cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection for increased pheromone response in the male pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

The genetic basis of the duration and incidence of male wing fanning to pheromone in the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was examined by artificial selection. Using a still-air bioassay, males from a laboratory colony were selected for increased duration of wing fanning when exposed to a 65∶35 blend of (Z,E)- and (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetates. The mean (±SE) duration of wing fanning in the selected line increased from 5.4±1.4 to 17.4±2.7 s after six generations. The increase in wing fanning duration was the result of an increase in response duration among responders and not the percentage of males that responded. Realized heritability of wing-fanning duration was 0.16±0.02. The amount and ratio of pheromone produced by females in the male-selected line did not change.
Transmural adenosine with increased cardiac work.

In hearts with five different levels of myocardial performance there was an inverse correlation between myocardial adenosine content and coronary vascular resistance. Higher levels of oxygen consumption were associated with higher myocardial adenosine content and lower coronary vascular resistance. Adenosine was uniformily distributed across the myocardial wall under all conditions, except those involving increased oxygen consumption with concomitant decreased coronary input pressure, as was observed with isoproterenol infusion. Under these conditions the adenosine content of the inner wall was significantly higher than the outer wall.
CEV: collaborative environment for visualization using Java RMI

Collaborative visualization is an active area of research in computer science. Many different techniques and implementations have been proposed. However, most of today's systems require many high-end graphics workstations. By implementing a new technique that separates the 2D and 3D components of the visualization process, we have developed a system called CEV that operates using only one high-end workstation along with many inexpensive machines that need only the capability of running a web browser. Using Java RMI, CEV provides a heterogeneous environment for many users that is easy to use. This paper describes the operation, methodology, and implementation of CEV. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ready for Prime Time: NK Cell Priming by Dendritic Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells were long thought to respond directly to infected cells and tumor cells. In this issue of Immunity, Lucas et al. (2007) repeal this view by showing that NK cells acquire functionality through priming by dendritic cells.
Use of bacterial carpets to enhance mixing in microfluidic systems

We demonstrate that flagellated bacteria can be utilized in surface arrays (carpets) to achieve mixing in a low-Reynolds number fluidic environment. The mixing performance of the system is quantified by measuring the diffusion of small tracer particles. We show that the mixing performance responds to modifications to the chemical and thermal environment of the system, which affects the metabolic activity of the bacteria. Although the mixing performance can be increased by the addition of glucose (food) to the surrounding buffer or by raising the buffer temperature, the initial augmentation is also accompanied by a faster decay in mixing performance, due to falling pH and oxygen starvation, both induced by the higher metabolic activity of the bacterial system.
Changes in left atrial and systemic arterial pressures and blood flow following graded aortopulmonary anastomosis.

Abstract Aortopulmonary anastomosis can produce cardiac failure, unilateral pulmonary edema, or both if constructed too large. The effects on the heart and systemic circulation of aortopulmonary anastomoses of varying sizes were studied in a series of dogs. The larger the shunt, the greater the changes in left atrial pressure and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. Shunt flow is related to the diameter of the shunt as well as to the existing pulmonary artery pressure. Unilateral pulmonary edema occurred when left atrial pressure was 18 to 20 mm. Hg.
Sources of Umami Taste in Cheddar and Swiss Cheeses

Umami plays an important role in the flavor of many cheese varieties. The purpose of this study was to identify the compound(s) responsible for umami taste in Cheddar and Swiss cheeses. Four Cheddar and 4 Swiss cheeses (two with low umami intensity and two with high umami intensity from each type) were selected using a trained sensory panel. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), disodium 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP), disodium 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), sodium chloride, lactic acid, propionic acid, and succinic acid were quantified in the cheeses instrumentally. Taste thresholds (best estimate thresholds, BETs) were determined for each compound in water. Subsequently, a trained descriptive sensory analysis panel evaluated each compound in odor-free water across threshold concentrations to confirm that the thresholds were based on umami and not some other stimuli. Model system studies with trained panelists were then conducted with each compound individually or all compounds together. Comparison of analytical data and sensory thresholds indicated that IMP and GMP thresholds were 100-fold higher than their concentrations in cheese. All other compounds contributed some umami taste within their concentration range in umami cheeses. Sensory analysis of model cheeses revealed that glutamic acid played the largest role in umami taste of both Cheddar and Swiss cheeses while succinic and propionic acids contributed to umami taste in Swiss cheeses. Knowledge of the key compounds associated with umami taste in cheeses will aid in the identification of procedures to enhance formation of this taste in cheese.
Patterns and determinants of union growth in the hospital industry

Recent changes in the National Labor Relations Act have increased the possibility that union coverage will expand among private non-profit hospitals. This study examines the success of union organizing efforts in the industry during the 1974–1978 period. The analysis focuses on the influence of environmental and organizational variables as well as the nature of the election process itself. The results suggest that hospital union success is largely dependent uponprior union success in the hospital (+), voter turnout (−) and unit size (−). The annual rate of election victories is predicted to fall to nearly 25 % by 1983 from an average of 50% in the 1974–1978 period.
The trichotillomania impact project in young children (TIP-YC): clinical characteristics, comorbidity, functional impairment and treatment utilization.

The aim was to investigate clinical characteristics of young children with a hair pulling problem. Parents/caregivers of young children (0–10 years old) with a hair pulling problem (N = 110) completed an online survey. The majority reported that their child experienced mild to moderate impairment/distress due to hair pulling, and overall clinical characteristics were similar to adult samples, although some differences were noted (e.g., less awareness of pulling). We also compared preschool-aged and school-aged children within the sample. Symptom severity, pleasure during pulling and gender ratio remained stable across the age groups. The preschool-aged children demonstrated less impairment/distress, comorbidity, and treatment seeking; pulled from fewer body areas; and were less likely to be aware of the act or experience tension prior to pulling. In conclusion, clinical characteristics of childhood hair pulling are largely similar to adult/adolescent hair pulling problems, but there are some notable differences, particularly among pre-school aged children.
An investigation of learning under two types of social reinforcers in young and elderly adults.

The verbal learning performance of young and elderly subjects was compared under a factorial design employing praise and reproof and verbal feedback as social reinforcers. Regardless of age group, all subjects made fewer errors under a feedback condition where a correct response was reinforced with a “right” and an incorrect response was not responded to by the experimenter. Elderly subjects performed equally well under praise, reproof, and a neutral control condition. Younger subjects, however, showed superior performance under the control treatment and poorer learning under both praise and reproof.
Power, Development, and Institutional Change: Participatory Governance in the Lower Mekong Basin

Summary One of the central challenges for the multitude of actors concerned with the governance of transboundary river basins is how to produce meaningful mechanisms for promoting the participation of a broad cross-section of actors in resource planning and management decisions. This paper elucidates recent efforts to enhance policies of public participation within the context of governance in the Lower Mekong basin. The paper concludes that while the obstacles to institutionalizing public participation are substantial, some modicum of genuine participation, that may in time contribute to a broader project of transformation, can emerge within intergovernmental development institutions, albeit through surprising means.
Constructing homotopy equivalences

Abstract I n this paper we study the following construction of homotopy equivalences: Take a codimension one separating submanifold N n −1 of M n , cut along N and glue the pieces together by a homeomorphism of N homotopic to the identity. Aside from the question of which homotopy equivalences can be so obtained, we will study qualitative questions such as stability, type of submanifold, etc. Relations to ΣΩ, the oozing problem in surgery theory, and Kervaire classes will be discussed.
III. THE RIBONUCLEASES OF HUMAN EPIDERMIS

Sodium acetate and sulphuric acid extracts of human epidermis can each be separated by chromatographic techniques into three or more fractions with ribonuclease activity. Eight of these fractions were compared with respect to molecular weight, pH activity profile, polyribonucleotide hydrolysis, and activity in the presence of low levels of spermidine. Sodium acetate and sulphuric acid extracts were also prepared from callus and from psoriatic lesions and compared with extracts from normal epidermis for their response to exogenous spermidine. All eight human epidermal ribonuclease fractions studied had an apparent molecular weight of 15,000 daltons. Seven of the ribonuclease fractions were optimally active at alkaline pHs (pH 7.3-7.6 in sodium phosphate and pH 8.I in Tris-HCl) while the eighth ribonuclease was most active at pH 5.6 in a citrate-phosphate buffer. All enzymes hydrolyzed polycytidylic acid and five also hydrolyzed polyuridylic acid. None hydrolyzed polyadenylic acid. Seven of the eight ribonucleases studied exhibited greater activity in the presence of added spermidine. The extracts from psoriatic scales showed markedly elevated ribonuclease levels which could not be raised further by the addition of spermidine.
Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential.

Abstract Neural progenitor cells have been proposed as a therapy for central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and trauma injuries, however their accessibility is a major limitation. We recently isolated Tuj1 + cells from skeletal muscle culture of Nestin–GFP transgenic mice however whether they form functional neurons in the brain is not yet known. Additionally, their isolation from nontransgenic species and identification of their ancestors is unknown. This gap of knowledge precludes us from studying their role as a valuable alternative to neural progenitors. Here, we identified two pericyte subtypes, type-1 and type-2, using a double transgenic Nestin–GFP/NG2–DsRed mouse and demonstrated that Nestin–GFP +/Tuj1 + cells derive from type-2 Nestin–GFP +/NG2–DsRed +/CD146 + pericytes located in the skeletal muscle interstitium. These cells are bipotential as they generate either Tuj1 + cells when cultured with muscle cells or become “classical” α-SMA + pericytes when cultured alone. In contrast, type-1 Nestin–GFP −/NG2–DsRed +/CD146 + pericytes generate α-SMA + pericytes but not Tuj1 + cells. Interestingly, type-2 pericyte derived Tuj1 + cells retain some pericytic markers (CD146 +/PDGFRβ +/NG2 +). Given the potential application of Nestin–GFP +/NG2–DsRed +/Tuj1 + cells for cell therapy, we found a surface marker, the nerve growth factor receptor, which is expressed exclusively in these cells and can be used to identify and isolate them from mixed cell populations in nontransgenic species for clinical purposes.
High-sensitivity, quasi-optically-coupled semimetal-semiconductor detectors at 104 GHz

We report experimental results for the optical responsivity and noise-equivalent power (NEP) of quasi-optically coupled, room-temperature ErAs-InGaAlAs rectifier diodes. Four-micron-diameter diodes were flip-chip coupled to self-complementary log-periodic and square-spiral antennas, and characterized with a 104-GHz Gunn diode oscillator coupled to the rectifiers through variable attenuators, a feedhorn, an aspherical polymeric lens, and a Si hyperhemisphere. The log-periodic mounted device displayed a responsivity and specific NEP' of 0.9x10 3 V/W and 1.2x10 -12 W/Hz 1/2 , respectively. The square-spiral mounted device displayed a responsivity and NEP' of 1.2x10 3 V/W and 2.0x10 -12 W/Hz 1/2 , respectively. All values were measured at a post-detection center frequency of 33 Hz.
Constrained phase analysis of pion-deuteron scattering

Abstract A relativistic three-body theory of the NNπ system is applied to predict πD elastic scattering. Phase shifts and inelastic parameters are compared with those of a multiple scattering calculation.
Neuroprotective versus neurodestructive effects of NO-related species

Nitric oxide (NO.) can lead to damaging or protective actions in the central nervous system. Here we consider the chemistry of the NO group and its redox-related species that can lead to these exactly opposite ends. In the neurodestructive mode, NO. reacts with superoxide anion (02.-) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which leads to neuronal injury. In contrast, the reaction of the NO group with cysteine sulfhydryls on the NMDA receptor leads to a decrease in receptor/channel activity. avoidance of excessive Ca2+ entry, and thus neuroprotection. Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant NMDA receptor subunits has recently increased our knowledge of such redox modulation by NO. Transfer of the NO group to cysteine sulfhydryls on the NMDA receptor or other proteins, known as S-nitrosylation, is becoming recognized as a ubiquitous regulatory reaction, skin to phosphorylation, and represents a form of redox modulation in diverse tissues including the brain.
LOAD-CONTROLLED COMPRESSION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE INDUCES A TRANSIENT STIMULATION OF AGGRECAN GENE EXPRESSION

The effects of short- and long-term load-controlled compression on the levels of aggrecan mRNA have been determined. Results show that a compressive stress of 0.1 MPa on bovine articular cartilage explants for 1, 4, 12, and 24 h produces a transient up-regulation of aggrecan mRNA synthesis. At 1 h, aggrecan mRNA levels in loaded explants were increased 3.2-fold compared to control explants. At longer times (>/=4 h), the levels of aggrecan mRNA returned to baseline values or stayed slightly higher. There is a dose dependence in the response of the explant to increasing levels of compressive stress (0-0.5 MPa) for 1 h. Aggrecan mRNA levels increased 2- to 3-fold at 0-0.25 MPa. At 0.5 MPa, the level of aggrecan mRNA was lower than those at 0.1 and 0.25 MPa. This dose-dependent effect suggests a reversal of the stimulatory effects of compression on aggrecan gene expression at higher loads. After 24 h of compression, the levels of aggrecan mRNA in explants subjected to any of the stress levels were not significantly different from those in control explants. The stimulatory effect of 0.1 MPa compressive stress on aggrecan mRNA levels was blocked by Rp-cAMP and U-73122, indicating the involvement of the classical signal transduction pathways in the mechanical modulation of aggrecan gene expression. The responses of link protein mRNA to compression paralleled those of aggrecan, while there was no significant change in expression of the gene for the housekeeping protein elongation factor-1 alpha. The results indicate that articular cartilage chondrocytes can respond to short-term compressive loads by transiently up-regulating expression of the aggrecan gene. The fact that long-term compression did not significantly alter aggrecan mRNA levels suggests that previously observed inhibitory effects of prolonged static compression on proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage may be, for the most part, mediated through mechanisms other than suppression of aggrecan mRNA levels.
Distinctive Solvation Patterns Make Renal Osmolytes Diverse

The kidney uses mixtures of five osmolytes to counter the stress induced by high urea and NaCl concentrations. The individual roles of most of the osmolytes are unclear, and three of the five have not yet been thermodynamically characterized. Here, we report partial molar volumes and activity coefficients of glycerophosphocholine (GPC), taurine, and myo-inositol. We derive their solvation behavior from the experimental data using Kirkwood-Buff theory. We also provide their solubility data, including solubility data for scyllo-inositol. It turns out that renal osmolytes fall into three distinct classes with respect to their solvation. Trimethyl-amines (GPC and glycine-betaine) are characterized by strong hard-sphere-like self-exclusion; urea, taurine, and myo-inositol have a tendency toward self-association; sorbitol and most other nonrenal osmolytes have a relatively constant, intermediate solvation that has components of both exclusion and association. The data presented here show that renal osmolytes are quite diverse with respect to their solvation patterns, and they can be further differentiated based on observations from experiments examining their effect on macromolecules. It is expected, based on the available surface groups, that each renal osmolyte has distinct effects on various classes of biomolecules. This likely allows the kidney to use specific combinations of osmolytes independently to fine-tune the chemical activities of several types of molecules.
Obsessive relational intrusion, coping, and sexual coercion victimization

Both obsessive relational intrusion (ORI) and sexual coercion can be viewed as unwanted forms of excessive relational intrusion. ORI is a pattern of persistent invasion of another's sense of privacy for the purpose of advancing a relationship that the target of pursuit does not desire. This study examined first if ORI and sexual coercion victimization tend to correspond, and second, if coping responses tended to correspond with both forms of victimization. Both expectations were strongly supported. Implications for formulating better models of victimization are discussed.
A yeast mutant defective in the processing of 27S r-RNA precursor.

Among a group of 31 ts- yeast mutants screened electrophoretically for heat-sensitive synthesis of each stable RNA species, only mutant ts351 failed to accumulate 25S RNA at 36°C. Pulse-labeling experiments at 36°C showed that 35S and 27S precursor RNA and mature 18S r-RNA molecules are synthesized by ts351 cells but that 25S and 5.8S RNA species are not made and new 60S ribosomal sub-units are not assembled. The mutant is blocked at a specific point in r-RNA processing: the cutting of 27S to form 25S and 5.8S r-RNA.
Thermal processes in the context of earthscope

The EarthScope project is designed to elucidate the dynamics and evolution of the North American continent. To reach that goal, focused studies of the continental seismic structure, the strength of the lithosphere and modes of deformation, the patterns of stresses and strain, and the manner in which the lithosphere responds to excitation during earthquakes are all a high priority. The common factor linking these EarthScope centric issues is the thermal state of the lithosphere. Although not an explicit component of EarthScope in the sense of US Array, PBO or SAFOD, an understanding of the thermal structure and associated thermal processes plays a key role in interpreting the observations generated by the EarthScope infrastructure. In order to help guide EarthScope science to exploit most effectively the links among these observations, a workshop was held to bring together practitioners from the fields of seismology geodesy thermochronology and crustal deformation with researchers who focus on thermal processes. The goal was to define the high priority issues to be addressed through integration of thermal geophysics with Earth-Scope science.
Fidelity in transcription assessed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases

Resume L'utilisation de la transcription in vitro de polynucleotides par des RNA polymerases de procaryotes et d'eucaryotes dependantes du DNA s'est revelee d'une grande utilite pour deceler des modifications mutagenes de bases. Des resultats tout a fait similaires sont obtenus en utilisant comme matrices des ribo- et desoxyribopolymeres et avec le Mg 2+ et le Mn 2+ a concentrations optimales. Des etudes recentes se sont concentrees sur des polymeres contenant de l'etheno C ainsi que sur sa forme hydratee. Ces modifications sont particulierement interessantes etant donne qu'elles proviennent de chlorure de vinyl metabolise qui se revele etre un carcinogene humain.
Comparison of collagen preparations from beef cornea and sclera.

Abstract Bovine corneal and scleral tissues were fractionated to yield acid soluble, alkali soluble, and insoluble collagen preparations. Very small differences in analytical composition were found. The most significant observations were the increased amounts of both acid soluble collagen and non-collagenous soluble proteins found in the cornea, the presence of the latter indicating a larger amount of corneal ground substance. Collagen preparations from both tissues showed comparable susceptibility to digestion by collagenase, and resistance to the action of trypsin.
Space - time focusing: breakdown of the slowly varying envelope approximation in the self-focusing of femtosecond pulses.

Numerical analysis of the self-focusing of femtosecond optical pulses reveals that the usually invoked slowly varying envelope approximation breaks down long before the temporal structure reaches the time scale of an optical cycle. This breakdown leads to a dramatic departure from the recently predicted symmetric development of the self-focusing pulse. By properly including the linear space–time focusing properties of short pulses, it is found that the trailing half of the self-focusing pulse is greatly enhanced and culminates in the formation of a trailing shock edge.
Effects of family background on crime participation and criminal earnings: an empirical analysis of siblings

This study exploits the sibling structure of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to measure the degree to which family background explains the variance in the propensity to engage in criminal activities and in the intensity and success of crime participation as measured by the level of criminal earnings. A multiple-equation model whose reduced form disturbances are connected by a common unobservable variable having a variance-components structure is developed and estimated. Estimation results indicate a high level of association (net of observable measures of family background) between the unobserved factors affecting siblings' propensity to engage in criminal activities in a family, with estimated intra-family correlations ranging from 0.44 to 0.55. Sharing a common family background explains around 25% of the variance of the unconditional criminal income. The results suggest that ignoring family background effects leads to a significant upward bias in the effects of race and education on the propensity to engage in income-generating crime.
Stalnaker's conditional and Bell's problem

In his (1981) paper, Stalnaker has revised his old theory of conditionals and has given the revision an interesting defense. Indeed, Stalnaker shows that this new theory meets the standard objections put to the old. However, I argue that the revision runs into difficulties in the context of quantum mechanics: If Stalnaker's theory of the conditional is assumed, then from plausible assumptions certain Bell-like conflicts with experiment can be derived. This result, I go on to argue, is a good reason to reject Stalnaker's theory, at least for the quantum mechanical context.
A possible role for lysosomes in the inhibitory action of dopamine on prolactin release.

The effect of dopamine on lysosomal function in the anterior pituitary gland and on PRL secretion was investigated in vivo and in vitro. When anterior pituitary glands were examined by electron microscopy, it was found that PRL cells in pituitary tissue from rats that had been treated for 8 h with the dopamine precursor, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), contained more multivesicular bodies (i.e. lysosomes) than did PRL cells in pituitary tissue from vehicle-treated animals. In addition, a large number of the lysosomes in PRL cells of L-dopa-treated rats appeared to have undergone fusion with PRL secretory granules (i.e. crinophagy). When anterior pituitary glands were homogenized and fractionated by continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was found that most of the activity of the lysosomal enzyme, β-glucuronidase, was present in gradient fractions containing subcellular particles, viz. lysosomes, that had an approximate density of 1.2. Treatment of rats with Ldopa resulted in an increase...
Early hominid diets from quantitative image analysis of dental microwear

The dietary habits of the early hominids Australopithecus and Paranthropus have long been debated. Robinson argued that the two species differed in the proportions of meat and vegetables consumed. More recently it has been suggested that Paranthropus, with its presumably larger body size, simply processed greater amounts of the same foods eaten by Australopithecus to maintain 'functional equivalence'. Microscopic dental wear patterns are related to the dietary habits of extant mammals, and quantification of these patterns is useful in distinguishing among primates with different diets. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to use microwear in the reconstruction of early hominid diets, and only very recently has the quantification of such data been initiated. While microwear fabrics can be reduced to individual elements (for example, scratches and pits), there is some disagreement over exactly how they should be defined and measured. Fourier transforms have been applied successfully in the study of a variety of physical and biological patterns, and recently they have been used to characterize and distinguish different tooth wear patterns more objectively. Here we report the first combined use of image processing and other quantitative techniques to analyse the dental microwear of early hominids. Our results suggest that Paranthropus ate substantially more hard food items than Australopithecus.
THE SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM AND ITS OSCILLATION SOLUTION

The current status of solar neutrino measurements and their oscillation interpretation is reviewed.
A non-canonical E-box within the MyoD core enhancer is necessary for circadian expression in skeletal muscle

The myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) gene is a master regulator of myogenesis. We previously reported that the expression of MyoD mRNA oscillates over 24h in skeletal muscle and that the circadian clock transcription factors, BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1) and CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput), were bound to the core enhancer (CE) of the MyoD gene in vivo. In this study, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that the CE is necessary for circadian expression of MyoD in adult muscle. Gel shift assays identified a conserved non-canonical E-box within the CE that is bound by CLOCK and BMAL1. Functional analysis revealed that this E-box was required for full activation by BMAL1/CLOCK and for in vitro circadian oscillation. Expression profiling of muscle of CE loxP/loxP mice found approximately 1300 genes mis-expressed relative to wild-type. Based on the informatics results, we analyzed the respiratory function of mitochondria isolated from wild-type and CE loxP/loxP mice. These assays determined that State 5 respiration was significantly reduced in CE loxP/loxP muscle. The results of this work identify a novel element in the MyoD enhancer that confers circadian regulation to MyoD in skeletal muscle and suggest that loss of circadian regulation leads to changes in myogenic expression and downstream mitochondrial function.
Collateral Damage: Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and Immune Function in the Antibiotic Era

Our long-standing evolutionary association with gut-associated microbial communities has given rise to an intimate relationship, which affects many aspects of human health. Recent studies on the mechanisms that link these microbial communities to immune education, nutrition, and protection against pathogens point to microbiota-derived metabolites as key players during these microbe-host interactions. A disruption of gut-associated microbial communities by antibiotic treatment can result in a depletion of microbiota-derived metabolites, thereby enhancing pathogen susceptibility, impairing immune homeostasis, and contributing to the rise of certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we highlight some of the recently elucidated mechanisms that showcase the impacts of microbiota-derived metabolites on human health.
Staged surgical repair of functional single ventricle in infants with unobstructed pulmonary blood flow

Objective: The infant with a functional single ventricle (SV) and unobstructed pulmonary blood flow (UPBF) requires early protection of the pulmonary vascular bed to ensure suitability for a subsequent Fontan procedure. Systemic obstruction by aortic arch obstruction, subaortic stenosis, or combination of both, has been widely recognized as an important risk factor for poor outcome in children with SV‐UPBF who are palliated with pulmonary artery banding (PAB). We reviewed our experience with primary PAB in the subset of patients with SV‐UPBF to identify risk factors for subsequent palliative procedures and Fontan completion. Methods: Between January 1990 and May 2004, 80 patients (median age, 14 days) with functional SV and UPBF underwent PAB as their primary palliative procedure. Thirty-five neonates had concomitant aortic coarctation or interrupted aortic arch repair (44%). A Damus‐Kaye‐Stansel procedure was subsequently performed in 19 patients, and subaortic resection or ventricular septal defect or bulboventricular foramen enlargement was performed in five. Results: There were 4 operative deaths, and 15 late deaths. The actuarial overall survival is 84% at 1 year, 76% at 5 and 15 years. Follow-up is complete in all but six children at a mean interval of 4.9G3.7 years (range, 2 months‐15 years). Thirty-seven patients (49%; 37 of 76) have undergone the hemi-Fontan procedure (with three hospital deaths) and 40 patients (53%; 40 of 76; 12 children without previous hemi-Fontan) have undergone the completion Fontan procedure without mortality or Fontan takedown. Conclusion: In infants with single ventricle physiology with or without systemic outflow obstruction and unobstructed pulmonary blood flow, a strategy of pulmonary artery banding carries acceptable operative and mid-term mortality in a high-risk group of patients. Pulmonary artery banding does not compromise performance of subsequent Damus‐Kaye‐Stansel procedure or completion Fontan palliation. Q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Downregulation of nitric oxide synthase in nephrotic syndrome: role of proteinuria

Blood pressure is frequently elevated, blood volume is usually normal or increased and plasma renin and aldosterone are usually low in nephrotic syndrome (NS). These observations challenge the conventional view attributing sodium retention in NS to a hypoalbuminemia-induced intravascular volume contraction. Given the pivotal role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulation of renal sodium (Na) handling, vascular resistance and sympathetic activity, we considered that Na retention and hypertension in NS may be associated with impaired NO system. Urinary excretion of Na and NO metabolites (NOx), as well as immunodetectable endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NO synthases were determined in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced NS, rats with protein overload proteinuria, Nagase rats (NAR) with inherited analbuminemia, iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine)-treated rats, prenephrotic PAN-treated and placebo-treated control rats. The NS group showed marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, decreased fractional excretion of Na (FENa), reduced urinary NOx excretion, and severe reduction of iNOS and nNOS protein abundance in the kidney. Similar results were found in rats with protein overload proteinuria in which proteinuria was present without hypoalbuminemia. In contrast, despite extreme hypoalbuminemia, NAR showed normal FENa, increased urinary NOx excretion and upregulations of iNOS and nNOS protein abundance in the kidney. Administration of aminoguanidine for 3 weeks lowered FENa in normal rats to levels approximating those found in the NS group. Animals studied 2 days after PAN administration (wherein proteinuria was absent) showed no abnormality. Thus, chronic PAN-induced NS results in downregulation of kidney iNOS and nNOS, which can contribute to the reduction of FENa by augmenting renal tubular Na reabsorption, and preglomerular vasoconstriction. Findings in the NAR, which had profound hypoalbuminemia without proteinuria, and in rats with protein overload proteinuria, which had proteinuria without hypoalbuminemia, point to proteinuria as the primary mediator of kidney iNOS and nNOS deficiency and impaired Na excretion in PAN-induced NS.
Measuring Liquidity Mismatch in the Banking Sector

This paper implements a liquidity measure, "Liquidity Mismatch Index (LMI)," to gauge the mismatch between the market liquidity of assets and the funding liquidity of liabilities. We construct the LMIs for 2882 bank holding companies during 2002-2014 and investigate the time-series and cross-sectional patterns of banks' liquidity and liquidity risk. Aggregate banking sector liquidity worsens from $4 trillion before the crisis to -$6 trillion in 2008, and reverses back to the pre-crisis level in 2009. We also show how a macro-prudential liquidity stress test can be conducted with the LMI metric, and that such a stress test could have revealed the fragility of the banking system in early 2007. In the cross section, we find that banks with more ex-ante liquidity mismatch have a higher stock-market crash probability and are more likely to borrow from the government during the financial crisis. Thus the LMI measure is informative regarding both individual bank liquidity risk as well as the liquidity risk of the entire banking system. We compare the LMI measure of liquidity to other measures such as Basel III's liquidity coverage ratio and net stable funding ratio, and show that LMI performs better in many dimensions. The outperformance of LMI partially results from the contract-specific time-varying liquidity sensitivity weights which are driven by market prices.
Approaches for the Development of Cold Tolerance in Maize Through Regenerable Callus Cultures

Most maize genotypes require a temperature range of 10 to 30 °C for growth (Gilmore and Rogers 1958). This temperature range reflects the tropical origin of Zea mays L. (reviewed by Goodman 1988) and the fact that modern hybrid corn breeding developed in the warm climate of the central United States corn belt. At high altitude or high latitude the temperature may typically fall below the lower limits of this 10 to 30 °C range (Hardacre and Eagles 1986). In these areas, maize may experience late spring or early fall frosts, long cold and wet springs, or near-freezing night temperatures.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Communications to Consumers: Recommendations Based on Elaboration Likelihood and Attitude Certainty Perspectives

Abstract This article makes suggestions about how to effectively communicate the risks associated with products and services to consumers. The authors realize this goal by drawing on several rich streams of literature on the psychology of persuasion. Specifically, they provide guidelines for developing effective communications based on the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion and integrating emerging research on attitude certainty. On the basis of these research areas, the authors further discuss how to diagnose why a particular communication may not have proved effective. Finally, they provide examples to help illustrate the actual steps policy makers and others might take in developing communications to warn or inform consumers.
A Toolset Independent Hybrid Method for Calculating Antenna Coupling

Calculation of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) between electrically large antennas mounted on ships is important for a variety of Navy problems. This paper presents a toolset independent hybrid method for calculating the power at receive antenna terminals relative to the power incident on transmit antenna terminals. The hybrid method coupling results are validated against full-wave computational electromagnetic (CEM) simulations and measurements. An advantage of the proposed hybrid approach is that CEM calculations for antenna near-fields and propagation between antennas can be executed with user-preferred tools. In addition, transmit and receive antenna calculations are executed in transmit mode independent of ship structures. Thus, antenna calculations can be stored in a library for calculation reuse and optimization of antenna placement for EMI reduction.
Surface Roughness Effect on Q-Factor of Ge Whispering Gallery Mode Microdisk Resonator

In this paper, surface roughness effect on Q-factor on Ge whispering gallery mode microdisk resonator is thoroughly investigated by 2D and 3D FDTD simulations with variations on roughness indices.
Depletion of T Cell Epitopes in Lysostaphin Mitigates Anti-Drug Antibody Response and Enhances Antibacterial Efficacy In Vivo

The enzyme lysostaphin possesses potent anti-staphylococcal activity and represents a promising antibacterial drug candidate; however, its immunogenicity poses a barrier to clinical translation. Here, structure-based biomolecular design enabled widespread depletion of lysostaphin DRB1(∗)0401 restricted T cell epitopes, and resulting deimmunized variants exhibited striking reductions in anti-drug antibody responses upon administration to humanized HLA-transgenic mice. This reduced immunogenicity translated into improved efficacy in the form of protection against repeated challenges with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In contrast, while wild-type lysostaphin was efficacious against the initial MRSA infection, it failed to clear subsequent bacterial challenges that were coincident with escalating anti-drug antibody titers. These results extend the existing deimmunization literature, in which reduced immunogenicity and retained efficacy are assessed independently of each other. By correlating in vivo efficacy with longitudinal measures of anti-drug antibody development, we provide the first direct evidence that T cell epitope depletion manifests enhanced biotherapeutic efficacy.
Shigella flexneri Inhibits Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis in Epithelial Cells

Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. The Shigella IpaB protein activates caspase 1 in macrophages, which eventually leads to apoptosis. In contrast, epithelial cells infected with Shigella undergo a stress response but do not die. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if Shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. A modified gentamicin protection assay was used to investigate if HeLa cells infected with S. flexneri are able to resist the induction of apoptosis following treatment with 4 μM of staurosporine. Nuclear staining and immunofluorescence revealed that infected cells remained healthy while uninfected cells appeared apoptotic. Only uninfected cells had detectable levels of activated caspase 3 upon immunofluorescence, and this was verified by Western blot analysis. Despite interfering with caspase 3 activation, Shigella-infected cells treated with staurosporine did have cytochrome c release and caspase 9 activation, indicating that Shigella protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting caspase 3 activation. Analysis of S. flexneri mutants showed that invasion and a functional type III secretion system were required to block apoptosis. In addition, a mutant with a deletion in mxiE, which encodes a transcriptional activator for genes induced intracellularly, failed to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, protection of epithelial cells from apoptosis by S. flexneri is regulated by one or more of the bacterial genes under the control of mxiE. We believe that S. flexneri, like other pathogens, inhibits apoptosis in epithelial cells but causes apoptosis in macrophages to ensure survival inside the host.
3D Packaging Technology: Enabling the next wave of applications

This paper describes 3D Packaging Technology trend and highlights its contribution to the development of the next wave of electronic products. The paper's introduction discusses general Packaging Technology trends in the semiconductor industry and the major Packaging Functionality changes that have been experienced during the last few decades. It also covers some of the future functions that will be performed by packaging technology such as system in packages to enable autonomous smart electronics, with heterogeneous technology such as signal processing, sensors, power management, energy harvesting modules and nano storage devices. It describes the evolution of 3D packaging technology in three different waves or phases. It also presents some of the Megatrends enabled by 3D Packaging, Miniaturization and Integration, as well as the main challenges the industry is experiencing with the development and implementation in volume production of the third wave, Through Silicon Vias (TSV). The final section of this paper discusses TSV drivers and benefits, the expected Value Added coming from TSV vs. Required Cost to Develop and Implement, and whether TSV is going to be used in mostly “Niche High Value Added” applications or adopted as a Mainstream solution for many applications.
Zinc/Copper Couple

[12019-27-1] Zn (MW 65.39) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (an activated form of zinc metal that can be used for cyclopropanation;1 conjugate addition of alkyl iodides to enones;2 preparation of dichloroketene;3 preparation of 2-oxyallyl cations for cycloaddition reactions4) Physical Data: see Zinc. Solubility: insol organic solvents and H2O. Form Supplied in: reddish-brown or dark gray powder; often prepared directly before use. Preparative Method: although zinc–copper couple is commercially available, freshly prepared reagents are often more active. Of the many preparations described in the literature,1 LeGoff's is both simple and results in a very active zinc–copper couple.5 Zinc dust (35 g) was added to a rapidly stirred solution of 2.0 g Cu(OAc)2·H2O (see Copper(II) Acetate) in 50 mL of hot acetic acid. After 30 s the couple was allowed to settle, decanted, and washed once with acetic acid and three times with ether. A less reactive couple can be prepared from granular zinc using the same procedure. Modified procedures for preparing zinc–copper couples are given in many of the references. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: zinc–copper couple deteriorates in moist air and should be stored under nitrogen. Very active zinc–copper couple is oxygen sensitive. It evolves hydrogen on contact with strong aqueous acids.
Successful interrupted feeding of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Ixodidae) is accompanied by re-programming of salivary gland protein expression

Ixodid female ticks take one comparatively large bloodmeal which they convert to a single large egg mass and then they die. To examine the outcome of interrupted feeding, equal numbers of male and female Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks were fed on guinea pigs (host 1) for either 2, 4, or 6 days, or to engorgement (8 days). All of the fully engorged (D8) females laid a single large egg mass (80–160 mg/tick), while 85% of the day 6-fed (D6) female ticks ( n =20) each laid a small egg mass (6·1 mg/tick). None of the females that had fed for 2 or 4 days oviposited. Ninety percent ( n =20) of the day 2-fed (D2) females survived for 4 weeks after their feeding was interrupted, whereas 65% ( n =20) of the day 4-fed (D4) females survived. All of the surviving partially fed female ticks (D2 and D4) attached to a second guinea pig (host 2) and attained engorged body weights that were not significantly different from those of the control females ( P <0·05). Female ticks that engorged following interrupted feeding layed egg masses comparable to the controls, indicating that engorgement on host 2 was successful. The salivary gland protein profile of female ticks changed constantly during feeding. However, when feeding was interrupted, the protein expression pattern switched back to that of the non-parasitic state, presumably to enable the partially fed ticks to survive and reattach on the new host. This observation indicates that female ixodid ticks have a natural ability to survive and re-establish successful feeding on a new host if the first attempt at feeding is unsuccessful. Such an interrupted feeding mechanism supports the hypothesis that partially engorged ticks may play a role in tick-borne pathogen transmission.
The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and natural history of chronic venous disease

Chronic venous disease includes a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from varicose veins through chronic lower extremity pain and edema to venous skin changes and ulceration. Such manifestations may result from primary venous insufficiency or be secondary to other disorders, primarily acute deep venous thrombosis. Regardless of etiology, chronic venous disease has significant socioeconomic consequences and is among the most common problems encountered in surgical practice. Ambulatory venous hypertension underlies most of the sequelae of chronic venous disease, although such hemodynamic derangements may result from either valvular incompetence or venous obstruction. Unfortunately, the factors responsible for the progression of disease from mild to severe manifestations are only beginning to be understood. However, a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of chronic venous disease is essential in its management.
Strategies to address risks of platinum scarcity for supply chain downstream firms

Increased recycling, product redesign and substitution can improve firm resilience in the face of uncertainties in materials availability. The delays involved in implementing these strategies may result in unprepared firms losing market share to competitors who are better prepared to address these challenges. This paper will expand from previous work in this area by examining the statistical significance of the effect of recycling in the face of limited supply. It has been shown that the timing and magnitude of a supply shutdown can influence the magnitude of price response. On average, increased recycling is a means for stabilizing price effects owing to its faster response times.