cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symplectic multiparticle tracking model for self-consistent space-charge simulation

Symplectic tracking is important in accelerator beam dynamics simulation. So far, to the best of our knowledge, there is no self-consistent symplectic space-charge tracking model available in the accelerator community. In this paper, we present a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional symplectic multiparticle spectral model for space-charge tracking simulation. This model includes both the effect from external fields and the effect of self-consistent space-charge fields using a split-operator method. Such a model preserves the phase space structure and shows much less numerical emittance growth than the particle-in-cell model in the illustrative examples.
Renewable energy transport via hydrogen pipelines and HVDC transmission lines

Abstract The majority penetration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) will challenge the stability of electrical transmission grids due to unpredictable peaks and troughs of VRE generation. With renewable generation located further from high demand urban cores, there will be a need to develop new transmission pathways to deliver the power. This paper compares the transport and storage of VRE through a hydrogen pipeline to the transport of VRE through a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission line. The analysis found a hydrogen pipeline can offer a cost-competitive method for VRE transmission compared to a HVDC transmission line on a life-cycle cost basis normalized by energy flows for distances at 1000 miles with 2030 technology. This finding has implications for policy makers, project developers, and system operators for the future development of transmission infrastructure projects given the additionality which hydrogen pipelines can provide in terms of energy storage.
The effect of 31st year pension enhancement on mid- and late-career retirement decisions

A majority of career teachers in Missouri defined benefit pension plan reach their pension wealth peak before their 31st year of service. The 2002 pension enhancement in Missouri generates a local ...
Recent advances in understanding the role of solvated electrons at the plasma-liquid interface of solution-based gas discharges

Abstract The solvated electron is one of the strongest known reducing species. Solution-based glow discharges, in which a gaseous discharge is ignited between a metal electrode and a liquid surface, are an emerging spectrochemical source in analytical atomic emission and mass spectrometry. In other disciplines, the similar setup is called plasma electrolysis and can be used for materials and chemical synthesis. Regardless of its name and application areas, electrons are injected into a solution and the underlying physics and chemistry in these systems is complex. Quantitative understanding is necessary in order to maximize performance for chemical and materials applications. In this paper, we summarize the state-of-the-art in plasma-liquid interactions involving solvated electrons, with a particular emphasis on the work by our group, and highlight potential areas of future study to both fill in knowledge gaps and drive applications forward.
Characterization and theory of Re films on Pt(111) grown by UHV-CVD

Abstract Changes in surface chemistry and morphology of Re–Pt surfaces synthesized by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV-CVD) of Re on Pt(111) were studied by a combination of experiment and density functional theory (DFT) modeling. A Re oxide formed following exposure of the as-deposited Re to 1 × 10 − 6 mbar oxygen at 600–673 K. Subsequent annealing at 973 K resulted in oxygen desorption and a decrease in Re coverage, as calculated by XPS and as observed by STM. This observation was explained by DFT calculations which showed that a clean Pt surface slab with subsurface Re is thermodynamically more favorable than Pt(111) with Re on the surface. DFT calculations also predicted weaker O and CO binding on this surface compared to both monometallic Pt and Re, and HREELS and temperature desorption measurements suggested that O binds weakly to the Pt skin surface, with oxygen on the Pt skin desorbing from this surface following annealing at 373 K. Trends in adsorption energies were consistent with DFT calculated d-band centers of surface atoms for model Pt–Re structures. Comparison of HREELS data and STM images with DFT calculated vibrational frequencies have been used to understand the structure of rhenium oxide on Pt(111).
n-Personen-Spiele

Bei der Betrachtung von n-Personen—Spielen mus dieselbe Unterscheidung wie bei den Zweipersonen-Nicht-Nullsummen-Spielen gemacht werden, und zwar kann Kooperation zwischen einigen bzw. allen Spielern verboten oder zugelassen sein, was in den jeweiligen Spielregeln festgelegt ist. Betrachten wir zunachst den ersten d.h. den nicht-kooperativen Fall.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER POISONING OF THE FROG (RANA PIPIENS) WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. I. LIVER-GLYCOGEN STORAGE, BLOOD-GLUCOSE LEVEL, AND CYTOCHROME-OXIDASE ACTIVITY.

Abstract The glycogen content of the liver of the frog ( Rana pipiens ) was determined between 60 and 70 hours after single intraperitoneal injections of 2.7 to 86.4 μmoles of CCl 4 per gram body wt of CCl 4 . An inverse relationship existed between the concentration of CCl 4 injected and the quantity of glycogen that the liver contained. No differences were found between the glycogen content of animals sacrificed at 60 hours after injection of CCl 4 , and those sacrificed at 70 hours with the same concentration of CCl 4 . As the liver glycogen became depleted, a corresponding increase occurred in the blood-glucose level. The limit of tolerance to CCl 4 approached 172.8 μmoles per gram body wt. This concentration was greater than LD 99 . Carbon tetrachloride at a concentration of 6.0 μmoles per gram body wt produced a 17% increase in the cytochrome-oxidase activity.
Blind Men and Elephants: Six Approaches to TREC data

The paper reviews six recent efforts to better understand performance measurements on information retrieval (IR) systems within the framework of the Text REtrieval Conferences (TREC): analysis of variance, cluster analyses, rank correlations, beadplots, multidimensional scaling, and item response analysis. None of this work has yielded any substantial new insights. Prospects that additional work along these lines will yield more interesting results vary but are in general not promising. Some suggestions are made for paying greater attention to richer descriptions of IR system behavior but within smaller, better controlled settings.
Expression of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CaM kinase-Gr, in human T lymphocytes. Regulation of kinase activity by T cell receptor signaling.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type Gr (CaM kinase-Gr) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase which is enriched in the brain and thymus. In this study, we examined the expression of CaM kinase-Gr in human lymphocytes and the regulation of its catalytic activity by antigen receptor signaling. CaM kinase-Gr was found selectively expressed in T lymphocytes in a developmentally regulated manner. It was present at severalfold higher levels in immature thymocytes (CD3low, CD4+CD8+) relative to mature thymocytes (CD3high, CD4+CD8-/CD8+CD4-) or to circulating T lymphocytes. The kinase was preferentially expressed in CD4+ T lymphocytes, but was not detected in B lymphocytes or in monocytes. The impact of T cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex (TCR.CD3) signaling on kinase activity was examined using Jurkat human leukemic T lymphocytes as a model. Treatment of Jurkat cells with anti TCR.CD3 monoclonal antibody induced rapid autophosphorylation of the kinase on serine residues and a dramatic, autophosphorylation-dependent enhancement of both Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent and autonomous kinase activity. Enzyme autophosphorylation and activation were dependent on the influx of extracellular Ca2+ following receptor signaling but could not be induced by an influx of extra-cellular Ca2+ triggered by ionophores, indicating that additional signals delivered via TCR.CD3 contribute to the activation of CaM kinase-Gr. These findings suggest a role for CaM kinase-Gr in T lymphocyte development and activation and indicate the presence of stringent regulatory mechanisms governing the activity of this kinase in situ.
Chapter 19 REM sleep behavior disorder

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. Parasomnias are undesirable experiential or motor phenomena arising from the sleep period, and can conveniently be divided into two major categories: those representing abnormalities of sleep states per se, and those because of abnormalities of various organ systems taking advantage of the sleep state to declare themselves. The primary sleep parasomnias can be divided into three categories: those arising from nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep such as disorders of arousal (confusional arousals, sleepwalking, or sleep terrors), those arising from REM sleep (REM sleep behavior disorder—RBD), and those not respecting sleep states such as head-banging, bruxism, or enuresis. The REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is one of the most common parasomnias and typically presents with violent and potentially injurious complex motor behaviors arising from the sleep period. Somatic muscle atonia is one of the defining characteristics of REM sleep.
Surgical treatment of perforated ulcer; an analysis of surgical therapy at Thayer Veterans Administration Hospital from July 1, 1946 to June 30, 1952.

Summary We have presented the results of a study of 66 patients with an acutely perforated peptic ulcer surgically treated at Thayer Veterans Administration Hospital from 1946 to 1952. The operative mortality of this group was 1.5%; a complication rate of 27.2% was observed, and the majority of patients were judged "clinically well" and ready for discharge from the hospital on the sixth or seventh postoperative day. Study of the 59 patients who could be traced from one to seven years postoperatively has revealed that 17% of these patients have subsequently had further gastroduodenal surgery because of their ulcer, 5610/0 have had a persistence of symptoms which did not require surgical therapy, and 25% of these patients have remained asymptomatic.
Adaptive foraging by predators as a cause of predator-prey cycles

When foraging has costs, it is generally adaptive for foragers to adjust their foraging effort in response to changes in the population density of their food. If effort decreases in response to increased food density, this can result in a ‘type-2’ functional response; intake rate increases in a negatively accelerated manner as prey density increases. Unlike other mechanisms for type-2 responses, adaptive foraging usually involves a timelag, because foraging behaviours do not often change instantaneously with changes in food density or risks. This paper investigates predator-prey models in which there are explicit dynamics for the rate of adaptive change. Models appropriate to both behavioural and evolutionary change are considered. Both types of change can produce cycles under similar circumstances, but under some evolutionary models there is not sufficient genetic variability for evolutionary change to produce cycles. If there is sufficient variability, the remaining conditions required for cycles are surprisingly insensitive to the nature of the adaptive process. A predator population that approaches the optimum foraging strategy very slowly usually produces cycles under similar conditions as does a very rapidly adapting population.
Effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and level on growth, body composition and glycemic response of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops ♀×M. saxatilis ♂)

The ability of juvenile sunshine bass to use different levels (20 and 40% of diet) and kinds (glucose, maltose, or dextrin) of dietary carbohydrate was evaluated in terms of growth indices, glycemic response, and liver and muscle composition. Six semipurified diets containing 35% crude protein and each of the carbohydrates at either 20 or 40% of diet were maintained isocaloric (3.2 kcal/g) by adjusting lipid to 11 or 2% of diet, respectively. Two basal diets containing no soluble (digestible) carbohydrate were also formulated at each of the lipid levels. Diets were fed for 7 weeks to fish in triplicate tanks (15 fish/tank) connected to a brackish water (5-7‰) recirculating system. Fish fed the 20/11 (% carbohydrate/% lipid) diets had significantly (P < 0.05) better feed and protein efficiencies and weight gain compared to those fed the 40/2 diets regardless of carbohydrate kind. However, fish fed diets containing dextrin and maltose had significantly better feed and protein efficiencies than those fed diets with glucose regardless of carbohydrate inclusion level. Moreover, fish fed the 20/11 diets containing glucose, maltose, and dextrin had significantly higher intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio (IPF weight x 100/body weight) and lower muscle ratio (muscle weight x 100/body weight) values due to the higher dietary lipid level. There was no significant difference in hepatosomatic index (HSI; liver weight x 100/body weight) due to carbohydrate kind; however, those fish fed diets with soluble carbohydrate had significantly greater HSI values. The fish fed diets with soluble carbohydrates (regardless of kind) had more glycogen and less lipid, moisture, and protein in the liver than fish fed diets without soluble carbohydrates. After 7 weeks of feeding, fasting (15 h postprandial) plasma glucose concentrations were similar (5.0-6.0 mmol/l) among fish fed all diets. Postprandial plasma glucose peaked higher (18-22 mmol/l) and earlier (4 h) in fish fed diets with glucose; whereas, fish fed diets with dextrin exhibited lower (12-19 mmol/l) and significantly delayed (8 h) peak concentrations. Interaction between carbohydrate/lipid level and carbohydrate complexity was noted in the glycemic response data. In fish fed diets with glucose, hyperglycemia was more pronounced at the 40/2 inclusion level; whereas, fish fed diets with dextrin exhibited a higher transient at the 20/11 inclusion level. These data as well as liver composition changes indicate that both differences in substrate digestion/absorption rates and the glucose/fatty acid cycle noted in other species is operative in juvenile sunshine bass.
Linkage Disequilibrium Measures for Fine-Scale Mapping: A Comparison

We investigate properties of simple linkage disequilibrium mapping for five measures in the presence of mutation at the marker and/or the disease locus and of initial incomplete linkage disequilibrium. In contrast to the stimulation approach that Devlin and Risch used, we calculate the expected values of various linkage disequilibrium measures under different assumptions based on a framework for linkage disequilibrium mapping. These expected values clearly demonstrate the expected performance of these measures. We find that the impact of marker mutation on their performance depends on the magnitude of the mutation relative to the proximity of the marker (i.e. recombination fraction between the marker and the disease locus). In the presence of recurrent mutation at the marker and/or disease locus, the performance of all measures, including the robust one, depends on the marker allele frequency. The initial incomplete linkage disequilibrium could render all measures useless. These expected values also show clearly why in Devlin and Risch's simulation some measures performed very badly under certain circumstances.
Design and analysis of MoS 2 -based MOSFETs for ultra-low-leakage dynamic memory applications

In this work, we describe the design space required to realize two-dimensional (2D) MoS 2 low-leakage MOSFETs. We combine TCAD electrostatic simulations with an analytical transport model to predict the subthreshold performance of MoS 2 MOSFETs. We further apply this model to a dynamic memory cell design and benchmark the performance advantages compared to conventional low-leakage silicon technology.
Long-Term Moored Array Measurements of Currents and Hydrography over Georges Bank: 1994-1999

Abstract In conjunction with the GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics) program, measurements of moored currents, temperature and salinity were made during 1994–1999 at locations in 76 m of water along the southern flank of Georges Bank and at the Northeastern Peak. The measurements concentrate on the biologically crucial winter and spring periods, and coverage during the fall is usually poorer. Current time series were completely dominated by the semidiurnal M2 tidal component, while other tidal species (including the diurnal K1 component) were also important. There was a substantial wind-driven component of the flow, which was linked, especially during the summer, to regional–scale response patterns. The current response at the Northeast Peak was especially strong in the 3–4 days period band, and this response is shown to be related to an amplifying topographic wave propagating eastward along the northern flank. Monthly mean flows on the southern flank are southwestward throughout the year, but strongest in the summertime. The observed tendency for summertime maximum along-bank flow to occur at depth is rationalized in terms of density gradients associated with a near-surface freshwater tongue wrapping around the Bank. Temperature and salinity time series demonstrate the presence, altogether about 25% of the time, of a number of intruding water masses. These intrusions could last anywhere from a couple days up to about a month. The sources of these intrusions can be broadly classified as the Scotian Shelf (especially during the winter), the Western Gulf of Maine (especially during the summer), and the deeper ocean south of Georges Bank (throughout the year). On longer time scales, the temperature variability is dominated by seasonal temperature changes. During the spring and summer, these changes are balanced by local heating or cooling, but wintertime cooling involves advective lateral transports as well. Salinity variations have weak, if any, seasonal variability, but are dominated by interannual changes that are related to regional- or basin-scale changes. All considered, Georges Bank temperature and salinity characteristics are found to be highly dependent on the surrounding waters, but many questions remain, especially in terms of whether intrusive events leave a sustained impact on Bank waters.
SPONTANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND CALCIUM OSCILLATIONS IN UNSTIMULATED PITUITARY GONADOTROPHS

Single pituitary cells often fire spontaneous action potentials (APs), which are believed to underlie spiking fluctuations in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). To address how these basal [Ca2+]i fluctuations depend on changes in plasma membrane voltage (V), simultaneous measurements of V and [Ca2+]i were performed in rat pituitary gonadotrophs. The data show that each [Ca2+]i spike is produced by the Ca2+ entry during a single AP. Using these and previously obtained patch-clamp data, we develop a quantitative mathematical model of this plasma membrane oscillator and the accompanying spatiotemporal [Ca2+]i oscillations. The model demonstrates that AP-induced [Ca2+]i spiking is prominent only in a thin shell layer neighboring the cell surface. This localized [Ca2+]i spike transiently activates the Ca2(+)- dependent K+ current resulting in a sharp afterhyperpolarization following each voltage spike. In accord with experimental observations, the model shows that the frequency and amplitude of the voltage spikes are highly sensitive to current injection and to the blocking of the Ca(2+)-sensitive current. Computations also predict that leaving the membrane channels intact, the firing rate can be modified by changing the Ca2+ handling parameters: the Ca2+ diffusion rate, the Ca2+ buffering capacity, and the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump rate. Finally, the model suggests reasons that spontaneous APs were seen in some gonadotrophs but not in others. This model provides a basis for further exploring how plasma membrane electrical activity is involved in the control of cytosolic calcium level in unstimulated as well as agonist-stimulated gonadotrophs.
HPMA-oligolysine copolymers for gene delivery: optimization of peptide length and polymer molecular weight.

Abstract Polycations are one of the most frequently used classes of materials for non-viral gene transfer in vivo . Several studies have demonstrated a sensitive relationship between polymer structure and delivery activity. In this work, we used reverse addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to build a panel of N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-oligolysine copolymers with varying peptide length and polymer molecular weight. The panel was screened for optimal DNA-binding, colloidal stability in salt, high transfection efficiency, and low cytotoxicity. Increasing polyplex stability in PBS correlated with increasing polymer molecular weight and decreasing peptide length. Copolymers containing K 5 and K 10 oligocations transfected cultured cells with significantly higher efficiencies than copolymers of K 15 . Four HPMA-oligolysine copolymers were identified that met the desired criteria. Polyplexes formed with these copolymers demonstrated both salt stability and transfection efficiencies on-par with poly(ethylenimine) PEI in cultured cells.
Differences in adipocyte long chain fatty acid uptake in Osborne-Mendel and S5B/Pl rats in response to high-fat diets.

To determine whether strain differences in adipocyte uptake of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) contribute to differences in weight gain by Osborne–Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats (S) fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Ninety-four adult (12–14-week old) male OM and S rats. Body weight; epididymal fat pad weight; adipocyte size, number, LCFA uptake kinetics; and plasma insulin and leptin during administration of HFD or chow diets (CDs). In both strains, rate of weight gain (RWG) was greater on an HFD than a CD; RWG on an HFD was greater, overall, in OM than S. A significant RWG increase occurred on days 1 and 2 in both strains. It was normalized in S by days 6–9 but persisted at least till day 14 in OM. RWGs were significantly correlated (P<0.001) with the Vmax for saturable adipocyte LCFA uptake (Vmax). In S, an increase in Vmax on day 1 returned to baseline by day 7 and was correlated with both plasma insulin and leptin levels throughout. In OM, a greater increase in Vmax was evident by day 2, and persisted for at least 14 days, during which both insulin and leptin levels remained elevated. Growth in epididymal fat pads on the HFD correlated with body weight, reflecting hypertrophy in OM and both hypertrophy and hyperplasia in S. (a) Changes in Vmax contribute significantly to changes in RWG on HFDs. (b) There are important strain differences in circulating insulin and leptin responses to an HFD. (c) Both insulin and leptin responses to an HFD are closely correlated with Vmax of adipocyte fatty acid uptake in S animals, but suggest early onset of insulin resistance in OM. Thus, differences in hormonal regulation of adipocyte LCFA uptake may underlie the different responses of OM and S to HFD.
Depression, anxiety, and dermatologic quality of life in adolescents with atopic dermatitis.

The negative psychosocial impact of atopic dermatitis (AD) on quality of life is well established,1–3 with itching, scratching, sleep loss, and social embarrassment among the most commonly reported difficulties contributing to school, work, financial, and social struggles. Increasing evidence suggests that depression and anxiety are also more common in adults with AD, and that the association of AD with these psychiatric symptoms may be influenced by factors such as AD disease severity, subjective vs. objective assessment of AD severity, and quality of life. No studies have objectively assessed the prevalence of depression and anxiety in youth with AD, or the association of these symptoms with AD severity or quality of life. With the world-wide growing prevalence of AD, and mounting evidence of the psychosocial and economic burden of this disease, identifying specific patterns and potential mechanisms of psychiatric symptom co-morbidity in age-defined populations is increasingly important for the development of targeted assessments and treatment interventions.
Amyloid-β Protofibrils Differ from Amyloid-β Aggregates Induced in Dilute Hexafluoroisopropanol in Stability and Morphology *

The brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients contain large numbers of amyloid plaques that are rich in fibrils composed of 40- and 42-residue amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides. Several lines of evidence indicate that fibrillar Abeta and especially soluble Abeta aggregates are important in the etiology of AD. Recent reports also stress that amyloid aggregates are polymorphic and that a single polypeptide can fold into multiple amyloid conformations. Here we demonstrate that Abeta-(1-40) can form soluble aggregates with predominant beta-structures that differ in stability and morphology. One class of aggregates involved soluble Abeta protofibrils, prepared by vigorous overnight agitation of monomeric Abeta-(1-40) at low ionic strength. Dilution of these aggregation reactions induced disaggregation to monomers as measured by size exclusion chromatography. Protofibril concentrations monitored by thioflavin T fluorescence decreased in at least two kinetic phases, with initial disaggregation (rate constant approximately 1 h(-1)) followed by a much slower secondary phase. Incubation of the reactions without agitation resulted in less disaggregation at slower rates, indicating that the protofibrils became progressively more stable over time. In fact, protofibrils isolated by size exclusion chromatography were completely stable and gave no disaggregation. A second class of soluble Abeta aggregates was generated rapidly (<10 min) in buffered 2% hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). These aggregates showed increased thioflavin T fluorescence and were rich in beta-structure by circular dichroism. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed initial globular clusters that progressed over several days to soluble fibrous aggregates. When diluted out of HFIP, these aggregates initially were very unstable and disaggregated completely within 2 min. However, their stability increased as they progressed to fibers. Relative to Abeta protofibrils, the HFIP-induced aggregates seeded elongation by Abeta monomer deposition very poorly. The techniques used to distinguish these two classes of soluble Abeta aggregates may be useful in characterizing Abeta aggregates formed in vivo.
The relative timing of microwaves and X-rays from solar flares

The delay of microwaves relative to hard X-rays from solar flares is investigated. For short-time scale delays, it was found that for reasonable thick-target model parameters and for injected electron distributions which are separable in time, energy, pitch angle, and position, the observed delay cannot be explained by magnetic trapping of electrons in the corona. It can be accounted for if higher energy microwave producing electrons are accelerated later than lower energy hard X-ray producing electrons. For larger time-scale delays, it is found that the flux during the rising phase of the flares can be explained well in terms of the thick-target model, but during the decay phase this model predicts too little microwave flux. A number of possibilities for this excess microwave flux are explored including spectral hardening, magnetic trapping, and thermal synchrotron and free-free emission.
Selective deposition of chemically-bonded gold electrodes onto PDMS microchannel side walls

Many applications of microfluidic devices require the incorporation of electrodes. In this paper, we describe the simulation, fabrication, and performance of gold electrodes selectively deposited on the side walls of a microchannel. Electrode microfabrication methods typically pattern metal electrodes onto a flat substrate. However, when anode and cathode are both positioned on the bottom of a microfluidic channel, the electric field is not uniform with channel depth. Finite element modeling was used to characterize field distortion for conventional electrode placement vs. side wall positioning for a range of microchannel geometries. These models showed that electrodes located on microchannel side walls created an electric field that was uniform with depth at all points within the channel, while electrodes deposited on the bottom substrate resulted in a 10–40% decrease in potential vertically along the microchannel side wall. This paper also demonstrates a new fabrication method to chemically bonded gold electrodes along opposing vertical side walls in a closed PDMS microchannel. Deposition of gold on the PDMS microchannel side walls was confirmed by SEM/EDX imaging and electrochemical analysis. Fabricated electrodes were electrochemically stable and resistant to shear.
Modified procedures for determination of gossypol pigments. II. Determination of free gossypol in low gossypol meals and of gossypol in oils

Much of the «free» gossypol in meals of low free gossypol content consists of «soluble-bound» gossypol. Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid reduces the optical densities of gossypol blanks in free and total gossypol calibrations and assays. The reductions in these optical densities were lower than expected in free gossypol assays on meals of lower free gossypol content. The soluble-bound gossypol in these can be converted into gossypol by heating the extracts with dilute acid at 100C. This does not affect the optical densities of the nongossypol pigments, nor does it affect the optical densities obtained on heating with aniline. The procedure affords more accurate analyses for these meals. A similar modification has been developed for gossypol in oils.
Production frontier estimation to measure efficiency: A critical evaluation in light of data envelopment analysis

The ranking and measurement of efficiency of decision-making units by two methods—data envelopment analysis and frontier production function—may not always lead to identical results. In this framework we attempt here a critical evaluation of the frontier production function theory in terms of theoretical and empirical implications. It is shown that under certain conditions the two approaches to effciency measurement may lead to identical results.
A table unit for fluoroscopic examination of infants

Summary A table unit is presented for fluoroscopic examination of infants and smaller children. By means of this unit the patient may be examined in the erect position. This unit is adjustable so that the patient may be rotated to any position with security, without assistance, and with comfort to the examining physician.
Nonelectrolyte distribution in mouse diaphragm muscle. I. The pattern of nonelectrolyte distribution and reversal of the insulin effect

The steady-level distribution coefficients (r values) between the cell water and the incubation solution are measured for a variety of small, hydrophilic, nonmetabolized nonelectrolytes in a red muscle preparation, the mouse diaphragm. Four distinct groups of solutes are discerned: large surgars, with r = 0.08; many monosaccharides, with r = 0.36; some sugars in the presence of insulin at 20 °C, and d-ribose, with r = 0.80; and all compounds tested with four carbons or less, and some sugars in the presence of insulin at 34 °C, with r = 1.00. The results can be interpreted in terms of a four-compartment model of the muscle fiber. The model requires that 64% of the cell volume be noncytoplasmic. The results are considered difficult to interpret in terms of the association-induction hypothesis of Ling. Special conditions are found under which d-xylose moves out of the muscle fiber against its concentration gradient. This observation requires either that insulin-sensitive xylose be adsorbed in the cytoplasm or that an active extrusion mechanism for sugars exists in the muscle.
Interactive image quantification tools in nuclear material forensics

Morphological and microstructural features visible in microscopy images of nuclear materials can give information about the processing history of a nuclear material. Extraction of these attributes currently requires a subject matter expert in both microscopy and nuclear material production processes, and is a time consuming, and at least partially manual task, often involving multiple software applications. One of the primary goals of computer vision is to find ways to extract and encode domain knowledge associated with imagery so that parts of this process can be automated. In this paper we describe a user-in-the-loop approach to the problem which attempts to both improve the efficiency of domain experts during image quantification as well as capture their domain knowledge over time. This is accomplished through a sophisticated user-monitoring system that accumulates user-computer interactions as users exploit their imagery. We provide a detailed discussion of the interactive feature extraction and segmentation tools we have developed and describe our initial results in exploiting the recorded user-computer interactions to improve user productivity over time.
Novel fuelbed characteristics associated with mechanical mastication treatments in northern California and south-western Oregon, USA

Mechanically masticated fuelbeds are distinct from natural or logging slash fuelbeds, with different particle size distributions, bulk density, and particle shapes, leading to challenges in predicting fire behavior and effects. Our study quantified some physical properties of fuel particles (e.g. squared quadratic mean diameter, proportion of non-cylindrical particles) and surface fuel loading with planar intercept and plot-based methods in 10 mechanically masticated sites in northern California and south-western Oregon. Total woody fuel load differed among masticated sites, ranging from 15.3 to 63.4 Mg ha −1 , with the majority of the load concentrated in the 10-h (53.7%) and 1-h (29.2%) time-lag classes. Masticated fuels were densely packed, with total depths ranging from 4.6 to 8.0 cm and fuelbed bulk densities ranging from 45.9 to 115.3 kg m −3 . To accurately quantify loading in masticated fuelbeds, we recommend using a hybrid methodology, where 1-h and 10-h fuel loadings are estimated using a plot-based method and 100-h and 1000-h fuel loadings are estimated using the standard planar intercept method. Most masticated fuelbeds differed in loading by fuel class and fuelbed depth, when compared with existing natural and slash-based fuelbeds, suggesting new fire behavior fuel models specific to masticated fuelbeds may be warranted.
Effects of Vibration on a Wing-Mounted Ice-Sounding Antenna Array

Airborne sounding of ice sheets requires large, wing-mounted antenna arrays to effectively filter and suppress the surface clutter that often masks weak bed echoes. However, when a high-sensitivity antenna array is mounted to the wings of an aircraft, the array is subjected to structural dynamics and subsequent deformation. We measured the response of a scaled wing-mounted array when excited at four different vibration frequencies to characterize the effects of airframe vibration on array beamforming and received radar signals. We determined that phase and amplitude errors caused by the expected vibration from the aircraft do not significantly degrade the radiation pattern when the Chebyshev or minimum-variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformers are used. In the case of the Chebyshev-weighted array, vibrations did not cause pattern sidelobes to vary by more than 1.5 dB. In the case of the minimum-variance-distortionless-response-weighted array, vibrations did cause pattern nulls to shift and decrease in depth, but these pattern distortions were negligible, and did not significantly degrade clutter suppression. In addition, we were able to identify the frequency of vibration as well as the frequency of local structural modes by taking the FFT of the signal's phase.
Process Planning for Aluminum Tubes: An Engineering-Operations Perspective

Metal-forming operations such as extrusion, drawing, and rolling offer many opportunities for operations improvement through better process understanding and improved planning practices. This paper addresses medium-term planning issues in aluminum tube manufacturing operations. First, we identify certain distinctive characteristics-the inherent process flexibility, close inter-dependence between successive stages, and economies of scale-of metal-forming operations, and identify performance trade-offs across stages. To exploit the strategic potential of process planning, it must be closely coupled with process engineering efforts, and must simultaneously consider the facility's entire product mix. In contrast, current process engineering efforts are mainly reactive, focusing on fixing problems at individual operations and with less emphasis on the interactions between successive stages. Similarly, planning activities are incremental, considering only individual products or orders one at a time rather than the entire range of product sizes to be manufactured. By working together, planners and engineers can develop effective process plans that exploit process capability, and adopt proactive process improvement strategies that focus on critical constraints. We describe a medium-term planning model to select standard extrusion sizes, illustrate the close linkages between planning and engineering activities, and identify research opportunities spanning management science, materials science, and mechanical engineering.
CONFIGURATION-SPACE PHOTON NUMBER OPERATORS IN QUANTUM OPTICS

Some properties of the operator ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ representing the number of photons localized in a finite volume $V$ at time $t$ are investigated. To some extent these properties reflect the well-known difficulty of localizing photons in space-time. However, it is shown that, when the linear dimensions of $V$ are large compared with the wave-length of any occupied mode of the field, the ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ operator acquires some simple properties. The commutator of ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ and the detection operator $\stackrel{^}{\mathrm{A}}(\mathrm{x}, t)$ is expressible in an interesting form. The commutator and relations derived from it become particularly simple for certain space-time regions which we label conjoint and disjoint. An orthogonal set of eigenstates of ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ is found, together with the corresponding eigenvalues, and it is shown that an arbitrary state is expressible in terms of these eigenstates. Some $N\mathrm{th}$-order correlations of the ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ operators are evaluated, and the results are used to calculate the probability distribution of eigenvalues of ${\stackrel{^}{n}}_{V,t}$ for an arbitrary state of the field.
D.C. electroluminescence in hot-pressed ZnSe diodes

Abstract The hot-pressed materials are suggested here as potential luminescent sources in the fabrication of display devices. Two types of electroluminescent diodes were prepared from hot-pressed ZnSe specimens. The current-voltage relationships of these diodes were examined at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. At room temperature the emission spectra of the diodes with and without the Cl coactivator exhibited the usual broad band with a single peak in the red region. At liquid nitrogen temperature, only a slight shift of the emission band was observed in the diodes without the Cl coactivator, but different bands as well as edge emissions appeared from the diodes with the Cl coactivator.
Control of General Dynamic Systems With Periodically Varying Parameters Via Liapunov-Floquet Transformation

A new technique in the design of controllers for linear dynamic systems with periodically varying coefficients is presented. The idea is to utilize the well-known Liapunov-Floquet (L-F) transformation such that the original time-varying system can be reduced to a form suitable for the application of standard time-invariant methods of control theory. For this purpose, a procedure for computing the L-F matrices for general linear periodic systems is outlined. In this procedure, the state transition matrices are expressed in terms of Chebyshev polynomials which permits the computation of L-F matrices as explicit functions of time. Further, it is shown that controllers can be designed in the transformed domain via full state or observer based feedback using principles of pole placement and optimal control theory. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through two examples. The first example belongs to the class of commutative systems while in the second example a triple inverted pendulum subjected to a periodic follower load is considered. It is found that both types of controllers can be successfully designed.
Modeling Community-level Effects on Preterm Birth

PURPOSE: We demonstrate modeling of community-level socioeconomic influences on risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition (PIN) Study. METHODS: Community-level information from the US Census was linked to 930 White and 817 African-American (Black) participants from a prospective cohort in central North Carolina through geocoded addresses, providing 123 census tracts with community-level and individual-level data for multi-level statistical analyses. RESULTS: Preterm delivery was experienced by 12.1% of Black and 10.4% of White participants. No appreciable aggregation of risk by community was discernable for White women. For Black women, random-coefficient logistic regression tract-specific preterm prevalence estimates ranged from 10.1% to 14.5%, “shrunk” from observed prevalences of 0% to 100%. Adding tract-level variables to the model representing median splits for household income and percent of single women heads of households with dependents, adjusting for individual-level maternal age and household income, accounted for much of the remaining between-tracts variation. CONCLUSIONS: Residing in a wealthier tract (> $30,000/year median income) was associated with reduced risk for Black women, adjusted OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.96). The estimated conditional effect of lower community prevalence of female headed households was OR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.17).
Cumulative processes: Linear combinations of order statistics and percentiles

Let {X ni, i≦K(n), n≧1} be a triangular array of row-wise independent random variables. If S(Xn1,...,Xnj) is a statistic based on X n1, ..., X nj, a cumulative process is defined by S n(t)=S(Xn1,..., X nk(n)t). The asymptotic behavior of S n is determined for S a percentile and for S a smoothly weighted linear combination of order statistics.
A mechanism for rapid transport of colloidal particles by flounder renal epithelium.

Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.
African Americans Versus the Memphis Street Railway Company: Or, How to Win the Battle but Lose the War, 1890-1920

The traditional interpretation of the southern justice system is that African Americans rarely, if ever, won. This article examines a seemingly anomalous situation in Memphis in which at the turn of the twentieth century, African Americans successfully sued the Memphis Street Railway Company for personal injury and racial insult. African American working-class men and women were often financially compensated for physical injuries, while African American middle-class women won their lawsuits against white conductors who insulted their personal dignity. These lawsuits amounted to personal victories for the plaintiffs but were in actuality political losses for African Americans in general. Through a detailed examination of race, class, and gender, the authors show how notions of middle-class respectability were contested by blacks and whites to influence the verdict in these lawsuits while simultaneously reinforcing negative stereotypes of African Americans that relegated the race to second-class citizens.
The Georgia Tech Network Simulator

We introduce a new network simulation environment, developed by our research group, called the Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS). Our simulator is designed specifically to allow much larger-scale simulations than can easily be created by existing network simulation tools. The design of the simulator very closely matches the design of real network protocol stacks and hardware. Thus, anyone with a good understanding of networking in general can easily understand how the simulations are constructed. Further, our simulator is implemented completely in object-oriented C++, which leads to easy extension by users to experiment with new or modified behavior of existing simulation models. Our tool is designed from the beginning with scalability in mind, including the support for distributed simulations on a network of workstations as part of the basic design.We give an overview of the features of GTNetS, and present some preliminary scalability results we have obtained by running GTNetS on a computing cluster at the Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center.
TWC data-gov corpus: incrementally generating linked government data from data.gov

The Open Government Directive is making US government data available via websites such as Data.gov for public access. In this paper, we present a Semantic Web based approach that incrementally generates Linked Government Data (LGD) for the US government. In focusing on the trade-off between high quality LGD generation (requiring non-trivial human expert input) and massive LGD generation (requiring low human processing cost), our work is highlighted by the following features: (i) supporting low-cost and extensible LGD publishing for massive government data; (ii) using Social Semantic Web (Web3.0) technologies to incrementally enhance published LGD via crowdsourcing, and (iii) facilitating mash-ups by declaratively reusing cross-dataset mappings which usually are hard-coded in applications.
Expression and methylation of the Blym gene in human tumor cell lines.

Abstract We have examined Blym expression in 11 human tumor cell lines. Increased Blym expression was observed in one of three osteosarcoma cell lines relative to nontransformed human foreskins fibroblasts. In addition, enhanced Blym expression was observed in a melanoma cell line and in 2 of 6 squamous carcinoma cell lines relative to nontransformed, low passage human epithelial cells. We found no evidence of gene amplification or rearrangements of Blym sequences in any of the cell lines we have examined. We further analyzed the state of methylation of the Blym gene in several of the tumor cell lines by Msp I/Hpa 11 restriction endonuclease digestion. All cell lines examined had similar Msp I digestion patterns. However, the different tumor cell lines had different Hpa 11 digestion patterns. Therefore, our results indicate that the Blym gene is differentially expressed and methylated in human tumor cell lines.