cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit learning for probable changes in a visual change detection task

Abstract Previous research demonstrates that implicitly learned probability information can guide visual attention. We examined whether the probability of an object changing can be implicitly learned and then used to improve change detection performance. In a series of six experiments, participants completed 120–130 training change detection trials. In four of the experiments the object that changed color was the same shape (trained shape) on every trial. Participants were not explicitly aware of this change probability manipulation and change detection performance was not improved for the trained shape versus untrained shapes. In two of the experiments, the object that changed color was always in the same general location (trained location). Although participants were not explicitly aware of the change probability, implicit knowledge of it did improve change detection performance in the trained location. These results indicate that improved change detection performance through implicitly learned change probability occurs for location but not shape.
In vivo quantitative three-dimensional localization of tumor labeled with exogenous specific fluorescence markers

We introduce a diffused optical detection system based on the administration of a fluorophore-antibody conjugate to diseased tissue. The conjugate interacts with the antigens expressed by the diseased tissue, resulting in fluorescent labeling of the antigen. By combining an optical detection system with a reconstruction algorithm developed on the basis of the random-walk model, we were able to determine the position of the fluorophore (and, thus, of the diseased cells) in the tissue. We present three-dimensional reconstructions of the location of a fluorophore (FITC-fluorescein isothiocyanate) in the tongues of mice. Measurements were performed with the fluorophore embedded at various simulated depths. The simulations were performed with agarose-based gel slabs applied to the tongue as tissuelike phantoms. Reconstructed fluorophore locations agree well with the actual values.
Safety and efficacy of pralatrexate in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma

T-cell lymphomas (TCL) are a diverse and heterogeneous group of malignancies that represent less than 15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Initial refinements of the clinical classification of these complex diseases have been made, but a better understanding of their molecular pathogenesis is still needed. Even if the paucity of insights into the underlying pathogenesis of TCLs has hindered our ability to develop rational targeted therapies, significant advances have been made. Pralatrexate (10-propargyl 10-deazaaminopterin) is a unique antifolate that has been rationally designed to have high affinity for the reduced folate receptor (RFC) and the folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) and was the first drug ever approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL). This review describes the preclinical development of pralatrexate that led to early-phase clinical trials in lung cancer and lymphoma and its subsequent approval in PTCL. The review also describes how pralatrexate has been combined with other agents in both the preclinical and clinical settings. FDA approval for the use of pralatrexate in PTCL has been granted based on the results of the pivotal Phase II trial of this agent in relapsed and refractory PTCL patients. clinical development, pralatrexate, preclinical data, T-cell lymphoma
30 Years of Childcare Practice and Research: An Overview by R. Bullock and J. Simmonds (Eds.)

This special issue (Volume 34) of the journal Adoption and Fostering, edited by Roger Bullock and John Simmonds, is entitled 30 Years of Childcare Practice and Research: An Overview, although the t...
How Do Corporate Tax Bases Changes When Corporate Tax Rates Change? With Implications for the Tax Rate Elasticity of Corporate Revenues

We construct a new database of extensive margin changes to multiple aspects of corporate tax bases for OECD countries between 1980 and 2004. We use our data to systematically document the tendency of countries to implement policies that both lower the corporate tax rate and broaden the corporate tax base. This correlation informs our interpretation of previous estimates of the relationship between corporate tax rates and corporate tax revenues, which typically do not include comprehensive measures of the corporate tax base definition. We then re-examine the relationship between corporate tax rates and corporate tax revenues. We find that accounting for unobserved heterogeneity attenuates the relationship between corporate tax rates and corporate tax revenues, and increases the implied revenue-maximizing tax rate. Controlling for our new tax base measures does not substantively impact the magnitude of this relationship.
Transcriptional Profiles of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Individuals: Effects of Tat on the Host and Reservoir

The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in optimally treated infected individuals poses a major therapeutic problem. In latently infected cells, one of the observed phenotypes is absent elongation of viral transcription. Thus, the positive elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which is usually recruited by NF-κB or Tat, is not present on the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR). Although most attempts to activate these proviruses centered on NF-κB, we investigated effects of Tat. To this end, we generated transgenic mice, which secreted a chimera between Tat and the green fluorescent protein from β cells of the pancreas. This extracellular Tat distributed widely, entered nuclei of resting cells, and specifically transactivated the HIV LTR. No deleterious side effects of Tat were found. Next, we determined that Tat can activate latent proviruses in optimally treated infected individuals. In their cells, T-cell activation or exogenous Tat could induce viral replication equivalently. Thus, P-TEFb could activate the majority of the latent HIV, in this case by Tat.
Postmenopausal women treated with combination parathyroid hormone (1–84) and ibandronate demonstrate different microstructural changes at the radius vs. tibia: the PTH and Ibandronate Combination Study (PICS)

In postmenopausal women receiving combination parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1–84) therapy and ibandronate, we evaluated bone microarchitecture and biomechanics using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Cortical and trabecular changes were different at the nonweight-bearing radius vs. the weight-bearing tibia, with more favorable overall changes at the tibia. PTH therapy and bisphosphonates decrease fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis, but their effects on bone microstructure and strength have not been fully characterized, particularly during combination therapy. PTH increases trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) substantially but may decrease cortical BMD, possibly by stimulating intracortical remodeling. We evaluated bone microarchitecture and biomechanics with HR-pQCT at the radius (a nonweight-bearing site) and tibia (weight bearing) in women receiving combination PTH(1–84) and ibandronate. Postmenopausal women with low bone mass (n = 43) were treated with 6 months of PTH(1–84) (100 μg/day), either as one 6- or two 3-month courses, in combination with ibandronate (150 mg/month) over 2 years. HR-pQCT was performed before and after therapy. Because changes in HR-pQCT parameters did not differ between treatment arms, groups were pooled into one cohort for analysis. Trabecular BMD increased at both radius and tibia (p < 0.01 for each). Cortical thickness and BMD decreased at the radius (p < 0.01), consistent with changes in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while these parameters did not change at the tibia (p ≤ 0.02 for difference between radius and tibia). In contrast, cortical porosity increased at the tibia (p < 0.01) but not radius. Stiffness and failure load decreased at the radius (p < 0.0001) but did not change at the tibia. Cortical and trabecular changes in response to the PTH/ibandronate treatment combinations utilized in this study were different at the nonweight-bearing radius vs. the weight-bearing tibia, with more favorable overall changes at the tibia. Our findings support the possibility that weight bearing may optimize the effects of osteoporosis therapy.
TWENTY YEARS AFTER KERNER: The Cleveland Case

: Twenty-one years after the Kerner Commission published its report warning of a drift toward two “separate but unequal” societies, racial discrimination and segregation persist in Cleveland and most American cities. Using Cleveland as a case study, the author details the problems of black poverty, welfare, dependency, and family disintegration. Two decades ago one could optimistically believe these problems would disappear with the passage of the civil rights legislation. That has not come to pass. Although many better educated blacks have become respected members of the middle class, the well-being of other blacks has deteriorated. The author suggests policies for treating the most distressed people and neighborhoods.
The Influence of Historic Violin Treatises on Modern Teaching and Performance Practices

Effective technique in violin playing evolved due to several historical pedagogical treatises written by knowledgeable masters. These treatises have greatly influenced the development of today’s pedagogical approaches. Unfortunately, many students may not know why a technique has been prescribed or how the various aspects of technique work together. Understanding why these techniques are used today, and even how they evolved, can help a student correctly apply and reach the desired result. The treatises of Francesco Geminiani (1751), Leopold Mozart (1756), L’Abbe le Fils (1761), and Pierre Marie Francois de Sales Baillot (1834) shaped performance practice and contributed to the development of today’s optimal Franco-Belgian violin technique. These masters understood effective technique. They had defined approaches to various performance matters including left hand dexterity, posture, bow hold, and the performer’s knowledge of theory and styles. Keywords: violin, treatise, technique, instruction
Design and Flight Test of a Differential GPS/Inertial Navigation System for Approach/Landing Guidance

NASA-Langley has conducted a flight test program evaluating a differential GPS/inertial navigation system's (DGPS/INS) utility as an approach/landing aid. The DGPS/INS airborne and ground components are based on off-the-shelf transport aircraft avionics, namely a global positioning/inertial reference unit (GPIRU) and two GPS sensor units (GPSSUs). Systematic GPS errors are measured by the ground GPSSU and transmitted to the aircraft GPIRU, allowing the errors to be eliminated or greatly reduced in the airborne equipment. Over 120 landings were flown; 36 of these were fully automatic DGPS/INS landings.
Lipopolysaccharide Internalization Activates Endotoxin-Dependent Signal Transduction in Cardiomyocytes

We tested the hypothesis that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) must be internalized to facilitate endotoxin-dependent signal activation in cardiac myocytes. Fluorescently labeled LPS was used to treat primary cardiomyocyte cultures, perfused heart preparations, and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Using confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry, we found that LPS was rapidly internalized in cardiomyocyte cultures and Langendorff-perfused hearts. Although LPS uptake was also observed in macrophages, only a fraction of these cells were found to internalize endotoxin to the extent seen in cardiomyocytes. Colocalization experiments with organelle or structure-specific fluorophores showed that LPS was concentrated in the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and sarcomeres. Similar intracellular localization was demonstrated in cardiomyocytes by transmission electron microscopy using gold-labeled LPS. The internalization of LPS was dependent on endosomal trafficking, because an inhibitor of microfilament reorganization prevented uptake in both cardiomyocytes and whole hearts. Inhibition of endocytosis specifically restricted early activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase proteins and nuclear factor-kappaB as well as later tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that bacterial endotoxin is internalized and transported to specific intracellular sites in heart cells and that these events are obligatory for activation of LPS-dependent signal transduction.
Questions, questioning, and institutional practices: an introduction

This article introduces the special issue on questions, questioning, and institutional practices. We begin by considering how questioning as a discursive practice is a central vehicle for constructing social worlds and reflecting existing ones. Then we describe the different ways questions and question(ing) have been defined, typologized, and critiqued, in general and within seven institutions including policing, the courts, medicine, therapy, research interviews, education, and mediated political exchanges. The introduction concludes with a preview of the articles in the special issue.
Reproduction among free-living mountain gorillas

The current status of wild gorilla populations and observations of reproductive behavior in wild mountain gorillas are described. The entire world population of gorillas is now less than 12,000, of which about 500 are in captivity. Only about 3,000 wild gorillas live in conservation areas. There are 9,000-10,000 lowland gorillas, about 400 eastern lowland gorillas, and only about 220 mountain gorillas. The author observed mountain gorillas for 13 years in the Virunga Volcano region of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda. Among adult gorillas, 580 copulations were observed. Most of these were initiated by females. Details of sexual behavior and development in free-living gorillas are presented.
Research Article: Fluorine uptake by cultivated and uncultivated grasses: implications for co-evolution between grasses and grazers

Abstract Fluorine has no known physiological role in grasses, yet is an essential nutrient for grazing animals. The evolution of an uptake mechanism for F must be examined in the context of the coevolution of grasses and grazers. The objective of this study was to determine whether uncultivated grasses buffer the uptake of F in a range acceptable for grazing animals and whether cultivated grasses have lost this buffering mechanism. The uncultivated grasses big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and the cultivated grasses wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.), were grown in a greenhouse and watered with NaF at F concentrations in the range 0–9 mg/kg. Total F concentrations of plant shoots were determined by the alkali-fusion method. Average F contents for uncultivated grasses (29 mg/kg for big bluestem, 26 mg/kg for little bluestem, 25 mg/kg for switchgrass) were bel...
Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Management of Patients Receiving Radiotherapy to the Heart

Historic and modern oncologic therapy techniques have the potential to adversely affect cardiovascular function. Depending on the disease, cancer therapy often requires radiotherapy (RT) to the chest, cardiotoxic chemotherapy, or both. A history of (or ongoing) RT to the heart may complicate the cardiovascular management of a patient. Radiotherapy is often thought to be selectively toxic to rapidly dividing cell populations, suggesting that tissues such as the heart and vessels would be relatively resistant. However, long-term outcome studies and more recent advances in imaging have given us a better understanding of the risks for both early and late cardiovascular complications of RT. While modern RT planning and treatment have reduced the dose to the heart, the risk to the cardiovascular system still remains. This review will attempt to give the reader comprehensive, up-to-date knowledge of the risks of RT to the heart, advances in treatment, advances in imaging for detecting adverse changes to the heart and the additive effects of chemotherapy, and other comorbidities on the effects of RT. Detailed recommendations are given for both the primary care physician as well as the cardiovascular team when managing patients who have received or are receiving RT to the heart.
Design of linear & nonlinear observers for a turning process with implicit State-Dependent Delay

Analysis and design of present machining methods used in mechanical engineering are based on Taylor series approximations and linearizations which cause erroneous and anomalous results. High precision machining cannot tolerate such errors. We consider and analyze an exact mathematical model of the turning process without performing any kind of linearization of the model. We give a strategic design of an estimator for the position of a machining tool based on first principles. The system's dynamics are characterized by a nonlinear State-Dependent Delay Differential Equation (SD-DDE). This delay is extremely convoluted with the state by an implicit relation. The central tenet is to use inversion of the delay model and to extract the state vector given the delay. We use our recently developed observation technique referred to as Delay Injection. Both linear asymptotic and nonlinear observers with different architectures are designed for the state estimation of a machine tool based on state-dependent delay measurement. Simulation results are depicted at the end which portray the effectiveness, validity and usefulness of the proposed observer schemes.
Mulch Effects on Floral Resources and Fruit Production of Squash, and on Pollination and Nesting by Squash Bees

Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) has a high pollination demand, and the native, ground-nesting squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) provides the majority of the crop’s pollination requirement in some environments. Squash bees nest directly in crop fields, and nests can be disturbed by tillage and other management operations. Mulches that use municipal waste materials may provide a weed control strategy for squash plantings that is more benign to squash bees than cultivation. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to compare the effects of nontillage weed control methods including polyethylene black plastic, woodchips, shredded newspaper, a combination of shredded newspaper plus grass clippings (NP D grass), and bare soil (control) on soil characteristics, squash pollination and fruit production, and squash bee nesting. Woodchips, shredded newspaper, and NP D grass mulch decreased soil temperature, while soils beneath newspaper mulch retained more moisture. Unmarketable, misshapen fruit occurred more frequently in plastic than in the other mulch treatments. No measurable differences in floral resource production or crop pollination were found among treatments, suggesting that misshapen fruit resulted from high soil temperatures in black plastic plots rather than poor pollinator attraction. Squash bee nests were located within bare soil, newspaper, and NP D grass plots, indicating that these mulches did not prevent nesting. NP D grass mulch had a positive effect on plant growth and fruit production, possibly from an addition of plant-available nitrogen or the presence of preferable nesting ground. Shredded newspaper when combined with grass clippings performed as an effective mulch material that improved crop performance with no apparent negative impacts on squash bee nesting or on squash floral resources and pollination.
Sexual Orientation Segregation and the Penal System

Roderick Keith Johnson, a homosexual man, served nearly four years in a Texas state prison after a burglary conviction. His sexual orientation made him a target at the prison ward, where he claims to have been raped by at least forty-nine prisoners. Roderick also alleges that gang members living in the penitentiary forced him to be a sex slave to other inmates. Although he reported the sexual abuses, prison officials - the people in charge of his security - never investigated his reports or placed him in a safer area for vulnerable inmates. Instances of prison-related violence similar to the Roderick’s case are pervasive in our penal system. Yet, no State in our Union - or the federal government - has ever said that inmates could be segregated on the basis of their sexual orientation. The issues raised by events such as Roderick’s penal torment - and the focus of this paper - are whether the government should engage in sexual orientation segregation to protect the safety of every inmate under its custody and, if so, whether segregation based on a sexual orientation classification in prisons can survive constitutional scrutiny under the current rational basis standard of review afforded to Equal Protection challenges for homosexuals.
Integrative and predictive processes in text reading: the N400 across a sentence boundary

During reading, words that are congruent with the prior text’s meaning can help update the reader’s mental model of the text. Although prediction is viewed as a major driver of meaning congruence, ...
International Models with Hedging

The first financial hedging instruments on a foreign exchange, which were in the form of currency future contracts, were introduced in 1972 by the Chicago International Monetary Market (IMM), an affiliate of the Chicago Merchandise Exchange (cf. Duffie (1989)). These instruments were introduced in response to the liberalization of foreign exchange rates, which had been kept fixed until 1971, due to the Bretton-Woods agreement in 1994 (cf. Shapiro (1992)). Since that time, market exchange rates have been determined by the corresponding supply and demand for each currency, which is in contrast to the fixed currency parities between individual currencies and the US dollar that had existed earlier (see Andersen (1993)). In 1982, the first currency options contracts, on the Canadian dollar, appeared on the Montreal Exchange, and since then different types of options with an international appeal have been successfully traded throughout Europe, North America, and Asia (see Cox and Rubinstein (1985), Andersen (1993)).
Surface micromachined linear thermal microactuator

A linear thermal actuator based on controlled resistive heating of a suspended, micromachined, polysilicon (and silicon carbide) serpentine has been demonstrated. Maximum linear displacements of 1.5 mu m were measured for a polysilicon serpentine microbridge consisting of six bars (500 mu m*10 mu m*2 mu m). These displacements occur when sections of the micro-serpentine have been resistively heated to an average temperature change Delta T of 200 K to 500 K. Although this approach to linear actuation produces only small displacements, these thermally generated forces are significantly larger than those which can be obtained by electrostatic actuation methods. This novel thermal microactuator design is compatible with current IC processing techniques and may have applications for precision linear positioning or mechanical switching. >
Quadriceps or Patellar Tendon Rupture

Various common injuries in the pelvis and lower extremity are investigated in this chapter. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging, but also to optimal nonoperative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
Evaluation of the geopolymer/nanofiber interfacial bond strength and their effects on Mode-I fracture toughness of geopolymer matrix at high temperature

AbstractThe present article has reported the effects of several nanofiller’s aspect ratio, length and interfacial strength on Mode-I fracture toughness (KIC) of geopolymer as the matrix of continuous fibre reinforced composites. These nanofillers have been chosen based on the variations in the surface chemistry and nature of interfacial bonding with geopolymer, which include Carbon, Alumina and Silicon carbide. Geopolymer matrix was subjected to the addition of single volume fraction, 2% of each type of nanofiller with two aspect ratios, designated as nanoparticles and nanofibers. Notched beam flexure tests (SEVNB) of neat and each nanofiller reinforced samples suggest that, while baseline KIC of neat geopolymer improved with heat treatment, nanofibers with high interfacial bond strength showed maximum capability in further improving KIC. Among those nanofibers, 2 vol% Silicon Carbide Whisker (SCW) showed the largest improvement in KIC of geopolymer, which is ~164%. After heat treatment at 650 °C, SCW rei...
Presentation and Outcome of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children: A Single Institution Experience

Abstract 4683 PURPOSE: To review the presenting features, response to treatment and outcome in children diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) at the University of South Alabama, Children’s and Women’s Hospital and Specialty Clinic. METHODS: Using ICD code 287.3, data were collected from the specialty clinic’s medical records and hospital database for children diagnosed with ITP between January 2005 and September 2010. Recurrent and chronic ITP were defined as thrombocytopenia recurring within or more than 6 months of diagnosis, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate variables associated with chronic ITP. RESULTS: Eight four patients were identified (M,F 1:1) with an average age of 70 months at diagnosis. Mean platelet count at presentation was 14k. Oral or nasal mucosal bleeding occurred in 19(23%) patients but none experienced a serious hemorrhage. Thirty three (39%) patients had an associated illness prior to diagnosis of ITP. Treatment consisted of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in 38(45%), WinRho in 11(13%), IVIG or WinRho followed by the other in 20(24%), data not available 8(10%) and no therapy in 7 patients (8%). Average platelet count at discharge and within 2 weeks after IVIG and WinRho was 57k, 337k and 57k, 375 respectively. Forty three (51%) were acute, 17(20%) became recurrent, and 24(29%) became chronic ITP. Bone marrow examination was performed in 26(30%) patients upon subsequent relapse but the diagnosis remained unaltered in all cases. Rituximab therapy was provided to five and splenectomy was performed in 7 patients. Four patients failed both modalities, all of whom currently are IVIG dependant. Age 20k at presentation (OR 6.50, 95%CI 1.35, 31.30, p=0.02) and race other than white (OR 36.63, 95%CI 4.61, 291.09, p=0.001) were found to be significantly associated with the development of chronic ITP. Gender, mean platelet volume, total white cell count, and absolute lymphocyte count had no significant association. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the published data that patients with an initial platelet count >20k, older age and non-white race have an increased risk of progression to chronic ITP. Other published variables had no significant association in our analyses. Response to IVIG and WinRho was no different in our patients while rituximab or splenectomy did not lead to a complete resolution in refractory cases. Since bone marrow examination did not alter the diagnosis in any patient, we suggest that routine performance of this procedure may be omitted when a diagnosis of ITP is consistent with clinical history, physical examination and laboratory data. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Campus Sexual Violence Prevention Educators' Use of Gender in Their Work: A Critical Exploration.

Recent studies indicate that sexual violence affects college students who identify as trans* or gender nonconforming (TGNC) at higher proportions than cisgender students with a full 29% reporting a...
Bringing cognition into strategic interactions: Strategic mental models and open questions

Research Summary This article explicitly introduces cognitive considerations into the treatment of strategic interactions, using the value‐based framework as an extended example. Through real‐world examples and prior empirical findings, it shows that many of the implicit assumptions of the framework are regularly violated in practice when actors simplify their complex realities into incomplete, inaccurate mental models. These violations lead to outcomes that are often contrary to the predictions of the classical framework. As initial steps toward developing a cognitively grounded theory of strategic interactions, the article characterizes the core components of strategic mental models that might form the foundation of such a theory and then lays out some open questions that this theory would need to address. These questions, when answered, can point to novel cognitive capabilities. Managerial Summary This article argues that a realistic analysis of interactions between strategic agents requires us to include the mental models, that is, belief systems, of those agents into the analysis. Real‐world examples and prior empirical findings are used to show that if such mental models are not accounted for, the outcomes predicted by the analysis could be quite different from those obtained in reality. The article identifies a few key aspects of these strategic mental models that deserve attention. It also identifies a few central questions that, when answered, could allow firms to develop novel cognitive capabilities that confer competitive advantage.
Remoteness and Valence of Autobiographical Memory in Depression

We examined whether major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a tendency to recall more remote, specific autobiographical memories, particularly in the context of positive memories. To this end, individuals with MDD (n = 26) and healthy controls (n = 54) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test. Consistent with the hypothesis, remoteness of specific memories in the MDD group, but not the control group, depended on valence. Compared to the control group, the MDD group recalled more remote positive events. Additionally, the MDD group’s positive specific memories were significantly more remote than their negative specific memories. Retrieving remote positive memories might impair mood regulation and maintain an individual’s negative mood and perpetuate depression.
25-Hydroxycholesterol Production by the Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Interferon-Stimulated Gene Restricts Mammalian Reovirus Infection.

ABSTRACT Following the initial detection of viral infection, innate immune responses trigger the induction of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to inhibit virus replication and dissemination. One such ISG encodes cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to form a soluble product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Recent studies have found that CH25H is broadly antiviral; it inhibits infection by several viruses. For enveloped viruses, 25HC inhibits membrane fusion, likely by altering membrane characteristics such as hydrophobicity or cholesterol aggregation. However, the mechanisms by which 25HC restricts infection of nonenveloped viruses are unknown. We examined whether 25HC restricts infection by mammalian reovirus. Treatment with 25HC restricted infection by reovirus prototype strains type 1 Lang and type 3 Dearing. In contrast to reovirus virions, 25HC did not restrict infection by reovirus infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), which can penetrate either directly at the cell surface or in early endosomal membranes. Treatment with 25HC altered trafficking of reovirus particles to late endosomes and delayed the kinetics of reovirus uncoating. These results suggest that 25HC inhibits the efficiency of cellular entry of reovirus virions, which may require specific endosomal membrane dynamics for efficient membrane penetration. IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is crucial for effective responses to viral infection. Type I interferons, central components of innate immunity, induce expression of hundreds of ISGs; however, the mechanisms of action of these antiviral proteins are not well understood. CH25H, encoded by an ISG, represents a significant constituent of these cellular antiviral strategies, as its metabolic product, 25HC, can act in both an autocrine and a paracrine fashion to protect cells from infection and has been shown to limit viral infection in animal models. Further investigation into the mechanism of action of 25HC may inform novel antiviral therapies and influence the use of mammalian reovirus in clinical trials as an oncolytic agent.
Ceramic Processing Fundamentals

The author studied chemistry and chemical engineering in school but never actually studied ceramics as an academic discipline. Therefore this book is written from a somewhat unusual perspective, more like a chemical engineering view of processing than a typical ceramics view. The emphasis on a certain few aspects of processing is based on those serious problem areas that became apparent during the author’s several decades of industrial experience, rather than being based on theoretical considerations.
Poetry and the Emotions in Islamic Philosophy

A question in aesthetics that has been discussed for a long time is how far can our aesthetic reactions be taken to be cognitive. That is, we feel certain emotions perhaps when we confront examples of art, and then wonder whether those are just subjective and personal reactions, or do they fall into some rule-governed pattern based upon the nature of the objects themselves and our nature? Sufism tends to regard aesthetic responses as objective, as insights into a deeper level of reality where only one sort of reaction is appropriate, while the Peripatetic philosophers rather argue that although poetry in particular has a logical structure, it does not result in a conclusion that has to be generally accepted. The latter are often criticized for making poetry fit into a logical straitjacket which is inappropriately rigid, but there are good reasons for thinking that the Peripatetic thinkers in the Islamic world are far better at analyzing the role of emotions in poetry than are the Sufis.
The economics of the modern American comic book market

Since the 1930s, comic books in America have risen to be an important component in the market of entertainment goods and services. This paper presents a holistic economic analysis of the modern American comic book industry in recent years, from the creation of the artwork, to its distribution system and, ultimately, the sale to the consumer. Using distributor data from 2005 to 2017, our analysis shows that while the industry has seen its share of booms-and-busts, the profitability of licensing, advertising, growing market concentration, and a steady readership has caused the industry to consistently grow, albeit at a slow pace, since its decline in the 1990s. Further, it is discovered that publisher “special events” and the recent rise in comic book-based films has had little to no effect on comic book sales within the American market.
Differential Response of Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) Populations in Florida Sugarcane to Asulam

Sugarcane growers in Florida have been reporting reduced control of fall panicum with asulam, the main herbicide used for POST grass control. Therefore, outside container experiments were conducted to determine the response of four fall panicum populations from Florida to asulam applied alone and to evaluate whether tank-mix combination with trifloxysulfuron enhances control. Asulam was applied at 230 to 7,400 g ai ha − 1, corresponding to 1/16 to 2X the maximum labeled rate for a single application in sugarcane, with or without combination with trifloxysulfuron at 16 g ai ha − 1. Three fall panicum populations were collected from fields in which reduced control had been reported, while one population was from a field not used for sugarcane production but adjacent to a sugarcane field. The potency of asulam based on ED50 values (the rate required to cause 50% dry weight reduction at 28 d after treatment) ranged from 2,249 to 5,412 g ha − 1 for tolerant populations with reported reduced fall panicum control compared with 1,808 g ha − 1 for the susceptible population from the field not used for sugarcane production, showing that the latter was most sensitive to asulam. Addition of trifloxysulfuron to asulam increased potency on fall panicum by 5- to 15-fold, indicating that the tank mix enhanced dry weight reduction for all populations. The probability of fall panicum survival (regrowth after aboveground biomass harvesting) at the labeled rate of asulam ranged from 2% to 47% compared with 0% to 6% when trifloxysulfuron was added to the tank mix. Our results show differential response of fall panicum populations in Florida to asulam, which can be overcome by tank mixing with trifloxysulfuron even for populations that are difficult to control in sugarcane, but no evolution of resistance to asulam.Nomenclature:Asulam; trifloxysulfuron; fall panicum; Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; sugarcane, Saccharum spp.
Cost-Effective Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient

As the authors have explained in great detail in the preceding chapters, the evaluation of the vestibular patient can be challenging, multifaceted, and complex. Evaluation can include dedicated history, extensive physical exam, electrophysiologic testing of the vestibular system, and specific imaging protocols to evaluate anatomy of the vestibular and central nervous system.
An update on topical photodynamic therapy for clinical dermatologists.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the application of a topical photosensitizer, irradiation with light, and oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that selectively dest...
InterpretML: A Unified Framework for Machine Learning Interpretability.

InterpretML is an open-source Python package which exposes machine learning interpretability algorithms to practitioners and researchers. InterpretML exposes two types of interpretability - glassbox models, which are machine learning models designed for interpretability (ex: linear models, rule lists, generalized additive models), and blackbox explainability techniques for explaining existing systems (ex: Partial Dependence, LIME). The package enables practitioners to easily compare interpretability algorithms by exposing multiple methods under a unified API, and by having a built-in, extensible visualization platform. InterpretML also includes the first implementation of the Explainable Boosting Machine, a powerful, interpretable, glassbox model that can be as accurate as many blackbox models. The MIT licensed source code can be downloaded from github.com/microsoft/interpret.
Laser Methods in Time-Resolved Anisotropy Measurements: Tetracene in 1- n -Dodecanol

The double exponential decay of the fluorescence anisotropy of tetracene on the 50 to 500 ps time scale is measured quantitatively using a photomultiplier having a risetime of 800 ps. Frequency-domain spectroscopy, that is, the measurement of the phases and amplitudes of the frequency components comprising the decay, is used. The experimental considerations for obtaining quantitative measurements are discussed. The results of the study suggest that tetracene does not behave according to the Debye-Stokes-Einstein model in the solvent 1-n-dodecanol.
Targeting heme-oxidized soluble guanylate cyclase to promote osteoblast function

The enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) plays an essential part in the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway by binding to the prosthetic heme group; thereby catalyzing the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinases. Impaired NO-sGC-cGMP signaling could lead to osteoblast apoptosis by mechanisms involving the oxidative-stress-induced shift of the redox state of the reduced heme to oxidized sGC, leading to diminished heme binding to the enzyme and rendering the sGC unresponsive to NO. Targeting oxidized sGC to enhance cGMP production could restore proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes. Here, the potential role of sGC activators of an oxidized or heme-free sGC as a target for promoting osteoblast function is reviewed and strategies for delivering drugs to bone are identified.
Mediastinal lymph node evaluation by computed tomography in lung cancer: an analysis of 345 patients grouped by TNM staging, tumor size, and tumor location

To more clearly characterize the role of computed tomography in staging the mediastinal lymph nodes of patients with lung cancer, we analyzed computed tomographic and surgical findings in the chest in 345 consecutive patients with lung cancer who underwent operative staging. Patients were grouped according to the TNM staging system of the American Joint Commission, central or peripheral location of the primary tumor, lobar location of the tumor, and maximum tumor diameter as determined by computed tomography or gross pathology. One third of patients with abnormal findings on the computed tomographic scan did not have mediastinal lymph node metastases. Mediastinal metastases occurred frequently in patients with central cancers (38%). The predictive value of a negative scan in all patients was high (≥90%) except for patients with central T3 lesions (72%), left upper lobe lesions (83%), and central adenocarcinomas (75%). However, only the differences between central T3 and central T2 or T1 lesions, and between central adenocarcinomas and central squamous cell carcinomas, were unlikely to be due to chance alone (p
Striking Differences in Physical and Mental/Behavioral Health Status Between Homeless Bisexual and Gay Young Men in New York City, United States

Although many studies have been conducted on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and treatment among homeless bisexual and gay young men, few have focussed on their overall health status. This study was conducted as a comparative assessment of self-reported physical and mental health status between homeless bisexual and gay young adult men in NewYork City, United States. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 30 subjects in a homeless drop-in program. Bisexual men reported more physical and mental/behavioral health concerns than gay men. More large-scale research is needed to understand reasons how bisexual men accessed healthcare as compared to gay men. Copyright © 2020 Gunness. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
The application of pain nursing with the participation of family members in interventional operation for children with congenital heart disease

目的 研究以患儿家属为参与对象的疼痛护理在先心病患儿介入性心导管术后的应用。 方法 将本院收治的78例行介入性心导管术治疗的先心性患儿随机分为实验组与对照组，每组39例。实验组以家长参与疼痛评估联合常规非药物性止痛护理，对照组以家长仅参与常规非药物性止痛护理，观察两组疼痛得分、并发症情况、患儿生存质量、护理满意度。 结果 实验组术后2 d、5 d、7 d的FLACC疼痛得分均更低，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；实验组与对照组治疗期间并发症发生率分别为5.13%和17.95%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；出院3个月后实验组与对照组生存质量得分分别是[（77.49±6.31）分和（73.88±6.58）分]，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；家长护理满意度分别为94.87%和76.92%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 家长参与的疼痛护理能显著降低介入性心导管术治疗先心性患儿的疼痛得分与并发症发生概率，提高患儿出院后的生存质量与家长护理满意度，值得临床推广。
Teaching Travel Skills with Rudolph Fisher’s “City of Refuge”

In this chapter, I explore teaching Rudolph Fisher’s short story “City of Refuge” to teach travel skills. This chapter examines Solomon Gillis’ journey from North Carolina to Harlem as a cautionary tale of a figure who exposes himself to dangers while traveling by trusting strangers and not following his instincts. Through an exploration of Gillis’ mistakes, I inform faculty members embarking on study abroad courses how to teach their students practical travel strategies using literature from the African American literary tradition.
What Is COMAR? [Turnstile]

Reports on the IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR). The committee had been formed in 1972 to carry out the goal of informing the public on questions related to microwave/RF radiation (excluding optical and x radiation) and their effects and hazards.
Risk Stratified Tandem Vs Single Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma Yields Equivalent Survival

The standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are transplant eligible is induction therapy followed by conditioning with high dose melphalan and autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). While the value of a single HCT (S-HCT) is established in standard-risk myeloma (SRM), there is controversy about whether tandem transplantation would improve outcomes such as progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in high-risk myeloma (HRM) patients. In this IRB approved retrospective study, the records of 343 multiple myeloma patients, who were referred by community oncologists and underwent HCT at Virginia Commonwealth University from 2008 to 2015, were reviewed. Patients were classified into different disease risk groups and OS and PFS determined. HRM was defined as including at least one of the following prognostic factors at diagnosis: t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), del17p13, or gain of 1q by FISH; del 13 or aneuploidy by karyotyping; and ISS stage 3; patients without these features and with standard risk attributes were classified as SRM, while any patients with missing attribute information were classified as having undetermined risk myeloma (URM). In the study population, there were 135 SRM, 100 HRM, and 104 URM patients. Median age of the entire cohort was 60 years (76-34). The patients underwent hematopoietic cell mobilization and collection with filgrastim ± plerixafor and were conditioned with high-dose Melphalan (140-200 mg/m2). When possible, patients with SRM underwent single HCT (S-HCT) and those with HRM, tandem HCT (T-HCT) based on risk classification, response to prior therapy, insurance mandate and patient/physician preference. In those undergoing T-HCT, the median time to second HCT was 141 days. Evaluating the entire study population, and comparing patients who underwent a T-HCT (median follow up 82 mo.) vs. a S-HCT (85 mo.), there was no significant difference in OS (adjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7-1.8; Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for age, gender and risk group) (Figure 1) and PFS (HR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6-1.2) between these two treatment groups. Of the 135 SRM patients, 20 underwent T-HCT; there was no significant difference in OS (HR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.5-2.9) and PFS (HR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.5-1.7) in these patients compared to those undergoing S-SCT. Of the 100 HRM patients, 46 underwent T-HCT (P This retrospective review of survival in SRM and HRM transplanted at a single center demonstrates that in the era of induction and maintenance therapy with novel agents, tandem transplantation does not improve OS or PFS in either SRM or HRM patients compared to a single transplant. Standard of care for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who are transplant eligible should remain induction therapy with novel agents followed by single autologous HCT and maintenance therapy. Download : Download high-res image (283KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Feeling the feels: Spinozist ethics and musical feeling in an American jail

In this essay, I employ a Spinozist concept of affect to explain accounts of musical feeling in a jail music programme. Residents of the jail regularly described two affectively opposed ‘atmosphere...