cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stressor-induced release of substances from the rat amygdala detected by the push-pull cannula.

THE push-pull cannula, originally used to determine the release of endogenous acetylcholine1, has been combined with intraventricular injection of radioactively labelled noradrenaline2 and other substances to investigate the release of noradrenaline and its metabolites after electrical brain stimulation in the free-moving rat3. The technique has also been used to study the release of noradrenaline, serotonin, urea, inulin and α-aminoisobutyric acid from the olfactory bulb after olfactory stimulation in anaesthetized rats4 and the release of noradrenaline, its metabolites and urea after injections of desipramine and reserpine5. Although noradrenaline has been detected in all cases, simultaneous release of such substances as inulin and urea4 has raised questions about the meaning and specificity of the release of noradrenaline.
Global Surgery Fellowship: A model for surgical care and education in resource-poor countries.

Abstract Background/Purpose Surgical diseases have recently been shown to be a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Effective methods to decrease the burden of surgical disease and provide care in resource-poor settings are unknown. An opportunity to meet this need exists through collaborative efforts to train local surgeons in specialty care, such as pediatric general surgery. Methods We present a novel model for the provision of surgical care and education in a resource-poor setting via a collaborative Global Surgery Fellowship program. Through Partners in Health in Haiti, this program placed a fully trained pediatric surgeon at an established rural hospital, both to temporarily serve that community and to teach local surgeons pediatric surgical care. Results The Global Surgery Fellow performed the cases presented here during his term, between July 2009 and June 2010. A total of 147 operative procedures were performed on 131 patients over the course of 12 weeks in Haiti. A total of 134 of the 147 total cases performed (91.2%) were educational cases, in which the Fellow operated with and trained one or more of the following: American medical students, American residents, Haitian residents, or Haitian staff surgeons. Conclusion The Global Surgery Fellowship model overcomes many of the traditional challenges to providing adequate surgical care in resource-poor countries. Specifically, it meets the challenge of providing a broad educational experience for many levels of local and foreign physicians, while working within an established locally run health care system. We believe that this model is generalizable to many resource-poor hospitals with permanent local staff that are open to collaboration.
Discriminant Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research

Social science research often entails the comparison of two or more groups. For example, researchers may explore differences between sexes, races, ethnicities, sexual identities, treatment conditions, diagnostic categories, or various other grouping variables. While there are a number of ways to approach these comparisons, applied social science researchers often become comfortable with only one or two and may lack the time to learn or investigate others that may be more appropriate for their research questions. This article presents discriminant analysis as one of these alternative approaches. More specifically, it describes descriptive discriminant analysis in greater detail, including an example using SPSS (Version 11.0) output.
TCAS traffic display redesign

The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is designed to reduce the number of mid-air collisions. TCAS monitors the nearby airspace for other aircraft which are shown to the pilot on a traffic situation display (TSD). In addition, TCAS alerts the pilot to the presence of nearby aircraft with a precautionary Traffic Advisory (TA). If separation continues to degrade, TCAS then provides a Resolution Advisory (RA) which will audibly and visually instruct the pilot to make a vertical avoidance maneuver. However, pilots do not always comply with the RA. Changing the TSD could help improve pilot compliance. During an RA, the pilot is asked to maneuver vertically, but the TSD provides a top-down horizontal view which does not project the flight-path of other traffic and does not show if the other traffic is also receiving an RA. This project performed a literature review, a work domain analysis, and pilot interviews to inform design changes. The design methods echoed a need to provide pilots with better altitude information during traffic events along with a better picture of traffic heading and velocity. From these results, a new display was designed and is described using an animation. Future work includes evaluation of the new display as part of an iterative design process.
A Longitudinal, Descriptive Study of Sociology Majors: The Development of Engagement, the Sociological Imagination, Identity, and Autonomy.

In this exploratory scholarship of teaching and learning study, we describe the development, over time, of engagement in the discipline, the ability to use the sociological imagination and other learning, an identity as a sociologist, and a sense of being an autonomous learner in a group of sociology majors. We followed 18 students who completed questionnaires, learning reflection essays, and face-to-face interviews over a period of about two years in their careers as sociology majors. We found that students showed few, small, and mixed changes over time in the major dependent variables as well as small increases in involvement in useful academic and study behaviors.
PREFERENCE SATISFACTION AND WELFARE ECONOMICS

The tenuous claims of cost-benefit analysis to guide policy so as to promote welfare turn on measuring welfare by preference satisfaction and taking willingness-to-pay to indicate preferences. Yet it is obvious that people's preferences are not always self-interested and that false beliefs may lead people to prefer what is worse for them even when people are self-interested. So welfare is not preference satisfaction, and hence it appears that cost-benefit analysis and welfare economics in general rely on a mistaken theory of well-being. This essay explores the difficulties, criticizes standard defences of welfare economics, and then offers a new partial defence that maintains that welfare economics is independent of any philosophical theory of well-being. Welfare economics requires nothing more than an evidential connection between preference and welfare: in circumstances in which people are concerned with their own interests and reasonably good judges of what will serve their interests, their preferences will be reliable indicators of what is good for them.
A Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer

We describe a new instrument to be flown on ISEE-C which is optimized to measure the isotopic composition of solar and galactic cosmic rays with ~5 to ~250 MeV/nucleon. A mass resolution of <0.3 AMU should be achieved for all elements with charge Z < 30.
Connectivity and critical point behavior in mobile ad hoc and sensor networks

A well-known approach to increase the resilience of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and unstructured sensor networks is to ensure a network topology where there are at least k disjoint routes in the network between each pair of network nodes (usually called k-connectivity). Asymptotic analyses of node density requirements for k-connectivity have been considered in the literature. In this paper, we present the results of a simulation study investigating the relationship between asymptotic results in the literature and k-connectivity under varying nodal density and nodal degree. The numerical results illustrate where the asymptotic approximations breakdown and we show that this largely due to the existence of critical connectivity points in the topology. Using a critical point identification algorithm we examine how the number of critical points varies with nodal degree, nodal density and node mobility. In addition, critical point is evaluated its effectiveness on the network caused by failure.
Correlation between acoustic speech characteristics and non-speech motor performance in Parkinson Disease

Background Research has found that non-speech motor deficits in Parkinson Disease (PD) can be consistently improved by levodopa medications and surgical treatment, but that speech and voice are only partially responsive to treatment. This has led to the assertion that speech is an axial (non-peripheral) feature of PD, along with other features that are only partially responsive to treatment (e.g., postural stability and gait). The current study tested this assertion via examination of the relationship between multiple measures of speech production and multiple measures of non-speech movement in individuals with PD. Material/methods Nine individuals with idiopathic PD were studied, and all participants were taking levodopa-carbidopa medication. Motor performance was examined using the motor portion of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and speech was examined via acoustic analysis of phonation, articulation, and prosody. Results Seven of sixteen speech acoustic measures (FoSD in vowels, F2 slope for /u/ and /ae/, FoSD in reading, articulation rate in monologue, and percent pause in reading and monologue) were significantly correlated with non-speech movements. Results suggested that speech measures are correlated with both axial motor symptoms (e.g., gait, facial expression, posture, postural stability) and non-axial motor symptoms (e.g., rest tremor, left and right bradykinesia, postural tremor). Conclusions It has been hypothesized that axial symptoms of PD are more purely dopaminergic, and non-axial symptoms are related to non-dopaminergic lesions. Therefore, the current results indicate that certain speech deficits in PD may result from dopaminergic lesions, while others appear to result from non-dopaminergic lesions.
Acute conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation during dofetilide initiation.

Background:Dofetilide (D) is a highly selective blocker of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current and was approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) based on a satisfactory safety/efficacy profile from trials in patients with left ventricle (LV) dysfunction or heart failure. The dose-dependant acute conversion rates (<72 hours) were reported to be in the range of 6–30%. We hypothesized that the acute pharmacological conversion rate of D is higher than previously reported if used in a healthier cohort of patients with persistent AF. Methods and Results:Eighty consecutive patients received D dosing per Cockroft-Gault adjustment for creatinine clearance and QTc intervals. Patients were 61 ± 10 years, 79% male, ejection fraction (EF) 53 ± 13%, coronary artery disease 20%, and left atrial dimension 4.1 ± 0.2 cms. The duration of the treated AF episode was a median of 19 days (range 10–113 days). All patients received D while on telemetry for at least six dosing intervals. After 2.2 ± 1.2 doses, 77% of patients converted to sinus rhythm (SR) and 23% did not and required direct current (DC) cardioversion. Acute pharmacological conversion rates were: 20% for D 125 mcg bid, 44% for 250 mcg bid, and 85% for 500 mcg bid. None of the patients had torsade de pointes and none had to stop D for intolerance. Failure to convert to SR on D alone was associated with larger left atrium (LA) diameter (P = 0.04), longer duration of AF (P = 0.02), and use of lower dosages of D (P = 0.04). Conclusions:D had an unusually high pharmacological conversion rate, demonstrated an incremental dose response, and was well tolerated and safe, in a relatively healthy adult cohort with persistent AF. In addition to D dose, pharmaco-conversion was predicted by LA size and AF duration. D is a desirable alternative for conversion of AF in a variety of clinical settings.
On Constructing Retrospective ―X Control Chart Limits

In this paper, we address the issue of constructing retrospective ―X control chart limits so as to control the overall probability of a false alarm at a desired level. The standard approach for constructing limits is shown to result in a large overall probability of a false alarm. We propose that an established technique, the analysis of means (ANOM), be used for constructing the retrospective control limits, especially when the subgroup size is small. We compare the performance of the ANOM control limits with that of Bonferroni-adjusted standard limits through Monte Carlo simulation experiments, and make recommendations as to when each approach can be used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The temporal dynamics of object processing in visual cortex during the transition from distributed to focused spatial attention

Several major cognitive neuroscience models have posited that focal spatial attention is required to integrate different features of an object to form a coherent perception of it within a complex visual scene. Although many behavioral studies have supported this view, some have suggested that complex perceptual discrimination can be performed even with substantially reduced focal spatial attention, calling into question the complexity of object representation that can be achieved without focused spatial attention. In the present study, we took a cognitive neuroscience approach to this problem by recording cognition-related brain activity both to help resolve the questions about the role of focal spatial attention in object categorization processes and to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms, focusing particularly on the temporal cascade of these attentional and perceptual processes in visual cortex. More specifically, we recorded electrical brain activity in humans engaged in a specially designed cued visual search paradigm to probe the object-related visual processing before and during the transition from distributed to focal spatial attention. The onset times of the color popout cueing information, indicating where within an object array the subject was to shift attention, was parametrically varied relative to the presentation of the array (i.e., either occurring simultaneously or being delayed by 50 or 100 msec). The electrophysiological results demonstrate that some levels of object-specific representation can be formed in parallel for multiple items across the visual field under spatially distributed attention, before focal spatial attention is allocated to any of them. The object discrimination process appears to be subsequently amplified as soon as focal spatial attention is directed to a specific location and object. This set of novel neurophysiological findings thus provides important new insights on fundamental issues that have been long-debated in cognitive neuroscience concerning both object-related processing and the role of attention.
Mobile ad hoc networks: a hybrid approach for the selection of super peers

The classic dilemma of decentralization versus centralization made the choice of an organizational structure for mobile ad hoc networks challenging. Related research on peer-to-peer networks has led to the development of the super peer model. In this paper, we study the use of super peer models in mobile ad hoc networks emphasizing the selection of super peers and propose a novel hybrid selection algorithm. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Compared to the lowest ID algorithm, empirical results show reductions of 35% in leadership switching, 89% in the maximum service time (i.e. a measure of load balance), and 79% in selecting unqualified nodes, and a gain of 16% on the mean time between successive switches. The proposed algorithm achieves significant improvement on network stability and load balance.
A high-fidelity immersive cluster-based driving simulator for transportation safety research

There are many challenges to create a high-fidelity immersive driving simulator based on PC clusters with multi-channeled projector support, while still maintaining a high frame rate for complex scenes. This paper describes how such a system was conceived and implemented to support behavioral research on highway safety and operations. The real highway safety research study is used to compare the driver behavior derived from real-world roadway data with data collected in a simulated environment to valid the simulator. The hardware and software architectures are discussed in detail, respectively. Such architectures have been constructed to support upgradeability, scalability, extendibility, and flexibility. The experimental results of the real study are shown in daytime and nighttime, respectively. The conclusions and future work are described in the end.
Field evaluation of granular starch formulations of bacillus thuringiensis against Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)

Bacillus thuringiensis subs. Kurstaki Berliner was encapsulated within cornstarch granules with the feeding stimulant Coax or the UV screen Congo red and tested at two field sites against European corn borer, Ostrinia nub/lalis (Hubner), feeding in whorl stage corn. These tests were done to determine the relative effect of these additives on efficacy of starch-encapsulated B. thuringiensis . At both sites, all treatments with B. thuringiensis significantly reduced tunneling by O. nub/lalis . At one site, significant effects of addition of the phagostimulant were observed. When Coax was added at 1 or 10% of starch dry weight with 400 international units (IU) B. thuringiensis per mg dry granule weight, response of O. nub/lalis was equivalent to that obtained with granules containing no feeding stimulant and 1,600 IU/mg. Also, granules with Coax and 400 IU/mg gave a response similar to that obtained from the commercial product DipellOG formulated at 1,600 IU/mg. At the other site, the effect of phagostimulant was not significant, primarily because O. nub/lalis infestation levels were too low for precise discrimination among treatments.
Adult rhabdomyosarcoma survival improved with treatment on multimodality protocols.

Purpose Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric sarcoma rarely occurring in adults. For unknown reasons, adults with RMS have worse outcomes than do children. Methods and Materials We analyzed data from all patients who presented to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1990 and 2011 with RMS diagnosed at age 16 or older. One hundred forty-eight patients met the study criteria. Ten were excluded for lack of adequate data. Results The median age was 28 years. The histologic diagnoses were as follows: embryonal 54%, alveolar 33%, pleomorphic 12%, and not otherwise specified 2%. The tumor site was unfavorable in 67% of patients. Thirty-three patients (24%) were at low risk, 61 (44%) at intermediate risk, and 44 (32%) at high risk. Forty-six percent were treated on or according to a prospective RMS protocol. The 5-year rate of overall survival (OS) was 45% for patients with nonmetastatic disease. The failure rates at 5 years for patients with nonmetastatic disease were 34% for local failure and 42% for distant failure. Among patients with nonmetastatic disease (n=94), significant factors associated with OS were histologic diagnosis, site, risk group, age, and protocol treatment. On multivariate analysis, risk group and protocol treatment were significant after adjustment for age. The 5-year OS was 54% for protocol patients versus 36% for nonprotocol patients. Conclusions Survival in adult patients with nonmetastatic disease was significantly improved for those treated on RMS protocols, most of which are now open to adults.
Simultaneous state estimation and attenuation correction for thunderstorms with radar data using an ensemble Kalman filter: tests with simulated data

A new approach to dealing with attenuated radar reflectivity data in the data assimilation process is proposed and tested with simulated data using the ensemble square-root Kalman filter. This approach differs from the traditional method where attenuation is corrected in observation space first before observations are assimilated into numerical models. We build attenuation correction into the data assimilation system by calculating the expected attenuation within the forward observation operators using the estimated atmospheric state. Such a procedure does not require prior assumption about the types of hydrometeor species along the radar beams, and allows us to take advantage of knowledge about the hydrometeors obtained through data assimilation and state estimation. Being based on optimal estimation theory, error and uncertainty information on the observations and prior estimate can be effectively utilized, and additional observed parameters, such as those from polarimetric radar, can potentially be incorporated into the system. Tests with simulated reflectivity data of an X-band 3 cm wavelength radar for a supercell storm show that the attenuation correction procedure is very effective - the analyses obtained using attenuated data are almost as good as those obtained using unattenuated data. The procedure is also robust in the presence of moderate dropsize-distribution-related observation operator error and when systematic radar calibration error exists. The analysis errors are very large if no attenuation correction is applied. The effect of attenuation and its correction when radial velocity data are also assimilated is discussed as well. In general, attenuation correction is equally important when quality radial velocity data are also assimilated. Copyright c � 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Sensory factors affecting female consumers' acceptability of nail polish.

SynopsisObjective The objectives of this study were to determine what sensory factors impact consumers' acceptability of nail polishes, to explore how these sensory factors impact consumers' acceptability of nail polishes, to investigate whether there are any consumer segments according to their overall acceptability on different nail polishes and to scrutinize how the consumer segments are related to the sensory factors. Methods Ninety-eight females participated in a nail polish consumer study at Kansas State University. Eight commercial products belonging to four categories – regular (REG), gel (GEL), flake (FLK) and water-based (WAT) – were evaluated. Each nail polish sample was evaluated twice by each participant in two different tasks – a task devoted to applying and evaluating the product and a task devoted to observing the appearance and evaluating the product. Pearson's correlation analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), external preference mapping, cluster analysis and internal preference mapping were applied for data analysis. Results Participants' scores of overall liking of the nail polishes were similar in the application task and in the observation task. In general, participants liked the REG and GEL product samples more than the FLK and WAT samples. Among all the sensory attributes, appearance attributes were the major factors that affected participants' overall liking. Aroma seemed to be a minor factor to participants' overall liking. Some sensory attributes, such as runny, shininess, opacity, spreadability, smoothness, coverage and wet appearance, were found to drive participants' overall acceptability positively, whereas others such as pinhole, fatty-edges, blister, brushlines, pearl-like, flake-protrusion, glittery and initial-drag impacted participants' overall acceptability negatively. Four clusters of participants were identified according to their overall liking scores from both the application task and the observation task. Conclusions Participants' acceptability, based on different sensory attributes, could help a nail polish manufacturer modify or improve their nail polish formulas. Nail polish manufacturers could use the consumer cluster information to improve their marketing strategies for specific categories of their products and to target their advertising on particular consumer groups.
ON FEEDBACK CONTROL OF CHAOTIC NONLINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

In this paper, some interesting analysis and simulations on the control of chaotic dynamic systems using conventional feedback control strategies are presented. The typical discrete-time chaotic Lozi system is investigated in some detail. The trajectories of the chaotic Lozi system are controlled to its equilibrium points using conventional feedback controls. Analysis on the design of the feedback controllers and its computer simulations are included.
AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF CORRIDOR EFFECTS ON BUTTERFLY DENSITIES

In a large-scale experiment, we found that three habitat-restricted butterfly species reached higher densities in patches connected by corridors than in similar, isolated patches. We conducted our study in 27 equal-sized (1.64-ha) patches that varied in whether or not they were connected to another patch by a corridor. Patches and corridors were open, early-successional habitat that contrasted strongly with the surrounding pine forest. Of four butterfly species studied, three open-habitat specialists (Junonia coenia, Euptoieta claudia, and Phoebis sennae) reached higher densities in patches connected by corridors than in isolated patches. A fourth species, Papilio troilus, showed no preference for open habitat or pine forest, and its density did not differ in connected or isolated patches. Although butterfly densities were often significantly, positively associated with densities of host plant or flower resources, plant densities did not confound corridor effects on butterfly densities. Higher densities i...
A Longitudinal Analysis Investigating the Impact of Improvement in Serum Albumin Scores on Survival in Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Background Malnutrition is a predictor of mortality in cancer. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of improvement in serum albumin scores on survival in patients with ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods We present a case series of 184 patients with ovarian cancer treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America® between January 2001 and May 2005. Serum albumin scores were measured at baseline and 3 months. Patients were divided into 2 categories: serum albumin scores of 3.6 g/dL and above (well-nourished) and 3.5 g/dL and below (malnourished). Based on the serum albumin scores at baseline and 3 months, patients were classified into 4 groups: (1) well-nourished at baseline and 3 months; (2) malnourished at baseline; well-nourished at 3 months; (3) malnourished at baseline and 3 months; (4) well-nourished at baseline; malnourished at 3 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis calculated survival across these 4 strata. Results Of 184 patients, 37 were newly diagnosed and 147 had received previous treatment. Twenty-six had stage I disease at diagnosis, 16 stage II, 124 stage III, and 18 stage IV disease. The median age at presentation was 54.4 years (range, 23.1–82.5 years). In this cohort, patients with an improved nutritional status at 3 months had a significantly better survival than those with deteriorated nutritional status at 3 months. Conclusion These data show that improvement in nutritional status is associated with better survival. Consequently, our findings lend support to the importance of aggressive nutritional intervention in improving patient outcomes in oncology.
Immunological Methods for Detection and Identification of Infectious Disease and Biological Warfare Agents

BW agents.The release of a biological weapon (BW) agent by a terrorist group or military force would likely be silent and undetectable or nearly so. As shown by anthrax attack during the fall of 2001 in the eastern United States, patients would begin appearing at hospitals and clinics within several
The effects of barium on the suppression-recovery phenomenon in the aspartate isolated mass receptor response

The relationship between the suppression-recovery phenomenon and sensitivity changes during light adaptation was investigated in the cone photoreceptors of the isolated, superfused bullfrog retina using barium as a tool. Barium reduced the shift of the stimulus-response function that occurs during light adaptation. Barium also reduced the maximum response amplitude seen after recovery from suppression induced by a flickering light stimulus. The effect of barium on the recovered response amplitude could not be explained by barium's known ability to attenuate the dark adapted cone response, since the magnitude of the depression of the recovered response amplitude was significantly greater at all concentrations than was the magnitude of the depression of the response of the dark adapted cones. Moreover, the thresholds for barium's effect, as well as the shapes of the dose-response curves, were quite different for the two types of responses. The results are consistent with the idea that the recovery from supp...
Sex, hormones and neuroeffector mechanisms

Incidence and rate of cardiovascular disease differ between men and women across the life span. Although hypertension is more prominent in men than women, there is a group of vasomotor disorders [i.e. Raynaud’s disease, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) of menopause and migraine] with a female predominance. Both sex and hormones interact to modulate neuroeffector mechanisms including integrated regulation of the Sry gene and direct effect of sex steroid hormones on synthesis, release and disposition of monoamine neurotransmitters, and distribution and sensitivity of their receptors in brain areas associated with autonomic control. The interaction of the sex chromosomes and steroids also modulates these effector tissues, that is, the heart, vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. While involvement of central serotonergic centers has been studied in regard to mood disorders such as depression, their contribution to cardiovascular risk is gaining attention. Studies are needed to further evaluate how hormonal treatments and drugs used to modulate adrenergic and serotonergic activity affect progression and risk for cardiovascular disease in men and women.
Test Scaling and Value-Added Measurement

Abstract Conventional value-added assessment requires that achievement be reported on an interval scale. While many metrics do not have this property, application of item response theory (IRT) is said to produce interval scales. However, it is difficult to confirm that the requisite conditions are met. Even when they are, the properties of the data that make a test IRT scalable may not be the properties we seek to represent in an achievement scale, as shown by the lack of surface plausibility of many scales resulting from the application of IRT. An alternative, ordinal data analysis, is presented. It is shown that value-added estimates are sensitive to the choice of ordinal methods over conventional techniques. Value-added practitioners should ask themselves whether they are so confident of the metric properties of these scales that they are willing to attribute differences to the superiority of the latter.
Determination of spectral parameters for lines targeted by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on the Mars Curiosity rover

Abstract Molecular line parameters of line strengths, self- and foreign-broadening by nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium gas have been experimentally determined for infrared ro-vibrational spectral lines of water and carbon dioxide at 2.78 µm targeted by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) in the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. Good agreement is found by comparison with the line parameters reported in the HITRAN-2012 database.
Combining food type(s) and food quantity choice in a new food choice paradigm based on vice-virtue bundles

Given the prevalence and rising rates of obesity in many countries, including the United States, much food decision-making research ultimately aims at understanding how consumers can make healthier choices. The two predominant choice paradigms used in food decision-making research ask consumers to choose (a) between a "vice" (or unhealthy food) and a "virtue" (or healthy food) or (b) among varying portion sizes of "vice." We propose a new food choice paradigm that encourages consumers to jointly consider both food type(s) choice and food portion size at each decision point. The purpose of this paradigm is two-fold. First, it aims to allow examination of more comprehensive eating behavior (e.g., to examine the overall composition of a plate of food rather than choice of a single food). Second, it aims to shift consumers towards including large proportions of virtues and smaller proportions of vice in their overall consumption portfolios. For this paradigm, we draw upon a recently introduced food product innovation called "vice-virtue bundles" (Liu et al., 2015) that illustrates the basis of this new food choice paradigm, in which food type(s) and portion decisions are made simultaneously. Accordingly, we first discuss relevant findings on vice-virtue bundles as well as the differences between simultaneous and sequential choice of multiple products. Second, we examine the benefits for managing and controlling one's consumption that are provided by vice-virtue bundles and this joint food choice paradigm more generally. Third and finally, we point out opportunities for future research by discussing (a) multiple factors that influence food choices, (b) decision processes affected by food choice paradigms, and (c) issues of generalizability related to the presence of vice-virtue bundles.
A Brief History of Vaccines

Heading almost due west from London, the train passes city outskirts and urban fringe housing before the landscape becomes progressively more suburban, replete with upscale homes for those commuting between Bristol and the capital. Travel slightly farther north, and the surroundings quickly become quite rural. Here, within Gloucestershire County, approximately 150 km from London, lying in the valley formed by the east bank of the River Severn, is the 1,200-year-old, bucolic town of Berkeley. Being there, one feels immediately transported back to an earlier time—the eighteenth century—in which local medical practitioners like Edward Jenner rode on horseback to their appointed rounds, gathering afterwards for informal discussions of their cases at The Ship tavern—itself already 200 years old at the time—over lunch and beer.
The Emotionally Intelligent Judge: A New (and Realistic) Ideal

Judges, like all of us, have been acculturated to an ideal of dispassion. But judges experience emotion on a regular basis. Judicial emotion must be managed competently. The psychology of emotion regulation can help judges learn to prepare realistically for, and respond thoughtfully to, the emotions they are bound to feel. This short piece, written for a judicial audience, synthesizes research that can help judges accept, analyze, and shape the emotional aspects of their work.
The Unsung Heros of the Russian Judicial System: The Justice-of-the-Peace Courts

Over the past few decade, Russians have been using the courts in ever greater numbers. In an effort to cope with the avalanche of cases, policy makers introduced a new layer of courts 'the justice-of-the-peace courts' (JP courts). These courts handle simple cases of all stripes. By 2011, after only a decade of existence, they dealt with 75 percent of all civil cases, 95 percent of all administrative cases and almost half of all criminal cases. Despite their critical role within the Russian judicial system, we know little about how they work. This article begins to fill that gap. Relying on unpublished caseload data and fieldwork in Russia from 2010-12, the author analyzes the docket of the JP courts, highlighting regional variations in workload and the use of a variety of procedural tools to accelerate the process. The article reveals that private plaintiffs have a better track record than the state, belying the common wisdom of the omniscient Russian state.
A Comparative Study on the Teaching Methods and Attitudes of Adjunct and Full Time MPA/MPP Faculty in North Carolina.

Numerous academic research studies have been completed during the past decade on differences between full time, tenure track faculty members and their often lower-on-the-food- chain counterparts, adjunct faculty. While most of this research has shown slight differences in attitudes regarding the university, none have expressly tested their perception differences towards students. For the purposes of this research, all North Carolina Masters of Public Administration (MPA) and Masters of Public Policy (MPP) faculty were contacted at both public and private institutions. Each faculty member was sent a 20 question survey with demographic, attitude, and teaching methods questions. These surveys were compiled and analyzed through Qualtrics survey software and SPSS. In North Carolina, there is some support for perceptive differences between adjunct and full time faculty. Specifically speaking, the strongest correlation exists between the in-service adjuncts, who are also engaged in employment outside the academic arena and their full time academic counterparts in their perception of readiness of students graduating from MPA/MPP programs.
Playing by Ear

(1939). Playing by Ear. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 570-607.
Estimating greenhouse gas emissions at the soil–atmosphere interface in forested watersheds of the US Northeast

Although anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O) are unequivocally tied to climate change, natural systems such as forests have the potential to affect GHG concentration in the atmosphere. Our study reports GHG emissions as CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO2eq fluxes across a range of landscape hydrogeomorphic classes (wetlands, riparian areas, lower hillslopes, upper hillslopes) in a forested watershed of the Northeastern USA and assesses the usability of the topographic wetness index (TWI) as a tool to identify distinct landscape geomorphic classes to aid in the development of GHG budgets at the soil atmosphere interface at the watershed scale. Wetlands were hot spots of GHG production (in CO2eq) in the landscape owing to large CH4 emission. However, on an areal basis, the lower hillslope class had the greatest influence on the net watershed CO2eq efflux, mainly because it encompassed the largest proportion of the study watershed (54 %) and had high CO2 fluxes relative to other land classes. On an annual basis, summer, fall, winter, and spring accounted for 40, 27, 9, and 24 % of total CO2eq emissions, respectively. When compared to other approaches (e.g., random or systematic sampling design), the TWI landscape classification method was successful in identifying dominant landscape hydrogeomorphic classes and offered the possibility of systematically accounting for small areas of the watershed (e.g., wetlands) that have a disproportionate effect on total GHG emissions. Overall, results indicate that soil CO2eq efflux in the Archer Creek Watershed may exceed C uptake by live trees under current conditions.
Steel factor supports the cycling of isolated human CD34+ cells in the absence of other growth factors

Steel factor (SF) acts synergistically with other hematopoietic growth factors to support the proliferation of progenitor cells in a variety of culture systems. To determine whether SF alone could directly stimulate proliferation of early hematopoietic progenitor cells, isolated CD34+ cells from adult bone marrow and umbilical cord blood were studied in a short-term suspension culture in serum-free medium. Numbers of CD34+ and proliferating cells were quantified by flow cytometry; proliferation was assessed by simultaneous measurement of expression of the nuclear antigen Ki67 and DNA content (propidium iodide [PI]). In the absence of growth factors, the numbers of CD34+ and cycling cells declined over 2 days. Cells cultured in the presence of SF alone maintained the number of CD34+ and cycling cells at levels equal to the starting population. Withdrawal of growth factors led to a dramatic decrease in the number of cells in G1. Compared to cells grown in the absence of growth factors, cells grown in the presence of SF had significantly higher numbers of CD34+ and cycling cells (mean fold increase = 1.3 and 2; p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). SF increased the numbers of cells in both G1 and later phases of the cell cycle. Addition of interleukin-3 (IL-3) to SF led to further significant increases in CD34+ and cycling cells. The effects of SF could not be attributed to inhibition of apoptosis. CD34+ cells isolated from peripheral blood (PB) from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) displayed similar characteristics. As assessed by binding of phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled ligand and flow cytometry, c-kit was expressed on 65 +/- 6% of isolated CD34+ cells and was detected on HLA-DRlow, CD38low, and Thy1+ subsets, as well as on more mature progenitor cells. Thus, while the effects of SF are most marked in combination with other growth factors, SF appears to bind to and directly maintain the active cell-cycle characteristics of isolated CD34+ cells.
Microwave photonic delay line signal processing

This paper provides a path for the design of state-of-the-art fiber-optic delay lines for signal processing. The theoretical forms for various radio-frequency system performance metrics are derived for four modulation types: X- and Z-cut Mach-Zehnder modulators, a phase modulator with asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and a polarization modulator with control waveplate and polarizing beam splitter. Each modulation type is considered to cover the current and future needs for ideal system designs. System gain, compression point, and third-order output intercept point are derived from the transfer matrices for each modulation type. A discussion of optical amplifier placement and fiber-effect mitigation is offered. The paper concludes by detailing two high-performance delay lines, built for unique applications, that exhibit performance levels an order of magnitude better than commercial delay lines. This paper should serve as a guide to maximizing the performance of future systems and offer a look into current and future research being done to further improve photonics technologies.
Growth kinetics of Salmonella isolates in a laboratory medium as affected by isolate and holding temperature.

Salmonella isolates were surveyed for their growth kinetics in a laboratory medium for the purpose of identifying isolates suitable for modeling experiments. In addition, the effect of holding stationary phase Salmonella cultures at different temperatures on their subsequent growth kinetics was evaluated for the purpose of developing a protocol to prevent the need for midnight sampling in modeling experiments. In Experiment 1, 16 isolates of Salmonella, 2 from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and 14 from broiler operations, were surveyed for their growth kinetics in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 40°C. Lag time (P = 0.005) and growth rate (P = 0.022) were affected by identity of the isolate. Lag time ranged from 0.73 to 1.38 h, whereas growth rate ranged from 0.78 to 0.94 log10 CFU/ml/h. Overall, isolate S1 (Salmonella infantis from ATCC) was the fastest growing. In Experiment 2, 4 isolates of Salmonella, 1 from ATCC and 3 from broiler operations, were used to determine whether holding tem...
Actively Caring for People (AC4P): Behavior-focused interventions to promote safety, security, and well-being.

We are besieged by daunting societal problems. Thanks to the 24/7 news cycle we probably know more than we would like about the nation’s obesity epidemic, thousands if not millions of medical error...
Evaluating the effect of vegetation and clear zone width on driver behavior using a driving simulator

Abstract Roadside vegetation provides a myriad of environmental and psychological benefits to drivers. While research has shown that natural landscapes cause less stress and frustration to the driver among other benefits, the same vegetation may potentially increase the severity of run-off-the-road crashes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which clear zone width and roadside vegetation density influence operating speeds and lateral positioning to determine whether the roadside environment has any effect on drivers’ attention to their speed. A within subject driving simulator experiment tested six combinations of clear zone widths and roadside vegetation densities. Participants’ driving performance was measured throughout the virtual drive. Along tangents and curves to the left, participants slowed down and drove closer to the centerline when trees were near the edge of the road. Similar to the results reported in Calvi (2015), no statistically significant differences in operating speeds were observed with change in vegetation density. The analysis of drivers’ eye movements indicated that the roadside configuration did not affect participants’ attention to their operating speed, however, the number of glances was highly correlated to the time spent in the virtual drive. The results provide evidence to suggest that, while the increased roadside vegetation density does not necessarily result in reduced driver speeds or deviated lateral positioning, the manipulation of the roadside clear zone width does provide tangible benefits to safe driver behavior. These research findings should be considered in the design of roadside elements, accounting for overstated benefits to roadside vegetation.
Cardiac Surgical Repair Should Be Offered to Infants with Trisomy 18, Interrupted Aortic Arch and Ventricular Septal Defect

The management of children born with trisomy 18 is controversial, and both providers and parents often have differing opinions. Many parents choose to terminate the pregnancy while others go forward, making decisions based on their beliefs, understanding, and physician recommendations. Physicians are similarly divided regarding treatment of these children, as some feel that aggressive treatments are futile while others defer to the parents' wishes.Interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect in children with trisomy 18 presents an ethical dilemma that highlights the kinds of controversies in medical decision making facing physicians on a daily basis. Repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect poses a high risk to newborns with or without trisomy 18. Therefore, the option for surgery should be treated as with any routine informed consent process. Parents should be counseled about the risks, benefits, alternatives, and the likelihood of success both short and long term and be should offered a choice between surgery and palliative care.
Top Quark Physics at Hadron Colliders

Since the Tevatron Collider at Fermilab, a pp collider with √s = 1.8 TeV , is the only extant hadron collider, these lectures will concentrate almost exclusively on the results from CDFi and D0ii, the two collider detectors at the Tevatron. Most of these results came from the 1992–93 run when the Tevatron achieved peak luminosities near 1031 cm−2 sec−1 and delivered over 30 pb−1 to the two experiments. This was the initial run for the DO detector.In April, 1994, the CDF collaboration published evidence for top quark production.iii For this reason and because I am more familiar with the CDF results, I will describe the CDF data in more detail and compare with DO results as appropriate.