cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of polymer-covered metal nanorods and metal microcrystals by intrinsic two-dimensional crystalline lattice templating

Two-dimensional layered ceramics, highly anisotropic materials in terms of structure and properties, were used to produce polymer-covered metal nanorods and metal microcrystals. The procedure took advantage of the intrinsic planar, layered ordering of the metal cations suitable to be reduced and could be further used to engineer one-dimensional metal alloy nanostructures by appropriate doping of the initial layered ceramic lattice with suitable cationic species. The procedure involved the formation in an intermediate step of a polymer-intercalated ceramic nanocomposite, highly porous to the diffusion of the polymerizable reducing agent, pyrrole. Two structurally similar layered bismuthates, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ and Bi6Sr2CaO12 and a partially Rh-substituted ceramic, Bi4Rh2Sr2CaO12 were used as the precursor layered ceramics and the reducible metal cations were Cu2+, Bi3+, and Rh3+, respectively. The formation of the polymer-covered metal nanorods and metal microcrystals took place at relatively high temperatures of reaction (325 °C) and long reaction times (10–12 days).
Atypical infections of the hand

Abstract Bacterial infections in the hand are most commonly caused by organisms present in the skin. Atypical infecting organisms of the hand are becoming more common, especially because more patients presenting with these infections are immunocompromised. Atypical infecting agents include mycobacterium, viral, and fungal organisms. The treating physician should recognize the presentation, be familiar with the course, and begin the appropriate antimicrobial and/or surgical treatments.
Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures: A new expression for the excess Gibbs energy of partly or completely miscible systems

To obtain a semi-theoretical equation for the excess Gibbs energy of a liquid mixture, Guggenheim's quasi-chemical analysis is generalized through introduction of the local area fraction as the primary concentration variable. The resulting universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) equation uses only two adjustable parameters per binary. Extension to multicomponent systems requires no ternary (or higher) parameters. The UNIQUAC equation gives good representation of both vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria for binary and multicomponent mixtures containing a variety of nonelectrolyte components such as hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, amines, alcohols, nitriles, etc., and water. When well-defined simplifying assumptions are introduced into the generalized quasi-chemical treatment, the UNIQUAC equation reduces to any one of several well-known equations for the excess Gibbs energy, including the Wilson, Margules, van Laar, and NRTL equations. The effects of molecular size and shape are introduced through structural parameters obtained from pure-component data and through use of Staverman's combinatorial entropy as a boundary condition for athermal mixtures. The UNIQUAC equation, therefore, is applicable also to polymer solutions.
Modified magrath regimens for adults with Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphomas: preserved efficacy with decreased toxicity.

Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphomas are rapidly growing tumors which require specialized therapy. Although intensive, multi-agent regimens have been effective in children, results are more variable ...
Skin tests and passive transfer studies in neurological conditions

Abstract 1.1. Allergic patients with hemianesthesia gave increased reactions to scratch and intradermal tests and histamine on the affected side. Hemiparalysis did not influence the skin responses to these tests. 2.2. Passive transfer in sixteen stated types of neurological conditions was as effective as in the normal. 3.3. Local infiltration anesthesia and nerve block did not alter passive transfer and histamine responses. Spinal anesthesia reduced passive transfer and histamine responses in proportion to the degree of anesthesia.
Multiple Descriptions and Path Diversity for Voice Communications Over Wireless Mesh Networks

A key feature of wireless mesh networks is that multiple independent paths through the network are available. Multiple descriptions coding is often suggested as a source coding scheme to take advantage of this path diversity. We compare multiple description (MD) coding with path diversity (PD) against a full-rate single description (SD) coder without PD, and two simple PD methods of 1) repeating a half-rate SD coder over both paths and 2) repeating the full-rate parent SD coder over the two paths. We first present a theoretical analysis comparing the average distortion per symbol in packetized communication using the above mentioned MD and PD methods to transmit a memoryless Gaussian source over additive white Gaussian noise channels. Next, using two new MD speech coders with balanced side descriptions derived from the AMR-WB and G.729 standards, we evaluate delivered voice quality using PESQ-MOS and compare MD coding against the PD methods for random and bursty packet losses. Both the theoretical analyses and the speech coding experiments show that with packet overheads, the simple PD methods may be preferable to MD coding. A new performance measure that incorporates both quality and bit rate is shown to account for the tradeoffs more explicitly.
Ever since Clements: from succession to vegetation dynamics and understanding to intervention*

Introduction: This paper surveys a framework for vegetation dynamics to provide conceptual background for a series of papers addressing the role of vegetation dynamics in restoration. Richness of the foundation: Classical succession theory provides key ingredients for contemporary process studies of vegetation dynamics. The contemporary framework incorporates processes identified by Gleason and other critics of Clements' theory. Multiple causality: The Clementsian causes, when expanded to include interaction and to clarify net effects, accommodate those now recognized in vegetation dynamics. A mature successional framework: A hierarchical framework has emerged to evaluate the causes of vegetation dynamics. The framework identifies the general causes as site availability, species availability, and species performance. Differentials as drivers: Differentials in any of the three general causes can drive change in plant communities. Each general cause consists of specific mechanisms. A model template: To predict vegetation dynamics trajectories, models are required. A model template is presented to operationalize the hierarchical framework. Outcomes are contingent on species pools and environmental contexts and may be progressive or retrogressive. Relationships of frameworks: Other contemporary frameworks in biology relate to vegetation dynamics. Application to restoration: The vegetation dynamics framework is relevant to restoration through linkages with landscape ecology, disturbance ecology, competition, invasion ecology, and community assembly. The differentials of site availability, species availability, and species performance suggest the processes and strategies available for restoration. Conclusions: A synthetic framework of vegetation brings together the mechanisms required for successful restoration.
Semiprognostic Tests of Kuo–Type Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in an Extratropical Convective System

Abstract Heat and moisture budgets associated with a midlatitude convective system (10–11 April 1979) are used to evaluate several versions of Kuo-type cumulus parameterization schemes on a semiprognostic basis. It is shown that the observed rainfall rate is closely related to the large-scale vertical advection of moisture and to a lesser extent to the large-scale moisture convergence. Both the Kuo and the Anthes schemes show considerable skill in reproducing the convective heating profile (Q1) when a moist adiabat is used to represent the cloud thermodynamic properties and the effect of eddy sensible heat flux is estimated by a steady-state cloud model. However, when a model cloud with a small radius is used to estimate the cloud's thermodynamic properties, both the Kuo and Authes schemes predict convective heating profiles with considerably lower levels of maximum heating than observed. This indicates that entrainment is not very important for the deep convection present in this case. Anthes' scheme is ...
Human macrophages may normally be "primed" for a strong oxygen radical response.

In previous work we showed that macrophages must produce oxygen radicals in order to kill pathogenic organisms (1). Oxygen radical production by mouse peritoneal macrophages could be enhanced at least ten-fold if the macrophages were previously “activated”. (Throughout this paper we use the term “activated” to mean “primed to release optimal amounts of O 2 − when stimulated”). Macrophages were activated either by infecting the animals with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, or by injecting them with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP) (2, 3). Cultured macrophages could also be activated in vitro by addition of LPS or MDP to the cultures (4). Treatment with LPS or MDP enhanced the ability of cultured macrophages to kill bacteria and fungi in vitro (1, 3). Treatment of mice with MDP in vivo enabled them to resist an otherwise lethal challenge infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Candida albicans (3, 5).
Energy-Efficient Dynamic Packet Downloading for Medical IoT Platforms

This paper proposes a polynomial-time algorithm for energy-efficient dynamic packet downloading from medical cloud storage to medical Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. The medical cloud can distribute its own medical data to medical IoT devices via access points. Therefore, network disconnection can happen between the medical cloud and medical IoT devices when power/energy management in each access point is not efficient. This situation is especially harmful in in-hospital network architectures, because the architecture usually has strict requirements in terms of reliability. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic energy-efficient algorithm, which computes the amount of power allocation in each access point based on the buffer backlog size and channel states under the consideration of buffer stability. With the proposed adaptive algorithm, each access point calibrates its own parameters for more adaptive power/energy management. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of network lifetime, and it is observed that the proposed algorithm achieves the desired performance.
Conflict of Interest and Competency Issues in Law Clinic Practice

Although clinical legal education is an established part of American legal education, few commentators have considered how the ethical issues governing lawyers' conflicts of interest and competency apply in the law school clinic context. This article fills that gap by identifying and explaining the ethical obligations law clinic students and supervising clinical faculty encounter in case and client selection due to conflict of interest and competency considerations. It analyzes various conflicts of interest due to prior, current, or future employment of law clinic students and faculty, and it explores conflicts based on the status of clinical faculty as employees of the law school and university. The article also discusses the components of effective conflict-checking systems, and suggests model conflict-checking procedures. Additionally, the article considers the duty of competence owed to law school clinic clients, clinical faculty's ethical duties to clients, and issues of adequate assistance of counsel in criminal cases handled by law school clinic students. The article concludes that in spite of the burdens that greater focus on conflicts of interest and competence issues might impose on law school clinic programs, clinic students, faculty, and clients will benefit from such efforts.
Major Features of Dynamical Systems

In this chapter we will examine a number of the classical issues arising in the study of the dynamics of differential equations on Banach spaces. The corresponding theories for the finite dimensional problems appear in a number of sources, as noted in the Commentary Section. Our emphasis here will be on the infinite dimensional theory, in the context of general nonlinear evolutionary equations. Most of the applications will be to the theory of solutions of partial differential equations.
The Earthquake Problem in the Eastern United States

Earthquakes in the eastern United States have longer recurrence times, less attenuation of damaging ground motion, and occur in more diffuse source zones than their western counterparts. As a consequence, hazard specification, either by deterministic or probabilistic techniques, is more uncertain in the East. Many of the eastern source zones in historic time have not had the largest earthquake of which they are capable. Two eastern source zones, the St. Lawrence valley of Canada and the New Madrid fault of the central Mississippi valley, produced great earthquakes (magnitude larger than 8). They probably are the only zones in the East which can generate such great earthquakes. A number of other zones, however, can produce major earthquakes which will affect a large number of people, because of the high density of population and the low attenuation of damaging ground motion in the East. All critical facilities should be designed to withstand the maximum expected ground shaking, even though it may have a long recurrence time, of the order of 1000 years.
The social gene

Genetic research has moved rapidly since the publication of Richard Dawkins9s The Selfish Gene 40 years ago. In the intervening years, we have come to realize that many of the most interesting and important phenomena in human biology are not caused by any single gene. Citing a wealth of recent research that explores the ways genes work together to produce complex biological processes, Itai Yanai and Martin Lercher argue that it is time to embrace a new, more holistic, metaphor in their book, The Society of Genes.
Endothelium-dependent blunting of myogenic responsiveness after chronic hypoxia.

Blunted agonist-induced vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia is associated with endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell hyperpolarization and decreased vessel-wall Ca2+concentrati...
EVALUATION ON THE EQUALITY OF NEW WAVE COLLECTIVE FOREST REFORM:A STUDY OF FUJIAN COLLECTIVE FOREST REFORM

In the new wave of collective forest reform,the aggregated equality ex-post reform get worse off than that of the ex-ante reform,but for the forestland low-owed household,the welfare of them get better off after reform.And the relationship between the change of the area owned by farmer and the area ex-ante reform is "U" shape.The main reasons are the top downward of the reform and path-dependence of the institutional change.
199 PREVALENCE OF CYP2C9, 2J2, AND SOLUBLE EPOXIDE HYDROLASE POLYMORHISMS IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE

CYP2C9, CYP2J2, and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) have been shown to be involved in the formation and metabolism of vasoactive epoxides of the epoxygenase pathway which have been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and progression of renal failure. We studied the frequency of CYP2C9*8 and *11, sEH R287Q and anR403insertion, and CYP2J2*2-*7 and the newly identified CYP2J2 polymorphisms R49S, L50L, V113M, N124S in 97 AA end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and 84 healthy AA to determine whether there is a significant difference in prevalence rates of these polymorphisms. The mean age of the ESRD patients 53.3 ± 12.1 years (mean ± SD) and the healthy AA was 36.8 ± 8.6 years. The ESRD patients and healthy subjects were 43.3% and 40.3% female, respectively. The DNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and then genotyped for the variant alleles using TaqMan-based allelic discrimination assays at the University of Washington in Seattle. The prevalence of the new CYP2J2 variant alleles ranged from 0 to 1.1% in the healthy and ESRD populations except for CYP2J2*7 allele (Table). Additional results for higher frequency alleles are shown in the table below. There was no significant difference in prevalence rates of any of the variant alleles between ESRD and healthy subjects.
Dental insurance and dental care among working‐age adults: differences by type and complexity of disability

Objectives People with disabilities experience barriers to dental care, which may vary depending on type of disability and disability complexity (e.g., impact on activities of daily living). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in dental insurance, receipt of dental checkups, and delayed and unmet needs for dental care by type and complexity of disability. Methods We conducted cross-sectional analysis of 2002–2011 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Multivariable logistic regression analyses compared adults ages 18–64 in five disability type groups (physical, cognitive, vision, hearing, or multiple disabilities) to those with no disabilities, and compared people with complex activity limitations to those without complex limitations. Results All disability types except hearing had significantly higher adjusted odds of being without dental insurance, as did people with complex activity limitations. All disability groups except those with cognitive disabilities had increased odds of receiving dental checkups less than once a year. Similarly, all disability groups were at increased risk of both delayed and unmet needs for dental care. Odds ratios were generally highest for people with multiple types of disabilities. Conclusions There are significant disparities in having dental insurance and receiving dental care for adults with disabilities, especially those with multiple types of disabilities, after controlling for socioeconomic and demographic differences. Further, disparities in care were apparent even when controlling for presence of dental insurance.
Joan Oleck. Trends in Rare Book & Documents Special Collections Management. New York: Primary Research Group, 2011. 59p. ISBN 978-1574401646. $75

Representing the Primary Research Group (PRG), Joan Oleck, a freelance journalist and past contributor to Business Week and Newsday , shares the findings from a 2011 project that “profiles the management practices and other business decisions of nine high-profile special collections/rare book libraries.” The nine institutions profiled include the Fales Library and Special Collections of New York University, the Harry Ransom Research Center Library and Museum of the University of Texas, Austin, and the American Museum of Natural History Library, New York City, among others. Although Oleck fails to describe how PRG chose each institution included in the report, the variety . . .
Application of liquid desiccant dehumidification to amine-based carbon capture systems

Abstract Liquid desiccant-based dehumidification with water recovery is an effective and robust method to remove excess moisture from process gas streams and recover relatively high quality product water. A study was undertaken to determine if desiccant-based technology could be applied to the benefit of an amine-based CO2 capture system since the addition of CO2 capture to a coal-fired power plant can significantly increase the plant’s consumptive water use. Test data with a pilot flue gas moisture recovery system are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the process, including the water recovery potential, product water quality, and thermal energy consumption. The process is then evaluated theoretically under conditions typical of a monoethanolamine-based CO2 capture process. The analysis indicates that there is less opportunity for moisture recovery compared to a plant without CO2 capture because of the cooler processing temperatures associated with CO2 absorption and stripping. However, a desiccant-based dehumidification system might be useful as a heat-driven moisture management tool since desiccant-based moisture removal is more effective than dew point cooling for a given heat rejection temperature. Dehumidifying the CO2 product stream prior to compression might offer incremental power consumption savings compared to other options of moisture vapor management.
ADVANCED PLAN-GENERATING SYSTEMS

This chapter discusses two systems that can deal with interacting goals in a more sophisticated manner than STRIPS and various hierarchical methods for plan generation. RSTRIPS is a modification of STRIPS that uses a goal regression mechanism for circumventing goal interaction problems. A typical use of this mechanism prevents RSTRIPS from applying an F -rule, F1 , that would interfere with an achieved precondition, P , needed by another F-rule, F2 , occurring later in the plan. Because F2 occurs later than F1 , it must be that F2 has some additional unachieved precondition, P ′ that led to the need to apply F1 first. Instead of applying F1 , RSTRIPS rearranges the plan by regressing F through the F -rule that achieves P . Now, the achievement of the regressed P ′ will no longer interfere with P . Some of the techniques and conventions used by RSTRIPS can best be introduced while discussing an example problem in which the goals do not happen to interact.
Synthesis of N,O-acetals by net amide CN bond insertion of aldehydes into N-acyl phthalimides and N-acyl azoles

We found that N-acyl phthalimides and several N-acylated azoles are capable of reacting with aldehydes to form O-acyl-N,O-acetals in an apparent amide CN bond insertion. In the context of N-acyl phthalimides, the reaction is mediated by substoichiometric amounts of sodium iodide and potassium phthalimide. DFT computations supported a proposed mechanism and provided insights into the effect of the alkali metal additive. This strategy could be used to prepare a myriad of N,O-acetals from a range of aldehydes. A one-pot procedure was also developed in which N-acyl phthalimide was generated in situ prior to forming the N,O-acetal product. The one-pot strategy was used to demonstrate that activated amides derived from imidazole, pyrazole, (benzo)triazole, and tetrazole are also amenable substrates. Collectively, these studies provide an approach to the synthesis of a variety of N,O-acetals under mild conditions from inexpensive starting materials.
Imaging Hydrological Processes in Headwater Riparian Seeps with Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity

Delineating hydrologic and pedogenic factors influencing groundwater flow in riparian zones is central in understanding pathways of water and nutrient transport. In this study, we combined two-dimensional time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) (depth of investigation approximately 2 m) with hydrometric monitoring to examine hydrological processes in the riparian area of FD-36, a small (0.4 km2 ) agricultural headwater basin in the Valley and Ridge region of east-central Pennsylvania. We selected two contrasting study sites, including a seep with groundwater discharge and an adjacent area lacking such seepage. Both sites were underlain by a fragipan at 0.6 m. We then monitored changes in electrical resistivity, shallow groundwater, and nitrate-N concentrations as a series of storms transitioned the landscape from dry to wet conditions. Time-lapse ERI revealed different resistivity patterns between seep and non-seep areas during the study period. Notably, the seep displayed strong resistivity reductions (∼60%) along a vertically aligned region of the soil profile, which coincided with strong upward hydraulic gradients recorded in a grid of nested piezometers (0.2- and 0.6-m depth). These patterns suggested a hydraulic connection between the seep and the nitrate-rich shallow groundwater system below the fragipan, which enabled groundwater and associated nitrate-N to discharge through the fragipan to the surface. In contrast, time-lapse ERI indicated no such connections in the non-seep area, with infiltrated rainwater presumably perched above the fragipan. Results highlight the value of pairing time-lapse ERI with hydrometric and water quality monitoring to illuminate possible groundwater and nutrient flow pathways to seeps in headwater riparian areas.
Organization of Lithium Cubane Clusters into Three-Dimensional Porous Frameworks by Self-Penetration and Self-Polymerization

Metal–organic frameworks based on lithium inherit the unique chemical and structural features of the metal ion itself. While the monomeric lithium node, usually 4-connected, is very desirable for designing zeolite-type networks, the resulting lithium MOF usually has limited stability, especially for 3-connected nets due to the solvent termination. The conventional design strategy based on lithium aryloxide clusters makes use of phenol-type ligands for cluster formation and a separate bifunctional ligand for cross-linking, which also leads to 4-connected nets. By integrating the roles of cluster-formation and framework-formation into a single ligand, 4-hydroxypyridine was previously shown to give a highly stable 8-connected framework. Still, its shortness and rigidity limit both the porosity and the type of framework topologies. In this work, we demonstrate the new chemical and structural features of lithium cubane clusters with an elongated ligand, which results in two high-connected 3-D framework materia...
First PET Imaging Studies With 63Zn-Zinc Citrate in Healthy Human Participants and Patients With Alzheimer Disease:

Abnormalities in zinc homeostasis are indicated in many human diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD). 63Zn-zinc citrate was developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe of zinc transport and used in a first-in-human study in 6 healthy elderly individuals and 6 patients with clinically confirmed AD. Dynamic PET imaging of the brain was performed for 30 minutes following intravenous administration of 63Zn-zinc citrate (∼330 MBq). Subsequently, body PET images were acquired. Urine and venous blood were analyzed to give information on urinary excretion and pharmacokinetics. Regional cerebral 63Zn clearances were compared with 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) imaging data. 63Zn-zinc citrate was well tolerated in human participants with no adverse events monitored. Tissues of highest uptake were liver, pancreas, and kidney, with moderate uptake being seen in intestines, prostate (in males), thyroid, spleen, stomach, pituitary, and salivary glands. Moderate brain uptake was observed, and regional dependencies were observed in 63Zn clearance kinetics in relationship with regions of high amyloid-β plaque burden (11C-PiB) and 18F-FDG hypometabolism. In conclusion, zinc transport was successfully imaged in human participants using the PET probe 63Zn-zinc citrate. Primary sites of uptake in the digestive system accent the role of zinc in gastrointestinal function. Preliminary information on zinc kinetics in patients with AD evidenced regional differences in clearance rates in correspondence with regional amyloid-β pathology, warranting further imaging studies of zinc homeostasis in patients with AD.
Variation in angiosperm wood structure and its physiological and evolutionary significance.

Angiosperms show extensive variation in wood structure that reflects their evolutionary diversification and adaptation to a wide range of environments. Evolutionary shifts between an herbaceous and woody habit are common and have produced a wide array of growth forms, including herbs, lianas, succulents, trees and shrubs. As angiosperms moved into new environments, wood structure changed to reflect a balance between functions in water transport and storage, carbohydrate and mineral nutrient storage, and mechanical support. The extent and timing of wood production were modified and new cell types were produced in varying proportions and spatial arrangements. In particular, taxonomic variation in water conducting elements and parenchyma distribution affect a plant’s ability to withstand drought and freezing temperatures. In this chapter, I interpret the evolutionary significance of variation in angiosperm wood structure with references to biogeography, phylogenetics, molecular development, ecophysiology and paleobotany. Cell type-specific techniques in gene expression will continue to be key to the study of these processes.
Active Nerve Regeneration with Failed Target Reinnervation Drives Persistent Neuropathic Pain

Peripheral nerves can regenerate and, when injured, may cause neuropathic pain. We propose that the active regeneration process plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. In one commonly used rodent neuropathic pain model, pronounced pain behaviors follow ligation and cutting of the L5 spinal nerve. We found that the injured nerve regenerates into the sciatic nerve and functionally reinnervates target tissues: the regenerated nerve conducts electrical signals, mechanical responses, and tracers between the leg/hindpaw and axotomized sensory ganglion. The regenerating nerve is the primary source of abnormal spontaneous activity detected in vivo. Disrupting the regeneration inhibited pain. First, semaphorin 3A, an inhibitory axonal guidance molecule, reduced functional regeneration, spontaneous activity, and pain behaviors when applied to the injury site in vivo. Second, knockdown of the upregulated growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) with siRNA injected into the axotomized sensory ganglion reduced pain behaviors. We next examined the spared nerve injury model, in which pain behaviors are essentially permanent. The regeneration resulted in tangled GAP43-positive neuromas at the nerve injury site without target reinnervation. Perfusing the nerve stump with semaphorin 3A, but not removing the tangled fibers, prevented or reversed pain behaviors. This effect far outlasted the semaphorin 3A perfusion. Hence, in this model the long-lasting chronic pain may reflect the anatomical inability of regenerating nerves to successfully reinnervate target tissues, resulting in an ongoing futile regeneration process. We propose that specifically targeting the regeneration process may provide effective long-lasting pain relief in patients when functional reinnervation becomes impossible.
Extensions of Hilbert’s Tenth Problem: Definability and Decidability in Number Theory

This chapter surveys some of the developments in the area of Mathematics that grew out of the solution of Hilbert’s Tenth Problem by Martin Davis, Hilary Putnam, Julia Robinson and Yuri Matiyasevich.
Muslim fashion: contemporary style cultures

This is a needed manuscript that discusses and traces the rise and popularization of transnational Muslim women’s fashion from the 1980s to the present. It especially focuses on the beginning of th...
Assistive Devices and Home Modifications in Geriatric Rehabilitation

Many older adults have difficulty with functional activities and do not recognize that help is available to them. Many assistive devices and home modifications exist that promote greater independence and safety for older individuals in the areas of mobility, self-care, and home management. Many factors must be considered in selecting an assistive device for an individual in order to meet the unique needs of that person.
Human Papillomavirus and the Stroma: Bidirectional Crosstalk during the Virus Life Cycle and Carcinogenesis

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses that are causally associated with human cancers of the anogenital tract, skin, and oral cavity. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs remain a major global health issue due to inadequate vaccine availability and vaccination coverage. The HPV life cycle is established and completed in the terminally differentiating stratified epithelia, and decades of research using in vitro organotypic raft cultures and in vivo genetically engineered mouse models have contributed to our understanding of the interactions between HPVs and the epithelium. More recently, important and emerging roles for the underlying stroma, or microenvironment, during the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced disease have become clear. This review discusses the current understanding of the bidirectional communication and relationship between HPV-infected epithelia and the surrounding microenvironment. As is the case with other human cancers, evidence suggests that the stroma functions as a significant partner in tumorigenesis and helps facilitate the oncogenic potential of HPVs in the stratified epithelium.
Tai Chi Is a Promising Exercise Option for Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Declining Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Background More than 60% of patients decline participation in cardiac rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction. Options to improve physical activity (PA) and other risk factors in these high‐risk individuals are limited. We conducted a phase 2 randomized controlled trial to determine feasibility, safety, acceptability, and estimates of effect of tai chi on PA, fitness, weight, and quality of life. Methods and Results Patients with coronary heart disease declining cardiac rehabilitation enrollment were randomized to a “LITE” (2 sessions/week for 12 weeks) or to a “PLUS” (3 sessions/week for 12 weeks, then maintenance classes for 12 additional weeks) condition. PA (accelerometry), weight, and quality of life (Health Survey Short Form) were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months after baseline; aerobic fitness (stress test) was measured at 3 months. Twenty‐nine participants (13 PLUS and 16 LITE) were enrolled. Retention at 9 months was 90% (LITE) and 88% (PLUS). No serious tai chi–related adverse events occurred. Significant mean between group differences in favor of the PLUS group were observed at 3 and 6 months for moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (100.33 min/week [95% confidence interval, 15.70–184.95 min/week] and 111.62 min/week; [95% confidence interval, 26.17–197.07 min/week], respectively, with a trend toward significance at 9 months), percentage change in weight, and quality of life. No changes in aerobic fitness were observed within and between groups. Conclusions In this community sample of patients with coronary heart disease declining enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation, a 6‐month tai chi program was safe and improved PA, weight, and quality of life compared with a 3‐month intervention. Tai chi could be an effective option to improve PA in this high‐risk population. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02165254.
The Effect of the Degree of Spotting on Some of the Components of Friesian Cows' Milk

The present experiment has been conducted in the livestock field of the Department of Animal Resources- College of Agriculture /University of Qadissiyah for two months in which 30 Friesian cows are used . Cows are Characterized by varying degree of spotting of scalp skin (white to black). All cows of the experiment have undergone under a single food conditions in order to state the effect of the degree of spotting on some amino acids and fatty milk cows in the experiment. Results of this study show no significant effect of the level of 5% for the characteristic of spotting on any of the amino and fatty acids under the study. The overall average for the essential amino acids is as follows: methionine 0.16 , leucine 0.44 , Isoleucine 0.28 and phenylalanine 0.26 g / 100 g, respectively. While the overall average for the non-essential amino acids: Glutamic 1.38 , Arginine 0.20 , Glycine 0.19 and Glutamine 0.19 g / 100 g, respectively. The overall average of the saturated fatty acids as follows: myristic 1.26, Palmaitic1.22 , Stearic0.65 and Butyric 2.16 g / 100 g, respectively, while the overall average for the unsaturated fatty acids is as follows: linoleic 0.83 , oleic 1.55 , α-linoleic 1.07 and Arachidonic 0.22 g / 100 g on respectively.
Language Teaching Strategies for Preschool English Learners

English learners (ELs) present a unique and growing population in preschool settings in the United States. Therefore, it is important for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to understand the best evidence in enhancing the language abilities in preschool children who present with language learning difficulties and who are also learning more than one language. The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of current language strategies shown to be effective in enhancing the language outcomes of preschool children who are English learners. These strategies include shared book reading approaches that are incorporated across home and school settings, explicit vocabulary instruction, and repeated exposure to vocabulary in both languages.
Management of the Potential Organ Donor

Catastrophic neurologic injury and brain death have a wide range of pathophysiologic consequences, which can affect all organ systems. By stabilizing the hemodynamic, endocrine, respiratory, inflammatory, and metabolic derangements concomitant with catastrophic brain injury, the intensivist may improve a patient’s outcome. For patients who regress to brain death, optimal critical care also improves organ donation and transplantation-related outcomes. Through standardized, goal-directed, evidence-based critical care management and multidisciplinary collaboration and coordination with organ procurement organizations, the number of potential organs for donation may be increased, and the short-term and long-term function of transplanted organs may be improved.
Six-Bar Linkage Design System with a Parallelized Polynomial Homotopy Solver

The kinematic synthesis of six-bar linkages involves the solution of polynomial design equations that can have a total degree in the billions and thus requires polynomial homotopy continuation to find solutions. Here we present a six-linkage design system integrated with a parallel implementation of the polynomial homotopy solver Bertini that provides new design capabilities. In this implementation, we specify six task positions and two regions for the base pivots. The resulting design equations have total degree \({\approx }{5.9}\,\times \,10^9\). The structure of the design system is presented and an example demonstrates its performance.
Superior Memory of Mnemonists and Experts in Various Domains

One of the most striking individual differences between people concerns their ability to recall information and everyday events. This entry reviews the history of research on superior memory of mnemonists as well as experts for information in their domain of expertise. The review of exceptional memory shows that superior memory is the result of practice directed at improving either memory performance itself or improving or superior memory and is an indirect consequence of acquired mechanisms developed to increase performance in a domain of expertise. The accumulated evidence, including brain imaging, supports the dramatic plasticity of the memory system in response to practice.
Mesenchymal Tumors and Other Rare Neoplasms

Uterine tumors other than benign polyps or carcinoma are rarely encountered in endometrial biopsies and curettings. Even submucosal leiomyomas rarely are sampled by an endometrial biopsy or curettage. The classification in Table 11.1 lists most of these other neoplasms. It has been reported that prior to a hysterectomy, the diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma is missed in 20% of cases [1]. Similarly for leiomyosarcoma, inaccurate or inconclusive diagnosis on curettings ranges from 20% to 80% [1, 2, 3, 4]. Although these tumors have morphologic features that readily assist in their recognition, it is often impossible to classify them accurately from biopsy material alone.
Malignant Liver Tumors (Metastatic Liver Disease)

Treatment for metastatic disease to the liver involves understanding the full disease burden, including the primary tumor, and disease behavior. Dedicated liver imaging is essential to determine the number and distribution of hepatic lesions. The potential functional liver remnant must be ascertained. Depending on previously mentioned factors, surgical resection or liver-directed therapies can offer enhanced survival but must be balanced with systemic therapy, which should always be considered in metastatic disease. Surgery for the primary tumor should be considered in addition to the liver but may occur either in a staged or combined setting. Surveillance should occur following treatment to monitor for disease recurrence. Patients with hepatic disease that progresses on first-line chemotherapy should be switched to second-line therapy and monitored. For those who have disease that is unresectable and progressive, systemic therapy or a clinical trial remain the only options.
Association of Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy With Risk of Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, and Death in Patients With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Importance Current studies assessing the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and death in patients undergoing intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy are inconclusive. To our knowledge, no population-based studies have been performed to examine these potential risks. Objective To examine whether patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF injections have a higher incidence of MI, stroke, or death compared with control populations. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based, retrospective cohort study included 504 patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota, identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) database as receiving at least 1 intravitreal anti-VEGF injection for exudative AMD from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2013. Three age- and sex-matched control groups of individuals who did not receive anti-VEGF treatment and were derived from the REP database were also studied: control individuals with exudative AMD in the era before anti-VEGF (January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2003), controls with dry AMD, and controls without AMD. Data analysis was performed from September 1, 2016, to September 1, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Five-year risk of stroke, MI, and death were assessed in patients compared with controls using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results The study included 504 patients (321 female [63.7%]; mean [SD] age, 76.5 [10.0] years) who received at least 1 intravitreal anti-VEGF injection for exudative AMD during the study period. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a 5-year risk of 7.2% for stroke, 6.1% for MI, and 30.0% for death. Patients who received anti-VEGF had no increased risk of stroke or MI compared with controls with dry AMD (n = 504), controls with exudative AMD (n = 473), or controls without AMD (n = 504). There was an increased risk of mortality compared with controls with exudative AMD in the era prior to anti-VEGF therapy but not the other control groups on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.30-2.04;P Conclusions and Relevance This population-based study revealed that intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for exudative AMD was not associated with consistent increases in the risk of stroke, MI, or death compared with no therapy in patients with or without AMD. It appears to be likely the cardiac events these patients experience are not attributable to their anti-VEGF therapy.
3D-Printing Electron Density Isosurface Models and High-Resolution Molecular Models Based on van der Waals Radii

3D printing was used to prepare space-filling models of electron density isosurfaces and high-resolution molecular models on the basis of the van der Waals radii of atoms. Both model types provide students with kinesthetic simulations of steric effects in bimolecular substitution and elimination reactions. The models can be printed in small sizes for individual student use or large sizes for classroom demonstrations. These space-filling models can also enable visually impaired students to experience tangible representations of theoretical surfaces.
Evaluating the success of lodging yield management systems.

Although there are more than 7,000 properties using lodging yield management systems (LYMSs), both practitioners and researchers alike have found it difficult to measure their success. Considerable research was performed in the 1980s to develop success measures for information systems in general. In this work the author develops success measures specifically for LYMSs. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol15/iss1/6 Evaluating the Success of Lodging Yield Management Systems by Robert K. Griffin Although there are more than 7,000 properties using lodging yield management systems (LYMSs), both practitioners and researchers alike have found it difficult to measure their success. Considerable research was performed in the 1980s to develop success measures for information systems in general. In this work the author develops success measures specifically for LYMSs. Lodging yield management is the measurement and manipulation of internal and external economic variables to allocate specific lodging capacities to specific market segments at prices that maximize the firm's total revenue. Lodging yield management systems (LYMSs) are computerized programs that formalize the lodging yield management process. Since the inception of LYMSsl in the mid-'80s, more and more properties have begun to use them. A 1994 survey indicated that there were approximately 1,000 properties actively using LYMSs, but their acceptance has been slow. Part of this slow acceptance may be related to the difficulty of measuring their success. Like any corporate asset, it is important that managers are able to measure their success. For example, purchase decisions may be based upon the success of an existing LYMS. Success measures may also be used by vendors to persuade managers to purchase one system over another. Chain organizations, as well, need to convince unit managers that their in-house LYMSs work. Once a system has been installed, success measures may be used to help determine if the system is functioning properly. Success measures may also be used to identify the system's strengths and weaknesses. Both practitioners and researchers alike have found it difficult to accurately measure the success of information sy~tems.~ Many system benefits are subjective or intangible, and objective measures are often confounded by competitive and economic forces. Nevertheless, measuring LYMS success is necessary to justify the system's usage and expense.
Parallel nondeterministic programming as a language extension to C (short paper)

This paper explores parallel nondeterministic programming as an extension to the C programming language; it provides constructs for specifying code containing ambiguous choice as introduced by McCarthy. A translator to plain C code was implemented as an extension to the ableC language specification. Translation involves a transformation to continuation passing style, providing lazy choice by storing continuation closures in a separate task buffer. This exploration considers various search evaluation approaches and their impact on correctness and performance. Multiple search drivers were implemented, including single-threaded depth-first search, a combined breadth- and depth-first approach, as well as two approaches to parallelism. Several benchmark applications were created using the extension, including n-Queens, SAT, and triangle peg solitaire. The simplest parallel search driver, using independent threads, showed the best performance in most cases, providing a significant speedup over the sequential versions. Adding task sharing between threads showed similar or slightly improved performance.