cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Functional Renormalization Group Treatment of Disordered Systems, a Review

We review current progress in the functional renormalization group treatment of disordered systems. After an elementary introduction into the phenomenology, we show why in the context of disordered systems a functional renormalization group treatment is necessary, contrary to pure systems, where renormalization of a single coupling constant is sufficient. This leads to a disorder distribution, which after a finite renormalization becomes non-analytic, thus overcoming the predictions of the seemingly exact dimensional reduction. We discuss, how a renormalizable field theory can be constructed, even beyond 1-loop order. We then discuss an elastic manifold embedded inNdimensions, and give the exact solution forN→ ∞. This is compared to predictions of the Gaussian replica variational ansatz, using replica symmetry breaking. We finally review depinning, both isotropic and anisotropic, and the scaling function for the width distribution of an interface.
D-brane form factors at high energy

Abstract We study the high energy, fixed angle, asymptotics of D-brane form factors to all orders in string perturbation theory, using the Gross-Mende saddle point techniques. The effective interaction size of all D-branes grows linearly with the energy as α′E n , where n is the order of perturbation theory, except for the D-instanton, whose form factor is dominated by end-point contributions, and remains point-like at high orders. The qualitative features are independent of the R-R or NS-NS character of the states used to probe the D-brane.
Protecting the Pelvic Floor: Obstetric Management to Prevent Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Objectives : To review the literature regarding the effects of childbirth on the muscles, nerves, and connective tissue of the pelvic floor; review the evidence to support an association between childbirth and anal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse; and present recommendations for the prevention of these sequelae. Data Sources : Sources were identified from a MEDLINE search of English-language articles published from 1984 to 1995. Additional sources were identified from references cited in relevant research articles. Methods of Study Selection : We studied articles on the following topics: anatomy of the pelvic floor; association of childbirth with neuromuscular injury, biomechanical and morphologic alterations in muscle function, and connective tissue structure and function; the long-term effects of childbirth on continence and pelvic organ support; and the effects of obstetric interventions on the pelvic floor. Tabulation, Integration, and Results : Articles were reviewed and summarized. An overview of the structure and function of the pelvic floor was developed to provide a context for subsequent data. Childbirth was found to be associated with a variety of muscular and neuromuscular injuries of the pelvic floor that are linked to the development of anal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse. Risk factors for pelvic floor injury include forceps delivery, episiotomy, prolonged second-stage of labor, and increased fetal size. Cesarean delivery appears to be protective, especially if the patient does not labor before delivery. Conclusion : The pelvic floor plays an important role in continence and pelvic organ support. Obstetricians may be able to reduce pelvic floor injuries by minimizing forceps deliveries and episiotomies, by allowing passive descent in the second stage, and by selectively recommending elective cesarean delivery.
The main determinants of inflation in Nigeria

This paper analyzes the dominant factors influencing inflation in Nigeria. An error correction model of the inflation process is developed based on money market equilibrium conditions. The results of this analysis confirm the basic findings of earlier studies, namely, that monetary expansion, driven mainly by expansionary fiscal policies, explains to a large degree the inflationary process in Nigeria. Other important factors are the devaluation of the naira and agroclimatic conditions. It was found that concurrent fiscal and monetary policies had a major influence on the impact of the depreciation of the naira on inflation.
A low bit-rate video coding approach using modified adaptive warping and long-term spatial memory

In this paper, an H.264/AVC video coding strategy is introduced that employs a spatial-temporal video sequence representation in which video frames are coded at a low spatial sampling rate and reference I frames are coded at high spatial resolution. High spatial frequency information is re-synthesized at the receiver side using an adaptive motion estimation and warping method. The approach as presented is shown to improve coding quality for sequences with low to moderate motion.
Symbolic Reachability Analysis Using Narrowing and its Application to Verification of Cryptographic Protocols

Narrowing was introduced, and has traditionally been used, to solve equations in initial and free algebras modulo a set of equations E. This paper proposes a generalization of narrowing which can be used to solve reachability goals in initial and free models of a rewrite theory R. We show that narrowing is sound and weakly complete (i.e., complete for normalized solutions) under reasonable executability assumptions about R. We also show that in general narrowing is not strongly com- plete, that is, not complete when some solutions can be further rewritten by R. We then identify several large classes of rewrite theories, covering many practical applications, for which narrowing is strongly complete. Finally, we illustrate an application of narrowing to analysis of cryptographic protocols.
Coherence, Correlations, and Collisions: What One Learns about Bose-Einstein Condensates from Their Decay

We have used three-body recombination rates as a sensitive probe of the statistical correlations between atoms in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) and in ultracold noncondensed dilute atomic gases. We infer that density fluctuations are suppressed in the BEC samples. We measured the three-body recombination rate constants for condensates and cold noncondensates from number loss in the ${F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1,m}_{f}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}1$ hyperfine state of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$. The ratio of these is $7.4(2.6)$ which agrees with the theoretical factor of $3!$ and demonstrates that condensate atoms are less bunched than noncondensate atoms.
Anchored preference relations

Abstract This note explores the implications of a simple and intuitive restriction on reference-dependent preferences assuming the status quo serves as the reference point. The condition imposed potentially rules out situations in which a decision maker has a choice between two prospects, selects one which subsequently becomes the new reference point, and then regrets her initial choice. It is shown that a surprising number of models in a riskless and risky setting violate this behavioral assumption, including Cumulative Prospect Theory as well as any theory exhibiting local non-satiation in which all reference-dependent indifference surfaces are smooth. It is also shown that the condition does admit a class of non-trivial reference-dependent preferences.
Family symmetry, gravity, and the strong CP problem

Abstract We show how in a class of models Peccei-Quinn symmetry can be realized as an automatic consequence of a gauged U(1) family symmetry. These models provide a solution to the strong CP problem either via a massless u-quark or via the DFSZ invisible axion. The local family symmetry protects against potentially large corrections to θ induced by quantum gravitational effects. In a supersymmetric extension, the “μ-problem” is shown to have a natural solution in the context of gravitationally induced operators. We also present a plausible mechanism which can explain the integ-generational mass hierarchy in such a context.
POLARIZED STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS AND SPIN PHYSICS

Recent progress in the field of spin physics of high energy particle interactions is reviewed with particular emphasis on the spin structure functions as measured in polarized deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering (DIS). New measurements are presented to obtain more direct information on the composition of the nucleon angular momentum, with results from semi-inclusive DIS accessing flavour-separated parton distribution functions (PDF) and with first data from hard exclusive reactions which may be interpreted in terms of recently developed generalizations of parton distribution functions (GPD). Finally, experimental prospects are outlined which will lead to a further development of the virtues of QCD phenomenology of the spin structure of the nucleon.
Computer Image Processing-The Viking Experience

The discipline of digital image processing began its development over ten years ago, with the processing of digital data returned by the Surveyor lunar lander and by the Mariner 4 flyby of Mars. Digital processing is now routinely used throughout NASA's space progrfl d in a variety of other nonspace applications(1-6). The technology is now applied to diverse applications including geological exploration and medical diagnosis.
Applications of language theory to compiler design

There are certain aspects of language theory that have had, or can have, significant impact on the design and implementation of compilers. These areas are, principally, the subjects of context free grammars and syntax directed translations. It is perhaps to be expected that the deep and interesting theorems of language theory do not usually find application. Rather, it is the definitions of formal constructs and their elementary properties that find use.
Rhea’s gravitational field and interior structure inferred from archival data files of the 2005 Cassini flyby

Abstract There are three published gravitational fields for Rhea, and they all differ significantly. All three published fields fit the data equally well, although not to the noise level. There are obvious trends in the Doppler residuals. However, by restricting the data in the fit to a shorter interval surrounding the closest approach to Rhea, an unbiased estimate for Rhea’s quadrupole gravitational field is obtained. This paper also investigates the effects of thermal emission, which are shown to be quite important and may explain part of the discrepancy between this study and previous works. With this approach, and under the assumption that Rhea is in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE), our earlier conclusions about Rhea’s internal structure are confirmed. Rhea is an undifferentiated satellite made up of about 25% rock-metal and 75% water ice by mass. The best-fit value of the quadrupole gravitational coefficient C 22 from the present analysis is ( 267.6 ± 4.9 ) × 1 0 − 6 . Further, any assertions that Rhea is not in HE are not supported by the data, and only an additional highly inclined flyby to Rhea’s equator could resolve this issue. Provided Rhea were not in HE, no useful constraint on Rhea’s interior structure could be imposed. Non-HE contributions to the first-order deviations from sphericity considered here are not readily available.
Free Antineutrino Absorption Cross Section. I. Measurement of the Free Antineutrino Absorption Cross Section by Protons

The cross section for the reaction p( nu , beta /sup +/)n was measured using antineutrinos ( nu -bar) from a powerful fission reactor at the Savannah River Plant of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Target protons were provided by a 1.4 x 10/sukp 3/ liter liquid scintillation detector in which the scintillator solution (triethylbenzene, terphyenyl, and POPOP) was loaded with a cadmium compound (cadmium octoate) to allow the detection of the reaction by means of the delayed coincidence technique. The first pulse of the pair was caused by the slowing down and anninilation of the positron ( beta /sup +/), the second by the capture of the neutron (n) in cadmium following its moderation by the scintillator protons. A second giant scintillation detector without cadmium loading was used above the first to provide an anticoincidence signal against events induced by cosmic rays. The antineutrino signal was related to the reactor by means of runs taken while the reactor was on and off. Reactor radiations other than antineutrinos were ruled out as the cause of the signal by a differential shielding experiment. The signal rate was 36 the J-57 engin 4 events/hr and the signal-to-noise ratio was 1/5, wheremore » hall the noise was correlated and cosmic-ray associated and about half was due to non-reactor- associated accidental coincidences. The cross section per fission nu -bar (assuming 6.1 nu -bar per fission) for the inverse beta decay of the proton was measured to be (11 the J-57 engin 2.6) x 10/sup -44/ cm/sup 2/ nu -bar or (6.7 the J-57 engin 1.5) x 10/sup -43/ cm/sup 2/fission. These values are consistent with prediction based on the twocomponent theory of the neutrino. (auth)« less
Modelling intravascular delivery from drug-eluting stents with biodurable coating: investigation of anisotropic vascular drug diffusivity and arterial drug distribution.

In-stent restenosis occurs in coronary arteries after implantation of drug-eluting stents with non-uniform restenosis thickness distribution in the artery cross section. Knowledge of the spatio-temporal drug uptake in the arterial wall is useful for investigating restenosis growth but may often be very expensive/difficult to acquire experimentally. In this study, local delivery of a hydrophobic drug from a drug-eluting stent implanted in a coronary artery is mathematically modelled to investigate the drug release and spatio-temporal drug distribution in the arterial wall. The model integrates drug diffusion in the coating and drug diffusion with reversible binding in the arterial wall. The model is solved by the finite volume method for both high and low drug loadings relative to its solubility in the stent coating with varied isotropic–anisotropic vascular drug diffusivities. Drug release profiles in the coating are observed to depend not only on the coating drug diffusivity but also on the properties of...
DAWGS—a distributed compute server utilizing idle workstations

Abstract A collection of powerful workstations interconnected by a local area network forms a large computing resource. The problem of locating and efficiently using this resource has been the subject of much study. When the system is composed of workstations, an attractive technique may be employed to make use of workstations left idle by their owners. The Distributed Automated Workload balancinG System (DAWGS) is designed to allow users to utilize this networked computing power for their programs. Essentially, DAWGS is an interface between the user and the kernel which allows users to submit batch-type or interactive-type processes or jobs for execution on an idle workstation somewhere on a local area network. DAWGS uses a distributed scheduler based on a bidding scheme which resolves many of the problems with bidding to determine which machine to run a process on. It properly redirects all I/O from the remotely running process back to the machine from whence the process came. DAWGS is capable of checkpointing processes and restarting any type of process, including interactive ones, even when the restart is on a machine different than the one the process was previously running on. We show that running processes remotely on idle workstations can result in significantly lower execution times, particularly for processes with a large execution time. Our method is different from previous work in that it is fault-tolerant, maintains total remote execution transparency for the user, and is fully distributed.
Combustion of Decane-Based Slurries with Metallic Fuel Additives

Low-density decane-based slurries were prepared with powders of mechanically alloyed Al 0-7 Li 0.3 , nanocomposite 2B + Ti, and pure aluminum. The slurries were atomized using an ultrasonic nozzle. The aerosol was focused into a laminar vertically rising jet and ignited in air to produce a lifted flame. Combustion was studied optically. It was found that aluminum was difficult to ignite. The powders of mechanically alloyed Al 0,7 Li 0.3 and nanocomposite 2B + Ti ignited readily and burned within the hydrocarbon flame, resulting in an increased flame temperature and length. Based on the visualized streaks, burning metal particles were well separated within the flame. The ignition of nanocomposite 2B + Ti particles was accompanied by a sharp increase in brightness and was often followed by particle microexplosions. The ignition delays of nanocomposite 2B + Ti particles were determined by the time of evaporation of liquid-fuel droplets in which metallic additives were contained. Ignition and combustion of the mechanically alloyed Al 0.7 Li 0.3 3 was assisted by selective oxidation of Li. The flame length was controlled by the fuel and oxidizer diffusion rates. The flames containing mechanically alloyed Al 0.7 Li 0.3 and nanocomposite 2B + Ti powders were longer than the pure decane flames and decane/Al slurry flames. The increased flame length indicated an additional consumption of oxidizer by metallic particles.
Self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States, 1988

Objective. —To assess any changes in the characteristics of women with self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) between 1982 and 1988 and to evaluate the role of additional behavioral factors. In 1982, PID was a frequent problem among American women of reproductive age, occurring in one in seven. It was also more common among older (≥30 years) than younger women, more common among blacks than among whites, and more common among formerly married women than among those currently married. Design. —We analyzed data on self-reported PID from the cycle IV National Survey of Family Growth, conducted in 1988. Sample. —The survey was conducted with a multistage probability sample of 8450 women. Results. —The findings from 1982 were all replicated. Additional variables available in 1988 show that PID is more common among women with multiple (two or more) sexual partners (10% to 22%) compared with those with only one lifetime partner (7%) and among women who report a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) (26%) compared with those with no STD history (10%). Controlling for other variables, age, race, vaginal douching, age at first intercourse, STD history, and number of lifetime partners emerged as independent predictors of self-reported PID among American women of reproductive age. Conclusion. —PID is still a widely prevalent condition among American women; PID is associated with a variety of risk factors for STD. Prevention of lower genital tract infection is crucial to avoiding PID and its sequelae. ( JAMA . 1991;266:2570-2573)
Photochemical Rearrangements of Silylcyclopropenes: Cyclopropenes Which Afford Pathways to Allenes.

Abstract The photochemically induced rearrangements of substituted 3,3-dimethyl-1-(trimethylsilyl) cyclopropenes (1c-f) provide an unusually efficient conversion to the corresponding allenes (2c-f). Evidence supportive of a non-carbenoid mechanism for the rearrangement is presented.
A Mixed Alkali Metal Titanate with the Lepidocrocite-like Layered Structure. Preparation, Crystal Structure, Protonic Form, and Acid−Base Intercalation Properties

A mixed alkali metal titanate of composition AxTi2-x/3Lix/3O4 (A = K, Rb, Cs) has been prepared and its ion-exchange/intercalation properties have been explored. Solid-state calcination of appropriate mixtures of TiO2 and alkali metal carbonates produced the titanate at a stoichiometry of x = 0.80 for A = K, 0.75 for Rb, and 0.70 for Cs. Rietveld refinement on neutron diffraction data confirmed that the orthorhombic structure is comprised of lepidocrocite-related host layers of Ti2-x/3Lix/3O4 and charge-balancing A ions in the interlayer domain. Complete extraction of both alkali metal ions was achieved by acid-leaching, producing a new protonic titanate of H4x/3Ti2-x/3O4·H2O. This phase is distinguished from isomorphous related compounds in terms of high proton content as a consequence of exchangeable Li ions located in the host framework. The material took up alkali metal ions and organoammonium ions from aqueous media. These ion-exchange and intercalation reactions brought about expansion/contraction o...
OPTIMAL EARTH-MOON TRAJECTORIES USING COMBINED CHEMICAL-ELECTRIC PROPULSION

Minimum-fuel, three-dimensional Earth ‐moon trajectoriesareobtainedforspacecraftusing bothchemicaland electricpropulsion stages. The problem involvesmaximizing thee nal spacecraft mass delivered to a circular, polar midlunarorbit. Themissiondee nition involvesa chemical-stageboostfrom low-Earthorbitinto acoasting ballistic trajectory followed by a lunar capture trajectory performed by the electric propulsion stage. For this analysis, the ballistic orbit transfer and the powered orbit transfer to a circular orbit within the lunar sphere of ine uence are modeled by the dynamics of the classical restricted three-body problem, and two body-centered coordinate frames are utilized. The subsequent descending three-dimensional spiral trajectory to circular polar midlunar orbit is computed via Edelbaum’ s analytic equations in order to eliminate the need to numerically simulate the numerous near-circular lunar orbits. Two classes of current-term electric propulsion thrusters are utilized (arcjet and plasma thrusters ) along with current-term launch vehicle cone gurations. Numerical results are presented, and the optimal chemical ‐electric propulsion transfers exhibit a substantial reduction in trip time compared to Earth‐moon transfers using electric propulsion alone.
Gravitational radiation from globular clusters

Space-based gravitational wave detectors will have the ability to observe continuous low-frequency gravitational radiation from binary star systems. They can determine the direction to continuous sources with an angular resolution approaching tens of arcminutes. This resolution should be sufficient to identify binary sources as members of some nearby globular clusters. Thus, gravitational radiation can be used to determine the population of hard binaries in globular clusters. For particularly hard binaries, the orbital period may change as a result of gravitational wave emission. If one of these binaries can be identified with a globular cluster, then the distance to that cluster can be determined. Thus, gravitational radiation may provide reddening-independent distance measurements to globular clusters and the RR Lyrae stars that inhabit them.
THE RELATION OF UNDERGRADUATE TO GRADUATE STUDY

The tools of art, other than those of manual and bodily dexterity, bring us at once within the range of the humanities. For these too are arts, the peculiarly human arts of linguistic discourse, mathematical calculation, rhythmical behavior and planning. Intellectual exercise with the aid of these tools enables us to acquire information both historical and philosophical. And it opens the way to experimental research and to a command of knowledge which we call science.
Simple search methods for finding a Nash equilibrium

Abstract We present two simple search methods for computing a sample Nash equilibrium in a normal-form game: one for 2-player games and one for n -player games. Both algorithms bias the search towards supports that are small and balanced, and employ a backtracking procedure to efficiently explore these supports. Making use of a new comprehensive testbed, we test these algorithms on many classes of games, and show that they perform well against the state of the art—the Lemke–Howson algorithm for 2-player games, and Simplicial Subdivision and Govindan–Wilson for n -player games.
Navier-Stokes computations of lee-side flows over delta wings

Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow over delta wings are computed with emphasis on the separated vortical flows developing on the lee side at high angles of attack. A recently developed implicit algorithm is used which employs upwind differencing for the pressure and convection terms and central differencing for the shear stress and heat transfer terms. Solutions to both the three-dimensional equations and the approximate conical flow equations are compared parametrically with an extensive experimental data base at supersonic speeds. The computations indicate that the conical flow approximation provides results in close agreement with the three-dimensional equations, even to angles of attack as high as 20 degrees. Good agreement with experimentally measured pressures and vapor screen photographs is obtained for the conditions investigated. The method predicts the classical pattern of vortical flow over a delta wing and transition to other flow patterns as the leading edge sweep angle and leading edge normal Mach number are varied.
A note on public goods dependency

Abstract This paper models the basic intuition that although rich countries are rich because they have more public goods, this very fact makes them more dependent. Sudden destruction of these public goods can affect rich countries disproportionately more than poor ones.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Dibenzoselenacycloheptynes

Dibenzoselenacycloheptynes were prepared in three steps from commercially available reagents and trapped in situ with benzyl azide to form the corresponding triazoles. Surprisingly, the dibenzoselenacycloheptynes also abstracted hydrogen atoms from solvents such as THF or toluene, forming dibenzoselenacycloheptene products. These alkenyl compounds arise from a hydrogen transfer reaction from solvent to the unisolable intermediate, and we postulate that the reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism originating from the strained alkynyl bond that has unusually high radical character.
Some exact multipseudoparticle solutions of classical Yang--Mills theory

I present some exact solutions of the Polyakov-Belavin-Schwartz-Tyupkin equation ${F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}={\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{F}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ for an SU(2) gauge theory in Euclidean space. My solutions describe a system with an arbitrary number of pseudoparticles, with arbitrary scale parameters and arbitrary separations, arranged along a line. The action for an $n$-pseudoparticle solution is precisely $n$ times the action for a single pseudoparticle.
Models of the formation of the solar nebula

Protostellar cloud collapse and solar nebula formation models indicate that the size of the nebula produced will be larger in terms of both gas centrifugal balance R(CF) and collapse time diffusion length R(V). From this, it can be deduced that low mass nebulas are produced if (R(V)/R(CF))-squared is much greater than unity, while nebulas result for values lower than approximately unity. The total angular momentum value distinguishes most current models of the solar nebula. Analytic expressions for the surface density, nebular mass flux and photospheric temperature distributions during the formation stage are presented for simple modes illustrating and general properties of growing protostellar disks.
Photonic Analog-to-Digital Converters

Photonic A/D converters have received and continue to receive considerable attention as an alternative approach to providing increased resolution and speed in high-performance applications. Several potential advantages of using photonics technologies come in the form of high-speed clocking, broadband sampling, reduced mutual interference of signals, and compatibility with existing photonic-based systems. This chapter provides an introduction, discusses progress made and present research, and provides a glimpse of several promising future architectures and technologies. Keywords: analog-to-digital converter; A/D converter; photonic A/D conversion; optical A/D conversion
NGC 3065: A Certified LINER With Broad, Variable Balmer Lines

Motivated by the X-ray properties of the galaxy NGC 3065, we have obtained new optical spectra that reveal that it has a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) as well as broad Balmer emission lines, establishing it as an active galactic nucleus. We also examined an older spectrum from the CfA Redshift Survey that lacks broad Balmer lines, indicating that these lines appeared sometime after 1980. Thus NGC 3065 joins the set of LINERs with broad, variable Balmer lines, which includes such well-known galaxies as NGC 1097 and M81. Inspired by the sometimes double-peaked profiles of the variable Balmer lines in other LINERs, we speculate that the broad Balmer lines of NGC 3065 also come from an accretion disk. We illustrate the plausibility of this hypothesis by fitting a disk model to the observed Hα profile. We also estimate the mass of the central black hole to be (9 ± 4) × 107 M☉ from the properties of the host galaxy, which leads to the conclusion that the accretion rate is only ~2 × 10-4 times the Eddington value, a property that appears to be common among LINERs. At such a low relative accretion rate, the inner accretion disk can turn into a vertically extended ion torus, which can illuminate the outer thin disk and power the broad-line emission. The reason for the sudden appearance of broad Balmer lines is an open question, although we suggest two possible explanations: (1) tidal disruption of a star or (2) a sudden transition in the structure of the accretion disk.
The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf

Preface Glossary 1. Arab courts in comparative perspective 2. The creation and operation of the modern Egyptian legal system, 1876-1937 3. Egyptian courts, 1937-1971: centralization, authoritarianism and socialism 4. Egyptian courts, 1971-1996: the re-emergence of liberal legality 5. Legal reform in the Arab states of the Gulf 6. The legal system and the rule of law in Kuwait and Qatar 7. Popular uses of the courts 8. Business and the courts Conclusion Bibliography Index.
The Integrated Behavioral Health Service Delivery System Model

Costs and effective management of health care in general, and behavioral health care in particular, have been of primary importance and concern to federal, state, and local governments. With the passage of Health Care Reform (HCR) these concerns will only escalate. Thus, the necessity for the development of innovative, successful, and integrated cost-effective treatments and procedures is evident. The behavioral health care model presented here is proposed to address these needs. The model centers on the composition of effective psychosocial treatment and provides a cost analysis of social work and its services. By defining the problems that need to be addressed in health care management and cost containment, and applying findings of evidence-based studies, this article provides an effective model for health care organizations. It also presents a profile of the behavioral health social worker, defining the requisite abilities for effectiveness in the role and looking at the key impact areas for a behavioral health model. This comprehensive guide will prepare new social workers entering health care organizations as well as provide a valuable reference for existing social workers, academics, and practitioners of behavioral health care.
Using biofuel tracers to study alternative combustion regimes

Abstract Interest in the use of alternative fuels and engines is increasing as the price of petroleum climbs. The inherently higher efficiency of Diesel engines has led to increased adoption of Diesels in Europe, capturing approximately 40% of the new passenger car market. Unfortunately, lower CO 2 emissions are countered with higher nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions and higher noise. Adding oxygenated compounds to the fuel helps reduce PM emissions. However, relying on fuel alone to reduce PM is unrealistic due to economic constraints and difficult due to the emerging PM standards. Keeping peak combustion temperature below 1700 K inhibits NO x formation. Altering the combustion regime to burn at temperatures below the NO x threshold and accept a wide variety of fuels seems like a promising alternative for future engines. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a possible solution. Fuel and air are well mixed prior to intake into a cylinder ( homogeneous charge ) and ignition occurs by compression of the fuel-air mixture by the piston. HCCI is rapid and relatively cool, producing little NO x and PM. Unfortunately, it is hard to control since HCCI is initiated by temperature and pressure instead of a spark or direct fuel injection. We investigate biofuel HCCI combustion, and use intrinsically labeled biofuels as tracers of HCCI combustion. Data from tracer experiments are used to improve our combustion modeling.
Synthesis and Diels−Alder Reactions of 4-Vinylimidazoles

The synthesis of several 4-vinylimidazoles via Stille cross-coupling reactions of the corresponding protected 4-iodoimidazoles with tributylvinylstannane is described. These heterocyclic dienes are shown to be effective partners in the Diels−Alder reaction, providing adducts in good yield and exhibiting useful levels of isomer selectivity and stereoselectivity (endo/exo).
Thermodynamics of the 3-state Potts spin chain

We demonstrate the relation of the infrared momentum restrictions of conformal field theory with entropy considerations of finite-temperature thermodynamics for the 3-state Potts chain. We compute the free energy and obtain the low-temperature specific heat for both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin chains, and find the central charges for both.
Selectivity in the rearrangements of oxonium ylides

Abstract Oxonium ylides were formed via an intramolecular reaction between a series of dioxalanes and metallocarbenes. The substitution patterns present in the ketals greatly affect the rearrangements of the oxonium ylides. It was also demonstrated that electron-deficient copper (II) species are superior catalysts for these systems.
Rotational and translational alignment errors in 3D reconstruction of virus structures at high resolution

The 3D reconstruction of virus structures at high resolution using CryoTEM data requires a very accurate rotational and translational alignment of individual views obtained experimentally. We discuss the geometrical foundations and the computational problems raised by rotational and translational alignment. We also outline the basic ideas for CTF correction.
Mechanical properties of nanophase metals

Abstract Nanophase metals have grain-size dependent mechanical properties that are significantly different than those of their coarse-grained counterparts. Pure metals are much stronger and apparently less ductile than conventional ones; intermetallics are also strengthened, but they tend toward increased ductility at the smallest grain sizes. These property changes are primarily related to grain size limitations, but they are also affected by the large percentage of atoms in grain boundaries and other microstructural features. Strengthening appears to result from a limitation of dislocation activity, while increased ductility probably relates to grain boundary sliding. A brief overview of our present understanding of the mechanical properties of nanophase metals is presented.
Intermolecular alkyne hydroaminations involving 1,1-disubstituted hydrazines.

Two readily prepared catalysts have been developed for the hydroamination of alkynes by 1,1-disubstituted hydrazines. The catalyses are facile with terminal alkynes and some internal alkynes. If the hydrazine bears an aryl group, Fischer cyclization can occur in a one-pot procedure. In addition, reactions with acetylene to produce a plethora of hydrazones are described. Catalytic reactions involving acetylene and substituted hydrazines are complete in less than 2 h at room temperature and 1 atm of pressure.
Details of the Computed Flowfield Over a Circular Cylinder at Reynolds Number 1200

The application of an upwind-biased implicit approximate factorization Navier-Stokes algorithm to the unsteady impulsive start-up flow over a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 1200 is described. The complete form of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is used, and the algorithm is second-order accurate in both space and time. The development with time of the shape and size of the separated vortical flow region is computed, as well as the time-variation of several boundary layer parameters and profile shapes. Computations, in general, show excellent agreement with experiment, although the present method predicts a more rapid onset of reversed flow on the cylinder than evidenced in experiment. The changes that the vortical region behind the cylinder undergoes as the symmetric flow transitions to periodic vortex shedding are discussed. The flow becomes periodic with a Strouhal frequency of 0.222, which compares well with the experimental value of approximately 0.21. The effect of grid density on the development of the unsteady flow is also shown.
Calcium carbonate corrosivity in an Alaskan inland sea

Abstract. Ocean acidification is the hydrogen ion increase caused by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, and is a focal point in marine biogeochemistry, in part, because this chemical reaction reduces calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states (Ω) to levels that are corrosive (i.e., Ω ≤ 1) to shell-forming marine organisms. However, other processes can drive CaCO3 corrosivity; specifically, the addition of tidewater glacial melt. Carbonate system data collected in May and September from 2009 through 2012 in Prince William Sound (PWS), a semienclosed inland sea located on the south-central coast of Alaska and ringed with fjords containing tidewater glaciers, reveal the unique impact of glacial melt on CaCO3 corrosivity. Initial limited sampling was expanded in September 2011 to span large portions of the western and central sound, and included two fjords proximal to tidewater glaciers: Icy Bay and Columbia Bay. The observed conditions in these fjords affected CaCO3 corrosivity in the upper water column (
Thermal imaging of metals in a Kolsky-bar apparatus

Since the modeling of machining processes relies on high-strain-rate, high-temperature material properties, NIST has built a split-Hopkinson (or Kolsky) bar to determine the stress-strain behavior of rapidly heated materials at high temperatures. Our Kolsky bar has been constructed in the NIST high current pulse-heating facility, which enables electrically heating the samples within ~ 100 milliseconds time duration, immediately before the mechanical impact in the bar. Due to the rapid heating, we avoid possible structural changes in the sample, and a stress-strain relationship can be determined at different temperatures for various test materials. We describe the design and the development of the resistively-heated Kolsky-bar apparatus. The incident and the transmitted bars are constructed of 1.5 m long, 15 mm diameter maraging steel, and a typical sample is a 4 mm-diameter, 2 mm-long cylinder of 1045 steel. The sample is placed between the bars and held by friction. The current is transmitted through the graphite-sleeve bushings of the two bars. The non-contact temperatures are measured using an InGaAs near-infrared micro-pyrometer (NIMPY) and an InSb focal-plane (320 by 256) array (thermal camera). The NIMPY and the thermal camera are both calibrated using a variable-temperature blackbody, and the thermodynamic temperature of the metal is determined using the emissivity determined from the measured infrared spectral reflectance of the metal. Thermal videos of the electrically-heated and the room-temperature impacts will be shown with 1 kHz frame rates, and the changes in the stress-strain curves with the temperature of the samples will be discussed.
Using Dynamic Analysis for Compact Gear Design

Abstract : This paper presents procedures for designing compact spur gear sets with the objective of minimizing the gear size. The allowable tooth stress and dynamic response are incorporated in the process to obtain a feasible design region. Various dynamic rating factors were investigated and evaluated. The constraints of contact stress limits and involute interference combined with the tooth bending strength provide the main criteria for this investigation. A three-dimensional design space involving the gear size, diametral pitch, and operating speed was developed to illustrate the optimal design of spur gear pairs. The study performed here indicates that as gears operate over a range of speeds, variations in the dynamic response change the required gear size in a trend that parallels the dynamic factor. The dynamic factors are strongly affected by the system natural frequencies. The peak values of the dynamic factor within the operating speed range significantly influence the optimal gear designs. The refined dynamic factor introduced in this study yields more compact designs than AGMA dynamic factors.
Two Models of Equality and Responsibility

Much recent political philosophy has focused on the role of responsibility within liberal-egalitarian theories of justice. John Rawls's theory, in particular, has come in for criticism in virtue of its account of responsibility, which Rawls takes to be tied to his account of primary goods. Primary goods themselves have been rejected as the appropriate ‘currency’ (or metric) of distributive justice, while Rawls's treatment of responsibility has been criticized as implausible or even inconsistent. These criticisms have given rise to much of the constructive work political philosophy has done after Rawls's Theory — one may think of the work of Richard Arneson, G. A. Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, and John Roemer, for whom a major concern is to make more room for a suitable notion of responsibility. Their efforts are shaped by a distinction between ‘choice’ and ‘circumstance’: individuals should possess distributive shares in accordance with their choices (for which they are responsible) and be compensated for disadvantages they have because of their circumstances (for which they are not).
Prandtl-Number Dependence of Heat Transport in Turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard Convection

We present measurements of the Nusselt number $N$ as a function of the Rayleigh number $R$ and the Prandtl number $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in cylindrical cells with aspect ratios $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.5$ and 1.0. We used acetone, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol with Prandtl numbers $\ensuremath{\sigma}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4.0$, 6.5, 14.2, and 34.1, respectively, in the range $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\ensuremath{\lesssim}R\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{11}$. At constant $R$, $N(R,\ensuremath{\sigma})$ varies with $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ by only about $2%$. This result disagrees with the extrapolation of the Grossmann and Lohse theory beyond its range of validity, which implies a decrease by $20%$ over our $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ range, but agrees with their recent extension of the theory to small Reynolds numbers.
Electrochemical pinacol coupling of aromatic carbonyl compounds in a [BMIM][BF4]–H2O mixture

The electrochemical pinacol coupling reactions of aromatic carbonyl compounds were carried out using an 80% [BMIM][BF4]–H2O mixture as the electrolytic medium. The corresponding diols were obtained in good to excellent yields with moderate diastereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity can be explained using the strongly-bound ion-pairs formed between the imidazolium cation and the radical anions of the carbonyl compounds. The ionic liquid replaces both organic solvents and supporting electrolytes generally used in the electrosynthetic method. The electrolytic medium can be recycled and successfully reused at least in five consecutive reactions.
Protein folding simulations in a deformed energy landscape

A modified version of stochastic tunneling, a recently introduced global optimization technique, is introduced as a new generalized-ensemble technique and tested for a benchmark peptide, Met-enkephalin. It is demonstrated that the new technique allows to evaluate folding properties and especially the glass temperature \(\) of this peptide.
Finite-State Self-Stabilizing Protocols in Message-Passing Systems

We define a finite-state message-passing model using guarded commands. This model is particularly appropriate for defining and reasoning about self-stabilizing protocols, due to the well-known result that self-stabilizing protocols on unbounded-channel models must have infinitely many legitimate states. We argue that our model is more realistic than other models, and demonstrate its use with two simple examples. We then give a translation from this model to a lower-level model that uses a notion of time. We argue that this latter model is very close to a real network. We conclude by discussing how this translation might be used to implement self-stabilizing protocols on actual networks.
Cosmic-Ray Record in Solar System Matter

The interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar cosmic rays (SCR) with bodies in the solar system is discussed, and what the record of that interaction reveals about the history of the solar system is considered. The influence of the energy, charge, and mass of the particles on the interaction is addressed, showing long-term average fluxes of solar protons, predicted production rates for heavy-nuclei tracks and various radionuclides as a function of depth in lunar rock, and integral fluxes of protons emitted by solar flares. The variation of the earth's magnetic field, the gardening of the lunar surface, and the source of meteorites and cosmic dust are studied using the cosmic ray record. The time variation of GCR, SCR, and VH and VVH nuclei is discussed for both the short and the long term.
Scales, Growth Rates, and Spectral Fluxes of Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean

AbstractAn observational, modeling, and theoretical study of the scales, growth rates, and spectral fluxes of baroclinic instability in the ocean is presented, permitting a discussion of the relation between the local instability scale; the first baroclinic deformation scale Rdef; and the equilibrated, observed eddy scale. The geography of the large-scale, meridional quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (QGPV) gradient is mapped out using a climatological atlas, and attention is drawn to asymmetries between midlatitude eastward currents and subtropical return flows, the latter of which has westward and eastward zonal velocity shears. A linear stability analysis of the climatology, under the “local approximation,” yields the growth rates and scales of the fastest-growing modes. Fastest-growing modes on eastward-flowing currents, such as the Kuroshio and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, have a scale somewhat larger (by a factor of about 2) than Rdef. They are rapidly growing (e folding in 1–3 weeks) and d...
The Coalescence of Intrahost HIV Lineages Under Symmetric CTL Attack

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are immune system cells that are thought to play an important role in controlling HIV infection. We develop a stochastic ODE model of HIV–CTL interaction that extends current deterministic ODE models. Based on this stochastic model, we consider the effect of CTL attack on intrahost HIV lineages assuming that CTLs attack several epitopes with equal strength. In this setting, we introduce a limiting version of our stochastic ODE under which we show that the coalescence of HIV lineages can be described through Poisson–Dirichlet distributions. Through numerical experiments, we show that our results under the limiting stochastic ODE accurately reflect HIV lineages under CTL attack when the HIV population size is on the low end of its hypothesized range. Current techniques of HIV lineage construction depend on the Kingman coalescent. Our results give an explicit connection between CTL attack and HIV lineages.
Limitations on the oil/steam ratio for truly viscous crudes

Scaled physical model studies have yielded results that suggest very viscous crude oils with a viscosity somewhat greater than that of San Joaquin Valley crudes cannot be economically recovered by an unassisted steamdrive.