cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermally-cleavable linker for solid-phase synthesis

Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]norbornenes constitute a convenient and readily cleaved linker for solid-phase organic synthesis. A simple and inexpensive furfuryl-substituted resin has been shown to capture and release maleimide dienophiles under conditions compatible with intermediate synthetic steps. The synthesis of β-amino, -thiophenoxy, and -hydrazino alcohols by epoxide ring opening, and maleimide-functionalized Leu-enkephalin by standard peptide coupling techniques, are described to illustrate the utility of the solid-phase synthesis methodology.
SYNTHESIS OF N-METHYL-1,3-DIMETHYLBUTYLAMINE.

A procedure has been described for the preparation of N -methyl-1,3-dimethylbutylamine from methyl isobutyl ketone and methylamine. The method involves low pressure hydrogenation of ketimine in the presence of platinum catalyst.
Left lobe of the liver draping around the spleen: a pitfall in computed tomography diagnosis of perisplenic hematoma.

Abstract Computed tomography scanning has become one of the prime modalities in the diagnosis of trauma to the spleen (1–6). We present three cases of potential pitfall in computed tomography scan diagnosis. In the first case, computed tomography scan showed a high-attenuation perisplenic density in the superiolateral region of the spleen compatible with a perisplenic hematoma. Exploratory surgery showed a left lobe of the liver draping around the spleen. The second case showed similar computed tomography findings as in the first case, but the perisplenic density showed enhancement after contrast infusion. Also, on careful evaluation, the perisplenic density was traced as part of the left lobe of the liver. The third case, an alcoholic without any history of trauma, showed a perisplenic density of lower attenuation. On careful screening, this was traced as part of the left lobe of the liver. The lower attenuation value of the liver was due to fatty infiltration. The importance of performing computed tomography with and without contrast infusion in these cases is discussed.
Growing Up in Violent Communities: Do Family Conflict and Gender Moderate Impacts on Adolescents’ Psychosocial Development?

This study examined the moderating effects of family conflict and gender on the relationship between community violence and psychosocial development at age 18. The study sample consisted of 728 children and families who were part of the Infant Health and Development Program study of low-birth-weight, pre-term infants. In this sample, adolescent psychosocial outcomes were predicted by community violence differently for male and female children and based on their experiences of conflict at home. For male children, being in a high conflict family as a child exacerbated the negative effects of community violence such that internalizing problems (depression and anxiety) and risk-taking behaviors increased as community violence increased, while being in a low conflict family protected the child against the negative impacts of the community. For female adolescents, there were no moderating effects of family conflict on the relationship between community violence and externalizing problems. Moderating effects for internalizing problems demonstrated that being in low conflict families did not serve as protection against community violence for girls as was demonstrated for boys. These findings demonstrate the long-term effects of community violence on child development, highlighting the importance of gender and family context in the development of internalizing and externalizing problems.
Quantification of nitro- and hydroxylated nitro-aromatic/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected ambient air daytime winter samples

Abstract Two ambient air samples, both collected in a northern latitude city during winter daytimes, are compared here with regard to NO 2 -AR/PAH levels and OH-NO 2 -AR levelsfrom filter and XAD-2 extracts. Detection of a previously unreported environmental constituent, tentatively identified as a NO 2 -azulene isomer, is discussed. The levels of the OH-NO 2 -AR were, in general, at least 4 times higher than levels of the corresponding NO 2 -AR. As with NO 2 -AR/PAH, OH-NO 2 -AR appear to be both primary source emissions and secondary photochemical products. The filter-collected para-substituted OH-NO 2 -AR in these samples appear to be the source emissions, while the XAD-collected ortho- and para-substituted OH-NO 2 -AR may be products of photochemical reactions. Other pollutant and meteorological data, including NO, NO 2 , HONO, sunlight intensity and fine-particle Pb and K concentrations, are also used to discuss differences between these samples.
Cleavage by β-glucuronidase of the water-soluble metabolites of digitoxin excreted in the bile of control and spironolactone-pretreated rats

Abstract Water-soluble metabolites of [3H]digitoxin isolated from the bile of control and spironolactone-pretreated rats were incubated with β-glucuronidase for 15 min. After this treatment, a large portion of the radioactivity was recovered in a chloroform-soluble fraction for both control (66%) and treated (78%) animals. The compounds in this nonpolar fraction were separated by column and paper chromatography. Small amounts of unchanged digitoxin, bisdigitoxoside of digitoxigenin, and digitoxigenin were recovered from both groups. The major compound released from the water-soluble metabolites by β-glucuronidase was the monodigitoxoside of digitoxigenin (47% of the total radioactivity in the control group and 74% in the treated group). These results suggest that a large portion of the highly polar metabolites of digitoxin excreted in the bile are glucuronide conjugates of the monodigitoxoside of digitoxigenin. Spironolactone pretreatment increased the formation of these glucuronide conjugates.
Update in the management of acute ischemic stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the United States. Stroke is a medical emergency. The development of stroke systems of care has changed the way practitioners view and treat this devastating disease. Ample evidence has shown that patients presenting early and receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy have the best chance for significant improvement in functional outcome, particularly if they are transported to specialized stroke centers. Early detection and management of medical and neurologic complications is key at preventing further brain damage in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Potential role of masting by introduced bamboos in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) population irruptions holds public health consequences.

We hypothesized that the ongoing naturalization of frost/shade tolerant Asian bamboos in North America could cause environmental consequences involving introduced bamboos, native rodents and ultimately humans. More specifically, we asked whether the eventual masting by an abundant leptomorphic (“running”) bamboo within Pacific Northwest coniferous forests could produce a temporary surfeit of food capable of driving a population irruption of a common native seed predator, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a hantavirus carrier. Single-choice and cafeteria-style feeding trials were conducted for deer mice with seeds of two bamboo species (Bambusa distegia and Yushania brevipaniculata), wheat, Pinus ponderosa, and native mixed diets compared to rodent laboratory feed. Adult deer mice consumed bamboo seeds as readily as they consumed native seeds. In the cafeteria-style feeding trials, Y. brevipaniculata seeds were consumed at the same rate as native seeds but more frequently than wheat seeds or rodent laboratory feed. Females produced a median litter of 4 pups on a bamboo diet. Given the ability of deer mice to reproduce frequently whenever food is abundant, we employed our feeding trial results in a modified Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer-resource model to project the population-level response of deer mice to a suddenly available/rapidly depleted supply of bamboo seeds. The simulations predict rodent population irruptions and declines similar to reported cycles involving Asian and South American rodents but unprecedented in deer mice. Following depletion of a mast seed supply, the incidence of Sin Nombre Virus (SNV) transmission to humans could subsequently rise with dispersal of the peridomestic deer mice into nearby human settlements seeking food.
Poly(p-phenylene)s with Mesogenic Side Groups: A Potential Class of NII Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers?

The synthesis and characterization of a series of n-[(4-cyano-4‘-biphenylyl)oxy]alkyl-2,5-dichlorobenzoate monomers containing from n = 2 to 12 methylenic groups in the alkyl spacer and their Ni(0)-catalyzed polymerization to produce poly(p-phenylene)s (PPP) containing mesogenic side groups are described. The resulting side chain liquid crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) have both a rigid rodlike mesogenic backbone and rigid rodlike mesogenic side groups. All polymers display only a broad enantiotropic nematic phase and no side-chain crystallization. The isotropization temperature of these SCLCPs exhibits a steeper increase with the degree of polymerization (DP) than that observed for polymers with flexible or semiflexible backbones. Therefore, above plateau DPs their isotropization temperature is higher than that of polymers with flexible or semiflexible backbones, although it displays a classic odd−even dependence on the spacer length. These unusual trends may indicate that the director of the nematic phase ...
Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin and Eleuthosides A and B

The total synthesis of the cytotoxic marine natural products eleutherobin (1) and eleuthosides A (2) and B (3) is described. The strategy involves glycosidation of the (+)-carvone-derived intermediate 7 with the arabinose-derived trichloroacetimidate 9 followed by base-induced ring closure and elaboration to afford the dihydroxy eneynone 19. Selective hydrogenation of 19 led to the generation and intramolecular collapse of dienone 20 furnishing 21 and thence 22 with the required structural framework of the target molecules. Finally, esterification with mixed anhydride 24 followed by deprotection gave eleutherobin (1) which served as a precursor to eleuthosides A (2) and B (3). The α-glycoside anomer of eleutherobin, compound 27, was also synthesized by application of the developed chemistry, demonstrating the flexibility of the sequence in generating designed analogues for biological screening.
The influence of interfacial reactions on the fracture toughness of TiAl2O3 interfaces

Abstract The effect of interfacial reactions on the fracture toughness of the bond between a reactive metal, Ti, and a relatively stable oxide αAl 2 O 3 , was studied for heat treatments at different temperatures. The microstructure, chemistry and fracture toughness of the interfaces were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and a continuous microscratch test. The formation of intermetallic compounds resulted in a deterioration in the interfacial fracture toughness, relative to an unreacted interface. The decrease in fracture toughness was related to the presence along the interface of a brittle intermetallic phase and cavities. The cavities were produced as a result of the volume change and the oxygen released during the formation of intermetallic compounds at temperatures of 600°C and above. The strongest interface exhibited little if any reaction between the Ti and the Al 2 O 3 .
SELF-ACTUALIZATION IN JUNIOR HIGH STUDENTS: A PILOT STUDY

The self-actualization scores of 63 junior high students were measured with the Reflections of Self By Youth (ROSY) and the Maslowian Scale. 14 students identified as gifted did not score significantly higher than their more intellectually average peers; however, gifted girls scored slightly higher on the ROSY and two Maslowian Scale subscales. Seventh-grade students scored significantly higher only on the Maslowian Scale-Psychological subscale. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices identified 10 students among the average group who scored between the 90th and 99th percentiles suggesting some gifted students may have been unidentified.
Quasiparticle properties of the quarks of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.

In spite of the apparent limitations of the model, in recent years there have been many applications of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model in the study of hadron structure and in the study of the behavior of nuclear matter at finite temperature and density. A number of researchers have studied a generalized SU(3) version of the NJL model. For example, Vogl, Lutz, Klimt, and Weise (Nucl. Phys. A516 469 (1990)) have performed extensive calculations that include a calculation of a scalar form factor of a constituent quark, {ital F}{sub {ital s}}({ital q}{sup 2}), and a calculation of a quark sigma term {sigma}{sub {ital q}}. (In their work, the latter quantity is related to the nucleon sigma term {sigma}{sub {ital N}} as in a constituent quark model: {sigma}{sub {ital N}}=3{sigma}{sub {ital q}}.) These calculations are made in what may be termed a sigma-dominance approximation. In the work reported here, we review the important role played by the nucleon sigma term in understanding the behavior of the quark condensate in the presence of matter. We make use of the original SU(2) version of the NJL model to study how various quark properties are modified when we take into account the dressing of themore » constituent quarks by the pion, the Goldstone boson of the model. We calculate the quark self-energy arising from emission and absorption of a pion and also show how the calculation of the scalar form factor of the quark and {sigma}{sub {ital q}} are modified due to the coupling of the quark to the pion. The correction terms considered here serve to reduce the value of {sigma}{sub {ital q}} by a small amount relative to the value obtained in the simplest version of the sigma dominance model. For example, for a Euclidean momentum cutoff, {Lambda}=1050 MeV, the uncorrected result is {sigma}{sub {ital N}}=54.6 MeV.« less
Food advertising in the age of obesity: content analysis of food advertising on general market and african american television.

Abstract Objective To document the types of foods advertised and weight-related nutritional claims made during advertisements appearing on general market and African American television programming. Design Content analysis of 553 food advertisements appearing during 101.5 prime-time television hours. Outcome Measures Advertisements were classified according to general category (fast-food restaurant, sit-down restaurant, packaged food), specific food type, and the presence of a weight-related nutritional claim. Analysis The type of foods advertised and nutritional claims made on general market and African American programs were compared using t and chi-squared tests. Results More food advertisements appeared during African American programs than general market programs. These advertisements were more likely to be for fast food, candy, soda, or meat and less likely to be for cereals, grains and pasta, fruits and vegetables, dessert, or alcohol. Of all of the food advertisements, 14.9% made a weight-related nutritional claim. More claims related to fat content appeared during African American programming, whereas more light and lean claims appeared in general market advertisements. Conclusions and Implications Practitioners and policy makers should be aware of the prevalence of food advertisements and their potential impact on knowledge and behavior and should consider working more closely with food manufacturers to encourage the creation and promotion of weight-friendly foods. Meanwhile, nutrition educators can help by teaching consumers critical thinking skills as may relate to food advertisements.
Studies on the Coulter Counter Part II. Investigations into the Effect of Flow Direction and Angle of Entry of a Particle on both Particle Volume and Pulse Shape

Abstract In this paper the effect of the geometry and alignment of the flow straightener in the IITRI modification to the Coulter Counter are reported. For particle size analysis, the diameter of the flow straightener hole is shown to have no significant effect on the size distribution for diameters as low as 250 μm, but the alignment is highly significant when cylindrical orifices are used. The channel number of the mode and the broadness of the size distribution are shown to increase with increasing angle, the effect being more significant with a corresponding increase in current. When the size distribution measurement is perfomred using a constant total count for each angular measurement, the height of the mode decreases linearly with angle, the particles moving to higher voltage channels. This means that particles entering a sharp-edged orifice at wide angles are detected as particles of larger size. Pulse shape measurements confirmed the presence of sharp voltage spikes superimposed on conventional particle pulses from these particles, suggesting that pulse distortion had occurred. With the contoured orifice, there is no change in either the mode position or the breadth of the distribution with angle, and the height of the mode does not decrease. Pulse shape observations also show the absence of sharp spiked pulses from particles entering a contoured orifice, irrespective of the angle. In consequence, it is concluded that the distortion in the pulse shape and the resulting error in sizing is an orifice edge effect, and for the most accurate size analysis the use of a flow-directional collar aligned at 0° rotation to a contoured orifice is recommended. As a final section to the paper, the IITRI work is related to other recent work in the field, and the significance of this total work to particle size analysis is discussed.
Effects of chloride, thiocyanate and sulphate salts on β‐lactoglobulin–pectin associative complexes

Summary Protein–polysaccharide complexes are used to improve protein stability and encapsulate high-value ingredients, yet the influence of different salts on their formation has not been investigated. Using light scattering and turbidimetry, effects of chloride, sulphate and thiocyanate salts on β-lactoglobulin and pectin complexes (protein/pectin ratio = 2:1 and 4:1) were determined in relation to effects of pH and ionic strength. Effects of anions on complex formation were significant at 25 mmol kg−1 added ionic strength. Cation effects were not significant. At 100 mmol kg−1 ionic strength, pH of complex formation increased with sulphate salts (pH 5.1) relative to chloride and thiocyanate salts (pH 4.9), while pH of coacervation increased with sulphate salts (pH 4.7) and decreased with thiocyanate salts (pH 4.4) relative to chloride salts (pH 4.6). Pure β-lactoglobulin stability was otherwise reduced with thiocyanate salts below pH 5, implying a significant effect of pectin interactions.
Keratinizing odontogenic cyst with verrucous pattern featuring negative human papillomavirus status by polymerase chain reaction

Verrucous odontogenic cysts (OCs) are extremely rare. Here, we report the clinicopathologic features of this unusual entity and investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) by p16INK4A immunohistochemistry and HPV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 32-year-old male presented with a 8.3 × 4.0 cm, multilocular radiolucency of the left ascending ramus of the mandible. Microscopically, the cystic cavity was lined by hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium demonstrating marked verrucous morphology with multiple sharp or blunt projections. Mild dysplastic features were also identified. A final diagnosis of keratinizing OC with verrucous hyperplasia and epithelial dysplasia was rendered. Immunohistochemically, the verrucous OC showed foci of moderate-to-intense and diffuse, nuclear, and cytoplasmic p16INK4A positivity as well as weak or absent p53 immunopositivity in the p16INK4A labeled areas. The Ki-67 expression was increased. Interestingly, HPV-DNA PCR failed to reveal transcriptionally active HPV genotypes. Complete surgical excision was performed, with no recurrences seen during a 66-month follow-up.
How Well Can Fishes Prey on Zebra Mussels in Eastern North America

Abstract Literature on mollusk-eating fishes was reviewed to determine the potential for different species of fish to control zebra mussels in eastern North America. At least six species are potential predators of zebra mussels because they possess (1) both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth or (2) lower pharyngeal teeth and chewing pads located on the dorsal roof for crushing mollusk shells. Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) and two centrarchids, redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), possess both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth and are likely to consume more zebra mussels than fishes with only lower pharyngeal teeth. Only two catostomid species, copper and river redhorses (Moxostoma hubbsi and M. carinatum), have chewing pads that enable them to crush mollusks. The exotic omnivorous common carp (Cyprinus carpio), possessing lower teeth and a chewing pad, may prey on zebra mussels when aquatic insect larvae, its preferred food, become rare. Managing populations of drum, ...
The influence of initial nose shape in eroding penetration

Summary The effect of projectile nose shape on penetration is examined numerically using the nonlinear, large deformation wavecode CTH. In particular, the impact of a tungsten alloy, long rod projectile into a 4340 steel target is investigated for three different nose shapes: blunt, hemispherical, and conical. The pressures are sufficiently high that erosion of the projectile begins immediately upon impact. The decays of the shocks are examined, as are the resulting material flow fields. Later-time effects are also explored, such as how the nose shape affects penetration, and how long each case takes to arrive at a quasi-steady-state flow configuration in which the tungsten-steel interface is completely determined by eroding plastic flow.
City Planning and the U.S. Census: 1910 to 1960

Although planners rely on census data for many tasks, they are often frustrated by its limitations. This article examines the evolution of this ambiguous relationship (during the period 1910 to 1960) through four roughly chronological development stages. Data were seen first as an engine of social reform, then as the basis for a science of planning, next as a way to manage social and economic crisis, and finally as a way to justify government decisions. The article concludes that the limitations of official statistics are historically contingent, a result of Congress's lack of support, the federal bureaucracy's indifference to spatially detailed data, and planners' abandonment of the argument.
Calcium levels in the brain underlie temperature control during exercise in the primate

ALTHOUGH it is known that the hyperthermia in man accompanying steady-state submaximal exercise is a regulated rise which is virtually independent of the ambient temperature1, a fundamental question persists. What are the neural mechanisms involved in this regulated rise and in the ensuing hyperthermia encountered during severe work in the heat? It has been proposed that the elevation in the temperature set-point associated with fever has as its basic component a change in the hypothalamic balance between the essential cations, Na and Ca2 (refs 2, 3). Is it possible that such a mechanism could underlie the shift in temperature set-point which occurs during exercise? To explore this idea, we undertook two types of experiments. First, an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing excess Ca2+ ions was infused into the third ventricle. Secondly the kinetics of endogenous Ca2, as reflected by its retention or release into the third ventricle, was analysed. We report here that Ca2+ ions, acting directly on the brain, can indeed attenuate or entirely block the hyperthermia of exercise without necessarily interfering with work output; further, the actual efflux of Ca2+ ions from the diencephalon increases markedly during the exercise-induced hyperthermia.
Body dysmorphic disorder: common, severe and in need of treatment research.

The appearance preoccupations trigger feelings of depression, anxiety, distress, shame, or other painful emotions. These emotions, in turn, trigger repetitive compulsive behaviors that are intended to alleviate the emotional distress [5] . As required by DSM-5 criterion B (which is new to DSM-5), all individuals with BDD perform excessive repetitive behaviors in response to the preoccupations with appearance at some time during the course of the disorder [1] . These repetitive behaviors have many similarities to OCD compulsions, and thus they are commonly referred to as compulsions or rituals. Common excessive behaviors include checking mirrors, excessive grooming, seeking reassurance about the perceived defects, skin picking (to try to minimize perceived blemishes), and tanning (e.g. to darken ‘pale’ skin) [3] . Some BDD compulsions consist of mental acts, such as comparing one’s own appearance with that of other people, rather than observable behaviors [3] . The repetitive behaviors are difficult to control and occur, on average, for 3–8 h a day [4, 5] . Nearly all patients camouflage the perceived defects (e.g. with a hat, makeup, hair, clothes, body position). Although camouflaging is a safety behavior, it can also be done repeatedly (e.g. reapplying makeup 20 times a day), in which case it may be considered a repetitive behavior [3] . Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is common yet very under-recognized. It has a point prevalence of about 2%, making it more common than obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anorexia nervosa or schizophrenia [1] . BDD typically causes tremendous suffering and substantial impairment in psychosocial functioning. The rates of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide appear markedly high. Yet treatment research on BDD lags very far behind that of other common and severe disorders. Thus, the study by Veale et al. [2] is a major contribution to the literature and to patient care. Individuals with BDD (previously known as ‘dysmorphophobia’) are preoccupied with one or more perceived defects or flaws in their appearance; these defects, however, are not observable or appear only slight to others (DSM-5 criterion A) [1] . Preoccupations most often focus on skin (e.g. perceived acne, scarring, wrinkles, color), nose (e.g. size or asymmetry) and hair (e.g. too little hair) but may focus on any body area [3] . Patients typically describe the disliked body parts as ‘ugly’, ‘unattractive’, ‘hideous’, or even ‘monstrous’. The preoccupations occur, on average, for 3–8 h a day (usually for at least an hour a day). They are intrusive, unwanted, and usually difficult to resist and control [4, 5] . Received July 15, 2014 Accepted after revision: July 19, 2014 Published online: October 16, 2014
High resolution image estimation in a turbulent environment

Abstract The very small temporal and spatial correlation scales of wavefronts at optical frequencies severely limits the angular resolution in the usual telescope focal plane image when viewing through the turbulent atmosphere. Reliable determination of spatial frequencies beyond the nominal atmospheric cut off may still be possible if one takes a large number of independent measurements of the short-term mutual coherence and then averages the results in the proper manner.
Response of the Sundarbans coastline to sea level rise and decreased sediment flow: A remote sensing assessment

Abstract The Sundarbans is the world's largest remaining single block of mangrove forest, covering approximately 1 million ha (~ 10,000 km2) of the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta along the coastal areas of India and Bangladesh. Sea level rise and alteration of water flows of the Himalayan headwaters are among the major disturbances threatening these coastal areas. But very few studies exist on the dynamics or current status of the Sundarbans coastline. We used Landsat images spanning from 1973 to 2010, and an algorithm that we developed, to consistently estimate the spatiotemporal dynamics of erosion and accretion for four different time intervals and the whole study period. Our results show that the direction and extent of erosion and accretion rates varied throughout the different periods. Erosion was the highest in the 1973–1979 interval, with 23.2 km2 year−1 of land loss. However, that rate substantially declined in the following periods, reaching a rate of 7–10 km2 year−1. Accretion showed a rate of 10 km2 year−1 between 1973 and 1989, but substantially declined to ~ 4 km2 year−1 between 1989 and 2010. Accretion rate has declined in the recent years but erosion rate has remained relatively high. As a result the delta front has undergone a net erosion of ~ 170 km2 of coastal land in the 37 years of our study period. These numbers are significantly higher than the previously reported rates and magnitudes of erosion in this area. The methods and maps developed in this study may be helpful in management planning of this vulnerable coastline.
Multipole mixing ratios of γ-transltions in 182W

Abstract γ-γ directional correlation experiments were performed on 14 cascades in 182W populated from the β− decay of 182Ta(115 d). Two Ge(Li) detectors were used in a coincidence arrangement, and the 182Ta sources were dissolved in HF acid to minimize extranuclear perturbations. For the 1189keV, 2− → 2+ transition, the measured directional correlation coefficients are consistent only with multipole mixing ratios δ ( M 2 E 1) = 0.45 ± 0.03 and δ (E3 E1) = −0.67 ± 0.07 . These mixing ratios are discussed and compared with the known conversion coefficients for the 1189keV transition. The E2/M1 multipole mixing ratios determined are (energy in keV): δ(66) = 0.15 ± 0.15, δ(85) = 0.31 ± 0.05, δ(114) = 0.31 ± 0.05, 0.56 ≦ δ(179) ≦ 1.36, δ(1121) = 12+2−1, and δ(1231) = −(32+142−15). The measured M2/E1 mixing ratios are: δ(68) = 0.03 ± 0.02, δ(152) = 0.014 ± 0.013 and δ(156) = −0.13 ± 0.19.
Higher quality for less: IT user surveys over the web

Even in tough fiscal times, competitive educational institutions must quickly assess the changing technology needs of the academic community and deliver appropriate services. As funds prioritize their services. A Web-based user survey is an economical tool to determine what existing services are most important to and most used in the academic community, as well as to determine potential services of interest to users. A Web survey also facilitates a quick exchange of information, giving IT administrators more data on which to base time-sensitive decisions. The presenters will discuss how a multi-campus University's annual user survey has evolved from a costly, time-consuming paper questionnaire to a more efficient, less expensive Web-based format. The Web survey provides higher quality results, due to less opportunity for human error, and an equal or better return rate than a traditional paper survey. With input from all service units in the University's IT department, the survey asks the most important, relevant questions. The answers provide a broad base of information on which the University's IT administrators can base their strategic decisions. This presentation is geared toward information technology administrators and managers who are interested in a cost- and time-saving method for determining an academic community's vital information technology needs.
The value of progesterone receptor assays in the management of advanced breast cancer

Estrogen and progesterone receptor determinations were performed on 518 specimens at the Surgical Research Laboratory of the Maimonides Medical Center. Of these, 41% were ERP and PgRP positive; 17% were ERP positive and PgRP negative; 38% were ERP negative and PgRP negative, and 3.9% were ERP negative, PgRP positive. Sixty-two patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with either an endocrine ablative procedure or with antihormonal therapy. In the two treatment groups the overall response rate when both receptors were positive was 79%, with a higher percentage of responders in the endocrine ablative group (88% vs. 69%). In addition, a greater duration of response was achieved in those patients treated with endocrine ablation. The overall predictability of response was achieved in those patients treated with endocrine ablation. The overall predictability of response or failure to hormonal therapy is 91% if the progesterone receptor alone is utilized to select treatment and an endocrine ablative procedure is performed. The predictability of response based on the estrogen receptors presence or absence is 70%.
Selecting the numerical flux in discontinuous Galerkin methods for diffusion problems

In this paper we present numerical investigations of four different formulations of the discontinuous Galerkin method for diffusion problems. Our focus is to determine, through numerical experimentation, practical guidelines as to which numerical flux choice should be used when applying discontinuous Galerkin methods to such problems. We examine first an inconsistent and weakly unstable scheme analyzed in Zhang and Shu, Math. Models Meth. Appl. Sci. (M3 AS) 13, 395-413 (2003), and then proceed to examine three consistent and stable schemes: the Bassi-Rebay scheme (J. Comput. Phys. 131, 267 (1997)), the local discontinuous Galerkin scheme (SLAM J. Numer. Anal. 35, 2440-2463 (1998)) and the Baumann-Oden scheme (Comput. Math. Appl. Mech. Eng. 175, 311-341 (1999)). For an one-dimensional model problem, we examine the stencil width, h-convergence properties, p-convergence properties, eigenspectra and system conditioning when different flux choices are applied. We also examine the ramifications of adding stabilization to these schemes. We conclude by providing the pros and cons of the different flux choices based upon our numerical experiments.
The preferential translation of Drosophila hsp70 mRNA requires sequences in the untranslated leader

Abstract When Drosophila cells are heat shocked, the translation of normal cellular mRNAs is repressed, while mRNAs encoding the heat-shock proteins are translated at high rates. We have found that the hsp70 message is not translated at high temperatures when its leader sequence is deleted. This message is translated when the cells are allowed to recover at 25°C, but the translation ceases when the cells are given a second heat shock. A message with an extra 39 bases added onto the 5′ end of the leader behaves in the same way. However, if either of two conserved sequence elements in the leader is deleted, the message is still translated during heat shock. Although the specific feature responsible for the preferential translation of heat-shock messages is not yet identified, we conclude that it must reside in the 5′ untranslated leader.
Variation in offspring size with birth order in placental fish: a role for asymmetric sibling competition?

Asymmetric sibling competition arises when siblings with different competitive abilities share a limited resource. Such competition occurs in species with postnatal parental care and may also occur when mothers provision embryos between fertilization and birth (matrotrophy). We hypothesized that the combination of matrotrophy and the simultaneous provisioning of embryos in different stages of development (superfetation) leads to asymmetric competition between sibling embryos. Moreover, we expect the intensity of this competition to increase with the level of superfetation as high levels of superfetation result in greater temporal overlap between broods. This hypothesis predicts that offspring from early broods, which predominantly compete with less-developed siblings, will be larger at birth than offspring from later broods, which experience competition from more and less-developed siblings. Data on offspring size at birth from two populations of the highly matrotrophic fish, Heterandria formosa, and similar studies of poeciliid fish spanning a range of life histories are consistent with our hypothesis. Together these results suggest that sibling competition is a direct consequence of the evolution of matrotrophy and superfetation in poeciliid fish.
FASHIONING AESTHETICISM BY AESTHETICIZING FASHION: WILDE, BEERBOHM, AND THE MALE AESTHETES' SARTORIAL CODES

“Strange, that a pair of silk stockings should so upset a nation.”— Oscar Wilde, quoted in Richard Ellmann’s Oscar WildeTODAY, WE TEND TO ENVISION the male Aesthete as a lanky, long-haired swain outfitted in velveteen pantaloons and clutching an outsize sunflower, an image straight from George du Maurier’s Punch cartoons or Gilbert and Sullivan’s Patience. Serious scholars of Aestheticism often prefer to resist this parodic image, insisting on the movement’s significant philosophical development in Ruskin’s and Pater’s work.1 Yet Aesthetic fashion was not just a frivolous side effect of the movement. In fact, Aesthetic fashion was the focus of late-Victorian attention because it so clearly displayed the anxieties, stresses, and formulations of the movement. It was a battlefield for competing voices within Aestheticism; it was a stage whereon the various gender notions of the movement could be displayed; and it functioned as both a critique and a form of art. This article examines the theoretical rationales for Aesthetic fashion, focusing on the paradigmatic figures of Oscar Wilde, Max Beerbohm, and George du Maurier. They demonstrate how Aesthetic men developed new visual codes to reconfigure their fear of feminization, creating a new kind of body which could be read as an essential, unchanging, scholarly, and artistic icon.
Regulation of biological accuracy, precision, and memory by plant chromatin organization

Accumulating evidence points toward diverse functions for plant chromatin. Remarkable progress has been made over the last few years in elucidating the mechanisms for a number of these functions. Activity of the histone demethylase IBM1 accurately targets DNA methylation to silent repeats and transposable elements, not to genes. A genetic screen uncovered the surprising role of H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes in sensing precise differences in ambient temperature and consequent gene regulation. Precise maintenance of chromosome number is assured by a histone modification that suppresses inappropriate DNA replication and by centromeric histone H3 regulation of chromosome segregation. Histones and noncoding RNAs regulate FLOWERING LOCUS C, the expression of which quantitatively measures the duration of cold exposure, functioning as memory of winter. These findings are a testament to the power of using plants to research chromatin organization, and demonstrate examples of how chromatin functions to achieve biological accuracy, precision, and memory.
The emotional basis of charisma.

Charisma is commonly thought of as an extraordinary personal characteristic. In contrast, this paper proposes that charisma is a product of emotional interaction between charismatic leaders and their followers. More specifically, charisma is argued to spring from charismatic leaders' use of emotion rules to redefine both objective and subjective aspects of their followers' realities. Through modeling emotion charismatics first gain legitimacy; then they propose changes in the social order and redefine the emotions necessary for such changes to occur. An analytical model of the emergence of charisma based on the evoking, revoking, and refraining of emotion rules is developed. To tentatively illustrate its utility the model is applied to speeches by Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. The implications of this analysis of emotional interaction for the study of social change are discussed.
The role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in the development and treatment of uterine cancer

Abstract Objective Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although surgery is often curative for women diagnosed in the early stages, prognosis for patients with advanced disease is poor. Alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are known to play a significant role in the development of uterine cancer and provide a possible target for new therapies. Methods PubMed was searched for articles of relevance to uterine cancer and the PI3K pathway. In addition, abstracts from key oncology congresses were scanned for data on novel therapeutic agents targeting the PI3K pathway. Results The PI3K pathway is an important promoter of cellular growth, metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. It is often upregulated in uterine cancer, with the most frequent genetic alterations occurring in phosphatase and tensin homolog ( PTEN ), PIK3CA , and KRAS . Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with resistance to hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. Inhibitors of the PI3K pathway are in clinical testing in patients with solid tumors, including uterine cancer. Results with monotherapy demonstrate some clinical responses, but mainly as prolonged stable disease. PI3K pathway inhibitors are currently being evaluated in patients with tumors in which the PI3K pathway is deregulated. Another strategy being evaluated is the ability of PI3K pathway inhibitors to restore sensitivity to standard therapy. Conclusions Investigational PI3K pathway inhibitors represent a promising new therapeutic strategy in uterine cancer. Exploration of effective drug combinations and their applicability to individual tumors will be important in the future clinical development of these agents.
Detection and Analysis of Statistical Differences in Anatomical Shape

We present a computational framework for image-based analysis and interpretation of statistical differences in anatomical shape between populations. Applications of such analysis include understanding developmental and anatomical aspects of disorders when comparing patients versus normal controls, studying morphological changes caused by aging, or even differences in normal anatomy, for example, differences between genders. Once a quantitative description of organ shape is extracted from input images, the problem of identifying differences between the two groups can be reduced to one of the classical questions in machine learning of constructing a classifier function for assigning new examples to one of the two groups while making as few misclassifications as possible. The resulting classifier must be interpreted in terms of shape differences between the two groups back in the image domain. We demonstrate a novel approach to such interpretation that allows us to argue about the identified shape differences in anatomically meaningful terms of organ deformation. Given a classifier function in the feature space, we derive a deformation that corresponds to the differences between the two classes while ignoring shape variability within each class. Based on this approach, we present a system for statistical shape analysis using distance transforms for shape representation and the support vector machines learning algorithm for the optimal classifier estimation and demonstrate it on artificially generated data sets, as well as real medical studies.
A Quasi-Chemical Kinetics Model for the Growth and Death of Staphylococcus aureus in Intermediate Moisture Bread

: The “quasi-chemical” kinetics model accounts for all 4 phases of the microbial lifecycle based on a proposed series of chemical rate equations. The model fits continuous growth-death kinetics for Staphylococcus aureus in intermediate moisture bread in various conditions of water activity, pH, and temperature. Growth rates evaluated using the quasi-chemical model are compared with values obtained with the Gompertz model. Kinetics data obtained with the quasi-chemical model are integrated with a probabilistic approach to estimate the boundary between growth and no-growth conditions. Continuous modeling of microbial growth/death kinetics in actual foods advances predictive modeling that conventionally separates growth and death models.
A Spatial Correlation-Based Image Compression Framework for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Data redundancy caused by correlation has motivated the application of collaborative multimedia in-network processing for data filtering and compression in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). This paper proposes an information theoretic image compression framework with an objective to maximize the overall compression of the visual information gathered in a WMSN. The novelty of this framework relies on its independence of specific image types and coding algorithms, thereby providing a generic mechanism for image compression under different coding solutions. The proposed framework consists of two components. First, an entropy-based divergence measure (EDM) scheme is proposed to predict the compression efficiency of performing joint coding on the images collected by spatially correlated cameras. The EDM only takes camera settings as inputs without requiring statistics of real images. Utilizing the predicted results from EDM, a distributed multi-cluster coding protocol (DMCP) is then proposed to construct a compression-oriented coding hierarchy. The DMCP aims to partition the entire network into a set of coding clusters such that the global coding gain is maximized. Moreover, in order to enhance decoding reliability at data sink, the DMCP also guarantees that each sensor camera is covered by at least two different coding clusters. Experiments on H.264 standards show that the proposed EDM can effectively predict the joint coding efficiency from multiple sources. Further simulations demonstrate that the proposed compression framework can reduce 10%-23% total coding rate compared with the individual coding scheme, i.e., each camera sensor compresses its own image independently.
Dilatancy of concentrated suspensions with Newtonian matrices

Suspensions filled close to their maximum packing fraction present special challenges in their processing and in their rheological characterization. In this report, the literature in the area of dilatancy of concentrated suspensions is reviewed. Furthermore, the shear viscosity of a Newtonian polymeric liquid filled with 60 vol. percent of ammonium sulfate has been investigated. Both capillary and parallel disk torsional flows, were employed, spanning three decades in shear stress. Upon correction for slip, the suspension exhibited shear thinning at low shear stresses and shear thickening at higher shear stresses. Above a critical wall shear stress, the shear viscosity of the suspension increased unboundedly and the flow became pluglike with apparent slip at the wall. These findings have important ramifications in the processing of composites from such concentrated suspensions.
Long-term results after liver transplantation for primary hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

Background: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PHEHE) is a multifocal, low-grade malignant neoplasia characterized by its epithelial-like appearance and vascular endothelial histogenesis. The outcome of 16 patients treated with orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the subject of this report.