cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lumbar Puncture for Evaluation of Latent Syphilis in Hospitalized Patients High Prevalence of Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities Unrelated to Syphilis

Objective: To determine the prevalence of abnormal neurologic findings and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in hospitalized patients with serologic evidence of latent syphilis. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: Consecutively admitted hospital inpatients from an inner-city population were screened for serologic evidence of syphilis with reactive plasma reagin and confirmatory fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assays. In those with reactive tests, such clinical findings as a history of treatment for syphilis, neurologic abnormalities, presence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and rapid plasma reagin titer were correlated with cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count, protein level, and VDRL result. Results: Of 490 consecutive patients, 52 (11%) had serologic evidence of syphilis. Forty-three (83%) of these underwent lumbar puncture. Of the 43, 31 (72%) were seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus and 12 (28%) were seropositive. No patient had a reactive cerebrospinal fluid VDRL test. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities were seen in 32% of human immunodeficiency virus—seronegative patients and in 67% of human immunodeficiency virus—seropostive patients. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities were not predicted by history of treatment for syphilis, abnormal neurologic findings, or an elevated rapid plasma reagin titer. Cerebrospinal fluid IgG indexes in patients with elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels suggested that the protein abnormalities were not caused by local antibody production. Nonreactive cerebrospinal fluid fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption tests suggest that the cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities were not the result of neurosyphilis. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in hospitalized patients with latent syphilis detected by routine screening. Because of the nonspecificity of the cerebrospinal fluid findings, routine lumbar puncture for such patients appears to contribute little to the treatment of latent syphilis. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1657-1662)
Use of transabdominal ultrasound to identify intraabdominal adhesions prior to laparoscopy: a prospective blinded study

Abstract Overview The aim of the current study was to assess the accuracy of transabdominal ultrasound (TAU) in identifying intra-abdominal adhesions (IAA) prior to laparoscopy in patients with previous abdominal surgery. Methods Patients with previous open surgical procedures presenting for laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) underwent TAU by 1 radiologist. Attempts were made to identify IAA using TAU. The intended trocar sites were categorized as free movement (no adhesions), chaotic movement (omental adhesions), or no movement (frozen bowel). During LGB, adhesions at the 6 trocar sites were graded by 1 blinded surgeon. Results A significant degree of agreement was found between the radiologist's predictions and the intraoperative findings with regards to identification of trocar sites free of adhesions versus omental adhesions and frozen bowel. Conclusions TAU can accurately identify IAA prior to laparoscopy. Widespread application of this technique may decrease trocar-related injuries during laparoscopic procedures in patients with previous abdominal surgery.
Relationship of personal tobacco-raising, parental smoking, and other factors to tobacco use among adolescents living in a tobacco-producing region

Abstract This study examined factors related to tobacco use among youth from tobacco-raising (TRH) and nonraising households (NRH). The subjects were 3,851 seventh-grade students from 19 middle schools located in a tobacco-raising region. Valid self-reports of tobacco use were encouraged by the use of a test for carbon monoxide in expired air. Cigarette use was higher when 1. (a) at least one parent smoked, and/or 2. (b) the student personally raised tobacco. A boy who personally raised tobacco and had at least one parent who smoked was 10.2 times more likely to have smoked in the last 7 days than a boy from a nonraising household in which neither parent smoked. For girls, the odds ratio was 5.6:1. Tobacco use among students in this high-risk group was higher than rates reported in national or regional studies. Other results were: 1. (1) use began very early — 16% of the students had tried cigarettes and 13% of the boys had tried smokeless tobacco (SLT) in Grade 3 or earlier: and 2. (2) users reported more lenient rules at home regarding tobacco use than did nonusers. Years from now, these high-risk students are likely to be major contributors to increased morbidity and mortality due to tobacco use. Implications for tobacco prevention in tobacco-raising areas are discussed.
What we have learned about forecasting and planning

Abstract It is rare for long-range forecasters and futurists to outlast their forecasts. When they do, they must inevitably be prepared to face questions about their track records. What most people want to know is how well one has done in terms of ‘hits’ or ‘misses’. It does little good to comment on the futility of ‘point’ forecasting—particularly for 10-year periods—or on the greater importance of identifying and monitoring critical factors that may shape a forecast. Nor does it seem to help to point out that all forecasts are based on the best currently available information and that new information will almost certainly be used to modify a forecast. So this article presents some hits and misses achieved by the Institute for the Future (IFTF) and uses the experience from these forecasts to distil some lessons learned. They are summarized as 10 do's and don'ts of forecasting and planning.
A single mutation in the regulatory chain of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase results in an extreme T-state structure.

Abstract Kinetic analysis of a mutant version of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase in which Thr82 in the regulatory chain (Thr82r) was replaced by Ala results in a shift in the T ⇌ R equilibrium towards the T-state. In order to understand the structural determinants of this T-state stabilization, the X-ray structure of the unliganded Thr82r → Ala enzyme was determined at 2.6 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic residual of 0.175. The structure of the mutant r1 regulatory chain is more similar to that of the r6 regulatory chain than observed for the wild-type enzyme, resulting in a more symmetric structure. Furthermore, the structural changes in the mutant enzyme appears to occur only in the r1 chain, while the r6 chain is almost identical in structure to that of the r6 chain of the wild-type enzyme. The structure of the mutant enzyme exhibits alterations in the subunit interfaces between the regulatory and catalytic chains, as well as in the interface between the allosteric and zinc domains within the regulatory chain. Moreover, the regulatory dimers are rotated around their respective 2-fold axes approximately 1° beyond the rotation which occurs in the wild-type T-state enzyme. The structural analysis indicates that the enzyme is an “extreme” T-state, in which a larger rotation of the regulatory dimers is required for the T to R transition compared to the wild-type enzyme. This extreme T-state structure correlates well with the kinetic parameters determined for the mutant enzyme, showing a stabilized T-state. Furthermore, the structural analysis of the mutant enzyme suggests that replacement of Thr82r with Ala alters the local conformation of the nucleotide binding pocket and therefore offers a plausible explanation for the reduced affinity of the enzyme for nucleotides.
Sex Role Considerations and Behavioral Marital Therapy: Equal Does Not Mean Identical.

Despite the egalitarian position espoused in behavioral marital therapy, little attention has been paid to sex role issues and female-male differences. This paper explores advantages and disadvantages of behavioral marital therapy vis a vis the treatment of women and men. Features of behavioral marital therapy implicated as important in the consideration of sex role issues include underlying assumptions of egalitarianism, assumptions of external causality, and orientation toward action, as well as specific procedures such as goal setting, behavioral exchange and training in communication and problem-solving skills. Each of these features is evaluated with respect to clinical considerations as well as to research findings on female-male differences in marriage. The paper concludes with recommendations as to how behavioral marital therapy could become more sensitive to sex role issues.
Rule-Based Orientation Recognition Of A Moving Object

This paper presents a detailed description and a comparative analysis of the algorithms used to determine the position and orientation of an object in real-time. The exemplary object, a freely moving gold-fish in an aquarium, provides "real-world" motion, with definable characteristics of motion (the fish never swims upside-down) and the complexities of a non-rigid body. For simplicity of implementation, and since a restricted and stationary viewing domain exists (fish-tank), we reduced the problem of obtaining 3D correspondence information to trivial alignment calculations by using two cameras orthogonally viewing the object. We applied symbolic processing techniques to recognize the 3-D orientation of a moving object of known identity in real-time. Assuming motion, each new frame (sensed by the two cameras) provides images of the object's profile which has most likely undergone translation, rotation, scaling and/or bending of the non-rigid object since the previous frame. We developed an expert system which uses heuristics of the object's motion behavior in the form of rules and information obtained via low-level image processing (like numerical inertial axis calculations) to dynamically estimate the object's orientation. An inference engine provides these estimates at frame rates of up to 10 per second (which is essentially real-time). The advantages of the rule-based approach to orientation recognition will be compared other pattern recognition techniques. Our results of an investigation of statistical pattern recognition, neural networks, and procedural techniques for orientation recognition will be included. We implemented the algorithms in a rapid-prototyping environment, the TI-Ezplorer , equipped with an Odyssey and custom imaging hardware. A brief overview of the workstation is included to clarify one motivation for our choice of algorithms. These algorithms exploit two facets of the prototype image processing and understanding workstation - both low-level (segmentation) and high-level (rule-based recognition) vision capabilities.
Expression and Function of β1 Integrins on Adherent and Nonadherent Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells

Abstract Differences in integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion between two types of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells, adherent and nonadherent EAT cells, have been studied. The adherent EAT (a-EAT) cells adhere to and spread on laminin- or fibronectin-coated plates, whereas the nonadherent EAT (na-EAT) cells do not. The adhesion of a-EAT cells to laminin or fibronectin requires the presence of both Ca2+ and Mg2+. Anti-human fibronectin receptor (α5β1 integrin) antiserum blocks a-EAT cells from adhering to both laminin- and fibronectin-coated plates. An RGD-containing peptide (GRGDSP) inhibits the adhesion of a-EAT cells to fibronectin-coated but not to laminin-coated plates. Taken together, these data suggest that a-EAT cells interact with laminin and fibronectin via different β1 integrins. As determined by immunofluorescence flow cytometry assay, both a-EAT and na-EAT cells express similar amounts of surface antigen(s) recognized by the same anti-α5β1 integrin polyclonal antibody that blocks a-EAT cells from adhering to laminin and fibronectin. The α5 and β1 subunits expressed on both types of EAT cells appear to have the same molecular weight when analyzed by immunoblotting. The same amount of 125I-labeled membrane protein was isolated from both types of EAT cells on immobilized laminin and fibronectin affinity columns. These data indicate that na-EAT cells express similar amounts of cell surface integrins, and these integrins, when isolated, react with laminin and fibronectin in the same manner as the integrins of a-EAT cells, even though na-EAT cells are unable to adhere to laminin and fibronectin. Previous work has shown that both types of EAT cells express Neu5Ac α2,3 Gal-beta; 1, 4 GleNAe residues on their cell surface and that they both react with Maackia amurensis lectin which specifically recognizes this carbohydrate structure. Here we show that both types of EAT cells attach to M. amurensis lectin-coated surfaces, but only a-EAT cells spread; this suggests that the differences between these two types of cells in responding to extra cellular matrix molecules may reside in some differences within the cell.
Phase Diagram of Confined Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals in an Electric Field

Abstract We study the electric-field-induced transitions in antiferroelectric liquid crystals in a model that takes into account the intralayer elastic distortion, the nearest-neighbor interlayer interaction, the coupling of the spontaneous polarization with the applied field, the dielectric anisotropy, and the surface anchoring. We find that the field-induced phase sequence has a critical dependence on cell thickness. For moderately thin cells (thickness > 0.1 μm) with moderately strong anchoring (surface coupling ∼ 10−4 J/m2), the system, in departing from the initial anticlinic alignment, first undergoes a continuous Freederiksz transition, then a first-order surface boundary-layer transition, and finally a first-order or continuous transition to a complete synclinic ordering. Reducing the cell thickness to less than 0.1 μm will make the Freedericksz transition and even the boundary-layer transition vanish.
Two-Phase Flow Considerations in PEMFC Design and Operation

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) must maintain a balance between the hydration level required for efficient proton transfer and excess liquid water that can impede the flow of gases to the electrodes where the reactions take place. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the two-phase flow of liquid water combined with either the co-flowing hydrogen (anode) or air (cathode) streams. In this paper, we describe the design of an in-situ test apparatus that enables investigation of two-phase channel flow within PEMFCs, including the flow of water from the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) into the channel gas flows; the flow of water within the bipolar plate channels themselves; and the dynamics of flow through multiple channels connected to common manifolds which maintain a uniform pressure differential across all possible flow paths. These two-phase flow effects have been studied at relatively low operating temperatures under steady-state conditions and during transient air purging sequences.Copyright © 2008 by General Motors
Heat Shock Factor 1 in Protein Homeostasis and Oncogenic Signal Integration

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a stress-inducible transcription factor and has been described as a multi-faceted modulator of tumorigenesis. Heat shock, accumulation of misfolded proteins, or malignant transformation promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of HSF1, where it binds to the promoters of heat shock proteins and an array of nonheat shock-regulated proteins to upregulate their transcription. These stress-responsive and tumor-promoting genes in turn alter the ability of tumor cells to respond to a variety of stresses and enable them to thrive in less than favorable growth conditions. Although a direct role for HSF1 in promoting mRNA transcription of tumor-promoting genes has been suggested, it appears that this property is context- and cell-type dependent. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated a direct involvement of mTOR signaling in regulating HSF1-mediated transcription, thus establishing a direct link between protein translation and HSF1 activity. Interestingly, there is a growing understanding of the signaling pathways that are modulated by HSF1 in a variety of tumor types and the co-option of these survival pathways by HSF1 to promote tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the role of HSF1 in protein homeostasis and HSF1-mediated oncogenic signaling pathways that together promote tumorigenesis.
Nanomaterial-mediated CNS Delivery of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents

Research into the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been enhanced by rapid advances in nanotechnology and an expansion in the library of nanostructured carriers. This review discusses the latest applications of nanomaterials in the CNS with an emphasis on brain tumors. Novel administration routes and transport mechanisms for nanomaterial-mediated CNS delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to bypass or cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) are also discussed. These include temporary disruption of the BBB, use of impregnated polymers (polymer wafers), convection-enhanced delivery (CED), and intranasal delivery. Moreover, an in vitro BBB model capable of mimicking geometrical, cellular and rheological features of the human cerebrovasculature has been developed. This is a useful tool that can be used for screening CNS nanoparticles or therapeutics prior to in vivo and clinical investigation. A discussion of this novel model is included.
Photoelectron spectroscopic study of the electronic band structure of polyfluorene and fluorene-arylamine copolymers at interfaces

The occupied and unoccupied states of poly(9,9‘-dioctylfluorene) (F8) and poly(9,9‘-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N‘-(4-butylphenyl)diphenylamine) (TFB) are investigated using ultraviolet photoelectron and inverse photoemission spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. Hole injection barriers are determined for interfaces between substrates with work function ranging from 4.3 to 5.1 eV and these two polymers as well as poly(9,9‘-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N‘-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N‘-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PFB). Vacuum level alignment with flat bands away from the interface is found when the interface hole barrier is 0.6 eV or larger. Band bending away from the Fermi level occurs when the hole barrier is smaller than 0.4 eV. This is due to the accumulation of excess interface charges on the polymer when the barrier is small. The resulting field shifts the polymer levels to limit charge penetration in the bulk of the film.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in the Geriatric Patient

Elderly patients immobilized because of an acute medical illness or surgery have a very high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Aggressive pharmacologic prophylaxis is necessary and should be initiated either at admission for a medical condition or shortly after surgery. Aggressive prophylaxis may result in fewer patients developing VTE in the hospital and ultimately lead to fewer patients requiring full-dose anticoagulation for VTE. Mechanical prophylaxis can be used as an adjunct to an anticoagulant-based regimen but should only be used as primary prophylaxis when there is a contraindication, such as active bleeding. It is recommended that the clinician carefully evaluate the elderly patient's creatinine clearance and weight before prescribing anticoagulants, particularly when using fixed dosing regimens.
A local discontinuous Galerkin method for the Burgers---Poisson equation

In this work, we design, analyze and test a local discontinuous Galerkin method for solving the Burgers---Poisson equation. This model, proposed by Whitham [Linear and nonlinear waves, 1974] as a simplified model for shallow water waves, admits conservation of both momentum and energy as two invariants. The proposed numerical method is high order accurate and preserves two invariants, hence producing solutions with satisfying long time behavior. The $$L^2$$ L 2 -stability of the scheme for general solutions is a consequence of the energy preserving property. The optimal order of accuracy for polynomial elements of even degree is proven. A series of numerical tests is provided to illustrate both accuracy and capability of the method.
Existence of solutions for generalized differential equations with unbounded right-hand side☆

Abstract This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions to the initial value problem for generalized differential equations (orientor fields) when the right-hand side, F ( t , x ), may be unbounded. Two global and one local existence theorems are established when F satisfies Caratheodory type conditions involving weak integral boundedness conditions. The multiple-valued function F ( t , ·) is assumed to have closed graph and to be lower semicontinuous at each point x where F ( t , x ) is not convex.
The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography

To the literature on social mobility and the question of earned versus inherited fortunes, Professor Jaher and Dr. Ghent add findings for the city of Chicago in the late nineteenth century that are in strong contrast to simuar studies for other cities. From the Civil War to the turn of the century, Chicago's rate of economic growth far exceeded the national average, and out of 1186 members of the Chicago business elite whose careers were embraced by the years 1830 to 1930, fully two-thirds made their own fortunes. This phenomenon was especially strong in manufacturing and the aggressive young industries of meatpacking and railroading.
Peak wavelength interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors during impact events

In this paper, we embed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in graphite fiber–epoxy woven composite laminates to detect evolving damage modes. The peak wavelengths of the FBG sensors are interrogated at 625 and 295 kHz, while the laminates are subjected to 11.0 J low-velocity impact events. It is demonstrated that 295 kHz interrogation is sufficient for accurately collecting the dynamic response of the sensors. The FBG sensors embedded at the laminate midplanes successfully reconstructed the global laminate response to impact. The maximum and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) for the relative strain histories demonstrated the same trends as the maximum and FWHM of the contact force histories measured from the impactor. More noise was present in the strain histories obtained from the FBG sensors than the contact force histories, as the embedded FBGs were sensitive to local perturbations in the stress state. The FBG sensors embedded below the midplane of the laminate were closer to the damage regions and measured complex strain histories. In one case, this strain history revealed the presence of delamination.
ISLAND HYPERPLASIA IN THE PARTIALLY DEPANCREATIZED RAT

THE HISTOLOGIC APPEARANCE OF THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS in the pancreatic remnants of partially depancreatised animals is the subject of a number of reports. The moststriking change which has been noted is the hydropic de-generation of the beta cells in dogs (1–4). More recently, with reference to rats ren-dered diabetic by subtotal pancreatectomy, Long, Katzin and Fry (5) stated: “The islet tissue of the pancreatic remnants displayed the well-known pathological changes previously described in partially depancreatised dogs. There may be found hyper-trophy and all degrees of islet cell degeneration from the most minor to complete destruction and hyalinization.” It is the purpose of the present report to describe the changes in the pancreas of the partially depancreatized rat in greater detail, and to point out differences between the changes in rats and those observed in dogs.
Antitumor agents XLVII: The effects of bisbrusatolyl malonate on P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell metabolism

Bisbrusatolyl malonate, which was shown previously to be active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell growth, was investigated for inhibitory effects on nucleic acid and protein synthesis. DNA and RNA synthesis as well as protein synthesis were markedly inhibited at 10,25, and 50 fimole final concentrations in vitro. The major sites of inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis appeared to be DNA polymerase, messenger and transfer RNA polymerases, orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amino transferase, and dihydrofolate reductase. Moderate inhibition of nucleotide kinase activities and oxidative phosphorylation processes occurred after drug treatment. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were reduced. Protein synthesis was inhibited during the elongation step of peptide synthesis. The data suggested that bisbrusatolyl malonate interfered with the peptide bond formation. However, the ongoing polypeptide synthesis must be completed before the drug can bind to the ribosome effectively.
Heterosexual anal intercourse: prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part I.

Studies of heterosexual HIV transmission have consistently found anal intercourse to be a highly predictive risk factor for seroconversion. Yet most AIDS prevention messages targeted at heterosexuals, presumably influenced by cultural taboos against acknowledging this sexual practice, continue to emphasize vaginal and, increasingly, oral sex transmission. The health risks of anal sex appear to be severely underestimated by a substantial proportion of sexually active women and men in North and Latin America as well as parts of South Asia, Africa, and other regions. Among heterosexuals reported rates of condom use are nearly universally lower for anal than for vaginal intercourse. This review examines anal sex among the general population, including its prevalence in various world regions, related sociocultural factors, and other associated health problems including anorectal STDs, Hepatitis B infection, and HPV-related anal cancer in women. U.S. survey and other data suggest that, in terms of absolute numb...
Springing analysis of elastic vessels in head and oblique seas including nonlinear effects due to second order diffraction pressures

The wave-induced vibration of the ship hull, commonly called springing, may not produce extreme stresses, but it is likely to have a direct effect on fatigue-life estimates due to its high frequency content. This research investigates the second order contribution to the springing bending moment from the sum frequency of incident ocean waves in both head and oblique seas. The computer program developed here extends the ABS SSRS (Ship Spring Response System) program to oblique seas using Troesch’s oblique sea linear diffraction theory [1]. The theoretical calculations for forward speed are modified by an empirical factor to correlate more closely with experimental results. An example calculation on a Bulk Carrier was performed for different heading angles. For one such representative sea state, the overall increase to the total bending moment from the nonlinear, sum-frequency excitation is found to be less than 12%. However, the nonlinear springing (RMS) increases the total RMS springing over the linear springing by more than 5 times in some stations, which has significant implications for fatigue studies. A sea state sweep study (using ITTC spectrum) also shows the springing effects are highly sea state dependent. Overall, springing effects decrease as zero crossing periods increase, which indicates springing is important in sea states with short waves and becomes less significant in sea states with long waves.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Five Year Outcome of 145 Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) After Accelerated Breast Radiotherapy

Background Accelerated whole-breast radiotherapy (RT) with tumor bed boost in the treatment of early invasive breast cancer has demonstrated equivalent local control and cosmesis when compared with standard RT. Its efficacy in the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains unknown. Methods and Materials Patients treated for DCIS with lumpectomy and negative margins were eligible for 2 consecutive hypofractionated whole-breast RT clinical trials. The first trial (New York University [NYU] 01-51) prescribed to the whole breast 42 Gy (2.8 Gy in 15 fractions) and the second trial (NYU 05-181) 40.5 Gy (2.7 Gy in 15 fractions) with an additional daily boost of 0.5 Gy to the surgical cavity. Results Between 2002 and 2009, 145 DCIS patients accrued, 59 to the first protocol and 86 to the second trial. Median age was 56 years and 65% were postmenopausal at the time of treatment. Based on optimal sparing of normal tissue, 79% of the patients were planned and treated prone and 21% supine. At 5 years' median follow-up (60 months; range 2.6-105.5 months), 6 patients (4.1%) experienced an ipsilateral breast recurrence in all cases of DCIS histology. In 3/6 patients, recurrence occurred at the original site of DCIS and in the remaining 3 cases outside the original tumor bed. New contralateral breast cancers arose in 3 cases (1 DCIS and 2 invasive carcinomas). Cosmetic self-assessment at least 2 years after treatment is available in 125 patients: 91% reported good-to-excellent and 9% reported fair-to-poor outcomes. Conclusions With a median follow-up of 5 years, the ipsilateral local recurrence rate is 4.1%, comparable to that reported from the NSABP (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project) trials that employed 50 Gy in 25 fractions of radiotherapy for DCIS. There were no invasive recurrences. These results provide preliminary evidence that accelerated hypofractionated external beam radiotherapy is a viable option for DCIS.
X-ray evanescent- and standing-wave fluorescence studies using a layered synthetic microstructure

Abstract X-ray evanescent- and standing-wave fluorescence measurements made using a platinum-carbon layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) overcoated with a 5 A hafnium layer are reported and compared with model calculations. Good agreement between experiment and calculation is shown in the evanescent-wave fluorescence regime. Agreement between calculation and experiment is also found in the standing-wave fluorescence regime at the LSM super-lattice Bragg reflection when the effects of imperfections in the LSM are considered. These results demonstrate sub-monolayer surface concentration sensitivity and the X-ray optic quality of the LSM/substrate structure. Potential applications of LSM evanescent- and standingwave fluorescence are discussed.
Design and synthesis of hypertrehalosemic hormoe mimetics

Abstract Hypertrehalosemic hormoe (HTH) is an insect neurohormone isolated from the tropical cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. To examin the hypothesis that the bioactive conformation of HTH contains a β-turn, we have designed, synthesized and evaluated a first generation HTH analog incorporating a conformationally restricted β-turn mimetic. Conformational and biological evaluation indicates that an isomer closely approximately a type II β-turn exhibits limited biological activity, while isomers with extended conformations exhibit no activity, providing evidence for the turn hypothesis.
The Landscape Encountered and Experienced While Hiking

An operational definition is developed for the landscape encountered and experienced while hiking a natural area. Participant photography and experience sampling methods were combined and modified to enable sampling and exploration of this landscape. At various times during a hike, people were interrupted and instructed to photograph what they were looking at, to rate the scenic beauty of the view in question, and to report their current satisfactions and moods. Views were categorized by the type of object that was the focus of attention (trail, vegetation, water, ephemeral, people, terrain) and by the distance of the object from the viewer. Results suggest that attention was focused most frequently on objects near the trail, within 15 meters; neither scenic nor ugly views attracted undue attention; ephemeral features were often the focus of attention and rated as scenic; the quality of the hiking experience (as represented by mood and satisfaction) was partially explained by the landscape views encounter...
The risk of acute kidney injury with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been used for almost 40 years as a safe and effective alternative to surgical shunts, mostly in the setting of portal hypertension. Well described procedural complications include hepatic encephalopathy, hemorrhage, liver infarction and failure. The risk of post procedural acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with intraprocedural intravenous contrast administration has not been evaluated. Using a retrospective chart review of all consecutive patients undergoing a TIPS procedure as part of routine clinical care between 2001 and 2011, we examined whether the volume of administered intravenous contrast was associated with AKI. Of 163 patients who had a TIPS procedure, 16 % developed AKI as defined by a 0.3 mg/dl increase in serum creatinine within 48 h of the procedure. In adjusted analysis, a 50 ml increase of intravenous contrast was associated with a 1.27 (95 % CI 1.01–1.60), p = 0.04 increased risk of AKI. Baseline serum creatinine was also associated with post procedural AKI; a 0.1 mg/dl increase in creatinine was associated with a 1.17 (1.04–1.31), p = 0.008 risk. In patients with underlying kidney dysfunction, a 50 ml increase of intravenous contrast was associated with a 1.63 (1.20–2.31), p = 0.003 adjusted risk of AKI. In conclusion, intravenous contrast administered during a TIPS procedure is associated with an increased risk of AKI, particularly in patients with impaired renal function at baseline.
CREATING SINGLE‐SUBJECT DESIGN GRAPHS IN MICROSOFT EXCEL™ 2007

Over 10 years have passed since the publication of Carr and Burkholder's (1998) technical article on how to construct single-subject graphs using Microsoft Excel. Over the course of the past decade, the Excel program has undergone a series of revisions that make the Carr and Burkholder paper somewhat difficult to follow with newer versions. The present article provides task analyses for constructing various types of commonly used single-subject design graphs in Microsoft Excel 2007. The task analyses were evaluated using a between-subjects design that compared the graphing skills of 22 behavior-analytic graduate students using Excel 2007 and either the Carr and Burkholder or newly developed task analyses. Results indicate that the new task analyses yielded more accurate and faster graph construction than the Carr and Burkholder instructions.
Submicron Resolution Automated Track Development Processes, Part 1: Static Puddle Development

Differences between puddle, immersion, and spray development were discussed. Issues affecting submicron profiles were characterized in detail with the aid of both computationally and experimentally generated 0.6 micron (g) profiles. Dissolution rate data for various processes were compared. Modifications to a Perkin-Elmer Development Rate Monitor (DRM) were made to obtain the dissolution rate data; 700nm illumination was used in place of the standard 633nm illumination in order to reduce signal attenuation for low agitation development processes, and the development stage was adapted for use with track processes (puddle). Time and spatial variations in developer temperature accounted for most observed differences between puddle developed and immersion developed profiles. A 3°C drop in the puddle temperature during the course of development produced a substantial alteration in resist profile. Variations in across wafer temperature account for most across wafer critical dimension (CD) variations in puddle processes. No substantial developer depletion effects were observed for single puddle processes. Controlled agitation in immersion development was seen to simultaneously increase photosensitivity and wall angle over non-agitated immersion development.
Two Unrecorded Notices of Whitman in 1888

Identifies and prints an essay about Whitman for children, written by Charlotte French, and a poetic tribute to Whitman, written by Coates Kinney.
R -Center Production in Alkali Halides

The suggestion that both the ${R}_{1}$ and ${R}_{2}$ bands in colored KCl crystals may be due to transitions of the ${F}_{2}$ center is considered. Formation mechanisms in support of this view are presented which are consistent with (1) the behavior of the $R$ and $M$ bands during $F$-light irradiation, (2) the observed decrease of the $R$ bands and increase of the $M$ band produced by heating, and (3) the photoconductivities measured for the ${R}_{1}$ and ${R}_{2}$ bands.
Formation of multilayer ultrathin assemblies using chemical lithography.

Ultrathin complex multilayer structures have many potential applications in molecular and organic electronics, sensing, biotechnology and other areas. Reported here is a method by which to construct multifunctional, multilayer, patterned structures, using alkanethiolate SAMs adsorbed on Au, UV photopatterning, and chemoselective covalent bond formation. We demonstrate that amide coupling is efficient for producing multilayer structures on −COOH-terminated SAMs, while oxime coupling is efficient for producing multilayer structures on −CHO-terminated SAMs. Reaction yields obtained are ∼67% and ∼84% for the coupling of the first layer (bilayer formation) for amide and oxime coupling, respectively. Subsequent adlayer formation occurs with ∼100% yield in both cases. The resulting adlayers are chemically robust and are suitable for subsequent chemical processing. Finally, both chemistries are used to produce a complex multilayer structure atop a UV photopatterned SAM. The resulting construct is well-defined and...
Publicly-provided information in environmental management: incorporating groundwater quality goals into herbicide treatment recommendations

Use of publicly-provided information to promote environmental quality has received somewhat less attention in the environmental management literature than use of other environmental policy tools based on economic incentives such as emissions taxes, subsidies and marketable permits. Yet publicly-provided information may have potential as an environmental policy tool, especially in managing problems of agricultural pollution, due in large part to the existing capability of public information agencies associated with the agricultural research community. Information provided by these agencies is known to be an important factor in decision making in agriculture and may have potential for influencing decisions that relate directly to preserving the integrity of environmental resources. Moreover, this potential may have particular relevance for protecting groundwater quality from agricultural production since the results of contamination are often at least partially internal to the farm decision maker. This paper develops an empirical model to formulate publicly-provided herbicide treatment recommendations designed to protect both the quality of groundwater and the income of farmers. An economic and statistical model of a crop-pest system is used in conjunction with a groundwater loading model to derive the trade-off relationship between producer income and movement of herbicide material through the root zone. The trade-off relationship can provide the basis for formulating herbicide treatment recommendations and can also shed light on appropriate groundwater quality goals.
Circular dichroism study of thyroxine-binding globulin derivatized with p-iodophenylsulfonyl chloride

Abstract 1. 1. Structural changes occurring in denatured thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), the TBG-thyroxine complex and TBG derivatized with p -iodophenylsulfonyl (pipsyl) chloride were studied by circular dichroism. 2. 2. Compared to native TBG, there was a relatively large decrease in α helix of 10% in denatured TBG concomitant with an increase in random form of 15%. 3. 3. The TBG-thyroxine complex exhibited a slight increase of 3% in α helix concomitant with a 3% decrease in β structure. 4. 4. Modified TBG, containing 0.9 mol of pipsyl group incorporated per mole protein, exhibited a 6% increase in α helix concomitant with a 6% decrease in random structure. 5. 5. The increase in ordered structure indicates that the loss in binding activity of pipsylated-TBG is not due to denaturation but can be attributed to derivatization of a lysyl residue at or near the thyroxine binding site in the protein.
Hic-5 is a transcription coregulator that acts before and/or after glucocorticoid receptor genome occupancy in a gene-selective manner

Ligand activation and DNA-binding dictate the outcome of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transcriptional regulation by inducing diverse receptor conformations that interact differentially with coregulators. GR recruits many coregulators via the well-characterized AF2 interaction surface in the GR ligand-binding domain, but Lin11, Isl-1, Mec-3 (LIM) domain coregulator Hic-5 (TGFB1I1) binds to the relatively uncharacterized tau2 activation domain in the hinge region of GR. Requirement of hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) for glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression was defined by Hic-5 depletion and global gene-expression analysis. Hic-5 depletion selectively affected both activation and repression of GR target genes, and Hic-5 served as an on/off switch for glucocorticoid regulation of many genes. For some hormone-induced genes, Hic-5 facilitated recruitment of Mediator complex. In contrast, many genes were not regulated by glucocorticoid until Hic-5 was depleted. On these genes Hic-5 prevented GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling and thereby inhibited their hormone-dependent regulation. Transcription factor binding to genomic sites is highly variable among different cell types; Hic-5 represents an alternative mechanism for regulating transcription factor-binding site selection that could apply both within a given cell type and among different cell types. Thus, Hic-5 is a versatile coregulator that acts by multiple gene-specific mechanisms that influence genomic occupancy of GR as well transcription complex assembly.
Wind erosion climatic erosivity

A physically based wind-erosion climatic factor has been derived: $$CE = \rho \int {[u^2 } - (u_T^2 + \gamma ^l /\rho a^2 )]^{3/2} f(u)du$$ where ϱ is the air density, a is a constant made up of other constants (von Karman, height of wind speed observation, roughness parameter), u is the horizontal wind speed, u T is threshold wind speed, f(u) u) is a wind speed probability density function, and γ is the cohesive resistance caused by water on the soil particles. Cohesive resistance is proportional to the square of water content relative to water content at −1500 J kg−1. Relative water content is approximated from the Budyko dryness ratio and the Thornthwaite PE index with similar results. CE is calculable from wind speed and other generally available meteorological data, and is usable in the wind erosion equation without some of the limitations of a previously used wind erosion climatic factor.
Ill-posedness at the boundary for elastic solids sliding under Coulomb friction

We consider an incompressible neo-Hookean elastic solid sliding on a rigid surface under the influence of Coulomb friction. It is shown that ill-posedness at the boundary due to failure of Agmon's condition can occur. If the friction coefficient is greater than one, this is the case even in the limit of linear elasticity. The effect of a dependence of the friction force on the sliding velocity is also considered.
1/f Noise in Schottky diodes

The physics and the engineering formulas of 1/f noise in ErAs-based all-epitaxial, GaN-based, and other types of Schottky diodes are presented in a way related to the general pn junction quantum 1/f noise formulas developed by the author and van der Ziel earlier, but with inclusion of the image force contribution of an electron at the metal-semiconductor interface. On this base the phase noise introduced by mixers constructed with the ErAs Schottky diodes was also studied and can now be calculated analytically with the Quantum 1/f effect formulas.
Prion protein amyloid formation under native-like conditions involves refolding of the c-terminal α-helical domain

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are associated with conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into a proteinase K-resistant, amyloid-like aggregate, PrPSc. Although the structure of PrPSc remains enigmatic, recent studies have afforded increasingly detailed characterization of recombinant PrP amyloid. However, all previous studies were performed using amyloid fibrils formed in the presence of denaturing agents that significantly alter the folding state(s) of the precursor monomer. Here we report that PrP amyloid can also be generated under physiologically relevant conditions, where the monomeric protein is natively folded. Remarkably, site-directed spin labeling studies reveal that these fibrils possess a β-core structure nearly indistinguishable from that of amyloid grown under denaturing conditions, where the C-terminal α-helical domain of the PrP monomer undergoes major refolding to a parallel and in-register β-structure upon conversion. The structural similarity of fibrils formed under drastically different conditions strongly suggests that the common β-sheet architecture within the ∼160–220 core region represents a distinct global minimum in the PrP conversion free energy landscape. We also show that the N-terminal region of fibrillar PrP displays conformational plasticity, undergoing a reversible structural transition with an apparent pKa of ∼5.3. The C-terminal region, on the other hand, retains its β-structure over the pH range 1–11, whereas more alkaline buffer conditions denature the fibrils into constituent PrP monomers. This profile of pH-dependent stability is reminiscent of the behavior of brain-derived PrPSc, suggesting a substantial degree of structural similarity within the β-core region of these PrP aggregates.
Algorithm 448: number of multiply-restricted partitions

Given a positiver integer m and an ordered k-tuple c = (c1, ··· , ck) of not necessarily distinct positive integers, then any ordered k-tuple s = (s1, ··· , sk) of nonnegative integers such that m = ∑ki-1sici is said to be a partition of m restricted to c. Let Pc(m) denote the number of distinct partitions of m restricted to c. The subroutine COUNT, when given a k-tuple c and an integer n, computes an array of the values of Pc(m) for m = 1 to n. Many combinatorial enumeration problems may be expressed in terms of the numbers Pc(m). We mention two below.
The design of Apple—a language for modular programs

Abstract Sometimes programming is difficult because of the amount of detail that is relevant to the problem being solved. A suitable language for these problems should aid the programmer in organizing a program as a synthesis of parts. Apple is a language designed for such applications. It is a typed language in which functions are objects, and it provides three complementary ways to modularize programs. These are the definition of environments , the use of functional abstraction, and the use of data abstraction or parameterized, abstract data types. In this paper we describe the main features of Apple, and explain the motivation for many of the design decisions. Another document furnishes a formal definition.