cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the Comparative In vitro Susceptibilities of Lower Female Genital Tract Pathogens to Older and Newer Fluoroquinolones

Abstract Appraising and rearranging a variety of susceptibility studies that used the same methodology performed in our laboratory, we reviewed and compared the in vitro activities of the newer fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin and trovafloxacin) to those of the older fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin) against potentially pathogenic, anaerobic bacterial species of the lower female genital tract. At a concentration of 2 μg/ml, moxifloxacin (89% inhibition) and gatifloxacin (83% inhibition) had comparable anti-anaerobic activity to trovafloxacin (88% inhibition). Sitafloxacin, which is under clinical development in Japan, was also highly active against the anaerobes tested. Comparatively, the older fluoroquinolones and grepafloxacin demonstrated less anti-anaerobe activity. Sitafloxacin, moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin were the most active agents tested with 237/243 (97%), 217/243 (89%) and 319/367 (88%), of the strains inhibited at 2 μg/ml, respectively. While the older fluoroquinolones required the addition of a second drug to be useful in mixed gynaecological infections, the newer fluoroquinolones have improved anti-anaerobic activity and could potentially be useful as monotherapy.
Approximation formulas for least‐squares fitting of functions of the form f [ μ(x−x0)]

Approximation formulas have been developed for least‐squares fitting of functions of the form f [ μ(x−x 0)]. In particular, formulas are given for determining the best‐fit parameter values for the Laughlin and Shabason–Hendee representations of central‐axis depth dose of electron teletherapy beams. Comparison with exact values obtained through nonlinear least‐squares regression analysis, for the Laughlin and Shabason–Hendee representations applied to standard data sets, demonstrates that these approximation formulas are highly accurate.
Axial-vector symmetry breaking and τ mesonic decays

Effective chiral theory of mesons beyond ChPT has been applied to study τ → 4πν,η3piν. Theoretical results agree with data. A new axial-vector symmetry breaking is revealed from this theory. The mass gap between ϱ and a1 mesons originates in this symmetry breaking. W and Z bosons gain mass from this symmetry breaking. mW = 12gmt, mz = ρmWcosθW with ρ ∼ 1, and GF = 122mt2
Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase in Escherichia coli Fermentation Broth

Abstract Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) expressed in Escherichia coli was analyzed in fermentation broth through the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE), a method which provided advantages over the traditional techniques of slab gel electrophoresis and chromatography. In addition, via CE the difficult resolution and quantitation of SHMT holoenzyme and apo-enzyme were achieved. Using this method, a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) cofactor/SHMT dimer molar ratio of 0.65 was estimated to be present in holoenzyme in the absence of excess PLP. This determination correlated well with results obtained by other techniques, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). CE and ESI-MS analyses both provided evidence for significant differences between the folded conformations of SHMT holoenzyme and apoenzyme.
GENEHUNTER: application to analysis of bipolar pedigrees and some extensions

A newly developed nonparametric multipoint linkage analysis (NPL) by Kruglyak et al. [1996] was applied to the data set from the Johns Hopkins Bipolar Study available through the GAW10 workshop. Our results from GENEHUNTER do not support the analyses of Stine et al. [1995]. Some possible extensions to incorporate unaffecteds are also discussed.
A variational average atom approach to closing the quantum Ornstein–Zernike relations

Abstract A summary of a variational average atom model which is used to close the quantum Ornstein–Zernike relations is presented. The first numerical results are presented from a code developed to solve these equations with two simplifying assumptions, described in the text. The inputs are the nuclear charge of the plasma species, the average material density and the temperature. Results generated include the spatially dependent electronic and nuclear densities, which are related to the electron-nucleus and nucleus–nucleus pair distribution functions. These in turn are simply related to the static structure factors. Numerical results presented are in the form of average ionization and nucleus–nucleus pair distribution functions. Average ionizations for carbon are compared to experiment and other models, showing good agreement.
Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations.

Abstract Purpose This study was conducted to examine the relationships among family environment, peer influence, stress, self-efficacy, and adolescent alcohol use and to test for the potential moderating effects of parental expectations regarding adolescent alcohol use. Methods Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by high school students (n = 2573) participating in a longitudinal study of substance use and other problem behaviors. Variables were lagged across three time points to reflect a causal sequence relating family environment to adolescent alcohol use through self-efficacy, peer influence, and stress. A latent measure of family environment included adolescents' perceptions of parental acceptance, parental monitoring, and communication with parents. The latent measure of peer influence included use of alcohol by same-age peers and friends and friends' approval of alcohol use. Observed scale scores were used for self-efficacy and stress measures, and the latent measure of alcohol behaviors included quantity, frequency, and associated problems. Results Structural equation modeling indicated good model fit, χ 2 (144) = 831.69, p Conclusions Parental expectations of adolescent alcohol use significantly moderated all structural relationships, and greater parental disapproval was associated with less involvement with friends and peers who use alcohol, less peer influence to use alcohol, greater self-efficacy for avoiding alcohol use, and lower subsequent alcohol use and related problems.
Kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of 2‐Ethyl‐2‐Hexenal

2-Ethyl-2-hexenal was hydrogenated over Raney Nickel and nickel boride in a batch slurry reactor. Using Raney Nickel, the reaction went to completion, and the formation of both 2-ethylhexanal and 2-ethylhexanol followed zero order kinetics. Using nickel boride, the reaction ceased at the saturated aldehyde, with saturation of the double bond a zero order reaction. Unsaturated alcohol was not detected in any of the reaction mixtures. On a hydrogene, dans un reacteur discontinu avec suspension de catalyseur, le 2-ethyl-2-hexenal sur du nickel de Raney et du borure de nickel. En presence du nickel de Raney, la reaction est complete et les formations du 2-ethyl-hexenal et du 2-ethylhexanol suivent une cinetique d'ordre zero. En presence de borure de nickel, la reaction s'arrěte a l'aldehyde sature et la saturation de la double liaison est une reaction d'ordre zero. On n'a pas decele d'alcool non sature dans les produits.
The Effects of Blame Attributions and Offender Likableness on Forgiveness and Revenge in the Workplace

This study proposes and tests a model that applies the concept of restorative justice to the enactment of revenge and forgiveness in organizations. The model draws from theories of cognitive attribution and consistency, as well as more recent theories of revenge in organizations, to describe the process by which a personal offense triggers revenge and forgiveness cognitions and behavior. Attributions of blame were predicted to directly influence the contemplation of revenge and forgiveness strategies. In turn, these cognitions were hypothesized to be the immediate precursors of behavior. It was also predicted that the likableness of the offender would be positively associated with both revenge and forgiveness cognitions. Finally, blame attribution was expected to be influenced by offense severity. To test these predictions, a survey was administered to one hundred and eighty employees of a government agency. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the significance of the pathways in the model and compare its fit to theoretically plausible rivals. Although the theoretical model fit the data well, a less constrained alternative showed a superior fit. In both the theoretical model and less constrained alternative, all but two of the predicted pathways in the model were upheld. The implications of the findings for organizations are discussed and future research directions are offered. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Justice is among the most widely used and frequently debated constructs in the organizational sciences. Heretofore, the concept of justice has been defined in three ways: distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. The notion of distributive justice is related to outcome distribution (Deutsch, 1975) and may be based on equity (Homans, 1961), equality (Sampson, 1975), or need (Lerner, 1977). Procedural justice is how individuals perceive the fairness of rules or procedures that regulate decision processes (Leventhal, 1976; Lind & Tyler, 1986). More recently, the concept of interactional justice (Bies & Moag, 1986)
Bedside to Bench: Role of Muscarinic Receptor Activation in Ultrarapid Growth of Colorectal Cancer in a Patient With Pheochromocytoma

Abstract An elderly man with long-standing, nonresectable pheochromocytoma had rapid development of rectal adenocarcinoma despite close endoscopic surveillance. We determined that the patient's colorectal cancer overexpressed muscarinic receptor subtype 3, whereas his pheochromocytoma expressed choline acetyltransferase, an enzyme required to produce acetylcholine, which is a muscarinic receptor agonist. These findings suggested that acetylcholine release from the pheochromocytoma stimulated rapid growth of the rectal neoplasm. As proof of principle, we found that culture media conditioned by pheochromocytoma cells stimulates proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line, an effect attenuated by atropine, a muscarinic receptor inhibitor. Our observations provide both clinical and laboratory evidence that muscarinic receptor agonists promote the growth of colorectal neoplasia.
PUBLIC SUICIDE AS A DEED OF OPTIONLESS INTIMACY

This article offers an ethnomethodological analysis of suicide practices in situ. By analyzing a videotaped record of a public suicide by a government official this article is able to examine the temporal relations between the unfolding suicide act and the situational contingencies arising from its interactional context. In the case examined, the suicide was planned as a ceremony, in part to indicate the official facing corruption charges. A press conference provided the pretext for the suicide ceremony in which the official intended to deliver a prepared speech to accuse his accusers and bid farewell to loved ones before shooting himself. Things turned out differently than he planned, though he did in the end shoot himself. The analysis focuses on how the audience's reaction to the imminent suicide foreclosed the suicide cermony while at the same time pre-emptying the pre-suicide speech deferring the impending suicide.
Reliability modeling of high voltage AlGaN/GaN and GaAs field-effect transistors

High voltage HFET's fabricated from nitride semiconductors utilizing the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction or GaAs using field plates demonstrate excellent RF output power performance. The nitride HFET's produce RF output power greater than an order of magnitude higher than available from GaAs and InP based devices, and GaAs FET's fabricated with field-plates can produce RF output power about a factor of two greater than standard FET's. However, the FET's demonstrate a reliability problem where the dc current and RF output power continually decrease as a function of time. The problem is more serious in the nitride HFET's, although both nitride-based and GaAs-based devices suffer reliability problems. The reliability problem is related to the conduction characteristics of the gate electrode and an electron tunneling mechanism where electrons leak from the gate to the surface of the semiconductor. In this work the physics responsible for this behavior are investigated and described. Physics-based models suitable for use in RF circuit harmonic-balance simulators have been developed, with excellent agreement between measured and simulated data. Design techniques to reduce the reliability problem will be discussed.
A new technique to characterize the fiber/matrix interphase properties under high strain rates

Dynamic interphase-loading apparatus (DILA) has been developed to directly characterize the fiber/matrix interphase properties of composites under high loading rates. This apparatus uses a micro-mechanical method (micro-indentation) that is based on the debonding of a fiber from the matrix at the interphase region. Displacement rates up to 3000 μm/s that cause deformation of the interphase under high shear strain rates were obtained using the fast expansion capability of piezoelectric actuators (PZT). Transient force and fiber displacement for a specific displacement rate is measured during the test. The data are reduced to apparent average interphase shear strength and energy absorbed during debonding and frictional sliding during the micro-debonding process. An E-glass-fiber/epoxy-amine interphase was tested under various loading rates to demonstrate the capability of the test apparatus. Test results showed that the strength and energy-absorbing capability of the E-glass/epoxy-amine interphase are sensitive to loading rate.
CSR Data Collection

The objective of the CSR Data Collection effort is to collect and deliver a large corpus of continuous speech data to support ARPA research efforts in continuous speech recognition (CSR).
Electrochemical and DFT Analysis of Deactivation of Pt Supported on Niobia

The catalytic deactivation of platinum supported on NbRuyOz mixed metal oxide support has been investigated. 60% Pt/NbRuyOz was synthesized in a single step using spray pyrolysis, followed by reductive thermal post-treatment. The catalyst was deposited onto a tabbed, Au TEM grid and rapidly cycled between anodic and cathodic potentials in 0.1M HClO4 and 1M KOH to observe mechanisms of corrosion and deactivation. After 3600 cycles, TEM shows a thin film of oxygen-rich niobia with the potential to block ion transport covering the catalyst and support particles. Density Functional Theory calculations indicate that the rate of oxygen diffusion across the Pt(111) surface is in good agreement with experimental observations of the period of catalyst deactivation (several weeks) when exposed to open atmosphere. This suggests that the mechanism of catalytic deactivation could involve the capture and release of oxygen as Nb2O5 breaks down into reduced fragments of NbOx.
Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System in Children

Tuberculosis remains one of the most common and important infectious diseases in the world. Between 1% and 2% of children with untreated tuberculosis infection will develop tuberculous meningitis. In 1997, 186 cases of tuberculous meningitis were reported in the United States. The initial clinical manifestations of tuberculous meningitis are protean, making early disease difficult to recognize. The clinical and radiographic manifestations of tuberculous meningitis result from the combination of basilar meningitis, infarction, and vasculitis. Early diagnosis can be problematic as Mycobacterium tuberculosis is difficult to detect by rapid tests. Although the response to antituberculosis chemotherapy is generally favorable, complications commonly occur, particularly if the diagnosis is delayed. With appropriate public health management of known tuberculosis cases, cases of CNS tuberculosis in children can be prevented.
A Comment on Governing Equations of Envelope Surface Created by a Two-Dimensional Directional Wavepacket Centered around a Propagation Direction on an Elastic Plate

Plates are common structural elements of most engineering structures, including aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering structures. The study of plates from theoretical perspective as well as experimental viewpoint is fundamental to understanding of the behavior of such structures. The dynamic characteristics of plates, such as natural vibrations, transient responses for the external forces and so on, are especially of importance in actual environments. In this paper, we consider natural vibrations of an elastic plate and the propagation of a wavepacket on it. We derive the two-dimensional equations that govern the spatial and temporal evolution of the amplitude of a wavepacket and discuss its features. We especially consider a directional wavepacket on an elastic plate, which propagation direction is centered around a main direction, but which wavenumber and frequency are fixed by a certain value. The fact that its envelope becomes time-invariant and is governed by the Schrodinger–Nohara type equation is shown.
Dynamics and stability of volume-scavenging drop arrays: Coarsening by capillarity

Abstract N drops, pinned by circular contact lines, are arranged in an array and coupled by a network of conduits. Inertialess exchange of volume among drops is driven by capillarity through the minimization of total surface energy. Drops scavenge volume from one another based on pressure differences, proportional to the surface tension, and arising from curvature differences. The system coarsens in the sense that, with time, volume is increasingly localized and ends up in a single ‘winner’ drop. Numerical simulations show that the identity of the winner can depend discontinuously on the initial condition and connectivity network. This motivates a study of the corresponding N -dimensional nonlinear dynamical system. All fixed points and their linear stabilities, obtained analytically, are found to be independent of connectivity. To determine which of the stable fixed points will be the winner, manifolds separating the attracting regions are found using a method which combines local information (eigenvectors at fixed points) with global information (invariant manifolds due to symmetry). This method is demonstrated for three N = 3 systems with various connectivity networks, and is used to explain the numerical observations.
High-quality AlGaN layers over pulsed atomic-layer epitaxially grown AlN templates for deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

In this paper, we report the pulsed atomic-layer epitaxy (PALE) of ultrahigh-quality AlN epilayers over basal-plane sapphire substrates and their use as templates to grow high-quality AlGaN layers with Al content ranging from 0.3 to 1. Symmetric/asymmetric x-ray diffraction (XRD) and room-temperature (RT) photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to establish the high-structural and optical quality. The XRD (002) and (114) rocking-curve full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of the PALE-grown AlN epilayers were less than 60 arcsec and 250 arcsec, respectively. Using these ultrahigh-quality layers as templates, Si-doped AlGaN layers with a large Al content from 30% to 100% were grown and used for milliwatt power sub-280-nm, deepultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the occurrence of delirium in a cohort of older medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients and its short-term duration in the hospital and to determine the association between preexisting dementia and the occurrence of delirium. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Fourteen-bed medical ICU of an 800-bed university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen consecutive patients aged 65 and older admitted to the ICU. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline characteristics were obtained through surrogate interviews and medical chart review. Dementia was determined using two validated surrogate-rated instruments. Delirium was assessed daily in the ICU using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for the ICU (CAM-ICU). After discharge from the ICU, patients were followed for up to 7 days using the CAM. RESULTS: Delirium was present in 37 of 118 (31%) patients on admission. Only 45 patients had a normal mental status on admission, of whom 14 (31%) became delirious during their hospital stay. In the post-ICU period, delirium occurred in 40% of patients. Almost half of patients with delirium in the ICU had persistent delirium in the post-ICU period. Overall, 83 of 118 (70%) had delirium during hospitalization. Stupor or coma occurred in 44% of the patients overall, and 89% of survivors of stupor/coma progressed to delirium. Patients with dementia were 40% more likely to be delirious (relative risk = 1.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.7), even after controlling for comorbidity, baseline functional status, severity of illness, and invasive procedures. CONCLUSION: Delirium is a frequent complication in older ICU patients and often persists beyond their ICU stay. Delirium in older ICU persons is a dynamic and complex process. Dementia is an important predisposing risk factor for the development of delirium in this population during and after the ICU stay.
A probabilistic model for a repairable mining equipment inventory system and procurement policy determination

ABSTRACT The main objective in selecting materials handling equipment at mines is to achieve desired production at the lowest possible cost. Mining equipment such as trucks, and loading ahovglu are repairable items and are procured for materials handling in mines. The decision maker has no control over the source-dependent parameters of reliability and maintainability for trucks. However, the decision maker can choose the number of trucks to be acquired for inventory, the age at which the trucks should be replaced, the number of channels in the repair facility, and minimize the total inventory system coat. A probabilistic technique has been developed to estimate the expected total annual equivalent cost for a repairable item (truck) inventory system and to facilitate the decision maker in cost optimization.
Multidrug Resistant Epididymitis Progressing to Testicular Infarct and Orchiectomy

Global testicular infarction is a rare sequela of infectious epididymitis, with few reports in the urologic literature since the introduction of fluoroquinolones in the late 1980s. Ischemia occurs secondary to inflammation and edema of the spermatic cord with compression of arterial flow. We report a case of multidrug resistant epididymitis following prostate biopsy that progressed to global testicular infarction requiring orchiectomy. This case highlights the fact that epididymitis does not always follow an indolent pathway to resolution. Progression of pain should prompt early imaging and intervention. It further highlights the potential urologic consequences of the rising prevalence of multidrug resistant bowel flora in the United States, which will increasingly influence the management of presumed uncomplicated epididymitis, whether being primary or postprocedural.
Physicochemical studies of poly(hexene‐1). III. Application of dilute solution theories

Experimental data on dilute solutions of poly(hexene-1), obtained from viscosity, osmometry, and light scattering in various solvents, previously reported, were treated and compared with various hydrodynamic theories of linear polymers. It was found that poly(hexene-1) can best be described by the model of Flory-Fox. Furthermore, the data were found to conform to the treatment of Kinsinger and Ballard for nonpolar polymers in the α-olefin series in the unperturbed state.
Introduction to Color Transparency

I present a primer on color transparency. The essential elements of the input physics are shown to lead to an unadorned, but useful, model. The consequences of this model are analyzed with a view towards improving the precision of future calculations.
Detection of negative-stranded subgenomic RNAs but not of free leader in LDV-infected macrophages

The mechanism of synthesis of the seven subgenomic mRNAs of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) was explored. One proposed mechanism, leader-primed transcription, predicts the formation of free 5'-leader in infected cells which then primes reinitiation of transcription at specific complementary sites on the antigenomic template. No free LDV 5'-leader of 156 nucleotides was detected in LDV-infected macrophages. Another mechanism, independent replication of the subgenomic mRNAs, predicts the presence of negative complements to all subgenomic mRNAs in infected cells which might be generated from subgenomic mRNAs in virions. Full-length antigenomic RNA was detected in LDV-infected macrophages by Northern hybridization at a level of < 1% of that of genomic RNA, but no negative polarity subgenomic RNAs. Negative complements to all subgenomic mRNAs, however, were detected by reverse transcription of total RNA from infected macrophages using as primer an oligonucleotide complementary to the antileader followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification using this sense primer in combination with various oligonucleotide primers complementary to a segment downstream of the junction between the 5' leader and the body of each subgenomic RNA. It is unclear whether these minute amounts of negative subgenomic RNAs function in the replication of the subgenomic mRNAs. They could also be by-products of the RNA replication process. Finally, no subgenomic mRNAs were detected in LDV virions.
Trabeculectomy, Phacoemulsification, and Posterior Chamber Lens Implantation With and Without 5-Fluorouracil

Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil has been an effective adjunct in glaucoma filtering surgery. We investigated the effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil in primary trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (glaucoma triple procedure). Seventy-four patients were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups to receive either no 5-fluorouracil (control patients) or low-dose 5-fluorouracil (mean total dose, 24.8 mg; mean number of injections, 5.0 ± 1.3). The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 20.1 ± 5.4 mm Hg for the 5-fluorouracil group and 21.0 ± 5.2 mm Hg for the control group (P = .48, Student's unpaired t -test). The mean number of medications was 2.2 ± 1.0 and 2.0 ± 1.0 (P = .49, Mann Whitney U test), respectively. At all postoperative visits, there were no statistically significant differences in mean intraocular pressures between the two groups. Mean follow-up was 13.2 months for 5-fluorouracil-treated patients and 15.0 months for control patients. At the last postoperative visit, mean intraocular pressures were 15.4 ± 3.7 mm Hg and 15.0 ± 5.0 mm Hg, respectively (P = .45, Student's unpaired t -test). Both groups showed comparable visual outcome (20/40 or better in 31 of 38 5-fluorouracil-treated patients [82%] vs 32 of 36 control patients [89%]) and a decrease in number of medications needed, 0.7 ± 1.0 and 0.7 ± 0.9, respectively (P = .96, Mann Whitney U test). Thus, 5-fluorouracil administered as in our study did not seem to have any effect in primary trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.
Efficient side lobe suppression of laser diode arrays

An optical technique is described which converts multilobed far‐field patterns from in‐phase laser arrays into a single‐lobed pattern. The technique redistributes the output light from the laser array to produce a uniformly illuminated aperture. This filled aperture produces negligible side lobes, and efficiently channels the array power into the main lobe. Experiments performed on a ten‐element Y‐guide laser array show an increase in main lobe power from 51 to 90% of the total array power.
Partnership between center for online learning (COL) and office of information technology: user support services (OIT-USS)

How did Portland State University (PSU) achieve success with limited resources when it comes to LMS support? Portland State University implemented Desire2Learn (D2L) in the summer of 2010. There are currently 1,340 activated courses, with an average of 17,670 unique student accounts and about 3,423 unique faculty and teacher assistant log ins. Historically LMS support was provided by the Center for Online Learning (COL) and Center for Academic Excellence (CAE) and the Help Desk. These three units were in three different buildings. These units reported to three different management structures. This proved to be very confusing and frustrating to the users.
Crystal Structure and Activity of Human p23, a Heat Shock Protein 90 Co-chaperone

p23 is a co-chaperone for the heat shock protein, hsp90. This protein binds hsp90 and participates in the folding of a number of cell regulatory proteins, but its activities are still unclear. We have solved a crystal structure of human p23 lacking 35 residues at the COOH terminus. The structure reveals a disulfide-linked dimer with each subunit containing eight β-strands in a compact antiparallel β-sandwich fold. In solution, however, p23 is primarily monomeric and the dimer appears to be a minor component. Conserved residues are clustered on one face of the monomer and define a putative surface region and binding pocket for interaction(s) with hsp90 or protein substrates. p23 contains a COOH-terminal tail that is apparently less structured and is unresolved in the crystal structure. This tail is not needed for the binding of p23 to hsp90 or to complexes with the progesterone receptor. However, the tail is necessary for optimum active chaperoning of the progesterone receptor, as well as the passive chaperoning activity of p23 in assays measuring inhibition of heat-induced protein aggregation.
Understanding How Chevrons Modify Noise in a Supersonic Jet with Flight Effects

Tests were conducted to determine the effect of chevrons on the sound radiated from the exhaust of a Mach 1.19 core flowwithsimulated flighteffects.Flighteffectswerestudiedbyusingasecondarycoaxial flowvariedfromstatic to Mach 0.50. Shadowgraphy, static pressure, and turbulence measurements were used to complement near-field pressure and far-field acoustic measurements. The presence of a secondary flow causes the shock-cell length to slightly lengthen and the shock cells to persist farther downstream; this was true for both the baseline and chevron nozzles. Compared with the baseline nozzle, the shadowgraphy and near-field static pressure showed that the chevronsreducedtheshock-cellspacingwithminimaleffectontheshock-cellstrength.Higherturbulencelevelsnear thenozzleexitandcomparableshock-cellstrengthledtohighershock-associatednoiseforthechevronconfiguration compared with the baseline. The decrease in shock-cell length caused the peak amplitude of the shock-associated noise to shift to higher frequencies. At the same time, the chevrons significantly reduced any screech tones that were initiallypresentforthebaselinecase.Finally,itwasshownthatthechevronsreducedturbulencelevelsneartheendof the potential core, which resulted in a reduction of the low-frequency mixing noise that dominates the aft angles.
Effect of band hybridization on exciton states in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells

Binding energies and oscillator strengths of ground-state Wannier excitons in GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum wells are studied by a multiband effective-mass method. The present calculation incorporates valence-band nonparabolicity resulting from the hybridization of heavy and light holes. The variation of the exciton binding energy and oscillator strength as a function of the GaAs well width and the aluminum mole fraction of the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As barrier is discussed.
Moments of ordered bivariate log-normal distributions

Abstract We derive the moments of an order statistic constructed from a bivariate log-normal distribution. The results can be applied to a log-linear disequilibrium model with errors in variables or to the determination of futures price distributions and hedging decisions.
Kinetics of anelastic and dielectric relaxation due to reacting point defects

Abstract The theory of the kinetics of defect relaxations in crystals, developed previously for the case of a single defect species, is now extended to include defect reactions among several different species. In this way it becomes possible to obtain expressions for the various relaxation times in terms only of the symmetries of the crystal and of the interacting defects. It is shown that this generalization can be carried out using the same symmetry coordinates as were tabulated in an earlier paper. The example of a cubic crystal containing 3 species of interacting defects, which are tetragonal, trigonal and 〈110〉 orthorhombic, is considered in detail. The results are applied to the specific problem of paired interstitial defects in the bcc lattice.
Failure Analysis of Local Electrodes

A failure analysis of local electrodes has been performed with the use of a dual beam ion miller/scanning electron microscope. Each aperture was examined before and after use in the local electrode atom probe. In addition, many atom probe specimens were characterized after the experiment to correlate the condition of the specimen with that of the aperture. The predominant failure mode of specimens was found to be melting even for high melting point materials such as tungsten and superalloys. A much less frequent mode of failure was specimen rupture which generally occurred with very brittle materials. The lifetime of the aperture in the local electrode atom probe was found to be dependent on the shape and position of the debris from the failure rather than the number of ions collected or the number of specimens characterized
Digital Technology in Teaching International Business: Is a Tradeoff between Richness and Reach Required?

Abstract As we enter the brave new world of interactive digital technology, teachers of International Business are being confronted with the problems and opportunities associated with integrating the new medium with a subject area that is inherently geographically dispersed. This analysis extends the traditional marketing tradeoffs between richness (depth of knowledge) and reach (geographic area coverage) to the emerging technology-mediated education industry, and then specifically evaluates their effect on the teaching of International Business. We believe that interactive learning, particularly as it applies to team building and problem solving in a multicultural environment, will prove valuable as the next generation of business leaders begins to emerge from academic institutions.
Overcoming Locally Based Collaboration Constraints

Scientific, societal, managerial, and political trends are all simultaneously pushing resource management towards more collaborative approaches. In response, innovative collaborative efforts have emerged to address natural resource problems—many of them originating at the local level. Based on research in Australia and the United States, this article highlights five constraints associated with locally based collaboration: transaction costs, limited perspective, organizational sustainability, policy issues, and the adequacy of representation. To overcome these constraints, it is argued that the concept of collaboration should be decoupled from the concept of localism. Collaboration can operate at several different institutional levels, and a nested set of collaborative arrangements in Oregon's Rogue River Basin helps illustrate how constraints related to a locally based approach can be overcome. Furthermore, these structures provide forums for a range of decision makers to address some of the broader and m...
Electrostatic layer-by-layer nano-assembly: films, cantilevers, micropatterns, and nanocapsules

Layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembly in combination with traditional lithography and microfluidics was applied for the fabrication of ultrathin microcantilevers and for the modification of microchannel surface. Hundreds of cantilevers were fabricated on a silicon wafer simultaneously. The purpose is to develop chemical/biosensor arrays for parallel, massive data gathering. Microcantilever optical deflections were measured using a four-quadrant AFM head with integrated laser and position sensitive detector. In the second part, laminar flow fabrication of interpolyelectrolyte complexes was studied inside a microchannel. Polyelectrolyte micropatterns were studied using fluorescent confocal microscopy. Filament like, 15 μm, interpolyelectrolyte microstripes were formed at flow rate higher than 0.01 mL•min -1 and concentrations of the initial polyelectrolytes below 1 mg•mL -1 . New, soft micropatterning technique for the anisotropic modification of polyelectrolyte nanocapsules was also demonstrated. The microchannel surface was made sensitive to pH by coating the surface of the channel with a pH sensitive dye using LbL assembly to control the reaction.
Changes in the behavior of the female short-tailed cricket, Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) following mating

InAnurogryllus muticus females, mating stimulates burrow construction, burrow provisioning, feeding, egg production, and egg-laying. Since mating often occurs before the ovaries are fully developed, the time span between mating and oviposition is used for increased food intake and the accumulation of nutrient reserves in the fatbody. Oviposition triggers maternal care of eggs and emerging hatchlings, and blocks egg consumption. Hatchling behavior is investigated. When hatchlings eat eggs, they prefer newly laid over older, embryonic eggs.
Effects of aggregation and species identity on the growth and behavior of mushroom corals

Aggregations of fungiid corals are common on Indo-Pacific reefs, but visible signs of direct competition are uncommon. Although negative interactions between fungiids are generally thought to be negligible, the results of an experiment manipulating aggregation and species identity indicated that per capita calcification rates of Fungia concinna were depressed when surrounded by five other Fungia. The reduction in growth did not vary if neighbors were Fungia concinna or Fungia paumotensis, suggesting that these two related species overlap substantially in their competitive impacts. However, mucus production and movement occurred more frequently in heterospecific than conspecific groups. These results suggest that there is a cost to group living, but depressed growth must be weighed against the potential benefits of successful spawning in conspecific aggregations.
Thin-film CdTe cells: Reducing the CdTe

Abstract Polycrystalline thin-film CdTe is currently the dominant thin-film technology in world-wide PV manufacturing. With finite Te resources world-wide, it is appropriate to consider the limits to reducing the thickness of the CdTe layer in these devices. In our laboratory we have emphasized the use of magnetron sputtering for both CdS and CdTe achieving AM1.5 efficiency over 13% on 3 mm soda-lime glass with commercial TCO and 14% on 1 mm aluminosilicate glass. This deposition technique is well suited to good control of very thin layers and yields relatively small grain size which also facilitates high performance with ultra-thin layers. This paper describes our magnetron sputtering studies for fabrication of very thin CdTe cells. Our thinnest cells had CdTe thicknesses of 1 μm, 0.5 μm and 0.3 μm and yielded efficiencies of 12%, 9.7% and 6.8% respectively. With thinner cells Voc, FF and Jsc are reduced. Current–voltage (J–V), temperature dependent J–V (J–V–T) and apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) measurements provide valuable information for understanding and optimizing cell performance. We find that the stability under light soak appears not to depend on CdTe thickness from 2.5 to 0.5 μm. The use of semitransparent back contacts allows the study of bifacial response which is particularly useful in understanding carrier collection in the very thin devices.
Heat shock protein 70 is induced in mouse human colon tumor xenografts after sublethal radiofrequency ablation

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) destroys tumor cells by generating high temperatures through ionic vibration. Tumor recurrence may be a direct function of sublethal temperature. Further, a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be synthesized under heat stress to facilitate recovery of tumor cells from heat damage. Methods: Subcutaneous xenografts were induced in nude mice by injection with HT29 human colon cancer cells. The tumors were exposed surgically and subjected to RFA. The tumors were randomly assigned to achieve a target tumor temperature of 42°C, 45°C, or 50°C. Total RNA and cell lysates were isolated from tumor tissues and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively, at various time points after treatments for assessing HSP expression. For in vitro experiments, HT29 cells were subjected to variable temperatures, and HSP expression was assayed. Results: During a 50-day follow-up, the recurrence rates were 0% at 50°C, 30% at 45°C, and 100% at 42°C. The messenger RNA and protein levels of HSP90 and HSP27 remained unchanged after RFA at 45°C; however, HSP70 was induced at 4 and 10 hours after RFA. In vitro HT29 culture cells subjected to a heated water bath exhibited a cellular sensitivity to heat and change of HSP expression similar to those in tumor xenografts subjected to RFA. Conclusions: Our data establish the requisite heat parameters during RFA for human colon tumors in vitro and in vivo. Because HSP70 plays an important role in protecting cell death from a variety of stresses, HSP70 could be a potential target for enhancing the efficacy of RFA.
CONDUCTION BAND ENERGY LEVELS IN SUPERLATTICES WITH COMPLEX UNIT CELLS

The conduction band energy levels and wavefunctions in a number of superlattices with more than two layers per unit cell have been calculated using an effective mass model. Many of these structures exhibit energy levels which can be modeled as resulting from a conventional superlattice with a modified bulk conduction band minimum in the effective wells. These structures should be useful for extending the size of the superlattice periods allowed in strained-layer superlattices.
Research to practice: Using research findings to inform the first-year engineering experience

Meaningful experiences in the first year of an engineering curriculum are known to motivate students and help student retention in engineering. On-going research in the School of Engineering is aimed at understanding the formation of an engineering identity in students, as well as classifying and assessing problem-based learning practices embodied throughout the curriculum. Investigations were conducted with the inaugural freshman engineering class using interviews, surveys, and focus groups. Analyses of the collected data provided beneficial insight into students' formative exposure to engineering, attitudes toward engineering, and learning experiences with the Introduction to Engineering course. Key findings from this data were then used to implement enhancements to the freshman engineering experience for our students. This paper describes how results of these research activities have been incorporated into practices within the engineering program. More specifically, how the findings were used to incorporate a focus on the profession in the Introduction to Engineering course, guide the creation of a new engineering seminar course, and supplement the freshman advising process. The types of changes implemented herein are relevant to introductory freshman engineering courses nationwide and across specific disciplines.
Course Management Systems: Overview and Implications for Libraries

Purpose – Course management systems (CMS) have an increasing role in information technologies found in all schools and learning environments today. Commonly, the backbone for how faculty teach distance education, CMS also has a role in classroom activities as faculty and instructors mount curriculum for students to consult and use at their own level and pace.Design/methodology/approach – This article suggests that CMS is a mainstream technology for academic libraries as they introduce and utilize a range of courseware products adopted for their students and academic programs.Findings: – Course management software and systems allow libraries to serve teaching faculty in ways that cooperation was not practiced until such products were available. Librarians became more integrated in the teaching process and now commonly support this technology and guide faculty in how best to use it for their teaching needs.Originality/value – Still at an early stage of collaboration between proponents of library technology ...
A sensitive automatic determination of protein in urine serum and cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract A sensitive automatic method for the determination of urinary protein based on the Folin-Lowry method is presented. The diluted sample can be analyzed directly. Interfering low-molecular substances are removed by a counter current dialyzing device. A linear extinction response is obtained for protein concentrations in the range from 5 to 100 μg per 100 ml. Determination of the protein content of serum, cerebrospinal fluid and milk can also be done with this method.
The Evolution of Rai Music

Rai has evolved from native Orani-Algerian music with provocative lyrics sung at local cafes, bars, and bordellos to the most popular and controversial music in North Africa today. Itwas banned from the Algerian broadcast media because it was considered subversive by the Algerian government until the 1980s. Rai has been regarded as the symbol of cynicism and has become as essential to the identity of the Algerians as the blues was to Blacks in America. Rai musicians created a unique style of music that combined Eastern and Western influences. The lyrics are in conversationalstyle Arabic of North Africa that is a mix of Arabic and some of the romance languages. Rai singers recite their rhyming verses switching from one tongue to another in a single sentence. Rai enjoys popularity throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Asia and is slowly gaining popularity in the English-speaking countries.
A geometrically implicit time-stepping method for multibody systems with intermittent contact

Accurate dynamic simulation with robust handling of intermittent contact is necessary for a wide range of robotics problems, including the design of parts feeding devices, manipulation and kinodynamic planning, and designing grasp strategies. In this paper we present an implicit time-stepping scheme for dynamic simulation of multibody systems with intermittent contact by incorporating the contact constraints as a set of complementarity and algebraic equations within the dynamics model. We model each body as an intersection of convex inequalities and write the contact constraints as complementarity constraints between the contact force and a distance function dependent on the closest points on the bodies. The closest points satisfy a set of algebraic constraints obtained from the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions of the minimum distance problem. We prove that these algebraic equations and the complementarity constraints taken together ensure satisfaction of the contact constraints. This enables us to formulate a geometrically implicit time-stepping scheme (i.e. we do not need to approximate the distance function) as a nonlinear complementarity problem. The resulting time-stepper is therefore more accurate and does not rely on a closed-form distance function. We demonstrate through example simulations the fidelity of this approach to analytical solutions and previously described simulation and experimental results.