cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARES: an innovative approach to treating adolescents with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders

Born out of a recognition that minority youth have the lowest access to care and disproportionally high rates of related deleterious outcomes, the Comprehensive Adolescent Rehabilitation and Educat...
Optimal Design of Internet-Based Auctions

Online auctions are a profitable, exciting, and dynamic part of electronic commerce, and behave in ways, which do not match classical auction theory. This paper models an online auction in terms of a Markov chain on a state space defined by the current price of the item and the number of bidders who have been previously “bumped”. It provides a mathematical model, some approximations, which were necessary to convert it into a tractable problem and solutions to a small and a medium-sized theoretical auction. The model results were validated through a comparison with real-world online auction data, showing promise as a predictor of final auction prices. The results of the auction model are also useful in solving an optimization problem that incorporates inventory management considerations in determining optimal auction size.
Hypothalamic expression of a novel gene product, VGF: immunocytochemical analysis.

VGF is the designation for a new 712 amino acid protein, regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) in PC12 cells, that has not been previously described in the CNS. Northern blot analysis with a nick-translated VGF cDNA probe revealed a single band of mRNA in the brain with a molecular weight identical to that found in PC12 cells. The current paper presents a series of immunocytochemical studies of VGF expression with a focus on the hypothalamus. Two different antisera were raised against nonoverlapping amino acid sequences of a bacterial-expressed protein from the VGF gene cloned from PC12 cells. VGF immunoreactivity is strongly expressed in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), particularly in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus. The administration of colchicine to block axonal transport facilitates detection of the VGF immunoreactivity also in the ventrolateral suprachiasmatic nucleus. This protein appears to be the first one of limited neuronal distribution which is found in both dorsomedial SCN and ventrolateral SCN. Immunostaining of serial 1 micron SCN sections reveals co- localization of VGF in cells which also contain vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Weaker immunoreactivity is also found in the magnocellular paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, where the VGF immunoreactivity co-localizes with oxytocin or vasopressin. Mutant Brattleboro rats which do not express vasopressin showed strong VGF immunoreactivity both in the dorsomedial SCN and in cells of the magnocellular neuronal systems, including cells which normally express vasopressin. When axonal transport of the protein is blocked by colchicine, VGF-immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamic arcuate, parvocellular paraventricular, and tuberomammillary nuclei can also be detected, in addition to weakly immunoreactive scattered cells in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and cortex. VGF immunoreactivity is strong in the axonal projections of SCN and weak in the axons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. With ultrastructural studies, VGF immunoreactivity is found in presynaptic boutons in the SCN and in axons in the neurohypophysis. Weak axonal staining is present in some regions of the hypothalamus and in the external and internal zones of the median eminence. Immunoreactivity is absent from the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. In neonatal rats strong VGF immunoreactivity is found throughout the SCN at postnatal day 4 but not in the adjacent hypothalamus. VGF immunoreactivity is also seen in other areas of the brain in neonatal rats, including the lateral geniculate nucleus; while the staining in the dorsal lateral geniculate disappears in the adult, that in the intergeniculate leaflet, a visual center which projects to the SCN, remains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Comorbid Conditions and Glycemic Control in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 1988 to 1994 to 1999 to 2004

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the U.S. elderly population between 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004 and to assess glycemic control and comorbid conditions in this population. DESIGN: Serial U.S. population-based cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988–1994 and 1999–2004). PARTICIPANTS: Survey participants aged 65 and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MEASUREMENTS: Glycemic control, measured as hemoglobin A1C (hA1C) less than 7%, prevalence of comorbid conditions, pharmacologic treatment rate, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol. RESULTS: The prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in the U.S. elderly population increased from 12.0% to 14.1% (P=.004) between 1988 and 2004. Many patients had comorbid conditions; in 1999 to 2004, 36.7% had nephropathy, 31.5% renal insufficiency, 20.2% history of myocardial infarction, and 17.9% heart failure. The proportion of patients treated with antihyperglycemic medication increased from 75.1% in 1988 to 1994 to 85.6% in 1999 to 2004 (P<.001), and glycemic control rates also improved, from 44.7% to 54.8% (P<.001). Greater improvement in glycemic control rates was evident in patients without comorbidities (P<.001). Adjusted for patient characteristics, including duration of diabetes mellitus, patients with nephropathy or renal insufficiency were 40% less likely to achieve controlled hA1C as those without. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in the rates of treatment and glycemic control, approximately half of elderly patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus have hA1C levels of 7% or higher. Many patients suffer from comorbid conditions, which may present a challenge for successful diabetes mellitus management.
Hard X-ray and gamma-rays from supernovae

The hard electromagnetic radiation produced by and accompanying the explosion of supernovae is discussed. This radiation may have three origins: (i) the eruption of the shock wave from the surface of the star; (ii) radioactive decay of unstable isotopes produced during the explosion; and (iii) gamma-rays produced by neutrino annihilation following accretion-induced collapse. Though the latter has been proposed as a mechanism for making cosmological gamma-ray bursts, it is shown that this is unlikely.
Embedded systems and hardware-software (panel): co-design: panacea or Pandora's box?

An embedded computer system (or simply embedded system) is a digital system which uses a microprocessor running software to implement some or all of its functions. Hardware-software co-design is any design technique for the creation of systems with both hardware and software components. Embedded systems are clearly important---microprocessors are used in products ranging from microwave ovens to laser printers to engine controllers. This panel considers what makes embedded system design difficult today and how CAD and CASE can help. Embedded system must be designed under sever constraints. On the one hand, they must often meet performance goals to be viable in the marketplace. On the otherhand, manufacturing cost is important---microprocessors are often used to save money, and the designer wastes money by using a larger processor than necessary. Time-to-market is often critical, since companies often believe (perhaps erroneously) that software implementations will be finished faster. Finally, embedded systems must often be expandable---companies expect to roll out new, improved versions of products by taking advantage of the existing hardware platform and software base. The design of an embedded system may require delicate balancing of hardware and software resource requirements. Performance requirements may force some operations to be done in custom hardware. In current design practice, hardware-software partitioning is often done too early, leading to suboptimal design times and delays in software development. Even if no custom hardware is required, the embedded system designer must choose a hardware architecture on which the software is to be executed. The designer must choose the size and number of CPUs, memory size, peripherals, and so forth. Hardware and software elements must be designed simultaneously, then integrated into a complete system. Concurrent design techniques help to keep track of the design and ensure that constraints are satisfied. Embedded system design practice today is about where VLSI design practice was in the late 1970's. Complex chips were designed before Mead and Conway, but with only the vaguest notion of design abstraction or methodology and with primitive tools. The VLSI revolution helped designers understand their chip designs more abstractly, which led to the development of methodologies and tools which vastly improved designer productivity. Similarly, embedded systems are designed today with only the crudest of tools and with very little learning from one system to the next. We need to understand the common characteristics of embedded systems and develop tools which automate specific steps in the embedded system design process. Only by rationalizing and automating embedded system design can we take advantage of the vast increases in programmable computing power delivered by VLSI.
Should the current DSM-IV-TR definition for PTSD be expanded to include serial and multiple microtraumas as aetiologies?

Accessible summary • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) has diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder that includes the experience of a major threat to life or physical integrity, and does not include a series of non-life-threatening traumatic events as a causative factor. • A review of the literature shows that multiple non-life-threatening emotional traumas occur more frequently and are often more psychologically harmful than a single catastrophic event. • DSM-IV-TR adoption of expanded criteria for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder should be considered. Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops from events that are interpreted as traumatic. It may be secondary to witnessing trauma to someone close, an event that threatens one's life or childhood sexual trauma. Resultant feelings can be fear, helplessness or horror. Thresholds at which traumatic events cause PTSD, the individual's coping ability and support systems help determine occurrence and severity of symptoms. According to DSM-IV-TR (DSM) definition, PTSD can occur after childhood sexual abuse or a single trauma threatening life or safety. However, it is becoming clearer that symptoms of PTSD can arise from multiple less severe traumas (‘microtraumas’), which can be a consequence of a history of longstanding emotional neglect, humiliation or inaccurate attribution of blame. The DSM should consider modifying the criteria to include multiple microtraumas that can lead to PTSD symptoms and may even be more destructive to psychological health.
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (Concentration Deficit Disorder?): Current Status, Future Directions, and a Plea to Change the Name

Symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) have been recognized for nearly 30 years as comprising a semi-independent set(s) of symptoms from the inattentive (IN) and hyperactive-impulsive (HI) symptoms involved in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has only been within the past decade that research focusing specifically on SCT symptoms and on samples of SCT cases chosen independently from ADHD samples has increased so as to address the question of whether SCT is a distinct condition from ADHD or other disorders. All but two of these studies have focused on children but the two extant large scale studies on adults have replicated those findings. This Commentary highlights not only those findings concerning SCT that appear to be relatively robust, but also those patterns that appear to be emerging yet in need of further research to corroborate their association with SCT, as well as those barely or unexplored areas that may deserve more research. Evidence to date, including the many findings in this special issue, is nearing a critical mass that likely supports the conclusion that SCT is a distinct disorder of attention from ADHD, yet one that may overlap with it in about half of all cases. SCT has unique symptom dimensions and comorbidities from ADHD, probably distinct though lesser domains of impairment and demographic correlates, and perhaps unique cognitive deficits, causes and life course risks. These latter areas, however, are in need of substantially more research as is SCT in adults and treatments specifically designed for cases of SCT. Meanwhile, the name of the condition is premature, implying a known cognitive deficit that is as yet unknown, and is proving derogatory and offensive to patients, leading this author to recommend a change to Concentration Deficit Disorder.
The Sister Mary Joseph Nodule

A 63-year-old Puerto Rican male presented with penile swelling, discomfort, and difficulty urinating. On physical examination, the patient was noted to have a firm, nodular umbilical mass, initially thought to be an irreducible umbilical hernia (Fig. 1, Panels a and b). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 4-cm umbilical nodule (Fig. 2, Panel a), a 10-cm mass posterior to the bladder (Fig. 2, Panel b), and multiple additional masses in the inguinal canal, liver, and retroperitoneum. Biopsy of the umbilical nodule was consistent with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Figure 1 Bedside appearance of Sister Mary Joseph nodule (Panels a and b). Figure 2 Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrating umbilical metastasis (Panel a), and a 10-cm dominant mass (Panel b). This umbilical lesion is a so-called Sister Mary Joseph (SMJ) nodule, indicative of underlying abdominal malignancy and poor prognosis. Named for Sister Mary Joseph (1856–1939), the first assistant for Dr. William Mayo at the Mayo Clinic, these lesions were often associated with advanced abdominal malignancies at the time of surgery.1 SMJ nodules are seen in 1–3 % of all intra-abdominal and pelvic malignancies2 and are metastases most commonly from primary tumors of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts.3 SMJ nodules may be the first and only sign of an underlying neoplasm in approximately 30 % of cases.4 This patient ultimately elected to pursue treatment near family in Puerto Rico, and was discharged from our care.
Australia antigen and antibody and alpha-fetoglobulin in hepatoma patients.

Australia antigen and antibody and alpha-fetoglobulin were tested in 14 patients with a histologic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Three of the 14 had Au antigen and four of eight tested had anti-Au. Thus, at least 50% of the patients with hepatoma presented serological evidence of past exposure to viral hepatitis B. Alpha-fetoglobulin was detected in five hepatoma patients. Sera from four of these cases were positive for either Au or anti-Au. IgA levels were elevated in 10 of 12 hepatoma patients. These results suggest a possible association between long incubation type hepatitis and hepatoma, since the incidence of antigenemia and antibody is low in Houston in persons without a history of hepatitis.
Effect of androgens and progestins on mouse kidney cells: an in vitro model distinct from that of intact kidney.

Abstract Androgen metabolism in cultured mouse kidney cells was studied. Kidneys from Balb/C mice were dispersed with trypsine and the resulting cell suspension grown to confluent monolayers by 12–14 days in the presence of fetal calf serum. Cultured kidney cells had sufficient 5α-reductase to metabolize testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and 5α-androstanediols. This is in marked contrast to the mouse kidney in vivo which contains little or no 5α-reductase activity. The presence of an androgen receptor was suggested by the saturable uptake of testosterone in cultured kidney cells. When testosterone was added to the growth medium, total DNA, protein and β-glucuronidase activity increased 2–3-fold in a dose-dependent fashion with a half-maximal response at 2 × 10 −9 M testosterone. A specific effect on β-glucuronidase activity was shown by the increase of the β-glucuronidase/DNA ratio. Dihydrotestosterone and, to a lesser extent, the androstanediols had a similar effect. This is in marked contrast to the in vivo effects of androgens which produce a 20–50-fold increase in β-glucuronidase activity and no increase in DNA synthesis. In addition to androgens, 3 progestational steroids which are known to bind to the androgen receptor (progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate) also stimulated renal cell cultures. It is concluded that primary cultures of mouse kidney cells metabolize testosterone and respond to both androgens and progestins. However, the metabolism and actions of androgens in primary kidney cells were markedly different from in vivo effects. The presence of the following features distinguishes the cultured renal cells from those in the intact kidney: presence of 5α-reductase; androgen-induced DNA synthesis; and blunted β-glucuronidase response.
Effects of hurricane-induced hydrilla reduction on the largemouth bass fishery at two central Florida lakes

AbstractLakes Weohyakapka and St. Johns Water Management Area, Florida, experienced severe impacts from multiple hurricanes in August and September 2004, resulting in the loss of all submersed aquatic vegetation, primarily hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). We assessed at both lakes changes in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) population size distribution, recreational fishing effort and success, angler expenditures, and catches of trophy fish in relation to disparate levels of hydrilla coverage for prehurricane (1999–2004) and posthurricane (2005–2009) periods. Tests revealed significant differences at both lakes in the population size distribution between prehurricane (high percentage coverage of hydrilla) and posthurricane (no hydrilla) periods. At both lakes, the population size distribution comprised more juvenile (age-1) largemouth bass before the hurricanes, indicating that a decline in recruitment strength coincided with the absence of hydrilla posthurricanes. Declines in directed fishing eff...
Do Children Perceive Postural Constraints When Estimating Reach or Action Planning

Estimation of whether an object is reachable from a specific body position constitutes an important aspect in effective motor planning. Researchers who estimate reachability by way of motor imagery with adults consistently report the tendency to overestimate, with some evidence of a postural effect (postural stability hypothesis). This idea suggests that perceived reaching limits depend on an individual's perceived postural constraints. Based on previous work with adults, the authors expected a significant postural effect with the Reach 2 condition, as evidenced by reduced overestimation. Furthermore, the authors hypothesized that the postural effect would be greater in younger children. They then tested these propositions among children aged 7, 9, and 11 years by asking them to estimate reach while seated (Reach 1) and in the more demanding posture of standing on 1 foot and leaning forward (Reach 2). Results indicated no age or condition difference, therefore providing no support for a postural effect. W...
Energy detector with adaptive sensing window for improved spectrum utilization in dynamic cognitive radio systems

Cognitive radios (CR) are regarded as a viable solution to enabling flexible use of the frequency spectrum in future generations of wireless systems by taking advantage of spectrum holes, that is idle frequency bands not actively used by primary users (PU) for licensed transmissions. The actual utilization of a spectrum hole is determined by its duration (implied by the time interval between two PU transmissions) as well as by the duration of the spectrum sensing window. In this paper we propose a new method for adapting the duration of the spectrum sensing window that improves the probability of detection of the spectrum holes as well as their actual utilization. The proposed method is illustrated with numerical results obtained from simulations which show that both the probability of detection and the spectrum hole utilization are improved when compared to a scheme with fixed sensing window length.
State space decompositions for linear singularly perturbed systems

A class of state space decompositions is proposed for the study of linear signularly perturbed systems. These decompositions transform the original state space model into models which possess special structures. A few of these special models are presented in this paper and methods to construct the remaining one are given.
The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments

A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p < 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p < 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p < 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p < 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p < 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p < 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
Preparation of biologically active 125I-TSH.

The present study was performed to determine whether iodinated bovine TSH of high specific radioactivity could be prepared by a method that would permit retention of its biological activity. Using stoichiometric concentrations of TSH, Nal, and chloramine T, the hormone was iodinated or radioiodinated to the extent of 1iodine atom per molecule. Iodinated TSH was then purified from the reaction mixture by sequential chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-100. 127I-TSH had full potency both in the TSH radioimmunoassay and in the McKenzie bioassay. I25I-TSH also had full potency in the bioassay and at least 70% of the label bound to purified bovine thyroid membranes. These studies indicate that iodinated TSH retains biological activity when prepared by the method employed, and that radioiodinated TSH prepared in this manner is a suitable tool for studying the binding of TSH to its tissue receptors. (Endocrinology 95: 1228, 1974)
THE TIMING OF TAX COLLECTIONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF “IRRELEVANCE” THEOREMS IN A CASH-IN-ADVANCE MODEL

A standard timing protocol in a cash-in-advance model allows the government to elude the inflation tax. That matters. Altering the timing of tax collections to make the government hold cash overnight disables some classical propositions but enables others. The altered timing protocol loses a Ricardian proposition and also the proposition that open market operations, accompanied by tax adjustments needed to finance the change in interest on bonds due the public, are equivalent to pure units changes. The altered timing enables a Modigliani–Miller equivalence proposition that does not otherwise prevail.
Lymphocyte transformation in acute uraemia.

TECHNICAL advances in tissue and organ transplantation have created a need for satisfactory pre-operative histocompatibility tests. The lymphocyte transfer test has been found to aid in the selection of donors1,2, but has shown an altered response in uraemia3. Mixed cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes have been found to undergo transformation processes which can be correlated with antigenic differences between individuals4–6.
Conditioning and blocking of the McCollough effect

The classical conditioning explanation of the McCollough effect was extended by investigating blocking and allied phenomena predicted by the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) equations. The subjects were first exposed to colored gratings or moving spirals and then were tested after induction with a compound of both types of stimuli. The effects appeared to be additive, and the stronger stimuli overshadowed the weaker stimuli during compound training. Blocking of the McCollough effect, or of the spiral, was observed after prior training on the other stimulus. A supplementary procedure suggested that it was possible to unblock either effect by increasing color saturation and contrast. The results show close agreement with the predictions of conditioning theory.
Localization of dynorphin-induced neurotoxicity in rat spinal cord.

Abstract Intrathecally injected dynorphin A (1–13) in rats results in a reversible hindlimb paralysis and an irreversible loss of the tail-flick reflex. Histologic examination of the spinal cords of dynorphin treated rats demonstrated dead and/or dying neurons predominately localized in the central area which approximates Rexed lamina VII and X. In this area a maximum effect of the dynorphin-induced neurotoxicity is evident. Thus, the dynorphin-induced neuron death is suggestive of an anatomical selectivity.
The Fluency Curriculum in the New Millennium: Building “Skills” Into “Knowledge” Classes

Abstract Recent changes in the standards for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP) have led to changes in the way in which information is presented to students in communication sciences and disorders classes. One of the primary changes is the focus on knowledge and skills outcomes that result from students’ education. Another change is the degree to which those skills and knowledge are specified by the standards. Educators cannot always be assured that all students will obtain “skills” in all areas specified by the standards during their practicum experiences. For that reason, it becomes necessary to add “skills” components to what may have previously been “knowledge” classes. This article presents a number of ideas for adding these “skills” experiences to “knowledge” classes.
A Review of Emission Polarization

Certain experiments had indicated that the polarization of emitted radiation was much more prevalent than had been expected. This paper is intended to present some of the background required to understand the phenomenon of emission polarization, which is not as well-known as it should be. The explanation that the phenomenon involves refraction of all the emitted radiation, advanced by Millikan in 1895, is still accepted today. More recent work, substantiating Millikan’s explanation, is cited.
Small cell experiments for electrolytic reduction of uranium oxides to uranium metal using fluoride salts

Electrolytic reduction of uranium oxide was proposed for the preparation of uranium metal feed for the atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) process. A laboratory cell of 25-cm ID was operated to obtain additional information in areas important to design and operation of a pilot plant cell. Reproducible test results and useful operating and control procedures were demonstrated. About 20 kg of uranium metal of acceptable purity were prepared. A good supply of dissolved UO2 feed at the anode is the most important controlling requirement for efficient cell operation. A large fraction of the cell current is “nonproductive” in that it does not produce a metal product nor consume carbon anodes. All useful test conditions gave some reduction of UF4 to produce CF4 in addition to the reduction of UO2, but the fraction of metal from the reduction of UF4 can be decreased by increasing the concentration of dissolved UO2. Operation of large continuous cells would probably be limited to current efficiencies of less than 60 Pct, and more than 20 Pct of the metal would result from the reduction of UF4.
Changes in epidermal DNA, protein and protein synthesis during the molt cycle of the crayfish Orconectes sanborni (Faxon)

Abstract 1. 1. DNA content per unit wet weight epidermis dropped sharply at premolt, and rose sharply at postmolt. 2. 2. Protein content per cell rose progressively during premolt and declined progressively during postmolt. 3. 3. Specific activity developed by epidermal protein during the hour post-injection of 1-14C- dl -leucine exhibited maxima at stages C3−4 and D2 and minima at stages C1 and D1“.
The clinical use of the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery shunt: A report of 20 cases

Abstract The progress made during the past decade in the total correction of cyanotic congenital heart defects has made it essential that the palliative procedures be carefully appraised. Other than pulmonary artery banding and atrial septectomy, palliation usually takes the form of a vascular shunt. The classical methods of subclavian-pulmonary artery (Blalock-Taussig) and aorto-pulmonary artery (Potts-Smith) have been well proven. More recently, the ascending aorto-right pulmonary artery shunt and the superior vena cava-right pulmonary artery shunt have been introduced in an effort to solve some of the problems associated with the classical shunt procedures. 1–3 The purpose of this report is to (1) describe our experience with 20 patients who underwent palliation with the superior vena cava-pulmonary artery shunt; (2) to compare these results with previously established shunt procedures; and (3) to describe three instances where the anatomic configuration necessitated a variation in surgical technic and management.
Electronic structure of the F centre in a sodium fluoride crystal

A first-principle self-consistent-field calculation for the electronic structure of the F centre in a sodium fluoride crystal has been performed using the method of linear combinations of atomic orbitals in the Hartree-Fock-Slater framework. The interaction between the F-centre electron and all the ions in the crystal is fully taken into account to obtain the one-electron Hamiltonian. The F centre electronic wavefunctions are expanded as linear combinations of atomic and Gaussian orbitals at the vacant site and atomic sites through to the sixth or the seventh nearest neighbours. All the multicentre integrals in the matrix elements are evaluated exactly by means of the Gaussian technique. The calculated values of the ground-state wavefunction at the Na (1/200) and F (1/21/20) sites agree well with the experimental values derived from the observed hyperfine structure of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum. The calculated Gamma 1+- Gamma 4- absorption energy is also in good agreement with experiment.
Ureteric Ectopy in Children

Twenty-eight cases of ectopic ureters are reviewed. Two groups consisting of single ectopic ureters and ectopia associated with duplex systems are considered. The former is associated with a high incidence of congenital anomalies. A dilated ectopic ureter remains completely extravesical but can produce features closely resembling those of an ectopic ureterocele. The use of 99mTc-DMSA renal scan has proved helpful in the diagnosis of the condition because it can demonstrate the existence of a poorly functioning kidney not evident on excretion urography.
Induced depression in monkeys.

Recent work at the Wisconsin Primate Laboratory has been directed toward experimental production and cure of human-type psychopathologies in rhesus monkey subjects. A primary emphasis has been on depression. Data are presented which identify different procedures designed to produce depression, help determine the susceptibility of any given subject to such procedures, and which outline methods and modes of therapy. The significance and future of work in the area of monkey models of human disorders is discussed.
Adhesion of T lymphocytes to human endothelial cells is regulated by the LFA‐1 membrane molecule

Human T lymphocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells is the initial event in T cell migration to areas of extravascular inflammation. The molecular basis for T cell-endothelial cell adhesion was investigated using two different cell-cell adhesion assays: a) a fluorescein cell-cell adhesion assay using nonadherent endothelial cells and fluorescein-labeled T lymphocytes, and b) a radionuclide cell-cell adhesion assay using adherent endothelial cells and 51Cr-labelled T cells. Both assay systems demonstrated comparable quantitative assessment of cell-cell adhesions. The assays were performed at 22 degrees C and adhesions were maximal at 30 min. The results of these adhesion assays confirmed previous reports that T cells adhere to endothelial cells. In addition, we have shown that T cells adhere only marginally to foreskin fibroblasts or bone marrow derived fibroblasts. T cell-endothelial cell adhesions were significantly stronger than either monocytes or B lymphoblastoid cells adhesion to endothelial cells. To demonstrate the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating T cell-endothelial cell adhesions, a panel of function-associated monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were tested for their ability to inhibit T cell adhesion. MAb reactive with the leukocyte surface glycoprotein LFA-1 significantly inhibited T cell-endothelial cell adhesions in both assay systems. In contrast, MAb directed at other surface antigens did not inhibit T cell adhesion. The involvement of the LFA-1 glycoprotein in T lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells suggest that the LFA-1 molecule may be important in the regulation of leukocyte interactions.
Topographic determination of zinc in human brain by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

— Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for measuring the zinc content, in ppb (μg/1), of brain tissue. A new method for determining the correction factor of atomic absorption interference is described. Measurements of the zinc content of twenty-four regions of adult human brains showed the maximum zinc content in resistent sector and endplate of the Amnion's horn, corroborating the histochemical data. The distribution of zinc in other regions was relatively uniform, but white matter showed lower values than gray matter. The zinc content of seventeen regions of human newborn brains was below that in adult brains, for all regions. The blood content of brain tissue contributed only insignificantly to its zinc content.
From Data towards Knowledge: Revealing the Architecture of Signaling Systems by Unifying Knowledge Mining and Data Mining of Systematic Perturbation Data

Genetic and pharmacological perturbation experiments, such as deleting a gene and monitoring gene expression responses, are powerful tools for studying cellular signal transduction pathways. However, it remains a challenge to automatically derive knowledge of a cellular signaling system at a conceptual level from systematic perturbation-response data. In this study, we explored a framework that unifies knowledge mining and data mining towards the goal. The framework consists of the following automated processes: 1) applying an ontology-driven knowledge mining approach to identify functional modules among the genes responding to a perturbation in order to reveal potential signals affected by the perturbation; 2) applying a graph-based data mining approach to search for perturbations that affect a common signal; and 3) revealing the architecture of a signaling system by organizing signaling units into a hierarchy based on their relationships. Applying this framework to a compendium of yeast perturbation-response data, we have successfully recovered many well-known signal transduction pathways; in addition, our analysis has led to many new hypotheses regarding the yeast signal transduction system; finally, our analysis automatically organized perturbed genes as a graph reflecting the architecture of the yeast signaling system. Importantly, this framework transformed molecular findings from a gene level to a conceptual level, which can be readily translated into computable knowledge in the form of rules regarding the yeast signaling system, such as “if genes involved in the MAPK signaling are perturbed, genes involved in pheromone responses will be differentially expressed.”
eToys Inc.: A Case Examining Pro Forma Financial Reports, Analysts' Forecasts, and Going Concern Disclosures

This case is designed to provide you with the opportunity to examine several reporting issues, in the period between an IPO and bankruptcy filing, for a “dotcom” company that failed. You will consider the information provided to outside users of financial statements in several company reporting mechanisms including the financial disclosures made by the company in its 10‐Q and 10‐K filings to the SEC, the pro forma earnings reported in press releases, and the information available to the public to evaluate a going concern assumption. Further, you will also examine the impact of analysts' forecasts on management's release of financial information to the public.
Sedgwick-rafter cell counts: a procedural analysis

Information in the existing literature on some aspects of the collection and statistical analysis of Sedgwick-Rafter cell data appears contradictory, confusing, or absent. Using data from an experimental phytoplankton population as a basis, an investigation of S-R cell procedure has been undertaken with the following conclusions: I) settling time depends upon the type of preservation and the composition of the sample; 2) the field counting technique gives more accurate data and is less time consuming than the strip counting technique; 3) making fewer counts on each of a greater number of S-R cells gives more accurate results than making a greater number of counts on one or several S-R cells; 4) nonparametric methods offer a more convenient and nearly as efficient a means of detecting statistically significant differences as compared with parametric methods. A method is presented for optimally allocating counts within and among S-R cells for getting an estimator with the greatest precision in the least time.
LIME: Linda meets mobility

LIME is a system designed to assist in the rapid development of dependable mobile applications over both wired and ad hoc networks. Mobile agents reside on mobile hosts and all communication takes place via transiently shared tuple spaces distributed across the mobile hosts. The decoupled style of computing characterizing the Linda model is extended to the mobile environment. At the application level, both agents and hosts perceive movement as a sudden change of context. The set of tuples accessible by a particular agent residing on a given host is altered transparently in response to changes in the connectivity pattern among the mobile hosts. In this paper we present the key design concepts behind the LIME system.
Studies of positron trapping at quantum-dot-like particles on metal surfaces

Abstract The decrease of the Fe M 2,3 VV positron annihilation induced Auger signal intensity and the enhancement of the Cu one with enrichment of the Cu content of the Fe–Cu alloy is explained by theoretical calculations as being due to trapping of positrons in the regions of Cu nanoparticles embedded in the top atomic layers of Fe.
Modeling and synthesizing task placement constraints in Google compute clusters

Evaluating the performance of large compute clusters requires benchmarks with representative workloads. At Google, performance benchmarks are used to obtain performance metrics such as task scheduling delays and machine resource utilizations to assess changes in application codes, machine configurations, and scheduling algorithms. Existing approaches to workload characterization for high performance computing and grids focus on task resource requirements for CPU, memory, disk, I/O, network, etc. Such resource requirements address how much resource is consumed by a task. However, in addition to resource requirements, Google workloads commonly include task placement constraints that determine which machine resources are consumed by tasks. Task placement constraints arise because of task dependencies such as those related to hardware architecture and kernel version. This paper develops methodologies for incorporating task placement constraints and machine properties into performance benchmarks of large compute clusters. Our studies of Google compute clusters show that constraints increase average task scheduling delays by a factor of 2 to 6, which often results in tens of minutes of additional task wait time. To understand why, we extend the concept of resource utilization to include constraints by introducing a new metric, the Utilization Multiplier (UM). UM is the ratio of the resource utilization seen by tasks with a constraint to the average utilization of the resource. UM provides a simple model of the performance impact of constraints in that task scheduling delays increase with UM. Last, we describe how to synthesize representative task constraints and machine properties, and how to incorporate this synthesis into existing performance benchmarks. Using synthetic task constraints and machine properties generated by our methodology, we accurately reproduce performance metrics for benchmarks of Google compute clusters with a discrepancy of only 13% in task scheduling delay and 5% in resource utilization.
Protein-bound iron–sulfur centers. Form, function, and assembly

Abstract This review presents a historical perspective of Fe–S cluster biochemistry, ranging from the first identification of the Fe–S core, through the elucidation of their biological diversity of structure and function, to more recent considerations of the pathways of assembly and disassembly. The latter in particular is discussed in the context of biological utility in the regulation of genetic information.
On the crystalline equilibrium phases of the Zr57Cu15.4Ni12.6Al10Nb5 bulk metallic glass forming alloy

Abstract The concentration and structure of the five crystalline equilibrium phases of the Zr 57 Cu 15.4 Ni 12.6 Al 10 Nb 5 bulk metallic glass forming alloy were determined. All phases can be derived from binary compounds that contain the other elements as solutes. Large linked fluxes of Al and Nb are necessary to nucleate any of the equilibrium phases.
Asthma and the home environment of low-income urban children: Preliminary findings from the seattle-king county healthy homes project

Objectives Childhood asthma is a growing public health concern in low-income urban communities. Indoor exposure to asthma triggers has emerged as an important cause of asthma exacerbations. We describe indoor environmental conditions related to asthma triggers among a low-income urban population in Seattle/King County, Washington, as well as caregiver knowledge and resources related to control of these triggers.
Effect of geometry on magnetism in small antiferromagnetic clusters.

The magnetic behavior of small clusters with antiferromagnetic interactions has been studied. The clusters are modeled as Ising spins located at the atomic sites, interacting via a nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic coupling. The magnetic moments of these Ising clusters at various temperatures and magnetic fields have been calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. We have studied clusters having icosahedral and cuboctahedral arrangements and containing between 13 and 561 atoms. Our results show that the variation of magnetization with applied field and the temperature depends on the geometry of the clusters. For icosahedral clusters, the calculated behavior indicates that the clusters have free spins and behave as frustrated paramagnets. On the other hand, cuboctahedral clusters show well-defined ground states indicating that the finite size quenches the frustration inherent in the fcc lattice. We also show that the magnetization for a given cluster size depends on the cluster geometry. The theoretical predictions will be compared with recent measurements of the magnetic moment of the ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{\mathit{n}}$ clusters.
Regional apportionment of sulfate and tracer elements in Rhode Island precipitation

Abstract Regional receptor modeling methods have been used to estimate the relative contributions of northeastern and midwestern source regions to sulfate wet deposition in southern Rhode Island. Three years' precipitation samples were collected and analyzed for the tracer elements As, Sb, Se, and noncrustal IV, which were used in a ‘chemical element balance’ procedure to determine the relative regional contributions. Careful considerations is given to the possibility of fractionation processes altering the relative proportions of the tracers during precipitation scavenging, with the conclusion that such processes are unlikely. The Midwest is the major source for sulfate in precipitation (75% annually). By contrast, aerosol sulfate is about 50% midwestern, suggesting that distant midwestern sources are more important at cloud level than at the surface. Winter rain is slightly more northeastern than summer rain, while snow is markedly so. Comparison of individual event apportionments with synoptic circulation patterns during those events indicates that the apportionments are reasonable.
A Decision Theoretic Foundation for Indexing.

The indexing of a document is among the most crucial steps in preparing that document for retrieval. The adequacy of the indexing determines the ability of the system to respond to patron requests. This paper discusses this process, and document retrieval in general, on the basis of formal decision theory. The basic theoretical approach taken is illustrated by means of a model of word occurrences in documents in the context of a model information system; both models are fully defined in this paper. Though the main purpose of this paper is to provide insights into a very complex process, formulae are developed that may prove to be of value for an automated operating system. The paper concludes with an interpretation of recall and precision curves as seen from the point of view of decision theory.
The Relationship between How Much is Said and the Quality of the Utterance: Can Young Children Tell the Difference?

This research was a preliminary investigation into why young children give certain types of communications. Previous research had indicated that 5-year-olds are more likely to imitate the length rather than the quality of a speaker model's utterances. Experiment I replicated that finding. Experiment 2 explored whether this was due to young children confounding length with quality and therefore judging any long communication to be adequate. In both studies, 5-year-olds participated in a referential communication task. The stimuli were pictures of geometric shapes differing on color, pattern and size. The results for experiment 2 indicated that message length was not a factor in judging the adequacy of a communication. Discussion focused on other explanations for why young communicators imitate length rather than quality.