cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New horizons in treating metastatic disease

The management of metastatic breast cancer is changing as a consequence of extraordinary discoveries in cancer research and the development of more advanced diagnostic technologies. Although traditional chemotherapeutics such as anthracyclines and taxanes still represent the mainstay of treatment for this disease, new drugs are demonstrating significant clinical activity and sometimes a better toxicity profile. Furthermore, the successful introduction into clinical practice of biological agents, in particular the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, offers a key to the future of managing metastatic breast cancer. A therapeutic approach based on modifications of a specific molecular target (e.g., gene therapy, vaccines, and antiangiogenesis) alone or combined with the traditional chemotherapeutic drugs is expected to be used more commonly and will, we hope, bring significant improvement in the clinical response and quality of care of our patients.
The transfiguration of behavior analysis: Strategies for survival

We spend much time decrying the fact that society does not listen to us. The real question, however, is why have we not listened to society? We have much to offer. Nonetheless, until we make it clear that we too cherish society's highest values, speak its language, and are sensitive to its political yearnings, we should expect to be ignored; and, we will be. Happily, the present crisis provides an opportunity for the transfiguration of behavior analysis in terms of values, language, and politics. These themes are the substance of what follows.
Bloggers at the Gates

For 18 years, Joseph Lieberman has represented the State of Connecticut in the U.S. Senate, gaining seniority and becoming popular enough in his state and party to be nominated for the Vice Presidency in 2000. However, due to his perceived closeness to President George W. Bush and his support for the war in Iraq, Lieberman faced an unexpected challenge in the Democratic Primary and ultimately lost the party's nomination to political upstart Ned Lamont. A multimillionaire who could finance his own campaign, Lamont was aided in his insurgency by a host of bloggers in Connecticut and across the nation who took it as their mission to defeat Lieberman. This article will examine the role bloggers played in Ned Lamont's primary campaign as sources of financial support, logistical assistance, and as a place for like-minded individuals to find a community to support his candidacy. In this way, blogs became a “virtual political party” for Lamont who was able to create a support system for his candidacy when the entire Democratic establishment was backing Lieberman. This campaign could provide a template for future candidates challenging party establishments and demonstrates that many of the traditional party functions can be replaced by the Internet.
The nucleus accumbens and forelimb muscular rigidity in rats.

The present set of experiments were performed to evaluate the role of the nucleus accumbens in the regulation of forelimb muscle tone. Rats were chronically implanted with cannulae aimed at the nucleus accumbens or the neostriatum and with EMG electrodes in the triceps or the gastrocnemius soleus muscle. The experiments were all performed in non-anaesthetised freely moving animals. The results show that haloperidol induced an increase in triceps muscle tone when injected into the nucleus accumbens but not when injected into the neostriatum. Likewise it was found that haloperidol induced an increase in gastrocnemius soleus muscle tone when injected into the neostriatum but not when injected into the nucleus accumbens. The increase in triceps muscle tone seen after intra-accumbens haloperidol was only briefly attenuated by apomorphine, whereas phenylephrine produced a more long lasting antagonism. The present data show that in addition to the cortex, subcortical structures also appear to possess a certain topography, with forelimb rigidity being mediated, at least in part, by the nucleus accumbens, and hindlimb rigidity, at least in part by the neostriatum. In addition it appears that the effects of haloperidol in the nucleus accumbens on triceps muscle tone are primarily mediated by α1 adrenergic receptors, although a minor role of dopamine D2 receptors cannot be fully excluded.
Surface Chemistry and Decarbonylation of Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl on Thin Alumina Films

Abstract The adsorption of molybdenum hexacarbonyl is studied on thin hydroxylated and partially hydroxylated alumina films using reflection–absorption infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and temperature-programmed desorption spectroscopies. The majority of the Mo(CO)6 adsorbed on hydroxylated alumina at 80 K desorbs at ∼200 K; the remainder decarbonylates leading to a molybdenum coverage of ∼2% of a monolayer. Subcarbonyl species are detected as the sample is heated to ∼200 K and, at higher temperatures, the molybdenum is oxidized to an ∼+4 oxidation state and deposits primarily oxalate species on the surface. The adsorbed oxalates thermally decompose at ∼300 K to evolve CO to form adsorbed bidentate carbonate species. These are stable to ∼560 K and react to evolve CO at this temperature. The amount of molybdenum absorbed onto the surface can be increased by repeatedly dosing Mo(CO)6 at 80 K and annealing to ∼200 K to desorb molecular molybdenum hexacarbonyl where the molybdenum coverage increases by ∼2% of a monolayer for each cycle. It is also found that the extent of decarbonylation depends on the degree of alumina hydroxylation so that heating hydroxylated alumina to 900 K, which removes ∼50% of the surface hydroxyls, decreases both the CO desorption yield and the oxalate coverage by 50%.
Study of Hydroforming Lubricants with Overbased Sulfonates and Friction Modifiers

Due to the high cost of hydroforming equipment, attempts have been made to model this process using bench testing. While tensile and twist compression tests have yielded promising results, they do not simulate any single metal forming process. In this study we investigated the use of expansion zone, guiding zone, and twist-compression tests to simulate hydroforming processes and evaluated various overbased sulfonates and organic friction modifiers performance. The amorphous overbased magnesium sulfonate improved the performance of the hydroforming oil in the expansion zone and provided no harm in the guiding zone, while the crystalline overbased calcium sulfonate provided no harm in the expansion zone and improved performance in the guiding zone. It was found that the friction modifiers tested display an antagonism, where, as the expansion zone performance increased, the guiding zone performance decreased. Additionally, we found in twist-compression testing that the initial coefficient of friction displayed a small correlation with the guiding zone test (from r = 0.26–0.47), while the failure time displayed a small correlation with the expansion zone test (r = 0.36–0.40).
Plasma start-up using transient CHI on NSTX

Summary form only given. Future toroidal magnetic confinement fusion plasma devices such as the Component Test Facility (CTF) require toroidal current drive. Present devices rely on a solenoid to drive current, however, for devices with a high neutron flux, it is impractical to provide the necessary shielding. An alternative method must be provided both to provide toroidal current. A new method of non-inductive startup, referred to as transient coaxial helicity injection (transient CHI), was successfully developed on the Helicity Injected Torus (HIT-II) experiment. In this method, a plasma current is produced by discharging a capacitor bank between coaxial electrodes in the presence of toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields chosen such that the plasma rapidly expands into the chamber. When the injected current is rapidly decreased, magnetic reconnection occurs near the injection electrodes, with the toroidal plasma current forming closed flux surfaces. In HIT-II CHI produced 100 kA of current on closed flux surfaces using 30 kA of injector current. Transient CHI has been successfully used on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) for an unambiguous proof-of-principle demonstration of closed-flux current generation without the use of the central solenoid. When coupled with the HIT-II results, this demonstrates very favorable scaling to a larger device. The current multiplication factor between the injected current and the achieved toroidal current is 60 in NSTX, compared to six in HIT-II. Detailed experimental measurements made on NSTX include, fast time-scale visible imaging of the entire process. Experimental results from these experiments will be presented
Binding of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase to mitochondrial inner membranes: Tissue distribution and metabolite effects

Citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase bind to mitochondrial membrane preparations obtained from various species of animals and lemon fruit. The amount of enzyme bound per mg mitochondrial protein was comparable in all tissues studied. The effect of various substrates, products, and substrate analogs on citrate synthase binding to rat liver mitochondrial inner membrane was examined. OAA was the most effective inhibitor of binding followed by AcCoA , CoA, citrate, ATP, and MgATP. Neither D- nor L- malate were effective in blocking binding. The wide distribution of binding of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase to the inner membrane and specificity of substrate effects on the binding of citrate synthase are discussed in relation to the possible physiologic nature of these phenomena.
Can Evidence-Based Prevention Programs be Sustained in Community Practice Settings? The Early Risers’ Advanced-Stage Effectiveness Trial

This study evaluated institutional sustainability of the Early Risers “Skills for Success” conduct problems prevention program. In a previous early-stage effectiveness trial Early Risers had been successfully implemented by a nonprofit community agency with guidance, supervision, technical assistance and fiscal support/oversight provided by program developers. The current advanced-stage effectiveness trial applied a randomized, control group design to determine whether this community agency could replicate earlier positive findings with a new cohort of participants, but with less direct involvement of program developers. An intent-to-intervene strategy was used to compare children randomly assigned to Early Risers or a no-intervention comparison group. Compared to results obtained in an early-stage effectiveness trial, program attendance rates were much lower and only one positive outcome was replicated. Failure to replicate program effects was not attributed to poor program implementation, because data collected pertaining to exposure, adherence and quality of delivery were acceptable, and a participation analysis showed that families who attended at higher levels did benefit. It was difficulties that the community agency experienced in engaging families in program components at recommended levels that primarily accounted for the results. Possible organizational barriers that impeded sustainability included unreliable transportation, poor collaboration between the agency and the local public school system, high staff turnover, agency downsizing, and fiduciary responsibility and accountability. It was concluded that both program developers and program providers need to be proactive in planning for sustainability.
Globalization and the American IT worker

Exporting IT jobs and importing IT workers not only harms U.S. IT workers, it also harms U.S. firms and the broader economy.
A rapid large-scale procedure for purification of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from human and animal plasma.

Abstract A rapid and convenient procedure was developed for large-scale purification of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from the plasma of humans, pigs, dogs, goats and rabbits. The procedure included dextran sulfate-Mg 2+ precipitation, Phenyl-Sepharose column, Affi-gel blue column, DEAE-Sepharose column, DEAE-Affi-gel blue column and hydroxyapatite column. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was purified approx. 20000-fold with about 14% yield from human plasma. A similar result of purification was obtained from pigs, dogs, goats and rabbits. The final enzyme preparation from all five mammalian species was homogenous as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance gel filtration in the presence of SDS. The apparent molecular weight of the purified enzymes from humans, pigs, dogs, goats and rabbits were 65 000, 66 000, 65 000, 65 000 and 66 000, respectively, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were 67 000, 67 000, 66 000, 66 000 and 67 000, respectively, by high-performance gel filtration. Studies with DEAE-Sepharose columns demonstrated that lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from these mammalian species was similar in molecular charge. The pH optimum for activity of purified enzyme ranged from 7.4 to 8.0 among these species. All purified lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase species were activated by human apolipoprotein A-I and were similarly inhibited by p -hydroxymercuribenzoate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. We concluded that this purification scheme is suitable for rapid isolation of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from the plasma of humans, pigs, dogs, goats and rabbits and, by inference, from other mammalian species. The availability of purified active lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from various animal species should facilitate phylogenetic and comparative studies of the enzyme.
Ellipsis in split questions

Split questions such as What tree did John plant, an oak? contain a wh-question part and a tag. Drawing on Spanish, Basque and English data, this article argues that these two parts of a split question are independent clauses. The tag is in fact an elliptical non-wh-question, where ellipsis is licensed in the same way as in other sentence fragments. I provide detailed argumentation that the tag involves movement of a correlate of the wh-phrase, followed by ellipsis of the remnant, thus contributing to the growing body of evidence that sentence fragments (sluicing, fragment answers, etc.) are syntactically full clauses. The syntax proposed provides a simple account of the intonation patterns found in split questions and of their semantics. Furthermore, it is argued that the only existing alternative analysis of split questions cannot account for many of the properties of this construction.
Importance of epigenetic mechanisms in visceral pain induced by chronic water avoidance stress

Epigenetic molecular mechanisms, which include DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, are implicated in the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Previously, we demonstrated that repeated water avoidance stress (WAS), a validated model of chronic psychological stress, induces heightened visceral pain behaviors in rodents that resemble irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) sequelae. However, the involvement of epigenetic molecular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of stress-induced visceral pain has not been explored. Our hypothesis is that epigenetic mechanisms within the central nervous system (CNS) are important to chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Adult male F-344 rats with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae were exposed to 7 days of repeated WAS. Controls received a SHAM stress. Following the daily 1h stressor, trichostatin A (TSA; 100 ng/ml), a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, or vehicle (VEH; 0.1% DMSO/saline,) as control was administered via the i.c.v. cannula. Visceral sensitivity was assessed 24h after the final WAS and quantified the visceromotor response (VMR) by recording the number of abdominal contractions in response to graded pressures (20-60 mmHg) of colorectal distensions (CRD). From a separate group of rats that were exposed to repeated WAS or SHAM stress, the amygdala was isolated to assess the methylation status of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and corticotropin releasing-factor (CRF) genes via bisulfite sequencing and verified by pyrosequencing. GR and CRF gene expression was quantified via qRT-PCR. Stressed rats exhibited visceral hypersensitivity that was significantly attenuated by TSA. Compared to SHAM controls, methylation of the GR gene was increased following WAS while expression of the GR gene was decreased. Methylation of the CRF promoter was decreased with WAS with a concomitant increase in CRF expression. This study demonstrates the involvement of central epigenetic mechanisms in regulating stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity and provides a foundation for exploring the epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to IBS-like symptomatology.
Molting in Land Crabs: Stimulation by Leg Removal

If the Bermuda land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, loses numerous walking legs or both chelipeds, it undergoes almost immediate preparations for molting with attendant limb regeneration. Injections of the arthropod-molting hormone, ecdysterone, have no effect in either intact animals or those missing legs.
OCCURRENCE OF INTERCALARY AND UNINTERRUPTED MERISTEMS IN EQUISETUM

Quantitative data on cell length and mitotic index in elongating internodes of seven species of Equisetum are presented as evidence for the occurrence of two patterns of internode development in rhizomes of different species. In rhizomes of three species of subgenus Equisetum (E. arvense, E. digusum, E. telmateia) uninterrupted meristems are present, characterized by acropetal internode maturation. In rhizomes of four species of subgenus Hippochaetae (E. hyemale, E. variegatum, E. scripoides, and E. Iaevigatum) intercalary meristems are present. The number and locations of intercalary meristems are described for an aerial shoot of E. diffiusum. The absence or diminution of intercalary meristems from rhizomes of a variety of vascular plants with intercalary meristems in aerial shoots is discussed from the standpoint of adaptive significance. THE DEVELOPMENT of internodes in angiosperms follows two distinctive patterns (Fisher and French, 1976, 1978; French and Fisher, 1 9 7 7; French, 1 9 7 7). In species with uninterrupted meristems (UM's) an acropetal wave of maturation passes through individual internodes in the subapical region of the stem; meristematic activity becomes progressively confined to the upper region of each internode in succession. In species with basal intercalary meristems (IM's) maturation is essentially basipetal during the latter part of development; meristematic activity becomes localized near the base of each internode. Both UM's and IM's occur widely in monocotyledons (Fisher and French, 1978), while UM's appear to predominate in dicotyledons (French and Fisher, 1977; French, 1977). Although the adaptive significance of UM's vs. IM's is unknown, it is intriguing that some rhizomatous monocotyledons with IM's in aerial shoots have UM's in rhizomes (e.g., Potamogeton, Syringodium, Cyperus, Eleocharis). For comparative purposes it would be useful to examine additional taxa that are rhizomatous and have IM's in aerial shoots to determine if IM's or UM's are present in rhizomes. The genus Equisetum has aerial shoots with IM's (Golub and Wetmore, 1948; Esau, 1965), but no studies of the pattern of internode de
Symmetry and other geometric constraints of surface networks in nature and science

Abstract Three basic equations for topological constraints upon inhomogeneous surface networks of solids are derived from the Euler equation and other identities which lead to some insight into the essential issues of this area. In particular, a symmetry between vertices and polygons of a general surface network is shown to exist, and variations in a surface network can simply be described as a kind of reciprocal exchange between vertices and polygons. The number of three-ordered or threefold vertices, as well as many-edged polygons and many-ordered vertices, is controlled by the ratio of the number of three-edged and/or four-edged polygons to the total number of polygons. When the minimum-edged polygon has five edges, the number of three-ordered vertices is automatically greater than two-thirds of the total number of vertices. The dominant occupation of three-ordered vertices can still retain under certain conditions after appearance of three-edged and/or four-edged polygons. The critical distribution of polygons for the maintenance of this kind of domination is determined. The gap between the critical distribution and natural or artificial surface networks allows the geometric structure of a network to be changed greatly without loss of the domination. This finding establishes a quantitative basis for the description of granular and biological materials in terms of microstructures. It will also be seen that classical models correspond to a very special case of constraints. Theoretical results are in agreement with experimental data for networks that arise in surfaces, such as fracture, biological cells, metallurgical grains, bubbles, leaf-vein networks and the coat pattern of a giraffe.
High field conduction in biaxially oriented polypropylene at elevated temperature

Although biaxially-oriented polypropylene thin film is a common dielectric for many high voltage pulsed power capacitor applications, the electrical conductivity under high field at elevated temperature is mostly unknown. Such knowledge is valuable not only for better understanding of the origin and transport mechanisms of the charge species at high field, but also for gaining insight for improving breakdown strength and electro-thermal modeling of high energy density, pulsed power capacitors. In this work, the conduction mechanism was investigated and the conductivities near breakdown were inferred through the use of a thermal runaway criterion and the measured breakdown strength at various temperatures. Results suggested that conduction is by hopping with a thermal activation energy that is about 0.76 eV and is field-independent. Such finding allows the use of an Arrhenius term and a field-dependent term to describe the field-dependent conductivity up to breakdown.
Oil and gas in offshore tracts: Bias in estimates of reserves

Two independent data sets show that current means of estimating reserves of oil and gas in offshore fields are biased. The bias which is established here is that small fields (with less than about 10 million barrels of oil equivalent) are overestimated, and larger fields (at least up to 200 MMBOE) are underestimated. This systematic bias occurs with or without a significant overall bias, and in addition to a large scatter. Because bias (as opposed to scatter) has serious implications for national energy policy, and in particular for conduct of offshore lease sales, these results indicate that evaluation methods should be revised, or that ad hoc adjustments (based on historical data) should be applied.
Paediatric selective bronchial blocker

Optimal conditions for pulmonary lobectomy requires the use of a ventilation system which allows the collapse of the ipsilateral lung. In infants and small children, a double lumen tracheal tube cannot be used because an appropriately sized tube is not widely available. We report the successful use of a tracheal tube, along which a Fogarty arterial catheter was passed and inflated in a mainstem bronchus, thus providing adequate ventilation and oxygenation as well as optimal surgical conditions for a left lower lobe lobectomy.
Transport of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid into isolated maize mesophyll vacuoles

Intracellular transport of the ethylene precursor, I-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) can change the ACC concentration in cell compartments and impact ethylene biosynthesis. Transport of ACC into isolated maize (Zea mays L.) mesophyll vacuoles was studied by silicon layer flotation filtering. The transport of ACC across the tonoplast was stimulated 2. 4- to 8. 1-fold by 5 mM MgATP, showed saturation kinetics with an apparent Km for ACC of 20 μM, and was optimal at 25°C. Transport of ACC was sensitive to the pH of the medium, falling as external pH rose. Effectors known to inhibit proton-translocating ATPases (N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and to collapse the electrical (thiocyanate, valinomycin) and chemical (carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, gramicidin) potential gradients for protons across the tonoplast all reduced ACC transport. The nonhydrolyzable MgATP analog. Mg adenylyl-imidodiphosphate, stimulated ACC transport as effectively as MgATP. Other nucleotides (MgADP, MgCTP, MgUTP, MgGTP) and MgPPi had little or no effect. These results suggest that ACC uptake into isolated maize mesophyll vacuoles is carrier mediated, is dependent upon an electrochemical potential gradient for protons and is specifically regulated, but not necessarily energized, by MgATP
Active control of nanolitre droplet contents with convective concentration gradients across permeable walls.

Nanolitre droplets in microfluidic devices can be used to perform thousands of independent chemical and biological experiments while minimizing reagents, cost and time. However, the absence of simple and versatile methods capable of controlling the contents of these nanolitre chemical systems limits their scientific potential. To address this, we have developed a method that is simple to fabricate and can continuously control nanolitre chemical systems by integrating a time-resolved convective flow signal across a permeable membrane wall. With this method, we can independently control the volume and concentration of nanolitre-sized drops without ever directly contacting the fluid. Transport occurring in these systems was also analyzed and thoroughly characterized. We achieved volumetric fluid introduction and removal rates ranging from 0.23 to 4.0 pL s−1. Furthermore, we expanded this method to perform chemical processes. We precipitated silver chloride using a flow signal of sodium chloride and silver nitrate droplets. From there, we were able to separate sodium chloride reactants with a water flow signal, and dissolve silver chloride solids with an ammonia hydroxide flow signal. Finally, we demonstrate the potential to deliver large molecules and perform physical processes like crystallization and particle packing.
Levels of biogenic amines in typical vegetable products

Biogenic amines were determined in frozen spinach puree, ketchup, concentrated tomato pasta and frozen green pea as N-benzamides, by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Putrescine and spermidine were observed in most samples at detectable levels, while histamine, spermine and cadaverine concentrations were frequently below detection limits. Maximum mean levels (33.6 and 52.5 mg kg−1 of tyramine and putrescine, respectively) were found in ketchup and 46.6 mg kg−1 of spermidine in pea. Levels of histamine and spermine were low, and those of cadaverine and tryptamine low or medium. Thus, biogenic amines in the observed vegetable products should not be of a risk for healthy consumers.
Rb-Sr ages of granitic gneisses of the Inner Piedmont belt of northwestern North Carolina and southwestern South Carolina

Granitic gneisses from the Inner Piedmont belt of northwest North Carolina have Rb-Sr whole-rock ages of 427 ± 9 m.y., 460 ± 9 m.y. and possibly 534 m.y. Initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios for these rocks are approximately 0.704. Rb-Sr data for granitic gneisses from the Inner Piedmont belt of southwestern South Carolina and adjacent Georgia suggest a whole-rock age of approximately 423 m.y. and an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7069. These ages are tentatively interpreted as times of igneous crystallization. Together with previously published results, these data suggest that 460 to 420 m.y. ago was a time of significant igneous activity in the Inner Piedmont of North and South Carolina; igneous activity also occurred 545 to 525 and 350 to 335 m.y. ago.
Impact of western coal mining—I. Chemical investigations of a surface coal mine sedimentation pond

Abstract Chemical investigations of the sedimentation pond system at the West Decker Mine in southeastern Montana, U.S.A., were undertaken during an 18 month period from November 1975 to April 1977. Sedimentation pond water, essentially “altered” groundwater, differed chemically from the average groundwater in coal-bearing aquifers. The increase in certain chemical constituents (sodium, sulfate, bicarbonate and inorganic nitrogen) and the decrease in dissolved oxygen in pond water during autumn 1976 and winter 1977 was the result of erratic pond operation, dredging and increased nearby mining activity. Discharge from the pond complied with the guidelines advanced for effluents from surface coal mines. Levels of mercury in water samples collected from the sedimentation pond system were higher than those recommended for the protection of aquatic life and wildlife. The suitability of pond water for selected purposes and recommendations for improvement in pond design are discussed.
Implementing explicit congestion notification in ns-3

To detect network congestion, TCP typically relies on detecting packet loss. While this is an effective approach for maintaining high throughput for bulk data transfers, a better approach for interactive, time-sensitive, or loss-sensitive traffic would be to detect congestion prior to packet loss. Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is a congestion avoidance strategy that makes use of Active Queue Management to allow TCP endpoints to detect congestion without a corresponding packet drop. This congestion detection strategy is particularly useful for delay-sensitive traffic where packet retransmissions can lead to noticeable delays for the user. In this paper, we present an implementation of ECN as an addition to the TCP protocols in ns-3. We have modified all TCP variants currently in ns-3 to work with this new addition. To validate our work we tested all TCP variants and compared our implementation's behavior to previous work.
Self-Consistent Field Calculation of the Nuclear Boundary Diffuseness

A lower limit to the nuclear boundary diffuseness parameter $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, defined by fitting to the density a function of the form $\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}{{1+\mathrm{exp}[\frac{(r\ensuremath{-}a)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}]}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, has been estimated by carrying out the first stage of a self-consistent field calculation. The result is in agreement with present experiments, but it is expected that succeeding calculations will yield an appreciably larger result.
Polysaccharide microarray technology for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei antibodies [Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 56, 329–332, 2006]

Corrections requested by the authors were not included in the published article. The figure legend (page 331) for Figure 2 should be Cy5 secondary Ab for the figure on the left panel and Cy3 secondaryAb for the figure on the right panel. Similarly, the figure legend for Figure 3 should be Cy5 secondary Ab for the figures on the left panel andCy3 secondaryAb for the figures on the right panel. The text (in Section 1.4, Polysaccharide microarray) on page 330 to 331, line 38, should read as bwere scanned for fluorescence at 635 nm (Cy5) and at 532 nm (Cy3)Q. The authors and publisher regret this error.
Kenneth Burke's concept of motives in rhetorical theory

Recognizing the centrality of motives in Burke's rhetorical theory, the authors suggest that the concept has so far not been adequately dealt with. The article begins with an explanation of the pentad, whose elements are “five motivational points of view.” The terms of the pentad can be assigned to the elements in a human event only after an examination of the event; nothing is to be assumed. The authors recognize that others—Holland, Nichols, Fisher, for example—have drawn various connections between the pentad and motives, but each has been too narrow in a different way. The first point to be made is that each element in the pentad is the locus or potential locus of motive forces. Then, acknowledging the suggestion by Ling that each man describes a human situation by featuring and ordering particular elements in the pentad, the authors argue that such featuring implicitly also features the motives associated with those elements. They then speculate about what featuring tells us of various periods in rhe...
Lack of reliability of CA125 response criteria with anti-VEGF molecularly targeted therapy

BACKGROUND CA125 is an accepted indicator of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) response and is used to monitor patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. It is uncertain how CA125 is affected by molecularly targeted drugs. In this pilot study, the authors analyzed the utility of CA125 to predict disease behavior in patients who were receiving sorafenib, a Raf-kinase/VEGFR2 inhibitor, and bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. METHODS Fifteen of 42 patients had recurrent EOC. Patients received sorafenib 200 mg orally twice daily or D1-5 of 7 and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks for 28-day cycles. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed every 2 cycles for restaging, and CA125 was measured monthly. CA125 concentrations were retrospectively analyzed as a function of clinical behavior. RESULTS Fourteen of 15 patients had abnormal CA125 concentrations at study entry (median 1056 U/mL; range, 67 U/mL to 9813 U/mL). Seven (47%) patients had partial response by imaging criteria. Five of these 7 patients had partial response by CA125 criteria (71% sensitivity). Eight (53%) patients would have had partial responses if CA125 criteria were used; only 5 were confirmed by CT (63 % specificity). Imaging and CA125 criteria combined yielded a higher total response rate of 10 of 15 (67%). Three patients with objective partial response by imaging lasting >20, >22, and >24 cycles would have terminated treatment prematurely if CA125 had been used. CONCLUSIONS CA125 changes may not correspond to imaging response criteria for EOC patients who are receiving sorafenib and bevacizumab. Caution is recommended when using CA125 as a response criterion of molecularly targeted agents until prospective studies validate CA125 changes with objective imaging response results. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
The comparison and fitting of given classification schemes

Abstract A permutation procedure is described for statistically comparing a given classification scheme, characterized as a hierarchically organized collection of subsets, to either a proximity matrix or a second classification scheme defined on the same basic set of objects. To prevent a bias that may result when an optimization method is used to construct the classification structures being considered, it is assumed that the desired comparisons involve classifications and/or proximities that have been derived from separate sources. In addition to an extensive number of examples used to clarify the major points in the presentation of the inference strategy, several heuristic optimization techniques are also introduced and illustrated. These latter procedures attempt to “fit” the form of a target classification structure by relabeling the rows and simultaneously the columns of a given proximity matrix to maximize the correspondence between the fixed target and the relabeled proximity matrix.
GATA Factors Promote ER Integrity and β-Cell Survival and Contribute to Type 1 Diabetes Risk

Pancreatic β-cell survival remains poorly understood despite decades of research. GATA transcription factors broadly regulate embryogenesis and influence survival of several cell types, but their role in adult β-cells remains undefined. To investigate the role of GATA factors in adult β-cells, we derived β-cell-inducible Gata4- and Gata6-knockout mice, along with whole-body inducible Gata4 knockouts. β-Cell Gata4 deletion modestly increased the proportion of dying β-cells in situ with ultrastructural abnormalities suggesting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Notably, glucose homeostasis was not grossly altered in Gata4- and Gata6-knockout mice, suggesting that GATA factors do not have essential roles in β-cells. Several ER stress signals were up-regulated in Gata4 and Gata6 knockouts, most notably CHOP, a known regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis. However, ER stress signals were not elevated to levels observed after acute thapsigargin administration, suggesting that GATA deficiency only caused mild ER stress. Simultaneous deletion of Gata4 and CHOP partially restored β-cell survival. In contrast, whole-body inducible Gata4 knockouts displayed no evidence of ER stress in other GATA4-enriched tissues, such as heart. Indeed, distinct GATA transcriptional targets were differentially expressed in islets compared with heart. Such β-cell-specific findings prompted study of a large meta-analysis dataset to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms harbored within the human GATA4 locus, revealing several variants significantly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We conclude that GATA factors have important but nonessential roles to promote ER integrity and β-cell survival in a tissue-specific manner and that GATA factors likely contribute to type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis.
Magnetograph response to canopy-type fields

The response of longitudinal-field magnetographs to magnetic fields which are semi-infinite or confined to a horizontal layer is discussed with respect to the interpretation of solar diffuse fields, observed towards the limb, in terms of magnetic canopy models. Numerical results are presented for several reference solar models and typical 'calibration' curves are shown for the CI 9111 A, Fe I 8688 A, and Ca II 8542 A lines in magnetostatic atmospheres derived from a mean model. A procedure is developed for determining the base heights of magnetic canopies from observations with an uncertainty not exceeding the order of a pressure scale height. Until definitive information regarding atmospheric structure inside flux tubes can be developed from theory or observation, reliable field strengths cannot be derived from the data.
Inhibition by heparinoid of aldosterone biosynthesis in man.

The heparinoid (RO1-8307) has been administered for from 2 to 5 days to 3 patients with subsequently proven primary aldosteronism. Patients with this disease are uniquely suited for study of the mechanism by which heparin and heparinoid compounds decrease adrenal production of aldosterone because in them the renin-angiotensin system is severely suppressed. This system, therefore, can be eliminated as a possible site of action of heparinoid. In all 3 patients heparinoid induced large decreases in both excretion and secretion of aldosterone, plasma renin activity remaining undetectable before, during and after administration of the compound. Excretion of 18-hydroxytetrahydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone, as an index of 18-hydroxycorticosterone production, was measured on one patient and was sharply suppressed by heparinoid. Excretion of tetrahydrocorticosterone, initially elevated, did not change. It is concluded that heparinoid acts directly upon the adrenal tumor tissue (and presumably normal adrenal tissue a...
Perspectives on dualband infrared focal plane array efforts

Over the years there has been considerable investments in dualband infrared focal plane array (FPA) technology. Both quantum well photodetector and HgCdTe photovoltaic approaches have now achieved dualband-imaging capability. The fruits of these investments are being realized with FPAs that approach levels of performance and maturity sufficiently high to meet end-user needs. Dualband FPAs were developed primarily in support of conceptual surveillance, acquisition and tracking scenarios for a variety of target types. These dualband FPAs may be considered the functional equivalent of dual-channel imagers comprising a dichroic beamsplitter and two distinct FPAs. The volume and cooling requirements of the dual-channel imagers are appreciable relative to the single, dualband FPA. Novel spectral imaging concepts are also enabled with the current dual band, and future multi-waveband, FPA technologies.
Blogging through conflict: sojourners in the age of social media

Social media enables the creation of online communities across physical boundaries. Blogs, or weblogs, enable bloggers to interact with a range of followers. We sought to conduct a qualitative study of the nature of the interactions that emerge in a blog community whose members are experiencing the impacts of ongoing conflict. We chose the Iraqi blogging community as a case study and focused on investigating the role of intercultural interactions in shaping people's experiences during conflict. We found that intercultural interactions aided people by providing support, finding commonality, building a knowledge base, and in giving advice on restoring infrastructure. The intercultural interactions provided alternative views of an event constructed from diverse cultural perspectives. We found that the intercultural interactions we observed suggest a degree of intercultural competency within the blogosphere.
Dissolution mechanisms of CO2 hydrate droplets in deep seawaters

Abstract Carbon dioxide dissolution at intermediate ocean depths was studied using physical and mass transfer models. Particle density and hydrate layer thickness were determined using existing field data. Pseudo-homogeneous and heterogeneous mass transfer models were proposed to study the dissolution process. Pseudo-homogeneous models do not seem to represent the dissolution process well. Although heterogeneous models interpret the physical behavior better, unresolved issues related to hydrate dissolution still remain. For example, solid hydrate forms on one side of the hydrate film while it dissolves on the other. Dissolution is a complex process that comprises at least two sequential steps. The global process is controlled by mass transfer inside the hydrate layer or by a dissolution reaction at the hydrate–water interface.
The Enterococcus faecalis Extracellular Metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.30; Coccolysin) Inactivates Human Endothelin at Bonds Involving Hydrophobic Amino Acid Residues

The extracellular metalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.30; coccolysin) from Enterococcus faecalis (Strain OG1-10) inactivates human endothelin-1 by hydrolyzing the peptide primarily at the Ser5-Leu6 and the His16-Leu17 bonds and the human big endothelin at several bonds involving hydrophobic amino acid residues. The big endothelin fragment 22-38 was also hydrolyzed at a high rate. The degradation of endothelin by coccolysin resembles the peptidolytic processing of endothelin by thermolysin. Because E. faecalis is associated with a large number of infectious diseases, it is possible that the manifestation of inflammatory conditions in the presence of this organism is related to the coccolysin-catalyzed inactivation of endothelin.
Correlating The Curriculum To Industry's Needs

SUMMARY There is a live and growing need for optically trained personnel. The greatest unfilled need is in the engineering or applied optical area. It is possible for the academic world to respond to this need, but the assistance of industry is required.There are problems in funding and continuity that must be addressed, in addition to developing an appropriate description of the curriculum to be followed. A partnership between industry and the academic world needs to be built on a continuingbasis. The need can be expressed by the professional societies and individual engineers, but the creation of a continuing program must be sold to the academic administrativeestablishment. Once a program is initiated, continuity is relatively easy to maintain, as long as a demonstrated need for the students exists. RECOMMENDATIONS In order to move forward in the training of competent engineers a realistic partnership of industry and academics is required. Each side needs to be able to treat the other as an available resource that can be counted on to be available on a long term
Work in progress: Does motivation matter for conceptual change? exploring the implications of “hot cognition” on conceptual learning

This Work in Progress paper describes a five-year study where we apply a hot cognition framework to analyze the perspectives, experiences, and practices of faculty and students with regard to conceptual learning. Although this project focuses specifically on thermal sciences, the results are expected to be generalizable across engineering conceptual domains. The project involves three sequential phases, each guided by research questions and leading to five measurable outcomes that contribute to the understanding of intentionality and conceptual change.
Waterway Performance Monitoring with Automatic Identification System Data

Fiscal constraints at the federal level drive the need for more robust and objective performance evaluation methodologies for use by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers as it carries out its civil works mission in support of the nation's water resources infrastructure. One specific area of need concerns functional performance evaluation of dredged navigation channels at the local level as well as performance evaluation of systems of navigation projects. The nationwide automatic identification system (NAIS) for vessels that operate in coastal waters was instituted after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 and is maintained by the U. S. Coast Guard. The system constitutes an enabling technology to provide the data required for quantitative performance assessments of corps-maintained navigation infrastructure. In this paper, several applications are presented of archival NAIS data toward waterway performance evaluation. An assessment and comparison also are presented of several deep-draft coastal ports wit...
Abnormalities in the metabolism of postprandial and fasting triglyceride-rich lipoprotein subfractions in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects: effects of sex.

To investigate the effect of sex and diabetes on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism, 15 normal and 12 normolipidemic subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied. Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were measured and three TG-rich lipoprotein subfractions (Sf greater than 400, 100 to 400, and 20 to 100) were isolated and their composition analyzed before and every 1.5 hours for a total of 7.5 hours following ingestion of corn oil. Normal women compared with men had lower postprandial plasma TG levels (P less than .05) mostly due to lower TG in Sf 100 to 400. The composition of Sf 100 to 400 and Sf 20 to 100 lipoproteins differed in the two sexes (P less than .01), with normal women having particles poorer in TG in both the fasting and postprandial states. Diabetic men compared with normal men had smaller Sf greater than 400 particles following fat ingestion, as shown by a lower TG protein (PR) ratio (7.6 v 12.8, respectively, P less than .05). The composition of Sf 100 to 400 and 20 to 100 lipoproteins was abnormal in IDDM men due to enrichment in total cholesterol (TC) as shown by higher TC/TG, TC/PR, and TG/phospholipid (PL) ratios in both the fasting (P less than .03 to P less than .003) and the postprandial state (P less than .03 to P less than .0001). A lower PL and TG content was also consistently present. A similar enrichment in TC was observed in diabetic v normal women following fat ingestion in Sf greater than 400 only (P less than .003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electric power generation its relation to industrial applications

A study has been made of the industrial applications of electrical power generation. It was found that of the total 344,400,000,000 kilowatt hours of power generated in 1949 in the United States, 84.3 per cent was generated by utilities and Government authorities and 15.7 per cent was generated by industrial plants.