cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efflux of accumulated calcium from brain microsomes.

—(1) A microsomal preparation from rat brain accumulated calcium by an ATP-dependent process during incubation in a hypotonie medium. Accumulation was reduced in media containing 100 mm-NaCl, 100 mm-KCl or 100 mm-choline chloride or 200 mm-sucrose. During prolonged incubations NaCl further decreased calcium content unlike the other ions; this suggests a release of accumulated calcium by NaCl. (2) Microsomes that had accumulated calcium during a prior incubation (‘preloaded microsomes’) lost calcium during a subsequent incubation. NaCl specifically increased the rate of loss of calcium. Ouabain had no effect on the NaCl-induced efflux. (3) Loss of calcium from preloaded microsomes, both with and without NaCl, had a high temperature coefficient. Measurements of monovalent cation content showed no correlation of either the uptake or loss with a simple ion-exchange process and the accumulated calcium did not exchange with calcium in the medium. (4) ATP specifically reduced the efflux of calcium from preloaded microsomes. Although the diminished loss of calcium could be attributed in part to reaccumulation, this was not the only mechanism since ATP also reduced the loss from continuously perfused microsomes preloaded with calcium. (5) A series of neurotropic drugs had little effect on the efflux of calcium. Low concentrations of chlorpromazine decreased calcium retention less than 20 per cent.
Vertical-Stalk Flapping-Leaf Generator for Wind Energy Harvesting

We study a parallelized flapping piezo-leaf generator for harvesting ambient wind energy and demonstrate an initial design. We fabricated prototypes in various configurations and performed a series of experiments to study performance trends. We propose a novel vertical-stalk L-shape design that exhibits improved output power density over horizontal piezoelectric configurations. While a significant power density performance gap still exists between the current state of piezoelectric devices and commercial wind turbines, their advantage remains in their robust solid-state, low-cost, low-maintenance and scalable construction.© 2009 ASME
Environmental Hyperthermia in Prehospital Patients with Major Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in an estimated 1.7 million emergency department visits each year in the United States. These injuries frequently occur outside, leaving injured individuals exposed to environmental temperature extremes before they are transported to a hospital. Objective Evaluate the existing literature for evidence that exposure to high temperatures immediately after TBI could result in elevated body temperatures (EBTs), and whether or not EBTs affect patient outcomes. Discussion It has been clear since the early 1980s that after brain injury, exposure to environmental temperatures can cause hypothermia, and that this represents a significant contributor to increased morbidity and mortality. Less is known about elevated body temperature. Early evidence from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars indicated that exposure to elevated environmental temperatures in the prehospital setting may result in significant EBTs, however, it is unclear what impact these EBTs might have on outcomes in TBI patients. In the hospital, EBT, or neurogenic fever, is thought to be due to the acute-phase reaction that follows critical injury, and these high body temperatures are associated with poor outcomes after TBI. Conclusion Hospital data suggest that EBTs are associated with poor outcomes, and some preliminary reports suggest that early EBTs are common after TBI in the prehospital setting. However, it remains unclear whether patients with TBI have an increased risk of EBTs after exposure to high environmental temperatures, or if this very early “hyperthermia” might cause secondary injury after TBI.
Septin Function in Candida albicans Morphogenesis

The septin proteins function in the formation of septa, mating projections, and spores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as in cell division and other processes in animal cells. Candida albicans septins were examined in this study for their roles in morphogenesis of this multimorphic, opportunistically pathogenic fungus, which can range from round budding yeast to elongated hyphae. C. albicans green fluorescent protein labeled septin proteins localized to a tight ring at the bud and pseudohyphae necks and as a more diffuse array in emerging germ tubes of hyphae. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the C. albicans homologs of the S. cerevisiae CDC3 and CDC12 septins are essential for viability. In contrast, the C. albicans cdc10Delta and cdc11Delta mutants were viable but displayed conditional defects in cytokinesis, localization of cell wall chitin, and bud morphology. The mutant phenotypes were not identical, however, indicating that these septins carry out distinct functions. The viable septin mutants could be stimulated to undergo hyphal morphogenesis but formed hyphae with abnormal curvature, and they differed from wild type in the selection of sites for subsequent rounds of hyphal formation. The cdc11Delta mutants were also defective for invasive growth when embedded in agar. These results further extend the known roles of the septins by demonstrating that they are essential for the proper morphogenesis of C. albicans during both budding and filamentous growth.
Modeling human perception Could Stevens' Power Law be an emergent feature?

Stevens' power law links the magnitude of a physical stimulus to its perceived internal intensity via a psychophysical power function. Because of the law's sensitivity to the procedure used to collect its data, its failure to manifest itself at the individual level, its manifestation in non-sensory modalities, and the difficulty associated with rating stimuli on a ratio scale, many have speculated that the power law is a product of the experimental procedure Stevens used. This work tested this hypothesis by reproducing one of Stevens' original power law experiments (using different pressure levels of a 1 kHz tone) in which 52 data series were generated from a computerized process that simulated Stevens' experimental procedure. However, instead of generating ratio data for each magnitude estimate, random ordinal data were generated. When a power function was fitted to these data using the same procedure utilized by Stevens, it fit with an adjusted R2 of 0.997, while generating the same psychophysical model. This indicates that Stevens' assumption that participants make magnitude estimates on a ratio scale is not necessary to collect power law data. Thus, Stevens' power law is likely a product of Stevens' experimental procedure.
The Grokster Dead-End

The MGM v. Grokster decision in 2005 left secondary copyright infringement in a state of uncertainty. Introducing a new theory of inducement created the confusion of a new test, with some worrying that the inducement standard was overbroad and would deter the development of valuable and perfectly legitimate software applications, and others complaining of the opposite problem that the test was impractical and that evidence of intent would generally be impossible to ascertain. In addition, the Court explicitly refused to address the capable of substantial noninfringing use test articulated in the Sony-Betamax case, which the Seventh and Ninth Circuits had interpreted differently. Instead, three justices wrote a separate opinion to agree with one interpretation while three justices supported the other interpretation. Yet, even as the legal world struggles to reorient itself around Grokster and the new contours of secondary liability law, file-sharing technology has already moved on. In particular, two technologies - YouSendIt and BitTorrent - demonstrate a trend of disaggregation that is rapidly driving secondary liability remedies into a dead-end, as the courts become increasingly uncomfortable striking down technologies that approach the line where copyright interests no longer outweigh innovation interests. In particular, if Napster represented a system with centralized discovery and centralized delivery of content, Grokster only decentralized the delivery element. Search functionality was still provided in a single application that could be downloaded and installed to the desktop. In contrast, YouSendIt has centralized the delivery element, providing centralized servers from which all downloads occur, but it has disaggregated the discovery element by providing obscure download links and no search functionality. Finally, BitTorrent disaggregates both discovery and delivery, as it represents a distributed file transfer technology similar to Grokster, but without the search application that made Grokster look reprehensible to the courts. As this trend of disaggregation continues, copyright owners attempting to enforce secondary copyright infringement against these new technologies will find themselves running up against both practical and legal difficulties. Not only will it become even harder to track infringing activities, but the courts will become less willing to apply the legal rules in favor of copyright interests - as was evidenced by the Supreme Court's evasion of the Sony-Betamax test in Grokster.
Resourcefulness Training for Women Dementia Caregivers: Acceptability and Feasibility of Two Methods

Almost 10 million women in the United States are caregivers for elders with dementia and many experience extreme stress that compromises their health. Acceptable and feasible interventions to teach them resourcefulness skills for managing stress may improve their health and facilitate continued caregiving. This study examined two commonly used methods for practicing skills taught during resourcefulness training (RT) to women caregivers of elders with dementia (n=63): journaling and digital voice recording. It also explored whether providing caregivers a choice between the two methods made it more acceptable or feasible. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected before, during, and after RT. Caregivers who recorded used more words (M=5446) but recorded fewer days (M=17) than those who journaled (M=2792 words and M=27 days). Similar concerns in relation to time management and practice method were expressed by women caregivers irrespective of practice method (journal versus recorder) or random versus choice condition. While journaling was more frequent than recording, more words were expressed during recordings. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms were unrelated to the number of practice days or word counts, suggesting RT acceptability and feasibility even for highly stressed or depressed caregivers. Because intervention feasibility is important for RT effectiveness testing, alternatives to the journaling and recording methods for practicing RT skills should be considered.
Which Facets of Mindfulness Predict the Presence of Substance Use Disorders in an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample

There have been inconsistent findings regarding the relationship of mindfulness to substance use disorders, which may be attributable in part to measurement issues and the use of nonclinical samples. The current study examined the relationship between specific facets of mindfulness and substance use disorders (SUD) in a clinical sample. The sample consisted of 867 patients seeking outpatient treatment and who completed diagnostic interviews and self-report assessments. Results indicated that deficits in acting with awareness, being nonjudgmental, and nonreactivity were related to the presence of a current SUD relative to those with no history of SUD, although only acting with awareness and being nonjudgmental were related when all of the facets were included in a logistic regression. Patients with a past history of SUD had greater deficits in acting with awareness relative to those with no history of SUD. Results were similar when examining alcohol use and drug use disorders separately. Current nicotine users had greater deficits in being nonjudgmental, but not on other mindfulness facets. The observing facet was not related to current or past history of SUD. The results of the study and future directions are discussed in relation to research on mindfulness-based treatments for addiction.
Influence of a myocardial depressant factor on physiologic properties of cardiac muscle.

SummaryThe electrophysiological effects of a myocardial depressant factor (MDF) were studied on isolated cat papillary muscles. MDF decreased developed tension 58% within 6-11 min. There were no significant changes in the amplitude of either the resting membrane potential or the action potential of individual myocardial cells over this 11-min period. There was a significant prolongation of the action potential within 3 min of addition of MDF to the papillary muscles. However, this prolongation of the action potential cannot account for the negative inotropic effect of MDF. Addition of free calcium to the bathing medium from 2.5 mM to 7.5 mM completely and rapidly reversed the negative inotropic effect of MDF. We conclude that MDF acts at a site other than the excitation of the cell membrane, possibly by depressing excitation-contraction coupling or by impairing the contractile machinery directly.
The Advertising Agency Audit

This paper proposes a framework for advertising agencies to use in an examination of their business. The Advertising Agency Audit was developed to provide (a) a framework for comprehensive analysis of an agency's strengths and weaknesses, and (b) a diagnostic tool for evaluation an agency's effectiveness. The audit consists of a series of questions which become the focus of an independent analysis conducted by a designated auditor. A written assessment of the agency and plan for improvement is the result of a completed audit. The Advertising Agency Audit is offered as an application of a useful marketing evaluation and control mechanism for advertising agencies.
Medications associated with geriatric syndromes and their prevalence in older hospitalized adults discharged to skilled nursing facilities

Background More than half of the hospitalized older adults discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) have more than three geriatric syndromes. Pharmacotherapy may be contributing to geriatric syndromes in this population.
An Archimedes-like cyclostome bryozoan from the Eocene of North Carolina

A distinctive spiral unilaminate cyclostome bryozoan, recently discovered in the Eocene Castle Hayne Limestone Formation of eastern North Carolina, is described as Crisidmonea archimediformis new species. Colonies have a thickened spiral axis bearing systems of bifurcating branches. When worn and stripped of their branches, the resistant axes closely resemble the familiar screws of the Carboniferous to Permian fenestrate bryozoan genus Archimedes. However, the Eocene screws are shorter and become more loosely coiled with growth, corresponding to a helicospiral rather than a helical form. The paleoenvironment inhabited by C. archimediformis colonies is inferred to have been on the shallow ( C. archimediformis resemble those of the living cyclostome Exidmonea atlantica and suggest colonial water currents that flowed upwards and inwards through the spiral colony. Polyascosoecia , a genus closely related to Crisidmonea , is shown to be an objective junior synonym of Reteporidea , and the new genus Polyascoeciella (type species Idmonea foraminosa Reuss) is introduced for species with exterior-walled gonozooids that were previously assigned to Polyascosoecia.
Prostacyclin in Therapy of Vascular Disease

In arteries of animals with experimental atherosclerosis (Gryglewski et al. 1978, DeGaetano et al. 1979, Larrue et al. 1980, 1982)and in arteries of humans with atherosclerosis (D’Angelo et al. 1978, Sinzinger et al. 1979) or with an exposure to risk factors (Silberbauer et al. 1979, Dadak et al. 1981) the generation of a prostacyclin-like activity is severely suppressed. On the other hand it has been recently reported that the urine excretion of prostacyclin metabolites is augmented in atherosclerosis. The validity of a conception that prostacyclin deficiency is associated with development of atherosclerosis depends on further analytical studies, however, the results of early experimental findings stimulated clinicians to use prostacyclin for treatment of arterial disease (Szczeklik et al. 1979). Irrespectively to a role that prostacyclin may play in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the drug itself has a potent platelet-suppressant and vasodilatory actions (Szczeklik et al.,1978). Fibrionolytic (Dembinska-Kiec et al. 1982) and cytoprotective (for ref. see Vane, 1983) properties of prostacyclin might be also of clinical importance.
Body mass and cognitive decline are indirectly associated via inflammation among aging adults.

Abstract Inflammatory models of neurodegeneration suggest that higher circulating levels of inflammation can lead to cognitive decline. Despite established independent associations between greater body mass, increased inflammation, and cognitive decline, no prior research has explored whether markers of systemic inflammation might mediate the association between body mass and changes in cognitive functioning. To test such a model, we used two longitudinal subsamples (ns = 9066; 12,561) of aging adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) study, which included two cognitive measures components of memory and executive functioning, as well as measurements of body mass and systemic inflammation, assessed via C-reactive protein (CRP). Greater body mass was indirectly associated with declines in memory and executive functioning over 6 years via relatively higher levels of CRP. Our results suggest that systemic inflammation is one biologically plausible mechanism through which differences in body mass might influence changes in cognitive functioning among aging adults.
Animal physiology and meat quality.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the important role animal physiology plays generally in controlling the changes that occur in the postmortem conversion of muscle to meat, thereby affecting the meat supply for the human population. Research effort on animal stress susceptibility, ranging from very fundamental to very applied, has been reviewed. Much has been learned in recent years about the endocrinological aspects of stress susceptibility in domestic animals. The more classic approach of study of muscle biochemistry and morphology has been pursued with greater refinement. The physiology of stress–susceptible animals has been investigated and particular interest has centered on the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. The problem of porcine stress syndrome (PSS) and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) in pigs has been recognized. Efforts are being made, particularly by the live animal producers, to identify the problem in their animals and then to minimize or eliminate it by proper management and genetic selection.The problem of animal stress susceptibility and the low–quality meat produced from such animals has been studied extensively.
005 BP: CHALLENGES IMPLEMENTING AN INNOVATIVE COLLABORATIVE MODEL TO IMPROVE HIV LINKAGE AND RETENTION IN NEW YORK STATE

A New York statewide initiative attempted to substantially expand the Institute for Healthcare Improvement9s Quality Improvement Collaborative (QIC) approach. Rather than only focusing on organisation-level services improvements, this QIC aimed to engage HIV services organisations to develop systems-level strategies to improve rates of linkage to and retention in care for individuals with HIV. This population-level orientation asked organisations to develop new frameworks and skills to interpret and act within their health geography. Using interviews and focus groups with participants, and observations and documents review of meetings and site visits, we explore how the initiative operated, and to what extent its techniques shifted agencies9 perceptions and activities. We found organizations having difficulties using QIC tools to re-frame healthcare as a collective problem, to be collectively addressed. This hinged on the challenge of linking up intra- and inter-organizational interests and practices. We reflect upon this, along with describing one project that resulted from the initiative which appears to have achieved the systems-level goal. Turning towards literature on organizational collaborative processes, we offer ideas for refining the model9s strategies to achieve broader systems-level impacts.
Ge(001) surface cleaning methods for device integration

In recent years, research on Ge nanodevices has experienced a renaissance, as Ge is being considered a possible high mobility channel material replacement for Si MOSFET devices. However, for reliable high performance devices, an atomically flat and perfectly clean Ge surface is of utmost importance. In this review, the existing methods for cleaning the Ge(001) surface are reviewed and compared for the first time. The review discusses three broad categories of cleaning techniques that have been successfully demonstrated to obtain a clean Ge surface. First, the use of ultraviolet light and/or oxygen plasma is discussed. Both techniques remove carbon contamination from the Ge surface and simultaneously form an oxide passivation layer. Second, in situ ion sputtering in combination with germanium regrowth, which can lead to extremely clean and well-ordered Ge surfaces, is discussed. Finally, various wet-etching recipes are summarized, with focus on hydrofluoric acid (HF), NH4OH, and HCl. Despite the success of...
A self-assembled graphene-based micro flow meter by streaming potential effect

This study proposes a novel micro flow meter based on self-assembled graphene, which is applicable in microfluidics. The sensor demonstrates label-free detection of flow velocity as it directly senses dragged ion accumulation on the graphene surface by water flow, known as streaming potential effect. The sensor shows the lowest detection limit, down to 0.59 mm/s, among previously reported graphene-based flow sensors. Due to the direct sensing of flow velocity and micro-/nano-scale processability of graphene, the sensor is capable of being integrated into actual microfluidic systems, indicating an alternative flow meter to conventional methods, such as fluorescent and mechanical methods.
Engaging community partners to develop a culturally relevant resource guide for physical activity and nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an increasingly popular approach for obesity prevention efforts among ethnically diverse communities. There is limited documentation for practitioners and researchers attempting to initiate new CBPR partnerships within predominantly Hispanic communities. OBJECTIVES: To document the process underlying the initiation of a new CBPR collaborative and the development of a culturally relevant community resource guide for physical activity and nutrition. SETTING: Three similar cities in southwest Kansas (40-60% Hispanic). The mission of local partner organizations included health or serving Hispanic community needs. RESULTS: The CBPR collaborative combined community-specific cultural and historical information with physical activity and nutrition health education materials into community-specific resource guides. The guides were tailored to each community, culturally relevant, and highlighted free and low-cost resources. The guides were printed in English and Spanish and distributed to residents. Evaluation of the guide's reach showed small-moderate dissemination, and good acceptance by community residents. CONCLUSION: Collaborative CBPR partnerships for obesity prevention can be formed by identifying a common, realistic and practical goal such as the creation of a community resource guide for physical activity and nutrition. The approach is relatively noninvasive for community members, requires minimal resources from community agencies and represents a positive first step in the CBPR approach to obesity and chronic disease prevention. Currently, the guide is being used in combination with other health promotion efforts to prevent obesity and related diseases. Furthermore, our CBPR partnership continues to thrive and provide the necessary foundation for health promotion efforts. Ethn Dis . 2012 Spring;22(2):231-8.
Emotions and the Aging Brain: Regrets and Remedies

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the basic emotional systems that are organized within subcortical circuits that are shared by all mammals. The chapter uses the convention of labeling these systems by simple emotional terms, capitalized to highlight that they do not just designate the garden-varieties of emotional feelings, but also the neurological bases of such feelings. These include neural circuits that mediate separation distress and sorrow, ones that mediate playfulness and joy, ones that control sexual desires and pleasures, and ones for maternal nurturance and social bonding. This chapter summarizes how such sensitivities and responsivities change in old age. One general factor that complicates any life span analysis of brain emotional systems is that a great deal of learning transpires, and many habits are established, broken, and otherwise changed over time. Because of these fluxes, there is analyzing the changing sensitivities of emotional circuits becomes difficult by using behavioral means alone. Therefore, the changing dynamics of the underlying neural systems must be analyzed using anatomical and electrophysiological approaches.
Theory to Practice: Deconstructing Inappropriate Hierarchical, Dichotomous, and Linear Thinking Styles/Patterns

The chapter’s main objective is demonstrating how to bridge theory to practice. The chapter focuses on the importance of deconstructing inappropriate hierarchical, dichotomous, and linear thinking patterns since they are roots of racism, sexism, cissexism, heterosexism, classism, ableism, ageism, adultism, and “isms” related to religion, language, and region. The chapter explores challenges and necessities for deconstructing inappropriate thinking styles.
Discovering treatment effect heterogeneity through post‐treatment variables with application to the effect of class size on mathematics scores

Class size reduction represents an appealing but costly education policy lever. A crucial question, therefore, is whether certain types of students benefit particularly from small classes, i.e. are there effect modifiers for the benefit of small classes? We use data from the Tennessee ‘Student/teacher achievement ratio’ study, which is a large randomized experiment of class size to address this question. In the Tennessee study, a challenge is that relatively few potential effect modifiers were measured at baseline. Yet many proxies for effect modifiers were measured after baseline. In an experiment, treatment effect modification based on pretreatment variables can be assessed by using standard regression techniques. For post‐treatment variables, however, such regression approaches are valid only under a strong sequential ignorability assumption. We develop two instrumental‐variable‐based approaches for studying effect modification based on post‐treatment variables. The key advantage of the method proposed is that it allows relaxation of the strong sequential ignorability assumption. However, this advantage comes at the cost of reliance on alternative assumptions that can be challenging to verify. We provide evidence that students who are not academically engaged outside the classroom benefit more from small classes than students who are academically engaged.
Number Fields and Number Rings

A number field is a subfield of ℂ having finite degree (dimension as a vector space) over ℚ. We know (see appendix 2) that every such field has the form ℚ[α] for some algebraic number α ∈ ℂ. If α is a root of an irreducible polynomial over ℚ, having degree n, then $$\mathbb{Q}[\alpha ] = \left\{ {{a_o} + {a_1}\alpha + \cdots + {a_{n - 1}}{\alpha ^{n - 1}}:{a_1} \in \mathbb{Q}{\kern 1pt} \forall i} \right\}$$ and representation in this form is unique; in other words, {1, α,…,αn-1} is a basis for ℚ[α] as a vector space over ℚ.
Cooperative PSGL-1 and CXCR2 signaling in neutrophils promotes deep vein thrombosis in mice.

Inflammation is a major contributor to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Flow restriction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in mice induces DVT like that in humans. In this model, P-selectin–dependent adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes leads to release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and expression of tissue factor. However, it is not known what signals cause myeloid cells to generate these procoagulant effectors. Using ultrasonography and spinning-disk intravital microscopy in genetically engineered mice, we found that engagement of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and the chemokine receptor CXCR2 on rolling neutrophils propagated signals that cooperated to induce β2 integrin–dependent arrest in flow-restricted IVCs. Unlike previous reports, PSGL-1 signaling in neutrophils did not require L-selectin, and it used tyrosine 145 rather than tyrosines 112 and 128 on the adaptor Src homology domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa. PSGL-1 and CXCR2 signaling cooperated to increase the frequency and size of thrombi, in part by stimulating release of NETs. Unlike in neutrophils, blocking PSGL-1 or CXCR2 signaling in monocytes did not affect their recruitment into thrombi or their expression of tissue factor. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils cooperatively signal through PSGL-1 and CXCR2 to promote DVT.
Creating Multifunctional Optofluidic Potential Wells for Nanoparticle Manipulation

Optical forces have enabled various nanomanipulation in microfluidics such as optical trapping, sorting, and transporting of nanoparticles (NPs), but the manipulation is usually specific with a certain optical field. Tightly focused Gaussian beams can trap NPs but not sort them; moderately focused Gaussian beams allow sorting microparticles in a flow but not NPs; quasi-Bessel beams can sort NPs in a flow but cannot control their positions due to low trapping stiffness. All these methods rely on the axial variation of laser intensity. Here we show that multifunctional and tunable optofluidic potential wells can be created for nanomanipulation by synchronizing optical phase gradient force with fluid drag force. We demonstrate controlled trapping and transporting of 150 nm Ag NPs over 10 μm and sorting of 80 and 100 nm Au NPs using optical line traps with tunable phase gradients in experiments. Our simulations further predict that simultaneous sorting and trapping of sub-50 nm Au NPs can be achieved with a s...
Effect of the extent of lymph node dissection on overall survival in patients treated for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

6075 Background: Limited recently published data has suggested that resection of at least 18 lymph nodes improves outcomes for patients treated with oral cavity cancer. We sought to determine if fu...
Foundations and Methods of Evolutionary Classification

Biological classification has always been concerned with expressing relationships between organisms, living and fossil, in a system that provided a foundation for further study and generalization. The foundations and mode of expression of the resulting classification have not always been the same. The Linnean hierarchy provided a formal scheme of ranking groups within groups, but the exact rules of the hierarchy depended on the accepted theory underlying biological classification. With the acceptance of organic evolution after 1859, the theory underlying classification modified from that of ideal typology to organic evolution. Yet the exact nature of classificatory schemes varied with the state of knowledge of evolutionary mechanisms and with the acceptance of diverse combinations of these mechanisms as crucial for biological classification. Thus all of the major modern approaches to biological classification are regarded as evolutionary, and the designation of one as classical evolutionary classification, or more simply as evolutionary classification, does not imply that the other approaches of phenetics or cladistics (phylogenetic classification) are not based upon organic evolution.
The Amygdala Central Nucleus: Contributions to Conditioned Cardiovascular Responding during Aversive Pavlovian Conditioning in the Rabbit

The research described represents an attempt to determine the exact amygdala components which contribute to the acquisition of conditioned responding during aversive conditioning. Our initial analysis focuses on the amygdala central nucleus and its contribution to the acquisition of conditioned bradycardia during Pavlovian fear conditioning in the rabbit. The results demonstrate that (a) lesions of the central nucleus attenuate the magnitude of the conditioned bradycardia response, (b) the administration of s-adrenergic antagonists and opiate agonists into the region of the central nucleus also attenuate the magnitude of the conditioned bradycardia response, (c) the medial component of the central nucleus projects directly to cardioregulatory nuclei in the dorsal medulla including the site of origin of cardioinhibitory neurons in the rabbit, (d) electrical stimulation of the central nucleus in rabbit produces profound, short-latency bradycardia and depressor responses, with maximum bradycardia elicited from the site of origin of the central nucleus-dorsal medulla projection, and (e) during the course of the conditioning procedure increases in central nucleus neuronal activity develop to the conditioned stimulus (CS) at the time when the conditioned bradycardia response develops. In some cases the magnitude of the increase in neuronal activity to the CS was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the bradycardia response to the CS over the course of the conditioning session.
The Incredible Bending School

This chapter outlines the various special education and non-academic services elementary schools provide and explores how this role has slowly expanded over time. The modern school is a restaurant feeding people two meals a day, a day care center providing “aftercare” services, a recreation center providing sports leagues and clubs, a counseling center dealing with children’s emotional problems, a medical clinic, and a special education center that diagnoses learning disabilities and provides specialized instruction. When schools overextend themselves the way they currently do, the price is declining student learning, stressed out teachers, and a passive dependency on the part of children, parents, and the public at large. Americans expect far too much from the public schools and expect more and more with each passing year. When they do not get the results they want, they become frustrated and blame the schools, never asking the important questions: Are schools the best vehicles to provide the many services asked of them? Has the public created an impossible series of tasks for schools to perform? And are there things asked of schools which should be done by parents, families, and other social service agencies?
Quantitative Determination of Moisture Content in Solar Modules by Short-Wave Infrared Reflectometry

A short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectometry method is developed to quantify the water content in solar modules in a noncontact approach. Water content has been implicated as a key factor in many module degradation pathways, including contact corrosion and yellowing. Despite these established issues, to date no robust method for quantitative in situ determination of water content in standard modules is available. The water reflectometry detection (WaRD) method provides this capability by leveraging the SWIR optical spectrum, in which water exhibits vibrational absorption bands, module components are highly transparent, and solar cell back reflectors are reflective. Here, we describe the operating principle and demonstrate measurement of moisture in encapsulated aluminum back surface field and passivated-emitter rear contact architectures over the full range of temperatures and relative humidity relevant to field operation and damp heat testing.
Long term PAM to investigate temporal and anthropogenic effects on oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau mating vocalizations

For the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, vocal communication and sound detection are critical for reproductive success, however, little is known about how they respond to changes in their acoustic environment. Passive acoustic monitoring was conducted in Eel Pond, MA, USA in the summer months (2017–2019) to investigate vocalization patterns of the resident population and the effect of anthropogenic sound. Male toadfish produce mating vocalizations that are characterized by an initial broadband segment (30–50 ms, 100–1000 Hz) and a longer tonal section (200–650 ms, 100–500 Hz). The pulse repetition rate of the tonal section was significantly related to ambient water temperature during hourly and weekly monitoring. Time difference of arrivals were also used to pinpoint the location of toadfish nests and linked to ambient and anthropogenic sound-maps to understand exposure levels for individual fish. Significantly less vocalizations were detected following exposure to vessel sound (100–12 000 Hz, source level 130 dB re 1 μPa), suggesting individuals changed their vocal behavior in response to anthropogenic activity. Both environmental and the presence of vessel sound influence the acoustic behaviour of toadfish, which could lead to a reduction in communication space, mate attraction and detection.
Anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor of β-Y2Si2O7 for orientational control of heat flow on micrometer scales

Abstract The ability to relate the spatially-varying anisotropy of thermal conductivity to crystal structure would provide a foundational advance in our understanding of length-scale dependent heat flow. The challenge, however, is in determining the thermal conductivity tensor in polycrystalline systems with anisotropic crystal structures. Apparent isotropic thermal conductivity in randomly oriented polycrystals with anisotropic properties break down at length scales approaching the grain size. As a result, a measured isotropic thermal conductivity from the macroscale perspective may differ greatly from that measured at the nano or microscale, and thus microscale anisotropic heat flow could underlie a seemingly isotropic thermal conductivity. We experimentally investigate the anisotropic thermal conductivity in polycrystalline beta-phase yttrium disilicate (β-Y2Si2O7). This is achieved through micrometer-resolution thermal conductivity mapping correlated to the phase and orientation of individual grains, allowing for the determination of the thermal conductivity tensor of β-Y2Si2O7. Our results are the first to reproduce the thermal conductivity tensor of a polycrystalline system with anisotropic crystal structure based on the spatial distribution of thermal conductivity.
Chapter 6 – Behavior: Overview

When confronted with stressors, individuals adjust their behavior and physiology to cope with the situation. Behavioral responses to stress are not reflex-like. Their nature depends on the appraisal of the eliciting situation along the dimensions of novelty, uncertainty, and controllability. Coping strategies are associated with different forms of behavioral responses depending in particular on the ability or inability to control the situation. Social settings are often seen as a source of stress leading to agonistic behavior. However, stress can also be alleviated by the different forms of social support that are available in the group. Successful coping strategies decrease physiological arousal, measured by cortisol and catecholamines. Stress does not necessarily originate only from the outside. It can also originate from the inside, as a result of the demands to which individuals expose themselves, depending on their personality.
Pembrolizumab in Combination with Axitinib as First-Line Treatment for Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): Evidence to Date

Over the last 18 months, 3 immunotherapy combination regimens (ipilimumab + nivolumab, pembrolizumab + axitinib, and axitinib + avelumab) were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), making selection of the optimal first-line treatment regimen very challenging. As of April 2020, preferred first-line treatment options for mRCC are pembrolizumab + axitinib and ipilimumab + nivolumab, based on the improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival compared to sunitinib, as observed in pivotal phase III clinical trials. Because the combination of 2 drugs is typically more toxic than a monotherapy, careful attention must be given to overlapping toxicities. The pembrolizumab + axitinib combination led to grade ≥3 adverse events in 75.8% of patients (vs 70.6% in the sunitinib group), while grade ≥3 adverse events were less frequent in the nivolumab + ipilimumab group compared to the sunitinib group. Discontinuation rates due to toxicity were 10.7% for pembrolizumab + axitinib (both drugs), 22% for ipilimumab + nivolumab and were comparable with sunitinib in both studies (13.9% and 12%, respectively). The combination of pembrolizumab + axitinib may have immune-modulating functions that may provide clinical benefit without the additional toxicity observed with ipilimumab + nivolumab. In addition, this tyrosine kinase inhibitor + immune checkpoint combination should have faster treatment response in patients with larger disease burden or in more symptomatic patients, which makes this combination an excellent choice for the first-line treatment regimen for mRCC. These combinations have proven to be tolerable, though long-term results are still lacking. As treatment options for mRCC are rapidly expanding, immunotherapy combinations could potentially change the treatment paradigm, with the ultimate goal of prolonging life and eventually curing mRCC.
Assertion, expression, experience

It has been frequently observed in the literature that assertions of plain sentences containing predicates like fun and frightening give rise to an acquaintance inference: they imply that the speak...
Music as Central Mechanism for Music Therapy in Mental Health

This chapter reviews recent literature of evidence-based music therapy interventions in mental health and suggests that the results of the most current research should inform music therapists how to carry out their music therapy treatment. Articles should for example not be older than 10 years due to the rapid development of treatment relevant to psychiatry. To ensure that input from such recent research outcomes provide an evidence-based music therapy treatment for a client, it firstly should match the unique cultural context of the individual client. Secondly it should be informed by developments in neuroscience and music-psychology. A client benefits most from the music therapy treatment if the music therapist is aware of the working mechanisms of music and how to trigger these mechanisms in their therapy. Rather than placing the therapeutic relation at the core of the treatment, the musical mechanisms that drive the neurologic reactions and trigger mental, social, and emotional development of the client should be at the center of the treatment interventions of the music therapist. This could allow clients with mental health issues to benefit most from music therapy treatment.
Solicitor General Influence and Agenda Setting on the United States Supreme Court

Do Solicitors General influence Supreme Court justices to behave differently than they would like? If so, are there limits on such influence? Using archival data, we find strong evidence of Solicitor General influence. In a substantial number of cases at the Supreme Court's agenda-setting stage, justices follow Solicitor General recommendations even when they are completely opposed to them. At the same time, we observe that law exerts strong influence. Justices are significantly less likely to follow Solicitor General recommendations that contravene important legal factors.
Comparative pathology of experimental and spontaneous androblastomas and gynoblastomas of the gonads.

Abstract Experimental tumors, growths both morphologically and functionally comparable to androblastomas or arrhenoblastomas, can be produced in fowl by destruction of the functional left ovary and resultant overgrowth of the vestigial right gonad. However, identical growths frequently result when radioactive colloidal chromic phosphate is injected into the left ovaries of hens and rarely when the testes of roosters are traumatized or treated with caustic chemicals. The growths which result when ovarian or testicular tissue is transplanted into the spleen or thymus of castrated rats and the tubular complexes which form spontaneously in the ovaries of aged rats are strikingly similar to the lesions in the birds. Both the rodent and the avian gonadal overgrowths resemble certain spontaneous tumors of the dog's testis and the human ovary or testis. The homology of Sertoli to granulosa cells and of theca-lutein elements to Leydig cells has been recognized by experimental and comparative embryologists. In the light of these homologies, the tumors can be viewed as neoplasms made up of cells which have retained their embryonic bipotential capacities, and which can differentiate toward elements resembling nongerminal epithelial and supporting structures of the gonad of either sex. This concept is supported by evidence that nongerminal cells capable of division and differentiation exist in the adult gonad of both sexes and that in experimental tumorigenesis it is these cells which participate rather than vestigial structures or embryonic rests. Endocrinologic activity of the tumor depends on the types, relative proportions, and degrees of differentiation of the hormonesecreting cells, which vary considerably from neoplasm to neoplasm. Hormonal secretion alone does not constitute an adequate basis for nomenclature. The common histogenesis of granulosa cell tumors, arrhenoblastomas, lutcomas, and Leydig cell tumors of the ovary, as well as of the Sertoli cell tumors (tubular androblastomas), diffuse androblastomas, and granulosa and interstitial cell tumors of the testis is emphasized. A generic designation for the entire group, which would emphasize the common histogenesis, would be desirable, and the old term “gynandroblastoma” is suggested. “Androblastoma” and “gynoblastoma” are proposed as names for the subtypes, depending upon whether the direction of differentiation is toward tubules and interstitial cells or toward stroma and follicular complexes, and, if needed, the adjectival designations of “masculinizing” or “femininizing” could be used to indicate functional activity.
Model for the ground state of La 2-z CuO 4-y

We propose a model for the ground state of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{z}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$ in which next-nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ spins in the orthorhombic a-c plane are coupled ferromagnetically, due partly to a cooperative ring-exchange process. The orthorhombic lattice distortion breaks the spin rotational invariance, favoring a spin alignment in the c-axis direction in the N\'eel state for yg${y}_{\mathrm{min}}$. For y=z=0, the ground state is a resonating state of triplet electron pairs. Several scenarios for superconductivity in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{z}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$ are suggested.
Study of the Consequences of Hypothesized Potential Pockets Using Simple Models

Two problems are discussed, both related to the suggestion that HI interaction potentials contain minima or pockets which cause “sticking” and time delays in sub-Coulomb collisions.