cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does recovery from substance use disorder matter in patients with bipolar disorder

Objective: To examine the potential impact of recovery from substance use disorder (SUD) on the course of bipolar disorder among patients diagnosed with both bipolar and substance use disorders according to DSM-IV criteria. Method: As part of the multicenter Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), we examined bipolar disorder status (i.e., whether the patient is recovering or recovered), role functioning, and quality of life in the first 1000 patients to enter the STEP-BD study. We compared patients with no history of SUD, current SUD, and past SUD (i.e., lifetime SUD, but no current SUD) on these parameters. Data were collected between November 1999 and April 2001. Results: A current clinical status of recovering or recovered from bipolar disorder was less likely among patients with current or past SUD compared to patients with no SUD (p <.002). Recovering/recovered status did not differ significantly between patients with current SUD versus past SUD. All 3 groups differed significantly on measures of role functioning as assessed by the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation-Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE-RIFT), with poorest role functioning among patients with current SUD, followed by patients with past SUD (p =.0002). Patients with current or past SUD reported significantly lower quality of life as measured by the LIFE-RIFT and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire and more lifetime suicide attempts (p <.001) than patients without an SUD; patients with past versus current SUD did not differ significantly on these measures. Conclusion: The results suggest that patients with bipolar disorder who experience sustained remission from an SUD fare better than patients with current SUD, but not as well as subjects with no history of SUD; differences among the 3 groups appear greatest in the area of role functioning.
Techniques in the identification of deterministic systems

The paper deals with the problem of identifying the constants in a system described by linear ordinary or partial differential equations on the basis of noise-free observations. The techniques presented are derived from the ideas of R. Bellman and include applications of quasi-linearization, differential approximation, and dynamic programming. From knowledge of available input-output data, a numerical procedure is presented to determine both the system parameters and the initial conditions to best fit the output data in the least squared sense. For systems containing parameters which are known to change at specific but unknown times, a technique of segmental differential approximation is used. In the case of partial differential equations, the problem of dealing with partial information is discussed.
Tipper: Contextual Tooltips that Provide Seniors with Clear, Reliable Help for Web Tasks

Most senior citizens in the U.S. use the Internet on a regular basis yet frequently run into basic issues they cannot solve themselves. We conducted contextual inquiry with 6 participants and an online survey with 25 participants to determine the difficulties and frustrations these users face. From the research findings we designed Tipper, a browser-based system to provide contextual help for seniors on the Web. Usability testing shows Tipper to be a simple yet powerful solution to make seniors more competent and comfortable on the Web. This paper reports the current progress of Tipper and indicates our future direction.
The role of the conjugated carbonyl of cytochalasin A in contractility inhibitions

Abstract A study of the mechanism of action of cytochalasin A (CA) in relation to its structural features and to its selective inhibition of certain contractile processes has been initiated. Quantitative structure-function analyses with several CA-related cytochalasins — including synthetic 21, 22-dihydro-CA (DHCA), the 22-β-mercaptoethanol CA-adduct, (CA-2ME), and the 22-dithiothreitol CA-adduct (CA-DTT) — have been carried out in a temperature sensitive gel-sol extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Each drug congener was purified to homogeneity by HPLC prior to biological testing. The undiminished inhibitory indices of DHCA and CA-2ME ( ID 5 0 ≊ 3.7 × 10 −7 M ) overrules the prior circumstantial evidence accumulated for the obligatory electrophilic interaction of this drug, at its α-β-unsaturated ketone region, with presumptive receptor nucleophiles.
Enhanced depth-independent chondrocyte proliferation and phenotype maintenance in an ultrasound bioreactor and an assessment of ultrasound dampening in the scaffold

Chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds were cultured in an ultrasound (US)-assisted bioreactor, which supplied the cells with acoustic energy around resonance frequencies (~5.0 MHz). Polyurethane-polycarbonate (BM), chitosan (CS) and chitosan-n-butanol (CSB) based scaffolds with varying porosities were chosen and the following US regimen was employed: 15 kPa and 60 kPa, 5 min per application and 6 applications per day for 21 days. Non-stimulated scaffolds served as control. For BM scaffolds, US stimulation significantly impacted cell proliferation and depth-independent cell population density compared to controls. The highest COL2A1/COL1A1 ratios and ACAN mRNA were noted on US-treated BM scaffolds compared to controls. A similar trend was noted on US-treated cell-seeded CS and CSB scaffolds, though COL2A1/COL1A1 ratios were significantly lower compared to BM scaffolds. Expression of Sox-9 was also elevated under US and paralleled the COL2A1/COL1A1 ratio. As an original contribution, a simplified mathematical model based on Biot theory was developed to understand the propagation of the incident US wave through the scaffolds and the model analysis was connected to cellular responses. Scaffold architecture influenced the distribution of US field, with the US field being the least attenuated in BM scaffolds, thus coupling more mechanical energy into cells, and leading to increased cellular activity.
Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five

Abstract “That's the attractive thing about war,” said Rosewater. “Absolutely everybody gets a little something.” Slaughterhouse Five 111 Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five has been widely discussed as an antiwar novel based on the author's own experiences in World War II. As a German POW, Vonnegut witnessed the bombing and complete destruction of Dresden, and Slaughterhouse-Five is the author's manifestation of what he called “a process of twenty years […] of living with Dresden and the aftermath” (Allen 163). Indeed, the words that describe the war, the Dresden events, and their effect on the people who experienced them did not come easily to Vonnegut. In an interview in 1974, he commented on the difficulties of articulating his experiences: “I came home in 1945, started writing about it, and wrote about it, and wrote about it, and WROTE ABOUT IT” (Allen 163). This agony is echoed in the first chapter of the novel
Rings of integer-valued polynomials and derivatives on finite sets

For an integral domain D with field of fractions K and a subset \({E \subseteq K}\) , the ring \({{\rm Int}(E, D) = \{f \in K[X]\, |\, f(E) \subseteq D \}}\) of integer-valued polynomials on E has been well studied. In this paper we investigate the more general ring \({{\rm Int}^{(r)}(E, D) = \{ f \in K[X] \, |\, f^{(k)}(E) \subseteq D \,{\rm for\, all}\, 0 \leq k \leq r \}}\) of integer-valued polynomials and derivatives (up to order r) on the subset \({E \subseteq K}\) . We show that if E is finite and D has the m-generator property, then the ring \({{\rm Int}^{(r)}(E, D)}\) has the (r + 1)m-generator property, provided r ≥ 1 or m ≥ 2. We also construct an example to show that this is, in general, the best bound possible.
Contributors to Patients’ Ratings of Quality of Care Among Ethnically Diverse Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

We examined racial/ethnic differences in patients' ratings of components of interpersonal quality [participatory decision making (PDM) style, being treated as an equal partner, and feelings of trust], and evaluated the association between each of these components and patients' ratings of overall healthcare quality among non-Hispanic white (NHW), Vietnamese American, and Mexican American patients with type 2 diabetes. The findings indicated that although all three components were significantly associated with ratings of overall healthcare quality, the significant interactions between race/ethnicity and both PDM style (β = -0.09, p < 0.01) and equal partner (β = -0.06, p < 0.05) for the Vietnamese American patients suggested that the relationship between these components and patients' ratings of healthcare quality were less strong among Vietnamese American patients than among the NHW patients. Understanding racial/ethnic differences in the components of interpersonal quality that are associated with patients' ratings of overall healthcare quality is an important step for improving patients' experiences of their own care.
The Usefulness of Social Capital Theory for Understanding the Academic Improvement of Young Children in Stepfamilies Over Two Points in Time

Data from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS–K) involving more than 300 children residing in stepfamilies from kindergarten through 5th grade were used to test the usefulness of social capital theory for understanding the academic improvement of young children over 2 points in time. For change scores in reading, the model explained 34% of the variance and for math, 33% of the variance. Findings are summarized in light of implications for stepparents, researchers, and policymakers.
Amygdalar neuronal plasticity and the interactions of alcohol, sex, and stress

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are major medical problems affecting both men and women. Previous animal studies reported a difference in c-Fos neuronal activation after chronic alcohol exposure; however, females remain an understudied population. To model chronic alcohol exposure match-pair fed adult male and female rats were administered 14 days of a liquid ethanol containing diet. Analysis focused on the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a region integral to stress sensitivity and substance abuse. Immunocytochemical approaches identified cells containing ΔFosB, a marker of sustained neuronal activation, and activity patterns within the CeA were mapped by subdivision and rostral–caudal extent. Significant interactions were present between all groups, with gender differences noted among control groups, and ethanol exposed animals having the greatest number of ΔFosB immunoreactive cells indicating baseline dysregulation. Compared with c-Fos, a marker of recent neuronal activation, male ethanol treated animals had similar activity to controls, indicating a neuronal habituation not seen in females. Next, a cohort of animals were exposed to the forced swim test (FST), and c-Fos was examined in addition to FST behavior. Neuronal activity was increased in ethanol exposed animals compared to controls, and control females compared to males, indicating a potentiated stress response. Further, a population of activated neurons were shown to contain either corticotropin releasing factor or enkephalin. The present data suggest that dysregulation in the CeA neuronal activity may underlie some of the negative sequelae of alcohol abuse, and may, in part, underlie the distinctive response seen between genders to alcohol use.
Comments on “MI in Equipoise: Oxymoron or New Frontier?”

Well isn't this just wonderful, this discussion today. One thing I'm thinking to myself as I sit here is, “Why are we even worried about whether this should be called MI or not?” I guess there are two reasons that Steve and I have tossed around. The first is just for clarity in explaining to people what MI is and how it's different from other things that they're familiar with. The other reason is to not try to claim too much for MI, to say, “If you're doing reflective listing then you're doing MI” and thereby try to subsume the work of Rogers and other people by calling it MI. So those are two things we’ve worried about.
Recursive Processes in Self-Affirmation: Intervening to Close the Minority Achievement Gap

A 2-year follow-up of a randomized field experiment previously reported in Science is presented. A subtle intervention to lessen minority students' psychological threat related to being negatively stereotyped in school was tested in an experiment conducted three times with three independent cohorts ( N = 133, 149, and 134). The intervention, a series of brief but structured writing assignments focusing students on a self-affirming value, reduced the racial achievement gap. Over 2 years, the grade point average (GPA) of African Americans was, on average, raised by 0.24 grade points. Low-achieving African Americans were particularly benefited. Their GPA improved, on average, 0.41 points, and their rate of remediation or grade repetition was less (5% versus 18%). Additionally, treated students' self-perceptions showed long-term benefits. Findings suggest that because initial psychological states and performance determine later outcomes by providing a baseline and initial trajectory for a recursive process, apparently small but early alterations in trajectory can have long-term effects. Implications for psychological theory and educational practice are discussed.
Abstract 3255: Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals fromAngelica gigasNakai in men and women

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The ethanol extracts of the root of Korean herb Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) have promising anti-cancer, anti-nociceptive and other activities in rodent models. It is currently believed that the pyranocoumarin decursin and its structural isomer decursinol angelate (DA) in such extracts contribute to the in vitro anti-cancer activity. We and others have demonstrated that both decursin and DA were extensively converted to decursinol (DOH) in rodents. However, our in vitro experiments using human and rodent S9 fractions suggested the hypothesis that decursin and/or DA might be metabolized differently in humans. Given the notable difference in the biological activities between decursin/DA and DOH, we conducted a single oral dose pharmacokinetic study of these phytochemicals in healthy volunteers to address a key question for human translatability of preclinical animal studies of decursin, DA or AGN extract. Knowing that chemicals other than decursin and DA in AGN had minimal effect on their absorption and metabolism in rodents, we used an AGN-based dietary supplement as the study drug in compliance with the FDA and institutional requirements. In all, 20 healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women) had completed the study in full. AGN product was very well tolerated by all subjects as evidenced by plasma biochemistry, complete blood cell count and physical examination. Analyzing plasma samples using UHPLC-MS/MS showed that, though humans metabolized DA slightly slower than rodents, both decursin and DA were extensively converted to DOH. Gender and racial/ethnicity do not appear to dramatically affect the PK parameters. Since we show here that humans metabolize decursin and DA in similar pattern with rodents, the anti-cancer efficacy, safety, tissue distribution and pharmacodynamic biomarker data generated in rodent models will likely be relevant for human translation. In spite of the limited number of healthy individuals in the trial, this project demonstrated feasibility for our team to consider translational research in disease-oriented populations. Citation Format: Jinhui Zhang, Li Li, Thomas W. Hale, Wayne Chee, Chengguo Xing, Cheng Jiang, Junxuan Lu. Single oral dose pharmacokinetics of cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals from Angelica gigas Nakai in men and women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3255. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3255
A molecular orbital study of the reactions of sydnones

Abstract MO calculations using the ω Huckel LCAO technique have been performed on several 3-alkylsdnones. Energy calculatioins permit predictions for protonation of the number 2 N-atom, nucleophilic attack at the number 5 C-atom, electrophilic attack at the number 4 C-atom, and free-radical attack at the number 4 C-atom. Supporting evidence for these predictions is discussed, and mechanisms of base- and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis are proposed.
NMR spectra of tetracyclines: assignment of additional protons.

The assignments of four additional signals observed in the NMR spectrum of tetracycline hydrochloride were made with the help of modified tetracyclines and model compounds. The signals, all occurring downfield from 8 ppm, were caused by exchangeable protons. The signals were observed at 9.10, 9.59, 11.80, and 15.11 ppm and were assigned to the two amide protons, the 10-position hydroxyl proton, and the 12-position hydroxyl proton, respectively. The signals observed in the NMR spectra of other tetracyclines were also assigned.
Social movements and regulatory agencies: Toward a more adequate—and less pessimistic—Theory of “clientele capture”

Many regulatory agencies were established during the Progressive Era and the New Deal, in part out of faith in their capacity to regulate industry in an apolitical and “scientific” fashion. A number of observers—most notably Marver Bernstein—have noted that many regulatory agencies eventually become “captured” by the very interests they are supposedly regulating. This paper first examines the notion of “clientele capture,” focusing in particular on the development of an operational classification of regulatory policies. It then builds upon Bernstein's suggestion that the cycle of decay commences with the demise of the constituency supporting regulation. Through case studies an effort is made to explore (1) the conditions under which a regulatory agency is likely to actively attempt to develop a supportive constituency and (2) the conditions under which a constituency supportive of aggressive regulation is able to effectively monitor regulatory policy (and to be instrumental in preventing slippage) after the decline in public concern with the issue.
Field electron emission images of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Field electron emission microscope images from multi-walled carbon nanotubes can typically be characterized by the presence of five pentagons surrounding a sixth central pentagon. The observations of bright line centered interference patterns between adjacent pentagons in the field electron emission microscope images of multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been reported in the literature. We have observed a shift from bright to dark line centered interference patterns and associated this with the presence of surface adsorption. In order to identify the origin of the contaminant, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were dosed with H2, H2O, CO and O2 and then imaged in the field electron emission microscope. Only the samples exposed to O2 showed a shift from a bright line centered pattern between adjacent pentagons of a clean surface to a dark line centered pattern when one pentagon was contaminated or a bright line centered pattern when both adjacent pentagons become contaminated. The results of the experimental studies and the modeling of the changes in the field emission pattern as phase shifts in the wave function of the tunneling electrons due to modifications in the surface work function are presented.
Intraoperative perfusion management impacts postoperative outcomes: an analysis of 682 autologous breast reconstruction patients.

Summary Introduction Anesthetic management remains an understudied aspect of free autologous breast reconstruction. This study aims to critically examine intraoperative anesthetic management as it relates to free flap perfusion and its effect on major complications. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed examining all abdominally based free autologous breast reconstructions from 2005 to 2011 at a single institution. Analysis focused on perioperative care and specifically fluid administration, urine output (UOP), vasopressor administration, and case duration. Outcomes included major intraoperative and postoperative complications. A post-hoc analysis was performed to determine anesthetic factors associated with thrombotic events. Results Overall, 682 patients (1033 flaps) were included. Patients with low UOP had lower rates of intraoperative fluid infusion rates/kg ( p = 0.0001), Estimated Blood Loss (EBL) ( p = 0.006) and pressor administration ( p = 0.03), but no significant differences were noted in intraoperative thrombotic events according to UOP. However, the below normal UOP cohort demonstrated a significant increased rate of delayed postoperative thromboses ( p = 0.03). A post hoc analysis of postoperative thrombotic events revealed that low rates of fluid resuscitation (OR = 3.01, p = 0.04) and low intraoperative UOP (OR = 3.67, p = 0.04) were independently associated with delayed thrombosis. A sub-analysis demonstrated that patients with ≥2 comorbidities and below normal UOP were at particular risk (any delayed thrombotic event OR = 4.3, p = 0.03; any delayed venous thrombosis OR = 9.1, p = 0.03). Conclusions This study demonstrates that intraoperative fluid under-resuscitation may place patients at increased risk for postoperative flap thrombosis, and low UOP is an important metric whereby intraoperative resuscitation should be gauged. Patients with comorbid conditions and below normal intraoperative UOP should be monitored particularly closely for delayed thrombotic events. Level of evidence : Prognostic/risk category, level II.
A Grid of Model Atmospheres and Synthetic Spectra for the Far-ultraviolet Analysis of Old Stellar Populations

We present a grid of stellar synthetic spectra suitable for detailed comparison to far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations obtained with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), IUE, and Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Our specific application is to study the hot stellar populations in elliptical galaxies, but we anticipate that the models will be useful for other purposes. The 1497 spectra span a range of 10,000 K ≤ Teff ≤ 250,000 K and 2 ≤ log g ≤ 8.5, with three metallicities: Z = Z☉, Z = 0.1 Z☉ and Z = 0.01 Z☉. A variety of simplifying assumptions have been made to reduce computer time and improve convergence, at the inevitable expense of some accuracy. Nevertheless, models in the grid reproduce the overall continuum shape and most of the absorption features seen in HUT spectra of four evolved stars at temperatures of 17,000, 29,900, 36,100, and 55,000 K. The most serious discrepancy is in the cores of the Lyman series lines, where the observed lines are not as deep as those obtained from the models. Until this problem is resolved, the Lyman series lines will not provide a very accurate measure of Teff or log g.While the synthetic spectra in this grid may not be appropriate for detailed analysis of high signal-to-noise ratio stellar spectra, they are sufficiently similar to the observed stars to provide a considerable advantage over existing models for the analysis of the FUV spectra of composite systems, such as elliptical galaxies and globular clusters, where the advantages of having a large, well-sampled grid of models tend to outweigh the known inadequacies of the individual grid points.
Radon Emanation Over Orebody: Has Long-Distance Transport of Radon Been Observed?: ABSTRACT

A major hope for discovering subsurface uranium ore is that measurable concentrations of the radioactive gas 222Rn can be recognized near the surface of the earth. Integrated measurements, made over several weeks, show promise of giving greater reproducibility than short-term measurements, which are more subject to meteorologic variability. The use of improved methods of integrated radon measurements--free of 220Rn, of thermal-track fading, and of moisture-condensation effects--allow readings to be made that generally are highly stable over time. At a site 16 km north of Thoreau, New Mexico, readings at a depth of 60 cm, taken over a 9-month interval for a set of 55 positions, give different but nearly constant monthly readings at each position, the typical standard deviation being 14%. Superimposed on that stable pattern have been two periods during which spatially grouped radon readings increased by a factor of two or more over their normal values. The simplest tenable description of the source of the increases is sporadic puffs of upflowing gas, originating at as yet unknown depths. The measurements are con istent with an upward velocity of flow of ~10-3cm/sec. End_of_Article - Last_Page 688------------
An in vivo evaluation in man of the transfer of esterified cholesterol between lipoproteins and into the liver and bile

The metabolism of the esterified cholesterol fractions of HDL and LDL has been studied in vivo in man with regard to their ability to serve as precursors (after intrahepatic hydrolysis) for bile acid synthesis and biliary cholesterol secretion. Information was also obtained on the exchange of cholesterol esters between the lipoprotein classes. Fasting subjects were intravenously administered autologous HDL (or LDL) labeled with esterified [3H]cholesterol and free [3H]- and [14C]cholesterol. Following the administration of the labeled lipoproteins, bile and blood were collected at frequent intervals. In each experiment the observed 3H/14C ratios in bile acids, biliary cholesterol, lipoprotein free cholesterol and red blood cell cholesterol were similar and markedly divergent from the lipoprotein esterified cholesterol 3H/14C ratios. Following the administration of labeled HDL, the 3H/14C ratios observed in the esterified cholesterol fractions of VLDL and LDL closely resembled the ratios in HDL indicating that VLDL and LDL received esterified cholesterol by direct transfer from HDL. Following the administration of labeled LDL, the 3H/14C ratios in HDL esterified cholesterol were midway between the ratio in LDL esterified cholesterol and plasma free cholesterol, indicating that HDL esterified cholesterol is derived from more than one source. These sources could be LDL esterified cholesterol and esters formed de novo from plasma free cholesterol. A precursor-product relationship was found between the specific activities of lipoprotein free cholesterol and the bile steroids. Assuming direct entry of lipoprotein free and esterified cholesterol (after hydrolysis) into the bile acid and biliary cholesterol precursor pools, it was calculated that less than 20% of these biliary steroids could be derived from HDL esterified cholesterol. The results support the view that lipoprotein free cholesterol is the major source of bile acids in man. Also, the results suggest that in vivo esterified cholesterol fractions of VLDL and LDL originate from HDL, that some LDL ester is transferred back to HDL, and that the cholesterol liberated form hydrolyzed esters undergoes recirculation into the free cholesterol pool rather than excretion as biliary cholesterol or bile acids.
Quantitation of Sulfacetamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine and Sulfame Thazine in Various Cominations Dsing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

AbstractA reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in various combinations has been developed. The method is simple, accurate, precise and reproducible. The percent relative standard deviations based on 6 injections were 2.1, 0.6, 1.9, and 1.6 for sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine, respectively. The ratio of peak heights (drug/internal standard) wer closely related (r value 0.99 or better) to concentrations (± 20% of the standard solution concentrations). The results of synthetic mixtures showed quantitative recovery and method was successfully applied to commercial dosage forms (tablets and suspension). Extraction of sulfa drugs from the dosage forms required a very simple procedure.
Ecophysiology of two solar tracking desert winter annuals

The gas exchange responses of potted, outdoor and greenhouse grown plants of the Sonoran Desert annuals Lupinus arizonicus (Wats.) and Malvastrum rotundifolium (Gray) were examined. Light saturation of leaf photosynthetic rates did not occur in either species at quantum flux densities exceeding 2.0 mmol m-2 s-1. Decreasing water potentials due to long-term drought did not alter this pattern of light response, though it did lower both photosynthetic rates and leaf conductances. Absolute maximum net photosynthetic rates exceeded 60 μmol m-2 s-1 and 50 μmol m-2 s-1 for M. rotundifolium and L. arizonicus, respectively. Both species showed a two level control of leaf conductance, responding to bulk leaf water potential and vapor pressure deficit. There were non-stomatal effects of drought upon photosynthesis in each species. Leaves of M. rotundifolium exhibited a constant stomatal, inhibition of approximately 19%, while in leaves of L. arizonicus stomatal inhibition ranged from 12–40% with decreasing leaf water potentials. These physiological data lend support to previous reports on the divergent water use patterns of these co-occurring species.
s-d Exchange Interaction in Amorphous Cr-Pd-Si and Mn-Pd-Si Alloys

The electrical and magnetic properties of amorphous alloys obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state have been studied. The compositions of these alloys are ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{80\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{20}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{80\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{20}$, in which $x$ is the atomic concentration and ranges between 0 and 7. A well-defined minimum in the resistivity versus temperature is observed for these alloys except for the case where $x=0$. Below the resistivity-minimum temperature ${T}_{m}$, the resistivity difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$ varies as -$\mathrm{ln}T$ in agreement with Kondo's theory, and tends to level off at lower temperatures. The resistivity-minimum phenomenon persists in amorphous alloys containing as much as 7 at.% or more of transition metals like Cr or Mn. Also, the resistivity-minimum temperature for some of the amorphous alloys studied can be as high as 580\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The resistivity-minimum anomaly is always accompanied by a negative magneto-resistivity approximately proportional to the square of the magnetization and a susceptibility obeying the Curie-Weiss law for a wide temperature range. These observations lead to the conclusion that a Kondo-type $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange interaction exists in the amorphous Pd-Si alloys containing Cr or Mn. In terms of the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange model, the following statements can be made: (a) The results of susceptibility and magnetoresistivity measurements suggest that the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ spin correlation between magnetic atoms is, in general, weaker in the amorphous alloys than in the corresponding crystalline alloys. This is consistent with the fact that a Kondo-type resistivity anomaly has been observed in amorphous alloys containing 7 at.% Cr or Mn. (b) The spin-compensated state has been observed in the amorphous alloys containing Cr. From the resistivity data, it is concluded that the Kondo temperature of these alloys depends linearly on the Cr concentration. For the Mn-Pd-Si alloys, the spin-compensated state is masked by the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ spin correlation. (c) The $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange integrals for the Cr and Mn amorphous alloys are estimated and found to be consistent with Friedel's virtual-bound-state model.
Identification of mitogen responding lymphocytes by fluorescence polarization

Measurements of the intensity and polarization distributions of fluorescein fluorescence in human lymphocyte populations show changes within minutes after exposure of the cells to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A. The distributions of polarization, which before mitogen exposure show essentially a single peak, after exposure develop a second peak at a lower value of polarization. Simultaneously, the intensity distributions show a shift to higher levels of intensity. These shifts can be modeled on the basis of a subpopulation of lymphocytes responding to mitogen. Interpretation of the results is complicated by many factors that may influence the shape of the polarization distributions. In particular we show that the measurements are sensitive to the concentrations of phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, Ca++, K+, fluorescein diacetate, the incubation time and the specific donor. Nevertheless, fluorescein fluorescence measurements provide a rapid and sensitive method for studying the physiology of lymphocytes and for identifying responding lymphocyte subpopulations.
Therapeutic options for occult breast cancer: a survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Axillary presentation of occult breast cancer (OBC) is uncommon, and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. After our recent experience with a similar patient, a survey of the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBS) was conducted to assess the Society’s member’s opinions on treatment. Methods A survey was sent by mail to 1837 members of the ASBS. The survey consisted of a brief case presentation after which the surgeon’s preference for management of the breast was sought. The choices included “mastectomy,” “whole breast radiation” or “other.” Results A total of 776 (42%) responses were received. The majority of respondents, 338 or 43%, preferred “mastectomy,” while 285 or 37% opted for “whole breast radiation.” Twenty percent of respondents (153 responses) chose “other,” of which 46 physicians (6% of total) indicated they would observe the patient. Conclusions Although recent literature supports the use of whole breast radiation, these results demonstrate that a small majority of physicians still prefer mastectomy. The appropriate treatment of the breast after an axillary presentation of OBC continues to be a controversial issue.
Effect of refeeding raw and cooked starches on hepatic enzyme activities of rats.

1. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; ME), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2; ACAC), and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were studied in male Wistar rats after a period of starvation and refeeding of diets containing 400 g glucose, or raw or cooked starches as the source of carbohydrate/kg. Starches fed included maize, potato, wheat, rice, and tapioca.2. When compared to the responses of rats given the glucose-containing diet, rats given raw maize- or rice-starch-containing diets had a significantly lower ME response, and rats given raw potato starch had significantly lower responses of G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS. The enzyme responses of rats given cooked starches were similar to those of glucose-fed rats, except that rats given cooked wheat starch had significantly lower G6PD and ME responses than did glucose-fed rats.3. When the enzyme responses to refeeding of the same starch source in either raw or cooked form were compared, it was found that (a) the FAS response was significantly higher to cooked than to raw maize starch, (b) the G6PD and ACAC responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw tapioca starch, (c) the G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw potato starch.4. The results suggest that reported differences in the lipogenic enzyme responses between simple sugars and starch may in some instances be magnified because of the use of uncooked starches in experimental diets.
TREATMENT OF PERIOPERATIVE HYPERTENSION

Therapeutic approaches to treating perioperative hypertension are directed at producing vasodilation or altering cardiac output by β-adrenergic receptor blockers. 52 , 71 , 73 Although a spectrum of different drugs have been reported to treat perioperative hypertension, * this article considers the different pharmacologic approaches, reviews new concepts about older pharmacologic agents, and considers new drugs. Further, in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, or vascular surgery, blood pressure may be maintained at lower levels to avoid graft/suture line disruption. Additional factors should be considered when treating hypertension in the cardiac surgical patient. Direct mechanical manipulation of both native arteries and the internal mammary artery occurs during coronary artery surgery. Mechanical manipulation, suturing, and sometimes probing of the native coronary arteries with metal probes that can transiently damage vascular endothelium produce loss of vascular relaxing factors, and pose a potential risk for coronary or internal mammary spasm after cardiac surgery. 33 , 54 In addition, multiple opportunities exist for thromboxane liberation after cardiopulmonary bypass following protamine reversal of heparin. 2 , 106 Thus, coronary spasm can occur after cardiac surgery as a result of multiple mechanisms. Because calcium is the major intracellular mediator for vasoconstriction, calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) may play an important role in the prophylaxis or therapy of coronary or internal mammary artery spasm after cardiac surgery and represent ideal drugs for treating hypertension in these patients.
Spatiotemporal resolution of the Ntla transcriptome in axial mesoderm development.

The combination of a caged morpholino and a photoactivated fluorophore, allowing isolation of targeted cells by FACS, and subsequent transcriptional profiling reveals new and temporally distinct targets for Ntla during notochord development in zebrafish.
The Management Theory Jungle Revisited

The various schools of or approaches to management theory that I identified nearly two decades ago, and called “the management theory jungle,” are reconsidered. What is found now are eleven distinct approaches, compared to the original six, implying that the “jungle” may be getting more dense and impenetrable. However, certain developments are occurring which indicate that we may be moving more than people think toward a unified and practical theory of management.
Upper limb dynamic responses to impulsive forces for selected assembly workers.

This study evaluated the upper limb, dynamic, mechanical response parameters for 14 male assembly workers recruited from selected jobs based on power tool use. It was hypothesized that the type of power tool operation would affect stiffness, effective mass, and damping of the upper extremity; and workers with symptoms and positive physical examination findings would have different mechanical responses than asymptomatic workers without physical examination findings. Participants included operators who regularly used torque reaction power hand tools, such as nutrunners and screwdrivers, and nontorque reaction power hand tools, such as riveters. The mechanical parameters of the upper limb were characterized from the loading response of an apparatus having known dynamic properties while worker grasps an oscillating handle in free vibration. In addition, all workers underwent a physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and completed a symptom survey. Workers were categorized as controls or cases based ...
Tick saliva is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis

We report for the first time that saliva of the hard tick and Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Saliva (< or = 1:500 dilutions) or salivary gland (0.1-0.5 pairs/assay) dose-dependently inhibits microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) proliferation. Inhibition was also detected with the saliva of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus but not with the salivary gland of Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Phlebotomus papatasi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Cimex lectularius. Inhibition of MVEC proliferation by I. Scapularis saliva was accompanied by a change in cell shape (shrinkage of the cytoplasm with loss of cell-cell interactions) and apoptosis which was estimated by expression of phosphatidylserine using the Apopercentage dye, and by a typical pattern of chromatin margination, condensation, and fragmentation as revealed by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258. The effect of saliva appears to be mediated by endothelial cell alpha5beta1 integrin, because monoclonal antibodies against this but not alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5, alpha9beta1, or alpha2beta1 integrins remarkably block its effect. In addition, SDS/PAGE shows that saliva specifically degrades purified alpha5beta1 but not alphavbeta5 or alphavbeta3 integrins. Incubation of saliva with EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, but not phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), inhibits saliva-dependent degradation of purified alpha5beta1 integrin, suggesting that a metalloprotease is responsible for the activity. Finally, saliva at < or = 1:1,000 dilutions blocks sprouting formation from chick embryo aorta implanted in Matrigel, an in vitro model of angiogenesis. These findings introduce the concept that tick saliva is a negative modulator of angiogenesis-dependent wound healing and tissue repair, therefore allowing ticks to feed for days. Inhibition of angiogenesis was hitherto an unidentified biologic property of the saliva of any blood-sucking arthropod studied so far. Its presence in tick saliva may be regarded as an additional source of angiogenesis inhibitors with potential applications for the study of both vector and vascular biology.
Fast real-time caustics from height fields

Caustics are crucial in water rendering, yet they are often neglected in real-time applications due to the demanding computational requirements of the general-purpose caustics computation methods. In this paper we present a two-pass algorithm for caustics computation that is extremely fast and produces high-quality results. Our algorithm is targeted for commonly used height field representations of water and a planar caustic-receiving surface. The underlying theory of our approach is presented along with implementation details and pseudo codes.
Disclosures about important life events on Facebook

Online surveys were used to examine adults' Facebook disclosures.Greater general social media use is related to decreased well-being.Facebook use is unrelated to stress or quality of life.Sharing important, bad health news is related to decreased well-being.Not sharing to protect oneself is linked to decreased well-being. The current study examined the relationship between general perceived levels of stress, quality of life, social networking usage, and disclosing important life events on Facebook in order to better understand the complex relationship between online disclosure and individual well-being. An online survey was completed by adult Facebook users aged 18-70. Results indicate that the more time spent on and the more social network memberships, the higher stress and lower quality of life; Facebook-specific usage was unrelated to either well-being variable. Together, these findings suggest that the current increase in social media variety and usage may be detrimental to user well-being. Users who shared important, bad health news on Facebook had higher stress and lower quality of life than those who did not, with no significant differences for sharing good health news. The more that users did not share important news on Facebook for self-protection and friend unresponsiveness reasons, the greater their stress. The self-protection reason was also negatively related to quality of life. These inconsistent findings can likely be partially explained by the nature of the information that is shared. These findings are discussed in light of disclosure and relationship patterns on social networks.
Stabilization of Thymidylate Kinase Activity by Thymidylate and by Thymidine

WE have recently reported that an increase in thymidylate kinase activity occurs in rat liver and kidney following injection of thymidine into the intact animal1. Subsequent work has revealed that this enzyme activity is labile in the absence of, but stable in the presence of, thymidylate or thymidine. In this communication we wish to report the results of this work on stabilization of thymidylate kinase activity, and to consider the possible relation of these observations to the increase in kinase activity which follows thymidine administration.
"You Cannot Fix the Scarlet Letter on My Breast!": Women Reading, Writing, and Reshaping the Sexual Culture of Victorian America

By the nineteenth century, privacy was increasingly valued and increasingly scarce. While some culture critics attacked the willingness of publishers to expose private experiences to public scrutiny, others viewed this as an essential weapon in the arsenal of reform. This was especially true of a group of nineteenth-century sexual radicals, the self-described "Free Lovers."In the newspapers they published, such as it The Word, Woodhull Claflin's Weekly, and it Lucifer, the Light-Bearer, they provided a public forum in which readers could unburden their hearts and describe in intimate detail the sexual problems they experienced. As confidants to the discontented, the editors of these newspapers published ideas and experiences not commonly found in public discourse from those who seldom saw their words in print. This in turn provided readers with a sense that the problems they faced were shared by many and gave support to those who sought to break free from the restrictions placed on their behavior by Victorian sexual ideology. By exploring the articles and the letters to the editor columns published in the Free Love press, this essay examines the ways in which these newspapers were read by exploring their impact on the sexual ideas and behaviors of "real readers."
On the theory of the dielectric constant of dilute solutions of polar molecules in non-polar solvents

The dielectric constant of even a very dilute solution of polar molecules in non-polar solvents depends upon the geometry of how the non-polar molecules are arranged and how the polar molecules are placed relative to them. These are topological effects which the usual semi-macroscopic theories employing continuum approximations are inherently incapable of revealing. Their existence is demonstrated by making a microscopic calculation with classical mechanics in which for simplicity the non-polar molecules are treated as forming a cubic lattice, and in which isotropic harmonic oscillators are used to describe the polarizability. When the dipolar interaction between molecules is included in the second order, different formulas are obtained depending on whether the lattice is simple, body-centred or face-centred cubic, and whether the polar molecule goes in interstitially or at a regular lattice point. In the latter case, the formulas of Onsager and Buckingham are recovered if a lattice sum is arbitrarily rep...
Processed Sweet Corn Has Higher Antioxidant Activity

Processed fruits and vegetables have been long considered to have lower nutritional value than the fresh produce due to the loss of vitamin C during processing. Vitamin C in apples has been found to contribute <0.4% of total antioxidant activity, indicating most of the activity comes from the natural combination of phytochemicals. This suggests that processed fruits and vegetables may retain their antioxidant activity despite the loss of vitamin C. Here it is shown that thermal processing at 115 degrees C for 25 min significantly elevated the total antioxidant activity of sweet corn by 44% and increased phytochemical content such as ferulic acid by 550% and total phenolics by 54%, although 25% vitamin C loss was observed. Processed sweet corn has increased antioxidant activity equivalent to 210 mg of vitamin C/100 g of corn compared to the remaining 3.2 mg of vitamin C in the sample that contributed only 1.5% of its total antioxidant activity. These findings do not support the notion that processed fruits and vegetables have lower nutritional value than fresh produce. This information may have a significant impact on consumers' food selection by increasing their consumption of fruits and vegetables to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.