cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Production of Superoxide by the Lung: A Possible Role in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

We find spontaneous light emission from isolated Krebs Henseleit perfused rabbit lungs when the light emitting superoxide trap lucigenin is added to the perfusate. Lucigenin light emission appears to be specific for superoxide anion since light emission from the lung caused a superoxide generating system is completely abolished by superoxide dismutase but not catalase of DMTU. We also studied the relative sensitivity of lucigenin photoemission to superoxide and to hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Lucigemn photoemission is three to four orders of magnitude more sensitive to superoxide than to hydrogen peroxide and probably cannot detect hydrogen peroxide in concentrations thought to occur in biologic systems. Basal lucigenin photoemission by the lung is O2 dependent, since severe hypoxia completely inhibits light emission. Superoxide dismutase reduces photoemission by 50% and administration of the small molecular weight superoxide scavenger tiron inhibits basal photoemission by about 90%. These observations suggest that endogenous superoxide production is primarily intracellular and that approximately half of the dynamically produced superoxide reaches the extracellular space. Superoxide transport may involve anion channels since the anion channel blocker DIDS markedly increases photoemission, suggesting intracellular accumulation of superoxide. We also investigated whether the mechanism for the basal superoxide anion production involved cytochrome P-450 or mitochondrial respiration by using inhibitors of these reactions. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor, SKF 525A or the mitochondrial transport inhibitor antimycin decreased photoemission by about 50%.
The Social Sciences and Logistics: Some Suggestions for Future Exploration

The premise of this article is that theories borrowed from non-business areas can be applied to logistics with the potential for enhancing theoretical and pragmatic aspects of the logistics discipl...
Electrochemical metallization switching with a platinum group metal in different oxides

In a normal electrochemical metallization (ECM) switch, electrochemically active metals, such as Ag and Cu are used to provide mobile ions for the conducting filament. In both ECM and valence change memory (VCM) devices, platinum group metals, such as Pt and Pd, are typically used as the counter electrode and assumed to be chemically and physically inert. In this study, we explore whether the so-called inert metal itself can form a conducting filament and result in repeatable resistance switching. Pd and different oxide host matrices are used for this purpose. We have observed that the transport of oxygen anions dominates over Pd metal cations in ALD deposited AlOx and HfOx. However, in sputtered SiOx, Pd cation transport was revealed, accompanied by the formation of nano-crystalline Pd filament(s) in the junctions. Based on these observations, memristors with reversible and repeatable switching were obtained by using Pd doped SiOx as the switching material.
High-Throughput Screening of Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors

The emergence of bacterial pathogens resistant to current antibiotics has caused an urgent demand for new treatments. Peptide deformylase (PDF) has become an exciting target for designing novel antibiotics. To facilitate the screening of PDF inhibitors, three robust, coupled assays have been developed. The first method couples the PDF reaction with that of formate dehydrogenase. Formate dehydrogenase oxidizes formate into CO2 with a concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH, which can be monitored spectrophotometrically. The second method involves Aeromonas aminopeptidase (AAP) as the coupling enzyme and an artificial substrate, f-Met-Leu-p-nitroanilide. The sequential action of PDF and AAP releases p-nitroanilide as a highly chromogenic product. In the third method, f-Met-Lys-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin is used as the substrate. Deformylation by PDF gives an excellent substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase I, which releases the dipeptide Met-Lys and fluorogenic 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. The combination of these assay methods should meet the needs of most laboratories.
See You See Me: The Role of Eye Contact in Multimodal Human-Robot Interaction

We focus on a fundamental looking behavior in human-robot interactions—gazing at each other's face. Eye contact and mutual gaze between two social partners are critical in smooth human-human interactions. Therefore, investigating at what moments and in what ways a robot should look at a human user's face as a response to the human's gaze behavior is an important topic. Toward this goal, we developed a gaze-contingent human-robot interaction system, which relied on momentary gaze behaviors from a human user to control an interacting robot in real time. Using this system, we conducted an experiment in which human participants interacted with the robot in a joint-attention task. In the experiment, we systematically manipulated the robot's gaze toward the human partner's face in real time and then analyzed the human's gaze behavior as a response to the robot's gaze behavior. We found that more face looks from the robot led to more look-backs (to the robot's face) from human participants, and consequently, created more mutual gaze and eye contact between the two. Moreover, participants demonstrated more coordinated and synchronized multimodal behaviors between speech and gaze when more eye contact was successfully established and maintained.
Protecting the Constitutional Rights of Minority Youth on Rikers Island

In 2014, the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York released a report on their investigation into the patterns and practices of treatment of adolescent inmates on Rikers Island, finding systemic defects that result in the pervasive violation of the adolescent inmates’ constitutional rights. Ninety-five percent of the adolescent population on Rikers is Black or Latino. New York is uniquely harsh with its treatment of 16- and 17-year-olds, as it and North Carolina are the only states to set the minimum age of criminal responsibility at 16. Over seventy-five percent of youth on Rikers Island are awaiting trial and have not been convicted of a crime. The prevalence of the unconstitutional conduct on Rikers Island is attributable, in large part, to the lack of accountability among Department of Corrections (DOC) staff members on Rikers Island, which results in a code of silence. To effectively deal with the pervasive pattern and practice of conduct on the part of DOC staff that violates adolescent inmates on Rikers Island’s constitutional rights, it is crucial to understand the differences between adolescents and adults and the power of the DOC staff union. This Note posits that in order to create meaningful reform and protect the constitutional rights of adolescent inmates, the cut-off age for criminal responsibility should be raised so that 16- and 17-year-olds fall under the jurisdiction of the Family Court and are not placed on Rikers Island. Additionally, the portion of the Administrative Code requiring all uniformed DOC ranks to be filled by promotion from within the uniformed force must be amended to obstruct the code of silence and prevent violence against inmates. Without such measures, the abuses against minority youth on Rikers Island will persist.
Mixed logit with a flexible mixing distribution

Abstract This paper presents a flexible procedure for representing the distribution of random parameters in mixed logit models. A logit formula is specified for the mixing distribution, in addition to its use for the choice probabilities. The properties of logit assure positivity and provide the normalizing constant for the mixing distribution. Any mixing distribution can be approximated to any degree of accuracy by this specification. The researcher defines variables to describe the shape of the mixing distribution, using flexible forms such as polynomials, splines, and step functions. The gradient of the log-likelihood is easy to calculate, which facilitates estimation. The procedure is illustrated with data on consumers' choice among video streaming services.
Preservice Teacher Leaders Learn to Advocate Legislatively Through Professional Organizations

Teachers often do not interact with legislators when educational policy is being developed. As a way to facilitatemore interaction between the two groups, scholars are calling for teacher leaders to step forward and participate inlegislative advocacy. The invitation is not limited to in-service teacher leaders. Preservice teacher leaders canparticipate in policymaking if they are taught about legislative advocacy during their preparation programs. Thisqualitative case study describes what happened when three preservice teacher leaders learned how to advocate for theeducation profession by attending three workshops hosted by a student professional organization. The data show thatthe preservice teachers began the experience with a desire to have a voice in developing policy. Through theworkshops they learned about the legislative process, ways to advocate through writing and in person, and the role oflegislative aides. The findings indicate that student professional organizations are a viable way for teacherpreparation programs to help aspiring teacher leaders learn about legislative advocacy and make their voices knownto policymakers.
The coming of age of de novo protein design

There are 20(200) possible amino-acid sequences for a 200-residue protein, of which the natural evolutionary process has sampled only an infinitesimal subset. De novo protein design explores the full sequence space, guided by the physical principles that underlie protein folding. Computational methodology has advanced to the point that a wide range of structures can be designed from scratch with atomic-level accuracy. Almost all protein engineering so far has involved the modification of naturally occurring proteins; it should now be possible to design new functional proteins from the ground up to tackle current challenges in biomedicine and nanotechnology.
When to Suspect Metabolic Disease

Careful clinical and family histories, repeated clinical examinations and a sequential work-up by routine laboratory and organ evaluation remains the best and most often only way to diagnosis. While it is imperative to exclude disorders for which effective treatments are available, in cases of slowly progressive, and by experience often incurable disorders, diagnostic procedures should be performed stepwise. Unexpected findings in the “routine” laboratory in patients with unusual and unexplained symptoms may be indicative of an inborn error of metabolism. Every child who is suspected of suffering from an inborn error of metabolism requires a careful evaluation of organ functions aided by routine laboratory and imaging investigations. The involvement of multiple organ systems is an especially strong indication for an inherited metabolic disease. As it can be very difficult to recognize a constellation which was not personally experiences, a second opinion should be sought of in case of unexplained symptoms or disease courses. Metabolic investigations are usually not indicated in children with moderate developmental delay, isolated delay in speech development in early childhood, moderate failure to thrive, frequent infections, occasional seizures, e.g. during fever, or defined epileptic syndromes.
The once and future tape recorder

The author examines extremely-wideband, high-capacity data storage in the context of requirements for very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) in radio astronomy. He reviews the evolution of VLBI tape recorders. He shows that the need for better sensitivity in VLBI has driven the development of one of those tools, the raw data recorder, which can now record 128 Mb/s for 12 hours. He concludes that basic tape and machine technology to increase capacity and bandwidth with 64-fold to 43 TB and one GB/s has been demonstrated piecemeal. A viable product however needs further refinement and testing of key tape, head, and drive components, integrated channel electronics and genuine production engineering. >
Negative affect subtypes and craving differentially predict long-term cessation success among smokers achieving initial abstinence

This study aimed to examine the associations of individual trajectories of three types of negative affect (NA: anxiety, depression, and anger) and craving during a 44-day period of incentivized smoking abstinence period with cessation outcome at 3 months and at 1 year. Adult smokers (N = 140) completed questionnaire assessments of NA and craving during pre-quit baseline sessions and 15 postquit sessions over the 45 days of biochemically verified abstinence while on nicotine or placebo patch treatment. Growth curve and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of trajectory parameters of the individual NA states and craving with the abstinence outcomes at 3 months and 1 year postquit. Greater declines in anxiety, depression, and anger symptoms over the first 44 days of smoking cessation were predictive of higher odds of abstinence at both 3 months and 1 year. Moreover, the greater declines in anxiety and anger remained as significant predictors of abstinence at both time points, independent of the predictive ability of the trajectory profiles of craving. The findings suggest that slower dissipation of NA, especially anxiety and anger, represents a greater risk for relapse to smoking beyond that predicted by craving during early abstinence. Thus, temporal profiles of the affective symptoms convey unique motivational significance in relapse. Reduction in NA during early abstinence may be a valid target for interventions to increase long-term cessation success rates particularly among individuals with refractory affective symptoms.
Personality development and health

Numerous studies that link personality traits with health status, sometimes decades in the future, providing a strong claim for personality traits to causally influence physical health. While the prevailing consensus is that personality traits influence health through intermediary processes like health behaviors, less discussed is the possibility that health status influences personality. In this chapter, we describe the existing evidence that health is associated with changes in personality and discuss the potential mechanisms that relate the two.
Mechanically stimulated biomarkers signal cartilage changes over 5 years consistent with disease progression in medial knee osteoarthritis patients

Using serum biomarkers to assess osteoarthritis (OA) disease state and risks of progression remain challenging. This study tested the hypothesis that changes to serum biomarkers in response to a mechanical stimulus in patients with medial knee OA signal cartilage thickness changes five years later. Specifically, serum concentrations of a collagen degradation marker (C1,2C) and a chondroitin sulfate synthesis marker (CS846) were measured 0.5 and 5.5 hours after a 30-minute walk in 16 patients. Regional cartilage thickness changes measured from magnetic resonance images obtained at study entry and at 5-year follow-up were tested for correlations with baseline biomarker changes after mechanical stimulus, and for differences between groups stratified based on whether biomarker levels increased or decreased. Results showed that an increase in the degradation biomarker C1,2C correlated with cartilage thinning of the lateral tibia (R=-0.63, P=0.009), whereas an increase in the synthesis marker CS846 correlated with cartilage thickening of the lateral femur (R=0.76, P=0.001). Changes in C1,2C and CS846 were correlated (R2=0.28, P=0.037). Subjects with increased C1,2C had greater (P=0.05) medial tibial cartilage thinning than those with decreased C1,2C. In conclusion, the mechanical stimulus appeared to metabolically link the biomarker responses where biomarker increases signaled more active OA disease states. The findings of medial cartilage thinning for patients with increases in the degradation marker and correlation of cartilage thickening in the less involved lateral femur with increases in the synthetic marker were consistent with progression of medial compartment OA. Thus, the mechanical stimulus facilitated assessing OA disease states using serum biomarkers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
A novel oocyte maturation trigger using 1500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin plus 450 IU of follicle-stimulating hormone may decrease ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome across all in vitro fertilization stimulation protocols

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The middle initial of Douglas A. Mata was omitted. The original article has been corrected.
An atypical CaV1.1 mutation reveals a common mechanism for hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoKPP) is a rare, dominantly inherited disorder of muscle that is characterized by recurrent and prolonged episodes of severe weakness. These episodes are associated with low serum K+ (often <3.0 mM, normally 3.5–5.5 mM), often triggered by events that lower
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: Unraveling the Role of Age and Time Since Menopause Onset.

Featured Article: Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease: ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1991;325:756–2.3 A quarter century has elapsed since the publication of the article featured here, itself an extension of a 1985 paper on the same topic. These findings of a marked lowering of coronary heart disease (CHD)4 stimulated the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial. CHD is uncommon at menopause, so to increase statistical power, the WHI enrolled older women (range 50–79 years). However, the estrogen-progestin (1) and the estrogen-only trials were terminated early because of risk (2). The divergence of the trial and observational findings generated intense discussion that has not fully abated. A knee-jerk reaction was that observational studies were flawed, and one could only believe data from trials. A more reasoned reaction was to explore possible reasons. One explanation …
Effect of fermentation temperature on the properties of exopolysaccharides and the acid gelation behavior for milk fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus strains DGCC7785 and St-143

ABSTRACT We investigated the effect of fermenting milk with 2 strains (DGCC7785 and St-143) of Streptococcus thermophilus , which are known to produce different types of exopolysaccharide (EPS) structures. The yields and physical properties of these ropy EPS were monitored during the fermentation of milk at different temperatures. We wanted to understand how these types of EPS properties affected yogurt gelation. Reconstituted skim milk was fermented at 33, 39, or 45°C until pH values reached 5.2, 4.9, 4.7, and 4.5. Molar mass of ropy EPS samples was determined using size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering. Rheological properties of fermented milk gels were analyzed using small-strain dynamic oscillatory measurements. In both strains, concentrations of ropy EPS increased during fermentation and at all temperatures. Fermentation times, by both strains, were shortest at 45°C and longest at 33°C. For both strains, molar mass of ropy EPS ranged from 2 to 4 × 10 6 g/mol during fermentation. A major proteinaceous contaminant that was co-isolated with the ropy EPS fraction by our isolation method was identified as a milk-derived phosphoglycoprotein PP3. Increase in fermentation temperature from 33 to 45°C significantly decreased the storage modulus values (from 170 to 41 Pa) for milk gelled by strain DGCC7785, whereas the gels made with St-143 had very low storage modulus values (11–17 Pa) regardless of fermentation temperatures. For both strains, the values of maximum loss tangent in the milk gels increased with fermentation temperature; the maximum loss tangent occurred at higher pH values when milk was fermented by strain DGCC7785. The specific type of EPS produced appeared to be responsible for the differences in yogurt texture rather than the concentration or molar mass of the EPS.
Experimental Epilepsy: Cerebro-Cerebellar Interactions and Antiepileptic Drugs

Epilepsy is a term used to describe the repeated occurrence of any of the various clinical forms of convulsive seizures. Convulsive seizures appear to be the normal mode of expression of cerebral cortex and subcortical structures to an excessive, overwhelming discharge originating in a variety of loci. The tonic extensor rigidity and clonic convulsive movements of the clinical grand mal attack result from involvement of motor cortex and the spread of excitation away from the abnormal focal discharge (Adrian, 1936). One fundamental problem in epilepsy involves identification of the mechanism underlying and controlling the “highly explosive” discharges described by Kughlings Jackson (1931) which characterize the cortical epileptic focus (Ward, 1969).
Macular Choroidal Neovascularization and Defects in Bruch's Membrane in Children

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in children and adolescents is a rare cause of visual loss. It is defined as neovascularization originating in the choriocapillaris and extending into the subretinal space in patients younger than age 18 years. It typically occurs as a complication of inflammation or infection. The similarities and differences between adult and pediatric CNV underscores differences in the pathogenesis and treatment of this disorder.
Structural Properties of Optimal Wireless Transmission Using Harvested Energy

In our previous work, we study optimal energy-efficient real-time wireless transmission scheduling problems for systems with sufficient battery power. In this work, we extend the analysis to similar systems that rely on harvested energy. In particular, we study two types of systems: (i) The harvested energy trickles in at a constant rate and (ii) The harvested energy can only be obtained when the wireless system is not transmitting. For the first type of systems, we show structural properties of the optimal sample path. For the second type of systems, we solve a special case that some backlogged tasks need to be transmitted by a common deadline.
Noise and vibration suppression of electric power steering systems: a survey

Electric power steering (EPS) systems have become the ideal steering system for most vehicles because of the generated torque assist mechanism making steering easier for drivers. However, EPS systems generate unwanted noise and vibration that can adversely affect the comfort and health of drivers. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the source of vibrations. Various isolation techniques including passive, active, or semi active have been proposed for achieving best noise and vibration attenuation. Discrete and distributed mathematical models have been employed to predict the dynamic response of EPS systems. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of mathematical modelling, vibration isolation methods, and optimisation techniques used for improving the design of EPS systems.
Oxidases, carbon nanotubes, and direct electron transfer: A cautionary tale.

Abstract The case study of four FAD-dependent oxidase enzymes is presented in the context of the often-claimed direct electron transfer (DET) to glucose oxidase at carbon nanotubes (CNT). The selected enzymes included d-amino acid (AAOx), alcohol (AOx), pyranose (PyOx), and choline oxidase (ChOx). Each enzyme (E) was mixed with chitosan and CNT (either multi- or single-walled) to form a CNT/E film on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. All eight CNT/E films displayed redox activity depicted by voltammetric current peaks near -0.4 V. However, no DET was observed for any of the films as indicated by the absence of expected substrate- and oxygen-induced asymmetry in the anodic-to-cathodic charge ratio. The peaks are suggested to be due to the redox of either a dissociated FAD cofactor, in the case of AAOx and AOx, or denatured enzyme in the case of PyOx and ChOx. The amperometric assays of the films revealed the lowering of enzymatic activity of all four oxidases by CNT. The results are consistent with the hypothesis of oxidase molecules displaying a spectrum of enzymatic activity in CNT/E films ranging from voltammetrically untraceable (for molecules adsorbed on CNT) to amperometrically measurable (for molecules remote from CNT). The kinetic studies showed that enzyme molecules with no net charge leached at the slowest rate from CNT/E films. This work adds to a growing number of reports challenging the fallacy of DET to FAD-dependent native oxidases.
Synthesis of Boron Nitride Coated Silica Filler for Preparing Thermally Conductive Epoxy Composites

Increasing power density in the modern electronics with continuous miniaturization and rapid growth in functionality demands fast heat removal capability of the package from the chip. Traditional encapsulant materials such as epoxy molding compounds or underfills are seen as poor thermal conductor due to the low intrinsic thermal conductivity of the fused silica fillers (~1 W/mK) extensively used in formulating these epoxy encapsulants. Boron nitride (BN) possesses extraordinarily high thermal conductivity (~400 W/mK in plane) but its 2-D platelet shape limits the loading level due to the rheological issues. In this work, the BN coated silica (BN@SiO2) fillers are synthesized through silane assisted assembly method. The chemical modification on the filler interface chemistry and the morphology of the synthesized BN@SiO2 is discussed in detail. A significantly reduced viscosity at various shear rates demonstrates the better flowability of epoxy loaded with BN@SiO2 fillers compared to those directly mixed with BN and SiO2 fillers, indicating the potential of further increase of BN loading level. Moreover, the much-improved thermal conductivity in these composites (~0.7 W/mK at 30 wt% loading) suggests that the as synthesized BN@SiO2 could be promising candidate to prepare highly thermally conductive epoxy encapsulants in order to effectively dissipate the heat generated from high performance chips.
Considerations for Wearable Sensors to Monitor Physical Performance During Spaceflight Intravehicular Activities

Wearable sensors provide the capability to noninvasively monitor physiological parameters during spaceflight, including those related to physical performance and daily activity. Regular monitoring of general health and exercise capabilities in astronauts can ensure adequate performance levels and record health changes caused by the space environment. Relevant measurables include vital signs, cardiovascular health, and activity monitoring. Wearable sensor devices can be comfortable for long-term use and easy to operate, which is particularly important during more autonomous future planetary missions. Many devices are currently being developed and tested, but few wearable devices or integrated "smart" garments have been assigned for regular use on the International Space Station. The unique needs of the space environment must be considered to facilitate the development and implementation of wearable devices, particularly "smart" sensor garments, for space applications.
Experience of migraine, its severity, and perceived efficacy of treatments among cannabis users.

Abstract Objectives As the legal and cultural landscape surrounding cannabis use in the United States continues to evolve, more Americans are turning to cannabis to self-medicate a number of ailments, including migraines. The purpose of the present study was to examine patterns of cannabis use and its associated relief among migraineurs. Design Participants were N = 589 adult cannabis users living in states with full legal access. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed an online survey assessing their cannabis use profiles, migraine experience, and self-reported relief from cannabis and non-cannabis treatments. Results 161 participants (27.3 %) reported experiencing migraines. 76.4 % of migraineurs (N = 123) endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines. 69.9 % (N = 86) of migraineurs using cannabis for migraine relief also endorsed using non-cannabis products (e.g., over-the-counter pain medication, triptans) to treat their migraines. Although their subjective health was similar (p = .17), migraineurs who endorsed using cannabis to treat their migraines reported more severe migraines compared to those who did not (p = .02). Migraineurs reported significantly more migraine relief from cannabis compared to non-cannabis products, even after controlling for migraine severity (p = .03). The majority of migraineurs using cannabis to treat their migraines were not medical cardholders (65.0 %), suggesting that these individuals were self-medicating in lieu of physician guidance. Conclusions The present study provides insight into the prevalence of cannabis use for migraine relief in a sample of cannabis users, and suggests that these migraineurs experience a high level of migraine relief from cannabis. Future studies are needed to determine the cannabis forms, potencies, and dosages that are most effective at treating migraine pain.
Association Between Medicaid Expansion and Diagnosis and Management of Colon Cancer

Background The Affordable Care Act facilitated improved insurance coverage for states that expanded Medicaid coverage, but the impact on cancer outcomes is unclear. This study compared changes in the diagnosis and management of colon cancer in states that did and did not participate in Medicaid expansion. Study Design Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DID) approach, we analyzed Medicaid and uninsured patients in the National Cancer Data Base during 2 time periods: pre (2011-2012) and post expansion (2015-2016). Patients in non-expansion states were compared with those in January 2014 expansion states with regard to changes in patient and facility characteristics, cancer staging, treatment decisions, and surgical outcomes. Results Along with increased Medicaid coverage (DID = 20.27; p Conclusions Medicaid expansion correlated with earlier diagnosis, enhanced access, and improved surgical care for colon cancer patients. These findings highlight the importance of improving health insurance coverage and can help guide future policy efforts.
Nanowires unravel a time-correlated stochastic vectorial process in cells

A cell uses its cytoskeletal machinery to control its membrane projections to seek and obtain cargo from its microenvironment. Though this process has been studied extensively using spherical cargo, it remains largely unknown how the process operates with vectorial ones, which are non-spheroid rigid objects with an aspect ratio. In this study, a vectorial cargo, silicon nanowire, was observed to have multiple modes of initial contact and to realign along a membrane projection or on a lamella. Using a qualitative theoretical approach, we demonstrate how membrane energy fluctuations potentially drive this realignment of a vectorial cargo. This was understood by calculations which establish how aspect ratio controls the energy landscape in a vectorial object and its influence on relative energy stability of nanowire-membrane contacts. A study of the realignment transport of vectorial cargoes and their comparison with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process simulations revealed how one-dimensional time-correlated noise manifested in the transport process. Furthermore, a comparison between sliding of nanowires on cell membrane contacts versus rotational realignment with the same model revealed identical characteristics behind both. The understanding that one-dimensional time-correlated noise underlies both sliding and rotation of a vectorial cargo establishes how cytoskeletal dynamics effectively couples their realignment with subsequent transport for phagocytosis. This work establishes the significance of vectorial cargoes and the nature of underlying vectorial processes that enable their cellular processing.
Ag-doped Bioactive Glass-Ceramic 3D Scaffolds: Microstructural, Antibacterial, and Biological Properties

Abstract Ag-doped sol-gel derived bioactive glass-ceramic particles (Ag-BG) were used to fabricate highly porous scaffolds exhibiting advanced antibacterial properties and formation of an apatite-like layer. The applied heat treatment for the development of the 3D Ag-BG scaffolds was selected after the characterization of the thermal behavior of Ag-BG particles using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot stage microscopy (HSM). The structural characteristics of the scaffolds were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), micro-computerized tomography (Micro-CT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR), magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to correlate how the characteristics in the hierarchal structure of the Ag-BG scaffolds affected their antibacterial performance and apatite forming ability. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was used to evaluate the antibacterial response of the Ag-BG scaffolds. The observed characteristics make these Ag-BG scaffolds attractive candidates for biomedical applications.
Power Cycling Effects on the Structural Stability of Thermal Pastes Used in Microelectronics

Format This is a copy of the slides presented at the meeting but not formally written up for the volume. Abstract Description: Thermal pastes are a class of soft composite materials of great importance to the microelectronics industry. The function of these pastes is two-fold: (i) to transport heat away from the chip; and (ii) to accommodate mechanical stresses in the package arising from the mismatch in the thermal expansion between the chip and the heat spreader or sink. Due to the former requirement, thermal pastes are among some of the most highly-filled composite systems in practice (solids volume fraction > 70%). These materials are expected to withstand the significant normal forces, lateral forces, and temperature variations associated with chip operations and power off/on transitions. The structural changes and degradation of various thermal pastes during power cycling have been characterized using optical microscopy and IR thermography. Correlations between the evolving structures and variables such as thermal paste inhomogeneity and binder-particle dispersability have been successfully made and will be presented.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ca-based Layered Double Hydroxides as Solid Sorbents for Carbon Capture

The development of new sorbents for carbon capture that are (i) widely available, (ii) low cost, and (iii) require less energy for rejuvenation compared with current sorbent technologies is an area of significant interest to industries with point-source CO2 emissions and those pursuing direct air capture (DAC). Here, we synthesized high purity Ca-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and performed a preliminary evaluation of their low-temperature carbon capture potential at high relative humidity (85 %). In particular, CaFe- and CaAl-LDHs with chloride as the interlayer anion were obtained through addition of a trivalent cation (Fe3+ or Al3+) to a Ca(OH)2 suspension in an inert environment. Characterization of the reaction products was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, where preliminary results showed successful synthesis of high-purity Ca-based LDHs. The synthesized samples were carbonated at 30 °C for 1 hr in a controlled environment with 85 % RH and 1 % CO2. The carbonated samples were characterized using XRD and ATR-FTIR analysis, and subsequently subjected to thermal decomposition via TGA where the evolved gases were studied concurrently using FTIR analysis. Our results show that the chemical tailoring of Ca(OH)2 may not only reduce its regeneration energy but also lead to an improved adsorption capacity.
The Evolution of Eupathics: The Historical Roots of Subjective Measures of Wellbeing

This paper traces the historical roots of subjective measures of wellbeing, that is, measures designed to represent happiness, satisfaction, or other “positive” or desirable mental states. While it is often suggested that these measures are a modern invention, I argue that they have a long and rich history that conforms to Theodore M. Porter’s general account of measurement in social and behavioral science. Subjective measures emerged in marital success studies, educational psychology, and personality psychology in the 1920s and 30s, and were further shaped by the epidemiology of mental health, gerontology, and the social indicator movement in the 1960s and 70s. Consistent with Porter’s account, these measures emerged in applied rather than theoretical branches of social and behavioral science, and they did so not as a result of physics envy, but rather as a result of a moral impulse to improve society; quantification was intended to make up for perceived deficiencies in unaided human judgment; and radical disagreements about the nature of wellbeing did not impede efforts to measure it – indeed, in time, there was considerably more agreement about how to measure wellbeing than about how to define it.
Educating Public Managers and Policy Analysts in an Era of Informatics

In this chapter, two ideal types of practitioners who may use or create policy informatics projects, programs, or platforms are introduced: the policy informatics-savvy public manager and the policy informatics analyst. Drawing from our experiences in teaching an informatics-friendly graduate curriculum, we discuss the range of learning competencies needed for traditional public managers and policy informatics-oriented analysts to thrive in an era of informatics. The chapter begins by describing the two different types of students who are, or can be touched by, policy informatics-friendly competencies, skills, and attitudes. Competencies ranging from those who may be users of policy informatics and sponsors of policy informatics projects and programs to those analysts designing and executing policy informatics projects and programs will be addressed. The chapter concludes with an illustration of how one Master of Public Administration (MPA) program with a policy informatics-friendly mission, a core curriculum that touches on policy informatics applications, and a series of program electives that allows students to develop analysis and modeling skills, designates its informatics-oriented competencies.
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Skeletal Muscle Troponin

The purified inhibitory subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin, TN-I (M.W. 24,000) was phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase in the presence of Mg− ATP2− and Ca2+, and by protein kinase in the presence of Mg−ATP2− and cyclic AMP2. Phosphorylase phosphatase removed all the phosphate incorporated by either kinase. The primary site of phosphorylation of TN-I by phosphorylase kinase was a threonine residue, as compared to a serine residue in phosphorylase a. Comparison of kinetic parameters for both kinases and the phosphatase with TN-I and other protein substrates showed it to be a favorable substrate. The tropomyosin binding subunit of troponin, TN-T (M.W. 38,000) was also phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase, but not protein kinase, and dephosphorylated by phosphorylase phosphatase. Incubation of troponin with Mg−ATP2− and either phosphorylase kinase or protein kinase resulted in incorporation of phosphate into both TN-I and TN-T with both kinases. All of the phosphate incorporated was removed by phosphorylase phosphatase.
Two base changes restore infectivity to a noninfectious molecular clone of Moloney murine leukemia virus (pMLV-1).

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of a molecular clone of Moloney murine leukemia virus (pMLV-1) has previously been reported (Shinnick et al., Nature [London] 293:543-548, 1981). However, pMLV-1 does not generate infectious virus after transfection into cells (Berns et al., J. Virol. 36:254-263, 1980). The lesion in pMLV-1 has been localized by determining the biological activity of recombinants containing DNA from an infectious clone of Moloney murine leukemia virus (pMLV-48) and pMLV-1. Replacement of a 1.0-kilobase pair region which spans the gag-pol junction of pMLV-1 with the corresponding DNA fragment from the infectious clone restores its infectivity. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment obtained from the infectious clone (pMLV-48) and pMLV-1 reveals two single base pair changes, one in the p30gag gene and the other in the 5' end of the pol gene. The mutation in the pol gene does not affect the production of infectious virus but renders them XC negative, whereas the mutation in the gag gene appears to be lethal. The complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of Moloney murine leukemia virus can now be deduced.
Prevention of thymic atrophy in mammary tumor bearers by IFN-gamma

Development of the in vivo transplantable D1-DMBA-3 mammary tumors results in an alteration of several cytokines in the host, and IFN-γ is one of the most severely downregulated. Notably, the thymuses of these mice display a profound atrophy that is associated with a severe depletion of CD4+8+ thymocytes. Investigations into the possible mechanisms that lead to this thymic atrophy revealed that the levels of proliferation assessed by in vivo labeling with 5' -bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) were similar in control and tumor-bearing mice. However, our studies implicated a modest increase in apoptosis, coupled with an arrest at the triple negative stage of differentiation in the thymic hypocellularity in tumor bearers. We have transfected the DA-3 mammary tumor cell line, derived in vitro from the in vivo D1-DMBA tumors, with the IFN-γ gene and showed the production of high levels of IFN-γ protein by the transfected cells. Inoculation of hosts with IFN-γ transfected cells 4 days prior to challenge with the D1-DMBA-3 tumor resulted in a blockage of the thymus involution in these mice. In contrast, using in the same protocol untransfected DA-3 cells, the progressive atrophy observed in animals with D1-DMBA-3 tumors was observed. These results suggest that the lack of IFN-γ may be an important factor in the thymic atrophy that occurs during mammary tumorigenesis.
Structure, expression, and regulation of the kilC operon of promiscuous IncP alpha plasmids.

Abstract The kil-kor regulon was first identified on the broad-host-range IncP alpha plasmid RK2 by the presence of multiple kil loci (kilA, kilB, kilC, and recently kilE) that are lethal to Escherichia coli host cells in the absence of regulation by kor functions in various combinations. Whereas the kilB operon is required for mating-pair formation during conjugation, the functions encoded by the other kil loci are not known. They are not essential for replication or conjugal transfer, but their coregulation with replication and transfer genes indicates that they are likely to be important for RK2. In this report, we describe molecular and genetic studies on kilC. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the kilC region, which is located between the origin of vegetative replication (oriV) and transposon Tn1 on RK2. Primer extension analysis identified the transcriptional start site and showed that a sequence corresponding to a strong sigma 70 promoter is functional. The abundance of RNA initiated from the kilC promoter is reduced in the presence of korA and korC, as predicted from genetic analysis of kilC regulation. The first gene of the kilC operon (klcA) is sufficient to express the host-lethal phenotype of the kilC determinant in the absence of korA and korC. By comparing RK2 to the related IncP alpha plasmids pUZ8 and R995, we determined that the Tn1 transposon in RK2 interrupts a gene (klcB) immediately downstream of klcA. Thus, the kilC determinant is normally part of an autoregulated operon of three genes: klcA, klcB, and korC. klcA is predicted to encode a 15,856-Da polypeptide that is related to the ArdB antirestriction protein of the IncN plasmid pKM101, suggesting a role for klcA in the broad host ranges of IncP alpha plasmids. The predicted product of the uninterrupted klcB gene is a polypeptide of 51,133 Da that contains a segment with significant similarity to the RK2 regulatory proteins KorA and TrbA. Located 145 bp upstream of the kilC promoter is a 10th copy of the 17-bp oriV iteron sequence in inverted orientation relative to that of the other nine iterons of oriV. Iteron 10 is identical to the "orphan" iteron 1, and both have identical 6-bp flanking sequences that make them likely to be strong binding sites for the TrfA replication initiator protein. The locations and relative orientation of orphan iterons 10 and 1 raise the possibility that these iterons promote the formation of a DNA loop via protein-protein interactions by bound TrfA and lead us to propose that they demarcate the functional origin of replication. This analysis of the kilC region and our previous studies on the other kil loci of RK2 have revealed that the region between oriV and the korABF operon in wild-type IncP alpha plasmids is saturated by the kilC, kilE, and kilA loci arranged in four kor-regulated operons encoding a total of 12 genes.
Sensor technologies for hunting buried sea mines

Conventional high frequency sonars may be ineffective in the detection and classification of buried sea mines. Hence new approaches are required to address this problem. Under the magnetic and acoustic detection of mines (MADOM) advanced technology demonstration in 1990, the fusion of low-frequency imaging sonars and magnetic sensors was introduced and successfully demonstrated to provide detection and classification capabilities against buried mines. In February 2002, the Office of Naval Research initiated a project to provide a deliberate capability for hunting buried sea mines. Recent developments in acoustic and electromagnetic sensor technology, signal processing, and data fusion are being pursued. Objectives and approaches for this buried minehunting (BMH) project are described. The new sensor technologies and system concepts that have evolved since MADOM are discussed. Plans to test and demonstrate these technologies and concepts are presented.
Justice Breyer, Professor Kahn, and Antitrust Enforcement in Regulated Industries

In his scholarly writings before joining the Supreme Court, Justice Breyer was skeptical of regulation and supportive of antitrust as a preferable alternative. In this regard Breyer was in express agreement with Professor Alfred Kahn, who championed airline and telecommunications deregulation while advocating antitrust enforcement to promote competition in those industries. It might therefore appear unexpected that Justice Breyer would write the opinion in one case, Credit Suisse v. Billing, and would side with the decision in another, Verizon v. Trinko, to limit antitrust enforcement in regulated industries. This Essay examines the reasoning of Credit Suisse and Trinko. Then, focusing on Breyer’s 1987 California Law Review article and the accompanying commentary by Professor Kahn, it explains why those cases are more predictable than paradoxical in light of Justice Breyer’s earlier scholarly work.