cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General motors sulfate dispersion experiment

The mean wind field and the wind fluctuations observed near a controlled, heavily traveled level roadway were investigated. The mean wind field was studied in terms of velocity defects relative to the ambient mean wind. The wind fluctuations were studied in terms of energy spectra, velocity cross-spectra, excesses of velocity variances and cross-covariances over their ambient values. Two-point cross-spectra and correlations were also used to study the propagation of wind fluctuations. The influence of traffic on the ambient wind field extended vertically up to at least 4.5m above ground, and horizontally to at least 30 m downwind of the road. The vertical extension was more gradual at high cross-road winds than at low cross-road winds. The wind tended to move up as it approached the road and down as it left the road, except when the cross-road wind was low, where the downward motion was reduced or reversed. This is likely due to the buoyancy effect of the heated exhaust. The traffic effects propagated outward at about 1 m s-1. Thus at cross-road winds of less than 1 ms-1, the influence of traffic could be observed upwind of the road. When intense shear existed between the local wind field and an opposing traffic direction, large turbulent energy production resulted, generating large eddies, in additions to the high frequency (> 0.1 Hz) eddies generated by vehicular motions in the absence of intense shear. The large eddies also increased the mixing volume, so that when the ambient wind opposed the traffic direction on the upwind lanes, the pollutant concentration upwind of the road could be higher than that downwind. While the cross-covariance excesses generally agreed with the gradient transport assumption, disagreements also existed, which may not be surprising in view of the participation of large eddies in the momentum transport.
Supernovae and Stellar Collapse

In this paper model calculations of the collapse of the iron core of a star at the end of its thermonuclear life are presented. The neutrino processes that lead to an explosion are described. Comparisons are made between the model calculations and the observations of SN1987a.
Homeomorphism and Homotopy Types of Restricted Configuration Spaces of Metric Graphs

For Gamma a finite, connected metric graph, we consider the space of configurations of n points in Gamma with a restraint parameter r dictating the minimum distance allowed between each pair of points. These restricted configuration spaces come up naturally in topological robotics. In this paper, we study the homotopy, homeomorphism, and isotopy types of these spaces over the space of parameters r and provide a polynomial upper bound (in the number of edges of Gamma) for the number of isotopy types.
Transitional jobs after release from prison: effects on employment and recidivism

This paper presents the results of two experimental evaluations of transitional jobs programs for recently released former prisoners: the Evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) and the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration (TJRD). The analysis assesses the effects of these programs on employment and recidivism. We find that the programs in both studies led to a large increase in employment driven by the transitional jobs themselves. However, the programs did not increase employment in non-program jobs. In addition, the CEO transitional jobs program reduced recidivism, but the TJRD programs did not. These results have implications for policy and research.
Understanding the lac operon with GeneAct

GeneAct is a new framework developed to accelerate the coding of interactive programs for learning genetics. In this paper, the framework is used to create an interactive program for understanding the lac operon. Gene regulation, an inherent property of all organisms, is responsible for growth and development, as well as for an organism's ability to respond to changes in the environment. To illustrate the mechanisms of gene regulation, we highlight the operon system in bacteria because it is well defined and has widely been investigated. The control of the genes of the lac operon depends upon the availability of - and the nature of - the carbon source used for energy metabolism in bacteria. The interactive program based on GeneAct provides clearly defined tutorial tools for: 1) reading and thinking about the subject; 2) visualising the processes involved in regulating genes; 3) controlling the various molecular elements in the processes.
Complications of surgery for sporadic vestibular schwannoma.

ObjectivesWe sought to investigate the postoperative complications of vestibular schwannoma excision and determine their significant clinical predictors.Study DesignCross-sectional.SettingCalifornia Hospital Inpatient Discharge Datasets 1997-2011.Subjects and MethodsData for vestibular schwannoma excisions performed in California were extracted using the ICD-9-CM code “04.01 excision of acoustic neuroma.” Demographics, principal payer, state of residence, comorbidities, as well as hospital case volume were examined as possible predictors. Postoperative complications and patient disposition were examined as outcome variables. Comorbidities and complications were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnoses and procedures codes.ResultsOverall, 6553 cases were examined. Comorbidities were present in 2539 (38.7%) patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 1846 (28.2%) patients; 1714 (26.2%) neurological and 337 (5.1%) medical complications. Patients’ admission ended with death or further care (ie, skilled nursi...
Automated Visual Inspection: A Survey

This paper surveys publications, reports, and articles dealing with automated visual inspection for industry. The references are organized according to their contents: overview and discussions, rationales, components and design considerations, commercially available systems, applications. A number of applications and their inspection methodologies are discussed in detail: the inspection of printed circuit boards, photomasks, integrated circuit chips. Other inspection applications are listed as a bibliography. A list of selectively annotated references in commercially available visual inspection tools is also included.
Comparison of long-term flat-plate solar collector performance calculations based on averaged meteorological data

Abstract The use of averaged meterological data for collector performance calculations is studied. To this end, a steady state, two-dimensional, nodal, heat transfer analysis is developed for a flat-plate solar collector. The analysis accounts for the temperature gradients in the fluid flow and vertical directions in the collector, the physical and thermodynamic properties of the materials in the collector, the collector location, the orientation and dimensions of the collector, the number of cover plates and any thin film selective coatings on the cover plates or absorber. Also accounted for are the time dependent variations in the meteorological conditions, insolation, and collimated and diffuse solar irradiation. The spectral nature of radiation heat transfer in the collector is modeled by two spectral bands, solar and thermal, with 3.0 μm as the cutoff frequency between the solar and thermal bands of radiation. The results indicate that long term collector performance calculations based on averaged meteorological data will not correlate with calculations based on hourly data if the weather is highly variable. When the weather variations are mild, averaged data can give results very close to those based on hourly data.
Concurrent Synthesis and Release of nod-Gene-Inducing Flavonoids from Alfalfa Roots

Flavonoid signals from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) induce transcription of nodulation (nod) genes in Rhizobium meliloti. Alfalfa roots release three major nod-gene inducers: 4′,7-dihydroxyflavanone, 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, and 4,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxychalcone. The objective of the present study was to define temporal relationships between synthesis and exudation for those flavonoids. Requirements for concurrent flavonoid biosynthesis were assessed by treating roots of intact alfalfa seedlings with [U-14C]-l-phenylalanine in the presence or absence of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitor l-2-aminoxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP). In the absence of AOPP, each of the three flavonoids in exudates contained 14C. In the presence of AOPP, 14C labeling and release of all the exuded nod-gene inducers were reduced significantly. AOPP inhibited labeling and release of the strongest nod-gene inducer, methoxychalcone, by more than 90%. Experiments with excised cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots incubated in solution showed that the flavonoids could be synthesized in and released from each organ. However, the ratio of the three flavonoids in exudates from intact plants was most similar to the ratio recently synthesized and released from excised roots. A portion of recently synthesized flavonoid aglycones was found conjugated, presumably as glycosides, in root extracts and may have been involved in the release process. Data from root extracts showed that formononetin, an isoflavonoid which does not induce nod genes, was present in conjugated and aglycone forms but was not released by normal intact roots. In contrast, roots stressed with CuCl2 did release the aglycone formononetin. Thus, the release process responsible for exudation of nod-gene inducers appears to be specific rather than a general phenomenon such as a sloughing off of cells during root growth. The synthesis and specific concurrent release of flavonoid nod-gene inducers in this study is consistent with the physiological requirement for nodule formation of the 3-day-old seedlings used.
Natural circulation in horizontal pipes

Abstract Natural circulation in a horizontal pipe with one end connected to the hot main pipe and one end closed can create a substantial temperature gradient axially and circumferentially. The temperature distribution around such a pipe can be predicted by solving the conservation equations inside the pipe and energy equation around the pipe. The line SOR (successive over relaxation) method has been employed to solve these equations. This numerical solution has been confirmed by comparing it to an exact solution for the simplified case where the heat transfer coefficient around the pipe is uniform. Pipe temperature variations predicted by this analysis have been characterized by five dimensionless parameters. Of these five, the parameter λ, which is related to the Biot number, is the controlling parameter. The maximum temperature gradient around the tube increases sharply as λ increases. Applications of this solution are discussed and a set of recommendations to reduce temperature gradient are presented.
Forum on the future of academic medicine: final session--implications of the information revolution for academic medicine.

ABSTRACT The seventh and final meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges' (AAMC's) Forum on the Future of Academic Medicine began December 4, 1998, with a talk by William W. Stead, MD, associate vice-chancellor for health affairs at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and director of its informatics center. Dr. Stead envisions a future in which informatics and information technology will place the consumer squarely in the center of the system, empowered with greater knowledge of health care; he gave three short scenarios to illustrate future typical interactions of consumers with the system. He then discussed the implications for academic medicine. For example, academic medical centers (AMCs) could become the information providers and quality assurance hubs of their regions. Various participants questioned some of the speaker's claims (one asserting that there would be serious complications if clinical information were made available to patients). The second speaker, Valerie Florance, PhD, director of the AAMC's better-health@here.now program, discussed her program, whose purpose is to explore the ways medical schools and teaching hospitals can best use information technology and the Internet in the coming decade to improve individual and community health. Nothing in the ensuing discussion indicated that the participants believed that academic medical centers would be spared painful dislocations if they were to embark on a road of institutional reform to respond to the pressures of the new and more competitive global economy. Greater awareness of this not-necessarily-welcomed message may be one of the lasting legacies of the forum.
Strategic Management in Small Retail Businesses The Case of Guatemala

Strategic management is part of every business and constitutes an important path to successful business operations. Managers perceive, understand, and implement strategic management in different ways. A study of Guatemala’s small retail businesses offers an opportunity to examine the decision-making process within a developing nation. This study investigates how managers in forty Guatemalan businesses practice strategic management. Whether the business managers are proactive or reactive in their decisions, they all recognize strategic management as an integral business activity. Two types of businesses, service retail and product retail businesses, are used as the unit of analysis in this research project.
Effect on growth of long-term treatment with intranasal triamcinolone acetonide aqueous in children with allergic rhinitis.

Background Guidelines recommend treatment with intranasal corticosteroids for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), but concerns remain about possible adverse effects. Objective To present the 1- and 2-year growth results for children with AR treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray. Methods Thirty-nine children (aged 6.1–14.3 years at study entry) were treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous for 1 year, and a subset of 30 children completed a second year of treatment. The dose was physician titered to achieve control over AR symptoms. For each child, statural heights at baseline and at the 1- and 2-year (where available) visits, together with growth rates, were measured and were compared with predicted values. Results There were no significant differences between measured and predicted heights at the 1- and 2-year visits. The mean (SD) measured − predicted difference was 0.3 (2.2) cm (95% confidence interval, −0.4 to 1.0 cm) at the 1-year visit and 0.5 (3.0) cm (95% confidence interval, −0.6 to 1.6 cm) at the 2-year visit. Mean differences in measured and predicted growth rates were nonsignificant at the 1- and 2-year visits. Conclusions Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous titered to control AR symptoms and given for 1 or 2 years had no significant effect on statural growth in children with AR.
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα): role in hepatocarcinogenesis

Abstract The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and mediates most of the known biological effects of peroxisome proliferators. The latter represents a large group of chemicals that include the fibrate hyperlipidemic drugs, the pthalate plasticizers, various solvents and degreasing agents, and endogenous hormones and fatty acids. Peroxisome proliferators are classical members of the nongenotoxic group of chemical carcinogens that do not require metabolic activation to electrophiles in order to exert their harmful effects. These chemicals are of particular concern to regulatory agencies since they can only be detected by long-term carcinogen bioassays using rodents. The mechanism of the carcinogenic action of peroxisome proliferators is beginning to emerge. PPARα-null mice are resistant to hepatocarcinogenesis indicating that this receptor is necessary for cancer. However, recent studies indicate that Kupffer cells, in a PPARα independent manor, are required for the major effects of peroxisome proliferators on cell proliferation. An interaction between PPARα and estrogen carcinogenesis has also been elucidated.
Non-coding sRNAs regulate virulence in the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is the waterborne bacterium responsible for worldwide outbreaks of the acute, potentially fatal cholera diarrhea. The primary factors this human pathogen uses to cause the disease are controlled by a complex regulatory program linking extracellular signaling inputs to changes in expression of several critical virulence genes. Recently it has been uncovered that many non-coding regulatory sRNAs are important components of the V. cholerae virulence regulon. Most of these sRNAs appear to require the RNA-binding protein, Hfq, to interact with and alter the expression of target genes, while a few sRNAs appear to function by an Hfq-independent mechanism. Direct base-pairing between the sRNAs and putative target mRNAs has been shown in a few cases but the extent of each sRNAs regulon is not fully known. Genetic and biochemical methods, coupled with computational and genomics approaches, are being used to validate known sRNAs and also to identify many additional putative sRNAs that may play a role in the pathogenic lifestyle of V. cholerae.
A one-dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere with a trade-wind boundary-layer parameterization

Refinement of the vertical transport parameterization in a one-dimensional photochemicalmodel of the troposphere by incorporating results from a model of boundary layer dynamicsrepresentative of a remote tropical environment is presented. The photochemical model isthen used to compute tropospheric profiles of selected trace constituents to advance ourunderstanding of how vertical transport processes affect the distributions and budgets of tracegases in the troposphere.The boundary layer model used in this study simulated the multi-layer structure thatcharacterizes the divergent trade-wind regions of the earth. The vertical transportparameterization includes the stuctural and mass-flow characteristics of a layer of shallow,dispersed cumulus. Vertical mass fluxes of trace constituents were calculated with reference tothe better-known flux of water vapor. Model-derived vertical profiles of key trace constituentsare compared with profiles from the photochemical model with conventional fluxparameterizations and to the available measured data for the remote marine troposphere. Theexperiment simulates the observed vertical structure of tropospheric ozone in marine tradewindenvironments reasonably well. In addition, this study indicates that the abundance ofreactive nitrogen species found in remote tropical regions of the world cannot be supported bythe estimated magnitude of local sources, implying that long-range transport from higherlatitudes may account for a sizeable input of reactive nitrogen to remote tropical regimes. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00095.x
An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion

A review of The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations about Cold Fusion, by E. Storms with Forewords by M.C.H. McKubre and D.J. Nagel, Sin...
Achieving capacity fairness for wireless mesh networks

This paper addresses a joint problem of power control and channel assignment within a wireless mesh network. A wireless mesh network is made up of two kinds of nodes: mesh routers (MRs) and user nodes (UNs). The MRs form a backbone network, while UNs receive data from the backbone network by connecting to the MRs via one hop. This paper aims to find the optimal joint solution of power control and channel assignment of the wireless mesh networks such that the minimum capacity of all links is maximized. We develop an upper bound for the objective by relaxing the integer variables and linearization. Subsequently, we put forward a heuristic approach to approximate the optimal solution, which tries to increase the minimal capacity of all links via setting tighter constraint and solving a binary integer programming problem. Simulation results show that solutions obtained by this algorithm are very close to the upper bounds obtained via relaxation, thus suggesting that the solution produced by the algorithm is near-optimal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite

Microcracking related to the formation of a laboratory shear fracture in a cylinder of Westerly granite has been investigated using image-analysis computer techniques. Well away from the fracture (farfield), the deformed granite has about twice the crack density (crack length per unit area) of undeformed granite. The microcrack density increases dramatically in a process zone that surrounds the fracture tip, and the fracture tip itself has more than an order of magnitude increase in crack density over the undeformed rock. Microcrack densities are consistently higher on the dilational side of the shear than on the compressional side. Microcracks in the undeformed rock and in the far-field areas of the laboratory sample are concentrated within and along the margins of quartz crystals, but near the shear fracture they are somewhat more abundant within K-feldspar crystals. The energy release rate, gII, for mode II fracture progagation is estimated from the microcrack density data to be ≥ 1.7–8.6 kJ m−2. The microcracks that formed during the experiment are principally tensile cracks whose orientations reflect the local stress field: those formed prior to the nucleation of the fault are roughly parallel to the cylinder axis (loading direction), whereas those generated in the process zone make angles averaging 30 ° to the overall fault strike (and 20 ° to the cylinder axis). The preferred orientation and uneven distribution of microcracks in the process zone tends to pull the propagating fracture tip towards the dilational side, even though the trend is away from the overall fault strike. As a result, the propagating shear follows the microcrack trend for some distance and then changes direction in order to maintain an overall in-plane propagation path. This recurring process produces a zig-zag or sawtooth segmentation pattern similar to the sawtooth geometries of faults such as the San Andreas fault.
Frontal sinus surgery in children

Abstract Frontal sinus surgery is difficult in all age groups, but because of development and size differences, it is exceptionally so in the pediatric population. Trephination, osteoplastic flap, obliteration, and functional endoscopic techniques are described with some points of procedure to use in a given situation.
Developing a collaborative faculty‐librarian information literacy assessment project

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of developing an information literacy assessment project, and to discuss key findings from the project.Design/methodology/approach – A variety of assessment tools were used to gather information about student learning and information literacy instruction: pre‐ and post‐surveys, student feedback surveys, faculty feedback to librarians, librarian self‐reflection, library worksheets, student research journals, and citation analysis of students' final research paper bibliographies.Findings – It was found that the authors' initial suite of assessment tools did not provide the information wanted about students' research processes, so the authors' “assessment toolkit” was modified. It was found that more meaningful information could be gathered about students' research processes when the authors worked closely with faculty to embed information literacy assessments into course assignments. From the authors' analysis of student work, it was discovered ...
Book Review: On Interpretive Social Inquiry:

This essay addresses various issues about interpretive social investigation that arise in recent books by Berel Lerner and by Mark Risjord. The general topics considered are the relation between interpretation and explanation, the explanation of action, and alternative rationalities. Part 1 centers on Risjord's attempt to draw interpretation into the explanatory enterprise, among other things pointing out the limiting assumptions of his account and asking whether social investigation has epistemologically significant practical ends. Part 2 addresses the roles of normativity and rationality in explanations of action, taking up (1) a disagreement between Risjord and David Henderson on normativity, and (2) Lerner's account of Winch's appropriation of Wittgenstein's idea of expressive action. Part 3, finally, endorses Lerner's and Risjord's version of the claim that rationality has multiple criteria while also suggesting that intelligibility, not rationality, lies at the heart of many debates on interpretive social science.
Whole body and tissue blood volumes of two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1. 1. Estimates of apparent packed cell, plasma and total blood volumes for the whole body and for 13 selected tissues were compared between Kamloops and Wytheville strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by the simultaneous injection of two vascular tracers, radiolabeled trout erythrocytes (51Cr-RBC) and radioiodated bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA). 2. 2. Whole body total blood volume, plasma volume and packed cell volume were slightly, but not significantly greater in the Wytheville trout, whereas, the apparent plasma volumes and total blood volumes in 4 of 13 tissues were significantly greater in the Kamloops strain. 3. 3. Differences were most pronounced in highly perfused organs, such as the liver and kidney and in organs of digestion such as the stomach and intestines. 4. 4. Differences in blood volumes between the two strains may be related to the greater permeability of the vascular membranes in the Kamloops strain fish.
Anisotropy of the ultrasonic attenuation in MnF2 near the néel temperature

The anomalous ultrasonic attenuation α of longitudinal waves in MnF2 was measured near the Neel point, TN, as a function of temperature T and sound frequency ƒfor different directions of the wave propagation k. The result for T >TN, is expressed by the power-law formula, α ∼ ƒn|T − TN−η; η = 0·15±0·01, n = 1·8±0·1 fork‖[110]; η = 0·4±0·01, n = 1.6±0·1 fork‖[100], and η = 0·16 0·01, n = 1·6±0·1 fork ‖[001]. However, the magnitude of the attenuation coefficient varied appreciably for different directions of the wave propagation, from which was deduced a relative value of the derivative of the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between next-nearest neighbor spins,J2, as ‖((∂J2∂z)(∂J2∂x) = 2·2 ∼ 2·6 where x and z correspond to the [100] and [001] directi
Quantum affine algebras and their representations

Abstract Some questions on the representation theory of quantum affine algebras are discussed from the categorical point of view.
Excited 0{sup +}, T=2 states in {sup 12}Be, {sup 12}C, and {sup 12}O

We present predictions of a relatively simple model of the low-lying 0{sup +} states in {sup 12}Be, their predicted energy splitting in {sup 12}O, their cross-section ratios in {sup 10}Be(t,p) and {sup 14}C(p,t) and their decay widths. Comparison is made with predictions using earlier wave functions of Barker.
Estimation of eddy-current loss in surface mounted PM BLDC motor

This paper investigates the eddy-current loss in a surface mounted PM BLDC motor. The method is based on the 2-D finite element computation and the loss increase due to non-sinusoidal voltage supply is taken into account. Both eddy-current losses in stator core and in rotor permanent magnets are considered. The detailed equations for prediction of those eddy current losses are presented respectively. Using this procedure, the calculation of the eddy-current loss and the analysis of the effects caused by the harmonics are explained in detail.
A note on a method to determine the orientation of crystals within hailstones

Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, die Orientierung der Kristalle innerhalb von Hagelkornern zu bestimmen.
Effect of the parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps, on the nitrogen excretion of its host, Heliothis virescens☆☆☆

Abstract Excretion of nitrogenous products by larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, and the effect of parasitism by the parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps, on the host's excretory products were investigated. The dry weight of faeces produced after parasitism declined although the per cent of total nitrogen in the faeces did not differ significantly between non-parasitized and parasitized larvae. No free ammonia and only small amounts of ammonium nitrogen were found in the faeces. Uric acid was the only purine found and parasitism significantly decreased its excretion. Parasitism apparently had no qualitative effect on the presence of amino acids in the faeces. Amino nitrogen was the major contributor of faecal nitrogen and was reduced in parasitized larvae. Parasitism significantly increased the excretion of proteins in H. virescens larvae. One pteridine was identified in H. virescens and parasitism had no qualitative effect on the pteridines found in host faeces. The major nitrogenous compounds in the faecal material from the parasitoid were uric acid, amino nitrogen, and protein. In addition several pteridines were identified.
DNA damage, photorepair, and survival in fish and human cells exposed to UV radiation.

The effect of various wavelengths of UVB radiation on the induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in fish cells and human fibroblasts and the repair of these lesions were studied using an UV-endonuclease to measure dimers (endonuclease sensitive sites) by sedimentation of radioactive DNA, by gel electrophoresis of unlabeled DNA, and by cell survival. The data show that fish cells have an efficient photoreactivation system at wavelength > 304 nm that reverses cytoxicity and dimer formation after exposure to filtered sunlamp irradiation of a shorter wavelength ([lambda] > 290 nm). Shorter wavelengths in UVB (>304 nm) are more effective in photoreversal than longer ones (>320 nm). As a consequence, 50-85% of dimers induced by these wavelengths in fish are photoreactivated while they are being formed. A major cytotoxicological lesion is the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Cultured human fibroblasts do not possess such a repair system. These results indicate that sunlamp irradiation has wavelengths that both damage and repair DNA. 37 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Plant Pathogens at Work: Improving Weed Control Efficacy

Research in the area of the use of plant pathogens as biological control agents for weeds is conducted using either the classical or the bioherbicidal approach. In the classical approach, a pathogen is typically imported from a foreign location to control an introduced weed target. In the inundative or bioherbicide strategy, an indigenous pathogen is cultured to produce large quantities of inoculum that are applied at high rates to the entire target weed population. Research on the development of plant pathogens for biological control using the inundative or bioherbicide approach has moved from determining host range and demonstrating pathogenicity to investigating systems that enhance the efficacy of these agents.
Automorphism groups of arithmetically saturated models

?0. introduction. In this paper we study the automorphism groups of countable arithmetically saturated models of Pean o Arithmetic. The automorphism groups of such structures form a rich class of permutation groups. When studying the auto morphism group of a model, one is interested to what extent a model is recoverable from its automorphism group. Kossak-Schmerl [12] show that if M is a countable, arithmetically saturated model of Peano Arithmetic, then Aut(M) codes SSy(M). Using that result they prove:
Assessing the temporal variance of evapotranspiration considering climate and catchment storage factors

Abstract Understanding the temporal variance of evapotranspiration (ET) at the catchment scale remains a challenging task, because ET variance results from the complex interactions among climate, soil, vegetation, groundwater and human activities. This study extends the framework for ET variance analysis of Koster and Suarez (1999) by incorporating the water balance and the Budyko hypothesis. ET variance is decomposed into the variance/covariance of precipitation, potential ET, and catchment storage change. The contributions to ET variance from those components are quantified by long-term climate conditions (i.e., precipitation and potential ET) and catchment properties through the Budyko equation. It is found that climate determines ET variance under cool-wet, hot-dry and hot-wet conditions; while both catchment storage change and climate together control ET variance under cool-dry conditions. Thus the major factors of ET variance can be categorized based on the conditions of climate and catchment storage change. To demonstrate the analysis, both the inter- and intra-annul ET variances are assessed in the Murray-Darling Basin, and it is found that the framework corrects the over-estimation of ET variance in the arid basin. This study provides an extended theoretical framework to assess ET temporal variance under the impacts from both climate and storage change at the catchment scale.
Development of the embryonic chick otic placode. II. Electron microscopic analysis

At the 7–8 somite stage of embryonic chick development (29-31 hours of incubation), a slightly elliptical island of thickened ectoderm appears laterally on either side of the most distal constricture of the rhombencephalon at the level of the anterior intestinal portal. The appearance and extent of this auditory placode is precisely correlated with the subjacent accumulation of neural crest cells. By 33 hours of incubation, there is a distinct depression in the developing otic placode, and by 40 to 45 hours, the placode is visibly invaginated, forming an epithelial vesicle or otocyst. Carefully staged embryos were serially sectioned, and the area underlying the developing otic placode was traced with a planimeter. It was found that placode size (area 60,000 μm2) is nearly unchanged from 30 to 42 hours of development. During this time interval, the placode cells first become columnar, show nuclear orientation, and then pseudostratify. The increase in placode cell number during this time interval is not likely to be the result of localized, accelerated cell division: the population doubling time of placode cells is eight and one-half hours and the mitotic index of 2.5% is similar to that of cells in an equivalent area of adjacent, non-placode forming head ectoderm. A model of otic placode formation is proposed which suggests that by 30 hours of development, a discrete population of placode forming cells is segregated from head ectoderm. Subsequent epithelial pseudostratification results from accumulation of this dividing population within the limits of the placode.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Composite Adhesive Kissing Bond

Adhesive bonded joints have been increasingly employed in aerospace, automotive, and other mechanical systems due to the advantages of uniform stress distribution, less stress concentration, light in weight, etc. However, the early damage stage of the adhesive bond joints, which are usually named as kissing bond, can significantly impact the structural integrity and safety. Kissing bond is difficult to detect and identify using current non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques since there is no clearly gap or interface between the bond area. Attempts using advanced ultrasonic methods have reached limited success, but more reliable methods need to be developed before adhesive joints can be more widely applied to the engineering field. This paper focuses on the development of detection method using digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Three types of adhesive kissing bond joint samples were fabricated using different contamination recipe to simulate the kissing bonds. The performance of the fabricated joint samples were tested using uniaxial hydraulic test frame and the detection capability of DIC system was investigated. The noncontact strain field measurement method using DIC can indicate the existence of kissing bonds with limited load. The results of DIC measurement is encouraging and can be further used for the NDE estimation of mechanical properties of the kissing bond.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Can I borrow a feeling? Spillover of negative arousal from inconsistent information during attitude formation diminishes perceptions of well-being

Abstract This research examines the extent to which the negative arousal caused by valence inconsistent supraliminal behavioral information and subliminal primes during attitude formation affects people's perceptions of their current well-being. Participants who received inconsistent information about a novel individual during an impression formation task reported more negative arousal, lower self-esteem, greater depression, and greater perceived stress than those in a control condition. Mediational analyses indicated that negative arousal stemming from attitude formation with valence inconsistent information guided participants' responses to well-being measures via misattribution of this arousal. These results cannot be explained by a simple response bias because recall of negative physical symptoms in the past 2 weeks were unaffected by receiving valence inconsistent information. This research suggests that the spillover of negative arousal from attitude formation, when unable to be easily attributed to the attitude object, served as a cue that people utilized when determining how they felt.
Dual-wavelength imaging for online identification of stem ends and calyxes

Machine vision and imaging processing techniques have been increasingly important for the fruit industry, especially when applied to quality inspection and defect sorting applications. However, automating the defect sorting process is still a challenging project due to the complexity of the process. One of the biggest difficulties involved in the technology of automated machine vision inspection of fruit defects is how to distinguish the stem-end (stem cavity) and calyx (bloom bottom) for true defects such as bruises, insect damages, and blemishes. Traditional mechanical, image processing, and structured lighting methods are proved to be unable to solve this problem due to their limitations in accuracy, speed, and so on. In this paper, a novel method is developed based on dual-wavelength infrared imaging using both near infrared and mid infrared cameras. This method enables a quick and accurate discrimination between true defects and stem-ends/calyxes. The obtained results have significant meanings to automated apple defect detection and sorting.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Could a federal program to promote influenza vaccination among elders be cost-effective?

Abstract Background Influenza-related mortality predominately and disproportionately impacts the elderly. Rates of annual influenza vaccination among the elderly are approximately 65%, far below the Healthy People 2010 target of 90%. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of a 10-year federal program to promote influenza vaccine, intended to increase vaccination rates among persons ≥65 years old. Methods Published estimates regarding influenza-associated mortality rates and vaccine efficacy among the US elderly were used to calculate the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one all-cause death due to influenza, as well as the mortality reduction expected from increased vaccination rates. The costs per life-year saved were estimated for a hypothetical federal promotional campaign, patterned after a direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising program (2006–2015). The base case scenario presumed a 25-percentage-point increase in vaccination rates to 90%; in sensitivity analyses, we examined programs that increased rates by 10–20 points. Results The base case NNV was 1116 (95% CI: 993–1348). Over the 10-year DTC-style influenza vaccine promotion program, 6516 (5576–7435) elderly lives would be saved. The incremental cost-effectiveness ( C / E ) of the program was $16,300 ($11,347–$25,174) per life-year saved in 2006 and increased to $199,906 ($138,613-$307,423) per life-year saved by 2015. Overall, the C / E for the 10-year program was $37,621 ($32,644–$43,939) per life-year saved. Programs that yielded a 15-percentage-point increase or less in vaccination rates would have C / E values exceeding $50,000 per life-year saved and save fewer than 4000 total lives. Conclusions DTC-style promotional campaigns for influenza vaccine among elders may represent a cost-effective strategy for the federal government to pursue as a means of increasing elders' vaccination rates and reducing influenza-related mortality.
The myocardial supply:demand ratio--a critical review.

Abstract Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, and it is usually entirely or predominantly subendocardial. Animal experiments have shown that relative subendocardial ischemia (a reduced inner:outer flow ratio) can be predicted quite accurately from the ratio of two pressure-time areas: DPTI, the area between diastolic aortic and left ventricular pressures, and SPTI, the area beneath the systolic left ventricular pressure curve. Although the importance of relating supply and demand is obvious, care is needed in applying the results of these animal experiments to man. Recent work has shown that the critical DPTI:SPTI ratio below which subendocardial ischemia occurs is about 0.4 to 0.5 rather than 0.7 to 0.8, as originally reported. On the other hand, the critical ratio may be raised to an unknown extent by myocardial edema or hypertrophy, or by thickened or narrowed coronary arteries. Furthermore, the critical ratio is not independent of absolute coronary diastolic pressure: It is much lower than 0.4 when coronary pressures are high, perhaps because intramyocardial diastolic pressures are much higher than once thought. Further work is required to allow an important physiologic concept to be used in making decisions about patients with heart disease.
High-frequency conductivity and magnetoreflection of light from magnetic multilayers

Abstract We consider the high-frequency conductivity of magnetic multilayers and show that for the high-frequency conductivity there is a giant magnetoresistance effect. The relative change of the high-frequency conductivity for frequencies ωτ ∼ 1 has equal imaginary and real parts, where τ is the relaxation time. It is shown that the relative change of the deviation of the reflectivity of magnetic multilayers in the magnetic field from 1 is large and that a magnetic multilayer is a dispersive magnetic mirror, which is controlled by the magnetic field and the relative change of the reflectivity of light is frequency dependent.
A conodont-based Silurian chronostratigraphy

Ranges of 79 conodont species are used to effect a graphic correlation of upper Llandoverian-Pridolian (Silurian) rocks in 30 stratigraphic sections in Europe and North America. A Silurian Composite Standard Section (CSS) developed by this method provides the total stratigraphic ranges for all species for which there is information in the system. These ranges are stated in terms of the sequence of Silurian rocks at Cellon, Austria, which is the Standard Reference Section (SRS). The Llandoverian/Wenlockian and Ludlovian/Pridolian boundaries are recognized based on the position of the "golden spike" in the boundary stratotypes, the Leasows (Hughley Brook) and Pozary sections, which form parts of the CSS. Range-data for graptolite species in ten of the stratigraphic sections are used to approximate positions of all other boundaries between Silurian series and stages that have been designated in boundary-stratotypes that are not parts of the Composite Standard Section. The Pridolian is shown to have had a longer duration than either the Ludlovian or Wenlockian, and the Llandoverian possibly approximated the Pridolian in duration. The CSS is divisible into ≃48 Standard Time Units (STU9s) of conceptually equal length; hence the chrono-stratigraphy based on it resolves at a level two to four times higher than any previously proposed for the Silurian. The CSS is also divided into a succession of conodont chronozones that are based on zones proposed by Walliser (1964), Aldridge (1972), and Barrick and Klapper (1976). Conodont chronozones can be recognized with confidence only in sections that are parts of the CSS framework.
Management of Rotator Cuff Tears

Every year approximately 18 million Americans report shoulder pain, a large percentage of which are a result of rotator cuff disease. Rotator cuff tear progression can be difficult to predict. Factors associated with tear enlargement include increasing symptoms, advanced age, involvement of 2 or more tendons, and rotator cable lesion. Nonsurgical treatment can be effective for patients with full-thickness tears. When conservative treatment fails, surgical repair provides a reliable treatment alternative. Recurrent tears after surgery can compromise outcomes, particularly for younger patients with physically demanding occupations. Revision surgery provides satisfactory results for those with symptomatic re-tears. If the tear is deemed irreparable, addressing concomitant biceps pathology or performing partial repairs can reliably improve pain and potentially reverse pseudoparalysis. The reverse shoulder arthroplasty has limited indications in the setting of rotator cuff tears and should be reserved for patients with painful pseudoparalysis and associated arthropathy.
Nondegeneracy of the random double oscillator

It is shown that under mild conditions the double oscillator with random parametric excitation satisfies the nondegeneracy properties that form the basic assumptions for the qualitative theory of stochastic linear systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for hypoellipticity and weak ellipticity of the associated generator are established as well as the non skew-symmetrizability of the matrices of the system.
Going outside for MIS implementation

Abstract Smaller businesses have limited experience with information systems and limited resources to spend on new developments. To overcome these limitations, they have begun using outside consultants and packaged software. This article proposes a strategy for MIS implementation based on the use of outside expertise. This strategy is directed at helping small businesses achieve effective and productive MIS in a fairly short time. One firm's successful implementation of this strategy is used for discussion. This firm leveled their administrative workforce while continuing their significant increases in sales. Their information system was put in on time and within budget. It is being used by managers and clerks from all functions within the company.