cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roof duality for polynomial 0-1 optimization

The purpose of this note is to generalize the roof duality theory of Hammer, Hansen and Simeone to the case of polynomial 0---1 optimization (0-1PP). By reformulating 0-1PP and expanding some of their definitions, we show that most of the results for quadratic 0---1 problem (0-1QP) can be extended to the general polynomial case.
Autoflurosecence detection of Escherichia coli on silver membrane filters

Abstract This report describes the measurement of the limit of detection of the bacterium, Escherichia coli, on the surface of membrane filters employing autofluoresence. Investigation of detection of E. coli by this method was prompted by NASA's need for a method which could detect, principally, fecal coliforms is initially sterile storage water-on-board the conducted rapidly with little or not need for disposables, large amounts of instrumentation, constant human involvement. The autofluorescence of E. Coli collected on the surface of silver membrane filters was quantitated by epifluoresencence microscopy and related to a viable count of the bacteria. The fluorescence was excitated using a board region of ultraviolet radiation from a mercury arc lamp (approx. 250–400 nm) and examined in the wavelength region of 495 nm and higher through a long pass optical filter. From these measurements, the limit of detection of viable E. Coli collected on the membrane filters was fewer than 550±32 viable bacteria or 170,000±10,000/ml in terms of solution concentration.
In situ generation and characterization of gold(I) complexes from K[AuCl4] in aqueous solutions

Abstract A highly reactive gold(I) species, assigned as [AuCl2]−, is electrogenerated and its subsequent chemical reactions with L -cysteine, d -penicillamine and imidazole are monitored by electrochemical methods. By this in situ method, electrochemical data for ( L -cysteinato)gold(I) and ( D -penicillaminato)gold(I) were determined and compared to relevant gold(I) species. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical data for the reduction of [AuCl4]− in water is also presented.
Family Structure, Race, and Adolescents' Alcohol Use: A Research Note

Family structure is related to adolescents' drinking behavior differently for Blacks than Whites. Black adolescents were more likely to be heavy alcohol users when both natural parents were present, but the opposite was true for the whites. Only when non-White adolescents were in families with both parents, and the father had at least a high school education, did they drink near the rate of White adolescents. There was support of social learning theory.
Film Cooling Measurements for Cratered Cylindrical Inclined Holes

Film cooling performance is studied for cylindrical holes embedded in craters. Different crater geometries are considered for a typical crater depth. Cratered holes may occur when blades are coated with thermal barrier coating layers by masking the hole area during TBC spraying resulting in hole surrounded by TBC layer. The film performance and behavior is expected to be different for the cratered holes compared to standard cylindrical holes. Detailed heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness measurements are obtained simultaneously using a single test transient IR thermography technique. The study is performed at a single mainstream Reynolds number based on free-stream velocity and film hole diameter of 11000 at four different coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The results show that film cooling effectiveness is slightly enhanced by cratering of holes but a substantial increase in heat transfer enhancement negates the benefits of higher film effectiveness. Three different crater geometries are studied and compared to a baseline flush cylindrical hole, a trenched hole, and a typical diffuser shaped hole. CFD simulation using Fluent was also performed to determine the jet-mainstream interactions associated with the experimental surface measurements.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The radial evolution of solar wind speeds

[1] The WSA-ENLIL model predicts significant evolution of the solar wind speed. Along a flux tube the solar wind speed at 1.0 AU and beyond is found to be significantly altered from the solar wind speed in the outer corona at 0.1 AU, with most of the change occurring within a few tenths of an AU from the Sun. The evolution of the solar wind speed is most pronounced during solar minimum for solar wind with observed speeds at 1.0 AU between 400 and 500 km/s, while the fastest and slowest solar wind experiences little acceleration or deceleration. Solar wind ionic charge state observations made near 1.0 AU during solar minimum are found to be consistent with a large fraction of the intermediate-speed solar wind having been accelerated or decelerated from slower or faster speeds. This paper sets the groundwork for understanding the evolution of wind speed with distance, which is critical for interpreting the solar wind composition observations near Earth and throughout the inner heliosphere. We show from composition observations that the intermediate-speed solar wind (400–500 km/s) represents a mix of what was originally fast and slow solar wind, which implies a more bimodal solar wind in the corona than observed at 1.0 AU.
Let them eat cake: Food prices, domestic policy and social unrest

Recent price spikes in the international commodity markets have been blamed for numerous riots, protests and other forms of civil unrest. While these effects are widespread, they are not universal....
5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the maturing mouse eye☆

Abstract 1. 1. The eyes of CFW albino strain mice were measured in vitro for 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD), using [14C]5-hydroxytryptophan as substrate, and monoamine oxidase (MAO), using [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine as substrate. 2. 2. Eye-pair wet weights were also taken and they increased steadily until reaching mature levels at 6 weeks. 3. 3. 5-HTPD activity increased after day 1, reached its peak at day 3, then dropped to mature levels by day 7. 4. 4. MAO activity dropped after day 1 and then increased to reach its peak at day 5, after which it decreased to mature levels at 2 weeks.
The effect of a nicotine patch on cigarette craving over the course of the day: results from two randomized clinical trials

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of this analysis was to assess the efficacy of a 21 mg/24-h nicotine patch for the reduction of craving throughout the waking day, compared both to placebo, and to a 15 mg/16-h patch differing pharmacokinetic profile over the day. The primary end-point was craving during the evening hours, because previous research suggested that smoking relapse was particularly likely at that time.Research design and methods: Data were drawn from two similar randomized clinical trials among nicotine-dependent smokers who were quitting smoking: Study 1 compared the 21 mg/24-h patch to a placebo patch, while Study 2 compared the 21 mg/24-h patch to a 15 mg/16-h nicotine patch. In both studies, subjects (Study 1: n = 102; Study 2: n = 244) were prompted by an electronic diary to rate their craving multiple times per day during a 1 week baseline period, and for up to 2 weeks after quitting. For analysis, the day was divided into five blocks: morning (up to 10:59 a.m.), mid-day (11:00 a.m.–1:...
Cyclin D1 determines estrogen signaling in the mammary gland in vivo.

The CCND1 gene, which is frequently overexpressed in cancers, encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein. Although it is known that cyclin D1 regulates estrogen receptor (ER)α transactivation using heterologous reporter systems, the in vivo biological significance of cyclin D1 to estrogen-dependent signaling, and the molecular mechanisms by which cyclin D1 is involved, are yet to be elucidated. Herein, genome-wide expression profiling conducted of 17β-estradiol-treated castrated virgin mice deleted of the Ccnd1 gene demonstrated that cyclin D1 determines estrogen-dependent gene expression for 88% of estrogen-responsive genes in vivo. In addition, expression profiling of 17β-estradiol-stimulated cyclin D1 small interfering RNA treated MCF7 cells shows cyclin D1 is required for estrogen-mediated gene expression in vitro. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq analysis revealed a cyclin D1-DNA bound form associated with genes that were regulated by es...
Threat, Politics, and Attitudes: Toward a Greater Understanding of Rally-’Round-the-Flag Effects

Social scientists have long known that threatening situations can have a powerful effect on sociopolitical attitudes. One of the more dramatic examples of this phenomenon is the “rally ’round the flag effect,” characterized by dramatic spikes in popularity of the American president. Previous models of rally effects have strongly emphasized the role of anxiety and the desire for security as explanations for these changes in support. In this article, we present a contrasting view, showing support for an anger-based conceptualization that builds upon earlier research on emotional appraisal. We discuss the relevance of our findings for theory and research across a variety of different paradigms in the social psychological and political science literature.
Ten-Year Comparisons of Problems and Competencies for National Samples of Youth: Self, Parent, and Teacher Reports

The Youth Self-Report (YSR;Achenbach, 1995),Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL;Achenbach,2001),and Teacher's Report Form (TRF; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) were used to compare U.S. national samples of 11- to 18-year-olds assessed in 1989 and 1999. Reports by all informants concurred in showing small improvements in competencies and adaptive functioning and small declines in problems from 1989 to 1999. Correlations of .98 to .99 between mean problem item scores in 1989 and 1999 indicated very high stability for assessment via self-reports, parent reports, and teacher reports over 10 years. Cross-informant correlations were (a) YSR × CBCL = .38, (b) CBCL ×TRF = .36, and (c) TRF ×YSR = .20. No scales showed significant differences between scores obtained from any type of informant for youths assessed shortly before and after the Columbine High School shootings.
Metallocene-mediated synthesis of chain-end functionalized polypropylene and application in PP/clay nanocomposites

Abstract This paper summarizes our research in the preparation of chain end functionalized isotactic polypropylene (PP) having a terminal functional group, such as Cl, OH, and NH2. The chemistry involves metallocene-mediated propylene polymerization using rac-Me2Si[2-Me-4-Ph(Ind)]2ZrCl2/MAO complex in the presence of styrene derivatives (St-f) and hydrogen, which serve as the chain transfer agents. The molecular weight of the resulting PP polymers with a terminal Cl, OH and NH2 group (i.e., PP-t-Cl, PP-t-OH and PP-t-NH2) are inversely proportional to the molar ratio of [St-f]/[propylene]. Despite the extremely low concentration of functional group, the high molecular weight chain end functionalized PP-t-OH and PP - t - NH 3 + exhibit a distinctive advantage over other functional PP polymers containing side chain functional groups or long functional blocks. The terminal hydrophilic OH and NH 3 + cations, with good mobility and reactivity, effectively hydrogen bond and ion-exchange the cations (Li+, Na+, etc.) located between the clay interlayers, respectively. Such interactions anchor the PP chain to the clay surfaces. On the other hand, the remaining rest of the unperturbed end-tethered high molecular weight PP tail exfoliates the clay layers. This exfoliated structure is maintained even after further mixing of the PP-bearing platelets with pure neat PP polymers.
A reflection: Howard Scott Liddell, 1895-1962.

Howard S. Liddell, Professor of Psychobiology in the Department of Psychology at Cornell University, was one of the earliest American students and developers of I.P. Pavlov's theory of the conditioned reflex and an early researcher on stress. The significance of Liddell's work on stress was fully recognized when he was sent, as a member of a commission, to the battlefront at the height of the Korean War to study stress and self-control in the soldiers. This profound experience convinced Liddell that behavioral research must ultimately be made relevant to the understanding and elevation of human behavior. He spent the remaining ten years of his life in efforts to implement this conviction through research, writing, and lectures before scientific and lay groups.
Microfabricated Electrochemical Sensor for Chemical Warfare Agents: Smaller is Better

A novel type of gas chemical sensor is fabricated by combining microfabrication techniques and electrochemical transducer. The microchannel sensor we built is composed of liquid/gas microchannels separated by a nanoporous membrane. When oxime chemistry is adapted into the microchannel sensor, it gives response of hundreds of mV to trace vapor (10 ppb) of chemical warfare agent simulants within ~10 sec. Double microchannel design further reduces potential drift and simplifies the sensor setup.
Astrocyte-encoded positional cues maintain sensorimotor circuit integrity

Astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the central nervous system, promote synapse formation and help to refine neural connectivity. Although they are allocated to spatially distinct regional domains during development, it is unknown whether region-restricted astrocytes are functionally heterogeneous. Here we show that postnatal spinal cord astrocytes express several region-specific genes, and that ventral astrocyte-encoded semaphorin 3a (Sema3a) is required for proper motor neuron and sensory neuron circuit organization. Loss of astrocyte-encoded Sema3a leads to dysregulated α-motor neuron axon initial segment orientation, markedly abnormal synaptic inputs, and selective death of α- but not of adjacent γ-motor neurons. In addition, a subset of TrkA(+) sensory afferents projects to ectopic ventral positions. These findings demonstrate that stable maintenance of a positional cue by developing astrocytes influences multiple aspects of sensorimotor circuit formation. More generally, they suggest that regional astrocyte heterogeneity may help to coordinate postnatal neural circuit refinement.
The atomic cascade in kaonic atoms

Abstract A two-step analysis is used to develop a formal description of strong interaction effects in highly absorptive hadronic atoms. First an essentially exact description of these effects is derived by applying the theory of the decay of a prepared state to the atomic cascade. Then the exact results are simplified by including only the single-scattering contributions. Applying the single-scattering results to kaonic atoms, we fully characterize the effects of the participation of the K N resonance just below threshold. A comprehensive set of approximations to the single-scattering results is presented. These approximations cover all of the procedures followed in previous calculations on strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms. The shortcomings of each of these procedures are discussed in detail. The differences between the single-scattering optical potential and the local potentials used in previous calculations is quantitatively studied. We also investigate the validity of the semiphenomenological optical potential.
Flexural free vibration of sandwich flat panels with laminated anisotropic face sheets

A study of the effects of anisotropy of face sheets, of core layer, and as of other mechanical/geometrical parameters of flat sandwich panels on their eigenfrequency characteristics is presented. The study is carried out in the context of an advanced model of sandwich structures featuring monoclinic anisotropy-type laminated face sheets and an orthotropic light core. A detailed analysis of the influence of a number of important parameters associated with panel geometry, fiber orientation and stacking sequence in the face sheets, and material properties of the core is carried out, and pertinent conclusions are outlined. In spite of the intricacy of the investigated problem, the adopted solution methodology of the problem enables one to obtain a closed-form solution of eigenfrequency predictions. Numerical simulations highlighting the implications of a number of parameters on eigenfrequencies, as well as validations against the few ones available in the specialized literature, are presented. Pertinent conclusions regarding their dynamic optimization via the use of directional properties of fiber-composite materials in the face sheets and of orthotropicity in the core layer material are supplied.
Rapid evolution of escape ability in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata).

Predators are widely assumed to create selection that shapes the evolution of prey escape abilities. However, this assumption is difficult to test directly due to the challenge of recording both predation and its evolutionary consequences in the wild. We examined these events by studying natural and experimental populations of Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, which occur in distinct high-predation and low-predation environments within streams. Importantly, in the last two decades several populations of guppies have been experimentally introduced from one type of predatory environment into the other, allowing measurements of the consequences of change. We used this system to test two hypotheses: First, that changes in predatory environments create phenotypic selection favoring changes in escape ability of guppies, and second, that this selection can result in rapid evolution. For the first test we compared escape ability of wild caught guppies from high- versus low-predation environments by measuring survival rates during staged encounters with a major predator, the pike cichlid Crenicichla alta. We used guppies from three streams, comparing two within-stream pairs of natural populations and three within-stream pairs of an introduced population versus its natural source population. In every comparison, guppies from the high-predation population showed higher survival. These multiple, parallel divergences in guppy survival phenotype suggest that predatory environment does create selection of escape ability. We tested our second hypothesis by rearing guppies in common garden conditions in the laboratory, then repeating the earlier experiments using the F 2 generation. As before, each comparison resulted in higher survival of guppies descended from the high-predation populations, demonstrating that population differences in escape ability have a genetic basis. These results also show that escape ability can evolve very rapidly in nature, that is, within 26-36 generations in the introduced populations. Interestingly, we found rapid evolutionary loss of escape ability in populations introduced into low-predation environments, suggesting that steep fitness trade-offs may influence the evolution of escape traits.
The Ghosts of NASCAR: The Harlan Boys and the First Daytona 500

Review of: "The Ghosts of NASCAR: The Harlan Boys and the First Daytona 500" by Daniel J. Simone.
Old and New Problems in Human Tumor Cell Cultivation

There are really no new problems in the cultivation of human tumor cells, merely a greater awareness of some of the old ones, an increased understanding of what they are. In general, the difficulties lie in obtaining tumor cells from the patient and growing or maintaining them in vitro without adding any “foreign” living substance. It is equally difficult to separate the tumor cells from extraneous normal cells or tissues and to demonstrate that the cells growing in tissue culture are identical to the neoplastic cells found in the host.
A chorus of discordant voices: Radical feminist confrontations with patriarchal religion

This genre analysis of feminist responses to patriarchal religion examines selected works by Mary Daly, Ti‐Grace Atkinson, and Sally Gearhart. Specifically, we identify radical feminist anti‐religious rhetoric as deriving from what Harrell and Linkugel (1980) call organizing principles found in recurring situations that generate discourse characterized by a family of common factors (p. 406). We selected works that can be explored under the “motivational classification.”
The Animated Esperanto: The Globalist Vision in the Films of Sándor Reisenbüchler

This article examines the work of the Hungarian collage animator Sandor Reisenbuchler, whose career lasted from the mid-1960s until his death in 2004. It poses theoretical questions concerning the ...
Infrastructure Indicators as a Window into Understanding International Internet Growth and Development

For international Internet service, indicators of this second type are difficult to obtain. In the long run, developing such reliable information will inform international debates about the Internet.In this paper, we focus on one such indicator autonomous system numbers (ASN). The number of ASN’s in a country can be thought of as a proxy for the level of competition and level of complexity of the national Internet service market. An enterprise, such as an Internet service provider or other enterprise, needs an ASN when it once to connect directly to at least two other networks. In other words, an enterprise needs an ASN if it is not willing to rely solely on one service provider for Internet connectivity. Such an enterprise is not just a customer of Internet service, therefore, but uses some wholesale telecommunications capacity or services. Therefore, a country with a large number of ASNs has a large number of enterprises that have a complex relationship to the Internet.
The Healthy Meal Index: A tool for measuring the healthfulness of meals served to children

Family meals have been associated with higher diet quality and reduced risk of obesity in children. Observational studies of the family meal have been employed with increasing frequency, yet there is currently no tool available for measuring the healthfulness of food served during the meal. Here we present the development and validation of the Healthy Meal Index (HMI), a novel tool for scoring the healthfulness of foods served to children during a meal, as well as sociodemographic predictors of meal scores. Parents of 233 children, aged 4-8 years, self-recorded three home dinners. A research assistant obtained a list of foods available during the meal (meal report) via phone call on the night of each video-recorded meal. This meal report was coded into component food groups. Subsequently, meals were scored based on the availability of more healthy "Adequacy foods" and the absence of "Moderation foods", (of which reduced consumption is recommended, according to pediatric dietary guidelines). Adjusted linear regression tested the association of sociodemographic characteristics with HMI scores. A validation study was conducted in a separate sample of 133 children with detailed meal data. In adjusted models, female children had higher HMI Moderation scores (p = 0.02), but did not differ in HMI Adequacy or Total scores. Parents with more education served meals with higher HMI Adequacy (p = 0.001) and Total scores (p = 0.001), though no significant difference was seen in HMI Moderation score (p = 0.21). The validation study demonstrated that the HMI was highly correlated with servings of foods and nutrients estimated from observations conducted by research staff. The HMI is a valuable tool for measuring the quality of meals served to children.
Abstract B50: Differential influence of vitamin D on the tumor promoting eicosanoid PGE2 in women at increased breast cancer risk

Numerous lines of evidence point to the tumor promoting properties of prostaglandin (PG)E2. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of both vitamin D (vitD) and celecoxib to downregulate the eicosanoid. We previously reported that vitD, but not the combination, significantly downregulated PGE2 in normal risk women. We hypothesized that there would be a similar or greater benefit of vitD alone, or in combination with celecoxib, in women at increased breast cancer risk. 40 women at increased breast cancer risk were prospectively enrolled and randomized in double blind fashion for one month (postmenopausal) or one menstrual cycle (premenopausal) to one of four daily treatment regimens: placebo, 400 IU vitD, 2000 IU vitD, or 2000 IU vitD + 400 mg celecoxib. Breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) and serum were collected. Both breast specific and systemic levels of PGE2 were measured. There was a significant increase (p=.02) in circulating levels of vitD after treatment in women receiving 2000 IU vitD with or without celecoxib, but not in women receiving placebo or 400 IU vitD. Celecoxib levels increased in those treated with celecoxib but not in the other groups. In the breast, as reflected in NAF, there was a 20% increase (p=.07) in PGE2 after treatment with 2000 IU vitD, with little change after treatment in the other groups. No treatment significantly changed circulating levels of PGE2. These findings suggest that, unlike in normal risk women, 2000 IU vitD may increase levels of a key cancer promoting enzyme in women of increased breast cancer risk. Supported in part with funds from the Komen Foundation and the Department of Defense. Citation Format: Wenyi Qin, Charles Walker, Edward Sauter. Differential influence of vitamin D on the tumor promoting eicosanoid PGE2 in women at increased breast cancer risk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr B50.
Structural investigation of the bilayer iridate Sr 3 Ir 2 O 7

A complete structural solution of the bilayer iridate compound Sr_3Ir_2O_7 presently remains outstanding. Previously reported structures for this compound vary and all fail to explain weak structural violations observed in neutron scattering measurements as well as the presence of a net ferromagnetic moment in the basal plane. In this paper, we present single crystal neutron diffraction and rotational anisotropy second harmonic generation measurements unveiling a lower, monoclinic symmetry inherent to Sr_3Ir_2O_7. Combined with density functional theory, our measurements identify the correct structural space group as No. 15 (C2/c) and provide clarity regarding the local symmetry of Ir^(4+) cations within this spin-orbit Mott material.
Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics of Combustion Processes

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of temperature and species (NO,H2O,CO,CO2,UHC) with applications in coal fired powerplants, gasifiers and IC engines. Wavelength modulation strategies for dealing with high pressures/particulate scattering.
Investigations of the Optical Properties of Nanoscale Gold Films

The linear and nonlinear optical properties of thin gold films with thickness varying from 2.5 nm to 15 nm are experimentally investigated and impact of quantum confinement effect is studied.
Decomposition of Chitin by Chytriomyces Species

Various fungi were examined for evidence of ability to digest chitin. A phycomycete, Chytriomyces, produced obvious clear zones when grown on chitin agar and was selected for more detailed study. C...
Energy- and carbon-efficient synthesis of functionalized small molecules in bacteria using non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions

Anabolic metabolism can produce an array of small molecules, but yields and productivities are low owing to carbon and energy inefficiencies and slow kinetics. Catabolic and fermentative pathways, on the other hand, are carbon and energy efficient but support only a limited product range. We used carbon- and energy-efficient non-decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions and subsequent β-reduction reactions, which can accept a variety of functionalized primers and functionalized extender units and operate in an iterative manner, to synthesize functionalized small molecules. Using different ω- and ω-1-functionalized primers and α-functionalized extender units in combination with various termination pathways, we demonstrate the synthesis of 18 products from 10 classes, including ω-phenylalkanoic, α,ω-dicarboxylic, ω-hydroxy, ω-1-oxo, ω-1-methyl, 2-methyl, 2-methyl-2-enolic and 2,3-dihydroxy acids, β-hydroxy-ω-lactones, and ω-1-methyl alcohols.
An Essay on Current Quintilian Studies in English, With a Select Bibliography of Items Published Since 1990

It is important to begin this essay with a note about language. The international scope of Quintilian studies is evidenced by the number of European languages used to discuss him—German, French, Sp...
Wozu immer größere Teilchenbeschleuniger

In Diskussionen uber Sinn und Zweck, Pro und Kontra von Grundlagenforschung nimmt die Hochenergiephysik einen breiten Raum ein. Haufig wird dabei die Notwendigkeit der riesigen Teilchenbeschleuniger, deren Bau und Betrieb beachtliche Summen von Steuergeldern verschlingen, in Frage gestellt. Derjenige Parameter, der die Grose einer Beschleuniger- oder Speicherringanlage (naheres hierzu in 1,2–5) und damit auch den Umfang der Investitions- und Betriebskosten im wesentlichen bestimmt, ist die Endenergie der beschleunigten Teilchen (Elektronen und Protonen, ihre Antiteilchen Positronen und Antiprotonen sowie schwerere Atomkerne), welche fur die zu untersu-chenden Wechselwirkungsreaktionen zur Verfugung steht. Die Energie wird dabei im Schwerpunktssystem der Reaktionspartner (siehe I,3) gemessen. Tragt man die Endenergie der Hochenergiemaschinen, an denen in den letzten 40 Jahren Teilchenphysik betrieben worden ist oder noch betrieben wird, gegen die Jahreszahl der Inbetriebnahme graphisch auf, so ergibt sich sowohl fur die klassischen Synchrotronbeschleuniger als auch fur die Speicherring-Kollisionsmaschinen in guter Naherung jeweils ein exponentielles zeitliches Anwachsen der verfugbaren Energie (Abbildung I.1).
Cyclic Nucleotide Specificity and Cross-Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide Receptors

Publisher Summary The cyclic nucleotide-binding domains (CNBDs) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) are members of an evolutionarily conserved family of regulatory modules that are also found in the bacterial catabolite gene activator protein, cyclic nucleotide-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epac1 and Epac2), and cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels. The middle residues of the RAA and RTA motifs found in PKA and PKG CNBDs, respectively, are critical for determining if the protein kinase will bind cGMP with high or low affinity. The two kinases often target the same phosphorylation sites on the same physiological effector. The heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor and peptide derivatives are the most specific competitive inhibitors of PKA. The wide array of cyclic nucleotide analogs and their Rp-cAMPS and Rp-cGMPS phosphorothioate derivatives represent another useful class of activators and inhibitors for testing cross-activation hypotheses. Each has its distinct in vitro affinity for each CNBD, lipophilicity, and resistance to phosphodiesterases. The enzymes that hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP are themselves subject to regulation by cyclic nucleotides. The paradigm for cyclic nucleotide cross-activation is cAMP/PKG-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. The preponderance of evidence supports an antiproliferative role for PKG I in vascular smooth muscle. Nevertheless, evidence persists that there may also be a PKG-independent role for cGMP through cross-activation of PKA. The loss of NO-responsive vasodilation in PKG I-deficient mice supports the central role of PKG I in NO-induced smooth muscle relaxation, and argues against a physiological role for cross-activation in this process.
Diving Response in Rats: Role of the Subthalamic Vasodilator Area.

Diving response is a powerful integrative response targeted toward survival of the hypoxic/anoxic conditions. Being present in all animals and humans it allows to survive adverse conditions like diving. Earlier we discovered that forehead stimulation affords neuroprotective effect decreasing infarction volume triggered by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. We hypothesized that cold stimulation of the forehead induces diving response in rats, which, in turn, exerts neuroprotection. We compared autonomic (AP, HR, CBF) and EEG responses to the known diving response-triggering stimulus, ammonia stimulation of the nasal mucosa, cold stimulation of the forehead, and cold stimulation of the glabrous skin of the tail base in anesthetized rats. Responses in AP, HR, CBF and EEG to cold stimulation of the forehead and ammonia vapors instillation into the nasal cavity were comparable and differed significantly from responses to the cold stimulation of the tail base. Excitotoxic lesion of the subthalamic vasodilator area, which is known to participate in CBF regulation and to afford neuroprotection upon excitation, failed to affect autonomic components of the diving response evoked by forehead cold stimulation or nasal mucosa ammonia stimulation. We conclude that cold stimulation of the forehead triggers physiological response comparable to the response evoked by ammonia vapor instillation into the nasal cavity, which considered as stimulus triggering protective diving response. These observations may explain the neuroprotective effect of the forehead stimulation. Data demonstrate that subthalamic vasodilator area does not directly participate in the autonomic adjustments accompanying diving response, however, it is involved in diving-evoked modulation of EEG. We suggest that forehead stimulation can be employed as a stimulus capable of triggering oxygen-conserving diving response and can be used for neuroprotective therapy.
Low-Temperature Growth of High Quality InxGa1−xN by Atomic Layer Epitaxy

We report on the low temperature epitaxial growth of InxGa1−xN with 0≤x≤0.27 by Atomic Layer Epitaxy (ALE). GaN and InGaN single crystal films have been grown by ALE in the temperature range between 600 and 700 °C using the rotating substrate approach. Films were deposited on sapphire substrates using TMG, EdMIn, and NH3 as precursors. Up to 27% indium content has been achieved in the InGaN films. The FWHM of the (0002) InGaN peak by double crystal X-ray diffraction of these films was as small as 5 minutes. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) from these films was dominated by band edge emission between 365 nm and 446 nm. AlGaN/InGaN double heterostructures were grown in a hybrid reactor, in which the AlGaN barrier layers were grown by MOCVD and the InGaN active layer by ALE. The structures showed good crystal quality, and sharp PL emission with peak intensity at 410 nm.
Living in CIN: Mitotic Infidelity and Its Consequences for Tumor Promotion and Suppression

Errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis have been recognized as a hallmark of tumor cells since the late 1800s, resulting in the long-standing hypothesis that mitotic abnormalities drive tumorigenesis. Recent work has shown that mitotic defects can promote tumors, suppress them, or do neither, depending on the rate of chromosome missegregation. Here we discuss the causes of chromosome missegregation, their effects on tumor initiation and progression, and the evidence that increasing the rate of chromosome missegregation may be an effective chemotherapeutic strategy.
School Climate and the Latino-White Achievement Gap.

The goal of this study was to address disparities of academic achievement and school-based factors to help ameliorate them. The study sought to examine the relationship bet ween school climate and ...
African-American Fathers' Perspectives on Facilitators and Barriers to Father–Son Sexual Health Communication

African-American males ages 13 through 24 are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), accounting for over half of all HIV infections in this age group in the United States. Clear communication between African-American parents and their youth about sexual health is associated with higher rates of sexual abstinence, condom use, and intent to delay initiation of sexual intercourse. However, little is known about African-American fathers' perceptions of what facilitates and inhibits sexual health communication with their preadolescent and adolescent sons. We conducted focus groups with 29 African-American fathers of sons ages 10-15 to explore perceived facilitators and barriers for father-son communication about sexual health. Participants were recruited from barbershops in metropolitan and rural North Carolina communities highly affected by STIs and HIV, and data were analyzed using content analysis. Three factors facilitated father-son communication: (a) fathers' acceptance of their roles and responsibilities; (b) a positive father-son relationship; and (c) fathers' ability to speak directly to their sons about sex. We also identified three barriers: (a) fathers' difficulty in initiating sexual health discussions with their sons; (b) sons' developmental readiness for sexual health information; and (c) fathers' lack of experience in talking with their own fathers about sex. These findings have implications for father-focused prevention interventions aimed at reducing risky sexual behaviors in adolescent African-American males. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of critical contingencies using solution space pruning and intelligent search

Abstract The modern power grid is becoming vulnerable to a variety of cyber-physical attacks, and an intelligent attacker could choose an appropriate combination of components and trip them simultaneously to cause significant damage to the power grid. For instance, significant cascading failures may be caused. Such potential consequences call for a comprehensive examination of potential n − k contingencies. A main problem related to the n − k analysis lies in the tremendous number of possible contingencies for a bulk power system. Thus, it is crucial to develop an efficient method to find the critical contingencies able to cause undesirable cascading failures. In this study, we develop a state space pruning based intelligent search method to identify these contingencies. First, the random chemistry method is deployed to sample a certain number of typical critical contingencies, which serve as a basis for the criticality analysis of components. Further, based on the criticality of components, the search space will be greatly reduced. Lastly, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to search for the critical multiple contingencies. Case studies are conducted based on several IEEE bulk systems considering branch failures and bus failures, and the performance and efficiency of the proposed method is validated. The obtained collection of critical contingencies can provide useful information for making informed decisions to ensure secure power system operations.
Image texture features predict renal function decline in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations provide high-resolution information about the anatomic structure of the kidneys and are used to measure total kidney volume (TKV) in patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Height-adjusted TKV (HtTKV) has become the gold-standard imaging biomarker for ADPKD progression at early stages of the disease when estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is still normal. However, HtTKV does not take advantage of the wealth of information provided by MRI. Here we tested whether image texture features provide additional insights into the ADPKD kidney that may be used as complementary information to existing biomarkers. A retrospective cohort of 122 patients from the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP) study was identified who had T2-weighted MRIs and eGFR values over 70 mL/min/1.73m 2 at the time of their baseline scan. We computed nine distinct image texture features for each patient. The ability of each feature to predict subsequent progression to CKD stage 3A, 3B, and 30% reduction in eGFR at eight-year follow-up was assessed. A multiple linear regression model was developed incorporating age, baseline eGFR, HtTKV, and three image texture features identified by stability feature selection (Entropy, Correlation, and Energy). Including texture in a multiple linear regression model (predicting percent change in eGFR) improved Pearson correlation coefficient from -0.51 (using age, eGFR, and HtTKV) to -0.70 (adding texture). Thus, texture analysis offers an approach to refine ADPKD prognosis and should be further explored for its utility in individualized clinical decision making and outcome prediction.
"The Institutionalization of U.S. Medical Education, 1765-1930: A Weberian Institutional Analysis"

Following a trajectory familiar to researchers studying organizational populations, the number of medical schools in the United States initially grew at an increasing rate and then declined until, ...
Design of Metal-Halide Inverse-Hybrid Perovskites

We recently introduced a new class of perovskites, with inorganic anions on the A- and B-sites and an organic cation on the X-site, the so-called inverse-hybrid perovskites (IHPs). We found compounds that are predicted to be stable, possess large polarization, and span a wide range of electronic properties. Here, we present the materials search strategy that enabled these results. We demonstrate the design principles in terms of ion and site composition. Overall, we consider elements from most main groups of the periodic table, investigating their ability to form mono- or divalent anions in the framework of IHPs. We observe structural changes based on tolerance factor. Compounds are found in the perovskite or the related CaIrO3 structure, and different orientations of the employed organic cation (methylammonium) lead to different B···X···B bridging motifs. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the perovskite structure can be favored by interchanging B- and A-site anions and adjusting the ions within groups of t...
Sustainable Agriculture: Impacts on Nonpoint Pollution

Current agricultural practices are thought to contribute to nonpoint source pollution because of large inputs of pesticides and fertilizers and intensive cultivation and crop production. Trends towards sustainable practices which involve crop rotations, alternative weed and pest control measures, use of manure as fertilizers, and crop residues can lead to improved resource management. Sustainable agricultural systems should be viewed not as a reversion to past systems but as adoption of systems which promote efficient resource management and improved efficiency in the use of natural resources. Many of the aspects currently considered to be sustainable agricultural practices will lead to decreased nonpoint source pollution on both the field and landscape scale. There are large changes in the physical, chemical, and biological factors which promote these reductions. The net result of adoption of these practices will be improved environmental quality; however, to realize this benefit will require both educational efforts and improved decision making tools to aid in the management decisions required in agriculture.
Efficacy of Galcanezumab in Patients Who Failed to Respond to Preventives Previously: Results from EVOLVE-1, EVOLVE-2 and REGAIN Studies (S20.004)

Objective: To assess if there were any differential treatment effects in patients who had failed ≥2 previous preventives versus those who had not through a subgroup analysis of three Phase 3 studies of galcanezumab. Background: Galcanezumab (GMB) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide under development for prevention of migraine. Design/Methods: EVOLVE-1 (NCT02614183), EVOLVE-2 (NCT02614196) and REGAIN (NCT02614261) were Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in patients with episodic (EVOLVE-1/2) or chronic (REGAIN) migraine. Patients were randomized 2:1:1 to receive placebo, GMB_120 mg or GMB_240 mg during double-blind treatment period lasting six months (EVOLVE-1/2) or three months (REGAIN). Subgroup analysis was conducted for change from baseline in number of monthly migraine headache days (MHD) and ≥50% response (reduction in number of MHD) for patients who failed ≥2 prior preventive therapies (yes vs no). Subgroup-by-treatment interactions were calculated using linear or generalized linear mixed models. Results: In the integrated analysis of EVOLVE studies and in the REGAIN study, GMB_120 mg/240 mg statistically significantly improved (p Conclusions: GMB_120mg/240mg is efficacious compared with placebo in reducing monthly MHDs in both patients who failed and did not fail ≥2 prior preventives. Treatment-by-subgroup interactions maybe driven by lower placebo response in patients who failed preventives previously as magnitude of change for GMB-treated patients were similar in both subgroups. Study Supported by: Eli Lilly and Company Disclosure: Dr. Zhang has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Zhang has received compensation for serving on the Board of Directors of Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Ruff has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Pearlman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Govindan has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Aurora has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Eli Lilly and Company.
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY

Abstract: The current framework of cellular immunology distinguishes two large universes of immune responses – cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral antibody (immunoglobulin) production. Each universe is complex and involves a variety of cells and cellular products, both specific and nonspecific. In CMI, the specific cells are thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, which, upon interaction with antigen attached to nonspecific macrophages, become activated to produce soluble non-immunoglobulin products called lymphokines. These substances are responsible for a variety of biological processes including “delayed” inflammatory reactions, cell killing, etc. T lymphocytes appear to recognize largish antigenic determinants, but we are not sure of the chemical nature of their antigen-recognizing surface receptors.
Sensitivities of Band-Edge Selectivities

Many filters have a band-edge selectivity (BES) that is a function of parameters other than filter order. In these cases, the band-edge selectivity can be maximized without increasing the order of the filter. However, in increasing BES, we must keep track of the sensitivity of BES to the parameters. In this paper, we provide sensitivities of BES to filter parameters for a variety of classical filters, these being described by rational functions approximating the ideal filter magnitude response. The results are useful in the design of such filters.
Good cop, bad cop: anaerobes in cystic fibrosis airways.

The role(s) that anaerobic bacterial species play in the complex microbial communities inhabiting the airways of people with cystic fibrosis has been the subject of several recent investigations. These studies have demonstrated seemingly conflicting results. http://ow.ly/Qom630kB9DG