cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrageneric chloroplast genome comparison in the genus Euglena (Phylum: Euglenophyta) with annotated chloroplast genomes of Euglena hiemalis and Euglena clara

The genus Euglena is composed of six subclades with a diversity of chloroplast morphologies, unlike that found in the other genera of Euglenaceae. This genus contains five published chloroplast genomes (cpGenome) and the colorless plastid genome (ptGenome) of the non-photosynthetic euglenoid Euglena longa within the same subclade as Euglena gracilis. Previous studies of cpGenomes revealed that Euglena viridis and E. gracilis, although in separate subclades, had few cpGenome differences, while Euglena mutabilis maintained the same gene order but was mirror-inverted except for the rRNA cluster. However, we expanded the number of cpGenomes available in Euglena by sequencing and annotating the cpGenomes of Euglena clara, the earliest diverging species in the E. gracilis and E. longa subclade and Euglena hiemalis, the putative sister species to E. longa. Analysis of these newly annotated cpGenomes showed them to be largely similar in gene content, conserved gene clusters (operons), and G + C/A + T percentage to previously published Euglena cpGenomes. The only extensive gene rearrangements observed were between cpGenomes and the ptGenome in subclade B. However, a unique feature of the subclade was multi-copies of the rRNA operon. Also, homologous twintrons in psbD and psbF to E. gracilis were observed in E. hiemalis. Overall, these results revealed a conserved intrageneric cpGenome for Euglena species.
Opportunities in Simulation Centers

Simulation is rapidly becoming a vital component of any medical education process. As many medical and allied health professional schools move toward competency-based curriculums, objective measures of learning and structured curricula have become mandatory. Simulation is a highly efficient and effective means of learning that takes advantage of the experiential nature in which adults acquire new skills and judgment. Simulation is a partial solution for training multiple competencies simultaneously while in a controlled setting and assuring patient safety. Traditional training methods in medicine rely primarily on a didactic lecture format followed by performance of procedures by trainees on real patients. This aspect of the traditional training model introduces significant stresses and risks for both patients and the inexperienced trainees. Simulation allows us to bridge the gap between the classroom and the “real-life” experience. This is accomplished by challenging the trainee to make critical decisions and witness the results of those decisions in a controlled environment without risk to patient safety. Furthermore, simulation training supplies the educator with tools to create a limitless variety of scenarios for high-acuity, infrequently occurring clinical events. This gives trainees an opportunity to experience these events, wrestle with the difficulties involved, and do so at times that can be scheduled into a planned program, again without risk to human life.
Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes

Introduction, J.J. Cheng Biomass Chemistry, D.R. Keshwani Biomass Resources, Z. Wang and D.R. Keshwani Biomass Logistics, M.W. Veal Kinetics and Microbiology of Biological Processes, J.J. Cheng Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production, J.J. Cheng Biological Process for Ethanol Production, J.J. Cheng Biological Process for Butanol Production, J.-H. Zhu and F.-X. Yang Chemical Conversion Process for Biodiesel Production, D.-Z. Wei, F.-X. Yang, and E. Su Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Power and Fuels, H. Jameel, D.R. Keshwani, S.F. Carter, and T.H. Treasure Index
Lateral Surface Superlattices and the Future of ULSI Microelectronics

Since the introduction of integrated circuits in the late 1950’s, the number of individual transistors that can be placed upon a single circuit has approximately doubled every three years. Today, even university design laboratories for the teaching of students can access chip foundries which produce 1.2 µm (and smaller) design rule circuits. Compared with this, many commercial companies are experimenting with the production of chips with critical dimensions of 0.1 µm, and university laboratories have produced individual devices with gate lengths much smaller than this (Patrick et al., 1985; Bernstein and Ferry, 1986; Jin et al., 1987; Sai-Halasz et al., 1988; de la Haussaye et al., 1988; Ishibashi et al., 1988). The creation of devices whose spatially important scales may be only a few tens of nanometers opens the door to the study of many new and important physical effects, some of which have been described earlier (Barker and Ferry, 1981). Indeed, it can rightfully be said that it will be impossible to understand fully the operation of these devices without a full understanding of these newly appearing physical effects.
Antibacterial Peptidomimetics: Polymeric Synthetic Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides

Polymer-based peptidomimetics, or proteinomimetics, are a relatively young and dynamic field of research. The ability to successfully mimic the biochemical activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has been demonstrated by several groups. This has been accomplished by careful tuning of the molecule’s hydrophobicity and charge density. At the same time, many important questions remain to be answered, including the role of backbone rigidity, details of membrane insertion, and the role of curvature in the self-assemblies between these novel peptidemimetics and phospholipids. As the biological properties of polymeric synthetic mimics of AMPs (SMAMPs) result from the interplay of many parameters, it is not yet possible to predict the exact properties of such molecules from their mere chemical structure. However, as demonstrated here, the effect of certain design features such as charge and hydrophobicity on the properties across a polymer series is understood. Compared to the mechanistic specifics that are known about the interactions of AMPs or small antibacterial molecules with membranes and cells, relatively little is known concerning the interaction of polymeric SMAMPs with membranes. Beyond SMAMPs, numerous opportunities exist and protein transduction domain mimics are an active area of research in the Tew laboratory. These two examples, one quite new and the other studied for almost a decade, demonstrate that it is possible to teach synthetic polymers to behave like peptides, despite their lack of sequence specificity and secondary structure.
Massive gastrointestinal bleeding as the initial manifestation of pancreatic carcinoma.

Pancreatic carcinoma is a rare cause of GI bleeding. We have studied eight patients in whom major digestive hemorrhage was the first sign of a subsequently proven pancreatic malignancy. Bleeding was characteristically severe and unremitting, including hematochezia (four), melena (three), and hematemesis (one). In seven cases, direct tumor invasion into a contiguous portion of the GI tract was present. Tumor erosion occurred into the third portion of the duodenum (three) descending duodenum (two), stomach (one), and transverse colon (one). In one patient, a metastatic bleeding lesion was present in the sigmoid colon. The four patients who required urgent laparotomy for control of major hemorrhage died during the initial hospitalization. Conventional diagnostic evaluation by endoscopic and roentgenographic techniques was commonly unsuccessful. Our retrospective analysis suggested that a more aggressive approach, including early angiography in unrelenting and undiagnosed bleeding, might have aided diagnosis and averted laparotomy in a population with dismal prospects for a surgical solution. Clinicians should be aware that pancreatic malignancy may present with a varying spectrum of GI bleeding ranging from occult to potentially exsanguinating hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena.
Is there a role for the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

Aim: The rationale for platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is that both the platelet and lymphocyte counts are affected by the CLL pathogenesis and could influe...
High Fat Feeding in Rats Alters Respiratory Parameters by a Mechanism That Is Unlikely to Be Mediated by Carotid Body Type I Cells.

The carotid bodies (CB) respond to changes in blood gases with neurotransmitter release, thereby increasing carotid sinus nerve firing frequency and ultimately correcting the pattern of breathing. It has previously been demonstrated that acute application of the adipokine leptin augments the hypoxic sensory response of the intact in-vitro CB (Pye RL, Roy A, Wilson RJ, Wyatt CN. FASEB J 30(1 Supplement):983.1, 2016) and isolated CB type I cell (Pye RL, Dunn EJ, Ricker EM, Jurcsisn JG, Barr BL, Wyatt CN. Arterial chemoreceptors in physiology and pathophysiology. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Springer, Cham, 2015). This study’s aim was to examine, in-vivo, if elevated leptin modulated CB function and breathing.
Reform of U.S. vaccine management.

Studies have demonstrated that influenza vaccine is very effective in preventing illness in many populations. However, universal use is not recommended because of the supply problem we witness every year in the United States. We need an answer from FDA to the following question: Why has such a
FuncyTuner: Auto-tuning Scientific Applications With Per-loop Compilation

The de facto compilation model for production software compiles all modules of a target program with a single set of compilation flags, typically 02 or 03. Such a per-program compilation strategy may yield sub-optimal executables since programs often have multiple hot loops with diverse code structures and may be better optimized with a per-region compilation model that assembles an optimized executable by combining the best per-region code variants. In this paper, we demonstrate that a naive greedy approach to per-region compilation often degrades performance in comparison to the 03 baseline. To overcome this problem, we contribute a novel per-loop compilation framework, FuncyTuner, which employs lightweight profiling to collect per-loop timing information, and then utilizes a space-focusing technique to construct a performant executable. Experimental results show that FuncyTuner can reliably improve performance of modern scientific applications on several multi-core architectures by 9.2% to 12.3% and 4.5% to 10.7%(geometric mean, up to 22% on certain program) in comparison to the 03 baseline and prior work, respectively.
Construction and Validation of the Quality of Maternity Leave Scales (QMLS)

Maternity leave is not federally guaranteed or paid in the United States. Although there has been an increase of women in the workforce, federal maternity leave policy has not changed since the ado...
Doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degree in the United States: Reflecting, readjusting, and getting back on track.

Abstract Background In 2004, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) called for all nursing schools to phase out master's-level preparation for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) and transition to doctor of nursing practice (DNP) preparation only by 2015. Today, five years after the AACN's deadline, nursing has not yet adopted a universal DNP standard for APRN practice entry. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the ability of nursing schools to implement a universal DNP standard for APRNs. Methods Deans from top-ranked nursing schools explore the current state of the DNP degree in the US. The authors draw upon their collective experience as national leaders in academic nursing, long-time influencers on this debate, and heads of DNP programs themselves. This insight is combined with a synthesis of the literature and analysis of previously unpublished data from the AACN on trends in nursing doctoral education. Findings This paper highlights issues such as the long history of inconsistency (in messaging, curricula, etc.) surrounding the DNP, certification and accreditation challenges, cost barriers, and more. The authors apply COVID-19 as a case study to help place DNP graduates within a real-world context for health system stakeholders whose buy-in is essential for the success of this professional transition. Discussion This paper describes the DNP's standing in today's professional environment and advances the conversation on key barriers to its adoption. Insights are shared regarding critical next steps to ensure national acceptance of the DNP as nursing's terminal practice degree.
First-Principles Prediction of Na Diffusivity in Doped NaCrO2 Layered Cathode Materials with van der Waals Interactions

The O3-layered NaCrO2 is a promising Na-ion cathode material with a good thermal stability and specific capacity, but it suffers from a poor rate capability. To develop high-rate Na-ion cathodes, w...
Fatty acid nitroalkenes inhibit the inflammatory response to bleomycin-mediated lung injury.

Abstract Fatty acid nitroalkenes are reversibly-reactive electrophiles, endogenously detectable at nM concentrations, displaying anti-inflammatory actions. Nitroalkenes like 9- or 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (e.g. nitro-oleic acid, OA-NO2) pleiotropically suppress cardiovascular inflammatory responses, with pulmonary responses less well defined. C57BL/6 J male mice were intratracheally administered bleomycin (3 U/kg, ITB), to induce pulmonary inflammation and acute injury, or saline and were treated with 50 μL OA-NO2 (50 μg) or vehicle in the same instillation and 72 h post-exposure to assess anti-inflammatory properties. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were collected 7d later. ITB mice lost body weight, with OA-NO2 mitigating this loss (−2.3 ± 0.94 vs −0.4 ± 0.83 g). Histology revealed ITB induced cellular infiltration, proteinaceous debris deposition, and tissue injury, all significantly reduced by OA-NO2. Flow cytometry analysis of BAL demonstrated loss of Siglec F+/F4/80+/CD45+ alveolar macrophages with ITB (89 ± 3.5 vs 30 ± 3.7%). Analysis of CD11b/CD11c expressing cells showed ITB-induced non-resident macrophage infiltration (4 ± 2.3 vs 43 ± 2.4%) was decreased by OA-NO2 (24 ± 2.4%). Additionally, OA-NO2 attenuated increases in mature, activated interstitial macrophages (23 ± 4.8 vs. 43 ± 5.4%) in lung tissue digests. Flow analysis of CD31−/CD45−/Sca-1+ mesenchymal cells revealed ITB increased CD44+ populations (1 ± 0.4 vs 4 ± 0.4MFI), significantly reduced by OA-NO2 (3 ± 0.4MFI). Single cell analysis of mesenchymal cells by western blotting showed profibrotic ZEB1 protein expression induced by ITB. Lung digest CD45+ cells revealed ITB increased HMGB1+ cells, with OA-NO2 suppressing this response. Inhibition of HMGB1 expression correlated with increased basal phospholipid production and SP-B expression in the lung lining. These findings indicate OA-NO2 inhibits ITB-induced pro-inflammatory responses by modulating resident cell function.
3D Printing of High Viscosity Reinforced Silicone Elastomers

Recent advances in additive manufacturing, specifically direct ink writing (DIW) and ink-jetting, have enabled the production of elastomeric silicone parts with deterministic control over the structure, shape, and mechanical properties. These new technologies offer rapid prototyping advantages and find applications in various fields, including biomedical devices, prosthetics, metamaterials, and soft robotics. Stereolithography (SLA) is a complementary approach with the ability to print with finer features and potentially higher throughput. However, all high-performance silicone elastomers are composites of polysiloxane networks reinforced with particulate filler, and consequently, silicone resins tend to have high viscosities (gel- or paste-like), which complicates or completely inhibits the layer-by-layer recoating process central to most SLA technologies. Herein, the design and build of a digital light projection SLA printer suitable for handling high-viscosity resins is demonstrated. Further, a series of UV-curable silicone resins with thiol-ene crosslinking and reinforced by a combination of fumed silica and MQ resins are also described. The resulting silicone elastomers are shown to have tunable mechanical properties, with 100–350% elongation and ultimate tensile strength from 1 to 2.5 MPa. Three-dimensional printed features of 0.4 mm were achieved, and complexity is demonstrated by octet-truss lattices that display negative stiffness.
Police perceptions of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by type of police agency

This study compared police perceptions of BWCs in terms of officers’ perceptions of BWC acceptance (police support for BWCs, citizen support of BWCs, and comfort with the use of BWCs), the effect o...
A rare case of ruptured intracranial aneurysm arising from the retro-mastoid branch of the occipital artery

Background Aneurysms of the occipital artery (OA) are rare, with few cases published in the literature. The pathophysiology is unknown, and the presentation is variable. We present a case of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm arising from a branch of the OA. Case description A 36-year-old male with a history of ankylosing spondylitis presented with altered mental status after an assaulted. On examination, he was intubated, with a Glasgow coma scale of 9, and imaging of the head and neck revealed a subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa and the cervical spine. The patient underwent suboccipital craniectomy and C1-5 laminectomy with the evacuation of the subdural hematoma. Postoperative cerebral angiography showed an intracranial aneurysm arising from the retromastoid branch of the OA on the left side. Furthermore, the parent vessel of the aneurysm supplied the left lower half of the cerebellar hemisphere. The aneurysm and the parent vessel were embolized using platinum coils. The patient tolerated the procedure well, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a minor left-sided cerebellar infarct, which was asymptomatic. The patient was discharged home with a modified Rankin scale of 2. There were no outpatient follow-up data available because the patient lost to follow-up. Conclusion Intracranial OA aneurysms are extremely rare with no clear consensus concerning the management of these aneurysms. They can be treated using endovascular and or open surgical techniques depending on the aneurysm characteristics, patient condition, rupture status, and others.
Increasing URiM Family Medicine Residents at University of Utah Health.

Introduction The Department of Family and Preventive Medicine is home for the University of Utah's Family Medicine Residency program. Although Utah's diversity is steadily increasing, the race/ethnic diversity of the program's family medicine residency does not reflect the state's general population. Methods From 2017 to 2021, the residency instituted several adjustments to recruitment processes, including modification of an existing screening system to better highlight resiliency in overcoming challenging life experiences; promotion of commitment to diversity during interview days; incorporation of increased participation from diverse faculty and residents on interview days; and addition of outreach from the Office of Health, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. Underrepresented in medicine (URiM) applicants were the first to be offered interviews in an identical screening score cohort, and were ranked highest in rank lists in cohorts with identical final rank scores. Results Over the past five match cycles, Latinx residents have increased from zero to six, and underrepresented Asian residents from zero to two. In the 2021 match cycle, five of 10 incoming residents (50%) are URiM. Overall, URiM residents are now 30%, and residents of color 36%, of a total of 30 residents across all 3 training years. We found that eight URiM interviews were needed for every one URiM match. Conclusion Intentional resident recruitment initiatives can transform racial/ethnic diversity in a family medicine residency program in a short amount of time.
Sciences of Modernism: Ethnography, Sexology, and Psychology

Sciences of Modernism examines key points of contact between British literature and the human sciences of ethnography, sexology and psychology at the dawn of the twentieth century. The book is divided into sections that pair exemplary scientific texts from the period with literary ones, charting numerous collaborations and competitions occurring between science and early modernist literature. Paul Peppis investigates this exchange through close readings of literary works by Claude McKay, E. M. Forster, Mina Loy, Rebecca West and Wilfred Owen, alongside science books by Alfred Haddon, Havelock Ellis, Marie Stopes, Bernard Hart and William Brown. In so doing, Peppis shows how these competing disciplines participated in the formation and consolidation of modernism as a broad cultural movement across a range of critical discourses. His study will interest students and scholars of the history of science, literary modernism, and English literature more broadly.
Robustness Margin Calculation with Dynamic and Real Parametric Uncertainty

The problem of Robust stability in feedback control systems with real uncertain parameters and unmodeled dynamics where the latter takes the form of one complex block dynamic uncertainty is considered. A robustness margin r m is defined with respect to such model uncertainty structure and robust stability is characterized in terms of it. An algorithm to calculate r m and the closely related Multivariable Stability Margin k m and Structured Singular Value ? measures of Robust Stability is developed. It is shown that other control problems such as robust performance for real parametric uncertainty can also be handled in this framework.
What Diagrams Reveal about Representations in Linear Reasoning, and How They Help

Previous research has shown that linear reasoning about visual relations is slower than reasoning about spatial or abstract relations. It has been proposed that this "visual impedance" effect occurs because visual information interferes with creating a spatial mental model of the problem. Here we examine whether the construction of a spatial mental model depends on the content (visual, abstract, and spatial) of the problems and on individual differences. Half of the participants made notes during reasoning, and all were asked about the strategies they used. Accuracy on visual relations was worse than on spatial or abstract relations. When reasoners were allowed to make notes, their external representations were typically spatial (i.e., abstract diagrams), and accuracy was higher and depended less on ability measures than for those who did not make notes; yet the visual impedance effect remained. These data imply reasoners typically externalize their representations of linear reasoning problems as diagrams, and with these diagrams, problem solving is less effortful.
Laryngeal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux before and after treatment with omeprazole.

ABSTRACTBackground.Laryngeal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease are thought to be prevalent in our society. In general, diagnosis has been primarily based on symptoms. Historically, additional testing has included laryngoscopy, barium swallow, manometry, and single and double probe pH
Liquidity Measure Distortions in Fast Markets: Expensive and Cheap Solutions

We investigate how the increase in speed of U.S. equity markets has distorted liquidity measures. We find that the widely-used Monthly Trade and Quote (MTAQ) database yields a percent effective spread 43% higher than our benchmark, a quoted spread that is nonpositive nine times more often, and a potential cost of poor routing decisions of $8.4 Billion/year. We test ways to eliminate or mitigate these distortions. We find that the best solution is to use the expensive Daily Trade and Quote database. If a researcher is financially constrained, then the second best solution is to use MTAQ with our new Interpolated Time technique and two other techniques.
The SITE demonstration of the CHEMFIX solidification/stabilization process at the portable equipment salvage company site

A demonstration of the GHEMFIX solidification/stabilization process was conducted under the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program. The demonstration was conducted in March 1989, at the Portable Equipment Salvage Company (PESC) uncontrolled hazardous waste site in Clackamas, Oregon. Waste containing lead, copper, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from four different areas of the site were treated. Results showed substantial reduction of leachable lead and copper between the untreated waste and treated waste utilizing the EPA Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test. The effectiveness of this process for immobilizing PCBs could not be determined since the raw waste did not leach PCBs at high concentrations, utilizing the TCLP test. Data from other leaching tests for lead and copper would need to be utilized as input into a site specific groundwater model to determine whether solidification/stabilization would be an a...
Two-quasiparticle states in Cf-250 populated by electron capture decay of 8.6-h Es-250 isomer

The electron capture decay scheme of the 8.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1-h $^{250}\mathrm{Es}$ isomer was investigated with high-resolution $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrometers and with two parameter coincidence analysis. Mass-separated samples of $^{250}\mathrm{Es}$ produced by $^{249}\mathrm{Bk}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n)$ and $^{249}\mathrm{Cf}(d, n)$ reactions were used for these measurements. We propose a decay scheme involving 32 transitions and 16 levels in $^{250}\mathrm{Cf}$. In addition to the ground state band, six rotational bands have been identified. The energies (keV) and $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ values of the bandheads are: 871.67 (2-), 1031.80 (2+), 1255.49 (4-), 1396.18 (5-), 1478.47 (5-), and 1499.62 (6-). The $log\mathrm{ft}$ values of the electron capture transitions to the four highest bands were deduced and these were used to elucidate the principal two-quasiparticle components of these states. The $K\ensuremath{\pi}=2\ensuremath{-} \mathrm{and} 2+$ bands were interpreted as octupole and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational bands. The following two-quasiparticle configurations have been assigned: 1255.49 (4-), {$n[734]\frac{9}{2\ensuremath{-}}; n[620]\frac{1}{2+}$}; 1396.18 (5-), {$p[633]\frac{7}{2+}; p[521]\frac{3}{2\ensuremath{-}}$}; 1478.47 (5-), {$n[734]\frac{9}{2\ensuremath{-}}; n[620]\frac{1}{2+}$}; and 1499.62 (6-), {$n[734]\frac{9}{2\ensuremath{-}}; n[622]\frac{3}{2+}$}. The ground state of the 8.6-h $^{250}\mathrm{Es}$ isomer has been given a spin-parity assignment of 6+ with the configuration {$n[734]\frac{9}{2\ensuremath{-}}; p[521]\frac{3}{2\ensuremath{-}}$}. $\mathrm{KLL}$ Auger energies and intensities for $Z=98$ are reported. A $K$ fluorescence yield of 0.976\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 is obtained for Cf.
Barriers to Food Stamps in New York State: A Perspective from the Field

Although the Food Stamp Program provides nutritional assistance to families and individuals in need, barriers to access, eligibility, and receipt of food stamp benefits do exist. Minimizing and potentially eradicating significant barriers requires a better understanding of which barriers are the most prevalent and persistent and a plan for addressing them. Using data from 73 community based organizations in New York State over a 4-year time period, the authors identify barriers that are most frequently mentioned and do not abate over time. A number of recommendations are presented to address barriers in general and the specific barriers that were identified.
The Masters of Economics: Where are we Now?

In this article, the authors present results from a survey of Masters of Economics program directors to determine the missions, inputs, and outcomes of these degree programs throughout the United States and Canada. They compare results of this survey to those of two previous studies that they conducted 20 and 10 years ago. Respondents were asked to provide information on program admission requirements, curriculum, faculty characteristics, enrollment, graduation rates, student financial support, and placement. The authors describe the changes that have occurred in the most recent decade; determine whether the changes they observed between 1992 and 2002 have continued, been reinforced, or been reversed in the most recent 10 years; and determine whether any consistent long-term trends are evident over the 20 years of study.
Contributions of neuropathology to understanding schizophrenia in late life.

The neurobiological basis of cognitive and functional deterioration commonly observed in elderly persons with schizophrenia is unclear. Despite superficial similarities in the clinical and neuropsychological profiles of schizophrenia in late life with neurodegenerative dementias, extensive neuropathological investigations have failed to find any evidence of neurodegeneration or neural injury beyond what is typically observed in brains of individuals without neuropsychiatric illness. In contrast, growing neuropathological data indicate aberrant brain development and connectivity in schizophrenia (including abnormalities in cytoarchitecture, innervation, and synaptic integrity) and abnormal molecular signaling pathways important in the formation of the nervous system and ongoing plasticity in maturity. These developmental abnormalities may represent a state of decreased cerebral reserve that causes persons with schizophrenia to be more vulnerable to the toxic effects of even "normal" accumulations of age-re...
Cost-Effectiveness of Paving Fabrics Used to Control Reflective Cracking:

The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) spends $2 million annually on reflective crack control treatments; however, the cost-effectiveness of these treatments had not been reliably determined. A recent study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of IDOT reflective crack control System A, which consists of a nonwoven polypropylene paving fabric, placed either in strips longitudinally over lane-widening joints or over the entire pavement (area treatment). The study was limited to projects constructed originally as rigid pavements and subsequently rehabilitated with one or more bituminous overlays. Performance of 52 projects across Illinois was assessed through crack mapping and from distress and serviceability data in IDOT's condition rating survey database. Comparisons of measured reflective cracking in treated and control sections revealed that System A retarded longitudinal reflective widening crack development, but it did not significantly retard transverse reflective cracking, which agrees with ear...
Are U.S. Students the Most Heavily Tested on Earth

How should amount of testing be defined? On average, how many hours does a U.S. student spend on testing? How does this compare with testing time in other countries? How do the type and purpose of testing vary from U.S. to other countries?
Forced velocity pearlite

A high purity Fe-C alloy of eutectoid composition has been transformed from homogenized austenite in two ways: isothermally and at forced constant-velocity. The latter transformation mode, forced over five decades of velocity, produces structures with characteristic dimensions ranging over nearly two orders of magnitude. There is a consistent alignment of the transformation product in the heat-flow direction at all velocities, but the classical pearlite morphology undergoes a microstructural transition at the higher velocities. A spacing-velocity relationship for regular lamellar pearlite was measured as V0.41±o.02λν = constant.
Effects of maternal nephrectomy on foetal kidneys.

RESEABCH on the general phenomenon of compensatory organ growth is usually predicated on the assumption that humoral growth-regulating factors must exist as a logical, though hypothetical, necessity. Yet their unequivocal demonstration is, unhappily, a very rare event indeed. If our knowledge of the control mechanisms which govern the growth and development of various tissues and organs is to parallel that which has followed the discovery of erythropoietin, for example, and its role in stimulating erythropoiesis, then it is imperative that the existence of tissue-specific stimulators or inhibitors be experimentally demonstrated. Until this is achieved, the validity of many theoretical interpretations must remain in question.
Structural changes of silica xerogels during low temperature dehydration

In this work we investigated the temperature evolution of the structure of silica thin films by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The gels, prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation in the presence of an excess of water to tetramethoxysilane, were thin enough to be studied in transmission. It was found that the removal of water from the pores and gel surface is easier when the gels are prepared in basic conditions. During the drying heat treatment, residual methanol oxidizes and produces formaldehyde, formic acid and formates. These species are still present in the gel at 300 °C.
The conversion of displacement production to defect production in stainless steel through computer experiments

Abstract There is a growing need to correlate radiation effects data obtained with neutron and charged particles. The exposure unit, displacements per atom, is generally inadequate for this purpose. A description is given of a computer experiment methodology that permits estimation of the numbers and types of residual defects produced by various irradiation environments. Application is made to neutron spectra characteristic of two fast reactors.
Observations on the mechanism of phosphate uptake by rabbit erythrocytes; phosphate adsorption in relation to cell surface structure; equilibria of phosphate adsorption and absorption.

Abstract 1. 1. Rabbit erythrocytes were incubated for 3 hours with 1·10 −9 to 5·10 −5 moles of saline radioactive orthophosphate per ml of cells. 2. 2. Phosphate uptake was postulated to proceed by a) adsorption on the cell according to a Freundlich adsorption isotherm, b) absorption by the cell interior. 3. 3. The cell surface became saturated with phosphate when its 32 P supply exceeded 2.5·10 −7 moles/ml cells and at a total phosphate equilibrium concentration of 1.1·10 −6 moles/ml extracellular fluid. The cells achieved uptake saturation at a mean 32 P supply of 5·10 −6 moles/ml cells and at a total phosphate equilibrium concentration of 1.2·10 −5 moles/ml of fluid. 4. 4. 32 P adsorption could possibly proceed on the lipoid antisphering film. Its concentration of effective surface electrons approximated the number of adsorbed 32 P ions, and the area occupied by both was almost equal. 5. 5. Total phosphate appeared to be adsorbed by a complex which is composed of 2.1 Ca ions + 4.5 proteins chains + 2.1 lecithin molecules with one phosphate ion. Its estimated molecular weight is 80,745. The surface area of a spherical layer of this complex can accomodate approximately twice as many phosphate ions as were found experimentally subject to hematocrit irregularities. The fraction of cell volume occupied by the complex approaches the fraction enclosed by a subsurface proteinaceous membrane. 6. 6. Inorganic phosphate absorption approached cell hemoglobin content at incipient hemolysis. Apparent equilibrium constants for both phases of adsorption and for absorption suggested formation of adenosine polypyrophosphates as phosphate carriers on the lecithin complex, from where inorganic and organic phosphates are transferred into the cell.
Tevye's Daughters: Jews and European Modernity

Isaiah Berlin, Letters 1928-1946, ed. Henry Hardy (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 755 pp., $40.00 (hb), ISBN 052183368X. Barbara Hahn, The Jewess Pallas Athena: This Too a Theory of Modernity, trans. James McFarland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 233 pp., ^22.95 (pb), ISBN0691116148. Gershon David Hundert, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004). 286 pp. ,?32.50 (hb), ISBN 0520238443. Marjorie Perloff, The Vienna Paradox: A Memoir (New York: New Directions, 2004), 283 pp., $15.95 (pb), ISBN 0811215717. Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 438 pp. $29.95 (pb), ISBN 0691119953. Michael Stanislawski, Autobiographical Jews: Essays in Jewish Self-Fashioning (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004), 209 pp., $18.95 (pb), ISBN 0295984155.
Thyrotoxicosis and collagen-like disease in three sisters of American Indian extraction.

Three sisters of Cherokee Indian extraction are described who developed thyrotoxicosis during early adolescence and in whom clinical syndromes simulating rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus occurred either during or following treatment with antithyroid drugs of the thionamide class. In one sister the rheumatoid arthritis was permanent, and in the second it was apparently transient; in the third sister the symptomatology was accompanied by the appearance of typical lupus erthematosus cells. The association of a lupus phenomenon with methimazole therapy has not been previously described. The literature on the association of diseases of the thyroid with diseases of connective tissue is reviewed; a common etiology on the basis of a genetically predisposing disturbance of autoimmune tolerance is suggested.
Spectrometer for temporal measurement of each output line of multiline HF lasers.

An indium–arsenide detector array installed at the focal plane of a grating spectrometer provides the time history of the intensity of each output line of multiline HF chemical lasers. The construction and calibration of this instrument are discussed, and representative data are presented. Line competition measurements are shown for a 200-W supersonic-diffusion-type HF laser; individual line outputs fluctuate more than total multiline output. The spectral effects of forward/reverse-wave competition on an unstable ring resonator operating at 350 W are detailed. Simultaneous single-line gain measurements on a multiline HF medium are demonstrated. Other applications of this useful instrument are discussed.
The Moderating Effect of Need Type on the Prediction of Overall Job Satisfaction

Abstract Recent investigations concerned with the analysis of work motivation and job satisfaction constructs have combined the logic of subgrouping with an emphasis on the importance of individual differences. The present study is based on a need-fulfillment model, which places a major emphasis on individual differences in needs. A hierarchical clustering method was used to subgroup a sample of 570 managers on their need profiles. Need type was tested as a moderator of the relationship between specific dimensions of job satisfaction and overall job satisfaction. The findings showed that need type moderated the relative contributions of specific dimensions of satisfaction in the prediction of overall job satisfaction, and in addition the prediction level was found to be greater for the need types than for the total sample.
Granular fingering patterns in horizontal rotating cylinders

We performed systematic experiments involving a thin layer of a granular medium flowing within a horizontally rotating cylinder. The cylinder aspect ratio, the particle size, and the percentage of cylinder volume occupied by particles were varied. The flow phenomena observed in these experiments were diverse and complicated. In particular, in most cases, frontal fingers were found. Dimensional analysis was used to gain insight regarding the mechanisms underlying the formation of these fingers. This analysis shows that the dimensionless granular wavelength can be expressed as a function of cylinder aspect ratio, granular Reynolds number, granular Froude number, and granular filling percentage.
Site-specific integrated pest management impact on development of esfenvalerate resistance in Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and on densities of natural enemies.

Maintenance of unsprayed refuges within fields has often been suggested as a mechanism for managing pesticide resistance and conserving natural enemies. Site-specific integrated pest management (IPM) can create unsprayed refuges that are temporally dynamic by limiting pesticide applications to areas within a field based on maps of pest densities within that field. We tested the impact of site-specific IPM on the development of insecticide resistance and densities of natural enemies in commercial potato fields. Three 1.2-ha fields were managed with site-specific IPM. These site-specific IPM fields were divided into 0.04-ha management blocks, each of which was treated with esfenvalerate plus piperonyl butoxide (PBO) only if that block was above the economic threshold for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). The site-specific IPM treatment was compared with a standard IPM treatment in 3 additional 1.2-ha fields, in which esfenvalerate plus PBO was applied to the entire field when the mean exceeded a threshold. Malathion was applied to both treatments on a whole-field basis when mean potato leafhopper densities exceeded thresholds. The treatments resulted in variation in the amount and spatial pattern of selection pressure. The occurrence and degree of resistance was related to the degree of selection pressure applied to the population at both the whole-field and within-field scale. All standard IPM fields showed a significant increase in Colorado potato beetle resistance from preseason to postseason. In contrast, there was little to no change in resistance from preseason to postseason in an unsprayed control and in 2 of the 3 site-specific IPM fields. At the end of the season, significant within- field variation in resistance also occurred in fields treated with site-specific IPM. Densities of hymenopterous parasitoids and 3 taxa of generalist predators tended to be greater in site-specific IPM than in standard IPM fields. This demonstrates that site-specific TPM has the potential to slow the development of insecticide resistance and conserve natural enemies.
Receptor affinities as major determinants of enterovirus tissue tropisms in humans.

Abstract Virulent poliovirus was bound by cell-free homogenates of brain, spinal cord, and intestine from tissues of human fetuses and adult rhesus monkeys, but not detectably by homogenates of tissues in which the virus does not normally propagate in vivo (with few exceptions). This binding of virus was reversed by conditions which are known to reverse the binding of enteroviruses by HeLa cell receptors, but which are known not to reverse antibody inactivation. Receptor activity was found to be present in the microsome fraction of susceptible tissue homogenates, but not in insusceptible tissue microsome fractions. The nonneurovirulent attenuated vaccine LSc strain of type 1 poliovirus was not bound by brain microsome fractions or homogenates, but was bound by intestinal tissue homogenates. With several Coxsackie and ECHO viruses also, correlation was found between virus tissue tropisms and ability of tissue homogenates to bind virus in vitro . As has been shown for cultivated human cells, the enterovirus receptor substances in human tissues appear to be protein. It is shown that the poliovirus susceptibility of nonneural human tissues in cell culture is due to the in vitro appearance of receptor material which was not present in detectable amounts in the cells in vivo . Human amnion cells left on the amniotic membrane, or freshly trypsinized from the membrane were insusceptible to poliovirus and contained no detectable amounts of receptor substance. When these cells were removed from the membrane by trypsinization and cultivated as monolayers on glass, they produced receptor and became completely susceptible to poliovirus within 1 week. However, in vitro cultivation of intact amniotic membranes, with the cells in normal contact with the collagen membrane, failed to render them susceptible to poliovirus and other enteroviruses. Under these conditions of tissue culture, amnion cells also failed to produce detectable amounts of receptor protein. It is concluded that enterovirus tropisms are due to a large extent to affinity or lack of affinity between virus protein surfaces and a specific component of the surfaces of of the various cells of the body. The wide range of enterovirus susceptibility of most human cells after in vitro cultivation appears to be a consequence of receptor synthesis in vitro -a function which is normally repressed in most cells in their differentiated state in the body.
Towards a molecular theory for modeling long-time polymer dynamics

Abstract We introduce a generalized matrix expansion method for modeling the long-time dynamics of flexible molecules in solutions. Applications consider the Brownian dynamics of a united atom model alkane molecule in a white-noise structureless solvent. The time autocorrelation functions for the middle, end, and end-to-end bonds are computed for the alkane molecules from the Brownian dynamics simulations and the matrix expansion method, both using identical interaction potentials. The leading approximation of the matrix expansion method involves neglecting memory functions, but it fares very well (especially for longer chain alkanes) despite the frequent conformational transitions occurring during the Brownian dynamics trajectories. The leading approximation is deficient at short times due to the neglect of the memory terms. We describe the influence of these memory functions by appending basis functions to the generalized matrix expansion method. The added basis functions yield improved agreement between theory and the simulations, and good convergence is obtained towards the simulations for longer times. The Brownian dynamics simulations are also used to test a universal relations for the orientational correlation functions.
Complement Fixation by Pemphigus Antibody. I. In Vitro Fixation to Organ and Tissue Culture Skin

Although complement is often detected in the intercellular substance of pemphigus skin lesions, the ability of pemphigus antibodies to fix complement in vitro is controversial. The purpose of this study was to test in vitro complement fixation abilities of pemphigus antibodies further using organ and tissue culture methods. Epidermal cell monolayers from mouse tail were incubated with the purified IgG fraction of pemphigus serum followed by purified Clq. Binding of Clq, as well as IgG was demonstrated by immunofluorescence methods. When purified Clq was replaced with normal human serum as a complement source, positive C3 and C4 staining were also evident. When purified IgG of normal human serum was used in place of pemphigus IgG, similar immunofluorescence staining was not observed. Further evidence for complement fixation in vitro by pemphigus antibodies was obtained using organ cultures. Organ culture of normal human skin and monkey esophageal mucosa cultured in purified pemphigus IgG showed intercellular substance binding of lgG. No binding was observed when normal IgG was substituted for pemphigus IgG. Additional organ culture sections were then treated with complement (fresh normal human serum) and tested by in vitro complement staining. Fixation of Clq, C4, and C3 was noted in intercellular substance areas of organ cultured skin and mucosa incubated with pemphigus IgG but not those incubated with normal IgG. Prior treatment of pemphigus IgG organ cultured skin sections with unlabeled anti-C3, blocked positive C3 staining. These results suggest that some pemphigus antibodies are capable of activating complement in vitro.
Determination of bias in the relative abundance of oligonucleotides in DNA sequences.

Different statistical measures of bias of oligonucleotide sequences in DNA sequences were compared, both by theoretical analysis and according to their abilities to predict the relative abundances ...