cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sociodemographic and Environmental Factors are Associated with Adolescents' Pain and Longitudinal Health Outcomes.

Abstract Research in adult populations indicates that several sociodemographic and environmental variables increase risk for pain and poor outcomes. There is little research exploring the impact of household income, health insurance coverage, barriers to health care, neighborhood and school safety, violence experienced, and neighborhood isolation on pediatric chronic pain. Data from the Add Health Study, a longitudinal examination of a nationally-representative adolescent sample were analyzed. The relationships between demographic variables, risk factors, chronic pain, and long-term health outcomes were examined. Adolescents with chronic pain had lower income, more health care barriers, greater safety concerns, and experienced more violence compared to those without pain. In a model together, female sex, White race/ethnicity, and greater health care barriers, safety concerns, and violence exposure conferred significant risk for chronic pain. Additional analyses revealed nuances in the strength of risk factors between racial/ethnic groups. Systemic health care barriers were significantly associated with chronic pain and may delay symptom alleviation and return to functioning. Considering access to care is necessary in prevention efforts. Among adolescents with chronic pain, greater safety concerns predicted poor mental health outcomes, particularly for White females. The cumulative stress of environmental concerns, such as safety, and managing chronic pain may worsen functioning. Perspective Adolescents with chronic pain had lower income, and more health care barriers, safety concerns, and violence exposure compared to those without chronic pain. Access to care is a significant problem in youth with chronic pain. The relationships between race/ethnicity, risk factors, and health outcomes are complex and require additional research.
A novel near-peer reflective writing workshop.

Background Training in clinical medicine involves exposure to complex ethical and emotional situations. Reflection aids in the development of personal belief systems and improves self-awareness. Students may be reluctant to participate when reflection is mandatory and may be concerned about retaliation when the facilitator has a role in evaluations. Near-peers are institutional equals with more experience than the participants and may be well suited to facilitate reflection. Methods A quarterly near-peer-facilitated reflective writing workshop (RWW) was implemented in the mandatory clinical curriculum at a single institution. Qualitative feedback forms were solicited and were analysed through an iterative and inductive consensus process. An end-of-year web-based survey was distributed to test the hypotheses generated from our analysis of the feedback forms. Results There were 82 responses (80%) to the web-based survey and 266 (65%) feedback forms were collected. Although few students reported using writing as a coping mechanism, the RWW was viewed favourably, with 62% indicating that they would attend if optional. The structured prompts aided reflection. Students reported a higher likelihood of discussing difficult topics (doubts about medicine as a career, personal shortcomings, harassment and burnout) in sessions led by a near-peer than by a faculty member. The workshop created a safe space to reflect, increased a sense of camaraderie and helped normalise experiences. [The workshop] humanised the clinical experience, gave new perspective and reminded students of their positive personal accomplishments DISCUSSION: The near-peer-facilitated RWW is a novel intervention aimed at developing reflective practice and coping with the challenges of entering clinical medicine. It is highly structured and has been incorporated into the mandatory curriculum. It was well received by students, is generalisable and is easily implementable.
Postdoc perspective: Why postdocs should spend time building bridges

When I decided to pursue a postdoc, one of my PhD advisers offered advice to guide my search: “In the next few years, only part of your role will be to conduct exciting research and publish papers. The more important goal is to get the next job afterward.” I took this to heart and reflected on what tools I needed to build a bridge to the next stage of my professional career as an independent academic investigator. Learning new technical skills in a new research field was important to me, but gaining leadership and mentoring experience was something I also valued. A few months after starting my postdoc in 2017, an opportunity emerged to start a new researcher-led safety team, the Joint Research Safety Initiative (JRSI), whose mission is to improve the lab safety culture at the University of Chicago. I realized that I could assist in launching this effort
Asking Real-World Questions with Inquiry-Based Labs

We have developed and employed a set of inquiry-based labs built around engaging “real-world” scenarios for our studio-style introductory Physics II course. In real-world situations, there is more than one path to success and step-by-step instructions are not provided. For this reason, the primary goal for these labs is to provide students with the freedom to develop collaborative solutions to open-ended challenges, where creativity and independent thought are encouraged. This approach is more akin to what they will encounter in the academic or industrial lab settings. The main challenges facing the students are developing the experimental plan and writing an in-depth lab report; in the end, the necessary measurements typically require only 5-10 minutes. The primary challenge to the instructor(s) is providing just enough guidance to keep students on the path to a feasible plan without giving away the solution. Student feedback has been very positive and we have made these labs freely available to our students and the larger physics community.
Aqueous Lyotropic Mesophase Behavior of Gemini Dicarboxylate Surfactants Swollen with n-Decane

We report detailed small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of the impact of variable n-decane loadings on the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phase behaviors of homologous bis(tetramethylammonium) gemini didecanoate surfactants TMA-7x, which derive from dimerizing decanoic acid through its α-carbon with hydrocarbyl linkers -(CH2)x- where x = 3, 4, 5, and 6. TMA-7x amphiphiles with x = 3 or 5 exhibit a strong propensity to form normal double gyroid (G) LLC network mesophases over wide surfactant hydration ranges, as compared to homologues with x = 4 or 6. On swelling aqueous TMA-7x LLC mesophases with up to 35 wt % n-decane, we demonstrate that odd-carbon linked surfactants (x = 3 or 5) form G and normal double diamond (D) phases over wide water concentration windows with T = 22-100 °C. Complementary studies of decane-swollen TMA-7x (x = 4 or 6) aqueous LLCs instead demonstrate significantly diminished network phase stability, in favor of hexagonally-packed cylinder phases and a zoo of complex quasispherical micelle packings, which include micellar C14 and C15 Laves phases (P63/mmc and Fd3(-)m symmetries, respectively) and high-symmetry hexagonally close packed (HCP) and body-centered cubic (BCC) arrangements. These rich phase behaviors are rationalized in terms of linker length parity-dependent surfactant conformations and the delicate free energy balance that guides the packing of these geometrically anisotropic amphiphiles by minimizing unfavorable water-hydrophobic contacts, maximizing ionic surfactant-headgroup counterion solvation with minimal local variations, and maximizing electrostatic cohesion within these supramolecular assemblies.
Familiarity plays a small role in noun comprehension at 12-18 months.

Infants amass thousands of hours of experience with particular items, each of which is representative of a broader category that often shares perceptual features. Robust word comprehension requires generalizing known labels to new category members. While young infants have been found to look at common nouns when they are named aloud, the role of item familiarity has not been well examined. This study compares 12- to 18-month-olds' word comprehension in the context of pairs of their own items (e.g., photographs of their own shoe and ball) versus new tokens from the same category (e.g., a new shoe and ball). Our results replicate previous work showing that noun comprehension improves rapidly over the second year, while also suggesting that item familiarity appears to play a far smaller role in comprehension in this age range. This in turn suggests that even before age 2, ready generalization beyond particular experiences is an intrinsic component of lexical development.
How to Return to Normalcy: Fast and Comprehensive Contact Tracing of COVID-19 through Proximity Sensing Using Mobile Devices

We outline a contact-tracing strategy based on proximity sensing using mobile devices. We discuss what an ideal system should look like and what it can do. We show that, when adopted sufficiently broadly, such a contact-tracing strategy can bring COVID-19 under complete control, end the need of social distancing, and return the society to full normalcy. We also review some of the challenges faced by the current generation of proximity-sensing technologies, including Bluetooth Low Energy used by phones, and consider both interim and longer-term solutions. Our main contribution is that we reason through why such a contact-tracing strategy is likely to achieve the stated goal of returning to full normalcy. Using probabilistic models, we show that universal adoption is not necessary to achieve the stated goal, thus there is some room for exceptions; however, the adoption rate needs to be very high, e.g., above $95\%$ depending on the disease parameters. With more vigilance in disease surveillance to detect mild cases earlier, the number may be brought down to about $90\%$. The results call for deployment effort to be led by public authorities at the state or federal level so that the required adoption rate can be reached and the tracing coverage is wide enough to be relevant for disease control.
Undergraduate support for university smoke-free and vape-free campus policies and student engagement: a quasi-experimental intervention.

Background: College campuses have policies restricting smoking/vaping on campus. Previous studies involving mostly European-American students showed smoking prevalence declines following implementation of such policies.Objective: To evaluate a social media campaign promotive of stronger campus support for an existing campus no-smoking/no-vaping policy where most (∼75%) of the undergraduates were non-European-American. A demographically comparable university served as a no-intervention control.Participants: Target was 200 random intercept surveys at each university during fall 2016, spring 2017. Of 800 respondents, 681 were undergraduates.Methods: Baseline and post-intervention surveys assessed awareness of and support for campus-wide smoke-free/vape-free policies. Staged smoke-free/vape-free policy violations assessed students' propensity to intervene in support of the policy.Results: Respondent support for the no-smoking/no-vaping policy did not change.Conclusions: The social media campaign and Policy Ambassadors program did not increase support for the campus no-smoking/no-vaping policy. Most (∼90%) respondents agreed that the campus no-smoking/no-vaping policy was important for public health.
Emerson, Thomas I. Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment, 72 Yale L. J. 877 (1963)

I have probably referred to Thomas I. Emerson’s “Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment” more often than any other article. Emerson’s theory – which covers the values served by the First Am...
Principal component analysis of upper-extremity joint moment variability during hammering

The goal of this study was to examine effects of hammer symmetry of inertia on upper-extremity joint moment variability. Moment variability is important in quantifying tissue exposure to stress variations. Nineteen male participants (age: 20-40 year) swung four hammers with known inertial properties while movement was recorded. Joint moment components were calculated with inverse dynamics. Moment component variability was explained with principal component analysis. Higher inertia symmetry hammers resulted in greater explained variability (up to 18%) for wrist internal-external, elbow abduction-adduction and elbow flexion moment components. For the most inertia symmetric hammer a different structure of moment variability between principal components was found for some moment components. These results suggest that more inertia symmetric hammers result in decreased moment diversity. Decreased moment diversity represents a more constant dose of loading exposure applied to some upper-extremity tissues and may indicate less variable stresses and increased potential for musculoskeletal disorder.
Informal Human Settlements, Big Data And Social Theory In Morocco (Workshop Paper)

The paper adopts Actor-Network Theory (ANT) endorsed by sociologists Callon, Mitchell and Latour to reveal how the Chicago School of economics has utilized big data and policies based on abstract quantitative analysis of big data to ‘measure’ the livelihood of urban poor who remain outside the regulation of modern state authority in post-colonial nations. Specifically, by studying contemporary Morocco and the policies targeting eradication of informal human settlements to eradicate poverty in urban cities, the paper utilizes Callon and Mitchell’s theory of Economization to understand how big data plays a transforming role in framing and the politics of metrology- which have become critical for the re-alignment of state and market power. International organizations and Hayekian economic experts have relied on abstract big data analysis to import results from one country to another, thereby producing ‘policy experts’ on poverty and development with little recognition of the contingent socioeconomic realities of countries in the global south. Consequently, the paper dwells on three of the given topics for the workshop covering socioeconomic implications of big data, the consequent urban planning focused on urban poor’s living settlements and the role of academic economics and the free market in re-instating state power.
GFI1 cooperates with IKAROS/IKZF1 to activate gene expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Growth factor independence-1 (GFI1) is a transcriptional repressor and master regulator of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Repression by GFI1 is attributable to recruitment of LSD1-containing protein complexes via its SNAG domain. However, the full complement of GFI1 partners in transcriptional control is not known. We show that in T-ALL cells, GFI1 and IKAROS are transcriptional partners that co-occupy regulatory regions of hallmark T cell development genes. Transcriptional profiling reveals a subset of genes directly transactivated through the GFI1--IKAROS partnership. Among these is NOTCH3, a key factor in T-ALL pathogenesis. Surprisingly, NOTCH3 transactivation by GFI1 and IKAROS requires the GFI1 SNAG domain but occurs independent of SNAG--LSD1 binding. GFI1 variants deficient in LSD1 binding fail to transactivate NOTCH3, but conversely, small molecules that disrupt the SNAG--LSD1 interaction while leaving the SNAG primary structure intact stimulate NOTCH3 expression. These results identify a non-canonical transcriptional control mechanism in T-ALL which supports GFI1-mediated transactivation in partnership with IKAROS and suggest competition between LSD1-containing repressive complexes and others favoring transactivation.
Photoinduced oxidative cyclopropanation of ene-ynamides: synthesis of 3-aza[n.1.0]bicycles via vinyl radicals

The first photoinduced synthesis of polyfunctionalized 3-aza[n.1.0]bicycles from readily available ene-ynamides and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide using an organic acridinium photocatalyst is reported. Applying a photocatalytic strategy to the reactive distonic cation vinyl radical intermediate from ynamide, a series of bio-valuable 3-azabicycles, including diverse 3-azabicyclio[4.1.0]heptanes and 3-azabicyclo[5.1.0]octanes that are challenging to accomplish using traditional methods, have been successfully synthesized in good to high yields under mild and metal-free conditions. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the photocatalyzed single-electron oxidation of ene-ynamide and the intermediacy of a putative cationic vinyl radical in this transformation. Importantly, this strategy provides new access to the development of photocatalytic vinyl radical cascades for the synthesis of structurally sophisticated substrates.
The Science and Application of Positive Psychology

Positive psychology tackles the big questions: What does it mean to live a 'good life'? What helps people to flourish and access their optimal potential? And how can we increase our capacities for joy, meaning, and hope? This engaging textbook emphasizes the science of positive psychology - students don't simply learn about positive psychology in the abstract, but instead are exposed to the fascinating research that supports its conclusions. Bridging theory and practice, this textbook connects up-to-date research with real-world examples and guides students to apply evidence-based practices in their own lives. Its comprehensive coverage includes major new topics such as spirituality, therapeutic interventions, mindfulness, and positive relationships.Featured pedagogy includes 'Are You Sure About That?' boxes presenting methodological and statistical principles in context, and 'Practice Positive Psychology' activities to extend student learning, while online resources include lecture slides, a test bank, author videos, and suggested extension activities.
Self-supervised IVIM DWI parameter estimation with a physics based forward model.

PURPOSE To assess the robustness and repeatability of intravoxel incoherent motion model (IVIM) parameter estimation for the diffusion-weighted MRI in the abdominal organs under the constraints of noisy diffusion signal using a novel neural network method. METHODS Clinically acquired abdominal scans of Crohn's disease patients were retrospectively analyzed with regions segmented in the kidney cortex, spleen, liver, and bowel. A novel IVIM parameter fitting method based on the principle of a physics guided self-supervised convolutional neural network that does not require reference parameter estimates for training was compared to a conventional non-linear least squares (NNLS) algorithm, and a voxelwise trained artificial neural network (ANN). RESULTS Results showed substantial increase in parameter robustness to the noise corrupted signal. In an intra-session repeatability experiment, the proposed method showed reduced coefficient of variation (CoV) over multiple acquisitions in comparison to conventional NLLS method and comparable performance to ANN. The use of D and f estimates from the proposed method led to the smallest misclassification error in linear discriminant analysis for characterization between normal and abnormal Crohn's disease bowel tissue. The fitting of D∗ parameter remains to be challenging. CONCLUSION The proposed method yields robust estimates of D and f IVIM parameters under the constraints of noisy diffusion signal. This indicates a potential for the use of the proposed method in conjunction with accelerated DW-MRI acquisition strategies, which would typically result in lower signal to noise ratio.
Natural Language Model for Automatic Identification of Intimate Partner Violence Reports from Twitter

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a preventable public health issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Approximately one in four women are estimated to be or have been victims of severe violence at some point in their lives, irrespective of their age, ethnicity, and economic status. Victims often report IPV experiences on social media, and automatic detection of such reports via machine learning may enable the proactive and targeted distribution of support and/or interventions for those in need. Methods We collected posts from Twitter using a list of keywords related to IPV. We manually reviewed subsets of retrieved posts, and prepared annotation guidelines to categorize tweets into IPV-report or non-IPV-report. We manually annotated a random subset of the collected tweets according to the guidelines, and used them to train and evaluate multiple supervised classification models. For the best classification strategy, we examined the model errors, bias, and trustworthiness through manual and automated content analysis. Results We annotated a total of 6,348 tweets, with inter-annotator agreement (IAA) of 0.86 (Cohen9s kappa) among 1,834 double-annotated tweets. The dataset had substantial class imbalance, with only 668 (~11%) tweets representing IPV-reports. The RoBERTa model achieved the best classification performance (accuracy: 95%; IPV-report F1-score 0.76; non-IPV-report F1-score 0.97). Content analysis of the tweets revealed that the RoBERTa model sometimes misclassified as it focused on IPV-irrelevant words or symbols during decision making. Classification outcome and word importance analyses showed that our developed model is not biased toward gender or ethnicity while making classification decisions. Conclusion Our study developed an effective NLP model to identify IPV-reporting tweets automatically and in real time. The developed model can be an essential component for providing proactive social media based intervention and support for victims. It may also be used for population-level surveillance and conducting large-scale cohort studies.
Electrophysiologic responses and adenylate cyclase activities of mouse spinal cord-dorsal root ganglion explants rendered tolerant by chronic exposure to morphine or pertussis toxin.

Explant cultures of fetal mouse spinal cord with attached dorsal-root ganglia (DRGs) (Fig. 1: Crain 1976) provide a valuable in vitro system for study of neurotransmitter modulation in the CNS. We have previously developed and utilized this system extensively for analysis of the actions of opioids on the electrophysiologic responses of these neurons and for study of the development of tolerance to opioid depressant effects (see review by Crain, 1984). Exposure of fetal mouse spinal cord-DRG explants to opioid alkaloid or peptide agonists resulted in stereospecific, naloxone-reversible, dose-dependent depression of sensory-evoked dorsal-horn synaptic-network responses within a few minutes (e.g. Fig. 2A; Crain et al., 1977, 1978). After chronic exposure to opioids, e.g. 2–3 days in 1 μM morphine (at 35°C), sensory-evoked dorsal-horn responses recovered, and they could then be elicited by DRG stimuli in the presence of opioids at concentrations 10- to 100-fold higher than required to depress a naive expiant (Fig. 2B; (Crain et al., 1979). In addition, these opioid-tolerant explants developed significant cross-tolerance to serotonin (5HT) (Crain et al., 1982). The tolerant state did not develop if the explants were exposed to morphine at lower temperatures (e.g. 20°C for as long as 7 days; Fig. 2C). The data suggest that the sustained decrease in opioid sensitivity observed during chronic opioid exposure at 35°C is mediated by a temperature-dependent metabolic change in these neurons (Crain et al., 1979; Crain, 1984).
Technical Aspects of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Hardware and Complications

Although commonly used in clinical practice, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for treatment of chronic pain is performed mainly with devices developed and marketed for spinal cord stimulation applications. This may be one of the reasons why PNS approach is marked by a very high complication rate, as the anatomy of peripheral nerves and the surrounding soft tissues is quite different from epidural spinal space for which the current devices are designed. The chapter reviews integral components of PNS systems and accessories. It also lists variety of complications observed with PNS approach and points to the ways to minimize their incidence. Based on the literature data and the analysis of the author’s experience with PNS procedures it appears that although the rate of complications is relatively high, the morbidity associated with PNS approach is very minor and most problems may be resolved with simple re-operations, usually on outpatient basis. The reduction in complication rate is expected to occur when the hardware used in PNS procedures is appropriately adapted for PNS applications.
Inflation Determination With Taylor Rules: A Critical Review

The new-Keynesian, Taylor-rule theory of inflation determination relies on explosive dynamics. By raising interest rates in response to inflation, the Fed does not directly stabilize future inflation. Rather, the Fed threatens hyperinflation or deflation, unless inflation jumps to one particular value on each date. However, there is nothing in economics to rule out hyperinflationary or deflationary solutions. Therefore, inflation is just as indeterminate under "active" interest rate targets as it is under standard fixed interest rate targets. Inflation determination requires ingredients beyond an interest-rate policy that follows the Taylor principle.
Online Games and Digital Ethnography

This entry provides an overview of the dynamic research area of games and digital ethnography. It reviews key theoretical and praxis oriented research concerning the application of an ethnographic toolset in order to elucidate social and cultural meaning-making practices of those involved with games. The entry title contains two concepts, which are themselves subject to much dissection in an attempt to define: (1) online games and (2) digital ethnography. The objective of this entry is to give the reader a reasonable idea of the core conceptual underpinnings of the various ways these two concepts have been defined as they have been enacted together. That is, the conducting of digital ethnography in and around the context of games as a site of inquiry. Keywords: anthropology; community; game studies; human–computer interaction; participant observation; social media; thick description
Approved Clinical Instructors' Perspectives on Implementation Strategies in Evidence-Based Practice for Athletic Training Students

Context: Understanding implementation strategies of Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs) who use evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical instruction will help promote the use of EBP in clinical p...
Effect of Phospholipase a on Cholesterol Solubilization by Lecithin in a Bile Salt Solution

Summary Lecithin, added to a solution of 180 mmoles per liter of sodium taurocholate solubilized 0.37 ± 0.01 mmole of cholesterol per mmole of added lecithin, whereas lysolecithin solubilized only 0.20 ± 0.01 mmole of cholesterol per mmole of added lysolecithin. No cholesterol precipitated, however, when the lecithin in a bile salt solution saturated with cholesterol was converted to lysolecithin. Oleic acid, the predominant fatty acid released when egg and bile lecithins are converted to lysolecithins, was found to solubilize 0.10 ± 0.01 mmole of cholesterol per mmole of added oleic acid. Equimolar combinations of lysolecithin and oleic acid added to taurocholate acted synergistically to solubilize 0.37 ± 0.02 mmole of cholesterol, the same quantity of cholesterol solubilized by lecithin.
Recent Contributions to Economic History: The United States, 1861-1900

When one reviews the literature that has appeared since 1945 relating to American economic history in the period from 1861 to 1900, the trends of scholarly interest and investigation are not entirely clear. The volume of output appears to have diminished and the incidence of interest to have shifted. Postwar publication seems more notable for the appearance, in diverse fields, of some distinguished monographs than for more general studies of the economy or its major components. It may be that the interest of scholars has shifted from this to other chronological periods, but it seems reasonably clear that research in the history of agriculture, public policies, financial institutions, and the relative status of major income groups has declined. There is evident, on the other hand, increased interest in the history of business enterprise, and this concern has been reflected in the appearance of numerous studies of entrepreneurship as well as of histories of individual corporations. It is perhaps significant that in this series of review articles the one exception to the chronological division of United States history is the article devoted to business history. This segregation operates to relieve me of the duty of reviewing the new literature in a field that was obviously of great significance in the last four decades of the nineteenth century. I should say, however, that it has seemed necessary to cite or discuss some few works of particular significance for my analysis.
Some effects of first language argument structure and morphosyntax on second language sentence processing

This article explores some effects of first language verb-argument structure on second language processing of English as a second language. Speakers of Chinese, Japanese or Korean, three Romance la...
The role of WNT10B in physiology and disease

Wnt10b is a member of the Wnt ligand gene family that encodes for secreted proteins, which activate the ancient and highly conserved Wnt signalling cascade. The Wnt pathway has been shown to be essential for embryonic development, tissue integrity, and stem cell activity, but if deregulated, also causes disease such as cancer. Although the 19 different Wnt ligands found in both human and mouse can activate several branches of the Wnt pathway, WNT10B specifically activates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and thus triggers β-catenin/LEF/TCF-mediated transcriptional programs. In this review, we highlight the unique functions of WNT10B and mechanisms of how WNT10B acts in the immune system, mammary gland, adipose tissue, bone and skin. In these organs, WNT10B has been well established to be involved in signalling networks controlling stemness, pluripotency and cell fate decisions. Deregulation of these processes causes diseases such as breast cancer, obesity and osteoporosis. Compelling evidence suggests that WNT10B is a valuable candidate for the development of therapeutic regimens for human diseases.
Regulation of fibronectin receptor distribution

To determine the role of each intracellular domain of the fibronectin receptor in receptor distribution, chimeric receptors were constructed containing the human interleukin-2 receptor (gp55 subunit) as the extracellular and transmembrane domains, in combination with either the alpha 5 or beta 1 intracellular domain of the fibronectin receptor as the cytoplasmic domain. These chimeric receptors were transiently expressed in normal fibroblasts, and their localization on the cell surface was determined by immunofluorescence using antibodies to the human interleukin-2 receptor. The alpha 5 chimera was expressed diffusely on the plasma membrane. The beta 1 chimera, however, colocalized with the endogenous fibronectin receptor at focal contacts of cells spread on fibronectin. On cells spread in the presence of serum, the beta 1 chimera colocalized both with the fibronectin receptor at sites of extracellular fibronectin fibrils and with the vitronectin receptor at focal contacts. The beta 1 intracellular domain alone, therefore, contains sufficient information to target the chimeric receptor to regions of the cell where ligand-occupied integrin receptors are concentrated. The finding that the beta 1 chimeric protein behaves like a ligand-occupied receptor, even though the beta 1 chimera cannot itself bind extracellular ligand, suggests an intracellular difference between occupied and unoccupied receptors, and predicts that the distribution of integrin receptors can be regulated by ligand occupancy. We tested this prediction by providing a soluble cell-binding fragment of fibronectin to cells spread on laminin. Under conditions preventing further ligand adsorption to the substrate, this treatment nevertheless resulted in the relocation of diffuse fibronectin receptors to focal contacts. Similarly, a redistribution of diffuse vitronectin receptors to focal contacts occurred on cells spread on laminin after the addition of the small soluble peptide GRGDS. We conclude that the propensity for receptor redistribution to focal contacts driven by the beta 1 cytoplasmic domain alone is suppressed in heterodimeric unoccupied fibronectin receptors, and that ligand occupancy can release this constraint. This redistribution of integrin receptors after the binding of a soluble substrate molecule may provide a direct means of assembling adhesion sites.
Audit Committee Expertise and Financial Analysts’ and Investors’ Ability to Anticipate Future Earnings

One of the important attributes of high quality accounting information is its ability to aid financial statement users in forming expectations about the firm’s future earnings. Prior research finds that accounting financial expertise of the audit committee is associated with higher financial reporting quality. We extend the literature by examining the association between audit committee expertise and security analysts’ and investors’ ability to anticipate future earnings. We find that analyst earnings forecasts of firms with an audit committee member with accounting financial expertise are more accurate and less dispersed. These associations tend to be stronger in weaker governance firms. We also find that audit committee expertise is associated with a more informative stock price for firms weaker governance. We do not find a significant association between non-accounting financial expertise and attributes of analysts’ forecasts or earnings informativeness. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of accounting expertise in audit committees.
On the stability of multiple parameter time-varying dynamic systems

Abstract A technique is presented for determaining the stability of lumped-pararaeter, time-varying, dynamic systems with aperiodic coefficients. An “energy like” function is used to develop stability conditions which are direct in terms of the coefficient matrices. The significance of what is presented here is twofold. First, it gives stability conditions applicable to systems which are not necessarily periodic. Second, is allows for a systematic categorization of the effects of the parameter changes on system response and stability, in order to provide a better understanding of the behavior of this class of dynamic systems as they arise in various areas of engineering.
Making macrospace effective

Macros can provide an important assembly language feature which makes the power of assembly language when multiple levels of nesting are permitted, comparable to that of procedure oriented languages. The problem with macros is that each time one is invoked, it produces a considerable amount of code when anything complicated is done. To retain the power of the macro while at the same time eliminating most of the space consuming property, closed subroutines are nested within the macro. A minimum amount of code is required for the closed subroutine, specifically its calling sequence and housekeeping functions. It is possible to reduce the length of code for the macro which is necessary in the caller's control section by moving the closed subroutine to an entirely different control section. These functions taken together enable the assembly language programmer to keep his modules compact so that a minimum of base register, allocation and manipulation is required.
Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis by the Avian Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium lophurae*

SYNOPSIS. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae and its host cell, the duck erythrocyte, were investigated in vitro. Pyrimidine synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of C14-NaHCO3 into cytosine, uracil and thymine was slight in uninfected duck erythrocytes, whereas infected erythrocytes and erythrocyte-free parasites had high rates of incorporation of NaHCO3 into these bases. In addition, orotidine-5′-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase and thymidylate synthetase, 2 enzymes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, were found in cell-free extracts of the plasmodia. Purine synthesis was measured by determining the extent of incorporation of C14-Na-formate into adenine and guanine. Uninfected and infected erythrocytes had similar rates of Na-formate incroporation into adenine. whereas free parasites incorporated little of this compound into adenine, or guanine. On the other hand, the incorporation of Na-formate into guanine was 54% higher in infected erythrocytes than in uninfected erythrocytes. It is suggested that P. lophurae synthesizes purines to a limited extent, and derives most of its purines from the host erythrocyte. The greater incorporation of Na-formate into guanine by infected cells, and its low incorporation into free parasites may be accounted for by parasite conversion of host cell adenine (in the form of ATP) into guanine. Pyrimidine biosynthesis in infected cells can be accounted for by de novo synthesis by the parasite itself.
Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account

Philosophical discussions of reduction seem at odds or unsettled on a number of questions : (i) Is it a relation between real or between reconstructed theories, and if the latter, how much reconstruction is appropriate?1 Or is reduction best construed as a relation between theories at all?2 (ii) Is it primarily connected with theory succession, with theoretical explanation, or with both? 3 (iii) Is translatability in principle sufficient, or must we have the translations in hand, and if the former, how do we judge the possibility of translation when we don't have one?4 (iv) What is the point of defending the formal model of reduction if it doesn't actually happen (HullS, Ruse 6), or if the defense has the consequence that if reductions occur, they are trivial and uninformative (Hull 7), or merely incidental consequences of the purposeful activity of the scientist qua scientist in devising explanations (Schaffner 8)? Furthermore: (v) At least in biology, most scientists see their work as explaining types of phenomena by discovering mechanisms, rather than explaining theories by deriving them from or reducing them to other theories, and this is seen by them as reduction, or as integrally tied to it. 9 (vi) None of the symposiasts present are suggesting inadequacies in the kinds lo of mechanisms postulated by molecular geneticists for the explanation of more macroscopic genetic phenomena. (vii) Nonetheless, two of them (Ruse in his earlier work, though no longer, and Hull) seem to suggest that there is no reduction (only a replacement), and the third (Schaffner) suggests that a reduction is occurring, but is a merely incidental consequence of the activity of these scientists.
Analysis of multinomial models with unknown index using data augmentation

Multinomial models with unknown index (“sample size”) arise in many practical settings. In practice, Bayesian analysis of such models has proved difficult because the dimension of the parameter space is not fixed, being in some cases a function of the unknown index. We describe a data augmentation approach to the analysis of this class of models that provides for a generic and efficient Bayesian implementation. Under this approach, the data are augmented with all-zero detection histories. The resulting augmented dataset is modeled as a zero-inflated version of the complete-data model where an estimable zero-inflation parameter takes the place of the unknown multinomial index. Interestingly, data augmentation can be justified as being equivalent to imposing a discrete uniform prior on the multinomial index. We provide three examples involving estimating the size of an animal population, estimating the number of diabetes cases in a population using the Rasch model, and the motivating example of estimating t...
Percolation Theory for Flow in Porous Media (Lecture Notes in Physics 674)

ALLEN G. HUNT. 2005. Springer, New York. Hardcover, 202 pp. $59.95. ISBN: 3-540-26110-9. In an essay titled “The Hedgehog and the Fox,” the philosopher Isaiah Berlin classified writers as hedgehogs or foxes. His inspiration was a line of Greek poetry: “The fox knows many things, but the
Pain Management in Veterinary Patients with Cancer

Pain is a widespread clinical symptom in companion animals with cancer, and its aggressive management should be a priority. Education and skills can be acquired by health care professionals and caregivers to better understand, recognize, and treat cancer-associated pain. The early and rational institution of multimodality analgesic protocols can be highly effective and maximize the chances of improving quality of life in dogs and cats with cancer. This article describes the pathophysiology of pain in companion animals diagnosed with cancer. The foundational causes of cancer-associated pain and treatment strategies for alleviating discomfort in companion animals with cancer are discussed.
Effects of gestational allopregnanolone administration in rats bred for high affective behavior

The anxiolytic neurosteroid allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3α,5α-THP) has been proposed to play a developmental role in emergent neural regulation of affective behavior. This experiment examined whether allopregnanolone administered during the last week of gestation in rats would alter neonatal and adult offspring behaviors in the selectively-bred High vocalizing line, who have low levels of allopregnanolone and high levels of anxious/depressive behaviors. Dams were injected twice a day with the neurosteroid or vehicle, or handled as controls, and were tested on the elevated plus maze just before parturition. Maternal behavior was assessed throughout the first week of life, and affective behavior in the offspring was tested at one week of age (ultrasonic vocalizations test) and as adults (plus maze and forced swim tests). Offspring prenatally exposed to allopregnanolone were less anxious as neonates and less depressed as adults compared to both control groups. Only male adult offspring, however, revealed less anxious behavior on the plus maze. Neither the dams' anxiety behavior measured in late gestation nor their postnatal maternal behavior was altered compared to controls, suggesting a direct, long-lasting effect of gestational allopregnanolone on the developing fetal brain independent of mediating maternal factors. These results are discussed in light of new evidence about the developmental role of the GABA-A receptor prenatally.
Ecological observations on the gecko

Hemidactylus brookii was the most common gecko in the Terai of central Nepal, occurring both in the forest and on buildings. In the Royal Chitwan National Park, samples of adult males (46.4 ± 0.04 mm SVL) were not significantly different from adult females (45.3 + 0.04 mm SVL) in body size and head measurements, except head width (males 9.1 ± 0.2 mm, females 8.7 ± 0.1 mm). All measures of head size were significantly different between sexes when the effect of body size was removed. Males were sexually mature at 42 mm SVL and females at 43 mm SVL. The reproductive pattern of both species is vernal; activities are concentrated in spring (premonsoon). Growth averaged 0.8 mm/month between premonsoon and postmonsoon sampling periods. Adult survivorship was estimated at 14.3% for this six month period. Population size was estimated at 105 lizards on six small buildings in a < 1 ha area. Peak activity period was 1900-2300 h. Hemidactylus brookii in Nepal appears to possess life history characteristics associated with annual population turnover.
Golden-age gambling: Psychological benefits and self-concept dynamics in aging consumers' consumption experiences

Phenomenological investigation of casino gambling among older consumers yields the identification of the psychological benefits of this consumption experience for this population. Control, Lift, and Escape emerge as central themes as older consumers' gambling experiences unfold, and the elements and psychological outcomes of each of these themes are discussed. Through interpretive analysis, a conceptual framework is developed in which these factors serve an intermediary role between the more shallow hedonic responses of “fantasies, feelings, and fun” (Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982) and deeper aspects of the self. It is proposed that the psychological benefits of gambling and other forms of experiential consumption may ultimately reinforce and enhance seniors' self-concepts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Influence of Tumor Stage, Grade, and Treatment Modality on Survival in Acinic Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of 2061 Patients

Purpose/Objective(s): To perform a retrospective analysis of variables influencing survival in a cohort of patients with acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC). Materials/Methods: A retrospective database analysis was performed using the United States National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry. We obtained demographic, staging, pathologic and treatment data pertaining to patients diagnosed with AciCC between 1973-2009. Univariate and multivariate analyses of overall and disease specific survival (DSS) were performed to compare survival trends associated with various clinical and pathological parameters. Results: We identified 2,061 patients from the SEER registry who were diagnosed with AciCC between 1973-2009, with demographics similar to recently published cohorts. Tumor size, nodal status, distant metastases and histologic grade were all significant predictors of survival up to 20 years post-treatment. Patients who received surgery alone for treatment had the highest 20-year DSS (92.4 %), with significantly lower DSS for patients treated with surgery and radiation (71.9%) or radiation alone (62.3 %). These survival differences remained significant when stratifying patients for age, gender, nodal status, stage and histologic grade. In addition, hazard ratios showed significantly improved prognosis with surgery only compared with surgery and radiation or radiation alone. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study represents the largest cohort of AciCC survival according to treatment modality. Our results suggest the addition of radiation to surgical resection does not provide significant benefit to survival in patients with salivary AciCC. Author Disclosure: V.L. Biron: None. D. Gerry: None. E. Lentsch: None. A. Bewley: None.
Kinetic properties of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Evidence for cooperative kinetics and activation by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.

The kinetics of microsomal UDPglucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) with p-nitrophenol and o-aminobenzoate as glucuronyl acceptors deviate from Michaelis-Menten at low concentrations of UDPglucuronic acid in that double reciprocal plots are concave. The deviation from linearity in these plots represents a real property of UPDglucuronyltransferases and does not result from artifacts in the assay due to metabolism of substrates or products in side pathways. Careful analysis of the data indicated that they also cannot be explained by postulating multiple enzymes for the synthesis of each glucuronide. The most reasonable and simplest mechanism which is compatible with all the data is that there is cooperativity in the sequential binding of UDPglucuronic acid to UDPglucuronyltransferase. Thus, the binding of the first molecule of UDPglucuronic acid to the enzyme makes the subsequent binding of UDPglucuronic acid more difficult. Assay of UDPglucuronyltransferase in the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is associated with a reversible decrease in the apparent K0.5 for UDPglucuronic acid with p-nitrophenol or o-aminobenzoate as aglycone. The binding of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDPglucuronyltransferase also shows anomalous kinetics which appear to be most compatible with negative cooperativity. Despite similarities in their structures there is no overlap in the binding of UDPglucuronic acid and UDP N-acetylglucosamine at the active site and regulatory site of the enzyme.