cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DARYN-a distributed decision-making algorithm for railway networks: modeling and simulation

The state of the art in scheduling "point-to-point" trains in a railway network utilizes the principles of centralized decision-making. The major difficulty of this approach is that the execution time and the memory requirements increase nonlinearly as the system grows in size. The present paper introduces a new approach, "DARYN", wherein the overall decision process is analyzed and distributed onto every natural entity of the system. In DARYN, the decision process for every train is executed by an on-board processor that negotiates, dynamically and progressively, for temporary ownership of the tracks with the respective station controlling the tracks, through explicit processor to processor communication primitives. This processor then computes its own route utilizing the results of its negotiation, its knowledge of the track layout of the entire system, and its evaluation of the cost function. Every station's decision process is also executed by a dedicated processor that, in addition, maintains absolute control over a given set of tracks and participates in the negotiation with the trains. Presently, DARYN utilizes a simple cost function. However, if one chooses to increase the complexity of the cost function, DARYN's advantage over the traditional approach increases due to its enormous available computational power. Given that the current microprocessors such as MC68030, MC88000, Intel 486, and Intel 860 are powerful yet relatively inexpensive, a network of concurrently executing processors may offer superior price-performance quotient over a single high performance computer. >
Pseudocyclic maximum-distance-separable codes

The (n, k) pseudocyclic maximum-distance-separable (MDS) codes modulo (x/sup n/-a) over GF(q) are considered. Suppose that n is a divisor of q+1. If n is odd, pseudocyclic MDS codes exist for all k. However, if n is even, nontrivial pseudocyclic MDS codes exist for odd k (but not for even k) if a is a quadratic residue in GF(q), and they exist for even k (but not for odd k) if a is not a quadratic residue in GF(q). Also considered is the case when n is a divisor of q-1, and it is shown that pseudocyclic MDS codes exist if and only if the multiplicative order of a divides (q-1)/n, and that when this condition is satisfied, such codes exist for all k. If the condition is not satisfied, every pseudocyclic code of length n is the result of interleaving a shorter pseudocyclic code. >
ALTERNATING SUM FORMULAE FOR THE DETERMINANT AND OTHER LINK INVARIANTS

A classical result states that the determinant of an alternating link is equal to the number of spanning trees in a checkerboard graph of an alternating connected projection of the link. We generalize this result to show that the determinant is the alternating sum of the number of quasi-trees of genus j of the dessin of a non-alternating link. Furthermore, we obtain formulas for coefficients of the Jones polynomial by counting quantities on dessins. In particular, we will show that the jth coefficient of the Jones polynomial is given by sub-dessins of genus less or equal to j.
A unitary group formulation of open‐shell electron propagator theory

By replacing the usual annihilation and creation operators of second quantization by appropriately normalized fundamental Wigner operators of the unitary group U(n) and by representing the many‐electron spin eigenfunctions in terms of the Gelfand–Tsetlin basis for the appropriate irreducible representation, we have succeeded in developing an attractive electron propagator formalism which incorporates closed‐shell, open‐shell, or multiconfigurational reference states. Matrix element evaluation for the fundamental U(n) Wigner operators is treated, and illustrative three‐orbital examples involving reference states of doublet and triplet spin symmetry are presented.
The Adoption and Disadoption of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in the U.S. Dairy Industry

The use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) has been a source of much controversy ever since its commercial introduction in 1993. In spite of initial predictions that it would revolutionize the dairy industry, the reality is that more and more producers are choosing to discontinue using rbST. This paper contributes to the existing literature by addressing the disadoption decision. Using data from a nationally representative survey of U.S. dairy producers, this paper examines the reasons dairy producers have disadopted rbST and identifies the key variables that are correlated with adoption and disadoption. The results show that the use of complementary dairy technologies is associated with a higher probability of adopting rbST, a higher intensity of adoption and a lower probability of disadopting rbST.
Theoretical Investigation of Phase Stability in Ti-V and Ti-Cr Substitutional Alloys

The phase stability of Ti-V and Ti-Cr alloys is examined within the context of an electronic structure description. Energies of mixing, effective pair interactions, and phase diagrams are computed and compared to available experimental data. A metastable distorted B2 type of structure is predicted in near equiatomic Ti-Cr.
Lüscher term for k-string potential from holographic one loop corrections

We perform a systematic analysis of k-strings in the framework of the gauge/gravity correspondence. We discuss the Klebanov-Strassler supergravity background which is known to be dual to a confining supersymmetric gauge theory with chiral sym- metry breaking. We obtain the k-string tension in agreement with expectations of field theory. Our main new result is the study of one-loop corrections on the string theoretic side. We explicitly find the frequency spectrum for both the bosons and the fermions for quadratic fluctuations about the classical supergravity solution. Further we use the mass- less modes to compute 1/L contributions to the one loop corrections to the k-string energy. This corresponds to the Luscher term contribution to the k-string potential on the gauge theoretic side of the correspondence.
Cationic [5+2] cycloaddition reactions promoted by trimethylsilyl triflate in highly polar media

Abstract Trimethylsilyl triflate is an effective reagent in 3.0 M lithium perchlorate-ethyl acetate for promoting cationic [5+2] cycloaddition reactions.
SUPERSYMMETRY VERSUS BLACK HOLES AT THE LHC

Supersymmetry and extra dimensions are the two most promising candidates for new physics at the TeV scale. Supersymmetric particles or extra-dimensional effects could soon be observed at the Large Hadron Collider. We propose a simple but effective method to discriminate the two models: the analysis of isolated leptons with high transverse momentum. Black hole events are simulated with the CATFISH black hole generator. Supersymmetry simulations use a combination of PYTHIA and ISAJET, the latter providing the mass spectrum. Our results show that the measure of the dilepton invariant mass provides a promising signature to differentiate supersymmetry and black hole events at the Large Hadron Collider. Analysis of event-shape variables and multilepton events complement and strengthen this conclusion.
Repeater design to reduce delay and power in resistive interconnect

In large chips, the propagation delay of the data and clock signals can limit performance due to long resistive interconnect. The insertion of repeaters alleviates the quadratic increase in propagation delay with interconnect length while decreasing power dissipation by reducing short-circuit current, In order to develop a repeater design methodology, a timing model characterizing a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverter driving a resistance-capacitance (RC) load is presented. The model is based on the Sakurai short-channel /spl alpha/-power law model of transistor operation. The inverter model is applied to the problem of repeaters to produce design expressions for determining the optimum number of uniformly sized repeaters to be inserted along a resistive interconnect line for reduced delay. For a wide variety of typical RC loads, this analytical repeater model exhibits a maximum error of 16% as compared to a dynamic circuit simulator (SPICE). The advantage of uniformly sized repeaters versus tapered-buffer repeaters is also investigated using the repeater model presented in this paper. It is shown that uniform repeaters remain advantageous over tapered buffers and tapered-buffer repeaters even with relatively small resistive RC loads. An expression for the short-circuit power dissipation of a repeater driving an RC load is presented, A comparison of the short-circuit power dissipation to the dynamic power dissipation in repeater chains and related power/delay tradeoffs are made.
Gain Scheduled Control of an Air Conditioning System Using the Youla Parameterization

Vapor compression systems form the basis for the majority of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. A primary control challenge addressed here is the coupled nonlinear multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) dynamics associated with the multiphase heat and mass transfer in the primary refrigerant loop. This paper develops a MIMO gain scheduled control strategy to regulate system efficiency while meeting changing demands for cooling capacity. An approach based on the Youla parameterization is shown to be a generalization of the more common local controller network method, while exposing several degrees of design freedom that can be exploited to improve stability. The challenge of guaranteeing stability of the nonlinear closed loop systems, despite endogenous and arbitrarily fast gain scheduling, is addressed. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Computer prehistory and history in central Europe

An excursion is made into the history and prehistory of computers with special attention to Central Europe. Three historic periods are examined. The period of programmed automata is rich in the development of programmed clocks and musical instruments beginning in the 14th century and continuing through the 18th century. The period of programmed weaving to punched cards ranges from the Jacquard loom to the Hollerith card. It can be noted that the Jacquard card and the Hollerith card are the same width. Predecessors of Jacquard can be found in Austria as early as 1680 or 1690. The Hollerith card was used in census of 1890 in Austria, a fact not as well known as its use in the United States census of 1890. The story of Otto Schaeffler, the engineer who produced the equipment for the Austrian census, is a fascinating one. The third period is the period of programmed calculation. The computer is the product of two streams of development, calculating devices and programmed calculation, and contributions from Central Europe are prominent in both streams. Among the names which must be included are those of Petzval, Boltzman, Goedel, Morgenstern and Von Neumann. Attention is called to two contributions from the author's laboratories, namely, the 1954 fully transistorized computer, "Mailufterl," and the "Vienna Definition Language."
Nonlocal origin of response suppression from stimulation outside the classic receptive field in area 17 of the cat

A stimulus located outside the classic receptive field (CRF) of a striate cortical neuron can markedly influence its behavior. To study this phenomenon, we recorded from two cortical sites, recorded and peripheral, with separate electrodes in cats anesthetized with Propofol and nitrous oxide. The receptive fields of each site were discrete (2-7.3 deg between centers). A control orientation tuning (OT) curve was measured for a single recorded cell with a drifting grating. The OT curve was then remeasured while stimulating simultaneously the cell's CRF as well as the peripheral site with a stimulus optimized for that location. For 22/60 cells, the peripheral stimulus suppressed the peak response and/or shifted the center of mass of the OT curve. For 19 of these 22 cells, we then reversibly blocked stimulus-driven activity at the peripheral site by iontophoretic application of GABA (0.5 M). For 6/19 cells, the response returned to control levels, implying that for these cells the inhibitory influence arose from the blocked site. The responses of nine cells remained reduced during inactivation of the peripheral site, suggesting that influence was generated outside the region of local block in area 17. This is consistent with earlier findings suggesting that modulatory influences can originate from higher cortical areas. Three cells had mixed results, suggesting multiple origins of influence. The response of each cell returned to suppressed levels after dissipation of the GABA and returned to baseline values when the peripheral stimulus was removed. These findings support a cortical model in which a cell's response is modulated by an inhibitory network originating from beyond the receptive field that supplants convergence of excitatory lateral geniculate neurons. The existence of cells that exhibit no change in peripherally inhibited responses during the GABA application suggests that peripheral influences may arise from outside area 17, presumably from other cortical areas (e.g. area 18).
Reduction of Nonresponse Bias through Case Prioritization

How response rates are increased can determine the remaining nonresponse bias in estimates. Studies often target sample members that are most likely to be interviewed to maximize response rates. Instead, we suggest targeting likely nonrespondents from the onset of a study with a different protocol to minimize nonresponse bias. To inform the targeting of sample members, various sources of information can be utilized: paradata collected by interviewers, demographic and substantive survey data from prior waves, and administrative data. Using these data, the likelihood of any sample member becoming a nonrespondent is estimated and on those sample cases least likely to respond, a more effective, often more costly, survey protocol can be employed to gain respondent cooperation. This paper describes the two components of this approach to reducing nonresponse bias. We demonstrate assignment of case priority based on response propensity models, and present empirical results from the use of a different protocol for prioritized cases. In a field data collection, a random half of cases with low response propensity received higher priority and increased resources. Resources for high-priority cases were allocated as interviewer incentives. We find that we were relatively successful in predicting response outcome prior to the survey and stress the need to test interventions in order to benefit from case prioritization.
Hunting for dynamical supersymmetry breaking in theories that s-confine

The s-confining theories are a class of supersymmetric gauge theories with infrared dynamics which are well-understood. Perturbing such theories can give rise to dynamical supersymmetry breaking. We realize simple models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking by perturbing two of the 10 SU(N) s-confining gauge theories by a single trilinear operator. These examples have locally stable vacua with spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. The first is SU(5) with two generations (consisting of an antisymmetric tensor and an antifundamental) plus two flavors. The second is SU(5) with three generations. The properties of the former vacuum are calculable while those of the latter vacuum are not. We briefly discuss the other SU(N) models.
Asymptotic estimates for the number of integer solutions to decomposable form inequalities

For homogeneous decomposable forms F ( X ) in n variables with integer coefficients, we consider the number of integer solutions ${\bf x}\in\mathbb{Z}^n$ to the inequality $|F({\bf x})|\le m$ as $m\rightarrow\infty$ . We give asymptotic estimates which improve on those given previously by the author in Ann. of Math. (2) 153 (2001), 767–804. Here our error terms display desirable behaviour as a function of the height whenever the degree of the form and the number of variables are relatively prime.
SYSTEM SIZE DEPENDENCE OF FREEZE-OUT PROPERTIES AT RHIC

The STAR experiment at RHIC has measured identified π±, K± and spectra and ratios from and 200 GeV Cu+Cu collisions. The new Cu+Cu results are studied with hydro-motivated blast-wave and statistical model frameworks in order to characterize the freeze-out properties of this system. Along with measurements from Au+Au and p+p collisions, the obtained freeze-out parameters are discussed as a function of collision energy, system size, centrality and inferred energy density. This multi-dimensional systematic study reveals the importance of the collision geometry and furthers our understanding of the QCD phases.
Maximizing Revenue Through Two-Dimensional Shelf-Space Allocation

We consider the problem of optimally allocating contiguous rectangular presentation spaces in order to maximize revenues. Such problems are encountered in the arrangement of products in retail shelf-space and in the design of feature advertising displays or webpages. Specifically, we allow (i) the shape of a product's presentation to have a vertical as well as a horizontal component and (ii) displays to extend across multiple shelves for in-store presentations. Since the vertical location of the shelf on which a product is displayed affects its sales, each vertical location is assigned its own effectiveness with regard to revenue generation. The problem of maximizing the total weighted revenue of a display is strongly NP-hard. Therefore, we decompose it into two subproblems. The first consists of allocating products to different cabinets. In the second, within each cabinet, each product's units are arranged in a contiguous rectangle and assigned a location. These subproblems are solved using an innovative approach that uses a combination of integer programming and an algorithm for the maximum-weight independent set problem. Based on computational studies on both real-world and simulated data, we demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach. Specifically, the revenue generated by this scheme is within 1% of the optimum for actual data and within 5% for simulated data.
Optimizing vote and quorum assignments for reading and writing replicated data

In the weighted voting protocol which is used to maintain the consistency of replicated data, the availability of the data to ready and write operations not only depends on the availability of the nodes storing the data but also on the vote and quorum assignments used. The authors consider the problem of determining the vote and quorum assignments that yield the best performance in a distributed system where node availabilities can be different and the mix of the read and write operations is arbitrary. The optimal vote and quorum assignments depend not only on the system parameters, such as node availability and operation mix, but also on the performance measure. The authors present an enumeration algorithm that can be used to find the vote and quorum assignments that need to be considered for achieving optimal performance. When the performance measure is data availability, an analytical method is derived to evaluate it for any vote and quorum assignment. This method and the enumeration algorithm are used to find the optimal vote and quorum assignment for several systems. The enumeration algorithm can also be used to obtain the optimal performance when other measures are considered. >
NRC-NIST intercomparison of calibration systems for current transducers with a voltage output at power frequencies

A number of international comparisons of current transformer calibrations at power frequencies were conducted in the past. However, all comparisons were done with a secondary current output of 5 A. This inter-comparison of current transformer calibration systems for power frequencies between the National Research Council of Canada and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, was done with a primary current range of 100 A and a nonstandard secondary output signal of voltage range of 10 V. The comparison was implemented with a transfer standard consisting of a commercial current-comparator-based transimpedance amplifier, based on a development at the National Research Council of Canada modified to make the output voltage adjustable in magnitude and phase within a range of /spl plusmn/1 percent. The results indicate that there are no significant differences in the overall accuracy of calibration systems for current transducers with a voltage output at power frequencies in each laboratory.
Addition of metalated pyrones to β-alkoxy aldehydes: Synthesis of hydroxylated spiroketals

Abstract Addition of lithiated γ-pyrones to β-alkoxy aldehydes followed by acid catalyzed spiroketalization provides a rapid efficient entry to functionalized hydroxylated spiroketals. The efficiency of the spiroketalization step is dependent on the substituents, particularly unprotected hydroxyls, on the chain which becomes the second ring of the spiroketal.
Aeroelastic Instabilities of Hingeless Helicopter Blades

In this study the stability boundaries of a hingeless helicopter blade are studied using a system of coupled flap-lag-pitch equations of motion. Divergence and flutter boundaries for the linearized system of equations are presented. Flap-lag, flap-pitch and coupled flap-lag-pitcn instabilities in hovering flight are studied. The effect of the torsional degree of freedom on the flap-lag type of instability is investigated. Similarly the effect of lag on the flap-pitch type of instability is also considered. Results illustrating these effects, together with the effect of various important blade parameters on blade stability are presented. Nomenclature a _ - two-dimensional lift curve slope A,B = tip loss coefficients b = half-chord, nondimensionalized with respect _ to/2 Bl = generalized masses defined in Appendix A Cdo = profile-drag coefficient C/ = element of matrix {C| Ci = quantity defined in Appendix A ei = quantity defined in Fig. 1 ~e = e/l offset used in representing the blade by Young's model Fl = flapping coefficients defined in Appendix A F'x*2),Fx(2) ..,etc. = flutter derivatives associated with the flap equation, defined in Appendix C gi = generalized coordinate, first normal flapping mode !JDi,gD2,gD3 — equivalent damping terms, defined in Appendix C
Algebraic estimates, stability of local zeta functions, and uniform estimates for distribution functions

A method of \algebraic estimates" is developed, and used to study the stability properties of integrals of the form R B jf(z)j i‐ dV , under small deformations of the function f. The estimates are described in terms of a stratiflcation of the space of functionsfR(z )= jP (z)j " =jQ(z)j ‐ g by algebraic varieties, on each of which the size of the integral of R(z) is given by an explicit algebraic expression. The method gives an independent proof of a result on stability of Tian in 2 dimensions, as well as a partial extension of this result to 3 dimensions. In arbitrary dimensions, combined with a key lemma of Siu, it establishes the continuity of the mapping c! R B jf(z;c)j i‐ dV1¢¢¢dVn when f(z;c) is a holomorphic function of (z;c). In particular the leading pole is semicontinuous in f, strengthening also an earlier result of Lichtin.
Representation of statistical properties

Everyday scenes often contain sets of similar objects. Perceptual representations may summarize these with statistical descriptors. After determining the psychological mean of two sizes, we measured thresholds for judging the mean with arrays of 12 circles of heterogeneous sizes. They were close to those for the size of elements in homogeneous arrays and single elements, and were little affected by either exposure duration (50–1000 ms) or memory delays (up to 2s). They were only slightly more accurate within the same distribution than across different distributions (normal, uniform, two-peaks, and homogeneous), confirming that subjects were indeed averaging sizes. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Luminescent Oil-Film Skin-Friction Meter

The principles of a luminescent oil-e lm skin-friction meter are described. Unlike the interferometric oil-e lm methods, this technique measures skin friction by detecting luminescent intensity of an oil e lm seeded with luminescent probe molecules. The measurement system for luminescence imaging is simple and easy to use, and this technique requires no special surface. The feasibility of this method is examined by applying it to several typical e ows.
Storage and demand-side options for integrating wind power

With the increased levels of wind power being seen worldwide and the projected further increases over the coming decades, there has been significant attention paid to emerging flexible resources such as storage and demand-side options as a means to meet many of the challenges associated with wind integration. In particular, these resources could meet the increased flexibility requirements of systems with high wind due to variability and uncertainty of wind across timescales from seconds to minutes to hours or even days. Storage and demand-side options are both characterized by the ability to respond quickly and accurately, to increase load as well as to provide generation resources and by the fact that they are energy limited in nature. Demand response can contribute to wind integration in different ways, using either price- or incentive-based programs; the extent to which they can be used to integrate wind depends on the nature of the program. Electricity storage comes in many forms, with pumped hydro storage presently accounting for almost all grid storage, along with recent advances in battery and compressed air energy storage. The ability of storage to contribute to integrating wind power is limited mainly by the cost of deployment and the efficiency losses. While these features may not be as significant for demand response, there are significant regulatory and policy barriers in the way of deploying demand-side options. Both storage and demand-side resources provide support for wind integration in particular regarding provision of ancillary services and reduction of wind curtailment. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:93–109. doi: 10.1002/wene.92 The authors have declared no conflicts of interest in relation to this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Medium-bridged lactams: a new class of non-planar amides

Medium-bridged twisted lactams, in which a non-planar amide bond is achieved by incorporating the nitrogen atom at the bridgehead position in a medium-sized heterocycle, offer an attractive setting in which to study the properties of distorted amide linkages. This Emerging Area article will describe progress in the preparation and study of these compounds. This work shows that compounds containing an even moderately distorted amide bond display useful and unusual chemical properties while retaining a measure of stability that enables their study.
A simple construction of Grassmannian polylogarithms

Abstract The classical n -logarithm is a multivalued analytic function defined inductively: Li n ( z ) : = ∫ 0 z Li n − 1 ( t ) d log t , Li 1 ( z ) = − log ( 1 − z ) . In this paper we give a simple explicit construction of the Grassmannian n -logarithm, which is a multivalued analytic function on the quotient of the Grassmannian of n -dimensional subspaces in C 2 n in generic position to the coordinate hyperplanes by the natural action of the torus ( C ∗ ) 2 n . The classical n -logarithm appears at a certain one dimensional boundary stratum. We study Tate iterated integrals, which are homotopy invariant integrals of 1-forms d log f i where f i are rational functions. We give a simple explicit formula for the Tate iterated integral which describes the Grassmannian n -logarithm. Another example is the Tate iterated integrals for the multiple polylogarithms on the moduli spaces M 0 , n , calculated in Section 4.4 of Goncharov (2005) [13] using the combinatorics of plane trivalent trees decorated by the arguments of the multiple polylogarithms. Variations of mixed Hodge–Tate structures on X are described by a Hopf algebra H • ( X ) . We upgrade Tate iterated integrals on a (rational) complex variety X to elements of H • ( X ) . The coproducts of these elements are very interesting invariants of the iterated integrals. In general their calculation is a non-trivial problem. We show however, that working modulo the ideal of H • ( X ) generated by constant variations, there is a simple way to calculate the coproduct. It is a pleasure to dedicate this paper to Andrey Suslin, whose works Suslin (1984) [21] and Suslin (1991) [22] played an essential role in the development of the story.
Hankel determinants for some common lattice paths

For a fixed positive integer @?, let f(n,@?) denote the number of lattice paths that use the steps (1,1), (1,-1), and (@?,0), that run from (0,0) to (n,0), and that never run below the horizontal axis. Equivalently, f(n,@?) satisfies the quadratic functional equation F(x)=@?"n">="0f(n,@?)x^n=1+x^@?F(x)+x^2F(x)^2. Let H"n denote the n by n Hankel matrix, defined so that (H"n)"i","j=f(i+j-2,@?). Here we investigate the values of their determinants where @?=1,2,3. For @?=1,2 we are able to employ the Gessel-Viennot-Lindstrom method. For the case @?=3, the sequence of determinants forms a sequence of period 14, namely,(det(H"n))"n">="1=(1,1,0,0,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,-1,-1,-1,...). For this case we are able to use the continued fractions method recently introduced by Gessel and Xin. We also apply this technique to evaluate Hankel determinants for other generating functions satisfying a certain type of quadratic functional equation.
Experiments on sediment trap efficiency in reservoirs

Sediment trap efficiency plays a key role in the effective operational life of reservoirs. This paper presents the results of five laboratory experiments on trap efficiency. An over-spilling condition and four gaps located at the downstream end of a reservoir were analysed in this study. The experimental design assumed a river carrying two phases of sediment flowing into a one-dimensional reservoir. The coarse sediment (sand) was deposited and formed a defined prograding delta. The fine sediment (mud) formed a dilute suspension of wash load in the river. As the river entered the reservoir, the muddy water plunged on the foreset, forming a turbidity current. The turbidity current deposits, in turn, formed a bottomset. Black coal slag and white glass beads were used to simulate sand and mud. Their specific densities were 2.6 and 2.5 for black coal and beads, respectively. The water surface elevation in the reservoir was approximately similar in all experiments. Neither the water nor sediment discharge conditions were changed during the experimental runs. Suspended sediment was sampled through seven siphons; six of these being components of a rake in which they were vertically stacked. The last siphon was positioned on the rake outlet. Sediment samples were taken three times, at approximately evenly spaced intervals in the experiments. Suspended sediment concentration and grain size distribution were calculated for each siphon. The bed sediment deposit was sampled after each experiment. Sediment trap efficiency in the reservoir was calculated. Experimental results show the maximum venting capacity (minimum trap efficiency) occurs under over-spilling conditions.
Sulfates on Mars: A systematic Raman spectroscopic study of hydration states of magnesium sulfates

The martian orbital and landed surface missions, OMEGA on Mar Express and the two Mars Explorations Rovers, respectively, have yielded evidence pointing to the presence of magnesium sulfates on the martian surface. In situ identification of the hydration states of magnesium sulfates, as well as the hydration states of other Ca- and Fe- sulfates, will be crucial in future landed missions on Mars in order to advance our knowledge of the hydrologic history of Mars as well as the potential for hosting life on Mars. Raman spectroscopy is a technique well-suited for landed missions on the martian surface. In this paper, we report a systematic study of the Raman spectra of the hydrates of magnesium sulfate. Characteristic and distinct Raman spectral patterns were observed for each of the 11 distinct hydrates of magnesium sulfates, crystalline and non-crystalline. The unique Raman spectral features along with the general tendency of the shift of the position of the sulfate ν1 band towards higher wavenumbers with a decrease in the degree of hydration allow in situ identification of these hydrated magnesium sulfates from the raw Raman spectra of mixtures. Using these Raman spectral features, we have started the study of the stability field of hydrated magnesium sulfates and the pathways of their transformations at various temperature and relative humidity conditions. In particular we report on the Raman spectrum of an amorphous hydrate of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·2H2O) that may have specific relevance for the martian surface.
On the maximum satisfiability of random formulas

Say that a k-CNF a formula is p-satisfiable if there exists a truth assignment satisfying a fraction 1 − 2−k pp 2−k of its clauses (note that every k-CNF formula is 0-satisfiable). Let Fk(n, m) denote a random k-CNF formula on n variables with m clauses. For every k≥2 and every r>0 we determine p and δ=δ(k)=O(k2−k/2) such that with probability tending to 1 as n→∞, a random k-CNF formula Fk(n, rn) is p-satisfiable but not (ppδ)-satisfiable.
Future Management Theory: A "Comparative" Evolution to a General Theory

Eleven existing management theory streams can be reduced to four concurrently and sequentially developing ones. Past and present evolutionary developments in management theory indicate that a futur...
Physical failures and fault models of CMOS circuits

As CMOS has emerged as an important technology for VLSI, testing of large CMOS networks has become a crucial issue. This paper considers single physical failures in a CMOS gate and shows their effect in terms of logic faults. The existence of such a correspondence is verified by simulation results, and a transistor-level fault model is given. To make the test process simpler, a comprehensive fault model of CMOS circuits wherein CMOS stuck-open (s-op) faults are transformed into the classical gate-level TTL stuck-at (s-a) faults has been obtained. This transformation makes the testing of CMOS combinational circuits equivalent to the testing of transformed TTL sequential circuits and eliminates any need for special consideration of s-op faults. The superiority of this gate-level model over other models is its ability to be integrated into the cell libraries of existing automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) packages. This model is also useful for multiple faults when either s-a or s-op faults, or both, are present. Several examples are included to illustrate the versatility and usefulness of this gate-level fault model.
Review of reactive power planning: objectives, constraints, and algorithms

Summary form only given. The key of reactive power planning (RPP), or Var planning, is the optimal allocation of reactive power sources considering location and size. Traditionally, the locations for placing new Var sources were either simply estimated or directly assumed. Recent research works have presented some rigorous optimization-based methods in RPP. This paper will first review various objectives of RPP. The objectives may consider many cost functions such as variable Var cost, fixed Var cost, real power losses, and fuel cost. Also considered may be the deviation of a given voltage schedule, voltage stability margin, or even a combination of different objectives as a multi-objective model. Secondly, different constraints in RPP are discussed. These different constraints are the key of various optimization models, identified as Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model, Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF) model, and SCOPF with Voltage-Stability consideration (SCOPF-VS). Thirdly, the optimization-based models will be categorized as conventional algorithms, intelligent searches, and fuzzy set applications. The conventional algorithms include Linear Programming (LP), Nonlinear Programming (NLP), Mixed Integer Non- Linear Programming (MINLP), etc. The intelligent searches include Simulated Annealing (SA), Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), and Tabu Search (TS). The fuzzy set applications in RPP address the uncertainties in objectives and constraints. Finally, this paper will conclude the discussion with a summary matrix for different objectives, models, and algorithms.
Fast Prediction of New Feature Utility

We study the new feature utility prediction problem: statistically testing whether adding a feature to the data representation can improve the accuracy of a current predictor. In many applications, identifying new features is the main pathway for improving performance. However, evaluating every potential feature by re-training the predictor can be costly. The paper describes an efficient, learner-independent technique for estimating new feature utility without re-training based on the current predictor's outputs. The method is obtained by deriving a connection between loss reduction potential and the new feature's correlation with the loss gradient of the current predictor. This leads to a simple yet powerful hypothesis testing procedure, for which we prove consistency. Our theoretical analysis is accompanied by empirical evaluation on standard benchmarks and a large-scale industrial dataset.
Rapid Dynamical Chaos In An Exoplanetary System

We report on the long-term dynamical evolution of the two-planet Kepler-36 system, which consists of a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune in a tightly packed orbital configuration. The orbits of the planets, which we studied through numerical integrations of initial conditions that are consistent with observations of the system, are chaotic with a Lyapunov time of only ~10 years. The chaos is a consequence of a particular set of orbital resonances, with the inner planet orbiting 34 times for every 29 orbits of the outer planet. The rapidity of the chaos is due to the interaction of the 29:34 resonance with the nearby first-order 6:7 resonance, in contrast to the usual case in which secular terms in the Hamiltonian play a dominant role. Only one contiguous region of phase space, accounting for ~4.5% of the sample of initial conditions studied, corresponds to planetary orbits that do not show large-scale orbital instabilities on the timescale of our integrations (~200 million years). Restricting the orbits to this long-lived region allows a refinement of estimates of the masses and radii of the planets. We find that the long-lived region consists of the initial conditions that satisfy the Hill stability criterion by the largest margin. Any successful theory for the formation of this system will need to account for why its current state is so close to unstable regions of phase space.
Highly stereospecific, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenylsilanols

Alkenylsilanols bearing methyl ((E)-1 and (Z)-1) or isopropyl ((E)-2 and (Z)-2)) substituents are converted to disubstituted alkenes by a palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with aryl or vinyl iodides in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride or hydroxide. Yields and stereoselectivities are generally high, and the reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups.
What we do and don't know about trade liberalization and poverty reduction

Strong opinions about the impact of globalization on poverty are not always backed by robust factual evidence. As argued in this paper, however, it is not all that easy to lay our hands on 'robust' facts. Quantitative analyses of trade liberalization appear highly sensitive to basic modelling and pa- rameter assumptions. Altering these could turn the expectation that, for instance, Africa's poor stand to gain from further trade opening under the Doha Round into one in which they would stand to lose. Most studies agree though that trade opening probably adds to aggregate welfare, but gains are small and unevenly distributed. JEL Classifi cation: C68; F13; F15; F16; I3; O19; O24
Pickle fights: Gendered talk in preschool disputes

This paper examines the effect of gender on how young children construct the texts that embody their everyday social interactions with peers. The analysis focuses on conflict talk among 3‐year‐old friends playing in same‐sex triads at their day‐care center. The gendered aspects of two disputes are made visible by interpreting them in terms of two models. Maltz and Borker's anthropological linguistic model characterizes feminine language style as affiliative and masculine style as adversarial. Gilligan's psychological framework, describing gender differences in reasoning about moral conflicts, characterizes the feminine orientation as focusing on the relationship and the masculine as focusing on the self. The two dispute sequences studied are also consistent with predictions made by Miller, Danaher, and Forbes (1986) and Leaper (1988), that boys’ conflict process is more heavy‐handed and their discourse strategies more controlling, whereas girls’ conflict is more mitigated and their discourse strategies mo...
Regulation and Entrainment in Human-Robot Interaction

Newly emerging robotics applications for domestic or entertainment purposes are slowly introducing autonomous robots into society at large. A critical capability of such robots is their ability to interact with humans, and in particular, untrained users. In this paper we explore the hypothesis that people will intuitively interact with robots in a natural social manner provided the robot can perceive, interpret, and appropriately respond with familiar human social cues. Two experiments are presented where naive human subjects interact with an anthropomorphic robot. We present evidence for mutual regulation and entrainment of the interaction, and we discuss how this benefits the interaction as a whole.
Evolution of the Low-Energy Photon Spectra in Gamma-Ray Bursts

We report evidence that the asymptotic low-energy power-law slope a(below the spectral break) of BATSE gamma-ray burst (GRB) photon spectra evolves with time rather than remaining constant. Wefind that a high degree of positive correlation exists between the time-resolved spectral break energyEpkand a. In samples of 18 “hard-to-soft” and 12 “tracking” pulses, evolution of a was found to correlate with that of the spectral break energy Epk at the 99.7% and 98% confidence levels, respectively. We also find that in the flux rise phase of hard-to-softpulses,themeanvalueof aisoftenpositive,andinsomeburststhemaximumvalueof aisconsistent withavalue .1 1.BATSEburst3B910927,forexample,hasan amaxequalto1.6H0.3.Thesefindingschallenge GRB spectral models in which amust be negative or remain constant. Subject headings: gamma rays: bursts—gamma rays: observations—methods: statistical
Spin-orbit torque induced spike-timing dependent plasticity

Nanoelectronic devices that mimic the functionality of synapses are a crucial requirement for performing cortical simulations of the brain. In this work, we propose a ferromagnet-heavy metal heterostructure that employs spin-orbit torque to implement spike-timing dependent plasticity. The proposed device offers the advantage of decoupled spike transmission and programming current paths, thereby leading to reliable operation during online learning. Possible arrangement of such devices in a crosspoint architecture can pave the way for ultra-dense neural networks. Simulation studies indicate that the device has the potential of achieving pico-Joule level energy consumption (maximum 2 pJ per synaptic event) which is comparable to the energy consumption for synaptic events in biological synapses.
Neighbor-specific BGP: more flexible routing policies while improving global stability

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) offers network administrators considerable flexibility in controlling how traffic flows through their networks. However, the interaction between routing policies in different Autonomous Systems (ASes) can lead to protocol oscillation. The best-known sufficient conditions of BGP global routing stability impose restrictions on the kinds of local routing policies individual ASes can safely implement. In this paper, we present neighbor-specific BGP (NS-BGP), a modest extension to BGP that enables a much wider range of local policies without compromising global stability. Whereas a conventional BGP-speaking router selects a single "best" route (for each destination prefix), NS-BGP allows a router to customize the route selection on behalf of each neighbor. For example, one neighbor may prefer the shortest route, another the most secure route, and yet another the least expensive route. Surprisingly, we prove that the much more flexible NS-BGP is guaranteed to be stable under much less restrictive conditions on how routers "rank" the candidate routes. We also show that it is safe to deploy NS-BGP incrementally, as a routing system with a partial deployment of NS-BGP is guaranteed to be stable, even in the presence of failure and other topology changes. In addition to our theoretical results, we also describe how NS-BGP can be deployed by individual ASes independently without changes to the BGP message format or collaboration from neighboring ASes.
Near-Infrared Variability in the 2MASS Calibration Fields: A Search for Planetary Transit Candidates

The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) photometric calibration observations cover ~6 square degrees on the sky in 35 "calibration fields", each sampled in nominal photometric conditions between 562 and 3692 times during the 4 years of the 2MASS mission. We compile a catalog of variables from the calibration observations to search for M dwarfs transited by extrasolar planets. We present our methods for measuring periodic and nonperiodic flux variability. From 7554 sources with apparent K_s magnitudes between 5.6 and 16.1, we identify 247 variables, including extragalactic variables and 23 periodic variables. We have discovered three M dwarf eclipsing systems, including two candidates for transiting extrasolar planets.
The Ideal Generation Problem for Fat Points

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of determining up to graded isomorphism the modules in a minimal free resolution of a fat point subscheme Z=m 1 p 1 +⋯+m r p r ⊂ P 2 for general points p 1 ,…,p r .
Effects of Detailed OFDM Modeling in Network Simulation

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET) studies, it is imperative to use highly detailed device models as they provide high-layer protocols with good prediction of underlying wireless communication performance. However, such studies often use abstract models for execution speed and simplicity. This article first shows that physical layer variables, including path loss, shadowing, multipath, and Doppler, have significant effects on the predicted overall networking performance. It then proposes an approach to simulate details of wireless propagation and radio characteristics in networking studies while still maintaining a reasonable simulation execution time. Through runtime performance studies with detailed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Simulink/MATLAB models and the QualNet network simulator, it is shown that the proposed approach can improve the simulation runtime performance by three to four orders of magnitude without compromising the fidelity of simulation results.