cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Review of Need for Delayed Naloxone or Oxygen in Emergency Department Patients Receiving Naloxone for Heroin Reversal.

Abstract Background Emergency departments (EDs) are experiencing an increasing number of heroin overdose visits. Currently, there is no generally agreed upon ED observation period for heroin overdose patients who receive naloxone. Objectives We aimed to determine the safety of a 2-h observation period for heroin overdose patients who receive naloxone. Methods We performed a chart review of all patients who presented with any opioid-related complaint between 2009 and 2014 to our urban academic trauma center. Subset analysis of patients with isolated heroin overdose who received naloxone was performed, with the intent of excluding patients intoxicated with long-acting/enteral opioids. The primary outcome was the number of patients who required delayed intervention—specifically, additional naloxone or supplemental oxygen. Results Between 2009 and 2014, we recorded 806 visits to our ED for heroin use after receiving naloxone. Twenty-nine patients (3.6%) received a repeat dose of naloxone, and 17 patients (2%) received oxygen ≥2 h after initial naloxone administration. Our 2-h intervention rate was 4.6% (N = 37). This decreased to 1.9% (N = 15) after 3 h and 0.9% (N = 7) after 4 h. Patients with polysubstance use were more likely to receive repeat naloxone (p Conclusions A 2-h ED observation period for heroin overdose patients reversed with naloxone resulted in a delayed intervention rate of 5%. Clinicians may consider a 3-h observation period, with extra scrutiny in polysubstance abuse.
Quantifier particle environments

Abstract I examine the set of environments in which KA-type quantifier particles appear crosslinguistically. These environments include interrogatives, disjunctions, indefinites, all of which arguably involve elements with Hamblin-type ‘alternative’ semantic values. I show that if KA-particles are assigned a uniform denotation as variables over choice functions we can account for their appearance in what otherwise appears to be a set of heterogeneous environments. Crosslinguistic and diachronic variation in the distribution of Q-particles – including, in some cases, the appearance of multiple morphologically-distinct Q-particles in different contexts – can be handled largely in terms of differing formal morphosyntactic features and/or pragmatic components of specific KA-particles. This study focuses on tracking the evolution of KA-type particles in the history of Sinhala, with comparison to other languages of the Indian subcontinent (including Malayalam and Tamil) as well as to Japanese, Tlingit, and English.
Enhancing VGI application semantics by accounting for spatial bias

ABSTRACTVolunteered geographic information (VGI) is becoming an important source of geospatial big data that support many applications. The application semantics of VGI, i.e. how well VGI reflects ...
Remittances and FDI As Privately Provided International Aid

This chapter discusses the role of personal remittances and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as forms of international private aid. We argue that remittances and FDIs are not only the most prevalent forms of private aid, but also the most effective forms at improving standards of living, market complexity, and the institutional prospects in poor nations. Globalization has increased the flow of remittances and FDI from developed to developing economies. The increased flow of funds across borders has led to the emergence of alternative payment technologies and microfinance institutions. These private, decentralized initiatives are better suited to address the specific needs of local communities than foreign aid and other top-down, state-led measures.
Does use of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and Focused Playtime Intervention (FPI) improve the communication of children with autism spectrum disorder who are minimally verbal?1

Q What are the effects of PECS and FPI on communication for individuals with ASD who are minimally verbal?Design: Systematic reviewData sources: Brignell et al. (2018) searched 18 registries and tr...
Reimagining public science education: the role of lifelong free-choice learning

Profound changes are occurring in society, disrupting current systems and institutions; these disruptions also are affecting science education practice and research. Science learning is becoming a lifelong, self-directed process, dominated by out-of-school, free-choice learning experiences. By necessity these disruptions in the science learning narrative necessitate that societies rethink what constitutes public science education in the twenty-first century. Rather than focusing only on schooling and university/post-secondary training, public science education should include meeting the lifelong science learning needs of all people, at all stages of life, wherever a person is, whenever she faces a learning need. In this context, public science education must be learner-centered and equitable, serving the real lifelong needs, realities and motivations of all people, not just those of children and youth or the most privileged. Such a comprehensive approach to public science education does not currently exist. The key to enacting such a comprehensive approach requires thinking outside of the current educational box, moving beyond Industrial-Age top-down, one-size-fits-all command and control approaches that center on schooling and higher education. A reimagined approach to public science education would embrace more distributed, synergistic, personalized, just-in-time approaches that emphasize and reward lifelong learning, including learning beyond school. This article discusses the scope and scale of free-choice public science learning across a range of informal contexts – museums, zoos and aquariums; broadcast media such as television and radio; hobby groups; electronic media such as social networks, educational games, podcasts and the Internet. In addition, the paper considers the challenges faced by both practitioners and researchers attempting to promote and reform science education in more systemic and comprehensive ways. As the what, where, when, how and with whom of science learning continues to evolve, new educational practices and research approaches will be required; approaches that place the individual and her lifelong, free-choice learning at the center, rather than the periphery of the public’s lifelong science education.
CrossFit-related hip and groin injuries: a case series.

To provide descriptive data on injury presentation and treatment and to identify risk factors for requiring surgical treatment for athletes presenting with CrossFit-related hip and groin injuries. CrossFit-related injuries (n = 982) were identified within a single hospital system from 2010 to 2017, with 83 (8.5% of total) identified hip or groin injuries. Patient demographics, injury diagnosis, surgical procedure and rehabilitation were assessed. Independent predictors of requiring surgery were analyzed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients with hip or groin injuries were more often female (hip injuries: 63%; all injuries: 50%; P 0.25). CrossFit athletes with hip and groin injuries often present with prolonged symptoms with insidious onset. Most patients require several months of physical therapy and approximately one quarter require surgery. Patients presenting with primarily anterior hip/groin pain are at increased risk for requiring surgery. Level of evidence IV, case series.
Challenging Precedent: Critical Care Nursing and Medical Product Innovation

In this presentation, I will share my unconventional journey, starting from my first job as a critical care staff nurse to my current role as tenure-track faculty at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where I hold a joint position with the Institute for Applied Life Sciences and the College of Nursing. Throughout this journey, I have had many opportunities to participate in interdisciplinary clinical outcomes research and medical product development as a staff nurse, clinical nurse specialist, and project lead from the clinical, industry, and academic perspectives. While passionate about my central clinical research interests in technology innovation and its responsible use in critical and acute care, the foundation of my approach is dedicated to the values and lessons of my earliest experiences in critical care bedside nursing: supporting and preserving the dignity and humanity of person-centered patient care. Early in my career as a critical care nurse, I realized how vitally important a critical care nursing perspective could be in the design of technology for meeting the critical care needs of patients, nurses, and other professionals who provide this care. As the nation's largest group of health care professionals, nurses use more products than any other health care professional, and thus nurses have a uniquely practical and care-sensitive perspective on the development and design of medical products. Nurses, especially critical care nurses, are in a unique position to identify and address everyday health care issues, challenge assumptions and the status quo, address unrecognized and unarticulated needs, and ensure that clinical outcomes research serves as the foundation for validating the effectiveness of medical product innovation. My goal is to share lessons learned and to help participants to see the many different ways that critical care nursing knowledge can be used to improve patient care.
Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Yichang, 2009-2017

Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Yichang city from 2009 to 2017, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control measures accordingly. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on information of HFMD cases and pathogen detection results in Yichang City from 2009 to 2017 obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Results A total of 44 619 HFMD cases were reported in Yichang city from 2009 to 2017. The average annual incidence rate was 124.23/100 000. HFMD showed seasonality of incidence with two peaks in May and December. The incidence of HFMD was high in children aged under 10 years old. The scattered children and children in kindergartens were the major population affected. The etiological results showed that other enteroviruses dominated the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Yichang city, followed by coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 with the constituent ratios of 41.74% (895/2 144), 31.02% (665/2 144), and 26.59% (570/2 144), respectively. Conclusions The prevention and control of HFMD in children during the peak periods of HFMD and further classification of other enteroviruses should be strengthened. Key words: Hand, foot, and mouth disease; Epidemiology; Etiological features; Enteroviruses
You’re Fired! Toward a Sociopolitical Framework of Employee Termination

Half of all employee turnover in the U.S. is involuntary. Perhaps due to the mistaken as-sumption that only poor performers are fired, research has largely neglected the subject of involun-tary tur...
Glycaemic control and outcomes in children with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at or before 10 years of age.

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children is considered rare before puberty. Objective Describe the characteristics and outcomes of children with T2DM diagnosed at or before 10 years of age. Methods Retrospective electronic medical record review of children diagnosed with T2DM at a University Children's Hospital over 12 years was conducted. Patient characteristics at diagnosis, 2-3-year follow-up, and 4-5-year follow-up were analysed as a whole and by age groups, 5-8 and 9-10 years. Results There were 42 children ≤ 10 years with T2DM (5-8-year age group, n = 8 and 9-10-year age group, n = 34). There were 88.1% African American, 11.9% Caucasian, and 88.1% females. Body mass index (BMI) was ≥95th percentile in 95.2%. Average BMI z score was 2.5 ± 0.4 and higher in the 5-8-year age group (2.7 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.4, P = .02). Average haemoglobin A1C at diagnosis was 10.5 ± 2.4%, and improvement was seen at 2-3 years, but subsequent worsening was noted at 4-5 years in both age groups. At 4-5 years after diagnosis, 93.9% required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia, 21.2% had hypertension requiring treatment, 28.6% had low-density lipoprotein ≥130 mg/dL, and 28.6% had high-density lipoprotein <40 mg/dL. Conclusions T2DM at or below 10 years of age disproportionately affected females and ethnic minorities and was associated with morbid obesity. The majority of these children did not achieve glycaemic control and required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia after 4-5 years, indicating the need for increased awareness of T2DM and intensive treatment in this special group.
Cohesion and excitations of diamond-structure silicon by quantum Monte Carlo: Benchmarks and control of systematic biases

We have carried out quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations of silicon crystal focusing on the accuracy and systematic biases that affect the electronic structure characteristics. The results show that 64 and 216 atom supercells provide an excellent consistency for extrapolated energies per atom in the thermodynamic limit for ground, excited, and ionized states. We have calculated the ground state cohesion energy with both systematic and statistical errors below $\ensuremath{\approx}0.05$ eV. The ground state exhibits a fixed-node error of only 1.3(2)% of the correlation energy, suggesting an unusually high accuracy of the corresponding single-reference trial wave function. We obtain a very good agreement between optical and quasiparticle gaps that affirms the marginal impact of excitonic effects. Our most accurate results for band gaps differ from the experiments by about 0.2 eV. This difference is assigned to a combination of residual finite-size and fixed-node errors. We have estimated the crystal Fermi level referenced to vacuum that enabled us to calculate the edges of valence and conduction bands in agreement with experiments.
Filarete’s Libro and Memoria: The Archive within a Book

The first illustrated manuscript on architecture was produced in the fifteenth century by a sculptor turned architect, known as Filarete (1400–1469). Written as a dialogical narrative, taking place...
Making External Validation Valid for Molecular Classifier Development.

PURPOSEAccurate assessment of a molecular classifier that guides patient care is of paramount importance in precision oncology. Recent years have seen an increasing use of external validation for s...
Paradoxical outcome of heart transplantation associated with institutional case volume.

BACKGROUND Previous studies in heart transplantation have shown an association between institutional case volume and outcomes. We aim to determine the case volume associated with optimal 1-year survival after transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) national database was analyzed for adult patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation between January 2013 and December 2017. A total of 11,196 cases at 128 transplant centers were included. Risk-adjusted restricted cubic splines revealed a non-linear association between institutional case volume and 1-year post-transplant survival. In the risk-adjusted, random-effect Cox model with segmented linear splines, higher heart transplant volume up to 24 cases per year was associated with better 1-year survival (HR = .978 every additional case, 95% CI .963-.993), and optimal survival was maintained between 24 and 38 cases per year. However, further increase in volume above 38 transplants per year was associated with mildly decreased 1-year survival (HR = 1.007 every additional case, 95% CI 1.002-1.013). CONCLUSIONS The relationship between institutional case volume and heart transplant 1-year survival is non-linear, with optimal survival observed at institutional case volume of 24-38 cases per year.
Abstract P223: HDL Efflux Capacity, HDL Particle Number, and Carotid Artery Lipid Rich Necrotic Core Plaque: The Chicago Healthy Aging Study

Background: Associations between HDL efflux capacity, HDL particle number and carotid artery wall thickness have been reported. It is unclear if HDL efflux capacity and particle number are associated with the presence of carotid lipid rich necrotic core (LRNC), a marker of high-risk atherosclerosis. Methods: We performed carotid magnetic resonance imaging (MR) in 402 Chicago Healthy Aging Study participants (ppts). HDL and LDL particle number were measured with NMR spectroscopy. HDL efflux capacity was measured using a validated ex vivo tissue culture assay. We assessed cross-sectional associations between HDL particle number, LDL particle number, HDL efflux capacity and LRNC in separate logistic regression models. Results: Mean age of ppts included in this analysis was 73 years and 66% were men; 23% had LRNC. Compared to those without LRNC, ppts with LRNC had significantly lower HDL-C (52 vs. 59 mg/dL p=0.001), higher fasting glucose (103 vs. 99 mg/dL p=0.005) higher triglycerides (119 vs. 101 mg/dL p=0....
Recognition of tRNA by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase: Effect of substrates on the dynamics of tRNA-enzyme interaction

Abstract An interaction between the isoleucine catalytic site and the tRNA recognition site of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (Escherichia coli) was detected using an assay for the binding of tRNA to enzyme. The effect of isoleucine is to increase the rate at which tRNA enters and leaves its binding site by sixfold without, therefore, a large effect on the equilibrium constant for tRNA binding. This effect requires neither transfer of isoleucine to tRNA nor activation of isoleucine as isoleucyl-AMP; the binding of isoleucine alone suffices. It appears from these data that release of aminoacyl-tRNA is the rate-limiting step in the acylation, or transfer, reaction. The apparent maximum rate constant for association of tRNA and enzyme is relatively large, 6 × 106 m −1 sec−1 (17 °C).
A Review of “Archival Arrangement and Description.” Christopher J. Prom and Thomas J. Frusciano (Eds.), Modules by Sibyl Schaefer, Janet M. Bunde, J. Gordon Daines, and Daniel A. Santamaria.

First in the “Trends in Archives Practice” series from the Society of American Archivists, Archival Arrangement and Description provides a balanced and well-researched set of brief modules on archi...
An Aggregate Approach to Antitrust: Using New Data and Rulemaking to Preserve Drug Competition

This Article examines the “aggregation deficit” in antitrust: the pervasive lack of information, essential to choosing an optimal antitrust rule, about the frequency and costliness of anticompetitive activity. By synthesizing available information, the present analysis helps close the information gap for an important, unresolved issue in U.S. antitrust policy: patent settlements between brand-name drug makers and their generic rivals. The analysis draws upon a new dataset of 143 such settlements.Due to the factual complexity of individual brand-generic settlements, important trends and arrangements become apparent only when multiple cases are examined collectively. This aggregate approach provides valuable information that can be used to set enforcement priorities, select a substantive liability standard, and identify the proper decisionmaker. The analysis uncovers an evolution in the means - including a variety of complex side deals - by which a brand-name firm can pay a generic firm to delay entry. The Article proposes two solutions for such anticompetitive behavior, one doctrinal and one institutional: a presumption of (illegal) payment where a side deal is reached contemporaneously with delayed entry, and an expanded role for agencies, to gather and synthesize nonpublic information regarding settlements, and potentially to engage in substantive rulemaking. The aggregate approach also reveals the shortcomings of antitrust enforcement where, as here, firms can exploit regulatory complexity to disguise collusive activity.
Meaningful, reminiscent, and evocative: An initial examination of four methods of selecting idiographic values-relevant stimuli

Abstract Emerging research supports the psychological benefits of articulating one’s values. Basic behavioral research on values, however, has been limited. To support continued progress in the basic research on values, it might be necessary to adapt values interventions for efficiently and effectively selecting values-relevant stimuli. This study aimed to evaluate four methods for selecting values-relevant stimuli by comparing within-subject ratings of the extent to which stimuli were meaningful, strongly evocative, and reminiscent of something important to them. Thirty-six college student participants performed four tasks for selecting values-relevant stimuli: (1) selection of words from a values lexicon, (2) exposure to a list of valued domains followed by word generation, (3) selection of pictures representing commonly valued domains, and (4) values writing followed by word selection from the writing sample. The values writing and selection task produced stimuli that were rated the most meaningful, most evocative and most reminiscent of something important.
Wage Inequality in Austin: Different Industries, Different Stories

The growth of Austin's high-tech industry and the industry's multiple contributions to economic development led Forbes magazine to rank Austin as the number one and number two place to live in the United States in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Our data show that college and high-school graduates earned, on average, $5 and $4 dollars per hour more in the high-tech industry than in the non-high tech industry in Austin in 1990. The objective of previous studies has been to track the effects of the "new economy" on wages and wage inequalities in Austin. Implicit in this analysis is that the wage inequality story is one foretold by the "new economy." We find, however, that non-high-tech industries in Austin still generate more than 80 percent of employment in the city. They pay lower wages for all percentiles of the wage distribution. More important, non-high-tech industries employ 95 percent of individuals in the bottom 10 percent of the wage distribution in Austin. This evidence suggests that wage inequality in Austin is a story largely foretold by the old economy or the non-high-tech industry.
INTERPERSONAL EPISTEMIC ENTITLEMENTS

In this paper I argue that the nature of our epistemic entitlement to rely on certain belief-forming processes�perception, memory, reasoning, and perhaps others�is not restricted to one's own belief-forming processes. I argue as well that we can have access to the outputs of others� processes, in the form of their assertions. These two points support the conclusion that epistemic entitlements are �interpersonal.� I then proceed to argue that this opens the way for a non-standard version of anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony, and a more �extended� epistemology�one that calls into question the epistemic significance that has traditionally been ascribed to the boundaries separating individual subjects.
Genetic and Physiological Studies of Bacteriophage T5 III. Patterns of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis Induced by Mutants of T5 and the Identification of Genes Influencing the Appearance of Phage-Induced Dihydrofolate Reductase and Deoxyribonuclease

Patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism in nonpermissive cells infected with amber mutants representing 29 genes of T5 are reported. A group of 7 contiguous genes are essential for the synthesis of phage DNA, whereas 20 other genes, when defective, permit varying degrees of phage DNA synthesis. Two further genes are essential for complete transfer of phage DNA to host cells, and therefore indirectly do not permit the synthesis of phage DNA. The structural genes for an early T5 deoxyribonuclease and for T5 DNA polymerase, as well as a gene that affects the synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase, have been identified in the genetic map of T5.
Conservative confidence intervals based on weighted means statistics

For weighted means estimators of the common mean of several normal populations associated (conservative) confidence intervals are constructed. These intervals are compared to several traditional confidence bounds. Monte Carlo simulation results of these comparisons are reported.
Subnuclear distribution of the vitamin D receptor.

The subnuclear distribution of the vitamin D receptor was investigated to begin addressing the contribution of nuclear architecture to vitamin D–responsive control of gene expression in ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells. The nuclear matrix is an anastomosing network of filaments that is functionally associated with DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing. The representation of vitamin D receptor in the nuclear matrix and nonmatrix nuclear fractions was determined by the combined application of (1) sequence-specific interactions with the vitamin D receptor binding element of the rat bone-specific osteocalcin gene promoter and (2) Western blot analysis. Both methods confirmed the presence of vitamin D receptor in the nonmatrix nuclear fraction and the absence of detectable vitamin D receptors associated with the nuclear matrix. In contrast, these same nuclear matrix proteins preparations exhibited association with the general transcription factor AP-1 and a bone tissue-specific promoter binding factor NMP2. NMP-2 exhibits recognition for a promoter domain contiguous to the vitamin D-responsive element of the osteocalcin gene, although the vitamin D receptor does not appear to be a component of the nuclear matrix proteins. Interrelationships between nuclear matrix proteins and nonmatrix nuclear proteins, in mediating steroid hormone responsiveness of a vitamin D–regulated promoter, are therefore suggested.
A New Paradigm for Dream Research: Mentation Reports Following Spontaneous Arousal from REM and NREM Sleep Recorded in a Home Setting

Abstract The "Nightcap," a relatively nonintrusive and "user-friendly" sleep monitoring system, was used by 11 subjects on 10 consecutive nights in their homes. Eighty-eight sleep mentation reports were obtained after spontaneous awakenings from Nightcap-identified REM sleep and 61 were obtained from NREM awakenings. Sleep mentation was recalled in 83% of REM reports and 54% of NREM reports. The median length of REM reports was 148 words compared to 21 words for NREM reports. Twenty-four percent of the REM reports were over 500 words long; no NREM reports over 500 words were obtained. REM report lengths were lowest during the first 15 min of the REM cycle and longest 15–45 min into the period. In contrast, 7 of the 9 NREM reports more than 100 words long occurred within the first 15 min of NREM periods. The Nightcap thus appears to be an effective and efficient method of collecting large numbers of sleep mentation reports with correlated sleep staging under normal ecological conditions.
Viability and Metal Reduction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under CO2 Stress: Implications for Ecological Effects of CO2 Leakage from Geologic CO2 Sequestration

To study potential ecological impacts of CO(2) leakage to shallow groundwater and soil/sediments from geologic CO(2) sequestration (GCS) sites, this work investigated the viability and metal reduction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under CO(2) stress. While MR-1 could grow under high-pressure nitrogen gas (500 psi), the mix of 1% CO(2) with N(2) at total pressures of 15 or 150 psi significantly suppressed the growth of MR-1, compared to the N(2) control. When CO(2) partial pressures were over 15 psi, the growth of MR-1 stopped. The reduced bacterial viability was consistent with the pH decrease and cellular membrane damage under high pressure CO(2). After exposure to 150 psi CO(2) for 5 h, no viable cells survived, the cellular contents were released, and microscopy images confirmed significant cell structure deformation. However, after a relatively short exposure (25 min) to 150 psi CO(2), MR-1 could fully recover their growth within 24 h after the stress was removed, and the reduction of MnO(2) by MR-1 was observed right after the stress was removed. Furthermore, MR-1 survived better if the cells were aggregated rather than suspended, or if pH buffering minerals, such as calcite, were present. To predict the cell viability under different CO(2) pressures and exposure times, a two-parameter mathematical model was developed.
Everything happens somewhere: using webGIS as a tool for sustainable natural resource management

Whether tracking invasive species, assessing water quality, or monitoring the spread of disease, comprehensive data collection is a key component of sustainable natural resource management. Increasingly, fostering community-based monitoring is seen as a valuable way to augment data gathering and enhance public involvement in environmental management. However, growing quantities of data and increasing interest from the public and decision makers create technical data storage and access issues. Although not yet widely used in natural resource management, Web-based Geographic Information Systems (webGIS), a hybrid of GIS and Internet technologies, are a promising option for entering and storing heterogeneous datasets, indexed by location, and making them widely available in a visual, dynamic, and interactive format. Although webGIS has the potential to increase public participation in environmental management, there are technical, institutional, and social challenges to its implementation and usage that need to be addressed, including differential Internet access, training, and privacy.
On Modeling Line Balancing Problems in Spreadsheets

Ragsdale 2003 recently introduced an innovative approach to implementing project management networks in spreadsheets that greatly simplifies the handling of precedence relations among activities. This paper demonstrates how a similar technique can be used to create efficient spreadsheet models for line balancing problems.
Using STOQS (The spatial temporal oceanographic query system) to manage, visualize, and understand AUV, glider, and mooring data

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) uses the Spatial Temporal Oceanographic Query System (STOQS) to manage data from its muli-platform observational campaigns. By using geospatial relational database technology STOQS solves the fundamental problem of providing efficient access to mobile platform data, while also handling in situ measurements from stationary platforms. Because it embraces existing standards and conventions it easily integrates into existing workflows. STOQS includes a modern web-based user interface providing sophisticated tools for deep exploration of multidisciplinary data sets. Direct programmatic access using the Python programming language allows for detailed visualization and analysis of large and diverse data sets. STOQS is a 100% open source project, free for anyone to use.
Understanding the Compensation of Nonprofit Executive Directors: Examining the Influence of Performance and Organizational Characteristics

In this study we aimed to provide a better understanding of executive compensation in nonprofit organizations. We examined factors including organizational size, market, subsector, organizational type, staffing level, and organizational performance as potential influences driving variation across the nonprofit sector. The models utilize data on the population of nonprofit organizations required to file Form 990 returns with the Internal Revenue Service in order to broadly examine compensation. The results indicate associations between various measures of performance and compensation in nonprofit orga-nizations and also suggest that different types of nonprofits may be sensitive to different measures of performance.
Synchronized overproduction of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA glutamate receptors during human spinal cord development

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to map the distribution in the developing human spinal cord of the three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors. N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors were labeled with [3H]glutamate, kainic acid (KA) receptors were labeled with [3H]KA, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionate (AMPA) receptors were labeled with [3H]AMPA. In the adult, labeling of all three receptor subtypes is largely restricted to the substantia gelatinosa (SG) in the dorsal horn, with very low level labeling elsewhere in the spinal gray matter. In marked distinction, in late fetal life, high level ligand binding is seen throughout the spinal gray matter. In early postnatal life, binding sites diminish in all regions, but least so in the SG, until the adult pattern emerges. Thus a coordinated transient high level of ionotropic glutamate receptor expression occurs within the developing spinal cord. Saturation analysis of ligand binding shows that the affinity of [3H]KA and [3H]AMPA binding is not developmentally regulated. In contrast, the affinity of [3H]glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor in the fetal ventral horn is three-fold greater than in the adult ventral horn. Thus, in addition to quantitative changes in glutamate receptor expression, qualitative changes occur in the expression of NMDA receptors during development. The distinct glutamate receptor phenotype of fetal and early postnatal spinal cord cells suggests that alterations in the excitable properties of these cells plays an important role in activity-dependent development and in susceptibility to excitotoxic injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 384:200-210, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hydrodynamics of Oscillating Disks in Viscous Fluids: Viscosities of Liquids He 3 and He 4

The viscosities of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ from the lambda point to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K and of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ near the critical point and from 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K to 2.15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K have been determined by the oscillating disk method. Detailed study of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ near the lambda point shows a discontinuity in the temperature derivative of the viscosity and provides additional evidence that the He I-He II transition is of the second order. Considerations based upon the temperature dependence of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ viscosity above 2.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K suggest that the zero-point kinetic energy plays an important role in determining the transport properties. The viscosity of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ rises as the temperature decreases, from a value of 18.7 micropoise at 3.35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K to 26.8 micropoise at 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K. A simple empirical equation describes the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ data over the entire temperature range.
Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on mesencephalic neurons.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and preoptic area on second- and higher-order neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalon. Single-unit responses were recorded by tungsten microelectrodes in anesthetized cats. Lateral hypothalamic stimulation caused short- and long-latency excitation as well as antidromic activation of ventral tegmental area neurons. However, half of the responsive neurons exhibited a suppression of firing, or inhibition, following stimulation. The short latency of onset of the suppression obtained in some of these neurons suggests the possibility that, in addition to a descending excitatory hypothalamic outflow, descending monosynaptic inhibitory pathways to the ventral tegmental area are also present.
The melt elasticity of polymer blends: Polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate)

Samples of general-purpose polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) were melt blended in a special mixer–extruder over the complete range of compositions from 100% polystyrene to 100% poly(methyl methacrylate). The blends were characterized for their melt rheological characteristics in a melt elasticity tester which measured their stress–strain behavior and strain recovery characteristics as a function of time. In addition, the blends were processed through a laboratory fiber spinning apparatus wherein the spinline tension was measured. Large maxima in the amount of recoverable strain, in the time for the strain recovery to finish, and in the melt tension were observed at a weight percent composition of 40% polystyrene and 60% poly(methyl methacrylate). The melt stress-strain curves showed double yield points at certain compositions. The results are discussed in terms of a model consisting of two interpenetrating continuous phases.
Further studies on serum protein formation by chimeras V. Effect of heterologous antilymphocyte serum on formation of donor type serum proteins in vitro.

SummaryPost X-irradiation rat-into-mouse chimeras were produced after treatment of the donors with rabbit antirat lymphocyte serum (RARLS) or the in vitro incubation of rat bone marrow cells with RARLS. The survival rate in both groups of animals was poor, with none of the animals surviving beyond 4 weeks. The in vitro synthesis of donor-type serum proteins by the lymphoid tissues of the host was demonstrated by the technique of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. There were no significant differences in the in vitro synthesis of serum proteins of donor type in the two groups of animals.There was no correlation between the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the antilymphocyte sera and its in vivo activity as measured by allogeneic graft survival.
Association between proton pump inhibitor use and anemia: a retrospective cohort study.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed to treat gastrointestinal diseases. However, concerns have been raised regarding their long-term use. Gastric acid suppression may decrease iron absorption, and it remains uncertain whether iron-deficiency anemia may result from chronic PPI therapy. We aimed to explore the association between chronic PPI use and iron-deficiency anemia. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients in an academic outpatient setting who received PPI therapy for at least 1 year between January 1, 2004 and January 1, 2006. We compared the change in hematologic indices among patients receiving PPI therapy for at least 1 year with matched controls. Of the 98 patients on chronic PPI therapy who met inclusion criteria, 35% had no documented indication for such therapy. At baseline, demographics and hematologic indices were similar between PPI-users and controls. Among patients on PPI therapy, all hematologic indices decreased from baseline, including hemoglobin (−0.19 g/dL, P = 0.03), hematocrit (−0.63%, P = 0.02), and mean corpuscular volume (−0.49 fL, P = 0.05). PPI users had significant decreases in mean hemoglobin and hematocrit (P < 0.01 for both) compared with matched controls. After adjustment for confounders, including rates of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy and remote cancer status, the odds ratio of decreasing hemoglobin by 1.0 g/dL while on chronic PPI therapy was 5.03 (95% CI, 1.71–14.78, P < 0.01), while the odds ratio of decreasing hematocrit by 3% was 5.46 (95% CI, 1.67–17.85, P < 0.01). Among adult patients receiving chronic PPI therapy, there is a significant decrease in hematologic indices from baseline.
Sociological Reflections on Security Through Surveillance

This article initiates a Sociology of Security. Such a field should analyze how conditions transpire for security—however defined—to surface as a value in individual and collective living, how this value comes to be articulated, and how different kinds of individual and collective experiences shape its meaning. In addition, a Sociology of Security should pay attention to how the kinds of individual and collective responses to particular understandings of security, institutions and policies put in place to this end (or lack thereof), and consequences of such practices are shaping the nature of our social world and the aesthetics of our physical environment. Specific focus is on the relationship between security and surveillance.
Conformal mapping and fracture mechanics

Abstract A mathematical model is applied to the problem of using a drop in electric potential to measure the size of a crack in a metal specimen. The approach is through conformal mapping and the Schwarz-Christoffel formula. The integrals and computations of maps involved are done with a computer package called SCPACK.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF A NEW Ca2+ ANTAGONIST, 8‐(N,N‐DIETHYLAMINO)OCTYL 3,4,5‐TRIMETHOXYBENZOATE HYDROCHLORIDE IN SMOOTH AND SKELETAL MUSCLES

1. The rabbit aortic strip, guinea-pig ileum and rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations were used to determine at which sites and in what manner 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) interferes with Ca2+ availability in smooth and skeletal muscles. 2. TMB-8 (50 muM) significantly inhibited equivalent responses of the rabbit aortic strip to KCl and noradrenaline. 3. TMB-8 (65 muM) produced no significant alteration in the extracellular space of the guinea-pig ileum as measured with [3H]-sorbitol. 4. The resting cellular Ca2+ influx as well as the resting 45Ca2+ efflux in the guinea-pig ileum preparation were significantly inhibited by TMB-8 (65 muM). 5. TMB-8 (5 muM and 50 muM) had no significant effect on the uptake of 45Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum preparation of skeletal muscle; however, TMB-8 (5 muM) did significantly inhibit the caffeine (20 mM)-induced release of 45Ca2+ from this preparation. 6. It is concluded that TMB-8 reduces Ca2+ availability in smooth and skeletal muscles by stabilizing Ca2+ binding to cellular Ca2+ stores and thereby inhibits the release of this Ca2+ by contractile stimuli.
Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal carcinoma with known level I renal vein tumor thrombus.

Objectives Laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with known venous involvement is an emerging technique. The goal of this study was to describe our experience and outcomes with laparoscopic nephrectomy for patients with preoperatively diagnosed level I (renal vein) tumor thrombus. Methods The data from all patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy by one surgeon from July 1, 2004 to February 28, 2006 were reviewed. The patients with a preoperatively diagnosed tumor thrombus were included in the study. A pure laparoscopic transperitoneal technique was used with intraoperative ultrasonography to ensure complete removal of the thrombus. The medical records were reviewed for clinical, operative, and follow-up information. Results Five patients were identified. The mean age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and tumor size were 59.8 years (range 34 to 81), 2.6 (range 2 to 3), and 5.5 cm (range 4 to 6), respectively. The mean operative time and estimated blood loss were 119.6 minutes (range 92 to 180) and 150 mL (range 50 to 300), respectively. The mean hospital stay was 3.6 days (range 2 to 4), and no complications occurred. The final stage was T3b with negative margins in all cases. The mean Fuhrman grade was 2.4 (range 2 to 3). Two patients had known metastases and underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy. These 2 patients were alive at a mean follow-up of 11.5 months. Of the other 3 patients, at a mean follow-up of 8.7 months, 2 had no evidence of disease, and 1 had developed recurrence in the liver and was treated with sorafenib, resulting in tumor regression. Conclusions Pure laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy for patients with preoperatively diagnosed level I tumor thrombus is safe and effective in experienced hands. Additional series are needed to examine the long-term oncologic outcomes.
On the renormalization of the supersymmetric Liouville action and the 3D Ising model critical exponent

Abstract Assuming the correspondence between the three-dimensional Ising model and the supersymmetric string theory conjectured by Polyakov, we calculate the critical exponent ν of the Ising model from the renormalization properties of the supersymmetric Liouville action. The result ν = 7 9 is obtained using a momentum-cutoff regularization procedure.
Interactive Fiction: ‘New Literacy’ Learning Opportunities for Children:

Interactive fiction has great potential for use in schools, providing engaging and empowering opportunities for learning and literacy. Experiences with interactive fiction provide two key components lacking in contemporary storytelling mediums: autonomy (the ability to act and change on its own) and interactivity (or the ability to think and react intelligently to the user). This descriptive study analyzes a work of interactive fiction created specifically for this research, which illustrates essential traits of character-driven e-literature. The story is evaluated in terms of a set of principles, listed under a heading of empowered learners. Finally, the educational implications of using interactive fiction in an educational setting are discussed.
ISOTROPIC RECONSTRUCTION. A STATISTICAL METHOD FOR CORRECTION OF EFFECTS DUE TO FINITE SPINNING SPEEDS IN MAS SPECTRA

The purpose of this Communication is to demonstrate that other techniques for suppression or removal of sidebands from MAS NMR spectra that are similar to the qualitative method the eye uses when comparing spectra of a sample taken at different spinning speeds can be envisioned. We report a technique for sideband removal and isotropic intensity recovery which uses statistical methods to describe the behavior of each isotropic peak and its attendant sidebands
Uropharmacology: Part VI. Parasympathetic depressants

A discussion of the various parasympathetic depressants is presented. Belladonna alkaloids include atropine, the prototype, and scopolamine. Synthetic drugs include quaternary ammonium compounds with antimuscarinic activity such as methantheline, propantheline, and other drugs such as isopropamide, pipenzolate methylbromide, and diphemanil methylsulfate. A miscellaneous class of drugs such as hemicholinium, valethamate, and oxybutynin chloride also possesses parasympathetic depressant activity. The pharmacologic properties and clinical usage of these drugs are discussed.
Flow characteristics of admixed erythrocytes through medex tubing with a pall filter

Resuscitation with fluid and blood components is the mainstay of therapy for hypovolemic patients. This study evaluated the flow rate and resultant temperature of 6 degrees C erythrocytes admixed with warmed saline passing through a new commercial large bore tubing. The tubing is 183 cm long and is 0.57 cm in diameter. The effect on the outflow fluid temperature when catheters of various sizes were added to the system distally was also assessed. The admixed solution temperature averaged 36.2 degrees C and the outflow temperature of the mixture from the distal tubing averaged 34.9 degrees C. There was an average drop in temperature over the length of the tube of 1.5 degrees C. The filter in the Medex Hi-Flow Trauma Quad system collapsed, severely restricting fluid flow, after only four units. The problem of filter clogging was overcome by the in-line addition of a Pall filter. Addition of this in-line filter had a negligible effect on the flow rate. The flow rate with the Pall filter in-line averaged 1,150 mL/min. As the catheters that were added distally to the system diminished in size, there was a predictable decrease in the admixed fluid flow rate. A warmed saline-erythrocyte solution may be very rapidly infused through commercial large-bore tubing modified with an in-line filter. The size of the catheters used determines the ultimate flow rate.
Trust and the Economics of News

As trust in the news media continues to decline, news organizations must find ways to bolster that trust, often in the face of diminishing budgets and dwindling bottom lines. Can trust support and even bolster economic success in news organizations? We offer a multidimensional model of trust that takes into account, among other elements, considerations of risk and scope, and suggest that journalistic excellence and economic success can support each other and result in increased public trust in news media.