cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attention Increases Spike Count Correlations between Visual Cortical Areas.

UNLABELLED Visual attention, which improves perception of attended locations or objects, has long been known to affect many aspects of the responses of neuronal populations in visual cortex. There are two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses concerning the neuronal mechanisms that underlie these perceptual improvements. The first hypothesis, that attention improves the information encoded by a population of neurons in a particular cortical area, has considerable physiological support. The second hypothesis is that attention improves perception by selectively communicating relevant visual information. This idea has been tested primarily by measuring interactions between neurons on very short timescales, which are mathematically nearly independent of neuronal interactions on longer timescales. We tested the hypothesis that attention changes the way visual information is communicated between cortical areas on longer timescales by recording simultaneously from neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and the middle temporal area (MT) in rhesus monkeys. We used two independent and complementary approaches. Our correlative experiment showed that attention increases the trial-to-trial response variability that is shared between the two areas. In our causal experiment, we electrically microstimulated V1 and found that attention increased the effect of stimulation on MT responses. Together, our results suggest that attention affects both the way visual stimuli are encoded within a cortical area and the extent to which visual information is communicated between areas on behaviorally relevant timescales. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Visual attention dramatically improves the perception of attended stimuli. Attention has long been thought to act by selecting relevant visual information for further processing. It has been hypothesized that this selection is accomplished by increasing communication between neurons that encode attended information in different cortical areas. We recorded simultaneously from neurons in primary visual cortex and the middle temporal area while rhesus monkeys performed an attention task. We found that attention increased shared variability between neurons in the two areas and that attention increased the effect of microstimulation in V1 on the firing rates of MT neurons. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that attention increases communication between neurons in different brain areas on behaviorally relevant timescales.
Origin of fieldlike spin-orbit torques in heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide thin film heterostructures

We report measurements of the thickness and temperature $(T)$ dependencies of current-induced spin-orbit torques, especially the fieldlike (FL) component, in various heavy metal (HM)/normal metal (NM) spacer/ferromagnet (FM)/oxide (MgO and $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}/\mathrm{MgO})$ heterostructures. The FL torque in these samples originates from spin current generated by the spin Hall effect in the HM. For a FM layer sufficiently thin that a substantial portion of this spin current can reach the FM/oxide interface, T-dependent spin scattering there can yield a strong FL torque that is, in some cases, opposite in sign to that exerted at the NM/FM interface.
When the Jeans Do Not Fit: How Stellar Feedback Drives Stellar Kinematics and Complicates Dynamical Modeling in Low-mass Galaxies

In low-mass galaxies, stellar feedback can drive gas outflows that generate non-equilibrium fluctuations in the gravitational potential. Using cosmological zoom-in baryonic simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments project, we investigate how these fluctuations affect stellar kinematics and the reliability of Jeans dynamical modeling in low-mass galaxies. We find that stellar velocity dispersion and anisotropy profiles fluctuate significantly over the course of galaxies' starburst cycles. We therefore predict an observable correlation between star formation rate and stellar kinematics: dwarf galaxies with higher recent star formation rates should have systemically higher stellar velocity dispersions. This prediction provides an observational test of the role of stellar feedback in regulating both stellar and dark-matter densities in dwarf galaxies. We find that Jeans modeling, which treats galaxies as virialized systems in dynamical equilibrium, overestimates a galaxy's dynamical mass during periods of post-starburst gas outflow and underestimates it during periods of net inflow. Short-timescale potential fluctuations lead to typical errors of ~20% in dynamical mass estimates, even if full three-dimensional stellar kinematics—including the orbital anisotropy—are known exactly. When orbital anisotropy is not known a priori, typical mass errors arising from non-equilibrium fluctuations in the potential are larger than those arising from the mass-anisotropy degeneracy. However, Jeans modeling alone cannot reliably constrain the orbital anisotropy, and problematically, it often favors anisotropy models that do not reflect the true profile. If galaxies completely lose their gas and cease forming stars, fluctuations in the potential subside, and Jeans modeling becomes much more reliable.
The Lived Experience of Black Nurse Faculty in Predominantly White Schools of Nursing

Purpose: This study explored the experiences of Black nurse faculty employed in predominantly White schools of nursing. High attrition rates of this group were noted in previous literature. Understanding their experiences is important to increase nurse diversity. Design: Hermeneutic phenomenology was used to explore the experiences of 15 Black nurse faculty using interviews. Findings: Four themes were extracted as the following: cultural norms of the workplace, coping with improper assets, life as a “Lone Ranger,” and surviving the workplace environment. Discussion: The study provided insight to understand the meaning that Black faculty members give to their experiences working in predominantly White schools of nursing. Findings exemplify the need to improve culturally competent work environments and mentoring programs. Implications for Practice: Results suggest that better communication and proper respect from students, colleagues, and administrators are necessary. The limited research on this topic illu...
Caring in U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Sport: The perspectives of 18 female and male head coaches:

The current study was undertaken to explore how U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female and male head coaches defined and implemented care in their coaching practice. Eighte...
“Turned into the Women’s Journal”: Representation of sportswomen in Hungary’s sports magazine:

Over the last few decades, scholars have dedicated much attention to the coverage of sportswomen in the media. However, few of these studies are situated within the Central Eastern European context...
The Effect of Cortisone on Uterine Growth in Ovariectomized Rats receiving Estradiol

The growth of the uterus in ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol was compared with that of similar animals given both cortisone and estradiol. Examination of histological sections of the uteri of rats treated in these two ways revealed no significant differences in general histological topography or cytology. The results of one of the two experiments performed suggested that cortisone may antagonize the increase in interstitial fluid of the uterine wall but does not interfere with the growth of the uterus which results from administration of an estrogen. These results are compared with those on skin and other organs in which cortisone has been found to inhibit the growth and repair of mesenchymal tissues.
The Zoophysiological Laboratory and the Beginning of Exercise Physiology (1910–1916)

In January 1910, while “the seven small devils” were in press, August took off for Norway to work with the oceanographer Bjorn Helland Hansen at the Biological Station in Bergen. The previous summer August had read in the Times that the Arctic explorer Captain Roald Amundsen was planning an expedition on the ship Fram to the North pole by way of Cape Horn.1 Amundsen, a man of enormous competence and ambition, was the first to navigate the top of the world from ocean to ocean, the Northwest Passage, in 1905. Now he had Fridjof Nansen’s permission to use Fram for another expedition to the North Pole with the stated main objective of “a scientific study of the polar sea itself.”2 To learn oceanographic methods Amundsen had spent two months in Bergen taking a course given by Helland Hansen. Krogh wrote Amundsen to offer his help with instrumentation for gas analysis of air and seawater during the upcoming expedition. The question of rising atmospheric CO2, which Krogh had investigated on his Greenland expedition in 1902, was still of intense interest to him, and he was eager to gather more data using his own techniques, since the methods that Nansen had used had not been satisfactory. Krogh had arrived at the conclusion that the sea is a sort of regulator for the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Survey Research in HCI

Surveys, now commonplace on the Internet, allow researchers to make inferences about an entire population by gathering information from a small subset of the larger group. Surveys can gather insights about people’s attitudes, perceptions, intents, habits, awarenesses, experiences, and characteristics, at significant moments both in time and over time. Even though they are easy to administer, there is a wide gap between quick-and-dirty surveys and surveys that are properly planned, constructed, and analyzed.
Exploiting Synchrony in Replicated State Machines

We present Timestamp Order Preserving (TOP), a replicated state machine (RSM) protocol that exploits the synchrony of networks to provide high performance. TOP uses physical timestamp of synchronized clock as a consistent total order to achieve consensus. It keeps estimating the bounds of network latency and offset of synchronized clock to deduce the commit time for each operation. It adopts speculative processing and reconciliation techniques to improve performance. To demonstrate its advantages, we implement a key-value data store that uses TOP for data replication. Through evaluations in a geo-deployed testbed, by comparing it with Primary-Copy and Quorum-Replication protocols, we demonstrate that TOP has a similar commit latency with a higher sustainable throughput. In addition, it processes operations in the order of submission timestamp, which provides a stricter form of consistency.
Identification of pure and mixed basophil colonies in culture of human peripheral blood and marrow cells

We present a colony assay system that allows in situ identification of human basophil/mast cell (basophil) colonies. In methylcellulose culture, in the presence of phytohemagglutinin-leukocyte conditioned media (PHA-LCM), human peripheral blood and bone marrow cells form colonies that can be distinguished by their unique morphological characteristics. Pure basophil colonies are diffuse, small colonies containing small, round, highly refractile cells. These characteristics of the constituent cells led us to the observation that a significant number of basophils are found in combination with eosinophils. The mixed eosinophil/basophil colonies have the distinctive elements of pure eosinophil and pure basophil colonies. Usually, these are diffuse colonies with compact clusters of slightly larger, darker-appearing cells. We also found colonies that contained basophils and neutrophils/monocytes, but this type could not be consistently identified by in situ morphology. Cytochemical analysis confirmed the metachromatic nature of the granules in the basophils. The presence of IgE receptors on the cells was documented by indirect immunofluorescent staining after passive sensitization with purified human IgE. Peripheral blood cells from six healthy volunteers formed 5.7 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SEM) pure colonies in 2 X 10(5) cells. Cultures of bone marrow cells from patients with various types of anemia had 9.0 +/- 1.5 colonies in 10(5) cells. This is the first description of a colony assay system for in situ identification of a pure population of basophilic granulocytes.
Assaultive behavior in normal school children.

One hundred and one randomly selected pre-adolescent school children, who were not attending classes for emotionally disturbed or neurologically handicapped students were studied to determine the severity of assaultive behavior and the psychosocial variables associated with such behavior. Standardized research instruments were used in semistructured interviews of the children and parents. Major findings were a high prevalence of assaultive behavior and psychiatric disorders in this sample of children.
Weather Observation by an Electronically Scanned Dual-Polarization Phase-Tilt Radar

A dual-polarized X-band solid-state 1-D electronic scanning “phase-tilt” weather radar (PTWR) and its scanning geometry are presented. In this architecture, the true elevation angle decreases from the nominal array tilt angle and the true azimuth angle increases from the requested azimuth as one scans off boresight. Additionally, this scanning geometry induces a canting angle effect, which can be significant especially at higher elevation tilts. The predictions of potential biases in selected polarimetric variables due to this effect are derived. For elevation angles below 10°, where polarimetric measurements are of most value, predicted biases are negligible. The PTWR was deployed in Arlington, TX, USA, for an eight-week period during Spring 2014 collecting data on a number of weather events. The direct proximity (250 m away) of a mechanically scanning magnetron-based radar, employing a dual-polarized parabolic antenna allowed for a qualitative and quantitative data comparison. We find the differences in the observations made by the two radar systems are not attributable to the aforementioned biases, but appear primarily due to differences in sampling volumes of the two radars. We also find that at high-elevation tilts, the coupling of the true elevation angle with the array-relative azimuth scan angle complicates the interpretation of features at a constant altitude such as the melting layer.
Paradox and possibility: voluntarism and the urban environment in a post-political era

AbstractEnvironmental discourse in western democracies has become embroiled in a post-political crisis in which environmental problems that were once seen as public concerns to be debated openly are now defined as problems that are placed outside of politics. Meanwhile, a focus on urban sustainability has come to heavily influence both the management and the conduct of everyday urban life. This concurrence presents a paradox in which the de-politicization of the environment occurs even as environmental concerns are politically mobilized through various policy initiatives, consumer discourses, and environmentalist calls to action. In this paper, I consider the role of public engagement in the management of urban environments and its ability to undermine post-political discourses. In particular, I explore the ways in which the ethical propositions of an apoliticized environment are variously taken up uncritically, challenged, and sometimes modified through the public’s engagement with de-politicized discour...
Wittgenstein's Tractarian Apprenticeship

The years since the publication of Wittgenstein's Tractatus have produced a good many interpretations of its central tenets. Time has produced something of a consensus concerning the nature of the Tractarian criticisms of Russell's philosophy. Recent work on Russell's philosophy of logic reveals, however, that the agreed account of Tractarian criticisms relies upon characterizing Russell with positions he did not hold.
Allozyme variation in Busycon whelks (Gastropoda: Melongenidae).

Large Busycon whelks are used in physiological research and are key predators in shallow water marine communities in eastern North America. Allozyme analysis of 16 loci in Busycon carica (knobbed whelk), B. sinistrum (left-handed or lightning whelk), and the closely related outgroup Busycotypus spiratum (pear whelk) was performed. Striking differences in within-species genetic differentiation were observed. Geographic variation in B. carica is moderate (FST = 0.051). In B. sinistrum, however, FST is 0.625, suggesting the existence of either highly distinct subspecies or unresolved species. The pattern of genetic variation in B. sinistrum may be congruent with that in other taxa that have experienced Gulf-Atlantic and eastern-western Gulf vicariance events. The data are compatible with an evolutionary rate of 0.046 Nei D million years.
Packaging and Smart Power Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter provides background information, framework, and procedures to produce guide and system partitioning and functional integration. Circuits are typically designed based upon a pre-determined set of packaging technologies ranging from silicon integration of sub-circuit functions to multiple boards in a rack. Partitioning a circuit for packaging in one technology, such as all silicon, is straightforward. A first step to partitioning is creation of a comprehensive categorized list of electrical, mechanical, and thermal, technical user requirements. The second step is creation of a simple component characterization map that identifies dominant attributes of the components. A high-frequency magnetic core couples the radiated field into a copper conductor on a printed wiring board (PWB) and causes eddy current heating, increasing the skin-effect resistance. Higher resistance loss further increases conductor heating which increases the mechanical stresses between the conductor and PWB leading to early failure. Limitation of the dielectric isolation process is the higher cost. However, dielectric isolation does provide for more reliable isolation with greater circuit flexibility.
Reframing Campus Climate Data to Advocate for Institutional Transformation, Praxis, and Activism for LGBQQ+ College Students

In this chapter, Hoffman and Pryor use SERU data to show how LGBQQ+ students perceive campus climate and propose ways scholars and practitioners might reframe these data to advocate for institutional transformation and imagine new ways of being for LGBQQ+ students. The authors use the traditionally heterogendered institution critical conceptual framework to show how a reliance on institutions as the solutions to LGBQQ+ students’ problems may, in fact, constrain ways of being for students and inadvertently uphold existing hierarchies of gender and sexuality. We advocate for scholars and practitioners to use campus climate data to push for institutional transformation, improve praxis, and create avenues for activism that extend beyond the walls of the institution.
Cancer Immunotherapy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Remarkable progress has been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy in the past few years. Immunotherapy has become a standard treatment option for patients with various cancers, including melanoma, lymphoma, and carcinomas of the lungs, kidneys, bladder, and head and neck. Promising immunotherapy approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and therapeutic blockade of immune checkpoints, in particular cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1), has boosted the development of new therapeutic regimens for patients with cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) include monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab), monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibodies (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibodies (avelumab, durvalumab and atezolizumab) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In this review, we outline the latest highlights and progress in using immunotherapy to treat patients with DLBCL, with a focus on the therapeutic blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 and CAR T cell therapy in DLBCL. We also discuss current clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 and CAR T cell therapy and we review the challenges and opportunities of using immunotherapy for the treatment of DLBCL.
Gut Colonization with Methanogenic Archaea Lowers Plasma Trimethylamine N-oxide Concentrations in Apolipoprotein e−/− Mice

A mechanistic link between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and atherogenesis has been reported. TMAO is generated enzymatically in the liver by the oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA), which is produced from dietary choline, carnitine and betaine by gut bacteria. It is known that certain members of methanogenic archaea (MA) could use methylated amines such as trimethylamine as growth substrates in culture. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of gut colonization with MA on lowering plasma TMAO concentrations. Initially, we screened for the colonization potential and TMAO lowering efficacy of five MA species in C57BL/6 mice fed with high choline/TMA supplemented diet, and found out that all five species could colonize and lover plasma TMAO levels, although with different efficacies. The top performing MA, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosarcina mazei, and Methanomicrococcus blatticola, were transplanted into Apoe−/− mice fed with high choline/TMA supplemented diet. Similar to C57BL/6 mice, following initial provision of the MA, there was progressive attrition of MA within fecal microbial communities post-transplantation during the initial 3 weeks of the study. In general, plasma TMAO concentrations decreased significantly in proportion to the level of MA colonization. In a subsequent experiment, use of antibiotics and repeated transplantation of Apoe−/− mice with M. smithii, led to high engraftment levels during the 9 weeks of the study, resulting in a sustained and significantly lower average plasma TMAO concentrations (18.2 ± 19.6 μM) compared to that in mock-transplanted control mice (120.8 ± 13.0 μM, p < 0.001). Compared to control Apoe−/− mice, M. smithii-colonized mice also had a 44% decrease in aortic plaque area (8,570 μm [95% CI 19587–151821] vs. 15,369 μm [95% CI [70058–237321], p = 0.34), and 52% reduction in the fat content in the atherosclerotic plaques (14,283 μm [95% CI 4,957–23,608] vs. 29,870 μm [95% CI 18,074–41,666], p = 0.10), although these differences did not reach significance. Gut colonization with M. smithii leads to a significant reduction in plasma TMAO levels, with a tendency for attenuation of atherosclerosis burden in Apoe−/− mice. The anti-atherogenic potential of MA should be further tested in adequately powered experiments.
Government policy and pastoral land use in southwest Iran

Government sponsored change in Iran in the 1960s and 1970s had great impact on the nomadic pastoralism of the Qashqa'i. A national land reform was implemented, pasturelands were nationalized, tribal leaders were removed from tribal affairs, and the government controlled land use and migrations. Because of political and economic disruption caused by pasture scarcity, government restrictions, and undermined tribal institutions, a continuation of viable nomadic pastoralism was impossible for most Qashqa'i. However, revolutionary conditions in 1979 allowed a rapid reversal of these circumstances, and many Qashqa'i resumed nomadic pastoralism.
Germplasm collection, genetic diversity and on-farm conservation of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] landraces from Apulia region (southern Italy)

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is a major tropical pulse in a number of countries and especially in sub-Saharan Africa where this species was domesticated. Although as niche product, a remarkable number of cowpea landraces are cultivated in the Mediterranean basin, primarily for human consumption of the grains and fresh pods. In this study, within the frame of a regional project devoted to the safeguard and management of local horticultural genetic resources, some germplasm explorations were carried out in Apulia region (southern Italy) to collect, among other crops, cowpea landraces still present in the area and promote on-farm conservation of this traditional material. A second objective was to investigate the efficiency of SSR markers in detecting genetic polymorphism in cowpea landraces from a restricted geographical area. In total, 13 samples of V. unguiculata were gathered, 12 of cultivar group unguiculata and 1 of cultivar group sesquipedalis. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 13 Apulian accessions, 9 samples from various provenances and 1 var. spontanea accession were evaluated using SSR molecular markers. A set of 19 SSR primer pairs successfully identified closely related accessions and were able to separate the different cultivar groups of V. unguiculata.
Influence of OCT1 Ontogeny and Genetic Variation on Morphine Disposition in Critically Ill Neonates: Lessons From PBPK Modeling and Clinical Study.

Morphine is commonly used for analgesia in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) despite having highly variable pharmacokinetics (PKs) between individual patients. The pharmacogenetic (PG) effect of variants at the loci of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) on age-dependent morphine clearance were evaluated in a cohort of critically ill neonatal patients using an opportunistic sampling design. Our primary results demonstrate the significant influence of OCT1 genotype (P < 0.05) and gestational age (P ≤ 0.005) on morphine PKs. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for morphine that accounted for OCT1 ontogeny and PG effect in post-term neonates adequately described the clinically observed variability in morphine PKs. This study serves as a proof of concept for genotype-dependent drug transporter ontogeny in neonates.
Two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy of retinal capillary plexus oxygenation in mice

Impaired oxygen delivery and/or consumption in the retinal tissue underlies the pathophysiology of many retinal diseases. However, the essential tools for measuring oxygen concentration in retinal capillaries and studying oxygen transport to retinal tissue are still lacking. We show that two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy can be used to map absolute partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) in the retinal capillary plexus. Measurements were performed at various retinal depths in anesthetized mice under systemic normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. We used a newly developed two-photon phosphorescent oxygen probe, based on a two-photon absorbing platinum tetraphthalimidoporphyrin, and commercially available optics without correction for optical aberrations of the eye. The transverse and axial distances within the tissue volume were calibrated using a model of the eye’s optical system. We believe this is the first demonstration of in vivo depth-resolved imaging of pO2 in retinal capillaries. Application of this method has the potential to advance our understanding of oxygen delivery on the microvascular scale and help elucidate mechanisms underlying various retinal diseases.
Scaling Up Your Web Experience, Everywhere

We present an approach to improve users' web experience by dynamically reducing the complexity of websites rendered based on network conditions. Our approach is based on a simple insight - adjusting a browser window's scale (i.e., zooming in/out), changes the number of objects placed above-the-fold and thus hides the loading of objects pushed below the fold in the user scroll time. We design ScaleUp, a browser extension that tracks network conditions and adjusts browser scale appropriately to improve user web Quality of Experience (QoE) while preserving the design integrity of websites. Through control experiments, we demonstrate the impact of ScaleUp on a number of key QoE metrics over a random sample of 50 from the top 500 Alexa websites. We show that a simple adjustment in scale can result in an over 19% improvement on Above-The-Fold (ATF) time in the median case. While adjusting a scale factor can improve metrics of QoE, it is unclear if that translates into an improved web experience for users. We summarize findings from a large, crowdsourced experiment with 1,000 users showing that, indeed, improvement to QoE metrics correlate with an enhanced user experience.We have released ScaleUp as a Chrome Extension that now counts with over 1,000 users worldwide, and report on some of the lessons learned from this deployment.
Vantage: optimizing video upload for time-shifted viewing of social live streams

Social live video streaming (SLVS) applications are becoming increasingly popular with the rise of platforms such as Facebook-Live, YouTube-Live, Twitch and Periscope. A key characteristic that differentiates this new class of applications from traditional live streaming is that these live streams are watched by viewers at different delays; while some viewers watch a live stream in real-time, others view the content in a time-shifted manner at different delays. In the presence of variability in the upload bandwidth, which is typical in mobile environments, existing solutions silo viewers into either receiving low latency video at a lower quality or a higher quality video with a significant delay penalty, without accounting for the presence of diverse time-shifted viewers. In this paper, we present Vantage, a live-streaming upload solution that improves the overall quality of experience for diverse time-shifted viewers by using selective quality-enhancing retransmissions in addition to real-time frames, optimizing the encoding schedules to balance the allocation of the available bandwidth between the two. Our evaluation using real-world mobile network traces shows that Vantage can provide high quality simultaneously for both low-latency and delayed viewing. For delayed viewing, Vantage achieves an average improvement of 19.9% over real-time optimized video streaming techniques across all the network traces and test videos, with observed gains of up to 42.9%. These benefits come at the cost of an average drop in real-time quality of 3.3%, with a maximum drop of 7.1%. This represents a significant performance improvement over current techniques used for SLVS applications, which primarily optimize the video upload for real-time viewing.
Quantifying the distribution of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) density in the Hawaii-based longline fishery

Abstract The Hawaii-based longline fishery targeting bigeye tuna and swordfish is the most economically important fishery in Hawaii. An improved understanding of the distribution of swordfish within this fishery and how it changes in response to environmental conditions is critical for predicting potential climate change impacts to the fishery. The multi-species Vector-Autoregressive Spatio-Temporal (VAST) model was used to estimate abundance and density of swordfish within the Hawaii-based longline fishing grounds. Swordfish and bigeye tuna catch per unit effort were used in a spatial dynamics factor analysis to help estimate swordfish density in time periods when the swordfish fishery was closed. Although the model was unable to account fully for the significant changes in fishery regulations in 2000, it provided quantified estimates of swordfish density and distribution and information on how those distributions may change in response to environmental variables. Swordfish density center of gravity was found to correlate with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) averaged during the swordfish spawning season (April – July), with densities centered further north and east during positive SOI (cooler sea temperatures) and further south and west during negative SOI (warmer sea temperatures).
Trends in Outcomes for Marginal Allografts in Liver Transplant

Importance Investigating outcomes after marginal allograft transplant is essential in determining appropriate and more aggressive use of these allografts. Objective To determine the time trends in the outcomes of marginal liver allografts as defined by 6 different sets of criteria. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort, multicenter study, 75 050 patients who received a liver transplant between March 1, 2002, and September 30, 2016, were retrospectively analyzed to last known follow-up (n = 55 395) or death (n = 19 655) using the United Network for Organ Sharing Database. The study period was divided into three 5-year eras: 2002-2006, 2007-2011, and 2012-2016. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to examine the allograft after transplant with marginal allografts, which were defined as 90th percentile Donor Risk Index allografts (calculated over the entire study period), donor after circulatory death allografts, national share allografts, old age (donors >70 years) allografts, fatty liver allografts, and 90th percentile Discard Risk Index allografts. Statistical analysis was performed from August to December 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Allograft failure after transplant as defined by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Results Among the 75 050 patients (44 394 men; mean [SD] age, 54.3 [9.9] years) in the study, Donor Risk Index, patient Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores, and balance of risk scores significantly increased over time. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that 90th percentile Donor Risk Index allograft survival increased across the study period (2002-2006: hazard ratio, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.34-1.49]; 2007-2011: hazard ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.17-1.34]; 2012-2016: hazard ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.98-1.24]). Secondary definitions of marginal allografts (donor after circulatory death, national share, old age donors, fatty liver, and 90th percentile Discard Risk Index) showed similar improvements in allograft survival. Conclusions and Relevance The study’s findings encourage the aggressive use of liver allografts and may indicate a need for a redefinition of allograft marginality in liver transplantation.
Filtering STARR-Seq Peaks for Enhancers with Sequence Models

STARR-Seq is a high-throughput technique for directly identifying genomic regions with enhancer activity [1]. Genomic DNA is sheared, inserted into artificial plasmids designed so that DNA with enhancer activity trigger self-transcription, and transfected into culture cells. The resulting RNA is converted back into cDNA, sequenced, and aligned to a reference genome. "Peaks" are called by comparing observed read depth at each point to an expected read depth from control DNA using a statistical test. Examples of peak calling methods based on read depth include MACS2 [4], basicSTARRSeq, and STARRPeaker [3]. It is challenging to accurately distinguish between real peaks and artifacts in regions where mean read depth is low but the variance is high. Fortunately, enhancer activity is strongly correlated with sequence content. We propose using sequence-based machine learning models in a semi-supervised framework to filter peaks. 501-bp sequences centered on the a11k STARR peaks from [1] were extracted from the Drosophila melanogaster dm3 genome. Randomly-sampled 501-bp sequences were used as a negative set. Peaks were filtered using a Bonferroni-corrected significance value (α = 0.05) to create a "high-confidence" subset of a2.2k peaks. A Logistic Regression model with k-mer count features was trained on the high-confidence peak sequences and their negatives and used to classifying the remaining a8.8k peak sequences. The self-trained, sequenced-based model identified an additional a3.7k candidate enhancers ("medium confidence"). The remaining a5k STARR peaks were considered "low confidence" peaks. We plotted histograms of the read depth log-fold change for the three sets of peaks (high, medium, and low confidence) (see Figure 1). The distributions for the medium- and low-confidence peaks overlapped significantly. The sequence-based model identified enhancer candidates that would otherwise be filtered out using read depth alone. We called peaks for the 4 D. melanogaster FAIRE-Seq data sets from [2]. Sequencing data were cleaned with Trimmomatic, aligned to the dm3 genome with bwa backtrack, and filtered for mapping quality (q
Characterizing the effect of background selection on the polygenicity of brain-related traits.

Abstract Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated that psychopathology phenotypes are affected by many risk alleles with small effect (polygenicity). It is unclear how ubiquitously evolutionary pressures influence the genetic architecture of these traits. Methods We partitioned SNP heritability to assess the contribution of background (BGS) and positive selection, Neanderthal local ancestry, functional significance, and genotype networks in 75 brain-related traits (8411 ≤ N ≤ 1,131,181, mean N = 205,289). We applied binary annotations by dichotomizing each measure based on top 2%, 1%, and 0.5% of all scores genome-wide. Effect size distribution features were calculated using GENESIS. We tested the relationship between effect size distribution descriptive statistics and natural selection. In a subset of traits, we explore the inclusion of diagnostic heterogeneity (e.g., number of diagnostic combinations and total symptoms) in the tested relationship. Results SNP-heritability was enriched (false discovery rate q Conclusions Brain-related phenotypes with larger variance in risk locus effect sizes are associated with loci under BGS. We show exploratory results suggesting that diagnostic complexity may also contribute to the increased polygenicity of psychiatric disorders.
How and Why Does Franchise Ownership Affect Human Resource Practices? Evidence from the US Hotel Industry:

This study investigates the relationship between ownership form and human resource (HR) practices in a franchise system. Using data from a unique establishment-level survey of a US-based limited se...
All in the Family: The Apocalyptic Legal Tradition as Crit Theory

The Apocalyptic Legal Tradition is a convergence of dispensational theology with legal thought. The essay suggests that the same sources that birthed the Critical Legal Studies Movement of the 1970's and 1980's also birthed the ALT movement. Though the two movements are certainly differentiated by their ideologies, certain empirical phenomenon suggest a closer tie than one might conclude from first glance. This article suggests that the ALTS and the Crits share similarities in their pedagogical approach to the law, their focus on institutional change, and their collaboration outside of the traditional institution towards legal reform. A primary contribution that this piece makes is the conclusion that fringe movements in legal circles often utilize the same tools and methods, despite having different ideological concerns.
Spatiotemporal variation in the fecal microbiota of mule deer is associated with proximate and future measures of host health.

Background Mule deer rely on fat and protein stored prior to the winter season as an energy source during the winter months when other food sources are sparse. Since associated microorganisms ('microbiota') play a significant role in nutrient metabolism of their hosts, we predicted that variation in the microbiota might be associated with nutrient storage and overwintering in mule deer populations. To test this hypothesis we performed a 16S rRNA marker gene survey of fecal samples from two deer populations in the western United States before and after onset of winter. Results PERMANOVA analysis revealed the deer microbiota varied interactively with geography and season. Further, using metadata collected at the time of sampling, we were able to identify different fecal bacterial taxa that could potentially act as bioindicators of mule deer health outcomes. First, we identified the abundance of Collinsella (family: Coriobacteriaceae) reads as a possible predictor of poor overwintering outcomes for deer herds in multiple locations. Second, we showed that reads assigned to the Bacteroides and Mollicutes Order RF39 were both positively correlated with deer protein levels, leading to the idea that these sequences might be useful in predicting mule deer protein storage. Conclusions These analyses confirm that variation in the microbiota is associated with season-dependent health outcomes in mule deer, which may have useful implications for herd management strategies.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE BULK DENSITY OF BOILING LIQUID OXYGEN

In recent years the expanded use of liquefied gas propellants has occasioned the need for precise knowledge of the liquid properties under various conditions. One of the most useful information areas is that of the bulk density of boiling liquids. Various investigations of this factor have been made using both experimental[1] and analytical approaches. This paper presents the results of an experimental program and compares it with an analytical approximation developed earlier[2].
Model Selection in Parapsychology: Psychokinesis, Precognition or Chance?

This paper discusses three models that have been put forward to fit data from a particular type of experiment attempting to test psychic functioning. The experiments were actually designed to test what has been called “micro-psychokinesis,” in which participants tried to influence the output of a true random number generator. One of the three models tested is that the participants were capable of such influence, one is that the results were consistent with chance, and one is that the participants were able to anticipate when favorable sequences were about to occur and to start collecting data at that time. Data from over one hundred experiments appear to support this last model.
Commentary on Moodley S et al. “Shouldn’t Propranolol be Used to Treat All Hemangiomas?”

I was asked to provide a commentary for “Shouldn’t Propranolol be Used to Treat All Hemangiomas?” by Moodley et al. (Aesth Plast Surg, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00266-015-0557-x ). I commend the authors for implicitly recognizing that it is no longer appropriate to take the laissez faire approach to hemangiomas of infancy. Whilst hemangiomas will eventually improve, they will not necessarily “disappear,” as parents are often erroneously counseled. In fact, the larger a hemangioma becomes, the less likely one will be pleased with the ultimate result, whether treated medically or not. The natural process of proliferation followed by involution often produces saggy anetoderma, which, in certain anatomic locations is obvious and draws negative attention. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
Abstract 4017: Dynamic biochemical tissue analysis detects functional selectin ligands expressed on breast, colorectal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and stomach cancer tissues

Accumulating evidence suggests that selectin/selectin ligand interactions are involved in mediating the adhesion of bloodborne circulating tumor cells at distant sites during the later stages of cancer metastasis. Presently, immunostaining is the standard method for detecting selectin ligands expressed on tissue, but this approach cannot ascertain if the selectin ligands are functional. That is, detection of purported selectin ligands by static (no-force) immunostaining under equilibrium conditions does not necessitate that the reactive antigens are able to mediate cell adhesion with hemodynamic flow (force) under non-equilibrium conditions. The relevance of functional selectin ligands as a biomarker is presently unclear because of the lack of adequate detection methods. Recently, we developed a method to detect functional selectin ligands in situ by perfusing selectin-coated microspheres (probes) over cancer tissues in a microfluidic device. This method of tissue interrogation is termed dynamic biochemical tissue analysis (DBTA). Preliminary analysis of signet ring cell colon carcinoma tissue revealed the highest amount of specific probe adhesion relative to negative control probes occurred with a murine E-selectin probe, rather than human E-, P-, or L-selectin probes. Therefore, to investigate the relevance of functional selectin ligand expression on cancer tissue as a biomarker, 196 cases of various solid tumors at primary and metastatic sites were investigated with DBTA using murine E-selectin. Probe adhesion occurred on multiple cases of breast, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and stomach cancers, demonstrating the presence of functional selectin ligands. In addition, probe adhesion occurred on multiple cases of breast, colon, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, rectal, and stomach cancer tissues sampled from metastatic sites. Overall, probe adhesion levels for the tissues investigated ranged from 10 specifically adherent probes/mm2 on lung adenosquamous carcinoma to 1170 specifically adherent probes/mm2 on ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma, indicating broad levels of functional selectin ligand expression. In summary, DBTA detects functional selectin ligands expressed on tissue from multiple cancer types at both the primary and metastatic sites, data that may provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information for malignant tumors. Citation Format: Eric Martin, Ramiro Malgor, Douglas Goetz, Monica Burdick. Dynamic biochemical tissue analysis detects functional selectin ligands expressed on breast, colorectal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and stomach cancer tissues. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4017. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4017
Neighborhood Disorder, Social Support, and Self‐Esteem: Evidence from a Sample of Low‐income Women Living in Three Cities

Although several studies show that self–esteem varies according to neighborhood context, few have directly examined potential mediators of this association. In this paper, we use longitudinal surve...
SOME DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

This chapter focuses on discrete probability distributions. It discusses six discrete distributions or populations, applicable to a variety of sampling situations. They are widely useful probability models. They are defined on countable spaces, such as 0 to n , 0 to ∞, or k to ∞ and 1–3 parameters, which when specified, give particular cases.. The chapter also provides information on μ, σ, α 3 , and α 4 in terms of the parameters and shows how to approximate the probability functions p( y ).
MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) Regulates Postnatal Polyploidization in the Murine Liver

A defining feature of the mammalian liver is polyploidy, a numerical change in the complement of chromosomes. Hepatocytes are either mono- or binucleate, and ploidy is determined by the number of n...
Constrained quenched master field for continuum QCD

Abstract Stochastic quantization of theories of unitary matrices is achieved via general Langevin-Fokker-Planck systems on group space. Lattice gauge theories and large- N quenching are discussed. Emphasis is on a new Langevin equation for the Gross-Kitazawa constrained gluon. Total (space-time) quenching is demonstrated to all orders for this field, resulting in an algebraic master equation for a properly constrained quenched master field for continuum QCD.
Impaired Angiogenesis: A Critical Contributor to Problematic Fracture Healing in Diabetes

RESULTS: Aging is associated with cell intrinsic changes in the skeletal stem cell population and a decline in their regenerative potential. Heterochronic parabiosis rejuvenates aged bones by altering osteoclastogenesis. Transcriptional and metabolomic changes are associated with the age-related functional decline of skeletal stem cells. Manipulation of BMP and Wnt signaling pathways can rejuvenate aged bone by stimulating their innate regenerative capacity.