cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPACTS OF THE FARM FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE 1980s ON RESOURCES AND POVERTY IN AGRICULTURALLY DEPENDENT COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES

The farm financial crisis of the 1980s has had a major effect on agriculturally dependent areas in the United States. The crisis has resulted in a large proportion of producers leaving agriculture, in a substantial decline in the number of rural businesses, and in the support for rural service bases. Although extensively analyzed, the crisis' impacts on resources and poverty have not been adequately evaluated. This paper examines such impacts using parameters derived from USDA data and from extensive surveys of producers, business operators, and employees in rural communities. The results show effects on populations, services, and income that could lead to a substantial increase in the rates of poverty in these counties. The paper concludes that the crisis, if left unaddressed, may result in a long-term loss of economic opportunities, accentuated rates of poverty, and reduced potential for economic development in agriculturally dependent areas in the United States.
Improved holographic data storage by reduced exposures

We present a technique for increasing data capacity and diffraction efficiency in holographic data storage by approximating multiple-exposure index profile with a more complicated single exposure.
Weight functions from virtual crack extension

The stiffness-derivative method of Parks1 for calculating the linear elastic crack tip stress intensity factor for any symmetric crack configuration and a particular loading is extended to calculate the weight function vector field2,3 which serves as a Green's function for the stress intensity factor. The method, which combines the observations of Rice3 on the weight function and of Zienkiewicz4 on the differential stiffness method, permits very efficient determination of the weight function, requiring only one additional back-substitution on the already-factored stiffness matrix. Thus, the stress intensity factor for arbitrary loading of this configuration can subsequently be determined by quadrature alone. The promising extension of the method to three-dimensional configurations is outlined. While this manuscript was under review, the authors became aware of the recent work of Vanderglas,21 in which the same approach as ours is used to extend the stiffness derivative method. The present work was then voluntarily revised in order to address further certain aspects of the topic of shape function perturbation, which Vanderglas noted.
INFLUENCE IF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE TRANSPORT ON ICE COVERAGE IN POLAR REGIONS

Change in Earth's polar ice sheets is potentially a major source of sea level variability, dramatically affecting global water cycle. One important component in the polar region water balance is the atmospheric moisture transported from lower latitude, which is traditionally estimated from rawinsonde measurements. A method has been developed to estimate moisture transport integrated over the depth of the atmosphere (IMT) by combining the observations by spacebased scatterometers and microwave radiometers. The gridded IMT fields over global oceans have been produced for the period from August 1999 to December 2003, using data from QuikSCAT and the Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I). The temporal and geographical variation of IMT into Greenland and Antarctic were characterized and related to sea ice distribution
Stoichiometry of chromatin proteins

Abstract The stoichiometry of rat liver chromatin proteins has been estimated by quantitative disc electrophoresis. There are about 1.3 × 10 8 histone and 2.4 × 10 7 nonhistone polypeptide molecules per haploid genome, an average of one such molecule for every 21 and 117 base pairs of DNA, respectively. Nonhistone proteins have been separated into 115 polypeptide size classes. The total number of molecules represented in distinct size classes ranges from 4.2 × 10 3 (limits of sensitivity) to 1.7 × 10 6 per haploid genome, with a mean of 2.1 × 10 5 .
The role of interstitial fluid pressurization in articular cartilage lubrication

Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been reported in the field of cartilage mechanics that impacts our understanding of the role of interstitial fluid pressurization on cartilage lubrication. Theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the interstitial fluid of cartilage pressurizes considerably under loading, potentially supporting most of the applied load under various transient or steady-state conditions. The fraction of the total load supported by fluid pressurization has been called the fluid load support. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the friction coefficient of cartilage correlates negatively with this variable, achieving remarkably low values when the fluid load support is greatest. A theoretical framework that embodies this relationship has been validated against experiments, predicting and explaining various outcomes, and demonstrating that a low friction coefficient can be maintained for prolonged loading durations under normal physiological function. This paper reviews salient aspects of this topic, as well as its implications for improving our understanding of boundary lubrication by molecular species in synovial fluid and the cartilage superficial zone. Effects of cartilage degeneration on its frictional response are also reviewed.
Comparison of the Q-Tip Test and Voiding Cystourethrogram to Assess Urethral Hypermobility Among Women Enrolled in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: We compared 2 measures of urethral hypermobility, the Q-tip test and voiding cystourethrogram, preoperatively in women recruited in 1 center participating in a multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing Burch colposuspension with autologous rectus fascia sling.Materials and Methods: Following institutional review board approval, women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse stage 2 or less underwent a standardized standing voiding cystourethrogram and a Q-tip test at a 45 degree angle reclining position preoperatively. Urethral angle at rest and straining were measured with a radiological ruler (voiding cystourethrogram) or goniometer (Q-tip) by 2 different investigators blinded to each other findings.Results: In 43 patients the mean urethral angle at rest and UAS were 20 degrees ± 12 and 51 degrees ± 20, by voiding cystourethrogram compared to 16 degrees ± 9 and 58 degrees ± 10 by Q-tip test, respectively. The mean angle difference (urethral angle with straining minus ure...
Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 26. Miscellaneous synonyms in liverworts (Marchantiophyta)

Aneura bipinnata (≡ Riccardia bipinnata , described from Jamaica as Jungermannia bipinnata (“ 2-pinnata “) by Olof Swartz (1788, 1806), is one of the oldest names in Aneuraceae and one of the poorest known. Swartz' original description and the brief diagnosis in Synopsis Hepaticarum (Gottsche et al . 1846) are the only available descriptions for the species. Stephani (1899) was unable to locate material of Aneura bipinnata and listed the species without description in his Species Hepaticarum. Swartz (1806) compared his Jungermannia bipinnata with Jungermannia multifida (≡ Riccardia multifida ), a widespread Holarctic species. My study of the holotype material of Jungermannia bipinnata kept in S revealed that the species is identical to R. multifida and a synonym of the latter. Characteristic are the creeping to somewhat procumbent, several cm long shoots with regularly 2(-3)-pinnate branching, the linear, broadly winged branches and the swollen, biconvex main axis with or without a narrow wing.
Citalopram combined with behavioral therapy reduces cocaine use: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Cocaine dependence continues to be a significant problem in the United States, without any approved pharmacotherapy. Promising findings from preclinical research on the effects of cocaine on serotonin lead to examination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as potential treatments for cocaine dependence with mixed results, possibly due to drug interactions or specifics of concomitant behavioral therapy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the SSRI citalopram would reduce cocaine positive urines in a 12-week, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Seventy-six cocaine dependent patients received either citalopram 20 mg per day or placebo along with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management (CM). Citalopram treated subjects showed a significant reduction in cocaine-positive urines during treatment compared to placebo treated subjects. No differences were noted in retention between the two groups. Side effects reported for citalopram were mild, with none leading to discontinuation of study drug. Results of this study support further examination of citalopram in combination with behavioral therapy as a treatment for cocaine dependence.
Negotiation in engineering design

Concurrent design may shorten the duration of a design project, reduce cost, and improve quality of the final design. However, due to the diversified problem-solving knowledge and different goal setting between design agents, it may increase the number of conflicts and make the project more difficult to manage. In this article, a goal-directed negotiation model for resolving conflicts in a cooperative design environment is presented. The proposed model generates negotiation sets, analyzes utilities derived for each design agent, and evaluates them based on three decision rules: maximization of the joint utility, minimization of individual utility differences, and minimization of individual utility differences and maximization of joint utility. A compromise solution is reached iteratively. The approach proposed in this articles is concerned not just with satisfying design constraints, but attempts to maximize system objectives. An example of the poppet relief valve is used to demonstrate the negotiation concept.
Development and Operation of Large-Aperture Tiled-Grating Compressors for High-Energy, Petawatt-Class Laser Systems

Two 1.5-m grating compressors, each consisting of four tiled-grating assemblies (TGA’s), have been developed and deployed for the OMEGA EP petawatt-class laser system. The tiling methods and results on high-energy shots will be presented.
Administration of steroids after 34 weeks of gestation enhances fetal lung maturity profiles

Objective To estimate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on fetal lung maturity in pregnancies with known fetal lung immaturity between the 34th and 37th weeks of gestation. Study Design Pregnancies between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks undergoing amniocentesis to determine fetal lung maturity were targeted. Women with negative results (TDx-FLM-II Results Thirty-two women who met inclusion criteria were randomly assigned. Seven women delivered within a week of testing for fetal lung maturity, and were excluded from the analysis. Ten received glucocorticoid and 15 did not. Women assigned to glucocorticoids had a mean increase TDx-FLM-II in 1 week of 28.37 mg/g. Women assigned to no-treatment had an increase of 9.76 mg/g ( P Conclusion A single course of intramuscular glucocorticoids after 34 weeks in pregnancies with documented fetal lung immaturity significantly increases TDx- FLM-II.
PHEROMONE TRAIL-FOLLOWING STUDIES OF TYPHLOPID, LEPTOTYPHLOPID, AND COLUBRID SNAKES

The blind snakes, Leptotyphlops dulcis and Typhlops pusillus, readily follow pheromone trails of various ants and termites and their own trails plus those made by conspecific individuals. Conversely, the colubrid snakes, Sonora episcopa, Tantilla gracilis, and Virginia striatula, do not follow insect and snake trails as readily, although the latter two species follow army ant and earthworm trails, respectively. Army ant trails are followed much further by the blind snakes than trails of other ants. This behavior is selectively advantageous, since these trails can lead to both army ant and captured ant brood as food for the snakes. Blind snakes and colubrids follow the trails of individuals of the opposite sex further than their own trails or those of other members of the same sex. This behavior is selectively advantageous for reproduction. Also, snake trail-following may effect aggregations that conserve moisture and reduce temperature fluctuations. Pheromone trail-following in general is advantageous, as it reduces the energy spent foraging for food, shelter, and mates.
Parental Evaluations of Psychoeducational Reports: A Case Study.

The purpose of this case study report was to determine what parents want and the degree to which they value psychoeducational reports prepared by school psychologists. The sample (N = 44) consisted of parents whose children were seen as out-patients of the Learning Disorder Clinic within the Department of Pediatrics at the UCLA Center for the Health Sciences. All subjects completed a questionnaire designed to determine the parents' expectation and satisfaction concerning their child's psychological evaluation. Results showed positive impressions regarding evaluations, their usefulness, and their content.
MEGAprofiles provide big insightsinto platelet function

[Comment on Raslova et al, page 3225, and][1][comment on Macaulay et al, page 3260][2]This issue of Blood contains reports from 2 groups that have used microarray profiling of CD34+-differentiated hematopoietic stem cells to dissect molecular mechanisms regulating megakaryocytopoiesis and/or for
Dissipationless decay of Jovian jets

IRIS data have been taken as the bases of windshear calculations whose results imply a decrease of the Jovian planet's zonal jets with altitude. The simplified dynamical model developed to furnish a mechanism accounting for the decay involves a highly truncated set of dissipationless equations simulating the upper-tropospheric and stratospheric flow. While the model's lower boundary is constrained as a latitudinally periodic set of alternating jets, the upper boundary constraint maintains a constant potential temperature. The small perturbations to which the imposed zonal jets are unstable grow and interact nonlinearly, generating a zonal flow that opposes the imposed one and thereby leading to the apparent decrease of the jets with altitude.
Androgen Inhibition of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Formation in Cultured Rat Granulosa Cells*

Since LH receptors are decreased in atretic follicles known to contain high androgen levels, we have studied the androgen modulation of LH receptor formation in vitro. Granulosa cells from hypophysectomized, diethylstilbestrol-treated rats were cultured for 3 days with FSH in the presence or absence of nonaromatizable androgens, dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, or a synthetic androgen, R1881 (17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl-4,9,11-estratrien-3-one). FSH increased LH receptor content in granulosa cells, while concomitant androgen treatment decreased LH receptor content in a dose- and time-dependent manner, without changing the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) for human CG. R1881 (10(-7) M), dihydrotestosterone (10(-6) M), and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (10(-6) M) inhibited LH receptor content by 68%, 65%, and 65%, respectively. Similar to earlier findings, these androgens enhanced FSH-stimulated progesterone biosynthesis and aromatase activity in the same cells. To study their LH responsiveness, androgen-treated cells were washed and reincubated for 2 more days with or without LH. Although basal progesterone production was elevated by R1881 pretreatment, the androgen-pretreated cells were less responsive to LH. Treatment with cyanoketone, an inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, did not alter the inhibitory effects of R1881 on LH receptors, indicating that the androgen action is not mediated by endogenous progestins. Furthermore, R1881 inhibited the stimulation of LH receptor formation by forskolin, cholera toxin, and 8-bromo-cAMP, suggesting that androgens may inhibit LH receptor induction by affecting post-cAMP events. Estrogen treatment enhanced the FSH induction of LH receptor content, while concomitant addition of R1881 also suppressed the estrogen action. Thus, androgens inhibit FSH-induced functional LH receptors in cultured rat granulosa cells. The androgen effect is exerted, at least partially, at post-cAMP sites and is independent of changes in progestin biosynthesis.
Intracellular potassium and macromolecular synthesis in mammalian cells.

The surface properties of cells may affect their ability to synthesize large molecules. These experiments raise the question whether the intracellular potassium concentration affects the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.
Internet Gambling in Problem Gambling College Students

Internet gambling is popular in college students and associated with problem gambling behaviors. This study evaluated Internet gambling in 117 students participating in study evaluating brief interventions to reduce gambling; the brief interventions consisted of minimal advice, motivational enhancement therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (1–4 sessions). Compared to their counterparts who did not gamble via the Internet (n = 60), those who reported recent Internet gambling (n = 57) wagered in greater frequencies and amounts and reported missing school more often and more problems with family and anxiety due to gambling. Recent Internet gamblers demonstrated similar reductions in gambling over time and in response to the brief interventions as non-Internet gamblers. These data suggest that Internet gambling is common in problem gambling college students, and students who wager over the Internet can benefit from brief interventions.
Neural blockade for neuropathic pain.

Objective This study reviews the available literature regarding the use of nerve blocks for the management of peripheral neuropathy. Design A MEDLINE literature review was carried out, examining the existing literature about the use of nerve blocks for the treatment of mononeuropathies and radiculopathy. Interventions The study encompassed the use of local anesthetic peripheral and sympathetic nerve blocks, perineural steroid injections, and neurolytic blocks. Results Local anesthetic peripheral and sympathetic blocks provide useful diagnostic information but tend to afford only temporary therapeutic benefits in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Perineural steroids provide lasting relief for some patients with radiculopathy and peripheral neuropathy, but in most studies, it is a minority of patients who experience long-term relief. Peripheral neurolytic blocks are helpful for some patients with peripheral mononeuropathy, particularly in the setting of cancer pain. Although there are the risks of exacerbating pain and serious complications, certain patients experience long-term relief. Conclusions Most discussions on the management of peripheral neuropathy do not include the use of nerve blocks. Nevertheless, the nerve block procedures discussed here can play an important role in the management of these conditions.
Passive transfer of anti-HSV-1 IgG protects against stromal keratitis in mice

Cellular immune mechanisms are felt to play a primary role in modulating responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, but the role of anti-HSV antibody is less clear. We first investigated the effects of passive transfer of murine serum containing anti-HSV antibody and then fractionated IgG subclasses on the development of HSV stromal keratitis in mice. Both immune sera and fractionated IgG's from these sera were effective in preventing stromal keratitis in susceptible mice. Non-IgG immunoglobulins and other serum proteins are unnecessary and inadequate in transferring protection; transfer of sera depleted of IgG had no influence on the development of keratitis. These results suggest an important role for anti-HSV antibody in modulating destructive corneal responses to HSV.
Comparison of ultrasonic, microwave, and photothermal imaging of defective graphite-epoxy composite panels

We compare results of ultrasonic, microwave, and thermal imaging of graphite-epoxy composite panels with artificial defect structures.
Atomically-Engineered Interfaces Between Crystalline-Ge Substrates and i) Nanocrystalline HfO2 and ii) Non-Crystalline Hf Si Oxynitride High-K Dielectrics

This paper presents a spectroscopic study of interfacial bonding and substrate gate dielectric reactions for crystalline Ge-high-K gate dielectric hetero-structures. A novel processing sequence has been developed for i) depositing HfO2 and Hf Si oxynitrides (HfSiON) onto N-passivated Ge(111) and (100) substrates in an attempt to prevent subcutaneous oxidation of the Ge substrate during dielectric deposition, and then ii) eliminating these Ge-N interfacial bonds during 650-800°C rapid thermal annealing in Ar. This approach has been motivated by previous spectroscopic studies which have demonstrated that the band-gaps of GeO2 and Ge3N4 are reduced with respect to their Si counterparts, and cannot be used as interfacial layers (ILs) on n-type Ge substrates, or in n-metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (n-MOSFETs) in which a p-type Ge substrate has been inverted. Changes in interface bonding as a function of post-deposition annealing for Ge/HfO2 and HfSiON, and HfO2/HfSiON stacks have been studied by X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies, revealing i) intrinsic, or pre-existing conduction and valence band edge defects, and ii) process-induced changes in band edge defects as well. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2009.381]
Out-of-Home Placement of Children and Economic Factors: An Empirical Analysis

In this paper, we use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to estimate the effects of income, maternal employment, family structure, and public policies on several measures of children’s living arrangements. We use both linear probability models and discrete-time event history models to explore the effects of these factors on: (1) the probability that a child is living out-of-home in a given year; (2) the probability that a child is removed from home in a given year, conditional on the child living at home in the previous year; (3) the probability that a child is removed from home for the first time; (4) the probability that a child is reunified with his/her biological parent(s) given that the child was living out-of-home in the previous year. We also analyze whether these estimates differ by types of out-of-home placements. Our results suggest that children from lower-income, single-mother, and mother–partner families are considerably more likely both to be living out-of-home and to be removed from home. A change in family structure also tends to place a child at higher risk of an out-of-home living arrangement, unless this transition functions to bring a child’s father back into the household. Maternal work appears to increase the probability that a child lives at home. Additionally, once a removal has taken place, we do not find a relationship between income and the probability of a family reunification, but we do find that single-mother and mother–partner families are less likely to reunify. Finally, our analyses provide some evidence that welfare benefit levels are negatively related to out-of-home placements.
Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects.

The intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime were studied in 68 volunteers who received single, oral doses of azithromycin (0.5 g), clarithormycin (0.5 g), ciprofloxacin (0.5 g), or cefuroxime (0.5 g). In subgroups of four subjects each, the subjects underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage at timed intervals following drug administration. Drug concentrations, including those of 14-hydroxyclarithromycin (14H), were determined in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and alveolar cells (ACs) by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Concentrations in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were calculated by the urea diffusion method. The maximum observed concentrations (mean +/- standard deviation) of azithromycin, clarithromycin, 14H, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in serum were 0.13 +/- 0.07, 1.0 +/- 0.6, 0.60 +/- 0.41, 0.95 +/- 0.32, and 1.1 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml, respectively (all at 6 h). None of the antibiotics except clarithromycin (39.6 +/- 41.1 micrograms/ml) was detectable in ELF at the 6-h bronchoscopy. The movement into and persistence in cells was different for azithromycin and clarithromycin. In ACs azithromycin was not detectable at 6 h, reached its highest concentration at 120 h, and exhibited the greatest area under the curve (7,403 micrograms.hr ml-1). The peak concentration of clarithromycin (181 +/- 94.1 micrograms/ml) was greater and occurred earlier (6 h), but the area under the curve (2,006 micrograms.hr ml-1) was less than that observed for azithromycin. 14H was detectable in ACs at 6 h (40.3 +/- 5.2 micrograms/ml) and 12 h (32.8 +/- 57.2 micrograms/ml). The peak concentration of ciprofloxacin occurred at 6 h (4.3 +/- 5.2 micrograms/ml), and the area under the curve was 35.0 micrograms.hr ml-1. The data indicate that after the administration of a single dose, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin penetrated into ACs in therapeutic concentrations and that only clarithromycin was present in ELF. The correlation of these kinetic observations with clinical efficacy or toxicity was not investigated and is unclear, but the data provide a basis for further kinetic and clinical studies.
Fostering a Community of Doctoral Learners

Abstract This paper describes a newly designed graduate course developed and taught by a librarian. Basic information literacy attributes are emphasized in the course, enabling students to develop more specialized capabilities of locating, evaluating, and synthesizing research literature. Students in the course participate as members of a graduate cohort, so there is opportunity for them to evolve as a cohesive learning community. The theoretical framework of communities of practice is used to inform the instructional design of this course. Observations of early teaching and learning experiences as well as reflections upon this approach to course development are offered. doi:10.1300/J111v45n01_09
The Blind Stone Tablet: Outsourcing Durability to Untrusted Parties

We introduce a new paradigm for outsourcing the durability property of a multi-client transactional database to an untrusted service provider. Specifically, we enable untrusted service providers to support transaction serialization, backup and recovery for clients, with full data confidentiality and correctness. Moreover, providers learn nothing about transactions (except their size and timing), thus achieving read and write access pattern privacy. We build a proof-of-concept implementation of this protocol for the MySQL database management system, achieving tens of transactions per second in a two-client scenario with full transaction privacy and guaranteed correctness. This shows the method is ready for production use, creating a novel class of secure database outsourcing models.
Effects of chronic ethanol feeding and thiamin deficiency on antioxidant defenses in kidney and lung of rats

The effects of a long-term ethanol consumption and thiamin deficiency on the antioxidant defense systems of the kidney and lung were studied in 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats. They were divided into four groups: Control, Ethanol (EtOH), Thiamin-Deficient (TD), and EtOH/TD. Rats in the EtOH and EtOH/TD groups received 20% ethanol in the drinking water, while rats in the TD and EtOH/TD groups received three bouts of the TD diet in order to mimic human behavior of binge drinking. The rats were sacrificed after 30 weeks, and the kidney and lung were excised for biochemical determinations. The results demonstrated that GSH levels and SOD activity were suppressed in both tissues, and catalase and GPx activities in the kidney was increased by EtOH or EtOH/TD diet when compared to the control. The results suggest that long-term ingestion of EtOH, but not mild thiamin deficiency, moderately increases the susceptibility of the kidney and lung to oxidative stress.
Women and Drugs: case studies from Jamaica

(1995). Women and Drugs: case studies from Jamaica. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167-176.
SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN A SINGLE IDENTIFIED NEURON OF APLYSIA CALIFORNICA

Incorporation of L-[3H]fucose into glycoproteins was studied in R2, the giant neuron in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. [3H]fucose injected directly into the cell body of R2 was readily incorporated into glycoproteins which, as shown by autoradiography, were confined almost entirely to the injected neuron. Within 4 h after injection, 67% of the radioactivity in R2 had been incorporated into glycoproteins; at least 95% of these could be sedimented by centrifugation at 105,000 g, suggesting that they are associated with membranes. Extraction of the particulate fraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS revealed the presence of only five major radioactive glycoprotein components which ranged in apparent molecular weight from 100,000 to 200,000 daltons. Similar results were obtained after intrasomatic injection of [3H]N-acetylgalactosamine. Mild acid hydrolysis of particulate fractions released all of the radioactivity in the form of fucose. When ganglia were incubated in the presence of [3H]fucose, radioactivity was preferentially incorporated into glial cells and connective tissue. In contrast to the relatively simple electrophoretic patterns obtained from cells injected with [3H]fucose, gel profiles of particulate fractions labeled with [14C]valine were much more complex.
Pediatric Residents in the Emergency Department: What Is Their Experience?

Abstract Study objective: We sought to describe the spectrum of illness and number of patients seen by pediatric residents rotating through a pediatric ED. Methods: Our study was set in the ED of a 200-bed referral children's hospital providing services exclusive of major trauma. We conducted a retrospective review of the database of all visits to the ED between July 1992 and June 1995. Our subjects were 19 pediatric residents who started residency in July 1992 and ended residency in June 1995. Ninety-one other pediatric residents completed individual ED rotations during the same period. Results: The study ED had 70,129 visits between July 1, 1992, and June 30, 1995. The study residents saw a median of 467 patients per resident (range, 290 to 604) during their 3-year residencies. The range of patients seen per resident for the diagnosis of asthma was 35 to 86, that for otitis media was 16 to 110, and that for fever or sepsis was 17 to 62. Similarly large ranges were seen for other diagnoses evaluated and procedures performed by residents. The proportions of the study residents who never saw a case of pyloric stenosis, intussusception, or diabetic ketoacidosis in the ED were 37%, 32%, and 32%, respectively. Conclusion: The number and type of patients seen by individual residents in this study showed significant variation. Many illnesses were not seen frequently enough for every resident to develop competence solely on the basis of clinical experience during ED rotations. A computerized, easily accessible ED database can be used to track the experience of individual residents or groups of residents. Such tracking would allow residents and program directors to identify areas that may require alternate educational strategies and would also document the residents' experience for future credentialing. [Del Beccaro MA, Shugerman RP: Pediatric residents in the emergency department: What is their experience? Ann Emerg Med January 1998;31:49-53.]
Staging laparoscopy for potentially resectable noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine liver metastases.

Background Carefully selected patients with noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine (NCNN) liver metastases may benefit from hepatic resection. The incidence of occult unresectable disease and the possible benefits of staging laparoscopy in these patients are not known.
Rapid radio: A framework for human-assisted signal classification and receiver implementation

An analysis-based framework for the rapid development of a radio receiver for signals with unknown parameters is pro-posed, exploiting the reconfiguration capabilities of FPGAs. The framework guides a non-expert user through the proc-ess of signal classification and FPGA-based receiver im-plementation. System efficiency is traded off with imple-mentation time in order to allow fast radio creation. A set of high-level transformations are applied to the unknown sig-nal based on different hypothesis about the modulation scheme. The results of the transformations are presented to the user, who can steer the process of analysis. The parame-ters of the radio are then mapped by means of an Implemen-tation Engine to modules implemented in a general purpose FPGA-based receiver.
Phase Lock of Rapid Cycling Synchrotron and Neutron Choppers

The 500 MeV synchrotron of Argonne's Intense Pulsed Neutron Source operates at 30 Hz. Its beam spill must be locked to neutron choppers with a precision of ± 0.5 ?s. A chopper and an accelerator have large and different inertias. This makes synchronization by phase lock to the 60 Hz power line extremely difficult. We solved the phasing problem by running both the Ring Magnet Power Supply (RMPS) of the synchrotron and the chopper motors from a common oscillator that is stable to 1 ppm and by controlling five quantities of the RMPS. The quantities controlled by feedback loops are dc current, injection current, ejection current, resonant frequency, and the phase shift between the synchrotron peak field and the chopper window.
The Absorption and Reduction in Velocity of β-rays on their passage through matter

The early experiments of Lenard(1), Leithauser(2), and Becker(3) on cathode rays led to the exponential law of absorption; those of Rutherford(4), Schmidt(5) and Hahn and Meitner(6) on β-rays indicated that the rays from some radioactive bodies were absorbed exponentially and that those from others were not. It was considered by Hahn and Meitner that the exponential law of absorption was an indication of the homogeneity of the rays. It was found also that the exponential law was not disturbed by the thickness of radiating material and this led to the conclusion that the rays are not appreciably reduced in velocity on their passage through matter. The theories of McClelland(7) and Schmidt(8) attributed the absorption to the stoppage of particles in mid-career.
Career Planning Workshop offers advice on landing a job

As part of a continuing program on career planning and job hunting skills for geoscientists, AGU sponsored a career workshop at the Fall 1994 meeting in San Francisco. Over 100 attended the 2-hour seminar led by Peter Fiske, a post-doc at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Al Levin, assistant director of graduate counseling and programs at Stanford University's Career Planning and Placement Center. The purpose of the seminar was to help Ph.D.s identify the transferable skills they possess and to outline the basic steps in making the often difficult transition to a new career outside of research science. According to Fiske and Levin, scientists tend to start their career change by searching for specific jobs and organizations they think might be a good match for their technical training and tend to assume that a technical position is the only good match for them. In fact, research-trained scientists possess a number of transferable skills that are valued in a wide variety of work environments, such as good communication, organizational, and team work skills, and independence.
Recent progress at the Keck Interferometer

The Keck Interferometer (KI) combines the two 10m diameter Keck telescopes providing milliarcsecond angular resolution. KI has unique observing capabilities such as sensitive K-band V^2, L-band V^2 and N-band nulling modes. The instrument improvements and status of the Keck Interferometer since the 2010 SPIE meeting are summarized. We discuss the current capabilities of the KI, operational improvements, and the science from the KI during the past two years. We will conclude with a brief note on the closure of the KI facility. Details of dual field phase referencing developments and nulling science results are presented elsewhere at this conference.
A large proportion of North American net ecosystem production is offset by emissions from harvested products, river/stream evasion, and biomass burning

Diagnostic carbon cycle models produce estimates of net ecosystem production (NEP, the balance of net primary production and heterotrophic respiration) by integrating information from (i) satellite-based observations of land surface vegetation characteristics; (ii) distributed meteorological data; and (iii) eddy covariance flux tower observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (used in model parameterization). However, a full bottom-up accounting of NEE (the vertical carbon flux) that is suitable for integration with atmosphere-based inversion modeling also includes emissions from decomposition/respiration of harvested forest and agricultural products, CO2 evasion from streams and rivers, and biomass burning. Here, we produce a daily time step NEE for North America for the year 2004 that includes NEP as well as the additional emissions. This NEE product was run in the forward mode through the CarbonTracker inversion setup to evaluate its consistency with CO2 concentration observations. The year 2004 was climatologically favorable for NEP over North America and the continental total was estimated at 1730 370 TgC yr 1 (a carbon sink). Harvested product emissions (316 80 TgC yr 1 ), river/stream evasion (158 50 TgC yr 1 ), and fire emissions (142 45 TgC yr 1 ) counteracted a large proportion (35%) of the NEP sink. Geographic areas with strong carbon sinks included Midwest US croplands, and forested regions of the Northeast, Southeast, and Pacific Northwest. The forward mode run with CarbonTracker produced good agreement between observed and simulated wintertime CO2 concentrations aggregated over eight measurement sites around North America, but overestimates of summertime concentrations that suggested an underestimation of summertime carbon uptake. As terrestrial NEP is the dominant offset to fossil fuel emission over North America, a good understanding of its spatial and temporal variation – as well as the fate of the carbon it sequesters ─ is needed for a comprehensive view of the carbon cycle.
Dual-Tasking Alleviated Sleep Deprivation Disruption in Visuomotor Tracking: An fMRI Study.

Effects of dual-responding on tracking performance after 49-h of sleep deprivation (SD) were evaluated behaviorally and with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Continuous visuomotor tracking was performed simultaneously with an intermittent color-matching visual detection task in which a pair of color-matched stimuli constituted a target and non-matches were non-targets. Tracking error means were binned time-locked to stimulus onset of the detection task in order to observe changes associated with dual-responding by comparing the error during targets and non-targets. Similar comparison was made with fMRI data. Our result showed that despite a significant increase in the overall tracking error post SD, from 20 pixels pre SD to 45 pixels post SD, error decreased to a minimum of about 25 pixels 0–6 s after dual-response. Despite an overall reduced activation post SD, greater activation difference between targets and non-targets was found post SD in task-related regions, such as the left cerebellum, the left somatosensory cortex, the left extrastriate cortex, bilateral precuneus, the left middle frontal gyrus, and the left motor cortex. Our results suggest that dual-response helps to alleviate performance impairment usually associated with SD. The duration of the alleviation effect was on the order of seconds after dual-responding.
Age- and Race-Based Serum Thyrotropin Reference Limits

Context: TSH reference limits, particularly the upper limit, are controversial. The traditional and prevailing method for setting limits uses TSH distribution of thyroid disease-free individuals. The curve is not Gaussian, but skewed to higher concentrations, even after log-transformation; values in the skewed area are assumed to reflect mild hypothyroidism. The underlying assumption for this traditional approach, which has not previously been tested, is that the limits derived from this curve are applicable to all people. However, recent studies suggest that distinct subpopulations have unique TSH distribution and reference limits that are significantly different from limits established by the traditional approach. Evidence Acquisition: A search was focused on articles that provide the basis for current recommendations for setting TSH reference limits as well as articles that suggest that the traditional method does not reflect accurately the TSH distribution and reference limits of distinct subpopulatio...
Diffusion of Information in Social Networks: Is It All Local?

Recent studies on the diffusion of information in social networks have largely focused on models based on the influence of local friends. In this paper, we challenge the generalizability of this approach and revive theories introduced by social scientists in the context of diffusion of innovations to model user behavior. To this end, we study various diffusion models in two different online social networks, Digg and Twitter. We first evaluate the applicability of two representative local influence models and show that the behavior of most social networks users are not captured by these local models. Next, driven by theories introduced in the diffusion of innovations research, we introduce a novel diffusion model called Gaussian Logit Curve Model (GLCM) that models user behavior with respect to the behavior of the general population. Our analysis shows that GLCM captures user behavior significantly better than local models, especially in the context of Digg. Aiming to capture both the local and global signals, we introduce various hybrid models and evaluate them through statistical methods. Our methodology models each user separately, automatically determining which users are driven by their local relations and which users are better defined through adopter categories, therefore capturing the complexity of human behavior.
A Computational Pipeline for Cross-Species Analysis of RNA-seq Data Using R and Bioconductor

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revolutionized transcriptome analysis through profiling the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. Systematic analysis of orthologous transcripts across species is critical for understanding the evolution of gene expression and uncovering important information in animal models of human diseases. Several computational methods have been published for analyzing gene expression between species, but they often lack crucial details and therefore cannot serve as a practical guide. Here, we present the first step-by-step protocol for cross-species RNA-seq analysis with a concise workflow that is largely based on the free open-source R language and Bioconductor packages. This protocol covers the entire process from short-read mapping, gene expression quantification, differential expression analysis to pathway enrichment. Many useful utilities for data visualization are included. This complete and easy-to-follow protocol provides hands-on guidance for users who are new to cross-species gene expression analysis.
What signs and symptoms can be used to differentiate low back pain of a musculoskeletal origin from a potentially more serious non-musculoskeletal condition in a 12-year-old girl?

A12-year-old girl with no previous history of back pain was referred to our outpatient physical therapy department after developing an insidious onset of back pain, bilateral thigh pain, and difficulty walking. Her symptoms began approximately 3 months prior to her referral to therapy. The initial symptoms were pain and tightness in the right posterior thigh, which progressed to pain in the lumbar region and the left posterior thigh and buttock. She had radiographs of the right hip that were reported by the radiologist to be negative for a fracture or any developmental abnormality. She reported her pain to be mild (2/10 on a pain rating scale) and mostly unaffected by activity. Her chief complaint was the inability to play soccer due to changes in her walking and running. She had received physical therapy 6 months before. At that time, she reported only pain and tightness in the right posterior thigh, and her primary care physician referred her to our department with a diagnosis of “hamstring strain.” These symptoms resolved with 2 weeks of therapy that focused on stretching exercises. She returned to the same physician for the current episode, and the physician again made the diagnosis of “hamstring strain.” She had not received any further imaging studies since the initial episode. The initial examination of the patient revealed an abnormal gait pattern with reduced stride length bilaterally, which was worse on the right side than on the left. Observation showed a scoliotic curve in the lumbar region with the convexity on the right and what appeared to be visible muscle spasm in the lumbar paraspinal musculature. Active range of motion in the lumbar spine revealed 10 degrees of lumbar extension, 85 degrees of flexion, 5 degrees of right side bending, and 20 degrees of left side bending. Extension caused a …
Biologically inspired perception for robotics in hostile environments

Abstract Navigation and localization in extreme or hostile environments such as deep ocean, disaster scenes and underground environments where darkness, pollution, and dust render cameras, laser scanners, and other sensors ineffective is a task that is challenging to robotics. Nature, however, equipped cave-dwelling creatures with echo acoustic perception that allowed them to thrive in such environments. Visually impaired people have been successful in using ultrasonic (echo acoustic) mobility aids for day-to-day safe navigation. This work demonstrates a technique for deriving reflector-bearing and range data from backscattered ultrasonic echoes and an improved technique for the use of ultrasonic perception for robotics in hostile environments to render range data usable in the construction of 3-dimensional maps of a disaster site for both surface and subterranean apertures. Low profile inclinometers render data about the robot’s pitch and roll, thus providing information usable in assessing the site’s stability and identifying potential slippage locations along a rescue path. Augmenting the robots’ sensors with a simple heat sensor enables the detection, and rendering of survivors body heat signatures’ location, within the site map they build, allowing rescuers to plan a safe rescue path. Future work will examine the potential of adapting swarm technology where multiple agents work collaboratively to produce a complete and coherent site survey in minimum time.
Suetonius and his treatment of the Emperor Domitian's Favourable Accomplishments

Suetonius has become one of the most influential and important ancient sources for our understanding of the socio-political climate in First Century Imperial Rome and the personalities of its emperors. However, he has illustrated in his texts a bias, often in a subtle manner that illustrates the historical and cultural aspects of the literary climate during this period. One notable example is his Life of the Emperor Domitian, which corresponds well with the maturity of Suetonius' writings by this time, but is also unique because of its construction and personal attributes, being the most recent imperial life written by Suetonius. This life illustrates both the literary climate of this period (being clearly influenced by its Senatorial audience) as well as the damning and lasting impressions that the damnatio memoriae has had upon the historical sources on the Emperor Domitian.