cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality profile of nonscholarship college football players.

This paper presents a profile of the mood states of nonscholarship football players as measured by the Profile of Mood States inventory. Analysis suggests that these 120 athletes did not conform to the “iceberg profile” described for elite athletes, differing mainly in the areas of tension and anger. The athletes measured for this report indicated more anger than a sample of 60 football players attending an institution providing financial aid for participation in sports. Total mood scores were lower than those of college athletes on scholarship and high school athletes and nonathletes. Differences in mood states were also found between members of the offensive and defensive squads and between varsity and junior varsity players.
Parenting, Culture, and Context: Reflections on Excavating Culture

Parenting is the first and likely most important mechanism through which culture is reproduced. Children do not enter the world with any specific sense of culture, they become members of a culture ...
Intergeneration differences in consumer behavior: Some evidence from a Developing Country

Abstract Investigation of consumer socialization processes provide insights into the learning of consumer skills and values. A study conducted in India reveal that children may be important sources of information and this role needs to be specifically fostered. Parents, especially mothers, may not be “rational” socializing agents. These findings contrast with those from socialization studies conducted in affluent societies such as the United States. These differences in socializing influences reflect to some degree differences in levels of economic development. However, they have implications for socialization research and policies in both types of economies.
Über neue Silber‐Mangan‐Doppeloxide

Versuche zur Darstellung der in der Literatur erwanten Verbindung AgMnO2 fuhrten zu dem Ergebnis, das diese Substanz keine einheitliche Verbindung ist. Durch Reaktion von Ag mit Manganoxiden konnten zwei neue Doppeloxide der Zusammensetzung AgMn2O4 und Ag2MnO2 dargestellt werden. The compound AgMnO2, described in the literature, is no homogeneous substance. Starting from Ag and manganese oxides, the new double oxides AgMn2O4 and Ag2MnO2 have been prepared.
Enteral Nutrition and Keratinocyte Growth Factor Regulate Expression of Glutathione-Related Enzyme Messenger RNAs in Rat Intestine

Background Malnutrition is associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and depletion of the critical antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the intestine. The malnutrition-induced decrease in gut GSH levels is prevented by recombinant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) administration. We investigated whether enzymes that are induced by oxidants and modulate tissue GSH supply are regulated by enteral nutrients or KGF at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. Methods Adult rats were fasted for 3 days alone or fasted for 3 days then refed ad libitum. In a second model, rats were fasted for 3 days and then refed ad libitum or 25% of ad libitum intake with daily intraperitoneal saline or recombinant KGF (5 mg/kg/d) for 3 subsequent days. mRNA levels for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), glutathione-S-transferase Ya-subunit, gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GI-GPx), and non-selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (ns-GPx) were determined in ileum and colon by ribonuclease protection assay. Results Fasting increased ileal gamma-GCS, ns-GPx, and glutathione-S-transferase mRNAs (by 36%, 165%, and 130% of controls) and decreased GI-GPx mRNA (to 55% of controls). In the colon, mRNAs for GSH-related enzymes were unchanged by fasting or refeeding. Prolonged enteral nutrient restriction (25% refeeding after a 3-day fast) increased gamma-GCS and glutathione-S-transferase mRNAs (by >270% of controls), decreased GI-GPx mRNA (to 200% of controls). Conclusions Enteral nutrient intake regulates GSH-related enzyme mRNA levels in the intestine, which may contribute to the decrease in mucosal GSH during malnutrition. Increased ns-GPx and glutathione-S-transferase mRNA levels during malnutrition and with KGF administration may increase detoxifying functions in the gut under these conditions.
Book review: Causality: models, reasoning, and inference by Judea Pearl

Abstract Judea Pearl is Professor Emeritus of Computer Science and Statistics and Director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles. He has authored the books Heuristics (1984) and Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems (1988). He has also published close to 300 articles on automated reasoning, learning, and inference. In 1999, he was awarded the IJCAI Research Excellence Award in Artificial Intelligence fundamental work in heuristic search, reasoning under uncertainty, and causality. Susan F. Butler is a doctoral student at Tufts University. Her work is in modeling of judgment and decision making, stochastic processes, and the examination of choice behavior under uncertainty.
SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION IN THE GALAXY CLUSTERS A2199 AND VIRGO

We report a new determination of the faint end of the galaxy luminosity function (LF) in the nearby clusters Abell 2199 and Virgo using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Hectospec multifiber spectrograph on the MMT. The luminosity function of A2199 is consistent with a single Schechter function to Mr = ?15.6 + 5 log h 70 with a faint-end slope of ? = ?1.13 ? 0.07 (statistical). The LF in Virgo extends to Mr ?13.5 M* + 8 and has a slope of ? = ?1.28 ? 0.06 (statistical). The red sequence of cluster members is prominent in both clusters, and almost no cluster galaxies are redder than this sequence. A large fraction of photometric red-sequence galaxies lies behind the cluster. We compare our results to previous estimates and find poor agreement with estimates based on statistical background subtraction but good agreement with estimates based on photometric membership classifications (e.g., colors, morphology, surface brightness). We conclude that spectroscopic data are critical for estimating the faint end of the LF in clusters. The faint-end slope we find is consistent with values found for field galaxies, weakening any argument for environmental evolution in the relative abundance of dwarf galaxies. However, dwarf galaxies in clusters are significantly redder than field galaxies of similar luminosity or mass, indicating that star-formation processes in dwarfs do depend on environment.
A study of nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions during cell division in Stentor coeruleus

Abstract Evidence has been presented for direct cytoplasmic control over macronuclear elongation and division in Stentor coeruleus during vegetative division. Enucleation experiments have shown that the two visible cytoplasmic events of division, primordium development and cytokinesis, are independent of direct nuclear control. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Methods for Assessing Leg Length Discrepancy

The use of accurate and reliable clinical and imaging modalities for quantifying leg-length discrepancy (LLD) is vital for planning appropriate treatment. While there are several methods for assessing LLD, we questioned how these compared. We therefore evaluated the reliability and accuracy of the different methods and explored the advantages and limitations of each method. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 42 articles dealing with various assessment tools for measuring LLD. Clinical methods such as use of a tape measure and standing blocks were noted as useful screening tools, but not as accurate as imaging modalities. While several studies noted that the scanogram provided reliable measurements with minimal magnification, a full-length standing AP computed radiograph (teleoroentgenogram) is a more comprehensive assessment technique, with similar costs at less radiation exposure. We recommend use of a CT scanogram, especially the lateral scout view in patients with flexion deformities at the knee. Newer modalities such as MRI are promising but need further investigation before being routinely employed for assessment of LLD. Level of Evidence: Level IV, diagnostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
CCK mRNA expression, pro-CCK processing, and regulated secretion of immunoreactive CCK peptides by rat insulinoma (RIN 5F) and mouse pituitary tumor (AtT-20) cells in culture

The rat insulinoma RIN 5F and the mouse pituitary AtT-20 cell line, which are known to express several biologically active peptides, were found to express CCK mRNA, to correctly process, and to release immunoreactive cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides. They expressed low levels of these peptides (about 0.4 and 0.2 ng/mg protein, respectively) and both cell lines processed pro-CCK to a form which co-eluted with CCK 8 sulfate on Sephadex gel filtration chromatography and HPLC. The major CCK 8 immunoreactive peptide which they secreted co-eluted with CCK 8 on Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The secretion of CCK from both cell lines was significantly enhanced by treatment for 24 h with forskolin + IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). This treatment also doubled the CCK content of the AtT-20 cells. It appears that the ability of different endocrine tumor cells to express and process CCK is not as uncommon as previously thought. These cells should be useful for future studies of CCK expression, processing, and regulation of secretion.
Design, characterization, and optical properties of phosphazene-based polymers

Physical properties intrinsic to linear inorganic polymer systems can be modified through replacement of chemical groups external to the chain backbone. This substitution also perturbs chemical bonding along the chain which can further influence polymer properties. Several phosphazene polymers deposited as thin dielectric films exhibit extended ultraviolet transmission. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been observed in these polymers as well as in cyclic polymer precursors. The relative magnitude of SHG is found to correlate both with the nature of the substitutional group and molecular conformation. Influence of these parameters on substrate-film adhesion and measured optical properties is discussed in terms of substitutional group electronegativity, and electronic charge localization in the polymer chain which is probed using molecular spectroscopic techniques. 9 refs., 3 figs.
Plantar fasciitis: A degenerative process (fasciosis) without inflammation

The authors review histologic findings from 50 cases of heel spur surgery for chronic plantar fasciitis. Findings include myxoid degeneration with fragmentation and degeneration of the plantar fascia and bone marrow vascular ectasia. Histologic findings are presented to support the thesis that "plantar fasciitis" is a degenerative fasciosis without inflammation, not a fasciitis. These findings suggest that treatment regimens such as serial corticosteroid injections into the plantar fascia should be reevaluated in the absence of inflammation and in light of their potential to induce plantar fascial rupture.
Myoblasts in Pattern Formation and Gene Therapy

The tissues of a multicellular animal are composed of diverse cell types arranged in a precisely organized pattern. Features unique to muscle allow an analysis of pattern formation and maintenance in mammals. The progeny of single cells can be taken full cycle from the animal to the culture dish and back to the animal where they fuse into mature myofibers of the host. These features not only facilitate the use of genetically engineered myoblasts in studies of pattern formation, but also in cell-mediated gene therapy: a novel mode of drug delivery for the treatment of muscle and nonmuscle diseases such as hemophilia, cardiac disease and cancer.
Single-step antibody-based affinity cryo-electron microscopy for imaging and structural analysis of macromolecular assemblies

Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is an emerging powerful tool for structural studies of macromolecular assemblies (i.e., protein complexes and viruses). Although single particle cryo-EM requires less concentrated and smaller amounts of samples than X-ray crystallography, it remains challenging to study specimens that are low-abundance, low-yield, or short-lived. The recent development of affinity grid techniques can potentially further extend single particle cryo-EM to these challenging samples by combining sample purification and cryo-EM grid preparation into a single step. Here we report a new design of affinity cryo-EM approach, cryo-SPIEM, that applies a traditional pathogen diagnosis tool Solid Phase Immune Electron Microscopy (SPIEM) to the single particle cryo-EM method. This approach provides an alternative, largely simplified and easier to use affinity grid that directly works with most native macromolecular complexes with established antibodies, and enables cryo-EM studies of native samples directly from cell cultures. In the present work, we extensively tested the feasibility of cryo-SPIEM with multiple samples including those of high or low molecular weight, macromolecules with low or high symmetry, His-tagged or native particles, and high- or low-yield macromolecules. Results for all these samples (non-purified His-tagged bacteriophage T7, His-tagged Escherichiacoli ribosomes, native Sindbis virus, and purified but low-concentration native Tulane virus) demonstrated the capability of cryo-SPIEM approach in specifically trapping and concentrating target particles on TEM grids with minimal view constraints for cryo-EM imaging and determination of 3D structures.
New Christians and New World Fears in Seventeenth-Century Peru

En utilisant les rapports de l'Inquisition depuis la premiere moitie du XVIIe siecle et en s'appuyant beaucoup sur le long jugement porte contre Manuel Bautista Perez, l'A. recherche certaines des facons dont les «Juifs» saisissaient l'imagination coloniale en Amerique du Sud. Elle considere les accusations contre les «nouveaux chretiens», les conspirations dans lesquelles on les croyait engages, les terreurs qu'ils provoquaient, les dangers societaires qu'ils incarnaient.
Computational investigation of wave packet scattering in the complex plane: Numerical analytic continuation techniques

In this study, we utilize Numerical Analytic Continuation (NAC) techniques to compute the complex-extension of wave packets computed on the real-axis. Various methods for doing this are reviewed, and the accuracy and stability of one particular method (the Cauchy Method) are examined using a test function. We focus on generating numerically accurate maps of the complex-extended time-dependent wave packet for the Gaussian and Eckart barrier scattering problems. We also examine quantum momentum function vector fields and the associated Polya vector fields for this problem. In a companion study, we present a novel method for solving the complex-extended Schrodinger equation for points in the complex plane for wave packet scattering from a Gaussian barrier. Several fascinating features of the solution (such as quantized vortices) were presented, but we could only check the veracity of those results on the real-axis. The method utilized in this study provides an additional check of these results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Flip chip assembly with wafer level NCF

Flip chip assembly with the newly developed pre applied NCF on wafer was demonstrated. The two types of the test vehicle of 7.3 × 7.3 mm2 and 12.0 × 12.0 mm2 were used and the NCF was pre laminated on the die side. The NCF applied dies were bonded to the substrate. The dies had Cu pillar bumps with Sn-Ag solder caps in both of the core and the peripheral area. The substrates had Cu/OSP electrode pad. The bonding was carried out at 240°C. The observations with C-SAM and microscopy which was done after parallel lapping didn't show any void inside the NCF. The microscopic observation at the cross section of the joint of the die bump and the Cu trace on the substrate revealed the formation of good solder welding. The embedded daisy chain circuit resistance measurement indicated achievement of the bump interconnection of both test vehicles of 7.3 × 7.3 mm2 and 12.0 × 12.0 mm2 die. Test of the thermal cycle between −55°C and 125°C didn't affect either the daisy chain circuit resistance or NCF adhesion.
Recent progress in SERS biosensing

This perspective gives an overview of recent developments in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for biosensing. We focus this review on SERS papers published in the last 10 years and to specific applications of detecting biological analytes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic SERS biosensing schemes have been employed to detect and identify small molecules, nucleic acids, lipids, peptides, and proteins, as well as for in vivo and cellular sensing. Current SERS substrate technologies along with a series of advancements in surface chemistry, sample preparation, intrinsic/extrinsic signal transduction schemes, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed. The progress covered herein shows great promise for widespread adoption of SERS biosensing.
The retardation by pectin of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in the fowl

Summary Day-old Leghorn cockerels were given a diet containing egg powder and supplemented either with pectin or non-nutritive fiber. After 24 weeks on the diets, the pectin-fed birds had significantly lower blood levels of plasma cholesterol, eliminated more lipid and cholesterol in their excreta, and had a significantly lower incidence and severity of atherosclerosis as measured macroscopically and histologically. Using carmine as a marker, food was observed to pass faster through the alimentary tract of the pectin-fed birds. Throughout the study, the pectin-fed birds consumed more feed than the controls, despite the fact that the former grew more slowly during the early stages of development than the latter. The results suggested that pectin may be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of both spontaneous and cholesterol-induced avian atherosclerosis. The present study suggests that pectin acts by accelerating the transit of food through the alimentary tract resulting in an increased excretion of possible atherogenic substances, as well as of total nutrients (calories).
Serine as an intermediate in the assimilation of methanol by a Pseudomonas.

The results of experiments using short incubation techniques with a Pseudomonas sp. show that the first stable intermediate in methanol metabolism in serine. It is postulated that this organism fixes one carbon compounds directly, possibly through the agency of a serine hydroxymethylase, rather than by way of the carbon dioxide-carboxydismutase system.
49 Sibutramine accelerates gastric emptying, inhibits intestinal motility in conscious dogs

Background and Aims: Sibutramine is a serotonin - norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, used in the treatment of obesity. It has never been reported whether sibutramine has any effects on GI motility and GI myoelectrical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine on gastric emptying, small bowel contractions, rectal tone and compliance and gastric/intestinal myoelectrical activity. Methods: The study was performed in fourteen healthy female dogs (18–27 kg); seven of fourteen dogs were surgically prepared for duodenal cannula and pacing wires implanted in gastric and small bowel serosa. It was composed of 3 separate experiments: gastric emptying of liquids and gastrointestinal slow waves; small bowel contractions; and rectal tone and rectal compliance. Each experiment included two sessions: a control session and a treatment session with sibutramine (5 mg kg­1 p.o, Generic Meridia, United Pharmacies) administrated 2 h before the recording. 7 cannula dogs underwent gastric emptying study with liquid meal and small bowel contractions study in the fed state. 7 dogs underwent a rectal barostat study. Results: (1) Sibutramine significantly accelerated liquid gastric emptying at 75 min and 90 min after the meal but did not alter gastric or intestinal slow waves. Gastric emptying was 61.42 ± 19.34% at 75 min and 66.32 ± 19.38% at 90 min in the control session, and increased to 71.27 ± 13.5% at 75 min (p = 0.046, vs. control) and 75.93 ± 15.05% at 90 min (p = 0.036, vs. control) in the session with sibutramine. (2) Sibutramine significantly inhibited postprandial small bowel contractions. The area under the curve (AUC) was 14.57 ± 4.11 in the control session and decreased to 10.64 ± 4.18 (p = 0.014, vs. control) in the session with sibutramine. The contractile frequency was 12.49 ± 0.88 cycles min­1 in the control session and reduced to 8.8 ± 1.08 cycles min­1 (p = 0.0004, vs. control) with sibutramine. (3) Sibutramine did not alter the rectal tone, but significantly increased rectal compliance. The rectal compliance expressed as the slope of the pressure-volume curve was significant increased from 7.59 ± 2.05 ml mmHg at baseline to 9.97 ± 3.25 ml mmHg­1 after sibutramine administration(p = 0.003). Conclusions: Sibutramine accelerates gastric emptying of liquids but inhibits small bowel contractions. These findings suggest the peripheral mechanisms of sibutramine in reducing food intake and causing weight loss in obesity patients.
An experimental study of chest compression during chiropractic manipulation of the thoracic spine using an anthropomorphic test device.

Abstract Purpose Chiropractic manipulation of the thoracic spine may induce chest deformations in the anterior-posterior direction. Yet, few studies have examined the biomechanical response of the chest associated with these manipulations. Consequently, an experimental analysis was undertaken to quantify chest compressions resulting from chiropractic thoracic spine manipulations and to estimate amount of risk for injury. Methods A 2-part study approach was used with a Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummy. In part 1, the dummy was positioned prone on a chiropractic table and subjected to thoracic spine manipulation by 2 experienced doctors of chiropractic. Chest compressions were quantified in the anterior-posterior direction. Manipulation forces were self-selected, with “typical” and “maximum” efforts examined. In part 2, the dummy was positioned beneath a force-instrumented mechanical piston device. Using the piston, chest compressions were induced with magnitudes identical to those recorded during chiropractic manipulation as well as magnitudes sufficient to induce injury. In all trials, force measurements were recorded. Results Thoracic manipulations incorporating the typical and maximum efforts by the chiropractors resulted in maximum chest compressions attaining 1.8% and 4.5% of total chest depth, respectively. According to previously developed correlations between chest compression and injury severity defined using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), maximum chest compression measured during this study was only 22.7% of the compression required for greater than 10% risk of an AIS 1 injury. Abbreviated Injury Scale 1 level injuries are graded as minor severity and correspond to sternum contusion or fracture of a single rib. Conclusions Results from this preliminary study showed that maximum chest compression during thoracic spine manipulation corresponded to minimal risk of AIS 1 level injuries.
Imperforate Hymen: Congenital or Acquired From Sexual Abuse?

Imperforate hymen diagnosed beyond the newborn period may present a dilemma for the physician. Three case studies are reviewed in which children with the diagnoses of imperforate hymen presented for evaluation of suspected sexual abuse. Clear descriptions of genital anatomy documented at well-child visits may be critical to later interpretations of findings encountered during examinations for suspected sexual abuse.
Local acid environment in poly(ethylene‐ran‐methacrylic acid) ionomers

The local environment of unneutralized carboxylic acid groups in poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) (E/MAA) ionomers neutralized with monovalent (Li and Na) and divalent (Ca and Zn) ions has been investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These unneutralized acid groups interact with one another to form acid dimers, and they associate with existing neutralized complexes. At room temperature, no free acids can be detected for any system, not even for pure E/MAA. With the acid dimer peak (1700 cm−1) and a known unneutralized acid concentration, the concentration of acids associated with a neutralized complex can be determined. This concentration of associated acids increases with increasing neutralization, reaches a maximum below 50% neutralization, and then decreases toward zero near 80% neutralization. This behavior is perhaps due to the increased driving force for aggregation of the neutralization acids. Although Li, Na, and Ca contain similar concentrations of associated acids over the range of neutralizations, the Zn system contains far fewer associated acids (i.e., more acid dimers) at any particular neutralization level. These results are confirmed by an analysis of the absorbance in the neutralized region (1650–1500 cm−1). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2833–2841, 2002
NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from the oyster, crassostrea virginica Gmelin☆

Abstract 1. 1. NAD + and NADP + dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activities in homogenates of Crassostrea virginica Gmelin adductor muscle have been separated. 2. 2. Investigation of the kinetic properties of oyster NAD + -dependent ICDH reveals that the K m (IC) is 1.58 mM in the absence of ADP and falls to 0.66 mM in the presence of 1.0 mM ADP. The enzyme is inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates. 3. 3. NAD + -dependent ICDH requires a divalent metal ion for activity [ K m (Mg+2) is 0.61 mM] and is inhibited by iodoacetamide. 4. 4. The results indicate that this NAD + -dependent ICDH activity is a regulatory point of the oyster's Krebs Cycle.
New method of producing a uniformly over-filling launch distribution for multimode bandwidth measurements

A new method of pigtailing lasers produces an over-filled launch for bandwidth measurements without the use of a conventional mode-scrambler. Improvements are made over a conventional mode-scrambler system in both power coupled to the launch and improved reliability of the launched distribution. This technique utilizes a large-core/high-numerical aperture step-index multimode fiber to act on the high divergence angle of a laser diode. Within a few meters of the laser, mode power is uniformly distributed over more than 95% of the core diameter and fills 90% of the numerical aperture. This distribution then is transported, unchanged, to the fiber under test at the bandwidth launch. The fiber can be selected such that it efficiently over-fills the fiber under test, while not wasting power by launching into the cladding.
William B. Hurlbut: Building a bridge over troubled stem cell waters.

Prior to being appointed by President George W. Bush to the President's Council on Bioethics in 2001, William B. Hurlbut, M.D., was a popular consulting professor in bioethics and the neurosciences...
‘Challenge and support’: the role of the critical friend in continuing professional development

Abstract In this paper, the writer, a senior teacher in a comprehensive school, describes his role as a critical friend to two teachers who were undertaking self‐initiated action research projects as part of a school‐based, award‐bearing curriculum development scheme offered in conjunction with the local higher education institute (HEI). He concludes that such a relationship, in providing both challenge and support for colleagues who are attempting to improve practice, is a powerful vehicle for the professional development of teachers and has a positive impact on whole‐school development.
Long-term fairness with bounded worst-case losses

How does one repeatedly choose actions so as to be fairest to the multiple beneficiaries of those actions? We examine approaches to discovering sequences of actions for which the worst-off beneficiaries are treated maximally well, then secondarily the second-worst-off, and so on. We formulate the problem for the situation where the sequence of action choices continues forever; this problem may be reduced to a set of linear programs. We then extend the problem to situations where the game ends at some unknown finite time in the future. We demonstrate that an optimal solution is intractable, and present two good approximation algorithms.
Yule analysis of sunspots and auroral phenomena

Abstract In the Yule analysis the sunspot number for a given year is a function of those for the two preceding years and a presumed random disturbance. As Yule noted, however, the disturbances are not random and change sign at approximately 40 y intervals. The Yule methodology developed into what is now known as autoregressive time series analysis, in which the emphasis is on prediction and periodicity analysis. This study, by contrast, emphasizes the disturbances, and relates their temporal behavior to the shifts in latitudinal preferences observed in auroral occurrence. That is, auroral occurrence would be preferentially in the South for a time and then shift, over a relatively short period of time, to the North. The shift was observed in data from both Sweden and the United States. This behavior would then be repeated over subsequent intervals. The present paper compares the North/South behavior of Swedish auroras with the disturbances deduced from a Yule analysis of sunspots for approximately the past two centuries. Overall, though not exactly on a one-for-one basis, the northward movements occur during periods of low disturbances, and the southward movements during periods of high disturbances. It is tentatively proposed here that the general magnetic field of the sun, reflected also in the interplanetary field, joins the two phenomena. The results also support the proposal of Silverman that there are two branches in the relationship between auroral occurrence and sunspot maxima. In one branch, consisting of a minority of all cycles, the frequency of auroral occurrence is less than what might be expected from the main branch. Comparison with the derived sunspot disturbances shows that the average disturbance for the aurorally deficient branch is considerably lower than that for all cycles.
Response to Letter by Liebeskind

Response: We thank Dr Liebeskind for his interest in our study and appreciate his comments underscoring the complexity of enhancing perfusion to improve outcome in metastable ischemic brain tissue. We see merit in most of his comments and recognize the contributions he has made to collateral therapeutics in acutely ischemic brain. We would like to take this opportunity to clarify what may have been lost in translation. Dr Liebeskind observes that ischemic core was situated only microns away from the penumbra in our model, and considers this a marked discrepancy with human stroke. The calculation he makes underestimates considerably the values we obtained. To estimate salvageable penumbra in our model, we …
Object-aware saliency detection for consumer images

Many image analysis, computer vision and multimedia applications involving consumer images rely on or benefit from saliency maps which represent where important areas of images are located. To date, virtually all image saliency detection techniques tend to produce highly blurry saliency maps. However, there are situations where the awareness of objects and their boundaries in images can greatly facilitate solutions to the problems. In this paper, we propose a novel, effective and efficient image saliency detection algorithm. Notably, our algorithm is capable of detecting salient regions of an image with clear boundaries, corresponding to objects in the scene. Yet, the algorithm is robust to background clutter commonly found in typical consumer images. A comparison of our algorithm with several state-of-the-art image saliency detection algorithms reveals the favorable performance of our algorithm in terms of the quality of saliency maps and the computational time.
Risk Models for Particulate Air Pollution

(2003). Risk Models for Particulate Air Pollution. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Vol. 66, No. 16-19, pp. 1883-1890.
Exhaustive search strategy for the commonality analysis problem solution space

The cost of space missions is characteristically dominated by "up front" design and development expenditures. One way to limit the cost of such projects is to identify instances where the same constituent parts can be used economically in building more than one item, minimizing the number of different development efforts in the project. This search is called "Commonality Analysis."
The influence of design parameters on calcar stresses following femoral head arthroplasty

A two-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was used to investigate the effect of various prosthesis design parameters on stresses along the proximal medial aspect of the femur. Strain calculations were compared to reported experimentally measured strains for an intact femur and femur containing a prosthesis in an effort to verify the FEM results. The results of the study indicated that stress levels in the medial aspect of the femur approaching those of the intact femur are possible with a device having an elastic modulus similar to bone. It was found that acrylic bone cement had little effect on stress profiles in the medial aspect when compared to stresses for devices utilizing a direct bone to implant attachment mechanism. It was also found that reduction in implant stem length and elastic modulus of tissue present at the prosthesis--bone interface could be used to increase stresses in the medial aspect; however, their effects were not as dramatic as reducing the elastic modulus of the stem material.
Racial Identity Attitudes, Self-Concept, and Perceived Family Cohesion in Black College Students

In recent decades, the concept of racial identity development has received some attention in the literature with regard to Black college students (e.g., Brookins, 1994; Carter, DeSole, Sicalides, Glass, & Tyler, 1997; Goodstein & Ponterotto, 1997; Neville, Heppner, & Wang, 1997; Parham & Helms, 1985). Racial identity formation represents a critical task for these students, and this developmental process may be influenced by several factors. More specifically, for Black students matriculating in predominantly White colleges or universities, the experience of being a member of a numerical minority group may present challenges to the development of a positive Black racial identity. Examples of these challenges may include racial discrimination, lack of academic support, and social isolation (Spaights, Kenner, & Dixon, 1986). Familial relationships may serve as important support systems to some Black college students on predominantly White campuses, particularly in the development of a positive Black racial identity. In fact, some theorists (e.g., Parham, 1993; Spencer, 1982) have asserted that racial identity attitudes of adolescents are actually expressions of parental racial identity attitudes. Thus, for many
Unique animal prenyltransferase with monoterpene synthase activity.

Monoterpenes are structurally diverse natural compounds that play an essential role in the chemical ecology of a wide array of organisms. A key enzyme in monoterpene biosynthesis is geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS). GPPS is an isoprenyl diphosphate synthase that catalyzes a single electrophilic condensation reaction between dimethylallyl diphosphate (C5) and isopentenyl diphosphate (C5) to produce geranyl diphosphate (GDP; C10). GDP is the universal precursor to all monoterpenes. Subsequently, monoterpene synthases are responsible for the transformation of GDP to a variety of acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpene products. In pheromone-producing male Ips pini bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the acyclic monoterpene myrcene is required for the production of the major aggregation pheromone component, ipsdienol. Here, we report monoterpene synthase activity associated with GPPS of I. pini. Enzyme assays were performed on recombinant GPPS to determine the presence of monoterpene synthase activity, and the reaction products were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The functionally expressed recombinant enzyme produced both GDP and myrcene, making GPPS of I. pini a bifunctional enzyme. This unique insect isoprenyl diphosphate synthase possesses the functional plasticity that is characteristic of terpene biosynthetic enzymes of plants, contributing toward the current understanding of product specificity of the isoprenoid pathway.
Insecure programming: how culpable is a language's syntax?

Vulnerabilities in software stem from poorly written code. Inadvertent errors may creep in due to programmers not being aware of the security implications of their code. Writing secure code is largely a software engineering issue requiring the education of programmers about safe coding practices. Various projects and efforts such as memory usage profiling, meta-compilation and typing proofs that verify correctness of the code at compile-time and run-time provide additional assistance in this regard. We point out that in the context of security, one aspect that is perhaps underrated or overlooked is that vulnerabilities may be inherent in the syntax and grammar of a programming language itself. We leverage on some well-studied problems to show that small syntactic discrepancies may lead to vast semantic differences in programs and in turn, correlate to hard security errors. This technique will helps caution programmers on the types of errors to avoid as well as serve as a guideline for language designers to lay emphasis not only on richness of language features but also the unambiguity of the syntax.
Grape seed extract prevents skeletal muscle wasting in interleukin 10 knockout mice

Muscle wasting is frequently a result of cancers, AIDS, chronic diseases and aging, which often links to muscle inflammation. Although grape seed extract (GSE) has been widely used as a human dietary supplement for health promotion and disease prevention primarily due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammative effects, it is unknown whether GSE affects muscle wasting. The objective is to test the effects of GSE supplementation on inflammation and muscle wasting in interleukin (IL)-10 knockout mice, a recently developed model for human frailty. Male IL-10 knockout (IL10KO) C57BL/6 mice at 6 weeks of age were assigned to either 0% or 0.1% GSE (in drinking water) groups (n = 10) for 12 weeks, when skeletal muscle was sampled for analyses. Wild-type C57BL/6 male mice were used as controls. Tibialis anterior muscle weight and fiber size of IL10KO mice were much lower than wild-type mice. IL10KO enhanced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling and inflammasome formation when compared to wild-type mice. Phosphorylation of anabolic signaling was inhibited, whereas muscle specific ubiquitin ligase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and apoptotic signaling were up-regulated in IL10KO mice. GSE supplementation effectively rectified these adverse changes in IL10KO muscle, which provide an explanation for the enhanced muscle mass, reduced protein degradation and apoptosis in GSE supplemented mice compared to IL10KO mice without supplementation. GSE supplementation effectively prevents muscle wasting in IL10KO mice, showing that GSE can be used as an auxiliary treatment for muscle loss associated with chronic inflammation and frailty.
Dielectrophoretic registration of living cells to a microelectrode array

We present a novel microfabricated device to simultaneously and actively trap thousands of single mammalian cells in alignment with a planar microelectrode array. Thousands of 3 Ipm diameter trapping electrodes were fabricated within the bottom of a parallel-plate flow chamber. Cells were trapped on the electrodes and held against destabilizing fluid flows by dielectrophoretic forces generated in the device. In general, each electrode trapped only one cell. Adhesive regions were patterned onto the surface in alignment with the traps such that cells adhered to the array surface and remained in alignment with the electrodes. By driving the device with different voltages, we showed that trapped cells could be killed by stronger electric fields. However, with weaker fields, cells were not damaged during trapping, as indicated by the similar morphologies and proliferation rates of trapped cells versus controls. As a test of the device, we patterned approximately 20,000 cells onto aI cm2 grid of rectangular adhesive regions, with two electrodes and thus two cells per rectangle. Our method obtained 70 +/- 1% fidelity versus 17 +/- 1% when using an existing cell-registration technique. By allowing the placement of desired numbers of cells at specified locations, this approach addresses many needs to manipulate and register cells to the surfaces of biosensors and other devices with high precision and fidelity.
Design requirements for medium-sized wind turbines for remote and hybrid power systems

This paper provides an overview of the design requirements for medium-sized wind turbines intended for use in a remote hybrid power system. The recommendations are based on first-hand experience acquired at the University of Massachusetts through the installation, operation, and upgrade of a 250-kW turbine on a mountain top with difficult access in Western Massachusetts. Experience with the operation of this turbine and the design of its control system, together with a long history in the design and analysis of hybrid power systems, has made it possible to extend the work in Western Massachusetts to remote or hybrid power systems in general. The University test site has many attributes of more remote sites and the overall wind turbine installation is typical of one that could power a hybrid wind system. For example, access to the site is limited due to steep terrain, snow, and environmental restrictions. Also, the power lines feeding the turbine exhibit voltage sags and phase imbalance, especially during start-up. This paper is based on the experience gained from the operation of this wind turbine and assesses the requirements for the design and operation of medium to large wind turbines in remote locations. The work summarizes lessons learned relative to: (1) sensors, communication, and control capabilities; (2) grid connection issues; and (3) weather-related problems. The final section of the paper focuses on design requirements to ensure successful installation and the completion of maintenance and repairs at remote sites.
MILSA: A Mobility and Multihoming Supporting Identifier Locator Split Architecture for Naming in the Next Generation Internet

Naming and addressing are important issues for next generation Internet (NGI). In this paper, we discuss a new mobility and multihoming supporting identifier locator split architecture (MILSA). There are three main contributions of our solution. First, we separate trust relationships (realms) from connectivity (zones). A hierarchical identifier system for the realms and a Realm Zone Bridging Server (RZBS) infrastructure that performs the bridging function is introduced. Second, we separate the signaling and data plane functions to improve the performance and support mobility. Third, to provide transparency to the upper layer applications, identifier locator split happens in network layer. A Hierarchical URI-like Identifier (HUI) is used by the upper layers and is mapped to a locators set by HUI Mapping Sublayer (HMS) through interaction with RZBS infrastructure. Further scenarios description and analysis show the benefits of this scheme for routing scalability, mobility and multihoming.
The role of emotion regulation in children's early academic success.

This study investigated the role of children's emotion regulation skills and academic success in kindergarten, using a sample of 325 five-year-old children. A mediational analysis addressed the potential mechanisms through which emotion regulation relates to children's early academic success. Results indicated that emotion regulation was positively associated with teacher reports of children's academic success and productivity in the classroom and standardized early literacy and math achievement scores. Contrary to predictions, child behavior problems and the quality of the student teacher relationship did not mediate these relations. However, emotion regulation and the quality of the student-teacher relationship uniquely predicted academic outcomes even after accounting for IQ. Findings are discussed in terms of how emotion regulation skills facilitate children's development of a positive student-teacher relationship and cognitive processing and independent learning behavior, both of which are important for academic motivation and success.
Aphasics' comprehension of contextually conveyed meaning

Abstract Eighteen aphasics and seven normal controls were examined as to their ability to comprehend utterances when correct interpretation required integration of extralinguistic cues in a natural setting. Videotaped situations were presented in which the correct interpretation of an utterance was not the literal interpretation but was the meaning conveyed by the request in a particular context. The aphasics' performance with indirect requests was superior to their performance on a standard battery of auditory comprehension tasks. Standard tests of auditory language comprehension, therefore, offer a measure of aphasic breakdown in linguistic processing but do not adequately reflect aphasics' receptive abilities in natural communicative settings. When the aphasic subjects did demonstrate difficulties with natural settings, their difficulty was, in part, a function of their level of performance on the standard battery. In addition, when the linguistic element of the communicative setting conveyed negative intent, aphasics were further reduced in their ability to interpret a message correctly. Otherwise, the aphasic subjects performance resembled that of the normal controls in that they demonstrated the capacity to utilize extralinguistic cues to discern correctly the conveyed intent in many requests.
An implementation decision framework for Supply Chain Management: a case study

This paper is an extension and further validation of Tummala and Schoenherr (2008) who developed a Supply Chain Management (SCM) implementation decision framework based on best practices identified in past literature. This manuscript reports and analyses the results of a survey among supply chain managers of a large international manufacturing company, testing the framework. As such, this study provides insight into how relevant and important the identified enablers, SCM initiatives and the related operational plans are, and how they aid in the implementation of a comprehensive SCM approach within the company.