cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐I‐33: A Technical Solution to Avoid Partial Scan Artifacts in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using MDCT

Purpose: Partial scan reconstruction methods improve temporal resolution but cause large CT number fluctuations in MDCT systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a new approach to solve this problem. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic cardiac phantom was scanned on a dual‐source CT scanner (Siemens Definition) using several perfusion modes both with and without ECG‐gating. An additional ECG‐gated acquisition was conducted using the ECG‐signal synchronized with the gantry rotation. The central insert of the cardiac phantom was replaced with a water‐filled tank containing a syringe filled with different iodine solutions (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 HU). Images were reconstructed using both full (360°, 330 ms) and partial (180° + fan angle, 83 ms) approaches. A ring ROI was placed outside the syringe concentrically with the iodine circle and the mean CT number fluctuations were plotted vs. time. In addition, in‐vivo animal data were acquired using the regular perfusion mode and the mode when the pig's ECG was synchronized with the gantry rotation. A simple x‐ray detector was used to generate a so‐called ‘once‐around’ signal for every gantry rotation. This signal was then modified and used to pace the pig's heart.Results: When the ECG signal was synchronized with the gantry rotation, the same cardiac phase always corresponded to the same x‐ray tube positions and, hence, the same scattering geometry. As a result, the range in the CT number fluctuations was reduced from 20 HU for the regular perfusion mode down to only 3 HU for the synchronized mode. Conclusion: The new approach for myocardial CT perfusion based on synchronizing the ECG signal with the x‐ray tube position significantly improves the quality of the perfusion data by reducing the CT number fluctuations. Conflict of Interest: ANP, OPD, and CHM receive research support from Siemens Medical Solutions.
Analyzing the Economic Payoffs from Basic Research

Much of the literature on the economic payoffs from public investments in basic research has adopted the framework of cost-benefit analysis, identifying critical “events” or discoveries and attributing the value of the applications developed from these discoveries to a related basic research investment. This chapter argues that the cost-benefit framework is inappropriate for the economic analysis of basic research and that an alternative, information-theoretic approach is needed.
Resolving localized oxide breakthrough during poly etch of nonvolatile floating gate structures

This paper discusses an unusual series of problems encountered in etching the poly 1 floating gates of an EEPROM device. Such devices feature two levels of polysilicon: a control gate composed of poly 2, and a 'floating gate' which consists of lightly doped poly 1. The failure modes originates as a result of the highly anisotropic nature of floating gate etch recipe, as well as the unusual implant doping scheme used with this particular device. We experienced a significant yield problem involving the definition of the floating gate which resulted in localized 'pitting' of the silicon adjacent to the floating gate structure. This pitting occurred as a result of an unusual behavior mode sometimes exhibited by etchant ions, and it caused the poly 2 control gate to short to the substrate. This short resulted in a byte failure. The initial solution to this problem eliminated the pitting, but introduce dan unintended degeneration of the side-wall profile of the poly 1 floating gate. This new failure modality generated bit failures. This paper presents a detailed description of both failure mechanisms and the sophisticated four-step etch recipe used to eliminate them. As the importance of non-volatile memory to the semiconductor industry increases, these failure modes will become more commonplace, and the solutions presented here of increasing value.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationship between Surface Chemistry and Endothelial Cell Growth: Partial Least-Squares Regression of the Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectra of Oxygen-Containing Plasma-Deposited Films

The relationship between endothelial cell growth and surface properties of plasma-deposited films (PDFs) was investigated using partial least-squares regression (PLS). PDFs of oxygen-containing precursors were prepared under various conditions, and bovine arterial endothelial cells (BAECs) were grown on these substrates. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in the static mode was used to characterize the surface chemistry of these substrates. The growth of BAECs on the PDFs was correlated to the positive and negative static SIMS spectra of the PDFs by PLS. A good correlation between the SIMS spectra of PDFs and endothelial cell growth was obtained. Qualitative information was also extracted from the multivariate model, giving some information as to the most important variables influencing BAEC growth.
Use of Photosynthetically Active Radiation by Sunflower and Sorghum

Abstract Intercepted, reflected, and transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L., cv. Hysun 354) with predominantly horizontal leaf orientation and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. Funk's G522DR) with predominatly erect leaf orientation, two important dryland crops, were measured to contrast their light use. In addition, the extinction coefficient ( k ), light-use efficiency (LUE), and the relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and PAR were compared. Sunflower intercepted more PAR than sorghum. It also reflected less and transmitted less PAR than sorghum. Maximum interception of PAR was 98 per cent for sunflower and 95 per cent for sorghum. Maximum interception occurred at an LAI of 3.14 in sunflower and 3.55 in sorghum. The k value of sunflower (0.83) was higher than that of sorghum (0.62). The LUE value of sorghum (2.8 g m -2 per MJ m -2 ) was higher than that of sunflower (2.3 g m -2 per MJ per m -2 ). Sunflower had a higher ET than sorghum, for the same amount of PAR intercepted. It lost 0.80 mm of water per MJ m -2 of intercepted PAR compared to 0.69 mm water per MJ m -2 for sorghum. The results suggested that, because sunflower had a higher ET per unit intercepted PAR, the ET of sunflower had a higher proportion of transpiration than did the ET of sorghum.
A better trihedral corner reflector for low grazing angles

Trihedral corner reflectors are the preferred canonical target for SAR performance evaluation for many radar development programs. The conventional trihedrals have problems with substantially reduced Radar Cross Section (RCS) at low grazing angles, unless they are tilted forward, but in which case other problems arise mainly due to multipath effects. Consequently there is a need for better low grazing angle performance for trihedrals. This is facilitated by extending the bottom plate of the trihedral reflector. A relevant analysis of RCS for an infinite ground plate is presented. Practical aspects are also discussed.
In-Plane Compression Response of Extruded Aluminum 6061-T6 Corrugated Core Sandwich Columns

The compression response of extruded aluminum 6061-T6 corrugated core sandwich columns is investigated. Analytical equations that predict the collapse load are used to generate failure mechanism maps. From these maps dominant failure mechanisms can be identified as a function of various geometric parameters and material properties. Experimental testing and numerical simulations are performed to test the fidelity of the analytical predictions. Fabrication of the sandwich panels involves extrusion of an aluminum billet through a specially designed die. To create longer columns the extruded panels are joined together using friction stir welding (FSW). Studies of the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) show that the hardness within these regions drops by approximately 50%. This significantly influences the observed failure load and failure mechanism and hence heat treatment post welding is required to ensure uniformity of properties. Good agreement is achieved between the predictions and experiment. Lastly, optimal designs are calculated based on the analytical analysis and results compared with hat-stiffened and truss core sandwich columns.
Ubiquitous IT: The case of the Boeing 787 and implications for strategic IT research

Case-based research was conducted on strategy and IT evolution in the Boeing Company. Results showed IT investment in the 20th century supported an increasingly decentralized hierarchical functional corporate organization structure, and shifted during the early decades of the 21st century toward an IT-enabled global network organization structure. IT investment context changed from an inward focus to an outward, IT-ecosystem focus. IT had penetrated every facet of the corporation creating IT ubiquity. But while IT was everywhere, IT strategic leadership remained fragmented and nowhere. Further research is required to define strategic IT leadership and its locus in the modern corporation.
An inverse problem in coupled mode theory

We study an inverse problem for the Zakharov–Shabat system which is motivated by an application to the design of co-directional couplers with prescribed response properties.
CLINICAL ONSET OF LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN THE OLDER AGE GROUP.

The original concept of systemic lupus erythematosus was that of a rapidly progressive, often fulminant, fatal disease primarily affecting women in the reproductive age group. Subsequent observations, however, have revealed many additional and protean aspects of this disorder. The purpose of this report is to call attention to the onset of the disease in one specific group in which it is not often suspected, namely, patients in the sixth decade of life or later (1-8). Although the age range for appearance of the disease is from 2 to 73 years, most of the cases (75-84 per cent) occur between the ages of 10 and 40 years, the average age at onset being from 25 to 30 years. Despite the inclusion of patients aged 50 or over in statistical summaries of previously published series, there has been only 1 such patient reported in detail. Knopf and Castor (9) presented the case of a woman in whom, at age 66, joint pains, pleural effusion and thrombocytopenia developed in association with diagnostic findings in a lupus erythematosus cell preparation. At the time of publication, the patient’s symptoms were controlled with minimal dosages of prednisone, aspirin and antimalarials. In the period 1950-1958,5 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus whose disease became manifest in the sixth decade of life or later, were studied in the Hematology Section of the Department of Medicine at Temple University Medical Center. This incidence suggests a frequency of onset of systemic lupus erythematosus in the older population greater than generally recognized. Analysis of these cases permits certain preliminary observations on the nature of this variable disease in the elderly patient.
Ant colony optimization for disassembly sequencing with multiple objectives

Product disassembly takes place in remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal. The disassembly line is the best choice for automated disassembly, so it is essential that it be designed and balanced to work efficiently. The multi-objective disassembly line balancing problem seeks to find a disassembly sequence which provides a feasible disassembly sequence, minimizes the number of workstations, minimizes idle time, balances the line (ensures similar idle times at each workstation), as well as addressing other disassembly-specific concerns. However, finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive due to exponential growth, with exhaustive search quickly becoming prohibitively large. In this paper, an ant colony optimization metaheuristic is presented for obtaining optimal or near-optimal solutions to the disassembly line balancing problem. Examples are considered to illustrate implementation of the methodology. Conclusions drawn include the consistent generation of near-optimal solutions, the ability to preserve precedence, the superior speed of the metaheuristic, and its practicality due to its ease of implementation.
Effective lagrangian at high temperature

Abstract The dominant loop diagrams for dynamic processes at high temperature (or density) are summarized succintly in terms of an effective lagrangian.
Microchannel Flow Measurement Using Micro Particle Image Velocimetry

Since microfabrication techniques are typically planar processes, microchannel flows typically have significant predevelopment due to the upstream reservoir having the same height as the microchannel. The main concerns of the current study are categorized into finding the effects of typical microchannel geometry on the velocity entrance length in the laminar flow regime and providing the turbulence transitional Reynolds number range using the details of the velocity profile rather than global measurements of pressure drop. A rectangular micro-channel of aspect ratio ∼2.65 and the hydraulic diameter 380μm was used in this study. Micro particle image velocimetry measurement was performed to measure the velocity profiles. The entrance length is reduced about 45% and the transitional velocity profile is measured at Re=2900. The velocity profiles do not show deviation from the fully developed laminar flow profiles up to Re=2100. Related to the flow transition, the close resemblance between the correlation function peak broadening and the turbulence intensity is observed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of 2% sodium chloride imbibition on various opiate related hyperphagic conditions.

Abstract Dynorphin is one of the most potent appetite stimulants among the endogenous opioids. In this study, we describe the anorexic effects of 5 days of forced 2% NaCl drinking in rats, a regimen which depletes vasopressin as well as dynorphin in the neurohypophysis. Feeding induced by direct activation of kappa-opioid receptors with ketocyclazocine was unaffected by the NaCl regimen. However, 2% NaCl imbibition reduced 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) induced feeding by 65% and spontaneous nocturnal feeding by 38%. Feeding subsequent to 24 hour food deprivation was not decreased. Naloxone-resistant hyperphagia induced by insulin and spontaneous daytime feeding were also not reduced. The combination of naloxone (3.0 mg/kg) and the NaCl regimen produced an additional 50% reduction in 2-DG induced feeding and an extra 40% decrease in nocturnal feeding. Naloxone, given with 2% NaCl to food deprived animals, retained its appetite suppressing activity, indicating that the NaCl regimen did not deplete the endogenous opioid which mediates food deprivation hyperphagia. These results demonstrate that 2% NaCl imbibition suppresses certain opioid mediated hyperphagias. However, the failure of 2% NaCl to effect all of the naloxone-sensitive types of feeding and the independence of naloxone-sensitive and NaCl-sensitive components suggests that NaCl drinking does not deplete dynorphin in the brain areas which mediate opiate-sensitive hyperphagias.
Variable-fidelity model selection for stochastic simulation

Abstract This paper presents a model selection methodology for maximizing the accuracy in the predicted distribution of a stochastic output of interest subject to an available computational budget. Model choices of different resolutions/fidelities such as coarse vs. fine mesh and linear vs. nonlinear material model are considered. The proposed approach makes use of efficient simulation techniques and mathematical surrogate models to develop a model selection framework. The model decision is made by considering the expected (or estimated) discrepancy between model prediction and the best available information about the quantity of interest, as well as the simulation effort required for the particular model choice. The form of the best available information may be the result of a maximum fidelity simulation, a physical experiment, or expert opinion. Several different situations corresponding to the type and amount of data are considered for a Monte Carlo simulation over the input space. The proposed methods are illustrated for a crack growth simulation problem in which model choices must be made for each cycle or cycle block even within one input sample.
Phantom tooth pain: a diagnosis of exclusion

This case report addresses the difficult diagnosis of phantom tooth pain (PTP). This is a syndrome of persistent pain in the teeth and oral structures following pulp extirpation, extraction, or rarely, an inferior alveolar nerve block. The incidence of this often misdiagnosed condition is estimated to be 3% of the population undergoing pulp extirpation, and is similar to phantom limb pain. The diagnosis of PTP is discussed here as a diagnosis of exclusion, after numerous interventions. Various treatment modalities are outlined and the use of non-traditional pharmacological approaches for pain reduction are discussed.
“Just be Straight With Me:” An Exploration of Black Patient Experiences in Initial Mental Health Encounters

It is advantageous for a clinician to understand how patients feel about their initial encounters, but it can be difficult to discern what is and what is not working. This qualitative, exploratory study is guided by the question, "What happens during an initial mental health encounter between a Black patient and a non-Black provider that leads the patient to describe it as a good or poor experience?" The findings are based on face-to-face, postintake interviews with 14 Black patients seen by 11 non-Black providers as part of the Patient-Provider Encounter Study. The objective is to explore the initial interpersonal interactions between Black patients and their non-Black mental health providers and to better understand how patients come to describe the encounter as good (favorable) or poor (unfavorable). A framework inclusive of 5 specific elements is introduced that maps the patient's conceptualization process about how judgments are made about the encounter. Owing to the naturalistic and exploratory nature of the study, a research hypothesis was not established. Instead, we observed how patients scanned the interaction with the provider, made assessments about their provider, and determined whether their experience was positive or negative. The implications of these findings will help to improve the interactions in mental health settings between minority patients and their providers.
Meltrin-α, a Fusion Protein Involved in Multinucleated Giant Cell and Osteoclast Formation

The formation of multinucleated cells such as myotubes, macrophage-derived giant cells (MGC), and osteoclasts is the result of cell-cell fusion of mononuclear precursors. Meltrin-α, -β, and -γ are members of a recently discovered family of proteins that contain disintegrin and metalloprotease domains and are related to fertilin, a protein involved in egg-sperm fusion. Based on this and evidence implicating meltrin-α in myoblast formation, we have investigated the possibility that meltrins may also play a role in the formation of MGC and osteoclasts. Using in situ RT-PCR, we have determined that murine mononuclear alveolar macrophages cultured under basal conditions express the transcript for meltrin-β, but not for meltrin-α. However, meltrin-α mRNA appeared in mononuclear cells before cell fusion after treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], a potent inducer of giant cell and osteoclast formation. Moreover, addition of meltrin-α antisense oligonucleotides to the cultures caused a 50% inhibition of giant cell formation. Similarly, meltrin-α antisense oligonucleotides inhibited by 70% the formation of multinucleated osteoclast-like cells expressing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in co-cultures of bone marrow cells and osteoblastic cells (2107) in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. Mononucleated TRAP-positive cells, induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in the co-cultures, also expressed meltrin-α mRNA, but their number was not changed in the presence of meltrin-α antisense oligonucleotide. In contrast to mononuclear macrophages and osteoclast-like cells, murine bone marrow stroma and calvaria derived-cell lines (+/+ LDA.11 and 2107), primary cultures of calvaria cells, and primary cultures of bone marrow cells expressed both meltrin-α and -β mRNA under basal conditions; whereas embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) expressed only the meltrin-β transcript. Upregulation of meltrin-α protein expression during cell fusion in alveolar macrophages and expression in osteoblastic cell lines were confirmed by Western blot analysis. These observations demonstrate that meltrins play a role in MGC and osteoclast formation from mononuclear precursors, as in the case with myotubes.
The Role of Actors' Race in White Audiences' Selective Exposure to Movies

Movie producers are often reluctant to cast more than a few minority actors in otherwise race-neutral movies for fear that the White audience will largely avoid such films. Two experiments were conducted to test the idea that the racial makeup of a cast could influence White audiences' selective exposure to movies. Results revealed that actors' race does influence selective exposure in certain contexts. For nonromantic movies, participants' racial attitudes moderated the relationship between race and selective exposure. For romantic movies, regardless of racial attitudes, White participants showed significantly less interest in seeing movies with mostly Black casts than in seeing movies with mostly White casts. These findings are discussed in light of both social identity theory and social cognitive theory.
Semantics design of a visual language for constructing and animating geometric objects

Compared to textual languages, visual languages often hold a different set of characteristics and constraints in syntax and semantics. This paper discusses some of the constraints and their implications on the semantics specification of visual language primitives. The discussion is presented in a context of designing a visual language for constructing and animating geometric objects.
Interpersonal Politics The Role of Terror Management and Attachment Processes in Shaping Political Preferences

Research on terror management theory (TMT) indicates that reminders of death affect political attitudes, but political orientation only sometimes moderates these effects. We propose that secure relationships are associated with values of tolerance and compassion, thus orienting people toward liberalism; insecure attachments are associated with more rigid and absolutist values that orient people toward conservatism. Given that attachment relationships become especially active when security needs are heightened, we predicted that mortality salience would be an important factor in understanding the relationship between attachment processes and political orientation. Supporting these ideas, Study 1 showed that after a mortality-salience manipulation, securely attached participants increased their support for a liberal presidential candidate, and less securely attached participants increased their support for a conservative presidential candidate. In Study 2, a secure-relationship prime following a mortality-salience manipulation engendered a less violent approach to the problem of terrorism than did a neutral-relationship prime. We discuss the interaction of TMT processes and individual differences in attachment in shaping political preferences.
Interpolation in the Directed Assembly of Block Copolymers on Nanopatterned Substrates: Simulation and Experiments

A combined theoretical and experimental approach is used to study the directed assembly of a lamellae-forming block copolymer on chemically patterned substrates. The period of the pattern is lower than that of the copolymer, whose characteristic morphology is then used to interpolate the features of the substrate. The pattern considered in this study consists of stripes of width W repeated over the background substrate with period LP = 2L0, where L0 is the copolymer natural period. The stripe and background areas are characterized by their affinities Λs and Λb for the blocks of the polymer. Using theoretically informed Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse-grained model, we investigate in a systematic manner the influence of the pattern parameters W, Λs, and Λb on the morphology of copolymer thin films. Thermodynamic integration is used to compute the free energy difference and the relative stability of competing morphologies. It is found that the parameter space considered here is dominated by nonbulk and ...
Initiation of MTBE Biotreatment in Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors

Methyl \Itert\N-butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the most common ground water pollutants in the United States. Although MTBE has been characterized as a recalcitrant pollutant, it is now established that MTBE is biodegradable. A few bacteria that can grow on MTBE as a carbon and energy source have been identified and a host of bacteria that can cometabolize MTBE are known. There is very little information available concerning the biological treatment of MTBE contaminated ground water, despite the strong interest in applying biological treatment to the decontamination of MTBE laden water. In this paper we examine the treatment of contaminated ground water using a fluidize-bed bioreactor. Field studies demonstrated that the initiation of MTBE biotreatment was unpredictable, with one reactor starting to degrade MTBE immediately and a second reactor never degrading any MTBE. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine if a cosubstrate could be used to reliably enrich MTBE metabolizing microorganisms from a variety of environmental samples. It was determined that a number of compounds could enrich MTBE degrading populations, but that \Iiso\N-pentane was the most reliable cometabolite of the compounds tested. \IIso\N-pentane was used to initiate MTBE biotreatment in a laboratory fluidized-bed bioreactor. It was found that MTBE biotreatment continues even after \Iiso\N-pentane addition was halted, suggesting that bacteria can gain maintenance energy from MTBE degradation. The reactor started with \Iiso\N-pentane was as efficient as MTBE biotreatment as a reactor that started MTBE degradation without cosubstrate addition.
Reaction of Selectfluor (F-TEDA-BF4) with chloromethylated-DABCO monocation salts (X = BF4, NTf2) and other nitrogen bases (Et3N; piperidine; basic ionic liquid); unexpected formation of symmetrical [N−H−N]+ trication salts

Abstract Selectfluor reacts with N-chloromethylated DABCO monocation BF 4 or NTf 2 salts in MeCN (rt to 80 °C) to give symmetrical [N−H−N] + trication salts. The same dimeric adducts are formed via the reaction of Selectfluor with Et 3 N, piperidine, or a basic-IL (imidazolium with an alkyl-piperidine tether). The resulting stable salts were studied by multinuclear NMR, 15 N/ 1 H HMBC, electrospray-MS, and by chemical reactivity. This hitherto unreported reactivity behavior contrasts the well documented ‘transfer fluorination’ by Selectfluor to quinuclidine and the quinuclidinic nitrogen of cinchona alkaloids.
A device for unobtrusive surveillance of home relaxation practice.

We introduce a relaxation assessment device (RAD) to monitor clients' home relaxation practice unobtrusively. The RAD is a conventional, portable tape recorder with a relaxation tape sealed in the tape compartment and a cumulative stopwatch with associated electronics sealed in the battery compartment. The stopwatch is activated only when the PLAY button is depressed, thereby logging cumulative relaxation practice time. Details on the instrument's electronics are presented, as well as data documenting its functional reliability. Preliminary data on the clinical application of the RAD with samples of anxious and hypertensive individuals suggest that self-reported frequency of relaxation practice is spurious, and compliance to home practice instructions is variable but skewed in the direction of low compliance.
Hedging: A business practice for all corporations

The business practice of hedging is a complex procedure to understand, implement, and put into practice. Nevertheless, the recent development of financial futures contracts allows the inclusion of money as a commodity in various hedging programs. Significant rewards are possible for those agribusiness corporations that practice hedging successfully.
Selective Primary Health Care: Strategies for Control of Disease in the Developing World. XIX. Giardiasis

Giardia lamblia infects millions of individuals throughout the world. In developed countries it appears primarily in waterborne epidemics of diarrhea. In developing countries, it is endemic, but only a small proportion of those infected appear ill. This flagellate parasite infects the small intestine of its host and may cause malabsorption and malnutrition, particularly among infants and young children. Little is known about the extent of illness caused by this parasite because few epidemiologic studies have been done; diagnosis is difficult and Giardia carriers frequently are simultaneously infected with other pathogens. Control measures include intermittent treatment of those infected and improved water supply and sanitation. Efforts to control individual infection can only be successful on a temporary basis. The greatest progress in control should derive from efforts to develop an effective vaccine.
New numerical methods for Burgers' equation based on semi-Lagrangian and modified equation approaches

In this paper, we develop a class of semi-Lagrangian finite difference schemes which are derived by a new algorithm based on the modified equation technique; and we apply those methods to the Burgers' equation. We show that the overall accuracy of the proposed semi-Lagrangian schemes depends on two factors: one is the global truncation error which can be obtained by the modified equation analysis, the other is a generic feature of semi-Lagrangian methods which characterizes their non-monotonic dependence on the time stepsize. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical tests.
Effects of metacognitive and elaborative activity on cooperative learning and transfer

Abstract The effects of instructing pairs of students to engage in metacognitive activities (error correcting and key idea detection), elaborative activities (use of imagery, analogies, etc.), or neither during cooperative learning were examined for both initial cooperative learning and transfer to an individual learning task. The results suggest that metacognitive activity facilitates cooperative learning and elaborative activity facilitates transfer to individual learning. These findings have strong implications for the tailoring of cooperative learning strategies to instructional goals.
Lagomorph and rodent responses to two protein hydrolysates

Various species of rodents and lagomorphs were used in bioassays to determine the effectiveness of protein hydrolysates (specifically hydrolyzed casein and gelatin) as herbivore repellents. Mixed sex groups of captive rabbits, pocket gophers, voles, and mountain beavers were offered hydrolyzed casein or gelatin test diets in single-choice tests following a training period with a hydrolysate-free diet. The effectiveness of either hydrolyzed casein or gelatin was dependent on the species. Hydrolyzed casein was identified as an effective repellent for mountain beavers and pocket gophers as these species showed a strong avoidance of hydrolyzed casein diets. Rabbits demonstrated slightly higher avoidance of the gelatin diets versus hydrolyzed casein. However, hydrolyzed casein and gelatin displayed little potential as repellents for voles as both products were readily consumed. Rather than universal application for all pest herbivores, test diet preferences suggest that repellent application depends on the pest species.
Effectiveness of Fourteen Systemic Insecticides Against the Citrus Red Mite on Orange Seedlings

Fourteen systemic insecticides were tested against female Panonychus citri (McGregor) by applying 0.4 g active ingredient to the soil around potted nonbearing seedling orange plants. When mites were confined at intervals to detached leaves placed in Tashiro leaf cages, disulfoton, phorate, aldicarb, and schradan consistently caused mortality greater than 80% for 68, 45, 28, and 28 weeks, respectively. However, disulfoton and phorate did not reach their maximum effectiveness until the 4th week posttreatment. The other insecticides ranged from nontoxic to highly toxic for 9-24 weeks. Seven of the insecticides caused phytotoxicity, and yellow spotting was severe when aldicarb and dimethoate were used. Propoxur caused burning of leaf edges and dry spotting.
Organizing Citizen Engagement for Democratic Environmental Planning

In recent years civic engagement emphasizing community involvement and collective learning has become a centerpiece of environmental management. This article explores civic participation in water resources management and whether a framework developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) fosters democratic environmental planning. We provide an overview of citizen involvement in water resource management, discuss the U.S. EPA framework, and highlight key issues with two case studies. It is widely acknowledged that lack of meaningful stakeholder and other public input in the planning process may lead to barriers to successful environmental management. Our case studies indicate that the U.S. EPA framework, while not new or especially innovative, represents a necessary commitment to civic engagement and provides a structure for organizing it. Findings from our study emphasize the importance of financial resources and strong commitment to the principle of civic engagement in order to increase ...
Assignment of the structural genes for the α subunit of hexosaminidase A, mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase to the region q22-qter of human chromosome 15

Concordant segregation of the expression of the α subunit of human hexosaminidase A, human mannosephosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase was observed in somatic cell hybrids between either thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells or thymidine kinase-deficient Chinese hamster cells and human white blood cells carrying a translocation of the distal half (q22-qter) of the long arm of chromosome 15 to chromosome 17. A positive correlation was established between the expression of these human phenotypes and the presence of the distal half of the long arm of human chromosome 15.
The electronic structure of solids studied using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy

In the past two decades, photoelectron spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable tool for studying the electronic properties of solids and their surfaces. 1'2 This is because it provides the most direct and complete method of measuring all the occupied electronic states in a solid, both core and valence. This review focuses upon angle-resolved photoemission (ARP), 3"5 a variant which has proven particularly useful in studying the valence electronic structure of crystalline solids since it provides the only method of directly measuring valence band dispersion relations. For a student of solid state physics ARP is often quite captivating, since it brings to life the simple one-electron models for the electronic structure of crystals. The aficionados stay involved because of the breadth of possible applications and the multitude of interesting physical problems to which ARP can be applied. ARP provides unique information about the occupied electronic states and bonding in solids. The application of ARP to understand electronic structure and its impact upon bonding is at the heart of this review. We have endeavored to write a topic-oriented rather than a technique-oriented review. Apart from a brief tutorial in the next few pages which covers enough basics to get started, the phenomenology of ARP is introduced slowly and by way of example as the need arises. In this way, the application of the technique to various problems can be easily understood. Our review is by no means complete; a more exhaustive survey will soon appear. 6 Rather, we want to discuss the application of ARP to a few current problems in solid state physics and chemistry which will continue to be important in the future: the interplay between localized and delocalized electronic phenomena, 7'8 the influence of electron correlation on one-electron theory, and the interactions between high energy and low energy phenomena in solids, to name a few. A closely related technique, angle-resolved inverse photoemission, provides complementary information about the unoccupied electronic manifold. Inverse photoemission has been adequately reviewed recently, 9'10 and we make no systematic attempt to include discussion of it here. ARP can be applied to a large variety of systems, including adsorbate or thin film covered metals and semiconductors (and even insulators in some cases). It provides information most easily about two-dimensional (2D) or quasi-two-dimensional electronic states localized at surfaces or associated with ultrathin films, but it has also been successfully applied to many bulk, three dimensional (3D) systems. Our own prejudice toward 2D surface states may be apparent from the choice of material to be included, but we have discussed several 3D systems as well. We have minimized the discussion of chemisorption or adsorbate systems except when the phenomena involved are germane to our subject. The review addresses these issues in the following fashion. In the remainder of this section, we review the
Neural Correlates of High-Frequency Intracortical and Epicortical Field Potentials

Electrocorticography (ECoG), the use of nonpenetrating electrodes to record brain potentials directly from the surface of the cerebral cortex, has emerged as a promising tool for obtaining recordings of high spatial and temporal resolution. Numerous studies have described the patterns of ECoG
Personality in torticollis: a controlled study

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the trait scales of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory, the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a questionnaire assessing marital status and harmony were completed by 100 torticollis patients and a control group of 49 cervical spondylosis sufferers. Information regarding employment status, and events preceding onset of their complaint was also obtained. The two groups did not differ in terms of any of the personality dimensions evaluated, or in their self-reports of events prior to onset of their illness. The groups differed significantly with regards to marital status (a higher proportion of the torticollis patients were single) but not marital harmony. A significantly higher proportion of the torticollis patients were in the permanently sick category of employment status. Findings of previous studies evaluating personality in torticollis and in sufferers of other disabling physical conditions are considered, and the results are discussed in terms of the effects of disabling chronic physical disorders.
A thermodynamic analysis of a solar organic rankine cycle

A systems level analysis is presented for a solar organic Rankine cycle (S-ORC) for assessing the feasibility of the cycle to be used in small scale rural/residential power generation. A thermodynamic model was generated for a system composed of the collector, the heat transfer fluid, the pump, the expander, and the heat exchangers, using five different working fluids. Based on the collector efficiency and incident radiation, the thermodynamic efficiency of the system was evaluated. For flat panel solar collectors, the highest system efficiency was found to be 6.2% when using R-134a as a working fluid. R-134a also required the least boiler heat transfer area, although its operation required relatively higher pressures. The performance of the solar-ORC system is compared with that of photovoltaic systems and the practicality of these solar thermal systems are discussed in terms of system size and end use.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Comparative metabolism and elimination of adriamycin and 4'-epiadriamycin in the rat.

Adriamycin (ADR) and 4′-epiadriamycin (epi-ADR) show comparable biological properties in most in vitro and in vivo test systems. However, in animal studies epi-ADR demonstrates diminished toxicity, especially toward cardiac tissue, compared with ADR. A similar reduction in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity with epi-ADR, relative to ADR, is claimed in connection with the clinical evaluation of this agent. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to find a possible pharmacological basis for this observed differential toxicity. Following identical bolus doses (10 mg/kg) of drug administered to rats, no differences were seen in plasma drug levels of the two agents at 4, 7, and 24 h. However, differences in the rate and extent of drug elimination were clearly noted. Thus, following either 24-h infusion or bolus drug administration, parent drugs were eliminated largely in the bile, with the recovery of epi-ADR [50% (infusion) and 40% (bolus) in 54 h and 55 h respectively] exceeding that of ADR [31% (infusion) and 23% (bolus) at the corresponding times]. Recovery of a bolus drug dose in the urine was only 4.8% for epi-ADR vs 3.3% for ADR in 60 h. For each drug the only significant metabolite seen was the corresponding 13-carbinol derivative, adriamycinol (AMNOL) or 4′-epiadriamycinol (epi-AMNOL). The 13-carbinol metabolite represented a larger part of the recovered dose for ADR [15% (infusion) and 18% (bolus) in bile, 0.3% in urine] than for epi-ADR [7% (infusion) and 11% (bolus) in bile, 0.04% in urine]. Epi-ADR was found to be a four fold poorer substrate than ADR for conversion to its 13-carbinol metabolite by aldo-keto reductase enzymes in crude rat liver homogenate preparations. This latter finding provides an explanation for the metabolic and toxicologic differences observed with these agents in whole animals. Previous studies with ADR have reported that degenerative changes in rat cardiac tissue were accompanied by an accumulation of AMNOL during chronic drug administration. Thus, the present study suggests that the reported lower toxicity of epi-ADR compared to ADR for the heart may result from a more extensive elimination of parent drug in bile and urine, as well as diminished metabolic conversion to its 13-carbinol metabolite by ubiquitous aldo-keto reductase enzymes.
Misonidazole-induced biochemical alterations of mammalian cells: Effects on glycolysis

Abstract Incubation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with misonidazole under aerobic conditions causes a stimulation of glucose consumption which is probably related to stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Incubation of Ehrlich cells with 5 mM misonidazole under hypoxic conditions results in a time-dependent inhibition of glycolysis, seen when treated cells are washed and resuspended in fresh buffered saline or media. This inhibition does not appear to be related to breakdown and loss of pyridine nucleotides from the cells during misonidazole treatment, nor is it a consequence of cell death. Post-incubation in buffer containing cysteine or cysteamine restores cellular glycolytic activity to near control levels. Partial inhibition of glucose consumption after incubation with misonidazole also occurs with V79–379A, V79–171B, EMT6 and A549 cell lines. The extent of inhibition varies among the lines, but is accompanied by approximately a 50% reduction in intracellular non-protein thiol levels in all cases. Ehrlich cells incubated anaerobically with misonidazole lose their response to the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol, which normally increases glucose consumption, and exhibit less ability to metabolize pyruvate. Cells incubated under anaerobic conditions but in the absence of misonidazole do not show these effects.
The late Wisconsin flood into the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract 18 O/ 16 O and 14 C analysis of deep-sea cores from the Gulf of Mexico revealed a 2.4% isotopic anomaly between 12,000 and 11,000 years ago. This value, together with estimates of the oxygen isotopic composition of ice meltwater and rates of mixing within the Gulf of Mexico indicates that the average yearly discharge of the Mississippi River was between 100,000 and 230,000 m 3 /s (as compared to 57,000 m 3 /s for the peak flood of February 17, 1937), with probable yearly peak floods twice as large. Corresponding sea-level rise was between 1 and 2 m per century.
A Zonal Wavenumber 3 Pattern of Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Planetary Wave Variability at High Latitudes

AbstractA prominent pattern of variability of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime tropospheric planetary waves, referred to here as the Wave3 pattern, is identified from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. It is worthy of attention because its structure is similar to the linear trend pattern as well as the leading pattern of multidecadal variability of the planetary waves during the past half century. The Wave3 pattern is defined as the second empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of detrended December–February mean 300-hPa meridional wind V300 and denotes a zonal shift of the ridges and troughs of the climatological flow. Although its interannual variance is roughly comparable to that of EOF1 of V300, which represents the Pacific–North America (PNA) pattern, its multidecadal variance is nearly twice as large as that of the PNA. Wave3 is not completely structurally or temporally distinct from the northern annular mode (NAM) but, for some attributes, the linkage of the observed trend to Wave3 is clearer than to NAM. Th...
Is toxicity really necessary? I. The question

A general concept in cancer chemotherapy is that host toxicity is necessary to effect a positive tumor response. An analysis of the relationship between host toxicity and tumor response was made utilizing data from 956 patients receiving 5-FU, mitomycin C, AB-132, chlorambucil or 6-MP. Several criteria were used to categorize host toxicity in testing its relationship to the incidence of objective tumor response based on a 50% reduction in tumor size. The proportion of responses was not observed to be higher among patients exhibiting signs of toxicity than among those free of such toxicity. The results suggest that there may not be as close a relationship between host toxicity and tumor response as generally believed. More specific studies are needed before the title question can be answered definitely.
A new d.c. electronic voltage-stabilizing circuit

The paper describes a new and simple voltage-stabilizing circuit which is inherently capable of adjustment for infinite stabilization ratio and zero output resistance; the circuit is suitable for outputs of from 70 volts upwards, but has particular advantages for voltages of the order of 1?15 kV. The principle of operation is discussed, and the conditions necessary for optimum performance are investigated. Details of a practical circuit are given, and the performance limitations imposed by non-linearity of valve characteristics are dealt with in an Appendix.
Benefits of Training and Development for Individuals and Teams, Organizations, and Society

This article provides a review of the training and development literature since the year 2000. We review the literature focusing on the benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. We adopt a multidisciplinary, multilevel, and global perspective to demonstrate that training and development activities in work organizations can produce important benefits for each of these stakeholders. We also review the literature on needs assessment and pretraining states, training design and delivery, training evaluation, and transfer of training to identify the conditions under which the benefits of training and development are maximized. Finally, we identify research gaps and offer directions for future research.