cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Polymerization of Norbornenyl-Terminated Multiblock Poly(cyclohexene carbonate)s: A Consecutive Ring-Opening Polymerization Route to Multisegmented Graft Polycarbonates

We report a method for the synthesis of multisegmented polycarbonate graft copolymers. Using a β-diiminate zinc catalyst with a norbornene carboxylate initiator, we achieved living block copolymerizations of functionalized cyclohexene oxides and CO2, yielding norbornenyl-terminated macromonomers with variable block sequences. Subsequent ring-opening metathesis polymerization of the norbornenyl-terminated macromonomers produced segmented graft copolymers. This method provides a facile route to core–shell structures with readily controllable molecular parameters.
Physical Examination of the Heart and Circulation

The examination of the heart and circulation has a long and rich tradition in clinical medicine. Most of the cardinal signs of cardiovascular disease detectable on the physical examination were described and documented by master physicians during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Subsequently, echocardiography and cardiac catheterization have demonstrated that the presumed pathogenesis of many to most cardiovascular abnormalities on the physical examination were accurately and presciently described before these modern techniques became available. In the past, generations of internists and cardiologists were well trained in the skills of cardiac examination; the absence of our current ultrasound technology providing “immediate” answers contributed to the emphasis of expertise in cardiac physical diagnosis. Unfortunately, clinical skills in this area are no longer emphasized in medical education, in part due to the burgeoning of other aspects of medical science that must be taught in the medical student curriculum. The advent of readily available two-dimensional echocardiography has clearly contributed to the demise of cardiac physical diagnosis capability among physicians, a phenomenon well documented in recent published studies.
Rationalizing tax increment financing in Chicago

ABSTRACTA central problem in planning is how planners can be both technical experts and political actors sensitive to the moral consequences of planning. Rationality refers to the reasons for choosing a means to achieve an end; a rationality that considers the morality of means and ends is value rationality, and one that does not is instrumental rationality. Through the case of using Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to subsidize corporate headquarters relocation in Chicago, I follow City follows planners’ struggle with TIF policy and their engagement with instrumental and value rationality within a state that exercised an entrepreneurial planning strategy. This position meant that planners were constrained from acting value-rationally to consider and then take action on questions about the moral content of TIF projects. Nonetheless, planning staff developed an instrumentally-rational planning and policy exercise, which they performed as a way to channel their value-rational concerns about the assumption that...
Some mechanistic requirements for major transitions.

Major transitions in nature and human society are accompanied by a substantial change towards higher complexity in the core of the evolving system. New features are established, novel hierarchies e...
Chapter 9 – Human and Environmental Risk Characterization of Nanoparticles

Currently, large quantities of engineered nanomaterials are being produced for diverse applications, and the trend is expected to increase in the future. This increases the probability that nanoparticles will enter the environment during their production, manufacture, use, or disposal. Despite excessive use, data are lacking on the bioaccumulation, toxicity, and biodegradation of nanoparticles in humans and environmentally relevant species. In addition, limited information is available regarding the weathering potential of both coatings and covalent surface modifications. Therefore, no blanket statements about the toxicity of nanoparticles can be made at this time. Limited ecotoxicological data for nanomaterials preclude a systematic assessment of the impact of nanoparticles on ecosystems. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the status of public and environmental health strategies currently in use to control the possible adverse effects of nanoparticles in the absence of sufficient toxicity data.
Deutschland als Schiffbruch: Der „Robinson“-Topos in deutschen Tagebüchern, 1943–1946

Drawing on unpublished diaries from the period 1943–46, this article shows how the “Robinson” trope of shipwreck and survival provided German civilians with a language to describe the transition from National Socialism to a radically open and anxiety-producing future. The identification with Robinson and his story makes the writers into agentic protagonists, at the same time that the metaphor of the “island” reflects an ambiguous position of isolation. Excerpts from diaries show how the “Robinson” trope combines dichotomies crucial to this period of turmoil: civilization and the primitive, individual and society, victimhood and agency, and how diarists rework this language to explore their place in a changing world.
The Effect of pH on the Photoluminescent Properties of Silicon Nanoparticles

ii Table of Figures iv Introduction: 1 1.1 Nanoparticles: History and Applications 1 1.2 Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action 2 1.3 Other Mechanisms of Photoluminescence 5 1.4 Silicon Nanoparticles: A Cut Above 7 1.5 HSiNP Synthesis from SiO1.5 Polymer 8 Experimental: 11 2.1 Materials and Instrumentation: 11 2.2 Synthesis of H-Si NPs: 11 2.3 Acid/Base Titrations of SiNPs: 13 2.4 Characterization of SiNPs: 14 Results and Discussion: 14 3.1 Prior Work and Expected Results 14 3.2 Characterization of H-SiNPs suspended in hexane: 15 3.3 Characterization of SiNPs in ethanol suspension: 16 3.4 Characterization of SiNPs following acid/base additions: 19 3.5 Blue Emissions in Base-Modified EtOH 25 3.6 Further Characterization of SiNPs in EtOH 26 Conclusion: 29 Future Work: 30 References: 32
Continuing Professional Education and Competency: Implications for Social Work Practice

Competent professional practice requires ongoing professional development. Not only to enhance current competency but also to develop the necessary competency to address new and emerging issues within and given profession. Though it has long been understood that a training need exists when an individual lacks the skill or knowledge to perform adequately, many professions, including social work, historically did not pay attention to the relationship between training and improved practitioner performance. However, with public expectations of competent performance and credentialing activities to insure such, the professions are aware that they must maintain high levels of competence and that Continuing Professional Education (CPE) is a valuable tool in achieving such. This article is a discussion of how CPE can play a significant role in developing and enhancing professional social work practice competency.
DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF FALSE POSITIVE ACTIVATION OF THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LAB

Background: Time to reperfusion is a major determinant of outcome among patients with ST elevation infarction (STEMI). Unfortunately, efforts to rapidly triage these patients can result in false positive activation (FPA) of the cardiac catheterization laboratory for some patients without true STEMI
The Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Atmospheric Circulation Response to ENSO: How Well Do We Know It and How Do We Evaluate Models Accordingly?

AbstractApplication of random sampling techniques to composite differences between 18 El Nino and 14 La Nina events observed since 1920 reveals considerable uncertainty in both the pattern and amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere extratropical winter sea level pressure (SLP) response to ENSO. While the SLP responses over the North Pacific and North America are robust to sampling variability, their magnitudes can vary by a factor of 2; other regions, such as the Arctic, North Atlantic, and Europe are less robust in their SLP patterns, amplitudes, and statistical significance. The uncertainties on the observed ENSO composite are shown to arise mainly from atmospheric internal variability as opposed to ENSO diversity. These observational findings pose considerable challenges for the evaluation of ENSO teleconnections in models. An approach is proposed that incorporates both pattern and amplitude uncertainty in the observational target, allowing for discrimination between true model biases in the forced ENSO ...
INVESTMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: Do Labor Market Opportunities Differ by Age of Recent College Graduates?

This study examined the post-graduation labor market experiences of recent college graduates for evidence of age-related barriers to employment. Older graduates were considerably less likely than younger graduates to seek new jobs following graduation, but, among those who did, the two age groups showed little difference in their job-seeking behaviors or their susceptibilities to unemployment. Despite these similarities, older graduates, on average, had fewer post-graduation job interviews and fewer job offers than younger graduates. The relationship between age and number of job interviews disappeared after controlling for the effects of other variables, but the relationship between age and number of job offers remained. Nonetheless, older graduates appear to have been employed in better jobs one year after graduation. Their higher average salaries were not explained by sociodemographic, educational, or employment-related variables. Thus, findings are generally inconsistent with the view that older graduates face age-related barriers to employment.
Abstract 447: Activation of IL-1β-Producing Inflammasomes Triggered by RNA Receptor RIG-I in Mouse Endothelial Cells

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a putative RNA helicase and recently identified as a cytosolic RNA receptor in mammalian cells. The role of RIG-I in the regulation of vascular function under physiological and pathological conditions is unknown. The present study tested whether RIG-I activation triggers inflammasome formation, turning on inflammation in mouse endothelial cells (EOMA cell line). By real time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, transfection of mouse ECs with RIG-I specific agonist, 5’-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (3pRNA, 0.5 mg/L) increased RIG-I mRNA level by 106% and protein level by 81% compared to those in control double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transfected ECs. ELISA analyses showed that 3pRNA significantly increased release of type I IFN alpha by 31 folds and IL-1 beta (a prototype cytokine from inflammasome activation) by 8 folds in these ECs. Proatherogenic stimulation of mouse ECs with cholesterol crystals or 7-ketocholesterol also markedly increased protein expression of RIG-I, but had no effect on RIG-I mRNA levels. Measurements of active caspase-1, an inflammasome activation marker using FLICA fluorescent probe that specifically binds to cleaved caspase-1, demonstrated that 3pRNA doubled FLICA positive cells compared to that in control dsRNA transfected ECs. Interestingly, cholesterol crystals significantly increased FLICA positive cells by 3 folds. This activation of caspase-1 in ECs by cholesterol crystals was further confirmed by increase in cleaved caspase-1 (p10) using Western blot analysis and by enhanced IL-1 beta release as detected by ELISA. In the presence of 3pRNA, cholesterol crystal-induced inflammasome activation was not further augmented. These data indicate that increased expression and activity of RIG-I activate IL-1 beta producing inflammasomes in ECs, which may represent an early molecular mechanism mediating vascular inflammation or injury upon atherogenic stimulations.
Screening for Pancreatic Cancer: Who to Screen and How to Follow-Up?

Early detection remains an important opportunity to improve overall survival from pancreatic cancer but is challenging in the absence of an early disease biomarker. Therefore, screening patients at increased risk for pancreatic cancer is currently the favored strategy. This approach involves careful assessment of a patient’s family history and genetic profile as well as other nongenetic risk factors. Screening is typically offered to those with an exceptionally high cumulative risk for developing pancreatic cancer. There are several remaining knowledge gaps for which additional evidence to demonstrate effectiveness and guide clinical decisions is needed. In this chapter, we review the data supporting the role of screening for pancreatic cancer and discuss practical considerations for implementing this into clinical practice.
Ethnographic Practices of Listening

Whilst increasing numbers of children and young people are actively engaging in research, disabled children and young people’s voices remain marginalised. There are examples of disabled children’s active participation in research studies, but traditionally their roles have been that of passive recipients and objects of enquiry. Seeking out only voices that are easy to hear and easily translatable severely limits the soundscapes of childhood. The ethnography explored here adopts a reflexive approach, using active listening skills as opposed to passive hearing and giving children with disabilities a platform from which to project their voices. This illustrates how disabled children and young people can share their experiences of using augmentative and alternative forms of communication and acknowledges that they have much to say.
Plot-scale spatial variability of methane, respiration, and net nitrogen mineralization in muck-soil wetlands across a land use gradient.

Abstract Spatial patterns of soil microbial activity are central to understanding greenhouse gas dynamics in wetlands. Because agriculture reduces spatial heterogeneity in soil properties, we examined the hypothesis that soil microbial activity in natural wetlands would show a high degree of spatial autocorrelation when distances between samples were small; however, in wetlands that were disturbed by agriculture these spatial patterns would occur across larger sampling distances or disappear due to homogenization. We examined the hypothesis via methane (CH4) dynamics, respiration (as carbon dioxide (CO2) production), and net nitrogen (N) mineralization in muck soils from a natural wetland dominated by sedges (Carex lacustris) either with or without grey alder (Alnus rugosa). The disturbed wetland had corn production or restoration with either reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) or purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) growing for about 10 years. Rates of anaerobic CH4 production ranged from 0.1 to 12,370 nmol kg− 1 s− 1 with the largest rates in the natural wetland with alder; the Reed Canary Grass site exhibited extremely slow rates of CH4 production. Oxic CH4 consumption occurred only in soils from the natural wetland, with no activity in soils from the Corn site and the two Restored sites. Rates of CO2 production ranged from − 76 to 388 nmol kg− 1 s− 1 under anoxic conditions and from 0.1 to 402 nmol kg− 1 s− 1 under oxic conditions, with the highest rates in natural wetland surface soils. Despite broad spatial variation in rates across all sites, spatial patterns of CH4, respiration, and net N mineralization displayed limited spatial dependence, with autocorrelation at distances
Effect of curvature on wetting and dewetting of proboscises of butterflies and moths

Proboscises of butterflies are modelled as elliptical hollow fibres that can be bent into coils. The behaviour of coating films on such complex fibres is investigated to explain the remarkable ability of these insects to control liquid collection after dipping the proboscis into a flower or pressing and mopping it over a food source. By using a thin-film approximation with the air–liquid interface positioned almost parallel to the fibre surface, capillary pressure was estimated from the profile of the fibre surfaces supporting the films. The film is always unstable and the proboscis shape and movements have adaptive value in collecting fluid: coiling and bending of proboscises of butterflies and moths facilitate fluid collection. Some practical applications of this effect are discussed with regard to fibre engineering.
Knowledge of Inhaled Therapy and Responsibility for Asthma Management Among Young Teens With Uncontrolled Persistent Asthma

Abstract Objectives To compare the abilities of teens with uncontrolled persistent asthma and their caregivers to identify inhaled medications and state correct indications for use; examine medication responsibility within dyads; and determine whether responsibility is associated with knowledge about inhaled therapies. Methods In the baseline survey for the School-Based Asthma Care for Teens (SB-ACT) trial, we separately asked caregivers and teens to: 1) identify the teen's inhaled asthma therapies by name and from a picture chart (complete matches considered "concordant"); 2) describe indications of use for each medication; and 3) describe the allocation of responsibility for medication use within dyads. We limited analyses to dyads in which either member reported at least one rescue and one inhaled controller medication; we used McNemar and Pearson chi-square tests. Results A total of 136 dyads were analyzed. More caregivers than teens concordantly identified medications (63% vs 31%, P P = .79). More teens than caregivers endorsed "full teen responsibility" for rescue medication (65% vs 27%, P P Conclusions Medication responsibility within dyads of caregivers and teens with persistent asthma is not associated with knowledge about inhaled therapies. Targeting both members of the dyad with education and self-management strategies before responsibility transitions start may allow providers to avoid a missed opportunity to support these emerging stakeholders to adherence.
The Future of Wireless Underground Sensing Networks Considering Physical Layer Aspects

The design of a WSN for the underground environment is typically characterized by an excess of either pessimism or optimism. For many years, underground communication has been considered infeasible. Rather, we should neither abandon the hope of designing a functioning underground WSN, nor expect things to automatically work in an underground setting by simply importing technologies from existing WSNs, the majority of which are developed for aboveground environment. Besides energy challenges (more critical compared to typical WSNs), the design of an underground WSN is governed by the characteristics of the underground communication channel. Compared to over-the-air (OTA) radio frequency communication, signal attenuation in soil can be 20–300 times worse. For instance, a typical communication range of 300 m for a radio transceiver can decrease to less than 1m in soil. Moreover, while OTA transceivers and underwater communication have been available for many years, the same cannot be said for underground communication. The mining industry has been looking for a long-range, low-power, wireless communication solution for rescue missions in the event of trapped miners due to a collapse, and has so far not been very successful. These facts highlight the challenges in realizing wireless underground communication. Recent innovations based on relatively short-range communication and high density of nodes can potentially lead to the proliferation of wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) in the near future. In this chapter, we present in detail the traditional challenges faced by WUSN researchers, the perceived limitations, and recent technological advances that are beginning to change the outlook. Through this discussion, we show that a generic solution for WUSNs cannot be expected. Instead, the design must be tailored to the application. For instance, the features and techniques to be exploited in designing a WUSN to detect oil pipeline leakage are distinctly different from that of a WUSN for agricultural draught or landslide monitoring.
Classical Theory of Solutions

The major focus of this book is multicomponent materials. The mathematical theory appropriate to such mixtures of materials is still in a stage of development. A simpler type of material is the classical mixture, or solution. In such a material, the components are not physically distinct, that is, the mixing of the materials is at a molecular level. A kinetic theory for such materials was given by Maxwell [62], and was transposed into a form appropriate to continuum theory by Truesdell [91].1
Role of Reward Pathways in Appetitive Drive and Regulation

Abstract Food consumption is driven not only by the need to obtain sufficient calories for survival, but to experience reward. The homeostatic and reward systems interact and are both important contributors to eating behavior. The role of reward in food consumption has evolutionary underpinnings and the mismatch between human biology and the modern food environment is a likely contributor to reward-driven eating. Wanting (i.e., motivation or drive to consume food), liking (i.e., pleasure experienced when consuming food), and salience (i.e., the ability of food cues to capture attention) are important subcomponents of reward that have been implicated in children's eating behavior. Executive functioning, particularly inhibitory control, appears to moderate the effect of reward on eating behavior. Interventions designed to decrease components of reward and increase executive functioning are promising avenues for future research. Understanding how frequent consumption of “junk” food impacts the reward system, especially prenatally and during childhood, is also an important future direction. Combining empirically supported treatments with policies to reduce the ability of the modern food environment to repeatedly trigger the reward system is likely important to modify children's eating behavior and improve public health.
Do pancreatic cancer (PDA) stem cell markers predict biologic behavior

4112Background: Studies indicate heterogeneous clinical behavior arises in part from variant clones and cancer stem cells (CSC) which are CD44 (+) and Epithelial Specific Antigen (ESA) (+) (Lee, 20...
Discomfort Intolerance in Relation to Asthma Outcomes

Anxiety symptoms and disorders are common among those with asthma and contribute to poorer health outcomes. Building on work examining anxiety-related cognitive-affective risk factors in asthma, the current study sought to explore associations between discomfort intolerance (i.e., the inability to withstand or tolerate unpleasant bodily sensations) in relation to lung function, asthma control, and quality of life. Participants were 61 adults with asthma (61.9% female; 54.8% African American; Mage = 34.72, SD 13.58) who were administered a self-report assessment battery and a lung function assessment. We found that, above and beyond the effects of anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns, greater discomfort intolerance was significantly associated with poorer lung function (9.5% variance), asthma control (9.9% variance), and overall asthma-related quality of life (11.7% variance) as well as the specific quality of life domains of activity limitations (12.6% variance) and asthma symptoms (6.8% variance). Thus, individuals with asthma who are unable to tolerate physical discomfort may be at risk for poor asthma outcomes and interventions to reduce discomfort intolerance could potentially be useful in this population.
Observer-based Adaptive Backstepping Control for Time-varying Formation Tracking of Multi-UAV System

In this paper, a novel observer-based adaptive backstepping control scheme is proposed for time-varying formation tracking of multiple unmanned aerial vehicle (multi-UAV) system consisting of multiple nonlinear UAVs with unknown parameters and immeasurable states. The communication network among the UAVs is represented by a directed graph and a part of the UAVs cannot obtain the reference information directly. A state observer is designed to estimate the immeasurable states. An adaptive control scheme is developed by employing backstepping control strategy and the designed state observer. It is proved that the proposed scheme can guarantee that the UAVs maintain the formation shape while tracking the reference trajectory. Besides, all the signals of the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). Simulation example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Land as material, knowledge and relationships: Resource extraction and subsistence imaginaries in Bristol Bay, Alaska.

This article examines the social, historical and political constitution of land and resource imaginaries in Bristol Bay, Alaska. We compare the dynamics of these different imaginaries in the region...
Developmental Regression: The Power of Anxiety on the Maturing Brain

Anxiety is a normative emotion and an essential one for survival; however excessive anxiety can be debilitating. This is the case of a 14-year-old female with a history of typical development and a complex early medical history including idiopathic intracranial hypertension, growth hormone deficiency, and mild concussions, who began experiencing developmental regression at age 7. She was diagnosed with a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme deficiency. Still, her decline in functioning appeared to be linked to underlying anxiety, relevant stressors including the presence of a history of learning/academic disabilities and vision issues, as well as family stressors around the time that symptoms began. Ultimately, her pattern of symptoms was conceptualized as a type of conversion-based developmental regression in the context of significant anxiety around growing up in the setting of her apparent traumatic stressors.
AO Vision, Mission, Values, and Strategy

By 1961, just 3 years after founding the organization, the initial group of 13 AO founders had reached a number of very important milestones. They had not only managed to create a formal organization but had also developed a full set of surgical implants and instruments, called Instrumentarium, and tested its use in actual surgery; enlisted a group of producers ready to ramp-up the production of implants; and, crafted a unique business model allowing them to bootstrap and finance their efforts. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, they were beginning to win debates with the established medical community on the validity of their internal fixation and operational techniques. All of this was undertaken on a volunteer basis while the AO members were fully occupied with their own surgical careers. By any measure, this was an astounding accomplishment that would lay the groundwork for more to come.
Patterns for Active E-learning in CMS Environments

The proliferation of course management systems (CMS) in the last decade stimulated educators in establishing novel active e-learning practices. Only a few of these practices, however, have been systematically described and published as pedagogic patterns. The lack of formal patterns is an obstacle to the systematic reuse of beneficial active e-learning experiences. This paper aims to partially fill the void by offering a collection of active e-learning patterns that are derived from our continuous course design experience in standard CMS environments, such as Moodle and Black-board. Our technical focus is on active e-learning patterns that can boost student interest in computing-related fields and increase student enrolment in computing-related courses. Members of the international e-learning community can benefit from active e-learning patterns by applying them in the design of new CMS-based courses – in computing and other technical fields.
Automated tool support for repairing security bugs in Android mobile applications

While many advanced cryptography algorithms are available to developers, using corresponding APIs is challenging. The misuse of cryptography APIs often causes vulnerability issues. This paper presents an approach for Finding and Repairing Bugs based on security patterns (FireBugs), which focuses on security vulnerabilities---misuse of cryptographic APIs in Android apps. In our evaluation, we investigated 2,800 Android app repositories to evaluate our approach by applying FireBugs to 200 Android apps that use javax.crypto APIs to implement security functionalities.
Community Composition of Nitrite Reductase Gene Sequences in an Acid Mine Drainage Environment

Denitrifying microbial communities play a central role in the nitrogen cycle, contribute to greenhouse gas production, and provide ecosystem services through the mitigation of nitrogen pollution. The impacts of human-induced acid mine drainage (AMD) and naturally occurring acid rock drainage (ARD), both characterized by low pH and high metal concentrations, on denitrifying microbial communities is not well understood. This study examined denitrifying microbes within sediments impacted by acidic and metal-rich AMD or ARD in the Iron Springs Mining District (10 sites across four regions over four time points) located in Southwest Colorado, USA. Denitrification functional gene sequences (nirS and nirK coding for nitrite reductase) had a high number of observed OTUs (260 for nirS and 253 for nirK) and were observed at sites with pH as low as 3.5 and metals > 2 mg/L (including aluminum, iron, manganese, strontium, and zinc). A majority of the nirK and nirS OTUs (> 60%) were present in only one sampling region. Approximately 8% of the nirK and nirS OTUs had a more cosmopolitan distribution with presence in three or more regions. Phylogenetically related OTUs were found across sites with very different chemistry. The overall community structure for nirK and nirS genes was correlated to conductivity and calcium (respectively), which may suggest that conductivity may play an important role in shaping the distribution of nirK- and nirS-type denitrifiers. Overall, these findings improve upon our understanding of the potential for denitrification within an ecosystem impacted by AMD or ARD and provide a foundation for future research to understand the rates and physiology of denitrifying organisms in these systems.
Race/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Microaggressions Experienced by Low-Income Parents in Three US Cities

Previous research on microaggressive experiences has focused primarily on those based on race/ethnicity. For the present study, we examined both race/ethnic and socio-economic status (SES) microaggressions reported by a diverse sample of low-income primary caregivers (PCs) of young children. Data were collected at four assessment time points from 617 White, African American (AA), and Latinx PCs (Mage = 28.2, SD = 6.9; 99% female) residing in one of three cities located in different regions of the United States. After controlling for PC education, annual family income, study site location, and intervention group status, analyses revealed that AA PCs reported a higher frequency of race/ethnic microaggressions than levels reported by White and Latinx PCs at four and one assessment time points, respectively and a higher frequency of SES microaggressions than levels reported by White and Latinx PCs at two assessment time points each. Within-group comparisons found that AA and Latinx PCs reported significantly higher frequencies of race/ethnic compared to SES microaggressions, while White PCs reported significantly higher frequencies of SES compared to race/ethnic microaggressions. Among the AA and Latinx PCs, the frequency of microaggressive experiences varied by geographic location. Future directions for research on microaggressions and implications for interventions for low-income PCs are reviewed.
A Robust Dynamic State Estimation Approach Against Model Errors Caused by Load Changes

Dynamic state estimation (DSE) plays an important role in power system security monitoring and online control. Many innovative robust-DSE algorithms have been proposed to deal with non-Gaussian noises, gross measurement errors, or model uncertainties and parameter errors. However, most existing literatures aimed to estimate the dynamic state variables of synchronous machines while the loads in the power system were modeled through constant approximations without considering load variations. Though the changes of load models are indeed much slower than the system dynamics, they will affect the operating status of the power grid and may significantly impact the performance of the DSE. To overcome this issue and achieve a reliable result from the DSE, we have developed an innovative load change detection and correction algorithm that works with most existing state-of-art DSE methodologies. The contributions of this paper include (1) a novel approach that differentiates model errors from measurement errors; (2) a self-adaptive DSE approach that can correct the model errors. Simulation results from the IEEE 68-bus system show that the proposed approach can effectively handle model errors caused by load changes.
Central Banks as Fiscal Players: The Drivers of Fiscal and Monetary Policy Space

It is well known that the balance sheets of most major central banks significantly expanded in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-2011, but the consequences of this expansion are not well understood. This book develops a unified framework to explain how and why central bank balance sheets have expanded and what this shift means for fiscal and monetary policy. Buiter addresses a number of key issues in monetary economics and public finance, including how helicopter money works, when modern monetary theory makes sense, why the Eurosystem has a potentially fatal design flaw, why the fiscal theory of the price level is a fallacy and how to escape from the zero lower bound.
Gay and Bisexual Men's Recommendations for Effective Digital Social Marketing Campaigns to Enhance HIV Prevention and Care Continuity.

Because use of geosocial-networking smartphone applications (‘apps’) is ubiquitous among men who have sex with men (MSM), online-to-offline service models that include advertisements on these apps may improve engagement with effective HIV prevention and treatment services. Through our formative qualitative study, we conducted individual in-depth interviews (n = 30) and focus group discussions (n = 18) with MSM in Rhode Island to develop a digital social marketing campaign aimed at increasing HIV testing, including how best to reach men by advertising on apps. Qualitative data analysis revealed that participants were frequently exposed to pop-up advertisements on apps. These advertisements are viewed as invasive and, as such, many expressed a preference for other formats (e.g., direct messages, banner advertisements). Men expressed a preference for provocative images and phrases to catch their attention followed with fact-driven messaging to motivate them to engage with services offline. Findings from this study offer several practical recommendations for developing a social marketing campaign that uses advertisements on apps to increase HIV testing among MSM, including using formats other than pop-up advertisements and pairing fact-driven messaging with eye-catching images to direct them to trusted local clinical services.
The Impact of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, the PCAOB Inspection Regime, and the Great Recession on Audit Fees and Audit Quality:

We investigate the coinciding effects of the implementation of Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5), the change in the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB) inspection regime, and the Great ...
Mapping spatial and temporal variation of seafloor organic matter Δ14C and δ13C in the Northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Abstract Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, large amounts of biodegraded oil (petrocarbon) sank to the seafloor. Our objectives were to 1) determine post-spill isotopic values as the sediments approached a new baseline and 2) track the recovery of affected sediments. Sediment organic carbon δ13C and Δ14C reached a post-spill baseline averaging −21.2 ± 0.9‰ (n = 129) and −220 ± 66‰ (n = 95). Spatial variations in seafloor organic carbon baseline isotopic values, 13C and 14C, were influenced by river discharge and hydrocarbon seepage, respectively. Inverse Distance Weighting of surface sediment Δ14C values away from seep sites showed a 50% decrease in the total mass of petrocarbon, from 2010 to 2014. We estimated a rate of loss of −2 × 109 g of petrocarbon-C/year, 2–11% of the degradation rates in surface slicks. Despite the observed recovery in sediments, lingering residual material in the surface sediments was evident seven years following the blowout.
Could written imaginal exposure be helpful for hoarding disorder? A case series

Abstract Hoarding disorder is a common and debilitating mental illness with a high public health burden. Current cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) improves hoarding disorder symptoms, yet many patients refuse treatment, drop out prematurely, or remain symptomatic at treatment end. Additional approaches are needed to improve CBT engagement and enhance treatment outcomes. One possible strategy is imaginal exposure—or envisioning one's worst-case scenario (e.g., throwing something out that is then needed)—to facilitate learning to tolerate the associated distress and uncertainty. Imaginal exposure has been shown to be efficacious for disorders with similar underlying processes as hoarding disorder, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder; yet it has not been adapted for or investigated in hoarding disorder. To test the effects of imaginal exposure, eight adults with hoarding disorder participated in a written imaginal exposure for 20 min daily for three consecutive days. Participants were asked to write about their worst-case scenario related to discarding a possession. Results indicate that this intervention was tolerable, acceptable, and may reduce hoarding disorder-related symptoms, suggesting that it merits further investigation in a larger pilot trial. To our knowledge, this is the first study testing the effects of imaginal exposure in individuals with hoarding disorder.
Spreading Diffusion-Restriction Events in the Gyrencephalic Brain After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Revealed by Continuous Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND How widely spreading depolarizations (SDs) propagate through the gyrencephalic brain, including sulci and deeper cortical areas, remains an important clinical question. Here, we investigated SDs that occur spontaneously after subarachnoid placement of autologous blood clots in sulci of the juvenile swine brain. METHODS To investigate the three-dimensional spread of waves, animals underwent continuous diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) for up to 6 h following clot placement. SD is the mechanism of the cytotoxic edema of developing infarction that is diagnosed by DW-MRI, and DW-MRI also captures transient diffusion restriction caused by SD in less injured or healthy brains. Here, images (b = 0, 375, and 750) were acquired across five coronal slices with 1.25 × 1.25-mm in-plane resolution and 5-mm slice thickness, and the protocol was repeated every 6.83-9.15 s. Spatial drift correction, temporal smoothing, and signal intensity normalization were applied to generate videos of diffusion signal intensity changes for each coronal slice. RESULTS Review of video data from five animals revealed ten discrete events consisting of focal diffusion restriction that propagated through cerebral cortex. All events originated in the cortex surrounding the sulcal clot, either in the gyrus (n = 4) or in the sulcal depth (n = 6). In six cases, two to three independent waves spread simultaneously in medial, lateral, and antero-posterior directions. Waves traveled within sulcal walls, traversed the depths of sulci to re-emerge on the adjacent gyrus, and, in three cases, spread fully around the dorsolateral convexity. One event spread deep to olfactory regions along midline cortex, and no events were observed contralateral to the subarachnoid clot. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that SDs in the injured gyrencephalic brain originate near the injury focus and can spread extensively through the cortex to wide and deep uninjured regions. These findings have implications for transient neurologic deficits in the neurocritically ill patient and relevance to patient monitoring and therapeutics.
Dynamics of food insecurity of families with children

iii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL MODEL AND LITERATURE REVIEW 6 CHAPTER 3 METHODS 17 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 25 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX 46
Geometric Survey and Urban Design: A Project for the Rome of Paul IV (1555–1559)

The slow development of survey technology—from the first statement of its geometric principles in the mid-fifteenth century to its application in the administration of property and the design of urban spaces—spans an arc of almost two centuries. One of the landmarks of this progress is a drawing in the Uffizi collection, catalogued under the number 4180A. It is a large drawing, composed of 10 joined sheets, and measuring 117 cm by 133 at its widest points. It is a project for a large building complex on an urban site. The constituent elements identify it as a cloister: the cruciform space of a church, an atrium, and an arcaded court. A “rota” and “parlatoio”, located between the two latter spaces allow communication between the cloistered religious and lay visitors. This is not an ideal scheme, and it is the survey that makes it specific. The “Piazza del arco di camillo” to the right side and the “piazza di S. Ma(c)uto” at the bottom left, place the project in Rome, on the site occupied today by the late sixteenth-century structures of the Collegio Romano and the seventeenth-century church of Sant’Ignazio. The drawing represents a project for a convent of Franciscan nuns, or Poor Clares, sponsored by the Marchesa Vittoria della Tolfa and was executed in the period 1555–1559, during the pontificate of the marchioness’s uncle, Paul IV Caraffa.
Secondary protein structure prediction combining protein structural class, relative surface accessibility, and contact number

With huge amounts of molecular data produced from ever-increasing numbers of genomic and proteomic studies, predicting the secondary structure of proteins from amino acid sequences has become a common expectation among scientists. Several studies in the literature have demonstrated that the accuracy of such predictions can be drastically improved by incorporating additional types of protein data into the prediction process; however, no work has studied the effect of incorporating multiple types of protein data simultaneously. In this work, we report our findings from an extensive experimental study that uses neural networks designed to study the effect of using different combinations of protein data on the accuracy of predicting secondary protein structures. Overall, our experimental results indicate that accuracy improves the most when incorporating contact number, relative surface accessibility or any combination that includes at least one of the two into the prediction process.
Statistical Properties of Small High-Velocity Events in the Solar Transition Region

We discuss the energy contribution of small high-velocity events observed in the solar transition region to atmospheric heating. These events do not directly provide enough energy to heat the atmosphere, but are instead after-products of turbulent energy dissipation at the sites of the actual primary nonthermal heating process.
Catalysis and specificity in enzymes: a study of triosephosphate isomerase and comparison with methyl glyoxal synthase.

Publisher Summary This chapter uses a specific example for a detailed study of the ways an enzyme works and illustrates how present-day computational methodologies can be applied, successfully in this case, to provide an understanding of the catalytic function of an enzyme. This study of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) examines the essential aspects of the function of this enzyme, starting with the preparation of the active site, an important step in many enzymes. It accelerates the rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to GAP (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) conversion by a factor of 10 9 relative to the solution reaction. The chapter describes the theoretical results for the energetics along different possible pathways of the TIM catalyzed reactions and shows that only certain of these are likely to make a significant contribution to the overall reaction. The chapter also determines the primary contributions to the rate increase in the enzyme by comparing the results with models for the same sets of reactions in the gas phase and solution. By use of a perturbation analysis the (electrostatic) contributions of specific amino acids to the rate enhancement have been identified. The chapter compares TIM with an enzyme mutant methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) that has a very similar active site, but catalyzes the conversion of DHAP to methylglyoxal, a side reaction that is avoided in TIM. The origin of the difference is described in the chapter.
The milliarcsecond structure of radio galaxies and quasars.

Hybrid maps of the nuclei of radio galaxies and quasars show a variety of morphologies. Among compact sources, two structures are common: an asymmetric, “core-jet” morphology (eg, 3C 273), and an “equal double” morphology with two separated, similar components (eg, CTD 93). The nuclei of extended, double radio galaxies generally have a core-jet morphology with the jet directed toward one of the outer components.
What is Underneath? Moving Atoms and Molecules to Find out

We have used the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to move adsorbates such as benzene molecules and Xe clusters in order to determine their initial adsorption site. This has allowed us to image the initiation of the growth of a Xe surface overlayer, and to identify the sites at which this growth begins This capability has also allowed us not only to examine the binding sites of the adsorbates, but also to learn the effect that these sites have on the STM images.
Defending Japan's Pacific War: The Kyoto School Philosophers and Post-White Power

Prologue: The Final Sorrows of Empire - A Vietnam Elegy The Book in Brief Acknowledgments The Doomed Fleets Sail: The Pacific War for Beginners Japanese Usage and Style Part 1 Rise and Fall 1. Roman Questions: American Empire and the Kyoto School 2. Revisionism and the End of White America in Japan Studies Part 2 The Decay of Pacific War Orthodoxy 3. Philosophy and the Pacific War: Imperial Japan and the Making of a Post-White World 4. Scholarship or Propaganda: Neo-Marxism and the Decay of Pacific War Orthodoxy 5. Wartime Japan as It Really Was: The Kyoto School's Struggle against Tojo, 1941-44 Part 3 In Defence of the Kyoto School 6. Taking Kyoto Philosophy Seriously 7. Racism and the Black Legend of the Kyoto School: Translating Tanabe's The Logic of the Species 8. When Is a Philosopher a Moral Monster?: Tanabe versus Heidegger versus Marcuse Part 4 Nazism and the Crises of the Kyoto School 9. Heidegger, Nazism and the Farias Affair: The European Origins of the Kyoto School Crises 10. Heidegger and the Wartime Kyoto School: After Farias - The First Paradigm Crisis (1987-1996) 11. Nazism Is No Excuse: After Farias - The Allied Gaze and the Second Crisis (1997-2002) Part 5 After America, Philosophy 12. Nothing Shall Be Spared: A Manifesto on the Future of Japan Studies Translations of Two Texts by Hajime Tanabe 1. The Philosophy of Crisis or a Crisis in Philosophy: Reflections on Heidegger's Rectoral Address (1933) 2. On the Logic of Co-prosperity Spheres: Towards a Philosophy of Regional Blocs (1942) Select Bibliography