cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the CFA Seyfert 2 Galaxies: The Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei

We present an investigation of possible fueling mechanisms operating in the inner kiloparsec of Seyfert galaxies. We analyze visible and near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope images of 24 Seyfert 2 galaxies from the CfA Redshift Survey sample. In particular, we are searching for the morphological signatures of dynamical processes responsible for transporting gas from kiloparsec scales into the nucleus. The circum- nuclear regions are very rich in gas and dust, often taking the form of nuclear spiral dust lanes on scales of a few hundred parsecs. While these nuclear spirals are found in 20 of our 24 Seyfert galaxies, we —nd only —ve nuclear bars among the entire sample, strongly reinforcing the conclusions of other investiga- tors that nuclear bars are not the primary means of transporting this material into the nucleus. An esti- mate of the gas density in the nuclear spirals, based on extinction measurements, suggests that the nuclear spiral dust lanes are probably shocks in nuclear gas disks that are not strongly self-gravitating. Since shocks can dissipate energy and angular momentum, these spiral dust lanes may be the channels by which gas from the host galaxy disks is being fed into the central engines.
Coupling a Detonation Shock Dynamics Code to an Eulerian Hydrocode

In this technical effort we have incorporated the Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) methodology into the Eulerian hydrocode CTH by coupling it to a DSD code called WAVETRACKER. Based on some preliminary work, we developed a strategy for coupling these two codes. Both CTH and WAVETRACKER are stand-alone codes. In the coupled code, CTH calls WAVETRACKER as a subroutine. Interface routines are developed to pass geometry, mesh and boundary information from CTH to WAVETRACKER. Additional parameters required by WAVETRACKER are read directly from a user input file. Results in the form of a burn table are interpolated and passed back from WAVETRACKER to CTH.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
David Hartley's psychobiological associationism and the Legacy of Aristotle*

The idea that there are certain "laws" of learning (similarity, contrast, contiguity) can be traced to Aristotle. He maintained that external stimuli cause small movements in the vessels to the dominant heart, the vestiges of which can be linked to one another. Aristotle's laws of learning were incorporated into the writings of Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley, men who said nothing about the physiological correlates of mental associations. This left the door open for David Hartley to combine mental associationism with the Newtonian idea that sensations can cause minute particle vibrations in the nerves. Hartley's amalgam of psychology, philosophy, and neurology was first presented in 1746, as a "trial balloon" at the end a little-known monograph on a treatment for kidney stones. It was repeated three years later in his better-known Observations on Man. In many ways, modern psychobiological connectionism can be traced back to Hartley's Conjectures of 1746, in which Aristotle's original thoughts were modified with then current ideas about functions of the mind and the nervous system.
Making carbon sequestration a paying proposition

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased from a preindustrial concentration of about 280 ppm to about 367 ppm at present. The increase has closely followed the increase in CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Global warming caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major environmental challenge for the 21st century. Reducing worldwide emissions of CO2 requires multiple mitigation pathways, including reductions in energy consumption, more efficient use of available energy, the application of renewable energy sources, and sequestration. Sequestration is a major tool for managing carbon emissions. In a majority of cases CO2 is viewed as waste to be disposed; however, with advanced technology, carbon sequestration can become a value-added proposition. There are a number of potential opportunities that render sequestration economically viable. In this study, we review these most economically promising opportunities and pathways of carbon sequestration, including reforestation, best agricultural production, housing and furniture, enhanced oil recovery, coalbed methane (CBM), and CO2 hydrates. Many of these terrestrial and geological sequestration opportunities are expected to provide a direct economic benefit over that obtained by merely reducing the atmospheric CO2 loading. Sequestration opportunities in 11 states of the Southeast and South Central United States are discussed. Among the most promising methods for the region include reforestation and CBM. The annual forest carbon sink in this region is estimated to be 76 Tg C/year, which would amount to an expenditure of $11.1–13.9 billion/year. Best management practices could enhance carbon sequestration by 53.9 Tg C/year, accounting for 9.3% of current total annual regional greenhouse gas emission in the next 20 years. Annual carbon storage in housing, furniture, and other wood products in 1998 was estimated to be 13.9 Tg C in the region. Other sequestration options, including the direct injection of CO2 in deep saline aquifers, mineralization, and biomineralization, are not expected to lead to direct economic gain. More detailed studies are needed for assessing the ultimate changes to the environment and the associated indirect cost savings for carbon sequestration.
Estimating amounts of iron oxide from gradient echo images

Rat legs directly injected with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) were studied by dual-echo, gradient-echo imaging. The amount of iron injected was estimated using a point dipole model for the SPIO injection site. Saturation magnetization of 6:1 PEG/amino modified silane-coated iron oxide particles with 5- to 6-nm core and 20-25 hydrodynamic diameter was approximately 110 emu/g of iron. Estimates of the amount of iron injected made from signal void volumes surrounding SPIO centers yielded erroneous results varying with sample orientation in the scanner and echo time (TE). For example, a 10 microL, 3-microg iron injection produced signal void volumes of 80 and 210 microL at TE of 9.8 and 25 ms, respectively, giving apparent iron contents of 6 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 microg respectively. A more effective approach uses the phase difference between two gradient recalled echo images. To estimate iron content, this approach fits the expected (3 cos(2)theta - 1)/(/r/3) spatial phase distribution to the observed phase differences. Extraneous phase effects made fitting phase at a single TE ineffective. With the dual echo method, 18 independent estimates were 2.48 +/- 0.26 microg std, independently of sample orientation. Estimates in empty control regions were -90 and -140 ng. A 1-microg injection indicated 0.5, 1.2, and 1.2 microg.
Changes in posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms during cognitive processing therapy: evidence for concurrent change.

Objective Trauma-focused psychotherapies reduce both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-occurring depression. However, little is known about the relationship between changes in PTSD and depression during treatment. This study examined the association between changes in PTSD and depression during the course of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and its treatment components. Method Data were drawn from a dismantling trial investigating the comparative efficacy of the components of CPT (Resick, Galovski, et al., 2008). One hundred twenty-six women (mean age = 36.14 years) from the original randomized intent-to-treat sample (N = 150) who attended at least 1 treatment session were included in this study. Participants diagnosed with PTSD were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment conditions: the full CPT protocol (n = 44), the cognitive therapy component of CPT (n = 39), and the written account component of CPT (n = 43). The majority of the sample self-identified as Caucasian (67%; 29% African American and 4% Other). Primary outcome measures included the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II, administered at 8 time points (baseline, weekly throughout 6 weeks of treatment, and posttreatment). Results Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between PTSD and depression during treatment. Results indicated that changes in PTSD and depression were strongly related. Multilevel mediation analyses revealed that changes in PTSD and depression occurred concurrently, with lagged analyses providing no evidence that changes in symptoms of 1 disorder preceded changes in the other. Conclusions Results suggest that changes in PTSD and depression occur contemporaneously during CPT.
Personality Characteristics Associated With Romantic Attachment: A Comparison of Interview and Self-Report Methodologies

This study compared the personality attributes associated with self-report versus interview assessment of romantic attachment. Twenty-three-year-olds (N = 83) completed the Romantic Attachment Interview, the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory, and measures of response bias, self-enhancement, and self-insight. Five psychologists evaluated the participants’ personality. Although both self-report and interview assessment were related to attachment-relevant personality attributes, interview assessment was slightly more likely to explain unique variance in personality, especially regarding intrapsychic attributes. Self-enhancement was negatively related to secure attachment and positively related to dismissing attachment. The opposite pattern emerged for self-insight. A subgroup of 12 vulnerable individuals who described themselves as securely attached on self-report was judged as dismissing according to interview assessment. These individuals scored low on self-insight and high on self-enhancement an...
Electron Correlation in the Formation of Hollow Li-Like Ions

The role of electron correlation in the formation of double-K-shell vacancies in Li-like Be+, B2+, C3+ and O5+ ions has been investigated using high-resolution zero-degree projectile spectroscopy. Using the collision velocity dependence for the cross sections of the observed doubly-K-shell vacant states, the contribution of the e-e interaction was inferred and categorized in terms of shake and dielectronic models. The relative strength of the e-e interaction was examined as a function of the atomic number of the Li-like ion.
Theoretical Studies of Eliminations. 5. Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Eliminations: An ab Initio Study of the Gas-Phase Reaction of NH2- with CH3CH2SCH3

Ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31+G**//MP2/6-31+G* level have been completed on the title reaction. The computational results are in good accord with a mechanism suggested by Nibbering and co-workers in 1987. The preferred elimination pathway involves abstraction of an α-proton followed by an intramolecular syn elimination. Although a conventional E2 mechanism is viable, abstraction of an α-proton has a substantial energetic advantage and is effectively irreversible. The intramolecular syn elimination has a higher barrier than a conventional anti E2 pathway, but is the only option after the irreversible α-proton abstraction. Results are also presented for the reaction of fluoride with CH3CH2SCH3.
Reactivity of niobium cluster anions with nitrogen and carbon monoxide

Abstract Reactions of small niobium cluster anions, Nbn−(n = 2–7), with CO and N2 are investigated using a flow tube reactor (flowing afterglow) apparatus. Carbon monoxide chemisorption on niobium cluster anions occurs with faster reaction rates than nitrogen chemisorption on corresponding cluster sizes. N2 addition to niobium cluster anions is much more size-selective than is CO addition. These general trends follow those reported in the literature for reactions of neutral and cationic niobium clusters with CO and N2. Extensive fragmentation of the clusters is observed upon chemisorption. A small fraction of the larger clusters survive and sequentially add multiple CO or N2 units without fragmentation. However, chemisorption saturation is not reached at the experimentally accessible pressure and reagent concentration ranges. The thermochemistry of the adsorption processes and the nature of the adsorbed species, molecular or dissociated, are discussed.
Sand dynamics at the mouth of a rock-bound, tide-dominated estuary

Abstract The lowermost Kennebec River is a relatively narrow, deep, bedrock-cut estuary situated along the highly indented, central coast of Maine. A large tidal prism and strong tidal currents control bedload sediment transport at the estuary mouth. Riverine sediment is introduced to the estuary during spring freshets when freshwater discharge may increase by an order of magnitude. During the same time, some of the existing estuarine sediment is exported to the nearshore. A barrier adjacent to the estuary is the product of an abundant riverine sand supply and numerous bedrock ridges, which anchor this sand deposit. A variety of sedimentologic, geomorphic, and hydraulic data collected over a 14-year period document a clockwise, sand-circulation cell that involves the exchange of bedload among the entrance channel to the estuary, adjacent beaches, nearshore, and offshore region. Tidal currents transport sand from the estuary through a subsidiary channel, bordered on both sides by bedrock islands, to an offshore subtidal bar. Northeast storm waves breaking along this outer bar move sand westward and landward toward the beach, leading to the development of large bar complexes. The welding of a bar complex to the western end of Hunnewell Beach occurs every 6–9 years and adds 2–300,000 m3 of sand to the shoreline. Sediment transport calculations along the outer bar are consistent with this volume of sand. The sediment gyre is completed as beach sands are moved eastward along the beach and dumped into the estuarine channel. This movement of sand is produced by wave action and tidal currents that enter the estuary peripherally during the flooding tide. During the ebb cycle, strong tidal currents flowing seaward through the subsidiary channel advect water from along the beach, which enhances sand transport into the estuary. Thirteen years of beach profile surveys demonstrate a good correspondence between bar welding events and short-term (1–4 years) accretionary shoreline changes. However, the volumetric changes of Hunnewell Beach cannot be accounted for by bar welding alone. The apparent movement of sand between Hunnewell Beach and other sand is further evidenced by the 135 year record of historical shoreline changes that reveal up to 200 m of shoreline excursions over a 26 year period. These data suggest that erosional–depositional trends along Hunnewell Beach are complex and the result of the exchange of sand among the adjacent beaches, nearshore zone, Fox and Wood Island tombolos, Kennebec River channel, and offshore region. The effects of major spring floods and strong bedrock influences produce patterns of sedimentation and a distribution of sand bodies at the mouth of Kennebec River that differ markedly from accepted estuarine models that are based on the relative importance of wave and tidal energy. This study demonstrates the need to consider structural controls when using these models.
Wind-Driven Upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the Deglacial Rise in Atmospheric CO2

Wind-driven upwelling in the ocean around Antarctica helps regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the deep sea and the atmosphere, as well as the supply of dissolved silicon to the euphotic zone of the Southern Ocean. Diatom productivity south of the Antarctic Polar Front and the subsequent burial of biogenic opal in underlying sediments are limited by this silicon supply. We show that opal burial rates, and thus upwelling, were enhanced during the termination of the last ice age in each sector of the Southern Ocean. In the record with the greatest temporal resolution, we find evidence for two intervals of enhanced upwelling concurrent with the two intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 during deglaciation. These results directly link increased ventilation of deep water to the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2.
Comparative studies of the coat proteins of R17 and M12 bacteriophages

The bacteriophages R17 and M12 were grown in quantity and purified. They responded similarly to growth and purification conditions. Both appeared homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge. They were found to be serologically similar. The protein moieties of R17 and M12 were isolated by extraction with 67% acetic acid. R17 protein had greater electrophoretic mobility than M12 protein. R17 contained one more mole of lysine residues and one less mole of glutamic acid or glutamine residues than M12 per 14·2 × 10 3 g protein. Otherwise, their amino acid compositions were indistinguishable. Analysis of the alkali spectra of the proteins showed that each contained two moles of tryptophan residues per 14·2 × 10 3 g protein. R17 and M12 proteins were digested with trypsin and the products isolated, using a combination of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis. R17 was found to have one more lysyl peptide than M12. Of the fourteen R17 peptides isolated, 11 were found to be identical in amino acid composition and two very similar to the corresponding 13 M12 peptides isolated. Comparison of the number of lysine and arginine residues per unit weight of the proteins with the number of major lysyl and arginyl tryptic peptides indicated that the chemical subunit weight of R17 and Ml2 coat proteins is about 14·2 × 10 3 .
PHOSPHORESCENCE INDUCED BY PRESSURE AND CONTINUOUS LIGHT IRRADIATION OF BENZOPHENONE AND 4,4'-BIS(DIMETHYLAMINO)BENZOPHENONE IN SOLID POLYMERS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

We report efficient room temperature phosphorescence induced by pressure (PIP) and/or by continuous light irradiation (light-induced phosphorescence (LIP)) in two ketones: benzophenone (BP) and its p-dimethylamino-substituted (Michler's ketone (MK)) both dissolved in solid poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA). Under pressure both BP and MK reveal a remarkable growth of the phosphorescence intensity: 2 orders of magnitude (within 5 kbar) and 1 order of magnitude (within 50 kbar) respectively for MK and BP. For MK, above 5 kbar the phosphorescence intensity significantly decreases, but for BP the decrease is negligible even above 50 kbar. A model based on the increase of the amount of π,π* character in the predominately n,π* triplet state with increasing pressure is proposed to account for the observed features of the PIP. The LIP occurs only at pressures below the maximum in the PIP. With prolonged irradiation, the overall shape of the phosphorescence intensity curve versus time depends on pressure, exciting ...
The effect of schooling on income in Japan

This paper uses cross-sectional data from the 1955, 1965, and 1975 Social Stratification and Mobility Surveys to investigate the effect of schooling on personal income in the Japanese male labor force. For each survey, log-income regressions are estimated which include (in addition to controls for years of work experience) two variables to indicate educational attainment: (1) years of schooling completed, and (2) percentile ranking in the distribution of years of schooling for one's age-cohort. The effect of the first educational variable may be interpreted as the human capital effect of schooling. The effect of the second educational variable may be interpreted as the screening or credentialing effect of schooling. The results indicate that controlling for the credentialing effect of schooling significantly reduces the net effect of schooling as human capital. Regression decomposition is then used to ascertain the components of the growth in mean log-income between 1955 and 1975. The contribution of years of schooling to the increase in mean log-income across these decades is significantly reduced after controlling for the credentialing effect.
Focus as emphasis: Conceptual and performance implications for hospitals

Abstract Focus in hospitals has been heralded as the next frontier in improving its efficiency and efficacy ( Herzlinger, 2004 ). However, there is scarce empirical work examining its effects in this setting. Focus in hospitals can take several different forms, ranging from standalone specialty centers to a hospital that chooses to emphasize in some operational way a particular specialty while still offering a full range of services. Although standalone facilities can be found in many locations, the vast majority of hospitals must follow the latter route to achieve focus. Current conceptualizations and measures of focus struggle to capture this construct in a way that does not assume a narrowing of range of offerings. In contrast to the traditional view of focus as narrowing , in this paper, we address the perspective of focus as emphasis . We select cardiology as the specialty and use secondary data for more than 264,000 patients in New York State to examine the relationship between focus as emphasis and hospital cost performance. Our results support the notion that such focus is associated with lower costs. Moreover, our results also show that focus in hospitals can be operationalized as a disproportionate emphasis on one line of service, without necessarily narrowing the overall range of services provided.
Mechanisms and Implications of Age-Associated Impaired Innate Interferon Secretion by Dendritic Cells: A Mini-Review

Initial secretion of interferons by innate immune cells such as dendritic cells is crucial for protection against infections as well as for alerting and activating the downstream immune responses. The secretion of innate interferons, both type I and type III, by dendritic cells is severely impaired in aged subjects. This review focuses on the mechanisms responsible for the reduced interferon secretion by dendritic cells and the role this plays in the increased susceptibility of the elderly to infections, particularly of the respiratory mucosa.
Metastatic carcinoma: Palaeopathology and differential diagnosis

A 62 year-old contemporary white female diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma of the breast was examined after skeletonisation. She never received chemical, hormonal or radiation therapy. Because of the confirmed clinical diagnosis, lack of medicinal intervention, and quality of bone preservation, this specimen provides a comparative standard for metastatic carcinoma and differential diagnosis of idiopathic dry bone pathology. We detail gross and radiographic bone response to this disease and differentially diagnose the skeleton against Langerhans cell histiocytosis and multiple myeloma, conditions capable of modifying bone in characteristic patterns that may mimic metastatic carcinoma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammary field cancerization: molecular evidence and clinical importance

The term “field cancerization” originally denoted the presence of histologically abnormal tissue/cells surrounding primary tumors of the head and neck. Similar concepts with different and continuously changing definitions have been used for other types of tumors including breast adenocarcinoma, where field cancerization presently denotes the occurrence of molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues surrounding areas of overt cancer. Human mammary tissue morphology lends itself to the proposed concepts of field cancerization, which may include the gradual accumulation of genetic and other aberrations in stationary epithelial cells with intact morphology, or the spread of histologically normal yet genetically aberrant epithelial cells within mammary tissue. In this report, we review published molecular genetic, epigenetic, and gene expressional data in support of field cancerization in human mammary tissues. We then discuss the clinical implications of mammary field cancerization, including its source for potential biomarkers with diagnostic/prognostic potential, and its relationship to surgical margins and disease recurrence. We conclude with a future outlook on further research on mammary field cancerization addressing experimental methods, as well as the development of possible models and integrated approaches to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms with the ultimate goal of developing clinical applications.
ISELECTION OF NIPPLES BY SUCKLING RATS AND ITS EFFECT UPON MAMMARY SYSTEM1

DURING THE ROUTINE examination of rats in our colony at time of weaning (21 days), itwas observed that, when small litters were suckling, not all of the nipples were being used by theyoung in obtaining their nourishment. It was soon apparent that there was some correlation betweenthe size of the litter and the specific nipples being utilized. The present report is concerned with observations made on females suckling small litters, together with a histological study of the mam-mary tissue associated with suckled and non-suckled nipples. When the lactating female rat is taken from the nest while the young are suckling it can readily be determined which nipples are being suckled. The recently suckled nipple is elongated and the fur at its base is wet and matted. Nipples that are not being suckled are small and dry. The normal female albino rat has 6 pairs of nipples, 3 in the pectoral area and 3 in the pelvicregion.
Sequential dual chamber extrastimulation: a novel pacing maneuver to identify the presence of a slowly conducting concealed accessory pathway.

Background Transient VA block can be created in the AV node (AVN) when an atrial extrastimulus is delivered at the AVN effective refractory period (ERP) due to anterograde concealed conduction. Objective We hypothesized that ventricular stimulation during pacing-induced AVN refractoriness could identify concealed accessory pathways (APs) that remain hidden with standard maneuvers. Methods Patients undergoing electrophysiological study for supraventricular tachycardia were screened for presence of an AP using standard pacing maneuvers and/or V pacing during adenosine infusion. The dual-chamber sequential extrastimulation maneuver consisted of an 8-beat drive train of simultaneous AV pacing at 600 msec, followed by an A2 delivered at AVN ERP, followed by a V2 delivered at the drive train cycle length (600 msec). Repeat drives were then performed with decrements of 10 msec for V2 until VA block was seen. Retrograde AVN and AP ERP were recorded with standard (V1, V2) and dual-chamber extrastimulation (A1/V1, A2, V2). Patients with an AP identified with standard pacing, manifest pre-excitation, or A ERP Results Fourteen patients with and 19 patients without an AP were studied. In all patients with an AP, exclusive VA conduction over the AP, without fusion, was seen with the described pacing maneuver. In patients without an AP, retrograde AV nodal ERP was extended by a mean of 138 ± 46 msec (range 50 to 210 msec) with the A2. Anterograde concealed conduction into the AP was also seen in some patients who showed AP conduction during standard V1V2 pacing (mean retrograde extension of ERP 12 ± 8 msec, range 0 to 20 msec). Conclusion Dual-chamber sequential extrastimulation is a useful maneuver for identifying slowly conducting APs not revealed with standard pacing maneuvers because of an ERP and conduction time similar to the AVN. The maneuver uses anterograde concealed conduction to prolong AVN refractoriness much more than that of a concealed AP, thereby allowing the AP to become manifest with the V2.
Signaling pathways mediating gastrin’s growth-promoting effects

In addition to its fundamental role in stimulating gastric acid secretion, the peptide hormone gastrin induces growth-promoting effects on diversity of target cells. Various mechanisms, including endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine, have been proposed for gastrin's growth-promoting actions. The mitogenic effects of gastrin are mediated by specific cell surface receptors activated after gastrin binding. The functionally defined receptors for gastrin include cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor, which is discriminating for sulfated CCK8; cholecystokinin B (CCKB)/gastrin receptor, which binds gastrin17 sulfated, and nonsulfated CCK8 with nearly equal affinities; cholecystokinin C (CCKC), which is a low-affinity gastrin binding protein; and novel, high-affinity receptors selective for amidated gastrin, processing intermediates of gastrin, or both. The signaling pathways mediating gastrin's stimulation of the CCKB/gastrin receptor have been progressively outlined, and the pathways mediating other receptors have been slowly emerging. Engagement of the gastrin receptor initiates various biochemical and molecular events, including recruitment and activation of tyrosine kinases, activation of the phospholipase C signaling pathway leading to phosphoinositide breakdown, intracellular calcium mobilization and protein kinase C stimulation, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and induction of early response genes. Current emphasis is on understanding the functional significance of processing intermediate forms of gastrin, and the receptor subtypes and pathways that promote the trophic/mitogenic effects of the different molecular forms of gastrin.
Lessons from the Financial Crisis on Risk and Capital Management: The Case of Insurance Companies

This article proposes that risk management be viewed as an integral part of the corporate value-creation process— one in which the concept of economic capital can provide companies with the financial cushion and confidence to carry out their strategic plans. Using the case of insurance and reinsurance companies, the authors discuss three main ways that the integration of risk and capital management creates value: 1strengthening solvency (by limiting the probability of financial distress); 2increasing prospects for profitable growth (by preserving access to capital during post-loss periods); and 3improving transparency (by increasing the “information content” or “signaling power” of reported earnings). Insurers can manage solvency risk by using Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) models to limit the probability of financial distress to levels consistent with the firm's specified risk tolerance. While ERM models are effective in managing “known” risks, we discuss three practices widely used in the insurance industry to manage “unknown” and “unknowable” risks using the logic of real options—slack, mutualization, and incomplete contracts. Second, risk management can create value by securing sources of capital that, like contingent capital, can be used to fund profitable growth opportunities that tend to arise in periods following large losses. Finally, the authors argue that risk management can raise the confidence of investors in their estimates of future growth by removing the “noise” in earnings that comes from bearing non-core risks, thereby making current earnings a more reliable guide to future earnings. In support of this possibility, the authors provide evidence showing that, for a given level of reported return on equity (ROE), (re)insurers with more stable ROEs have higher price-to-book ratios, suggesting investors' willingness to pay a premium for the stability provided by risk management.
Assembly of the Iron-binding Protein Frataxin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Responds to Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Iron Influx and Stress Level

Defects in frataxin result in Friedreich ataxia, a genetic disease characterized by early onset of neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes. Frataxin is a conserved mitochondrial protein that controls iron needed for iron-sulfur cluster assembly and heme synthesis and also detoxifies excess iron. Studies in vitro have shown that either monomeric or oligomeric frataxin delivers iron to other proteins, whereas ferritin-like frataxin particles convert redox-active iron to an inert mineral. We have investigated how these different forms of frataxin are regulated in vivo. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only monomeric yeast frataxin (Yfh1) was detected in unstressed cells when mitochondrial iron uptake was maintained at a steady, low nanomolar level. Increments in mitochondrial iron uptake induced stepwise assembly of Yfh1 species ranging from trimer to >24-mer, independent of interactions between Yfh1 and its major iron-binding partners, Isu1/Nfs1 or aconitase. The rate-limiting step in Yfh1 assembly was a structural transition that preceded conversion of monomer to trimer. This step was induced, independently or synergistically, by mitochondrial iron increments, overexpression of wild type Yfh1 monomer, mutations that stabilize Yfh1 trimer, or heat stress. Faster assembly kinetics correlated with reduced oxidative damage and higher levels of aconitase activity, respiratory capacity, and cell survival. However, deregulation of Yfh1 assembly resulted in Yfh1 aggregation, aconitase sequestration, and mitochondrial DNA depletion. The data suggest that Yfh1 assembly responds to dynamic changes in mitochondrial iron uptake or stress exposure in a highly controlled fashion and that this may enable frataxin to simultaneously promote respiratory function and stress tolerance.
Reading and listening to high and low imagery sentences

Five reaction time experiments were performed to clarify the role that imagery plays in sentence understanding. In the first experiment, subjects had to decide whether visually presented sentences were true or false. Reading and verifying high-imagery sentences took longer than reading and verifying low-imagery sentences. This was true even though both types of sentences were equal in difficulty when auditorily presented. In Experiment 2, the words of each sentence were serially presented in order to make the reading presentation more like the listening presentation. Again, reading interfered more with the processing of high-imagery sentences than low-imagery sentences. Experiments 3 and 4 were identical to Experiments 1 and 2 except that a comprehension task was used instead of a verification task. Again, reading interfered more with the high- than the low-imagery sentences. However, in Experiment 5, when a grammatical judgment task was used, reading no longer interfered more with the high-imagery sentences. These results suggest that imagery plays a significant role in the comprehension of high-imagery sentences.
THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMIC REFORM: PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE CULTURE

Introduction The Hungarian economic reform in 1968 was a departure from the centralised, autocratic economic and political system which existed prior to that time. In the old system, those at the different levels of the power structure were absolutely self‐confident about their ability and right to determine what was good for everybody else. They were not interested in the opinions of their subordinates, especially when those opinions concerned poor decision making at higher levels. Human resources were badly managed, and knowledge and skills were misused. This resulted in a lack of commitment by subordinates and also in a lack of interest in doing the right things. Those lacking power and responsibility were depressed with their work and held little hope for future improvement. They were not motivated to improve their performance in the absence of clear, honest performance‐oriented incentive and promotion systems. Personnel departments were more concerned about the political reliability of the people in a company than about their capabilities and skills and the match of these with the company's future plans. Alienation of people, along with dissatisfaction, could have been tapped if anyone had been interested in coping with these problems, which contributed considerably to the growing incompetence in managing the economy and the companies in the changing environment of the '60s. There appeared to be no way out of the crisis other than decentralisation; getting more people involved in decision making and problem solving.
Site-specific binding of a nuclear factor to the carrot extensin gene is influenced by both ethylene and wounding

Experiments conducted in vitro using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay have shown that a single region of the extensin gene of carrot (Daucus carota L.) interacts with a protein factor designated Extensin Gene Binding Factor-1 (EGBF-1) present in nuclear extracts obtained from carrot roots. This interaction is sequence-specific as judged by the failure of other plant gene sequences to compete with the extensin gene for EGBF-1 binding. The EGBF-1 activity is organspecific, not being expressed in nuclear extracts obtained from carrot leaves or stems. Both ethylene treatment and wounding of roots are shown to have a controlling influence on the expression of EGBF-1 activity in nuclear extracts. These results demonstrate that at least three distinct signals: ethylene treatment, wounding, and development, are important in determining the activity of EGBF-1 in nuclear extracts, and indicate a role for EGBF-1 in stress-related signal transduction and the regulation of extensin-gene expression.
Locomotor activity of rats housed in novel activity cages: Effects of vitamin B-6 and temperature

Abstract An apparatus for measuring locomotor activity (LA) of rats is described and demonstrated. Conventional cages were modified to tilt in response to animal LA. Cage movements were detected by a piezoelectric crystal transducer, and the amplified signals outputted to electronic digital counters. The activity cages were utilized to investigate the effects of several dietary levels of vitamin B-6 (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 6.0 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg diet) and two different temperature conditions (23° and 27°) on the LA of post-weanling rats. Throughout most of the 31/2 week study period, animals in the 0 and 0.5 mg groups were less active (p
The "It's No Secret" bra drive: an example of collaborative practice.

Evidence collection by sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) is a crucial part of the forensic medical examination. SANEs attempt to collect all possible evidence including swabs, slides, urine, blood, and clothing. Because biological evidence can be found on underwear, bras, and other clothing, the SANE often asks patients to relinquish these clothing items during the forensic medical examination. Some patients are reluctant to relinquish their bras, for varying reasons. The Riverside County Sexual Assault Multi-Disciplinary Team conducted a bra collection drive, in conjunction with Sexual Assault Awareness Month. The purpose of the bra drive was to enable the SANE to provide a replacement bra in exchange for the patient's bra, which may contain biological evidence. The community response was overwhelming and has already enabled the collection of bras from patients who were otherwise unwilling to give them up. Language: en
Trajectory control problems in planetary entry of manned vehicles.

This paper discusses the problems associated with controlling the trajectory of a space vehicle entering the atmospheres of Earth and Mars. These control problems include the capture maneuvers for Earth entry velocities up to 70,000 fps, the capture maneuvers for Mars entry velocities up to 40,000 fps, and the skip-out control to a parking orbit at Mars. Utilizing a flight simulator, results were obtained for both automatic and piloted-guidance systems. The results indicate that, for Earth entry velocities of 70,000 fps with a lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) 1.0 vehicle, there is approximately a 1-sec interval within which a roll maneuver must be initiated to insure capture without exceeding a 10-g acceleration limit. For automatic control systems, with a vehicle maximum roll rate above 15deg/sec, the full entry corridor can be utilized. For piloted backup systems, though, successful capture is limited to Earth entry velocities less than about 65,000 fps because of the critical timing involved. For entries at Mars, the capture maneuver is shown to be less critical. An uncertainty of ±25% in the Mars atmosphere density scale height does not degrade the ability of the entry guidance system to utilize the full entry corridor or to perform the skip-out control to a parking orbit.
Enhancing wireless security through reconfigurable antennas

Applying channel information for user authentication is gaining attention in the area of wireless network security. Numerous studies have demonstrated reconfigurable antennas with multiple operating modes that have the ability to choose the best channel in a given environment. We investigate the performance gains that can be achieved by using multiple uncorrelated channel realizations for user authentication at the physical layer by employing a reconfigurable antenna. Ray tracing simulations using a reconfigurable circular patch antenna were carried out and the intruder detection rate and false alarm rates were studied as a function of the number of available antenna modes and the SNR at the receiver.
COMPsych: The electronic software information service and PC software archive for psychology

COMPsych is an electronic clearinghouse for software information related to psychology instruction, research, and practice. Since 1987, COMPsych has provided five major services: (1) a catalog of descriptive information about available software, (2) a directory of software users, (3) a message system, (4) an announcement service, and (5) an electronic Newsletter. In addition to these services, COMPsych has now been designated as the official archive and distribution site for PC-based software and data files described in the journalBehavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. A general description of COMPsych and specific instructions for using the new archive service are presented. Those interested in joining COMPsych should send electronic mail to compsych@snyplava.bitnet or compsych@splava.cc.plattsburgh.edu. The system can be accessed via anonymous ftp at gluon.hawk.plattsburgh.edu in the directory pub/compsych. COMPsych files are also available through the gopher server at SUNY Plattsburgh.
Shope fibroma virus-induced facilitation of vesicular stomatitis virus adsorption and replication in nonpermissive cells.

Abstract The ability of Shope fibroma virus (SFV) to facilitate the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in a strain of domestic rabbit kidney (DRK 3 ) cells was investigated. Without SFV present, cultures of DRK 3 cells were nonpermissive for VSV when challenged at a low multiplicity of 20 infectious particles/cell; no infectious virus was produced, no viral antigens were synthesized, no transcription of the viral genome was observed, and no cytopathic effects (CPE) were induced. When the multiplicity of VSV was increased to 1000 infectious particles/cell, the cultures were abortively infected. At this high multiplicity, while still no infectious VSV was produced and viral antigens remained undetectable by immunofluorescence, there appeared to be a transient primary transcription of the viral genome and the virus demonstrated a uv-sensitive ability to induce CPE. Upon infection with SFV, the DRK 3 cells became as permissive as Vero cells for complete replication of VSV, even at low-input multiplicities of infection. Conversion to this permissive state required early synthesis of DNA-dependent RNA, which was dependent on de novo synthesis of protein. The need for synthesis of this RNA was discontinuous; by 6 hr after SFV infection its synthesis was no longer necessary for VSV to replicate. By 24 hr after infection with SFV, 89% of the cells in DRK 3 cultures were superinfected when challenged with VSV at a multiplicity of 1000, but only 2% were superinfected when the input multiplicity of VSV was 20. This difference appeared to reflect a time-dependent lag in the ability of SFV-infected cells to adsorb VSV efficiently. Kinetic experiments revealed that little if any VSV was adsorbed by DRK 3 cells unless they were first infected with SFV for several days. By 3 days after SFV infection, adsorption of VSV was significantly enhanced and a majority of the cells were infected when challenged with only 20 infectious VSV particles/cell. These results indicate that DRK 3 cells are nonpermissive for VSV alone because extracellular adsorption of the virus is extremely inefficient and intracellular viral replication is abortive. Facilitation of VSV by SFV in these cells therefore appears to involve (i) modification of the plasma membrane to enhance VSV attachment and, (ii) elimination of intracellular restrictions to VSV replication.
Absence of the light effect in ultrasonic cavitation in liquid helium

Abstract Several years ago it was discovered that light can lower the homogeneous nucleation temperature of superheated liquid helium I. We report here on experiments involving the same homogeneous nucleation limit, reached now by acoustically reducing the pressure rather than by raising the temperature. It is found that in our present experimental setup the presence of light does not have any influence on the homogeneous nucleation limit. Thus, it seems that the presence of a solid surface in contact with the helium, such as the heater-thermometer surface in the superheating experiments, is important for observing the light effect.
THE USE OF SHADING PATTERNS IN GRADED SERIES1

(1961). THE USE OF SHADING PATTERNS IN GRADED SERIES. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 316-334.
Trust in E-Commerce: Consideration of Interface Design Factors

The design of the interface for e-commerce transactions is one source of influence that can affect an online shopperâ€™s trust in the merchant. This paper undertook a confirmatory factor analysis involving 14 trust-inducing interface design features that populated a conceptual framework proposed in our previous study. The factor analysis of self-reported ratings of the features, which were illustrated on a synthetic e-commerce interface by 181 survey respondents, revealed the following three underlying dimensions: (1) visual, (2) content, and (3) social-cue design dimensions. All 14 features were found to contribute to the composition of the three dimensions. The social-cue dimension was rated as less important than the other two dimensions, and shoppers who had been cheated by an online merchant showed lower overall trust ratings in comparison to the remaining shoppers. Qualitative reports by the survey respondents yielded additional insights about the importance of the interface. The results of this study may contribute to an appreciation of interface design features that may influence a userâ€™s perception of the trustworthiness of an online merchantâ€™s Web site.
Quenching optical breakdown with an applied electric field

Application of an external electric field across the focal volume of a high-pressure gas cell can increase the threshold for optical breakdown by electrostatic purification of the gas and by removal of free electrons from the laser focal volume in times that are short relative to the interpulse separation and/or the laser pulse duration. Experiments with 1.06-μm pulse trains (200-psec duration with a 7.5-nsec interpulse separation) demonstrate that electrostatic purification effectively quenches all optical breakdown in 20 atm of SF6 for the highest available single-pulse fluences of 140 J cm−2 (~0.7 TW cm−2).
Schistosoma mattheei in the ox: Observations on the parasite

Nineteen Friesian steers infested with between 5 000 and 45 000 cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei were slaughtered at intervals between 7 and 107 weeks post-infestation and the parasites were recovered by perfusion of the blood vessels. Adult parasites were eliminated as infestation progressed, the greatest loss occurring between 18 and 40 weeks. Females in the mesentery became shorter as infestation progressed but males remained unchanged. Males from the gastric veins were sometimes longer than those from the mesentery while males and females from liver and lungs were often shorter. Females from the mesentery contained 0–107 eggs, with a mean of 36, and those from liver and lung contained fewer eggs. The prepatent period was 6–7 weeks. A sharp reduction in faecal egg count between 15 and 25 weeks post-infestation was caused by a reduction in oviposition. The marked changes in the number of parasites present, their length and their egg-laying capacity appeared to be mediated by the immune response of the host and were manifestations of the establishment of a biological equilibrium which limited the pathogenic effects of the parasite.