cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis of two morphologies of Nostoc parmelioides (Cyanobacteria) as related to current velocities and diffusion patterns

Colonies of the stream-inhabiting cyanobacterium Nostoc parmelioides Kutzing often contain a single endosymbiotic dipteran larva Cricotopus nostocicola (Wirth), which induces a morphological change from small, spherical colonies to larger, ear-shaped colonies. At a current velocity of 0 cm · s−1, whole colonies containing the midge showed overall rates of 14CO2 uptake and nitrogenase activity that were higher than those when the midge was absent (sphere-shaped colonies). Spherical colonies incubated at current velocities of 5-10 cm · s−1did not show higher rates of 14CO2 or 15N2 incorporation than those with the larvae (ear-shaped colonies). Ear-shaped colonies extended well into regions of higher current velocity, whereas spherical colonies did not. Photosynthesis of ear-shaped colonies was stimulated by increased current velocity, increased inorganic C and decreased O2 concentrations. Moreover, levels of O2 at the surface of midge-inhabited colonies decreased with increased current velocity. The morphological change induced by the larva is detrimental (lowers photosynthesis and N2 fixation) in quiescent water but not at current velocities above 10 cm · s−1. This is probably a result of higher diffusion of O2 and CO2 associated with the midge-induced morphology.
Comparison between interferometric migration and reduced-time migration of common-depth-point data

One of the difficulties in seeing beneath salt is that the migration velocity in the salt and above it is not well known. This can lead to defocusing of migration images beneath the salt. In this paper, we show that reduced-time migration (RTM) and interferometric migration (IM) can partly mitigate this problem. RTM time-shifts the traces with the time difference between the calculated arrival time τ sg ref and the natural arrival time τ sg ref of a reference reflection, where s and g denote the source and receiver locations on the surface, respectively. We use the terms natural and calculated to represent, respectively, the arrival times that are velocity-independent (traveltimes directly extracted from the data without knowledge of the velocity model) and velocity-dependent (traveltimes calculated by ray tracing through a given velocity model). The benefit of RTM is a significant reduction of defocusing errors caused by errors in the migration velocity. IM, on the other hand, requires extrapolation of ...
Two distinct regulatory steps in cartilage differentiation

Abstract The effect of developmental stage on chondrogenic capacity in high-density cell cultures of chick embryonic wing bud mesenchyme is examined. Mesenchyme from stage 19 embryos forms aggregates of closely associated cells which do not form cartilage matrix, nor contain significant levels of type II collagen that are detectable by immunofluorescence, unless they are treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Mesenchyme from stage 24 embryonic wing buds in high-density cell cultures will spontaneously form cartilage, as defined by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence with antibody to type II collagen. Cultures prepared from stage 26 wings form numerous aggregates which fail to accumulate an Alcian blue-staining matrix and which resemble mesenchyme cells morphologically. However, because these cells show considerable intracellular immunofluorescence for type II collagen, they are actually unexpressed cartilage cells. Several treatments, including exposure to dibutyryl cyclic AMP, ascorbic acid and an atmosphere of 5% oxygen, or mixture with small numbers of stage 24 wing mesenchyme cells, stimulate expression, as determined by the accumulation of an Alcian blue-staining matrix and an ultrastructurally recognizable cartilage matrix. Since the addition of similar numbers of differentiated cartilage cells does not stimulate expression of stage 26 cells, it is proposed that initial cartilage expression is dependent on a mesenchyme-specific influence which might be removed by cell dissociation. These studies demonstrate that there are at least two distinct transitions in cartilage differentiation: one involves the conversion of mesenchyme to unexpressed chondrocytes and the second involves mesenchyme-dependent expression of chondrogenic differentiation.
Structure of the Dermal Matrix during Development and in the Adult

To describe a normal adult dermis is a seemingly simple task considering the diverse microscopic methods available for examination of the tissue, staining procedures to delineate the fibrous and cellular components, and immunolabeling techniques to identify precisely the various fibrous elements. Yet it is not simple because the range of normal in any of the dermal components has never been surveyed. There are well recognized age-related changes in the dermis; the tissue can be modified by environmental insults (e.g., actinic damage) and alterations can occur in tissue of individuals with inherited disorders of connective tissue metabolism, other metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes) and in those receiving topically applied or systemic medication. From our own experience there is also marked individual variability (at any age) in the connective tissue architecture and its fibrous components. Thus, we are describing the structure of a normal dermis without demonstrating the range of normal in any one of its elements. Reference will occasionally be made to abnormal conditions of the matix since through these deviations it is possible to understand more about the normal. Structural and biochemical properties of the dermal connective tissue in human embryos and fetuses have been described in a number of studies, but in only a few instances was the goal of the research focused on this problem; instead, fetal tissue was used for comparative purposes in aging studies, or a certain characteristic of the fetal dermis was pointed out along with the description of another structure (e.g., hair follicle). In the few instances where a sequential study was carried out on one matrix component during development, an animal (pig, chick) was selected for the work.
Navigating the U.S. Food Additive Regulatory Program

Abstract: The Food Additives Amendment of 1958 is the foundation for the U.S. food additive regulatory program, which oversees most substances added to food. This article is a comprehensive review of the program, including original analysis of pre- and postmarket safety standards for various categories and subcategories of substances and their uses; assigning the more than 10000 substances currently allowed in human food to those categories; and analyzing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) review of more than 1900 petitions and notifications received from 1990 to 2010. Overall, federal agencies made approximately 40% of the 6000 safety decisions allowing substances in human food. These decisions allowed an estimated 66% of the substances currently believed to be used in food. Manufacturers and a trade association made the remaining decisions without FDA review by concluding that the substances were generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Robust premarket safety decisions are critical since FDA has limited resources to monitor potentially significant scientific developments and changing uses of a substance after it enters commerce and only has access to published data or data submitted to it. In the late 1990s, FDA moved from promulgating rules for its decisions for food contact and GRAS substances to reviewing manufacturer safety decisions and posting the results of the review on the agency's website. This shift appears to have encouraged manufacturers to submit their decisions to FDA for review but has limited public opportunity to provide input.
A Review and Correction of the Errors in Loftus and Guyer on Jane Doe

There are so many errors among those facts that can be checked in the Loftus and Guyer articles under review that they cast doubt on the accuracy of the alleged facts in these articles that cannot be easily checked. Loftus’s and Guyer’s two articles, published in a newsstand magazine instead of a peer-reviewed journal, show a pattern of inaccuracy that casts doubt on their claims to have conducted a skeptical, objective inquiry. Some, but not all of these errors, were corrected in a 2009 article Geis and Loftus published in a peer-reviewed journal, although Loftus does not acknowledge in that article her earlier inaccuracies. This article corrects the record about the conclusions drawn in the Corwin and Olafson article published in 1997 and clarifies the history about Corwin’s involvement in the Taus case.
Control and monitoring of the DØ detector

Abstract The DO experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider is currently studying proton-antiproton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 1.8 TeV. The data-acquisition system for the experiment was designed with two independent pathways for communication between the front-end computers, which interface with the detector electronics, and the host-level computers, where the event data is logged and where the experiment is monitored and controlled. The event data path employs multiple, high-bandwidth, unidirectional busses while the control path, which uses standard local area network components, handles all control, configuration setting, alarm, and monitoring communications. This paper discusses the software components associated with the control communication path, with emphasis upon the design philosophy, user interface, database, and networking issues.
Synthesis of Cp(CO)CoPt(PPh3)2(μ-CH2) and Cp2Co2Pt(PPh3)2(μ-CO)2 from the reaction of Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4) with [CPCo(CO)]2(μ-CH2)

Abstract Addition of Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 4 ) to [CpCo(CO] 2 (μ-CH 2 ) yields the bimetallic μ-methylene complex Cp(CO)CoPt(PPh 3 ) 2 (μ-CH 2 ) ( 3 ) along with the trimetallic cluster Cp 2 Co 2 Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 (μ-CO) 2 ( 4 ). Both complexes have been structurally characterized: 3 , P 2 1 / n , a 12.240(6) A, b 17.395(8) A, c 17.887(9) A, β 97.36(3)°, V 3777(2) A 3 , Z = 4, R f 4.8%, R wf 4.9% for 3352 reflections with F 0 , ≥ 3σ( F 0 ); 4 , P 1, a 11.511(3) A, b 12.775(3) A, c 16.526(4) A, α 70.46(3)°, β 89.59(3)°, γ 64.18(2)°, V 2034.1(8) A 3 , Z = 2, R f 5.88%, R wf 6.67% for 5865 reflections with F 0 ≥ 3σ( F 0 ). The CoPt bond in 3 is bridged by the μ-CH 2 ligand with the Co further ligated by Cp and CO ligands and the Pt has two PPh 3 ligands. Cluster 4 has a closed PtCo 2 triangular structure with two semi-triply bridging CO ligands above and below the metal plane which interact with Pt less than with the two Co atoms. The Co atoms are each ligated by a Cp ligand and the Pt by two PPh 3 ligands. Since complexes 3 , and 4 are all isolobal with Pt(PPh 3 ) 2 (CH 2 CH 2 ), the reactions reported herein simply represent the interchange of one isolobal fragment with another.
Averting Excavation Disaster

An instrument named the Buried Utilities Detection System (BUDS), developed by the Construction Automation and Robotics Laboratory (CARL) of North Carolina State University (NCSU), is able to locate utilities in the field at excavation sites, helping to prevent accidents to improperly marked or identified utility lines. The BUDS technology has other potential applications, including the detection of unexploded ordinance.
Epidemiology of Accidental Needle-Puncture Wounds in Hospital Workers

All employees, including physicians, of a 450 bed hospital were monitored for puncture wounds from contaminated needles over a four-year period. Five hundred seventy-nine incidents were reported. Nurses were involved in 66% of instances, housekeeping 16%, laboratory workers 10%, physicians 4% and x-ray technicians 4%. Many puncture wounds were avoidable, suggesting the need for ongoing employee education. In 67% of the injuries blood from the patient in whom the needle had been used was tested for HBsAg; 1% of those tested were positive. In such instances, employees were given immune globulin. These data indicate that needle puncture wounds are a frequent problem for hospital workers, and carry a risk for transmitting hepatitis B. Efforts to prevent such injuries are needed.
Aqueous acrylamide gel duplicating material.

Abstract An aqueous acrylamide gel duplicating material has been developed by modification of a commercially available acrylamide material. A synthetic calcium silicate was added for purposes of lowering the per cent strain from 35 to 24 per cent. A potassium alignate was added for the purpose of preventing sticking between the acrylamide gel and the master cast or refractory cast. The physical properties of the material in comparison with other commercial duplicating materials are not so different that this material should not be used as a substitute for agar hydrocolloids. It can be used with gypsum, phosphate, and silicate types of refractory cast materials by using appropriate mold washes. In addition, it is a duplicating material that allows a mold to be made of a master cast within 15 minutes after mixing. Therefore, the entire duplicating procedure can be accomplished in approximately one hour, depending on the type of refractory investment being used.
Generalization gradients following training on a symbolic matching-to-sample task

The major finding in the present experiment was that line orientation controlled pigeons’ responding after training on a one-key symbolic matching-to-sample task. When the vertical line appeared as the sample, testing along the line dimension produced incremental and decremental generalization gradients, depending on the color of the comparison. Conversely, when the vertical line served as the comparison, incremental and decremental gradients also emerged, but here the type of gradient depended on the color of the sample. Thus, both the color of the sample (comparison) and line orientation exerted control of behavior.
Pulse-doped AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic MODFETs

MODFETs have been fabricated using heterojunctions consisting of AlGaAs and pseudomorphic InGaAs, grown on GaAs substrates. The large conduction band discontinuity (about 0.46 eV for 25% In and Al concentration) leads to a 2-D electron density as high as 2.3*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/, with electron mobilities of 7000 and 16000 cm/sup 2//V-s at 300 and 77 K, respectively. Such a high electron density in combination with reasonable transport properties leads to MODFETs with exceptional characteristics. Devices with 0.15-0.25- mu m gate length have room-temperature drain currents as high as 600 mA/mm and room-temperature transconductance as high as 500 mS/mm. The f/sub T/ is as high as 98 GHz, as determined by 20-dB/decade extrapolation of microwave data taken to 25 GHz. A comparison of the effect of bias on the total delay through standard and pseudomorphic MODFETs suggests that the excellent microwave performance exhibited by the pseudomorphic device arises from a reduction in parasitic and drain delays and not from a higher electron velocity under the gate. >
Inactivation and mutagenesis by phototoxins usingEscherichia coli strains differing in sensitivity to near- and far-ultraviolet light.

FourEscherichia coli strains carrying all the possible combinations of genes controlling sensitivity to near-UV (NUV;nur versusnur +) and far-UV (FUV;uvrA6 versusuvrA +) were inactivated with broad-spectrum NUV together with specific phototoxins. The inactivation kinetics of the four strains are consistent with the previous reports that psoralen and angelicin inactivation is based on the formation of DNA adducts, while xanthotoxin (8-MOP) inactivation is based on the combined effects of DNA adduct formation and oxygen-dependent photodynamic action. At sufficiently high NUV fluences, xanthotoxol (8-HOP) induces lethal DNA lesions in an excision-deficient (uvrA6) strain. Inactivation by alpha-terthienyl plus NUV involves strictly membrane damage since the genes controlling the sensitivity to either NUV or FUV have no effect on inactivation kinetics. Using mutation to histidine independence (his-4 +) in the presence of NUV as a measure of mutagenicity by phototoxins, psoralen and xanthotoxin are mutagenic, angelicin is less mutagenic, and xanthotoxol and alpha-terthienyl are not mutagenic. None of the phototoxins tested in the presence of NUV were as mutagenic as FUV. Imperatorin and berberine were neither phototoxic nor mutagenic in this assay system. This assay thus provides a rapid qualitative screening procedure to identify the mode of action and mutagenicity of plant phototoxins with potential insecticidal properties.
Men’s and Women’s Eldercare-Based Work-Family Conflict: Antecedents and Work-Related Outcomes

Role theory was used to develop a model examining the antecedents and work-related outcomes of eldercare-based workfamily conflict. This model was then tested with a path analysis framework. Proposed antecedents to Family Interference with Work (FIW) include time spent providing eldercare, marital status, and gender. Proposed antecedents to Work Interference with Family (WIF) include gender, hours worked, flexible work arrangements, family-related supervisor support, and supportive workplace culture. The work-related outcomes explored were partial absence and intention to seek new employment. For this combined model, nine hypotheses were advanced, and four were supported. Next, the model was tested separately for men and women to begin to address the understudied question of how men’s responsibilities as sons relate to their work-family conflict. For example, separate model findings suggest that supervisor support is unrelated to WIF, for men, and that work-family conflict is related to partial absence for men but to intention to seek new employment for women.
Use of dexmedetomidine in patients with trisomy 21 after cardiac surgery.

Children with trisomy 21 have a high incidence of congenital heart disease that frequently requires surgical repair. These patients often require multiple and higher dosage sedatives during the postoperative period. Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. We report the successful use of dexmedetomidine in patients with trisomy 21 following surgical repair of congenital heart disease.
Subthreshold central neural respiratory activity and afterdischarge

Abstract The phrenic nerve response to identical carotid sinus nerve (CSN) sitmulations was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and vagotomized cats during apnea induced by hypocapnia. Apnea could be terminated and rhythmic activity reestablished by CSN stimulation. Magnitudes and latencies of the phrenic response were used as indices of the level of subthreshold resporatory neural activity before stimulation. Increasing hypocapnia progressively reduced the apparent magnitude of the response to a constant CSN stimulus and increased the latency. When the chemical stimulus (P CO 2 ) was held constant at levels subthreshold for rhythmic respiration, it was found that: (1) physical calf muscle stimulation shortened the latency, (2) restimulation of the CSN led to greater magnitudes of response and shorter latencies as the after a prior stimulation became shorter. The findings support a conclusion that even in the absence of rhythmic respiration there exists a subthreshold respiratory drive which is graded by the level of P CO 2 and which is affected by neural input from limb muscles and by the mechanism that causes respiratory afterdischarge.
Ecology of dermatophyte infections in South Bronx, New York, 1969 to 1981

This survey describes the ecology of superficial dermatophyte infections in South Bronx, New York from 1969 to 1981. The predominant species were Trichophyton rubrum (Castellani) Sabouraud, 1911 (57.5%), followed by Trichophyton tonsurans Malmsten, 1845 (18.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard, 1986 (11.5%), Microsporum canis Bodin var. canis Matsumoto, Padhye, and Ajello, 1902 (5%), Epidermophylon floccosum (Harz) Langeron and Milochevitch, 1930 (3.9%), and M. audouinii Gruby , 1843 (2.8%).
A self-programmable in vitro fertilization/gamete intrafallopian transfer patient database management system for MacIntosh computers.

Our purpose was to develop a data processing system for a large in Vitro Fertilization/Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (IVF/GIFT) practice which would (1) require minimal data entry time, (2) be easy to operate, (3) be simple to construct (no knowledge of procedural language or programming necessary), and (4) quickly collate and reduce data.
Alan Turing and Bletchley Park

This month marks the 100th anniversary of Alan Turing's birth. His ground-breaking work in the 1940s continues to have an impact on computer science as we know it. The first featured Web extra at http://youtu.be/5nK_ft0Lf1s is a video interview with Paul Kellar, Kevin Murrell, and Joel Greenberg of the National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park celebrating the 100th anniversary of Alan Turing's birth. The second featured Web extra at http://youtu.be/SrmGejzDvTA is an audio recording of the Computing Conversations column, with author Charles Severance discussing the 100th anniversary of Alan Turing's birth.
A 3D flow-aligning algorithm for convection-diffusion problems

Abstract This paper presents a 3D mesh-aligning algorithm for convection-dominated convection-diffusion problems. The main difference between this algorithm and the 2D edge-swapping algorithms is that instead of swapping faces it splits the adjacent tetrahedra to obtain a more flow-aligned mesh, and thereby, increase solution accuracy without increasing the number of meshpoints.
Flow-mediated effects on abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a common and lethal disease of the elderly. ‘Atherosclerotic’ aneurysms occur far more frequently in the caudal or infrarenal segment, a localization influenced at least in part by site-specific hemodynamic conditions. Alterations in aortic flow and wall shear stress modify AAA disease progression in small animal models and may explain increased prevalence in certain at-risk patient populations. If a specific hemodynamic risk profile can be established, anti-aneurysmal lower extremity exercise protocols or the development of molecular interventions that mimic the benefits induced by exercise may prove effective in reducing progression of small AAAs or limiting continued remodeling or expansion following endovascular exclusion.
Successful pregnancy in a separated conjoined twin

A case of successful pregnancy in a separated conjoined twin is described. The patient underwent cesarean delivery because of the reconstructed pelvis and extensive perineal reconstruction, which resulted in dense fibrosis. Surgical records and communication with the patient's pediatric surgeons were helpful in planning for delivery.
Differential Incorporation of Dietary Fatty Acids from Flax and Fish Oils into Lipid Classes of White Bass Ova

Abstract The extent to which flax oil can replace fish oil in diets fed to female broodstock of white bass Morone chrysops was determined by evaluating growth performance and the fatty acid (FA) profile of ovum lipid classes. Four experimental diets containing increasing levels of flax oil as 0, 33, 67, and 100% replacement of menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) fish oil were fed to female white bass for 30 weeks prior to spawning. Overall, growth and survival were unaffected when flax oil replaced fish oil in the diets. However, ovum FA composition did differ by lipid class and according to dietary intake. The FA profile of the neutral lipid classes largely resembled dietary intake, resulting in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs; FAs with ≥20 carbons and ≥3 double bonds) as the most predominant FAs found within ova produced by 100% fish-oil-fed broodstock, while MUFAs and 18-carbon PUFAs dominated the ovum neutral lipid in females from the 100% flax oil treatment. Although t...
Scientific Information, Elite Attitudes, and the Public Debate Over Food Safety

Why do consumers often react with alarm to food technologies (such as irradiation, genetic engineering, artificial hormones, and chemical pesticides) that scientists regard as essentially safe? We examine the attitudes toward food safety of three types of elites who serve as providers of scientific information regarding food safety to the United States public. Previous research suggests that journalists are likely to exaggerate risks associated with emerging food technologies, while minimizing risks associated with natural pathogens. This bias is hypothesized to be political in origin. By and large, our sample of newspaper editors was only slightly more concerned than were United States government policymakers and a sample of scientists. The expected pattern of alarm occurs clearly only in the case of irradiation. In addition, modest correlations of ideology to safety assessments were found for all three types of elites.
Electrical Engineering Education Today

Education in electrical engineering has changed greatly since World War II and continues to change. There is greater orientation towards science and much more emphasis on graduate work, while student interest in electrical power as a field of specialization has virtually disappeared. Student participation in research conducted at a highly sophisticated level has become a major element in the training at the Ph. D. level, and the Ph. D. degree has come to symbolize the electrical engineer with superior technical training. Faculty members in electrical engineering departments have available rewarding and stimulating opportunities such as never before existed. Generous research support is available, there are numerous opportunities for consulting, and the services of professors are in demand for government advisory committees, membership on boards of directors, etc. Educational institutions with strong graduate programs in electrical engineering are becoming centers for the development of growth industries. They are therefore important economic influences in the industrial world. In summary, our universities today are turning out young electrical engineers far better equipped to meet the new challenges that are ahead of them than they did in the period before World War II. Concurrently the importance in today's world of the electrical engineering departments and faculties of our better schools is high, and is growing steadily.
Stochastic modeling of length of day and universal time

We propose a general stochastic model for the UT1/LOD system and derive the corresponding Kalman filter model. This stochastic model consists of an arbitrary sum of continous time autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes, each chosen to characterize a different frequency band. The transition matrix which corresponds to the overall system and the time-dependent process noise covariance matrix are derived. Based on the general formulation, several models for UT1 were derived from spectral analysis of the Space 92 UT1 series (Gross,1993). Using Space 92 as the reference series, the candidate models were compared based on their ability to predict UT1 and LOD up to 30 days in the absence of data. These candidate models were compared with the JPL operational Kalman Earth Orientation Filter (KEOF) which assumes a random walk model for LOD (Morabito et al.,1987). The results of the comparison revealed that autoregressive modeling the 40–50 day oscillation in the LOD reduces the LOD prediction error by 10prediction.
The Determinants of Public Employee Union Growth

This article identifies and analyzes, by major occupational category, growth trends in local public employee unionization in the United States. Generally, growth of public sector unions has diminished since the early 1970s, and the importance of selected determinants for public sector unionization differs from the pattern found in the private sector. There is also considerable variation in how selected public occupational groups are affected by the general model of public employee union growth. Governmental policy towards unions and the region of the country are the strongest deter minants for predicting local public employee union growth.
Infections in lung allograft recipients: ganciclovir era.

Background Infections are common after lung transplantation. This report analyzes infections and associated pathogens identified in 202 lung transplant recipients. Methods Infections were tallied according to sites of infection and associated pathogen(s). Infection events were also categorized by post-operative Days 0 to 100, 101 to 365, and after 365, and normalized to 100 patient-days before and after bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Results From November 1990 to November 2005, 202 patients received 208 lung transplants. The follow-up was 702.4 patient-years. A total of 178 lung transplant patients developed 859 infections, with 944 pathogens identified. Infections were in the lung in 559 (65.1%), mucocutaneous (skin, wound, catheter-related, and oral) in 88 (10.2%), in the blood in 85 (9.8%), and in other sites (urine, bowel, eye, and peritoneum) in 127 (14.8%). Most lung pathogens were bacterial (83.6%), and 57.9% were Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fungi comprised 10.6%, with Aspergillus spp the most common (67.1%) isolate. Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis was seen in 4.3% of respiratory infections. BOS was diagnosed in 87 patients (43.1% of the total). Of all infections seen in the BOS population, there were 0.42 episodes/100 patient-days and 0.70 episodes/100 patient-days before and after BOS, respectively ( p = 0.5). Conclusions These data provide an updated infection profile in the ganciclovir era after lung transplantation. When compared with pre-ganciclovir times, post-transplant cytomegalovirus infection incidence has notably declined, with filamentous fungi emerging as prevalent pathogens in its place. Such findings are important for refining management of infections in order to offer more stringent treatment against aggressive pathogens.
Toward the Theory of Stochastic Condensation in Clouds. Part I: A General Kinetic Equation.

Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of formation of broad size spectra of cloud droplets and to develop a basis for the parameterization of cloud microphysical and optical properties, the authors derive a general kinetic equation of stochastic condensation that is applicable for various relationships between the supersaturation relaxation time τf and the timescale of turbulence τL. Supersaturation is considered as a nonconservative variable, and thus additional covariances and a turbulent diffusion coefficient tensor that is dependent on the supersaturation relaxation time, kij(τf), are introduced into the kinetic equation. This equation can be used in cloud models with explicit microphysics or can serve as a basis for development of parameterizations for bulk cloud models and general circulation models.
Determinants of smoking status of Black urban adolescents

This study investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and adoption of cigarette smoking among ninth grade urban black Southern students. It sought to identify this relationship and determine if school-setting (junior or senior high school) or gender-related differences exist. The following information was used to assess student characteristics: (1) demographic questionnaire data; (2) self-report behavioral data regarding exposure to and experimental usage of cigarettes as well as current smoking patterns, and parental and peer use of cigarettes; and (3) measures of each student's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance expectations of control, using Levenson's multidimensional inventory of locus of control. The analysis revealed a significant main effect for school setting: a higher proportion of senior high students than junior high students reported never having tried cigarettes; more junior high students than senior high students reported having tried cigarettes "once or twice." Internal classification was also found to be significantly related to the students' smoking status: students classified as High on the Internal scale were more likely to be "triers" or "smokers." No significant main effects were found for gender, Powerful Others, or Chance; there were no significant interaction effects. Discriminant analyses were conducted to identify students at risk for smoking. Three tables are included. (JS) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************k*
Communicating With Dying Patients Within the Spectrum of Medical Care From Terminal Diagnosis to Death

Background Efforts to improve communication between physicians and dying patients have been unsuccessful, and guidelines for improving patient-physician communication about end-of-life care are based primarily on expert opinion. This study assessed which aspects of communication between patients and physicians are important in end-of-life care. Methods Twenty focus groups were held with 137 individuals, including patients with chronic and terminal illnesses, family members, health care professionals from hospice or acute care settings, and physicians with expertise in end-of-life care. Focus group analyses determined domains of physician skill at end-of-life care. Communication with patients was identified as one of the most important domains. Analyses of components important in communicating with dying patients and their families were performed. Results The following 6 areas were of central importance in communicating with dying patients: talking with patients in an honest and straightforward way, being willing to talk about dying, giving bad news in a sensitive way, listening to patients, encouraging questions from patients, and being sensitive to when patients are ready to talk about death. Within these components, subthemes emerged that provide guidelines for physicians and educators. Dying patients also identified the need to achieve a balance between being honest and straightforward and not discouraging hope. Conclusions Several areas emerged for physicians to focus their attention on when communicating with dying patients. These findings provide guidance in how to improve this communication. They also highlight the need to approach communication about end-of-life care as a spectrum that requires attention from the time of a terminal diagnosis through death.
Decomposition algorithm for global reachability analysis on a time-varying graph with an application to planetary exploration

Hot air (Montgolfiere) balloons represent a promising vehicle system for possible future exploration of planets and moons with thick atmospheres such as Venus and Titan. To go to a desired location, this vehicle can primarily use the horizontal wind that varies with altitude, with a small help of its own actuation. A main challenge is how to plan such trajectory in a highly nonlinear and time-varying wind field. This paper poses this trajectory planning as a graph search on the space-time grid and addresses its computational aspects. When capturing various time scales involved in the wind field over the duration of long exploration mission, the size of the graph becomes excessively large. We show that the adjacency matrix of the graph is block-triangular, and by exploiting this structure, we decompose the large planning problem into several smaller subproblems, whose memory requirement stays almost constant as the problem size grows. The approach is demonstrated on a global reachability analysis of a possible Titan mission scenario.
SUMO Modification of Human XRCC4 Regulates Its Localization and Function in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair

The nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is responsible for rejoining the majority of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells, including the programmed breaks introduced by V(D)J recombination. The regulation of the enzymatic activities associated with this recombination pathway is still largely unknown. Here we report that human XRCC4 (for X-ray cross-complementation group 4), a protein essential for NHEJ, is subject to posttranslational protein modification. The modifier peptide, SUMO, can be added to XRCC4 both in vitro and in vivo. The site of modification is mapped to lysine 210 by using specific mutagenesis. A protein mutated such that it cannot be SUMOylated remains localized in the cytoplasm rather than accumulating in the nucleus. Cells expressing only the mutated protein are radiation sensitive and fail to complete V(D)J recombination. Genetic fusion of the SUMO sequence to the C terminus of the mutant restores nuclear localization and radiation resistance. The modification may serve a regulatory role. Our finding fits with an emerging literature associating SUMO modification with the control of the repair and recombination associated with DNA breaks.
Modularity and the Impact of Buyer--Supplier Relationships on the Survival of Suppliers

Modularity in product design and flexible supply chains is increasingly common in buyer--supplier relationships. Although the benefits of supply chain flexibility and component modularity for end-product manufacturers are accepted, little is known about their impact on suppliers. We advance the literature on modularity by exploring how three aspects of a supplier's relationships with its customers affect the supplier's survival: duration of buyer--supplier relationships, autonomy from customers, and links to prominent buyers. We compared the effects of these aspects of buyer--supplier relationships for low- and high-modularity components. Using data on U.S. carburetor and clutch manufacturers from 1918 to 1942, we found that suppliers of high-modularity components benefited more from autonomy provided by potential customers, whereas suppliers of low-modularity components benefited more from ties to higher status customers. Both benefited from autonomy generated by existing customers. Thus, relationships that require trust and extensive sets of interfirm routines, as do those for low-modularity components, led to both greater relationship benefits and greater constraints.
Detecting Obfuscated Viruses Using Cosine Similarity Analysis

Virus writers are getting smarter by the day. They are coming up with new, innovative ways to evade signature detection by anti-virus software. One such evasion technique used by polymorphic and metamorphic viruses is their ability to morph code so that signature based detection techniques fail. These viruses change form such that every new infected file has different strings, rendering string based signature detection practically useless against such viruses. Our work is based on the premise that given a variant of morphed code, we can detect any obfuscated version of this code with high probability using some simple statistical techniques. We use the cosine similarity function to compare two files based on static analysis of the portable executable (PE) format. Our results show that for certain evasion techniques, it is possible to identify polymorphic/metamorphic versions of files based on cosine similarity
Synthesis and control on large scale multi-touch sensing displays

In this paper, we describe our experience in musical interface design for a large scale, high-resolution, multi-touch display surface. We provide an overview of historical and present-day context in multi-touch audio interaction, and describe our approach to analysis of tracked multi-finger, multi-hand data for controlling live audio synthesis.
Paleolimulus, an early limuline (Xiphosurida), from Pennsylvanian‐Permian Lagerst tten of Kansas and taphonomic comparison with modern Limulus

The Pennsylvanian-Permian horseshoe crab Paleolimulus signatus (Beecher), incorporating as a junior synonym P. avitus Dunbar, is one of the earliest species of the Limulina (Xiphosurida). Some specimens from Kansas, USA, are exceptionally well preserved, retaining intact book gills and appendages. Indistinct, bilobed burrowing traces of variable width occur in association with some examples of P. signatus and may have been produced by that animal. Based on actualistic taphonomic experiments on Limulus polyphemus, ancient horseshoe crabs and other arthropods having non-mineralized exoskeletons are inferred to have become pliable soon after death or moulting, and to have disarticulated slowly prior to burial. Extreme compression, wrinkling, and loose folding of sclerites are attributed to burial of a pliable exoskeleton. Slow preburial disarticulation partly accounts for the exceptional preservation of Paleolimulus remains. Also relevant for the exceptional preservation of these arthropods was burial in estuarine, tidal flat, or lacustrine environments. Because of fluctuating salinity and possibly dessicating conditions, these settings were limiting to scavengers, burrowers, and some microbes that could potentially disarticulate or decompose xiphosurid remains.
Renal Lesions: Characterization with Diffusion-weighted Imaging versus Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with that of contrast material–enhanced (CE) MR imaging and to assess the performance of these examinations combined for the characterization of renal lesions, with MR follow-up and histopathologic analysis as the reference standards. Materials and Methods: The institutional review board waived the requirement of informed patient consent for this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study. One hundred nine renal lesions in 64 patients (46 men, 18 women; mean age, 60.7 years) were evaluated with CE MR imaging and breath-hold DW imaging performed with various b values. Renal lesions were characterized with use of CE MR criteria, and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were measured. The ADCs of benign and malignant lesions were compared at Mann-Whitney testing. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of DW imaging and CE MR imaging in the diagnosis of renal cell...
The Replay of Politics. A Review Article

If, one idle day, you should happen drift into a meeting of Europeanists, choose an inconspicuous location and listen hard. You will not hear many instant replays: quick, telling summaries of today's European events. For those instant replays, you will still have to seek out journalists, but from your listening post, you will notice the Europeanists' specialty, the delayed political replay. In that routine, experts in European politics review statesmen's choices to see how they measure up. They ponder the alternatives to determine whether other choices would have turned out better or worse. The appeal of the political replay is that it guarantees a certain relevance of the Europeanists' reflections to issues that genuine powerholders really care about. Its profound disadvantage, however, is that the replay lends itself readily to formulations that have political resonance but lack analytical bite. Organizing Interests illustrates this disadvantage all too aptly. As members and guests of the Joint Committee on Western Europe of the [American] Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, the multiple authors of Organizing Interests certainly qualify as Europeanists. They include many of the best: Charles Maier, Jiirgen Kocka, Gudmund Heres, Are Selvik, Claus Offe, Gerald Feldman, John Keeler, Charles Sabel, Alessandro Pizzoro, Philippe Schmitter, Michele Salvati, and Juan Linz all perform under the watchful eye of Suzanne Berger. Almost all display a characteristic concern to review and evaluate the various ways that the people of Western European states have organized and represented interests, especially since about 1960. Michele Salvati, for example, deliberately compares Italy's policy responses to the autunno caldo of 1969 with the French policy responses to the demonstrations, strikes, and occupations of May-June 1968. The comparison comes out much to Italy's disadvantage, but Salvati ultimately concludes that the responses were largely foreordained by the two countries' political struc-
Coherent texture decomposition using AM-FM model

We introduce a novel decomposition algorithm capable of extracting locally coherent and visually meaningful texture components from images. The algorithm estimates texture dominant orientation for each coherent component and iteratively extracts it from the image based on a new quantitative coherency measure formulated in the modulation domain. The original image is perfectly reconstructed from extracted components.
Symmetrization of cross-polarized responses in polarimetric radar images using reciprocity

A new method for symmetrizing polarimetric scattering matrices is applied to the polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired over Mount Shasta. This method symmetrizes the cross-polarized responses in the polarimetric images using a 2*2 matrix derived from the image itself and based on the reciprocal property of natural distributed targets. The covariance parameters of the in-scene trihedral reflectors are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The results are also compared with those obtained by the symmetrization technique employed by POLCAL, before and after crosstalk removal. Before crosstalk is removed from the images, there were no significant differences between the results obtained by the POLCAL method and the new method for the covariance parameters of trihedral reflectors. After crosstalk removal, using distributed targets with reflection symmetry, the new symmetrization method outperformed the POLCAL method. >
T-cell-independent immune responses do not require CXC ligand 13-mediated B1 cell migration.

The dynamic movement of B cells increases the probability of encountering specific antigen and facilitates cell-cell interactions required for mounting a rapid antibody response. B1a and B1b cells are enriched in the coelomic cavity, contribute to T-cell-independent (TI) antibody responses, and increase in number upon antigen exposure. B1 cell movement is largely governed by Cxc ligand 13 (Cxcl13), and mice deficient in this chemokine have a severe reduction in peritoneal B1 cells. In this study, we examined the role of Cxcl13-dependent B cell migration using Borrelia hermsii infection or intraperitoneal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide or 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl-acetyl (NP)-Ficoll, all of which induce robust antibody responses from B1b cells. Surprisingly, we found that antibody responses to B. hermsii or to FhbA, an antigenic target of B1b cells, and the resolution of bacteremia were indistinguishable between wild-type and Cxcl13−/− mice. Importantly, we did not observe an expansion of peritoneal B1b cell numbers in Cxcl13−/− mice. Nonetheless, mice that had resolved infection were resistant to reinfection, indicating that the peritoneal B1b cell reservoir is not required for controlling B. hermsii. Furthermore, despite a reduced peritoneal B1b compartment, immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine yielded comparable antigen-specific antibody responses in wild-type and Cxcl13−/− mice and conferred protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Likewise, immunization with NP-Ficoll elicited similar antibody responses in wild-type and Cxcl13−/− mice. These data demonstrate that homing of B1 cells into the coelomic cavity is not a requirement for generating protective TI antibody responses, even when antigen is initially localized to this anatomical compartment.
The taccalonolides, novel microtubule stabilizers, and γ-radiation have additive effects on cellular viability

The taccalonolides are novel antimitotic microtubule stabilizers that have a unique mechanism of action independent of a direct interaction with tubulin. Cytotoxicity and clonogenic assays show that taccalonolide A and radiation act in an additive manner to cause cell death. The taxanes and epothilones have utility when combined with radiotherapy and these findings further suggest the additive effects of microtubule targeting agents with radiation on cellular proliferation are independent of direct tubulin binding and are instead a result of the downstream effects of these agents. These studies suggest that diverse antimitotic agents, including the taccalonolides, may have utility in chemoradiotherapy.