cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-precision system for conformal intracranial radiotherapy

Abstract Purpose: Currently, optimally precise delivery of intracranial radiotherapy is possible with stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. We report on an optimally precise optically guided system for three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy using multiple noncoplanar fixed fields. Methods and Materials: The optically guided system detects infrared light emitting diodes (IRLEDs) attached to a custom bite plate linked to the patient’s maxillary dentition. The IRLEDs are monitored by a commercially available stereo camera system, which is interfaced to a personal computer. An IRLED reference is established with the patient at the selected stereotactic isocenter, and the computer reports the patient’s current position based on the location of the IRLEDs relative to this reference position. Using this readout from the computer, the patient may be dialed directly to the desired position in stereotactic space. The patient is localized on the first day and a reference file is established for 5 different couch positions. The patient’s image data are then imported into a commercial convolution-based 3D radiotherapy planning system. The previously established isocenter and couch positions are then used as a template upon which to design a conformal 3D plan with maximum beam separation. Results: The use of the optically guided system in conjunction with noncoplanar radiotherapy treatment planning using fixed fields allows the generation of highly conformal treatment plans that exhibit a high degree of dose homogeneity and a steep dose gradient. To date, this approach has been used to treat 28 patients. Conclusion: Because IRLED technology improves the accuracy of patient localization relative to the linac isocenter and allows real-time monitoring of patient position, one can choose treatment-field margins that only account for beam penumbra and image resolution without adding margin to account for larger and poorly defined setup uncertainty. This approach enhances the normal tissue sparing, high degree of conformality, and homogeneity characteristics possible with 3D conformal radiotherapy.
Resveratrol, a Polyphenolic Compound Found in Wine, Inhibits Tissue Factor Expression in Vascular Cells: A Possible Mechanism for the Cardiovascular Benefits Associated With Moderate Consumption of Wine

A number of studies suggest that moderate consumption of red wine may be more effective than other alcoholic beverages in decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease mortality. The phytochemical resveratrol found in wine, derived from grapes, has been thought to be responsible for cardiovascular benefits associated with wine consumption because it was shown to have antioxidant and antiplatelet activities. In the present investigation, we examined the effect of resveratrol on induction of tissue factor (TF) expression in vascular cells that were exposed to pathophysiological stimuli. The data presented herein show that resveratrol, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited the expression of TF in endothelial cells stimulated with a variety of agonists, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A similar inhibition of TF induction was also seen in LPS stimulated monocytes that were pretreated with resveratrol before their stimulation with LPS. In addition, resveratrol was shown to inhibit the LPS-induced expression of TNFalpha mRNA in endothelial cells and of TNFalpha and IL-1beta mRNA in monocytes. Nuclear run-on analysis in endothelial cells showed that resveratrol inhibited TF expression at the level of transcription. However, resveratrol did not significantly alter the binding of the transcription factors c-Fos/c-Jun and c-Rel/p65, the transcription factors required for the induction of TF promoter in both endothelial cells and monocytes. Similarly, resveratrol had no significant effect on the binding of NF-kappaB in endothelial cells stimulated with IL-1beta, TNFalpha, and LPS. Overall, our data show that resveratrol could effectively suppress the aberrant expression of TF and cytokines in vascular cells, but it requires further investigation to understand how resveratrol exerts its inhibitory effect.
An Exploration of Married and Divorced, Nonresident Men's Perceptions and Organization of Their Father Role Identity

Guided by identity theory, we explored men’s perceptions of their role as fathers and how these self-perceptions are positioned in their overall sense of self as fathers in a sample of married and divorced, nonresident fathers. Data from 34 fathers who participated in focus group interviews revealed that men’s definition of self as father is both complex and integrative. Seven fathering role identities emerged: provider, teacher, protector, disciplinarian, caretaker, supporter, and co-parent. Similarities were found in the fathers’ self-perceptions regardless of marital status, although some variation is noted. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Numerical Sensitivity Studies on Nucleation of Droplets in Steam Turbine

This work presents the results of canonical test cases that highlight the importance of nucleation bulk surface tension factor (NBTF) on CFD predictions for condensing flows in steam turbines. Numerical simulations are carried out on nozzle and cascade geometries to explore modeling effects on the condensation of water vapor. The recent Euler-Euler approach [10] for modeling homogeneous condensation provides better results than the equilibrium assumption. Modeling of the nucleation rate plays a significant role in the non-equilibrium approach and it depends on the free surface energy of each droplet. NBTF is introduced in the classical homogeneous condensation nucleation rate expression to control the intensity of the homogeneous condensation event [3, 10]. It is observed that the NBTF controls the location of the condensation front, degree of super cooling, wetness fraction and droplet size. In addition, no unique value of NBTF is found in the range of simulations to match the experimental observations. Finally, by increasing the value of NBTF from 0.7 to 1.0 for a particular nozzle case, the location of condensation front is shown to be delayed by 60 mm and super cooling increased by 20%. This in turn will affect quantities such as the flow angle, pressure at the blade row exit and the thermodynamic loss which are relevant for the turbine designer.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, BACTERIAL INOCULATION, AND EDTA ON SPERM QUALITY IN CAPTIVE Penaeus setiferus

A 60-day preliminary study was conducted to determine whether excessive temperature, bacterial infection, or heavy metals contamination contributed to spermatophore and sperm deterioration in laboratory-held Penaeus setiferus males. Three treatments were tested in which: 1) culture water temperature was held at 25–26°C; 2) males were inoculated with a killed Vibrio sp. bacterin; and 3) EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was added to culture water at 25 ppm. These were compared with a control treatment at mean ambient temperature of 29.1°C. A combination of males from the primary offshore breeding population (mean weight 43.9 g ± 1.78 S.E.M.) and young-of-the-year males (mean weight 24.5 g ± 0.83) were used. Mean baseline values (± S.E.M.) established at initiation were, per male: sperm count, 38.7 × 106 ± 10.165 × 106; percent abnormal sperm, 5.0% ± 1.13; and spermatophore weight, 0.103 g ± 0.0215. At the midpoint 30-day samples, mean sperm counts were significantly lower in the ambient and EDTA treatments. The chilled and inoculated treatments showed no decline in sperm counts during the first 30-day period, but the percentage of abnormalities had increased from 5.0% ± 1.13 in the baseline to 16.3% ± 9.94 and 57.0% ± 9.64, respectively. At termination (60 days), only the chilled treatment contained any males bearing sperm (33% of males sampled from the treatment), but sperm abnormalities ranged from 53–72%. Results indicate that parameters tested did not prevent decline in male reproductive condition over time.
Reorganization in processing of spectral and temporal input in the rat posterior auditory field induced by environmental enrichment

Environmental enrichment induces powerful changes in the adult cerebral cortex. Studies in primary sensory cortex have observed that environmental enrichment modulates neuronal response strength, selectivity, speed of response, and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied. Here we examine physiological effects of enrichment in the posterior auditory field (PAF), a field distinguished from primary auditory cortex (A1) by wider receptive fields, slower response times, and a greater preference for slowly modulated sounds. Environmental enrichment induced a significant increase in spectral and temporal selectivity in PAF. PAF neurons exhibited narrower receptive fields and responded significantly faster and for a briefer period to sounds after enrichment. Enrichment increased time-locking to rapidly successive sensory input in PAF neurons. Compared with previous enrichment studies in A1, we observe a greater magnitude of reorganization in PAF after environmental enrichment. Along with other reports observing greater reorganization in nonprimary sensory cortex, our results in PAF suggest that nonprimary fields might have a greater capacity for reorganization compared with primary fields.
A simulation tool for hurricane evacuation planning

Atlantic hurricanes and severe tropical storms are a serious threat for the communities in the Gulf of Mexico region. Such storms are violent and destructive. In response to these dangers, coastal evacuation may be ordered. This paper describes the development of a simulation model to analyze the movement of vehicles through I-65, a major US Interstate highway that runs north off the coastal City of Mobile, Alabama, towards the State of Tennessee, during a massive evacuation originated by a disastrous event such a hurricane. The constructed simulation platform consists of a primary and two secondary models. The primary model is based on the entry of vehicles from the 20 on-ramps to I-65. The two secondary models assist the primary model with related traffic events such as car breakdowns and accidents, traffic control measures, interarrival signaling, and unforeseen emergency incidents, among others. Statistical testing was performed on the data generated by the simulation model to indentify variation in relevant traffic variables affecting the timely flow of vehicles travelling north. The performed statistical analysis focused on the closing of alternative on-ramps throughout the Interstate.
Medical students' attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide.

CONTEXT In November 1994, Oregon became the first US state to legalize physician-assisted suicide (PAS) as an option for end-of-life care. OBJECTIVE This study compares the attitudes and experiences of medical students in Oregon regarding PAS to those of fourth-year medical students in the United States outside Oregon. DESIGN A survey of all students at the Oregon Health Sciences University and fourth-year medical students at 3 non-Oregonian US medical schools. PARTICIPANTS Oregon medical students returned 227 questionnaires (58%), and 113 were returned from control schools (33%). RESULTS A similar percentage of both study groups favored the legalization of PAS (64% vs 66%; P = .74). If the practice were legal, 55% of the total surveyed reported they "might be willing to write a lethal prescription," (50% Oregon students vs 60% control; P = .13 and 44% fourth-year Oregon students vs 60% control; P = .04). Among fourth-year students, 20% reported a request by a patient to the student or a preceptor for a lethal prescription in the past year (26% vs 16%; P = .09). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates support for and willingness by many medical students to participate in PAS. Some medical students reported observation of PAS during their training experience. Fourth-year Oregon students reported significantly less willingness than other students to provide a patient with a lethal prescription, perhaps indicating hesitancy to include PAS in clinical practice.
Along-strike magma mixing beneath mid-ocean ridges - Effects on isotopic ratios

The effects of mixing processes on the isotopic variability of midocean ridge basalts are studied. The processes considered are porous flow dispersion and convective mixing in magma chambers. Porous flow dispersion is capable of mixing magmas over distances of only a few tens of meters. Convective mixing, on the other hand, is found to produce continuous magma chambers, where mixing is limited by convective processes, and for discontinuous chambers, where mixing is limited by chamber size. Preliminary comparison of the calculations with observations along the midocean ridges shows that the calculations are consistent with the existence of a correlation between bathymetry and isotopic ratio at long, but not at short, wavelengths. They are also capable of explaining a decrease in isotopic variability with increasing spreading rate.
Dorsal hippocampus NMDA receptors differentially mediate trace and contextual fear conditioning

The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is critically involved in the acquisition and expression of trace and contextual fear conditioning. NMDA/glutamate receptor-mediated transmission is thought to be one mechanism mediating the plastic changes that support long-term memories in the DH. However, their precise involvement in acquisition and expression processes has not been defined. To examine this issue, the NMDA receptor antagonist, D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV; 10 microg/microl; 0.5 microl), was infused into the DH prior to conditioning and/or testing, using a trace fear conditioning procedure. All rats were tested for freezing to both tone and context in separate, counterbalanced sessions. The three sessions (1 training and 2 test) were separated by approximately 24 h. Using this design, it was possible to assess the role for DH NMDA receptors in the acquisition versus expression of trace and contextual fear conditioning. APV disrupted acquisition, but not expression, of contextual fear conditioning. By contrast, APV attenuated both acquisition and expression of trace fear memories. Thus, DH NMDA receptors appear to contribute to retrieval of some, but not all, fear memories.
Some asymptotic bijections

Abstract The notion of an asymptotic bijection is introduced and used to give bijective proofs of infinite summation formulas for set partitions (Dobinski's formula) and involutions.
Litter decomposition in an Indian monsoonal wetland overgrown withPaspalum distichum

After the removal of domestic cattle and water buffalo in 1982, the monsoonal wetlands of the Keoladeo National Park, India were rapidly overgrown by the grassPaspalum distichum L. We studied the decomposition of above-ground litter ofPaspalum distichum and that of ten submersed, floating-leaved, free-floating and emergent species, including the dominants in these wetlands prior to 1982. The only species that had decomposition rates as low as those ofPaspalum were the emergents,Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery andTypha angustata Bory & Chaub, which had very restricted distributions both before and after 1982. All the previous dominants had much higher decomposition rates. The turnover time forPaspalum litter was estimated to be greater than one year, while litter of the previous dominants all had turnover times of less than one year. Thus, a permanent litter layer could develop in these wetlands that had not been present previously.
Laminar dilute suspension flows in plate- and frame ultrafiltration units

A computer simulation model for suspension flows in plate-and-frame type membrane modules has been developed. Reduced forms of the mass transport and momentum equation were solved simultaneously to study concentration polarization and permeation flux decline. The verified simulator can be used to analyze and predict the process dynamics and can aid in the design of ultrafiltration systems.
Immersion of Florida Mangos in Hot Water as a Quarantine Treatment for Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Heated water was tested as a quarantine treatment to destroy all instars of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in mangos, Mangifera indica L., from Florida. Infested ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Keitt’ were immersed for 20-60 min in water at 46.1-46.7°C. Probit analysis of the data estimated the immersion time required to reach 99.9968% mortality (Probit 9 security) as 60 and 60.5 min for ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Keitt,’ respectively. A large-scale test resulted in zero survivors based on the number of normal appearing pupae when 116,031 A. suspensa larvae in 3,828 infested ‘Tommy Atkins,’ ‘Keitt,’ ‘Jubilee,’ and ‘Kent’ were immersed in water at 46.1-46.7°C for 90 min.
Opinions of practicing general surgeons on surgical education

Abstract BACKGROUND: Collective opinions of practicing general surgeons on the current state of general surgical resident education are unknown. METHODS: A 26-item survey was mailed to practicing general surgeons in Minnesota and Texas. Average scores on 17 Likert-formatted questions and opinions on multiple-choice questions were compared by geographic area and academic affiliation. RESULTS: Overall response was 954 of 1,745 (55%). All surgeons felt changes were needed in surgical education. There was agreement by geographic area and academic affiliation that the current system of resident education allows chief residents to graduate with significant gaps in their education, and that the responsibility for correcting these gaps lies with the residency program. CONCLUSIONS: Opinions of general surgeons in two geographic areas and of differing academic affiliation regarding surgical education showed marked similarity. These data suggest change in the process of surgical education is the responsibility of the residency program and should be a priority for the profession.
Targeted deletion of Kcne2 impairs HCN channel function in mouse thalamocortical circuits.

BackgroundHyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels generate the pacemaking current, Ih, which regulates neuronal excitability, burst firing activity, rhythmogenesis, and synaptic integration. The physiological consequence of HCN activation depends on regulation of channel gating by endogenous modulators and stabilization of the channel complex formed by principal and ancillary subunits. KCNE2 is a voltage-gated potassium channel ancillary subunit that also regulates heterologously expressed HCN channels; whether KCNE2 regulates neuronal HCN channel function is unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe investigated the effects of Kcne2 gene deletion on Ih properties and excitability in ventrobasal (VB) and cortical layer 6 pyramidal neurons using brain slices prepared from Kcne2+/+ and Kcne2−/− mice. Kcne2 deletion shifted the voltage-dependence of Ih activation to more hyperpolarized potentials, slowed gating kinetics, and decreased Ih density. Kcne2 deletion was associated with a reduction in whole-brain expression of both HCN1 and HCN2 (but not HCN4), although co-immunoprecipitation from whole-brain lysates failed to detect interaction of KCNE2 with HCN1 or 2. Kcne2 deletion also increased input resistance and temporal summation of subthreshold voltage responses; this increased intrinsic excitability enhanced burst firing in response to 4-aminopyridine. Burst duration increased in corticothalamic, but not thalamocortical, neurons, suggesting enhanced cortical excitatory input to the thalamus; such augmented excitability did not result from changes in glutamate release machinery since miniature EPSC frequency was unaltered in Kcne2−/− neurons.Conclusions/SignificanceLoss of KCNE2 leads to downregulation of HCN channel function associated with increased excitability in neurons in the cortico-thalamo-cortical loop. Such findings further our understanding of the normal physiology of brain circuitry critically involved in cognition and have implications for our understanding of various disorders of consciousness.
Studies of monoclonal antibodies identifying two novel bovine lymphocyte antigen differentiation clusters: workshop clusters (WC) 6 and 7.

Abstract Analysis of flow cytometric staining of 50 target cells resulted in five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) forming two adjacent clusters called temporary cluster (TC) 2. The five mAbs gave similar immunostaining of frozen sections, but flow cytometric analysis and the M r of molecules indicated that they comprised two distinct specificities. Mabs CC98, IL-A114 and IL-A53 all immunoprecipitated a molecule of 210 kDa that preclearing experiments with mAbs to the leukocyte common antigen (CD45) showed did not recognize isoforms within the CD45R family of molecules. The 210 kDa molecule was present on all CD2 + cells and B cells, but not expressed by WC1 + γ/δ T cells. mAbs TH1A and TH18A precipitated molecules of 69 and 62 kDa which were present on cells expressing CD2, WC3 (B cells) and WC1 (γ/δ T cells). It is proposed that these five mAbs should be considered as comprising two new bovine lymphocyte differentiation clusters, WC6 (mAbs CC 98, IL-A114 and IL-A53) and WC7 (TH18A and TH1A).
Volcanic and stratospheric dustlike particles produced by experimental water-melt interactions

Commercially available Thermit (Al + Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/) was ignited, forming a molten mixture of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ + Fe. The subsequent mixing of this melt with water in steel containers produced explosive interactions that were used to model hydrovolcanic activity. Debris collected from the experiments consisted of quenched Thermit particles ranging in size from < 1 ..mu..m to centimeters. Scanning electron microscopy of the debris showed spheroidal, irregular aggregates and blocky particle shapes that are very similar to hydrovolcanic ash, as well as some types of stratospheric dust and industrial fly ash. 27 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Abstract B20: Examining measures of socioeconomic status for cancer disparities research

Background: Recent advances in cancer disparities research highlight the importance of understanding the relationship between race, SES, and cancer outcomes. However, SES is often difficult to operationalize in nuanced ways in health-related studies. This paper examines the utility of two emerging measures of subjective social status adapted from the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health Socio-demographic questionnaire. I also analyze responses of parents within the same family, and examine discrepancies in parental reports of SES. Method: Data come from an IRB-approved mixed-methods study of parents of pediatric cancer patients. Patients were sampled through a Pediatric Oncology clinic at an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in the Northeast US. For two-parent families we attempted to recruit both parents to the study. Data come from the survey component of the study, and analyses focus on respondents’ responses to income, education, and subjective social status measures. The first subjective social status measure asks participants to place themselves on a ladder that represents the US social hierarchy, and the second asks respondents to place themselves on a ladder that represents their self-defined community (Singh-Manoux et al. 2003; Singh-Manoux et al. 2005). Findings: The final sample consisted of 74 parents of pediatric cancer patients. Seventy-eight percent of the sample was White, and 22% was Black. As expected, I find significant associations between respondent income and their subjective social status. The poorest respondents were significantly more likely to place themselves on the bottom third of both the US and community ladders, while respondents who made more than $50,000 annually were more likely to put themselves in the top of both ladders (US ladder: x2 = 34.646, p Conclusions: Findings have important implications for measurement and design of future cancer disparities research. The associations between income, education and the US ladder were in the expected directions. For this sample, the US ladder seems to be capturing a traditional conception of class. Parents in two-parent families were fairly consistent in their responses to the US ladder, suggesting reliability of the measure. The parents’ responses to the community ladder were less predictable, and suggest that this measure may be capturing a distinct dimension of SES beyond acting as a proxy for income or education. Results suggest that the MacArthur US ladder item may be an appropriate measure used to triangulate respondent SES, or in place of income or education items in studies where researchers want to use alternate SES measures. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B20.
Binding of a Drosophila POU-domain protein to a sequence element regulating gene expression in specific dopaminergic neurons.

Binding of a Drosophila POU-domain protein to a sequence element regulating gene expression in specific dopaminergic neurons
Preoperative ultrasonography findings predict the need for repeated surgery in papillary thyroid cancer.

Objective: To determine the impact of neck ultrasonography in predicting papillary thyroid cancer persistence or recurrence.Methods: Between March 2005 and March 2009, we identified patients with a...
DIBS: A dual interval bandwidth scheduling algorithm for short-term differentiation

Packet delay and bandwidth are two important metrics for measuring quality of service (QoS) of Internet services. While proportional delay differentiation (PDD) has been studied intensively in the context of differentiated services, few studies were conducted for per-class short-term bandwidth differentiation. In this paper, we design and evaluate an efficient bandwidth differentiation algorithm. The dual interval bandwidth scheduling (DIBS) algorithm focuses on the short-term bandwidth differentiation of multiple classes because many Internet transactions take place in a small time frame. It does so based on the normalised instantaneous bandwidth, measured by the use of packet size and packet delay. It also uses two intervals to trade off differentiation accuracy and scheduling overhead. We implemented DIBS in the Click Modular Software Router. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of DIBS in achieving short-term bandwidth differentiation. Compared with the representative PDD algorithm waiting time priority, DIBS can achieve better bandwidth differentiation when the inter-class packet size distributions are different. Compared with the representative weighted fair queueing algorithm per-packet generalized processor sharing, DIBS can achieve more accurate or comparable bandwidth differentiation at various workload situations, with better delay differentiation and lower cost. Furthermore, we apply DIBS to an adaptive intrusion detection and response system. Results demonstrate its efficiency for the rule-based rate-limiting function.
Posttraumatic Cognitions as Mediators Between Childhood Maltreatment and Poorer Mental Health Among Young Adults

Childhood maltreatment is a significant public health issue that has been linked to a myriad of negative health consequences. To further elucidate the mechanisms of this link, the present study examined maladaptive cognitions (i.e., posttraumatic cognitions related to the self and world) and mental health sequelae among a sample of young adults. Participants were 287 undergraduate students (ages 18–29 years) who completed self-report questionnaires assessing childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic cognitions, and current mental health functioning. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings support childhood maltreatment as an important risk factor for long-term mental health difficulties. Importantly, posttraumatic cognitions were supported as mediators in this relationship and may be useful points of intervention to mitigate mental health concerns in adulthood.
Ventilatory Interaction between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Preterm Primate

The steady state ventilatory response to inhaled CO2 was measured in eleven unanesthetized premature Macaca nemestrina during the first 3 wk of life in different steady state background O2 mixtures hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.08 or 0.12), normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21) and hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0.96). Hyperoxic delta VI/delta PACO2 and delta P0.2/ delta PACO2 were significantly greater than hypoxic delta VI/ delta PACO2 and delta P0.2/delta PACO2, respectively, at both 2 and 21 days postnatal age by the Mann Whitney test of nonparametric ranking (2 days: 89.. and 80.2 degrees versus 88.7 and 56.4 degrees, respectively; 21 days: 89.3 and 76.6 degrees versus 50.2 and 57.1 degrees, respectively; p less than 0.05). Hypoxic delta VI/delta PACO2 was significantly depressed compared to normoxic delta VI/ delta PACO2 only at 21 days of age (50.2 versus 89.4 degrees, respectively; p less than 0.05); hyperoxic CO2 sensitivity and normoxic CO2 sensitivity did not differ at either age. The ventilatory interaction between O2-CO2 in the neonatal primate appears to be the inverse of the typical adult ventilatory interaction. It is hypothesized that differential changes in brain stem blood flow between neonates and adults might explain this difference in O2-CO2 ventilatory interaction.
Concerning the mechanism of a cyanometallate mediated carbonylation reaction

Abstract The [Ni(CN) 2 (CO) 2 ] 2− anion (I) reacts with either one or two equivalents of benzyl bromide in either water/acetone or anhydrous acetonitrile to produce mainly 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone. Excess carbon monoxide inhibits the reaction. These results are interpreted as indicating that I is an intermediate in the reaction of K 4 [Ni 2 (CN) 6 ] with CO and PhCH 2 Br to form 1,3-diphenyl-2-propanone.
Investigation of in vivo 6DOF total knee arthoplasty kinematics using a dual orthogonal fluoroscopic system

Fluoroscopic techniques have been recently used to detect in vivo knee joint kinematics. This article presents a technique that uses two fluoroscopes to form a dual orthogonal fluoroscopic system for accurately measuring in vivo 6DOF total knee arthoplasty (TKA) kinematics. The system was rigorously validated and used to investigate in vivo kinematics of 12 patients after cruciate-retaining TKA. In a repeatability study, the pose of two different TKA components was reproduced with standard deviations (SD) of 0.17 mm and 0.57 degrees about all three axes. In an accuracy study, the reproduced component positions were compared to the known component positions. Position and rotation mean errors were all within 0.11 mm and 0.24 degrees, with SD within 0.11 mm and 0.48 degrees, respectively. The results of this study show that the matching process of the imaging system is able to accurately reproduce the spatial positions and orientations of both the femoral and tibial components. For CR TKA patients, a consistent anterior femoral translation was observed with flexion through 45 degrees of flexion, and thereafter, the femur translated posteriorly with further flexion. The medial-lateral translation was measured to be less than 2 mm throughout the entire flexion range. Internal tibial rotation steadily increased through maximum flexion by approximately 6 degrees. Varus rotation was also measured with flexion but had a mean magnitude less than 2.0 degrees. In conclusion, the dual orthogonal fluoroscopic system accurately detects TKA kinematics and is applicable towards other joints of the musculoskeletal system, including the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, and spine.
Through the Ethics Looking Glass: Another View of the World of Auditors and Ethics

Most people are familiar with the traditional view of the role of ethics in the auditing profession – the need for auditors with integrity and objectivity. This essay addresses a second dimension of ethics in the auditing profession – the demand for auditors to assess the integrity and ethical values of clients. This second dimension is a difficult task for auditors in practice and demands a deep and robust understanding of ethics, ethical infrastructures, and the products of those infrastructures. The essay proposes how educators and researchers might facilitate that understanding.
Nosocomial group B streptococcal infections.

Group B streptococci are the most frequent cause of life-threatening infections in newborn infants in the United States. The reservoir of this organism is thought to be the mother's vaginal or rectal microflora or both. Prevalence surveys have documented arriage rates ranging from 8% to 31%. Increased rates of vertical transmission are seen in infants born to women with dense vaginal colonization at delivery. In most cases, early onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates is diagnosed during the first day of life.' While the carrier rate may approach 30% in pregnant women, the incidence of serious disease in neonates is 0.2% to 0.4% with a mortality rate approaching 50% in some studies. Risk factors prominently associated with early onset group B streptococcal disease have been identified as premature labor, prolonged rupture of amniotic membranes and intrapartum fever.
Computational Complexity of Formal Translations

The purpose of this paper is to define a mathematical model for the study of quantitative problems about translations between universal languages and to investigate such problems. The results derived in this paper deal with the efficiency of the translated algorithms, the optimality of translations and the complexity of the translation process between different languages.
Type Pi 1 2 magnetic field pulsations

The relationships of type Pi (broadband) pulsations to various other substorm-related phenomena are reviewed. Several of the more popular mechanisms for the origin of Pi activity are discussed in the light of the observations. There is only one mechanism in sight that tentatively accounts for observed characteristics of Pi 1–2 activity at auroral oval and polar cap latitudes and that is the three-dimensional current loop mechanism. If two or more mechanisms are involved in the generation of Pi noise, then it is possible that the garden-hose overstability and/or a drift Alfven wave mechanism operating in the plasma sheet contribute to the observed pulsations.
Asymptotic distributions for quadratic forms with applications to censored data tests of fit

We obtain the asymptotic distributions of certain forms in observations that are possible Type I and Type II censored. This result is directly applicable to the study of asympototic distributions for censored data versions of the Shapiro- wilk test for normality. Moreove, it applies more generally than just to the null hypothesis of normality.
A basic review of psychiatric medical malpractice law in the United States.

The legal system of the United States is complex because each of the 50 states of the United States is a separate jurisdiction, as is the US federal government. This review looks at the basics of psychiatric medical malpractice law across the United States. Some background statistics on psychiatric malpractice claims are initially provided. Next, common causes of malpractice action and the legal elements of negligence are discussed. Finally, defenses to malpractice claims are reviewed.
Intermolecular energies of small water polymers

Ab initio minimal basis LCAO SCF molecular orbital calculations have been performed to determine the energies and configurations of small groups of water molecules. It is found that polymers having OH3. OH3. OH3. chains are preferred, and that hydrogen bond energies deviate considerably from additivity. Cyclic structures are predicted to be most stable for the trimer and higher polymers.
Documenting and Explaining the Persistence of Homeland Politics Among Germany's Turks1

This article examines the development of Germany's Turkish organizations since 1961. These have failed to mobilize Germany's Turks around shared ethnocultural grievances against the host society. A transnational political opportunity structure, a contextual framework involving host and sending countries, entices distinct actors leading Germany's Turkish organizations to focus on homeland differences instead of common interests. In this transnational context, actors - whom I will label political migrants - influence immigrant community cohesion by using associations to pursue goals rooted in the homeland or host country. When a sending country generates contentious political migrants in an ethnoculturally dissimilar, homogeneous democracy and the hosts fail to incorporate the foreigners, infighting focused on the homeland is likely to preoccupy the immigrant community.
Prevalence of facet joint degeneration in association with intervertebral joint degeneration in a sample of organ donors

Among the most common causes of low back pain are strain on the muscles and ligaments associated with the spine, degeneration of the intervertebral discs (IVD), and osteoarthritis of the facet joints. It is not clear, however, how these latter two conditions are related to each other in terms of their development during a patient’s lifetime. The facet joint is the sole synovial joint of the spine but because it is difficult to image its degenerative history as well as its relationship to other degenerative factors within the spine remain elusive. We compared the gross and histologic characteristics of the lumbar spine from a sample of organ donors to the integrity of their associated IVDs as assessed through magnetic resonance imaging. In our study sample, we found that facet joint degeneration was common, occurring as early as 15 years of age, while the IVD could still remain intact. Facet degeneration was more severe at the L4/5 level and progressed along with IVD degeneration with age. Because such early degenerative changes in the facet joint are somewhat surprising, degeneration of this joint should not be overlooked when assessing OA of the spine and causes of lower back pain.
A Choice Function to Dynamic Selection of Enumeration Strategies Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems

In this work we exploit search process features to dynamically adapt a Constraint Programming solver in order to more efficiently solve Constraint Satisfaction Problems. The main novelty of our approach is that we reconfigure the searching or search process based solely on performance data gathered while solving the current problem. We report encouraging results where our combination of strategies outperforms the use of individual strategies
The Limited Coupling Approximation with Application to CMAC Networks

The issue of training a neural network to approximate a multivariate function is addressed at length in the current literature. The lack of a non-iterative or closed form solution for the weights of sigmoid neural networks motivates an alternate view of neural networks. It has long been known that Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller-type networks are able to approximate multivariate functions, as well as being directly programmable given a training data set. CMAC networks, however, suffer from the curse of dimensionality regarding the exponential growth in the number of receptive field functions that must be employed as the dimension of the function increases. The work in this paper studies the use of networks that limit the number of dimensions onto which high dimensional functions must be projected for approximation purposes. While preserving the direct programmability of CMAC networks, the work here uses frequency information about the function to limit the number of couplings used in the approximation. It is shown that for bandlimited functions, the number of network parameters or weights required to achieve zero approximation error has only a polynomial growth with dimension. At the conclusion of the paper, a procedure is given for estimating the size of a CMAC network based on the frequency bandwidth of the function to be approximated.
The time-course of the generation effect

Thegeneration effect, in which items generated by following some rule are remembered better than stimuli that are simply read, has been studied intensely over the past two decades. To date, however, researchers have largely ignored the temporal aspects of this effect. In the present research, we used a variable onset time for the presentation of the to-be-remembered material, thus providing the ability to determine at what point during processing the generation effect originates. The results indicate that some benefit from generation attempts occurs even when subjects have only a few hundred milliseconds in which to process the stimulus, but that more of the benefit occurs later. This finding suggests that the generation effect results from continuous or multiple discrete stages of information accrual or strengthening of memory traces over time, rather than from a single discrete increment upon final generation.
Systems Modeling of Behavior Change: Two Illustrations from Optimized Interventions for Improved Health Outcomes

Here, we illustrate how systems and computational modeling approaches can impact behavior change and optimize interventions for health involving behavioral outcomes with two examples. The first, in “Using Sensor Data and Model Inference to Tailor Home Health Interventions for the Elderly,” is an example of integrating health behavior change variables with computational inference about behaviors and health states for tailoring interventions. The second, “Dynamical Systems Modeling of a Gestational Weight Gain Intervention,” demonstrates how behavioral theories from psychology come into play in developing a comprehensive dynamical model for an intervention to manage gestational weight gain.
Topical minoxidil for androgenetic alopecia: optimizing the chance for success by appropriate patient selection.

Cosmetically acceptable hair growth was achieved in 18 (32%) of 56 balding male subjects during a 12-month study using 2 or 3% topical minoxidil. The criteria for successful hair regrowth devised from
Regional Variation in the Deposition of Subepidermal Immunoglobulin in NZB/W F1 Mice: Association with Epidermal DNA Synthesis

We have previously reported that aging NZB/W F1 mice develop irregular immunoglobulin deposits along the dermalepidermal junction similar in appearance to those seen in the visibly normal skin of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this report we have extended this observation by showing that the frequency of these deposits varies from site to site in the skin of these animals. This regional variation in frequency of deposits was found to correlate positively with regional differences in rates of epidermal basal cell DNA synthesis as determined by autoradiography. These findings provide an explanation for the observed regional variation in frequency of subepidermal immunoglobulin deposition that occurs in human systemic lupus erythematosus.
Cor polyatriatum: a very rare and original variant of cor triatriatum.

Abstract Cor triatriatum sinister is a rare congenital heart defect in which the left atrium is classically partitioned into a proximal and distal chamber by a fibromuscular membrane. The proximal chamber receives blood from the pulmonary venous circulation and communicates with the distal chamber through fenestrations in the membrane. A trans-membrane blood flow obstruction can lead to pseudo-mitral stenosis or pulmonary venous hypertension, among other clinical pathways. Herein, we report the first case in the literature of ‘cor polyatriatum', where a primary fibromuscular membrane along with two additional branching membranes leads to a total of five atrial chambers.
ERRATUM: “DETECTION OF A COMPANION LENS GALAXY USING THE MID-INFRARED FLUX RATIOS OF THE GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED QUASAR H1413+117” (2009, ApJ, 699, 1578)

In the original article, an error was found in Figure 1. The image labels for images B and C should be switched, and the cardinal directions indicated are wrong. This error has no effect on the results or models presented in the article. The corrected version is presented in Figure 1.
Eosinophilic and Lymphoeosinophilic Cholecystitis

Eosinophilic cholecystitis (EC) is an infrequent and poorly understood inflammatory condition of the gallbladder. First described in 1949, EC may be defined as an inflammatory condition of the gallbladder in which the inflammatory infiltrate is composed predominately of eosinophils so that their presence clearly overshadows the presence of any other inflammatory cell component. In the few reports that describe EC, it has been described in association with acalculous cholecystitis, with subacute cholecystitis lasting 2 to 3 weeks and with several forms of drug therapy. This retrospective clinicopathologic study reviewed the histopathologic features of 217 consecutive cholecystectomy specimens with special clinical reference to the timing of gallbladder removal after symptoms, previous drug therapy, systemic infection, and the presence of cholelithiasis. Pathologically, 48 of these cases (22.2%) contained eosinophils to some degree. Eosinophilic cholecystitis was diagnosed in 14 (6.4%) of the specimens, and another 14 (6.4%) specimens demonstrated substantial numbers of eosinophils but also had other types of inflammatory cells in abundance, including neutrophils and lymphocytes. Of the eight patients with acalculous cholecystitis, six had substantial eosinophils in their gallbladders, whereas the other two patients had no eosinophils. In this study, EC was more prevalent than in other reported series, and it did not show any association with the timing of gallbladder removal after initial symptoms, drug therapy, or other preexisting medical conditions. Eosinophilic cholecystitis is more common than previously recognized and probably represents a subgroup of patients with a unique or hypersensitivity type of inflammatory response to altered bile. Large numbers of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate occurred three times more commonly in patients with acalculous cholecystitis than in patients with cholelithiasis.
Precis of saving truth from paradox

1. It is traditional to begin a study of the semantic paradoxes by focusing on a version of the Liar Paradox involving a sentence W that "asserts its own falsity": more precisely, one where the equivalence between the sentence W and the sentence False( ) can be established by quite uncontroversial means. And it is traditionally noted that naive assumptions about truth (viz., the Tarski biconditional True( ) )~ False( ). (1)
Kiaman Magnetic Interval in the Western United States

Late-Paleozoic red beds in the western United States indicate that Earth's magnetic field was reversed for a period of the order of 50 x 10(6) years. This finding agrees with similar results from igneous rocks in Australia, indicating, that the long period of reversal in the magnetic field was worldwide. The rocks on the two continents appear to be essentially equivalent in time, suggesting early magnetization of the red beds. The time spectrum of reversals is irregular in geologic time, but present evidence suggests reversals characterized by time scales of 10(4) or 10(5), 10(6), and 50 x 10(6) years. The 50 x 10(6) year period of steady reversed field is found in the late Paleozoic and is termed the Kiaman magnetic interval.