cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurite extension of developing noradrenergic neurons is impaired in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-3s): an in vitro study on the locus coeruleus

Abstract A primary determinant of seizure susceptibility and severity in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs), is a generalized deficiency in the central noradrenergic system of these animals. In particular, this deficiency includes reduced numbers of norepinephrine (NE) synaptic terminals in several brain areas and distinctly fewer NE axons within the auditory tectum. Two strains of GEPRs have been developed: GEPR-3s that have moderately severe clonic seizures and GEPR-9s that have severe tonic seizures culminating in complete hindlimb extension. Seizures in animals of each substrain are preceded by a brief episode of wild running. The developmental profile of NE axonal growth in GEPRs compared to control rats is not known, but may be causally related to NE deficiencies in this seizure model. The present study compared developmental neurite extension of fetal NE neurons in vitro between GEPR-3s and Sprague-Dawley control rats, the strain from which GEPR-3s were originally derived. Neurite arborization of individual NE neurons was assessed by quantitative morphometry following immunocytochemical identification of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Preliminary studies using explant and dispersed-cell cultures of control-rat tissues showed that optimal culture parameters to support neuritogenesis of LC neurons included the use of dispersed-cell cultures, Pronectin-F substrate, day-14 gestation donor-tissue, no use of cytosine-arabinofuranoside (ARA-c, a glial mitotic inhibitor) and the presence of co-cultured tectal tissue. Compared to fetal control-rat NE neurons co-cultured with fetal control-rat tectum, NE neurons derived from fetal GEPR-3 LC in co-culture with GEPR-3 tectum exhibited only 30% of the neurite extension of control-rat LC neurons and GEPR-3 LC neurons had a similarly deficient amount of branching. This study suggests, but does not prove, that deficiency in tectal NE in GEPR-3s involves a developmental deficiency in neurite extension from GEPR-3 LC neurons. Hypothetically, this deficiency may also contribute to the well described NE deficiency in other regions of the adult GEPR brain. Supported by SIUSOM and UICOM-P.
Childhood abuse and later parenting outcomes in two American Indian tribes.

Objectives To examine the relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse with reported parenting satisfaction and parenting role impairment later in life among American Indians (AIs).
G-Quadruplex and i-Motif Are Mutually Exclusive in ILPR Double-Stranded DNA

G-quadruplex has demonstrated its biological functions in vivo. Although G-quadruplex in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) has been well characterized, investigation of this species in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) lags behind. Here we use chemical footprinting and laser-tweezers-based single-molecule approaches to demonstrate that a dsDNA fragment found in the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ILPR), 5′-(ACA GGGG TGT GGGG)2 TGT, can fold into a G-quadruplex at pH 7.4 with 100 mM K+, and an i-motif at pH 5.5 with 100 mM Li+. Surprisingly, under a condition that favors the formation of both G-quadruplex and i-motif (pH 5.5, 100 mM K+), a unique determination of change in the free energy of unfolding (ΔGunfold) by laser-tweezers experiments provides compelling evidence that only one species is present in each dsDNA. Under this condition, molecules containing G-quadruplex are more stable than those with i-motif. These two species have mechanical stabilities (rupture force ≥ 17 pN) comparable to the stall force of RNA polymerases, which, from a mechanical perspective alone, could justify a regulatory mechanism for tetraplex structures in the expression of human insulin.
Regular use of prescribed opioids: Association with common psychiatric disorders

Use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain is increasing, but the clinical epidemiology and standards of care for this practice are poorly defined. Psychiatric disorders are associated with increased physical symptoms and may be associated with opioid use. We performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Health Care for Communities (HCC) survey conducted in 1997-1998 (N=9279) to determine the association of psychiatric disorders and self-reported regular use of prescribed opioids within the past year. Regular prescription opioid use was reported by 282 (3%) respondents. In unadjusted logistic regression models, respondents with common mental disorders in the past year (major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, or panic disorder) were more likely to report regular prescription opioid use than those without any of these disorders (OR=6.15, 95% CI=4.13, 9.14, P< 0.001). Respondents reporting problem drug use (OR=4.75, 95% CI=2.52, 8.94, P<0.001), or problem alcohol use (OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.03, 3.40, P=.041) reported higher rates of prescribed opioid use than those without problem use. In multivariate logistic regression models controlling for demographic and clinical variables, the presence of a common mental disorder remained a significant predictor of prescription opioid use (OR=3.15, 95% CI=1.69, 5.88, P<0.001), among individuals reporting low pain interference (N=8307); but not (OR=1.27, n.s.) among those reporting high pain interference (N=972). Depressive, anxiety and drug abuse disorders are associated with increased use of regular opioids in the general population. Depressive and anxiety disorders are more common and more strongly associated with prescribed opioid use than drug abuse disorders.
Liquid crystalline properties and photochromism of N-[4-(4-n-alkoxybenzoyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzylidene]-methoxy and -ethoxy anilines

New homologous series of N-[4-(4-n-alkoxybenzoyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzylidene]-methoxy and -ethoxyanilines were synthesized. The phase transitions of these homologues were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and an polarizing microscopy: para-substituted homologues exhibit a nematic phase, while ortho-substituted members do show no mesomorphic phase. In addition, some members of these homologous series exhibit a photochromic property in the solid state.
The toxicological evaluation of realistic emissions of source aerosols study: statistical methods.

The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study involved withdrawal, aging, and atmospheric transformation of emissions of three coal-fired power plants. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characterization. Data generated had multiple levels of resolution: exposure, scenario, and constituent chemical composition. Here, we outline a multilayered approach to analyze the associations between exposure and health effects beginning with standard ANOVA models that treat exposure as a categorical variable. The model assessed differences in exposure effects across scenarios (by plant). To assess unadjusted associations between pollutant concentrations and health, univariate analyses were conducted using the difference between the response means under exposed and control conditions and a single constituent concentration as the predictor. Then, a novel multivariate analysis of exposure composition an...
Pteridine content of some methane- and methanol-oxidizing bacteria

Der Pteridin-Gehalt einiger Methan-oder Methanol-oxydierender Bakterien scheint nicht mit der Anwesenheit einer spezifischen Methanoldehydrogenase zusammenzuhangen. Pteridine einerPseudomonas Sp. (pink organism) wurden identifiziert.
Propagation of slow waves requires IP3 receptors and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in canine colonic muscles

In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract electrical slow waves yield oscillations in membrane potential that periodically increase the open probability of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and facilitate phasic contractions. Slow waves are generated by the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and these events actively propagate through ICC networks within the walls of GI organs. The mechanism that entrains spontaneously active pacemaker sites throughout ICC networks to produce regenerative propagation of slow waves is unresolved. Agents that block inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake were tested on the generation of slow waves in the canine colon. A partitioned chamber apparatus was used to test the effects of blocking slow-wave generation on propagation. We found that active propagation occurred along strips of colonic muscle, but when the pacemaker mechanism was blocked in a portion of the tissue, slow waves decayed exponentially from the point where the pacemaker mechanism was inhibited. An IP3 receptor inhibitor, mitochondrial inhibitors, low external Ca2+, and divalent cations (Mn2+ and Ni2+) caused exponential decay of the slow waves in regions of muscle exposed to these agents. These data demonstrate that the mechanism that initiates slow waves is reactivated from cell-to-cell during the propagation of slow waves. Voltage-dependent conductances present in smooth muscle cells are incapable of slow-wave regeneration. The data predict that partial loss of or disruptions to ICC networks observed in human motility disorders could lead to incomplete penetration of slow waves through GI organs and, thus, to defects in myogenic regulation.
Ablation of proliferating marrow with 5-fluorouracil allows partial purification of mesenchymal stem cells

The ability to identify and maintain mesenchymal stem cells in vitro is a prerequisite for the ex vivo expansion of cells capable of effecting mesenchymal tissue regeneration. The aim of this investigation was to develop an assay to enrich and ultimately purify mesenchymal stem cells. To enrich the population of mesenchymal stem cell-like cells, rats or mice were administered 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vivo. Limiting dilution analysis demonstrated that 5-FU-treated bone marrow had the potential to form colony-forming units-fibroblastic (CFU-F) at a 10-fold or sixfold enrichment compared to normal bone marrow in rats or mice, respectively. In vivo and in vitro differentiation assays supported the enrichment and purification effects. In vitro, bone marrow cultures from 5-FU-treated bone marrow demonstrated lineage-specific gene expression in lineage-specific medium conditions in contrast to the multilineage gene expression of control bone marrow cultures. In vivo implantation of 5-FU-treated cells that were not expanded in culture generated ossicles containing an intact bone cortex and mature hematopoietic components, whereas non-5-FU-treated bone marrow only formed fibrous tissues. Our results demonstrate that enrichment of a quiescent cell population in the bone marrow by in vivo treatment of 5-FU spares those undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and influences the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. This prospective identification of a population of mesenchymal cells from the marrow that maintain their multilineage potential should lead to more focused studies on the characterization of a true mesenchymal stem cell.
In-Hospital and Long-Term Outcomes after Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Patients with Malignancy

Background Although percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is widely performed for nutrition or palliation, PEG-associated outcomes in cancer patients remain poorly described. We examined the safety and benefits of PEG placement in this population at our institution. Study Design A 5-year retrospective review of patients with malignancy (excluding head/neck and thoracic malignancy) who underwent PEG at our institution was performed. Results One hundred and eighty-nine patients with malignancy underwent PEG; 33.9% had hematologic malignancy, 66.1% had nonhematologic malignancy, and 44.4% had metastatic disease. Indications for PEG were enteral access (73%) and gastric decompression/management of obstructive symptoms (27%). Few patients achieved independence from total parenteral nutrition (22%) or diet advancement (24.6%). Overall rates of major complications (eg, aspiration, tube dislodgement/leakage, bleeding, visceral injury, respiratory failure after procedure, and cardiac arrest) and minor complications (eg, superficial infection and ileus) were 10.2% and 11.3%, respectively. All-cause in-hospital mortality was high (19.6%) and was associated with ICU admission (p = 0.018), earlier bone marrow transplantation (p = 0.022), steroid treatment (p = 0.024), and lower preoperative albumin (p = 0.003). Code status was changed after PEG in 44 patients from full code to DNR/do no intubate or comfort measures only. Conclusions Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in this study population was associated with major procedure-related complications. The majority of patients failed to achieve total parenteral nutrition independence or advancement of diet. Nearly 25% of patients declined aggressive resuscitation strategies after undergoing surgery for PEG. This study cautions to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of PEG placement in this patient population. Prospective studies are needed to uncover factors affecting the decision process and patient selection.
Effect of formulations and dispensers on attractiveness of virelure to the tobacco budworm

Formulations of virelure, the synthetic sex pheromone of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F.), were developed, bioassayed in traps in field cages, and used in traps to survey populations in plant hosts. Virelure (10 mg) laminated between thin sheets of vinyl polymer plastic was attractive to male moths for 21 days, and attractiveness did not regress appreciably for the first 7 days. Another dispenser was an 8 × 30-mm cigarette filter encased in a glass shell vial. A mixture of 10 μl (Z)-11-hexadecenal and 0.5 μl (Z)-9-tetradecenal, the pheromone components, formulated with wheat germ oil andd-alpha tocopherol (9∶1) in 0.5 ml CH2Cl2 (WGOE) was still attractive to males after 5 days. Cottonseed oil, polyethylene glycol 600 distearate (peg-600-d), and peg-6000-d also inhibited excessive vaporization and oxidation of virelure. Virelure (21.25 μl) formulated on filters with WGOE and used as bait (replaced weekly) in survey traps caught 27,263 males in 1975; analysis of catches each day for 7-day periods showed that most males were caught within 3 days after baiting, and attractiveness regressed considerably during the last 3–4 days of each week. Four ratios of virelure components were tested as bait (20 mg) in saucer-type pheromone traps, and the 16∶1 ratio caught significantly more male moths than ratios of 24∶1, 32∶1, or 40∶1.
Significant sirolimus and dronedarone interaction in a kidney transplant recipient.

Objective:To report the potential clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between sirolimus and dronedarone.Case Summary:A 67-year-old man status post-kidney transplant in 2004 was maintained on an immunosuppressive regimen consisting of sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. He had been maintained for more than 1 year on a stable dose of sirolimus (5 mg/day), with concentrations ranging between 5 and 13.5 ng/mL. The patient was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of bloody diarrhea; shortly after admission, he developed atrial fibrillation for which dronedarone 400 mg twice daily was initiated. Sirolimus concentrations obtained 3 days after initiation of dronedarone revealed a trough concentration that was increased by more than 3-fold (38.6 ng/mL) from his baseline trough concentration. After sirolimus was held for 6 days, the trough concentration was 7.8 ng/mL. The dosage was reduced to 1 mg/day; there was no need for further adjustment.Discussion:While the potential for an ...
Grain boundary faceting and twinning in complex intermetallic compounds

Abstract Grain boundary faceting and annealing twins in a Hf—V—Nb-based C15 intermetallic compound were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Approximately 5% of the boundaries become faceted during annealing at 1200°C and the majority of completely faceted boundaries are [Sgrave]3(〈110〉/70·53°) grain boundaries. About 65% of the facets were found to be of the type {111}1/{111}2, with the balance being {112}1/{112}2, {111}1/{115}2 and {001}1/{221}2. A facet in the process of transformation was also observed: [Sgrave]3{111}1/{115}2 → [Sgrave]3{111}1/{111}2 + [Sgrave]3{112}1/{112}2. Annealing twins in the bulk were identified as {111}〈112〉 type and a mechanism for the growth of annealing twins based on the faceting reaction is proposed. In this mechanism annealing twins grow by the anisotropic migration of [Sgrave]3{112}1/{112}2 facets via the slip of synchro-Shockley partial dislocation triplets.
2020 computing: science in an exponential world.

The amount of scientific data is doubling every year. Alexander Szalay and Jim Gray analyse how scientific methods are evolving from paper notebooks to huge online databases. This week's forward-looking science and computing special takes 2020 as the iconic future date. If the rate of progress in the computing industry is any guide, within 15 years nano-scale circuits will be a reality. And 2020 is now seen as possible for what was unimaginable until recently, the practical quantum computer. Another imminent revolution is ‘smart dust’: tiny sensors that monitor everything everywhere. Stephen Muggleton welcomes the data bonanza generated by automation, but argues that science is an essentially human activity and that progress brings its dangers. Hugo-award-winning novelist Vernor Vinge ponders a future we can barely imagine. Alexander Szalay and Jim Gray argue that we are nearing the limit of what one research group can achieve in data handling. Roger Brent and Jehoshuah Bruck ask what computer science can contribute to biological research and Ian Foster reviews the two-way relationship between science and computing.
Growth Of Diamond-Like Films On Ni Surfaces Using Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been used to investigate the nucleation and growth of diamond and diamond-like films on Ni surfaces. The primary results center around hydrogen dilution experiments. Hydrogen dilution when using the polycrystalline Ni substrates tends to reduce the growth rate and increase the electrical resistivity of the films (-107 Ω-cm), it is found that at even higher hydrogen dilutions (greater than 98% H2) the films become semicontinuous with sparse and sometimes no nucleation occurring. These films, like the ones grown at lower hydrogen dilution, do not show a 1332 cm-1 diamond Raman line but show graphitic and disordered carbon features. An attempt to grow heteroepitaxial diamond on Ni(111) surfaces under conditions of high hydrogen dilution (100:1) produced a sample with oriented hillocks which are heteroepitaxially in registration with the substrate. Raman analysis showed lines characteristic of graphite and disordered carbon with an additional line at 1398 cm-1. Transmission electron microscopy produced a diffraction pattern with the lattice spacing and symmetry of epitaxial graphite with some faint polycrystalline rings.
Public Administrators and Noncitizens

Recent debates surrounding immigration policy have underscored the challenges facing local administrators. This article explores administrators’ attitudes toward documented and undocumented immigra...
Threshold behavior of the M -shell photoionization of argon

The multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method, which has been extended to study photoionization of atoms, is applied to calculate the 3s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}kp photoionization cross section of argon. It has been shown that the interchannel interaction associated with the 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}kd transition, which is very strong in the 3s subshell photoionization cross section, can be very efficiently simulated by the bound-continuum channel interaction associated with the 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d transition. The length and velocity forms of cross section agree very well throughout the range of energies considered. Our results compare well with other theoretical estimates and are in better agreement with experimental measurements.
Post discharge evolution of a spark igniter kernel

Abstract In many practical combustion devices, short duration, high-energy spark kernels are used to ignite combustible gases in turbulent flows. Here we examine the development of a high energy (∼0.25 J) spark kernel created by a short duration (
Thyroid Function in Chickens and Rats Effect of Iodine Content of the Diet and Hypophysectomy on Iodine Metabolism in White Leghorn Cockerels and Long-Evans Rats

Some aspects of the thyroidal metabolism of iodine (I127 and I131) were studied in intact and hypophysectomized White Leghorn cockerels maintained on a low iodine diet, and on the diet supplemented with iodide. Thyroid glands of intact chickens on low iodine dist were hyperactive, as judged by I131 uptake, thyroid/serum radioiodide concentration ratios and histology of the gland; however, a long retention of thyroidal I131 and a low level of circulating thyroid hormone were found. Supplementation of the diet with iodide strikingly reduced the thyroidal activity and altered the distribution of I127 and I131 in the iodoamino acids of the thyroglobulin. When the cockerels were hypophysectomized, although the target organs atrophied, an unusually high thyroidal activity remained a month and a half later; nevertheless, there was a severe deficiency in the labeling of the thyroxine of the thyroglobulin following injection of radioiodide. It is postulated that the high residuum of activity is attributable to die...
Classification Trees With Bivariate Linear Discriminant Node Models

This article introduces a classification tree algorithm that can simultaneously reduce tree size, improve class prediction, and enhance data visualization. We accomplish this by fitting a bivariate linear discriminant model to the data in each node. Standard algorithms can produce fairly large tree structures because they employ a very simple node model, wherein the entire partition associated with a node is assigned to one class. We reduce the size of our trees by letting the discriminant models share part of the data complexity. Being themselves classifiers, the discriminant models can also help to improve prediction accuracy. Finally, because the discriminant models use only two predictor variables at a time, their effects are easily visualized by means of two-dimensional plots. Our algorithm does not simply fit discriminant models to the terminal nodes of a pruned tree, as this does not reduce the size of the tree. Instead, discriminant modeling is carried out in all phases of tree growth and the misc...
The Hebrew Bible and/as Second Temple Literature: Methodological Reflections

AbstractThis essay offers methodological reflections on the relationship between studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls and studies of the Hebrew Bible. These reflections center around three main claims: (1) that the Hebrew Bible is Second Temple literature; (2) that the internal development of the Hebrew Bible is, in a specific and important sense, a history of exegesis; and (3) that Second Temple interpretation outside of the scriptural corpus is inseparable from the history of exegesis within it. These claims all point to the problematic and artificial nature of the boundaries between the two disciplines; and they illustrate how both fields require each other in order to understand their respective objects of inquiry in a rigorous and historically appropriate manner.
The effect of cocaine on hippocampal cholinergic and noradrenergic metabolism.

Abstract Rats treated with l -cocaine HCl exhibited an increase in hippocampal acetylcholine turnover, as measured by a mass fragmentographic technique. Furthermore, the ratio of hippocampal 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol to norepinephrine increased significantly. Possible mechanisms of the increased cholinergic activity are discussed.
Applications of interferometers in space to astrometry and planetary detection

Optical and infrared interferometers located outside the Earth's atmosphere should attain fully coherent performance over baselines as long as desired. This new capability should lead, if problems of compensating for angular stability can be solved, to extremely precise measurements of the angular distance between a star and one or more references. This property can be used for astrometric planetary detection, as well as for parallax and proper motion measurements. In addition, the interferometer's high rejection of stray radiation allows the construction of a sensitive direct planetary detection device.
Action of insulin on liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity

Abstract Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II (glutamine-hydrolyzing) (EC 6.3.5.5) (synthetase II), is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the de , novo UMP biosynthetic pathway. The present investigation showed that insulin has a regulatory action on hepatic synthetase II activity. When diabetes was induced with injection of different doses of alloxan the plasma insulin concentrations decreased in a dose-dependent fashion to 72, 38, 31 and 28% and concurrently the liver synthetase II activity decreased to 75, 43, 29 and 22% of the normal values. In diabetic rats dose response studies showed that with insulin injections of 4, 6, 8 or 10 U/day for 48 h the hepatic synthetase II activity increased to 81, 95, 99 and 103% of the control liver values. In the diabetic rats the insulin-induced rise in liver synthetase II activity was prevented by treatment of the rats with actinomycin.
Managing the psychological aspects of plastic surgery patients.

Purpose of reviewThe success of any physician–patient interaction is based on good communication. This requires the physician to be a careful listener with clinical acumen that extends beyond the typical borders of medical illness. For the plastic surgeon, the skill set must include an ability to un
Personality and physician-assessed illness burden in older primary care patients over 4 years.

Background Personality traits have been associated with physician-rated illness burden cross-sectionally, but longitudinal associations between personality and objective medical morbidity remain unclear. Purpose To examine associations between personality and physician-rated illness burden 4 years prospectively in older primary care patients. Method At baseline, patients (average age: 75, SD: 6.6, 62% female) completed the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. At baseline and 4 yearly follow-ups, a physician completed the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale on the basis of medical records. Results Linear mixed-effects models revealed that higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness predicted worse average illness burden longitudinally. Relatively disagreeable persons (25th percentile) accumulated morbidity at a 33% faster rate than agreeable (75th percentile) peers. At the final follow-up, a person at the 75th percentile of neuroticism and the 25th percentile of conscientiousness and agreeableness showed morbidity comparable to a peer of average personality but 10 years older. An individual at the 25th percentile of neuroticism and 75th percentile of conscientiousness and agreeableness showed end-point illness burden comparable to a peer of average personality but 10 years younger. Twenty-one percent of the morbidity associated with neuroticism was explained by total cholesterol. History of hypertension, smoking, alcohol/drug abuse, and affective symptoms of depression each explained 10% or less of the other observed personality effects. Conclusion Personality plays a nontrivial role in healthy aging among older persons. Brief personality assessment may identify at-risk older persons for closer monitoring, enhance the accuracy of medical prognosis, and provide clues for clinical interventions to promote better health.
Savagery in General Anthropology

A "review" was published in this journal under the banner of my book, Sicuanga Runa: The Other Side of Development in Amazonian Ecuador (AA 89:2, 485-486, 1987). It accuses me of creating "false informants" and a fictitious location for the Canelos Quichua and the Achuar Jivaroans of Ecuador. It is necessary to set the record straight for the journal's general readers as to this "review's" fundamental
Life-cycle analysis of automobiles: A critical review of methodologies

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) has been described by its proponents as an environmental panacea, capable of providing engineers, designers, and managers with everything that they need to make environmentally correct decisions. Unfortunately, the goals of the technique and the reality of its application are very different. Like any analytical technique, its application requires the imposition of assumptions to accommodate limitations in budgets, resources, and know-how. Furthermore, the evaluation of the analytical results introduces questions of strategy and priority that are currently unresolved. Thus, while the concepts underlying LCA are readily understandable, the practical application of the method has substantial problems.
Histological changes in the articular eminence and mandibular fossa during growth of the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta )

Unlike the mandibular condyle, the temporal component of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been the object of relatively few investigations concerning its growth and remodeling. This report provides qualitative and quantitative documentation of microanatomical changes in the mandibular fossa and articular eminence during growth of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The thickness of the fibrous articular tissue and the presence of cartilage cells in its deeper layers were examined histologically in 43 rhesus monkeys at five maturational levels (neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent, and young adult). Absolute thickness of the articular tissue increased with maturational level in all areas studied, with the increase somewhat more pronounced on the posterior slope and crest of the articular eminence than in the roof of the mandibular fossa. Relative to condylar size, an increase in articular-layer thickness characterized the first three maturational levels, and was followed by a decrease during adolescent and young-adult stages. Articular tissue in the fossa roof constituted a steadily decreasing fraction of the total articular-tissue thickness with age, while relative thickness of the tissue on the posterior slope and crest of the eminence increased with age. These results parallel those obtained for the mandibular condyle, and they are best interpreted to indicate that forces delivered to the joint become directed more anteriorly with age. The overall pattern of topographical variation in articular-tissue thickness and cartilage-cell distribution suggests that greater loading of the lateral aspect of the TMJ, postulated in the human TMJ by various workers, may not be as pronounced in the monkey.
THE SCHEMAPIRIC VIEW. NOTES ON S. S. STEVENS' PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOPHYSICS1

S. S. Stevens will be remembered as the champion of operationism in psychology, as the inventor of the theory of scale types, and as the father of the psychophysical law bearing his name (Miller, 1974). Both operationism and the theory of scale types were meta-scientific enquiries into the relations between formal systems and data. It is Stevens' Power Law, and the psychophysical investigations involved in its formulation and verification, that remain a monument to schemapiric science at its best. The term schemapiric is Stevens' (1968), and it denotes the marriage of formal systems and models-schematato observations and tabulations-empirics. This union of the ideal and the real is found whenever there is progress in science; it characterizes the work of Stevens' later years, presented simply and clearly in the posthumous Psychophysics. There is much about Stevens of which experimental analysts of behavior would approve. He was a behaviorist: "We study the response of an organism, not some nonphysical mental stuff that by definition defies objective test" (p. 51). Not a radical behaviorist to be sure, but a man with whom we could feel philosophically at ease, if not somewhat jealous of, for his simpler "conventional" behaviorism. He was an exceptional psychophysicist, more interested in substantive issues than in methodology (in one passage he criticized signal detectability theorists for "much honing of the tool's edge, but little cutting" (p. 178). Compare Day's characterization of behavior analysts as pragmatists: "The radical
Lines, regression and some relations between slopes and intercepts considered from a geometric viewpoint

Recently, Valentine, Wilding & Mohindra (1984) argued that the negative correlation between slopes and intercepts sometimes found in memory-scanning tasks can be explained on purely statistical grounds. Because theory underlying the memory-scanning literature is so emphatic in stating that this should not be so, a more exhaustive examination of other possibilities was undertaken. In this paper we consider a more geometric approach and observe that the geometric properties of the transformation x → x + t determine the correlations obtainable from the variables ‘slope’ and ‘intercept’ associated with the kinds of data given in memory scan experiments. The family of lines produced are naturally negatively correlated for good geometric reasons. Even though our observations do not contradict the conclusions obtained by Valentine et al., our method is sufficiently different to be considered in its own right. It is hoped that the geometric considerations of the type presented here may find application in interpreting data obtained from families of regression lines representing runs of experiments.
Copyright enforcement and product quality signaling in markets for computer software

Abstract This paper considers the impact of consumer copying of computer software when there is asymmetric information about product quality. In particular, the paper: (1) examines how the presence of copying can enhance the feasibility of production of high quality software when quality is a priori unknown to consumers and (2) explores the novel possibility that a software producer can signal product quality via its copyright enforcement decision. Under certain conditions, when there is asymmetric information about product quality, providers of high quality software can be made strictly better off with less than full copyright enforcement; in some cases, they do not produce at all in the absence of copying.
Direct Democracy and Political Parties in America

We examine the origins of direct democracy in the American states and assess how direct democracy has affected American political parties. We find adoption of the most directly democratic forms of the initiative in states where Populist forces were strongest in the 1890s. Use of the initiative throughout the twentieth century led to more restrictive state legal environments for parties and was associated with weaker traditional party organizations. American parties have subsequently challenged restrictions placed on their organizations and on their ability to engage in campaigns. By the end of the twentieth century, American party organizations were visible actors in direct democracy campaigns, however their role is different from that of parties in Europe.
Energy politics and geopolitical competition in the Caspian Basin

This article explores geopolitical rivalry in the Caspian Basin, driven in large measure by the desire to control and exploit energy resources. It focuses in particular on actions by Russia, China, and the United States. While outside actors play an important role in the region, local states have demonstrated that they are not merely passive players. They have managed, in many cases, to use the ‘geopolitical pluralism’ of great power competition to gain room to maneuver. The result is a complicated picture of geopolitical balance. Looking ahead, however, China may be in the best position to assume the pre-eminent role in the region.
Signa Priscae Artis: Eretria and Siphnos

‘Most things in Greece’, so Pausanias tells us, ‘are subject to dispute.’ Nowadays, however, the chronological development at least of archaic and early classical art is no longer regarded as a matter for controversy. Indeed so little dispute remains that the art of this period is being used with increasing confidence to reconstruct the social, political and economic history of Greece. Before new orthodoxies arise, however, it may be in order to question some of the old ones by re-examining the ‘fixed points’ on which the chronology of Greek art is based. These points of contact between art and history are familiar. They include, for example, the sack of Hama in Syria, Thucydides' dates for the western colonies, the siege of Old Smyrna, the Greek occupation of Tell Defenneh and other Egyptian sites, the construction of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi, the youthful careers of Athenian kaloi (notably those of Leagros, son of Glaukon, and of his son Glaukon), ostraca, the Marathon tumulus and the Persian sack of Athens.In this paper we evaluate the evidence of two well-known buildings which are generally thought to have been constructed in the sixth century BC. We argue that available evidence may not require this chronological conclusion. We begin by attempting to demonstrate that the marble Temple of Apollo Daphnephorus at Eretria with its pedimental Amazonomachy was erected in the aftermath of the Persian Wars, not in the sixth century. We then reconsider in the light of this suggestion the traditional date of the Siphnian Treasury (c. 530–25 BC).
Ethnic skin diseases

The changing demographics of the United States hair than in Caucasian populations. Newer treatment have given a new face to North America. With current projections indicating that the majority of the United States population will be non-Caucasian by midcentury, there are already changes in the ethnic and racial groups seen in the dermatologist’s office. This issue of the Dermatologic Clinics is devoted to ethnic skin diseases—for the purposes of the issue, the term ethnic denotes non-Caucasian. With approximately one third of the United States population now being non-Caucasian, changing demographics have occurred not only in metropolitan areas but also in pockets throughout the country. The contributing authors of this issue have attempted to give a better understanding of skin and hair disorders seen in the major non-Caucasian ethnic groups in the United States. There are disorders that may be found frequently in some groups and some that may be found rarely. Furthermore, the presentation of common dermatologic disorders may vary from one ethnic group to another. Medical and surgical therapies may be different in non-Caucasian populations for diseases of skin and
Old Methodological Sneakers: Fashion and Function in a Cross‐Training Era

(1999). Old Methodological Sneakers: Fashion and Function in a Cross-Training Era. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 89, No. 4, pp. 679-687.
Electronic transport in a superlattice with average periodic order.

We introduce a model to describe scattering from disordered metallic interfacial regions in layered structures, or superlattices. This model is also applicable to interface roughness or boundary scattering in single junctions. It consists of an array of slabs of scattering centers embedded in a host metal. The slabs have thickness t and are separated by a distance d. Each simulates an interfacial region in which the physical arrangement of scattering centers is disordered with positional correlations within a slab being represented by a structure factor S, but atomic positions being uncorrelated between slabs. For a description of the structure factor of a slab with assumed quenched disorder, the pair correlation function for homogeneous liquids is used as an input after extension both to finite geometry and into regions of high density typical of solids. The Boltzmann equation, with the anisotropic structural information incorporated in the collision term, is solved by a variational principle, and yields the in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity and thermopower components as functions of d, t, and the density of scattering centers in a slab. The results show that it is possible to characterize the microscopic structural features of the interfacial region in terms of the transport properties of the system.
How Do SMOs Create Moral Resources? The Roles of Media Visibility, Networks, Activism, and Political Capacity

How is it that some social movement organizations (SMOs) receive more media attention, and are generally perceived as more influential, than others? The purpose of this study is to examine the antecedents of moral resources (media visibility and peer influence) among SMOs in the 1980s US national labor policy domain. Using theories of communication, social movements, and media effects, this research argues that the acquisition of moral resources is influenced by the accumulation of other types of resources. Our path model showed that organizational resources such as media visibility, political capacity, and communication network centrality positively predicted organizational peer influence. Moreover, communication network centrality was positively related to media visibility, and SMOs that used damaging activist tactics were more likely to be covered by the media. Our results suggest that communication theory can be used to expand upon theories of SMs and resources, and that SMOs seeking to develop moral ...
Effects of starvation, and light and dark on the energy metabolism of symbiotic and aposymbiotic sea anemones, Anthopleura elegantissima

Rates of oxygen and carbon-dioxide exhange were measured in symbiotic and aposymbiotic specimens of the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima while fed and starved under light or dark conditions. Respiratory quotients indicated that fed anemones switched from a carbohydrate to a fat catabolism when starved, with the exception that symbiotic individuals starved in the light showed a pronounced carbohydrate catabolism for over 1 month. The source of the carbohydrate was probably photosynthate translocated by the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium (=Gymnodinium) microadriaticum (Freudenthal) living in the anemones' tissues. The starved symbiotic anemones maintained in the light had lipid levels not significantly different from fed controls and 44 to 61% higher than starved aposymbiotic anemones after 1 month. Thus, the quality and quantity of the metabolic flux from the symbionts to the sea anemone were sufficient to conserve the host's lipid reserves.
Differential colonization of wheat cultivars by two biotypes of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Susceptible and resistance wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum L, were presented to two biotypes of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in multiple choice tests to assay their relative acceptability as host plants. Both apterae (third and fourth instars) and alate adults were offered plants at the two-leaf stage in different cultivar combinations at 22 ± 1 °C and 16: 8 (L: D) hour photoperiod. Apterae were released from Petri dishes in the center of a circle of test plants, whereas alatae dispersed from a mature aphid colony to settle on plants arranged in rows. Both alatae and apterous nymphs of both biotypes readily colonized all cultivars tested: ‘2137’, ‘Akron’, ‘Ankor’, ‘Halt’, ‘Jagger’, ‘Prairie Red’, ‘Stanton’, ‘TAM107’, ‘TAM110’, ‘Trego’, ‘Yuma’, and ‘Yumar’. Fewer biotype 1 apterae responded (settled and fed) in the combination containing more resistant (Dn4- and Dny-expressing) cultivars, compared to the combinations that had fewer. The reverse was true for biotype 2 apterae; more aphids responded in the combination containing the largest number of Dn4 expressing cultivars. Differential colonization of cultivars was observed in only one combination, in which biotype 2 apterae colonized Akron and Yumar in larger numbers than they did Stanton and Yuma. A separate experiment confirmed that, 48 hours after infestation, more biotype 2 apterae abandoned plants of Yuma than plants of Yumar. This differential response was likely due to genetic differences between the two ‘near isogenic’ lines that include the lack of Dn4 expression in Yuma. Choice tests with alatae did not result in differential rates of cultivar colonization by either biotype in any combination tested. These results suggest that young wheat plants appear to lack any meaningful antixenosis toward D. noxia, even though the aphids appear to perceive, and sometimes respond to, certain differences in cultivar suitability.
Fungal stealth technology

Medically important fungi range from commensal organisms that cause opportunistic infections to primary fungal pathogens that can cause disease in immunocompetent hosts. Host phagocyte-expressed pattern-recognition receptors represent one obstacle to infection, and the extent to which fungal cells can evade detection by host receptors helps shape their pathogenic potential. This review highlights recently defined mechanisms employed by successful fungal pathogens to conceal their immunostimulatory molecular signatures from leukocyte receptors or to disrupt host response signals. Continued improvements in our understanding of these fungal stealth mechanisms should provide new options for future therapeutics to expose these fungal pathogens and limit their virulence capacity.
The Vacuolar H+-ATPase of Lemon Fruits Is Regulated by Variable H+/ATP Coupling and Slip

Lemon fruit tonoplasts, unlike those of seedling epicotyls, contain nitrate-insensitive H+-ATPase activity (Muller, M. L., Irkens-Kiesecker, U., Rubinstein, B., and Taiz, L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1916–1924). However, the degree of nitrate-insensitivity fluctuates during the course of the year with a seasonal frequency. Nitrate uncouples H+ pumping from ATP hydrolysis both in epicotyls and in nitrate-sensitive fruit V-ATPases. Neither bafilomycin nor oxidation cause uncoupling. The initial rate H+/ATP coupling ratios of epicotyl and the nitrate-sensitive fruit proton pumping activities are the same. However, the H+/ATP coupling ratio of the nitrate-insensitive fruit H+ pumping activity is lower than that of nitrate-sensitive and epicotyl V-ATPases. Several properties of the nitrate-insensitive H+-ATPase of the fruit indicate that it is a modified V-ATPase rather than a P-ATPase: 1) insensitivity to low concentrations of vanadate; 2) it is initially strongly uncoupled by nitrate, but regains coupling as catalysis proceeds; 3) both the nitrate-sensitive and nitrate-insensitive fruit H+-pumps have identicalK m values for MgATP, and show similar pH-dependent slip and proton leakage rates. We conclude that the ability of the juice sac V-ATPase to build up steep pH gradients involves three factors: variable coupling,i.e. the ability to regain coupling under conditions that initially induce uncoupling; a low pH-dependent slip rate; the low proton permeability of the membrane.
A world wide web-based grazing simulation model (GRASIM).

This paper introduces the Web-based GRAzing SImulation Model (GRASIM). It describes the model's core algorithms, the multi-paddock grazing and scheduling capabilities, and presents the Web interface structure and its execution mechanism. GRASIM estimates daily forage dry matter, daily soil water content and drainage, and daily soil nitrate content and leaching. The Web interface for GRASIM was developed to better deliver this useful computing resource to general users with access to a Web browser, regardless of their computer platform. With this Web interface, users can setup and modify GRASIM input files, run the model and obtain immediate responses to questions of interest with great ease. WWW-GRASIM also includes a help manual developed to give users instant help on all the model-input variables, components in GRASIM's Web interface and model execution procedures.