cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the spatial definition of behavior settings on children's behavior: A quasi-experimental field study

Following from an ecological conception of environment-behavior relations, this study investigated the effects of three levels of the spatial definition of behavior settings--from well-defined to poorly defined--on children's social and cognitive behavior. The study used a quasi-experimental post-test-only control group design with multiple levels of treatment and proxy pretest measures. Systematic naturalistic observation was conducted of children and staff at 14 child care centers matched in three groups. The data were analysed by analysis of covariance controlling for subject group differences between settings remaining after the matching. The degree of spatial definition of behavior settings was found to be predictive of a range of behaviors. Significantly more exploratory behavior, social interaction and cooperation occurred in spatially well defined behavior settings than in moderately or poorly defined settings. Strong interactions were noted between teacher styles and spatial definition in affecting children's behavior. The conclusions emphasize the finding that the effects of physical environmental variables can only be understood when studied in interaction with social environmental variables. The results are supportive of a group x settings interactional theory of environment-behavior relations.
A method for the approximation of incremental understanding of explicit utterance meaning using predictive models in finite domains

This paper explores the relationship between explicit and predictive models of incremental speech understanding in a dialogue system that supports a finite set of user utterance meanings. We present a method that enables the approximation of explicit understanding using information implicit in a predictive understanding model for the same domain. We show promising performance for this method in a corpus evaluation, and discuss its practical application and annotation costs in relation to some alternative approaches.
A study of Cleaning Performance and Mechanisms in Dilute SC-1 Processing

A statistical design of experiments (DOE) approach has been employed to evaluate the effects of megasonic input power, solution chemistry, bath temperature, and immersion time on particle removal in SC-1 chemistries. Megasonic input power was the dominant factor in the response surface model. Substantially diluted chemistries, performed with high megasonic input power and moderate-to-elevated temperatures. were shown to be very effective for small particle removal. Follow-on studies to the original DOE have led to an investigation of ultradilute SC-1 chemistries with megasonic power. These chemistries ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm of NH4OH and H2O2. Post processing light point defect (LPD) counts differ substantially between bare n and p-type Si , and ambient lighting conditions are shown to influence LPD counts on p-type Si . Solution properties such as pH and oxidation potential have been studied, and an investigation of post processing silicon surface properties is underway.
Political Violence, Family Relations, and Palestinian Youth Functioning

This study investigated the associations among involvement in political violence, family relations, and several measures of adolescent social and psychological functioning in a sample of 7,000 Palestinian families from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Structural equation analysis of youth self-reported survey data revealed that experience in the intifada (as children) predicted increases in antisocial behavior (males and females) and depression (females) 1 to 2 years after the end of the intifada (when adolescents), but was not related to family values, educational values, academic performance, or aggression. Intifada experience was related to increases in parental use of psychological control and conflict with daughters, but was unrelated to parental support, parental monitoring, or conflict with sons. The discussion centers on the role of cultural forces and the psychological meaning of nationalistic conflict in the resilience of children and families to political violence.
Interrogating the bioactive pharmacophore of the latrunculin chemotype by investigating the metabolites of two taxonomically unrelated sponges

This study involved a campaign to isolate and study additional latrunculin analogues from two taxonomically unrelated sponges, Cacospongia mycofijiensis and Negombata magnifica. A total of 13 latrunculin analogues were obtained by four different ways, reisolation (1−4), our repository (5, 6), new derivatives (7−12), and a synthetic analogue (7a). The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated on the basis of a combination of comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis, application of DFT calculations, and the preparation of acetonide derivative 7a. The cytotoxicities against both murine and human cancer cell lines observed for 1, 2, 7, 7a, 8, 9, and 12 were significant, and the IC50 range was 0.5−10 μM. Among the cytotoxic derivatives, compound 9 did not exhibit microfilament-disrupting activity at 5 μM. The implications of this observation and the value of further therapeutic study on key latrunculin derivatives are discussed.
Nutritional control of amino acid supply to the mammary gland during lactation in the pig

The paucity of data relating to lactation physiology of the sow has frustrated researchers in estimating nutrient needs for production and mammary maintenance functions. The nutritional control of amino acid supply for milk synthesis is influenced by factors that have yet to be measured, such as blood flow and amino acid contribution from the body protein pool. The interaction or role of hormones such as insulin, glucagon or prolactin in amino acid dynamics and inter-organ exchange during lactation in the sow, are not well understood. The discrepancy existing between milk and mammary amino acid uptake profiles relative to lysine may be indicative of mammary metabolism and possibly maintenance requirements for specific amino acids. Hence, amino acid metabolism in the mammary gland, regardless of arterial blood substrate supply, may play an important role in a factorial approach to determining requirements. Mammary amino acid uptake ratios rather than milk amino acid ratios should provide a better tool to estimate amino acid requirements relative to lysine. Although lysine has typically been limiting in maize-soyabean-meal-based diets fed to lactating sows, current production trends are bringing a new dimension to the formulation of lactating-sow diets. Other amino acids may become limiting if dietary crystalline lysine is added without concern for the whole essential amino acid profile. Formulations based on an ideal amino acid profile for the lactating sow will, therefore, become critical.
A comparative study of the five-times-sit-to-stand and timed-up-and-go tests as measures of functional mobility in persons with and without injection-related venous ulcers

PURPOSE: To provide information on the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand (FTSTS) and Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) tests in persons with injection-related venous ulcers (VU+) and persons without venous ulcers (VU-). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to: Identify the methods used in a comparative study of the FTSTS and TUG tests in persons with and without injection-related venous ulcers. Evaluate results from this and other studies evaluating the use of the FTSTS and TUG tests for use in clinical practice. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine functional mobility using Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand (FTSTS) and Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) tests in persons with injection-related venous ulcers (VU+) and compare these findings to persons without venous ulcers (VU-). DESIGN: Cross-sectional, comparative design. SETTING: Outpatient clinic. PARTICPANTS: Participants (n = 61) were 31 persons VU+ and 30 persons VU-; 57.4% men; mean age, 54 years; 93% African American. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand, TUG, physical activity, quality of life, comorbidities, falls, and body mass index. RESULTS: Participants VU+ were 36.8% slower on completion of the TUG test (P = .012) and 26.5% slower on completion of the FTSTS test (P = .081). Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand and TUG were strongly correlated with each other, r = 0.93, 0.87, P < .001 for VU- and VU+, respectively. Test-retest reliabilities for the FTSTS and TUG tests were high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89-0.94) for the VU+ and VU-. Within each group, correlations of FTSTS and TUG were similar for each of the variables examined. Across groups, correlations showed that the time to complete FTSTS and TUG increased as a function of comorbidities in the VU+ group; the correlations in the VU- group were not significantly different from zero. CONCLUSIONS: The VU+ group exhibited poorer physical performance than the VU- group. The high correlation between FTSTS and TUG and the similarity of correlations with other variables suggest that these physical performance measures may be interchangeable in their ability to predict physical functioning in these clinical groups despite differences in test demands. Clinicians need easy-to-perform reliable clinical tests such as FTSTS and TUG to assess mobility of aging injection users with venous ulcers.
On the secure creation, organisation and discovery of topics in distributed publish/subscribe systems

Publish/Subscribe infrastructures have gained significant traction recently with several specifications such as the Java Message Service (JMS), WS-Eventing and WS-Notification. In this paper we present a scheme for the secure organisation and discovery of topics in distributed publish/subscribe systems. The scheme also addresses security related issues such as authorisation and provenance in the discovering these topics. Our experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this framework. We have also included a scheme for the organisation and discovery of topics that have hierarchical relationships and those that are part of a collection of topics in dynamic, high-flux publish/subscribe environments.
Programming Models: Client–Server, Process Groups, and Peer-to-Peer

This article discusses various programming models for implementing distributed applications. We focus mostly on data-sharing rather than CPU-sharing applications. First we describe the client-server model, and how basic distributed applications can be built using Remote Procedure Calls. We then move on to discuss how more sophisticated distributed applications can be developed with process groups and look in more detail at the virtual synchrony and publish/subscribe paradigms. Finally, we consider highly scalable peer-to-peer approaches to resource sharing and location, application level routing, and monitoring and aggregation. Keywords: programming models; distributed programming; remote objects; client-server
Investigation of Retention Knob Geometry on Machining Dynamics

Abstract In this study, impact testing is used to determine the potential effects of retention knob design on tool-holder-spindle-machine assembly dynamics. Three different knob designs are selected and used to clamp a simple geometry artifact in a CAT-40 interface spindle. The mean and standard deviation repeatability limits are compared for frequency response functions measured using the three designs. It is shown that the knob geometry does not exhibit a significant influence on the assembly dynamics.
Tamoxifen and Endometrial Cancer: From Experiment to Patient

Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is the treatment of choice for adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. It is currently used both as a palliative treatment for advanced disease and as an adjunct following surgery for node positive or negative disease (Jordan 1994). In addition, tamoxifen’s estrogen-like properties have been noted to reduce the incidence of fatal myocardial infarction (McDonald and Stewart 1991; Stewart and Everington 1992) and maintain bone density in postmenopausal patients (Love et al. 1992; Ward et al. 1993; Kristensen et al. 1994). These observations led to the concept of testing tamoxifen as a preventive agent in women with a high risk for breast cancer. Clinical trials that will each recruit about 20000 women volunteers are now proceeding in the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy (Powles et al. 1994; Vanchieri 1992; Fisher and Redmond 1991). However, in contrast to the beneficial effect on bones and lipids, the estrogenic actions of tamoxifen in the uterus have raised serious doubts about the safety of long-term therapy. Satyaswaroop et al. (1984) first described the partial stimulation by tamoxifen of a human endometrial carcinoma transplanted in athymic mice. Gottardis et al. (1988) cotransplanted a human breast carcinoma and a human endometrial carcinoma into athymic mice to determine whether tamoxifen would control the estrogen stimulated growth of both tumors. Tamoxifen inhibited the growth of the breast tumor but encouraged the growth of the endometrial carcinoma.
Laboratory-Measured Dynamic Modulus and Predicted Performance of Asphalt Mixtures: Effects of Specimen Orientation

The dynamic modulus testing of asphalt mixtures is typically conducted by using a specimen 100 mm in diameter and 150 mm tall loaded along its primary axis (axial mode). This specimen orientation can present problems when as-built pavement layers, which are seldom constructed in 150-mm lifts, are evaluated. For this issue to be addressed, dynamic modulus testing in the indirect tension (IDT) loading mode was proposed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of loading mode (axial versus IDT) on the measured dynamic modulus and the effects of the measured difference on pavement performance prediction. For the achievement of these objectives, Superpave® mixtures were collected from Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Virginia, and Wisconsin and were evaluated for the effects of loading mode. Results of the experimental program showed that statistical differences exist between IDT and uniaxial dynamic modulus values measured at different temperatures and frequencies...
Haptic Perception of Affordances of a Sport Implement: Choosing Hockey Sticks for Power versus Precision Actions on the Basis of “Feel”:

The present study investigated how changing the mass distribution of a hockey stick influenced the perceived affordances of a stick's utility for performing either a precision or power action. Top-weighted sticks were preferred for executing precisely controlled movements, both before and after using the stick to complete an interception action task. Initially, participants in the power condition preferred the bottom -weighted stick. However, once participants performed the power condition action task, they preferred a stick with a mass concentration closer to their point of grasp. These results indicate that a held object's perceived affordances are influenced both by its mass distribution, and the perceiver's level of experience using the tool for a given action. Human factors consideration include designing hand-held sporting equipment that capitalizes on people's sensitivity to an object's mass distribution.
Imaging of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas

The interaction between the various noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities used to evaluate the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas is demonstrated in this article. By understanding this interaction and correlating noninvasive studies, the clinician will avoid diagnostic redundancy and the need for invasive testing may be reduced.
Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Esophagitis in a Young Immunocompetent Adult

Herpes simplex esophagitis (HSE) is commonly identified in immunosuppressed patients. It is rare among immunocompetent patients and almost all of the reported cases are due to HSV-1 infection. HSV-2 esophagitis is extremely rare. We report the case of a young immunocompetent male who presented with dysphagia, odynophagia, and epigastric pain. Endoscopy showed multitudes of white nummular lesions in the distal esophagus initially suspected to be candida esophagitis. However, classic histopathological findings of multinucleated giant cells with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions and positive HSV-2 IgM confirmed the diagnosis of HSV-2 esophagitis. The patient rapidly responded to acyclovir treatment. Although HSV-2 is predominantly associated with genital herpes, it can cause infections in other parts of the body previously attributed to only HSV-1 infection.
Relief of upper airway obstruction by adenotonsillectomy.

Adenotonsillectomy is often performed to relieve upper airway obstruction, even in children who do not present with severe apnea. Although adenotonsillectomy provides dramatic relief from obstructive sleep apnea, little evidence is available as to the efficacy of surgery in the far more prevalent cases of partial airway obstruction. We report the results of a prospective study of 100 children with adenotonsillar obstruction (without severe apnea) and 50 age-matched control children. The majority of patients exhibited appreciable sleep disturbances preoperatively, as compared to controls, and had substantial postoperative improvement, as demonstrated by parental questionnaire and sleep sonography—the computer-aided analysis of respiratory sounds. Mouth breathing and behavior problems were also prevalent preoperatively and were affected positively by adenotonsillectomy. It appears that surgery in such cases can have far-ranging benefits, even for the child whose obstruction does not demonstrate severe apnea.
Influence of different ratios of corn and corn silage, housing systems and seasons on the performance of feedlot steers.

Observations on the effects of season, housing and diet were made on 916 steers in three winter and two summer trials. Diets consisted of corn grain and corn silage, in balanced rations, fed ad libitum with energy ratios of 25:75 (Diet 1), 55:45 (Diet 2) and 85:15 (Diet 3). There were three types of housing systems: outside lots without access to overhead shelter (NS), outside lots with access to overhead shelter (OS) and an open-front confinement building (C). Average ambient temperatures and precipitation for winter and summer trials were -1.0 and 15.3 C and 4.67 and 10.81 cm/mo, respectively. Steers gained more (P less than .05) in summer than in winter. Within housing system, OS and NS steers gained faster and consumed more dry matter (DM) and energy (P less than .05) than C steers; C-fed steers were less (P less than .05) efficient (kg feed DM/kg gain) than OS steers. Steers fed Diet 1 had lower (P less than .05) average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Diets 2 and 3. Steers on Diet 3 consumed less DM (P less than .05) than those on Diets 1 and 2. Estimated metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was significantly less for cattle fed Diet 1 than those fed Diets 2 or 3. Diet 3 was more (P less than .05) efficient than Diet 1. Season x diet (P less than .10) and season x housing (P less than .10) interactions were found for daily DM intake and MEI. This resulted in greater cattle growth rate responses to higher grain diets in summer than in winter and more pronounced adverse effects of confinement rearing in summer than in winter. No evidence was found of other two-way or three-way interactions for any of the performance characteristics studied. These results indicate that in addition to important singular effects of season, housing and diet, important interactions of these factors also exist.
Aspex Eyewear, Inc. V. Marchon Eyewear, Inc. and Brain Life, LLC. V. Elekta, Inc. : Irreconcilable Conflict in the Law Governing Claim Preclusion in Patent Cases

In 1991, the Federal Circuit held that a judgment on the merits in a patent infringement action bars future claims based on products that are “essentially the same” as the product at issue in the former suit. This rule governed claim preclusion in patent actions until at least 2009. Then, in 2012, the Federal Circuit upended the apple cart with Aspex Eyewear, Inc. v. Marchon Eyewear, Inc., 672 F.3d 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2012), holding that a judgment in an infringement suit never bars fu-­‐ ture claims against products that could not have been accused in the former litigation, essentially the same or not. The court reaffirmed this rule in 2014 in Brain Life, LLC v. Elekta Inc., 746 F.3d 1045 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The Federal Circuit introduced this change in the law for a good reason: the “essentially the same” rule had the unfortunate effect of granting an adjudged infringer a license to continue infringing, secure in the knowledge that claim preclusion would bar a second suit. Unfor-­‐ tunately, Aspex and Brain Life are squarely in conflict with earlier Fed-­‐ eral Circuit precedent. Because one three-­‐judge panel cannot overrule another, the “essentially the same” test remains the law. The en banc Federal Circuit should address this conflict, and resolve it in favor of Aspex and Brain Life.
Joint optimization for cell configuration and offloading in heterogeneous networks

To steadily gaining benefit from the exponential growth in mobile traffic, operators are eager to find solutions to maximize profits. Two very attractive strategies have been proposed to complement the existing macro cellular architecture: deploying low power bases stations and offloading data traffic to other networks. Each strategy has different costs and yields different benefits for operators. The offloading option could be cheaper in the short run; nevertheless, it might be more expensive in the long run than cell densification due to the varying cost. On the other hand, small cells, since having to be deployed in advance, may be underutilized or not fully meet future demands. In the latter case, offloading techniques can be used to increase capacity with additional costs. Further, uncertainty of future data demands and electricity prices also impact operators profitability, making the best network strategy difficult to achieve. To address such problem, an optimal cell configuration algorithm is proposed by formulating a stochastic programming model that considers both network design and data offloading. This algorithm can maximize the profit, under future demand and price uncertainty. Numerical studies are extensively performed in which the results show that operators' profits can be improved with our proposed algorithm.
A structurally modified perylene dye for efficient luminescent solar concentrators

Abstract A structurally modified perylene dye with broad absorption (300–550 nm), long-wavelength emission (550–650 nm), large Stokes shift (Δ λ = 90 nm) and high photoluminescence quantum yield ( Φ f = 0.95) has been synthesized for luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). Its unique photophysical properties is attributed to the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristic within the molecule, which was investigated in solution and solid of the dye by spectroscopic measurements as well as theoretical calculations. The performance of LSCs with different device sizes and solar cell configurations was studied experimentally under outdoor real-time sunny condition. Specifically, a LSC with a geometric gain ( G ) of 5 exhibits high power conversion efficiency ( η LSC ) of 2.81% ± 0.06% and over unity concentration ratio ( C ) of 1.19 ± 0.03 with high optical efficiency ( P ) of 23.7% ± 0.5%. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed on the LSCs implies that C could be as high as 13.85 ( G = 200) and price per watt could be as low as $0.33/W ( G = 103).
Erosional redistribution of topsoil controls soil nitrogen dynamics

In recent years, the role of soil erosion on terrestrial carbon sequestration had been the focus of a growing number of studies. However, relatively little attention has been paid so far to the role of erosion on the lateral distribution of soil nitrogen (N) and the role of geomorphic processes on soil N dynamics. Here, we present primary data on the stock of nitrogen in soil and its rate of erosion at a relatively undisturbed, zero-order watershed in northern California. Erosion transports 0.26–0.47 g N m−2 year−1 from eroding slope positions (Summit and Slope), and about two-thirds of the eroded N enters depositional landform positions (Hollow and Plain). Our results show that depositional-position soil profiles contain up to 3 times more N than soil profiles in the eroding positions. More than 92% of all soil nitrogen was chemically bound to soil minerals in all the landform positions, compared to 2–4% each found in the free light and occluded light fractions. Nitrogen associated with the free light fraction in topsoil is particularly susceptible to loss by soil erosion. By comparison, soil N associated with the aggregate-protected occluded light fractions and the mineral-associated dense fractions is likely to be protected from gaseous and dissolved losses. On average, we found that soil N has mean residence time of 694 years in eroding landform positions, compared to 2951 years in depositional landform positions. Our results also show that microbial processing of organic matter exerts strong control on overall soil N storage and N stabilized through sorptive interactions with soil minerals only in poorly drained depositional landform positions. Soil erosion exerts important control on stock, distribution, and long-term fate of soil N in dynamic landscapes.
Stability and plasticity in neural encoding of linguistically-relevant pitch patterns

We examine the timescale of experience-dependent auditory plasticity to linguistically relevant pitch patterns. We find extreme stability in lifelong experience-dependent plasticity. We further dem...
Two Nonverbal Screeners: The Universal Multidimensional Abilities Scales and the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test-Group Abilities Test

This chapter describes two screening instruments developed to provide screening of examinees, regardless of language or cultural differences—hence the term Universal in their titles. Developed by R. Steve McCallum and Bruce Bracken, authors of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT; Riverside 1998) and the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test-2 (PRO-ED 2016), these assessment tools share the goal of the UNIT instruments, to provide a fair assessment of examinees regardless of language abilities or language of origin. The Universal Multidimensional Abilities Scales (UMAS), designed to screen examinees in several domains related to academic success, is a six subscale rating scale (Cognition, Creativity, Leadership, Literacy, Math, and Science) completed by a teacher who knows the examinee well. The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT-GAT) is a two subtest, group administered screener of cognitive abilities (Analogic Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning). Used together or separately, these instruments efficiently provide information about examinees’ levels of functioning across several domains and can be useful in the process of screening examinees for further assessment to determine eligibility for special services. These instruments share in common the philosophy that it is important to provide a fair assessment, despite cultural and language differences.
Concurrent and Subsequent Associations Between Daily Digital Technology Use and High‐Risk Adolescents’ Mental Health Symptoms

Adolescents are spending an unprecedented amount of time using digital technologies (especially mobile technologies), and there are concerns that adolescents’ constant connectivity is associated with poor mental health, particularly among at-risk adolescents. Participants included 151 adolescents at risk for mental health problems (Mage = 13.1) who completed a baseline assessment, 30-day ecological momentary assessment, and 18 month follow-up assessment. Results from multilevel regression models showed that daily reports of both time spent using digital technologies and the number of text messages sent were associated with increased same-day attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms. Adolescents’ reported digital technology usage and text messaging across the ecological momentary assessment (EMA) period was also associated with poorer self-regulation and increases in conduct problem symptoms between the baseline and follow-up assessments.
A Combined In Vitro Assay for Evaluation of Neurotrophic Activity and Cytotoxicity

Neurotrophic assays are phenotypic methods to identify molecules that stimulate differentiation of neuronal cells. Bioactive small molecules with neurotrophic actions hold great promise as therapeu...
The research-teaching “oneness” of competitive dynamics: Toward an ambicultural integration

How to integrate research and teaching is a vital but little-studied topic in business academia. In the West, pedagogy and research often make for strange bedfellows, while teaching and theoretical work in the East are united by the ancient philosophical notion of " oneness”. Indeed, in the Confucian tradition scholars in China devote themselves to work that goes beyond both teaching and research and publishing impetus of their Western counterparts. The Eastern scholar’s paramount task is to be a respected teacher as expressed in an ethos of educating students of all kinds and caring for the greater community. This paper takes up the case of competitive dynamics, a management topic developed in the West, to demonstrate how teaching and research may be balanced and even integrated much as in the traditional Eastern pedagogical conception. The effort to bridge the research-teaching divide is instructional for scholars seeking to transfer theory to the classroom and for researchers aiming to broaden the scope of their investigations. In the process, the paper raises a fundamental question: What does " scholarship” in the applied academic fields, such as management, mean in modern China and within a global context?
Slider Scale or Text Box: How Response Format Shapes Responses

Consumer payments elicited on slider scales can be systematically different from those elicited through text boxes because of the end point assimilation effect. When people use text boxes to make payments, they evaluate monetary values relative to the starting point of the response range. In contrast, when people use slider scales, they evaluate monetary values relative to the starting point as well as the end point of the response range. Consequently, payments elicited on slider scales tend to be assimilated toward the end point of the response range. This slider scale end point assimilation effect varies for ascending and descending payment formats. For ascending payment formats (e.g., eBay bids), slider scales elicit higher payments than text boxes. But for descending payment formats (e.g., Priceline bids), slider scales elicit lower payments than text boxes. This research not only documents how slider scales alter consumer payments, but also explains how the mental number line affects financial decisions.
Tribological and Mechanical Design Considerations for Wave Energy Collecting Devices

Creating new sources of renewable and sustainable energy is a critical problem in the world today and will continue to be so in the future. A major sector of renewable energy is the hydro energy, and in particular, harvesting wave energy of seas and lakes. Various types of designs have been suggested for marine energy sources. These new applications bring new problems for mechanical engineers and tribologists. Operating in marine conditions is difficult due to the biofouling, water contamination, particulate contamination, and other tribological issues. Efficiency and optimization are major issues in the energy generation industry are. In this chapter, we review offshore marine and lake wave energy systems and discuss in more detail wave energy collector (WEC) that is being developed and optimized at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM).
The Interplay Between Enzyme Mechanism, Protein Structure, and Inhibitor and Catalyst Design

As suggested by the tetrahedron in Fig.1, there are obvious relationships between enzyme mechanism, protein structure, and the design of enzyme inhibitors and mimics. Some of the edges of this tetrahedron are stronger than others, and between some of the vertices information flows in one direction more than the other. However, the accelerating progress in protein structure determination and the recently made connection between inhibitor and catalyst design are beginning to address this imbalance. In this presentation, a number of facets of our research will be discussed in which the relationships depicted in Fig.1 are important.
Role of nitric oxide in the induction of apoptosis by smokeless tobacco extract.

Smokeless tobacco usage is, a growing public health concern in the United States. Lesions of the oral cavity have been clearly linked to smokeless tobacco use. The objective of this study was to determine the biochemical effects of smokeless tobacco extract (STE) exposure upon hamster cheek pouch cell (HCPC-1) cultures. HCPC-1 cells were exposed to a 5 -fold dose-range of STE (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5%) over a time-course of 24-96 h. Following each exposure we measured various biochemical parameters of cell proliferation and cell death. Cell viability, cell cycle progression and S-phase DNA synthesis were measured as markers of cell proliferation. We measured lactate dehydrogenase leakage as a marker of cell membrane damage and cell death due to necrosis. No significant alterations were observed in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation as a result of exposure to STE. LDH measured colorimetrically indicated no significant effect with the lower doses (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5% STE). Apoptosis measured as the A0 peak and by the TUNEL procedure revealed that STE caused significant rates of apoptosis. Maximal apoptosis was noted between 48-96 h. In order to probe the mechanism further we measured the levels of nitrites as an indicator of nitric oxide (NO) in the media. NO levels were significantly elevated at the doses that caused an induction of apoptosis. The results from this study indicate that STE causes a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and that this is mediated by nitric oxide.
Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties of Organic Compounds in the Gas, Liquid, and Solid Phases at 298.15 K

About one hundred years ago, the relationship between the boiling point of a substance and its heat of vaporization at the boiling point (Trouton’s Rule) was reported in the chemical literature. Since that time, much progress has been made in the correlation of physical and thermodynamic properties. Physical organic chemists in particular have been active in the development of correlation and estimation schemes linking the molecular structures of organic compounds and various thermodynamic properties. Some correlation and estimation schemes are more successful than others. Of the estimation schemes developed, the one put together by S.W. Benson and coworkers has had more universal acceptance because of its overall simplicity, ease of application, and general good agreement between estimated and experimental values. This scheme assigns individual group energy values for molecular fragments which are additive, account for nearest neighbor interactions, and give special consideration to corrections for steric strain or stereoisomerism. The primary focus of this scheme has been on organic molecules in the gas phase, although some applications to the liquid and solid phases have been reported.
Missed Opportunities for Engagement in the Prevention Continuum in a Predominantly Black and Latino Community in New York City

Even though over the last 25 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations for HIV screening have expanded to encompass population-wide screening in all healthcare settings, and despite the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a large proportion of individuals at risk of infection are not linked to prevention care. We evaluated missed opportunities for HIV screening and linkage to PrEP from 2006 through 2017 at an urban academic medical center serving a predominantly minority community. A missed opportunity for HIV screening was a provider visit that did not include HIV testing and occurred within the 12 months before the first positive HIV test. A missed opportunity for prevention was a visit after 2012 that included a negative HIV test, no evaluation for PrEP, and was followed by a positive HIV test. Univariate analysis was performed to assess characteristics of individuals with missed opportunities for screening and prevention services. Between 2006 and 2017, 721 patients were newly diagnosed with HIV. Two hundred forty-seven diagnoses were made in the early period (2006-2010), 236 in the middle period (2010-2013), and 238 in the late period (2014-2017). Overall 60% of patients had at least one missed opportunity, 36% for HIV screening, and 42% for PrEP. There was no improvement in the rates of individuals with a missed opportunity for HIV screening over time. Ending the HIV epidemic will require concerted efforts to bolster access to testing and ensure that all individuals are offered screening, counseling, and linkage to prevention and care services.
Insurgent Peace: Community-Led Peacebuilding of Indigenous Peoples in Sagada, Philippines

ABSTRACTIn a global era when most wars are fought between state and non-state actors, how do people make peace? This article examines the processes through which civilian communities imagine and bu...
Think before you flip: Using Fink’s taxonomy of significant learning to design library instruction.

Every summer for the past several years, George Washington University has held a Course Design Institute (CDI) in the library. CDI is a weeklong boot camp dedicated to helping faculty create or recreate courses centered on student learning. At the heart of the design methodology is L. Dee Fink’s Taxonomy of Significant Learning. Fink defines learning as a change in the learner and his taxonomy identifies six areas where this might happen: foundational learning, application, integration, caring, learning how to learn, and a human dimension.
Acoustic Tweezers for Trapping Late-Stage Zebrafish Embryos

This paper reports our recent design of an immersive acoustic tweezers capable of trapping and holding large and heavy particles such as micro-particles up to 1 mm in diameter, as well as zebrafish embryos at their 24 – 36 hours post fertilization, by developing a 3-dimensional energy well in the bulk of liquid medium. The acoustic tweezer is built on a 2.03 mm thick lead zirconate titanate (PZT) substrate and operated at its thickness mode, with 18 symmetric beamforming sectors (pie shaped when viewed from top) arranged for 3 focal lengths (17.0, 18.5 and 20 mm). For a single focal length, the six beamforming sectors (with air-cavity-reflectors for eliminating out-of-phase wave interference) work together as a sectored Fresnel lens. The acoustic waves aiming at different focal lengths interfere with each other such that they produce a Bessel beam zone (with negative axial radiation force) along the center line perpendicular to the transducer surface, which works as the energy well for trapping and holding particles. The tweezers using 1.17 MHz ultrasound shows strong trapping capability and large trapping zone, and is capable of trapping and holding late-stage zebrafish embryos (0.7 – 1mm in diameter and 1.3 – 1.5 mg in weight). The fabricated acoustic tweezers has been shown to trap 24hours-post-fertilization zebrafish embryos when it is placed either horizontally or vertically.
Linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular and/or renal disease: results from a cardiovascular and renal outcomes trial.

Review of: Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen, OE, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the ...
Everyday communication challenges in aphasia: descriptions of experiences and coping strategies

Background: Everyday communication often occurs in situations that pose high attentional and social demands. People with aphasia have reported perceiving greater challenge communicating in these si...
Indirect Decompression Failure After Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion-Reported Failures and Predictive Factors: Systematic Review.

Background:In patients with symptomatic lumbar stenosis undergoing lateral transpsoas approach for lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) surgery, it is not always clear when indirect decompression is suff...
Survival After Minimally Invasive vs Open Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Minimally invasive techniques are increasingly common in cancer surgery. A recent randomized clinical trial has brought into question the safety of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Objective To quantify the risk of recurrence and death associated with minimally invasive vs open radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer reported in observational studies optimized to control for confounding. Data Sources Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (inception to March 26, 2020) performed in an academic medical setting. Study Selection In this systematic review and meta-analysis, observational studies were abstracted that used survival analyses to compare outcomes after minimally invasive (laparoscopic or robot-assisted) and open radical hysterectomy in patients with early-stage (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009 stage IA1-IIA) cervical cancer. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and included studies with scores of at least 7 points that controlled for confounding by tumor size or stage. Data Extraction and Synthesis The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) checklist was used to abstract data independently by multiple observers. Random-effects models were used to pool associations and to analyze the association between surgical approach and oncologic outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of recurrence or death and risk of all-cause mortality. Results Forty-nine studies were identified, of which 15 were included in the meta-analysis. Of 9499 patients who underwent radical hysterectomy, 49% (n = 4684) received minimally invasive surgery; of these, 57% (n = 2675) received robot-assisted laparoscopy. There were 530 recurrences and 451 deaths reported. The pooled hazard of recurrence or death was 71% higher among patients who underwent minimally invasive radical hysterectomy compared with those who underwent open surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 1.71; 95% CI, 1.36-2.15;P Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies found that among patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer, minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was associated with an elevated risk of recurrence and death compared with open surgery.
Identification of Essential Oils Including Garlic Oil and Black Pepper Oil with High Activity against Babesia duncani

Some evidence indicated that human babesiosis caused by Babesia duncani has spread widely in North America. However, current therapeutic regimens (atovaquone + azithromycin) for human babesiosis are suboptimal with frequent recrudescence and side effects, and furthermore, there is no specific treatment for human babesiosis caused by B. duncani. Here, we screened 97 essential oils and identified 10 essential oils (garlic, black pepper, tarragon, palo santo, coconut, pine, meditation, cajeput, moringa, and stress relief) at a low concentration (0.001%; v/v) that showed good inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster red blood cell culture model. Among them, garlic oil and black pepper oil performed best, as well as their potential active ingredients diallyl disulfide (DADS) and β-caryophyllene (BCP), respectively. Interestingly, further subculture study indicated that B. duncani could relapse after treatment with current therapeutic drugs atovaquone or azithromycin even at high concentrations. In contrast, the combination of garlic oil or DADS and azithromycin showed eradication of B. duncani at low concentrations without regrowth. These results are encouraging and suggest that the garlic-derived sulfur compound DADS and β-caryophyllene (BCP) may be promising drug candidates for evaluation of their ability to cure persistent B. duncani infections in the future.
A Comparison of Chloroplast Coupling Factor One, CF1, Using Polyclonal Chicken Antibodies

Antibodies directed against the chloroplast thylakoid coupling factor 1, CF1, the extrinsic membrane-bound sector of the reversible energy transducing H+-ATP synthase complex, have been widely used to study both the enzyme structure (1–3) and subunit function and accessibility (4,5). Most antibody preparations that have been employed have been monospecific polyclonal antisera or IgG enriched fractions usually isolated from rabbits (6) although more recently some studies employing mouse hybridoma monoclonal antibodies have been reported (e.g. ref. 3). Although it is relatively easy to raise antibodies in rabbits, it usually takes several months until the animals achieve peak titre, and both the immunization and subsequent bleeding processes can be rather traumatic (7). The failure of more wide spread application of monoclonal antibodies is testament to the enormous effort required to obtain clones and subsequent tumors, a process that can require a year.
Does It Matter How We Speak About Social Kinds? A Large, Preregistered, Online Experimental Study of How Language Shapes the Development of Essentialist Beliefs

A problematic way to think about social categories is to essentialize them-to treat particular differences between people as marking fundamentally distinct social kinds. From where do these beliefs arise? Language that expresses generic claims about categories elicits some aspects of essentialism, but the scope of these effects remains unclear. This study (N = 204, ages 4.5-8 years, 73% White; recruited predominantly from the United States and the United Kingdom to participate online in 2019) found that generic language increases two critical aspects of essentialist thought: Beliefs that (a) category-related properties arise from intrinsic causal mechanisms and (b) category boundaries are inflexible. These findings have implications for understanding the spread of essentialist beliefs across communities and the development of intergroup behavior.
Plasma cfDNA Genotyping in Hospitalized Patients With Suspected Metastatic NSCLC

PURPOSENext-generation sequencing (NGS) is an important component of first-line treatment selection for metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is typically ordered by medical oncologists...
Characteristics of Sexual and Gender Minority Caregivers of People With Dementia

Objectives: Given what little is known about the experiences of sexual and gender minority (SGM) caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), the aim of the current s...