cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanometer-scale, fully lamellar microstructure in an aged TiAl-based alloy

This article reports on the optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hardness experiments conducted on a Ti-45Al-2Cr-Nb alloy that was aged between 400 °C and 800 °C. The aging treatment was conducted on specimens that were quenched to retain the high-temperature α/α2 structure. The aging treatment produced an ultrafine, nanometer-scale, fully lamellar microstructure, ranging from 8 nm in thickness at 600 °C to 17 nm at 700 °C. The fine lamellar microstructure produced a large strengthening effect, raising the hardness to 540 on the Vickers scale. The lamellar structure nucleates preferentially at grain boundaries and grows into the grain interior.
An articulating spacer to treat and mobilize patients with infected total knee arthroplasty.

This retrospective study analyzed 25 consecutive patients (25 knees) with chronic deep TKA infection. During 1997-2004, patients underwent two-stage articulating spacer surgery. The original femoral component was removed, autoclaved and replaced and a new polyethylene was utilized. The second- stage procedure occurred at a mean of 11 weeks (range: 4 to 39 weeks) after spacer insertion. Mobilization was encouraged between stages. All patients were assessed at a minimum of two years (mean 54 months; range: 24-108 months) post re-implantation, and Modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scores were calculated. Only one patient (4%) had re-infection. Average ROM before re-implantation was 5° to 112°, and 3° to 115° at latest follow-up. HSS scores averaged 91 (Range: 65-100) at latest follow-up. Two-stage re-implantation with an articulating spacer for infected TKA effectively treats infection and gives excellent knee motion between stages, and at mid- to long-term follow-up.
Nanometer technology effects on fault models for IC testing

Accepted methods for testing integrated circuits, such as the fault models examined here, require ongoing research and continual adaptation to accommodate increasing circuit size, growing defect subtlety, and less varied manufacturing processes.
Maturation of hemolysin-producing cell clones. I. The kinetics of the induction period of an in vitro hemolysin response to erythrocyte antigen.

Investigations of the induction period of an in vitro hemolysin response to sheep erythrocyte antigen revealed the following: 1. After antigen stimulation precursors of plaque-forming cells rapidly maturate to the point of hemolysin production. 2. Initial maturation probably occurs in the absence of cell division. 3. After initial maturation, a latent period of about 12 hr occurs before the first doubling of PFC. 4. At least the first three cell doublings are synchronous, with a generation time of 7–8 hr. 5. Synchronous cell division implies that all precursor cells are at the same point in the cell cyde when they are initially stimulated.
A case report of malignant melanoma of the great toe.

Melanoma is reported as the most common malignant neoplasm of the foot and carries with it a very poor prognosis. This neoplasm arises from melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells found predominantly in the skin, and the malignancy can metastasize to any organ system. Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment are paramount components of a successful course of management, and improve the rate of survival for those affected by this aggressive cutaneous neoplasm. In this report, we describe an invasive case of melanoma of the hallux that was misdiagnosed as a chronic ingrown and infected nail. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Israel and the European Economic Community

I. Nature of the problem, 297. — II. Effect of the EEC on the Israeli economy, 300; citrus fruits, 300; other agricultural products, 307; industrial products, 307; welfare effects, 308. — III. Possible benefits from an association with the EEC, 310.
Inhibition of FSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation by mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in primary rat sertoli cell cultures

High doses of phthalate esters in vivo cause testicular lesions. One initial target for these effects is the sustentacular Sertoli cell. Sertoli cells are unique in that they have surface membrane receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which couple to adenylate cyclase. As a means of investigating why phthalates appear specific for Sertoli cells, we evaluated possible effects of an active monoester [mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEHP] on the ability of FSH to elevate intracellular levels of cAMP. MEHP reduced FSH-induced elevation of cAMP levels by approximately 40%. This inhibition by MEHP required a lag period of 6 hr and did not affect the dose of FSH which gave half-maximal stimulation, suggesting that MEHP does not compete with FSH for binding to its receptor. The MEHP inhibition was not affected by incubation in the presence of methylisobutylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, suggesting that MEHP does not stimulate the breakdown of cAMP. The MEHP-induced inhibition is specific for FSH; it does not affect the ability of forskolin, cholera toxin, isoproterenol, or prostaglandin E1 to stimulate Sertoli cell cAMP. Furthermore, inhibition occurs in the presence of pertussis toxin suggesting that MEHP action is independent of the inhibitory adenylate cyclase pathway. Further experiments will be necessary to define the specific mechanism of action of phthalates on Sertoli cells; however, these experiments do describe a specific site of action of MEHP in vitro which may be related to the in vivo testicular toxicity of phthalate esters.
The Efficacy of a Relational Treatment for Maltreated Children and their Families

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of participation in a relational intervention program on child abuse potential, parenting stress and child behaviour in maltreated children and their foster parents. Methods: A convenience sample of participants (N = 53) were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment or a wait-list control condition and completed pre and post test measures. Results: Participant’s mean pretest scores were equivalent between groups. Post-intervention, treatment participants had significantly lower scores on total child abuse potential, parenting stress, and child internalising and externalising behaviour than control subjects. Engagement in treatment was a significant predictor of positive change in reported child behaviour. Conclusions: This intervention was effective in decreasing symptoms in respondents who were at high-risk for placement disruption.
Infant feeding practices of Low-income mothers

This study describes infant feeding practices over the first year of life for 294 medically indigent, inner city mothers. These findings highlight the need for interventions to improve infant feeding knowledge and practices throughout the first year of life. Nutritional problems identified included low rates of breast-feeding; early introduction of solid food, especially cereal in the bottle; and excessive use of foods that are high in sugar.
Laboratory transmission of the monogenean Acolpenteron ureteroecetes infecting the posterior kidneys of largemouth bass: time course and pathology.

Abstract Acolpenteron ureteroecetes infections in the kidneys of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides have been reported, but the time course of infection and progression of pathology in experimentally infected fish remain unknown. We exposed 299 naive juvenile largemouth bass at 19.8°C to A. ureteroecetes–infected largemouth bass via recirculating water without direct contact. For 7 months, prevalence and density were determined monthly in squashes of posterior kidney (20 exposed fish, 20 nonexposed fish), and histopathology was assessed in 5 fish from each group. Prevalence increased steadily from months 1 (5%) to 4 (85%), thereafter remaining relatively stable. Mean density of infection doubled monthly (month 1, 0.1 individuals/2 cm2 squash; month 7, 15.1 individuals/2 cm2 squash). Eggs were first observed at month 3, and mean density increased markedly from month 4 to month 5 (2.9–15.3 eggs/2 cm2 squash). Histopathology showed damage in renal collecting ducts that got progressively worse between 5 an...
CAUSAL PRE‐EMPTION AND COUNTERFACTUALLY NECESSARY CHAINS*

Selon l'A., la theorie "preemptive" de la causalite (c cause e, mais cause aussi un changement des circonstances qui empeche un autre evenement c'de causer e) est compatible avec la theorie contrefactuelle de la causalite (un evenement a est contrefactuellement necessaire pour un evenement b si et seulement si b ne serait pas survenu si a n'etait pas survenu).
Different glutamate receptor channels mediate fast excitatory synaptic currents in inhibitory and excitatory cortical neurons.

Abstract Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and responses to rapid application of glutamate were recorded in excitatory spiny, pyramidal neurons and compared with those recorded in inhibitory aspiny interneurons. The sEPSC decay time constant was faster in aspiny interneurons (2.5 ms) compared with pyramidal neurons (4.6 ms). The decay time constant in response to a brief application (1 ms) of glutamate (10 mM) in patches excised from pyramidal and aspiny interneurons were similar (1.9 and 2.7 ms, respectively). However, the rate of desensitization was faster in patches from interneurons compared with pyramidal neurons (3.4 and 12.0 ms, respectively). In addition, single-channel conductance was larger in aspiny interneurons (27 pS) compared with pyramidal neurons (9 pS). These results indicate that pyramidal neurons and aspiny interneurons express different non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and that selective desensitization of interneuron receptors may contribute to depression of inhibition.
Landsat analysis of the Yangjiatan tungsten district, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China

Abstract The Yangjiatan tungsten district at latitude 27°28′ N. and longitude 111°54′E. is located about 140 km southwest of the city of Changsha and 35 km northeast of the town of Shaoyang, southeast Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. The deposits, consisting largely of scheelite in veins (Wang, 1975), are contained in highly folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic age intruded by granitic plutons that are circular in plan view. The major faults and folds trend in a northeasterly direction; whereas, the plutons are clustered in a more easterly trending band across the Landsat image. Landsat image E-2338-02202, acquired December 26, 1975, is number 470 in the “Landsat Image Atlas of the People's Republic of China” printed by the Publishing House of Geology in 1979. A computer-compatible tape of the image was analyzed and used as a demonstration project under a United Nations technical assistance program. Supervised classification of soils, rocks, and vegetation; band ratioing to detect limonite alteration; and edge enhancement were all conducted to demonstrate the flexibility and capability of interactive computer systems. Field evaluation of the results of this work will be conducted by colleagues of the Remote Sensing Center for Geology, Ministry of Geology, in China.
Combination effect of nanoparticles with flame retardants on the flammability of nanocomposites

Abstract Polystyrene based nanocomposites (PNCs) with and without flame retardant additives were successfully prepared through a single-screw extrusion technique. The combination effect of nanoparticles and flame retardants was investigated with nanosilica and attapulgite clay as nanofillers, and with a NASA formulated SINK flame retardant. A comprehensive study was done by Cone Calorimetry, UL94 and TGA. The addition of nanoparticles to polystyrene generally improved the OI of polystyrene. The horizontal burning tests suggested that nanofiller types have different impacts on the flammability of nanocomposites. According to the vertical burning tests and oxygen indices, it was found that polystyrene/silica and polystyrene/attapulgite clay PNCs alone are not flame retardant. In fact, the materials burned faster. However, the combination of nanocomposites with the SINK flame retardant significantly altered the thermal stability, and flammability of the materials. A remarkable reduction in heat release rates of polystyrene was achieved for both silica and attapulgite with flame retardant nanocomposites. For instance, the introduction of 20% SINK into PS reduced the PHRR of PS from 1212 to 838 (−31%); 10% silica reduced it from 1212 to 1060 (−13%), while the combination of silica and SINK reduced it to 530 (−56%), which clearly shows interaction between nanosilica and SINK.
A global–local discontinuous Galerkin shell finite element for small-deformation analysis of multi-layered composites

Abstract This paper focuses on the development of a global–local doubly-curved shell element, suitable for small-deformation implicit and/or explicit dynamic analysis of laminated composite structures. The global–local framework is based on the superposition of a global displacement field, spanning the thickness of the entire laminate, and local (layerwise) displacement fields associated with each layer of the laminate. This approach affords highly-resolved representations in regions of critical interest, and allows a smooth transition from higher to lower resolution zones. Continuity between adjacent layers is enforced by means of discontinuous Galerkin fluxes. Parasitic phenomena characteristic of bilinear shell elements, such as shear locking, are alleviated with the aid of assumed natural strain techniques. Performance characteristics of the proposed finite element are examined with the aid of several numerical examples involving static and dynamic analysis of thick as well as thin shells.
Raman studies of nucleic acids VIII estimation of RNA secondary structure from raman scattering by phosphate-group vibrations

Abstract Analysis of the Raman spectra of a large number of ribonucleotide monomers and polymers indicates that the frequencies and intensities characteristic of the P-O stretching vibrations provide a basis for the quantitative determination of RNA secondary structure. The intensity ratio of the Raman lines at 815 and 1100 cm−1 is shown to have a value of 1.64 ± 0.04 in completely ordered structures and a value of zero in disordered structures. Ordered structures in this context include double-helical configurations containing A · U or G · C pairs and ordered single-stranded configurations (such as occur in poly(rA) and poly(rC)) but exclude other type of base pairing as well as random-chain configurations. The percentages of RNA nucleotides in such ordered configurations, as computed from Raman intensity measurements, are 16-S RNA ( 95 ± 5 ), 23-S RNA ( 85 ± 5 ), tRNAfMet ( 84 ± 3 ), tRNAVal ( 84 ± 3 ), tRNAPhe ( 85 ± 3 ) and R17 RNA ( 87 ± 3 % ). Since the present method makes use of spectral transitions originating in the RNA backbone and not in the bases, no limitations are imposed by lack of knowledge of the RNA base sequence. In combination with data obtained from quantitative infrared spectroscopy the Raman results are also shown to yield information on the percentages of RNA nucleotides in ordered single-stranded configurations.
New insights into the southern margin of the Archean–Proterozoic boundary in the north-central United States based on U–Pb, Sm–Nd, and Ar–Ar geochronology

Abstract New geophysical analysis of the Precambrian basement in Minnesota–Iowa–Wisconsin indicates that an Archean–Proterozoic boundary (Spirit Lake trend) previously recognized in NW Iowa can be continued eastward into central Wisconsin and farther east as the Spirit Lake tectonic zone (SLtz). To test the age of Paleoproterozoic crust south of this structure, several subsurface samples of Precambrian basement from the north-central United States have been analyzed or re-examined using modern techniques of U–Pb, Sm–Nd, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The results fill in a major data gap for the region and show that all U–Pb crystallization ages for samples south of the SLtz are geon 17 (1700–1800 Ma). Bedrock core samples from eastern Nebraska are ca. 1760–1800 Ma, and two samples from SE South Dakota, immediately south of the SLtz, yield ages of 1762 ± 28 Ma (Vermillion) and 1733 ± 2 Ma (Elk Point). Xenoliths from impact breccia in the Manson structure in north-central Iowa yield a similar age of ca. 1705 ± 30 Ma and metagabbro from SE Minnesota yields an age of 1760 ± 9 Ma. Farther to the northeast, zircons from Paleoproterozoic gneiss in the basement of Manitoulin Island, only a few km south of the Superior craton in Ontario, also yield a geon 17 age (1714 ± 10 Ma). Sm–Nd model ages (TDM) for samples immediately south of the SLtz fall in the range 1.9–2.2 Ga, indicating limited involvement of Archean crust. In contrast, Sm–Nd TDM ages for samples north of the SLtz typically range from 2.5 to 3.0 Ga, for both Paleoproterozoic plutons and Archean gneisses. Ion microprobe analyses of zircons from the Elk Point and Manson samples also show the presence of geon 16 overgrowths, indicating a strong regional thermal overprint during geon 16 accretion. This is supported by mid-geon 16 hornblende 40Ar/39Ar ages for samples from SE South Dakota and SE Minnesota. Although no U–Pb ages are available for juvenile basement beneath the ca. 1760 Ma granite–rhyolite suite of southern Wisconsin, south of the SLtz, Sm–Nd model ages are typically ca. 1.9–2.0 Ga, consistent with basement to the rhyolites being geon 17 in age. Collectively, the data require that most, if not all, of the Paleoproterozoic crust immediately south of the SLtz formed during geon 17 and probably represents eastward continuation, from Colorado, through Nebraska, of the Yavapai crustal province in the SW United States. Penokean (geon 18) crustal rocks are limited mainly to northern and central Wisconsin, east-central Minnesota, and northern Michigan. These results also show that medium grade (>500 °C) tectonothermal effects of the subsequent geon 16 (≈Mazatzal) orogeny to the south continue into the north-central United States. Both terranes probably also continue eastward into Ontario, Canada and farther east into protolith of the Grenville Province.
Legalism as an Executive Ideology: Foundations of Barack Obama's Leadership Style

Abstract The purpose of this commentary is to explore the sources of decision-making by President Obama. Specifically, the article notes his strong foundation in legal education, law journal editing, and early occupational activities related to law practice. It is observed that a legalist cast of mind rather than broad statements about race, class, and nation define the Obama early period in office. These considerations are often at the center of presidential options chosen, especially in areas of foreign policy and global challenges. The article claims that “legalism” serves to place serious limits on initiatives and independent actions, but also serves to put a brake on tendencies to impose a new imperial presidency. Such ideological checks and balances show unique dimensions to this president, but also continuity with past limits to extremism.
RNA interference for analysis of gene function in trypanosomatids

Gene-specific silencing by RNA interference is a valuable tool for analysis of gene function in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The development of tetracycline-regulated vectors for production of double-stranded RNA has facilitated its widespread use. RNA interference provides a fast and efficient method for determining whether a gene is essential for growth and viability, reveals mechanistic information on gene function, and has greatly enhanced our understanding of complex biological processes. Finally, the creation of an RNA interference-based library has allowed, for the first time, an approach for conducting forward genetic experiments in this organism.
Assay of embryo-derived platelet activating factor (EDPAF) by an equine platelet aggregation assay: Preliminary data concerning its presence in bovine embryo culture media.

Abstract This study was designed to establish a sensitive bioassay for bovine platelet-activating factor (PAF), to determine if the bovine embryo secretes PAF in vitro and if PAF release is correlated with the embryo's potential to establish a pregnancy. Using an equine platelet aggregation assay, lipid extracted culture media from 33 Day-7 embryos (individually cultured for 18 hours in 1 ml of Ham's F10 containing 0.4% BSA at 37°C in an air: CO2 mixture of 95:5 prior to their transfer to recipient heifers) and from control media (n=15, Ham's F10 + 0.4% BSA incubated simultaneously without embryos) were investigated. In addition, culture media from Day-6 (n=6) and Day-1 (2-cell, n=12) bovine embryos that were cultured for 4 hours but not transferred were examined. The aggregation assay proved to be sensitive to 5 pg of PAF. The assay proved to be specific, since the PAF receptor antagonist SRI 63–441 inhibited platelet aggregation induced by culture media in dosages comparable to aggregation induced by synthetic PAF18. From the 15 Day-7 embryos that established a pregnancy 2 contained measurable amounts of PAF in their culture media. No PAF was detected in the culture media from 13 embryos that succeeded, in the 18 embryos that failed to establish a pregnancy, or in the control media. One of 6 Day-6 embryos and 3 of 12 Day-1 (2-cell) embryos secreted detectable amounts of PAF into the culture media. Although the results indicate that some bovine embryos release PAF or a PAF-like substance in vitro, PAF measurements in the culture medium seem not to be a suitable method for the evaluation of bovine embryos prior to transfer.
A survey of the sterol composition of the marine dinoflagellates Karenia brevis, Karenia mikimotoi, and Karlodinium micrum : distribution of sterols within other members of the class Dinophyceae

The sterol composition of different marine micro algae has been examined to determine the utility of sterols as biomarkers to distinguish members of various algal classes. For example, members of the class Dinophyceae possess certain 4-methyl sterols, such as dinosterol, which are rarely found in other classes of algae. The ability to use sterol biomarkers to distinguish certain dinoflagellates such as the toxic species Karenia brevis Hansen and Moestrup, responsible for red tide events in the Gulf of Mexico, from other species within the same class would be of considerable scientific and economic value. Karenia brevis has been shown by others to possess two major sterols, (24S)-4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (ED) and its 27-nor derivative (NED), having novel structures not previously known to be present in other dinoflagellates. This prompted the present study of the sterol signatures of more than 40 dinoflagellates. In this survey, sterols with the properties of ED and NED were found in cultures of K. brevis and shown also to be the principal sterols of Karenia mikimotoi Hansen and Moestrup and Karlodinium micrum Larsen, two dinoflagellates closely related to K. brevis. They are also found as minor components of the more complex sterol profiles of other members of the Gymnodinium/Peridinium/Prorocentrum (GPP) taxonomic group. The distribution of these sterols is consistent with the known close relationship between K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, and K. micrum and serves to limit the use of these sterols as lipid biomarkers to a few related species of dinoflagellates.
Robust Adaptive Neural Estimation of Restoring Forces in Nonlinear Structures

The availability of methods for on-line estimation and identification of structures is crucial for the monitoring and active control of time-varying nonlinear structural systems. Adaptive estimation approaches that have recently appeared in the literature for on-line estimation and identification of hysteretic systems under arbitrary dynamic environments are in general model based. In these approaches, it is assumed that the unknown restoring forces are modeled by nonlinear differential equations (which can represent general non-linear characteristics, including hysteretic phenomena). The adaptive methods estimate the parameters of the nonlinear differential equations on line. Adaptation of the parameters is done by comparing the prediction of the assumed model to the response measurement, and using the prediction error to change the system parameters. In this paper, a new methodology is presented which is not model based. The new approach solves the problem of estimating/identifying the restoring forces without assuming any model of the restoring forces dynamics, and without postulating any structure on the form of the underlying nonlinear dynamics. The new approach uses the Volterra/Wiener neural networks (VWNN) which are capable of learning input/output nonlinear dynamics, in combination with adaptive filtering and estimation techniques. Simulations and experimental results from a steel structure and from a reinforced-concrete structure illustrate the power and efficiency of the proposed method.
Differential Effect of Culture Temperature and Specific Growth Rate on CHO Cell Behavior in Chemostat Culture

Mild hypothermia condition in mammalian cell culture technology has been one of the main focuses of research for the development of breeding strategies to maximize productivity of these production systems. Despite the large number of studies that show positive effects of mild hypothermia on specific productivity of r-proteins, no experimental approach has addressed the indirect effect of lower temperatures on specific cell growth rate, nor how this condition possibly affects less specific productivity of r-proteins. To separately analyze the effects of mild hypothermia and specific growth rate on CHO cell metabolism and recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator productivity as a model system, high dilution rate (0.017 h−1) and low dilution rate (0.012 h−1) at two cultivation temperatures (37 and 33°C) were evaluated using chemostat culture. The results showed a positive effect on the specific productivity of r-protein with decreasing specific growth rate at 33°C. Differential effect was achieved by mild hypothermia on the specific productivity of r-protein, contrary to the evidence reported in batch culture. Interestingly, reduction of metabolism could not be associated with a decrease in culture temperature, but rather with a decrease in specific growth rate.
Isomeric Composition of Airborne TDI in the Polyurethane Foam Industry

The isomeric composition of airborne toluene diisocyanate has been determined in two plants producing slab stock flexible polyurethane foam. The high performance liquid chromatographic technique used for analysis of the collected samples was optimized for the quantitative and qualitative determination of 2,4 and 2,6-TDI. The data indicates that there is a very large increase in the amount of airborne 2,6-TDI relative to the 2,4 isomer, as compared to the starting material used in the process. The magnitude of the increase was dependent on the stage of production. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of increased offgassing of 2,6-TDI, due to its lower reactivity.
Effect of 2-oleodipalmitin and 2-elaidodipalmitin on polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter

The polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter mixed with 2-oleodipalmitin (POP) or 2-elaidodipalmitin (PEP) was investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. Six mixtures of cocoa butter containing 10, 25, and 50% POP and 10, 25, and 50% PEP were used. Each of the three cocoa butter-POP mixtures exhibited at least four polymorphic forms. The lowmelting form was obtained by quick chilling; the intermediate, by tempering for several hours just below the melting range; and the high-melting, by raising the temperature slowly to 25 C then holding there overnight or longer. In the cocoa butter-POP mixtures, only the low-melting form appeared to be more stable than the corresponding form for pure POP or cocoa butter. In addition to increased stability of the unstable low form, the rate of conversion from the intermediate to the high form, normally quite slow, increased in the cocoa butter-POP mixtures. Typical melting point lowering occurred when POP was added. POP was quite compatible with cocoa butter, the tempered mixture melting as a single compound; and the melting curves were fairly sharp. The three cocoa butter-PEP mixtures appeared to be incompatible. The cocoa butter and PEP behaved like a mixture of two fats, each of which melted independently.
Russia prepositional phrases of locus: Instrumental

Abstract Russian locus expressions involving the instrumental case with the prepositions pered, nad, pod, za , and mezdu and the accusative case with the prepositions pod and za are subject to componential analysis. On the basis of morphemic and syntactic patterning, it is shown that each preposition-case combination communicates a grouping of secondary deep cases or sememic role relations. For example, pod + instr, which is translated variously as ‘under, below, at the base of, beneath,’ etc., realizes the sememic roles LOCUS and PATH and INFERIOR. That is, pod + instr defines a LOCUS which is on a PATH extending from the INFERIOR side of its object. I present a general statement of the groupings of roles possible and a computer-like algorithm which predicts the prepositions and cases that realize the roles. The study concludes with a fully formalized stratificational network which makes the interrelations between the role combinations, their morphemic realizations, and the syntactic structures explicit.
Chicken Bone Impaction Diagnosed by Computer Tomography Angiography: A Rare Cause of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

A 71-year-old man presented with hematochezia and paraumbilical abdominal pain. The patient had a history of left hemicolectomy for unresectable large colonic polyps, but he had no prior episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding and was not on anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapy, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Upon arrival, the patient was hemodynamically stable with a normal complete blood count and international normalized ratio (INR). A computerized tomography angiogram (CTA) utilizing a “bleeding scan protocol” was performed. The radiologist identified a foreign body in the proximal sigmoid colon with adjacent inflammatory changes, with structural characteristics suggesting a chicken gracile bone (Figure 1). The radiologist felt that the location of the gracile bone was the likely source of gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to visible extravasation of contrast. The patient underwent colonoscopy, which demonstrated an impacted gracile bone not adjacent to any diverticula at 25 cm from the anal verge, which was removed via snare (Figure 2). No residual bleeding was detected on careful inspection of the colon after extraction of the bone. Although gracile bone impaction has been described in the past as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, only 1 case report described lower gastrointestinal bleeding from a chicken bone.1-4 Vosskamp et al described a case in which the patient underwent a hemicolectomy for lower gastrointestinal bleeding that showed a submucosal gracile bone adjacent to a bleeding diverticulum.4 Our case report exemplifies a rare etiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by acute gracile bone impaction in the sigmoid colon.
ROLE OF CHICKEN BREAST MUSCLE PROTEINS IN MEAT EMULSION FORMATION: NATURAL ACTOMYOSIN, CONTRACTED AND UNCONTRACTED MYOFIBRILS

Natural actomyosin (NAM) and glycerinated myofibrils (contracted and uncontracted) from chicken breast muscle were taken to 0.6M NaCl, 20 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 7), and tested for emulsifying capacity (E.C.) and timed emulsification. Myofibrils were extracted for 0, 1, and 24 hr in the buffer prior to testing. The aqueous phase was separated by centrifugation and analyzed quantitatively by SDS gel electrophoresis. The E.C. of NAM was lower than that reported earlier for myosin, but was equal to it with added ATP or pyrophosphate. The E.C. of myofibrils varied considerably depending upon whether the 0.6M NaCl soluble protein or the initial protein concentration was used as the denominator. Timed emulsification studies showed that actomyosin was removed from solution in a manner similar to myosin alone. However, when this complex was dissociated, actin remained in the aqueous phase, while myosin was preferentially used in the emulsion. The same relationship was displayed in myofibrils. The regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin exhibited a behavior independent of both actin and myosin. Tropomyosin always increased in the aqueous phase relative to myosin regardless of the presence or absence of ATP, while the troponins were more readily removed from solution in the presence of ATP.
Validity assessment of the breast cancer risk reduction health belief scale

BACKGROUND: Women at increased risk of breast cancer (BC) are not widely accepting of chemopreventive interventions, and ethnic minorities are underrepresented in related trials. Furthermore, there is no validated instrument to assess the health-seeking behavior of these women with respect to these interventions. METHODS: By using constructs from the Health Belief Model, the authors developed and refined, based on pilot data, the Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Health Belief (BCRRHB) scale using a population of 265 women at increased risk of BC who were largely medically underserved, of low socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnic minorities. Construct validity was assessed using principal components analysis with oblique rotation to extract factors, and generate and interpret summary scales. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach alpha coefficients. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability for the pilot and final data was calculated to be r = 0.85. Principal components analysis yielded 16 components that explained 64% of the total variance, with communalities ranging from 0.50-0.75. Cronbach alpha coefficients for the extracted factors ranged from 0.45-0.77. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that the BCRRHB yields reliable and valid data that allows for the identification of barriers and enhancing factors associated with use of breast cancer chemoprevention in the study population. These findings allow for tailoring treatment plans and intervention strategies to the individual. Future research is needed to validate the scale for use in other female populations. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Laboratory-acquired vaccinia infection.

Background: Complications following vaccination with vaccinia virus have been well described but are not commonly observed. The use of vaccinia as a tool in molecular biology, in the development of therapeutics, and the anticipated increase of vaccinations in the general population due to the threat of bioterrorism have created a renewed awareness of the post-vaccination complications and the consequent need for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Objectives: To report the clinical presentation and subsequent diagnosis of generalized vaccinia that resulted from a laboratory accident in an unvaccinated subject. Study design: The patient was seen by a local infectious disease's specialist and evaluated clinically and with laboratory support relative to a differential diagnosis. Results: Careful assessment of the patient's history, an evaluation of the workplace, and the elimination of likely microbial etiologies led to the diagnosis of generalized vaccinia. Laboratory confirmation was obtained by use of electron microscopy (EM) to observe poxvirus particles in infected cell cultures. Conclusions: Exposure to vaccinia virus should raise the index of suspicion for patients with skin lesions. Rapid diagnosis may be accomplished by direct examination of lesion material by EM. The virus also readily replicates in commonly available cell cultures and in the absence of immune reagents, typical poxvirus particles may be observed in the infected cells by EM.
RPA and ATR link transcriptional stress to p53

The mechanisms by which DNA-damaging agents trigger the induction of the stress response protein p53 are poorly understood but may involve alterations of chromatin structure or blockage of either transcription or replication. Here we show that transcription-blocking agents can induce phosphorylation of the Ser-15 site of p53 in a replication-independent manner. Furthermore, microinjection of anti-RNA polymerase II antibodies into the nuclei of cells showed that blockage of transcription is sufficient for p53 accumulation even in the absence of DNA damage. This induction of p53 occurs by two independent mechanisms. First, accumulation of p53 is linked to diminished nuclear export of mRNA; and second, inhibition specifically of elongating RNA polymerase II complexes results in the phosphorylation of the Ser-15 site of p53 in a replication protein A (RPA)- and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR)-dependent manner. We propose that this transcription-based stress response involving RPA, ATR, and p53 has evolved as a DNA damage-sensing mechanism to safeguard cells against DNA damage-induced mutagenesis.
Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of natural and ditched potholes in a San Francisco Bay salt marsh

Abstract Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and composition were examined from April 1980 to March 1981 in three potholes that had been ditched for mosquito control and three natural (i.e. unditched) potholes, which are located in a San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. salt marsh. Measurements of incipient tidal flooding into potholes (i.e. pothole inundation threshold) indicated that these sites comprise a gradient of tidal influences. Exponential decreases in the frequency and duration of tidal inundation corresponded to linear increases in inundation threshold. Since ditched study sites had low thresholds they tended to be more uniformly and regularly influenced by tides, were less saline, had less variable temperature regimens, and supported less filamentous algae than natural potholes. Habitat conditions were generally more similar among ditched than unditched potholes, but environmental conditions were most severe at natural sites near the upper limit of the inundation threshold gradient, where some potholes desiccate during the dry season each year. Differences in macroinvertebrate communities corresponded to differences in habitat conditions. Species richness and diversity (Simpson's Index) were generally highest near the middle of the inundation threshold gradient, which is a pattern predicted by the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. Analysis of faunal composition using discriminant functions indicated more similarity among potholes located at the lowest positions of the inundation gradient than among potholes with intermediate thresholds. Since ditching lowers the inundation thresholds of potholes, it reduces species richness and diversity, while increasing faunal similarity. As a result, extensive ditching to control salt marsh mosquitoes can reduce the overall complexity of lentic macroinvertebrate communities.
Bioterrorism and the Emergency Room: Planning for the Unexpected

Previously, the threat of bioterrorism was not taken seriously. Today, in the aftermath of 9–11, Americans know this threat can no longer be ignored. The effects of terrorism can be covert and can catch unsuspecting individuals off guard. In the event of an attack, Americans will look to hospital emergency departments as the first responders for all levels of care. Therefore, helping professionals such as physicians, nurses, and social workers employed in these departments must be prepared to assist with formulation and delivery of these plans. This implementation will require quick and accurate assessment and intervention strategies reflecting multiple levels of disaster preparedness. Suggestions are made for how to identify the threat related to bioterrorism and guidelines for plans to address this threat are postulated in an attempt to avoid further crisis and trauma toward all involved. Recommendations for future improvements in service delivery are made.
Stat3 Mediates Expression of Autotaxin in Breast Cancer

We determined that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is tyrosine phosphorylated in 37% of primary breast tumors and 63% of paired metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Examination of the distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated (pStat3) in primary tumors revealed heterogenous expression within the tumor with the highest levels found in cells on the edge of tumors with relatively lower levels in the central portion of tumors. In order to determine Stat3 target genes that may be involved in migration and metastasis, we identified those genes that were differentially expressed in primary breast cancer samples as a function of pStat3 levels. In addition to known Stat3 transcriptional targets (Twist, Snail, Tenascin-C and IL-8), we identified ENPP2 as a novel Stat3 regulated gene, which encodes autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase which mediates mammary tumorigenesis and cancer cell migration. A positive correlation between nuclear pStat3 and ATX was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of primary breast cancer samples and matched axillary lymph nodes and in several breast cancer derived cell lines. Inhibition of pStat3 or reducing Stat3 expression led to a decrease in ATX levels and cell migration. An association between Stat3 and the ATX promoter, which contains a number of putative Stat3 binding sites, was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These observations suggest that activated Stat3 may regulate the migration of breast cancer cells through the regulation of ATX.
Chronotype Is Independently Associated With Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine whether chronotype and daily caloric distribution are associated with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of sleep disturbances. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with type 2 diabetes had a structured interview and completed questionnaires to collect information on diabetes history and habitual sleep duration, quality, and timing. Shift workers were excluded. A recently validated construct derived from mid-sleep time on weekends was used as an indicator of chronotype. One-day food recall was used to compute the temporal distribution of caloric intake. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic and sleep variables were computed to determine whether chronotype was associated with HbA 1c values and whether this association was mediated by a higher proportion of caloric intake at dinner. RESULTS We analyzed 194 completed questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, insulin use, depressed mood, diabetes complications, and perceived sleep debt found that chronotype was significantly associated with glycemic control ( P = 0.001). This association was partially mediated by a greater percentage of total daily calories consumed at dinner. CONCLUSIONS Later chronotype and larger dinner were associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes independently of sleep disturbances. These results suggest that chronotype may be predictive of disease outcomes and lend further support to the role of the circadian system in metabolic regulation.
Disinfection of Bacillus globigii Spores Using an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma System

AbstractThis paper examines the application of atmospheric pressure microwave plasma (APMP) for disinfection of water contaminated by Bacillus globigii spores. The results were most promising when He−H2 or O2 were used as plasma gases. The most probable cause for disinfection due to He−H2 plasma can be attributed to the presence of germicidal ultraviolet radiation. On the other hand, the presence of metastable oxygen species (which are very reactive) in the oxygen plasma effluents was attributed as the most likely cause of sterilization of Bacillus globigii spores. By choosing the correct combination of gas mixtures and microwave power level, the authors were able to achieve greater than log5 inactivation. AMPM may be a suitable alternative to traditional disinfection techniques (e.g. chlorination) when they are difficult or impracticable.
Precursory and coseismic water-pressure variations in stick-slip experiments

We have measured changes in water pressure as a function of shear displacement and time during undrained direct shear of flat joint surfaces in saturated quartz monzonite. During the postpeak shear behavior, the water pressure generally decreases, probably owing to opening of new cracks and enlarging of some of the existing cracks and pores. During the stick part of the stick-slip event, there is an accelerated drop in water pressure ( preseismic ) followed by a momentary rise during the slip ( coseismic ). If it is accepted that the slip part of the stick-slip event is a “laboratory earthquake,” then the pore-pressure variations during the stick-slip may have a direct bearing on earthquake prediction through water-level observations in open wells. It is hereby suggested that for more meaningful measurements of water-pressure variations in wells, pressure transducers with a quick response factor be used with packers, rather than measuring the water-level variations in open wells with appreciable time lag.
Coronary artery surgery for recurrent ventricular arrhythmias in patients with variant angina.

Abstract Two patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina had recurrent episodes of resting chest pain, ST segment elevation, QRS widening, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. These episodes were unresponsive to medical therapy including lidocaine, procaine amide, and quinidine sulfate. Coronary arteriography revealed severe obstructive coronary artery disease, involving more than one coronary artery, in both patients. Aorticocoronary saphenous vein grafts were utilized to bypass significant disease in each patient. In one patient blood flow through the grafts was measured at 90 and 65 ml per minute, respectively, at operation and patent grafts were demonstrated six months postoperatively. Neither patient has had recurrence of chest pain or evidence of ventricular tachycardia at one year or 2 1 2 years postoperatively. Postoperative resting and maximal exercise ECG's are normal. Coronary artery surgery may be an effective method of therapy for ischemic ventricular tachycardia when medical therapy fails.
Immunological advantages of advanced laparoscopy

Surgical trauma causes significant alterations in host immune function. Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery is associated with reduced postoperative pain and more rapid return to normal activity. Experimental data have also shown more aggressive tumor establishment and growth rates following open surgery and laparoscopic surgery. Surgery-related immunosuppression may be partly responsible for the differences in cancer growth and outcome noted. It is clear that the choice of abdominal surgical approach has immunologic consequences. Further studies are needed to better the time course and extent of surgery-related alterations in the immune system and their clinical importance. A better understanding of the impact of surgery on the immune system may provide opportunities for pharmacologic manipulation of postoperative immune function to improve clinical results.
A sixth order fast direct helmholtz equation solver

Abstract An O( h 6 ) accurate difference approximation to solutions of the Helmholtz equation is derived. The discrete equations are solved using a reduction procedure and Fourier analysis. Its computational performance is compared with a fourth order similar method over a set of linear and mildly nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems.
At the margins of the research enterprise: Learning from an interdisciplinary eHealth research program

This chapter uses a case study of an interdisciplinary online adult health education (eHealth) research program to address how adult education can survive and thrive in research universities.