cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone mineral density comparison of adolescents with constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa

Background The negative impact of anorexia nervosa (AN) on bone health is well defined. However, there are very few studies evaluating the effect of constitutional thinness on bone health, especially in the adolescent period and in the male gender. The aim of this study is to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of adolescents with AN and with constitutional thinness. Methods Between April 2013 and March 2014, 40 adolescents with AN and 36 adolescents with constitutional thinness participated in the study. The femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results Mean lumbar z and BMD scores of adolescents with constitutional thinness were significantly lower than in adolescents with AN, whereas the mean femoral z and BMD scores were not significantly different. When males were compared separately, lumbar z and BMD values of the constitutionally thin group were found to be significantly lower than in the AN group. This difference was not significant for females. Conclusions The difference between the male and female results of our study suggested two hypotheses. The significantly lower BMD values in constitutionally thin boys are attributed to their longer duration of low body mass index (BMI). Although the duration of low BMI is also longer for constitutionally thin girls, similar BMD values of AN and constitutionally thin female groups are attributed to the additional negative impact of estrogen deficiency on the bone health of girls with AN.
Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Repair and Remodeling: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies

Cardiac remodeling occurs in a variety of heart diseases, contributing to ventricular dysfunction. Following myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac repair and remodeling appear in both infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium. Factors regulating cardiac repair/remodeling at different stages following MI are under investigation. There is growing recognition and experimental evidence that oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in the pathogeneses of myocardial repair/remodeling in various cardiac diseases. After acute MI, oxidative stress is developed in both infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ROS participates in several aspects of cardiac repair/remodeling following infarction that includes cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory/fibrogenic responses, hypertrophy, and angiogenesis. The exact pathways on ROS-mediated myocardial remodeling are under investigation. The therapeutic potential of oxidative stress-directed drugs in myocardial remodeling following infarction has not been fully realized.
Evaluation of unfractionated heparin versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin and fondaparinux for pharmacologic venous thromboembolic prophylaxis in critically ill patients with cancer

Essentials Critically ill cancer patients require pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Patients from 566 hospitals in the United States between 2010 and 2014 were included. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis was not associated in a reduction of VTE rates. LMWH prophylaxis was associated with a reduction in bleeding and heparin induced thrombocytopenia. SUMMARY: Background Critically ill patients with cancer are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) from physical and cellular factors, requiring pharmacologic prophylaxis to reduce the risk of VTE. Objectives To assess whether low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis reduces in-hospital rates of VTE or improves clinical outcomes compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) prophylaxis in critically ill patients with cancer. Methods We used a propensity-matched comparative-effectiveness cohort from the Premier Database. Patients aged 18 years or older with a primary diagnosis of cancer, intensive care unit admission and VTE prophylaxis within 2 days of admission between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014 were included. Patients were divided into LMWH or UFH prophylaxis groups. Results A total of 103 798 patients were included; 75 321 (72.6%) patients received LMWH and 28 477 (27.4%) patients received UFH. Propensity analysis matched (2 : 1) 42 343 LMWH patients and 21 218 UFH patients. Overall, LMWH was not associated with a decreased incidence of VTE (5.32% vs. 5.50%). LMWH prophylaxis was associated with a reduction in pulmonary embolism (0.70% vs. 0.99%), significant bleeding (13.3% vs. 14.8%) and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (0.06% vs. 0.19%). In non-metastatic solid disease, LMWH was associated with decreased VTE (4.27% vs. 4.84%) and PE (0.47% vs. 0.95%). Conclusions The use of an LMWH for VTE prophylaxis was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of in-hospital VTE as compared with UFH, but was associated with significant reductions in PE, clinically important bleeding events, and incidence of HIT in critically ill patients with cancer.
Effect of hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia on three acetaminophen assays: Potential medical consequences of false positive results

Abstract Background We evaluated the effect of hemolysis, icterus and lipemia on 3 acetaminophen assays: namely the Syva® EMIT®, the Microgenics DRI® assay, and the Roche assay on a Roche Cobas® c501 or an Integra 800 analyzer. Methods Discarded acetaminophen – free serum samples (blank pool) and patient serum with acetaminophen overdose were used to prepare samples. Three levels of acetaminophen (5, 10, and 30 μg/ml) were evaluated for interference: hemolysis (H index range: 0–1000), icterus (I index range: 0–40), and lipemia (L index range: 0–1000). Results Measurements showed that the EMIT® assay was not significantly affected by hemolysis or icterus at all 3concentrations evaluated, but was negatively affected by lipemia at all three levels at 1000 mg/dl intralipids. The DRI® assay was similarly affected by hemolysis and icterus, but lipemia (at 1000 mg/dl intralipids) only affected the 5 μg/ml level. The Roche acetaminophen assay was significantly affected by hemolysis at all three concentrations. It was significantly affected by icterus at 20 mg/dl bilirubin and > 5 μg/ml and at icterus levels of 30 and 40 mg/dl bilirubin at 10 and 30 μg/ml acetaminophen concentrations, respectively. However, the Roche assay was least affected by lipemia. Conclusion Hemolysis and icterus had insignificant interference on the Syva EMIT® and the DRI® assays for the analysis of acetaminophen, but significant interference effect on the Roche assay. On the other hand lipemia interfered less markedly with the Roche assay. The effect of hemolysis, icterus and lipemia should always be considered. Cautions are warranted when interpreting results for the potential false positive results in the presence of hemolysis and icterus at the concentrations evaluated in this study.
Practice Patterns for Older Adult Patients With Advanced Cancer: Physician Office Versus Hospital Outpatient Setting

PURPOSE:A shift in outpatient oncology care from the physician’s office to hospital outpatient settings has generated interest in the effect of practice setting on outcomes. Our objective was to examine whether medical oncologists’ prescribing of drugs and services for older adult patients with advanced cancer is used more in physicians’ offices compared with hospital outpatient departments.METHODS:This was a retrospective comparative study. SEER-Medicare data (2004 to 2011) were used to identify Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with advanced breast, colon, esophagus, non–small-cell lung, pancreatic, or stomach cancer. Between physicians’ offices and hospital outpatient departments, we compared use of selected likely low-value supportive drugs, low-value therapeutic drugs, chemotherapy-related hospitalizations, and hospice. We used hierarchical modeling to assess differences between settings to account for correlation within physicians.RESULTS:Compared with patients treated in a hospital outpatient depart...
Evaluation of lung transplant perfusion using iodine maps from novel spectral detector computed tomography

We report the case of a 51-year-old patient who underwent bilateral lung transplantation and presented with an unstable condition and sepsis 6 days after transplantation. The performed contrast enhanced spectral detector computed tomography (CT) using a dual-layer detector showed absence of perfusion in the left lung on iodine maps, although branches of the pulmonary artery were patent. This prompted retrospective evaluation of CT images and total venous occlusion of the left pulmonary veins was found. Here, iodine maps helped in raising conspicuity of loss of lung perfusion.
Results of the 2006 National Resident Matching Program: Family medicine

The results of the 2006 National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) reflect a currently stable level of student interest in family medicine residency training in the United States. Compared with the 2005 Match, 26 more positions (with the same number of US seniors) were filled in family medicine residency programs through the NRMP in 2006, at the same time as four more (five fewer US seniors) in primary care internal medicine, one fewer in pediatrics-primary care (12 more US seniors), and four more (19 more US seniors) in internal medicine-pediatric programs. Many different forces, including student perspectives of the demands, rewards, and prestige of the specialty; the turbulence and uncertainty of the health care environment; lifestyle issues; and the impact of faculty role models continue to influence medical student career choices. Two more positions (nine more US seniors) were filled in categorical internal medicine. Two fewer positions (11 fewer US seniors) were filled in categorical pediatrics programs. The 2006 NRMP results suggest that interest in family medicine and primary care careers continues to be stable. With the needs of the nation calling for the roles and services of family physicians, family medicine matched too few graduates through the 2006 NRMP to meet the nation’s needs for primary care physicians.
Editorial 2018 Best Paper Award

Each year the Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing recognizes the best paper published during the previous calendar year. This year 12 papers were nominated by our reviewers and members of our Editorial Board and Steering Committee. The paper entitled “Maximizing Output During Ramp by Integrating Capacity and Velocity” by Adar A. Kalir and Kosta Rozen of Intel Corporation (vol. 31, no. 3, August 2018) was recognized as the Best Paper of 2018. The authors examine the very important problem of managing starts into a wafer fab during the ramp-up of new capacity, and find that maintaining starts slightly below constraint capacity to reduce cycle times can actually increase total output over the ramp-up duration.
Postmodern Theatre in the United States (1950s–2010s)

This chapter maps American postmodernism, de-centering the modernist authority of the text and universal values toward audience collaboration with fragments and diverse truths. It considers various directions: politics, philosophies, puppetry-animation, clowning, and anthropologies. It investigates the Living and Open Theatres, rock musicals, Blau’s companies and theories, San Francisco Mime Troupe, Bread and Puppet, and Mabou Mines, plus Akalaitis, Taymor, and Irwin. It considers Schechner’s “environmental theatre” and anthropological “performance studies,” plus “post-dramatic” offshoots. It explores Kaprow’s happenings regarding later performance artists. It contemplates the disorienting spectacles of Foreman and Wilson—and other avant-garde artists. It considers Spolin’s “theatre games,” regional theatres, off-off-Broadway, and musical innovations. It also maps the major directors and playwrights of the last half-century, plus various ethnic, feminist, and queer theatre developments.
The Pope May Not Be Enough: How Emotions, Populist Beliefs, and Perceptions of an Elite Messenger Interact to Influence Responses to Climate Change Messaging

As a rise in anti-elite populist sentiment becomes an increasingly notable object of study in political realms, it is important to also consider how populism operates outside the electoral sphere. ...
Global Economic Factors and the Latin American Stock Markets

This study aimed to analyze the structural dependence between the stock markets of the Latin American countries – Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru and the global stock market return and vo...
A Comparison of One- and Four-Open-Chart Access: No Change in Computerized Provider Order Entry Error Rates.

Objective To assess changes in computerized provider order entry error rates among providers who with less than 24-hour notice were switched from four-chart access to one-chart-only access. Methods An interrupted time series analysis of emergency medicine providers, hospitalists, and maternal child health providers was performed with pairwise comparison of computerized provider order entry error rates within and between specialties. This retrospective snapshot consisted of four phases. Phase 1 was the baseline 2 weeks where providers were privileged to work with up to four charts open. Phase 2 was the 2-week period where providers were limited to one-chart access. Phase 3 was the 2-week period where providers were returned to four-chart access. And phase 4 was a 2-week period 3 months following the end of phase 3. Results Analysis of the overall and specialty-stratified cohorts revealed no statistically significant differences in median computerized provider order entry error rates across the four phases (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α = 0.05). However, statistically significant differences in median computerized provider order entry error rates were detected between the three specialties within each phase of the study (Kruskal–Wallis, p Conclusion Allowing providers in select specialties to have access to four charts simultaneously does not increase their computerized provider order entry error rates. Significant differences in error rates between specialties suggest the need for further study of the use of standardized order sets, charting, and workflow variations.
Involvement of glutamate and serotonin transmitter systems in male sex determination in Daphnia pulex

Environmental sex determination occurs in many organisms, however the means by which environmental stimuli are translated into endocrine messages remains poorly understood. The N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was evaluated as a candidate neural sensor of environmental signals linking environmental cues to endocrine responses using the crustacean Daphnia pulex. NMDAR agonists, modulators, and antagonists were evaluated for their ability to impact D. pulex male sex determination during early stages of reproductive maturity under conditions that simulated seasonal change. The antagonists MK-801 and desipramine significantly increased male sex determination. Both chemicals are also modulators of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, thus, we evaluated several modulators of monoamine neurotransmission in an effort to discern which signaling pathways might contribute to male sex determination. Compounds that altered serotonergic signaling also stimulated male sex determination. The involvement of the glutamate and monoamine signaling in male sex determination was supported by the increase in mRNA levels of related receptors and transporters under conditions that stimulate male sex determination. Further, mRNA levels of components of the terminal endocrine pathway responsible for male sex determination were also elevated under stimulatory conditions. Overall, we provide evidence that glutamatergic and serotonergic systems function upstream of the endocrine regulation of male sex determination in early life stage daphnids.
Shaping New Ideas: A Case Study on a Library Developed 3D Model Service for University Instruction.

3D printers represent a significant financial investment for academic libraries. The development of makerspaces and other library provided services centered around this technology is a testament to...
Deconstrucciones discursivas en Edipo entre los inkas de César Calvo

Edipo entre los inkas (Cesar Calvo, 2001) explora las relaciones entre las tradiciones occidentales y del oriente peruano. Calvo busca demostrar la insuficiencia de la epistemologia occidental para explicar la oriental. Este ensayo muestra como se relacionan los discursos tratados por Calvo. La obra es compleja, critica y polisemica en su estructura y tratamiento de la epistemologia occidental, aunque presenta la oriental desde una perspectiva con un significante unico e inamovible. Esto puede comprenderse como una limitacion, pero el esfuerzo general de la obra sirve para fomentar la necesidad de aceptar la diversidad y el respeto entre realidades diferentes.
Multi-Modal Profiling of Human Fetal Liver-Derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells Reveals the Molecular Signature of Engraftment Potential

SUMMARY The human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) harbors remarkable regenerative potential that can be harnessed therapeutically. During early development, HSCs in the fetal liver (FL) undergo active expansion while simultaneously retaining robust engraftment capacity, yet the underlying molecular program responsible for their efficient engraftment remains unclear. We profiled 26,407 FL cells at both transcriptional and protein levels including over 7,000 highly enriched and functional FL HSCs to establish a detailed molecular signature of engraftment potential. Integration of transcript and linked cell surface marker expression revealed a generalizable signature defining functional FL HSCs and allowed for the stratification of enrichment strategies with high translational potential. This comprehensive, multi-modal profiling of engraftment capacity connects a critical biological function at a key developmental timepoint with its underlying molecular drivers, serving as a useful resource for the field.
Dynamic covalent exchange in poly(thioether anhydrides)

Dynamic covalent exchange (DCE) of anhydride moieties is examined in both model compounds and network polymers. In addition, the polyanhydrides are shown to be capable of self-healing and recycling. Specifically, thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the exchange process in symmetric model compounds methacrylic anhydride and 4-pentenoic anhydride, which produce an asymmetric anhydride upon exchange, was undertaken using 13C NMR spectroscopy. The equilibrium constant (Keq) was determined to be approximately 2–3, and the activation energy (Ea) for the production of the asymmetric anhydride was 178 kJ mol−1. The rate of exchange was shown to be increased catalytically in the presence of carboxylic acid. Poly(thioether anhydrides) were made using 4-pentenoic anhydride and mixtures of dithiol (1,6-hexanedithiol) and tetrathiol (pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate)) via radical-mediated thiol–ene polymerizations, and network relaxation rates studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. The activation energy and stress relaxation times for various polymer compositions were correlated to crosslink density and polymer composition. It was determined that cross-link density of the polymer system does not significantly impact Ea; however, relaxation time (τ) nearly quadrupled from the least cross-linked system to the most cross-linked system. The network polymers exhibited self-healing and facile recycling behavior, which we attributed to the anhydride DCE process that occurs readily in these materials at elevated temperatures. Using the composition with the fastest relaxation, we observed complete visible recovery of damage (notch) within a 4 hours duration at 90 °C. Recycling under compression molding for 15 minutes using 76 MPa hydrostatic pressure at 90 °C was successful. Both healed and recycled samples were successful in recovering or surpassing their original mechanical properties.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect various organ systems. The version of this disorder, which occurs in childhood, is labeled as childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematous (cSLE).
Increased platelet-fibrinogen affinity in patients with myeloproliferative disorders [see comments]

Patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) are known to have some abnormalities of platelet glycoproteins (Gp). Quantitative changes of the Gp Ib, IIb-IIIa, and/or their glucidic content have been reported. Since the Gp IIb-IIIa complex plays a major role in fibrinogen binding by activated platelets, we measured the platelet fibrinogen affinity in nine patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and one subject with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by the aggregometric method of Marguerie. In all patients the Kd of the platelet fibrinogen reaction was significantly decreased as compared to controls, with evidence in two cases with PV of a heterogeneity of platelet-fibrinogen receptor sites. The measurement of 125I-labeled fibrinogen-platelet binding, performed in seven patients (five PV and two CML), showed receptor populations with increased (Kd1 = 0.58 + 0.3 X 10(7) mol/L) and normal affinity (Kd2 = 5.12 + 3.1 X 10(7) mol/L). These results demonstrate a heterogeneity of platelet-fibrinogen receptors in these patients and may explain the thrombotic diathesis of MPD subjects.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Light-Induced Degradation Paramagnetic Defect in Czochralski Silicon

We report on the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Cz and FZ Si in different stages of light-induced degradation. Firstly, we show that the paramagnetic signal at low temperature (10K) is dependent on the state of light-induced degradation performed at room temperature and on the sample doping. The light-degraded state in $p$ -CZ Si shows strong, sharp paramagnetic defect signatures compared to samples in the annealed state. When an excitation light is applied during the EPR measurement, additional structures appear in the spectra. In contrast, the wide EPR active signature related to boron interaction with lattice, is present in the annealed state but diminishes after light exposure. Finally, we show that the degraded paramagnetic signal returns when annealed samples are exposed to ambient light. We suggest that these changes in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra is related to the boron-oxygen defect that causes light-induced degradation.
Towards Insulin Monitoring: Infrequent Kalman Filter Estimates for Diabetes Management

Abstract We propose a Kalman filter-based observer utilizing noisy remote compartment insulin measurements to estimate plasma insulin concentration. The design considers plant-model mismatch, sensor noise, as well as both uniform sampling intervals, mimicking infrequent continuous measurements, and non-uniform sampling intervals, mimicking infrequent on-demand measurements. The performance of the observer is demonstrated on ten in-silico subjects from the UVA/Padova simulator using real-life scenarios, including variability in sensor noise and variability in insulin pharmacokinetics. The proposed observer provides insight into the future use of insulin measurements for diabetes management.
Low-Stakes Quizzes Improve Learning and Reduce Overconfidence in College Students

Retrieval practice is a straightforward and effective way to improve student learning, and its efficacy has been demonstrated repeatedly in the laboratory and in the classroom. In the current study, we implemented retrieval practice in the form of daily reviews in the classroom. Students (N = 47) in a cognitive psychology course completed a daily review at the beginning of each class. These consisted of 2-4 questions that encouraged students to practice retrieving material covered in lectures from the previous week. Then at the end of the semester, students took a comprehensive final exam consisting of content that was either on a daily review, a unit exam, both or neither. We replicated previous work such that retrieval practice improved memory. Specifically, we found that students performed significantly better on questions whose information had been covered on both a daily review and unit exam. However, student performance did not differ amongst items covered only on a daily review, a unit exam, or on neither. Additionally, we extended previous work and found that students were significantly less overconfident for information covered on both a daily review and unit exam. The current results indicate that retrieval practice helps college students remember material over the course of a semester and also improves their ability to evaluate their own knowledge of the material.
Developing dashboards for performance improvement in cytopathology.

Introduction Cytopathology has well-defined and objective quality metrics for monitoring the performance of cytopathologists (CPs) and cytotechnologists (CTs). We transformed these metrics into dashboards for real-time visualization and on-demand feedback. Methods Dashboards were constructed with data from the previous 10 calendar years using the software Tableau. The dashboards for CPs were designed to display 2 gynecologic metrics and 1 nongynecologic metric: the ASCUS:SIL ratio, the percentage of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive ASCUS interpretations (HPV+ ASCUS rate), and the proportion of AUS/FLUS thyroid interpretations. CT dashboards were designed to include these plus 2 others: the percentage of Papanicolaou tests referred for CP review and the percentage of Papanicolaou tests interpreted as unsatisfactory. Established professional benchmarks or standard deviations were used to set color-coded “goal,” “borderline,” and “attention” zones. Results Personal dashboards were successfully developed and implemented for CPs and CTs in the laboratory, with results that are automatically updated every week, requiring minimal curation. Each CP and CT has a unique link that allows them access to their results at any time. Color-coded displays show the individual their quality metrics over the past 10 years, with a snapshot of data from the past 3 months. The laboratory director has a unique link that allows the director access to results for each individual and the laboratory in aggregate. Conclusions Personalized dashboards enable individuals to access their performance metrics on demand and examine recent performance as well as patterns over time. This facilitates self-motivation to improve performance and adhere to professional benchmarks.
The River of Law and the Engagement Ring

This exercise takes students through a typical court system and helps students understand how the court system works and how the courts decide cases using the precedent. All of the cases are real cases but have been simplified. The term "River of Law" is one developed by the author and is used to try and convey the concept that law flows down from the supreme court into the lower courts.
Transformation by Murine Sarcoma Virus: Fixation (Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis) and Development

Transformation of rat embryo cells by murine sarcoma virus (MSV) was contingent upon synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during the first 12 hr of infection. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by thymidine (20 mm) or cytosine arabinoside (0.1 mm) resulted in the protection of cells from transformation by MSV. Transient suppression of DNA synthesis prior to infection or after a 12-hr delay had little effect on subsequent transformation, emphasizing the critical time period in in which DNA synthesis was necessary for intracellular fixation of the viral genome. These results are similar to those previously described for Rous sarcoma virus. Development of transformed cells after viral fixation was shown to be influenced by cellular density. Under conditions which allowed fixation of virus in confluent cellular monolayers, less than 20% of these cells developed into transformed foci.
Discovery of a Partner Affair and Major Depressive Episode in a Probability Sample of Married or Cohabiting Adults.

Prior research has found that humiliating marital events are associated with depression. Building on this research, the current study investigated the association between one specific humiliating marital event-discovering that one's partner had an affair-and past-year major depressive episode (MDE) in a probability sample of married or cohabiting men and women who were at high risk for depression based on the criterion that they scored below the midpoint on a measure of marital satisfaction (N = 227). Results indicate that (i) women were more likely than men to report discovering their partner had an affair in the prior 12 months; (ii) discovering a partner affair was associated with a higher prevalence of past-year MDE and a lower level of marital adjustment; and (iii) the association between discovering a partner affair and MDE remained statistically significant when holding constant demographic variables and marital adjustment. These results support continued investigation into the impact that finding out about an affair has on the mental health of the person discovering a partner affair.
Ulcerative keratitis associated with contact lens wear.

A review of 573 cases of ulcerative keratitis cultured at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 1977 through September 1982 showed that 118 cases (21%) were associated with contact lens wear; of these, 64 were culture-positive. of these culture-positive cases, 50 (78%) were caused by gram-negative bacteria, nine (14%) by gram-positive organisms, and two (3%) by fungal organisms. of the 264 culture-positive ulcers not associated with contact lens wear, 119 (45%) were caused by gram-negative bacteria, 74 (28%) by gram-positive organisms, and 63 (24%) by fungal organisms. These statistically significant differences suggested that the organisms associated with ulcerative keratitis within our geographic region are modified by contact lens use. Pseudomonas was the organism most frequently isolated from ulcers associated with contact lenses and was responsible for nearly two thirds of the culture-positive cases.
1/f noise and other slow, nonexponential kinetics in condensed matter.

Fluctuations in resistivity with an approximately $\frac{1}{f}$ spectrum are found in most conducting materials. Some of the detailed mechanisms, which turn out to be quite diverse, are explored in this review. Several new techniques are explained. Various theories are critically examined. Some connections with other widespread phenomena, such as highly nonexponential dielectric relaxations, are briefly investigated.
Cerebral blood flow volume measurements with ultrasound: Interobserver reproducibility in preterm and term neonates

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) volume can be measured quantitatively by colour duplex sonography. To test the reliability of CBF volume measurements in newborns, two "blinded" examiners performed a prospective test-retest study in 32 neonates (postmenstrual age 32 to 42 weeks). Measurements were done in the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Intravascular flow volumes (FV) were calculated as the product of angle-corrected time-averaged flow velocity and the cross-sectional area of the vessel. The CBF volumes measured by the two examiners were very close (mean +/- SD, 62.6 +/- 20.6 vs. 62.1 +/- 21.2 mL/min, NS; coefficient of variation, 6.3%; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.98). The 95% limits of agreement, according to Bland and Altman, ranged from -7.3 to +8.4 mL/min. In comparison with other test-retest studies, the reproducibility of quantitative CBF measurements reported here is among the best ever found. We conclude that CBF volume can be measured reliably even in preterm neonates.
Quantification of Inlet Impedance Concept and a Study of the Rayleigh Formula for Noise Radiation from Ducted Fan Engines

This paper addresses two aspects of duct propagation and radiation which can contribute to more efficient fan noise predictions. First, we assess the effectiveness of Rayleigh's formula as a ducted fan noise prediction tool. This classical result which predicts the sound produced by a piston in a flanged duct is expanded to include the uniform axial inflow case. Radiation patterns using Rayleigh's formula with single radial mode input are compared to those obtained from the more precise ducted fan noise prediction code TBIEM3D. Agreement between the two methods is excellent in the peak noise regions both forward and aft. Next, we use TBIEM3D to calculate generalized radiation impedances and power transmission coefficients. These quantities are computed for a wide range of operating parameters. Results were obtained for higher Mach numbers, frequencies, and circumferential mode orders than have been previously published. Viewed as functions of frequency, calculated trends in lower order inlet impedances and power transmission coefficients are in agreement with known results. The relationships are more oscillatory for higher order modes and higher Mach numbers.
A LONG-LIFETIME RU(II) METAL-LIGAND COMPLEX AS A MEMBRANE PROBE

Abstract A luminescent metal–ligand complex, [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ , (where dppz is dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c] phenazine), was used as a photoluminescence probe for investigating submicrosecond lipid dynamics in a dipalmitoyl- l - α -phosphotidylglycerol (DPPG) model bilayer system. The luminescence of [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ in buffer is completely quenched but becomes luminescent when intercalated into DPPG vesicles. The experimental results show that the emission intensity of [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ intercalated into DPPG vesicles increases dramatically as temperature is increased towards the lipid phase transition temperature. This effect is abolished in bilayers containing a high concentration (>30 mol%) of cholesterol, suggesting this probe is sensitive to the membrane composition. Frequency-domain emission intensity decays, measured as a function of increasing temperature towards the lipid phase transition temperature (2 to 57°C), display two major lifetime components. The short lifetime disappears at temperatures well above the phase transition temperature. A comparison of oxygen quenching with iodide quenching suggests the heterogeneity of probe location at temperatures well below the lipid phase transition temperature and the homogeneity of probe location at temperatures well above the lipid phase transition temperature. [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ displays polarized emission, enabling the study of membrane dynamics. The long decay time displayed by this probe allows measurement of the overall rotational correlation time of lipid vesicles on the microsecond time-scale. Because of the long lifetime, polarized emission, and background free nature of the photoluminescence measurements, [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ has numerous applications in the biophysical studies of membranes.
The search for new materials

Abstract I am delighted to be here, alive and participating in this symposium. I am very grateful to Paul Chu, Mac Beasley, Massimo Marezio and the organizing committee for conceiving of a symposium that provides opportunities to dwell on high risk, lively, and sometimes rewarding adventures that follow from searching for new materials. I thank the previous speakers tonight for giving such nice examples of the diverse and challenging new science that can emerge. The title of the symposium in the context used here should be taken as a shorthand way of meaning searching for new, likely unexpected properties in the materials that may or may not have newly synthesized. This definition captures the essence of the endeavor.
Microwave rotational spectrum of the NF2 free radical

Abstract Microwave rotational absorption lines of the NF2 free radical have been observed with a highly sensitive K-band cavity spectrometer. The observed hyperfine splitting of these lines is consistent with a J type coupling scheme for the four different angular momenta involved in the NF2 radical.
Exploitable patterns in retirement annuity returns: evidence from TIAA/CREF

Abstract Evidence suggests that predictabilities in asset class returns exist but transactions costs prevent exploiting them using individual securities. Extant research also shows that these relationships may by exploitable through the trading of mutual funds but fails to examine whether this relationship exists within an individual fund family. This paper finds that TIAA/CREF retirement annuities exhibit predictable elements that could be exploited by informed traders. The proposed trading strategy dominates a buy-and-hold strategy by producing higher raw and risk-adjusted returns. Additionally, the risk is greatly reduced.
WHY SHOULD I TALK TO MY BABY? A REVIEW OF MEANINGFUL DIFFERENCES IN THE EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE OF YOUNG AMERICAN CHILDREN BY HART AND RISLEY

Like lava from a semidormant volcano, periodically the nature‐nurture argument spews forth. Recognizing the power of genes, behavior analysts nevertheless continue their search for the ways in which environmental variables lawfully influence behavior. We have shown how such events affect the rates and patterns with which pigeons peck a disk or depress a foot pedal, and humans lie, cry, destroy, create, solve problems, hit, and embrace. So, when it comes to children’s evolving cognitive behavior, it is natural for us to try to identify the kinds of variables that can
Activated ras signaling pathways and reovirus oncolysis: an update on the mechanism of preferential reovirus replication in cancer cells.

The development of wild-type, unmodified Type 3 Dearing (T3D) strain reovirus as an anticancer agent has currently expanded to 32 clinical trials (both completed and ongoing) involving reovirus in the treatment of cancer. It has been more than 30 years since the potential of reovirus as an anticancer agent was first identified in studies that demonstrated the preferential replication of reovirus in transformed cell lines but not in normal cells. Later investigations have revealed the involvement of activated Ras signaling pathways (both upstream and downstream) and key steps of the reovirus infectious cycle in promoting preferential replication in cancer cells with reovirus-induced cancer cell death occurring through necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways. There is increasing evidence that reovirus-induced antitumor immunity involving both innate and adaptive responses also contributes to therapeutic efficacy though this discussion is beyond the scope of this article. Here we review our current understanding of the mechanism of oncolysis contributing to the broad anticancer activity of reovirus. Further understanding of reovirus oncolysis is critical in enhancing the clinical development and efficacy of reovirus.
Charge-vortex binding, fractional quantum-Hall effect and anyon superconductivity

I review the concept of statistics transmutation in two dimensions and apply it to the understanding of Fractional quantum-Hall effect and anyon superconductivity. The relevance of the anyon model to copper-oxide superconductors is also discussed.
Defining and characterising treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Summary This paper argues for a broader definition of treatment refractoriness that would include patients with partial drug responses, a relatively recent onset, less dramatic symptoms and intolerance to conventional drugs. The drug trials that define their responsiveness should be carefully conducted over a prolonged period of time, but need not include high doses or supplemental medications. If the consensus conference can agree on a definition of responsiveness, it will provide important guidance to clinicians as well as researchers.
Interaction of hydrocortisone, the sulphydryl group, and the catechol amines.

HYDROCORTISONE potentiates the physiological effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine1. The mechanism of this action remains obscure. Recently, reaction of oxidation products of the catechol amines with the sulphydryl group has been demonstrated in vitro 2,3. Further in vitro studies suggest that the physiological interrelationship between hydrocortisone and the catechol amines may involve the sulphydryl group.
Spintronics device concepts

Spin-dependent phenomena in semiconductors may lead to devices with new or enhanced functionality, such as polarised solid-state light sources (spin light-emitting diodes), novel microprocessors and sensitive biological and chemical sensors. The realisation of robust semiconductor spin-device technology requires the ability to control the injection, transport and detection of polarised carriers, and to manipulate their density by a field gating. The absence of Si-based or room-temperature dilute magnetic semiconductors has subdued the initial excitement over semiconductor spintronics, but recent reports demonstrate that progress is far from dormant. The authors give examples of a number of different spin-device concepts for polarised light emission, spin field-effect transistors) and nanowire sensors. It is important to re-examine some of the earlier concepts for spintronics devices, such as the spin field-effect transistor, to account for the presence of the strong magnetic field which has deleterious effects. In some of these cases, the spin device appears to have no advantage relative to the conventional charge-control electronic analogue. There have been demonstrations of device-type operation in structures based on GaMnAs and InMnAs at low temperatures. The most promising materials for room-temperature polarised light emission are thought to be GaN and ZnO, but results to date on realising such devices have been disappointing. The short spin-relaxation time observed in GaN/InGaN heterostructures probably results from the Rashba effect. Possible solutions involve either cubic phase nitrides or the use of additional stressor layers to create a larger spin-splitting, to get polarised light emission from these structures, or to look at alternative semiconductors and fresh device approaches.
Response to Hofstede's Observations on the “Preliminary Development of the Intercultural Tolerance Scale”

Hofstede (3) provided "some critical observations" of our recent work (5), opiniig chat "the proposed test misses inputs from other cultures, it barely shows proof of valilty and, the paper cites sources which the authors evidently did not read" (p. 405). The authors appreciate Hofstede's review of our work. First, concerning the assertion that the inventory "misses inputs from other cultures," it should be noted that this is a first version of the Intercultural Tolerance Scale, as a measure of intercultural tolerance of Americans. We made no claims to the contrary. We recognize that some individuals from other cultures might question the wording of some items. We carefully debated so-called "political correctness" issues and concluded that the most effective way to identify certain cultural characteristics was to name them. Our efforts were aimed at developing an inventory useful for purposes of that study. Clearly, the scale would have to be adjusted if administered in other than an American environment. Hofstede raised "the fundamental question" about "whether intercultural tolerance in culture A can be assessed by an instrument designed w i h culture A," He asked "shouldn't a true Intercultucal Tolerance Scale be designed interculturally?" We agree that die eventual development of a scale applicable world-wide would best incorporate input from many cultures. The more culrurally diverse a research team, the greater the probability of an improved version of a world-wide scale. This preliminary version reflected the authors living, working, and traveling extensively in a variety of other cultures. Hofstede's criticism regarding validity goes well beyond claims made by the authors for a preliminary assessment as "encouraging." As suggested (1, 71, validation is a never -enbg process. The need for a lengthy and complex analysis is especially true of construct validity which ulchately is the most important form of validity to address. Kerhger (4) also attributed a great deal of researchers' judgement to both design of a scale and assessment of validity. Content validity concerns adequate sampling from all aspects of the concept of interest (1, 4, 7). We addressed content by using eight cultural themes (language, immigration, food and clothing, religion, patriotism or nationalism, economics, values, and social customs), chosen
Sulfur Mustard Induces Markers of Terminal Differentiation and Apoptosis in Keratinocytes Via a Ca2+-Calmodulin and Caspase-Dependent Pathway

Sulfur mustard (SM) induces vesication via poorly understood pathways. The blisters that are formed result primarily from the detachment of the epidermis from the dermis at the level of the basement membrane. In addition, there is toxicity to the basal cells, although no careful study has been performed to determine the precise mode of cell death biochemically. We describe here two potential mechanisms by which SM causes basal cell death and detachment: namely, induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. In the presence of 100 μM SM, terminal differentiation was rapidly induced in primary human keratinocytes that included the expression of the differentiation-specific markers K1 and K10 and the cross-linking of the cornified envelope precursor protein involucrin. The expression of the attachment protein, fibronectin, was also reduced in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Features common to both differentiation and apoptosis were also induced in 100 μM SM, including the rapid induction of p53 and the reduction of Bcl-2. At higher concentrations of SM (i.e., 300 μM), formation of the characteristic nucleosome-sized DNA ladders, TUNEL-positive staining of cells, activation of the cysteine protease caspase-3/apopain, and cleavage of the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, were observed both in vivo and in vitro. Both the differentiation and the apoptotic processes appeared to be calmodulin dependent, because the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 blocked the expression of the differentiation-specific markers, as well as the apoptotic response, in a concentration-dependent fashion. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA-AM, blocked the differentiation response and attenuated the apoptotic response. These results suggest a strategy for designing inhibitors of SM vesication via the Ca2+-calmodulin or caspase-3/PARP pathway.
Pearls and Pitfalls in the Management of the Chronic Multiple Ligament-Injured Knee

This article focuses on the clinical presentation, examination, evaluation, and management of the patient who presents with a multiple ligament knee injury (multiple-ligament injured knee [MLIK]) in the chronic setting. The intent is to focus on the patient who presents in the office setting with a complaint of knee instability and pain, dysfunction after having sustained a knee dislocation, or multiple ligament injury. These patients may have been managed with conservative care to allow neurovascular injuries to heal or may present with partial extra-articular ligament repair as an initial form of treatment. This article also addresses the patient who has sustained an MLIK injury and reconstruction but presents with recurrent instability and failure. The primary purpose of this article was to highlight the pearls and pitfalls as they relate to the physical examination, the crucial role of proper imaging (plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging), the technical aspects of successful reconstruction, the role adjunctive extra-articular knee ligament surgery, osteotomy, and the importance of surgical judgment. It was the intent of this article to present a framework and emphasize key points to improve management of this difficult problem.