cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pott's Disease? AIDS-Associated Mycobacterium heckeshornense Spinal Osteomyelitis and Diskitis

ABSTRACT Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) spinal osteomyelitis in a patient with AIDS is often presumed to be caused by reactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, other AFB pathogens can mimic M. tuberculosis and, to ensure appropriate and adequate therapy, should be considered by clinicians. We present a case of aggressive spinal osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium heckeshornense in an AIDS patient; a review of the literature is also included.
Analysis of Ares 1 Ascent Navigation Options

The paper documents a collaborative analysis of ascent Navigation options for the Ares 1 launch vehicle by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the C. S. Draper Laboratory. The objective of the work was the development of a Navigation concept and supporting requirements which meet the Ares 1 accuracy specification in a manner which is straightforward, reliable, and cost effective. Six primary Navigation architectures were considered. In each case analysis was performed to determine under what conditions the required accuracy at second stage cutoff could be achieved. Those architectures which met the accuracy requirements were then assessed in terms of cost, complexity, and reliability to determine a baseline Navigation approach and the primary supporting requirements.
Effect of crosslink density on the pressure relaxation response of polycyanurate networks

The effect of crosslink density on the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior and on the pressure relaxation response for two polycyanurate networks is investigated using a custom-built pressurizable dilatometer. Isobaric cooling measurements were made to obtain the pressure-dependent glass transition temperature (Tg). The pressure relaxation studies were carried out as a function of time after volume jumps at temperatures in the vicinity of the pressure-dependent Tg, and the pressure relaxation curves obtained were shifted to construct master curves by time-temperature superposition. The reduced pressure relaxation curves are found to be identical in shape and placement, independent of crosslink density, when Tg is used as the reference temperature. The horizontal shift factors used to create the master curves are plotted as a function of the temperature departure from Tg (T − Tg), and they agree well with their counterparts obtained from the shear response. Moreover, the retardation spectra are derived from bulk compliance and compared to those from the shear. The results, similar to our previous work on polystyrene, indicate that at short times, the bulk and shear responses have similar underlying molecular mechanisms; however, the long-time mechanisms available to the shear response, which increase with decreasing crosslink density, are unavailable to the bulk response. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2477–2486, 2009
An Iterative Method for Producing Equilibrated Symmetric Three‐Arm Star Polymer Melts in Molecular Dynamics

Melts of symmetric three-arm stars are generated using a novel iterative method. In this method, an equilibrated low molecular weight configuration is used to generate progressively higher molecular weights by affine scaling and equilibration. At each stage in the progression, the synthetically lowered entanglement density allows bypassing of the exponentially large relaxation times of branched polymers. The quality of equilibration was assessed by measuring the mean dimensions, distribution of dimensions, and internal length scales of the polymers. The total time required to generate the progression of equilibrated configurations was seen to scale as the Rouse time of the highest molecular weight.
Transmission electron microscope study of arsenic precipitates in GaAs: Morphology and orientation relationship with the matrix

Abstract Precipitates in several GaAs crystals with different properties were studied with transmission electron microscopy to reveal their identity, their orientation relationship with the matrix and their morphology. Most of them were identified as elemental rhombohedral As with a tetrahedral shape bounded by GaAs {111} planes. Some of the As precipitates showed a simple orientation relationship with the matrix: (0001)As‖(111)GaAs and [1120]As‖[110]GaAs. It was found that this orientation relationsh ip yields a high degree of structural coherence between the two phases and is responsible for the observed tetrahedral precipitate shape. Other As particles associated with dislocations showed a less coherent orientation relationship with a few degree variation from the above relationship, likely due to strain around the dislocation core.
Practice variation in neuroimaging to evaluate dizziness in the ED

Abstract Background The appropriate role of neuroimaging to evaluate emergency department (ED) patients with dizziness is not established by guidelines or evidence. Methods We identified all adults with a triage complaint of dizziness who were evaluated at 20 EDs of a large Northern California integrated health care program in 2008. Using comprehensive medical records, we captured all head computed tomographies (CTs) or brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) completed at presentation or within 2 days and all stroke diagnoses within 1 week. We assessed variation in neuroimaging use by site using a random-effects logistic model to account for differences in patient- (demographic and vascular risk factors) and site-level factors (volume, % patients with dizziness, and % patients with dizziness admitted) and linear regression to assess the relationship between neuroimaging rates and stroke diagnosis rates by site. Results Of 378 992 patients seen in 2008, 20 795 (5.5%) had at least one ED visit for dizziness. Overall, 5585 patients (26.9%) had a head CT and 652 (3.1%) had a brain MRI. Between 21.8% and 32.8% of ED patients with dizziness at each site had a head CT ( P P Conclusion The use of neuroimaging for ED patients with dizziness varies substantially without an associated improvement in stroke diagnosis, which is identified only rarely.
Beyond Suppe in methodology

Suppe attempts to discredit a vulgarized version of Kuhn’s conception of science by elaborating three themes: First, he condemns Kuhn as “guilty by association” with the specter of behaviorism (in conjunction with a discussion of a superficial history of positi\,istic philosophy as underlying behaviorism); second, he accuses Kuhn of giving libertarian license to “anything goes” in research; and third, in the last part of the article he rehashes the problem of the rationality of scientific praxis, claiming that Kuhn’s account renders science irrational. None of these theses is tenable, nor is the data claim Suppe makes that Kuhn’s position is only of historical interest to history of science. (Since this latter claim is refuted by the mere presence of his article, there is little need to discuss it.) Some brief remarks can serve to direct the interested reader to a more plausible interpretation of both Kuhn’s views and the rationality of science. Consider these issues in turn.
Are figure legends sufficient? Evaluating the contribution of associated text to biomedical figure comprehension

Background Biomedical scientists need to access figures to validate research facts and to formulate or to test novel research hypotheses. However, figures are difficult to comprehend without associated text (e.g., figure legend and other reference text). We are developing automated systems to extract the relevant explanatory information along with figures extracted from full text articles. Such systems could be very useful in improving figure retrieval and in reducing the workload of biomedical scientists, who otherwise have to retrieve and read the entire full-text journal article to determine which figures are relevant to their research. As a crucial step, we studied the importance of associated text in biomedical figure comprehension.
Uniqueness and stability of the solution to a thermoelastic contact problem

Uniqueness and continuous dependence on the initial temperature are proved for a onedimensional, quasistatic and frictionless contact problem in linear thermoelasticity. First the problem is reformulated in such a way that it decouples. The resulting problem for the temperature is a nonlinear integro-differential equation. Once the temperature is known the displacement is recovered from an appropriate variational inequality. Uniqueness is proved by considering an integral transform of the temperature. The steady solution is obtained and the asymptotic stability is shown. It turns out that the asymptotic behaviour and the steady state are determined by a relation between the coupling constant a and the initial gap.
DUST LEVITATION ON ASTEROIDS

Abstract In comparison to the lunar regolith, asteroidal regoliths appear to be deficient in dust and in agglutinates, i.e., in particles ≤100 μm across. On asteroid surfaces of high electrical resistiv_ity, such particles may be electrostatically levitated and the smaller size fraction may be preferentially lost. Two electrostatic field production mechanisms commonly considered for the Moon, where dust levitation has been repeatedly observed, are applied to asteroids. Fields generated by electron photoemission appear effective in levitating charged grains. As a surface element on a resistive asteroid rotates into and out of view of the sun, electrostatic levitation winnows its uppermost particulate layer. Depending on the asteroid's size, rotation rate, heliocentric distance, and other factors, levitated fines up to ∼10−2μm in diameter may escape directly by electrostatic acceleration. Particles 10−2–1 μm across lofted in the subescape regime may also be entrained to escape by solar wind drag and radiation pressure. Larger levitated particles remaining gravitationally bound to the asteroid (≥1–100 μm) are redistributed across its surface following local electrostatic and gravity gradients. Their migration is arrested when they settle in topographic traps and/or in perennially shadowed areas (e.g., craters, grooves). Electrostatic levitation may be an effective process of fine particle segregation and transport on asteroids, and might constitute a significant loss mechanism for their smallest particle size fraction during time intervals between large, regolith-dispersing impacts. The process may also contribute to forming coarse-grained near-surface charged “dustspheres” over the sunlit hemispheres of some asteroids. Possible evidence for fine particle levitation on various asteroids is discussed.
Enhanced sexual behavior in exercising men.

The effects of 9 months of aerobic exercise on aerobic work capacity (physical fitness), coronary heart disease risk factors, and sexuality were studied in 78 sedentary but healthy men (mean age, 48 years). The men exercised in supervised groups 60 min per day, 3.5 days per week on average. Peak sustained exercise intensity was targeted at 75–80% of maximum aerobic working capacity. A control group of 17 men (mean age, 44 years) participated in organized walking at a moderate pace 60 min per day, 4.1 days per week on average. Each subject maintained a daily diary of exercise, diet, smoking, and sexuality during the first and last months of the program. Beneficial effects of chronic, vigorous exercise on fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors were obtained in close agreement with prior studies. Analysis of diary entries revealed significantly greater sexuality enhancements in the exercise group (frequency of various intimate activities, reliability of adequate functioning during sex, percentage of satisfying orgasms, etc.). Moreover, the degree of sexuality enhancement among exercisers was correlated with the degree of their individual improvement in fitness.
Operating Experience with a New Accelerator Control System Based upon Microprocessors

This paper will describe the design and operating experience with a high performance control system tailored to the requirements of the SuperHILAC accelerator. A large number (20) of the latest 16-bit microcomputer boards are used in a parallel-distributed manner to get a high system bandwidth. Because of the high bandwidth, software costs and complexity are significantly reduced. The system by its very nature and design is easily upgraded and repaired. Dynamically assigned and labeled knobs, together with touch-panels, allow a flexible and efficient operator interface. An X-Y vector graphics system provides for display and labeling of real-time signals as well as general plotting functions. This control system allows attachment of a powerful auxiliary computer for scientific processing with access to accelerator parameters.
Perceived consequences of cigarette use among college students

The current study was designed to investigate the perceived consequences of cigarette smoking among a sample of college students. Participants (N=206) rated the negative consequences of smoking higher than the positive consequences on both the Decisional Balance Measure and the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire. While scales assessing the perceived positive consequences of cigarette smoking varied as a function of smoking status, the perceived negative consequences of smoking did not vary as a function of smoking status or stage of change. This pattern of findings is inconsistent with previous studies, which have reported that the relationship between the perceived positive and negative consequences of smoking shifts towards a more negative view as smokers become more motivated to change or actually quit smoking. The differential patterns of results across studies highlight the need for continued research on the relationship between the perceived consequences of cigarette use and actual smoking behavior among young adults who smoke but are not necessarily nicotine dependent.
Finite-size effect on the first-order metal-insulator transition in VO2 films grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition.

We studied the finite-size effect on the first-order metal-insulator phase transition and the accompanying tetragonal-to-monoclinic structural transition of ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films. The ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films were epitaxially grown by a metal-organic-chemical-vapor-deposition technique on the (101) growth plane of a 125-\AA{}-thick ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ buffer layer which was also epitaxially predeposited on polished sapphire (112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) substrates. The thickness of the ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films in this study ranges from 60 to 310 \AA{}. We find that ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films grow isomorphically on the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ buffer layer resulting in a high degree of epitaxial ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films. We determined structural correlation lengths of the ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ films parallel and normal to the growth plane from the x-ray-diffraction widths of ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ reflections at room temperature. The structural order parameter associated with the monoclinic distortion and the change in resistivity associated with the metal-insulator phase transition were simultaneously measured using x-ray-diffraction and resistivity measurements. It was found that the transition temperature, width of the transition, and the estimated electronic gap are dependent on the structural correlation length normal to the growth plane. These dependences are discussed in terms of finite-size and substrate effects on the first-order phase transition.
Property in nonhuman primates

Property is rare in most nonhuman primates, most likely because their lifestyles are not conducive to it. Nonetheless, just because these species do not frequently maintain property does not mean that they lack the propensity to do so. Primates show respect for possession, as well as behaviors related to property, such as irrational decision making regarding property (e.g., the endowment effect) and barter. The limiting factor in species other than humans is likely the lack of social and institutional controls for maintaining property. By comparing primates and humans, we gain a better understanding of how human property concepts have evolved.
Negative polarity of phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester adjacent to donor macromolecule domains

Interfacial fields within organic photovoltaics influence the movement of free charge carriers, including exciton dissociation and recombination. Open circuit voltage (Voc) can also be dependent on the interfacial fields, in the event that they modulate the energy gap between donor HOMO and acceptor LUMO. A rise in the vacuum level of the acceptor will increase the gap and the Voc, which can be beneficial for device efficiency. Here, we measure the interfacial potential differences at donor-acceptor junctions using Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy, and quantify how much of the potential difference originates from physical contact between the donor and acceptor. We see a statistically significant and pervasive negative polarity on the phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) side of PCBM/donor junctions, which should also be present at the complex interfaces in bulk heterojunctions. This potential difference may originate from molecular dipoles, interfacial interactions with donor materials, and/or equilibrium charge transfer due to the higher work function and electron affinity of PCBM. We show that the contact between PCBM and poly(3-hexylthiophene) doubles the interfacial potential difference, a statistically significant difference. Control experiments determined that this potential difference was not due to charges trapped in the underlying substrate. The direction of the observed potential difference would lead to increased Voc, but would also pose a barrier to electrons being injected into the PCBM and make recombination more favorable. Our method may allow unique information to be obtained in new donor-acceptor junctions.
TRANSGLUTAMINASE LEVELS IN BRAIN AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CELLS DURING ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS DETERMINED BY A RADIOCHEMICAL METHOD1,2

— A sensitive method for the assay of transglutaminase based on incorporation of [14C]methylamine into carbobenzoxy l-glutaminyl l-valine methyl ester is described. Transglutaminase levels were measured in the livers, brains and white cells obtained from peritoneal exudates of two strains of mice during the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The sensitive (BSVS) strain developed the disease, while the resistant (BRVR) mice did not succumb to EAE. The liver enzyme in the sensitive mice increased to significantly higher levels during the early stages of the disease. Low values were recorded in the same animals during paralysis. Brain transglutaminase increased to 300 per cent of normal values in the sensitive mice during paralytic stages of EAE. In the resistant strain of mice transglutaminase levels doubled in the mixture of cells obtained from the peritoneal wash. In the sensitive mice, normal values were recorded in those cells. It is suggested that transglutaminase is actively involved in immunological reactions taking place in the brain in EAE sensitive mice and in the reticuloendothelial system of EAE resistant mice.
Simple interferometric fringe stabilization by CCD-based feedback control

A method for producing stabilized interference patterns for interference lithography utilizing a CCD camera as the detector element is described. Intensity data obtained from the CCD element is filtered in software to minimize speckle and detector noise effects as well as determine the relative phase of the interfering beams.
Which questionnaires should be used in female urology practice

The evaluation and treatment of female pelvic floor disorders is an evolving sub-specialty in urology. Recent attention has been directed toward more rigorous evaluation of treatment efficacy and durability of female urologic procedures. Throughout the past few decades, questionnaires have emerged as important subjective instruments for evaluation. Today, practitioners must choose from a burgeoning amount of questionnaires. This staggering number of questionnaires has raised two important issues: which questionnaire should be used in a female urology practice and should more refined criteria be developed for evaluating questionnaires to make the decision easier?
Cortical blindness, a rare complication of pre-eclampsia

This is a case report of a previously undiagnosed pregnant teenager who presented to the emergency department with cortical blindness. She was found to be pre-eclamptic with the HELLP syndrome. She underwent immediate cesarean section, with delivery of a viable 32-week-old infant. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed abnormalities in the occipital lobes and a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage. Her vision improved immediately after the cesarean section, and returned to normal in a few days.
The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Synaptic Function and Nervous System Diseases

Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin has emerged as a critical regulator of synapse development and function. Ubiquitination is a reversible modification mediated by the concerted action of a large number of specific ubiquitin ligases and ubiquitin proteases, called deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). The balance of activity of these enzymes determines the localization, function, and stability of target proteins. While some DUBs counter the action of specific ubiquitin ligases by removing ubiquitin and editing ubiquitin chains, other DUBs function more generally to maintain the cellular pool of free ubiquitin monomers. The importance of DUB function at the synapse is underscored by the association of specific mutations in DUB genes with several neurological disorders. Over the last decade, although much research has led to the identification and characterization of many ubiquitin ligases at the synapse, our knowledge of the relevant DUBs that act at the synapse has lagged. This review is focused on highlighting our current understanding of DUBs that regulate synaptic function and the diseases that result from dysfunction of these DUBs.
Relative gain array analysis for uncertain process models

Relative gain array (RGA) analysis has been widely used in process control to identify promising control structures and to characterize the degree of process interactions between controlled and manipulated variables. However, the influence of process model uncertainty on RGA analysis has received little attention. Analytical expressions for RGA uncertainty bounds are derived for 2 × 2 control problems and for general, n × n control problems. Both worst-case bounds and statistical uncertainty bounds are derived. Several simulation examples illustrate the new results. The RGA uncertainty bounds provide useful information concerning model accuracy requirements and the robustness of decentralized control systems.
Remark on the Hsu-Du new algorithm for the longest common subsequence problem

Abstract One of the time bounds claimed for a recent algorithm computing the longest common subsequence of two strings is shown not to correct. While this fact considerably affects the performance of that algorithm, it also contributes to pose a few interesting questions.
Effect of Fluid Type and Microbial Properties on the Aerosolization of Microorganisms from Metalworking Fluids

Aerosolization of mist from metalworking fluids (MWFs) has been well characterized in previous studies. Much less is known about the aerosolization of microorganisms, although airborne microbial exposures at MWF sites have been associated with occupational respiratory symptoms and diseases. In this study, the effects of fluid type, microorganism concentration in the liquid, and the microbial species on the aerosolization of microorganisms from MWFs were tested. Three microorganisms were employed to represent different size and surface characteristics: Bacillus subtilis bacterial endospores (hydrophobic particles with aerodynamic diameter = 0.9 μm), Pseudomonas fluorescens bacterial vegetative cells (hydrophilic, 0.8 μm), and Penicillium melinii fungal spores (hydrophobic, 3.1 μm). The testing was first performed using a Collison nebulizer to aerosolize microorganisms from three fluids: water, semisynthetic MWF, and soluble oil. No significant difference in the aerosolization ratio (microbial concentration...
Technology, intermodal transportation, and port productivity: Throughput maximization and environmental sustainability

Dramatic transformation in the context in which seaports function has generated new demands and constraints that can not be effectively dealt with by traditional paradigms of port planning and management. This paper provides an overview of the changes in the context in which port planning and operations take place, discusses some ways in which container port performance can be measured, surveys technological developments that can improve port performance, and examines contemporary dredging techniques and methods available for providing increased vessel access and expanded port facilities while minimizing undesirable effects on the environment. The emphasis is on systems perspective, in which a focus on improving the performance of discrete elements of the system may result in suboptimal performance of the whole.
The Evolving Concept of a Stem Cell: Entity or Function?

We wish to thank A. Banfi, B. Colyear, and N. Gewertz for expert assistance with artwork. We are indebted to M. Baron, J. Botas, G. Cossu, E. Gussoni, Y.N. Jan, T. Palmer, T. Tlsty, B. Wold, and members of our laboratory for in-depth critique of the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge review of the tissue-specific material by E. Fuchs, M. Kay, P. Khavari, A. Oro, and L. Reid. We apologize in advance to those whose work we were not able to cover due to space constraints. This work was supported by a Lutheran Fellowship and an NIH predoctoral training grant GM07149 to T.R.B. and by NIH grants CA59717, AG09521, HD 18179, and HL65572 to H.M.B.
A bacterial interference strategy for prevention of UTI in persons practicing intermittent catheterization

A bacterial interference strategy for prevention of UTI in persons practicing intermittent catheterization
Toward privacy-assured and searchable cloud data storage services

Cloud computing is envisioned as the next generation architecture of IT enterprises, providing convenient remote access to massively scalable data storage and application services. While this outsourced storage and computing paradigm can potentially bring great economical savings for data owners and users, its benefits may not be fully realized due to wide concerns of data owners that their private data may be involuntarily exposed or handled by cloud providers. Although end-to-end encryption techniques have been proposed as promising solutions for secure cloud data storage, a primary challenge toward building a full-fledged cloud data service remains: how to effectively support flexible data utilization services such as search over the data in a privacy-preserving manner. In this article, we identify the system requirements and challenges toward achieving privacy-assured searchable outsourced cloud data services, especially, how to design usable and practically efficient search schemes for encrypted cloud storage. We present a general methodology for this using searchable encryption techniques, which allows encrypted data to be searched by users without leaking information about the data itself and users? queries. In particular, we discuss three desirable functionalities of usable search operations: supporting result ranking, similarity search, and search over structured data. For each of them, we describe approaches to design efficient privacy-assured searchable encryption schemes, which are based on several recent symmetric-key encryption primitives. We analyze their advantages and limitations, and outline the future challenges that need to be solved to make such secure searchable cloud data service a reality.
EPR spectra of Al[P(CH3)3]2 and Al[P(OCH3)3]2 in hydrocarbon matrices

Abstract EPR examination of the products of the reaction between Al atoms and P(CH 3 ) 3 and P(OCH 3 ) 3 on a rotating cryostat in hydrocarbon matrices at 77 K reveals the presence of the seven-electron binary complexes Al[P(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 and Al[P(OCH 3 ) 3 ] 2 . The magnetic parameters of these complexes are consistent with bent π radicals of C 2v symmetry. The unpaired electron is located in a molecular orbital perpendicular to the P—Al—P plane which is constituted largely from the Al atomic 3p x orbital with a contribution from P 3p x and/or 3d xz , 3d xy atomic orbitals.
Perspectives from Marketing Internship Providers

Internship research published in marketing and business education journals primarily examine student perspectives about internships or reports results based on other business disciplines. To more accurately understand how employers perceive marketing interns and internships, 352 managers located in the Midwestern United States were surveyed. Respondents rated five skills and qualifications they deemed most important and rated previous interns on their abilities and expected firm benefits. Key findings include recognizing preferred methods of recruiting interns (including the emergence of social networking), identifying the tasks interns perform, and considering firm demographics on internship perspectives and practices.
An analysis of film boiling of a binary mixture in a porous medium

Abstract A theoretical analysis is performed to outline the effect of diffusion phenomena on the film boiling heat transfer process from a vertical plate to a liquid mixture in a porous medium. With boundary layer approximations, the conservation laws are resolved by means of similarity transformations. The resulting set of differential equations is solved using a shooting technique. Heat transfer results are obtained for a range of operating conditions applied to a mixture of water and methanol. Experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical findings, and excellent agreement is found between theory and experiment.
Effect of temperature on the ultrasonic properties of oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The influence of temperature on the ultrasonic properties of oil-in-water emulsions was investigated. The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient of a series of corn oil-in-water emulsions with different disperse phase volume fractions (φ=0 to 0.5) and mean droplet radii (r=0.1 to 0.5 μm) were measured as a function of temperature (5 to 50°C). These measurements were in reasonable agreement with predictions made using ultrasonic scattering theory. The ultrasonic velocity of the emulsions was particularly sensitive to their composition, temperature and droplet size. Around 15°C, the ultrasonic velocity was fairly insensitive to oil concentration. Below this temperature, it increased with oil concentration, whilst above this temperature it decreased. The ultrasonic velocity increased with droplet size. The attenuation coefficient of the emulsions was much more sensitive to composition and droplet size, rather than temperature. It increased with oil concentration and decreased with temperature. The implications of these results for the use of ultrasound for determining the size distribution and concentration of droplets in emulsions are investigated.
Software for Metallurgical Calculations—Part II

The following is the second installment of an eight-part series which examines some of the programs featured at the Computer Software for Metallurgical Calculations Conference, which took place late in 1985 at the University of Missouri-Rolla.
A Rock Physics Model For Hydrates Bearing Sediments of Near Surface

Gas hydrates presented as form of segregated bodies have been observed on shallow subsurface sediments. However, most gas hydrate physics models describe that hydrates occur in pore space in deep subsurface sediment. A new model considers gas hydrate as segregated bodies to derive elastic properties of hydrates bearing sediments and gas hydrate saturation. The predicted elastic properties based on the model are coincided with measurements of well logs in site 1327 of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). The results show the model can be used to estimate gas hydrate saturation from seismic data of near surface.
On the accuracy of force fields for predicting the physical properties of dimethylnitramine.

The accuracy of three force fields for predicting the physical properties of dimethylnitramine (DMNA) has been investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. The Sorescu, Rice, and Thompson (SRT) (J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 798) rigid-molecule, flexible generalized AMBER (J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1157), and Smith et al. flexible force fields (J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 705) were tested. The density, lattice parameters, isotherm, and melting point of DMNA are calculated using classical molecular dynamics. Except for the melting point, the predictions of the three force fields are in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The calculated thermodynamic melting points (Tmp) for the SRT, AMBER, and Smith et al. force fields are 380, 360, and 260 K, respectively. The experimental value is 331 K. Modifications of the torsional barriers in the AMBER force field resulted in Tmp = 346 K, in good agreement with the experimental value of 331 K. The calculated lattice parameters and bulk modulus are ...
ap-9-(o-Methylphenyl)-9-fluorenol, a structure exhibiting several aryl-H...π(arene) intermolecular interactions

The title compound, C20H16O, (I), which crystallized exclusively as its ap rotamer, exhibits several intermolecular aryl-H⋯π(arene) interactions, resulting in planar molecular arrays in which each mol­ecule interacts with six adjacent mol­ecules. Surprisingly, there were no O—H⋯O—H or O—H⋯π(arene) interactions within hydrogen-bonding distances. Crystalline (I) melted sharply without molecular decomposition (NMR), but the cooled melt recrystallized only after several hours.
One dimensional discrete linear and Kerr nonlinear optics

Discrete optical phenomena occur in one dimensional periodic arrays of parallel coupled waveguides. Coupling between adjacent waveguides leads to a novel form of "discrete" diffraction, periodic dispersion relations involving multiple bands, and contain regions of both normal, anomalous and zero diffraction. This in turn impacts many linear diffraction phenomena, for example the Talbot effect. It also results in a diversity of phenomena in nonlinear optics including novel types of spatial solitons, beam break-up also known as filamentation, and solitonic interactions. The fundamental concepts are reviewed here and interesting examples of discrete optical phenomena discussed.
Calculation of diffusion in radial drift TPCs

Abstract We derive an expression for the size of the charge cloud diffusing (and drifting) in a radial ( 1 r )E field where the diffusion coefficient, σ 1 , and drift velocity are, through their E field dependence, functions of r . Calculations using this expression with the approximations σ 1 = const. and σ l ( r ) linear in r are compared with each other and with Monte Carlo calculations for P10 and a cooler gas in a prototype radial TPC for STAR, as well as for a larger chamber.
Bipartite permutation graphs with application to the minimum buffer size problem

Abstract This paper presents a new characterization of bipartite permutation graphs and a structure theorem for (0, 1)-matrices with a special consecutive 1's property. These results lead to a lineartime algorithm for the minimum buffer size problem when restricted to bipartite permutation graphs; this problem arises in relational database systems and is NP-hard for a general graph.
Joining of bacteriophage T4D heads and tails: a kinetic study by inelastic light scattering.

Abstract We have used inelastic laser light scattering to study the kinetics of the spontaneous assembly of heads and tails of bacteriophage T4D to form noninfectious tail fiberless particles. For interpretation of the kinetics, it was first necessary to determine the physical properties of the strongly scattering phage parts. For heads, these are D20,w = 3.60 × 10−8 cm2/s, 820,w = 1025 S, M = 1.76 × 108. For tail fiberless particles, D20,w = 3.14 × 10−8 cm2/s, 820,w = 968 S, and M = 1.95 × 108. The kinetics of the head-tail joining process was followed by measuring the time variation of the homodyne scattering autocorrelation function. This was interpreted as a sum of exponentials whose decay constants were known from the scattering angle and the diffusion coefficients, and whose amplitudes were related to the concentrations of reactants and products. Scattering experiments at 22 °C gave a bimolecular rate constant of 1.02 × 107 m −1 s−1, while infectivity assays at 30 °C gave a rate constant of 1.28 × 107. Adjustment of both rate constants to 20 °C, assuming diffusion controlled reaction, gave 0.97 × 107 and 0.98 × 107 m −1 s−1, respectively. This rate is about 1 500 that predicted by Smoluchowski theory for a diffusion controlled reaction between two spherical particles; the discrepancy is largely explicable from orientational factors.
Occipital lobe's cortical thinning in ametropic amblyopia.

Abstract Background and Purpose The present study was designed to detect the abnormalities of the cortical thickness in children with ametropic amblyopia by a computer-aided MRI technique. Methods Nine children with ametropic amblyopia and eight age-matched normal controls underwent MRI brain scanning that was performed on a Siemens Avanto 1.5-T scanner, and standard T1-weighted high-resolution anatomic scans of magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence were obtained. For the cortical thickness analysis, 3D MPRAGE images were processed with FreeSurfer software package ( http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/freesurfer/ ), and the cortical thicknesses were compared between the patient group and the normal control group. Results The cortical thicknesses of the lingual and pericalcarine areas in the left hemisphere and of the cuneus, lateraloccipital and lingual areas in the right hemisphere in the amblyopic group were significantly thinner than those of the control group (P Conclusion The changes in cortical thickness of several occipital regions in amblyopic patients may be important in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Phototropic leaflet reorientation in alfalfa germplasm selected for leaf color and size

Solar tracking has been described in several agronomic and wild species, yet variation within a given species has not been reported. To address that issue, photoperiod leaflet reorientation in response to vectorial light was measured in three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm pools selected from the cultivar Ladak 65. Dark-leaf germplasm responded to all photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) (100 to 700 μmol/m2/s) with no detectable lag period. Following a 24-h dark treatment only high PPFD (600 to 700μmol/m2/s) elicited reorientation. Pale-leaf germplasm responded to intermediate (300 to 400 μmol/m2/s) and high PPFD in a similar manner; however, the low (100-125μmol/m2/s) PPFD treatment had little effect on reorientation. The 24-h dark treatment decreased reorientation at all PPFD. Small-leaf germplasm responded equally to all PPFD and was not affected by the 24-h dark treatment. The results suggest that available energy levels may influence the reorientation response. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of photophosphorylation, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of non-cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, reduced reorientation only in the pale-leaf type. These results suggest that stored energy reserves were adequate to maintain leaflet reorientation in the absence of photosynthesis in all but the pale-leaf germplasm. In that germplasm photosynthetically generated energy may be required to support reorientation.
Deadbeat controller design for high order systems: Application on unmanned aerial vechicle

This paper describes the design and structural aspects of the advanced proportional integral derivative for nonlinear higher order systems. The design scheme combines deadbeat equation, feedback control, robust control, and the replacement of system zeros with a single gain for simplification purpose. Unlike previous implementations of deadbeat controller, it was possible to apply deadbeat response on a system with a third order zeros without applying any change on the system poles; The design scheme in illustrated on an unmanned aerial vehicle angle of attack. Computer simulation shows that the implemented improvement results on enhanced time domain response and remarkable system robustness to uncertainty.
Solutions of a Nonlinear Integral Equation for High-Energy Scattering. I. An Existence Theorem

Ball and Zachariasen have proposed a model of high-energy diffraction scattering, which entails nonshrinking diffraction peaks. The model has some resemblance to the multiperipheral model, in that it emphasizes $s$-channel unitarity with a simple factored form of production amplitudes. It leads to an integral equation for the elastic amplitude which is relatively simple in appearance. The equation is analyzed here with the help of methods which may also be useful in the study of more realistic high-energy models. The Hankel transform of the original equation is studied as a nonlinear equation in a certain Banach space. Existence of an infinite class of solutions is proved by means of the contraction mapping principle. These solutions are constructed by iteration for small values of a parameter $c$, which measures the strength of particle production. The range of allowed values for the product of $c$ and the elastic cross section does not include the physical value. One can try, however, to continue the solutions to the physical value, since they are analytic in $c$. In paper II, the solutions are calculated numerically, and the continuation to large $c$ is attempted. The continuation stops short of its goal, because of a singularity of the Fr\'echet derivative of the nonlinear operator. This derivative becomes a linear integral operator of the "third kind," which has no inverse in a space of continuous functions. No physically acceptable solutions of the Ball-Zachariasen equation have been found. A proposed approximate solution appears to have some difficulties, as is explained in paper II.
Ethidium bromide-mediated renaturation of denatured closed circular DNAs: mechanistic aspects and fractionation of DNA on a molecular weight basis

Abstract When closed circular duplex DNAs are exposed to alkali in the presence of ethidium bromide, from 0 to 100% of the DNA can be recovered as the fully based-paired duplex (native) form upon neutralization of the solutions. The fraction of native DNA depends on the concentration of ethidium bromide, time of incubation, ionic strength and temperature of the solutions before neutralization as well as the molecular weight and superhelix density of the DNA. Limiting ethidium concentrations exist below and above which 0 and 100% of the DNA, respectively, is recovered as native material under a given set of incubation conditions regardless of the length of time of incubation before neutralization. The strong molecular weight dependence of the fraction of DNA recovered in the native form after a given time of pre-neutralization incubation at ethidium concentrations between the limiting values noted above allows larger DNAs to remain fully denatured upon neutralization while smaller DNAs in the same mixture are fully renatured. This permits the rapid fractionation of mixtures of closed duplex DNAs on the basis of molecular weight when a technique for the separation of denatured from fully base-paired DNA is applied to such mixtures. Such a separation has been demonstrated through the marked enrichment of plasmid cloning vector DNA containing cloned inserts in the fractions that remain denatured after neutralization of alkaline solutions of these DNAs containing ethidium bromide.
Characterizing ozone production and response under different meteorological conditions in Mexico City

Photochemistry in polluted atmospheres, particularly the formation of ozone (O 3 ), depends not only on pollutant emissions, but also on meteorological conditions. In this study a 3-D chemical transport model CAMx was employed to investigate the O 3 formation and its response to emissions reduction under three distinctively different meteorological conditions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MCMA-2003 field measurement campaign. The O 3 formation characteristics and sensitivity to emissions change were found to be weakly dependent on the meteorological conditions. The evolution of O 3 formation and its sensitivity to NO x and VOC levels were also examined along the photochemical plume transport pathway. The midday O 3 production was found to undergo a rapid increase in a narrow range of chemical aging, while downwind plumes were characterized with low and constant O 3 production, and plumes along their transport pathway were characterized by a combination of the two. The O 3 formation was more VOC sensitive near the source area, but as the plume became chemically aged, O 3 formation became progressively VOC insensitive and more NO x sensitive.
Weed seed bank affected by tillage intensity for barley in Alaska

The weed seed bank of a long-term tillage study in subarctic Alaska was studied at the end of 10 years of continuous spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Tillage treatments were: no-till, disked once (spring), disked twice (spring and fall), and chisel plow (fall). Soil cores were obtained from each tillage treatment and seeds were manually separated from soil after washing through sieves. Tillage treatment had a significant effect on seed density of shepherds purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.), cinquefoil (Potentilla norvegica L.), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.), and on total seed density. Seed density was higher for these species and total seed density was greater under no-till than under other tillage treatments. Seed density was higher near the soil surface under no-till and chisel plow treatments than under disked treatments, which helps explain the greater difficulty of controlling weeds under reduced tillage.
Use of Risk Insights to Enhance Safety Focus of Small Modular Reactor Reviews

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff plans to apply a more integrated, graded approach to the review of small modular reactor (SMR) pre-application activities and design applications. The concept is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the reviews by focusing on safety significant structures, systems, and components (SSCs). The unique design features associated with SMRs and knowledge gained reviewing other passive reactor designs present opportunities to risk-inform the SMR design certification process to a greater extent than previously employed. The review process can be modified for SMR applications by considering the aggregate of regulatory controls pertaining to SSCs as part of the review and determining those regulatory controls which may supplement or replace, as appropriate, part of the technical or engineering analysis and evaluation. Risk insights acquired from staff reviews of passive LWR designs (i.e. AP1000, ESBWR) can also be incorporated into the review process. Further, risk insights associated with integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) design features (i.e. Underground facilities impact on turbine missiles review) can be incorporated into the review process.
Solving low frequency electromagnetic problems with fast solvers

This paper researches on low-frequency scattering problem that has covered a large variety of models: simple PEC structure, PEC with wires and junctions, homogeneous penetrable scatterers and composite objects. Accurate numerical results have been generated for many demonstrating examples as well as practical application models.