cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random effects regression models for count data with excess zeros in caries research

We extend the family of Poisson and negative binomial models to derive the joint distribution of clustered count outcomes with extra zeros. Two random effects models are formulated. The first model assumes a shared random effects term between the conditional probability of perfect zeros and the conditional mean of the imperfect state. The second formulation relaxes the shared random effects assumption by relating the conditional probability of perfect zeros and the conditional mean of the imperfect state to two different but correlated random effects variables. Under the conditional independence and the missing data at random assumption, a direct optimization of the marginal likelihood and an EM algorithm are proposed to fit the proposed models. Our proposed models are fitted to dental caries counts of children under the age of six in the city of Detroit.
Effect of subunit interactions on enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases: A radiation inactivatlon study

Abstract The glutathione S -transferases are a family of dimeric enzymes. Three isozymes from the alpha family, termed Y a Y a , Y a Y c , and Y c Y c , and three from the mu family, termed Y b1 Y b1 , Y b1 Y b2 , and Y b2 Y b2 , were purified from rat liver. Binding studies were performed by equilibrium dialysis using a radiolabeled product, S -[ 14 C](dinitrophenyl)glutathione. Each isozyme contained two independent binding sites which had equal affinity for the ligand. The presence of two independent active sites per enzyme dimer suggests that each subunit contains a complete active site. This conclusion was examined further using radiation inactivation which also allowed for assessment of the importance of subunit interactions in catalytic activity. The activity target size of Y a Y a (47 kDa) was significantly larger than the protein monomer target size (31 kDa); similarly the activity target size of Y a Y c was that of the dimer (54 kDa). In contrast, the activity target sizes of Y b1 Y b1 and Y b2 Y b2 were the same, being 35 and 29 kDa, respectively, and the protein monomer target size of Y b1 Y b1 also was similar, being 32 kDa. These data indicate that interactions between subunits are critical for the maintenance of enzymatic activity of alpha class enzymes whereas each subunit of the two mu class proteins is capable of independent catalytic activity.
Synthesis bounds for distributed manipulation using logarithmic-radial potential fields

Distributed manipulation systems induce motions on objects through the application of forces at many points of contact. Current forms of distributed manipulation include multiple mobile robots, vibrating plates, actively controlled arrays of air jets, and planar micro and macro-mechanical arrays of actuators. The authors have presented a new form of distributed manipulation using passive air flow fields, which has been experimentally demonstrated and a computational method to locate equilibria. This paper presents a methodology for guaranteeing the existence of the equilibria and its synthetic usage for efficient manipulation of objects using passive air flow fields.
Injectables and Fillers

Facial aging involves volumetric change, alteration of tissue quality, and the effects of long-standing facial muscular animation [1]. These factors lead to soft tissue ptosis and static and dynamic rhytids [1]. The traditional concept of beauty involves the “triangle of beauty” with high cheekbones and a defined jaw whereas the “reverse triangle” or pyramid with flattened cheeks, drooping eyes, and jowling is considered unattractive [2]. Facial rhytids can be classified as dynamic or static. Dynamic rhytids occur with muscle action and are best treated by specifically targeting facial muscles with botulinum toxin [2]. Facial expression not only contributes to the development of facial lines but also influences atrophy of soft tissue and malposition [3]. More facially animated individuals typically demonstrate increased lines and furrows relative to their less-animated counterparts [3]. Static rhytids result from the natural aging process with collagen loss and photodamage [4]. They are visible at rest and are addressed with volume replacement or combination therapy. Sun exposure and smoking additionally contribute to facial aging [3]. The trend in facial rejuvenation has increasingly emphasized the three-dimensional aspects of facial aging [5]. The three critical components of facial augmentation involve control of movement, improvement of contour, and restoration of volume [5]. The volume loss in the aging face involves atrophy of subcutaneous fat, which is variable between race and gender [5]. Bone loss plays a minor role as well [5]. Characteristics of the aesthetic ideal differ between men and women and need to be considered when developing a treatment plan [5].
Equivalent Modons in Simple Shear

Abstract We use a perturbation technique to construct modon solutions that are valid in the presence of weak, linear north-south shear to help assess the application of modons to atmospheric blocking. The model equation is equivalent barotropic and describes the quasi-geostrophic motion in the thin upper layer of a two-layer system in which the lower layer is deep and has no motion other than the imposed shear flow. This model is shown to be a geophysically relevant limit of the more complicated model adopted by McWilliams, who uses a truncated modal projection to establish the connection between the quasi-geostrophic equations and the atmosphere. The new solutions are found to be stable and robust in numerical calculations, but we do not explore the full parametric range of interest.
Bilateral missing lower permanent incisors: a case report.

Aim This case report describes the treatment of a patient of African descent with bilateral congenitally missing mandibular incisors and a 10 mm overjet. Methods The article discusses the incidence of tooth agenesis and the different approaches to treating patients with bilateral congenitally missing lower incisors. The current treatment involved lower canine substitution for the lower lateral incisors and upper premolar extractions because of malformation. Temporary micro-implants were placed to augment anchorage and to resolve the excessive overjet by the retraction of the upper anterior teeth while preserving a Class I molar relationship. Results The Bolton disharmony created by the incisor agenesis and the extraction pattern proved to be a challenge and although an acceptable result was achieved, it was expectedly less than ideal.
Methodology Meets Technology: Survey Response Rates Using Mail, Email and Fax

The use of email and fax communications has increased dramatically over the last decade. They are now commonplace methods of information exchange. Most research involving questionnaires has used po...
Voice, Context, and Narrative in Aging Research

A central question of social research is how experience is given voice in everyday life. Conventional methodologies provide technical answers: Issues of contextuality and the socially constructive and narrative features of method are not so much analytic and critical concerns as they are construed as procedural problems. This paper considers the question in aging research. Two sides of an analytic tension are addressed as they bear on method, one centred on voice and narrative and the other on the contextuality of experience. Observational and narrative material from qualitative studies of adults and elderly people is used to argue that a focus on ordinary, narrative practice usefully sustains the tension to provide the basis for a critical empiricism.
Observations on the Decomposition of Hemin by Fatty Acid Hydroperoxides.

DiscussionThe destruction of hemin by hydrogen peroxide has been demonstrated and some of its decomposition products have been identified (8). The decomposition of hemin and hemoglobin in the presence of unsaturated lipids usually has been investigated under conditions in which the porphyrin compound has served as a catalyst for the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in an aqueous emulsion (3,9,10). Studies also have been conducted using mixtures of crude peroxides in an aqueous medium. Tappel (10) found that in a colloidal system 300 moles of hydroperoxides were needed to destroy one moIe of hematin at 40°C. Dubouloz (11), using a different set of conditions, obtained a ratio of 50. In the homogenous system used in the present study, the destruction of 1 mole of hemin required only 4 moles of pure hydroperoxide.The destruction of hematin catalysts which occurs during the oxidation of linoleate or during decomposition of linoleate peroxide has been attributed to random reactions between the hematin ...
Unraveling the Complexities of Decision Making in Face-to-Face Groups: A Contextual Analysis of Plea-Bargained Sentences

This article uses a variety of multilevel data collectedfrom a nine-county study offelony courts to examine the joint effects of contextual and individual level (sociopolitical characteristics of decision workers) upon decisions made in face-to-face groups. The research finds that although the sociopolitical characteristics of decision makers (attitudes toward punishment, Machiavellianism, and operating styles) made a difference in the outcome of interactions, their role could not be accessed independent of the contextual factors surrounding the interactions. Some of the most important contextualfactors were the kind of criminal case being handled, prosecutor office policies restricting discretion, and the configuration of attributes in the group handling the case. Although the data are wholly derived from the criminal court setting, the implications of the findings for studying decision making in other face-to-face groups are developed. How are political decisions reached in face-to
Distorted Tetrahedra in Strontium Copper Åkermanite.

New analogs of akermanite: Sr2CuSi2O7 and Sr2CdSi2O7 as well as many previously synthesized analogs were obtained by a simple technique consisting of heating in air of precipitated gels of the right composition. X-ray data revealed an anomaly of the Cu2+ and (to a lesser extent) Fe2+ akermanites which is explained by a simple geometric argument in terms of a small (~3°) angular distortion of the oxygen tetrahedron surrounding the smaller divalent cation. This interpretation is consistent with previous theoretical discussions and Mossbauer data on the iron analog prepared for this study. Single crystals of cobalt akermanites can be grown from a sodium tungstate flux.
Intraoperative OCT for soft tissue sarcoma margin identification

Sarcomas are rare but highly aggressive tumors, and recurrence after surgical excision remains high. Tumor margin delineation in feline and canine patients was achieved with intraoperative OCT to help accomplish and validate complete resection.
Analysis on Science and Technology Human Resource of Non-profit Research Institutions in Fujian

Science and technology human resource is the main body for scientific and technological innovation of non-profit research institutions in Fujian,with its scale,structure,distribution and flow all affecting the development of institution and the development level of science and technology in Fujian.This paper summarized the development situation of 39 non-profit research institutions in Fujian.And the distribution characteristics of science and technology human resource were analyzed from subject distribution,record of formal schooling and title distribution.Last,the flow situation of scientific and technological personnel was briefly analyzed.
The role of constrained self-organization in genome structural evolution.

A hypothesis of genome structural evolution is explored. Rapid and cohesive alterations in genome organization are viewed as resulting from the dynamic and constrained interactions of chromosomal subsystem components. A combination of macromolecular boundary conditions and DNA element involvement in far-from-equilibrium reactions is proposed to increase the complexity of genomic subsystems via the channelling of genome turnover; interactions between subsystems create higher-order subsystems expanding the phase space for further genetic evolution. The operation of generic constraints on structuration in genome evolution is suggested by i) universal, homoplasic features of chromosome organization and ii) the metastable nature of genome structures where lower-level flux is constrained by higher-order structures. Phenomena such as ‘genomic shock’, bursts of transposable element activity, concerted evolution, etc., are hypothesized to result from constrained systemic responses to endogenous/exogenous, micro/macro perturbations. The constraints operating on genome turnover are expected to increase with chromosomal structural complexity, the number of interacting subsystems, and the degree to which interactions between genomic components are tightly ordered.
Training currently practicing members of the ethics consultation service: One institution's experience

Most hospitals and nursing homes have individuals who engage in ethics consultation, and most do so with very little, if any, training. The goal of this article is not to advance the scholarly literature on training clinical ethics consultants, but instead to provide a road map for individuals doing ethics consultation who would like more training. In this way, I hope to advance the field in some small way, by educating, empowering, and encouraging small- to medium-sized hospitals to train the members of their ethics committee who engage in ethics consultation.
Conclusion: Contention and Deepening North America

As many a schoolchild will attest, it is relatively straightforward to locate ‘Europe’ on a map. It is also, arguably, a manageable and consensual matter among policymakers, publics, and scholars to agree on a more abstract ‘map’ of the European integration project. Its geographic borders coincide with the borders of its member states; its jurisdictional borders are formed by the interplay of national and supranational institutions and legal regimes; its economic borders are constituted by common tariffs and by the core of participants in a single shared currency; and, most of all, its conceptual borders, while actively debated within and outside the zone itself, are secure: there is a ‘there’ there.
Analysis of guard-band-aware spectrum bonding and aggregation in multi-channel access cognitive radio networks

Adjacent channel interference (ACI) is often not considered when spectrum sharing schemes are designed for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In practice, it is necessary to avoid interference by deploying guard bands between two distinct receptions. However, using guard bands typically reduces spectrum efficiency. In this work, we study the impact of guard bands on spectrum efficiency under different spectrum sharing schemes. Specifically, we model cognitive radio network as a continuous-time Markov process. We derive blocking probability, forced termination probability, spectrum efficiency and average number of guard bands using our Markov model. Using these metrics, we then study and analyze the impact of using guard bands on the performance of cognitive radio networks. We show that taking guard bands into consideration is critical as disregarding this realistic issue results in inaccurate conclusions and outcomes.
The Impact of Moral Intensity and Ethical Tone Consistency on Policy Compliance

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of moral intensity and inconsistent ethical tone on Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy compliance. Organizations use BYOD policies to address the heightened risks of data and privacy breaches that arise when employees use their personal devices to access or store company data. These policies are a key part of an organization's system of internal controls that protect organizational assets by prescribing appropriate behavior for individuals who have access to them. We conducted an online experiment to evaluate (1) how the moral intensity of a policy compliance decision influences policy compliance behavior, (2) the efficacy of an intervention designed to increase moral intensity and thus foster compliance, and (3) how an inconsistent ethical tone affects both the perceived ethicality of a policy compliance decision and individuals' intentions to comply with the policy. We find that moral intensity is positively related to policy compliance, and that a simple interve...
The Effect of Retinal Melanin on Optical Coherence Tomography Images.

Purpose We assessed the effect of melanin on the appearance of hyperreflective outer retinal bands in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Methods A total of 23 normal subjects and 51 patients with albinism were imaged using the Bioptigen high-resolution spectral-domain OCT. In addition, three wild type, three albino (slc45a2b4/b4 ), and eight tyrosinase mosaic zebrafish were imaged with the hand-held Bioptigen Envisu R2200 OCT. To identify pigmented versus nonpigmented regions in the tyrosinase mosaic zebrafish, en face summed volume projections of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were created from volume scans. Longitudinal reflectivity profiles were generated from B-scans to assess the width and maximum intensity of the RPE band in fish, or the presence of one or two RPE/Bruch's membrane (BrM) bands in humans. Results The foveal RPE/BrM appeared as two bands in 71% of locations in patients with albinism and 45% of locations in normal subjects (P = 0.0003). Pigmented zebrafish retinas had significantly greater RPE reflectance, and pigmented regions of mosaic zebrafish also had significantly broader RPE bands than all other groups. Conclusions The hyperreflective outer retinal bands in OCT images are highly variable in appearance. We showed that melanin is a major contributor to the intensity and width of the RPE band on OCT. One should use caution in extrapolating findings from OCT images of one or even a few individuals to define the absolute anatomic correlates of the hyperreflective outer retinal bands in OCT images. Translational relevance Melanin affects the appearance of the outer retinal bands in OCT images. Use of animal models may help dissect the anatomic correlates of the complex reflective signals in OCT retinal images.
Thrombin Generation Assay: Are We Ready for Prime Time?

The prothrombin time (PT)3 and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) are useful assays for evaluation of coagulation factor levels and for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with warfarin and heparin, but they are of less value for predicting risk of thrombosis or bleeding in patients with acquired hemostatic defects. As new anticoagulant drugs become available and pathophysiologic mechanisms of abnormal hemostasis are unveiled, it is clear that new laboratory tests are needed to support drug monitoring, establish diagnosis, and develop therapeutic strategies. Over the past several years, a number of existing tests have been improved to offer additional information not available from PT/PTT, which include thromboelastography to evaluate fibrinolysis and target antifibrinolysis, thrombin generation assays (TGAs) for predicting bleeding and thrombotic risk, and anti-Xa and direct thrombin inhibitor assays to monitor direct oral anticoagulants. First-generation TGAs were performed in whole blood and plasma, but these were cumbersome and …
Cold sintering: Current status and prospects

This manuscript describes, defines, and discusses the process of cold sintering, which can consolidate a broad set of inorganic powders between room temperature and 300 °C using a standard uniaxial press and die. This temperature range is well below that needed for appreciable bulk diffusion, indicating immediately the distinction from the well-known and thermally driven analogue, allowing for an unconventional method for densifying these inorganic powders. Sections of this report highlight the general background and history of cold sintering, the current set of known compositions that exhibit compatibility with this process, the basic experimental techniques, the current understanding of physical mechanisms necessary for densification, and finally opportunities and challenges to expand the method more generically to other systems. The newness of this approach and the potential for revolutionary impact on traditional methods of powder-based processing warrants this discussion despite a nascent understanding of the operative mechanisms.
Electrons, phonons, and unconventional applications of 2D materials

This invited talk will present recent highlights from our research on two-dimensional (2D) materials including graphene, boron nitride (h-BN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The results span from fundamental measurements and simulations, to device- and several unusual system-oriented applications which take advantage of unique 2D material properties. Basic electrical, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of 2D materials will also be discussed.
A Colony in a Nation

The mounting number of deaths of unarmed black men and women at the hands of police has made a tense debate about race and policing in the United States unavoidable. With some notable exceptions, a...
[11C]Para-Aminobenzoic Acid: A Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Targeting Bacteria-Specific Metabolism.

Imaging studies are frequently used to support the clinical diagnosis of infection. These techniques include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for structural information and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) for metabolic data. However, frequently, there is significant overlap in the imaging appearance of infectious and noninfectious entities using these tools. To address this concern, recent approaches have targeted bacteria-specific metabolic pathways. For example, radiolabeled sugars derived from sorbitol and maltose have been investigated as PET radiotracers, since these are efficiently incorporated into bacteria but are poor substrates for mammalian cells. We have previously shown that para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is an excellent candidate for development as a bacteria-specific imaging tracer as it is rapidly accumulated by a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including metabolically quiescent bacteria and clinical st...
Affirming the Ban on Harsh Interrogation

Beginning in 2002, lawyers for the Bush Administration began producing the now infamous legal memoranda on the subject of interrogation. The memoranda advise interrogators that they can torture people without fear of prosecution in connection with the so-called global war on terror. Much has been and will be written about the expedient and erroneous legal analysis of the memos. One issue at risk of being overlooked, however, because the memos emphasize torture, is that the United States must respect limits far short of torture in the conduct of interrogations. The United States may not use any form of coercion against persons detained in an armed conflict, nor may it engage in cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment at any time. The great effort of the memo writers to restrict torture to the most extreme conduct imaginable obscures the fact that the United States has wider obligations. Avoiding torture is not enough. Interrogators must also respect the broader restrictions on coercive, cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The legal prohibition has, first, moral, but also pragmatic underpinnings. Apparently some in the Bush Administration have become persuaded that torture, coercion, cruelty and abuse can be effective methods of interrogation and that the need for information outweighs the illegality and immorality of using such means. The weight of the evidence is firmly against the conclusion, however, that forceful interrogation is as reliable as non-forceful methods. Using unlawful means has been counter-productive in effectively responding to terrorism. The evidence on information gathering supports international law's absolute prohibition on torture, cruelty, and coercion.
Improvements in cognition and associations with measures of aerobic fitness and muscular power following structured exercise.

Abstract Objectives Cognition, along with aerobic and muscular fitness, declines with age. Although research has shown that resistance and aerobic exercise may improve cognition, no consensus exists supporting the use of one approach over the other. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of steady-state, moderate-intensity treadmill training (TM) and high-velocity circuit resistance training (HVCRT) on cognition, and to examine its relationships to aerobic fitness and neuromuscular power. Methods Thirty older adults were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HVCRT, TM, or control. Exercise groups attended training 3 days/wk for 12 weeks, following a 2 week adaptation period. The NIH Cognitive Toolbox was used to assess specific components of cognition and provided an overall fluid composite score (FCS). The walking response and inhibition test (WRIT) was specifically used to assess executive function (EF) and provided an accuracy (ACC), reaction time (RT) and global score (GS). Aerobic power (AP) and maximal neuromuscular power (MP) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Relationships between variables using baseline and mean change scores were assessed. Results Significant increases were seen from baseline in ACC (MD = 14.0, SE = 4.3, p = .01, d = 1.49), GS (MD = 25.6, SE = 8.0, p = .01, d = 1.16), and AP (MD = 1.4, SE = 0.6, p = .046, d = 0.31) for HVCRT. RT showed a trend toward a significant decrease (MD = −0.03, SE = 0.016, p = .068, d = 0.32) for HVCRT. No significant within-group differences were detected for TM or CONT. Significant correlations were seen at baseline between AP and FCS, as well as other cognitive domains; but none were detected among change scores. Although no significant correlation was evident between MP and FCS or GS, there was a trend toward higher MP values being associated with higher FCS and GS scores. Conclusions Our results support the use of HVCRT over TM for improving cognition in older persons, although the precise mechanisms that underlie this association remain unclear.
Movie Genre Detection Using Topological Data Analysis

We show that by applying discourse features derived through topological data analysis (TDA), namely homological persistence, we can improve classification results on the task of movie genre detection, including identification of overlapping movie genres. On the IMDB dataset we improve prior art results, namely we increase the Jaccard score by 4.7% over a recent results by Hoang. We also significantly improve the F-score (by over 15%) and slightly improve the hit rate (by 0.5%, ibid.). We see our contribution as threefold: (a) for general audience of computational linguists, we want to increase their awareness about topology as a possible source of semantic features; (b) for researchers using machine learning for NLP tasks, we want to propose the use of topological features when the number of training examples is small; and (c) for those already aware of the existence of computational topology, we see this work as contributing to the discussion about the value of topology for NLP, in view of mixed results reported by others.
Controlling and quantifying the stability of amino acid-based cargo within polymeric delivery systems

In recent years, the rapid growth and availability of protein and peptide therapeutics has not only expanded the boundaries of modern science but has also revolutionized the practice of medicine today. The potential of such therapies, however, is greatly limited by the innate instabilities of proteins and peptides, which is further magnified during therapeutic formulation processing, transport, storage, and administration. In this paper, we will consider the unique stability challenges associated with protein/peptide polymeric delivery systems from an engineering approach oriented towards the quantification and modification of amino acid-based cargo stability. While a number of methods have been developed for the purposes of quantifying factors affecting protein and peptide stability, current measurement techniques remain largely limited in scope in regard to polymeric drug delivery systems. This paper will primarily describe the influence of water content, pH, and temperature on protein and peptide stability within polymer-based delivery systems. Moreover, we will review current instrumentation used to quantify factors affecting protein/peptide stability with respect to water content, pH, and temperature. Lastly, we will outline several recommendations to help guide future research efforts to develop methods more specific to quantifying protein/peptide stability within polymer-based delivery systems.
L2 solution of linear non-cutoff Boltzmann equation with boundary conditions

Abstract In this paper, we are concerned about the existence of solution to linear non-cutoff Boltzmann equation with boundary conditions. In [9] and [18] , the existence of the solutions to the kinetic equation and linear Boltzmann equation were obtained by characteristic line and iteration methods. However, their methods are not applicable in the context of non-cutoff linear operators. To overcome this difficulty, we cut off the non-cutoff linear operator L to L R , δ , the latter is compatible with the method in [9] . Via this process, we are able to use the sequence of solutions associated to L R , δ to approximate the solution associated to L, which is corresponding to the original equation, in turn, obtain the weak solutions of linear non-cutoff Boltzmann equation with specular and diffusion reflection boundary conditions.
UV–vis Photodissociation Action Spectroscopy Reveals Cytosine–Guanine Hydrogen Transfer in DNA Tetranucleotide Cation Radicals upon One-Electron Reduction

We report the generation and spectroscopic study of hydrogen-rich DNA tetranucleotide cation radicals (GATC+2H)+• and (AGTC+2H)+•. The radicals were generated in the gas phase by one-electron reduc...
Per-Location Simulation

Simulation/bisimulation is one of the most widely used frameworks for proving program equivalence/semantic preservation. In this paper, we propose a new per-location simulation (PLS) relation that is simple and suitable for proving that a compiled program semantically preserves its original program under a CFG-based language with a real-world, C/C++ like, weak memory model. To the best of our knowledge, PLS is the first simulation framework weaker than the CompCert [26]/CompCertTSO [47] one that is used for proving compiler correctness. With a combination of PLS, the compiler proof-framework Morpheus [34], and a language semantics with a weak memory model, we are able to prove that programs are semantically preserved through a transformation. All the definitions and proofs have been implemented in Isabelle/HOL.
Charm2000: A >10^8-charm experiment for the turn of the millennium

I discuss the physics reach of a fixed-target charm experiment which can reconstruct >10^8 charm decays, three orders of magnitude beyond the largest extant sample. Such an experiment may run at Fermilab shortly after the Year 2000. In addition to "programmatic" charm physics such as spectroscopy, lifetimes, and tests of QCD, this "Charm2000" experiment will have significant sensitivity to new physics in the areas of CP violation, flavor-changing neutral-current and lepton-number-violating decays, and mixing, and could observe direct CP violation in Cabibbo-suppressed decays at the level predicted by the Standard Model.
Constitutional Innovation and Imitation in the American States

The widespread adoption of written constitutions is one of the most notable developments in institutional design in politics over the past 250 years. The American states offer a rich place to study...
Collecting State Contents: Territory and Value in France c.1700–1850

Around 1700, the French administration had few tools for understanding its domain. Expenses from constant war incited the regime to develop new representational means of conveying knowledge about s...
Manufacturing worker perceptions of using wearable inertial sensors for multiple work shifts.

Abstract Wearable inertial sensors may be used to objectively quantify exposure to some physical risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. However, concerns regarding their potential negative effects on user safety and satisfaction remain. This study characterized the self-reported daily discomfort, distraction, and burden associated with wearing inertial sensors on the upper arms, trunk, and dominant wrist of 31 manufacturing workers collected over 15 full work shifts. Results indicated that the workers considered the devices as generally comfortable to wear, not distracting, and not burdensome to use. Exposure to non-neutral postures (discomfort, right arm, beta = 0.02; trunk, beta = −0.01), non-cyclic tasks (distraction, beta = -0.26), and higher body mass indices (discomfort, beta = 0.05; distraction, beta = 0.02) contributed to statistically significant (p
Cyber-Physical System Security of a Power Grid: State-of-the-Art

As part of the smart grid development, more and more technologies are developed and deployed on the power grid to enhance the system reliability. A primary purpose of the smart grid is to significantly increase the capability of computer-based remote control and automation. As a result, the level of connectivity has become much higher, and cyber security also becomes a potential threat to the cyber-physical systems (CPSs). In this paper, a survey of the state-of-the-art is conducted on the cyber security of the power grid concerning issues of: (1) the structure of CPSs in a smart grid; (2) cyber vulnerability assessment; (3) cyber protection systems; and (4) testbeds of a CPS. At Washington State University (WSU), the Smart City Testbed (SCT) has been developed to provide a platform to test, analyze and validate defense mechanisms against potential cyber intrusions. A test case is provided in this paper to demonstrate how a testbed helps the study of cyber security and the anomaly detection system (ADS) for substations.
Dual HER2-targeting without chemotherapy and estrogen deprivation in the neoadjuvant setting

Trastuzumab has had a major impact on outcomes in HER2-positive breast cancer, but innate or acquired resistance to it is recognized as a problem that can limit its effectiveness. Given its locus of action, the oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib would be expected to counteract many of the proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. It has demonstrated activity in trastuzumab-resistant patients, and neoadjuvant studies in HER2+ patients have demonstrated higher pathologic complete response (pCR) rates with the addition of lapatinib to trastuzumab and chemotherapy. TBCRC006 was a phase II neoadjuvant trial that studied the efficacy of the lapatinib and trastuzumab combination without concurrent chemotherapy, but with estrogen deprivation therapy in ER+ patients. In 65 patients with T2-3 HER2+ cancers, the overall pCR rate was 27%, including 36% in ER-tumors. A total 54% of ER+/HER2+ patients had either a pCR or were downstaged to T <1 cm. Correlative studies on tissue obtained prior to and during neoadjuvant therapy are underway. These results suggest that a significant fraction of HER2+ patients will respond to dual HER2-targeted therapy without cytotoxic chemotherapy, and that antihormonal therapy to block ER/HER2 ‘crosstalk’ may be necessary to achieve optimal responses in ER+/HER2+ patients.
Overexpression, purification, and characterization of recombinant T4 gene 32 protein22-301 (g32P-B).

Gene 32 protein (g32P), the replication accessory protein from bacteriophage T4, is a zinc metalloprotein which binds with high cooperativity to single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids. The basic N-terminal 21 amino acids (termed the "B" domain) is required for highly cooperative (omega approximately 500) binding of g32P monomers to ss nucleic acids. As part of our studies to systematically evaluate the structural features of the B domain important for cooperative binding, a homogeneous source of g32P which binds noncooperatively to nucleic acids (omega = 1) and is devoid of contamination by native g32P is needed. Herein, we describe large-scale overexpression and purification of recombinant g32P lacking the tryptic N-terminal B domain (residues 1-21), designated g32P-B, as well as its physiochemical and nucleic acid binding properties. G32P-B is readily purified from the soluble fraction of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with the plasmid pT7g32-B.wt which contains the g32P-B coding sequences under inducible transcriptional control of T7 RNA polymerase. Anion exchange, ssDNA-cellulose and phenyl-Sepharose chromatographies give rise to highly homogeneous g32P-B, free of contaminating nucleic acid. Recombinant g32P-B has the expected N-terminal primary structure and contains stoichiometric Zn(II). It also has the expected globular structure as shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy, hydrodynamic measurements, and the ability to selectively remove the carboxyl-terminal "A" domain to form the trypsin-resistant g32P-(A + B) DNA-binding core fragment. Quantitative ss nucleic acid binding experiments of g32P-B to poly(dT) (0.05 M NaCl, pH 8.1, 20 degrees C) show that all equilibrium binding isotherms can be fit with omega = 1 and Kobs = 5.2 (+/- 1.6) x 10(5) M-1, with a moderate electrostatic component to the binding free energy, delta log Kobs/delta log[NaCl] = -3.0 +/- 0.2. Under identical solution conditions, g32P-(A + B) derived from g32P-B binds to poly(dT) noncooperatively as expected, but with an approximately 80-fold higher apparent affinity, Kobs = 4.0 (+/- 2.0) x 10(7) M-1, and detectable enhanced salt sensitivity, delta log Kobs/delta log[NaCl] = -3.9 +/- 0.3. As the salt concentration is raised, the relative difference in Kobs between the g32P-(A + B) and g32P-B is gradually reduced such that extrapolation of the log-log plots to 1 M Na+ standard state gives similar Kobs within experimental error. Qualitatively similar observations are also found upon binding to the ribohomopolymer, poly(U).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Transport of the Four Isomers of 2-Aminonorbornane-2-carboxylic Acid in Selected Mammalian Systems and in Escherichia coli

Abstract We have investigated, with the use of the four isomers of 2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylic acid, the stereochemical specificity shown by several cell types for transporting amino acids with large, apolar side chains. The degree of specificity observed varied from low to high. The isomer of the model amino acid with carboxyl group exo and with configuration 1S was excreted by the rat more rapidly than its optical antipode, whereas the distribution of the two isomers in eight tissues of that animal was nearly the same. Although the kinetic constants for the uptake of the racemic, geometric isomers in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell were different, the latter two enantiomorphs seemed to be transported by the same route. The hamster small intestine took up the two geometric isomers at similar rates, whereas both rates and inhibitory profiles for the two carboxyl-exo isomers showed that they were not taken up extensively by the same system. These two isomers were, however, absorbed from the gut at similar rates in the intact hamster. Only the isomer with carboxyl group exo and with configuration 1R was transported by Escherichia coli K-12, the same isomer being by far the most strongly bound to a binding protein for amino acids isolated from that cell. This isomer of 2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylic acid inhibited at most only 75 to 80% of the uptake of either isoleucine or leucine, although the last two amino acids inhibited completely and homogeneously the uptake of the norbornyl amino acid. The nature of each of these inhibitory actions suggested that the synthetic amino acid can serve as a model substrate specific to a single route of entry serving for leucine and isoleucine, a conclusion supported by its failure to inhibit the component of uptake of leucine retained in the presence of isoleucine. Furthermore, the structural rigidity of the norbornyl amino acid permitted a partial description of a biochemical recognition site serving for transport into E. coli.
[Fe II] Bubbles in the Young Planetary Nebula Hubble 12

We have obtained narrowband images of the young planetary nebula Hubble 12 showing [Fe II] line emission in bipolar bubbles near the core. Bright [Fe II] emission is strong evidence for shocks, suggesting the presence of a high-velocity wind emanating from the central star. We compare our data to previously published images of Hubble 12—finding similar structures in hydrogen recombination and free-free emission—and we propose three possible interpretations of the data: that the bubbles indicate the inner shock of the fast wind, that the [Fe II] emission is evidence of the outer shock of an episodic wind, or that the emission is cooling line radiation from a photodissociation region. We argue that the first two interpretations are more likely, since the [Fe II] emission must be shock excited.
Nonperturbative Consistency of d=2 String Theory.

An infinite number of distinct [ital d]=1 matrix models reproduce the perturbation theory of [ital d]=2 string theory. Because of constraints of causality, however, we argue that none of the existing constructions gives a consistent nonperturbative definition of the [ital d]=2 string.
After-Sale Evaluations: Appraisals or Justifications

This article argues that most residential evaluations done for lenders are not appraisals; instead, they are justifications for the amount of the loan applied for by the purchaser. The appraiser, by knowing the contract price, is under conscious or unconscious pressure to estimate value at or above the already agreed-to price. The research tests two hypotheses. First, appraisers are as likely to estimate value above contract price as below it. Second, staff appraisers are as likely to estimate value above contract price as are independent appraisers.
Broken Symmetry and Nonequilibrium Superfluid 3He

These lecture notes provide an introduction to non-equilibrium superfluid 3He, with applications to high-frequency excitations, including aspects of symmetry breaking in 3He and its effects on collective mode dynamics. In 1957 Landau predicted that liquid 3He would support propagating shear waves at low temperatures, i.e. a transverse sound mode. Such waves have recently been observed at low temperatures in the superfluid B-phase of liquid 3He. These observations provide a beautiful example of the effect of spontaneous symmetry breaking in condensed matter. I discuss the theory of transverse wave propagation in 3He and the recent detection of these waves by magneto-acoustic rotation of the 3He polarization in a magnetic field.
Derivatives in Vector Spaces

Let E, F be normed vector spaces. Let λ: E → F be a linear map. The following two conditions on λ are equivalent: (1) λ is continuous. (2) Three exists C > 0 such that for all y e E we have $$\left| {\lambda \left( v \right)} \right|\underline{\underline < } C\left| v \right|.$$
Notes on the design of glow discharge voltage stabilizers for photomultiplier tube power supplies

Abstract A series of high stability neon glow discharge tubes (OG3/85A2) was used to stabilize 1685 volts for the dynode resistance divider of a photomultiplier tube to an accuracy of ±0.2%. The limit of stability and the ageing phenomena for the tube operating at reduced currents are discussed but not understood.
Stability of inversion in digital holographic particle imaging: theory and experimental validation

A stability metric is proposed for the inverse problem in digital holographic particle imaging on a probabilistic model. This metric is experimentally validated and is used to find the optimum particle density.
MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS

Neuromuscular scoliosis is classified as a neuropathic or myopathic type. Cerebral palsy is the most common form of neuropathic type, and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy best characterizes the principles and recommended treatment for the myopathic type. Nonoperative measures rarely fully control a progressive scoliosis. Careful preoperative planning and surgery can achieve a well-balanced spine over a level pelvis with a good functional result.
Some Observations On Tool Sharpness And Sub-Surface Damage In Single Point Diamond Turning

Simple techniques for an assessment of the depth and intensity of plastic work, or sub-surface damage, in single point diamond turned components are described. Based on microhardness measurement techniques, the approach outlined here gives good qualitative correlation with conventional metallographic approaches for sub-surface damage assessment. Some data indicating variation of sub-surface damage with changing process parameters is presented; the aim of the paper, however, is to outline possible test methods and stimulate discussion. Possible approaches to measurement of tool sharpness are also discussed, again with the aim of eliciting comments.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Smooth Nonparametric Estimate of a Mixing Distribution Using Mixtures of Gaussians

Abstract We propose a method of estimating mixing distributions using maximum likelihood over the class of arbitrary mixtures of Gaussians subject to the constraint that the component variances be greater than or equal to some minimum value h. This approach can lead to estimates of many shapes, with smoothness controlled by parameter h. We show that the resulting estimate will always be a finite mixture of Gaussians, each having variance h. The nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate can be viewed as a special case, with h = 0. The method can be extended to estimate multivariate mixing distributions. Examples and the results of a simulation study are presented.
Nitrate Reduction in Different Grass Species

Optimal extraction conditions, assay conditions, and levels of nit rate reductase activity (NRA) were determined for eight forage grass species adaptable to growing conditions in western North Dakota. Optimal pH for extraction of the enzyme nitrate reductase (NADH: nitrate oxidoreductase) for these species ranged from 7.0 to 9.5, whereas assay pH was 7.6 in all eight species. Substrate concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 mM for maximum NRA with higher concentrations (100 mM) significantly inhibiting NRA. The enzyme was NADH2 (0.1 to 0.2 mM for maximum activity) specific. Enhancement of maximum activity with the addition of cysteine during extraction was species dependent; six species required high cysteine concentrations between 5 mM and 10 mM and one species required only a 2.5 mM concentration. The degree of sulfhydryl protection offered by cysteine also varied. Comparisons were made between in vivo and in vitro assay methods. Ratios of in vitro to in vivo NRA ranged from 2.2. to 10.8. Use of bovine serum albumin as a protein stabilizer during extraction increased the measurable NRA in some species. Applications of nitrate reductase assay techniques to field work will be discussed.