cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging insights into barriers to effective brain tumor therapeutics.

There is great promise that ongoing advances in the delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) combined with rapidly expanding knowledge of brain tumor patho-biology will provide new, more effective therapies. Brain tumors that form from brain cells, as opposed to those that come from other parts of the body, rarely metastasize outside of the central nervous system. Instead, the tumor cells invade deep into the brain itself, causing disruption in brain circuits, blood vessel and blood flow changes, and tissue swelling. Patients with the most common and deadly form, glioblastoma (GBM) rarely live more than 2 years even with the most aggressive treatments and often with devastating neurological consequences. Current treatments include maximal safe surgical removal or biopsy followed by radiation and chemotherapy to address the residual tumor mass and invading tumor cells. However, delivering effective and sustained treatments to these invading cells without damaging healthy brain tissue is a major challenge and focus of the emerging fields of nanomedicine and viral and cell-based therapies. New treatment strategies, particularly those directed against the invasive component of this devastating CNS disease, are sorely needed. In this review, we (1) discuss the history and evolution of treatments for GBM, (2) define and explore three critical barriers to improving therapeutic delivery to invasive brain tumors, specifically, the neurovascular unit as it relates to the blood brain barrier, the extracellular space in regard to the brain penetration barrier, and the tumor genetic heterogeneity and instability in association with the treatment efficacy barrier, and (3) identify promising new therapeutic delivery approaches that have the potential to address these barriers and create sustained, meaningful efficacy against GBM.
Societal hierarchy and the health Olympics

hat makes a population healthy? Advising individuals about the avoidance of risk factors is certainly important, but that is probably not the most efficient way to improve the overall health of a population. 1 The effects of the usual do’s and don’ts that we all preach pale in comparison with the effect of society’s structural factors on population health, especially the amount of hierarchy as measured by income distribution. With its life expectancies of 77.6 years for men and 84.3 years for women, Japan is the current leader in what might be called the health Olympics (the ranking of countries by life expectancy), a position it has held since 1977. Canada also ranks among the top countries, with life expectancies of 76.2 years for men and 81.9 years for women. Although Japan has twice as many male smokers per capita as Canada does, Japan’s smoking-related mortality rate is half that of
Approximation and intractability results for the maximum cut problem and its variants

The maximum cut problem is known to be an important NP-complete problem with many applications. The authors investigate this problem (which they call the normal maximum cut problem) and a variant of it (which is referred to as the connected maximum cut problem). They show that any n-vertex e-edge graph admits a cut with at least the fraction 1/2+1/2n of its edges, thus improving the ratio 1/2+2/e known before. It is shown that it is NP-complete to decide if a given graph has a normal maximum cut with at least a fraction (1/2+ epsilon ) of its edges, where the positive constant epsilon can be taken smaller than any value chosen. The authors present an approximation algorithm for the normal maximum cut problem on any graph that runs in O((e log e+n log n)/p+log p*log n) parallel time using p(1 >
The Basis of Distinctive IL-2– and IL-15–Dependent Signaling: Weak CD122-Dependent Signaling Favors CD8+ T Central-Memory Cell Survival but Not T Effector-Memory Cell Development

Recent work suggests that IL-2 and IL-15 induce distinctive levels of signaling through common receptor subunits and that such varied signaling directs the fate of Ag-activated CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we directly examined proximal signaling by IL-2 and IL-15 and CD8(+) T cell primary and memory responses as a consequence of varied CD122-dependent signaling. Initially, IL-2 and IL-15 induced similar p-STAT5 and p-S6 activation, but these activities were only sustained by IL-2. Transient IL-15-dependent signaling is due to limited expression of IL-15Rα. To investigate the outcome of varied CD122 signaling for CD8(+) T cell responses in vivo, OT-I T cells were used from mouse models where CD122 signals were attenuated by mutations within the cytoplasmic tail of CD122 or intrinsic survival function was provided in the absence of CD122 expression by transgenic Bcl-2. In the absence of CD122 signaling, generally normal primary response occurred, but the primed CD8(+) T cells were not maintained. In marked contrast, weak CD122 signaling supported development and survival of T central-memory (T(CM)) but not T effector-memory (T(EM)) cells. Transgenic expression of Bcl-2 in CD122(-/-) CD8(+) T cells also supported the survival and persistence of T(CM) cells but did not rescue T(EM) development. These data indicate that weak CD122 signals readily support T(CM) development largely through providing survival signals. However, stronger signals, independent of Bcl-2, are required for T(EM) development. Our findings are consistent with a model whereby low, intermediate, and high CD122 signaling support T(CM) memory survival, T(EM) programming, and terminal T effector cell differentiation, respectively.
The Maize Transcription Factor KNOTTED1 Directly Regulates the Gibberellin Catabolism Gene ga2ox1

KNOTTED1 (KN1)-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors are involved in the establishment and maintenance of plant meristems; however, few direct targets of KNOX proteins have been recognized. Using a combination of double mutant analysis and biochemistry, we found that in maize (Zea mays), KN1 negatively modulates the accumulation of gibberellin (GA) through the control of ga2ox1, which codes for an enzyme that inactivates GA. The ga2ox1 mRNA level is elevated in immature leaves of dominant KNOX mutants and downregulated in reproductive meristems of the null allele kn1-e1. KN1 binds in vivo to an intron of ga2ox1 through a cis-regulatory element containing two TGAC motifs. VP16-KN1 activates transcription in planta from a chimeric promoter containing this binding site. The domains of expression of kn1 and ga2ox1 mRNAs overlap at the base of the shoot apical meristem and the base of newly initiated leaves, suggesting that KN1-mediated activation of ga2ox1 maintains a boundary between meristem cell identity and rapidly elongating cells of the shoot. The KN1 binding site is conserved in ga2ox1 genes of different grasses, suggesting that the local regulation of bioactive GA levels through KNOX proteins is a common theme in grasses.
Management of casualties from the bombing at the centennial olympics.

Abstract Background: The explosion of a bomb 75 to 100 yards away from attendees at a concert who were in the process of being evacuated from Centennial Olympic Park at approximately 1:25 am on July 27, 1996, resulted in a multiple-casualty event involving primarily four hospitals in proximity to the blast. The purpose of this study was to review triage and care of the victims, emphasizing those with significant injuries. Methods: Retrospective review of triage and care of injured patients. Results: Ninety-six of the 111 victims of the blast were triaged in the first half hour to four hospitals within 3 miles of the bombing. Only four minor operations were performed in 61 patients evaluated at community hospitals. Ten of 35 patients evaluated at the regional trauma center underwent emergency or urgent operations, and all who were seriously injured did well. Conclusions: Although overtriage to the regional trauma center occurred, outcome was excellent in all seriously injured victims treated there.
Using the Rule of Mixtures to Examine the Hardness of Cu/Cu-Zr Multilayers

Cu/Cu-Zr multilayer foils were fabricated and indented to determine the degree to which multilayer hardness is enhanced by increasing the volume fraction of the harder phase. Using sputter deposition and thermal processing a series of foils was fabricated in which the thicknesses of the Cu layers remained fixed while the thicknesses of the alternate Cu-Zr layers varied. These samples were then indented both parallel and normal to their layering. In general hardness increased as the volume fraction of the harder Cu-Zr phase rose. When the films were loaded parallel to their layering, the measured hardnesses were higher and the dependencies on volume fraction of the Cu-Zr phase were stronger than when the films were loaded nominal to their layering. These results agree with predictions based on isostress and isostrain theories. The relations between hardness and volume fraction are used to compare the hardnesses of the Cu-Zr phases: amorphous Cu-Zr, Cu{sub 51}Zr{sub 14} and Cu{sub 9}Zr{sub 2}, and to show that the hardness of the textured, as-deposited Zr layers is highly anisotropic.
An obsolete dichotomy? Rethinking the rural-urban interface in terms of food security and production in the global south

The global food system is coming under increasing strain in the face of urban population growth. The recent spike in global food prices (2007–08) provoked consumer protests, and raised questions about food sovereignty and how and where food will be produced. Concurrently, for the first time in history the majority of the global population is urban, with the bulk of urban growth occurring in smaller-tiered cities and urban peripheries, or ‘peri-urban’ areas of the developing world. This paper discusses the new emerging spaces that incorporate a mosaic of urban and rural worlds, and reviews the implications of these spaces for livelihoods and food security. We propose a modified livelihoods framework to evaluate the contexts in which food production persists within broader processes of landscape and livelihood transformation in peri-urban locations. Where and how food production persists are central questions for the future of food security in an urbanising world. Our proposed framework provides directions for future research and highlights the role of policy and planning in reconciling food production with urban growth.
Pathology of Skull, Radius and Rib in Hypervitaminosis A of Young Calves

Contradictory observations have been reported by various workers on the effects of excessive vitamin A on skeletal bone in the rat, mouse, dog, chicken, duck, mink and man. There is considerable difference of opinion as to which signs and lesions are specific for hypervitaminosis A. These conflicting reports, as well as the complete lack of information on the bone changes in the bovine species, leave many questions unanswered as to the effects of excessive amounts of vitamin A in the diets of domestic animals. With major feed companies supplementing commercial rations with vitamin A by automation, and the lay use of vitamin A for the treatment of ringworm9 and other maladies, accidental overdosage of vitamin A by overzealous treatment is as possible in animals as it has been in man. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of excessive vitamin A on the skeletal system of growing dairy calves by means of radiographic and pathologic examination of selected bones in 22 Holstein calves at 5 graded levels of vitamin A intake.
Essential role of sequestosome 1/p62 in regulating accumulation of Lys63-ubiquitinated proteins.

Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 is an interacting partner of the atypical protein kinase C ζ/ι and serves as a scaffold for cell signaling and ubiquitin binding, which is critical for several cell functions in vivo such as osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and T cell activation. Here we report that in neurons of p62–/– mouse brain there is a detectable increase in ubiquitin staining paralleled by accumulation of insoluble ubiquitinated proteins. The absolute amount of each ubiquitin chain linkage measured by quantitative mass spectrometry demonstrated hyperaccumulation of Lys63 chains in the insoluble fraction recovered from the brain of p62–/– mice, which correlated with increased levels of Lys63-ubiquitinated TrkA receptor. The increase in Lys63 chains was attributed in part to diminished activity of the TRAF6-interacting the Lys63-deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), cylindromatosis tumor suppressor (CYLD). The interaction of CYLD with TRAF6 was dependent upon p62, thus defining a mechanism that accounts for decreased activity of CYLD in the absence of p62. These findings reveal that p62 serves as an adapter for the formation of this complex, thereby regulating the DUB activity of CYLD by TRAF6 interaction. Thus, p62 has a bifunctional role in regulation of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, TRAF6, and a DUB, CYLD, to balance the turnover of Lys63-polyubiquitinated proteins such as TrkA.
The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women

The increased visibility of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements at the international level invites continuing evaluation of the extent and significance of the role they now play in world politics. While the presence of such new actors is easily demonstrated, international relations scholars have debated their significance. The authors argue that the concept of global civil society sets a more demanding standard for the evaluation of transnational political processes than has been applied in prior accounts of transnational activity. Further, most empirical studies of this activity have focused on a limited number of NGOs within a single issue-area. Using three recent UN world conferences as examples of mutual encounters between state-dominated international politics and global civic politics, the authors develop the concept of global civil society to provide a theoretical foundation for a systematic empirical assessment of transnational relations concerning the environment, human rights, and women at the global level.
Improved occlusal equilibration of complete dentures by augmenting occlusal anatomy of acrylic resin denture teeth

0 cclusal balance of artificial teeth is a vital characteristic of complete dentures.‘” Variations in occlusion caused by processing changes often result in traumatic occlusion, nonuniform distribution of occlusal stresses to underlying tissues, and the concomitant compromise of function, comfort, and masticatory efficiency (Fig. 1, A).46 A technique designed to minimize the trauma of the period of occlusal adjustment by augmenting the occlusal anatomy of the acrylic resin denture teeth is described (Fig. 1, B).
Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation sensitive strains of yeast. II. rev2 mutant strains.

The range of specificity of the rev2–1 mutation, an allele that reduces the frequency of ochre revertants induced by UV in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Lemontt 1971a), has been investigated by examining its influence on the reversion of eleven well-defined and contrasting cyc1 mutations. We have shown, in support of a suggestion of Lemontt (1971a), that the REV2 gene product is concerned only with the reversion of ochre alleles; it plays virtually no role in the reversion of amber, missense or frameshift mutations. We have also shown that its effect is specific and confined to only some highly revertible ochre alleles. The REV2 gene product appears to enhance reversion at these sites by facilitating the conversion of two otherwise nonmutagenic photo-products into a single premutational lesion. UV-induced killing of rev2–1 strains was found to be significantly greater on fermentable rather than on nonfermentable media.
Primer of Genetic Analysis : A Problems Approach

1. Overview of genetic organization and scale 2. Mitosis and meiosis 3. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA 4. Basic mendelian genetics 5. Probability and chi-square 6. Sex-linkage and gene interactions 7. Pedigree analysis 8. Overview of basic statistical testing 9. Quantitative inheritance 10. Overview of genetic mapping 11. Assessing chromosome linkage relationships 12. Linkage and mapping in diploids 13. Mapping in bacteria and viruses 14. Overview of types of genetic change 15. Gene mutation 16. Changes in chromosome number and structure 17. Protein synthesis and the genetic code 18. Gene regulation and development 19. Overview of molecular biology techniques 20. DNA mapping and human genome analysis 21. Basic population genetics 22. Selection and evolution 23. Practice tests 24. Answers to practice tests and crossword puzzles 25. Landmarks in the history of genetics Glossary Reference tables.
High harmonic generation for N2 and CO2 beyond the two-point model

Strong field high harmonic generation (HHG) can reveal the quantum structure of the source molecule. We calculate the effect of interference between the recombining photoelectron and the orbital from which it was field ionized in the single-active-electron standard picture of HHG in N2 and CO2. We compare our results for the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO's) to the predictions of a popular two-point scattering model. For N2, we find an agreement for very large internuclear separations and no agreement for the ground-state internuclear distance. We reduce the arguments to the Fourier transform of the HOMO, which depends on the internuclear separation. For CO2, we distinguish between two geometries. For one of these, we find a perfect agreement with the two-point scattering model; however, the emitted radiation is not phase matched in this case. The experimentally accessible radiation does not agree with the simple model.
Fattening Up without Overeating

When food becomes scarce, animals undergo distinct metabolic, behavioral, and physiological changes that allow them to survive. In this issue, Greer et al. (2008) take advantage of the relatively simple and well-characterized nervous system of C. elegans to elucidate a neural circuit regulating feeding behavior and fat storage.
Competitive ligand exchange reveals time dependant changes in the reactivity of Hg–dissolved organic matter complexes

Environmental context Mercury, a globally important pollutant, undergoes transformations in the environment to form methylmercury that is toxic to humans. Naturally occurring dissolved organic matter is a controller in these transformations, and we demonstrate that its strength of interaction with mercury is time dependent. These changes in complexation with dissolved organic matter are likely to affect mercury’s reactivity in aquatic systems, thereby influencing how mercury is methylated and bioaccumulated. Abstract Mercury interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) are important in aquatic environments but the kinetics of Hg binding to and repartitioning within the DOM remain poorly understood. We examined changes in Hg–DOM complexes using glutathione (GSH) titrations, coupled with stannous-reducible Hg measurements during Hg equilibration with DOM. In laboratory prepared DOM solutions and in water from a Hg-contaminated creek, a fraction of the Hg present as Hg–DOM complexes did not react to GSH addition. This unreactive Hg fraction increased with time from 13 % at 1 h to 74 % after 48 h of equilibration with a Suwannee River DOM. In East Fork Poplar Creek water in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ~58 % of the DOM-complexed Hg was unreactive with GSH 1 h after the sample was collected. This time-dependent increase in unreactive Hg suggests that Hg forms stronger complexes with DOM over time. Alternatively the DOM-complexed Hg may become more sterically protected from the ligand exchange reactions, as the binding environment changes within the DOM over time. These results have important implications to understanding Hg transformations in the natural environment, particularly in contaminated aquatic systems due to non-equilibrium interactions between Hg and DOM.
Off-plane gratings for Constellation-X

A reflection grating spectrometer featuring off-plane, radial groove gratings for the Constellation-X mission will be presented. Preliminary work shows that off-plane designs can significantly enhance the scientific capabilities of the mission baseline design. Resolutions up to λ/Δλ~5000 can be achieved. The design accomplishes the mission goal for throughput and may also significantly reduce the assembly tolerances. Detailed raytracing and performance assessment of a strawman configuration are included.
Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae), the brown dog tick.

BACKGROUND Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), the brown dog tick, is a veterinary canine and urban pest. These ticks have been found to develop resistance and tolerance to the two commonly used acaricides permethrin and fipronil respectively. We have developed a discriminating concentration that can be used for rapid detection of permethrin and fipronil resistance in brown dog tick populations. The availability of a discriminating concentration for the brown dog tick provides an inexpensive and rapid resistance diagnostic technique that can be used to guide tick management plans for companion animals and aid in the selection of environmental treatment options. RESULTS Establishing the discriminating concentration for permethrin and fipronil in brown dog ticks enables a resistant:susceptible screening. For permethrin the discriminating concentration was set at 0.19%, and for fipronil at 0.15%. Three additional diagnostic concentrations were chosen to evaluate resistance levels when larval tick numbers were available for screening. CONCLUSION Future tick submissions from residences and kennel facilities can be subjected to a single chemical concentration to diagnose resistance, which minimizes time, costs and tick rearing requirements and guides effective control plans. With the standardized use of larval ticks, a client-submission quantity of ideally five engorged females would provide sufficient larval numbers to utilize this technique. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Postfire chaparral regeneration under mediterranean and non-mediterranean climates

Abstract This study compares postfire regeneration and diversity patterns in fire-prone chaparral shrublands from mediterranean (California) and non-mediterranean-type climates (Arizona). Vegetation sampling was conducted in tenth hectare plots with nested subplots for the first two years after fire. Floras in the two regions were compared with Jaccard's Index and importance of families and genera compared with dominance-diversity curves. Although there were 44 families in common between the two regions, the dominant families differed; Poaceae and Fabaceae in Arizona and Hydrophyllaceae and Rosaceae in California. Dominance diversity curves indicated in the first year a more equable distribution of families in Arizona than in California. Woody plants were much more dominant in the mediterranean climate and herbaceous plants more dominant in the bimodal rainfall climate. Species diversity was comparable in both regions at the lowest spatial scales but not at the tenth hectare scale. Due to the double growi...
Virulence and Immunomodulatory Roles of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles

Outer membrane (OM) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by Gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. OM vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Strong experimental evidence exists to categorize OM vesicle production as a type of Gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. A growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. One of the most popular and best-studied pathogenic functions for membrane vesicles is to serve as natural vehicles for the intercellular transport of virulence factors and other materials directly into host cells. The production of OM vesicles has been identified as an independent bacterial stress response pathway that is activated when bacteria encounter environmental stress, such as what might be experienced during the colonization of host tissues. Their detection in infected human tissues reinforces this theory. Various other virulence factors are also associated with OM vesicles, including adhesins and degradative enzymes. As a result, OM vesicles are heavily laden with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), virulence factors, and other OM components that can impact the course of infection by having toxigenic effects or by the activation of the innate immune response. However, infected hosts can also benefit from OM vesicle production by stimulating their ability to mount an effective defense. Vesicles display antigens and can elicit potent inflammatory and immune responses. In sum, OM vesicles are likely to play a significant role in the virulence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: pluses, perils, and pitfalls.

The use of 16S rRNA gene sequences to study bacterial phylogeny and taxonomy has been by far the most common housekeeping genetic marker used for a number of reasons. These reasons include (i) its presence in almost all bacteria, often existing as a multigene family, or operons; (ii) the function of
Ease of synthesis, controllable sizes, and in vivo large-animal-lymph migration of polymeric nanoparticles.

Polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized using both a photoinduced and base-catalyzed free radical polymerization method. These mild room temperature approaches allow sensitive molecules, such as dyes, to be encapsulated. Using this method, near infrared dye loaded nanoparticles for lymphatic migration and lymph nodes localization were synthesized. After injection into a large animal, we observed migration of the nanoparticles over 20 cm to the sentinel lymph. Nanoparticle migration was observed for nanoparticles of 50 nm but not 100 nm in diameter. These investigations further support the development of new materials and clinical approaches to treat cancer including identification of nodal disease, characterization of the extent of disease, and establishment of treatment regimes.
Role of Taurine on the Actions of Alcohol Against Systemic and Cardiac Biochemical Changes in the Diabetic Rat

The purpose of this study was to determine in the diabetic rat if light alcohol (EtOH) intake and taurine (TAU) can protect the heart against oxidative stress, inflammation and energy imbalance, and if a concurrent treatment is more effective than monotherapy. The experiments were conducted with male Sprague-Dawley rats, 310–340 g, n = 6, made diabetic on day 15 with a 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin. A 5 % EtOH (v/v) solution was available freely, in place of drinking water, from days 1 to 28. TAU, 2.4 mM/kg/day, was given orally, by itself or alongside EtOH. Animals were sacrificed on day 29 to collect blood and heart samples. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, fatty acids, and indices of dyslipidemia, heart damage and oxidative stress. Heart homogenates were used to assess oxidative stress, changes in ATP/ADP ratios, and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. Results from diabetic rats were consistent with the occurrence of hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, cardiac injury, increased lipolysis, oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Without exceptions, a preconditioning with either EtOH or TAU led to a significant attenuation of the alterations subsequently caused by diabetes, with TAU generally providing a somewhat greater effect than EtOH. Furthermore, a combined treatment with these two agents enhanced the individual protective effects to varying extents. The present results strongly suggest that both EtOH and TAU can effectively limit diabetes metabolic and oxidative alterations associated with the heart, especially when in the presence of each other.
Expanding metabolism for biosynthesis of nonnatural alcohols

Nature uses a limited set of metabolites to perform all of the biochemical reactions. To increase the metabolic capabilities of biological systems, we have expanded the natural metabolic network, using a nonnatural metabolic engineering approach. The branched-chain amino acid pathways are extended to produce abiotic longer chain keto acids and alcohols by engineering the chain elongation activity of 2-isopropylmalate synthase and altering the substrate specificity of downstream enzymes through rational protein design. When introduced into Escherichia coli, this nonnatural biosynthetic pathway produces various long-chain alcohols with carbon number ranging from 5 to 8. In particular, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by optimizing the biosynthesis of the 6-carbon alcohol, (S)-3-methyl-1-pentanol. This work demonstrates an approach to build artificial metabolism beyond the natural metabolic network. Nonnatural metabolites such as long chain alcohols are now included in the metabolite family of living systems.
Information Spillovers and House Prices

We present direct evidence of information spillovers through transactions prices in real estate markets. This behavior is not explained by common shocks to housing values. The effect is strongest in homogenous markets, where the information content of price is higher. The effect is weakest among sellers expecting a nominal loss from selling, suggesting that behavioral factors may limit price-mediated information flow. Information spillovers improve liquidity, reducing time on market as much as 20%.
The Provenance of The Thomas Jefferson Papers

A striking lack of information concerning the provenance of his papers characterizes early works on Thomas Jefferson by such diverse figures as Henry S. Randall (1858), Henry A. Washington (1853-54), Paul Leicester Ford (1892-97), and A. A. Lipscomb and A. E. Bergh (1903-4), as well as more recent studies by Claude G. Bowers (1925, 1936), Bernard Mayo (1942), Marie Kimball (1943, 1947, 1950), Dumas Malone (1948), and Julian P. Boyd (1950).* The deficiency was partially remedied in 1916 by Worthington Chauncey Ford in an essay that still stands as the most authoritative provenance statement on many aspects of the history of the Jefferson papers, both public and private.2 Ford's essay was complemented by Helen Duprey Bullock in her 1941 article stressing the origins of the Jefferson collection at the University of Virginia.3 Beyond the insights in the Ford and Bullock essays, it should be recognized that Jefferson himself attempted to remedy gaps in his correspondence; that a small but historically important group of manuscripts collected by Jefferson came to the Library of Congress in 1829; and that there were several notable accretions to the library's holdings as recently as the 1917-22 period. It is when one investigates the rather obscure figure of Professor Henry Augustine Washington that one gains new understanding of the tangled tale of the Jefferson manuscripts after 1850. None of these points are developed in the Ford and Bullock essays which, although models of their kind, require both a note of caution and these additional facts to set their information in proper perspective.
The Nasopulmonary Reflex in the Awake Animal

Changes in pulmonary resistance and compliance, secondary to excitation of a nasopulmonary reflex, were studied in awake and anesthetized dogs. Resistance increased in all dogs after stimulation of...
Investigation of CO2/Fluorine Interactions through the Intermolecular Effects on the 1H and 19F Shielding of CH3F and CHF3 at Various Temperatures and Pressures

The nuclear shielding for both the 1H and 19F nuclei of CH3F and CHF3 was investigated as a function of pressure and temperature. The density region investigated extended from low, gaslike conditio...
Application of a New Beidou Satellite Data Acquisition Technology in Three-Gorge Hydrological Telemetry System

In Three-Gorge Hydrological Telemetry System,IBM MQ message-oriented middleware technology is applied to gather data directly from Beidou Satellite ground network management center through wide area network(WAN) special line.Then the data are sent from remote stations of Three-Gorge Hydrological Telemetry System.The network structure and the program design of this data acquisition mode are described in details.By sending data received from WAN to internal network data acquisition server through serial port so that security isolation between internal network and external network can be realized.
Enzymological Properties of a New Recombinant Lipase and Its Effect on Thermomechanical and Baking Properties of Dough

In this study, the enzymological properties of a new recombinant lipase (Rhizopus chinensis lipase, RCL) were investigated. Besides, its effect on the thermomechanical and baking properties of dough was evaluated using Mixolab enzymatic rhelogical analyzer and texture analyzer. The optimal reaction conditions for this enzyme were at 40 ℃ and pH 8.5. Better stability of this enzyme was observed below 50 ℃ or within pH 2.0-6.0. The activity of its lyophilized powder was 17640 U/g. Compared with another commercial lipase ( AY AMANO ), RCL not only affected the thermomechanical properties, but also improved the specific volume and elasticity, and decreased the hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of bread.
On Comrade Hu Jin-tao's Paths Selection of the Realization of Social Fairness and Justice

Comrade Hu Jintao's idea of social fairness and justice not from concepts to concepts,but a series of practical policies and measures on the basis of socio-economic realities,there are clear paths to the reality.To promote development,construction and innovation systems,establish a fair idea,creating a social environment, and improve the party's leadership are the paths of the realization of social fairness and justice.
Assessing potential spatial and temporal conflicts in Washington's marine waters

Abstract This paper uses spatial, temporal, and use-intensity data for 27 major marine uses in Washington waters to feature a method for assessing potential use conflicts in a variety of scenarios. The study represents a first step towards quantifying potential conflicts within Washington’s Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) study area by using a cumulative analysis to highlight high- and low-use intensity areas and the novel Marine Potential Conflict Index (MPCI), which incorporates space, time, and intensity of use, to quantify pairwise potential conflicts between uses. About 10% of pairs of uses do not overlap spatially and are likely compatible with one another. Temporally, the number of uses peaks in July and August and falls during January and February. Additionally, the MPCI identified three important use types with a substantial degree of potential conflict: commercial fishing, tribal fishing, and shipping. External data were used in three cases to ground-truth the analysis, as a limited test of its utility in managing any potential conflict. This article assesses the extent of Washington’s existing marine uses along spatial, temporal, and intensity axes, and more broadly provides a straightforward way to examine potential conflicts between marine uses.
The Studies on Jin Xiang Pool in Foshan Ancestral Temple and the Process of the Pool Purification Project

Based on the previous research, this paper aims to analyze in great details the historical evolution of Jin Xiang Pool in the Ancestral Temple, the relationship between Jin Xiang Pool and the Qi Dai Water, as well as the legend and custom of Jin Xiang Pool, and so on. The implementation of the Jin Xiang Pool purification project in the Ancestral Temple will not only greatly support the city upgrade action for three years of Foshan,but also be of great importance in fully promoting the landscape quality of Foshan Ancestral Temple, where is National AAAA level traveling scenic area.
“We Don't Want Your Rations, We Want This Dance”: The Changing Use of Song and Dance on the Southern Plains

For Southern Plains Indian people, music and dance have historically been vital components in the creation, negotiation, and maintenance of their cultures. This essay examines the roots of the contemporary powwow and its connection to traditional forms of dance and belief.
Morphogenesis of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in the hamster: cytogenesis and neurone death.

The chronology of cellular development in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of the hamster has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Major developmental features are compressed into a two-week period that spans pre- and postnatal maturation. Special emphasis is focused on the sequence of developmental events, with the following points analyzed in this report: cell proliferation, cytological and axonal development, cell death, and cluster formation. These centrally located primary sensory neurones seem to arise from a separate germinal population found in the alar plate of the midbrain and pons. The neurones are remarkable for their precocious formation and characteristic appearance. In hamster embryos they are first detected when the neural tube is only a couple of cell layers thick. Prenatally, the neurones grow rapidly and have doubled in diameter by birth. Axons form shortly after the cells are formed. This is marked by a sudden upsurge in cytoplasmic tubules and filaments in one end of the soma. Postnatally, cellular growth continues at a reduced rate. However, shortly after birth many small spines protrude from the cell body, thus increasing the surface area available for nutritive exchange. Myelination of the axon commences 6 days after birth. Cell counts on a series of pre- and postnatal animals detected a considerable overproduction of neurones in the mesencephalic nucleus. Prior to birth there is a rapid elimination of almost 50% of these cells. Degenerating cells were identified in both light and electron microscopes. The temporal relationship between peripheral innervation, cell death and synaptogenesis suggests a developmental mechanism that provides some flexibility in the formation of synaptic connexions in the mesencephalic nucleus. Clusters of 2–4 tightly packed neurones are a characteristic feature of the developing and adult mesencephalic nucleus. Specialized junctions connect adjacent neurones and are thought to provide the basis for electrotonic coupling within the nucleus. Macula adhaerens plaques were present in both pre- and postnatal hamsters. However, close appositions were only identified postnatally.
To give or not to give?: Interactive effects of status and legitimacy on generosity.

Although previous research has demonstrated that generosity can lead to status gains, the converse effect of status on generosity has received less attention. This is a significant gap because groups and society at large rely on the beneficence of all members, especially those holding high-status positions. More broadly, research on the psychology of status remains largely unexplored, which is striking in light of the attention given to other forms of social hierarchy, such as power. The current work focuses on the psychology of status and explores the interactive effects of status and legitimacy on generosity. In particular, we hypothesize that status will decrease generosity when the status hierarchy is perceived as legitimate because status can inflate views of one’s value to the group and sense of deservingness. In contrast, we hypothesize that status increases generosity when the status hierarchy is perceived as illegitimate, due to efforts to restore equity through one’s generosity. Our results support these hypotheses across 6 studies (a field study and 5 experiments) and empirically demonstrate that the effects of status and legitimacy on generosity can be attributed to concerns about equity in status allocation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
The visual document

In addition to merely substituting for ‘original’ images and artefacts, reproductions and photographs constitute evidence of the history of, and of attitudes towards, works of art, and of the technical means of documenting their appearance. However, the visual document may have intrinsic value and aesthetic worth, giving it a life, a power of influence, and a depth of association, entirely its own.
The Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease

Ongoing demographic trends will lead to a huge increase in the prevalence of dementia worldwide in the next 35 years if interventions to reduce its incidence are not implemented. There are many challenges to comparing prevalence rates of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia across countries, including differences in cultural interpretations of memory loss in older people, lifestyle factors that reduce motivation for seeking medical attention for dementia, and application of case-finding methods. Differences in age distributions and mortality rates between countries as well as differences in risk factors, such as genes and education, also are important to consider. Despite these differences, an increase in prevalence with age characterized by a doubling in rate every 5 years has been universally observed. Some data also support an increased prevalence in women compared to men, especially in very old age. In the United States, African-Americans are believed to have twice the prevalence of whites, and Hispanics one-and-a-half times the prevalence of whites. This difference may be due in part to the higher prevalence of vascular diseases and lower levels of education in minority populations.
CC-PROMISE effectively integrates two forms of molecular data with multiple biologically related endpoints

As new technologies allow investigators to collect multiple forms of molecular data (genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, etc) and multiple endpoints on a clinical trial cohort, it will become necessary to effectively integrate all these data in a way that reliably identifies biologically important genes. We introduce CC-PROMISE as an integrated data analysis method that combines components of canonical correlation (CC) and projection onto the most interesting evidence (PROMISE). For each gene, CC-PROMISE first uses CC to compute scores that represent the association of two forms of molecular data with each other. Next, these scores are substituted into PROMISE to evaluate the statistical evidence that the molecular data show a biologically meaningful relationship with the endpoints. CC-PROMISE shows outstanding performance in simulation studies and an example application involving pediatric leukemia. In simulation studies, CC-PROMISE controls the type I error (misleading significance) rate very near the nominal level across 100 distinct null settings in which no molecular-endpoint association exists. Also, CC-PROMISE has better statistical power than three other methods that control type I error in 396 of 400 (99 %) alternative settings for which a molecular-endpoint association is present; the power advantage of CC-PROMISE exceeds 30 % in 127 of the 400 (32 %) alternative settings. These advantages of CC-PROMISE are also observed in an example application. CC-PROMISE very effectively identifies genes for which some form of molecular data shows a biologically meaningful association with multiple related endpoints. The R package CCPROMISE is currently available from www.stjuderesearch.org/site/depts/biostats/software .
61. Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson, Chapter VI

(1963). 61. Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson, Chapter VI. The Explicator: Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 117-117.
Pattern recognition of functional brain networks

Functional brain network analysis has been a powerful tool for measuring brain function in normal and pathologic states based on resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) data. Recent advances in pattern recognition and sparse modeling have enabled us to characterize subject-specific functional brain networks and derive clinically useful biomarkers. In this paper, we briefly introduce our recent work in the development of functional brain network analytic techniques, including functional brain network modeling, pattern recognition of functional brain networks, as well as modeling heterogeneous patterns of functional connectivity. Finally, we discuss some current challenges that have received and are likely to receive more attention in the near future.
Analysis of Atomistic Dopant Variation and Fermi Level Depinning in Nanoscale Contacts

Using quantum transport simulations of metal–semiconductor junctions, we assess the viability of barrier thinning with dopants and barrier lowering with interfacial layers as solutions for contact resistivity in nanoscale transistors. Our atomistic simulations show that the discreteness of dopants leads to increasing variability in contact resistance as dimensions scale below 10 nm. We find that the use of interlayers can counteract low doping caused by atomistic variation, but the interlayer must have band edge Fermi level pinning to provide a net reduction in contact resistivity. For materials with low doping limits, such as n-type germanium, we find that interlayer contacts still have difficulty meeting resistivity targets.
Studies Of Alcohol Related Phenotypes Across Human, Mouse And Invertebrate Models

Background Genetic influences on alcohol dependence (AD) have been well established, with the heritability of AD as estimated in behavioral genetic studies ranging from 50-60%. However, robust genetic association signals in human studies of AD have been limited. As part of the VCU Alcohol Research Center, we use multiple model organism systems (C. Elegans, Drosophila, mouse, and rat) and human studies to advance our understanding of the genetic basis of alcohol related outcomes. Molecular responses to ethanol are likely to be shared across species because signaling mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. As individual genes and gene networks are associated with ethanol response in model organisms, it is critical to understand their association with human alcohol related phenotypes. In this study we tested the effect of several gene sets identified through model organism research with a range of phenotypes hypothesized to be involved in alcohol-related outcomes in human studies. Methods All the sets and genes were tested using one of the two related software depending if the sample contains independent individuals (Plink set based analysis) or the sample has dependent individuals (Gskat). In all human samples we used imputed data if available. Plink uses algorithm based on significant pruned SNPs (r^2=0.5) at the threshold (p=0.05) keeping LD structure and permuting phenotype randomly between individuals. Gskat performs Family based association test for sets via GEE Kernel Machine score test. We used covariates same as in previous GWAS and other analyses for each of the samples. Results We find evidence that there is some evidence of association in human samples in all three considered gene sets and genes separately for some considered phenotypes. Max number of drinks was strongly associated with several genes in human samples. Externalizing phenotype also showed association with several genes across most human samples. Considering several human samples allows us more preciously determine gene structure affecting alcohol related phenotypes. Discussion In these analyses we tested gene sets with known association in mouse and invertebrate models for the association in human samples using alcohol related phenotypes in an effort to characterize similarities between human phenotypes and animal analogues. It is important to take into account the multiple pathways by which genes may exert an effect on alcohol problems in humans. Analogues between human and animal models will help with explaining the biological and functional reasons creating behavioral problems.