cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronization algorithm for SCTP network

Synchronization is an important problem in communication networks especially for real time applications. Synchronization can be done in different layers of the ISO model. In this paper, a synchronization algorithm is introduced and applied on Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), which is layer four protocol. However, the current SCTP standard, RFC 2960, doesn't specify synchronization mechanism. The Algorithm is applied on periodic traffic and shows synchronization improvement. We examine the Transfer Delay (TD) and the Interarrival Time (IT) as network performance measure. Different levels of the algorithm are introduced to compromise between performance improvement and implementation complexity. The highest performance algorithm is called "maximum delay algorithm". It recovers the IT to its original value however it requires larger buffer especially in case of very high jitter. On the other hand, another algorithm, referred to as "average delay algorithm", solves the buffer problem.
Measured Effects of Liquid Soil Stabilizers on Engineering Properties of Clay

Stabilization of pavement subgrade soils and base materials has traditionally relied on treatment with lime, cement, and sometimes fly ash. Marketed as alternatives to these conventional bulk soil stabilizers, a variety of concentrated liquid chemical products are sold by several companies. Most transportation agencies, however, are hesitant to specify these nontraditional liquid stabilizers without reliable data to support vendor claims of product effectiveness. Standard laboratory soil tests were conducted to measure changes in the engineering properties of five clay soils when treated with three liquid chemical products. The tests involved three reference clays (kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite), two high-plasticity natural clays, and three representative liquid stabilizers (ionic, polymer, enzyme types). Tests were conducted on untreated control soil samples and on samples treated with each product at the suppliers' recommended application rates. All of the test specimens were prepared in accordance with a specified 10-step protocol that allowed objective comparisons of the test results. Each treated and untreated soil was characterized in terms of the Atterberg limits, compacted unit weight, one-dimensional free swell potential, and undrained triaxial shear strength. Given some variation in the test samples, the test results did not show consistent, significant changes in the properties of these soils as a result of treatment with these three products. Higher application rates might yield more favorable results. Clearly, independent laboratory evaluations with project-specific soils are warranted before the use of these proprietary liquid stabilizers in the field.
Representations of Certain Semidirect Product Groups

Abstract We study a class of semidirect product groups G = N · U where N is a generalized Heisenberg group and U is a generalized indefinite unitary group. This class contains the Poincare group and the parabolic subgroups of the simple Lie groups of real rank 1. The unitary representations of G and (in the unimodular cases) the Plancherel formula for G are written out. The problem of computing Mackey obstructions is completely avoided by realizing the Fock representations of N on certain U -invariant holomorphic cohomology spaces.
Dynamics of Bank Panics

We looked at the historical event of the 1857 bank panic, but what led up to it? What is the dynamic of a financial structure which creates the historical conditions for a crisis? We noted that the two schools of economics had not achieved a synthesis of their different views on an economy, which divided them. Accordingly, economic theory had not been able to explain why the panic occurred. Next we use the cross-disciplinary approach of societal dynamics to understand how the conditions for the 1857 panic had arisen in the US society. Societal dynamics theory analyzes the history of society as a sequence of “stasis” (stable infrastructures)—each altered in time by a historical event which results in a “change” from the prior infrastructure. This sequence of stasis and change is shown in Fig. 4.1.
Tyrosinase activation of acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) leads to acetylsalicylic acid selective toxicity towards melanocytic melanoma cell lines

1287 Purpose: In the current work, we investigated the biochemical toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; Aspirin) in human melanoma cell lines using tyrosinase enzyme as a selective molecular cancer therapeutic target. Because tyrosinase is found abundantly and selectively in melanoma cells we hypothesized that the intracellular tyrosinase enzyme can selectively bioactivate ASA, as a prodrug, to quinone intermediate species, which in turn can lead to selective toxicity against melanoma. Experimental procedures: UV-VIS spectra was used to investigate the enzymatic oxidation of ASA by tyrosinase enzyme. GSH depletion was used to measure the extent of ASA metabolism by tyrosinase and rat liver microsomes. The toxicity of ASA was investigated in four melanocytic melanoma cell lines (which express functional tyrosinase), and in four non-melanoma cell lines and one amelanocytic melanoma cell line (which do not express functional tyrosinase) using MTT assay. The biochemical mechanism of ASA was investigated in human SK-MEL-28 melanocytic melanoma cell line, which expresses functional tyrosinase, using a number of modulators. Results: At 2h, ASA was oxidized 44% by tyrosinase. Ascorbic acid and NADH, quinone reducing agents, were significantly depleted during the enzymatic oxidation of ASA by tyrosinase to quinone. The IC50 (48h) of ASA and salicylic acid towards SK-MEL-28 cells were determined to be 100 μM and 5.2 mM, respectively. ASA at 100 μM was selectively toxic towards human SK-MEL-28, MeWo, and SK-MEL-5 and murine B16-F0 melanocytic melanoma cell lines. However, ASA was not significantly toxic towards human C32 amelanocytic melanoma cell line and human BJ, SW-620, Saos and PC-3 non-melanoma cells (which do not express tyrosinase enzyme). Dicoumarol, a diaphorase inhibitor, and 1-bromoheptane, a GSH depletory agent, increased ASA toxicity towards SK-MEL-28 cells indicating quinone formation and intracellular GSH depletion played important mechanistic roles in ASA induced melanoma toxicity. Ascorbic acid, a quinone reducing agent, and GSH, an antioxidant and quinone trap substrate, prevented ASA cell toxicity. Trifluoperazine and cyclosporine A, inhibitors of permeability transition pore in mitochondria, prevented ASA toxicity. ASA caused time- and dose-dependent decline in intracellular GSH concentration, that preceded cell toxicity. ASA also led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in melanoma cells which was exacerbated by dicoumarol and 1-bromoheptane. Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that ASA as a prodrug was selectively bioactivated by tyrosinase to reactive quinones, and that quinone species, intracellular GSH depletion, ROS formation and mitochondrial toxicity significantly contributed towards ASA selective toxicity in melanoma cells.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to American Indian Economic Development

Economic development is at the cornerstone of indigenous peoples' claims to self-determination. In the past twenty-five years, Native American nations within the United States have experienced significant growth in terms of their development efforts. And while the long-term effects are yet to be tested, short-term studies indicate socio-economic gains for Indian nations as well as local, state, and federal economies. At the same time, many tribes continue to confront serious issues of poverty and its social consequences. Thus an overarching question is why the variation in the levels and rates of economic growth. This article explores the many dimensions affecting tribal economies - from politics to socio-economic and cultural norms, as well as the various legal dimensions that influence tribal development efforts. Similarly, it offers insight on key aspects of Indian economic development, while demonstrating linkages between a policy supporting self-determination for Native peoples and improved economic conditions.
McCARTHY AND McCARTHYISM IN THE FRENCH PRESS: SPRING 1954

Le phenomene politique, connu en tant que maccarthysme, a commence en 1950, lorsque le senateur republicain de Wisconsin a provoque la tempete en declarant d'etre en possession d'une liste des noms des communistes qui travaillent pour le Departement de l'Etat. Cet article analyse la facon dont le maccarthysme etait presente dans la presse francaise a la lumiere du discours politique francais. La periode de mars-mai 1954 est particulierement interessante a cause de deux problemes majeurs dans les relations franco-americaines : la bataille de Dien Bien Phu et le debat autour de la Communaute de defense europeenne. Apres un bref apercu de la politique de la guerre froide en France et son repercussion dans la presse francaise en 1954, l'A. analyse la couverture de maccarthysme dans les deux principaux journaux francais, Le Monde et Le Figaro, afin de demontrer comment les politiques influencerent la representation des Etats Unis en France
New Trends in Negotiation Teaching

This paper discusses new thinking emerging in the field of negotiation pedagogy. The past few years have seen shifts in three areas: course core content, teaching methods, and course interaction media. In addition to an introduction to each of these areas in flux, this paper provides a more in-depth discussion of one example in each area.
Small amplitude radial oscillations of an incompressible, isotropic elastic spherical shell

The small amplitude radial oscillation and infinitesimal stability about an equilibrium configuration of an arbitrary incompressible, isotropic and homogeneous elastic spherical shell under constant inflation pressure loading is studied for both thick- and thin-walled shells and for a spherical cavity within an unbounded continuum. The classical criterion of infinitesimal stability yields a general stability theorem relating the frequency and the pressure response. It follows that points at which the pressure is stationary are unstable or neutrally stable. All results are expressed in terms of the shear response function for a general incompressible, isotropic elastic material, and specific results are illustrated for the Mooney—Rivlin and Gent material models, the latter having limited extensibility. The classical neo-Hookean material exhibits results that are lower bounds for both models. A criterion obtained by others to characterize the possible bifurcation from a spherical to an aspherical shape is c...
Dispersion of Released White-Pine Weevils in Intrastand Growth Types

Differences in rate of occurrence of released Pissodes strobi (Peck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were manifest between bare soil, partial competition, and heavy shade cover types in a 1431-tree white pine plantation. Statistical analysis inferred that weevil occurrence was greatest in the partial competition cover type, followed in descending order by the bare soil and heavy shade cover types. Average tree dimensions were largest in the heavy shade cover type, which also had the lowest occurrence of weevils.
Complications Leading to Surgery after Breast Implantation

Background Local complications that require additional surgical procedures are an important problem for women with breast implants. Methods We studied 749 women who lived in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and received a first breast implant at the Mayo Clinic between 1964 and 1991. We identified complications that occurred after the initial procedure and after any subsequent implantation. A complication was defined as a surgical procedure performed for any of the following reasons: capsular contracture; rupture of the implant; hematoma or bleeding; infection or seroma of the wound; chronic pain; extrusion, leakage, or sweating of the implant; necrosis of the nipple, areola, or flap; malfunction of the filler port of a tissue expander; and wound dehiscence. Results During follow-up (mean, 7.8 years; range, 0 to 25.8), 208 (27.8 percent) of the women underwent 450 additional implant-related surgical procedures. Ninety-one (20.2 percent) were anticipated, staged procedures or were done because the patient reques...
Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Does Diet Matter?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)2 account for a substantial worldwide burden of mortality and morbidity. Although numerous known risk factors increase the risk of CVD, including obesity, sedentary behavior, smoking, low-quality diet, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, these are imperfect predictors of disease. Indeed, a large proportion of cardiovascular events occur in individuals with low predicted risk based on traditional risk factors (1). Thus, there remains a considerable opportunity to improve the identification of individuals most likely to experience a CVD event and facilitate preemptive treatments. Particular interest has been shown in identifying novel biomarkers of cardiovascular or metabolic risk. Biomarkers not only may aid in risk stratification, but also could highlight which pathways can be targeted to lower the risk. The availability of “less biased” molecular profiling technologies, such as metabolomics and proteomics, has advanced such biomarker discovery efforts. Metabolomic profiling, in particular, has revealed multiple circulating metabolites associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk. For instance, studies have found intriguing associations between branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and cardiometabolic risk (2), with increased concentrations of circulating BCAAs in coronary artery disease patients compared with control subjects (3) and increased BCAAs predicting risk of future diabetes (4, 5). Nonetheless, many questions remain as to whether these biomarkers are causal or correlative, and if causal, what the underlying mechanisms may be. BCAAs include leucine, isoleucine, and valine and constitute an important class of essential amino acids. As with all essential amino acids, dietary protein intake provides the predominant source, and apart from cases of rare mendelian mutations, deficiencies rarely occur in well-nourished individuals. However, the relation between dietary intake and amino …
The pathobiology of metastasis within the lymphatic system.

This article focuses on the pathobiology of lymphatic metastases. The dynamics of metastasis within the lymphatic system are reviewed. Topics discussed include lymphatic channels, lymphati-covenous communication, metastatic inefficiency (which is a driving force in many aspects of the pathobiology of metastasis), and lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis.
For Better or for Worse: the Policies

Over time, Jeffersonians have joined with Hamiltonians in believing that government should manage the economy. Adherents of the two philosophies, however, bitterly dispute the degrees, types, and purposes of government management.
Bleached! Managing Coral Catastrophe

Corals have recently emerged as both a sign and a measure of the imminent catastrophic future of life on earth and, as such, have become the focus of intense conservation management. Bleached! draws on in-depth interviews and participatory observations with coral scientists and managers to explore the management of the corals’ ecological catastrophe to come. The article starts by describing the unique life of corals, the importance of calculability in catastrophe management, and the coral scientists’ preoccupation with classifying, counting, and seeing in their attempt to comprehensibly monitor corals and anticipate their decline. Algorithmic models and elaborate temporal analyses are central to this governmental project of “knowing bleaching.” What happens after such bleaching events are foreseen is the topic of my next exploration, which highlights the emergence of yet more monitoring as the central coral conservation “action” in the face of the looming catastrophe. The “resilience” concept is of growing importance in the world of coral management. Since it underlines unpredictability and nonlinearity, resilience as well seems to fly in the face of any anticipatory action, instead scientifically justifying forms of inaction. Finally, Bleached! discusses the heated debates among coral scientists about whether to focus present actions on “buying time” for corals, or whether the only way to prevent or limit imminent coral catastrophe is to deal directly with the elephant in the room: the global regulation of climate change. I argue that, in the case of corals at least, scientific knowledge is not power. Quite the contrary, the real political story here seems to lie in the ways in which scientists’ knowledge is neutralized and prevented from having political effects, such that it does not lead to anticipatory action to restore the ecological order. As one of the prominent coral scientists I interviewed for this project put it: current conservation efforts are akin to reorganizing the chairs on the Titanic, rather than to changing the ship’s deadly course.
Saudi english as a foreign language learners' attitudes toward computer-assisted language learning

This study investigated Saudi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners' attitudes toward Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) at the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) in Saudi Arabia. Five research questions were developed: (1) What are the Saudi EFL learners' general attitudes toward CALL at the IPA? (2) What are Saudi EFL learners' attitudes toward the CALL software used at the IPA? (3) What are the differences between IPA Saudi EFL learners' attitudes toward CALL based on their years of English learning? (4) What are the differences between IPA Saudi EFL learners' attitudes toward CALL based on their current computer knowledge? (5) What are the differences between IPA Saudi EFL learners' attitudes toward CALL based on their gender? The research questionnaire was administered to a total of 578 participants, including students from several levels of English language proficiency, major areas of study, and three distinct locations. Statistical methods including standard deviation, mean, regression analysis, and t-test were used to analyze data. The findings indicated that the Saudi EFL learners' attitudes toward CALL and the software were positive. The results of the regression analysis showed that computer knowledge and gender served as the best predictors of learners' attitudes toward CALL. The t-test findings showed that Saudi female EFL learners had more positive attitudes toward CALL than their male counterparts. The findings of this study will help to improve the use of CALL at the IPA and other college-level institutions in Saudi Arabia.
A Qualitative Study of Family Experience With Hospitalization for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in the United States quintupled between 2000 and 2012, little is known about the family perspective of the hospital stay. We interviewed families to understand their experiences during the newborn hospitalization for NAS and to improve family-centered care. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team from 3 hospital units composed open-ended interview questions based on a literature review, clinical experience, and an internal iterative process. Trained investigators conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 families of newborns with NAS at hospital discharge. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Two investigators independently analyzed each transcript, identified themes via an inductive qualitative approach, and reached a consensus on each code. The research team sorted the themes into broader domains through an iterative process that required consensus of 4 team members. RESULTS: Five domains of family experience were identified: parents’ desire for education about the course and treatment of NAS; parents valuing their role in the care team; quality of interactions with staff (supportive versus judgmental) and communication regarding clinical course; transfers between units and inconsistencies among providers; and external factors such as addiction recovery and economic limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Families face many challenges during newborn hospitalization for NAS. Addressing parental needs through improved perinatal education, increased involvement in the care team, consistent care and communication, and minimized transitions in care could improve the NAS hospital experience. The results of this qualitative study may allow for improvements in family-centered care of infants with NAS.
Interactive Multi-Modal Display Spaces for Visual Analysis

Classic visual analysis relies on a single medium for displaying and interacting with data. Large-scale tiled display walls, virtual reality using head-mounted displays or CAVE systems, and collaborative touch screens have all been utilized for data exploration and analysis. We present our initial findings of combining numerous display environments and input modalities to create an interactive multi-modal display space that enables researchers to leverage various pieces of technology that will best suit specific sub-tasks. Our main contributions are 1) the deployment of an input server that interfaces with a wide array of interaction devices to create a single uniform stream of data usable by custom visual applications, and 2) three real-world use cases of leveraging multiple display environments in conjunction with one another to enhance scientific discovery and data dissemination.
Empirical measurement and improvement of hazard recognition skill

Abstract One explanation for high injury rates and the recent plateau in construction safety performance is that workers remain unable to recognize and manage hazards in dynamic and transient construction environments. This notion is supported by recent experimental studies, which revealed that workers are typically unable to identify and manage over 55% of hazards in their immediate work environment. These alarming discoveries prompted a series of multiple baseline experiments that tested three interventions thought to improve hazard recognition. In these studies, data were gathered from over 3000 h of field observations with 103 workers and hazard recognition performance was measured before and after each intervention was introduced. All three interventions caused improvement in overall hazard recognition performance; however, each intervention’s impact on the recognition of specific types of hazards was not evaluated. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by presenting and in-depth analysis of these data that: (1) elucidates micro-level hazard recognition across different hazard types and categories and (2) evaluates the hazard-specific impact of three recently developed interventions. The results reveal that gravity, motion, mechanical, and electrical hazards are associated with the highest baseline hazard recognition levels; whereas temperature, chemical, radiation, and biological hazards were the least recognized hazards in both the baseline and post-intervention phases. This suggests the need for targeted hazard recognition programs that focus on energy sources that are commonly missed.
Race and Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is classified as provoked (associated with surgery, hospitalization, trauma, or cancer) and unprovoked events. Whether provoked, unprovoked or cancer-associated VTE differs by age, sex, race, or region in the United States is poorly understood. Methods: VTE events were ascertained in 30,183 individuals in the REGARDS cohort enrolled between 2003-2007 in the contiguous United States. Participants were enrolled in their homes, with a goal of 50% of the cohort being black, female, and living in the southeastern US. VTE events were identified by telephone interviews, review of hospitalizations and deaths and validated by physician review of medical records. Cancer-associated VTE (CA-VTE) was defined as a VTE associated with active cancer or chemotherapy in the last 90 days. Non-cancer, provoked VTE was defined as a VTE that was preceded within 90 days by major trauma, surgery, or hospitalization. Unprovoked VTE was defined as having none of the above risk factors. The associations of age, sex, race and region with cancer-associated, provoked, and unprovoked VTE were analyzed by chi square analyses and Cox proportional hazard ratios that were adjusted for age, sex, race, region and obesity. Results: Overall, 332 VTE events occurred over a mean of 4.7 years follow up. Of these, 163 events (49.1%) were provoked, 47 (14.2%) were CA-VTE. The proportion of unprovoked to provoked VTE did not differ by age (120 to 104 in those older than 65, 49 to 59 for those under 65, p=0.16) sex (98 to 90 in men, 71 to 73 in women, p=0.61), race (61 to 62 in blacks, 108 to 101 in whites, p=0.71) or region (89 to 88 in the Southeast, 80 to 75 for the rest of the country p=0.81); however CA-VTE was significantly less common in blacks (11 of 123, 8.9%) than whites (36 of 209, 17.2%) (p=0.04). While the overall risk of VTE was similar in blacks and whites, blacks had a lower risk of CA-VTE than whites (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.38, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.18-0.77). Increased age and male sex were associated with an increased risk for all-cause VTE and unprovoked VTE with a trend for male sex and increased risk for provoked VTE (Table). However, men had no increased risk of CA-VTE compared to women (0.85 95% CI 0.46-1.55). Discussion: The proportion of provoked versus unprovoked VTE events did not differ by age, sex, race or region in REGARDS, though blacks had a lower proportion of CA-VTE than whites. Men overall had a higher risk of VTE than women, but there was no increased risk for CA-VTE in men. Blacks and whites had a similar risk of VTE overall, however blacks had a lower incidence of CA-VTE than whites. Possible reasons for our findings include shorter survival after a diagnosis of cancer, different cancer types or treatments, or differential ascertainment of VTE by race or sex. These findings highlight the need to understand how sex and race impact VTE incidence so we can best prevent VTE in everyone. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Surrogate Decision-Making and Advance Care Planning

Surrogate decision-making is a difficult task requiring application of the substituted judgment standard, or in the absence of knowledge of patients’ wishes or values, the best interest standard in deciding for others. Because patients empower their surrogates to various degrees depending on their decision-making style, surrogate decision-making can be a very burdensome task. Special circumstances occur for the so-called unbefriended patient if no surrogate decision-maker is available due to lack of family/friends.
A Cycle or a Ceiling? The Cumulative Effects of Subtle Discrimination Through the Lens of Performance Management

We agree that the impact of subtle discrimination spawns from a dynamic process containing inherent cyclical elements, and we applaud the focal article's effort to provide clarity to a murky arena. More nefarious than the cycle, however, is the continued and typically unchecked presence of subtle discrimination in the workplace, which affords a clear path for prolonged and compounding negative effects. Although Jones, Arena, Nittrouer, Alonso, and Lindsey ( 2017 ) touch on the potential for cumulative effects of subtle discrimination, we believe they missed an opportunity. The potential for cumulative effects of subtle discrimination to severely limit the career success of women and minorities is substantial and not well diagnosed (Agars, 2004 ). Building on their point, we wish to draw greater attention to this concern and articulate how the cumulative effects of subtle discrimination undermine the impact of performance management and limit the development and advancement of individuals from stigmatized groups.
Peripheral Arterial Disease: Considerations in Risks, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, is a marker for coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and renal artery atherosclerotic vascular disease. Patients with PAD have an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke in addition to significant impairment in their quality of life and physical function. Early detection and implementation of guideline-recommended therapies are paramount to effective treatment of PAD. Measurement of the ankle-brachial index is a simple, reliable, and noninvasive test to diagnose PAD that can be used in a primary care setting. Lifestyle modification, including exercise and smoking cessation, combined with pharmacologic therapy to manage risk factors have been shown effective in reducing cardiovascular risks in patients with PAD. Evidence suggests, however, that there is currently a lack of awareness regarding PAD among physicians and patients, leading to underdiagnosis and undertreatment. This paper reviews the epidemiology, pathology, and clinical implications of PAD, and offers current evidence for disease management quality improvement initiatives to enhance patient care.
Distribution and Abundance of Female Oriental Fruit Flies Near Methyl Eugenol-Baited Traps

Methyl eugenol is an extremely effective attractant for male oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Field experiments were conducted in a commercial guava orchard to determine whether the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps affected the distribution and abundance of female oriental fruit flies near the traps. Captures of females on spheres did not increase within the vicinity of methyl eugenol-baited traps. Captures of males were significantly greater on spheres hung in trees containing methyl eugenol-baited traps than on spheres hung in other trees. An experiment was conducted to determine if methyl eugenol would influence the dispersal of unmated, sexually mature female oriental fruit flies. There were no significant differences in the numbers of marked or wild females captured on traps at different distances from the methyl eugenol lure. This study did not find any evidence that the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps in orchards would affect female abundance in the vicinity of traps.
Decomposition and Reaction of Polyvinyl Nitrate under Shock and Thermal Loading: A ReaxFF Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study

We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the reactive force field ReaxFF to investigate the response of polyvinyl nitrate (PVN), a high-energy polymer, to shock loading using the Hugoniostat technique. We compare predictions from three widely used ReaxFF versions, and in all cases, we observe shock-induced, volume-increasing exothermic reactions following a short induction time for strong enough insults. The three models predict NO2 dissociation to be the first chemical, and relatively similar final product populations; however, we find significant differences in intermediate populations indicating different reaction mechanisms due to discrepancies in the relative stability of various intermediate fragments. A time-resolved spectral analysis of the reactive MD trajectories enables the first direct comparison of shock-induced chemistry between atomistic simulations and experiments; specifically, ultrafast spectroscopy on laser shocked samples. The results from one of the ReaxFF versions are in excel...
Anti-inflammatory Silent Agonists

The traditional view of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is that they strictly exert their functions via their well-known ion channel activity. With the identification of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the critical involvement of the α7 nAChR, an alternate modality of function has emerged for the receptor involving metabotropic-like activity. The new emerging pharmacology for the receptor includes ligands termed silent agonists, which exert little or no ionotropic activity, yet are capable of modulating cellular inflammatory responses.
Direction-aware slope limiter for three-dimensional cubic grids with adaptive mesh refinement

Abstract In the context of finite volume methods for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, slope limiters are an effective way to suppress creation of unphysical local extrema and/or oscillations near discontinuities. We investigate properties of these limiters as applied to piecewise linear reconstructions of conservative fluid quantities in three-dimensional simulations. In particular, we are interested in linear reconstructions on Cartesian adaptively refined meshes, where a reconstructed fluid quantity at a face center depends on more than a single gradient component of the quantity. We design a new slope limiter, which combines the robustness of a minmod limiter with the accuracy of a van Leer limiter. The limiter is called Direction-Aware Limiter (DAL), because the combination is based on a principal flow direction. In particular, DAL is useful in situations where the Barth–Jespersen limiter for general meshes fails to maintain global linear functions, such as on cubic computational meshes with stencils including only face-neighboring cells. We verify the new slope limiter on a suite of standard hydrodynamic test problems on Cartesian adaptively refined meshes. We demonstrate reduced mesh imprinting; for radially symmetric problems such as the Sedov blast wave or the Noh implosion test cases, the results with DAL show better preservation of radial symmetry compared to the other standard methods on Cartesian meshes.
Putting New Wine in Old Bottles

At the beginning of the twentieth century, J.T. Merz reviewed the development of intellectual thought in Europe in the nineteenth century and argued that one of the changes that took place in the course of that century was the gradual universalization of scientific knowledge.1 According to Merz, the decided national differences that one might have expected to find in Europe earlier, had been eradicated by improvements in communication and transportation.
Voltage-gated sodium currents in cerebellar Purkinje neurons: functional and molecular diversity

Purkinje neurons, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, deliver GABA-mediated inhibition to the deep cerebellar nuclei. To subserve this critical function, Purkinje neurons fire repetitively, and at high frequencies, features that have been linked to the unique properties of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels expressed. In addition to the rapidly activating and inactivating, or transient, component of the Nav current (INaT) present in many types of central and peripheral neurons, Purkinje neurons, also expresses persistent (INaP) and resurgent (INaR) Nav currents. Considerable progress has been made in detailing the biophysical properties and identifying the molecular determinants of these discrete Nav current components, as well as defining their roles in the regulation of Purkinje neuron excitability. Here, we review this important work and highlight the remaining questions about the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression and the functioning of Nav currents in Purkinje neurons. We also discuss the impact of the dynamic regulation of Nav currents on the functioning of individual Purkinje neurons and cerebellar circuits.
Nonlinguistic Feedback in Critical Responses to Choreography.

ABSTRACTIn embracing lingocentric educational methods, dance has reinforced dichotomous thinking and traditional dualities of mind/body and language/movement. Formal structures of critical response...
Understanding HPV vaccine initiation in Hispanic adolescents using social marketing theory

Objective:Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among Hispanic adolescents in the USA are far below recommended levels. Using a social marketing theory framework, we assessed the four Ps (pr...
Strong bounds on required resources for quantum channels by local operations and classical communication

Given a protocol $\mathcal{P}$ that implements multipartite quantum channel $\mathcal{E}$ by repeated rounds of local operations and classical communication (LOCC), we construct an alternate LOCC protocol for $\mathcal{E}$ in no more rounds than $\mathcal{P}$ and no more than a fixed, constant number of outcomes for each local measurement, the same constant number for every party and every round. We then obtain another upper bound on the number of outcomes that, under certain conditions, improves on the first. The latter bound shows that for LOCC channels that are extreme points of the convex set of all quantum channels, the parties can restrict the number of outcomes in their individual local measurements to no more than the square of their local Hilbert space dimension, ${d}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, suggesting a possible link between the required resources for LOCC and the convex structure of the set of all quantum channels. Our bounds on the number of outcomes indicating the need for only constant resources per round, independent of the number of rounds $r$ including when that number is infinite, are a stark contrast to the exponential $r$ dependence in the only previously published bound of which we are aware. If a lower bound is known on the number of product operators needed to represent the channel, we obtain a lower bound on the number of rounds required to implement the given channel by LOCC. Finally, we show that when the quantum channel is not required but only that a given task be implemented deterministically, then no more than ${d}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$ outcomes are needed for each local measurement by party $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.
Fearlessness and low social affiliation as unique developmental precursors of callous-unemotional behaviors in preschoolers.

Background Early callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors identify children at risk for severe and persistent aggression and antisocial behavior. Recent work suggests that fearlessness and low social affiliation are implicated in the etiology of CU behaviors, although more research is needed to clarify these etiological pathways, as well as the role of parenting. Method Using a sample of preschoolers (N = 620), we examined pathways between observed fear in response to social and non-social stimuli and observed social affiliation during social interactions at age 3 and increases child CU behaviors and oppositional-defiant behaviors from ages 3 to 5. To elucidate the role of parenting in exacerbating or buffering the relationships between low fear and social affiliation and CU behaviors, we tested whether parental harshness or low warmth moderated these pathways. Results Fearlessness and low social affiliation uniquely predicted increases in CU behaviors, but not oppositional-defiant behaviors, from ages 3 to 5. Moreover, there was evidence for differential moderation of the fear pathway by harsh parenting, such that harsh parenting predicted increases in CU behaviors in fearless children but increases in oppositional-defiant behaviors in fearful children. Conclusions Fearlessness and low social affiliation contribute to the development of CU behaviors. Harsh parenting can exacerbate the risky fearlessness pathway. Preventative interventions aimed at reducing risk for CU behaviors and persistent aggression and antisocial behavior should target socioaffiliative processes and provide parents with strategies and training to manage and scaffold rule-compliant behavior when children show low fearful arousal.
Ecological momentary assessment of everyday social experiences of people with schizophrenia: A systematic review.

Abstract Introduction Our goal in the current review was to summarize the existing literature on the utility of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in assessing the social experiences of people with schizophrenia (SZ). We were further interested in examining the associations between EMA-reported social outcomes and traditional assessments of social functioning. Methods We conducted a systematic review of EMA studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 31, 2018 from PubMed and PsycINFO electronic databases. We included EMA studies that assessed social experiences (proportion of time spent alone/with others, affective experiences when with others, social stress, factors related to social experiences) in people with SZ. We included studies that examined associations between laboratory-based, self-report, or clinical assessments of functioning with EMA-reported social experiences. Results We identified 22 EMA studies for inclusion in this review. Though heterogeneous in aspects of social experiences assessed, the current literature suggests that people with SZ report more social stress and a preference to be alone when they are with others (nine out of 10 studies). People with SZ report more positive affect when they are with others compared to being alone, and equivalent amounts of positive affect during social experiences as healthy controls (all four studies assessed). Five studies assessed the coherence between functioning assessments and momentary social experiences, with mixed results. Conclusion We discuss limitations of the literature and future directions. EMA shows promise in assessing more granular aspects of social experience (including social stress and social pleasure) in people with SZ compared to other methods.
Journalism and the Russo-Japanese War: The End of the Golden Age of Combat Correspondence: Sweeney, Michael S. and Natascha Toft Roelsgaard. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2020, 260 pp., $95.00 (hardcover)

In Journalism and the Russo-Japanese War, Sweeney and Roelsgaard seek to present a clear description of the role of the press during the Russo-Japanese War and the impact that conflict had on the f...
Surviving From the Margins: A Conversation About Identity With James Baldwin:

Black feminist thought and Black feminist autoethnography are the theoretical and methodological tools that I use to explore transnational identity construction as a Black, Trinidadian–American wom...
Mechanisms of Local Stress Amplification in Axons near the Gray-White Matter Interface

Diffuse axonal injury is a primary neuropathological feature of concussion and is thought to greatly contribute to the classical symptoms of decreased processing speed and memory dysfunction. Although previous studies have investigated the injury biomechanics at the micro- and mesoscale of concussion, few have addressed the multiscale transmission of mechanical loading at thresholds that can induce diffuse axonal injury. Because it has been recognized that axonal pathology is commonly found at anatomic interfaces across all severities of traumatic brain injury, we combined computational, analytical, and experimental approaches to investigate the potential mechanical vulnerability of axons that span the gray-white tissue interface. Our computational models predict that material heterogeneities at the gray-white interface lead to a highly nonuniform distribution of stress in axons, which was most amplified in axonal regions near the interface. This mechanism was confirmed using an analytical model of an individual fiber in a strained bimaterial interface. Comparisons of these collective data with histopathological evaluation of a swine model of concussion demonstrated a notably similar pattern of axonal damage adjacent to the gray-white interface. The results suggest that the tissue property mismatch at the gray-white matter interface places axons crossing this region at greater risk of mechanical damage during brain tissue deformation from traumatic brain injury.
Fear and the importance of race-based data in covid-19 policy implementation

This paper distinguishes between the experiences of Black Americans and white Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this different experience relates to fear. This paper ultimately argues that policymakers ought to fund the collection and analysis of race-based data, as it pertains to COVID-19, and that these policymakers ought to appeal to the findings of this race-based data to guide their policy and implementation strategy. Without gathering or appealing to such data, policymakers are being negligent in working to protect their constituents. © 2021, Bristol University Press. All rights reserved.
Implementation of a novel MRI protocol for diagnosing femoral neck fractures in high energy femoral shaft fractures: One year results

Abstract Introduction : Preliminary results using a novel rapid-sequence MRI to diagnose ipsilateral femoral neck fractures in patients sustaining high-energy femoral shaft fractures have been favorable compared to radiographic and CT imaging alone. To evaluate and optimize this new institutional imaging protocol further, we reviewed our results one year after implementation. Methods : Rapid-sequence MRI was added to the imaging evaluation of patients with high-energy femoral shaft fractures without femoral neck fractures identified on radiographs or CT imaging. Data was retrospectively reviewed from a consecutive series of patients who met inclusion criteria. Results : From September 2018 through September 2019, 114 patients sustained 121 high-energy femoral shaft fractures. The average patient age was 29.9 years, 73.7% (84/114) of patients were male, and 16.5% (20/121) were open fractures. Of patients indicated for a rapid-sequence MRI, 86% (92/107) underwent MR imaging. 5% (6/121) of patients had an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture identified on radiographs alone. Three additional femoral neck fractures were identified with CT imaging for an initial incidence of 7.4% (9/121). MRI identified 10 additional non-displaced femoral neck fractures, three complete and seven incomplete fractures, for an incidence of 15.7% (19/121). All identified femoral neck fractures were stabilized. Discussion/Conclusion : The addition of rapid-sequence MRI of the pelvis in patients with high-energy femoral shaft fractures reliably increases the diagnosis of ipsilateral femoral neck fractures not identified with standard imaging. There were no cases of missed/delayed femoral neck fractures in patients with a negative MRI. This new imaging protocol effectively and safely improves the diagnosis of this injury pattern.
Culled Cow Management

The beef industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to transform many of these slaughter cows into a value added product. Opportunities exist for a producer to develop a culled cow management program by identifying marketing options which allow marketing pounds of meat and by-products at the most opportune time for the greatest return. Key areas of such a program are maintenance of a quality assurance program, seasonal marketing flexibility, and cow weight.
Making our neighborhoods, making our selves: by Galster, George C., Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2019, 416 pp., $55.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-0-226-59985-4

Homes and neighborhoods matter. Together, they are an important platform that influences a wide range of personal outcomes, including education, employment, economic mobility, and physical and ment...