cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Have Performance, Will Travel: Contemporary Artistic Networks in Southeast Asia

This article looks at artistic exchanges in Southeast Asia that are created through person-to-person contact, rather than the circulation of objects, in the form of performance art events, re-enactments, and large travelling exhibitions. It argues that close physical contact and creative collaborations among artists have become a means of writing alternative art histories that rely on oral transmission and live recordings. The creation of networks among artists have helped develop bonds among artists, as well as foster the development of art history in the region.
The House of Morgan: Private Family Bank in Transition

This paper is a study of the social origins of the House of Morgan between 1895 and 1940. It argues that the history of the Morgan partnership can contribute to our understanding of how the mechanisms of confidence and risk management work in tandem. The Morgan partners managed the risk of incorporating non-family members by creating continuity through common associations with other institutions in the society at large. These relationships integrated the Morgan firm in an institutional network that created confidence through mechanisms similar to kinship but whose longevity was not limited by the life span of individual partners or specific kinship lines.
Failures to Imagine: Mental Imagery in Psychopathy and Emotional Regulation Difficulties

Although interest in the relationship between mental imagery and psychopathology has increased greatly over the last decade, few publications to date have examined relationships between personality...
In Defence of the Belief-Plus Model of Faith

I defend the claim that propositional religious faith that p implies belief that p. While this claim might seem trivial, it has been criticized by Alston, Pojman, Audi, and (more recently) McKaughan and Howard-Snyder. I begin by defending this view (call it the belief-plus model of faith) against four objections. In addition to criticizing the belief-plus model, each of the above philosophers have offered their own alternatives to the belief-plus model. I focus on McKaughan’s (2013) recent accounts of faith: ‘trusting acceptance’ and ‘hopeful affirmation’. I argue, following Howard-Snyder, that hopeful affirmation fails to give sufficient conditions for faith. I then argue that there is no reason to think that the token acceptances in faith as trusting acceptance are not instances of belief.
The Role of Performance Feedback and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices for Preservice Special Education Teachers and Student Outcomes: A Review of the Literature:

Given the importance of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for improving outcomes for students with disabilities, it is key that preservice special education teachers have the opportunity to implement...
Effects of 30–Day Continuous Wear With Silicone Hydrogel Lenses on Corneal Epithelial Barrier Function

Purpose. To examine the effects of 30-day continuous wear (CW) of high-Dk/t Si-H lenses on epithelial barrier function by measuring the permeability of the corneal epithelium to sodium fl uorescein (Pdc). Methods. 29 neophytes were adapted to Si-H lenses. Baseline Pdc measurements were then obtained (included afternoon (PM) followed by morning (AM) measurements, where one eye was patched overnight until the morning reading. Following baseline assessments, subjects wore their lenses continuously for 30 days; PM and AM Pdc measurements were then repeated. All Pdc measurements were obtained using an automated scanning fl uorometer. Results. There was no signifi cant difference between eyes for baseline PM, baseline AM, and CW PM Pdc measurements (p > 0.05). However, the 30-Day Follow-up AM Pdc measurements were –2.187 (ln nm/sec) and –1.878 (ln nm/sec) for patched and unpatched eyes, respectively (p = 0.0733). This corresponds to a 13.09% and 49.86% increase in permeability from the baseline PM in the patched and unpatched eyes, respectively. Conclusions. The results of this study show that there is a substantial decrease in epithelial barrier function during CW. Of interest and possible clinical importance, the disparity in the corneal epithelial barrier function between patched and unpatched eyes suggests that upon awakening, the accumulated debris/infl ammatory cells in the post-lens tear fi lm is mechanically agitated against the corneal epithelium with each lens movement. Therefore, timely tear fl ushing to remove trapped debris may be important in maintaining a normal corneal epithelium.
Assessing the quality of domain ontologies: Metrics and an automated ranking system

Abstract The ability of a user to select an appropriate, high-quality domain ontology from a set of available options would be most useful in knowledge engineering and other intelligent applications. This capability, however, requires good quality assessment metrics as well as automated support when there is a large number of ontologies from which to make a selection. This research analyzes existing metrics for domain ontology evaluation and extends them to derive a Layered Ontology Metrics Suite based on semiotic theory. The metrics are implemented in a Domain Ontology Ranking System (DoORS) prototype, the purpose of which is to search an ontology library for specific terms to retrieve candidate domain ontologies and then assess their quality and suitability based upon the suite of metrics. The prototype system is compared to existing approaches to automated ontology quality ranking to illustrate the usefulness of the research.
Commons, Institutional Diversity of

Governance systems used to regulate biological complexity need to be organized at multiple scales and linked together effectively. The design of rules must be viewed as policy experiments with a probability of failure. Highly decentralized governance systems possess both capabilities and limits, as do highly centralized systems. Polycentric systems tend to draw strength from both the lower levels of relatively autonomous units as well as the overarching large-scale units. Institutional diversity is viewed as essential to the preservation of biological diversity.
Evaluation of Pseudoseizures: A Psychiatric Perspective

Two subgroups of patients with psychogenic pseudoseizures were identified among 20 neurology patients referred for consultation to rule out pseudoseizures. Patients with pseudo complex partial seizures were found to have primarily dissociative symptoms with guilt-laden bereavement as an important precursor. Patients with pseudo grand mal type seizures appeared to have developed their illness in the context of longstanding personality traits. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of these findings are discussed.
A comparison of thermal performance of different pavement materials

Abstract This chapter discusses the thermal performance of different pavement types commonly used, including permeable and nonpermeable concrete material, asphalt material, and block paver. The chapter first introduces the important material properties such as albedo and thermal properties of different pavement materials. The chapter then discusses the thermal performance of different pavement materials, including pavement surface temperature, near-surface air temperature above pavement, thermal impact of pavement on nearby building surfaces, and heat flux from pavement. Potential impacts of pavements and future trends are also discussed.
Potential for growth and inhibition ofListeria monocytogenes in meat and poultry products

Abstract The widespread distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in food plants and products, its potential to multiply at cold temperatures and under vacuum, and the high fatality rate it causes in immunocompromised human populations, make it of importance to study its potential to proliferate or to be inhibited in various foods. Studies in our laboratory have examined the potential for growth and inhibition of this pathogen in meat and poultry products. Growth of the pathogen in vacuum-packaged, fresh ground beef stored at 4°C was slow and depended on pH and bacterial strain. At pH values of approximately 5.5, growth of various strains was either nonexistent or very slow. At pH values above 6.0, growth was more pronounced. In contrast to fresh ground beef, growth of the pathogen was rapid and extensive in cooked bologna-type sausage formulated with mechanically deboned turkey meat and stored under vacuum at 4°C. This extensive growth was significantly inhibited by inclusion of sodium acetate (0.5%), sodium lactate (2.0%) or potassium sorbate (0.26%) in the sausage formulation.
Do structures matter any more

This Editorial discusses some recent corrections to published structural data in which all conclusions were claimed to be valid even if the presented structures were wrong.
Nutritional Considerations for Optimal Oral Health in CSHCN

In order for children to experience optimal oral health, they must have high-quality nutrition. Children with special healthcare needs (CSHCNs) possess complex medical and behavioral conditions and associated treatments that add significant oral and systemic health challenges. Evidence of these challenges is often evident in the child’s dentition and/or periodontium. Dental providers caring for CSHCN must be prepared to recognize the potential limitations and specific requirements associated with the child’s medications, limited diets, and individualized feeding approaches. As a member of the child’s healthcare team, the dental provider can help the child to maintain optimal oral health.
Concern, Respect, and Cooperation, by Garrett Cullity

The title of this book refers to what Garrett Cullity claims are the three foundations of interpersonal morality. In positing multiple foundations for morality, Cullity is proposing a form of plura...
Identification and Characterization of the Core Rice Seed Microbiome

The use of microbes in agriculture for enhancing crop production is an emerging alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides; however, their effectiveness is often limited by factors such as ...
Profiling of chromatin accessibility and identification of general cis-regulatory mechanisms that control two ocular lens differentiation pathways.

Promoters and enhancers are cis-regulatory DNA sequences that control specificity and quantity of transcription. Both are rich on clusters of cis-acting sites that interact with sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs). At the level of chromatin, these regions display increased nuclease sensitivity, reduced nucleosome density, including nucleosome-free regions, and specific combinations of posttranslational modifications of core histone proteins. Together, “open” and “closed” chromatins represent transcriptionally active and repressed states of individual genes, respectively. Cellular differentiation is marked by changes in local chromatin structure. Lens morphogenesis, regulated by TF Pax6, includes differentiation of epithelial precursor cells into lens fibers in parallel with differentiation of epithelial precursors into the mature lens epithelium. Using ATAC-seq, we investigated dynamics of chromatin changes during mouse lens fibers and epithelium differentiation. Tissue-specific features of these processes are demonstrated via comparative studies of embryonic stem cells, forebrain, and liver chromatins. Unbiased analysis reveals cis-regulatory logic of lens differentiation through known (e.g., AP-1, Ets, Hsf4, Maf, and Pax6 sites) and novel (e.g., CTCF, Tead, and NF1) motifs. Twenty-six DNA-binding TFs, recognizing these cis-motifs, are markedly up-regulated in differentiating lens fibers. As specific examples, our ATAC-seq data uncovered both the regulatory regions and TF binding motifs in Foxe3, Prox1, and Mip loci that are consistent with previous, though incomplete, experimental data. A cross-examination of Pax6 binding with ATAC-seq data demonstrated that Pax6 bound to both open (H3K27ac and P300-enriched) and closed chromatin domains in lens and forebrain. Our study has generated the first lens chromatin accessibility maps that support a general model of stage-specific chromatin changes associated with transcriptional activities of batteries of genes required for lens fiber cell formation. Analysis of active (or open) promoters and enhancers reveals important cis-DNA motifs that establish the molecular foundation for temporally and spatially regulated gene expression in lens. Together, our data and models open new avenues for the field to conduct mechanistic studies of transcriptional control regions, reconstruction of gene regulatory networks that govern lens morphogenesis, and identification of cataract-causing mutations in noncoding sequences.
Evaluation of effluent waste water from salmonid culture as a potential food and water supply for culturing larval Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus

Abstract The Pacific lamprey is an iconic native fish of great importance to the ecosystem and indigenous cultures in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Pacific lamprey populations have declined in abundance from historic levels, and conservation aquaculture has been proposed as a technique to restore these populations. The present research focused on expanding the culture methods for larval lamprey. The larvae filter feed and cohabitate with juvenile salmonids in the wild, therefore the effluent water from rearing salmonids may be a viable source of water and food for culturing lamprey. This approach could be a sustainable method for raising lamprey at existing salmonid hatcheries. A nine week trial investigated the effects of rearing in effluent water from salmonid culture on the growth, survival, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of larval lamprey. This trial also explored the potential of this rearing strategy to improve the water quality by removing nutrients from the effluent. The trial included three treatments testing the use of the effluent from steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a conventional lamprey diet (control diet), or both combined as a means for rearing lamprey. A fourth treatment where lamprey were excluded served as a water quality control to test the effect of lamprey presence on effluent quality. Lamprey survival was not affected by treatment. Lamprey reared solely on the effluent waste matched the survival and growth of fish fed the conventional diet. Lamprey fed the combination treatment grew faster than the conventional diet fed fish. Whole body lipid levels were elevated in lamprey from the combination treatment relative to the conventional diet fed lamprey. Crude protein in the whole bodies of effluent fed lamprey was low compared to fish from either of the treatments where the conventional diet was fed. Lamprey offered the effluent nutrients were high in saturated fats relative to the control fed fish, which reflected the lipid profile of this diet. However, lamprey from the combination treatment were lower in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the control or the effluent treatment lamprey. There was no measureable improvement in water quality due to the presence of lamprey, though lamprey were able to sequester approximately 1.3% of the effluent dry matter as lamprey biomass. Overall, it appears the larval stage of lamprey can be effectively reared on salmonid effluent, and this method provides superior growth when used in combination with a conventional lamprey diet.
Single-Layer Colloid Centrifugation as a Method to Process Urine-Contaminated Stallion Semen After Freezing-Thawing.

Abstract Urospermia is a major ejaculatory dysfunction affecting stallions. It has been thought that urine-contaminated semen should not be cryopreserved; however, on select cases, urine contamination of semen cannot be avoided. A recent study suggested that urospermic semen can be cryopreserved after cushion centrifugation and extension. Thus, this study aimed to assess the use of single-layer colloid centrifugation (SLC) to process frozen-thawed urine-contaminated stallion semen. Raw ejaculates (n = 55) from eight stallions were split into three groups: no urine, low (20%), or high (50%) urine contamination. Semen was extended 1:1, cushion-centrifuged, and resuspended at 200 million sperm/mL in BotuCrio. Resuspended semen was loaded in 0.5 mL straws and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed (37°C for 30 seconds) and processed by SLC (400 g/30 minutes). Percentages of total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) were assessed with computer-assisted semen analyzer. Sperm viability (%VIAB) and yield were assessed with a NucleoCounter before and after gradient centrifugation. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The motility parameters TM before SLC (control: 35 ± 2; low: 33 ± 0.7; high: 22 ± 1.8) after SLC (control: 51 ± 3.6; low: 42 ± 2.2; high: 25 ± 2.8) and PM before SLC (control: 24 ± 1.8; low: 21 ± 1.14; high: 12 ± 1.5) and after SLC (control: 40.3 ± 3.2; low: 31 ± 3.9; high: 14 ± 2) significantly decreased with increasing urine contamination. Urine contamination marginally reduced (P
Ultra-low radioactivity Kapton and copper-Kapton laminates

Abstract Polyimide-based materials, like Kapton, are widely used in flexible cables and circuitry due to their unique electrical and mechanical characteristics. This study is aimed at investigating the radiopurity of Kapton for use in ultralow background, rare-event physics applications by measuring the 238U, 232Th, and n a t K levels using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Commercial-off-the-shelf Kapton varieties, measured at approximately 950 and 120 pg/g 238U and 232Th (1.2 × 10 4 and 490 μ Bq/kg), respectively, can be a significant background source for many current and next-generation ultralow background detectors. This study has found that the dominant contamination is due to the use of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), a nonessential slip additive added during manufacturing. Alternative Kapton materials were obtained that did not contain DCP and were determined to be significantly more radiopure than the commercially-available options with 12 and 19 pg/g 238U and 232Th (150 and 77 μ Bq/kg), respectively. The lowest radioactivity version produced (Kapton ELJ, which contains an adhesive) was found to contain single digit pg/g levels of 238U and 232Th, two-to-three orders of magnitude cleaner than commercial-off-the-shelf options. Moreover, copper-clad polyimide laminates employing Kapton ELJ as the insulator were obtained and shown to be very radiopure at 8.6 and 22 pg/g 238U and 232Th (110 and 89 μ Bq/kg), respectively.
Using thin-slice ratings to measure social communication in children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Background Thin-slice ratings have been shown to predict a variety of behaviors in children and adults. Recently, thin-slice ratings have been used to characterize social communication and autism symptomatology in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), suggesting their potential as an alternative to intensive observational coding systems. Objectives This study examined whether thin-slice ratings of social communication skills during a parent-child interaction are psychometrically valid, related to observational and standardized measures of child social communication, and sensitive to change over time in children with ASD. Methods Thin-slice ratings for 71 children were completed by 173 undergraduates from a psychology research pool. Groups of naive raters viewed two-minute clips of parent-child interactions for different children at two time points. For each clip, raters assigned scores for 7 items derived from the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC). Results Thin-slice rating items formed a unidimensional scale with good internal consistency (α = .92) and inter-rater reliability. The thin-slice rating scale demonstrated convergence with observational data from the BOSCC, as well as other common measures of social communication. Unlike the BOSCC, the thin-slice ratings did not change significantly from Time 1 to Time 2. Conclusion Thin-slice ratings of young children with ASD during a parent-child interaction demonstrated criterion validity with the BOSCC and convergent validity with other measures of child social communication functioning. Future studies should investigate whether thin-slice ratings by naive raters capture other aspects of autism symptomatology. Findings suggest thin-slice ratings may provide a stable estimate of child social communication functioning that tracks with other measures of child developmental functioning.
Parasite and pathogen effects on ecosystem processes: A quantitative review

Pathogens and parasites (henceforth “pathogens”) can make up a large percentage of the biomass found in ecosystems, and therefore, their impacts on ecosystem processes should be prominent. Pathogens influence ecosystem processes by affecting the abundance or phenotype of hosts and through direct contributions to ecosystem production. However, there has been little quantitative synthesis of the relative effect sizes of these impacts on ecosystem processes. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogen effects on primary production, secondary production, and biogeochemical cycles. We find that the effects of pathogens on ecosystem processes were greater where pathogens influenced host or community abundance or biomass than when they influenced phenotypes. Pathogen impacts on primary production were larger than on secondary production or biogeochemical cycles. By contrast, we detected no general differences in effect sizes across host or pathogen taxon or ecosystem type (terrestrial vs. aquatic). While we have found potential evidence of publication bias against negative results, a well-known issue in meta-analyses, our work nonetheless shows that the available literature under-represents some taxa and geographic regions. To better understand the extent and magnitude of pathogen impacts on ecosystem processes, future research is needed in four areas. First, research is needed on the most understudied systems, including bacteria and viruses, as well as tropical ecosystems. A second priority is research seeking to understand how key components of ecosystem variation, including age (time of ecological continuity), productivity, and species diversity and composition, may interact to mediate pathogen impacts. Third, we suggest expanding on work examining how pathogen effects are influenced by climate change, species introductions, deforestation, and other human impacts. Fourth, we expect that host coinfection influences ecosystem processes in ways that cannot always be predicted based on studies of single infections. To enable others to build on this work, we make available the data we extracted from the literature, with the code for computing effect sizes.
Divergent selection on behavioral and chemical traits contributes to isolation between populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Speciation is driven by traits that can act to prohibit mating between nascent lineages, including male courtship and female preference for male traits. Mating barriers involving these traits evolve quickly because there is strong selection on males and females to maximize reproductive success, and the tight co-evolution of mating interactions can lead to rapid diversification of sexual behavior. Using lineages of D. melanogaster that show strong asymmetrical reproductive isolation, we ask two key questions: which specific male traits are females selecting, and are these traits under divergent sexual selection? These questions have proven extremely challenging to answer, because even in closely related lineages males often differ in multiple traits related to mating behavior. We address these questions by estimating selection gradients for male courtship and cuticular hydrocarbons for two different female genotypes. We identify both specific behaviors and several cuticular hydrocarbons that are under divergent sexual selection and likely contribute to reproductive isolation. Additionally a subset of these traits are plastic; males adjust these traits based on the identity of the female genotype they interact with. These results suggest that even when male courtship is not fixed between lineages, ongoing selection can contribute to reproductive isolation.
Fungi of Temperate Europe

Thomas Laessoe and Jens H. Petersen. 2019. Fungi of Temperate Europe. (ISBN-13: 9780691180373, hbk). Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, U.S.A. (Orders: press.princeton.edu). $145.00 US/£120.00, 1,708 pp., 7,000 color illustrations, 7½" × 11½".
Effect of feeding hydrolyzed feather meal and rumen-protected lysine on milk protein and energy utilization in late-lactation Jersey cows.

ABSTRACT Hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) is a feed that is high in rumen undegradable protein; however, it is low in Lys compared with other high rumen undegradable protein sources. Additionally, processing methods differ by facility, which affects AA composition and protein digestibility. The objective of this study was to use lactating dairy cows to determine the effects of feeding 2 sources of HFM that differed by the amount of blood they contained and also to study the effects of supplementing rumen-protected (RP) Lys when these sources of HFM are fed. In this study, 12 multiparous Jersey cows were enrolled in a triplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 4 periods 28 d in length. Cows were fed 2 total mixed rations that differed by source of HFM. The HFM was included at 4.5% of the diet dry matter, and one source was produced with the addition of poultry blood. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment sequences. Treatments were as follows: HFM without added blood and no RP-Lys, HFM with added blood and no RP-Lys, HFM without blood and with RP-Lys (22 g of digestible Lys), and HFM with added blood and RP-Lys. The source of HFM containing blood tended to increase dry matter intake (18.3 vs. 17.3 ± 0.72 kg/d), and increased milk yield (20.5 vs. 18.4 ± 1.31 kg/d) and protein yield (0.788 vs. 0.694 ± 0.040 kg/d). The inclusion of RP-Lys did not affect milk or protein yield. In cows fed HFM containing blood, plasma concentration of Lys (82.1 vs. 70.8 ± 4.06 μM) and His (27.8 vs. 17.9 ± 3.15 μM) was higher. The addition of RP-Lys had no effect on the concentration of either plasma Lys or His. Gross energy intake tended to increase for HFM containing more blood (81.4 vs. 77.3 ± 3.29 Mcal/d); however, no difference was observed for intake of digestible energy (52.0 ± 2.20 Mcal/d) or metabolizable energy (46.4 ± 2.02 Mcal/d). Similar to dry matter intake, N intake increased with the inclusion of HFM containing blood, but crude protein digestibility decreased (61.6 vs. 66.0%). Results of this study highlight that source of HFM can be a factor that affects milk production and that this in part is due to differences in the profile of AA. Additionally, the observation that plasma His and milk protein increased with the consumption of HFM containing more blood suggests that His may have played a role in increasing milk and milk protein yield.
Excess mortality in the Colorado Front Range during the COVID-19 pandemic and a concurrent intense wildfire season

BACKGROUND AND AIM: COVID-19 has had a substantial public health impact in the United States. In the western US, the pandemic has coincided with some of the worst wildfires in history. The current ...
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Laboratory and Epidemiologic Considerations for Interpretation of Data

This chapter reviews pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as an epidemiological tool, considering (i) factors that influence the electrophoretic process, (ii) methodological streamlining, (iii) the troubleshooting of common problems, (iv) quality assurance, (v) use of PFGE for continuous surveillance, and (vi) issues of data interpretation. To be suitable for reliable PFGE analysis, intact chromosomal DNA must be isolated in a protected environment free from mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic degradation to yield a clear and reproducible macrorestriction fragment pattern. As PFGE analysis is applied to larger study populations, the need for computer-assisted analysis (CAA) of banding patterns becomes increasingly evident. At the laboratory level the quality assurance/ quality control (QA/QC) system consists of strict adherence to each of the PFGE standard operating procedures (SOPs) as described in the laboratory QA/QC manual. It is important to emphasize that the successful establishment of dynamic databases is dependent on strict adherence to well-defined QA and QC criteria. An important component of the protocol standardization and QA/QC program for PulseNet is the annual update meeting. Molecular typing, along with a variety of other microbiological assays is clearly moving toward sequence-based analysis. However, this approach is still being validated for a variety of applications including strain typing. Thus far, none of the new sequence-based typing methods are as broadly applicable as PFGE. Therefore, while this problem will undoubtedly be solved in the future, at present PFGE will clearly continue to provide meaningful epidemiological data on molecular typing in a variety of important settings for years to come.
Pressure Ulcers: An Important Condition in Medicine and Surgery

Pressure ulcers are a condition of the skin and deep tissue that has been recognized for at least 5,000 years [1–6]. They can affect the human body at different sites, and many simple remedies have been prescribed and used to treat these ulcers. In the eighteenth and nineteenth [7–15] centuries, an accurate diagnosis of pressure ulcer was established. In the twentieth century, the etiology, management, and prevention were established, and physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals were expected to have knowledge of this condition and to manage and prevent pressure ulcers. The standard treatment was set in the United States in 1994 by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research [16], and, in 2000, the Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine [17] published the standard management of pressure ulcers. In 1999, the standard was published in Europe by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel [18].
Development in Children’s Interpretation of Pitch Cues to Emotions

Young infants respond to positive and negative speech prosody (A. Fernald, 1993), yet 4-year-olds rely on lexical information when it conflicts with paralinguistic cues to approval or disapproval (M. Friend, 2003). This article explores this surprising phenomenon, testing one hundred eighteen 2- to 5-year-olds’ use of isolated pitch cues to emotions in interactive tasks. Only 4- to 5-year-olds consistently interpreted exaggerated, stereotypically happy or sad pitch contours as evidence that a puppet had succeeded or failed to find his toy (Experiment 1) or was happy or sad (Experiments 2, 3). Two- and 3-year-olds exploited facial and body-language cues in the same task. The authors discuss the implications of this late-developing use of pitch cues to emotions, relating them to other functions of pitch.
The rate-dependent fracture toughness of silicon carbide- and boron carbide-based ceramics

Abstract Thirteen silicon carbide and boron carbide ceramics and ceramic composites manufactured through pressureless sintering and reaction bonding techniques have been tested in a four-point bend, chevron notch testing procedure to determine their static and dynamic fracture toughness values. Dynamic fracture toughness testing was performed in a modified Hopkinson pressure bar to investigate the effect of high-rate loading on fracture toughness values and fracture characteristics. Fracture surfaces were investigated through optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy to examine the surface roughness and fracture morphology. Reaction-bonded ceramic composites were found to have elevated fracture toughness values compared to pressureless-sintered ceramics. This enhancement is attributed to a change in fracture mode of the reaction-bonded materials and processing-induced residual compressive stresses within the silicon phase.
Vitamin B-6 status of breast-fed neonates : influence of pyridoxine supplementation on mothers and neonates

Vitamin B-6 concentrations in human milk are known to respond rapidly to changes in maternal vitamin B-6 intake. In this study, mothers were supplemented during the first 28 d of lactation with 2 or 27 mg pyridoxine (PN)-HCl/d and a subgroup of breast-fed infants of the 2-mg/d-supplemented mothers were supplemented with 0.4 mg PN-HCl/d. Vitamin B-6 intakes of breast-fed infants reflected the amount of their mother's supplement; intakes were highest for the vitamin-supplemented infants. Vitamin B-6 intake of mothers was a strong indicator of infant vitamin B-6 status. Vitamin intake of infants correlated significantly with five measures of vitamin B-6 status. Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations and birth weight were the strongest predictors of infant growth that were examined. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the mother's milk and infant plasma reflected pyridoxal-PLP ratios in these fluids, suggesting that the enzyme acts in regulating circulating vitamer concentrations.
CFA-7: an interpenetrated metal–organic framework of the MFU-4 family

The novel interpenetrated metal–organic framework CFA-7 (Coordination Framework Augsburg University-7), [Zn5Cl4(tqpt)3], has been synthesized containing the organic linker {H2-tqpt = 6,6,14,14-tetramethyl-6,14-dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]phenazinebistriazole}. Reaction of H2-tqpt and anhydrous ZnCl2 in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) yields CFA-7 as pseudo-cubic crystals. CFA-7 serves as precursor for the synthesis of isostructural frameworks with redox-active metal centers, which is demonstrated by postsynthetic metal exchange of Zn2+ by different M2+ (M = Co, Ni, Cu) ions. The novel framework is robust upon solvent removal and has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, TGA and IR spectroscopy, as well as gas sorption (Ar, CO2 and H2).
MONO- AND DIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL COMPOSITION OF RAPHIDOPHYTES (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE): A MODERN INTERPRETATION USING POSITIVE-ION ELECTROSPRAY/MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY(1)

Raphidophyte algae (Raphidophyceae) can be divided according to pigment composition and plastid ancestry into two categories, brown- and green-pigmented taxa. We sought to examine if there are any biochemical differences in plastid lipid composition between the two groups. To this end, the composition and positional distribution of fatty acids of the chloroplast lipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), were examined using positive-ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and electrospray/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS). Brown-pigmented strains from the genera Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, and Heterosigma primarily consisted of 20:5/18:4 (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG and 20:5/18:4 DGDG, while isolates of the green-pigmented raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen (Ehrenb.) Diesing contained these as well as 18:3/18:4 MGDG and DGDG, thus underscoring its green algal plastid lineage. Although previously unseen without the regiochemical information provided by ESI/MS/MS, Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler possessed 20:5/18:3 DGDG as a major form, a potential biosynthetic intermediate in the production of 20:5/18:4 DGDG. These results provide a modern interpretation of the fatty acid regiochemistry of MGDG and DGDG.
Review article: the management of cirrhosis in women

SummaryBackground There are differences in the predisposition, natural history of liver disease, complications and treatment response between men and women. Aim To review clinical differences in cirrhosis between men and women and to address unique management issues of fertility, pregnancy and contraception in this patient population. Methods PubMed and MEDLINE were searched using the terms ‘cirrhosis’ and ‘chronic liver disease’, each cross-referenced with specific liver diseases, as well as terms such as ‘cancer’, ‘hepatocellular carcinoma’, ‘smoking’, ‘liver transplantation’, ‘metabolic bone disease’, ‘fertility’,’ pregnancy’ and ‘contraception’. Results Pre-menopausal status is protective in viral hepatitis C and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, smoking, especially in combination with alcohol, is a stronger risk factor for cirrhosis and malignancies in women with chronic liver disease compared to men, although they are less likely than men to develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Women with cirrhosis have more osteopenic bone disease than men and require active management. Successful pregnancy is possible in well-compensated cirrhosis or with mild portal hypertension, although the maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity are higher than in the general population. The maternal risk correlates with liver disease severity and derives mostly from variceal bleeding. The choices for contraception in compensated cirrhosis are generally the same as for the general population. Women with cirrhosis are disadvantaged by the current MELD system of organ allocation, at least in part due to body size. Conclusion The management of women with chronic liver disease is unique in regards to counselling, screening for complications, fertility and pregnancy.
The Synthetic Evaluation Method of the Dynamic Performance and Economic Performance of Battery Electric Vehicle Based on Principal Component Analysis

The dynamic index and economic index of battery electric vehicles are mutual related as well as opposite. So they should be evaluated synthetically. From the analysis of literatures, the maximum speed, accelerating ability and driving range are chosen as the synthetic evaluation index. By the method of principal component analysis, the synthetic evaluation model of the dynamic and economic performance of battery electric vehicle is established. And example is used to explain the application of the model.
Cosmogenic nuclide production rate systematics in terrestrial materials: Present knowledge, needs and future actions for improvement

Abstract The growing applications of cosmogenic nuclides produced in the Earth’s atmosphere, and in situ in a variety of terrestrial materials, as tracers in a wide ranging Earth science problems, has put a greater demand on accurate determination of the nuclide production rates in a variety of targets exposed in different settings on the Earth in the troposphere. The present state of our knowledge of cosmogenic production rates is reviewed briefly, in conjunction with the phenomenological and theoretical framework for: (i) the cosmic ray flux incident in the near Earth environment, (ii) the nucleonic cascade set off in the Earth’s atmosphere by the primary cosmic radiation, and (iii) the rate for production of nuclides in terrestrial materials, in widely different settings. These considerations set the stage for the diverse questions, which must be taken into account for determining the source functions of isotopic changes in terrestrial materials. We discuss the different approaches which have been adopted earlier to obtain the source strengths of nuclear interacting particles of the cosmic radiation, and direct measurements of nuclide production rates made by exposing targets to cosmic radiation at sea level and at mountain altitudes. We show that rapid progress in determining nuclide source functions with sufficient information on temporal variability is indeed expected in the near future as a result of: (i) dramatic improvements in the past 2–3 decades in our understanding of the character of propagation of cosmic radiation within the heliosphere, (ii) experiments now being conducted by a few groups to determine the source strengths of cosmic ray slow neutrons, and nuclide production rates in cosmic ray exposed targets, and finally (iii) the emergence of better nuclear codes which deal with the development of nucleonic cascades in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The Poetics of Electrosonic Presence: Recorded Music and the Materiality of Sound

The properties and possibilities of music recordings remain surprisingly undertheorized despite recorded music’s ubiquity in contemporary musical life and the increasing attention technologically mediated musics have received from researchers in a variety of disciplines. In this essay, I propose that by taking recordings seriously as cultural objects and abandoning assumptions about their “inauthenticity”, we can gain new insights into the multiple roles music plays in social life. Three basic questions structure what follows: 1. What is the nature of recorded music? 2. What does it do? 3. Why do people buy it? The first question will be examined in the most detail, and will lead us to a consideration of musical sound itself as a semiotic/sensible phenomenon. Addressing the second question will occasion a discussion of how the recording and playback of musical sound transforms listening experiences and reconfigures social space, and answering the third question will involve a necessarily incomplete and exploratory investigation of the use values recorded music offers to consumers, accompanied by a rethinking of our current understandings of musical pleasure. I will argue throughout that the products of music recording technologies should not be evaluated according to their “truthfidness” as mimetic representations of live musical performances, but as specialized cultural objects in their own right. As will become clear, implementing this view entails devising new analytical tools and re-examining received wisdom on the possible meanings of musical commodities.
Topical delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) by 3-alkylcarbonyl-5-Fu prodrugs

The solubilities in isopropyl myristate (SIPM) and pH 4.0 buffer (SAQ) and the partition coefficients between IPM and pH 4.0 buffer (KIPM:AQ) have been measured for a series of 3-alkylcarbonyl-5-fluorouracil prodrugs (3-AC-5-FU). The 3-AC-5-FU prodrugs were all 100 times more soluble in IPM and the first two members of the series were also more soluble in pH 4.0 buffer than 5-FU. The abilities of the 3-AC-5-FU prodrugs to deliver total 5-FU species through hairless mouse skin from IPM suspensions (Ji) were also measured. The 3-propionyl derivative 3, which exhibited the highest SAQ in the series, gave the highest Ji value. The SIPM, SAQ and molecular weights (mw) of the 3-AC-5-FU series correctly predicted the rank order and very closely (0.10 log units) predicted the absolute values for logJi using the transformed Potts-Guy equation. Although the series of 3-AC-5-FU prodrugs was generally quite effective at increasing Ji (2-20 times), the best 3-AC-5-FU prodrug was not as effective as the best 1-alkylcarbonyl-5-FU prodrug (1-AC-5-FU) at increasing Ji and the ability of the 3-AC-5-FU prodrugs to increase the concentration of total 5-FU species in the skin was 2-5 times less than the 1-AC-5-FU prodrugs. Thus, the 1-AC-5-FU prodrugs remain as the best prodrugs with which to enhance the topical delivery of 5-FU.
Benzodiazepine and β -adrenergic receptor ligands independently stimulate phospholipid methylation

The stepwise methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by two methyltransferase synthesises phosphatidylcholine in membranes1. Although the CDP-choline pathway is the major route for phosphatidylcholine synthesis, recent work in our laboratory has found that the methylation pathway is metabolically highly active. The phospholipid methyltransferases, their substrates and their products are asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane. Methyltransferase I, located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to phosphatidylethanolamine to form phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine. Methyltransferase II, on the exterior surface of the bilayer, catalyses two additional N-methylations to form phosphatidylcholine. The asymmetric distribution of methyltransferases results in the synthesis and translocation of phosphatidylcholine to the exterior bilayer surface2. The synthesis and translocation of methylated phos-pholipid affects many membrane events, such as fluidity3, coupling of the β-adrenergic receptor with adenylate cyclase4, the number of β-adrenergic receptors5, Ca2+-ATPase activity6, leukocyte chemotaxis7, mast cell histamine secretion8 and lymphocyte mitogenesis9. We now report that stimulation of a benzodiazepine receptor with anti-anxiety benzodiazepines, and stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor with β-agonists, increase phospholipid methylation in C6 astrocytoma cells. Furthermore, simultaneous addition of benzodiazepine and β-adrenergic agonists increases methylation in an additive manner.
cDNA Cloning of Three New Forms of Rat Brain Cytochrome P450 Belonging to the CYP4F Subfamily

Three cDNA clones, designated 4f-8, 4f-34 and 4f-41, coding for three new forms of cytochrome P450 belonging to the CYP4F subfamily were isolated from an untreated rat brain cDNA library. cDNA 4f-8, 4f-34 and 4f-41 coded for proteins of 522, 526 and 537 amino acids, respectively, and their amino acid sequence similarity to CYP4F1 ranged from 71 to 80%. These new P450s were thus named CYP4F4, 4F5 and 4F6, respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of these forms of P450 in the brain were somewhat low and that similar forms of subfamily 4F P450 were expressed in liver and kidney at a relatively high level compared with brain. No CYP4A expression was detected by Northern blot analysis in untreated rat brain mRNA. All three clones were in vitro-translatable using a reticulocyte lysate system. These results show that multiple forms of subfamily 4F P450 exist in the brain and that the subfamily 4F P450 may be one of the major forms of P450 in the brain.
Human Universals and Understanding A Different Socioculture

historically constituted, and a recognition that many previously alleged universals were over generalized facets of Western life and culture. Although these attitudes and ideas have neither run their course nor spent their useful? ness, intellectual developments over the past decade make it auspicious to bring universals back on center stage. One relevant change is a new openness to the existence of human universals, wrought by developments in such fields as evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, and their combination, for example, evolutionary psychology. The greater cogency of some current theories in the universalistic disciplines of biology and psychology ? in comparison with predecessors ? renders the ex? istence of universals more plausible. Enhancing the opportuneness of attend? ing to universals in relation, particularly, to understanding other sociocultures is the provocative character of the general picture that emerges from the con? vergence of these developments, namely, that because of a shared evolution? ary past, humans possess an identical modular mind, whose components are responsible for universal as well as variable behaviors and features of social life. A second pertinent large-scale change is the ever more pervasive convic? tion that the basic issues posed by understanding "foreign" cultures do not differ in principle from those posed by understanding members of one's own culture whose behavior is baffling, opaque, or alien. This change arises, among other things, from the supersession of the conception of societies and cultures as distinct, unified islands by the conception of them as pragmatic demarca? tions of large-scale units within a complex and fluid field of practices, dis? courses, and institutions. On this new conception, people from a given unit might engage in practices etc. whose unintelligibility to other members ofthat