cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language Policy, Language Ideology, and Visual Art Education for Emergent Bilingual Students.

ABSTRACTIn 1968 the Bilingual Education Act marked the first comprehensive federal intervention in the schooling of language minoritized students by creating financial incentives for bilingual education in an effort to address social and educational inequities created by poverty and linguistic isolation in schools. Since that time federal education policies related to language instruction for emergent bilingual students have undergone a number of shifts that reflect changing ideological perspectives on language and citizenship. These shifts, in turn, frame seemingly neutral educational requirements for preservice and practicing art educators related to language and visual art instruction, implicating art educators in ideological stances toward students and families who primarily speak languages other than English. This article reviews the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in its most recent reauthorization as the Every Student Succeeds Act, and offers insight into ideological implications of standard...
RESEARCH: Are We Sheep or Shepards? A Proposal for a Context- Focused Paradigm for IB

In 1997, Toyne and Nigh took a critical look at the field of international business (“IB”) and found a lack of identity, confusion and frustration. Many have searched for the “holy grail” theory, unique to IB that justifies its existence and steers its future course. Other scholars encourage collaborative efforts to overcome current challenges. However, IB’s origins seemingly thwart these efforts. This paper considers why solutions may not be found in traditional thinking that treats IB as an extension of other disciplines. To achieve legitimacy and recognition as an independent domain, IB may need to pursue a path of emancipation through a paradigm shift. If IB more fully embraces its unique contribution and adopts a context-oriented lens, the field may find the distinction and recognition it lacks.
Disagreement in Assessing Neighboring and Collective Efficacy: The Role of Social Distance:

Whereas existing research typically treats variability in residents’ reports of collective efficacy and neighboring as measurement error, the authors consider such variability as of substantive int...
Neofect Glove: Virtual Reality Device for Home Therapy in Stroke Survivors (P5.007)

Objective: Test the feasibility of using a home-based virtual reality rehabilitation device for upper extremity dysfunction after stroke Background: Stroke is the most common cause of disability in the US with 15–30% of survivors experiencing chronic arm weakness (1, 2). Upper extremity function is crucial for completing activities of daily living and strongly tied to quality of life (3). Therapy focusing on highly repetitive and specific tasks has been shown to promote motor recovery (4). The Neofect glove was developed to assist patients with hand/arm disability in performing high number of repetitive movements by playing task based virtual reality games. Results have been promising in stroke patients when used during guided therapy (5). This study aims to test the feasibility of using the glove for unsupervised home therapy. Design/Methods: Patients were included if they had an ischemic stroke and upper extremity functional deficit. Patients enrolled were instructed to use to the glove one hour per day 5 days per week for a total of 8 weeks. To determine feasibility of home based therapy, minutes per day of use was recorded by the glove software and patients filled out user experience questionnaires. Results: Out of the 9 subjects, 5 reached the goal daily goal weekly. On average, patients used the glove 27 minute per day (SD 19 min) for 5 days per week (SD 2 days). All patients agreed that they liked the glove and 6 were strongly satisfied with their overall experience. Only 1 patient found the glove to be uncomfortable. Six patients thought the glove met their rehabilitation need. Conclusions: This preliminary data shows that patients can use the Neofect device for home therapy with high satisfaction and, in most cases, satisfactory compliance. Additional studies with clinical endpoints in a larger cohort will evaluate if use of the glove improves upper extremity function. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Parikh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Legault has nothing to disclose. Dr. Flavin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lansberg has nothing to disclose.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Receptivity to Roughness in a Swept-Wing Boundary Layer at High Reynolds Numbers

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to examine the receptivity to roughness in a spatially developing three-dimensional boundary layer over an in finite-swept natural-laminar-flow wing at a free stream Mach number of 0:75 and a chord Reynolds number of approximately 25 million based on the long, swept chord. Stationary cross ow disturbances are excited by applying either critically spaced discrete cylinders of micron size or naturally occurring distributed roughness in the leading-edge region. The DNS data show that the spanwise spectral content of the excited cross ow disturbances is highly dependent upon the shape of roughness elements, and the initial growth of the cross ow structures is a nonlinear function of the element height. The linear growth rate of the excited cross ow disturbances predicted by DNS shows good agreement with linear parabolized stability equations. The receptivity study lays the foundation for investigating the stabilization of the naturally most unstable steady cross ow mode by using spanwise periodic DREs.
Taurine Administration Raises Plasma Taurine Levels and Affects Certain Plasma Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Rats

In spite of the interest in the pharmacology of taurine, little information is available on its absorption into the blood stream after administration to the rat. For this reason, we conducted a pharmacokinetic study on the fate of injected taurine in rat plasma for 4 h and measured its effects on a large number of plasma amino acids and related compounds.
Miniaturized electrophoresis: an evolving role in laboratory medicine.

The promise of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for supplanting conventional methods in the clinical laboratory led to intense interest in this analytical tool a decade ago. Since then, a number of c...
Decision Making (Naturalistic), Psychology of

Naturalistic decision making (NDM) is the process by which people use their experience to make decisions in complex real-world environments. These environments often involve high levels of risk and time pressure, change dynamically, and have significant consequences for both the decision maker and others, e.g., firefighting, aviation, medicine, and military command. The decision maker's domain knowledge plays a key role in the decision process; it is the basis for recognizing situations that require decisions, in determining what information is relevant, and in deciding on an appropriate course of action. NDM research typically is done in field settings because it is concerned with decisions that are embedded in and contribute to ongoing tasks. A major development in the NDM movement is the Recognition Primed Decision (RPD) model (Klein 1998). This model involves recognition of cue patterns that leads to retrieval of a response option. Serial evaluation of single options is typical; the first option that satisfies the decision maker's goals and situational constraints is chosen. An RPD approach is useful when the decision maker has substantial domain experience, when decision time is constrained, and when conditions are changing dynamically.
Pattern and Organization

In reading over the 1937 personality texts of Allport and Stagner in preparation for a colloquium series in honor of them, I was struck with a passage from the 1980 Annual Review chapter by Jackson and Paunonen: “We share with Block the view that these earlier authors frequently expressed central issues in personality theory more cogently than do the writings of some contemporary authors who seem to have rediscovered the same issues” (p. 505). Reference was being made to Allport, Lewin, Murphy, and Murray, but Stagner could have been included as well.†
The Mechanism of Enzymatic Isomerization of Glucose 6-Phosphate to L-Myo-Inositol 1-phosphate

By the addition of NaB3H4 to a system of homogeneous L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase, glucose 6-phosphate, and NAD+, inosose-2 1-phosphate was trapped as a mixture of tritiated myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol. Based on the concentration of the cyclitols and the specific radioactivity of H1 of glucitol produced by concomitant reduction of glucose 6-phosphate we estimate that 2 moles of inosose-2 1-phosphate are bound per mole of enzyme. In controls without enzyme or without substrate the cyclitols were unlabeled, showing that incorporation of tritium was related to the actively synthesizing system. Iditol and glucitol H5, epimeric alditols representing 5-ketoglucose 6-phosphate, the other postulated intermediate, were not significantly labeled. We conclude that 5-ketoglucose 6-phosphate has no finite existence, its cyclization to inosose-2 1-phosphate occurring as quickly as its formation from glucose 6-phosphate. Since inosose-2 1-phosphate is sufficiently long-lived to be trapped by borotritide reduction, its reduction by putative NADH in the enzymatic reaction must be the rate limiting step, and thus the site of hydrogen isotope effects observed previously.
TWO PAIRS OF ISOZYMES IN THE AROMATIC BIOSYNTHETIC AND CATABOLIC PATHWAYS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

ABSTRACT. In Neurospora crassa two early reactions in the constitutive common aromatic (polyaromatic) synthetic pathway exhibit interesting interrelationships with comparable early reactions in the inducible quinate-shikimate (hydroaromatic) catabolic pathway. Genetical and biochemical evidence indicates that this organism possesses two pairs of isozymes in the two pathways—two dehydroquinases and two shikimate oxidoreductases. Normally, one member of each pair functions in the biosynthetic pathway and the other in the catabolic pathway. However, under certain conditions, the two DHQases can substitute for one another in vivo, while the catabolic (NAD) oxidoreductase can substitute for the biosynthetic (NADP) oxidoreductase. Even mutants lacking both biosynthetic enzymes can (under certain conditions) utilize the two catabolic isozymes to grow without a polyaromatic supplement. These results indicate interesting functional similarities between the two pairs of enzymes and suggest possible evolutionary relatedness. However, at this stage in the evolution of the N. crassa genome, the two pairs of activities are encoded in quite separate genetic material—two unlinked gene clusters (the arom and qa clusters) and the two biosynthetic activities are part of a multienzyme complex (the arom complex). At present no evidence exists concerning possible amino acid homologies between the two pairs of isozymes.
INAPPROPRIATE ACTIVATION OF PACEMAKER MAGNET MODE BY A CPAP MASK

Consumer and medical devices in the home setting represent a potential source of interference to cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs). While electromagnetic interference is widely recognized as a cause of noise detected by CIEDs, we report on a case of inappropriate activation of magnet
14.5 A 0.6-to-1.1V Computationally Regulated Digital LDO with 2.79-Cycle Mean Settling Time and Autonomous Runtime Gain Tracking in 65nm CMOS

Low-Dropout Regulators (LDOs) play an important role in enabling fine-grained supply-voltage domains for energy-efficient SoC design [1]. Digital LDOs are of particular interest due to integration and scalability advantages, but their transient response is slowed down by intrinsic limitations in sampled feedback systems. Design margins to ensure stability across worst-case PVT conditions further degrade transient response. Meanwhile, voltage domains continue to shrink in size, thus mandating a faster LDO response to compensate for reduced available decoupling capacitance (decap).
A Pneumatically-Actuated Variable-Stiffness Robot Arm Using Parallel Flexures

A novel design is presented for a variable-stiffness robotic arm from conceptual design to experimental validation, utilizing a fast-acting pneumatic rodless cylinder with minimal footprint. Unlike other systems previously developed that rely on variation of compliance in kinematic joints, the proposed design enables the manipulator arm itself to undergo stiffness change by controlling the effective length of two parallel sheet flexures. The behavior is modeled using traditional beam bending equations. The concept is validated using finite element analysis and experiments. Quick and accurate stiffness change is demonstrated using static and dynamic calibration of the system. The overall change in stiffness for static applications is about lO-fold, and it can be achieved in about 0.6 seconds. The ability of the controller to track stiffness profiles over time is also demonstrated through experiments. We envision that the presented variable-stiffness robotic arm can be cascaded for accommodating three axes of impacts, for building multi-linked collaborative manipulators.
Cost-effectiveness of electronic- and clinician-delivered screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment for women in reproductive health centers.

Aims To determine the cost-effectiveness of electronic- and clinician-delivered SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment) for reducing primary substance use among women treated in reproductive health centers. Design Cost-effectiveness analysis based on a randomized controlled trial. Setting New Haven, CT, USA. Participants A convenience sample of 439 women seeking routine care in reproductive health centers who used cigarettes, risky amounts of alcohol, illicit drugs or misused prescription medication. Interventions Participants were randomized to enhanced usual care (EUC, n = 151), electronic-delivered SBIRT (e-SBIRT, n = 143) or clinician-delivered SBIRT (SBIRT, n = 145). Measurements The primary outcome was days of primary substance abstinence during the 6-month follow-up period. To account for the possibility that patients might substitute a different drug for their primary substance during the 6-month follow-up period, we also considered the number of days of abstinence from all substances. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves determined the relative cost-effectiveness of the three conditions from both the clinic and patient perspectives. Findings From a health-care provider perspective, e-SBIRT is likely (with probability greater than 0.5) to be cost-effective for any willingness-to-pay value for an additional day of primary-substance abstinence and an additional day of all-substance abstinence. From a patient perspective, EUC is most likely to be the cost-effective intervention when the willingness to pay for an additional day of abstinence (both primary-substance and all-substance) is less than $0.18 and e-SBIRT is most likely to be the cost-effective intervention when the willingness to pay for an additional day of abstinence (both primary-substance and all-substance) is greater than $0.18. Conclusions e-SBIRT could be a cost-effective approach, from both health-care provider and patient perspectives, for use in reproductive health centers to help women reduce substance misuse.
In the Sanctuary of Animals: Honoring God’s Creatures through Ritual and Relationship:

In the past thirty years, animal blessings and related rituals and ceremonies involving household pets have increased dramatically in the U.S. and abroad. This article will trace this phenomenon to...
Crossing the Line: Care of a Pediatric Patient with Intractable Seizures and Severe Neuropathic Pain in Absence of Access to Medical Marijuana.

Background: A reality of the current political and legal environment is that while marijuana and cannabis-based products remain not approved for human consumption at the federal level in the United States, several states have authorized use for constituents. While state lines represent meaningful cultural and geographical identity markers, the reality is that patients and families readily cross state lines to access medical interventions and care. Methods: We present the case of a six-year-old child with intractable seizures and severe neuropathic pain managed on medical marijuana (MM) in her home state of Colorado; where medicinal use of marijuana is authorized at the state level; traveling across state lines to access surgical care in Nebraska where MM is prohibited. Conclusion: The case report shares the communication and creativity invested in adequate symptom management for this child weaned off of MM perioperatively. The case recognizes the unique complexities of shared symptom management goals within state-specific care models.
A meta-analysis of flow effects and the perception of time.

Abstract An altered sense of the experience of time represents one of the nine dimensions that is conceived as characterizing a state of flow. While a number of other factors necessarily contribute to this overall experience of flow, subjective time perception is of particular quantitative interest and thus serves as the focus of the present meta-analysis. The extant body of relevant quantitative research was evaluated to identify data relating to both flow and change in the sense of time. Sixty-three (n = 63) articles were determined to qualify under the current specified inclusion criteria. These sixty-three studies yielded one thousand and ninety-four (n = 1094) effect sizes. All studies included in the meta-analysis were also coded for relevant moderator variables. Results indicated moderately positive correlations between affective, consciousness, and performance based aspects of flow (r = 0.4, 0.21, 0.17 respectively), thus reinforcing the original conceptualization of their relationship for the generation and maintenance of the flow state. Additionally, variations in environmental conditions (both physical and social) were found to have differential effects on the overall level of experienced flow. The results of this meta-analysis also serve to inform the process of further model development that can more accurately quantify and predict temporal perception as one metric of flow.
G. Edward Evans and Holland Christie. Managerial Leadership for Librarians: Thriving in the Public and Nonprofit World . Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2017. 377p. Paper, $65.00 (ISBN 9781440841705).

Managerial Leadership for Librarians: Thriving in the Public and Nonprofit World by G. Edward Evans and Holland Christie is an excellent primer for library students and professionals who are looking for a broad and comprehensive understanding of the role that leadership and management play in the public and nonprofit library world. The book itself has 20 chapters covering a number of different topics. This may seem overwhelming, but the authors have done a good job of organizing the text around four assumptions. First, the reader must understand the core concepts of managing an organization. Second, the reader must understand the core management functions and activities. From that, the third assumption is possible. The third assumption addresses the landscape in which the managerial leader operates and focuses on different elements of the environment, like governing boards, fundraising, and the like. Finally, the fourth assumption illustrates the importance of the managerial leaders continually seeking to improve their craft. The reason for this is that the better a managerial leader is, the better the organization in which they lead. Using these four assumptions as a guide, it is possible to provide an overview of the book and the underlying conceptual frameworks used for each section.
Questionnaires and task-based measures assess different aspects of self-regulation: Both are needed.

While Enkavi et al.’s (1) examination of the reliability of self-regulation dependent variables (DVs) from online assessments is an important addition to the field, their conclusion that “survey DVs are more appropriate for individual differences analyses [than behavioral tasks]” (p. 5476) is likely overstated. Existing research indicates that task-based constructs of self-regulation 1) are highly reliable at the latent variable level and 2) predict variance in real-world behavior that is 3) independent of variance predicted by questionnaires. Thus, both questionnaires and task-based measures are important to understand self-regulation and associated behavioral outcomes. First, the psychological constructs assessed by self-regulation questionnaires and behavioral tasks are not interchangeable. Enkavi et al.'s (1) finding of low associations … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: Naomi.Friedman{at}colorado.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
People, places, and stigma: A qualitative study exploring the overdose risk environment in rural Kentucky.

Abstract Background Though overdose rates have been increasing in US rural areas for two decades, little is known about the rural risk environment for overdoses. This qualitative study explored the risk environment for overdoses among young adults in Eastern Kentucky, a rural epicenter of the US opioid epidemic. Methods Participants were recruited via community-based outreach. Eligibility criteria included living in one of five rural Eastern Kentucky counties; being aged 18–35; and using opioids to get high in the past 30 days. Semi-structured interviews explored the rural risk environment, and strategies to prevent overdose and dying from an overdose. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using constructivist grounded-theory methods. Results In this sample (N = 19), participants reported using in a range of locations, including homes and outdoor settings; concerns about community stigma and law enforcement shaped the settings where participants used opioids and the strategies they deployed in these settings to prevent an overdose, and to survive an overdose. Almost half of participants reported using opioids in a “trap house” or other dealing locations, often to evade police after buying drugs, and reported that others present pressed them to use more than usual. If an overdose occurred in this setting, however, these same people might refuse to call EMS to protect themselves from arrest. Outdoor settings presented particular vulnerabilities to overdose and dying from an overdose. Most participants reported using opioids outdoors, where they skipped overdose prevention steps to reduce their risk of arrest; they worried that no one would find them if they overdosed, and that cell phone coverage would be too weak to summon EMS. Conclusion Findings suggest that initiatives to reduce overdoses in Eastern Kentucky would be strengthened by de-escalating the War on Drugs and engaging law enforcement in initiatives to protect the health of people who use opioids.
Hegel for social movements

Andy Blunden’s Hegel for Social Movements is a curious book. It is a rewarding read, partly because, as Blunden anticipates, many people in several overlapping categories – Marxists, social movemen...
Scanning as a Rhetorical Activity: Reporting Histories of Ether Experiments in the Johns Hopkins University Physical Seminary (1892–1913):

This article reports on a study that examined papers written by graduate students in the Physical Seminary course at Johns Hopkins University (1892–1913) to investigate how students reused various ...
Comparing Clinical Results of the Childhood Obesity in Primary Care Collaborative by Practice Characteristics: Possible Implications for Scaling

Project Goals: Childhood Obesity in Primary Care (COPC) is a 19-week, virtual, team-based, quality improvement collaborative, to facilitate a comprehensive obesity-related risk assessment during well-child visits, including growth, behavioral, and medical risk assessments. Since 2016, 57 practice teams have participated across 3 distinct rounds (n=11, 23, and 23, respectively). The project’s focus on feasibility of participation (limited data cycles/charts) limits formal analysis of team-level data. However, at the project level, although the degree of improvement for the project’s 10 measures varied somewhat across rounds, overall results were consistent: improvement was observed in ≥65% of clinical measures by cycle 2 and …
"Was I asking for it?": An experimental investigation of perceived responsibility, mental contamination and workplace sexual harassment.

Abstract Background and objectives Mental contamination (i.e., contamination concerns that arise in the absence of direct contact with a contaminant) is a common symptom in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive theories suggest that it results from individuals’ misinterpretations of perceived violations. Cognitive theories of OCD also highlight the importance of appraisals of inflated responsibility in the maintenance of other OCD symptoms. However, the role of responsibility in mental contamination has not yet been examined experimentally. The present study examined the role of perceived responsibility and violation in the relationship between workplace sexual harassment imagery and subsequent mental contamination. Methods One hundred and forty-nine participants listened to a workplace sexual harassment imagery task, wherein responsibility was manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (high responsibility (HR), low responsibility (LR), no responsibility (NR)). Participants completed questionnaires assessing mental contamination and completed a hand washing task. Results Those in the NR condition reported significantly lower levels of responsibility than those in the LR or HR conditions. Accordingly, those in the NR condition also reported significantly lower levels of anxiety and dirtiness than in the LR condition. There were no significant differences between the LR and HR condition on variables of interest. Limitations The nature of the victim blaming used for the responsibility induction may have elicited compensatory responses from participants. Conclusions Findings may highlight the central role of perceptions of violation in the understanding and treatment of mental contamination.
Context-dependent phonetic enhancement of a phonation contrast in San Pablo Macuiltianguis Zapotec

This paper presents novel data from San Pablo Macuiltianguis Zapotec, a Sierra Juarez variety spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico. This language is ‘laryngeally complex’ (Silverman, 1997), exhibiting both contrastive tone and contrastive phonation. We examine the acoustic properties of the modal and checked vowels in this language, showing that this contrast is variably produced with several different acoustic cues. We analyze the distribution of these cues as an instance of phonetic enhancement and further show that the prosodic position of a given vowel determines which of several enhancement patterns is used. We argue that extant theories of phonetic enhancement, while able to explain the patterns described here, fall short of predicting the distribution of enhancing cues. We therefore propose that future models of phonetic enhancement could be expanded to predict patterns in which more than one acoustic dimension is available for phonetic enhancement.
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions (and in general all transcendental functions) can be analyzed by developing inequalities that compare them with polynomial and rational functions. This method lies in the heart of calculus as advocated by Euler, Newton, Leibniz, the Bernoulli brothers, Taylor, and others. The most prominent applications of these inequalities are the existence and convexity properties of the exponential and logarithmic functions. We present here the two principal approaches, Newton’s and Euler’s, with full details. We use the method of means (Section 3.2) to derive the power series expansion of the natural exponential function without calculus. An optional section derives explicit formulas for all power sums (introduced in Section 3.2) in terms of the Bernoulli numbers. This chapter is concluded by presenting sharp estimates on the sum of reciprocals of the first n natural numbers, and a large variety of sophisticated but lesser-known limits involving natural exponents and logarithms.
Longer-term impacts of the Oakland, California, sugar-sweetened beverage tax on prices and volume sold at two-years post-tax

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with obesity and independently associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Not only is obesity a growing public health problem, but it is also most recently associated with increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Taxes on SSBs are a policy tool used to help curb SSB consumption and are currently implemented in 7 U.S. cities and more than 40 countries. On July 1, 2017, Oakland, California, implemented a 1-cent/ounce tax on SSBs with ≥25 kilocalories/12 ounces. This study estimated the impact of the Oakland tax on prices, volume sold, and cross-border shopping two-years post-tax relative to one-year pre-tax. Universal product code-level Nielsen retail scanner data on non-alcoholic beverage sales were analyzed using a difference-in-differences design with Sacramento, California, as the comparison site. Taxed beverage prices increased by 0.67 cents/ounce, on average, in Oakland relative to Sacramento, corresponding to 67% pass-through. Taxed beverage volume sold decreased by 18% in Oakland relative to Sacramento, with a larger decrease for family-size beverages (23%) relative to individual-size beverages (8%). There was a 9% increase in volume sold of taxed beverages in the two-mile border area surrounding Oakland relative to the Sacramento border area, driven by a 12% increase for family-size taxed beverages. After accounting for this cross-border shopping, there was a net decrease of 6% in taxed beverage volume sold in Oakland. There was no significant change in untaxed beverage volume sold in either Oakland or its border area relative to their respective comparison sites, suggesting there was no substitution to untaxed beverages and cross-border shopping may have been limited to taxed beverages. This two-year post-tax study of the Oakland SSB tax adds to the limited number of longer-term evaluations of local U.S. SSB taxes.
Point-set topology

Remember that all of the examples and theorems in the previous chapter dealt with sets in ℝ n and inherited a lot of structure from the standard euclidean structure of ℝ n . In particular, the definition of our neighborhoods D n (x, r} = {y ∈ ℝ n : ∥y − x∥ < r makes use of the euclidean distance. It is possible to study point-set topology on a much more abstract level, by using different neighborhoods. Notice that all the definitions in Chapter 2 were based on the concept of a neighborhood of a point or on the concept of an open set. The definitions of interior, limit point, closed set, connectedness, and continuity all can be rewritten to depend only on the ideas of neighborhoods and open sets. We defined a neighborhood to be an open disc around a point, but this choice was really arbitrary.
The Convergence of a Central-Difference Discretization of Rudin-Osher-Fatemi Model for Image Denoising

We study the connection between minimizers of the discrete and the continuous Rudin-Osher-Fatemi models. We use a central-difference total variation term in the discrete ROF model and treat the discrete input data as a projection of the continuous input data into the discrete space. We employ a method developed in [13] with slight adaption to the setting of the central-difference total variation ROF model. We obtain an error bound between the discrete and the continuous minimizer in L 2 norm under the assumption that the continuous input data are in W 1, 2.
Presidential Rhetoric and Leadership in US Financial Reform

This paper examines President Obama’s rhetoric concerning financial regulation during 2009-10, during legislative action on financial reform. The study evaluates the use of basic automated textual analysis. This requires addressing a number of unresolved analytical issues. This study offers some conclusions regarding these issues. The analysis also clarifies elements of Obama’s rhetorical strategy in dealing with financial regulation and has implications for students of presidential agenda-setting.
Role of saposin C and D in auditory and vestibular function.

Objectives/Hypothesis Saposins are small proteins derived from a precursor protein, prosaposin. Each of the four saposins (A–D) is necessary for the activity of lysosomal glycosphingolipid hydrolases. Individual saposin mutations lead to lysosomal storage diseases, some of which are associated with hearing loss. Here we evaluate the effects of the loss of saposins C and D on auditory and vestibular function in transgenic mice. Methods Transgenic mice with either loss of saposin C function or a combined loss of saposin C + D function were studied. Light microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate histologic and morphologic changes in the auditory and vestibular organs. Acoustic brainstem response thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were used to study the auditory phenotype. Results A null mutation of saposin C did not result in any identifiable histologic changes or loss of hearing through postnatal day 55. Combined losses of saposins C and D similarly did not result in any changes in organ of Corti histology or loss of hearing. However, inclusions within the vestibular end organs was noted, consistent with afferent and efferent neuronal sprouting, although to a much milder degree than seen in the previously studied prosaposin knockout mouse. Conclusions Loss of saposin C and D function, although causing mild phenotypic changes in the vestibular end organs, otherwise results in minimal functional impairment and no changes in the auditory system. It is more likely that the auditory and vestibular effects of the loss of prosaposin are mediated through the actions of saposin A and/or B. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 2015
Back to the Future: Redeveloping Unilever House (TN)

Steve Williams, General Counsel of Unilever PIc, has two key decisions to make prior to commencing construction on the redevelopment of Unilever House - the company's London corporate headquarters. The purpose of the redevelopment is to reinvigorate the corporate culture by making the company's workspace more collaborative, transparent, and efficient. Steve has to decide how to finance the project and whether the current design proposed by his architects achieves the project's goals.Learning Objective: The case focuses on multiple issues related to corporate real estate projects. It provides a platform to discuss how a workspace can influence a company's culture, and what factors can, and should be evaluated, when deciding on the location and design of a corporate headquarters. It provides an overview of sale-leaseback transactions, which is a popular method for companies to finance real estate projects or monetize assets that they currently own. Lastly, it examines potential methods in aligning owner and developer incentives.
Response to Comment by I. Glassman on "The Combustion Phase of Burning Metals"

The author responds to criticism of a former article of his on metal combustion. It is emphasized that one does not have to know the 'boiling point' of a metal oxide to determine whether metal combustion takes place in the vapor phase or not.
Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. III. Cellular metabolism and phage development

Abstract The importance of photosynthesis in the growth of cyanophage AS-1M in the unicellular blue-green alga Synechococcus cedrorum was determined. CO 2 fixation and O 2 evolution continued at high levels throughout the latent period, but decreased rapidly immediately prior to lysis. Growth of AS-1M in the dark resulted in a total cessation of phage development. Similar results were obtained when photosynthesis was perturbed by DCMU, CCCP, valinomycin, nigericin, or lack of CO 2 . Supplementation by 1% glucose in the dark or in the light (+10 −5 M DCMU) restored phage development to about 10% of the control level. These results are interpreted to mean that cyanophage replication normally derives all of its energy and carbon from photosynthesis. However, infected cells do have a limited heterotrophic capacity.
Improving the classroom environment

The paper summarizes effective teaching techniques for engineering identified during one of the technical sessions of the 1999 Frontiers in Education Conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico (A. Klinger, 1999). The paper involves the perspectives of twelve experienced college teachers engaged in a round-table discussion of "Ways to improve a classroom environment" and "Behaviors to avoid in the classroom". Those ideas are discussed and then supplemented with general advice and specific suggestions from the experience of the authors. Advice presented in the paper could benefit any teacher seeking to improve classroom effectiveness.
Aliasing in a linear FSM used as a multiple-input signature analyzer under uniform and nonuniform error models

A simple model for computing the aliasing probability for any linear finite state machine (LFSM) used as a multiple-input signature analyzer (MISA) is presented. It is shown that the whole class of cyclic LFSMs has transient and steady-state aliasing probabilities under the uniform error model that are identical to those of any LFSR when it is used as an MISA. Some other functional circuits, such as accumulators, can also be used for data compression with similar performance to that of any LFSR. The steady-state aliasing probability is also derived for an LFSM used as an MISA under arbitrary error models. >
Race, Self-Disclosure, and “Forbidden Talk”: Race and Ethnicity in Contemporary Clinical Practice

In this paper I attempt to extend the psychoanalytic conversation about race and ethnicity by discussing the intersubjectivity of race and racial difference. I present clinical material from an interracial treatment in which disclosures about race played an important role in deepening the clinical process. The resulting interactions permitted the patient to admit more of herself into the treatment space. I suggest that contemporary psychoanalytic formulations and multicultural perspectives from outside of psychoanalysis can together create more meaningful conceptualizations which take into account the lived realities of race and the ways in which these may be shaped by individual psychology.
The role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the preoperative metastatic evaluation of renal cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as an indicator of metastatic disease in patients with renal cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 53 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and compared serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with the site of metastases. These results were then compared to those in 29 patients with clinically localized renal cell carcinoma.Results: Overall gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was elevated in 37 patients (69.8%) with metastatic disease, while alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 16 (30.2%, p <0.025). Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was increased in more patients with hepatic metastases only than alkaline phosphatase (p <0.025) and in all groups it was a better predictor of metastases than alkaline phosphatase. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was also increased in significantly more patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (37 of 53) compared to 1 of the 27 with localized renal cell carcinoma (p <...
STOCHASTICITY, PREDATOR–PREY DYNAMICS, AND TRIGGER HARVEST OF NONNATIVE PREDATORS

Environmental stochasticity is one of the premier features of population models used to forecast population persistence; however, most population viability analyses ignore interactions with other species. By contrast, theory in community ecology draws from a tradition of determinism: focusing on the processes (competition, predation) that promote the coexistence of groups of species (i.e., coexistence), while generally ignoring environmental variation in these processes (process noise or environmental stochasticity). Here I considered the role of deterministic and stochastic sources of variation in a predator– prey interaction on the probability of prey population extinction. Using discrete-time stochastic versions of a classic predator–prey model I show that even low levels of predator process noise increase the probability of prey extinction. Surprisingly, predator process noise has stronger negative effects on prey persistence than stochasticity in the population growth rate of the prey species itself....
Toxicity assessment of water from lakes and wetlands receiving irrigation drain water

A method for reconnaissance-level assessments of the potential toxicity of water in lakes and wetlands that receive irrigation drain water is needed. We evaluated a model that predicts toxicity to aquatic organisms due to major ionic composition as a primary means of assessing water quality. The model was used in conjunction with acute toxicity tests and trace element analyses. Mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) observed in acute toxicity tests was compared to mortality predicted by the model. The method was applied at 22 lakes and wetlands on federally administered lands in Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Fourteen of 22 locations had water that was not toxic to test organisms. Six locations had undiluted water that was toxic to C. dubia due to major ionic composition, and two locations had undiluted water that showed toxic effects caused by factors other than elevated levels of major ions. The model for C. dubia seemed to be sufficiently accurate for future application using our approach to assess lakes and wetlands receiving irrigation drain water.
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluoride bonds: π bond participation mechanism

Abstract A new mechanism with the participation of π bonds is proposed to account for a relatively easy hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluoride bonds in catalytic hydrogenation of allylic, vinylic, benzylic and aromatic fluorides. This cyclic mechanism can also underlie some unusual results of hydrogenation of other halogen compounds.
X-ray diffraction analysis of synthetic unsaturated diacid diglycerides

Chemical and physical data are reported for the three diacid 1,3-diglycerides obtainable from stearic, oleic, and elaidic acids. Two of these are new, namely 1-stearyl-3-elaidin and 1-oleyl-3-elaidin.
Characterization of Wear of a Soft Coating Deposited on Titanium Alloy During Fretting

Fretting behavior of Cu-Al coating on Ti-6Al-4V substrate was investigated with and without fatigue load. Soft and rough Cu-Al coating resulted in abrasive wear and a large amount of debris remained at the contact surface which caused an increase in tangential force during the fretting test under gross slip condition. Fretting in the partial slip condition also showed the wear of coating. To characterize wear, dissipated energies during fretting were calculated from fretting loops and wear volumes were obtained from worn surface profiles. Energy approach of wear analysis showed a linear relationship between wear volume and accumulated dissipated energy. This relationship was independent of fatigue loading condition and extended from partial slip to gross slip regimes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sensation-Focused Intensive Treatment for panic disorder with moderate to severe agoraphobia

The current article presents a detailed description of an intensive treatment program for panic disorder with moderate to severe levels of agoraphobia (PDA), called Sensation-Focused Intensive Treatment (SFIT). Although the efficacy of traditional CBT treatment programs has been well established for the treatment of PDA, patients with moderate to severe levels of agoraphobia generally do worse, and those with residual agoraphobia at the end of treatment are at greater risk for relapse. SFIT is an 8-day treatment program that directly targets feared physical sensations and agoraphobic avoidance. SFIT combines techniques used in traditional CBT along with intensive, ungraded, massed exposure. Preliminary data support the utility and durability of this intensive treatment program for those with moderate to severe levels of agoraphobia.
The role of learning in autonomous robots

Applications of learning to autonomous agents (simulated or real) have often been restricted to learning a mapping from perceived state of the world to the next action to take. Often this is couched in terms of learning from no previous knowledge. This general case for real autonomous robots is very difficult. In any case, when building a real robot there is usually a lot of a priori knowledge (e.g., from the engineering that went into its design) which doesn't need to be learned. We describe the behavior-based approach to autonomous robots, and then examine four classes of learning problems associated with such robots.
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Estimates From the 1985 Current Population Survey

In September 1985, the Census Bureau collected health information on 114,342 individuals as part of its Current Population Survey (CPS). A special supplement that included questions on smoking practices was sponsored by the Office on Smoking and Health. The CPS, with its large sample size, provides a unique opportunity to examine region, division, and state estimates of smoking prevalence. The overall prevalence rate for males in the 1985 CPS was estimated at 31.3%, compared with 25.0% for females. For males, smoking rates were highest in the South (34.5%) and lowest in the West (28.0%). For females, smoking rates were highest in the North Central region (26.3%) and lowest in the West (22.7%). Among males, blacks reported higher smoking rates (37.2%) than whites (30.7%) or Hispanics (30.9%). In contrast, white females (25.8%) and black females (26.0%) reported virtually identical smoking rates, while Hispanic females reported a considerably lower rate (16.5%). White-collar workers (both males and females) also reported substantially lower smoking rates than service or blue-collar workers. For both males and females, peak smoking prevalence occurred in the 40-49-year age group (males = 38.1%, females = 30.6%).
L1-convergence of Fourier series

For an integrable function f on T, we introduce a modified partial sum and establish its L1-convergence property. The relation between the sum and L1-convergence classes is also established. As a corollary, a new L1-convergence class is obtained. It is shown that this class covers all known L1-convergence classes.
A Numerical Study of Three-Dimensional Gravity Waves Triggered by Deep Tropical Convection and Their Role in the Dynamics of the QBO

Abstract A 3D mesoscale model is used to study the structure of convectively triggered gravity waves in the Tropics and their role in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Simulations with three stratospheric background zonal wind cases are examined. In the first case the background wind profile is constant; the other two are representative of the easterly and westerly phases of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Spectral analysis is used to link the structure of the triggered gravity waves to the dominant vertical wavelength of the latent heating within the convection. In the QBO–wind shear cases, upward propagating gravity waves are damped as they approach their critical layer. The signature of critical-layer absorption is clearly visible in the profiles of vertical momentum-flux divergence. In the simulations with open boundary conditions, the response to vertical momentum-flux divergence takes the form of large dynamic pressure differences between the east and west boundaries together with acceler...