cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Models of Copper Proteins for Biofuel Cell Applications

Recently there has been a renaissance in biological science and engineering. Powerful new technologies have emerged whose development crosses the classic borders between biology, chemistry, and engineering disciplines.
Traits-related QTLs and genes and their potential applications in rice improvement under low phosphorus condition

AbstractThe genetic improvement of rice over past decades has led to the loss of several genes which are responsible for nutrient acquisition and soil-related stresses. Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource and inevitable element of metabolic functions in plants. By pedogenesis process, organic matter contributes to renewing soil P in lesser extent. Therefore, improvement of the P use efficiency is one of the most imperative traits in rice breeding program, which is governed by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). QTLs controlling low P associated morphological and physiological traits in rice were investigated mostly during last one and half decade by using diverse mapping populations. Comprehensive and meticulous survey from literature, we found that to date 133 P associated QTLs of morpho-physiological traits were reported to be distributed on twelve chromosomes and majority of these QTLs localized on chromosome 1, 2 and 12. For the first time, a complete figure is presented in this review on chromosom...
Multiple hypotheses for chromium(III) biochemistry: Why the essentiality of chromium(III) is still questioned

This chapter discusses multiple hypotheses for chromium (III) biochemistry and why the essentiality of chromium (III) is still questioned. The original hypothesis that the effects of chromium on parameters related to diabetes may, in fact, be due to either influences of chromium on iron metabolism or influences of iron on chromium metabolism has not yet been fully explored. A growing number of studies have reported a link between high iron levels and both type II and gestational diabetes. It has been well established that iron-binding proteins are involved in chromium binding, transport, and storage. Chromium blood plasma levels have been reported to be lower in diabetics than in non-diabetic controls. Thus, decreased chromium stores in diabetics could be an indirect indication of increased iron stores, not necessarily a cause of diabetes. Also, positive effects attributed to chromium supplementation could be a result of lowered iron absorption rather than an improvement in a chromium deficiency. The concept of dose-response, that there is a proportional relationship between the amount of exposure to a chemical or physical agent and the degree of response in a given experimental system, is a central tenet of pharmacology and toxicology. Hormesis, derived from the Greek word hormaein ), is the observation of a stimulatory or “beneficial” response elicited by a low dose range of a chemical, even if that chemical produces an inhibitory or adverse response at a higher dose range.
Functorial Properties of Star Operations: New Developments

We generalize the definition of a star operation and related notions to rings with zerodivisors and investigate, for any universal star operation ∗, various generalizations of the ∗-linked extensions that yield functoriality of ∗-class groups. These include a generalization of the PDE extensions of a Krull domain that also yields functoriality of divisor class groups.
Silver Alert Programs: An Exploration of Community Sentiment Regarding a Policy Solution to Address the Critical Wandering Problem in an Aging Population

This chapter describes how a constructionist approach to social problem theorizing can be useful in examining how community sentiment develops and coalesces around an emerging social policy, specifically the Silver Alert solution to the problem of critical wandering among elders with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. We begin by describing the ostensible problem Silver Alert plans were poised to address: the concern regarding the rise in number of elders with dementia and the burden they would place on society. Then we discuss why claims-makers posited a Silver Alert policy as a viable solution that receives near universal positive community sentiment. However, we suggest that the policy is a form of control theater and end the chapter with a discussion of potential unintended consequences of the Silver Alert program.
Single Rigid Body Dynamics

This chapter develops the dynamical equations of motion for a single rigid body in multiple different ways: about the body center of mass, about an arbitrary point on the body, using body and inertial frame derivatives, and finally using an inertially fixed velocity reference point. The properties of each of these formulations are explored. These alternative formulations also help illustrate the analytical and transformation properties of spatial quantities.
Classical Systems Literature

The purpose of this part of the book is to provide the reader with some representative original papers pertaining to the various facets of systems science discussed in Part I, “Systems Science: A Guided Tour.” These papers were carefully selected to reinforce Part I, and their order of presentation mirrors the order of presentation of topics there. Hence, they should be read in parallel with the individual chapters of Part I that they bear upon (as indicated in the Detailed Contents).
Bevacizumab: Review of Development, Pharmacology, and Application to Brain Tumors

Bevacizumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeted to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is the ligand for VEGF receptors (VEGFR), which are important for the development and maintenance of the angiogenic phenotype in high-grade solid tumors, including malignant gliomas. An overview of angiogenesis, VEGF, VEGFR, and the pharmacology of bevacizumab will be presented. Bevacizumab is active in pre-clinical testing against glioma tissue cultures and xenograft models. In the clinical setting, in combination with irinotecan and other chemotherapy agents, it has shown significant activity in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other brain tumors. Objective responses on neuro-imaging have been noted in 30%–60% of reported cases. Prolongation of progression-free survival and overall survival have also been suggested in many reports. Treatment of bevacizumab is associated with potential side effects, including thromboembolic disorders, fatigue, intracranial hemorrhage, proteinuria, hypertension, and bowel perforation.
NCI 10066: A phase 1 / 2 study of olaparib in combination with ramucirumab in metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma.

TPS4137Background: Gastric cancer remains a significant health problem in the US and globally with more than 951,600 annual cases worldwide. Moreover, the incidence of GEJ-centered adenocarcinoma i...
Effects of diffusional constraints on lifetime and selectivity in methanol-to-olefins catalysis on HSAPO-34

Abstract Reaction-transport formalisms show that the effects of crystallite size, H+ density, and Si speciation of HSAPO-34 on catalyst lifetime and selectivity in methanol-to-olefins catalysis are all manifestations of diffusional constraints. Both structural catalyst properties—i.e., crystallite size and H+ density—and intrinsic kinetic constants (per H+)—regulated, in silicoaluminophosphates, by Si speciation—affect the severity of these diffusional restrictions. Methanol-to-olefins catalysis on HSAPO-34 occurs by a complex network of autocatalytic reactions in which temporal gradients persist along with spatial gradients inherent to continuous-flow, fixed-bed reactors. Invocation of reaction rates in the interpretation of lifetime and selectivity trends in such systems requires defined quantities averaged in both time and space because measured observables conflate instantaneous reaction rates with spatial and temporal gradients. Quantities defined herein, i.e., total turnovers and cumulative selectivity, provide such rigorous assessments of lifetime and selectivity that permit causative correlation between rates of reactions within the complex network of autocatalytic reactions and material properties of HSAPO-34. Total turnovers decreases with increasing diffusional constraints because dehydrocyclization reactions experience stronger diffusional constraints than olefins methylation, aromatics dealkylation, and methanol transfer hydrogenation. Cumulative selectivity to paraffins increases with increasing diffusional constraints because transfer hydrogenation reactions of methanol, ethylene, and propylene experience stronger diffusional constraints than all other reactions within the complex reaction network. The approaches detailed herein codify the chemical and physical origins of trends in process outcomes with system variables for reaction systems characterized by complex reaction networks and prevailing spatial and temporal concentration gradients.
High-Impact Extratropical Cyclones along the Northeast Coast of the United States in a Long Coupled Climate Model Simulation

AbstractHigh-impact extratropical cyclones (ETCs) cause considerable damage along the northeast coast of the United States through strong winds and inundation, but these relatively rare events are ...
Too Hard to Shout Over the Loudest Frame: Effects of Competing Frames in the Context of the Crystallized Media Coverage on Offshore Outsourcing

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the effects of competing frames in newspaper coverage of offshore outsourcing, an issue that is characterized by a predominantly negative, unemployment-focused media...
A novel approach to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of a selective dopamine D1/D5 receptor partial agonist (PF-06412562) in patients with stable schizophrenia.

Background:PF-06412562 is an orally bioavailable, selective dopamine D1/D5 receptor partial agonist with a non-catechol structure under evaluation for treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophr...
Small Signal Model for Very-Large-Scale Multi-Active-Bridge Differential Power Processing (MAB-DPP) Architecture

Differential power processing (DPP) is applicable to a wide range of applications. This paper systematically investigates the small signal model of very-large-scale multi-active-bridge differential power processing (MAB-DPP) architecture. The proposed small signal model captures the impact of power losses and provides an accurate and comprehensive understanding about the dynamics of the MAB-DPP converter. The model is compact and highly scalable to very-large-scale MAB-DPP systems. The phase-to-voltage transfer function of a MAB-DPP architecture with an arbitrary number of ports was derived and validated by both SPICE simulations and experimental results. This paper also developed a distributed voltage control strategy, namely distributed phase-shift (DPS) control, which offers high scalability with low computational cost. A 10-port MAB-DPP prototype which can support hot-swapping with a significant step load transient was built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed small signal model and the control strategy.
Predicting the Effects of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper uses a computable model of trade to estimate the effects of a free trade agreement on the services and the manufacturing sector. It is parameterized using 2005 data for 6 services indust...
Especie nueva de Epimeria (Amphipoda: Epimeriidae) del Golfo de Panamá

A new species of the genus Epimeria is described based on material collected in the expedition of the R/V John Elliott Pillsbury to the deep waters of the Gulf of Panama. This new species could be distinguished of the others in the genus by the combination of several characters including: rostrum long, reaching the half of the second article of the antenna 1; eyes absent; coxopodite 4 with anteroventral margin almost straight down; coxopodite 5 with posteroventral corner elongated backwards, reaching the pleonite 2; pleonites 5?7 with dorsomedial acute teeth directed backwards; posterior margin of the telson, smooth. This is the first record of a member of the family Epimeriidae for the Gulf of Panama.
Multiple-Group Propensity Score Inverse Weight Trimming and Its Impact on Covariate Balance and Bias in Treatment Effect Estimation

Propensity scores have become a key technique to analyze causal effects of interventions in observational research. Contemporary developments in propensity score methods facilitate the estimation of treatment effects when more than two intervention groups are compared. Former research has documented the benefits and weaknesses of trimming inverse weights of propensity scores in the context of one treatment and one comparison group, but no research to date has explored the implications of trimming inverse weights in the context of multiple-group propensity scores. The present study adds to the current research on this topic by analyzing the impact of trimming multiple-group inverse weights on covariate balance and treatment effect estimation. Results from the simulation study showed that trimming inverse weights increased covariate bias and did not have a substantial impact on parameter recovery statistics of the treatment effect; moreover, data mining methods produced less extreme inverse weights compared to multinomial logistic regression models.
Contactless and Flangeless Pipe Contact for Standard Waveguides

A contactless and flangeless circular waveguide pipe contact made of a bed of pins is proposed. The bed of pins are surrounding a circular waveguide opening from one end to be connected to another circular waveguide of similar structure. The bed of pins surface is making an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) and the smooth pipe covering the pins acting as a perfect electric conductor (PMC). Aligning these openings together and covering them symmetrically with the smooth pipe prevent signal leakage even if no contact is assured. No flange is required for the pipe contact, and it can be used for circular waveguides covering multiple mm-wave frequency bands between 50 and 110 GHz.
A real-time assay for cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of molecular cargos

Abstract Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of transporting molecules to which they are tethered across cellular membranes. Unsurprisingly, CPPs have attracted attention for their potential drug delivery applications, but several technical hurdles remain to be overcome. Chief among them is the so-called ‘endosomal escape problem,’ i.e. the propensity of CPP-cargo molecules to be endocytosed but remain entrapped in endosomes rather than reaching the cytosol. Previously, a CPP fused to calmodulin that bound calmodulin binding site-containing cargos was shown to efficiently deliver cargos to the cytoplasm, effectively overcoming the endosomal escape problem. The CPP-adaptor, “TAT-CaM,” evinces delivery at nM concentrations and more rapidly than we had previously been able to measure. To better understand the kinetics and mechanism of CPP-adaptor-mediated cargo delivery, a real-time cell penetrating assay was developed in which a flow chamber containing cultured cells was installed on the stage of a confocal microscope to allow for observation ab initio. Also examined in this study was an improved CPP-adaptor that utilizes naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) calmodulin in place of human and results in superior internalization, likely due to its lesser net negative charge. Adaptor-cargo complexes were delivered into the flow chamber and fluorescence intensity in the midpoint of baby hamster kidney cells was measured as a function of time. Delivery of 400 nM cargo was observed within seven minutes and fluorescence continued to increase linearly as a function of time. Cargo-only control experiments showed that the minimal uptake which occurred independently of the CPP-adaptor resulted in punctate localization consistent with endosomal entrapment. A distance analysis was performed for cell-penetration experiments in which CPP-adaptor-delivered cargo showing wider dispersions throughout cells as compared to an analogous covalently-bound CPP-cargo. Small molecule endocytosis inhibitors did not have significant effects upon delivery. The real-time assay is an improvement upon static endpoint assays and should be informative in a broad array of applications.
Complex Temporal Biology: Towards A Unified Multi-Scale Approach to Predict the Flow of Information.

Two hallmarks of biological processes are complexity and time. While complexity can have many meanings, in this paper we propose an explicit link to the flow of time and how it is experienced by the organism. While the flow of time is rooted in constraints of fundamental physics, understanding the operation of biological systems in terms of processual flow and tempo is more elusive. Fortunately, the convergence of new computational and methodological perspectives will provide a means to transform complicated, nonlinear paths between related phenomena at different time scales into dynamic four-dimensional perspectives. According to the complex temporal biology approach, information flow between time scales of multiple lengths is a transformational process that acts to regulate life's complexity. Interactions between temporal intervals of differing magnitude and otherwise loosely-related mechanisms can be understood as inter-timescale information flow. We further propose that informational flow between time scales is the glue that binds the multiple vertical layers of biocomplexity, as well as yielding surprising outcomes ranging from complex behaviors to the persistence of lineages. Building a foundation of rules based on common interactions between orders of time and common experiential contexts would help to reintegrate biology. Emerging methodologies such as state-of-the-art imaging, visualization techniques, and computational data analysis can help us uncover these interactions. In conclusion, we propose educational and community-level changes that would better enable our vision.
Memory Fidelity Reveals Qualitative Changes in Interactions Between Items in Visual Working Memory

Memory for objects in a display sometimes reveals attraction-the objects are remembered as more similar to one another than they actually were-and sometimes reveals repulsion-the objects are remembered as more different from one another. The conditions that lead to these opposing memory biases are poorly understood; there is no theoretical framework that explains these contrasting dynamics. In three experiments (each N = 30 adults), we demonstrate that memory fidelity provides a unifying dimension that accommodates the existence of both types of visual working memory interactions. We show that either attraction or repulsion can arise simply as a function of manipulations of memory fidelity. We also demonstrate that subjective ratings of fidelity predict the presence of attraction or repulsion on a trial-by-trial basis. We discuss how these results bear on computational models of visual working memory and contextualize these results within the literature of attraction and repulsion effects in long-term memory and perception.
$$\bar{\nu }_{\mu }$$ CCQE Cross-Section Measurement

Following the introduction to this measurement given in Chap. 6 and the opportunistic background measurements and constraints presented in Chap. 7, we now turn to the cross-section calculation and its various ingredients. This measurement is also described in [1].
Our Lives Through Embroidery: Narrative Accounts of the Women's Embroidery Project in Post-Apartheid South Africa

The study explores the meanings newly employed women attach to the notion of being “emancipated.” It draws on critical feminist and post-colonial theorists to investigate how Black South Africa women (n = 21; age range = 30–55) with experience of oppression and colonialism use embroidery to narrate their personal histories. Three in-depth, individual semi-structured interviews and one focus group were conducted using convenience sampling within the embroidery collective. Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach, and Zilber's (1998) narrative data analysis model and Overlien, Aronsson & Hyden's (2005) focus group data analysis were employed to explore key themes of renegotiation of gender roles, racial relations and personal stories stitched into bags that travel the world, re-presenting the women to a global audience. Findings reveal that the embroidery project enabled successful re-negotiation of gendered roles at home and in the community. Perceived proxy control by historically privileged others undermined the sense o...
Chapter 19 Parvoviridae

Publisher Summary Parvoviridae are nonenveloped isometric particles approximately 20-25 nm in diameter consisting of an exterior protein shell (capsid) and an internal DNA genome. Members of the parvovirus genus are pathogenic in many animals, though usually confined to one species in natural infections. Most members of the parvovirus genus depend for their growth upon host cell functions present only in S-phase of the cell cycle. Members of the dependovirus genus are defective and grow in host cells only in the presence of a helper virus, either an adenovirus or a herpesvirus. Members of the densovirus genus grow only in larvae of various insects. This chapter discusses each genus separately. It also discusses the chemical and physical characteristics of genus parvovirus, genus dependovirus, and genus densovirus. Members of the genus parvovirus are pathogenic to fetal and newborn animals and produce a number of clinical symptoms, including fetal mummification, abortion, panleukopenia, enteritis, central nervous system lesions, osteolytic degeneration, and immune-complex diseases.
Asymptotic expansions of solutions of initial-boundary value problems for a dispersive hyperbolic equation

Abstract : Initial-boundary value problems for an energy conserving dispersive hyperbolic equation, the Klein-Gordon equation, are considered. This equation exhibits the main feature of dispersion: The speed of propagation depends on frequency. Problems in two space dimensions with a parabolic boundary are discussed. The primary purpose of this paper is to compare the asymptotic expansion of solutions obtained by a technique we call the ray method with the asymptotic expansion of the exact solution. In the cases considered, the solutions agree. In addition a numerical comparison is made of the exact and asymptotic solutions for a specified region of space time. (Author)
Signaling Circuits on the Golgi Complex

Numerous components of signaling pathways involved in key cellular processes reside on the Golgi complex. Here, we will focus on the roles of signaling proteins that regulate cargo trafficking along the anterograde and retrograde pathways. Emphasis will also be put on the effects of these regulatory proteins on the maintenance of the structure and function of the Golgi, and in particular on the phosphorylation of key components of the transport machinery. These pathways position the Golgi complex as a central hub in the regulation of cell signaling. To date, however, the activation and coordination of these signaling molecules remain a mystery. Being able to describe the interplay between several of these signaling pathways and secretion, and the flow of information through these pathways, will help us to understand how the secretory machinery works and how it interacts with other cellular functions. This will also advance our understanding of how the secretory pathway functions under physiological circumstances, and how its dysregulation can initiate pathological conditions.
Studies on the antitumor agent CC-1065: 1-phenylsulfonyl-1,3-butadiene ― An electrophilic equivalent to 1,3-butadiene for the synthesis of 3,31-bipyrroles

Abstract Sequential conjugate additions of methyl TOSMIC anion and TOSMIC anion to 1-phenylsulfonyl-1,3-butadiene provides a direct route to 3,3 1 -bipyrroles, and illustrates that 1-phenylsulfonyl-1, 3-butadiene can function as an electrophilic 1,3-butadiene equivalent.
The role of negative supercoiling in Hin-mediated site-specific recombination.

A series of biochemical assays were developed and performed to monitor the molecular events that occur during the Hin-mediated DNA inversion reaction. These events can be divided into five different stages: 1) binding of proteins (Hin, Fis, and HU) to DNA; 2) pairing of Hin- binding sites; 3) invertasome formation; 4) DNA strand cleavage; 5) strand rotation and religation. A series of topoisomers of the wild type DNA substrate plasmid (ranging from fully relaxed molecules to those with more than the physiological superhelical density (the physiological superhelical density of pKH336 from Escherichia coli DH10B is -0.072 in this study)) was generated, and the role of negative supercoiling in each step of the inversion reaction was investigated. We found differences in the dependence of the formation of paired Hin- binding sites and of the invertasome formation on the superhelical density of the substrate plasmid. Pairing of Hin-binding sites occurs independently from invertasome formation, and a relatively low degree of negative supercoiling is enough to promote maximal pairing. However, efficient invertasome formation requires higher levels of negative supercoiling.
The salt marsh amphipod, Gammarus palustris Bousfield, 1969 at the northern limit of its distribution: II. Temperature-salinity tolerances

Abstract The tolerance of Gammarus palustris to temperature-salinity combinations was examined, with emphasis on low temperatures and salinities of late winter and early spring. The species is quite eurythermal and euryhaline. Differences in tolerances were related to life stage and seasonal acclimation of two generations. Juveniles tolerated low salinities better than adults, and appeared to be living closest to their upper lethal temperature limit compared with other life stages. Immature, over-wintering animals showed best tolerance to low temperatures and salinities of late winter and early spring, assisted by relatively high blood osmoconcentrations. It is concluded that G. palustris may be living near its low lethal temperature limits in New Hampshire.
Chapter 3 Overview of the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystalline materials and their potential for thermoelectric applications

Summary As described in the previous discussion, despite the advances in quasicrystals for thermoelectrics, there is still a long road ahead if quasicrystals are to be viable for thermoelectrics. It is encouraging that theoretical predictions by Macia indicate that high values of ZT may be possible in this class of materials ( Macia, 2000 ). Cyrot-Lackmann is also investigating quasicrystals as possible thermoelectric materials and has a patent on quasicrystals for this application ( Cyrot-Lackmann, 1999b ). A systematic approach in relation to doping, composition, processing, and other factors along with subsequent measurement of the transport properties will be necessary. Certainly this data coupled with ideas on how to further enhance the thermopower could greatly advance our knowledge of these materials. Quasicrystals closely match the concept that a good thermoelectric should behave as a glasslike material in relation to phonons and a metal in relation to electronic transport. AlPdMn quasicrystals have thermal conductivity that closely resembles that of an amorphous solid. The “tunability” in the electrical conductivity and thermopower allows for many compositional, impurity, damage, and additional element studies to be performed in an effort to better understand the transport in this system and optimize the figure of merit for potential thermoelectric application. Obviously, more work is required to fully address the feasibility of these materials for thermoelectric applications. However, along the way much information related to the interplay of many of the parameters to the electrical and thermal transport in these systems will be gained. Thus, a more fundamental understanding of the electrical and thermal transport mechanisms related to the quasicrystalline materials may become evident. It is the strong belief of one of us (TMT) that a new higher performance thermoelectric material will be found and it will truly change the world around us. Where will it be? Will it be in a quasicrystal? The current data tends to indicate that it probably will not be in these materials, since the hurdle of enhancing the thermopower by a factor of 4 seems too great; yet theoretically high values ( ZT >1) have been predicted to be possible. This is especially difficult without the ability to systematically dope and “tune a bandgap” as in the semiconductor thermoelements, which were described by Ioffe nearly 50 years ago. Quasicrystals are truly a fascinating class of materials, and whether or not subsequent research efforts and time determine their feasibility (or even impracticality) for thermoelectrics, they will still retain their most unusual properties, about which we have much to learn. Most likely, there are a few surprises left in these materials (or similar classes of intermetallic materials), and probably even more applications of quasicrystals will become evident over the next few years.
Abstract W P268: Developing a Stroke Coordinator Consortium: Past, Present, and Future

Background: The fourth leading cause of death for all Iowans is stroke. In 2006 the American Heart Association in collaboration with healthcare professionals formed the Iowa Stroke Task Force (ISTF). At that time Iowa had six certified Primary Stroke Centers (PSC). Several stroke coordinators were members of the ISTF; however they discovered that their specific needs were not addressed during ISTF meetings. Purpose: The purpose of the Iowa Stroke Coordinator Consortium (ISCC) is to provide an environment where sharing experiences leads to the collaboration of stroke coordinators to improve stroke care. Methods: The stroke coordinators involved with the ISTF developed a toolkit for stroke care. The toolkit was posted on the Iowa Healthcare Collaborative (IHC) website which is known to all hospitals in Iowa as a resource for promoting improvement in healthcare. After the creation of the toolkit the coordinators created their own group dedicated to addressing needs specific to stroke coordinators. The charter membership consisted of seven members. The ISCC membership is involved with providing guidance to non-PSC hospitals, and participating on several state committees. The ISCC meets quarterly to discuss process improvement and share information. Results: There are currently 17 certified PSCs and one certified Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC). Informal mentoring is evident through frequent exchanges of ideas occurring via email, phone calls, and at quarterly meetings. The founding members of ISCC serve as board members, and reach out to support new coordinators. ISCC members have conducted mock stroke drills as a statewide public awareness event and utilized a questionnaire at health fairs across the state to assess public knowledge on stroke symptoms and risk factors. Members of ISCC assisted with developing the Iowa Stroke Registry. The registry addresses stroke as a system of care in Iowa. Conclusions: In conclusion, the ISCC has provided an environment where sharing ideas and experiences led to the collaboration of stroke coordinators across the state to improve care through information sharing and increasing the number of certified stroke centers. The future of the group is continued collaboration and formalizing a mentorship program.
Isolation of organelles and components from sea urchin eggs and embryos.

Publisher Summary This chapter documents many of the prevalent techniques in organelle and component isolation from sea urchin eggs and embryos. Significant amounts of organelles and components are isolated from a uniform population of cells for the purpose of specific biochemical and molecular analysis. Because of the ability to isolate various embryonic cell types during development and the conservation of many of the specialized egg and embryo organelles, this embryo serves as a rich source for the experimentation and development of techniques for organelle isolation. The various cell organelle and cell components isolated from sea urchin eggs and embryos are vitelline layer (VL), plasma membrane–vitelline layer (pmvl) complex, cytosolic components, yolk platelets, mitochondria, microsomes containing endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, fertilization envelope, cilia from embryo, extracellular matrices from embryos and larvae, and larval skeletons. The protocol for all isolation methods is described in the chapter.
Improvement in American Dairy Farming, 1850–1910: A Quantitative Analysis

Agricultural improvement, as analysts of economic growth often stress, plays an important role in a developing economy. Recent quantitative research has expanded our knowledge of developments in American agriculture during the period when the economy was becoming industrialized. The purpose of this article is to compute new estimates of average milk yields (output per milk animal) in American dairy agriculture and to analyze the sources of changes in these yields between 1850 and 1910.
Nerve-specific enolase and creatine phosphokinase in axonal transport: soluble proteins and the axoplasmic matrix

Abstract The axonal transport of two soluble enzymes of intermediary metabolism was evaluated: the nerve-specific form of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (NSE) and the brain isozyme of creatine phospho-kinase (CPK). Previously, little was known about the intracellular movements of the soluble proteins of the cell. Although the soluble enzymes of glycolysis and other pathways of intermediary metabolism have been thought to be freely diffusing in the cytosol, many are required in the axonal extremities of the neuron and must be transported to the sites of utilization. Comigration of purified enzymes with radioactive polypeptides associated with specific rate components of axonal transport in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicates that both NSE and CPK move in the axon solely as part of the group of proteins known as slow component b (SCb) at a rate of 2 mm/day. Peptide mapping following limited proteolysis confirmed identification of NSE and CPK in SCb. Materials associated with SCb have been shown to move coherently along the axon and to behave as a discrete cellular structure, the axoplasmic matrix. Association of two soluble enzymes, NSE and CPK, with the SCb complex of proteins requires a reevaluation of the assumption that these and other soluble proteins of the axon are freely diffusible.
Suicide and violence prevention: parent education in the emergency department.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine prospectively whether parental receipt of injury prevention education is associated with new action limiting access to lethal means and if so, what action was taken for which means. Method Prospective follow-up of 103 adults whose children made an emergency department visit for mental health assessment or treatment. Record review assessed whether hospital staff provided injury prevention education. Logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of new caretaker action limiting access to the following potentially lethal means: firearms, alcohol, prescription medications, and over-the-counter medications. Results Significant associations were found between exposure to injury prevention education and action to limit access (adjusted odds ratio=3.6, 95% confidence interval=1.1–12.1, p = .04). Five of 8 adults whose households contained firearms took new action to limit access after injury prevention education, whereas none of the 7 firearm-owning families who did not receive injury prevention education took new action to limit firearm access. Similar patterns were seen for other means. Adults more often chose to lock up rather than dispose of lethal means. Conclusions Injury prevention education should be provided to parents during child/adolescent emergency department mental health-related visits. Potential for violence prevention is real because parents do take new action to limit access to lethal means when means restriction education is provided.
The student as teacher

The most difficult thing for me to adjust to was the devious way the eighth grade mind works. It was only a little less than shock to walk into home room the first day and have twenty students jumping up and down shouting "Who is she?" or asking me testily "Who are you?" At least my first reaction to the bedlam wasn't to turn and run out the door. I can't say I was embarrassed, either . . . perhaps only flabbergasted to the point of speechlessness. I can picture myself mutely gaping in the face of adversity. One of the things I should have thought about more seriously was what my future students were to call me. Despite the fact that I only had one instructor in college, who wasn't even a professor, pronounce my name right, I just assumed that the kids would automatically catch on. Was I ever disappointed. It wasn't bad enough that I had to repeat "Miss Papirtis" a dozen times to each class, but out of sight, out of mind would be a good description of the response I got. They haven't caught on yet. Miss Carole hasn't turned out too well, and since I can't stand "hey, Teach" I've resigned myself to being called just plain "Carole" or "Miss Truepeaches" or whatever. It's funny that all the little things you never think about or think to ask anyone else about crop up as problems at the oddest times. Eighth graders are amazingly straight forward. After the initial "What's your name" gambit they fired an amazing barrage of personal questions. "How old are you?" "Are you married?" "Are you our real teacher?" "Are you really going to be a teacher?" "Do you smoke dope?" "Who did you vote for?" Then other mind bogglers as: "Mr. Smith cheats on his wife." "Do you know Mr. Paxton?" "How would you like me to fix you up with Mr. Brown?" "My old man's name sounds like that, he's Greek. He doesn't speak English either. He's fat, too." "Hey, peace, man . . ." After about the second day I realized that eighth graders enjoy calling each other names and telling silly jokes-or a combination of both. Ken: Well, Brent, you can call me what you like, but you're okay. I bet when you were born your Mom said, "Look at our little treasure." Brent: (cautious silence). Ken: Then your Dad said, "Yeah, let's bury it." (slight scuffle ensues) Or, Kris: "You're real funny, Tom ... But looks aren't everything." For the most part the name calling is an exercise in developing social skills. Quick and witty responses are applauded while well worn retorts meet with groans and embarrassing derision. I imagine it also contributes a great deal to the ability to think on one's feet.
Layering negotiations for flexible attestation

Recently, much attention has been paid to research on distributed coalitions that establish trust among the members of groups of computing components in distributed environments. The Trusted Virtual Domains (TVD) that our research division is proposing is a new model of a distributed coalition for establishing multiple trusted coalitions of components on nodes in distributed heterogeneous environments. In a large-scale distributed computing environment where many kinds of components exist and there might be difficult situations to agree common attestation methods among all components beforehand, it is necessary to provide each component with flexible attestation according to its usage scenario for increasing the number of components that can participate in TVD.In this paper, we propose a layering negotiation approach. It divides an attestation process into a global attestation phase that verifies that a TVD is fundamentally secure and supporting essential trusted primitives and a local attestation phase that verifies the integrity of a specific component involved in a usage scenario. And, a combination of attestation methods is decided as a result of negotiation between the components for each kind of attestation at each phase. With our approach, the attestation corresponding to a usage scenario can be done flexibly based on the minimal required attestation needed in the TVD, so the component developers can concentrate on the implementation of the higher-level functions.
Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Horses and Foals

The adrenal cortices produce various steroid hormones that play vital roles in several physiologic processes. Although permanent adrenocortical insufficiency is rare in all species, emerging evidence in both human and equine medicine suggests that transient reversible adrenocortical dysfunction resulting in cortisol insufficiency frequently develops during critical illness. This syndrome is termed relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) or critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) and can contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality associated with the primary disease. This review discusses the mechanisms, diagnosis, and clinical consequences of adrenocortical insufficiency, with particular focus on the current understanding of RAI/CIRCI in horses and foals.
An extended linearization approach to nonlinear system inversion

The inversion problem for nonlinear systems is considered from both the internal viewpoint (state-equation representations) and the external viewpoint (Volterra-series representations). In order to circumvent difficulties in the known, exact inversion theory, a method for obtaining what will be called a partial inverse system is proposed. For a given nonlinear system, a cascade system, typically containing differentiators, is found such that the overall nonlinear system has a family of constant operating points with inputs and outputs identical. Furthermore, the linearization of the overall system about each of these constant operating points is the identity system.
Characterization of cellular optoporation with distance

We have developed and characterized cellular optoporation with visible wavelengths of light using standard uncoated glass cover slips as the absorptive media. A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser pulse was focused at the interface of the glass surface and aqueous buffer, creating a stress wave and transiently permeabilizing nearby cells. Following optoporation of adherent cells, three spatial zones were present which were distinguished by the viability of the cells and the loading efficiency (or number of extracellular molecules loaded). The loading efficiency also depended on the concentration of the extracellular molecules and the molecular weight of the molecules. In the zone farthest from the laser beam (>60 μm under these conditions), nearly all cells were both successfully loaded and viable. To illustrate the wider applicability of this optoporation method, cells were loaded with a substrate for protein kinase C and the cellular contents then analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. In contrast to peptide...
Analyzing United States Prescribing Information to gain insight into FDA-sponsor discussions

The United States Prescribing Information (USPI) is a key vehicle for communicating the benefit-risk information of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription drug. The USPI is typically the last step of the drug development process and requires discourse between the FDA and the sponsor for a new drug application. The USPI may also be updated after obtaining FDA approval. As a social artifact of industry and FDA discussions, it is hypothesized that an analysis of a library of USPI records may yield insight into this dialog. Here, an analysis of DailyMed – a USPI data repository – reveals that structural language similarities (linguistic typologies) exist across USPI. Interestingly, these typologies describe labeling language that may not be explicitly described in FDA regulatory documentation. It is proposed that the methodology herein proposed may be leveraged to potentially facilitate USPI development and FDA dialogue (and therefore expedite the drug development paradigm). Several examples are used to showcase the approach. A discussion on limitations of the methodology and opportunities for development is also presented.
Hepatic lesions in the congenital rubella syndrome.

The hepatic alterations of 12 patients with congenital rubella were reviewed and, in 4 specimens, studied by electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. The spectrum of hepatic lesions included hyalinization and swelling of hepatocytes, bile statis, hemopoiesis, and, in some cases, multinucleated giant cells. Many giant cells contained heavy glycogen deposits and showed marked activity of several hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. The fine structure of the cytoplasmic organelles in both multinuclear and mononuclear hepatocytes was relatively normal except for cholestasis. The canaliculi adjacent to the giant cells appeared reduced in number but it is unlikely that this alone caused the bile stasis. The histological, histochemical, and fine structural changes in these cases were identical to those seen in idiopathic neonatal hepatitis.
The reality of the scaling law of earthquake-source spectra?

Attempts to build a “constant-stress-drop” scaling of an earthquake-source spectrum have invariably met with difficulties. Physically, such a scaling would mean that the low-frequency content of the spectrum would control the high-frequency one, reducing the number of the parameters governing the time history of a shear dislocation to one. This is technically achieved through relationships of the corner frequency of the spectrum to the fault size, inevitably introduced in an arbitrary manner using a constant termed “stress drop”. Throughout decades of observations, this quantity has never proved to be constant. This fact has fundamental physical reasons. The dislocation motion is controlled by two independent parameters: the final static offset and the speed at which it is reached. The former controls the low-frequency asymptote of the spectrum while the latter its high-frequency content. There is no physical reason to believe that the static displacement should predetermine the slip rate, which would be implied if the “stress drop” were constant. Reducing the two parameters to just one (the seismic moment or magnitude) in a “scaling law” has no strict justification; this would necessarily involve arbitrary assumptions about the relationship of one parameter to the other. This explains why the “constant-stress-drop” scaling in seismology has been believed in but never reconciled with the data.
The Amber ff99 Force Field Predicts Relative Free Energy Changes for RNA Helix Formation.

The ability of the Amber ff99 force field to predict relative free energies of RNA helix formation was investigated. The test systems were three hexaloop RNA hairpins with identical loops and varying stems. The potential of mean force of stretching the hairpins from the native state to an extended conformation was calculated with umbrella sampling. Because the hairpins have identical loop sequence, the differences in free energy changes are only from the stem composition. The Amber ff99 force field was able to correctly predict the order of stabilities of the hairpins, although the magnitude of the free energy change is larger than that determined by optical melting experiments. The two measurements cannot be compared directly because the unfolded state in the optical melting experiments is a random coil, while the end state in the umbrella sampling simulations was an elongated chain. The calculations can be compared to reference data by using a thermodynamic cycle. By applying the thermodynamic cycle to ...