cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PvuII endonuclease contains two calcium ions in active sites.

Restriction endonucleases differ in their use of metal cofactors despite having remarkably similar folds for their catalytic regions. To explore this, we have characterized the interaction of endonuclease PvuII with the catalytically incompetent cation Ca2+. The structure of a glutaraldehyde-crosslinked crystal of the endonuclease PvuII-DNA complex, determined in the presence of Ca2+ at a pH of approximately 6.5, supports a two-metal mechanism of DNA cleavage by PvuII. The first Ca2+ position matches that found in all structurally examined endonucleases, while the second position is similar to that of EcoRV but is distinct from that of BamHI and BglI. The location of the second metal in PvuII, unlike that in BamHI/BglI, permits no direct interaction between the second metal and the O3′ oxygen leaving group. However, the interactions between the DNA scissile phosphate and the metals, the first metal and the attacking water, and the attacking water and DNA are the same in PvuII as they are in the two-metal models of BamHI and BglI, but are distinct from the proposed three-metal or the two-metal models of EcoRV.
Relating the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of the 3d Transition Metal Monoxide Surfaces

Abstract We performed a series of density functional theory calculations of dissociative oxygen adsorption on fcc metals and their corresponding rocksalt monoxides to elucidate the relationship between the oxide electronic structure and its corresponding reactivity. We decomposed the dissociative adsorption energy of oxygen on an oxide surface into a sum of the adsorption energy on the metal and a change in adsorption energy caused by both expanding and oxidizing the lattice. We were able to identify the key features of the electronic structure that explains the trends in adsorption energies on 3d transition metal monoxide surfaces.
Light-induced amaurosis fugax

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe an important symptom of bilateral amaurosis precipitated by exposure to bright light. METHODS: Case report. Clinical analysis of transient, painless, asymmetrical visual loss occurring in bright light in a 54-year-old man. RESULTS: Carotid ultrasound showed bilateral carotid disease. Carotid angiography demonstrated occlusion of the left internal carotid artery and severe stenosis of the right internal carotid artery and both external carotid arteries. Visual symptoms and an abnormal photostress test completely remitted after a right carotid endarterectomy. CONCLUSION: Light-induced amaurosis is an unfamiliar manifestation of ocular ischemic syndrome occurring with severe, often bilateral, carotid artery disease. Its recognition is important because the complaint is associated with severe carotid occlusive disease and recognition is necessary for timely surgical intervention because of the major risk for stroke.
Film-induced arousal and aggressive behavior.

Summary Female American college students (N = 81) were either angered, treated in a positive, or in a neutral manner prior to their observing equally arousing aggressive, humorous, or control films. They were then allowed both to aggress against and reward the confederate-instigator. The results indicate that for angered individuals both the aggressive and humorous films facilitated aggression, but that the type of film had no significant effects on reward behavior.
Adult-onset presentation of Dandy-Walker variant in siblings

BACKGROUND The Dandy-Walker syndrome and Dandy-Walker variant usually present as isolated cases of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. METHODS AND RESULTS THis paper consists of a case report of the adult onset of symptoms in two sisters having Dandy-Walker variant. Such an occurrence has never before been reported in the medical literature. Both patients presented with headaches and progressive neurologic deficit. On computed tomography (CT scan) of the head, both were found to have hydrocephalus, with hypoplasia of the inferior vermis. Both patients were treated successfully with ventriculoperitoneal shunting. A third sister, with a similar history, elected not to undergo CT scanning or surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS Variants of the Dandy-Walker syndrome may occasionally present clinically in the adult age group. Such an occurrence in siblings is consistent with an underlying genetic etiology.
Pure software-based speech recognition for OS-less embedded systems

This paper discusses the implementation of a pure software-based, low cost embedded speech recognition system. The applied algorithms are memory efficient, scalable and provide sufficient accuracy of recognition. Advantages of such a system include rapid prototyping, flexibility in design modifications, and being a library, ease of integration with other applications.
In search of anonymity in supply chains

Enforcing compliance standards in supply chains using inspection and other traditional mechanisms may exacerbate the non-compliance effort by those who see these mechanisms as evidence of power imbalance in the relationship. The easier it is for anonymity to exist in supply chain relationships, the greater the incentive for non-compliance, thus creating value for anonymity. We argue that total chain performance can be enhanced by designing and operating supply chains in ways that provided enduring positive signals from the environment to minimize adverse perceptions of powerlessness, coercion and unfairness and increase members' perception of their identity with the organisation. We also explore the interaction between these perception factors and the human factors of opportunism, bounded rationality and risk aversion on the one hand and the environmental factors on the other.
Primary cancers of extrahepatic biliary passages.

Abstract We analyzed the records of 22 patients with cancers of extrahepatic biliary passages (EHBP) to understand their natural histories and patterns of failure and to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments. None of the preoperative investigations consistently defined the entire extent of tumor. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTHC) was the most helpful (100%) in accurately defining the site of ductal obstruction. Computed tomography was helpful in diagnosing liver metastases in 53% and primary tumor mass in 23% of patients. The most common sites of tumor failure or persistence were: liver (67%), tumor bed (56%), peritoneum (22%), porta hepatis and lymph nodes (17%). The median survival for the entire group was 6.8 months. Surgery plays an important role in managing these tumors and in defining tumor extent for subsequent adjuvant irradiation. Patients receiving radiation doses ≥ 70 TDF had a longer median survival (11 months) than patients receiving 1 year, received radiation doses ≥ 70 TDF. From our data, it is difficult to comment on the effectiveness of chemotherapy. We have made suggestions regarding radiation volume and doses to various structures. The need for entering these patients into multi-institutional clinical trials is stressed.
Rebuilding Leviathan: party competition and state exploitation in post-communist democracies

Why do some governing parties limit their opportunistic behaviour and constrain the extraction of private gains from the state? This analysis of post-communist state reconstruction provides surprising answers to this fundamental question of party politics. Across the post-communist democracies, governing parties have opportunistically reconstructed the state - simultaneously exploiting it by extracting state resources and building new institutions that further such extraction. They enfeebled or delayed formal state institutions of monitoring and oversight, established new discretionary structures of state administration, and extracted enormous informal profits from the privatization of the communist economy. By examining how post-communist political parties rebuilt the state in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, Grzymala-Busse explains how even opportunistic political parties will limit their corrupt behaviour and abuse of state resources when faced with strong political competition.
Ketamine for the Treatment of Depression in Patients Receiving Hospice Care: A Retrospective Medical Record Review of Thirty-One Cases

Background Depression is prevalent in patients receiving hospice care. Standard antidepressant medications do not work rapidly enough in this setting. Evidence suggests that ketamine rapidly treats treatment refractory depression in the general population. Ketamine׳s role for treating depression in the hospice population warrants further study. Methods A retrospective medical record review of 31 inpatients receiving hospice care who received ketamine for depression on a clinical basis was conducted. The primary outcome measure was the Clinical Global Impression Scale, which was used retrospectively to rate subjects׳ therapeutic improvement, global improvement, and side effects from ketamine over 21 days. Additionally, time to onset of therapeutic effect was analyzed. Results Using the Clinical Global Impression Scale, ketamine was found to be significantly therapeutically effective through the first week after ketamine dosing ( p p p p Conclusions These data suggest that ketamine may be a safe, effective, and rapid treatment for clinical depression in patients receiving hospice care. Blinded, randomized, and controlled trials are required to substantiate these findings and support further clinical use of this medication in hospice settings.
Perturbation of metal—metal stretching frequencies by the interaction of lewis acids with bridging carbonyls

Abstract Adduct formation on the oxygen of a bridging carbonyl causes a very small perturbation of metal—metal stretching frequencies of polynuclear carbonyls. This small shift contrasts with the large change in v(MM) when carbonyl groups are redistributed between terminal and bridging positions; therefore, using low frequency Raman spectroscopy, it is possible to infer the structural relation of C- and O-bonded adduct to the parent carbonyl. Structural inferences for Fe3(CO)12 · AlBr3, Ru3(CO)12 · AlBr3 and Fe2(CO)9 · AlBr3 are given.
Effect of intravenous injections of desoxycorticosterone glucoside upon blood glucose of adrenalectomized dogs.

Summary and Conclusion(A) Three types of fasted adrenalectomized dogs were studied: (1) those maintained in normal health; (2) those exhibiting mild insufficiency symptoms; and (3) animals in severe adrenal crisis. When these dogs were injected intravenously with massive doses of DCG, only occasional blood glucose changes were observed. These infrequent rises in glucose were associated with marked improvement in the circulation of the animal, increased hydration, increased vigor and muscular activity. (B) A fasted, intact dog, injected with 300 mg DCG, did not show any significant changes in blood sugar level over a 24-hour period. (C) Adrenalectomized dogs, presenting severe symptoms but allowed food ad libitum during revival from insufficiency, exhibit sharply increased blood glucose levels in the recovery period following DCG administration.
Control of Cardiomyocyte Adhesion and Organization by Microscale Topographical Cues

Regeneration of myocardial tissue through the use of synthetic scaffolds requires strategies to promote cardiomyocyte attachment and organization. Our previous studies and others have demonstrated that a synthetic platform consisting of an array of microscale polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based pillars (“micropegs”) can accomplish this, yet the mechanism through which this occurs remains a mystery. Here we test the hypothesis that the micropegs serve as organizational centers for cardiomyocytes, enhancing adhesion and clustering of cells via cell-ECM and cell-cell junction proteins. Our studies utilize HL-1 cardiomyocytes, a continuous cell line of atrial origin that retains several defining molecular markers and functional properties of primary cardiomyocytes. We show that ECM-coated PDMS surfaces can support the growth of HL-1 cardiomyocytes and that these cells maintain the ability to beat and express cardiac-specific myosin. Furthermore, adhesion of cardiomyocytes to micropegs alters nuclear positioning within the cell, as well as expression of several cell-ECM and cell-cell junction proteins. Interestingly, adhesion to micropegs does not appear to significantly alter cellular compliance as measured by atomic force microscopy. These findings support a model in which micropegs act as topological and spatial cues for the cardiomyocytes, and suggest potential value in incorporating such cues into myocardial tissue engineering scaffolds.
Replantation of almost completely amputated thigh with recovery.

Abstract A twenty year old woman had transection of all the structures of the distal right thigh except for the sciatic nerve, the vastus lateralis muscle, and a small strip of skin. Successful replantation with excellent functional result was attributed to several fortuitous factors: (1) most importantly, an intact sciatic nerve; (2) the youth of the patient; (3) presence of a minimal amount of collateral circulation which, although not enough to maintain the viability of the limb, perhaps bought time for the tissues during the prolonged period of ischemia. Important technical factors in replantation include: (1) careful debridement; (2) accurate anastomosis of the vein and artery; (3) adequate fasciotomies of the anterior and posterior muscle compartments of the leg; (4) adequate internal fixation of the comminuted compound fracture; (5) intravenous administration of large amounts of balanced electrolyte solution and correction of blood loss; (6) massive doses of penicillin and streptomycin.
Semilunar spawning cycles ofFundulus similis (Cyprinodontidae)

The longnose killifish,Fundulus similis (Cyprinodontidae), spawns with a semilunar periodicity during an extended breeding season (March through August) along the Alabama (U.S.A.) Gulf coast. Spawning characteristically occurs during the 3–6 days of the ascending and spring tides of each semilunar tidal cycle. Such spawning cycles appear to be a relatively common adaptation within the reproductive strategies of intertidal cyprinodontids.
All Unit-Distance Graphs of Order 6197 Are 6-Colorable

Consider any 6197 or fewer points in the plane, and create a graph with this vertex set by considering a pair of those points to be adjacent if and only if their distance is exactly 1. It is shown that the vertices of the resulting graph can be properly 6-colored.
Composition and heat treatment effects on arcs of diffuse scattering in Ti-Mn-transition-metal icosahedral phases

Abstract Arcs of localized diffuse scattering have been observed in the icosahedral phase of many alloys. Generally, however, they are too weak to be quantitatively compared with theoretical predictions. Since the arcs are very strong in titanium-based quasicrystals, they are ideal systems for which to study the origin and the stability of this diffuse scattering. The positions, shapes and relative intensities of the diffuse scattering in alloys of Ti-Mn-Si-TM (where TM≡V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Ge) are shown to be identical. No changes are observed with annealing, even though the samples annealed to the highest temperatures have partially transformed to several crystalline approximant phases. Similar arcs have also been observed in a b.c.c. crystal approximant. The transition-state theory based on intermediate chemical ordering is inadequate to explain these experimental observations. Further, if the arcs arise from structural ordering, the ordering temperature must be very high in these alloys.
The Causes of Nuclear Proliferation and the Utility of the Non-proliferation Regime

Many scholars and policymakers have focused their attention on the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Extension and Review Conference which was held in New York City in April and May, 1995.1 Most of the debate about the NPT review conference centred on two questions. First, will the NPT be extended in perpetuity, as the United States and the other nuclear weapon states (NWS) want, or will it be renewed for a fixed period, or periods, of time, as many non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) desire.2 Second, what is the price that the US will have to pay for the renewal, either in perpetuity or for a fixed time, of the Treaty. There was concern that the price would include consenting to a complete ban on nuclear testing, which might be codified in a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT);3 agreeing to a complete cut-off of the production of fissile materials; or making further reductions in the strategic nuclear arsenal of the United States. In addition, there was apprehension that the United States would face demands from many of the NNWS to pressure Israel to surrender its nuclear capability, at a maximum, or at least to require Israel to cap its production of fissile material.4 The result of the Extension and Review Conference was what the US wanted: the NPT was extended in perpetuity.5
Fluctuations in the Florida Current, summer 1970

Abstract Four-month thermistor array and tide gauge records from either side of the Florida Current indicate fluctuations at semidiurnal, diurnal, near-inertial, several-day, weekly, fortnightly, and monthly time scales. Most of the subtidal frequency temperature variance was associated with two or three vertical modes. The surface geostrophic velocity and the 30 m-relative-to-210 m (baroclinic) geostrophic velocity were coherent and in-phase for several period bands between several-day and fortnightly time scales. For time scales of several days to monthly, the oceanographic fields were strongly coupled to the local wind stress. The fluctuating north-south wind stress did work on the fluctuating surface current at a significant rate. Multiple coherence calculations indicate a high degree of predictability for oceanographic fields from two or three other (temperature, sea level, meteorological, or acoustic phase) fields for time scales longer than a day. Both the semidiurnal and diurnal temperature fluctuations were, on the average, out-of-phase across the Florida Straits as expected for the gravest internal seiche modes. The internal tides had fortnightly and monthly (or longer) modulation time scales. The internal tides contained as much energy as the surface tides, suggesting that the Straits may serve as a significant trap for surface tidal energy. Near-inertial motions were affected by the horizontal shear of the mean Current.
Status and challenges in electrochemical energy storage technologies for stationary applications

There are a number of EES technologies that exist and are potential candidates for the stationary applications. Among the most promising ones are batteries that store electrical energy via electrochemical conversion and release it according to demands. But all the exiting battery technologies are facing challenges in cost and performance for the particular applications. To advance the technology and accelerate market penetration requires substantial progress in advanced materials and chemistries, along with design and engineering. Given this is a relative new field to the materials community, this issue JOM includes a topic on the stationary electrical energy storage, with focus on the needs, requirements and status and challenges in technologies.
Fear of Crime and Collective Action: An Analysis of Coping Strategies

Recent research addressing fear of crime largely concerns the causes of that fear; this article expands our understanding of fear of crime by examining whether people cope with their fear individually or collectively. The guiding questions were two : do coping strategies differ by those individual-level characteristics established in the fear-of-crime literature ? and do strategies differ based upon conceptually distinct types of fear ? This research, based on a 1995 telephone survey of a random sample of New Orleans residents, suggests that the answer to both questions is yes. Commodified, individual-level precautionary techniques are explained primarily by characteristics that reflect differential abilities to pay for such precautions. Conversely, collective-level coping strategies are predicted primarily by degree of affective fear based on emotional reactions, regardless of actual levels of victimization
21st Century Learning: Providing Academic Library Services for Ohio's First STEM-Focused High School

The Metro Early College High School is the first Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics-based high school program in Columbus, Ohio, and was developed in partnership with The Ohio State University and other major institutions. One feature of Metro Early College High School was that it would not provide a library on site, but rather would use the collections and services of The Ohio State University library system. This article examines the resources and services that have helped the school and discusses various approaches to improve off-campus online library access and research instruction. A student survey and in-person teacher interviews were conducted to address access issues and to consider new approaches to research instruction.
Self‐homodyne photonic microwave receiver architecture based on linear optical modulation and filtering

We present a self-homodyne photonic microwave receiver architecture that uses linear optical modulation and optical filtering for data down-conversion from a microwave carrier. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of this technique for demodulating up to 100 Mb/s digital data from carrier frequencies above 10 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 345–350, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23065
Conservation Officers: A Force Multiplier for Homeland Security

Today's law enforcement officers—both conservation and police—find themselves adapting to an emerging and dynamic threat environment. Policies and practices aimed at the prevention of threats have focused primarily on federal, state, and local police agencies. At a time when terrorists, extremists, and activists have begun to widen their array of attack methods, collaboration across all sectors of law enforcement becomes essential. More specifically, an increased vulnerability to biological threats has not been met by steps to prevent or mitigate these threats. Conservation officers have a unique and integral role to enhance homeland security efforts given their day-to-day operations and interactions with the community, especially rural America. This article will discuss the role of conservation officers as it relates to homeland security—a significant conceptual component to research and practice that has largely been ignored by both academics and professionals. The integration of conservation officers i...
What causes dryness in Sjögren's syndrome patients and how can it be targeted?

Concepts regarding what causes dryness in Sjogren's syndrome have evolved over the past decade. Inflammation in the lacrimal functional unit contributes to development of dry eye by causing dysfunction and even death of tear secreting epithelium in the lacrimal gland and conjunctiva that alters tear composition and stability. Disease-relevant inflammatory mediators have been identified and therapies targeting these mediators are beginning to emerge.
Fast and slow control laws for a two-link non-linear manipulator

The method of singular perturbations is utilized in reducing the order of the mathematical models representing the robot arm dynamics. The model reduction takes place by identifying the fast and slow dynamics of the original robot arm. Two separate control laws for the slow and the fast subsystems are identified. The slow subsystem control law is related to the desired position of the robot arm and the fast subsystem control law is developed by minimizing a performance measure that is a function of the fast variables in the system. The developed slow and fast control laws are utilized in generating a composite control law for a two link manipulator. >
Floral choices by honeybees in relation to the relative distances to flowers

. Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were presented with a series of binary choices between two equally rewarding yellow or blue artificial flowers. When flowers were placed equidistant from each other, the bees maintained high degrees of constancy to one flower colour. When flowers were spaced unequally, the bees most often chose to visit the closest flower, as is predicted by an optimal foraging model.
Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination with Borate Catalysts Derived from VANOL and VAPOL Ligands: Scope and Mechanistic Studies

An extended study of the scope and mechanism of the catalytic asymmetric aziridination of imines with ethyl diazoacetate mediated by catalysts prepared from the VANOL and VAPOL ligands and triphenylborate is described. Nonlinear studies with scalemic VANOL and VAPOL reveal an essentially linear relationship between the optical purity of the ligand and the product suggesting that the catalyst incorporates a single molecule of the ligand. Two species are present in the catalyst prepared from B(OPh)(3) and either VANOL or VAPOL as revealed by (1)H NMR studies. Mass spectral analysis of the catalyst mixture suggests that one of the species involves one ligand molecule and one boron atom (B1) and the other involves one ligand and two boron atoms (B2). The latter can be formulated as either a linear or cyclic pyroborate and the (11)B NMR spectrum is most consistent with the linear pyroborate structure. Several new protocols for catalyst preparation are developed which allow for the generation of mixtures of the B1 and B2 catalysts in ratios that range from 10:1 to 1:20. Studies with catalysts enriched in the B1 and B2 species reveal that the B2 catalyst is the active catalyst in the VAPOL catalyzed asymmetric aziridination reaction giving significantly higher asymmetric inductions and rates than the B1 catalyst. The difference is not as pronounced in the VANOL series. A series of 12 different imines were surveyed with the optimal catalyst preparation procedure with the finding that the asymmetric inductions are in the low to mid 90s for aromatic imines and in the mid 80s to low 90s for aliphatic imines for both VANOL and VAPOL catalysts. Nonetheless, the crystallinity of the N-benzhydryl aziridines is such that nearly all of the 12 aziridine products screened can be brought to >99 % ee with a single recrystallization.
Assessment of Sulfate-Induced Swell in Stabilized Dredged Material: Is Ettringite Always a Problem?

This paper is the last in a series related to pozzolanically stabilizing dredged material (DM) using up to 20 different combinations of lime, cement kiln dust (CKD), fly ash (FA), Portland cement (PC), and slag cement. The fine-grained nature of the DM and the presence of high sulfate concentrations (0.6–3.25% by weight) in the stabilized dredged material (SDM) blends derived from the raw materials themselves posed concern for potential ettringite formation and swell. The sulfate contents of the SDM blends were well in excess of the National Lime Association’s thresholds for mitigating against swell ( <0.8% by weight SO4 ). The quantitative mineralogical results showed that the lime and lime/FA SDM blends showed moderate to high ettringite formation (1.6–4.6% by weight) up to 6 months of curing, with all available sulfate bound to ettringite. The lime and lime/FA SDM blends consistently maintained the highest pHs through 6 months, which caused continued release of alumina and increases in strength. The CK...
Paleomagnetism of Early Jurassic rocks, Watchung Mountains, Newark Basin: Evidence for complex rotations along the border fault

A paleomagnetic study of late Triassic to early Jurassic rocks from the Watchung Syncline provides useful new constraints on the complex development of the Newark Basin independent of existing structural data. A baked contact test indicates stable remanent magnetizations are primary. Results from the eastern limb of the fold are used to calculate an early Jurassic pole at Long. 115.1°E, Lat. 62.2°N (alpha 95 = 10.5°, K = 41.4) which is similar to previous Newark Basin results. After results from the western limb were corrected for folding, 32° of clockwise discordance remained between data from the western and eastern limbs. This cryptic rotation of Newark Basin strata appears to be localized to the border fault zone and may be due to the presence of left lateral secondary brittle shear zones running parallel to strata of the western limb of the Watchung Syncline.
Carbon Storage on Landscapes with Stand-replacing Fires

Abstract Many conifer forests experience stand-replacing wildfires, and these fires and subsequent recovery can change the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere because conifer forests contain large carbon stores. Stand-replacing fires switch ecosystems to being a net source of carbon as decomposition exceeds photosynthesis—a short-term effect (years to decades) that may be important over the next century if fire frequency increases. Over the long term (many centuries), net carbon storage through a fire cycle is zero if stands replace themselves. Therefore, equilibrium response of landscape carbon storage to changes in fire frequency will depend on how stand age distribution changes, on the carbon storage of different stand ages, and on postfire regeneration. In a case study of Yellowstone National Park, equilibrium values of landscape carbon storage were resistant to large changes in fire frequency because these forests regenerate quickly, the current fire interval is very long, the most rapid chan...
‘Mighty Glad to Gasp in the Gas’: Perceptions of Pain and the Traditional Timing of Obstetric Anesthesia:

Medical historians have long argued that while birth remained in the home women controlled the event. However, a detailed examination of the prevalent use of obstetric anesthesia beginning in the late 19th century indicates that parturients allowed physicians to define appropriate obstetric treatment even when home birth was still the norm and that this deference led to the use of obstetric anesthesia in a manner that made no physiological sense. For at least 70 years beginning in the 1890s, physicians did not anesthetize women during transition, the most painful portion of labor. Rather, they rendered women unconscious at the moment of birth. Physicians based this therapeutically useless but long sacrosanct medical practice on what they presumed women felt, given the disturbing way women looked at the moment of birth. Women accepted this practice because they were ignorant of the sensations of birth. Thus physicians’ and women’s perceptions of labor pain, rather than reality, have played a major historic...
Direct and Sensitized Photolysis of Phosphine Oxide Polymerization Photoinitiators in the Presence and Absence of a Model Acrylate Monomer: A Time Resolved EPR, Cure Monitor, and PhotoDSC Study

The effect of triplet sensitizers on the photoinitiated polymerization (cure) of a model acrylate monomer, isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), has been investigated. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TR EPR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the initiation of polymerization. Cure monitoring and photodifferential scanning calorimetry (photoDSC) were employed to follow the course of the polymerization. Thioxanthen-9-one (TX) and 2-isopropylthioxanthen-9-one (ITX) were found to be effective sensitizers of the photopolymerization, which was initiated by radicals produced from (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO). TR EPR experiments demonstrated that the mechanism of sensitization involves T−T energy transfer from TX (or ITX) to TMDPO or BAPO followed by formation of radicals by α-cleavage of the photoinitiators. Direct photolysis of TMDPO and BAPO results in an absorptive chemically induced dynamic electron polarization ...
Comparing Theories by their Positive and Negative Contents

The 'positive content' and the 'negative content' (relative to the actual world) of a propositional theory are defined. A theory is 'closer to the truth' the logically stronger its positive content and the logically weaker its negative content. This proposal delivers the same verisimilar preordering of theories that has been defined by Brink and Heidema as a 'power ordering'. The preordering may be collapsed to a partial ordering and then embedded into a complete distributive lattice. The preordering may also be refined to a partial ordering by employing the 'convex content' and the 'non-convex content' of each theory. Philosophical implications and historical relations are discussed.
Reliability and availability analysis of a fielded photovoltaic system

System level reliability and availability estimates are required to facilitate cost tradeoff studies associated with competing photovoltaic systems. Estimates of reliability are necessary in developing maintenance cost projections over the system lifetime. Availability estimates provide an input into annual energy generation projections.
Towards automatic synthesis and verification of complex electronic systems

Time-to-market has become one of the driving forces in the electronics industry. A well-defined design methodology and the use of CAD tools are essential in shortening design time and bringing new products to market with the quality that the evolution of the electronics market demands. Novel developments in system implementation technologies and in design methods and tools are presented. >
A Footnote on Courts for Trial of Negroes in Colonial Pennsylvania

Most Americans appear to have begun their study of American history with a cursory account of the voyage of the Mayflower, then the Pilgrims' celebration of the First Thanksgiving, and moved rapidly through the French and Indian War to the American Revolution with its slogan of "No Taxation Without Representation," the hardships of George Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, the traitorous behavior of Benedict Arnold contrasted with that of the noble Nathan Hale who regretted that he had only one life to give for his country, Washington's crossing the Delaware River while standing in a heroic pose in a boat, Lafayette's welcome aid, and the British surrender at Yorktown. Of course, historians have found the customs, practices, and beliefs of colonists more and more significant in understanding both the American Revolution and its aftermath. These revelations of details of colonial life, however, tend to appear in specialized studies which seldom reach the general reader or the popular press. Such is an account of a "Court for Trial of Negroes," Chapter XVI of
Apolipoprotein E genotype and lifetime cognitive decline.

Objective The relationship of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype to lifetime cognitive decline was examined over 22 years in a large community-based population study. Method The sample for the present study was derived from follow-up of a probability sample of the adult household residents of East Baltimore. From the Baltimore cohort of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, genotype data were collected on 818 participants at the study's fourth wave between 2003 and 2004. Participants were administered the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) at all four study waves. Three tests of verbal learning - immediate recall, delayed recall, and word recognition - were completed at waves 3 and 4. The 659 participants for whom genetic data were available had also completed cognitive testing at all time points. Test scores and changes in these scores were examined by APOE genotype group (x/x or 4/x) in younger and older subcohorts defined by age at wave 4 ( or = age 65). Results Cross-sectional wave 4 scores on all four cognitive tasks were lower in APOEepsilon4 carriers when compared to non-carriers. In longitudinal univariate models epsilon4 carriers in the younger cohort demonstrated a greater annual rate of decline on a delayed recall task and MMSE. After adjusting for covariates only the decline in the delayed recall task was significant. Conclusion We report an association between APOE genotype and decline in delayed recall and possibly MMSE over this extended time period limited to younger individuals. The lack of an association between APOE and decline in older individuals is likely to be the result of survival bias. Although a clear association exists between APOE genotype and cognitive decline or dementia in late life, these findings suggest that over the lifespan the relationship between APOE and cognitive decline is more complicated.
Laboratory issues in diagnosing abnormalities of protein C, thrombomodulin, and endothelial cell protein C receptor.

Abstract Objective.—To review the current understanding of the pathophysiology of protein C deficiency and its role in congenital thrombophilia. Recommendations for diagnostic testing for protein C function and concentration, derived from the medical literature and consensus opinions of recognized experts in the field, are included, specifying whom, how, and when to test. The role of related proteins, such as thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor, is also reviewed. Data Sources.—Review of the published medical literature. Data Extraction and Synthesis.—A summary of the medical literature and proposed testing recommendations were prepared and presented at the College of American Pathologists Conference XXXVI: Diagnostic Issues in Thrombophilia. After discussion at the conference, consensus recommendations presented in this manuscript were accepted after a two-thirds majority vote by the participants. Conclusions.—Protein C deficiency is an uncommon genetic abnormality that may be a contributing...
The South and Congress's Reconstruction Policy, 1866–67

If the Civil War had erupted in 1861 because the two sections had failed to produce a formula capable of reconciling their many differences, then it would not be inaccurate to assert that in 1865, four years later, that long-sought basis of settlement was even more remote and unlikely. Yet the search for mutually acceptable terms of agreement continued. As practitioners of the art of negotiation and reconciling differences, Reconstruction politicians on both sides aimed at reunion and talked of compromise. One hundred years later, many revisionist historians also assumed that compromise solutions were available after the war. Somehow both politicians and historians manifested a conventional response in presuming that bargain and negotiation leading to settlement were applicable and meaningful approaches to the problem of reconstruction. Yet perhaps the underlying reality was such that this traditional political approach was likely to be ineffective and quite inappropriate. Perhaps the interests and attitudes of the groups in power within each section were irreconcilable short of the capitulation or extinction of one of them. In that case political realism would have required that attempts to conciliate, moderate or compromise should be rejected, and other methods of achieving political goals tried and experimented with.
On Effective Prevention of Mental Retardation

Mental retardation is one of the nation’s greatest public health problems. It is estimated that there are over 6 million persons in this country who are mentally retarded, and each year more than 100,000 new cases of retardation occur.
Collateral Costs of Imprisonment for Women: Complications of Reintegration

This article examines issues of family separation and community isolation as experienced by women on parole. Qualitative data, based on unstructured, in-depth interviews with 54 former inmates, offer retrospective reflections and current accounts that delineate many of the unintended costs of imprisonment. The narratives portray the difficulties these women experienced in parenting, relationships, and community reintegration. Social stigma and self-shame are important definitional and reactional elements of their efforts to reestablish social bonds. The collateral costs of imprisonment are related to diminished investment in self and others that is created by continued internal and external shaming.
Stability and consumer acceptance of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3) in cream-filled sandwich cookies

We formulated a filling for sandwich cookies containing 400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3 (DHA) encapsulated in a matrix of starch and gelatin. Cookies were stored at 2 different temperatures (18 degrees C and 35 degrees C) and under 2 different packaging conditions (atmospheric and vacuum packed) for 28 d. At regular intervals, cookies were analyzed for moisture, water activity, and concentrations of EPA, DHA, and dienes. Results showed that there were no significant losses of EPA and DHA during storage under the conditions of study. A maximum loss of 5% was observed after 28 d of storage. The concentration of dienes obtained under different conditions were low (< 25 mmol/kg) as compared to a salmon oil sample with appreciable signs of oxidation (600 mmol/kg). Sensory evaluation of cookies by an untrained panel of healthy consumers and ulcerative colitis patients revealed no aftertaste and high acceptability of the cookies. Our results demonstrated that it is possible to make shelf-stable fortified foods with high levels of long-chain omega3FA.
Correlation of In Vitro Azole Susceptibility with In Vivo Response in a Murine Model of Cryptococcal Meningitis

Correlations between in vitro susceptibility and in vivo responses to fluconazole were sought in a mouse model of cryptococcal meningitis. Twenty clinical isolates were used. Two distinct populations were noted. Eight high-virulence isolates had an LD50 of 252 cfu. For 7 low-virulence isolates, the LD50 was > 20,000 cfu. C. neoformans also had a broad range of in vitro susceptibilities (MICs of 1.25 to > 80 micrograms/mL) at 24 h. A correlation was found between the MIC and the minimum effective dose of fluconazole in mice. This was observed with both survival and tissue counts as parameters of efficacy. This study documents for the first time the in vivo relevance of in vitro susceptibility to an azole antifungal for C. neoformans.
The future of cancer management: translating the genome, transcriptome, and proteome.

Abstract: Predicting who will develop cancer and how the cancer will behave and respond to therapy after diagnosis are some of the potential benefits of the ongoing genetic revolution that can be envisioned within the next decade. Translational applications of genomic-based research efforts may actually precede the development of effective therapeutic agents that can exploit the vast amounts of data derived from these efforts. In the future, understanding the wealth of information generated by high-throughput molecular efforts and how it can be applied to clinical problems will likely be critical to the surgeon who guides the multidisciplinary care of the cancer patient. This review will discuss the advances in our understanding of the human genome (DNA), its derived transcriptome (RNA), and its translated proteome (proteins) and will focus on the translation of this information into routine clinical practice. In particular, we will focus on the potential for clinical application of microarray-based gene-expression profiling to the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of malignancies.
Hypervelocity Penetration into Soil

Abstract This paper is focused on the physics of hypervelocity soil penetration. The influence of the shape, material and structural integrity of various impactors on penetration depth was investigated in the range of speeds between 0.3 and 4.0 km/s. Deviation of impactors from their initial trajectory, melting, erosion and spall has also been studied. Initially, with the increase in impact speed, the penetration depth increased. At a certain critical speed, the impactors reached their maximum penetration depth. With further increases in the impact speed the penetration depth declined. We developed refined analytical solutions to compute the maximum penetration depth achievable by a given impactor as well as its penetration depth in the region above the critical speed. These solutions accounted for the impactor weight, its length-to-diameter ratio and water content in soil. The results of these analytical predictions were compared with experimental data. Unexpected and rather damaging physical phenomena, including a fireball and unusual signals recorded by electronics, were observed in experiments involving hypervelocity impact against wet soil.
Morphogenesis and Social Change

As a prelude to the rest of the book, this chapter examines what morphogenesis has so far meant in sociological theory. So far, morphogenesis has been explained as a meta-theoretical rather than a theoretical concept. As such, morphogenesis does not directly explain anything. Instead, it constitutes the ineluctable framework for any theoretically effective explanation of social change. Accordingly, this chapter shows (i) how the morphogenetic approach underlies a variety of different explanations of social change and (ii) how those sociological approaches that eschew the morphogenetic approach consequently fail to account effectively for social change. The chapter ends with some questions as Archer now speculates about morphogenesis as not just a meta-theoretical concept but as also a specific societal category at the level of theory.
Older adults’ household cooking: card sort analyses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine food preparation practices of US older adults by assessing their conceptualization of food preparation methods and their routine use of food preparation methods and kitchen equipment. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 17 community-dwelling older adults used cards with names of food preparation methods and cooking equipment items to do one open sort and three closed sorts about: food preparation method classifications; food preparation method use frequency; kitchen equipment use frequency; and essential vs non-essential kitchen equipment. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and qualitative thematic analysis were performed. Findings – Participants classified food preparation methods using multiple dimensions: ways to alter food, inputs, location, timing, and personal behavior. They used a wide range of food preparation methods and kitchen equipment items in routine cooking. The mean number of the 38 preparation methods sorted as used “often” was ...
Dissolution Sintering Technique to Create Porous Copper with Sodium Chloride Using Polyvinyl Alcohol Solution through Powder Metallurgy

The main purpose of this paper was to investigate the relative densities, porosities, compression strength and energy absorbed by porous copper (Cu) formed via the dissolution sintering technique using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) solution as a binder with Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as space holder. Porous Cu was fabricated through powder metallurgy route using dissolution sintering technique by mixing Cu with NaCl in the volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 and adding PVA solution as binder. The mixture was poured into a press die of 1inch internal diameter and a pressure of 375MPa was applied by a 4 column hydraulic press to create the green form. The NaCl was leached out in hot water at 70°C and then sintered to a temperature of 850°C. Porosity values were determined from density measurements to give the porosity values of 42.2, 44.87, 45.71 and 57.79% for volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 respectively. Compression tests were also performed. The results of various plots were used in determining the energy absorbed per unit volume of value of 9.637 MJ/m3, 0.750 MJ/m3, 0.167 MJ/m3, 0.109 MJ/m3 and the compressive strength of 40 MPa, 3.75, 0.72 MPa, 0.26 MPa for volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the pure Cu, the NaCl and the resulting porous Cu.