cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the reactivity of gold: Nanostructured Au(111) adsorbs CO

Abstract Low-coordinated sites are surface defects whose presence can transform a surface of inert or noble metal such as Au into an active catalyst. Starting with a well-ordered Au(111) surface we prepared by ion sputtering gold surfaces modified by pits, used microscopy (STM) for their structural characterization and CO spectroscopy (IRAS and NEXAFS) for probing reactivity of surface defects. In contrast to the Au(111) surface CO adsorbs readily on the pitted surfaces bonding to low-coordinated sites identified as step atoms forming {111} and {100} microfacets. Pitted nanostructured surfaces can serve as interesting and easily prepared models of catalytic surfaces with defined defects that offer an attractive alternative to vicinal surfaces or nanoparticles commonly employed in catalysis science.
Pancreatic Cancer Metabolism: Breaking It Down to Build It Back Up

How do cancer cells escape tightly controlled regulatory circuits that link their proliferation to extracellular nutrient cues? An emerging theme in cancer biology is the hijacking of normal stress response mechanisms to enable growth even when nutrients are limiting. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the quintessential aggressive malignancy that thrives in nutrient-poor, hypoxic environments. PDAs overcome these limitations through appropriation of unorthodox strategies for fuel source acquisition and utilization. In addition, the interplay between evolving PDA and whole-body metabolism contributes to disease pathogenesis. Deciphering how these pathways function and integrate with one another can reveal novel angles of therapeutic attack. Significance: Alterations in tumor cell and systemic metabolism are central to the biology of pancreatic cancer. Further investigation of these processes will provide important insights into how these tumors develop and grow, and suggest new approaches for its detection, prevention, and treatment. Cancer Discov; 5(12); 1247–61. ©2015 AACR .
Radiation Sensitizers: A Selective Review of Molecules Targeting DNA and non-DNA Targets

The ideal radiation sensitizer would reach the tumor in adequate concentrations and act selectively in the tumor compared with normal tissue. It would have predictable pharmacokinetics for timing with radiation treatment and could be administered with every radiation treatment. The ideal radiation sensitizer would have minimal toxicity itself and minimal or manageable enhancement of radiation toxicity. The ideal radiation sensitizer does not exist today. This review outlines the concept of combining 2 modalities of cancer treatment, radiation and drug therapy, to provide enhanced tumor cell kill in the treatment of human malignancies and discusses molecules that target DNA and non-DNA targets. Combining drugs that have unique mechanisms of action and absence of overlapping toxicities with systemically administered radiotherapy should be exploited in future clinical trials. This is an exciting time in clinical oncology research, because we have a plethora of new molecules to evaluate.
Ion-Induced Instability of Diocotron Modes in Electron Plasmas Modelling Curvature-Driven Flute Modes

We study ion-induced instability of flute-like (k z ≈ 0) diocotron modes in pure electron plasmas confined in a cylindrical Penning-Malmberg trap. In the absence of positive ion contamination, the low m θ diocotron modes are either neutrally stable (for m θ = 1) or weakly damped (for m θ = 2,3...) by Landau resonance on electrons corotating with the diocotron waves. By adding a small fraction (<1%) of positive ions into a double-well confinement configuration, we observe exponential instability of low m θ diocotron modes. The growth rates γ m are directly proportional to the overall ion fraction, N i /N e , and proportional to an effective charge separation of electrons and ions in the periodic wave perturbation.
Wavefronts and rays

The preceding chapter dealt with radiation fields in their direct relation to the sources. It was found that the field represents a flow of energy outward from the region of the sources; also it was demonstrated separately that the energy flow in a time-varying field is a wave phenomenon. We now turn our attention to the study of wave propagation and the associated energy flow, without direct reference to the sources. Several simple waveforms have already been discussed: plane, cylindrical, and spherical waves. In each case the wave was described by a family of equiphase surfaces or wavefronts, and the propagation of the wave was visualized as a progression of each wavefront into a contiguous one; furthermore, the energy flow at every point was in a direction normal to the wavefront. The main subject of this chapter is the extension of these ideas to general waveforms.
Independent Bars in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

The legal systems of almost all democracies have independent Bars. The legal systems of the International Criminal Court (ICC), other international criminal courts and tribunals and non-criminal international adjudicatory bodies generally do not.The ICC and other international criminal courts and tribunals need Bars for the same reasons that they are needed in national tribunals -- protection of the independence of legal representatives of clients and promotion of ethical and competent legal practice. Additionally, they are needed in international criminal adjudicative bodies to help address the "democratic deficit" in the law-making and rule-making processes of these organizations. The can help insure that there is some voice for the specific interests of individual rights (both substantive and procedural). In these international bodies, as in Civil Law systems, the Prosecutors are a separate group from Counsel, who only represent the Defence and Victims.Finally, this paper presents a method, consistent with the Rome Statute of the ICC, for creating a Bar within the ICC's legal structure.
Potency of a human monoclonal antibody to diphtheria toxin relative to equine diphtheria anti-toxin in a guinea pig intoxication model

ABSTRACTPrompt administration of anti-toxin reduces mortality following Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. Current treatment relies upon equine diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT), with a 10% risk of serum sickness and rarely anaphylaxis. The global DAT supply is extremely limited; most manufacturers have ceased production. S315 is a neutralizing human IgG1 monoclonal antibody to diphtheria toxin that may provide a safe and effective alternative to equine DAT and address critical supply issues. To guide dose selection for IND-enabling pharmacology and toxicology studies, we dose-ranged S315 and DAT in a guinea pig model of diphtheria intoxication based on the NIH Minimum Requirements potency assay. Animals received a single injection of antibody premixed with toxin, were monitored for 30 days, and assigned a numeric score for clinical signs of disease. Animals receiving ≥ 27.5 µg of S315 or ≥ 1.75 IU of DAT survived whereas animals receiving ≤ 22.5 µg of S315 or ≤ 1.25 IU of DAT died, yielding a potency estim...
Cell Surface Mechanochemistry and the Determinants of Bleb Formation, Healing, and Travel Velocity

Blebs are pressure-driven cell protrusions implicated in cellular functions such as cell division, apoptosis, and cell motility, including motility of protease-inhibited cancer cells. Because of their mechanical nature, blebs inform us about general cell-surface mechanics, including membrane dynamics, pressure propagation throughout the cytoplasm, and the architecture and dynamics of the actin cortex. Mathematical models including detailed fluid dynamics have previously been used to understand bleb expansion. Here, we develop mathematical models in two and three dimensions on longer timescales that recapitulate the full bleb life cycle, including both expansion and healing by cortex reformation, in terms of experimentally accessible biophysical parameters such as myosin contractility, osmotic pressure, and turnover of actin and ezrin. The model provides conditions under which blebbing occurs, and naturally gives rise to traveling blebs. The model predicts conditions under which blebs travel or remain stationary, as well as the bleb traveling velocity, a quantity that has remained elusive in previous models. As previous studies have used blebs as reporters of membrane tension and pressure dynamics within the cell, we have used our system to investigate various pressure equilibration models and dynamic, nonuniform membrane tension to account for the shape of a traveling bleb. We also find that traveling blebs tend to expand in all directions unless otherwise constrained. One possible constraint could be provided by spatial heterogeneity in, for example, adhesion density.
Analysis of monitoring result of Iodized salt in Bincheng district of Binzhou city in 2011

Objective:To know the household consumption of iodized salt in Bincheng District,find problems and adopt relevant,scientific and intervenient measures timely.Methods: According to The National Iodized Salt Monitoring Plan,the salt samples were selected from 288 residents of 9 towns/streets randomly.The content of iodine was determined by direct titration of GB/T 13025.7-1999.Results:In 2011,the coverage of iodized salt in residents is 87.85%;the qualified rate of iodized salt: 87.75%;the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt: 77.08%.Conclusion: We should remain committed to the synthesized control strategy in which iodized salt is the main preventive measure,consolidating the achievements we have made.We should not be loosening on eliminating iodine deficiency disease.
Cardiac rehabilitation is associated with lasting improvements in cognitive function in older adults with heart failure

Objective Heart failure (HF) is a known risk factor for cognitive impairment. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may attenuate poor neurocognitive outcomes in HF via improved physical fitness—a significant promoter of cognitive function. However, no study has examined the possible acute and lasting benefits of CR on cognitive function in persons with HF.Methods and results Fifty-two patients with HF completed a 12-week Phase II CR program. All participants were administered neuropsychological testing and completed a brief physical fitness assessment at baseline, completion of CR (i.e. 12 weeks), and 12-month follow-up. Repeated measures analyses showed a significant time effect for both attention/executive function and memory (P 0.05). Attention/executive function performance increased from baseline to 12 weeks and these gains remained up to 12 months; memory was unchanged from baseline to 12 weeks, but then improved between the 12-week and 12-month time points. Physical fitness improved from baseline to 12 week...
Comment on “Advective transport in heterogeneous aquifers: Are proxy models predictive?” by A. Fiori, A. Zarlenga, H. Gotovac, I. Jankovic, E. Volpi, V. Cvetkovic, and G. Dagan

Fiori et al. [2015] examine the predictive capabilities of (among others) two “proxy” non-Fickian transport models, MRMT (Multi-RateMassTransfer) and CTRW (Continuous-Time Random Walk). In particular, they compare proxy model predictions of mean breakthrough curves (BTCs) at a sequence of control planes with near-ergodic BTCs generated through two- and three-dimensional simulations of nonreactive, mean-uniform advective transport in single realizations of stationary, randomly heterogeneous porous media. The authors find fitted proxy model parameters to be nonunique and devoid of clear physical meaning. This notwithstanding, they conclude optimistically that “i. Fitting the proxy models to match the BTC at [one control plane] automatically ensures prediction at downstream control planes [and thus] ii. … the measured BTC can be used directly for prediction, with no need to use models underlain by fitting.” I show that (a) the authors' findings follow directly from (and thus confirm) theoretical considerations discussed earlier by Neuman and Tartakovsky [2009], which (b) additionally demonstrate that proxy models will lack similar predictive capabilities under more realistic, non-Markovian flow and transport conditions that prevail under flow through nonstationary (e.g. multiscale) media in the presence of boundaries and/or nonuniformly distributed sources, and/or when flow/transport are conditioned on measurements. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Material grain growth consensus control: A multi-zone heating approach applied on a Monte-Carlo model

This paper considers the control of the grain growth in a copper thin film using a multi-zone micro heater array. The overall system is a multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) control system: currents of 10 micro heaters as input and local microstructure (mean grain sizes) as output. We develop a biased Monte-Carlo (MC) model to simulate complete microstructure evolution in response to the temperature field controlled by the heater input. An FEM temperature model is approximated by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and coupled with the MC model to predict grain growth under controlled temperature field. Focusing on the metrics of mean grain size, a multi-region empirical model is generalized for efficient control analysis and tuning. We first apply consensus-based output feedback to track a desired grain size trajectory. Stability is verified by passivity theorem using the loop transformation. As an alternate approach, we have also applied Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based Model Predictive Control (MPC) to take constraints and the full state into account. Simulations are conducted on the empirical model for controller tuning. Both methods achieve consensus and follow the reference trajectory well. MPC is able to reach consensus faster, but relies on model accuracy. Consensus-based output feedback may not realize optimal performance, but is more robust with respect to the variability of material properties and experimental parameters. The consensus controller is then applied to the MC model to with desirable performance demonstrated as well.
Pre-adolescent Receptivity to Tobacco Marketing and Its Relationship to Acquiring Friends Who Smoke and Cigarette Smoking Initiation

This study extends research on receptivity to tobacco marketing over a key developmental period for cigarette smoking experimentation. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of receptivity to tobacco marketing and exposure to friends who smoke on smoking experimentation. Participants were 10 to 13 years old who had never tried cigarettes (n = 878), interviewed six times at 8-month intervals. At baseline, 25% percent of the 10 and 11 years old in the sample of never smokers were receptive to tobacco marketing, while less than 5% had friends who smoked. Having a friend who smoked at study baseline and acquiring such friends for the first time during the study were the strongest predictors of smoking experimentation. Initial receptivity to tobacco marketing increased the risk of smoking experimentation independently of having friends who smoke at baseline or acquiring friends who smoke throughout the study period. The high level of receptivity observed even among 10 and 11 years old and its robust relationship with cigarette smoking experimentation independent of the significant risk associated with having friends who smoke suggests that successful prevention of receptivity may require intervention at an early age.
Youth's Adjustment to Cancer: Examination of Patterns of Adjustment and the Role of Peer Relations.

Objective Examine unique forms of peer relations (i.e., peer group vs. friendships) in relation to patterns of youth's resilience and challenge-related growth in the context of cancer. Methods In all, 279 youth (cancer, n = 156; control, n = 123) completed measures of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic growth (PTG), and perceived positive changes. Youth also reported on their peer relations. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to examine patterns of youth's adjustment. Peer relations were examined as predictors of youth's adjustment. Results LPA revealed three profiles (42.1% resilient high growth, 21.4% resilient low growth, and 36.5% mild distress with growth). Youth's peer relations, demographic factors, and disease-related factors predicted assignment to profiles. Differences in adjustment emerged depending on youth's connection with their peers versus their friends. Summary Peer relations serve an important role in youth's adjustment to stressful life events. Assessment of peer and friend support may provide a more nuanced understanding of adjustment processes.
Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Methylenedianilines via Enzyme-Catalyzed Remote Halogenation

Extensive effort has been devoted to engineering flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) with improved stability, expanded substrate scope, and altered regioselectivity. Here, we show that variants of rebeccamycin halogenase (RebH) catalyze enantioselective desymmetrization of methylenedianilines via halogenation of these substrates distal to their pro-stereogenic center. Structure-guided engineering was used to increase the conversion and selectivity of these reactions, and the synthetic utility of the halogenated products was shown via conversion of to a chiral α-substituted indole. These results constitute the first reported examples of asymmetric catalysis by FDHs.
Hungry; or, Human?

Manisha Basu introduces the The Aesthetics and Politics of Global Hunger with the established claim that under the auspices of the kind of modernity espoused by imperial Britain of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, to have a population that was hungry was to admit to a state that could not protect its citizens. She contributes to this line of argument by showing that not only could states located outside such modernity not protect their citizens from hunger, they could not in fact form them as human. Hunger then became tied to those lands and peoples ostensibly still awaiting their humanization. Consequently, who or what constitutes a human came to be understood in relation to how hunger was distributed among asymmetrically related national populations.
Theories and Conceptions of Giftedness

This chapter discusses theories and conceptions of giftedness. First, it presents some of the history of these theories and conceptions—from domain-general to domain-specific to systems to developmental models. Then it reviews programs based on various conceptions of giftedness, including the theory of successful intelligence, the third-ring conception, Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY), and German models. Then it discusses the future of the field and finally it draws conclusions.
Treating Stomach Disorders

Like the simple cell membrane of the protozoan, the gastrointestinal system is responsible for extracting all of our nutritional needs from the environment. Given the wide variety of substances we ingest, this is a remarkable accomplishment. It is the result of a highly integrated system with regulatory mechanisms distributed at every level of the organism. At times the gastrointestinal system becomes disregulated, leading to various gastrointestinal and behavioral disturbances. These disorders are among the most common of all afflictions; half of our population suffers from acute gastrointestinal illnesses every year. More than 10% have chronic diseases of the digestive tract, and these diseases are a major cause of absenteeism from work (Hill & Kern, 1977).
Case report: inadvertent carotid artery injury during myringotomy as a result of carotid artery dehiscence.

We report the case of a 3-year-old girl whose internal carotid artery was pierced during a myringotomy. Postoperative computed tomography demonstrated that the complication was caused by a dehiscen...
Cluster Ion Association Reactions: Thermochemistry and Relationship to Kinetics

Interest in the formation and properties of cluster ions has dramatically increased during the last decade. From a fundamental point of view, this is due in large measure to recognition of the value of work on them in bridging the gap between the gas and condensed phase. Another important aspect is that data on the bonding of molecules to ions serves to provide a direct measure of the depth of the potential well of interaction between the ion and the collection of neutral molecules. Work on clusters is also beginning to shed light on nucleation phenomena, the formation of surfaces, and in some cases insight into the physical basis for catalysis. Finally, cluster ion research is useful in unraveling certain problems pertaining to such areas as reaction rate theory and energy transfer.
Automatic Exposure Control in Multidetector-row CT

Automatic exposure control (AEC) is one of the most important aspects of radiation dose and image quality optimization for CT scanning. It is important to use this technique appropriately in order to obtain CT examinations with required image quality and/or radiation dose levels as improper use can lead to much lower or much higher radiation doses to patients undergoing CT examinations. There is similarity in basic principle behind different AEC techniques across different CT vendors but there are considerable differences between how the techniques are applied on platforms of different CT vendors. This chapter discusses various techniques of AEC available for use on clinical CT equipments.
Forced separations: A qualitative examination of how Latino/a adolescents cope with parental deportation

Abstract Shifts in U.S. immigration policy over the past two decades have resulted in increased deportations of unauthorized persons residing in the United States. As a result, a disproportionate number of Latinx families have been subjected to forced family separations. While previous studies have focused on the effects of parental deportation on young children, this study uniquely contributes to the literature by exploring how adolescents experience and cope with a forced family separation. Drawing upon ambiguous loss theory, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Latinx youth (n = 8) and their mothers (n = 8) who experienced a forced family separation, and school-based staff (n = 11). The analysis revealed four main findings: 1) Following the deportation of a parent, youth experienced symptoms of trauma; 2) fear of additional family separation; 3) behavioral changes; and 4) academic disruptions. Implications include developing culturally-based, trauma-informed, and contextually situated assessments and interventions for youth and families affected by deportation.
Issues Taxing Cryptocurrency and the Policy Behind a Safe Harbor for Exchanges and Users

The U.S. federal tax framework for virtual currency remains ambiguous. In the face of emerging technology, the IRS has taken a cautious approach using a “best guess” tax treatment until the technology is sufficiently mature. In particular, for this rapidly evolving ecosystem, a careful regulatory approach is prudent. Regulations that are hastily written have the chance of stifling innovation or force companies to seek jurisdiction elsewhere. However, legal ambiguity and uncertainty in this wait and see approach may have a negative impact on startup investment and impact individuals honestly using the technology. This paper looks at IRS statements and previous actions in the space while highlighting current gaps that must be filled. Until the IRS can give more complete tax guidance, Congress should provide safe harbor legislation so users and businesses are not unnecessarily penalized for attempts to comply with their tax liabilities.
What’s in Your Body of Water? Reducing the Psychological Distance of Pharmaceutical Pollution through Metaphoric Framing in Risk Communication (A Pilot Study)

Abstract Aquatic pharmaceutical pollution poses ecotoxicological risks to the environment and human health. Consumer behaviors represent a significant source of pharmaceutical compounds found in water. Thus, understanding public perceptions of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution and developing effective risk communication techniques are critical to engaging society in the type of widespread change necessary for addressing the presence of pharmaceuticals in water. This mixed-methods pilot study applies conceptual metaphor theory in conjunction with construal level theory of psychological distance to assess the relationship of metaphoric framing to perceptions of aquatic pharmaceutical contamination across four principal dimensions of psychological distance (geographic, social, and temporal distance, and uncertainty). Additionally, this study assesses the direct impact of metaphor use on concern and willingness to act, which are positively associated with perceived psychological distance. Data were collected from a convenience sample (n = 20) of university students in Burlington, Vermont using cognitive interviewing. Results indicate that participants initially perceived pharmaceutical pollution as socially and geographically distant, temporally both distant and proximal, and agreed that the issue is certain. Representing aquatic pharmaceutical contamination through metaphor significantly reduced perceived social and geographic distance, suggesting a relationship between metaphoric framing and psychological distance warranting additional research. Metaphor use did not directly nor significantly impact concern or willingness to act. Additionally, participants preferred the metaphorically-framed visual intervention to the non-metaphor visual intervention. Theoretical and practical implications of metaphor use in risk communications are discussed.
Role of stress management for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Purpose of reviewDespite the significant decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates owing to recognition of risk factors, timely and appropriate therapy for acute events, and improved medical therapy, it remains the leading cause of death globally. Novel risk factors and modifications must be con
The Climate Crisis — Health and Care Delivery

Interactive Perspective: The Climate Crisis and Health Care The consequences of climate change directly affect human health, the practice of medicine, and the stability of health care systems. In a...
Floor dust erosion during early stages of coal dust explosion development.

Abstract An ignition of methane and air can generate enough air flow to raise mixtures of combustible coal and rock dust. The expanding high temperature combustion products ignite the suspended dust mixture and will continue to propagate following the available combustible fuel supply. If the concentration of the dispersed rock dust is sufficient, the flame will stop propagating. Large-scale explosion tests were conducted within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Experimental Mine (LLEM) to measure the dynamic pressure history and the post-explosion dust scour depth. The aim of this effort is to provide quantitative data on depth of dust removal during the early stages of explosion development and its relationship to the depth of floor dust collected for assessing the incombustible content most likely to participate in the combustion process. This experimental work on dust removal on is not only important for coal mine safety but also for industrial dust explosions.
Might the COVID-19 pandemic spur increased murder-suicide?

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted concerns about an increased risk for psychological distress, broadly and suicide mortality, specifically; it is, as yet, unclear if these concerns will be realized, but they are plausible.,The authors demonstrate why researchers, clinicians, policymakers and other public health stakeholders should be vigilant to the potential increases in murder-suicide in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.,During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been reports of increased gun sales, alcohol sales, intimate partner violence and child neglect/abuse. These factors give one serious pause regarding the potential for murder-suicide, especially in the context of other pandemic-related stressors (e.g. loneliness, economic stress, health anxiety).,This paper highlights pandemic-related factors that might spur increased murder-suicide and encourages murder-suicide prevention efforts to take place alongside other pandemic-related public health interventions.
Mapping nanoscale energy transport in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with stroboscopic scattering microscopy

Characterizing the intrinsic properties of low-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is necessary for explaining how their novel properties arise and are modified by their local environment. Excitations in few-layer TMDCs and heterostructures are difficult to probe directly because of their low photoluminescence quantum yield. With time-resolved elastic scattering microscopy, we spatiotemporally resolve both in-plane and out-of-plane nanoscale transport in several TMDC species and architectures as a function of layer thickness and pump-induced carrier density. We directly observe interlayer exciton transport in TMDC heterostructures and find that these species diffuse an order of magnitude farther and faster than excitations do in their isolated counterparts.
The p53-induced RNA-binding protein ZMAT3 is a splicing regulator that inhibits the splicing of oncogenic CD44 variants in colorectal carcinoma

p53 is an intensely studied tumor-suppressive transcription factor. Recent studies suggest that the RNA-binding protein (RBP) ZMAT3 is important in mediating the tumor-suppressive effects of p53. Here, we globally identify ZMAT3-regulated RNAs and their binding sites at nucleotide resolution in intact colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. ZMAT3 binds to thousands of mRNA precursors, mainly at intronic uridine-rich sequences and affects their splicing. The strongest alternatively spliced ZMAT3 target was CD44, a cell adhesion gene and stem cell marker that controls tumorigenesis. Silencing ZMAT3 increased inclusion of CD44 variant exons, resulting in significant up-regulation of oncogenic CD44 isoforms (CD44v) and increased CRC cell growth that was rescued by concurrent knockdown of CD44v Silencing p53 phenocopied the loss of ZMAT3 with respect to CD44 alternative splicing, suggesting that ZMAT3-mediated regulation of CD44 splicing is vital for p53 function. Collectively, our findings uncover a p53-ZMAT3-CD44 axis in growth suppression in CRC cells.
Continental-scale effects of phytoplankton and non-phytoplankton turbidity on macrophyte occurrence in shallow lakes

Submerged macrophytes are key components of shallow lake biological communities, and their presence has been associated with a predominantly clear-water state. Conversely, lakes lacking macrophytes are often turbid with elevated phytoplankton abundance. One main mechanism that influences the presence or absence of submerged macrophytes is turbidity that reduces the light available to macrophytes. Increases in turbidity can be caused by increased phytoplankton abundance and by increased concentrations of suspended inorganic sediment and understanding the relative contributions of these two factors can inform efforts to manage the effects of increased turbidity on macrophyte occurrence. Here, a continental scale data set is analyzed to quantify the effects of macrophytes on turbidity that originates from phytoplankton and from non-phytoplankton sources (e.g., inorganic sediment). Effects of phytoplankton assemblage composition on turbidity are also estimated. Based on this model, illustrative examples of chlorophyll concentrations needed to maintain or restore macrophytes to shallow lakes are calculated, and the difference in the magnitude of these concentrations illustrates the stabilizing effect of macrophytes on lake condition.
Ultrafast charge and energy transfer in a MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructure

We examine ultrafast charge and energy transfer in a MoSe2/WSe2 heterostruc-ture using multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. This technique identifies transfer processes and indicates charge and energy transfer times below 200 fs and 900 fs, respectively.
Autonomous Development of a Machine-Learning Model for the Plastic Response of Two-Phase Composites from Micromechanical Finite Element Models

We demonstrate a novel strategy for the autonomous development of a machine-learning model for predicting the equivalent stress–equivalent plastic strain response of a two-phase composite calibrated to micromechanical finite element models. A unique feature of the model is that it takes a user-defined three-dimensional, two-phase microstructure along with user-defined hardening laws for each constituent phase, and outputs the equivalent stress–plastic strain response of the microstructure modeled using J2-based isotropic plasticity theory for each constituent phase. Previously, this task was addressed using linear regression approaches on a large training dataset. In this work, it is demonstrated that the use of Gaussian process regression together with a Bayesian sequential design of experiments can lead to autonomous protocols for optimal generation of the training dataset and the development of the model. It is shown that this strategy dramatically reduces the time and effort expended in generating the training set.
Maternal Support and Attrition from Child Trauma-Focused Therapy

Many children prematurely terminate from trauma-focused therapy (TFT), and attrition is a critical barrier in addressing the impacts of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The field's knowledge of risk factors for dropout is growing; however, one aspect of the child's environment that remains unexamined is maternal support following the CSA disclosure/discovery. Maternal support has been theorized to play a valuable role in influencing children's outcomes after CSA and may be relevant in understanding attrition. The objective of the current study was to investigate the associations between children's symptoms, relationship to the perpetrator, and maternal support in relation to premature termination from TFT among 186 sexually abused children (Mage = 9.24 years, SD = 3.72, 67.3% female). Two operational definitions of attrition were used: (a) clinician-rated dropout (i.e., clinician's ratings of whether the child completed treatment) and (b) whether the child received an adequate treatment dose treatment (i.e., ≥12 sessions). Maternal marital status was the only factor associated with clinician-rated treatment dropout, OR = 2.35, whereas maternal support and blame/doubt were unrelated. Living farther from the clinic was tied to an increased risk of receiving an inadequate treatment dose, OR = 0.96. Replication of these findings is needed, particularly using a clinician-administered measure of caregiver support; yet, maternal emotional support and blame/doubt may not evince strong ties to dropout from TFT among sexually abused children. Additional work is needed to discern if there are key subgroups for whom support is more strongly related to the risk of premature termination following CSA.
Evaluation of the i-STAT Alinity v in a veterinary clinical setting.

Many point-of-care (POC) analyzers are available for the measurement of electrolytes and acid-base status in animals. We assessed the precision of the i-STAT Alinity v, a recently introduced POC an...
Experiment-simulation comparison of luminescence properties of GaN/InGaN/GaN double graded structures

Abstract Graded InGaN structures have been designed by increasing the indium composition from 3% to a maximum value then back to 3%. This results in a Zig-Zag quantum well (QW) structure with a composition grading and subsequent polarization doping, which forms a p-n junction. Separate structures are designed by varying the maximum In composition but maintaining a constant QW thickness. This is both in order to test the limits of the molecular beam epitaxy growth control in terms of the deposition source ramping rates and to determine the limits of the maximum In composition within a narrow QW. The results indicate that by increasing the maximum indium composition, the overall emission, while very broad, shifts to lower energies. The broadband emission covers wavelengths between 360 and 700 nm. Simulations identify the lowest energy, band-to-band transition for fully strained structures with a noticeable shift resulting from partial relaxation in samples with higher indium content. This type of novel polarization doped structure has useful applications in optoelectronic devices; therefore the presented understanding of its optical transitions will be beneficial to their design and implementation.
Post-COVID-19 vaccination IgA Vasculitis in an Adult.

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis has been reported in the setting of COVID-19 infection and post-COVID-19 vaccination. We report a case of post-COVID-19 vaccination IgA vasculitis with IgA immune deposits in the skin and renal involvement; SARS-CoV spike protein immunohistochemical staining was negative. IgA vasculitis with skin and renal involvement is a potential reaction to COVID-19 vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Path following controller design using sliding mode control theory

In this paper, the problem of "path following" is addressed for a specific type of wheeled mobile robot. Two path following algorithms are developed and implemented by taking sliding mode control theory into consideration. First, an algorithm synthesizing the reference signal by the use of the position information is devised. Then, two sliding mode controllers are developed, one for the kinematic model and one for the dynamic model of the mobile robot. The reference signal synthesis method is generalized by including the coordinate transformation in the design. The algorithms are tested both by simulations and experiments for different reference paths. It is observed that the proposed techniques meet the predefined performance specifications satisfactorily.
Anatomical variability naturally leads to multimodal of Denavit-Hartenberg parameters for the human thumb

A realistic biomechanical model of the thumb would enhance our understanding of the functional consequences of orthopedic and neurological diseases, and of treatments. Our work has shown that a kinematic description with five orthogonal and intersecting axes of rotation cannot predict realistic thumbtip forces. An alternative kinematic description proposes five axes of rotation that need not be orthogonal or intersecting. In order to make this description amenable for roboticist-use, we described the model in Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) notation. We explored the effects of reported anatomical variability on the DH parameters using Monte Carlo simulations. We report the DH parameters as statistical distributions that can be used for robotics-based models of the hand and stochastic analyses. We found three characteristic sets of kinematic descriptions. In 65.2% of the 3,140 simulations, the metacarpophalangeal flexion-extension axis was distal to the metacarpophalangeal adduction-abduction axis. We pose the question: Are multiple types of kinematic descriptions necessary to account for the natural anatomical variability of the thumb? This question is important for the biomechanical modeling of the hand, as the debate continues of whether patient-specific models are needed to simulate hand function for clinical applications, or if a single common model suffices.
Comparison of performance, switching energy and process variations for the TFET and MOSFET in logic

A detailed circuit assessment of Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFET) versus MOSFET operating near device threshold supply voltage, including the consideration of process variations, is reported. The analysis incorporates simulated 20nm TFET and MOSFET device characteristics combined with detailed circuit simulation. For very low power logic applications requiring near device threshold supply voltage, the results show that TFET logic can operate at equal standby power and switching energy to MOSFET, but with a ∼8x performance advantage. The study also shows that device parameter variation is not a significant factor for differentiation between MOSFET and TFET.
Board Structure in Dual-Class Firms

I study the board structure of a sample of dual-class firms from 1998 to 2002. Using a sample of single-class firms as control, I evaluate the average treatment effect of dual-class ownership on board structure. I conduct the program evaluation through a switching regime model based on selection on unobservables. The model is estimated using two-step procedure under two sets of assumptions on joint error term distributions, parametric and nonparametric. When the error distribution of the model is unknown, it is estimated by semiparametric single index model first and partial linear model to control the unknown heterogeneous selection bias on the second stage. Compared to the parametric specification, the switching regime model estimated by semiparametric techniques performs better. Nevertheless, the average treatment effects estimated by either method indicate that dual-class ownership has a significant impact on board structure. On average, dual-class firms have a slightly bigger and less independent board.
Paul Roscoe Ellis III, MD: a conversation with the editor

(2015). Paul Roscoe Ellis Iii, MD: A Conversation with the Editor. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 97-107.
Intrathecal Methotrexate–Induced Megaloblastic Anemia in Patients With Acute Leukemia

Abstract Objective.—To evaluate the occurrence of megaloblastic anemia induced by the infusion of therapeutic or prophylactic methotrexate in patients with acute leukemia. Design.—Data on 3 patients with acute leukemia receiving intrathecal methotrexate were prospectively analyzed. Setting.—Large tertiary-care center. Results.—All 3 patients with acute leukemia developed megaloblastic anemia confirmed by examination of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Two of the 3 patients had low folic acid levels, while all patients had normal serum B12 levels. All patients responded favorably to a therapeutic trial of folic acid. The median time for recovery of the hematologic parameters in these patients was 7 days. Conclusions.—Intrathecally administered methotrexate may result in megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow of leukemic patients. The morphologic clues suggestive of folate deficiency in patients with acute leukemia may be masked by coexisting factors, such as the effects of cytotoxic treatment, prior ...
HCV E2 PROTEIN BINDS DIRECTLY TO THYROID CELLS AND INDUCES IL-8 PRODUCTION: A NEW MECHANISM FOR HCV INDUCED THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY

HCV infection is well-known to be associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. However, the mechanisms by which HCV triggers thyroiditis are unknown. We hypothesized that HCV envelope proteins could induce thyroidal inflammation directly, thereby triggering thyroiditis by a bystander activation mechanism. To test this hypothesis we examined whether the HCV receptor CD81 was expressed and functional on thyroid cells. We found significant levels of CD81 mRNA by QPCR analysis, as well as CD81 protein by flow cytometric (FACS) analysis. Incubation of thyroid cells with HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 resulted in E2 binding to thyroid cells and activation of IL-8, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine. Intriguingly, thyroid cells incubated with E2 continued to proliferate normally and did not undergo apoptosis, as was reported in hepatocytes. We conclude that: (1) HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 can bind to CD81 receptors which are expressed on thyroid cells and induce a cascade of signaling pathway leading to IL-8 release; and (2) HCV may trigger thyroiditis in genetically susceptible individuals by bystander activation mechanisms.
Sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Cercopithecus aethiops

Thirteen adult male and five adult female Cercopithecus aethiops crania were subjected to discriminant function and canonical analysis utilizing five cranial measurements and five cranial indices to determine specific characteristics useful in sexual distinction in this species. Significant differences between male and female crania included larger overall size in males; male crania are characterized by lower cranial vaults in relation to their breadth, a wider face with orbits less high in relation to their breadth than in females and a higher nasal bridge, and a longer and narrower palatal and dental region.
Laser-damage-resistant photoalignment layers for high-peak-power liquid crystal device applications

ABSTRACT Large-aperture liquid crystal (LC) devices have been in continuous use since 1995 as polarization control devices in the 40-TW, 351-nm, 60-beam OMEGA Nd:glass laser system at the University of Rochesters Laboratory for Laser Energetics. The feasibility of using a noncontacting alignment method for high-peak-power LC laser optics by irradiation of a linearly photopolymerizable polymer with polarized UV light was recently investigated. These materials were found to have surprisingly large laser-damage thresholds at 1054 nm, approaching that of bare fused silica (30 to 60 J/cm 2 ). Their remarkable laser-damage resistance and ease in scalability to large apertures of these photoalignment materials, along with the ability to produce multiple alignment states by photolithographic patterning, opens new doorways for their application in LC devices for optics, photonics, and high-peak-power laser applications. Keywords: liquid crystal, photoalignment, cinnamate, coumar in, laser-damage resistance, high peak power
Late Fractionated Potentials and Continuous Electrical Activity Caused by Electrode Motion

Late fractionated potentials, recorded during cardiac mapping to find the source of a ventricular arrhythmia, have been ascribed particular localizing value. Re-entry is assumed when these highly amplified and filtered recordings span diastole during tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to see if such potentials can occur artifactually. A saline soaked 7 X 2 X 3 cm sponge was sewn to the epicardium of the right ventricle in five non-infarcted, open-chest dogs. Two bipolar button electrodes, one with 1 mm and one with 1 cm interelectrode spacing, were attached to the outer surface of the sponge and a bipolar wire hook electrode was placed just under the outer surface of the sponge. Thus all three electrodes were 3 cm from the nearest myocardium yet still subjected to cardiac motion. The electrodes were recorded at gains of 4,000-40,000 and filtered to pass 50-300 hertz. One to three rapid deflections were recorded during the QRS from all electrodes. In seven of the the 15 electrode recordings, two or three additional deflections, 1100-200 microV in amplitude, occurred after the QRS. These late potentials were fractionated and recurred reproducibly from cycle to cycle. In two cases, these late fractionated potentials could be made to span diastole by rapid pacing to simulate tachycardia. Clamping the sponge to sliminate motion between the sponge and electrode caused this late activity to disappear. Thus, in highly amplified and filtered recordings, electrode motion can cause artifacts resembling late fractionated potentials and continuous electrode activity.
Development of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in embryonic calf thymus gland

Summary Analysis of extracts of calf embryo tissues for deoxynucleotide polymerizing enzymes showed that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is present only in thymus and the levels of activity increase with growth of the fetus.