cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting invasiveness and range size in wetland plants using biological traits: a multivariate experimental approach

Summary 1. Predicting invasion potential across a wide range of plant species using only their biological traits is often challenging. We present a novel approach, aligning species along a multivariate axis of putative invasiveness traits. The traits were quantified in a common garden in which we manipulated two critical variables thought to strongly influence invasiveness: herbivory and resource availability. 2. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize 20 species based on seven key traits (percentage germination, specific leaf area, seed mass, above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, response to fertilization and response to herbivory). We then assessed whether the linear combination of traits identified by axis 1 of the PCA could predict invasiveness. 3. Axis 1 of the trait-based PCA explained nearly 40% of variation in two literature-based invasiveness scores; thus, we considered it to be useful as a trait-based invasiveness index. Literaturebased invasiveness was greatest in large species (both above-ground and below-ground) with high percentage germination, small positive responses to fertilization and small negative responses to herbivory. 4. Contrary to expectations from the enemy release hypothesis, species that were native to our region and highly invasive elsewhere were associated with only weak responses to insect herbivory. This suggests that invasion potential may be highest in species that are insensitive to herbivore pressure, rather than species benefitting the most from enemy release. 5. Native range size is often an effective predictor of invasiveness, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear; we therefore compared the predictive ability of range size versus biological traits. Our trait-based index was a better predictor of invasiveness than range size, while also explaining nearly 20% of the variation in longitudinal range size. 6. Synthesis. We present a novel method for using traits to quantify invasiveness that appears to have broad predictive utility. Our results explicitly link biological traits to range size and global invasiveness, perhaps reflecting a general ecological strategy in plants. Following additional testing, this simple method could be utilized in a pre-introduction screening protocol, and we provide practical recommendations for doing so.
The complexity of RP selection in multicast channelization

Rendezvous point (RP) selection for multicast groups is the problem of selecting a node to serve as the RP-host for a multicast group. We consider rendezvous point selection in the context of channelization where groups have been established based on user preferences for a set of available flows. Thus, each of the flows associated with a group will arrive at the node that serves as the RP-host for that group, from which those flows will be multicast to the group subscribers. We study the simultaneous assignment of RP-hosts for a collection of multi-cast groups with the dual goals of a) not overloading any single node serving as a host; and, b) minimizing the total network traffic. Toward those ends we consider two versions of the problem. For Bounded Host Assignment, we give a polynomial time algorithm for finding an optimal assignment. For Host Traffic Constrained Assignment, we establish that the problem is NP-complete and then study approximation algorithms. Simulation results are provided for the latter problem comparing the effectiveness of the solutions produced by our algorithms with optimal solutions.
Biological function of unannotated transcription during the early development of Drosophila melanogaster

Many animal and plant genomes are transcribed much more extensively than current annotations predict. However, the biological function of these unannotated transcribed regions is largely unknown. Approximately 7% and 23% of the detected transcribed nucleotides during D. melanogaster embryogenesis map to unannotated intergenic and intronic regions, respectively. Based on computational analysis of coordinated transcription, we conservatively estimate that 29% of all unannotated transcribed sequences function as missed or alternative exons of well-characterized protein-coding genes. We estimate that 15.6% of intergenic transcribed regions function as missed or alternative transcription start sites (TSS) used by 11.4% of the expressed protein-coding genes. Identification of P element mutations within or near newly identified 5' exons provides a strategy for mapping previously uncharacterized mutations to their respective genes. Collectively, these data indicate that at least 85% of the fly genome is transcribed and processed into mature transcripts representing at least 30% of the fly genome.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL SPIDER ANELOSIMUS STUDIOSUS (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE) AND FOREIGN SPIDERS THAT FREQUENT ITS NESTS

Abstract Because competition for resources generally leads to the spatial exclusion of species using similar resources, it is surprising that foreign spider species are frequently observed in or near the nests of the social spider, Anelosimus studiosus (Hentz 1850) (Theridiidae). In this study, we quantified the frequency of A. studiosus-foreign spider co-occurrence and completed experiments designed to explain the nature of the host-foreign spider species associations. Four families were numerically prominent nest associates of A. studiosus: Salticidae, Anyphaenidae, Araneidae and Tetragnathidae. These families and the Agelenidae (intermediate association rate) and (Philodromidae) (infrequent association rate) were subjected to further study. In choice trials, no foreign spider family discriminated nest silk or A. studiosus, itself, from the foliage the nest is built in. Predation events and maximum inter-individual spacing were significant outcomes of induced pair-wise interactions between host and fore...
CAM05-6: Lightpath Topology Configuration for Wavelength-routed IP/MPLS Networks for Time-Dependent Traffic

The integration of lightpath topology design and IP/MPLS traffic engineering provides greater flexibility for next generation networks. In this paper, we consider the integrated design problem of configuration of lightpath topology and optimal routing of IP/MPLS tunnels on this lightpath topology for time- varying traffic. A mixed integer linear programming model is proposed to design an optimal configuration of lightpath topology, which takes time-dependent traffic demand as an input to the model for IP/MPLS traffic engineering. We consider two variants of the problem: in the first variant, re-routing of IP/MPLS tunnels is not allowed from one-time period to another while reconfiguration rerouting is allowed in the second variation. We also consider various traffic engineering objectives and study their impact on different performance measures. In particular, we propose a composite objective function to combine the benefits of various objectives. Through computational results, we quantify the benefit of the configurable option over the static option.
Trapping of genes induced upon growth arrest after treatment with antiestrogen or retinoids using retroviral promoter trap

Although chemopreventive anti-steroids such as the antiestrogens are thought to act through competitive inhibition of agonist binding to estrogen receptors, it has been postulated that the estrogen receptor changes its conformation when bound to a strong antiestrogen such as ICI-164,384. We hypothesized that such conformationally changed receptors could bind specific recognition sequences in the genome and activate specific genes that might be involved in growth arrest. In order to identify such genes with a functional assay, we used a retroviral gene trap U3lacZ. We have now isolated MCF-7 breast cancer cell line clones in which the lacZ reporter gene is inserted into the genes activated by either ICI-164,384 or retinoic acid. One such clone, B4, was further characterized. In B4, lacZ activity is induced by ICI-164,384 or trans-retinoic acid, and repressed after treatment with estradiol. Cloning of the 5′-flanking genomic sequence in this clone will be possible using polymerase chain reaction.
Enhancing transparent skin surfaces with ridge and valley lines

There are many applications that can benefit from the simultaneous display of multiple layers of data. The objective in these cases is to render the layered surfaces in such a way that the outer structures can be seen and seen through at the same time. This paper focuses on the particular application of radiation therapy treatment planning, in which physicians need to understand the three-dimensional distribution of radiation dose in the context of patient anatomy. We describe a promising technique for communicating the shape and position of the transparent skin surface while at the same time minimally occluding underlying isointensity dose surfaces and anatomical objects: adding a sparse, opaque texture comprised of a small set of carefully-chosen lines. We explain the perceptual motivation for explicitly drawing ridge and valley curves on a transparent surface, describe straightforward mathematical techniques for detecting and rendering these lines, and propose a small number of reasonably effective methods for selectively emphasizing the most perceptually relevant lines in the display.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of docetaxel with or without ketoconazole modulation in chemonaive breast cancer patients

Abstract Background We previously found 70 mg flat-dose docetaxel coadministered with ketoconazole to modulate CYP3A4 to be the maximum tolerated dose that resulted in comparable docetaxel area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) as 75–100 mg/m2 docetaxel. Patients and methods We compared cycle 1 docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between ketoconazole-modulated (70 mg flat-dose docetaxel, n = 31) and conventional-dosed docetaxel (75 mg/m2, n = 51) in chemonaive breast cancer patients in two sequential phase II studies. Results Ketoconazole-modulated docetaxel resulted in reduced docetaxel clearance (22.05 ± 8.29 versus 36.52 ± 13.39 l/h, P Conclusions Ketoconazole-modulated docetaxel achieved similar docetaxel AUC and tumor efficacy but reduced neutrophil suppression and febrile neutropenia at ∼40% reduced dose, representing a feasible alternative to conventional-dosed docetaxel. Interethnic differences in CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole exist and are important when evaluating the impact of concomitant medications.
Ultrasound guidance compared with electrical neurostimulation for peripheral nerve block: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background. Despite the growing interest in the use of ultrasound (US) imaging to guide performance of regional anaesthetic procedures such as peripheral nerve blocks, controversy still exists as to whether US is superior to previously developed nerve localization techniques such as the use of a peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS). We sought to clarify this issue by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials that have compared these two methods of nerve localization. Methods. We searched Ovid MEDLINE w , the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials w , and Google Scholar databases and also the reference lists of relevant publications for eligible studies. A total of 13 studies met our criteria and were included for analysis. Studies were rated for methodological quality by two reviewers. Data from these studies were
The effects of neonatal vestibular stimulation on adult growth and emotional reactivity in BALB/c mice

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of neonatal vestibular stimulation on the subsequent development and behavior in BALB/c mice. No evidence appeared to suggest that neonatal vestibular stimulation alters either the growth pattern or the ontogenesis of emotional reactivity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF STROKE: A RECOVERING NURSE'S STORY

The author, both a nurse and patient, suffered a massive stroke. Included are the internal and external struggles and how to cope. Derived are lessons learned for nurses, to more fully understand a person with a stroke.
Men's Mental Health: A Call to Social Workers

Substantial attention is paid to the mental health needs of women and children by social work researchers, educators, and practitioners--and with good reason, as these are two vulnerable populations in U.S. society. However, the status of men's mental health; its resulting effect on individuals, families, and communities; and the various challenges associated with it are often overlooked by social workers. The authors document the prevalence of common mental health issues among men in the United States, the unique problems that men face, and help-seeking behaviors. They also discuss how social work is in an exceptional position to help men, and the systemic effects that social work practice with men can have. The authors assert that helping improve men's mental health is critical for social work, particularly given its values recognizing the dignity and worth of all individuals. Their goal is to raise awareness and spark an open dialogue about social work practice with men.
Diffusion of oxygen, nitrogen and their mixtures in carbon molecular sieve

Diffusivities of oxygen, nitrogen and their mixtures in carbon molecular sieve are measured under conditions used for kinetic separation of air by adsorption (elevated pressures). In binary diffusion, codiffusion enhances fluxes for both components, whereas counterdiffusion has the opposite effects; for both cases, the effects are significantly more pronounced for the fast diffusing component. The multicomponent diffusion theory developed earlier in this laboratory for surface diffusion is reformulated for diffusion in molecular sieves. Multicomponent diffusivities can be predicted from the following pure-component information: concentration-dependent diffusivities and diffusional activation energies. Predicted binary diffusion results agree fairly with the experimental data for oxygen and nitrogen in carbon molecular sieve.
DNA microarray analysis of the expression of the genes encoding the major enzymes in ethanol production during glucose and xylose co-fermentation by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces yeast

Lignocellulosic biomass, which contains large amounts of glucose and xylose, is the new ideal feedstock for ethanol production used as renewable liquid fuel for transportation. The naturally occurring Saccharomyces yeasts traditionally used for industrial ethanol production are unable to ferment xylose. We have successfully developed genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeasts that can effectively co-ferment both glucose and xylose simultaneously to ethanol. Our engineered yeast contains three xylose metabolizing genes, the xylose reductase (XR), xylitol dehydrogenase (XD) and xylulokinase (XK) genes, fused to glycolytic promoters, on high copy plasmids or integrated into the yeast chromosome in multiple copies. Although our glucose/xylose co-fermenting yeasts are currently the most effective yeast for producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass, they still utilize glucose more efficiently than xylose. We believe that carefully analyzing gene expression during co-fermentation of glucose and xylose to ethanol, using our genetically modified strains, will reveal ways to optimize xylose fermentation. In this paper, we report our results on analyzing the expression of genes in the glycolitic and alcoholic fermentation pathways using microarray technology. We also report the results on the analysis of the activities of the selected enzymes for ethanol production during co-fermentation of glucose and xylose to ethanol by one of our effective glucose/xylose co-fermenting yeasts 424A(LNH-ST).
Query caching and view selection for XML databases

In this paper, we propose a method for maintaining a semantic cache of materialized XPath views. The cached views include queries that have been previously asked, and additional selected views. The cache can be stored inside or outside the database. We describe a notion of XPath query/view answerability, which allows us to reduce tree operations to string operations for matching a query/view pair. We show how to store and maintain the cached views in relational tables, so that cache lookup is very efficient. We also describe a technique for view selection, given a warm-up workload. We experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of our caching techniques, and performance gains obtained by employing such a cache.
Determinants of Left Ventricular Functional Recovery After Thrombolytic Therapy and/or Immediate Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction

To determine the effect of thrombolytic therapy and/or immediate coronary angioplasty (PTCA) on left ventricularfunction. 129 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction were retrospectively studied. Treatment strategies included thrombolytic therapy alone (n = 29), PTCA alone (n = 41), and combined thrombolytic therapy and PTCA (n = 59). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and infarct zone regional wall motion (R WM) were determined from contrast ventriculography obtained acutely and at day 7-10. In the overall group, there was a 2 & 9% increase in LVEF (p < 0.02) and a 0.7 f 1.2 SD/chord increase in R WM (p < 0.0001) between day 1 and day 7-10. Patients with a patent infarct vessel at day 7-10 had a more significant change (A) in LVEF (3 f 8 vs -5 & 996, p = 0.0002) and RWM (0.8 f 1.2 vs 0.1 A 1.0 SD/chord, p < 0.02) than patients with .an occluded vessel. Patients with a residual stenosis < 70% at day 7-10 manifested a greater MVEF (3 f 8 vs -5 f 9%. p < 0.01) and ARWW (0.9 k 1.2 vs 0.1 1.0 SD/ chord, p < 0.05) than patients who were occluded. There was a negative correlation between residual
mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation and function

Upon antigen recognition, naive T cells undergo rapid expansion and activation. The energy requirements for this expansion are formidable, and T-cell activation is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, the outcome of antigen engagement is guided by multiple cues derived from the immune microenvironment. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is emerging as a central integrator of these signals playing a critical role in driving T-cell differentiation and function. Indeed, multiple metabolic programs are controlled by mTOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of mTOR in regulating metabolism and how these pathways intersect with the ability of mTOR to integrate cues that guide the outcome of T-cell receptor engagement.
Should Intrastate Funding Formulae for the Older Americans Act Include a Rural Factor

Most states maintain an Intrastate Funding Formula (IFF) to allocate Older Americans Act funds to planning and service areas within their state. The intention of these formulae is to target resources to those elders in the greatest economic and social need. To achieve this objective, the vast majority of states include measures of age, income, and race in their IFFs. In contrast, the inclusion of a geographic or rural factor is much more controversial. This research was initiated to determine if there was empirical support for the argument that residence influences the need for services after controlling for those factors commonly used by most states in their IFFs. Using data from the Supplement on Aging to the 1984 National Health Interview Survey, the results demonstrate that residing in a nonmetropolitan area increases the likelihood of poor health and the need for services after controlling for age, income, and race. Results also indicate that collectively the four predictor variables account for a very small proportion of the variance in need.
Determination of metal vapor ion concentration in an argon/copper plasma for ionized physical vapor deposition

An important characterization parameter associated with ionized physical vapor deposition systems is the amount of metal vapor that is actually ionized. In such systems, metal ions, in this case copper, formed by passing sputtered metal vapor through a high density plasma are used for ion plating applications. Here, a Langmuir probe technique is utilized which takes advantage of changes in the ratio of the ion saturation current to the electron saturation current to determine the variations in both copper and argon ion concentrations as a function of sputter power. The data indicate that at fixed rf power, the copper ion concentration increases rapidly with increasing sputter rate, eventually overtaking argon as the dominant ion species in the discharge. These findings also suggest that the fraction of electrons with sufficient energy to ionize argon neutrals decreases as a function of magnetron power. Optical emission spectra collected as a function of magnetron sputter power provide supporting evidence that the electron population in the tail of the electron energy distribution function is depleted by the introduction of the copper vapor. This quenching is attributed to inelastic collisions with copper associated with the low threshold energies and large excitation and ionization cross sections as compared to argon, and the resulting reduction in the measured plasma potential.
The influence of composition and field annealing on magnetic properties of FeCo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys

We report the influence of composition and very high transverse field annealing on the magnetic properties and structure of four FeCo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. The compositions (Fe50Co50)89Zr7B4 and (Fe65Co35)89Zr7B4 were investigated changing the Fe:Co ratio from 50:50 to 65:35. (Fe50Co50)85Zr2Nb4B8.5 was chosen to investigate Nb substitution for Zr in an FeCo-based alloy. This substitution is shown to increase the magnetostrictive constant, lS; of the nanocrystalline alloy from 36! 10 " 6 to 54! 10 " 6 . The composition (Fe65Co35)84Cr5Zr7B4 was studied to investigate the influence of Cr on intergranular coupling across the amorphous matrix. Samples of each composition were annealed in the amorphous state at 3001C and in the nanocrystalline state at 6001C. Field annealing was performed in 17T transverse field in an inert atmosphere. Frequency-dependent magnetic properties were measured with an automatic recording hysteresisgraph. Static magnetic properties were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer. The mass-specific power loss of the alloys decreased with field annealing in both the nanocrystalline and amorphous states for some frequency and induction combinations. Furthermore, the hysteresis loops are sheared after field annealing, indicating a transverse magnetic anisotropy. The nanocrystalline (Fe50Co50)85Zr2Nb4B8.5 composition has a lower relative permeability than the other compositions. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Sorting in mesh connected multiprocessors

A sorting algorithm, dubbed MeshSort, for multidimensional mesh-connected multiprocessors is introduced. Bitonic Sort and ShearSort are shown to be special cases of MeshSort. MeshSort thus provides some insight into the operation of parallel sorting. It requires operations only along orthogonal vectors of processors, simplifying the control of the multiprocessor. This allows MeshSort to be used on any reduced architecture where a multidimensional memory structure is interconnected with a lower dimensional structure of processors. A modified version of MeshSort, called FastMeshSort, is presented. This algorithm applies the same basic principle as MeshSort, and is almost as simple to implement, but achieves much better performance. The modified algorithm is shown to be very efficient for reasonably sized meshes. FastMeshSort is presented as a practical sorting and routing algorithm for real multidimensional mesh-connected multiprocessors. The algorithms can easily be extended to other multiprocessor structures. >
Comparison of Electroimmunodiffusion and Radial Immunodiffusion for Measurement of IgG in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

The detection of a supranormal quantity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in cerebrospinal fluid is valuable in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In a previously published study of over 300 patients, including 46 patients with a clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 74% of the patients were found to have an abnormally high IgG value, expressed as a ratio of IgG/albumin, by the reliable method of electroimmunodiffusion. In the present study the recently introduced method of radial immunodiffusion was compared with established electroimmunodiffusion technique in divided samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 49 patients with a wide range of IgG/albumin values. The correlation of the results obtained by these two methods was very good ( r = 0.945), but the variance with radial immunodiffusion (±20%) is greater than with electroimmunodiffusion (±15%). Two samples that exhibited increased values by the electroimmunodiffusion method were normal with the other technique. We conclude that electroimmunodiffusion remains a slightly more accurate and sensitive technique, although radial immunodiffusion is simpler and requires less technician time.
The Impact of Child-Related Stressors on the Psychological Functioning of Lower-Income Mothers After Hurricane Katrina:

In the present study, the authors examined the role of child-related stressors in the psychological adjustment of lower-income, primarily unmarried and African American, mothers (N = 386). All participants lived in areas affected by Hurricane Katrina, and about a third were also exposed to Hurricane Rita (30.3%, n = 117). Lacking knowledge of a child’s safety during the hurricanes was a significant predictor of heightened postdisaster psychological distress and posttraumatic stress, even after controlling for demographic variables, predisaster psychological distress, evacuation timing, and bereavement. From interviews with a subset of the participants (n = 57), we found that mothers consistently put their own needs behind those of their children. The authors recommend policies that promptly reunite mothers with missing children and support lower-income mothers in caring for their children during natural disasters and the aftermath.
Histiocytosis X: Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis

Histiocytosis X is a complex and poorly understood entity. This article reviews certain themes found recurrently throughout the literature dealing with this disease: I) problems with nomenclature; 2) identification of the Langerhans' cell as the consistent pathognomonic cell in the lesions of histiocytosis X; 3) recognition that immune system dysfunction is a critical part of histiocytosis X; 4) histiocytosis X is an extremely heterogeneous clinical disorder; 5) histiocytosis X requires improved therapy but is a difficult setting in which to perform clinical studies; and 6) there has been slow progress in research concerning this disease.
Effective Communication Tips for Young Lawyers

This short article presents some guidance for new attorneys in the art of communicating effectively. The author reminds the reader that even when not speaking, we communicate through body language. The young attorney wants to create a positive impression on both listeners and observers, and thus the author offers eleven points on how to succeed in this, whether the audience is partners, judges, clients, opposing counsel, or assistants.
National Identity and Immigration Policy in the United States and the European Union

This article contrasts the efforts currently underway in the European Union to develop a harmonized system for admitting and integrating immigrants with the repeated failure of immigration reform in the U.S. and the absence of a policy for immigrant integration. After examining recent obstacles to immigration reform in the U.S., Part II discusses different integration models and experiences in the U.S. and the European Union. Part III then considers the extent to which these different approaches can be explained by i) domestic law and legal norms; ii) different discourses on integration; iii) the connection between national and supranational forms of belonging and identity; and iv) the relationship between citizenship and immigration policy. I argue that despite encouraging efforts underway in Europe, ultimately the U.S. stands the best chance of succeeding in effectively integrating newcomers into society. For integration of immigrants to be truly successful, EU member states must learn that successful integration depends not just on having a comprehensive integration policy with benchmarks but on providing meaningful access to citizenship. In the U.S., in turn, integration policy must be defined not only in terms of eligibility for naturalization; it must ensure that residents enjoy, as far as possible, the same legal protections as U.S. citizens.
On a class of orthogonal series

Предположим, что зада на такая последовате льность разбиений отрезка [0, 1], ч то (n+1) разбиение всегда мел ьчеn-го. Такая последовательность естественным образо м порождает последовательность попарно ортогональн ых пространств кусочно постоянных функций. Некоторые свойства с оответствующих орто гональных рядов изучались в раб оте [2]. Цель настоящей работы — найти при нек оторых дополнительн ых предположениях член ы такого ряда исходя из его суммы (см. 5.4 и 5.6). Некоторая модифик ация этих результатов при водит в разд. 6.4 к обобщению тео ремы 2 из работы [5]. В наши х доказательствах час то используются соображения, разрабо танные в [4]. Некоторые б лизкие вопросы исследовали сь, например, в [6] и [7]. Основные результа ты работы без доказат ельства были сформулированы в [1].
Role of the somersault rearrangement in the oxidation step for flavin monooxygenases (FMO). A comparison between FMO and conventional xenobiotic oxidation with hydroperoxides.

Model quantum mechanical calculations presented for C-4a-flavin hydroperoxide (FlHOOH) at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level suggest a new mechanism for flavoprotein monooxygenase (FMO) oxidation involvi...
Seismic structure of the European upper mantle based on adjoint tomography

We use adjoint tomography to iteratively determine seismic models of the crust and upper mantle beneath the European continent and the North Atlantic Ocean. Three-component seismograms from 190 earthquakes recorded by 745 seismographic stations are employed in the inversion. Crustal model EPcrust combined with mantle model S362ANI comprise the 3-D starting model, EU00. Before the structural inversion, earthquake source parameters, for example, centroid moment tensors and locations, are reinverted based on global 3-D Green's functions and Frechet derivatives. This study consists of three stages. In stage one, frequency-dependent phase differences between observed and simulated seismograms are used to constrain radially anisotropic wave speed variations. In stage two, frequency-dependent phase and amplitude measurements are combined to simultaneously constrain elastic wave speeds and anelastic attenuation. In these two stages, long-period surface waves and short-period body waves are combined to simultaneously constrain shallow and deep structures. In stage three, frequency-dependent phase and amplitude anomalies of three-component surface waves are used to simultaneously constrain radial and azimuthal anisotropy. After this three-stage inversion, we obtain a new seismic model of the European curst and upper mantle, named EU60. Improvements in misfits and histograms in both phase and amplitude help us to validate this three-stage inversion strategy. Long-wavelength elastic wave speed variations in model EU60 compare favourably with previous body- and surface wave tomographic models. Some hitherto unidentified features, such as the Adria microplate, naturally emerge from the smooth starting model. Subducting slabs, slab detachments, ancient suture zones, continental rifts and backarc basins are well resolved in model EU60. We find an anticorrelation between shear wave speed and anelastic attenuation at depths 1, indicating predominantly horizontal flow within the upper mantle. In addition, subduction zones, such as the Apennines and Hellenic arcs, are characterized by vertical flow with ξ < 1 at depths greater than 150 km. We find that the direction of the fast anisotropic axis is closely tied to the tectonic evolution of the region. Averaged radial peak-to-peak anisotropic strength profiles identify distinct brittle-ductile deformation in lithospheric strength beneath oceans and continents. Finally, we use the ‘point-spread function’ to assess image quality and analyse trade-offs between different model parameters.
Measuring Judicial Success: Interpersonal Intelligence and Commitment to Enduring Values

In the 2007 Foulston Siefkin lecture at Washburn University School of Law, Professor Jeffery Rosen from George Washington University raised questions about how we should assess United State Supreme Court Justices. Does temperament matter? Is it more important for successful judges to defer to the legislature rather than to promote fundamental values? Underlying these questions, how should we measure judicial success?This response is not necessarily a disagreement with Professor Rosen's assessments. Instead, comments focus on alternative means of viewing some of the issues raised by Rosen. First, the author questions whether references to "temperament" adequately capture the characteristic that distinguishes the Justices described by Professor Rosen, preferring "interpersonal intelligence" to assessments of temper or conviviality. Second, he questions the interplay between democratic deference and fundamental values, asserting that fidelity to fundamental democratic values requires performing a counter-majoritarian role in response to localized or temporary popular impulses. Finally, the author addresses problems of measuring judicial success. If Professor Rosen believes that we should have equally high regard for Supreme Court Justices, whether they use their power to protect the indigent or unpopular, or use the same power to reinforce established power elites, then the author and Rosen likely part company.
The effects of regrouping on behavioral and production parameters in finishing swine.

Three trials involving 396 pigs were conducted to determine the effects of regrouping finishing swine (83.8 +/- .69 kg) on weight gain and behavior during the subsequent 2-wk period. The methodology between Trials 1, 2, and 3 differed primarily in the total number of pigs tested (72, 144, and 180, respectively) and the number of pigs per pen (3, 3 or 5, and 5, respectively). In all trials, like-sexed pigs were moved into a new pen location and allotted to one of three treatments: 1) a group of familiar pen mates (Control), 2) a group composed of unfamiliar pigs (Mixed), and 3) pigs mixed with strangers for 24 h and then reunited with original pen mates for the duration of the trial (Mixed 24 h). In the pooled analysis, control pigs gained faster (P < .01) than Mixed pigs (.87 and .77 kg/d, respectively) over the 2-wk period. Mixed 24-h pigs were intermediate in gain (.80 kg/d), indicating that the most severe aggression normally observed during the first 24 h accounts for only a portion of the setback. Apparently the negative social stress associated with being in the presence of unfamiliar pigs persisted beyond the first 24 h and was sufficient to limit weight gain over the 2-wk period. Time spent fighting was reduced from 1.72 min/h during a 6-h period on d 1 to .39 min/h during a 3-h period by d 2 in the Mixed group. Fighting was still observed in the Mixed pens 8 d after regrouping (.23 min/h), indicative of ongoing social conflicts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical Carcinogens and Oncogenes

Association of environmental chemicals as causative agents for cancer has been reported as early as 1761. The geographical pattern of incidence of cancer among human populations and its prevalence in individuals with specific occupations and habits has provided important clues on the etiology of the disease. Studies on the metabolism of potent chemical carcinogens in different cell types have identified active derivatives of many of these compounds and characterized the nature of their direct interactions with the cellular macromolecules. A strong correlation between the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of large series of compounds suggested that DNA is the ultimate target of these carcinogens. More direct evidence for this concept originated from the classical DNA-mediated transfection studies identifying tumorigenic DNA sequences in chemically transformed cells which, when transferred to nontumorigenic cells resulted in the malignant transformation of recipient cells. Since these early reports we now know more regarding these oncogenic DNA sequences (“oncogenes”) and on the molecular aspects of chemical carcinogenesis and accompanying altered gene structure and gene expressions (increase, decrease, inactivation or novel expression). Numerous studies with end stage tumors or with tumor cells in cultures or with in vitro, transformed cells have identified several such ocogenic DNA sequences the cellular unmodified homologue of which are referred to as “protooncogenes”. It has been postulated that more than one of these cellular protooncogenes are involved in a stage specific fashion in the multistep carcinogenesis process. The cooperative interaction of different cellular protooncogenes activated at different stages of the DMBA-induced in vivo carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouch epithelium will be elaborated.
Micro-structure in kinematic-hardening plasticity

A gradient regularization of the classical kinematic-hardening plasticity is presented. The underlying continuum model is formally related to Mindlin's elasticity theory with micro-structure.
Concept maps for navigating signal processing education resources

We describe the application of concept maps for learning in a DSP course. A new software tool for creating concept maps and dynamically linking them to a database of learning resources has been developed. We summarize our experience with students using this tool to create maps and interact with the available resources.
Expectations and Characteristic Functions

Expectation — We have been concerned thus far with the development of a model to allow the computation and manipulation of the probabilities of sets of events (outcomes) arising in random experiments. We now seek ways for determining the “average” behavior of these outcomes. A simple example may serve to illustrate what is meant by the term “average”.
Ring-enhancing cerebral lesions.

The patient has poorly controlled HIV, seizures, and brain lesions. Is Histoplasma or Toxoplasma the cause of the lesions?
Restoring Threatened Masculinity: The Appeal of Sexist and Anti-Gay Humor

We propose that men scoring higher in precarious manhood beliefs (PMB) express amusement with sexist and anti-gay humor (but not other forms of humor) in response to masculinity threat in order to reaffirm their masculinity. Accordingly, Experiment 1 (166 heterosexual men in the United States recruited through Amazon.com ’s Mechanical Turk) supported the hypothesis that men higher in PMB express greater amusement with sexist and anti-gay jokes after experiencing a threat to their masculinity but not in the absence of masculinity threat. Also, the significant positive relationship between PMB and amusement following a masculinity threat was unique to the sexist and anti-gay jokes; it did not emerge for anti-Muslim and neutral jokes. Experiment 2 (221 heterosexual men in the United States recruited through Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk) extended the findings of Experiment 1, supporting the hypothesis that, following a masculinity threat, men higher in PMB express amusement with sexist and anti-gay humor because they believe it reaffirms their masculinity. Thus, our findings suggest that sexist and anti-gay humor serve a self-affirming function for men who possess higher PMB in situations that threaten one’s masculinity. By uncovering a novel psychological function of sexist and anti-gay humor in social settings, we hope the present research will lead to better understandings of the kinds of situations that foster its occurrence and ultimately to strategies for preventing it.
Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study.

Background Swimming in fecally-contaminated waterbodies can result in gastrointestinal infections. However, the pathogenic microorganisms responsible are not well understood because sporadic cases of illness are not reported completely, exposure information is often not collected, and epidemiology studies rely on self-reported symptoms. Noroviruses are considered a likely cause because they are found in high densities in sewage, resistant to wastewater treatment and survive in the environment. In this study, saliva samples were collected from subjects at a beach in Puerto Rico and tested for evidence of norovirus-specific IgG responses as an indicator of incident norovirus infection. Methods Saliva samples were collected from 1298 participants using an oral swab. Samples were collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–12 days (S2); and after three weeks (S3). Saliva was tested for IgG responses to GI.1 and GII.4 noroviruses using a microsphere based multiplex salivary immunoassay. Immunoconversion was defined as a four-fold increase in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) from S1 to S2 with the S3 sample at least three times above the S1 MFI. Results Thirty-four subjects (2.6%) immunoconverted to GI.1 or GII.4 norovirus. Swimmers who immersed their head in water had a higher rate of immunoconversion (3.4%), compared to either non-swimmers (0.0%, p = 0.003) or waders and non-swimmers combined (0.4%, Odds Ratio: 5.07, 95% Confidence Interval:1.48–17.00). Immunoconversion was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate an association between swimming at a beach impacted by fecal contamination and asymptomatic norovirus infection. The findings implicate recreational water as potentially important transmission pathway for norovirus infection.
Quantitative Analysis of the Membrana Granulosa in Developing and Ovulatory Follicles

Ever since Regnier de Graf in 1672 [1] mistakenly identified the entire preovulatory follicle as the ovum, our concept of the structure and function of the follicle has been changing. It is now recognized that the ovarian follicle is a complex structure, composed of subregions that cooperate in the nutrition and expulsion of a healthy oocyte and in the production of numerous steroid hormones. The two major regions of the mature follicle are the membrana granulosa and the theca, separated from each other by a thick and distinct basement membrane. The morphology and ultrastructure of the membrana granulosa dramatically changes as the follicle matures. In this review these structural modifications will be documented and related to the physiology and function of the membrana granulosa both in situ and in vitro.
Neural Control of the Intermediate Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Pars Intermedia) and Proopiomelanocortin

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the principles of neural control of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland and proopiomelanocortin. The adenohypophysis is derived from placodal ectoderm located at the anterior neural ridge in all vertebrates. Abundance evidence suggests that PHDA neuron-derived DA released into the IL has a role in regulating prolactin secretion from AL lactotropes. Equine Cushing's disease or pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a spontaneous and progressive disorder of horses that is caused by degeneration of the PHDA neurons. Regardless of the nature or location of melanotropes in humans, the IL has proven to be a useful experimental model for pituitary tumorigenesis and has illuminated the importance of cell-cycle control mechanisms in adenoma formation. IL-specific rescue of Rb expression in Rb heterozygous mice prevents IL tumors, but results in delayed expression of AL tumors possibly related to a putative inhibitory effect of MSH on AL cell proliferation.
Confused Culpability, Contrived Causation, and the Collapse of Tort Theory

What justifies tort law? Once we identify a domain that is central to if not co-extensive with “torts,” we will find that it consists of a motley collection of doctrines that are impossible to justify under any recognizable and attractive normative principles.
Predator Avoidance: Mechanisms

Mechanistic research on antipredator behavior focuses on identifying the causes and consequences of how prey cope with predators. The perceptual aspects of predator recognition are emphasized, focusing on the olfactory, auditory, and visual recognition cues used to identify predators. Predator recognition can result from learning to associate a predator with a threatening circumstance, a process that enhances survival and compensates for historical inconsistencies in predator encounters that have not acted as sources of natural selection. If predator configuration and the circumstances of predator encounters have been consistent in the evolutionary time frame, then natural selection can shape the evolution of predator recognition. Relaxed selection from predators has different effects on the persistence of innate predator recognition depending on the complexity of perceptual integration.
Lasers used for spectroscopy: fundamentals of spectral and temporal control

Abstract: This chapter provides a brief summary/background of laser operation and source considerations, in particular the unique properties of lasers in terms of spectral and temporal control. As brilliant light sources, lasers are extremely powerful tools for sensing applications, and their utility continues to improve as the cost, size, and complexity of laser systems reduce. This discussion begins with an overview of laser conditions such as pump methods, gain, and cavity conditions. From there, intra- and extra-cavity methods for spectral and temporal control of the laser output are described.
Cyclic organohydroborate complexes of metallocenes

Abstract The complexes, Cp2M{(μ-H)2BC4H8} (1: M=Ti; 2: M=Nb), Cp2M{(μ-H)2BC5H10} (3: M=Ti; 4: M=Nb), and Cp2M{(μ-H)2BC8H14} (5: M=Ti; 6: M=Nb), were prepared from the reactions of Cp2MCl2 with the organohydroborate salts, K[H2B2(μ-H)(μ-C4H8)2], K[H2BC5H10], and K[H2BC8H14], respectively. In these reactions, the transition metal is reduced from M(IV) to M(III), producing 17-electron, paramagnetic titanocene complexes (1, 3 and 5) and eighteen electron, diamagnetic niobocene complexes (2, 4 and 6). Single crystal X-ray structures of 1–6 were determined. The molecular structure of Cp2Nb{(μ-H)2BH2} (7) was redetermined using modern CCD techniques.