cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas sorption and transport properties of bisphenol-I-polycarbonate

Gas sorption and transport characterization of a new polymer in the polycarbonate family, based on the bisphenol of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1-one (BPI) is reported at 35°C. By comparison with properties of other known polycarbonates, the effects of inhibition of both packing and segmental motion due to the introduction of the bulky substituent in the backbone are elucidated. The Tg of the material was measured with differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and was found to be unusually high for a polycarbonate (233°C). This indicates a successful inhibition of the large-scale segmental mobility of the polymer. Variable 13C NMR analysis indicated that rotation of one phenylene ring has an unusually high (ca. 10 kcal) energy barrier, whereas the other phenylene ring has a more typical rotation profile (barrier < 3 kcal). The density was measured and found to be low (1.107 g/cm3), indicating a high fractional free volume (FFV) for the polymer. Consistent with expectations, the introduction of the bulky-substituted cyclohexane group gave high permeabilities for the various gases tested (N2, O2, He, CH4, CO2) compared to most standard polycarbonates. On the other hand, the permselectivities were typical for standard polycarbonates. The solubility coefficients of all gases were rather high, as expected for a polymer with such an open structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhancement of pool boiling

Abstract This review considers the many techniques that have been developed to enhance boiling heat transfer. After introducing the techniques, the applications to pool boiling are described. Comments are offered regarding commercial introduction of this technology and the generations of heat transfer technology; advanced enhancement represents 3rd generation heat transfer technology.
Inhibition of c-Src blocks oestrogen-induced apoptosis and restores oestrogen-stimulated growth in long-term oestrogen-deprived breast cancer cells

Abstract Purpose Our publications demonstrate that physiological concentrations of oestrogen (E 2 ) induce endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress which finally result in apoptosis in E 2 -deprived breast cancer cells, MCF-7:5C. c-Src is involved in the process of E 2 -induced stress. To mimic the clinical administration of c-Src inhibitors, we treated cells with either E 2 , a c-Src inhibitor PP2, or the combination for 8 weeks to further explore the apoptotic potential of the c-Src inhibitor and E 2 on MCF-7:5C cells. Methods Protein levels of receptors and signalling pathways were examined by immunoblotting. Expression of mRNA was detected through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cell cycles were analysed by flow cytometry. Results Long-term treatment with PP2 alone or E 2 alone decreased cell growth. In contrast, a combination of PP2 and E 2 blocked apoptosis and the resulting cell line (MCF-7:PF) was unique, as they grew vigorously in culture with physiological levels of E 2 , which could be blocked by the pure antioestrogen ICI182,780. One major change was that PP2 collaborated with E 2 to increase the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor beta (IGF-1Rβ). Blockade of IGF-1Rβ completely abolished E 2 -stimulated growth in MCF-7:PF cells. Furthermore, combination treatment up-regulated transcription factors, Twist1 and Snail, and repressed E-cadherin expression which made MCF-7:PF cells display a characteristic phenotype of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusions These data illustrate the role of the c-Src inhibitor to block E 2 -induced apoptosis and enhance E 2 -stimulated growth. Caution must be exercised when considering c-Src inhibitors in clinical trials following the development of acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitors, especially in the presence of the patient’s own oestrogen.
Demand characteristics of residential substance abuse treatment programs.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the objective demand characteristics of treatment programs in which substance abuse patients, or psychiatric patients, were residing. It also examined associations of objective demand with substance abuse patients' perceived expectations for functioning during treatment and patients' in-program participation. Methods: A total of 994 patients living in 79 programs took part. Results: When patients had a substance abuse rather than a psychiatric problem, objective demand was higher: program policies had higher requirements for functioning and more resident control; programs offered fewer health-treatment services; and the physical design provided fewer safety features and social–recreational aids. Compared to substance abuse patients in low-demand programs, patients in high-demand programs perceived the program to have higher expectations, in that the treatment climate exerted more press to develop relationships, set goals, and be organized. Patients in high-demand programs engaged more in self-initiated activities and participated more in treatment services and program-organized events. Substance abuse patients' activity and participation levels were determined jointly by the level of demand and by the expectations for patients' expressiveness and self-understanding of their personal problems. Implications: The findings illustrate the importance of considering objective indices of demand in conjunction with perceived expectations to improve patients' treatment outcomes.
Provider Adherence to Recommended Prenatal Care Content: Does It Differ for Obese Women?

The objective of this study was to examine provider adherence to prenatal care (PNC) content in obese and non-obese women and perinatal outcomes in obese women experiencing low and medium versus high adherence to PNC content. Provider adherence to PNC content (low <50 %, medium 50–79 %, and high ≥80 %) was compared between obese (n = 69) and non-obese (n = 128) women in a linked database of deliveries to low-income, minority women from 2003 to 2004. Sample content items included procedures delivered at every visit (blood pressure, urinalysis, maternal weight, fetal heart rate check), timed screenings for birth defects and gestational diabetes, prenatal vitamin prescriptions, and depression screening. Weight gain, preterm deliveries, cesareans, and birthweight were compared between obese women with low and medium versus high adherence to PNC content using multivariable logistic regression. High provider adherence to an eight-item PNC content score (56.3 vs. 66.5 %, p = 0.02) and depression screening (2.0 vs. 11.4 %, p = 0.001) were both lower for obese versus non-obese women. Among obese women, there were no differences by level of provider adherence to PNC content in preterm delivery, cesareans, and low birth weight, but obese women experiencing low and medium versus high adherence were more likely to gain ≥20 lbs (aOR 5.5, 95 % CI 1.3–23.3). Providers may be administering PNC differently to obese and non-obese women. PNC for obese women who are at high risk of adverse perinatal outcomes needs to be addressed especially as it relates to depression screening and gestational weight gain.
Bloom on Poe

Book reviewed in this article: Harold Bloom, ed. Edgar Allan Poe (Modern Critical Views). New York: Chelsea House, 1985. 155 pp. $17.95.
Methyltrioxorhenium Interactions with Lewis Acid Sites of an Amorphous Silica−Alumina

Deposition of CH3ReO3 onto the dehydrated surface of an amorphous silica−alumina (Si/Al = 4.8) generates a catalyst for olefin metathesis, although CH3ReO3 itself is not active. The nature of the interactions between the silica−alumina surface and the grafted organometallic complex was probed by 1D and 2D 1H, 13C, and 27Al solid-state NMR, IR, EXAFS, and DFT calculations. The methyl ligand remains bound to Re, but grafting alters its symmetry, as well as the shielding of the 13C and 1H nuclei. Chemisorption of the intact molecular complex occurs via interaction of one oxo ligand with an Al site, resulting in significant elongation of this ReO bond. Comparison of EXAFS- and DFT-derived bond distances suggests that the participating Lewis acid sites of silica−alumina involve five-coordinate Al. A second surface−organometallic interaction arises by coordination of an adjacent bridging oxygen atom (AlOSi) to the Re center. These insights represent a first step toward understanding the role of solid oxide supp...
Emergence of cefepime-resistance in Klebsiella oxytoca clinical isolate due to alteration in the outer membrane permeability

18. Haigwood, N.L. et al. 1996. Passive infection demonstrated by rapid selecimmune globulin therapy in the SIV/ tion of CTL escape virus. Nature Med. macaque model: early intervention can 3:205-211. alter disease profile. Immunol. Lett. 17. Mellors, J.W. et al. 1996. Prognosis in 51:107-114. HIV-l infection predicted by the quanti19. Janssen, R.S. et al. 1998. New testing ty of virus in plasma. Science 272: 1167strategy to detect early HIV1 infection 1170. [Erratum, Science 1997,275:14.] for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA 280:42-48.
Exploring a UML Profile Approach to Modeling Web Services in Healthcare

The Web services paradigm offers numerous potential benefits to the health care area. These include interoperability, portability, scalability, and compliance with universal standards. How-ever, development of large-scale Web services applications in health care is relatively scarce. Multiple challenges are slowing the diffusion of information technology practices in health care, starting with the absence of modeling tools and methodologies that are the bases for building such technology. This article describes a UML profile approach to developing Web services applications in the health care area, emphasizing the use of such extensions as stereotyping and tagging to model the unique elements of health care processing. We apply these ideas to a health clinic example. From here, one can imagine building incrementally upon these ideas to develop frameworks for Web services applications in health care. The benefits would enhance the overall quality of health care delivery and lower costs.
Intra-individual variability across neuropsychological tasks in schizophrenia: A comparison of patients, their siblings, and healthy controls

Recently, higher degrees of intra-individual variability (IIV) across neuropsychological tasks have been linked to risk for developing schizophrenia. Extending these findings to examine not only disease risk but genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia, we examined IIV across five factor-based cognitive scores in a sample of schizophrenia patients, their unaffected siblings, and healthy volunteers. IIV was significantly different among probands, siblings, and controls, with groups showing decreasing variability in that order. In addition, modest associations between IIV, age, and functioning ability were found. In light of these results, IIV indices might represent useful tools in understanding cognition in schizophrenia.
Idiopathic rupture of bladder

Idiopathic bladder rupture is uncommon but not rare. It should be considered in patients with depressed sensorium who present with mild azotemia, acidosis, and inability to void. A cystogram is diagnostic, and recovery is usually uneventful after primary bladder closure.
Electronic states and structural stability of supported Au clusters

The quantized energy levels of electrons in supported nanometer-size Au clusters have been resolved at room temperature using field emission techniques. By studying the time dependence of the electron emission current from an individual supported cluster, information about the structural stability of the cluster can also be obtained. Studies show abrupt jumps between different emission rates that are revisited as time progresses. This phenomenon can be attributed to a rearrangement of the cluster structure and/or orientation on the substrate and provides new evidence of multiple ‘isomeric’ structures for small clusters of metallic atoms.
An immunoreactive 8-azido ATP-labeled protein common to the lysosomal and chromaffin granule membrane.

Abstract The H + -ATPases of eukaryotic cell organelles, including the rat liver lysosomal (tritosomal) H + -ATPase and the bovine chromaffin granule ATPase, exhibit similarities in function, substrate requirements, and inhibitor responses. We have explored the possibility that these pumps also exhibit immunological similarities, and that common determinants may be present on polypeptides important to function, such as ATP binding. Toward this end, antibodies were produced in rabbits against a highly purified, detergent-solubilized and fractionated chromaffin granule proton pump preparation. This antibody reacted with a 70–80 kDa protein of the lysosomal membrane on Western blots. We have previously shown that photolysis with 8-azido-ATP inhibits lysosomal N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive, vanadate-, ouabain- and oligomycin-insensitive ATP hydrolysis and H + transport, with concomitant labeling of a 70–90 kDa membrane protein, amongst others. Here, we report that the photolysis with 8-azido-ATP also leads to inhibition of chromaffin granule H + pump function and pump-related ATP hydrolysis, with concomitant N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive, ATP-protectable, 8-azido-[α- 32 P]ATP labeling. The anti-chromaffin granule antibody reacts with an approx. 70 kDa protein of the chromaffin granule and the lysosome. This raises to possiblity that the 70 kDA 8-azido-ATP-reactive, immunologically similar proteins may play a similar role in pump function such as ATP binding and/or hydrolysis in these organelles.
Hydrolysis of uranium and thorium in surface-modified bentonite under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract The speciation of (UO 2 ) 2+ - and Th 4+ -exchanged bentonite clay samples was probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Surface modification reactions using hydrophobic silanes were performed in order to ascertain the effects of excluding the free exchange of external water from the clay gallery. Hydrothermal conditions were used to mimic potential geologic conditions in a nuclear waste storage facility. Both the (UO 2 ) 2+ and Th 4+ samples showed evidence of polymeric hydrolysis products similar to the fluorite structure known for both UO 2 and ThO 2 .
Low energy photophysics of phenylene-based strapped copolymers

We present the absorption and emission properties of the phenylene-based copolymers, poly(pyridyl vinylene-phenylene vinylene) (PPyVPV), poly(thienylene p-phenylene) (PTpP) and poly(dithienylene p-phenylene) (PDTpP), which incorporate `straps' to bridge the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl rings. The absorption and luminescence properties of the PPyVPV polymers are morphology dependent. The absorption maxima are at approximately 3.0 eV, with films having absorption edges that tail into the IR. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra are red shifted for films compared to solutions and powders, with the presence of smaller red shifted photoluminescence for the PPyVPV polymers with straps. A low lying absorption maximum occurs at 2.7 eV for both solution and film forms of PTpP. The (PL) spectra also are similar with features at 2.1 eV and 2.3 eV assigned to the 0-1 and 0-0 vibronic transitions, respectively. Solution and film photoluminescence excitation (PLE) profiles qualitatively follow the absorption spectra. Two low energy absorption maxima are seen for PDTpP at 2.8 eV and 3.2 eV with a single feature observed at 2.3 eV for the PL. The PLE spectra in PDTpP also follow the corresponding absorption features in both solution and film samples. Time resolved PL studies (ps to ns) show that there is smaller spectral shift for the films of polymers with straps, showing the importance of reduced aggregation. Steady state photoinduced absorption studies (ms) indicate the roles of both polarons and triplet excitons in these systems.
Priming of Perceived Control in Young Children as a Buffer against Fear‐Inducing Events

Young children (aged 5 and 6) watched videotaped fairy tales that acted to prime child control versus adult control over frightening events. Subsequently, they watched an ambiguous videotape of a child having a medical exam; tapes were varied for presence or absence of fear cues (facial expressions shown by actors). We predicted that children primed for child control versus adult control would show information-processing error patterns that paralleled those previously found for children who were dispositionally high or low in perceived control. As expected, children primed for child control showed processing enhancement whereas those primed for adult control showed processing deficits after witnessing fear cues. Attentional disengagement was found to mediate processing errors. Perceived control--dispositional or temporary--was interpreted as an important organizer of attention to and processing of potentially threatening events. Language: en
High metastatic node number, not extracapsular spread or N-classification is a node-related prognosticator in transorally-resected, neck-dissected p16-positive oropharynx cancer.

Summary Background Due to unique biology and prognosis, precise identification of predictive parameters is critical for p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Prior studies showing absence of prognostication from extracapsular spread (ECS) and/or high N-classification in surgically-treated p16+ OPSCC necessitate new, evidence-based prognosticators. Methods A prospectively assembled cohort of 220, transoral surgery + neck dissection ± adjuvant therapy-treated, p16+ OPSCC patients was analyzed. Disease recurrence and disease-specific survival (DSS) were primary endpoints. Results Median follow-up was 59 (12–189) months. Distribution of metastatic node numbers was: 0 in 9.5% (n = 21), 1 in 33.6% (n = 74), 2 in 17% (n = 38), 3 in 14.5% (n = 32), 4 in 8.2% (n = 18), and ⩾ 5 in 17% (n = 37). ECS was recorded in 80% (n = 159), and N2c–N3 in 17% (n = 38). Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy was administered in 44% and 34%. Recurrence developed in 22 patients (10%); 4 local, 5 regional, 2 regional and distant, and 11 distant. The 3- and 5-year DSS estimates were 94.6% and 93%. Multivariable logistic regression identified ⩾ 5 nodes and T3–T4 classification as predictors for recurrence. In multivariable Cox analyses, ⩾ 5 nodes, T3–T4 classification and margins were prognostic for DSS. ECS, N2c–N3 classification and smoking were not prognostic. Conclusions Metastatic node number, not ECS or high N-classification is an independent nodal predictor of outcomes in surgically-treated p16+ OPSCC patients. Despite high DSS (~80%), closer surveillance for recurrence is recommended for patients with ⩾ 5 metastatic nodes.
Rural patients' knowledge about heart failure

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a potentially disabling condition requiring significant patient knowledge to manage the requirements of self-care. The need for self-care is important for all patients but particularly for those living in rural areas that are geographically remote from healthcare services. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the level of knowledge of rural patients with HF and the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with low levels of HF knowledge. Methods: Baseline data from 612 patients with HF enrolled in the Rural Education to Improve Outcomes in Heart Failure trial were analyzed using the Heart Failure Knowledge Scale, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, and the anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the contribution of sociodemographic and clinical variables to levels of HF knowledge. Results: The mean (SD) age was 66 (13) years; 59% were men, and 50.5% had an ejection fraction of less than 40%. The mean (SD) percent correct on the Heart Failure Knowledge Scale was 69.5% (13%; range, 25%Y100%), with the most frequent incorrect items related to symptoms of HF and the need for daily weights. The men and the older patients scored significantly lower in HF knowledge than did the women and the younger patients (P = 0.002 and 0.011, respectively). The patients with preserved systolic function also scored significantly lower than those with systolic HF (P = 0.030). Conclusions: Patients who are at risk for poor self-care because of low levels of HF knowledge can be identified. Older patients, men, and, patients with HF with preserved systolic function may require special educational strategies to gain the knowledge required for effective self-care.
Was depression era unemployment really less in Canada than the U.S.

Abstract Comparing official U.S. and Canadian unemployment rates shows Canada's rate was 5% lower during the Depression. This is puzzling since other macro data do not show superior Canadian performance. Classifying relief workers consistently results in unemployment rates, solving the puzzle.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of valproate analogues in rats. IV. Anticonvulsant action and neurotoxicity of octanoic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, and 1-methyl-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

We examined the pharmacodynamics of valproate (VPA) and three structural analogues, octanoic acid (OA), cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA), and 1-methyl-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (MCCA) in rats. A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion seizure model was used to determine threshold convulsive doses of PTZ; the increase in PTZ threshold dose after administration of test compound was taken as an index of anticonvulsant activity. Each of the compounds investigated antagonized PTZ-induced seizures, with MCCA evidencing the highest potency. Both CCA and MCCA appeared to have an approximate twofold advantage relative to VPA in protective index (i.e., the ratio of concentrations that produce toxicity to concentrations that produce anticonvulsant effect), based on a rotorod assay of neurotoxicity. Examination of the time course of PTZ antagonism indicated that there was significant dissociation between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of VPA, with a marked delay in production of maximal anticonvulsant activity. In contrast, only a slight delay in production of maximal protection against PTZ-induced seizures was observed for MCCA, and no delay was evident for CCA. The data indicate that the dynamics of anticonvulsant action differ between these low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids despite their similar chemical structures.
Nebulized Atropine Sulfate in the Treatment of Acute Asthma

Conflicting reports have appeared concerning the role of anticholinergic agents in the treatment of acute asthma. This study was designed to determine whether atropine sulfate, the only anticholinergic agent currently available in the United States for nebulization, increases bronchodilation when added to an inhaled β-adrenergic agonist during the initial treatment of an acute asthma attack. Adults asthmatics (n = 40) with acute asthma attacks were randomized to receive metaproterenol (5 percent solution, 0.3 ml) either alone or with atropine sulfate (2.5 mg), by nebulization. Spirometry, vital signs, and the presence of side effects 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after treatment were determined. There were no significant differences between the metaproterenol alone and metaproterenol plus atropine sulfate groups in regard to age, duration of asthma, baseline spirometry, or side effects. No differences were noted between the two groups regarding changes in FEV1 and FVC from baseline (expressed in milliliters or as a percentage of baseline) during the observation period. We conclude that nebulized atropine sulfate yields no additional benefit when added to metaproterenol during the initial treatment of an acute asthma attack. (Chest 1991; 99:1084-87)
The Rotating Erosion Testing Apparatus (RETA): A Laboratory Device for Measuring Erosion Rates versus Shear Stresses of Rock and Cohesive Materials

This paper describes an apparatus for testing the erosion rate of erodible rock and stiff clay as a function of water-flow-induced shear stress. The device, referred to as the Rotating Erosion Testing Apparatus, or RETA, is similar in design to other devices but has a number of advantages. The RETA uses a real-time control unit that monitors the shear stress via the torque imparted to the sample and adjusts its rotational speed to maintain a nearly constant shear stress throughout the test. RETA test results have been used to estimate local sediment erosion rates at structures founded in these types of bed materials.
Calu-3/A-549 mixed cells as a replacement for primary rhesus monkey kidney cells for virus detection

Background: Primary kidney cells derived from rhesus macaques (pRhMK) are heavily relied upon for the detection and culture of a wide range of clinically relevant viruses. The use of these cultures is problematic due to the possible presence of endogenous viruses, the need to sacrifice a primate, and the inherent variance found in primary cultures. Objective: To develop a continuous cell line or mixed cell co-culture that could replace dependence on pRhMK cells. Study design: Cells from the Calu-3 and A-549 cell lines were used to prepare mixed cell monolayers that were compared to pRhMK cells for their ability to detect respiratory viruses, measles, mumps, enteroviruses, and herpes viruses. Clinically derived and laboratory virus strains were used for these comparisons in culture plates or 16 mm tubes. Results: Calu-3/A-549 cells are more sensitive than pRhMK for the detection of adenovirus, enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus and are about equally sensitive for the detection of other respiratory viruses, measles, mumps and varicella-zoster virus. Conclusions: Calu-3/A-549 cells are an equivalent or better alternative to pRhMK cells for the detection of many clinically relevant viruses.
Bronchomediastinal Fistula Caused by Endobronchial Aspergilloma

Rationale: Endobronchial aspergilloma is a rare condition affecting immunocompromised patients. We present three cases resulting in airway fistulae.Case Presentations: A 68-year-old male with orthotopic heart transplantation presented with fatigue, cough, and dyspnea. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the chest and bronchoscopy revealed an endobronchial right mainstem mass and airway fistula to the mediastinum. The mass was debrided and biopsy showed Aspergillus fumigatus. He was treated with antifungals and recovered.A 52-year-old male with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented with cough, dyspnea, and hypoxemia. Chest CT showed a bronchus intermedius mass and fistula to the mediastinum. Bronchoscopy revealed a necrotic endobronchial mass and pseudomembranes and confirmed the presence of a fistula. The mass was resected bronchoscopically and Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated. He was treated with antifungals and the fistula healed.A 63-year-old male with chronic lymphoid leukemia was admitted...
Central oxytocin is involved in restoring impaired gastric motility following chronic repeated stress in mice.

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. The development of gastric symptoms may depend on how humans adapt to the stressful events in their daily lives. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents, the effects of chronic stress on gastric motility and its adaptation mechanism remains unclear. Central oxytocin has been shown to have antistress effects. We studied whether central oxytocin is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress. Mice were loaded with acute and chronic stress (repeated stress for five consecutive days), and solid gastric emptying and postprandial gastric motility were compared between acute and chronic repeated stress. Expression of oxytocin and CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus was studied following acute and chronic repeated stress. Delayed gastric emptying during acute stress (43.1 ± 7.8%; n = 6, P < 0.05) was completely restored to normal levels (72.1 ± 2.4%; n = 6) following chronic repeated stress. Impaired gastric motility induced by acute stress was also restored following chronic repeated stress. Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin (0.1 and 0.5 μg) restored the impaired gastric emptying and motility induced by acute stress. The restored gastric emptying and motility following chronic repeated stress were antagonized by intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin antagonists. Oxytocin mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was significantly increased following chronic repeated stress. In contrast, increased CRF mRNA expression in the SON and PVN in response to acute stress was significantly reduced following chronic repeated stress. Our study suggests the novel finding that the upregulation of central oxytocin expression is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress in mice.
Xylem pressure potential and chlorophyll fluorescence as indicators of freezing survival in black locust and western hemlock seedlings.

Abstract Xylem pressure potential was determined using the Scholander pressure chamber on stems of cold hardened and non-hardened black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings following freezing to various nonlethal and lethal temperatures and subsequent thawing. Correlation was found between immediate xylem pressure potential and long-term seedling survival. Chlorophyll fluorescence transients were monitored using needles of western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings following freezing to various non-lethal and lethal temperatures and subsequent thawing. Immediate and repeatable differences in fluorescence transients correlated with long-term seedling survival. Methodology is described and correlations discussed relative to using either chlorophyll fluorescence or xylem pressure potential as an immediate indicator of long-term freezing survival in woody plant seedlings.
Bias and the economics of jury selection

Abstract In considering the expected social loss of the jury process, we investigate the role of peremptory challenges based on observable juror characteristics such as race or gender. The effectiveness of peremptory challenges depends on the relative social costs of incorrect verdicts and hung juries, and on jury pool population demographics. Some of our results are: (a) for a defendant clearly in the majority, awarding peremptory challenges is unlikely to be optimal because of increased wrongful acquittal costs; (b) for a defendant clearly in the minority, asymmetric challenges in favor of the defense may be optimal but only if wrongful conviction costs are “very large” compared to hung jury costs; (c) when optimal, more symmetric challenges should be awarded the less biased the population, but more asymmetric challenges should be awarded the more biased the population; (d) to reduce wrongful acquittal costs, it may be optimal to award asymmetric peremptory challenges in favor of the prosecution; and (e) our results offer no support for the complete elimination of peremptory challenges.
Rates and predictors of oral medication adherence in pediatric patients with IBD.

Background Symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include bloody diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Long-term management of remission for most patients requires adherence to taking 1 or more oral medications daily, in the absence of symptoms. We investigated whether disease characteristics and behavioral characteristics predict adherence to prescribed medical regimens. Methods : Patients aged 8 to 17.5 years, newly diagnosed with IBD, and a matched cohort previously diagnosed were studied over a 6-month period. Adherence was assessed using medication electronic monitoring devices (Medication Event Monitoring Systems); participants and parents completed questionnaires regarding emotional and behavioral functioning, and biological parameters were monitored. Results : Adherence was monitored for 45 newly and 34 previously diagnosed patients. In total, 16,478 patient-days (including 12,066 discrete days) were electronically monitored. Overall, 70.6% of 5-aminosalicylic acid and 65.4% of 6-mercaptopurine doses were taken. Only 25% and 15% of older adolescents took at least 80% of their 5-aminosalicylic acid and 6-mercaptopurine, respectively, compared with about 83% and 64% of 8-year-olds to 11-year-olds. Only age and behavioral issues were statistically linked to rates of adherence. Conclusions Adherence to commonly prescribed oral medications for IBD is challenging for patients. Screening for emotional and behavioral problems, especially among older adolescents, would be important in identifying patients at risk of poor adherence, who might benefit from interventions. Biological solutions, although critical, when applied without attention to behavioral issues, are not likely to provide the level of therapeutic benefit that can be provided in a combined biobehavioral approach.
Localization of fibrillin-1 in the human term placenta

Objective We determined the level of message for fibrillin-1, a single-stranded glycoprotein found in the elastic microfibrils of the extracellular matrix, in human placenta compared with other adult human tissues and localized the protein in the term human placenta.
Rare earth element evidence concerning the origin of voluminous mid-Tertiary rhyolitic ignimbrites and related volcanic rocks, Sierra Madre Occidental, Chihuahua, Mexico

Abstract The mid-Tertiary volcanic sequence of the central Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua, Mexico, is about one kilometer thick and is composed predominantly of rhyolitic ignimbrites. Basaltic andesite to dacitic lavas are interbedded with the rhyolites, but they are of minor volumetric importance. Rare earth element (REE) data are used to constrain a crustal anatexis model for the origin of the voluminous ignimbrites and to test a fractional crystallization model. The REE patterns indicate that if the rhyolites were formed by direct crustal anatexis, the residue from partial melting could contain no more than a few percent garnet or about 20% hornblende. This eliminates residues with the mineralogy of amphibolite, eclogite, or garnet granulite, but melting of a garnet-free granulite source is permitted. The crustal anatexis model is difficult to evaluate critically because of a lack of knowledge concerning the mid-Tertiary geothermal gradient and the composition of the crust beneath the Sierra Madre Occidental. In contrast, the fractional crystallization model can be tested rigorously. Rayleigh fractionation calculations are used to closely model REE patterns in the basaltic andesite to rhyolite series. The minerals involved are those occurring as phenocryst phases, and the mineral proportions were generated by leastsquares major element calculations. The results of the calculations are consistent with the hypothesis that the voluminous rhyolites originated by plagioclase-dominated crystal fractionation.
Spontaneous Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Element Excision in Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriers

Among 23 patients carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in their anterior nares, 6 (26%) also carried methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) as less prevalent flora. In 4 of the 6 patients, the MSSA was unrelated to prevalent MRSA, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing. However, in two patients, the strains were identical except for the absence of spontaneous staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). We consider this evidence of spontaneous SCCmec excision in vivo.
Immunocytochemical localization of fibronectin in embryonic chick trunk and area vasculosa

Abstract Fibronectin has been shown to enhance cell migration in vitro. It seems of considerable interest, therefore, to map its distribution in the actual embryo during periods of cell migration. In this in situ study, we used immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level to localize fibronectin in three regions of the chick embryo that are characterized by actual or impending morphogenetic movements: dorsal trunk (neural crest), ventral trunk, and area vasculosa. The extracellular matrix of the 2-day-old embryo contains nonstriated fibrils (5–10 nm in diameter) and so-called interstitial bodies, both of which label by antibodies to fibronectin with the immunoperoxidase (PAP) technique and with the immunoferritin technique. In addition, cell surfaces and basal laminae are strained by PAP following treatment with antifibronectin. Using ruthenium red to preserve proteoglycan (PG), we were able to demonstrate a close association of PG granules with the periphery of the fibronectin-rich interstitial bodies. These results are the first to indicate the possible chemical composition of interstitial bodies and they raise the possibility that these unique components of embryonic matrices are important substrates for cell migration. Indeed, cell processes of neural crest and other mesenchyme make close contacts with interstitial bodies. In the area vasculosa, interstitial bodies are concentrated at the leading edge of the vascular mesenchyme. There is, however, no obvious gradient of extracellular fibronectin in neural crest pathways or in the ventral trunk.
David Mayhew's Congress: The Electoral Connection After 25 Years

Congress: The Electoral Connection was an important book when it appeared in 1974, and it remains one 25 years later. One measure of the importance of a work is the research that it stimulates. Mayhew's focus on advertising and credit claiming has led to a good deal of research on these activities, and those who study Congress have learned much from both Mayhew himself and the scholars he inspired. Moreover, analyses of advertising and credit claiming continue to proliferate and have recently been conducted on legislatures outside the United States. His identification of the third electorally-motivated activity, position taking, has had a more subtle and insidious impact on the study of Congress.
Hyaluronidase activity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the amputated newt limb: Comparison of denervated, nonregenerating limbs with regenerates

Abstract Amputated, regenerating forelimbs have been compared with the contralateral, denervated non-regenerating limb stumps in the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens , with respect to hyaluronidase activity and the incorporation of 3 H-acetate into glycosaminoglycans (GAG). At 10 days after amputation, which is the time of maximum hyaluronate production in the early growing regenerate, incorporation of 3 H-acetate into GAG (cpm/mg protein) in the denervated, nonregenerating limb stump was approximately 50% of that in the contralateral regenerating limbs. At this stage, hyaluronate was the major GAG being produced, but the ratio of incorporation into hyaluronate relative to chondroitin sulfate was reduced in the denervated limbs. In intact, nonamputated limbs, the incorporation into GAG was 5% of that in the regenerating limb 10 days after amputation, and 10% of that in the denervated stumps. At 25 days, cartilage is forming and chondroitin sulfate synthesis predominates in the normal regenerate whilst the contralateral, denervated limb stumps are forming scars. GAG synthesis in the latter was less than one-quarter the level seen in the regenerating limbs, mostly due to low incorporation into chondroitin sulfate. Hyaluronidase activity, which appears in the regenerating limb during differentiation of skeletal elements (20–45 days), was not detectable in limbs denervated early enough to prevent regeneration. However, limbs denervated after formation of the blastema will regenerate without nerve, and hyaluronidase activity in such limbs was normal. Thus, hyaluronidase activity appears when regeneration reaches the cartilage deposition stage, with or without nerve.
Bud rot of areca palms in Mysore.

IN Hirethota, a village near Thirthahalli, Mysore State, a serious disease of areca palms has been rampant for the past fifty years. Locally the disease goes by the name 'hidimundige', which literally means the thinning out or tapering of the crown, gradually dwindling in diameter. But actually the disease in no way resembles the tapering stem wilt, better known as the 'pencil point disease' of coco-nuts so well known in the West Indies. A preliminary report of the investigations carried out is presented here.
The ‘secret and bloody war path’: movement, place and conflict in the archaeological landscape of North America

Abstract Interpreting paths and trails remains problematic for archaeologists working within the landscape paradigm. The perspective offered in this paper suggests that paths and trails are meaningful places in their own right, engaging other nodes within the landscape but with a particular significance emerging from the specific associations of movement, with all aspects presenting complex issues of archaeological interpretation. The difficulty of fitting paths and trails into a space/place dichotomy mirrors broad conceptual deficiencies in understanding such features and the methodological challenge presented by ambiguous archaeological evidence. This paper explores these issues, in particular the relationship between movement, paths and conflict as expressed in the idea of ‘the war path’, an eighteenth-century conceptualization of indigenous patterns of movement on the American frontier.
Gas chromatographic determination of water in natural products by reaction with 2,2-dimethoxypropane

The reaction between 2,2-dimethoxypropane and water to form acetone and methanol was applied to the determination of water in natural products by GLC. Water was extracted from the natural products with methanol and analyzed with a column of 30% tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine on diatomite, using cyclohexane as an internal standard. Peak area ratios were used to calculate the water content. A linear relationship exists between the ratios of the observed peak areas of acetone to the internal standard and the actual weight ratios of water to the internal standard. The water content of 24 natural products representing a variety of plant parts was analyzed by GLC utilizing the above reaction. The results compare well with those obtained by gravimetric and azeotropic methods. The new method is simple, rapid, and has a very good precision and accuracy. A major advantage of the method is that water estimation can be carried out using a flame-ionization detector.
Fourier Transform Raman Study of Retinal Isomeric Composition and Equilibration in Halorhodopsin

Earlier results suggested that the description of the photoreaction of halorhodopsin depends on our being able to distinguish and dissect the photoproducts of the all-trans chromophore from those of the 13-cis,15-syn chromophore. We have used FT Raman spectroscopy, a nonperturbing method, to analyze the isomeric states of the retinal under various conditions in halorhodopsins from Halobacterium salinarium and Natronobacterium pharaonis. The results indicate that light adaptation occurs in the former protein, and the amounts of the two isomers in the light-adapted and dark-adapted forms are consistent with the weights given to them, from spectroscopic and mathematical criteria, in the earlier calculations. No light adaptation occurs in the latter protein, which contains mostly, but not entirely, all-trans-retinal. There is no light adaptation in either protein in the absence of chloride, the transported substrate of these anion pumps, and in spite of a 13-cis-like photocycle, they contain both all-trans- a...
Quantum/Classical Studies of Vibrationally Mediated Photodissociation of Ar·H2O

Results of multiple configuration quantum/classical simulations of the dynamics of Ar·H2O photodissociation are reported. In agreement with experimental studies of Nesbitt and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 7449], we find that the OH products emerge rotationally excited, compared to the dissociation of bare H2O. The wavelength dependence of the total cross section and the energy transfer to the argon atom are also investigated. The trends are interpreted in terms of features in the Ar·H2O A state potential surface.
Adrenalectomy but not gonadectomy affects rat pineal β-adrenergic receptor density

Abstract Bilateral adrenalectomy, like chronic pineal denervation by means of superior cervical ganglionectomy, induced an increase in the morning levels of [125I]iodopindolol (IPIN) binding to rat pineal membranes; this change may be related to the reduced input of catecholamines to the pinealocytes as suggested by the decrease in nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis previously reported in adrenalectomized rats. Castrated rats did not show changes in IPIN binding to pineal membranes when measured either at middark or in chronically superior cervical ganglionectomized rats, suggesting that the regulation of pineal β-adrenergic receptors is independent from gonadal control.
Generation of pseudorandom numbers.

Computational studies requiring the generation of pseudorandom numbers are becoming increasingly common. These include Monte Carlo methodologies and studies which require the addition of ‘‘random’’ noise to more structured data. Although well‐established random number generators exist, many of these are not suitable for implementation on micro‐ or minicomputer systems. An algorithm for an additive generator that can be used on any computer system is described. The performance of this algorithm as implemented on a microcomputer system is discussed. Extensive testing of the statistical behavior of the resulting number sequence was performed. The algorithm appears to be an appropriate one for a variety of applications.
Reversible meso-scale smart polymer--protein particles of controlled sizes.

Functionalized beads and particles in the size range of tens to hundreds of nanometers (nano- to meso-scale) are finding increased applications in the bioanalytical field. We show here that conjugates of streptavidin and the temperature-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), synthesized with low polydispersities by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, rapidly formed mesoscale polymer−protein particles above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The average hydrodynamic diameters of these particles could be controlled between 250 nm to 900 nm by the choice of conjugate concentration and polymer molecular weight, and/or through control of the rate of temperature change. Once formed, the biohybrid particles were found to be stable for >16 h at the controlled size, unlike the free PNIPAAm which continued to aggregate and grow over time into very large and polydisperse aggregates. The reversibility between the smart polymer−protein particles and t...
Electron transfer photosensitized by a tin lipoporphyrin in solution, micelles, and at water—organic solvent interfaces

Abstract Electron transfer photosensitized by a tin lipoporphyrin [Sn(IV) octakis((methoxycarbonyl-methyl)-meso-tetrakis-(((eicosanyloxy)carbonyl) phenyl)-porphyrin (SnLipoP)] is investigated under various solution conditions using a donor—SnLipoP—methylviologen (MV2+) ternary system, where the donor is triethanolamine (TEA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The photoreaction of SnLipoP is compared with the photoreactions sensitized by common Sn porphyrins like tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) and octaethylporphyrin (SnOEP). A constant photoreaction rate is observed in a water/organic solvent (hexane, benzene) two-phase system in which the porphyrin (SnLipoP, SnOEP) is in the organic solvent and MV2+ is in the aqueous phase. The rate is monitored by the change in the UV—visible absorption spectra produced by aqueous methylviologen radical MV·+. In contrast with the two-phase system, macroscopically homogeneous solutions (aqueous SnPP and micellar solutions of SnLipoP, SnPP and SnOEP) give pseudo-logarithmic rates. These electron-transfer processes are completely consistent with reductive primary electron transfer to the tin porphyrin and optical shielding effects. Differences in the rates for SnLipoP and the other Sn porphyrins are explained by structural differences in the porphyrins. In particular, the structure of the porphyrin influences the phase in which the porphyrin resides, its location relative to interfacial regions, and the way it interacts with itself and other system components.