cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmentation and positioning in a basic industry

Abstract Faced with a shrinking market and increased demand, many firms in basic industries are turning to the marketing concept as a strategy to enable them to be survivors in their industries. This research illustrates a framework that will help firms identify the major benefits industrial buyers are seeking, segment the market on the basis of the benefits sought, and estimate the position of their companies. This data enables the firms to select their target markets and develop a plan to position their firms to best serve the chosen target markets.
The Prospects-Based Dynamics of the House Candidacy Decision

Strategic politicians thesis studies examine the candidacy phenomenon in general and primary elections, typically testing the influence electoral prospects have on the candidacy decision (indirectly in general elections, directly in primary elections). However, because the candidacy phenomena are different in the two arenas, they offer varying opportunities for theory development. Primary elections, where the phenomena are candidacy decisions, offer the richer laboratory for theory development. Here, I examine primary elections to the House of Representatives and develop a general theoretical framework of the influence electoral prospects have on the candidacy decisions of electively experienced and electively inexperienced candidates. I find that although improving electoral prospects encourage strong and weak candidates to enter primaries, the anticipated increase in primary competition discourages their entry, with weak candidates facing the more severe crowd-out pressures. Observation of district-leve...
Disruption and stress in an Alaskan fishing community: initial and continuing impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill

The study of technological disasters has been characterized by conceptual am biguity and non-ecological considerations of community vulnerability. This re search employs an ecological-symbolic theoretical approach that identifies nat ural resource communities as particularly vulnerable to disasters that contaminate biophysical resources. A longitudinal panel study, including a control community, provides data on disruption and stress experienced by res idents of a small fishing community in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The analysis reveals a continuing pattern of stress and disruptions some 18 months following the spill. The report concludes with a discussion of the specific long- term patterns observed.
Partitioning of covariance as a method for studying kin selection.

Covariance models of selection predict gene frequency change in terms of the relationship between the fitness of an individual and its phenotype, and therefore provide a convenient method for studying evolution in natural systems. When these models are partitioned into effects acting within and between hierarchical levels of selection, they can be directly applied to questions of kin selection. In many cases, the partitioning of covariance approach to the study of kin selection is a more useful alternative to the traditional hamiltonian or inclusive fitness approach.
Patterns of Correlation Among Landscape Metrics

Representations of real and virtual landscapes are often abstracted and quantified as "landscape metrics" in landscape ecology, and while much is known about them after 20 years of use, some relations are as yet unexplored. The objective of this research is to gain a better understanding of the effects of spatial representation in landscape ecology. Nine hundred artificial landscapes were generated with varying spatial patterns created using a fractal landscape generator with 3D fractal dimensions ranging from 2.1 to 2.9 in increments of 0.1. The 3D landscapes were reduced to 2D patterns by putting the cells into five classes. Forty-four landscape metrics were used to measure the resulting 2D landscape spatial patterns, and the relations of nine of these to the generating 3D fractal dimensions and to each other across these fractal dimensions were analyzed. The expected nonlinear relations between metrics and the generating 3D fractal dimensions led to unimodal correlation structures between some of the m...
ANOTHER GENERALIZED MEASURE OF INFORMATION

A generalization of Shannon's entropy is proposed as a measure of information (or uncertainty). Various other information measures are particular cases of this generalized measure, or family of measures. Two information measures are especially interesting since they have convenient and meaningful interpretations in probabilistic terms.
Computationally translating molecular discoveries into tools for medicine: translational bioinformatics articles now featured in JAMIA.

This year marks the 15th anniversary of the invention of the gene expression microarray. As mRNA transcripts serve as the blueprint within cells for making proteins, measuring mRNA levels was seen as an accurate and manageable way to investigate cell and tissue processes. Those earliest microarrays in 1995 could measure 48 transcripts in parallel in plants,1 but within 1 year were scaled up to measure more than 1000 transcripts including those in human tissues. Today, these microarrays are essentially commodity items, commonly used to study human health and disease in hospitals and academic institutions, as well as in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. While tens of thousands of publications have already been published referencing microarrays, this is just the start. Similar arrays are already used to probe genetic differences in DNA, but even these will soon be supplanted by whole genome sequencing, where we can expect all three billion human base pairs to be sequenced for a few thousand dollars. The exponential decrease in costs for whole genome sequencing has been described as going beyond the decline we are used to from Moore's law.2 These enormous amounts of molecular data make it clear that there is a pressing need for computational methods to analyze and interpret them. Molecular data have never been foreign to the pages of JAMIA or AMIA Symposia. The second volume of JAMIA back in 1995 contained an article describing how the internet and newly introduced world wide web could be used to facilitate genome sequencing efforts across two academic genome centers and introduced concepts like yeast artificial chromosomes, sequence tagged sites and contigs.3 The 2002 AMIA Fall Symposium suggested bioinformatics and medical informatics … Correspondence to Dr Atul J Butte, Stanford University School of Medicine, 251 Campus Drive MS-5415, Room X-163, Stanford, CA 94305-5415, USA; abutte{at}stanford.edu
On simulating faults in parallel

Hardware engines (e.g. YSE and EVE) have been built to perform functional simulation of large designs over many patterns. The authors present a method of simulating faults in parallel that is applicable to these hardware simulation engines (and to software simulators with similar characteristics). A notion of independence between faults is used to determine the faults that can be simulated in parallel. An efficient algorithm is developed to determine the independent subsets of faults. Results of applying the algorithm to large examples are presented and shown to be very good by comparing them with theoretical lower bounds. This technique makes it feasible to fault simulate large networks using these hardware simulation engines. >
THE LOCAL ALL-PARTICLE COSMIC-RAY SPECTRUM

The local all-particle cosmic-ray spectrum calculated from an integral equation reproduces the high-energy behavior of the spectrum up to 1019 eV assuming first-order Fermi shock acceleration. The first-order approximation, valid at energies below about 1013 eV, allows the user to correct for the effect of solar modulation on spectral measurements below about 10 GeV.
Dense, performance directed, auto place and route

DAPR (for Dense Auto Place and Route) is Intel's place and route system for standard cell-based random logic. DAPR's purpose is to produce dense, high-performance, design-rule clean double-layer metal layouts of the random logic modules within Intel custom application-specific standard product (ASSP) chips. DAPR's primary inputs are a schematic chip plan, a standard cell library, and a technology file. Optionally, DAPR can read placement files and performance directive files. Techniques used by Intel's standard cell and route system to achieve densities comparable to those of full custom design. Methods are presented by which the placement and routing process is directed by performance objectives. >
Running Amok: An Historical Inquiry

Amok, one of the few Malay words commonly appearing in English, names a syndrome of unpredictable and indiscriminate homicidal behavior with suicidal intent. In tracing the development of this behavioral pattern, Spores examines historical data, including frequently colorful colonialist accounts of such episodes, from British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies during the period 1800-1925. Spores presents a basic etiological distinction between reactive-motivated and a spontaneous, unmotivated amok; the one an intentional act capable of establishing or restoring dignity and self-respect; the other a result of organic disturbance. He also explores the social-psychological dynamics of engagement in the two types of solitary amok and suggests possible behavioral chains. Further, his study demonstrates the impact of social forces and processes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century which significantly altered factors in traditional Malay society important in generating expressions of solitary amok. Running amok demonstrates the utility of bringing historical data to bear on the examination of specific social phenomena, particularly suggesting that the understanding of some present-day forms of mental disorder or other aberrant or deviant behavior can be facilitated and enriched through such analysis.
Diffusion of Electrons.

In order to calculate the efficiency of resonance it is necessary to know the average number of impacts Z that an electron makes in traversing a layer of gas when there is no field. The calculation of the quantity Z is given in this paper.
Self-standing nanoparticle membranes and capsules.

We perform coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of self-standing nanoparticle membranes observed in recent experiments (K. E. Mueggenburg et al., Nat. Mater., 2007, 6, 656). In order to make our simulations feasible, we model 2–3 times smaller gold nanoparticles (core radius of rcore ≈ 0.8 nm) covered with alkanethiol ligands (length of lligand ≈ 0.5–2.6 nm). We study the structure, stability, and mechanical properties of these membranes and show that these characteristics are controlled by the ratio of RLC = lligand/rcore. For RLC ≈ 0.6, the ligated nanoparticles form well ordered monolayers with hexagonal packing, in agreement with the experiments (RLC ≈ 0.44). For RLC ≈ 1.6, the nanoparticles form less organized multilayers, which are more stable and flexible. We show that these membranes could potentially form stable capsules for molecular storage and delivery.
Toward a Physical Damage Variable for Concrete

Continuum damage mechanics models, while elegant and useful, suffer from what are typically highly idealized relationships between model and material. In this technical note, using three-dimensional (3D) measurements of internal cracking, direct, albeit simple relationships were made between the quantity of cracking and a corresponding scalar damage variable. Geometric properties of internal cracks were measured through 3D image analysis of in situ microtomographic scans of small concrete specimens subject to compression. A scalar damage variable was determined from the changes in stiffness measured in successive loading cycles. Results showed a nearly linear relationship between the damage variable and the volume of new cracks formed. In contrast, results showed a nonlinear relationship between the damage variable and the crack surface area. Such relationships can potentially lead to a more physical basis for continuum damage formulations.
STEPHEN J. CALDAS , Raising bilingual-biliterate children in monolingual cultures

Stephen J. Caldas, Raising bilingual-biliterate children in monolingual cultures. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006. Pp. xvi, 231. Pb. $39.95.This is the fascinating story of the author's own family project of raising his three children French-English bilingually in English-speaking Louisiana. Caldas, a French-English bilingual himself, and his bilingual French-Canadian wife artificially orchestrate and manipulate the children's environments from birth to adolescence to ensure that the children develop full bilingual proficiency and biliteracy in French and English. Caldas's and his wife's main strategy is to speak only French to their son and their identical twin daughters. They also commit to use only French with each other, thus creating an all-French-speaking home environment. The Caldases also enroll the children in French immersion school and make extensive use of French-language media to further expose the children to French. Finally, the author and his wife purchase a cottage in Quebec where they spend the summers, providing the children with authentic societal language immersion. The outcome of this extraordinary experiment is that, by adolescence, all three children are completely bilingual and biliterate in French and English and can be easily mistaken as native speakers of both Quebecois French and American English.
The application of a genetic algorithm to estimate material properties for fire modeling from bench-scale fire test data

A methodology based on an automated optimization technique that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to estimate the material properties needed for CFD-based fire growth modeling from bench-scale fire test data. The proposed methodology involves simulating a bench-scale fire test with a theoretical model, and using a GA to locate a set of model parameters (material properties) that provide optimal agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data. Specifically, a GA based on the processes of natural selection and mutation is developed and integrated with the NIST FDS v4.0 pyrolysis model for thick solid fuels. The combined GA/pyrolysis model is used with cone calorimeter data for surface temperature and mass loss rate histories to estimate the material properties of two charring materials (redwood and red oak) and one thermoplastic material (polypropylene). This is done by finding the parameter sets that provide near-optimal agreement between the model predictions and experimental data, given the constraints imposed by the underlying physical model and the accuracy with which the boundary and initial conditions can be specified. The methodology is demonstrated here with the FDS pyrolysis model and cone calorimeter data, but it is general and can be used with several existing fire tests and almost any pyrolysis model. Although the proposed methodology is intended for use in CFD-based prediction of large-scale fire development, such calculations are not performed here and are recommended for future work.
Rorschach protocols from children and adolescents diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Rorschach protocols from 35 children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 35 with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were compared. Both groups revealed significant differences from the normative tables on the same 12 variables: SCZI, DEPI, CDI, X+%, EgoC, Afr, T, EA, P, WSumC, RawSumSS, and WgtSumSS. However, as predicted, 4 of those variables, the Schizophrenic Index (SCZI) and 3 of the criterion tests that comprise it (X+%, RawSumSS, and WgtSumSS) were significantly different between the PTSD and ODD groups, with the PTSD group responding with more extreme scores. These findings contradict Exner's (1993) statement that only people with schizophrenia can be "defined or conceptualized as having both the problems of disordered thinking and inaccurate perception" (p. 356). Children and adolescents with PTSD also display these problems when trauma interrupts the child's naive belief that the world has predictable rules, the people in it are trustworthy and fair, and punishment and ...
Planar optical waveguide lens design.

Achieving diffraction-limited planar waveguide lenses is not an easy task in practice. However, conventional lens design principles (ray tracing, intercept and OPD errors, point spread functions, and optimization techniques) may be used to evaluate performance, reduce cost or complexity, and provide alignment and manufacturing tolerances. Presented here (as an example of an optimization technique) is a new diffraction-limited planar waveguide lens. It is f /1.5 and has a compact rectangular shape.
Gonadotrophin–releasing hormone agonist treatment of aggression in Alzheimer's disease: a case report

No medication has received regulatory approval in the U.S.A. for the distressing agitation and aggressive behaviors that often complicate dementia. Although studies suggest that several psychotropic medications are sometimes useful for these behavioral problems, response is variable and adverse effects often limit treatment. Theoretical considerations suggest that increasing estrogenic activity or reducing androgenic activity could reduce agitation and aggression in dementia. Estrogen has been reported helpful for these symptoms, but adverse effects are problematic. Chronic administration of the synthetic gonadotropin (luteinising hormone) releasing hormone analogue, goserelin, reduces testosterone activity. Here we describe the apparently sustained elimination of previously treatment-resistant agitation and aggression with goserelin treatment in a 78-year-old male nursing-home resident with Alzheimer's disease.
Unraveling film transformations and device performance of planar perovskite solar cells

Abstract High performance (>15%) organometaltrihalide based solar cells have been demonstrated in recent years to be a promising candidate for low cost photovoltaics and have attracted significant attention in the photovoltaic community. Planar thin film perovskite solar cells, which are more easily fabricated, provide a great platform to investigate the perovskite film properties. Until now, many of the properties of perovskite thin films remain unexplored and the link between film properties and device performances is in need of investigation to further boost the efficiencies of these devices. Here, film transformation of perovskite materials is demonstrated as a critical factor to reach high performance in planar heterojunction CH3NH3PbI3−xClx solar cells. Reaction induced secondary phases can be observed and carefully controlled by tuning the processing conditions during film formation. The properties of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films are investigated and a possible formation pathway is proposed. It is shown that the high performance devices are attainable with a small portion of secondary phases coexisting with CH3NH3PbI3 film and power conversion efficiencies of up to 14% are achieved. The correlations between the phases present, device performance and physical properties are discussed to identify the role of the secondary phases in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx material.
A study of triage of paediatric patients in Australia

Objectives: To describe the triage of children in a sample of mixed and paediatric emergency departments in Australia in 1999 and to measure the inter-rater reliability of the National Triage Scale when used by triage nurses for the triage of paediatric patients. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 11 hospitals, including one paediatric and one mixed emergency department, in each state studied. Triage nurses were asked to assess 25 paediatric patient profiles and to assign appropriate triage categories to each profile. The number of responses within the modal triage category (concurrence), the percentage of responses with a concurrence of at least 50% and the number of responses within one triage category of the modal response (spread) of responses were measured. Triage data for 1999 from the same emergency departments were collected and numbers of children seen and admitted in each triage category were described. The patterns of distribution of triage categories for specific paediatric diagnoses (triage ‘footprints’) were also described. Data from mixed emergency departments were grouped and compared with data from paediatric emergency departments and any differences were described. Results: Seventy-eight nurses in 10 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. Sixty-three per cent of all responses had a concurrence of greater than 50%. Ninety-four per cent of patient profiles were triaged to within one triage category of their modal response. Nurses in paediatric emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 79% of responses) were significantly more consistent in their use of the National Triage Scale compared with nurses in mixed emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 50% of responses). Paediatric emergency department triage nurses were more likely to use the full range of the National Triage Scale and were fourfold as likely to allocate triage categories 4 and 5 to patient profiles. Paediatric hospitals allocated patients to triage categories 4 and 5 for an average of 71% of presentations compared with 47% for mixed emergency departments. Specific diagnoses had characteristic distributions of triage categories, with similar differences seen when comparisons were made between mixed and paediatric emergency departments. Conclusion: Use of the National Triage Scale for the triage of paediatric patients by triage staff is not consistent and there are significant differences between the triage practices of paediatric and mixed emergency departments.
CD200R1 Supports HSV-1 Viral Replication and Licenses Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Functions of TLR2

The CD200R1:CD200 axis is traditionally considered to limit tissue inflammation by down-regulating pro-inflammatory signaling in myeloid cells bearing the receptor. We generated CD200R1−/− mice and employed them to explore both the role of CD200R1 in regulating macrophage signaling via TLR2 as well as the host response to an in vivo, TLR2-dependent model, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. CD200R1−/− peritoneal macrophages demonstrated a 70–75% decrease in the generation of IL-6 and CCL5 (Rantes) in response to the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and to HSV-1. CD200R1−/− macrophages could neither up-regulate the expression of TLR2, nor assemble a functional inflammasome in response to HSV-1. CD200R1−/− mice were protected from HSV-1 infection and exhibited dysfunctional TLR2 signaling. Finally, both CD200R1−/− mice and CD200R1−/− fibroblasts and macrophages showed a markedly reduced ability to support HSV-1 replication. In summary, our data demonstrate an unanticipated and novel requirement for CD200R1 in “licensing” pro-inflammatory functions of TLR2 and in limiting viral replication that are supported by ex vivo and in vivo evidence.
Multi-Muscle FES Force Control of the Human Arm for Arbitrary Goals

We present a method for controlling a neuroprosthesis for a paralyzed human arm using functional electrical stimulation (FES) and characterize the errors of the controller. The subject has surgically implanted electrodes for stimulating muscles in her shoulder and arm. Using input/output data, a model mapping muscle stimulations to isometric endpoint forces measured at the subject's hand was identified. We inverted the model of this redundant and coupled multiple-input multiple-output system by minimizing muscle activations and used this inverse for feedforward control. The magnitude of the total root mean square error over a grid in the volume of achievable isometric endpoint force targets was 11% of the total range of achievable forces. Major sources of error were random error due to trial-to-trial variability and model bias due to nonstationary system properties. Because the muscles working collectively are the actuators of the skeletal system, the quantification of errors in force control guides designs of motion controllers for multi-joint, multi-muscle FES systems that can achieve arbitrary goals.
Atmospheric methane and global change

Abstract Methane (CH4) is the most abundant organic trace gas in the atmosphere. In the distant past, variations in natural sources of methane were responsible for trends in atmospheric methane levels recorded in ice cores. Since the 1700s, rapidly growing human activities, particularly in the areas of agriculture, fossil fuel use, and waste disposal, have more than doubled methane emissions. Atmospheric methane concentrations have increased by a factor of 2–3 in response to this increase, and continue to rise. These increasing concentrations have raised concern due to their potential effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Methane is important to both tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, significantly affecting levels of ozone, water vapor, the hydroxyl radical, and numerous other compounds. In addition, methane is currently the second most important greenhouse gas emitted from human activities. On a per molecule basis, it is much more effective a greenhouse gas than additional CO2. In this review, we examine past trends in the concentration of methane in the atmosphere, the sources and sinks that determine its growth rate, and the factors that will affect its growth rate in the future. We also present current understanding of the effects of methane on atmospheric chemistry, and examine the direct and indirect impacts of atmospheric methane on climate.
Predicting Sales Manager Control: A Comparison Of Control-System And Leadership Approaches

How much latitude should the field sales manager allow his or her subordinates? Two schools of thought have addressed this question. This study tests proposals from these two approaches. The control-system approach contends the field sales managers behavior should be consistent with other sales organization controls. The findings here do not support these contentions but do provide some support the leadership approach. The sales managers in this study varied their control behaviors depending upon the quality of their working relationship with their subordinate or upon the perceived effort levels of the salesperson.
Characterization of Weld Solidification Cracking in a Duplex Stainless Steel

Abstract Weld solidification cracking in the duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 has been investigated and compared with that of alternate duplex and austenitic stainless steels. Varestraint weld-ability testing showed SAF 2205 to exhibit a lower cracking susceptibility than that of the duplex stainless steel Ferralium 255 but greater than that of a Type 304 austenitic stainless steel which solidified as ferrite and exhibited Ferrite Number 8 (FN 8) in the weld fusion zone. The high augmented strain levels required to induce cracking in these three alloys during Varestraint testing indicated a high resistance to solidification cracking at strain levels normally encountered in structural weldments. Cracking susceptibilities of the duplex and Type 304/FN-8 stainless steels were appreciably lower than that of a Type 304L stainless steel which solidified entirely to austenite and exhibited less than FN 1 in the weld fusion zone. Microstructural characterization of SAF 2205 using conventional black-and-white and two different color metallography techniques showed solidification cracks to be associated with ferrite grain boundaries. Color metallography was also effective in revealing the fusion zone solidification structure and delineating second phases, including inter- and intragranular austenite and fine Cr2N precipitates. Fractographic analysis of solidification crack surfaces from SAF 2205 Varestraint samples revealed dendritic and flat topographies, and confirmed a solidification versus solid-state cracking mechanism.
Multilevel Switching in Forming-Free Resistive Memory Devices With Atomic Layer Deposited ${\rm HfTiO}_{x}$ Nanolaminate

We report multilevel switching in forming-free resistive random access memories (RRAMs) with atomic layer deposited HfTiOx nanolaminate (5 nm) as the dielectric. The devices are fabricated using materials and processes compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication, including atomic layer deposition for the mixed dielectric structure. The devices switch between ON/OFF states at ~ ±1 V without any separate forming step. At least four distinct logic levels can be obtained for the HfTiOx RRAMs by changing the current compliance in the ON state. The importance of the capability to switch from lower to higher as well as from higher to lower compliances in multilevel operation is demonstrated by comparing multilevel operation of HfOx and HfTiOx devices. The logic levels for the HfTiOx devices show reliable cycling endurance and stable retention for all the levels.
Multiple wavelength reflectance oximetry in peripheral tissues.

One of the principal functions of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen from the lungs to tissues by the red cells. Therefore, an important measure of the effectiveness of the cardiovascular and pulmonary system is the ratio of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) concentration to the total hemoglobin concentration in blood which is called the hemoglobin oxygen saturation (OS).
Learning to describe video with weak supervision by exploiting negative sentential information

Most previous work on video description trains individual parts of speech independently. It is more appealing from a linguistic point of view, for word models for all parts of speech to be learned simultaneously from whole sentences, a hypothesis suggested by some linguists for child language acquisition. In this paper, we learn to describe video by discriminatively training positive sentential labels against negative ones in a weakly supervised fashion: the meaning representations (i.e., HMMs) of individual words in these labels are learned from whole sentences without any correspondence annotation of what those words denote in the video. Textual descriptions are then generated for new video using trained word models.
Charge transport model in solid-state avalanche amorphous selenium and defect suppression design

Avalanche amorphous selenium (a-Se) in a layer of High Gain Avalanche Rushing Photoconductor (HARP) is being investigated for its use in large area medical imagers. Avalanche multiplication of photogenerated charge requires electric fields greater than 70 V μm−1. For a-Se to withstand this high electric field, blocking layers are used to prevent the injection of charge carriers from the electrodes. Blocking layers must have a high injection barrier and deep trapping states to reduce the electric field at the interface. In the presence of a defect in the blocking layer, a distributed resistive layer (DRL) must be included into the structure to build up space charge and reduce the electric field in a-Se and the defect. A numerical chargetransport model has been developed to optimize the properties of blocking layers used in various HARP structures. The model shows the incorporation of a DRL functionality into the p-layer can reduce dark current at a point defect by two orders of magnitude by reducing the field in a-Se to the avalanche threshold. Hole mobility in a DRL of ∼10−8 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 100 V μm−1 as demonstrated by the model can be achieved experimentally by varying the hole mobility of p-type organic or inorganic semiconductors through doping, e.g., using Poly(9-vinylcarbozole) doped with 1%–3% (by weight) of poly(3-hexylthiopene).
Rapid assessment of cerebral hemodynamics.

Publisher Summary This chapter is a review of the results using the image intensifier videocamera (MagnacameraB) and non-diffusible radiopharmaceuticals in the assessment of 175 patients with various types—namely, acute and chronic vascular disease, vascular and avascular tumors, arteriovenous malformations, idiopathic seizures, and trauma—of cerebral hemisphere pathology. The procedure, in the great majority of cases, followed the internal carotid angiogram using the same indwelling catheter. This facilitated correlating the results obtained from the two studies. Initially, the video camera did not have a video-quantifier accessory that necessitated dependence on the high-speed Polaroid film sensitivity to ascertain variations with time of the test agent radio density in the lateral hemisphere picture. The quantifier produces a radio histogram of any two selected regions in the hemisphere simultaneously from videotape replay. Recently, the quantifier data has been carefully reanalyzed using a programmed calculator and expressed in percent mean maximum concentration of the test agent, arterial-capillary time, and inverse T 1/2 for each 1.5 cm 2 region of the hemisphere.
Familism and Marital Success

New York: Social Science Research Council, 1953. Mimeographed, to be published. Ellis, Albert and Ruth R. Doorbar, "Recent Trends in Sex Marriage and Family Research," Marriage and Family Living, 14 (November 1952), pp. 338341. Hill, Reuben, "A Review of Current Research on Marriage and the Family," American Sociological Review, 16 (October 1951), pp. 694-701. Kelley, I. B. and Margaret Nesbitt, "The Family, Education, and Child Adjustment," Review of Educational Research, 16 (1946), pp. 71-80. Komarovsky, Mirra and Willard Waller, "Studies of the Family," The American Journal of Sociology, 50 (May 1945), pp. 443451. Mowrer, Eamest and Harriet R. Mowrer, "The Social Psychology of Marriage," American Sociological Review, 16 (February 1951), pp. 27-36. Nimkoff, M. F., "Trends in Family Research," The American Journal of Sociology, 53 (May 1948), pp. 477-482. Rockwood, Lemo D., "A Proposal for the Direction of Family Life Research in the Next Decade," Journal of Home Economics, 44 (January 1952), pp. 23-27.
Efficiency of Infield Traps in Detecting or Suppressing Low Population Levels of Boll Weevils

The F1 progeny of one overwintered female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman from a “clumped” emergence pattern were detected in all of seven 2-ha cotton fields with 10 grandlure-baited infield traps/ha but in only 4 of 7 fields with 2.5 traps/ha. The probability of detecting at least one of the F1 progeny of one female was calculated with a simple model to be 63.2 and 99.1%, respectively, for 2.5 and 10 traps/ha. With 10 traps/ha, an avg of 5.0 or 71% of the females emerging in test fields were captured during a 21-day period. This capture rate was essentially equal to the expected capture rate of 83.6% of the females when uniform distribution of both traps and boll weevils and equal attraction of mate-seeking females to traps and to males was assumed. These favorable results were attributed to the ability of the synthetic pheromone released by the traps to largely overpower the attractiveness of the males despite the closer proximity of the males to mate-seeking females.
Lack of Effect of Propylthiouracil and Methylmercaptoimidazole on Thyroglobulin Biosynthesis

Experiments were performed both in vivo and in vitro to test a previous proposal that part of the antithyroid action of the thioureylene drugs, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methylmercaptoimidazole, can be attributed to inhibition of thyroglobulin (Tg) biosynthesis. Rat thyroid lobes were incubated in leucine-free Eagle's medium containing bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone and 0, 0.1-0.2, or 1 mM drug. After a 30-min preincubation, 5 mu Ci of [14C]leucine were added and the incubation was continued for 4 hr. The soluble fraction was analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the fractions corresponding to the 19S Tg peak were pooled and assayed for 14C. No inhibition of 14C incorporation into 19S Tg was observed, even in thyroid lobes incubated in the presence of 1 mM methylmercaptoimidazole or 2 mM PTU. At the same time, 14C incorporation into 19S Tg was completely inhibited when lobes were incubated in the presence of 0.1 mM puromycin. In vivo, rats received an injection of PTU (1 mumol/100 g body wt), followed 60 min later by an injection of 25 mu Ci of [14C]leucine. Blood samples and thyroids were taken 5 hr after the [14C]leucine injection. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone was not significantly affected by the PTU injection. The thyroid-soluble fraction was analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. No significant differences between saline and PTU-injected groups were observed in [14C]leucine incorporation into 19S Tg. We conclude from both our in vitro and our in vivo studies that PTU and methylmercaptoimidazole have no inhibitory effect on thyroglobulin synthesis in rat thyroids and that such inhibition does not play a significant role in the antithyroid action of these drugs.
Japanese Beetle Grubs: Dosage-Mortality Response and Symptoms of Poisoning Following Topical Treatments with Chlorpyrifos and Dieldrin

Dosage-mortality response, toxicological symptoms, and events leading to death following topical treatment of 3rd stage grubs of a New Jersey population of Popillia japonica Newman were studied. The 8-day LD50 and LD95 values for chlorpyrifos were 1.88 and 55.24 μg/grub, respectively. For the slower-acting dieldrin, the 14-day LD50 and LD95 were 48.7 and 1768 μg/grub, respectively; the high LD50 for dieldrin may be indicative of dieldrin resistance. Grubs in advanced stages of insecticide poisoning were characterized by distinct symptoms: shrinkage in size and reduction in body weight to ca. 50%; yellow-brown coloration of the body, instead of the normal whitish appearance; and moribundity. Preceding the onset of the advanced stage of poisoning, the treated grubs became hyperactive (locomotor excitability) and moved up to the soil surface, remained there for one or more days, progressed to the advanced stage of poisoning, and died. Some surfaced grubs, apparently recovering from insecticide action, dug back into the soil after a day or two.
Oxidized Titanium as a Gate Dielectric for Graphene Field Effect Transistors and Its Tunneling Mechanisms

We fabricate and characterize a set of dual-gated graphene field effect transistors using a novel physical vapor deposition technique in which titanium is evaporated onto the graphene channel in 10 A cycles and oxidized in ambient to form a top-gate dielectric. A combination of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and transmission electron microscopy suggests that the titanium is oxidizing in situ to titanium dioxide. Electrical characterization of our devices yields a dielectric constant of κ = 6.9 with final mobilities above 5500 cm2/(V s). Low temperature analysis of the gate-leakage current in the devices gives a potential barrier of 0.78 eV in the conduction band and a trap depth of 45 meV below the conduction band.
Rationality, Morality, and Exit

The morality and rationality issue is explored from an Axelrod-type perspective; that is, it is discussed in terms of recurrent-prisoner's-dilemma-type games and behavioral strategies or programs for playing them. We argue that intuitive notions of rationality and morality can be shown to be mutually compatible if two assumptions are made: (1) that morality is specified as a general behavioral disposition or program whose rationality is to be determined in comparison to alternative behavioral programs and (2) that the recurrent game is specified as a prisoner's dilemma game with an exit option. The results of a simulation experiment are presented, showing that a “moral program” (specified as one that never defects, but exits in response to an opponents defection) is successful in competition with a variety of alternative programs, including Tit for Tat.
Autoimmune encephalitis: A more treatable tragedy if diagnosed early.

Approximately 20,000 cases of encephalitis occur in the United States annually. Estimated inpatient costs alone may exceed to $2 billion.1 There are long-term costs related to the morbidity and mortality that result from encephalitis. Traditionally, the education of physicians about encephalitis focuses on the infectious causes, but data from the California Encephalitis Project indicate that in 50% of the reported cases no infectious agent could be identified despite extensive testing.2 Many of these cases are now understood as autoimmune encephalitis (AE).
Exploding Tax Havens and Inequality: Donor-Advised Funds in Focus

Tax havens and their relation to inequality has been a subject of recent attention. The release of the Panama Papers has focused attention on offshore schemes in this end. However, changes in the tax code have made many obvious tax evasion activities perfectly legal, as in the case of Donor-Advised Funds (DAF). The function of these devices and their effect on tax and philanthropy are of increasing concern.
Non-metallic Inclusions and Its Effect on Microstructure of Zr Deoxidized Steel

Transformation behaviors of a Zr deoxidized and Ti microalloyed lowC-Mn steel under continuous cooling and isothermal treatment were studied. The precipitation of non-metallic inclusions and its influence on the microstructure were analyzed. Statistical results showed that the inclusions are mainly Zr O2·Mn S and Zr O2·Mn S·Ti N composites,which are in accordance with thermodynamic analysis. The size of inclusions is in the range of 0. 2 ~ 1 μm and the number density of inclusions is high. Intragranular acicular ferrite is obtained under both conditions of continuous cooling with 1 ℃ / s and isothermal treatment at 500 ℃. Inclusions,which can promote ferrite nucleation,are mostly Zr O2·Mn S·Ti N type. Formation of Mn-depletion zone with Mn S precipitation on the Zr O2 core is an important factor in ferrite nucleation. Composite precipitation of Ti N can reduce the interface energy of ferrite nucleation,which can further promote acicular ferrite transformation.
Price transmission, asymmetric adjustment and threshold effects in the cotton supply chain: a case study for Vidarbha, India

This study examines price transmission asymmetries in Vidarbha's (India) cotton supply chain from 2002 to 2012. The analysis takes account of thresholds in price adjustments toward their long-run equilibrium. The first stage considers the price dynamics between international and Indian domestic cotton prices. The second stage considers price transmission from domestic to farm gate cotton prices in Vidarbha. Results from the first stage indicate that Indian and international cotton markets are well-integrated. In contrast, the second stage reveals significant threshold-type nonlinearities as well as asymmetries in price transmission between domestic and farm gate prices. The short-run dynamics suggest that the pass-through from domestic to farm gate prices is larger when domestic prices decrease than when they increase. Moreover, back of the envelope calculations suggest that the loss in revenue for a typical farmer from a decrease in domestic price is larger than the gains from an increase in domestic price of the same magnitude. The implication is that traders benefit from price fluctuations at the expense of farmers. Evidence from fieldwork in Vidarbha suggest that asymmetries revealed in this analysis may be linked to trader's market power and inadequate market information among farmers.
Factored spatial and spectral multichannel raw waveform CLDNNs

Multichannel ASR systems commonly separate speech enhancement, including localization, beamforming and postfiltering, from acoustic modeling. Recently, we explored doing multichannel enhancement jointly with acoustic modeling, where beamforming and frequency decomposition was folded into one layer of the neural network [1, 2]. In this paper, we explore factoring these operations into separate layers in the network. Furthermore, we explore using multi-task learning (MTL) as a proxy for postfiltering, where we train the network to predict "clean" features as well as context-dependent states. We find that with the factored architecture, we can achieve a 10% relative improvement in WER over a single channel and a 5% relative improvement over the unfactored model from [1] on a 2,000-hour Voice Search task. In addition, by incorporating MTL, we can achieve 11% and 7% relative improvements over single channel and unfactored multichannel models, respectively.
Association between peridural scar and persistent low back pain after lumbar discectomy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between low back pain persisting six months after first surgery for herniated lumbar intervertebral disc and the extent of peridural fib...
Thymidine salvage pathway in normal and leukemic leukocytes with effects of ATP on enzyme control.

The enzymes of the "salvage" pathway for thymidine in normal and leukemic leukocytes separated on glass-bead-columns were studied. Levels of thymidine kinase activity in blast cells were high, but were low in granulocytes, normal and leukemic lymphocytes, and in RBC. Phosphatase and thymidine phosphorylase activity was high in granulocytes and in normal and leukemic lymphocytes, but became apparent in blast cells only in the absence of ATP. All the cells studied could phosphorylate TMP to some extent, but the amount of TTP formed depended greatly on the presence of an optimum ATP concentration. Without added ATP breakdown to thymine was at its peak, while phosphorylation of TMP was negligible. Excess ATP reduced or inhibited the activity of most of the enzymes, preventing both phosphorylation and breakdown. Concentrations of Mg equimolar with the ATP gave maximum TTP production, while inhibition by high ATP concentrations occurred despite equimolar Mg concentrations. Both TTP and thymine production ceased in the absence of Mg. Changes in ATP levels in cell loci may function in regulating thymidine metabolism.
Tolerance, Physical Dependency, and Withdrawal

As clinicians in the Pediatric ICU, we have become increasingly aware of the potential adverse effects related to inadequate sedation and poor pain control. These concerns combined with ongoing humanitarian needs to provide appropriate sedation and analgesia during critical illness have led to the increased use of sedative and analgesic agents. These initiatives have also led to new consequences that must be addressed including physical dependency, tolerance, and withdrawal. Strategies are needed to identify those patients at risk for withdrawal followed by appropriate interventions to prevent or treat it. These may include a gradual tapering of the infusion rate or switching to oral or subcutaneous administration. As this is an increasing problem in the PICU setting, newer strategies to prevent its occurrence such as the use of NMDA antagonists or rotating sedation regimens warrant further investigations. With these caveats in mind, the goal of providing effective and safe sedation and analgesia for all of our patients is within reach.
Modeling polarimetric sea surface specular scattering for GNSS-R applications

A study of the polarimetric properties of near specular scattered fields from rough surfaces is reported using a circular polarization basis. Such studies are relevant for Global Navigation Satellite System- Reflectometry (GNSS-R) remote sensing of the sea surface. Particular emphasis in the study is placed on the use of field correlations for the remote sensing of wind direction over the sea surface.
Engine Probabilistic Structural Analysis Methods Reliability/Certification

Development of reliability and risk methods for structural components and structures is a major activity at Lewis Research Center. It consists of six program elements: (1) probabilistic loads, (2) probabilistic finite element analysis, (3) probabilistic material behavior, (4) assessment of reliability and risk, (5) probabilistic structural performance evaluation, and (6) extension to other applications. Recent progress includes: (1) the evaluation of the various uncertainties in terms of cumulative distribution functions for various structural response variables based on known or assumed uncertainties in primitive structural variables, (2) evaluation of the failure probability, (3) reliability and risk-cost assessment, and (4) an outline of an emerging approach for eventual certification of man-rated structures by computational methods. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the structural durability/reliability of man-rated structural components and structures can be effectively evaluated by using formal probabilistic methods.