cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Global Information Technology and Outsourcing Dynamics: A Multi-Lens Model

This chapter provides information technology (IT) project leaders, call center management, researchers, and educators with an analytical tool to examine current concerns and anticipate future trends related to globalization and information technology. The authors propose to use a multi-lens analysis as a framework for evaluating outsourcing opportunities. This approach offers a valuable and effective full-circle methodology for assessing technological, political, organizational, economic, legal, educational, and cultural considerations that encourage a fuller understanding of the issues, problems, and opportunities that globalization and technological innovation creates. An understanding of these factors related to outsourcing and other technical collaborative projects can avoid costly miscalculations, reduce misunderstandings, and promote mutually beneficial results. Outsourcing is part of a larger socio-political and cultural process, and extends beyond the narrow parameters of economic and technological considerations. The discussion of the various lenses is supported by relevant material from case studies and qualitative interview data collected by the authors in Germany and India from IT experts, call center managers, and call center agents.
Water Law and Economic Transfers of Water

T HIS discussion seems to be generating more heat than light. I make this rejoinder' in the hope of clarifying some issues, pointing out some areas of agreement as well as disagreement between us and finding some common ground from which fruitful results can be obtained. First, I will accept Professor Gaffney's statement of the real issue: That I lean toward the view that the appropriative doctrine is essentially sound, needing some repairs about the fringes; he to the view that many diseconomies are inherent in the core concept of prior appropriation. Secondly, that the situation he describes exists on the Kaweah I do not doubt. That from this one can conclude that prior appropriation law is all bad I doubt very much. That legal factors, along with historical, physical and tempermental factors have hindered transfers of water rights in that area seems to be true, but that this can be generalized over the west I doubt.
Geographic comparison of microhabitats used by three heteromyids in response to rarefaction

Removal trapping was used to study lability in microhabitat use by three heteromyid rodents in three widely separated localities. Among all sites, captures from the first night of trapping showed a similar pattern of microhabitat use: Dipodomys merriami was associated with open, sandy microhabitats, whereas Perognathus formosus and Perognathus longimembris were trapped in shrubby areas with, respectively, low and high percentages of sand. Continued removal of individuals (rarefaction) initiated shifts in microhabitats used by Perognathus at the Fallon Site; both species began to frequent the open areas previously occupied by Dipodomys alone. No shifts were detected at the other two sites although trapping was continued at Indian Springs for a much longer period and many more individuals were removed. Site-specific responses to rarefaction suggest that the processes underlying patterns of microhabitat use by rodents may vary geographically. These results weaken the widespread notion that localized studies can be extrapolated to generalizations of community organization over a broad area even when the same species comprise local assemblages.
Useful, Usable, Desirable: Applying User Experience Design to Your Library

Aaron Schmidt, Library Journal columnist of “The User Experience,” and Amanda Etches, frequent speaker on user experience design, summarize their philosophy at the end of their book: “Every decisio...
Tumor oxygen dynamics measured simultaneously by near-infrared spectroscopy and 19F MR EPI imaging

We demonstrate the ability to simultaneously investigate tumor oxygen dynamics by Near-infrared spectroscopy and Fluorocarbon Relaxometry using Echo planar imaging for Dynamic Oxygen Mapping in breast tumors, with close correlations between the two techniques.
Absorption Spectrum of N 2 in the Extreme Ultraviolet

The absorption spectrum of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ that corresponds to excited states in the range 12.2 - 17.0 ev has been investigated at large dispersion. Data are presented for a very extensive Rydberg series of bands, which are interpreted and correlated with previous observations. The ionization potential of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ corresponding to the series limit is 15.577 volts. Absorption beyond this point is complete for a path of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 mm atmos. From $\ensuremath{\lambda}995$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}815$ the spectrum is well developed at \ensuremath{\sim}0.2 mm atmos. Here most of the absorption is due to bands that show an open rotational structure which could usually be analyzed to give values of ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{B}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$. Several such bands above $\ensuremath{\lambda}920$ are correlated with the known states $b$ and ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. In general the internuclear distance, ${{r}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, was found to increase with energy, up to values 40 percent larger than for the normal state. Vibrational constants are unexpectedly small ($\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}l\frac{1}{3}$), and the ratio $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ is about half the nearly constant value (Birge-Mecke rule) found for all the lower states of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. There is some evidence that the coupling in a few of the more excited states represents a transition toward Hund's case ${d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
The Role of Tier I Mathematics Instruction in Elementary and Middle Schools: Promoting Mathematics Success

The purpose of this chapter is to describe effective mathematics instructional programs delivered in general education settings by elementary classroom and middle school mathematics teachers. Following a discussion of critical mathematical concepts and skills and the role of instructional practices in enhancing learning for all students and in preventing mathematics difficulties before they become intractable, instructional design features that promote the mathematical development of struggling students are highlighted. This chapter also describes the nature and results of specific mathematics instructional programs in elementary and middle schools to understand the instructional conditions that need to be in place to promote mathematics success. Finally, study limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Home hospice care.

Home hospice care, which helps patients with terminal illnesses remain at home, is becoming more common and accepted in the United States. The Medicare hospice benefit reimburses hospices for the care of elderly patients. The goal of hospices is to help the patient and family remain in control of the dying process as much as possible. Palliative care rather than the extension of life is emphasized. Hospice techniques for controlling symptoms such as pain, nausea, and vomiting are discussed in this article.
Postinfectious and Other Forms of Obsessivecompulsive Disorder

The search for subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has led to increased appreciation of the importance of distinguishing early (prepubertal) versus later onset, and of tic-related versus non-tic related subtypes, as well as postinfectious forms of the disorder. How these apparent typologies relate to each other remains to be elucidated. Careful longitudinal clinical descriptive studies, as well as the ongoing application of genetic, neuroimaging, and immunologic techniques, promise to advance our understanding of how genotype and environmental factors interact to produce the diverse clinical forms of OCD and to point the way to more effective treatment.
Intracellular calcium and high-energy phosphates in isolated cardiac myocytes

The relationship between intracellular calcium (Cai) and high-energy phosphates was studied in adult cardiac myocytes. Cai and high-energy phosphates were measured in the same population of cells. Cai, reported by the fluorescence of fura-2, was maintained at normal levels in the presence of increased transsarcolemmal calcium gradients, up to 5 mM extracellular calcium concentration. Cai was experimentally elevated by increasing calcium influx from the extracellular medium and/or by diminishing calcium efflux by Na-Ca exchange. Under these conditions, cells contracted and relengthened repetitively. The regulation of high-energy phosphates was challenged by increasing ATP utilization and by inhibiting ATP synthesis. Cai regulation was not affected by inhibition of glycolysis or NADH oxidation, so long as ATP concentration remained unchanged. High-energy phosphates were not depleted in beating cells with intact NADH oxidation, but inhibition of NADH oxidation caused a significant drop in phosphocreatine, demonstrating the increased rate of ATP consumption during beating. In beating cells, as in the working heart, ATP supply is increased to meet ATP demand, and steady-state ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations remain unchanged.
The Period of Elaboration in Creative Endeavor

(1942). The Period of Elaboration in Creative Endeavor. Psychiatry: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 165-176.
Anti-Individualism: Public linguistic norms: the case from successful communication

INTRODUCTION In this chapter I argue for a key premise in the argument I will present (in chapter 4) for anti-individualism regarding the individuation of speech content, linguistic meaning, and (ultimately) the attitudes. The premise itself asserts the existence of public linguistic norms . As developed in the argument to follow, such norms are normative in that they provide standards for the correct usage and interpretation of lexical items (that is, they provide the semantic standards of these items); and such norms are public , first, in that they derive from the shared, public language that is common property to all members of a speech community, and second, in that participants in speech exchanges – speakers and hearers alike – are positively but defeasibly presumed to be answerable to these norms on each particular speech exchange. In this chapter I will be pursuing the idea that the practice whereby knowledge is spread through a speaker's use of language itself depends on the existence of semantic standards provided by the shared public language. Or rather: such standards are required if this practice is to be, as we take it to be, a pervasive and efficient way to spread very specific pieces of knowledge, under conditions in which speaker and hearer may know nothing about one another's speech and interpretative dispositions beyond what is manifested in the brief speech exchange itself.
Police and Crime: Evidence from Cops 2.0

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act increased funding for the Department of Justice's local police hiring (COPS) grant program from $20 million in 2008 to $1 billion in 2009 and over $150 million annually in 2010-2012. Among grant winners, program rules generate quasi-random variation in the timing of grant-induced police increases. I leverage this variation to overcome simultaneity bias and estimate the causal effect of police on crime. Event study and instrumental variables estimates suggest that police added by the program resulted in large and statistically significant declines in robberies, larcenies, and auto thefts. I find evidence that these crime reductions are achieved through deterrence rather than incapacitation. Under conservative assumptions, the program's costs outweigh its benefits, but the program is easily cost-effective under more generous assumptions about its crime effects or associated stimulus benefits. The results highlight that police hiring grants may offer higher benefit-cost ratios than other job creation programs.
Beyond ferryl-mediated hydroxylation: 40 years of the rebound mechanism and C–H activation

Since our initial report in 1976, the oxygen rebound mechanism has become the consensus mechanistic feature for an expanding variety of enzymatic C–H functionalization reactions and small molecule biomimetic catalysts. For both the biotransformations and models, an initial hydrogen atom abstraction from the substrate (R–H) by high-valent iron-oxo species (Fen=O) generates a substrate radical and a reduced iron hydroxide, [Fen−1–OH ·R]. This caged radical pair then evolves on a complicated energy landscape through a number of reaction pathways, such as oxygen rebound to form R–OH, rebound to a non-oxygen atom affording R–X, electron transfer of the incipient radical to yield a carbocation, R+, desaturation to form olefins, and radical cage escape. These various flavors of the rebound process, often in competition with each other, give rise to the wide range of C–H functionalization reactions performed by iron-containing oxygenases. In this review, we first recount the history of radical rebound mechanisms, their general features, and key intermediates involved. We will discuss in detail the factors that affect the behavior of the initial caged radical pair and the lifetimes of the incipient substrate radicals. Several representative examples of enzymatic C–H transformations are selected to illustrate how the behaviors of the radical pair [Fen−1–OH ·R] determine the eventual reaction outcome. Finally, we discuss the powerful potential of “radical rebound” processes as a general paradigm for developing novel C–H functionalization reactions with synthetic, biomimetic catalysts. We envision that new chemistry will continue to arise by bridging enzymatic “radical rebound” with synthetic organic chemistry.
Disentangling heavy flavor at colliders

We propose two new analysis strategies for studying charm and beauty quarks at colliders. The first strategy is aimed at testing the kinematics of heavy-flavor quarks within an identified jet. Here, we use the SoftDrop jet-declustering algorithm to identify two subjets within a large-radius jet, using subjet flavor tagging to test the heavy-quark splitting functions of QCD. For subjets containing a $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ or $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}$, this declustering technique can also help probe the mechanism for quarkonium production. The second strategy is aimed at isolating heavy-flavor production from gluon splitting. Here, we introduce a new FlavorCone algorithm, which smoothly interpolates from well-separated heavy-quark jets to the gluon-splitting regime where jets overlap. Because of its excellent ability to identify charm and beauty hadrons, the LHCb detector is ideally suited to pursue these strategies, though similar measurements should also be possible at ATLAS and CMS. Together, these SoftDrop and FlavorCone studies should clarify a number of aspects of heavy-flavor physics at colliders, and provide crucial information needed to improve heavy-flavor modeling in parton-shower generators.
A review of benefits and limitations of static and switchable cool roof systems

Abstract In recent years there has been a widespread adoption of high reflectance (cool) roofing materials in hot climates to reduce a building's cooling load and energy use. While a cool roof can reduce the building's cooling load during warm months, it may regrettably increase the heating load in cool months thus reducing their overall effectiveness. One potential solution to preserving high cooling load savings without accruing a large heating load penalty is to implement a switchable roof reflectance technology; allowing a low reflectance roof during the heating season and a high reflectance roof during the cooling season. This paper organizes and summarizes the literature on cool roofs and switchable roofing materials as a tool for energy savings in buildings. It presents a review of material properties and advancements, energy savings and penalties, current codes, additional benefits and limitations, and recommendations for future research. Finally, the paper summarizes comparative analysis results of the energy performance for both static and switchable cool roofs.
Synthesis and Deployment of an Elusive Fluorovinyl Cation Equivalent: Access to Quaternary α-(1′-Fluoro)vinyl Amino Acids as Potential PLP Enzyme Inactivators

Developing specific chemical functionalities to deploy in biological environments for targeted enzyme inactivation lies at the heart of mechanism-based inhibitor development but also is central to other protein-tagging methods in modern chemical biology including activity-based protein profiling and proteolysis-targeting chimeras. We describe here a previously unknown class of potential PLP enzyme inactivators; namely, a family of quaternary, α-(1′-fluoro)vinyl amino acids, bearing the side chains of the cognate amino acids. These are obtained by the capture of suitably protected amino acid enolates with β,β-difluorovinyl phenyl sulfone, a new (1′-fluoro)vinyl cation equivalent, and an electrophile that previously eluded synthesis, capture and characterization. A significant variety of biologically relevant AA side chains are tolerated including those for alanine, valine, leucine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Following addition/elimination, the resulting transoid α-(1′-fluo...
Appropriateness of a pediatric-specific enhanced recovery protocol using a modified Delphi process and multidisciplinary expert panel.

Abstract Purpose Despite Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols demonstrating improved outcomes in a wide variety of adult surgical populations, these protocols are infrequently and inconsistently being used in pediatric surgery. Our purpose was to develop a pediatric-specific ERAS protocol for use in adolescents undergoing elective intestinal procedures. Methods A modified Delphi process including extensive literature review, iterative rounds of surveys, and expert panel discussions was used to establish ERAS elements that would be appropriate for children. The 16-member multidisciplinary expert panel included surgeons, gastroenterologists, anesthesiologists, nursing, and patient/family representatives. Results Building upon a national survey of surgeons in which 14 of 21 adult ERAS elements were considered acceptable for use in children, the 7 more contentious elements were investigated using the modified Delphi process. In final ranking, 5 of the 7 controversial elements were deemed appropriate for inclusion in a pediatric ERAS protocol. Routine use of insulin to treat hyperglycemia and avoidance of mechanical bowel preparation were not included in the final recommendations. Conclusions Using a modified Delphi process, we have defined an appropriate ERAS protocol comprised of 19 elements for use in adolescents undergoing elective intestinal surgery. Prospective validation studies of ERAS protocols in children are needed. Level of evidence Level V, Expert opinion.
On the Use of Silicon as an Agronomic Mitigation Strategy to Decrease Arsenic Uptake by Rice

Abstract Rice is a staple food for over half the global population and its sustainable production is directly linked to global food security. Rice yield and human health are threatened by arsenic (As) contamination in rice grain. Arsenic enters rice mainly because the geochemical parameters under which rice is conventionally grown mobilize soil As, and because three of the four predominant As species are taken up by rice roots along the efficient silicon (Si) transport pathway. Several strategies have been explored to decrease toxic As uptake by rice including water management, plant breeding and genetic approaches, and Si management. Water management is effective at decreasing As uptake by rice and decreases methane (CH4) emissions, but may decrease rice yield and increase grain cadmium (Cd) content and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Plant breeding or genetic approaches aim to select for or engineer cultivars that limit grain As. Si management aims to increase plant-available Si to compete with As for root uptake. Addition of Si improves rice yield, particularly when plants are stressed with As. Si also affects As speciation, both in the porewater and in the plant, Fe plaque mineral composition and quantity, and greenhouse gas emissions, although performance is amendment specific. More research is needed to mechanistically understand the diverse interactions between Si and As in sorption, porewater chemistry, microbial processes, plant uptake of As, and grain accumulation and speciation of As. Because of the plethora of beneficial effects of Si, Si holds tremendous promise as a sustainable soil amendment in the effort to mitigate rice accumulation of As.
Vertical Integration of High- $Q$ Filter With Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna With Enhanced Impedance-Axial Ratio Bandwidth

Directly coupling antennas to filters can remove the transition loss between the two and reduce the size of radio frequency front ends. Circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas with a single feed are very popular in many applications due to their compact size and ease of design. However, a probe-fed CP patch antenna typically exhibits only 1%–2% useful fractional bandwidth by considering both impedance matching and axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths. Thick substrates were used to realize single-feed CP antennas with wider bandwidth. However, thick substrates may cause issues, such as surface wave excitation, mutual coupling, and low efficiency. In this paper, we present a new approach to enhance the impedance-AR bandwidth of probe-fed CP patch antennas without using thick substrates. By integrating CP patch antennas with cavity filters and sequentially rotating the CP filter/patch antenna elements to form a $2 \times 2$ array, an impedance-AR bandwidth of 8.3% is achieved with the thickness of the antenna layer to be $0.0292\lambda _{0}$ . In addition, a third-order Chebyshev filtering function is embedded in this antenna array to enhance the out-of-band interference rejection.
Doping Effects on Complex Perovskite Ba 3 Ca 1.18 Nb 1.82 O 9-δ Intermediate Temperature Proton Conductor

Abstract In this work, the effects of Ce doping on the Ca and Nb ions in complex perovskite Ba 3 Ca 1.18 Nb 1.82 O 9− δ (BCN18) proton conductor have been evaluated. It has been found that cerium ions can be doped into both the Ca and Nb sites to form a single-phase complex perovskite structure when the sintering temperature is 1550 °C. Ce ions substituted with Nb ions enhances the electrical conductivity, especially the grain boundary conductivity. The highest conductivity has been obtained for a composition of Ba 3 Ca 1.18 Nb 1.62 Ce 0.2 O 9− δ , possessing a conductivity of 2.69 × 10 −3 S cm −1 at 550 °C in wet H 2 , a 78% enhancement compared with BCN18 (1.51 × 10 −3 S cm −1 ). The chemical stability tests show that Ce-doped BCN18 samples remain single phase after treated either in boiling water for 7 h or in pure CO 2 for 4 h at 700 °C. This work has demonstrated a new direction in developing intermediate temperature proton conducting materials that possess both high conductivity and good stability.
P-31 NMR of Nucleic Acids. Bond Angle and Torsional Effects

The P-31 Nucleus has proven to be an extremely useful n.m.r. probe of phosphates in biochemical systems. In order to maximize the amount of information obtainable from a study of P-31 n.m.r. spectra, we must be able to assess the extent to which structural and environmental changes perturb P-31 chemical shifts. In this paper we wish to first discuss those factors which alter P-31 chemical shifts and then to use this information as a probe of the structure of nucleic acids.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dungeness Crab Exoskeletons

In this paper, we report our recent studies of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Dungeness crab exoskeleton. Nanoindentation and scanning probe microscopy (SEM) were carried out on different parts of the crab (claw and body shell), and different parts of the exoskeleton (exocuticle and endocuticle). Clearly defined four-layer structure was observed in the exoskeleton. In the cross sections of the claw and body shell, the mechanical properties show a decreasing trend from the exocuticle to endocuticle. In both cross sections and in-plane sections, a higher property was measured in the claw than the body shell. Finally, super low mechanical properties were obtained for nanoindentation on the in-plane sections of the claw’s endocuticle than the cross-sections. The chitin-protein volume fraction was found to be the major factors affecting the mechanical properties in the different body parts as well as different layers of the exoskeleton.
Fulfilling psychological needs predicts less sleep disruption and worry while awaiting uncertain news.

Research on self-determination theory suggests that people have fundamental needs to feel autonomous, competent, and socially connected and that fulfilling these needs is critical for well-being. In the present study, we examined whether fulfilling psychological needs is associated with physical and psychological well-being-specifically sleep disruption and worry, two key indicators of well-being during waiting periods-while managing the unique stress of awaiting uncertain news. In a study of law graduates during the 4 months while they awaited their California bar exam (the exam one is required to pass before practicing law) results, personal increases in need fulfilment related to temporally congruent reductions in sleep disruption and worry. In addition, those whose needs were most fulfilled during the waiting period responded less negatively to failing the bar exam. The picture for need frustration was mixed; only autonomy frustration was associated with concurrent increases in worry, although those whose needs were more frustrated in general also experienced greater worry and sleep disruption on average. On the whole, our findings suggest that self-determination theory needs may be a fruitful target for interventions that can protect well-being while people wait and even once their uncertainty is resolved.
A diffusion-based microfluidic device for single-cell RNA-seq

Microfluidic devices provide a low-input and efficient platform for single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). Existing microfluidic devices have a complicated multi-chambered structure for handling the multi-step process involved in RNA-seq and dilution between steps is used to negate the inhibitory effects among reagents. This makes the device difficult to fabricate and operate. Here we present microfluidic diffusion-based RNA-seq (MID-RNA-seq) for conducting scRNA-seq with a diffusion-based reagent swapping scheme. This device incorporates cell trapping, lysis, reverse transcription and PCR amplification all in one simple microfluidic device. MID-RNA-seq provides high data quality that is comparable to existing scRNA-seq methods while implementing a simple device design that permits multiplexing. The robustness and scalability of the MID-RNA-seq device will be important for transcriptomic studies of scarce cell samples.
Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Post-9/11 Veterans with Blast- and Non-Blast Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract The relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been difficult to disentangle, in part due to the commonality of incidents that can caus...
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Are a Core Feature of Neurocognitive Disorders

Dementia, now known as major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD), is conceptualized as a cognitive disorder with concomitant functional impairment. Behavioral disturbance is briefly mentioned in the 2013 update to the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) should be considered essential to the diagnosis, assessment, and clinical management of those with MNCD. It is the NPS that most impair quality of life for those with dementia as well as their families and caregivers. NPS are one of the main reasons people with dementia must leave their homes and enter institutional settings. This chapter reviews the syndrome of dementia, its nature as a cognitive, behavioral, and functional disorder, and its impact on individuals. Communication can be challenging for those with dementia, and often language abilities are impaired. Some of what is referred to as behaviors related to dementia is a form of nonverbal communication. Understanding behavior as communication is required to care for those with these life-limiting diseases such as dementia.
The C99 Fragment Of App Regulates Cholesterol Trafficking

The link between cholesterol homeostasis and the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and their relationship to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still unknown. Cellular cholesterol levels are regulated by a crosstalk between the plasma membrane (PM), where most of the cholesterol resides, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the protein machinery that regulates cholesterol resides. This crosstalk between PM and ER is believed to be regulated by lipid-sensing peptide(s) that can modulate the internalization of extracellular cholesterol and/or its de novo synthesis in the ER. Our data here indicates that the 99-aa C-terminal fragment of APP (C99), a cholesterol-binding peptide, regulates cholesterol trafficking between the PM and the ER. In AD models, increases in C99 provoke the upregulation of cholesterol internalization and its delivery to the ER, which in turn result into the loss of lipid homeostasis and the appearance of AD signatures, such as higher production of longer forms of amyloid β. Our data suggest a novel role of C99 as mediator of cholesterol disturbances in AD, and as a potential early hallmark of the disease.
Supporting Clinicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has upended clinicians' sense of order and control, creating the potential for stress in the short term and burnout over the long term. This commentary offers suggestions to e...
ED and Inpatient Management of Headache in Children and Adolescents

Pediatric migraine is common, and appropriate abortive treatment is important to limit impact on school performance and mental health. This review will describe the latest evidence for abortive treatment in the emergency department and inpatient settings. It is recognized that a protocol for emergency department treatment can increase efficacy and prevent admissions. These protocols commonly include a non-opioid analgesic and dopamine receptor antagonist. A novel approach to treatment with valproic acid is use of a continuous infusion. Administration of ketamine or propofol and peripheral nerve blocks could add more expedited treatment options to the armamentarium for pediatric migraine. There is increasing variety in the abortive treatment of pediatric migraine, but continued research is necessary for validation of these approaches.
Scapular muscles strength in college baseball players with and without a history of UCL injury.

Background Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common in overhead athletes and have increased in prevalence among baseball pitchers of all ages. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between the strength of five scapular stabilizing muscles in college baseball pitchers with and without a history of UCL surgery. Data on a pitcher with a recently diagnosis of a Grade I UCL sprain was also included as a case study. Methods Thirty-nine college baseball pitchers, eight pitchers with a history of UCL surgery, players volunteered to participate. Each participant completed a self-guided warm-up and then the strength of five scapular stabilizing muscles were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. Station one tested latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior while the middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and rhomboids were assessed at station two. To determine the difference between groups Mann-Whitney U tests were performed with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results The results showed no significant difference in muscle strength for all five muscle strength tests between the two groups. Although not statistically significant, the injured group averaged greater strength than the non-injured group for all five muscles tested. Conclusions The results of this study indicated there was no difference is scapular stabilizing muscle strength between college baseball pitchers with and without a history of UCL surgery. This may be due to proper rehabilitation and rest following the UCL injury. More research is needed to determine the role of scapular stabilizing muscle strength on elbow and UCL injury in college baseball players.
Proteomic changes in intracranial blood during human ischemic stroke.

Background Since 2015, mechanical thrombectomy has been the standard treatment for emergent large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke. Objective To investigate, using the previously published Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC) protocol (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683), how the protein expression of a patient’s intracranial blood during ischemic stroke compares with the protein expression of their systemic arterial blood in order to better understand and treat stroke. Methods Plasma samples from 25 subjects underwent proteomic analysis, where intracranial protein expression was compared with systemic protein levels. Data including sex, comorbidities, infarct volume, and infarct time were included for each subject. Results A majority of important proteins had a lower expression in intracranial blood than in systemic arterial blood. Proteins with the most significant changes in expression were: endopeptidase at −0.26 (p Conclusions Evaluation of proteomic changes in the intravascular space of a cerebral infarct in progress in human subjects suggested that changes in proteins such PLTP, fetuin-B (FETUB), and FCN2 may be involved in atherosclerotic changes, and chemokines such as CCL23 are known to play a role in the Th2 autoimmune response. These data provide a scientific springboard for identifying clinically relevant biomarkers for diagnosis/prognosis, and targets for much needed neuroprotective/neuroreparative pharmacotherapies.
The effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sled dogs

Using sled dogs as exercise model, our objectives of this study were to 1) assess the effects of one acute bout of high-intensity exercise on surface GLUT4 concentrations on easily accessible peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and 2) compare our findings with published research on exercise induced GLUT4 in skeletal muscle. During the exercise bout, dogs ran 5 miles at approximately 90% of VO2 max. PMBC were collected before exercise (baseline), immediately after exercise and after 24h recovery.GLUT4 was measured via ELISA. Acute exercise resulted in a significant increase on surface GLUT4 content on PBMC. GLUT4 was increased significantly immediately after exercise (~ 50%; p 0.05). An effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels translocated to the cell membrane was observed, with GLUT4 levels not yet returned to baseline after 24h post-exercise. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrated that acute high-intensity exercise increased GLUT4 content at the surface of PBMC of sled dogs as it has been reported in skeletal muscle in other species. Our findings underline the potential use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell GLUT4 protein content as minimally invasive proxy to investigate relationships between insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, GLUT4 expression and glucose metabolism.
Characterization of photonic band resonators for DNP NMR of thin film samples at 7 T magnetic field.

Abstract Polarization of nuclear spins via Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) relies on generating sufficiently high mm-wave B1e fields over the sample, which could be achieved by developing suitable resonance structures. Recently, we have introduced one-dimensional photonic band gap (1D PBG) resonators for DNP and reported on prototype devices operating at ca. 200 GHz electron resonance frequency. Here we systematically compare the performance of five (5) PBG resonators constructed from various alternating dielectric layers by monitoring the DNP effect on natural-abundance 13C spins in synthetic diamond microparticles embedded into a commercial polyester-based lapping film of just 3 mil (76 μm) thickness. An odd-numbered configuration of dielectric layers for 1D PBG resonator was introduced to achieve further B1e enhancements. Among the PBG configurations tested, combinations of high-e perovskite LiTaO3 together with AlN as well as AlN with optical quartz wafers have resulted in ca. 40 to over 50- fold gains in the average mm-wave power over the sample vs. the mirror-only configuration. The results are rationalized in terms of the electromagnetic energy distribution inside the resonators obtained analytically and from COMSOL simulations. It was found that average of B 1 e 2 over the sample strongly depends on the arrangement of the dielectric layers that are the closest to the sample, which favors odd-numbered PBG resonator configurations for their use in DNP.
Signaling levels mold the RAS mutation tropism of urethane.

RAS genes are commonly mutated in human cancer. Despite many possible mutations, individual cancer types often have a ‘tropism’ towards a specific subset of RAS mutations. As driver mutations, these patterns ostensibly originate from normal cells. High oncogenic RAS activity causes oncogenic stress and different oncogenic mutations can impart different levels of activity, suggesting a relationship between oncoprotein activity and RAS mutation tropism. Here, we show that changing rare codons to common in the murine Kras gene to increase protein expression shifts tumors induced by the carcinogen urethane from arising from canonical Q61 to biochemically less active G12 Kras driver mutations, despite the carcinogen still being biased towards generating Q61 mutations. Conversely, inactivating the tumor suppressor p53 to blunt oncogenic stress partially reversed this effect, restoring Q61 mutations. One interpretation of these findings is that the RAS mutation tropism of urethane arises from selection in normal cells for specific mutations that impart a narrow window of signaling that promotes proliferation without causing oncogenic stress.
Hot Phonon Emission in a Double Barrier Heterostructure

Hot acoustic phonon emission represents one of the major channels for thermal energy removal from heterostructures; in addition, detection of phonons emitted by hot electrons provides a valuable tool for investigation of electron-phonon interactions in heterostructures.1 We have studied the acoustic phonon emission by hot electrons in double barrier heterostructures. We have solved the electron kinetic equation to obtain the electron distribution function, which has been used to solve the kinetic equation for phonons and to determine the radiation and absorption patterns for the energy carried by acoustic phonons. The radiation and absorption patterns have highly pronounced maxima inside the solid angle close to the normal to the quantum well direction (z-direction). These orientational dependencies are related to the quantum confinement of electrons and uncertainty in z-component of their wave vectors.
Cyclometallation : II. 1H NMR studies of palladium(II) and rhodium(III) mixed ligand complexes☆

Abstract New cyclometallated compounds of Rh III and Ir III with 2-arylpyridines (1) have been prepared, including chloro-bridged dimers, [M(1) 2 Cl] 2 , and mononuclear species containing diethyldithiocarbamate (dtc), [Rh(1) 2 dtc]. 1 H NMR studies have established a trans -nitrogen octahedral structure for all of these compounds. These studies have also strongly suggested that in the planar d 8 [Pd(1)dtc] complex there is metal-to-ligand back bonding, whereas in the octahedral d 6 [Rh(1) 2 dtc] no such bonding occurs. Furthermore, in the Pd II complex the methyl groups are found to be in non-equivalent sites whereas the methylene protons seem to be in magnetically equivalent sites. The reverse is true for the Rh III complex. These observations are explained by the different structures of the Pd and Rh complexes, and perhaps also by subtle differences in the metal—ligand bonding to both the arylpyridine and the dtc ligands.
Endoscopic administration of capsular therapeutic iodine-131 in patients unable to swallow: A novel technique

1353 Objectives Oral administration of iodine-131 (I-131) in patients with swallowing difficulties can be challenging. Historically, these patients have been given liquid I-131 administered via nasogastric or percutaneous gastrostomy tube. This technique presents a number of difficulties, including uncertainty of dosing related to iodine adherence to tubing; risk of inadvertent delivery of dose into the incorrect lumen of a multilumen tube; risk of spillage; and risk of exposure to personnel. Insofar as there are no existing standards or procedures for administration of I-131 to patients with swallowing difficulties, our institution has created a protocol for addressing this patient population. Methods Our technique involves administering I-131 in a capsule which is placed endoscopically directly into the patient’s stomach. This allows for certainty of dosing, elimination of risk of incorrect administration, elimination of risk of spillage, and decreased risk of exposure to attendant personnel. Unintended exposure to the patient’s non-target organs, such as the esophagus, is also minimized. Results In the non-swallowing patient for whom this technique was developed, the I-131 capsule was successfully deposited into the patient9s stomach. Time elapsed for removing the capsule from shielding, snaring in the endoscopic net, and depositing into the stomach was approximately one minute. Conclusions Endoscopic delivery of capsular I-131 should be considered for any patient with swallowing difficulties requiring I-131 therapy
Monophosphates of formycin B and allopurinol riboside: Interactions with leishmanial and mammalian succino-AMP synthetase and GMP reductase

Abstract Formycin B 5′-monophosphate (Form B-MP) and allopurinol riboside 5′-monophosphate (HPPR-MP) are isomers of IMP that are metabolically produced when Leishmania spp. are incubated with the antileishmanial agents formycin B and allopurinol or allopurinol riboside. The interactions of Form B-MP with succino-AMP synthetase and GMP reductase from both leishmanial and mammalian sources were compared with the data of earlier studies with HPPR-MP. Both analogs could substitute for IMP as a substrate for succino-AMP synthetase isolated from Leishmania donovani . The V ′ max values of Form B-MP and HPPR-MP were about 1% of the V ′ max of IMP. Only Form B-MP (and not HPPR-MP) could serve as an alternative substrate for mammalian succino-AMP synthetase. The V ′ max of Form B-MP was 40% that of IMP. The corresponding analogs of AMP, ADP and ATP were produced when Formycin B was incubated with mouse L cells. The Formycin A residue was incorporated into the cellular RNA. The amount of Formycin A-TP produced (relative to ATP) in mouse L cells was considerably less than that produced in Leishmania spp. Both Form B-MP and HPPR-MP were inhibitors of partially purified GMP reductase from L. donovani . The binding of Form B-MP and HPPR-MP to human GMP reductase was 40- and 100-fold weaker, respectively, than the binding to leishmanial GMP reductase. Pretreatment of promastigotes of L. donovani with either allopurinol or Formycin B resulted in >95% reduction of the incorporation of the radiolabel from [ 14 C]xanthine into ATP and >80% reduction of the incorporation of the label into GTP. The HPPR-MP and Form B-MP present in these cells may have inhibited the leishmanial succino-AMP synthetase and GMP reductase. The analogs had little or no effect on the pool sizes of ATP and GTP of either mouse L cells or L. donovani .
Threshold selection for wavelet shrinkage of noisy data

Methods based on thresholding and shrinking empirical wavelet coefficients hold promise for recovering and/or denoising signals observed in noise. Here the authors review and compare various proposals for the choice of thresholds. These include soft and hard thresholding, and thresholds that are fixed in advance or chosen level by level from an empirical optimality criterion. The authors present results from simulations and real data examples. >
Product Market Competition and Accounting Conservatism

This study examines the relation between product market competition and accounting conservatism. Extant research offers three reasons why intense competition can lead to more timely recognition of economic losses in accounting income. First, intense product market competition improves the flow of firm-specific information and hence limits managers' ability to conceal bad news. Second, product market competition, by increasing liquidation risk, contributes to a firm's demand for accounting conservatism to achieve more efficient contracting. For instance, it allows for better debt contracting and hence enables firms in a competitive setting to obtain funds at a lower cost. Third, intense product market competition induces greater demand for conservatism because sub-optimal managerial decisions contrary to shareholders' interest can quickly lead to costly firm liquidation. Timely loss recognition serves to discourage negative net present value investments and to encourage quicker abandonment of loss-making projects. An alternative prediction is that product market competition reduces the severity of agency conflicts and hence limits the demand for accounting conservatism. We attempt to shed light on the competing views by investigating the association between product market competition and the asymmetric timeliness of economic loss recognition. Using a sample of 99,315 firm-year observations over the period 1964-2006, we find asymmetric timeliness of economic loss recognition to increase with the intensity of product market competition. Moreover, this relation is not qualitatively affected by the inclusion of various controls for the demand for conservatism, in particular, managerial ownership. We also find an inter-temporal increase in asymmetric timely recognition of economic losses following industry deregulation. Overall, our evidence points to a relation between product market competition and properties of accounting numbers.
A new antibiotic with known resistance factors, G418, inhibits plant cells

Abstract Growth rates of two lines of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) cell suspension cultures were measured in the presence or absence of G418, a new 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic related to Gentamycin. Cell growth rates of N . tabacum cv. Burley were inhibited at drug concentrations as low as 1.65 × 10−7 M. At 4 × 10−7 M, the doubling time was increased from 1.5 days (control) to 2.3 days (treatment). The drug was lethal to cells at 4 × 10−6 M, and inhibition was irreversible. Cells of N . tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38 also were inhibited by the drug, although at slightly higher concentrations (ca. 2–5 fold). In view of our findings, G418 and its associated resistance factors could be of great value in plant genetic engineering.
Cache performance analysis of traversals and random accesses

analyze them. This paper describes a model for studying the cache performance of algorithms in a direct-mapped cache. Using this model, we analyze the cache performance of several commonly occurring memory access patterns: (i) sequential and random memory traversals, (ii) systems of random accesses, and (iii) combinations of each. For each of these, we give exact expressions for the number of cache misses per memory access in our model. We illustrate the application of these analyses by determining the cache performance of two algorithms: the traversal of a binary search tree and the counting of items in a large array. Trace driven cache simulations validate that our analyses accurately predict cache performance. The key application of cache performance analysis is towards the cache conscious design of data structures and algorithms. In our previous work we studied the cache conscious design of priority queues [13] and sorting algorithms [14], and were able to make significant performance improvements over traditional implementations by considering cache effects.