cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of fracture connectivity in a siliciclastic bedrock aquifer near a public supply well (Wisconsin, USA)

In order to protect public supply wells from a wide range of contaminants, it is imperative to understand physical flow and transport mechanisms in the aquifer system. Although flow through fractures has typically been associated with either crystalline or carbonate rocks, there is growing evidence that it can be an important component of flow in relatively permeable sandstone formations. The objective of this work is to determine the role that fractures serve in the transport of near-surface contaminants such as wastewater from leaking sewers, to public supply wells in a deep bedrock aquifer. A part of the Cambrian aquifer system in Madison, Wisconsin (USA), was studied using a combination of geophysical, geochemical, and hydraulic testing in a borehole adjacent to a public supply well. Data suggest that bedrock fractures are important transport pathways from the surface to the deep aquifer. These fractured intervals have transmissivity values several orders of magnitude higher than non-fractured intervals. With respect to rapid transport of contaminants, high transmissivity values of individual fractures make them the most likely preferential flow pathways. Results suggest that in a siliciclastic aquifer near a public supply well, fractures may have an important role in the transport of sewer-derived wastewater contaminants.
Carbonization with Misfusion: Fundamental Limits of Carbon-Fiber Strength Revisited

D-loops, a new type of structural defect in carbon fibers, are presented, which have highly detrimental effect on their mechanical properties and can define a new fundamental upper limit to their strength. These defects form exclusively during polyacrylonitrile carbonization, act as stress concentrators in the graphitic basal plane, and cannot be removed by local annealing.
Plasma nitrite/nitrate levels: a new biomarker for pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels are lower in patients with pulmonary hypertension and correlate with disease severity http://ow.ly/JzYD304gWv4
Complexities of Core-Periphery Relation: an Analysis of the Late Raul Prebisch

The work of Raul Prebisch is typically summarized by two of his important contributions to development economics: the center-periphery paradigm together with his diagnosis of Latin America’s development struggles. Recent investigations have, however, shed light on the nature of Prebisch’s early work, especially his understanding of business cycles (Sember 2010; Perez and Vernengo 2012). Although the present paper focuses on his center and periphery, it examines Prebisch’s later work, casting a different light on his most enduring contribution to the field. While early in his career, Prebisch held a standard structuralist position by the 1960s, Prebisch embraced a less rigid understanding of the relationship between center and periphery, adding multiple layers to his analysis of the latter.
Cloudlet-Aware Mobile Content Delivery in Wireless Urban Communication Networks

LinkNYC is a first-of-its-kind urban communications network aiming to replace all payphones in the five boroughs of New York City with kiosk-like structures providing free super fast gigabit Wi-Fi to everyone. This work proposes and investigates the applicability of shifting LinkNYC from a traditional IP network to a content-centric network by upgrading all or a subset of their kiosks with standalone cloudlets, which cache content as it disseminates throughout the network, and content delivery cloudlets which are geographically distributed throughout the boroughs and store popular internet content. With this shift content is brought much closer to the end user than traditional methods which is essential in highly mobile environments. Analysis shows that adopting multiple content delivery cloudlets dramatically improves overall network performance and stability. Finally, given a cloudlet-aware path a mobile content delivery scheme is designed to offset service continuity issues that are amplified when a mobile user encounters multiple cloudlets with intermittent connectivity. Results show an overall improvement in a mobile user's throughput, response time and cache hit percentage.
1977 The Evolution of Mating Systems

A mating system is the social pattern of reproducing animals, such as monogamy or polygyny. Investigators gain insight into the evolution of mating by using the classification of mating systems proposed by Emlen and Oring in 1977.
Alcohol effects on the epigenome in the germline: Role in the inheritance of alcohol-related pathology

Excessive alcohol exposure has severe health consequences, and clinical and animal studies have demonstrated that disruptions in the epigenome of somatic cells, such as those in brain, are an important factor in the development of alcohol-related pathologies, such as alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). It is also well known that alcohol-related health problems are passed down across generations in human populations, but the complete mechanisms for this phenomenon are currently unknown. Recent studies in animal models have suggested that epigenetic factors are also responsible for the transmission of alcohol-related pathologies across generations. Alcohol exposure has been shown to induce changes in the epigenome of sperm of exposed male animals, and these epimutations are inherited in the offspring. This paper reviews evidence for multigenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of alcohol-related pathology through the germline. We also review the literature on the epigenetic effects of alcohol exposure on somatic cells in brain, and its contribution to AUDs and FASDs. We note gaps in knowledge in this field, such as the lack of clinical studies in human populations and the lack of data on epigenetic inheritance via the female germline, and we suggest future research directions.
Digital food photography technology improves efficiency and feasibility of dietary intake assessments in large populations eating ad libitum in collective dining facilities.

Abstract Background Accurate assessment of dietary intake continues to challenge researchers, especially in field, or non-laboratory settings. Objective In this study, digital food photography (DFP) methodology was used to assess nutritional intake (NI) of Soldiers participating in the US Army's Ranger Selection and Assessment Program (RASP). Methods During this high-intensity six-week course, Soldiers complete simulated operational missions, perform various military tasks, and importantly, eating time is severely limited. Therefore, this study provided an opportunity to evaluate the utility of DFP methods for accurate assessment of energy balance in conditions where consumption of large numbers of subjects must be completed in a very short periods of time (≤20 min). NI of 131 male, enlisted Soldiers (21 ± 4 years, 178±7 cm, and 78±8 kg) enrolled in the RASP course was assessed in their garrison dining facility using DFP utilizing visual estimation of pre- and post-meal photos of participant meals concurrently with photos of weighed, standardized portions. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was assessed using doubly-labeled water (2H218O) in a sub-group of 19 volunteers. Results During the study, data loss (i.e., missing meal photos) was less than 5% per meal, and during the visual estimation process discrepancies in food identification averaged less than 10% per meal, while approximately a third of serving size estimations required a third party adjudication prior to finalization and calculation NI. Conclusions We conclude that the use of DFP allows an adequately reliable approach for quantifying NI in real-world scenarios involving large numbers of participants who must be assessed very rapidly, and researchers must have a small footprint.
MRI analysis and clinical significance of lower extremity muscle cross-sectional area after spinal cord injury

Shortly after spinal cord injury (SCI), the musculoskeletal system undergoes detrimental changes in size and composition, predominantly below the level of injury. The loss of muscle size and strength, along with increased immobility, predisposes persons with SCI to rapid and severe loss in bone mineral density and other health related consequences. Previous studies have highlighted the significance of measuring thigh muscle cross-sectional area, however, measuring the size and composition of muscles of the lower leg may provide insights on how to decrease the risk of various comorbidities. The purpose of the current review was to summarize the methodological approach to manually trace and measure the muscles of the lower leg in individuals with SCI, using magnetic resonance imaging. We also intend to highlight the significance of analyzing lower leg muscle cross-sectional area and its relationship to musculoskeletal and vascular systems in persons with SCI.
Quality, Innovation, and Financial Sustainability

Entrepreneurial, independent digital media sites arose in response to disruption in the journalism industry brought on by emerging technologies. This study explores this trend in Latin America from the perspective of audiences. Based on surveys of readers of entrepreneurial digital news sites in Guatemala and Nicaragua, this mixed-methods study offers a snapshot of who these readers are and what they are interested in. Results showed readers of the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan news sites valued equally quality journalism and innovation, but differed when it came to the importance they placed on the sites’ business models. This study also illuminated a new dimension of innovation, one from the readers’ perspective. While some respondents associated innovation with use of new technologies, in general readers defined innovation as unique (to the region) and alternative (to mainstream media) ways of doing journalism; their definition, unlike that of journalists, was not necessarily technologically driven.
Distributed Iterative Algorithms

Abstract We consider iterative algorithms of the form x := f(x) , executed by a distributed network of processors. We first discuss a few possibilities for synchronous execution. We then consider asynchronous implementations whereby each processor iterates on a different component of x , at its own pace, using the most recently received (but possibly outdated) information on the remaining components of x . While certain algorithms may fail to converge when implemented asynchronously, a large number of positive convergence results is available. We classify asynchronous algorithms into three main categories, depending on the amount of asynchronism they can tolerate, survey the corresponding convergence results, and discuss some applications
Open-Ended Inquiry

Prerequisite interviewing skills for role-playing open-ended inquiry include gentle commands, facilitations, listening, empathic summaries, and tracking.
Uncertainty-Related Example Explaining Why Geometry is Useful: Geometry of a Plane Rescue

Once we understand that it is important to take uncertainty into consideration, it is necessary to decide how to take uncertainty into account.If we properly take uncertainty into account, then the corresponding problem becomes more realistic – and thus, students have more motivation to study it – and at the same, the problem becomes more challenging, so it can serve as a case study for learning to solve complex problems. In this chapter, on the example from geometry, we show how taking uncertainty into account leads to realistic challenging problems, problems on whose example students can understand the need for (and the usefulness of) complex techniques that they are studying. In the next chapter, we describe a similar example from calculus.
Net ankle quasi-stiffness is influenced by walking speed but not age for older adult women.

Abstract Background Insufficient plantar flexor resistance due to plantar flexor weakness, an impairment common in patient populations, causes substantial gait deficits. The bending stiffness of passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthoses (PD-AFOs) has the capacity to replace lost plantar flexor resistance. Many patients who are prescribed PD-AFOs are older adults. While PD-AFO bending stiffness should be customized for patients, a method to objectively prescribe this stiffness does not exist. Quantifying natural plantar flexor resistance during non-pathological gait could provide a reference value for objectively prescribing PD-AFO bending stiffness. Research question This study investigated the effect of age on plantar flexor resistance in 113 participants above the age of 65 years. We did so while also considering the confounding influence of gait speed, an aspect known to be reduced with old age. Methods Ambulatory, community-dwelling older adult women (ages 65–91 years) with no current or recent lower-extremity injuries or surgeries underwent an instrumented gait analysis at a self-selected speed. Plantar flexor resistance was quantified via net ankle quasi-stiffness (NAS) defined as the slope of ankle joint moment-angle curve during late stance. Results showed that NAS was not significantly influenced by age (r = −0.11, p = 0.12), and that the confounding factor of walking speed had a significant, positive relationship with NAS (r = 0.59, p Significance By determining that gait speed, not age, is related to NAS in older adults, this study represents the initial step towards objectively prescribing PD-AFO bending stiffness to achieve a targeted gait speed for older adults with plantar flexor weakness.
The Genetic and Microbial Influences in Obesity

Patients have been told for decades that weight gain and weight loss were the product of a simple energy balance equation. However, despite factoring in both body and organ size and composition, a 20% unexplained difference in resting energy expenditure exists between individuals. New understandings of the role of genetic variation between individuals are shedding light on this complex equation. In addition to host genetics, environmentally driven epigenetic factors appear to exert a powerful influence in the development of obesity. The intestinal microbiome may be a key environmental factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, both definitive demonstration of a causative role and what microbial shifts are implicated in both obesity and weight loss require further study. Attempts to modify the microbiota therapeutically are appealing, though results thus far have been clinically limited. The potential role of using diet, prebiotics, or probiotics to change the epigenetic and microbial environment to result in weight loss or weight loss maintenance, before or after surgically induced interventions, are intriguing applications for future obesity therapies.
How can preclinical mouse models be used to gain insight into prefrontal cortex dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that is characterised by perseverative thoughts and behaviours. Cognitive and affective disturbances play a central role in this illness, and it is therefore not surprising that clinical neuroimaging studies have demonstrated widespread alterations in prefrontal cortex functioning in patients. Preclinical mouse experimental systems provide the opportunity to gain mechanistic insight into the neurobiological changes underlying prefrontal cortex dysfunction through new technologies that allow measurement and manipulation of activity in discrete neural populations in awake, behaving mice. However, recent preclinical research has focused on striatal dysfunction, and has therefore provided relatively little insight regarding the role of the prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder–relevant behaviours. Here, we will discuss a number of translational prefrontal cortex–dependent paradigms, including obsessive-compulsive disorder–releva...
The Four Classes of Rules Generated from Lemmas

This chapter discusses the four classes of rules generated from lemmas. The four classes of rules are REWRITE, META, ELIM, and GENERALIZE. REWRITE rules are by far the most common, the most useful, and the most complicated kind of rule used by the system. The kind of REWRITE rule generated from a given formula depends on the syntactic form of the formula. One treats the submitted formula as a conjunction and generates a rule for each of the conjuncts. If a given conjunct cannot be encoded as a type prescription, one tries to generate a compound recognizer rule. If that fails, one tries to generate a linear arithmetic rule. If that fails, one tries to generate a replacement rule. Sometimes, it is impossible to generate any rule for a conjunct and this is reported. Despite the priorities, almost all REWRITE rules are replacement rules. Replacement rules are the most common form of REWRITE rules. They permit the rewriter to simplify the terms by replacing subterms with equivalent ones.
Aberrant methylation of the major breakpoint cluster region in chronic myeloid leukemia

Isolated hypomethylated sites exist in the major breakpoint cluster region (M-bcr) where most Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) breakpoints are located. Twenty of 50 (40%) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients were found to have aberrant hypermethylation of these sites on the rearranged M-bcr when compared with control marrows. The aberrancy correlated strongly with M-bcr breakpoint location; 19 of 20 cases had breakpoints located 5′ of the M-bcr Sca I site, and 28 of 30 cases with normal M-bcr methylation had breakpoints located 3′ of the M-bcr Sca I site. Sequence analysis of the Ph M-bcr breakpoints failed to find an M- bcr nucleotide position that delineated the transition between abnormally and normally methylated cases, indicating that the translocation of a critical M-bcr sequence was not responsible for the methylation abnormality. In 3 of 8 CML patients, cells without the t(9;22) were found to have abnormally methylated, unrearranged M-bcrs. The data indicate that abnormally methylated rearranged M-bcrs are present in CML cases with Ph breakpoints 5′ of the M-bcr Sca I site and that the M-bcr in Ph- cells of patients with CML may also be abnormally methylated.
Remarks on Holomorphic Families of Schrödinger and Dirac Operators

Holomorphic families T(κ) = T + κA of linear operators in a Hilbert space are considered, where T and A are m-accretive. Detailed results are given when A is positive selfadjoint. We are interested in the case in which T(κ) forms a family of type (A) for κ in a region of the complex plane and of a weaker type (say type (B)) in a larger region. Dirac and Schrodinger operators with singular potentials are discussed. The abstract part consists of two theorems which generalize a theorem of H. Sohr.
Results of treatment of Ph'+ chronic myelogenous leukemia with an intensive treatment regimen (L-5 protocol)

Thirty-seven patients with Philadelphia-chromosone-positive (Ph'+) chronic myelogenous leukemia who were untreated or minimally pretreated were entered on the L-5 protocol. This protocol consisted of sequential treatment with splenic irradiation, splenectomy, arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and L-asparaginase. Maintenance therapy was hydroxyurea or a multiple-drug regimen. The median survival of the 37 patients is 50 mo. Twelve patients showed a temporary reduction in the percentage of Ph'+ marrow metaphases to less than one-third of the initial values and in 7 of these patients none were found. The duration of the Ph'+ chromosome reduction ranged from 1 to 43 mo. The median survival of the responders has not yet been reached. It is concluded that whereas overall survival is not appreciably extended, patients who have a reduction in Ph'+ cells in the marrow may survive longer than the average; also, the reduction occurs most frequently in patients who have relatively small spleens at diagnosis. The reduction is difficult to maintain, and it may be reinduced in some patients with intensive chemotherapy.
Suppressing Spectral Crosstalk in Dual-Band Long- Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors With Monolithically Integrated Air-Gapped Distributed Bragg Reflectors

Antimonide-based type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have made possible the development of high-performance infrared cameras for use in a wide variety of thermal imaging applications, many of which could benefit from dual-band imaging. The performance of this material system has not reached its limits. One of the key issues in dual-band infrared photodetection is spectral crosstalk. In this paper, air-gapped distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) have been monolithically integrated between the two channels in long-/very long-wavelength dual-band InAs/InAs1– x Sb x /AlAs1– x Sb x -based T2SLs photodetectors to suppress the spectral crosstalk. This air-gapped DBR has achieved a significant spectral suppression in the 4.5–7.5 $\mu \text{m}$ photonic stopband while transmitting the optical wavelengths beyond $7.5~\mu \text{m}$ , which is confirmed by theoretical calculations, numerical simulation, and experimental results.
Communications Preferences among International Students: Strategies for Creating Optimal Engagement in Programs and Services

As U.S. institutions continue to welcome larger and more diverse populations of international students, campus support offices are also expected to adjust their programming and outreach strategies to engage a wider student audience and provide them with key information and services. This quantitative study examines the communications preferences of degree-seeking international students enrolled in a mid-size U.S. university. It specifically investigates students’ preferred methods of communication, patterns and frequency in sending and receiving messages, and the types of information they prefer to be informed of. The survey also looks across a number of communication media including email, social media, print communications, and face-to-face interactions to better understand how resources may be directed to individual channels. The authors argue that the most impactful engagement model requires an accompanying, analytics-driven communications strategy to support international students during their stay on campus
The Motivation and Impact of Religious Participation: A qualitative Study of Undergraduate Students at a Liberal Arts, Faith-Based Institution

This study explored the motivation and impact of religious participation among undergraduate students at a liberal arts, faith-based institution of higher education. By reviewing current literature...
Frequency and characteristics of exercise-induced second-degree atrioventricular block in patients undergoing stress testing

Abstract Background Spontaneous second-degree atrioventricular block induced by exercise (Ex2AVB) is rare, but it can cause profound exercise intolerance. Objective We sought to determine the frequency of Ex2AVB in our exercise testing practice and to describe characteristics of patients with Ex2AVB. We hypothesized that the number of patients would be small, but they would require invasive treatment. Methods We reviewed the Mayo Clinic Integrated Stress Center database for nonimaging tests performed from 2006 through 2010. All exercise tests coded as “second-degree atrioventricular block” were captured and reviewed. Tests were excluded if results showed evidence of second-degree atrioventricular block at rest. Results From 40,715 tests performed, definite Ex2AVB was found in only 19 patients (0.05%; 5 women and 14 men). Ex2AVB occurred as a Mobitz type II block in 4 patients and as a Mobitz type I block in 15. In 3 patients, Ex2AVB occurred only in recovery. Ex2AVB was intermittent in 11 patients and persistent in 8. Mean peak heart rate was higher with intermittent Ex2AVB than with persistent Ex2AVB (126 ± 39 vs 88 ± 28 bpm, P Conclusion Ex2AVB is uncommon but can cause exercise intolerance that requires pacemaker implantation. Structural or ischemic heart disease and resting conduction abnormalities are common findings in patients with Ex2AVB. Intervention is seldom required for intermittent Ex2AVB.
(Re)Defining success in epilepsy surgery: The importance of relative seizure reduction in patient-reported quality of life.

OBJECTIVE Previous work has suggested that seizure outcome is the most important predictor of quality of life (QoL) after epilepsy surgery, but it is unknown which specific seizure outcome measure should be used in judging surgical success. We assess three different seizure outcome measures (relative seizure reduction, absolute seizure reduction, and seizure freedom [yes/no]) to investigate which measure best predicts postoperative QoL. METHODS We prospectively surveyed patients at outpatient visits before and after epilepsy surgery (n = 550). The QoL measure was the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-10) score at the patient's most recent office visit. We created multivariate regression models to predict postoperative QOLIE-10, with a different seizure outcome measure in each model. We compared models using adjusted R2 values and Akaike information criteria (AIC). RESULTS Our cohort had a high level of disease severity and complexity (17% repeat surgery, 39% extratemporal, and 18% nonlesional). For the cohort as a whole, mean absolute seizure frequency decreased from 1 per day to 0.1 per day (P < .001), and mean reduction was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66%-81%). Average improvement in QoL score was 5.3 (95% CI 4.1-6.5) points. Of patients who reported an improvement in QoL, 27% had persistent seizures. Comparison of regression models to predict QoL showed that the worst model was provided when using "absolute seizure reduction," but that models using "relative seizure reduction" and "seizure freedom (yes/no)" were equally strong. SIGNIFICANCE In our high severity and complexity cohort, a substantial subset of patients (27%) reported improved QoL despite persistent seizures. Relative seizure reduction was at least as good a predictor of QoL as seizure freedom. A yes/no seizure freedom variable may be a suboptimal measure of surgical success, especially in high complexity cohorts.
Generalized parton distributions and pseudodistributions

We derive one-loop matching relations for the Ioffe-time distributions (ITDs) related to the pion distribution amplitude (DA) and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). They are obtained from a universal expression for the one-loop correction in an operator form, and will be used in the ongoing lattice calculations of the pion DA and GPDs within the parton pseudodistributions approach.
Production and Evaluation of a Realistic Immersive Virtual Reality Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experience: Infrared Spectroscopy

Using virtual reality (VR) in educational settings is becoming increasingly popular. The feasibility of replacing an instrumentation-based organic chemistry lab with a VR experience has been evalua...
Correlates of Intimate Partner Stalking Precipitated Homicides in the United States

Intimate partner stalking is a significant health and safety concern in the United States, yet research on this phenomenon remains minimal. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlates of homicides precipitated by intimate partner stalking among a sample of homicide victims. This cross-sectional study included a subsample of adult homicide cases classified as intimate partner violence victims (N = 6028) between 2003 and 2015 on the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). The analysis explored victim- and suspect-related factors’ associations to homicide precipitated by intimate partner stalking. Bivariate associations were examined using Pearson’s correlation and Fisher’s exact test. Those meeting a significance threshold of .25 were included in the final analysis. Missingness was addressed with multiple imputation. The logistic regression analysis examined victim (marital status, education level, and geographic region of the homicide) and suspect (age, sex, firearm, and documented history of abuse towards victim) variables’ associations to homicide precipitated by intimate partner stalking. The findings suggest that the victim’s marital status, suspect’s sex, suspect’s use of a firearm, geographic region of the homicide, and a documented history of abuse of victim by the suspect had significant relationships with homicide precipitated by intimate partner stalking. The associations between death by firearm and previously documented history of abuse with homicide precipitated by intimate partner stalking have substantial implications for the criminal justice system. Limitations of the NVDRS dataset, recommendations for research, policy and prevention are discussed.
Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and cultural identities among Asian American youths.

Objectives This study investigates whether and how racial discrimination is associated with ethnic-racial socialization in the family and how distinct aspects of ethnic-racial socialization influence children's ethnic and American identity among Filipino American and Korean American families. Method The data are obtained from the Midwest Longitudinal Study of Asian American Families Project (N = 1,580; 379 Filipino American youths and 377 parents, and 410 Korean American youths and 414 parents; Mage of youths = 15.01). Using the bootstrapping and maximum likelihood with missing values approaches, we conducted path analyses to test the hypothesized associations concurrently and longitudinally for each ethnic group. Results Youth-reported racial discrimination was directly associated with weaker American identity, both concurrently and longitudinally. In concurrent models, racial discrimination experienced by both youth and parents was positively associated with youth-reported preparation for bias, which in turn was linked with stronger ethnic identity among Filipinos, whereas no indirect pathways reached statistical significance among Koreans. In longitudinal models, parent-reported discrimination was linked with higher levels of promotion of mistrust among both groups, which predicted weaker ethnic identity among Filipino youth but stronger American identity among Korean youth. Conclusions The present study highlights how exposure to racial discrimination may have a lasting influence in cultural identity development among Asian Americans and possibly through ethnic-racial socialization in the family, which might have been shaped by such experiences. Our results also underscore the importance of considering the experiences of both children and parents in studies of discrimination and ethnic-racial socialization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Genetic Variability in the Iron Homeostasis Pathway and Patient Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Iron can be detrimental to most tissues both in excess and in deficiency. The brain in particular is highly susceptible to the consequences of excessive iron, especially during blood brain barrier disruption after injury. Preliminary evidence suggests that iron homeostasis is important during recovery after neurologic injury; therefore, the exploration of genetic variability in genes involved in iron homeostasis is an important area of patient outcomes research. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes related to iron homeostasis and acute and long-term patient outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This study was a longitudinal, observational, candidate gene association study of participants with aSAH that used a two-tier design including tier 1 (discovery, n = 197) and tier 2 (replication, n = 277). Participants were followed during the acute outcome phase for development of cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and during the long-term outcome phase for death and gross functional outcome using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS; poor = 1–3). Genetic association analyses were performed using a logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and Fisher grade. Approximate Bayes factors (ABF) and Bayesian false discovery probabilities (BFDP) were used to prioritize and interpret results. In tier 1, 235 tagging SNPs in 28 candidate genes were available for analysis and 26 associations (20 unique SNPs in 12 genes) were nominated for replication in tier 2. In tier 2, we observed an increase in evidence of association for three associations in the ceruloplasmin (CP) and cubilin (CUBN) genes. We observed an association of rs17838831 (CP) with GOS at 3 months (tier 2 results, odds ratio [OR] = 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–3.86, p = 0.018, ABF = 0.52, and BFDP = 70.8%) and GOS at 12 months (tier 2 results, OR = 1.86, 95% CI 0.98–3.52, p = 0.058, ABF = 0.72, and BFDP = 77.3%) as well as rs10904850 (CUBN) with DCI (tier 2 results, OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.48–1.02, p = 0.064, ABF = 0.59, and BFDP = 71.8%). Among the genes examined, our findings support a role for CP and CUBN in patient outcomes after aSAH. In an effort to translate these findings into clinical utility and improve outcomes after aSAH, additional research is needed to examine the functional roles of these genes after aSAH.
Chapter 11 – Progress Monitoring

This is the second chapter in the section on professional judgment. Progress monitoring is essential for determining whether or not a treatment has produced meaningful outcomes for target clients. Procedures for collecting data and selecting appropriate single-subject research designs that can be used in real-world settings are briefly reviewed. However evidence-based practitioners collect considerably more information than client progress data to determine if an appropriate treatment is in place. Treatment fidelity, quality of adherence, and an implementation plan can all be used to determine if potential problems for the feasibility or sustainability of the treatment may occur. In addition, evidence-based practitioners collect ongoing data regarding target client preference, tolerability, and client satisfaction data in order to have an informed perspective before determining if a treatment should be retained, adapted, or rejected. Strategies for managing conflicting forms of evidence are offered.
NINE – FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the discussion of applications of the integral and provides an overview of usefulness of the integral as a tool in many different branches of science. It discusses how the definite integral can be used to calculate the volumes of certain solid figures. The chapter describes a procedure called the integration process that is used in every application of the integral. It discusses the notion of a solid of revolution obtained by rotating a curve around a given line. The chapter discusses how to calculate the lateral surface area of a solid of revolution obtained by rotating a curve around a given line, discusses the center of mass of a finite number of point masses located along the x-axis, and presents the calculation of the center of mass with examples. It explains the moments of inertia and kinetic energy and discusses how to calculate inertia. The chapter discusses how the integral can be used to calculate fluid pressures.
Locked-In with COVID-19.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be associated with various neurological manifestations including acute strokes. Hyper acute diagnosis and treatment are key factors which decrease mortality and morbidity in stroke patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a great strain on the healthcare system, and as a result clinicians are facing several barriers in diagnosing and treating strokes. Delayed presentation of strokes is a problem as some in the general population defer the decision to seek immediate medical attention fearing contracting the virus. Also playing a role is the paucity of healthcare professionals available during a pandemic. Recent literature demonstrates the association of acute strokes in young patients with COVID-19. Lack of clear pathophysiology of the neurological manifestations from COVID-19 intensifies the problem. A thorough examination of the intensive care unit patient has always been a challenge owing to several factors including use of sedatives, sepsis, uremia, and encephalopathy secondary to medications. Locked-In Syndrome (LIS) secondary to stroke is much more challenging to diagnose as patients are unable to communicate or elicit any motor functions apart from certain ocular movements. We present the case of a 25 year old patient with no known history of coagulopathy, but had developed COVID-19 cytokine storm which culminated in LIS secondary to pontine strokes.
Outcomes after heart retransplantation: A 50-year single-center experience.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate outcomes after heart retransplantation. Methods From January 6, 1968, to June 2019, 123 patients (112 adult and 11 pediatric patients) underwent heart retransplantation, and 2092 received primary transplantation at our institution. Propensity-score matching was used to account for baseline differences between the retransplantation and the primary transplantation–only groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed. The primary end point was all-cause mortality, and secondary end points were postoperative complications. Results Retransplantation recipient age was 39.6 ± 16.4 years, and donor age was 26.4 ± 11.2 years. Ninety-two recipients (74.8%) were male. Compared with recipients who only underwent primary heart transplantation, retransplantation recipients were more likely to have hypertension (44/73.3% vs 774/53.3%, P = .0022), hyperlipidemia (40/66.7% vs 447/30.7%, P Conclusions In this single-center cohort, the unadjusted long-term survival after heart retransplantation was inferior to that after primary heart transplantation, and short-term survival difference persisted after propensity-score matching. Heart retransplantation should be considered for select patients for optimal donor organ usage.
The interplay between θ and T

We extend a recent computation of the dependence of the free energy, F, on the non-commutative scale θ to theories with very different UV sensitivity. The temperature dependence of F strongly suggests that a reduced number of degrees of freedom contributes to the free energy in the non-planar sector, Fnp, at high temperature. This phenomenon seems generic, independent of the UV sensitivity, and can be traced to modes whose thermal wavelengths become smaller than the noncommutativity scale. The temperature dependence of Fnp can then be calculated at high temperature using classical statistical mechanics, without encountering a UV catastrophe even in large number of dimensions. This result is a telltale sign of the low number of degrees of freedom contributing to F in the non-planar sector at high temperature. Such behavior is in marked contrast to what would happen in a field theory with a random set of higher derivative interactions.
Evolution of Macromolecular Structure: A ‘Double Tale’ of Biological Accretion and Diversification:

The evolution of structure in biology is driven by accretion and diversification. Accretion brings together disparate parts to form bigger wholes. Diversification provides opportunities for growth ...
Metal-Binding Foldamers

Sequence-defined oligomeric molecules with discrete folding propensities, termed foldamers, are a versatile source of agents with tailored structure and function. An inspiration for the development of the foldamer paradigm are natural biomacromolecules, the sequence-encoded folding of which is the basis of life. Metal ions and clusters are common features in proteins, where the role of metal varies from supporting structure to enabling function. The ubiquity of metals in natural systems suggests promise for metals in the context of folded artificial backbones. In this Minireview, we highlight efforts to realize this potential through a survey of published work on the design, synthesis, and characterization of metal-binding foldamers.
Machine learning glass transition temperature of polyacrylamides using quantum chemical descriptors

Glass transition temperature, Tg, is an important thermophysical property of polyacrylamides, which can be difficult to determine experimentally and resource-intensive to calculate. Data-driven modeling approaches provide alternative methods to predict Tg in a rapid and robust way. We develop the Gaussian process regression model to predict the glass transition temperature of polyacrylamides based on quantum chemical descriptors. The modeling approach shows a high degree of stability and accuracy, which contributes to fast and low-cost glass transition temperature estimations.
Differential risk factors between uterine sarcomas and malignant mixed Müllerian tumors.

e23551Background: Uterine sarcomas are malignant tumors of the smooth muscle or connective tissue of the uterus. Its main histological types are leiomyosarcomas and endometrial stromal sarcomas, wi...
Synthesis of telechelic polyolefins

Telechelic polymers, polymers with two reactive end-groups, are sought after for their role in synthesizing macromolecules with complex structures such as multiblock copolymers and graft polymers. Many strategies for the synthesis of telechelic polymers from vinyl monomers using controlled radical polymerizations and anionic polymerizations exist. However, polyolefins—which account for the major fraction of polymer production—are not easily synthesized with two reactive end-groups. This difficulty is related to the sensitivity of olefin polymerization catalysts and their propensity for intramolecular chain transfer reactions. As a result, the most common strategies to access telechelic polyethylene and polypropylene (the two major polyolefins) do not rely on the insertion polymerization of ethylene nor propylene but rather on the polymerization of dienes or cyclic olefins. Nonetheless, recent advances in insertion polymerization and post-polymerization functionalization have resulted in the emergence of novel synthetic methods to access telechelic polyolefins. We here present a comprehensive review of all of these strategies to synthesize telechelic polyolefins.
Abstract A19: Expression of BRAFV600E in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo

Transgenic mice expressing BRAF V600E targeted to melanocytes via the tyrosinase promoter display hyperpigmentation of the skin, ears, tail, and paws, as well as profound graying of the hair, benign melanocytic hyperplasias and a low frequency of spontaneous melanomas on a mixed genetic background. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism of BRAF V600E -induced alterations in skin and hair, mice were backcrossed extensively onto a C57BL/6 background. Backcrossed BRAF V600E mice retained the phenotype of mixed background transgenic animals with respect to skin hyperpigmentation as well as premature hair graying. Analysis of skin samples from mice of different ages revealed an accumulation and mislocalization of hyperproliferative melanocytes, suggesting a developmental defect in melanocyte homing to hair follicles in response to activated BRAF. Moreover, melanocytic lesions in the skin developed into benign tumors resembling nerve sheath tumors of Schwannian origin, presumably due to the phenotypic switching of melanocytes into Schwann cells in response to chronic BRAF V600E stimulation. These benign tumors seldom progressed to melanoma in the absence of Akt pathway activation. A role for Akt activation in repressing the Schwannian differentiation program is suggested, as treatment of melanoma-derived cell lines with the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 results in elevated expression of Schwannian lineage markers at the transcript level. Therefore, in addition to induction of oncogene-induced senescence, eliciting lineage-switching from melanocytes into Schwann cells in response to oncogenic BRAF represents a potential tumor suppression mechanism to protect melanocytes from transformation, and repression of this phenotypic switch via activation of the Akt pathway may facilitate the ability of BRAF V600E to drive melanomagenesis. Citation Format: Jodie R. Pietruska, Chi Luo, Philip W. Hinds. Expression of BRAFV600E in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Melanoma: From Biology to Therapy; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.
Seti: The Microwave Search Problem and the Targeted Search Approach

The targeted search component of the NASA SETI program is limited to time sharing in the usual fashion on existing large radio telescopes. Unless the consequences of this restriction are compensated by increased capability in the SETI electronic systems, an undesirable loss in sensitivity must be accepted in order to prevent a more costly and humanly unattractive lengthening of the projected five-year observing program to a duration of some decades.
Making sense of control: Change and consequences

The concept of control in the social and behavioral sciences derives mainly from theories of motivation. Early work on control was largely descriptive, with an emphasis on individual differences in perceived control. This essay first reviews the foundational research on the development of control beliefs and their relationship to achievement and health outcomes. Next, the article summarizes more recent cutting-edge research, which has examined trajectories of longitudinal change and the processes and mechanisms that link control beliefs with outcomes. Studies have shown that control beliefs can be a resilience factor that buffers the effects of stress and moderates social class differences in health and longevity. Suggestions for future research directions include a focus on short-term, within-person variability and intraindividual change processes, cultural variations in control beliefs, and the antecedents of control. The article concludes by considering some of the possible limits of a high sense of control as well as interventions to optimize control, and the policy implications of control beliefs. Future research will benefit from a biopsychosocial approach in order to understand how control beliefs develop and get under the skin to affect health and well-being. Keywords: control beliefs; adult development; aging; health
A theory of compaction-based parallelization

Abstract We present a simple and uniform transformational system for extracting parallelism from programs. The transformations are studied as a formal system. We define a measure of program improvement, and show that the transformations improve programs with respect to the measure. We show that it is possible to compute limits of infinite sequences of the transformations; this allows our system to implement software pipelining, and leads to a general solution to the problem of software pipelining in the presence of tests. Using the primitive transformations and the limit-taking transformation, it is possible to express the classical parallelization techniques for vector, multiprocessor, and VLIW machines. Thus, our transformational system can be viewed as a formal foundation for the area of parallelization. We present implementations of two techniques, doacross and a simple form of vectorization.
An orbital-excitation model for hadrons

We study a model for hadrons which identifies their internal degrees of freedom with « orbital excitations » and suggests a covariant formalism for their description. Assuming that the spin and the orbital degrees of freedom decouple in the Born approximation, we show how to construct wave functions, propagators and vertex functions for any meson-meson scattering process. We find that to preserve analyticity, crossing symmetry and Regge asymptotic behavior, the orbital states must transform according toreducible representations of the groupSL2.0. The results are explicitly applied to \gp\gp scattering, where it is found that the amplitude constructed along these lines has a satisfactory low-energy behavior as well.