cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inducible expression of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II in rat ovary: gonadotropin regulation during luteal development.

Two members of the superfamily of small intracellular carrier proteins for lipophilic compounds are cellular retinoic acid-binding protein and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II [CRABP(II)]. CRABP is found in many adult tissues, whereas CRABP(II) is more restricted and is reported as abundant primarily in skin. Here we report a much greater expression of CRABP(II) in rat corpus luteum than in any other organ/tissue examined, including skin. A rat complementary DNA clone encoding CRABP(II) was isolated and the ovarian expression followed during gonadotropin induction of follicular development in the pseudopregnant rat. The pattern of rat CRABP(II) messenger RNA and protein expression correlated with the appearance of corpora lutea and the rise in progesterone production as the corpora lutea developed, and was similar to the induction of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that CRABP(II) appeared in luteal cells and was dramatically restricted to their cytop...
A stochastic model of superstardom: evidence from institutional investor's All-American Research Team

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the superstar phenomenon in the security analysis industry through an analysis of the probabilistic mechanism by which security analysts are selected for inclusion in Institutional Investor 's All-American Research Team (II AART). Specifically, we examine whether the statistical distribution of the number of first team appearances by security analysts conforms to the Yule distribution, which implies that luck rather than differential talent explains success. This is an important issue since an analyst's position on the AART is an important determinant of the individual's pay and reputation. Our research results reject the Yule distribution. Thus, consistent with previous empirical studies by Stickel [Stickel, S. E. (1992). Reputation and performance among security analysis. J Finance 47, 1811–1836; Stickel, S. E. (1995). The anatomy of the performance of buy/sell recommendations. Financ Anal J 51, 25–39] and Brown and Chen [Brown, L. D., & Chen, D.M. (1991). How good is the All-American Research Team in forecasting earnings. J Bus Forecast 9, 14–18], we find that selection to the AART can be attributed to skill rather than luck.
Abstract Interpretation From a Denotational-semantics Perspective

The basic principles of abstract interpretation are explained in terms of Scott-Strachey-style denotational semantics: abstract-domain creation is defined as the selection of a finite approximant in the inverse-limit construction of a Scott-domain. Abstracted computation functions are defined in terms of an embedding-projection pair extracted from the inverse-limit construction. The key notions of abstract-interpretation backwards and forwards completeness are explained in terms of topologically closed and continuous maps in a coarsened version of the Scott-topology. Finally, the inductive-definition format of a language's denotational semantics is used as the framework into which the abstracted domain and abstracted computation functions are inserted, thus defining the language's abstract interpretation.
Efficient computation of distance incorporated codon autocorrelation (DICA) score using fast Fourier transform

The availability of synonymous codons (codons that can translate the same amino acid into protein) enables a protein to be encoded by many different sequences of codons/tRNAs. Autocorrelation measures the reuse of a particular codon/tRNA in succession (instead of choosing a different synonymous one) during the translation of a protein sequence. Studies show that tRNA autocorrelation in a coding sequence has important effects on its translation speed. Two different metrics available in literature to measure autocorrelation are: TPI (tRNA pairing index) and DICA (Distance Incorporated Codon Autocorrelation). TPI measures autocorrelation in sequences by counting successive transitions of tRNA usage, without considering how far apart they are in the sequence, whereas DICA measures autocorrelation by weighing the positional distance between codons in addition to the number of transitions. It has been shown that DICA correlates better to gene expression speed than TPI due to its incorporation of distance in the measure. The naive algorithm to compute DICA score takes time quadratic in the sequence length n which can be very expensive for long amino acid sequences. This motivates us to propose a faster algorithm for computing DICA. In this paper we show how to transform the problem of computing DICA score of a given sequence of tRNAs to a polynomial multiplication problem, which can then be solved in O(n log n) time using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The asymptotic reduction of complexity can improve performance of DICA computation significantly, especially for long sequences.
Intra and postoperative outcome of adding clonidine to bupivacaine in infraorbital nerve block for young children undergoing cleft lip surgery.

Aims and Context: To evaluate the efficacy of adding clonidine to bupivacaine in bilateral infraorbital nerve block for hemodynamic changes, requirement of opioids, volatile agent, and muscle relaxants intraoperatively and relief of pain postoperatively . Setting and Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Methods: Fifty pediatric patients aged less than 24 months undergoing elective cleft lip repair were randomly allocated to two groups of 25 each. After tracheal intubation, group A received bilateral infraorbital nerve block with 1 ml solution of clonidine (1 μg/kg) and bupivacaine 0.25%, and group B received 1 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine. Hemodynamic parameters, intraoperative requirement of volatile anesthetic agent, muscle relaxant, and analgesic were recorded. Pain was assessed postoperatively using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale till the first rescue drug was given. Statistical Analysis: Two sample unpaired t-test and the correlation r test. Results: The duration of analgesia from the time of administration of block in group A was 667.72 ± 210.74 min compared to 558.48 ± 150.28 min in group B (P<0.05). Conclusion: Addition of clonidine as an adjunct to local anesthetic significantly decreased the requirement of other anesthetic drugs and significantly prolonged the duration of postoperative analgesia without any adverse effects.
Effects of cytokinins on the respiration of soybean callus tissue.

A technique which incorporates a brief blending step to disperse callus tissue into small clumps of cells was developed, and the effects of cytokinins on respiration of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merrill var. Acme) callus tissue prepared in this way were studied. Adenine alone did not affect respiration, but kinetin and zeatin showed effects correlating with their reported effects on growth of this tissue; after about 3 hours both hormones promoted respiration at concentrations which promote growth, while kinetin, but not zeatin, also exhibited inhibition at higher concentrations. Studies with 2,4-dinitrophenol led to the suggestion that although the respiration of this tissue is largely under the control of ATP levels, kinetin does not exert its control on respiration through effects on ATP levels or oxidative phosphorylation during the monitoring period. Further inhibitor and substrate studies provided evidence that the promotion of respiration by kinetin results from an increase in substrate entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle, perhaps by an effect on pyruvate metabolism. The inhibition of respiration by high concentrations of kinetin is partially due to effects on oxidative phosphorylation or ATP utilization, but 70% of the inhibition cannot be attributed to this.
Improved purification for thermophilic F1F0 ATP synthase using n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside

Here we report a fast, simple purification for thermophilic F1F0 ATP synthase (TF1F0) that utilizes a cocktail of stabilizing reagents and the detergent n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside to yield enzyme with an ATPase activity of 41 micromol/min/mg, 2.5-fold higher than that previously reported. ATPase activity was 80% inhibited by the F0-reactive reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, indicating that F1-F0 interactions were largely intact. To measure ATP-driven proton pumping activity, purified TF1F0 was incorporated into liposomes, and the ATP-induced change in internal pH was measured using the fluorescent probe pyranine. In the presence of valinomycin, a maximum ATP-driven deltapH of 0.8 units was obtained. To measure ATP synthesis activity, TF1F0 was incorporated into liposomes with the light-dependent proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Proteoliposomes were illuminated to generate an electrochemical gradient, after which ADP and inorganic phosphate were added to initiate ATP synthesis. A steady state ATP synthesis activity of 490 nmol/min/mg was achieved after an initial approximately 30-min lag phase.
Magnetic field effects during liquid-encapsulated Czochralski growth of doped photonic semiconductor crystals

During the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) process, a single compound semiconductor crystal such as indium phosphide or gallium antimonide is grown by the solidification of an initially molten semiconductor contained in a crucible. The motion of the electrically conducting molten semiconductor can be controlled with an externally applied magnetic field. This paper presents a model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the LEC process with a steady axial magnetic field. The convective species transport during growth produces significant segregation in both the melt and the crystal. Dopant distributions in the crystal and in the melt at several different stages during growth are presented.
Unpacking the Unfolded Protein Response

This year, the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award will be shared by Peter Walter and Kazutoshi Mori for discoveries revealing the molecular mechanism of the unfolded protein response, an intracellular quality control system that detects harmful misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and then signals the nucleus to carry out corrective measures.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of boron-containing polyamines as potential agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors.

New boron-containing spermidine/spermine (SPD/SPM) analogues have been synthesized: N5-[4-(2-aminoethyl-o-carboranyl)butyl] and N5-{4-[(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-o-carboranyl]butyl} SPD/SPM derivatives (ASPD-5, ASPM-5, DHSPD-5, and DHSPM-5) as well as N5-{[4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]methyl}spermidine (BBSPD-5). These boronated polyamines retain their ability to displace ethidium bromide from calf thymus DNA and are rapidly taken up in vitro by F98 rat glioma cells. The in vitro toxicities of ASPD-5, ASPM-5, DHSPD-5, and DHSPM-5 are lower than those previously reported for N5-[4-(o-carboranyl)butyl] SPD/SPM derivatives (SPD-5 and SPM-5) but similar to those of native SPD and SPM. Very low toxicity was also observed for BBSPD-5. In vivo studies of ASPD-5 and BBSPD-5 were performed in mice bearing intracerebral implants of the GL261 glioma and subcutaneous implants of the B16 melanoma. The biodistribution data found in both tumor models suggest that the polyamines synthesized to date do not appear to be suitable b...
The effect of red blood cell transfusion on intermittent hypoxemia in ELBW infants

To test the hypothesis that the effect of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on intermittent hypoxemia (IH) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants is dependent on postnatal age. Oxygen saturation of 130 ELBW infants, who required transfusion, was monitored continuously for the first 8 weeks of life. We compared the characteristics of IH (SpO2⩽80% for ⩾4 s and ⩽3 min), 24 h before and both 24 h and 24 to 48 h after each RBC transfusion at three distinct time periods: Epoch 1, 1 to 7 days; Epoch 2, 8 to 28 days; and Epoch 3, >28 days. In Epoch 1, the frequency and severity of IH events were not significantly different before and after transfusion. In both Epochs 2 and 3 there was a decrease in IH frequency and severity 24 h after RBC transfusion that persisted for 48 h. In addition, there was a decrease in the overall time spent with SpO2 ⩽80% which persisted for 24 h after transfusion in Epochs 1 and 3, and for 48 h in Epoch 3. The benefit of RBC transfusion on IH is age dependent as improvement in the frequency and severity of IH after transfusion only occurs beyond the first week of life. These observations will aid clinician’s decision making by clarifying the benefit of RBC transfusions on patterns of oxygenation in preterm infants.
Identification, Purification, and Characterization of the Rat Liver Golgi Membrane ATP Transporter

Phosphorylation of secretory and integral membrane proteins and of proteoglycans also occurs in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. ATP, the phosphate donor in these reactions, must first cross the Golgi membrane before it can serve as substrate. The existence of a specific ATP transporter in the Golgi membrane has been previously demonstrated in vitro using intact Golgi membrane vesicles from rat liver and mammary gland. We have now identified and purified the rat liver Golgi membrane ATP transporter. The transporter was purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of conventional ion exchange, dye color, and affinity chromatography. An approximately 70,000-fold purification (2% yield) was achieved starting from crude rat liver Golgi membranes. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa was identified as the putative transporter by a combination of column chromatography, photoaffinity labeling with an analog of ATP, and native functional size determination on a glycerol gradient. The purified transporter appears to exist as a homodimer within the Golgi membrane, and when reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine liposomes, was active in ATP but not nucleotide sugar or adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate transport. The transport activity was saturable with an apparent Km very similar to that of intact Golgi vesicles.
Calculation of the carrier concentration dependence of the Auger lifetime in degenerate n-type (Hg, Cd)Te

Abstract The Auger 1 lifetime expression for degenerate n -type (Hg 1−x Cd x )Te has been derived by replacing the Fermi-Dirac distribution functions for the pair of Auger collision electrons with step functions. The lifetime is calculated as a function of carrier concentration, n 0 for several values of energy gap and temperature using a non-parabolic band structure. We find that for strong degeneracy, the lifetime, τ Al suD varies as n 0 −γ where 0.7 ≲ γ ≲ 1 and that γ is dependent upon the energy gap. The relatively slow dependence of τ Al D upon n 0 , compared to the non-degenerate case ( τ Al ND ∼ 1 n 0 2 ) is due to the dependence of τ Al on the threshold energy which for the degenerate case is a linear function of the Fermi energy, hence, a function of n 0 .
Multithreaded algorithms for the fast Fourier transform

In this paper we present fine-grained multithreaded algorithms and implementations for the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) problem. The FFT problem has been formulated using two distinct approaches based on the dataflow concepts. The first approach, referred to as the receiver-initiated algorithm, realizes the FFAT iterations as a parent-child relationship while fully exploiting the underlying parallelism. The second approach, referred to as the sender-initiated algorithm, follows a data-flow model based on the producer-consumer style of programming and can be adopted to different architectural parameters for achieving high performance. The implementations of the proposed algorithms have been carried out on the EARTH (Efficient Architecture for Running THreads) platform. For both the algorithms, we analyze the ratio of remote vs local threads and study its impact on the experimental results. Our implementation results show that for certain block sizes on fixed problem size and machine size, the receiver-initiated approach performs better than the sender-initiated approach. For large number of processors, both the algorithms perform well, yielding execution times of only 10 msec for an input of 16 K data points on a 64 processor machine, assuming each processor running at 140 MHz clock speed.
Optimal operation of high-pressure homogenization for intracellular product recovery

An optimal control methodology for the homogenization of bacterial cells to recover intracellular products is presented. A Fluent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to quantify the hydrodynamic forces present in the homogenizer, and empirical models are used to relate these forces to experimentally obtained cell disruption and product recovery data. The optimal homogenizer operation, in terms of either constant cell breakage or maximum intracellular product recovery, is determined using these empirical models. We illustrate this methodology with an Escherichia coli bacterial system used to produce DNA plasmids. Homogenization is performed using an industrial APV-Gaulin high-pressure homogenizer. The modeling and optimization results for this E. coli-DNA plasmid system show good agreement with the experimental data.
STUDIES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY, ECOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR OF PEPSIS CERBERUS AND P. MEXICANA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE) FROM BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS

Abstract Studies were conducted on the biology and behavioral ecology of sympatric populations of spider wasps, Pepsis cerberus and P. mexicana from the Chihuahuan Desert. Females selectively hunt the theraphosid spider Aphonoplema steindachneri as their host. Adult body size was related to the size of the host spider that larval wasps fed upon. Mean body length and head capsule width for males and females of P. cerberus was 18.9 and 21.9 mm, respectively, as compared to 19.8 and 22.8 for P. mexicana . There were no significant interspecific differences in fecundity, and fecundity was related to female body size. Number of eggs in ovarioles ranged from 5 to 26 (P. cerberus) and 4 to 20 (P. mexicana). Mean values for length (mm), width (mm) and weight (mg) of eggs for P. cerberus were 4.25 mm, 1.31 mm, and 7.21 mg, as compared to 4.31, 1.23, and 7.14 for P. mexicana. Both species exhibited five larval instars (L1–L5). Under laboratory conditions (22 ± 0.5°C, 60–70% relative humidity), 1st-instar larvae of ...
Politics after Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico. By Richard Snyder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 268p. $60.00 cloth.

Richard Snyder's well-crafted study substantiates what most political scientists suspected all along: that neoliberal reforms lead to new institutions of market governance, rather than to unregulated markets. Snyder sheds light on this understudied topic by examining the reregulation of the coffee sector by four state governments after the Mexican government dismantled the Instituto Mexicano del Cafe (INMECAFE), the state-owned enterprise that dominated the coffee industry during the 1970s and 1980s. By the late 1980s, when deregulation began, INMECAFE was providing production supports, price controls, and government-managed marketing channels for nearly 200 thousand small coffee producers. Most of these producers were located among the poorest states in southern Mexico.
Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients

Background In 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause. Methods We reviewed the medical records of the organ donor and the recipients. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissues from the recipients were tested with a variety of assays and pathological stains for numerous causes of encephalitis. Samples from the recipients were also inoculated into mice. Results The organ donor had been healthy before having a subarachnoid hemorrhage that led to his death. Encephalitis developed in all four recipients within 30 days after transplantation and was accompanied by rapid neurologic deterioration characterized by agitated delirium, seizures, respiratory failure, and coma. They died an average of 13 days after the onset of neurologic symptoms. Mice inoculated with samples from the affected patients became ill seven to eight days later, and electron microscopy of central nervous system (CNS) tissue demonstrated rhabdovirus particles. Rabies-specific immunohistochemical and direct fluorescence antibody staining demonstrated rabies virus in multiple tissues from all recipients. Cytoplasmic inclusions consistent with Negri bodies were seen in CNS tissue from all recipients. Antibodies against rabies virus were present in three of the four recipients and the donor. The donor had told others of being bitten by a bat. Conclusions This report documenting the transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to multiple recipients underscores the challenges of preventing and detecting transmission of unusual pathogens through transplantation. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:1295–1297.)
Transition-state selectivity in the cracking of n-heptane over modified ZSM-5 catalysts

The rates of cracking of n-heptane on Ni-, Zn-, and H-ZSM-5 incorporated with a silica binder were in the order of Ni-ZSM-5 > Zn-ZSM-5 > H-ZSM-5. Transition state selectivity, dehydrogenation and classical carbonium ion chemistry were used to explain the relative activities of these catalysts. Activation energy for cracking of heptane over Ni-ZSM-5 was found to be 32 ± 3 kcal/ mol.
A multivariate Wilcoxon regression estimate

Based on the multivariate spatial rank function introduced by Mottonen and Oja [(1995), ‘Multivariate Spatial Sign and Rank Methods’, Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, 5, 201–213] and Mottonen et al. [(1997), ‘On the Efficiency of Multivariate Spatial Sign and Rank Tests’, Annals of Statistics, 25, 542–552], an extension of the univariate Wilcoxon regression estimate to multivariate linear models is proposed and studied. For both of the cases covariates are deterministic and i.i.d. random: we show that the proposed estimate is consistent and asymptotically normal under some appropriate assumptions. We have demonstrated that the asymptotic relative efficiency of the new regression estimate is the same as that of the generalised multivariate Hodges–Lehmann location estimates proposed by Chaudhuri [(1992), ‘Multivariate Location Estimation Using Extension of R-estimates Through U-statistics Type Approach’, Annals of Statistics, 20, 897–916] (with m=2); thus it possesses high efficiency. Simulations show t...
It takes a(n) (agent-based) village

steels & belpaeme (sb nevertheless, the absence of detailed information concerning the embodiment of agents and the superficial implementation of learning approaches make their results less relevant than they could be.
Synthesis of adamantyl and benzoxazole substituted poly(m-phenylene)s via the nickel catalysed coupling of aryl chlorides

Abstract Poly( m -phenylene)s (PMP) with 1-adamantyl and 5-methyl-2-benzoaxozole or 2-benzoaxazole substituents ortho and meta to the backbone were synthesized via the nickel(0) catalysed dehalogenative coupling of aryl dichlorides. Ortho substituted polymers, which can have head-to-head and head-to-tail linkages, displayed better solubility in common organic solvents. The benzoxazole-containing PMPs exhibited excellent thermal stability in air by dynamic t.g.a. (thermogravimetric analysis) with values of 5% weight loss of 530–600°C while the adamantyl-substituted polymer showed a much lower thermal stability (5% weight loss at 370°C). All benzoxazole-functionalized polymers exhibited relatively high glass transition temperatures of 221–250°C. No glass transition was observed for the adamantyl-substituted PMP before the onset of decomposition at 350°C. Polymer number average molecular weights ranged from only 2000–4500 relative to polystyrene standards, indicating the need for further development of polymerization conditions.
A SERIES SOLUTION ALGORITHM FOR INITIAL BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS WITH VARIABLE PROPERTIES

A multiple infinite trigonometric cum polynomial series method for solving initial-boundary value problems governed by hyperbolic differential equations with variable coefficients is developed. The method proposed herein can be easily applied to a broad class of engineering systems including those cases where boundary conditions may vary with time. In the proposed mathematical technique, the solution form is assumed as a combination of infinite Fourier series and polynomial series of nth order, where n is the order of the differential equation. The coefficients of the polynomial series are obtained as functions of undetermined Fourier series coefficients by satisfying the initial-boundary conditions. The variable coefficients are expanded in appropriate half-range sine or cosine series. Insertion of the above Fourier-polynomial series solutions into the differential equation and application of orthogonality conditions leads to a linear summation equation which can be solved in open form. However, the authors have developed a closed-form series solution consisting of a highly efficient algorithm. The major advantage of this technique is the development of a solution algorithm, coupled with the multiple infinite trigonometric cum polynomial series solutions, leading to fast converging series solutions. A representative initial and boundary value problem governed by hyperbolic partial differential equations of variable coefficients is presented herein to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method.
Hardy-Weinberg Testing for Continuous Data

Estimation of allelic and genotypic distributions for continuous data using kernel density estimation is discussed and illustrated for some variable number of tandem repeat data. These kernel density estimates provide a useful representation of data when only some of the many variants at a locus are present in a sample. Two Hardy-Weinberg test procedures are introduced for continuous data: a continuous chi-square test with test statistic TCCS and a test based on Hellinger's distance with test statistic TCCS . Simulations are used to compare the powers of these tests to each other and to the powers of a test of intraclass correlation TIC , as well as to the power of Fisher's exact test TFET applied to discretized data. Results indicate that the power of TCCS is better than that of THD but neither is as powerful as TFET . The intraclass correlation test does not perform as well as the other tests examined in this article.
Impact of bipolar disorder on selected areas of pediatric development: a research update

Pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious psychiatric disorder that has a significant impact on pediatric development. In this review, we examine peer-reviewed publications pertaining to childhood BD to determine the impact of BD on pediatric emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial development. Phenomenological, genetic, family, neuroimaging, and treatment studies revealed that BD may have long-term effects on emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of pediatric development. The long-term developmental impact of BD may be profound and multidimensional. Additional longitudinal and biological studies are warranted to clarify the relationships among various predictors of poor outcome since they may have important diagnostic and treatment implications.
Extracting concealed atrial premature contractions from ambulatory Holter data using a PC-based system

Atrial fibrillation may be cured by eliminating triggering atrial premature contractions (APCs.) Characterizing these APCs may help localize triggers, however this is difficult when the APC is obscured by the preceding T-wave. Therefore we sought to develop an inexpensive method to extract APCs from ambulatory Holter monitors in AF patients. We examined 24-hour Holter strips from patients with AF triggered by APCs. Triggering and nontriggering APCs were extracted using a PC-based T-wave subtraction algorithm. The extracted APCs were compared visually as well as by correlation software. The software accurately identified 29 episodes of atrial fibrillation and extracted 76 APCs in 12 patients. In all cases, visual inspection confirmed the presence of atrial fibrillation of APCs. Triggering APCs were similar to other triggering APCs in each patient while nontriggering APCs were less similar to other nontriggering APCs in each patient. Triggering APCs were different from nontriggering APCs. Automated computerized subtraction of T-waves using an inexpensive PC-based system may permit characterization of APCs during ambulatory monitoring.
Asian Americans' Proportion of Life in the United States and Suicide Ideation: The Moderating Effects of Ethnic Subgroups

Although the past decade has witnessed a growth in research on Asian Americans’ suicide-related outcomes, previous studies have tended not to address within-group ethnic variability among Asian Americans. Therefore, this study examined ethnic differences in suicide ideation in a nationally representative sample of Asian Americans that included the six largest Asian American ethnic groups— Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans. Participants were 1,332 Asian American adults who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. The authors found that participants who had lived a longer proportion of their lives in the United States had increased odds of lifetime suicide ideation. There were significant ethnic differences in suicide ideation rates, with Korean Americans and Indian Americans reporting the highest and lowest ideation rates, respectively. Ethnicity was also a significant moderator of the relationship between proportion of life in the United Sates and suicide ideation. The potential adverse impact of proportion of life in the United States on suicide ideation was weaker among Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans, relative to non-Chinese, non-Japanese, non-Korean, and non-Vietnamese Asian Americans, respectively. In contrast, the association between proportion of life in the United States and suicide ideation was stronger among Indian Americans than among non-Indian Americans. These findings underscore the importance of disaggregating data on Asian American suicide-related outcomes.
Nursery establishment, phenology and growth of silver maple related to provenance☆

Abstract Establishment, phenology, early survival and growth are reported for 10 silver maple ( Acer saccharinum L.) provenances densely planted in a nursery near Carbondale in southern Illinois. Seed from southern parts of silver maple's range planted in May established well to form dense plantings and seed from northern areas planted in June established poorly. Saplings of the northern provenances commonly had earlier terminal bud set and leaf loss. Spring bud break tended to be earliest for southern provenances. Basal caliper and mean tree weights were greater in plots of the northern plantings. Height and total plot weights were greater in plots of the southern provenances. Trees in four blocks were harvested after two years to determine tree weights and coppice potential. Height growth increment in the unharvested (control) block was greatest in the second of the four years observed.
Some Determinants of the Violation of Rules1

The pattern of a simulated legislator-individual interaction as well as properties inherent in law-enforcement procedures were manipulated to study their effects on the degree of individuals' adherence to laws. The degree of correspondence between the outcomes accruing to a legislator and those attained by an individual, the "fairness" of surveillance methods used by the legislator, and the severity with which he penalized violations of a law were manipulated in a 2-3 factorial design. The main findings show that, under circumstances of outcome correspondence, subjects attempted to increase their outcomes without violating the law, as opposed to subjects in noncorrespondent conditions who showed no such attempt. Furthermore, evidence was found to the effect that subjects in noncorrespondent interactions with the legislator actively attempted to hurt the latter by violating his laws. The results also show the existence of a positive relationship between surveillance "unfairness" and the frequency of law violation. This relationship is qualified, however, by a statistical interaction which shows that the differential effects attributable to "fairness" of surveillance are stronger in noncorrespondent than in correspondent conditions. The severity of penalty manipulation yielded a main effect on the frequency of violations-the milder the penalties the more frequent the violations. The pattern of means suggests that the effect of severity of penalties on the frequency of violations is less pronounced in the correspondent than in the noncorrespondent conditions. This interaction, however, failed to reach a conventional level of statistical significance.
WATCHING TELEVISION Experiments on the Viewing Process

This article summarizes results from a series of psychological experiments about how people process information from television. Results are discussed in relation to six issues: (1) size of stimulus units; (2) complexity of television stimuli; (3) interdependence of time units in television presentations; (4) intra- versus interstimulus differences in processing; (5) message form versus message content; and (6) active versus passive processing. Each issue is related to the processing concepts of attention, mental effort, and memory, and to the design of laboratory experiments using television stimuli.
Effects of Repeated Impacts on Magnetic Properties of Soft Magnetic Alloys

Solenoids, relays, and other magnetically activated devices are frequently operated in modes that permit repeated impacting of an armature against a core. Such operation not only produces wear of the contacting faces but results in stresses that can change the magnetic behavior of the materials employed. The magnitude of this change was evaluated for typical core operation of grain-oriented silicon iron, 2 V-Permendur and Hipernik alloys. Hysteresis loop properties were measured at intervals during the operating sequence. Pronounced deterioration of structure-sensitive properties (permeability, residual induction, and coercive force) was observed in silicon iron and Hipernik with relatively little change noted in the 2 V-Permendur. The changes appear to be clearly related to the cumulative microdamage within the metal due to impact fatigue effects. The results indicate that significant property deterioration does result from repeated impacting and this may present a design limitation on the lifetime of devices having critical magnetic demands.
Emergence flashback in a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder

Emergence flashback in a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder Sondra S. Crosby, M.D.4, George A. Mashour, M.D., Ph.D., Michael A. Grodin, M.D., Yandong Jiang, M.D., Ph.D., Janet Osterman, M.D. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA Received 3 September 2006; accepted 16 November 2006
Development of a Nested PCR Method Targeting a Unique Multicopy Element, ISMap02, for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Fecal Samples

This study describes the development of a nested PCR assay that uses a unique element (ISMap02) for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that is present at six copies within the genome. In addition, the sensitivity of the assay with this element was compared to the sensitivity of detection of the IS900 element in both conventional and real-time PCR assays. The specificity of the ISMap02 element was evaluated by PCR of the DNA extracted from isolates of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium, as well as DNA from M. fortuitum, M. scofulaceum, M. phlei, M. smegmatis, and M. gordonae. Only M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA was detectable after amplification with the ISMap02 primers. The sensitivity of detection for the ISMap02 element in either a conventional or a real-time PCR format was less than 100 fg DNA or 10(2) CFU/ml in serial titration curves with pure bacteria. These results were comparable to those obtained for the IS900 element. Experimental spiking of a negative fecal sample followed by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA extraction resulted in detection thresholds of 10(2) CFU/g for the IS900 element and 10(3) CFU/g for the ISMap02 element by using a real-time PCR format, but this sensitivity dropped 10-fold for both elements in a conventional PCR format. Analyses of fecal samples obtained from naturally infected animals demonstrated a sensitivity for the detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA by use of the ISMap02 element similar to that achieved by use of the IS900 element when it was used in a conventional PCR format. The real-time PCR format improved the levels of detection of both elements, but not to a significant degree. In conclusion, the ISMap02 element provides a very sensitive and specific alternative as a diagnostic reagent for use in PCR assays for the detection of paratuberculosis.
The role of retrobulbar and retinal circulation on optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer structure in patients with open-angle glaucoma over an 18-month period.

Background/aims Evidence suggests that vascular abnormalities play a role in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in some patients. This study aims to assess changes in retrobulbar and retinal blood flow over time in patients with glaucoma and examine their relationship to glaucomatous progression, as determined by retinal and optic nerve structure. Methods In this observational study, 103 patients with OAG were examined at baseline and 18 months follow-up. Retrobulbar blood flow was measured by colour Doppler imaging in the ophthalmic, central retinal and temporal posterior ciliary artery (TPCA) and nasal short posterior ciliary artery. Retinal capillary blood flow was measured by confocal scanning laser Doppler. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was assessed by optical coherence tomography. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used to assess for any statistically significant changes between the baseline and 18-month visits for the retrobulbar and retinal flow, as well as the structural parameters. Results In general, retinal and retrobulbar blood flow parameters decreased over 18 months. Thinning of the optic disc rim and increase in cup area were associated with a higher resistance index (p=0.0334) and lower peak systolic velocity of TPCA (p=0.0282), respectively. A higher amount of retinal zero pixel blood flow correlated with a greater increase in cup/disc ratio (p=0.0170). Conclusions Reductions in retrobulbar and retinal blood flow over time were associated with structural glaucomatous progression, as indicated by retinal and optic nerve changes.
Apoptosis is a pathway responsible for the resolution of endotoxin-induced alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in the rat.

Previous studies showed that intratracheal instillation of endotoxin induces transient type II cell hyperplasia in the rat lung and described some of the mechanisms involved in the proliferative response of type II cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how long the type II cell hyperplasia persists and how it is resolved. The portion of epithelial cells in hyperplastic lesions of the rat lung expressing cyclin D1, an indicator for cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, was greatest at 3 d post instillation and decreased after 4 and 6 d. The fate of the proliferating epithelial cells was traced by injecting the rats with 5-bromo-2′deoxy uridine (BrdU) 2 d post instillation, the peak time point for maximum incorporation of BrdU. Exfoliated BrdU-positive epithelial cells were detected in the alveolar spaces in tissue sections from rats 4, 5, and 6 d post instillation. BrdU-positive epithelial cells showed flattened nuclei at 6 and 10 d post instillation. Expression of the 116 kD poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was low in type II cells from control rats, and was increased at 3, 4, and 6 d post instillation. In cells obtained by lavage, only a 35 kD cleavage product of PARP was detected, which is an indicator of necrotic cell death. In isolated type II cells from rats 3, 4, and 6 d post endotoxin instillation, progressive cleavage of the PARP to its 89 kD residual fragment was detected, which is a direct evidence for the activation of caspases. Furthermore, apoptotic epithelial cells with condensed nuclei were identified by electron microscopy in rats 4 d post instillation. These results indicate that apoptosis is an additional mechanism for the resolution of endotoxin-induced lung epithelial hyperplasias.
Monitoring I/Q data and pulse carving misalignments in RZ-DQPSK transmitters using a neural network approach

We propose a technique using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to simultaneously identify I/Q data misalignment and data/carver misalignment in both parallel-type and serial-type RZ-DQPSK transmitters. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 is obtained by using a 3-input ANN for the parallel case and a 2-input ANN for the serial case.
c-Jun phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is known to be activated by oxidative stress and can lead to either defensive-protective adaptations in the cell or apoptosis. The JNK pathway is activated in Alzheimer disease (AD), as demonstrated in studies showing higher levels of phospho-JNK in affected neurons in AD brains than in controls. c-Jun, a transcription factor, is the downstream effector of JNK, whose activation requires phosphorylation of Ser63/Ser73. In this study, we characterized and compared the localization of c-Jun phosphorylated at either Ser63 or Ser73 in the hippocampi of AD cases with that in age-matched controls. Phospho-c-Jun (Ser73) was found to be strongly associated with neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) in addition to the nuclei in neurons in the hippocampal regions of the AD brain, but was virtually absent in most controls. Phospho-c-Jun (Ser63) was also found to be associated with GVD in AD brains. Indeed, phospho-c-Jun (Ser73) immunostaining was much more extensive than that of phospho-c-Jun (Ser63), with all the phospho-c-Jun (Ser63)-positive neurons also being phospho-c-Jun (Ser73) positive. Significant overlap between phospho-c-Jun and phospho-JNK suggested a mechanistic link. In addition, the neurons showing increased levels of phospho-c-Jun (Ser73) in the cytoplasmic GVD were negative for TUNEL, suggesting a mechanism protecting the cells from death. Overall, this study demonstrated specific alterations in c-Jun phosphorylation and distribution in AD which is not necessarily linked to apoptosis but rather may represent an adaptation process in the face of oxidative stress.
Implications of demographic shifts for the future of family medicine education.

METHODS: The data for this study derive from a 2009 national survey of all full-time doctoral-level faculty members, including educators, working in US academic departments of family medicine. Items included demographics, roles, research output, financial support, and perceptions of the work envi ronment. Descriptive statistics including means and percentages were used to compare public and private institutions. RESULTS: Twenty-five full-time faculty educators responded to the survey. Median age was 57 years; median years worked was 17, with 52% holding the rank of associate or full professor. Differences were observed between public and private institutions in terms of how time is spent, sources of funding, rates of tenure, and number of grants and publications. Job-related perceptions were mostly positive, indicating a good fit of training and job re sponsibilities. Areas of dissatisfaction included feelings of being over committed and increased job stress.
Ultrastructural and Immunofluorescence Studies of the Cells Associated With µ-Chain Disease

Fluorescence and electron microscopy studies were carried out on the blood and bone marrow cells of the first patient observed to have µ-chain disease. Since previously reported cases of γ and α heavy-chain disease did not elaborate any light chains, it was of interest to determine whether both the µ-chain fragments and the κ chains found in the serum of this patient originated in the same cell or whether mutations had affected two different clones. The use of rhodamine-conjugated and fluorescein-conjugated antisera to heavy and light chains respectively established that both antigenic determinants were present in the same cell. On electron microscopy, the plasma cells showed large vacuoles which appeared to form in the vicinity of the Golgi zone and frequently extended to the surface of the cell. It is postulated that the structural defect in the µ chain interferes with proper assembly of the gamma-globulin molecule. This in turn may preclude transport via the normal secretory pathway. The accumulated protein fragments may be released by a process of limited cytolysis.
Considerations about promoting the employment using tax policies

With the continuous development of economic system reform,the pressure of employment becomes more and more severe.The employment is not only an economic problem but also a political issue.As a measure for regulating the income distribution and the economic lever for controlling the national economy,tax does have certain effect on the employment rate and the adjustment of employment units.This paper puts forward some suggestions and measures for promoting employment.
Assembly of exogenous fibronectin into type II cell extracellular matrix

Type II pulmonary epithelial cells (T2P) in primary culture assemble a biologically active extracellular matrix (ECM) from endogenously synthesized components, including fibronectin. Fibronectin is a well-recognized attachment protein that mediates cell adhesion, migration, and cytodifferentiation. In some cell types, exogenous fibronectin also is incorporated into ECM. The latter pathway of ECM assembly was thus investigated in T2P. Cells were cultured for 3 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with or without 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), a source of exogenous fibronectin. Cell and matrix fractions were harvested on culture days 1, 2, and 3 to determine synthesis of cell and matrix proteins and matrix fibronectin content. During 3 days in DMEM containing 10% FCS, T2P flattened and spread to confluence more rapidly than cells in DMEM; they also produced ECM with higher fibronectin content than did cells in DMEM alone. On culture days 2 and 3, 10% FCS doubled (on average) synthesis of ECM fibronectin; in contrast, ECM fibronectin content increased nearly 10-fold. These observations suggest that cultured type II cells incorporate exogenous fibronectin into newly assembled ECM to a greater extent than the newly synthesized glycoprotein. Components of both endogenous and exogenous origin may therefore contribute to T2P assembly of a biologically active ECM.
Research Note - Banking Malware Explained: The Case of Dridex

This paper investigates the case of Dridex, one of the top banking malware spreaded via phishing emails. Its initial spread occurred in late 2014 and is a successor of the Cridex/Feodo/Geodo banking trojans. The core functionality of the malware is to steal online banking credentials and other personal information on the affected system to access bank accounts and steal money. In this paper, we highlight this malware’s infection mechanisms, new infection trends, and prevention measures.
Formation and Transformation of Funds of Knowledge Among U.S.-Mexican Households

Public schools have relied on a deficiency model to structure instruction for minority children that underestimates the funds of knowledge that U.S.-Mexican households contain. We argue that these funds are not only a key to understanding the cultural systems in which U.S.-Mexican children emerge, but are also important and useful assets in the classroom.