cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermophysical properties of anhydride-cured epoxy/nano-clay composites

Polymer nano-composites made with a matrix of anhydride-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and reinforced with organo-montmorillonite clay were investigated. A sonication technique was used to process the epoxy/clay nano-composites. The thermal properties of the nano-composites were measured with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The glass transition temperature Tg of the anhydride-cured epoxy was higher than the room temperature (RT). For samples with 6.25 wt% (4.0 vol%) of clay, the storage modulus at 30°C and at (Tg + 15)°C was observed to increase 43% and 230%, respectively, relative to the value of unfilled epoxy. The clay reinforcing effect was evaluated using the Tandon-Weng model for randomly oriented particulate filled composites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the nano-composites prepared by sonication of clays in acetone showed well-dispersed platelets in the nano-composites. The clay nano-platelets were observed to be well-intercalated/expanded in the anhydride-cured epoxy resin system. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:42–51, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The psychology of perspective and renaissance art

(1989). The psychology of perspective and renaissance art. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 383-384.
Do-it-yourself information technology: Role hybridization and the design-use interface

Information technology designers and users are generally treated as interacting yet distinct groups. Although approaches such as participatory design attempt to bring these groups together, such efforts are viewed as temporary and restricted to a specific knowledge domain where users can share key information and insights with designers. The author explores case studies that point to a different situation, role hybridization. Role hybridization focuses on the ability of individuals to shift from one knowledge domain to another, thus allowing for simultaneous membership within two otherwise distinct social worlds. While some studies focus on the ability of designers to act as users, this study focuses on the opposite situation, users who become designers. Interview and participant observation data is used to explore hybrid user–designers in two case studies: frog dissection simulations used in K-12 biology education and human anatomy simulations used in medical education. Hybrid users as designers are one part of a larger design–use interface, illustrating the mutually constructive relationship between the activities of information technology design and use. Users as designers also challenge the traditional power relationship between designers and users, leading to a novel and exciting form of user-centered design. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short circuit analysis of Type II induction generator and wind farm

With recent proliferation of wind farms over the world, it has become important to study the short circuit characteristics of different types of wind turbine generators (WTGs). This paper describes the short circuit characteristics of a Type-II WTG, and a wind farm comprised of this type of generators. A commercial time-domain software is used to model the WTG and the wind farm. The machine model is validated against field data, thus increasing the credibility of the results. The difference between the short circuit responses of Type-I and Type-II WTGs is described. Response of an actual wind farm with Type II WTGs to faults outside and inside the farm is documented and analyzed.
Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism in Guillain-Barré syndrome.

We studied 21 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome who demonstrated multiple nutritional risk factors upon admission to an intensive care unit: ventilator dependence (71.4%), adynamic ileus (23.8%), significant weight loss in the 2 weeks before admission (53.0%), antecedent viral illness with gastrointestinal sequelae (43.0%), cranial nerve deficits impairing oral intake and gastrointestinal motility (60%), and depressed serum transferrin (85.7%). Patients are hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic because of endocrine, infectious, and inflammatory components of the disease. High-energy (40 to 45 nonprotein kcal/kg), high-protein (2.0 to 2.5 g/kg) nutrition support appears to exert a favorable effect on visceral protein repletion, nitrogen balance, and resistance to pulmonary infection. Immediate attainment of positive energy balance in these hypermetabolic patients, ideally assessed by indirect calorimetry and followed by high-energy, high-protein feedings, may promote positive nitrogen balance early and att...
Enhanced fluorescence of labeled proteins coated on silver nanoparticles

We have recently shown that metallic particles or colloids when deposited on the transparent surface can enhance fluorescence properties of nearby fluorophores. We obtained the fluorophore-metal colloid complexes that display significant fluorescence signal enhancement in solution. Silver nanoparticles (about 20-50 nm size) were synthesized as a stable yellow colloidal solution, and coated with proteins labeled with fluorophores. A several-fold amplification of the fluorescence signal in presence of colloid Ag nanoparticles in solution was observed. Such fluorophore-metal complex presents a unique opportunity for developing of new class of contrast agents for optical imaging and fluorescence based sensing. Solution of silver nanoparticles with enhanced fluorescence can be used in various assays such as DNA hybridization or immunoassays for high sensitivity detection.
Non-speculative double-sampling technique to increase energy-efficiency in a high-performance processor

In the past few years, many techniques have been introduced which try to utilize excessive timing margins of a processor. However, these techniques have limitations due to one of the following reasons: first, they are not suitable for high-performance processor designs due to the power and design overhead they impose; second, they are not accurate enough to effectively exploit the timing margins, requiring substantial safety margin to guarantee correct operation of the processor. In this paper, we introduce an alternative, more effective technique that is suitable for high-performance processor designs, in which a processor predicts timing errors in the critical paths and undertakes preventive steps in order to avoid the errors in the event that the timing margins fall below a critical level. This technique allows a processor to exploit timing margins, while only requiring the minimum safety margin. Our simulation results show that proposed idea results in 12% and 6% improvement in energy and Energy-Delay Product (EDP), respectively, over a Razor-based speculative method.
Chloroplast DNA diversity within and among populations of Trifolium pratense

In contrast to animal mitochondrial DNA, intraspecific variation in chloroplast DNA is thought to be very rare. This presumption has prevented the application to plant population biology of the diversity of molecular genetic techniques now well established for animal mitochondrial DNA. In Trifolium pratense, however, extensive intrapopulational variation does exist. In two paper I report a characterization of unprecedented restriction fragment profile variation within single populations. Populations typically contain a common genotype and many rare ones; often the rare genotypes differ from population to population. While both nucleon and nucleotide diversity, as well as estimates of Wright's F ST, indicate a large within-population component and relatively little diversity among populations, the distribution of plastid genotype frequencies in each population is not homogeneous. Estimates of migration rate based on chloroplast DNA genotypes suggest a moderate number of migrants per generation. The unusually high level of genetic variation in Trifolium chloroplast DNA provides the first opportunity to use the plastid genome of plants to study population differentiation. Furthermore, it suggests that the plastid genome may not be as invariant as previously believed, but may instead exhibit high levels of genetic diversity at the population level.
Appliance manufacturers' perspective on energy standards

Abstract Appliance energy efficiency standards have had a large and growing influence on the US appliance industry for the last fifteen years. This article presents the perspectives gained by the two largest US appliance manufacturers as our companies have participated in the process of determining the standard levels and then designed and manufactured improved efficiency products to comply with the new standards.
A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis

Abstract This article proposes a simple new logic for classifying global vegetation. The critical features of this classification are that 1) it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous characteristics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation, 2) the structural characteristics are remotely sensible so that repeatable and efficient global reclassifications of existing vegetation will be possible, and 3) the defined vegetation classes directly translate into the biophysical parameters of interest by global climate and biogeochemical models. A first test of this logic for the continental United States is presented based on an existing 1 km AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index database. Procedures for solving critical remote sensing problems needed to implement the classification are discussed. Also, some inferences from this classification to advanced vegetation biophysical variables such as specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity useful to global biogeochemical modeling are suggested.
Material Issues of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Fine Pitch Chip Scale Package (CSP) Designs

LTCC substrates for fine pitch (1.0 mm and 0.8 mm) CSP applications have been designed, fabricated, and assembled. The assembly process, including ball grid array (BGA) solder ball attach, die mount, wire bond, and glob top is described. The material and physical design interaction issues that emerged during development are discussed. The initial CSP design was conventional, with co-fired yellow gold (Au) vias and capture pads and post-fired solderable gold (PtPdAu) pads for solder ball attachment. Because LTCC tape shrinks during co-fire, solder pads were applied post co-fire to ensure proper mating with existing test fixtures and to provide the best alignment relative to the CSP body. Solder pad to capture pad misalignment was visible following solder pad firing. After CSP attachment to a test board, electrical tests revealed opens. Investigation led to the following conclusions. The decreased solder pad diameter necessary to accommodate the fine pitch design was significant relative to the area allocated for the underlying via and capture pad. Misalignment that would have been hidden under larger solder pads was exposed. Even when the capture pad surface was not visibly exposed, the offset solder pad meant less material between the capture pad and the solder ball, less of a barrier to solder leaching. Solder leaching into the yellow gold, observed after CSP removal from the test board, was the cause of the electrical disconnects. In the second design, the capture pad was eliminated in order to discourage leaching by reducing the volume of yellow gold available to alloy with the solder pad during co-fire. Reflow operations still resulted in leached solder pads. A third design replaced the first-layer via yellow gold with a solderable gold. This design proved to be robust. While developing designs and fabricating these prototypes, it was noted that all ball failures consistently occurred between the solder pad and the LTCC substrate. To investigate adhesion using different metallizations, shear tests were performed on LTCC substrates with either post-fired solder pads or co-fired pads. To investigate how the substrate material affects adhesion, alumina CSPs were also sheared. Shear test results are presented.
Risk factors for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT II) correlates with a higher incidence of thromboembolic complications and unfavorable outcome. OBJECTIVE To examine the risk factors and outcomes for patients with HIT II with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS Demographics, risk factors, treatments, and outcomes data of 600 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted to the University of Illinois Medical Center in Chicago between June 2002 and July 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients meeting the clinical criteria for HIT II were compared with those who did not develop thrombocytopenia. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (6%) met the clinical criteria for HIT II, and 396 (94%) did not develop thrombocytopenia. Both groups were the same with respect to age, Hunt-Hess score and Fisher grade on admission, medical conditions, and social risk factors. The HIT II patients had significantly more unfavorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score >3), deep vein thrombosis, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and death. Development of HIT II was strongly associated with symptomatic vasospasm (odds ratio, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-13.1; P < .001) and number of angiographic procedures (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-2.2; P < .001). Forward buildup selection modeling demonstrated the latter to be the strongest predictor for HIT II development (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.2; P = .02). CONCLUSION Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II correlates with a worse outcome and higher risk of thromboembolic complications in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. In addition, HIT II was strongly associated with the number of angiographic procedures performed during the same hospitalization.
An improved left-corner parsing algorithm

This paper proposes a series of modifications to the left corner parsing algorithm for context-free grammars. It is argued that the resulting algorithm is both efficient and flexible and is, therefore, a good choice for the parser used in a natural language interface.
Cerebral organization in adult second language acquisition: Is the right hemisphere more involved?

Abstract A Spanish-English dichotic listening study was designed to test the hypothesis that the right hemisphere might be more involved during the initial stages of informal, adult second language acquisition. No evidence was found in support of the hypothesis. Results are discussed within the general theoretical framework of the right hemisphere's role in second language performance and bilingualism.
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRST DAY USE OF AMINO ACIDS IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. † 1818

With the replacement of protein hydrolysates with crystalline amino acids, early introduction of amino acids has been advocated recently for preterm infants. However, there are little published data on the use of early amino acids in the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with birth weights < 1200 grams. Eighteen VLBW preterm infants were selected to receive amino acids within the first 24 hours of life (Early Group) or after 48 hours of life(Control). Both groups received Trophamine as the amino acid solution with the early group starting at 1.5 g/kg/d and the controls starting at 0.5 g/kg/d. The initial total kcal/kg and amount of acetate given were recorded over the next 48 hours. Serum bicarbonate and base excess were recorded during the study period. Plasma amino acid levels were determined in 4 infants in the Early Group. There were no differences in gestational ages (27 ± 1 vs 26 ± 3 weeks) or birth weights (1046 ± 174 vs 913 ± 214 grams) between the groups. The average day of life that amino acids were started on the Early group was day 1 while the controls were started on day 3 of life. The initial total kcal was similar between the groups at 40 kcal/kg/d. During the study, the Early Group exhibited lower serum bicarbonate levels than the controls (16 ± 3 vs 20 ± 2 mmols/L, P<0.02). Also the base excess was lower in the Early Group vs controls (-7.5 ± 2.5 vs -3.1 ±1.6, P<0.001). The Early Group also required more daily acetate than controls, 4.6 ± 1.6 mmols vs 2.1 ± 0.7 mmols, P<0.003. The Early Group had 11 out of 21 amino acids above term breast fed reference values, 4/21 amino acids below reference values, and 6/21 amino acids at the reference values. In summary, the first day administration of amino acids in very low birth weight infants resulted in metabolic acidosis and abnormal amino acid pattern. It is speculated that this metabolic acidosis and amino acid pattern are due to immaturity of metabolic pathways and that the use of amino acids within the first 24 hours of life should be used with caution in VLBW infants.
Microwave Processing of Silicon Nitride

Microwave sintering of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-based materials showed improved densification as compared to samples heated conventionally under similar conditions. Accelerated nitridation of Si in the microwave furnace to produce Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} was also observed. Dense Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}, annealed by microwave heating, exhibited enhanced grain growth; however preferential coupling of the microwave power to the grain-boundary phases in the present experiments resulted in their degradation. 9 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Lower bounds on expected redundancy

This paper focuses on lower bound results on expected redundancy for universal compression of i.i.d. data from parametric and nonparametric families. Two types of lower bounds are reviewed. One is Rissanen's almost pointwise lower bound and its extension to the nonparametric case. The other is minimax lower bounds, for which a new proof is given in the nonparametric case.
Measuring permeability of rigid materials by a beam-bending method: III, cement paste

The evolution of permeability and elastic modulus for Type III portland cement pastes with water/cement ratios varying from 0.4 to 0.6 were measured using a beam-bending method. Young's modulus was independently verified by measuring the ultrasonic pulse velocity. The permeability ranged over 2 orders of magnitude, depending on the water/cement ratio and the age of the samples. The advantage of the beam-bending method is that the permeability results are obtained in a few minutes to a few hours, whereas conventional techniques take hours or days to measure permeability of this order of magnitude. More importantly, there is no need to maintain high pressure during the measurement period, so leaks are not a problem.
Office-based dynamic imaging of vocal cords in awake patients with swept-source optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an evolving noninvasive imaging modality that has been used to image the human larynx during surgical endoscopy. The design of a long gradient index (GRIN) lens-based probe capable of capturing images of the human larynx by use of swept-source OCT during a typical office-based laryngoscopy examination is presented. In vivo OCT imaging of the human larynx is demonstrated with a rate of 40 frames per second. Dynamic vibration of the vocal folds is recorded to provide not only high-resolution cross-sectional tissue structures but also vibration parameters, such as the vibration frequency and magnitude of the vocal cords, which provides important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as fundamental research of the voice itself. Office-based OCT is a promising imaging modality to study the larynx for physicians in otolaryngology.
Antibody response to H-Y minor histocompatibility antigens correlates with chronic graft versus host disease and disease remission

Minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAs) are known targets of donor T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In contrast, B-cell responses to mHAs have not been extensively characterized and the clinical significance of antibodies to mHAs is unknown. We tested 121 patients who underwent HSCT and 134 healthy donors for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against 5 mHAs encoded by genes on the Y chromosome (DBY, UTY, ZFY, RPS4Y, and EIF1AY). Antibodies to at least one H-Y protein developed in 52% of male patients with female donors compared with 8.7% of male patients with male donors (P < .0001), and in 41.4% of healthy females compared with 7.8% of healthy males (P < .0001). H-Y antibodies develop 4 to 12 months after transplantation and persist for long periods. The clinical significance of H-Yantibodies was characterized in 75 male patients with hematologic malignancies who received stem cells from female donors (F 3 M HSCT). The presence of H-Y antibodies correlated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by univariate (odds ratio [OR] 15.5; P < .0001) and multivariable logistic regression analysis (OR 56.5; P < .0001). Antibody response to Y-chromosome encoded histocompatibility antigens (H-Y antigens) was also associated with maintenance of disease remission (P < .0001). B cells may provide a new target for immune intervention in chronic GVHD. (Blood. 2005;105:2973-2978)
Custom Designed Acoustic Pulses

We have used a tunable, infrared, free-electron laser with a Pockels cell controlled pulse duration to generate photoacoustic pulses with separate variable rise times (from 15 to 100 ns), durations (100-400 ns), and amplitudes (0.005-0.1 MPa). The tunability of the free-electron laser across water absorption bands allows the rise time of the thermal-elastically generated acoustical pulsed to be varied, while a Pockels cell controls the duration and cross polarizers control the pressure amplitude. The mechanical effects of pressure transients on biological tissue can have dramatic consequences. In addition to cell necrosis, carefully controlled pressure transients can also be used for therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery and gene therapy. This technique permits systemic probing of how biological tissue is affected by stress transients. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
The Organizational Implications of a Traditional Marriage: Can a Domestic Traditionalist by Night be an Organizational Egalitarian by Day?

We provide evidence that marriage structure has important organizational implications. Specifically, heterosexual men married to wives who are not employed (relative to those married to wives employed full time) go to work with attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that disfavor women in the workplace and are more likely to make decisions that prevent the advancement of qualified women. We conducted five studies with a total of 993 married, male participants. We found that employed husbands in traditional marriages, compared to the average married man, tend to (a) view the presence of women in the workplace unfavorably, (b) perceive that organizations with higher numbers of female employees are operating less smoothly, (c) perceive organizations with female leaders as relatively unattractive, (d) deny qualified female employees opportunities for promotion more frequently. Importantly, our final study suggests that the change in attitudes towards women may occur with entry into traditional marriage structure from a state of being single. The consistent pattern of results across multiple studies employing multiple methods (lab, longitudinal, secondary) and samples (U.S., U.K., undergraduates, managers) demonstrates the robustness of the findings and suggests that self-selection into traditional marriage structures does not fully explain the effect. We discuss the theoretical and practical import of our findings and suggest directions for future research.
After NAFTA: Western hemisphere trade liberalization and alternative paths to integration

Abstract Several alternative paths have been proposed for extending the current system of Western Hemisphere sub-regional trade agreements into a more comprehensive scheme of hemispheric integration. The scenarios of NAFTA accession, hub-and-spoke arrangements and trade agreement merging, are analyzed, including incentives for and barriers to each path. Patterns of recent negotiation activity, as well as the strong requirements for NAFTA accession, imply that trade agreement merging is currently the most probable scenario.
Texas Self-Help Informal Settlement and Colonia Housing Conditions, Aging, and Health Status

This paper examines some of the ways in which dwelling structures, household organization, and aging are managed by low income owners in Texas border colonias and in informal homestead subdivisions (IfHSs) in Central Texas. Using original household survey data it analyzes how homeowners in these peri-uban self-built and/or self-managed dwellings cope with the life course, aging, declining physical mobility, rising chronic morbidity. In Texas, colonias and IfHSs are largely Hispanic (Mexican origin), comprise quite spacious lots (1/2–1 acre) which, in combination with the flexibility and low-cost nature of self-help dwelling construction and management, offers multiple opportunities of household extension, cross generational multi-lot sharing among kin related poor households (adult children usually), and/or residential care for aging parents or grandparents. The chapter documents the principal housing problems reported by residents in two central Texas neighborhoods and explores some of the links between housing conditions and most commonly reported ailments and mobility challenges that elderly household owners face. While the data show ongoing investment and do-it-yourself (DIY) efforts to reduce those housing problems, it is elderly households who have very low incomes and poor mobility that are most seriously affected and have higher vulnerability to chronic ill health outcomes and ongoing poor housing conditions.
Leaching characteristics of a high-calcium fly ash as a function of pH: a potential source of selenium toxicity

Abstract Using a modified extraction procedure, the effect of pH on the leaching of selected elements from Ca-rich (Type C) power plant fly ash was studied. Continuous additions of acetic acid were used to maintain pH values of fly ash slurries at 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 for 24 h and an additional set was leached at its natural pH (average 11.8) value. Analyses for Se, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, Na and Pb showed that the highest concentrations occur in the leachate at pH 4.0 and decline with increasing pH. Concentrations of Cr and Fe increased slightly between neutral and high pH. Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Pb and Se concentrations exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency's toxicity criteria at pH 4.0. Selenium was above its toxicity level at pH values near 7 but the other elements were below their respective toxicity levels near neutral pH. Because recent studies show adverse effects of Se on aquatic life at far lower concentrations than the current Environmental Protection Agency's standard, high-Ca, power plant fly ashes represent a potentially hazardous pollutant to surface and subsurface waters.
Indocyanine green enhanced transpupillary thermotherapy in combination with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for retinoblastoma

Purpose Review our experience in the use of indocyanine green (ICG) enhanced transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) in combination with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for retinoblastomas unresponsive to standard TTT. Methods Single centre, retrospective study of 16 eyes in 13 retinoblastoma patients treated with TTT and ICG via indirect ophthalmoscope: 23 treatments of 16 eyes, with a mean follow-up of 12.1 months (range 3–35 months). Outcome measures included tumour response and electroretinogram. Results Treatment resulted in significant tumour regression in all eyes: 13 eyes with well-differentiated characteristics, 2 with implanting vitreous seeds and 1 eye refractory to traditional TTT. ERG function was retained in all eyes. Conclusions ICG-enhanced TTT with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery can effectively treat retinoblastoma refractory to conventional focal treatments without deleterious ocular side effects.
Influence of Norethynodrel on the Level of Corticosterone in the Adrenal Glands and Blood of Rats

The influence of norethynodrel on the weight of the adrenal gland and on the concentration of corticosterone in gland and blood plasma was observed. Administration of 1.5-3.0 mg norethynodrel/100 g body weight (BW) daily for not more than 5 days to intact female rats increased the weight of the adrenal glands. Doses ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 mg reduced the concentration of corticosterone in the adrenal gland and blood plasma if the rats were killed at 1500, when these values are normally at their highest level. The same results were obtained whether norethynodrel was administered subcutaneously or by stomach tube. The reduction in corticosterone concentration in gland and plasma was not observed in rats killed at 0900, when these values are normally low. Administration of lower doses to ovariectomized rats generally failed to increase significantly the concentration of corticosterone in the gland and plasma; at. 09 mg/100 g BW the concentration was increased in the plasma. (Endocrinology 79: 1095, 1966)
A revision of the New World species of Cremnops Förster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae)

The New World species of the genus Cremnops are revised. Thirty-three species of Cremnops are treated; five are described as new, i.e., C. bertae sp. nov., C. cluttsis sp. nov. , C. nymphius sp. nov . , C. wileycoyotius sp. nov. and C. witkopegasus sp. nov. Six species are synonymized, i.e., Cremnops caribensis Berta, 1998, is synonymized under C. guanicanus Wolcott, 1924; C. nigrosternum (Morrison 1917) is synonymized under C. haematodes (Brulle 1846); C. punctatus Berta, 1998, is synonymized under C. marshi Berta, 1998; C . sharkei Berta, 1998, is synonymized under C . montrealensis (Morrison 1917); C . turrialbae Berta de Fernandez, 1998, is synonymized under C . ferrugineus (Cameron 1887); and C . misionensis Berta, 1987, is synonymized under C. slossonae (Morrison 1917). Cremnops florissanticola is transferred to its original combination Bracon florissanticola Cockerell, 1919, st. rev. Included are a molecular phylogeny, a dichotomous key, links to distribution maps, an electronic interactive key, and images of holotypes.
Putting Money Where the Mouths Are: The Relation Between Venture Financing and Electronic Word-of-Mouth

External financing is critical to ventures that do not have a revenue source but need to recruit employees, develop products, pay suppliers, and market their products/services. There is an increasing belief among entrepreneurs that electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), specifically blog coverage, can aid in achieving venture capital financing. Conflicting findings reported by past studies examining eWOM make it unclear what to make of such beliefs of entrepreneurs. Even if there were generally agreed-upon results, a stream of literature indicates that because of the differences in traits between the prior investigated contexts and venture capital financing, the findings from the prior studies cannot be generalized to venture capital financing. Extant studies also fall short in examining the role of time and the status of entities generating eWOM in determining the influence of eWOM on decision making. To address this dearth of literature in a context that attracts billions of dollars every year, we investigate the effect of eWOM on venture capital financing. This study entails the challenging task of gathering data from hundreds of ventures along with other sources including VentureXpert, surveys, Google Blogsearch, Lexis-Nexis, and Archive.org. The key findings of our econometric analysis are that the impact of negative eWOM is greater than is the impact of positive eWOM and that the effect of eWOM on financing decreases with the progress through the financing stages. We also find that the eWOM of popular bloggers helps ventures in getting higher funding amounts and valuations. The empirical model used in this work accounts for inherent selection biases of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and we conduct numerous robustness checks for potential issues of endogeneity, selection bias, nonlinearities, and popularity cutoff for blogs. The findings have important implications for entrepreneurs and suggest ways by which entrepreneurs can take advantage of eWOM.
Multiple coexisting intercalation structures of sodium in epitaxial graphene-SiC interfaces

This article discusses multiple coexisting intercalation structures of sodium in peitaxial graphene-SiC interfaces.
Influence of emulsifier type on in vitro digestibility of lipid droplets by pancreatic lipase

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of interfacial composition on the in vitro digestion of emulsified lipids coated by various emulsifiers by pancreatic lipase. Sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate (WPI), lecithin and Tween 20 were used to prepare corn oil-in-water emulsions (3 wt% oil). Pancreatic lipase (1.6 mg/mL) and/or bile extract (5.0 mg/mL) were added to each emulsion and the particle charge, droplet aggregation, microstructure and free fatty acids released were measured. In the absence of bile extract, the amount of free fatty acids released per unit volume of emulsion was much lower for lipid droplets coated by Tween 20 (13 ± 16 μmol ml−1) than those coated by lecithin (75 ± 20 μmol ml−1), sodium caseinate (220 ± 24 μmol ml−1) or WPI (212 ± 6 μmol ml−1). In the presence of bile extract, there was an appreciable increase in the amount of free fatty acids released in all the emulsions, with the most appreciable effects being observed in the Tween 20-stabilized emulsions. The stability of the emulsions to droplet flocculation and coalescence during hydrolysis was also strongly dependent on emulsifier type, with the WPI emulsions being the least stable and the Tween 20 emulsions being the most stable. Our results suggest that the access of pancreatic lipase to emulsified fats decreases in the following order: proteins (caseinate and WPI) > phospholipids (lecithin) > non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20). These results may have important consequences for the design of foods with either increased or decreased lipid bioavailability.
Comparison of Th, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle heterogeneity and magma genesis

We report U–Th disequilibria data for a suite of 13 young basaltic samples from the Samoan Islands, which represent the endmember mantle component EM2, and 4 historic lavas from Mt. Erebus, typifying young HIMU. The Samoan samples have low 230 Th/ 232 Th and 238 U/ 232 Th, consistent with the enriched nature (EM2) of the Samoan mantle source, whereas the Mt. Erebus samples have high 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and intermediate ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) and ( 238 U/ 232 Th). When considered in the context of the global oceanic basalt database, the Samoan samples' low 230 Th/ 232 Th and 238 U/ 232 Th greatly extend the global correlations between 230 Th/ 232 Th and 238 U/ 232 Th with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd and change the functional form of these correlations from linear to hyperbolic. Using a maximum likelihood non-linear inversion method, we show that these correlations of 230 Th/ 232 Th and 238 U/ 232 Th with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd can be approximated by two-component mixing. However, the global oceanic basalt data also show considerable scatter about the best-fit mixing curves. This scatter is attributed to additional source components and melting processes influencing the lavas ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) and ( 238 U/ 232 Th). Additional source components are supported by the Pb isotope data, which clearly require more than two endmember mantle components. We also show that the extent and variability in ( 230 Th/ 238 U) decreases as a function of source enrichment, with “depleted” MORB showing the largest extents and greatest variability in ( 230 Th/ 238 U) and “enriched” OIB, like Samoa, showing smaller extents and less variability of ( 230 Th/ 238 U). We interpret this observation in terms of
50 Years on: the legacy of William Donald Hamilton.

W. D. Hamilton was one of the twentieth century's intellectual giants, and with this Special Feature we note the 50th anniversary of his seminal contributions [[1][1],[2][2]] that established inclusive fitness as a central element of Darwinian evolution. The authors contributing to this Special
EXAMINING THE LINK BETWEEN JAPAN'S DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION OF FEMALES

. This paper studies the role of education of females in Japan's development process. It analyses the pre-war years (1888 to 1940) as well as the five decades following the war and Japan's rise to economic power (1947 to 1990). This paper finds that Japan's pre-war growth was fuelled primarily by agricultural growth and primary education (of males in particular). The story is different in the post-war period, however. Capital accumulation, secondary and tertiary education of females, and tertiary education for males seem to provide the driving forces of growth.
Evaluation of a nonhuman primate model to study circadian rhythms of calcium metabolism

We evaluated primate models for the study of circadian rhythms in calcium and bone metabolism. Blood and urine were collected from two cynomolgus macaques every 4 h for 24 h. Studies were initiated at three different clock times to separate the effects of repeated experimental sampling from circadian effects. Also, samples were collected from seven monkeys at times of expected maxima and minima. Some parameters exhibited the expected circadian rhythm with increases at night (serum total calcium) or in the early morning (urinary collagen cross-links). Others displayed the effects of the experimental procedure, either increasing (urinary creatinine and phosphorus) or decreasing (osteocalcin, urinary calcium) with repeated sampling. Serum phosphorus, cortisol, and type I procollagen were influenced by both clock time and experimental procedures. Alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone did not show any differences with time or sampling. This data is consistent with findings in humans that bone resorption increases at night and that endogenous corticosteroids decrease bone formation. The usefulness of the monkey model is limited by the physiological stress of sample collection in these subjects.
Low Anterior Resection/Proctectomy

Robotic use in rectal resection is increasing in utility and popularity. Reported benefits of the robotics over traditional laparoscopy are varied. Robotic pelvic dissection is a technically demanding operation. A surgeon who is competent with pelvic laparoscopy may be at an advantage to benefit from the opportunities robotics may offer.
Critical Multicultural Latin@ Mentoring in Higher Education

Despite the initiatives for diverse faculty, the recruitment, retention and percentage of faculty of diverse cultural backgrounds, Latin@s in particular, remain low. This speaks to the apparent disinterest of many institutions in acknowledging the visible and invisible obstacles that impede the full and equal integration of Latin@ faculty into the ranks of the professoriate and academe. Assistance from a mentor can help this transition by clarifying short and long term priorities, as well as balancing strategies to move forward in teaching and other scholarly work. Of course, when first-year tenure-track faculty thrive, recruitment of quality colleagues and retention increase, as well as the respective programs and the students enrolled within the programs. The authors examine current themes of their mentoring experiences in higher education and highlight the importance of critical multicultural mentorship in closing the gaps in mentoring for non-dominant faculty in higher education. In their conclusion, the protege and mentor suggest the need to disrupt deficit ideology by engaging in critical reflections on the complexity of cross-race/ethnicity mentoring in higher education.
Control of Four Species of Caterpillars on Cabbage with Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti, 1969-70

An experimental wettable powder formulation of Bacillus Thuringiensis var. alesti Berliner applied as a spray in field tests at Charleston, South Carolina, gave control of the populations of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), on spring and fall cabbage. Also, it was as effective in producing marketable cabbage heads as sprays containing endosulfan (1 lb), methomyl (0.4 lb), or endosulfan (1 lb) + parathion (0.5 lb), whether it was used at 0.1 or 0.5 lb/acre. However, applications of bacillus at 1 lb/acre were necessary to produce as many plants with completely uninjured heads as were produced by the spray mixture of endosulfan + parathion. Mixtures of bacillus + endosulfan or methomyl sometimes gave more effective control of the loopers than the same doses of the same materials used alone, and no synergism or antagonism was observed between the bacillus and the chemicals. As little as 0.1 lb/acre of the bacillus formulated as a spray gave good control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xy/ostella (L.); the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.); and the fall armyworm, Spodoplera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). A bacillus dust tested only one season was not so effective as the spray in controlling the cabbage looper. However, it was moderately effective against the diamondback moth and highly effective against the imported cabbageworm.
Does the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Meet Local Needs

services and counterproductive state and local tax increases" (H.R. l[3][a][5]). This article looks at the local government response to ARRA implementation in several areas based on comments from those who work with ARRA at the local level. It exam ines whether ARRA is meeting the needs of municipalities by focusing on the act's limi tations on and the suitability of traditional federal government grants as a mechanism for channeling ARRA funds to local govern ments. In May and June of 2009, the author and State and Local Government Review edito
DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN MEDICAL, SURGICAL, AND PEDIATRIC INTERNS

The adaptive demands of a physicians' residency program include relocation to another area, mastery of a new organizational system, and a new level of role responsibility, in addition to education and patient care activities. This study examined the prevalence of significant psychiatric symptoms in medical, surgical, and pediatric interns for three four-month intervals. Following a cohort of 39 residents over the course of their first year, using the SCL-90--R, there was an elevated prevalence (M = 35%) of significant anxiety and depression throughout the year. Given the consistent high anxiety and depression, more research needs to be undertaken to understand the interaction of initial and ongoing adaptive demands.
Pilot Study of the Importance of Factors Affecting Emergency Department Opioid Analgesic Prescribing Decisions

Introduction Little is known about the factors driving decision-making among emergency department (ED) providers when prescribing opioid analgesics (OA). The aim of this pilot study was to identify the importance of factors influencing OA-prescribing decisions and to determine how this varied among different types of providers.
Yellow Flowers are Prajnas? Or Green Bamboos Embody Buddhas?——A Probe into the Buddhist Doctrine in Essays Written by Xu Di-shan and Lin Qin-xuan

Compared with the works by Temporary writers,the essays written by Xu Dishan and Lin Qingxuan are obviously under the influence of the Buddhist culture.Being sympathetic with human beings,their essays are also alike in hiding the Buddha-like wisdom in the description of ordinary life.But their differences are striking: Xu.s essays center on sufferings and meaninglessness in the human world,often reflect the writer's confusion between the Buddhist doctrine and human's true love;while Lin's essays focus on the moving and happiness exalted from human's tragedies,thus making his writings thoughtful and enlightening.
A City and World in Miniature: The Scale of Perspective in E. B. White's Stuart Little

Revised: In this essay, I argue that Stuart’s tiny size enables him to view New York City through an unconventional perspective that sees littleness and largeness as complementary parts of a whole. Through attention to the most minute city details, and later by adopting Margalo’s holistic bird’s-eye view, Stuart constantly works to transform an overwhelming urban encounter into an accessible, aesthetically valuable experience. In doing so, his story not only resonates one of White’s most famous publications, “Here Is New York” (which describes New York as “the loftiest of cities,” whose “full meaning will always remain illusive” to New Yorkers); it also offers a fantastic reimagining of White’s political, wartime Wild Flag essays, which referred to New York as “a world government on a small scale” and called for a federalized global postwar government. By resituating Stuart Little in the context of White’s nonfiction writing, this essay interrogates the critical commonplace that Stuart’s littleness serves as a mere metaphor for childhood. Instead, my analysis demonstrates that it is necessary to closely examine the continuity across White’s writing for both adults and children, in order to fully understand the political and historical complexity of Stuart’s scaled perspective. Original: ‘Very Much Like a Mouse’: Size, Standardization, and Fantasy in E.B. White’s Stuart Little In this essay, I argue that Stuart Little responds to a culture of increasing standardization in wartime and postwar America by attempting to relocate imaginative poeticism beyond the protagonist’s fragmented urban perspective. By examining the narrator’s regulation of marginalized fantasy and poetry throughout White’s novel, my study complicates the widely-accepted critical assumption that Stuart’s miniature size serves as a mere allegory for childhood. Instead, I expand on Marah Gubar’s definition of liminality (established in her 2003 essay “Species Trouble: The Abjection of Adolescence in E.B. White’s Stuart Little ”) to suggest how White’s preoccupation with size, replicability, and democratic poeticism makes Stuart Little a surprisingly modern—and historically self-conscious—work of children’s fantasy literature.
Navigating a ship with a broken compass: evaluating standard algorithms to measure patient safety.

Objective Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) software applies standardized algorithms to hospital administrative data to identify patient safety indicators (PSIs). The objective of this study was to assess the validity of PSI flags and report reasons for invalid flagging. Material and Methods At a 6-hospital academic medical center, a retrospective analysis was conducted of all PSIs flagged in fiscal year 2014. A multidisciplinary PSI Quality Team reviewed each flagged PSI based on quarterly reports. The positive predictive value (PPV, the percent of clinically validated cases) was calculated for 12 PSI categories. The documentation for each reversed case was reviewed to determine the reasons for PSI reversal. Results Of 657 PSI flags, 185 were reversed. Seven PSI categories had a PPV below 75%. Four broad categories of reasons for reversal were AHRQ algorithm limitations (38%), coding misinterpretations (45%), present upon admission (10%), and documentation insufficiency (7%). AHRQ algorithm limitations included 2 subcategories: an “incident” was inherent to the procedure, or highly likely (eg, vascular tumor bleed), or an “incident” was nonsignificant, easily controlled, and/or no intervention was needed. Discussion These findings support previous research highlighting administrative data problems. Additionally, AHRQ algorithm limitations was an emergent category not considered in previous research. Herein we present potential solutions to address these issues. Conclusions If, despite poor validity, US policy continues to rely on PSIs for incentive and penalty programs, improvements are needed in the quality of administrative data and the standardized PSI algorithms. These solutions require national motivation, research attention, and dissemination support.
Intentionality: Bifurcated or Intertwined?

In his new book Intentionality and the Myths of the Given (hereafter IMOG, 2014), Carl Sachs offers a new theory of intentionality, one that combines, in a novel and interesting way, ideas from bot...