cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signaling pathway prediction by path frequency in protein-protein interaction networks

A signaling pathway, which is represented as a chain of interacting proteins for a biological process, can be predicted from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. However, pathway prediction is computationally challenging because of (1) inefficiency in searching all possible paths from the large-scale PPI networks and (2) unreliability of current PPI data generated by automated high-throughput methods. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to efficiently predict signaling pathways from PPI networks when a starting protein (source) and an ending protein (target) are given. Our approach is a combination of topological analysis of the networks and ontological analysis of interacting proteins. Starting from the source, this method repeatedly extends the list of proteins to form a pathway based on the improved support model (iSup). This model integrates (1) the frequency of the paths towards the target and (2) the semantic similarity between each adjacent pair in a pathway. The path frequency is computed by a heuristic data-mining technique to determine the most frequent paths towards the target in a PPI network. The semantic similarity is measured by the distance of the information contents of Gene Ontology (GO) terms annotating interacting proteins. To further improve computational efficiency, we propose two additional strategies: filtering the PPI networks and precomputing approximate path frequency. The experiment with the yeast PPI data demonstrates that our approach predicted MAPK signaling pathways with higher accuracy and efficiency than other existing methods.
The European Community: Sources of Information for 1992

Beginning an article with a chronology stresses the importance of the past to the topic at hand. In the case of the information resources of the European Community, it is intended to dispel the idea that the information impact of 1992 will be made in 1992.
Chiral Platinum Duphos Terminal Phosphido Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, Phosphido Transfer, and Ligand Behavior

Treatment of Pt halide precursors with the secondary phosphine PHMe(Is) in the presence of the base NaOSiMe3 gave the terminal phosphido complexes Pt(Duphos)(Ph)(PMeIs) (Is = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2, Dup...
The voice of the documentary filmmaker

Summary form only given. Donald Rumsfeld famously identified three classes of knowledge: known knowns, known unknowns and unknown unknowns. The three knowledge classes map surprisingly well onto requirements knowledge but are all outside the scope of this panel. Our focus is on what Rumsfeld missed: unknown knowns. In RE terms, an unknown known is knowledge that a person (say, a customer) holds, but which they withhold (say, from a requirements analyst). They may withhold the knowledge deliberately for some perceived personal advantage. They may withhold it accidentally, perhaps not realizing the value of their knowledge. They may strive to share the knowledge but end up withholding it because they are unable to articulate it. Or it may be knowledge they don't even realize they hold. In each case, the unknown known fits at least one of several definitions that exist of tacit knowledge (TK).
Patterns of X chromosome inactivation in the rett syndrome

The Rett syndrome (RS) is a degenerative neurological disorder occurring exclusively in young females. The disorder is sporadic in the majority of the cases, however a few familial cases with inheritance through maternal lines have been identified. Based on these observations the condition could be due to an X chromosome mutation which is lethal in males. To explain the familial cases, a hypothesis of possible non-random X inactivation is proposed. To investigate the possibility of non-random X chromosome inactivation in RS, we carried out analysis using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and methylation sensitive enzymes at the PGK and HPRT loci. The results show that there is increased incidence of non-random X chromosome inactivation in peripheral blood leukocytes in sporadic RS patient (36%), as compared to healthy controls (8%). Using brain tissue from three patients, only a random pattern was detected, although varying degrees of skewing were detected in the peripheral tissues of these patients. Analysis of leukocyte DNA from a mother of two affected half-sisters revealed non-random X chromosome inactivation suggesting a possible selection against RS allele. Additional familial cases of RS should be evaluated to determine if this observation is common to all female carriers. If non-random X chromosome inactivation occurs in all the putative "carriers," this would be the first evidence to support the hypothesis of an X linked mutation which is lethal in males.
Hydrosilylation Catalysis by C2-Symmetric Bis(silylamido) Complexes of Yttrium

The yttrium hydride {[DADMB]YH(THF)}2 (2; DADMB = 2,2‘-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilylamido)-6,6‘-dimethylbiphenyl), conveniently generated in situ from [DADMB]YMe(THF)2 (1), is an active olefin hydrosilylation catalyst. This system represents the first use of a d0 metal complex with non-Cp ligands in the catalytic hydrosilylation of olefins. Studies of the reactivity and regio- and enantioselectivity for various olefins and silanes are presented. High preference for terminal addition in the case of aliphatic olefins is observed, while aromatic olefins exhibit preference for 2,1-addition. Both primary and secondary silanes have been employed. Preliminary studies of the enantioselectivity of the chiral catalyst show that 90% ee can be achieved in the hydrosilylation of norbornene with PhSiH3. Kinetic studies support a mechanism consistent with the generally accepted one for hydrosilylation catalyzed by early transition metal species, involving rapid olefin insertion into a Y−H bond followed by a Si−C bond-form...
Research Note: Penetration of Ozone Gas Across the Shell of Hen Eggs

Increasing evidence indicates that ozone gas is effective against Salmonella on and within shell eggs. However, information on the penetration of ozone across egg shell is limited. In this study, whole hen egg shells, filled with indigotrisulfonate solution (OD600 ∼1), were exposed to ozone gas (12–14% wt/wt O3 in O2) at 1.5 liters/min and atmospheric pressure for ≤ 40 min with appropriate controls. Ozone penetrated the shells over time (r2 = 0.9974) causing indigo decoloration and increasing its transmittance from 16 to 28% after gas exposure for 40 min. This study confirms ozone penetration through egg shell using a simple qualitative technique.
A Tetrahedron Method for Doubly Constrained Brillouin Zone Integrals Application to Silicon Optic Phonon Decay

Integrals over the Brillouin zone with two delta-functions are considered. Such integrals are constrained to the intersection of two different constant energy surfaces. Following the discussion by Lehmann and Taut for the case of one delta-function, the tetrahedron method is shown to yield simple analytic results when the energies and weight functions are linearly interpolated throughout a small tetrahedron. The method is illustrated with a calculation of the density of available two-phonon decay channels of the Q = O optic phonon of Si. Integrale uber der Brillouinzone mit zwei Deltafunktionen werden betrachtet. Diese Integrale werden begrenzt auf den Schnitt zweier verschiedener Flachen konstanter Energie. Der Diskussion von Lehmann und Taut fur den Fall einer Deltafunktion folgend, wird gezeigt, das die Tetraeder-methode einfache analytische Ergebnisse liefert, wenn die Energien und Gewichtsfunktionen linear mit einem kleinen Tetraeder interpoliert werden. Die Methode wird mit einer Berechnung der Dichte der verfugbaren Zwei-Phononen-Zerfallskanale des optischen Phonons mit Q = O von Si erlautert.
An inexpensive integrated circuit intracranial stimulator

An Intracranial stimulation unit which offers precise control of stimulus duration. frequency, and current IS de~cribed. The.uni~ generates a square wave stimulus output utilizing very inexpensive, easily constructed integrated circuitry.
Optics: the next generation (Keynote Address)

A brief summary is given of each of the 66 papers presented in the eight sessions at Optical Engineering Midwest 1992 held on March 19, 1992 at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. Each session is also related to some national topical issue.
Surface-Localized Protein Antigens of Group B Streptococci

There are three major surface-localized protein antigens of group B streptococci: c, R, and X. Their precise role in human immunity to group B streptococci has not been defined. Studies of the c protein suggested that type II strains possessing both trypsin-resistant and trypsin-sensitive components of the c protein were less easily killed in vitro and were more virulent in an infant rat model of infection as compared with type II strains that do not bear these proteins. The c protein components were immunogenic in mice and rabbits. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were protective in the infant rat model of bacteremia/sepsis and facilitated killing of type II strains bearing the c protein in an in vitro opsonophagocytic bacterial killing assay. The role of the IgA-binding capacity of the c protein in altering the interaction of group B streptococcal strains with host defenses remains undefined at this time.
Cover Crop Use for Managing Broiler Litter Applied in the Fall

Increasing interest of using broiler litter in the fall for row crops has implications for leaching losses of nutrients, particularly N. Any cultural practice that prevents nutrient losses could be agronomically beneficial and improve soil fertility. A field study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 on Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts) soil to evaluate the impacts of a winter rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop and broiler litter timing on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield, yield components and leaching loss of NO 3 -N. Broiler litter was applied to the soil at the rates of 0, 4.5, 9, and 13.4 Mg ha -1 in the fall and spring for both cover and no cover crop and incorporated immediately. Winter rye cover crop was planted following broiler litter application in the fall. Averaged across cropping system and broiler litter timing, cotton lint yield and yield components increased with increasing broiler litter application. Application of broiler litter at a rate >9 Mg ha -1 was not advantageous and exceeded N need for optimum lint yield as evidenced by increasing postharvest NO 3 -N in the soil profile. In the absence of cover crop and averaged across litter rates, spring-applied broiler litter had the best agronomic response and increased lint yield by 19 and 18% compared with fall-applied litter in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Seeding a winter rye cover crop to fall-applied broiler litter did not benefit cotton lint yield and yield components but substantially reduced leaching loss of NO 3 -N.
Howe pairs in the theory of vertex algebras

Abstract For any vertex algebra V and any subalgebra A ⊂ V , there is a new subalgebra of V known as the commutant of A in V . This construction was introduced by Frenkel–Zhu, and is a generalization of an earlier construction due to Kac–Peterson and Goddard–Kent–Olive known as the coset construction. In this paper, we interpret the commutant as a vertex algebra notion of invariant theory. We present an approach to describing commutant algebras in an appropriate category of vertex algebras by reducing the problem to a question in commutative algebra. We give an interesting example of a Howe pair (i.e., a pair of mutual commutants) in the vertex algebra setting.
Single doses of acrylamide reduce retrograde transport velocity.

Abstract: Single doses of acrylamide (0–1.3 mmol/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the transport of 125I-tetanus toxin to the perikarya of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and motor neurons in ventral spinal cord. Acrylamide was a more potent inhibitor of retrograde transport in sensory axons than in motor axons. Substantially greater doses of N,N′-methylene-bis-acryl-amide, a reportedly non-neurotoxic analog of acrylamide, were required to alter the axonal transport of 125I-tetanus toxin. Velocity of retrograde transport was assessed by determining the position of the leading edge of transported125I-tetanus toxin at times following single doses of acrylamide. Acrylamide reduced the velocity of 125I-tetanus toxin transport in a dose-dependent manner by up to 75%. No change in neuronal uptake of 125I-tet-anus toxin was detected. It is concluded that single doses of acrylamide produce profound alterations in retrograde transport which precede the appearance of structural changes in affected nerve fibers.
Calcium Condensed LABL-TAT Complexes Effectively Target Gene Delivery to ICAM-1 Expressing Cells

Targeted gene delivery using nonviral vectors is a highly touted scheme to reduce the potential for toxic or immunological side effects by reducing dose. In previous reports, TAT polyplexes with DNA have shown relatively poor gene delivery. The transfection efficiency has been enhanced by condensing TAT/DNA complexes to a small particle size using calcium. To explore the targetability of these condensed TAT complexes, LABL peptide targeting intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was conjugated to TAT peptide using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer. PEGylation reduced the transfection efficiency of TAT, but TAT complexes targeting ICAM-1 expressing cells regained much of the lost transfection efficiency. Targeted block peptides properly formulated with calcium offer promise for gene delivery to ICAM-1 expressing cells at sites of injury or inflammation.
The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Journal

Cameron, the University Librarian, takes note of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Journal and how it has become the Library's "chief means of communication" with people interested in the Library. Since articles are based on the holdings of the Library, the Journal helps the friends of the library to become aware of "the diversity and rarity of many of our prossessions."
Modeling Audience Interactivity as the Gratification-Seeking Process in Online Newspapers

This study introduced the concept of “audience interactivity,” a compound feature-oriented construct that subsumes medium and human interactivity in the context of online newspapers. By examining the relationships between the motives, audience interactivity, gratifications obtained (GO), attitude toward the online newspaper, and repeat visit intention, this study established “audience interactivity” as an intervening factor in the gratification-seeking process. Four primary gratification-seeking motives were identified, and each motive had distinctive effect on two subdimensions of audience interactivity (i.e., medium vs. human interactivity). In turn, medium and human interactivity had effects on one or more dimensions of GO, which contributed to shaping attitude toward the online newspaper and repeat visit intention. Some limitations and practical implications are discussed.
Pollution ranking of new technologies

A method for estimating the pollution cost to society is presented that should help evaluate the relative societal benefit of new technologies. Thus, for every new process that is developed, one must factor in environmental costs to arrive at more realistic product costs. All new technologies should be compared on such a basis to arrive at the most competitive alternative. The method is illustrated with a new coal-burning power plant where reduction of SO2 emissions results in a reduction of the societal cost of electricity by 50%. The relative cost of electricity without SO2 control is 4.1c/kWh, and the cost of electricity with SO2 scrubbing is 4.2c/kWh. The implication is that it pays for a utility to scrub SO2 because it will avoid societal costs in the long run. Had the two numbers been very different, prudent management could then question the merits of either alternative.
Mothers' Emotions and Behavioral Support During Interactions with Toddlers: The Role of Child Temperament

This article examines mothers' support for children's interests and, specifically, emotional processes in mothers that may explain why they display different levels of support with children of different temperaments. We observed 114 mothers and their 14–27 month-old children during a laboratory interaction. Mothers rated children on three dimensions of temperament: activity, anger proneness, and social fearfulness. As expected, activity predicted mothers' anger, disappointment, and low support for children's interests. Social fearfulness predicted mothers' worry, low anger, low disappointment, and high support for children's interests. Mediational tests verified that (1) mothers' emotions often mediated the relation of child temperament to mothers' supportive behavior, and (2) children's compliance often mediated the relation of child temperament to mothers' emotions. Mothers tended to report negative emotion and to display relatively unsupportive behavior with children whose temperaments corresponded to attributes considered relatively undesirable for their sex.
Cation-induced organization changes in a lipid bilayer model membrane.

Abstract Cation-induced changes in organization of the lipids in a bilayer model membrane were monitored using a spin label probe. The degree of organization of the lipids was found to be dependent on the concentration and valence of the cation as well as upon the presence of a net negative charge on the lipids. These results suggest that the influence of inorganic cations on biological membranes can take place via ion-induced organizational changes in the lipids.
Diffraction Patterns Produced by Surfaces in Sunlight

THE reflection of sunlight from various surfaces, including those of finger nails, skin, paper, wood, plant leaves, and glass slides covered with thin films of dried blood, produces mosaic-like varicoloured patterns which yield to the unaided eye an impression of the presence of many small but discrete coloured granular particles. The coloured mosaics are particularly brilliant when the surfaces are viewed near grazing incidence, although in some instances the effect is clearly evident from other angles. Such patterns are not evident on the polished surface of glass. The optical irregularity of the former surfaces is commonly evident to the unaided eye only by the generalized cloudiness or haziness. The mosaic pattern is readily seen when the reflecting surface, adjusted to an appropriate angle, is placed at a distance of approximately four to fourteen inches from the eye. At greater distances the detail of design is lost. At lesser distances the chromogenic features are not apparent. An illusion of flow of the coloured 'particles' is produced by slight tilting of the surface while under observation. It thus appears as if different groups of surface projections come into play with a resultant rearrangement of the coloured spots.
Basilar membrane vibrations near the round window of the gerbil cochlea

Using a laser velocimeter, responses to tones were measured at a basilar membrane site located about 1.2 mm from the extreme basal end of the gerbil cochlea. In two exceptional cochleae in which function was only moderately disrupted by surgical preparations, basilar membrane responses had characteristic frequencies (CFs) of 34–37 kHz and exhibited a CF-specific compressive nonlinearity: Sensitivity near the CF decreased systematically and the response peaks shifted toward lower frequencies with increasing stimulus level. Response phases also changed with increases in stimulus level, exhibiting small relative lags and leads at frequencies just lower and higher than CF, respectively. Basilar membrane responses to low-level CF tones exceeded the magnitude of stapes vibrations by 54–56 dB. Response phases led stapes vibrations by about 90° at low stimulus frequencies; at higher frequencies, basilar membrane responses increasingly lagged stapes vibration, accumulating 1.5 periods of phase lag at CF. Postmortem, nonlinearities were abolished and responses peaked at ~0.5 octave below CF, with phases which lagged and led in vivo responses at frequencies lower and higher than CF, respectively. In conclusion, basilar membrane responses near the round window of the gerbil cochlea closely resemble those for other basal cochlear sites in gerbil and other species.
Economic openness, policy uncertainty, and the dynamics of government support

Abstract Does globalization affect popular support for national governments? This article contends that exposure to the world economy obscures mass–elite linkages in developed democracies. Market interdependence, I argue, sends a signal to citizens that the policymaking environment has become more complex. As a consequence, publics are less certain of how to evaluate policymaker performance when exposure to the world economy increases. Informed by research on the role of uncertainty in public evaluations, I test this proposition by modeling the volatility of aggregate government popularity as a function of economic openness in four advanced industrial democracies. Results show that globalization increases the volatility—and, hence, the uncertainty—of public assessments of government performance. The implications for the political economy of advanced capitalist democracies and for models of collective public opinion are discussed.
Cerebral Responses to Maternal Cocaine Injection in Immature Fetal Sheep

ABSTRACT: Previous studies in near-term sheep have shown that maternal cocaine injection causes acute fetal cerebral vasodilation along with transient hypoxemia and hypertension. Preterm sheep fetuses have lower cerebral O2 consumption (CMRo2) and their cerebrovascular responses to hypoxemia are attenuated compared with near-term fetuses. We therefore tested the hypothesis that fetal cerebrovascular responses to maternal cocaine injection may also differ earlier in gestation. We studied nine immature fetal sheep at 0.65 gestation using the same experimental protocol we used in previous studies in near-term sheep. Fetal studies were done in utero, 2 d after vascular catheter placement. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) using microspheres, arterial and sagittal sinus O2 content, and cocaine concentrations. We calculated cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) as mean arterial blood pressure + CBF. Measurements were made before and 2, 5, and 15 min after a 2 mg/kg maternal cocaine injection. At 2 mm, fetal Cao2 decreased (18 ± 6%, mean ± SEM), and there was cerebral vasoconstriction (CVR increased by 22 ± 5%). At 5 min, CBF increased (19 ± 9%), but because blood pressure increased also, CVR returned to baseline, and therefore there was no vasodilation compared with baseline. Furthermore, at 5 min there was a 22 ± 6% decrease in Cao2 and a 21 ± 6% increase in mean arterial blood pressure. There were no changes in CMRo2 throughout the study, but at 2 min, cerebral O2 delivery decreased. Differences in cerebrovascular responses to maternal cocaine injection earlier in gestation may be due to differences in vascular development and/or to developmental differences in responses to cocaine, cocaine metabolites, and/or to hypoxemia.
Alternative mode of binding to phosphotyrosyl peptides by Src homology-2 domains.

Src homology-2 (SH2) domains recognize specific phosphotyrosyl (pY) proteins and promote protein-protein interactions. In their classical binding mode, the SH2 domain makes specific contacts with the pY residue and the three residues immediately C-terminal to the pY, although for a few SH2 domains, residues N-terminal to pY have recently been shown to also contribute to the overall binding affinity and specificity. In this work, the ability of an SH2 domain to bind to the N-terminal side of pY has been systematically examined. A pY peptide library containing completely randomized residues at positions -5 to -1 (relative to pY, which is position 0) was synthesized on TentaGel resin and screened against the four SH2 domains of phosphatases SHP-I and SHP-2. Positive beads that carry high-affinity ligands of the SH2 domains were identified using an enzyme-linked assay, and the peptides were sequenced by partial Edman degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The N-terminal SH2 domain of SHP-2 binds specifically to peptides of the consensus sequence (H/F)XVX-(T/S/A)pY. Further binding studies with individually synthesized pY peptides show that pY and the five residues N-terminal to pY, but not any of the C-terminal residues, are important for binding. The other three SH2 domains also bound to the library beads, albeit more weakly, and the selected peptides did not show any clear consensus. These results demonstrate that at least some SH2 domains can bind to pY peptides in an alternative mode by recognizing only the residues N-terminal to pY.
Axonal transport in the efferent pathways of the hippocampus: Labeling of projection areas after [3Hvaline injections

Abstract [ 3 HValine was injected into the medial and lateral CAI of the dorsal hippocampus and the radioactivity accumulated in areas of some of its efferent projections was measured by scintillation counting. The labeling of the septum, thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus mammillare, preoptic area and basal telencephalon significantly exceeded the corresponding background activities. Fimbria transection before [ 3 Hvaline injection reduced the labeling of these areas to background levels. Differences were observed between medial and more lateral CAI injection sites in the distribution of 3 H label among projection areas. The dynamics of axonal transport were studied in 4 of these projection areas: septum, thalamus, hypothalamus and corpus mammillare. A rapidly moving wave of radioactivity began to arrive in all areas 1–3 h after injection. The rate was roughly estimated to be around 100 mm/day in the fibers projecting to the corpus mammillare after injections into the medial CAI. When the brain areas were fractionated into crude nuclear, mitochondrial-synaptosomal and microsomal fractions, projection areas were found to contain more label per milligram of protein in the mitochondrial-synaptosomal fraction than control areas.
Rates of defect production by fission neutrons in metals at 4.7 K

Abstract As part of an interlaboratory program, we have measured the resistivity-damage rates at 4.7 K for the dilute alloys, V-300 ppm Zr, Nb-300 ppm Zr, and Mo-300 ppm Zr, irradiated by virtually unmoderated fission neutrons. In addition, Al, Ni, Cu, and stainless steel have also been measured to provide a broader data base for comparison with other experimental work using a variety of neutron spectra and with defect-production theory. A broad view of the results shows that the ratio of experimentally to theoretically determined production rates (damage efficiencies) for various fast-neutron spectra ranges from about 0.25 to 0.50. On the other hand, for a given element various neutron-energy spectra peaked from 1 to 15 MeV give variations in damage-efficiency values of only 7–30%.
Seizure intensity in the mongolian gerbil after prolonged phenobarbital administration

Abstract Seizure intensity in the gerbil was monitored in the 7-month period after prolonged phenobarbital administration. Phenobarbital (60 μg/g daily) resulted in a 40% increase in seizure intensity during the 7 months that followed termination of treatment. Smaller doses and shorter durations of administration produced lesser effects.
Behavioral assessment of acute inhibition of system xc (-) in rats.

Gaps in our understanding of glutamatergic signaling may be key obstacles in accurately modeling complex CNS diseases. System xc - is an example of a poorly understood component of glutamate homeostasis that has the potential to contribute to CNS diseases. This study aims to determine whether system xc - contributes to behaviors used to model features of CNS disease states. In situ hybridization was used to map mRNA expression of xCT throughout the brain. Microdialysis in the prefrontal cortex was used to sample extracellular glutamate levels; HPLC was used to measure extracellular glutamate and tissue glutathione concentrations. Acute administration of sulfasalazine (8–16 mg/kg, IP) was used to decrease system xc - activity. Behavior was measured using attentional set shifting, elevated plus maze, open-field maze, Porsolt swim test, and social interaction paradigm. The expression of xCT mRNA was detected throughout the brain, with high expression in several structures including the basolateral amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Doses of sulfasalazine that produced a reduction in extracellular glutamate levels were identified and subsequently used in the behavioral experiments. Sulfasalazine impaired performance in attentional set shifting and reduced the amount of time spent in an open arm of an elevated plus maze and the center of an open-field maze without altering behavior in a Porsolt swim test, total distance moved in an open-field maze, or social interaction. The widespread distribution of system xc - and involvement in a growing list of behaviors suggests that this form of nonvesicular glutamate release is a key component of excitatory signaling.
Legitimating Power: The Domestic Politics of U.S. International Hierarchy

The United States has maintained international hierarchies over the Western Hemisphere for more than a century and over Western Europe for nearly seven decades. More recently, it has extended similar hierarchies over states in the Middle East. How does the United States exercise authority over other countries? In a world of juridically sovereign states, how is U.S. rule rendered legitimate? Hierarchy has interstate and intrastate distributional consequences for domestic ruling coalitions and regime types. When the gains from hierarchy are large or when subordinate societies share policy preferences similar to those of the United States, as in Europe, international hierarchy is possible and compatible with democracy. When the gains from hierarchy are small and the median citizen has policy preferences distant from those of the United States, as in Central America, international hierarchy requires autocracy, and the benefits of foreign rule will be concentrated within the governing elite. In the Middle East, the gains from hierarchy also appear small, and policy preferences are distant from those of the United States. As a result, the United States has backed sympathetic authoritarian rulers. Although a global counterinsurgency strategy might be viable over the long term, the costs of establishing effective hierarchies in the region imply that the United States is better off retrenching “East of Suez.”
Racial Differences in Anthropometric Measures and Dietary Intake of College Students

Author(s): T. Tench, O. Brown, C. Byrd-Bredbenner, S. Colby, G. Greene, M. Koenings, S. Hoerr, T. Horacek, T. Kidd, J. Morrell, M. Olfert, B. Phillips, K. Shelnutt, A. White, K. Kattelmann; Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV, Tuskegee Univ., Tuskegee, AL, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME, South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD
An IDA algorithm for optimal spare allocation

A new algorithm for the Optimal Spare Allocation problem in reconfigurable arrays is presented. It is based on a previously published branch and bound search method [4]. Enhanced with a strong heuristic function, it yields an effective A∗ search, which performs more efficiently in the iterative deepening implementation (IDA∗). A parallel implementation of the algorithm for a distributed shared memory machine using TreadMarks was used for evaluation. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the scheme and show how computationally intensive problems can be handled by appropriate domain heuristics and cooperative distributed computational power. 1 The Optimal Spare Allocation Problem The Optimal Spare Allocation (OSA) problem (or equivalently Vertex Cover in Bipartite Graphs) [4] is an NP-HARD problem arising in fault tolerant computing. It deals with the optimal allocation of spare rows and columns over a two-dimensional array of cells where some cells are faulty. The cells can be processors, memory units or VLSI components in practical applications. A number of spare rows and a number of spare columns are given, with two costs associated to spare rows and columns respectively. One spare row (column) can replace any row (column) in the array, repairing all the faulty cells along this row (column). The purpose is to repair all the faulty cells using spares, with the minimum possible overall cost. The sample instance [4] given below, consists of a (10×10) array with 12 faulty cells. There are 3 spare rows with a cost of 8 associated to each one of them and 3 spare columns with a cost of 15 associated to each one of them. An optimal solution with a cost of 39 would include the spare row allocations {4, 2, 8} and the spare column allocation {9}. ∗Currently with the Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; Email: mgl@cs.duke.edu. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 X X X 3 4 X X X X X 5 6 7 8 X X X 9 10 X
Chief Student Affairs Officers in 2-Year Colleges: Their Demographics and Educational Backgrounds

The purpose of this study was to determine demographics and educational backgrounds of chief student affairs officers (CSAOs) in public 2-year colleges. Using systematic sampling techniques, 300 2-...
A family of supermodular Nash mechanisms implementing Lindahl allocations

We present a family of mechanisms which implement Lindahl allocations in Nash equilibrium. With quasilinear utility functions this family of mechanisms are supermodular games, which implies that they converge to Nash equilibrium under a wide class of learning dynamics.
Perceived alcohol stigma: factor structure and construct validation.

Introduction There has been an increasing interest in studying the stigma of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) yet scant research has evaluated the conceptualization and measurement of alcohol stigma. This study examined the measurement properties (i.e., factor structure) and validity of the alcohol-adapted Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination scale (PDD), which assesses the construct of perceived alcohol stigma (PAS). Methods Our sample included 34,386 respondents from the Wave 2 assessment in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a population-representative survey of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. Analytic procedures included confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results One-factor (perceived devaluation–discrimination) and 2-factor (perceived devaluation, perceived discrimination) confirmatory factor analytic models fit the data well (Comparative Fit Index = 0.958, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.942, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.056; Comparative Fit Index = 0.962, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.946, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.054; respectively) when adjusting for item wording effects with a latent method factor. Despite having a better fit to the data, χ2 (1) = 542, p < 0.0001, the 2 factors were highly correlated (r = 0.90), which led us to favor a 1-factor model. Structural equation models found that the inverse relationship between PAS and perceived interpersonal social support was strongest for persons with a stigmatized labeling status. The same was not true in analyses predicting social network involvement. Conclusions A 1-factor solution of PAS had superior parsimony. The alcohol-adapted PDD appears to be a psychometrically sound measure and exhibits relationships that are consistent with modified labeling theory.
An Analysis of University Rank and the Inclusion of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Nondiscrimination Policy Statements

This analysis investigates the association between nondiscrimination policy statements related to sexual orientation and gender identity and university rank. The nondiscriminatory statements included in the analysis are sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression, marital status, parental or familial status, and pregnancy. All but one university included sexual orientation in the policy. Only 26% included gender identity/expression. In all cases, the percentage of top 25 universities including each individual statement exceeded the percentage of those ranked below top 25. In addition, the top ranked universities included more statements in their policies than the lower ranked universities.
Accelerating HIV Infection with Cardiopulmonary Bypass—Case Reports

Five men patients and 1 woman patient who underwent either coronary artery bypass grafting (in 2) or valve replacement (in 3) or combined procedures (in 1) presented with severe HIV infection during the postoperative period. Four patients were NYHA Class III of IV with 3 patients in extremis requiring emergency procedures. All procedures were performed with cardiopulmonary bypass with mean time of 109 ± 48 minutes and aortic cross-clamp of 52 ± 49 minutes. Although the immediate postoperative courses seemed benign or uncomplicated, all presented with severe infections during the late postoperative period following their procedures (twenty-one to ninety days). The opportunistic infections were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (2), toxoplasmosis in the central nervous system and lung (1), cryptococcal meningitis (1), Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis (1), and viral encephalitis (1). Three died with two months of surgery.These complicated postoperative infections have raised the question of the safety of card...
Rapid preconditioning protects rats against ischemic neuronal damage after 3 but not 7 days of reperfusion following global cerebral ischemia

Earlier studies indicated that sublethal ischemic insults separated by many hours may "precondition" and, thereby, protect tissues from subsequent insults. In Wistar rats, we examined the hypothesis tht ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve histopathological outcome even if the "conditioning" and "test" ischemic insults are separated by only 30 min. Normothermic (36.5-37 degrees C) global cerebral ischemia was produced by bilateral carotid artery ligation after lowering mean systemic blood pressure. The conditioning ischemic insult lasted 2 min and was associated with a time sufficient to provoke "anoxic depolarization" (AD) (i.e., the abrupt maximal increase in extracellular potassium ion activity). After 30 min of reperfusion, 10-min test ischemia was produced, and histopathology was assessed 3 and 7 days later. After 3 days of reperfusion, neuroprotection was most robust in the left lateral, middle and medial subsections of the hippocampal CA1 subfield and in the cortex, where protection was 91, 76, 70 and 86%, respectively. IPC also protected the right lateral, middle and medial subsections of the hippocampal CA1 region. These data demonstrate that neuroprotection against acute neuronal injury can be achieved by conditioning insults followed by only short (30 min) periods of reperfusion. However, neuroprotection almost disappeared when reperfusion was continued for 7 days. When test ischemia was decreased to 7 min, a clear trend of neuroprotection by IPC was observed. These data suggest that subsequent rescue of neuronal populations could be achieved with better understanding of the neuroprotective mechanisms involved in this rapid IPC model.
Results and error analysis of a reference voxel normalization method for neutron computed tomography partial volume voxel water quantification

Abstract Although water quantification using neutron imaging has been successfully applied to water distribution studies of hydrogen-powered fuel cells, the technique produces two-dimensional images, which makes it difficult to determine the exact “depth” inside of an object where an imaged mass of water is located. In contrast, neutron computed tomography (NCT) is an imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction of an object’s interior geometry, allowing determination of a structure’s exact spatial location. In a reconstruction, determination of the fractional water masses present in partial volume voxels is required for an accurate quantification. Such a NCT partial volume voxel water quantification technique has been developed at The Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC). Several approaches with water-filled cylindrical aluminum samples were used to test the technique: MCNP simulations, samples 30 mm from the detector, and samples 140 mm from the detector. Quantification results were within 0.2% of the theoretical for the MCNP simulations and within 2% for the samples 30 mm from the detector. Significant error, as large as 47%, was seen with the samples 140 mm from the detector. Geometric un-sharpness was determined to be the dominant source of this error. Comparisons between capturing a full set of projections, called true-CT, and a single projection that is duplicated to approximate a full set, called pseudo-CT, were also performed. Results showed pseudo-CT well approximated true-CT, within 1%, for a sample with geometry simple enough that its attenuation map was the same for every viewing angle.
Quantitative Proteomic and Transcriptional Analysis of the Response to the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor SB203580 in Transformed Follicular Lymphoma Cells

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator of stress, extracellular-, growth factor-, and cytokine-induced signaling, and has been implicated in the development of cancer. Our previous work showed evidence for p38 MAPK activation in a subset of transformed follicular lymphomas (Elenitoba-Johnson et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 7259). We demonstrated that inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 resulted in dose- and time-dependent caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. In order to further elucidate the basis of the cellular effects of SB203580, we have employed a systems biologic approach involving cDNA microarray and quantitative proteomic analysis of transformed follicular lymphoma derived-cells (OCI Ly-1) treated with SB203580. Gene expression profiling revealed differential expression (≥1.5-fold) of 374 genes/ESTs in cells treated for 3 h and 515 genes/ESTs in cells treated for 21 h. The majority (52% at 3 h and 91% at 21 h) were down-regulated, including genes encoding growth cytokines, transcriptional regulators and cytoskeletal proteins. Quantitative proteomic analysis using ICAT-LC-MS/MS identified 277 differentially expressed proteins at 3 h and 350 proteins at 21 h of treatment with SB203580, the majority of which were also down-regulated. Analysis of functional groups of the differentially expressed proteins implicated components of diverse overlapping pathways including the IL-6/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, insulin-like growth factor 2/Ras/Raf, WNT8d/Frizzled, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, and nuclear factor κB. The differential phosphorylation status of selected kinase-active proteins was validated by Western blotting analysis. Our complementary genomic and proteomic approach reveal the global cellular consequences of SB203580 treatment and provide insights into its growth inhibitory effect on transformed follicular lymphoma cells.
Electronic resonance with anticorrelated pigment vibrations drives photosynthetic energy transfer outside the adiabatic framework

The delocalized, anticorrelated component of pigment vibrations can drive nonadiabatic electronic energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting antennas. In femtosecond experiments, this energy transfer mechanism leads to excitation of delocalized, anticorrelated vibrational wavepackets on the ground electronic state that exhibit not only 2D spectroscopic signatures attributed to electronic coherence and oscillatory quantum energy transport but also a cross-peak asymmetry not previously explained by theory. A number of antennas have electronic energy gaps matching a pigment vibrational frequency with a small vibrational coordinate change on electronic excitation. Such photosynthetic energy transfer steps resemble molecular internal conversion through a nested intermolecular funnel.
Soil stabilisation by cellulose xanthate

CELLULOSE XANTHATE is unusually effective in stabilising soil against attrition and deformation. At a concentration of about 0.1% in the soil it reduces erosion; at higher concentrations it can be used to bind soils to improve their mechanical strength. During an investigation of other uses for cellulose xanthate, we recently rediscovered its unusual interaction with soils. We describe here its formation and application in the laboratory, quantitatively compare it with several synthetic polymeric soil conditioners and suggest a mechanism for its action. With regard to the effectiveness of the xanthate soil treatment, its economy and the ready availability of agricultural waste cellulose, we hope to encourage further study of this interesting system.
The cognitive side of anxiety

Building from a differentiation of the dimensions of cognition (prepostions/content, operations, products, structures), a cognitive component model of anxiety is proposed and described. The model consists of the critical psychopathological features, common psychopathological features, and error variance. Cognitive distortions are differentiated from cognitive deficiencies. Specific critical features, such as schematic content and functioning, temporal distortions, and task-irrelevant thought, are described and are considered aspects of cognitive functioning relatively specific to anxiety. Common features, such as self-absorption, automatic processing, capacity limitations, and cognitive asymmetry, are also described but are considered aspects of dysfunctional cognition associated with anxiety as well as some other related psychopathologies. Questions requiring additional research are noted.
Corruption and Virtue at the Constitutional Convention

Advocates of a Lockean interpretation of the American founding have claimed that what is understood as classical or civic republicanism ceased to be an influence in American political thought by 1787. This study tests that assertion by way of a content analysis of Madison's notes of the Constitutional Convention, and focuses on the concepts and words "corruption" and "virtue." The findings presented here suggest that while the delegates to the Convention rarely relied upon or attempted to promote public or individual virtue in drafting the governing document, their fear of corruption with its classical republican symptoms of dependency, cabal, patronage, unwarranted influence, and bribery, did influence the crafting of a number of sections of the Constitution.