cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Logic programming with typed unification and its realization on an abstract machine

Logic programming can benefit from a typing concept which supports many software engineering principles such as data abstraction, modularization, etc. From a computational point of view, the use of types can drastically reduce the search space. Starting from these observations, this paper gives a survey of many-sorted, order-sorted, and polymorphic approaches to type concepts in logic programming. The underlying unification procedures for ordinary term unification, order-sorted unification, and in particular for polymorphic order-sorted unification are given in the style of solving a set of equations, giving a common basis for comparing them. In addition, the realization of these unification procedures on a Warren Abstract Machine-like architecture is described. Special emphasis is placed on the abstract machine developed for PROTOS-L, a logic programming language based on polymorphic order-sorted unification.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo: Applications to MIMO detection and channel equalization

In this paper, we present an overview of recent work on the applications of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to both multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) detection and channel equalization. In the setting of MIMO detection, we have shown that, even for very large antenna systems with high spectral efficiencies of 24 bits/channel use (8 transmit and 8 receive antennas with 64 QAM modulation), the MCMC MIMO detector can bring us within 2 dB of the channel capacity with a greatly reduced complexity compared to several versions of sphere decoding based detectors. For frequency selective channels, we demonstrate that MCMC-based equalizers yield excellent performance even for severe inter-symbol-interference (ISI) channels. The MCMC equalizer achieves significant performance gain over minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear equalizer and performs closely to the optimal maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) equalizer. We will also discuss new approaches that effectively alleviate the well-known high SNR problems in existing MCMC detectors.
Simulation of the scrape-off layer plasma during a disruption

The evolution of the scrape-off layer (SOL) during a disruption in the DIII-D tokamak is modeled using the 2-D UEDGE transport code. The focus is on the thermal quench phase when most of the energy content of the discharge is rapidly transported across the magnetic separatrix where it then flows to material surfaces or is radiated. Comparisons between the simulation and an experiment on the DIII-D tokamak are made with the heat flux to the divertor plate, and temperature and density profiles at the SOL midplane. The temporal response of the separate electron and ion heat-flux components to the divertor plate is calculated. The sensitivity of the solution to assumptions of electron heat-flux models and impurity radiation is investigated.
The peppermill: a human-powered user interface device

A human-powered user interface device sources its power from the physical effort required to operate it. This paper describes a technique by which a geared DC motor and a simple circuit can be used to enable interaction-powered rotary input devices. When turned, the circuit provides a temporary power source for an embedded device, and doubles as a sensor that provides information about the direction and rate of input. As a proof of concept, we have developed a general-purpose wireless input device -- called the Peppermill -- and illustrate its capabilities by using it as a remote control for a multimedia-browsing application.
Foaming properties of soybean protein-based plywood adhesives

A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of soy protein-based plywood glues for foam extrusion. Foaming properties were the first criterion used to screen several soy protein sources. Foaming capacities and stabilities of glue mixes containing animal blood (control) or soy products (meals, flours, concentrates, and isolates) were compared and correlated with molecular weights and surface hydrophobicity indices (S o) in an attempt to identify structure/function relationships. The blood-based glue mix produced more foam than any of the soy-based glues. Soy flours and concentrates generally produced greater foam volumes and more stable foams than soy meal and isolates. Differences in foaming properties could not be explained by solubility profiles or S o. However, results of gel electrophoresis indicated that soy products with poor foaming properties had extensive structure modifications or contained considerably lesser amounts of protein available for foaming reactions. Glue mixes containing the soy flours ISU-CCUR, Honeysoy 90, Nutrisoy 7B, and defatted Soyafluff and the soy concentrates Arcon F, ISU-CCUR, and Procon 2000 demonstrated the desired mixing and foaming properties for foam extrusion.
Identification of Alcohol Dehydration Sites on an Oxide Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

High-speed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) were used to characterize the (001) surface of monoclinic γ-WO3, and to determine the structure and reactivity of active sites on this surface. Cleavage along the WO3(001) plane followed by heating in O2 to remove carbonaceous impurities and subsequent reduction above 775 K in ∼10-5 Torr of O2 resulted in a c(2 × 2) reconstruction that is visible in LEED and atomic resolution STM images. The catalytic activity of the c(2 × 2) surface was probed through exposure to a series of alcohols. No difference in the sticking coefficient for 1-propanol, 2-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butyl alcohol) was detectable. As the surface temperature was increased during TPD, desorption of unreacted alcohol and water was seen at temperatures less than 600 K, independent of the alcohol. The water desorption is attributed to deprotonation of the adsorbed alcoho...
Environmental Niche Modeling Reveals Climatic Differences among Breeding Ranges of Orchard Oriole Subspecies

Environmental niche parameters of breeding ranges for two subspecies in the Orchard Oriole complex (Icterus spurius spurius and I. s. fuertesi) were characterized via ecological niche modeling. Niche models formulated from museum specimen collections largely agree with published breeding ranges of both taxa. Furthermore, our findings identify likely suitable habitat of migratory double breeding in I. s. spurius. Models successfully identify suitable habitat as illustrated by threshold dependent and independent statistical tests and overlap very little in geographic space. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies two axes explaining 99.0% of variation in the climate data and reveals that each breeding range exhibits unique ecological characteristics, as they occur in nonoverlapping PCA space. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) identifies significant differences along both axes (PC1, P , 0.0001; PC2, P , 0.0001). A newly formulated metric for niche similarity (I) agrees with PCA and ENM results and, further, indicates that environmental niche differences are more likely a result of differences in habitat availability than habitat preference. Our results may indicate rapid change in environmental niche within the Orchard Oriole group as these taxa have been diverging for approximately 200,000 y. The Orchard Oriole group provides an example of niche lability that contrasts with evidence of niche conservatism between many other Mexican species pairs.
TIME URGENCY AND IMAGERY IN THE TYPE A BEHAVIOR PATTERN

This study explored the relationship between Type A Behavior Pattern, visual imagery, and ability for time estimation. 115 subjects filled out a questionnaire which assessed them for the presence of a visual imaginary representation of time and scores on Type A or B behavior. While completing the questionnaire, subjects made estimates of four timed intervals of 8 min., 22 sec. The treatment consisted of formal training in visual imagery representations between time estimates of intervals 3 and 4. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed analysis of variance in which the subject variables (Type A/B, visual imaginary representation, and time estimate) were dichotomized using median splits. The dependent measures were accuracy scores for each of the four estimation trials. Subjects with training in visual imaginary representation estimated time more accurately; Type A subjects with training in visual imaginary representation were the most accurate. All subjects improved over the four trials, with greatest ...
Evidence against correlations between nuclear decay rates and Earth–Sun distance

We have reexamined our previously published data to search for evidence of correlations between the rates for the alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus, and electron capture decays of 22Na, 44Ti, 108Agm, 121Snm, 133Ba, and 241Am and the Earth?Sun distance. We find no evidence for such correlations and set limits on the possible amplitudes of such correlations substantially smaller than those observed in previous experiments.
Extreme ultraviolet-embedded phase-shift mask

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL)-embedded phase-shift mask (EPSM) for 16-nm half-pitch node technology and beyond generations will provide improvements in process window and low shadowing effect as compared to those of the conventional EUVL binary mask. In a previous study, we experimentally demonstrated the advantages of the EUVL EPSM for the dense lines and contacts as compared to those of the standard EUVL mask. In this study, we focused more on systematic analysis and comparison of the process windows between EUVL EPSM and conventional EUVL binary mask for various feature types. In addition, we investigated the EUVL EPSM performances as a function of phase errors in order to further define the EUVL EPSM absorber thickness uniformity requirements. Both the EUVL EPSM and binary mask were exposed at the Alpha Demo Tool at IMEC, and the wafer level data show features in the EPSM have a larger process window, lower dose-to-target value, and reduced shadowing effect as compared to those of the conventional EUVL binary mask.
Development of a 1K x 1K GaAs QWIP far IR imaging array

In the on-going evolution of GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) we have developed a 1,024 x 1,024 (1K x1K), 8.4-9 microns infrared focal plane array (FPA). This 1 megapixel detector array is a hybrid using the Rockwell TCM 8050 silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) bump bonded to a GaAs QWIP array fabricated jointly by engineers at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The finished hybrid is thinned at the Jet Propulsion Lab. Prior to this development the largest format array was a 512 x 640 FPA. We have integrated the 1K x 1K array into an imaging camera system and performed tests over the 40K-90K temperature range achieving BLIP performance at an operating temperature of 76K (f/2 camera system). The GaAs array is relatively easy to fabricate once the superlattice structure of the quantum wells has been defined and grown. The overall arrays costs are currently dominated by the costs associated with the silicon readout since the GaAs array fabrication is based on high yield, well-established GaAs processing capabilities. In this paper we will present the first results of our 1K x 1K QWIP array development including fabrication methodology, test data and our imaging results.
Human Capital Risk and Talent Management Issues in the Insurance Market: Public Policy, Industry and Collegiate Education Perspectives

The human capital attraction and retention challenges in the insurance industry intensify due to a combining effect of demographic, social, economic and market-specific factors. In addition, there is human capital obsolescence risk. The study findings indicate that: the financial services occupation group requires high competency in cognitive abilities, social perspectives, management knowledge and communication skills, but not much in technical, physical/sensory or engineering skills; the insurance industry and most insurance companies have not attained a high reputation; and insurance is not a widely recognised profession by the public and many college students. Based on our macro- and micro-spective investigation of the industry and university education, we recommend: more public relations activities, closer work with local universities and their faculties for adoption of the field as a major; better talent recruitment, training and retention programmes; and preparedness for talent morbidity across financial services sectors and countries.
Evidence for tunneling in the reaction O(3P)+HD

Abstract The intramolecular kinetic isotope effect was determined for the title reaction by measuring laser-induced fluorescence from OH and OD in a discharge-flow apparatus. The OH/OD branching ratio was found to have a strong negative temperature dependence, showing that tunneling dominates the reaction at low temperatures. An apparent deviation from tunneling-corrected transition state theory calculations at low temperatures remains to be explained.
Unsaturated soil–geotextile interface behavior

Abstract The behavior of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) structures under seasonal climatic variations, i.e. wetting and drying, is not well understood. Stability and serviceability of MSE walls and embankments can significantly depend on the soil-reinforcement (e.g., geosynthetics) interface shearing behavior in unsaturated conditions. This is especially true for reinforced soil slopes and embankments that have significant fines contents. This paper presents results of a laboratory study on the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil-geotextile interfaces using a specially modified direct shear apparatus. Several suction-controlled laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of soil suction on the soil-geotextile interface. Results of the study indicate that the peak shear strength of the soil-geotextile interface increases nonlinearly with the soil suction. On the other hand, while inconclusive, the effect of suction on the post-peak shear strength of the interface was negligible in some cases. An elastoplastic constitutive model was used to simulate the laboratory results. This study demonstrates that the constitutive model is capable of capturing the mechanical behavior of the unsaturated soil-geotextile interface subjected to constant suction. Both shearing and volume change responses were reasonably simulated by the model.
Transcriptional regulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase by liver X receptors

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. In addition to liver, the brain is another site where LXRs may control cholesterol homeostasis. In the brain, the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is independent from other parts of the body, and its disturbance is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. We have used PCR-based suppressive subtractive cloning to identify new LXR target genes in brain cells. In this report, we show that farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) is a new target gene for LXR in astrocytes and neurons. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an obligate intermediate for de novo cholesterol synthesis and a substrate for protein farnesylation. Stimulation of FPPS mRNA synthesis by an LXR agonist, Hypocholamide, was observed in several cell lines from the central nervous system. We identified a single putative direct repeat 4 (DR4) LXR response element in the FPPS promoter. In a reporter gene assay, LXR transactivated a reporter gene bearing a truncated FPPS promoter containing this DR4 cis-element but not if the DR4 element was mutated. Using gel-mobility shift assay, we further demonstrated the direct interaction between the LXR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer and the response element. Taken together, our results indicate that LXRs directly regulate FPPS gene expression, and thus may play a role in modulating cholesterol synthesis in the brain.
γ-Synuclein: Seeding of α-Synuclein Aggregation and Transmission between Cells

Protein misfolding and aggregation is a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with a wide range of diseases. The synuclein family comprises three small naturally unfolded proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and some forms of cancer. α-Synuclein is a soluble protein that forms toxic inclusions associated with Parkinson’s disease and several other synucleinopathies. However, the triggers inducing its conversion into noxious species are elusive. Here we show that another member of the family, γ-synuclein, can be easily oxidized and form annular oligomers that accumulate in cells in the form of deposits. Importantly, oxidized γ-synuclein can initiate α-synuclein aggregation. Two amino acid residues in γ-synuclein, methionine and tyrosine located in neighboring positions (Met38 and Tyr39), are most easily oxidized. Their oxidation plays a key role in the ability of γ-synuclein to aggregate and seed the aggregation of α-synuclein. γ-Synuclein secreted from neuronal cells into conditioned medium in the ...
Urinary Collecting System Invasion Is a Predictor for Overall and Disease-specific Survival in Locally Invasive Renal Cell Carcinoma

Objective To examine the impact of urinary collecting system invasion (UCSI) on survival in patients with pathologic stage T3 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods We identified 1420 patients who underwent nephrectomy at a single institution between 1988 and 2008. Patients with pT3 RCC and data on UCSI were examined (n = 303). Clinicopathologic variables were compared using chi-square tests, and a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards method was used to evaluate the relationship between UCSI and survival. Results Of 303 patients with pT3 RCC, 67 (22.1%) had UCSI. UCSI was associated with higher T3 substage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and sarcomatoid features, as well as a shorter 5-year overall (51.9% vs 30.4%; P = .003) and disease-specific survival (59% vs 33.9%; P <.001) compared with those without USCI. On multivariate analysis, UCSI was independently associated with overall (HR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.02–2.17) and disease-specific survival (HR 1.76; 95% CI, 1.15–2.68). Conclusions The presence of UCSI is independently associated with higher overall and disease-specific mortality in patients undergoing nephrectomy for pT3 RCC. Locally advanced tumors crossing an additional anatomic boundary into the urinary collecting system appear to represent a particularly aggressive form of disease. These data suggest consideration for including UCSI in the next TNM staging system for RCC.
Intangible Capital, Hedonic Pricing, and International Transfer Pricing

The international transfer pricing norm is the "arm"s length " standard where prices are set as if related parties were transacting as unrelated parties. The modem theory of the firm, however, argues that the types of transactions that take place within firms differ significantly from market transactions. This article provides an econometric technique that permits an accurate allocation of income for certain transactions involving vertically integrated firms employing intangible capital. The proposed technique, illustrated with reference to the premium North American banana trade is to isolate revenue streams associated with specific product characteristics. When dimensions of quality can be measured, hedonic pricing models can be used to isolate unique quality-characteristic contribution margins, relate them to intangible capital. and assign arm's-length returns to such assets in a transfer pricing calculation.
Acoustically tuned optical filters and switches for WDM systems

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) can greatly increase the connectivity of a fiber-optic network because information can be aggregated and routed on a wavelength-by-wavelength basis, by using wavelength-selective passive or active switches. In particular, the acousto-optic switch (AOS), an electronically controlled integrated-optic device for directing traffic in multiwavelength systems, is a compelling candidate for wavelength routing in all-optical networks.1 The AOS is a polarization-independent configuration of the acousto-optic tunable filter that directs incoming light to either of two output ports on a wavelength-band-by-wavelength-band basis, performing wavelength sorting by narrowband TE-TM interconversion. Polarization flipping is restricted to those phase-matched wavelength bands for which the polarization beat length Lb = λ/Δn equals the period of a collinearly propagating surface acoustic wave.
Triggered firing in pulmonary veins initiated by in vitro autonomic nerve stimulation

Background Rapid firing within pulmonary vein sleeves frequently initiates atrial fibrillation. The role of the autonomic nervous system in facilitating spontaneous firing is unknown. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if autonomic nerve stimulation within canine atrium and pulmonary vein sleeves initiates arrhythmia formation. Methods Extracellular bipolar and intracellular microelectrode recordings were obtained from isolated superfused canine pulmonary veins (N = 28) and right atrium (N = 5) during local autonomic nerve stimulation. Results Autonomic nerve stimulation decreased pulmonary vein sleeve action potential duration (APD 90 = 160 ± 17 to 92 ± 24 ms; P 90 (151 ± 18 to 142 ± 8 ms; P = .39). Muscarinic receptor blockade (atropine: 3.2 × 10 −8 M) prevented APD 90 shortening in 8 of 8 preparations and suppressed firing in 6 of 8 preparations, whereas β 1 -adrenergic receptor blockade (atenolol: 3.2 × 10 −8 M) suppressed firing in 8 of 8 preparations. Suppression of the Ca transient with ryanodine (10 −5 M) completely suppressed firing in 6 of 6 preparations. Inhibition of forward Na/Ca exchange by a transient increase in [Ca +2 ] o completely suppressed firing in 4 of 6 preparations. The same stimulus trains produce atropine-suppressed APD 90 shortening in superfused right atrial free wall but fail to produce triggered arrhythmia. Conclusions The data demonstrate triggered firing within canine pulmonary veins with combined parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation. Both an enhanced Ca transient and increased Na/Ca exchange may be required for arrhythmia formation.
The Evolution of Public Opinion in Social Simulation

A method to research the critical point and opinion leader in the evolution of public opinion is proposed. It is assumed that individuals have two attributes: the individual opinions and the persistence of them, which can be corrected by two additional factors: the level of trust and the range of experience between individuals. Using the above four properties of individuals, the interaction rules between individuals are set, and the evolutionary model of public opinion is established. From the simulation results, the critical point 62% can bring qualitative change in the evolution of public opinion, and the number and distribution of opinion leaders can influence the direction of the evolution of public opinion. Based on the above conclusions, we can get some ideas and methods to manage public opinion.
Randomized, Crossover Study of Volume Guarantee (VG) Versus Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants Recovering from Respiratory Failure

Randomized, Crossover Study of Volume Guarantee (VG) Versus Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants Recovering from Respiratory Failure
Simple derivation of a small-signal equivalent circuit for arbitrarily doped 4-terminal field-effect transistors

This letter outlines a simple derivation of a small-signal equivalent circuit for 4-terminal field-effect transistors having arbitrary impurity distributions. The equivalent circuit holds for both pinchoff and nonpinchoff operation. Measured transient response shows good agreement with that calculated using the equivalent circuit.
Recursive utility and optimal growth under uncertainty

Abstract This paper extends the theory of optimal growth under uncertainty to a general class of recursive utility preferences. With this general description of preferences, and in a framework which incorporates time-varying productive technologies and non-stationarities in the evolution of the stochastic environment, the monotonicity properties of optimal programs with respect to the various parameters of the model is demonstrated and then utilized to develop the turnpike theorems.
New thermal diffusion coefficient measurements for hydrocarbon binary mixtures: viscosity and composition dependency.

New thermal diffusion coefficients of binary mixtures are measured for n-decane−n-alkanes and 1-methylnaphthalene−n-alkanes with 25 and 75 wt % at 25 °C and 1 atm using the thermogravitational column technique. The alkanes range from n-pentane to n-eicosane. The new results confirm the recently observed nonmonotonic behavior of thermal diffusion coefficients with molecular weight for binary mixtures of n-decane−n-alkanes at the compositions studied. In this work, the mobility and disparity effects on thermal diffusion coefficients are quantified for binary mixtures. We also show for the binary mixtures studied that the thermal diffusion coefficients and mixture viscosity, both nonequilibrium properties, are closely related.
Self reports and matrix sampling: A method of measuring fidelity of implementation

Abstract Measures of program implementation can be important components in a variety of decision related situations. In some instances implementation may be treated as a dependent variable. The research conducted by the Rand Corporation (Berman & McLaughlin, 1976) related to factors affecting implementation of innovations supported by federal change agent programs and the work of Gross, Giaquinta and Bernstein (1971) dealing with implementing organizational innovations are good examples of this line of inquiry. Without reliable and valid measures of program implementation the development of a knowledge base from such studies is not possible. In other situations implementation may be treated as an independent variable. For example, part of the logic of the operation of the National Diffusion Network seems to be based on an argument for replicability of validated outcomes through implementation of exemplary programs (Educational Programs That Work, 1978). In this case implementation may be treated as a cause. Measuring the degree or quality of program implementation then becomes important if claims of benefit based on previous program validations are not to become suspect. In addition, concern for measures of program implementation in the context of evaluation studies could logically be expected since even if student outcome data are available results can't be attributed to essential program characteristics without evidence of the existence of these programs features. These reflections on the need to measure program implementation are highlighted by the results obtained in studies where implementation issues were directly addressed. For example, Charters and Jones (1973) indicate that in a study reporting “no consistent difference in achievement gains between ‘differentiated staffing’ and ‘conventional staffing’ in two elementary schools” it was also found that there were no differences in the staffing patterns of the schools (p.5). Similar problems were described in a study of Individually Guided Education (IGE) conducted by Hall and Loucks in which the investigators found that 20% of the claimed IGE users were really nonusers and that 63% of the claimed nonusers of IGE were actually users (Gall & Loucks, 1976).
Non-catalyst growth and characterization of a -plane AlGaN nanorods

We report on growth of Al 0.22 Ga 0.78 N/Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N nanorods over a-plane GaN template using low pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Nanorods with average diameter of 100 nm were up to 30 μm long. They grew preferentially along the crystal direction and possessed excellent optical and mechanical properties. It was shown using monochromatic cathodoluminescence that nanorods emit light both at 320 nm and 350 nm over entire length proving uniform coating of the Al 0.06 Ga 0.94 N rod core by an Al 0.22 Ga 0.78 N shield. The elastic modulus of nanorod material was found to be 185 GPa.
Parametric models for partially adaptive estimation with skewed and leptokurtic residuals

Abstract This paper investigates distributional characteristics associated with two flexible parametric distribution which can be used as models for residuals in regression and time series models
Tissue-specific effects of anti-CD4 therapy in induction of allograft unresponsiveness in high and low responder rats.

Abstract In these experiments, we studied the role of anti-CD4 (Ox38) monoclonal antibody in the prevention of heart and/or kidney allograft rejection in low (ACI) and high (Lewis) responder rats. In low responder ACI rats, donor-specific tolerance for heart and kidney allografts (individual or in combination) was achieved by pretransplant anti-CD4 therapy. In high responder Lewis rats, anti-CD4 therapy alone (or combined with anti-CD8 (Ox8), thymectomy or total lymphoid irradiation) did not prevent first-set rejection of heart allografts. This difference was correlated with a more profound and long lasting CD4 + cell depletion in the low responder strain. Anti-CD4 treatment, however, produced tolerance of kidney transplants in high responder rats. Additionally, anti-CD4 treatment induced tolerance to heart (as well as kidney) allografts in Lewis recipients of combined kidney and heart allografts from ACI. The effects of anti-CD4 treatment thus depend upon the recipient responder status as well as the organs transplanted and the order of transplantation.
Formation of Disilanes in the Reaction of Stable Silylenes with Halocarbons

Reactions of stable silylenes 1 and 2 with a variety of halogenated organic compounds have been studied. Depending on the nature of the halocarbon, the products can be disilanes, LSiX-LSiR, or monosilanes, LSiXR, or a mixture of both types of products. Hexachloroethane reacts with the silylenes to give mainly the dichlorodisilane, LSiX-LSiX. The experimental results are rationalized in terms of several related free-radical chain mechanisms.
Stereochemical Studies of Ag‐Catalyzed Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction Using Chiral Silanes

Stereochemical aspect of asymmetric Ag-catalyzed Hosomi-Sakurai reaction with ketones has been investigated. Several allyltrimethoxysilanes have been synthesized and used for the asymmetric reaction. Remarkably, among several possible diastereomers only two are generated with high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Based on the observations for different allyltimethoxysilanes, we hypothesize formation of a single allylsilver species which undergoes addition to the ketone.
Brain Fos expression induced by the chemotherapy agent cisplatin in the rat is partially dependent on an intact abdominal vagus

Anticancer agents such as cisplatin stimulate nausea, vomiting, and behaviors indicative of malaise. Rats and mice, and probably all rodents, do not possess a vomiting response, and their ingestion of kaolin clay (a pica response) has been used as an index of malaise. Similar to the action of cisplatin on emesis in vomiting species, in the rat cisplatin activates vagal afferent fibers, and cisplatin-induced kaolin intake is largely dependent on an intact abdominal vagus. Cisplatin also stimulates Fos expression in the rat brain in areas known to play a role in emesis in other species, but it is not known whether vagal input is required for this CNS activation. In the present study, rats were given abdominal vagotomy or sham operation to test the role of an intact vagus on cisplatin-induced Fos expression 6 h after injection with saline or cisplatin (6 mg/kg, ip). Cisplatin treatment produced Fos expression in the area postrema and multiple levels of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of sham-operated rats. Vagotomy reduced cisplatin-induced Fos expression in the caudal and middle levels of the NTS and central amygdala. Furthermore, cisplatin did not significantly alter Fos expression in the spinal cord (T8–T10) before or after vagotomy. These results suggest that a defined portion of cisplatin-induced Fos expression is dependent on vagal input, with a majority of this response determined by either direct action of cisplatin or humoral factors on the CNS.
Identification of a major selenium excretory product in rat urine

Abstract 1. 1. Very few organic metabolites of selenium have been identified from mammalian systems. The objective of this study was to isolate selenium-containing metabolites from rat urine. 2. 2. A new selenium metabolite was isolated from the urine of rats injected with [ 75 Se]selenite. The metabolite was identified as a trimethylselenonium ion. Infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, cocrystallizaton data and cochromatography data confirm the identity of the metabolite. 3. 3. Substantial amounts of trimethylselenonium ion (30–50% of urinary selenium per 24 h) are excreted after a single injected dose of selenite. It is a normal excretory product of selenite selenium.
Contested Boundaries: psychiatry, disease, and diagnosis

Since the 19th century, we have come to think of disease in terms of specific entities--entities defined and legitimated in terms of characteristic somatic mechanisms. Since the last third of that century, we have expanded would-be disease categories to include an ever-broader variety of emotional pain, idiosyncrasy, and culturally unsettling behaviors. Psychiatry has been the residuary legatee of these developments, developments that have always been contested at the ever-shifting boundary between disease and deviance, feeling and symptom, the random and the determined, the stigmatized and the value-free. Even in our era of reductionist hopes, psychopharmaceutical practice, and corporate strategies, the legitimacy of many putative disease categories will remain contested. The use of the specific disease entity model will always be a reductionist means to achieve necessarily holistic ends, both in terms of cultural norms and the needs of suffering individuals. Bureaucratic rigidities and stakeholder conflicts structure and intensify such boundary conflicts, as do the interests and activism of an interested lay public.
Biochemical studies of olfactory tissue: responses of ATPase activities to octanol and ascorbic acid.

Abstract The responses of ATPase activities to octanol and ascorbic acid have been useful in showing variations in properties of these enzymes from different tissues and from different subcellular particles or structures from a single tissue. The response of Na-K ATPase activity to low concentrations of octanol was quite different between olfactory tissue and brain subcellular particle preparations. At a concentration of approx. 0.4 m M octanol, the Na-K ATPase from olfactory tissue showed a definite stimulation of specific activity. For similar preparations from brain homogenates, the Na-K ATPase activity was inhibited at 0.4 m M octanol. At higher octanol concentrations the Na-K ATPase was strongly inhibited in preparations from both tissues. The Na-K ATPase activity was inhibited by ascorbic acid and the responses were similar for both olfactory tissue and brain preparations. There were differences in response to octanol and ascorbic acid by Mg 2+ ATPase. However, for this enzyme, the differences were between subcellular fractions; similar preparations from brain and olfactory tissue had similar responses of Mg 2+ ATPase to octanol and ascorbic acid. Octanol caused stimulation of the mitochondrial but inhibition of nonmitochondrial Mg 2+ ATPase activities. Ascorbic acid caused stimulation of nonmitochondrial but had little or no effect on mitochondrial Mg 2+ ATPase. The octanol stimulating effect on olfactory tissue Na-K ATPase was further enhanced by NaI treatment but eliminated by lubrol WX solubilization of subcellular particle preparations. However, lubrol solubilization did not effect the ascorbic acid stimulation of the Mg 2+ ATPase. The use of oligomycin in conjunction with octanol and ascorbic acid on a liver mitochondrial preparation was useful in understanding the results obtained on olfactory tissue and brain preparations.
Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically-referred youth: an examination of the five-minute speech sample

Background: Most studies applying the adult-derived ‘expressed emotion’ (EE) measure to children have combined criticism (CRIT) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). Yet, some of the parent behaviors coded as EOI and shown to have negative implications for parents and their adult children (e.g., multiple positive comments about the son or daughter) may be normative and benign for parents and their juvenile children. Thus, EOI, as currently operationalized, may not be related to child psychopathology in the way CRIT is. Method: We tested this possibility, separating CRIT and EOI and examining the individual scoring criteria for each in relation to psychopathology factors in a sample of 258 clinicallyreferred children aged 7–17. Results: Whereas each of the four CRIT criteria related positively to maternal reports of child psychopathology, especially externalizing problems, only two of the five EOI criteria were positively related to child psychopathology, and one (positive comments) was negatively related. Structural Equation Modeling findings supported a model in which CRIT partially mediates the relation between maternal psychopathology and child externalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that EE may contribute to the study of parent–child relations and child psychopathology, but that a developmental adjustment may be required in the way EE is operationalized for use with juvenile samples. Keywords: Assessment, expressed emotion, parent–child. Abbreviations: EE: expressed emotion; CRIT: criticism; EOI: emotional overinvolvement; FMSS: fiveminute speech sample.
Reduction of Acute Toxicity from Craniospinal Irradiation by using Proton Beams: Preliminary Clinical Results

Materials/Methods:Medical records of 18 patients treatedwith craniospinal irradiation (CSI) from January 2003 to July 2010were retrospectively reviewed. Seventeen patients under 18 years of agewere included. Patients were classified into two groups according to types of radiation: proton group (n= 7), photon group (n= 10).Median follow-up duration was 35.8months (range, 1 88).Mean total radiation dose of proton and photon groups were 30.1 Gy (range, 21.6 39.6) and 32.8 Gy (range, 23.4 39.6), respectively.
Educating The Next Generation Of Energy-Savvy Workforce

This paper reports a problem-based learning model for the training of university students in the area of industrial energy efficiency, and discusses its context, contents, and the results from its implementation. The impact has been significant, with hundreds of university graduates trained and many of them now working in industry, leading their organization’s energy efficiency initiatives.
THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXECUTIVE COACHING ON LEADER EFFECTIVENESS

Emotional intelligence has been hailed as a hallmark of successful leaders since the term was popularized in the 1990s. Around the same period, executive coaching emerged as a beneficial resource f...
Food Safety Practices Lacking in Independent Ethnic Restaurants

This study compared compliance with the Food Code between ethnic and non-ethnic restaurants and identified specific food safety practices needing improvement. Frequencies for 275 individual Kansas Food Code violations and the number of critical and noncritical violations were compared between independent ethnic, chain ethnic, independent non-ethnic, and chain non-ethnic restaurants. Independent ethnic restaurants had significantly more critical and noncritical violations than the other three types of restaurants. The majority of differences in code violations were found between independent ethnic restaurants and the other three categories. Overall, non-ethnic restaurants had higher food code compliance scores than independent and chain ethnic restaurants.
Structures and compositions of copolymers

Etude des differentes modelisations utilisees pour les copolymerisations; le modele terminal rend compte de la plupart d'entre elles, mais des modeles plus complexes doivent etre utilises pour rendre compte de l'influence de l'avant dernier motif sur la reactivite du radical et de la reversibilite de la reaction de propagation; presentation des simulations sur ordinateur utilisees pour ces modelisations (Monte Carlo, CSMP, ACSL). Etude de l'effet du solvant sur la copolymerisation de monomeres polaires suggerant l'importance du partage du monomere entre le solvant et le radical polymere
Just War Moral Philosophy and the 2008-09 Israeli Campaign in Gaza

The 2008–09 Israeli military campaign in Gaza, commonly known as Operation Cast Lead, is best understood in the context of Israel's “iron wall” strategy. During the 1930s, the strategy emphasized the need for overwhelming military power to break Arab resistance to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine; since the creation of Israel in 1948, it has continued to be at the core of Israeli policies in the overall Arab-Israeli conflict. From the outset, the strategy has included attacks on civilians and their crucial infrastructures. Such attacks violate the just war moral principles of discrimination and noncombatant immunity. In addition, Cast Lead violated the just war principles of just cause and last resort, which state that wars must have a just cause and even then must be undertaken only after nonviolent and political alternatives have failed. Israel did not have a just cause in 2008–09, because its primary purpose was to crush resistance to its continuing de facto occupation and repression of...
InAs HEMT narrowband amplifier with ultra-low power dissipation

The design, fabrication and performance of a prototype narrowband amplifier using InAs-channel HEMTs are reported. The amplifier, which is realised on an RT/Duroid circuit board with a combination of transmission lines and lumped components, is intended for a long-life battery-powered application. The two-stage amplifier has 20 dB of gain with a bandwidth of 4% in S-band and dissipates a total power of only 365 /spl mu/W.
Intracranial mycotic aneurysm in an infant : report of a case

Although mycotic aneurysms tend to occur with greater frequency in children than adults, few cases of intracranial infectious aneurysms have been reported in children less than 1 year of age. The case of a previously healthy 7-month-old patient who suffered intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage from multiple aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery is reported. The aneurysms proved to be infectious, based on culture material obtained at surgery from the aneurysm contents and adjacent brain tissue.
Geography, policy or market? New evidence on the measurement and causes of sprawl (and infill) in US metropolitan regions

This paper proposes four metrics to measure sprawl in metropolitan regions as marginal changes in land use over time. The metrics (change in urban housing unit density, marginal land consumption per new urban household, housing unit density in newly urbanized areas and percent of new housing units located in previously developed areas) are computed for all 329 metropolitan areas in the continental USA for 1980 and 2000. Regression analysis is used to explain variations in sprawl metrics across metropolitan areas, incorporating variables representing market, geographic and policy factors. Changes in development patterns reflect interactions of market and geographic structures. States with a substantial state role in planning accommodate a higher percentage of new housing units in previously developed areas and with lower marginal land consumption, suggesting that policy can mitigate sprawl development.
Decrease in Protein Solubility and Cataract Formation Caused by the Pro23 to Thr Mutation in Human γD-Crystallin†,‡

The P23T mutation in the human AD-crystallin gene has in recent years been associated with a number of well known cataract phenotypes. To understand the molecular mechanism of lens opacity caused by this mutation, we expressed human AD-crystallin (HGD), the P23T mutant, and other related mutant proteins in Escherichia coli and compared the structures and thermodynamic properties of these proteins in Vitro. The results show that the cataract-causing mutation P23T does not exhibit any significant structural change relative to the native protein. However, in marked contrast to the native protein, the mutant shows a dramatically lowered solubility. The reduced solubility results from the association of the P23T mutant to form a new condensed phase that contains clusters of the mutant protein. The monomer- cluster equilibrium is represented by a solubility curve in the phase diagram. When the solubility limit is exceeded, the mutant protein forms the condensed phase after a nucleation time of 10-20 min. We found that the solubility of the P23T mutant exhibits an inverse dependence on temperature, i.e., the protein clusters are increasingly soluble as the temperature of the solution decreases. The solubility of P23T can be substantially altered by the introduction of specific mutations at or in the immediate vicinity of residue 23. We examined the mutants P23S, P23V, P23TInsP24, and P23TN24K and found that the latter two mutations can restore the solubility of the P23T mutant. These findings may help develop a strategy for the rational design of small molecule inhibitors of this type of condensed phase.
The Long-Run Demand for Skilled and Unskilled Labor in Colombian Manufacturing Plants

This note estimates the long-run demand for skilled and unskilled labor using panel data for Colombian manufacturing plants. Unobserved heterogeneity and measurement error problems that commonly arise in microdata production estimates are examined. Output measurement errors cause OLS estimators to underestimate the output and wage response of employment demand. Time-difference estimators exaggerate the measurement error biases. Instrumental-variable estimates of the output elasticities are 0.89 and 0.76 and own-wage elasticities are −0.42 and −0.65 for skilled and unskilled labor, respectively. The output elasticity is larger for skilled labor whereas the wage elasticity is larger for unskilled labor in virtually every industry.
Transpubic ilio—deep femoral—anterior tibial sequential bypass with nonreversed translocated saphenous vein for limb salvage

Abstract We report a case of successive occlusions of aortofemoral, femorofemoral, axillofemoral, and numerous thrombectomies successfully managed by the use of nonreversed translocated saphenous vein for transpubic ilio—deep femoral—anterior tibial sequential bypass. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:86-8.)
On the use of improved importance sampling (IIS) in the simulation of digital communication systems

Importance sampling (IS) has been of increasing interest due to its potential for significantly improving the efficiency of the simulation of high performance digital communication systems. This work makes some theoretical contributions to the use of IS when the sampling density is a translated version of the original noise density. An asymptotic analysis is used to determine the optimum translation vector for a large class of non-linear and/or non-Gaussian systems as the probability of the event of interest goes to zero. The reduction in sample size with respect to standard Monte Carlo methods is calculated and a simple bound is derived. In addition the asymptotic optimality and equivalence of two adaptive IS algorithms at convergence is established. Numerical results are shown to be in close agreement with the developed theory. >