cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circadian disruption and health: Shift work as a harbinger of the toll taken by electric lighting

Electric light is one of the signature inventions of human beings. A problem, however, is that electric light can confuse our endogenous circadian rhythmicity. It has now become apparent that circadian biology is fundamental to the functioning and adaptation of almost all life forms. In the modern world, everyone is exposed to electric light during the day and night, and thereby can experience some level of circadian disruption. Perhaps as a canary in the coal mine, study of people whose work hours include nighttime (shift workers) is beginning to yield insights on the adverse health effects of circadian disruption from electric light.
Phase diagram of LixMo

The intercalated Li in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ separates into regions of high and low concentration below a critical temperature ${T}_{c}$=267 K. The phase diagram agrees with a mean-field solution to a lattice-gas model of intercalation in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$. The implications of this agreement are considered.
Stuck in Neutral: Stalled Progress in Statewide Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws and Cigarette Excise Taxes, United States, 2000-2014.

INTRODUCTION Increasing tobacco excise taxes and implementing comprehensive smoke-free laws are two of the most effective population-level strategies to reduce tobacco use, prevent tobacco use initiation, and protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. We examined state laws related to smoke-free buildings and to cigarette excise taxes from 2000 through 2014 to see how implementation of these laws from 2000 through 2009 differs from implementation in more recent years (2010-2014). METHODS We used legislative data from LexisNexis, an online legal research database, to examine changes in statewide smoke-free laws and cigarette excise taxes in effect from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2014. A comprehensive smoke-free law was defined as a statewide law prohibiting smoking in all indoor areas of private work sites, restaurants, and bars. RESULTS From 2000 through 2009, 21 states and the District of Columbia implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in work sites, restaurants, and bars. In 2010, 4 states implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws. The last state to implement a comprehensive smoke-free law was North Dakota in 2012, bringing the total number to 26 states and the District of Columbia. From 2000 through 2009, 46 states and the District of Columbia implemented laws increasing their cigarette excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.92. However, from 2010 through 2014, only 14 states and the District of Columbia increased their excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.20. CONCLUSION The recent stall in progress in enacting and implementing statewide comprehensive smoke-free laws and increasing cigarette excise taxes may undermine tobacco prevention and control efforts in the United States, undercutting efforts to reduce tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, health disparities, and tobacco-related illness and death.
A new unsteady-state method of determining two-phase relative permeability illustrated by CO2-brine primary drainage in berea sandstone

Abstract This study presents a new unsteady-state method for measuring two-phase relative permeability by obtaining local values of the three key parameters (saturation, pressure drop, and phase flux) versus time during a displacement. These three parameters can be substituted to two-phase Darcy Buckingham equation to directly determine relative permeability. To obtain the first two, we use a medical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanner to monitor saturation in time and space, and six differential pressure transducers to measure the overall pressure drop and the pressure drops of five individual sections (divided by four pressure taps on the core) continuously. At each scanning time, the local phase flux is obtained by spatially integrating the saturation profile and converting this to the flux using a fractional flow framework. One advantage of this local method over most previous methods is that the capillary end effect is experimentally avoided; this improvement is crucial for experiments using low viscosity fluids such as supercritical and gas phases. To illustrate the new method, we conduct five CO2-brine primary drainage experiments in a 60.8 cm long and 116 mD Berea sandstone core at 20 °C and 1500 psi. In return, we obtain hundreds of unsteady-state CO2 and brine relative permeability data points that are consistent with steady-state relative permeability data from the same experiments. Due to the large amount of relative permeability data obtained by the new unsteady-state method, the uncertainties of the exponents in the Corey-type fits decrease by up to 90% compared with the steady-state method.
What makes helpful online interactions: A study of health information evaluation

The purpose of this research is to develop an in-depth understanding of how online interactions help health information evaluation on e-healthcare social network websites. Using information integration theory (IIT), we consider two types of interactions (personal interaction with online peers and para-social interaction with information management technology artifact) to address the question how online interactions facilitate user's cognitive process of evaluating health information quality, which leads to suitable information adoption.
The Fli-1 transcription factor is a critical regulator for controlling the expression of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2)

Mammalian cells produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to innate immune signals and their expression is tightly regulated. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), is an inflammatory chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. CXCL2 is chemotactic for neutrophils and elevated expression of CXCL2 is associated with many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The Fli-1 gene belongs to the large Ets transcription factor family, whose members regulate a wide variety of cellular functions including the immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that endothelial cells transfected with Fli-1 specific siRNA produce significantly less CXCL2 compared to cells transfected with control siRNA after stimulation by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The production of CXCL2 in endothelial cells stimulated with LPS stimulation is dose-dependent. We found that Fli-1 binds to the CXCL2 promoter as established by Chromatin immunoprecipitation‎ (ChIP) assay. Transient transfection assays show that Fli-1 drives transcription from the CXCL2 promoter in a dose-dependent manner and Fli-1 regulates the expression of CXCL2 largely by directly binding to the promoter. Targeted knockdown and transient transfection experiments suggest that both Fli-1 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB affect the activation of CXCL2 in an additive manner. These results indicate that Fli-1 is a novel, critical transcription factor that regulates the expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL2.
Human CMVpp65-Specific Stem Cell-like Memory T-Cells (TSCM) Are a Principal Source for Rapid Repopulation of Immunodominant Central Memory (TCM) and Effector Memory (TEM) in the Circulation

Abstract Latent CMV infection is controlled by a limited repertoire of immunodominant T-cells specific for viral peptides, particularly CMVpp65 and CMV IE-1. The antigen-specific T-cell subsets responsible for maintaining memory T-cells in this repertoire and repopulating them in response to periodic viral reactivations remain unclear. In this study, we generated T-cells specific for CMVpp65 from naive (TN), TSCM, TCM and TEM subsets isolated from the blood of HLA-A*0201 normal seropositive donors and then comparatively characterized NLV-HLA-A*0201 Tetramer+ T-cells from each of these subsets. Following in vitro sensitization with artificial antigen-presenting cells transduced to express HLA-A*0201 and CMVpp65 and expansion with IL-7, IL-15 and IL-2, Tet+ T-cells were regularly generated from CD62L+CD45RO-CD95- TN and from CD62L+CD45RO-CD95+ TSCM, as well as TCM and TEM. Isolated Tet+ TN, TSCM, TCM and TEM were each able to generate IFN-γ, TNF-α and granzyme B. Each Tet+ subset also expressed similar level of PD-1 and KLRG-1. However, Tet+ TN and TSCM expressed higher levels of CD27 and lower levels of CD57 than TCM or TEM. Tet+ TSCM were distinguished from Tet+ TN, TCM and TEM by a significantly greater level of proliferation and by their rapid and selective expansion of NLV-specific T-cells bearing TCRs identical by amino acid sequences to those expressed by TEM and TCM in the blood. Thus, Tet+ TSCM rather than Tet+ TN constitute the principal repertoire for repopulation of immunodominant memory T-cells sustained in the circulation. Disclosures Hasan: Atara: Patents & Royalties.
Induction of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-1 (Cox-1) in a Human Promonocytic Cell Line by Treatment with the Differentiating Agent TPA

Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGH synthase) is responsible for converting arachdonic acid to PGH2, the common precursor of prostaglandins. It has been shown previously that phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human promonocytic leukemia cell lines is accompanied by induction of PGH synthase enzyme and enhanced capacity to produce prostaglandins. However, the identity of the isoform of PGH synthase, i.e., PGH synthase-1 or -2, that is induced under these conditions has not been established. Northern and Western analyses revealed a dramatic increase in levels of PGH synthase-1 mRNA and protein levels within 24 hr after treatment of THP-1 cells with phorbol ester. No significant increase in PGH synthase-2 mRNA or protein was observed. The increases in PGH synthase-1 were accompanied by an enhanced capacity of the cells to produce PGE2. The current findings indicate that expression of PGH synthase-1 is greatly enhanced in a promonocytic cell line by treatment with an agent that induces differentiation.
Assessing disaster preparedness among select children's summer camps in the United States and Canada

Objective Children's summer camps are at risk for multiple pediatric casualties during a disaster. The degree to which summer camps have instituted disaster preparedness is unknown. We assessed disaster preparedness among selected camps nationally for a range of disasters. Methods We partnered with a national, web-based electronic health records system to send camp leadership of 315 camp organizations a 14-question online survey of disaster preparedness. One response from each camp was selected in the following order of importance: owner, director, physician, nurse, medical technician, office staff, and other. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 181 camps responses were received, 169 of which were complete. Camp types were overnight (60%), day (21%), special/medical needs (14%), and other (5%). Survey respondents were directors (52%), nurses (14%), office staff (10%), physicians (5%), owners (5%), emergency medical technicians (2%), and other (12%). Almost 18% of camps were located >20 mi from a major medical center, and 36% were >5 mi from police/fire departments. Many camps were missing emergency supplies: car/booster seats for evacuation (68%), shelter (35%), vehicles for evacuation (26%), quarantine isolation areas (21%), or emergency supplies of extra water (20%) or food (17%). Plans were unavailable for the following: power outages (23%); lockdowns (15%); illness outbreaks (15%); tornadoes (11%); evacuation for fire, flood, or chemical spill (9%); and other severe weather (8%). Many camps did not have online emergency plans (53%), plans for children with special/medical needs (38%), methods to rapidly communicate information to parents (25%), or methods to identify children for evacuation/reunification with parents (40%). Respondents reported that staff participation in disaster drills varied for weather (58%), evacuations (46%), and lockdowns (36%). The majority (75%) of respondents had not collaborated with medical organizations for planning. Conclusions A substantial proportion of camps were missing critical components of disaster planning. Future interventions must focus on developing summer camp-specific disaster plans, increasing partnerships, and reassessing national disaster plans to include summer camp settings.
Thermal conductivity measurements on suspended diamond membranes using picosecond and femtosecond time-domain thermoreflectance

We report on the room temperature in-plane thermal conductivity measurements on a 1-micrometer thick suspended diamond membrane grown by chemical vapor deposition using two different time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) setups. The first setup is at Stanford University and the second is at Georgia Institute of Technology. Despite the differences between the two setups and the difficulty associated with diamond membranes thermal measurements, we demonstrate excellent repeatability from each setup and a very good agreement between the two setups. The paper outlines steps considered by both groups to minimize the measurement uncertainty and achieve such agreement. The measurement results show that the thermal conductivity displays a large variability across the membrane. The sensitivity and uncertainty analyses suggest that this variability could be a result of the nonuniformity in the diamond and aluminum coating thicknesses across the sample.
Exactions or Extortions

This article is a dialogue between Roger Bernhardt of Golden Gate University School of Law and David Callies of University of Hawaii’s William S. Richardson School of Law as to whether a city’s affordable housing impact fees, set-asides, and exactions pass constitutional muster.
Stealth Interventions for Obesity Prevention and Control: Motivating Behavior Change

Publisher Summary Stealth interventions can take multiple forms. As demonstrated in interventions to reduce children's screen time, emphasis is placed on incentives for the process of behavior change rather than outcomes, by using frames to enhance intrinsic motivation such as perceived choice and control, individualization, fantasy and contextualization, challenge, curiosity, and cooperation and competition. These design features make the process of behavior change rewarding, easy, and desirable rather than a sacrifice or burden, as “diets” and “exercise” are often perceived to be. These same approaches can be applied to the design of other nutrition and physical activity interventions to raise the incentive value of participation, rather than trying to persuade participants to change through reason and logical arguments. Taking stealth interventions to the next level is to identify or structure health-promoting environments and activities that are motivating in themselves. As shown, after-school ethnic dance classes for girls can redefine sustained moderate to vigorous exercise (with its perspiration, fatigue, and soreness) as a highly rewarding and fun, cultural, social, artistic, and political activity. These interventions are designed such that, from the perspective of the participants, physical activity, diet, and weight changes are positive side effects of their participation, rather than the primary motivators. Finally, the next logical step for the stealth intervention approach is to harness the motivational appeal of existing and emerging social and ideological movements, to achieve greater and more sustained effects on behavior.
Isolation of Biliverdin IXα, as its Dimethyl Ester, from Emu Eggshells

A laboratory experiment is described that extracts the tetrapyrrolic teal-colored biliverdin IXα, as its dimethyl ester, from commercially available emu eggshells. The extraction of ∼10 mg samples of biliverdin is simple and requires two 3 h lab periods: A two-step acid digestion and liquid–liquid extraction, followed by short silica gel flash column chromatography. The deeply colored extract can be characterized by TLC, UV–vis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, or its diagnostic chemical reduction to the yellow derivative bilirubin. A small-scale variant of this extraction requires only a single 3 h lab period, and the extracts can be analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, ESI+ MS, or HPLC. An introduction to the biological origin of biliverdin is provided. This pedagogically flexible project combines natural product isolation with the spectroscopic characterization of a multifunctional biomedically important compound and touches upon many aspects of chemistry and biology. The colorful experimen...
A New Alternating Direction Method for Linear Programming

It is well known that, for a linear program (LP) with constraint matrix $\mathbf{A}\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$, the Alternating Direction Method of Multiplier converges globally and linearly at a rate $O((\|\mathbf{A}\|_F^2+mn)\log(1/\epsilon))$. However, such a rate is related to the problem dimension and the algorithm exhibits a slow and fluctuating ``tail convergence'' in practice. In this paper, we propose a new variable splitting method of LP and prove that our method has a convergence rate of $O(\|\mathbf{A}\|^2\log(1/\epsilon))$. The proof is based on simultaneously estimating the distance from a pair of primal dual iterates to the optimal primal and dual solution set by certain residuals. In practice, we result in a new first-order LP solver that can exploit both the sparsity and the specific structure of matrix $\mathbf{A}$ and a significant speedup for important problems such as basis pursuit, inverse covariance matrix estimation, L1 SVM and nonnegative matrix factorization problem compared with current fastest LP solvers.
Abstract 20023: ApoA-I Mimetic Peptide 4F Inhibits Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to an increased prevalence of early stage vascular disease. The apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. The mechanism of action of 4F is localized to the small intestine, where we have shown that 4F can alter lipid signaling and regulate cholesterol efflux. Hypothesis: Given the mechanism of action, we hypothesized that 4F might protect against the development of IBD. We previously reported that COX-2 deficient mice develop Crohn’s-like disease when fed a cholate diet. We thus examined whether 4F treatment alters the development of Crohn’s-like inflammation in this IBD model. Methods: Myeloid COX-2 deficient mice were challenged with a cholate-containing diet while being treated with 4F. After 7 and 10 weeks, the surviving mice were sacrificed and analyzed for intestinal inflammation in the ileo-ceco-colic junction by gross histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Total cecal RNA was analyzed for inflammatory cytokines. Results: Only 57% (8/14) of control mice, but all 4F-treated mice (14/14) survived. 4F significantly reduced by 50% the thickness of the ileo-ceco-colic junctions while reducing muscularis thickness 5-fold. By 7 weeks, 4F treatment significantly inhibited TNFα while significantly increasing IL-10. 4F also significantly reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages (F4/80) and neutrophils (Ly6G) by 3 and 5-fold as measured by IHC. Conclusions: 4F treatment largely abrogated measures of IBD in a COX2-deficient mouse model of Crohn’s disease.
Starting where the client is.

The worker's ability to truly understand a client's version of reality offers the means by which the client is enabled to take responsibility for life changes. An understanding of modern cognitive ...
Abstract 17980: Semaphorin3d and Semaphorin3e Signal Through Distinct Receptors to Modulate Motility of Endothelial Cells

Class 3 semaphorins were initially discovered to be axonal growth cone guidance molecules that signal through plexin and neuropilin coreceptors, and since have been established to be regulators of vascular development. Sema3e was previously shown to repel endothelial cells and is the only class 3 semaphorin capable of signaling via a plexin receptor without a neuropilin coreceptor. Sema3e signals through PlexinD1 to regulate vascular patterning by modulating the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures. Recently, we showed that Sema3d mediates endothelial cell repulsion and pulmonary vein patterning during embryogenesis. Here we show that both Sema3d and Sema3e signaling results in depolymerization of actin fibers and loss of focal adhesions when cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as measured by phalloidin and vinculin staining, respectively (n = 60 per group; Percentage of cells with loss of actin stress fibers and vinculin units per cell: control vs - Sema3d, P
Effects of Cold Pressor Pain on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement

Humans pressed 2 buttons for points that were exchangeable for money. Pressing 1 of the buttons, the impulsive choice, produced 2 points over 4 s. Pressing the other button, the self-controlled choice, produced 10 points over 4 s after a 16-s delay. Each point was exchangeable for 1 cent ($0.01). All subjects earned 1 cent ($0.01) for every 3 s they kept their right hand immersed in water. All subjects made 30 choices. In the experimental, pain, condition the water contained ice and was maintained at approximately 5 °C. In the control condition the water temperature averaged 33 °C. Subjects in the pain condition made fewer self-controlled responses, rated the water as more painful and more distracting, and kept their hands in the water for shorter durations than subjects in the control condition. The results have evolutionary and societal implications and suggest that variables affecting subjects’ physiological state, or least their subjective physiological state, need to be taken into account for a complete understanding of human “self-control.” Impulsiveness may be an evolutionary adaptation to aversive stimulation.
Management of a Groin Wound Using a Concentrated Surfactant-Based Gel Dressing

Background A groin wound associated with a vascular graft infection is associated with significant morbidity. Management of groin wounds is often challenging due to their anatomical location that renders them difficult to visualize and keep clean. Case This case report describes the use of a concentrated surfactant-based gel dressing for an infected groin wound. Conclusions Because of their location and complex topography, groin wounds are difficult to keep clean and maintain dressing integrity. This case study describes the use of a concentrated surfactant-based gel dressing that remained in place and promoted healing of an infected groin wound.
Concepts, Theories, and Research Approaches

Abstract The chapter introduces the reader to major concepts and theories used to frame research about built and natural environments, and to do so with some historical perspective. Two broad categories are highlighted, those that deal with spatial behavior broadly defined and those that deal with the role of the natural environment in human well-being (Kaplan’s Attention Restoration Theory; Ulrich’s Stress Reduction Theory). A variety of spatial and place-related concepts are considered including territoriality, personal space, privacy, defensible space, space syntax, new urbanism, place attachment, and place identity. These concepts are delineated both because of their significance in the history of environmental psychology and because these theories and concepts are used by a number of authors in this volume. In addition, the chapter considers the range of research strategies that characterize work in environment–behavior studies, from true experiments, field experiments, and field studies to qualitative work.
Technical note: Snow Water Equivalence Estimation (SWEE) Algorithm from Snow Depth Time Series Using a Snow Density Model

Abstract. Snow water equivalence (SWE) is typically computed from snow weight by the SNOTEL system in the US. However, a snow pillow, the main snow weight sensor used by SNOTEL, requires a large, open, flat area (at least 9 square meters) and substantial maintenance costs. This article presents the snow water equivalence estimation (SWEE) algorithm that estimates the SWE evolution merely from continuous snow depth and temperature measurements using common sensors. The key component is a depth-averaged snow density model that is available in the literature, but is underutilized. Here, we demonstrate that the snow density model can estimate mass exchanges (SWE changes due to snowfall, erosion, deposition, and snowmelt) as well as the SWE. The SWEE algorithm can potentially increase the number of snow monitoring locations because snow depth and temperature sensors are considerably more accessible and economical than snow weighing sensor.
Breast cancer screening adherence at multiple timepoints over eight years among women in a familial cohort.

1557Background: Since 2007, U.S. guidelines recommend cancer-free women with ≥20% lifetime breast cancer (BC) risk undergo BC screening with mammogram and breast MRI. There is limited long-term dat...
Explanationist Evidentialism and Awareness

According to evidentialism, a belief is propositionally justified just in case it fits (is supported by) one’s evidence. A fully developed evidentialist theory of justification will require an account of the evidential fit (support) relation. Some evidentialists have embraced an explanationist account of this relation. Some of these accounts, such as Kevin McCain’s, place an awareness requirement on evidential fit. That is, they claim that a proposition, p, fits a subject’s evidence, e, only if the subject is (potentially) aware of the explanatory connection between p and e. I argue by way of example that this version of explanationism fails. As a result, I suggest a friendly revision of explanationism that excludes an awareness condition. Finally, I field some objections to my version of explanationism.
The 2nd 3D Face Alignment in the Wild Challenge (3DFAW-Video): Dense Reconstruction From Video

3D face alignment approaches have strong advantages over 2D with respect to representational power and robustness to illumination and pose. Over the past few years a number of research groups have made rapid advances in dense 3D alignment from 2D video and obtained impressive results. How these various methods compare is relatively unknown. Previous benchmarks addressed sparse 3D alignment and single image 3D reconstruction. No commonly accepted evaluation protocol exists for dense 3D face reconstruction from video with which to compare them. The 2nd 3D Face Alignment in the Wild from Videos (3DFAW-Video) Challenge extends the previous 3DFAW 2016 competition to the estimation of dense 3D facial structure from video. It presented a new large corpora of profile-to-profile face videos recorded under different imaging conditions and annotated with corresponding high-resolution 3D ground truth meshes. In this paper we outline the evaluation protocol, the data used, and the results. 3DFAW-Video is to be held in conjunction with the 2019 International Conference on Computer Vision, in Seoul, Korea.
Political risk and financial flexibility in BRICS countries

Abstract Using a dataset of 7757 firms in Brazil, China, India, and Russia from 2009 to 2014, this article examines the effect of political risk variables on financial flexibility and the effects of financial flexibility on future firm value, capital investment, cash holdings and the probability of default while controlling for firm-level effects and political variables. Effective representation of the majority is found to be associated with a higher level of financial flexibility. In terms of the effects of financial flexibility on firm value, results that are much stronger than previously reported are found. However, unlike previous work, the current research does not find that increased financial flexibility leads to increased capital expenditures. It is found that financially flexible firms in these countries lower their probability of default on average by about 0.6 %. It is also found that giving greater voice to the majority and greater adherence to the rule of law adds to the value of firms.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Neutron Spectrum and DPA in a B&B Core

This study quantifies the uncertainty in the calculated displacements per atom (DPA) value due to uncertainties in the neutron spectrum resulting from cross-section data uncertainty. Using generali...
Neutrino production by a time-dependent matter density

Abstract We show that neutrinos can be produced through standard electroweak interactions in matter with a time-dependent density. The effect is negligible small.
How Teachers Can Reduce Bullying of Sexual and Gender Diverse Students

Bullying of sexual and gender diverse youth (SGDY) in our school systems occurs at alarming rates and is associated with mental health and academic concerns including depression, anxiety, suicidality, lower perceived safety and community at school, increased truancy, and poorer grades. Given the prevalence and negative impact of bullying on SGDY, educators must play an important role in preventing bullying and intervening effectively upon witnessing bullying. This chapter will highlight many effective strategies teachers can adopt to help prevent and respond effectively to bullying of SGDY. Methods for creating classroom environments that are safe and affirming of sexual and gender diversity, such as reducing heterosexist and cisgender bias, fostering prosocial and collaborative learning environments, facilitating school connectedness through group-based and service-learning activities supportive of LGBTQ persons, and adopting teaching materials (e.g., textbooks, lessons, vignettes) inclusive of affirming LGBTQ content, will be described. How teachers can serve as role models and support systems for their sexual and gender diverse students (e.g., serving as faculty sponsors of Genders and Sexualities Alliances (GSAs), being knowledgeable of LGBTQ community resources when appropriate, intervening effectively when bullying of SGDY occurs) will also be described.
Technical Report: Durable efficacy of an endoscope-assisted syringo-panventriculoatrial shunt for concurrent hydrocephalus and syrinx

Abstract The management of syringomyelia in association with hydrocephalus can be a challenging pathology to treat with durable results. We present a durable treatment of a patient with symptomatic, idiopathic hydrocephalus, Chiari type I malformation, and syringomyelia with an endoscope-assisted placement of a single syringo-panventricular multiperforated shunt catheter via a transfrontal transaqueductal approach with simultaneous endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). We discuss the technical details required for this single-shunt approach to a complex pathology, and indications for appropriate use of this novel approach in experienced hands. The patient rapidly improved radiographically and symptomatically, with a functioning shunt twelve years postoperatively. For surgeons well-versed in endoscopic techniques, this approach can be safe, durable, and obviate the need for an otherwise complex shunting system with multiple catheters, or a more traditional invasive craniovertebral decompression, in a patient with idiopathic hydrocephalus and a syrinx.
Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit Using Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization

Synchrophasor technology offers real-time voltage and current measurements when employed in power system networks. This device is suitable for wide area monitoring applications. In this research work we are attempting to reduce PMUs by transforming it to an optimization problem and also aim to keep the system completely measurable. A new algorithm which inspired from the behavior of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Quantum Theory called Quantum behaved PSO (QPSO) has been proposed. IEEE-14 bus and IEEE-39 bus systems have been used to test this approach including Zero Injection Buses (ZIB) and the outcome is confirmed by analogy with other methods.
Aortic Insufficiency Following Heartmate 3 Implant in Patients on Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support

Purpose Aortic insufficiency (AI) following continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implant is a well-established complication associated with poor outcomes. Detailed assessment of aortic valve (AV) prior to LVAD implant may be challenging in critically ill patients supported with extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) and/or Impella. This study aimed to investigate the risk of AI in HeartMate3 (HM3) recipients bridged from ECMO and/or Impella. Methods A single center retrospective review was conducted on all INTERMACS Stage 1 and 2 patients who were bridged to HM3 LVAD between 11/2014 and 10/2019 with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) alone or with ECMO/Impella. Patients were excluded for both repaired and unrepaired more than trace AI at the time of implant, post-LVAD endocarditis, or death during the index hospitalization. Echocardiograms at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-implant were reviewed and assessed for AI severity based on jet width and/or vena contracta. Results 17 patients bridged with ECMO/Impella and 50 patients bridged with IABP alone were enrolled to the study. The ECMO/Impella cohort consisted of 10 patients with ECMO and IABP, 2 with ECMO and Impella, 2 with ECMO alone, and 3 with Impella alone. There was no significant difference in age, sex, body mass index, strategy, and etiology of cardiomyopathy between two groups. Proportion of patients without AV opening at 1-month post implant were not significantly different (ECMO/Impella 47% vs. IABP 64%, p=0.26). Cumulative incidence of greater than mild AI during the first-year follow-up was 44% in Impella/ECMO group, compared to 16% in IABP cohort (p=0.038, Figure 1). Conclusion A higher incidence of AI was observed following HM3 LVAD implant in patients bridged with ECMO or Impella support than those bridged with IABP, potentially owing to difficulty assessing the AV in this critically ill population prior to LVAD implantation.
Maximizing the Value of Enterprise Human-Computer Interaction Standards: Strategies and Applications.

Human factors/ergonomics (HFE) standards are not only a useful reference for experienced HFE practitioners but can also provide guidance for organizations that are inexperienced in HFE design practice. HFE standards can give credibility to the value of introducing user centered methods. As computing technologies advance, knowledge of HFE has spread to the computing related work, and the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) has grown rapidly. Accordingly, HCI standards have evolved for guiding practice. There is great deal of literature concerned with the development and practice of international standards (e.g., International Organization for Standardization/ISO) and national (e.g., The American National Standards Institute/ANSI) HFE or HCI standards, but little on the practice of HCI standards at lower levels, such as at the level of enterprise. This chapter will focus on the practice of HCI standards there. It intends to assess the challenges of enterprise HCI standards from strategy, development, and governance perspectives. Specifically, we discuss the practices at Intel Corporation, a high-tech enterprise environment.
The effects of vitamin D supplementation on types of falls

Background/objectives To assess whether vitamin D supplementation prevents specific fall subtypes and sequelae (e.g., fracture). Design Secondary analyses of STURDY (Study to Understand Fall Reduction and Vitamin D in You)-a response-adaptive, randomized clinical trial. Setting Two community-based research units. Participants Six hundred and eighty-eight participants ≥70 years old with elevated fall risk and baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of 10-29 ng/ml. Intervention 200 IU/day (control), 1000 IU/day, 2000 IU/day, or 4000 IU/day of vitamin D3. Measurements Outcomes included repeat falls and falls that were consequential, were injurious, resulted in emergency care, resulted in fracture, and occurred either indoors or outdoors. Results After adjustment for multiple comparisons, the risk of fall-related fracture was greater in the pooled higher doses (≥1000 IU/day) group compared with the control (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.18-6.00). Although not statistically significant after multiple comparisons adjustment, time to first outdoor fall appeared to differ between the four dose groups (unadjusted p for overall difference = 0.013; adjusted p = 0.222), with risk of a first-time outdoor fall 39% lower in the 1000 IU/day group (HR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-0.97; unadjusted p = 0.036; adjusted p = 0.222) and 40% lower in the 2000 IU/day group (HR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.38-0.97; p = 0.037; adjusted p = 0.222), each versus control. Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation doses ≥1000 IU/day might have differential effects on fall risk based on fall location and fracture risk, with the most robust finding that vitamin D doses between 1000 and 4000 IU/day might increase the risk of first time falls with fractures. Replication is warranted, given the possibility of type 1 error.
Aged vasculature drives neutrophils mad.

Inflammaging drives age-related pathologies. In this issue of Immunity, Barkaway et al. illustrate how aged endothelial cells and mast cells promote reverse migration of neutrophils from inflamed tissue back into circulation, causing tissue damage at distal sites.
Nationwide increase in component separation without concomitant rise in readmissions: A nationwide readmissions database analysis.

Abstract Background The use of component separation technique (CST) in complex abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) increases the rate of primary musculofascial closure but can be associated with increased wound complications, which may require readmission. This study examines 3-year trends in readmissions for patients undergoing AWR with or without CST. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for patients undergoing elective AWR from 2016–2018. CST, demographic characteristics, and 90-day complications and readmissions were determined. CST versus non-CST readmissions were compared, including matched subgroups. Standard statistics and logistic regression were used. Results Over the 3-year period, 94,784 patients underwent AWR. There was an annual increase in the prevalence of CST: 4.0% in 2016; 6.1% in 2017; 6.7% in 2018 (P Conclusion From 2016 to 2018, the use of CST increased 67.5% nationwide without an increase in readmissions. As we look toward clinical targets to reduce risk of readmission, modifiable health conditions, such as smoking, morbid obesity, and diabetes should be targeted during the prehabilitation process.
Effect of the Injection of Albumin into the Subarachnoid Space of the Common Duct-Ligated Dog

Summary A simple technique is described for the long term collection of spinal fluid from the unanesthetized dog. The concentration of bilirubin increased in the spinal fluid after the injection of albumin into the subarachnoid space.
Tritium technology studies at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly

The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory has been in operation with tritium since June 1984. Presently there are some 30 g of tritium in the main process loop. This 30 g has been sufficient to do a number of experiments involving the cryogenic distillation isotope separation systems. In January 1986, two major experiments were conducted. During these experiments the fuel cleanup system was interfaced, through the transfer pumping system with the isotope separation system, thus permitting testing on the integrated fuel processing loop. This integration of these systems means that of the TSTA subsystem only the vacuum system remains to be integrated into the TSTA fuel processing loop. In the period of June 1984 through May 1986, the TSTA system had processed approximately 10/sup 8/ Ci of tritium. Total tritium emissions to the environment over this period have been less than 3 Ci as elemental tritium and 2 Ci as tritium oxide. Personnel exposures during this period have totaled less than 100 person-mRem. To date, the development of tritium technology at TSTA has proceeded in progressive and orderly steps. In two years of operation with tritium, no major design flaws have been uncovered.
Possible presence of high-pressure ice in cold subducting slabs.

During the subduction of oceanic lithosphere, water is liberated from minerals by progressive dehydration reactions1,2 and is thought to be critical to several geologically important processes such as island-arc volcanism3, intermediate-depth seismicity4 and chemical exchange between the subducting lithosphere and mantle5. Although dehydration reactions would yield supercritical fluid water in most slabs, we report here that the stable phase of H2O should be solid ice VII in portions of the coldest slabs. The formation of ice VII as a dehydration product would affect the generation, storage, transport and release of water in cold subduction zones and equilibrium conditions of dehydration would shift, potentially affecting the depths of seismogenesis and magmagenesis. Large amounts of pure ice VII might accumulate during subduction and, as a sinking slab warms, eventual melting of the ice would release large amounts of water in a small region over a short period of time, with a significant positive volume change. Moreover, the decreasing availability of fluid water, owing to the accumulation of ice VII and its subsequent reaction products in a cooling planetary interior (for example, in Mars or the future Earth), might eventually lead to a decline in tectonic activity or its complete cessation.
Operations with Tritium Neutral Beams on TFTR

In late 1993 the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor began operating with a deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel mixture instead of the pure deuterium which it had used previously. The major portion of this tritium has initially entered the torus as energetic neutral beam particles. Over 600 deuterium-tritium discharges have now been studied with the aid of more than 2000 tritium ion source shots. The maximum total neutral particle power injected with a mix of deuterium and tritium beams has been 39.6 megawatts, and the maximum injected as tritium neutrals has been 24.3 megawatts. Tritium neutral beam operation has become routine during this time.
Firearm violence in California: Information and ideas for creating change

Homicides have been on the rise in California in recent years, almost entirely as a result of increased firearm activity, resulting in one of the highest homicide rates in the country. With increasing morbidity and mortality from guns, health care professionals have called the situation an epidemic. In the past decade, attention from the health care profession has resulted in a new focus on the public health issues surrounding firearms. There is considerable confusion among policy makers regarding what should be done to stem firearm violence. I discuss morbidity and mortality trends, academic research, and legal issues surrounding firearm violence, affording insight into the seriousness and complexity of this rapidly growing problem and providing policy ideas for addressing the role of firearms. Such policy ideas include removal of the California Legislature's preemptive authority on firearms licensing and registration; the formation of an information and advisory body within the California Department of Health; increased liability for manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and owners; and a statewide registration system.
Hart, Benjamin and the Subversion of Legal Positivism

In this paper, I will discuss the ways that legal positivism can be revisited from a radically decentered position. Insofar as legal positivism, even in its relatively “benign” form as presented by H.L.A. Hart, is a basis for what will become neoliberalism’s foundation in law, I will seek to read Hart through a lens provided by Walter Benjamin, in order to think about what a “positive” law that isn’t redolent of liberal (or neoliberal) empiricism might look like. The signature move of legal positivism is the disavowal of moral philosophy and a turn (therefore) to human practices. The appearance of having broken with moral law, and in particular with Kantianism, is what allows later iterations of neoliberal law to dispense with most conventions of justice, to turn to human practices as a font of authority (in the process, opening up the naked rule of capital without interference). Despite this outcome, I will argue that positive law has a potentially radical application as well. For Benjamin, when human practices are attributed to higher, divine principles, what results is fetishism and, in particular, commodity fetishism. So the break with moral law can lead not to a kind of pseudo legal free for all (as it does with neoliberalism) but to a form that is, to cite Benjamin “useless for the purposes of fascism.” In fact, I argue that the problem with Hart’s legal positivism is that it hasn’t broken with Kantian traditions enough; it relies on Kant to underpin its own apparent forays into asserting human practices. By radically breaking with any sense of higher, moral law, I argue that positive law can become truly “positive” a secularized law that turns human beings to their own (legal) devices and thus, a safeguard against the pseudo legalism that legal positivism has helped to usher into the world.
The effect of a hay grid feeder on feed consumption and measurement of the gastric pH using an intragastric electrode device in horses: A preliminary report

SummaryReasons for performing study Obesity and gastric ulceration are highly prevalent in horses. Management modifications for preventing squamous gastric ulceration include frequent feeding and free access to pasture; however, these practices may predispose horses to obesity. Objectives To compare the percentage of hay consumed, intragastric pH and horse activity between feeding from the ground and a hay grid feeder. Study design Crossover experimental study. Methods A pH electrode was inserted into the stomach to record the intragastric pH for 48 h. Horses received 1% of their body weight in grass hay twice a day. Horses were assigned to be fed from the ground or a commercial hay grid feeder for 24 h and then switched to the opposite protocol for an additional 24 h. Horses were continuously video-recorded and the percentage of time spent eating or drinking, walking or standing, and lying down were calculated. Two point data were compared by paired t test and pH over time was compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Results Horses consumed significantly greater amounts of grass hay when fed on the ground compared with a hay grid feeder (n = 9; P<0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups for mean intragastric pH values (n = 6; P = 0.97), mean intragastric pH over time (n = 6; P = 0.45) the length of time the pH was below 4.0 (n = 6; P = 0.54), and the percentage of time horses spent eating or drinking (n = 9; P = 0.52), walking or standing (n = 9; P = 0.3), or lying down (n = 9; P = 0.4). Within each group horses spent more time eating during the day compared with the night (n = 9; hay grid feeder P = 0.003; ground feeding P = 0.007). Conclusions The hay grid feeder studied may be used to reduce the amount of hay ingested by horses without reducing the time horses spend eating.