cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The incorporation of tritium in the body water and organic matter of selected marine invertebrates

1. 1. Maximum turnover rate constants determined for body water hydrogen were 1·4 hr−1 (S.D. 0·060) in Mya arenaria, 1·5 hr−1 (S.D. 0·091) in Crassostrea gigas and 2·1 hr−1 (S.D. 0·22) in Cancer productus. 2. 2. Turnover rates in the rapidly exchangeable compartment of the tissuebound hydrogen of clam viscera and muscle tissue showed little difference; the maximum rate constant was 1·4 hr−1 (S.D. 0·15). In the viscera about 26 per cent of the tissue-bound hydrogen was exchangeable; in the muscle about 22 per cent. 3. 3. Higher average turnover rates were observed for bivalves when food organisms were present in the water.
Differential cross section for the π + d → pp reaction from 80 to 417 MeV

Differential cross sections were measured for the reaction, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pp}$, at seven energies, 80, 100, 140, 182, 230, 323, and 417 MeV. Sufficient data were taken for a 1% statistical uncertainty at eleven different angles for most of these energies. The elastic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ reaction was used to normalize the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pp}$ data. Legendre polynomial fits of the data are presented. The increased accuracy and energy of these data require an addition of a ${{cos}^{6}\ensuremath{\theta}}^{*}$ term in the traditional low energy form of the differential cross section: $C(A+{{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}^{*}+B{cos}^{4}{\ensuremath{\theta}}^{*})$. The coefficients, $A$ and $B$, are used to compare the present data with a survey of previous experiments and the theoretical work of Niskanen. Agreement is usually within uncertainties, but some diagreement remains even among recent experiments.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $d(\ensuremath{\pi},pp)$, $E=80\ensuremath{-}417$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; calculated Legendre polynomial fits; compared to earlier work.
Numerical simulation of phase transition problems with explicit interface tracking

Abstract Phase change is ubiquitous in nature and industrial processes. Started from the Stefan problem, it is a topic with a long history in applied mathematics and sciences and continues to generate outstanding mathematical problems. For instance, the explicit tracking of the Gibbs dividing surface between phases is still a grand challenge. Our work has been motivated by such challenge and here we report on progress made in solving the governing equations of continuum transport in the presence of a moving interface by the front tracking method. The most pressing issue is the accounting of topological changes suffered by the interface between phases wherein break up and/or merge takes place. The underlying physics of topological changes require the incorporation of space-time subscales not at reach at the moment. Therefore we use heuristic geometrical arguments to reconnect phases in space. This heuristic approach provides new insight in various applications and it is extensible to include subscale physics and chemistry in the future. We demonstrate the method on applications such as simulating freezing, melting, dissolution, and precipitation. The later examples also include the coupling of the phase transition solution with the Navier–Stokes equations for the effect of flow convection.
Partial discharge and breakdown behavior of enamel-insulated copper conductors in carbon powder

It is clear that during the manufacturing of the windings of an electric motor, enamel-insulated copper conductors are subjected to mechanical strain. The electrical performance of the enamel insulation could be adversely affected by this mechanical strain. Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) is a useful tool for comparing the performance of insulations. Therefore, PDIV tests along with breakdown voltage tests were performed for evaluating the effect of different levels of tensile-strain on the electrical properties of the enamel insulation of the copper conductor. In a previous work the enamel insulation was tested between two parallel-plate electrodes. In this study, however, unstrained and tensile-strained, enamel-insulated, copper conductors with rectangular cross-section were investigated and compared for their breakdown voltages and partial discharge behavior in a carbon powder medium.
Observed Local and Remote Influences of Vegetation on the Atmosphere across North America Using a Model-Validated Statistical Technique That First Excludes Oceanic Forcings*

AbstractThe observed local and nonlocal influences of vegetation on the atmosphere across North America are quantified after first removing the oceanic impact. The interaction between vegetation and the atmosphere is dominated by forcing from the atmosphere, making it difficult to extract the forcing from vegetation. Furthermore, the atmosphere is not only influenced by vegetation but also the oceans, so in order to extract the vegetation impact, the oceanic forcing must first be excluded. This study identified significant vegetation impact in two climatically and ecologically unique regions: the North American monsoon region (NAMR) and the North American boreal forest (NABF). A multivariate statistical method, a generalized equilibrium feedback assessment, is applied to extract vegetation influence on the atmosphere. The statistical method is validated using a dynamical experiment for the NAMR in a fully coupled climate model, the Community Climate System Model, version 3.5 (CCSM3.5).The observed influen...
Exposure to research through replication of research: a case in complex networks

This paper is primarily about introducing students to research. Specifically, we present a method where students get to redo the simulations behind a few of the most cited research papers in complex networks. We also outline the design of a course that provides the context for this experimentation.
Evidence that minor sprout damage can lead to significant reductions in gluten strength of winter wheats.

ABSTRACT Seventeen winter wheat lines were grown in triplicate plots at Warsaw, Painter, and Blacksburg, VA, during the 1999–2000 growing season. Hagberg falling numbers, protein content, farinograms, sedimentation volumes, and total glutenin content were determined for flours derived from 153 harvested wheat samples. Over three inches (8.2 cm) of rain fell during the week before harvest in Blacksburg, resulting in falling numbers of 100 for Recital and 137 for Heyne, two severely sprouted Blacksburg wheat samples, and falling numbers <250 in three other Blacksburg wheats. There were no significant differences across locations in falling numbers of four wheat lines, and one line had significantly greater falling numbers in Blacksburg than in Warsaw or Painter. All 18 Blacksburg flours had a significantly higher mixing tolerance index (MTI) and shorter departure times (DT) than corresponding Warsaw flours. Weaker gluten strength of Blacksburg flours suggestss that all 18 Blacksburg wheats were sprout-damag...
Numerical simulation of evaporating spray jets in concurrent gas–solids pipe flows

Abstract A hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian model has been developed to simulate an evaporating spray jet in a gas–solids suspension flow. The approach is to determine the gas and solids flow fields by the two-fluid Eulerian method and the droplet flow field by the Lagrangian method. The model takes into account droplet evaporation, heat transfer due to droplet–solids collisions and hydrodynamic interactions among gas, droplets, and solids. The governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy contain source terms for effects of droplet evaporation. The converged solution, obtained by iterating between the Eulerian and Lagrangian formulations, yields the spray jet structure in the three-phase flow. Simulations for a confined pipe flow show that a layer of dense solids develops on the spray jet boundary that affects the heat and mass transfer between the spray region and its surroundings. Another interesting finding is the existence of similarity in dimensionless gas velocity profiles in the spray region. This dimensionless velocity profile appears to match the Schlichting formula or “the Law of 3/2” for single-phase jets. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of solids loading on the spray evaporation length. It indicates that compared to a solids-free case, a volumetric solids loading of just 1% can shorten the spray evaporation length by about 50%. The spray evaporation length is found to decrease asymptotically with further increase in solids loading.
Activity of Sunitinib in Patients With Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors

Purpose Standard cytotoxic chemotherapy has limited efficacy in metastatic neuroendocrine tumor patients. Neuroendocrine tumors express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR). Sunitinib malate, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has activity against VEGFRs as well as platelet-derived growth factor receptors, stem-cell factor receptor, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3. We evaluated the efficacy of sunitinib in a two-cohort, phase II study of advanced carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients. Patients and Methods Patients were treated with repeated 6-week cycles of oral sunitinib (50 mg/d for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment). Patients were observed for response, survival, and adverse events. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed. Results Among 109 enrolled patients, 107 received sunitinib (carcinoid, n = 41; pancreatic endocrine tumor, n = 66). Overall objective response rate (ORR) in pancreatic endocrine tumor...
Flow Behavior of Liquid Whole Egg During Thermal Treatments

Costs of handling and loss of functional properties of frozen liquid whole egg (LWE) has stimulated interest in a refrigerated product. To maintain adequate shelf life at refrigeration temperatures a heat treatment more severe than normal pasteurization may be needed. To establish limits for the thermal treatment and to prevent possible damage to the pasteurization system due to coagulation of the product, flow properties of LWE during pasteurization were investigated. Utilizing a cone and plate viscometer, egg viscosity was determined at shear rates between 1.15 and 450 sec−1. Test temperatures varied from 20-75°C and heat treatment durations ranged from 0.5-10 min. Percent protein denaturation for each treatment was also determined and correlated to the flow properties. Above 60°C viscosities were shear rate dependent while below this temperature flow properties were approximately Newtonian. Mathematical expressions were developed for viscosity as a function of time, temperature and shear rate.
Involvement of β-chemokines in the development of inflammatory demyelination

The importance of β-chemokines (or CC chemokine ligands – CCL) in the development of inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis and rodents with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is strongly supported by descriptive studies and experimental models. Our recent genetic scans in families identified haplotypes in the genes of CCL2, CCL3 and CCL11-CCL8-CCL13 which showed association with multiple sclerosis. Complementing the genetic associations, we also detected a distinct regional expression regulation for CCL2, CCL7 and CCL8 in correlation with chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis brains. These observations are in consensus with previous studies, and add new data to support the involvement of CCL2, CCL7, CCL8 and CCL3 in the development of inflammatory demyelination. Along with our own data, here we review the literature implicating CCLs and their receptors (CCRs) in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The survey reflects that the field is in a rapid expansion, and highlights some of the pathways which might be suitable to pharmaceutical interventions.
Finite-temperature Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Ni-Mn-In Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy

Designing magnetic shape memory materials with practicable engineering applications requires a thorough understanding of their electronic, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Experimental and computational studies on such materials provide differing perspectives on the same problems, with theoretical approaches offering fundamental insight into complex experimental phenomena. Many recent computational approaches have focused on first-principles calculations, all of which have been successful in reproducing ground-state structures and properties such as lattice parameters, magnetic moments, electronic density of states, and phonon dispersion curves. With all of these successes, however, such methods fail to include the effects of finite temperatures, effects which are critical in understanding how these properties couple to the experimentally-observed martensitic transformation. To this end, we apply the quasi-harmonic theory of lattice dynamics to predict the finite-temperature mechanical properties of Ni-Mn-In magnetic shape memory alloy. We employ first-principles calculations in which we include vibrational contributions to the free energy. By constructing a free energy surface in volume/temperature space, we are able to evaluate key thermodynamic properties such as entropy, enthalpy, and specific heat. We further report the elastic constants for the austenite and martensite phases and evaluate their role as a driving force for martensitic transformation.
Signaling Strategies for the Hybrid MIMO Phased-Array Radar

The hybrid MIMO phased array radar (HMPAR) is a notional concept for a multisensor radar architecture that combines elements of traditional phased-array radar with the emerging technology of multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) radar. A HMPAR comprises a large number, MP, of T/R elements, organized into M subarrays of P elements each. Within each subarray, passive element-level phase shifting is used to steer transmit and receive beams in some desired fashion. Each of the M subarrays are in turn driven by independently amplified phase-coded signals which could be quasi-orthogonal, phase-coherent, or partially correlated. Such a radar system could be used in an airborne platform for concurrent search, detect, and track missions. This paper considers various signaling strategies which could be employed in the notional HMPAR architecture to achieve various objectives quantified by transmit beampatterns and space-time ambiguity functions. First, we propose a method to generate multiple correlated signals for uniform linear and rectangular arrays that achieve arbitrary rectangular transmit beampatterns in one and two dimensions, while maintaining desirable temporal properties. Examples of the range of transmit beampatterns possible with this technique are illustrated for an array of MP=900 elements, arranged using different values of M and P. Then the space-time, or MIMO, ambiguity function that is appropriate for the HMPAR radar system is derived. Examples of ambiguity functions for our signals using a one-dimensional HMPAR architecture are given, demonstrating that one can achieve phased-array-like resolution on receive, for arbitrary transmit beampatterns.
Molecular Surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in Raw Wastewater in Milwaukee: Implications for Understanding Outbreak Occurrence and Transmission Dynamics

Six Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 50 of 179 Milwaukee wastewater samples collected weekly over a year. Of the eight subtypes of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum present, allele Ib was found in 14 of 16 samples, and its sequence was identical to that of the subtype in human samples from the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.
Transient variable caching in Java’s stack-based intermediate representation

Java’s stack-based intermediate representation (IR) is typically coerced to execute on register-based architectures. Unoptimized compiled code dutifully replicates transient variable usage designated by the programmer and common optimization practices tend to introduce further usage (i.e., CSE, Loop-invariant Code Motion, etc.). On register based machines, often transient variables are cached within registers (when available) saving the expense of actually accessing memory. Unfortunately, in stack-based environments because of the need to push and pop the transient values, further performance improvement is possible. This paper presents Transient Variable Caching (TVC), a technique for eliminating transient variable overhead whenever possible. This optimization would find a likely home in optimizers attached to the back of popular Java compilers. Side effects of the algorithm include significant instruction reordering and introduction of many stack-manipulation operations. This combination has proven to greatly impede the ability to decompile stack-based IR code sequences. The code that results from the transform is faster, smaller, and greatly impedes decompilation.
Lipid‐dependent cytotoxicity by the lipase PLRP2 and by PLRP2‐positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

IL-4 induces a lipase, pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Because PLRP2 in semen can mediate lipid-dependent toxicity to sperm, we questioned whether CTL-derived PLRP2 could support similar cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Recombinant PLRP2 was toxic to P815 tumor cells in 48 h when lipid and another protein, colipase, were present. However, PLRP2-positive CTLs (induced with many lots of IL-4) were unable to mediate lipid-dependent cytotoxicity. Notably, CTLs induced with only one lot of IL-4 had lipid-dependent cytotoxicity. The exceptional lot of IL-4 was effective in multiple experiments at inducing lipid-dependent cytotoxicity. The lipid-dependent cytotoxicity it induced was determined to be perforin-independent. CTLs induced with IL-4 that was unable to induce lipid-dependent cytotoxicity had mRNA for PLRP2 but not mRNA for colipase. Therefore, we added exogenous colipase to the CTL assays but still cytotoxicity was unchanged. We conclude (1) that lipid-dependent cytotoxicity, promoted by the lipase PLRP2 and colipase, will kill tumor cells and (2) that more than PLRP2 alone is required for lipid-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by CTLs.
Propagation characteristics of finite ground coplanar waveguide on Si substrates with porous Si and polyimide interface layers

Measured and modeled propagation characteristics of Finite Ground Coplanar (FGC) waveguide fabricated on a 15 /spl Omega/-cm Si substrate with a 23 /spl mu/m thick, 68% porous Si layer and a 20 /spl mu/m thick polyimide interface layer are presented for the first time. Attenuation and effective permittivity as function of the FGC geometry and the bias between the center conductor and the ground planes are presented. It is shown that the porous Si reduces the attenuation by 1 dB/cm compared to FGC lines with only polyimide interface layers, and the polyimide on porous silicon demonstrates negligible bias dependence.
Neurovascular Lower Extremity Complications of the Lithotomy Position

The lithotomy position is commonly used during the performance of a variety of abdominal and pelvic operations. Previous publications reporting complications with these operations have been largely anecdotal. We report our experience with eight patients over the past four years who have suffered serious lower extremity complications following operations in which the lithotomy position was used. The average time in the lithotomy position for our patients was 7.4 hours (range: 3.7–12 hours). The mean interval between the original operation and the secondary operation to treat the lower extremity complication was 18.9 hours (range: 2–51 hours). The average hospital length of stay for these patients, 38.4 days (range: 11–119 days), was often prolonged as a direct result of their limb complication. Serious lower extremity complications may result from operations in which the lithotomy position is used. To prevent such complications, strict attention should be paid to the positioning of the limbs in the operating room and the time in the lithotomy position should be minimized. Perioperative monitoring of the lower extremity circulation and compartment pressures are essential in these patients since early detection and treatment of these complications is the only way to prevent permanent limb injury.
Efficient Primal-Dual Graph Algorithms for MapReduce

In this paper, we obtain improved algorithms for two graph-theoretic problems in the popular MapReduce framework. The first problem we consider is the densest subgraph problem. We present a primal-dual algorithm that provides a \((1+\epsilon )\) approximation and takes \(O({\log n\over \epsilon ^2})\) MapReduce iterations, each iteration having a shuffle size of \(O(m)\) and a reducer size of \(O(d_{max})\). Here \(m\) is the number of edges, \(n\) is the number of vertices, and \(d_{max}\) is the maximum degree of a node. This dominates the previous best MapReduce algorithm, which provided a \((2+\delta )\)-approximation in \(O({\log n\over \delta })\) iterations, with each iteration having a total shuffle size of \(O(m)\) and a reducer size of \(O(d_{max})\).
Effects of ethylene and 1-MCP on the quality and storage life of strawberries

Strawberry quality declines rapidly after harvest. Deterioration may be accelerated by ethylene and is potentially increased, decreased or unaffected by the ethylene inhibitor 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene). We have examined the effects of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 1 m ll 1 of ethylene and 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 m ll 1 1-MCP on the quality attributes and respiration rates of strawberries stored at 0 or 5 8C. Ethylene did not affect the rate of rot development. However, calyx quality was significantly reduced by exposure to 0.1 or 1.0 m ll 1 ethylene. Treatment with 1 m ll 1 1-MCP protected the calyx tissue from these effects. Exposure of strawberries to 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 m ll 1 1-MCP did not affect overall fruit acceptability but did slightly increase the rate of rot development. 1-MCP treatment reduced ethylene production by the fruit. Increased production of CO2 by 1-MCP treated fruit was associated with the earlier onset of rots. Although the results suggest that blocking ethylene perception interferes with disease resistance in strawberries, there was only a small effect on total storage life. It was concluded that neither the removal of low levels of ethylene from the storage environment nor the treatment with 1-MCP are likely to be cost effective methods of extending strawberry storage life. It was concluded that neither removing low levels of ethylene from the storage environment nor treating with 1-MCP are likely to be cost-effective methods of extending storage life. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Adipose energy stores, physical work, and the metabolic syndrome: lessons from hummingbirds

Hummingbirds and other nectar-feeding, migratory birds possess unusual adaptive traits that offer important lessons concerning obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Hummingbirds consume a high sugar diet and have fasting glucose levels that would be severely hyperglycemic in humans, yet these nectar-fed birds recover most glucose that is filtered into the urine. Hummingbirds accumulate over 40% body fat shortly before migrations in the spring and autumn. Despite hyperglycemia and seasonally elevated body fat, the birds are not known to become diabetic in the sense of developing polyuria (glucosuria), polydipsia and polyphagia. The tiny (3–4 g) Ruby-throated hummingbird has among the highest mass-specific metabolic rates known, and loses most of its stored fat in 20 h by flying up to 600 miles across the Gulf of Mexico. During the breeding season, it becomes lean and maintains an extremely accurate energy balance. In addition, hummingbirds can quickly enter torpor and reduce resting metabolic rates by 10-fold. Thus, hummingbirds are wonderful examples of the adaptive nature of fat tissue, and may offer lessons concerning prevention of metabolic syndrome in humans.
Moving beyond mass-based parameters for conductivity analysis of sulfonated polymers

The proton conductivity of polymer electrolytes is critical for fuel cells and has therefore been studied in significant detail. The conductivity of sulfonated polymers has been linked to material characteristics to elucidate trends. Mass-based measurements based on water uptake and ion exchange capacity are two of the most common material characteristics used to make comparisons between polymer electrolytes, but they have significant limitations when correlated to proton conductivity. These limitations arise in part because different polymers can have significantly different densities and because conduction occurs over length scales more appropriately represented by volume measurements rather than mass. Herein we establish and review volume-related parameters that can be used to compare the proton conductivity of different polymer electrolytes. Morphological effects on proton conductivity are also considered. Finally, the impact of these phenomena on designing next-generation sulfonated polymers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is discussed.
Prevalence of white spot lesion formation during orthodontic treatment

ABSTRACT Purpose: To quantify the prevalence of white spot lesions (WSLs) on the anterior teeth and, secondarily, to evaluate risk factors and predictors. Materials and Methods: Digital photographs and records of 885 randomly chosen patients were evaluated before and after treatment. Chart information included gender, age, as well as banding and debanding dates. Fluorosis and oral hygiene before and after treatment were also evaluated. Preexisting and posttreatment WSLs were recorded and compared for all 12 anterior teeth. Risk ratios (RR) and absolute risk (AR) were calculated to determine the likelihood and risk of WSL formation. Results: Overall, 23.4% of the patients developed at least one WSL during their course of treatment. Maxillary anterior teeth were affected more than mandibular teeth. The maxillary laterals and canines and the mandibular canines were the most susceptible. There was no significant difference in WSLs between genders. Fluorosis, treatment time in excess of 36 months, poor pretrea...
Vector field visualization: analysis of feature extraction methods

This paper addresses the problem of the visualization of vector-valued images. Attempting to synthesize a display matched to the capabilities of a human observer, we have reduced the problem to the extraction of the best linear feature of the vector field. In previous work, we have proposed and demonstrated several new nonparametric feature extraction criteria (projection indices) that make use of both the spatial and multivariate structures of the data. We present a theoretical analysis of these projection indices and a Monte-Carlo study of their effectiveness. The study uses performance measures derived from a decision-theoretic model of the human observer. >
Feeding behavior of the ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans: revision of anatomy of the order Thalassocalycida

Behavioral observations using a remotely oper- ated vehicle (ROV) in the Gulf of California in March, 2003, provided insights into the vertical distribution, feeding and anatomy of the rare and delicate ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans. Additional archived ROV video records from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute of 288 sightings of T. inconstans and 2,437 indi- vidual observations of euphausiids in the Gulf of California and Monterey Canyon between 1989 and 2005 were exam- ined to determine ctenophore and euphausiid prey depth distributions with respect to temperature and dissolved oxy- gen concentration (dO). In the Gulf of California most cte- nophores (96.9%) were above 350 m, the top of the oxygen minimum layer. In Monterey Canyon the ctenophores were more widely distributed throughout the water column, including the hypoxic zone, to depths as great as 3,500 m. Computer-aided behavioral analysis of two video records of the capture of euphausiids by T. inconstans showed that the ctenophore contracted its bell almost instantly (0.5 s), transforming its Xattened, hemispherical resting shape into a closed bi-lobed globe in which seawater and prey were engulfed. Euphausiids entrapped within the globe displayed a previously undescribed escape response for krill ('prob- ing behavior'), in which they hovered and gently probed the inner surfaces of the globe with antennae without stimu- lating further contraction by the ctenophore. Such rapid bell contraction could be eVected only by a peripheral sphincter muscle even though the presence of circumferential ring musculature was unknown for the Phylum Ctenophora. Thereafter, several live T. inconstans were collected by hand oV Barbados and microscopic observations conWrmed that assumption.
Transforming the Document Delivery and Resource Sharing Engine

The paper explores the periphery of emerging technologies and roles for document delivery and resource sharing with a focus on sharing best practices for adaptative strategies using practical examples such as new training programs and methods to collaboratively explore and adopt emergent technologies and web services, and new partnerships. Examples of emergent technologies and web services include: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), mobile technologies, social networking software and services. Examples of new partnerships include: collaborative strategies for resource sharing within libraries; acquisitions, digital libraries, reference, and with vendors. Examples of new training programs include: ALA RUSA STARS Education Committee, training programs at the University of Virginia Libraries and other resources.
A model describing vestibular detection of body sway motion.

An experimental technique was developed which facilitated the formulation of a quantitative model describing vestibular detection of body sway motion in a postural response mode. All cues, except vestibular ones, which gave a subject an indication that he was beginning to sway, were eliminated using a specially designed two-degree-of-freedom platform; body sway was then induced and resulting compensatory responses at the ankle joints measured. Hybrid simulation compared the experimental results with models of the semicircular canals and utricular otolith receptors. Dynamic characteristics of the resulting canal model compared closely with characteristics of models which describe eye movement and subjective responses to body rotational motions. The average threshold level, in the postural response mode, however, was considerably lower. Analysis indicated that the otoliths probably play no role in the initial detection of body sway motion.
Systematic Strategies for Stochastic Mode Reduction in Climate

A systematic strategy for stochastic mode reduction is applied here to three prototype ‘‘toy’’ models with nonlinear behavior mimicking several features of low-frequency variability in the extratropical atmosphere. Two of the models involve explicit stable periodic orbits and multiple equilibria in the projected nonlinear climate dynamics. The systematic strategy has two steps: stochastic consistency and stochastic mode elimination. Both aspects of the mode reduction strategy are tested in an a priori fashion in the paper. In all three models the stochastic mode elimination procedure applies in a quantitative fashion for moderately large values of « 0.5 or even « 1, where the parameter « roughly measures the ratio of correlation times of unresolved variables to resolved climate variables, even though the procedure is only justified mathematically for « K 1. The results developed here provide some new perspectives on both the role of stable nonlinear structures in projected nonlinear climate dynamics and the regression fitting strategies for stochastic climate modeling. In one example, a deterministic system with 102 degrees of freedom has an explicit stable periodic orbit for the projected climate dynamics in two variables; however, the complete deterministic system has instead a probability density function with two large isolated peaks on the ‘‘ghost’’ of this periodic orbit, and correlation functions that only weakly ‘‘shadow’’ this periodic orbit. Furthermore, all of these features are predicted in a quantitative fashion by the reduced stochastic model in two variables derived from the systematic theory; this reduced model has multiplicative noise and augmented nonlinearity. In a second deterministic model with 101 degrees of freedom, it is established that stable multiple equilibria in the projected climate dynamics can be either relevant or completely irrelevant in the actual dynamics for the climate variable depending on the strength of nonlinearity and the coupling to the unresolved variables. Furthermore, all this behavior is predicted in a quantitative fashion by a reduced nonlinear stochastic model for a single climate variable with additive noise, which is derived from the systematic mode reduction procedure. Finally, the systematic mode reduction strategy is applied in an idealized context to the stochastic modeling of the effect of mountain torque on the angular momentum budget. Surprisingly, the strategy yields a nonlinear stochastic equation for the large-scale fluctuations, and numerical simulations confirm significantly improved predicted correlation functions from this model compared with a standard linear model with damping and white noise forcing.
Malaria-Infected Mice Are Cured by a Single Oral Dose of New Dimeric Trioxane Sulfones Which Are Also Selectively and Powerfully Cytotoxic to Cancer Cells

A new series of 6 dimeric trioxane sulfones has been prepared from the natural trioxane artemisinin in five or six chemical steps. One of these thermally and hydrolytically stable new chemical entities (4c) completely cured malaria-infected mice via a single oral dose of 144 mg/kg. At a much lower single oral dose of only 54 mg/kg combined with 13 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, this trioxane dimer 4c as well as its parent trioxane dimer 4b also completely cured malaria-infected mice. Both dimers 4c and 4b were potently and selectively cytotoxic toward five cancer cell lines.
Kelvin's Solution of Torsion Problem

Kelvin and Tait have shown that plate-like bars of thin rectangular cross section resist an applied torque by shearing stresses in two distinct ways. One-half of the torque is carried by a system of shearing stresses acting parallel to the long dimension of the cross section; the other half is carried by stresses near the edges acting normal to the plate. Herein, the interpretation of resisting torque in the St. Venant’s sense is extended to thin-walled members of arbitrary, open cross sections. It is shown that, analogous to the case of the rectangular section, one-half of the applied torque is carried by the shearing stresses tangential to the large dimension of the section; whereas, the other half of the torque is carried by the transverse forces at the ends of the section, together with the tangential shear flows that occur on curved portions of the cross section.
Alkaline ceramidase 2 and its bioactive product sphingosine are novel regulators of the DNA damage response

// Ruijuan Xu 1, 2 , Kai Wang 1, 2 , Izolda Mileva 3 , Yusuf A. Hannun 1, 2 , Lina M. Obeid 1, 2, 4 , Cungui Mao 1, 2 1 Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 2 Stony Brook Cancer Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 3 Lipidomics Core Facility, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 4 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA Correspondence to: Cungui Mao, e-mail: cungui.mao@stonybrook.edu Keywords: ceramide, Golgi, p53, programmed cell death, reactive oxygen species Received: September 18, 2015 Accepted: January 29, 2016 Published: March 01, 2016 ABSTRACT Human cells respond to DNA damage by elevating sphingosine, a bioactive sphingolipid that induces programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various forms of stress, but its regulation and role in the DNA damage response remain obscure. Herein we demonstrate that DNA damage increases sphingosine levels in tumor cells by upregulating alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) and that the upregulation of the ACER2/sphingosine pathway induces PCD in response to DNA damage by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment with the DNA damaging agent doxorubicin increased both ACER2 expression and sphingosine levels in HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. ACER2 overexpression increased sphingosine in HeLa cells whereas knocking down ACER2 inhibited the doxorubicin-induced increase in sphingosine in HCT116 cells, suggesting that DNA damage elevates sphingosine by upregulating ACER2. Knocking down ACER2 inhibited an increase in the apoptotic and necrotic cell population and the cleavage of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) in HCT116 cells in response to doxorubicin as well as doxorubicin-induced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from these cells. Similar to treatment with doxorubicin, ACER2 overexpression induced an increase in the apoptotic and necrotic cell population and PARP cleavage in HeLa cells and LDH release from cells, suggesting that ACER2 upregulation mediates PCD in response to DNA damage through sphingosine. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the upregulation of the ACER2/sphingosine pathway induces PCD by increasing ROS levels. Taken together, these results suggest that the ACER2/sphingosine pathway mediates PCD in response to DNA damage through ROS production.
Organic Electronics: a world of interfaces

This talk gives an overview of the definition and measurement of molecular energy levels that are central to carrier injection into, and transport through, organic-based devices. [1] Issues related to interface manipulation to lower injection barriers are discussed.
Analysis of switchgrass-derived bio-oil and associated aqueous phase generated in a semi-pilot scale auger pyrolyzer

Abstract To efficiently utilize water-soluble compounds in bio-oil and evaluate the potential effects of these compounds on processes such as microbial electrolysis, this study investigated the physicochemical properties of bio-oil and the associated aqueous phase generated from switchgrass using a semi-pilot scale auger pyrolyzer. Combining separation and detection strategies with organic solvent extraction, an array of analytical instruments and methods were used to identify and quantify the chemical constituents. Separation of an aqueous phase from the crude bio-oil was achieved by adding water (water: crude bio-oil at 4:1 in weight), which resulted in a partition of 61 wt.% of the organic compounds into a bio-oil aqueous phase (BOAP). GC/MS analysis for BOAP identified over 40 compounds of which 16 were quantified. Acetic acid, propionic acid, and levoglucosan are the major components in BOAP. In addition, a significant portion of chemicals that have the potential to be upgraded to hydrocarbon fuels was extracted to BOAP (77 wt.% of the alcohols, 61 wt.% of the furans, and 52 wt.% of the phenolic compounds in crude bio-oil). Valorization of the BOAP may require conversion methods capable of accommodating a very broad substrate specificity. A better separation strategy is needed to selectively remove the acidic and polar components from crude bio-oil to improve economic feasibility of biorefinery operations.
Comprehensive multidimensional separations of peptides using nano-liquid chromatography coupled with micro free flow electrophoresis.

The throughput of existing liquid phase two-dimensional separations is generally limited by the peak capacity lost due to under sampling by the second dimension separation as peaks elute off the first dimension separation. In the current manuscript, a first dimension nanoliquid chromatography (nLC) separation is coupled directly with a second dimension micro free flow electrophoresis (μFFE) separation. Since μFFE performs continuous separations, no complicated injection or modulation is necessary to couple the two techniques. Analyte peaks are further separated in μFFE as they elute off the nLC column. A side-on interface was designed to minimize dead volume in the nLC × μFFE interface, eliminating this as a source of band broadening. A Chromeo P503 labeled tryptic digest of BSA was used as a complex mixture to assess peak capacity. 2D nLC × μFFE peak capacities as high as 2,352 could be obtained in a 10 min separation window when determined according to the product of the first and second dimension peak ...
Oxidation of Ergosterol by Rat and Mouse Liver Mitochondria.

SummaryOxidation of ergosterol-28-C14 and of ergosterol-U-C14 by mitochondrial preparations from rat or mouse livers has been investigated. Either substrate yielded C14O2. Ergosterol-U-C14 yielded radioactive neutral and acidic products, while ergosterol-28-C14 gave only neutral radioactive material. Among the acidic products obtained from ergosterol-U-C14 was a radioactive acid with Rf close to that of trihydroxycoprostanic acid. Similarities between the oxidation of cholesterol and ergosterol by liver mitochondria in vitro suggest that enzyme systems involved are closely related to each other, if not identical.
Detection and Treatment of Post Insulator Defect of 220 kV Disconnector by Infrared Image Detector

The temperature measurement technology of infrared thermal imaging can realize the rapid scanning in long distance,to large area and to specific parts of equipment,which is an effective way to discover electrical equipment defects.The abnormal temperature of a post insulator of 220 kV disconnector is detected by infrared image detector,and by combining with the body temperature and the apparent condition of the post insulator,it can be inferred that the post insulator exists partial defects.The main reason of defects is the aging or filthy of insulator under severe operation environment for a long time.The post insulator was replaced considering the operation condition.Suggestions and prevention measures are proposed for such situation.The effectiveness of defect diagnosis in high voltage electrical equipment by temperature measurement technology of Infrared thermal Imaging is discussed.
Pre-endoscopic erythromycin administration in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review

Background In patients suffering from upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), adequate visualization is essential during endoscopy. Prior to endoscopy, erythromycin administration has been shown to enhance visualization in these patients; however, guidelines have not fully adopted this practice. Thus, we performed a comprehensive, up-to-date meta-analysis on the issue of erythromycin administration in this patient population. Methods After searching multiple databases (November 2015), randomized controlled trials on adult subjects comparing administration of erythromycin before endoscopy in UGIB patients to no erythromycin or placebo were included. Pooled estimates of adequacy of gastric mucosa visualized, need for second endoscopy, duration of procedure, length of hospital stay, units of blood transfused, and need for emergent surgery using odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) were calculated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Results Eight studies (n=598) were found to meet the inclusion criteria. Erythromycin administration showed statistically signifi cant improvement in adequate gastric mucosa visualization (OR 4.14; 95% CI: 2.01-8.53, P<0.01) while reduced the need for a second-look endoscopy (OR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.34-0.77, P<0.01) and length of hospital stay (MD -1.75; 95% CI: -2.43 to -1.06, P<0.01). Duration of procedure (P=0.2), units of blood transfused (P=0.08), and need for emergent surgery (P=0.88) showed no significant differences. Conclusion Pre-endoscopic erythromycin administration in UGIB patients significantly improves gastric mucosa visualization while reducing length of hospital stay and the need for second-look endoscopy. Keywords Erythromycin, bleeding, endoscopy Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29 (3): 312-317
Safety of Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Evaluation of Patients With Acute Stroke: A Single-Center Experience.

Background and Purpose— Noncontrasted head computed tomography (NCHCT) has long been the standard of care for acute stroke imaging. New guidelines recommending advanced vascular imaging to identify eligible patients for endovascular therapy have renewed safety concerns on the use of contrast in the emergent setting without laboratory confirmation of renal function. Methods— We compared computed tomographic angiography (CTA) versus NCHCT alone during acute stroke evaluation with focus on renal safety and timeliness of therapy delivery. We reviewed data on all emergency department patients for whom the Acute Stroke Intervention Team was activated between December 2013 and September 2014. Primary outcomes included acute kidney injury and change in serum creatinine from presentation to 24 to 48 hours (Δ serum creatinine [Cr]). We assessed therapy delay using door-to-CT and door-to-needle times. Results— Of 289 patients requiring Acute Stroke Intervention Team activation, 157 received CTA and 132 NCHCT only. There was no difference between groups in mean Cr at 24 to 48 hours (1.06 CTA; 1.40 NCHCT; P =0.059), ΔCr (−0.07 CTA, −0.11 NCHCT, P =0.489), or rates of acute kidney injury (5 CTA, 7 NCHCT, P =0.422). There was no significant difference in mean intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment times (68.11 minutes CTA, 81.36 minutes NCHCT; P =0.577). In the 157 patients who underwent CTA, 16 (10.2%) vascular anomalies and 55 (35.0%) high-grade stenoses or occlusions were identified. Conclusions— CTA acquisition during acute stroke evaluation was safe with regards to renal function and did not delay appropriate therapy delivery. Acute CTA acquisition offers additional clinical value in rapid identification of vascular abnormalities.
Model-Based Estimators

In this chapter we consider several superpopulation models of victimization and derive an estimate of θ on the basis of each. The fit of each model is tested using a X2 goodness of fit statistic for each of the years 1973 though 1975. We find that a correlated Bernoulli model is an inappropriate model of crime, while a homogeneous Bernoulli model and a Markov model provide better fits to the data. None of these models fits the data as well as the model under which the modified ad hoc estimator is consistent.