cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitating group creativity: Experience with a group decision support system

Abstract:This paper reports on the results of research on the use of a group decision support system (gdss) for idea generation and analysis within a planning and decision laboratory environment. Our experience to date in the use of the idea generation models suggests that the technology does significantly influence the planning process. The automated version of the brainstorming model appears to neutralize many of the group effects that have been responsible for poor performance of group brainstorming in the past. Anonymity is maintained and group members appear to express their true feelings without fear of social disapproval. In addition, the automated idea generation models appear to neutralize the effects of an authority hierarchy in the group. The models allow parallel processing of ideas and prevent one group member from dominating the group discussion. All ideas are automatically recorded in the computer and are stored within the knowledge base for use throughout the planning process.Several facto...
Experience-Weighted Attraction Learning in Sender-Receiver Signaling Games

We apply Camerer and Ho’s experience-weighted attraction (EWA) model of learning to extensive-form signaling games. Since these games often have many equilibria, logical ‘refinements’ have been used to predict which equilibrium will occur. Brandts and Holt conjectured that belief formation could lead to less refined equilibria, and confirmed their conjecture experimentally. Our adaptation of EWA to signaling games includes a formalization of the BrandtsHolt belief formation idea as a special case. We find that the Brandts-Holt dynamic captures the direction of switching from one strategy to another, but does not capture the rate at which switching occurs. EWA does better at predicting the rate of switching (and also forecasts better than reinforcement models). Extensions of EWA which update unchosen signals by different functions of the set of unobserved foregone payoffs further improve predictive accuracy.
The FIP and Inverse FIP Effects in Solar and Stellar Coronae

We review our state of knowledge of coronal element abundance anomalies in the Sun and stars. We concentrate on the first ionization potential (FIP) effect observed in the solar corona and slow-speed wind, and in the coronae of solar-like dwarf stars, and the “inverse FIP” effect seen in the corona of stars of later spectral type; specifically M dwarfs. These effects relate to the enhancement or depletion, respectively, in coronal abundance with respect to photospheric values of elements with FIP below about 10 eV. They are interpreted in terms of the ponderomotive force due to the propagation and/or reflection of magnetohydrodynamic waves in the chromosphere. This acts on chromospheric ions, but not neutrals, and so can lead to ion-neutral fractionation. A detailed description of the model applied to closed magnetic loops, and to open field regions is given, accounting for the observed difference in solar FIP fractionation between the slow and fast wind. It is shown that such a model can also account for the observed depletion of helium in the solar wind. The helium depletion is sensitive to the chromospheric altitude where ion-neutral separation occurs, and the behavior of the helium abundance in the closed magnetic loop strongly suggests that the waves have a coronal origin. This, and other similar inferences may be expected to have a strong bearing on theories of solar coronal heating. Chromospheric waves originating from below as acoustic waves mode convert, mainly to fast-mode waves, can also give rise to ion-neutral separation. Depending on the geometry of the magnetic field, this can result in FIP or Inverse FIP effects. We argue that such configurations are more likely to occur in later-type stars (known to have stronger field in any case), and that this explains the occurrence of the Inverse FIP effect in M dwarfs. We conclude with a discussion of possible directions for future work.
Topological design of multiple VPNs over MPLS network

With the deployment of MPLS over a core IP backbone, it is possible for a service provider to build virtual private networks (VPNs) supporting various classes of services with QoS guarantees. Efficiently mapping the logical layout of multiple VPNs over a service provider network is an important and challenging traffic engineering procedure. The use of sink-tree (multipoint-to-point) routing paths in an MPLS network makes the VPN design problem different from traditional design approaches where a full-mesh of point-to-point paths is often the choice. The clear benefits of using sink-tree paths are the reduction in the number of label switch paths and the bandwidth saving due to the larger granularity of bandwidth aggregation within the network. The design of multiple VPNs over MPLS, using sink-tree routing, is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem to find simultaneously VPN logical topologies and their dimensions to carry multi-service, multi-hour VPN traffic from various customers. Such a problem formulation yields an NP-hard complexity. We propose a heuristic aiming to scale the VPN design problem by choosing a small-but-good candidate set of feasible sink-tree paths to solve the optimization problem. Numerical results are given showing the advantages of the proposed approach.
Teaching introductory fluids through fountain design

Neophyte engineering students have difficulty conceptualizing fluid concepts, and have little understanding of the design process. The fountain concept development, prototyping, design, and fountain building process allows students to experience the iterative nature of design while they developed an intuitive basis for learning and remembering fluids fundamentals. The students were divided into teams and given a budget of $20/team. The final report included concept development, fountain features, design approach, materials list, budget, engineering drawings, and design calculations. The students gave the project a very positive review, resulting in the civil engineering (CE) and engineering technology (ET) introductory fluids classes using the project during the spring semester 2003.
Cosmic Gamma-Rays and Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos from Galactic and Solar Dark Matter Annihilation

We calculate and present the production spectra of secondary cosmic γ-rays and cosmic-ray neutrinos produced by the annihilation of weakly interacting heavy neutral fermions (sometimes called WIMPS for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), assuming that such particles make up the dark matter in the galactic halo. For neutrinos, both galactic and solar production spectra are given.
Another Look at Just-So Solar Neutrino Oscillations

We take another look at “Just-So” solar neutrino oscillations, characterizing them by the energy Eπ/2 at which the distance-varying angle is π/2, instead of by the usual Δm2. The rising spectrum recently observed by SuperKamiokande is consistent with an Eπ/2∼6–9 MeV and marginally with 48 MeV. The pp neutrinos must then be reduced to one-half the standard solar model prediction, and 7Be neutrinos must make up a significant part of the SAGE and GALLEX gallium signal. For Eπ/2 close to 9 and 48 MeV, the 7Be neutrinos will also show a large seasonal variation, emphasizing the importance of direct measurements of the 7Be neutrinos.
(1R,5S)-(+)-Nopinone of High Enantiomeric Purity

Abstract Commercial β-pinene of 87% ee can be upgraded to the 98plus;% ee level by simple treatment with silver perchlorate. A solid complex is obtained whose formation is more rapid when two like enantiomers are involved. Simple dissolution of this precipitate in water releases the enantioenriched hydrocarbon from which (+)-nopinone of high enantiomeric purity is obtained via ozonolysis.
Metacognition in Early Phase Psychosis: Toward Understanding Neural Substrates

Individuals in the early phases of psychotic illness have disturbed metacognitive capacity, which has been linked to a number of poor outcomes. Little is known, however, about the neural systems associated with metacognition in this population. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the neuroanatomical correlates of metacognition. We anticipated that higher levels of metacognition may be dependent upon gray matter density (GMD) of regions within the prefrontal cortex. Examining whole-brain structure in 25 individuals with early phase psychosis, we found positive correlations between increased medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum GMD and higher metacognition. These findings represent an important step in understanding the path through which the biological correlates of psychotic illness may culminate into poor metacognition and, ultimately, disrupted functioning. Such a path will serve to validate and promote metacognition as a viable treatment target in early phase psychosis.
Palev Statistics and the Chronon

A finite relativistic quantum space-time is constructed. Its unit element is a spin pair with Palev statistics associated with an orthogonal group.
Was New York Times v. Sullivan Wrong

Twenty years ago in his classic article, "The New York Times Case: A Note on 'the Central Meaning of the First Amendment,' "' the late Harry Kalven recounted a conversation about the then recent Supreme Court decision in New York Times v. Sullivan.2 Alexander Meiklejohn, the father of modern first amendment theory, had said that New York Times "was an occasion for dancing in the streets." Kalven joined in that judgment, even though elsewhere in that same article he noted the difficulties in speculating about the precise course that the first amendment law would take after this epochal case. His own guesses included, for example, a prediction that the Supreme Court would expand the New York Times privilege to cover matters of public interest and concern. Here he was at best a partial prophet, for the Court first flirted with3 and then rejected4 this test in the decade that followed. Nonetheless, Kalven's uncertainty about the ultimate contours of New York Times did nothing to temper his glee and enthusiasm for the decision. For him the great principle of New York Times was that there was no such thing as seditious libel. Criticism of the government was to be regarded as protected from both criminal punishment and private defamation suits, while false statements of fact about public officials received a qualified privilege rendering them actionable only in cases of "actual malice," carefully circumscribed in New York Times to cover only statements published "with
Strong MgII Absorption Systems in QSOS from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is obtaining multicolor images over more than 10,000 square degrees of high Galactic latitude sky and providing medium resolution spectra for approximately 106 galaxies and 100,000 quasars. The early data release (EDR) of June 2001 (Schneider et al. 2002) contains spectra of ≈ 3800 QSOs with redshifts ranging from z = 0.15 to z = 5.03. The spectra cover the wavelength interval 3800 A 1.0 A detected at 5σ and with redshifts 0.37 > z > 2.27. This sample is an order of magnitude larger than previous similarly selected samples. In this contribution, we present preliminary results on the statistical properties of the sample.
El federalismo y la administración de justicia en los Estados Unidos

El proposito de este breve ensayo es el de identificar los aspectos mas importantes de la relacion entre el federalismo y la administracion de justicia en los Estados Unidos y su division de facultadesgubernamentales entre el gobierno nacional (O «federal») y los estados.
Do Pesticide Hazards to Human Health and Beneficial Insects Cause or Result from IPM Adoption? Mixed Messages from Farmer Field Schools in Nicaragua

This paper analyzes the interaction between farmer training in pest management and effects on acute pesticide poisoning and populations of beneficial insects in Nicaragua. Using farm level data from Nicaraguan bean growers, including graduates of Farmer Field Schools (FFS), other integrated pest management (IPM) outreach methods, and farmers without exposure to IPM, we found that small farmers are influenced by pesticide-related acute illness experiences when adopting IPM practices and making decisions about pesticide use. However, exposure to IPM extension programs failed to reduce the use of highly toxic pesticides and increased the number of self-reported acute illness symptoms during the most recent bean crop season. IPM training did result in growth of beneficial insect populations.
Trend and Cycles: A New Approach and Explanations of Some Old Puzzles

Recent work on trend-cycle decompositions for US real GDP yields the following puzzling features: method based on Unobserved Components models, the Beveridge-Nelson decomposition, the Hodrick-Prescott filter and others yield very different cycles which bears little resemblance to the NBER chronology, ascribes much movements to the trend leaving little to the cycles, and some imply a negative correlation between the noise to the cycle and the trend. We argue that these features are artifacts created by the neglect of the presence of a change in the slope of the trend function in real GDP in 1973. Once this is properly accounted for, the results show all methods to yield the same cycle with a trend that is non-stochastic except for a few periods around 1973. This cycle is more important in magnitude than previously reported, it accords very well with the NBER chronology and imply no correlation between the trend and cycle, since the former is non-stochastic. We propose a new approach to univariate trend-cycle decompositions using a generalized Unobserved Components models with errors having a mixture of Normals distribution for both the slope of the trend function and the cycle components. It can account endogenously for infrequent changes such as level shifts and change in slope, as well as different variances for expansions and recessions. It yields a decomposition that accords very well with common notions of the business cycles
A General Welfare Decomposition for CGE Models

January 2000 Huff and Hertel (2001) derive a welfare decomposition for the equivalent variation in the GTAP model. The derivation appears to be very specific to GTAP. Nevertheless, it contains nearly all the ingredients required for performing welfare decomposition for any CGE model. In this paper, the approach of Huff and Hertel (2001) is generalised to derive a welfare decomposition that can be applied to most, if not all, CGE models. General production and utility functions are accommodated, as are foreign income flows. A brief guide to coding the proposed welfare decomposition in GEMPACK is also provided. The decomposition is applied to decomposing the equivalent variation in GTAP.
Distributed diagnosis of discrete-event systems using Petri nets

The problem of detecting and isolating fault events in dynamic systems modeled as discrete-event systems is considered. The modeling formalism adopted is that of Petri nets with labeled transitions, where some of the transitions are labeled by different types of unobservable fault events. The Diagnoser Approach for discrete-event systems modeled by automata developed in earlier work is adapted and extended to on-line fault diagnosis of systems modeled by Petri nets, resulting in a centralized diagnosis algorithm based on the notion of "Petri net diagnosers". A distributed version of this centralized algorithm is also presented. This distributed version assumes that the Petri net model of the system can be decomposed into two place-bordered Petri nets satisfying certain conditions and that the two resulting Petri net diagnosers can exchange messages upon the occurrence of observable events. It is shown that this distributed algorithm is correct in the sense that it recovers the same diagnostic information as the centralized algorithm. The distributed algorithm provides an approach for tackling fault diagnosis of large complex systems.
Patterns of Office Employment Cycles

Based upon an the analysis of quarterly office employment and total employment changes from 1975 through 1994, this research concludes that for a majority of the fifty metropolitan areas, office employment cycles are converging towards seven year cycles. However, many of the patterns are emerging and for one-third of the cities, the office employment changes are a random walk. While changes in office employment and total employment are correlated, neither series lags nor leads the other. Office employment grew faster than total employment, but office employment changes were more volatile.
Controlling Health Care Costs through Limited Network Insurance Plans: Evidence from Massachusetts State Employees

National Institute on Aging (Grant #P30AG012810 to the National Bureau of Economic Research)
Gender Discrimination and Self-Employment Dynamics in Europe

Abstract This paper examines the effect that gender-based earnings discrimination has on self-employment dynamics among females, with a focus on four countries in Western Europe. Using data from the European Community Household Panel in the 1999–2001 time period, we test the hypothesis that the probability of moving into self-employment is positively related to prior earnings discrimination, as measured by unexplained deviations from expected (male) earnings. Our findings suggest that women who have lower than expected wage sector earnings are more likely to leave wage employment in the following year. The results with respect to discrimination, per se, however, are mixed.
Exploring area/delay tradeoffs in an AES FPGA implementation

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have lately become a popular target for implementing cryptographic block ciphers, as a well-designed FPGA solution can combine some of the algorithmic flexibility and cost efficiency of an equivalent software implementation with throughputs that are comparable to custom ASIC designs. The recently selected Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is slowly replacing older ciphers as the building block of choice for secure systems and is well suited to an FPGA implementation. In this paper we explore the design decisions that lead to area/delay tradeoffs in a single-core AES FPGA implementation. This work provides a more thorough description of the defining AES hardware characteristics than is currently available in the research literature, along with implementation results that are pareto optimal in terms of throughput, latency, and area efficiency.
On removing the Condorcet influence from pairwise elections data

Recent developments in voting theory show that Condorcet profiles embedded in electorates are responsible for conflicts between pairwise voting methods and for reversals of rankings under positional methods whenever candidates are dropped or added. Because of the strong symmetry of the rankings of the candidates within these profiles, it can be argued that Condorcet profiles represent complete ties between the candidates so far as election outcomes are concerned. Hence removing their influence from pairwise tallies should not matter ∗The authors gratefully acknowledge comments from Donald G. Saari, George A. Hazelrigg and an anonymous referee on an earlier version of the work. All remaining errors are ours. Some of the results presented here are extensions of work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-0640826 and CMMI0900093. Chandra gratefully acknowledges this support. Any opinions, conclusions or recommendations expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect views of the sponsoring agencies. and moreover is justified because of the distortions they induce. The paper discusses a method of removing or reducing the influence of Condorcet profiles from pairwise elections data. JEL Numbers: D70, D71, D72
On the Origins of Conditional Heteroscedasticity in Time Series

The volatility clustering frequently observed in financial/economic time series is often ascribed to GARCH and/or stochastic volatility models. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of reconceptualizing the usual definition of conditional heteroscedasticity as the (h = 1) special case of h-step-ahead conditional heteroscedasticity, where the conditional volatility in period t depends on observable variables up through period t â€“ h. Here it is shown that, for h > 1, h-stepahead conditional heteroscedasticity arises â€“ necessarily and endogenously - from nonlinear serial dependence in a time series; whereas one-step-ahead conditional heteroscedasticity (i.e., h = 1) requires multiple and heterogeneously-skedastic innovation terms. Consequently, the best response to observed volatility clustering may often be to model the nonlinear serial dependence which is likely causing it, rather than â€˜tacking onâ€™ an ad hoc volatility model. Even where such nonlinear modeling is infeasible â€“ or where volatility is quantified using, say, a model-free implied volatility measure rather than squared returns â€“ these results suggest a re-consideration of the usefulness of lag-one terms in volatility models. An application to observed daily stock returns is given.
Decision methods for adaptive task-sharing in associate systems

This paper describes some results of research on associate systems: knowledge-based systems that flexibly and adaptively support their human users in carrying out complex, time-dependent problem-solving tasks under uncertainty. Based on principles derived from decision theory and decision analysis, a problem-solving approach is presented which can overcome many of the limitations of traditional expert-systems. This approach implements an explicit model of the human user's problem-solving capabilities as an integral element in the overall problem solving architecture. This integrated model, represented as an influence diagram, is the basis for achieving adaptive task sharing behavior between the associate system and the human user. This associate system model has been applied toward ongoing research on a Mars Rover Manager's Associate (MRMA). MRMA's role would be to manage a small fleet of robotic rovers on the Martian surface. The paper describes results for a specific scenario where MRMA examines the benefits and costs of consulting human experts on Earth to assist a Mars rover with a complex resource management decision.
A functional approach to software reliability modeling

A new metaphor is presented for the measurement and modeling of the reliability of software systems that focuses on the functionality that the code is executing and not the software as a monolithic system. In computer software systems, it is the functionality that fails. Some functionalities may be virtually failure free while other functionalities will collapse with certainty whenever they are executed. The focus of this paper is on the notion that it is possible to measure the activities of a system as it executes its various functionalities and characterize the reliability of the system in terms of these functionalities. A software system is the sum of its functionalities. If we can know the reliability of the functionalities and how the system apportions its time among these functionalities, we can then know the reliability of the system. This view of reliability permits the dynamic estimation of the parameters of the underlying multinomial probability distribution representing the transition between program modules. This use of the multinomial probability distribution is particularly convenient in that it has a Dirichlet distribution as its natural conjugate family. Thus, a Bayesian approach may be employed so that each step or epoch in the dynamic operation of a system provides incremental information as to the evolving reliability assessment of the program.
Understanding Financial Crises

1. History and institutions 2. Time, uncertainty and liquidity 3. Intermediation 4. Asset markets 5. Financial fragility 6. Intermediation and markets 7. Optimal regulation 8. Money and the prices 9. Bubbles and crises 10. Contagion
Cross‐Coupling with Organosilicon Compounds

Organosilicon functions possess many properties that make them ideal donors of organic groups in cross-coupling reactions. Through the addition of an appropriate silicophilic Lewis base, an in situ pentacoordinate silane can effectively transfer an organic group. This feature allows for the rapid development of silicon cross-coupling methods that continue today. Organosilicon-based cross-coupling has now become a practical, viable, and in some cases, superior compared with organoboron,-zinc,-tin couplings. The unique properties of organosilicon compounds provide a number of distinct advantages to their use as donors in transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: 1, silicon moieties can be introduced into organic substrates by many general and high-yielding methods for the construction of silicon carbon bonds; 2, organosilicon reagents are chemically robust and allow isolation and purification of products and are compatible with many functional groups; 3, silicon-containing by-products of the coupling are of low molecular weight, are nontoxic, and are easily removed from the reaction mixture; 4, a number of mild methods are available. This chapter presents a thorough overview of the various combinations of transferable groups and organic electrophiles. The scope is limited to the combination of silicon-bearing nucleophiles with halo or related electrophiles under catalysis by palladium or nickel complexes wherein the silyl halide is lost. Keywords: Cross coupling; Organosilicon compounds; Alkenylsilanes; Allylsilanes; Benzylsilanes; Halosilanes; Silanols; Silanolates; Alkoxysilanes; Polysiloxanes; Disiloxanes; Cyclic silyl ethers; Ruthenium catalysts; Palladium; Ligands; Solvents; Fluoride; Mechanisms; Enantioselectivity; Experimental procedures
Technology for the detection of airborne intruders approaching the high-security, high-value asset

There is growing interest in the United States in the protection of high value assets from aircraft intrusion. Aircraft technology has improved Helicopters can serve as an intruder transport, a highly mobile weapon platform, and an escape vehicle after an intrusion has been committed. The helicopter can also serve as a transport for a high value material asset that may be stolen. Fixed wing aircraft are also a threat. The suicide mission to destroy an asset or generate adverse publicity is credible. If there is sufficient runway, the fixed wing aircraft can serve as a transport of intruders into a protected site, an intruder escape vehicle, or a transport for a stolen high value asset. The runway for a short take off and landing (STOL) aircraft used as intrusion vehicle can be any cleared area, including roadways only 100 meters in length with obstructions 20 meters high at the end. There may be existing, in place aircraft detection sensors near most sites that can be used to detect an aircraft's presence and provide early warning. If not, there is another family of sensors that can detect, track, and classify detected aircraft as fixed wing or helicopter. This second class of sensor can be installed if high resolution tracking of a target is required. The paper discusses the principles of aircraft detection, reviews some of the technology presently on the market for aircraft detection, and presents test data to show the ranges at which aircraft can be detected by these types of sensors.
Botulinum toxin and the treatment of headache: A clinical review

Since its discovery, Onabotulinum toxins have been tried for the treatment of various head, neck and face pain syndromes. The end result of controlled clinical trials was that there was not clear evidence for use in many of the common primary and secondary headaches. In chronic migraine, affecting 1-2% of the population, a fixed site and fixed dose treatment approach was shown to be superior to placebo and was approved for use. In this review, evidence for that use and the history leading to it is described.
Development of FET-switched induction accelerator cells for heavy-ion fusion recirculators

The "recirculator", a recirculating heavy-ion induction accelerator, has been identified as a promising approach for an inertial fusion driver. One of the technical challenges to building a recirculator is the requirement for a modulator that can drive the induction accelerator cells at repetition rates /spl ges/100 kHz with variable pulse width and pulse repetition rate capability. A high repetition rate modulator and cell is presently being developed for use on a proposed heavy-ion recirculator. The goal is to develop an array of field-effect transistors to switch 5 kV, 1 /spl mu/s pulses onto a Metglas induction core at pulse rates exceeding 100 kHz. Each transistor in the array is driven by a fiber-optic isolated gate signal that is powered by a dc/dc converter. The circuit architecture provides for core reset between pulses and produces bursts of pulses that are variable in pulse width and prf. The transistor switching array, energy storage capacitors, reset circuit and cell core are all combined into a single compact, low-impedance package. Progress of this development work is presented with supporting data. >
Long-term variation of the rotation of the solar corona

Abstract Synoptic photoelectric observations of the coronal Fe XIV and Fe X emission lines at 530.3 nm and 637.4 nm, respectively, are analyzed to study the rotational behavior of the solar corona as a function of latitude, height and time. The data used are measurements made with the Sacramento Peak 40-cm coronagraph and Emission-Line Coronal Photometer of the intensity of these lines observed at 1.15 to 1.45 solar radii (R ⊙ ) between 1973 (1984 for Fe X) and 2000. An earlier similar temporal-correlation analysis of the Fe XIV data at 1.15 R ⊙ over only one 11-year solar activity cycle (Sime, Fisher, & Altrock 1989) found suggestions of solar-cycle variations in the differential-rotation and latitude-averaged-rotation patterns that combined the effects of large-scale patterns seen in the white-light corona and smaller-scale patterns seen in chromospheric and photospheric rotation. These results are tested over the longer epoch now available. In addition, the new 1.15 R ⊙ Fe XIV results are compared with those at greater heights and with results from the Fe X line to form a global picture of solar rotation throughout the corona and over more than two solar cycles.
Dissociative and double photoionization of CO2 from threshold to 90 Å

The molecular photoionization [Math], dissociative photoionization (CO + O + and C + ) and double photoionization (CO 2+ and C 2+ ) cross sections for CO 2 have been measured from their onsets down to 90 A by using various combinations of mass spectrometers (a coincidence time of-flight mass spectrometer and a magnetic mass spectrometer) and light sources (synchrotron radiation, and glow and spark discharge). It Is concluded that the one broad peak and the three shoulders In the total absorption cross section curve between 640 and 90 A are caused completely by dissociative ionization processes. Several peaks observed In the cross section curve for the total fragmentation (CO + , O + and C + ) are compared with those in the photoelectron spectrum reported for CO 2 . The accuracy of the present cross sections Is estimated to be about 10, 15 and 50 % for σ (CO 2 ) σ (CO + , O + and C + ) and σ (CO 2+ and C 2+ ), respectively.
Turbulence and Self-Consistent Fields in Plasmas

This paper is concerned with the role of self-consistency of the electric field in 1-0 plasma turbulence. We first show that in the non-self consistent electric field problem excellent agreement is found between numerical experiments and quasilinear theory whenever the imposed electric field Fourier components have random phase. A discrepancy is exhibited between quasilinear prediction and numerical simulations in the self-consistent electric field case. This discrepancy is explained by the creation of a long correlation time of the electric field resulting from a strong wave-particle interaction. A comparison is made between quasilinear and renormalized propagator theories, and the Dupree “Clump” theory. These three theories are found to be self-contradictory in the regime of strong wave-particle interaction because they make an a priori quasi-gaussian assumption for the electric field. The Direct Interaction Approximation is then shown to be a closure taking into account in a self-consistent way nongaussian effects.
Star Clusters in Local Group Galaxies

In this paper I will try to give the flavor of two different concepts of stellar population, namely, the population of cluster systems within galaxies, and the stellar populations within individual clusters. I hope to show, in concert with other papers in this volume, that a generic vision of Population I and II has been outdated for a long time. I believe that it is still proper to talk about populations within individual objects; in the case of galaxies, one might make a correspondence of populations with the important star forming events in the history of a galaxy.
Nonparametric Bayes inference on conditional independence

In many application areas, a primary focus is on assessing evidence in the data refuting the assumption of independence of $Y$ and $X$ conditionally on $Z$, with $Y$ response variables, $X$ predictors of interest, and $Z$ covariates. Ideally, one would have methods available that avoid parametric assumptions, allow $Y, X, Z$ to be random variables on arbitrary spaces with arbitrary dimension, and accommodate rapid consideration of different candidate predictors. As a formal decision-theoretic approach has clear disadvantages in this context, we instead rely on an encompassing nonparametric Bayes model for the joint distribution of $Y$, $X$ and $Z$, with conditional mutual information used as a summary of the strength of conditional dependence. We construct a functional of the encompassing model and empirical measure for estimation of conditional mutual information. The implementation relies on a single Markov chain Monte Carlo run under the encompassing model, with conditional mutual information for candidate models calculated as a byproduct. We provide an asymptotic theory supporting the approach, and apply the method to variable selection. The methods are illustrated through simulations and criminology applications.
Teleo-reactive programs for agent control

A formalism is presented for computing and organizing actions for autonomous agents in dynamic environments. We introduce the notion of teleo-reactive (T-R) programs whose execution entails the construction of circuitry for the continuous computation of the parameters and conditions on which agent action is based. In addition to continuous feedback, T-R programs support parameter binding and recursion. A primary difference between T-R programs and many other circuit-based systems is that the circuitry of T-R programs is more compact; it is constructed at run time and thus does not have to anticipate all the contingencies that might arise over all possible runs. In addition, T-R programs are intuitive and easy to write and are written in a form that is compatible with automatic planning and learning methods. We briefly describe some experimental applications of T-R programs in the control of simulated and actual mobile robots.
Subtypes of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.

The adrenergic receptors are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. There are three major types of adrenergic receptors: alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta. Each of these three major types can be divided into three subtypes. Within the alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, alpha 1A and alpha 1B subtypes have been defined pharmacologically on the basis of reversible antagonists, such as WB4101 and phentolamine, and the irreversible antagonist chloroethylclonidine. In at least some tissues the mechanism of action of the alpha 1A subtype is related to activation of a calcium channel, whereas the alpha 1B receptor exerts its effect through the second messenger inositol trisphosphate. Both of these receptor subtypes as well as a third, the alpha 1C, have been identified by molecular cloning. Three pharmacological subtypes of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor have also been identified. Prototypic tissues and cell lines in continuous culture have been developed for each of these subtypes, which facilitated the...
Magnesium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of α,β-unsaturated esters.

ToMMgHB(C6F5)3 (1, ToM = tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate) catalyzes the 1,4-hydrosilylation of α,β-unsaturated esters. This magnesium hydridoborate compound is synthesized by the reaction of ToMMgMe, PhSiH3, and B(C6F5)3. Unlike the transient ToMMgH formed from the reaction of ToMMgMe and PhSiH3, the borate adduct 1 persists in solution and in the solid state. Crystallographic characterization reveals tripodal coordination of the HB(C6F5)3 moiety to the six-coordinate magnesium center with a ∠Mg–H–B of 141(3)°. The pathway for formation of 1 is proposed to involve the reaction of ToMMgMe and a PhSiH3/B(C6F5)3 adduct because the other possible intermediates, ToMMgH and ToMMgMeB(C6F5)3, react to give an intractable black solid and ToMMgC6F5, respectively. Under catalytic conditions, silyl ketene acetals are isolated in high yield from the addition of hydrosilanes to α,β-unsaturated esters with 1 as the catalyst.
Polygonal Path Approximation: A Query Based Approach

In this paper we present a new, query based approach for approximating polygonal chains in the plane. We give a few results related with this approach, some of more general interest, and propose a greedy heuristic to speed up the computation. We also give an O(n log n) time, factor 2 approximation algorithm with infinite beam criterion. Finally, we show that the query based approach can be used to obtain a subquadratic time exact algorithm with infinite beam criterion and Euclidean distance metric if some condition on the input path holds.
Classification of Argyres-Douglas theories from M5 branes

We obtain a large class of new four-dimensional Argyres-Douglas theories by classifying irregular punctures for the six-dimensional (2, 0) superconformal theory of ADE type on a sphere. Along the way, we identify the connection between the Hitchin system and threefold singularity descriptions of the same Argyres-Douglas theory. Other constructions such as taking degeneration limits of the irregular puncture, adding an extra regular puncture, and introducing outer-automorphism twists are also discussed. Later we investigate various features of these theories including their Coulomb branch spectrum and central charges.
History of Multivariate Analysis of Variance

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) can be thought of as a multivariate generalization of analysis of variance (ANOVA), in which more than one dependent variable is used to evaluate group differences. Wilks introduced lambda (Λ) in 1932 as a statistical test of the equality of group centroids. Wilks's Λ was derived from the likelihood ratio of the null and non-null hypotheses usually specified in MANOVA. Subsequently, other MANOVA test criteria were developed, although all share with Λ the difficulty of unusually complex sampling distributions. Instead of using Λ directly, either an approximate chi-square or F ratio transformation of Λ is preferred. Keywords: Wilks's lambda; maximum likelihood; likelihood ratio; probability density function
Episodic tremor and slip on a frictional interface with critical zero weakening in elastic solid

SUMMARY Non-Volcanic Tremor (NVT) and related relatively weak and slow slip events termed Episodic Tremor and Slip (ETS) are observed below the seismogenic sections of numerous subduction zones and several major strike-slip faults. These events have various characteristics that distinguish them from regular tectonic earthquakes. Here we show that a frictional fault in elastic solid with a region below the seismogenic zone having on average a critical (near-)zero weakening during slip provides a simple unified explanation for the diverse observed phenomenology of NVT–ETS. The results imply that NVT–ETS have little predictive power on the occurrence of large events in the overriding seismogenic zone. Additional model predictions that may be tested with future high-resolution observations are fractal slip distributions and failure areas, discrete power-law frequency-moment statistics with exponent 3/2 and exponential tapering, overall scale-invariant potency/moment/magnitude time histories, triggered periodic NVT with evolving size and rate correlated with the stressing rate of the periodic triggering mechanisms, and parabolic (or exponential) source time functions for event sizes measured by duration (or moment/potency).
A World of Cities: The Causes and Consequences of Urbanization in Poorer Countries

Historically, urban growth required enough development to grow and transport significant agricultural surpluses or a government effective enough to build an empire. But there has been an explosion of poor mega-cities over the last 30 years. A simple urban model illustrates that in closed economies, agricultural prosperity leads to more urbanization, but that in an open economy, urbanization increases with agricultural desperation. The challenge of developing world mega-cities is that poverty and weak governance reduce the ability to address the negative externalities that come with density. This paper models the connection between urban size and institutional failure, and shows that urban anonymity causes institutions to break down. For large cities with weak governments, draconian policies may be the only way to curb negative externalities, suggesting a painful trade-off between dictatorship and disorder. A simple model suggests that private provision of infrastructure to reduce negative externalities is less costly when city populations are low or institutions are strong, but that public provision can cost less in bigger cities.
What Information Theory Can Tell Us About Quantum Reality

An investigation of Einstein's "physical" reality and the concept of quantum reality in terms of information theory suggests a solution to quantum paradoxes such as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) and the Schrodinger-cat paradoxes. Quantum reality, the picture based on unitarily evolving wavefunctions, is complete, but appears incomplete from the observer's point of view for fundamental reasons arising from the quantum information theory of measurement. Physical reality, the picture based on classically accessible observables is, in the worst case of EPR experiments, unrelated to the quantum reality it purports to reflect. Thus, quantum information theory implies that only correlations, not the correlata, are physically accessible: the mantra of the Ithaca interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Synchronous Ipsilateral Parotid Tumors with Cytologic–Histologic Correlation

Synchronous ipsilateral tumor formation within a major salivary gland is a very rare event. In this case, a 54-year-old female tobacco smoker presented with a slowly enlarging left parotid gland. Computed tomography of the neck demonstrated a solid mass superficial to a cystic mass in the deep lobe of the gland. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration yielded oncocytic cells, lymphoid cells, and granular debris along with rare cohesive groups of basaloid cells. Parotidectomy was performed, and the resected gland was found to contain two adjacent but distinct masses. One mass, a predominantly solid, well-circumscribed lesion composed of ribbons of double-layered oncocytic cells and a lymphoid stroma with germinal center formation, was a Warthin tumor. The other mass, a predominantly cystic lesion composed of cords and nests of basaloid cells with associated deposits of basement membrane-like material, was a basal cell adenoma of the membranous type. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of synchronous Warthin tumor and basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland with cytologic–histologic correlation attributable to each tumor.
Business regulations and growth

Over the past decade, there has been increased interest in improving business regulations, in part because of the increased availability of data that can inform and monitor those improvements. This paper analyzes whether these regulatory changes are linked to economic outcomes. With panel data for 10 years across more than 180 countries, the paper establishes the link between business regulations, firm creation, and growth. It is found that an improvement of 10 points in the overall measure of business regulations is linked to an increase of around 0.5 new businesses per 1,000 adults. Moreover, the results show that although small changes in the overall level of business regulations may have a negligible link to growth, moving from the lowest quartile of improvement in business regulations to the highest quartile is associated with a significant increase in annual per capita growth of around 0.8 percentage points. In addition, the results highlight the importance of sound entry and exit regulations and sound credit market regulations and court enforcement for growth.
On generating functions of Hausdorff moment sequences

The class of generating functions for completely monotone se- quences (moments of finite positive measures on (0, 1)) has an elegant char- acterization as the class of Pick functions analytic and positive on (−∞, 1). We establish this and another such characterization and develop a variety of consequences. In particular, we characterize generating functions for moments of convex and concave probability distribution functions on (0, 1). Also we provide a simple analytic proof that for any real p and r with p> 0, the Fuss-Catalan or Raney numbers r pn+r pn+r
The evolution of agricultural trade flows

Earlier research showed that during the 1980s and 1990s most of the global agricultural trade expansion took place among the industrial countries and among countries within trade blocs. These were also periods of declining agricultural prices. These prices increased during the 2000s, there were continuous trade reforms, and many developing countries started to support their agricultural sectors. This paper analyzes trade flows during the past two decades, and tries to measure whether all these developments have changed the trade balances and the share of different groups within the global trade flows. In addition, it looks at the trade balances on food to see the impact of these changes on net food importing countries. In conclusion, unlike the case with manufacturing, developing countries have not been able to increase their export shares in agriculture as significantly. They have maintained their trade shares by primarily expanding exports to other developing countries.
Disciplining agricultural support through decoupling

Agricultural protection and subsidies, particularly in high-income countries, have induced overproduction, thereby depressing world commodity prices and reducing export shares of countries which do not support agriculture. One - and perhaps the only - effective way to bring a socially acceptable and politically feasible reform is to replace payments linked to current production levels, input use, and prices by payments which are decoupled from these measures. This paper describes the objectives and consequences of agricultural support, surveys the theory and practice of decoupling agricultural support, and gives a number of policy recommendations on how to improve decoupled support mechanisms. Overall, the experience with decoupling has been mixed while the switch to less distorting support has been uneven across commodities and countries. Ideally, compensation programs would be universal (open to all sectors in the economy, not just agriculture) or at least non-sector specific within agriculture. The paper describes a simple and minimally distorting scheme that would maintain government credibility and reduce uncertainty.