cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Temperate Forest Bird Communities and Vegetation Structure

General patterns of density, species richness, and relative abundance of breeding birds are examined in a wide variety of North American forests. Taking data from censuses published in American Birds, we use rarefaction to ordinate the species richness of communities in terms of samples of equal numbers of individuals. By this criterion young forests in secondary succession and mature deciduous forests can be equally rich in bird species; coniferous forests and dense successional stands having only one or two species of trees have the fewest species of birds. For our data set the density of birds is higher in mature deciduous forests than in successional stands. The species/area relationship (sla) is a function of both this species/individuals relationship (s/n) and the individuals/ area relationship (n/a). According to the Jonckheere-Terpstra statistic there is a statistically significant pattern to the order in which bird communities fall with regard to s/n and n/a. To see these relationships in terms of the structure of the vegetation, we present the positions of 56 stands in a graphic space determined by principal components. Tree species richness and canopy cover dominate the first axis, and variation in canopy height the second. Tree density has a somewhat independent pattern of variation and is expressed by the third axis. In the bivariate space of principal components one and three, a SYMAP contour diagram of the number of bird species expected in 10 ha (sla) shows maximal values in mature deciduous forests, but not in those that have the highest tree species richness, canopy height, or tree density. The number of individual birds/10 ha (n/a) shows a similar pattern except that maximal density occurs at maximal values of tree species richness and canopy height. By this criterion both bird species richness and density are minimal in coniferous forests characterized by high tree density, low canopy, and few species of trees. These patterns are not discernible by the classic bird species diversity/foliage height diversity method proposed by Mac Arthur and Mac Arthur in 1961. They are masked by correlation coefficients, partly because the coefficients are insensitive to nonlinear relationships. We recommend rarefaction, principal components analysis, and contour diagrams to display relationships among communities.
Characters of Representations for Lie Superalgebras of Type C Using Tableaux

Let  = osp(2, 2n) denote the complex Lie superalgebra of type C of rank n + 1. Let V(λ) denote the irreducible representation of  with the highest weight λ. For each finite dimensional V(λ), we describe the character of V(λ) combinatorially using the generalized osp(2, 2n)-standard tableaux of λ.
Acoustic Characteristics of Voice After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe the acoustic characteristics of voice in individuals with motor speech disorders after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Study Design Prospective study of 100 individuals with TBI based on consecutive referrals for motor speech evaluations. Methods Subjects were audio tape-recorded while producing sustained vowels and single word and sentence intelligibility tests. Laryngeal airway resistance was estimated, and voice quality was rated perceptually. Results None of the subjects evidenced vocal parameters within normal limits. The most frequently occurring abnormal parameter across subjects was amplitude perturbation, followed by voice turbulence index. Twenty-three percent of subjects evidenced deviation in all five parameters measured. The perceptual ratings of breathiness were significantly correlated with both the amplitude perturbation quotient and the noise-to-harmonics ratio. Conclusions Vocal quality deviation is common in motor speech disorders after TBI and may impact intelligibility.
Effect of wetting and drying on DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in soils

Abstract The study reported herein was intended to determine the effect of (i) wet‐incubation and subsequent air‐drying, and (ii) oven‐drying on DTPA‐Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Analysis of wet‐incubated soils showed significant decreases in DTPA‐Fe, Mn, and Cu at the 1% and Zn at the 10% level of probability. Air‐drying of these moist‐incubated soils increased the levels of Fe, Zn, and Cu to values close to their original levels. Levels of Mn sharply deviated from their original values after air‐drying of incubated soils. Correlation coefficients (r) between the amounts of extractable nutrients in original air‐dry soils and wet‐incubated soils were 0.54, 0.87, 0.91, and 0.13 for Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn, respectively. Oven‐drying increased the levels of DTPA‐extractable micronutrients from 2 to 6 fold.
STUDIES ON HYPOALBUMINEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTEIN-DEFICIENT DIETS : I. HYPOALBUMINEMIA AS A QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF TISSUE PROTEIN DEPLETION.

In five dogs placed on a protein-poor diet for 3 weeks, the decline in total circulating plasma albumin was a small (3 per cent) but relatively constant part of the total nitrogen lost. These data together with observations on dogs by others indicate that there is a constant relationship or partition in the loss (or gain) between plasma albumin and total body protein induced by diet. Based on this relationship a formula is developed for estimating the degree of total tissue protein deficiency from the value of the serum albumin concentration alone. This formula would also apply to the replenishment of protein deficiencies of dietary origin and it indicates that for every gram of increase in serum albumin desired about 30 gm. must be retained for increases in other proteins of the body.
Flux Pinning Defects Induced by Electron Irradiation in Y1Ba2Cu3O7–8 Single Crystals

Single crystals of R1Ba2Cu3O7-δ, (R=Y, Eu and Gd), have been irradiated with 0.4-1.0 MeV electrons in directions near the c-axis. An incident threshold electron energy for producing flux pinning defects has been found. In-situ TME studies found no visible defects induced by electron irradiation. This means that point defects or small clusters ( <- 20 A) are responsible for the extra pinning. A consistent interpretation of the data suggests that the most likely pinning defect is the displacement of a Cu atom from the CuO2 planes.
Structure of the Purkinje cell membrane in staggerer and weaver mutant mice

The structure of the plasma membrane of Purkinje cell dendrites was examined in weaver and staggerer mutant mice. Purkinje spines in weaver mice have clusters of intramembrane particles which resemble those at normal synapses with parallel fibers, even though no parallel fibers are formed in this mutant. There are very few spines in the staggerer, and these manifest normal intramembrane structure at contacts with climbing fibers. The spines which would normally be involved in synapses with parallel fibers are never formed in the staggerer, and the intramembrane structures which would have been associated with these spine synapses are also lacking. Thus, during postnatal cerebellar development in the mutants, acquisition of intramembrane specializations requires Purkinje spine formation but can occur independently of the development of parallel fibers.
The effect of boronic acid-positioning in an optical glucose-sensing ensemble

Abstract The quenching of the anionic dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (pyranine) with three different boronic acid-substituted benzyl viologens was determined, and the fluorescence signal modulation obtained upon addition of glucose to the dye/quencher system was also studied. The benzyl viologen that contains boronic acids in the ortho-position (o-BBV) was found to display unique behavior, which can be rationalized by a charge neutralization mechanism facilitated by an intramolecular interaction between sp3 boronate and the quaternary nitrogen of the viologen. Potentiometric titration and 11B NMR spectroscopy were used to generate pH profiles for the boronic acids, which provide additional evidence for the proposed mechanism.
Estimating potential output in developing countries

Abstract This paper describes a parsimonious methodology employed by the World Bank for estimating potential output using the production function method. Despite the necessity of strong assumptions, sensitivity analysis suggests the reported estimates for 159 countries are robust to alternative specifications. Moreover, for the majority of countries estimated output gaps are positively correlated with inflation acceleration and negatively correlated with current account balances. An examination of estimated output gaps and post-crisis economic developments in several middle-income countries suggest that the methods can play a useful role in guiding macroeconomic policy.
Autism spectrum disorders and symptoms in children with molecularly confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

In this study, we assessed the presence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) among children with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion (n = 98). The children’s caregivers completed screening measures of ASD behaviors, and for those whose scores indicated significant levels of these behaviors, a standardized diagnostic interview (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; ADI-R) was administered. Results demonstrated that over 20% of children (n = 22) were exhibiting significant levels of autism spectrum symptoms based on the screening measures. Based upon the ADI-R, 14 children qualified for a diagnosis of an ASD, and for 11 of those children a diagnosis of autism was most appropriate. These findings increase our knowledge of developmental disorders associated with the 22q11.2 deletion and point to avenues for future investigation.
Use of flattening filter free photon beams for off-axis targets in conformal arc stereotactic body radiation therapy

Dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and FFF beams are commonly adopted for efficient conformal dose delivery in SBRT. Off-axis geometry (OAG) may be necessary to obtain full gantry rotation without collision, which has been shown to be beneficial for peripheral targets using flattened beams. We investigated dose distributions in OAG using FFF, and the effect of mechanical rotation induced uncertainty.
Community Pharmacist–provided Extended Diabetes Care

BackgroundPharmacists in various settings have been effective in initiating diabetes treatment. Patients with diabetes require ongoing disease management, and community pharmacists are in a strategic position to provide such extended care. Little is known, however, about the effects of community pharmacist–provided interventions beyond the initial treatment period.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of community pharmacist–provided extended diabetes care service on primary clinical outcomes, including hemoglobin A1c (A1C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and blood pressure, and on patients' reported self-care activities.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients with diabetes. Participants had already completed at least 2 diabetes education sessions at a local diabetes education center. Nine specially trained pharmacists administered interventions during up to 4 quarterly visits per patient. Interventions included discussing medications, clinical goals, and self-care activitie...
Comparison of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Other Nephrotoxicity Biomarkers in Urine and Kidney Following Acute Exposure to Gentamicin, Mercury, and Chromium

Sensitive biomarkers are needed to detect kidney injury at the earliest stages. The objective of this study was to determine whether the appearance of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) protein ectodomain in urine and kidney injury molecule-1/ hepatitis A viral cellular receptor-1 (Kim-1/Havcr1) gene expression in kidney tissue may be more predictive of renal injury after exposure to nephrotoxicants when compared to traditionally used biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a range of doses of gentamicin, mercury (Hg; HgCl2), or chromium (Cr; K2Cr2O7). The results showed that increases in urinary Kim-1 and kidney Kim-1/Havcr1 gene expression paralleled the degree of severity of renal histopathology and were detected at lower doses of nephrotoxicants when compared to blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serumcreatinine,andurinaryN-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase(NAG). In a time course study, urinary Kim-1 was elevated within 24 h after exposuretogentamicin(100mg/kg),Hg(0.25mg/kg),orCr(5mg/kg) and remained elevated through 72 h. NAG responses were nephrotoxicant dependent with elevations occurring early (gentamicin), late (Cr), or no change (Hg). At 72 h, after treatment with any of the three nephrotoxicants, there was increased Kim-1 immunoreactivity and necrosis involving ~50% of the proximal tubules; however, only urinary Kim-1 was significantly increased, while BUN, serum creatinine, and NAG were not different from controls. In rats treated with the hepatotoxicant galactosamine (1.1 mg/kg), serum alanine aminotransferase was increased, but no increase inurinaryKim-1wasobserved.UrinaryKim-1andkidney Kim-1/Havcr1 expression appear to be sensitive and tissue-specific biomarkers that will improve detection of early acute kidney injury
GaAs driver and sensor for a high speed system

The circuitry of a GaAs driver/sensor device was presented. The specific features that it possesses and the design issues were discussed. The device was prototyped using MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) techniques and packaged in hybrid form. Experimental results indicated that its performance well exceeded the designated goal at 100 MHz. After intensive SPICE simulations confirmed the functional and timing characteristics of the driver and sensor, the design was then laid out. All components except the Zener diodes were embedded inside the chips. Silicon Zener diodes were used instead of their GaAs counterparts to obtain better accuracy of the Zener voltage. The overall gate width of the driver circuit is greater than the upper limit specified by the foundry design rules, and the driver is partitioned into three chips. >
Recent Economic Models in Applied Optimal Control

Recent economic applications of optimal and adaptive control theory have increased our understanding of the meaning of optimality in a dynamic horizon e.g., the shadow prices or adjoint variables along the optimal trajectory, their stability properties and the implications of a steady state value. Optimal control models are now increasingly applied to newer areas of economic theory, of which some illustrative examples would be discussed here as follows: A. Models of differential market games, B. Stabilization policy in cartelized markets, C. Adaptive controls in economic models and, D. Models of renewable resources under uncertainty.
Establishment of scale and orientation for satellite Doppler positions

The scale of satellite Doppler results and the orientation of the coordinate system in which the results are obtained, relative to more conventional coordinate systems, need to be known for many applications. Sources of this information are comparisons with external standards. Comparisons indicate that Doppler positions obtained by the National Geodetic Survey of the National Ocean Survey (with the use of its standard program and the precise ephemeris) require a longitude rotation of 0.8 + 0.05" eastward and a decrease in scale of 0.4 + 0.1 parts/106 to be compatible with results of other space systems. This rotation is compatible with results obtained by comparisons of astro-Doppler and gravimetric deflexions. To apply these results to those of other investigators, by using other reduction programs and techniques, will require intercomparison of programs with the use of standard data sets such as those used by Special Study Group 2.44 of the International Association of Geodesy.
AGR2 Gene Function Requires a Unique Endoplasmic Reticulum Localization Motif

Soluble proteins are enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde transport from the Golgi that is mediated by the KDEL receptors. In addition to the classic carboxyl-terminal KDEL motif, a variety of sequence variants are also capable of receptor binding that result in ER localization. Although different ER localization signals that exhibit varying affinities for the KDEL receptors exist, whether there are functional implications was unknown. The present study determines whether AGR2 requires a specific ER localization signal to be functionally active. AGR2 is expressed in most human adenocarcinomas and serves a role in promoting growth and the transformed phenotype. Using two different cell lines in which AGR2 induces expression of either the EGFR ligand amphiregulin or the transcription factor CDX2, only the highly conserved wild-type carboxyl-terminal KTEL motif results in the appropriate outcome. Deletion of the KTEL motif results in AGR2 secretion and loss of AGR2 function. AGR2 function is also lost when ER residence is achieved with a carboxyl-terminal KDEL or KSEL instead of a KTEL motif. Thus variations in ER localization sequences may serve a specific functional role, and in the case of AGR2, this role is served specifically by KTEL.
A Safer Place? LGBT Educators, School Climate, and Implications for Administrators.

AbstractOver an 8-year span, two survey studies were conducted to analyze LGBT -teachers' perceptions of their school climate and the impact of school leaders on that climate. This article presents nonparametric, descriptive, and qualitative results of the National Survey of Educators' Perceptions of School Climate 2011 compared with survey results from 2007 to provide insight regarding the workplace climate for LGBT educators and guidance for school leaders in creating an environment that supports these teachers.
Three Nucleon Forces and Nuclear Structure

The author's earlier research with Professor Bruce McKellar, some 30 years ago, led to the Tucson-Melbourne three-nucleon interaction, which is still relevant today. The new significance of three-nucleon forces in determining the structure of atomic nuclei will be discussed. This has led to increased efforts to learn more about the nature of these three-nucleon interactions, both experimentally and theoretically. The recently developed no-core shell model (NCSM) has the ability to test different theoretical models for three-nucleon forces by making direct comparisons of results produced by these forces with experimental data.
Nearshore ice surface roughness surveys on Lake Superior

Nearshore ice surface roughness and snow thickness were surveyed with an autolevel on Lake Superior for application to multisensor satellite remote sensing of Great Lakes ice cover. Topographic transects across four commonly occurring ice facies were measured with 0.2 cm vertical and 5.0 cm horizontal resolutions. The four ice facies rank in roughness as follows (RMS roughness (cm)/correlation length (cm) in parentheses): single large pressure ridge (30/125), series of small pressure ridges (16/110), ball ice zone (8/70) and young ice cakes (5/145). Thin snow cover was widespread on the nearshore facies, with potential for generating diurnally-varying melt related changes in electromagnetic signatures during spring warming.
Antibody cross-reactivity of alphaherpesviruses as mirrored in naturally infected primates

The extent of antibody cross-reactivity of pooled antisera from rhesus monkeys, baboons, African green monkeys, langurs, sooty mangabeys and humans to 6 alphaherpesviruses (herpes B virus, herpes papio 2, simian agent 8, langur herpes virus and herpes simplex 1 & 2) was examined by two types of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, an antibody capture assay (tELISA) and an antigen capture assay (dELISA). Percent cross-reactivity was calculated for each serum by comparison of the homologous reaction (100%) to the reaction with hetero-logous viruses. Comparison of the immunological reactivity of the mangabey antiserum pool to the panel of alphaherpesviruses indicated that these antibodies were induced by a yet unidentified alphaherpesvirus. In general, monkey sera were more cross-reactive to monkey herpesviruses than to human herpesviruses.
Training a Robot via Human Feedback: A Case Study

We present a case study of applying a framework for learning from numeric human feedbacktamerto a physically embodied robot. In doing so, we also provide the first demonstration of the ability to train multiple behaviors by such feedback without algorithmic modifications and of a robot learning from free-form human-generated feedback without any further guidance or evaluative feedback. We describe transparency challenges specific to a physically embodied robot learning from human feedback and adjustments that address these challenges.
Modelling firebrand transport in wildfires using HIGRAD/FIRETEC

Firebrand transport is studied for disc and cylindrical firebrands by modelling their trajectories with a coupled-physics fire model, HIGRAD/FIRETEC. Through HIGRAD/FIRETEC simulations, the size of possible firebrands and travelled distances are analysed to assess spot ignition hazard. Trajectories modelled with and without the assumption that the firebrands' relative velocities always equal their terminal velocities are. Various models for the flight and combustion of disc- and cylindrical-shaped firebrands are evaluated. Eight simulations are performed with surface fuel fires and four simulations are performed with combined surface and canopy fuels. Firebrand trajectories without terminal velocity are larger than those from models with terminal velocity. Discs travel further than cylinders, as discs are aerodynamically more favourable. Thin discs burning on their faces and tall cylinders burning around their circumference have shorter lifetimes than thin discs burning from their circumference or longer cylinders burning from theirends.Firebrandsfromcanopyfires,withlargersizeandpotentialtoigniterecipientfuel,travelfurtherthanfirebrands fromsurfacefires.Inthesimulations,whichincludedalinefireignitioninhomogeneousfuelsonflatterrain,thefirebrand launching patterns are very heterogeneous, and the trajectories and landing patterns are dominated by the coupled fire- atmosphere behaviour. Additional keywords: coupled-physics fire model, spotting, WUI fires.
Mining parameters that characterize the communities in web-like networks

Community mining in large, complex, real-life networks such as the World Wide Web has emerged as a key data mining problem with important applications. In recent years, several graph theoretic definitions of community, generally motivated by empirical observations and intuitive arguments, have been put forward. However, a formal evaluation of the appropriateness of such definitions has been lacking. We present a new framework developed to address this issue, and then discuss a particular implementation of this framework. Finally, we present a set of experiments aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two specific graph theoretic structures—alliance and near-clique—in capturing the essential properties of communities.
Subharmonic Distortion in Ear Canal Pressure and Intracochlear Pressure and Motion

When driven at sound pressure levels greater than ~110 dB stimulus pressure level, the mammalian middle ear is known to produce subharmonic distortion. In this study, we simultaneously measured subharmonics in the ear canal pressure, intracochlear pressure, and basilar membrane or round window membrane velocity, in gerbil. Our primary objective was to quantify the relationship between the subharmonics measured in the ear canal and their intracochlear counterparts. We had two primary findings: (1) The subharmonics emerged suddenly, with a substantial amplitude in the ear canal and the cochlea; (2) at the stimulus level for which subharmonics emerged, the pressure in scala vestibuli/pressure in the ear canal amplitude relationship was similar for the subharmonic and fundamental components. These findings are important for experiments and clinical conditions in which high sound pressure level stimuli are used and could lead to confounding subharmonic stimulation.
Application of CALIOP Measurements to the Evaluation of Cloud Phase Derived from MODIS Infrared Channels

In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) infrared-based cloud thermodynamic phase retrievals are evaluated using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) retrievals for the 6 months from January to June of 2008. The CALIOP 5-km cloud-layer product provides information on cloud opacity, cloud-top height, midlayer cloud temperature, and cloud thermodynamic phase. Comparisons are made between MODIS IR phase and CALIOP observations for single-layer clouds (54% of the cloudy CALIOP scenes) and for the top layer of the CALIOP scenes. Both CALIOP and MODIS retrieve larger fractions of water clouds in the single-layer cases than in the top-layer cases, demonstrating that focusing on only single-layer clouds may introduce a water-cloud bias. Of the single-layer clouds, 60% are transparent and 40% are opaque (defined by the lack of a CALIOP ground return). MODIS tends to classify single-layer clouds with midlayer temperatures below 2408C as ice; around 2308C nearly equally as ice, mixed, and unknown; between 2288 and 2158C as mixed; and above 08C as water. Ninety-five percent of the single-layer CALIOP clouds not detected by MODIS are transparent. Approximately 1 / 3 of transparent single-layer clouds with temperatures below 2308C are not detected by MODIS and close to another 1 / 3 are classified as ice, with the rest assigned as water, mixed, or unknown. CALIOP classes nearly all of these transparent cold clouds as ice.
SUMAC: Constructing Phylogenetic Supermatrices and Assessing Partially Decisive Taxon Coverage

The amount of phylogenetically informative sequence data in GenBank is growing at an exponential rate, and large phylogenetic trees are increasingly used in research. Tools are needed to construct phylogenetic sequence matrices from GenBank data and evaluate the effect of missing data. Supermatrix Constructor (SUMAC) is a tool to data-mine GenBank, construct phylogenetic supermatrices, and assess the phylogenetic decisiveness of a matrix given the pattern of missing sequence data. SUMAC calculates a novel metric, Missing Sequence Decisiveness Scores (MSDS), which measures how much each individual missing sequence contributes to the decisiveness of the matrix. MSDS can be used to compare supermatrices and prioritize the acquisition of new sequence data. SUMAC constructs supermatrices either through an exploratory clustering of all GenBank sequences within a taxonomic group or by using guide sequences to build homologous clusters in a more targeted manner. SUMAC assembles supermatrices for any taxonomic group recognized in GenBank and is optimized to run on multicore computer systems by parallelizing multiple stages of operation. SUMAC is implemented as a Python package that can run as a stand-alone command-line program, or its modules and objects can be incorporated within other programs. SUMAC is released under the open source GPLv3 license and is available at https://github.com/wf8/sumac.
3.2Gbps channel-adaptive configurable MIMO detector for multi-mode wireless communication

A configurable, channel-adaptive K-best MIMO detector for multi-mode wireless communications that adapts computation to varying channel conditions to achieve high energy-efficiency is presented. An 8-stage configurable MIMO detector supporting up to a 4×4 MIMO array and BPSK to 16-QAM modulation schemes has been implemented and simulated in 0.80V, 22nm Tri-gate CMOS process. Dynamic clock gating and power gating enable on-the-fly configuration and adaptive tuning of search radius K to channel response which results in 10% to 51% energy-efficiency improvement over non-adaptive K-best MIMO detectors. During unfavorable channel conditions, the MIMO detector satisfies target BER by setting K=5. For favorable channel conditions, K is reduced to 1, where 22nm circuit simulations show 68% energy reduction. At 1.0GHz target frequency, the total power consumption is 15mW (K=1) to 35mW (K=5), resulting in energy-efficiency of 14.2pJ/bit (K=1) to 44.7pJ/bit (K=5) and 3.2Gbps throughput.
Tunneling nanotubes and intercellular communication: a novel approach to chemo-resistance in ovarian cancer

RESULTS: Sixty-five hysterectomy specimens were examined for depth of thermal spread. There was no difference in mean depth of thermal spread at the anterior (1.11 mm vs 1.05 mm; p1⁄40.6) or posterior margin (1.04 mm vs 0.91 mm; p1⁄40.2) between standard energy and V mode , respectively. There was no difference in incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence (p1⁄40.31), with one dehiscence in the standard group. Rate of vaginal cuff granulation tissue, dehiscence or infection was 24% overall, with no difference between groups.
Must a Catholic hospital inform a rape victim of the availability of the "morning-after pill"?

The California Court of Appeals discussed in Brownfield v. Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital 256 Cal. Rptr. (1989) whether a health-care giver must inform a patient of medical options that the care-giver morally opposes. In this case workers in a Catholic hospital refused to inform a rape victim about the "morning-after pill" (diethylstilbestrol) despite the victims mother requesting the information the possibility of a pregnancy and the need for treatment within 72 hours because such information conflicted with the institutions religious beliefs. The plaintiff did not become pregnant and the court dismissed the case because there was no compensable injury; the plaintiff did not appeal the dismissal. The court agreed with the plaintiff that the "morning-after" pill is postcoital contraception (like the IUD) not an abortifacient since the fertilized ovum has not yet become implanted in the uterine mucosa (nidation). In reviewing the California Therapeutic Abortion Act the court said that while religious facilities need not perform abortions the statute does not apply to medical emergencies or spontaneous abortions. The court stated that a patient has the right to self-determination in his or her treatment superseding the moral and religious convictions of the hospital and that medical malpractice would exist in cases where "damages have proximately resulted from the failure to provide [a patient] with information concerning...treatment option[s]" when "a skilled practitioner of good standing would have provided her with information...under similar circumstances" and "that if such information had been provided to her she would have elected such treatment." The court found no duty to provide non emergency treatment only a duty to inform the patient about treatment options.
Does Cultural Diversity Increase the Rate of Entrepreneurial Activity

In the economic development literature, cultural diversity has been shown to have a positive impact on economic outcomes. A culturally diverse society or interaction among different cultures encourages exchange and competition and generates efficient outcome. Our paper hypothesizes that a culturally diverse society has a positive impact on the rate of entrepreneurship. We show that in the United States, a country with good institutions, that cultural diversity or greater cultural capital has clear economic benefits - it increases the rate of entrepreneurship.
Metabolism of 5-hydroxy-D- and L-tryptophan in man: synthesis of serotonin from the D-isomer.

SummaryAs anticipated, the metabolism of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan infused in humans was found to result in excretion in the urine of approximately 20% of the infused dose as serotonin and 40% as 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid. It was quite unexpected, however, to find that conversion to serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid also represents a definite though small (8%) pathway for metabolism of 5-hydroxy-D-tryptophan. The significance of the latter observation is discussed and the suggestion made that serotonin synthesis from the D-amino acid probably occurs via formation of its antipode through the action of D-amino acid oxidase and transamination.
Effects of MSF errors on performance of freeform optics: Comparison of diamond turning and diamond milling

We examine effects of characteristic MSF errors from diamond turning and diamond milling of freeform optical surfaces. Wave-based optical models are used to study optical performance trends relative to machining parameters and MSF errors.
Plasma Dopa and Feeding

AbstractDopa is a normal constituent of plasma in man and experimental animals. Dopa concentrations in plasma have been used to reflect the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. However, it is not known to what extent plasma dopa is affected by feeding, since several foods contain dopa or tyrosine, the immediate precursor of dopa. In this study dopa and its major metabolites (3-O-methyldopa and free and conjugated catecholamines) were measured in plasma of dogs during 5 hr after feeding. Plasma dopa did not change significantly after feeding. This finding increases the value of plasma dopa as an index of tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Plasma norepinephrine decreased, and conjugated dopamine increased, after feeding; the other analytes did not change significantly.
Surveillance of Adverse Effects Following Immunization in Jiangsu from 2002 to 2007

Objective To analyze the occurrence features of adverse effects following immunization(AEFI)in Jiangsu Province from 2002 to 2007,and to evaluate the implementation of AEFI surveillance system,the safety of vaccines,and the quality of immunization services.Methods The AEFI data of Jiangsu Province during the period of 2002～2007 were collected through the AEFI Monthly Routine Report System of Jiangsu Province and the China Information System for national immunization program(NIP).The descriptive methodology was used in this study.Results Totally 5,091 AEFI cases were reported during a 5-year period.There were 3,292 cases with vaccine general reactions which accounted for 64.66% among AEFI classification,1,734 cases with vaccine paradoxical reaction(34.06%),38 cases with coincidental illness(0.75%),13 cases with operation error(0.25%),5 cases with psychological reaction(0.10%),and 2 cases with unknown reason(0.04%).There were 30 kinds of vaccines involved in AEFI cases,1,563 AEFI cases induced by DPT vaccine,which accounted for 30.70%.Conclusions According to the data of surveillance,the AEFI surveillance system of Jiangsu Province works in good condition.The safety of vaccines and the quality of immunization service are fine in clinics.However,the timeliness of surveillance needs to be further improved.To make sure of the quality of surveillance data of AFEI,training about diagnosis,classification and treatment of AEFI should to be strengthened in clinical doctors.
Abstract IA03: Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer cells and tumors

Most diseases are accompanied by altered metabolism at the cellular level. In cancer, metabolic reprogramming that is, the regulated alteration of metabolism as a consequence of tumorigenic mutations and other factors is viewed as an essential component of malignant transformation. Research in cancer metabolism is motivated in part by the hope that understanding the basis of metabolic reprogramming will stimulate the development of new approaches in cancer imaging and therapy, both of which have historically capitalized on the altered metabolic states of tumors. Over the past decade, a large number of mechanisms by which oncogene-directed perturbations of signal transduction regulate intermediary metabolism have been defined. Conversely, it has also become apparent that metabolites themselves influence gene expression and signaling in ways that appear to promote malignancy. However, there is still little agreement as to the breadth of metabolic programs that can support cancer cell survival and growth, and more importantly, about which of the myriad metabolic activities observed in culture are relevant to bona fide tumor metabolism in vivo. I will discuss approaches to address these two challenges. First, I will discuss efforts to link functional metabolic pathway choices with oncogenotypes, gene expression networks and therapeutic sensitivities using a systematic analysis of a large panel of lung cancer cell lines. In these studies, cell-autonomous metabolic phenotypes were scored using a set of quantitative features (nutrient consumption, nutrient addiction, 13C labeling patterns), then cross-referenced against a rich set of orthogonal databases to identify genotype-phenotype connections and novel relationships between metabolism and therapeutic sensitivities. Second, I will describe efforts to probe metabolism in human tumors using methods that report on both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous influences. We have developed clinical studies involving a combination of pre-surgical imaging and intra-operative 13C infusions to assess metabolic heterogeneity between individual non-small cell lung cancers in human patients, and to characterize the extent of metabolic heterogeneity within individual tumors. Together, these efforts identify a complex but finite set of metabolic phenotypes that support cell growth and may predict therapeutic vulnerabilities. They also underscore the potential for both existing and novel imaging approaches to inform about metabolic phenotypes in vivo. Citation Format: Ralph J. DeBerardinis. Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer cells and tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA03.
A design and verification methodology for secure isolated regions

Hardware support for isolated execution (such as Intel SGX) enables development of applications that keep their code and data confidential even while running in a hostile or compromised host. However, automatically verifying that such applications satisfy confidentiality remains challenging. We present a methodology for designing such applications in a way that enables certifying their confidentiality. Our methodology consists of forcing the application to communicate with the external world through a narrow interface, compiling it with runtime checks that aid verification, and linking it with a small runtime that implements the narrow interface. The runtime includes services such as secure communication channels and memory management. We formalize this restriction on the application as Information Release Confinement (IRC), and we show that it allows us to decompose the task of proving confidentiality into (a) one-time, human-assisted functional verification of the runtime to ensure that it does not leak secrets, (b) automatic verification of the application's machine code to ensure that it satisfies IRC and does not directly read or corrupt the runtime's internal state. We present /CONFIDENTIAL: a verifier for IRC that is modular, automatic, and keeps our compiler out of the trusted computing base. Our evaluation suggests that the methodology scales to real-world applications.
Explorations of Design Factors for Developments of Protective Gardening Gloves

The purpose of this study was to identify important design factors for protective gardening gloves and consider possible design features for these gloves. A mixed methods procedure was used involvi...
An Assessment of the Equality of Semantic and Perceptual Relationships Between Two Scaling Formats

This research extends the comparison between the Stapel and Semantic Differential scaling formats to include multiple objects, interitem covariance matrices, interpretation of extracted factors, and perceptual spaces. It is recommended that the methodologically simpler Stapel scaling format not be substituted for the Semantic Differential scaling format when the purpose of a study is to either identify and interpret the dimensions of a semantic space, or to describe the location of the objects in a product space.
Moving Beyond Single Attributes to Holistically Assess the Sustainability of Materials

As the evolution of sustainable materials continues, the requirements for these materials have also evolved. Historically, society has relied on a menu of “single attributes” for such products, each highlighting a specific concern related to sustainability or environmental issues. In response, manufacturers and materials designers frequently adjust an existing material to meet a specific requirement, such as the inclusion of high levels of recycled content. As sustainability has matured as a discipline, it has become evident that the use of these single attributes may not provide the best information regarding a material’s true environmental impact. It is important to design solutions that address all areas of materials performance as well as all areas of sustainability, simultaneously. Using holistic approaches such as life-cycle assessments, environmental product declarations, and Design for the Environment, the conflicts and trade-offs between attributes become more apparent, gaps can be identified, and the complete environmental footprint of a product throughout its entire life can be quantified.
Prognostic Impact of the Plasma Cell Labeling Index (LI) in Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Treated with Thalidomide-Dexamethasone (Thal/Dex) or Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone (Len/Dex).

Abstract Background: The plasma cell labeling index (LI), a slide-based measure of the percentage of bone marrow plasma cells in the S-phase of cell cycle, is a powerful prognostic tool in multiple myeloma (MM). A high LI is a marker of poor outcome, and is a useful adjunct to cytogenetics and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to risk-stratify MM patients. It has been shown to provide additional prognostic information in International Staging System (ISS) stages 1 and 2 patients treated with conventional chemotherapy ± autologous stem cell transplantation. However, the impact of a high LI is not known in patients receiving novel agents that have been integrated into the current treatment paradigm of newly diagnosed MM. The objective of this study was to determine the value of LI in patients treated with thalidomide-dexamethasone (Thal/Dex) or lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Len/Dex). Patients and Methods : Data from 125 newly diagnosed MM patients enrolled in clinical trials with either thalidomide (200mg/d) plus dexamethasone (Thal-Dex; n=50), or lenalidomide (25 mg/d on days 1–21 of a 4-week cycle) plus dexamethasone (Len-Dex; n=75) as initial therapy, were utilized. Patients within both the studies were categorized into 2 LI groups based on baseline LI: high (≥1%) vs. low ( Results : The median follow-up for patients on Thal-Dex and Len-Dex was 7.5 and 3 years, respectively. 36% (18/50) of patients in the Thal-Dex study and 35% (26/75) in the Len-Dex study had high LI. The baseline patient-characteristics, including age, stage (ISS), lactate dehydrogenase, calcium, hemoglobin and creatinine were comparable between the 2 studies. The median OS for patients receiving Thal-Dex was 4.7 years (95% CI 3.1–8.1); 2.3 years (95% CI 1.3–4.6) for patients with LI ≥1 compared to 6.9 years (95% CI: 3.9–NA) for those with LI Conclusion : LI remains a significant determinant of PFS and OS in newly diagnosed MM patients treated with Thal-Dex, with high baseline LI predicting poorer outcome. In contrast, during first 3 years of follow-up, the unfavorable prognostic effect of LI is not apparent with Len-Dex therapy, and longer follow-up is needed to determine if Len-Dex therapy overcomes the poor prognostic effect of high LI. Download : Download high-res image (63KB) Download : Download full-size image
Effect of Rehabilitation on Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in a Mouse Model of White Matter Stroke (P5.224)

Objective: To determine the effect of rehabilitation on oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) activity and neural repair in a mouse model of white matter stroke (WMS). Background: Physical activity has profound effects on white matter function. In humans, exercise mitigates the effect of progressive WMS on gait. Moreover, constraint-induced repeated use of the affected arm in both stroke patients and animal models enhances recovery. OPCs, which can mature into myelinating oligodendrocytes, are potential mediators of white matter repair. OPC proliferation and myelination in rodent cortex are promoted by neuronal activity and environmental stimulation. However, the effects of a specific motor task (like those performed by post-stroke patients in rehabilitation) in WMS have not yet been studied. Here we evaluated the effect of a skilled reach task on OPC activity in WMS. Methods: Three- and 20-month-old mice were trained on a skilled reach task for three weeks. WMS was then induced in the subcortical white matter underlying the motor cortex contralateral to the trained limb via injection of a vasoconstrictor. Mice were then divided into two groups: three weeks of continued reach task (to model the skilled limb use employed in human neurorehabilitation), or no reach task. Functional recovery of the mice was quantified with a skilled forelimb eating task. Brain tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results: Relative to mice receiving no post-stroke rehabilitation, the skilled reach mice show greater numbers of OPCs in subcortical white matter. The effect is more pronounced for 3-month-old mice compared to 20-month-old mice. Lineage tracing via immunohistochemistry suggests OPCs in the skilled reach group have increased potential to develop into mature oligodendrocytes. Conclusions: Rehabilitation with skilled reach after WMS in this mouse model potentiates two critical components of white matter repair: the number of OPCs, as well as their ability to mature. Disclosure: Dr. Borders has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ng has nothing to disclose. Dr. S. Thomas Carmichael has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurorehabiliation and Neural Repair.
Comparison of BRCA1/2-positive and -negative women diagnosed with metachronous breast and ovarian cancers.

1546 Background: After a primary breast cancer (BC) or ovarian cancer (OC) diagnosis, women have a risk to develop a second primary cancer, significantly more so in women with a BRCA gene mutation. The objective was to evaluate characteristics of BRCA positive and negative women diagnosed with metachronous BC and OC. Methods: Women with metachronous BC and OC were identified at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. BRCA test results, age at diagnosis of both BC and OC, first degree relatives (FDR) with BC and/or OC, total relatives affected, and histopathologic tumor features were obtained from a prospectively maintained research database. Univariate and logistical regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 64 women with metachronous primary cancers underwent BRCA genetic testing. Of the 45 BRCA positive women, 36 (80%) were diagnosed with BC (mean 40 years) prior to OC and 9 (20%) were diagnosed with OC first (mean 47 years). Of the 19 BRCA negative women, 10 (53%) were diagnose...
Energy-efficient sparse routing protocol for Delay Tolerant Networks

In this paper we demonstrate how limiting the number of copies each message that a node can send out as seen in Spray And Wait can be combined with probabilistic protocols such as Prophet, ProphetV2, and one that we created called Sparse. By limiting the number of copies that each node can send out we allow the routing protocols to scale much better than before when the number of nodes and messages created are increased.