cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instant Transformation of Learned Repulsion into Motivational “Wanting”

Summary Background Learned cues for pleasant reward often elicit desire, which, in addicts, may become compulsive. According to the dominant view in addiction neuroscience and reinforcement modeling, such desires are the simple products of learning, coming from a past association with reward outcome. Results We demonstrate that cravings are more than merely the products of accumulated pleasure memories—even a repulsive learned cue for unpleasantness can become suddenly desired via the activation of mesocorticolimbic circuitry. Rats learned repulsion toward a Pavlovian cue (a briefly-inserted metal lever) that always predicted an unpleasant Dead Sea saltiness sensation. Yet, upon first reencounter in a novel sodium-depletion state to promote mesocorticolimbic reactivity (reflected by elevated Fos activation in ventral tegmentum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex), the learned cue was instantly transformed into an attractive and powerful motivational magnet. Rats jumped and gnawed on the suddenly attractive Pavlovian lever cue, despite never having tasted intense saltiness as anything other than disgusting. Conclusions Instant desire transformation of a learned cue contradicts views that Pavlovian desires are essentially based on previously learned values (e.g., prediction error or temporal difference models). Instead desire is recomputed at reencounter by integrating Pavlovian information with the current brain/physiological state. This powerful brain transformation reverses strong learned revulsion into avid attraction. When applied to addiction, related mesocorticolimbic transformations (e.g., drugs or neural sensitization) of cues for already-pleasant drug experiences could create even more intense cravings. This cue/state transformation helps define what it means to say that addiction hijacks brain limbic circuits of natural reward.
The steepening of long, internal waves

An investigation is made of the deformation of long waves in a stratified fluid as influenced by the curvature of the vertical profile of density, by the terms neglected in the Boussinesq approximation and by the vertical shear. In the continuous case these are taken to be small effects and the results for waves with an even number of nodal surfaces are as follows: (1) If the density profile is concave upward, a wave of elevation tends to break in the direction of the propagation, i.e. the forward part of the wave steepens; if the profile is convex upward, it tends to break backward. (2) The terms neglected in the Boussinesq approximation cause a wave of elevation to tend to break backward. (3) If the wave is propagating toward negative x and the fluid speed along the x -axis increases with height, the wave of elevation tends to break forward. To the first order there is no tendency for breaking if the waves have an odd number of nodal surfaces. An analysis is also made of a two-fluid system. The same tendencies exist in (1) above provided the concave-upward profile corresponds to a shallower lower fluid. In (2) and (3) above the tendencies for breaking in the continuous system and in the two-fluid system are opposite. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972.tb01536.x
Phonon scattering by point defects in CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2

Low-temperature thermal-conductivity measurements have been made on pure Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and on all three hosts containing ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ impurities. Concentrations of these impurities near ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ were found to have no effect on the thermal conductivity, suggesting a weak phonon scattering due to point defects in these systems. ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{++}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{3+}$ impurities in the ${10}^{19}$-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ range and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in the ${10}^{20}$-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ range were studied in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and two effects were observed. Nonresonant point-defect scattering of the Rayleigh type was seen. Mass-difference scattering alone was shown to be sufficient to explain the data for all three impurities. The strength of this Rayleigh scattering is in accord with the lack of an effect at low concentrations of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$. In addition, the low-temperature side of the conductivity curves for all three dopants was found to vary as ${T}^{3}$. This behavior has been ascribed to phonon scattering by precipitates. Since ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{++}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{3+}$ are magnetic, the possibility of phonon-spin interactions for these systems was investigated as an explanation for the low-temperature data. This possibility was shown to be excludable.
The diagnosis and characteristics of renal heavy-chain and heavy/light-chain amyloidosis and their comparison with renal light-chain amyloidosis.

Little is known about the rare entities of heavy- and light-chain amyloidosis (AHL) and heavy-chain amyloidosis (AH). Here, we report the renal and hematological characteristics, pathology, and outcome of 16 patients with renal AH/AHL (5 with AH and 11 with AHL) and compare them with 202 patients with renal light-chain amyloidosis (AL) diagnosed during the same time period. All cases were diagnosed by kidney biopsy that showed Congo red–positive deposits. Amyloid typing was done by laser microdissection and mass spectrometry (LMD/MS) on 12 patients or by immunofluorescence on four patients. All patients with renal AH/AHL were Caucasians, with a male/female ratio of 2.2 and a median age at biopsy of 63 years. Compared with patients with renal AL, those with renal AH/AHL had less frequent concurrent cardiac involvement, higher likelihood of having circulating complete monoclonal immunoglobulin, lower sensitivity of fat pad biopsy and bone marrow biopsy for detecting amyloid, higher incidence of hematuria, and better patient survival. The hematological response to chemotherapy was comparable with renal AL. In 42% of patients, AH/AHL could not have been diagnosed without LMD/MS. Thus, renal AH/AHL is an uncommon and underrecognized form of amyloidosis, and its diagnosis is greatly enhanced by the use of LMD/MS for amyloid typing. The accurate histological diagnosis of renal AH/AHL and distinction from AL may have important clinical and prognostic implications.
Watching the Solvation of Atoms in Liquids One Solvent Molecule at a Time

We use mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations and ultrafast transient hole-burning spectroscopy to build a molecular-level picture of the motions of solvent molecules around Na atoms in liquid tetrahydrofuran. We find that even at room temperature, the solvation of Na atoms occurs in discrete steps, with the number of solvent molecules nearest the atom changing one at a time. This explains why the rate of solvent relaxation differs for different initial nonequilibrium states, and reveals how the solvent helps determine the identity of atomic species in liquids.
Measurement of relaxation times by the adiabatic half passage (T1ϱ) technique

Abstract The use of the adiabatic half passage (T1ϱ) technique for the measurement of the relaxation times T1 and T2 for systems containing closely spaced resonances or large solvent peaks has been investigated. An analytic function for the time dependence of the dispersion mode signal employed in this technique has been developed and the conditions are given for the successful measurement of relaxation times in the presence of neighboring resonances. The modification of a JEOL-4H-100 spectrometer to measure nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times is also described.
No evidence for biased co-transmission of speciation islands in Anopheles gambiae

Genome-scale scans have revealed highly heterogeneous levels of divergence between closely related taxa in many systems. Generally, a small number of regions show high differentiation, with the rest of the genome showing no or only low levels of divergence. These patterns have been interpreted as evidence for ongoing speciation-with-gene-flow, with introgression homogenizing the whole genome except loci involved in reproductive isolation. However, as the number of selected loci increases, the probability of introgression at unselected loci decreases unless there is a transmission ratio distortion causing an over-representation of specific combinations of alleles. Here we examine the transmission of three ‘speciation islands’ that contain fixed differences between the M and S forms of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae . We made reciprocal crosses between M and S parents and genotyped over 2000 F2 individuals, developing a hierarchical likelihood model to identify specific genotypes that are under- or over-represented among the recombinant offspring. Though our overall results did not match the expected number of F2 genotypes, we found no biased co-transmission among M or S alleles in the three islands. Our likelihood model did identify transmission ratio distortion at two of the three islands, but this distortion was small (approx. 3%) and in opposite directions for the two islands. We discuss how our results impinge on hypotheses of current gene flow between M and S and ongoing speciation-with-gene-flow in this system.
OPTIMIZED SIGNAL DENOISING AND ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL TIMING AND MASS BALANCE FROM SIMULATED GRACE-LIKE REGIONAL MASS VARIATIONS

The gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellite mission has been providing near-continuous measurements of Earth's mass variations at regional spatial scales since early 2003, with applications to hydrologic, oceanographic, and cryospheric research. Motivated by recent regional land ice solutions, we analyze an array of simulated GRACE-like signals and seek optimal procedures to denoise the time series and accurately determine the seasonal timing and the corresponding seasonal and net mass balances. For the purpose of signal denoising we consider Gaussian smoothing, wavelet thresholding, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), the complete EEMD with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), and a Wiener filter. We achieve the best denoising performance with a Wiener filter where the signal and noise spectra are estimated with Gaussian smoothing and the highest frequency wavelet coefficients, respectively. For the purpose of estimating seasonal timing we consider wavelet multiresolution analysis, E...
The Afterlife of Terri Schiavo

Shortly after Terri Schiavo's autopsy was released, Not Dead Yet, a disability advocacy group, issued a press release asserting that the autopsy results "leave the central issues in her life and death unanswered." Not Dead Yet contested the view that the autopsy bolstered the diagnosis of a persistent vegetative state. It supported its contention by calling attention to comments by Stephen J. Nelson, the neuropathologist who examined Schiavo's brain during the autopsy. Nelson rightly noted that "The persistent vegetative state, and minimally conscious state, are clinical diagnoses, not pathologic ones," and that "Neuropathologic examination alone of the decedent's brain--or any brain, for that matter--cannot prove or disprove a diagnosis of persistent vegetative state or minimally conscious state." Nonetheless, the findings are consistent with the Multi-Society Task Force report on PVS published in 1994 in the New England Journal of Medicine and with Bryan Jennett's review of PVS pathology in his authoritative 2002 text, The Vegetative State: Medical Facts, Ethical and Legal Dilemmas. Jennett and Fred Plum coined the term "persistent vegetative state" in 1972 in an article in the Lancet. The autopsy reported that at her death, Terri Schiavo had a brain weight of 615 grams, half that of a normal brain and significantly less than Karen Ann Quinlan's, which weighed 835 grams. She had developed hydrocephalus ex vacuo, a condition marked by enlarged ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid, because of this profound loss of cortical volume. Her brain also revealed microscopic changes that would be expected in hypoxic-ischemic cases of PVS--cases, that is, in which the brain is damaged by oxygen deprivation. Schiavo sustained changes that were "striking in their appearance, and global in their distribution." Laminar necrosis--death in a midcortical level--had a patchy distribution in most cortical sections, with border zones between arterial blood supply especially affected. There was a "readily discernible noteworthy gradient loss when moving from anterior to posterior regions," with the occipital lobes in the back of the head responsible for vision being most severely affected. Remarkably, her brain showed a total loss of basal ganglia neurons, and her thalamus was "similarly affected." These observations are consistent with Jennett's research on the pathology of the vegetative state. He has noted that in nontraumatic cases of PVS, "the damage is usually extensive necrosis in the cerebral cortex, almost always associated with thalamic damage. …
The slip theory of plasticity for crystalline aggregates

Abstract The model for predicting the plastic behaviour of a crystalline aggregate under uniaxial stress from empirical data on slip in the single crystal which has been developed by Taylor and modified by Bishop and Hill , and by Lin is presented in a mathematical form which provides for the case in which the stress is not uniaxial.
A Low-Resolution Multislit Spectrograph for 20-30 Meter Telescopes

A design is proposed for a slit mask spectrograph for wide-field 20 and 30 m telescopes that overcomes the problem of the very large physical size of their focal surfaces. The design divides the focal surface into many spectrograph cells which are deployed in a hexagonal pattern to cover the field of view. When fully implemented, in a single exposure one can obtain up to 1692 and 1036 spectra, respectively, with the 20 and 30 m telescope spectrographs. The spectrograph can be used from 4000 to 9500 A. Almost any object in the complete field of view can be observed if two exposures are made. The weight of the fully implemented instrument is approximately 16,500 kg, and the cost is approximately $18,000,000.
Predicting Later Academic Achievement from Kindergarten Scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests and the Lollipop Test

The long-term predictive validities of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) and the Lollipop Test: A Diagnostic Screening Test of School Readiness were examined. The achievement of 246 students in reading and mathematics as measured by the Stanford Achievement Test and teacher assigned grades in first, third, and fourth grades was predicted from kindergarten administrations of each of these test batteries. All multiple correlations for the Lollipop Test and the MRT were found to be significant and similar in magnitude. Perhaps particularly noteworthy, was that the Lollipop Test, a shorter screening instrument, performed as well as the lengthier MRT in predicting school achievement.
Preterm premature ruptured membranes: a randomized trial of steroids after treatment with antibiotics.

Objective To assess the effectiveness of corticosteroids in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) after treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, ampicillin-sulbactam. Methods A randomized clinical trial of corticosteroids in patients with preterm PROM was undertaken after treating these patients for a minimum of 12 hours with ampicillin-sulbactam. No digital vaginal examinations were performed on these patients. Antibiotics were continued for 7 days and the steroids were repeated weekly. No tocolytics were used. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Secondary outcome measures included latency period and neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity. Results Seventy-seven patients were enrolled and data about their pregnancies were analyzed. No statistically significant difference in latency period was noted (14.7 days in the steroid group, 15.8 days in the no-steroid group). Both neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity were similar. A significant reduction in the incidence of RDS (18.4 versus 43.6%, P = .03) were observed in the steroid group. Conclusion These data suggest that treating preterm PROM patients with a broad-spectrum antibiotic before corticosteroids decreases RDS without apparent adverse sequelae.
Interaction of Mast Cells with Extracellular Matrix Proteins

It is possible to divide surface receptors on mast cells conceptually into three groups. The first consists of immune response receptors. The index receptor for this group is FceRI, now joined by Fcγ
The Federal Role in Curbing Sprawl

This article contends that the federal government has a significant role to play in curbing metropolitan sprawl and promoting reinvestment in cities and older suburbs. It outlines the dominant growth trends under way in U.S. metropolitan areas (that is, the rapid decentralization of employment centers and residential areas) and discusses the implications of these trends for the economy, the environment, social welfare, and general quality of life. It also shows how a new metropolitan agenda is emerging in the states to address such issues as metropolitan governance, land use, infrastructure spending, and job access. Finally, the article calls on the presidential candidates to discuss ways in which federal action can help metropolitan areas grow differently—by providing directives and incentives for metropolitan governance, enacting policies that facilitate smart growth, and helping regions understand their challenges.
Conformational effects in 3-halotetrahydropyrans

Abstract The conformational equilibria of 3-chloro- and 3-bromotetrahydropyran were measured by NMR and IR spectroscopy using model 2-alkyl-5-halotetrahydropyrans. The 3-chloro compound was 76·2% equatorial in carbon tetrachloride and 58·5% in acetonitrile and the 3-bromo compound 85% equatorial in carbon tetrachloride. The conformational equilibrium is discussed in terms of dipole, electronic and van der Waals effects.
Microinvasive Breast Cancer: Incidence of Axillary Metastases at Diagnosis and Recurrence Rates after Breast-conserving Therapy (BCT) or Mastectomy

Materials/Methods: We reviewed records of 83 consecutive patients (pts) diagnosed with MIBC from 1997-2005. Microinvasion was defined using the AJCC definition with no focus of invasion larger than 1 mm. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years. The cumulative incidence (CI) of local recurrence (LR) was estimated with nodal/distant recurrence as a competing event; the CI of nodal/distant recurrence was estimated with LR as a competing event. Time to recurrence was measured from the date of breast-cancer diagnosis. Pts were censored at the date of second malignancy (n = 1), contralateral breast cancer (n = 2), or date of last breast-cancer follow-up. Univariate predictors of LR were identified using the log-rank test and the effect estimates were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression.
Supporting CS education via virtualization and packages: tools for successfully accommodating "bring-your-own-device" at scale

Higher education is facing a paradigm shift in the ownership and use of computer hardware. The school computer lab is no longer the primary place of student computer use. Instead, students increasingly expect to use their own hardware to complete their school assignments. This creates a challenge for computer science educators: we must now support a wide range of heterogeneous hardware without the benefits of tight control over its use. To address this ``Bring-Your-Own-Device'' (BYOD) challenge, we leverage virtualization and software packaging systems to gracefully deploy and support a standardized development environment for all core CS courses across a range of both school-owned and student-owned computing devices. We have deployed and evaluated our system for the previous two years at scale and continue to actively use and develop it. It has effectively helped us support multiple classes comprising hundreds of students with very limited IT staffing. We describe the design and management of our system, present our experience using our system, and discuss the lessons we've learned. We also provide data reflecting current student user experience with our system. Our system has proven very effective in addressing the student BYOD challenge in a manageable, cost-efficient, and easy-to-use manner.
Distinguishing Chlamydia species by restriction analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene

Clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae from diverse geographic locations and strains of other Chlamydia species were typed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the product. Use of synthetic primers corresponding to highly conserved regions of the MOMP gene resulted in amplification of a 1070 bp product in laboratory strains and clinical isolates of C. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes Alu I and Mbo I and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Restriction fragment patterns varied in length from 8–12 bands of 30–400 bp in size in Alu I digests, and 6–7 bands of 50–400 bp in size in Mbo I digests. Strains representing different chlamydia species were easily distinguishable by this method, as were different serovars of C. trachomatis. Strains of C. pneumoniae tested include laboratory strain TW-183 and recent clinical isolates from Atlanta, Brooklyn, Wisconsin and Norway. One combination of primers reacted with C. psittaci strains and C. pneumoniae strain TW-183, but not with other strains of C. pneumoniae tested regardless of the concentration of DNA in the sample. With use of a pan-reactive primer combination, however, restriction patterns were similar in all strains of C. pneumoniae tested. This gene typing technique can be valuable for distinguishing the three chlamydial species and potentially strains of C. pneumoniae in clinical and epidemiologic studies.
The role of mental simulation in embodied cognition

Whereas much has been reported on the subject of embodied cognition (EC), specifics regarding the link between cognitive processes and bodily action remain a mystery, especially regarding its developmental nature. This commentary presents the perspective that in addition to providing insight to how children mentally represent their intentions, an understanding of action simulation has the potential to inspire new thoughts on EC. The basis for this line of reasoning is that one of the primary mechanisms shared by EC and the ability to mentally represent action is simulation. Furthermore, research reports provide a convincing case that motor imagery provides a window into the process of mental (action) representation. With this paper I describe the role of simulation with both processes and suggest that simulation testing in the form of imagery use has the potential to promote insight to the developmental nature of EC.
Household food demand in Turkey: A two-step demand system approach

Abstract Demands for sixteen food products are investigated, using data from the Turkish Household Expenditure Survey. The linear approximate almost ideal demand system (LAIDS) is estimated with Shonkwiler and Yen’s two-step procedure. All own-price elasticities are negative and expenditure elasticities positive. Bread, other cereals, bovine, mutton, giblets, and cheese have high expenditure elasticities. Mutton, bovine, and several other protein-rich products are price elastic. Results suggest a mix of gross substitutes and complements, while net substitution is the dominant pattern. Demographic characteristics also play important roles in shaping food demand. The elasticity estimates can inform policy deliberations.
The de facto preferential trade agreement in East Asia

ABSTRACT East Asian countries apply lower tariffs on their neighbors’ products than they are required to under the various trade agreements to which they belong, a concession they grant only rarely to countries outside the region. The result is a de facto preferential trade area in East Asia in which applied tariff rates significantly undercut the legally bound rates. This gap, termed binding overhang, is an under-studied aspect of international political economy, but provides information about the nature of East Asian regionalism. To wit, the regional bias in applied tariffs is driven by transnational production networks that must move components across borders, not geopolitics or state preferences for increased regional integration. This finding supports a ‘bottom up’ interpretation of East Asian regionalism.
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Control Frame Protection

In the present communication scenario of 802.11 wireless local access network there is virtually no way to protect control frames and due to this a range of network allocation vector based denial of service attacks are possible. This paper proposes a novel approach for protecting control frames by generating a unique message authentication code using inter access point protocol for key distribution and key management. Evaluation results show that the denial of service attacks that are possible due to not securing the control frames will be countered by using this solution.
Modeling and Performance Evaluation of TSO-Preserving Binary Optimization

Program optimization on multi-core systems must preserve the program memory consistency. This paper studies TSO-preserving binary optimization. We introduce a novel approach to formally model TSO-preserving binary optimization based on the formal TSO memory model. The major contribution of the modeling is a sound and complete algorithm to verify TSO-preserving binary optimization with O(N2) complexity. We also developed a dynamic binary optimization system to evaluate the performance impact of TSO-preserving optimization. We show in our experiments that, dynamic binary optimization without memory optimizations can improve performance by 8.1%. TSO-preserving optimizations can further improve the performance by 4.8% to a total 12.9%. Without considering the restriction for TSO-preserving optimizations, the dynamic binary optimization can improve the overall performance to 20.4%.
Peptide contributes to the specificity of positive selection of CD8+ T cells in the thymus

Mice deficient in the gene encoding the peptide transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1) have drastically reduced levels of surface expression of MHC class I molecules and few CD8+ T cells. Addition of class I binding peptides to cultured fetal thymi from TAP1 mutant mice invariably allowed the rescue of class I expression, while only some of these peptides promoted the positive selection of CD8+ T cells, which were polyclonal and specific for the peptide-MHC complex. A nonselecting peptide was converted to a mixture of selecting peptides when the residues involved in the interaction with TCRs were altered. A mixture of self-peptides derived from C57BL/6 thymi induced positive selection of CD8+ T cells at concentrations that gave relatively low class I surface expression. The implication of these observations is that self-peptides determine, in part, the repertoire of specificities exhibited by CD8+ T cells.
Kernel-based whole-genome prediction of complex traits: a review

Prediction of genetic values has been a focus of applied quantitative genetics since the beginning of the 20th century, with renewed interest following the advent of the era of whole genome-enabled prediction. Opportunities offered by the emergence of high-dimensional genomic data fueled by post-Sanger sequencing technologies, especially molecular markers, have driven researchers to extend Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright's models to confront new challenges. In particular, kernel methods are gaining consideration as a regression method of choice for genome-enabled prediction. Complex traits are presumably influenced by many genomic regions working in concert with others (clearly so when considering pathways), thus generating interactions. Motivated by this view, a growing number of statistical approaches based on kernels attempt to capture non-additive effects, either parametrically or non-parametrically. This review centers on whole-genome regression using kernel methods applied to a wide range of quantitative traits of agricultural importance in animals and plants. We discuss various kernel-based approaches tailored to capturing total genetic variation, with the aim of arriving at an enhanced predictive performance in the light of available genome annotation information. Connections between prediction machines born in animal breeding, statistics, and machine learning are revisited, and their empirical prediction performance is discussed. Overall, while some encouraging results have been obtained with non-parametric kernels, recovering non-additive genetic variation in a validation dataset remains a challenge in quantitative genetics.
Word-HOGs: Word histogram of oriented gradients for mobile visual search

Despite being a highly distinctive feature, the potential of text in images for mobile visual search has been largely neglected. Our research reported in this paper strives to improve mobile visual search by incorporating algorithms and compact representations tailored to visual text. We develop a new word patch descriptor, called Word Histogram of Oriented Gradients (Word-HOGs). The descriptor is based on gradient orientation histograms and can be compressed to a very small size using context-based arithmetic coding with lattice quantization. Because of its special structure, we can build image features from the descriptor and use these features for large-scale word patch matching. We show that the Word-HOG descriptor has a word patch matching performance that is better or comparable to the state-of-the-art approaches while being more efficient in feature counts, and it can be highly compressed with negligible loss in retrieval performance.
Assessing the influence of health literacy on HIV-positive women's cervical cancer prevention knowledge and behaviors

Women living with HIV (WLH) bear a disproportionate burden of cervical cancer and may face challenges understanding health information. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of health literacy on WLH cervical cancer screening knowledge and behaviors. WLH were recruited from clinic- and community-based settings in the southeastern USA. The majority of women completing a questionnaire assessing factors related to cervical cancer were African American (90 %). About 38 % of women reported low health literacy. Compared to women with high health literacy, these women were more likely to report having had ≥ 2 Pap tests during the year after HIV diagnosis (p=0.02), and less likely to have had a Pap test <1 year previously (p=0.05). There was no difference in cervical cancer or human papillomavirus knowledge among those with low versus high health literacy. Results revealed mixed finding on the influence of health literacy on screening knowledge and behaviors.
Pilot Study of a Novel Computerized Task to Assess Spatial Learning in Children and Adolescents With Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Difficulties with visual-spatial learning are frequently observed and often considered to be the hallmark of neurocognitive impairment in neurofibromatosis type 1. The computerized Arena Maze is a virtual environment task that has been developed as a human paradigm to the Morris Water Maze, which is used to evaluate spatial learning in animal models. The authors evaluated this task as a measure of spatial learning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 compared with their unaffected siblings. Affected children were able to learn the task and navigate the virtual environment; however, they performed more poorly on standard measures of spatial learning and spatial working memory than their siblings. The group with neurofibromatosis type 1 demonstrated decreased proficiency in earlier target trials and had more difficulty in remembering target location. This study demonstrates the potential utility of a novel virtual task to assess spatial learning deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.
Surface tension and the sintering force in copper

The sintering force, defined as the uniaxial tensile force necessary to just stop the sintering contraction in the direction of the applied force, has been measured over the entire course of the sintering of an uncompacted copper powder. The force rises to a maximum at a den-sity of 95 pct, and then becomes immeasurable. The sintering force perpendicular to cross-section “a” of a sinter body can also be computed from the known surface tension γ of the metal, the average mean curvature ¯H of the surface of the porosity and the area fraction of porosityA A , by use of the relationship:F = γ¯HA A a. The calculated sintering force is valid so long as the metal-void interface is composed of a multiply-connected minimal-area sur-face. This condition is met during late first stage and early second stage sintering. Under the same conditions, the surface tension of a sinterable solid can be determined through a measurement of the sintering force.
Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications in Hydrogeology

Our efforts to understand the physical, chemical, and biological processes involved in groundwater flow, contaminant transport, and site remediation are made challenging by the limited access we have to the subsurface environment in which they occur. While some recent research projects have collected data that are relatively high in temporal and spatial resolution, at the sites of many environmental investigations the resolution of the data is limited. For this reason, geostatistics has been integrated with hydrogeology to provide methods for quantifying uncertainty where estimation, interpolation, and extrapolation of hydrogeologic attributes are required between and beyond data locations. Hydrogeologic attributes generally do not vary in a maximally disordered fashion but have both random and structured qualities, both of which can be represented by geostatistical models.
Late Cambrian cabbage-head stromatolites from Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

Saratoga Springs, New York, is the site of one of the finest examples of domed stromatolites to be seen anywhere in ancient rocks and is significant in the history of geology as the area where stromatolites were first described and interpreted. These cabbage-head structures, which are part of the Hoyt Limestone of Late Cambrian (Late Franconian to Early Trempeleauan) age, were described by James Hall as early as 1847. Glaciated surfaces expose horizontal sections of the cabbage-shaped heads composed of vertically stacked, hemispherical stromatolites. The microbial heads are discrete domal structures built of hemispheroidal and bulbous stromatolites expanding upward from a base. The heads, many of them compound, are circular in horizontal section, and range in diameter from a few centimeters to a meter. Between the heads are ooids, skeletal fragments of trilobites, brachiopods, pelecypods, and quartz-sand particles.
Phase transitions and dark matter problems

Abstract The possible relationships between phase transitions in the early universe and dark matter problems are discussed. It is shown that there are at least 3 distinct cosmological dark matter problems 1) halos; 2) galaxy formation and clustering; and 3) Ω = 1 , each emphasizing different attributes for the dark matter. At least some of the dark matter must be baryonic but if problems 2 and 3 are real they seem to also require non-baryonic material. However, if seeds are generated at the quark-hadron-chiral symmetry transition then alternatives to the standard scenarios may occur. At present no simple simultaneous solution (neither “hot”, “warm”, nor “cold”) exists for all 3 problems, but non-standard solutions with strings, decaying particles or light not tracing to mass may work. An alternative interpretation of the relationship of the cluster-cluster and galaxy-galaxy correlation functions using renormalized scaling is mentioned. In this interpretation galaxies are more strongly correlated and the cluster-cluster function is not expected to go negative until ≳ 200 Mpc. Possible phase transition origins for the cluster-cluster renormalized scale are presented as ways to obtain a dimension 1.2 fractal.
Nutrient Transport in Runoff as Affected by Distillers Grain Diet and Manure Application Rate

Feedlots may increase profitability by including distillers grains in feedlot finishing diets. However the nutrient content of by-products are concentrated about three during the distillation process. Manure can be applied to meet single or multiple year crop nutrient requirements. The water quality effects of the use of distillers grains and multiple year manure application have not been well quantified. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the runoff water quality effects resulting from the application of manure derived from corn and distillers grain diets; (2) examine the effects of till and no-till conditions on runoff nutrient transport; and (3) compare the water quality impacts of 1, 2, and 4-year phosphorus (P) based manure application rates. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75 m wide x 2 m long plots soon after manure application. No significant difference in dissolved phosphorus (DP) or total P (TP) transport was found between the corn and distillers grain treatments. The runoff load of TP was significantly larger on the no-till than the till plots. The amount of DP, particulate phosphorus (PP), and TP transported in runoff was significantly affected by manure application rate. The TN content of runoff was similar for till and no-till conditions on the plots containing manure obtained from the distillers grain diet. The environmental effects of the use of manure from a distillers grain diet and multiple year manure application should be considered when developing nutrient management plans.
GaN Devices in Resonant LLC Converters: System-level considerations

Resonant or soft-switching converters are common in the high-voltage (400?600 V) space to reduce form factor while maintaining high efficiency. These supplies target topologies such as the LLC, phase-shifted full bridge, and two-switch forward with power levels between 400 W and 5 kW. The LLC converter is a popular topology in this space as it can achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) over a wide load range [1]. This article is focused on LLC converters with a 350?400-V input range and an isolated 12 or 48 VDC output. Applications include the second stage of traditional ac/dc supplies for server and telecom markets, electric vehicle (EV) bus converters, and board-mounted supplies for the high-voltage dc distribution trend in rack-mount environments.
Sanctioning Patterns of Social Work Licensing Boards, 2000–2009

This article reports the results of a national study of social workers in the United States sanctioned by their state regulatory boards (N = 2,607) during the period 2000–2009. The purpose of this study was to identify the most frequent types of unprofessional conduct and common sanctioning patterns across state licensing boards. The highest incidences were found for unprofessional conduct including licensing-related problems (e.g., continuing education, working on a lapsed license); dual relationships; crimes; basic practice (e.g., record keeping, informed consent, and confidentiality); professionals practicing while impaired (e.g., alcohol, drugs, mental illness); and services below the standards of care. Revocation and license surrender were the most frequent types of sanctions followed by suspensions, letters of warning, or admonishment. Relevancies to education, training, and supervision are made and directions for future research are suggested.
A 5-Year Review of AAHPERD Poster Presentations in the Area of Sport Education

One desired outcome ofk-12 physical education is that all students will have positive experiences during their classes. If students have positive experiences in physical education, they will physically likely be physically active throughout their lives (Barney & Strand, 2008). Unfortunately, for some students the physical education experience has been boring, unnecessary, a waste of time, or just not cool (Rice, 1988). One tool physical educators can manipulate to ensure that student's have positive experiences in physical education, is the curriculum. Barney and Deutsch (2009) found that the curriculum used in a middle school program played a major role in affecting students' attitudes, both positively and negatively. In this instance, the middle school students liked the games and activities they participated in, which were made up of mostly team sports.
Comparison of AlN films grown by RF magnetron sputtering and ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films were formed on various substrates by using RF magnetron sputtering of an A1 target in a nitrogen plasma and also by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (IAMBE). Basal-oriented AlN/(111) Si showed a degradation of crystallinity with increased substrate temperature from 550 to 770 C, while the crystallinity of AlN/(0001) A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} samples improved from 700 to 850 C. The optical absorption characteristics of the AlN/(0001) A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} films as grown by both deposition methods revealed a decrease in subbandgap absorption with increased substrate temperature.
Treatment of condyloma acuminatum with three different interferons administered intralesionally. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and toxicity of intralesionally administered interferons in the treatment of condyloma acuminatum. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. SETTING Outpatient clinics at university medical centers. PATIENTS Seventy-nine patients with biopsy-proved condyloma acuminatum that was refractory to conventional therapy were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS Alpha-2b, alpha-nl-, and beta-interferons were used. One wart on each patients was injected three times per week for 4 weeks with either 1 x 10(6) units of interferon or placebo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-seven percent of warts injected with interferon resolved completely, compared with 22% of placebo-injected warts (P = 0.009). In addition, more recipients of interferon had a complete resolution of uninjected lesions. No differences in rates of response were noted among the different interferon groups. Approximately one third of interferon-injected warts recurred, compared with none of four placebo-injected warts. Intralesionally administered interferon was nontoxic and well tolerated, although transient pain on injection was observed frequently. CONCLUSIONS Intralesional administration of each of these three interferons appears to be useful in treating condyloma acuminatum. However, the frequent recurrence of disease and the failure of many lesions to resolve indicate that different regimens, such as longer courses of therapy or different routes of administration, should be evaluated to maximize beneficial effects of interferon for treating this common sexually transmitted disease.
Multiresolution indexing of XML for frequent queries

XML and other types of semistructured data are typically represented by a labeled directed graph. To speed up path expression queries over the graph, a variety of structural indexes have been proposed. They usually work by partitioning nodes in the data graph into equivalence classes and storing equivalence classes as index nodes. A(k)-index introduces the concept of local bisimilarity for partitioning, allowing the trade-off between index size and query answering power. However, all index nodes in A(k)-index have the same local similarity k, which cannot take advantage of the fact that a workload may contain path expressions of different lengths, or that different parts of the data graph may have different local similarity requirements. To overcome these limitations, we propose M(k)- and M*(k)-indexes. The basic M(k)-index is workload-aware: Like the previously proposed D(k)-index, it allows different index nodes to have different local similarity requirements, providing finer partitioning only for parts of the data graph targeted by longer path expressions. Unlike D(k)-index, M(k)-index is never over-refined for irrelevant index or data nodes. However, the workload-aware feature still incurs overrefinement due to over-qualified parent index nodes. Moreover, fine partitions penalize the performance of short path expressions. To solve these problems, we further propose the M*(k)-index. An M*(k)-index consists of a collection of indexes whose nodes are organized in a partition hierarchy, allowing successively coarser partitioning information to co-exist with the finest partitioning information required. Experiments show that our indexes are superior to previously proposed indexes in terms of index size and query performance.
Complexity of Finite State Machines as a Tool for Understanding Software Evolution

Summary form only given. We first briefly outline the complexity of finite automata following the soon-to-be published book [Rhodes, in press]. We then extend the complexity definitions to recent research on Software Complexity, and then explore how the complexity changes as the software systems evolve. These results are compared to previously-obtained results relating to evolution of biological systems. This talk is intended for a general audience interested in Software Evolution.
Noninvasive cardiac output measurements in patients with pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterised by a progressive decline in cardiac output (CO) and right heart failure. NICOM® (noninvasive cardiac output monitor) is a bioreactance-based technology that has been broadly validated, but its specific application in right heart failure and PH is unknown. Cardiac catheterisation was performed in 50 consecutive patients with PH. CO measurements were performed using three different methods (thermodilution, Fick and NICOM) at baseline and after vasodilator challenge. We compared the precision (coefficient of variation) and accuracy of NICOM compared to thermodilution and Fick. The mean CO (L·min−1) at baseline as measured by the three methods was 4.73±1.15 (NICOM), 5.69±1.74 (thermodilution) and 4.84±1.39 (Fick). CO measured by NICOM was more precise than by thermodilution (3.5±0.3% versus 9.6±6.1%, p<0.001). Bland–Altman analyses comparing NICOM to thermodilution and Fick revealed bias and 95% limits of agreement that were comparable to those comparing Fick to thermodilution. All three CO methods detected an increase in CO in response to vasodilator challenge. CO measured via NICOM is precise and reliably measures CO at rest and changes in CO with vasodilator challenge in patients with PH. NICOM may allow for the noninvasive haemodynamic assessment of patients with PH and their response to therapy.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO FORENSIC PROBLEMS.

The great sensitivity of high-flux neutron activation analysis for the quantitative detection of minute concentrations and minute amounts of many elements in many kinds of samples is now being studied intensively for application in forensic studies. The work of several laboratories, in this field, is reviewed. The first three court cases in the United States, in which data obtained by the use of this method were introduced, took place earlier this year ( i 964). Each was successful, and each case is described.