cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elasticity in crystals under pressure

The elastic behavior and stability of elemental crystals are studied in the neighborhood of a stable equilibrium state, also called a phase, at finite pressure p. It is shown that two kinds of elastic constants are needed to describe elasticity under pressure. One set, designated as cij,i,j = 1?6, determines stability or lack of it; another set, designated as cijp, describes the linear relation between small additional stresses and strains added to the crystal in equilibrium at p. The stress?strain coefficients cijp differ from previous formulations of the stress?strain relations by Barron and Klein (1965 Proc. Phys. Soc. 85 523) and Wallace (1972 Thermodynamics of Crystals (New York: Wiley)), who give cij as stress?strain coefficients. Hence we were led to verify the use of the cijp using a first-principles numerical calculation example for face centered cubic Al at 1500?kbar. The Gibbs free energy G of the crystal under pressure is shown to provide both a simple definition of equilibrium and an efficient way to calculate all the elastic constants of a general crystal. A computer program finds stable phases by making jumps in structure from an arbitrary initial structure; the jumps converge to minima of G with respect to the structure. In the calculation, 21 elastic constants are evaluated from a special set of G values and the 6 ? 6 elastic constant matrix is tested for stability.
Reconfigurable large area metallic nanohole array and its application in bio-sensing

A novel fabrication method of large area surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 2-D metallic nanohole array sensor is presented to give controllable linewidth by metal deposition. The device is used to monitor real-time, label-free biomolecular binding.
Overexpression of a Homeobox Gene, LeT6, Reveals Indeterminate Features in the Tomato Compound Leaf

The cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has a unipinnate compound leaf. In the developing leaf primordium, major leaflet initiation is basipetal, and lobe formation and early vascular differentiation are acropetal. We show that engineered alterations in the expression of a tomato homeobox gene, LeT6, can cause dramatic changes in leaf morphology. The morphological states are variable and unstable and the phenotypes produced indicate that the tomato leaf has an inherent level of indeterminacy. This is manifested by the production of multiple orders of compounding in the leaf, by numerous shoot, inflorescence, and floral meristems on leaves, and by the conversion of rachis-petiolule junctions into “axillary” positions where floral buds can arise. Overexpression of a heterologous homeobox transgene, kn1, does not produce such phenotypic variability. This indicates that LeT6 may differ from the heterologous kn1 gene in the effects manifested on overexpression, and that 35S-LeT6 plants may be subject to alterations in expression of both the introduced and endogenous LeT6 genes. The expression patterns of LeT6 argue in favor of a fundamental role for LeT6 in morphogenesis of leaves in tomato and also suggest that variability in homeobox gene expression may account for some of the diversity in leaf form seen in nature.
3D shape approximants via spherical wavelet decompositions [clinical pelvimetry]

We describe a simple application of a spherical wavelet to the problem of the shape representation of the bony pelvis. We show a simple shape approximant computed over the sphere S/sup 2/ and demonstrate the use of the Narcowich-Ward (1996) spherical wavelet decomposition of this shape approximant.
The earliest record of the Late Cretaceous plethodid fish, Thryptodus (Teleostei: Tselfatiiformes), from central Kansas

Abstract We note the occurrence of the Late Cretaceous teleostean genus Thryptodus from the Lincoln Limestone Member (upper Middle Cenomanian) of the Greenhorn Limestone in Russell County, Kansas. The specimen, here referred to Thryptodus cf. T. zitteli Loomis, is represented by fused premaxillae. The specimen is noteworthy because it marks the oldest record of the genus.
EMPIRICAL AND REALISTIC APPROACHES OF RESEARCH

This article presents the views and assumptions of logical positivism approach and realistic approach in conducting social science research in general and business research in particular. Logical positivism has influenced research methodologies in social science, in particular “model building”. The main assumptions of logical positivism are concerned with observation and “verification principle”. In the realistic approach of the social science philosophy, the conceptualization idea of theory plays a central role in social science research.
International Space Cooperation

The future of international space cooperation will be based not only on the policy and functional preferences of states as discussed herein, but also on market factors. Space cooperation is evolving to include significant cooperative commercial space relations133. Future research on international space cooperation will undoubtedly have to explicitly consider market factors and globalization processes. These aspects are represented today by the emergence of a multinational and transnational space industry that was discussed in the previous chapters on Space Commerce and Space Business.
Mutual Depression of Reabsorption and Excretory Maxima in Renal Tubules

ConclusionsIn the dog, the maximum renal tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmG) and the maximum tubular excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (TmPAH) are mutually depressed when determined simultaneously. The percentile depression of PAH by glucose is twice as great as the depression of glucose by PAH. This depression is attributed to competition for available energy rather than to competition for a common cellular constituent (B substance) involved in tubular reabsorption and excretion.
Status insecurity and temporality in world politics

International Relations scholars concerned with explaining status-seeking behavior in the international system draw heavily from social comparison theory and its observations that individuals judge...
Fiber-Matrix Interfacial Area Reduction in Fiber Reinforced Cements and Concretes at Moderate to High Fiber Volume Fractions

The area and properties of the fiber-matrix interface in fiber reinforced cements and concretes determines the amount of stress transferred forth and back between the cement paste and the reinforcement and hence controls the mechanical properties of the composite. Fiber-fiber interaction and overlap of fibers with fibers, voids and aggregates can dramatically decrease the efficiency of the reinforcement by reducing this interfacial area. A simple model to account for this reduction is proposed and ways to integrate it in the models describing the mechanical properties of short fiber reinforced concretes are presented. The parameters of the model are evaluated from previously published data sets and its predictions are found to compare well with experimental observations; for example, it is able to predict the non-linear variation of bending and tensile strength with increasing fiber volume fraction as well as the existence of an optimal fiber content.
Abstract 2175: Role of p38 MAPK in regulating Cripto-1 expression and signaling in human embryonal carcinoma cells

Cripto-1 (CR-1) is a cell-membrane protein that is overexpressed in several different types of human carcinomas. We have previously shown that TGFβ1 and Activins can enhance CR-1 expression while BMP2 and BMP4 can inhibit CR-1 expression in NTERA-2 embryonal carcinoma cells and in LS174T colon cancer cells. Nevertheless, there is still a very incomplete picture as to the nature of the epigenetic, transcriptional and hormonal factors that might be involved in regulating Cripto-1 expression under different conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of p38 MAPK can regulate expression of Nodal, a Cripto-1 ligand, during early embryogenesis and is necessary for the specification of mouse cardiomyocytes from embryonic stem cells, which depends upon a Nodal-dependent signaling pathway involving Cripto-1. We therefore evaluated if activation of p38 MAPK might be involved in regulating Cripto-1 expression and Cripto-1 dependent signaling in human embryonal carcinoma cells. In undifferentiated NTERA-2 and NCCIT embryonal carcinoma cells two p38 MAPK inhibitors PD169316 and SB20358 completely inhibited the basal levels of CR-1 mRNA and protein expression in both cell lines. A JNK inhibitor SP600125 had only minor effects on CR-1 mRNA and protein expression whereas the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor U0126 showed no effect. Transfection of specific siRNA against p38 MAPK was also able to significantly interfere with CR-1 mRNA and protein expression in NTERA2 and NCCIT embryonal carcinoma cells. In contrast, knockdown of p44/42 MAPK or JNK with specific siRNA did not significantly affect CR-1 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. We therefore evaluated whether CR-1 might trigger activation of p38 MAPK in embryonal carcinoma cells and in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Recombinant CR-1 protein was found to stimulate in a delayed fashion (after 50-60 minutes) p38 MAPK phosphorylation in mouse mammary epithelial cells and in embryonal carcinoma cells suggesting a feed-forward activation loop. Whether p38 MAPK functions in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells to regulate CR-1 expression and/or signaling involving regulation of invasion, migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human embryonal carcinoma cells and in mouse mammary epithelial cells is under investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2175. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2175
Enzymatic reduction of "biogenic" aldehydes in brain.

Aldehyde derivatives of the biogenic amines (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) were prepared enzymatically, purified, and used as substrates for aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.2), an enzyme capable of reducing these deaminated derivatives. The enzyme was partially purified from rat brain tissue. Aldehyde reductase derived from brain tissue differed from alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) in cofactor specificity and was inhibited by low concentrations of barbiturates (i.e., pentobarbital). The presence of various functional groups on the parent phenylacetaldehyde or indoleacetaldehyde structures was shown to significantly affect the Michaelis constants (Km, Vmax) for aldehyde reductase. The relationship between Michaelis constants determined for aldehyde reductase and the final product of biogenic amine metabolism in rat brain is discussed.
Oncologic Outcomes After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly used as an alternative to traditional mastectomy because it provides improved aesthetic results. The data on its oncologic safety are limited. The authors’ institution has performed NSM during the past 10 years for both oncologic and prophylactic indications. This study aimed to examine oncologic outcomes after NSM for breast cancer. The study retrospectively examined all NSM cases managed between July 2007 and July 2013. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study cohort. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate recurrence-free survival, specifically the 36-month recurrence-free survival proportion. A total of 721 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed for 413 patients: 45 (10.9 %) to reduce risk and 368 (89.1 %) for breast cancer. In the breast cancer group, 29.8 % of the patients had ductal carcinoma in situ, and 70.2 % had invasive cancer. The mean follow-up time was 32 months (range 0.01–90.2 months). In the breast cancer group, the Kaplan–Meier 3-year recurrence-free survival rate was 93.6 % (95 % confidence interval, 89.9–96.0 %). Eight patients (2.2 %) had locoregional recurrences, including one in the nipple. Nine patients (2.4 %) had distant recurrence, and six patients (1.6 %) had a diagnosis of both local and distant recurrences. The findings showed a locoregional recurrence rate of 2.2 %, with an overall recurrence rate of 6.3 % for patients undergoing NSM for the treatment of breast cancer. The majority of these recurrences were distant, with one recurrence at the nipple. These results are promising, but a longer follow-up evaluation of this cohort is necessary.
The type 2 secretion and type 4 pilus systems of Escherichia coli

Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains use two separate but closely related systems to export important virulence factors. The type 2 secretion (T2S) and type IV pilus (T4P) systems have considerable structural homology; both contain an outer membrane secretin complex, a pilus structure, and an inner membrane subassembly complex. The pilus structure, which predominantly consists of a major pilin subunit, is assembled from individual monomers, although this process remains poorly understood. However, the exported products are different. The T2S secretes fully folded exoproteins like heat-labile toxin through the outer membrane. In this case a pseudopilus structure is proposed to act as a piston to push the substrate through the outer membrane pore. In contrast, the T4P substrate is the pilus itself, and is used by the bacterium for aggregation and attachment to host cells.
Do I Have Something in My Teeth? Vagina Dentata and its Manifestations within Popular Culture

Although it is easy to feel overwhelmed by the seemingly endless tirade of moral and political outrage, corporate greed, sex scandals, gun violence, and more, these societal crises have not simply spontane- ously arisen in response to a mere few contemporary problems. Rather, today’s moral panics represent an aggregate of borrowed histories lay- ered on for centuries upon centuries. While these current moral panics may seem like a very contemporary problem, they draw from a long history of collective panicking. Often these anxieties are disguised as myth or folklore, retold as stories that catapult these anxieties across cultures, languages, and popular media. Indeed, the so-called “normal,” defined by those in power, has marginalized anything deemed threat- ening to societal values and interests (for example, homosexuality, women’s sexuality) and has transmitted those anxieties onto the avail- able “deviant” bodies.
Preventing abuse of online communities

Online communities are growing at a phenomenal rate and with the large number of users these communities contain, attackers are drawn to exploit these users. Denial of information (DoI) attacks and information leakage attacks are two popular attacks that target users on online communities. These information based attacks are linked by their opposing views on low-quality information. On the one hand denial of information attacks which primarily use low-quality information (such as spam and phishing) are a nuisance for information consumers. On the other hand information leakage attacks, which use inadvertently leaked information, are less effective when low-quality information is used, and thus leakage of low-quality information is preferred by private information producers. In this dissertation, I introduce techniques for preventing abuse against these attacks in online communities using meta-model classification and information unification approaches, respectively. The meta-model classification approach involves classifying the “connected payload” associated with the information and using the classification result for the determination. This approach allows for detection of DoI attacks in emerging domains where the amount of information may be constrained. My information unification approach allows for modeling and mitigating information leakage attacks. Unifying information across domains followed by a quantification of the information leaked, provides one of the first studies on users’ susceptibility to information leakage attacks. Further, the modeling introduced allows me to quantify the reduced threat of information leakage attacks after applying information cloaking.
Isaiah Berlin: Russo-Jewish Roots, Liberal Commitments, and the Ethos of Pluralism

Isaiah Berlin contributed significantly to the study of the history of nationalist ideas in modern Europe, to the revival among political theorists (and others) of interest in nationalism as a theory, and to the articulation of theories of “liberal nationalism” in the 1990s. Berlin was also a life-long Zionist, whose reflections on the impulses behind nationalism owed much to his reflection on the condition of Jews in the diaspora. While Berlin’s views on nationalism have long claimed attention, and while there has more recently been excellent work done on his Jewish identity and commitment to Zionism, the connection between both his liberalism and his views on nationalism, and his personal background and experiences, remains to be more fully explored. Deploying biographical reconstruction and textual analysis, I here undertake to draw such connections, emphasizing how Berlin’s personal condition and the response to nationalism that it influenced in turn shaped his liberalism. I conclude that Berlin’s experiences coming from a specifically Russian-Jewish background, as well as his position in British society, his wartime service in the British government, and his intellectual formation, significantly shaped his views on nationalism. I also suggest that both his response to nationalism and his advocacy of a distinctive liberalism reflect Berlin’s commitment (never made fully explicit) to a pluralistic ethos, which itself may be seen as a response to the condition of Jews (and other minorities and migrants) in the modern world.
Earthquake Response Analysis of Embankment Dams

Observations of the behavior of earth dams in past earthquakes have highlighted the value of seismic stability evaluations in assessing the overall performance of an earth dam in a seismic area. The near failure of the Lower San Fernando Dam in the February 9, 1971 San Fernando earthquake increased the importance of such evaluations among design engineers.
Assessment of dentofacial variations in monozygotic twins

With dentofacial development being a multifactorial process, we face the question of whether genetic or environmental factors play a larger role in specific phenotypic traits. The use of twin studies allows one to employ genetic controls to the study such that one can focus solely on traits that may be more environmentally determined. This study involves retrospective as well as current analytical measurements between a set of monozygotic twins to assess genetic and outside influences on facial and intraoral development. While similarities were acknowledged, we found differences in measurements of the facial thirds, the congenital presence of mandibular third molars, and the presence of mandibular tori.
Perspectives on Knowing and Knowledge

Cognitive, behavioral (Skinnerian), and interbehavioral (Kantorian) perspectives on knowing and knowledge are compared. Major similarities among these theories include a common rationale for the study of knowledge problems, and a belief in the determining role of an organism’s behavioral history in knowing acts. Differences include the manner in which historical variables exert control in current circumstances, and the extent to which knowing events are observable. The cognitive position regards knowledge as a possession of the organism, while knowing is taken to be an unobservable mental process. Skinner conceptualizes knowledge events as overt behaviors, primarily. Kantor regards knowing as implicit orientational activity which might or might not constitute observable interbehavior. The relative merits of these theories are evaluated according to three criteria: First, the possibilities afforded by the theory for empirical validation; second, the extent to which theoretical statements about events are derived from event sources; and lastly, the degree to which the theory gives rise to useful and novel in-vestigations. By these criteria, the interbehavioral perspective proves to have the greatest relative merit.
Labor, Agency, and State‐building in Trinidad and Tobago: Toward a Postcolonial Sociological Approach to Development

Existing development theories predict that factors such as natural resource wealth and the legacies of European colonizers inhibit development. However, the case of Trinidad and Tobago challenges these theories, as a resource-rich former colony that has achieved high levels of development. This article examines what accounts for Trinidad and Tobago's development trajectory. Advancing a novel analytical approach – a postcolonial sociological approach – this study emphasizes what existing theories miss, namely, the role of organized labor in enabling Trinidad and Tobago to escape the development trap. The findings suggest that development studies attend to how colonial labor legacies shape post-colonial development.
Dealing with Limited and Noisy Data in ASR: a Hybrid Knowledge-based and Statistical Approach

In this talk, I will focus on the importance of integrating knowledge of human speech production and speech perception mechanisms, and language-specific information with statisticallybased, data-driven approaches to develop robust and scalable automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. As we will demonstrate, the need for such hybrid systems is especially critical when the ASR system is dealing with noisy data, when adaptation data are limited (for the case of speaker normalization and adaptation), and when dealing with accents. Index Terms: noise-robust ASR, speaker normalization, speaker adaptation, accented English, limited data, knowledgebased
Experiences of Ambiguous Loss for Parents of Transgender Male Youth: A Phenomenological Exploration

Little research exists on the emotional experiences of family members in general, and in particular, the parents of transgender individuals during their disclosure or transition. The current literature on the family members of transgender individuals provides various models of emotional processing. These models are based on clinical work and experience with transgender individuals and their families, rather than on research. All of these models include many different emotional experiences and experiences of loss for family members. Thus, models describing loss and ambiguous loss are also helpful in understanding these experiences. This study explored parents’ experiences of ambiguous loss and manifestations of loss of their transgender male youth after the discovery or disclosure of the youth’s gender identity. Participants completed in-depth semi-structured interviews and data were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Findings suggest some parents experience ambiguous loss while others do not. Findings also suggest that some parents experience feelings of grief as a manifestation of loss. Parents developed a variety of methods to cope with ambiguous loss; some of these methods were specific to the participant’s gender. Clinical implications are discussed, suggesting strategies for therapists working with parents of transgender youth.
El Paso Wrecking Corp. (Joe Gage, 1978)

ABSTRACTThis article examines editorial strategies employed by director Joe Gage in his 1978 gay pornographic feature El Paso Wrecking Corp. The author argues that through the use of avant-garde and abstract editorial techniques, Gage reframes male bodies and desire in gay pornographic cinema by disassociating the depiction of sexual climax from its traditional status as marking the end of a sexual encounter. By reframing orgasm as an autonomous erotographic unit, Gage articulates a free-flowing and fluid concept of male-male sexual exchange in line with his film's broader project of social and cultural critique.
Cellular Dragnet: Active Cell Site Simulators and the Fourth Amendment

This Paper examines government use of active cell site simulators (ACSSs) and concludes that ACSS operations constitute a Fourth Amendment search. An ACSS — known colloquially as a stingray, triggerfish, or dirtbox — mimics a cell phone tower, forcing nearby cell phones to register with the device and divulge identifying and location information. Law enforcement officials regularly use ACSSs to identify and locate individuals, often with extreme precision, while sweeping up the identifying and location information of hundreds or thousands of third parties in the process. Despite the pervasive use of ACSSs at federal, state, and local levels, law enforcement duplicity concerning ACSS operations has prevented courts from closely examining their constitutionality.ACSS operations constitute a Fourth Amendment search under both the trespass paradigm and the privacy paradigm. Within the former, an ACSS emits radio signals that trespass on private “effects.” Under the Jones reinvigoration of the trespass paradigm, radio signals “touch” cell phones for the purpose of obtaining information, constituting a “Fourth Amendment trespass.” Radio signals also trespass under common law property and tort regimes, and the Paper proposes a new rule, consistent with existing trespass jurisprudence, to target only those radio signals that intentionally and without consent cause an active physical change in the cell phone. Within the latter, ACSS operations constitute a Fourth Amendment search because they violate users’ subjective expectations of privacy that society can and should recognize as reasonable, particularly if Fourth Amendment jurisprudence continues to eliminate secrecy as a proxy for privacy. Until courts decisively recognize warrantless ACSS operations as illegal, however, advocates and litigants can implement several interim remedial measures. An ACSS is an undeniably valuable law enforcement tool. Subjecting ACSS operations to Fourth Amendment strictures will not hinder their utility but rather ensure that this powerfully invasive technology is not abused.
Distance Art Education: The Federal School and Social Engineering in the United States, 1900 to 1925.

The Federal School was a correspondence art school in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the early 20th century At that time, scientific methods changed the organization and practice of commercial art training and industrial education, which included correspondence courses from the Federal School Standards of intelligence were determined with intelligence testing, and students were tracked into vocational or professional programs depending on their scores The Federal School contradicted itself as it promoted stereotypes in which intelligence correlated to race, ethnicity, and sex roles The same stereotypes appeared in the curricula of the Federal School, making it a part of the larger configuration of education and mass media that socially engineered cultural production The Federal School was a mail-order correspondence art school in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the turn of the 20th century It was known later as Art Instruction, Incorporated, and is known today as Art Instruction Schools The school has remained accredited by the Distance Education Training Council, and the correspondence course provides 24 college credits (Art Instruction Schools, 2005) This article gives a history of the Federal School, the way art was taught there, and its Master Course in commercial art It also addresses the larger context of art and industrial education in the United States that was socially engineered with intelligence testing and admissions tracking In this way, racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes were held in place in broadly defined social policy, which influenced the Federal School My approach to this article emerged from an interest in early forms of distance education as correspondence courses Though these courses opened opportunities for many who had no access to art schools, they also reinforced several racial and gender role stereotypes My aim was to see if these issues could be positioned among the histories of art education An examination of selected archives and histories 1 revealed the structures set forth by the scientizing of education and mass media, which held institutional racism and sexism firmly in place within the technocracy of mass media educational structures in the first quarter of the 19th century The first section of this article provides a cultural orientation to the Federal School’s early years Next, the scientific orientation and the social stereotypes embedded in the Federal School Master Course are discussed as they appeared in lessons on drawing, cartooning, and lectures called “chalk talks” in which the speaker drew an illustration as he or she told a story
Young Aspirants Developer Contest

Online contests often have a wide skill range between each participant, making it feel overwhelming for high school students to compete in. On sites like HackerRank or TopCoder, students could be competing against professionals with years of work. The project narrows down the skill gap to a young audience so that they can compete against one another without having to compete with these professionals. In addition, this project provides the participants with the necessary environment and tools to run their programs without the hassle of having to installing necessary tools and its required files to run these programs. During the contest, participants can access a scoreboard, giving them a view of their progress against other participants. The purpose of the scoreboard is to show each participant their progress, as well as motivating them to achieve higher scores. The contest tool then grades based on time before correctness to provide fairness towards most students as the goal to solve problems early rather than optimize their program. With this, the focus is to improve their problem solving skills, pique curiosity, or serve as an impetus, to become a computer science engineering student.
Evidence for Nutrition Counseling in the Care of Patients with Obesity

Prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities is well documented with data showing a continuation in trends. As compared to other diseases, effective therapies for the treatment of obesity are limited. Currently, diet and lifestyle interventions are the foundation of all therapies and commonly recommended as the initial therapy for individuals who are overweight or who suffer from obesity. However, diet and lifestyle interventions alone may not be effective, in which case pharmacotherapy and/or weight loss surgery, combined with diet and lifestyle counseling, may be indicated. Since obesity is a complex disease with multiple etiologies including factors such as food choices, meal timing, and nutritional intake, nutrition counseling is an important component of all obesity therapies. It is the goal of this chapter to outline the evidence for nutrition counseling in treating obesity.
Flow in Motivational Psychology

This article describes the phenomenon of flow, the subjective experience of being completely absorbed in a task or activity. We provide an overview of the flow model of optimal experience and affirm the flow state's close association with intrinsic and emergent motivation. We also describe the various ways that flow has been measured, discuss the antecedents and consequences of flow within the domains of work and leisure, and identify emerging areas of flow research.
Review of Modern Cosmology

Cosmology is the quantitative study of the structure and evolution of the universe. In the last few decades, it has emerged as a data-driven field of study which has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. In this chapter, we discuss both the theory and the observations underlying modern cosmology. We consider in particular the basics underlying the standard model of cosmology, the thermal history of the universe and the fluctuations around the smooth universe. In addition, we review the main cosmological observables: the cosmic microwave background, the large-scale structure of the universe and the baryon acoustic oscillations.
Contemporary Knee Osteotomy in the United States: High Tibial Osteotomy and Distal Femoral Osteotomy Have Comparable Complication Rates despite Differing Demographic Profiles.

Knee osteotomies show efficacy in slowing knee osteoarthritis progression and delaying the need for total knee arthroplasty in younger patients. Despite evolutions in indications, techniques, and hardware that have improved outcomes, longitudinal trends demonstrate a decline in high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) use. Unfortunately, knowledge of the current usage and complications associated with HTO and DFO is limited. The purpose of this study was to compare the preoperative demographics and early complication rates of HTO and DFO. We analyzed the HTOs and DFOs performed between 2006 and 2017 using the ACS-NSQIP (American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) database. We compared both groups for preoperative patient demographics (sex, age, race, body mass index [BMI]) and health status variables including functional scores, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) scores, smoking status, and other comorbidities. Emergency and elective status of the patient case, length of hospital stay, operation time, and 30-day postoperative complications were also analyzed. After the exclusion criteria were applied, 321 HTO and 295 DFO patients were included in the final analysis. The HTO group had higher proportions of younger (p < 0.001) and male (p < 0.001) patients with higher BMI (p = 0.007). Racial profiles were similar between the two groups (p = 0.575). Preoperatively, those in the HTO group had more functional independence, better physical status scores, and fewer chronic conditions (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between HTO and DFO in operative time, postoperative complications, readmission, and reoperation. HTO patients, however, had shorter hospital stays (p < 0.001). Although there are differences in preoperative and operative characteristics of HTO and DFO, early postoperative complications are similar for both groups. Therefore, HTO and DFO can be considered safe and effective treatment options for younger patients with symptomatic unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis.
Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training

Certification is a process that allows a person to qualify to use pesticides in the course of his or her occupation. In Florida, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) administers the certification process. Training provides instruction on proper pesticide use and handling to individuals who want to obtain or retain certification. In Florida, UF/IFAS Extension primarily conducts pesticide training, but other associations, industry, non-profit organizations, private companies, and federal and state government agencies also provide and assist with training. This 3-page fact sheet was written by F. M. Fishel, and published by the UF Department of Agronomy, October 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi247
Comparison of SELDM Simulated Total-Phosphorus Concentrations with Ecological Impervious-Area Criteria

AbstractEcological studies indicate that impervious cover (IC) greater than approximately 5%–20% may have adverse effects on receiving-stream ecology. It is difficult to separate the effects of run...
How to turn lurkers into donors? A study of online social support interactions between nonprofit organizations and their followers

An increasing number of nonprofits are interacting with their current and prospective donors on social media. How to elicit donations effectively through social media, however, remains under-researched. This study applied the optimal matching theory to examine online interactions between nonprofit organizations and their followers. A 2 (valence of organizational post: positive vs. negative) × 2 (type of social support: emotional vs. informational) between-subjects experiment was conducted to investigate how the match between a nonprofit organization’s need and its followers’ social support impacts third-party observers’ perceived relationship satisfaction and donation intention. The mediation effect of enacted social support evaluation (i.e., perceived helpfulness, supportiveness, and sensitiveness) was also examined. It was found that organizational post valence exerted an indirect effect on third-party observers’ perceived relationship satisfaction and donation intention through perceived supportiveness and helpfulness. These mediation effects were conditional on the type of social support provided by online followers of the organization.
Do accessibility and clustering affect active travel behavior in Salt Lake City

Abstract While researchers recognize the relationship between general accessibility and active travel, it is rare to study the impact of accessibility to multi-use paths by non-motorized modes. Furthermore, auto-culture-derived issues in the U.S. imply the importance of promoting walking and cycling culture through understanding the clustering effect. Using 2012 Utah Travel Survey, this study is one of the rare that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables at two levels. First, a spatial probit model is estimated to identify whether and why people in Salt Lake City walked or cycled; second, for people who walked or cycled, a spatial autoregressive model is estimated to explore travel time by walking or cycling. The results not only reveal how accessibility to multi-use paths and attitudes influence active travel together but also report opposite spatial autocorrelations at two levels. These findings will help decision-makers efficiently decide strategical planning components to promote active transportation.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Model for Human Premature Aging

Aging results from intrinsic changes (chronologic) and damage from external exposures (extrinsic) on the human body. The skin is ideal to visually differentiate their unique features. Inherited diseases of DNA repair, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), provide an excellent model for human aging due to the accelerated accumulation of DNA damage. Poikiloderma, atypical lentigines, and skin cancers, the primary cutaneous features of XP, occur in the general population but at a much older age. Patients with XP also exhibit ocular changes secondary to premature photoaging, including ocular surface tumors and pterygium. Internal manifestations of premature aging, including peripheral neuropathy, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and neurodegeneration, are reported in 25% of patients with XP. Internal malignancies, such as lung cancer, CNS tumors, and leukemia and/or lymphoma, occur at a younger age in patients with XP, as do thyroid nodules. Premature ovarian failure is overrepresented among females with XP, occurring 20 years earlier than in the general population. Taken together, these clinical findings highlight the importance of DNA repair in maintaining genomic integrity. XP is a unique model of human premature aging, which is revealing new insights into aging mechanisms.
Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Metachronous Advanced Neoplasia than Traditional-Onset Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the USA has increased in adults under age 50. Current CRC surveillance guidelines do not consider age at diagnosis, and there are limited data available on outcomes from surveillance colonoscopies in early-onset CRC (EO-CRC) to guide recommendations on surveillance intervals. To compare surveillance outcomes between EO-CRC and traditional-onset colorectal cancer (TO-CRC). In a retrospective cohort study in a large tertiary care academic medical center, we collected data on patients with a diagnosis of CRC between 2000 and 2014 who received surgery with curative intent. We used log-rank test and inverse probability of treatment weighted Cox regression analysis to compare the development of metachronous advanced neoplasia (MAN) in patients with EO-CRC (diagnosed ages 18–49) and TO-CRC (diagnosed ages 50–75). Patients with EO-CRC (n = 107) were more likely to present with advanced-stage disease (62% versus 35%, p < 0.0001), rectal tumors (45% versus 27%, p < 0.01), and a family history of CRC (30% versus 16%, p = 0.02) compared to those with TO-CRC (n = 139). Patients with EO-CRC had lower risk of MAN (adjusted HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.88) than TO-CRC patients. The 5-year event rate for MAN was lower for patients with EO-CRC compared to patients with TO-CRC (5.8% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.07). The presence of synchronous neoplasia or history of diabetes was also predictive of MAN. EO-CRC was independently associated with a lower risk of developing MAN compared to TO-CRC. Shorter surveillance intervals may not be warranted in EO-CRC; however, large prospective studies are needed.
May the Executive Branch Forgive Student Loan Debt Without Further Congressional Action

On April 1, 2021, the Biden Administration announced that Secretary of Education Michael Cardona will consider whether the President has legal authority to forgive up to $50,000 per debtor in student loan debt without further Congressional action. This paper collects the leading arguments for and against the position that the Biden Administration can forgive this student loan debt as an administrative action and without additional congressional authorization. The paper first surveys the history of federal student loan forgiveness programs in the United States. The paper then considers whether statutes on the books—in particular, the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966—grant the executive branch the authority to effect widespread student loan forgiveness. The paper considers how the Department of Education might use administrative action to forgive loans and assesses the pros and cons of the Department proceeding without notice and comment rulemaking. Finally, the paper evaluates the Biden Administration’s prospects in court, including whether any parties would have standing to challenge administrative student loan forgiveness and which forms of administrative action are likeliest to survive judicial review.
Can Employers Mandate the COVID Vaccine? Assessing the Implications of Emergency Use Authorization

As employers acclimate to our new normal, the COVID vaccine’s emergency status has led to extensive speculation about whether employers can mandate that their employees be vaccinated. While long-established immunizations, including those which have mostly relegated diseases like polio and smallpox to the annals of history, have full approvals from the FDA, the COVID vaccine is currently approved through an Emergency Use Authorization. This emergency process allows the use of unapproved medical products to prevent serious or life threatening diseases when there are no adequate alternatives. This essay considers whether employers can mandate that their employees receive the COVID-19 vaccine despite its emergency authorization. The essay explores how vaccine mandates play out for non-emergency vaccines and then examines whether the COVID vaccine's Emergency Use Authorization leads to a different outcome.
Trade-offs versus reassurance: framing competing risks in the 2016 Zika outbreak.

Environmental threats increasingly entail important risks from government responses. In considering the risks of a new vector-borne disease, for example, decision-makers must also grapple with potential risks from responses such as the aerial spraying of pesticides. In communicating about these complex risks, public officials often choose different “frames” that promote different conceptualizations of the issue. Yet prior research has paid limited attention to how public officials frame the related risks of the environmental threat and the public response. This paper starts to fill that gap by conducting a content analysis of statements by public officials regarding risks from the threat of a local outbreak of the Zika virus in South Florida in 2016, as well as risks from the response of aerial pesticide spraying. Based on limited prior research, we hypothesize that public officials are likely to have adopted a “risk maximization” frame that stressed the high risks from exposure to Zika, but a “risk trade-off” frame when discussing aerial spraying. In actuality, we find that officials strongly favored a “reassurance” frame that downplayed both types of risks. Based on this analysis, we suggest framing strategies for disease outbreaks and other threats with potentially risky government responses may vary significantly depending on local contexts and that the South Florida experience was a missed opportunity to test the strategy of trade-off framing.
Nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area lesions differentially impair temporal memory

Functional dissociations between the medial septal area (MSA) and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) were examined using the concepts and experimental procedures developed by scalar timing theory. Rats were tested in variations of a signalled discrete-trial peak-interval schedule of reinforcement in which the response rate functions identified the time when the rats expected reinforcement. The variations assessed aspects of both reference and working memory for information obtained from prior trials and from the current trial. A double dissociation was found in reference memory. Rats with NBM lesions, like those with frontal cortex (FC) lesions, remembered the time of reinforcement as having occurred later than it actually did; rats with MSA lesions, like those with fimbria-fornix (FF) lesions, remembered the time of reinforcement as having occurred earlier than it did. A single dissociation was found in working memory. MSA lesions and FF lesions impaired working memory, while NBM and FC lesions had no effect on it. These data begin to identify the brain mechanisms underlying temporal memory; they indicate that the frontal and hippocampal systems are both involved, but in complementary ways; and they provide information that helps specify more clearly the functions of the frontal and hippocampal systems.
Generating Legible Motion

Legible motion --- motion that communicates its intent to a human observer --- is crucial for enabling seamless human-robot collaboration. In this paper, we propose a functional gradient optimization technique for autonomously generating legible motion. Our algorithm optimizes a legibility metric inspired by the psychology of action interpretation in humans, resulting in motion trajectories that purposefully deviate from what an observer would expect in order to better convey intent. A trust region constraint on the optimization ensures that the motion does not become too surprising or unpredictable to the observer. Our studies with novice users that evaluate the resulting trajectories support the applicability of our method and of such a trust region. They show that within the region, legibility as measured in practice does significantly increase. Outside of it, however, the trajectory becomes confusing and the users' confidence in knowing the robot's intent significantly decreases.
Positive Sasakian Structures on 5-Manifolds

The aim of this paper is to study 5-manifolds that carry a positive Sasakian structure. Strong restrictions are derived for the integral hemology groups. In some cases, all positive sasakian structures are classified. A key step is the study of log Del Pezzo surfaces whose boundary divisor contains positive genus curves.