cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palladium-mediated aerobic oxidation of organic substrates: the role of metal versus hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Palladium species catalyze the aerobic oxidation of a variety of organic substrates. The reoxidation of palladium(0) to palladium(II) by dioxygen, a necessary step in these catalytic oxidations, results in the simultaneous formation of free peroxide. However, the continued catalytic generation of peroxide requires the rereduction of palladium(II) to palladium(0). This can be achieved by alkenes and alcohols which are then converted to carbonyl compounds. In these cases, no sacrificial coreductant is necessary and the peroxide appears to play no significant part in the oxidation of these substrates. On the other hand, palladium(II) does not readily oxidize primary or aromatic CH bonds thereby preventing its reduction by them. Thus, a sacrificial coreductant is required to reduce palladium(II), and carbon monoxide and dihydrogen can fulfill this role. The peroxide generated in these cases is subsequently used to effect the oxidation of the alkane and arene either by palladium(II) or by a second catalyst.
The Temperature-Composition Phase Equilibria in the HgTe–HgI2 Pseudobinary System†‡

The temperature-composition phase equilibria of the Hg0.8Cd0.2Te-HgI2 system were investigated between about 100 and 800 °C using Debye-Scherrer powder X-ray diffraction techniques, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermochemical and structural calculations. This system is a pseudobinary temperature- composition plane in the HgTe-CdTe-HgI2 pseudoternary phase diagram. Measurable solid solutions of HgI2 in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te with the cubic zinc blende-type structure exist between about 290 and 700 °C, with a maximum solubility of 4.9 ± 0.3 mole-% HgI2 at 363 ± 3 °C. Further addition of HgI2 to HgI2-saturated Hg0.8Cd0.2Te yields the formation of CdI2, which reduces the mole fraction (x) of CdTe in the Hg1—xCdxTe host lattice. After sufficient HgI2 is added, the host lattice is depleted in CdTe and forms Hg3Te2I2 in addition to CdI2. Phase fields containing the ternary compound Hg3TeI4, which we first observed in the HgTe-HgI2 system, also exist in the present system. Quaternary analogs of the known ternary compounds Hg3Te2I2 and Hg3TeI4, i.e., Hg3—yCdyTe2I2 and Hg3—yCdyTeI4, were not observed under present experimental conditions. Phasengleichgewichte im pseudobinaren Hg0.8Cd0.2Te-HgI2 System Die Phasengleichgewichte des Hg0.8Cd0.2Te-HgI2 Systems wurden mit Hilfe rontgenographischer Methoden, Differential-Thermo-Analyse, Differential-Scanning-Calorimetry und thermochemischen sowie strukturellen Rechnungen im Temperaturbereich von etwa 100—800 °C untersucht. Dieses System ist eine pseudobinare Flache (Temperatur-Zusammensetzung) im pseudoternaren HgTe-CdTe-HgI2 Phasendiagramm. Mischkristalle von HgI2 und Hg0.8Cd0.2Te mit kubischer (Zinkblende) Struktur existieren zwischen etwa 290 und 700 °C, mit einem Loslichkeitsmaximum von 4.9 ± 0.3 mole-% HgI2 bei 363 ± 3 °C. Bei weiterer Zugabe von HgI2 zum HgI2 gesattigten Mischkristall bildet sich CdI2, was den CdTe Anteil im Hg1—xCdxTe Wirtsgitter reduziert. Nach genugender HgI2 Zumischung ist das Wirtsgitter frei von CdTe, und es bildet sich Hg3Te2I2 zusatzlich zu CdI2. Phasengebiete mit der ternaren Verbindung Hg3TeI4, welche wir erstmals im HgTe-HgI2 System fanden, existieren ebenfalls im Hg0.8Cd0.2Te-HgI2 System. Quaternare Analoge der bekannten Verbindungen Hg3Te2I2 und Hg3TeI4, namlich Hg3—yCdyTe2I2 und Hg3—yCdyTeI4 wurden unter den experimentellen Bedingungen dieser Arbeit nicht beobachtet.
Dynamic Response Of Floating Bodies

A numerical scheme is developed utilizing a Green's function and digital computer calculations to determine the excitation forces and moments as well as added mass and damping coefficients for floating bodies. The analysis is carried out within the framework of linear theory for bodies of arbitary shape, either submerged or semi-submerged, in water of finite depth. The calculated hydrodynamic coefficients associated with both the wave excitation and response of the body are utilized in conjunction with the equations of motion in order to determine the response of a free-floating body to wave excitation. In addition, the steady-state drift force and uplift force are discussed for the case of free-floating and fixed bodies. Numerical results are presented for several configurations.
Construction of Hamiltonian Cycles in Layered Cubic Planar Graphs

In this paper, a class of cubic planar graphs is given that have Hamiltonian cycles that can be constructed in linear time. A member of this class is called a layered cubic planar graph, and consists of a sequence of cycles C0,C1,…,Cn such that each pair of successive cycles, Ci, Ci+1, is joined by a matching. The cycles can be pictured as concentric circles, and the edges of the matchings as radial line segments between successive circles. The subgraph bounded by two successive cycles forms a layer; each face in layer i is incident to a fixed number ki+1 of edges in the matching in layer i+1. The problem that initially motivated this work is that of identifying classes of convex cubic polyhedra that can be easily edge three-colored.
The Ultra-Fine-Group Panel Method for Neutron Slowing Down

The CENTRM algorithm has been developed as a part of the SCALE code package to process pointwise and groupwise cross section data. While the CENTRM code is the state of the art for cross section generation, there is always a need for further verification and improvement. The theme of this presentation therefore is verification through an independent computational strategy. An entirely independent method of treating a large number of energy groups, on the order of 70,000, called the method of panels, is proposed and tested. Here, we report on the numerical method used to implement the panel procedure and the progress made to date with CENTRM verification.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Measurement of the Cross Section for the Reactions H − + H 2 O → OH − + H 2 and D − + D 2 O → OD − + D 2 at Incident Ion Energies near 2 eV

${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions produced by dissociative attachment of electrons to ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O have been used as primary ions in the measurement of a cross section of (1.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the negative-ion-molecule reaction ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at an ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ energy of 1.93 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.45 eV and (5.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the reaction ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{OD}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ + ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ at a ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ energy of 1.84 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.38 eV. The method is quite generally applicable to the study of negative-ion reactions in the energy region from thermal energies to \ensuremath{\sim}3 eV.
NASA's integrated space transportation plan

Abstract Improvements in the safety, reliability and affordability of current and future space transportation systems must be achieved if NASA is to perform its mission and if the U.S. space industry is to reach its full potential. In response to Presidential Policy in 1994, NASA, working with our industrial partners, initiated several efforts including the X-33, X-34, X-37 and Advanced Space Transportation programs with the goal of demonstrating the technologies that could enable these goals. We have learned that emerging technologies will enable the needed advancements but that more development along multiple, competing paths is needed. We have learned that developing requirements diligently and in partnership with industry will allow us to better converge with commercial capabilities. We have learned that commercial markets are not growing as fast as projected earlier, but there are still possibilities in the near-term to pursue alternate paths that can make access to space more robust. The goal of transitioning NASA's space transportation needs to commercial launch vehicles remains the key aim of our efforts and will require additional investment to reduce business and technical risks to acceptable levels.
Somali Women and the Socialist State

Abstract The Somali government under President Mohamed Siad Barre was the first to introduce laws and policies that promoted gender equality. One of the most radical laws that came out of this state-driven advancement of women’s rights was the Family Law of 1975. This paper examines Somali women's relationship with the state and how they gained or lost from policies that targeted them. The majority of Somali women were unable to exercise many of the newfound rights that were bestowed upon them by Barre’s regime. The Family Law, in particular, may have been more harmful than beneficial to women’s rights and public perception on gender equality.
Social network websites as information channels for the US Social Forum

In this article, I examine the use of social network website (SNS) as an influential factor for offline protest activities and organizational memberships. The properties of SNSs may help encourage interpersonal interaction, broaden social ties, and provide valuable information about how to become civically and politically involved. I test these hypotheses using data from a survey of attendees fielded at the US Social Forum (USSF) and control for individual factors as well as alternative mobilizing channels. The empirical evidence suggests that attendees who learned of the meeting through SNSs were more likely to engage in offline protest activity and have a broader array of organizational memberships than were those who learned of the USSF through alternative information channels. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for social movement mobilization and persistence.
Segmented dual-gate MESFETs for variable gain and power amplifiers in GaAs MMIC

The design and performance of C-, X-, and Ku-band GaAs MMIC variable-gain and variable-power amplifier circuits using an improved segmented dual-gate MESFET device with binary scaled gate width ratios are reported. The demonstrated 35-dB control range, flat octave band gain response, and small incidental phase variation are significantly superior to the reported characteristics of conventional analog controlled devices. The design provides precise amplitude quantization while minimizing phase variations, and thus calibration complexity, incurred by gain switching. >
Inverted high-temperature quartz

Fifty-two samples of inverted high-temperature quartz from volcanic rocks were investigated by Guinier-Jago powder diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Quartz megacrysts from Clear Lake and Cinder Cone, California show a variability of ≃2.5 ° K in their α-β transition temperature (T α-β). Quartz phenocrysts and quartz from crystalline rocks give a range of 0.5 ° K in T α-β. Neutron activation analysis of single crystals demonstrates that Al is the principal impurity (17–380 ppm). Its concentration is inversely correlated with T α-β. A very small variation was found in the a and c lattice parameters among the specimens of volcanic quartz studied. This variation does not correlate with Al content or transition temperature. Mean values at 22 ° C (a=4.1934±0.0004 A, c=5.4046±0.0006 A) are similar to those of quartz grown at low temperatures. Enthalpy of the α-β transition (ΔH α-β), obtained over 9.0 ° from DSC runs, is dependent upon sample grain size and for a crushed powder with zero hysteresis (T α-β on heating=T α-β on cooling) is 92.0 ±1.4 cal/mol. In contrast, a single piece of quartz requires ΔH α-β be 107.7±1.4 cal/mol and has a T α-β hysteresis of 1.1 ° K. Regression of published data provides equations for the variation of the molar volume (cc/mol) of quartz with v. These equations imply a ΔV α-β of 0.205±0.031 cc/- mol. Expressions are also provided for the temperature dependence of the thermal coefficient of expansion, α, the compressibility, β, and (∂/gb/∂T)p (which is identically -(∂α/∂P) T ). DSC heat capacity measurements over the range 400 to 900 ° K were fitted to extended Maier-Kelley type expressions to give: $$\begin{gathered} C_P = 10.31 + 9.116 \times 10^{ - 3} T - \frac{{1.812 \times 10^5 }}{{T^2 }} \hfill \\ - {\text{5}}{\text{.630}} \times 10^{ - 2} {\text{ }}\frac{T}{{(T - 848)}} - 0.3553\frac{T}{{(T - 848)^2 }} \hfill \\ - 0.9011\frac{T}{{\left( {T - 848} \right)^3 }} \hfill \\ (400{\text{ to 842}}^ \circ {\text{K), and}} \hfill \\ C_P = - 318.8 + 0.2532T \hfill \\ {\text{ + }}\frac{{8.687 \times 10^7 }}{{T^2 }} + 0.1603\frac{T}{{\left( {T - 848} \right)^4 }} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ (851 to 900 ° K), which together with the values of ΔH α−β measured over the range 842–851° K give 7875.3 cal/mol for H900-H400. The behavior of α, β, and C p as a function of T emphasizes that structural changes which occur at the α−β transition do so over a broad temperature interval.
A Psychodynamic Study of Psychosomatic Dwarfism: A Syndrome of Depression, Personality Disorder, and Impaired Growth

This paper reports some findings of an intensive, longitudinal, psychiatric study of 10 very short children whose severe growth failure was reversed when the interpersonal environment was improved. The children had marked depression, and a personality disorder with narcissistic features. In addition they had behavioral symptoms, especially a spectrum of eating disorders. Finally, there were severe problems in the parent-child and other family relationships. The behavioral abnormalities and the overt depression were almost immediately relieved by removing the child from his or her family life at home. Speculations are made about the relationship between depression and growth failure. Some suggestions for evaluation and management are presented.
Vitamin C nutrition in artificial fever.

SummaryStudies of Vitamin C excretion before and after periods of artificial fever show that fever increases the Vitamin C requirement of man. Studies of Vitamin C stores in adrenals and kidneys of guinea pigs show that artificial fever increases the requirement or accelerates the destruction of Vitamin C. Since guinea pigs cannot lose Vitamin C in sweat, an increase in the physiological need for Vitamin C during fever is indicated.
Contrasting ability of antiestrogens to inhibit MCF-7 growth stimulated by estradiol or epidermal growth factor

Abstract A potential mechanism is described by which a growth factor may prevent the action of antiestrogens or reactivate the growth of hormone-responsive breast carcinoma in patients undergoing tamoxifen (TAM) treatment. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated growth (10−8M EGF) was assayed in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in the presence of various concentrations (10−10 to 10−6M) of three antiestrogens, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OH TAM), TAM and ICI 164384. In each case, the EGF-stimulated increases in DNA were not inhibited by the antiestrogen. OH TAM and ICI 164384 inhibited estradiol (E2) stimulated cell proliferation in a dose-related fashion. However, in the presence of both E2 and EGF, these two antiestrogens inhibited E2 effects only; EGF promotion of growth was unaffected. Pretreatment of MCF-7 cells for 2 days with either OH TAM or ICI 164384 did not inhibit EGF-induced increases in cell proliferation. We propose that eventual antiestrogen therapeutic failure may be caused by the paracrine influences of growth factors from neighboring cells.
Cavitand octa acid forms a nonpolar capsuleplex dependent on the molecular size and hydrophobicity of the guest.

We have been exploring the use of a deep cavity cavitand known by the trivial name ‘octa acid’ as a photochemical reaction cavity for manipulating photochemical and photophysical properties of organic molecules. In the current study, we have monitored the micropolarity of the interior of the cavitand by recording the fluorescence of five different organic probes. They all indicate that the interior of octa acid capsuleplex (2:1, H/G complex) is nonpolar and does not contain water molecules in spite of the complex being present in water. The nature of the octa acid−probe complex in each case has been characterized by 1H NMR data to be a 2:1 capsuleplex. Photophysical and 1H NMR experiments were employed to probe the factors that control the structure of the complex, 2:2, 2:1, and 1:1. The data we have on hand suggest that the structure of the host/guest complex depends on the size and hydrophobicity of the guest molecule.
Adenosine Triphosphatase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Triads and Sarcolemma identified histochemically

THE adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of human skeletal muscle is confined to the A-bands (except the H-band portion)1 when fresh-frozen tissue is cut in a cryostat, the sections dried on coverslips, and the Padykula–Herman2 standard incubation medium used (20 min 37° C, pH 9.4, 405 mM ATP, 18 mM Ca++, no Mg++). However, if the sections are put in the incubating medium before being dried, additional ‘wet ATPase’ activity is seen in the intermyofibrillar regions of all the muscle fibres (Fig. 1)3. Further investigations have now disclosed that the wet ATPase activity in the intermyofibrillar region is located at the level of the A-band and I-band junction, as seen in longitudinal sections (Fig. 2). This is the precise location of the sarcoplasmic reticulum triads and of no other constituent in human skeletal muscle cells, as disclosed by electron microscopy4. Wet ATPase activity also occurs in the sarcolemmal membrane (Fig. 3) and is qualitatively like the sarcoplasmic reticulum triad ATPase. There is increased sarcolemmal activity periodically at the level of triad activity seen in longitudinal sections (Fig, 3), The wet ATPase occurs in the muscle nucleoli but not in the muscle mitochondria. Under the conditions used, the sarcoplasmic reticulum triad and sarcolemmal ATPase produce a darker staining than the myofibrillar A -band ATPase.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of rhesus monkey major histocompatibility complex class II DR.

Abstract Rapid, simple techniques for MHC class II typing were explored to facilitate the use of a wide variety of nonhuman primate species as models of human diseases and therapies. We demonstrate that radioimmunoprecipitation and 1-D IEF or 1-D NEPHGE can be employed for characterizing MHC class II DR alleles in rhesus monkeys. Complementary molecular analyses have yielded the first full-length nonhuman primate DRA sequence and the first full-length rhesus macaque DRB sequences. In this way it has also been possible to determine which subset of the DRB sequences amplified from a B-LCL are actually expressed. Human Immunology 43, 72–80 (1995)
Order and chaos in neural systems: An approach to the dynamics of higher brain functions

The author distinguishes between reflexes and higher processes in the brain primarily on the basis of the time elapsed between stimulus and action. The sustained neural activity associated with higher functions is explained by the complex connectivity between the new systems of sensory and motor cortical areas, in particular the many feedback and reentrant pathways. Redundancy and cooperativity are assumed to have important functions, supplanting the pulse logic of primitive nervous systems. The modification of ongoing neural activity as due to a flow of information from the microscales to the macroscales is considered. The brain is distinguished from other macroscopic systems by the fact that its mechanisms span an enormous range of scales. Information storage is believed to be diffusely distributed in the microscale, hence virtually inaccessible to an observer. It is expressed as macroscopic neural features through processes akin to turbulence.
DISCIPLINING DOMESTICITY: Framing the ADHD Parent and Child

This article is a qualitative analysis of the literature that has been directed at parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The analysis explores the manner in which texts embodying etiological and treatment discourses surrounding ADHD and its diagnostic precursors (hyperactivity, hyperkinesis, minimal brain dysfunction, ADD, etc.) provide frameworks for an administration of discipline in domestic life. Through the examination of a cross-section of six popular ADHD parenting guides and supplemental textual data sources, this study analyzes how such texts gain credibility with their audience, “frame” the experience of ADHD, and prescribe methods in which the domestic sphere may regulate ADHD-related behaviors. The textual data for the present study should be understood as “ideological representations”(Smith 1990), the analysis of which resonates with much of the disciplinary critique in contemporary social theory, especially the work of Michel Foucault (1977).
Water on silica and silicate surfaces. III. Hexamethyldisilazane-treated silica surfaces

Abstract Both a fully hydroxylated (HiSil) and a partially hydroxylated silica (Cab-O-Sil) were titrated to increasing coverage by HMDS. The hydrophobicity induced by the chemisorption of the (CH3)3 Si-groups was then monitored by water vapor adsorption isotherms as a function of ligand coverage. The Cab-O-Sil was made strongly hydrophobic whereas the underlying, unreacted OH's on the HiSil, even at full coverage of one ligand per 40 A2, remained available to the water molecules. Reflectance ir was employed to examine the HMDS and the water interaction with the modified silica surfaces; a new major revelation was the N—H band indicating conclusively that ammonia from the disilazane was also adsorbed.
The estrogen receptor as a mediator of the pathological actions of cholesterol in breast cancer

Despite increased survivorship among patients, breast cancer remains the most common cancer among women and is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The magnitude of this problem provides a strong impetus for new chemopreventative strategies and/or lifestyle changes that reduce cancer incidence. It is of significance, therefore, that several studies positively correlate obesity to the development of breast cancer. Importantly, obesity is also highly associated with elevated cholesterol, and cholesterol itself is a risk factor for breast cancer. Furthermore, patients taking statins demonstrate a lower breast cancer incidence and decreased recurrence. The recent observation that 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is produced in a stoichiometric manner from cholesterol, together with our recent demonstration that it exerts partial agonist activity on both the estrogen and liver X receptors, suggested a potential mechanistic link between hyper-cholesterolemia and breast cancer incidence. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we have recently shown that elevation of circulating 27HC significantly increases tumor growth and metastasis in murine models of breast cancer. Further, we have demonstrated in appropriate animal models that the impact of high-fat diet on tumor pathogenesis can be mitigated by statins or by small molecule inhibitors of CYP27A1. These findings suggest that pharmacological or dietary modifications that lower total cholesterol, and by inference 27HC, are likely to reduce the impact of obesity/metabolic syndrome on breast cancer incidence.
The heat of fusion of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

By use of the Clapeyron equation for the dependence of the melting point on pressure, the heat of fusion was found to be 32.5 cal/g, in good agreement with values determined by other methods. An equation for the dependence of the melting point on the degree of polymerization gave a heat of fusion of 27.6 cal/g when applied to hydroxyl-terminated oligomers. This simple relation applied all the way down to the smallest member of the series, di(hydroxy ethyl) terephthalate.
Structural optimization with dynamic behavior constraints

The minimum weight optimum design of damped linearly elastic structural systems subjected to periodic loading with behavior constraints on maximum deflections and side constraints on design variables is addressed. Attention is focused on the two major impediments to an optimal solution: (1) the time parametric nature of the behavior constraints; and (2) the severe nonconvexity of the design space. A solution method based on upper bound approximations for the behavior constraints and an innovative mathematical programming scheme for seeking the optimal frequency subspace is set forth. Numerical results for several test problems illustrate the effectiveness of the method reported.
Nucleotide sequence of human placenta cytoplasmic initiator tRNA

Cytoplasmic initiator tRNA from human placenta has been purified. The nucleotide sequence of this tRNA has been determined and found identical to that of initiator tRNA from mammalian cytoplasm.
Observation of megagauss-field topology changes due to magnetic reconnection in laser-produced plasmas.

The spatial structure and temporal evolution of megagauss magnetic fields generated by interactions of up to 4 laser beams with matter were studied with an innovative, time-gated proton radiography method that produces images of unprecedented clarity because it uses an isotropic, truly monoenergetic backlighter (14.7-MeV protons from $\mathrm{D}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nuclear fusion reactions). Quantitative field maps reveal precisely and directly, for the first time, changes in the magnetic topology due to reconnection in a high-energy-density plasma (${n}_{e}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{20}--{10}^{22}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, ${T}_{e}\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$).
Design of an Integrated Loop Heat Pipe Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger for High Performance Electronics

The continually increasing heat generation rates in high performance electronics, radar systems and data centers require development of efficient heat exchangers that can transfer large heat loads. In this paper, we present the design of a new high-performance heat exchanger capable of transferring 1000 W while consuming less than 33 W of input electrical power and having an overall thermal resistance of 0.05 K/W. The low thermal resistance is achieved by using a loop heat pipe with a single evaporator and multiple condenser plates that constitute the array of fins. Impellers between the fins are driven by a custom permanent magnet synchronous motor in a compact volume of 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 m to maximize the heat transfer area and reduce the required airflow rate and electrical power. The design of the heat exchanger is developed using analytical and numerical methods to determine the important parameters of each component. The results form the basis for the fabrication and experimental characterization that is currently under development.
A survey of the use of functional assessment procedures in agencies serving individuals with developmental disabilities

Surveys were sent to individuals responsible for behavioral programming in agencies serving individuals with developmental disabilities in the state of North Dakota. The survey asked about various functional assessment methods (e.g., indirect methods, direct methods, and functional analysis) the participants utilize with clients exhibiting behavior problems. The majority of participants indicated that functional assessment was extremely important in developing treatment plans. Participants reported that the most frequently used indirect methods of assessment were behavioral interviews and the Functional Analysis Screening Tool. The most frequently endorsed direct method of assessment was descriptive ABC assessment. Participants reported that they utilized functional analysis in natural settings with many of their clients. Behavioral checklists and rating scales were perceived as the easiest to use, while direct observation methods were considered the most effective methods in determining the function of the behavior. Functional analysis was indicated as most useful for obtaining information needed for effective treatment. Results and the importance of surveying personnel who work with individuals with developmental disabilities are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform approximation with positive linear operators generated by binomial expansions

Abstract Uniform approximation of functions of a real or a complex variable by a class of linear operators generated by certain power series is studied.
Human bleomycin hydrolase binds ribosomal proteins

Bleomycin hydrolase (BH) is a cysteine proteinase that inactivates the anticancer drug bleomycin. Yeast BH forms a homohexameric structure that resembles a 20S proteasome and binds to single-stranded RNA and DNA. We now demonstrate that human BH (hBH) interacts and colocalizes with ribosomal proteins. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we found hBH bound to human homologues of rat ribosomal proteins L11 and L29. The N-terminus of hBH (amino acids 14-175), which contains a catalytic Cys93, was critical for the binding to L11 in the two-hybrid environment. hBH precipitated 35S-labeled L11 and L29 in vitro, and hBH colocalized with L11 and L29 as determined by immunofluorescence. In addition to cytosolic bleomycin hydrolase, we found abundant bleomycin hydrolase activity associated with the ribosomal subcellular fraction by differential centrifugation. hBH was also detected by Western immunoblotting in a high-speed particulate fraction, where the majority of L11 and L29 were found. In vitro experiments showed recombinant hBH binds to Chinese hamster ovary cell microsomes. Thus, our data strongly suggest that hBH exists as both a free cytosolic and ribosome-associated protein.
The Vocal Joystick: Evaluation of voice-based cursor control techniques for assistive technology

Purpose. Mouse control has become a crucial aspect of many modern day computer interactions. This poses a challenge for individuals with motor impairments or those whose use of hands is restricted due to situational constraints. We present a system called the Vocal Joystick which allows the user to continuously control the mouse cursor by varying vocal parameters such as vowel quality, loudness and pitch.Method. Evaluations were conducted to characterize expert performance capability of the Vocal Joystick, and to compare novice user performance and preference for the Vocal Joystick and two other existing speech based cursor control methods.Results. Our results show that Fitts' law, a well adopted model of human motor performance for movement tasks, is a good predictor of the speed – accuracy tradeoff for the Vocal Joystick, and suggests that the optimal performance of the Vocal Joystick may be comparable to that of a conventional hand-operated joystick. Novice user evaluations show that the Vocal Joystick...
Antimitogenesis Linked to Regulation of Skp2 Gene Expression

Prostacyclin has many effects in the vasculature; one of the less well understood is the ability to block cell cycle progression through G1 phase. We previously reported that the prostacyclin mimetic, cicaprost, selectively inhibits cyclin E-cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (Cdk2), and now we show that it acts by regulating the expression of Skp2, the F-box protein that targets p27Kip1 for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. First, we show that cicaprost prevents the late G1 phase down-regulation of p27Kip1 and that the inhibitory effect of cicaprost on cyclin E-Cdk2 activity and S phase entry is eliminated by deleting p27Kip1. Levels of the closely related Cdk2 inhibitor, p21Cip1, are unaffected by cicaprost. Moreover, we show that cicaprost blocks the induction of Skp2 mRNA and that ectopic expression of a Skp2 cDNA overrides the effect of cicaprost on p27Kip1 levels and S phase entry. Our data show that inhibition of F-box protein gene expression can underlie the effect of a potent antimitogen.
Bioinformatic challenges for proteomic biomarkers of cancer

Background Proteomic biomarkers are sets of proteins that may be detected in biofluids for disease detection, prognosis, and treatment selection. Vanderbilt University is taking part in two National Cancer Institute initiatives to establish a basis for clinical biomarkers. The first, Clinical Proteomic Technology Assessment for Cancer (CPTAC), characterizes proteomic technologies for discovery and validation of biomarkers. The second, the Early Detection Research Network (EDRN), attempts to develop new sets of biomarkers and evaluate their effectiveness in clinically relevant samples. The quest for biomarkers is fraught with challenges for both “bench” experiments and bioinformatics. Here, we examine sources of discrepancy at several levels. The search engines that identify peptides from LC-MS/MS experiments differ significantly in the set of spectra that they identify from experiments. Parsimonious protein assembly may prune out proteins in one experiment and retain them in another. Protein differentiation tools may yield divergent results, even when starting from the same data sets. Verifying biomarkers through targeted proteomics has only recently been supported by tools that can work across instruments from different vendors. Translating cancer biology knowledge into clinically relevant tests for this disease will require care at all these levels.
Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Residues of RNA Polymerase II and Other Nuclear Proteins by Active Chromatin Tyrosin Kinase(s)

Abstract We demonstrate here for the first time that protein tyrosine kinases are present in the active chromatin of nucleus. The presence of tyrosine kinase activity in the active chromatin was initially determined using poly (Glu,Na-Tyr;4:1) (PGT) as a tyrosine phosphorylatable substrate. Active chromatin in the presence of cofactors phosphorylated PGT at a rate of 40 pmol/min. The phosphorylation of PGT by active chromatin was inhibited by 41, 47 and ∼95% with genistein, n-ethylmaleimide and quercetin (known inhibitors of tyrosine kinases), respectively. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed an apparent Km of 50 μg/ml and Vmax of 45 pmol/min for active chromatin tyrosine kinase(s). Analyses of phosphorylation of endogenous substrates by immunoprecipitation, western blotting and phosphoamino acids revealed that active chromatin protein tyrosine kinase(s) are able to phosphorylate tyrosine residues of the large subunit of RNA pol II and several other active chromatin proteins. The ability of AC-PTKs to phosphorylate many proteins of active chromatin components argues strongly for its role(s) in regulating transcription.
Introduction to the 8th ICI special issue

The 8th International Conference on Isotopes (ICI) was held from August 24–28, 2014 in Chicago, Illinois USA. Organized under the auspices of the World Council on Isotopes, the ICI conferences have been held since 1995 to highlight the importance of nuclear science, medicine, and technology in advancing human health and protection of the environment. The first ICI conference was in Beijing, China. Since then, conferences have been held on nearly every major continent—in Sydney, Australia; Vancouver, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa; Brussels, Belgium; Seoul, Korea; and Moscow, Russia. This was the first time the ICI had been held in the United States and we thank the American Nuclear Society for their organizational efforts. The goal of the ICI is to ‘‘Provide an international forum for sharing and promoting safe and environmentally sound isotope technologies that advance global well-being.’’ We believe the 8th ICI achieved this goal with about 50 % of the attendance by international delegates. We were very pleased to welcome large delegations from Korea, Russia, and Canada, as well as some first time ICI attendees from Saudi Arabia and Mongolia. The members of the organizing committee set the theme for this conference as ‘‘Preparing for Tomorrow’’ and held special plenaries to highlight this theme. Of note were the Marie Curie Plenary celebrating women in nuclear science and the WCI Presidents Forum which addressed the question of balancing isotope supply, security and public health. The 8th ICI delegates were welcomed by Dr. MyungChul Lee, the President of the World Council on Isotopes, and Dr. Peter Littlewood, Director of Argonne National Laboratory. Our opening Plenary was to hear from an extraordinary speaker Dr. Heino Niteche but unfortunately he passed away shortly before the 8th ICI. In his honor, we celebrated his life, career, and friendship with tributes from Dr. Darleane Hoffman and Dr. Annie Kersting. Over the next 4 days some 350 papers and posters were presented highlighting all fields of nuclear and isotope technology, application, and policy. The 8th ICI organizers are grateful to the publishers and editors of the Journal Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry for publishing a portion of those papers in this special edition. The final event at the 8th ICI was to welcome and congratulate Dr. Ilham Y. Al-Qaradawi of Qatar University as chairman of the 9th ICI to be held in Doha in 2017. Our thanks go to the many delegates and vendors who made the 8th ICI success and appreciation to the staff of the ANS for their hard work. A special thanks goes to Dr. Rolf Zeisler, the 8th ICI Technical Program Chair, without whom this publication would not have been possible. Thank you all again and hope to see you in Doha in 2017!
Meeting the Public Administration Goals: Trade-Offs or Synergies—The Case of Public Transit

Public policy has multiple trade-offs between equity and efficiency, or liberty and security. This article discusses the emerging empirical evidence that in the case of effectiveness and efficiency, there is certain complementarity. The empirical evidence shows that multiple goals can be achieved simultaneously. In the public transit, there is also certain order to how the goals could be achieved, which requires prioritization of the goals.
The Federal Reserve as Global Lender of Last Resort, 2007-2011

Passage of the Dodd-Frank financial reform bill, in conjunction with a Supreme Court ruling supporting a Freedom of Information Act request, required the Federal Reserve (Fed) to disclose bank-specific information about its emergency lending during the financial crisis. The disclosures revealed the extent to which the Fed served as a global lender of last resort, providing dollar liquidity to foreign banks that were having difficulty funding their dollar-denominated liabilities. I exploit the exogenous nature of these disclosures on two levels. First, I use the disclosed information to evaluate the Fed's global lending during the crisis. My findings indicate that the Fed supported foreign banks in countries in which U.S. money-center banks had high loan exposures, which suggests that the Fed served the interests of major U.S. banks. Second, I explore the congressional response to the revelation of the Fed's massive global lending. I analyze an "Audit the Fed" vote in the House of Representatives that would end the Fed's confidentiality about the banks and countries it supports and potentially reduce its monetary policy independence. I find the influence of U.S. money-center banks extends to Congress by way of campaign contributions: contributions from these banks significantly reduce the likelihood that a representative will vote in favor of the bill. In addition, I find that right-wing representatives are substantially more likely than their left-wing peers to support the bill, which suggests that new congressional coalitions are forming on the role of the Fed in the (global) economy.
The Cocycle Form

The four gyrocommutative gyrogroups that we explore in this book, (1) the real Einstein gyrogroup of relativistically admissible velocities; (2) the complex Einstein gyrogroup; (3) the Ungar gyrogroup of relativistically proper velocities; and (4) the Mobius gyrogroup are briefly reviewed. Following the observation that each of these possesses a cocycle form, we we will explore in this chapter the cocycle forms in abstract gyrocommutative gyrogroups. These will prove useful in the study of various Lorentz groups that result from the extension of various gyrocommutative gyrogroups with cocycle forms.
Mathematical model of a head subjected to an axisymmetric impact

Abstract An improved mathematical model is derived which predicts more closely the response of a head to an axisymmetric impact. The three-dimensional equations of linear viscoelasticity are used to describe the behavior of both the brain and the skull. Responses of both human-sized and small animal heads are calculated for steady-state and for transient loadings. An explicit formula is derived for scaling experimental data on contre-coup damage from laboratory animals to humans. General agreement is found between the predictions of the model and observation, with regard to the location and the nature of possible damage. However, before the model can be used to make satisfactory quantitative predictions of the severity of injury, additional empirical data are required on both damage criteria and the mechanical behavior of the brain and skull.
Mechanical properties of the bone-porous biomaterial interface: elastic behavior.

The possibility of evaluating the elastic moduli of the bone-porous biomaterial interface by treating it as a two-phase composite is discussed. Methods of placing bounds on the elastic moduli of such a composite are presented and applied to five materials currently being considered for use in porous prosthetic devices: 316 stainless steel, titanium, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (Vitallium), alumina (Al2O3), and high density polyethylene. The results show that when the prosthetic material becomes completely ingrown with bone, the elastic modulus of the composite becomes more compatible with bone. Titanium appears to be very favorable. Young's modulus for bulk titanium is about four times that of bone, while the fully ingrown composite has a Young's modulus approximately twice that of bone. Similar results obtain for the other elastic moduli. It is noted that the results for 316 SS apply to all surgical stainless steels, those for Co-Cr-Mo apply to other Co-Cr alloys and those for titanium apply to alloyed titanium.
Modeling Production Costs for SWNT Manufacturing Given Uncertain Health and Safety Standards

A Monte Carlo cost model was developed to assess production costs of alternate manufacturing processes (HiPco, arc ablation, chemical vapor deposition) for single wall carbon nanotubes, given considerable uncertainty about occupational risk and future potential environmental health and safety (EHS) standards. Various assumptions regarding levels and implementation rates of EHA requirements were modeled as stochastic events and examined for their impact on the production cost expected values, variances, and probability distributions. Preliminary results suggest that in some cases voluntarily adopting higher standards than initially required can lead to lowest expected cost with the least uncertainty.
Identification of autonomous complex dynamic systems from noisy data

In this paper, we study the data driven identification of large scale dynamic systems that exhibit complex behavior that manifests itself as multi-modal dynamic behavior. As the first result, we present the identification approach of autonomous stochastic dynamic systems. The resulting model is hybrid in nature. We detect the multi-modal dynamics as well as local dynamics within each mode, thus providing a complete unified approach of identification of the system dynamics. Simulation examples are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented algorithm.
A common cis-acting sequence in the DiGeorge critical region regulates bi-directional transcription of UFD1L and CDC45L

Two to three megabase deletions on chromosome 22q11 are the cytogenetic findings most commonly associated with cardiac and craniofacial defects in humans. The constellation of clinical findings associated with these deletions is termed the 22q11 deletion syndrome. We had earlier described a patient with the 22q11 deletion phenotype who was hemizygous for an atypical 20 kb microdeletion in this region. The deletion included coding regions of two genes organized head-to-head, UFD1L and CDC45L, along with an 884 bp CpG-rich intervening region. Based on this genomic organization, we hypothesized that both genes may be co-expressed and co-regulated by sequences within this region. We demonstrate that expression of both genes is enhanced in a similar pattern in precursors of structures affected by the deletion. The intergenic region is sufficient to direct transcription most strongly in the developing pharyngeal arches and limb buds of transgenic mice and can also direct bi-directional transcriptional activation in a neural crest-derived cell line. Deletion analyses revealed that a 404 bp fragment closest to UFD1L is necessary and sufficient to direct this bi-directional transcriptional activity. These results reveal the presence of a conserved regulatory region in the 22q11 deletion locus that can direct simultaneous transcription of genes involved in ubiquitin mediated protein processing (UFD1L) and cell cycle control (CDC45L).
Analytic study of the geometrical spreading of P-waves in a layered transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis

An analytical formula for geometrical spreading is derived for a horizontally layered transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). With this expression, geometrical spreading can be determined using only the anisotropy parameters in the first layer, the traveltime derivatives, and the source‐receiver offset. Explicit, numerically feasible expressions for geometrical spreading are obtained for special cases of transverse isotropy (weak anisotropy and elliptic anisotropy). Geometrical spreading can be calculated for transversly isotropic (TI) media by using picked traveltimes of primary nonhyperbolic P-wave reflections without having to know the actual parameters in the deeper subsurface; no ray tracing is needed. Synthetic examples verify the algorithm and show that it is numerically feasible for calculation of geometrical spreading. For media with a few (4–5) layers, relative errors in the computed geometrical spreading remain less than 0.5% for offset/depth ratios less than 1.0. Err...
Convergence results in distributed Kalman filtering

The paper studies the convergence properties of the estimation error processes in distributed Kalman filtering for potentially unstable linear dynamical systems. In particular, it is shown that, in a weakly connected communication network, there exist (randomized) gossip based information dissemination schemes leading to a stochastically bounded estimation error at each sensor for any non-zero rate γ of inter-sensor communication (the rate γ is defined to be the average number of inter-sensor communications per signal evolution epoch). A gossip-based information exchange protocol, the M-GIKF, is presented, in which sensors exchange estimates and aggregate observations at a rate γ > 0, leading to desired convergence properties. Under the assumption of global (centralized) detectability of the signal/observation model (necessary for a centralized estimator having access to all sensor observations at all times to yield bounded estimation error), it is shown that the distributed M-GIKF leads to a stochastically bounded estimation error at each sensor. The conditional estimation error covariance sequence at each sensor is shown to evolve as a random Riccati equation (RRE) with Markov modulated switching. The RRE is analyzed through a random dynamical system (RDS) formulation, and the asymptotic estimation error at each sensor is characterized in terms of an associated invariant measure µγ of the RDS.