cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age

Part 1 Introduction: the measure of technological change the computer as a defining technology Turing's man. Part 2 Defining technologies in western culture: manual technology and the ancient world mechanical technology and western Europe dynamic technology and western Europe electronic technology from the clock to the computer the electronic brain. Part 3 Principles of operation: the Turing machine - states and symbols the von Neumann computer hardware and software. Part 4 Embodied symbol - mathematics by computer: binary representation and numerical analysis mathematics and culture embodied mathematics. Part 5 Embodied symbol - logic by computer: truth and the von Neumann machine the triumph of logic the embodiment of logical thought. Part 6 Electronic space: physical space logical space finite space infinite space the geometry of electronic space. Part 7 Time and progress in the computer age: electronic clocks time experienced and measured progress in circles the idea of progress. Part 8 Electronic language: natural and artificial language the hierarchy of computer language poetry and logic the ancient view the western European view silent structures. Part 9 Electronic memory: digital memory technology the art of memory information retrieval and electronic power. Part 10 Creator and creation: coherence and correspondence electronic limits creating by hand and by machine reason and necessity electronic play. Part 11 Artificial intelligence: Turing's game language, memory, and other games the technology of making man the electronic image of man artifact and artificer. Part 12 Conclusion: natural man from Socrates to Faust to Turing living with Turing's man invention and discovery the computer as a tool synthetic intelligence.
Regulation of short-term associative memory by calcium-dependent protein kinase

Neural and behavioral correlates of an associative memory in Hermissenda were examined during induction and/or formation of the memory. Hermissenda received either light (conditioned stimulus or CS) and rotation (unconditioned stimulus or US) paired (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning), light and rotation unpaired (pseudoconditioning), or no exposure to light and rotation. Following 9 pairings in a 6 min session, conditioned animals exhibited a contraction of the foot in response to a test CS presented 2 min after the last conditioning trial, whereas pseudoconditioned and untreated animals exhibited a foot extension to the same CS. In addition, both an associative and a nonassociative reduction in light-induced locomotion was observed. To examine neural correlates of this learning within minutes of acquisition, the isolated nervous system of the Hermissenda (containing the visual and vestibular organs) was trained with stimulus conditions identical to those used for the intact animal. Prior isolation and preparation of the nervous system permitted immediate intracellular recording following the final conditioning trial. Relative to pseudoconditioned and untreated animals, the B photoreceptors in conditioned nervous systems were found to have elevated input resistance (inversely related to K+ channel conductance and positively related to excitability) and exhibited increased steady-state depolarization in response to the light CS, as well as a prolonged depolarization after the CS offset. These neural correlates of the associative memory were attenuated if the protein kinase inhibitor H7 was present in the extracellular bath during conditioning, demonstrating in the reduced preparation that antagonism of protein kinase activity blocks the induction of membrane alterations of identified neurons that correlate with memory storage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chest radiography in the initial episode of bronchospasm in children: Can clinical variables predict pathologic findings?

Abstract Study objective: To determine whether historical or clinical variables can accurately discriminate among children, experiencing a first episode of bronchospasm, with chest radiography findings that are normal, consistent with reactive airway disease (RAD), or pathologic. Methods: We assembled a prospective case series of patients in our tertiary, academic, pediatric emergency department. All patients aged newborn to 18 years presenting to the ED with their initial episode of wheezing were enrolled. Results: Six hundred thirty-three patients presented to the ED during the study period. Pathologic radiographic findings were identified in 39 (6.2%). Radiographs revealing normal findings and evidence of RAD were noted in 25.4% and 68%, respectively. No single variable accurately predicted all pathologic radiographs. Discriminant function analysis identified nine variables, which we combined into a model. The model failed to accurately discriminate among patients with radiographs revealing evidence of a pathologic condition, normal chest findings, and RAD. Conclusion: No clinical variables, isolated or combined into a model, accurately identify patients with pathologic radiography findings. Continued use of chest radiography as a diagnostic intervention in the initial episode of childhood bronchospasm is recommended. [Walsh-Kelly CM, Kim MK, Hennes HM: Chest radiography in the initial episode of bronchospasm in children: Can clinical variables predict pathologic findings? Ann Emerg Med October 1996;28:391-395.]
The IFNγ‐PKR Pathway in the Prefrontal Cortex Reactions to Chronic Excessive Alcohol Use

Background Brain cell death is a major pathological consequence of alcohol neurotoxicity. However, the molecular cascades in alcohol-induced brain tissue injury are unclear. Methods Using Western blot and double immunofluorescence, we examined the expression of interferon (IFN)-induced protein kinase R (PKR), phosphorylated-PKR (p-PKR), and IFN gamma (IFNγ) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of postmortem brains from subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUD). Results The protein levels of PKR, p-PKR, and IFNγ were significantly increased in subjects with AUD compared with control subjects without AUD, and a younger age of onset of AUD was significantly correlated with higher protein levels of p-PKR. In addition, elevated PKR- and p-PKR-IR were observed in both neurons and astrocytes in the PFC of subjects with AUD compared to subjects without AUD. Conclusions The activation of the IFNγ-PKR pathway in PFC of humans is associated with chronic excessive ethanol use with an age of onset dependent manner, and activation of this pathway may play a pivotal role in AUD-related brain tissue injury. This study provides insight into neurodegenerative key factors related to AUD and identifies potential targets for the treatment of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity.
Effect of Formulating Diets with Different Assigned Energy Data for Poultry By-Product Meal on the Performance and Abdominal Fat Content of Finishing Broilers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine how formulating poultry by-product meal (PBM) in pelleted broiler diets with differing data on assigned energy would affect the performance and abdominal-fat (AF) content of male broilers from 3 to 7 wk of age. In the first experiment, a corn-soybean meal (CS) diet or diets were fed containing 10% PBM with assigned MEn data of 2,670, 2,985, or 3,300 kcal/kg. The diet specifications were 3,200 kcal MEn/kg and 20% protein. No significant differences were observed in body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), or feed conversion (FC), but the AF was significantly lower for the birds fed the CS diet. Determining the MEn for the four diets by assay with young chicks resulted in values of 3,172, 3,182, 3,137, and 3,080 kcal/kg, respectively. In a second experiment, chicks were fed the CS diet or diets with 10% PBM with assigned MEn values of 2,670, 2,985, 3,300, 3,615, or 3,930 kcal/kg. Again, no significant differences were observed in BWG, but the FC was significantly better for the birds fed the diets with values of 2,670, 3,300, and 3,615 MEn PBM than for those fed the CS diet. A consistently higher AF was observed for all groups fed the PBM rather than the CS diet, but only the PBM diet with 2,670 MEn was significantly higher. Determining the MEn for the six diets by assay with young chicks resulted in values of 3,054, 3,286, 3,124, 3,109, 3,096, and 3,037 kcal/kg, respectively. The data show that the performance of finishing broilers fed a PBM diet does not conform to expectations based on MEn determinations with younger chicks.
Effect of butter, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched butter, trans fatty acid margarine, and zero trans fatty acid margarine on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men

The effect of diets containing 50% of fat calories from butter, butter enriched with mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and margarines with and without trans fatty acids on the serum lipids of 38 healthy men in a free-living condition have been determined. Serum lipid responses to the high level of individual dietary fats were unexpectedly small. The butter diet produced a small, but significant rise (5%) in the total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, relative to all other diets. Enrichment of butter with either olive oil (50/50) or sunflower oil (50/50) failed to reduce serum lipid levels below habitual diet values. Hard margarine, containing 29% trans fatty acids, caused a decrease in apolipoprotein A-I and B levels, but did not change total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol levels, relative to habitual diet values. A soft margarine, high in linoleate, with no trans fatty acids reduced total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B significantly, relative to all diets. Soft margarine high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels remained unchanged, but apolipoprotein A-I values were decreased relative to habitual and butter diets. The quantities of saturated fatty acids and the sum of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids consumed on the hard and soft margarines were equal; therefore, the different response of serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol between these two diets is attributable to the trans fatty acids in the hard margarine. The data indicate that trans fatty acids are not metabolically equivalent to the natural cis isomers and that they affect the serum lipid profile adversely.
More on Limits

There are several other situations where the idea of a limit is needed. This section states the definitions for some of these situations and gives a theorem that is useful when trying to find limits.
Utilization of contralateral fallopian tube segments in tubal reanastomosis.

A 38-year-old patient who had had a left ovarian cystectomy partial salpingectomy and laparoscopic cauterization of the right fallopian tube underwent reanastomosis to attempt pregnancy. Only 3 cm of the left isthmic tubal segment were attached to the uterus; on the right 7 cm of the distal fallopian tube was present with the missing segment being at the uterine cornua; endometriosis was present at the site of cauterization at the right cornual area. After excision of the endometriosis the surgeon performed anastomosis of the left proximal fallopian tubal segment to the right distal fallopian tubal segment without homotransplantation of the adnexa. The patient conceived in the 2nd cycle after hospital discharge. This new technique of tubal reanastomosis which utilizes the patients remaining fallopian tube segments may give the microsurgeon another surgical option regarding tubal reanastomosis.
Islamic Economics: A Plea for Islamic Capitalism

The discipline of Islamic economics emerged making a claim of providing a viable alternative to the then prevailing social orders; namely capitalism and socialism. However, both ideological as well as empirical development of this discipline has made it clear that it seeks its foundation in liberal capitalist economic discourse; i.e. neoclassical economics and market order. The paper elaborates this inherent link between the two on the basis of authentic literature produced by Islamic economics scholars. Finally, we conclude that since Islamic economics is merely a foot-note of neoclassical economics, hence it not only fails to provide an alternative to it but also seeks to subordinate Islamic world to the global capitalist order.
From attitude change to effective practice: Exploring the relationship

This article reports on a study of teaching strategies designed to improve students’ anticipated professional behavior (APB) with gay and lesbian clients. Early in the fall 1995 term, 110 students in social work courses at four schools were asked to respond—on a continuum from preferred to unacceptable responses—to four vignettes concerning gay and lesbian clients. Following different educational interventions, the students again responded to the vignettes. Analysis explored the effects of having gay or lesbian friends, academic major, attitude toward gay men and lesbians, and other factors. The results indicate that students’ APB improved over the semester, though the effects of the four interventions were not significantly different. The authors conclude that the profession should develop standards for practice with gay and lesbian clients, and that educators should focus on changing students’ APB, rather than their attitudes, toward this population.
REPERTOIRES OF CONTENTION: WHITE SEPARATIST VIEWS ON THE USE OF VIOLENCE AND LEADERLESS RESISTANCE

*Particularly since the early 1990s, some white power movement leaders have advocated abandoning leader-led organizations in favor of leaderless resistance. We examine the events leading up to this call that illustrate how threat is intertwined with the adoption of leaderless resistance. Using a combination of interview and questionnaire data collected primarily from white power movement followers, we examine views on leaderless resistance as well as the use of violence to advance movement goals. Our findings suggest that while there is support for leaderless resistance, most respondents believe that this strategy should be used in conjunction with leader-led organizations. While most of our respondents supported the use of violence, holding this view does not explain a strategy preference (leader-led organizations or leaderless resistance). Respondents who feared infiltration were more likely to support leaderless resistance. Although not significant, those favoring an electoral-politics strategy were more likely to prefer leader-led organizations over leaderless resistance.
Effect of Intrauterine Estriol on Reproductive Function in the Rabbit

The effect of intrauterine estriol on spontaneous ovulation, ovum fertilization, blastocyst development, and blastocyst implantation in rabbits has been investigated. Estriol-releasing intrauterine capsules constructed of biocompatible polymer were implanted in one uterine horn of adult New Zealand White female rabbits, while placebo-containing capsules were implanted into the contralateral horn. The animals were artificially inseminated and ovulated or mated to fertile bucks. The does were killed and their reproductive tracts were examined 54 hours, 6 days, and 10 days after ovulation-inducing injection or after coitus. The results indicate that intrauterine estriol released at a steady state rate of 1.25 μg/day effectively inhibits blastocyst development and implantation. This contraceptive effect was clearly local, since implantations in the contralateral, placebo-bearing horn were not inhibited. Furthermore, the same dose of estriol, when released systemically from a subcutaneously placed capsule, had no effect on implantation. Intrauterine estriol appeared also to have no effect on spontaneous ovulation or ovum fertilization.
TSV- and delay-aware 3D-IC floorplanning

We propose a novel floorplanning algorithm for 3D ICs with through-silicon vias (TSVs) that directly optimizes delay due to wires and TSVs. We include the non-negligible impact of area occupied by TSVs, perform nets-to-TSVs assignment, and use physical dimensions of TSVs and wires for delay calculations. Our floorplanning is based on co-placement of TSV islands with circuit blocks and is performed under fixed-outline constraints. The total delay is a direct optimization goal in the presented delay-aware 3D floorplanning and accounts for the RC delay impact of TSVs on the delay of each individual net during the nets-to-TSVs assignment. Therefore, compared to traditional wirelength-aware floorplanning, which separately minimize wirelength and the number of TSVs, the proposed approach results in more effective delay minimization. Our experimental results show improved solution quality with up to 9 % shorter wirelength and an average 40 % reduction in the number of TSVs as compared to most recent publications. Total delay reduces between 10 and 12 % when the delay, instead of wirelength and the number of TSVs separately, is minimized.
Analysis of regulatory guidance values for six commonly regulated chlorophenols

Regulatory guidance values (RGVs) are developed by regulators to protect human health by establishing maximum allowable contaminant concentrations. Contamination of residential surface soil is of particular concern because of its potential impact on the general population, especially children. As part of an ongoing examination of soil RGVs, this study analyses guidance values applied to chlorophenols, a class of chemicals used as pesticides, herbicides, and disinfectants. Chlorophenol RGVs have been promulgated by at least 45 US states, 38 United Nations member states, four Native American tribes, five federal agencies, and several city, county, and territorial jurisdictions. An analysis of the six most commonly regulated chlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) demonstrates that there is great variability in the guidance values, which vary by six to eight orders of magnitude and have distributions similar to those of lognormal random variables. Clearly, there is little universal agreement on the appropriate maximum contamination levels for chlorophenols.
P1-S5.33 Timing of incident STI relative to sex partner change in young women

Objectives Partner concurrency is associated with STI acquisition, even when partners are sequential (ie, serial monogamy). However, little is known about the timing of STI relative to partner change. This is due, in part, to lack of documentation of STI before and after partner change. Using prospective behavioural and STI screening data, we compared the proportion of an STI occurring before and after partner change within a 12-week period. Methods As part of a larger study of risk and protective factors for STI in a mid-sized US city, young women provided weekly vaginal swabs and completed daily diaries of sexual behaviours for a 12-week period twice a year for up to 8 years. Vaginal swabs were tested for chlamydia (CT), gonorrhoea (NG) and trichomonas (TV) using amplified DNA-based tests. We limited analysis to the 12-week periods in which young women reported one sex partner change (ie, 2 sequential partners, no overlap). STIs with partner 1 were defined as those diagnosed before 1st sex with partner 2; STIs with partner 2 occurred after 1st sex with partner 2. Published data shows a higher odds of infection after a partner change (compared to no change) with the ORs ranging from 2.0 to over 4.0. We used a non-equivalency test to identify the odds for not detecting differences in STI acquired with partner 1 vs partner 2. If there is a difference between rates for partner 1 and partner 2, it will not be higher than the upper bound of the CI. Results Ninety-two women provided 111 12-week periods with one partner change. Mean age was 17.8 years; 94% were African American. Rates of STI were high for both Partner 1 and Partner 2 (see Abstract P1-S5.33 table 1). For CT, TV, and any STI, the upper bound of the 95% CI was lower previously reported rates. We have 95% confidence that the OR for infection with partner 2 vs partner one is not greater than 1.83 for CT, 1.47 for TV, and 1.68 for any STI. In contrast, the true OR for GC may fall within or higher than previously reported. We have 95% confidence that the OR for GC infection with partner 2 vs partner 1 is between 0 and 9.7. Conclusion Many young women already have an STI when a partner change occurs. These data suggest that the relationship contexts of partner change–in addition to the risk characteristics of a new partner–are also relevant to the epidemiology of STI in a specific common form of partner concurrency (ie, serial monogamy).
Rate of Release of Disparlure from Laminated Plastic Dispensers

Plastic laminate dispensers and other controlled-release devices provide a useful method for dispensing insect pheromones in field programs. Hercon® laminate dispensers containing disparlure, the sex attractant of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were used in an emission rate study to determine the effect of temperature, air flow, dispenser thickness and size, lure content, and aging period. The release rate was found to be proportional to the rate of air flow and to the lure content; the log of the rate was proportional to 1/T in a temperature study. An increase in dispenser thickness produced a corresponding reduction in the emission rate. The lure diffused not only through the laminate surfaces but also out of the perimeter edge. The loss of lure from different sizes of dispensers over a 120-day period ranged from 38 to 68% of that originally present.
Controversies in the management of Graves’ disease in children

Graves' disease (GD) is the most prevalent cause of thyrotoxicosis in children. Because spontaneous and lasting resolution of this condition occurs in only a minority of patients, most pediatric patients with GD will need radioactive iodine treatment (131I) or thyroidectomy. Whereas the medication propylthiouracil (PTU) had been used in the past, only methimazole (MMI) should be now used in children, as PTU is associated with an unacceptable risk of liver failure. However, MMI may be associated minor and major side effects, which may be minimized using lower doses. An area of controversy involves the optimal duration of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy. For some children, the prolonged use of antithyroid drugs is a valid approach, but for most, this will not increase the chance of remission. When 131I is administered, dosages should be greater than 150 uCi/gm of thyroid tissue, with higher dosages needed for larger glands. Considering that there will be low-level whole body radiation exposure associated with 131I, this treatment is viewed as controversial by some and should be avoided in young children. When surgery is performed, near-total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended procedure. Complications for thyroidectomy in children are considerably higher than in adults. Thus, an experienced thyroid surgeon is needed when children have surgery. Overall, when different treatment options for GD are considered, the benefits, risks and viewpoints of the family need to be considered and discussed in full.
Immunocompetence and Malignancy

In June of 1908, Paul Ehrlich, the founder of immunology, lectured at the University of Amsterdam on the subject of cancer. His remarks included the following: “the understanding of natural immunity really represents the key to carcinoma.... I have acquired the firm conviction that natural immunity does not depend on the presence of anti-microbial materials, but rather, it depends on purely cellular activities. I am certain that, in the enormously complicated course of fetal and post-fetal development, aberrant cells become unusually common. Fortunately, in the majority of people, they remain completely latent thanks to the organism’s positive mechanisms. If such mechanisms did not exist, one might expect carcinomas to have an enormous frequency. These cells may live in a latent state for 20, 30 or 40 years before changing to a significant tumor. This means, in light of my theory, that there has been a diminution of some vital cell activity [which] allows the rapid, parasitic growth of certain cells” (Ehrlich, 1957).*
The US Navy, Norway and the New Look: Adjusting to a “Northen Strategy”, 1954–57

To President Eisenhower, the Korean War had demonstrated that conven-tional wars against communist-inspired forces were likely to be both costly and inconclusive.3 By 1954, the new Republican administration had completed its first review of “basic national security policy,” designed to solve Eisenhower’s great equation of maintaining a strong defence at a bearable cost. To do this, emphasis was to be placed on strategic air power, the integration of nuclear weapons into tactical units and the estab-lishment of a strategic reserve in the continental United States.4 At the same time, overall manpower ceilings were to be substantially reduced and greater reliance placed on allies for initial ground defence. A JCS Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense in December 1953 succinctly summarised the rationale behind the change of policy. …there is a need for a reorientation of our military strategy toward placing greater reliance upon the capabilities of new weapons as a means for exploiting our technological advantages over ihe USSR, of reducing the effect of the manpower differential between us and the Soviet bloc, and of enabling us to reduce our over-all military expenditures. To this end, our superiority in atomic weapons musl be exploited to the maximum.5
Unconstrained Biometric Identification in Real World Environments

In this work, we introduce four topics that cover the most important problems and challenges for unconstrained face biometrics identification in real world environment. They are (1) off angle and occluded face recognition, (2) low resolution face recognition, (3) full craniofacial 3D modeling, and (4) hallucinating the full face from the periocular region. We will show the state-of-the-art results accordingly.
Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills – A Study Focuses on Banking Sector

Strategic management and leadership both are closely interrelated with each other. The both have some slight differences. Strategic management is focused on long term goals achievement. But, a good leadership is helping the strategic management for the success. If the people in an organization will have a clear understanding about the management & leadership concepts, it will be very likely that most of the problems, challenges will be found answers, if the expectation of the managers, leaders and employees in synch.
High angiopoietin-2 and suppression of tumorigenicity-2 levels correlate with onset of sinusoidal obstructive syndrome-implication for the utility of serial biomarker monitoring.

High angiopoietin-2 and suppression of tumorigenicity-2 levels correlate with onset of sinusoidal obstructive syndrome—implication for the utility of serial biomarker monitoring
Preoperative anemia and outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Background Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and has been linked to severity of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of anemia on postoperative outcomes in patients with IBD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with IBD from the NSQIP database over an 8-year period. Patients were grouped based on the presence of anemia. The impact of anemia on postoperative morbidity, mortality and length of stay was assessed. Results A total of 15,761 patients met our criteria. Half of the patients were anemic upon presentation. Anemic patients were more likely to have a history of steroid use, present with sepsis and require an emergency operation. In multivariate analysis, anemia was a significant predictor of overall morbidity, serious morbidity and increased length of stay. Conclusions Anemic patients with IBD present more often with sepsis and require emergency surgery compared to their peers. In addition, anemia serves as an independent predictor of overall complications, serious morbidity and increased length of stay following abdominal operations.
Sexual objectification: The common thread connecting myriad forms of sexual violence against women

In this article, the authors focus on the linkages between objectification and current societal manifestations of sexual violence toward women to make the case that everyday instances of objectification can provide the foundation for more extreme forms of violence. First, they formally introduce the notion of objectification and explain its origins and its consequences in those who perpetrate and those who experience it. Next, they use objectification as a lens through which to consider several related, but distinct, societal problems, including: sexual assault of college women, harassment of women in work settings, and sex trafficking of women in the United States and around the world. Finally, they offer potential solutions, which, if implemented at individual, organizational, and societal levels, could reduce violence against women in its many forms. (PsycINFO Database Record
Smooth massless limit of field theories. II

It is shown that the massless limit of any Fierz-Pauli field theory, in the external source approximation, is smooth under certain conditions on the sources. These conditions are no stronger than those that arise from the internal consistency of the massless field theory.
Recurrent hemorrhage in hemangioblastoma involving the posterior fossa: Case report.

Background Hemangioblastomas (HGBs) are the most common primary intra-axial posterior fossa tumor in adults. Although spontaneous hemorrhage of these tumors is exceedingly rare, despite their vascular nature, we describe a case of recurrent hemorrhage with associated tonsillar herniation, and demonstrate that a surgical approach can provide a suitable outcome. Case description A 54-year-old female with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome presented with acute loss of consciousness and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 4. Computed tomographic (CT) images demonstrated large volume subarachnoid hemorrhage of the posterior fossa with intraventricular extension and intraparenchymal hemorrhage involving the right cerebellar tonsil. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displayed three lesions in the posterior fossa, two near the hemorrhage site. Patient underwent suboccipital craniectomy with a decent recovery followed by radiosurgery as she refused resection. A second hemorrhage occurred ultimately prompting surgical resection of the three posterior fossa lesions, with a reasonable postoperative course. Conclusion Hemorrhage of HGBs of the posterior fossa can present in conjunction of tonsillar herniation. Re-hemorrhage appears to be likely if prior acute hemorrhage has occurred. A stepwise approach of surgical decompression and resection may provide the best outcome.
Contravariant Adaptation on the Manifold of Causal, FIR, Invertible Multivariable Matrix Systems

This letter extends previous work on contravariant adaptation by providing a formula for the contravariant (natural) gradient on the manifold of multivariable, causal, invertible, finite impulse response (FIR) systems. The right action on the manifold of multivariable causal Toeplitz systems is defined. Using this right action, a bilinear form defined on the tangent space at the identity is extended throughout the entire manifold by invariance. This results in a formula analogous to the natural gradient for matrices, but which preserves the causal, FIR nature of the system. The contravariant conversion factor is block Toeplitz structured, so that implementations may employ fast Fourier transform based convolutions to produce lower complexity than would a comparably-sized generic matrix natural gradient.
Treatment of pediatric Clostridium difficile infection: a review on treatment efficacy and economic value

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in pediatric patients continues to rise. Most of the pediatric recommendations for CDI treatment are extrapolated from the literature and guidelines for adults. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends oral metronidazole as the first-line treatment option for an initial CDI and the first recurrence if they are mild to moderate in severity. Oral vancomycin is recommended to be used for severe CDI and the second recurrent infection. Additional pulsed regimen of oral vancomycin, which is tapered, may increase efficacy in refractory patients. However, there is lack of large studies evaluating the use of fidaxomicin in pediatrics to know whether it could be a safe and effective treatment option for difficult-to-treat patients. Fidaxomicin is associated with higher total drug costs compared to metronidazole and vancomycin, but the literature supports its use due to a lower rate of CDI recurrence, which may result in cost savings. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the use of fidaxomicin in patients <18 years old and to understand its role in the standard of care for pediatric patients with CDI.
TSensors Vision, Infrastructure and Security Challenges in Trillion Sensor Era

With the advancement of ubiquitous computing under the hood of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the number of connected devices is expected to grow exponentially in the following decade. Pervasive sensing is the backbone of any IoT/CPS application. Billions of connected devices each having multiple sensors will lead us to the age of trillion sensors. Widespread use of sensors in critical applications (e.g., smart grid, agricultural industry, food production, etc.) will present us with unique challenges. Identifying the threats well before they occur will be the key in the race against the threats posed by the adversaries in the age of trillion sensors (TSensors). In this paper, we present a detailed survey of the trends toward trillion sensors, and their applicability in recent connected applications. We identify several key areas, that need to be addressed to build a secure connected environment. There are several challenges and limitations as well which are expected to rise in the coming decade. We must be proactive in addressing those challenges to make a safe and secure environment.
Constructing a teaching philosophy: Aligning beliefs, theories, and practice

Abstract Crafting a teaching philosophy is required at several junctures in the careers of nursing faculty. This article presents a 4-step model for constructing a teaching philosophy composed of (a) aligning educational concepts, (b) building a framework for educational practice, (c) constructing a draft, and (d) reviewing and interpreting the teaching philosophy. The model guides nursing faculty to incorporate their organization's mission, personal beliefs, and educational theories into their teaching practice through their teaching philosophy.
Wealth in Middle and Later Life: Examining the Life Course Timing of Women’s Health Limitations

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Guided by cumulative inequality theory, this study poses two main questions: (a) Does women's poor health compromise household financial assets? (b) If yes, is wealth sensitive to the timing of women's health limitations? In addressing these questions, we consider the effect of health limitations on wealth at older ages, as well as examine how health limitations influence wealth over particular segments of the life course, giving attention to both the onset and duration of health limitations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using 36 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women, piecewise growth curve and linear regression models were used to estimate the effects of life course timing and duration of health limitations on household wealth. RESULTS The findings reveal that women who experienced health limitations accumulated substantially less wealth over time, especially if the health limitations were manifest during childhood or early adulthood. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study identifies how early-life health problems lead to less wealth in later life.
Quantification of residual BHK DNA by a novel droplet digital PCR technology

For drug substances manufactured in cell lines, host cell DNA is a common contaminant and its level must be carefully monitored. While residual DNA assays have been developed for many production cell lines, a robust assay is unavailable for baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The lack of genomics data of Syrian hamster, the origin of BHK cells, makes it challenging to design primers and probes for PCR-based methods. In this paper, we identified intracisternal A-particle (IAP) as an efficient PCR target for BHK DNA. PCR against IAP has been tested with conventional qPCR as well as with the recently developed ddPCR method, both of which demonstrated good efficiency with purified BHK DNA. However, the ddPCR-based method is less prone to matrix interference and is significantly more accurate than qPCR when testing complex samples, including multiple process intermediates. This study not only established a robust assay for the detection of residual BHK DNA, but also evaluated the capability of ddPCR technology for a new application.
A Novel Emergency Department-Based Telemedicine Program: How Do Older Patients Fare?

Abstract Introduction: When we started using telemedicine to treat low acuity patients in the emergency department (ED), we assumed that this voluntary treatment pathway would primarily be used by ...
Effect of pimobendan on the incidence of arrhythmias in small breed dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration.

Abstract Objective To determine if pimobendan, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor and calcium sensitizer with positive survival benefits, has an effect on incidence of arrhythmias compared to placebo in small breed dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD). Animals Eight client-owned small breed dogs ( Methods A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study design was used. Data were recorded at baseline and 2 weeks post-administration of placebo or pimobendan. Average heart rate and incidence of arrhythmia were determined from 24 h Holter analysis. Owners completed a quality of life (QOL) questionnaire at each time point and recorded sleeping respiratory rates (SRR). Mixed effects analysis of variance, with dog as the random variable was used to compare values obtained between baseline, placebo, and pimobendan. Results Compared to baseline, QOL scores were significantly improved following administration of either placebo or pimobendan (p = 0.021 and p Conclusions No significant difference between pimobendan and placebo was found on incidence of supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmia. The decrease in average heart rate and SRR may be reflective of superior heart failure control achieved with pimobendan therapy.
Asymmetric Induction and Enantiodivergence in Catalytic Radical C-H Amination via Enantiodifferentiative H-Atom Abstraction and Stereoretentive Radical Substitution.

Control of enantioselectivity remains a major challenge in radical chemistry. The emergence of metalloradical catalysis (MRC) offers a conceptually new strategy for addressing this and other outsta...
Ethics of Scholarly Collaboration

Scholarly collaboration with others involves endeavors filled with known-unknown expectations and ambiguity in the development of projects, presentations, and publications. This article begins an exploration of potential ethics involved in situations of collaboration among scholars as potential conflicts of interest unfold. The straight-thinking ethos surrounding collaboration is highlighted from a humanbecoming leading-following model.
The Causes Analysis of the Air Preheater and Performance Blocking Evaluation of the Measures on the SCR De-NOx Unit

In order to solve the problem of abnormal rise of the differential pressure of the revolving air preheater on 300MW unit, we analysed the causes of abnormal rise of the differential pressure of the air preheater and evaluated performances of control measures, through historical data mining and on-site inspection of the unit. The results show that, with the gradual decrease of environment temperature with the decrease of the exhaust gas temperature, the ashes in flue gas are bound by acid liquid produced by condensation of flue gas, and the adhesion areas of the ammonium bisulfate produced in the denitration process are enlarged. However the original set ash blowing pressure can no longer satisfy the requirements of the air preheater, giving rise to the differential pressure of the air preheater on both sides to rise. The reason of the higher differential pressure of the unilateral air preheater is that the large ammonia injection amount, leading to the increases of ammonia escape of the denitrification system. So the side of the air on preheater ammonium bisulfate type blockage is more serious. After the Measures of Adjusting distribution coefficient of ammonia supply valve on both sides, increasing the dust blowing frequency and pressure of the air preheater, the differential pressure of air preheater on both sides are close to the consistent. The decrease amplitude of the differential pressure of the air preheater on 280MW is about 300-500Pa.
Measurement Error and the Specification of the Weights Matrix in Spatial Regression Models

While the spatial weights matrix that is tractable in panel data, which I call the K test. I demonstrate the utility of the test using Monte Carlo simulations.
Histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 in nervous system development.

Although histone acetylases (HDACS) were initially believed to render chromatin in a transcriptionally repressed state by deacetylating histones, it is now known that they both repress and activate transcription. Moreover, HDACs regulate the activity and/or function of a large number of other cellular proteins localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Accumulating evidence indicates that HDACs also play a key role in the development of the nervous system. This review focuses on three classical HDACS — HDACs 1, 2 and 3. Although much evidence on the involvement of HDACs in neurodevelopment has come from the use of pharmacological inhibitors, because these agents are not specific in their action on individual HDAC proteins, this review only describes evidence derived from the use of molecular genetic approaches. Our review describes that HDACs 1, 2 and 3 play crucial roles in neurodevelopment by regulating neurogenesis, gliogenesis, the development of neural circuitry and synaptic transmission.
Medicine: A Prescription for Medical Student Leadership Education

This chapter proposes a medical school leadership curriculum that is context-driven, dovetails seamlessly with the medical student experience, and goes beyond managerial and professional interests by developing purposeful physician-leaders and focusing leadership knowledge on patient outcomes.
Disability, Poverty, and Schooling in Post-civil War in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone has invested in education after the civil war but it is unclear if persons with disabilities have benefited from this effort. In 2009, we conducted a household field survey in 17 randomly selected localities of Sierra Leone. Findings show that persons disabled before school-going age, those with multiple disabilities, girls, elderly children, the poorest, and those residing in rural areas were less likely to participate in primary and secondary education. The same predictors were associated with lower odds of being literate except the age of disability onset. Our findings indicate that quality and equity in learning require policy that prioritize vulnerable groups especially in post-conflict context.
Persistent intracranial hypertension in a cranial vault remodeling patient with open skull fractures from horse kick

A 4-year-old female with prior cranial vault remodeling for nonsyndromic bilateral coronal craniosynostosis sustained a severe traumatic brain injury with open skull fractures from a horse kick. Her post-traumatic course was complicated by persistently elevated intracranial pressure despite neurosurgical decompressions, maximum medical therapy, and trial of multiple pressure monitoring devices. She eventually had improvement in her intracranial pressures and made a full neurologic recovery. This case highlights the potential severity of horse kick injuries, the possible etiology of persistent intracranial hypertension in cranial vault remodeling patients following traumatic brain injury, the importance of a multi-team approach in the initial evaluation and postoperative follow-up of all craniosynostosis patients, and the necessity of helmet utilization.
Uncertainties in remote sensing reflectance at various spatial scales

Uncertainties in the retrieval of remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, from Ocean Color (OC) satellite sensors have a strong impact on performance of algorithms for the estimation of chlorophyll-a concentrations and inherent optical properties (IOPs). Uncertainties are highest in the blue bands, especially in coastal waters with low blue-band Rrs values. We recently showed that the main uncertainty contributions when observing at sun glint-optimized geometries are due to two components: variability of in-water parameters and skylight reflected from the water surface. Sunlight propagates to the water and back to the top of the atmosphere (TOA), capturing the instantaneous state of in-water conditions and sky light reflected from the wind-roughened wave facets. Both processes are averaged with the spatial resolution of the sensor. This results in the satellite measured TOA radiance spectrum, which is typically different from vector radiative transfer simulations that are based on the mean values of sea surface reflectance coefficient. Preliminary analysis shows that these two uncertainty components are spatially highly variable. Using the recently released provisional Aquatic Reflectance product for Landsat 8, we analyzed spatial scales of these components for multiple scenes in the open ocean and coastal waters at spatial resolutions ranging from 30 m to several kilometers.
Research of Language Teacher Identity: Status Quo and Future Directions:

After 20 years of study since researchers of second language teacher education have increasingly emphasized the importance of investigating L2 teachers’ mental lives, the research of language teach...
Animal and Plant Protein Oxidation: Chemical and Functional Property Significance

Protein oxidation, a phenomenon that was not well recognized previously but now better understood, is a complex chemical process occurring ubiquitously in food systems and can be induced by processing treatments as well. While early research concentrated on muscle protein oxidation, later investigations included plant, milk, and egg proteins. The process of protein oxidation involves both radicals and nonradicals, and amino acid side chain groups are usually the site of initial oxidant attack which generates protein carbonyls, disulfide, dityrosine, and protein radicals. The ensuing alteration of protein conformational structures and formation of protein polymers and aggregates can result in significant changes in solubility and functionality, such as gelation, emulsification, foaming, and water-holding. Oxidant dose-dependent effects have been widely reported, i.e., mild-to-moderate oxidation may enhance the functionality while strong oxidation leads to insolubilization and functionality losses. Therefore, controlling the extent of protein oxidation in both animal and plant protein foods through oxidative and antioxidative strategies has been of wide interest in model system as well in in situ studies. This review presents a historical perspective of food protein oxidation research and provides an inclusive discussion of the impact of chemical and enzymatic oxidation on functional properties of meat, legume, cereal, dairy, and egg proteins based on the literature reports published in recent decades.