cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized Changes of Stainless Steel Powder Characteristics During Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing

In laser powder bed additive manufacturing processes, feedstock materials are often recycled after each build. Currently, a knowledge gap exists regarding powder reuse effects on powder size distribution, morphology, and chemistry as a function of part geometry and processing conditions. It was found during selective laser melting (SLM) of 316 stainless steel that a significant amount of (0.100 wt pct) oxygen pickup can occur in molten material (spatter) ejected from the powder bed surface. This value was significantly larger than the oxygen content of the as-received powder feedstock (0.033 wt pct). Furthermore, the powders in the heat-affected-zone regions, adjacent to molten pool, also exhibit oxygen pickup (≥ 0.043 wt pct). The oxygen content in unmelted 316L powder was found to vary as a function of its spatial position in the powder bed, relative to the heat source. Interestingly, the volume of melted material (i.e., thin vs thick walls) did not correlate well with the extent of oxygen pickup. Possible mechanisms for oxygen pickup in the powder during SLM, such as adsorption and breakdown of water, oxygen solubility, spatter re-introduction, and solid-state oxide growth, are discussed.
Effect of different heating times of high-, medium-, and low-quality colostrum on immunoglobulin G absorption in dairy calves.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different durations of heat treatment on passive transfer of IgG from high-, medium- and low-quality colostrum. Colostrum was collected from The Pennsylvania State University dairy herd and divided by quality (high, medium, or low) based on colostrometer measurements. Colostrum was pooled by quality to create 3 unique batches. Each batch was further divided in thirds as follows: frozen to be fed without heat treatment, heated at 60°C for 30 min, or heated at 60°C for 60 min. Colostrum samples from each treatment were collected and analyzed for standard plate count, gram-negative noncoliforms, coliforms, and total IgG concentration. Serum samples were collected from 108 Holstein calves before feeding colostrum and 24 h after birth. Blood samples were analyzed for total protein, total IgG, and hematocrit. Colostrum quality (high, medium, or low), heat treatment (unheated, 60°C for 30 min or, 60°C for 60 min), and their interaction were analyzed as fixed effects, with calf sex included as a random block effect. Colostrum IgG was different between quality groups (92.5, 59.4, and 48.1 mg/mL of IgG). Heating colostrum reduced IgG concentration compared with the control by 9% when heated for 30 min and by 12% when heated for 60 min. Colostrum heated for 60 min had a lower standard plate count than colostrum heated for 30 min or not heated (1.8, 2.0, and 3.6 log cfu/mL, respectively). Serum IgG concentration at 24 h increased as colostrum quality increased (18.0, 22.2, and 24.8 mg/mL) and tended to increase as heat treatment time increased (19.7, 20.3, and 25.0 mg/mL of IgG). Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was greater in calves that received medium-quality colostrum compared with calves fed high-quality colostrum (38.1 and 25.0%, respectively). These results suggest an upper limit may exist to the amount of IgG absorption in a given time period and that medium- or high-quality colostrum yields similar blood IgG concentration given the same volume of intake.
Longitudinal study of persistence in professional development outcomes of early career biology faculty

Abstract The diversity of teaching professional development (PD) programs that occurred over the last few decades merits our collective attention to assess the impact of these programs over time. In general, the goal of PD programs is that participants continue to practice what they learn in the long term. However, we do not know the degree to which the outcomes of these programs were achieved and ultimately persist. We tracked postdoc participants from the Faculty Institutes for Reformed Science Teaching (FIRST) IV program into their current position as early-career faculty at institutions across the United States. We assessed their teaching approaches, practices, and student perceptions of the learning environment over 6-10 years. Additionally, the FIRST IV faculty were paired with colleagues of similar status in the same departments. We found that professional development outcomes from the FIRST IV program persisted over time and across a significant career transition, from postdoc to faculty. These participants not only maintained their student-centered practices, but were significantly more student-focused than their peers. Lastly, we found that faculty approaches to teaching were correlated with observed teaching practices in the classroom for both groups of faculty. These results provide compelling evidence for the success of the FIRST IV program and the long-term persistence of professional development outcomes.
Mechanical Properties of Transparent Laminates Fabricated Using Multi-Material Photopolymer Jetting

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D-printing, is already well established for its use in rapid prototyping. Increasingly, however, AM technology is being used for end use manufacturing. The ability to create multi-material and blended material components in a single process allows for unique properties and complex structures that are difficult or impossible to produce using traditional manufacturing techniques. In order to properly utilize these materials, it is necessary to quantify and understand the mechanical properties. In this study, a Stratasys PolyJet (J750) material jetting printer was used to fabricate transparent laminates with blends of a rigid, transparent polymer (VeroClear) and a rubber-like polymer (Agilus30). The rate of deformation as well as the thickness and numbers of layers in the material influence the material’s strength and stiffness, with failure largely occurring at interfaces between the two materials. The experimental setup and results are discussed.
Predictive modeling of aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 pharmacokinetics for the study of Sjögren's syndrome.

Objectives Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the salivary glands leading to secretory dysfunction. Previous studies demonstrated that aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) reduces inflammation and restores tissue integrity in salivary glands. Specifically, progression of SS-like features in NOD/ShiLtJ mice can be systemically halted using AT-RvD1 prior or after disease onset to downregulate proinflammatory cytokines, upregulate anti-inflammatory molecules, and restore saliva production. Therefore, the goal of this paper was to create a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to offer a reasonable starting point for required total AT-RvD1 dosage to be administered in future mice and humans thereby eliminating the need for excessive use of animals and humans in preclinical and clinical trials, respectively. Likewise, PBPK modeling was employed to increase the range of testable scenarios for elucidating the mechanisms under consideration. Materials and methods Pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of AT-RvD1 in NOD/ShiLtJ were predicted in both plasma and saliva using PBPK modeling with PK-Sim® and MoBi® Version 7.4 software. Results The model provides high-value pathways for future validation via in vivo studies in NOD/ShiLtJ to corroborate the findings themselves while also establishing this method as a means to better target drug development and clinical study design. Conclusions Clinical and basic research would benefit from knowledge of the potential offered by computer modeling. Specifically, short-term utility of these pharmacokinetic modeling findings involves improved targeting of in vivo studies as well as longer term prospects for drug development and/or better designs for clinical trials.
Reaching unconnected caregivers: Using a text-message education program to better understand how to support informal caregivers role in child development

Informal caregivers (family, friends, and neighbors) spend many hours each week with the children in their care and can have a significant impact on the children’s social-emotional and academic dev...
Fantastic Four: Age, Spinal Cord Stimulator Waveform, Pain Localization and History of Spine Surgery Influence the Odds of Successful Spinal Cord Stimulator Trial.

Background There is a dearth in our understanding of the factors that are predictive of successful spinal cord stimulator (SCS) trials and eventual conversion to permanent implants. Knowledge of these factors is important for appropriate patient selection and treatment optimization. Objectives Although previous studies have explored factors predictive of trial success, few have examined the role of waveform in trial outcomes. This study sought to establish the relationship of neuraxial waveform and related measures to trial outcomes. Study design This study used a retrospective chart review design. Methods Data were retrospectively collected on 174 patients undergoing SCS trials upon institutional review board approval of the study protocol. Indications for SCS were: complex regional pain syndrome, failed back surgery syndrome with radicular symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and axial low back pain. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of demographic and clinical variables with SCS trial outcomes. Results The study population comprised 56% women, had a median age of 55 (interquartile range [IQR], 44-64), and 32 of 174 (18%) patients failed SCS trials. Individuals with successful trials (>= 50% pain relief) were significantly younger and had a median age of 54 years (IQR, 42-60) compared to those who failed SCS trials (median age 66 years; IQR, 50-76; P = .005). Adjusting for age, gender, number of leads, pain category, and diagnoses: surgical history (odds ratio [OR] = 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-15.8) and paresthesia-based tonic-stimulation (OR = 10.3; 95% CI, 1.7-62.0), but not burst or high frequency, were significantly associated with successful trials. Of note, the number of leads (whether dual or single), pain duration, characteristics, and category (nociceptive vs neuropathic) were not significant factors. An interaction between surgical spine history and lower extremity pain was significantly associated with a positive trial (P = .005). Limitations This study was limited by its retrospective nature and focus on a patient population at a single major academic medical center. Conclusions Paresthesia-based tonic stimulation, age, and surgical history have significant effects on SCS trials. Prospective and randomized controlled studies may provide deeper insights regarding impact on costs and overall outcomes.IRB Approval #: 2018P002216. Key words Pain duration, pain location, spinal cord stimulator trial, stimulator waveform, surgical history.
Differentiating Double-Layer, Psuedocapacitance, and Battery-like Mechanisms by Analyzing Impedance Measurements in Three Dimensions

Electrochemical energy storage arises from processes that are broadly categorized as capacitive, pseudocapacitive, or battery-like. Advanced charge-storing materials that are designed to deliver high capacity at a high rate often exhibit a multiplicity of such mechanisms, which complicates the understanding of their charge-storage behavior. Herein, we apply a "3D Bode analysis" technique to identify key descriptors for fast Li-ion storage processes, where AC impedance data, such as the real capacitance (C') or phase angle (ϕ), are represented versus the frequency (f) and a third independent variable, the applied DC cell voltage. For double-layer processes, a near-constant C' or ϕ is supported across the entire voltage range, and the decrease in these values shows a near-linear decrease at higher f. For pseudocapacitance, an increase in C' is delivered, accompanied by high C' retention at higher f compared to double-layer processes. Interestingly, the lower ϕ values, where C' is highest, suggest that this is a key descriptor for pseudocapacitance, where high-rate charge storage is still facilitated within a kinetically limited regime. For battery-like processes, a high C' is only observed at the voltage at which the material stores charge, while outside that voltage, C' is negligible. The three-dimensional (3D) Bode analysis allows charge-storage dynamics to be mapped out in great detail with more delineation between mechanisms compared to the more frequently deployed kinetic analyses derived from cyclic voltammetry.
The Nineteenth-Century Encounter of Civilizations

Industrialization and the Rise of New Great Powers The world was fundamentally transformed in the nineteenth century by the Promethean new powers unleashed by the industrial and scientific revolutions. Modern transportation and communications technologies, such as the steamship, the railway, and the telegraph (a telegraphic link between China and Europe was first established in 1871), knit the planet together more tightly than ever before. New military technologies – including ironclad steam warships and machine guns – gave industrialized countries unprecedented military superiority over nonindustrialized peoples. The power and wealth of these industrialized countries also made them widely attractive models, although a perceptible time lag occurred before many peoples outside the early-industrializing core perceived the apparent irresistibility of modernization, and many never welcomed it. “From 1860 to 1914, the web of steel [railways] spread throughout the world, and so did the political, financial, and engineering techniques that had evolved along with it,” yet “among non-Western peoples, only the Japanese showed real enthusiasm for railways,” and even in Japan, the first eighteen-mile stretch of rail line was not laid until 1872 (see Figure 8.1). In China, the first short rail line was built by a British firm in 1876, and then was purchased by the local Chinese government the following year and dismantled. Despite this delayed start, by the end of the nineteenth century a virtual tidal wave of Westernization was beginning to sweep the world. Consciously Western-style clothing and hairstyles became widely fashionable, especially among elites. In the 1870s, for example, Japanese samurai cut their topknots and tentatively began adopting Western fashions. By 1900, it is said that most Japanese men owned at least one Western-style suit and hat. Representative democratic government also seemed to be the irresistible trend of the times by the end of the century. By 1890, Japan had a written modern Western-style constitution and an elected legislature (called the Diet in English, kokkai in Japanese). Soon after the turn into the twentieth century, even China adopted a formal constitution and held elections for provincial assemblies, and in 1912–1913, China experimented with its first nationwide democratic elections. In many ways, this nineteenth-century wave of Westernization foreshadowed the current phenomenon of globalization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Transportation and communications became not only much more rapid but also more standardized.
Marijuana knowledge, confidence in knowledge, and information efficacy as the protective and risk factors of marijuana use among college students

Objectives: This study explored the relationships between marijuana knowledge, confidence in knowledge, and information efficacy and marijuana use. Furthermore, the effects of the knowledge-related...
Teaching Critical Cartography in the Introductory Geography Classroom.

Map literacy is a key goal of geographic education learning outcomes. Geography classrooms develop map literacy through practicing map skills (Sandford 1986; Hanus and Havelkova 2019). Map skills i...
Dissipative Five-level Quantum Systems: A Quantum Model of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Recent studies suggested that coherence can enhance the photosynthetic yield. In this work, we show how photosynthesis can be modeled as a five-level quantum heat engine and how its environmental interaction leads to noise-induced coherence.
Molecular dynamics simulations of radiation cascade evolution near cellular dislocation structures in additively manufactured stainless steels

Abstract The dislocation dense cellular structures observed in additively manufactured (AM) stainless steels can allow these materials to have enhanced strength and ductility compared to conventionally manufactured materials. Effective design of radiation resistant materials often necessitates creating microstructures containing of a high density of dislocations that act as sinks for radiation induced defects. This work uses molecular dynamics simulations to study the impact of pre-existing defects on radiation damage in stainless steel 316L fabricated by the laser powder bed fusion process. The evolution of synthetically generated dislocations in a crystal system in response to multiple radiation collision cascades suggest that dislocation dense regions reduce the probability of surviving point defects forming clusters. This finding seems to result from the dislocation cores’ ability to absorb point defects, thereby limiting the formation of clusters during the recombination phase. However, after successive cascades, the ability of the dislocation entanglement to prevent defect formation is diminished and defect cluster formation trends to an equilibrium. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that in an experimental setting the dislocation cells will initially act as neutral sinks for point defects, potentially delaying the onset of radiation damage effects; but, these structures will be degraded due to radiation-enhanced diffusion and lose their effectiveness at doses above 1.5–2 displacements per atom. Nevertheless, the ability to produce complex and feature-specific microstructures suggests promise for the design of radiation tolerant materials using AM methods.
'The Devil is a Woman in a Purple Dress:' Violence as Vindication in Noviolent Bulawayo's We Need New Names

NoViolet Bulawayo's We Need New Names (2013) reveals the effects of colonialism and ineffective leadership through a child's perspective. In detailing the conditions that prompt Darling's family to flee Zimbabwe for the United States, Bulawayo draws the parallel between personal and political violence. While scenes of state-sanctioned violence pepper the text, I am perhaps most interested in scenes of mob violence whereby the public physically and sexually assault "devil women"women who dare to defy societal norms. This article examines how Bulawayo's deployment of a ten year old narrator affords a view of the relative silence around sexual abuse. Specifically, the Evangelists' and the Prophet's assault of a woman with "breasts that are each the size of ugly baby's head" immediately precedes twelve year-old Chipo's revelation that it was her grandfather who impregnated her when he "pinned [her] down and clamped a hand over [her] mouth." This article queries the repercussions of social mores and the role of literature in narrating abuse. While I concede that textual representations of trauma are mediated by language, I find that literary depictions remain one of the most viable methods for illustrating trauma's effects. In interpreting sexual violence as a source of acute trauma and a detriment to emotional development, I point to literature as a means of developing empathy for survivors. This work posits literary analysis as a vehicle for normalizing the narration of trauma and expanding understanding of rape.
A Combinatorial Interpretation for the Shor-Laflamme Weight Enumerators of CWS Codes.

We show that one of the Shor-Laflamme weight enumerators of a codeword stabilized quantum code may be interpreted as the distance enumerator of an associated classical code.
12 weeks of strength training improves fluid cognition in older adults: A nonrandomized pilot trial.

Objectives Resistance training (RT) is a promising strategy to slow or prevent fluid cognitive decline during aging. However, the effects of strength-specific RT programs have received little attention. The purpose of this single-group proof of concept clinical trial was to determine whether a 12-week strength training (ST) program could improve fluid cognition in healthy older adults 60 to 80 years of age, and to explore concomitant physiological and psychological changes. Methods Twenty participants (69.1 ± 5.8 years, 14 women) completed this study with no drop-outs or severe adverse events. Baseline assessments were completed before an initial 12-week control period, then participants were re-tested at pre-intervention and after the 12-week ST intervention. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and standard physical and psychological measures were administered at all three time points. During the 36 sessions of periodized ST (3 sessions per week), participants were supervised by an exercise specialist and challenged via autoregulatory load progression. Results Test-retest reliability over the control period was good for fluid cognition and excellent for crystallized cognition. Fluid composite scores significantly increased from pre- to post-intervention (8.2 ± 6.1%, p < 0.01, d = 1.27), while crystallized composite scores did not (-0.5 ± 2.8%, p = 0.46, d = -0.34). Performance on individual fluid instruments, including executive function, attention, working memory, and processing speed, also significantly improved. Surprisingly, changes in fluid composite scores had small negative correlations with changes in muscular strength and sleep quality, but a small positive correlation with changes in muscular power. Conclusions Thus, improvements in fluid cognition can be safely achieved in older adults using a 12-week high-intensity ST program, but further controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings. Furthermore, the relationship with other widespread physiological and psychological benefits remains unclear.
Role-based lateral movement detection with unsupervised learning.

Adversarial lateral movement via compromised accounts remains difficult to discover via traditional rule-based defenses because it generally lacks explicit indicators of compromise. We propose a behavior-based, unsupervised framework comprising two methods of lateral movement detection on enterprise networks: one aimed at generic lateral movement via either exploit or authenticated connections, and one targeting the specific techniques of process injection and hijacking. The first method is based on the premise that the role of a system---the functions it performs on the network---determines the roles of the systems it should make connections with. The adversary meanwhile might move between any systems whatever, possibly seeking out systems with unusual roles that facilitate certain accesses. We use unsupervised learning to cluster systems according to role and identify connections to systems with novel roles as potentially malicious. The second method is based on the premise that the temporal patterns of inter-system processes that facilitate these connections depend on the roles of the systems involved. If a process is compromised by an attacker, these normal patterns might be disrupted in discernible ways. We apply frequent-itemset mining to process sequences to establish regular patterns of communication between systems based on role, and identify rare process sequences as signalling potentially malicious connections.
Line tension induced character angle dependence of dislocation mobility in FCC alloys

Abstract We explore the character angle dependence of dislocation-solute interactions in a face-centered cubic random Fe0.70Ni0.11Cr0.19 alloy through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of dislocation mobility. Using the MD mobility data, we determine the phonon and thermally activated solute drag parameters which govern mobility for each dislocation character angle. The resulting parameter set indicates that, surprisingly, the solute energy barrier does not depend on character angle. Instead, only the zero-temperature flow stress—which is dictated by the activation area for thermal activation—is dependent on character angle. By analyzing the line roughness from MD simulations and the geometry of a bowing dislocation line undergoing thermal activation, we conclude that the character angle dependence of the activation area in this alloy is governed by the dislocation line tension, rather than the dislocation-solute interaction itself. Our findings motivate further investigation into the line geometry of dislocations in solid solutions.
Synthesis of a C-7 Pd-glycosyl-donor via the base promoted alkylative CO2 trapping with 2-acetylfuran

Abstract A practical one pot alkylative carboxylation of 2-acetylfuran was developed. The reaction was optimized for the synthesis of methyl β-ketoesters. The β-keto-ester product was used in the asymmetric synthesis of a C-7 pyranone precursor for a Pd-glycosylation reaction, with the goal of its use in the synthesis of pyran containing natural products, such as Aspergillide C.
Deception in Cyber-Attacks

This is a chapter in Cyber War and Cyber Terrorism, ed. A. Colarik and L. Janczewski, Hershey, PA: The Idea Group, 2007.
Comparison of EIT current electrode locations in three-dimensional head reconstruction

We compared several 16-electrode current patterns on their ability to reconstruct and quantify small amounts of bleeding. The current patterns chosen were: adjacent injection `ring' patterns, where electrodes were placed in a single plane about the center of the phantom; and current patterns based on a standard EEG electrode layout. Within the EEG layout, we compared the performance of two `Cz' current patterns (where all currents applied were returned via an electrode on the apex of the head) where one (Cz1) involved making all possible measurements and the other (Cz2) involved using the same current positions but only adjacent voltage measurements. Structures mimicking electrically important structures in the infant skull were included and their effects on Cz reconstructions were determined. We found that as expected, the ring electrode pattern was not able to reconstruct anomaly location well, since it could not distinguish different axial positions. The EEG based current patterns reconstructions localized anomalies well, but performed unevenly in terms of quantification, even within a central region of interest.
CQESTR Simulated Changes in Soil Organic Carbon under Residue Management Practices in Continuous Corn Systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important soil property and is strongly influenced by management. Changes in SOC stocks are difficult to measure through direct sampling, requiring both long time periods and intensive sampling to detect small changes in the large, highly variable pool. Models have the potential to predict management-induced changes in SOC stocks, but require long-term data sets for validation. CQESTR is a processed-based C model that uses site weather, management, and crop data to estimate changes in SOC stocks. Crop residue removal for livestock feed or future biofuel feedstock use is a management practice that potentially affects SOC stocks. Simulated changes in SOC using CQESTR were compared to measured SOC changes over 10 years for two contrasting residue removal studies in eastern Nebraska. The rainfed study compared SOC changes in no-tillage continuous corn grown under two N fertilizer rates (120 or 180 kg N ha−1) and two residue removal rates (0 or 50 %). The irrigated study compared SOC changes in continuous corn grown under no-tillage or disk tillage and three residue removal rates (0, 35, or 70 %). After 10 years under these management scenarios, CQESTR-estimated SOC stocks agreed well with the measured SOC stocks at both sites (r 2 = 0.93 at the rainfed site and r 2 = 0.82 at the irrigated site). These results are consistent with other CQESTR validation studies and demonstrate that this process-based model can be a suitable tool for supporting current management and long-term planning decisions.
The Judge as an Author/The Author as a Judge

For Federal judges, a life-tenure also comes with a life-long publishing deal. While some judges remain faithful to the rigid framework of judicial opinion writing that dominates the shelves of law libraries throughout the country, others utilize certain cases to summon their inner novelist or poet to add life to the pages of the Federal Register. The use of humor, poetry, and popular culture in judicial opinions is not without its criticism. This paper is divided into two main topics; the first discusses the judge as an author. The section will begin with an examination of the audience of judicial opinions and an outline of the different styles of judicial opinion writing. The section will also examine the advantages and disadvantages of using literary tools to advance the law. The second section addresses the role of the artist as a judge. This section will study a small segment of judges who, in addition to the law, maintain an outside career as an author or artist. Judges who fit into this group include authors of books, operas, and magazine articles, and their opinions are often written in a manner which reflects their experience. This section will also discuss the advantages (and potential drawbacks) of having these unique judges deciding cases dealing with a wide range of author's issues, including copyright and free speech, both substantively and stylistically.
Induction and Repression of the Histidine-degrading Enzymes of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract In Bacillus subtilis a series of four enzymes is responsible for the degradation of l-histidine to ammonia, formamide, and l-glutamic acid. The third enzyme of the series was not investigated; the other three enzymes, histidase, urocanase, and formiminoglutamate hydrolase, are induced by l-histidine and repressed by catabolites. Mutants can be found in which the three enzymes are constitutive but still subject to catabolite repression. In other mutants the three enzymes are insensitive to catabolite repression but still inducible. In addition, a mutant simultaneously constitutive and resistant to catabolite repression and a mutant incapable of producing any one of the three enzymes were found. Other mutants are deficient only in histidase or only in formiminoglutamate hydrolase. The arrangement of the genes affecting the formation of these enzymes was studied by transformation. All genes are closely linked in the order: catabolite repression-inducibility-histidase-formiminoglutamate hydrolase. The mutation causing both constitutivity and insensitivity to catabolite repression may be a deletion. The site whose mutation causes inability to produce any one of the enzymes is very closely linked or allelic to the gene determining response to catabolite repression.
‘Die Binnenwanderung’ in Byzantine Egypt

The papyri of late ancient Egypt (fourth to seventh centuries A.D.) reveal significant travel within the province by persons of all ranks, suggesting greater freedom of movement than the contemporary law codes imply.
A program for education in certification and accreditation

Large complex systems need to be analyzed prior to operation so that those depending upon them for the protection of their information have a well-defined understanding of the measures that have been taken to achieve security and the residual risk the system owner assumes during its operation. The U.S. military calls this analysis and vetting process certification and accreditation. Today there is a large, unsatisfied need for personnel qualified to conduct system certifications. An educational program to address those needs is described.
WISE Inquiry in Fifth Grade Biology

This paper reports on a two year study designed to investigate how a Web-Based Integrated Science Environment (WISE) project called Plants in Space featuring classroom investigations can enable fifth grade students to increase their understanding of plant growth and development. A multidisciplinary partnership consisting of teachers, scientists, science education researchers, and technology specialists developed this project, tested it in fifth grade, modified it based on the data collected in year one and tested it again. We investigate these two versions of the curriculum and consider how understanding of the material improved with the revised curriculum.
Computational allosteric ligand binding site identification on Ras proteins

A number of computational techniques have been proposed to expedite the process of allosteric ligand binding site identification in inherently flexible and hence challenging drug targets. Some of these techniques have been instrumental in the discovery of allosteric ligand binding sites on Ras proteins, a group of elusive anticancer drug targets. This review provides an overview of these techniques and their application to Ras proteins. A summary of molecular docking and binding site identification is provided first, followed by a more detailed discussion of two specific techniques for binding site identification in ensembles of Ras conformations generated by molecular simulations.
CORR Insights®: Sonication of antibiotic spacers predicts failure during two-stage revision for prosthetic knee and hip infections.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Sonication of Antibiotic Spacers Predicts Failure during Two-stage Revision for Prosthetic Knee and Hip Infections” by Nelson and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3571-4. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3571-4.
Fundamental solution to the diffusion boundary layer equation for separated flow over solid surfaces at very large prandtl numbers

Abstract Using the method of self-similar solutions an exact fundamental solution to the equation of convective diffusion is obtained for the case of separated flow over a surface when the Prandtl number is very large compared to unity. The driving force for diffusion is assumed to change abruptly from zero to unity at the streamwise location x = ξ and an arbitrary distribution of the velocity profile curvature parameter ( ∂ 2 u ∂y 2 ) y=0 is allowed through the use of the von Mises transformation. An integral method using a cubic polynomial for the dimensionless concentration profile is shown to predict the correct functional form of the transfer coefficient but overestimates its magnitude by 3.3 per cent. This is more than twice the error of a corresponding integral method solution to the nonseparating flow problem, suggesting once again that for a given number of terms in the approximating polynomial the accuracy of profile methods in general deteriorates as one nears separation of the velocity boundary layer. The exact solution is specialized to the case of separated laminar wedge flow and transfer coefficients are derived for both step-change and power-law driving force distributions. These results have been used to compare the effect of pressure gradient (wedge variable) on the sensitivity of local transfer coefficients to streamwise gradients in driving force. In the limit ξ → 0 results for the step change in driving force are shown to reduce to the proper “isothermal” coefficient at very large Prandtl numbers.
Modern Hunting Practices and Wild Meat Trade in the Oil Palm Plantation-Dominated Landscapes of Sumatra, Indonesia

The ongoing expansion of plantation agriculture has changed the ecological, demographic, and social conditions of Southeast Asia’s forested areas, yet little is known about hunting practices in these novel landscapes. Using information from 73 in-depth interviews with hunters, agricultural workers and wild meat dealers in the Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia, we describe contemporary hunting practices, including how hunting methods, wildlife harvest and consumption rates vary between different indigenous and immigrant ethnic groups. Hunting is now primarily a commercial endeavor for harvesting wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat; over 7500 wild boars were sold in Jambi City alone in 2011. The Muslim majority avoids wild boar for religious reasons, but there is substantial local and export demand driven by Chinese and Christian Batak. We conclude that hunting within oil palm plantations may reduce crop damage from wild boar and also yield large amounts of wild meat with relatively little by-catch of threatened animals.
Applications of a new wall function to turbulent flow computations

A new wall function approach is developed based on a wall law suitable for incompressible turbulent boundary layers under strong adverse pressure gradients. This wall law was derived from a one-dimensional analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy equation with gradient diffusion concept employed in modeling the near-wall shear stress gradient. Numerical testing cases for the present wall functions include turbulent separating flows around an airfoil and turbulent recirculating flows in several confined regions. Improvements on the predictions using the present wall functions are illustrated. For cases of internal recirculating flows, one modification factor for improving the performance of the k-epsilon turbulence model in the flow recirculation regions is also included.
Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in the Vernonieae ( Asteraceae ), an initial appraisal of the relationship of New and Old World taxa and the monophyly of Vernonia

Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation was examined for 35 taxa in theVernonieae and four outgroup tribes, using 17 restriction enzymes mapped for ca. 900 restriction sites per species; 139 mutations were found to be phylogenetically informative. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Wagner and weighted parsimony, and evaluated by bootstrap and decay analyses. Relationships of Old and New World taxa indicate complex geographical relationships; there was no clear geographic separation by hemisphere. The relationships between Old and New World Vernonias found here support prior morphological analyses. The sister group to all New and most Old World taxa was composed of a small group of Old World species including yellow-flowered, trinervate-leaved species previously postulated to be basal in the tribe. The majority of both New and Old World taxa are derived from a lineage beginning with the monotypic genusStokesia, an endemic of the southeastern United States. The genusVernonia was also found to be paraphyletic within both the New and Old World. Available data do not support either the separation ofVernonia or the tribeVernonieae into geographically distinct lineages. The pattern of relationships within theVernonieae for taxa from North America, Asia, Africa, Central and South America is most similar to that of several other groups of both plants and animals with a boreotropical origin, rather than an origin in Gondwanaland. Such a pattern of distribution suggests more ancient vicariant events than are routinely postulated for theAsteraceae.
Facile preparation of neutral monoporphyrinate lanthanide complexes with strong near-infrared emission

Abstract Ytterbium (III) acetylacetonate reacts with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin (H2TBrPP) in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and forms unexpected acetate-bridged dimer and propionate-coordinated monomer of monoporphyrinate ytterbium (III) complexes, respectively, whereas interaction of ytterbium (III) acetate with H2TPP gives stable acetate-coordinated monomer with two labile methanol binding directly to metal center. This compound reacts readily with 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives to give eight-coordinate monoporphyrinate ytterbium (III) complexes with strong near infrared emission efficiency.
Buckwheat as a Cover Crop in Florida: Mycorrhizal Status and Soil Analysis

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an excellent choice as a cover crop. Buckwheat grows quickly and is utilized as a cover crop for weed suppression, a nectar source for native pollinators, and for soil nutrient enrichment, primarily phosphorus. Even though buckwheat is not commonly grown in Florida’s subtropical zone, it has the potential to be grown as a cover crop supporting sustainable agroecosystem. The purpose of this research was to analyze the suitability of buckwheat as a cover crop in Florida in conjunction with a comprehensive assessment of its response to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, soil types, and its effect on soil nutrient enrichment. Buckwheat was planted at the Florida International University organic garden (Miami, FL, USA) in early November and harvested in mid-December. After incorporation of buckwheat residues, soil analyses indicated the ability of buckwheat to enrich soil with major nutrients, in particular, phosphorus and nitrogen. Correlation analysis on abov...
Partial, graded losses of dopamine terminals in the rat caudate-putamen: an animal model for the study of compensatory adaptation in preclinical parkinsonism.

Procedures to lesion dopamine (DA) neurons innervating the rat caudate-putamen (CP) in a partial, graded fashion are described in this study. The goal is to provide a lesion model that supports intra-animal comparisons of voltammetric recordings used to investigate compensatory adaptation of DA neurotransmission. Lesions exploited the topography of mesostriatal DA neurons, microinjections of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial and lateral edges of the ventral mesencephalon containing DA cell bodies and microdissection of the CP into six regions. Analysis of tissue DA content in these regions by HPLC-EC demonstrated that 6-OHDA injected into the lateral substantia nigra results in a significantly greater loss of DA in lateral versus medial regions of the CP. The direction of the graded loss of DA was reversed (i.e. a medial to lateral lesion gradient) by the injection of 6-OHDA into the ventral tegmental area near the medial SN. Extracellular concentrations of electrically evoked DA could be measured across the mediolateral axis of the CP in a single animal using the technique of in vivo voltammetry. More importantly, graded decreases in the amplitude of evoked DA levels generally followed the direction of the tissue DA gradient in lesioned animals. These results suggest that the graded loss of DA terminals in the CP, coupled to a spatially and temporally resolved technique for monitoring extracellular DA, is a viable tool for investigating compensatory adaptation in the mesostriatal DA system.
Absorptivity of Carbon Dioxide and Molecular Oxygen at 193 nm at High Temperatures up to 1600°C

The absorptivity of CO2 and O2 at 193 nm over the temperature range of 900-1600°C is reported. The data were collected in a flowtype tube furnace using an ArF excimer laser at the light source. CO2 was mixed at 5% by volume in N2 and O2 was examined at 5% and 10%. The internal transmittance of a 1-meter externally heated absorption cell was measured. The results establish a value for the absorptivity, α, for CO2 ranging as high as 2.35 × 10-19 cm2/molecule at 1600°C. For O2, the absorptivity is 1.81 × 10-19cm2/molecule at 1600°C. The results partially agree with those reported in the literature recently by others at 1000°C and 193 nm and extend those data to higher temperatures; however, the agreement is far from exact. The results are inconsistent with the higher temperature, 1500-2500°C, values inferred by others from indirect measurements for these two species.
Soil moisture–temperature relationships: results from two field experiments

Abstract: This paper analyses data from two ﬁeld experiments in Chickasha, Oklahoma, and Tifton, Georgia, carried out in July1999 and June 2000 respectively. The observations on soil moisture at two depths, viz. 0–2Ð5 and 0–5Ð0 cm, surfacetemperature, and temperatures at 1, 5 and 10 cm depths are analysed. The relationship between the soil moistureand the temperature variability in time is examined as a function of vegetation type and location. Results from theseexperiments show that, during drydown, surface temperature shows an increase that corresponds to a decrease in thesoil moisture. Linear models for prediction of soil moisture (at both depths) using surface temperature observationsare examined. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS soil moisture; surface temperature; ﬁeld experiments INTRODUCTIONThe estimation of soil moisture and temperature is critical to the understanding of land surface–atmosphereinteractions. Soil moisture is an important variable of the water and energy cycle, as it helps determinethe proportion of rainfall partitioned into runoff, surface storage, and inﬁltration components, as well aspartitioning of incoming solar and longwave radiation into outgoing longwave radiation, latent, sensible,and ground heat ﬂux (through the dependence of albedo on moisture content). Along with soil moisture,surface temperature is a key variable in determining the land surface heat and water balance. The surfacetemperature determines the ﬂuxes of outgoing longwave, sensible, and ground heat. The magnitude of theseﬂuxes determines the latent heat ﬂux (i.e. evapotranspiration by the energy balance principle). Therefore,changes in surface temperature affect soil moisture and
Method of heat and mass transfer enhancement in film evaporation

Abstract Combined heat and mass transfer processes that occur when water evaporates from a flowing film have been investigated. The major emphasis of this work studied methods to enhance heat and mass transfer rates from the film. A fiber-optic holographic interferometer was used to measure the local heat and mass transfer coefficients from the air—liquid interface, and a set of thermocouples and a dewpoint hygrometer were used to measure the average heat and mass transfer rates in the system. First, without utilizing any enhancement techniques, the local and average transfer rates from the water solution were determined, then a mechanical method for enhancing the heat and mass transfer rates was investigated. In this method, 2 mm glass rods were used to disturb the liquid film flow, which also disturbed the flow of the air stream. The local temperature and concentration distributions were calculated and used to evaluate the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It was observed that average Nusselt number Nu av and average Sherwood number Sh av for the water solution have a maximum which depends on the pitch of the glass rods.
Stability estimates for star bodies in terms of their intersection bodies

The paper deals with the problem of estimating the distance, in radial or Hausdorff metrics, between two centred star bodies of Rd, d≤3, in terms of the distance between the corresponding intersection bodies.