cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pt and Au films grown on Pd(110) : dependence of (1 × 2) and (1 × 3) reconstructions on deposition temperature and film thickness

We present a survey of the structures of Pt and Au films grown on Pd(110) at adsorption temperatures of 130–300 K, and annealed at temperatures up to 800 K. We observe a (1 × 2) reconstruction in the Au film which reconstructs irreversibly at temperatures slightly greater than 300 K and at a coverage of 1 monolayer. With increasing Au coverage, and at temperatures slightly greater than 300 K, the half-order spots split continuously, and eventually a full (1 × 3) structure develops by 3 monolayers. The LEED patterns of the Au films do not depend upon deposition temperature. For Pt films, however, we observe (1 × 2) and (1 × 3) reconstructions, depending upon coverage and deposition temperature. The (1 × 2) develops upon annealing to ca 600 K, only if the film is 2 monolayers and is deposited between 130 and 170 K. If the same amount of Pt is deposited at higher substrate temperatures, a (1 × 3) develops upon annealing. At all higher Pt coverages, annealing brings on the (1 × 3) structure, independent of the deposition conditions. Adsorption of CO ‘lifts’ both the (1 × 2) and (1 × 3) Pt film structures, confirming that both are reconstructions. This is the first observation that reconstruction in a film can depend upon the conditions of its deposition.
Solubilization of Cottage Cheese Curd by Wash Water and Its Causes

Abstract The causes of development of gelatinous curd in Cottage cheese were investigated. The approximate quantities of hydroxides in distilled water necessary to produce gelatination were 500ppm NaOH and 300ppm Ca (OH) 2 . Hydroxyl concentrations of 0.0125 n caused gelatination. However, less hydroxide was necessary when chlorides were included in the water. The pH range of the effective solutions was 11.5 to 11.9. However, tap water altered the situation by lowering the pH and hydroxyl concentration necessary to produce the defect to 8.7 and 200ppm Ca(OH) 2 , respectively. The sulfates of magnesium, iron, and aluminum failed to produce gelatination in 1% solutions, as did sodium hypochlorite (1,000ppm) and sodium chloride (1 to 10%).
Diazoxide-mediated preconditioning against apoptosis involves activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and NFκB

Treatment of various types of cells with the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener, diazoxide, preconditions cells to subsequent injuries and inhibits apoptosis. The mechanism of such preconditioning is not well understood. We have studied the effect of diazoxide pretreatment on mitochondrial morphology and function in HL60 cells and on susceptibility of these cells to apoptosis. We have found that diazoxide pretreatment inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Diazoxide induced moderate mitochondrial swelling and increase in the cytosolic fraction of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins including cytochrome c without any significant effect on the oxidative phosphorylation function or membrane potential. Possibly as an adaptive response, total protein and mRNA levels of cytochrome c and of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-xl, increased. These effects coincided with activation of the transcription factors cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and NFkappaB. The gene encoding cytochrome c carries the cAMP-response element (CRE), and the gene encoding Bcl-xl carries both the CRE and NFkappaB response elements. The inability of etoposide to trigger apoptosis in preconditioned cells was most likely because of prosurvival signaling by CREB and NFkappaB, which included up-regulation of cytochrome c and Bcl-xl. All described effects were reversed by a specific mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor, 5-hydroxydecanoate, proving the specificity of the action of diazoxide. Preconditioning was also reversed by a specific NFkappaB inhibitor, SN50, proving the importance of this transcription factor for the phenomenon of preconditioning. CREB and NFkappaB were activated most likely in response to an observed elevation in cytosolic calcium following diazoxide treatment. We, therefore, conclude that diazoxide-mediated preconditioning against apoptosis involves activation of the pro-survival transcription factors CREB and NFkappaB.
Sodium and calcium inward currents in freshly dissociated smooth myocytes of rat uterus.

Freshly dissociated myocytes from nonpregnant, pregnant, and postpartum rat uteri have been studied with the tight-seal patch-clamp method. The inward current contains both INa and ICa that are vastly different from those in tissue-cultured material. INa is abolished by Na+-free medium and by 1 μM tetrodotoxin. It first appears at ∼−40 mV, reaches maximum at 0 mV, and reverses at 84 mV. It activates with a voltage-dependent τ of 0.2 ms at 20 mV, and inactivates as a single exponential with a τ of 0.4 ms. Na+ conductance is half activated at −21.5 mV, and half inactivated at −59 mV. INa reactivates with a τ of 20 ms. ICa is abolished by Ca2+-free medium, Co2+ (5 mM), or nisoldipine (2 μM), and enhanced in 30 mM Ca2+, Ba2+, or BAY-K 8644. It first appears at ∼−30 mV and reaches maximum at +10 mV. It activates with a voltage-dependent τ of 1.5 ms at 20 mV, and inactivates in two exponential phases, with τ's of 33 and 133 ms. Ca2+ conductance is half activated at −7.4 mV, and half inactivated at −34 mV. ICa reactivates with τ's of 27 and 374 ms. INa and ICa are seen in myocytes from nonpregnant estrus uteri and throughout pregnancy, exhibiting complex changes. The ratio of densities of peak INa/ICa changes from 0.5 in the nonpregnant state to 1.6 at term. The enhanced role of INa, with faster kinetics, allows more frequent repetitive spike discharges to facilitate simultaneous excitation of the parturient uterus. In postpartum, both currents decrease markedly, with INa vanishing from most myocytes. Estrogen-enhanced genomic influences may account for the emergence of INa, and increased densities of INa and ICa as pregnancy progresses. Other influences may regulate varied channel expression at different stages of pregnancy.
203 POLYAMINE AND NUCLEIC ACID ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING TERATOGENIC TREATMENT WITH DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN

Polyamines are closely bound to nucleic acids; their levels correlate with nucleic acid synthesis and may decrease during interference with such synthesis. We have previously reported decreases in embryonic polyamines per mg protein after exposure to diphenylhydantoin (DPH) in teratogenic doses. We now report alterations in nucleic acid levels following identical treatment. Primagravid Swiss-Webster mice were injected intra-peritoneally on day 9 with either 88 mg DPH/kg body weight or vehicle and embryos were obtained surgically on day 11 (DPH or control n=13). DNA content was determined spectrophoto-metrically and the polyamines spermidine, spermine, and putrescine were quantitated on a Durrum D-500 amino acid analyzer. There was a 40% decrease in DNA content in the treated embryos (99.4 vs 164 ug DNA). The protein contents decreased 30% compared with controls (2.38 vs 3.38 mg). All experimental polyamines per mg DNA were significantly greater than their controls (P<0.01) (putrescine:0.155±0.034 (std. dev.) vs 0.0834±0.009; spermidine:0.379±0.066 vs 0.264±0.028; spermine:0.177±0.034 vs 0.136±0.026 nM/ug DNA). The DPH-induced polyamine changes are not proportionate to the DNA alterations and thus do not simply reflect a block in DNA synthesis.
Products of projections in von Neumann algebras

We describe the elements of von Neumann algebras which can be represented as products of orthogonal projections and idempotents, and estimate the minimal number of terms in the product.
The ultrasound brain helmet: early human feasibility study of multiple simultaneous 3D scans of cerebral vasculature

We describe early stage experiments to test the feasibility of an ultrasound brain helmet to produce multiple simultaneous real-time 3D scans of the cerebral vasculature from temporal and suboccipital acoustic windows of the skull. The transducer hardware and software of the Volumetrics Medical Imaging real-time 3D scanner were modified to support dual 2.5 MHz matrix arrays of 256 transmit elements and 128 receive elements which produce two simultaneous 64° pyramidal scans. The real-time display format consists of two coronal B-mode images merged into a 128° sector, two simultaneous parasagittal images merged into a 128° × 64° C-mode plane, and a simultaneous 64° axial image. Real-time 3D color Doppler images acquired in initial clinical studies after contrast injection demonstrate flow in several representative blood vessels. An offline Doppler rendering of data from two transducers simultaneously scanning via the temporal windows provides an early visualization of the flow in vessels on both sides of the brain. The long-term goal is to produce real-time 3D ultrasound images of the cerebral vasculature from a portable unit capable of internet transmission, thus enabling interactive 3D imaging, remote diagnosis and earlier therapeutic intervention. We are motivated by the urgency for rapid diagnosis of stroke due to the short time window of effective therapeutic intervention.
Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar UV-B Radiation and Terrestrial Ecosystems

Stratospheric ozone reduction is occurring and will continue to increase in magnitude into the next century. Yet, the consequences for terrestrial ecosystems of the increased solar UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation resulting from total column ozone reduction are not understood. Based on studies of higher plant response to UV-B, several possible consequences for ecosystems include decreased primary production, altered plant species composition, and altered secondary chemistry with implications for herbivory, litter decomposition and biogeochemical cycles. However, like the assessment of increased atmospheric CO2, extrapolation from studies with isolated plants to ecosystem function is very tenuous at best. Very few UV-B studies have dealt with multispecies systems. Most of the UV-B research in the past two decades (since the first suggestions of ozone reduction) has been conducted as short-term experiments in growth chambers and greenhouses where the unnatural spectral balance of radiation can lead to unrealistic conclusions. Technical difficulties in suitable measurement and manipulation of UV-B radiation also complicate the conduct of reliable experiments. This essay surveys and categorizes some 300 papers from the past 20 years on this subject, draws general conclusions from the research and offers some recommendations with respect to ecosystem consequences.
Subfractionation, characterization, and in-depth proteomic analysis of glomerular membrane vesicles in human urine.

Urinary exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) are a heterogenous mixture (diameter 40–200nm) containing vesicles shed from all segments of the nephron including glomerular podocytes. Contamination with Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP) oligomers has hampered their isolation and proteomic analysis. Here we improved ELV isolation protocols employing density centrifugation to remove THP and albumin, and isolated a glomerular membranous vesicle (GMV)–enriched subfraction from 7 individuals identifying 1830 proteins and in 3 patients with glomerular disease identifying 5657 unique proteins. The GMV fraction was composed of podocin/podocalyxin-positive irregularly shaped membranous vesicles and podocin/podocalyxin-negative classical exosomes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified integrin, actin cytoskeleton, and Rho GDI signaling in the top three canonical represented signaling pathways and 19 other proteins associated with inherited glomerular diseases. The GMVs are of podocyte origin and the density gradient technique allowed isolation in a reproducible manner. We show many nephrotic syndrome proteins, proteases, and complement proteins involved in glomerular disease are in GMVs and some were only shed in the disease state (nephrin, TRPC6, INF2 and phospholipase A 2 receptor). We calculated sample sizes required to identify new glomerular disease biomarkers, expand the ELV proteome, and provide a reference proteome in a database that may prove useful in the search for biomarkers of glomerular disease.
Evaluation of disbondings and measurement of Poisson's ratio for plastic composites using holographic interferometry

Disbondings and Poisson's ratio were examined for several plastics composite plates using holographic interferometry. The displacement at the disbondings could be detected below submicrometer order. The value of Poisson's ratio strongly depended upon orientation and type of fiber and laminate construction.
The influence of technology on the future of human resource management

Abstract In recent years, information technology has had a profound effect on human resources (HR) processes and practices. However, relatively little research has examined its effectiveness, and most of the existing studies have not assessed the degree to which these new systems enable organizations to reach their HR goals of attracting, motivating and retaining employees. One reason for this is that there are a number of limitations associated with current systems including the fact that they: (a) use one way communication systems, (b) are impersonal and passive, (c) do not always allow for interpersonal interaction, and (d) often create an artificial distance between individuals and organizations. Thus, the primary purposes of the present article are to review the current effects of technology on HR processes, consider the existing literature on the topic, and discuss the advantages and potential limitations of using these systems. In addition, we offer directions for future research and practice on using technology to facilitate HR processes.
The case for implicit category learning.

This article evaluates the evidence regarding the claim that people can learn a novel category implicitly—that is, by an implicit memory system that is qualitatively different from an explicit system. The evidence that is considered is based on the prototype extraction task, in which participants are first exposed to a set of category exemplars under incidental learning instructions and are then required to categorize novel test items. Knowlton and Squire (1993) first reported that memory—impaired patients performed normally on the prototype extraction task while being impaired on a comparable recognition task. Several studies have replicated these results, but other articles have criticized the evidence for implicit category learning on both methodological and theoretical grounds. In this article, we consider five of these criticisms—for example, that the normal performance of the patients is due to intact working memory mechanisms (see, e.g., Palmeri & Flannery, 1999) or to the lesser cognitive demands of prototype extraction rather than recognition (e.g., Nosofsky & Zaki, 1998). For each of the five criticisms, we offer counterevidence that supports implicit category learning.
Numerical simulation of turbulent flow in complex geometries used in power plants

Performance degradations or improvements of coal-fired power stations depend on effective functioning of pulveriser equipment and combustion efficiency of furnaces in boilers. The function of a pulveriser is to grind the lumped coal and transfer the fine coal to the furnace for efficient combustion. However, the presence of several solid objects inside the mill, flow of air and particles takes turn around from inlet to outlet. The flow simulation process involves the geometrical modelling, grid generation and particle trajectories for the given flow conditions, and has been investigated to understand the flow path in grinding chamber, separator and classifier. The behaviour of turbulent air flow motion with fly ash particle paths on Lagrangian scale in computational domain are obtained through CFD/CAD software packages. The understanding developed with reference to recirculation flows in the inlet duct, non-uniform flow over the height of bowl mill and unequal flow at exit, provides valuable insights to designers for optimisation of components for better efficiency.
Two-Dimensional Arrays of Self-Assembled Gold and Sulfur-Containing Fullerene Nanoparticles

Two-dimensional (2D) arrays of gold nanoparticles with sulfur-containing fullerene nanoparticles were self-assembled through the formation of Au−S covalent bonds. Disulfide functional groups were introduced into the C60 molecule by reacting propyl 2-aminoethyl disulfide with C60. The 2D arrays were formed at the interface of the aqueous phase of gold particles and organic phase of fullerene particles as a blue transparent film. Transmission electronic microscope images showed that the fullerene spacing between adjacent Au (∼10 nm) particles was about 2.1 ± 0.4 nm, which was consistent with the result of 2.18 nm by molecular molding calculations (MM+). The UV−visible spectrum of this film showed a red shift and increased bandwidth due to the small spacing between gold nanoparticles. The arrays were deposited on the top of pairs of gold electrodes to form 2D colloidal single electron devices. The electrode pairs were made by electron beam lithographic techniques, and the separation between tips of the two e...
Numerical Simulation of Truck Transportation

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of truck transportation involve random vibration which requires statistical and spectrum analysis. To simulate truck transportation, the motion of a truck trailer is first recorded by mounting accelerometers on the floor of the trailer or on the framework of beams that support it. The floor accelerations in the vertical direction are sampled at regular intervals over the route that is to be simulated. This information is used to create a power spectral density plot (PSD) which contains frequency and amplitude information. The PSD plot is used to drive a vibration table with the product on it following the ASTM D4728 standard test guideline. To operate the table, we generate an acceleration input from the known PSD plot. We can also investigate the response of a product on the table by modeling the product as a mass-spring-damper system with known natural frequency and damping ratio. With the help of fatigue tools the results can be used in the damage assessment of the product during the truck ride.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Symbiosis: mass media and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa

One of the most important and visible elements of South Africa's transition to democracy has been the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Without mass media - particularly broadcast media - the TRC's much-heralded process of providing a public platform for victims of gross violations of human rights and forging a new national history would have been severely limited. This article teases out the relationship between mass media and the TRC, focusing primarily but not exclusively on broadcast media. It draws on two analytical frameworks from the field of media studies: Dayan and Katz's Media Events (1992) and Hayman and Tomaselli's `Broadcasting Technology as an Ideological Terrain' (1987). Particular attention is paid to the TRC's institutional hearings on the media. These explorations help us to better conceptualize how and why mass media have played such a unique and crucial role in South Africa, both under apartheid and throughout the TRC process.
Touching on the future

Global Changes of the Past. Edited by Ray Bradley. Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies*: 1991. Pp. 514. $38.Paleoclimatology. By Thomas J. Crowley Gerald R. North. Oxford University Press: 1991. Pp. 346. £ sterling;45, $59.95.
Determining Domain Similarity and Domain-Protein Similarity Using Functional Similarity Measurements of Gene Ontology Terms

Protein domains typically correspond to major functional sites of a protein. Therefore, determining similarity between domains can aid in the comparison of protein functions, and can provide a basis for grouping domains based on function. One strategy for comparing domain similarity and domain-protein similarity is to use similarity measurements of annotation terms from the Gene Ontology (GO). In this paper five methods are analyzed in terms of their usefulness for comparing domains, and comparing domains to proteins based on GO terms.
Decentralization, Democratization, and Health: The Philippine Experiment:

In 1991, the Philippines joined a growing list of countries that reformed health planning through decentralization. Reformers viewed decentralization as a tool that would solve multiple problems, leading to more meaningful democracy and more effective health planning. Today, nearly two decades after the passage of decentralization legislation, questions about the effectiveness of the reforms persist. Inadequate financing, inequity, and a lack of meaningful participation remain challenges, in many ways mirroring broader weaknesses of Philippine democracy. These concerns pose questions regarding the nature of contemporary decentralization, democratization, and health planning and whether these three strategies are indeed mutually enforcing.
Full-length and truncated neurokinin-1 receptor expression and function during monocyte/macrophage differentiation.

The substance P (SP)-preferring receptor neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) has two forms: a full-length receptor consisting of 407 aa and a truncated receptor consisting of 311 aa. These two receptors differ in the length of the C terminus of NK-1R. We studied the undifferentiated and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1 to investigate the expression and function of NK-1R. The expression of full-length and truncated NK-1R in this cell line was determined by using real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Undifferentiated THP-1 cells expressed only truncated NK-1R. The differentiation of THP-1 cells with PMA to a macrophage-like phenotype resulted in the expression of full-length NK-1R, which was functionally accompanied by an SP (10−6 M)-induced Ca2+ increase. In contrast, the addition of SP (10−6 M) did not trigger Ca2+ response in undifferentiated THP-1 cells; however, SP did enhance the CCR5-preferring ligand RANTES (CCL5)-mediated Ca2+ increase. When a plasmid containing the full-length NK-1R was introduced into undifferentiated THP-1 cells, exposure to SP triggered Ca2+ increase, demonstrating that the full-length NK-1R is required for SP-induced Ca2+ increase. The NK-1R antagonist aprepitant (Emend, Merck) inhibited both the SP-induced Ca2+ increase in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells and the SP priming effect on the CCL5-mediated Ca2+ increase, indicating that these effects are mediated through the full-length and truncated NK-1R, respectively. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that there are unique characteristics of NK-1R expression and NK-1R-mediated signaling between undifferentiated THP-1 cells and THP-1 cells differentiated to the macrophage phenotype.
Testing for normality using neural networks

The most commonly used statistical procedures (t, F, chi-squared, ANOVA, regression) assume that samples have been taken at random from normal populations. In some cases the central limit theorem may provide a satisfactory approximation to normality, but, when samples are small, departures from normality can lead users of these procedures to false conclusions. In the paper on work-in-progress the authors describe the results of training an artificial neural network (ANN) to distinguish normal from non-normal samples for random samples of size 30. With little attempt at fine-tuning, the ANN achieves results comparable to those of the best known tests for normality. >
Medicare payments to the neurology workforce in 2012

Objective: Little is known about how neurology payments vary by service type (i.e., evaluation and management [E/M] vs tests/treatments) and compare to other specialties, yet this information is necessary to help neurology define its position on proposed payment reform. Methods: Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data from 2012 were used. These data included all direct payments to providers who care for fee-for-service Medicare recipients. Total payment was determined by medical specialty and for various services (e.g., E/M, EEG, electromyography/nerve conduction studies, polysomnography) within neurology. Payment and proportion of services were then calculated across neurologists9 payment categories. Results: Neurologists comprised 1.5% (12,317) of individual providers who received Medicare payments and were paid $1.15 billion by Medicare in 2012. Sixty percent ($686 million) of the Medicare payment to neurologists was for E/M, which was a lower proportion than primary providers (approximately 85%) and higher than surgical subspecialties (range 9%–51%). The median neurologist received nearly 75% of their payments from E/M. Two-thirds of neurologists received 60% or more of their payment from E/M services and over 20% received all of their payment from E/M services. Neurologists in the highest payment category performed more services, of which a lower proportion were E/M, and performed at a facility, compared to neurologists in lower payment categories. Conclusion: E/M is the dominant source of payment to the majority of neurologists and should be prioritized by neurology in payment restructuring efforts.
Being, Time, and Art: Solzhenitsyn’s Reflections on Heidegger’s Question

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Most commentators maintain that Solzhenitsyn was a Christian writer, whose primary concerns were exposing the inhumanity of Communist ideology, toppling the Soviet Union, restoring the Russia to its rightful place in world politics, and reviving the Russian nation through a religious and moral reawakening. While these are accurate, they are not comprehensive. Solzhenitsyn’s writing were also a response to the philosophy of one of the most profound and controversial writers of our time, Martin Heidegger. Heidegger maintained that the reality is enframed and established by speech. Great writers create the “truth,” Solzhenitsyn agreed with Heidegger that the written word, especially the works of great literature, shape our understanding of the world. Writers bring out and clarify experience. However, Solzhenitsyn also showed that the phenomena of daily life ground reality and even establish a foundation for moral judgment.
Secondary data analysis--a new approach to nursing research.

Secondary data analysis as a method of conducting research is rarely used by nurse researchers. This may be the result of several factors: the inclination by nurse researchers to conduct original research, limited access to clinical data bases, and the lack of attention in nursing literature given to secondary analysis as a valid mode of inquiry. However, when data resources are available, secondary analysis represents a potentially efficient and cost effective method of research for both students and more advanced investigators. When pursued by advanced investigators, secondary analysis can strengthen scientific collegiality among nurse researchers and enlarge the existing knowledge base in given areas. This paper reviews briefly ways to conduct secondary analysis, its advantages and disadvantages, and the types of data bases that are available to nurse researchers.
Developmentally Sensitive Behavioral Treatment of a 4-Year-Old, Korean Girl With Selective Mutism

This case study reports on the use of a developmentally sensitive behavioral treatment program for a 4-year-old Korean girl diagnosed with selective mutism. Multi-method assessment, consisting of p...
Compiler and runtime support for predictive control of power and cooling

The low cost of clusters built using commodity components has made it possible for many more users to purchase their own supercomputer. However, even modest-sized clusters make significant demands on the power and cooling infrastructure. Minimizing impact of problems after they are detected is not as effective as avoiding problems altogether. This paper is about achieving the best system performance by predicting and avoiding power and cooling problems. Although measuring power and thermal properties of a code is not trivial, the primary issue is making predictions sufficiently in advance so that they can be used to drive predictive, rather than just reactive control at runtime. This paper presents new compiler analysis supporting interprocedural power prediction and a variety of other compiler and runtime technologies making feed-forward control feasible. The techniques apply to most computer systems, but some properties specific to clusters and parallel supercomputing are used where appropriate.
Alternative spatial resolutions and estimation of carbon flux over a managed forest landscape in Western Oregon

Spatially-distributed estimates of biologically-driven CO 2 flux are of interest in relation to understanding the global carbon cycle. Global coverage by satellite sensors offers an opportunity to assess terrestrial carbon (C) flux using a variety of approaches and corresponding spatial resolutions. An important consideration in evaluating the approaches concerns the scale of the spatial heterogeneity in land cover over the domain being studied. In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, forests are highly fragmented with respect to stand age class and hence C flux. In this study, the effects of spatial resolution on estimates of total annual net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) for a 96 km 2 area in the central Cascades Mountains of western Oregon were examined. The scaling approach was a simple ‘measure and multiply’ algorithm. At the highest spatial resolution (25 m), a stand age map derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery provided the area for each of six forest age classes. The products of area for each age class and its respective NPP or NEP were summed for the area wide estimates. In order to evaluate potential errors at coarser resolutions, the stand age map was resampled to grain sizes of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 m using a majority filter reclassification. Local variance in near-infrared (NIR) band digital number at successively coarser grain sizes was also examined to characterize the scale of the heterogeneity in the scene. For this managed forest landscape, proportional estimation error in land cover classification at the coarsest resolution varied from 1.0 toC0.6 depending on the initial representation and the spatial distribution of the age class. The overall accuracy of the 1000 m resolution map was 42% with respect to the 25 m map. Analysis of local variance in NIR digital number suggested a patch size on the order of 100‐500 m on a side. Total estimated NPP was 12% lower and total estimated NEP was 4% lower at 1000 m compared to 25 m. Carbon flux estimates based on quantifying differences in total biomass stored on the landscape at two points in time might be affected more strongly by a coarse resolution analysis because the differences among classes in biomass are more extreme than the differences in C flux and because the additional steps in the flux algorithm would contribute to error propagation. Scaling exercises involving reclassification of fine scale imagery over a range of grain sizes may be a useful screening tool for stratifying regions of the terrestrial surface relative to optimizing the spatial resolution for C flux estimation purposes.
A prospective study of sudden unexpected infant death after reported maltreatment.

Objective To examine whether infants reported for maltreatment face a heightened risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other leading causes of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID). Study design Linked birth and infant death records for all children born in California between 1999 and 2006 were matched to administrative child protection data. Infants were prospectively followed from birth through death or 1 year of age. A report of maltreatment was modeled as a time-varying covariate; risk factors at birth were included as baseline covariates. Multivariable competing risk survival models were used to estimate the adjusted relative hazard of postneonatal SIDS and other SUID. Results A previous maltreatment report emerged as a significant predictor of SIDS and other SUID. After adjusting for baseline risk factors, the rate of SIDS was more than 3 times as great among infants reported for possible maltreatment (hazard ratio: 3.22; 95% CI: 2.66, 3.89). Conclusion Infants reported to child protective services have a heightened risk of SIDS and other SUID. Targeted services and improved communication between child protective services and the pediatric health care community may enhance infant well-being and reduce risk of death.
Drug‐Biomolecule Interactions: Interactions of Mononucleotides and Polybasic Amino Acids

Histones and ribosomal proteins are basic proteins that participate in gene regulation and protein synthesis, respectively. How these proteins interact with nucleic acids is not yet clear, although specificities in these interactions have been observed. Study of the interaction of mononucleotides with basic polyamino acids is one approach to understanding such interactions. The results of studies with the mononucleotides can help elucidate the normal molecular processes in biological systems and also shed light on some effects of drugs, such as puromycin and tubericidin, that are nucleotide derivatives. A review of studies on the interaction of mononucleotides and basic polyamino acids such as polylysine and polyarginine is presented. In addition, a short review of the self-associative properties of mononucleotides is given. Studies of the mononucleotide-polyamino acid interaction have involved a wide variety of techniques including equilibrium dialysis, NMR, optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, and precipitate analysis.
Prophylaxis for Paclitaxel Hypersensitivity Reactions

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical literature supporting the prophylactic use of single-dose intravenous dexamethasone to prevent hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel infusion.DATA SOURCES:Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (from 1986 to 2000).DATA SYNTHESIS:Prophylaxis for paclitaxel-related HSRs generally includes repeated dexamethasone doses beginning 12 hours before paclitaxel, and administration of diphenhydramine plus a histamine2-receptor antagonist 30 minutes before infusion of paclitaxel. Single-dose intravenous dexamethasone administered with ancillary medications 30 minutes before infusion of paclitaxel has been used to prevent regimen-related HSRs.CONCLUSIONS:Single-dose intravenous dexamethasone can be used in combination with appropriate ancillary medications to prevent paclitaxel-related HSRs.
Microtubule depolymerization in Uromyces appendiculatus by three new antineoplastic drugs: combretastatin A-4, dolastatin 10 and halichondrin B

Three new antineoplastic natural products, combretastatin A-4, dolastatin 10 and halichondrin B, have been evaluated for their antimicrotubule activity in Uromyces appendiculatus urediniospore germlings using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In control germlings microtubules were abundant and mostly oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. The microtubule cytoskeleton of germlings treated with 1·3 × 10 5 M (10 μg ml −1 ) dolastatin 10 and 4·5 × 10 −6 M (50 μg ml −1 ) halichondrin B disrupted the microtubule cytoskeleton resulting in the near elimination of microtubule-associated fluorescence. Combretastatin A-4 was less effective, requiring a concentration of 3·2 × 10 −3 M (1·0 mg ml −1 ) to disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton. These effective doses are consistent with previously examined antimicrotubule agents (e.g. nocodazole, griseofulvin, vincristine sulphate, demecolcine).
Comment—Personality and crime: Non-issues, real issues, and a theory and research agenda

The Andrews and Wormith paper in this issue presents a detailed attack on mainstream criminologists for their failure to acknowledge the role of individual differences and personality factors in lawbreaking. The authors accuse sociological criminologists of “knowledge destruction.” In response, this paper concedes the basic point made by Andrews and Wormith but also argues that they overstate their case and engage in “knowledge distortion.” More important, the paper suggests some of the directions that ought to be pursued in future theorizing and research on this question.
Locational Decisions of Charter Schools: Probing the Market Metaphor

Objective. Debate about market-oriented school-choice proposals often centers on questions of whether they will help or hurt minorities and the poor. We examine the locational decisions of different types of charter schools in the District of Columbia (D.C.) to assess their distributional consequences. Methods. We employ ordered probit regression to estimate models of the degree to which census tracts are served by charters. Results. Charters are more likely to locate in areas with high proportions of African-American and Hispanic residents than in the predominantly white neighborhoods, and more likely to locate in neighborhoods with middle incomes and high home ownership than in either poor or wealthy areas of the city. This is especially true of those operated by for-profits and those chartered by the elected rather than appointed chartering body. Additionally, we observe charters taking political and practical considerations into account when deciding where to locate. Conclusions. Proponents claim that charter schools will locate where need is greatest, while critics fear they will shy away from neighborhoods housing disadvantaged and minority students. We find that both camps are oversimplifying. Locational patterns are more complex and appear to be sensitive to variations in the type of charter school as well as the institutional characteristics of the chartering agency. Although market incentives are important, so too are pragmatic factors and institutional context. Charter schools have erupted on the landscape of American education with a speed and scope that is surprising, especially in light of that sector’s reputation for bureaucratic resistance to new ideas. The nation’s first charter school opened in Minnesota in 1992. Eight years later, more than 2,000 charter schools, in 34 states and the District of Columbia, were serving over half a million students (Center for Education Reform, 2000).
Re(V)O(N2S2) Complexes with N2S2 = Thio-Amido-Secondary Amine-Thio Chelate Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of Solution Forms

Anti- and syn-ReO(L-cysteine-acetyl-cysteamine) (1 and 2, respectively), and the dimethyl derivatives anti- and syn-ReO(L-penicillamine-acetyl-cysteamine) (3 and 4, respectively), were synthesized. Anti and syn refer to the relationship of the oxo ligand and carboxyl group of the cysteine/penicillamine residue. In the structures of 1 and 4, determined by X-ray diffraction, the oxo/carboxyl relationship was anti in 1 and syn in 4. Such thio-amidoamine-thio (MAMA for monoamido monoamine) type complexes are being investigated as radiopharmaceuticals. The charge and the number of species present under physiological conditions influence biodistribution, and understanding factors influencing the pKa of the coordinated secondary amine is essential for successful design of such agents. Dissociation of the proton on the secondary amine alters the charge and structure. For both 1 and 2, the 1 H NMR spectra, monitored as a function of pH, exhibited changes in two pH regions: near pH 4 the signals (especially the HR of the cysteine residue) shifted, and from pH 6-8 the signals shifted again and broadened. These shift changes are consistent with dissociation of the carboxyl proton to give a monoanion I, and of the amine proton to give a dianion II, respectively. The cysteamine chelate ring of 1 and 4, anchored by the amine donor, is highly puckered in the solid state. Torsion angles, calculated from 1 H NMR 3 J values at pH 3, 5 and 8, indicate that in solution the cysteamine chelate ring is also highly puckered in the neutral form and I, but relatively planar in II. Since five-membered chelate rings are more planar when an anchoring amine is deprotonated, the data are consistent with II being an NH-deprotonated form rather than an OH - axially ligated form. The high acidity of the amine in 1 and 2 compared to analogues with two amine donors indicates that the amido group is a modest donor. The signal broadening observed as I and II interconvert, an unusual effect for NH/N - exchange, is due primarily to the low rate of exchange at the OH - concentration needed to convert I to II. Making the metal (Re/Tc) more electron rich may decrease the acidity of the NH, but since the NH in 1 and 2 is particularly acidic, this approach is unlikely to work. Our results suggest that introduction of an electronwithdrawing group into the ligand may lower the NH pKa of the complex below the physiologically relevant range and give a species with a well-defined charge.
Transcription of the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase gene (SIAT1) in B-lymphocytes: cell type-specific expression correlates with presence of the divergent 5′-untranslated sequence

A single gene, SIAT1, encodes ST6Gal I, the sialyltransferase that mediates transfer of alpha2,6-linked sialic acids to Galbeta1, 4GlcNAc termini of N-linked glycoproteins. In vivo, multiple SIAT1 mRNA forms, differing only in the 5'-untranslated region, are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. This mRNA heterogeneity has been attributed, at least in part, to transcription from a number of physically distinct promoter regions. In mature B-lymphocytes, SIAT1 transcription initiates at P2, a regulatory region known to function only in B-lineage cells. Bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) under the control of the P2 region encompassing 415 bp 5'- and 125 bp 3' of the transcriptional initiation site is efficiently expressed in Louckes, a mature B-lymphoblastoid cell line. In contrast, CAT expression in Reh, a T-null/B-null precursor line, and in HepG2, a hepatoma line, are 14-fold and >25-fold less than in Louckes, respectively. The data is consistent with the presence of cis -acting regulatory elements residing both 5' and 3' of the P2 transcriptional initiation site. At least 370 bp of 5'-flanking sequence, coinciding with the inclusion of AP2 and NF-kappaB sites, is necessary for high level expression in Louckes. Exon sequences 3' of the transcription start site are also important for expression. A segment from(+)32 to(+)125 (position(+)1 is transcription start site) is capable of exerting promoter-like activity in Louckes, but not in Reh or HepG2. CAT expression by P2 is negligible in Reh cells. However, enhanced CAT activity is not accompanied by elevated mRNA levels. This observation is consistent with the relief of translational restraints imposed by the(+)32 to(+)125 region. Together, the data demonstrate that efficient and cell-specific transcription regulation in mature B lymphocytes is contained in a 495 bp P2 segment that is comprised of 370 bp of 5'-flanking region and 125 bp of transcribed region of Exon X.
Appropriateness and Timing of Kidney and/or Pancreas Transplants in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Cure of diabetes through cell or organ transplantation remains an unattained but highly desirable goal. For now, prevention of end organ complications of diabetes is the most appropriate application of transplantation for patients with enough evidence of progressive disease to justify the substantial surgical and immunosuppression-based risks of pancreas transplantation. Uremic diabetics should, if possible, be offered renal transplantation, alone or in combination with pancreas transplantation, to obviate the excessive mortality associated with prolonged maintenance dialysis. Islet transplantation has been widely clinically unsuccessful but holds new promise as the therapy of choice for the future. This report reviews the history, state of the art, and selection process for timing and application of currently available transplantation modalities for diabetic patients.
Theoretical regime diagrams for thermally driven flows in a beta-plane channel

It is noted that thermally driven flows in rotating laboratory containers with cylindrical geometry can be axially symmetric or wavelike depending on the experimental parameters. In anticipation that rotating fluid experiments might soon be done in spherical shell geometry, Barcilon's model has been extended to a beta-plane channel in order to gain a rough understanding of the effects of rotating spherical geometry. An incompressible fluid version of the Charney (1947) model of baroclinic instability, modified to include Ekman pumping at rigid horizontal boundaries is used. With this model, stability boundaries are mapped out for individual zonal wavenumbers in the parameter space used by Barcilon.
Newer Insights into Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity

OBJECTIVE:To review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Factors affecting this toxicity and agents that may protect against it are discussed.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search was used to identify pertinent literature including reviews. A manual search of bibliographies was performed to include all articles on the subject.STUDY SELECTION:All available data relating to the mechanisms, modifying factors, and management of cisplatin nephrotoxicity were assessed.DATA EXTRACTION:As limited human data are available, all animal studies were included. Articles with hypotheses or suggestions not backed by scientific data were excluded from review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Cisplatin is one of the most effective agents available for treating a variety of solid tumors. Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting factor for the use of this drug. Mechanisms for renal toxicity range from definitive histologic changes found in the proximal convoluted tubules to physiologic and biochemical alterati...
An unusual reason of abdominal pain: A case of Rapunzel's syndrome and literature review

Bezoar is defined as a mass formed as a consequence of the accumulation of indigestible foreign substances within the gastric outlet or small bowels with resultant dysfunctional gastric emptying Gastric bezoar extending into the small or large bowel and causing a clinical condition called Rapunzel syndrome This rare pediatric condition is observed in young girls with psychiatric problems such as trichotilomania, who frequently feel an irresistable desire to pluck out, and swallow their hairs. A 12-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, growth retardation, and partial hair loss. Endoscopic examination revealed the presence of gastroduodenale trichobezoar, and her giant trichobezoar was extracted using conventional laparotomy, and anterior gastrostomy. With this case representation we reported a case with Rapunzel Syndrome in the light of literature data.
Electoral Consequences of Lawmaking Activities for State Legislative Incumbents

Objective Do incumbent state legislators who introduce many bills or have high passage rates for their proposals receive an electoral benefit for these efforts? If so, where is such an electoral advantage manifested? Is it a direct effect whereby voters are more likely to recognize and reward a legislator's productivity? Or is the effect more indirect whereby potential candidates are less likely to challenge an active incumbent? Methods These questions are addressed in an analysis of legislative elections in 18 states over two election cycles. Results Within the low-information environment of state legislative elections, there is evidence of both direct and indirect effects of lawmaking activities. Higher rates of bill passage decrease the likelihood that incumbents are challenged in primaries. Bill passage also reduces the likelihood they face well-financed opponents in the general election. Incumbents who introduce more legislation ultimately receive larger vote shares in general elections. Conclusions Introducing and passing legislation can enhance an incumbent's prospects for reelection.