cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 19th Century Fruitland Schoolhouse: Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Technology to Investigate and Document Archaeological Ruins at the Ross Natural History Reservation in Lyon County, Kansas

The ruins of the 19thcentury Fruitland Schoolhouse were investigated and documented using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology to determine the extent of the ruins and to acquire high-resolution imagery of the archaeological site in its entirety, a perspective not obtainable using ground-based photography. The Fruitland Schoolhouse was a structure with a limestone foundation that was built by Quakers Thomas H. and Mary W. Stanley in the late-1860s on what is today known as the Ross Natural History Reservation (RNHR) in Lyon County, Kansas. The schoolhouse served as both an educational and religious center throughout the mid-to-late-19thcentury, but today lies abandoned and overgrown with dense vegetation, largely hidden from view. In 2012, the location of this archaeological site was rediscovered after a large wildfire exposed the schoolhouse's foundation stones, the only extant portion of the original schoolhouse structure.A scheduled burn at the Ross Reservation in the spring of 2017 allowed for an aerial investigation of the site and surrounding property via UAS. Aerial imagery revealed for the first time that, in addition to the 9 m x 9 m schoolhouse, the foundation of a limestone wall approximately 100 m x 50 m surrounds the Fruitland Schoolhouse property, and a hand-dug well also remains in the southeastern corner of the site. The use of small-format aerial photography, in concert with ground-based photography and ground-truthing methods, proved advantageous in the documentation of this historically significant archaeological site located in the eastern Flint Hills of Kansas. Remote-sensing via UAS has great potential in terms of site identification, and can be instrumental to both the physical and digital preservation of archaeological ruins.
Marken, Marktmacht, Missbrauch?

Im Herbst 2017 ist das neue EU-Markenrecht in Kraft getreten und wurde in Osterreich bereits umgesetzt. Die europaische und die osterreichische Rechtsordnung kennen seither neben Individualmarken, Verbands- bzw Unionskollektivmarken auch sogenannte Gewahrleistungsmarken. Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt diese Neuerungen zum Anlass, das Verhaltnis von Markenrecht und Kartellrecht grundlegend zu verorten. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Verbands- und Unionskollektivmarken bzw Gewahrleistungsmarken strukturell andere kartellrechtliche Fragen aufwerfen als Individualmarken.
Embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes inhibit doxorubicin-induced TLR4-NLRP3-mediated cell death-pyroptosis

Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity is mediated through increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis. We report for the first time as per the best of our knowledge that Dox initiates To...
Advanced Three-Phase Instantaneous Power Theory Feature Extraction for Microgrid Islanding and Synchronized Measurements

Real-time fault detection and classification of electrical measurements is a monitoring challenge in power systems because fault identification plays a vital role in the automatic islanding and resynchronization of Microgrids. Realtime recordings from synchronous measurement units bring new functional capabilities to the microgrid controllers among which real-time islanding detection and classification would be a critical task to be addressed. In this work, we initialize the idea of an instantaneous intelligent passive islanding detection (IIPID) strategy by interpreting the instantaneous power theories as a fast and reliable feature extraction framework for islanding event detection and recognition. We are going to use the advanced power theories as possible signal decomposition techniques to extract a set of distinctive features to model the behavior of a different type of faults in the smart microgrid systems. For this reason, we have used the synchronous reference frame method in addition to conservative power theory (also a combination of these techniques) to extract useful features from 3-phase electrical voltage signals under faulty situations. A dataset of 10 famous islanding event scenarios have been generated in Matlab/Simulink, and a variety of combined feature spaces were formed. Through comprehensive discussions over these case studies, it has been demonstrated that this technique will form a well-separable feature space which can be easily exploited by any nonlinear classifier to recognize the reason of the fault in almost real-time and with a high accuracy.
Therapeutic transformation of juvenile corrections in Virginia: A mixed method analysis of benefits and challenges

Abstract Many juvenile correctional institutions have moved toward a punitive, adult-like management model that prioritizes security and control. In recent years, Virginia has reinstituted a rehabilitative approach in its juvenile facilities via the Community Treatment Model, a therapeutic model of youth corrections similar to the Missouri Model that emphasizes relationship building, community and family connections, and group- based treatment and accountability. Despite the tremendous investment involved, evaluations of therapeutic correctional programs are rare. This article reports findings from a mixed-method, mid-implementation assessment of perceived benefits and challenges with Virginia's model. We conducted 18 focus groups and 248 surveys with incarcerated youth and facility staff. Perceived program benefits included regular, structured activities; increased family engagement; and improved staff-youth relationships facilitated by consistent staffing and efforts to build rapport. Participants identified forced interactions; youth resistance to talking- focused activities; insufficient accountability mechanisms; implementation problems; and questions regarding universal applicability as challenges with the new model.
The oral health quality of life for seniors in residential facilities who have direct access to care as compared to those without access.

Abstract Introduction This pilot study tests whether there is a perceived difference in oral health when residents in long-term care facilities receive direct access to the scaling of teeth/debridement using dental hygiene instruments compared to facilities who provide only minimal oral hygiene care. Methods The study was a quasi-experimental pretest/post-test control group design and took place at two long-term care senior residential facilities in Sheridan, Wyoming. Fifteen residents from each facility comprised the study sample (n = 30). The treatment group received a debridement and oral hygiene education and the control group received brushing, flossing, and oral hygiene education. Results Results revealed a significant difference in pre/post OHIP-5 scores in the treatment group (p = 0.0222). The control group had improved scores, but it was not significant. Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant difference in the perception of oral health quality of life when seniors received a dental cleaning where they reside.
13 – INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of international trade. All nations gain from international trade. The theory of comparative advantage holds that mutually advantageous trade is based on differences in opportunity costs. The country with the lowest opportunity cost exports. Trade that follows this rule is good for both sides and increases total production and consumption. Tariffs are a tax on imports. Quotas are a physical import limitation; they create a shortage and drive up prices. Most economists favor free trade. The arguments against free trade center on protection, national defense, competition problems, and infant industries. Consumers bear most of the tariff burden on goods with an inelastic import demand (few domestic substitutes). Tariffs translate into price increases for these goods. Producers pay a larger share of the tariff on goods with elastic import demand. The balance of payments and the balance of trade are two ways of accounting for international payments.
Change and stability in contraceptive use patterns among US women over a 12-month period: analysis using the 2013-2015 National Survey of Family Growth life history calendar.

Abstract Objective To improve understanding of contraceptive use over 1 year among women in the United States. Study design We used the 2013–2015 National Survey of Family Growth to examine monthly contraceptive use patterns over a 12-month period. We focused on use of contraception during months in which non-sterilized women were sexually active and not pregnant; our outcomes were contraceptive use in every month, some months, and no months. We used simple and multivariate logistic regression to examine socio-demographic and method use characteristics associated with contraceptive use patterns. Results Some 72% of non-pregnant, non-surgically sterile women used contraception in every sexually active month. After controlling for other demographic and individual characteristics, adolescents had higher odds (aOR = 2.45) of using contraception in each sexually active month compared to women aged 25–29. Other groups more likely to use contraception monthly included those with some college (aOR = 1.58) compared to less than high school and non-cohabiting unmarried women (aOR = 1.49) compared to married women. Those with gaps in insurance coverage during the past year (aOR = 0.70), women who were not sexually active all 12 months (aOR = 0.42), and those with more than two male sexual partners (aOR = 0.49), were less likely to use contraception every sexually active month. Nearly half (46%) of contraceptive users in our sample used more than one type of contraceptive method over the 12-month period. Conclusions The majority of women use contraception every month they are sexually active, although there is variation between socio-demographic groups. However, over a one-year period, many women used dynamic contraceptive strategies. Implications Health care providers should recognize that contraceptive use patterns are dynamic and change over a relatively short time period for many women.
Design of a 200 kW Medium-Frequency Transformer (MFT) With High Insulation Capability

This paper presents the design of a 200-kW medium-frequency transformer (MFT) based on low loss magnetic core (FINEMET® FT-3TL). Parallel-concentric winding structure is utilized to increase the current carrying capability and reduce the leakage inductance. Based on the parallel-concentric winding concept, a novel insulation structure with two-layer 3D printed bobbins is further proposed. The developed MFT achieves a power density higher than 19 kW/L. The electrical insulation system is tested at AC peak 14 kV voltage and DC 25kV voltage. In addition, the partial discharge test is conducted at AC 8.5kV peak voltage to ensure a partial discharge (PD)-free design. Finally, the MFT is applied to a medium voltage solid-state transformer (SST) to verify the design.
Polarity-Tolerant Chloride Binding in Foldamer Capsules by Programmed Solvent-Exclusion.

Persistent anion binding in a wide range of solution environments is a key challenge that continues to motivate and demand new strategies in synthetic receptor design. Though strong binding in low-polarity solvents has become routine, our ability to maintain high affinities in high-polarity solvents has not yet reached the standard set by nature. Anions are bound and transported regularly in aqueous environments by proteins that use secondary and tertiary structure to isolate anion binding sites from water. Inspired by this principle of solvent exclusion, we created a sequence-defined foldameric capsule whose global minimum conformation displays a helical folded state and is preorganized for 1:1 anion complexation. The high stability of the folded geometry and its ability to exclude solvent were supported by solid-state and solution phase studies. This capsule then withstood a 4-fold increase in solvent dielectric constant (er) from dichloromethane (9) to acetonitrile (36) while maintaining a high and solvent-independent affinity of 105 M-1; ΔG ∼ 28 kJ mol-1. This behavior is unusual. More typical of solvent-dependent behavior, Cl- affinities were seen to plummet in control compounds, such as aryl-triazole macrocycles and pentads, with their solvent-exposed binding cavities susceptible to dielectric screening. Finally, dimethyl sulfoxide denatures the foldamer by putative solvent binding, which then lowers the foldamer's Cl- affinity to normal levels. The design of this capsule demonstrates a new prototype for the development of potent receptors that can operate in polar solvents and has the potential to help manage hydrophilic anions present in the hydrosphere and biosphere.
Bystander CPR occurrences in out of hospital cardiac arrest between sexes.

Abstract Background Bystander CPR (B-CPR) is known to be a critical action in treating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Immediate CPR may double a patient’s chance of survival. Only 40% of OHCA patients receive B-CPR (Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival 1 ). Civilians may be more comfortable performing CPR on male than female victims based on stereotyped training and the culture of cardiac disease treatment. Objective We hypothesize that of OHCA patients receiving B-CPR, there is a gender disparity favoring males. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) dataset. 149,734 cases were included in this analysis. Primary outcome was frequency of B-CPR between genders. Secondary analysis included gender disparity in AED pad placement, and subsets divided by type of bystander. Results Among 149,734 OHCA, 78,738 received B-CPR. 28,485 of 55,215 females (51.59%) received B-CPR, compared to 50,253 of 94,519 males (53.17%, p Conclusion There was a significantly lower rate of B-CPR in women experiencing OCHA in the population sample analyzed. Continued education and research are needed on the topic to address gender-specific differences in OHCA.
Scalable Digital Synchronizer for Enabling Hardware-Level BLE Mesh Networks under 1 mW

We present a hardware accelerator, fabricated in 180 nm CMOS, for baseband timing of BLE mesh networks. The timing circuitry augments the BLE physical layer with a new command that enables scalable synchronization and aggressive duty-cycling of mesh nodes for low-power P2P communication. The custom ASIC contains a digital correlator which enables low-latency detection of a BPSK synchronization packet, or syncword. The detected syncword advances the phase of a nonlinear pulse-coupled oscillator, which drives the network to a synchronized state. The accelerator interfaces with the AD9364 software-defined radio via a ZedBoard to make a fully functional node. Duty-cycled multi-hop communication is demonstrated with total power consumption per radio node of less than 1 mW while communicating 64-bit 10 MSPS packets.
The Spectrality of the Sophists: Double Kairos and Timely Untimeliness

Reading the rhetorrectional situation requires a practical place for a rhetor to begin. Once the visor affect grows into something more consciously troubling, the rhetor looks for a textual thread to pull to help unravel the haunting/spectral experience. This textual thread may be found in the Sophist doctrine of kairos, a concept that influenced Lloyd Bitzer’s idea of the rhetorical situation. This chapter gives a brief overview of the Sophists, their rhetorical doctrine of kairos, and how a doubling of that doctrine opens up a way to read the anachronistic elements of the rhetorrectional situation.
Optical integral and sum-rule violation in high- T c superconductors

The purpose of this work is to investigate the role of the lattice in the optical Kubo sum rule in the cuprates. We compute conductivities, optical integrals W, and \Delta W between superconducting and normal states for 2-D systems with lattice dispersion typical of the cuprates for four different models -- a dirty BCS model, a single Einstein boson model, a marginal Fermi liquid model, and a collective boson model with a feedback from super-conductivity on a collective boson. The goal of the paper is two-fold. First, we analyze the dependence of W on the upper cut-off w_c placed on the optical integral because in experiments W is measured up to frequencies of order bandwidth. For a BCS model, the Kubo sum rule is almost fully reproduced at w_c equal to the bandwidth. But for other models only 70%-80% of Kubo sum rule is obtained up to this scale and even less so for \Delta W, implying that the Kubo sum rule has to be applied with caution. Second, we analyze the sign of \Delta W. In all models we studied \Delta W is positive at small w_c, then crosses zero and approaches a negative value at large w_c, i.e. the optical integral in a superconductor is smaller than in a normal state. The point of zero crossing, however, increases with the interaction strength and in a collective boson model becomes comparable to the bandwidth at strong coupling. We argue that this model exhibits the behavior consistent with that in the cuprates.
Antibiotics and the Ribosome

Originally published in: Protein Crystallography in Drug Discovery. Edited by Robert E. Babine and Sherin S. Abdel-Meguid. Copyright © 2004 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30678-7 The sections in this article are Introduction The Ribosome Introduction Binding of tRNA Peptidyl Transferase Activity Structure of the Ribosome Antibiotics Introduction Antibiotics that Bind to the 50S Subunit MLSB Antibiotics Macrolides Macrolides, 15- and 16-Membered Binding Interactions Between the Lactone Ring and the Ribosome Sugar Interactions with the Ribosome A Covalent Bond Macrolides, 14-Membered Rational Drug Design of Macrolides Lincosamides Streptogramins Chloramphenicol Nucleoside Analogue Antibiotics Puromycin Aminoacyl-4-aminohexosyl-cytosine Antibiotics Other Antibiotics that Bind to the 50S Subunit Sparsomycin Anisomycin Prospects for Rational Drug Design of Antibiotics that Bind to the Ribosome Acknowledgments Keywords: antibiotics; ribosome; tRNA; peptidyl transferase activity; MLSB antibiotics; macrolides; lincosamides; streptogramins; chloramphenicol; nucleoside; analogue antibiotics
Locality-Based Server Profiling for Intrusion Detection

Detection of intrusion on network servers plays an ever more important role in network security. This paper investigates whether analysis of incoming connection behavior for properties of locality can be used to create a normal profile for network servers. Intrusions can then be detected due to their abnormal behavior. Experiments show that connections to a typical network server do in fact exhibit locality, and attacks can be detected through their violation of locality.
Soft constraints in nonlinear spectral fitting with regularized lineshape deconvolution.

This paper presents a novel method for incorporating a priori knowledge into regularized nonlinear spectral fitting as soft constraints. Regularization was recently introduced to lineshape deconvolution as a method for correcting spectral distortions. Here, the deconvoluted lineshape was described by a new type of lineshape model and applied to spectral fitting. The non-linear spectral fitting was carried out in two steps that were subject to hard constraints and soft constraints, respectively. The hard constraints step provided a starting point and, therefore, only the changes of the relevant variables were constrained in the soft constraints step and incorporated into the linear sub-steps of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The method was demonstrated using localized averaged echo time point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) proton spectroscopy of human brains.
A new technique for standby leakage reduction in high-performance circuits

A new standby leakage control technique, which exploits the leakage reduction offered by transistor stacks with "more than one 'off' device", demonstrates 2/spl times/ reduction in standby leakage power for a 32-bit static CMOS adder in a low-Vt, sub-1V, 0.1 /spl mu/m technology. Leakage reduction is achieved with minimal overheads in area, power and process technology. The dynamics of leakage reduction due to transistor stacks, and its influence on the overall leakage power of large circuits are elucidated for the first time.
Relaxation effects in hypervelocity flow: selected contributions from the T5 Lab

Experimental access to flows in the total enthalpy range from 5 to 20 MJ/kg was greatly increased by Stalker’s [1] introduction of the free-piston shock tunnel in the 1960’s. Since then, experiments conducted in the later T series of these (T3 in Canberra, T4 in Queensland, T5 at Caltech) and the larger machines (HEG in Gottingen, HIEST in Japan) have changed the landscape of gasdynamics in this range enormously. Specifically, a number of previously unknown phenomena, some showing dramatic effects, were discovered by such experiments. The scope of this paper is much too constraining to do justice to the whole body of contributions of these research groups. Accordingly I will restrict it to a selection from those more familiar to me and that have come from the T5 laboratory. Much of the work in the total enthalpy range of the free-piston shock tunnels is concerned with the main enemy of this regime: heat flux.
Dual peptide conjugation strategy for improved cellular uptake and mitochondria targeting.

Mitochondria are critical regulators of cellular function and survival. Delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents into mitochondria is a challenging task in modern pharmacology because the molecule to be delivered needs to first overcome the cell membrane barrier and then be able to actively target the intracellular organelle. Current strategy of conjugating either a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) or a subcellular targeting sequence to the molecule of interest only has limited success. We report here a dual peptide conjugation strategy to achieve effective delivery of a non-membrane-penetrating dye 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) into mitochondria through the incorporation of both a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) and a CPP into one conjugated molecule. Notably, circular dichroism studies reveal that the combined use of α-helix and PPII-like secondary structures has an unexpected, synergistic contribution to the internalization of the conjugate. Our results suggest that although the use of positiv...
Invaders eating invaders: Exploitation of novel alien prey by the alien shimofuri goby in the San Francisco Estuary, California

The shimofuri goby (Tridentiger bifasciatus), which is native to Asian estuaries, was recently introduced to the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA. We conducted gut content analyses to examine the goby’s feeding ecology in this highly invaded estuary. Shimofuri gobies were generalist predators on benthic invertebrates, consuming seasonally abundant prey, especially amphipods (Corophium spp.). In addition, shimofuri goby utilized two novel prey items not exploited by other resident fishes – hydroids (Cordylophora caspia) and barnacle (Balanus improvisus) cirri, both of which are alien. The shimofuri goby’s feeding ecology appears well-suited to the fluctuating environment of the San Francisco Estuary and may partially explain observed increases in shimofuri goby abundance compared with declines in populations of some native species.
On the positivstellensatz in Weyl’s algebra

We use harmonic analysis tools on the Heisenberg group to prove decay and regularity properties for a certain class of partial differential equations. These properties allow us to relax a technical condition for a sum of squares decomposition for the Weyl algebra.
The configurational stereochemistry of atactic vinyl homopolymers

Abstract Atactic vinyl homopolymers, synthesized from non-dissymmetric monomers, are produced racemic or enantiomerically pure depending on the length of the polymer chain. The optical inactivity of high molecular weight samples of these polymers arises by a mechanism unknown in small molecules: intermolecular compensation of diastereomers.
Parallel contact algorithms for nonlinear implicit transient analysis

This paper presents a nonlinear implicit transient formulation for parallel contact analysis. A new “lumping” algorithm based on the penalty method is developed to enforce contact constraints. This algorithm has the effect of incorporating contact generated connectivity and eliminating ill conditioning in the system stiffness matrix caused by the use of a large penalty parameter. Communication schemes are also developed to facilitate contact searching and enforcement in a parallel environment. Numerical analyses were conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. In addition, several contact simulations are also performed to study the performance of this new algorithm under different circumstances. Efficiency plots are also presented for one of the simulations to evaluate the performance of this parallel implicit contact formulation.
Pressure distributions and shock shapes for a bent-nose biconic at incidence

Initial results of a NASA study of the lift-drag characteristics of a 12.84/7 deg biconic model intended for airbraking during atmospheric entry of probes to Mars, Venus, Saturn, and Titan are reported. Pressure distributions and shock shapes were measured in the Langley 20 in. Mach 6 tunnel with the spherically blunted bent-nose model set at angles from 0-25 deg. Pressure distributions and shock shapes where computed using the STEIN flowfield code, which features a MacCormack scheme to integrate the three-dimensional Euler equations, the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions to model shock waves as discontinuities, and requires a supersonic condition at every step. A comparison was made between measured and predicted values. The leeward shock angle was found to be predictable to within 3% for all angles of attack, while parabolized Navier-Stokes equations are regarded as offering more accurate results than the STEIN code for surface pressure distributions.
Extraocular muscle satellite cells are high performance myo-engines retaining efficient regenerative capacity in dystrophin deficiency.

Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are highly specialized skeletal muscles that originate from the head mesoderm and control eye movements. EOMs are uniquely spared in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and animal models of dystrophin deficiency. Specific traits of myogenic progenitors may be determinants of this preferential sparing, but very little is known about the myogenic cells in this muscle group. While satellite cells (SCs) have long been recognized as the main source of myogenic cells in adult muscle, most of the knowledge about these cells comes from the prototypic limb muscles. In this study, we show that EOMs, regardless of their distinctive Pax3-negative lineage origin, harbor SCs that share a common signature (Pax7+, Ki67−, Nestin-GFP+, Myf5nLacZ+, MyoD-positive lineage origin) with their limb and diaphragm somite-derived counterparts, but are remarkably endowed with a high proliferative potential as revealed in cell culture assays. Specifically, we demonstrate that in adult as well as in aging mice, EOM SCs possess a superior expansion capacity, contributing significantly more proliferating, differentiating and renewal progeny than their limb and diaphragm counterparts. These robust growth and renewal properties are maintained by EOM SCs isolated from dystrophin-null (mdx) mice, while SCs from muscles affected by dystrophin deficiency (i.e., limb and diaphragm) expand poorly in vitro. EOM SCs also retain higher performance in cell transplantation assays in which donor cells were engrafted into host mdx limb muscle. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive picture of EOM myogenic progenitors, showing that while these cells share common hallmarks with the prototypic SCs in somite-derived muscles, they distinctively feature robust growth and renewal capacities that warrant the title of high performance myo-engines and promote consideration of their properties for developing new approaches in cell-based therapy to combat skeletal muscle wasting.
Effects of an Online Instructional Application on Reading And Mathematics Standardized Test Scores

AbstractStandardized tests have become commonly used tools for accountability in public education in the United States. In Florida, the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) is used to measure student achievement on grade-specific standards and benchmarks. Various agencies have developed computer-based and web-based software applications to improve student performance on these tests. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of one such application, FCAT Explorer, on student FCAT scores. We used hierarchical analysis of variance and analysis of covariance to compare scores for schools that used FCAT Explorer, and schools that did not. We examined fourth, fifth, eighth, and tenth grade FCAT reading and mathematics scores for selected elementary schools and high schools. Student scores from elementary schools using FCAT Explorer were significantly higher than scores from elementary schools that did not use FCAT Explorer. At the high school level, we found no significant differences in score...
Onset of unimanual handedness in infants

Although aspects of handedness may be innate, infants' manual preference does undergo developmental change during the first year of life. This study tested for unimanual handedness at 5, 7, and 9 months of age and found evidence for the emergence of a unimanual hand preference between 5 and 7 months of age. The 7- and 9-month-olds contacted toys more frequently with the right than left hand, while the 5-month-olds did not show any preference between the two hands. Retesting of the 5-month-olds at 9 months of age confirmed the presence of unimanual handedness at the older age in contrast to its earlier absence. Right or left unimanual handedness at 7 or 9 months of age corresponded to manual preference for bimanual manipulation as assessed at 13 months of age in 23 of 28 infants. This evidence for the onset of unimanual handedness by 7 months, in conjunction with past evidence for the onset of bimanual handedness by 13 months, clearly indicates the emergence of different types of handedness at different points during the first year of life.
Diffusion of water through hydrocarbon liquids

Diffusion of water through slightly volatile hydrocarbon liquids can be described by dm/dt = –DA(dc/dx) where dm/dt is the rate of mass transport, A the area, dc/dx the concentration gradient, and D the diffusion coefficient. For dilute systems, D can be determined from an experimental evaluation of dm/dt, A, and dc/dx. In the experimental arrangement used, water diffuses through a layer of hydrocarbon lying fiat on a layer of water in a small beaker which is attached to a recording microbalance. The system is closed and maintained anhydrous with MgClO4. When steady-state diffusion is attained, dm/dt is measured directly by the microbalance. Water diffuses from maximum concentration (water-hydrocarbon interface) to zero concentration (hydrocarbon-anhydrous air interface). Thus, the gradient dc/dx becomes –s/l where s is the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon, and l is the layer thickness. Therefore D = (dm/dt)l/(sA). Diffusion coefficients have been determined for water diffusing through n-hexadecane and 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl tetracusane at five temperatures from 25–45°C. Results give a good fit in an Arrhenius plot. Diffusion activation energies are calculated as well as entropies of activation based on the Eyring absolute rate theory. Results are compared with data for the diffusion of water through polyethylene and polypropylene.
Tense Past: Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory, edited by Paul Antze and Michael Lambek (New York: Routledge, 1996); How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy, by Maurice E. F. Bloch (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998); Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, by Ian Hacking (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

The title of this essay is inspired by Melford Spiro's “Whatever Happened to the Id?” (1979), in which he critiqued structural and symbolic theories of culture that denied Freudian universals such as sexuality and aggression. In some ways, there might be no connections between the Id and the Soul. The Id is associated with the writings of Freud while the history of the concept of the Soul links us to classical Greek philosophy and early Christian philosophers.
Vehicles of Transmission, Translation, and Transformation in Medieval Textual Culture

This collection of studies on the transmission of knowledge and culture in the Middle Ages is a welcome contribution to the fields of textual criticism, philology, and history, raising timely theor...
Ultraspectral sounding retrieval error budget and estimation

The ultraspectral infrared radiances obtained from satellite observations provide atmospheric, surface, and/or cloud information. The intent of the measurement of the thermodynamic state is the initialization of weather and climate models. Great effort has been given to retrieving and validating these atmospheric, surface, and/or cloud properties. Error Consistency Analysis Scheme (ECAS), through fast radiative transfer model (RTM) forward and inverse calculations, has been developed to estimate the error budget in terms of absolute and standard deviation of differences in both spectral radiance and retrieved geophysical parameter domains. The retrieval error is assessed through ECAS without assistance of other independent measurements such as radiosonde data. ECAS re-evaluates instrument random noise, and establishes the link between radiometric accuracy and retrieved geophysical parameter accuracy. ECAS can be applied to measurements of any ultraspectral instrument and any retrieval scheme with associated RTM. In this paper, ECAS is described and demonstration is made with the measurements of the METOP-A satellite Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)..
Risk-Based TMDLs in Pathogen-Impaired Waters

A risk-management approach is proposed for estimating total maximum daily load (TMDL) load reductions in pathogen-impaired streams. The approach is based on reducing the observed α -percentile concentration to the α -percentile water-quality standard with a β -percentile level of confidence. The required reduction is determined using an explicit policy decision of acceptable risk. A review of the methodologies currently being used to determine TMDL load reductions in eight southeastern states shows a lack of uniformity in TMDL methodology and the use of either unknown implicit or arbitrary explicit margins of safety. Application of the proposed approach to these cases demonstrates that the confidence of compliance of the adopted TMDL load reductions are mostly less than 50%. This indicates that the adopted TMDL load reductions would likely result in not meeting applicable water-quality standards.
The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival

Using an original dataset that covers the period from 1951 to 1995, we consider the enduring effects of Western overseas colonialism on the democratic survival of postcolonial democracies. We treat colonialism as a holistic phenomenon and differentiate the relative effects of its legacies with regard to the level of economic development, social fragmentation, and the relationship between the state and civil society. We find that Western overseas colonialism, a factor often overlooked in recent large-n studies, continues to have an effect on the survival of democratic regimes. We further find that the legacy of specific colonial powers has an important effect on survival as well. Unlike previous studies, we find that former Spanish colonies outperform British colonies when colonialism is conceptualized holistically. However, when we break colonial legacy into separate components (development, social fragmentation, and the relationship between the state and civil society), we find that the advantages former British colonies enjoy are attributable to the legacy of the state/civil society relationship. Moreover, we show that at least in the case of former British colonies, time spent under colonial rule is positively associated with democratic survival. Decolonization was one of the landmark developments of the postwar era. Colonialism and its legacies were once a central concern of political science, playing an important role in the rise of the development and dependency paradigms. The failure of democracy in many post-colonial environments was also one of the reasons that "authoritarianism" became the most important term in the study of regimes in the 1960s and 1970s. The continued fragility of some postcolonial democracies in the 1990s suggests that the omission of this factor from the larger literature on regime change should be rethought.
An Electrophysiological Comparison of Voltage-Gated Proton Channels, Other Ion Channels, and Other Proton Channels

Voltage-gated proton selective channels occupy an ill-defined region between “normal” ion channels and a variety of proton-conducting pathways inside proteins, including, but not limited to, membrane-bound proteins. Voltage-gated H+ channels closely resemble other voltage-gated ion channels in their voltage- and time-dependent gating, but differ in their extreme selectivity, their miniscule single-channel conductance, and the high activation enthalpy for conduction. Furthermore, in contrast with the “multiple occupancy” hypothesized to account for aspects of permeation through other ion channels, it seems unlikely that H+ channels can be occupied by more than one proton at a time. Voltage-gated H+ channels functionally resemble other proton-conducting pathways in proteins, but until their structure has been determined, this similarity will remain speculative. The present restriction to functional measurements is less of a handicap than might be expected—the history of ion channel research shows that deductions based on electrophysiological measurements often closely predict the eventually determined structure. Existing evidence supports the idea that protons permeate the membrane through voltage-gated H+ channels by hopping across a hydrogen-bonded chain that consists of at least some amino acid side groups in addition to water molecules.
NMDA antagonists as neurotherapeutic drugs, psychotogens, neurotoxins, and research tools for studying schizophrenia

Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate (Glu) receptor have become the focus of considerable attention as potential neurotherapeutic agents in view of mounting evidence implicating NMDA receptors in acute central nervous system (CNS) injury syndromes such as stroke, trauma, and status epilepticus. In addition, NMDA receptor antagonists are of potential interest for the clinical management of neuropathic pain and preventing the development of tolerance to opiate analgesics. A potentially serious obstacle to the development of NMDA antagonists as neurotherapeutic drugs is the paradoxical fact that whereas these agents do have significant neurotherapeutic potential, they also have psychotogenic and neurotoxic properties. We have been intensively investigating the mechanisms underlying these adverse properties and have discovered several methods of suppressing or preventing their expression. In addition, we have been exploring the possibility that a common mechanism may underlie the psychotogenic and neurotoxic actions of these agents and that this mechanism may have relevance to the pathogenesis of idiopathic psychotic processes such as schizophrenia. In this chapter, we will review our findings pertaining to NMDA antagonists in the dual context of their value as tools for exploring mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disturbances, particularly schizophrenia, and their potential promise as therapeutic agents. For additional references and a more complete elaboration of our hypothesis pertaining to NMDA receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia, please see a recent review (Olney and Farber 1995).
The role of voltage-sensitive dendritic conductances in generating bistable firing patterns in motoneurons

Motoneurons receive a dense innervation from fibers that descend from the brainstem and release the monoamines serotonin and noradrenalin. When monoamines are present, motoneurons can produce plateau potentials, which are sustained depolarizations that outlast a brief excitatory input. During voltage clamp, steady monosynaptic input from Ia afferents produced a current that persisted after the Ia input ceased. The likely origin of this current was in dendritic regions, where plateau potential channels were probably activated due to the lack of voltage clamp control during the synaptic input. The functional significance of these data is discussed.
Prenatal diagnosis of methotrexate embryopathy.

Abstract Background Methotrexate is an antineoplastic agent used by obstetrician–gynecologists for termination of early pregnancy. The drug is not always successful and is associated with a known array of malformations. Case We present a case of a failed pregnancy termination with methotrexate, which resulted in fetal anomalies. Ultrasound revealed absent or markedly shortened long bones, abnormal positioning of the hands, micrognathia, echogenic bowel, and a two-vessel umbilical cord. The patient elected to undergo pregnancy termination, and the ultrasound findings were confirmed at autopsy. Conclusion Because of methotrexate’s teratogenic potential, follow-up to confirm successful termination is necessary. Ultrasound evaluation of the fetus is indicated if pregnancy termination is unsuccessful.
Lymphatic Vessel Memory Stimulated by Recurrent Inflammation

Inflammation stimulates new lymphatic vessel growth (inflammatory lymphangiogenesis). One key question is how recurrent inflammation, a common clinical condition, regulates lymphatic vessel remodeling. We show here that recurrent inflammation accelerated the development a functional lymphatic vessel network. This observation suggests a novel program of lymphangiogenesis and identifies a property of lymphatic vessel memory in response to recurrent inflammation. A brief episode of initial inflammation regressed lymphatic vessels, and a significant increase in CD11b + macrophages were associated with the development of lymphatic vessel memory. These vessels had major differences in the structure and the spatial distribution of specialized lymphatic vessel features. Surprisingly, we found that the lymphatic vessel memory response did not depend on the vascular endothelial growth factor C or A pathway, indicating that different molecular pathways regulate inflammatory lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel memory. These findings uncover a priming mechanism to facilitate a rapid lymphatic vessel memory response: a potential important component of peripheral host defense.
Associative charge transfer reactions. Temperature effects and mechanism of the gas-phase polymerization of propene initiated by a benzene radical cation.

In associative charge transfer (ACT) reactions, a core ion activates ligand molecules by partial charge transfer. The activated ligand polymerizes, and the product oligomer takes up the full charge from the core ion. In the present system, benzene+• (Bz+•) reacts with two propene (Pr) molecules to form a covalently bonded ion, C6H6+• + 2 C3H6 → C6H12+• + C6H6. The ACT reaction is activated by a partial charge transfer from Bz+• to Pr in the complex, and driven to completion by the formation of a covalent bond in the polymerized product. An alternative channel forms a stable association product (Bz·Pr)+•, with an ACT/association product ratio of 60:40% that is independent of pressure and temperature. In contrast to the Bz+•/propene system, ACT polymerization is not observed in the Bz+•/ethylene (Et) system since charge transfer in the Bz+•(Et) complex is inefficient to activate the reaction. The roles of charge transfer in these complexes are verified by ab initio calculations. The overall reaction of Bz+•...
DEVELOPMENTAL JUDAISM: CHALLENGING THE STUDY OF AMERICAN JEWISH IDENTITY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

L'A. examine les implications intellectuelles et historiques autour de l'emergence des recits personnels dans la recherche en sciences sociales sur l'identite juive aux Etats-Unis. Il montre comment cette approche permet une comprehension plus complexe du judaisme a la fin du 20 eme siecle. A partir de ses recherches sur les synagogues et communautes juives conservatrices, il met en evidence la diversite des modeles mobilises par les juifs conservateurs pour construire leur judeite. La forme narrative, l'expression identitaire a partir des emotions, des comportements et de l'interet porte au lien intergenerationnel permet de comprendre la vie des communautes du point de vue de l'acteur et de mettre en lumiere le processus de negociation recurrent de la judeite.
The contradictions of change in academic systems[1]

A systematic approach to change in established academic systems requires an internal analysis of the predispositions or response sets of the primary structures of work, belief, and authority. Existing forms shape change by impelling as well as constraining it. Different forms push action in different directions, loading a national system with contradictions. Four sets of contradictions are explored in which order and disorder are in tension: between the disciplinary bottom and the administrative top; among units within administrative superstructures; within the understructure or operating levels; and over time in a reversal of orderly and disorderly tendencies. In society's principal knowledge institution, change will continue to take unusual forms, despite the imposition of state administrative machinery.
Solvent effects on the internal proton chemical shifts of nitrobenzene, aniline and halobenzenes

Abstract The internal chemical shifts of six aromatic molecules (C6H5X, X=NO2, NH2,F,Cl,Br,I) were determined in ten different solvents, by using mixtures of these molecules which were specifically labeled with deuterium. The internal chemical shifts showed a good linear relationship with the dielectric function formulated by the reaction field theory over a wide range of dielectric constant. Although the results obtained were generally in poor quantitative agreement with the reaction field theory, indicating that the effects of other specific solute solvent interactions are not entirely cancelled out by internal referencing technique, they appear to support the basic validity of the reaction field theory.
A search for correlation between geomagnetic activity and stratospheric ozone

The total ozone column content (TOZ) measured from the Nimbus 4 BUV experiment is analyzed in geomagnetic coordinates to study a possible link between the solar corpuscular radiation and the lower stratosphere. Using planetary magnetic index Ap as a measure of the solar corpuscular radiation, it is shown that the correlation between TOZ and Ap, if any, occurs predominantly at high latitudes during winter seasons. This is typical of most of the claimed correlations between sun and weather and may be the result of the winter increase of planetary wave activity which by coincidence have periods comparable to magnetic activity. The fact that even major magnetic storms have no detectable effect on the stratospheric ozone during summer does not support a direct cause and effect relation between solar and stratospheric perturbations.
Asymptotics for multivariate t-statistic for random vectors in the generalized domain of attraction of the multivariate normal law

Abstract We define the appropriate analogue of Student's t -statistic for multivariate data, and prove that it is asymptotically normal for random vectors in the Generalized Domain of Attraction of the Normal Law. This extends an earlier result where asymptotic normality was proved under the stronger hypothesis of Domain of Attraction.