cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Test of H β Stark-Broadening Theory at High Electron Densities

${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ spectral-line profiles produced in atmospheric-pressure high-current arc experiments at the Fowler-Milne normal electron density are compared with theory and found to agree within the approximately 10% uncertainty of the theory under these conditions.
Particle trajectory observations in dry HGMS

Trajectory analysis models are frequently employed to predict the behavior of high-gradient magnetic separation systems; however, there are few experimental observations of actual trajectories. Presented here is an overview of particle trajectory observations in dry (gas-particle) HGMS systems including both isolated fiber and multiple fiber lattice configurations. The experiments discussed span a range from a noninertial regime to one in which particle inertia is most important. Trajectory evidence displaying significant manifestations of particle inertial effects, including back capture observations, is presented. The agreement of these experiments with applicable theories is indicated.
The embryonic development of the cerebellum in normal and reeler mutant mice

The development of the cerebellum has been studied in normal and reeler mice, from embryonic day fourteen, i.e. when morphogenesis begins in this organ, to birth. The cerebellar nuclei develop according to a similar sequence in both genotypes. Their neurons migrate into the rostral field of the cerebellar bud where they condense in a rounded mass, well defined at E14. From E17, this cell contingent spreads transversally and the three roof nuclei become clearly defined. In reeler mutants, there seems to be an abnormal development of the architectonics of the lateral nucleus. The Purkinie cells migrate into the cortex at the same time in both genotypes. In the normal animal,from E14 onward, Purkinje cells are condensed in a clearly defined plate, where they assume a radial organization. By contrast, the mutant Purkinje cells are not arranged in a plate but are scattered in the periphery of the cortex. The neurons of the external granular layer are identical in both genotypes. Radial glial fibers and early Golgi epithelial cells appear to be normally present in the reeler embryo. The foliation of the cerebellar cortex begins at E17 in the normal embryo. From this stage onward, foliation is increasingly deficient in reeler mutants. Based on these observations, it is suggested that, in normal cerebellar development, a specific, genetically determined mechanism is responsible for the organization and the stabilization of postmigratory neurons and that this mechanism is affected by the reeler mutation.
Human preferences for time-dependent and response-dependent reinforcement schedules

Human preferences for various fixed-ratio schedules were compared with a fixed-interval 30-sec schedule in 56 male and female subjects. Using counter points as reinforcers and a preference paradigm permitting interspecies comparisons, three experiments yielded data suggesting that schedule preferences reflect sensitivities to time-dependent and responsedependent variables, rate of reinforcement parameters, and the total number of responses emitted by the organism, in that order of importance. The importance of this technology for tests of Premack’s reinforcement principle and ascertainment of the positive or negative valence of reinforcement schedules is briefly discussed.
Prevention of Irradiation-induced Salivary Hypofunction by Microvessel Protection in Mouse Salivary Glands

Treatment of most head and neck cancers includes radiotherapy. Salivary glands (SGs) in the irradiation (IR) field are irreversibly damaged resulting in severe hyposalivation. We evaluated the importance of SG endothelial cells to this IR-induced injury, and whether serotype 5 adenoviral (Ad5) vector-mediated transfer of basic fibroblast growth factor (AdbFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (AdVEGF) complementary DNAs would afford radioprotection. Four hours after IR, microvessel density (MVD) in SGs decreased by ∼45%. However, if mice were pre-treated with either AdVEGF or AdbFGF 48 hours before IR the loss in MVD was significantly reduced. An irrelevant vector, AdLacZ, encoding Escherichia coli β -galactosidase, was without effect. After 8 weeks, IR reduced salivary flow by ∼65% in untreated mice. Mice pre-treated (using 5 × 10 9 particles/gland 48 hours prior to IR) with AdLacZ exhibited a reduction in salivary flow similar to untreated mice receiving IR. However, irradiated mice pre-treated with AdbFGF or AdVEGF showed a significant improvement in their salivary flow, to ∼70% ( P P
Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication

Abstract The process of domestication involves adaptation, usually to a captive environment. Domestication is attained by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and developmental mechanisms (e.g., physical maturation, learning) triggered by recurring environmental events or management practices in captivity that influence specific biological traits. The transition from free-living to captive status is often accompanied by changes in availability and/or accessibility of shelter, space, food and water, and by changes in predation and the social environment. These changes set the stage for the development of the domestic phenotype. Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication is characterized by changes in the quantitative rather than qualitative nature of responses. The hypothesized loss of certain behavior patterns under domestication can usually be explained by the heightening of response thresholds. Increases in response frequency accompanying domestication can often be explained by atypical rates of exposure to certain forms of perceptual and locomotor stimulation. Genetic changes influencing the development of the domestic phenotype result from inbreeding, genetic drift, artificial selection, natural selection in captivity, and relaxed selection. Experiential contributions to the domestic phenotype include the presence or absence of key stimuli, changes in intraspecific aggressive interactions and interactions with humans. Man's role as a buffer between the animal and its environment is also believed to have an important effect on the development of the domestic phenotype. The domestication process has frequently reduced the sensitivity of animals to changes in their environment, perhaps the single-most important change accompanying domestication. It has also resulted in modified rates of behavioral and physical development. Interest in breeding animals in captivity for release in nature has flourished in recent decades. The capacity of domestic animals to survive and reproduce in nature may depend on the extent to which the gene pool of the population has been altered during the domestication process and flexibility in behavioral development. “Natural” gene pools should be protected when breeding wild animals in captivity for the purpose of reestablishing free-living natural populations. In some cases, captive-reared animals must be conditioned to live in nature prior to their release.
The prognostic significance of idiopathic pleural effusion.

1)Idiopathic pleurisy with effusion in the tuberculin positive individual should be considered a manifestation of tuberculosis in every instance, despite negative cultures of the aspirated fluid, and offers a sign of valuable clinical significance to the physician. 2)The age group involved makes recognition of the tuberculous etiology an important tuberculosis control factor, with obvious social and economic implications for the group. 3)A high incidence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis follows inadequately treated pleurisy with effusion, chiefly within the first two years following the effusion. 4)Sanatorium treatment, similar to that employed for minimal active tuberculosis, is strongly recommended in every case, with an observation period of at least five years following the effusion. 5)Control of the effusion by adequate aspiration is indicated to avoid pleural changes and subsequent impairment of pulmonary ventilatory function as an added complication.
Scaling up as Catachresis.

The metaphor of scaling up is the wrong one to use for describing and prescribing educational change. Many of the strategies being employed to achieve scaling up are counter‐productive: they conceive of practitioners as delivery agents or consumers, rather than as co‐constructors of change. An approach to educational innovation based on the concept of taking local innovations to scale carries the danger of turning schools into franchises and of reducing the global diversity of educational ideas. Sound educational ideas get scaled up not only (or primarily) through a linear, top‐down model that begins with a laboratory test and ends with a road show of workshops and training sessions. They also get scaled up—in the sense of disseminated and then adapted in ways that change practice—through researchers sharing with practitioners thickly described, contextualized examples of innovative practices and then inviting practitioners to decide how best to adapt these innovative practices for their local settings.
The effect of two carcinostatic agents on the chemically induced stimulation of amino acid incorporation in a mammalian system.

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) or phenobarbital (PB) stimulates the incorporation of free amino acid into protein in a liver microsomal system ( Gelboin and Sokoloff, 1961) dependent on endogenous or exogenous messenger RNA ( Gelboin, 1964 ; Kato, et , al. , 1965). The recent success in inhibiting the growth of tumors in animals and in tissue culture, with a whole range of terephthalanilide derivatives ( Kensler, 1963 ; Burchenal, et , al. , 1963 ) and with derivatives of indolyl-3-acetic acid ( Norman and Schultz, 1965 ; Schultz and Norman, 1965 ) prompted this investigation into the effect of representative samples of these carcinostatic drugs on the stimulation of amino acid incorporation in a subcellular system which is normally brought about by pretreatment with PB or 3MC. The present paper shows that n-pentyl indolyl-3-acetate (pIAA) when co-administered with PB prevented the PB-induced stimulation of amino acid incorporation in , vitro . Simultaneous pretreatment with N, N''-bis (p-(N'-methylamidino) phenyl) terephthalamidine (NSC-57155) and with PB or 3MC only prevented the 3MC-induced stimulation of amino acid incorporation into protein in the rat liver sub-cellular system.
Effect of Manufacturing Process Parameters on Property Evolution of Printed Circuit Board Laminates

The effect of temperature exposure encountered both during assembly and in fielded products, has a known influence on glass transition temperature of printed-circuit board (PCB) laminate materials. Printed circuit board laminates such as FR4 are composites of epoxy resin with woven fiberglass reinforcement. Interaction between manufacturing process variables that impact the changes in glass transition temperature (Tg) has been studied. The laminates studied have been broadly classified into high-Tg, and mid-Tg laminates. Different sets of reflow profiles were created by varying the process variables including, time above liquidus, peak temperature, ramp rate and cooling rate. The effect of multiple reflows encountered in normal assembly or board re-work has been studied by exposing the assemblies to multiple reflows between 2x–6x. Changes to the glass transition temperature have been classified by measurement of the glass transition temperature were measured via Thermo Mechanical Analysis (TMA). Statistical analysis of the variables has been used to determine the statistical significance of the measured changes for large populations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Collective Ion Acceleration by Means of Virtual Cathodes

Experiments on collective ion acceleration by means of the formation of a virtual cathode have been carried out for a number of years in the Soviet Union and in the United States. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the subject as a possible means of accelerating ions to very high energies. By understanding the physics underlying the acceleration process it may be possible to determine the feasibility of virtual cathode staging for very high energy ion production.
CELLULAR IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN BIOTIN DEFICIENT RATS

Biotin dependent multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism is associated with many clinical and laboratory abnormalities including combined immunodeficiency. We studied biotin dependent carboxylase activities and lymphocyte responses to a T cell mitogen (Con A) in biotin deficient (DEF) and biotin supplemented (CNT) pair fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Body and liver weights after 10 weeks on the deficient diet were 275 ± 25 gms. and 8.1 ± 1.4 gms. respectively for the DEF rats and 267 ± 21 and 7.4 ± 1.3 for the CNT rats. Lymphocyte Con A responses were normal in thymus (T) and spleen (S) but significantly lower (p <.01) in lymph nodes (LN) from DEF rats: Propionyl-CoA (PCC) and pyruvate (PC) carboxylase activities in DEF livers were 20% and 15% of CNT livers respectively. PCC in lymphocytes from T, S, and LN from DEF rats were 6%, 55% and 88% of CNT respectively. These results indicate: 1) T cell mitogen responses are most susceptible to biotin deficiency in the more differentiated LN; 2) PCC activity is most affected by biotin deficiency in the less differentiated T and is not the cause of depressed Con A responses by biotin deficient LN. It is possible that biotin metabolism and/or the role of biotin dependent carboxylases in lymphocytes changes with maturation and could explain the differential susceptibility of lymphocytes to the biotin deficient state.
Patterns and correlates of involuntary unemployment and underemployment in single-mother families☆

Abstract Economic downturns, trends in the increased number of single-mother families and women entering the workforce, recent welfare reforms that make receipt of cash benefits contingent on employment, and changes in the economic environment that have increased employment problems, all highlight the importance of examining unemployment and underemployment particularly among single-mother families. The current study used the 2004 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine patterns and correlates of unemployment and underemployment among single-mother families. The results indicate fairly substantial employment problems. Although approximately one-half (55.6%) of the single mothers had adequate employment, 30% experienced unemployment or involuntary job gaps, and approximately 15% experienced underemployment. Results further indicate that age, education level, past work experience, and homeownership are related to a reduced risk of employment problems. On the other hand, work disability, other family income, receipt of cash benefits, and state unemployment rates place single mothers at an increased risk of unemployment and underemployment. The findings suggest social policy implications and targeted assistance for those at-risk single mothers trying to secure adequate employment.
Preparation and characterization of dirhenium complex anions of the type [Re2Cl7(dithioether)]− with ReRe quadruple bonds

Two dirhenate(III) anions containing dithioether ligands and ReRe quadruple bonds have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Under mild reaction conditions, both 3,6-dithiaoctane (Ch3CH2SCH2CH2SCH2CH3 or dto) and 2,5-dithiahexane (CH3SCH2CH2SCH3 or dth) displace a single chloride ligand from [Re2Cl8]2− to yield [Re2Cl7(dto)]− and [Re2Cl7(dth)]−, respectively. The tetra-n-butylammonium (Bu4N) salts of these complex ions have been isolated and found to react with additional dithioether to produce the unsymmetrical compounds Re2Cl5(dto)2 and Re2Cl5(dth)2 with ReRe triple bonds. The complex (Bu4N[Re2Cl7(dto)] crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 11299(3), b = 11.552(4), c = 14.654(4)A, a = 108.19(2), β = 104.07(2), γ = 88.65(3)° and Z = 2, while (Bu4N)[Re2Cl7(dth)] crystalline in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 10.361(2), b = 15.567(4), c = 11.663(3) A, β = 117.01(2)° and Z = 2. The ReRe bond distances are 2.248(1) and 2.257(1) A for the dto and dth complexes, respectively.
Australian Mergers and Takeovers: A Review of Recent Evidence

Abstract “A strategy of corporate acquisition resulted in a deterioration in the performance of the merging firms relative both to their pre-takeover experience, and also compared with the experience of the matching non-merging firms, measured in accounting terms” [McDougall and Round (1986) p. 182]. “Translating this into dollars, the total value created by takeover offers as measured by the change in the residual values of the outstanding shares of the firms involved is $7.2 billion for the offers in the CIS Takeover Database” [Bishop. Dodd and Officer (1987) p. 42].
Human β-glucuronidase: Assignment of the structural gene to chromosome 7 using somatic cell hybrids

β-Glucuronidase (GUS) has become an important enzyme model for the genetic study of molecular disease, enzyme realization, and therapy, and for the biogenesis and function of the lysosome and lysosomal enzymes. The genetics of human β-glucuronidase was investigated utilizing 188 primary man-mouse and man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids segregating human chromosomes. Cell hybrids were derived from 16 different fusion experiments involving cells from ten different and unrelated individuals and six different rodent cell lines. The genetic relationship of GUS to 28 enzyme markers representing 19 linkage groups was determined, and chromosome studies on selected cell hybrids were performed. The evidence indicates that the β-glucuronidase gene is assigned to chromosome 7 in man. Comparative linkage data in man and mouse indicate that the structural gene GUS is located in a region on chromosome 7 that has remained conserved during evolution. Involvement of other chromosomes whose genes may be important in the final expression of GUS was not observed. A tetrameric structure of human β-glucuronidase was demonstrated by the formation of three heteropolymers migrating between the human and mouse molecular forms in chromosome 7 positive cell hybrids. Linkage of GUS to other lysosomal enzyme genes was investigated. β-Hexosaminidase HEX B) was assigned to chromosome 5; acid phosphatase2 (ACP 2) and esterase A4 (ES-A 4) were assigned to chromosome 11; HEX A was not linked to GUS; and α-galactosidase (α-GAL) was localized on the X chromosome. These assignments are consistent with previous reports. Evidence was not obtained for a cluster of lysosomal enzyme structural genes. In demonstrating that GUS was not assigned to chromosome 9 utilizing an X/9 translocation segregating in cell hybrids, the gene coding for human adenylate kinase1 was confirmed to be located on chromosome 9.
Benthos in Bear Creek, Mississippi: Effects of Habitat Variation and Agricultural Sediments

ABSTRACT The macroinvertebrate fauna of Bear Creek, a 83 km stream which flows through six oxbow lakes, and two off-stream lakes in the same watershed was studied for two years. Bear Creek, a tributary of the Yazoo River in the Delta region of Mississippi, drains 330 km of Intensively cultivated agricultural land and carries a continuing sediment concentration during the rainy season of up to 1300 mg l−1. Benthic organisms were collected monthly from August, 1976 through August, 1978 at six stream stations and at 14 lake stations, across a variety of substrates, and at depths ranging from 0.5 to 6.5 m. In most lake and stream sections of the creek, Chaoborus (one species), Chironomidae (nineteen genera), and Oligochaeta (three species), dominated the benthos. Thirteen other genera of insects were represented as were Bryozoa (four genera), Mollusca (nine genera), Hirudinea (five genera), and Crustacea (three genera). There was continuous stress from high rates of sedimentation (up to seven cm yr−) as indic...
Metabolism of α-ecdysone in intermolt land crabs (Gecarcinus lateralis)

Abstract The metabolic fate of α-ecdysone was examined in intermolt crabs to elucidate the biochemical pathways as well as the dynamics of ecdysteroid metabolism. At 1–24 hr after injection of α[ 3 H]ecdysone, metabolites were extracted from each of five tissues and separated by reverse-phase chromatography. Ecdysone metabolism proceeded through (i) sequential hydroxylation at C-20 and C-26, and (ii) formation of glycosidic conjugates of the free ecdysteroids. The conversion of α- to β-ecdysone (20-hydroxyecdysone) was very rapid; within 1–4 hr, over 50% of the radioactivity was present as β-ecdysone. Further hydroxylation to 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone was less rapid, but continuous over the experimental period. Fractions of each of the three ecdysteroids were conjugated, probably as β-glycosides. These conjugates comprised 20% of the total radioactivity in the crab, over half of which was concentrated in the midgut gland and hindgut. Free and conjugated ecdysteroids, as well as an extremely polar material which was resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, were excreted in both the urine and the feces. The rate of elimination of total radioactivity and the rate of turnover of β-ecdysone were fairly rapid but varied among the different tissues. The rate of turnover in the epidermis was very rapid ( k ∼ 0.08 hr −1 ). Turnover in the carcass and the whole crab was slower ( k ∼ 0.02 hr −1 ), perhaps due to sequestration of some of the metabolites in tissues which are inactive in the metabolism of ecdysteroids.
Treating Childhood Trauma

This review begins with the question "What is childhood trauma?" Diagnosis is discussed next, and then the article focuses on treatment, using 3 basic principles-abreaction, context, and correction. Treatment modalities and complications are discussed, with case vignettes presented throughout to illustrate. Suggestions are provided for the psychiatrist to manage countertransference as trauma therapy proceeds.
The Use of Landscape Chemical Cycles for Indexing the Health Risks of Toxic Elements and Radionuclides

Analysis of energy-system impacts requires quantifications of short- and long-term local, regional, and global modifications. This paper describes and illustrates an approach for assessing long-term health risks due to dispersion of naturally occurring radionuclide series and chemical toxins by normal and altered landscape-chemical cycles. Health hazards are expressed as dose factors which convert environmental concentrations into a corresponding dose field (organ doses in rad for radionuclides; daily intake for toxic elements). The dose field is translated into a population health risk. The external environment is modelled by considering the manner in which elements are distributed and mobilized within the earth system. The landscape prism is presented as a tool for visualizing and mapping toxic material cycles near the crustal surface. An approach is provided for dividing the landscape into a set of compartments consistent with patterns of element circulation observed in the global environment. We investigate the response of regional landscapes to increases of 238U, 226Ra, arsenic and lead in soil and groundwater. It is found that each decay series or element imposes a hazard by its behavior in the total environment that cannot be quantified by a simple measure of toxicity.
Interactive triage simulator revealed important variability in both process and outcome of emergency triage

Abstract Background and Objectives (1) to evaluate the performance of emergency department triage; (2) to explore the variability of the triage process; and (3) to examine the reliability of a four-level triage scale, using an interactive triage simulator. Methods We developed 22 interactive computerized vignettes describing patients presenting at the Emergency Department. Each vignette displayed the presenting complaint and offered the possibility to ask questions and obtain vital signs before deciding on the triage severity rating. The vignettes were rated twice by 45 nurses and 8 physicians. Results (1) The concordance between the observed triage decision and an expert-attributed emergency level was perfect in 58% of the situations. Triage acuity was overestimated in 11%, and underestimated in 31%. (2) There was a wide variability in the triage process across observers and vignettes. The mean number of questions varied from 1.77 to 18.95 across individuals, and from 3.96 to 11.60 across vignettes. (3) Finally, the test–retest reliability of our instrument was good (weighted kappa = 0.82) but the interrater reliability was moderate (weighted kappa = 0.41). Conclusions The computerized triage simulator is an innovative tool to evaluate the process and the performance of triage and to evaluate the reliability of a triage instrument.
Equatorial waves in the stratosphere of Uranus

Analyses of radio occultation data from Voyager 2 have led to the discovery and characterization of an equatorial wave in the Uranus stratosphere. The observed quasi-periodic vertical atmospheric density variations are in close agreement with theoretical predictions for a wave that propagates vertically through the observed background structure of the stratosphere. Quantitative comparisons between measurements obtained at immersion and at emersion yielded constraints on the meridional and zonal structure of the wave; the fact that the two sets of measurements are correlated suggests a wave of planetary scale. Two equatorial wave models are proposed for the wave.
Desmoplakin assembly dynamics in four dimensions: multiple phases differentially regulated by intermediate filaments and actin

The intermediate filament (IF)-binding protein desmoplakin (DP) is essential for desmosome function and tissue integrity, but its role in junction assembly is poorly understood. Using time-lapse imaging, we show that cell-cell contact triggers three temporally overlapping phases of DP-GFP dynamics: (1) the de novo appearance of punctate fluorescence at new contact zones after as little as 3 min; (2) the coalescence of DP and the armadillo protein plakophilin 2 into discrete cytoplasmic particles after as little as 15 min; and (3) the cytochalasin-sensitive translocation of cytoplasmic particles to maturing borders, with kinetics ranging from 0.002 to 0.04 microm/s. DP mutants that abrogate or enhance association with IFs exhibit delayed incorporation into junctions, altering particle trajectory or increasing particle pause times, respectively. Our data are consistent with the idea that DP assembles into nascent junctions from both diffusible and particulate pools in a temporally overlapping series of events triggered by cell-cell contact and regulated by actin and DP-IF interactions.
Platinum and palladium catalyzed hydrogenation, racemization, exchange and double bond migration in substituted cyclohexenes

Abstract Key methyl-substituted cyclohexenes were partially hydrogenated with deuterium, i.e., deuteriumated and examined for exchange and double bond migration. In (+)-1- p -methene and (+)-4-methylcyclohexene double bond migration was assayed by decrease in optical rotation of recovered olefins. Over palladium double bond migration and exchange are extensive. Over platinum, however, virtually no double bond migration occurs in the cyclohexene ring even though as much as 60% of the recovered molecules have been on the surface and 25% of them have exchanged at least one H for D.
Finding Kirk's Words: An Infant Mental Health Approach to Preschool Intervention.

Three-year-old Kirk arrived for his 1st day of preschool in November. Initially reluctant to let his parents leave, Kirk suddenly accepted their goodbyes and assumed a space near the library area. Staring past everyone, Kirk's eyes appeared vacant and fixed straight ahead. Occasionally his gaze would shift in response to a loud noise or someone's sudden movement. However, Kirk maintained the same blank expression and a rigid posture. As these early days turned to weeks, Kirk sustained the same blank gaze, flat facial expression, and rigid posture throughout the 4-hour preschool day. When he was calm enough to engage in an activity, it was almost exclusively solitary play, and Kirk had begun to growl at children who approached him directly. In addition, none of the staff had heard Kirk speak. There were grunts and growls, pointing and gesturing, but never a word spoken to his classmates or teachers. Interestingly, early conversations with Kirk's parents revealed that unlike the preschool environment, home ...
Simulating the impact of gate operation disruptions and mitigation strategies on gate delay

When an arriving flight cannot pull into its gate, this is called gate delay. This paper presents a simulation model to evaluate the impact of gate operation disruptions and gate-delay mitigation strategies. Operation disruptions investigated include arrival delays, longer gate blocking times, and unavailable gates. Mitigation strategies investigated include adding new gates, implementing common gates, using overnight off-gate parking and adopting self-docking gates. Simulation results show the following effects of disruptions: (i) The impact of arrival delay in a time window is bounded, (ii) The impact of longer gate-blocking times increases linearly in the size of the disruption, (iii) Reduced gate availability has a small impact when a small number of gates are affected, due to slack gate capacity, but when the slack gate capacity is used up, gate delay increases non-linearly. Simulation results show the following effects of mitigation strategies: (i) implementing common gates is an effective mitigation strategy, especially for airports that are not dominated by a single carrier, such as LGA. (ii) The overnight off-gate rule is effective in mitigating gate delay due to stranded overnight aircraft due to departure cancellations, especially at airports where gate usage is at peak at night, such as LGA and DFW. It can also be very effective to mitigate gate delay due to operation disruption in evenings. (iii) Self-docking gates are effective in mitigating gate delay due to reduced gate availability.
Process decomposition through locality of reference

In the context of sequential computers, it is common practice to exploit temporal locality of reference through devices such as caches and virtual memory. In the context of multiprocessors, we believe that it is equally important to exploit spatial locality of reference. We are developing a system which, given a sequential program and its domain decomposition, performs process decomposition so as to enhance spatial locality of reference. We describe an application of this method - generating code from shared-memory programs for the (distributed memory) Intel iPSC/2.
A Unified Approach to Transliteration-based Text Input with Online Spelling Correction

This paper presents an integrated, end-to-end approach to online spelling correction for text input. Online spelling correction refers to the spelling correction as you type, as opposed to post-editing. The online scenario is particularly important for languages that routinely use transliteration-based text input methods, such as Chinese and Japanese, because the desired target characters cannot be input at all unless they are in the list of candidates provided by an input method, and spelling errors prevent them from appearing in the list. For example, a user might type suesheng by mistake to mean xuesheng 'student' in Chinese; existing input methods fail to convert this misspelled input to the desired target Chinese characters. In this paper, we propose a unified approach to the problem of spelling correction and transliteration-based character conversion using an approach inspired by the phrase-based statistical machine translation framework. At the phrase (substring) level, k most probable pinyin (Romanized Chinese) corrections are generated using a monotone decoder; at the sentence level, input pinyin strings are directly transliterated into target Chinese characters by a decoder using a log-linear model that refer to the features of both levels. A new method of automatically deriving parallel training data from user keystroke logs is also presented. Experiments on Chinese pinyin conversion show that our integrated method reduces the character error rate by 20% (from 8.9% to 7.12%) over the previous state-of-the art based on a noisy channel model.
New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science

Plants are one of the most fascinating and important groups of organisms living on Earth. They serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food, and shape our environment. If we want to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build the foundation for a more sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life. In 2009, a committee of the National Academy highlighted the “understanding of plant growth” as one of the big challenges for society and part of a new era which they termed “new biology.” The aim of this article is to identify how new technologies can and will transform plant science to address the challenges of new biology. We assess where we stand today regarding current technologies, with an emphasis on molecular and imaging technologies, and we try to address questions about where we may go in the future and whether we can get an idea of what is at and beyond the horizon.
Positive occipital sharp transients of sleep: Relationships to nocturnal sleep cycle in man

Abstract Overnight polygraphic recordings were performed on 6 subjects who had normal diurnal waking and sleep EEGs and no significant findings on neurological examination. These individuals displayed prominent physiologic “positive occipital sharp transients of sleep” (POSTS) which were visually counted and related to the nocturnal sleep cycle. POSTS were numerous during all stages of NREM sleep and occurred more frequently during stages 2 and 3 than 1 and 4. On the contrary, they were absent or very rare during REM sleep. Striking similarities existed between these potentials and the lambda waves (LWs) occurring in waking subjects intent at visually exploring an illuminated patterned field. The hypothesis is proposed that POSTS of human subjects might indicate that some form of “playback” of information takes place during NREM sleep in cortical areas related to vision. The purpose of this postulated playback might be to re-examine vast amounts of visual material collected during the day, perhaps with the intent of sorting, analyzing further and compressing novel, relevant data for long-term memory storage while simultaneously rejecting redundant and/or irrelevant information.
Red blood cell transfusion is associated with decreased in-hospital muscle strength among critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation.

Abstract Purpose Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is linked to poor functional recovery after surgery and trauma. To investigate one potential mechanism, we examined the association between RBC transfusion and muscle strength in a cohort of critically ill patients. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of 124 critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients enrolled in 2 prospective cohort studies where muscle strength testing was performed at a median of 12 days after mechanical ventilation onset. We examined the association between RBC transfusion and dynamometry handgrip strength using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for study site, age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, days from hospital admission to examination, and steroid use. Secondary outcomes included systematic manual muscle strength and intensive care unit–acquired paresis. Results Among 124 subjects, 73 (59%) received RBC transfusion in the 30 days before examination. In adjusted analyses, RBC transfusion was significantly associated with weaker handgrip (adjusted mean difference, − 9.9 kg; 95% confidence interval, − 16.6 to − 3.2; P P Conclusions Red blood cell transfusion was associated with decreased muscle strength in this cohort of critically ill patients after adjusting for illness severity and organ dysfunction. Further studies are needed to validate these results and probe mechanisms.
Development of liquid‐phase agitated reactors: Synthesis, simulation, and scaleup

A systematic procedure is formulated for the development of liquid-phase agitated reactors. The procedure has three components: synthesis, simulation, and scaleup. Synthesis leads the user to the reactor geometry, agitator type and speed, number and location of feed addition ports, feed addition or residence time, and heat-transfer policy that would achieve the desired performance objectives. It is based on an analysis of the interplay of reaction and mixing at various length scales, and a knowledge base of the capacities of heat-transfer equipment. Simulation assesses the performance of the reactors thus synthesized, taking into account detailed flow properties obtained through computational fluid dynamic simulations, experimental data, or a combination of both. Scaleup provides fundamentally based scaleup rules for direct development of these reactors from laboratory scale to production scale. A comparison of these derived scaleup rules with published empirical rules reveals the underlying physics, applicability, and limitations of these empirical rules. Three examples are presented to illustrate the use of this procedure.
TranslatAR: A mobile augmented reality translator

We present a mobile augmented reality (AR) translation system, using a smartphone's camera and touchscreen, that requires the user to simply tap on the word of interest once in order to produce a translation, presented as an AR overlay. The translation seamlessly replaces the original text in the live camera stream, matching background and foreground colors estimated from the source images. For this purpose, we developed an efficient algorithm for accurately detecting the location and orientation of the text in a live camera stream that is robust to perspective distortion, and we combine it with OCR and a text-to-text translation engine. Our experimental results, using the ICDAR 2003 dataset and our own set of video sequences, quantify the accuracy of our detection and analyze the sources of failure among the system's components. With the OCR and translation running in a background thread, the system runs at 26 fps on a current generation smartphone (Nokia N900) and offers a particularly easy-to-use and simple method for translation, especially in situations in which typing or correct pronunciation (for systems with speech input) is cumbersome or impossible.
Salt Insertions in Sedimentary Sequences: Impacts on Temperature and Thermal Maturation with Depth

ABSTRACT Due to the contrast in thermal conductivity between salt and typical sedimentary formations the presence of salt in various shapes in the sub-surface can have a significant impact on the sub-surface temperature distribution and thermal maturation of source rocks. Using a thermal indicator tomography 1-D modeling system, which deals with salt insertion, the thermal and excess maturity anomalies caused solely by the presence of a salt layer are investigated. Two cases, salt "plug" and "lens," illuminate the different patterns of vitrinite reflectance variation with depth that would be recorded by borehole sampling. Salt can be inserted either as a primary depositional layer or by secondary intrusion at depth. The effects of salt are more dominant on the subsalt layers because: 1) Salt insertion changes the burial paths of subsalt sediments. Thus the compaction-driven fluid flow of subsalt sediments, and also basement subsidence, are altered; 2) Iso-temperature lines are modified by the presence of the salt and the variation depends on the thickness of the salt layer. The model was also designed to estimate the time of salt insertion and the variation of salt thickness in an inverse sense using present day data on temperature with depth and measured thermal indicators. An investigation is given of the degree to which inverse procedures resolve parameters associated with salt insertion, and the sensitivity of parameters is also discussed.
Die Londoner Gesandtschaft

Im November 1947 wurde ich in die Landwirtschaftsabteilung des Zentralkomitees der Partei versetzt. Die Landwirtschaftsabteilung wurde von Vasile Vaida geleitet, dem fruheren Regionalsekretar in Cluj. Der Name der Abteilung ist etwas irrefuhrend, da sie sich weder ausschlieslich noch in erster Linie mit Landwirtschaft befasste, sondern mit der Politik der Partei gegenuber der Bauernschaft, welche die Mehrheit der rumanischen Bevolkerung stellte.
Treating Prolonged Grief

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by disabling grief symptoms, such as intense yearning for the deceased, that persist for more than 6 months after the death of a loved one. This article contrasts normal grief reactions with PGD and describes diagnostic criteria, assessment instruments, and risk factors for the disorder. Individual, internet-based, and group psychotherapies for PGD, as well as the evidence supporting them, are reviewed. Recommendations for practice are provided.
Monitoring cardiorespiratory instability: Current approaches and implications for nursing practice

Unrecognised in-hospital cardiorespiratory instability (CRI) risks adverse patient outcomes. Although step down unit (SDU) patients have continuous non-invasive physiologic monitoring of vital signs and a ratio of one nurse to four to six patients, detection of CRI is still suboptimal. Telemedicine provides additional surveillance but, due to high costs and unclear investment returns, is not routinely used in SDUs. Rapid response teams have been tested as possible approaches to support CRI patients outside the intensive care unit with mixed outcomes. Technology-enabled early warning scores, though rigorously studied, may not detect subtle instability. Efforts to utilise nursing intuition as a means to promote early identification of CRI have been explored, but the problem still persists. Monitoring systems hold promise, but nursing surveillance remains the key to reliable early detection and recognition. Research directed towards improving nursing surveillance and facilitating decision-making is needed to ensure safe patient outcomes and prevent CRI.
The Relationship Between Hospital Payer Mix and Volume Growth in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A 12-Year Analysis

Abstract Background Hospital reimbursement for Medicare/Medicaid/self-pay patients has not kept pace with rising expenses, and even well run efficient organizations struggle to maintain a positive margin on these cases. Therefore, hospitals rely on commercially insured patients to remain economically viable. However, hospitals located in areas with a high Medicare/Medicaid/uninsured population cannot depend on a favorable payer mix for financial sustainability. Methods Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database, total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) in New York from 2000 to 2012 were identified. Hospitals were divided into quartiles by volume, with quartile 1 representing the lowest volume hospitals. TJA cases were stratified by primary payer type, and the percentage of each primary payer type was calculated and compared among quartiles. Results The highest number of hospitals performing TJAs was 207 in 2000, and the least number of hospitals was in 2012, with only 178 hospitals performing TJA. Despite the decrease in the number of hospitals, the total number of joint arthroplasties increased from 33,036 in 2000 to 62,104 in 2012. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that higher volume hospitals tended to have a more favorable payer mix (less Medicare/Medicaid/self-pay patients). This inequity widened over the 12-year study period. This trend has ethical implications for lower socioeconomic status patients as high-volume centers tend to have superior outcomes compared with low-volume centers. In addition, the lower volume high Medicare/Medicaid/self-pay hospitals are more susceptible to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services quality penalties making their economic viability even more tenuous potentially leading to access of care problems for these patients.
Heterogeneity in time and energy use of watching television

Abstract There is substantial variability in residential energy use, partly driven by heterogeneous behavioral patterns. Time-use is relevant to energy when consumption tracks the time a device is used. Cluster analysis is a promising approach to identify time-use patterns. If clusters with particularly long time use and thus high energy consumption emerge, these groups could merit targeted policy intervention. We investigate these ideas via an empirical study of time use for television watching in the U.S. Three clusters were identified. In 2013, the average time spent watching television by Clusters 1, 2 and 3 are dramatically different: 1.1, 3.5 and 7.7 h per day respectively. While members of Cluster 3 are only 14% of the total population they represent 34% of TV energy consumption. The population of Cluster 3 tends to be older, less employed and less educated. Energy savings per adopter is much larger for Cluster 3, suggesting much higher benefits from efficient devices. These results are relevant to the design of efficiency programs, indicating potential for variable rebates and/or tiered communication. With variable rebates , utilities would offer higher incentives to high-use customers. In tiered communication, utilities would devote more resources to engage customers with larger savings potential.
Malathion on milling fractions of three varieties of rough rice: duration of protection and residue degradation.

Malathion deposits of about 11, 17, and 20 ppm protected rough rice for 6 to 12 months under Gulf Coast environmental conditions. Protection lasted slightly longer in bin tests than in jar tests. Residues on rough rice greater than 8, 4, and 2 ppm were required to control confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal; lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), respectively. Initial deposits on rough rice were 20 ppm; deposits decreased to levels below 8 ppm within 3 months. Initial deposits on hulls were 80 ppm; deposits did not fall below 8 ppm for 7 to 11 months. Residues on bran and milled rice increased for 3 months and then declined. Residues on bran reached a maximum of 30 ppm but fell below 8 ppm in 6 to 10 months; on milled rice. maximum residue was 0.32 ppm. Varieties of bran and milled rice retained malathion in the following order: ‘Belle Patna’ > ‘Nato’ > ‘Dawn.’ This ranking apparently was dependent upon the relative surface area and the thickness of the covering hull on kernels of each variety.
Fantasy Gaming on Steroids? Contrasting Fantasy Sport Participation by Daily Fantasy Sport Participation:

The fantasy sport industry has grown rapidly in the past decade, now boasting 56 million participants in North America alone. More recently, the ascent of fantasy sport appears directly attributabl...
Nondestructive assessment approaches to storage life of solid propellants(II)—master curve of dynamic mechanical property surveillance method

The relationship between the dynamic mechanical property and the static mechanical property of solid propellants was analyzed theoretically,and the results show that there exists the corresponding relationship between them.The dynamic storage modulus master curve obtained by means of the dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) methods was compared with the static relaxation modulus master curve obtained from material test machine,finally the relationship was confirmed.A new nondestructive approach,which can make use of the dynamic storage modulus master curve to get the static relaxation modulus and static stress on the basis of the relationship,was put forward so as to assess storage life of solid propellants.The comparison results of the predicted data and the tested data show that storage life of solid propellants can be accuratelly assessed by using the method.