cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The C. elegans sex determination gene laf-1 encodes a putative DEAD-box RNA helicase

The Caenorhabditis elegans gene laf-1 is critical for both embryonic development and sex determination. Laf-1 is thought to promote male cell fates by negatively regulating expression of tra-2 in both hermaphrodites and males. We cloned laf-1 and established that it encodes a putative DEAD-box RNA helicase related to Saccharomycescerevisiae Ded1p and Drosophila Vasa. Three sequenced laf-1 mutations are missense alleles affecting a small region of the protein in or near helicase motif III. We demonstrate that the phenotypes resulting from laf-1 mutations are due to loss or reduction of laf-1 function, and that both laf-1 and a related helicase vbh-1 function in germline sex determination. Laf-1 mRNA is expressed in both males and hermaphrodites and in both the germline and soma of hermaphrodites. It is expressed at all developmental stages and is most abundant in embryos. LAF-1 is predominantly, if not exclusively, cytoplasmic and colocalizes with PGL-1 in P granules of germline precursor cells. Previous results suggest that laf-1 functions to negatively regulate expression of the sex determination protein TRA-2, and we find that the abundance of TRA-2 is modestly elevated in laf-1/+ females. We discuss potential functions of LAF-1 as a helicase and its roles in sex determination.
On the optimal control of strongly nonlinear evolution equations

Abstract In this paper we study optimal control problems governed by nonlinear evolution equations with nonmonotone nonlinearities in the state. First we prove an existence theorem. Then using the penalty method we obtain necessary conditions for optimality. From them we derive a “bang-bang” characterization of optimal controls. Finally an example of a nonlinear parabolic optimal control system is worked out in detail.
European Immigration to America's Great Basin, 1850–1870

Nineteenth-century European immigrants bound for America's Great Basin evinced considerable variation in occupational mobility. White-collar and skilled workers frequently abandoned their European human capital to work in agriculture, and European planters remained farmers. Unskilled laborers who entered agriculture in the Great Basin, however, experienced substantial up-ward occupational mobility from their original economic status.
DC powered atmospheric pressure micro-plasmajet for biomedical applications

Summary form only given. Nonthermal (cold) plasmas operated in air at atmospheric pressure offer an appealing method for the processing and decontamination of surfaces. Most existing devices are operated with radiofrequency high voltages. Microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs), on the other hand, allow us to generate a direct current driven plasma jet in atmospheric pressure gases, including air. The discharge is sustained by a voltage of only several hundred volts applied to two plane metal electrodes which are separated by a dielectric insulator. The plasma is confined in a cylindrical channel drilled through all layers. With a thickness of the dielectric of 0.25 mm and a diameter of the channel of less than 1 mm a stable glow discharge can be sustained. By flowing air or nitrogen through the channel into atmospheric pressure air, a well-defined plasma (afterglow) jet is generated with a typical, visible length of 10-20 mm. The gas temperature of air and nitrogen plasmas inside the channel was measured by means of emission spectroscopy using the 0-0 band within the second positive system of nitrogen. Increasing the flow rate from 0 to 200 ml/min resulted in a decrease in gas temperature from 2000 K to 800 K in the channel. The lower temperature allows us to replace high temperature ceramics and metals, such as alumina and molybdenum, respectively, with less expensive and easier machinable materials. The turbulent gas flow effectively cools the plasma jet down further to temperatures close to room temperature at a distance of 5 mm from the nozzle. This allows using this micro-plasma jet for treatment of heat sensitive materials and surfaces. E.g., the wettability of polypropylene (melting point 170degC) was increased by 70% when treated with the plasma jet. Other applications include the gentle cleaning and decontamination of organic materials. Studies on the treatment of fungal, viral, and bacterial skin diseases with the plasma jet are underway
TEnest: Automated Chronological Annotation and Visualization of Nested Plant Transposable Elements

Organisms with a high density of transposable elements (TEs) exhibit nesting, with subsequent repeats found inside previously inserted elements. Nesting splits the sequence structure of TEs and makes annotation of repetitive areas challenging. We present TEnest, a repeat identification and display tool made specifically for highly repetitive genomes. TEnest identifies repetitive sequences and reconstructs separated sections to provide full-length repeats and, for long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, calculates age since insertion based on LTR divergence. TEnest provides a chronological insertion display to give an accurate visual representation of TE integration history showing timeline, location, and families of each TE identified, thus creating a framework from which evolutionary comparisons can be made among various regions of the genome. A database of repeats has been developed for maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) to illustrate the potential of TEnest software. All currently finished maize bacterial artificial chromosomes totaling 29.3 Mb were analyzed with TEnest to provide a characterization of the repeat insertions. Sixty-seven percent of the maize genome was found to be made up of TEs; of these, 95% are LTR retrotransposons. The rate of solo LTR formation is shown to be dissimilar across retrotransposon families. Phylogenetic analysis of TE families reveals specific events of extreme TE proliferation, which may explain the high quantities of certain TE families found throughout the maize genome. The TEnest software package is available for use on PlantGDB under the tools section (http://www.plantgdb.org/prj/TE_nest/TE_nest.html); the source code is available from http://wiselab.org.
Quantum information processing with trapped atoms

Neutral atoms are natural candidates as the keepers of quantum information given their weak coupling to the environment and the rapid advances in laser cooling and trapping technology. Optical lattices provide an excellent arena in which to begin implementing the requisite quantum logic gates in a scalable architecture.
Surface characterization and platelet adhesion studies of plasma-carboxylated polyethylene

Canine platelet adhesion on sulfur dioxide (SO2) and allyl phenyl sulfone [C6H5S(O)2CH2CH=CH2] plasma treated low density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied. XPS and contact angle experiments confirmed the incorporation of hydrophilic sulfurcontaining and oxygen-containing functionalities onto flat sheets of LDPE substrates by these two types of glow discharges excited at a rf of 13.56 MHz. The highest concentration of sulfur-containing functional groups was incorporated by a 5 W plasma excitation energy for both types of materials. In general, XPS studies indicated higher levels of sulfur and hydrophilic functional group incorporation by the sulfur dioxide plasma than by the allyl phenyl sulfone plasma. Surface hydrophilicity increased drastically after the plasma treatment. However, the surface hydrophilicity decreased with time due to the diffusion of the hydrophilic functional groups into the bulk of the material. This was due to the thermodynamic driving force of the hydrophobic air/LDPE interface to maintain a low surface energy level. The allyl phenyl sulfone plasma treated LDPE was more thromboresistant than the control samples in terms of platelet adhesion and spreading. There was no difference in thrombogenicity for the allyl phenyl sulfone plasma treated LDPE samples which were reacted at different plasma excitation energies. Sulfur dioxide plasma treated LDPE samples were more thrombogenic toward platelets than the untreated LDPE samples. Among the sulfur dioxide plasma treated LDPE samples, the sample prepared using the 5 W excitation energy was more thromboresistant than the samples treated by higher plasma excitation energies. In addition, the 5 W sulfur dioxide plasma treated LDPE had the highest sulfur atomic concentration of all the plasma-sulfonated materials created for this study.
Providing Optimal Opportunities: Structuring Practicum Experiences in Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education Preservice Programs

An approach to designing field-based practicum opportunities for preservice students is described. First, the importance of quality field experiences is presented, together with a conceptual framew...
Symptoms of depression among adolescents and young adults

Abstract The authors evaluated the depressive symptomatology of 26 adolescent and 27 young adult, hospitalized patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. Few differences were found between these two groups with regard to either symptoms or subtypes of depression. Overall, these data indicate that Major Depressive Disorder can be easily identified in younger samples using established criteria. We also report a particularly high percentage of endogenous subtype among our patients. The RDC endogenous subtype of depression among younger inpatients may be more frequent than generally realized.
Mismatched base pairing in RNA crystal structures

Non-Watson–Crick base pairs or mismatches in RNA crystal structures have been summarized and their effects on the geometry of RNA molecules and their biological implications have been discussed. The mismatches can distort the helical structures by producing kinks/bends and can increase or decrease the major groove width, depending on the sequence. The helical irregularities may serve as potential sites for interaction with proteins. The different base-stacking patterns of the mismatches together with the flanking Watson–Crick base pairs can also provide unique recognizable surfaces for interaction with ligands. Mismatches are usually more hydrated than the Watson–Crick base pairs. Details of hydration of mismatches show the interaction of water molecules with the appendant functional groups of the mismatches. Mismatches with only one base–base hydrogen bond have been observed, in which bridging water molecules replace one of the direct base pair hydrogen bonds to stabilize the conformation. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 75: 275–287, 1999
Fireside corrosion in PC-fired boilers

This review has examined fireside corrosion of pc-fired boilers in both the waterwall and superheater regions. The present understanding of corrosion phenomena has resulted in the development of strategies to control tube wastage
Information visualization in a distributed virtual decision support environment

The visualization of and interaction with decision quality information is critical for effective decision makers in today's data rich environments. The generation and presentation of intuitively meaningful decision support information is the challenge. In order to investigate various visualization approaches to improve the timeliness and quality of Commander decisions, a robust, distributed virtual simulation environment, based on AFRL's Global Awareness Virtual Testbed (GAVTB), is being developed to represent an Air Operations Center (AOC) environment. The powerful Jview visualization technology is employed to efficiently and effectively utilize the simulation products to experiment with various decision quality representations and interactions required by military commanders.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The chemistry of diphenylcarbene in polycrystalline (S)-2-butanol. The formation of an enantiomerically pure product of Radical-Radical coupling

Abstract Photolysis of diphenyldiazomethane 1 in RS-2-butanol in solution between room temperature and −115°C gives ether 5 as the only volatile product. Photolysis of 1 in polycrystalline (S)-2-butanol at −196° gives 5 as well as the 5 products derived from formal CH insertion of the carbene into the matrix. Tertiary alcohol 6 was formed in 15% yield and was shown to be enantiomerically pure.
B10 NMR studies of the structure of borate glasses

Abstract B10 NMR studies of vitreous B2O3 and sodium borate glasses have been extended to lithium borate glasses containing as much as 65 mol% Li2O. The B10 NMR spectra confirm that the glasses are generally composed of the structural groupings (tetraborate, diborate, metaborate, etc.) found in the crystalline compounds of the system (i.e., the views of Krogh-Moe). Analyses of the NMR spectra yield the numbers of each grouping present in each glass, and permit formulation of specific structural models for the glasses.
Human figure drawings of sex offenders

The D-A-P was administered to 60 male sex offenders from a correctional institution. The drawings of the inmates, taken as a whole, seemed to be indicative of narcissism, assertion, sex disturbance, aggression, and anxiety. Significant differences in the drawings of rapists, child molesters, and incest offenders were found. The following D-A-P aspects appeared to be prominent in the drawings of the Ss, in descending order: reinforcement, long nose, large head, legs wide apart, too much hair, waistline emphasis, slash mouth, long feet, pointy fingers, distorted heads, and opposite sex drawn first.
A homogeneous-space construction of superconformal symmetry in terms of non-abelian fermions

A homogeneous-space construction of superconformal symmetry is proposed for the case when three species of Majorana-Weyl fermions exist, each of which transforms according to the adjoint representation of a semisimple Lie group G. The energy-momentum tensor is given by the difference of two current-current products which correspond to a group Γ and the group G with Γ satisfying G ⊂ Γ ⊆ SO(3 dim G), and some appropriate conditions. The symmetry group in this case is given by the centralizer of G in the homogeneous space Γ/G, and is equal to (SO(3))4 for a purely fermionic D = 4 string with Γ = SO(3 dim G).
Metaphysical metaphors and pedagogical practice: Biological beings, pawns, interchangeable components, puppets, and hunting packs

Five theoretical orientations to research in small group communication are identified, and metaphors of humanity inherent in them are examined. The authors argue that all five orientations are grounded on mechanistic, deterministic assumptions about the nature of humanity, and, furthermore, that these assumptions are infelicitous as bases for effective pedagogy. The authors propose, as an alternative, a humanistic position based on a conception of the individual defined and differentiated by mind, symbolic capacity, and will. Based on this premise, the authors elaborate a view of small group instruction as a persuasive, individualized process in which ultimate control over learning resides within the individual student.
Hyperspectral target detection via discrete wavelet-based spectral fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

Spectral variability remains a major challenge for target detection in hyperspectral imagery (HSI). Recently, the spectral fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (SFJTC) technique has been used effectively for hyperspectral target detection applications. In this paper, we propose to use discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients of the signatures as features for detection in order to make the SFJTC technique more insensitive to spectral variability. We devised a supervised training algorithm that uses the pure target signature and randomly selected samples from input scenery to select an optimal set of DWT coefficients for detection. We have inserted target signatures into urban and vegetative hyperspectral scenery with varying levels of spectral variability to explore the performance of our DWT-based SFJTC technique in different operating conditions. Detection results in the form of receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves and area-under-the-ROC (AUROC) curves show that the proposed scheme yields the largest mean AUROC values compared to SFJTC using the original signatures and traditional hyperspectral detection algorithms.
Inhibition by pentachlorophenol of production of reactive-oxygen intermediates by medaka phagocytic blood cells

Abstract Phagocytes isolated from the pronephros of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) produce reactive-oxygen intermediates (ROI) that mediate various protective functions by virtue of their antimicrobial and antineoplastic properties. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a common marine and estuarine contaminant that is bioconcentrated in the tissues of exposed fish. This study shows that PCP exposure, at sublethal concentrations, produces a dose-dependent suppression of ROI generation by medaka phagocytes. Inhibition of phagocytosis-associated ROI detected by nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) reduction was seen after 20 h of PCP exposure, or after only 1 h of exposure by using luminol-augmented chemiluminescence (CL). The inhibition produced by pure PCP was slightly enhanced with dioxin-contaminated technical grade PCP. Inhibition of CL was reversible after the cells were placed in PCP-free medium. The data suggest that PCP exerts direct immunotoxicological effects on medaka blood cells.
Reading otherwise: The abortive politics of Adeline Mowbray, or the mother and daughter

(2001). Reading otherwise: The abortive politics of Adeline Mowbray, or the mother and daughter. European Romantic Review: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-42.
Barriers to Evidence-Based Treatment: Developmental Psychopathology and the Interdisciplinary Disconnect in School Mental Health Practice.

Abstract Reframing the role of school psychologists and related school professionals in a public health and primary prevention model represents a proactive antidote to their more traditional reactive stance to mental health problems. Two additional concepts, developmental psychopathology and complex comorbidity, are suggested as critical to complete this transition, and illustrations of these concepts for more effective school mental health services are provided.
VIP-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of a mutant anophthalmic mouse

Abstract The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of mutant anophthalmic (strain ZRDCT-An) and sighted control mice was examined using light microscopic methods for cytoarchitecture and immunocytochemistry for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The SCN of the anophthalmic mice were asymmetrical, and quite variable in cytoarchitecture. Immunocytochemistry for VIP revealed strong staining of cells and fibers. Within the SCN, the distribution of VIP-immunoreactive cells was more diffuse in anophthalmic mice than in the controls, immunoreactive neurons were frequently observed in ectopic locations in the mutant animals.
Web page design: implications of memory, structure and scent for information retrieval

Much is known about depth and breadth tradeoff issues in graphical user interface menu design. We describe an experiment to see if large breadth and decreased depth is preferable, both subjectively and via performance data, while attempting to design for optimal scent throughout different structures of a website. A study is reported which modified previous procedures for investigating depth/breadth tradeoffs in content design for the web. Results showed that, while increased depth did harm search performance on the web, a medium condition of depth and breadth outperformed the broadest shallow web structure overall.
Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Drug Abuse Treatment Services:

The foundations of cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis (CB/CEA) for drug abuse treatment are developed. An economic model of addict choice and drug markets is presented. This model is synthesized with the current "cost of illness" methods used to measure the burden of the disease to society. The problem of doing cost-effectiveness studies in the presence of large nonhealth benefits is examined, and guidance is offered to clinical studies with a cost-effectiveness component or to stand-alone cost-effectiveness studies. References and an extensive bibliography on drug abuse treatment-related CB/CEA studies are appended.
Coupling HEC-HMS with Atmospheric Models for Prediction of Watershed Runoff

The operation of reservoirs in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California for flood control relies on forecasts of reservoir inflows. In the past, accurate forecasts of the reservoir inflows resulting from watershed runoff have been made, but only after the water has entered the main channel. During flooding events, this limits the amount of time available for the implementation of emergency management procedures. Translating precipitation forecasts into runoff forecasts can greatly improve the runoff-forecast lead time. The operational National Center for Environmental Prediction Eta model provides 48-h-ahead forecasts of precipitation in 6-h intervals in a 40×40km gridded form. In this study, the mesoscale model, MM5, is used to transfer the Eta forecast data down to the appropriate space and time scales required to link the Eta model precipitation forecast results to the watershed model, HEC-HMS, for runoff prediction. An initial diagnostic study of this procedure has been performed on the Calaveras Riv...
Sexual compatibility between serotypes ofFilobasidiella neoformans (Cryptococcus neoformans)

Twenty-five of 37Cryptococcus neoformans strains of known serotype produced the basidiomycetousFilobasidiella state either alone or when paired with a strain of compatible mating-type. Sixteen strains were “α” mating-type, four strains were “a” mating-type, and five strains were self-fertile.F. neoformans serotypes A and D were interfertile with compatible mating-types ofF. bacillispora serotypes B and C.C. neoformans var.gattii was interfertile with compatible mating-types ofF. neoformans andF. bacillispora. F. bacillispora strains, which utilized creatinine andl-malic acid, were interfertile with compatible mating-types ofF. neoformans, which did not utilize creatinine andl-malic acid. The interfertility between serotypes and biotypes eliminates the need for recognizing the names ofC. neoformans var.gattii, C. bacillisporus, andF. bacillispora. It is proposed thatC. neoformans var.gattii andC. bacillisporus be regarded as later, facultative synonyms ofC. neoformans and thatF. bacillispora be regarded as a later, facultative synonym ofF. neoformans.
Contemporary Urologic Management of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Urologie management strategies in patients with spinal cord injury are discussed herein, and the underlying pathophysiology and urody namic principles are emphasized. Contemporary management of the spinal cord injured bladder has allowed for near-elimination of renal failure as the primary cause of long-term morbidity in these patients; low urine storage, sterile urine, and effective emptying are imperative for good long-term results.
Bidirectional chain-termination nucleotide sequencing: transposon Tn5seq1 as a mobile source of primer sites

Abstract The sequencing of large DNA fragments by the chain-termination method [Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977) 5463-5467] has generally required extensive manipulations to bring all parts of the fragment near a specific primer-binding site, or the repeated synthesis of new oligodeoxynucleotide primers. Here we develop a more efficient approach, the use of a transposable element to insert primer binding sites at random in the DNA of interest. We constructed a Tn5 derivative called Tn5 seql with unique DNA segments near each end so that oligodeoxynucleotides matching them could serve as primers for sequencing in each direction from any Tn5seql insertion site. Our experiments demonstrate the use of Tn5 seql for sequencing in pBR322 plasmids and also in uncloned DNAs of the Escherichia coli chromosome. The unique segments near the left and right ends of Tn5 seql are promoters from phages T7 and SP6, respectively, to permit the efficient transcription of adjacent DNAs in vivo or in vitro.
Predicate abstractions in higher-order logic programming

Lambda calculus offers a natural representation of syntactic structures involving higher-order constructs and local variables, and supports flexible manipulation of such concepts. Thus an integration of logic programming with λ-terms would provide more direct support for metaprogramming. While it is conceptually straightforward to replace first-order terms with λ-terms, the extra search space in unification with respect to λ-conversions cannot be ignored from a practical point of view. Our objective is to explore useful alternatives with weaker conversions that are computationally more tractable. In this paper, we study predicate abstractions, in which λ-abstractions are used to provide anonymous predicates and functions that return predicates. The frameworks is based upon a simple logic of (untyped) λ-calculus, calledL a .L a has a general model-theoretic semantics and an equality theory that corresponds to α-equivalence. Intended meanings of predicate abstractions are formalized by equivalence axioms over atomic formulas. We show that under certain conditions, computing with predicate abstractions does not incur any extra search space. Furthermore, programs in this language can be compiled statically into efficient Prolog programs and all most general answers are still preserved.
MinneTAC Sales Strategies for Supply Chain TAC

We describe two sales strategies used by our agent, MinneTAC, for the 2003 Supply Chain Management Trading Agent Competition (TAC SCM). Both strategies estimate, as the game progresses, the probability of receiving a customer order for different prices and compute the expected profit. We empirically analyze the effect of the discount given by suppliers on orders made the first day of the game, and show that in high-demand games there is a strong correlation between the performance of an agent in the game and the offers it receives from suppliers the first day of the game.
Coping Effectiveness in Nursing Home Residents: The Role of Control

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of perceived control in the selection and effectiveness of coping strategies used by nursing home residents. A path analysis of a model of copi...
Electrode/electrolyte interphase study using polarization modulated ftir reflection-absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Polarization modulated Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) is applied to the studies of adsorption and oxidation of CO on a platinum electrode in 0.5 M sulfuric acid and of adsorption of cyanide on gold and silver electrodes in 0.5 M potassium sulfate. The absorption intensity of the CO on platinum electrode is ~ 4–5% while that of the CN − on silver and gold is 0.2–0.5%. The potential dependence of the vibrational spectra was observed for both systems. Oxidation of the linearly adsorbed CO layer proceeds by different mechanisms depending on whether CO was adsorbed at a potential in the double-layer region or in the hydrogen region, i.e. at the edges of the CO islands in the former case and randomly in the latter case, in which the bridged CO species plays an important role. The vibrational frequency of the linearly adsorbed CO changes linearly with potential at a rate of 30 cm −1 /volt, which is independent of anion specific adsorption. The origin of the shift is most reasonably explained by the first-order Stark effect. For Ag/CN − and Au/CN − systems, the surface cyanide species is assigned as linearly adsorbed CN . The anodic reaction products in the solution from cyanide ions and the electrode metals are also observed in the vibrational spectra. The bands due to surface species and those due to solution species are distinguished by measuring the spectra with s- and p-polariz.ed light.
Assessment of lupin flour as a diet ingredient for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the value of lupin flour as a replacement for full-fat soybean meal (FFSM) in the diet of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). Energy and digestibility values for lupin were determined using a metabolism chamber and it was found that trout utilize lupin well. The gross energy, metabolizable energy, and the percent digestibilities of protein and energy for lupin were found to be 4757 kcal/kg, 2797 kcal/kg, 85.2%, and 66.1%, respectively. When plant protein (either FFSM or lupin flour) was used as a supplemental dietary protein source to fish meal, or when the plant protein was the primary dietary protein source, fish fed diets where lupin completely replaced FFSM gained 99–106% of the weight of those fed the FFSM and had statistically equal feed efficiency ratios ranging from 80 to 83%. Although some minor dietary alterations may be needed (e.g., lowering the fat content of the diet) to maintain the economic advantage of lupin over soybean meal, lupin appears to be a useful source of protein for trout and may represent another economical plant protein alternative to fish meal.
Effects of spawning salmon on dissolved nutrients and epilithon in coupled stream-estuary systems of southeastern Alaska

Spawning migrations of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) represent a significant nutrient pulse to freshwater ecosystems of southeastern Alaska. These salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) can be transported by streamflow from spawning reaches of streams to estuaries, where their fate and significance have not been studied. Such estuaries represent an important aquatic ecotone in southeastern Alaska, especially for juvenile salmonids. We sampled dissolved nutrients and epilithon (i.e., benthic algae attached to rocks) before, during, and after salmon runs in three Alaskan streams and their associated estuaries. Salmon runs increased streamwater fluxes of dissolved ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus to estuaries by 30–350% and 14–130%, respectively, depending on the stream and period. Although epilithon chlorophyll a and biomass increased in streams in response to SDN, epilithon did not increase in associated estuaries. We suggest that salmon spawner disturbance during estuary reddbuilding, invertebrate grazing, physical transitions from summer to fall, and nutrient influx from nutrient-rich tidal flow may have limited epilithon growth responses to SDN in estuaries. Although estuaries receive a significant flux of SDN flushed downstream from freshwaters, epilithon does not measurably respond to this nutrient enrichment from spawning salmon.
The Behavior of the Oil-Water Interface at a Planar Boom

Study of the conditions under which the oil retained by planar boom will espace under it. It is proposed that this escape is due to the instability of the interface brought about by the pressure gradient along the face of the boom. This instability is studied analytically and experimentally and some guidelines to prevent the escape of oil are presented
Normal coordinate analysis of XeF4 in the Urey-Bradley Field

Using published infra-red and Raman data, the normal coordinates, the Urey-Bradley force constants, and the contribution of these force constants to the different normal modes of XeF4 have been determined. The analysis has been carried out using a Fortran II programme written specifically for the IBM 1620 computer, and within the formalism of Wilson's G-F matrix method. Furthermore, using a recently reported semi-empirical M.O. scheme for XeF4, the vibronic interactions responsible for the symmetryforbidden 2a 2u →3eu electronic transition at 44°15 kk are discussed qualitatively.
Channel Performance Under Consignment Contract with Revenue Sharing

Under a consignment contract with revenue sharing, a supplier decides on the retail price and delivery quantity for his product, and retains ownership of the goods; for each item sold, the retailer deducts a percentage from the selling price and remits the balance to the supplier. In this paper we show that, under such a contract, both the overall channel performance and the performance of individual firms depend critically on demand price elasticity and on the retailer's share of channel cost. In particular, the (expected) channel profit loss, compared with that of a centralized system, increases with demand price elasticity and decreases with retailer's cost share, while the profit share extracted by the retailer decreases with price elasticity and increases with retailer's cost share. With an iso-price-elastic demand model, we show that the channel profit loss cannot exceed 26.4%, and that the retailer's profit share cannot be below 50%. When price elasticity is low, or when the retailer's cost share approaches 100%, or both, the retailer can extract nearly all the channel profit that is almost equal to the centralized channel profit.
Hermit crab biocoenoses: a worldwide review of the diversity and natural history of hermit crab associates

The symbiotic associates of hermit crabs (excluding parasites and flora) are reviewed worldwide. The review includes species found on the shells occupied by hermit crabs (epibiotic species), species boring into these shells (endolithic species), species living within the lumen of the shell (either free-living or attached to the shell), species attached to the hermit crabs themselves, and hypersymbionts. In total over 550 invertebrates, from 16 phyla are found associated with over 180 species of hermit crabs. Among these associates, 114 appear to be obligate commensals of hermit crabs, 215 are facultative commensals, and 232 are incidental associates. The taxa exhibiting the highest number of associates are arthropods (126), polychaetes (105), and cnidarians (100). The communities of species associated with Dardanus arrosor, Paguristes eremita, Pagurus bernhardus, Pagurus cuanensis, and Pagurus longicarpus are the best studied and harbor the most diverse assemblages of species. While trends in biodiversity of hermit crab assemblages do not follow predicted patterns (e.g., hermit crabs within the Indo-West Pacific do not harbor more species than those from temperate regions), this is suggested to reflect a lack of sampling rather than a true representation of the number of associates. Hermit crabs date to at least the Cretaceous and provided a niche for a number of groups (e.g., hydractinians, bryozoans, polydorids), which were already associates of living gastropods. Apparently hermit crab shells initially supplied a substrate for settlement and then these symbiotic relationships were reinforced by enhanced feeding of symbionts through the activity of the hosts. Through their use and recycling of gastropods shells, hermit crabs are important allogenic ecosystem engineers in marine habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Hermit crabs benefit from some symbionts, particularly cnidarians and bryozoans, through extension of shell apertures (alleviating need to switch into new shells) and by providing protection from predators. However, hermit crabs are also negatively impacted (e.g., decreased reproductive success, increased predation) by some symbionts and a review of egg predators is provided. Thus, the symbiotic relationships between hermit crabs and many associates are difficult to characterize and often exhibit temporal changes depending on environmental and biological factors. Research on the biology of these symbionts and the costs/benefits of their associations with hermit crabs are analyzed. While some associates (e.g., Hydractinia spp.) have been studied in considerable detail, for most associations little is known in terms of the impacts of symbionts on hosts, and future experimental studies on the multitude of relationships are suggested.
Time domain signal analysis method applied to high signal level microwave detector circuit

The relationship between microwave power absorbed by a detector diode and the resulting detected voltage at high signal level is investigated. Experimental data is obtained from a zero biased diode mounted in a rectangular waveguide system operating at 9.5 GHz. The Alpa Industries Inc. 4561, 6724 and 6725 Schottky diodes and the MA-COM 1N23 point contact diode with 1 k Omega and 106 k Omega loads are examined. The P-V relationships are analyzed by solving a system of nonlinear differential equations based on a lumped parameter model of the microwave system and diode. >
A 2 MHz 3-port analog isolation and fanout module

A 3-port isolated circuit providing 1:3 fanout, buffering and amplification over a multi-megahertz bandwidth is presented. The circuit accepts a single input and drives 3 independently isolated output channels, up to +/- 10 V into 50 ohms. The input and output isolation is supplied via a dual optocoupler, and the power isolation is achieved with DC/DC converters. In each channel, a voltage feedback amplifier is used in combination with the optocoupler to form a transimpedance configuration with the gain-bandwidth product (GBP) set by a pair of resistors. The feedback amplifier linearizes the optocoupler transfer characteristics using a servo technique and also controls the circuit drift, nonlinearity, and bandwidth. The circuit has demonstrated long-term drift of 4 MHz, and a SNR of >55 db in a 1 MHz bandwidth with <1% THD for a 10 V amplitude sinusoidal input. With few modifications, this design is capable of providing input/output gain and bandwidth in the range of 10-50 MHz.
Covariate adjustment in clinical trials with non‐ignorable missing data and non‐compliance

Estimating causal effects in psychiatric clinical trials is often complicated by treatment non-compliance and missing outcomes. While new estimators have recently been proposed to address these problems, they do not allow for inclusion of continuous covariates. We propose estimators that adjust for continuous covariates in addition to non-compliance and missing data. Using simulations, we compare mean squared errors for the new estimators with those of previously established estimators. We then illustrate our findings in a study examining the efficacy of clozapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. For data with continuous or binary outcomes in the presence of non-compliance, non-ignorable missing data, and a covariate effect, the new estimators generally performed better than the previously established estimators. In the clozapine trial, the new estimators gave point and interval estimates similar to established estimators. We recommend the new estimators as they are unbiased even when outcomes are not missing at random and they are more efficient than established estimators in the presence of covariate effects under the widest variety of circumstances.
The Supportive and Remedial Interchange in Group Therapy

From the dramaturgical perspective of Erving Goffman, there are specific actions in groups that promote self-disclosure, group cohesiveness, and the resolution of conflicts. This article discusses the supportive and remedial interchanges as seemingly trivial, but critical, interactional tools. The supportive interchange is presented as a way of facilitating mutual access among group members. The remedial interchange is discussed as an interactional device by which members confront each other without damaging their relationship to each other:
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae v-SNARE Vti1p Is Required for Multiple Membrane Transport Pathways to the Vacuole

The interaction between v-SNAREs on transport vesicles and t-SNAREs on target membranes is required for membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells. Here we identify Vti1p as the first v-SNARE protein found to be required for biosynthetic traffic into the yeast vacuole, the equivalent of the mammalian lysosome. Certain vti1-ts yeast mutants are defective in alkaline phosphatase transport from the Golgi to the vacuole and in targeting of aminopeptidase I from the cytosol to the vacuole. VTI1 interacts genetically with the vacuolar t-SNARE VAM3, which is required for transport of both alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase I to the vacuole. The v-SNARE Nyv1p forms a SNARE complex with Vam3p in homotypic vacuolar fusion; however, we find that Nyv1p is not required for any of the three biosynthetic pathways to the vacuole. v-SNAREs were thought to ensure specificity in membrane traffic. However, Vti1p also functions in two additional membrane traffic pathways: Vti1p interacts with the t-SNAREs Pep12p in traffic from the TGN to the prevacuolar compartment and with Sed5p in retrograde traffic to the cis-Golgi. The ability of Vti1p to mediate multiple fusion steps requires additional proteins to ensure specificity in membrane traffic.
Diagnostic performance of two highly multiplexed respiratory virus assays in a pediatric cohort.

Background Rapid detection of respiratory viruses is important for management and infection control in hospitalized patients. Multiplex nucleic acid tests (NATs) have begun to replace conventional methods as gold standards for respiratory virus detection.
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on apoptosis in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model

We have previously demonstrated that a transient exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) attenuated the neuronal injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. This study was undertaken to determine whether HBO offers this neuroprotection by reducing apoptosis in injured brain tissue. Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Apoptotic cell death was examined in the injured cortex and hippocampus tissue. Caspase-3 expression and activity increased at 18 and 24 h after the hypoxia-ischemia insult. At 18-48 h, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage occurred, which reduced the band at 116 kDa and enhanced the band at 85 kDa. There was a time-dependent increase in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. A single HBO treatment (100% oxygen, 3 ATA for 1 h) 1 h after hypoxia reduced the enhanced caspase-3 expression and activity, attenuated the PARP cleavage, and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells observed in the cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of HBO is at least partially mediated by the reduction of apoptosis.
Children's Book Review: Marginalization and the Resiliency of the Human Spirit Captured in Two Distinct Biographies

Introducing student readers to a variety of role models, especially people who are on the edge and outside of mainstream society, is a task that teachers should strive to accomplish. By including a variety of people in various situations through the stories shared in our classrooms and by deconstructing these texts, the narratives that make up our history become more inclusive and much richer. The following two picture books allow teachers to do just that while presenting to the reader resilient people who were not readily accepted or included into the folds of the society of their times.
Load sharing in heterogeneous queueing systems

The problem of sharing jobs among a set of parallel queues is discussed. The system is heterogeneous in the sense that different servers may have different speeds. Socially optimal policies that minimize the mean response time of all jobs ar of interest. Using semi-Markov decision processes, it is shown that an optimal policy that uses the instantaneous queue length independent of system utilization does not exist. Rather, the optimal decision of assigning a job to a server depends on the workload intensity. At light loads, the optimal policy tends to assign most jobs to fast servers. At heavy loads, slower servers are used to offload fast ones. Simulation results indicate that a simple heuristic, i.e., a generalization of the optimal policy for homogeneous systems derived from the analytic results, yields substantial performance improvement compared with no load sharing and outperforms the join-shortest-queue policy. >
Echo-volume imaging.

Two single-shot volume imaging techniques are described. The first, single-echo echo-volume imaging, is essentially the echo-volume imaging (EVI) sequence suggested by Mansfield (J. Phys. C. 10, L55 (1977)). The second is a multi-spin-echo approach in which one plane of k-space is collected during each spin echo. In both techniques, phase encoding gradients are applied in the z direction, and three-dimensional k-space is filled by a raster pattern in Cartesian coordinates. Spatial saturation is used to avoid aliasing in the y direction, and a selctive pulse is applied to excite the desired slab of tissue and eliminate aliasing in z. The average echo-times, measured from the center of the 90 degrees pulse to the center of the acquisition k-space (kx = ky = kz = 0), were 45 and 104 ms for single echo and multi-echo methods, respectively. Images of the human brain using both sequences are shown.
Conventional Wisdom in Heart Failure Treatment Challenged Again: Does Heart Rate Lowering Worsen Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction?

Modern therapy for HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) is a success story, with multiple classes of pharmacological agents that are safe and effective for improving survival and other key outcomes. It is easily assumed that this success resulted from a straightforward progression of studies from bench to animal model to human hemodynamic testing to large clinical trials. Instead, it was a wild ride. Frequently, the prevailing conventional wisdom was wrong, at least initially, and often repeatedly. Oral inotropes, thought to be the magic bullet, increased mortality. Beta-blockers, thought to be contraindicated, produced the largest improvement in survival.
The Effect of the Formulary Apportionment System on State‐Level Economic Development and Multijurisdictional Tax Planning

This paper examines the effect of the formulary apportionment system on state‐level economic development. All three apportionment factors, when combined with the corporate tax rate employed by each state, are shown to have a significant negative association with the percentage change in manufacturing employment. However, further analysis suggests that the corporate tax rate, and not the apportionment formula, may be driving employment growth. Also, the findings do not support the importance of the throwback rule or the recent trend to overweight the sales factor in attracting economic development to a state.
Continuing Professional Education: Can the Law Save Lives?

All states in the U.S. have Continuing Professional Education (CPE) laws for at least some professionals which require licensees to periodically participate in certain activities deemed to promote professional growth and competence. These laws impose costs on professionals, their employers, and society but promise improved practice. Perhaps surprisingly, given the wave of professional continuing education legislation that has rolled through legislatures in the last two decades, no national evaluations of professional continuing education's e effectiveness exist. In this study, I estimate whether state CPE laws for professional engineers (PEs) contributed to decreases in traffic fatality rates. Vast resources have been directed at developing roadway safety technologies but implementing these technologies (by specifying them in designs) is often left to engineers on individual projects. I suggest that CPE laws may hasten the diffusion of knowledge about proven safety technologies. As firms compete for projects, the market mechanism encourages firms to implement this knowledge of new safety technologies. Empirical results show that CPE laws decrease fatality rates by a modest yet economically justifiable amount. This provides the first evidence such laws for engineers are effective in the United States.