cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicomponent solubilization in aqueous micelles of dodecyl- and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide: Solubilization equilibria

Abstract Solubilization equilibria for hexane and a series of polycyclic aromatic compounds (dyes) in aqueous cationic micelles of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) were studied experimentally. Solubilizates were compared first individually, for effects of molecular shape and structure, and then as mixtures, in a search for interactive effects. Hexane solutions of solid dyes, in binary mixtures of relative mole fraction 0 to 1 for each dye, were partitioned into the aqueous micellar phase, which was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry for the dyes and gas chromatography for hexane. Solubilization ratios (SRs), expressed as the ratio of solubilizate to surfactant molecules in a micelle, were obtained from the experimental data. In our experiments, the micelles contained more solubilized hexane than dye. For cases of three-component solubilization (two dyes and hexane), compounds of similar molecular shape and chemical structure performed alike as solubilizates, possibly occupying sites in the micelle interchangeably. However, when a large molecule with three or four fused rings and a smaller two-ring molecule were contained in the micelle, solubilization of the smaller molecule was always enhanced.
Conversion efficiencies of six grid-tied inverters at the Tucson electric power solar test yard

We measure the conversion efficiencies of six inverters manufactured by Fronius, SMA, and Xantrex. We measure efficiencies ranging from 87.0% to 91.7%. We find differences between manufacturers' specified efficiency and field performance of -3.8% and -6.0% Inverter efficiencies are also studied as a function of global horizontal irradiance and ambient temperature.
Analysis and comparison of venous air embolism detection methods

Changes in precordial ultrasonic Doppler patterns in dogs were compared with changes of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Possible mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension after air embolism in dogs are discussed. After the injection of air, an immediate change in the Doppler ultrasonic pattern was detected, including a shift of the base line. The duration of change of Doppler patterns varied depending upon the length of time that trapped air remained in the right heart. There was a delay of 15 to 30 seconds before the EtCO2 and PAP responded. In a group of dogs pretreated with 0.3 mg of propranolol per kg, there was a significant decrease in the PAP response due to induced air embolism compared to the control group (P < 0.05). We found that the Doppler ultrasonic device was the most sensitive for detecting venous air embolism at a level as low as 0.05 ml of air per kg compared to 0.25 ml/kg for the PAP and EtCO2 responses.
Extension of the temperature-related Cauchy–Born rule: Material stability analysis and thermo-mechanical coupling

Abstract In this paper, we first study the material stability of nanostructured materials via the continuum linearized stability analysis technique with the temperature-related Cauchy–Born (TCB) rule. As a temperature-related homogenization technique, the TCB rule considers the free energy instead of the potential so that temperature effects on material stability can be investigated. In addition, we develop a thermo-mechanical coupling model through implementing the thermal diffusion equation into nanoscale continuum approximation. Crack propagation at a nanoplate is studied as an example. Since the nanoscale phenomenon of bond breaking is involved when crack propagates, temperature increasing around the crack tip due to the released potential is considered in our thermo-mechanical coupling model.
Tectonic Elements of the Northern Part of the Gulf of California

Results from a continuous seismic survey along closely spaced ship tracks in the northern Gulf of California are presented in terms of the tectonics of this region. Apparent vertical offsets of the most recent sediments, ranging in height from several to a few hundred meters, are associated with the central basins (Delfin and Wagner basins), indicating they are the loci of active tectonism. Structural relations inferred from mapping these features are consistent with plate tectonic concepts of the Gulf. Delfin basin represents a single, complex, northeast-southwest–trending, spreading center. Two parallel transform faults, which flank Angel de la Guarda Island and strike northward into Delfin basin from the south, and a complementary transform fault to the north represented by the Wagner basins, end at this spreading center. With the possible exception of the San Jacinto fault, no correlation of active faults was found between the northern Gulf and contiguous land areas. Interpretations of other geophysical and geological data are complicated by the high sedimentation rate in the northern Gulf, yet are generally consistent with our conclusions. Spatial and temporal characteristics of plate boundaries in the northern Gulf are probably influenced by the proximity of continental structures.
Generation and partial characterization of an eosinophil chemotactic cytokine produced by sensitized equine mononuclear cells stimulated with Strongylus vulgaris antigen

Supernatants generated by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Strongylus vulgaris sensitized or immunized ponies were assayed in vitro for eosinophil chemotactic activity (ECA) using the filter system in blind well chambers. The supernatants from these cultures were chemotactic for eosinophils, but not for neutrophils. Supernates from cultures of unsensitized PBMC stimulated with S. vulgaris antigen were not chemotactic for eosinophils. ECA was first detected in culture supernatants after 1.5 h of incubation and was dependent on both antigen and PBMC concentrations, but independent of serum concentrations. Both female and male S. vulgaris worm antigens stimulated ECA production from sensitized PBMC. ECA was not induced by in vitro stimulation of sensitized S. vulgaris PBMC by female Strongylus edentatus worm antigen. Partial characterization of the eosinophil chemotactic cytokine showed it to be nondialyzable, greater than 8000 molecular weight (MW), and sensitive to heating (56 and 95 degrees C), trypsin, and sodium metaperiodate treatments, suggesting that the cytokine is a protein containing some essential carbohydrate moieties. The cytokine described in this paper could partially contribute to the in vivo blood and tissue eosinophilia in experimental S. vulgaris infection.
Aminoglycosides Modified by Resistance Enzymes Display Diminished Binding to the Bacterial Ribosomal Aminoacyl-tRNA Site

Understanding the basic principles that govern RNA binding by aminoglycosides is important for the design of new generations of antibiotics that do not suffer from the known mechanisms of drug resistance. With this goal in mind, we examined the binding of kanamycin A and four derivatives (the products of enzymic turnovers of kanamycin A by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes) to a 27 nucleotide RNA representing the bacterial ribosomal A site. Modification of kanamycin A functional groups that have been directly implicated in the maintenance of specific interactions with RNA led to a decrease in affinity for the target RNA. Overall, the products of reactions catalyzed by aminoglycoside resistance enzymes exhibit diminished binding to the A site of bacterial 16S rRNA, which correlates well with a loss of antibacterial ability in resistant organisms that harbor these enzymes.
Voice communication with computers: A primer

Abstract Due to the rapid development of speech communication interfaces, speech will be a major mode of man-machine communication. Essential to the development of speech input/output applications is the understanding of the techniques and jargon of speech by the application designer who, in most cases, has no formal speech training and, perhaps, little understanding of computers. This paper includes introductory tutorials on speech synthesis and recognition in an attempt to overcome the jargon barrier. A limited number of application examples are presented to stimulate generation of new applications.
A MEK-independent role for CRAF in mitosis and tumor progression

RAF kinases regulate cell proliferation and survival and can be dysregulated in tumors. The role of RAF in cell proliferation has been linked to its ability to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (ERK). Here we identify a MEK-independent role for RAF in tumor growth. Specifically, in mitotic cells, CRAF becomes phosphorylated on Ser338 and localizes to the mitotic spindle of proliferating tumor cells in vitro as well as in murine tumor models and in biopsies from individuals with cancer. Treatment of tumors with allosteric inhibitors, but not ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors, prevents CRAF phosphorylation on Ser338 and localization to the mitotic spindle and causes cell-cycle arrest at prometaphase. Furthermore, we identify phospho-Ser338 CRAF as a potential biomarker for tumor progression and a surrogate marker for allosteric RAF blockade. Mechanistically, CRAF, but not BRAF, associates with Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) and Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) at the centrosomes and spindle poles during G2/M. Indeed, allosteric or genetic inhibition of phospho-Ser338 CRAF impairs Plk1 activation and accumulation at the kinetochores, causing prometaphase arrest, whereas a phospho-mimetic Ser338D CRAF mutant potentiates Plk1 activation, mitosis and tumor progression in mice. These findings show a previously undefined role for RAF in tumor progression beyond the RAF-MEK-ERK paradigm, opening new avenues for targeting RAF in cancer.
The effect of three procedures for eliminating a conditioned taste aversion in the rat

Abstract Although extinction procedures have been the most common techniques used to eliminate conditioned taste aversions, several studies have employed postconditioning exposure to the US instead. To date, a comparison of the effectiveness of these two techniques has not been possible, because there were differences in the conditioning phases of these studies. In the present study, after an aversion to saccharin had been established, rats were administered 1, 5, or 10 extinction trials, 1, 5, or 10 postconditioning exposures to the US, or a period of no treatment. Then, all rats received seven two-bottle extinction tests. Five or ten extinction trials reduced the aversion to saccharin most effectively. Five or ten postconditioning presentations of the US were also effective. However, this effect was not noticeable until the fourth of seven test trials, suggesting an elimination procedure-test trials interaction. Neither the extinction nor the US postexposure procedure completely eliminated the aversion. In addition: (i) a single postconditioning exposure to either the CS or the US was ineffective in attenuating the aversion; and (ii) when no postconditioning treatment was administered, the strength of the aversion was undiminished for 20 days.
Biogeochemistry of the Forest City Basin coalbed methane play

Abstract Hydrogeochemical and microbial analyses of co-produced formation waters and gas in the Forest City Basin were coupled to determine the origin of methane in shallow coal seams and make comparisons to commercial shale and coal gas plays in the adjacent Illinois, Michigan and Cherokee basins. Forest City Basin coals contain dilute meteoric waters (Cl−
Chironomid deformities as indicators of pollution from a synthetic, coal‐derived oil

SUMMARY. Larval Chironomus decorus (Diptera: Chironomidae), taken from experimental ponds to which a coal liquid had been added, were found to have deformities of the mentum. Aberrations of the medial portion of the mentum were significantly dose-related. Occurrence of such deformities appeared to be a less sensitive measure of pollution by the coal liquid than did previously reported changes in abundance, biomass, number of taxa, and species diversity of benthic insects.
Multiscale reaction pathway analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions

Two decomposition mechanisms for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) under hydrothermal conditions were analyzed: a unimolecular decomposition pathway and an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis pathway. Ab initi...
Structural characteristics of As-deposited and crystallized mixed-phase silicon films

In this work, we report on the structural characteristics of as-deposited and crystallized mixed-phase silicon films prepared by thermal decomposition of silane in a low pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. Mixed-phase films consist of crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. The size of these crystallites depends upon the surface diffusion length, a parameter quantitatively expressing the potential of adsorbed silicon atoms for surface diffusion. The density of the pre-existing crystallites can be related to the maximum density of critical nuclei, which develops during the deposition of the film. Both variables were quantitatively related to the deposition temperature and rate via physical models reflecting the experimental observations. Values for the parameters associated with these models were extracted by fitting the experimental data to the theoretical equations. Our theoretical analysis is the first to relate quantitatively the structural characteristics of as-deposited mixed-phase films to the prevailing deposition conditions. Mixed-phase films can crystallize in a much shorter time than as-deposited amorphous films, due to the combination of the growth of the pre-existing crystallites and the higher nucleation rate of new crystallites within the amorphous matrix of the mixed-phase film. The crystallization time and final grain size of crystallized mixed-phase films were found to decrease with increasing density of pre-existing crystallites. However, we showed that if composite films are deposited, consisting of a mixed-phase layer and an amorphous layer, the grain size after crystallization could be comparable to that of crystallized as-deposited amorphous films, with the crystallization time of such composite films about threefold shorter. The structure of both as-deposited and crystallized single and composite mixed-phase films was found to be identical for films deposited on both oxidized silicon and Corning Code 1735 glass substrates.
Rumination and pessimistic certainty as mediators of the relation between lifetime suicide attempt history and future suicidal ideation.

This study examined whether rumination and certainty about pessimistic future-event predictions (P-Certainty) would mediate the relation between lifetime suicide attempt history and future suicidal ideation. Young adults, ages 18–25 (N = 143), with a suicide attempt history (n = 32) or no previous suicide attempt history (n = 111) at baseline, were followed up 2–3 years later and completed measures of rumination, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and pessimistic future-event certainty. Lifetime suicide attempts at baseline were associated with higher suicidal ideation at follow up, and this relation was mediated by rumination and P-Certainty. Suicide attempters may be vulnerable to later ideation due to higher levels of rumination and also certainty in their pessimistic future expectations.
Influence of fuel composition on nitric oxide formation in mass-burning stokers

Abstract Seven coals of varying rank were tested in an experimental mass-burning simulation to assess general nitric oxide (NO) emission characteristics. Comparisons were made among the fuels to ascertain a relationship between nitric oxide emissions, fuel nitrogen content, nitrogen volatility and firing conditions. Considerable variability in exhaust NO emissions was observed among coal types, even for coals of common rank fired under similar thermal and stoichiometric conditions. Fuel nitrogen conversion to NO was not singularly dependent on inherent nitrogen content or volatility. A correlation was developed to estimate NO emissions based on both coal nitrogen content and char nitrogen fraction for combustion conditions typical of massburning stokers.
Acceleration of a Diels–Alder reaction by a self-assembled molecular capsule

THE interior of cage-like molecules can be considered to provide a new phase of matter1,2, in which it becomes possible to stabilize reactive intermediates3 and to observe new forms of stereoisomerism4. Cage-like molecular complexes that self-assemble through weak intermolecular forces are dynamic species5,6, encapsulating guest molecules reversibly. They can persist over timescales ranging from microseconds to hours, long enough for chemical processes to take place within them. Here we report the acceleration of a Diels–Alder reaction by encapsulation of the reac-tants in a self-assembling molecular capsule7,8. Although product inhibition (lack of dissociation) prevents the system from showing true catalytic behaviour, there is clear evidence for a rate increase of over two orders of magnitude owing to the effective enhancement of concentration inside the capsule.
The Development of Fast-Start Performance in Fishes: Escape Kinematics of the Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

C-starts are high acceleration swimming movements critical for predator avoidance by fishes. Since larval fishes are particularly vulnerable to predation, C-start behavior is likely to be especially important during early life history stages. This paper examines the developmental changes in C-start performance with kinematic data on immature chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) (eleuthroembryo stage, sensu Balon, 1975). The scaling of C-start kinematics of immature fishes differs from that of adults. Adult C-start durations increase with increasing body length while C-start durations of immature fishes decrease ( e.g. , adult stage 1 duration \[sec] = 0.0019.length [L\] \[cm\] $ 0.026 [ R 2 = 0.77] [Webb, 1978]; eleuthroembryos stage 1 duration [sec] = −0.026L [cm] $ 0.100 [ R 2 = 0.81]). Distance traveled during stage 2 also differs between adult and immature fishes. Adult distance traveled scales directly with length (distance [cm] = 0.38L1.01 [cm], R 2 = 0.96 [Webb, 1978]) while chinook eleuthroembryo distance traveled is positively allometric with length (distance [cm]= 0.37L131 [cm], R 2 = 0.83). There are similarities in the development of C-starts and burst swimming. For example, mean velocity scales similarly between the two locomotor modes (For burst swimming: Umean [cm/sec] = 8.1 ± 1.1L [cm] $ 4.89 [ R 2 = 0.86] [Webb and Corolla, 1981]. For C-start stage 2: Umean [cm/sec] = 10.96L [cm] - 14.09 [ R 2 = 0.70]). This study demonstrates that C-start escape performance improves during early post-hatching development. Comparisons of immature chinook salmon fast-starts with data on larval burst swimming and on adult C-starts suggest that changes specific to developing fish affect the scaling of kinematic parameters.
Design framework for telerobotic control

This paper presents a controller design framework for a telerobotic system in which the dynamic behaviors of the master robot and the slave robot are functions of each other. These functions, which are set by the designer based upon the application, are described.
Using Constructs of the Transtheoretical Model to Predict Classes of Change in Regular Physical Activity: A Multi-Ethnic Longitudinal Cohort Study

Explaining variation in meeting recommended levels of physical activity across time is important for the design of effective public health interventions. To model longitudinal change in constructs of the Transtheoretical Model and test their hypothesized relations with change in meeting the Healthy People 2010 guidelines for regular participation in moderate or vigorous physical activity, a cohort (N = 497) from a random, multi-ethnic sample of 700 adults living in Hawaii was assessed at 6-month intervals three or more times for 2 years. Latent class growth modeling was used to classify people according to their initial levels and trajectories of change in the transtheoretical variables and separately according to whether they met the physical activity guideline each time. Relations of the variables and their change with classes of meeting the guideline were then tested using multinomial logistic regression. Despite declines or no change in mean scores for all transtheoretical variables except self-efficacy, participants who maintained or attained the physical activity guideline were more likely to retain higher scores across the 2 years of observation. The usefulness of transtheoretical constructs for predicting maintenance of, or increases in, public health levels of physical activity was generally supported. These longitudinal results support earlier cross-sectional findings which indicate that, contrary to theory, people appear to use both experiential and behavioral processes while they attempt to increase or maintain their physical activity.
The banding behaviour of the viruses of southern bean mosaic virus group in gradients of caesium sulphate.

Abstract At pH 5.0 type and severe bean strains of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) form multiple bands in Cs 2 SO 4 gradients. Two banding zones, heavy and light, were recognized; the SBMV type strain had 3–5 bands in the light zone and 1 or 2 bands in the heavy zone. SBMV cowpea and Ghana strains formed one band in each zone as did sowbane mosaic, rice yellow mottle, and turnip rosette viruses. Carnation mottle virus formed two bands in the light zone and cocksfoot mottle virus formed two bands in the heavy zone. Each of these viruses formed one band in CsCl gradients. The effects of pH, chelating agents, and divalent cations on the banding behaviour of these viruses in Cs 2 SO 4 gradients was examined, and the possible causes of the heterogeneity are discussed.
Synthetic polyamines added to cultures containing bovine sera reversibly inhibit in vitro parameters of immunity.

POLYAMINES are present in high concentration in foetal1 and neoplastic tissue2 and seminal fluid3—all representing antigenic challenges which usually fail to elicit the appropriate immune response. This has prompted us to investigate the influence of polyamines on in vitro parameters of immunity. We report here that micromolar quantities of spermine and spermidine reversibly inhibit three responses of primary cultures of murine spleen cells. These are (1) DNA synthetic response stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), concanavalin A (con A) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (2) mixed lymphocyte response (MLC) stimulated by irradiated allogeneic cells; and (3) the induction but not the expression of the cytolytic lymphocyte response. The inhibition does not seem to be due to toxicity but occurs only in the presence of calf or foetal calf sera.
Academic Factors and Changes in Practice Area Preference

ABSTRACT As part of a continuing longitudinal study, undergraduate occupational therapy students were administered surveys at three points in their educational process to study factors that influence practice area preferences. Practice area preference choices were limited to physical disabilities, mental health, and no preference. Twenty-four students completed surveys at three points (pre-admission, near the end of their first year of coursework, and near the end of their second year of course-work). Fourteen of the 24 subjects (58.7%) changed preferences at least once during the classwork portion of their education. Practice area preferences changed in all possible directions. There was no decline in preference for mental health practice during the academic coursework portion of the educational process. In fact, interest increased slightly from 20.8% at pre-admission to 25% at the end of the second year of course-work. The results suggest that students may change practice area preferences throughout the...
Hypomanic vulnerability, terror management, and materialism

Abstract Studies of terror management have suggested that people demonstrate increased acceptance of cultural values when made aware of their own inevitable death. Recently, Kasser and Sheldon (2000) found that materialism, one value within capitalistic cultures, increased more after a mortality salience manipulation than after a control condition. Self-esteem protection is believed to be a central mechanism in terror management effects. A separate theory has suggested that mania is related to fragile self-esteem and defensive reactions to threat. In this study, we draw on terror management as a lens into self-esteem and reactions to threat among students who are vulnerable to hypomanic symptoms. Students ( N =225) completed self-report questionnaires, including the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), and then were randomly assigned to write about death (mortality salience condition) or music (control condition). Then, students completed measures of materialism. As predicted, a significant interaction between hypomania and experimental condition was documented, in that individuals who were vulnerable to hypomania demonstrated greater materialism after the mortality salience manipulation compared to those with low vulnerability.
SU‐FF‐T‐350: A Comparative Dosimetric Study of Three‐Dimensional Conformal, Dynamic Conformal Arc, and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Brain Tumor Treatment

Purpose: To investigate dosimetric differences among three‐dimensional conformal (3D‐CRT), dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) for braintumortreatment for a broad range of braintumor volumes and shapes in an effort to determine whether a preferred method can be identified based upon pre‐treatment characteristics. Method and Materials: Fifteen patients treated with Novalis were selected. We performed 3D‐CRT, DCAT and IMRT plans for all the cases. The beam numbers in 3D‐CRT or IMRT plans were the same as the arc numbers in the DCAT plans, and the gantry angle of each beam in 3D‐CRT or IMRT plans was the middle angle of each arc in the DCAT plans. The PTV margin was re‐chosen as 1mm, and the specific prescription dose was re‐set to 90% for all the plans. The target coverage at prescription dose (TV90%), conformity index (CI) and heterogeneity index (HI) were used to compare the different plans. V50% and V80% of the organs at risk (OAR) were also calculated. Results: For small braintumors (PTV⩽2cc), three dosimetric parameters had approximate values for both 3D‐CRT and DCAT plans ( TV 90% ¯ ∼93%, CI ¯ ∼1.7, HI ¯ ∼1.4) . The CI for IMRT plans was high ( CI ¯ =3) . For medium braintumors (2cc<PTV⩽100cc), the three plans were competitive with each other. IMRT plans had higher CI and better TV90% and HI. For large braintumors (PTV⩾100cc), IMRT plan had nearly perfect TV90% and HI and the approximate CI values as those in both 3D‐CRT and DCAT plans. Conclusions: DCAT is suitable for most cases in the treatment of braintumors. For a small target, 3D‐CRT is still useful, and IMRT is not recommended. For larger braintumors,IMRT is superior to 3D‐CRT, and very competitive in sparing critical structures near the target, especially for the treatment of a big braintumor.
Exclusion of galectin 9 as a candidate gene for hyperuricosuria in the Dalmatian dog.

Summary All Dalmatian dogs have an inherited defect in purine metabolism leading to high levels of uric acid excretion in their urine (hyperuricosuria) rather than allantoin, the normal end product of purine metabolism in all other breeds of dog. Transplantation experiments have demonstrated that the defect is intrinsic to the liver and not the kidney. Uricase, the enzyme involved in the breakdown of urate into allantoin, has been shown to function in Dalmatian liver cells. Therefore, candidate genes for this defect include transporters of urate, a salt of uric acid, across cell membranes. We excluded one such urate transporter candidate, galectin 9, using a Dalmatian × Pointer backcross in which hyperuricosuria was segregating.
Innate Immunity Evasion by Dengue Virus

For viruses to productively infect their hosts, they must evade or inhibit important elements of the innate immune system, namely the type I interferon (IFN) response, which negatively influences the subsequent development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity against those viruses. Dengue virus (DENV) can inhibit both type I IFN production and signaling in susceptible human cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). The NS2B3 protease complex of DENV functions as an antagonist of type I IFN production, and its proteolytic activity is necessary for this function. DENV also encodes proteins that antagonize type I IFN signaling, including NS2A, NS4A, NS4B and NS5 by targeting different components of this signaling pathway, such as STATs. Importantly, the ability of the NS5 protein to bind and degrade STAT2 contributes to the limited host tropism of DENV to humans and non-human primates. In this review, we will evaluate the contribution of innate immunity evasion by DENV to the pathogenesis and host tropism of this virus.
Interaction of Auxilin with the Molecular Chaperone, Hsc70

Abstract We have studied the direct interaction of the constitutive isoform of Hsp70 (Hsc70) with the DnaJ homolog, auxilin, a cofactor that binds to clathrin-coated vesicles and is required for their uncoating by Hsc70. Auxilin caused a 5-fold increase in Hsc70 ATPase activity and a corresponding increase in steady-state levels of bound ADP; the dissociation constant for this effect was 0.6 μM. Auxilin also induced polymerization of Hsc70 and bound to the resulting polymer at a 1:1 molar ratio; here too the dissociation constant was 0.6 μM. Both this binding and polymerization required ATP; the Hsc70 depolymerized with a 4-min half-life when ATP was completely hydrolyzed to ADP. Although auxilin induces polymerization stoichiometrically and other DnaJ homologs induce polymerization catalytically, these data show that auxilin is similar to other DnaJ homologs in its ability to activate the Hsc70 ATPase activity, to polymerize Hsc70, and in the nucleotide dependence of this polymerization. Furthermore, the 70-amino acid J-domain of auxilin polymerized Hsc70 with the same nucleotide dependence as intact auxilin. Therefore, although only auxilin and not other DnaJ homologs support uncoating, our data suggest that various DnaJ homologs share a common mechanism of interaction with Hsc70, perhaps because their J-domains interact similarly with Hsc70.
Observation of flux enhancement in collisions between ultracold atoms.

We have observed a significant cooperative effect in ultracold trap loss collisions induced by two separate lasers. One laser, tuned close to the atomic resonance, excites the atom pair to an attractive potential at long range. The resulting acceleration and deflection give rise to an enhancement in the collisional flux of ground-state atoms reaching short range, as probed by a second laser. Enhancements up to a factor of {approximately}3 have been observed. This indicates that the atomic pair-distribution function can be significantly distorted in a typical laser trap environment. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Buprenorphine substitution ameliorates spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups.

Iatrogenic physical dependence has been documented in human infants infused i.v. with fentanyl or morphine to maintain continuous analgesia and sedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and mechanical ventilation. Many infants are slowly weaned from the opioid. However, this approach requires extended hospital stays. Little is known about the potential benefits of substitution therapy to prevent abstinence. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested that s.c. and p.o. buprenorphine substitution would ameliorate spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups. Analgesia in the tail-flick test was used to indicate behaviorally active doses of buprenorphine in opioid-naive postnatal day 17 rats. Other postnatal day 14 rat pups were surgically implanted with osmotic minipumps that infused saline (1 μL/h) or fentanyl (60 μg/kg/h) for 72 h. Vehicle or buprenorphine was administered s.c. or p.o. before the initiation of spontaneous withdrawal brought about the removal of the osmotic minipumps. The major withdrawal signs of wet-dog shakes, jumping, wall climbing, forepaw tremor, and mastication were counted during a 3-h period of withdrawal. The major scored sign, scream on touch, was assessed every 15 min for 3 h. Injection of naloxone after the 3-h observation did not reveal any residual dependence. Subcutaneous buprenorphine administration significantly ameliorated all signs of withdrawal. Surprisingly, p.o. buprenorphine was nearly as efficacious as the s.c. route of administration. These results indicate that buprenorphine substitution therapy may be effective in fentanyl-dependent human infants.
Temporal response of optically pumped organic semiconductor lasers and its implication for reaching threshold under electrical excitation

We study the step response of optically pumped organic semiconductor lasers and find that lasing is sustained for $l150\text{ }\text{ns}$ following pump turn on due to annihilation quenching of guest singlet with host triplet excitons. We derive a general criterion for reaching threshold that critically depends on the pump rise time, the singlet-triplet quenching rate, and the spin statistics of exciton formation. These results imply that singlet-triplet annihilation alone fundamentally restricts lasing by electrical excitation to conditions that are not practically feasible in organic semiconductors.
Determination of GI147211 in human blood by HPLC with fluorescence detection.

GI147211 (GG211) is a camptothecin analogue, which exhibits antileukemic and antitumor activity by blocking DNA synthesis. The drug stability considerations and specimen handling were important aspects in method development and validation. This method involves collection of blood at the clinical site, immediate freezing, and storage at −70°C. The lactone form is extracted from blood at physiological pH with a mixture of n-butyl chloride and acetonitrile (4:1); the carboxylate is not extracted under these conditions. After evaporation the extract is injected into an HPLC system with a fluorescence detector set at 378/420 nm. The internal standard used is 6,7-dimethoxy-4-methylcoumarin. The main advantages of the procedure are the separation of lactone and carboxylate by means of extraction, simplified specimen collection at clinical sites and the ability to inject almost all of the extracted material (extraction recovery, 60%) into an HPLC system. The method has been validated over the range 0.15–100 ng ml−1 with sufficient precision and accuracy (coefficient of variation below 10%) to support pharmacokinetic studies. Under the conditions of this procedure, the drug is stable in human blood at −70°C for at least 93 days, as well as through two additional freeze-thaw cycles.
Dignity, Death, and Dilemmas: A Study of Washington Hospices and Physician-Assisted Death

The legalization of physician-assisted death in states such as Washington and Oregon has presented defining ethical issues for hospice programs because up to 90% of terminally ill patients who use the state-regulated procedure to end their lives are enrolled in hospice care. The authors recently partnered with the Washington State Hospice and Palliative Care Organization to examine the policies developed by individual hospice programs on program and staff participation in the Washington Death with Dignity Act. This article sets a national and local context for the discussion of hospice involvement in physician-assisted death, summarizes the content of hospice policies in Washington State, and presents an analysis of these findings. The study reveals meaningful differences among hospice programs about the integrity and identity of hospice and hospice care, leading to different policies, values, understandings of the medical procedure, and caregiving practices. In particular, the authors found differences 1) in the language used by hospices to refer to the Washington statute that reflect differences among national organizations, 2) the values that hospice programs draw on to support their policies, 3) dilemmas created by requests by patients for hospice staff to be present at a patient's death, and 4) five primary levels of noninvolvement and participation by hospice programs in requests from patients for physician-assisted death. This analysis concludes with a framework of questions for developing a comprehensive hospice policy on involvement in physician-assisted death and to assist national, state, local, and personal reflection.
A Review of: “Robust Discrete Optimization and its Applications” P. Kouvelis and G. Yu Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 356 pp., ISBN 0-7923-4291- 7

(2000). A Review of: “Robust Discrete Optimization and its Applications” P. Kouvelis and G. Yu Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 356 pp., ISBN 0-7923-4291- 7. IIE Transactions: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 280-281.
Effect of lamination sequence on the localization and shear crippling instability in thick imperfect cross-ply rings under external pressure

Effect of lamination sequence on the compressive response of a thick plane strain cross-ply ring (very long cylindrical shell) weakened by the presence of a modal imperfection is investigated. A fully nonlinear finite element analysis, that employs a cylindrically curved 16-node layer-element, and is based on the assumption of layer-wise linear displacements distribution through thickness (LLDT), is utilized in the analysis of the afore-mentioned cross-ply ring. Hitherto unavailable numerical results pertaining to the influence of lamination sequence on the localization of buckling patterns and the ensuing shear crippling instability are also presented.
Workshop on thin film thermal conductivity measurements

On a subject of considerable import to the laser-induced damage community, a two day workshop on the topic, Thin Film Thermal Conductivity Measurement was held as part of the 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties at the University of Colorado in Boulder CO, June 25 and 26, 1997. The Workshop consisted of 4 sessions of 17 oral presentations and two discussion sessions. Two related subjects of interest were covered; 1) methods and problems associated with measuring thermal conductivity ((kappa) ) of thin films, and 2) measuring and (kappa) of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond. On the subject of thin film (kappa) measurement, several recently developed imaginative techniques were reviewed. However, several authors disagreed on how much (kappa) in a film differs from (kappa) in a bulk material of the same nominal composition. A subject of controversy was the definition of an interface. In the first discussion session, several questions were addressed, a principal one being, how do we know that the values of (kappa) we obtain are correct and is there a role for standards in thin film (kappa) measurement. The second discussion session was devoted to a round-robin interlaboratory comparison of (kappa) measurements on a set of CVD diamond specimens and several other specimens of lower thermal conductivity. Large interlaboratory differences obtained in an earlier round robin had been attributed to specimen inhomogeneity. Unfortunately, large differences were also observed in the second round robin even though the specimens were more homogenous. There was good consistency among the DC measurements, however, the AC measurements showed much greater variability. There was positive feedback from most of the attenders regarding the Workshop with nearly all respondents recommending another Workshop in three or fewer years. There was general recognition that thin film thermal conductivity measurements are important for predicting the resistance of optical coating materials to laser damage.
Restricted tissue distribution of Mlsa determinants. Stimulation of Mlsa-reactive T cells by B cells but not by dendritic cells or macrophages.

Evidence was sought on the tissue distribution of Mlsa determinants, a class of cell-associated non-H-2 alloantigens that is highly immunogenic for unprimed T cells. Whereas normal CD4+ T cells and an Mlsa-reactive T hybridoma gave strong responses to Mlsa-positive stimulator populations containing Ig+ B cells, anti-Mlsa responses to B-depleted stimulators were almost undetectable. The B-depleted stimulators tested included Thy-1- spleen cells from mu-suppressed mice (mice treated with anti-mu antibody from birth) and J11d- preparations of spleen dendritic cells (DC) and peritoneal macrophages (M phi) from normal mice. Each of these populations was strongly immunogenic for allo-H-2-reactive T cells. The failure to detect Mlsa determinants on Ig- APC, i.e., M phi and DC, suggests that Mlsa determinants are not typical H-2-associated peptides. The data are more compatible with a model in which Mlsa determinants represent (or form part of) an integral cell membrane molecule expressed largely, and perhaps exclusively, on B cells. T cells might recognize these molecules only in native form, "processed" Mlsa determinants being nonimmunogenic. Consistent with this possibility, no evidence was found that Mlsa-negative B cells could absorb Mlsa determinants from Mlsa-positive B cells in a chimeric environment.
Descriptor systems: Expanded descriptor equation and Markov parameters

Generalized concepts of solvability and conditionability are presented for descriptor systems, and tests are given for these generalized properties. An expression is derived for descriptor system Markov parameters. The notion of "expanded descriptor equation" is presented.
Microstructural and thermal investigations of HfO2 nanoparticles

Monodispersed HfO2 nanoparticles can be readily prepared at room temperature by the ammonia catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of hafnium(IV) tert-butoxide in the presence of a surfactant. The nanoparticles are faceted with an average diameter of about 4 nm. The as-synthesized amorphous nanoparticles crystallize upon post-synthesis heat treatment. The crystallization temperature of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting the annealing atmosphere. The HfO2 nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution, large specific surface area and the thermal conductivity of pressed pellets is drastically reduced compared to the bulk counterpart. The specific surface area was about 239 m2 g−1 on as-prepared samples while those annealed at 500 °C have a surface area of 221 m2 g−1 showing that the heat treatment produced no significant increase in particle size. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further confirmed that the nanoparticles annealed at different temperatures while X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallized nanoparticles revealed that HfO2 nanoparticles were monoclinic in structure. High density pellets of the as-synthesized HfO2 nanoparticles were obtained, using both spark plasma sintering and uniaxial hot pressing, and their thermal conductivity was measured in the temperature range from 300 to 775 K. A large reduction of the thermal conductivity was observed for HfO2 nanoparticles as compared to that of bulk HfO2. The decrease in thermal conductivity is discussed in terms of the microstructure of the compacted samples. The synthetic procedure used in this work can be readily modified for large scale production of monodispersed HfO2 nanoparticles.
Monoclonal antibody B2, a marker of neuroendocrine sympathoadrenal precursors, recognizes the Luke (LKE) antigen

BACKGROUND: Blood group antigens are physiologically important differentiation markers in embryogenesis and development. Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B2 recognizes a transient antigen expressed on late sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine precursors and early sympathetic neuroblasts. It has been suggested that MoAb B2 may recognize a globo-series glycosphingolipid (GSL) related to the P blood group family.
A Neyman-Pearson approach to estimating the number of endmembers

In this paper, we present a new method for estimating the number of endmembers for identification of materials in hy-perspectral imagery. Unlike previous approaches, the proposed algorithm utilizes the Neyman-Pearson framework to estimate the number of endmembers that maximizes the probability of detection for a desired false alarm rate. The method can be used for any target signature, hyperspectral image, and detection algorithm. Results on multiple real-world hyper-spectral images and material types will be provided showing the usefulness of the algorithm.
Longitudinal pattern of regional brain volume change differentiates normal aging from MCI

Background: Neuroimaging measures have potential as surrogate markers of disease through identification of consistent features that occur prior to clinical symptoms. Despite numerous investigations, especially in relation to the transition to clinical impairment, the regional pattern of brain changes in clinically normal older adults has not been established. We predict that the regions that show early pathologic changes in association with Alzheimer disease will show accelerated volume loss in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to normal aging. Methods: Through the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we prospectively evaluated 138 nondemented individuals (age 64 – 86 years) annually for up to 10 consecutive years. Eighteen participants were diagnosed with MCI over the course of the study. Mixed-effects regression was used to compare regional brain volume trajectories of clinically normal individuals to those with MCI based on a total of 1,017 observations. Results: All investigated volumes declined with normal aging (p 0.05). Accelerated change with age was observed for ventricular CSF (vCSF), frontal gray matter, superior, middle, and medial frontal, and superior parietal regions (p 0.04). The MCI group showed accelerated changes compared to normal controls in whole brain volume, vCSF, temporal gray matter, and orbitofrontal and temporal association cortices, including the hippocampus (p 0.04). Conclusion: Although age-related regional volume loss is apparent and widespread in nondemented individuals, mild cognitive impairment is associated with a unique pattern of structural vulnerability reflected in differential volume loss in specific regions. Early identification of patterns of abnormality is of fundamental importance for detecting disease onset and tracking progression. Neurology ® 2009;72:1906–1913
Submicrosecond spectroelectrochemistry applied to chlorpromazine cation radical charge transfer reactions

Abstract A beam of light reflected from a 50–400 μm diameter disk electrode was used to monitor the concentration of an electrogenerated absorber in the submicrosecond time scale. The electrode potential was established in less than 1 μs after a potential step, and charge injection further reduced this response time to less than 40 ns. Absorbance measurements agreed with theory for planar diffusion from 150 ns to 100 ms, at which point nonlinear diffusion caused a negative deviation from planar behavior. The technique was used to monitor the kinetics of the oxidation of dopamine by electrogenerated chlorpromazine cation radical. The method was used to monitor this process in the physiological pH region, where the reaction is too fast for stopped-flow techniques.
High Value Products from Waste: Grape Pomace Extract—A Three-in-One Package for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles of Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt have been synthesized in aqueous media using red grape pomace as a reducing agent and a capping agent. The particles are formed within a few seconds when exposed to microwave irradiation at a power level as low as 50 W. Particles could be formed at room temperature, but they tend to be amorphous in nature except for gold. A detailed study on the morphology of the ensuing particles with various reaction conditions has been carried out.