cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design for effective care collaboration

Abstract In an era when many clinicians contribute to acute care for a single patient, effective clinical communication requires (1) gathering and recording data when patients present for acute care or are treated by first responders; (2) maintaining patient information throughout an acute care episode, including adding updates, documenting interpretations and decision-making rationale, and organizing patient information so it can easily be shared among care teams; and (3) preparing for discharge by generating documentation that provides information needed by the clinicians who will coordinate outpatient care. This chapter illustrates how human factors research can help address current shortfalls in how health-care information is collected, stored, distributed, and analyzed. We review two efforts focused on helping to improve clinical communication, which address different current challenges using different methods. Human factors methodologies are needed now more than ever to address challenges in care coordination across the continuum of a patient’s care.
Receptive or Restrictive: A Comparative Analysis of Local Refugee News Coverage in the United States

In 2015 and 2016, the word, “refugee,” filled newspaper headlines. While refugees have received considerable media attention, few recent scholarly works address local level news coverage in the Uni...
Twisted space-frequency and space-time partially coherent beams.

We present partially coherent sources that are statistically twisted in the space-frequency and space-time domains. Beginning with the superposition rule for genuine partially coherent sources, we derive source plane expressions for the cross-spectral density (CSD) and mutual coherence functions (MCFs) for twisted space-frequency and space-time Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beams. Using the Fresnel approximation to the free-space Green’s function, we then paraxially propagate the CSD and MCF to any plane $$z > 0$$. We discuss the beams’ behavior as they propagate, with particular emphasis on how the beam shape rotates or tumbles versus z. To validate our analysis, we simulate the generation and subsequent propagation of twisted space-frequency and space-time GSM beams. We compare the simulated moments to the corresponding theoretical predictions and find them to be in excellent agreement. Lastly, we describe how to physically synthesize twisted space-frequency and space-time partially coherent sources.
L³Cs: The Next Big Wave in Socially Responsible Investing or Just Simply Too Good to Be True?

This article pertains to the growing popularity of Low-Profit, Limited Liability Companies (L3Cs). It includes a discussion of the potential pitfalls involved in the adoption of this organizational structure. Part I introduces a timely example that illustrates how L3Cs are gaining steam across the U.S. Part II provides a history of the L3C movement and offers a look at the current legal landscape of L3Cs on the federal and state level. Part III offers a glimpse into possible problems that L3Cs may run into including registration as well as disclosure requirements with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("S.E.C."). In addition, Part III examines what the fiduciary obligations will be in L3Cs and concludes by exploring the possibility of overlapping governmental policing that may occur as more of these entities sprout up.
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome and Lung Transplantation: A Single Center Case Series

Introduction Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder defined by oculocutaneous albinism, platelet storage disorder with resultant bleeding diathesis and pulmonary fibrosis leading to end-stage lung disease. Despite known bleeding diathesis, patients with HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis have successfully tolerated lung transplantation. We detail the lung transplant evaluation of 10 patients with HPS-fibrosis, as well as the outcomes of 6 patients transplanted at a single center in the United States. Case Report Between 2003 and 2019, 10 patients with HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis underwent lung transplantation evaluation at our center (table 1 & 2). Three patients were declined listing. Reasons included advanced multi-system disease, obesity, and severe protein malnutrition placing candidates at high risk for perioperative complications and morbidity. Seven patients were listed for lung transplant (table 3), with six undergoing transplantation. Three patients tolerated perioperative ECMO. The majority received intraoperative prophylaxis for their bleeding diathesis. Reported estimated blood loss was increased in those that did not receive intraoperative prophylaxis. One patient expired in the immediate post-operative period due to arterial ECMO cannula dislodgement. No allograft developed fibrosis. Two patients developed chronic rejection, but allograft lifespans were greater than 6 years. For surveillance biopsies, the majority received routine pre-treatment with desmopressin with no significant bleeding. One patient did not and sustained substantial pulmonary hemorrhage, requiring intubation. Summary Early lung transplant evaluation can be pursued in patients with HPS-pulmonary fibrosis. This case series illustrates that these patients tolerate extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplantation, and can safely undergo transplant surgery and surveillance transbronchial biopsies with the use of anti-hemorrhagic prophylaxis.
Contact Dermatitis and Nutrition

Abstract There is a worldwide increase in food and nutrition related contact dermatitis, including irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, protein contact dermatitis, and photocontact dermatitis. A wide range of patients is affected by this condition, from those who consume certain foods as part of their diet to workers who handle food occupationally. Patch testing, analytical chemistry, and reporting may help in timely recognition of contact allergens. Elimination of exposure to the known food or supplement is imperative for treatment. Currently, more research is needed in order to better define the role that nutrition plays in contact dermatitis.
Human Security: International Discourses and Local Reality – Case of Mali

Since the early 1990’s, the concept of ‘human security’ has been the object of a multitude of discourses at the academic and policy-making level. Although the UNDP Human Development Report in 1994 (UNDP 1994) was not necessarily the starting point of human security as a “people-centered” idea2, the discussion on human security that introduced this term began with the afore-mentioned UNDP publication. Since then, several international organizations, NGOs, governments, academics and research institutions have launched various human security initiatives such as the Human Security Network3 (HSN; see chap. 75 by Fuentes/Brauch) with Mali as a member, the Commission on Human Security4, UNESCO’s Human Security Programme5, the Human Security Centre6, and many others7. These different actors incorporated the concept into their discourses or research in pursuit of their individual or institutional values and interests. One of the most important issues in the debate on human security concerns both its definition, how narrow or broad the concept should be; and its policy utility, the practice of human security (Owen 2004: 375 – 376). Despite the existence of these debates and many attempts to define human security, there is still no consensus on its definition8 or analytical utility9. This is also the case for the issue of policy utility: there is no common agreement as to how (and whether) the human security concept could be operationalized in terms of concrete policy. However, even without a common definition of human security, it is
Studies on the structural proteins of vaccinia virus. I. Structural proteins of virions and cores.

Abstract Radioactively labeled vaccinia virions grown in L cells were dissociated to yield the constituent polypeptide chains, which were then subjected to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Mechanical fractionation of these gels yielded complex profiles in which at least 17 components, some major, some minor, could be reproducibly identified. The relative mass in each component has been calculated from the amount of radioactivity incorporated. The principal component (VSP-4) accounts for about 28% of the total viral protein mass. Cores derived from virions by chemical treatment contain the principal viral protein component, which is clearly multiple, as well as two minor ones (VSP-1 and VSP-2), which are probably single polypeptide species. These latter two components are the two slowest moving ones, and therefore most probably have the largest molecular weights. Treatment of virions with the nonionic detergent NP 40 liberates one major viral protein component (VSP-6). This component accounts for 18.7% of viral protein, the second highest amount, and is also multiple in nature.
RF CMOS come of age

Radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) in complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) are developing a strong presence in the commercial world. They are dominant for applications such as wireless LAN and Bluetooth and are making inroads into areas such as global system for mobile communications (GSM) cellular transceivers and global positioning system (GPS) receivers. This article offers a brief retrospective on how RF circuits and systems in CMOS have evolved to their current state of the art, followed by perspective of what the future might hold for RF systems on a chip (SOC) in CMOS. It seems appropriate today, roughly ten years after the first publications reporting RF circuits in CMOS, to document the key developments and first reports of the circuit techniques and architectural innovations that are now in widespread use for the development of a new generation of RFICs.
Symbolic discriminant analysis for mining gene expression patterns

New laboratory technologies have made it possible to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously in a particular cell or tissue. The challenge for computational biologists will be to develop methods that are able to identify subsets of gene expression variables that classify cells and tissues into meaningful clinical groups. Linear discriminant analysis is a popular multivariate statistical approach for classification of observations into groups. This is because the theory is well described and the method is easy to implement and interpret. However, an important limitation is that linear discriminant functions need to be pre-specified. To address this limitation and the limitation of linearity, we developed symbolic discriminant analysis (SDA) for the automatic selection of gene expression variables and discriminant functions that can take any form. We have implemented the genetic programming machine learning methodology for optimizing SDA in parallel on a Beowulf-style computer cluster.
MULTIPLE DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS OF THE CRANIUM AND SPINE

Dural arteriovenous fistulas are acquired lesions that usually involve the dura around the cavernous sinus. The transverse, sigmoid, and superior sagittal sinuses may be affected occasionally. With the exception of bilateral cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas, the simultaneous occurrence of dural arteriovenous fistulas at two locations is rare. Among 105 patients evaluated for dural arteriovenous fistulas, we identified seven patients with fistulas at two sites. The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 74 years. Presentation was related to hemorrhage in three patients, loss of vision in four, and a bruit and headaches in one. Patients were treated with combined surgical and endovascular techniques. All treated lesions were completely closed with no mortality or permanent morbidity. The presence of multiple fistulas must be considered in patients being evaluated for dural arteriovenous fistulas. Patients with multiple fistulas usually present with life-threatening hemorrhages or acute neurologic decline; the risk factor for hemorrhages, including those related to venous outflow obstruction, is high in patients with multiple dural arteriovenous fistulas.
Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Populations and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Obtained from Environments Impacted by Livestock and Municipal Waste.

This study compared the populations of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and the repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes in four environments: effluent of three municipal wastewater treatment facilities, three cattle feedlot runoff catchment ponds, three swine waste lagoons, and two “low impact” environments (an urban lake and a relict prairie). Multiple liquid and solid samples were collected from each environment. The prevalences and concentrations of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) and Gram-positive (enterococci) bacteria were determined from individual samples (n = 174). The prevalences of 84 antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic DNA isolated from samples pooled (n = 44) by collection date, location, and sample type were determined. The prevalences and concentrations of AMR E. coli and Salmonella were similar among the livestock and municipal sample sources. The levels of erythromycin-resistant enterococci were significantly higher in liquid samples from cattle catchment ponds and swine waste lagoons than in liquid samples from municipal wastewater treatment facilities, but solid samples from these environments did not differ significantly. Similarly, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli concentrations were significantly higher in swine liquid than in municipal liquid samples, but there was no difference in solid samples. Multivariate analysis of the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes using principal coordinate analysis showed distinct clustering of samples with livestock (cattle and swine), low impact environment and municipal samples forming three separate clusters. The numbers of class A beta-lactamase, class C beta-lactamase, and fluoroquinolone resistance genes detected were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in municipal samples than in cattle runoff or swine lagoon samples. In conclusion, we report that AMR is a very widespread phenomenon and that similar prevalences and concentrations of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes exist in cattle, human, and swine waste streams, but a higher diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes are present in treated human waste discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants than in livestock environments.
Chemical exchange spectroscopy based on carbon-13 NMR. Applications to enzymology and protein folding

Abstract We explore how 13C-based two-dimensional chemical exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) can be used to investigate exchange processes that are slow on the NMR time scale. Results are shown for the mutarotase-catalyzed α →← β isomerization of [1-13C]glucose using experiments that detect carbon spins: homonuclear 13C exchange spectroscopy [13C {13C} EXSY] and heteronuclear exchange spectroscopy [13C {1H} EXSY]; and inverse experiments that select for proton spins attached to 13C: 1H− 13C single-bond correlation exchange spectroscopy [1H {13C} SBC-EXSY] and 13C-filtered 1H exchange spectroscopy [ 1 H { 1 H }− 13 C ƒ - EXSY ] . The main advantage of 13C-based exchange experiments is the simplification of complex spectra afforded by incorporation of selective labels. The inherent power of this approach is illustrated with a 1H {13C} SBC-EXSY spectrum showing the native →← denatured interconversion of [ 13 C δ1 ] Trp-staphylococcal nuclease. Certain 13C-based EXSY experiments are useful for discriminating exchange connectivities from dipole-dipole connectivities.
Banded Marker Chromosomes as Indicators of Intraspecies Cellular Contamination

Chromosome banding revealed marked chromosomes characteristic of HeLa cells in cultures designated HEK, HEK/HRV, HBT-3, HBT-39B, MA160, and a strain of SA-4TxS-Husa1. Ohter HeLa cell characteristics found were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogense type A mobility and lack the Y chromosome. Conventional chromosome analysis and immunological and enzymatic technique serve to monitor species specificity and racial origin of the donor. Chromosome banding, however, can monitor intralinear karyotype peculiarity and its evolution during long-term cultivation.
The quest for residential normalcy by older adults: Relocation but one pathway

Abstract This paper constructs a holistic emotion-based theoretical model identifying various pathways by which older adults can occupy residential environments that are congruent with their needs and goals. The model equates this individual-environment fittingness or “ residential normalcy ” with older persons having favorable or positive emotion-based residential experiences that have relevance to them. Older persons are theorized as being in their residential comfort zones when they experience overall pleasurable, hassle-free, and memorable feelings about where they live; and in their residential mastery zones when they occupy places in which they feel overall competent and in control. When older persons are out of either (or both) of these experiential zones, they are expected to initiate accommodative and/or assimilative forms of coping to achieve residential normalcy. The former are mind strategies by which they change their residential goals or assessments, mollify their negative emotional experiences, or engage in denial behaviors; the latter are action strategies, by which they change their activities or modify their residential settings. Moving to a new address is the most studied and prominent assimilative coping strategy, but also the one that requires the most strenuous adaptive efforts. The model theorizes that older persons move only under certain conditions.
Hybrid bistable device realization based on lock-in technique

Hybrid optoelectronic bistability is achieved in a CdS single crystal by bleaching an alternating photocurrent by a continuous wave optical bias. The bistability is revealed by exploitation of lock-in technique. Since the device operates at extremely low electric fields (2 V cm−1), highly sensitive optoelectronic links and hybrid survey applications are feasible with the introduced device concept.
Thinking like a Historian: College Students' Reading of Multiple Historical Documents

This study examines the thinking of college students who read conflicting accounts of the Tonkin Gulf Incident during the Vietnam Conflict as part of their class assignments, in addition to receiving instruction in disciplinary strategies and the ways in which historians read. Thirteen students responded to questionnaires and participated in two interviews, one before and one after a history unit focusing on the Vietnam Conflict as part of a Learning to Learn class. These interviews were analyzed to discover the changes in students' thinking about history and strategy use. We found that 12 of the 13 students went through epistemological shifts towards viewing historians as constructivists and history texts as arguments rather than truth. We also found that students were more likely to believe, after the unit was completed, that they were capable of and responsible for engaging in the same kind of thinking and strategy employed by historians. Students' learning strategies changed from task completion and m...
EFFECTS OF OVIDUCTAL FLUID ON SPERM PENETRATION AND CORTICAL GRANULE EXOCYTOSIS DURING FERTILIZATION OF PIG OOCYTES IN VITRO

The effects of oviductal fluid on sperm penetration and cortical granule exocytosis in pigs were examined. Cortical granule exocytosis in oocytes matured in vivo and in vitro was observed by staining with fluorescent-labelled lectin and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Exocytosis of matured oocytes was classified into three categories after in vitro fertilization : complete cortical granule exocytosis and even distribution of exudate in the entire perivitelline space (type I) ; complete exocytosis and partial distribution of exudate (type II) and incomplete cortical granule exocytosis (type III). The incidence of oocytes with type I exocytosis was higher in oocytes matured in vivo than in those matured in vitro. The addition of oviductal fluid at a concentration of 1% or 10% to the fertilization medium decreased sperm penetration and the mean number of spermatozoa present in penetrated eggs. The distribution of cortical granule exudate was not different in the presence of 1% oviductal fluid after sperm penetration from that of control groups. When oocytes were cultured for 1.5 h in medium containing 10% or 30% oviductal fluid before insemination, the incidence of monospermy increased without a decrease in sperm penetration. Preculture of oocytes in medium containing 30% oviductal fluid increased type I cortical granule reaction and increased resistance of the zona pellucida to dissolution by 0.1% (w/v) pronase at the time of sperm penetration. These results suggest that a factor(s) from the oviductal secretion is required for the complete cortical granule reaction and in the modification of the zona pellucida.
Mechanism underlying replication protein a stimulation of DNA ligase I.

Replication protein A (RPA) is a heterotrimeric single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in multiple DNA transactions that include replication and repair. Base excision repair is a central DNA repair pathway, responsible for the removal of damaged bases. We have shown previously that RPA was able to stimulate long patch base excision repair reconstituted in vitro. Herein we show that human RPA stimulates the activity of the base excision repair component human DNA ligase I by approximately 15-fold. Other analyzed single-stranded binding proteins would not substitute, attesting to the specificity of the stimulation. Conversely, RPA was unable to stimulate the functionally homologous ATP-dependent ligase from T4 bacteriophage. Kinetic analyses suggest that catalysis of ligation is enhanced by RPA, as a 4-fold increase in kcat is observed, whereasKm is not significantly changed. Substrate competition experiments further support the conclusion that RPA does not alter the specificity or rate of substrate binding by DNA ligase I. Additionally, RPA is unable to significantly enhance ligation on substrates containing an unannealed 3′-upstream primer terminus, suggesting that RPA does not stabilize the nick site to enhance ligase recognition. Furthermore when DNA ligase I is pre-bound to the substrate and limited to a single turnover, RPA is still able to stimulate ligation. Overall, the results support a mechanism of stimulation that involves increasing the rate of catalysis of ligation.
A system for primitive natural language acquisition

Natural language acquisition deals with two very difficult problems in artificial intelligence: computer learning and natural language processing. This system focuses on the problems involved in the acquisition of primitive linguistic capability. That is when words are first correlated to concepts and when the ordering of the words of utterance first become important. With these beginnings the techniques developed herein eventually acquire the capability to deal with nested dependent clauses. This work is of interest in the field of computer learning in as much as it provides an example of an adaptive system that, rather than tuning numeric weights, actually varies its primary structural element, namely the grammar that defines its current language. This work is of interest in the field of natural language processing in as much as it requires the development of a parsing algorithm robust enough to deal with grammars and dictionaries that vary with time. The ability to automatically extend the,grammar to include new sentence forms is also requisite for language acquisition.
Maintenance of cancellous bone connectivity in primary hyperparathyroidism: trabecular strut analysis.

We previously demonstrated an increase in cancellous bone volume and trabecular number in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). To test the hypothesis that this increase is due to preservation of cancellous bone architecture, we conducted a trabecular strut analysis using a new method that measures trabecular connectivity. Iliac crest biopsies from 37 patients with PHPT, 14 men (28–68 years) and 23 women (26–68 years), were examined histomorphometrically and compared to cadaveric samples from 24 age-matched subjects, 17 men and 7 women. Two-dimensional indices of cancellous structure–node number (N.Nd), terminus number (N.Tm), node to node (Nd.Nd), node to terminus (Nd.Tm), and terminus to terminus (Tm.Tm) strut lengths, and total strut length (TSL)–were measured and the ratio of node number to terminus number (N.Nd/N.Tm) calculated. TSL, N.Nd, and Nd.Nd were significantly higher in patients than in controls. TSL and Nd.Nd, but not N.Nd or Nd/Tm, decreased significantly with age in PHPT, indicating that age-related bone loss in PHPT occurs without significant loss of trabecular connectivity. Two-dimensional indices reflecting connectivity or the amount of bone, that is, N.Nd, Nd.Nd, N.Nd/N.Tm, and TSL, correlated positively with cancellous bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) and negatively with trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) in both PHPT and controls. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) correlated positively with Nd.Nd and Tb.N and negatively with Tm.Tm in PHPT but not in controls. The present data show that in PHPT there is not only greater cancellous bone volume and trabecular number but preserved trabecular connectivity as well. The data further support the hypothesis that in PHPT cancellous bone architecture is maintained.
Latino student transition to college: Assessing difficulties and factors in successful college adjustment

The primary purpose of this study is to understand the factors that affect Latino student adjustment in the first and second year of college. The study examines data from a national, longitudinal survey along with the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire completed by Latino students judged to have high potential for success upon entering a variety of four-year colleges. Results show dimensions of the campus climate affect all forms of student adjustment, as do transitional experiences that are common to most students in the first year. Implications of the findings suggest further college programming and monitoring of adjustment in the second year of college.
Drosophila as a Model for Interorgan Communication: Lessons from Studies on Energy Homeostasis

Current studies of physiological communication between Drosophila organs are beginning to address the fundamental problem of how nutrients regulate organismal growth, stem cell behavior, immunity, and aging. Advances in the Drosophila genetic tool kit will allow the design of genetic screens to systematically identify factors involved in organ communication.
T suppressor cells are required for the maintenance of the antigen-induced B-cell unresponsive state in humans

Tetanus toxoid immunization of humans generates circulating B cells which secrete IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies (IgG-Tet) when stimulated in vitro with T cells and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). A unique property of these cells is the inhibition of maturation into antibody-secreting plasma cells following a 1-hr in vitro pulse with tetanus toxoid. Studies were undertaken to determine if different T-cell subsets could modulate the in vitro generated B-cell unresponsive state. The addition of OKT4+/OKT8- cells to antigen-treated B cells resulted in a partial reversal of the antigen-induced inhibition of IgG-Tet synthesis. The addition of OKT4-/OKT8+ cells to the treated B cells caused a suppression of IgG-Tet synthesis comparable to that seen in cultures containing unfractionated T cells. These results indicate that (1) the B-cell unresponsive state generated by antigen treatment is not absolute, (2) the degree of B-cell unresponsiveness results from a balance of suppressor and helper signals, and (3) T-suppressor cells need to be present to induce and maintain the B-cell unresponsive state.
Projections of the revolutionary nation: French expeditions in the Pacific, 1791-1803.

Abstract Revolutionary France’s two Pacific expeditions, under the command of Jean‐Antoine Bruny d’Entrecasteaux (1792–94) and Nicolas Baudin (1801–1804), demonstrate the importance of scientific inquiry to the newly sovereign nation. France’s scientific community adapted to the changed circumstances of revolutionary upheaval by describing its work in terms of national priorities. Individuals on board the expeditions, both naval and scientific personnel, behaved as scientific citizens, intent on composing an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Pacific. Disputes over whose science mattered more and how credit should be assigned through publication, however, broke down the consensus that science should be a national project.
Protein-protein interactions in hematology and phage display

Phage display, which exploits fundamental tools and principles of immune repertoire diversity, antigen-antibody interactions, and clonal and immunologic selection, is used increasingly to advance experimental and clinical hematology. Phage display is based on the ability of bacteriophage to present engineered proteins on their surface coat. Diverse libraries of proteins such as peptides, antibody fragments, and protein domains corresponding to gene fragments or cDNAs may be displayed. Interactions between phage-displayed proteins and target antigens can be identified rapidly and characterized using high throughput methodologies. Peptide and gene fragment libraries are particularly useful to characterize binding interactions between proteins, such as ligand-receptor interactions. This approach allows rapid generation of human antibodies, often against nonimmunogenic, conserved proteins. Phage antibodies against surface and intracellular antigens are used as reagents for flow cytometry, in vivo imaging, and therapeutic targeting. Phage-derived antibodies also facilitate analyses of the humoral antibody response. Finally, cellular delivery of phage-displayed peptides and gene fragments can be used to modulate functional pathways and molecules in vitro and in vivo. The combinatorial power of phage display enables identification of candidate epitopes without knowledge of the protein interaction, a priori. Overall, these capabilities provide a versatile, high-throughput approach to develop tools and reagents useful for a plethora of experimental hematology applications. This paper focuses on current and future applications of antibody and epitope phage display technology in hematology.
Morphological stability of nanostructures

Surface diffusion-induced smoothing of features below the roughening temperature is discussed using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and a continuum description is developed. Rounding off the cusp in the surface free energy at low Miller index orientations permits a numerical solution of relaxation driven by surface diffusion. For both unidirectional and bidirectional sinusoidal profiles of wavelength L, the amplitude decays linearly with time and the decay time scales as ${L}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ Surface morphology evolution below the roughening temperature as described by the continuum equation and a step model are compared.
A new external urethral occlusive device for female urinary incontinence

Abstract Objective: Determine the efficacy of a new external anti-incontinence urethral device. Methods: A before-after 1 month trial, open longitudinal study of 155 women complaining of urinary incontinence recruited from a referral urogynecology practice and local media advertising was performed. Primary outcomes included assessing the efficacy of the device using visual analogue scales, quality-of-life questionnaires, 1- and 48-hour standardized pad tests, and voiding diary. Secondary outcomes consisted of the evaluation of the adverse effects and the clinical profile of patients willing to use the device after study completion. Results: Ninety-six (62%) of 155 women enrolled completed the study. Scores on the visual analogue scales improved for the symptoms of stress incontinence, urgency, and urge incontinence (P Conclusion: Use of this device resulted in a significant reduction in incontinence and improvement in quality-of-life issues with minimal adverse events in the majority of women. This new anti-incontinence device could become a useful addition to the armamentarium of nonsurgical options.
Diffusion-perfusion mismatch: an opportunity for improvement in cortical function.

Objective: There has been controversy over whether diffusion-perfusion mismatch provides a biomarker for the ischemic penumbra. Regions of the diffusion-perfusion mismatch that do not progress to infarct in the absence of reperfusion are considered to represent “benign oligemia.” However, at least in some cases (particularly large vessel stenosis), some of this hypoperfused tissue may remain dysfunctional for a prolonged period without progressing to infarct and may recover function if eventually reperfused. We hypothesized that patients with persistent diffusion-perfusion mismatch using a hypoperfusion threshold of 4-5.9 seconds delay on time-to-peak maps at least sometimes have persistent cognitive deficits relative to those who show some reperfusion. Methods: We tested this hypothesis in 38 patients with acute ischemic stroke who had simple cognitive tests and MRI with diffusion and perfusion imaging within 24 hours of onset and again within 10 days, most of whom had large vessel stenosis. Results: When we evaluated all patients or only patients who did not have infarct growth, persistent hypoperfusion was associated with a lack of cognitive improvement compared with those who had reperfused (p<0.001). Initial volume of hypoperfusion did not correlate with the later infarct volume (progression to infarct), but change in volume of hypoperfusion correlated with change in cognitive performance (p=0.0001). Multivariable regression showed that the change in volume of hypoperfused tissue of 4-5.9 sec delay (p=0.002), and change in volume of ischemic tissue on DWI (p=0.02) were independently associated with change in cognitive function. Conclusion: Our results provide additional evevidence that non-infarcted tissue with a TTP delay of 4-5.9 sec may be associated with persistent deficits, even if it does not always result in imminent progression to infarct. This tissue may represent the occasional opportunity to intervene to improve function even days after onset.
Silicon-on-insulator polarization splitter using two horizontally slotted waveguides

We propose and analyze a short-length silicon-on-insulator polarization splitter using two horizontally slotted silicon waveguides. A polarization splitter with a 46.7 μm length and a 22 dB extinction ratio (ER) is achieved. Around 1550 nm, it also exhibits an 18 nm bandwidth for ER>20 dB. The effects of the slot thickness, the waveguide spacing, and the refractive index of the slot on the splitting length and ER are investigated.
Integral-equation formulation for scattering by dielectric discontinuities along open-boundary dielectric waveguides

An integral-equation formulation is presented for the scattering (reflection, transmission, and radiation) of incident surface waves by a generally heterogeneous dielectric discontinuity located along an open-boundary dielectric waveguide of arbitrary cross-section shape. An equivalent-polarization description of the discontinuity region is proportional to the product of its electric field with the contrast of its refractive-index profile against that of the unperturbed waveguide. This equivalent polarization leads to an electric field integral equation that describes the unknown field induced in the discontinuity region. Scattering coefficients are subsequently calculated in terms of the induced electric field. Moment-method numerical solutions are implemented for slice discontinuities along a symmetric-slab waveguide.
The War on Terror through Arab-American Eyes: The Arab-American Press as a Rhetorical Counterpublic

This article employs theories of counterpublics to investigate the Arab-American press before and after 9/11 as a counterpublic to the American war on terror. We use Squires's categorization of counterpublics as (1) assimilative enclaves, (2) satellites seeking separation, or (3) resistant counterpublics, actively dissenting. Using a corpus of 113 articles from Arab American News, we argue that the Arab-American press circulated stories consistent with (1) and (2) but not (3). We conclude that a strategy of active resistance required greater standing of the Arab-American point of view in mainstream American thought than Arab-Americans enjoyed.
Convergence of Godunov type schemes

Abstract In this note, we show that some standard Godunov type schemes cannot be both high-order accurate and convergent for every Cauchy problem of every scalar hyperbolic conservation law.
Local Adaptive Timestepping for Lagrangian Particle Tracking

The main purpose of this study was to develop an enhanced particle tracking simulation capability in structured and unstructured grids. This included improved time-integration accuracy and time integration eciency. For accuracy, an exponential scheme based on an exact analytic solution at low Reynolds numbers and a semi-implicit single step scheme based on the assumption of a newton-drag flow were implemented. A hybrid implementation that utilized a combination of both numerical schemes, choosing the specific scheme based on a particle’s instantaneous Rep, helped minimize the numerical error of each timestep. Another aspect which aected accuracy was interpolation of the continuous-phase properties within a cell which is described for a wide variety of three-dimensional volumes. For eciency, a local adaptive integration technique was developed to allow the maximum time-step while preserving a fixed level of precision. Three limiting parameters were developed based on: a) minimum time-step as some fraction of particle response times, b) a target time-step based on the local fluid conditions including the local turbulent time-scale, and c) a maximum time-step to account for sudden changes along the particle trajectory. The methods were found to work well for both a straight duct and a convergent duct, for non-turbulent and turbulent flows, and for structured, unstructured and hybrid grids.
Avoiding unnecessary bias in robust design analysis

Abstract The objective of robust design method is to identify control factor combinations which make product and process designs insensitive (i.e., robust) to hard-to-control variations (noise). Robustness is quantified by some loss measures such as signal-to-noise ratios. In many applications, however, directly modeling the loss measures creates unnecessary biases for the factorial effect estimates and may lead to non-optimal solutions. The response model approach, an alternative approach proposed in Welch et al. (1990), Box and Jones (1990), Lucas (1990), and Shoemaker et al. (1991), does not have this shortcoming and may give more reliable results in some situations. As pointed out by Box and Jones (1990) and others, the variance of response due to noise may be quadratic in the control factors even if the response is linear in the control factors. This paper shows that, when the design for the control factors (control array) is highly fractionated, the main effect estimates from the loss model approach are often biased with the control-by-control interactions. A real example is used to illustrate this bias problem and how it may lead to non-optimal control factor combinations.
Homodimers of the 60 kDa Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Transforming Growth Factor-β2 Binding Proteins in FBHEC and MG-63 Cells

AbstractPhophatidylinositol (PI) anchored TGF-β2 binding proteins of approximately 60 and 140 kDa were recently identified in MG-63 human osteogenic sarcoma and fetal bovine heart endothelial cells (FBHEC) (Cheifetz, S., Massague, J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20767-20772). The relationship between these two PI-anchored TGF-β2 binding proteins was investigated. Specifically labeled bands of approximately 60 and 110 kDa were observed when 125I-TGF-β2 labeled FBHEC and MG-63 cells were separated by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. Partial proteolysis of the affinity labeled 60 and 110 kDa species yielded similar peptides. The integrity of the 110 kDa species under denaturing conditions is dependent on both disulfide bonds and chemical cross-linking: reduction of the 110 kDa species yielded an affinity labeled species co-electrophoresing with the 60 kDa band; cleavage of chemical cross-links in the 110 kDa complex yielded a labeled 60 kDa component. These results indicate that the 110 kDa affinity lab...
Forward stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering

This investigation has examined the forward-scattered spectrum of the light from a giant-pulse ruby laser, which was focused into liquids to which absorbers were added. Anti-Stokes shifts of about one-half of the incident linewidth were observed, the same shift as that for back-scattered light. The shift has a small dependence upon the liquid used but does not depend upon the kind of absorber, or the amount of absorption above a critical value, and, except for the lowest powers used, is independent of incident laser power. It is found that almost all of the non-absorbed light is transmitted, but at the shifted frequency. The intense, shifted, forward-scattered light is explained as an interaction of the stimulated back-scattered light with the incident light which preferentially amplifies certain frequencies of the incident laser profile at the expense of the back-scattered light. It is concluded that forward scattering is an important technique for additional observations of stimulated thermal scattering.
Role of motility and flagellin glycosylation in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infections

In this study, we tested the contribution of flagellar motility, flagellin structure, and its glycosylation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using genetically defined flagellar mutants. All mutants and their parent strains were tested in a burned-mouse model of infection. Motility and glycosylation of the flagellum appear to be important determinants of flagellar-mediated virulence in this model. This is the first report where genetically defined flagellar variants of P. aeruginosa were tested in the burned-mouse model of infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 detection by culture and polymerase chain reaction and relationship to genital symptoms and cervical antibody status during the third trimester of pregnancy

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to define the frequency of asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding by culture and polymerase chain reaction and to correlate our findings with cervical anti–herpes simplex virus type 2 immunoglobulin A production. STUDY DESIGN: Women who were seropositive for herpes simplex virus type 2 collected daily genital tract samples during the third trimester for culture and deoxyribonucleic acid quantitation by polymerase chain reaction. Cervical secretions were collected weekly for anti–herpes simplex virus type 2 immunoglobulin A. Asymptomatic shedding by culture versus polymerase chain reaction and anti–herpes simplex virus type 2 immunoglobulin A detection with and without genital shedding were compared by means of McNemar's χ 2 test. RESULTS: Asymptomatic shedding was more frequent by polymerase chain reaction than by culture (13.8% vs 2.3%, p p = 0.001). Anti–herpes simplex virus type 2 immunoglobulin A was detected beyond 37 weeks in only one subject. CONCLUSIONS: Polymerase chain reaction was more sensitive than culture for detecting asymptomatic genital herpes simplex virus. The role of immunoglobulin A in clearing genital herpes simplex virus remains to be determined. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:443-51.)
Excitation-based and informational masking of a tonal signal in a four-tone masker

This study examined contributions of peripheral excitation and informational masking to the variability in masking effectiveness observed across samples of multi-tonal maskers. Detection thresholds were measured for a 1000-Hz signal presented simultaneously with each of 25, four-tone masker samples. Using a two-interval, forced-choice adaptive task, thresholds were measured with each sample fixed throughout trial blocks for ten listeners. Average thresholds differed by as much as 26 dB across samples. An excitation-based model of partial loudness [Moore, B. C. J. et al. (1997). J. Audio Eng. Soc. 45, 224-237] was used to predict thresholds. These predictions accounted for a significant portion of variance in the data of several listeners, but no relation between the model and data was observed for many listeners. Moreover, substantial individual differences, on the order of 41 dB, were observed for some maskers. The largest individual differences were found for maskers predicted to produce minimal excitation-based masking. In subsequent conditions, one of five maskers was randomly presented in each interval. The difference in performance for samples with low versus high predicted thresholds was reduced in random compared to fixed conditions. These findings are consistent with a trading relation whereby informational masking is largest for conditions in which excitation-based masking is smallest.
Copper-Covered Steel Wire at Radio Frequencies

At radio frequencies the current in copper-covered steel is confined to the copper portion alone; thus such conductors are electrically equivalent to the corresponding copper tubes. The resistance and internal inductance are as low as for solid-copper wire of the same outer diameter. Without sacrifice of conductance, as much as three fourths of the copper that would be required for a solid-copper conductor can be saved by using copper-covered steel; that is, by the partial substitution of steel. Alternatively, the amount of copper required for a solid conductor can be utilized in copper-covered steel to give a conductor with about half the resistance of the solid-copper wire, and with greater mechanical strength. In general, these observations hold at radio frequencies, but the frequency at and above which they apply depends upon the size of conductor considered. Curves are given to compare the resistance and inductance of copper-covered steel and solid copper over wide ranges of frequency and sizes of conductors.
Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

An echographic study was undertaken to evaluate left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis. Echographic recording of the pulmonary and aortic valve echogram permitted measurement of the phases of right and left ventricular systole. The ratio of the LV preelection period/LV ejection time (LPEP/LVET) and shortening of the LV internal dimension %SID was employed to reflect LV function, while RV preelection period/RV ejection time (RPEP/RVET) has excellent correlation with pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. RPEP/RVET and two other echographic measurements, right ventricular wall (RVW) and internal dimension (RVD) were compared with pulmonary function tests and clinical scores. RPEP/RVET correlated well with percent vital capacity(%VC), r = −0.73, percent residual volume (%RVol) r = +0.72, and clinical score, r = −0.77. Multilinear regression of RPEP/RVET, RVD, and RVW improved correlation for %VC (r = −0.80), %RVol, r=+0.82, and clinical score, r = −0.84. Patients in overt right heart failure exhibited elevated RPEP/RVET (mean = 0.48) when compared to patients not in right heart failure (mean = .33). Marked diminution of LV function was present in two patients. A variety of cardiovascular abnormalities were demonstrated echographically and were valuable in assessing the degree of cardiac involvement in patients with cystic fibrosis.