cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract B144: Obesity-induced impairments in innate and adaptive immune responses are differentially altered by exercise and dietary restriction.

B144 Obesity increases the risk of several solid tumors, including breast, prostate, pancreatic, and colon. One of several mechanisms that may contribute to the relationship between obesity and tumor risk is an obesity-induced impairment in immunity. We have previously shown that numerous innate and adaptive immune responses, including NK cell cytotoxicity, antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, and CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, are impaired in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The current study was designed to determine if the obesity-induced decrements in immunity were reversible with weight loss achieved via the most common obesity interventions used in humans: exercise (EX), energy restriction (ER), or a combination of EX+ER. Female C57BL/6 mice consumed a 60 kcal % fat diet, with 20 kcal % protein and carbohydrate, ad libitum for 15 weeks to induce obesity. After achieving a mean (± SD) body weight of 48.3 ± 1.9 grams, DIO mice were randomized to one of the following intervention groups (n=7-9/group): 1) DIO controls, which continued on 60 kcal % fat diet ad libitum; 2) DIO mice with access to running wheels (DIO+EX); 3) DIO mice placed on an energy-restricted diet consisting of a 30% reduction in kcal from fat (42 kcal % fat diet, with 29 kcal% protein & carbohydrate) (DIO+ER); or 4) DIO mice placed on an ER diet with access to running wheels (DIO+ER+EX). Mice on the aforementioned interventions consumed 20.9 ± 0.6 kcal/d, 20.6 ± 0.3 kcal/d, 15.6 ± 0.4 kcal/d, and 15.4 ±0.3 kcal/d, respectively. Mice were on one of the four interventions for 8 weeks prior to receiving a primary vaccination with a subcutaneous pox virus-based vaccine, followed by 2 booster vaccinations 2 and 4 weeks following the prime. Animals were sacrificed 3 weeks following the last boost, and spleens were collected for assessment of immune function. Following 15 weeks on the interventions, DIO, DIO+EX, DIO+ER, and DIO+ER+EX mice weighed 55.3 ± 1.3 g, 50.2 ± 1.3 g, 39.3 ± 1.7 g, 28.5 ± 0.8 g, respectively. Only mice on the ER diets (DIO+ER and DIO+ER+EX mice) weighed significantly less than the DIO control mice (P Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B144.
Clause boundaries and recognition latencies for words in sentences.

Ss listened to sentences which consisted of two clauses. After the entire sentence was presented, the S either heard (intramodal test) or law (crossmodal test) a word from the sentence (the probe word). In both the intramodal and crossmodal tests, probe words which were taken from within the final clause of a complex sentence provoked shorter recognition latencies than probe words taken from the first clause. In a second set of controlled experiments, the effect was shown to be independent of intonation contours, serial position, and lexical material. The results argue for a clause-by-clause model of sentence decoding.
Model mechanisms of sulfhydryl oxidation by methyl- and benzeneseleninic acid, inhibitors of zinc-finger transcription factors

Abstract The toxicity of selenium is a major barrier to its application to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic ailments. Organic seleninic acids, as well as other reducible selenium compounds, have been shown to react with biological sulfhydryls to disrupt a variety of biochemical signaling pathways, including transcription and recognition by zinc-finger proteins. Using density-functional theory (DFT) and solvent-assisted proton exchange, the thiol reduction mechanisms of methyl- and benzeneseleninic acid have been modeled as distinct two-step pathways with intermediates as either a seleninyl sulfide or a hypervalent selenurane. The activation barrier for the first step to the selenurane intermediate is 10–13 kcal/mol lower than the seleninyl sulfide. For the second step, reduction of the selenurane is slightly more energetically favorable than for the seleninyl sulfide, primarily due to the implicit solvation correction. The barrier for step two using either intermediate is greater than that of the first step which is consistent with experimental studies that assign the reduction of the intermediate as the rate-determining step. The summary of the DFT results suggest that the reaction pathway is (1) addition of thiol to the seleninic acid to form a short-lived selenurane; (2) rearrangement of the selenurane to the seleninyl sulfide; and (3) reduction of the seleninyl sulfide by the second equivalent of thiol.
HIV Testing and Intimate Partner Violence Among Non-Pregnant Women in 15 US States/Territories: Findings from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been shown to be associated with higher rates of HIV infection among women, underscoring the importance of encouraging IPV victims to receive HIV testing. However, we do not know how much HIV testing behavior is influenced by IPV victimization. The current study characterized the association between individual types of IPV and HIV testing in a large sample of non-pregnant women in 15 US states/territories. The 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed after restricting the sample to non-pregnant women. The dependent variable, whether a woman ever had an HIV test, was examined in relation to individual types of IPV victimization (threatened physical violence; attempted physical violence; completed physical violence; and unwanted sex). Associations between HIV testing and types of IPV were assessed using adjusted risk ratios (aRR) that controlled for demographics and HIV-related risk factors (intravenous drug use, sexually transmitted diseases, exchange sex, unprotected anal sex). Approximately 28.6 % of women reported ever having experienced IPV, and 52.8 % of these women reported being tested for HIV. Among women who had not experienced IPV, 32.9 % reported ever having been tested for HIV. HIV testing was associated with lifetime experience of threatened violence (aRR = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.24−1.65), attempted violence (aRR = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.20−1.69), completed physical violence (aRR = 1.30; 95 % CI = 1.13−1.48), and unwanted sex (aRR = 1.66; 95 % CI = 1.48−1.86). Women who experienced each type of IPV were more likely to have been ever tested for HIV compared to women with no IPV history. However, nearly half of those reporting IPV, even though at greater risk for HIV infection, had never been tested. Additional efforts are needed to address barriers to testing in this group.
Pion-nucleus inelastic scattering and charge exchange

Abstract Using a separable fixed scatterer pion-nucleon interaction and the distorted wave impulse approximation we have made predictions for medium energy pion inelastic scattering from 16 O and ( π − , π 0 ) charge exchange from 48 Ca. An optical potential based on the pion-nucleon interaction adopted in this work has been shown previously to provide good fits to pion-nucleus elastic scattering. After a discussion of the basic formulae, we present results of calculations for pion inelastic scattering from 16 O for initial pion lab kinetic energies of 70 and 180 MeV. Because of the strong energy dependence of the pion-nucleon interaction there are qualitative differences between the predictions for the nuclear response in the momentum transfer, energy loss plane for T π lab = 70 and 180 MeV. At these energies, states not prominently excited by other probes are predicted to be observable. In particular, J π = 3 − and 4 − , T = 0 states appear prominently in the excitation spectrum region at large momentum transfer. A comparison of π − and π + scattering showing the effects of the Coulomb interaction is presented. The predictions for pion single-charge exchange on 48 Ca indicate that this interaction would be useful for studying the location of the T > states arising from the splitting of the giant dipole resonance in T ≠ 0 nuclei.
Comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine and psychosocial care in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders-associated chronic facial pain.

Abstract This dual-site study sought to identify the appropriate role for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM; acupuncture and herbs) in conjunction with a validated psychosocial self-care (SC) intervention for treating chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD)-associated pain. Participants with Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders–confirmed TMD (n = 168) entered a stepped-care protocol that began with a basic TMD class. At weeks 2 and 10, patients receiving SC whose worst facial pain was above predetermined levels were reallocated by minimization to SC or TCM with experienced practitioners. Characteristic facial pain (CFP: mean of worst pain, average pain when having pain, and current pain; each visual analog scale [VAS] 0–10) was the primary outcome. Social activity interference (VAS 0–10) was a secondary outcome. Patients were monitored for safety. TCM provided significantly greater short-term (8-week) relief than SC (CFP reduction difference, −.60 [standard deviation of the estimate .26], P = .020) and greater reduction in interference with social activities (−.81 [standard deviation of the estimate .33], P = .016). In 2 of 5 treatment trajectory groups, more than two thirds of participants demonstrated clinically meaningful responses (≥30% improvement) in pain interference over 16 weeks. This study provides evidence that TMD patients referred for TCM in a community-based model will receive safe treatment that is likely to provide some short-term pain relief and improved quality of life. Similar designs may also apply to evaluations of other kinds of chronic pain. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00856167). Perspective This short-term comparative effectiveness study of chronic facial pain suggests that TCM is safe and frequently efficacious alone or subsequent to standard psychosocial interventions. TCM is widely available throughout North America and may provide clinicians and patients with a reasonable addition or alternative to other forms of therapy.
Race Differences in Elderly Personal Well-Being Friendship, Family, and Church

Previous research on aging among minority populations seems to indicate that racial minorities suffer double jeopardy in terms of objective conditions such as income or housing, but are at least as well off as older whites in terms of subjective well-being. In order to explore reasons for this apparent anomaly, multiple regression analysis was performed predicting life satisfaction with a variety of social interaction variables. Results indicate that frequency of contact with church-related friends is the critical factor in accounting for race differences in well-being. We suggest three plausible explanations for this finding: (1) the church is the hub of a "moral community" in a Durkheimian sense; (2) the church reflects a "community of faith" in which members sharing a common belief exert a positive impact on each other's sense of well-being; or (3) the black church in the South forms a focal point of the community, serving as a pseudo-extended family, particularly for the aged.
Simple Connection Between Atmospheric and Solar Neutrino Vacuum Oscillations

Extending the minimal standard model of particle interactions (without right-handed singlet neutrinos) to include a heavy scalar triplet {xi} to obtain nonzero Majorana neutrino masses, I derive the following simple realistic connection between atmospheric and solar neutrino vacuum oscillations: ({Delta}m{sup 2}){sub sol}( {Delta}m{sup 2}){sub atm}/m{sup 4}{sub {nu}}(sin 22{theta}){sub atm }=2I{sup 2} , where m{sub {nu}} is the assumed common approximate mass of each neutrino (which may be suitable for hot dark matter) and I=(3/16{pi}{sup 2})thinsp (G{sub F}/{radical}(2)thinsp )m{sup 2}{sub {tau}}ln(m{sup 2}{sub {xi}}/m{sup 2}{sub W}) comes from the radiative splitting of the degeneracy due to the charged leptons. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Visibility through haze and smoke, and a visibility meter.

Air clarity (c) is defined as the distance from an observer to a black ridge, or dark building, or some similar object when it is just barely visible against the horizon sky. The expression is derived for visual range (v) in miles of a small smoke, such as a Forest Service lookout would be expected to detect. Visual range depends upon direction with respect to the sun, clarity, height of smoke layer, binocular power, and Fechner’s constant for the observer. The expression cannot be solved explicitly for v but families of curves are plotted. One interesting result is that under certain conditions, adding smoke to all the air increases the visual range of a small smoke. A visibility meter was constructed to determine clarity (general visibility). The form of meter finally adopted is to be slipped over one objective of a binocular. It consists essentially of a small-angle prism (0.5 diopter) that is moved past a small aperture before the objective. When covering part of the aperture there are two images in the field of view, the added one being due to the prism. As the prism covers more and more of the aperture, the original image grows weaker and the new one grows stronger. When the original image becomes so weak that the boundary line between the object (e.g., ridge or dark building) and the horizon haze just disappears, the distance the observer would have to be from the object for it to be just barely visible may be calculated from the position of the prism and the actual distance of the object. This is c. Curves are drawn to save calculations by the operator. The meter is adapted for use at Forest Service fire lookouts, airports, etc.
An experimental investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of slanted base ogive cylinders using magnetic suspension technology

This paper reports on an experimental investigation of aerodynamic characteristics of slanted base ogive cylinders at zero incidence. The Mach number range is 0.05 to 0.3. In this investigation, magnetically suspending the wind tunnel models eliminates flow disturbances associated with mechanical supports. This paper reports on the drastic changes in lift, pitching moment, and drag for a slight change in base slant angle. Flow visualization with liquid crystals and oil is used to observe base flow patterns responsible for the sudden changes in aerodynamic characteristics. This paper also reports on hysteretic effects that are present and discusses computational results using VSAERO and SANDRAG.
HIV prevention and psychoactive drug use: a research agenda

Much has been learned about how to prevent HIV infection among psychoactive drug users in the last 25 years, but, worldwide, the problems of drug-use-related HIV transmission have increased during this time. We consider the need for additional research on four aspects of drug use-related HIV transmission: (1) why evidence-based effective prevention programmes have not been implemented, (2) HIV infection among ethnic minority drug users, (3) relationships—or lack of relationships—between individual risk behaviour and HIV infection and (4) reducing drug use-related sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These topics were selected because we see them as critical for reducing HIV transmission among drug users (topics 1 and 4), reducing health disparities among racial and ethnic groups of drug users (topic 2), and understanding HIV epidemiology and evaluating prevention programmes for drug users (topic 3).
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Diffusion of Silver in Indium

The pressure effect on the silver impurity diffusion has been measured parallel and perpendicular to the tetragonal axis in single crystals of indium metal. A thin film radioactive tracer deposition and sectioning method was used. The experiments were performed at 96.1 and 112.3 °C, and at hydrostatic pressures varying from 0.9 to 7.7 kbar. The diffusion rate was observed to decrease with increasing pressure and the activation volume for the diffusion process was determined to (6.4 ± 0.6) cm3/mol, with no detectable dependence on either temperature or crystallographic orientation. Comparison with systematics and theoretical arguments suggests interstitial diffusion. Der Einflus des Druckes auf die Diffusion von Ag wurde parallel und senkrecht zur tetragonalen Achse in In-Einkristallen gemessen. Es wurde eine radioaktive Dunnschicht-Tracermethode verwendet. Die Versuche wurden bei 96,1 und 112,3 °C und bei Drucken von 0,9 bis 7,7 kbar durchgefuhrt. Die Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit nimmt mit zunehmendem Druck ab. Das Aktivierungsvolumen fur Diffusion wurde zu (6,4 ± 0,6) cm3/Mol bestimmt, ohne nachweisbare Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur oder Kristallrichtung. Ein Vergleich mit systematischen und theoretischen Argumenten weist auf Zwischengitter-diffusion hin.
Evaluation of the lumbar kinematic measures that most consistently characterize lumbar muscle activation patterns during trunk flexion: a cross-sectional study.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine which kinematic measure most consistently determined onset and cessation of the flexion-relaxation response. Methods The study was a cross-sectional design in a laboratory setting in which 20 asymptomatic university-aged (19.8-33.3 years old) participants were tested. Muscle activation was measured for the lumbar erector spinae, and 3-dimensional motion was recorded. Flexion-relaxation onset and cessation occurrences were determined for 10 standing maximum voluntary flexion trials. The lumbar and trunk angles at both events were expressed as unnormalized (°) and normalized (%Max: percentage of maximum voluntary flexion) measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation were calculated to determine within- and between-participant reliability, respectively. Results Mean (SD) unnormalized flexion-relaxation angles ranged from 46.28° (11.63) (lumbar onset) to 108.10° (12.26) (trunk cessation), whereas normalized angles ranged from 71.31%Max (16.44) (trunk onset) to 94.83%Max (lumbar cessation). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.905 (normalized lumbar, left side, onset) to 0.995 (unnormalized lumbar, both sides, cessation). Coefficients of variation ranged from 3.56% (normalized lumbar, right side, cessation) to 26.02% (unnormalized trunk, left side, onset). Conclusions The data suggest that, for asymptomatic individuals, unnormalized and normalized lumbar kinematics most consistently characterized flexion-relaxation angles within and between participants, respectively. Lumbar measures may be preferential when the flexion-relaxation response is investigated in future clinical and biomechanical studies.
Cholecystokinin Elevates Mouse Plasma Lipids

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that induces bile release into the intestinal lumen which in turn aids in fat digestion and absorption in the intestine. While excretion of bile acids and cholesterol into the feces eliminates cholesterol from the body, this report examined the effect of CCK on increasing plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in mice. Our data demonstrated that intravenous injection of [Thr28, Nle31]-CCK at a dose of 50 ng/kg significantly increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels by 22 and 31%, respectively, in fasting low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR−/−) mice. The same dose of [Thr28, Nle31]-CCK induced 6 and 13% increases in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol, respectively, in wild-type mice. However, these particular before and after CCK treatment values did not achieve statistical significance. Oral feeding of olive oil further elevated plasma triglycerides, but did not alter plasma cholesterol levels in CCK-treated mice. The increased plasma cholesterol in CCK-treated mice was distributed in very-low, low and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL and HDL) with less of an increase in HDL. Correspondingly, the plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B48, B100, apoE and apoAI levels were significantly higher in the CCK-treated mice than in untreated control mice. Ligation of the bile duct, blocking CCK receptors with proglumide or inhibition of Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 transporter with ezetimibe reduced the hypercholesterolemic effect of [Thr28, Nle31]-CCK in LDLR−/− mice. These findings suggest that CCK-increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides as a result of the reabsorption of biliary lipids from the intestine.
COMPARATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH LEADING TO AN INTERVENTION STRATEGY [I]

Several literature reviews have concluded that there is little consistency among researchers and practitioners when referring to the concept, ‘organizational effectiveness’. In this study, multiple data gathered on several organizational constituencies for three models of organizational effectiveness are studied to examine empirically the comparability of those models. The relative effectiveness of each organization varied both between and within the theoretical models providing the bases of analysis. Little convergence exists among the models so that problem diagnosis intervention in the processes of small organizations may be more accurate when treating effectiveness as a multivariate concept examined via a given organization's constituencies over time.
Localization of brain-associated hematopoietic antigens in the neuronal fraction of brain.

Abstract Brain shares antigens with several of the cell types of the hematopoietic system. We have demonstrated antibodies in anti-mouse brain antisera which react with thymus-derived lymphocytes (1, 2) hematopoietic stem cells (3, 4) erythrocytes (5), and more recently a subpopulation of peripheral B lymphocytes (Golub, manuscript in preparation). The experiments in this report were designed to localize these antigens to determine if they reside in the neuronal or the neuroglial portions of the brain. Our approach was to fractionate mouse brain into myelin-enriched (glial) and myelin-depleted (neuronal) fractions for which immunological distinctiveness has already been demonstrated (6, 7) and absorb anti-brain antiserum with these fractions. The absorbed antisera were then tested for ability to kill thymocytes, prevent hematopoietic stem cell colony formation, agglutinate erythrocytes, and inhibit antibody formation. It was found that the antigens responsible for all of these activities reside in the neuronal (myelin-depleted) fraction.
The Politics of Economic Growth, Once Again

Papers by Lange and Garrett and by Jackman have debated whether the political and economic power of the left influences economic growth in the western industrial democracies. Most recently, Hicks (1988) has concluded that they do, once Lange and Garrett's model is modified, despite my claim to the contrary. This paper shows that there is no evidence for the claims advanced by Hicks. First, I demonstrate that Hicks's elementary revision is misguided and insufficient to salvage the Lange-Garrett hypothesis. Second, I establish that the estimates for his expanded model are not robust, but instead depend entirely on influential observations. Third, I review some crucial theoretical issues that are misconstrued both by Lange and Garrett and by Hicks and suggest an alternative approach to the politics of economic growth.
Atomic distribution and electronic transport properties in liquid alloys studied by X-ray diffraction

Abstract The distribution of atoms in liquid alloys is obtained by Fourier transform of the measured interference function I(K). The density function ρ(r), thus obtained, is the weighted sum of the atomic densities ρ ij (r) which specify the number of j-type atoms per unit volume at the distance r from the i-type atom. The weighting factors depend not only on the atomic concentration ci but also on the atomic scattering factors fi of the atoms. In binary alloys three radial density functions are needed to determine the atomic distribution. In general, three interference functions I a(K), I b(K) and I ab(K) must be determined to obtain these densities. The electronic transport properties depend on these three interference functions and on the Fourier transform U a(K) and U b(K) of the pseudopotentials of the atoms. The coherently scattered intensity I e.u. coh(K) per atom in electron units can be written as: If f a≃f b, the Laue monotonic scattering c a c b(f a-f b)2 will be small and This relation can be ...
Cocaine's effects on rate of intracranial self-stimulation.

Abstract While some investigators have reported that cocaine increases response rates for brain stimulation reward, others have failed to demonstrate this effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of stimulation parameters, dose of cocaine and operant-dependent response requirements on cocaine's ability to alter self-stimulation rates. Self-stimulation rates were collected on a minute by minute basis for 45 min following IP injections of 0, 5, 15 or 30 mg/kg cocaine HCl. All doses were tested using both nose-poking and lever-pressing operants. It was found that mean lever-pressing rates were significantly increased by 5 mg/kg cocaine, while nose-poking rates were significantly increased by 15 and 30 mg/kg cocaine. Further examination of the pattern of results indicated that the cocaine-induced increases in lever-pressing rate were mainly due to an increase in the time spent self-stimulating, whereas increases in nose-poking were mainly due to increases in nose-poking rate/min within self-stimulation bouts. It was hypothesized that 5 mg/kg cocaine increased lever-pressing by producing response perservation, while the higher doses increased nose-poking mainly due to the compatibility of the nose-poking response topography with cocaine-induced stereotypies.
NISp1-08: Secure Aggregation in Large Scale Overlay Networks

Overlay networks have been very useful in solving large scale data dissemination problems. In this paper, we consider the case of data gathering which is the inverse of dissemination problem. In particular, we focus on a scenario where an organization or a constellation of organizations is interested in gathering data from large number of nodes spread across the administrative boundaries. Providing individual nodes with full assurance that the privacy of their data won't be compromised is a critical problem in achieving the true benefits of this collaborative process. We provide a novel solution to the problem by employing a threshold homomorphic cryptosystem which allows processing of encrypted data without revealing anything about the underlying private data. The threshold property of the cryptosystem ensures that no single node is able to decrypt the aggregate results. The proposed solution provides excellent scale-up properties while preserving privacy and secrecy of the data even among malicious adversaries.
Priority determination for the provision of health services: An economic and social analysis

Abstract “The relationship between rural hopelessness and health is a complex one. Ill health adds to hopelessness, but its removal does not mean there is hope…. The problem and the priority have to be the total rural hopelessness complex and not just ill health. We are only slowly beginning to understand that people themselves are aware that health may have a low ranking among the starting points for change.” [1].
Plant responses to increased inundation and salt exposure: interactive effects on tidal marsh productivity

Flooding and high salinity generally induce physiological stress in wetland vascular plants which may increase in intensity with sea-level rise (SLR). We tested the effects of these factors on seedling growth in a transplant experiment in a macrotidal estuary in the Pacific Northwest. Seven common wetland species were grown at mean higher high water (MHHW, a typical mid-marsh elevation), and at 25 and 50 cm below MHHW in oligohaline, mesohaline, and polyhaline marshes. Increased flooding reduced shoot and root growth in all species, including those typically found at middle or lower tidal elevations. It also generally disproportionately reduced root biomass. For more sensitive species, biomass declined by >50 % at only 25 cm below MHHW at the oligohaline site. Plant growth was also strongly reduced under polyhaline conditions relative to the less saline sites. By combining inundation and salinity time-series measurements we estimated a salt exposure index for each site by elevation treatment. Higher values of the index were associated with lower root and shoot biomass for all species and a relatively greater loss of below-ground than above-ground production in most species. Our results suggest that inundation and salinity stress individually and (often) interactively reduce productivity across a suite of common marsh species. As relative SLR increases the intensity of stress on coastal marsh plants, negative effects on biomass may occur across a range of species and especially on below-ground production.
NSAID gastrointestinal toxicity.

Toxic effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract, primarily complicated gastric and intestinal ulcers, are the most common undesirable effects of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). During the last several years there have been several advances, both in the laboratory and clinically,
Acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in the mongolian gerbil☆

Abstract Three food-deprived Mongolian gerbils reliably displayed schedule-induced polydipsia when fixed-time food schedules were increased to 3-min interpellet intervals. No polydipsia was evident with shorter interpellet intervals. These data further extend the species generality of schedule-induced polydipsia, and indicate the importance of systematic variation of relevant variables before concluding that a given species does not display schedule-induced polydipsia.
Delirium resulting from paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis caused by Hodgkin's disease.

Received March 26, 2002; accepted June 11, 2002. From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic. Address reprint requests to Dr. Mueller, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St., S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. Copyright 2002 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. In 1960, Brierley et al. 1 described three patients with subacute progressive encephalitis affecting mainly the “limbic lobes,” in which inclusion bodies could not be identified. One of these patients was confirmed by autopsy to have bronchial cancer, but no evidence of cancer was found in the other two patients. In 1968, Corsellis et al. described three more cases of patients with bronchial cancer and “limbic encephalitis” and proposed a connection between cancer and limbic encephalitis. These early reports associated the clinical symptoms of memory and mood disturbances with the neuropathological changes of inflammation and degeneration concentrated in the limbic grey matter. These symptoms were not caused by direct neoplastic invasion, thus defining the syndrome as a paraneoplastic condition. Although most cases of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis have been associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung, associations with cancers of the breast, stomach, colon, kidney, bladder, ovary, uterus, and testicle have also been reported. In addition, four previous cases of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with Hodgkin’s disease (also known as Hodgkin’s lymphoma) have been described. We describe a patient who developed prominent memory, behavioral, and mood disturbances owing to limbic encephalitis, which in turn, was found to be caused by Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Teaching Mothers About Their Preterm Infants

The effects of a structured teaching program on 30 mothers' perceptions of and interaction with their premature (between 28 and 35 weeks' gestational age) infants was evaluated. Mothers who agreed to participate in the study were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: control, instruction, and attention. Mothers in the control group received routine care and support from the intensive care nursery staff. Mothers in the instruction group, in addition to the usual intensive care nursery procedures, received instruction about the unique physical and behavioral characteristics of premature infants. Mothers in the attention group were provided with the opportunity to discuss nonmedical concerns about their infants or their situations with the nurse researcher. Measures of maternal perceptions and behaviors were obtained by unbiased observers during home visits two, four, and eight weeks after the infants were discharged from the hospital. No significant differences were found among the groups on maternal perceptions or interaction behaviors.
A Comparative Study of Precipitation and Evaporation between CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Model Ensembles in Semiarid Regions

AbstractThe twentieth-century climatology and twenty-first-century trend in precipitation P, evaporation E, and P − E for selected semiarid U.S. Southwest and Mediterranean regions are compared between ensembles from phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). The twentieth-century simulations are validated with precipitation from observation and evaporation from reanalysis. It is found that the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B simulations in CMIP3 and the simulations with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 in CMIP5 produce qualitatively similar seasonal cycles of the twenty-first-century trend in P − E for both semiarid regions. For the southwestern United States, it is characterized by a strong drying trend in spring, a weak moistening trend in summer, a weak drying trend in winter, and an overall drying trend for the annual mean. For the Mediterranean region, a drying trend is simulated for all seasons with an October maximum and ...
Optical System Design For Automated Thermal Expansion Measurements

Thermally induced distortions are of interest for many materials, components and structures used in astronomy, aerospace systems, metrology and the optics industry. Optical interference pattern analysis offers the best hope for precise information on dimensional changes of less than a micron. This paper reviews the various optical approaches to linear thermal expansion measurements. Emphasis is placed on the Michelson interferometer because of its versatility for making contactless measurements in real time and the elimination of sample shape or size constraints. The use of composite materials in optical support structures is a driving force in the utilization of improved optical systems for thermal distor-tion measurements. Auxiliary capabilities therefore include fast response, (e.g., for opto-acoustic emission analysis), long term stability (for creep effects), multi-dimensional changes (holography), automatic control of sample position and computer aided data acquisition and analysis.
Reaction time to incremental and decremental target luminance changes at various photopic background levels.

Abstract The experimental data clearly confirm a general luminance-contrast principle established in this laboratory on other visual functions: For contrasts just beyond some critical near-zero value, visual performance is determined by the prevailing retinal illuminance of that component, either target or background, which has the higher illumination level. Thus, for positive contrasts,RT progressively decreases to an asymptotic value as target luminance (the higher component) is increased. However, as negative contrast is increased (i.e. as target luminance is decreased at any background level),RT remains constant at a value which is determined by the prevailing background illumination level (now the higher component); the higher the prevailing background, the lower is the corresponding value ofRT. A schematic model which predicts the results of these contrast effects is presented. The data on positive contrast were used to generate typical photopic intensity-discrimination curves, using several selectedRT values as response criteria.
Polarimetric Variables Retrieval with Clutter Suppression for Staggered PRT Sequences

AbstractThis paper presents a procedure to filter ground clutter from dual-polarized staggered pulse repetition time (PRT) radar data in simultaneous and alternating transmission modes for polarimetric variables retrieval. The filter is designed in the time domain so that polarimetric variables such as the differential phase () and the copolar correlation coefficient () can be estimated directly from clutter-filtered time series data using a conventional method. In the case of the simultaneous mode, a single filter is used for both channels to maintain the signal correlation after filtering. For the alternating mode, because the polarizations are transmitted in different waveforms, two separate filters are required. However, the filters are designed so that the responses of the filters to the signals are identical within the extended Doppler range. Based on radar simulation, it is shown that the method can provide accurate retrieval of polarimetric variables even in the case of strong clutter contaminatio...
Gating Dynamics of the Acetylcholine Receptor Extracellular Domain

We used single-channel recording and model-based kinetic analyses to quantify the effects of mutations in the extracellular domain (ECD) of the α-subunit of mouse muscle–type acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). The crystal structure of an acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) suggests that the ECD is comprised of a β-sandwich core that is surrounded by loops. Here we focus on loops 2 and 7, which lie at the interface of the AChR extracellular and transmembrane domains. Side chain substitutions in these loops primarily affect channel gating by either decreasing or increasing the gating equilibrium constant. Many of the mutations to the β-core prevent the expression of functional AChRs, but of the mutants that did express almost all had wild-type behavior. Rate-equilibrium free energy relationship analyses reveal the presence of two contiguous, distinct synchronously-gating domains in the α-subunit ECD that move sequentially during the AChR gating reaction. The transmitter-binding site/loop 5 domain moves first (Φ = 0.93) and is followed by the loop 2/loop 7 domain (Φ = 0.80). These movements precede that of the extracellular linker (Φ = 0.69). We hypothesize that AChR gating occurs as the stepwise movements of such domains that link the low-to-high affinity conformational change in the TBS with the low-to-high conductance conformational change in the pore.
Effect of Ambient Humidity on UV/Visible Photodegradation of Melanin Thin Films

Photodegradation of spin-coated thin films of melanin is investigated using UVA and visible light from light-emitting diodes. The gradual increase in transmitted light through the film is measured as melanin photodegrades over the course of several hours. The photodegradation rate is measured for wavelengths in the 365-600 nm range. It is found that the increase in ambient humidity significantly accelerates the photodegradation process. Implications of these observations for evolution of melanism in biological systems are discussed.
Search for Nonstandard Higgs Bosons Using High Mass Photon Pairs in pp → γγ + 2 Jets at √ (s) =1.8 TeV

A search has been carried out for events in the channel $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}+2\mathrm{jets}$. Such a signature can characterize the production of a nonstandard Higgs boson together with a $W$ or $Z$ boson. We refer to this nonstandard Higgs, having standard model couplings to vector bosons but no coupling to fermions, as a ``bosonic Higgs.'' With the requirement of two high transverse energy photons and two jets, the diphoton mass $({m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}})$ distribution is consistent with expected background. A 90 (95)% confidence level (C.L.) upper limit on the cross section as a function of mass is calculated, ranging from 0.60 (0.80) pb for ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}65\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}{/c}^{2}$ to 0.26 (0.34) pb for ${m}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}150\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}{/c}^{2}$, corresponding to a $95%$ C.L. lower limit on the mass of a bosonic Higgs of $78.5\mathrm{GeV}{/c}^{2}$.
Adaptive fault-tolerant routing in cube-based multicomputers using safety vectors

Reliable communication in cube-based multicomputers using the safety vector concept is studied in this paper. In our approach, each node in a cube-based multicomputer of dimension n is associated with a safety vector of n bits, which is an approximated measure of the number and distribution of faults in the neighborhood. The safety vector of each node can be easily calculated through n-1 rounds of information exchange among neighboring nodes. Optimal unicasting between two nodes is guaranteed if the kth bit of the safety vector of the source node is one, where k is the Hamming distance between the source and destination nodes. The concept of dynamic adaptivity is introduced, representing the ability of a routing algorithm to dynamically adjust its routing adaptivity based on fault distribution in the neighborhood. The feasibility of the proposed unicasting can be easily determined at the source node by comparing its safety vector with the Hamming distance between the source and destination nodes. The proposed unicasting can also be used in disconnected hypercubes, where nodes in a hypercube are disjointed (into two or more parts). We then extend the safety vector concept to general cube-based multicomputers.
Chorioamnionitis: association of nonreassuring fetal heart-rate patterns and interval from diagnosis to delivery on neonatal outcome.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected fetal heart-rate (FHR) patterns and the interval from diagnosis to delivery in pregnancies complicated by chorioamnionitis could predict neonatal outcome. Methods: During a 6-month period, 217 consecutive patients with acute chorioamnionitis were prospectively identified in labor. Following delivery, the fetal monitor strips and hospital courses were reviewed for both the mother and neonate. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the presence of a nonreassuring FHR pattern and the effect on neonatal outcome. Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the time intervals from the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis to delivery and their significance on neonatal outcome parameters. Results: The overall incidence of chorioamnionitis in our population was 2.3%. None of the independent variables analyzed following the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis until delivery were significantly associated with an umbilical artery (Ua) pH < 7.20. There were no differences in cord pH, Apgar scores, sepsis, admission to special-care nursery, and oxygen requirements in neonates based on the duration of time from the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis to delivery in our study. None of the newborns had pathologic fetal acidemia (Ua pH < 7.00). None of the FHR patterns we identified after the diagnosis of acute chorioamnionitis were significantly associated with neonates with a Ua pH < 7.20. Conclusions: An interval from diagnosis to delivery of up to 12 h plays little if any role in neonatal outcome.
A Pedogenic View of Ecosystem Restoration

Ecosystem response to site restoration depends in part on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. Soil properties are influenced by the factors and processes of soil formation that determine soil profile characteristics and pedogenic pathways for soils. Loss of integrity of the original soil profiles or disruption of a past pedogenic pathway from site disturbance may limit the success of restoration if assessment is based on comparisons to previous ecosystems or mature reference systems. New profile characteristics and a pedogenic pathway will emerge over time if materials are used to construct soil profiles or if topsoil or organic matter amendments are added to enhance ecosystem development during site restoration. Ecosystem restoration should include the following pedogenic evaluation of soils: 1) the integrity of existing soil profiles of a degraded site; 2) the soil types (based on soil orders) and past pedogenic pathways for sites of intact soil profiles or sites that require only surface horizon modification; 3) the relative contributions of soil forming factors and processes on future pedogenesis; 4) the conditions that promote or hinder horizon development; and 5) predictions of pedogenic pathways and potential soil types after site restoration. Understanding pedogenesis as a component of ecosystem restoration will improve our understanding of how soils influence ecosystem development, as well as our ability to predict potential success of ecosystem restoration.
Myosin Isoform Expression in Skeletal Muscles of Turkeys at Various Ages

The appearance of myosin isoforms in skeletal muscles of turkey embryos, poults, and toms was studied, using monoclonal antibodies raised against myosin isoforms in chicken fast-twitch muscle (Pectoralis). The myosin extract was prepared by repeated salt extraction-precipitation. The reactivity of monoclonal antibodies with turkey myosin isoforms was tested by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody and detection by color development with p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Detection was also effected by protein slot blotting using peroxidase-conjugated antibody and color development with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. The monoclonal antibody AB8 was found to be specific for the adult myosin isoform, present in Pectoralis muscle of 14-day-old and adult turkeys and adult chickens. Subsequent peptide mapping also indicated that the adult myosin isoform of turkey Pectoralis muscle was nearly identical to the adult isoform from chickens. The monoclonal antibody 2E9 reacted with the myosin extract only from poults at ages of 7 days and 14 days posthatch, indicating that 2E9 is specific for the neonatal myosin isoform. The reactivity of 2E9 was noted with the muscle of the mixed fiber type (the thigh muscle group) as well as with the fast-twitch muscle (Pectoralis). Monoclonal antibodies EB 165 and AG6 were found to react with the myosin extract from all ages tested. Based on the reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, it was concluded that myosin in turkey muscles existed as at least three discrete isoforms that were expressed sequentially in the course of muscle development.
A Performance Study of ±1 Steganalysis Employing a Realistic Operating Scenario

We present results of an experiment to detect the presence of ±1 embedding in digital images employing a realistic operating scenario. The ±1 embedding steganography (also known as LSB matching) is simple to implement but not easy to detect. Many of the results presented in the literature to date demonstrate detection performance for a system that has been trained on a particular type of image, camera and/or embedding rate. In real world operations these parameters may not be known. In this paper, we begin by comparing our previously developed steganalysis method to others in the literature using an identical image data set and assuming a known embedding rate. We show that the performance of our technique compares favorably to the state of the art. Subsequently, we demonstrate the impact on our steganography detector when the embedding rate is not known or mismatched. Our experiments show the range of performance degradation that is incurred from training the detector with a mismatched embedding rate. We then build a global detector that is trained using images with several steganographic embedding rates. Results show a small decrease in performance when employing the global detector. In most cases the performance of the global detector performs better than other embedding-rate-mismatched detectors for the suspect images.
Pulse Scattering by Rough Surfaces

This paper first presents a general formulation of the scattered pulse from rough surfaces in terms of the two-frequency mutual coherence function. We define the two-frequency surface cross section per unit area. We then present an example of the two-frequency mutual coherence function using the Kirchhoff approximation for the surface with moderate rms slope.