cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internalized HIV Stigma Is Associated With Concurrent Viremia and Poor Retention in a Cohort of US Patients in HIV Care.

Background The relationship of internalized HIV stigma to key care cascade metrics in the United States is not well established using large-scale, geographically diverse data. Setting Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort study. Methods Beginning in February 2016, we administered a yearly, validated 4-item internalized HIV stigma scale (response scale 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, Cronbach's alpha 0.91) at 7 CNICS sites and obtained cohort data through November 2017. We compared mean stigma levels by sociodemographic characteristics and used multivariable logistic regression, controlling for the same sociodemographic covariates, to evaluate the association between mean stigma and (1) concurrent viremia; (2) missed visits; and (3) poor visit constancy. We used inverse probability weighting (IPW) to account for differences between patients who did and did not undergo stigma assessment. Results Of 13,183 CNICS patients, 6448 (49%) underwent stigma assessment. Mean stigma was 1.99 (SD 1.07), and 28.6% agreed/strongly agreed with at least 1 stigma question. Patients younger than 50 years, racial/ethnic minorities, cis-women, and heterosexuals had higher mean stigma. Mean stigma score was associated with concurrent viremia [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 to 1.25, P 0.02], missed visits (AOR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.19, P 0.01), and poor visit constancy, although the effect on visit constancy was attenuated in the IPW model (AOR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.13, P 0.17). Conclusions Higher internalized HIV stigma had a modest but statistically significant association with concurrent viremia and poor retention in care. Further inquiry with prospective analyses is warranted.
EEG and behavioral data confirm the iconicity principle and cognitive load theory in AAC, but major threats to internal validity call these results into question1

Q What are the effects of symbol type (single-component vs. multiple-components) on identification accuracy, response time, and EEG changes in typically developing children and children with develo...
Sustaining Governance Integrity Capacity: A Strategic Opportunity for China-US Public Administration

The main purpose of this theoretical paper is to delineate the nature, value and accountability of sustaining governance integrity capacity as an intangible strategic asset by public administrators in China and the United States. This study frames professional accountability of cross-cultural public administration in terms of strategic competencies in sustaining four dimensions of governance integrity capacity (process, judgment, development and system). The study provides interlinked management and ethics theories and a six-step implementation process to operationalize and improve judgment integrity capacity in China-US public administration decision-making. Finally, the study recommends two action steps that can be taken to enhance China-US public administration educational preparation.
A Luneburg Lens for the Terahertz Region

We experimentally demonstrate a two-dimensional Luneburg lens for the THz region using a waveguide-based artificial-dielectric medium. The substrate material of the lens is Teflon with the top and bottom surfaces coated with silver to form a quasi-parallel-plate waveguide. The top surface of the device has a curved conical profile and the bottom surface is flat. The lens can focus an approximately 2-cm diameter input beam at a frequency of 0.162 THz to a spot size of 3.4 mm (less than 2λ) at the diametrically opposite edge of the device.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Farm to School Program in Rural Wisconsin Area Elementary Schools

The effectiveness of the Farm to School (F2S) program for increasing acceptance of and knowledge about fruits and vegetables was evaluated in school-aged children. Programming included taste-testin...
Interventions for Refractory Pain in Cancer Patients

Pain in patients with metastatic disease to the central nervous system sometimes requires interventional techniques to facilitate durable pain relief. In this chapter, we will note the mechanisms of pain in cancer patients and its relevance to treatment with interventional techniques. Techniques for pain relief can involve intrathecal medication delivery, spinal stimulation, and even brain-directed therapies. The therapies discussed in this chapter are of critical importance to the oncologist given the durable and reliable pain relief that these techniques may provide in carefully selected patients.
Identification and requirements of enhancers that direct gene expression during zebrafish fin regeneration.

To identify candidate tissue regeneration enhancer elements (TREEs) important for zebrafish fin regeneration, we performed ATAC-seq from bulk tissue or purified fibroblasts of uninjured and regenerating caudal fins. We identified tens of thousands of DNA regions from each sample type with dynamic accessibility during regeneration, and assigned these regions to proximal genes with corresponding expression changes by RNA-seq. To determine whether these profiles reveal bona fide TREEs, we tested the sufficiency and requirements of several sequences in stable transgenic lines and mutant lines with homozygous deletions. These experiments validated new non-coding regulatory sequences near induced and/or essential genes during fin regeneration, including fgf20a, mdka, and cx43, identifying distinct domains of directed expression for each confirmed TREE. Whereas deletion of the previously identified LEN enhancer abolished detectable induction of the nearby leptin b gene during regeneration, deletions of enhancers linked to fgf20a, mdka, and cx43 had no effect or partially reduced gene expression. Our study generates a new resource for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of appendage generation and reveals a range of requirements for individual TREEs in control of regeneration programs.
Bank Debt versus Mutual Fund Equity in Liquidity Provision

We propose a unified framework to compare and quantify liquidity provision by debt-issuing banks and equity-issuing mutual funds. We show that both types of financial intermediaries provide liquidity by insuring against idiosyncratic liquidity risks. However, they are subject to distinct constraints depending on the contractual form of their liabilities. Banks issue demandable debt, which exposes them to the possibility of panic runs, whereas funds issue demandable equity, which leads to fundamentals-driven outflows. Based on our theoretical framework, we develop the first empirical measure of liquidity provision that can be generally applied across demandable-debt- and demandable-equity-issuing financial institutions: the Liquidity Provision Index (LPI). We find that a dollar invested in bond mutual funds provides 4.8 cents of liquidity, which is economically significant at one-quarter of the liquidity provided by uninsured bank deposits at the end of 2017. The gap between bank and fund liquidity provision has continuously narrowed over time, suggesting a migration of liquidity provision away from the deposit-taking banking sector to equity-funded non-banks. We find Quantitative Easing and post-crisis liquidity regulation to be contributing factors for this trend. Finally, we exploit the 2016 Money Market Reform, in which institutional prime Money Market Funds (MMF) switched from a fixed to a floating share value, to corroborate the effect of contractual forms on liquidity provision.
Algebraic Models and Arithmetic Geometry of Teichmüller Curves in Genus Two

A Teichmuller curve is an algebraic and isometric immersion of an algebraic curve into the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. We give the first explicit algebraic models of Teichmuller curves of positive genus. Our methods are based on the study of certain Hilbert modular forms and the use of Ahlfors’s variational formula to identify eigenforms for real multiplication on genus two Jacobians. We also present evidence that Teichmuller curves admit a rich arithmetic geometry by exhibiting examples with small primes of bad reduction and notable divisors supported at their cusps.
Comments on Efficient Singular Value Thresholding Computation

We discuss how to evaluate the proximal operator of a convex and increasing function of a nuclear norm, which forms the key computational step in several first-order optimization algorithms such as (accelerated) proximal gradient descent and ADMM. Various special cases of the problem arise in low-rank matrix completion, dropout training in deep learning and high-order low-rank tensor recovery, although they have all been solved on a case-by-case basis. We provide an unified and efficiently computable procedure for solving this problem.
An Application of GIS-Linked Biofuel Supply Chain Optimization Model for Various Transportation Network Scenarios in Northern Great Plains (NGP), USA

Industrial oilseed and lignocellulosic crops can be produced on marginal lands. These advanced biofuel feedstock crops are critical to increase the production of renewable liquid fuels. However, rural areas with significant, existing amounts of available marginal cropland have spartan infrastructure, and it is costly to transport feedstocks and bioproducts within and from these regions. Therefore, it is important to consider varied feedstock and co-product transportation network options and supply chain optimization. This study applied a supply chain optimization model linked with geographical information system (GIS) developed using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) for the northern Great Plains (NGP) region. An investigation on the influence of petroleum product pipeline usage and/or new infrastructure development on supply chain optimization was performed, and optimum routes were suggested. Four different multimodal transport routes of oilseed, biodiesel, livestock meal, and the capacities of biodiesel plants were evaluated for cost optimization. Selective rural rail infrastructure redevelopment of abandoned lines and strategically improving connectivity by adding 380 km of line could reduce biofuel transportation costs by up to 38%. Using existing petroleum pipeline in Montana reduced costs of biofuel transport; however, pipelines had little effect within the Dakotas. Railroad construction was the most effective mechanism to reduce transportation costs in both North and South Dakota. Variables such as transloading and construction costs, topographical constraints, and transportation network boundary could be used to further improve the optimization model and results.
Optimal Level of Vaccination To Constrain the Diffusion of COVID-19 and Similar Pandemics: Timely and Pervasiveness of Vaccines in Population To Anticipate Exit From Emergency

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that appeared in late 2019. The COVID-19 continues to be a constant pandemic threat in 2021 with new variants that are generating a continuous state of emergency in manifold countries with high numbers of COVID-19 related infected individuals and deaths in society. One of the problems hardly clarified in pandemic crisis is how to constrain and/or to stop timely the spread of COVID-19. Studies on the effect of vaccines for COVID-19 prevention can support appropriate strategies to cope with pandemic crisis and theat. This study conducts a retrospective analysis of data of vaccines and confirmed cases, at global level between countries, collected from March to April 2021. The goal is to investigate the temporal dynamics of the number of COVID-19 cases after the vaccination campaign in March 2021 and in April 2021 across countries. In particular, the study analyzes the relations between doses administrated and confirmed cases in March and April 2021 to find out the optimal level of doses administrated per 100 inhabitants, which can lead to a timely decrease in the diffusion of COVID-19 cases. This analysis demonstrates the real effect of a timely national vaccination campaign on the pandemic dynamics. Findings of this study reveal that a delay of vaccination in population, it moves up the optimal value of doses administrated per 100 inhabitants from 58.5 to 98.5 of population, prolonging the state of emergency and delaying the exit from COVID-19 pandemic crisis with consequential damages and long-run deterioration of socioeconomic systems. Hence, this study suggests that the optimal strategy and response to pandemic threats is: first start vaccination, first out emergency and crisis, synthetized with the acronym FirstS, FirstO. To conclude a timely start of the vaccination, it leads countries to anticipate the exit first from the state of emergency and pandemic crisis, constraining negative effects on socioeconomic system.
Psychiatric Sequelae of Anti-Dipeptidyl Peptidase-Like Protein-6 Encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX) antibody associated encephalitis, an unusual multifocal neurological disorder that can be severe regarding symptomatology, has been increasingly recognized over the last decade. There have been relatively few cases of anti-DPPX-encephalitis reported in the literature, and there are no studies or case reports reviewing this diagnosis from a psychiatric perspective. We present the case of a patient assessed by the psychiatry consultation service for depressed mood, psychosis and sleep disturbance in the setting of anti-DPPX encephalitis. The aim of this case report is to examine the psychiatric sequelae of anti-DPPX encephalitis as well as current and proposed treatment strategies.
Strip Theory of Ship Motions in the Presence of a Current

The strip theory is reformulated to account for the presence of a current with longitudinal and side components. The roll, sway, and yaw motions are coupled in this case with pitch and heave. Results supported by experiments show a strong influence on roll near resonance.
Animal Models in Cholera Research

Our current knowledge of cholera and the highly effective oral treatment of the disease could not have been attained without the use of animal models and human volunteers. Ever since the discovery of the etiologic agent of cholera, there have been attempts to develop suitable animal models for studying the interactions of Vibrio cholerae with its accidental human niche. The major animal models that have been employed in cholera research and some examples of the valuable information provided by these models have been discussed in this chapter. Finkelstein clearly demonstrated the presence of classical exo-enterotoxin (CT) (choleragen) and proceeded to work on purification of the material from Syncase medium, using infant rabbits as his biological assay. Concomitant with toxin purification, attempts were made to derive mutants of V. cholerae that would produce altered toxins or natural toxoids. Colonization studies are largely dependent on animal models, because the complex interactions between the two dynamic living systems are impossible to duplicate in vitro. The standard measure of vaccine efficacy was usually determined by the mouse protection assay. For all of the remarkable advances that have been made in cholera research at the bench, the real answers will have to be provided by V. cholerae in its normal environmental niche and in its transient home away from home, the intestines of humans and experimental animals.
Joint Ventures in the U.S. Steel Industry

Abstract. In 1958 Daniel Fusfeld examined the role of joint ventures in the U.S. steel industry and concluded that joint ventures served as a substitute for mergers forbidden by the Justice Department. Since the Fusfeld study, things have changed drastically for integrated domestic producers. Competition from imports and domestic mini- mills have forced steel firms into bankruptcies and missive plant closings. The contemporary industry's participation in joint ventures is examined in an attempt to understand steel's restructuring. Today's integrated producers jointly may hold tighter control over raw materials, participate in growing numbers of horizontal Joint ventures, and engage in numerous cooperative enterprises with foreign competitors, particularly the Japanese. Contemporary U.S. producers are becoming increasingly absorbed in the global economy.
Troponin-tropomyosin complex. Column chromatographic separation and activity of the three, active troponin components with and without tropomyosin present.

Abstract By means of new or modified procedures troponin-tropomyosin complex was fractionated into three components plus tropomyosin, and then reconstituted in the absence of urea. Tropomyosin was separated from troponin by hydroxyapatite column chromatography, a method giving sharper separation than the previously used technique of isoelectric precipitation. The chromatography also separated the tropomyosin into two fractions. One gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and the other a double band; and the complete absence of proline suggested that each was a different form of pure tropomyosin. Troponins I, T, and C were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography in 6 m urea as previously, but the separation was found to be much improved if the troponin was treated with a Ca2+ chelator before being applied to the column. The activity of the troponin fractions was assayed at varying ratios to actin both with and without tropomyosin present. It was found that near physiologic ratios to actin, either the combination of troponin I plus tropomyosin or troponin I plus troponin T inhibited the acto-heavy meromyosin ATPase. However, in both cases when troponin C, which is necessary for Ca2+ sensitivity, was added, the inhibition was reversed not only in the presence but also in the absence of Ca2+. Only when both troponin T and tropomyosin were present in addition to troponin I and C did inhibition occur in the absence but not in the presence of Ca2+. We therefore conclude first, that if troponin T is present tropomyosin may not be required for inhibition by troponin I at physiologic ratios to actin, second, that all three components plus tropomyosin are necessary to restore full Ca2+ sensitivity, and third, that this reconstitution can be accomplished by combining the individual components in the absence of urea.
A Study of Hospitalized Elderly Patients: No Longer Acutely Ill

The purpose of this study was to uncover patients more at risk of becoming ALC. ALC patients are most likely to enter the hospital through the Emergency Department and are most likely to be female without a spouse. Males who are younger and alone also have a greater chance of becoming ALC. This highlights the importance of identifying patients early in the treatment process who are at risk of becoming ALC. By doing so length of stay in the hospital can be reduced.
One day of overfeeding impairs nocturnal glucose but not fatty acid homeostasis in overweight men.

Objective Overfeeding is associated with insulin resistance. Studies on animals suggest this is likely due to disruption of fatty acid metabolism and increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability during the night. We tested the hypothesis that overfeeding induces insulin resistance and increases nocturnal but not daytime plasma FFA availability in human subjects. Design and Methods We measured plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations hourly for 24 h during a day of isocaloric feeding and a day of hypercaloric feeding (30% calorie excess) in 8 overweight and obese, nondiabetic men (age: 38±3 years; body mass index: 34±2 kg/m2). Results Overfeeding had no effect on daytime plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations compared to isocaloric feeding, but increased nocturnal glucose (P = 0.007) and insulin (P = 0.003) concentrations and decreased nocturnal FFA concentration (P = 0.006). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score was ∼30% greater the morning after hypercaloric than isocaloric feeding (P = 0.040). Conclusions One day of overfeeding has no effect on daytime plasma glucose and FFA concentrations but increases nocturnal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, whereas nocturnal plasma FFA availability is reduced. The acute overfeeding-induced development of insulin resistant glucose metabolism therefore does not appear to be directly mediated by plasma FFA availability.
THE SUPPRESSOR OF HAIRY-WING PROTEIN REGULATES THE TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF THE DROSOPHILA GYPSY RETROTRANSPOSON

The gypsy retrotransposon of Drosophila melanogaster causes mutations that show temporal and tissue-specific phenotypes. These mutant phenotypes can be reversed by mutations in su(Hw), a gene that also regulates the transcription of the gypsy element. Gypsy encodes a full-length 7.0-kb RNA that is expressed in the salivary gland precursors and fat body of the embryo, imaginal discs and fat body of larvae, and fat body and ovaries of adult females. The su(Hw)-binding region inserted upstream of the promoter of a lacZ reporter gene can induce β-galactosidase expression in a subset of the embryonic and larval tissues where gypsy is normally transcribed. This expression is dependent on the presence of a functional su(Hw) product, suggesting that this protein is a positive activator of gypsy transcription. Flies transformed with a construct in which the 5' LTR and leader sequences of gypsy are fused to lacZ show β-galactosidase expression in all tissues where gypsy is normally expressed, indicating that sequences other than the su(Hw)-binding site are required for proper spatial and temporal expression of gypsy. Mutations in the zinc fingers of su(Hw) affect its ability to bind DNA and to induce transcription of the lacZ reporter gene. Two other structural domains of su(Hw) also play an important role in transcriptional regulation of gypsy. Deletion of the amino-terminal acidic domain results in the loss of lacZ expression in larval fat body and adult ovaries, whereas mutations in the leucine zipper region result in an increase of lacZ expression in larval fat body and a decrease in adult ovaries. These effects might be the result of interactions of su(Hw) with activator and repressor proteins through the acidic and leucine zipper domains to produce the final pattern of tissue-specific expression of gypsy.
One Last Question: Opening Pandora’s Box?

Family physicians are oriented and trained to inquire about the meaning of patients’ symptoms and to recognize when major concerns or worry are present. Yet, in the context of busy practices and the many interruptions of our workday, we may concentrate too much on efficiency in conducting visits and completing tasks for patients, with a resulting narrow focus on the medical or biological aspects of the patient’s complaint. This essay tells the story of 2 patient encounters in which I, an experienced family physician, almost missed noticing deep fears experienced by each patient. These experiences led me to reflect on the contextual, patient, and personal factors that can get in the way of recognizing and reaching a deeper understanding of patients’ worries, and on the power we have to assuage fears when we address them directly instead of hesitating to open Pandora’s box.
N‐ACYL HOMOSERINE LACTONe LACTONASE, AiiA, INACTIVATION OF QUORUM‐SENSING AGONISTS PRODUCED BY CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYTA) AND CHARACTERIZATION OF aiiA TRANSGENIC ALGAE1

Eukaryotes such as plants and the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. produce and secrete compounds that mimic N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) bacterial quorum-sensing (QS) signals and alter QS-regulated gene expression in the associated bacteria. Here, we show that the set of C. reinhardtii signal-mimic compounds that activate the CepR AHL receptor of Burkholderia cepacia are susceptible to inactivation by AiiA, an AHL lactonase enzyme of Bacillus. Inactivation of these algal mimics by AiiA suggests that the CepR-stimulatory class of mimics produced by C. reinhardtii may have a conserved lactone ring structure in common with AHL QS signals. To examine the role of AHL mimic compounds in the interactions of C. reinhardtii with bacteria, the aiiA gene codon optimized for Chlamydomonas was generated for the expression of AiiA as a chimeric fusion with cyan fluorescent protein (AimC). Culture filtrates of transgenic strains expressing the fusion protein AimC had significantly reduced levels of CepR signal-mimic activities. When parental and transgenic algae were cultured with a natural pond water bacterial community, a morphologically distinct, AHL-producing isolate of Aeromonas veronii was observed to colonize the transgenic algal cultures and form biofilms more readily than the parental algal cultures, indicating that secretion of the CepR signal mimics by the alga can significantly affect its interactions with bacteria it encounters in natural environments. The parental alga was also able to sequester and/or destroy AHLs in its growth media to further disrupt or manipulate bacterial QS.
Emerging approaches in the molecular design of receptor-selective peptide ligands: conformational, topographical and dynamic considerations.

A central goal in peptide and protein research is the development of rational approaches to the design of peptide and protein ligands with specific physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the case of peptide ligands which generally act by interactions with receptors or acceptor molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, growth promoters and inhibitors, immunomodulators, etc...), the problem is complicated by several inherent difficulties. Despite these difficulties, considerable progress has been made in the development of a rational approach to the design of peptide ligands with highly potent and specific biological and conformational properties. In this review, we summarize some of the more useful approaches which have emerged from these studies, and assess the future development in this area
Concurrent laryngeal abnormalities in patients with paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction

Abstract Objective Our goal was to investigate the presence of laryngeal abnormalities is patients with paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction (PVFD). Study design and setting A retrospective chart review was performed of patients referred for evaluation of paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction between July 2002 and December 2002. The patients completed questionnaires at the time of the office visit. Data collected from the medical record included age, gender, duration of symptoms before evaluation, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, and laryngoscopic findings. Exercise stress test was performed when suitable. The diagnosis of PVFD was made based on patient history and laryngoscopy. Results Thirty patients were identified. There was a 27:3 (90%) female predominance, and mean age of presentation at was 28 years (range, 12 to 67 years). The median time from the onset of respiratory symptoms to diagnosis was 4.5 years (range, 0.5 to 30 years). Of the 30 patients, 17 (56%) had asthma, 16 had laryngeal findings suggestive of gastroesophageal reflex disease, 4 (12%) had laryngoscopic findings of chronic laryngitis, and 10 (33%) had additional findings, including laryngomalacia, vocal fold motion impairment, sulcus vocalis, nodules, and subglottic stenosis, mostly in the exercise-induced group. Conclusions Concomitant laryngeal abnormalities are present in a many patients with PVFD, particularly in those with exercise-induced symptoms. Laryngoscopy is important in the management of these patients.
Coronary reserve abnormalities in the infarcted myocardium : Assessment of myocardial viability immediately versus late after reflow by contrast echocardiography

Background The aim of this study was to determine whether myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during exogenous vasodilation can accurately delineate infarct size, and hence the extent of myocardial viability, both immediately (15 minutes) and late (3 hours) after reperfusion when postreflow coronary hyperemia is still present. Methods and Results Twenty-one open-chest anesthetized dogs underwent 3 to 6 hours of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. MCE was performed 15 minutes after reflow before and during infusion of 0.2 mg·kg−1·min−1 adenosine IV. In 12 dogs, infarct size was measured at this time. In the remaining 9 dogs, reperfusion was continued for 3 hours, when MCE was repeated before and after an infusion of 0.56 mg·kg−1·min−1 dipyridamole IV and infarct size was measured. In the absence of adenosine, MCE perfusion defect at 15 minutes underestimated infarct sizes at both 15 minutes and 3 hours, whereas in the presence of adenosine, the estimate of infarct size was more accurate. Sim...
Spatial and temporal variability of soil physical properties of norfolk loamy sand as affected by tillage

Abstract Physical properties of field soil vary both spatially and temporally. Because so little information is available concerning the changes in magnitude of soil physical properties as functions of soil depth, distance normal to a crop row, and time, they have largely been ignored in model development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantitatively the spatial and temporal variability imposed by several tillage operations on several soil physical properties. Three tillage treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were (1) conventionally-disked 3 times before planting, (2) full width strip chisel plowed to a 27-cm depth, and (3) in-row-subsoiled plus bedding. Soil physical properties measured were cone index (CI), weight percentage water (Pw), bulk density (Db), soil water characteristic curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and soil settling. These properties were measured 3 times: immediately after planting soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) on 16 May; on 3 June; on 8 July 1977. Soil properties were measured at the 0–14, 14–28, and 28–41-cm soil depths at 3 positions relative to the row i.e., in the row, in the trafficked interrow, and in the non-trafficked interrow. Significant differences due to tillage treatment were found for Db, CI, and the soil water characteristic. The greatest spatial variation occurred in the 0–14-cm depth and decreased with depth. Significant differences for most variables were also found for the tillage by depth and tillage by position interactions. All properties exhibited significant temporal variation.
Landau spectrum and line broadening in real metals

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the natural width or broadening of the Landau levels of the conduction electrons in a perfect crystal when a uniform magnetic field is present. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the effective-Hamiltonian equation have been found in the WKB approximation. Connection formulas good for all energies (including the region near the top of the barrier) were used to connect the nearly degenerate solutions in adjacent zones. The energy levels were found to be essentially discrete except in the immediate vicinity of open orbits. The effective-Hamiltonian solutions have been related to the solutions of the exact Hamiltonian. We have demonstrated that the effective-Hamiltonian formalism omits no source of level broadening (except for interband effects) since our solutions are completely consistent with the requirements of a group-theoretical treatment of the exact Hamiltonian.
Tetrasubstituted bi(phosphine sulfides) as free radical photoinitiators

Photolysis of tetrasubstituted bi(phosphine sulfides) at 254 nm yields disubstituted thiophosphinyl radicals that initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The phosphorus-containing chain ends of the polymers produced in these polymerizations were easily measured and characterized using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. These measurements showed that thiophosphinyl radical additions to methyl methacrylate are regiospecific. The yields obtained in bi(phosphine sulfide)-initiated MMA polymerizations compare favorably with yields obtained using a commercially available photoinitiator, Lucirin TPO, but the reaction times required are considerably longer. The molecular weights of PMMA samples obtained from bi(phosphine sulfide)-initiated polymerizations are lower than those of TPO-initiated samples, due to the ability of bi(phosphine sulfides) to also act as chain transfer agents.
Innate immune activation in the pathogenesis of a murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy.

Globoid cell leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the loss of galactocerebrosidase. Galactocerebrosidase loss leads to the accumulation of psychosine and subsequent oligodendrocyte cell death, demyelination, macrophage recruitment, and astroglial activation and proliferation. To date, no studies have elucidated the mechanism of glial cell activation and cytokine and chemokine up-regulation and release. We explored a novel explanation for the development of the pathological changes in the early stages of globoid cell leukodystrophy associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 up-regulation in the hindbrain and cerebellum as a response to dying oligodendrocytes. TLR2 up-regulation on microglia/macrophages coincided with morphological changes consistent with activation at 2 and 3 weeks of age. TLR2 up-regulation on activated microglia/macrophages resulted in astrocyte activation and marked up-regulation of cytokines/chemokines. Because oligodendrocyte cell death is an important feature of globoid cell leukodystrophy, we tested the ability of TLR2 reporter cells to respond to oligodendrocyte cell death. These reporter cells responded in vitro to medium conditioned by psychosine-treated oligodendrocytes, indicating the likelihood that oligodendrocytes release a TLR2 ligand during apoptosis. TLRs are a member of the innate immune system and initiate immune and inflammatory events; therefore, the identification of TLR2 as a potential driver in the activation of central nervous system glial activity in globoid cell leukodystrophy may provide important insight into its pathogenesis.
A COMPARISON OF THE THYROIDAL PLASMAI131 CLEARANCE AND THE PLASMA PROTEINBOUNDI131 TESTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

INTRODUCTION VARIOUS tests using radioactive iodine for the evaluation of thyroidal disorders have been described in numerous published reports (1–5). The most commonly employed have been the determinations of 24-hour thyroidal uptake (6, 7) or urinary excretion (8, 9) of radioiodine after an orally administered tracer dose. Although excretion measurements are technically easier, there is always uncertainty as to the completeness of the urine collection. The percentage uptake by the thyroid, therefore, has been more generally used. Although a reasonably good distinction between hypothyroidism and euthyroidism is thus obtained, it has become increasingly apparent that the wide overlap in values does not permit a definitive separation between normal and hyperthyroid states. Most of the tests which have been proposed recently are based on one of two different aspects of thyroid kinetics: the rate of thyroidal removal of iodide from the plasma (4, 10, 11), or the rate of appearance of organically bound iodine...
Edge Effects on the Determination of Fickian Mass Diffusivity of Polymers

Models based on one-dimensional solution of Fickian diffusion equation are commonly used to characterize diffusion coefficients of polymers. These methods are known to have errors due to edge effects, which are believed to be compensated by correction factors. In order to better understand these errors and performance of various correction factors, non-dimensional solution of diffusion equation in a three-dimensional rectangular domain is used to simulate artificial mass diffusion data. The simulated data is then utilized to analyze the errors associated with commonly used methods of diffusivity determination for a variety of geometries with aspect ratios ranging from 1 to 100. The diffusivity values are shown to be highly dependent on the approach used in determining the initial slope of the percent mass gain versus root square time curve. The previously proposed correction factors failed to yield accurate diffusion coefficients and are found to have up to 70% error. A simple, yet accurate method for determination of mass diffusivity of isotropic materials based on the solution of Fickian equation in three-dimensional domain is proposed. The applicability of the method is demonstrated with experimental data and good agreement is observed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Musculotopic innervation of the primary flight muscles, the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) and supracoracoideus, of the pigeon (Columba livia): A WGA‐HRP study

The distribution of motoneurons innervating the primary depressor and elevator muscles of the wing of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) was studied by using the retrograde axonal tracer lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Injection of WGA-HRP into the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) labeled neurons in the ventromedial corner of the lateral motor column of the spinal cord. These neurons were arranged in a column extending from spinal segment X or XI to spinal segment XII or XIII. The pectoralis, the primary depressor muscle of the wing, consists of two parts which are anatomically and functionally distinct, the sternobrachialis (SB) and thoracobrachialis (TB). Injection into the SB labeled neurons in the rostral and middle regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. In contrast, injection into the TB labeled neurons in the middle and caudal regions of the pectoralis motoneuron column. Injection into the primary elevator muscle of the wing, the supracoracoideus, labeled neurons in the lateral motor column in spinal segments X and XI. These motoneurons were located dorsolateral to motoneurons labeled following pectoralis injection. These data demonstrate musculotopic segregation of the motoneurons innervating the primary flight muscles in the pigeon and, further, illustrate that the SB and TB subregions of the pectoralis are innervated by discrete aggregations of motoneurons.
Vibrational spectra, thermal analysis and conductivity of the phases of ammonium hydrazinium(2 + ) sulfate

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that ammonium hydrazinium sulfate, (NH 4 ) 2 N 2 H 6 (SO 4 ) 2 . exhibits five transitions between 220 K and its decomposition at ~500 K. Several of these transition temperatures are surprisingly similar to phase transition temperatures observed in the parent ammonium sulfate and hydrazinium sulfate compounds. The various phases of ammonium hydrazinium sulfate have been investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements utilizing impedance techniques. The conductivity is lower than that of the deuterium-substituted compound over the temperature interval 60–180 °C. Consequences of this observation for the conductivity mechanism are discussed.
On mass transport limitation to the rate of reaction of gases in liquid droplets

Abstract Expressions are derived to readily compare contributions to overall mass transport limitation by gas-phase diffusion, interfacial transport and aqueous-phase diffusion to the overall rate of reaction in liquid droplets. The three criteria previously derived by Schwartz (1986, in Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems , pp. 415–471, Springer) for the absence of mass transport limitation are shown to be special cases of the more general criterion obtained here. Sensitivity of the characteristic time to achieve steady state to the accommodation coefficient is examined. Inequalities are established that give lower and upper bounds of mass transport limitation in cases of non-first-order chemical kinetics.
Effect of hot and cold deformation on the β fiber rolling texture in continuous cast AA 5052 aluminum alloy

Abstract The texture evolution of continuous cast AA 5052 aluminum alloy during hot rolling was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The β fiber rolling texture formed under various hot and cold deformation conditions was compared. The results show that deformation at elevated temperatures results in a stronger β fiber rolling texture than that at room temperature.
Modeling Machining Geometric Variation in a N-2-1 Fixturing Scheme

Fixtures are used to locate and constrain workpieces in machining. Fixture properties, such as accuracy and locator layout schemes, directly affect the resultant geometric variation on the machined workpiece surfaces. N-2-1 fixturing schemes (N>3) are often used for large or compliant workpieces in machining. However, the impact of N-2-1 fixturing on product geometric variation is not well understood because of the uncertainty of contact under the overconstraint condition. This paper presents a modeling methodology to study the machining geometric variation in a 4-2-1 fixturing scheme. The model integrates the fixture-workpiece interactions resulted from the rigid-body variation in fixtures, workpieces, and machine tools, and the static deformation under external forces. The uncertainty of the fixture-workpiece contact condition due to the 4-2-1 constraint condition is modeled using the minimum potential energy theory. A numerical example of face milling is presented to demonstrate the methodology.
Cerebrospinal fluid thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in alcoholics and normal controls

Abstract Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function have been reported in alcoholism. Blunting of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) occurs in approximately 25% of alcoholics patients. Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay that allows TRH itself to be measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF concentrations of TRH were measured in alcoholics and normal controls. There was no significant difference in TRH concentrations between the groups. However, among the controls there was a significant correlation between CSF concentrations of the major serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and CSF concentrations of TRH. This correlation was lacking in the alcoholics. These findings are of interest because basic neurobiological studies have reported that TRH and serotonin are co-localized in certain neurons in the rat central nervous system.
The Influence of Individual Opinion on Construction of an Attitude Scale

Resume Apres un choix tres soigneux de 114 expressions d'opinion a l'egard de la position sociale du negre, on a obtenu independemment trois groupes de valeurs d'echelle pour ces expressions de la classification de trois groupes de sujets. Le Groupe I a ete un groupe de trois sujets de race blanche du Midi des Etats-Unis, ayant un prejuge contre le negre. Le Groupe II a ete un groupe de sujets de race blanche du Nord des Etats-Unis, ayant un prejuge en faveur du negre. Le Groupe III a ete un groupe de sujets negres. On a compute chaque groupe de valeurs d'echelle selon la methode de Thurstone, et l'on a compare soigneusement les trois groupes. Dans la comparaison les valeurs d'echelle des Groupes I et II, r=0,980, η xy =0,984, et η yx =0,985. Dans la comparaison des valeurs d'echelle des Groupes I et III, r0,935, η xy =0,947, et η yx =0,952. Ces resultats avec d'autres points de comparaison, le rendent evident que l'echelle que l'on a construite pour mesurer l'attitude a la position sociale du negre n'est...
Effect of Tightening Speed on Thread and Under-Head Coefficient of Friction

Applying torque to a fastener creates friction as well as clamp-load. Friction and clamp-load are inversely proportional: as friction increases, the amount of clamp-load generated decreases. The speed at which a fastener is tightened has a pronounced affect on the magnitude of friction, and thereby clamp-load generated in a metal joint. This paper examines the relationship between the tightening speed with friction and clamp-load. The applied torque, clamp-load, and under-head torque were measured as the fastener was tightened within a torque/tension load cell. The corresponding thread torque, under-head and thread coefficients of friction values were calculated from equations given in both the DIN946 and ISO16047 standards. One bolt, one washer, and one nut (all of similar hardness) were used for all trials of this study. Two different anti-seize lubricants were used (one composed of molybdenum-disulfide and graphite and the other of mineral oil, nickel, and graphite). Lubricant was applied to both the thread and under-head regions of the bolt prior to torquing. Further trials were executed with the bolt, washer, and nut in the dry, or plain, condition (all of similar hardness). The results of this investigation indicated that the thread and under-head coefficients of friction decreased as speed increased. The programmed speeds ranged from 25 to 700 r/min, with a torque target of 28 N·m. Since the friction coefficients decreased, the amount of clamp-load generated at target torque increased with increasing speed. The average difference in clamp-load from minimum to maximum speed was determined to be 6.3 kN for both lubricants and 1.2 kN for the unlubricated condition.
Programming in temporal-nonmonotonic reasoning

Nonmonotonic reasoning has been proposed as an extension to classical first-order logic. Now people are interested in temporal reasoning with nonmonotonic logic [6]. We combine the monotonic logic [7] with a temporal logic to get a more general reasoning language. We discuss a monotonic logic TML which has predicate formulas, temporal formulas and a special modal formula, and give a completeness theorem of it. We use TH(Δ) to designate the set of theorems of a temporal-nonmonotonic theory Δ which has the same language with TML. The completeness theorem of the temporal-nonmonotonic logic naturally arises. Like the relationship between predicate logic with a practical logic programming language PROLOG, we propose a useful temporal-nonmonotonic reasoning language TN for the temporal-nonmonotonic logic. As an appendix we supply an algorithm for the programming language TN.
A non-canonical plant microRNA target site

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) typically form near-perfect duplexes with their targets and mediate mRNA cleavage. Here, we describe an unconventional miRNA target of miR398 in Arabidopsis, an mRNA encoding the blue copper-binding protein (BCBP). BCBP mRNA carries an miR398 complementary site in its 5'-untranslated region (UTR) with a bulge of six nucleotides opposite to the 5' region of the miRNA. Despite the disruption of a target site region thought to be especially critical for function, BCBP mRNAs are cleaved by ARGONAUTE1 between nucleotides 10th and 11th, opposite to the miRNA, like conventional plant target sites. Levels of BCBP mRNAs are inversely correlated to levels of miR398 in mutants lacking the miRNA, or transgenic plants overexpressing it. Introducing two mutations that disrupt the miRNA complementarity around the cleavage site renders the target cleavage-resistant. The BCBP site functions outside of the context of the BCBP mRNA and does not depend on 5'-UTR location. Reducing the bulge does not interfere with miR398-mediated regulation and completely removing it increases the efficiency of the slicing. Analysis of degradome data and target predictions revealed that the miR398-BCBP interaction seems to be rather unique. Nevertheless, our results imply that functional target sites with non-perfect pairings in the 5' region of an ancient conserved miRNA exist in plants.
Isotope-Edited Infrared Linear Dichroism: Determination of Amide Orientational Relationships⊥

A new approach for the determination of local amide orientation in ordered insoluble proteins using linearly-polarized infrared radiation is described. The method was applied to the crystalline pep...