cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Functional Capacity and Community Responsibility in Patients with Schizophrenia: Differences Between Independent and Assisted Living Settings

We examined factors potentially associated with level of community responsibility among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia. Participants in residential care facilities engaged in significantly fewer community responsibilities than those residing in the community. However, demographic and clinical characteristics did not explain these differences. Further, greater functional capacity was associated with greater community responsibility among participants residing in the community, but not those in residential care facilities. These results suggest that, despite capacity, patients residing in residential care facilities are not engaging in community responsibilities. Further, among participants residing in the community, functional capacity may predict level of responsibility.
The Panama-California Exposition, San Diego, 1915: The Olmsted Brothers' Ecological Park Typology

During the last weeks of his practice, Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., wrote that the future of his firm depended on developing an appropriate landscape style for the arid West. Christine Edstrom O9Hara tells how his sons9 firm, Olmsted Brothers, set out to reach that goal in their unbuilt proposal for the 1915 San Diego Panama-California Exposition, in what is now Balboa Park. The Panama-California Exposition, San Diego, 1915: The Olmsted Brothers9 Ecological Park Typology is the story of their innovative embrace of regionalist aesthetics and a respect for local ecology, topography, and weather. The ideals of their design, however, were not taken up by their clients. The Olmsted firm was fired, and the fairgrounds that welcomed visitors to San Diego in 1915 had architecture that was more appropriate to large cities and a landscape better suited to a wet climate.
Metal Contamination in the Republic of Armenia.

Air, soil, and water samples were collected throughout the Republic of Armenia both before and after its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Reported analyses of those samples indicated that levels of several trace metal concentrations (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Zn) exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations established by the former Soviet Union (FSU) and subse- quently adopted by Armenia. Although industrial production
Ultrastructural changes in gastric epithelium caused by bile salt.

Abstract We assessed the influence of bile salt in neutral solution on the morphology and function of the Ussing-chambered stomach mucosa. Guinea pig gastric mucosa was exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mM taurocholic acid in balanced salt solution with glucose. Control tissues were exposed to salt solution without taurocholic acid. During exposure to the bile salt, the pH of the bathing solutions was maintained at 7.0–7.4 with 0.1 Msodium hydroxide. Potential difference, short-circuit current, and resistance of the tissues were recorded every 15 min. The morphologic effects of the bile salt were determined with light and electron microscopy. The 10 and 20 μM concentrations caused significant deterioration of the electrophysiologic measurements and major morphologic alteration on both light and electron microscopic evaluations. The 5 μM concentration of taurocholic acid did not affect the electrophysiologic measurements or the light microscopic appearance of the surface cells. Electron microscopy, however, revealed morphologic changes in over 50% of the specimens examined. These findings demonstrate that in vitro, mammalian gastric mucosa shows significant ultrastructural changes when exposed to physiological concentrations of bile salt in a neutral solution. These changes appear to be subtle in that they are evident on transmission electron microscopy even before significant change can be demonstrated by light microscopy or by standard electrophysiologic measurements.
Fluctuations and kinetics of domain growth in degenerate magnetic systems

Abstract The domain growth kinetics of magnetically ordering systems with p -fold degenerate ground states is analyzed. We present Monte Carlo results for the approach to equilibrium of systems with multigenerate ground states which have been rapidly quenched from T a T c to T « T c . We show that pinning center are effective in slowing the dynamics of domain growth in systems with p ⩾ 3.
Use of Enzyme Replacement Therapy (Laronidase) before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Mucopolysaccharidosis I: Experience in 18 Patients

We describe the use of enzyme replacement therapy in conjunction with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 18 consecutive patients with severe mucopolysaccharidosis type I. The survival and engraftment rate was 89% overall and 93% for the 15 patients who received full-intensity conditioning.
HubVis: Software for gravitational lens estimation and visualization from Hubble data

The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) image spans less than one millionth of the sky, but it contains as many as 10,000 galaxies at distances on the order of 13 billion light years. However, Hubble images are difficult to process and require merging of multiple images from different optical wavelengths. In addition, the interpretation of such images can be complicated by intervening distortion caused by gravitational lensing. To address these issues, a NetBeans visualization tool called HubVis is being developed that includes the capability to: 1) simulate simple gravitational lensing and 2) search for gravitational lenses in Hubble data. The search method utilizes a novel algorithm to estimate gravitational lenses in Hubble data. Results are presented illustrating the current capabilities of the tool.
Substrate Hydrophobicity and Adhesion of Uromyces Urediospores and Germlings

Abstract Terhune, B. T., and Hoch, A. C. 1993. Substrate hydrophobicity and adhesion of Uromyces urediospores and germlings. Experimental Mycology 17, 241-252. Adhesions of urediospores and urediospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus, the bean rust pathogen, to various substrata was evaluated with regard to surface wettability. A range of surface wettabilities, or conversely hydrophobicities, was obtained by coating glass or quartz substrates with various organosilanes. Adhesion of urediospores or germlings was evaluated after the spore or germling laden-silanized surfaces were washed. Both urediospores and germlings adhered most tenaciously to surfaces with wettability ratings less than 30. Such surfaces were polystyrene and glass treated with dimethyldichlorosilane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-trichorosilane, and diphenyldichlorosilane. The degree of germling contact to the various surfaces correlated closely with hydrophobicity and with the adhesion of germlings. Induction of appressoria on quartz substrates bearing inductive topographies (0.5-μm-deep grooves) was also closely associated with the degree of hydrophobicity.
The utility of antiserums to subunits of TSH and LH for immunochemical staining of the rat hypophysis.

The objective was to assess the effectiveness of antiserums to the β-subunit of bovine TSH (thyrotropin) and α- and β-subunits of LH (luteinizing hormone) for immunochemical staining of rat pituitary cells and in so doing to acquire more information about the properties of the subunits. For the following reasons it was concluded that antiserum to TSH-β is specific for demonstration of TSH-cells. The morphology and distribution of the presumptive TSH-cells so revealed conform to the descriptions presented by other investigators who have used histological techniques. When pituitary TSH content was reduced by thyroidectomy or administration of propylthiouracil or thyroxine, the stainability of TSH-cells was reduced; it was increased with elevation of TSH content during rebound after cessation of propylthiouracil treatment. The effectiveness of anti-TSH-β was lost after absorption with bovine TSH. The specificity of antiserum of LH-β for demonstration of LH-cells was indicated since the cells demonstrated with it correspond to the gonadotropic cells described by others with respect to morphology, distribution and response to gonadectomy. Antiserum to LH-α, the nonspecific subunit of LH, permitted staining of both TSH- and LH-cells. The individuality of TSH- and LH-cells, as revealed immunochemically with antiserums to the respective specific β-subunits, was demonstrated by double staining and by comparison of adjacent sections stained with one of the two antiserums.
Solitons and edge domains in multilayers

Edge-domain wall controls the switching behaviour in ultra-thin films and understanding them is of fundamental importance. The edge domains in an anti-parallel coupled bilayer magnetic film can be well reproduced by the analytic exact two-solition solution of the imaginary time Sine-Gordon equation. For a single-layer film, the domain pattern deviates slightly from the two-soliton equation because of uncompensated magnetic charges near the corners and at the domain walls. As the number of the layers is increased and switches between even and odd, the domain pattern also switches between these two limits. The deviation from the two soliton solution becomes smaller because the net uncompensated magnetic charge per unit layer decreases.
Comparison of Variable and Fixed Focal Length Cone Beam CT in Diagnostic Imaging

We use a task-based study to objectively evaluate the effect of variable versus fixed focal length in determining the position of a lesion in helical cone-beam computed tomography (HCBCT). This method will be used to assess whether variable focal length CBCT scans provide a measurable improvement in estimating lesion position relative to fixed focal length CBCT in diagnostic applications. In this simulation study a 1 cm diameter spherical lesion is placed at four different positions within a three-dimensional Shepp-Logan head phantom. The axial plane is taken to point along the z-axis, which is also the central axis of the helix. The lesion is placed at the center of the Shepp-Logan phantom, at positions displaced ± 5c m inx, and at a position displaced 5 cm in y. Four different scans of pitch length 10 cm are then performed using 128 views over 360 ◦ with a 100×300 pixel (20 cm×60 cm) detector. Two scans have a fixed focal length of 50 cm between the X-ray source and the center of rotation (COR), varying only in the starting angle of the source (0 ◦ and 90 ◦ ). We call this the circular configuration. The other two scans have a variable focal length following the curvature of the head phantom and ranging from 37.5 cm to 50 cm. We call this the elliptical configuration. The detector rotates with the source but maintains a constant distance of 30 cm from the COR. A likelihood gridding technique is used to assess bias and variance in the position estimates determined from each scan configuration. We find that the biases are small relative to the variances, and have no apparent preferred direction. Of the 24 circular to elliptical comparisons made, we find that in 14 cases the elliptical scan has a smaller variance that is statistically significant(p ≤ 0.05). By contrast, we find no statistically significant cases in which the circular scan gives a smaller variance compared to the elliptical scan. We conclude that using a variable focal length adapted to the contours of the head phantom provides more precise results, but caution that this is a limited pilot study and many more factors will be accounted for in future work.
Intranasal or oral immunization of inbred and outbred mice with murine or human rotavirus VP6 proteins protects against viral shedding after challenge with murine rotaviruses

Abstract Intranasal (i.n.) administration of an Escherichia coli -expressed chimeric VP6 protein from the EDIM strain of murine rotavirus to adult BALB/c (H-2 d ) mice along with LT(R192G), an attenuated mutant of the mucosal adjuvant E. coli heat-labile toxin, has been found to consistently stimulate ca. 99% reductions in rotavirus shedding after subsequent EDIM challenge. This study was designed to determine the robustness of this protection, i.e. can VP6 immunization consistently protect against shedding in this model, thus, providing an indication of its potential as a vaccine. Intranasal immunization with two 8.8 μg doses of EDIM VP6 and 10 μg of LT(R192G) was found to stimulate 99% reductions in EDIM shedding in four additional strains of inbred mice belonging to three haplotypes, i.e. DBA/2 (H-2 d ), C57BL/6 (H-2 b ), 129 (H-2 b ) and C3H (H-2 k ). Protection stimulated against EDIM antigen shedding following i.n. immunization with VP6 from the human CJN strain was less ( P =0.02) than induced by EDIM VP6 (86% versus 99%), but no further loss of protection was observed when the dose of CJN VP6 was reduced 100-fold. Protection against EDIM shedding was also maintained after i.n. immunization of three strains of outbred mice (CF-1, CD-1 and Swiss Webster) with either EDIM or CJN VP6, i.e. EDIM VP6 immunization reduced EDIM shedding by 99% while CJN VP6 immunization produced reductions of 86–96%. Protection stimulated by oral immunization of BALB/c mice with two 8.8 μg doses of either VP6 chimera plus LT(R192G) was not significantly different from that induced by i.n. immunization. Finally, protection found after either oral or i.n. immunization with EDIM or CJN VP6 was no different when the mice were challenged with McN, another strain of murine rotavirus. These results support further evaluation of VP6 as a vaccine.
Retinoic acid nuclear receptors and tumor promotion: decreased expression of retinoic acid nuclear receptors by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

During studies to determine the mechanism of tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), we found that TPA downregulates mouse epidermal retinoic acid nuclear receptors (RAR), a superfamily of nuclear steroid/thyroid receptors implicated in mediating effects of retinoic acid (RA). Application of TPA to mouse skin decreased the binding of [3H]RA to RAR from mouse epidermal nuclear extracts. In this experiment, 20 nmol of TPA was applied to mouse skin and 3.5 h later binding of [3H]RA to RAR was analyzed by chromatography on a size-exclusion column. TPA treatment resulted in an approximately 67% decrease in the specific binding of [3H]RA to RAR. In a more detailed time course, application of 20 nmol of TPA to mouse skin led to 20, 36, 92 and 0% decrease in the binding of [3H]RA to mouse epidermal RAR at 2, 4, 12 and 72 h after treatment respectively. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A but a mouse skin tumor promoter, also inhibited the binding of RA to RAR. RAR alpha and RAR gamma, but not RAR beta mRNA, could be detected in mouse epidermis. In addition, RA nuclear receptor RXR alpha was also expressed in the mouse epidermis. As determined by Northern blot analysis of total as well as poly(A)+ RNA, application of 10 nmol of TPA to mouse skin led to decreased expression of RAR alpha, RAR gamma and RXR alpha mRNA at 3.5 h after treatment. The effect of TPA on the attenuation of RAR expression was specific. Specific binding of RA to RAR was decreased when TPA-induced expression of the c-fos, c-jun and ornithine decarboxylase gene was increased. Downregulation of RAR(s) may be an essential component of the mechanism of mouse skin tumor promotion.
Application-aware dynamic spectrum access

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) allows unlicensed wireless devices to opportunistically access unoccupied licensed spectrum bands. DSA yields efficient spectrum utilization which can greatly improve wireless networking performance. In this paper, we advocate application-awareness to effectively manage the side-effects of DSA that can offset its benefits by adversely impacting application QoS. Simple application hints are found to be able to serve as key inputs in evaluating current spectrum conditions relative to application needs, leading to an informed DSA mechanism that minimizes the impact of undesirable DSA side-effects. Towards this goal, we propose a wireless service architecture called Context-Aware Spectrum Agility (CASA). The key elements of CASA are: (a) semantic dependency equations that provide the relationship between application-layer QoS state and lower-layer DSA parameters, (b) CASA Algorithm that adapts DSA parameters and activities to better suit application needs, and, (c) a low overhead interface to provide application context to DSA. CASA has been explicitly designed with the goals of practical deployment, low overhead operation, and is compatible with any DSA protocol. Compared to state-of-art DSA, the deployment of CASA along with DSA protocols is shown to improve QoS metrics, such as delay and jitter, by an average of 30 and 64%, respectively. CASA is also found to match the application QoS demands for more than 90% of the duration of a communication session--a 300+% improvement over conventional application-agnostic DSA.
Commentary: Multicultural aspects of aging in the U.S.: Implications for health and human services.

This is a synthesis of the papers presented in this volume. This collection provides health and human service providers with useful concepts for developing culturally relevant services for ethnic elders.
Requirement for Sex Comb on Midleg Protein Interactions in Drosophila Polycomb Group Repression

The Drosophila Sex Comb on Midleg (SCM) protein is a transcriptional repressor of the Polycomb group (PcG). Although genetic studies establish SCM as a crucial PcG member, its molecular role is not known. To investigate how SCM might link to PcG complexes, we analyzed the in vivo role of a conserved protein interaction module, the SPM domain. This domain is found in SCM and in another PcG protein, Polyhomeotic (PH), which is a core component of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). SCM-PH interactions in vitro are mediated by their respective SPM domains. Yeast two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays were used to isolate and characterize >30 missense mutations in the SPM domain of SCM. Genetic rescue assays showed that SCM repressor function in vivo is disrupted by mutations that impair SPM domain interactions in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of an isolated, wild-type SPM domain produced PcG loss-of-function phenotypes in flies. Coassembly of SCM with a reconstituted PRC1 core complex shows that SCM can partner with PRC1. However, gel filtration chromatography showed that the bulk of SCM is biochemically separable from PH in embryo nuclear extracts. These results suggest that SCM, although not a core component of PRC1, interacts and functions with PRC1 in gene silencing.
Use of recombinant factor VIIa as a rescue treatment for intractable bleeding following repeat aortic arch repair

Hemorrhage, refractory to aggressive conventional therapy, at a rate of 16 L/hr following separation from cardiopulmonary bypass for aortic arch repair, was controlled with a dose of 90 μg/kg of recombinant factor VIIa, repeated once after 2 hours.
Ge chemisorption and alloying on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface

Photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and reflection high-energy electron diffraction have been used to examine sublayer and multilayer deposits of Ge onto Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) substrates. The decomposed Si 2p and Ge 3d core levels as well as angle-integrated valence-band spectra are analyzed as functions of Ge coverage and annealing temperature. The results reveal details concerning the ordering of the surface atoms and the incorporation of Ge into the surface reconstruction. The modification of the surface atomic structure and local chemical composition is correlated with the observed changes in the surface electronic structure.
Effect of temperature on uptake and extrusion of water by isolated rat-liver mitochondria.

Abstract Respiration-dependent swelling of rat-liver mitochondria induced by phosphate, thyroxine, or reduced or oxidized glutathione has a rather high temperature coefficient, in the range 3.2–4.6. On the other hand, swelling induced by oleate, hypotonicity of the medium or that occurring spontaneously proceeds approximately as rapidly at 0° as at 21°. The latter types of swelling are not substantially inhibited by cyanide. Water uptake produced by the first group of agents is thus dependent on a chemical or enzymic event as the rate-limiting step, whereas a physical event, probably diffusion, is rate-limiting for the second type of water uptake. Reversal of mitochondrial swelling by ATP was also found to be dependent on temperature, in accordance with the fact that inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation such as azide and oligomycin can block reversal by ATP. On the other hand, the reversal of swelling by making the medium hypertonic with sucrose proceeds as rapidly and completely at 0° as 21°; the rate of strictly osmotic reversal thus is probably dependent on a physical process such as diffusion. These findings provide additional evidence for the existence of two distinct modes of mitochondrial water uptake and extrusion: “passive” volume changes caused by changes in osmolality of the medium and “active” or respiration-dependent changes coupled to enzymic reactions.
Permeability of shellac coatings to gases and water vapor

Shellac was coated onto highly permeable polymer films and its permeability calculated from measured values of permeance for coated and uncoated films. At 75per thousand relative humidity and 30°C, the O*l2*s and CO*l2*s permeability was 230 and 803 cc mil/(m*h2*s day atm), respectively, for Shellac coatings cast from ethanol. Over a wide range of relative humidities the water vapor permeability was 0.9-2.1 g mil/(m*h2*s day mmHg) for Shellac coatings cast from 2-propanol. Coatings made from water-soluble shellac were more permeable, especially at high values of relative humidity.
The complex relationship between behavioral attributes, social status, and whole blood serotonin in male Macaca fascicularis.

Among group-housed male Cercopithecus aethiops, dominant animals have higher concentrations of whole bood serotonin (WBS) than their subordinate counterparts. In contrast, there appears to be no relationship between social status and WBS in Macaca nemestrina. We report here the relationship between social status and WBS among 29 male Macaca fascicularis housed in groups of five. Membership in these groups was disrupted periodically (20 times in 26 months) with a reorganization manipulation. Concentrations of WBS were assessed just prior to the 20th (final) social reorganization and at 1, 2, and 5 weeks following that reorganization. Correlations between these repeated samples were high, indicating considerable intraindividual stability in WBS. Overall, there were no persistent differences in WBS between clearly dominant (ranked 1 or 2) and subordinate (ranked 3, 4, or 5) monkeys, despite the substantial behavioral differences between such animals and the stability of social status across time. A multivariate analysis indicated that WBS was best predicted by a model that included a positive relationship with the interaction between rate of grooming and social status (P < 0.002), a negative relationship with extreme aggressiveness (P = 0.03), and a positive relationship with time spent alone (P < 0.04). Further analysis of the social status by grooming rate interaction revealed that WBS was higher in dominants than subordinates, but only if the dominants also initiated grooming frequently. These differences in the relationship WBS and social status in C. aethiops and M. fascicularis may reflect differences in the behavioral dynamics underlying the dominance hierarchies in small groups of these two species.
Influence of Structure on Mechanical Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon

PREVIOUS work on the mechanical properties of pyro-lytic carbon has been confined to massive deposits laid down on stationary formers1,2. Such deposits have a limited range of structure. An alternative preparation technique, developed primarily for coating nuclear fuel particles, involves the use of a fluidized bed3. Recent work on pyrolytic carbon deposited in a fluidized bed at 1,200°–2,100° C has shown that a very wide range of structures can be prepared by varying the deposition conditions. In general, these deposits are structurally different from massive deposits. The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate how the mechanical properties of pyrolytic carbon deposited in a fluidized bed depend on its structure.
Effects of Propellant Mass Loss on Fuel-Optimal Rendezvous Near Keplerian Orbit

Previous work on fuel-optimal rendezvous of a spacecraft near a point in arbitrary Keplerian orbit has been generalized by consideration of the change in the mass of the spacecraft as the propellent is depleted. Although the Newtonian gravitational force function has been linearized in describing the relative motion of the spacecraft, the total system of equations is nonlinear because the mass is not constant in this formulation. Bounded thrust, fixed time, and constant exhaust velocity are assumed. Necessary conditions for solution of this problem are presented that reveal the structure of an optimal rendezvous. Most of the results are based on an examination of the switching function. It is found that inclusion of the mass-variation effect causes very little change in the nature of the singular solutions. The nature of the nonsingular solutions, however, is altered by a change in the location of the switches between thrusting and coasting intervals. These switches are determined by a dynamic geometric relationship between a primer vector and an expanding sphere. If the mass is constant, a more static geometric relationship develops.
Intercarrier Interference Immune Single Carrier OFDM via Magnitude-Keyed Modulation for High Speed Aerial Vehicle Communication

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been considered as a strong candidate for next generation wireless communication systems. Compared to traditional OFDM, Single Carrier OFDM (SC-OFDM) has demonstrated excellent bit error rate (BER) performance, as well as low peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Similar to other multi-carrier transmission technologies, SC-OFDM suffers significant performance degradation resulting from intercarrier interference (ICI) in high mobility environments. Existing techniques for OFDM can be directly adopted in SC-OFDM to improve performance, however, this improved performance comes at costs such as decreased throughput. In this paper, we analyze the effect of ICI on an SC-OFDM system and propose a novel modulation scheme. The proposed Magnitude-Keyed Modulation (MKM) modulation provides SC-OFDM system immunity to ICI and with an easy implementation it significantly outperforms OFDM, SC-OFDM and MC-CDMA systems with Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in severe ICI environment. Analysis also illustrates the proposed SC-OFDM system with MKM modulation maintains low PAPR compared to traditional OFDM and SC-OFDM systems with PSK and QAM modulations. Simulation results for different modulation schemes in various ICI environments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Empowering Student Assistants in the Cataloging Department through Innovative Training: The E-Learning Courseware for Basic Cataloging (ECBC) Project

This article investigates an innovative approach to training non-traditional employees, particularly student workers, in a library's cataloging department. The author presents guidelines and pedagogical aspects of designing e-learning courseware for basic cataloging training, reviews some challenges and difficulties encountered in the project, and introduces the content and structure of prototype 2 of the courseware. This e-learning courseware for basic cataloging can be adapted to facilitate the training of other groups of new staff in the cataloging department.
Impacts of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection on Tadpole Foraging Performance

Pathogen-induced modifications in host behavior, including alterations in foraging behavior or foraging efficiency, can compromise host fitness by reducing growth and development. Chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease of amphibians caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and it has played an important role in the worldwide decline of amphibians. In larval anurans, Bd infections commonly result in reduced developmental rates, however, the mechanism(s) responsible are untested. We conducted laboratory experiments to test whether Bd infections reduced foraging performance of Grey Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) and Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus [= Bufo] fowleri) tadpoles. In the first experiment, we observed foraging behavior of Bd-infected and uninfected tadpoles to test for differences in foraging activity. In a second experiment, we tested for differences in the ingestion rates of tadpoles by examining the amount of food in their alimentary track after a 3-hour foraging period. We hypothesized that Bd-infected tadpoles would forage less often and less efficiently than uninfected tadpoles. As predicted, Bd-infected larvae forage less often and were less efficient at obtaining food than uninfected larvae. Our results show that Bd infections reduce foraging efficiency in Anaxyrus and Hyla tadpoles, and that Bd differentially affects foraging behavior in these species. Thus, our results provide a potential mechanism of decreased developmental rates of Bd-infected tadpoles.
The stock price–volume relationship in emerging stock markets: the case of Latin America

Abstract This paper examines the stock price–volume relation in a set of Latin American markets. Using monthly index data, we first document a positive relation between volume and both the magnitude of price change and price change itself, a finding reported by many for developed markets. However, using a vector autoregression (VAR) analysis to test for Granger causality, we fail to find strong evidence on stock price changes leading volume. This is contrary to evidence reported by studies on developed markets. In fact, we find that in four of the six markets we look at, volume seems to lead stock price changes. Thus, we conclude that this set of emerging markets with different institutions and information flows than the developed markets, do not present similar stock price–volume lead–lag relation to the preponderance of studies employing U.S. data. The implication of these results is that differences in institutions and information flows in this set of emerging markets are important enough to affect the valuation process of equity securities and warrant further analysis.
Self-diffusion of interacting colloids far from equilibrium.

Forced Rayleigh scattering is used to measure the self-diffusion of charged polyball suspensions driven far from equilibrium by an oscillating shear flow. Aside from the usual enhancement of the diffusion due to Taylor dispersion, we observe an additional isotropic contribution which increases linearly with the shear rate. This anomalous contribution is absent in noninteracting samples and increases monotonically with the interparticle interaction strength.
Approach to Fever and Infection in the Nursing Home

OBJECTIVE: To summarize current information on the scope, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and general management of infectious diseases in nursing home residents, as well as the specific treatment of common infections occurring in the nursing home setting. DESIGN: Survey and literature review of the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of nursing home residents with infections. CONCLUSIONS: Older persons residing in nursing homes as well as other types of long-term care facilities are at increased risk for infections. Moreover, infection is the most frequent reason for patients to be transferred from nursing homes to an acute-care facility. The most common infections that are acquired in nursing homes are urinary tract infection (cystitis pyelonephritis), respiratory infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), and skin/soft tissue infections (infected pressure ulcers, cellulitis). Most serious infections in this setting are caused by bacteria; however, influenza and other respiratory viruses as well as herpes zoster may cause significant morbidity in older nursing home residents. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects nursing home residents at a higher rate than it infects older community dwellers. Infections in older nursing home residents may manifest clinically, with atypical symptoms and signs, including the absence of fever. Rapid diagnostic evaluation and early therapeutic intervention are essential for minimizing the high mortality and morbidity associated with infections in this older population; most nursing home residents with serious infections should be considered for hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:74–82, 1996.
B-Lynch suture for postpartum hemorrhage.

Abstract Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. Numerous medical and surgical therapies have been used, but none has been uniformly successful. Case: Two women with postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony after cesarean for twins are presented. Neither responded to medical management. In the first subject, O’Leary uterine artery ligation and utero-ovarian branch ligations were done without benefit. The B-Lynch suture immediately sustained correction of hemorrhage in both subjects. Magnetic resonance imaging and hysterosalpingogram after the first case showed no uterine defects. Conclusion: The B-Lynch suture might be a valuable addition to the surgical treatment of postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony.
Queue Size Determines the Width of Tunnels in the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

We present a model of tunnel excavation by termites that requires no pheromone labeling of soil or work sites, but instead relies on tactile interactions and individuals who actively orient their movement. Potential termite excavators moved from the tunnel origin towards the distal end of the tunnel and formed a queue behind those termites at the digging face. Delayed termites excavated soil laterally from the tunnel wall at a position governed by their position in the queue of termites. By examining excavation under artificially induced conditions of longer and shorter queues of termites at the tunnel end, we showed that tunnel width increased with increased queue size and the rate of lateral excavation in a process we termed “digging pressure.”
Monitoring forestry projects—The alternative test

Abstract The financial monitoring of forestry projects requires periodic feedback to ensure that the project is ‘on target’. If the goal of the forest manager is profit maximisation, a realistic feedback mechanism is the Alternative Test. Other tests are presented for completeness. The alternative Test compares the optimum Net Present Worth for the remaining years of the project with the project's Abandonment Value. A project's abandonment is defined as the return of funds that the investor can expect if a project is liquidated and/or replaced by a better alternative at a particular time in the life of the project. The Alternative Test is run every control period, based upon expectation at that time.
Paediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy guidelines

Abstract The advice in this article is based on a multidisciplinary consensus opinion generated by the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists and on a National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) recommendation of March 2007 entitled ‘Reducing the risk of hyponatraemia when administering intravenous infusions to children’. To this has been added advice from our specialist hospital fluid policy.
Caffeine-induced taste aversions in Lewis and Fischer rat strains: differential sensitivity to the aversive effects of drugs.

Abstract Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains have been reported to differ in the aversive effects induced by a number of drugs. The present studies extended this previous work and examined the ability of caffeine to induce taste aversions in the two strains. Specifically, LEW and F344 rats were given access to saccharin and injected with varying doses of caffeine (0, 0.32, 1.0 and 3.2 mg/kg—Experiment 1; 0, 10, 18 and 32 mg/kg—Experiment 2). Additionally, the effects of caffeine on locomotor activity were examined in Experiment 2. At low doses (Experiment 1), caffeine failed to induce taste aversions in either strain. At higher doses (Experiment 2), aversions were induced that were strain dependent. Specifically, caffeine induced taste aversions in both strains at 32 mg/kg, while 18 mg/kg caffeine was effective in inducing aversions only in the LEW strain. Caffeine increased activity in both strains with no strain difference. This demonstration adds to the growing list of drugs on which the LEW and F344 strains differ in relation to their affective properties. Given that drug use and abuse are a function of the balance of the rewarding and aversive effects of drugs, understanding such strain differences may provide insight into the biological (and genetic) factors impacting abuse vulnerability.
Calculus II and Euler also (with a Nod to Series Integral Remainder Bounds)

(1994). Calculus II and Euler also (with a Nod to Series Integral Remainder Bounds) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 244-249.
Are antidepressants safe in the first trimester of pregnancy

Antidepressants have been linked to cardiac malformations when used early in pregnancy, particularly the first trimester. However, recent analyses suggest that the overall risk of malformations is very low. When determining appropriate therapy for pregnant women or women who plan to become pregnant, providers should consider the growing body of evidence compared with the potential harm caused if maternal medical conditions are not treated.
Preparing graduate students in biology.

In the editorial “Training for today's marketplace” ( Science 's Compass. 31 July, p. [645][1]), Elizabeth Marincola and Frank Solomon address the conflict resulting from the fact that academic primary investigators train many times the number of scientists required to replace themselves. The
Clinical Outcomes and Survival of Advanced Renal Cancer Patients in Phase I Clinical Trials

Abstract Background/Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe the basic demographic characteristics, and analyze the response and survival experience of advanced renal cancer subjects treated in a phase I trial. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study in 70 renal cancer patients participating in 25 phase I trials. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to examine factors associated with time from study entry to treatment failure (TTF) and survival. Results The median age at diagnosis was 56.50 years. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status was 0 for 23.19% (n = 16) of the patients; 49.18% (n = 30) had received 2 or more previous lines of systemic therapy; and 84.29% (n = 59) of patients had 2 or more metastatic sites. A median number of 4.00 cycles of treatment was delivered. Four partial responses (6.25%) and 38 cases of stable disease lasting > 4 months (43.75%) were observed. The median TTF was 16.00 weeks. In multivariate analyses, men and patients with lactate dehydrogenase > 1.5 times the upper limit of normal had a shorter TTF. The median overall survival was 45.57 weeks (319.00 days). In multivariate analysis, factors predicting shorter survival were ECOG performance status ≥ 1 ( P = .023), age younger than 60 years ( P = .015), albumin P = .042), and liver metastases ( P = .010). Conclusion Advanced renal cancer patients with select clinical characteristics could consider phase I trials after exhausting standard therapeutic options.
Methotrexate Pharmacology and Resistance in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Impressive gains have been made in the therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in recent years such that remissions today are commonly achieved in up to 95% of patients and long term disease-free survival rates approach 70%. Methotrexate is a key component in ALL consolidation and maintenance therapies and is administered intrathecally in the prophylaxis and treatment of central nervous system leukemia. Critical determinants of methotrexate sensitivity and resistance (dihydrofolate reductase levels, methotrexate membrane transport, methotrexate polyglutamylation) previously described in cultured cells have recently been identified in lymphoblasts from children with ALL. Heterogenous expressions of increased dihydrofolate reductase or impaired methotrexate transport can be detected in both diagnostic and relapsed ALL specimens by flow cytometry with fluorescent methotrexate analogues. Lymphoblasts from children with ALL synthesize long chain polyglutamates and correlations have been established between the accumulation of methotrexate polyglutamates in ALL blasts and characteristic patient prognostic features. Variations in methotrexate polyglutamate accumulation may reflect changes in polyglutamate synthetic or degradative enzymes, or may be secondary to changes in methotrexate influx or dihydrofolate reductase levels. Other critical elements in treatment response to methotrexate include the dose and route of methotrexate administration, its catabolism to 7-hydroxymethotrexate, and the rate of methotrexate plasma clearance. A unique relationship exists between chromosome 21 and ALL leukemogenesis, and response to treatment including methotrexate. A better understanding of the molecular bases of methotrexate response and the development of methotrexate resistance in childhood ALL should facilitate further improvements in the effectiveness of methotrexate-based chemotherapy for this disease.
Non-negative Laplacian Embedding

Laplacian embedding provides a low dimensional representation for a matrix of pairwise similarity data using the eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix. The true power of Laplacian embedding is that it provides an approximation of the Ratio Cut clustering. However, Ratio Cut clustering requires the solution to be {\it nonnegative}. In this paper, we propose a new approach, nonnegative Laplacian embedding, which approximates Ratio Cut clustering in a more direct way than traditional approaches. From the solution of our approach, clustering structures can be read off directly. We also propose an efficient algorithm to optimize the objective function utilized in our approach. Empirical studies on many real world datasets show that our approach leads to more accurate Ratio Cut solution and improves clustering accuracy at the same time.
Roles of Fructosyltransferase and Levanase-Sucrase of Actinomyces naeslundii in Fructan and Sucrose Metabolism

The ability of Actinomyces naeslundii to convert sucrose to extracellular homopolymers of fructose and to catabolize these types of polymers is suspected to be a virulence trait that contributes to the initiation and progression of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Previously, we reported on the isolation and characterization of the gene, ftf, encoding the fructosyltransferase (FTF) of A. naeslundii WVU45. Allelic exchange mutagenesis was used to inactivate ftf, revealing that FTF-deficient stains were completely devoid of the capacity to produce levan-type (beta2,6-linked) polysaccharides. A polyclonal antibody was raised to a histidine-tagged, purified A. naeslundii FTF, and the antibody was used to localize the enzyme in the supernatant fluid. A sensitive technique was developed to detect levan formation by proteins that had been separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the method was used to confirm that the levan-synthesizing activity of A. naeslundii existed predominantly in a cell-free form, that a small amount of the activity was cell associated, and that the ftf mutant was unable to produce levans. By using the nucleotide sequence of the levanase gene of a genospecies 2 A. naeslundii, formerly Actinomyces viscosus, a portion of a homologue of this gene (levJ) was amplified by PCR and inserted into a suicide vector, and the resulting construct was used to inactivate the levJ gene in the genospecies 1 strain WVU45. A variety of physiologic and biochemical studies were performed on the wild-type and LevJ-deficient strains to demonstrate that (i) this enzyme was the dominant levanase and sucrase of A. naeslundii; (ii) that LevJ was inducible by growth in sucrose; (iii) that the LevJ activity was found predominantly (>90%) in a cell-associated form; and (iv) that there was a second, fructose-inducible fructan hydrolase activity produced by these strains. The data provide the first detailed molecular analysis of fructan production and catabolism in this abundant and important oral bacterium.
Effects of broad-spectrum antimycobacterial therapy on chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Background Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic, granulomatous disease for which molecular and immunologic studies have shown an association between it and mycobacterial antigens. Microbial antigens can reduce expression of the tyrosine kinase Lck, which has been associated with sarcoidosis severity. Here we investigate the efficacy of C oncomitant L evofloxacin, E thambutol, A zithromycin, and R ifampin (the CLEAR regimen) for treatment of chronic, pulmonary sarcoidosis. Methods Fifteen chronic, pulmonary sarcoidosis patients with forced vital capacities (FVC) between 45-80% of predicted were enrolled in this open-label trial. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in absolute FVC from baseline to completion of therapy. Secondary endpoints were change in functional capacity measured by Six Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) and quality of life assessment measured by St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Results Of 15 patients enrolled, 11 completed 4 weeks of therapy, and 8 completed 8 weeks of therapy. The CLEAR regimen was associated with an increase in FVC of 0.23 liters at 4 weeks and 0.42 liters at 8 weeks (P=0.0098 and 0.016, respectively). The 6MWD increased by 87 meters from baseline to 8 weeks (p=0.0078). The mean score of the validated SGRQ was improved at 8 weeks over baseline (p=0.023). Normalized expression of Lck and NF-κB was observed in those with clinical improvement. Conclusions The CLEAR regimen is associated with improved absolute FVC, as well as increased functional capacity and quality-of-life in selected chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis patients. Larger, randomized, controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and to identify patients most likely to benefit from therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01169038.
Can space exploration survive the end of the Cold War

The first, heroic age of space exploration was driven by national rivalry between the USA and USSR. There have indeed been recent achievements, but as the Cold War ends the superpowers are turning their attention to domestic Issues and the prospect looms of a prolonged hiatus In apace exploration. The only way forward Is through International cooperation, but this will never happen without a serious Investment of political will. A well-planned, long-term strategy for the exploration of Mars could provide the necessary focus.