cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leishmaniasis in American Soldiers: Parasites from the Front

Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and is associated with several clinical syndromes: visceral (the most serious), mucosal (the most disfiguring), and cutaneous (the most common). To date, only five cases of visceral leishmaniasis have been reported, with three cases from Operation Enduring Freedom and two acquired during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Using the Defense Medical Surveillance System, all reportable medical events, hospitalizations, and ambulatory visits to military treatment facilities coded with the diagnosis of leishmaniasis (ICD-9, 085.0 to 085.9) were searched. The leishmaniasis attack rate in one squadron was 211/1,000, with the associated division having an attack rate of 12/1,000. The major clinical syndromes of leishmaniasis are cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis. There have been instances of significant enlargement of leishmaniasis lesions along broken-down suture lines and discourage excision as a treatment modality. The symptomatic expression of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (known as kala-azar) includes fever, cachexia, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hypergammaglobulinemia with hypoalbuminemia. Visceral leishmaniasis can be asymptomatic, subclinical, symptomatic, or very severe. While the old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) described in U.S. military personnel is generally benign, the impact of VL on the global poorest of the poor can be associated with high mortality and is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be in excess of 500,000 cases per year. Much remains to be done; the most effective treatments are expensive and generally challenging to administer, drug resistance is developing, and the prevalence of concomitant immunocompromising conditions is increasing.
SERUM TOTAL HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT (CH50) LEVELS IN NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN

The purpose of this study was to establish normal CH50 levels in healthy infants and children, and to compare them with CH50 levels in a population of hospitalized children (HC), and children with acute, poststreptococcal, merabrano-proliferative and Lupus glomerulonephritis (GN). A modification of Kabat and Mayer's method was used; serum was examined fresh or within 2 weeks of quick freezing and storage at -70°C. In normal children, no correlation was found between CH50 levels and age, sex or race. Mean CH50 titers were similar in normal and hospitalized children, but statistically significantly different from the mean titer in children with GN (p > .001). In screening children with illnesses other than GN, the CH50 test has limited diagnostic value.
Using handheld PCs and peer instruction to improve science teaching and learning in higher education

Many of the core concepts in earth science systems are complex and counterintuitive, but well illustrated through imagery and/or animation. We have developed a new tool, "ImageQuiz," that uses wireless technologies to present images and provide a question requiring a point response. In the study presented here, we use Peer Instruction techniques (Mazur, 1997) in a large geosciences class and deliver ImageQuizes via wireless PocketPC computers. We will discuss development, implementation and learning outcomes.
Photospheric Magnetic Field Patterns and Their Coronal and Interplanetary Consequences

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the basic observational knowledge of the photospheric and interplanetary magnetic fields, and to point out the minimal theoretical considerations which are necessary to understanding the connection between the photospheric and interplanetary fields. In particular, I wish to point out that for most of the solar cycle a consideration of only the dipolar component of the photospheric field (including a “tilted dipole”) does not lead to an adequate explanation of even the most basic interplanetary observations. In addition, I will emphasize the complementary relationship between models of the coronal and interplanetary magnetic field which are extrapolations of actual photospheric data and models which are full MHD solutions for idealized cases. Finally, an interesting complication to the interplanetary sector pattern, in the form of a second pattern that exists primarily near solar maximum and at higher latitudes, will be described.
Infant Categorization of Path Relations During Dynamic Events

Fundamental to amassing a lexicon of relational terms (i.e., verbs, prepositions) is the ability to abstract and categorize spatial relations such as a figure (e.g., boy) moving along a path (e.g., around the barn). Three studies examine how infants learn to categorize path over changes in manner, or how an action is performed (e.g., running vs. crawling). Experiment 1 (n = 60) finds that 10- to 12-month-old English-learning infants categorize a figure’s path. In Experiment 2 (n = 27) categorization is disrupted when the ground object is removed, suggesting the relation between figure and ground defines the path. Experiment 3 (n = 24) shows that language may be a mechanism guiding category formation. These studies suggest that English-learning infants can categorize path, a component lexicalized in the world’s languages.
Endovascular Repair versus Open Repair for Isolated Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Purpose To compare the outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) with those of open repair for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (DTAA).
OR37 Antibody ligation of Hla B*44:03 fails to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation due to a failure to recruit integrin beta4

Aim Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is an important clinical problem after solid organ transplantation. Recipients producing posttransplant HLA antibodies (Ab) are at a higher risk for acute and chronic AMR. Notably, not all patients producing post-transplant Ab develop AMR. We postulated that distinct HLA class I alleles may differ in their capacity to transduce signals. Our previous data showed that HLA-B*44:03 was less efficient than other B locus molecules, including B*44:02, to stimulate signal transduction networks in endothelial cells (EC) despite having a similar binding capacity. We tested the hypothesis that failure of B*44:03 to stimulate signal transduction and EC proliferation was due to its inability to recruit integrin β 4. Method Primary human aortic EC (HAEC) were stimulated with human HLA-B12 allele specific mAb, and phosphorylation of signaling proteins was detected by Western Blot. For protein:protein complex formation, HAEC were stimulated with F(ab’)2 fragment of anti-HLA class I (HLA I) mAb W6/32 or mouse IgG as a control. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with a mouse anti-HLA-B12 mAb recognizing both B*44:02 and B*44:03 alleles and complex formation between class I and integrin β 4 was detected by Western Blot. Gene silencing was determined with siRNA transfection. EC proliferation was measured by BrdU incorporation and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Treatment of HAEC with anti-B12 mAb stimulated a increase in phosphorylation of Src, mTOR, ERK and Akt in B*44:02, but not in B*44:03 HAEC. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed complex formation between HLA I and integrin β 4 in B*44:02 HAEC, but not in HAEC carrying B*44:03. Furthermore, transfection of EC with integrin β 4 siRNA inhibited HLA-B12 mAb-induced protein phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that HAEC carrying B*44:03 fail to transduce proliferative signals because they are unable to recruit integrin β 4 into a signaling complex. Disrupting complex formation between integrin β 4 and HLA I may provide a new therapeutic target to prevent AMR.
Serum and Tissue Cytokines and Chemokines Increase with Repetitive Upper Extremity Tasks

We investigated inflammation in rats performing a low repetition, negligible force (LRNF) or high repetition, negligible force (HRNF) task of reaching and retrieving food pellets at target rates of two or four reaches/min for 2 h/day, for 6-8 weeks. Serum was assayed for 11 cytokines and chemokines; forelimb tissues for four cytokines. Macrophages were counted in forelimb tissues of LRNF rats to add to results from our previous studies of HRNF rats. In HRNF rats, serum IL-1a, IL-1b, TNFa, MIP2, MIP3a, and RANTES were elevated in weeks 6 and 8. In contrast, only MIP2 and MIP3a increased in serum of LRNF rats. In 8 week HRNF reach limb tissues, IL-1a, IL-1b, TNFa, and IL-10 increased in distal bones, IL-1a and -b in muscles, and TNFa in tendons. Only IL-10 increased in LRNF reach limb muscles in week 8. Serum IL-1a and MIP2 correlated with macrophages in LRNF loose connective tissues, serum MIP3a and MIP2 correlated negatively with grip strength, while serum TNFa, MIP3a, and MIP2 correlated positively with total number of reaches. Thus, several tissue and circulating cytokines/chemokines increase in an exposure dependent manner following short-term performance of repetitive reaching tasks and correlate with macrophage infiltration and decreasing grip strength. 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Meaningful Use of Electronic Health Records for Physician Collaboration: A Patient Centered Health Care Perspective

EHRs (Electronic Health Records), can contribute greatly to improving care and managing the rising costs of healthcare. The use and the integration of EHRs (Electronic Health Records) in supporting collaboration to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare remains a challenge. It appears that the physicians are at the center of this bottleneck. As healthcare is provided by interdisciplinary teams of clinicians and collaboration and coordination are key to success. Literature suggests reasons for the limited use relate to policy, financial and usability considerations, but it does not provide an understanding of reasons for physicians' limited interaction and adaptation of EHR. This paper investigates how “meaningful use” of EHRs by physicians enable patient centered healthcare to be achieved. Following an analysis of qualitative data, collected in a case study at a hospital using interviews, this research shows how a collaborative technology architecture can enable the reduction in the costs of healthcare and improvements in the quality of care by enabling more patient centered health care.
Phenological shifts and the fate of mutualisms

Climate change is altering the timing of life history events in a wide array of species, many of which are involved in mutualistic interactions. Because many mutualisms can form only if partner species are able to locate each other in time, differential phenological shifts are likely to influence their strength, duration and outcome. At the extreme, climate change-driven shifts in phenology may result in phenological mismatch: the partial or complete loss of temporal overlap of mutualistic species. We have a growing understanding of how, when, and why phenological change can alter one type of mutualism-pollination. However, as we show here, there has been a surprising lack of attention to other types of mutualism. We generate a set of predictions about the characteristics that may predispose mutualisms in general to phenological mismatches. We focus not on the consequences of such mismatches but rather on the likelihood that mismatches will develop. We explore the influence of three key characteristics of mutualism: 1) intimacy, 2) seasonality and duration, and 3) obligacy and specificity. We predict that the following characteristics of mutualism may increase the likelihood of phenological mismatch: 1) a non-symbiotic life history in which co-dispersal is absent; 2) brief, seasonal interactions; and 3) facultative, generalized interactions. We then review the limited available data in light of our a priori predictions and point to mutualisms that are more and less likely to be at risk of becoming phenologically mismatched, emphasizing the need for research on mutualisms other than plant-pollinator interactions. Future studies should explicitly focus on mutualism characteristics to determine whether and how changing phenologies will affect mutualistic interactions.
‘Seeing in the Dark’: Franz Joseph Thun and his Encyclopedia

AbstractIn the late 1790s the extravagant Bohemian aristocrat Franz Joseph Thun (1734–1801) composed a massive encyclopedia containing his wide-ranging and esoteric knowledge, which was not discovered until 2009. In this article I discuss the contents of his encyclopedia and investigate Thun’s place within the broader intellectual climate in Central Europe. I argue that Thun was an exceptional case in the Habsburg context, where scientists generally rejected outright the sort of excesses his encyclopedia contains. None the less, he became famous for his experiments with a spirit named ‘Gablidon’ and for his sessions in Mesmerism. His encyclopedia focuses on three topics: human ethics, man’s place in nature, and the sins of the French Revolution. He saw man as the middle link in the ‘great chain of being’, whose morality must be based on submission to God. Although he distanced himself from the Catholic Church, he rejected the French Revolution as an attempt to establish a state without religious basis.
Surface Diffusion by AN Atomic Exchange Mechanism.

On Ir(110), tungsten adatoms move preferentially across [$1\overline{1}0$] channels rather than along them, as observed on other channeled planes. The jump mechanism underlying this anomalous behavior has been tested in an atom probe. It is found that after cross-channel motion, an iridium adatom is left on the iridium surface rather than the tungsten originally deposited. These observations provide the first experimental evidence for atomic diffusion on a metal by exchange of the adatom with an atom from the substrate.
Prolonged aftereffects of a single foot shock

A time-sampling procedure was used to study the behavior of rats following a single foot shock. The Ss who received a 2 sec, 1.3 mA shock crouched more, lay down less, and were initially less active, than nonshocked controls. Crouching differences were greatest during the first 30 min after shock, and declined systematically over a 3 h period. The results were interpreted as indicating that foot shock produces gross behavioral changes which may affect the dependent variables of experiments involving such shock.
Speaking for the baby: A therapeutic intervention with adolescent mothers and their infants

Adolescent mothers frequently experience problems in mother-infant interaction. However, intervention can be very difficult, particularly when complicated by unresolved conflicts involving relationships in the young woman's past. This article describes a therapeutic intervention, based on the work of Fraiberg, which allows the young mother to learn to interpret her infant's cues while also encouraging her to express her own emotions in the context of the mother-infant relationship. Two case studies are discussed to illustrate the use of the technique as part of a program of mother-infant intervention.
The Various Worldwide Futures for School Psychology

'From the gloomy streets of London after World War II came a warning of a gloomy world of the future, a future of technical marvels that in the hands of ruthless dictators had turned the people into soul-less robots.'So begins George Orwell's novel, 1984, a date which has come to be a shorthand term for the future. But the future is now, in that 1984 has arrived. This issue of School Psychology International is composed of commentaries by school psychologists from 10 countries who have accepted invitations to speculate on the various futures for their respective nations. In that the future develops from the present, the authors have charted the current contexts for school psychology and their anticipations for the dawn of the twenty-first century. This topic, which involves so much forward speculation, is prompted by Orwell's fateful predictions. Thus it seems appropriate to place the writer, his anticipations and the famous novel into perspective.
Detrital zircon reference for the North China block

Abstract U–Pb analyses of 250 single detrital zircons from Upper Proterozoic to Ordovician strata collected from the Zhuozi Shan in north-central China provide a detrital zircon reference for the North China block, a major crustal entity in the Asian tectonic collage. The results, which range in age from 1.72 to 2.97 Ga, shed new light on the age of the crystalline basement in North China, much of which is covered by younger sedimentary units. In addition, this detrital zircon reference can be used to help determine the provenance of clastic sedimentary units and for assessing validity of paleogeographic and regional tectonic models that include the complex history of Asian continental amalgamation, terrane accretion, and subsequent translation that is ongoing today.
Stackelberg Game for Cognitive Radio Networks With MIMO and Distributed Interference Alignment

In this paper, we investigate the problem of spectrum leasing in cognitive radio (CR) networks, while incorporating two advanced physical-layer technologies, i.e., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and distributed interference alignment. We present a cooperative spectrum leasing scheme for primary and secondary users to balance the tension between data transmission and revenue collection/payment. A Stackelberg game is formulated, where the primary user is the leader, and secondary users are followers. With backward induction, we derive the optimal strategies for primary and secondary users that can achieve the unique Stackelberg equilibrium, where no player can gain by a unilaterally changing strategy. We find that spectrum leasing is always beneficial to enhancing the utilities of primary and secondary users. The proposed scheme outperforms a no-spectrum-leasing scheme and a cooperative scheme presented in the literature with considerable gains, which demonstrate the benefits of spectrum leasing and distributed interference alignment and validates the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Visual stimulus design for high-rate SSVEP BCI

A new approach to realise computer monitor flickers that can be used to elicit steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) at a flexible frequency is proposed. An SSVEP-based brain-computer interface (BCI) with 16 targets was then implemented using the proposed method. In an online test on three subjects, a high information transfer rate of 75.4 bits/min was achieved.
Predicting stress in benthic communities of southeastern U.S. estuaries in relation to chemical contamination of sediments

Matching data on sediment contaminants and macroinfaunal community structure from 231 subtidal stations in southeastern U.S. estuaries were used to develop a framework for evaluating risks of benthic impacts from multiple-contaminant exposure. Sediment contamination was expressed as the mean ratio of individual contaminant concentrations relative to corresponding sediment quality guidelines, that is, to effects range-median (ERM) values, probable effects level (PEL) values, or an aggregate of the two. The probability of a degraded benthos was relatively low in samples with mean ERM quotients ≤0.020, PEL quotients ≤0.035, or combined ERM/PEL quotients ≤0.024. Only 5% of stations within these ranges had degraded benthic assemblages, while 95% had healthy assemblages. A higher probability of benthic impacts was observed in samples with mean ERM quotients >0.058, PEL quotients >0.096, or ERM/PEL quotients >0.077. Seventy-three to 78% of stations with values in these upper ranges had degraded benthic assemblages, while 22 to 27% had healthy assemblages. Only four stations (three with degraded, one with healthy assemblages) had mean ERM or PEL quotients >1.0, which is the beginning of the range associated with a high probability of mortality in short-term laboratory toxicity tests using amphipods.
Nitrogen Fertilization Rate and Application Timing Effects on the Nutritive Value and Digestibility of Crabgrass

Crabgrass (species) could provide high quality grazing for ruminant livestock in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. However, little is known about managing crabgrass as forage in this region. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of N fertilizer rate and application timing on the nutritive value of crabgrass. Nitrogen rates ranging from 0 to 400 lb/acre were applied as a single application at seeding or as a split application, one-half at seeding and one-half after the first cutting. Crude protein concentration increased with N fertilization. In contrast, the effect of N fertilization on crabgrass fiber digestibility was variable and appeared to be linked to weather patterns and other factors. Results of the current study clearly indicate that crabgrass is highly digestible, possessing IVTD values in the range of 75 to 90%. Crabgrass could provide excellent quality forage during the summer months when cool-season grass growth is restricted by high temperature and intermittent rainfall. This species would likely be best for livestock classes with high nutritional requirements such as weaned calves, stockers, or lactating dairy cattle.
Sweat gland adenomas: immunohistochemical study with emphasis on myoepithelial differentiation.

Thirty-one dermal appendage tumors of sweat gland differentiation including 7 spiradenomas (SPA), 8 cylindromas (CYL), 8 acrospiromas (ACS), and 8 chondroid syringomas (CS) were analyzed using antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin (AE1, AE3, CAM 5.2, 34BE12), S-100 protein, actin (ACT), and desmin (DBS) to characterize the immunocytochemical profile of benign sweat gland tumors. Cytokeratin expression was variable; AE1, 34BE12, AE3, and CAM 5.2 were present in 31, 24, 23, and 22 tumors respectively; 29 tumors contained EMA. Seventeen tumors, (6 SPA, 8 CYL, 2 ACS, 1 CS) stained with antibody to alpha smooth muscle actin, and 26 (7 SPA, 7 CYL, 4 ACS, 8 CS) expressed S-100 protein. Although some prior studies had reported actin filaments on electron microscopy in both spiradenoma and cylindroma, these tumors have previously been considered to be negative for myoepithelial differentiation. All spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied demonstrated actin and/or S-100 protein positivity in basal epithelial cells, consistent with myoepithelial differentiation. The organization of actin and S-100 protein positivity displayed by the spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied suggests that the tumors are differentiated towards the secretory portion of the eccrine sweat gland.
A histological and ultrastructural analysis of developmental defects produced by the mutation, lethal(1)myospheroid, in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The recessive embryonic lethal, lethal(1)myospheroid, is located at 21.7 map units on the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. Embryos hemizygous for this mutation appear to develop normally until the time of the first muscular contractions. Due to the physical stress of these initial contractions, dramatic tissue separations occur, which characterize the phenotype of this mutation. The dorsal suture separates with the herniation of midgut and nervous tissue, and the somatic and visceral muscles retract from their sites of attachment. An ultrastructural examination of the development of the muscle attachment sites in these embryos indicates that in 1(1)mys embryos there is a delay in the formation of normal cell-cell attachments. At the muscle-tendon cell junction, the deposition of the apparently normal extracellular matrix of this desmosomal attachment occurs considerably later in development than normal. The 1(1)mys locus apparently makes a product which is either defective, made more slowly, or produced in smaller amounts than normal. The 1(1)mys product is probably necessary for the production of a component of the extracellular matrix of cell-cell attachments.
Experimental observation and prediction of interfacial tension and viscoelastic emulsion model behavior in novel phosphate glass–polymer hybrids

The interfacial tension of hybrids composed of a tin-based phosphate glass (Pglass) and thermoplastic polymers, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP) was investigated using pendant drop and droplet deformation methods. High surface tension values were determined for the pure Pglass and subsequently used to obtain interfacial tension values that were found to be greater than that of most polymer blends reported in the literature. Small amplitude oscillatory shear data were fitted to the Choi-Schowalter and Palierne emulsion models in order to estimate the interfacial tension and to validate the accuracy (or lack thereof) of using a polymer emulsion model on the special Pglass-polymer systems. Although some of the hybrids showed satisfactory agreement with the emulsion models, wide ranges of interfacial tensions were obtained, suggesting that a more complicated theory that explicitly takes the Pglass-polymer interactions, shape factor, and size distributions of the dispersed Pglass phase into account may be necessary for more accurate modeling of these special hybrid systems with enhanced benefits.
Applications of surface metrology in firearm identification

Surface metrology is commonly used to characterize functional engineering surfaces. The technologies developed offer opportunities to improve forensic toolmark identification. Toolmarks are created when a hard surface, the tool, comes into contact with a softer surface and causes plastic deformation. Toolmarks are commonly found on fired bullets and cartridge cases. Trained firearms examiners use these toolmarks to link an evidence bullet or cartridge case to a specific firearm, which can lead to a criminal conviction. Currently, identification is typically based on qualitative visual comparison by a trained examiner using a comparison microscope. In 2009, a report by the National Academies called this method into question. Amongst other issues, they questioned the objectivity of visual toolmark identification by firearms examiners. The National Academies recommended the development of objective toolmark identification criteria and confidence limits. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have applied its experience in surface metrology to develop objective identification criteria, measurement methods, and reference artefacts for toolmark identification. NIST developed the Standard Reference Material SRM 2460 standard bullet and SRM 2461 standard cartridge case to facilitate quality control and traceability of identifications performed in crime laboratories. Objectivity is improved through measurement of surface topography and application of unambiguous surface similarity metrics, such as the maximum value (ACCFMAX) of the areal cross correlation function. Case studies were performed on consecutively manufactured tools, such as gun barrels and breech faces, to demonstrate that, even in this worst case scenario, all the tested tools imparted unique surface topographies that were identifiable. These studies provide scientific support for toolmark evidence admissibility in criminal court cases.
Compressor optimization with compressor-based multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS)

The multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS) technique is modified to optimize the compressor settings of a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser system. Here, we use the compressor itself to perform the phase scan inherent in MIIPS measurement . A frequency-resolved optical gating measurement shows that the pulse duration of the compressor optimized using the modified MIIPS technique is 33.8 fs with a 2.24 rad temporal phase variation above 2% intensity. The measured time-bandwidth product is 0.60, which is close to that of transform-limited Gaussian pulse (0.44).
Side-to-side differences in transcranial Doppler parameters in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to investigate whether women with preeclampsia demonstrate larger side-to-side velocity differences in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) compared with normotensive pregnant women. Study design Forty-one preeclamptic women and 50 normotensive pregnant women were studied during the third trimester. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure peak, end-diastolic, and mean velocities in both MCAs. An asymmetry index was calculated as 100×Rt−Lt|/(Rt+Lt)/2, for each of the following parameters: mean velocity (Vm), pulsatility index (PI), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Student t test, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis were used. Significance was taken as P Results Both normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women showed good correlation between Rt and Lt MCA Vm ( R >0.8, P R >0.6, P .0001), and CPP ( R >0.8, P Conclusion Preeclampsia does not appear to induce greater side-to-side velocity differences in the MCA distribution.
Orofacial pain management: current perspectives

Some of the most prevalent and debilitating pain conditions arise from the structures innervated by the trigeminal system (head, face, masticatory musculature, temporomandibular joint and associated structures). Orofacial pain (OFP) can arise from different regions and etiologies. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are the most prevalent orofacial pain conditions for which patients seek treatment. Temporomandibular disorders include a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory musculature, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or both. Trigeminal neuropathic pain conditions can arise from injury secondary to dental procedures, infection, neoplasias, or disease or dysfunction of the peripheral and/or central nervous system. Neurovascular disorders, such as primary headaches, can present as chronic orofacial pain, such as in the case of facial migraine, where the pain is localized in the second and third division of the trigeminal nerve. Together, these disorders of the trigeminal system impact the quality of life of the sufferer dramatically. A multidisciplinary pain management approach should be considered for the optimal treatment of orofacial pain disorders including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological modalities.
Antibiotic Therapy of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Critical Care

The treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the critically ill patient is challenging. Data for treatment of critically ill patients are often lacking because many such patients are excluded from industry-sponsored prospective randomized clinical trials. Infections due to MRSA are common in the critical care setting. Up to 24% of patients in intensive care units are colonized with MRSA, and 20% of all nosocomial bloodstream infections are due to MRSA. It is also one of the leading bacterial causes of ventilator- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Vancomycin has been the drug of choice for treatment of MRSA in the critical care setting. Recent data showing vancomycin resistance, increasing numbers of MRSA isolates with higher vancomycin minumum inhibitory concentrations, and an apparent increase in vancomycin clinical failures have brought vancomycin's utility into question. A variety of treatment options for MRSA are available. Quinupristin-dalfopristin was the first alternative to vancomycin. However, its safety profile and potential for drug interactions limit its use. Linezolid has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pneumonia and skin and skin-structure infections due to MRSA. The drug's potential to cause bone marrow suppression limits its use, especially in treatment durations extending beyond 14 days. Daptomycin has been shown to be effective for the treatment of MRSA bloodstream and of MRSA skin and skin-structure infections. Tigecycline is the newest available drug with MRSA activity. It has demonstrated noninferiority to vancomycin in skin and skin-structure infections. However, its role in the treatment of ventilator- and hospital-acquired pneumonia is still unclear.
Problems of tritiation: Preparation of tritiated S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine

Abstract An attempt to prepare pure tritiated S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- L -cysteine (DCVC) by exposing an authentic specimen of this compound to tritium gas by the Wilzbach procedure failed. From the product formed, DCVC was isolated which had the correct physicochemical properties but low, if any radioactivity; it contained radioactive impurities from which it could not be separated by the methods used. Tritiation of pure L -cystine by the same procedure afforded a specimen which, after extensive purification, contained most of the radioactivity in the form of L -cystine, and two minor radioactive contaminants. After reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia, treatment with trichloroethylene and purification, it afforded tritiated DCVC with a specific activity of 4.92 μc/mmole. During this synthesis about two thirds of the radioactivity was lost, presumably through exchange in liquid ammonia.
Ideologies and Incarceration: Legislator Attitudes Toward Jail Overcrowding

Despite increasing legislative influence on criminal justice policy, research on the determinants and effects of lawmakers' attitudes toward specific criminal justice problems has been sparse. Combining interview and survey methods, this study examined punishment ideologies of California legislators and investigated linkages with attitudes about incarceration and jail overcrowding (perceived causes, effects, and solutions). Results suggested that legislators held beliefs supporting a mix of punishment ideologies, and ideology was only weakly related to support for specific punishment policies. Mixed ideologies and the lack of a clear distinction between liberal and conservative responses imply greater potential for bipartisan solutions to jail overcrowding and other criminal justice problems than has commonly been assumed. Support for initiatives such as juvenile prevention and intermediate sanctions was widespread and cut across party lines.
Disulfiram maintenance employee alcoholism treatment: A three-phase evaluation ☆

Abstract Absenteeism rates of industrial employees ( N = 21) referred by their employers to alcoholism treatment were evaluated during three phases: pre-treatment (the 24 months immediately prior to treatment); treatment (the period of continuous treatment enrolment, averaging 10.6 months); and post-treatment (the period immediately following treatment, averaging 4.4 months). Treatment consisted of disulfiram maintenance—routine supervised ingestion of disulfiram—without scheduled counseling. The median per cent of scheduled work days absent for each phase was: pre-treatment, 9.8%; treatment, 1.7%; post-treatment, 6.7%. Absenteeism during the treatment phase was significantly less ( p
Least statistically dependent basis and its application to image modeling

Statistical independence is one of the most desirable properties for a coordinate system for representing and modeling images. In reality, however, truly independent coordinates may not exist for a given set of images, or it may be computationally too difficult to obtain such coordinates. Therefore, it makes sense to obtain the least statistically dependent coordinate system efficiently. This basis--we call it Least Statistically-Dependent Basis (LSDB)--can be rapidly computed by minimizing the sum of the differential entropy of each coordinate in the basis library. This criterion is quite different from the Joint Best Basis (JBB) proposed by Wickerhauser. We demonstrate the use of the LSDB for image modeling and compare its performance with JBB and Karhunen-Loeve Basis.
Z c ( 3900 ) —what is inside?

The models for the internal structure of the newly found four-quark charmoniumlike resonance ${Z}_{c}(3900)$ are discussed: the molecular model as well as the hadro-charmonium and tetraquark schemes. It is argued that it would be possible to resolve between these models by combining measurements of the quantum numbers of the resonance and of its decay rates into yet unseen channels $\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{c}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ and into pairs of heavy mesons ${D}^{*}\overline{D}$ and $D{\overline{D}}^{*}$. The models also predict different related four-quark states, which can be sought for in the existing and future data.
Genetic analysis of poxvirus mRNA cap methyltransferase: suppression of conditional mutations in the stimulatory D12 subunit by second-site mutations in the catalytic D1 subunit.

Abstract The guanine-N7 methyltransferase domain of vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme, composed of catalytic vD1(498–844) and stimulatory vD12 subunits, can function in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in lieu of the essential cellular cap methyltransferase Abd1. Coexpression of both poxvirus subunits is required to complement the growth of abd1Δ cells. A double-alanine scan of the vD12 protein identified lethal and temperature-sensitive vD12 alleles. We used this mutant collection to perform a forward genetic screen for compensatory changes in the catalytic subunit that suppressed the growth phenotypes of the vD12 mutants. The screen reiteratively defined a small ensemble of amino acids in vD1(498–844) at which mutations restored methyltransferase function in conjunction with defective vD12 proteins. Reference to the crystal structure of the microsporidian cap methyltransferase suggests that distinct functional classes of suppressors were selected, including: (i) those that map to surface-exposed loops, which likely comprise the physical subunit interface; (ii) those in or near the substrate binding sites, which presumably affect or mimic inter-subunit allostery.
Probabilistic model for the mechanism of phenolic polymer dissolution

A probabilistic model for polymer dissolution was recently presented that aims to provide a fully molecular explanation for the complex dissolution behavior of phenolic polymers such as novolac in aqueous developers. It is based on the hypothesis that a phenolic polymer, which is below the entanglement molecular weight, becomes appreciably soluble only when a certain fraction of its phenol groups are deprotonated. If the rate of dissolution of the polymer is limited by this solubility criterion rather than by mass transfer, then the dissolution rate of the polymer may be predicted from the probability of deprotonation. This hypothesis has been supported by laboratory measurements that tested the model's predictions for the effect of polymer molecular weight on the minimum base concentration for development and by combinatory potentiometric and turbidimetric titrations. The model can adequately account for the observed effects of residual casting solvent and novolac/inhibitor interactions and the differential dissolution behavior between novolac and poly(hydroxystyrene). No other model for phenolic polymer dissolution predicts all of these behaviors. This evidence suggests that even in a primitive form, the probabilistic model captures the important physical elements affecting the dissolution process that are absent from models based solely on diffusion theory.
User-Recordable Non-Player Characters for Croquet

Visually rich, immersive multi-user environments are commonly used for entertainment and online socializing. However, growing attention is being given to education and simulations for training using these immersive "game-oriented" technologies. In this paper, we describe extensions to Croquet facilitating the recording and playback of avatar interactions in 3D multi-user spaces. Applications of recordable user-controlled avatars include creation of Non-Player Characters (NPCs), and recording/playback of social interactions for education, such as foreign language instructional environments. By combining a set of user- controlled avatar gestures with live and pre-recorded avatars in a 3D Croquet space, we can create a virtual laboratory for users to practice both language and the social gestures which go with the language - and then replay the actions to both analyze the interactions and try different viewpoints and roles.
Condorcet efficiency of constant scoring rules for large electorates

Abstract Computer simulation is used to estimate the Condorcet efficiency of constant scoring rules on nine or fewer candidates. Condorcet efficiency is defined as the probability that a voting procedures selects a Condorcet winner when there is one. It is assumed that the number of voters is very large and that voters' preferences meet the impartial culture condition. The simulation process is based upon the representation of the Condorcet efficiencies as multivariate normal positive orthant probabilities.
Targeted therapies for cancer of the gallbladder.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder are uncommon, aggressive tumors with poor survival. This review summarizes advances in understanding the biology of gallbladder cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Published response rates of adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder to chemotherapy are less than 30% and no survival benefit has been demonstrated from palliative systemic therapy. New information on the molecular carcinogenic mechanisms of these malignancies, combined with findings from animal models, may lead to improved treatment for patients. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the molecular carcinogenesis of adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder, coupled with the availability of novel molecularly 'targeted' chemotherapeutic agents, may improve outcome for patients.
CRT-10 The Outcome of Patients Undergoing Surgical Mitral Valve Surgery as a Potential Comparator for patients undergoing Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) was introduced as an alternative to the standard mitral valve surgery (MVS) for severe mitral regurgitation (MR). However, the ideal patient population to benefit from this procedure is still controversial. This study aimed to identify a potential comparator
No association between SNP rs498055 on chromosome 10 and late-onset Alzheimer disease in multiple datasets.

Summary SNP rs498055 in the predicted gene LOC439999 on chromosome 10 was recently identified as being strongly associated with late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). This SNP falls within a chromosomal region that has engendered continued interest generated from both preliminary genetic linkage and candidate gene studies. To independently evaluate this interesting candidate SNP we examined four independent datasets, three family-based and one case-control. All the cases were late-onset AD Caucasian patients with minimum age at onset ≥ 60 years. None of the three family samples or the combined family-based dataset showed association in either allelic or genotypic family-based association tests at p 0.52). Our results do not confirm the previous association, but are consistent with a more recent negative association result that used family-based association tests to examine the effect of this SNP in two family datasets. Thus we conclude that rs498055 is not associated with an increased risk of LOAD.
Polyostotic cystic bone lesions in a dog.

The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of a polyostotic cystic bone lesion in a 9-month-old Doberman Pinscher are described. The patient was diagnosed as having nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism at 6 weeks of age and after dietary correction it remained clinically normal until 9 months when there was sudden left hind-limb lameness due to a pathological fracture through a cystic lesion in the distal femur. Radiography revealed additional cystic structures in the metaphyses of the left radius, and left and right tibia. Pseudofractures were associated with two of the cystic lesions. In some areas the cysts were crossed by trabeculae and in others there were bony ridges on the inner cystic wall. The cavities were lined with flesh-coloured fibrillar material which formed a lacy network extending into cavities. Histologically, multiple small cysts were present adjacent to the larger cavities noted radiographically. The secondary spongiosa and the metaphyseal periosteum were the major abnormal tissue sites. The small cysts appeared to arise in an oedematous and congested metaphyseal spongiosa. The cysts were accompanied by small foci of intense osteoclasis but unattended by compensatory bone production, and the consequent possibility of pseudofractures is an important clinical consideration. Earlier reports demonstrated that resolution of the lesions will follow surgical drainage and curettage of the cystic cavity. Of six cases of polyostotic cystic bone lesions observed in the dog, five were in the Doberman Pinscher breed.
Oral cysts in newborn infants

Abstract Dental lamina cysts and cruption cysts have a similar appearance in newborn infants, but the two lesions differ histologically. Unless such cysts delay eruption of the deciduous teeth over which they occur, surgical intervention may not be necessary.
Dynamical forecasting and dynamical interpolation: an experiment in the California Current

Abstract In order to perform real-time dynamical forecasts and hindcasts, three high-resolution hydrographic surveys were made of a (150 km)2 domain off northern California, providing two sets of initialization and verification fields. The data was objectively analyzed and regularly gridded for model compatibility. These maps initially show an anticyclonic eddy segment in the northeast and part of another in the northwest. Two weeks later only the northwest anticyclonic eddy remained, with the domain center dominated by a 0.6 m s−1 jet. Two weeks after that only a larger northwest eddy with fairly weak velocities remained. Numerical forecasts with persistent boundary conditions and forecast experiments with boundary conditions linearly interpolated between surveys were performed. The real-time forecast successfully predicted the formation of the zonal jet prior to its observation. Dynamical interpolation shows unambiguously that the two anticyclonic eddies have merged and formed a single eddy. Even the fo...
Central neuronal control of cilia in Tritonia diamedia.

CONSIDERABLE evidence indicates that the beating of cilia of a wide variety of animals is under neural control1, but no recordings have yet been made of the central neurones which actually control or influence ciliary beating. Several invertebrates of several phyla locomote by means of ciliary beating2,3; among these are included members of several families of gastropods4–7. The pedal cilia of these gastropods must be under central nervous control, but apart from some early experiments demonstrating that central control does exist4,5 it has received little attention8. I report here that the nudibranch mollusc Tritonia diomedia locomotes by pedal ciliary action, and that re-identifiable ‘cilia motor neurones’ in the central nervous system stimulate the beating of the pedal cilia.
Complex point sources in probe-corrected cylindrical near-field scanning

A probe-corrected theory based on complex point sources is presented for computing the acoustic field of an arbitrary finite source from measurements of the near field on a cylindrical scanning surface. The complex point sources are used both as basis functions for the expansion of the field outside the scan cylinder and for the representation of the probe. The resulting probe-corrected formulas are considerably simpler than the standard probe-corrected formulas based on cylindrical waves. The new formulation makes simulations of near-field scanning systems much less computationally intensive than simulations based on standard theory. The complex point-source theory is validated through numerical examples involving a baffled circular piston transducer probe.