cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pellino-1 Positively Regulates Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 Signaling and Is Suppressed upon Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance

Endotoxin tolerance reprograms Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated macrophage responses by attenuating induction of proinflammatory cytokines while retaining expression of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. We previously demonstrated deficient TLR4-induced activation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4, IRAK1, and TANK-binding kinase (TBK) 1 as critical hallmarks of endotoxin tolerance, but mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino-1 in endotoxin tolerance and TLR signaling. LPS stimulation increased Pellino-1 mRNA and protein expression in macrophages from mice injected with saline and in medium-pretreated human monocytes, THP-1, and MonoMac-6 cells, whereas endotoxin tolerization abrogated LPS inducibility of Pellino-1. Overexpression of Pellino-1 in 293/TLR2 and 293/TLR4/MD2 cells enhanced TLR2- and TLR4-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and expression of IL-8 mRNA, whereas Pellino-1 knockdown reduced these responses. Pellino-1 ablation in THP-1 cells impaired induction of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88), and Toll-IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent cytokine genes in response to TLR4 and TLR2 agonists and heat-killed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas only weakly affecting phagocytosis of heat-killed bacteria. Co-expressed Pellino-1 potentiated NF-κB activation driven by transfected MyD88, TRIF, IRAK1, TBK1, TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK) 1, and TNFR-associated factor 6, whereas not affecting p65-induced responses. Mechanistically, Pellino-1 increased LPS-driven K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRAK1, TBK1, TAK1, and phosphorylation of TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which endotoxin tolerance re-programs TLR4 signaling via suppression of Pellino-1, a positive regulator of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling that promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRAK1, TBK1, and TAK1.
The Middle East: Fragility and Crisis

This paper presents the different epicenters of instability and crisis in the Middle East, and seeks to engage in informed speculation on their evolution in the coming five to ten years. It then outlines the longer-term trends that affect, to one degree or another, all Middle Eastern societies and that have tremendous potential to trigger new crises or exacerbate existing ones. Based on this discussion, this paper then proceeds to examine the various actors engaged in the region, before sketching a number of ideas for an improved crisis management system for the Middle East.
The Effect of Computerized versus Classroom Instruction on the Phonetic Pronunciation of English

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of computerized versus classroom instruction on musicians' ability to correctly pronounce English words phonetically transcribed into the International Phonetic Alphabet. Sixty-three (N = 63) instrumentalists volunteered as subjects. The study used a pretest/posttest design. The tests consisted of two different phonetic transcriptions of English used by the International Phonetic Association for its standardized proficiency exam. Following the pretest, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Class (n = 21) received three 45-minute lessons, (2) Computer-Assisted (n = 21) used the software package Sounds of English, and (3) Class and Computer-Assisted (n = 21) used a combination of the two previous instruction types. Results showed no significant differences among groups regarding pretest scores, but significant differences regarding posttest and pre/posttest difference scores. Post hoc analyses of total time revealed significant di...
H/sub infinity / control and filtering for sampled-data systems

H/sub infinity / control and filtering problems for sampled-data systems are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of controllers and filters that satisfy a specified H/sub infinity / performance bound. When these conditions hold, explicit formulas for a controller and a filter satisfying the H/sub infinity / performance bound are also given. >
Prevalence and impact of migraine among US Army soldiers deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Objectives.— To assess the prevalence and impact of migraine headaches in US Army soldiers deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Methods.— A brigade of US Army soldiers stationed at Ft. Lewis, Washingtion was given a self-administered headache questionnaire within 10 days of return from a 1-year combat tour in Iraq. Soldiers who screened positive for migraine were surveyed again by phone 3 months after return from Iraq. Results.— In total, 19% of soldiers screened positive for migraine and 17% for possible migraine. Soldiers with a positive migraine screen had a mean of 3.1 headache days per month, a mean headache duration of 5.2 hours, and a mean of 2.4 impaired duty days per month due to headache. Soldiers with migraine made a total of 490 sick call visits for headache over a 3-month period compared with 90 sick call visits among those with possible migraine. In all, 75% of the soldiers with migraine used over-the-counter analgesics and only 4% used triptans. Soldiers with migraine contacted 3 months after returning from Iraq had a mean of 5.3 headache days per month and 36% had a Migraine Disability Assessment Scale grade of 3 or 4. Conclusions.— Migraine headaches are common in deployed US Army soldiers exceeding the expected prevalence. These headaches result in impaired duty performance and are a frequent cause of sick call visits. Migraine headaches tend to persist after deployment in many soldiers.
In-situ cure monitoring of the PMR-15 imidization reaction

The imidization reaction of PMR-15 is monitored in-situ using optical grade sapphire fibers utilizing evanescent wave spectroscopy. To follow the curing reaction, the sapphire fibers are coated with uncured PMR-15 and heated to temperatures up to 200 degree(s)C for varying lengths of time. IR spectra are collected during the cure cycle. The bands that can be used to monitor the reaction are the primary amine bands at 3363 cm-1 and 3462 cm-1, and the secondary amide band at 3478 cm-1. Also used are the ester acid OH band at 4440 cm-1 and the primary amine band at 5050 cm-1. These bands are ratioed with the constant CH band at 4050 cm-1 in order to eliminate uncontrolled experiment-to-experiment variations. The IR spectra show the imidization reaction occurs, very slowly, at temperatures as low as 60 degree(s)C. It also shows that even after 2 hours at 200 degree(s)C, the recommended cure cycle, the reaction is not complete. The focus of this research, to date, is to improve quality control of the cure process to reduce part to part variations in mechanical properties. To this end, an attempt will be made to correlate the absorbance ratio of these bands to mechanical properties of the cured part.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FGF10 maintains distal lung bud epithelium and excessive signaling leads to progenitor state arrest, distalization, and goblet cell metaplasia.

Background Interaction with the surrounding mesenchyme is necessary for development of endodermal organs, and Fibroblast growth factors have recently emerged as mesenchymal-expressed morphogens that direct endodermal morphogenesis. The fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) null mouse is characterized by the absence of lung bud development. Previous studies have shown that this requirement for Fgf10 is due in part to its role as a chemotactic factor during branching morphogenesis. In other endodermal organs Fgf10 also plays a role in regulating differentiation.
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ALLOSTERIC CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION OF ASPARTATE TRANSCARBAMYLASE IS ALTERED BY MUTATIONS

Global conformational transitions are of central functional importance for many enzymes and binding proteins. It is not known, however, how much variability can exist in such structural-functional linkages. We have characterized the global magnitude of the T to R conformational transition of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) by measuring (1) hydration changes using osmotic stress and (2) hydrodynamic changes using high-precision analytical gel chromatography. We find that specific mutations can alter the structural magnitude of the enzyme's conformational transition without abolishing allostery, suggesting that some degree of plasticity exists in the conformational component of allostery.
Measurement and prediction of filtration efficiency evolution of soot loaded diesel particulate filters

We here present laboratory based experimental and theoretical methods to characterize the filtration efficiency (FE) behavior of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) exposed to soot laden gas streams. Sensitivity of the FE behavior on filter microstructure and geometry properties have been studied, along with the impact of the hydrodynamic and aerosol flow conditions (flow rate, temperature, aerosol characteristics). Evolution of FE with soot load is reported from clean filter FE to maximum efficiency (100%), as the deposited soot in the filter wall itself acts as the filtering medium. The theoretical model considers different mechanisms (Brownian diffusion, particle interception and inertia) of soot capture and their impact on number based and mass based FE. The predictions from the theoretical model are in good agreement with experimental observations over a broad range of filter microstructure. Sensitivity of FE evolution on bare and coated filters has been reported, along with the impact of ash loading of the filters. Methods presented here are useful in determining the performance of DPFs under well-defined laboratory conditions and their extension to dynamic field conditions. These are also useful in determining filter properties for obtaining high FE and low pressure drop.
Using memories to motivate future behaviour: An experimental exercise intervention

This study tested a novel memory-based experimental intervention to increase exercise activity. Undergraduate students completed a two-part online survey ostensibly regarding college activity choices. At Time 1, they completed questionnaires that included assessments of exercise-related attitudes, motivation and self-reported behaviours. Next, they described a memory of a positive or negative experience that would increase their motivation to exercise; students in a control condition did not receive a memory prompt. Finally, they rated their intentions to exercise in the future. Eight days following Time 1, students received a Time 2 survey that included an assessment of their self-reported exercise during the prior week. Students in the positive memory condition reported higher levels of subsequent exercise than those in the control condition; students in the negative memory condition reported intermediate levels of exercise. Activating a positive motivational memory had a significant effect on students' self-reported exercise activity even after controlling for prior attitudes, motivation and exercise activity.
Local structure of Pb(Sc1/2,Ta1/2)O3 and related compounds

Abstract The atomic structure of Pb(Sc 1/2 Ta 1/2 )O 3 (PST), and related Pb(A,B)O 3 type mixed perovskites was studied by diffraction using synchrotron X-rays and pulsed neutrons. The Rietveld refinement was carried out to determine the average, long-range crystallographic structure, while the pair-density function (PDF) analysis was used in studying the local atomic structure. The compounds examined, relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Sc 2/3 W 1/3 )O 3 (PSW) and Pb(Mg 1/3 Ta 2/3 )O 3 –PbZrO 3 (PMT–PZ) in addition to PST, all exhibit long range 1:1 B-site cation ordering. The Rietveld refinement showed that the degree of long range 1:1 (NaCl-type) chemical ordering on the B-sites is up to 90%. For all samples including the nominally ordered PST the local atomic structure determined by the PDF analysis, was found to be significantly different from the average crystallographic structure determined by the Rietveld analysis. Local deviations are greater for O and Pb atoms than the B-site cations. The direction of the local Pb displacement in PST is [100], even though the macroscopic easy axis of polarization appears to be [111]. These results show that the conflict between the local structural preference and the average structure is not limited to relaxor ferroelectric oxides, but may be widely prevalent in mixed-ion ferroelectrics.
Primary Prophylaxis in Sickle Cell Disease: Is It Feasible? Is It Effective?

Consideration of primary prophylaxis to prevent complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) requires a clear understanding of the earliest manifestations of SCD-related organ injury, a reliable clinical or laboratory tool to detect organ dysfunction, and evidence that an intervention instituted in the presymptomatic state can mitigate disease progression. This review examines the pathophysiology of SCD in organs that may be potential targets for intervention, our current capacity to evaluate early SCD manifestations, results of clinical trials, and opportunities for future interventions.
Integrated electronic/material/structural modeling of a smart material

In this paper we develop an integrated model of the amplifier, actuator material, and structural dynamics of a smart material. Stacked electrostrictor actuators are driven by a PWM amplifier. These actuators are attached to a graphite epoxy composite base and they drive an alumina headmass. The whole device, designed from underwater acoustics, is potted. We model the actuators using nonlinear constitutive laws. These equations are integrated into a dynamic model of the amplifier. Then these equations are integrated with a dynamic model of the actuator. Finally, a finite element model is developed for the multilayered composite material that provides the dynamic response of the device. Using superelements, stiffness coefficients are extracted from the finite element model of the multilayered composite material.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alterations in LH and FSH Content and Weight of the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Immature Female Rats Treated with PMS

The pituitary content of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was determined by quantitative bio-assay in glands removed during the afternoon of the day preceding PMS-induced ovulation in 27-day-old rats. It was found that no change in pituitary LH occurred between the hours of 2 and 7 pm, but that there was a 32% decrease in pituitary FSH. A significant decrease in pituitary LH was found when a comparison was made between the glandular content at 2 pm on the second and third days after PMS. An examination of pituitary weight in the PMS-treated rats showed a statistically significant hypertrophy during the afternoon of the day preceding ovulation. It was considered that this hypertrophy was due to estrogen stimulation and that ovarian estrogen is probably of primary importance in the positive feedback system which stimulates ovulating hormone (OH) release. (Endocrinology 80: 82, 1967)
Zn- and Mg-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Protein

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein incorporated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by an in situ precipitation process. 2 mol % Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) were used as dopants to synthesize Zn(2+)/Mg(2+)-doped HA-BSA NPs. In our study we used BSA as a model protein. The amount of BSA uptake by doped and undoped HA NPs and subsequent release of BSA from NPs were investigated. Zn-doped HA NPs showed the highest amount of BSA uptake, whereas the amount of BSA loaded in undoped HA NPs was the lowest. A two-stage BSA release profile from doped and undoped HA NPs was observed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.2 +/- 0.2. The initial burst release was due to the desorption of BSA from the HA surface. The later stage of slow release was controlled by the dissolution of BSA incorporated HA NPs. The BSA release rate from Zn-doped HA NPs was found to be the highest, whereas undoped HA NPs released BSA at the slowest rate. Our study showed that the protein release rate from HA NPs can be controlled by the addition of suitable dopants, and doped HA-based NP systems can be used in bone growth factor and drug release study.
The relationship of otitis media in early childhood to attention dimensions during the early elementary school years

This study examined the impact of otitis media with effusion (OME) and associated hearing loss between 6 and 48 months of age on attention dimensions (i.e., selective/focus, sustained) during the elementary school years. A prospective cohort design in which 74 African American infants were recruited between ages 6 and 12 months. Ear examinations were done repeatedly using both otoscopy and tympanometry, and hearing was assessed using standard audiometric procedures between 6 and 48 months. Multiple measures of attention (i.e., direct assessment, behavioral observations, parent/teacher ratings) were administered from kindergarten through second grade to assess two theoretical dimensions of attention: selective/focused and sustained. The home environment was assessed annually. Results indicated that neither early childhood OME nor hearing loss showed significant correlations with any of the longitudinal or cross-sectional measures of selective/focused attention and sustained attention. In contrast, children with mothers who had fewer years of education and who lived in less responsive and supportive home environments scored higher on both parent and teacher ratings of sustained attention (i.e., hyperactivity) through the second grade of elementary school. For NEPSY Auditory Attention in second grade, a significant interaction between the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment and hearing loss was uncovered. This interaction showed that children with hearing loss from poor home environments experienced greater difficulties on the NEPSY Auditory Attention task than those with hearing loss from good home environments. These findings do not support a direct linkage of a history of OME and associated hearing loss to difficulties in selective/focused attention or sustained attention in early elementary school children. Relationships between sociodemographic variables and attention-related functions appear stronger and should be considered as mediators in any examination of the linkages between early OME and subsequent attention functions.
A Method of Treating the Patient With Postpubescent Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Purpose Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a perplexing and devastating disease for which establishment of a treatment protocol is difficult. The relatively low incidence and unknown cause of this disorder have made it difficult to establish when and how to intervene. Treatment protocols for the prepubescent patient ( Patients and Methods Five girls between the ages of 14 and 18 years with common facial deformities who were given a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were reconstructed by orthognathic surgery and costochondral rib grafts. All underwent surgery performed by the first author and were followed for 4 to 14 years. Patients were in disease remission at the time of surgery, and all presented with the same skeletal/dental deformity and condylar destruction. Results Serial cephalograms were taken immediately presurgically (T1), immediately postsurgically (T2), and at latest recall (T3). Tracings were done by the same orthodontist with the use of Quick Ceph Image Pro software (Quick Ceph Systems, San Diego, CA). Mandibular position as it related to the success of costochondral and orthognathic surgery was assessed by gnathion position relative to nasion-basion at the cranial center, as described by Rickett’s facial analysis. Patient long-term follow-up lasted from 4 to 14 years and had a mean duration of 9.6 years. The average increase in anterior/posterior direction (T1 to T2) was 22.7 mm with an average relapse (T2 to T3) of 1.5 mm. Four of 5 patients had a stable Class I occlusion on follow-up, and 1 developed a 3-mm open bite postoperatively. Conclusion This pilot study offers a treatment protocol for the postpubescent juvenile patient with rheumatoid arthritis (aged 12 to 18 years) that is based on a single surgery with relative postoperative stability.
S100 chemokines mediate bookmarking of premetastatic niches.

Primary tumours release soluble factors, including VEGF-A, TGFβ and TNFα, which induce expression of the chemokines S100A8 and S100A9 in the myeloid and endothelial cells within the lung before tumour metastasis. These chemokine-activated premetastatic niches support adhesion and invasion of disseminating malignant cells, thereby establishing a fertile habitat for metastatic tumours.
A processor description language supporting retargetable multi-pipeline DSP program development tools

Many ISA-level machine description languages have been introduced to support the automated development and retargeting of digital signal processor (DSP) software development tools. These languages have yet to move below the ISA-level and adequately address DSP pipeline issues. ISA-level bit-accurate models may be reasonable for small micro-controllers, but are inadequate when applied to complex high-performance DSPs. We introduce a new machine description language, RADL, which supports the automated generation of DSP programming tools. From RADL, we can generate production-quality tools including cycle- and phase-accurate simulators. RADL has explicit support for pipeline modeling, including delay slots, interrupts, hardware loops, hazards, and multiple interacting pipelines in a natural and intuitive way. RADL can represent both SIMD and MIMD instruction styles. We have coupled our language to an in-house tool-chain generator which is used to create production assemblers, simulators and compilers.
Using AVIRIS to assess hemlock abundance and early decline in the Catskills, New York

In order to aid land managers in monitoring and controlling the ongoing hemlock woolly adelgid outbreak, more accurate landscape scale tools are required to locate the hemlock resource, identify infestation and spot early decline. To this end, NASA’s Airborne Visible Infra-red Imaging Spectrometer was flown over the infestation front in the Catskills region of New York during the summer of 2001. Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering in ENVI was used to ‘‘unmix’’ spectra and quantify the hemlock signature contribution to each pixel. The resulting percent hemlock basal area coverage correctly identified hemlock dominated pixels (>40% basal area) with 83% accuracy. Key wavelengths and health indices were examined to determine if a subset of wavelengths could accurately predict an 11-class decline rating system. A linear regression based on reflectance at a chlorophyll sensitive wavelength (R683 nm), coupled with a water band index (R970/R900), was able to predict decline with 85% accuracy. The extreme accuracy at the low (0–3) end of the range indicated that these wavelengths might be used to assess early decline, before visual symptoms are apparent in the field.
Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part I. Microstructural characterization

The macro and microstructure of laser-deposited Ti-6Al-4V has been investigated to determine the evolution of unique microstructural features in mutilayer builds. The macro and microstructures exhibited in the build include large, columnar prior-beta grains, a gradient in the individual alpha-lath thickness between the deposited layers, and the presence of layer bands within each layer, except for the last three layers deposited. The layer band consists of a colony Widmanstatten alpha morphology, while the nominal microstructure between layer bands exhibits a basketweave morphology. Optical microscopy, hardness, and composition measurements were used to determine that the layer-band and gradient morphologies are resultant from the complex thermal history the build experiences and not a result of segregation or oxidation. The gradient alpha and layer-band morphologies form in layer n after the deposition of layer n+3.
Echocardiographic characteristics of the cryopreserved allograft aortic valve replacement assessed by intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography

Improvements in cryopreservation techniques have made possible excellent long-term results using aortic valve allografts. Few studies, however, have examined the echocardiographic characteristics of allograft aortic valves and postoperative valve function. Aortic allograft function was eveluated in 16 patients by intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography, postoperative catheterization, and angiography. The mean(s.d.) coaptation zone length of the allograft leaflet was significantly greater (7.3(1.4) mm) than that of the normal aortic valve (3.2(0.8) mm) (P < 0.01). No regurgitation was noted in any patients with coaptation zone length of 7–11 mm (P < 0.01). The increment of the leaflet coaptation zone length did not produce a significant pressure gradient during exercise and appeared to be one of the important mechanisms for the prevention of postoperative aortic regurgitation, because commissural orientations may be distorted in the new aortic position. This finding is consistent with the report that allografts with the largest diameter implantable in the recipient annulus should be selected for use.
Polychlorinated chemical residues in fish from major watersheds near the Great Lakes, 1979

Abstract Over 50 non-PCB polyhalogenated organic chemicals have been identified by GC/MS in fish from the Great Lakes and other major watersheds near the Great Lakes. p,p′-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, and components of tech-chlordane were the most frequently found chemicals. Also described are advances in sample preparation methodology which allow the identification of many frequently occuring unusual chemicals. Several chemicals not previously reported in environmental samples are identified.
Parametric Investigations of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Electrodes Manufactured by Spraying

Manufacture of fuel cell electrodes by the thin-film method was originally proposed by Wilson et al. [1, 2] for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This technology was subsequently utilized for the manufacture of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) electrodes by Ren et al. [3]. Key processing steps in the thin-film process are catalyst ink formulation and its application. The catalyst ink is typically composed of supported or unsupported catalysts, binder (ionomer), solvents and additives. Rheological properties of the ink, amount of binder, and choice of solvents are tuned to match the particular ink application process used to fabricate the electrode, as each coating process has its own unique requirements. Besides affecting the coating process, the choice and ratios of these components can significantly affect the electrochemical performance of the electrode. In this study, catalyst inks are designed and investigated for the spraying process, for utilization in the continuous fabrication of DMFC electrodes. For this purpose, the effect of the binder (ionomer) content on the performance of the electrodes is studied in detail. Decal-transfer electrodes are fabricated on a custom-built automated spraying apparatus with individually specified anode and cathode binder contents, and assembled to form a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) type membrane electrode assembly (MEA). These electrodes are rigorously tested to specifically identify their electrochemical performance, catalyst utilization and electrode morphology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Modeling complex dispersed energy and clean water systems for the US/Mexico border

Abstract The technological advances have been accompanied by an enormous demand for energy. Non-renewable energy sources have supplied this energy so far, but it has also led to an erosion of the worldwide environment. The US/Mexico border region has some unique advantages and/or opportunities. The availability of high solar radiation, considerable amounts of non-potable water, and human and/or animal wastes can be used for generating hydrogen and biogas as alternative fuel sources. New technology can be used to produce hydrogen from salted water and this gas can be stored and later, used to fuel an electricity generator and consequently generate potable water as bi-product. Therefore, photovoltaic cells coupled to an electrolizer can be used to generate electricity in a sustainable manner. The research described here simulates complete energy systems based on commercial devices and developed using EXTEND software and has the capability to perform comparisons, predictions and evaluations among different processes for energy generation. In addition, it demonstrates alternatives in local energy production, and the feasibility of remote house hybrid system located in the El Paso/Juarez border area.
Effects of energy, dose, and beam current on particle counts in medium-current phosphorus implants

Abstract The effects of energy, beam current, and implant time (dose) on particle counts on implanted wafers were investigated for phosphorus implants on an Eaton 6200AV implanter, before and after a thorough clean of the implanter's source, analyzer, and beamline. Before the system clean: 1) ion energy significantly affected the number of particles added to the wafer; 2) implant time (dose) had a significant effect at higher energy but not at lower energy; and 3) beam current had a minor effect. After the system clean, all particle counts were greatly reduced, and the energy- and time-dependence of particle counts was absent in the range of parameters studied. To explain these results qualitatively, it is hypothesized that, at higher beam energies, particles are sputtered off surfaces in the implanter, are trapped by the beam, and are transported by the beam to the wafer [1,2]. Lower beam energies may be insufficient to sputter and/or trap particles, so the implant's duration has little effect. At higher energies, as material is sputtered off, the number of particles deposited on the wafer would increase with implant time. The energy dependence of particle counts was studied in detail from 150 to 175 keV. Before the system clean, a smooth increase in particle counts with energy was seen.
Influence of target composition on the quality of YBCO films fabricated by Nd:YAG pulsed laser deposition

Abstract The influence of target composition on the formation of surface particles and the crystallinity of YBCO epitaxial films is studied by pulsed laser ablation–deposition method using the fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser and by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and electron probe X-ray microanalyzer analysis. Six kinds of targets in which one of the atomic constituents is deviated by ±5% to ±1% from stoichiometry were used in addition to the stoichiometric target YBa 2 Cu 3 O y . All films deposited are highly c -axis oriented. Films fabricated from stoichiometric targets have a high transition temperature ( T c ) of 90.0±0.5 K and a small number of surface particles (mainly droplets), as low as 1.5 particles/10 μm 2 . By constrast, the films deposited from non-stoichiometric targets exhibit a large number of outgrowths (CuO and oxides mainly of Ba and Cu) in addition to droplets and a low T c in the range of 75–89 K. The number and the sort of the outgrowths do not depend largely on the kinds of the non-stoichiometric targets nor on the extent of deviation in the range of ±1% to ±5%. These results have been reasonably understood as mainly due to the targets inhomogeneity from the following experimental evidence. (1) The non-stoichiometry of the targets produces much more extent of segregation of impurity phases than that expected from the imbalance of ±5% to ±1%. (2) The extent of segregation is almost identical for every non-stoichiometric target. The present study indicates clearly that the target should have the stoichiometric ratio (1:2:3) in order to prepare high quality YBCO epitaxial films.
Saturating and linear magnetoresistive effects in sodium and potassium

The theoretically predicted and long-sought intrinsic saturation of the transverse magnetoresistance of the alkali metals has finally been observed after sufficiently reducing the masking effect of the large superimposed linear magnetoresistance which is attributed to such classical considerations as geometry, Hall angle and non-uniform current distribution. The observed saturation values were about 100 times smaller than those observed previously in complicated metals but were still much too large to be explained only by Fermi surface anisotropy. The saturation phenomena contradict Kohler's rule but can be plausibly explained by mean free path anisotropy due predominantly to electron-phonon scattering mechanisms.
284 - H. Halobium : I. In vitro studies

Abstract 1. Purple membrane fragments (PM) from H. halobium were incorporated into lipid membranes either directly or via liposomes. A photoresponse was detected when liposomes containing PM were fused with lipid membranes. Low—resistance membranes or membranes shunted with an external resistor of 10 9 ohms showed decay of the initial light response to some equilibrium value in the light in both presence and absence of octadecylamine. The light response could be abolished by the addition of a sufficient amount of triethylamine to either side of the membrane. 2. The photovoltage action spectra of bilayer lipid membranes containing PM either directly or via liposomes were measured, and found to follow the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin. 3. Liposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in PM extract of H. halobium were fused to one side of planar lipid membranes. The photopotential resulting from flash excitation rose and fell as the sum of three exponentials with time constants for the leading edge of 30 ± 10 μs and 35 ± 10 ms. The decay time constant of the photopotential was 840 ms, a value consistent with the membrane time constant given by the membrane dark resistance and capacitance.
Opinion change as a function of the communicator's desire to influence and liking for the audience

Abstract This experiment investigated the effect of how much the audience thinks a communicator likes them on how the perception of a desire to persuade affects opinion change. As predicted, if a communicator was described as liking students, college students agreed with him more when he said he hoped to influence people in colleges than when he did not care about influencing them, and, if he disliked students, they agreed less when he hoped to influence them than when he did not care. The interaction between liking for the audience and desire to persuade was significant even when the communicator's attractiveness was controlled. Unexpectedly, when the communicator's attractiveness was controlled, agreement with him was significantly greater if he disliked students than if he liked them when he did not care whether be influenced them.
Melrosins A, B and C, three cis-1 (10)-cis-4-germacradienolides from Melampodium rosei☆

Abstract The isolation and structure elucidation of the three new cis -1(10)- cis -4-germacradienolides, melrosins A, B and C, from Melapodium rosei are reported. The structure determination involved chemical and spectral methods including 1 H NMR correlations with melrosin A the structure of which had been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Theory of interfacial plasmon-phonon scattering in supported graphene

One of the factors limiting electron mobility in supported graphene is remote phonon scattering. We formulate the theory of the coupling between graphene plasmon and substrate surface polar phonon (SPP) modes and find that it leads to the formation of interfacial plasmon-phonon (IPP) modes, from which the phenomena of dynamic antiscreening and screening of remote phonons emerge. The remote phonon-limited mobilities for SiO${}_{2}$, HfO${}_{2}$, h-BN, and Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ substrates are computed using our theory. We find that hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) yields the highest peak mobility, but in the practically useful high-density range, the mobility in HfO${}_{2}$-supported graphene is high, despite the fact that HfO${}_{2}$ is a high-$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ dielectric with low-frequency modes. Our theory predicts that the strong temperature dependence of the total mobility effectively vanishes at very high carrier concentrations. The effects of polycrystallinity on IPP scattering are also discussed.
Improved blood flow during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation with 30% duty cycle in infant pigs.

BACKGROUNDSustained compression is recommended to maximize myocardial and cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in adults and children. We compared myocardial and cerebral perfusion during CPR in three groups of 2-week-old anesthetized swine using compression rates and duty cycles (duration of compression/total cycle time) of 100 per minute, 60%; 100 per minute, 30%; and 150 per minute, 30%.METHODS AND RESULTSVentricular fibrillation was induced and CPR was begun immediately with a sternal pneumatic compressor. Epinephrine was continuously infused during CPR. Microsphere-determined blood flow and arterial and sagittal sinus blood gas measurements were made before cardiac arrest was induced and after 5, 10, 20, 35, and 50 minutes of CPR. At 5 minutes of CPR, ventricular and cerebral blood flows were greater than 25 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1 and were not significantly different between groups. When CPR was prolonged, however, myocardial and cerebral blood flows were significantly higher wi...
Some Aspects of Maternal Metabolism Throughout Pregnancy in the Conscious Rabbit

Summary: Studies of maternal metabolism during pregnancy have focused principally upon the latter half of gestation. However, maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy may occur at all stages of pregnancy. To study maternal metabolism throughout pregnancy, we developed a chronically catheterized rabbit model in which animals could be studied under conscious, stress-free conditions when nonpregnant and then serially throughout pregnancy. Anesthesia produced marked hyperglycemia. In contrast, chronic catheterization and daily handling did not affect blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, or free fatty acids, or food intake. Glucose concentration decreased with pregnancy to a value at term equal to 85% of the prepregnancy value. Lactate concentration rose significantly in the second half of pregnancy but changes in free fatty acids and ketoacid levels were not significant. These results are discussed from a comparative physiologic point of view, emphasizing the unique aspects of rabbit metabolism during pregnancy and the importance of performing such studies under conscious, stress-free conditions.
X-ray absorption analysis of treated carbon

CHEMICAL TREATMENTS in porous carbon blocks from which brushes are to be fashioned often are distributed unevenly so that the final brushes do not contain the calculated percentage of treatment obtained from weight relations. In order to analyze the treatment quantitatively under small individual areas, a practically instantaneous, nondestructive method of treatment has been applied which makes use of an X-ray absorption photometer.
Magnesium pemoline: Enhancement of spontaneous motor activity

Magnesium pemoline, a mild central nervous system stimulant, increased spontaneous motor activity in rats within 35 min after injection. The effects persisted throughout the 30 min period of observation. Three days later, during the post-drug phase, the drug group exhibited less activity than the control group. If valid, this “rebound” phenomenon may be explained by a central homeostatic inhibitory mechanism which limits overt activity after a period of prolonged hyperexcitability.
Special Issue of JMRI: MR imaging in a quality and cost‐conscious environment

Keywords: Image filtering; Image processing; K-space; Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy; Model, mathematical
Eigenvalue assignments and the two largest multiplicities in a Hermitian matrix whose graph is a tree

Among the possible multiplicity lists for the eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices whose graph is a tree we focus upon M"2, the maximum value of the sum of the two largest multiplicities. The corresponding M"1 is already understood. The notion of assignment (of eigenvalues to subtrees) is formalized and applied. Using these ideas, simple upper and lower bounds are given for M"2 (in terms of simple graph theoretic parameters), cases of equality are indicated, and a combinatorial algorithm is given to compute M"2 precisely. In the process, several techniques are developed that likely have more general uses.
Disparity in outcomes for adult Native American hemodialysis patients? Findings from the ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project, 1996 to 1999

Disparity in outcomes for adult Native American hemodialysis patients? Findings from the ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project, 1996 to 1999. Background There is a paucity of information regarding the quality of care for Native American hemodialysis patients. Outcomes, including 1-year hospitalization and mortality, for adult Native American in-center hemodialysis patients selected for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Project were compared to those for white and black patients to determine if disparity in care existed for this group. Methods Clinical data were abstracted from medical records for the last quarters of 1995 to 1998 and linked to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) data files for data on comorbidities and 1-year hospitalization and mortality. Associations of race were tested by bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results Two percent (467 of 27876) of patients were Native American, 37% black, and 51% white. Native American, compared to black and white patients, were more likely to have diabetes mellitus as the cause of ESRD (72%, 37%, and 38%, respectively, P Conclusion These data suggest that adult Native American hemodialysis patients experience equivalent or better dialytic care and are no more likely to experience 1-year hospitalization or mortality compared to whites.
Spectrin bands 1 and 2 are antigenically distinct and are not composed of subunits

Abstract Human erythrocyte membranes and freshly isolated spectrin were separated into their constituent peptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptides were electrophoresed from slices of such gels into agarose gels containing anti-spectrin antibodies and Triton X-100. In fresh preparations, precipitin arcs were observed only against peptides migrating as bands 1 and 2. It was found that bands 1 and 2 did not cross-react. There were two major arcs from band 1 and one principal arc from band 2, plus minor splitting of these arcs. None of the band 1 arcs fused with band 2 arcs. In fresh erythrocyte ghosts only bands 1 and 2 reacted with anti-spectrin; bands 2.1, 3, and 5, in particular, showed no precipitin arcs. However, in aged ghosts, arcs appeared in the band 3 region; in aged isolated spectrin, arcs appeared in the band 2.1 region; and in trypsin-degraded spectrin, reactive species occurred in all molecular weight classes. It is concluded that spectrin has no subunits smaller than 220,000 molecular weight and that bands 1 and 2 are immunochemically distinct.
Nutrition of the Host and Natural Resistance to Infection. II. The Dietary Effect as conditioned by the Heterogeneity of the Test Pathogen Population.

The property of a diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of heterogenetic, outbred W-Swiss mice subjected to S. enteritidis infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, has been shown to be a function of the infecting bacterial population. Broth cultures so prepared as presumably to yield S. enteritidis organisms of uniform character have consistently failed to reveal an effect of diet on natural resistance, even though the parent bacterial populations revealed a dietary effect. The dietary difference effect on natural resistance could not be demonstrated with an avirulent culture of S. typhimurium, or with a freshly prepared virulent culture of S. typhimurium presumably uniform in character. The dietary effect on natural resistance was demonstrated by employing a 1:1 mixture of avirulent and virulent cultures of S. typhimurium.
Impact of gender and having children in the household on ambulatory blood pressure in work and nonwork settings: a partial replication and new findings.

Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) has been shown to differ for men and women across work and nonwork settings. For men, ABP is higher at work than at home on workdays or on nonworkdays. For women, ABP levels in different settings depend on whether they have children in the household. Women without children at home exhibit the “male” pattern of higher ABP at work than at home. Women with children at home show either similar ABP levels in the two locations or higher ABP at home. These different patterns have been assumed to represent different stress levels in the two locations, but this assumption has rarely been tested. Also, few studies have examined ABP levels on a nonworkday in women or the effect of having children in the household for men. The present study monitored ABP in men and women during two workdays and one nonworkday. Comparisons were made between ABP levels in three settings (workday at work, workday at home, nonworkday) using mixed random effects regression models. Psychosocial variables (e.g. mood, stress) that might mediate the different ABP patterns were also assessed. ABP differences were analyzed by gender and whether children were living in the household using mixed random effects regression models. Results indicated that diastolic blood pressure was higher at work versus home for men with children and higher at work and on nonworkdays than at home for women without children. ABP did not differ across settings for women with children or men without children. These results were not mediated by mood or stress levels in the three settings.
Retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties using surface MultiFilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) data: Modeling and observations

[1] MultiFilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSRs) are widely deployed over the world. These radiometers measure the total, direct, and diffuse components of shortwave, narrowband irradiance at six wavelengths. For five of these wavelengths, aerosol optical depths and single scattering albedos can be retrieved. We describe here a simple retrieval technique that can significantly extend the capability of the MFRSR to study atmospheric aerosols and can provide a means for simultaneous retrieval of the mean particle radius, total number of particles (for an assumed size distribution), and the imaginary refractive index. This technique is based on measurements of the direct irradiances at two wavelengths (0.415 μm and 0.870 μm) and the diffuse irradiance at 0.415 μm. Our technique requires assumptions regarding the shape of the aerosol size distribution, and the real part of the refractive index, as well as an estimate of the surface albedo at 0.415 μm. Given plausible values of these quantities, sensitivity tests show that successful retrievals of aerosol characteristics can be achieved. However, the retrieval does not work when the aerosol is dominated by coarse mode particles such as dust, because of the weak dependence of aerosol optical thickness on wavelength. The technique has been applied to derive time series of aerosol microphysical properties from MFRSR measurements taken during a single day, 27 April 2003, of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign. Additionally, MFRSR-derived aerosol properties are in good agreement with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) retrievals made also in Mexico City.