cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and field testing of an online instrument for measuring the real-time oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter based on dithiothreitol assay

Abstract. We developed an online instrument for measuring the oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particulate matter (PM) using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The instrument uses a mist chamber (MC) to continuously collect the ambient PM 2.5 in water, and then determines its DTT activity using an automated syringe pump system. The instrument was deployed at an urban site in the University of Illinois campus, and its field performance was evaluated by comparing the results with the offline DTT activity measurements of simultaneously collected PM-laden filters. The online DTT activity measurements correlated well with the offline measurements but were higher than both methanol (slope =1.0 8, R2=0.93 ) and Milli-Q water (slope =1.86 , R2=0.86 ) extracts of the PM filters, indicating a better efficiency of the MC for collecting the water-insoluble fraction of PM. The hourly measurements of ambient PM 2.5 OP were obtained by running the online instrument intermittently for 50 days with minimal manual assistance. The daytime DTT activity levels were generally higher than at night. However, a 4-fold increase in the hourly averaged activity was observed on the night of 4 July (Independence Day fireworks display). The diurnal profile of the hourly averaged OP during weekdays showed a bimodal trend, with a sharp peak in the morning (around 07:00 LT), followed by a broader afternoon peak which plateaus around 14:00 LT and starts subsiding at night (around 19:00 LT). To investigate the association of the diurnal profile of DTT activity with the emission sources at the site, we collected time-segregated composite PM filter samples in four different time periods of the day (morning, 07:00–10:00 LT; afternoon, 10:00–15:00 LT; evening, 15:00–19:00 LT; and night, 19:00–07:00 LT) and determined the diurnal variations in the redox active components (i.e., water-soluble Cu, Fe, Mn, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon). Based on this comparison, we attributed the daytime OP of ambient PM 2.5 to the vehicular (both exhaust and non-exhaust) emissions and resuspended dust, whereas secondary photochemical transformation of primary emissions appear to enhance the OP of PM during the afternoon and evening period.
California mission landscapes: race, memory, and the politics of heritage Elizabeth Kryder-Reid, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2016, xv + 355 pp., $35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8166-3797-3

The twenty-one Spanish religious missions that Franciscans established from 1769 to 1833 along the coast of what is now the state of California are complicated sites of heritage. As Elizabeth Kryde...
Universal Joint Image Clustering and Registration Using Multivariate Information Measures

We consider the problem of universal joint clustering and registration of images. Image clustering focuses on grouping similar images, while image registration refers to the task of aligning copies of an image that have been subject to rigid-body transformations, such as rotations and translations. We first study registering two images using maximum mutual information and prove its asymptotic optimality. We then show the shortcomings of pairwise registration in multi-image registration, and design an asymptotically optimal algorithm based on multi-information. Further, we define a novel multivariate information functional to perform joint clustering and registration of images, and prove consistency of the algorithm. Finally, we consider registration and clustering of numerous limited-resolution images, defining algorithms that are order-optimal in scaling of number of pixels in each image with the number of images.
Gamification of education using computer games

We review the literature on gamification and identify principles of gamification and system design elements for gamifying computer educational games. Gamification of education is expected to increase learners' engagement, which in turn increases learning achievement. We propose a gamification framework that synthesizes findings from the literature. The gamification framework is comprised of principles of gamification, system design elements for gamification, and dimensions of user engagement.
The Ground Myth

The term “ground” is probably the most misused and misunderstood term in EMC engineering, and in fact, in all of circuit design. Ground is considered to be a zero potential region with zero resistance and zero impedance at all frequencies. This is just not the case in practical high-speed designs. The one thing that should be remembered whenever the term “ground” is used, is that “Ground is a place where potatoes and carrots thrive”! By keeping this firmly in mind, many of the causes of EMC emissions problems would be eliminated.
Composite Health Outcomes in Pediatric and Young Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients

Objective To assess composite health outcomes in pediatric and young adult kidney transplant recipients following kidney transplantation. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional study of all recipients at our center who had a 1-, 3-, 5-, and/or 10-year transplant anniversary visit between October 2008 and February 2015. The kidney transplant recipients were assessed at each time point according to an outcome measure consisting of 15 pass/fail criteria in 5 domains: allograft health, rejection and immunology, infection, cardiovascular health, and growth. Results We analyzed 148 patients at 231 transplantation anniversary visit time points; 52 of 82 (63%) patients assessed at 1 year had an ideal outcome, meeting at least 13 of the 15 criteria. This decreased to 37% at year 3, 40% at year 5, and 26% at year 10 (P Conclusions Ideal outcomes for pediatric kidney transplant recipients decrease over time with growth, cardiovascular health, and allograft health as the primary failure modes. Understanding the composite health of young recipients will allow primary care providers and nephrologists alike to evaluate the overall health of kidney transplant recipients and focus clinical care on the most common sequelae.
Physical Growth of the Contralateral Cerebrum is Preserved After Hemispherotomy in Childhood

Abstract Background Hemispherotomy can be an effective treatment for refractory childhood epilepsy. However, the extent of postoperative brain development after hemispherotomy remains incompletely understood. This study aims to provide an anatomic foundation in assessing development of the contralateral hemisphere, by measuring volumetric growth after hemispherotomy. Methods Eleven patients with hemimegalencephaly, Rasmussen's encephalitis, and cerebral infarction who underwent hemispherotomy before age 12 years, an immediate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and at least three years of follow-up magnetic resonance imagings were retrospectively analyzed. The volume of the contralateral hemisphere was measured before and after surgery. Growth curves were compared with those of healthy individuals from an open database. The growth rate relative to the healthy individuals ("catch-up rate") was calculated. Results A positive volumetric growth of the contralateral hemisphere was observed across all pathologies. The hemimegalencephaly subgroup underwent hemispherotomy at the earliest time and had the largest postoperative growth rate, which exceeded that of healthy individuals. The Rasmussen subgroup underwent surgery at the second earliest time and had an intermediate growth rate, which was similar to that of healthy individuals. The infarction subgroup underwent surgery at the latest time and had the slowest growth rate, which was less than that of healthy individuals. Conclusions The contralateral hemisphere continues to increase in volume after hemispherotomy in childhood. Further studies with a larger sample size and correlation with cognitive outcomes may aid in characterizing the prognosis after hemispherotomy.
Red Spinach Extract Supplementation Improves Cycle Time Trial Performance in Recreationally Active Men and Women.

AbstractGonzalez, AM, Accetta, MR, Spitz, RW, Mangine, GT, Ghigiarelli, JJ, and Sell, KM. Red spinach extract supplementation improves cycle time trial performance in recreationally active men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2019—To examine the effects of short-term red spinach extrac
Using Mixed-Methods to Uncover Inclusive Leader Behaviors

With increased workforce diversity, leaders strive to become inclusive as a critical component of leveraging the benefits of having a diverse organization. The purpose of this study was to examine ...
Main effects of driving posture changes in frontal crashes due to ageing

The ageing population is expected to increase substantially in the near future. The fatal crash rates (per mile travelled) involving older drivers are considerably higher than those of younger drivers. This study evaluates the main effects of driving posture changes due to ageing in a frontal crash through finite element simulations involving the Hybrid III dummy model. The idea that driving posture for older drivers tends to be closer to the steering wheel whereas younger drivers are more laid back is incorporated into the study. Contracted body joint angles prove to be beneficial for the Head Injury Criteria but the opposite occurs for the chest acceleration. When the driver's torso contracts approximately 3°, the HIC15 decreases 5% while the chest acceleration increases 3%. Posture does not affect the pelvis acceleration.
Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes across Salmonella enterica Isolates from Animal and Nonanimal Foods.

Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a major public health problem. Of particular importance in the context of food safety is the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes within nontyphoidal Salmonella, which is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne disease. We determined the prevalence of AMR genes across a very large number of Salmonella genomes (n = 25,647) collected from isolates from 16 common food sources. The average percentage of isolates from nonanimal foods, such as fruit, nuts and seeds, and vegetables, harboring at least one AMR gene was only marginally lower (72%) than that observed in isolates from animal foods such as beef, chicken, turkey, and pork (74%). This high prevalence of AMR genes was primarily driven by the high prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in nearly all food isolates; genes for resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide also were highly prevalent. However, evaluation of the number of genes per isolate revealed that the prevalence of AMR genes was higher in animal food isolates than in nonanimal food isolates (P = 0.018). A random forest analysis provided evidence that within a given serovar, resistance gene profiles differed according to isolate food source. AMR gene profiles could be used to correctly predict the food of origin for 71% of the isolates, but success differed according to serovar. This information can help inform AMR risk assessments of food commodities and refine processes for targeting interventions to limit the spread of AMR through the food supply.
Developing a Blockchain-Enabled Collaborative Intrusion Detection System: An Exploratory Study

A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (CIDS) is a system which a set of IDS work together to defend the computer networks against increasingly sophisticated cyber-attacks. Despite more than decade of research on CIDS, trust management and consensus building among IDS hosts remain as challenging problems. In this paper, we conducted an exploratory study to tackle those two challenges by leveraging the inherent immutability and consensus building capability of blockchain technology. We proposed an architecture for a blockchain-enabled CIDs and implemented a preliminary prototype system using open-source projects such as Hyperledger and Snort. Our initial evaluation on a benchmark testing showed the proposed architecture offers a feasible solution by addressing the issues of trust management, data sharing and consensus building, as well as insider attacks in the network environment of CIDSs.
Modulation of nuclear cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in dibutyryl cyclic AMP-treated rat H4IIE hepatoma cells.

Biochemical and immunochemical studies were undertaken to quantify the effects of cyclic AMP on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subunit levels in nuclei of H4IIE hepatoma cells. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10 microM) caused a significant biphasic (10 and 120 min after stimulation) increase in total nuclear protein kinase activity. The increase observed 10 min after dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulation was primarily due to an approx. 3-fold increase of catalytic (C) subunit activity, whereas the change observed 120 min after stimulation consisted of an increase in both C subunit and cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activities. Analysis of nuclear protein extracts by photoaffinity labelling with 8-azido cyclic [32P]AMP identified only the type II regulatory subunit (RII), but not the type I regulatory subunit (RI). Analysis of nuclear RII variants by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated that dibutyryl cyclic AMP caused the appearance of two RII variant forms which were not present in the nuclei of unstimulated cells. Using affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies and immunoblotting procedures, we identified an approx. 2-fold increase in the RII and C subunits in nuclear extracts of dibutyryl cyclic AMP-treated hepatoma cells. Finally, the RI, RII and C subunits were quantified by an e.l.i.s.a. which indicated that dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased nuclear RII and C subunits levels biphasically, reaching peak values 10 and 120 min after the initial stimulation. Nuclear RI subunit levels were not affected. These results provide qualitative as well as quantitative evidence for a modulation by cyclic AMP of the nuclear RII and C subunit levels in rat H4IIE hepatoma cells, and indicate a relatively rapid but temporarily limited dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced translocation of the RII and C subunits to nuclear sites.
Exploring the Use of Parent and Teacher Questionnaires to Screen for Language Disorders in Bilingual Children

We explore the classification accuracy of a parent and teacher report measure, the Inventory to Assess Language Knowledge (ITALK), to screen for developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilingual c...
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis.

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis An 82-year-old man presented with generalized weakness. He had rapidly progressive neurologic symptoms and died 9 days later. Autopsy showed liquefactive necrosis ...
The power of modeling in emergency preparedness for COVID-19: a moonshot moment for hospitals.

Prior to COVID-19, few hospitals had fully tested emergency surge plans. Uncertainty in the timing and degree of surge complicates planning efforts, putting hospitals at risk of being overwhelmed. Many lack access to hospital-specific, data-driven projections of future patient demand to guide operational planning. Our hospital experienced one of the largest surges in New England. We developed statistical models to project hospitalizations during the first wave of the pandemic. We describe how we used these models to meet key planning objectives. To build the models successfully, we emphasize the criticality of having a team that combines data scientists with frontline operational and clinical leadership. While modeling was a cornerstone of our response, models currently available to most hospitals are built outside of their institution and are difficult to translate to their environment for operational planning. Creating data-driven, hospital-specific, and operationally relevant surge targets and activation triggers should be a major objective of all health systems.
A Model-Based Approach for Reliability Assessment in Component- Based Systems

This paper describes a formal framework for reliability assessment of component-based systems with respect to specific missions. A mission comprises of different timed mission stages, with each stage requiring a number of high- level functions. The work presented here describes a modeling language to capture the functional decomposition and missions of a system. The components and their alternatives are mapped to basic functions which are used to implement the system-level functions. Our contribution is the extraction of mission-specific reliability block diagram from these high-level models of component assemblies. This is then used to compute the mission reliability using reliability information of components. This framework can be used for real-time monitoring of system performance where reliability of the mission is computed over time as the mission is in progress. Other quantities of interest such as mission feasibility, function availability can also be computed using this framework. Mission feasibility answers the question whether the mission can be accomplished given the current state of components in the system and function availability provides information if the function is available in the future given the current state of the system. The software used in this framework includes Generic Modeling Environment (GME) and Python. GME is used for modeling the system and Python for reliability computations. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a radio-controlled (RC) car in carrying out a simple surveillance mission.
On the integration of physics-based and data-driven models for the prediction of gas exchange processes on a modern diesel engine:

The need for precise control of complex air handling systems on modern engines has driven research into model-based methods. While model-based control can provide improved performance over prior ma...
A case of paradoxical fibrosis and development of morphea in a patient on dupilumab.

Recent observations of improvement in keloids with the administration of dupilumab have led to research that has implicated interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 signaling as potential mediators of sclerosing and fibrotic skin diseases, particularly with increased expression of transforming growth factor β downstream of IL-13.1, 2, 3 As such, dupilumab, an IL-4 receptor α antagonist, inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 signaling and has been suggested as a potential treatment for sclerosing disorders, with an active phase 2 interventional randomized placebo-controlled trial currently underway investigating its efficacy in morphea. Here, we present the case of a patient developing morphea while being treated with dupilumab. This potential paradoxical reaction, where a postulated therapy appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, has been reported in psoriasis, in which the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α through its inhibitors leads to increased activity of interferon α, postulated to induce disease development.4
Prediction of chemical ordering in refractory high-entropy superalloys

Refractory high-entropy superalloys (RHESs) exhibit impressive nanostructure-property relationships and have promise in next-generation high-temperature structural applications, which has motivated extensive research into these materials. The design space, however, is compositionally vast and complex due to the presence of multiple phases that differ in the composition and chemical order. To address these obstacles in a computationally efficient manner, an advanced approach combining the mean-field density functional theory with parameters determined using machine learning tools has been developed. This approach was implemented here to investigate AlMo0.5NbTa0.5TiZr, which exhibits a nanostructure consisting of cuboidal BCC precipitates coherently embedded within the B2 matrix. It was found that Al and Zr were responsible for the formation of the B2 matrix. In addition, the matrix and the precipitate were found to have very different elastic characteristics. The matrix has a small elastic moduli and large anisotropy while the precipitate is elastically stiff and nearly isotropic. Beyond the current findings, the parameters for the mean field approach are given in the supplementary material and these can be used in future efforts to predict chemical orders, phase partitioning, and elastic properties of RHESs as a function of chemical composition.
An Unexpected Imitator: HLH Presenting as CNS Infarction (P3.255)

Objective: Introduction: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare multisystem disorder that can involve the central nervous system. HLH clinically overlaps with many more common conditions, and the unique presentation of this case made for a difficult diagnosis. Background: N/A Design/Methods: Case Description: 45-year-old woman presented after an episode of incontinence, which was preceded by several weeks of back pain and progressive lower extremity weakness. She was treated with an emergent L5–S1 laminectomy for presumed spinal cord compression. A month later, she did not demonstrate clinical improvement and presented with worsening lower extremity weakness, ultimately resulting in bilateral lower extremity flaccid paralysis and saddle anesthesia, and altered mental status. Repeat imaging of the spine revealed a spinal cord infarct that likely preceded the laminectomy. Her autoimmune, infectious, and paraneoplastic work ups were negative. On further imaging, a subacute watershed infarct in the left ACA/MCA territory with hemorrhagic transformation was revealed. Meanwhile, the patient had unexplained fevers and pancytopenia, requiring multiple transfusions. Other pertinent findings included splenomegaly, elevated ferritin, soluble IL-2 receptor (CD25), and elevated triglycerides. A liver biopsy was done but was non-diagnostic. A bone marrow biopsy later confirmed the diagnosis of HLH. She was treated with dexamethasone and etoposide. Unfortunately, she developed a small bowel perforation after her first treatment with etoposide and treatment was held. As the patient had few risk factors for ischemic strokes and no other inciting events, the infarcts were attributed to HLH. Results: N/A Conclusions: This case demonstrates the potential for HLH to cause ischemic stroke as part of its involvement in the CNS. Although HLH involvement in the CNS is rare, the diagnosis should be considered when more common neurological insults have been ruled out, particularly in the setting of unexplained fevers, pancytopenia, and splenomegaly. As survival often requires urgent and aggressive treatment, early diagnosis of HLH is essential. Disclosure: Dr. Blaney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Agarwal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Romero has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Dr Romero has worked as a consultant for Acorda and received honoraria from Genzyme.
Mathematical Tools for Studying Oscillations and Concentrations: from Young Measures to H-Measures and Their Variants

The following set of notes was taken during the six lectures that I gave in Dubrovnik in September 2000. My purpose was to retrace the evolution of the subject over the last twenty years. A few years ago, I have thought that it should be helpful for young researchers to be told how and when new ideas were introduced, and what was known at the time when they appeared, so that they learn about the discovery process; in contrast, the traditional way of writing mathematical papers tends to suppress the human part of the research activity and only describes the results, which unfortunately are not always attributed to their real authors.
Calcyon Regulates Axonal Transport of PI4K11a Vesicles in Cultured Rat Sensory Neurons

Cytoplasmic dynein is a motor protein representing an essential component in directed microtubule trafficking of membrane bound vesicles. Dynein motors are primarily responsible for retrograde, or ...
Strong CP problem, up-quark mass, and the Randall-Sundrum microscope

In the Randall-Sundrum model, setting the ratio of up- and down-quark masses ${m}_{u}/{m}_{d}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, relevant to the strong $CP$ problem, does not require chiral symmetry or fine-tuning, due to exponential bulk fermion profiles. We point out that such geometric suppression of the mass of a fermion magnifies the masses of its corresponding Kaluza-Klein (KK) states. In this sense, these KK states act as ``microscopes'' for probing light quark and lepton masses. In simple realizations, this hypothesis can be testable at future colliders, like the LHC, by measuring the spectrum of level-1 KK fermions. The microscope can then provide an experimental test for the vanishing of ${m}_{u}$ in the ultraviolet, independently of nonperturbative determinations, by lattice simulations or other means, at hadronic scales. We also briefly comment on application of our microscope idea to other fermions, such as the electron and neutrinos.
The surprising temporal specificity of direct-current stimulation

As studies increasingly use transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to manipulate brain activity, surprising results are emerging. Specifically, research combining tDCS with electrophysiology is showing that the long-lasting effects of tDCS can counter-intuitively influence specific neural mechanisms active for as little as 100 ms during the flow of human information processing.
Automated Detection of Clouds in Satellite Imagery

Many different approaches have been used to automatically detect clouds in satellite imagery. Most approaches are deterministic and provide a binary cloud - no cloud product used in a variety of applications. Some of these applications require the identification of cloudy pixels for cloud parameter retrieval, while others require only an ability to mask out clouds for the retrieval of surface or atmospheric parameters in the absence of clouds. A few approaches estimate a probability of the presence of a cloud at each point in an image. These probabilities allow a user to select cloud information based on the tolerance of the application to uncertainty in the estimate. Many automated cloud detection techniques develop sophisticated tests using a combination of visible and infrared channels to determine the presence of clouds in both day and night imagery. Visible channels are quite effective in detecting clouds during the day, as long as test thresholds properly account for variations in surface features and atmospheric scattering. Cloud detection at night is more challenging, since only courser resolution infrared measurements are available. A few schemes use just two infrared channels for day and night cloud detection. The most influential factor in the success of a particular technique is the determination of the thresholds for each cloud test. The techniques which perform the best usually have thresholds that are varied based on the geographic region, time of year, time of day and solar angle.
Using cultural-historical activity theory to analyze social service practices evolving from the Norwegian HUSK projects.

The HUSK projects catalyzed innovation in the practices of providing social services that could yield useful insights both within and outside of Norway if analyzed in these two ways: (a) retrospective analysis of the development of individual HUSK projects in light of their cultural-historical contexts, and (b) comparative analysis of the efforts to advance multi-sector collaboration in some of the HUSK projects. Such analyses require a practice-based research approach that takes into account culture and history. In this article the author explains how cultural-historical activity theory provides such an approach, illustrated via several HUSK cases. The author suggests five questions for future analyses of the HUSK projects and argues that insights gleaned from such analyses could contribute significantly to research on—and the provision of—social services.
Athenian Black Gloss Pottery: A View from the West

Summary Excavation of archaic Morgantina (c.700–450 BC), Sicily, has brought to light a significant pattern in the distribution of imported Greek pottery. This pattern, which shows a preference for imports with features that referred to metal vessels, is echoed at sites around the western Mediterranean. We argue that the preference for certain types was communicated back to Greek producers, and that it also reflects the particular local interests of non-Greeks, who associated metallic features not only with wealth, but also with their own ancestral traditions.
Aggregates of Small Nuclear Ribonucleic Acids (snRNAs) in Alzheimer's Disease

We recently discovered that protein components of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) spliceosome form cytoplasmic aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, resulting in widespread changes in RNA splicing. However, the involvement of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), also key components of the spliceosome complex, in the pathology of AD remains unknown. Using immunohistochemical staining of post-mortem human brain and spinal cord, we identified cytoplasmic tangle-shaped aggregates of snRNA in both sporadic and familial AD cases but not in aged controls or other neurodegenerative disorders. Immunofluorescence using antibodies reactive with the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap of snRNAs and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated snRNA localization with tau and paired helical filaments, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed U1 snRNA accumulation in the insoluble fraction of AD brains whereas other U snRNAs were not enriched. In combination with our previous results, these findings demonstrate that aggregates of U1 snRNA and U1 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins represent a new pathological hallmark of AD.
Dicyanobiphenyl polysioloxane stationary phases for capillary column gas chromatography

The chromatographic performance of newly developed dicyanobiphenyl polysiloxane stationary phases were evaluated and compared with the performance of other polar stationary phases, including the previously reported monocyanobiphenyl polysiloxanes. Due to the unique combination of polarizable biphenyl and polar cyano functionalities in the side chains of the flexible polysiloxane backbone, and by virtue of their mild liquid crystalline properties, the new stationary phases provide excellent resolution of a wide variety of analytes, both polar and nonpolar, in both GC and SFC. They can be easily coated and cross-linked in open tubular columns, and the resultant columns demonstrate excellent efficiency and performance at temperatures up to 280–300°C. The new stationary phases exhibit enhanced selectivities for various types of isomeric compounds.
Static distortions and resistivity due to interstitials

Abstract It has been suggested(1) that the electrical resitivity (ρ) of interstitial alloys is proportional to the mean-square static displacements 〈μs2〉 caused by the interstitials and that Δ ρs Δ〈μ s 2 〉 = Δ ρ thermal Δ〈μ 2 〉 thermal . To test this relationship, oxygen and nitrogen in varying amounts have been dissolved in high-purity vanadium powders prepared by filing under purified Argon. The mean-square displacements were measured as a function of interstitial concentration by plotting the logarithm of the integrated X-ray intensity vs sin2 θ λ 2 . For oxygen, Δ ρs Δ〈μ 2 〉 s = 4.97(36) × 10 3 μΩ cm/ A 2 and for nitrogen, 4.91(14) × 10 3 μΩ cm/ A 2 , whereas from data in the literature Δ ρT Δ〈μ T 2 〉 = 3.5–4.0 × 10 3 μΩ cm/ A 2 . Because the data was obtained for a range of interstitial concentrations (up to 5.5 at. % for oxygen and up to 8 % for nitrogen) a precise value for the peak depression for pure vanadium was obtained by extrapolation. From this value the Debye Temperature of Vanadium was calculated to be 352(3) K. The similarity in mean-square displacements of oxygen and nitrogen vs concentration suggests that both elements occupy the same type of interstitial sites in vanadium.
Reply by Authors to S.M. Bogdonoff and S. Wang

W thank Prof. Bogdonoff and Mr. Wang for their comments on our work, although we disagree with them. We did not use selected test results, but based our conclusions on the data set obtained by F.K. Lu during his Master's thesis research. Subsequent work by Good win using fins at larger angles of attack also substantiated our conclusions. If conflicting data have been obtained at Princeton in the interim, we are unaware of them. We are willing to consider conflicting data if any exist. Bogdonoff and Wang question our assertion that conical flow symmetry exists in the outboard region of swept shock/boundary-layer interactions generated by fins. This assertion is supported not only by our data, but by a number of experimental and computational studies conducted in several countries." To our knowledge no form of far-field symmetry other than conical has ever been observed in fingenerated interactions. The matter of the spanwise growth of incoming boundarylayer thickness is admittedly not completely understood. The preponderance of known experiments has used rectangular flat plates that naturally generate boundary layers which grow in the spanwise direction at the upstream limit of a swept interaction. However, in one experiment, the flat-plate leading edge was intentionally swept back 45 deg in order to check such boundary-layer growth effects. The results showed the surface pressure footprints of 4and 10-deg fin interactions at Mach 3 to be invariant to leading-edge sweepback of the flat plate. We find this to be a plausible result; the scale of the incoming boundary layer apparently having exerted its influence only in the establishment of the inception zone, according to dimensional arguments. In further support of conical symmetry, note that the outer inviscid flow is naturally conical. The interaction requires an equilibrium between an outer conical flow and an inner viscous layer. This layer is extremely thin at high Reynolds numbers compared to the dimensions of the fin (as was the case in Ref. 1). Therefore, if the viscous layer refuses to respond to the symmetry of the outer flow, enormous gradients would have to be supported by this thin wall layer. Thus, it seems clear that swept shock/boundary-layer interactions must rapidly adopt the symmetry imposed by the outer flow. The length required for this to occur is the inception length referred to in our paper. This argument has been quantified in an order-of-magnitude analysis by Inger. As for the inception length itself, our description in Ref. 1 was admittedly preliminary. This was not the primary subject of our work, and at that time no one had studied inception lengths per se. More recent work clarifies this issue. It is clear that the inception zone merges gradually into the out-
Comparison of Sub-Millimeter-Wave Scattering-Parameter Calibrations With Imperfect Electrical Ports

We develop a metric to quantify the accuracy with which measured scattering parameters can be cascaded. We use the metric to compare five rectangular-waveguide calibration and measurement strategies at sub-millimeter wavelengths that correct to differing degrees for electrical-port imperfections.
The mechanism of action of T7 DNA polymerase

Abstract The recent crystal structure determination of T7 DNA polymerase complexed to a deoxynucleoside triphosphate and primer—template DNA has provided the first glimpse of a replicative DNA polymerase in a catalytic complex. The structure complements many functional and structural studies of this and other DNA polymerases, allowing a detailed evaluation of proposals for the mechanism of nucleotidyl transfer and the exploration of the basis for the high fidelity of template-directed DNA synthesis.
Effect of Feeding Time, Behavior, and Environmental Factors on the Time of Calving in Dairy Cattle,

Abstract To determine if time of feeding affected time of parturition, 129 Holstein cows and heifers were assigned alternately by expected calving date to either a control or a night-fed group. Animals were transferred at least 2 wk before expected calving to .6-ha wooded lot, which was divided into two equal parts. Animals were fed 20.4 kg (76% dry matter) per day of a total mixed ration. Both groups had feed delivered to the feed bunks at the same time daily. Control animals had access to feed for 24 h each day, but the feed bunk of night-fed animals was covered from 0800 to 2000 h, allowing them to eat from 2000 to 0800 h only. From May to November during 2 yr, 62.5% (40/64) of control animals and 67.6% (44/65) of night-fed animals calved from 0600 to 1800 h. Considering 0500 to 2100 h as herdsman's hours, 82.8% (53/64) of control animals and 84.6% (55/65) of night-fed animals calved during these times. There were significantly more animals calving from 0600 to 1800 h and from 0500 to 2100 h than the one-half and two-thirds expected. Observations for three 24-h periods indicated that control and night-fed groups had significantly different behavioral patterns. Overall, there were no significant effects due to time of feeding on time of calving or for calf or health-related parameters.
P-Glycoprotein Induction and Tumor Cell-Kill Dynamics in Response to Differential Doxorubicin Dosing Strategies: A Theoretical Pharmacodynamic Model

Purpose. The objectives of this work were 1) to develop a theoretical pharmacodynamic model that captures dynamic changes resulting from drug/therapy mediated P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induction and 2) to compare the pharmacodynamic outcomes of several doxorubicin (DOX) dosing schemes through simulations.
Linear groups rich in finite quotients

Abstract A group G is said to be counter-counter-finite if any non-trivial quotient G M has a non-trivial finite quotient G M with MN. In this paper we examine counter-counter-finite linear groups GLn(R), where R is a commutative ring with identity.
The effects of impurities on the light-induced degradation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Amorphous silicon samples with an intentionally modulated impurity content at concentrations below 1 at.% were grown by the glow discharge deposition technique. The impurity profiles were determined by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements and the spatial distributions of deep defects were determined by junction capacitance profiling measurements before and after light-induced degradation. For the case of intentionally added carbon, we found a significant enhancement in the concentration of light induced defects in regions with higher impurity levels such that a carbon level of 0.5 at.% leads to an additional (1–2) × 10 16 cm −3 increase in defects after light soaking.
The synaptonemal complexes of Caenorhabditis elegans: the dominant him mutant mnT6 and pachytene karyotype analysis of the X-autosome translocation.

The dominant X-autosome heterozygous translocation mutant mnT6 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has an X chromosome that has been reduced in size by 40%, yet the remainder of the bivalent pairs effectively at pachytene and has a synaptonemal complex (SC) that has a normal appearance. Six SCs are present in pachytene nuclei of this mutant which correspond to a haploid value of n=6. Nondisjunction of the X chromosome occurs at a rate of 37% and there are no ‘Disjunction Regulator Regions’ (DRR) in this him (high incidence of males) mutant. This is consistent with the notion that DRRs either promote disjunction or inhibit nondisjunction of the X chromosome. Their occurrence in pachytene nuclei is independent of the mechanism responsible for nondisjunction, i.e. point mutations as in him-8 versus chromosomal aberrations as in mnT6. Although an SC is present along the entire length of the X chromosome, crossover suppression is observed in mnT6.
Composition profiles of the diethyl ether-air two-stage reaction stabilized in a flat-flame burner

In an effort to better understand the self-ignition process, by which initially slow low-temperature reactions develop into rapid high-temperature aerodynamic flames, quartz microprobe gas samples have been drawn from various positions in a stabilized two-stage cool flame of rich diethyl ether-air mixtures and analyzed by means of a combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. Twenty-seven intermediate and final products have been traced quantitatively through the reaction. Peak concentrations of these products ranged from 19.06 mole per cent down to 50 ppm. The reaction is characterized by the early appearance of oxygenated hydrocarbons, primarily formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methyl and ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and the ring compound 2-methyl-1, 3-dioxacyclopentane. Of the oxygenated compounds, most of which reach peak concentrations between the two visible reaction zones, acetaldehyde is the predominant specie. Water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide (in very small amounts) increase continuosly in concentration through the flame. The later stages are characterized by the appearance of methane and progressively less-saturated straight-chain hydrocarbons: ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and analogous C 3 and C 4 hydrocarbons. Thermochemical calculations show the products to be far from chemical equilibrium and also demonstrate a modus operandi of this stabilized flame, involving endothermic reactions in the early stages supported by heat transferred from the highly exothermic later stage. Reaction mechanisms serving to explain the observed composition changes are discussed.
Causes and Consequences of Cladoceran Dynamics in Lake Michigan: Implications of Species Invasion by Bythotrephes

When Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Crustacea: Cladocera) invaded Lake Michigan, large changes occurred to the indigenous zooplankton community of the lake. Abundances of three Daphnia species declined precipitously in 1987 on a lake-wide scale. Subsequently, offshore Lake Michigan became dominated by the single species, D. galeata mendotae, that has been able to persist in the presence of the new predator. Although planktivory by alewife or other fish has been proposed as the cause for these changes, species changes and size frequency distributions of the surviving Daphnia contradict that hypothesis. The Daphnia community changed in a way consistent with removal of the smallest individuals present, an attribute of invertebrate planktivory, and not with the known predation patterns of Alosa or Coregonus. Moreover, the increased relative abundance of very large specimens of D. pulicaria (> 2.5 mm body length) during 1987 and 1988 suggests that planktivory by fish was relaxed. Observational data support the conclusion that Bythotrephes, rather than fish, changed the plankton community of Lake Michigan.
Oxidative cytochemistry in phagocytosis: the interface between structure and function

The PMN is exquisitely designed to combat invading micro-organisms. The relationship between structure and function is nowhere more evident than in this cell type. The elaborate biochemical machinery which the PMNs possess for killing ingested micro-organisms works as a highly integrated system, with each step occurring in sequence and at a particular site.
An improvement of the Sulzer SMX™ static mixer significantly reducing the pressure drop

A geometrical modification of the well-known Sulzer SMX™ static mixer, the new SMX plus (patent pending), is found to lead to significant improvement of the mixing performance. Using a reduced number of bars, and gaps between the bars, the pressure drop of the mixer can be reduced to less than 50% while the mixing quality after a given number of elements remains nearly equivalent with the original SMX. CFD simulations are being relied upon to show the performance of the SMX plus both with regard to pressure drop, mixing quality and residence time distribution. These results are confirmed by LIF measurements. The mixing performance for streams with strongly different viscosities is investigated using a decolorization technique. Finally the dispersion behavior of this new mixer is measured.
Src homology domains in phospholipase C-gamma1 mediate its anti-apoptotic action through regulating the enzymatic activity.

Phospholipase-γ1 (PLC-γ1) prevents programmed cell death, for which the enzymatic activity has been implicated. However, the biological function of Src homology (SH) domains of PLC-γ1 in promoting cell survival remains elusive. Here, we showed that deletion of the N-SH2 domain or both N-SH2 and C-SH2 domains, but not the SH3 domain, abolished the anti-apoptotic activity of PLC-γ1. Surprisingly, removal of the whole SH domain inhibited apoptosis. The lipase-inactive PLC-γ1 mutant (LIM) failed to suppress apoptosis. Moreover, the phospholipase activity in SH3- or whole SH domain-deleted cells was comparable to that of wild-type cells. By contrast, the enzymatic activity was substantially ablated in SH2 domain-deleted or LIM cells. A pharmacological inhibitor of PLC-γ1 robustly diminished the anti-apoptotic action in wild-type, SH3- or whole SH domain-deleted cells, whereas pretreatment of SH2 domain-deleted or LIM cells with agents activating PKC and calcium mobilization markedly promoted cell survival. These results indicate that SH domains in PLC-γ1 might mediate its anti-apoptotic action by regulating the enzymatic activity.
Sonographic assessment of the cervix in pregnancy

Recent studies using transvaginal and transperineal sonography to monitor the cervix have dramatically increased our knowledge of morphological changes of the cervix throughout pregnancy. Knowledge of the normal and abnormal appearance of the cervix gives insight into the processes of premature labor and cervical incompetence. The finding of a short cervix can be used to identify (and possibly treat) patients at risk for premature delivery. This article reviews the use of cervical sonography in obstetric care, including the diagnosis of incompetent cervix, the detection and monitoring of premature labor, and the evaluation of placenta previa.
Managing anticoagulated patients requiring dental extractions: an exercise in evidence-based clinical practice

Managing anticoagulated patients requiring dental extractions: an exercise in evidence-based clinical practice
In Situ Northern Mid-Latitude Observations of ClO, O3, and BrO in the Wintertime Lower Stratosphere

In order to test photochemical theories linking chlorofluorocarbon derivatives to ozone(O(3)) depletion at high latitudes in the springtime, several related atmospheric species, including O(3), chlorine monoxide(ClO), and bromine monoxide (BrO) were measured in the lower stratosphere with instruments mounted on the NASA ER-2 aircraft on 13 February 1988. The flight path from Moffett Field, California (37 degrees N, 121 degrees W), to Great Slave Lake, Canada (61 degrees N, 115 degrees W), extended to the center of the polar jet associated with but outside of the Arctic vortex, in which the abundance of O(3) was twice its mid-latitude value, whereas BrO levels were 5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) between 18 and 21 kilometers, and 2.4 pptv below that altitude. The ClO mixing ratio was as much as 65 pptv at 60 degrees N latitude at an altitude of 20 kilometers, and was enhanced over mid-latitude values by a factor of 3 to 5 at altitudes above 18 kilometers and by as much as a factor of 40 at altitudes below 17 kilometers. Levels of ClO and O(3) were highly correlated on all measured distance scales, and both showed an abrupt change in character at 54 degrees N latitude. The enhancement of ClO abundance north of 54 degrees N was most likely caused by low nitrogen dioxide levels in the flight path.
Drive technologies for the future

Optical storage currently is the fastest growing segment of the data-storage hierarchy. In this presentation, we will review the technology improvements required to continue this growth.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.