cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Ising behavior of antiferromagnetic Bi 2 CuO 4

${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ possesses a unique crystal structure that distinguishes it from other cuprates. It is constructed from isolated ${\text{CuO}}_{4}$ plaquettes forming staggered chains along the $c$ axis of its tetragonal unit cell. Several aspects of antiferromagnetism in this system, observed below ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}43\text{ }\text{K}$, are poorly understood, including the orientation of the ordered magnetic moments. There is disagreement about whether ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ exhibits easy-axis or easy-plane anisotropy despite numerous attempts to settle the question. In order to better understand its magnetism, thermal expansion and heat capacity were measured on a single crystal of ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$, and the critical behavior exhibited about ${T}_{N}$ in those measurements was carefully studied. Best-fit values for the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the ratio of the leading singularity amplitudes ${A}_{+}/{A}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ from thermal-expansion data along both $a$ and $c$ are consistent with the three-dimensional Ising universality class. Assignment of the Ising universality class suggests ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ is an easy-axis antiferromagnet with moments ordered along $c$.
Energy minimization using the classical density distribution: Application to sodium chloride clusters

The adiabatic Gaussian density annealing (AGDA) optimization algorithm, based on direct integration of the classical Bloch equation is reciprocal temperature, is employed to study the structures of (NaCl${)}_{\mathit{n}}$ and (NaCl${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ clusters. The results of the energy minimizations are compared with simulated annealing, using molecular dynamics. We model these clusters with a rigid core potential used in previous studies. Overall, the AGDA algorithm was successful in isolating the lowest-energy minima. In contrast to the conclusion of a previous study, we find that molecular-dynamics-based simulated annealing can be quite effective at isolating low-energy minima. However, the effectiveness of the method is strongly dependent on the integration algorithm employed. The hexagonal and cubic growth forms are found to be most stable for small clusters and the fcc structure is most stable for large clusters in agreement with previous studies. The difficulty in locating the global energy minimum is explained in terms of the statistical properties of the energy landscape. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Global land monitoring from AVHRR: potential and limitations

Abstract Global Vegetation Index ( GVI) time series of visible, near-IR and thermal IR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)weekly composite data with a 015° spatial resolution collected from NOAA-9 and -11 satellites have been used to develop a prototype global land monitoring system. The system is based on standardized anomalies of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and channel 4 brightness temperature ( T4 )for the period April 1985-September 1994. Processing included: post-launch updated calibration; cloud screening; filling in the cloud induced data gaps by monthly averaging and spatial interpolation; suppressing residual noise by smoothing; calculating 5-year monthly means and standard deviations of NDVI and T4and their standardized anomalies. The derived anomalies show potential for detecting and interpreting the seasonal cycle and statistically significant interannual variability. Yet, discontinuities and residua! trends can be traced in time series of NDVI and T4. Discon...
Structure Activity Relationship of Brevenal Hydrazide Derivatives

Brevenal is a ladder frame polyether produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This organism is also responsible for the production of the neurotoxic compounds known as brevetoxins. Ingestion or inhalation of the brevetoxins leads to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal maladies and bronchoconstriction. Brevenal shows antagonistic behavior to the brevetoxins and shows beneficial attributes when administered alone. For example, in an asthmatic sheep model, brevenal has been shown to increase tracheal mucosal velocity, an attribute which has led to its development as a potential treatment for Cystic Fibrosis. The mechanism of action of brevenal is poorly understood and the exact binding site has not been elucidated. In an attempt to further understand the mechanism of action of brevenal and potentially develop a second generation drug candidate, a series of brevenal derivatives were prepared through modification of the aldehyde moiety. These derivatives include aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrazide derivatives. The brevenal derivatives were tested using in vitro synaptosome binding assays to determine the ability of the compounds to displace brevetoxin and brevenal from their native receptors. A sheep inhalation model was used to determine if instillation of the brevenal derivatives resulted in bronchoconstriction. Only small modifications were tolerated, with larger moieties leading to loss of affinity for the brevenal receptor and bronchoconstriction in the sheep model.
Effect of Oral Cues on Visualized Instruction

To measure the effectiveness with which 3 methods of presenting visualized instruction facilitated Ss' achievement when prior to receiving their instructional treatments Ss were told precisely the type of information they needed to perform successfully on the criterial measures, each S received a pretest, participated in his respective visualized instructional treatment, and received 4 individual criterial tests. Analyses indicated that, when Ss are instructed as to the type of information they should obtain from an instructional presentation: (a) the need for visualizing the content is diminished and (b) the use of questions to focus Ss' attention on essential learning cues in the visuals is not an effective instructional technique for improving achievement.
Sensitivity of AsxSe100-x thin films for electron-beam irradiation

Recently we have reported on the influence of the electron beam on As2S3 thin films. However, the sensitivity of the AsxSe100-x thin films with different compositions has not been investigated. Here we report on our measurement of the index change of AsxSe100-x thin films for the construction of the graded index optical components.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Overestimation of infant and toddler energy intake by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records

Background Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls have been used in large surveys of infant and toddler energy intake, but the accuracy of the method for young children is not well documented. Objective We aimed to determine the accuracy of infant and toddler energy intakes by a single, telephone-administered, multiple-pass 24-h recall as compared with 3-d weighed food records. Design A within-subjects design was used in which a 24-h recall and 3-d weighed food records were completed within 2 wk by 157 mothers (56 non-Hispanic white, 51 non-Hispanic black, and 50 Hispanic) of 7-11-mo-old infants or 12-24-mo-old toddlers. Child and caregiver anthropometrics, child eating patterns, and caregiver demographics and social desirability were evaluated as correlates of reporting bias. Results Intakes based on 3-d weighed food records were within 5% of estimated energy requirements. Compared with the 3-d weighed food records, the 24-h recall overestimated energy intake by 13% among infants (740 +/- 154 and 833 +/- 255 kcal, respectively) and by 29% among toddlers (885 +/- 197 and 1140 +/- 299 kcal, respectively). Eating patterns (ie, frequency and location) did not differ appreciably between methods. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were higher by 24-h recall than by 3-d weighed food record. Dairy and grains contributed the most energy to the diet and accounted for 74% and 54% of the overestimation seen in infants and toddlers, respectively. Greater overestimation was associated with a greater number of food items reported by the caregiver and lower child weight-for-length z scores. Conclusions The use of a single, telephone-administered, multiple-pass 24-h recall may significantly overestimate infant or toddler energy and nutrient intakes because of portion size estimation errors.
First-order isostructural Mott transition in highly compressed MnO.

We present evidence for an isostructural, first-order Mott transition in MnO at $105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$, based on high-resolution x-ray emission spectroscopy and angle-resolved x-ray diffraction data. The pressure-induced structural and spectral changes provide a coherent picture of MnO phase transitions from paramagnetic $B1$ to antiferromagnetic distorted $B1$ at 30 GPa, to paramagnetic $B8$ at 90 GPa, and to diamagnetic $B8$ at $105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$. The last is the Mott transition, accompanied by a significant loss of magnetic moment, a $\ensuremath{\sim}6.6%$ volume collapse and the insulator-metal transition as demonstrated by recent resistance measurements.
Priority performance of ATM packet switches

An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) packet switch should be capable of handling delay sensitive as well as loss sensitive traffic. The authors consider delinking handling of these two types of priorities in a switching system, and present an analysis of two classes of delay sensitive traffic in an N*N nonblocking switch with input queues. In such a switch, two variations of nonpreemptive priority are studied. A packet switch with input buffers has inadequate throughput. To enhance the performance and to provide low delay to high priority traffic, a dual plane switch architecture is examined, where each plane is a nonblocking switch with input buffers. The two planes are connected in parallel to form a load sharing arrangement. The analysis of a single plane nonblocking switch is extended to this architecture. In both cases, the performance is compared with the simulation results of a 64*64 switch. >
Modeling and analysis of leakage power considering within-die process variations

We describe the impact of process variation on leakage power for a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. We show that variability, manifested in gate length (L/sub drawn/), gate oxide thickness (T/sub ox/), and channel dose (N/sub sub/), can drastically affect the leakage current. We first present Monte Carlo-based simulation results for leakage current in various CMOS gates when the process parameters are varied both individually and concurrently. We then derive an analytical model to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the leakage current as a function of the process parameter distributions. We demonstrate that the results of the analytical model match well with Monte-Carlo simulations and also show the statistical mean leakage current is significantly different from the leakage predicted using a nominal case file.
ADC spectral testing allowing amplitude clipping

In Built-In Self-Test, it is hard to control the amplitude of the input sine wave approximately equal but slightly less than the full scale of the ADC under test, under which condition correct spectral performance can be obtained. This paper proposes a new algorithm which can achieve accurate testing result when the input sine wave is larger than the full scale of the ADC. It also relaxes an IEEE standard requirement on the amplitude of the input sine wave. Simulation results of 4 different resolution ADCs show accurate spectral performance on THD, SFDR, ENOB and SNR. Measurement result of a 16-bit ADC validated the algorithm.
Speciation is unlikely to drive divergence rates

In our recent TREE review [1], we argue that the term ‘punctuated equilibrium’ (PE) is an umbrella term that encapsulates a number of conceptually distinct ideas and that conflating these has led to unnecessary confusion and hindered progress in addressing macroevolutionary questions. In a letter written in response to our paper, Venditti and Pagel [2] focus on one of our four questions: are speciation and divergence linked? They argue that there is strong evidence that divergence, particularly genetic divergence, often increases in punctuational bouts during the process of speciation.
Cross-species Global Proteomics Reveals Conserved and Unique Processes in Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora sojae are destructive plant pathogens. P. sojae has a narrow host range, whereas P. ramorum has a wide host range. A global proteomics comparison of the vegetative (mycelium) and infective (germinating cyst) life stages of P. sojae and P. ramorum was conducted to identify candidate proteins involved in host range, early infection, and vegetative growth. Sixty-two candidates for early infection, 26 candidates for vegetative growth, and numerous proteins that may be involved in defining host specificity were identified. In addition, common life stage proteomic trends between the organisms were observed. In mycelia, proteins involved in transport and metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and other small molecules were up-regulated. In the germinating cysts, up-regulated proteins associated with lipid transport and metabolism, cytoskeleton, and protein synthesis were observed. It appears that the germinating cyst catabolizes lipid reserves through the β-oxidation pathway to drive the extensive protein synthesis necessary to produce the germ tube and initiate infection. Once inside the host, the pathogen switches to vegetative growth in which energy is derived from glycolysis and utilized for synthesis of amino acids and other molecules that assist survival in the plant tissue.
Affective constraints on acquisition of musical concepts: Children’s and adults’ development of the major–minor distinction

Across cultures and age groups music has a powerful impact on human affective states. We examined the effect of these affective responses on children’s and adults’ ability to label musical excerpts as major or minor. Adults, 10-year-olds, and 5-year-olds rated affective quality of excerpts that differed by mode, tempo, pitch, and excerpt type and then categorized the excerpts by mode. Trial-by-trial assessment of category judgments indicated performance was accurately predicted by subjects’ association of affective valence with musical properties. Specifically, strength of this association prior to training predicted greater category knowledge, types of errors, and age differences in learning.
Gas phase reactions of dianions. 2. The effect of a second charge on SN2 potential energy surfaces: an ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been used to investigate the S N 2 reactions of model dianions with methyl bromide. Two dianion models were used. Model A consists of a series of ω-alkoxy carboxylates with charge separations of 5, 10, and 15 A. Model B employs complexes of acetate and fluoride where the two anions are held at fixed separations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 A. In each case, the carboxylate is used as the nucleophile in the S N 2 process. The results indicate that for initial charge separations of 15 A or more, the second charge has only a modest effect on the barrier ( N 2 transition state relative to a singly charged analog (acetate + methyl bromide). Consequently, dianions with moderately long initial charge separations provide S N 2 reactivity that is very similar to that of singly charged analogs. In contrast, large effects (barrier reductions >10 kcal/mol) are seen in the reactions of dianions with short charge separations (
Underwater FDTD ELF simulation using dedicated hardware

Mines are the greatest danger to ships [1]. They can be triggered at long distances by tracking the electromagnetic radiation from the ship [2]. Ships generate radiation at extremely low frequencies (ELF). Therefore, simulation methods are being developed to study underwater radiation at ELF frequencies.
Characteristics of Reprocessed Hydrometeorological Automated Data System (HADS) Hourly Precipitation Data

The Hydrometeorological Automated Data System (HADS) is a real-time data acquisition, processing, and distribution system operated by the Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) of NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS). The initial reprocessing of HADS data from its original format since its inception in July 1996 has been completed at NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The quality of the reprocessed HADS hourly precipitation data from rain gauges is assessed by two objective metrics: the average fraction of missing values and the percentage of top-of-the-hour observations for a 3-yr period (2003‐05). Pairwise comparisons between the reprocessed product and the real-time product are made using representative samples (about 13%) from the 48 contiguous United States. The monthly average of missing values varies from 0.5% to 2% in the reprocessed product and from 1.7% to 10.1% in the real-time product. Except for January2003,thereprocessedproductconsistently reducedmissingvalues,by asmuch as9.4%in October 2004.Theavailabilityof top-of-the-hourobservations is about85%in thereprocessedproduct,whiletherealtime product has top-of-the-hour observations only about 50% of the time. This paper discusses real-time product quality issues, additional quality assurance algorithms used in the reprocessing environment, and the design of system-wide performance comparisons. Thus, the benefits to users of reprocessing the HADS data are the correction of 4-h observation time errors during 1 July‐11 August 2005 and the demonstration of diurnalspatternofprecipitationfrequenciesinregionaldomains.AWeb-basedinteractivequalityassessment tool for reprocessed HADS hourly precipitation data and access to the data are also presented.
An architecture for a scientific visualization system

This paper describes the architecture of Data Explorer, a scientific visualization system. Data Explorer supports visualization of a wide variety of data by means of a flexible set of visualization modules. This paper discusses five elements of the system architecture: 1) A single powerful data model common to all modules that allows a wide range of data types to be imported and passed between modules. 2) Integral support for parallelism, affecting the data model and the execution model. 3) A powerful set of visualization modules that are highly interoperable, due in part to the common data model, and exemplified by the renderer. 4) An execution model designed to facilitate parallelization of modules and incorporating optimizations such as caching. 5) A two-process clientserver system structure consisting of a user interface that communicates with an executive via a dataflow language.
The Generalized Inverse Problem In Electrocardiography

In this study the generalized inverse problem in electrocardiography is solved for an anisotropic inhomogeneous volume conductor utilizing epicardial and torso potentials. The solution techniques include a fiiite element program to solve the field equation and a local Tikhonov regularizing algorithm to restore the continuous dependence of the solution on the data. The latter was achieved by utilizing a generalized discrepancy principle that makes use of measurement errors of torso potentials and discretization errors to optimize the choice of the regularization parameter. It was shown that the multi-component computer model was effective for solving the inverse problem in anisotroDic, inhomogeneous media exGbiting of 26% RMS. realistic geometry, yielding errors on ;he order
A high-gain directly modulated L-band microwave optical link

A directly modulated microwave optical data link has yielded high gain. An efficient lossless impedance matching approach was used to maximize the transducer gains in the laser and detector matching networks. The free-space optical link operates at 900 MHz with a peak gain of 3.7 dB over a 3-dB bandwidth of 90 MHz. The link also exhibits a wide dynamic range of 89 dB-MHz. This optical data link is the first to function without any active amplification. >
Depression, apolipoprotein E genotype, and the incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study.

Background It remains unknown whether depression and apolipoprotein E genotype are risk factors for incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective To determine whether elderly individuals with depression (measured by the short Geriatric Depression Scale) are at increased risk of developing incident MCI. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Primary care clinic. Participants A cohort of 840 cognitively normal elderly subjects without depression at recruitment who were followed up prospectively for a median of 3.5 years (range, 0.4-12.8 years). Subjects who developed depression (score of ≥6 on the short Geriatric Depression Scale; depression cohort) were compared with all remaining subjects (referent cohort). Main Outcome Measures Incidence of MCI (primary outcome) and incidence of MCI or dementia (composite secondary outcome). Results Individuals in the depression cohort were at significantly increased risk of subsequent incident MCI (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-4.1) after adjusting for age (time scale), sex, and education, and considering dementia as a competing outcome. The association was stronger in men but did not vary by severity of depression. We observed a synergistic interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype (e3/e4 or e4/e4) and depression (joint effect HR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.9-13.6; test for additive interaction, P = .03). We found a similar association between depression and the subsequent composite outcome of incident MCI or dementia (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-4.3). Conclusions Cognitively normal elderly individuals who develop depression are at increased risk of subsequent MCI. We found a synergistic interaction between depression and apolipoprotein E genotype.
Psychology's Role in Mathematics and Science Education

Improving mathematics and science education in the United States has been a matter of national concern for over half a century. Psychology has a vital role to play in this enterprise. In this article, the authors review the kinds of contributions that psychology can make in four areas: (a) early understanding of mathematics, (b) understanding of science, (c) social and motivational aspects of involvement in mathematics and science, and (d) assessment of learning in mathematics and science. They also examine challenges to psychology’s playing a central and constructive role and make recommendations for overcoming those challenges.
Interface Control of Emergent Ferroic Order in Ruddlesden-Popper Sr n+1 Ti n O 3n+1

We discovered from first principles an unusual polar state in the low $n$ ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{n+1}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{n}{\mathrm{O}}_{3n+1}$ Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) layered perovskites in which ferroelectricity is nearly degenerate with antiferroelectricity, a relatively rare form of ferroic order. We show that epitaxial strain plays a key role in tuning the ``perpendicular coherence length'' of the ferroelectric mode, and does not induce ferroelectricity in these low-dimensional RP materials as is well known to occur in ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$. These systems present an opportunity to manipulate the coherence length of a ferroic distortion in a controlled way, without disorder or a free surface.
Neurovascular Geography and Mapping the Consequences of Its Injury

As with any organ in the body, the brain depends upon the integrity of its blood supply to maintain normal function. Despite the fact that it constitutes only about 2% of body weight, its metabolic demands consume about 20% of the cardiac output and a comparable proportion of the total amount of oxygen used by the body. To understand the cognitive and behavioral consequences of an interruption of normal blood flow, it is important to first provide a general description of the geography of the cerebral circulatory system. The purpose of this chapter is to provide this overview and then to describe the diagnostic tools that reveal the effects of diseases and conditions that disrupt supply.
Isolation of human growth hormone isohormones D and E in milligram amounts (I), using isotachophoresis on polyacrylamide gel.

Abstract Human growth hormone (hGH) isohormones D and E were isolated from a plasmln digest of 150 mg hGH. Isotachophoresis on a cylindrical polyacry lamide pei of 18 mm diameter served to separate the various isohcrvone species. The “extended stack” was sliced, and slices containing hGH-D and -E were extracted by Steady-State Stacking on 1% agarose gel and collected in a 1 ml volume. The extract was purified on gel chromatography and lyophllized. The overall yield was approximately 19 mg of hGH- (D+E) and 16 rag of hGH-(D. minor E). This represents a 62% recovery of the amount of hGH-D and -F in the digest estimated densitometrically. The purity of the product, baaed on Lowry analysis, specific RIA or UV-absorbance, (as 91∗. The isolated hCH-(D+E) exhibited an enhanced bioactivlty in the rat tibia line assay.
System phenotypes

Is it a requirement or a solution? Is it at the right level of detail? The author has come up with an elegant way of addressing these questions by using a metaphor drawn from the genetics field. Try applying the idea to your project and write and tell us the results.
Residue levels of trenbolone and oestradiol-17beta in plasma and tissues of steers implanted with anabolic steroid preparations.

SUMMARY Friesian steers were implanted with commercial preparations of anabolic steroids containing either an androgen, trenbolone acetate, or an oestrogen, oestradiol-17β, or as a combined implant. The residues of trenbolone in tissues taken at slaughter were determined by radioimmunoassay techniques. The concentration of trenbolone in liver, muscle, kidney and fat was less than 0.5 parts/109 at 63 days after implantation. The concentrations of trenbolone and oestradiol-17β in plasma were measured for six months. The levels of trenbolone were highest immediately after implantation but declined quickly to levels much less than 1 part/109 and persisted at these levels for up to five months following implantation. The concentration of oestradiol-17β in plasma following oestrogen implantation showed two distinct patterns. If the oestradiol-17β was implanted alone the initial levels were high but fell to the levels present in controls four to six weeks after treatment. On the other hand the concentrations of oestradiol-17β in the animals receiving combined implants maintained a constant level of 0.05 to 0.1 parts/109 for almost five months after implantation. The levels of residues of androgens and oestrogens were compared with the natural levels of testosterone and oestradiol-17β in cattle and found to be slightly lower than the maximum levels observed in healthy bulls and cows respectively.
Critique of Mit Workshop on Neutron Beam Design, Development and Performance for Neutron Capture Therapy

The March 29-31, 1989 workshop at MIT dealt with beam design and performance for neutron capture therapy. This paper will provide a limited critical overview of some of the subjects and issues which were discussed in the Workshop. The authors have participants where scientifically defensible.
Radiation effects in materials for an accelerator-based nuclear waste burner

Summary form only given. Nuclear waste isotopes can be transmuted to less-hazardous by forms bombardment with thermal neutrons, which in turn can be produced by stopping of high-energy protons in an appropriate target. Various vessels are required to contain the target material (a liquid or solid high-atomic weight metal or alloy), a moderator (D/sub 2/O), and the nuclear waste slurry. Vessel materials nearest the target will be subjected to a high flux of both fast spallation neutrons and thermal neutrons, while at the outer vessel the radiation environment is characterized by a lower flux of predominantly thermal neutrons. Key materials issues include the nature of displacement damage events from the high-energy neutrons, and the effect of impurities (particularly helium and hydrogen) formed during spallation and thermal neutron capture. >
Evaluating an Open-Exam Approach to Engaging Students in Evolutionary Paradoxes: Cheating to Learn

Game theory is used in biology to understand why otherwise rational individuals make nonintuitive decisions regarding cooperation and competition. Recently, biology teachers engaged their students in game theory curricula by presenting them with a real-world game theory challenge: the opportunity to cheat on a game theory exam. Here we present a guide for other teachers to employ this provocative and educational classroom exercise, and discuss the results of the Cheating to Learn exercise in a biology class.
An assessment of ozone mini-hole representation in reanalyses over the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract. An ozone mini-hole is a synoptic-scale region with strongly decreased total column ozone resulting from dynamical processes. Using total column measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument and ozone profile measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder, we evaluate the accuracy of mini-hole representation in five reanalyses. This study provides a metric of the reanalyses' ability to capture dynamically driven ozone variability. The reanalyses and the measurements show similar seasonal variability and geographical distributions of mini-holes; however, all of the reanalyses underestimate the number of mini-holes and their area, and in many reanalyses their location displays an eastward bias. The reanalyses' underestimation of mini-hole number ranges from about 34 to about 83 %. The mini-hole vertical representation in the reanalyses agrees well with that in the MLS measurements and, furthermore, is consistent with previously reported mechanisms for mini-hole formation. The skill of the reanalyses is not closely tied to the ozone fields assimilated, suggesting that the dynamics of the reanalysis models are more important than the assimilated ozone fields to reproducing ozone mini-holes.
Validation of Accelerometer-Based Energy Expenditure Prediction Models in Structured and Simulated Free-Living Settings.

ABSTRACTThis study compared accuracy of energy expenditure (EE) prediction models from accelerometer data collected in structured and simulated free-living settings. Twenty-four adults (mean age 45.8 years, 50% female) performed two sessions of 11 to 21 activities, wearing four ActiGraph GT9X Link activity monitors (right hip, ankle, both wrists) and a metabolic analyzer (EE criterion). Visit 1 (V1) involved structured, 5-min activities dictated by researchers; Visit 2 (V2) allowed participants activity choice and duration (simulated free-living). EE prediction models were developed incorporating data from one setting (V1/V2; V2/V2) or both settings (V1V2/V2). The V1V2/V2 method had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) for EE prediction (1.04–1.23 vs. 1.10–1.34 METs for V1/V2, V2/V2), and the ankle-worn accelerometer had the lowest RMSE of all accelerometers (1.04–1.18 vs. 1.17–1.34 METs for other placements). The ankle-worn accelerometer and associated EE prediction models developed using data from b...
Uniquely Lendable Collections

Libraries of all types are branching out to provide materials to their communities well beyond just books and films. This column describes examples of unique collections at Virginia libraries (musical instruments, bicycles, tools, and more), and the partnerships that make them possible.
Simulation of four respiratory viruses and inference of epidemiological parameters.

Abstract While influenza has been simulated extensively to better understand its behavior and predict future outbreaks, most other respiratory viruses have seldom been simulated. In this study, we provide an overview of four common respiratory viral infections: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), respiratory adenovirus, rhinovirus and parainfluenza, present specimen data collected 2004–2014, and simulate outbreaks in 19 overlapping regions in the United States. Pairing a compartmental model and data assimilation methods, we infer key epidemiological parameters governing transmission: the basic reproductive number R 0 and length of infection D . RSV had been previously simulated, and our mean estimate of D and R 0 of 5.2 days and 2.8, respectively, are within published clinical and modeling estimates. Among the four virus groupings, mean estimates of R 0 range from 2.3 to 3.0, with a lower and upper quartile range of 2.0–2.8 and 2.6–3.2, respectively. As rapid PCR testing becomes more common, estimates of the observed virulence and duration of infection for these viruses could inform decision making by clinicians and officials for managing patient treatment and response.
STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN “RED” AND “WHITE” SKELETAL MUSCLES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the studies on the regulation of protein concentrations in red and white skeletal muscles. The structural and functional characteristics of animal cells are largely determined by the assortment of proteins they contain. As is the case with other types of animal cells, much of the fate of a muscle cell must be predetermined by events occurring during the process of cellular differentiation, and many of the biochemical changes that occur during embryogenesis in vivo have been observed when cultures of myogenic cells are allowed to differentiate in vitro. Myosin and actin occupy the same intracellular compartment, the myofibril. A final consideration on compartmentalization of the proteins concerns the possibility that certain muscle enzymes, especially those operating in the glycolytic pathway, may interact with each other to form a multienzyme complex at or near the myofibril.
The journal as a guide for the healing journey.

The healing influences of the journal is now being recognized through research and in the practices of those who are using this modality. The journal is an important tool because it works as a catalyst for self-discovery and self-reflection. As nurses practice holistic living, the journal is a friend that helps nurture the self and lifts others to higher levels of empowerment on the journey of healing and wellness.
‘I am exhausted:’ everyday occurrences of being Native American

In this study, I used small stories narrative and Indigenous methodology to understand the everyday occurrences of Native American students and to highlight the complex relationship between their i...
JAK2 Specificity and Thrombosis Risk: Potential Role of Antiphospholipid Antibodies.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are a relatively new addition to our tools for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)1. They are responsible for transduction of more than 38 cytokinases2, with diffuse metabolic/immunologic implications. It is those immunologic effects that have attracted evaluation for modulation as a therapeutic approach to rheumatologic disease1. Infection and gastrointestinal perforation, liver abnormalities and serum creatinine, lipid and creatine phosphokinase level elevations may complicate all JAK inhibitors, but thrombotic events appear more limited to baricitinib3. Baricitinib has shown efficacy and is approved primarily for the treatment of RA. Not all JAK inhibitors are equal. … Address correspondence to Dr. B.M. Rothschild, 789 Bethel Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26501, USA. E-mail: spondylair{at}gmail.com
Book review: Farrell, T.S.C. (2017). Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Alexandria, Virginia. TESOL Press, vi + 50 pp.

Sociolinguistics, an area not traditionally grouped into TESOL curricula, occupies the limelight in Farrell's fresh addition to the English Language Teacher Development series. Here, educators will find the relevance of sociolinguistics for themselves and their students via accessible summaries of established sociolinguistics research and poignant reflective discussion questions.
Unilateral Laminotomy with Bilateral Decompression: A Case Series Studying One- and Two-Year Outcomes with Predictors of Minimal Clinical Improvement.

Objective To assess factors that may predict failure to improve at 12 and 24 months after unilateral laminotomy with bilateral decompression (ULBD) for the management of lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods A database of 255 patients who underwent microdecompression surgery by a single orthopedic spine surgeon between 2014 and 2018 was queried. Patients who underwent primary single-level ULBD of the lumbar spine were included. Visual analog scale (VAS) for back pain and leg pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) results were collected preoperatively and at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Demographic, radiographic, and operative factors were assessed for associations with failure to improve. Clinically important improvement was defined as reaching or surpassing the previously established minimum clinically important difference for ODI (12.8) and not requiring revision. Results A total of 68 patients were included. Compared with preoperative values for back pain, leg pain, and ODI (7.32, 7.53, and 51.22, respectively), there were significant improvements on follow-up at 12 months (2.89, 2.23, and 22.40, respectively; P Conclusions ULBD for the management of lumbar spinal stenosis leads to clinically important improvement that is maintained over a 24-month follow-up period. Female sex and tobacco smoking are associated with poorer outcomes.
Exploring Medical Students' Perceptions of Organ Procurement: Need for a Formalized Medical Student Curriculum.

Objective We evaluated the medical student experience with a deceased-donor multiorgan procurement program at a single center. The program provided the opportunity to assist with organ procurement, but no formal curriculum was offered. Design, Setting, Participants In 2018, medical students who registered for the program between 2014 and 2017 completed a voluntary survey about the experience and its impact on surgery interest and organ donation knowledge and advocacy. Results Of 139 respondents, 53.3% (N = 74) of students participated in at least one procurement. The experience was resoundingly positive: 81.7% (N = 58) believed it exceeded expectations, with less than one-third missing class and only 4.3% (N = 3) reporting a negative impact on academics. Although 60.6% (N = 43) students studied prior to procurement, 57.8% (N = 41) expressed the need for increased preparation. Preferred learning modalities included videos, discussion with the transplant fellows, and focused anatomy overview. Following participation, 53.5% (N = 38) of students had increased interest in pursuing an acting internship and career in surgery. However, participation was not associated with improved familiarity with organ donation concepts or advocacy. Conclusions Adding a structured curriculum may turn medical students from passive observers into active learners, maximizing the educational value of procurement and better equipping future providers to promote organ donation.
AC Motors and Generators

As was stated in Chap. 5, translating electrical energy into motion is one of the oldest applications of electrical engineering. Both AC and DC motors have been utilized for this purpose. Previously, the universal motor (series connected DC motor) was introduced as a cheap motor that can operate on AC power. Other AC motors include the induction motor and the synchronous motor. However, the brushes of the universal motor and most synchronous motors reduce their reliability. Conversely, AC induction motors have no brushes and are, therefore, the primary motor in many industrial and commercial applications.
Real-Time Implementation of the Optimal Predictor and Optimal Filter: Accuracy Versus Latency [Lecture Notes]

Although the Kalman filter is often presented within a continuous-time context [1]-[4], the original derivation was provided in discrete time [5]. In practice, controllers and observers are invariably implemented digitally; thus discrete-time algorithms deserve special attention. This article focuses on the real-time implementation of the discrete-time Kalman filter and its relation to the discrete-time Kalman predictor. These algorithms differ in subtle ways, as highlighted in this article. Equations for the discrete-time Kalman filter and predictor are given in [6]. Unfortunately, the covariance matrix becomes indefinite after a few steps, which shows that those equations are erroneous. The present article corrects and extends the results from [6].
Drum Pressure Monitor

At many waste sites, transuranic (TRU), low-level, and mixed wastes are stored in 55-gallon drums. Many of these drums contain hazardous, organic wastes as well. Radiolysis or other physical or chemical processes may result in gaseous emissions inside these drums. When this happens the pressure within the drum will increase, sometimes to unacceptable levels. In more drastic cases, these emissions may produce flammable or explosive atmospheres (e.g., hydrogen from radiolysis). Currently regulatory procedures require that each drum be individually opened and inspected for the presence of hazardous organic waste. This situation will be dangerous for workers if either of the conditions described above exist (high pressure or flammable atmosphere). A non-intrusive technique that would detect any increase in pressure over ambient would alert workers of potential danger and greatly increase safety. Conversely, it would allow the segregation of suspect drums, and more rapid treatment of safe drums.
Deep Learning Approach for Predictive Analytics to Support Diversion during Freeway Incidents

Route diversion during incidents on freeways has been proven to be a useful tactic to mitigate non-recurrent congestion. However, the capacity constraints created by the signals on the alternative ...
Celebrating and Preserving the Ecology of Life

In this chapter we bring forward and honor the value of all life. In the natural world, the health of the earth and the ecology are interconnected. Human health and survival is dependent upon maintaining balance. As we enter this discussion, we are currently experiencing an ecological imbalance, rising from the Anthropocene Era that centers human power, privilege, and control, a false dichotomy of people versus planet. Within this context, the planet has come to the brink of its ability to support human life given the destructive impact of the global environmental crisis. With humans at the center, the natural world and all of life has been degraded. Shifting to an eco-centric worldview promotes ecological justice while celebrating and protecting the ecology of all life. If not handled with respect, the consequences can be unsafe for all. Thus, we look to promote ecological justice for the entire ecosystem, not only environmental justice for humans. Changes at the local and the global are explored.
Avoiding Fumbles: Online Patient Handoff Training

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic required rapid curriculum adaptation to online delivery. Given the importance of accurate clinical patient handoffs, we adapted simulation-based medical student training in clinical patient handoffs. We scored the accuracy of the information students presented. We also elicited student feedback to determine their perceptions of the event and their evaluations of the effectiveness of the training. Methods Twenty-six third-year medical students participated online via Zoom. Students participated in groups of three or four students. They sequentially encountered a standardized patient. Clinical information and physical exam findings were handed off from student to student until the encounter was complete. The student group then debriefed with faculty. Students were evaluated based on the proportion of clinical information handed off to the following student. Students also evaluated the training session. Results The first student handoff included 73.4% of the available information. In subsequent handoffs, the percentage fell to 43%. All students said they felt the training was helpful in practicing patient handoffs and interactions with colleagues. Negative student comments focused on perceived deficiencies in session planning and standardized patient training. Conclusions This rapidly developed simulation session demonstrated that clinical training in patient handoffs can be adapted to an online environment. In order to ensure success, faculty should carefully consider logistical adjustments required to transition from a patient contact setting to an online environment. Meticulous preparation and attention to detail will ensure that training is successful.
Tracheotomy in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weaning, Decannulation, and Survival.

ObjectivesA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the cumulative incidences of decannulation and mechanical ventilation weaning in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (C...
Failure to achieve global vaccine equity will have dire consequences.

I appreciate Hurley’s call for internationally equitable vaccination, which makes a clear case on the grounds of both altruism and self-interest.1 Many rich and powerful countries are donating vaccine doses through Covax. But these doses—in the order of hundreds of millions—are too little and too slow. With a global population of 7.7 billion people, vaccine acquired herd immunity is likely to require at least 12 billion doses. Current production estimates put us …
A New Policy on Mediator Credentialing

This article summarizes the work and policy recommendations of a special task force which examined the issue of whether the American Bar Association should endorse or establish a system for credentialing mediators.
An individual-based model of chaparral vegetation response to frequent wildfires

The Santa Monica Mountains are home to many species of chaparral shrubs that provide vegetative cover and whose deep roots contribute to the stability of the steep slopes. Recently, native chaparral have been threatened by an unprecedented drought and frequent wildfires in Southern California. Besides the damage from the wildfires themselves, there is the potential for subsequent structural losses due to erosion and landslides. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model that predicts the impact of drought and frequent wildfires on chaparral plant community structure. We begin by classifying chaparral into two life history types based on their response to wildfires. Nonsprouters are completely killed by a fire, but their seeds germinate in response to fire cues. Facultative sprouters survive by resprouting but also rely on seed germination for post-fire recovery. The individual-based model presented here simulates the growth, seed dispersal, and resprouting behavior of individual shrubs across two life history types as they compete for space and resources in a rectangular domain. The model also incorporates varying annual rainfall and fire frequency as well as the competition between plants for scarce resources. The parameters were fit using seedling and resprout survivorship data as well as point quarter sampling data from 1986 to 2014 at a biological preserve within the natural landscape of the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University. The simulations from our model reproduce the change in plant community structure at our study site which includes the local extinction of the nonsprouter Ceanothus megacarpus due to shortened fire return intervals. Our simulations predict that a combination of extreme drought and frequent wildfires will drastically reduce the overall density of chaparral, increasing the likelihood of invasion by highly flammable exotic grasses. The simulations further predict that the majority of surviving shrubs will be facultative sprouting species such as Malosma laurina.