cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Diamond surface acoustic wave device

Summary In this chapter, the state of the art technology of high-frequency SAW devices using thin film diamond is described. For high-frequency operation, diamond thin films with high SAW velocities have been employed together with piezoelectric ZnO thin films for electromechanical coupling. In addition to advantages in high-frequency operation, the durability for extremely highpower application and a supreme temperature stability were confirmed. For practical devices, 1.8-4.0 GHz resonators and narrow-band filters have been commercialized with excellent properties obtained using diamond SAW devices in comparison with quartz SAW devices. In forthcoming communication systems with high frequencies and high bit rates, the demand for this new type of SAW device is increasing to meet the requirements for broad applications in both wireless and optical communications. Future developments will mainly focus on material systems such as LiNbO3, KnbO3 and other piezoelectric thinfilms on diamond which might improve high frequency and wide band filters even further for a large volume mobile market.
Consumer-Based Marketing: The Use of Micro-Segmentation Strategies for Understanding Sport Consumption

The present data illustrate the effectiveness of utilizing theoretically guided models to develop consumer-based micro-segmentation strategies. The results provide marketers with a powerful discriminant function calculated from six variables to profile consumers and make informed decisions regarding promotional content and channel delivery to stimulate processing of marketing communication. The function also enables marketers to carve out casual, moderate, and loyal market segments with 74.3 per cent accuracy utilizing only 18 survey questions.
Transients on Transmission Lines

Chapter 14 discussed the propagation properties of transmission lines with particular emphasis on impedance, the reflection coefficient, and time-harmonic representation. Voltage and current were phasors, and a number of properties such as the speed of propagation, wavelength, and phase and attenuation constants were used as a direct consequence of the time-harmonic nature of the waves. Much of the discussion paralleled that of propagation of plane waves in unbounded domains.
Reversible Nephrotoxic Reactions to a Combined 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol and Calcium Disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Regimen in Asymptomatic Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels

One hundred thirty children aged 1 to 8 years with blood lead levels greater than 50 micrograms/100 ml of whole blood (WB) and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) concentration greater than 250 micrograms/100 ml of WB received 207 chelation treatments for plumbism. All chelation treatments consisted of CaNa2 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 25 mg/kg per dose every 12 hours and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) 3 mg/kg per dose every four hours for five days. Seventeen children demonstrated transient doubling of pre-chelation treatment serum creatinine (less than or equal to 2.0 mg/100 ml) during or following chelation treatment; 5/17 also had mild proteinuria. Four children developed severe oliguric (greater than 250 ml/sq m/day) acute renal failure. Serum creatinine levels were elevated six to seven days after chelation treatment was started and reached maximal values of 3.9 to 8.4 mg/100 ml, three to six days later. Renal function returned to pre-chelation treatment values during the subsequent six to 18 days. In the 21 nephrotoxic patients and the 109 nontoxic patients there were no significant differences in age (3.8 +/- 0.6 vs 3.2 +/- 0.2 years), sex (61% vs 53% males), percent who received multiple chelation treatments (38% vs 30%), blood lead levels (85 +/- 5 vs 79 +/- 1 microgram/100 ml of WB), FEP (380 +/- 30 vs 382 +/- 18 micrograms/100 ml of WB), hemoglobin (11.5 +/- 0.4 vs 11.1 +/- 0.2 gm/100 ml, and pre-chelation treatment serum creatinine (0.46 +/- 0.06 vs 0.58 +/- 0.03 mg/100 ml). It was concluded that 13% of children with plumbism who received chelation treatments developed mild transient biochemical evidence of nephrotoxicity and another 3% developed acute renal failure characterized by oliguria four to eight days after chelation treatment was discontinued.
Evaluating an Information Extraction System

Many natural language researchers are now turning their attention to a relatively new task orientation known as information extraction. Information extraction systems are predicated on an I/O orientation that makes it possible to conduct formal evaluations and meaningful cross-system comparisons. This article presents the challenge of information extraction and shows how information extraction systems are currently being evaluated. We describe a specific system developed at the University of Massachusetts, identify key research issues of general interest, and conclude with some observations about the role of performance evaluations as a stimulus for basic research.
Round window membrane permeability to golimumab in guinea pigs: A pilot study

Objectives/Hypothesis Autoimmune inner ear disorder is one of a few types of sensorineural hearing loss that is treatable and potentially reversible. Treatment involves oral steroids and methotrexate. Other treatment modalities have been tried with variable success. All such treatments are systemic, with inherent side effects limiting their effectiveness. Recently, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α blockers have been suggested as a modality of treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the round window membrane permeability to golimumab, a TNF-α blocker. This study is the first to look at the feasibility of local golimumab delivery into the inner ear, which may allow for targeted immune modulation of autoimmune inner ear disorders without the consequences of systemic treatment. Study Design This is a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot study using guinea pigs to assess round window membrane permeability to golimumab. Methods Golimumab was instilled into the guinea pigs' middle ear. Inner ear fluid was sampled through the round window membrane after approximately 30 minutes of drug exposure. Golimumab presence in the inner ear was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both drug-treated and control ears. Results Higher concentrations of golimumab were detected in the inner ear fluid samples of golimumab-exposed ears than in the control ears. The difference was statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusions Golimumab crosses the round window membrane and is detected in measurable concentrations in the inner ear fluid after 30 minutes of exposure to the membrane. Further studies are needed to learn its pharmacokinetics and the time needed to reach optimal concentration in the inner ear. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 123:2840–2844, 2013
The role of antioxidants in modulating neutrophil functional responses.

Prior to phagocytic stimulation the neutrophil consumes only small amounts of oxygen and relies primarily on anaerobic glycolysis for energy, a finding consistent with the paucity of mitochondria in the cells (Cheson et al., 1977). Within seconds after stimulation, however, the neutrophil activates a specialized pathway that results in a 100-fold increase in oxygen consumption (Root and Metcalf, 1977). This pathway culminates in the reaction in which molecular oxygen is reduced to superoxide (O2-). The superoxide in turn undergo further reactions to form toxic derivatives such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), organic oxygen radicals, and hypochlorite ion (HOCl), which are then used by the cell to destroy ingested microorganisms (Babior and Crowley, 1983; Tauber et al., 1983). Massive increases in oxygen consumption and oxygen radical production are referred to as the respiratory burst.
Non-specific therapy for protection of normal and burned mice from bacterial and fungal infections

Abstract Treatment of normal mice with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) prior to challenge with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans provides significant non-specific protection when compared to untreated controls. Burned mice in these experiments are also protected non-specifically following treatment with CFA. Similar non-specific protection is observed when normal mice are treated with pseudomonas vaccine (PV) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and challenged with C. albicans . Transfer of serum from mice treated with IFA to previously untreated normal mice which are then challenged with P. aeruginosa shows that protection can be transferred via the serum. This protection is nullified by heating the serum at 60°C for 30 minutes. The level of passive protection via serum from treated mice is reduced when C. albicans is the challenging microorganism and this suggests that cellular resistance mechanisms are in part involved in non-specific protection against this micro-organism.
Fab1p PtdIns(3)P 5-kinase function essential for protein sorting in the multivesicular body

Sorting of signal-transducing cell surface receptors within multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is required for their rapid down-regulation and degradation within lysosomes. Yeast mutants defective in late stages of transport to the vacuole/lysosome accumulate MVBs. We demonstrate that the membrane glycoprotein carboxypeptidase S and the G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p are targeted into the vacuole lumen, and this process requires a subset of VPS gene products essential for normal endosome function. The PtdIns(3)P 5-kinase activity of Fab1p, which converts the product of the Vps34p PtdIns 3-kinase PtdIns(3)P into PtdIns(3,5)P2, also is required for cargo-selective sorting into the vacuole lumen. These findings demonstrate a role for phosphoinositide signaling at distinct stages of vacuolar/lysosomal protein transport and couple PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis to regulation of MVB sorting.
Self-regulated facial muscle tension effects on intraocular pressure

This study was designed to examine the relationship between orbicularis muscle tension around the eyes and fluctuations in intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal subjects. Using a biofeedback paradigm, 20 male and female subjects were asked to increase and decrease their EMG activity from the orbicularis muscle while receiving EMG feedback. Subjects received 3 alternating blocks of trials in which they attempted to increase and decrease muscle tension while maintaining the eyes open. A fourth trial consisted of a forceful closure of the eyes during the increase period. IOP was measured every 60 s throughout the entire sequence, and electrodes placed above and below the eye recorded eyeblinks. Results suggest that IOP increases with increases in facial muscle tension in normal subjects, a finding which cannot be accounted for by changes in eyeblink frequency. These results imply that increases in IOP occur during periods of increased muscle tension around the eye and suggest that muscle tension levels should be examined among individuals who have abnormally high IOP levels.
Promoting Communication, Inquiry and Reflection in an Early Practicum Experience via an On-Line Discussion Group

Abstract The principle aim of constructivist teacher education programs is the development of reflective teachers who understand the complexities and implications of ongoing classroom decision-making. This goal frequently is not achieved, however, for the existing knowledge, beliefs, and preconceptions about teaching, learning, and schools negatively influence what and how aspiring teachers learn in their teacher preparation program. One of the ways this difficulty is addressed is by encouraging students to systematically observe learners and learning processes, to pose specific questions, and communicate reflections about these observations. Communication, inquiry, and reflection, processes which facilitate the social construction of meaning, enable students to develop the cognitive schema or a “contemporary psychological perspective” essential for understanding and interpreting schools and classroom life. Yet opportunities for students in large diverse settings to engage in constructive dialogue to soci...
Extraction of palladium from natural samples with bismuth diethyldithiocarbamate for Neutron Activation Analysis

Palladium/II/ in aqueous solution can be selectively extracted by bismuth diethyl-dithiocarbamate into chloroform at pH around 3.5. This preconcentration procedure combined with neutron activation analysis provides an extremely sensitive method for measuring low levels of Pd in natural samples. Applications of this method to Pd determination in natural water and in coal fly ash are described.
Congenital cardiac fibroma associated with Gorlin syndrome.

(1992). Case 1 Congenital Cardiac Fibroma Associated with Gorlin Syndrome. Pediatric Pathology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 255-262.
Intracranial hemorrhage following blunt injury to a shunt valve

Case report The authors report a case of a child who sustained blunt injury to a shunt valve during a basketball game, which resulted in an intracranial hemorrhage.
Commuting from U.S. Brownfield and Greenfield Residential Development Neighborhoods

Whereas brownfield development is of widespread interest, there is scant literature on the environmental impacts of brownfield developments relative to conventional developments. We assembled a set of two residential brownfield and two conventional greenfield developments for a sample of U.S. cities including Baltimore, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. Using the travel time and modes of transportation information from the 2000 U.S. Decennial Census, we analyzed the long-term commuting impacts from the two types of developments. Relative to greenfield development neighborhoods, we find that the brownfield development neighborhoods are closer to center cities, have higher public transportation use for commuting, comparable average travel times to work, and lower energy and greenhouse gas emissions for commuting. Future work will extend these results to consider other differential impacts of the two types of developments.
Chemistry at level of individual aerosol particle using multivariate curve resolution of confocal Raman image.

Abstract Airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter in the 10–1 μm range have been collected in an industrial/urban zone by impaction and have been investigated by automated confocal Raman microspectrometry. The computer-microcontrolled XY scanning and Z focusing of Raman images provided many pixel Raman spectra which are characteristics of complex mixture at level of individual particle. The large heterogeneity was not resolved by the spatial resolution of the instrument which is limited by the optical diffraction. The severe spectral overlaps generated by heterogeneity were resolved by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methods. The purity based method (SIMPLISMAX) was used to resolve both luminescence spectra and pure Raman spectra without prior information. The MCR-alternating least square (ALS) was used as a refined method of both spectra and spectral concentrations. The reconstructing Raman images of the respective spectral contribution supply a versatile potential to characterize the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols at the level of the individual particles.
From task parameters to motor synergies: A hierarchical framework for approximately optimal control of redundant manipulators

We present a hierarchical framework for approximately optimal control of redundant manipulators. The plant is augmented with a low-level feedback controller, designed to yield input-output behavior that captures the task-relevant aspects of plant dynamics but has reduced dimensionality. This makes it possible to reformulate the optimal control problem in terms of the augmented dynamics, and optimize a high-level feedback controller without running into the curse of dimensionality. The resulting control hierarchy compares favorably to existing methods in robotics. Furthermore, we demonstrate a number of similarities to (nonhierarchical) optimal feedback control. Besides its engineering applications, the new framework addresses a key unresolved problem in the neural control of movement. It has long been hypothesized that coordination involves selective control of task parameters via muscle synergies, but the link between these parameters and the synergies capable of controlling them has remained elusive. Our framework provides this missing link. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composite graft repair of Marfan aneurysm of the ascending aorta: results in 100 patients

One hundred consecutive patients with the Marfan syndrome underwent composite graft repair of an ascending aortic aneurysm between September 1976 and June 1989. Twenty-two patients had ascending aortic dissection at the time of composite graft repair; 18 patients also had a mitral valve procedure. There were no hospital deaths among 92 patients undergoing elective repair. One of 8 patients undergoing emergency repair of a ruptured aneurysm died in the operating room. The overall hospital mortality rate was 1%. There have been ten late deaths among the 99 hospital survivors (10.1%). Five deaths occurred among the first 11 patients in this series and five occurred among the last 88 patients (5.7%). Three late deaths resulted from composite graft endocarditis; 3 other patients with endocarditis are alive after aortic root replacement with cryopreserved homografts. Late coronary dehiscence caused death in 1 patient and was successfully repaired in a second. Actuarial survival for the 100 patients was 92.6% at 5 years and 75.8% at 10 years. Currently, composite graft repair of Marfan aneurysms of the ascending aorta can be performed with low hospital and late mortality. Marfan aneurysms with a diameter of 6 cm or greater should be repaired with the Bentall composite graft procedure, even if the patient is asymptomatic.
Sequential games of status

In this paper we use classical and behavioral game theory to predict coalition behavior in a sequential three-person laboratory game. In the laboratory situation used for the three studies reported in this paper, each player seeks to maximize the rank of his final accumulated point score in relation to the total scores of the other members of his triad. We assume that, unable to solve the sequential game as a single supergame, each player forms a simplified representation of the situation by adopting short-run, surrogate objectives for the outcome of each game in the sequence. In particular, we assume that each player seeks to maximize the status of his current total score during each game in the sequence. Given these surrogate objectives, we represent each trial in the sequential game as a distinct game of status in characteristic set function form. Using this formal model of the situation, we extend a solution concept from n-person game theory to identify which of the possible outcomes of each game in the sequence are, in a game theoretic sense, stable. We then add the assumption that each player obeys a bargaining maxim prescribing that coalition members should agree to an outcome in which one partner outranks the other if and only if he also enjoys higher rank when the coalition forms. We modify the game theoretic solution by considering only outcomes that conform to the bargaining maxim. The behavioral modification substantially improves the success game theory achieves in predicting rank outcomes observed in the three laboratory studies. However, with or without the modification, the game theoretic solution concept fails to predict which coalitions form in these studies. Finally, we develop an alternative theory that predicts not only the rank outcomes of each game in the sequence but also the probability that each coalition forms. The empirical success enjoyed by this theory in predicting the ranks acquired on each game is greater than that attained by the unmodified game theoretic predictions, and is nearly comparable to that achieved by the behaviorally modified game theoretic solution. Moreover, the alternative theory's robust coalition predictions are strongly supported by the results from the three laboratory studies.
Host/Pathogen Interactions in Fungal Keratitis

There are multiple overlapping mechanisms for protection against corneal fungal infections. The source of infection is nearly always exogenous and due to environmental molds (e.g., Fusarium and Aspergillus) or cutaneous yeasts (e.g., Candida albicans). Therefore, intact anatomical barriers and effective tear function are crucial first lines of defense. Antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, and defensins which are found in tears and/or produced by corneal cells constitute an additional line of defense. Finally, the presence of fungi or fungal products at the corneal surface triggers signaling pathways within resident corneal cells that then activate direct or indirect cellular responses. These include the recruitment of neutrophils and T cells to the site of infection and activation of antifungal mechanisms. Taken as a whole, host defenses at the ocular surface provide a multilayered and overwhelmingly effective shield against fungal keratitis.
REGULATORY ASPECTS OF THE FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF L-THYROXENE TABLETS

L-thyroxene is a drug of critical importance to the quality of life for a significant segment of the population. It has been known for many years that the stability of L-thyroxene tablets can present challenges to formulators. Recently, FDA actions made in response to these problems have resulted in a unique situation concerning the regulatory status of L-thyroxene products. The present paper reviews the history of this product and discusses the present situation.
Bending and Twisting Elasticity of DNA

We derive the elastic theory suitable for describing the free energy required to deform a stiff helical molecule with the symmetry of DNA. At quadratic levels in the strains we find, in addition to the independent bending and torsional energies incorporated in previous theories, a previously unknown coupling between twist and bend. If the backbone is given constant curvature, minimization of the free energy with respect to the twist degrees of freedom indicates that this coupling drives a decrease in the molecular twist, or an unwinding of the helix. New experiments are proposed to bring out the symmetry-breaking effecte of the twist-bend coupling: (i) ring closure experiments will indicate a helix repeat that becomes progressively more underwound for smaller rings, and (ii) gel mobilities of supercoiled rings of integral-helix-repeat length, with equal and opposite added linking numbers, will differ.
Tropical Cyclone Formation Guidance Using Pregenesis Dvorak Climatology. Part I: Operational Forecasting and Predictive Potential

AbstractWhile there are a variety of modes for tropical cyclone (TC) development, there have been relatively few efforts to systematically catalog both nondeveloping and developing cases. This paper introduces an operationally derived climatology of tropical disturbances that were analyzed using the Dvorak technique at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center from 2001 to 2011. Using these Dvorak intensity estimates, the likelihood of genesis is calculated as a historical baseline for TC prediction. Despite the limited period of record, the climatology of Dvorak analyses of incipient tropical systems has a spatial distribution that compares well with previous climatologies. The North Atlantic basin shows substantial regional variability in Dvorak classification frequency. In contrast, tropical disturbances in the combined eastern and central North Pacific basins (which split at 125°W into an eastern region and a central region) have a single broad frequency maximum and ...
Pre-Op Renal Failure Is Not Associated With Increased Mortality Following LVAD Implantation

pulsation (C-Pulse®) system also has a DL exit site. C-Pulse was involved in a United States (US) Feasibility IDE and ongoing Outside US (OUS) post market studies. To determine if exit site management changes used in the OUS reduced the infection rate as compared to the US study. Secondly, to compare the US and OUS exit site infection rates (ESI) to known LVAD published historical data where inadequate exit site management may have contributed to higher infection rates. Methods: C-Pulse was implanted in the US feasibility IDE study (n= 20, 12 male, age 56.7±7 years) and OUS post market study (n= 12, 9 male, age 59.7±8.8 years). Infection events were collected from implant through 12 months and adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Results: ESI for the US and OUS studies were 40% (8/20) and 8.3% (1/12) respectively with MRSA/staph aureus as the most common organism. Reduced ESI in the OUS C-Pulse study are attributed to an improved exit site wound care regimen, stabilization of the DL to promote exit site healing, and strict patient compliance to maintain DL connections. Conclusion: Early results from the C-Pulse OUS study demonstrate that proper exit site DL stabilization and monitoring can effectively reduce the rate of C-Pulse ESI to acceptable levels as compared to the US study experience and known LVAD published historical data. Best practices for C-Pulse DL management have been incorporated into the ongoing US pivotal trial.
Increased expression of the integral membrane proteins EGFR and FGFR3 in anti-apoptotic Chinese hamster ovary cell lines

Membrane proteins such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have a vital role in many cellular functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic research. In this study, we investigated the coexpression of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) with model membrane proteins as a means of increasing membrane protein expression in mammalian cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing heterologous Bcl-x(L) and wild-type CHO cells were transfected with either epidermal growth factor receptor or fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. The CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines showed increased expression of both RTK proteins as compared with the wild-type CHO cell lines in transient expression analysis, as detected by Western blot and flow cytometry after 15 days of antibiotic selection in stable expression pools. Increased expression was also seen in clonal isolates from the CHO-Bcl-x(L) cell lines, whereas the clonal cell line expression was minimal in wild-type CHO cell lines. Our results demonstrate that application of the anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-x(L) can increase expression of RTK proteins in CHO cells. This approach may be applied to improve stable expression of other membrane proteins in the future using mammalian cell lines with Bcl-x(L) or perhaps other anti-apoptotic genes.
Age-dependent ferritin elevations and HFE C282Y mutation as risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in males: a longitudinal cohort study

Age, gender and genetic predisposition are major intrinsic risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA). Iron increases are associated with age and gene mutation. In the present study, we examined whether serum ferritin, an indicator of total body iron stores, correlates with clinical features in patients with OA, and whether the hemochromatosis Fe (HFE) gene mutation plays a role.
The Steepening of Hydrostatic Mountain Waves

Abstract The nonlinear effects in the flow of a Boussinesq stratified fluid over two-dimensional sinusoidal topography are examined in this paper using second-order perturbation theory. The waves generated by finite-amplitude topography are found to steepen in the forward sense in a way which is periodic with height. The nonlinear lower boundary condition has an important influence on the steepening as well as on wave breakdown and the production of severe downslope winds. These nonlinear effects are shown to be important for moderate and large mountain even if the surface slopes are small. Using the results of linear theory, other causes of steepening such as mountain asymmetry, vertical variation of wind, stability, density and mountain isolation can be estimated. The nonlinear effects associated with partial reflection from the tropopause are found to be very important in certain situations. The theoretical ideas of wave steepening are in qualitative agreement with previous case studies of flow over la...
Giant fibroadipose polyp of the esophagus

A patient with giant fibroadipose polyp of the esophagus is reported. A new observation, a corrugated appearance localized to the segment of the esophagus containing the intraluminal tumor, is discussed. In addition, the computed tomography appearance of the tumor is presented.
Physicians’ capability in home health practice: Home health nurses’ perceptions

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine home health nurses' attitudes towards physician capabilities in home health care, and whether nurses' attitudes are associated with their experience, practice setting, degree of physician interaction, or use of home health guidelines. Design: A multiple regression analysis of a 90 item survey on agency characteristics, degree of interaction with physicians, and ratings of physicians' capabilities across multiple dimensions of home health practice. Setting/Participants: 86 registered visiting nurses from seven Chicago-area home health agencies, who averaged 25 home visits and over one hour of direct contact with physicians weekly. Measurements: Nurses' ratings of physician capability in home health practice were scaled from 18 survey items with high internal consistency reliability and correlated with nurses' practice characteristics. Results: While most nurses (72%) felt that physicians responded adequately in emergencies and respected them as colleagues (70%), over 70% of ...
RENAL GLOMERULAR LESIONS INDUCED BY RABBIT ANTI-RAT COLLAGEN SERUM IN RATS PREPARED WITH ADJUVANT

Renal glomerular lesions were induced by rabbit serum containing antibody to rat collagen injected intravenously into rats prepared with subcutaneously administered Freund adjuvant. Neither the anti-collagen serum nor the adjuvant alone induced the lesion. The lesions were characterized by diffuse glomerular injury with swelling, shredding, and fusion of the basement membranes, crescent formation, cellular proliferation, numerous multinuclear giant cells, and capillary hyaline thrombi. Various rabbit antisera, including those against fish collagen or rat serum failed to induce the renal lesion when substituted for anti-rat collagen serum. Also, anti-rat collagen serum absorbed with its homologous antigen, native rat collagen, failed to induce the lesion. Although complete adjuvant, i.e. with mycobacteria, in which normal serum was incorporated enhanced the glomerular lesion which resulted from intravenous injection of anti-collagen serum, the incomplete adjuvant without serum was sufficient. Comparison of the renal lesions induced by anti-collagen serum with nephrotoxic nephritis induced in rats by rabbit anti-kidney serum showed that they differ histologically. Also the antisera used to produce these two renal lesions differ immunologically. Antibodies to normal rabbit serum developed in rats injected intravenously with rabbit anti-rat collagen serum after preparation with adjuvant, but not when adjuvant was omitted. The pathogenesis of the renal injury is discussed as a manifestation of an antigen-antibody reaction, with nephritis occurring only after the adjuvant-stimulated antibody to the rabbit globulin has been formed in the rat and has reacted with the rabbit anti-rat collagen already fixed by its homologous antigen in the kidney.
Effects of multi-step annealing treatments on the composition-dependent crystal nucleation in Na2O·2CaO·3SiO2 glasses

Abstract The first measurements in any system of the effects of multi-step annealing treatments on the composition/time-dependent nucleation rates are presented for Na 2 O·2CaO·3SiO 2 glasses made near the stoichiometric composition. The experimental results compare well with the time-dependent behavior predicted from the classical theory of nucleation, though small systematic differences suggest possible deviations from the kinetic model. These studies support an earlier claim that the composition dependence of nucleation in this glass is dominated by changes in the crystal–glass interfacial energy.
Relativistic distorted-wave results for nickel-like gadolinium

Electron collisional data are required for population kinetics modeling and spectral predictions of highly ionized ions in high-temperature plasmas. Nickel-like ions are especially interesting for their potential use in soft-x-ray laser schemes pumped by electron collisional excitation and recombination. For highly stripped ions of moderate to high Z-italic, relativistic effects begin to play a role in the atomic-physics calculations. We have used a relativistic multiconfigurational distorted-wave model for the calculation of electron excitation cross sections and rate coefficients between the 3s-italic/sup 2/3p/sup 6/3d/sup 10/ Ni-like Gd ground state and the singly excited states with an N-italic-shell electron.
The combined effects of Fe and H2 on the nitridation of silicon

In view of the support offered by previous work for the suggestion that Fe may affect alpha-Si3N4 formation and microstructural development, a two-part study was conducted to differentiate the effects of H2 and Fe in, first, the nitridation of pure and of Fe-containing powder in N2 and N2-4% H2, and then the nitridation of (1 1 1) Si single crystal wafers with and without Fe powder on the surface. The degree of nitridation is most strongly affected by H2 at 1200 C, but by Fe at 1375 C, where Fe-containing samples in either atmosphere were almost completely nitrided. While neither H2 nor Fe alone changed the ratio of alpha-Si3N4 to beta-Si3N4, the combination of H2 and Fe increased it at both temperatures.
Alleviating the Garden Sprinkler Effect in wind wave models

Abstract In ocean wave models, swell propagation at coarse spectral resolution leads to the disintegration of continuous swell fields into discrete swell fields. This process is known as the Garden Sprinkler Effect (GSE). An existing solution to the GSE consists of adding a diffusion tensor to the propagation equation. Although this diffusion method has been proven successful, it is prohibitively expensive for models with high spatial resolution. Two alternatives are presented here. The first is an averaging method. It shares characteristics with the diffusion method, but is much cheaper for high resolution models. The second method consists of adding divergence to the advection field. This divergence method is shown to be accurate for idealized conditions, and requires less tuning, but is still too expensive to replace the other methods in practical conditions. It is therefore suggested to replace the diffusion method with an averaging method in operational models, and to investigate the divergence method further.
Real-time collaborative scientific WebGL visualization with WebSocket

In scientific visualization, data are becoming more and more important and usually implies a cooperative effort. Moreover experts are usually geographically distributed, therefore they need collaborative tools to work efficiently. To solve this limitation, a prospective action has been recently initiated, with the development of a web based application for collaborative interaction based on two innovating technologies: WebGL and WebSocket. To demonstrate this approach, a prototype has been developed based on the Visible Patient project. In this paper we present the architecture of the proposed system, the initial implementation experiment and a comparison with current technologies. Finally we discuss the future work and potential improvements.
Corrigendum: Automated home-cage behavioural phenotyping of mice

Nature Communications 1: Article number: 68 (2010); Published: 7 September 2010; Updated: 31 January 2012. Jim Mutch, who conducted experiments described in this article, was inadvertently omitted from the author list. The correct author list and contact details for Jim Mutch are as follows:
Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids

The French paradox is a dietary anomaly which has focused attention on the Mediterranean diet. Epidemiological studies revealed that this diet, replete in flavonoid-rich foods (Allium and Brassica vegetables, and red wine), correlated with the increased longevity and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease seen in these populations. The most frequently studied flavonoid, quercetin, has been shown to have biological properties consistent with its sparing effect on the cardiovascular system. Quercetin and other flavonoids have been shown to modify eicosanoid biosynthesis (antiprostanoid and anti-inflammatory responses), protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation (prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation), prevent platelet aggregation (antithrombic effects), and promote relaxation of cardiovascular smooth muscle (antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic effects). In addition, flavonoids have been shown to have antiviral and carcinostatic properties. However, flavonoids are poorly absorbed from the gut and are subject to degradation by intestinal micro-organisms. The amount of quercetin that remains biologically available may not be of sufficient concentration, theoretically, to explain the beneficial effects seen with the Mediterranean diet. The role of flavonoids may transcend their presence in food. The activity of flavonoids as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase suggests a place for these compounds in the control of retrovirus infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition to specific effects, the broad-modulating effects of flavonoids as antioxidants, inhibitors of ubiquitous enzymes (ornithine carboxylase, protein kinase, calmodulin), and promoters of vasodilatation and platelet disaggregation can serve as starting material for drug development programmes.
In Memoriam Lawren H. Daltroy, DrPH (December 23, 1948–September 22, 2003)

The study published in this issue (Daltroy et al., 2007) was the last one our colleague completed and a fitting acknowledgment of a wonderful personal and professional life. He was born to a family of creativity and leadership. His father was a war hero and a scientist at the renowned Bell Laboratory. His brother is a distinguished scholar of the Incas at Cornell. Born in Vancouver, Canada, he was named after Lawren Harris, one of the famous Group of Seven painters. Like many successful people, he stumbled onto his life’s work. As a European history major at the University of Michigan, he discovered the acoustic guitar and toyed seriously with being a professional musician had not someone suggested public health. The rest was history but he never traveled without lugging his practice guitar. I first met him recruiting for an education expert—a requirement of a National Institutes of Health review committee as a condition of funding. In retrospect, it was a gift, a condition I’ve never heard of before or since. We hardly knew what we were looking for but we advertised internationally and interviewed dozens of candidates. As luck would have it, Larry Greene was on sabbatical at Harvard. Our exploration ended when he recommended a bright grad of his Hopkins program. We invited Lawren to Boston in the dead of a harsh winter in 1982 and driving him to dinner in Cambridge, I realized that we were talking shorthand: The ideas and shared vision were coming faster than we could react. It was like the proverbial “love at first sight.” He accepted the job and began working on a knotty problem, a problem at that point with no funding. Perhaps neither one of us really knew what we had bitten off but were excited by the sheer challenge of it: to critically evaluate the concept of “Back Schools” in a reallife occupational setting, the U.S. Post Office, and to do it with an intervention that went beyond anything that was offered and informed by powerful theory. He stayed for 20 years and turned down bigger jobs and better pay several times. He and I were the only ones who were underpaid in a department-wide survey. Lawren was the associate director of the Robert B. Brigham Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Clinical Research Center, its first and only, from 1983 to 2003. The Center had an enviable record of scholarship for more than 25 years. More than 45 trainees, many from overseas, spent their formative years in its nest, and most stayed in research of one sort or another, some attained academic distinction. Three died tragically in their prime. All were like extended family. The Center was the model for the National Institutes of Health initiative to develop programs for training clinical investigators.
Reduction of energy chirp by the wake of coherent synchrotron radiation

When an energy-chirped bunch is undercompressed in a magnetic chicane, the compressed bunch also has an energy chirp. The chirp may be decreased by sending the bunch through bending magnets, since the largest energy loss from the wake of coherent synchrotron radiation occurs in the tail of a typical bunch. We obtain formulas for the dechirping of a rectangular bunch by short magnets, and apply this dechirping technique in a design for a free-electron laser.
Epidural Measurement of Intracranial Pressure

Although the measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) is gaining widespread acceptance, the most desirable method of measurement is disputed. Subdural fluid-coupled techniques are associated with an increased risk of infection, and epidural techniques are associated with decreased accuracy. We investigated epidural measurement techniques and suggest that the necessary and sufficient criteria for accurate epidural measurement of ICP are adequate transducer size and stiffness, transducer-dura coplanarity, transducer-guard ring coplanarity, complete dural contact, and rigid fixation. An epidural transducer design was developed and prototypes were constructed using these principles. The transducer requires no percutaneous connections, fluid coupling, or batteries. Transducer accuracy was +/- 2.2 torr in bench stability studies lasting up to 198 days, +/- 3.0 torr in acute animal studies of less than 24 hours, and +/- 7.9 torr in chronic animal studies lasting up to 112 days. Error bounds are expressed such that 95% of individual measurements are expected to have error less than the bound; average error is one-third of the bound. Average transducer drift was 0.1 torr per day; our reported accuracy in chronic studies used drift correction from preimplantation data. We conclude that accurate measurement of ICP using an epidural transducer is feasible.
Asymptotically Distribution-Free Aligned Rank Order Tests for Composite Hypotheses for General Multivariate Linear Models.

For general multivariate linear models, a composite hypothesis does not usually induce invariance of the joint distribution under appropriate groups of transformations, so that genuinely distribution-free tests do not usually exist. For this purpose, some aligned rank order statistics are incorporated in the proposal and study of a class of asymptotically distribution-free tests. Tests for the parallelism of several multiple regression surfaces are also considered. Finally the optimal properties of these tests are discussed.
Magnetic Anisotropy of Europium in Iron Garnet at Low Temperatures

Trivalent europium (${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$) has an anomalous magnetic behavior at low temperatures because its first magnetic state is removed by approximately 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K from the nonmagnetic ground state. The effect of a crystal field or a europium-iron (Eu-Fe) exchange interaction on the energy of the ground state is the result of the partial breakdown of the $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling caused by these perturbations. We calculate the first-order cubic anisotropy constant ${K}_{1}$ for the ground state of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ in europium iron garnet (EuIG) due to the combined action of the Eu-Fe exchange and crystalline field. The use of the single-ion (molecular-field) approximation permits us to replace the Eu-Fe exchange interaction by an effective exchange field acting on the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ions; the assumption is made that the anisotropy in the Eu-Fe exchange does not make a major contribution to the anisotropy of the ground state. We find that the isotropic exchange field and fourth-rank crystalline field first contribute to the cubic anisotropy of the ground state of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ in the fifth order of the energy; likewise the second-rank crystalline field contributes in the sixth order. The fifth- and sixth-order perturbation formulas for a Hermitian operator have been derived and are given in an Appendix. We calculate the anisotropy energy for a single ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ion in EuIG and average the results over the six magnetically inequivalent sites of the garnet structure. The order of magnitude of the calculated anisotropy constant ${K}_{1}$ is in agreement with the experimental data that are available at low temperatures, but detailed comparison is not possible at present because of a relatively large number of poorly known parameters.
THE LIMITS OF OTTOMAN PRAGMATISM

In this paper I reflect critically on the concept of pragmatism as it is used in Ottoman historiography. Pragmatism has gained increasing currency over the last ten to fifteen years as one of the defining features of the Ottoman polity. I argue that unless it is properly defined from a theoretical-philosophical perspective, and carefully contextualized from a historical perspective, pragmatism cannot be used as an explanatory or comparative category. When used as a framework of explanation for historical change, pragmatism blurs more than it clarifies an essential aspect of the Ottoman polity that it seeks to define, namely, the political. It is essential to reflect on the difference between the political and politics because whereas the political refers to the configuration of the power relations that organize a society as a legitimate entity, politics refers to the strategies, practices, institutions, or discourses whose purpose is to construct and retain hegemony within a polity. Through an analysis of the concept of pragmatism in Ottoman historiography, I show that for most proponents of Ottoman pragmatism, pragmatism pertains to politics rather than to the political. From a perspective rigorously confined to political theory, I argue that much like the discourse of modern tolerance, pragmatism in Ottoman historiography posits a problematic periodization, relegates the political to the background, and depoliticizes essential power relations.
Field theoretic approach to unstable critical dynamics: Initial stage renormalization

Abstract The formalism of initial stage renormalization is constructed and used to study the spinodal decomposition of time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau models. Scaling relations of correlation functions are derived and new critical exponents describing the effects of initial order parameters and external fields are identified. At early stages, the structure function satisfies the usual dynamic scaling ansatz and exponents for characteristic length scales are nothing but the inverse of the dynamic critical exponent. Critical exponents and the structure function are calculated explicitly to first order in ϵ = d c − d .
A dual working electrode coulometric flow cell

Summary A flow cell comprising two thin, closely-spaced, porous silver disk electrodes as generator and indicator electrodes is described. The range of maximum flow rates for greater than 99% conversion at the generator electrode was investigated using aqueous and DMF solutions and shown to be about 0.5 to 3 ml min−1. At these flow rates the efficiency of collection of electrogenerated product at the indicator electrode approaches 100%. Applications of such a dual-electrode flow system are described.