cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Strategic Analysis of Instruction and Learning

Teachers, who are expert in the verbally mediated repertoires associated with analyzing the contingencies of instruction, can solve instructional difficulties as they are encountered. They achieve instructional objectives with their students in fewer numbers of learn units than teachers, who do not have analytic expertise. This chapter categorizes the operations of analysis into two broad categories: it uses two terms to describe two repertoires in the analytical process. They are verbally mediated operations associated with the strategies and tactics of the science of behavior as applied to instructional problems. These strategies and tactics are needed when learning plateaus are encountered. In addition, analytic expertise is necessary because instructional problems arise for all students and teachers, even when teachers use expert practices from behavior analysis continuously and automatically. The term verbally mediated to characterize these analytic repertoires consistent with the treatment of all complex behaviors as observable and teachable is used in the chapter.
A closer look into privacy and security of Chromecast multimedia cloud communications

Cloud computing has enabled a wide range of streaming multimedia applications and many HDMI based devices have emerged as a result. Chromecast is one of these devices that plugs into the HDMI port of a larger screen and turns it into a smart screen. With Chromecast, you can stream videos from the cloud onto a larger screen and control it from a mobile device such as a smart-phone, tablet or a laptop. The idea is to cast the multimedia to a larger second screen and use the smaller one as a remote control. A growing number of cloud based multimedia content providers such as YouTube, Netflix, Hulu and HBO are offering applications to support Chromecast streaming for mobile operating systems. This device uses Discovery and Launch (DIAL) protocol, developed by YouTube and Netflix. We examined the network packets exchanged between the smaller remote control device and the Chromecast attached larger screen. While Chromecast encrypts most of the content, remote control device sends control packets to the cloud servers in the clear-text, which makes it vulnerable to reply-attacks or session-hijacking attacks. Besides, data communication with cloud servers leak personal information outside of the home-network, raising privacy concerns. Network protocols used by Chromecast are investigated and known vulnerabilities are listed. A method to detect the existence of Chromecast behind a home-router is proposed.
Improvement of the sensitivity and operating range of MEMS-based resistive-type vacuum gauges

MEMS-based Pirani gauges consisting of 20 nm/200 nm Cr/Au meander-shaped resistor elements have been fabricated on 1 µm thick silicon nitride diaphragms. The distances d from the resistor elements to the cold junctions were 54, 340, and 1200 µm. The 54 µm device operates in a pressure range from about 0.05 to 5 Torr and the 1200 µm device from 0.003 to 0.3 Torr. By connecting the two devices in series, the combined device operates in a range from 0.005 to 5 Torr. This concept can be extended to higher operating ranges by changing the dimensions of the diaphragms. The sensitivity of the devices is strongly influenced by the thermal resistances of the metal lines and the silicon diaphragms
The Past, Present and Future of Equal Educational Opportunity: A Call for a New Theory of Education Federalism

Equal educational opportunity remains elusive within the United States. The nation’s education landscape reveals that too often students’ backgrounds and where they live determine the quality of educational opportunities that they receive. Although most within the United States profess a strong commitment to equal opportunity and to providing everyone access to an excellent education, substantial and influential disparities in school quality are commonplace. Our nation is home to many substandard schools attended disproportionately by poor and minority schoolchildren and these schools offer students inferior educational, career, and postsecondary opportunities when compared to the opportunities provided to students in many affluent and majority white schools. Many schoolchildren receive educational opportunities that do not prepare them to succeed in postsecondary education or work. Many students are more likely to attend school than with those from different racial or ethnic backgrounds and thus leave school without the tools that they will need to engage effectively in the diverse world in which they will live.
A Gravitational Lens Solution for the IRAS Galaxy FSC 10214+4724

We show that the z = 2.3 IRAS source FSC 10214+4724 is gravitationally lensed by an intervening elliptical galaxy. Its many anomalous properties can be explained if the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the source is much more magnified than its outer regions. We uncover a small counterimage to the arc adjacent to the lensing galaxy, as predicted by our lens model. A redshift of unity for the lens is suggested by a red component in the observed spectrum, yielding a lensing mass interior to the critical radius of M(r < 3 kpc) ≈ 1011 M☉, consistent with an ordinary massive galaxy. We present new high-resolution optical images which show a thin arc of emission, implying that the optical source is compact (less than 0.5 kpc) and highly magnified (more than 20 times). Since the optical emission is known to be strongly polarized and Seyfert 2, we propose that the optical arc is a highly magnified image of the inner "mirror" region of an obscured AGN. The central obscuring "torus" will be similarly magnified, naturally accounting for the large IR flux. We propose that cases like F10214 represent the obscured AGN counterparts to the lensed QSO population, and find that the probability of finding objects like F10214 in IRAS redshift surveys is reasonably large.
Overview of Nondestructive Evaluation Projects at NSF

During the past several years, many reports have been published concerning the sad state of deterioration of the nation’s public works, such as, bridges, roadways, water and sewer systems, ports, harbors, airports, and buildings of all types. According to the 1988 National Research Council Report on “Building for Tomorrow” estimates of public infrastructure amounted to $49 trillion in 1984, and growing rapidly. The infrastructure ages and deteriorates with time. The deterioration is mostly a result of aging of the materials, excessive use, overloading, climatic conditions, lack of sufficient maintenance, and difficulties encountered in proper inspection methods. All of these factors contribute to the obsolescence of the structural system as a whole. As a result, repair, retrofit, rehabilitation, and replacement become necessary actions to be taken to insure the safety of the public.
SOI CMOS Technology

Complementary MOS (CMOS) is, by far, the technology of choice for the realization of integrated circuits on SOI substrates. This Chapter will compare CMOS processing on bulk silicon and on SOI wafers. Processing of both thin and thicker SOI films will be discussed. We will assume that circuit processing is carried out on commercially available substrates, such as SIMOX wafers. It is worthwhile keeping in mind that, unlike in the case of SOS, SOI wafers contain only silicon and silicon dioxide, and that the appearance of SOI wafers is very similar to that of bulk silicon wafers. As a consequence, SOI circuit processing can be carried out in standard bulk silicon processing lines. Mixed batches (containing both bulk and SOI substrates) can be processed as well.
The Kutta Condition and the Condition for Minimum Drag

T N A RECENT COMMUNICATION, Yoshihara and Strand concluded A that the conditions for minimum drag in lifting surface theory are not valid for wings with singular edge forces. Such edge forces are normally incorporated in the surface integral for drag by a limiting process. In reference 1, however, the edge forces are given a separate expression in the form of a line integral taken around the edge. The line integral is then added to the expression for the direct drag, but is omitted in the expression of the interference drag—i.e., in the Ursell-Ward relation. This inconsistency evidently leads to the erroneous conclusion. The selection of a distribution of lift by the condition of minimum drag does not, in general, agree with the selection imposed by the Kut ta condition. The latter condition merely selects a flow as being physically probable in a viscous fluid. With plan forms pointed at the front or rear the optimum distributions of lift do, in fact, require suction peaks at either the leading or trailing edges. Thus, in the case of a slender triangular wing moving base foremost, such a peak appears along the trailing edge and a component of the minimum drag appears as a downstream edge force. Figure 1 illustrates two methods by which this singular mathematical model might be interpreted in a practical sense. (In actual practice boundary-layer control might be employed.) Clearly, our consideration of the sharp edge and the limiting process is only an effort to simplify the formulas. If the limiting calculation produced a result different from that obtained by integrating the nearby smooth pressure distributions, then we would find it difficult to attribute any physical significance to the result.
Information needs in agent teamwork

Members of effective human teams can often anticipate information needs of teammates and offer relevant information to them proactively. Such capabilities are highly desirable for agent teams to achieve better teamwork processes for supporting information gathering, information fusion, and decision makings of teammates. However, there is a lack of agent theories for specifying such proactive agent behavior. The starting point of establishing such a theory is to formally characterize the concept of "information-need" and provide a framework for reasoning about others' information-needs. To this end, in this paper we (1) introduce a modal operator to represent agents' information-needs; (2) investigate levels of information-needs using the idea of precondition-tree; (3) identify several types of information-needs prevalent in agent teamwork; (4) provide and justify the axioms for anticipating others' information-needs; and (5) to complete the framework, introduce an axiom for enabling agents to commit to helping others with their information-needs. This paper thus provides a formal basis for developing agent theories about proactive information delivery behavior.
Contaminants in arctic snow collected over northwest Alaskan sea ice

Snow cores were collected over sea ice from four northwest Alaskan Arctic estuaries that represented the annual snowfallfrom the 1995–1996 season. Dissolved trace metals, major cationsand anions, total mercury, and organochlorine compounds weredetermined and compared to concentrations in previous arctic studies. Traces (<4 nanograms per liter, ng L-1) of cis- and trans-chlordane, dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate, dieldrin, endosulfan II, andPCBs were detected in some samples, with endosulfan I consistently present. High chlorpyrifos concentrations (70–80 ng L-1) also were estimated at three sites. The snow washighly enriched in sulfates (69–394 mg L-1), with highproportions of nonsea salt sulfates at three of five sites (9 of 15 samples), thus indicating possible contamination throughlong-distance transport and deposition of sulfate-rich atmospheric aerosols. Mercury, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, and uranium were typically higher in the marine snow (n = 15) in relation to snow from arctic terrestrial studies, whereas cations associated with terrigenous sources, such as aluminum,frequently were lower over the sea ice. One Kasegaluk Lagoon site (Chukchi Sea) had especially high concentrations of totalmercury (mean = 214 ng L-1, standard deviation = 5 ng L-1), but no methyl mercury was detected above the method detection limit (0.036 ng L-1) at any of the sites. Elevated concentrations of sulfate, mercury, and certain heavymetals might indicate mechanisms of contaminant loss from the arctic atmosphere over marine water not previously reported overland areas. Scavenging by snow, fog, or riming processes and thehigh content of deposited halides might facilitate the loss of such contaminants from the atmosphere. Both the mercury and chlorpyrifos concentrations merit further investigation in view of their toxicity to aquatic organisms at low concentrations.
Utilizing mapping targets of sequences underrepresented in the reference assembly to reduce false positive alignments

The human reference assembly remains incomplete due to the underrepresentation of repeat-rich sequences that are found within centromeric regions and acrocentric short arms. Although these sequences are marginally represented in the assembly, they are often fully represented in whole-genome short-read datasets and contribute to inappropriate alignments and high read-depth signals that localize to a small number of assembled homologous regions. As a consequence, these regions often provide artifactual peak calls that confound hypothesis testing and large-scale genomic studies. To address this problem, we have constructed mapping targets that represent roughly 8% of the human genome generally omitted from the human reference assembly. By integrating these data into standard mapping and peak-calling pipelines we demonstrate a 10-fold reduction in signals in regions common to the blacklisted region and identify a comprehensive set of regions that exhibit mapping sensitivity with the presence of the repeat-rich targets.
Functional changes in Tg P23H-1 rat retinal responses: differences between ON and OFF pathway transmission to the superior colliculus.

The morphological consequences of retinal photoreceptor degeneration are well documented. Much less is known about changes in visual function during degeneration and whether central visual structur...
An Investigation of Reynolds Lapse Rate for Highly Loaded Low Pressure Turbine Airfoils With Forward and Aft Loading

This paper presents an experimental and computational study of the midspan low Reynolds number loss behavior for two highly loaded low pressure turbine airfoils, designated L2F and L2A, which are forward and aft loaded, respectively. Both airfoils were designed with incompressible Zweifel loading coefficients of 1.59. Computational predictions are provided using two codes, Fluent (with k-k1 -ω model) and AFRL’s Turbine Design and Analysis System (TDAAS), each with a different eddy-viscosity RANS based turbulence model with transition capability. Experiments were conducted in a low speed wind tunnel to provide transition models for computational comparisons. The Reynolds number range based on axial chord and inlet velocity was 20,000 < Re < 100,000 with an inlet turbulence intensity of 3.1%. Predictions using TDAAS agreed well with the measured Reynolds lapse rate. Computations using Fluent however, predicted stall to occur at significantly higher Reynolds numbers as compared to experiment. Based on triple sensor hot-film measurements, Fluent’s premature stall behavior is likely the result of the eddy-viscosity hypothesis inadequately capturing anisotropic freestream turbulence effects. Furthermore, rapid distortion theory is considered as a possible analytical tool for studying freestream turbulence that influences transition near the suction surface of LPT airfoils. Comparisons with triple sensor hot-film measurements indicate that the technique is promising but more research is required to confirm its utility.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Kappa opioid agonists as targets for pharmacotherapies in cocaine abuse

Kappa opioid receptors derive their name from the prototype benzomorphan, ketocyclazocine (1a) which was found to produce behavioral effects that were distinct from the behavioral effects of morphine but that were antagonized by the opioid antagonist, naltrexone. Recent evidence suggests that agonists and antagonists at kappa opioid receptors may modulate the activity of dopaminergic neurons and alter the neurochemical and behavioral effects of cocaine. Kappa agonists blocked the effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys in studies of cocaine discrimination and scheduled-controlled responding. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggested that kappa opioids may antagonize the reinforcing effects of cocaine. These studies prompted the synthesis and evaluation of a series of kappa agonists related to the morphinan, L-cyclorphan (3a) and the benzomorphan, L-cyclazocine (2). We describe the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a series of morphinans, structural analogs of cyclorphan 3a-c, the 10-keto morphinans 4a and b, and the 8-keto benzomorphan 1b, structurally related to ketocyclazocine (1a). In binding experiments L-cyclorphan (3a), the cyclobutyl (3b), the tetrahydrofurfuryl 3c and the 10-keto 4b analogs had high affinity for mu (mu), delta (delta) and kappa (kappa) opioid receptors. Both 3a and 3b were more selective for the kappa receptor than the mu receptor. However, 3b was 18-fold more selective for the kappa receptor in comparison to the delta receptor, while cyclorphan (3a) had only a 4-fold greater affinity for the kappa receptor in comparison to the delta receptor. The cyclobutyl compound 3b was found to have significant mu agonist properties, while 3a was a mu antagonist. All compounds were also examined in the mouse tail flick and writhing assay. Compounds 3a and 3b were kappa agonists. Correlating with the binding results, compound 3a had some delta agonist properties, while 3b was devoid of any activity at the delta receptor. In addition, compounds 3a and 3b had opposing properties at the mu opioid receptor. The cyclobutyl compound 3b was found to have significant mu agonist properties, while 3a was a mu antagonist.
Characterization of a c-type heme-containing PAS sensor domain from Geobacter sulfurreducens representing a novel family of periplasmic sensors in Geobacteraceae and other bacteria

Geobacter sulfurreducens encodes one of the largest numbers of proteins annotated as parts of the two-component signal transduction and/or chemotaxis pathways. Ten of these signal transducers have homologous periplasmic sensor domains that contain the sequence signature for c-type hemes. One such sensor domain encoded by gene GSU0303 was isolated and characterized. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and was isolated as two colored species (green and red). The green species is a monomer of the sensor domain with a five-coordinated high-spin heme and the red species is probably a noncovalent dimer of the sensor domain which might have an uncharacterized ligand bound to the dimer. The UV-VIS spectrum of the green species indicates that it has a c′-type heme, but its structure is predicted to be homologous to CitA, a periplasmic PAS domain that does not contain heme. The GSU0303 sensor domain represents a previously unreported family of PAS-type periplasmic sensor domains that contain c-type hemes; these proteins could be part of an important mechanism for sensing redox potential or small ligands in the periplasm. Homologs to the sensor domains we identified in G. sulfurreducens are observed in various bacteria although they occur in larger numbers in the Geobacteraceae.
Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with secondary aldosteronism without hypertension (Bartter's syndrome).

Abstract Described herein is a ten year old Negro girl with hypertension of the juxtaglomerular complex, an associated increase in plasma renin activity and hyperaldosteronism without hypertension (Bartter's syndrome). In addition to the characteristic histologic findings previously reported by light microscopy, electron photomicrographs confirmed the presence of juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia and an increased number of mesangial cells morphologically resembling juxtaglomerular cells without granules. The glomerular capillary basement membranes and epithelial cell foot processes appeared normal and the renal arterioles were thickened and sclerotic. Arterioles seen in a gastrocnemius muscle biopsy specimen also appeared thickened. The finding of increased plasma renin levels while the patient was on a normal sodium intake and following expansion of the extracellular fluid volume during infusions of albumin indicates a relative autonomy of the renin-angiotensin mechanism in this syndrome. Suggestions are presented within the framework of available evidence as to the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Progress in the unraveling of the endoplasmic reticulum stress/autophagy pathway and cancer: Implications for future therapeutic approaches

Given the inherent resistance to apoptosis that characterizes cancer, the targeting of alternative pathways is an attractive strategy to improve anti-tumor therapy. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is basally activated in many cancers, and the subsequent activation of autophagy represent novel cancer treatment targets. While these associated pathways are often protective and promote cell survival, when excessive, ER stress results in autophagic cell death. Therefore, depending on the circumstances, either inhibition or activation of ER stress and autophagy can improve cancer therapy. This review provides an update on how ER stress relates to autophagy, and how these associated pathways can serve dual functions to promote survival or cell death in cancer. Furthermore, it lays out a spectrum of potential pharmacological agents and combinatorial approaches that target these pathways to enhance tumor cell kill.
The LLNA: A Brief Review of Recent Advances and Limitations

Allergic contact dermatitis is the second most commonly reported occupational illness, accounting for 10% to 15% of all occupational diseases. This highlights the importance of developing rapid and sensitive methods for hazard identification of chemical sensitizers. The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) was developed and validated for the identification of low molecular weight sensitizing chemicals. It provides several benefits over other tests for sensitization because it provides a quantitative endpoint, dose-responsive data, and allows for prediction of potency. However, there are also several concerns with this assay including: levels of false positive responses, variability due to vehicle, and predictivity. This report serves as a concise review which briefly summarizes the progress, advances and limitations of the assay over the last decade.
Vibration and stability of a free circular plate subjected to non-conservative loading

Abstract This paper is concerned with the stability and vibration of a completely free circular plate subjected to a non-conservative edge loading. The eigencurves and mode shapes of the plate are obtained for various values of the non-conservativeness parameter. Numerical results are presented for the asymmetrical mode shapes of the plate. Interesting conclusions are drawn from these results some of which are verified analytically.
Mean levels and correlates of perfectionism in International Baccalaureate and general education students

This exploratory study examined the mean levels of perfectionism among 178 general education students and 141 students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, a rigorous academic curriculum. The study also explored perfectionism in relation to grade level and student outcomes (psychological functioning, academic achievement). Results of independent t-tests and one-way ANOVAs indicated higher levels of adaptive perfectionism and lower levels of maladaptive perfectionism among IB students, as well as a significant decrease in mean levels of adaptive perfectionism and increases in maladaptive perfectionism by grade level among IB students. Among both groups of high school students, maladaptive perfectionism was linked to greater anxiety and lower GPAs; IB students evidenced a particularly strong inverse relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and global life satisfaction. Adaptive perfectionism was moderately correlated with academic achievement, as well as associated with greater li...
Municipal Reform and the Changing Pattern of Urban Party Politics

This study discusses the contribution of municipal reform structures to the decline of old-style party politics and to the rise of group politics. Through an analysis of a nation wide survey of chief executives in American cities 50,000 and over in population, a typol ogy permits us to speculate, first, on the decline of old-style politics and the relative emergence of alternative political styles predicted in the local government literature: nonpluralist, group, or coalition politics. Second, the typology permits us to assess the relative contribution of municipal reform structures as compared with national reforms, ethos, socioeconomic, and regional factors in shaping the distribution of com munity group influence.
Enhanced Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in YBa2Cu3O7-x/PrBa2Cu3O7-x multilayers as a measure of two-dimensionality

We have observed enhanced Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions in multilayers composed of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ with a thickness of two and four unit cells, separated by ${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ sufficient to isolate them from one another. The parameter ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{KT}}$=(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{KT}}$)/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ is up to an order of magnitude larger than in single crystals or in films, showing that two-dimensional behavior is approached more closely in the multilayers. The fact that the enhancement of two-dimensionality is accompanied by a lowering of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ demonstrates the importance of interlayer coupling.
In vitro Serotonergic Activity of Black Cohosh and Identification of Nω-Methylserotonin as a Potential Active Constituent

Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. (syn. Actaea racemosa L., black cohosh) is used to relieve menopausal hot flashes, although clinical studies have provided conflicting data, and the active constituen...
Rare gases, water, and carbon in kaersutites

Abstract Kaersutites from Kakanui, New Zealand and from three localities in the southwestern United States have been analyzed for rare gases, water and carbon to investigate the volatile signature of the sub-continental mantle. This study does not confirm the high 3 He/ 4 He and 21 Ne/ 22 Ne ratios reported by Saito et al. [1] for the Kakanui kaersutite. Instead, a 3 He/ 4 He ratio of 6 R A and atmospheric 21 Ne/ 22 Ne ratios were measured which are consistent with our current knowledge of the earth's mantle. A low 40 Ar/ 36 Ar of 320 and more than 10 −8 cm 3 /g of 36 Ar confirms the argon results of Saito et al. and indicates that significant quantities of 36 Ar reside in this portion of the mantle. Kaersutites from the southwestern United States (Arizona) have a heterogeneous helium isotope signature, ranging from 8.8 R A at San Carlos to 0.46 at Hoover Dam. All D/H ratios for the water in kaersutites (−56‰ to −78‰) represent typical mantle values with no apparent correlation with 3 He/ 4 He. The correlation of increasing carbon content (140–400 ppm) with increasing δ 13 C (−24.5‰ to −16.7‰) may reflect differences in the proportions of oxidized and reduced carbon in these samples.
Dog bladder pressure-volume relation determined from isolated strip of wall muscle, force-length curve.

Abstract UNDER appropriate conditions, isolated strips of wall muscle from the urinary bladder can be made to contract actively with electrical stimulation. Experiments were conducted to determine the force-length property of muscle strips of known dimension. Also pressure-volume data were taken from intact bladders with and without bilateral pelvic nerve stimulation. The force-length determination of the muscle strip and the pressure-volume data of the intact bladder were then related by the “modified” Laplace's law. The examined relation is Q δ A B = π R 2 P, where P and Q denote the radial and circumferential tensions; δA B represents the cross-sectional area of the bladder wall in the great circle and R equals radius derived from the content volume.
Direct determination of the complete set of iron normal modes in a porphyrin-imidazole model for carbonmonoxy-heme proteins: [Fe(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm)].

Detailed Fe vibrational spectra have been obtained for the heme model complex [Fe(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm)] using a new, highly selective and quantitative technique, Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy (NRVS). This spectroscopy measures the complete vibrational density of states for iron atoms, from which normal modes can be calculated via refinement of the force constants. These data and mode assignments can reveal previously undetected vibrations and are useful for validating predictions based on optical spectroscopies and density functional theory, for example. Vibrational modes of the iron porphyrin-imidazole compound [Fe(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm)] have been determined by refining normal mode calculations to NRVS data obtained at an X-ray synchrotron source. Iron dynamics of this compound, which serves as a useful model for the active site in the six-coordinate heme protein, carbonmonoxy-myoglobin, are discussed in relation to recently determined dynamics of a five-coordinate deoxy-myoglobin model, [Fe(TPP)(2-M...
Subcooled pool film boiling from a cylinder and from a sphere placed in a liquid saturated bed of beads

In film-boiling heat transfer, the most important modeling assumption may be that the liquid and vapor phases are separated by a sharp boundary without intervening two-phase region. An effort is presently made to extend the results of Cheng et al. (1982) by using a model for a porous medium's effective conductivity which can account for the structure of the porous matrix used, which in this case is a bed of spherical glass beads. Theory and experiment are found to be in good agreement. 8 refs.
Advantages of potassium cardioplegia and perfusion hypothermia in left ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract An attempt was made to determine the effect of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia (35 mEq of potassium chloride) on the hypertrophic ventricle. Puppies with induced left ventricular hypertrophy were divided into four groups and studied after one hour on global ischemia. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was best preserved in the hypothermically perfused groups and correlated well with measurements of coronary sinus creatine Phosphokinase (CPK). In Groups 1 and 2 (anoxic arrest at 37°C and KCl perfusion at 37°C), CPK at 30 minutes of reperfusion was 1,031 and 198 IU, respectively, compared to 35 IU in Group 3 (KCl perfusion at 4°C) and 44 IU in Group 4 (Ringer's lactate at 4°C). Myocardial injury was milder in Groups 3 and 4 regardless of whether potassium chloride was added. It is apparent that hypothermic perfusion of a hypertrophic ventricle was the major factor in myocardial preservation, as determined by myocardial ATP and coronary sinus CPK.
CaCO3 dissolution in California continental margin sediments: The influence of organic matter remineralization

Abstract In situ benthic flux chamber and oxygen microelectrode and shipboard porewater results have been used to quantify sea floor dissolution of CaCO3 on the continental rise adjacent to central California, USA. The porewater distributions and benthic fluxes of O2, NO3−, TA, Ca2+, δ13C, and TIC are interpreted using a numerical simulation of organic matter remineralization and CaCO3 dissolution in marine sediments. The processes considered in the simulation include: organic matter oxidation by O2, NO3, and SO42−; CaCO3 dissolution and precipitation; HS− and NH4+ oxidation; and sediment mixing and sediment accumulation. Calculated benthic fluxes of O2, NO3−, TA, TIC, δ13C, and Ca2+; porewater concentrations of O2, NO3−, and NH4+; and sediment distributions of organic carbon, CaCO3, excess 210Pb, and 14C agree well with the measurements. Benthic fluxes of alkalinity and inferred CaCO3 dissolution rates cannot be explained on the basis of dissolution driven solely by bottom water undersaturation. If the influence of metabolically-produced CO2 is included, benthic fluxes are fully reconciled, however. This is in agreement with benthic chamber Ca2+ and δ13C results that independently imply substantial CaCO3 dissolution in these sediments. The above observations are in contrast to those reported by Jahnke et al. (1994) for the west African continental rise and the western equatorial Pacific where 1-G diagenetic models predict dissolution fluxes larger than observed with benthic flux chambers. We conclude that the extent of metabolic CaCO3 dissolution may vary regionally. Numerous factors, such as the depth of metabolic CO2 production and CaCO3 dissolution kinetics, are known or predicted to influence metabolic dissolution. Among the factors that should be considered in reconciling these observations are: (l) the extent to which sulfate reduction and reoxidation reactions may influence acid-base properties in surface sediments and (2) the total sedimentary CaCO3 content of the sites that may influence porewater acidity through surface exchange reactions at the mineral surface.
Relevance of phosphorylation state to opioid responsiveness in opiate naive and tolerant/dependent tissue

Abstract This laboratory previously reported that the μ-selective opiate receptor agonist, sufentanil, produces a naloxone-reversible, concentration-dependent facilitation or inhibition of the stimulated formation of cAMP in the myenteric plexus. Chronic in vivo exposure to morphine results not only in the loss of inhibitory opioid responsiveness but in the reversal of inhibition to enhancement. The present study demonstrates, in tolerant/dependent as well as opiate naive tissue, that the state of phosphorylation is a critical determinant of the balance between positive and negative opioid modulation of stimulated cAMP formation. In vitro treatment of chronic morphine-treated preparations with inhibitors of protein kinases, abolishes the previously observed reversal of opioid inhibition to enhancement and restores sufentanil inhibitory responsiveness. The established kinase-type selectivity profile of the inhibitors employed suggests the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the tolerant-associated reversal from opioid inhibition to enhancement of cAMP formation. Conversely, treatment of opiate naive tissue with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid or a phorbol ester activator of protein kinase C, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), not only attenuates sufentanil inhibition of evoked cAMP formation but reverses it to a facilitation (as occurs following chronic in vivo morphine exposure). This effect of PMA is abolished by the PKC-selective inhibitor chelerythrine. Moreover, the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus content of PKC α and PKC β is substantially elevated following chronic morphine treatment. These results underscore the relevance of opioid bimodality to the manifestation of tolerance/dependence and suggest that augmented phosphorylation (mediated at least in part via PKC) is a critical determinant of some of the sequelae of chronic morphine exposure.
Reliability of iterative linear equation solvers in chemical process simulation

Abstract For large-scale problems, it may be attractive to use iterative methods to solve the large, sparse, linear systems that arise in the equation-based approach to process simulation. This is because, as problem sizes grow, direct methods become extremely expensive in terms of both computation time and storage requirements. Iterative methods, however, may not be reliable for the indefinite and highly unsymmetric matrices encountered in a diverse multi-unit flowsheeting problem. An extensive computational study of the reliability of iterative linear solvers on such problems is presented here. Nine different iterative linear solvers are considered, in connection with incomplete factorization preconditioning. These are applied to a set of nine test problems. Results indicate that the ordering of rows and columns in the matrices is a crucial factor in determining the success with which iterative methods can be employed. Results also indicate that in general these multi-unit flowsheeting matrices are difficult to solve by iterative methods, and that, though there is certainly potential in the use of iterative methods, to realize this potential will require improvements in the reordering and/or preconditioning schemes used.
Lipids from Entamoeba histolytica

Abstract The parasitic amebae contain 10–16 mg of lipid/ml of packed cells. Phospholipid amounts to 60–70% of the total lipid. The fatty acid compositions of total lipids, neutral lipids, and phospholipids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The predominant fatty acid of the amebae was palmitic acid. Others were lauric, myristic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and nervonic acids. Two long-chain saturated fatty acids of undetermined structure were also present. The phospholipids of amebae contained ethanolamine, serine, choline, inositol, sphingosine, and amino compounds of undetermined structure. Cholesterol was the major component of the nonsaponiflable fraction of amebal lipid. Growth of amebae in the presence of labelled glucose indicated that only about 10% of the lipid carbon was derived from glucose. The major portion of the label in the lipids was found in the fatty acid fraction. Lipids examined were from two typical strains of Entamoeba histolytica, an atypical strain of this species, and E. invadens. The lipids of two components of the medium, horse serum and Bacteroides symbiosus, were studied for comparative purposes.
Comparison of HLA-A antigen typing by serology with two polymerase chain reaction based DNA typing methods: Implications for proficiency testing

Serology has been routinely used for class I HLA typing for the selection of donors for allotransplantation. However, serology is not adequate for the assignment of all class I specificities especially when testing non-Caucasians subjects and it is necessary to adopt new strategies for routine testing. At the present time the extent of incorrect serologic HLA-A assignments in clinical testing is not known. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques have become useful standard clinical typing methods of HLA class II alleles but most laboratories still use serology for class I typing. In this report we have compared two PCR based techniques, PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and PCR amplification and subsequent hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP), for the assignment of HLA-A specificities in 56 blood samples from patients and families serologically typed for HLA-A. This side-by-side comparison of PCR methods showed 100% correlation between them. However, serology showed 7.1% misassignments and, in an additional panel of 19 cells where serology produced equivocal results, the PCR-SSP and SSOP methods identified the correct HLA-A specificity. Our results emphasize the need to complement routine serologic testing of HLA specificities with a small number of primers designed to test HLA-A34, A36, A43, A66, A74 and A80, that are not detected with high precision by serology. We concluded that the PCR-SSP and -SSOP methods can be used in routine HLA-A typing of patients and donors for transplantation with a greater precision than serology.
Apoptosis pathways and their therapeutic exploitation in pancreatic cancer

Resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a characteristic feature of human malignancies including pancreatic cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the western world. Defects in this intrinsic cell death program can contribute to the multistep process of tumorigenesis, because too little cell death can disturb tissue homeostasis. Further, blockade of apoptosis pathways can cause treatment failure, because intact apoptosis signalling cascades largely mediate therapy-induced cytotoxicity. The elucidation of apoptosis pathways in pancreatic carcinoma over the last decade has resulted in the identification of various molecular defects. How apoptosis pathways can be exploited for the treatment of pancreatic cancer will be discussed in this review.
SU‐FF‐J‐117: Real‐Time Characterization of Respiratory Motion Regularity During Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To develop a real‐time system to restrict gated imaging and treatmentdelivery to regular portions of a patient's breathing cycle thereby improving the accuracy of respiratory gated radiotherapy.Methods and materials: A real‐time system was developed based on a first order Fourier spectral analysis of respiratory patterns from 57 lungcancer patients. An initial training length (TL) of breathing was used to establish the reference spectral parameters (full width at half maximum, peak amplitude, and peak frequency). Deviations in breathing were characterized in real‐time by comparing reference spectral parameters to acquired parameters over a sliding window (signal history length SHL) and were characterized as either “regular” or irregular. The effect of different SHLs (1, 2 , 3 respiratory cycles) and TLs (30, 60, 120 seconds) on the accuracy of respiratory managed radiotherapy was determined by examining the standard deviation of the extrema of motion of an external fiducial in portions of the respiratory trace during “regular” and “irregular” breathing. Results: Standard deviations, in cm, of values of peak inhalation for “regular” respiration were (TL30 ≫ 0.15, 0.13, 0.14), (TL60 ≫ 0.16, 0.13, 0.14) and (TL120 ≫ 0.15, 0.21, 0.17) for SHL of 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Corresponding values for “irregular” portions were (TL30 ≫ 0.16, 0.16, 0.15), (TL60 ≫ 0.16, 0.16, 0.15) and (TL120 ≫ 0.18, 0.18, 0.16). For exhalation the values for “regular” respiration were (TL30 ≫ 0.05, 0.05, 0.06), (TL60 ≫ 0.05, 0.06, 0.06) and (TL120 ≫ 0.05, 0.05, 0.07) for SHL of 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Corresponding values for “irregular” portions were (TL30 ≫ 0.18, 0.19, 0.18), (TL60 ≫ 0.20, 0.19, 0.18) and (TL120 ≫ 0.25, 0.23, 0.22). Conclusion: TL of 60 seconds and a SHL of 2 cycles resulted in the lowest variation in external fiducial position during “regular” respiration.
Endurance of simulated winter conditions by age‐0 walleye pollock: effects of body size, water temperature and energy stores

Survival of age-0 walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the absence of food followed simple bioenergetic models, with large body size, high initial condition, and cold temperatures all increasing survival rates. High survival after >200 days at cold temperatures (<3·0° C) indicated extended tolerance of extreme cold, as long as sufficient body size and condition are attained during the summer growth period. Analysis of body constituents demonstrated a substantial increase in tissue water and depletion of lipid during starvation. Survivors had significantly higher lipid stores than mortalities, and larger fish had higher levels of lipid than smaller fish among experimental survivors, laboratory fish that were never starved, and wild fish. Fish returned to warm temperatures and high rations following 205 days of food deprivation displayed nearly complete recovery, with rapid increases in length, weight, and condition and minimal mortality (6·8%) during the subsequent 3 months. Age-0 walleye pollock collected in September in the Bering Sea were substantially smaller and generally had lower lipid levels than fish used in laboratory starvation experiments, suggesting they are susceptible to size- and condition-dependent mortality during the winter. The results are interpreted with respect to field distributions of age-0 walleye pollock, overwinter survival, and synergistic effects of food and temperature under varying models of climate change.
Impact of the use of Techniques and Situation Awareness on Pilots' Procedure Compliance:

In two empirical studies using desktop flight simulators, pilots were monitored while following procedures. In both experiments, pilots demonstrated a high degree of reliance on rule-based heuristics for following procedures (techniques), rather than on the procedures themselves. This was true regardless of the resulting compliance with the procedure. Changes to the procedure and changes to the content of displayed information had no effect on the use of techniques. In addition, frequent instances of noncompliance to procedure were recorded. The most common types of noncompliance, technical failures in implementing the procedure, were found to be nearly all innocuous, while failures related to a lack of situation awareness comprised the bulk of unsafe instances of noncompliance. Also found were a number of instances of noncompliance which actually enhanced the safety of the procedure. The results have implications for the design of procedures and for automated aids for procedure following. Language: en
Flux-dependent anti-crossing of resonances in parallel non-coupled double quantum dots

Abstract We present novel resonant phenomena through parallel non-coupled double quantum dots (QDs) embedded in each arm of an Aharonov–Bohm (AB) ring with magnetic flux passing through its center. The electron transmission through this AB ring with each QD formed by two short-range potential barriers is calculated using a scattering matrix at each junction and a transfer matrix in each arm. We show that as the magnetic flux modulates, a distortion of the grid-like square transmission occurs and an anti-crossing of the resonances appears. Hence, the modulation of magnetic flux in this system can have an equivalent effect to the control of inter-dot coupling between the two QDs.
A new method for the partition function of discrete systems with application to the 3D Ising model

Abstract We describe a new method to find numerically the density of states of discrete statistical systems. We apply the method to the zero-field, three-dimensional Ising model on a 53 lattice. Our method yields an excellent approximation to the partition function and can accurately predict its zeros near the critical points. We argue that our method can be used very effectively even on much larger systems.
Effect of zinc deficiency on keratins in buccal epithelium of rats.

Abstract Weanling rats fed a zinc-deficient diet (less than 1 part/106) for 4 weeks develop parakeratotic and hyperplastic buccal epithelium with increased mitotic activity. Normal buccal epithelium contains major keratin polypeptides of 56, 46 and 43 kDa. Four-week zinc-deficient rats lacked the 43 kDa keratin. It appears that the 46 and 43 kDa keratins are related, differing as a result of some post-translation modification. A proteolytic cleavage of the 46 kDa keratin to the 43 kDa species is the most likely mechanism. The findings point to a decrease of keratinolytic enzyme activity in the zinc-deficient rats.
Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of creep damage in type 304 stainless steel and alloy 800

Creep damage accumulation in fully precipitated type 304 stainless steel and alloy 800 was investigated using small-angle neutron scattering. The small-angle scattering decreased initially and then slowly increased during the intermediate stages of creep. The scattering is thought to be dominated by stress assisted coarsening of carbide precipitates during the early stages of creep. This result and the direct observation of cavities by transmission electron microscopy indicate that at least two damage mechanisms, precipitate coarsening and cavitation, were occurring simultaneously. Coarsening dominates the small-angle scattering measurements during the early stages of creep, but cavitation appears to be detectable during the intermediate stages.