cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH-AB-303-11: Automatic Prostate Intrafraction Motion Management

Purpose: Intrafraction motion management is important for prostate radiotherapy when tight margin is used especially for hypo-fractional treatment. We evaluate the benefits of imaging strategies in the situation of manual and automatic motion correction. Methods: Prostate position information was acquired continuously using electromagnetic transponder at two institutions from 17 and 30 patients (536 and 883 trajectories), respectively. We simulated 7 -field IMRT delivery with periodic imaging at various frequencies and with continuous adaptive imaging. With manual correction, we assumed correction is applied when the displacement is greater than a predefined threshold and there is a 30 sec delay after imaging to determine and apply the couch shift. With automatic correction, we assumed 1 sec delay. For adaptive imaging, real-time “dose-free” cine-MV imaging during treatment is used in conjunction with online-updated motion pattern to estimate 3D displacement. Automatic MV-kV imaging is only used to confirm over-threshold motion and calculate couch shift, therefore very low additional patient dose from kV imaging. Results: There was no significant bias from either cohort since the results from the two institutions are similar. Compared to the initial setup position, without intervention, on average, the prostates moved out of a 3-mm margin for 9.2% of the beam-on time. With automatic correction, 3-min imaging and correction frequency reduces the mean percentage to 4.7%. With manual correction, however, the percentage is only reduced to 8.4%, minor improvement compared to no imaging. The maximal patient-specific over-3mm time is 24.3%. The adaptive imaging strategy reduces the mean percentage to 0.9% and the maximum to 1.5%. On average, only 2.5 kV images are needed per fraction, similar to 3-min periodic imaging. The targeting performance is achieved by only 1.0 couch shift per fraction. Conclusion: Adaptive continuous monitoring with automatic motion compensation is more beneficial than periodic imaging surveillance at similar imaging dose.
Navigating the Engineering Career Fair with Speed Dating Style

So, the fateful day is here. Your inbox is crammed with e-mails reminding you that you must absolutely not miss the engineering career fair in the student center. Mailing lists you are signed up for are reminding you to check out "Innovation Days" and "Hackathons" sponsored by companies visiting campus for recruiting. Doing all this in the middle of an already overscheduled day when you'd rather be going to class to learn, finishing lab reports, or just being out throwing a ball around, is a rather unappealing option. Do not despair! Having toiled on both sides-from selling myself to employers, to selling my employers on prospective candidates-I proffer a few suggestions that will make this season's career fair, as well as any on-the-spot or next-day interviews, much less stressful and allow you to get the most out of them!
Effects of Topical Anesthetics on Pullularia pullulans and Debaryomyces hansenii

The inhibitory effects of three topical anesthetics of various concentrations on the growth of Pullularia pullulans, Debaryomyces hansenii, and on pigment production by P. pullulans were investigated. The topical anesthetics were benoxinate hydrochloride, proparacaine hydrochloride, and tetracaine hydrochloride. In decreasing order, the inhibiting effects of the drugs on growth were benoxinate, tetracaine, and proparacaine for P. pullulans, and tetracaine, benoxinate, and proparacaine for D. hansenii. The pigment formation in P. pullulans was inhibited by the three drugs.
The Quest for a Sustainable Future and the Dawn of a New Journal at Michigan Law

This essay serves as the introduction to the inaugural volume of the Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, which publishes its first issue at a time when our environmental challenges are increasing even as our societal resolve to address environmental problems is diminishing. The essay traces the history of environmental law-making in the United States and suggests that, despite the bipartisanship that helped launch the environmental movement in the 1970’s and 1980’s, we have not achieved consensus about our underlying environmental values. Instead of embracing environmental values based on ecological concerns, the United States has pursued a decidedly human-centric approach to environmental protection that focuses on the public health benefits of pollution prevention. Our human-centric approach has limited our ability to update our environmental laws in the face of new ecological challenges and allowed economic concerns to take precedence over environmental protection. The essay concludes that rethinking the proper balance between environment and economy is essential for a sustainable future — and a moral obligation that we must meet for future generations.
Analyzing Census tract foreclosure risk rates in mature and developing suburbs in the United States

In the early 2000s, many policymakers and researchers became concerned about suburban decline. The recent national subprime, foreclosure, and economic crises have intensified these concerns. In this study, I analyze the 2010 Neighborhood Stabilization Program 3, the 2005/2009 American Community Survey, and other databases with descriptive statistics and weighted least squares regression models. Differentiating among tracts in central cities, mature suburbs, and developing suburbs in the 100 largest metropolitan statistical areas, I examine what factors determine the Census tract foreclosure risk rate and what differentiates these factors. Results show that mature suburbs have foreclosure rates similar to central cities and that similar factors determine the neighborhood foreclosure risk rates among central cities and mature and developing suburbs to a different degree. These results demonstrate the need for place-based interventions.
Social Psychology and Contemporary Immigration Policy: An Introduction

This provides a brief introduction to the articles and commentary that constitute the ASAP collection on “The Social Psychology of Contemporary Immigration Policy.” The collection includes four themes: challenges for law enforcement, group relations and social justice, effects of policy on individuals and communities, and media effects.
The place of laparoscopy in the management of the impalpable testis.

In a four-year period 46 boys have been laparoscoped in the search for 55 impalpable testes. Thirty-three per cent of the testes were located intra-abdominally. Another 53 per cent were absent. This could be diagnosed by laparoscopy alone in 35 per cent. Laparotomy was needed in only 3 boys to locate the testes.
Ridge feature extraction and effect on radio propagation for wireless communications

When diffraction of ridges is required for predicting radio signal in mountainous regions, the realistic shape of ridges is often simplified (e.g., as a knife edge or a wedge). Also, the ridge orientation is usually ignored and the EM waves are assumed to be normally incident on the ridge. As more accurate radio propagation prediction is needed for advanced wireless communications, it is necessary to take into account more realistic features of ridges. For example, the slopes and orientation of ridges should be considered as two key features since they directly affect the values of diffraction coefficients. In this paper we present methods to extract these features of ridges based on digital terrain elevation data. The effect of the ridge orientation on the diffracted field is then investigated.
Teacher role stress, higher order needs and work outcomes

Educational researchers have long been concerned with role stress among teachers. In education, research on the consequences of such role stress for teachers has largely concerned outcomes valued by individuals such as job satisfaction and reduced stress. Less research has focused on examining the effects of role stress on outcomes valued by the organization, such as employee commitment and employee retention. In examining the role stress‐outcome relationship, research suggests the importance of taking into consideration the work orientations of individuals as possible moderators of the role stress‐outcome relationship. Using a sample of elementary and secondary teachers, this study empirically examined, first whether three role stresses – role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload – are related to two individually and two organizationally valued states and second, whether teachers’ higher‐order need strength moderates these role stress‐outcome relationships. The study found that role stresses relate to individually‐ and organizationally‐valued outcomes among both elementary and secondary teachers.
Substrate and coating defect planarization strategies for high-laser-fluence multilayer mirrors

Abstract Planarizing or smoothing over nodular defects in multilayer mirrors can be accomplished by a discrete deposit-and-etch process that exploits the angle-dependent etching rate of optical materials. Typically, nodular defects limit the fluence on mirrors irradiated at 1064 nm with 10 ns pulse lengths due to geometrically- and interference-induced light intensification. Planarized hafina/silica multilayer mirrors have demonstrated > 125 J/cm2 laser resistance for single-shot testing and 50 J/cm2 for multi-shot testing for nodular defects originating on the substrate surface. Two planarization methods were explored: thick planarization layers on the substrate surface and planarized silica layers throughout the multilayer in which only the silica layers that are below one half of the incoming electric field value are etched. This paper also describes the impact of planarized defects that are buried within the multilayer structure compared to planarized substrate particulate defects.
Vibration-vibration energy transfer in CH3Br-HCN mixtures

Abstract The pathways for energy transfer between CH3Br and HCN have been determined along with their relative importance. The rate of vibrational energy transfer from CH3Br(ν6) to HCN(ν2 has been determined to be 75 ± 25 ms−1 Torr−1. The factors which determine the relative importance of intermolecular vibrational energy transfer pathways will be discussed.
Prediction of Coherent Optical Photons from Shock Waves in Crystals

In this work, we study the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the propagation of a shock wave through an ionic crystal, NaCl. Our analytical theory and computational experiments predict that under some conditions, weak yet measurable temporally coherent light can be observed emerging from the crystal, typically in the range 1-100 THz. The radiation is generated by an oscillating dipole-like material polarization resulting from the nonlinear synchronized motion of large numbers of atoms induced by a planar shock wave propagating through the crystalline lattice
Comprehensive Real-Time Microgrid Power Management and Control With Distributed Agents

Advances in smart grid technology have yet to coalesce into a comprehensive solution integrating the landscape of future power systems. The microgrid concept may offer a solution for combining advanced components and enabling technologies within an infrastructure that must expand to meet emerging demands. As autonomous power system entities, microgrids require robust real-time power management and control to simultaneously operate jointly with the utility, provide reliable service, and help achieve customer-driven objectives utilizing local power system assets. In this paper, a decentralized control architecture for microgrids is presented, along with a simulation environment appropriate for on-going investigations into real-time, agent-based decision-making. Challenges faced by operating self-organizing multi-agent system (MAS) are presented, as well as results for a representative power management scenario for a multi-asset microgrid capable of operating in grid-interconnected or islanded mode. The system and formulations presented demonstrate the viability and capability of decentralized agent-based control for microgrids and illustrate their potential towards achieving smart grid goals.
Recent studies on The chlorobium chlorophylls (bacteriochlorophylls-C)

Abstract 1. 1. Methods for introduction of methyl groups into the meso positions of porphyrins and chlorins are described. 2. 2. Acetoxymethyl groups at the meso positions of porphyrins and chlorins are shown to be highly reactive towards nucleophiles. 3. 3. A partial synthesis of a methyl pheophorbide related to bacteriochlorophyll-c is described.
Effect of retinoic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, selenium and sorbic acid on azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis

Abstract Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a basal diet containing 0.05% 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-MeDAB) for 9 weeks. The diets of these groups were supplemented at certain stages of the study with retinoic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or sorbic acid. In other groups, selenium (as sodium selenite) was added to the drinking water. The study was terminated after 9 weeks and the livers evaluated for pre-cancerous changes and presence of tumors. 38 42 animals in the control groups given the diet containing the 3′-MeDAB developed liver tumors. Only 3 27 rats given the 3′-MeDAB regimen supplemented with retinoic acid had liver tumors. A similar reduction was obtained with BHT, while sorbic acid exerted no protective effect against hepatocarcinogenesis. Se supplementation afforded some protection if given throughout or during the early stages of azo-dye administration and a lesser effect if given during the later stages of dye feeding.
How the folding rate constant of simple, single-domain proteins depends on the number of native contacts

Experiments have shown that the folding rate constants of two dozen structurally unrelated, small, single-domain proteins can be expressed in terms of one quantity (the contact order) that depends exclusively on the topology of the folded state. Such dependence is unique in chemical kinetics. Here we investigate its physical origin and derive the approximate formula ln(k) = ln(N) + a + bN, were N is the number of contacts in the folded state, and a and b are constants whose physical meaning is understood. This formula fits well the experimentally determined folding rate constants of the 24 proteins, with single values for a and b.
The increased bandwidth fallacy: performance and usage in rural Zambia

Broadband Internet access has become a critical part of socio-economic prosperity; however, only 6 in 100 inhabitants have access to broadband in developing countries. This limited access is driven predominately by subscriptions in urban areas. In rural developing communities, access is often provided through slow satellite, or other low-bandwidth long-distance wireless links, if available at all. As a result, the quality of the Internet access is often poor and at times unusable. In this paper we study the performance and usage implications of an Internet access upgrade, from a 256kbps satellite link to a 2Mbps terrestrial wireless link in rural Zambia. While usage did not immediately change, performance improved soon after the upgrade. By three months post-upgrade, however, subscribers began to use the faster connection for more bandwidth-hungry applications such as video-streaming and content upload. This change in usage resulted in dramatic deterioration of network performance, whereby the average round trip time doubled, the amount of bytes associated with failed uploads increased by 222% and that of failed downloads by 91%. Thus, while an Internet access upgrade should translate to improved performance and user experience, in rural environments with limited access speed and growing demand, it can bring unexpected consequences.
Effects of hemodilution on acute myocardial ischemia

Systemic hemodilution with homologous plasma, Ringer's lactate, Dextran-70, and Dextran-40 was carried out in 32 dogs between repetitive occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ringer's lactate and plasma produced no change in myocardial ischemia as determined by surface ECG mapping before and after LAD occlusion. Dextran-70 and Dextran-40 significantly (P < 0.01) improved the surface manifestations of ischemic myocardial injury as determined by ST segment elevation (Σ-ST) and number of sites of elevated ST segments (N-ST). D-70 administered after permanent ligation of the LAD also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the number and magnitude of ST segment elevations. Radioactive microsphere determinations of regional coronary blood flow, before and after Dextran-70 hemodilution, indicated significant (P < 0.01) increases in coronary flow to nonischemic areas, but no increase in blood flow to the ischemic area itself. Dextran hemodilution reduces the surface manifestations of myocardial ischemia without increasing blood flow to the ischemic area. If Dextran hemodilution can be shown to result in improved survival of ischemic myocardium, its mechanism of action cannot be by increasing collateral blood flow but must be by altering myocardial oxygen demand in a fashion heretofore not described.
High-Performance Pipelined Architecture for Tree-Based IP Lookup Engine on FPGA

IP lookup problem involves searching the input IP address for a matching IP prefix in the routing table. Hardware-accelerated IP lookup engines based on various data structures such as balanced tree structures have been proposed over the years. In tree-based approaches, as the size of the tree increases, large off-chip memory has to be used. In addition, the linear growth of wire length with respect to the number of nodes at a level adversely affects the throughput. We present a tree-based IP lookup engine on FPGA which optimizes the pipeline with respect to scalability and throughput. Our solution has the following novel features: (1) We present a 2-dimensional fine-grained layout for the Processing Elements (PEs) using distributed RAM to reduce the maximum wire length. (2) We employ "split-tree" architecture for BRAM-based PEs at each tree level to improve the clock rate. (3) We use a realistic model of off-chip memory access and guarantee high throughput for the lookup process. Post place-and-route results show that, our tree-based IP lookup engine can achieve a throughput of 400MLPS (million lookups per second) for any routing table containing 256~512K IPv6 prefixes, while using 59% of the logic resources and 19% of the BRAM available on a state-of-the-art FPGA device.
In search of the informed citizen: What Americans know about politics and why it matters

In The Good Citizen Michael Schudson presents a history of civic life in America, arguing that the “informed citizen” model is both limited in its historical application and limiting in its expectations and hyper‐rationality. In this paper I present evidence and arguments suggesting that while the model of the informed citizen can and has been used to discount the abilities and thus the participation of citizens by expecting too much of them, ignoring the importance of a broadly and equitably informed citizenry runs the equally dangerous risk of doing so by expecting too little. While an informed public is not sufficient to democratic citizenship, it is a necessary component of it. In the end, any notion of “the good citizen” must include some notion of “the informed citizen.”
Total Colonic Aganglionosis

The authors describe the genetic, path op hysiology, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of total colonic aganglionosis and of aganglionosis extending to the small intestine. The pathogenesis of this disease is genetically determined and is related to the differentiation and migration of cells derived from neural crests. The clinical and radiological features can be useful in the diagnosis but they are not pathognomonic. The histochemical estimation of acetylcholinesterase activity in suction rectal biopsies is useful in establishing the diagnosis; however, the specimens should be examined by an experienced pathologist. The definitive diagnosis of either condition is obtained by performing intraoperative seromuscular biopsies of the rectum, colon, and ileum. From the therapeutic point of view, many surgical techniques have been proposed for the radical treatment of this disease. Some of the techniques have been derived from operations proposed for the treatment of classic Hirschsprung's disease; others have been specifically designed.
A study of attrition and the use of student learning communities in the computer science introductory programming sequence

Student attrition and low graduation rates are critical problems in computer science education. Disappointing graduation rates and declining student interest have caught the attention of business leaders, researchers and universities. With weak graduation rates and little interest in scientific computing, many are concerned about the USA's ability to meet current demands and to remain competitive, both in product development and technological advances. This study targeted student attrition in the first year of college by examining the impact of learning communities on freshmen computer science students. Factors including class size, technology in the classroom, and active learning environments were infused into the study groups to determine the impact on student success and persistence.
Leichtbausitz mit Rückenlehne aus Kunststoff

Fahrzeugsitze muessen sowohl hoechste Sicherheitsanforderungen erfuellen, komfortabel, platzsparend und flexibel sein und dabei auch noch deutlich leichter werden. Als Alternative zu gaengigen Metallstrukturen stellt Johnson Controls eine Kunststofflehne fuer Vorder- und Ruecksitze vor, die bei gleichwertiger technischer Performance grosse Gewichtsvorteile bietet. Diese werden sowohl durch das auf einem Organoblech basierende Material als auch durch die Moeglichkeit zur direkten Integration von Funktionen mehrerer Komponenten in einer erzielt. Am Konzept der Kunststoffrueckenlehnenstruktur des Synergy Seat Gen 3 sollen sowohl die Wirtschaftlichkeit als auch die erheblichen Leichtbaupotenziale aufgezeigt werden.
Routing of transported materials in the dorsal root and nerve fiber branches of the dorsal root ganglion

After injection of the L7 dorsal root ganglion with 3H-leucine, fast axoplasmic transport carries some 3--5 x more labeled materials down the sensory fibers branches entering the sciatic nerve as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches of the neurons. Freeze-substitution preparations taken from the two sides of the lumbar seventh dorsal root ganglia of cats and monkeys showed little difference in the histograms of nerve fiber diameters of the sensory nerve fiber branch of these neurons as compared to the dorsal root fiber branches. A similar density of microtubules and of neurofilaments in the dorsal root and sensory nerve fiber branches over a wide range of fiber diameters was found in electron micrograph preparations. In the absence of an anatomical difference in the fibers to account for the asymmetrical outflow, a functional explanation based on the transport filament model was advanced.
On empirical models of the upper atmosphere in the polar regions

Modified expression for exospheric temperature in Jacchia static diffusion models of upper atmosphere in polar regions
Theory of speckle-pattern tomography in multiple-scattering media

We develop the principle of ``speckle-pattern tomography'' in the multiple-scattering regime, i.e., the technique of using correlations between complex interference patterns to determine the position of a special scatterer for either electromagnetic or acoustical wave propagation through a diffusive scattering medium. We focus on two concrete examples which are relevant to experiments and possible applications: (i) detecting the position of a stationary special scatterer in a medium of moving scatterers; (ii) detecting the appearance and position of a new added scatterer.
Relative Stability Provided by the Medial Meniscus and Cruciate Ligaments at High and Low Axial Compressions

The ACL, PCL and medial meniscus are important stabilizing structures in the knee joint. Investigating what role they play in stability and mobility is essential to understanding how degeneration might occur in the knee. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the ACL, PCL, and medial meniscus respond to compression, shear, and torque. A custom made testing machine was used to simulate various kinematic positions. Results indicated that the medial meniscus, ACL and PCL all play a role in stabilizing the joint regardless of the compression applied.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Log canonical threshold and Segre classes of monomial schemes

We express the Segre class of a monomial scheme in projective space in terms of log canonical thresholds of associated ideals. Explicit instances of the relation amount to identities involving the classical polygamma functions.
A statistical perspective on gene expression data analysis.

Rapid advances in biotechnology have resulted in an increasing interest in the use of oligonucleotide and spotted cDNA gene expression microarrays for medical research. These arrays are being widely used to understand the underlying genetic structure of various diseases, with the ultimate goal to provide better diagnosis, prevention and cure. This technology allows for measurement of expression levels from several thousands of genes simultaneously, thus resulting in an enormous amount of data. The role of the statistician is critical to the successful design of gene expression studies, and the analysis and interpretation of the resulting voluminous data. This paper discusses hypotheses common to gene expression studies, and describes some of the statistical methods suitable for addressing these hypotheses. S-plus and SAS codes to perform the statistical methods are provided. Gene expression data from an unpublished oncologic study is used to illustrate these methods.
Digital simulation using Fermat number transforms

This paper discusses the use of number transforms in the simulation of dynamic systems. The structure of these transforms is discussed, and the Fermat number transform is selected as the most promising for simulation. The advantages of this approach are in creased speed and the elimination of multiplications and roundoff error. An example of a simulation using Fermat number transforms is presented and this tech nique is compared with standard techniques in terms of error and execution time.
Ada/X Window system bindings: conversion strategies

Abstract : The X Window System has come to be accepted as the standard for developing graphical user interfaces on mid to high range workstations. Ada interfaces to X through the use of bindings were developed in the late 1980's under the Software Technology for Adaptable Reliable Systems (STARS) contracts. The bindings have not been maintained, and as they become more obsolete, many are converting their applications to newer set of commercially available bindings. This paper discusses how the bindings work and two strategies for converting out of the STARS bindings.
Embryonic development of the enteric nervous system of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana

The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana is organized into four ganglia located in the foregut (the dorsal unpaired frontal and hypocerebral ganglia, and the paired ingluvial ganglia), and two plexuses that innervate the foregut and midgut. A dorsomedial recurrent nerve and two lateral esophageal nerves connect the ganglia. The midgut plexus is arranged in four nerves running along the midgut surface. In this study, we have focused on the embryonic development of the grasshopper ENS; we have studied the proliferation pattern, morphogenesis, and some aspects of neuronal differentiation by using a number of specific molecular markers. The grasshopper ENS develops early in embryogenesis (25-30%) from three neurogenic zones (NZs) located on the roof of the stomodeum. These NZs slightly invaginate from an epithelial placode. The expression pattern of specific cell surface proteins and the analysis of the mitotic activity showed that NZs cells delaminate from the epithelium, become neuronal precursors, divide symmetrically, and then actively migrate to their final position in the enteric ganglia or plexuses. The grasshopper enteric ganglia are composed of mixed populations of cells from different NZs. The foregut and midgut plexuses are formed by the dispersal of cells from the developing hypocerebral and ingluvial ganglia. The main ENS nerves are pioneered by axons extending anteriorly from hypocerebral and ingluvial neurons. The insect ENS exhibits an enormous variation in design. Several features of the grasshopper program of neurogenesis and pattern of cell migration are compared to other insects, and some evolutionary implications are discussed.
EDUCAUSE 2003: A Conference Summary

Provides an overview of the “Balancing Opportunities, Expectations, and Resources” conference, held in Anaheim, California in November 2003. The conference was organised by EDUCAUSE, a nonprofit association whose mission is to advance higher education by promoting the intelligent use of information technology. Outlines the seven track presentations of the conference.
Bicyclo­[2.2.1]hept-2-en-7-yl 4-bromo­benzoate

The structure of the title compound, C14H13BrO2, which contains a norbornenyl group and a 4-bromo­benzoate ester at the single C-atom bridge, has been redetermined [see McDonald & Trotter (1965). Acta Cryst. 19, 456–463] to modern standards to establish high-precision geometrical data to compare with norbornyl and other tetra­cyclic 4-bromo­benzoates. Possible structural evidence is sought to help explain solvolytic reactivities.
Automated, isocratic separation of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids by tandem reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography columns

Abstract Quantitative separation of the phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of all 20 naturally occurring amino acids is described utilizing two tandem C 18 columns and an isocratic elution buffer system. The separation was performed in 35 min. In conjunction with a Spectra-Physics SP8000 liquid chromatograph programmed for “peak-picking” sample collection and autoinjection, unattended, overnight analysis of multiple sequencer steps can be performed.
Detection and Classification of Ignitable Liquid Residues Using a Fluorescence‐Based Vapor‐Sensitive Microsphere Array*

This paper describes the application of microsphere vapor sensing arrays to the detection of ignitable liquid (IL) vapors as both pure vapors and as residues (ILRs) on simulated fire debris samples. The temporal fluorescence response profile of the microsphere array generated a reproducible pattern unique to each analyte that could be used to classify subsequent sensor responses. This system, together with a support vector machine pattern recognition algorithm, was used to address several different IL and ILR classification scenarios. High classification accuracy (98%) was maintained over more than 200 vapor responses and the array was able to identify ILs when presented to the pattern classification algorithm within a dataset containing 11 other volatile compounds. Both burned and unburned IL treated samples were classified correctly greater than 97% of the time. These results indicate that microsphere vapor sensing arrays may be useful for the rapid identification of ILs and ILRs.
Development of fabric in ice

Abstract A numerical model for the deformation and rotation of crystals in a polycrystalline ice mass produces crystal-orientation fabrics like those observed in glaciers. Major features of the model are that the stress on each crystal equals the bulk stress and that each crystal deforms by pure shear in a reference frame that rotates with the poly-crystalline aggregate. The single-maximum fabric in ice deforming under simple shear is correctly simulated if it is assumed that recrystallizing crystals are seeded by crystals that are already present in one of the optimum directions, rather than forming entirely new crystals. The strain rate of the aggregate reaches a minimum at about 10% bulk strain, later than observed in the laboratory, probably because effects dominating the initial stages of deformation in laboratory experiments are not included in the model. The various crystal-orientation fabrics exhibit enhancement factors that agree with those measured in the laboratory.
Standard enthalpies of formation of 4d aluminides by direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of aluminides in the binary systems Y+Al, Zr+Al, Nb+Al, Mo+Al and I'd + Al have been determined by direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The results are compared with earlier experimental data and with predicted values from Miedema's semi-empirical model. In systematic graphs the enthalpies of formation of the 4d-aluminides are compared with enthalpy data for the corresponding borides, germanides and silicides.
The ADP that binds tightly to nucleotide-depleted mitochondrial F1-ATPase and inhibits catalysis is bound at a catalytic site.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the initial complex formed when ADP binds to nucleotide-depleted F1-ATPase is transformed with a half time of 2 to 3 min to a form with a much lower rate of ADP release. The ADP binding results in a strong inhibition of ATPase activity. The present paper reports appraisal of where the inhibitory ADP binds by use of the photoreactive ADP analog, 2-N3-ADP. In presence of Mg2+ the 2-N3-ADP like ADP induces reversible inhibition of nucleotide-depleted F1 (ndF1) with a Kd of about 10 nM. Photoirradiation of the inactive 2-N3- [β-32ADP-ndF1 complex results in labeling of only the β-subunit. The major labeled peptide isolated from a trypic digest consists of residues from Ala-338 to Arg-356, with Tyr-345 as the site of labeling. This identifies the site of the inhibitory ADP binding as one of the catalytic sites of the enzyme.
A Method for the Analysis of Optical Tracking Systems

The use of optical systems for tracking objects, map making, space exploration, etc., is becoming more and more prevalent. Since most of these systems are automatically controlled, a concise mathematical description of the pointing and tracking aspects of such systems is required, not only for derivation of control laws, but also for synthesis of the system and study of pointing and tracking errors which give rise to image motion and consequently, reduced resolution. This paper uses the techniques of kinematics to provide a unified technique for the analysis of pointing and tracking problems of optical tracking systems. The general relationship between the position of an object and its image is first formulated. Next, the relation between the motion of the image and the motion of the object as a function of the motion of the various parts of the optical system is derived. These relationships are then used for obtaining control laws to null image motion on the optical axis. Finally, the equations giving the motion of the image at any point on the detector surface are also derived.
Cooperativity between bacterial chemotaxis receptors

Cellular sensory transduction pathways typically begin at the cell surface where membrane-spanning receptors detect an external stimulus, propogate a transmembrane signal, and regulate cytoplasmic signaling events. In many pathways these cell surface receptors have been thought to function independently, without significant interactions between receptor molecules. For example, in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the most prevalent types of cell surface receptors are histidine kinase-coupled receptors (HKCRs) and G protein-coupled receptors, respectively. Both of these receptor classes traditionally have been described as devoid of direct receptor–receptor interactions. By contrast, receptor–receptor interactions are known to play an important role in certain other receptor classes, including tyrosine kinase receptors (1). In recent years, however, observations that HKCRs can be found in large clusters and that G protein-coupled receptors can oligomerize have necessitated a reanalysis of the idea that these receptors function as lone, independent signal transducers (2, 3). The bacterial chemosensory pathway that controls the swimming of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in attractant concentration gradients is arguably the best-characterized signaling pathway in nature (4, 5), and the HKCRs of this pathway provide an ideal model system in which to probe the structural, mechanistic, and functional implications of receptor–receptor interactions. The paper by Ames, Studdert, Reiser, and Parkinson (6) provides important new information about the nature of interactions between HKCRs. These findings, together with recent results from other laboratories, are beginning to paint a picture in which HKCR receptor–receptor interactions within stable receptor oligomers play a number of important functional roles in a simple sensory pathway. The trimer of dimers is the simplest oligomer that can explain the Hill coefficients. The bacterial chemosensory pathway possesses a set of five cell surface receptors that are specific for different attractants and repellents (4, 5). Studies of receptor–receptor interactions have focused to date …
A spin-3/2 theory of gravitation.

Stimulated by ideas occuring in supergravity, we develop a gauge theory of gravity based on a spin-3/2 Majorana field. Our theory has no metric or vierbein as an elementary field. Classically the theory is in complete agreement with Einstein's metric formulation, but quantum mechanically it differs from ordinary formulations, including supergravity, on the fundamental nature of gravitation. In our approach gravitation arises from a collective effect due to spin-3/2 gravitinos.
The temporal requirement for vitamin A in the developing eye: mechanism of action in optic fissure closure and new roles for the vitamin in regulating cell proliferation and adhesion in the embryonic retina.

Abstract Mammalian eye development requires vitamin A (retinol, ROL). The role of vitamin A at specific times during eye development was studied in rat fetuses made vitamin A deficient (VAD) after embryonic day (E) 10.5 (late VAD). The optic fissure does not close in late VAD embryos, and severe folding and collapse of the retina is observed at E18.5. Pitx2 , a gene required for normal optic fissure closure, is dramatically downregulated in the periocular mesenchyme in late VAD embryos, and dissolution of the basal lamina does not occur at the optic fissure margin. The addition of ROL to late VAD embryos by E12.5 restores Pitx2 expression, supports dissolution of the basal lamina, and prevents coloboma, whereas supplementation at E13.5 does not. Surprisingly, ROL given as late as E13.5 completely prevents folding of the retina despite the presence of an open fetal fissure, showing that coloboma and retinal folding represent distinct VAD-dependent defects. Retinal folding due to VAD is preceded by an overall reduction in the percentage of cyclin D1 positive cells in the developing retina, (initially resulting in retinal thinning), as well as a dramatic reduction in the cell adhesion-related molecules, N-cadherin and β-catenin. Reduction of retinal cell number combined with a loss of the normal cell–cell adhesion proteins may contribute to the collapse and folding of the retina that occurs in late VAD fetuses.
Development of a robust method for isolation of shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal, plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in California.

During a 2.5-year survey of 33 farms and ranches in a major leafy greens production region in California, 13,650 produce, soil, livestock, wildlife, and water samples were tested for Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Overall, 357 and 1,912 samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7 (2.6%) or non-O157 STEC (14.0%), respectively. Isolates differentiated by O-typing ELISA and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) resulted in 697 O157:H7 and 3,256 non-O157 STEC isolates saved for further analysis. Cattle (7.1%), feral swine (4.7%), sediment (4.4%), and water (3.3%) samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7; 7/32 birds, 2/145 coyotes, 3/88 samples from elk also were positive. Non-O157 STEC were at approximately 5-fold higher incidence compared to O157 STEC: cattle (37.9%), feral swine (21.4%), birds (2.4%), small mammals (3.5%), deer or elk (8.3%), water (14.0%), sediment (12.3%), produce (0.3%) and soil adjacent to produce (0.6%). stx1, stx2 and stx1/stx2 genes were detected in 63%, 74% and 35% of STEC isolates, respectively. Subtilase, intimin and hemolysin genes were present in 28%, 25% and 79% of non-O157 STEC, respectively; 23% were of the “Top 6″ O-types. The initial method was modified twice during the study revealing evidence of culture bias based on differences in virulence and O-antigen profiles. MLVA typing revealed a diverse collection of O157 and non-O157 STEC strains isolated from multiple locations and sources and O157 STEC strains matching outbreak strains. These results emphasize the importance of multiple approaches for isolation of non-O157 STEC, that livestock and wildlife are common sources of potentially virulent STEC, and evidence of STEC persistence and movement in a leafy greens production environment.
Unsteady transition location

Flame," Experimental Fluids, Vol. 3, 1985, pp. 323-339. Driscoll, J. F., Schefer, R. W., and Dibble, R. W., "Mass Fluxes p'u', and p'v', measured in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Flame," Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International} on Combustion, The Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, PA, 1982, pp. 477-485. Zhu, J. Y., So, R. M. C., and Otugen, M. V., "Turbulent Mass Flux Measurements Using a Laser/Hot-Wire Technique," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 31, 1988, pp. 819-829. Stevenson, W. H., Thompson, H. D., and Roesder, T. C., "Direct Measurement of Laser Velocimeter Bias Errors in a Turbulent Flow, AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, 1982, pp. 1720-1723. So, R. M. C. and Liu, T. M., "On Self-Preserving, VariableDensity Turbulent Free Jets," Zeitschrift fur angewandteMathematik undPhysik, Vol. 37, 1986, pp. 538-558.
Angular dependent photon-stimulated desorption of ions from a V2O5(010) surface

Abstract Using a display-type analyzer, we have measured the angular and energy distribution of O+ ions desorbed from a V2O5(010) surface by incident photons. The desorbed ions were mass-analyzed using time-of-flight gating techniques. The angular distribution of desorbed ions was found to be strongly peaked in the direction of the surface normal. This strongly directional desorption pattern reflects the local bonding geometry of the topmost oxygen atoms in the surface. The observed photoexcitation spectrum of the ion yiel can be explained with the core level Auger decay model formulated by Knotek and Feibelman.
Writing Apprehension in Beginning Accounting Majors.

With writing skills receiving increased emphasis in the accounting curriculum, edu cators need to explore the potential barriers to writing that students may experience. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether accounting majors have higher levels of writing apprehension than students in other majors. Also stud ied was whether gender, age, and grades in Freshman Composition were related to the level of writing anxiety. A sample of students responded to items on the Writing Apprehension Test to measure their writing apprehension. The students also identi fied their gender, age, major, and grades in Freshman Composition.Significant differences do exist in level of writing apprehension based on grades in Freshman Composition but not based on a student's age or gender choice. Most important, accounting majors did show significantly greater appre hension than non-accounting majors.
GRIM-19 and p16INK4a Synergistically Regulate Cell Cycle Progression and E2F1-responsive Gene Expression

GRIM-19 (Gene associated with Retinoid-IFN-induced Mortality-19) was originally isolated as a growth suppressor in a genome-wide knockdown screen with antisense libraries. Like classical tumor suppressors, mutations, and/or loss of GRIM-19 expression occur in primary human tumors; and it is inactivated by viral gene products. Our search for potential GRIM-19-binding proteins, using mass spectrometry, that permit its antitumor actions led to the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4, CDKN2A. The GRIM-19/CDKN2A synergistically suppressed cell cycle progression via inhibiting E2F1-driven gene expression. The N terminus of GRIM-19 and the fourth ankyrin repeat of CDKN2A are crucial for their interaction. The biological relevance of these interactions is underscored by observations that GRIM-19 promotes the inhibitory effect of CDKN2A on CDK4; and mutations from primary tumors disrupt its ability to interact with GRIM-19 and suppress E2F1-driven gene expression.
Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostics tests for bovine immunodeficiency virus using Bayesian techniques

The validation of assays for bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in cattle is hampered by the absence of a gold standard. Two tests that often are used to detect BIV are the indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (IFA) and the nested-set polymerase chain-reaction assay (PCR). IFA detects an antibody response whereas PCR detects the provirus in white blood cells. Using Bayesian techniques performed simultaneously on animals from two different dairy herds, we estimated the performance of the IFA and PCR assays and infection prevalence. Bayesian techniques also were used to derive posterior distributions of sensitivities, specificities, and prevalences. The Bayesian estimates were IFA sensitivity=60%, IFA specificity=88%, PCR sensitivity=80%, PCR specificity=86%, Herd A prevalence=20%, and Herd B prevalence=71%. Although PCR was the more sensitive assay, substantial misclassification of infection would be expected in epidemiological studies of BIV regardless of which assay was used.
Elevated urinary PCO2 in the rat: an intrarenal event.

Elevated urinary PCO 2 in the rat: An intrarenal event. During a bicarbonate diuresis, final urine PCO 2 considerably exceeds systemic PCO 2 , an effect thought to reflect the postpapiliary delayed dehydration of carbonic acid. To test this explanation, PCO 2 tensions along the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) of bicarbonate-loaded rats were measured directly using PCO 2 microelectrodes. With systemic PCO 2 held at 40mm Hg, IMCD PCO 2 exceeded systemic PCO 2 in every measurement by an average of 20 to 30mm Hg. A significant increment in PCO 2 was seen between 50% IMCD length and the papilla tip. During the infusion of carbonic anhydrase, IMCD PCO 2 was reduced but not to systemic levels. Finding elevated PCO 2 along the terminal IMCD deemphasizes the importance of postpapillary delayed dehydration and suggests the possibility that bicarbonaturia is associated with papillary accumulation of carbon dioxide. PCO 2 urinaire elevee chez le rat: Un phenomene intra-renal. Au cours d'une diurese induite par la perfusion de bicarbonate, la PCO 2 de l'urine definitive est considerablement superieure a la PCO 2 systemique, fait que l'on attribue a la deshydratation postpapillaire retardee d'acide carbonique. Pour verifier cette explication, la PCO 2 le long du tube collecteur de la medullaire interne (TCMI) chez des rats recevant du bicarbonate etaient mesure directement en utilisant des microelectrodes a PCO 2 . Lorsque la PCO 2 systemique etait maintenue a 40mm Hg, la PCO 2 dans le TCMI depassait a chaque mesure la PCO 2 de 20 a 30mm Hg en moyenne. Une augmentation significative de la PCO 2 etait notee entre la moitie de la longueur du TCMI et la pointe de la papille. Pendant la perfusion d'anhydrase carbonique la PCO 2 du TCMI diminuait mais n'atteignait pas les valeurs systemiques. Le fait que la PCO 2 soit elevee le long du TCMI terminal fait perdre son importance a l'hydrolyse postpapillaire retardee et suggere la possibilite que la bicarbonaturie soit associee a une accumulation papillaire de carbon dioxide.