cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Multifunctional Forceps for Use in Endoscopic Surgery

This paper presents a 3.0 mm diameter endoscopic forceps design for use in minimally invasive surgical procedures, which require significant grasping and spreading forces. Models of the proposed design predict considerable improvements in the opening range (140%) and force application (87%) for both grasping and spreading when compared with currently used endoscopic forceps. Several of the tool’s design characteristics promote fail-safe malfunctions, including locking before catastrophic failure and the decreased likelihood in detached parts. Initial benchtop testing showed good agreement between prototype performance and model prediction. Frictional losses experienced during testing were found to depend on load orientation. A surgical prototype is currently being manufactured for ex vivo testing.
In situ oxygen surface exchange coefficient measurements on lanthanum strontium ferrite thin films via the curvature relaxation method

Abstract Here, an in situ curvature relaxation (κR) method was used to measure chemical oxygen surface exchange coefficients ( k ˜ ' s ) under well-characterized stress, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure conditions. These k ˜ ' s were measured by analyzing the transient curvature of yttria stabilized zirconia supported La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 − δ thin films reacting to oxygen partial pressure step changes. The sputtered thin film k ˜ ' s measured here were consistent with extrapolated bulk sample k ˜ ' s , but larger than those reported for pulsed laser deposited thin films. This is the first time that the curvature response of a system has been used to characterize thin film oxygen surface exchange kinetics. The simultaneous measurement of film stress and k ˜ provided by the curvature relaxation method may help explain the large k ˜ discrepancies observed in the literature.
The effects of cardioselective vasodilating β-blockers on lipids

Abstract Ideally, an antihypertensive agent should have a neutral effect or, preferably, produce a favorable shift in the serum lipid and lipoprotein profile, which is associated with a decrease in coronary heart disease risk. The thiazides and loop diuretics increase total lipid levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. β-blockers without β2-agonist properties increase triglycerides and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Calcium antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and combined α β - blockers are generally thought to have little effect on the lipid profile, although some studies have indicated a modest beneficial effect. α-Adrenoceptor antagonists are known to reduce LDL cholesterol levels modestly and to increase HDL cholesterol levels. The overall results of the currently available studies with celiprolol, a selective β1-antagonist with ancillary β2-agonist and vasodilating properties, indicate a favorable effect of the drug on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles.
Revisiting the Hammond Postulate: The Role of Reactant and Product Ionic States in Regulating Barrier Heights, Locations, and Transition State Frequencies†

Radical−molecule reaction barriers are often the product of an avoided curve crossing between two states: the reactant ground state, which ultimately correlates with a product ionic state, and a reactant ionic state, which ultimately correlates with the product ground state. The energy, location, and loose-mode frequencies of the transition state are controlled by this interaction. The curve crossing itself is constrained by long-range Coulombic forces acting primarily on the ionic states as the reactants approach each other. The crossing height is in essence a geometric mean of the ionic surface heights; a low ionic state energy in either the reactants or the products will force a low reaction barrier. The crossing location is controlled primarily by any asymmetry in the reactant and product ionic heights, while the interaction distance of the transition state is controlled by a balance in gradients on the ground and ionic states. The frequencies related to translation of the separated reagents within t...
Home and Homelessness in the United States: Changing Ideals and Realities:

If meaningful change is to take place with regard to homelessness, future research must take on the difficult task of critically examining and evaluating the cultural ideal of home. For it is against that taken-for-granted, progress-driven idealization that our definition and management of homelessness begin. In this paper the historical contexts within which home and homelessness have been defined in the United States are traced, and the degree to which they are conceptually and functionally connected is shown, It is argued that we must examine the basic premises embedded in the home ideal, because this ideal is used as the standard against which homelessness is observed and treated. At root, the home ideal is found to be exclusive, arbitrary, ambiguous, and open to manipulation. Hence, contemporary homelessness must be understood within the culturally guided and historically contingent contexts that home and homelessness have been defined in the United States.
Synthesis and optical spectroscopy of a hybrid cadmium sulfide-dendrimer nanocomposite

Hybrid nanocomposites of cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer having a 1,4-diaminobutane core have been produced by colloidal synthesis in degassed methanol at room temperature using third-, fourth-, and fifth-generation (G5.0) dendrimers, and their spectroscopic properties have been investigated. The nanoparticles fluoresced from 375 to 650 nm under near-ultraviolet excitation, and their absorption spectra exhibited a strong blueshift of the band edge compared to that of the bulk CdS. The stability of nanocomposites depended significantly, while the size and spectroscopic properties exhibited a weaker dependence, on the dendrimer generation. Most compact and stable nanoparticles were obtained with G5.0 dendrimers. Average diameter was estimated to be 2.2±0.3 nm, assuming nanoparticles of spherical shape within an infinite well potential. The room-temperature luminescence has a fast component with 165±5 ps lifetime and a slow component with a 40±2 ns lifetime. The luminescence is partially polarized with an initial anisotropy of 0.39±0.02.
Comparison of Lorcainide and Quinidine in the Treatment of Ventricular Ectopy

Lorcainide, a new type I antiarrhythmic agent, was compared to quinidine in respect to antiarrhythmic efficacy and clinical safety. Thirteen subjects completed an open, randomized, crossover study with analysis of 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring and drug blood levels. The QRS and Q-T intervals increased with both lorcainide and quinidine. The mean reduction in total ventricular premature beats (VPBs) with quinidine was 16 percent compared to 68 percent with lorcainide (p 82 percent) reduction in VPBs compared to only three of 13 subjects taking quinidine (p
Supply and demand-driven spillovers and productivity growth

Abstract As information technology and globalization expand the horizons of economic agents’ production possibilities and decisions, interconnections between productive entities are likely not only expanding but having increasing impacts on productivity. Such spillovers may derive from various types of linkages, including those associated with time, space, and industry or sector. Productivity studies are however, typically based on economic models that preclude recognition of connections among economic entities, and resulting spillovers affecting economic performance. This paper overviews a conceptual basis for including various types of spillovers in cost and productivity analysis, the potential for building such mechanisms specifically into these analyses, and some evidence indicating the impacts of such interdependencies on exhibited economic performance.
The Invisible Work of Managing Visibility for Social Change Insights From the Leadership of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

In this article, we introduce the concept of tempered visibility as a lens through which to view Martin Luther King Jr.'s civil rights leadership. First, we review the academic literature on visibility and its implications for leadership. Second, we outline key moral and sociopolitical factors that enabled King to become visible. Third, we provide examples of how King intentionally increased and decreased his exposure while leading key events in the Civil Rights Movement. From King's example, the process by which leaders gain visibility and the positive and negative outcomes of visibility for leaders and their change efforts is learned. This analysis extends the understanding of the strategic management of visibility as a tool that is motivated by personal goals, social pressures, and moral concerns and that is critical for managing impressions and leading social change.
Friction Stir Lap Welding of Magnesium Alloy to Steel: A Preliminary Investigation

An initial study was made to evaluate the feasibility of joining magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet to galvanized steel sheet in a lap configuration using friction stir welding (FSW). Two different automotive sheet steels were used for comparative evaluation of the dissimilar joining potential: a 0.8 mm thick, electrogalvanized (EG) mild steel, and a 1.5 mm thick hot-dipped galvanized (HDG) high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steel. These steels were joined to 2.33 mm thick AZ31B magnesium sheet. A single FSW tool design was used for both dissimilar welds, and the process parameters were kept the same. The average peak load for the AZ31-1.5 mm steel weld joint in lap shear mode was found to be 6.3 ± 1.0 kN. For the AZ31-0.8 mm steel weld, joint strength was 5.1 ± 1.5 kN. Microstructural investigation indicates melting of the Zn coating present on the steel sheets, and subsequent alloying with the Mg sheet resulted in the formation of a solidified Zn-Mg alloy layer.
Painful Horner syndrome as a harbinger of silent carotid dissection.

A painful Horner's syndrome should alert clinicians to the possibilty of a silent carotid dissection.
Computer-controlled microcirculatory support system for endothelial cell culture and shearing.

Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the inner lumen of blood vessels are continuously subjected to hemodynamic shear stress, which is known to modify EC morphology and biological activity. This paper describes a self-contained microcirculatory EC culture system that efficiently studies such effects of shear stress on EC alignment and elongation in vitro. The culture system is composed of elastomeric microfluidic cell shearing chambers interfaced with computer-controlled movement of piezoelectric pins on a refreshable Braille display. The flow rate is varied by design of channels that allow for movement of different volumes of fluid per variable-speed pump stroke. The integrated microfluidic valving and pumping system allowed primary EC seeding and differential shearing in multiple compartments to be performed on a single chip. The microfluidic flows caused ECs to align and elongate significantly in the direction of flow according to their exposed levels of shear stress. This microfluidic system overcomes the s...
Photodynamic properties of pyridoxal phosphate bound to cystathionase-γ-lyase

Abstract The cofactor pyridoxal phosphate bound through an aldimine linkage to lysine residues of the enzyme cystathionase ( l -Cystathione cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1) is very stable to irradiation with light of 420 nm. The catalytic function of the enzyme remains unaffected indicating that the cofactor is not an efficient photosensitizer of essential amino acid residues. This unusual stability of the cofactor to irradiation can be ascribed to the presence of aldimine linkages as demonstrated by studies conducted on model compounds. The binding of a reversible inhibitor ( l -allylglycine) to the catalytic site of the enzyme does not facilitate photooxidation of the cofactor. On the contrary, irradiation of the cofactor in the presence of the inhibitor results in photodestruction of the inhibitor.
Effects of trauma on sodium metabolism and urinary concentrating ability

Summary Sodium excretion, urinary concentrating ability and renal hemodynamics were studied in dogs during solute diuresis before and after a standard trauma. Extracellular fluid volume was expanded during the second solute diuresis. The results indicate that trauma itself leads to decreased sodium excretion and to decreased concentrating ability by mechanisms independent of extracellular fluid volume, filtered sodium load, plasma sodium, vasopressin and aldosterone. It is suggested that trauma enhances sodium reabsorption in a proximal portion of the nephron by an undefined mechanism.
Protection from impulse noise-induced hearing loss with novel Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Apoptosis is a significant mechanism of cochlear hair cell loss from noise. Molecules that inhibit apoptotic intracellular signaling reduce cochlear damage and hearing loss from noise. The current study is an extension of a previous study of the protective value of Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors against noise (Harris et al., 2005). The current study tested three Src-inhibitors: the indole-based KX1-141, the biaryl-based KX2-329, and the ATP-competitive KX2-328. Each of the three drugs was delivered into the chinchillas’ cochleae by allowing the solutions to diffuse across the round window membrane thirty minutes prior to exposure to impulse noise. Hearing thresholds were measured using auditory evoked responses from electrodes in the inferior colliculi. Ears treated with KX2-329 showed significantly lower threshold shifts and outer hair cell losses than the control group. The cochleae treated with KX1-141 and KX2-328 did not show statistically significant protection from the impulse noise. The finding of protection with KX2-329 demonstrates that a biaryl-based Src inhibitor has protective capacity against noise-induced hearing loss that is as good as that demonstrated by KX1-004, a Src inhibitor drug that has been studied extensively as an otoprotectant against noise, and suggests that KX2-329 could be useful for protection against noise.
Urothelial transformation into functional glandular tissue in situ by instructive mesenchymal induction

Urothelial transformation into functional glandular tissue in situ by instructive mesenchymal induction. It is generally believed that adult tissue is terminally differentiated. The ureter is derived from the metanephric diverticulum which, along with the derivatives of the metanephric mesoderm, forms the kidney. In our experiments, the left ureters of adult male athymic mouse hosts were severed below the kidney, and mesenchyme from neonatal rat seminal vesicles (SVM) was grafted to the cut end of the ureter, thus bringing adult mouse ureter epithelium (URE) in contact with neonatal rat SVM. After four to eight weeks, the in situ tissue recombinants were harvested, and the epithelial secretory proteins recovered. In 5 of 11 cases, an induction occurred, resulting in an in situ transformation of the non-glandular transitional epithelium of the adult mouse ureter into the simple columnar epithelium of the seminal vesicle (SV). Functional cytodifferentiation was examined in these neonatal rat SVM + adult mouse URE tissue recombinants using antibodies against SV-specific secretory (SVS) proteins of the mouse and rat. From the cut end of the ureter, the adult URE was induced to undergo SV morphogenesis, to express SV cytodifferentiation, and to produce the complete spectrum of major SVS proteins characteristic of the mouse. The induced seminal vesicle epithelium (SVE) also expressed androgen receptors (AR) which are not seen in urothelial tissue. Staining with Hoechst dye 33258, which can distinguish cells of mouse and rat origin, further demonstrated that the induced SVE was indeed of mouse origin and not a contaminant of the inducing rat SVM. In addition, neonatal mouse vaginal mesenchyme was grafted in situ beneath the bladder mucosa of adult male mice, and the host animals were killed after three months. The vaginal mesenchyme implanted into the bladders induced prostate-like acini, indicating that the above reprogramming of adult organs in situ is not an isolated occurrence. These results set a precedent for the "recreation" of new vital organs, such as the kidney, in situ by demonstrating that adult epithelial cells retain a developmental plasticity equivalent to their undifferentiated fetal counterparts and are capable of being reprogrammed in situ to express a completely new morphological, biochemical, and functional phenotype.
Could Interleukin-33 Be the Stopgap Against Sepsis?

A whole-body inflammatory response to infection, sepsis is a deadly disease with a high mortality rate and limited therapeutic options. Sepsis often leads to cardiovascular shock, and the insufficient blood flow to organs and the direct damage caused by the plethora of inflammatory mediators spewed in response to bacterial infection often lead to irreversible multiple-organ failure and death. While our bodies try to fight the infection, our immune system goes haywire and causes so much damage that critically ill patients succumb more to sepsis than to the actual infection, which we can fight quite effectively with antibiotics. There is surprisingly little we can do to inhibit or reverse organ damage and increase survival in septic patients, except for supportive care such as administering drugs that raise the patient’s blood pressure or reduce blood glucose, which is frequently elevated in sepsis. Alves-Filho et al . now show that interleukin-33 (IL-33) reduces death in mice with experimental sepsis. IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 family and binds a membrane-associated heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of the IL-1 receptor accessory protein and ST2, which is part of a superfamily of proteins that includes the IL-1 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). ST2 is known to negatively regulate the activation of TLRs—which ignite a key inflammatory signaling pathway—via sequestration of TLR signaling components. In a mouse model of sepsis, the authors show that IL-33 reduced the systemic proinflammatory response but left intact the local response, which is important for clearing the infection. Activation of TLRs in neutrophils is known to inhibit neutrophil migration to the site of infection (chemotaxis). But IL-33 prevented the inhibition of chemotaxis induced by activation of TLR4 in septic mice and in human neutrophils in culture. Furthermore, the authors found that humans who did not recover from sepsis had significantly more soluble ST2, which binds and neutralizes IL-33, than those who did recover. Although these results are exciting because they suggest therapeutic potential for IL-33 in sepsis, a big caveat remains. Thus far, therapeutic strategies that have targeted a single cytokine as a treatment for sepsis have universally failed in clinical trials. Researchers hope that the promise of IL-33 as a treatment for sepsis will not also wane. J. C. Alves-Filho et al ., Interleukin-33 attenuates sepsis by enhancing neutrophil influx to the site of infection. Nat. Med. 16 May 2010 (10.1038/nm.2156) [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nm.2156.html
Pseudoheptacoordination and pseudohexacoordination in tris(2-N,N-dimethylbenzylamino)phosphane.

The phosphane (C 6 H 4 -2-CH 2 NMe 2 ) 3 P (1) upon recrystallization from various solvents yielded the structurally different forms 1A, 1C, 1B 1 , and 1B 2 . Phosphane oxide (C 6 H 4 -2-CH 2 NOMe 2 ) 3 PO (2) was obtained from 1 by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. X-ray analysis provided molecular structures for 1A, 1B 1 , 1B 2 , and 2. Phosphanes 1A and 1B 1 have pseudohexacoordinate frameworks as a result of the formation of two P-N donor interactions, 1B 2 has a pseudoheptacoordinate geometry due to the presence of three P-N interactions, and 2 resides in a tetrahedral geometry. The presence of the flexible dimethylaminobenzyl group in 1A, 1C, 1B 1 , and 1B 2 is reasoned to be responsible for this variation in coordination geometry. Phosphane oxide 2 has very strong donor oxygen atoms from N-oxide groups but they are involved in competition with the presence of hydrogen bonding, which results in the lack of donor coordination. High-resolution 1 H, 1 3 C, and 3 1 P NMR measurements are also reported. The results provide evidence for the low-energy threshold required to allow hypercoordinated phosphorus to alter coordination geometry.
Age-related factors affecting the postyield energy dissipation of human cortical bone

The risk of bone fracture depends in part on the quality of the tissue, not just the size and mass. This study assessed the post-yield energy dissipation of cortical bone in tension as a function of age and composition. Tensile specimens were prepared from tibiae of human cadavers in which male and female donors were divided into two age groups: middle aged (51 to 56 years old, n = 9) and elderly (72 to 90 years old, n = 8). By loading, unloading, and reloading a specimen with rest period inserted in between, tensile properties at incremental strain levels were assessed. In addition, the post-yield toughness was estimated and partitioned as follows: plastic strain energy related to permanent deformation, released elastic strain energy related to stiffness loss, and hysteresis energy related to viscous behavior. Porosity, mineral and collagen content, and collagen crosslinks of each specimen were also measured to determine the micro and ultrastructural properties of the tissue. It was found that age affected all the energy terms plus strength but not elastic stiffness. The post-yield energy terms were correlated with porosity, pentosidine (a marker of non-enzymatic crosslinks), and collagen content, all of which significantly varied with age. General linear models with the highest possible R2 value suggested that the pentosidine concentration and collagen content provided the best explanation of the age-related decrease in the post-yield energy dissipation of bone. Among them, pentosidine concentration had the greatest contribution to plastic strain energy and was the best explanatory variable of damage accumulation.
Do Regions Make theory? Comments on Mitchell¿s discussion of the legacy of the Missouri Basin Project

Abstract: Mark Mitchell?s (Mitchell 2006) assessment of the theoretical legacy of the Smithsonian Institution?s Missouri Basin Project does not show that research in the Great Plains has made a particularly small contribution to archeological theory. The sparse population, dispersed professional community, and paucity of graduate archeology programs in the region contribute to its archeological research patterns.
On the possibility of shear waves in the Earth's outer core

Relative intensities and amplitudes of earthquake wavesPcP, PcS, PKP, PKS, ScP, ScS, SKP, SKS, are computed under two assumptions: (1) The core is fluid; wavesK are of longitudinal character; velocity of shear waves in the core is zero. (2) The core is solid; wavesK are of transverse character; velocity of longitudinal waves in the core is very, respectively infinitely, high. Results plotted against angles of incidence are represented on Figures 3 and 4. Results plotted against the epicentral distance are represented on Figure 6. The correspondence between the computed values and the measured ones, as well as the plausibility of the assumptions, is open for discussion.
The effects of large concentrations of helium on the mechanical properties of neutron-irradiated stainless steel

Abstract Tensile and creep properties have been determined on specimens of type 316 stainless steel irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor in the range 380 to 785°C. Irradiation of type 316 in this reactor partially simulates fusion reactor irradiation, with displacement damage levels up to 120 dpa and helium contents up to 6000 appm achieved in two years. Samples irradiated in the annealed condition to about 100 dpa and 4000 appm helium showed an increased yield strength between 350 and 600°C and, except at 350°C, a reduced ultimate tensile strength compared with values for the unirradiated material. Samples irradiated in the 20%-cold-worked condition showed decreases in both yield and ultimate tensile strengths at all test temperatures. The irradiated samples of both annealed and cold-worked material exhibited little strain hardening, and total elongations were small and became zero,for tests at 650° C. Tensile tests at 575°C and creep-rupture tests at 550°C showed strong effects of fluence on strength and ductility for helium contents above about 30 appm. Optical metallography showed extensive carbide precipitation at all temperatures and precipitation of a second phase, believed to be sigma, at the higher temperatures.
Thermal stability of magnesium-rich primers based on glycidyl carbamate resins

Coatings of outstanding thermal stability were obtained by the combination of two novel technologies, that of a magnesium-rich primer and a silane-modified glycidyl carbamate binder. While conducting a study to evaluate the new binder system with respect to properties of the magnesium-rich primer, during thermogravimetric analysis of samples, previously unobserved and unexpected properties were noted. The samples transformed into an intact solid residue, with the amount of the residual char ranging between 40 and 90% weight depending on the pigment volume concentration (PVC) of the magnesium particles in the composition. It appears that the hitherto unobserved property is essentially a function of the metallic pigment particles in the coating. The discovery of the exceptional thermal stability potentially increases the range of application for these primers and these can be further developed for use as a thermal barrier coating.
Surface Chemistries and Photoelectrochemistries of Thin Film Molecular Semiconductor Materials

Thin films of vacuum deposited trivalent and tetravalent metal phthalocyanines (Pc), and derivatives of perylenes (Pe), have been explored by a combination of ultrahigh vacuum deposition, surface spectroscopic characterization techniques, and measurement of photoconductivity and photocurrent spectral responses involving a) interdigitated array microcircuits (MC), and b) photoelectrochemical cells. Of particular interest has been the way adsorbed molecules such as O 2 and NH 3 affect the photoconductivity of these thin film materials, and the effect on photoactivity of the formation of a sharp interface between a phthalocyanine and a perylene. Multiple chemisorption sites are implicated for molecules such as O 2 and NH 3 on trivalent metal Pc thin film surfaces. These sites may either increase or decrease photoconductivity, depending on the partial pressure of the adsorbant, and the coverage of molecules competing for the same chemisorption sites. Photoelectrochemical modification of the Pc surface introduces submonolayer coverages of metals like Ag, providing a chemisorption site for molecules such as NH 3 , thereby improving the performance of these photoconductivity-based chemical sensors. Photoelectrochemical techniques can be used to characterize Pc/Pe bilayers, since the electrolyte provides a noncorrosive, optically transparent electrical contact. Photocurrent yield spectra, obtained from two different illumination directions, have been used to estimate the width of the interfacial region which is most active for exciton dissociation in the Pc/Pe bilayer. Transient photocurrent yields in Pc/Pe multilayers (up to 16 total layers), show that the photocurrent increases linearly with the number of Pc/Pe interfaces. These increases occur up to the point where the width of the individual layers becomes narrower than the interface resolution that our present vacuum deposition technologies can provide
Determining perioperative complications associated with vaginal hysterectomy: code classification versus chart review.

Background Improvement in outcomes after vaginal hysterectomy (VH) requires accurate identification of complications. We hypothesized that coded data, commonly used to determine morbidity, would miss more complications than chart review would. Study Design Medical records of women who underwent VH from January 2004 through December 2005 were reviewed for cardiac or respiratory arrest, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection, ureteral obstruction, hemorrhage, and delirium. Complications were identified with use of coded data, in which diagnoses were classified with a modification of the Hospital Adaptation of the International Classification of Diseases . Results Records of 712 patients were reviewed. Of the 161 complications identified, 158 (98.1%) were identified through chart review and 48 (29.8%) through coded data. Codes captured all diagnoses of cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and pulmonary embolism but missed other complications. Conclusions Codes captured life-threatening complications, but other complications were underestimated or missed entirely. Reliance on coded data for outcomes assessments can be misleading and should be combined with other methods to maximize validity.
Phenomenology of the little Higgs model

We study the low-energy phenomenology of the little Higgs model. We first discuss the linearized effective theory of the ``littlest Higgs model'' and study the low-energy constraints on the model parameters. We identify sources of the corrections to low-energy observables, discuss model-dependent arbitrariness, and outline some possible directions of extensions of the model in order to evade the precision electroweak constraints. We then explore the characteristic signatures to test the model in the current and future collider experiments. We find that the CERN LHC has great potential to discover the new $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ gauge bosons and the possible new $U(1)$ gauge boson to the multi-TeV mass scale. Other states such as the colored vectorlike quark T and doubly charged Higgs boson ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{++}$ may also provide interesting signals. At a linear collider, precision measurements on the triple gauge boson couplings could be sensitive to the new physics scale of a few TeV. We provide a comprehensive list of the linearized interactions and vertices for the littlest Higgs model in the appendices.
Confusion of identification of o,p′-Kelthane as heptachlor in orange rind extractives

Gas and thin-layer chromatograms of Valencia and Navel orange rind stripping solutions from mature fruits treated commercially on the trees early in the season with the acaricide 1,1-bis (£-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol (Kelthane) had revealed the presence of an unknown compound not present in control samples. It had a tlc R f value and a glc retention time practically identical with those of heptachlor and was reported as apparent heptachlor in a “market” survey by an independent laboratory using published methods, yet today heptachlor is not used in citriculture. The data herein presented prove conclusively that this compound was not heptachlor and show that it has retention and other characteristics of o,p’-Kelthane, a compound known to be present in small amounts in technical grade Kelthane. Microcoulometric glc analysis of the stripping solution further showed the isolate contained organo-chlorine. Soil samples from under the treated trees contained both isomers of Kelthane but again no detectable heptachlor.
The process of crafting bicycle and pedestrian policy: A discussion of cost–benefit analysis and the multiple streams framework

Abstract Existing literature on bicycling policies and infrastructure in the United States is still somewhat limited in number and scope, with the majority of research framed by a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) framework of decision making; this has led studies to focus on the potential benefits of bicycle and pedestrian facilities, factors affecting the use of bicycles as a mode of transit, and the improvement of CBA analysis with regards to bike/ped programs. While the CBA framework may be accurately matched to the practical process of specific policy implementation for some governing organizations, and provide valid evidence for application under other frameworks, it does not account for the role of policy windows and policy entrepreneurs in policy decision making, or for the role of effective advocacy. After a review of the existing literature, I suggest the multiple streams framework as a more suitable framework for understanding decision making with regard to non-motorized transportation policies, and provides a useful structure for future research (particularly on the role of advocacy groups and policy entrepreneurs in the planning and policy process).
Diffusion and mass transfer in supercritical fluids

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1985.
High field asymmetric waveform for ultra-enhanced electroosmotic pumping of porous anodic alumina membranes

An electroosmotic EO process is presented for nanoporous membranes capable of generating EO flow rates over thirty times higher than previously possible with the same membrane and solution. In generating high EO flows, a limiting factor is faradaic reactions which appear at high electric fields. A process is presented capable of limiting and even canceling these reactions allowing electric field between one and two orders of magnitude higher. This is achieved by applying an asymmetric bipolar rectangular voltage waveform. The results show the enhanced EO pumping capabilities of membranes under a high electric field asymmetric waveform which prevents gas generation at high voltages. A baseline is established by measuring the EO pump performance when a constant voltage is applied to SiO2-coated nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membranes. The analysis compares the effect of the applied voltage type on the maximum flow rate, power consumption, and maximum pressure. Results show that large gas generation prevents membrane operation when direct current DC voltages above 50 V are applied. On the other hand, it operates normally under an asymmetric voltage +1,800/−900 V applied, with negligible gas generation. This results in a thirty-time flow rate increase. Larger flow rates/voltages are possible but were not considered due to hardware limitations.
Lymphocyte transformation in patients with staged mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.

Lymphocyte transformation was studied in patients with mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome with particular reference to the stage of disease. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was normal in stage II, became depressed in stage III and was greatly reduced in stage IV disease. Similar abnormalities were found in patients with the Sezary syndrome once the proportion of abnormal cells in the peripheral blood exceeded 10%. It is concluded that stag III mycosis fungoides is probably a critical period in determining dissemination of the disease.
Temporal patterning in olfactory communication

Abstract The transmission of information by modulating the release of a pheromone is considered. Expressions for the density of a substance diffusing in still air and in a wind around a periodically varying source are used to set limits on the range and rate of information transfer which can be achieved by such a system. These limits lead to the conclusion that this type of communication is extremely inefficient in still air except over very short distances (on the order of a centimeter or less), but that a moderate wind can make longer range communication practical.
Inversion Layer Electron Transport in 4H‐SiC Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistors

Silicon carbide is the only compound semiconductor with silicon dioxide as its native oxide and can form metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. In this article, we review the inversion layer electron transport properties of 4H-SiC/SiO2. The inversion layer electron transport theories developed for the Si/SiO2 system have been reviewed to highlight the behaviour of inversion layer electrons at an ideal interface. The 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface, is currently far from ideal and so we discuss the inversion layer electron transport for several techniques of oxidation of the (0001) 4H-SiC including nitridation of thermal oxides and sodium enhanced oxidation of 4H-SiC. Inversion layer mobility of nitrided oxides is dominated by Coulomb scattering at low surface electric field values and surface roughness scattering at high surface electric field values. In sodium enhanced oxidation samples no trapped charge is found at the interface close to the conduction band edge, but the temperature dependence of mobility shows that the samples are not limited by phonon scattering and therefore not ideal. We also review the results of inversion layer transport on alternate faces of 4H-SiC. We conclude highlighting the future work remaining in the field and the behaviour of inversion layer electron mobility we expect to see in an ideal 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared spectrum of condensed As4 and thermodynamic functions of As4 gas

Abstract The infrared spectrum of arsenic condensed at −196°C shows a very strong band at 250 cm−1 which is assigned to the ν3 (f2) molecular vibration of As4. By comparison with P4 gas frequency shifts at low temperature and in various environments the value of ν3 for gaseous As4 is estimated to be 260 cm−1. Heat capacities, heat contents, entropies, and free energy functions from 298.15 to 3000°K are presented for As4 (g) based upon this vibration, ν1 (a1) = 339, and ν2 (e) = 203 cm−1 estimated by comparison with P4 (g). The absolute entropy of As4 (g) at 298.15°K is 78.23 ± 0.6 cal/deg mole.
Liver Transplantation Without the Use of Blood Products

Objectives: To examine the techniques and the outcome of liver transplantation with maximal conservation of blood products and to analyze the potential benefits or drawbacks of blood conservation and salvage techniques. Design: Case series survey. Setting: Tertiary care, major university teaching hospital. Patients and Methods: Four patients with religious objections to blood transfusions who were selected on the basis of restrictive criteria that would lower their risk for fatal hemorrhage, including coagulopathy, a thrombosed splanchnic venous system requiring extensive reconstruction, active bleeding, and associated medical complications. All patients were pretreated with erythropoietin to increase production of red blood cells. All operations were performed at the same institution, with a 36-month follow-up. Interventions: Orthotopic liver transplantation that used blood salvage, plateletpheresis, and autotransfusion and the withholding of the use of human blood products with the exception of albumin. Main Outcome Measures: Survival and postoperative complications, with the effectiveness of erythropoietin and plateletpheresis as secondary measures. Results: All patients are alive at 36 months after orthotopic liver transplantation. One patient, a minor (13 years of age), was transfused per a state court ruling. Erythropoietin increased the production of red blood cells as shown by a mean increase in hematocrit levels of 0.08. Plateletpheresis allowed autologous, platelet-rich plasma to be available for use after allograft reperfusion. Three major complications were resolved or corrected without sequelae. Only one patient developed postoperative hemorrhage, which was corrected surgically. The mean charge for bloodless surgery was $174 000 for the three patients with United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status 3 priority for transplantation. This result was statistically significant when these patients were compared with all the patients with UNOS status 3 priority during the same period who met the same restrictive guidelines (P Conclusions: Orthotopic liver transplantation without the use of blood products is possible. Blood conservation techniques do not increase morbidity or mortality and can result in fewer transfusion-related, in-hospital charges. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:528-533)
Fine structural observations on the development of the sperm head in the mouse.

The stages of spermiogenesis in the mouse were investigated with the electron microscope with emphasis on morphogenesis of the sperm head. The nucleus undergoes chromosomal condensation in the concluding stages of spermiogenesis. Chromosomal condensation proceeds centrifugally and in a caudal direction, beginning in the anterior third of the nucleus. It is proposed that chromosomes establish attachments to the nuclear envelope prior to the onset of chromosomal condensation and that this arrangement of the chromosomes is an orderly one which facilitates the condensation process.
Analysis of precipitation collected on a sequential basis

Abstract Precipitation was collected on a sequential basis and each sample was analyzed for pH, conductivity, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and other ions. For each sample, air trajectories were determined according to the relative-wind method (Carlson, 1980) on isentropic surfaces. A good correlation was obtained when the concentrations were related to the precipitation rate or intensity. The-relationship can be expressed by a power law of the type C = aI−b where C is the ion concentration, a and b are constants and I is the precipitation rate. The precipitation concentrations were also correlated with the source-strength, a number proportional to the emissions of SO2 or NOx along the path of the trajectories. It was found that the two values correlated in most of the events.
The Tangled Roots of Affirmative Action

This article traces the origins of affirmative action in post-New Deal liberalism. Both racial liberals and their critics used rights discourse to shape their demands for equality and security. Civil rights activists responded to the problem of racial discrimination through strategies of moral reform, education, and persuasion that emphasized universalistic goals of equality. Their efforts yielded numerous state fair employment practices laws in the 1950s that were seldom effective. When antidiscrimination laws failed to desegregate labor markets, many Black activists called for more radical change. When the federal government began to demand racial preferences in the workplace during the mid-1960s, White opponents of racial equality recast their opposition in the same universalistic rights language that civil rights activists had used in the 1940s and 1950s. The result was an impasse that continues to shape the debate over affirmative action.
Predictors and Consequences of Multiple Persistent Postmastectomy Pains

Persistent postmastectomy pain is quite common and has been classified into several distinct types. Few studies, however, have investigated either the predictors or functional impact of multiple types of post mastectomy pain. In this investigation, 278 women, who were, on average, several years post mastectomy, completed questionnaires assessing pain, pain-related physical function, and psychosocial distress. We assessed three distinct categories of postmastectomy pain: phantom breast pain, scar pain, and other mastectomy-related pain. Each of the three types of postmastectomy pain was strongly related to one another (i.e., women reporting one type of pain were more likely to report the other types as well). In general, the more types of postmastectomy pain a woman reported, the greater the degree of disability and distress. Collectively, the presence of "other mastectomy-related pain" was a stronger unique predictor of disability and distress than were the other two categories of pain. Interestingly, demographic and surgical factors, including time since surgery, were not consistent predictors of pain or function. The findings suggest that the assessment of postmastectomy pain should include formal evaluation of multiple types of pain, with additional attention paid to the category of "other mastectomy-related pains," and that the number of types of pain reported by women after surgery may be important in predicting functional outcomes.
BREs Mediate Both Repression and Activation of oskar mRNA Translation and Act In trans

Asymmetric positioning of proteins within cells is crucial for cell polarization and function. Deployment of Oskar protein at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte relies on localization of the oskar mRNA, repression of its translation prior to localization, and finally activation of translation. Translational repression is mediated by BREs, regulatory elements positioned in two clusters near both ends of the oskar mRNA 3' UTR. Here we show that some BREs are bifunctional: both clusters of BREs contribute to translational repression, and the 3' cluster has an additional role in release from BRE-dependent repression. Remarkably, both BRE functions can be provided in trans by an oskar mRNA with wild-type BREs that is itself unable to encode Oskar protein. Regulation in trans is likely enabled by assembly of oskar transcripts in cytoplasmic RNPs. Concentration of transcripts in such RNPs is common, and trans regulation of mRNAs may therefore be widespread.
Role of radiologic imaging at the time of initial diagnosis of stage T1b‐T3b melanoma

BACKGROUND. In patients with T1b-T3b cutaneous melanoma the utility of radiologic imaging at the time of diagnosis is unclear. Whether initial imaging led to a change in stage or treatment plan was investigated. METHODS. The melanoma database was searched for patients with T1b-T3b primary lesions, clinically N0, and asymptomatic for metastatic disease. Radiologic studies conducted before wide local excision ± sentinel lymph node biopsy as well as all further imaging and investigations were analyzed. Outcome measures included upstaging, change in initial surgical management, true-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative rates of each imaging modality. RESULTS. In all, 344 preoperative imaging studies (chest x-ray [CXR], computed tomography [CT], positron emission tomography [PET]/CT) were performed on 158 patients, resulting in 49 findings suspicious for metastatic melanoma and 134 findings suggestive of nonmelanoma pathology. Only 1 of 344 (0.3%) studies, a PET/CT, correlated with confirmed metastatic melanoma. The false-positive rates were CXR 5 of 7 (71.4%), chest CT 21 of 24 (87.5%), abdomen/pelvis CT 10 of 11 (90.9%), head CT 2 of 2 (100.0%), PET/CT 3 of 5 (60.0%). No patient was upstaged or had a change in initial surgical management based on preoperative imaging. The cost of all initial imaging and imaging to follow-up abnormal findings was estimated as $555,308 for the 158 patients studied. CONCLUSIONS. Imaging at the time of initial diagnosis of T1b-T3b, clinically N0, M0 melanoma was of low yield with a high false-positive rate, and did not lead to upstaging or change in initial surgical management. These findings suggest that imaging of asymptomatic patients at the time of diagnosis may not be warranted. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.