cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling the role of surfactant and biodegradation in the remediation of aquifers with non-aqueous phase contaminants

The strong sorption of hydrophobic contaminants poses a serious challenge to the development of remediation technologies. Their low solubilities in water limit the applicability of treatment technologies such as pump-and-treat. Their dissolution by surfactants is a promising approach for circumventing this difficulty. The solubilized contaminant is subsequently irrigated onto a vegetated zone and mineralized. A two-zone model is developed for a system in which the contaminant is flushed from the aquifer with an aqueous surfactant solution and applied to vegetated soil. The model takes into account dissolution, sorption and biodegradation of the contaminant in the aquifer zone under the assumption that local equilibria prevail. It also takes into account sorption, mineralization and plant uptake in the rhizosphere zone assuming that mineralization obeys Monod kinetics. Model simulation was performed to determine the effects of surfactant and oxygen concentrations in enhancing contaminant removal from the aquifer and to evaluate the number of flushings required to reduce the concentrations of contaminant to desired levels. The results indicate that surfactant appreciably reduces the number of flushings by increasing the solubilization of contaminant. Increasing oxygen concentration enhances contaminant degradation. The model predicts an optimistic outcome because of the assumptions imposed; it is expected that the actual number of flushings will be larger than predicted.
A next generation of digital genres: expanding eocumentation into animation and virtual reality

The purpose of this paper is to discuss virtual reality and interactive animation as potential documentation tools for training and information distribution and to discuss applications available for developing these genres.
Optimal Nitrate Concentration for the Biodegradation of n-Heptadecane in a Variably-Saturated Sand Column

Bioremediation of oil spills on beaches commonly involves the addition of nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria. Very little information is available regarding the relationship between nutrient concentration and the rate of oil biodegradation. This information is necessary to design an appropriate nutrient delivery technology. We used continuous-flow beach microcosms containing heptadecane-coated sand (2.0 g per kg of dry sand) to evaluate the effect of nitrate concentration on the hydrocarbon biodegradation rate. Heptadecane biodegradation was determined by monitoring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in the microcosms. The maximum biodegradation occurred at 2.5 mg nitrate-N l−1. Nitrogen recycling by the biomass was evidenced by the presence of microbial activity at zero influent nitrate concentration.
Hierarchical multi-sensor image registration using evolutionary computation

Image registration between multi-sensor imagery is a challenging problem due to the difficulties associated with finding a correspondence between pixels from images taken by the two sensors. However, the moving people in a static scene provide cues to address this problem. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical approach to automatically find the correspondence between the preliminary human silhouettes extracted from synchronous color and infrared (IR) image sequences for image registration using evolutionary computation. The proposed approach reduces the overall computational load without decreasing the final estimation accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves good results for image registration between color and IR imagery.
Sodium Retention in Prerigor and Postrigor Ground Pork

Sodium retention in pre- and postrigor ground pork was studied. Pork of different ionic strengths was prepared by mixing meat with various amounts of water and NaCl, and was separated into two fractions: supernatants and pellets. Na+ retention in supernatants increased with increasing percent NaCl (0–5%). Supernatants of prerigor ground pork contained less Na+ than those of postrigor ground meat. Na+ retention in pellets also increased with increasing percent NaCl (0–5%). Na+ retention was higher in pellets of prerigor ground pork than in those of postrigor ground meat. Muscle proteins were not able to bind added Na+, as demonstrated by a dialysis method, regardless of rigor state and fraction.
Concept Mapping for Rater Training

TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers.
The Genome of Canarypox Virus

Here we present the genomic sequence, with analysis, of a canarypox virus (CNPV). The 365-kbp CNPV genome contains 328 potential genes in a central region and in 6.5-kbp inverted terminal repeats. Comparison with the previously characterized fowlpox virus (FWPV) genome revealed avipoxvirus-specific genomic features, including large genomic rearrangements relative to other chordopoxviruses and novel cellular homologues and gene families. CNPV also contains many genomic differences with FWPV, including over 75 kbp of additional sequence, 39 genes lacking FWPV homologues, and an average of 47% amino acid divergence between homologues. Differences occur primarily in terminal and, notably, localized internal genomic regions and suggest significant genomic diversity among avipoxviruses. Divergent regions contain gene families, which overall comprise over 49% of the CNPV genome and include genes encoding 51 proteins containing ankyrin repeats, 26 N1R/p28-like proteins, and potential immunomodulatory proteins, including those similar to transforming growth factor β and β-nerve growth factor. CNPV genes lacking homologues in FWPV encode proteins similar to ubiquitin, interleukin-10-like proteins, tumor necrosis factor receptor, PIR1 RNA phosphatase, thioredoxin binding protein, MyD116 domain proteins, circovirus Rep proteins, and the nucleotide metabolism proteins thymidylate kinase and ribonucleotide reductase small subunit. These data reveal genomic differences likely affecting differences in avipoxvirus virulence and host range, and they will likely be useful for the design of improved vaccine vectors.
Tumor-selective killing by selenite in patient-matched pairs of normal and malignant prostate cells.

BACKGROUND Selenium compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of human prostate cancer cell lines. However, the effects of selenium have yet to be examined in normal and malignant cells derived from the same individual. Selenite metabolism consumes glutathione (GSH) and produces superoxide. The generation of reactive oxygen species is an important mechanism in selenite-induced apoptosis. METHODS Three patient-matched pairs of primary prostatic epithelial cell cultures from normal and cancer were evaluated for their response to selenite. Apoptosis was measured and the differential response of normal and cancer cells was correlated with the expression of bcl-2, bax, GSH, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). RESULTS The cancer-derived cells were significantly more sensitive to selenite-induced apoptosis than the corresponding normal cells. Tumor-selective killing was not observed in cells treated with selenomethionine. The ratio of bcl-2:bax was decreased in the cancer-derived cells treated with selenite. Total GSH concentrations were similar in paired normal and cancer cells. Therefore, differences in GSH content do not appear to play a role in tumor-selective killing by selenite. Superoxide is a by-product of selenite metabolism and normal cells showed increased MnSOD expression and SOD activity compared to the cancer-derived cells. Prostate cancer cells treated with the MnSOD mimetic, MnTMPyP, were protected against the cytotoxic effects of selenite. CONCLUSIONS Higher MnSOD expression in normal cells may play an important role in eliminating superoxide radicals produced as a result of selenite metabolism and contribute to the tumor-selective killing by selenite in prostate cancer. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parallel Computing Techniques for Large-Scale Reservoir Simulation of Multi-Component and Multiphase Fluid Flow

Massively parallel computing techniques can overcome limitations of problem size a nd space resolution for r eservoir simulation on single-processor machine. This paper reports on our work to p arallelize a widely used numerical simulator, known as TOUGH2, for nonisothermal flows of multicomponent, multiphase fluids in three-dimensional porous and fractured media. We have implemented the TOUGH2 package on a Cray T3E-900, a distributed-memory massively parallel computer with 69 5 p rocessors. For the simulation of largescale multicomponent, multiphase fluid flow, the requirements for computer memory and computing time a re e xtensive. Because of the limitation of computer memory in each PE (processing element), we distribute not only computing time but also the memory requirement to different PEs. In this study, the METIS software package for partitioning unstructured graph and meshes is adopted for domain partitioning, and the Aztec linear solver package is used for solving linear equation systems. The efficiency of the c ode is investigated through the modeling of a three-dimensional variably saturated flow problem, which involves more than one million gridblocks. The e xecution time a nd speedup are evaluated through comparing the performance of different numbers of processors. The results indicate that t he parallel code c an significantly improve c apacity and efficiency for large-scale simulations.
Impact of the 1000 Genomes Project on the next wave of pharmacogenomic discovery

The 1000 Genomes Project aims to provide detailed genetic variation data on over 1000 genomes from worldwide populations using the next-generation sequencing technologies. Some of the samples utilized for the 1000 Genomes Project are the International HapMap samples that are composed of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals of different world populations. These same samples have been used in pharmacogenomic discovery and validation. For example, a cell-based, genome-wide approach using the HapMap samples has been used to identify pharmacogenomic loci associated with chemotherapeutic-induced cytotoxicity with the goal to identify genetic markers for clinical evaluation. Although the coverage of the current HapMap data is generally high, the detailed map of human genetic variation promised by the 1000 Genomes Project will allow a more in-depth analysis of the contribution of genetic variation to drug response. Future studies utilizing this new resource may greatly enhance our understanding of t...
Type II Opsins: Evolutionary Origin by Internal Domain Duplication?

Opsins are a large group of proteins with seven transmembrane segments (TMSs) that are found in all domains of life. There are two types of opsins that are sometimes considered nonhomologous: type I is known from prokaryotes and some eukaryotes, while type II is known only from Eumetazoan animals. Type II opsins are members of the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which facilitate signal transduction across cell membranes. While previous studies have concluded that multiple transmembrane-containing protein families—including type I opsins—originated by internal domain duplication, the origin of type II opsins has been speculated on but never tested. Here we show that type II opsins do not appear to have originated through a similar internal domain duplication event. This provides further evidence that the two types of opsins are nonhomologous, indicating a convergent evolutionary origin, in which both groups of opsins evolved a seven-TM structure and light sensitivity independently. This convergence may indicate an important role for seven-TM protein structure for retinal-based light sensitivity.
Retail market share and saturation

Abstract Graphing the relationship between market share and share of space in a set of urban areas is a useful way to describe issues of market saturation. This paper considers two versions of the relationship between market share and share of space. The two models are non-linear in nature: one is a logistic s-shaped curve, and the other is an exponential growth curve. Mahajan et al. (1988) . Journal of Retailing 64(3) 315–333) have discussed these curves in the literature, as a tool for determining market expansion. In this paper the models are compared and discussed with regard to their fundamental assumptions and interpretation. The paper includes notes on formulation, implementation, estimation, and application. The concepts and techniques in the paper are illustrated with data from grocery chains collected from markets in the southeastern United States.
Children’s Sleep and Adjustment Over Time: The Role of Socioeconomic Context

Relations were examined between children’s sleep and their externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Longitudinal relations were examined when children were in 3rd (T1) and 5th (T2) grades, and cross-sectional relations were assessed at T2. Participants included 176 children at T1 (M = 8.68 years) and 141 children at T2 (M = 10.70 years). Sleep was examined via subjective reports and actigraphy. Children reported on anxiety, self-esteem, and depression symptoms, and parents reported on children’s externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, sleep problems were associated with worse adjustment outcomes; African American children or those from lower socioeconomic status homes were at particular risk. Findings highlight the importance of adequate sleep for children’s optimal development, especially in the context of ecological risk.
Friction-Induced Lines of Attraction and Repulsion for Parts Sliding on an Oscillated Plate

We show that the frictional forces arising from simultaneous small amplitude periodic translation and rotation of a rigid plate cause parts on the plate to converge to or diverge from a line coinciding with the rotation axis. The relative phase between the translation and rotation determines whether the parts are attracted to or repelled from the rotation axis. Assuming that both the translational and rotational accelerations of the plate are ldquobang-bangrdquo and have identical frequencies, we derive the resultant velocity fields for point parts on the plate. For many choices of phase the speed of the part is approximately proportional to its distance from the rotation axis. The strength of the velocity field can be controlled by modulating the amplitude of the translational acceleration, or modulating the relative phase between the translational and rotational acceleration profiles. We also determine the phases that maximize part speed towards and away from the rotation axis. These optimal phases not only maximize part speed but also generate velocity fields that are nearly independent of the coefficient of friction.
Importance Sampling to Evaluate Real-time System Reliability: A Case Study

Real-time distributed computers are often used in life- critical applications. However, the complexity of such systems calls for extensive simulation studies to validate their performance and relia...
The Carroll Model A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective View

The Model of School Learning, first published 25 years ago, has taken its place as a useful guide in research on teaching and learning in schools. The model accounts for variations in school learning with five classes of variables, three, of which can be expressed in terms of time, the other two in terms of achievement. Most aspects of the model have been confirmed, although details remain to be filled out by further research. Ways that the model might be used to address current problems in education are considered. The model's emphasis on aptitude as a determinant of time needed for learning suggests that increased efforts be placed on predicting student potentialities and designing instruction appropriate to those potentialities, if ideals of equal opportunity to learn are to be achieved within a diversity of educational objectives.
Is Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis a New Lyme Disease? Review and Comparison of Clinical, Laboratory, Epidemiological, and Some Biological Features

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and Lyme disease are caused by infectious agents transmitted by deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). Because of the shared tick vector and increased seroprevalence of HGE in patients with Lyme disease, there is some confusion about the identity of these infectious agents and the clinicopathologic spectrum of the disease. HGE is an acute febrile illness associated with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of hepatic transaminases. In contrast, Lyme disease is most often subacute, with the frequent presence of erythema migrans rash and infrequent leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or elevated serum hepatic transaminase activities. Some ehrlichia infections in animals and humans may become persistent, and Ehrlichia-mediated defects in host defense and immune suppression can allow secondary and opportunistic infections. Because of these properties of Ehrlichia species, their role in modifying the clinical course of Lyme disease may be hypothesized and should be tested.
Economic evaluation of the US Environmental Protection Agency's SunWise program: sun protection education for young children.

OBJECTIVE. The SunWise School Program is a school-based sun safety education program that was developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency and aims to teach children how to protect themselves from overexposure to the sun. The objectives of this study were to assess the health benefits of the SunWise School Program and use economic analysis to determine the program9s net benefits and cost-effectiveness. METHODS. Standard cost/benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis methods were used. Intervention costs were measured as program costs estimated to be incurred by the US government, which funds SunWise, using 3 funding scenarios. Health outcomes were measured as skin cancer cases and premature mortalities averted and quality-adjusted life-years saved. These health outcomes were modeled using an effectiveness evaluation of SunWise based on pretest and posttest surveys administered to students who participated in the program and the Environmental Protection Agency9s peer-reviewed Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework model. Costs averted were measured as direct medical costs and costs of productivity losses averted as a result of SunWise. Net benefits were measured as the difference between costs averted and program costs. RESULTS. Economic analysis indicated that if the SunWise School Program continues through 2015 at current funding levels, then it should avert >50 premature deaths, nearly 11000 skin cancer cases, and 960 quality-adjusted life-years (undiscounted) among its participants. For every dollar invested in SunWise, between approximately $2 and $4 in medical care costs and productivity losses are saved, depending on the funding scenario. CONCLUSIONS. From a cost/benefit and cost-effectiveness perspective, it is worthwhile to educate children about sun safety; small to modest behavioral impacts may result in significant reductions in skin cancer incidence and mortality.
A NOVEL PREFERENCE FOR AN INVASIVE PLANT AS A MECHANISM FOR ANIMAL HYBRID SPECIATION

Homoploid hybrid speciation—speciation via hybridization without a change in chromosome number—is rarely documented and poorly understood in animals. In particular, the mechanisms by which animal homoploid hybrid species become ecologically and reproductively isolated from their parents are hypothetical and remain largely untested by experiments. For the many host-specific parasites that mate on their host, choosing the right host is the most important ecological and reproductive barrier between these species. One example of a host-specific parasite is the Lonicera fly, a population of tephritid fruit flies that evolved within the last 250 years likely by hybridization between two native Rhagoletis species following a host shift to invasive honeysuckle. We studied the host preference of the Lonicera fly and its putative parent species in laboratory experiments. The Lonicera fly prefers its new host, introduced honeysuckle, over the hosts of both parental species, demonstrating the rapid acquisition of preference for a new host as a means of behavioral isolation from the parent species. The parent taxa discriminate against each other's native hosts, but both accept honeysuckle fruit, leaving the potential for asymmetric gene flow from the parent species. Importantly, this pattern allows us to formulate hypotheses about the initial formation of the Lonicera fly. As mating partners from the two parent taxa are more likely to meet on invasive honeysuckle than on their respective native hosts, independent acceptance of honeysuckle by both parents likely preceded hybridization. We propose that invasive honeysuckle served as a catalyst for the local breakdown of reproductive isolation between the native parent species, a novel consequence of the introduction of an exotic weed. We describe behavioral mechanisms that explain the initial hybridization and subsequent reproductive isolation of the hybrid Lonicera fly. These results provide experimental support for a combination of host shift and hybridization as a model for hybrid speciation in parasitic animals.
A school-based case identification process for identifying inner city children with asthma: the Breathmobile program.

Background: Striking increases in the prevalence and morbidity of asthma among inner city children have been documented. Objective: To establish and evaluate a large-scale, school-based case-detection process designed to efficiently and reliably identify inner city children with asthma. Methods: A bilingual, seven-question, self-administered, parental asthma screening survey was developed. Clinical validation was achieved in a sample of 675 consecutive parents bringing a child to the school-based Breathmobile Program for initial evaluation, using a comprehensive evaluation by a physician specialist (ie, allergist) as the standard. Survey response patterns were used to construct a novel seven-model, tiered scoring algorithm and an abbreviated algorithm that predict the probability of a child being clinically classified as “yes asthma” or “no asthma.” A systematic survey distribution process administered by a single coordinator was developed, and the impact of a classroom-oriented incentive offering a $25 school supply gift certificate for survey return rates of > 80% was evaluated. Results: A total of 636 parents provided one or more survey responses and information sufficient for clinical classification. The scoring algorithm correctly identified children with asthma (> 80% probability) with a sensitivity of 86.5%, a specificity of 83.6%, and a misclassification rate of 14.3% (91 of 636 children). The sensitivity for identifying persistent asthma was 91.3%. Asthma prevalence estimates derived using survey results from a larger sampling of the general population were similar to rates previously reported for comparable populations. The inclusion of an inexpensive incentive increased the median survey return rates from 35.3 to 65% (z 11.9; p < .001). The screening process has been used to conduct 27,526 surveys at inner city schools. Conclusions: The Breathmobile case-detection process offers a validated, comprehensive, largescale method with which to identify children with asthma at their school sites. (CHEST 2004; 125:924 –934)
SOME ASPECTS OF PLASTICITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF CLAYS1

This paper presents the results of Talwalkar-Parmelee plasticity measurements of a number of clays, and an interpretation of the results in the light of data on dye adsorption, water of plasticity, drying and firing shrinkage, and dry transverse strength. The clays studied are mainly from California, but tests of a few more widely-known clays from other sources are included for the purposes of correlation. Some data are given to show the effect of the addition of fine sand on the plasticity of a clay. The effect of variations in the water of plasticity is also considered.
Does fertility trump monogamy

Monogamous animals face an interesting dilemma: whether and when to terminate a nonproductive relationship. To address this issue, I examined whether reproductive compatibility is a criterion for maintaining a monogamous pair bond between mates. Prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, are small rodents that form long-term, monogamous pair bonds evidenced by a strong preference for their familiar partners, and thus are an excellent model animal in which to study mate fidelity. Accordingly, I examined partner preferences by male prairie voles and related their behaviour to the reproductive status of their mates. I found that, when given a choice between their familiar female partner and a stranger, male prairie voles differed in their responses depending on the pregnancy status of the partner. Males that were paired with females for 2 weeks displayed mate fidelity only when mating had been initiated within approximately 48 h after pairing. In contrast, males whose mates experienced a delay in the onset of sexual receptivity displayed nonselective affiliative behaviour. I also found that, in addition to being appropriately timed, mating must be successful. Males that mated with ovariectomized females for whom pregnancy was precluded did not display mate fidelity even though mating was initiated within the proper time frame. These observations of mate fidelity only when the partner’s pregnancy was sufficiently advanced relative to the duration of the pairing suggest that mating must be both successful and timely. Thus, reproductive compatibility can influence mate fidelity.
Novel devices for optical interconnects to chips

Devices for optical interconnects to chips demand low energy, high speed, and tight integration with CMOS. Recent approaches with Ge quantum wells and nanometallics are summarized. Limits to necessary passive components are also summarized.
DNA bending-induced phase transition of encapsidated genome in phage λ

The DNA structure in phage capsids is determined by DNA-DNA interactions and bending energy. The effects of repulsive interactions on DNA interaxial distance were previously investigated, but not the effect of DNA bending on its structure in viral capsids. By varying packaged DNA length and through addition of spermine ions, we transform the interaction energy from net repulsive to net attractive. This allowed us to isolate the effect of bending on the resulting DNA structure. We used single particle cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction analysis to determine the interstrand spacing of double-stranded DNA encapsidated in phage λ capsids. The data reveal that stress and packing defects, both resulting from DNA bending in the capsid, are able to induce a long-range phase transition in the encapsidated DNA genome from a hexagonal to a cholesteric packing structure. This structural observation suggests significant changes in genome fluidity as a result of a phase transition affecting the rates of viral DNA ejection and packaging.
Effect of Parathyroid Preparation on the Blood Calcium of the Fowl

Abstract THE blood calcium response in the fowl following the administration of mammalian parathyroid preparations has not been consistent. Collip (1931) was unable to demonstrate any effect of the hormone on the blood calcium of non-laying hens. Macowan (1932) reported similar results with molting hens when injections as large as 1 c.c. of mammalian parathyroid preparations were given. She found, however, that the serum calcium of pullets was distinctly raised in from 15 to 19 hours after a single injection of 0.5 c.c. parathormone. Knowles, Hart, and Halpin (1935) were able to demonstrate an increase in blood calcium of immature pullets and non-laying hens when 1 to 3 c.c. of parathormone (Lilly) was given; however, they were unable to produce a significant response in capons or cocks when similar injections were made. This work was confirmed by Deobald, Lease, Hart, and Halpin (1936) who extended the study by showing that non-laying . . .
Integrated Care for Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias Can a Specialized Unit and Catheter Ablation Improve Mortality

In 1962, the term coronary care unit was first coined by a Kansas City cardiologist, Hughes Day, to describe a centralized unit with a specialized team trained to rapidly identify and resuscitate patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.1,2 With the dedicated critical care, improved reperfusion strategies, evidence-based medical therapy, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, survival from myocardial infarction in the acute and healed stages has significantly improved over the past 50 years. At the present time, the spectrum of patients with ventricular arrhythmias in the coronary care unit includes an increasing number of patients with scar-mediated reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) seen late after infarct remodeling and from noncoronary causes of cardiomyopathy. Article see p 1359 Catheter ablation of VT is perhaps one of the most challenging and complex procedures in interventional cardiology. Catheter ablation of scar-mediated VT requires preprocedural imaging, the ability to perform specialized procedures such as electroanatomic mapping, and, in select cases, percutaneous access into the pericardial space. These techniques allow the operator to explore the complex scar architecture that typically supports multiple morphologies of VT that are hemodynamically unstable in the vast majority of present-day cases. It is also not surprising that the average procedural duration is >5 hours,3 but what is most relevant to the morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure is the severity of the disease in the patients who develop recurrent VT. The clinical context and the backdrop of this disease state mandates a team approach to care (Figure). Figure. Overview of care for patients with ventricular tachycardia. CT indicates cardiothoracic; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; and VT, ventricular tachycardia. Patients presenting with VT have multiple comorbid conditions including heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and renal dysfunction. Heart failure specialists typically are involved early on in the care of these …
Um início duvidoso, um fim incógnito – um caso de tinha incógnita

Tinea incognito is caused by the modification of ringworm after treatment with immunosuppressants, normally topical steroids, which mask its typical characteristics, and result in the progression of the original fungal infection. This is a case of a 71-year-old man who developed a clinical picture involving "bites" [ sic ], pain, and discomfort in the right forearm, associated with papular vesicular lesions that were pinkish in color and non-pruritic. The patient was evaluated and medicated with antivirals, antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with no success. He developed violaceous papular-pustular lesions with scaling in about 1 month. After a therapeutic trial with an antifungal agent and the discovery of the patient’s chronic use of topical corticosteroids, a diagnosis of tinea incognito was established. This diagnosis presents a challenge to the general practitioner due to its similarity to various dermatological conditions.
Anticatalase Activity of Sulfanilamide and Related Compounds. I. Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation

ConclusionsThe ability of sulfanilamide and structurally related compounds to develop color on ultraviolet irradiation appears to be dependent on the presence or absence of substituents in the p-amino and sulfamido groups. A study of the anticatalase properties of sulfanilamide and related compounds indicates a possible correlation between therapeutic activity and the intrinsic anticatalase activity associated with the non-irradiated compound. Neither color production nor the high anticatalase activity developed as a consequence of irradiation appear to be related to therapeutic effectiveness.
An Application of an Evaluation Model for Classroom Instruction

In this paper, we have outlined a formative evaluation model for classroom instruction. In addition, we provided an example of how the model was used recently to evaluate the performance of students in a ninth grade science program. This Comprehensive Achievement Monitoring approach to evaluation uses criterion-referenced tests.
Auxotrophic Mutants of Cochliobolus Carbonum

Biochemical mutant strains of Cochliobolus carbonum were recovered following irradiation of conidia with ultraviolet light. Because of the multicellular, multinucleate condition of the. spores and the methods of recovery that were employed, low yields of mutants were obtained. Recovery of arginine, methionine, and adenine auxotrophs in highest frequency suggested that the methods of recovery were selective for these classes of mutants. Arginine and methionine mutants were classified into several physiological types, each type representing mutation at a different locus. Pathways for the synthesis of arginine and methionine established in other fungi were demonstrated in C. carbonun. Genetic analyses of auxotrophs were hampered by infertility problems. While crosses between mutants and wild-type isolates were generally fertile, crosses between mutants were generally infertile.
Stimuli-Responsive Nanolatexes: Porating Films

A new class of very stable and stimuli-responsive nanolatexes based on copolymers of reactive and stimuli responsive ionic liquid surfactants is synthesized by microemulsion polymerization to yield dispersions of 22–30 nm diameter particles. Aqueous coatings of these nanolatexes dry to form robust films that exhibit stimuli-responsiveness to certain ion exchangeable anions. The nature of the reactive ionic liquid surfactant monomers induces an ion exchange capacity in the resulting copolymers and films. Transparent films of such nanolatexes can be transformed into opaque and porous films and membranes as a stimulus-response to anion exchange. These nanolatexes are ionic nanogels that are insensitive to Debye–Huckel screening by an indifferent salt and exhibit very soft interparticle interactions, qualifying them as ideal candidates as waterborne dispersing aids; in addition, these nanogels appear to be experimental examples of osmotic nanospheres emanating from the theoretical development of osmotic brushes.
Intracellular maturation of the γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) region in prothrombin coincides with release of the propeptide

Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors undergo several post-translational modifications before the proteins are secreted into the blood as functional zymogens of the coagulation system. The modifications include Asn-linked glycosylation, Asn/Asp hydroxylation, removal of a signal peptide for translocation of the polypeptide into the endoplasmic reticulum and removal of a propeptide which, when attached to the intracellular coagulation factor precursor, directs the protein for vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation. gamma-Carboxylation of targeted Glu residues results in formation of Ca(2+)-binding gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues. Ca2+ binding by these residues induces a conformational change in the protein which is a necessary event for optimal activation or activity of the clotting factor in blood. In the present study we have monitored the intracellular prothrombin precursor in the secretory pathway of liver cells to determine the effect that the propeptide has on Ca(2+)-dependent folding of the protein. The data provide evidence that the Ca(2+)-induced conformational change required for activation of prothrombin coincides with release of the propeptide in the trans-Golgi apparatus of the liver cell and elucidates an important function for the endoproteinase furin in biosynthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Regeneration and Recovery of SCR Catalyst De-NOx

The catalyst is the core of denitration system in SCR flue gas denitration.For the service life of the expensive catalyst is limited,catalyst consumption in the denitration system has a great influence on the operation cost.Therefore,recovery and regeneration of deactivated catalyst in the stage have been analyzed in the paper.The problem of saving operating cost for the power plant and the possibility of reducing the secondary pollution brought by the waste catalyst have also been discussed.
Energetics of fish spermatozoa: The proven and the possible

Abstract Main features specific to sperm of fish with external fertilization are 1—the seminal fluid osmolality, and in several species, some ions prevent sperm motility in the genital track; 2—transfer from seminal fluid into sea- or freshwater triggers full motility due to osmotic and/or ionic signal; 3—immediately after activation, fish sperm swim with very high efficiency; 4—the motility period is limited to a very short duration for freshwater sperm and not for much longer in case of marine fish spermatozoa; 5—most motility parameters are decreasing and wave shape is changing during the motility period; 6—the regulation of axonemal motility by ionic concentration, as well as by ATP concentration and other substances, can be observed in vitro by using membrane-deprived spermatozoa; 7—the chemical energy available in fish spermatozoa is rapidly exhausted during the swimming period; 8—the membrane potential of the spermatozoon represents an important aspect of the cell electro-chemical energy homeostasis; 9—the ultimate task for sperm, before fertilization, is to meet an egg, and this task is facilitated by chemotaxis. The present chapter will tentatively deal with some of these salient features such as a—osmolality and ionic signals controlling fast but short-lasting motility in connection with ATP and other energetic compounds management; b—role of sperm electro-chemical potential in the trans -membrane management of this complementary aspect of sperm energetics; c—considerations on physical energy needed by moving fish flagella; and finally, d—how oriented motility governs sperm behavior while swimming toward egg. Finally, recent studies on applied aspects of fish sperm bioenergetics are summarized.
Quinidine interactions with Myxicola giant axons.

The effects of quinidine, an antiarrhythmic alkaloid, on the membrane conductances of Myxicola axonal membrane were investigated by using the voltage-clamp technique. In the presence of 0.2 mM quinidine sulfate, the resting membrane potential was not affected, whereas the repolarization phase of the action potential was prolonged. Under voltage-clamp conditions, potassium currents displayed a distinct peak before decaying exponentially to a plateau level. Both sodium and potassium conductances were suppressed. However, the potassium conductance was suppressed to a much greater extent and displayed a negative slope in the conductance-voltage curve for membrane potentials above +40 mV. The kinetics of sodium currents were not appreciably affected. The block of potassium channels by quinidine displayed both time- and voltage-dependent characteristics. The percentage of reduction in current depended upon the fraction of the potassium channels open under control conditions. Quinidine blocked both outward and inward potassium currents. The block was less in the presence of high external potassium ions. Two-pulse experiments showed that the number of "inactivated" potassium channels was dependent upon the prepulse potential. Recovery from inactivation was enhanced by hyperpolarization. The primary effect of quinidine in Myxicola was attributed to a quinidine-induced block of potassium conductance. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Drs. G. Ehrenstein, M. Huang, H. Lecar, and N. Moran for their thorough reading of the manuscript and their suggestions and Dr. R. Fitzhugh for the use of his computer programs to transfer data to the DEC-10 computer of Division of Computer Research and Technology at the National Institutes of Health for analysis with Modeling Laboratory.
Allopurinol-induced pyrimidinuria in cancer patients

Allopurinol induced pyrimidinuria is a sensitive and specific test that identifies the increased de novo pyrimidine mononucleotide biosynthesis accompanying ornithine trans carbamylase deficiency. We hypothesize that the increased de novo DNA synthesis characteristic of malignant tumors can be detected using this method. Eleven cancer patients and a 30 subject control group were studied. The allopurinol test protocol consists of five urine collection periods--a baseline collection after which time a 300 mg dose of allopurinol is taken, followed by collection of four 6 hour fractional urine collections. Orotate, orotidine and creatinine were measured on the samples. Eight of 11 patients had significantly elevated urine levels of either orotate or orotidine either prior to challenge with allopurinol or during one of the time periods. The allopurinol test for this unstratified group has a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 1.0. This observational and preliminary report suggest that further study of the potential significance and usefulness of the allopurinol test in patients at risk for or with malignancy is warranted.
Book Review: Jeffrey Kahan, The Unfolding of American Labor Law: Judges, Workers, and Public Policy Across Two Political Generations, 1790-1850

This historiographical review essay places Jeffrey Kahana's book in the context of existing scholarship on ideology and labor and employment law in the U.S. in the 18th and 19th centuries. It compares the arguments and findings of this book with works by Christopher Tomlins, Robert Steinfeld, Karen Orren, Victoria Hattam, and others. Specifically, it contrasts Kahana's analysis with that of other authors on two key questions: (1) the extent to which early American labor and employment law rules were largely based on English common law; and (2) the extent to which American rules were a product of class bias and or ant-union sentiment. On both questions, Kahana stakes out positions on the far end of the historiographical spectrum, insisting that early America almost entirely rejected English common law in this area, and that the law was driven by concerns quite separate from class or anti-union bias. Kahana's book is thus remarkably positive given the subject matter. While it may not convince those who have adopted different positions, it is a valuable contribution to the literature.
The Double-Edged Sword of Self-Handicapping: Discounting, Augmentation, and the Protection and Enhancement of Self-Esteem

A field study was conducted to test the hypothesis that discounted and augmented ability self-attributions mediate the interactive effects of claimed self-handicaps and academic success and failure on self-esteem. College students were assessed for individual differences in self-handicapping and self-esteem at the beginning of the term and then completed a checklist of claimed self-handicaps immediately preceding their first in-class exam. At the following class, graded exams were returned to the students, who then completed measures of mood, self-esteem, and performance attributions. High self-handicappers claimed more excuses prior to the test. Among failing students, claimed handicaps were associated with greater discounting of ability attributions and higher self-esteem. Among successful students, claimed handicaps were associated with augmented ability attributions and enhanced self-esteem. However, we failed to find support for sex differences in claimed self-handicapping. The implications of the present research with regard to the functional utility of self-handicapping behavior are discussed.
Favorable Risk Selection in Medicare Advantage: Trends in Mortality and Plan Exits Among Nursing Home Beneficiaries

The 2003 Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) increased payments to Medicare Advantage plans and instituted a new risk-adjustment payment model to reduce plans' incentives to enroll healthier Medicare beneficiaries and avoid those with higher costs. Whether the MMA reduced risk selection remains debatable. This study uses mortality differences, nursing home utilization, and switch rates to assess whether the MMA successfully decreased risk selection from 2000 to 2012. We found no decrease in the mortality difference or adjusted difference in nursing home use between plan beneficiaries pre- and post the MMA. Among beneficiaries with nursing home use, disenrollment from Medicare Advantage plans declined from 20% to 12%, but it remained 6 times higher than the switch rate from traditional Medicare to Medicare Advantage. These findings suggest that the MMA was not associated with reductions in favorable risk selection, as measured by mortality, nursing home use, and switch rates.
In-Season Forecasting of Plant Growth, Soil Water-Nitrogen, and Grain Yield

In 2018, the Forecasting and Assessment of Cropping sysTemS (FACTS) project was replicated to achieve the objective of forecasting in-season soil water-nitrogen dynamics, in-season plant growth, and end-of-season grain yields. This concept was initiated to help farmers and agronomists make in-season management decisions, in addition to the ability to look back on the growing season to see what management practices could have been changed to improve grain yields and net profits, but also reduce nitrogen loss.
Contesting Immigration Policy in Court: Legal Activism and Its Radiating Effects in the United States and France, by Leila Kawar

Book review: Contesting Immigration Policy in Court: Legal Activism and Its Radiating Effects in the United States and France Leila Kawar New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 232 pp.
Advertising Agencies' Requirements for Entry Level Employees

This study addresses the theoretical construct realistic job preview and how it can benefit college graduates interested in pursuing a career in advertising. A questionnaire was developed to discern what requirements advertising agencies in New England look for when hiring entry level personnel. The findings showed the top requirements and the top valuable skills needed for an entry level position in the advertising field. This information provides college students with a realistic job preview regarding advertising jobs. The findings showed students interested in a career in advertising should enroll in programs, such as business, communication, creativity, computer aid design, management, advertising, and public relations. They should also take courses related to developing skills, such as problem solving, critical thinking, drawing and painting, and time management. Realistic job previews clarify students' expectations regarding jobs in advertising and help them develop paths to success.