cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibrotic and sclerotic manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic stem cell transplant (HCT), with approximately 50-60% of long-term HCT survivors developing one or more manifestations of the disorder. While acute GVHD is typically limited to skin, liver and gastrointestinal involvement, virtually every organ is at risk for the development of cGVHD. Though the pathophysiology of cGVHD remains poorly understood, some of the most severe organ manifestations are linked by end organ fibrosis. In particular, fibrotic cutaneous and bronchiolar changes, resulting in scleroderma-like changes and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), respectively, are two of the most devastating outcomes for these patients. Both sclerotic GVHD (ScGVHD) and BOS have been reported in 5 to 15% of patients with cGVHD (1, 2)ENREF 1. Unfortunately, standard treatment for cGVHD has not changed significantly in the past 30 years, and relies heavily on the use of agents that reduce the activity of alloreactive T-cells. Many of the manifestations of cGVHD however, share clinical characteristics seen in non-transplant conditions, including systemic sclerosis or pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, understanding the pathophysiology underlying these related conditions may help identify potential mechanisms and ultimately new therapeutic options for patients with cGVHD. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been shown to inhibit two different profibrotic pathways (transforming growth factor β [TGF-β] and platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]) in various mouse models of fibrotic disease, and offer a possible novel treatment approach for cGVHD patients suffering from severe sclerosis (3). Likewise, overexpression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been shown to induce fibrogenesis in experimental hepatocellular disease (4), and has been linked with human scleroderma-associated interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (5) and profibrotic responses in human osteoarthritic hip joint fibroblasts (6). The use of TNF antagonists has been examined in some clinical situations associated with fibrosis (7, 8), suggesting they may also be of some benefit to patients with cGVHD; however, this must first be prospectively tested.
Numerical solution for viscous flow for two-dimensional domains using orthogonal coordinate systems

Abstract A method to generate two-dimensional orthogonal grids in simply and doubly connected domains is given. The method not only generates the grids but also finds the modulus of the domain simultaneously. Also, the Navier0Stokes equations are solved is some doubly connected domains. The insteady vorticity stream function approach is used. The stream function on one of the boundaries has to be updated at every time step. Comparisons are made between numerical and experimental results; quite good agreement can be achieved.
Psychotherapy and (or) Medications for Depression in Youth? An Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations for Treatment

This article reviews existing research pertaining to antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and their combined efficacy in the treatment of clinical depression in youth. Based on this review, we recommend that youth depression and its treatment can be readily understood from a social-psycho-bio model. We maintain that this model presents an alternative conceptualization to the dominant biopsychosocial model, which implies the primacy of biological contributors. Further, our review indicates that psychotherapy should be the frontline treatment for youth with depression and that little scientific evidence suggests that combined psychotherapy and medication treatment is more effective than psychotherapy alone. Due primarily to safety issues, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors should be initiated only in conjunction with psychotherapy and/or supportive monitoring.
The effect of halide ion on the SERS spectra of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds at various pH values

Abstract The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of piperidine and pyridine have been examined as a function of chloride ion and electrode potential at a polycrystalline Ag electrode. The A′ modes (symmetric with respect to the symmetry plane) of piperidine have a more negative intensity vs. potential maximum (ca. −0.8V vs. SCE) than the A″ modes (antisymmetric with respect to the symmetry plane) which appear at ca. −0.4 V vs. SCE. These results are interpreted in terms of a geometric electrostatic effect of the chloride ion. Three vibrational modes of piperidine have doublets assignable to the symmetric and antisymmetric representations, and both electrode potential and bulk chloride ion strongly affect the intensity ratio of these modes. For free pyridine the electrode potential has a more pronounced effect on the peak intensities of the v1 and v12 bands than changes in the bulk chloride ion concentration. In acidic solution, the pyridinium ion spectrum is strongly dependent on the chloride ion concentration indicating an ion-pair species at the electrode surface.
Conduction in demyelinated axons—A simplified model

This paper is concerned with conduction of the nervous impulse in a myelinated axon and the effect of demyelination on conduction characteristics. A model of nerve conduction called the “gunpowder fuse” model is presented which accurately predicts conduction velocities in both myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. The effect on conduction velocity in this model by reducing myelin thickness is examined by utilizing basic data and building and equivalent circuit. The result is a curve relating reduced conduction velocity to reduced myelin thickness. A similar analysis and resultant curve is derived from a saltatory conduction model.
Fundamental Aeroservoelastic Study Combining Unsteady Computational Fluid Mechanics with Adaptive Control

A computational two-dimensional aeroservoelastic study in the time domain is described. The model, which is based on exact inviscid aerodynamics, captures the large amplitude motions and the associated strong shock dynamics in the transonic regime. The aeroservoelastic system consists of a two-degree-of-freedom airfoil with a trailing-edge control surface. By the use of first-order actuator dynamics, a digital adaptive controller is applied to provide active flutter suppression. Comparisons between time responses of the open-loop and closed-loop systems show the ability of the trailing-edge control surface to suppress nonlinear transonic aeroelastic phenomena. A relation between actuator dynamics, sampling time step, and limits on the flap deflection angle to guarantee the effectiveness of the adaptive controller is illustrated by the results.
Penalized Survival Models and Frailty

Interest in the use of random effects in the survival analysis setting has been increasing. However, the computational complexity of such frailty models has limited their general use. Although fitting frailty models has traditionally been difficult, standard algorithms for fitting Cox semiparametric and parametric regression models can be readily extended to include penalized regression. We demonstrate that solutions for gamma shared frailty models can be obtained exactly via penalized estimation. Similarly, Gaussian frailty models are closely linked to penalized models. Fitting frailty models with penalized likelihoods can be made quite efficient by taking advantage of computational methods available for penalized models. We have implemented penalized regression for the coxph function of S-Plus and illustrate the algorithms with examples using the Cox model.
Evidence of far ultraviolet light-mediated changes in plasma membrane structure and function

Irradiation of plasma membrane preparations with 254 nm light increases its apparent microviscosity with fluorescent polarimetry. Doses of 3 . 10(4) J/m2 increase the fluorescent polarization of a diphenylhexatriene probe by 10%. A similar increase is seen when whole cells are irradiated. The fate of membrane protein following irradiation was examined using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Increasing the 254 nm doses reduces the amount of material in distinct bands on the gel and increases the amount of very low mobility material. No new bands of Coomassie blue staining material were observed. Irradiation of whole cells inhibited their attachment to concanavalin A-coated surfaces, an indication of a change in membrane function.
Microbial infections in hospitals: A review of the literature and some suggestions for nursing research

The practice of infection control is the responsibility of the profession of nursing. This is not a new concept: the principles of hygiene, of sanitary controls, and of aseptic procedures have always been incorporated into nursing care to ensure the protection of patients from the threat of infections. However, a new dimension has expanded these nursing responsibilities from the need to protect each patient as an individual, to the need to protect the total community as a group within health care facilities. Epidemiologic method, a research method for public health,(l) was generated for the purpose of identifying and assessing hazards which threaten the health of groups. Epidemiology provides an intelligent basis for recommending changes in communities such as the hospital: it provides a method of obtaining information which can be quantified and substantiated and upon which decisions to prevent cross infection can be made with reliability and with confidence. Within the intramural environment, the prevention and control of infection is such a complex problem that it requires an interdisciplinary approach - it requires the coordination and cooperation of the total therapeutic community to ensure high quality patient care. Nonetheless, the major responsibility of infection control lies with the nursing profession - the only discipline which is committed to the 24hr provision of care for the sick in hospitals. It is the purpose of this paper to review the literature in hospital epidemiology in order to define the present problems in nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections and other communicable diseases. The second objective of this discussion is to formulate generalized hypotheses which accentuate areas requiring research in nursing. This argument will postulate a clear distinction between those problems which are a focus for nursing research and those which are beyond the scope of nursing reference. Definitions in hospital epidemiology suffer from disorganized taxonomy due to the rapidity of the development of this field of interest and a significant pleomorphism of definitions. Nosocomial infections are a communicable disease. At present there is a trend to differentiate nosocomial infection, a term derived from the Greek noses, disease,
CD44 participates in the adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma cells to laminin and type IV collagen

CD44 is a cellular adhesion molecule expressed in many different types of cells that may be a receptor for hyaluronic acid, laminin, collagen or fibronectin. In this study, we determined whether CD44 participated in the adhesion of three human colorectal carcinoma cell lines (KM-12c, CCL 188 and MIP-101) to laminin, collagen and hyaluronic acid. All lines were positive for the epithelial form of CD44 (CD44E) with a molecular weight of approximately 160 kD. All of them bound significantly to laminin and type IV collagen but not to hyaluronic acid in a solid phase adhesion assay. Three monoclonal antibodies to CD44 (Hermes 1, Hermes 3 and J173) significantly blocked the binding of colorectal carcinoma lines to laminin and collagen whereas another antibody to CD44 (50B4) bound to cells but did not inhibit adhesion. Only Hermes 1 completely abolished the binding to hyaluronic acid by a human B lymphoblastoid cell line, JY, that expressed the 90 kD haematopoietic form of CD44. Soluble hyaluronate inhibited the adhesion of JY cells to solid phase hyaluronate but did not inhibit adhesion to laminin and collagen by the colorectal carcinoma lines. Thus, (a) CD44E participates in the adhesion of colorectal carcinoma cells to laminin and type IV collagen and (b) the binding site for laminin and collagen on CD44E is different from the site for hyaluronic acid.
Process compensated CMOS temperature sensor for microprocessor application

This paper presents the design and implementation of a process compensated CMOS temperature sensor that does not require any BJTs. CTAT and PTAT sensors that are based on temperature-dependent threshold voltage (V TH ) are designed to have same process variation and outputs are subtracted to suppress the process spread. Proposed design is fabricated in a TSMC 0.18um 2P6M process and measured results show less than an −1.8°C to +0.9°C error over −40°C to 85°C after 1-point calibration. The noise level is less than 100uV/√Hz, which is equivalent to 0.043°C and overall power consumption is 478uW.
Nerve sprouting and endplate growth induced in normal muscle by contralateral partial denervation of rat plantaris.

The incidence of motor nerve and terminal sprouting was quantitatively analyzed in normal unoperated muscles, in homologous muscles contralateral to muscles which have been partially denervated, in partially denervated muscles, and in sham-operated muscles. Muscles were studied by light microscopy after staining motor endplates by a combined silver-cholinesterase stain. In addition, the incidence of endplates containing terminal sprouts, the number of terminal branch points per endplate, and endplate size were also assessed in the various groups examined. We observed that following section of the L4 spinal nerve, the incidence of sprouting (preterminal and intranodal) in the contralateral muscle exhibited a 2-fold increase over sham-operated controls. We also found a correlation between nerve terminal sprouting, terminal branch point number and endplate size. All of these parameters were significantly increased in the contralateral muscles as compared to the sham-operated control muscles. These findings suggest that normal muscles undergo sprouting which can be enhanced by contraleteral partial denervation. The possible underlying mechanism may be the transneuronal induction of sprouting.
Clinic-based vs. home-based interventions for preventing weight gain in men.

Objective: Weight gain occurs frequently in men aged 25–40. This study compared the effectiveness of a clinic-based and a home-based intervention with a no-treatment control group in preventing this weight gain. Research Methods and Procedures: Men (n = 67)—aged 25 to 40, sedentary, with a body mass index of 22 to 30, recruited from the University of Pittsburgh—were randomly assigned to 4-month treatments focused on increasing aerobic exercise and reducing fat intake through a clinic-based (CB) or a home-based (HB) program, or to a de-layed-treatment control group. Subjects were reassessed at 4 months. Results: Adherence and outcome did not differ significantly between the CB and HB programs, except that CB subjects recorded their food intake more frequently, and a greater number of CB subjects achieved a total of 120 miles of exercise over the 4 months. Subjects in the two intervention conditions combined lost significantly more weight (-1.6 ± 2.5 kg) than control subjects, who gained 0.2 ±1.9 kg (p<0.01); this effect of treatment was seen primarily in men with a body mass index of 27 to 30 (-2.7 kg for CB and HB combined vs. +1.5 kg for control). Treated subjects also had somewhat greater improvements in body composition, aerobic fitness, and weekly energy expenditure than controls, although these differences did not reach significance. Discussions: Both CB and HB intervention show promise in preventing weight gain in young men, especially in those who are slightly overweight. Larger studies, using more representative samples of young men, appear warranted.
Composition and origin of basaltic magma of the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract Silica-saturated basaltic magma is the source of the voluminous lava flows, erupted frequently and rapidly in the primitive shield-building stage of activity, that form the bulk of each Hawaiian volcano. This magma may be available in batches that differ slightly in free silica content from batch to batch both at the same and at different volcanoes; differentiation by fractionation of olivine does not occur within this primitive magma. Silica-deficient basaltic magma, enriched in alkali, is the source of commonly porphyritic lava flows erupted less frequently and in relatively negligible volume during a declining and decadent stage of activity at some Hawaiian volcanoes. Differentiation by fractionation of olivine, plagioclase and augite is evident among these lavas, but does not account for the silica deficiency or the alkali enrichment. Most of the data of Hawaiian volcanism and petrology can be explained by a hypothesis that batches of magma are melted from crystalline paridotite by a recurrent process (distortion of the equatorial bulge by forced and free nutational stresses) that accomplishes the melting only of the plagioclase and pyroxene component but not the excess olivine and more refractory components within a zone of fixed and limited depth. Eruption exhausts the supply of meltable magma under a given locality and, in the absence of more violent melting processes, leaves a stratum of crystalline refractory components.
Persistent neuroendocrine changes in multiple hormonal axes after a single or repeated stressor exposures

Many researchers have studied acute responses to stress in animals and how they are modified by prior stressor exposure, but relatively few have examined whether responses to stressors might last for prolonged periods of time. We have previously demonstrated that trough plasma corticosterone levels in rats are elevated for three to five days after single or repeated exposures to mild restraint and inescapable tailshock. The current study measured other aspects of the adrenal axis, and activity in other neuroendocrine systems, 24 hours after one or three consecutive exposures to the same stress paradigm. The data indicated persistent activation of the adrenal axis and prolactin levels, whereas the thyroid and reproductive hormone axes were inhibited after either one or three stress sessions. These changes are remarkable in that one would have expected acute responses to even intense stressors to have ended within hours after the end of the stressor. It will be important to understand the interactions among these responding neuroendocrine systems and to know how long such persistent changes last. Finally, it will be critical to understand the relative contributions of neuroendocrine and psychological factors in maintaining these persistent neuroendocrine changes after exposure to intense stressors.
Biological upgrading of dilute ethanol streams to acetaldehyde for low-temperature recovery☆

Abstract A whole-cell process, using the highly active alcohol oxidase enzyme system of methylotrophic yeasts, was developed for the biological upgrading of dilute ethanol streams to the more valuable, more easily recoverable product, acetaldehyde. Of five methylotrophic yeasts, Pichia pastoris exhibited the highest level of oxidative activity (1·22 g acetaldehyde g cells dry wt −1 h −1 ). Under optimized conditions, 95% of a dilute 18 g l −1 ethanol solution was oxidized to acetaldehyde at 100% of theoretical yield. The alcohol oxidase enzyme system of P. pastoris was psychrotolerant, and showed only a 32·5% decrease in activity when the bioconversion temperature was lowered from 30 to 3°C. Under practical applied conditions, dilute ethanol solutions ranging from 0·5 to 3·0% (w/v) were converted to acetaldehyde at process efficiencies of 73 to 61%, respectively. Acetaldehyde readily evaporated from reaction media at 22°C, offering an attractive alternative to the expense of ethanol distillation.
High current density results from a LaB/sub 6/ thermionic cathode electron gun

A Pierce-type electron gun using a planar 1.9-cm-diameter lanthanum hexaboride cathode is being studied as a robust thermionic emitter at high cathode-current densities. The gun has been operated up to voltages of 115 kV, achieving beam current densities of 30 A/cm/sup 2/. The electron gun operated dependably up to 90 kV, achieving temperature-limited currents of 50 A. Due to the high fields at the tip of the Pierce-focusing electrode, the gun would usually arc at voltages >90 kV. Ten shots were obtained at a gun voltage of 115 kV, achieving transmitted currents up to 89 A, transmitted beam power up to 10.2 MW, and transmitted power densities up to 3.4 MW/cm/sup 2/. >
PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING OF SPEECH PRODUCTION : METHODS FOR MODELING SOFT-TISSUE ARTICULATORS

As the initial components of a comprehensive physiological model of speech production, methods have been developed for modeling soft tissue structures, such as the tongue and lips, as continua. This approach provides a foundation for applying finite element methods to simulate these structures in a biomechanical model of speech production. Movements and deformations of the structures can then be computed as the solutions of a nonlinear second‐order constraint system of ordinary differential equations, which is obtained from a finite element approximation of an energy rate equation. The muscle fibers in the soft tissue structures are represented as fields that specify the directions in which active and passive tensile stress is produced. The elastic behavior of the passive components is modeled using an isotropic exponential constitutive strain energy function, and the viscous stress components, by using linear viscosity. Incompressibility is maintained elementwise in the simulation using a simultaneously ...
Blaming the Victim: Selected College Students' Health and Illness Causation Beliefs

Abstract The primary purpose of this study was to assess and analyze health victim-blaming beliefs of undergraduate health education majors, as compared with selected non-majors. The Health Status Causality Questionnaire (HSCQ), a 25-item self-report instrument, was developed specifically for the study. Data were collected from 295 students. Responses of 150 health education majors and 137 political science majors were analyzed with descriptive and inferential methods. The dependent variable was victim-blaming beliefs. Compared to political science majors, health education majors, as a group, believed that: (1) lifestyle is the major determinant of health, (2) health is a status over which most individuals have a high degree of control, and (3) many people have inflicted their health problems on themselves. The health education majors were significantly more likely to hold these beliefs than were the political science majors. Results of this explatoratory study corroborate several theoretical contentions ...
Cubic GaInN/GaN multi-quantum wells for increased smart lighting system efficiency

Cubic GaInN/GaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) are grown on V-grooved Si {100} substrates. The crystal phase is confirmed by electron-back scatter diffraction and cathodoluminescence shows room temperature MQW peak emission at 498 nm.
The Within-Year Concentration of Medical Care: Implications for Family Out-of-Pocket Expenditure Burdens

Objective. To examine the within-year concentration of family health care and the resulting exposure of families to short periods of high expenditure burdens. Data Source. Household data from the pooled 2003 and 2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) yielding nationally representative estimates for the nonelderly civilian noninstitutionalized population. Study Design. The paper examines the within-year concentration of family medical care use and the frequency with which family out-of-pocket expenditures exceeded 20 percent of family income, computed at the annual, quarterly, and monthly levels. Principal Findings. On average among families with medical care, 49 percent of all (charge-weighted) care occurred in a single month, and 63 percent occurred in a single quarter). Nationally, 27 percent of the study population experienced at least 1 month in which out-of-pocket expenditures exceeded 20 percent of income. Monthly 20 percent burden rates were highest among the poor, at 43 percent, and were close to or above 30 percent for all but the highest income group (families above four times the federal poverty line). Conclusions. Within-year spikes in health care utilization can create financial pressures missed by conventional annual burden analyses. Within-year health-related financial pressures may be especially acute among lower-income families due to low asset holdings.
Elastic-plastic torsion of hollow bars by quadratic programming

Abstract A numerical method which provides the complete history of the stress function for elastic-plastic torsion of hollow bars during quasistatic, monotonic twist is presented. Results are given for several cross-sections and are compared to other available results. Plastic unloading is explicitly shown.
Correction of increased prostacyclin synthesis in Bartter's syndrome by indometracin treatment

Abstract The role of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome was investigated by measurement of the urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxane B2, respectively, in five patients. The prostaglandin metaeolites were extracted from urine by a reproducible method and measured by specific radioimmunoassays. The patients with Bartter's syndrome excreted about four-times as much 6-keto-PGF1α as the normal controls.In contrast, there was no significant difference in the urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 between the patients and the controls. In a second part of the study, three patients were treated with indomethacin (150 mg/day for four days), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. This regimen suppressed urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGF by 437 and that of thromboxane B2 by 467. It is suggested that the increase in prostacyclin production is responsible for both the hyperreninemia and the other endocrine derangements as well as the hyporesponsiveness of blood pressure to intravenous infusion of vasopressors in patients with Bartter's syndrome.
Ammonia permeabilities of perfluorosulfonic membranes in various ionic forms

Perfluorosulfonic membranes like Nafion are much more permeable to ammonia than to hydrogen or nitrogen. This permeability is a strong, complex function of temperature. At room temperature, this membrane has a selectivity about three thousand and an ammonia flux about five times greater than that through polyvinylammonium thiocyanate, the other known highly ammonia-selective membrane. This flux depends on the membrane's counterion in the following order: H+ > Na+ > Ag+ NH+4 > Zn2+ > Li+ > Cu2+ > K+. As the temperature rises, the ammonia flux and selectivity both decrease, much as they do in the thiocyanate-based membrane. Flux and selctivity pass through a minimum around 150°C. At higher temperatures, the ammonia flux rises and the membrane remains up to sixty times more permeable to ammonia than to nitrogen. The flux now depends on the membrane's counterion in a different order: Ag+ > H+ > Na+ > Li+ > Cu2+ > NH+4. The variation of flux with ammonia pressure implies that the transport mechanism is different at lower and at higher temperatures.
Synthetic peptides of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus E2 glycoprotein. III. Identification of a protective peptide derived from the carboxy-terminal extramembranal one-third of the protein

Abstract To complete our analysis of the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, we prepared six synthetic peptides corresponding to the extramembranal carboxy-terminal one-third of the protein. NIH-Swiss mice were immunized with the peptides, and antipeptide and antiviral titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Challenge studies revealed that peptide 13 (amino acids 241–265) protected 60–70% of virus-challenged mice. Although the other peptides generally elicited antipeptide ELISA titers but no or low antiviral titers and did not protect mice, significant E2 reactivity was found in immunoblots. These results provide the first direct evidence that much of the E2 carboxy-terminal domain is cryptic in the VEE virion, even when virus was bound to polystyrene ELISA plates.
Conserving network processor power consumption by exploiting traffic variability

Network processors (NPs) have emerged as successful platforms for providing both high performance and flexibility in building powerful routers. Typical NPs incorporate multiprocessing and multithreading to achieve maximum parallel processing capabilities. We observed that under low incoming traffic rates, processing elements (PEs) in an NP are idle for most of the time but still consume dynamic power. This paper develops a low-power technique to reduce the activities of PEs in accordance with the varying traffic volume. We propose to monitor the average number of idle threads in a time window, and gate off the clock signals to unnecessary PEs when a subset of PEs is enough to handle the network traffic. We solve the difficulties arising from clock gating the PEs, such as redirecting network packets, determining the thresholds of turning on/off PEs, and avoiding unnecessary packet loss. Our technique brings significant reduction in power consumption of NPs with no packet loss and little impact on overall throughput.
Specialty Referral Communication and Completion in the Community Health Center Setting

Abstract Objective Parent and provider disagreement about children's care at the time of specialty referral may lead to incomplete referral, ie, not attending a specialty visit when referred. This study's objectives were first to assess parent-provider correlation in perspectives on referral necessity, seriousness of child's health problem, and parental understanding of referral among children referred to pediatric specialists, and second to assess whether these perspectives are associated with incomplete referral. Methods Two months after specialty referral, parents and primary care providers completed a survey rating referral necessity, seriousness of problem, and parental understanding on a 4-part scale ("definitely yes" to "definitely no"). Parents were surveyed by telephone; providers completed one self-administered survey per referral. Using z tests and Pearson correlation coefficients, we summarized parent-provider agreement about referral necessity, seriousness of problem, and parent understanding. We applied logistic regression to test associations of parent and provider ratings for each variable with incomplete referral. Results A total of 299 (60.0%) of 498 matched parent and provider surveys were included in the analysis. Parents had low correlation with providers in perspectives of referral necessity and seriousness of problem. Parents reported that referral was necessary more often than providers, and providers underestimated parents' self-reported understanding of the referral. Nearly 1 in 3 children had incomplete referral, and both parent and provider reports of lower necessity were associated with incomplete referral. Conclusions Parents and providers hold divergent perspectives on referral necessity and seriousness of children's health problems; these perspectives may impact rates of incomplete referral. Improving communication around specialty referral might reduce incomplete referral.
Inert gases and the evolution of the atmosphere

Abstract The origin of the present isotopic composition of the inert gases in the atmosphere is reviewed. Using new data on the maximum rate of tritium, and hence 3 He, production in the atmosphere, the present rate of escape of 4 He and 40 A from the crust can be calculated. It is found that this rate is far too small to account for the quantity of 40 A in the atmosphere and that most of the 40 A presumably accompanied by some nitrogen and water was introduced into the atmosphere in the first billion years of earth history from the mantle and crust.
Chronic sinusitis and gastroesophageal reflux: are they related?

Purpose of reviewGastroesophageal reflux has been implicated in many disorders affecting the upper airway over the past three decades. This article reviews the recent literature regarding the relationship of chronic rhinosinusitis to gastroesophageal reflux.Recent findingsRecent studies have demonst
Delayed presentation of silent sinus syndrome after orbital trauma

Abstract Objectives We describe the clinical presentation and management of a patient with a remote history of orbital trauma who presented with spontaneous right enophthalmos and radiographic findings consistent with silent sinus syndrome over 30 years after her initial orbital injury. Methods The patient chart and imaging results were reviewed. A literature review of silent sinus syndrome and traumatic enophthalmos was performed. Results Our patient had both clinical and radiographic findings consistent with silent sinus syndrome. Only 2 other cases of silent sinus syndrome after orbital trauma have been reported in the literature. The underlying anatomic pathology common to all cases is obstruction of the ostiomeatal complex with subsequent maxillary sinus hypoventilation and sinus collapse. Our patient underwent single stage repair with endoscopic maxillary antrostomy and had resolution of the mucosal disease at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions Posttraumatic cases of silent sinus syndrome are much less common than spontaneous cases but share similar pathophysiology and can be effectively treated using endoscopic techniques.
Origin and significance of intranuclear tubular inclusions in type II pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells of patients with bleomycin and busulfan toxicity.

Abundant intranuclear tubular structures were observed in type II alveolar pneumocytes in lung biopsies from patients with bleomycin and busulfan toxicity. It is proposed that since chromatin-membrane interactions in eukaryotic cell nuclei do occur, the intranuclear proliferation of the tubular structures occurs as a result of the interaction of the drug with peri-chromatin.
A system for high-resolution depth-resolved optical imaging of fluorescence and absorption contrast

Laminar optical tomography (LOT) is a new three-dimensional in vivo functional optical imaging technique. Adopting a microscopy-based setup and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging principles, LOT can perform both absorption- and fluorescence-contrast imaging with higher resolution (100–200 μm) than DOT and deeper penetration (2–3 mm) than laser scanning microscopy. These features, as well as a large field of view and acquisition speeds up to 100 frames per second, make LOT suitable for depth-resolved imaging of stratified tissues such as retina, skin, endothelial tissues and the cortex of the brain. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of a new LOT system design capable of imaging both absorption and fluorescence contrast, and present characterization of its performance using phantom studies.
An incorrect inequality in micropolar elasticity theory

Es wird festgestellt, dass in verschiedenen Veroffentlichungen uber mikropolare Elastizitat eine inkorrekte Ungleichung verwendet worden ist und dass dies zu unrichtigen Ergebnissen gefuhrt hat.
Counting of gas vacuoles by electron microscopy in lysates and purified fractions of Microcystis aeruginosa.

A microdroplet spray method is described to determine quantitatively the number of gas vacuoles in purified fractions and in total lysates of the blue-green alga,Microcystis aeruginosa. It is found that 6.45×1012 gas vacuoles of 370 nm length make up one mg of protein. This supports the idea that the entire organelle is made up by a single layer of protein only. The gas vacuole number per cell varies with the stage of growth between 3,700 and 11,000.
Dietary riboflavin requirement of fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract Fingerling channel catfish were fed diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg riboflavin/kg diet for 8 weeks in flowthrough aquaria at a water temperature of 29 ± 1 °C. Riboflavin deficient fish exhibited short body dwarfism, poor growth, anorexia and reduced hepatic D-amino acid oxidase activity (D-AAO). No other gross deficiency signs were observed. A level of 4 mg riboflavin/kg diet was sufficient to prevent the appearance of gross deficiency signs, but a higher dietary level was required in order to obtain maximal performance in terms of growth and hepatic D-AAO activity. Based on the results obtained by morphological parameters, hepatic D-AAO activity and broken-line regression analysis, the dietary riboflavin requirement for channel catfish was estimated to be 6 mg/kg diet.
EFFECT OF FEEDS CONTAINING MOLASSES FED SEPARATELY AND TOGETHER WITH ROUGHAGE ON DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS, VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED IN THE RUMEN, MILK PRODUCTION, AND MILK CONSTITUENTS.

Abstract Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a trial to evaluate the effect of feeding roughage separate from the concentrate, as compared to a complete mixed feed. Two levels of molasses added to the ration were evaluated. Treatments were (1) 13% molasses ration (complete), (2) 13% molasses ration-roughage fed separately, (3) 19.7% molasses ration (complete), and (4) 19.7% molasses ration-roughage fed separately. The four treatments did not significantly influence daily production of milk or 4% FCM, per cent butterfat, total solids, or milk protein. Per cent butterfat approached significance. Milk from animals receiving the complete rations tested lower than that from animals receiving the comparable separately fed rations. Solids-non-fat content of the milk was significantly lower for animals receiving Treatment 3 than for the 3 other treatments. Daily dry matter intake was significantly lower for animals receiving the high molasses rations. The level of molasses feeding did not significantly influence the rumen volatile fatty acid content. Digestion trials in which the four rations were fed to sheep showed that the digestibility of organic matter and NFE were influenced by the level of molasses fed. The digestibility of organic matter and NFE were significantly increased with increase in molasses level. Animals on Treatment 4 had a lower digestibility of crude protein than did animals on the 3 other treatments. The digestibility of ether extract, crude fiber, and TDN content of the rations were not significantly different among treatments.
A somatomedin-like peptide hormone is required during the estrogen-mediated induction of ovalbumin gene transcription

Abstract Expression of the ovalbumin gene in chicken oviduct explant cultures requires the presence of a somatomedin-like peptide hormone in addition to estrogen. Insulin, proinsulin and multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) are equally active substitutes for this peptide hormone, and maximal induction requires about 0.5μg/ml; fetal calf serum can partially substitute for these factors. The equipotency of insulin and proinsulin indicates that insulin receptors are not involved, and the activity of MSA suggests that the active receptor is specific for somatomedins. The permissive effect of the peptide factor occurs within 1–2 hr and is required for the initiation of estrogen-mediated transcription on the ovalbumin gene. In contrast, transcription from the conalbumin gene is fully induced by estrogen in the presence or absence of peptide factors or serum, despite the fact that these two egg white genes are both transcribed in the same cells in response to the same steroid hormones. We suggest that the interaction of a somatomedin with its membrane-bound receptor generates an intracellular signal that interacts specifically with the ovalbumin gene.
The absence of lymphoid suppressor cells in tumor-involved lymph nodes of patients with head and neck cancer☆

Patients with head and neck cancer often have decreased local or regional immunocompetence. Lymphocytes obtained from tumor-involved or -uninvolved lymph nodes (LNL) of these patients showed low or undetectable levels of antitumor cytotoxicity and low proliferative responses in vitro to interleukin 2 (IL2) or mitogens in comparison to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity of LNL was lower (P less than 0.05) than that of autologous PBL. Fresh LNL were neither enriched in cells with the CD8+ CD11b+ "suppressor" phenotype nor did they suppress proliferative or cytotoxic responses of autologous PBL in mixing experiments. LNL did not inhibit LAK cell generation from autologous PBL in the presence of IL2. Also, no evidence for the inhibition of autotumor-restricted responses by IL2-activated LNL was obtained. Spontaneous or in vitro-induced production of IL1 beta. TNF alpha, and IFN-tau was low or undetectable in LNL from tumor-involved and -uninvolved lymph nodes in comparison to that in normal or autologous PBL. Mitogen-induced IL2 production was normal in LNL. The depressed ability to produce certain cytokines may be in part responsible for a state of unresponsiveness present in lymph nodes obtained from patients with head and neck cancer. No evidence for the presence of lymphoid suppressor cell in LNL of these patients was obtained.
Cerebral blood flow velocity in pediatric patients is reduced after cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia

Transcranial Doppler sonography of the middle cerebral artery was used to determine whether cerebral perfusion was detectable in low flow states during operations with cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric patients. Quantitative and qualitative differences in cerebral blood flow velocity after rewarming in patients treated with continuous low-flow bypass or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were assessed. To determine whether the alterations in cerebrovascular resistance pattern observed in our patients undergoing profound hypothermia was more a function of perfusion technique than of minimum temperature during operation, a third group of patients treated with moderate hypothermia was studied. The three patient groups were the arrest group ( N = 16), comprised of patients undergoing circulatory arrest at 18° to 20° C; the low-flow group ( N = 16), patients treated with continuous low-flow (cardiac index 0.5 L/min per square meter) bypass at 18° to 20° C; and the moderate group ( N = 5), patients treated with moderate hypothermia at 24° to 28° C. Flow velocity was detectable in all patients in the low-flow group, with mean arterial pressures as low as 15 into Hg. Mean flow velocity was reduced after bypass as compared with prebypass values in both the arrest and low-flow groups ( p = 0.0001). Mean flow velocity increased after bypass in the moderate group ( p = 0.0001). A Doppler waveform pattern consistent with high cerebrovascular resistance was found in 67% of patients in the arrest group and 44% of those in the low-flow group. None of the patients in the moderate group exhibited such a pattern. Patients treated with profound hypothermia who underwent a period of cold full-flow reperfusion before rewarming did not exhibit this high resistance pattern after rewarming. The present findings indicate that profound hypothermia may evoke changes in the cerebral vasculature that result in decreased mean cerebral blood flow velocity after cardiopulmonary bypass rewarming. A period of cold full-flow reperfusion before rewarming may prevent these alterations and improve cerebral perfusion during rewarming.
Get the message out: cyclic-Di-GMP regulates multiple levels of flagellum-based motility

Flagella are complex organelles whose synthesis depends upon approximately 50 gene products. Not surprisingly, multiple mechanisms control and direct flagellar biogenesis (reviewed in references [1][1], [15][2], and [55][3]). Perhaps best understood is the control exerted at the level of
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered enrofloxacin was determined in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Doses of 5 or 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg body weight were administered intravenously to 26 fish for each dose and blood was sampled over a 60-h period at 15 degrees C. Two groups of fish were treated orally with 5, 10, or 50 mg/kg (80 fish/dose at each temperature) and held at 15 degrees C or 10 degrees C during the 60-h sampling period. Following intravenous administration, the serum concentration-time data of enrofloxacin in rainbow trout were best described by a two-compartment open model for both doses of 5 and 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg. The hybrid rate constants alpha and beta did not differ between doses. The distributional phase was rapid with a half-life of 6-7 min for both doses. Overall half-lives of elimination were 24.4 h (95% CI = 20.2-30.8) and 30.4 h (24.2-41.0), respectively, for the 5- and 10-mg/kg doses. A large Vd(area) was observed following dosing of either 5 or 10 mg enrofloxacin/kg,: 3.22 and 2.56 l/kg, respectively. Whole body clearance for 5 mg/kg was 92 ml/h.kg and 58 ml/h.kg at the 10-mg/kg dose. Following oral administration, the serum concentration-time data for enrofloxacin were best described as a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. Apparent Ka over all doses at 10 degrees C averaged 62% less than apparent Ka at 15 degrees C. Estimates of the apparent t(1/2)e over both temperatures ranged from 29.5 h (18.4-73.4) to 56.3 h (38.3-106.6). Bioavailability averaged 42% over all doses at 15 degrees C and was decreased to an average of 25% at 10 degrees C. Peak serum concentrations appeared between 6 and 8 h following dosing. A dose of 5 mg/kg/day was estimated to provide average steady-state serum concentrations at 10 degrees C that are approximately 4.5 times the highest reported MIC values for Streptococcus spp., the fish pathogen least sensitive to enrofloxacin. Owing to the long apparent half-life of elimination of enrofloxacin in fingerling trout, it would take approximately 5 to 9 days to achieve these predicted steady-state serum concentrations; this estimate is important when considering the duration of therapy in clinical trials.