cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USING A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MODEL AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SMALL-SCALE ECOTOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN JAMAICA

The Caribbean island of Jamaica relies heavily upon tourism to support its economy. Despite the influx of significant tourism revenue, large numbers of Jamaica's indigenous people still face substantial economic hardships. This paper examines the potential for Jamaica to expand small-scale ecotourism entrepreneurship in order to improve the economic situation of larger numbers of its people. This analysis is conducted within a knowledge management framework, with particular emphasis placed upon the involvement of a wide array of stakeholders. The overall premise is that successful small-scale ecotourism entrepreneurship will rely on Jamaica's effective use of both its natural surroundings and its knowledge base as key assets.
Open Book: The Failed Promise of Information Privacy in America

With financial and other personal information about us in countless databases, and with companies such as Facebook and Google collecting data about their users to drive profits and satisfy expectations of shareholders, there is a pervasive concern that we have little control over access to potentially harmful uses of that information. Moreover, many consumers believe that little can be done to address the problem except to give out as little information as possible and try our best to monitor our credit reports and financial accounts in an effort to detect unexpected activity if it occurs. By not enacting strong information privacy laws in the non-governmental sector, the U.S. Congress and the fifty states have effectively defaulted to a market-based model of privacy protection that relies heavily on individual self-policing and market incentives as the primary means of information control. A self-policing privacy protection model could be effective if a market for information privacy were possible — if well informed individuals could shop their privacy preferences effectively. This book-length paper (the book itself will be available in 2013) examines the reasons why this is highly unlikely and why privacy laws in the United States (or the lack thereof) will not protect legitimate consumer interests in the years to come. Part 1 shows why information privacy is a social or societal value and not just an individual concern. Part 2 examines in more detail why individualist, market approaches to privacy protection are destined to fail. Part 3 continues this theme and examines research in behavioral sciences about how consumers make decisions in market transactions. Part 4 concludes by critiquing the “new” privacy framework released by the Federal Trade Commission. While the framework contains hopeful rhetoric calling for greater emphasis on societal solutions to privacy concerns, most of the framework continues to rely heavily on individual notice and choice in transactions that involve exchanges of personal information.
Guidelines for Establishing Interactivity in Online Courses

Students are most successful in online courses that provide ample opportunities for them to interact with the instructor, other students, and the course content. An interactive online course must engage students as active learners rather than as passive participants. How can instructors design virtual classrooms that offer students with a variety of learning styles and preferences the greatest chance of success? This article suggests ways of increasing interactivity in online educational environments.
A Contextual Mann‐Kendall Approach for the Assessment of Trend Significance in Image Time Series

One of the most common problems in estimating trends in image time series is the presence of contaminants such as clouds. There are many techniques for estimating robust trends but evaluating the significance of the trends can be difficult due to this increased variance. This article presents a novel approach called the Contextual Mann-Kendall (CMK) test for assessing significant trends. This test uses the principle of spatial autocorrelation to characterize geographical phenomena, according to which a pixel would not be expected to exhibit a radically different trend from neighboring pixels. The procedure removes serial correlation through a prewhitening process. Then, similar to the logic of the Regionally Averaged Mann-Kendall (RAMK) test, it combines the information from neighboring pixels while adjusting for cross-correlation. CMK was compared with the Mann-Kendall (MK) test in which contextual information was not involved for the mean annual NDVI over 22 years (1982–2003) in West Africa. With the MK test, ∼11% of the study area showed significant (p < 0.001) trends which increased to 16% when tested using the CMK test. Thus the CMK test produces a result that makes intuitive sense from a geographical perspective and enhances the ability to detect trends in relatively short time series.
Topological symmetry restoration

We examine spontaneously broken $N$-component $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory at finite temperature on a static manifold whose equal-time hypersurfaces are homogeneous but may be topologically nontrivial. The alterations in the infrared structure of the field theory caused by the nontrivial topology can induce a transition from the ordered to the disordered phase, even at zero temperature. Results derived include a general expression for the zero-temperature one-loop effective potential on a topologically trivial homogeneous curved manifold and a calculation of the free energy of the self-interacting scalar field at finite temperature on a static universe whose spatial section is $\frac{{S}^{3}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ is a discrete group.
Rapid crack growth in a thermoelastic solid under mixed-mode thermomechanical loading

A two-dimensional steady-state analysis of semi-infinite brittle crack growth at a constant subcritical rate in an unbounded fully-coupled thermoelastic solid under mixed-mode thermomechanical loading is made. The loading consists of normal and shear tractions and heat fluxes applied as point sources (line loads in the out-of-plane direction). A related problem is solved exactly in an integral transform space, and robust asymptotic forms used to reduce the original problem to a set of integral equations. The equations are partially coupled and exhibit operators of both Cauchy and Abel types, yet can be solved analytically. The temperature change field at a distance from the moving crack edge is then constructed, and its dominant term is found to be controlled by the imposed heat fluxes. The role of this term is, indeed, enhanced if the heat fluxes serve to render the crack as a net heat source/sink for the solid, as opposed to being a transmitter of heat across its plane. More generally, the influence of thermoelastic coupling on this field, as well as other functions, is found to increase with crack speed.
Computing the Camera Motion Direction from Many Images

We analyze the problem of estimating a camera's motion direction from a calibrated multi-image sequence. We assume that the camera moves roughly along a line and that its velocity and orientation are unknown and can vary over time. For infinitesimal camera motion (multiple flows rather than multiple images), we give a closed-form expression for the result of minimizing the true least-squares error over all variables but the camera's motion direction. Our result includes the rigidity constraint that the scene stays fixed over time. For finite motion, we present a noniterative algorithm that approximates the exact multi-image coplanarity error to better than a percent. Also, we define a new error contribution that incorporates the rigidity constraint and is analogous to the rigidity component of the error for infinitesimal motion. By adding this to the coplanarity error, we obtain a noniterative algorithm that approximates the complete finite motion least-squares error - including rigidity - as a function just of the translation direction.
Changes in the plasma proteome follows chronic opiate administration in simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques

Background Substantive plasma proteomic changes follow lentiviral infection and disease pathobiology. We posit that such protein alterations are modified during drug abuse, further serving to affect the disease. To this end, we investigated the effect of opiate administration on the plasma proteome of Indian-strain rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain smm9.
Continuously moving table data acquisition method for long FOV contrast-enhanced MRA and whole-body MRI.

A method is presented in which an extended longitudinal field of view (FOV), as required for whole-body MRI or MRA peripheral runoff studies, is acquired in one seamless image. Previous methods typically either acquired 3D data at multiple static “stations” which covered the extended FOV or as a series of 2D axial sections. The method presented here maintains the benefits of 3D acquisition while removing the discrete nature of the multistation method by continuous acquisition of MR data as the patient table moves through the desired FOV. Although the technique acquires data only from a homogeneous central volume of the magnet at any point in time, by spatially registering all data it is possible to extend the FOV well beyond this volume. The method is demonstrated experimentally with phantoms, in vivo angiographic animal studies, and in vivo human studies. Magn Reson Med 47:224–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Software architecture challenges and opportunities for the 21st century: dynamism, mobility, autonomy, services, grids, and clouds

Developments in the area of software architecture over the past two decades have pushed architecture to the forefront of a number of critical software engineering activities: modeling, design, analysis, simulation, implementation, deployment, maintenance, and evolution. Architecture is advocated as an effective conceptual tool for addressing the many challenges of developing large, complex, distributed systems. Largely in parallel to these developments, significant advances have also been made in the domains of mobile, autonomic, service-oriented, grid-based, and most recently, cloud-based computing. The systems in these domains are also large, complex, and distributed; they are frequently expected to dynamically adapt to failures as well as changing requirements and execution contexts. At first blush, a number of the advances in these domains appear not to have resulted from an explicit software architectural focus. However, I posit that architecture offers clear, and often critical, benefits in these domains. In support of this argument, I will overview the state-of-the-art in the areas of mobile, autonomic, service-oriented, grid-based, and cloud-based computing; with a specific focus on the role software architecture should and actually does play in these domains. I will highlight the characteristics of software architectures as well as specific architecture-based approaches that make them particularly suitable to developing these systems.
Individual stability, local variability and the cultural transmission of song in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli)

The songs of 306 territorial male white-crowned sparrows were recorded between 1975 and 1983 in two study areas in San Francisco, California. Nestlings were banded and 47 sons whose father's songs had been recorded acquired territories. Some fathers had more than one son who acquired a territory. The songs of 263 territorial neighbours of the sons were also recorded. In addition, there were 32 females for whom both the father's and the mate's songs were available. The songs that were sung on the two study areas differed in a number of qualitative and quantitative aspects. For each area, there was change across years, in qualitative composition of song types, as well as considerable variability in the properties of the songs within dialect areas throughout the course of the study. There were 49 instances in which the song of a territory holder was recorded for more than one year. These individuals exhibited considerable stability of song across years. The song types of sons and fathers and of sons and neighbours were compared; Analysis of these songs indicated that some sons sang the song of the father, some adopted a song similar to that of the neighbours, and some had song with idiosyncratic elements that, in a few cases, remained in the population during succeeding generations. These data provided no support for the hypothesis that sons learned song preferentially from the father: there was no tendency for the quantitative characteristics of the songs of sons and fathers to be more similar than those of sons and neighbours, and when a father had two sons whose song was known, there was little tendency for the three songs to resemble one another. Finally, the songs of a father and his daughter's mate did not tend to resemble one another, indicating that females of this species do not choose as mates males that sing the same song as their father's. These results suggest that variability in transmission of song types may play a role in individual recognition, which in turn might aid a male to acquire a territory.
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN MEN AND WOMEN.

AN extensive literature is available dealing with the comparison of serum lipoprotein and lipid concentrations between men and women1,2. The present concept is that normal pre-menopausal women have greater amounts of high-density (or α-) lipoproteins than men of a comparable age. This difference has been ascribed to sex hormone secretion, especially higher œstrogen-levels in women.
Frontal sinus trephination for acute sinusitis

Trephination of the frontal sinus has been used for more than a century to address acute infections of the frontal sinus. There are many levels at which the sinus can be entered. This article describes the options and indications for the various approaches to trephination of the frontal sinus.
“Made This Way for a Reason”: Body Satisfaction and Spirituality

Nine female participants shared their experiences of body satisfaction, spiritual beliefs, and the intersection of these domains. Using phenomenological inquiry, the authors identified 6 themes in participant interviews. The authors discuss ways in which this study extends previous research, in addition to providing suggestions for counseling practice.
Effective properties of heterogeneous materials: Proper application of the non-interaction and the “dilute limit” approximations

Abstract The paper addresses common misunderstanding of the non-interaction approximation (NIA) – its incorrect identification with “dilute limit”, occurring in the context of transport, elastic, viscous etc. properties of heterogeneous materials. It is rooted in incorrect implicit assumption that physically weak interaction necessarily imply large spacing between inhomogeneities. This may lead to violation of rigorous bounds for the effective properties as well as drastic reduction of the concentration range where the NIA remains sufficiently accurate. We clarify the proper use of various formulations of NIA and their limitations.
Oxidation of carbamazepine by Mn(VII) and Fe(VI): reaction kinetics and mechanism.

Experimental studies were conducted to examine the oxidation of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug widely detected in surface waters and sewage treatment effluent, by potassium salts of permanganate (Mn(VII); KMnO4) and ferrate (Fe(VI); K2FeO4). Results show that both Mn(VII) and Fe(VI) rapidly oxidize carbamazepine by electrophilic attack at an olefinic group in the central heterocyclic ring, leading to ring-opening and a series of organic oxidation products. Reaction kinetics follow a generalized second-order rate law, with apparent rate constants at pH 7.0 and 25 °C of 3.0(±0.3) × 102 M−1 s−1 for Mn(VII) and 70(±3) M−1 s−1 for Fe(VI). Mn(VII) reaction rates exhibit no pH dependence, whereas Fe(VI) reaction rates increase dramatically with decreasing pH, due to changing acid−base speciation of Fe(VI). Further studies with Mn(VII) show that most common nontarget water constituents, including natural organic matter, have no significant effect on rates of carbamazepine oxidation; reduced metals and (bi)...
Nonconservative behavior of Br − /Cl − ratios during alteration of volcaniclastic sediments

Abstract Other than halite diagenesis and organic matter degradation, Cl− and Br− are considered to be conservative in marine pore fluids. Consequently, Br−/Cl− ratios should remain constant during most diagenetic reactions. Nonetheless, Br−/Cl− molar ratios decrease to 1.27 × 10−3 (≈18% less than seawater value) in pore fluids from Site 833 in the Aoba Basin of the New Hebrides convergent margin despite the lack of halite diagenesis and little organic matter. Sediment at this site is largely volcanic ash, which becomes hydrated with depth as it converts to clay and zeolite minerals. These hydration reactions remove sufficient water to increase the concentrations of most solutes including Cl− and Br−. The resulting concentration gradients drive diffusion, but calculations indicate that diffusion does not decrease the Br−/Cl− ratio. Some Cl− may be leached from the ash, but insufficient amounts are available to cause the observed decrease in Br−/Cl− ratio. The limited source of Cl− suggests that proportionately more Br− than Cl− is lost from the fluids to the diagenetic solids. Similar nonconservative behavior of Cl− and Br− may occur during fluid circulation at ridge crests and flanks, thereby influencing the halide distribution in the crust.
Quantitative comparison between the experimental band profiles of binary mixtures in overloaded elution chromatography and their profiles predicted by the semi-ideal model

Abstract The experimental elution profiles of the components of a binary mixture were determined under conditions where the column is strongly overloaded and the two bands interfere markedly. These profiles were derived from the analysis of approximately 100 fractions collected during the elution of large samples of synthetic mixtures of two similar compounds having different compositions. The system investigated was the separation of 2-phenylethanol and 3-phenylpropanol on Vydac ODS silica eluted isocratically with methanol—water (50:50). The results demonstrate the displacement and the “tag-along” effects previously predicted on the basis of theoretical investigations of the elution behavior of binary mixtures in non-linear chromatography. The displacement of the first band by the second takes place essentially when the concentration of the second eluted component is the larger. The tag-along effect of the second component is observed when the major component of the mixture is the first eluted. Comparison between the experimental profiles and the profiles predicted by the semi-ideal model was performed using the competitive Langmuir isotherm model. For numerical calculations, the parameters of these isotherms were determined by measurement of the single-component isotherms of each of the two compounds by frontal analysis. The results of the comparison show that the competitive Langmuir isotherm gives only a fair approximation of the multi-component adsorption behavior of the two compounds studied. Competition between them for adsorption seems to be stronger than predicted by the competitive Langmuir model.
Renal cystic disease—An overview

T HERE HAVE BEEN a number of classifications of renal cysts,2p6 and more will undoubtedly appear, indicating weaknesses in those already proposed. The major advantage of classification is to clear up the many confusions in terminology of the various types of renal cystic disease. It is not uncommon to see a report describing a condition in terms which in another classification refer to a different entity. This confusion is ascribable not only to the nephrologist and radiologist, but also to the usually accepted “final judge,” the pathologist. I recently read the report of a surgical specimen rendered by an excellent pathologist with the following diagnostic terms used interchangeably: multilocular cystic kidney, multiple cysts of the kidney, and multicystic kidney. These are all different entities, as will be demonstrated later in this Seminar. Purupelvic cyst is an extrarenal lesion, occurring most frequently in the renal hilum; peripelvic cyst is another name for pyelogenic cyst or calyceal diverticulum. The sponge kidney of the infant is polycystic disease of the newborn; medullary sponge kidney is seen usually in the adult and consists of ectasia of the collecting ducts. Classification consists in groupings of conditions with some sort of common or related denominator. If causes were known, an etiologic classification would be satisfactory-eg, cysts due to obstruction, cysts due to underlying vascular disease, cysts due to infection, etc. However, the etiology of most renal cysts has not been clearly established. For congenital cysts, specific embryologic developmental defects might serve as the basis for classification. Again, there is no agreement on the nature of the defects, and a classification of this sort would leave too many renal cysts unclassified. A pathologic classification based on histologic criteria has not been feasible because the histologic changes are, for the most part, not specific enough. A clinical classification, using such parameters as age of occurrence, or of death, the presence of hypertension, or of renal insufficiency, or
Adenosine-mediated regulation of cyclic AMP levels in isolated incubated retinas

The effect of adenosine on the modulation of retinal cAMP levels was assessed in several mammalian species including mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit. Adenosine had no effect when added to incubated rat, mouse and guinea pig retinas. However, levels of cAMP were elevated in dose-dependent manner by adenosine in both light- and dark-adapted incubated rabbit retinas. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) blocked the elevation elicited by adenosine. Norepinephrine and dopamine also elevated cAMP in incubated rabbit retinas and these effects were not blocked by IBMX. The elevations of cyclic AMP levels produced by adenosine were additive with the effects of dopamine or norepinephrine. These results indicate that an adenosine-sensitive cAMP system exists in rabbit retina, and it is probably distinct from the dopamine and norepinephrine regulated cyclic AMP systems.
Remarks on a previous paper

Abstract If s n = 2 s n − 1 − 3 s n − 2 ( s 1 = 1, s 2 = −1) we prove that s n ≠ g for n > | g | B where B is a determinable constant. (The case | g | = 1 is settled in a previous paper of the author.)
Digital Art and Experimental Color Systems at Bell Laboratories, 1965–1984: Restoring Interdisciplinary Innovations to Media History

ABSTRACT AT&T's Bell Laboratories produced a prolific number of innovative digital art and experimental color systems between 1965 and 1984. However, due to repressive regulation, this work was hidden from the public. Almost two decades later, when Bell lifted its restrictions on creative work not related to telephone technologies, the atmosphere had changed so dramatically that despite a relaxation of regulation, cutting-edge projects were abandoned. This paper discusses the struggles encountered in interdisciplinary collaborations and the challenge to use new media computing technology to make experimental art at Bell Labs during this unique time period, now largely lost to the history of the media arts.
Substituting Milk for Apple Juice Does Not Increase Kidney Stone Risk in Most Normocalciuric Adults Who Form Calcium Oxalate Stones

Abstract Objective Increasing intake of dietary calcium from less than 400mg to 800mg daily may decrease the absorption of dietary oxalate, which in turn would decrease urinary oxalate excretion. The effect of substituting milk for apple juice on urine composition and risk of calcium oxalate precipitability was studied. Subjects Twenty-one normocalciuric adults with a history of at least 1 calcium oxalate stone and urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 275μmol/day on their self-selected diet. Design Randomized crossover trial. Intervention Each participant consumed two moderate-oxalate (2,011μmol/day) study diets, which were identical except that one contained 360mL milk and the other contained 540mL apple juice as the beverage with meals. Setting Four days free-living then 2 days in the metabolic unit of a university nutrition department. Main outcome measure Tiselius risk index for calcium oxalate precipitability calculated from urine composition. Statistical analyses Paired t tests. Results Twenty-four hour urinary oxalate excretion was 18% lower ( P P Applications Substituting 360mL milk daily for apple juice with meals in a diet containing moderate amounts of dietary oxalate from whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables does not increase the risk index of calcium oxalate precipitability in most normocalciuric adults who form stones. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:303–308.
Sensitivity analysis of a geometric calibration method using projection matrices for digital tomosynthesis systems.

Purpose: To study the sensitivity of a geometric calibration method using projection matrices for digital tomosynthesis systems. Methods: A generic geometric calibration method for tomographic imaging systems has been presented in our previous work. The method involves a scan of a calibration phantom with multiple markers. Their locations in projection images are detected and are associated with their 3D coordinates to compute 3x4 projection matrices, which can be used in subsequent image reconstruction. The accuracy of geometric calibration may be affected by errors in the input data of marker positions. The effects of errors may depend on the number of markers and the volume surrounded by them in 3D space. This work analyzed the sensitivity of the calibration method to the above factors. A 6 cm CIRS breast research phantom and a prototype breast tomosynthesis system were used for our tests. A high contrast ring and two small speck groups were reconstructed in various testing cases for comparison. To achieve quantitative assessment, a 15x15 point detection mask was adopted for detecting signals and for computing changes between testing cases and the regular geometric calibration. Results: When 3D coordinates and 2D projections of markers were accurate, all tested numbers of markers,more » 6-44, provided similar high quality reconstructions of the ring and the two speck groups. Errors in marker positions resulted in image degradations and signal changes, which increased with fewer markers and smaller volume surrounded by markers in the 3D object space. Signal changes of small specks were more significant than those of the ring. Errors in marker projections produced drastic image degradations. Coplanar marker placement caused a failure in projection matrix computation. Conclusions: For practical geometric calibration phantom design, ample markers are desired. They need to have a large volumetric coverage in the 3D space and be far from being coplanar. Precise determination of marker projections on detector planes is crucial for accurate geometric calibration and for small object detection using the reconstructed images.« less
Enduring Inequality: Gender And Employment Income In Late Career

Abstract Marriage, union membership, and managerial and professional occupations yield no significant earnings advantages for white women, in Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models predicting logged employment income for whites still working in late career, surveyed in the first wave (1992) of the Health and Retirement Study. White men reap earnings benefits on all fronts, however, this is in addition to the benefits of self-employment combined with either marriage or professional occupation. Following Tilly (1998), we suggest that this enduring inequality is rooted in relations between men and women (especially marriage) and relations between men (closed status communities or old boy networks).
Rapid and Micro High-Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N-Acetylprocainamide in Plasma

A rapid and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide. Plasma samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile, and the supernate was chromatographed on a cation-exchange column. The assay can be carried out on as little as 20 μl of plasma and requires only about 7 min for each sample. No interference was found in plasma samples from cardiac patients receiving procainamide. This method is simple, fast, and useful for routine therapeutic monitoring and for pharmacokinetic studies of procainamide and its metabolite.
Complete Amino Acid Sequence of the Mu Heavy Chain of a Human IgM Immunoglobulin

The amino acid sequence of the µ, chain of a human IgM immunoglobulin, including the location of all disulfide bridges and oligosaccharides, has been determined. The homology of the constant regions of immunoglobulin µ, γ, α, and e heavy chains reveals evolutionary relationships and suggests that two genes code for each heavy chain.
Microfluidics-based systems biology

Systems biology seeks to develop a complete understanding of cellular mechanisms by studying the functions of intra- and inter-cellular molecular interactions that trigger and coordinate cellular events. However, the complexity of biological systems causes accurate and precise systems biology experimentation to be a difficult task. Most biological experimentation focuses on highly detailed investigation of a single signaling mechanism, which lacks the throughput necessary to reconstruct the entirety of the biological system, while high-throughput testing often lacks the fidelity and detail necessary to fully comprehend the mechanisms of signal propagation. Systems biology experimentation, however, can benefit greatly from the progress in the development of microfluidic devices. Microfluidics provides the opportunity to study cells effectively on both a single- and multi-cellular level with high-resolution and localized application of experimental conditions with biomimetic physiological conditions. Additionally, the ability to massively array devices on a chip opens the door for high-throughput, high fidelity experimentation to aid in accurate and precise unraveling of the intertwined signaling systems that compose the inner workings of the cell.
Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for congestive heart failure with focus on moricizine

Many patients who have serious ventricular arrhythmia requiring antiarrhythmic drug therapy have congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antiarrhythmic drugs are altered in the presence of CHF. It has been reported that some adverse effects, primarily aggravation of arrhythmia and CHF occur more frequently in patients with a history of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Moreover, antiarrhythmic drugs are less effective in patients with a history of CHF and a reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Moricizine, a new antiarrhythmic drug, has been undergoing clinical trials for over 13 years in the United States. The data base involving 1,072 patients was analyzed to establish the effect of this agent in patients with CHF. The presence of CHF does not alter the absorption, half-life and clearance of moricizine. The incidence of CHF exacerbation definitely related to moricizine was low (2%) and occurred primarily in patients with a history of CHF. Aggravation of arrhythmia and conduction abnormalities also occurred more often in patients with prior CHF. However, the incidence of all other adverse effects involving other organ systems was the same in patients with and without CHF and was also unrelated to the baseline LVEF. The effect of moricizine for suppressing spontaneously occurring ventricular ectopy was also similar in patients with and without CHF and was independent of LVEF. However, the drug is less effective in preventing sustained ventricular arrhythmia in patients with CHF.
Identification of temporal order within auditory sequences

Unpracticed Ss reported the order of sounds in sequences consisting of either three or four successive items repeated over and over without pause. With unrelated sounds each lasting 200 msec, correct reports of order were at chance level for oral responses and for card-ordering responses (each card bearing the name of one sound). The sequences with four unrelated items were studied in greater detail, and the threshold for identification was found to be 670 msec with oral responses and 300 msec with card-ordering responses. When two related sounds (tones) were used in four-item sequences, correct card-ordering was possible at 200 msec per item when the tones were temporally contiguous, but was not possible at this duration when the tones were separated by nonrelated sounds. Some special rules governing auditory sequence identification were suggested, and implications for theories of auditory perception discussed.
Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation.

The discovery that negatively charged aggregates of C60 fullerene (nC60) are stable in water has raised concerns regarding the potential environmental and health effects of these aggregates. In this work, we show that nC60 aggregates produced by extended mixing in the presence of environmentally relevant carboxylic acids (acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid) have surface charge and morphologic properties that differ from those produced by extended mixing in water alone. In general, aggregates formed in the presence of these acids have a more negative surface charge and are more homogeneous than those produced in water alone. Carboxylic acid identity, solution pH, and sodium ion concentration, which are all intricately coupled, play an important role in setting the measured surface charge. Comparisons between particle sizes determined by analysis of TEM images and those obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicate that DLS results require careful evaluation when used to describe nC60 aggregates.
Cytokinin-Containing Seaweed and Humic Acid Extracts Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Leaf Cytokinins and Drought Resistance

Drought continues to be a major limiting factor for creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. A.) quality and persistence on golf course fairways, greens, and tees. Little breeding specifically aimed at improving bentgrass drought resistance has been completed. However, a number of reports indicate that treatment with natural products such as seaweed extracts and humic acids improve cool-season grass drought resistance possibly by hormonal up-regulation of plant defense systems against oxidative stress. This study was conducted to determine the response of exogenous natural product treatment of three creeping bentgrass cultivars subjected to drought. 'Penn G-2', 'L-93', and 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass were treated with seaweed extract (SWE) at 0.5 kg ha -1 , humic add (HA; 80% a.i.) at 1.5 kg ha -1 , alone or in combination, and maintained in a greenhouse at approximately field capacity (-0.01 MPa) or allowed to dry until near the permanent wilting point (-1.5 MPa). Unashed samples of SWE and HA contained 66 μg g -1 and 57 μg g -1 zeatin riboside (ZR), respectively, while ashed samples contained no detectable cytokinins as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There were no significant differences between cultivars in response to drought, except for ZR concentration, which was higher in Penn G-2 than in L-93 or Penncross foliage. Turf quality and photochemical efficiency began to decline 14 d into the dry-down for the control and at 21 d in the natural product-treated bentgrass. The combination of HA + SWE enhanced root mass (21-68%), and foliar α-tocopherol (110%) and ZR (38%) contents. This is the first known report indicating that these natural products contain cytokinins and that their application resulted in increased endogenous cytokinin levels, possibly leading to improved creeping bentgrass drought resistance.
Lack of effect of diazepam on methadone metabolism in methadone‐maintained addicts

Four methadone-maintained subjects were given diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) for 9 days. During the dual drug period, the effects and kinetics of methadone and of its major pyrrolidine metabolite were not altered. These findings indicate that, unlike its effects in rodents, diazepam does not inhibit the metabolism of methadone in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 139–143; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.22
Assessment of swimming performance of preschool children.

The purpose of this research was to establish the validity and reliability of a swimming scale designed for children, ages 2 to 6 yr. Subjects (N = 57) were tested on nine categories of tasks. These tasks were selected from the skills traditionally included within the motor domain of swimming; therefore, the scale is assumed to be valid. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the interjudge objectivity, and within-day, and between-days reliabilities. The range of values for each were: .99 to .98, .99 to .96, and .97 to .84, respectively. As these values are acceptable, the swimming scale seems to be an appropriate instrument for assessing the performance of preschool children.
Privacy and Research with Human Beings

Social and psychological research generates three kinds of concerns about invasion of participants' privacy: that public exposure of their views and actions may have damaging consequences for them; that the procedures used to elicit information may deprive them of control over their self-presentation; and that the research may probe into areas that constitute their private space, overstepping the customary boundary between self and environment. The paper explores the psychological significance of preserving privacy in each of these three senses, the ways in which different kinds of research may threaten privacy in each case, the requirements for minimizing or counteracting such threats, and the conditions under which research representing a certain degree of invasion of privacy can nevertheless be justified.
Abstract 411: PI3 Kinase gamma control of Arginase-1 expression promotes tumor immunosuppression

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Tumor inflammation promotes angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and tumor growth. Tumor associated myeloid cells, which include incompletely differentiated myeloid derived suppressor cells, macrophages and granulocytes, establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumors through the expression of Arginase-1, which depletes the tumor microenvironment of arginine, thereby promoting T cell death and NK cell inhibition. Suppression of Arginase-1 expression and function could alter the course of cancer therapy by stimulating anti-tumor immunity to work in concert with anti-tumor vaccine or chemotherapeutic agents targeting tumor cell proliferation and survival. We found that myeloid cells express Arginase-1 in response to IL-6 stimulation in a Jak2/Stat3 and PI3Kinase gamma/mTORc1 dependent manner by promoting the activation of the transcriptional enhancer C/EBPbeta. Pharmacological or genetic blockade of Jak2, Stat3, PI3Kgamma, mTOR or C/EBPbeta suppressed expression of Arginase-1. Suppression of PI3Kgamma or Arginase-1 expression blocked myeloid cell induced death of T cells in vitro. PI3Kgamma inhibition blocked Arginase-1 expression in vivo, thereby increasing the number of CD8+ T cells in tumors, stimulating T cell-mediated cytotoxicity of tumor cells in vivo and suppressing growth and metastasis of implanted and spontaneous tumors. These studies reveal that suppression of Arginase-1 expression with PI3Kgamma or Jak2/Stat3 inhibitors can serve as an effective therapeutic strategy in oncology. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 411. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-411
Differential effects of the D2 receptor agonist quinelorane on the secretion of prolactin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of quinelorane, a selective D2 receptor agonist, on concentrations of prolactin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in plasma of male rats. Quinelorane decreased plasma concentrations of prolactin but not of α-MSH, whereas, the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride increased plasma concentrations of both hormones. Quinelorane reversed the effects of raclopride on circulating levels of prolactin, but not α-MSH. The results of this study suggest that secretion of hormones from melanotrophs and lactotrophs is regulated by different subtypes of D2 receptors.
Quasi-continuous spatial motion of a mass-spring chain

Abstract The three-dimensional motion of mass-spring chain in close to continuum conditions (a large number of mass-springs per unit length) is shown to be governed by r tt = T(A) A r 5 S + h 2 12 r sstt , r=(x,y,z), A≡|r S |, where T is the tension function of the continuum (arbitrary but known) and A is the stretch, r is the spatial displacement vector, s is the reference coordinate along the chain and h is equilibrium discreteness length. Some exact solutions for the string ( h ≡0) and the chain are derived. While the string supports only trivial travelling waves (the stretch must be constant) the chain admits a travelling wave confined to a plane with the stretch propagating as a solitary wave. In general the dispersion born out of the discreteness counteracts the steepening of waves caused by the nonlinearity and leads to the formation of nonlinear structures.
Hot-Pressing of Nano-Size Alumina Powder and the Resulting Mechanical Properties

The optimum conditions for sintering nano-phase alumina powder to theoretical density with high hardness and strength were determined. As-received gamma alumina powder was transformed to alpha alumina by heating for 8 min at 1300°C, and 0.1 wt% MgO was added to the gamma powder. These conditions resulted in 100% alpha powder with minimum growth in particle size. The alpha powder was ball-milled for 24 hr to further reduce its particle size. The resulting powder was hot-pressed in vacuum at different temperatures from 1250°C to 1450°C. To achieve high hardness and strength, the minimum time to give theoretical density at each temperature was used. Under these conditions, a Vickers hardness of greater than 22 GPa and diametral strength of above 1 GPa were achieved, which are much greater than those properties of polycrystalline alumina with larger grain size. The activation energy of alpha alumina with a mean diameter of 46 nm to reach theoretical density was 366 ± 23 kJ/molK. From analysis of these results and those of other workers, we conclude that low porosity is a very important factor for increasing strength and hardness of alumina with small grains.
Negotiation and the coordination of information and activity in distributed software problem management

Publicly accessible bug report repositories maintained by free / open source development communities provide vast stores of data about distributed software problem management (SWPM). Qualitative analysis of individual bug reports, texts that record community responses to reported software problems, shows how this distributed community uses its SWPM process to manage software quality. We focus on the role of one basic social process, negotiation, in SWPM. We report on the varieties and frequencies of negotiation practices and demonstrate how instances of negotiation in different contexts affect the organization of information, the allocation of community resources, and the disposition of software problems.
Femorofemoral bypass grafts: Ten-year experience*

From August 1972 to September 1982, one of us (F.R.P.) performed 119 femorofemoral bypass grafts on 78 men and 35 women with an average age of 62 years. Axillofemorofemoral grafts were excluded. The 30-day operative mortality rate was 1.7% (2 of 119). The cumulative patency rates determined by the life-table method were 97.4% at 30 days, 95.1% at 1 year, 83.3% at 3 years, 72.2% at 5 years, and 55% from 6 through 10 years. There were no graft failures in the 21 patients followed up for more than 6 years. There were 21 grafts at risk at 7 years, 15 at 8 years, 10 at 9 years, and four at 10 years. Donor iliac arteries were judged to be acceptable by a combination of simple analyses including physical examination, noninvasive laboratory testing, angiography, and intraoperative direct blood pressure measurements. There was no evidence of a vascular steal in any of the postoperative patients. One patient required an inflow procedure 2 years following femorofemoral grafting. Two patients required resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm 2 and 3 years, respectively, following femorofemoral grafting. There was one early graft failure secondary to infection, and five grafts became infected at 20,29,33,46, and 62 months, respectively, following femorofemoral grafting. False aneurysm formation, diabetes, and trauma were significant factors in these infections. Initially only high-risk patients were selected as candidates for femorofemoral grafting. Because we were encouraged by the early success rate and the apparent durability of the method, the indications were broadened to include good-risk patients who met rigid criteria for femorofemoral grafting.
Was Nazi eugenics created in the US

War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create A Master Race by Edwin Black Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, NY, USA 550 pages, $27/£15 ISBN 1568582587 ![][1] Edwin Black's War Against the Weak was well known before the book ever hit the bookstores. Not only did it receive a large amount of advance publicity from the publisher and the author, but it had already become a cause celebre among historians of science working in the field of the history of eugenics, many of whom had been contacted by Black during the course of the book's preparation. It was billed as a far‐reaching revision of our understanding of eugenics that would “tear away the thickets of mystery surrounding the eugenics movement around the world.” The author's central thesis is that Nazi racial hygiene and its ultimate manifestations in the Holocaust were imported lock, stock and barrel from the USA, and that, indeed, it was US ruling elites who hatched the idea of creating a master Aryan race by selective breeding and then passed it along to the Nazis. More specifically, Black argues that the Rockefeller Foundation … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The Growth of Home Ownership: 1940–1980

Housing went through a major transition between 1940 and 1980 as the proportion of home owners nearly doubled. This article examines how that change took place. Compositional changes in the population and process changes led by post-World War II housing policies and programs are tested as explanations for the growth of home ownership. A process analysis and a decomposition of the change in home ownership between cohorts are used to evaluate each interpretation of change. A combination of both explanations accounts for the change in home ownership.
Carrier mobility in highly disordered structures

Abstract The mobility of carriers at different energies is discussed and it is shown that hopping conductivity competes unfavorably with a conductivity higher inside the bands. The magnitude of the carrier mobility is estimated as a function of the carrier energy and it is shown that an effective carrier mobility of the order of 100 cm2/V sec can be expected even in highly disordered structures of predominately covalently bonded materials. These high mobilities are not in contradiction to the measured small values of the Hall-effect in semiconducting glasses, as pointed out earlier, because of the potential barriers caused by Coulomb-repulsive centers and of the essentially ambipolar character of the conductivity. Moreover, some additional evidence of a high carrier mobility is given by analysing the carrier transport during switching of Ovonic devices, yielding essentially the same order of magnitude for the carrier mobility (100 cm2/V sec).