cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of cause-specific melanoma mortality and all-cause mortality in survival analyses after radiation treatment for uveal melanoma

Abstract Objective To determine the causes and patterns of mortality after uveal melanoma radiation. Design A cohort study from a single institution was performed. Mortality was modeled using semiparametric survival techniques. All cause and cause-specific mortality analyses were performed. Mortality was compared with expected mortality from the U.S. census data. Participants A total of 731 patients were studied, and 710 (97%) of these had medium or large melanomas. The mean tumor diameter was 11.3 mm, and the mean tumor thickness was 5.8 mm. Ciliary body was involved in 122 (17%) of patients. Complete follow-up was available on 99.6% (728 of 731) of patients. Main outcome measures The authors analyzed the distribution and causes of post-treatment mortality. Results The 5- and 10-year all-cause Kaplan-Meier survival rates were 75.6% and 62.3%, respectively. Both melanoma risk factors (older age, ciliary body involvement, and larger tumor diameter) and nonmelanoma risk factors (older age and medical condition) were significant prognostic factors of all-cause mortality. Deaths from nonmelanoma causes accounted for 91 (42.3%) of 215 deaths. The 5-year and 10-year estimates of nonmelanoma deaths were 8.3% and 15.9%, respectively. Nonmelanoma mortality was similar to that observed in the general U.S. population (91 observed, 98.1 expected). Melanoma metastases accounted for 124 (57.7%) of 215 deaths. The 5- and 10-year estimates for probability of metastatic death were 16.1% and 21.8%, respectively. The largest tumor diameter was the best predictor for melanoma mortality; ciliary body involvement, older age, and distance from the fovea also were significant in multivariate analyses. Conclusion A significant proportion of patients with uveal melanoma die of nonmelanoma causes after radiation. In analyzing prognostic factors, considerable information may be lost if analyses are based on all-cause mortality rather than cause-specific mortality.
The Family in Bahia, Brazil, 1870-1945

Note on orthography, naming conventions, and currency Introduction . Bahia society, 1870-1945 2. Home life 3. Medicine and families 4. The law, political reforms, and the family 5. Church and family 6. Common sense 7. Mobility and family strategies Conclusion Appendix Glossary Notes Bibliography Index.
The Impact of Axial Piston Machines Mechanical Parts Constraint Conditions on The Thermo-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of The Fluid Film Interfaces

AbstractThe authors analyze the lubricating interfaces of axial piston machines considering thermo-elastohydrodynamic (TEHL) lubrication characteristics. The fluid film geometry in these conditions is strongly influenced by the surface elastic deformation of the solid boundaries. The surface elastic deformations derive from the high dynamic pressures developing in the fluid film, necessary to balance the external oscillating loads. Furthermore, elastic deflections of the fluid film develop from the thermal expansion of the solid bodies, caused by the heat generated due to viscous shear of the fluid film. The accurate determination of the solid boundaries elastic deformation is a key element to predict the fluid film geometry and consequently the lubricating interface performance.When solving for the static elastic deformation of a solid body, constraint conditions must be imposed to avoid rigid body motion. Constraint conditions strongly influence the elastic deformation analysis; therefore their definiti...
Iris Murdoch, Liberal Education and Human Flourishing

Articulating the good of liberal education—what we should teach and why we should teach it—is necessary to resist the subversion of liberal education to economic or political ends and the mania for measurable skills. I argue that Iris Murdoch's philosophical writings enrich the work of contemporary Aristotelians, such as Joseph Dunne and Alasdair MacIntyre, on these issues. For Murdoch, studies in the arts and intellectual subjects, by connecting students to the inescapable contingency and finitude of human existence, contribute to the cultivation of intellectual and moral virtues and thus to human flourishing.
Vatican II as a Constitutional Text of Faith

This article posits that the hermeneutical approach of Peter Hunermann toward the “text” of the Second Vatican Council possesses the capacity to dissolve disputes that have arisen from a fissure among Catholics about the meaning of the council. At the heart of Hunermann's approach is a bold attempt to read the council's genre in light of “constitutional texts” that have played an important role in founding and reconciling different types of communities in the modern world.
Educational software process simulation trends

This paper looks at some trends in educational software process simulations. SimSE is covered specifically, and other trends in the field are analyzed. Conclusions and observations are then drawn on the state of the field.
COMBUSTION OF BIMODAL ALUMINUM PARTICLES AND ICE MIXTURES

The combustion of aluminum with ice is studied using various mixtures of nanoand micrometersized aluminum particles as a means to generate high-temperature hydrogen at fast rates for propulsion and power applications. Bimodal distributions are of interest in order to vary mixture packing densities and nascent alumina concentrations in the initial reactant mixture. In addition, the burning rate can be tailored by introducing various particle sizes. The effects of the bimodal distributions and equivalence ratio on ignition, combustion rates, and combustion efficiency are investigated in strand experiments at constant pressure and in small lab-scale [1.91 cm (0.75 in.) diameter] static firedrocket-motor combustion chambers with center-perforated propellant grains. The aluminum particles consisted of nanometer-sized particles with a nominal diameter of 80 nm and micron-sized particles with nominal diameters of 2 and 5 μm. The micron particle addition ranged from 0% to 80% by active mass in the mixture. Burning rates from 1.1 (160 psia) to 14.2 MPa (2060 psia) were determined. From the small scale motor experiments, thrust, C∗, Isp, and C∗ and Isp efficiencies are provided. From these results, mechanistic issues of the combustion process are discussed. In particular, overall lean equivalence ratios that produce flame temperatures near the melting point of alumina resulted in considerably lower experimental C∗ and Isp efficiencies than equivalence ratios closer to stoichiometric. The substitution of micron aluminum for nanometer aluminum had little effect on the linear burning rates of Al/ice mixtures for low-mass substitutions. However, as the mass addition of micron aluminum increased (e.g., beyond 40% 2-μm aluminum in place of 80-nm aluminum), the burning rates decreased. The effects of bimodal aluminum compositions on motor performance were minor, although the experimental results suggest longer combustion times are necessary for complete combustion.
Modeling Human Disease with Pluripotent Stem Cells: from Genome Association to Function

Mechanistic insights into human disease may enable the development of treatments that are effective in broad patient populations. The confluence of gene-editing technologies, induced pluripotent stem cells, and genome-wide association as well as DNA sequencing studies is enabling new approaches for illuminating the molecular basis of human disease. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of combining these technologies and provide a workflow for interrogating the contribution of disease-associated candidate genetic variants to disease-relevant phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the potential utility of human pluripotent stem cells for placing disease-associated genetic variants into molecular pathways.
Kinetic Modeling of CaV3.1

T-type calcium channel kinetics have been well characterized at the macroscopic level, but less well so at the single channel level. The most thorough single channel kinetic analyses have been performed using recordings from native tissues where the specific isoform(s) present is unknown. As a result there is some discrepancy as to magnitude and voltage dependence of fundamental descriptors such as mean open time. It has been reported to be 0.5-2.5ms and either weakly voltage dependent or voltage independent (summarized in Perez-Reyes 2003). Macroscopic current measurements, on the other hand, are consistent with a voltage dependent O->C transition, suggesting that mean open time is voltage dependent. Bandwidth differences and other issues associated with signal to noise ratio for these conductance channels have no doubt contributed to measured durations. The development of gating models for these channels has been hampered by the paucity of high quality single channel data. Furthermore, previously published gating models of CaV3.1 correctly approximate the voltage dependence and time course of the macroscopic currents of CaV3.1 but fail to appropriately recapitulate the gating currents (Serrano et al 1999, Burgess et al 2002). We have utilized low noise recording methods to obtain higher bandwidth single channel data and paired it with maximum idealized point-likelihood analysis in QuB to estimate rate constants and their voltage dependence from single channel data for inclusion in developing models that correctly recapitulate macroscopic, single channel, and gating current data. Supported by F31-NS058334 (K.B.) and RO1-HL065680 (D.H.)
Functional near infrared brain imaging with a brush-fiber optode to improve optical contact on subjects with dense hair

A major obstacle in functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and imaging is poor optical contact of the optodes with the scalp due to obstruction by hair. To overcome this problem a novel brush-fiber extension was made as an attachment to existing commercial flat-face fiber bundle optodes. The goal was that the brush-fiber extension would thread through hair and improve optical contact on subjects with dense hair. Simulations and experiments were performed to assess the magnitude of these improvements. Firstly, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of photon propagation through the scalp with hair and hair follicles was performed showing a drop in light transmission for different hair densities in the range of 3 to 9 dB. Similar levels of signal loss at individual optodes were determined experimentally in preliminary measurements on a human subject, when comparisons were made for finger tapping activation measurements with and without the brush-fiber extensions. The effects of such losses on reconstructed images were also simulated by using neutral density filters during tissue phantom measurements. As brush-fibers attenuated the signal by approximately 2.5 dB due to imperfect optical contact with the flat-face optode tips we explored the idea of using larger diameter brush-fibers to overcome that loss.
Imaging effector functions of human cytotoxic CD4+ T cells specific for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein

Abstract Malaria vaccines, comprised of irradiated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites or a synthetic peptide containing T and B cell epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), elicit multifunctional cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in immunised volunteers. Both lytic and non-lytic CD4 + T cell clones recognised a series of overlapping epitopes within a ‘universal’ T cell epitope EYLNKIQNSLSTEWSPCSVT of CSP (NF54 isolate) that was presented in the context of multiple DR molecules. Lytic activity directly correlated with T cell receptor (TCR) functional avidity as measured by stimulation indices and recognition of naturally occurring variant peptides. CD4 + T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was contact-dependent and did not require de novo synthesis of cytotoxic mediators, suggesting a granule-mediated mechanism. Live cell imaging of the interaction of effector and target cells demonstrated that CD4 + cytotoxic T cells recognise target cells with their leading edge, reorient their cytotoxic granules towards the zone of contact, and form a stable immunological synapse. CTL attacks induced chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies in target cells. Together, these findings suggest that CD4 + CTLs trigger target cell apoptosis via classical perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, similar to CD8 + CTLs, and these multifunctional sporozoite- and peptide-induced CD4 + T cells have the potential to play a direct role as effector cells in targeting the exoerythrocytic forms within the liver.
Drama and Architecture under Elizabeth I: The “Regular” Phase

Me thinkes we should not so soone yeeld our consents captive to the authoritie of Antiquitie, unlesse we saw more reason: all our understandings are not to be built by the square of Greece and Italie. We are the children of nature as well as they, we are not so placed out of the way of judgement, but that the same Sunne of Discretion shineth uppon us, wee have our portion of the same vertues as well as the same vices.
INSERTION OF HYPOXAKTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE (HPRT) cDNA INTO HUMAN BONE MARROW CELLS (BMC) A RETROVIRUS VECTOR: 75

INSERTION OF HYPOXAKTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE (HPRT) cDNA INTO HUMAN BONE MARROW CELLS (BMC) A RETROVIRUS VECTOR: 75
Geometric modeling of the diamond-β-SiC heteroepitaxial interface

Abstract A theoretical study of the diamond-β-SiC heteroepitaxial interface has been conducted. The interfacial modeling was performed to examine the various combinations of like and unlike interfacial planes between diamond and β-SiC based on a geometric criterion formulated in reciprocal space for minimization of interfacial misfit and strain energies. The modeling results indicated that the low index, unlike pair between diamond{114} and β-SiC{221} has the greatest potential for minimizing the interfacial energy and, therefore, is strongly recommended for experimental investigations. The low index, like pairs between diamond and β-SiC are next in potential, and diamond{100}-β-SiC{100} heteroepitaxy has been confirmed experimentally. Other configurations yield high interfacial energies and are unlikely to occur in reality. The relatively high strain energy associated with the like pair heteroepitaxy can be relieved by the introduction of misfit dislocations at the interface. The calculated misfit dislocation densities agree well with the experimental measurements.
The Effect of Optical Polarization on Reflection Spectra

The theoretical basis for polarization effects in reflection spectra are reviewed. It is shown that light polarized parallel to the plane of incidence interacts more strongly with the absorbing species than does light of perpendicular polarization except under conditions of internal reflection when the absorber is a thin film between two nonabsorbing media. In this instance the relative degree of interaction is determined by the refractive indices of the three phases. Experimental results are presented which show the predicted effects for internal reflection spectroscopy both when the absorbing medium is a solution of (CH3)4NCl in D2O and when it is a monolayer of stearic acid.
Allostatic load and the assessment of cumulative biological risk in biobehavioral medicine: challenges and opportunities.

Allostatic load provides a useful framework for conceptualizing the multi-system physiological impact of sustained stress and its effects on health and well-being. Research across two decades shows that allostatic load indices predict health outcomes including all cause mortality, and vary with stress and related psychosocial constructs. The study by Slopen and colleagues in this issue provides an example both of the utility of the allostatic load framework, and of limitations in related literature, such as inconsistencies in conceptualization and measurement across studies, and the frequent application of cross-sectional designs. The current article describes these limitations and provides suggestions for further research to enhance the value and utility of the allostatic load framework in biobehavioral medicine research.
Counselor and Clinical Supervisor Perceptions of OASAS Tobacco-Free Regulation Implementation Extensiveness, Perceived Accountability, and Use of Resources

Abstract New York State required substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs to be 100% tobacco-free in 2008. The current study examined counselor (N = 364) and clinical supervisor (N = 98) perceptions of how extensively the tobacco-free regulation was implemented in their treatment programs, perceived accountability for implementing the regulation, and use of OASAS-provided resources to aid implementation one year after the regulation went into effect. Results showed that compared to counselors, supervisors perceive greater implementation extensiveness and report using more resources, yet they perceive lower accountability. In addition, whereas perceived accountability is significantly and positively associated with implementation extensiveness perceptions for counselors, the relationship is negative for supervisors. The association between use of resources and implementation extensiveness perceptions is significant and positive for both counselors and supervisors. We conclude that implementation exp...
Biotransformation of paraoxon and p-nitrophenol by isolated perfused mouse livers.

Abstract Single-pass perfusion in situ of mouse livers with the organophosphate paraoxon resulted in formation of p -nitrophenol (PNP), p -nitrophenyl sulfate (PNPS), and p -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (PNPG). Following initiation of perfusion of paraoxon steady—state conditions were achieved in 15–25 min, at which time the extraction ratio was 0.55 (S.D. = 0.05). This suggests the capacity of mouse liver to biotransform paraoxon is not as great as previously reported. At all concentrations of paraoxon examined the amount of PNPS produced exceeded that of PNPG. However, as the concentration of paraoxon increased the relative proportion of PNP to PNPS and PNPG increased, indicating the capacity of liver to biotransform paraoxon exceeded the capacity to biotransform PNP. Single-pass perfusion in situ of mouse livers with PNP resulted in production of PNPS and PNPG. As with paraoxon, steady—state conditions were achieved in 15–25 min. The extraction ratio of PNP, as well as the metabolic profile, changed markedly with varying concentrations of PNP. At PNP reservoir concentrations of 4 μM or less the extraction ratio of PNP was 1, with all PNP metabolized to PNPS. As PNP concentrations increased (up to 75 μM) both unchanged PNP and PNPG appeared in the effluent. Thus the hepatic biotransformation of PNP was clearly dependent on substrate concentration.
Note: The Impact of Leadtime and Years of Competitive Rivalry on Pioneer Market Share Advantages

Research has established that for surviving brands, market pioneers have a higher average market share than later entrants. By moving first, market pioneers often develop sustainable market share advantages. Longer leadtime, which is the time between entries, should increase these pioneer advantages. Using two leadtime measures, this prediction is supported across 34 categories of frequently purchased consumer goods. Increasing the years of competitive rivalry should help a later entrant slowly reduct the pioneer's market share advantage. After more than two decades in the market, second entants have eliminated the pioneer's market share advantage, but third and later entrants continue to trail the pioneer.
Human placental barrier to glucagon-I-125 early in gestation

Studies of hormonal transfer have shown that the human placenta is impervious to 2 labeled polyopeptide hormones-insulin and human growth hormone; but the transfer of glucagon, a polypeptide hormone of lower molecular weight, has not been evaluated previously in pregnant human subjects. Although its placental tranfer has been demonstrated in other species, the results are confusing because of the non-specific methodology used. In order to determine whether the human placenta permits maternofetal transfer of glucagon, nine pregnant women at 15 to 17 wks of gestation were evaluated during legal therapeutic abortions by abdominal hysterotomy. The plasma concentration of glucagon-I-125 was maintained until delivery of the fetus by continuous intravenous infusion of the labeled hormone at the following rates: 20 μc/hr for 3–4 hrs in 4 women; and 60 μc/hr for 1 to 1.5 hrs in the other 5. The plasma concentration of the labeled glucagon was measured by a specific immunoprecipitation. Even with maternal plasma concentrations of radioactive glucagon between 599 adn 1289 cpm/ml, no glucagon-I-125 was detected either in the umbilical venous or arterial plasma, or in the amniotic fluid. Early in gestation, therefore, the human placenta is an effective barrier to the rapid maternofetal transfer of glucagon-I-125. Based on this concept, regulation of the fetal plasma glucagon levels would depend on its secretion by the fetal rather than the maternal pancreas.
Comment on thermodynamic aspects of photochemical solar energy conversion

Abstract Two of the major issues discussed at the workshop on thermodynamics of photochemical solar energy conversion are summarized here: (1) the effect of hot carrier processes on the thermodynamics of solar photon conversion; (2) the existence of a light-intensity threshold for photoconversion processes and the validity of quasi-Fermi levels.
Possible mutagenic constituents in nitrite-treated soy sauce

Soy sauce was heated with 100, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm sodium nitrite for 30 min at 80 degrees C and pH 3. The reaction mixtures were extracted with dichloromethane followed by ethyl acetate. After removal of the solvents, the extracts were subjected to analysis (gas chromatograph-thermal energy analyser and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer) and Ames mutagenicity tests. N-Nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine were found in the dichloromethane extract of the soy sauce treated with 2000 ppm nitrite at levels of 10 and 120 micrograms/ml, respectively. N-Nitrosoproline was identified in the ethyl acetate extract of the same sample at a level of 0.5 microgram/ml. Both extracts exhibited dose-related mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 with S-9 mix. The dichloromethane extract showed much higher mutagenicity than did the ethyl acetate extract. The samples obtained from soy sauce treated with 100, 500 and 1000 ppm nitrite were not mutagenic, but N-nitrosodiethylamine was detected by thermal energy analysis in the soy sauce treated with 1000 ppm nitrite. The addition of 10,000 ppm L-ascorbic acid, along with 2000 ppm nitrite, to soy sauce prevented the formation of mutagenic materials or detectable nitrosamines.
Eloquence in the Marketplace: Erudition and Pragmatic Humanism in the Restoration of Chymia.

AbstractThis chapter focuses upon the relation between textual and social practices that influenced the formation of a communal approach to acquiring chemical knowledge in the early seventeenth century. It also describes the utilitarian purpose of a humanist-inspired program of chemical learning that blended practices of textual/linguistic expertise and artisanal know-how. Humanism, made pragmatic, sought to define the principles for “making things well.” In the design of Andreas Libavius (ca. 1555–1616), interpretive intuitions resulting from practiced reading of ancient and medieval texts combined with a knowledge of workshop language to build consensus about chymia’s tools, procedures, and materials and to define its principia artificialia.
Properties of the Quark Gluon Plasma: A lattice perspective

Abstract We discuss results from lattice calculations for a few observables that are sensitive to different length scales in the high temperature phase of QCD and can give insight into its non-perturbative structure. We compare lattice results with perturbative calculations at high temperature obtained for vanishing and non-vanishing quark chemical potential.
Experimental Goodpasture's syndrome: Acute pulmonary lesions caused by kidney-localizing anti-lung antibodies

Abstract Normal rats injected with rabbit antiserum to rat lung develop lung and kidney lesions resembling those of Goodpasture's syndrome in humans. Partially to test the hypothesis that Goodpasture's syndrome may involve a progressive cycle of immunological injury by antibodies with specificities for lung and kidney, we perfused rat kidneys in vivo with antibodies fractionated from this anti-lung serum. Antibodies localized by this technique reached the circulation in 48 hours, and relocalized in the unperfused kidney, lungs, liver, and spleen. The specific histotoxic properties of these relocalized globulins were also retained, producing lung and kidney lesions resembling those caused experimentally by intravenous injecttion of anti-lung antibodies and those of Goodpasture's syndrome. We suggest that the autoimmune pathogenesis of Goodpasture's syndrome in humans may be supplemented by the reappearance of a population of pneumotoxic and nephrotoxic antibodies in the circulation which localize as transients in target organs.
Near cutoff behaviors of high-order harmonic generation from molecular gases

The near cutoff behaviors of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from molecular gases is investigated. Results reveal that harmonic cutoff is extended only for molecules that show ionization suppression. Another interesting result is that the HHG intensity drops slower in N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/, while in Ar there is a sharp drop at the cutoff. This phenomena could be induced by the molecule orientation in the laser field.
Features Moving Madly: A formal perspective on feature percolation in the minimalist program !

I show that adding a mechanism of feature percolation (via specifier head agreement) to Minimalist Grammars (MGs) [Stabler (1997) In Retore C. (ed.) Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics, Springer Verlag (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1328), NY, pp. 68–95] takes them out of the class of context-sensitive grammar formalisms. The main theorem of the paper is that adding a mechanism of feature percolation to MGs allows them to implement infinite abaci [Lambek (1961), Canadian Mathematical bulletin 4, pp. 259–302], which can simulate any Turing Machine computation. As a simple corollary, I show that, for any computable \(f\!:\mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}\), MGs thus enhanced can generate the language \(L_{a^{f(n)}} = \{ a^{f(n)} : n \in \mathbb{N}\}\).
Residential Preferences: What's Terrorism Got to Do with It?

Security has long been recognized as an element in residential preference and its relative importance has risen with fear of extremist attacks on U.S. cities. Using polling data from 2004, this research investigates whether the security breaches of 9/11 in New York City influenced residential preferences in New York State. Our results confirm that perceived risks are greatest downstate but exert little overall net effect on (re)location plans. A stabilizing effect may be evident where preferences are reinforced among upstate residents who respond to downstate risk by strengthening "stay put" attitudes. An inspection of real-estate data in the northern reaches of the New York Metropolitan Area suggests a risk-averse hedging strategy--city residents relocating in stages by acquiring open land and the option to build and move should renewed terrorist attacks occur. Language: en
A multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural competition-based capstone design program

This paper discusses the successes and struggles that we have encountered while integrating the two-semester capstone design sequence for both the electrical and computer engineering (ECE) and mechanical engineering (ME) departments at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM). The ECE sequence has been based on a competition-motivated structure that focuses student efforts on the development of autonomous ground vehicles. The ME program, on the other hand, has used a model which tends to focus on product development. Two principal program changes are discussed - the integration and coordination of the two separate design programs to work on a single project and the addition of a parallel graduate-level design course. The program merger has yielded a stronger and more relevant student experience as well as better autonomous vehicle quality. It has also required the navigation of differences in design methodology, grading structures, and department/discipline cultures. The introduction of a graduate design course provided a strong multi-cultural influence and much needed technical sophistication that directly contributed to increased success at the competition. In this work then, we present the resulting design course structure and process, and provide a frank treatment of the associated successes and challenges.
Effects of surface-active agents on the crystallinity of Carbowax compounds*

“Carbowax” 4000, a water-soluble waxlike compound, is a useful ingredient in washable ointment bases. The texture, unctuousness, and smoothness of the “Carbowax” containing base depend upon the degree of fineness of the crystals of “Carbowax.” Several factors affect the size and form of crystals. Presence of synthetic wetting agents and emulsifiers in comparatively minute amounts has been demonstrated to have considerable effect on the size of the crystals. Several ionic and nonionic wetting agents in various concentrations have been studied. Photomicrographs have been made from the slides depicting crystallization from various combinations. Preliminary experiments show that some of these wetting agents are efficient in reducing crystal size.
A homologue of snail is expressed transiently in subsets of mesenchyme cells in the sea urchin embryo and is down-regulated in axis-deficient embryos.

Vertebrate members of the zinc finger transcription factor family related to Drosophila snail are expressed in neural crest and paraxial mesoderm along the left–right axis of the embryo. As simple deuterostomes, echinoderms are an important sister phylum for the chordates. We have identified populations of patterned, nonskeletogenic mesenchyme in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus by their expression of a sea urchin member of the snail family (Lv-snail). Lv-snail mRNA and protein are detectable at the midgastrula stage within the archenteron. At the late gastrula stage, a contiguous cluster of cells on the left side of the tip of the archenteron is Lv-snail–positive. At the early prism stage, two small clusters of mesenchyme cells near the presumptive arm buds are also Lv-snail–positive. At the pluteus stage, staining is detectable in isolated mesenchyme cells and the ciliated band. Based on fate mapping of secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs) and double-label immunostaining, these patterns are consistent with expression of SNAIL by novel subsets of SMCs that are largely distinct from skeletogenic mesenchyme. In radialized embryos lacking normal bilateral symmetry, mesenchymal expression of Lv-SNAIL is abolished. These results suggest that transient expression of Lv-snail may be important for the differentiation of a subset of axially patterned nonskeletogenic mesenchyme cells and suggest conserved functions for snail family members in deuterostome development. Developmental Dynamics 235:3121–3131, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An approximate theory of interfacial tensions of multicomponent systems: Applications to binary liquid‐vapor tensions

Formulas obtained by approximation of the rigorous expression for the interfacial tension of multicomponent, polyatomic fluids are shown to provide accurate and simple estimates of the composition dependence of the surface tension of nonaqueous, binary solutions at low vapor pressures. Similar formulas are recommended for multicomponent (that is, more than two components) solutions.
Tone-dependent vascular responses to astrocyte-derived signals

A growing number of studies support an important contribution of astrocytes to neurovascular coupling, i.e., the phenomenon by which variations in neuronal activity trigger localized changes in blo...
Lengthening of Fluorescence Lifetimes in Self-organized Metal–Organic Assemblies¶

Abstract Resonance energy transfer from tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) to nile blue A is demonstrated in aqueous solution in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). At SDS concentrations below the critical micelle concentration, aggregates that permit energy transfer between these dyes at optically dilute (10 μM) concentrations with nearly 100% efficiency are formed. The disparity between the lifetimes of the donor and acceptor results in the lengthening of the photoluminescence lifetime of the sensitized emission observed from nile blue A. Time-resolved luminescence measurements confirm that the long-lived components of the emission originate from sensitized acceptor emission.
Meningeal Tumors Induced in Calves with the Bovine Cutaneous Papilloma Virus

Fibromatous tumors were induced in the meninges of calves by inoculating the meninges with a suspension of bovine cutaneous papillomas or by implanting bovine cutaneous papillomas into the brain. Meningeal tumors were observed to occur as early as 20 days after inoculation. Meningeal tumors from calves killed 90 and 145 days after inoculation extended into the brain along the course of blood vessels. Metastasis, however, was not observed. Evidence that the induced meningeal tumors contained viral antigen was lacking.
Moisture Characteristics of Some Knit Fabrics Made From Blend Yarns 1

The moisture responses of plain jersey and 1 X 1 rib fabrics constructed from synthetic fiber-cotton blend yarns have been studied. The fabric responses include water vapor transmission, moisture i...
Relationship of estrogen and vitamin K.

SummaryEstradiol injection into male rats kept on a Vit. K-free diet was effective in lowering plasma prothrombin time to normal values in 6 hours. This Vit. K-like activity was observed even at a ...
Stored renin isoforms in the developing rat kidney.

Fetal rat kidney contains renin in renal microvasculature, whereas adult rat kidney contains renin predominantly in juxtaglomerular cells. It is hypothesized that renin isoforms stored within these renal tissues may differ chemically and functionally. To test this hypothesis, stored renin isoforms in fetal and adult rat kidney were compared by isolating renin from adult and fetal kidney homogenate with pepstatin agarose. Pepstatin-eluted renin isoforms were separated by relative molecular size using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), or by isoelectric point (pI) and size using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Isoforms were identified either by silver staining or immunoblotting. One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pepstatin-treated kidney homogenates showed a silver-stained band in the range of ∼45 kDa, which corresponded to a silver-stained spot consistently seen on 2D gels. In fetal kidney homogenate, the ∼45 kDa band had a pI of 5.3 ± 0.1, whereas the corresponding band in adult samples had a basic pI of 6.0 ± 0.05. Angiotensin I generation was measured to assess renin enzymatic activity. There was significantly more inactive renin in fetal kidney homogenate than in adult kidney homogenate (60.2 ± 22.4 v 9.6 ± 4.0 ng AI/mg protein/h, P < .05). There was significantly less active renin in fetal kidney homogenate than in adult kidney homogenate (5.4 ± 0.4 v 36.5 ± 14.2 ng AI/mg protein/h, P < .05). The average total renin activity in fetal kidney homogenate was significantly higher than in adult kidney homogenate (65.6 ± 22.3 v 46.0 ± 15.2, P < .05). These results demonstrate major differences in the physical and enzymatic forms of stored renin found in fetal and adult kidney. It is speculated that these variations in stored renin isoforms play a role in the developmental differential regulation of the intrarenal renin angiotensin system.
Optical properties of corn oil during frying

Optical absorption characteristics of corn oil were investigated in the visible and near infrared regions between 400 and 2500 nm as the oil degraded during potato frying. The visible wavelength of maximum absorption between 400 and 600 nm shifted towards longer wavelengths as the frying operation progressed. The results showed that light absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 400 and 600nm correlated well with viscosity.
Characterization of yolk proteins from the eggs of the indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

AMaet-The eggs of the Indian meal moth, Plodia inlerpuncrello (Hubner), contain four major yolk polypeptides (YPs). The four YPs were associated as two proteins that lacked immunocrossreactivity either as native proteins or as individual polypeptide subunits. Vitellin was found to be a glycolipoprotein composed of YPI (153 kDa) and YP3 (43 kDa) and had an apparent molecular mass ranging from 398 to 475 kDaas established by various methods. The other major yolk protein was composed ofglycosylated polypeptides YP2 and YP4 that were produced by ovarian tissues. Two forms of YP2/YP4 were observed under native conditions that had molecular masses of 93 and 235 kDa in pore-limited gel electrophoresis. The heteromneitv of the orotein mav be due to ~roteolvtic cleavaee of YP2 bv endorenous orateases. -. ~. smse polypept~dcs of 50 and 60 kDa appeared in solut~nnc conulnlng pan~all! pt.nlicJ YP2 YP4. dnd lhnc smaller polypcptidcr were shown to be related to YP? b) pcpt~de nl:applng. 'I hur. the )ulk 01' 1'. interpunaelh was found to contain two major yolk proteins; vitellin was identified as well as a large multiple subunit protein produced within the ovary that was unlike any previously described yolk protein from moths. Key Word Index: Indian meal moth, Plodio interpunctello, vitellin, egg proteins, yolk proteins
Resilient Cluster Leader Election for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor nodes are often organized into clusters for efficiency and scalability purposes. Every sensor cluster is managed by a cluster leader during the network operation such as routing and data aggregation. Since managing a cluster consumes substantial energy, the cluster leader needs to be re-elected from time to time for load balancing. In hostile environments, it is critical to ensure the security of such leader election. This paper proposes an efficient, resilient, and fully distributed leader election protocol for sensor networks. It only uses efficient symmetric key operations and guarantees that (i) benign cluster members will elect the same leader as long as they are well-connected, and (ii) attackers cannot impact the leader election process to increase or decrease the chance of a benign member being elected as a cluster leader. In addition, the proposed method can quickly recover from message loss or malicious attacks. The evaluation results also demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of this approach.
Optical limiting in solid-core photonic crystal fibers

Optical limiting in solid-core photonic crystal fibers filled with reverse-saturable absorbers has been observed. A sharp change in limiting threshold was found for materials in the fiber holes with refractive indices near n = 1.44.
Token tenure and PATCH: A predictive/adaptive token-counting hybrid

Traditional coherence protocols present a set of difficult trade-offs: the reliance of snoopy protocols on broadcast and ordered interconnects limits their scalability, while directory protocols incur a performance penalty on sharing misses due to indirection. This work introduces Patch (Predictive/Adaptive Token-Counting Hybrid), a coherence protocol that provides the scalability of directory protocols while opportunistically sending direct requests to reduce sharing latency. Patch extends a standard directory protocol to track tokens and use token-counting rules for enforcing coherence permissions. Token counting allows Patch to support direct requests on an unordered interconnect, while a mechanism called token tenure provides broadcast-free forward progress using the directory protocol's per-block point of ordering at the home along with either timeouts at requesters or explicit race notification messages.Patch makes three main contributions. First, Patch introduces token tenure, which provides broadcast-free forward progress for token-counting protocols. Second, Patch deprioritizes best-effort direct requests to match or exceed the performance of directory protocols without restricting scalability. Finally, Patch provides greater scalability than directory protocols when using inexact encodings of sharers because only processors holding tokens need to acknowledge requests. Overall, Patch is a “one-size-fits-all” coherence protocol that dynamically adapts to work well for small systems, large systems, and anywhere in between.
Creating memories of transcription

Two genetically identical cells grown under the same conditions can exhibit stochastic fluctuations in gene expression. Such cell-to-cell variation in expression of key genes is hypothesized to help drive developmental fate decisions and cell specialization during differentiation. However, to date, most analyses dissecting steps involved in the activation of cell cycle or developmentally regulated promoters have been conducted using cell population-based assays, thereby precluding a detailed appreciation of how transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin remodelers contribute to the stochastic nature of transcriptional activation in individual cells. In PNAS, Zhang et al. (1) conduct an elegant series of single cell pedigree analyses to explore molecular mechanisms influencing stochastic gene expression from the cell cycle-regulated HO promoter that drives cell fate decisions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through the use of an unstable GFP reporter to visualize transcription indirectly, Zhang et al. demonstrate that different factors have independent modes by which they can regulate the HO promoter. Some factors primarily influence the frequency of transcriptional events or the fraction of cell cycles in which transcription from HO occurs, whereas others affect the amplitude or the level of expression from the HO promoter achieved within a given cell cycle. Assessing HO promoter activation at the single cell level has also permitted the authors to uncover evidence for a role of histone acetylation in conferring short-term cis-based memory of transcriptional states.
The Green500 List: Encouraging Sustainable Supercomputing

The performance-at-any-cost design mentality ignores supercomputers' excessive power consumption and need for heat dissipation and will ultimately limit their performance. Without fundamental change in the design of supercomputing systems, the performance advances common over the past two decades won't continue. The HPC community needs a Green500 List to rank supercomputers on speed and power requirements and to supplement the TOP500 List. Vendors and system architects worldwide take substantial pride and invest tremendous effort toward making the biannual TOP500 List. We anticipate that the Green500 List effort will do the same and encourage the HPC community and operators of Internet data centers to design more power-efficient supercomputers and large-scale data centers.
Design of protease inhibitors

There is a general parallelism in the strategy followed in the design of hormonal peptide analogs and protease inhibitors. However, in the latter, one more dimension has been added with the development of mechanism-based inhibitors, a dimension that is not yet available for hormonal peptides because of the lack of knowledge about receptor mechanisms. The recently advanced concepts of transition state and bi-product analogs have made possible the development of highly potent active-site directed reversible protease inhibitors of great therapeutic potential.
Continuum modeling of large-strain deformation modes in gold nanowires

Metallic nanostructures and specifically nanowires can be used for technological breakthroughs. Experimental measurements have provided insights on the mechanical properties of metallic nanostructures. In conjunction, modeling analyses provide an understanding of the underlying deformation and strengthening mechanisms in nanostructures. Most modeling studies on nanostructures are based on atomistic and molecular dynamics simulations, and though invaluable, they are limited to nanoscale dimensions of a few tens of nanometers, at small temporal scales, and physically unrealistic strain rates. Furthermore, most of the current applications for free-standing metallic nanostructures require high aspect ratios with at least one dimension greater than a few hundred nanometers. A continuum microstructurally based approach can, therefore, provide insights on design of one-dimensional nanowires on a physically relevant scale. Hence, we use a multiple-slip crystal plasticity formulation that is adapted to single crystal gold nanowires to simulate the experimental setup for a two-end fixed nanowire subjected to bending.
Challenges Facing Current and Future Residents of Continuing Care Communities

The financial crisis that hit the headlines in 2008 exposed a weakness in the sector of the senior living industry known as Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs). CCRCs were frequently using entrance fees to fund daily operating expenses, while relying on turnover of properties and quick resales to generate additional fees needed to fund the rising cost of health care in Type A & B facilities, or to honor promises of "refundability" of entrance fees in Type C contract facilities. In some instances, state lawmakers, regulatory authorities, resident organizations and industry leaders have responded to concerns by working together to provide better transparency and greater actuarial accountability. This keynote address to the Maryland Continuing Care Residents Association (MaCCRA) in 2013 focuses on key points of ongoing concern for current and future CCRC residents.
Plasmon-Induced Nonlinearities in Polarized Materials

Optically excited plasmons are used to generate steep electric field gradients to alter the polarization of bulk materials. Ultrafast optical control of the polarization response is monitored by an orthogonally polarized supercontinuum probe.
Modelling the CDK-dependent transcription cycle in fission yeast.

CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) ensure directionality and fidelity of the eukaryotic cell division cycle. In a similar fashion, the transcription cycle is governed by a conserved subfamily of CDKs that phosphorylate Pol II (RNA polymerase II) and other substrates. A genetic model organism, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe , has yielded robust models of cell-cycle control, applicable to higher eukaryotes. From a similar approach combining classical and chemical genetics, fundamental principles of transcriptional regulation by CDKs are now emerging. In the present paper, we review the current knowledge of each transcriptional CDK with respect to its substrate specificity, function in transcription and effects on chromatin modifications, highlighting the important roles of CDKs in ensuring quantity and quality control over gene expression in eukaryotes. Abbreviations: AS, analogue-sensitive; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; CTD, C-terminal domain; CTR, C-terminal repeat; DSIF, DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole)-sensitivity-inducing factor; Fkh2, forkhead 2; NELF, negative elongation factor; PIC, pre-initiation complex; Pol II, RNA polymerase II; P-TEFb, positive transcription elongation factor b; TF, transcription factor; TS, temperature-sensitive; TSS, transcription start site
A technique for mounting and polishing melt inclusions in small (<1 mm) crystals

We have developed a method for mounting and polishing small crystals (<1 mm) to expose melt inclusions for analysis. Individual crystals are mounted in epoxy on one end of a 3.2 mm × 1.3 cm polycarbonate rod. The rod is inserted into a two-piece polishing tool with an adjusting screw to control the amount of sample exposed for grinding and polishing. Thus, individual crystals can be ground and polished so that features of interest (e.g., melt inclusions) are exposed on the polished surface.