cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel Optics in Waveguide Displays: A Flat Panel Autostereoscopic Display

In order to demonstrate the Wedge as a parallel optic we have built a flat panel multi-projector autostereoscopic 3D display. The bulk, otherwise inherent in such displays, has been eliminated by use of a wedge-shaped light-guide. Two 280-mm (11") diagonal VGA resolution views were formed on a 406-mm (16") diagonal screen by pointing a pair of LED-illuminated pico-projectors measuring 115 X 50 X 22 mm into the 20-mm thick input face of a 710-mm long acrylic wedge. Distortions introduced by the Wedge were reduced to less than 2% by predistortion algorithms and distortion between views was less than 0.4%. Between the projectors was placed an infrared camera which imaged objects placed directly in front of the 3D screen.
Ring size of somatostatin analogues (ODT-8) modulates receptor selectivity and binding affinity.

The synthesis, biological testing, and NMR studies of several analogues of H-c[Cys3-Phe6-Phe7-DTrp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11-Cys14]-OH (ODT-8, a pan-somatostatin analogue, 1) have been performed to assess the effect of changing the stereochemistry and the number of atoms in the disulfide bridge on binding affinity. Cysteine at positions 3 and/or 14 (somatostatin numbering) were/was substituted with d-cysteine, norcysteine, d-norcysteine, homocysteine, and/or d-homocysteine. The 3D structure analysis of selected partially selective, bioactive analogues (3, 18, 19, and 21) was carried out in dimethylsulfoxide. Interestingly and not unexpectedly, the 3D structures of these analogues comprised the pharmacophore for which the analogues had the highest binding affinities (i.e., sst4 in all cases).
A modified minimum aberration criterion for selecting regular 2m−k fractional factorial designs

Abstract In this paper, we give a modification of the well-known minimum aberration (MA) criterion for finding “good” regular 2 m − k fractional factorial designs. In particular, for given values of m and k , we consider a two-stage criterion where in stage one all regular 2 m − k designs that yield the maximal number of contrasts for estimating main effects and two-factor interactions are determined and then within this subclass, the MA design is found. Examples are given to compare and contrast the MA criterion with the modified MA criterion and then tables are obtained for selected values of m and k where the best designs under both criteria are given.
Influence of infant and juvenile diets on serum cholesterol, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein concentrations in juvenile baboons (Papio sp.).

Abstract The long-term effects of infant diet (breast milk or formula containing 2, 30, or 60 mg/dl cholesterol) and subsequent dietary cholesterol (1 mg/kcal) and fat (saturated or unsaturated) on serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations were estimated using 82 juvenile baboons 4–6 years of age. A significant interaction of infant diet (breast vs formula) with type of fat (saturated vs unsaturated) at 4–6 years of age was observed on HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentrations. That is, animals breast-fed as infants had higher HDL cholesterol and apoA-I concentrations when fed unsaturated fat from weaning to 4–6 years of age than those fed saturated fat (77 vs 68 mg/dl). In contrast, animals fed formulas in infancy followed by a diet containing unsaturated fat had lower HDL cholesterol and apoA-I concentrations at 4–6 years of age than did those fed saturated fat (67 vs 78 mg/dl). However, breast feeding or feeding formulas containing various levels of cholesterol for 3 months during infancy did not result in statistically significant differences in total serum cholesterol, VLDL + LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations. Dietary cholesterol after infancy significantly increased serum total cholesterol, VLDL + LDL and HDL cholesterol, apoA-I and apoB concentrations. All of these response variables also were higher in animals fed saturated fat compared to those fed unsaturated fat on the same level of cholesterol. At 4–6 years of age, regardless of diet, females had significantly higher serum VLDL + LDL cholesterol (57 vs 43 mg/dl) and apoB concentrations (39 vs 30 mg/dl) than did males.
Rival behavior and the elicitation of aggression at the boundary and inside the territory of a convict cichlid: A methodological note

Aggression emitted by territorial convict cichlids was studied both in response to a non-territorial conspecific confined in a glass tube intruded into a territory and to an adjacent territorial conspecific protected by a clear partition. It was demonstrated that there is a high positive correlation between the number of threat displays emitted by the two antagonists during border disputes. The number of threat displays given by an intruder, on the other hand, has a low correlation with the number of threat displays of the territorial resident. Requirements for recording data from the stimulus fish is thus dependent on the method used.
Assessment of Postural Discomfort

Tasks requiring awkward postures are common in industry and no guidelines have been developed for “good,” or safe, postures. The present study compares nine different postures in terms of subjective assessments of discomfort. Subjects (five men and five women) maintained each of the postures for ten minutes, and provided discomfort ratings on a visual analog scale. An electrogoniometer and a computerized visual feedback system enabled subjects to adopt and maintain the required postures easily. Results show that the discomfort ratings do discriminate among different postures. Postures that included lateral bending were rated as more uncomfortable than postures involving flexion and/or rotation. The findings confirm the hypothesis that some postures cause greater discomfort than others and provide a basis for developing a posture analysis system. Such a system might eventually be used to specify guidelines for posture safety limits in the industrial workplace.
THE ENTHALPY OF THIOPHENE BETWEEN 326 AND 664 K AND AT PRESSURES TO 10.3 MPA

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements were made on thiophene in the pressure range of 0.34 to 10.3 MPa and the temperature range 326 to 664 K using a high-pressure high-temperature flow calorimeter. Calculations made using the Kesler-Lee correlation and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state compare favorably with the experimental results.
Different effects of an adenosine A1 analogue and ischemic preconditioning in isolated rabbit hearts.

Background. Ischemic preconditioning reduces infarct size, but its effects on postischemic function are variable. Adenosine, which is thought to play a role in ischemic preconditioning, reduces both infarct size and postischemic dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to compare the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning and an adenosine A 1 receptor agonist on recovery of function and infarct size in isolated rabbit hearts. Methods. Krebs buffe—perfused hearts (at least 7 per group) were subjected to 60 minutes of global ischemia (37°C) and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Ventricular function was assessed by measuring left ventricular developed pressure, and infarct size (percentage of the left ventricle) was determined by tetrazolium staining. Results. Control hearts exhibited 34% ± 6% infarct size and 56% ± 4% recovery of preischemic left ventricular developed pressure. Ischemic preconditioning reduced infarct size to 13% ± 1% but had no effect on recovery of function (65% ± 5%). Hearts treated with the adenosine A 1 agonist R-phenylisopropyladenosine for 5 minutes immediately before ischemia exhibited both reduced infarct size (10% ± 2%) and enhanced postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (86% ± 3%). Termination of the R-phenylisopropyladenosine treatment before ischemia eliminated its beneficial effects. The adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist DPCPX blocked both of the effects of R-phenylisopropyladenosine but did not block ischemic preconditioning. Conclusions. These results demonstrate fundamental differences between the cardioprotective effects of adenosine A 1 receptor activation and ischemic preconditioning.
4-1BB ligand enhances tumor-specific immunity of poxvirus vaccines

Purpose Recombinant poxvirus vaccines have been explored as tumor vaccines. The immunogenicity of these vaccines can be enhanced by co-expressing costimulatory molecules and tumor-associated antigens. While the B7-CD28 interaction has been most comprehensively investigated, other costimulatory molecules utilize different signaling pathways and might provide further cooperation in T cell priming and survival. 4-1BB (CD137) is a TNF family member and is critical for activation and long-term maintenance of primed T-cells. This study was conducted to determine if a poxvirus expressing the ligand for 4-1BB (4-1BBL) could further improve the immune and therapeutic responses of a previously reported poxvirus vaccine expressing a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3).
Sequence Analysis of Functional Regions of Homoserine Dehydrogenase Genes from L-Lysine and L-Threonine-producing Mutants of Brevibacterium lactofermentum

The homoserine dehydrogenase (HD) genes from Brevibacterium lactofermentum lysine- and threonine-producing mutants were cloned, using the polymerase chain reaction, and sequenced. We found the amino acid substitutions, Val104Ile in the lysine-producing mutants in which HD may cause leaky mutation and Ser393Phe in the threonine-producing mutant with feedback-insensitive HD.
Characterization and Optimization of Memory-Resident MapReduce on HPC Systems

MapReduce is a widely accepted framework for addressing big data challenges. Recently, it has also gained broad attention from scientists at the U.S. leadership computing facilities as a promising solution to process gigantic simulation results. However, conventional high-end computing systems are constructed based on the compute-centric paradigm while big data analytics applications prefer a data-centric paradigm such as MapReduce. This work characterizes the performance impact of key differences between compute- and data-centric paradigms and then provides optimizations to enable a dual-purpose HPC system that can efficiently support conventional HPC applications and new data analytics applications. Using a state-of-the-art MapReduce implementation Spark and the Hyperion system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we have examined the impact of storage architectures, data locality and task scheduling to the memory-resident MapReduce jobs. Based on our characterization and findings of the performance behaviors, we have introduced two optimization techniques, namely Enhanced Load Balancer and Congestion-Aware Task Dispatching, to improve the performance of Spark applications.
Reactions of neutral interstellar species

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that low temperature neutral–neutral reactions may be more important in the chemistry of the interstellar medium than originally realized. In this paper, possible chemical reactions among known carbon-, hydrogen- and oxygen-bearing interstellar neutral molecules have been explored theoretically using density functional theory and coupled cluster methods. Potential energy surfaces have been generated for molecules with the overall stoichiometries C3H2O, C3H3O, and C4H3O. For each surface, the geometries of the transition states along various pathways have been determined. The most probable pathways of reaction and the resultant products are discussed. Reactions involving the hydroxyl radical and various carbon-containing species have been specifically examined as they are the most prolific producers of complex organic compounds. It is demonstrated that the hydroxyl radical may be responsible for infusing oxygen into a host of interstellar organic molecules. The generation of small carbon oxides from carbon clusters and HCO has also been explored and the absence of HCnO (n > 1) species in the interstellar medium rationalized.
Ovarian Carcinoma heterogeneity as demonstrated by DNA ploidy

BACKGROUND In ovarian carcinoma, DNA ploidy measured by flow cytometric (FCM) analysis is an independent prognostic factor. However, limited sampling may underestimate the extent of ploidy variation (i.e., heterogeneity). Uncovering these hidden populations may explain poor outcomes in patients with ostensibly favorable ploidy patterns. The authors examined ploidy in a mean of 6.4 tumor samples per patient to better assess the occurrence of heterogeneity. METHODS FCM analysis was performed on multiple samples from 19 cases of advanced, serous ovarian carcinoma. Tumors were considered as heterogeneous by two definitions: (1) the presence of more than one ploidy pattern (e.g., diploidy and tetraploidy); and (2) the existence of DNA indices of sufficient variation so as to characterize two distinct populations of neoplastic cells. RESULTS With the first definition, 47% (9 of 19) of the tumors were heterogeneous, 37% (7 of 19) homogeneous-aneuploid, and 16% (3 of 19) homogeneous-diploid. These three groups showed no significant differences in histologic type, grade, patient age, stage, or survival. With the second definition, 27% (4 of 15) of the non-diploid cases were heterogeneous and 73% (11 of 15) were homogeneous. When these two groups were compared as to type, grade, patient age, and stage, no significant differences were demonstrated. However, the median survival of the patients with heterogeneous tumors was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than the survival of patients with homogeneous tumors. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian carcinoma heterogeneity is high when multiple sites are assayed. This suggests conservative interpretation of ploidy when only a single sample is analyzed and examination of multiple samples when practicable.
Relationship between insulin-mediated glucose disposal by muscle and adipose tissue lipolysis in healthy volunteers.

The present study was performed in 17 nondiabetic subjects and was initiated to determine whether enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis, either basal or catecholamine induced (isoproterenol), and/or resistance to insulin inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis were correlated with resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal by muscle. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was assessed by determining the steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test [180 min infusion of somatostatin (350 micrograms/h), insulin (25 mU/m2min), and glucose (240 mg/m2.min)]. On another occasion, plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were determined at the end of 3 sequential infusion periods (IP): IP1, somatostatin (350 micrograms/h) plus basal insulin replacement (5 mU/m2.min); IP2, somatostatin (350 micrograms/h), insulin (5 mU/m2.min), and isoproterenol (270 ng/m2.min); and IP3, somatostatin (350 micrograms/h), isoproterenol (270 ng/m2.min), and insulin (10 mU/m2.min). SSPG conce...
The acquisition of verb subcategorization in a functionalist framework

This paper takes a functionalist perspective on the development of verb subcategorization, concentrating on a subclass of action verbs. The acquisition of verb subcategorization is viewed as the construction of logical structures (LSs) for the predicate in which a verb can appear. The LS motivates a verb's syntactic specifications through linking rules which reflect, in part, universals, and, in part, language specific generalizations. Crucial information for the construction of an LS are combinations of input and context which can unambiguously specify aspects of the meaning of a predicate. One consequence of this approach is that arrays of explicit NP arguments with syntactic encoding play a minor role in this process. Information about three semantic dimensions figure in the construction of the LS of an action predicate; (1) animacy of the theme or patient referent, whether implicit or explicit; (2) intentionality of the theme or patient referent as expressed by morphemes that imply the intentional ori...
A novel process for membrane fabrication: thermally assisted evaporative phase separation (TAEPS)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes fabricated from conventional processes have a limited range of microstructures. For example, PVDF membranes with spherulitic and isotropic microstructures containing macrovoids are extremely difficult to avoid using standard casting techniques such as wet-casting and thermally induced phase-separation (TIPS) casting. In order to create novel PVDF membrane microstructures such as a spongy, open-celled structure, a new membrane-formation process with six independent process parameters has been developed. Because this new process, thermally assisted evaporative phase separation (TAEPS), has a large number of parameters, the membrane microstructures are easily changed. The TAEPS process can fabricate a PVDF membrane with a spongy, anisotropic microstructure without macrovoids using a simple ternary system with no additives. In addition to studying the novel and unique microstructures available with the TAEPS process, the relationship between final morphology, performance, and processing conditions has been investigated in this paper.
Pavlovian conditioning of discriminatively elicited eyeblink responses with short onset latency attributable to lengthened interstimulus intervals.

Abstract Conditioned eyeblink responses were obtained in cats by pairing click (CS) with glabella tap (US) and electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus (HS). Hiss was used as a discriminative stimulus (DS). Onset latencies of conditioned responses (CRs) of 20–56 ms were obtained by using an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 570-10 ms between CS and US-HS. Longer latency (90–320 ms) blink CRs were obtained with ISIs of 340-240 and 340-10 ms. The timing of associatively learned movements has been thought to increase with lengthening of the intervals between CS and US presentation. The production of shorter latency CRs of this type by lengthening the ISI is a novel result and one unexpected from widely held beliefs.
Creating maximum coherence using chirped pulses without adiabatic elimination of excited states

We demonstrate the adiabatic passage based method to maximize coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering coherence. We present numerical results of the roof scheme implementation without making an assumption of adiabatic elimination of detuned excited electronic states. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of horse and fetal calf serum on the expression of tumor-associated antigen and tumorigenicity of L5178Y leukemia/lymphoma cells.

Abstract A tumor antigen (TA) associated with murine leukemia-lymphoma L5178Y cells has been identified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) techniques. The antigen was present in both non-solubilized and 0.5% NP-40 solubilized membrane extracts. Rabbit anti-L5178Y lymphoma serum (RALS), extensively absorbed with normal mouse tissues, identified TA in extracts of L5178Y lymphoma and L5178Y leukemia cells grown in horse serum (L5178Y/HS), but not in extracts of L5178Y cells grown in fetal calf serum (L5178Y/FCS). Similarly, absorbed rabbit anti-L5178Y/HS serum specifically reacted with extracts of lymphoma and L5178Y/HS but not with L5178Y/FCS cells. Membrane IIF showed positive reactivity in 88% of lymphoma and 73% of L5178Y/HS cells, whereas splenic lymphocytes and L5178Y/FCS cells were negative. Goat anti-AKR virus serum reacted with soluble extracts of lymphoma, L5178Y/HS, and L5178Y/FCS as well as with normal DBA/2 tissues in the ELISA. However, goat anti-AKR virus serum did not block the reactivity of RALS to lymphoma in the blocking ELISA (BELISA). Expression of TA, but not murine leukemia viral antigen(s), was correlated with the in-vivo tumorigenicity of the L5178Y cells. The antigenic activity of lymphoma extract was reduced by incubation for 1 h at 56 and 65°C, by trypsin digestion, and by exposure to pH 2.8 or 11.0 for 1 h. The antigen, sequentially purified by gel filtration and Lentil-lectin affinity chromatography, was a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of approx. 64,000 daltons, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis.
Endogenous Steroid Metabolism Is Indicated by Fluctuations of Endogenous Steroid and Steroid Glucuronide Levels in Early Development of the Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Concentrations of endogenous steroids and their glucuronide conjugates fluctuated during early development in steelhead troutOncorhynchus mykiss.Whole body content of sex steroids and steroid glucuronides of both bisexual and gynogenetic (all female) steelhead trout were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and cortisol increased 2–4 days before hatch. Two days after hatch, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) increased in concentrations in both gynogenetic and bisexual populations, and 11KT glucuronide concentrations increased in the gynogenetic population. Testosterone (T) and E2 concentrations were at their lowest at 39 days postfertilization (dpf) for T and 39 and 61 dpf for E2. Changes in levels of steroid glucuronides were not consistently parallel to free steroids through time. T−, E2−, and 17α, 20β dihydroxyprogesterone glucuronides declined slower than their free forms. Based on fluctuating concentrations of all steroid glucuronides, both populations of fish demonstrated an ability to form glucuronide conjugates of all steroids at the embryonic stage. The changes in levels of both free steroids and their glucuronides during early development of the trout indicate that steroid metabolism is active during development. This study also implicates steroid metabolism as an integral part of embryonic and postembryonic development.
Production of Seedless Hops by Interspecific Pollination

THE difficulty in inducing hop cone formation through the application of growth-stimulating substances has been well illustrated by Seeley and Wain1 who found that, at best, it was possible to achive only temporary stimulation of cone growth in experiments using some 22 growth-stimulating substances, as well as pollen extracts.
Tools and resources for information gathering, analysis, and reporting (TRIGAR)

Tools and Resources for Information Gathering, Analysis, and Reporting (TRIGAR) is a Scala-based application designed to aid in investigations (murder, kidnapping, assassination, etc.) and case analysis studies. TRIGAR is still in the process of being designed, however, this paper briefly describes the association matrix, pattern analysis wheel, and link chart, the three tools comprising TRIGAR, and their functionality within the graphical user interface (GUI).
Giant magnetoresistance in heterogeneous Cu–Co and Ag–Co alloy films (invited)

Giant magnetoresistance in sputtered single films of Cu–Co and Ag–Co heterogeneous alloys is discussed. The films consist of Co‐rich precipitates in a nonferromagnetic matrix. The Ag–Co films have higher Δρ/ρ and Δρ values than the Cu–Co films, possibly due to less Co dissolved in the Ag matrix. Δρ scales inversely with precipitate particle size, implying that Co‐rich clusters ≤20 A diameter may be most effective for spin dependent scattering. This trend of the data and a phenomenological model suggest that interfacial spin dependent scattering is significantly stronger than the scattering within the Co‐rich particles.
Highly charged ion-secondary ion mass spectrometry (HCI-SIMS): toward metrology solutions for sub-100-nm technology nodes

The transition to semiconductor design nodes below 100 nm will create high demands on metrology solutions for the detection and chemical characterization of defects and particles throughout all processing steps. The compositional analysis of particles with sizes below about 20 nm is one particular challenge. We describe progress in the development of a highly charged ion based secondary ion mass spectrometry (HCI-SIMS) schemes aimed at addressing this challenge. Using ions like Xe48+ as projectiles increases secondary ion yields by several orders of magnitude and enables the application of coincidence counting techniques for the characterization of nano-environments of selected species. Additionally, an ion emission microscope was developed for defect imaging and we report examples of its application. We discuss steps of combining beam focusing, coincidence analysis and emission microscopy to enable compositional analysis of sub 20-nm size particles.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of dietary vitamin E on pigment and lipid stability of frozen beef: A kinetic analysis

Abstract The effect of vitamin E supplementation on pigment and lipid stability was evaluated with beef wrapped in high or low oxygen permeability films and stored in the dark or under constant illumination at −20°C. Dietary vitamin E supplementation improved pigment and lipid stability in both cases. Illumination increased metmyoglobin accumulation but did not affect lipid oxidation rate in both control and supplemented beef. A predisplay dark storage period of 30 days delayed metmyoglobin accumulation during subsequent display. Kinetic analysis showed that vitamin E supplementation stabilized the oxymyoglobin complex by enhancing the deoxymyoglobin oxygenation rate and by decreasing oxymyoglobin autoxidation rate.
Experimental temperature dependence of the magnetization of surface layers of Fe at interfaces with nonmagnetic materials

Theoretical studies have investigated the temperature dependence of the magnetization at the surface of ferromagnets. For isotropic exchange uniform throughout the sample, the temperature dependence of the surface magnetization varies asM(T)/M(0)≈(1−BT3/2) with aB factor at least twice as great as the bulk value. For cases in which the exchange interaction is different in the surface layer, or in which there is a significant surface exchange anisotropy, a different temperature dependence may result. These theoretical results have seen little experimental test. We report here measurements made on epitaxial (110) Fe films in which different temperature dependences are found depending upon the interfacial material chosen as a covering layer.
Adaptive changes in aging and arteriosclerosis--role of cholesterol.

Abstract The “lipid theory” assumes that cholesterol has a causal part in the development of arteriosclerosis; however, in view of the fact that cholesterol has always accompanied life processes, the “lipid theory” contradicts the evolutionary principle of “teleonomy” which predicts that long lasting metabolic effects must have beneficial consequences. Support for the theory was claimed from the correlation between high serum cholesterol and arteriosclerotic complications, from observations in cholesterol fed animals and from cardiac lesions in familial hypercholesterolemia. However, correlations do not prove causality; whether the animal experiments and the observations in familial hypercholesterolemia are pertinent is questionable. Therefore, the possibility was considered that the cholesterol changes are an adaptive mechanism. This is supported by the “normal” cholesterol content of the early lesion, by the stabilization of the DNA helix by cholesterol in appropriate concentration, by the beneficial effects of cholesterol-rich granulomata; by recent reliable “intervention” trials with low cholesterol diets and by the observation that persons dying from ischemic heart disease (having high serum cholesterol) live at least as long as those dying from other causes. Furthermore, studies with serum cholesterol lowering drugs are difficult to interpret and often misleading. The symptomatology of the serum cholesterol changes in arteriosclerosis suggests that they belong to the adaptive aging phenomenon. This would be in line with evolutionary thinking.
The effect of cementation on the elastic properties of granular material

Abstract A simple analytical model is developed to describe the mechanics of cemented granular material. The two-dimensional problem of the deformation of an arbitrarily shaped cement layer has been reduced to an ordinary differential equation of the second order. A simple analytical solution is obtained to model the normal and shear deformation of a cement layer with straight boundaries. The problem of the normal compression of two contacting circular elastic grains and an elastic cement layer between them has been reduced to a linear integral equation. This problem has been solved both for two-dimensional (cylindrical grains) and three-dimensional (spherical grains) cases. The elastic modulus of such a combination is strongly increased by cementation compared to the case of a classic Hertzian contact.
In vivo assessment of mitochondrial toxicity

Drug effects on mitochondrial function are frequently characterized in vitro. Whether these findings are relevant pharmacologically or toxicologically is generally unclear. Methods for in vivo assessment of mitochondrial function would help establish biological significance, but none is widely accepted or readily available. Ideally, these methods would be sensitive and specific, noninvasive, predictive of efficacy or toxicity, translatable from preclinical to clinical studies and localizable to the target organ. Although not fully developed or validated, several approaches to in vivo mitochondrial assessment show promise. Collaboration between scientists from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory agencies will be required to develop and apply these methods.
Electro- and magneto-transport properties of a single CoNi nanowire

The temperature-dependent electro- and magneto-transport properties of a single nickel-rich CoNi alloy nanowire (~200 nm in diameter) bridging microfabricated gold electrodes were investigated. The temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) for a single nickel-rich CoNi nanowire is low in comparison with pure Ni nanowires, and this might be attributed to a higher residual resistivity. The magneto-resistance (MR) of a single nickel-rich CoNi nanowire shows typical anisotropic behaviour, where the magneto-resistance ratio decreases with increasing temperature and, as expected, the value is much greater than for pure Ni nanowires. The angular dependence of the magnetization switching field (HSW) indicated that the magnetization reversal mechanism for CoNi nanowires at 300 K changed from curling to coherent rotation when the angle between the nanowire axis and the magnetic field direction is greater than 75°.
Retrospective evaluation of factors that influence the implementation of CATCH in southern Illinois schools.

Background. Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) is a school health program implemented in southern Illinois that focuses on physical activity and nutrition and consists of a classroom curr...
Chair and Twist-Boat Membranes in Hydrogenated Graphene

Graphane is a two-dimensional system consisting of a single planar layer of fully saturated carbon atoms, which has recently been realized experimentally through hydrogenation of graphene membranes. We have studied the stability of chair, boat, and twist-boat graphane structures using first-principles density functional calculations. Our results indicate that locally stable twist-boat membranes significantly contribute to the experimentally observed lattice contraction. The band gaps of graphane nanoribbons decrease monotonically with the increase of the ribbon width and are insensitive to the edge structure. The implications of these results for future hydrogenated graphene applications are discussed.
Growth of BGaAs by molecular-beam epitaxy and the effects of a bismuth surfactant

Boron is potentially useful for strain balancing compressively strained materials such as InGaAs and GaAsBi that are being developed for use in optical and electronic devices. Understanding and improving the incorporation of boron in GaAs is an important first step toward the realization of these strain-balanced systems. Here, we show that the apparent boron incorporation in GaAs, determined from X-ray diffraction measurements, decreases as the substrate temperature is increased, although measurements of the metallurgical concentration of boron remain constant. This implies that boron is incorporating preferentially on non-substitutional sites as growth temperature is increased. The addition of a bismuth surfactant flux not only makes the epilayers smoother, but within a narrow range of substrate temperatures, restores the incorporation of substitutional boron.
On the Application of the Spheroidal Wave Equation to the Dynamical Theory of the Long-Period Zonal Tides in a Global Ocean

The frictionless solution for the fortnightly and monthly long-period zonal tide heights in a constant-depth global ocean has been known for a century. An equation for the tide height is obtained from Laplace's tidal equations. Darwin (1886) gave a solution to this equation in a power series expansion, and Hough (1897) gave one in terms of Legendre polynomials. In this article we derive a meridional velocity equation, which is an inhomogeneous form of the spheroidal wave equation. This allows a more straightforward approach to a solution. The forcing term is the associated Legendre function of degree two and order one, and so the meridional velocity is conveniently represented as a series of associated Legendre functions of order one. This expansion is substituted into the spheroidal wave equation, use is made of Legendre recurrence relations, and a three-term recurrence relation is derived for the coefficients. This is solved by a continued fraction expansion in a similar manner to the classical solution for the tide height. Series expansions for the tide height, zonal velocity, stream function, and velocity potential are then easily derived by Legendre recurrence relations.
Biology of Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). I. Thermoregulation.

Abstract 1. 1. Thermoregulatory patterns and levels of controlled body temperature (Tb) in adult female Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus throughout their stay in maternity colonies are significantly affected by stage of reproduction and even more by stage of pregnancy, but are not affected by abundance of body fat or age. 2. 2. It is impossible to distinguish regulating bats from conforming bats in ambient temperatures (Ta's) above 20–24°C, with bats of both species becoming partially hyperthermic above these Ta's. 3. 3. Minimum Tb required for initiation of flight averages 30·3 and 24·3°C, for M. lucifugus and M. thysanodes, respectively, while neonates of these two species begin to regulate at about 9 1 2 and 4 1 2 days after birth, respectively. 4. 4. Behavioral aspects of thermoregulation may be as important as physiological thermoregulation in the biology of these species.
Evidence for a reciprocal model of language development

A reciprocal model of language development is proposed analogous to Bowlby's model for the development of attachment, a control system model. The hypothesis for the research reported is that a reciprocal behavioral system operates between the language-developing infant-child and the competent language user in a socializing-teaching-nurturing role vis-a-vis the language-developing child. Findings are from a longitudinal study of four infant-mother dyads, videotaped in the home from the time the infants were 3 months until they were 2 years old. The mother's linguistic behavior following vocalizing and verbalizing by her infant is analyzed for evidence that it is language-teaching behavior appropriate to the infant's level of linguistic development and, in the terms of the control system model, elicited by the infant's linguistic behavior.
Selecting an agent for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism.

Q: It has become very common to use expensive low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in hospitalized medical and surgical patients. How can optimal prophylaxis be maintained while controlling the pharmacy expenses that result from the use of effective
Growth and survival of larval and juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum in a recirculating raceway system

Abstract Cobia Rachycentron canadum is a fast-growing, pelagic marine species that has recently attracted aquaculturists in both the research and commercial sectors. The typical method of grow-out for this species is in outdoor systems where production is limited to locations and seasons conducive for adequate growth and survival. Expanding the culture of cobia to indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) would allow for the production of fingerlings throughout the year and extend production to cooler regions. Two rearing trials were conducted to examine the growth and survival of cobia from hatching through 4 (trial 1, T1) or 35 (trial 2, T2) g in RAS. Cobia larvae were reared in circular tanks placed in a raceway to control water temperature and quality. During early juvenile grow-out, fish were transferred without grading to a second raceway on 29 dph (T1) or over a period of grading from 29–43 dph (T2). Larval growth (1–22 dph) measured as standard length was similar for both trials ranging from ∼ 3.9 to 14.7 mm. However, larval growth measured as wet weight (0.033 g, T1; 0.026 g, T2) or dry weight (5.7 mg, T1; 3.9 mg, T2) was significantly greater on 22 dph during T1 as was the ratio between myotome height and standard length. These differences may have resulted from an increase in initial densities from 8.7 larvae l − 1 (T1) to 14.7 larvae l − 1 (T2) which apparently caused an increase in food competition and overall aggression. During juvenile grow-out, cobia reached 4.0 g on 43 dph in T1 and 35.4 g on 71 dph in T2 matching weights achieved during grow-out in outdoor ponds. Over the course of both trials, survival was similar to that reported in outdoor ponds. Mean survival (± S.D.) during the early rearing phase (hatching through 29 or 43 dph) averaged 13.2 ± 3.2 % and 10.4 ± 3.2 % corresponding to final densities of 0.9 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.4 fish/l for T1 and T2, respectively. During the first grow-out phase (29–43 dph), survival of fish moved into the open raceway was 64.5% in T1 and 88.7 % in T2. Survival of cobia during the second grow-out phase (43–71 dph) for T2 was 92.5%. The results of this study indicate that cobia can be successfully cultured in indoor systems from hatching through at least 35 g without negatively affecting growth or survival.
Learning Transfer and Its Intentionality in Adult and Continuing Education

This chapter offers an introduction to learning transfer and the major concepts related to this topic. Encouraging the intentional use of learning transfer in adult and continuing education settings is emphasized.
CD4+ T lymphocytopenia with disseminated HPV

Background: There have been several reports of HIV-negative patients with chronic idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia, the diagnostic criteria for which are: depressed numbers of circulating T lymphocytes (less than 300/µl or less than 20%) on more than one occasion; no laboratory evidence of HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection; and the absence of any defined immunodeficiency or therapy associated with depressed levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Methods: We report a patient with disseminated human papillomavirus infection associated with idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia. A 50-year-old woman presented to the dermatology clinic with a 10-year history of widespread verrucae involving the skin and the cervix. Results: Biopsy from the arm revealed a common wart. PCR analysis performed from the paraffin-embedded block was strongly positive for HPV type 2. Other HPV types (including EV-associated HPV 5, 8, 14, 15, 17) were not found. Further laboratory work up revealed T-cell lymphocytopenia, with an absolute CD4 count of 21. HIV tests were repeatedly negative. She was treated with interferon A 8 million units SQ three times per week with partial improvement. The patient underwent a hysterectomy for cervical dysplasia and a vulvectomy for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. She developed small-cell lung carcinoma and died. Conclusions: The diagnosis of idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia should be considered in any patient with widespread viral, fungal, or mycobacterial infection whose HIV test is negative, and appropriate evaluation of the absolute CD4+ counts should be performed.
Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulates the Ca2+ Release Channel from Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at millimolar concentrations induces Ca2+ release from actively loaded sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and induces biphasic [3H]ryanodine binding behavior. High affinity [3H]ryanodine binding is enhanced at concentrations from 100 microM to 10 mM (3-4 fold). At H2O2 concentrations greater than 10 mM, equilibrium binding is inhibited. H2O2 decreased the kd for [3H]ryanodine binding by increasing its association rate, while having no effect on the rate of dissociation of [3H]ryanodine from its receptor. H2O2 (1 mM) also reduced the EC50 for Ca2+ activation from 632 nM to 335 nM. These effects were completely abolished in the presence of catalase, ruthenium red, and/or Mg2+ (Mm). H2O2-stimulated [3H]ryanodine binding is not further enhanced by either doxorubicin or caffeine. The direct interaction between H2O2 and the Ca2+ release mechanism was further demonstrated in single-channel reconstitution experiments. Peroxide, at submillimolar concentrations, activated the Ca2+ release channel following fusion of a sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle to a bilayer lipid membrane. At millimolar concentrations of peroxide, Ca2+ channel activity was inhibited. Peroxide stimulation of Ca2+ channel activity was reversed by the thiol reducing agent dithiothreitol. Paralleling peroxide induced activation of ryanodine binding, Ca2+ transport, and single Ca2+ channel activity, it was observed that the ryanodine receptor formed large disulfide-linked protein complexes that dissociated upon addition of dithiothreitol.
Improved Pisarenko's sinusoidal spectrum estimate via SVD subspace approximation methods

This paper presents two numerically stable Pisarenko type spectrum estimators based on a subspace approximation approach. A sinusoidal signal plus noise model is assumed. By using the singular value decomposition, the covariance matrix is decomposed into a signal subspace which represents the signal component; and a noise subspace which represents the noise contributions. The first method makes use of a signal subspace structure which characterizes the signal covariance matrix by a linear system triple (A, b, c). Then the frequencies of the signal sinusoids are solved as the eigenvalues of the A matrix. The second method utilizes a Toeplitz structure of the noise subspace. Then a subspace approximation procedure is taken to find an estimate of this noise subspace. The frequency estimates are then solved as the roots of the defining sequence of this Toeplitz noise subspace matrix. Simulation results are furnished to illustrate the advantages of these proposed new methods.
Distal aorta: the next frontier in managing Marfan syndrome aortic disease.

Over the past 3 to 4 decades, the underpinnings, manifestations, and optimal treatment for ascending aortic disease in Marfan syndrome have been substantially clarified. The clinical and genetic associations have been described and updated. An evidence-based approach to both medical and preventive
A chemical mechanical polishing model incorporating both the chemical and mechanical effects

A comprehensive model for the material removal in a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process is presented in which both chemical and mechanical effects are taken into consideration. The chemical effects come into play through the formation of chemically modified surface layer on the wafer surface that, in turn, is removed mechanically by the plastic deformation induced by slurry particles. This model describes the influence of most, if not all, variables involved in the CMP process including slurry characteristics (solid loading, particle size and distribution, modulus), pad properties (modulus, hardness, asperity sizes and distribution) and processing conditions (down-pressure, velocity). Although more elaborate experimental verification of the model is yet to follow, this model appears to be capable of explaining many experimental observations on both oxide and metal CMP that, otherwise, could not be explained properly.
Leafroll control by use of insecticides

In 1951 and 1952, tests were conducted near Ithaca, New York, on the effect of insecticidal applications on the amount and pattern of spread of potato leafroll virus from known sources of inoculum. Systox was very effective in reducing disease incidence, parathion reduced virus spread almost as well, and DDT appeared most helpful where the amount of virus spread was relatively light but actually detrimental where spread was heavy.
Advances in MEMS deformable mirror technology for laser beam shaping

In recent years, demanding adaptive optics applications have driven advancements in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors. The latest developments in adaptive optics for extremely large telescopes and other astronomical applications calling for thousands of control points have pushed high actuator mirror arrays. The need to compensate for large amplitude, high order wavefront aberrations in retinal imaging have pushed for high stroke, high spatial resolution deformable mirrors. Aerospace and military defense applications with long operational life times have created demands for rugged, highly reliable micromachined devices. Finally, the impending commercialization of deformable mirrors for bioimaging applications has created a requirement for a low-cost adaptive optics solution. The variety of applications with their respective requirements has resulted in versatile MEMS devices for advanced optical control and thus well-suited for many laser beam shaping applications. This paper will describe the design, manufacturing, and testing results of the latest generation of optical quality micromachined deformable mirrors. Recent testing of a 4096 actuator deformable mirror and a newly released a 140 actuator, six micron stroke mirror will be demonstrated. A high-speed electronics driver for a 1024 actuator deformable mirror designed for laser beam shaping in optical communication will also be demonstrated. This paper will show how the applications of micromachined deformable mirrors can be extended to laser beam shaping for industrial machining, laser communication, and femto-second pulse applications.
Modeling the Impact of the Fungus Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): Incorporating Infection by Conidia

A computer model of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper and its host, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), had previously been developed to simulate infection by fungus resting spores (azygospores) that are present in soil and germinate in spring if moisture is adequate. This model is now expanded to include infection caused by conidia that are produced on dead, infected caterpillars when relative humidity is near 100%. As inputs, the model uses temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, abundance of resting spores in the soil, and gypsy moth population density. From plots in 1999, 2000, and 2001, data on weather conditions (the first year from daily weather station data and the last two from in-plot data loggers) were obtained, and gypsy moth density and resting spore abundance were determined. Also, collections of gypsy moth larvae were taken weekly to determine proportion of infection by the fungus. These data were used to find best-fitting parameters for the model. Using the same parameter values, model output was close to data for all years. When conidial dispersal was incorporated in the model, output and data were even closer. A validated model should be useful for evaluating and predicting gypsy moth-fungus interactions in forests.