cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attack on the GridCode one-time password

SyferLock presents a one-time password system, GridCode, that allows an unaided human to authenticate, reducing the cost of deployment. The one-time password system is a human computable challenge-response protocol which they claim defends against key-logging, replay, and brute force attacks, among others. We evaluate the security of the Grid-Code one-time password system and challenge these claims. We identify weak preimage resistance and character independence as key weaknesses of the GridCode system, leading to a variety of attacks. Our analysis indicates their scheme is akin to providing an adversary the ability to perform a brute force attack on a user's password in parallel without significant effort, lowering the effort required to recover a strong user password. Given a small number of challenge-response pairs, an adversary can recover a user's password (e.g., 2--4 pairs), and additional secret (e.g., 1 pair).
Radiolabelled oligosaccharides as substrates for the estimation of sulfamidase and the detection of the Sanfilippo Type A syndrome

(1) A series of tritiated oligosaccharides, 2-sulfamino-2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose (GlcNS) and [sulfamino-34S]heparin were evaluated as substrates for sulfamidase present in cultured human skin fibroblasts. (2) The following radiolabelled disaccharides were prepared from heparin: O-(alpha-2-sulfamino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-L-[6,3H]idonic acid (GlcNS-IdOA) and O-(alpha-2-sulfamino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-2,5 anhydro-L-[6,3H]idonic acid (HlcNS-anIdOA). Other radiolabelled oligosaccharides evaluated as sulfamidase substrates were the disaccharides O-(alpha-2-sulfamino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 4)-L-[6,3H]idose (GlcNS-Ido) and O-(alpha-2-sulfamino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-)1 leads to 4)-L-[6,3H]idose 2-sulfate (GlcNS-Ido(OS)) and a preparation containing the tetrasaccharide GlcNS-UA-GlcNS-l-idonic acid, GlcNS-UA-GlcNS-anhydro-L-idonic acid and GlcNS-UA-GlcNS-L-gulonic acid. (3) Sulfamidase activity assessed with GlcNS-IdOA and GlcNS-anIdOA were approximately equal and up to 4, 8 and 800 times higher than the value obtained using [sulfamino-35S]heparin, GlcNS-Ido(OS) and GlcNS-Ido respectively. Under the assay conditions used GlcNS was not de-N-sulfated. These results demonstrate that C6 carboxyl and C2 sulfate ester groups on the adjacent residue to the sulfaminoglucosamine moiety are important structural requirements in the mechanism of action or binding of sulfamidase toward N-sulfated disaccharides. The results obtained for a partially characterized mixture of tetrasaccharides suggest that they are degraded four times faster than their disaccharide structural counterparts. (4) No detectable sulfamidase activity toward [sulfamino-35S]heparin, monosaccharide, disaccharide or tetrasaccharide substrates could be detected using homogenates of fibroblast cultures from Sanfilippo A patients (sulfamidase deficient). (5)sulfamidase activity measured with GlcNS-IdOA exhibited a pH optimum at 4.5 to 5.5, an apparent Km of approximately 220 mumol/l and potent inhibition by sulfate ions.
Effect of chorioamnionitis on regulatory T cells in moderate/late preterm neonates.

Regulatory T-cells (Treg) have a protective role for the control of immune activation and tissue damage. The effects of chorioamnionitis (chorio) on Treg in moderate/late preterm newborns are not known. We hypothesized that infants exposed to chorio would have decreased Treg frequency and/or function. We isolated mononuclear cells from adult peripheral blood and cord blood from term and moderate/late preterm infants who were classified for severity of chorio exposure. Mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for Treg frequency and phenotype. Treg suppression of activation of conventional T-cells (Tcon) was also quantified. Treg frequencies were similar in all groups of neonates, but lower than that found in adults. Newborn Treg had a naive phenotype, with decreased levels of CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD39 and TIGIT compared to adult Treg and chorio did not affect the phenotype. Treg from preterm newborns exposed to severe chorio had higher expression of Ki67 compared to the other groups. Treg from preterm newborns were less suppressive than Treg from adults or term, and the level of suppression was reduced with severe chorio. Relative to term, Treg frequency and phenotype were not affected by prematurity and chorio but their functionality was decreased. Lower Treg activity may contribute to inflammation in newborns that is often associated with chorioamnionitis.
Template extraction from candidate template set generation: a structure and content approach

This paper introduces a new approach of webpage template extraction. Unlike traditional methods which concern only content information, this paper considers both structure and content similarity. It uses natural table structure as content units instead of text blocks or pagelets. This paper novelly and formally defines the templates and other concepts. It introduces a new concept, candidate template, which is an intermediate level of abstract table structure. A candidate template only covers the most informative tables, and abstracts a large page set with similar structures. This paper proposes a novel approach of template extraction by solving three sub problems surrounding candidate template set. The involving of candidate template set solves the accuracy and efficiency problems of traditional approaches. This paper also introduces a new model for structural similarity, and for table informativeness based on six heuristics.
Phoenix Education Panel: Keeping Aerospace Engineers Current the Drexel-Martin Program

The Drexel-Martin program is a not-on-campus graduate program established in 1956 in Baltimore for the purpose of offering advanced studies leading to the degree of Master of Science in certain fields of science and engineering. The courses are held in the late afternoon or early evening in the facilities of the Kenwood High School, located near the Martin plant. The enrollment for the current year is 238 students distributed between Aerospace Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics and Engineering Management. While the majority of the students are employees of the Martin Company, some students come from other industries in the area. Some of the details of operation as well as proposed criteria for this type of program are presented.
Polyglycolic acid/poly-L-lactic acid copolymer use in laryngotracheal reconstruction: a rabbit model.

Objective: To evaluate the tissue response and resorption of the polyglycolic acid/poly-L-lactic acid (PGA/PLLA) implant in laryngotracheal reconstruction and compare its dynamic stability with autologous cartilage grafts. Study Design: An interventional, before-after trial. Methods: Twenty-one white, female, New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups. Groups A and B underwent laryngotracheoplasty using the PGA/PLLA implants of 3 and 4 mm widths. Group C received autologous ear cartilage grafts. Group D was the control group and did not undergo surgery. The subjects were sedated at 12 months, and the larynges were evaluated in vivo for stability and area measurements by way of endoscopy during spontaneous respiration. The subjects were then killed, the larynges harvested, and the negative intraluminal pressures applied to the laryngotracheal unit were measured in a closed-system apparatus. The larynges were then evaluated for inflammatory reaction and implant resorption by way of histologic analysis. Results: All implanted subjects survived without complications and grew normally. There was no appreciable subglottic collapse during spontaneous respiration under anesthesia. Ex vivo examination of maximum negative intraluminal pressures (-50 cm H 2 O) in a closed system demonstrated subglottic collapse of 78%, 72%, 61%, and 3% for groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, revealing the inherent weakness in the surgically manipulated airways regardless of grafting material. Histologically, the PGA/ PLLA implants were essentially completely resorbed. Conclusions: PGA/PLLA appears to be a safe and effective synthetic material for use in laryngotracheal reconstruction in the rabbit model while avoiding donor site morbidity and additional operative time. Reconstructed airways maintained adequate strength and patency under physiologic conditions and are comparable with autologous cartilage grafts.
MBE growth of wide band gap Pb1-xSrxSe on Si(1 1 1) substrate

Abstract Epitaxial wide band gap Pb 1− x Sr x Se ( x >0.9) layers have been successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(1 1 1) and BaF 2 (1 1 1) substrates. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) showed that layers on both substrates were single crystal and oriented to the substrate. X-ray diffraction showed that layers on Si(1 1 1) were high quality as indicated by full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of less than 300 arcsec. These results provide a foundation for the eventual fabrications of ultraviolet detector arrays and high power-integrated circuits on silicon substrates.
Evolution of homeotic gene regulation and function in flies and butterflies.

IT has been proposed that the evolution of homeotic genes parallels, and to some degree directs, the evolution of segment diversity in the myriapod–insect lineage1–3. But the discovery of discrete Antennapedia complex (ANT-C) and bithorax complex (BX-C) gene members in Crustacea4, chelicerates5, annelids6–8 and various insects9–11, as well as in vertebrates12, indicates that the expansion and diversification of homeotic genes preceded the diversification of arthropods and insects. How, then, have these genes influenced the evolution of body plans? To address this question, we now examine homeotic gene expression and regulation in butterflies (Lepidoptera), which, unlike flies, possess larval abdominal limbs and two pairs of wings. We show that the difference in larval limb number between these insects results from striking changes in BX-C gene regulation in the butterfly abdomen, and we deduce that the wing-patterning genes regulated by Ultrabithorax have diverged in the course of butterfly and fly evolution. These findings have gen-eral implications for the role of homeotic genes in animal evolution.
Temperature modulates the Ca2+ current of HIT-T15 and mouse pancreatic β-cells

Abstract The effects of raising temperature on the Ca 2+ , currents of insulin-secreting HIT and mouse pancreatic β-cells were studied. Currents were measured in 3 mM Ca 2+ containing solutions using standard whole-cell techniques. Increasing temperature from 22°C to 35°C increased peak Ca 2+ , current amplitude, percent (fast) inactivation and decreased the time-to-peak of the current. Ca 2+ currents in HIT and mouse β-cells responded in the same manner to an imposed physiological burstwave with test-pulses: (i) application of the burstwave inactivated the test-pulse Ca 2+ current at both high and low temperatures; (ii) Ca 2+ , current inactivation leveled off during the plateau phase at 20–22°C whereas there was an apparent continual decay at 33–35°C; and (iii) recovery from inactivation occurred during the interburst period at both temperatures. Application of a physiological burstwave without test-pulses to mouse β-cells before and after addition of 0.2 mM Cd 2+ resulted in a Ca 2+ difference current. This current activated during the hyperpolarized interburst phase, activated, inactivated and deactivated rapidly and continually during the plateau phase, and recovered from inactivation during the interburst. Although raising temperature strongly modified HIT and mouse β-cell Ca 2+ current, our work suggests that other channels, in addition to Ca 2+ channels, are likely to be involved in the control of islet bursts, particularly at different temperatures. In addition, the effect of temperature on islet cell Ca 2+ , current may be partly responsible for the well-known temperature dependence of glucose-dependent secretion.
Vertical fluctuation energy in United States high vertical resolution radiosonde data as an indicator of convective gravity wave sources

[1] Convectively generated internal gravity waves at extratropical latitudes are difficult to identify by climatological analysis of the temperature and horizontal wind fields from radiosonde profiles using traditional analysis methods. Here, we show that, by analyzing ascent rate profiles (we define a new variable, “vertical fluctuation energy (VE)”), we can identify convection sources in climatological analyses. Analysis of a 9-year time series (1998–2006) of United States high vertical resolution radiosonde data shows that VE maximizes in summer in midlatitudes within the troposphere (2–8.9 km), and peaks at local afternoon–early evening during the summer over most of the contiguous United States. Furthermore, the apparent dominant vertical wavelength based on Fourier analysis of the low-pass filtered ascent rate fluctuations also increase and decrease with VE, both on diurnal and seasonal timescales. VE in the lower stratosphere, however, does not show this same relationship to convection, but analysis of the vertical wavelength does show some of the features seen in tropospheric VE. Unlike midlatitude stations, VE within both the troposphere and the lower stratosphere over tropical western Pacific island stations is highly correlated with convective precipitation and inversely correlated with outgoing longwave radiation. We interpret this difference by using the 4-D Gravity Wave Regional or Global Ray Tracer ray-tracing model with a source spectrum representative of a convection source.
Ultrastructure and morphometry of the alveolar lung of guinea pigs chronically exposed to diesel engine exhaust: Six month's experience

The impact of chronic inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE) on alveolar lung was studied in 24 Hartley guinea pigs. Groups were sacrificed sequentially at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months of exposure to either 750 micrograms or 1500 micrograms DE particles (DEP) per m3 along with age-matched concurrent controls. Although qualitative ultrastructural changes were noticed during this time interval and dosage schedule, there was no evidence of pathologic changes such as fibrosis or emphysema. The cellular uptake of DEP was striking. By 2 weeks three alveolar cell types (alveolar macrophages, epithelial type 1 cells and interstitial macrophages) plus one type of granulocytic leukocyte (eosinophils) confined DEP within phagosomes without evidence of cytotoxicity. A certain phagosomal DEP population had a bull's eye appearance and diameters of 0.0727 +/- 0.01 micron. Morphometric analysis applied to electron micrographs demonstrated that arithmetic mean tissue thickness of the air-blood barrier was generally increased (p less than 0.05) during DE exposure. For the 750 micrograms DE sets, the increase over control (1.56 micron) was 41% at 2 weeks, 46% at 3 months and 77% at 6 months while the 1500 micrograms DE set at 6 months exceeded control by 130%. Increases in absolute tissue volumes of interstitium and epithelial type 2 cells largely accounted for the increased tissue thickness. Harmonic mean tissue thickness for controls remained near 0.537 +/- 0.03 micron for the study interval, contrasting with values for 3 and 6 months 750 micrograms DE and 6 months 1500 micrograms DE sets which increased. However, the diffusion capacity of the lung determined morphometrically was not decreased in DE exposed sets. Although cellular uptake of DEP and increased prominence of secretory epithelium were dose/duration related, absence of linearity suggests adaptative responses.
Angiographic display method for flow-enhanced MRI

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a classification of MRI techniques that produce images of vascular structures. By design, MRA methods enhance contrast between flowing blood and stationary tissue. In bright blood techniques, vascular contrast is maximized using gradient echo sequences with flow compensated magnetic field gradients and short TE values, reduced TR and an imaging slice or slab oriented to maximize blood in-flow. Unlike the direct projection images formed by the transmitted x ray beam in conventional angiography, many of the MRA techniques generate three-dimensional image data and are subsequently processed into projection format. The most popular post-processing algorithm for this purpose takes advantage of the high vascular contrast of MRA data and simply chooses the brightest pixel intensity along lines of projection through the three-dimensional data set to map onto a two- dimensional surface. This method is called the maximum intensity projection (MIP) and produces high contrast images in which the anatomical arrangement of vascular structures can be easily appreciated. However, while MIP processing makes the anatomy readily apparent, it has a non-physical intensity behavior and does not have the relationship to density that is familiar to the reader of radiographic films. In addition, the MIP tends to underestimate vessel width and overestimate the extent of stenosis. A number of alternative projection algorithms as well as surface and volume rendering techniques have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the MIP, but the MIP has remained the most used method because of its high vascular contrast and S/N, ease of implementation, robustness, and speed. With this in mind, these qualities were some of the prerequisites of a new projection method, the weighted intensity summation projection (WISP) technique. In the WISP projection, intensity is related to the vessel dimension by computing a line integral over the projected thickness. High vascular contrast is maintained by using an intensity weighting function designed to minimize the contribution from stationary tissue, limit the contribution of the brightest structures, and retain low intensity vascular features found at vessel edges and in small diameter vessels. The weighting function is completely parameterized by the intensity histogram of the projected volume and requires no optimization on the part of the user for individual studies.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Compute cloud based weather detection and warning system

Compute cloud platforms pay-as-you-use model suits applications which require resources sporadically. Severe weather detection and prediction is one such application. Since severe weather events are rare, dedicating servers for such application wastes resources. In this paper, we present the feasibility of using commercial cloud services for severe weather detection and prediction. We show that commercial cloud services provide the required network capability to perform the real-time operation of weather detection and prediction from the radars to the cloud service instance. We automate the process of weather prediction on the cloud based on the results of our weather detection algorithms.
T-cell phenotyping in the diagnosis and management of AIDS and AIDS-related disease.

The topic of this chapter is the utility, if any, of T lymphocyte subset quantitation in the assessment and management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). The answer to this question cannot be definitive at this time because of the novelty of this epidemic and the nature of the data. The perceptions of practising physicians on T cell phenotyping have far-reaching consequences for the well-being of their patients, on laboratory services utilization and on health care expenditures. Additional studies are needed to address the utility of T lymphocyte testing. Clinical practitioners, faced with an incompletely resolved medical issue, must continue to critically assess the relevance of this test to decision-making in patients with HIV infection.
Asymptotic properties of continuous solutions of systems of nonlinear difference equations with continuous argument

We obtain conditions for the existence of continuous (for t ≥ T > 0) solutions for a wide class of systems of nonlinear difference equations with continuous argument and analyze their properties as t → +∞.
mTrack: High-Precision Passive Tracking Using Millimeter Wave Radios

Radio-based passive-object sensing can enable a new form of pervasive user-computer interface. Prior work has employed various wireless signal features to sense objects under a set of predefined, coarse motion patterns. But an operational UI, like a trackpad, often needs to identify fine-grained, arbitrary motion. This paper explores the feasibility of tracking a passive writing object (e.g., pen) at sub-centimeter precision. We approach this goal through a practical design, mTrack, which uses highly-directional 60 GHz millimeter-wave radios as key enabling technology. mTrack runs a discrete beam scanning mechanism to pinpoint the object's initial location, and tracks its trajectory using a signal-phase based model. In addition, mTrack incorporates novel mechanisms to suppress interference from background reflections, taking advantage of the short wavelength of 60 GHz signals. We prototype mTrack and evaluate its performance on a 60 GHz reconfigurable radio platform. Experimental results demonstrate that mTrack can locate/track a pen with 90-percentile error below 8 mm, enabling new applications such as wireless transcription and virtual trackpad.
Molar volume and speed of sound in the neighborhood of the liquid-liquid critical point of (tetrachloromethane + tetradecafluoromethylcyclohexane)

Abstract The universal critical exponents given by the three-dimensional Ising model and derived through renormalization group calculations accurately describe the gas–liquid critical phenomena of pure fluids and the liquid–liquid critical phenomena of binary liquid mixtures. Thus, the behavior of order parameters, such as density or molar volume, along the respective coexistence curve is well represented by the exponent β=0.325. For a binary liquid mixture, along the critical isotherm, the critical anomaly of molar volume shall be described by the exponent (1−α)/β=2.74. The experimental data obtained for the full range of composition for (tetrachloromethane+tetradecafluoromethylcyclohexane) confirm this requirement. Speed of sound, though strictly not a generalized density, should be associated with the same set of exponents that describe the behavior of molar volume. The results on the speed of sound of (tetrachloromethane+tetradecafluoromethylcyclohexane) along the coexistence curve and along the full range of the critical isotherm generally agree with the universality concept.
The Behavior of Cleavable Crosslinking Reagents Based on the Disulfide Group

4,4′-Bisphenyldiazonium disulfide fluoroborate and dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride were synthesized and tested as reversible cross-linking reagents. Rabbit muscle aldolase, human hemoglobin and human erythrocyte membrane proteins can be successfully crosslinked by these reagents. The crosslinked products can be cleaved into their components in high yield by thiols, under mild conditions. A simple diagonal sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis technique was developed to identify electrophoretically the components of crosslinked products. The application and possible complications of bifunctional reagents containing disulfide bonds are discussed.
Multivariable anti-windup controller synthesis using multi-objective optimization

We consider the problem of multivariable anti-windup bumpless transfer (AWBT) controller synthesis based on a general AWBT framework. Numerous existing AWBT synthesis techniques are reviewed. Next, we give a completely general formulation of the AWBT controller synthesis problem and propose two possible solutions. Using recent results on multi-objective controller synthesis, we show how these two approaches can give a solution in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMI).
Generation and Propagation of Thermoacoustic Waves in Mildly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The generation and propagation of thermoacoustic waves in mildly supercritical carbon dioxide are investigated by solving the fully compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations. Mildly supercritical fluids have high thermal conductivity; however the diffusion of heat in such fluids is very slow. Due to the high compressibility of the mildly supercritical fluids, the boundary layer along any heated surface expands and compresses adiabatically the whole fluid. We investigate these interesting phenomena via a high order numerical scheme. A square enclosure filled with supercritical carbon dioxide is considered as the computational domain. Thermally induced pressure waves are generated by heating the left wall. The thermodynamic properties of the slightly supercritical carbon dioxide are calculated via the NIST Standard Reference Database 12 [1].Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Mast cell density and substance P-like immunoreactivity during the initiation and progression of lung lesions in ovineMannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica pneumonia

To determine the density of mast cells (MCs) and the extent of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity during initiation and progression of pneumonic pasteurellosis (PP), 18 lambs were inoculated intrabronchially with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica or saline, and lung tissue was collected at 1, 15 and 45 days post-inoculation (n=3, each group). Additionally, the left (non-inoculated) contralateral lungs in bacteria-inoculated animals were collected as controls. At 1 day after bacterial inoculation the lungs had typical M. haemolytica lesions. These pneumonic lesions had fewer numbers of MCs and reduced histamine content. Macrophages infiltrating some of the inflamed areas were strongly immunoreactive for SP. At 15 days, MCs remained scarce at sites where lung damage persisted, i.e. pyogranulomatous foci, but were increased in number in areas of interstitial damage. Pulmonary ganglion neurons were strongly immunoreactive for SP. By 45 days the fibrosing changes became more defined as pleural fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia and bronchiolitis obliterans. These lungs had increased numbers of MCs, but histamine content was not different from saline- and non-inoculated left lungs. Substance P immunoreactivity occurred only in nerves and was scarce and mild. This work demonstrates that MC density decreases initially with PP, but increases with progression of PP. SP fibres tend to be decreased during the initiation and at 45 days of PP, but other cells, such as macrophages and neuronal ganglion cells, produce substance P during progression of PP and thereby constitute an additional source of substance P.
Optical coatings formulations containing tetrafluoroethylene.

Two optical reference coatings containing tetrafluorethylene have been formulated using silicone binders. One of the silicones used is an oligomer of methyl silanol supplied at 48 percent solids in a mixture of butanol and ethanol. The other silicone is a proprietory silicone tethered ethyl silicate based colloidal silica binder supplied at 22 and 36 percent solids in a mixture of low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols. The coatins are characterized by high durability and have an overall reflectance in the visible part of the spectrum of about 90 percent. The substrate preparation and application procedures are described.
Hybrid ameloblastoma and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor: case report.

Ameloblastoma and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor ([CEOT] Pindborg tumor) are uncommon among epithelial odontogenic neoplasms: ameloblastoma accounts for approximately 10% of jaw tumors, and CEOT represents about 1% of all odontogenic tumors. Ameloblastoma is a long-recognized disease process, but CEOT was not recognized as separate and distinct from ameloblastoma until 1946. 1 Since then, CEOT has become well recognized despite its rarity. Hybrid tumors (ie, tumors consisting of more than one tissue type) can develop in the jaw. CEOT combined with adenomatoid odontogenic tumor has been reported. 2-9 Although both are benign neoplasms derived from odontogenic epithelium, CEOT and ameloblastoma are microscopically and diagnostically distinct from each other. To date, no published reports have presented histopathologic evidence of transition from ameloblastoma to CEOT or from CEOT to ameloblastoma within a single lesion. We describe a maxillary lesion that appeared to be a histologic hybrid consisting of typical ameloblastoma and CEOT. Fiveyear follow-up showed no recurrence after conservative treatment. Report of a Case
Integrated Multidisciplinary Topology Optimization Approach to Adaptive Wing Design

This paper presents a novel optimization approach to the design of mechanisms in morphing aircraft structures. The layout of the mechanism and the location and number of actuators and pivots are determined by an extended formulation of a material-based topology optimization. The design problem is modeled within a coupled fluid-structure analysis framework to directly assess aerodynamic performance criteria while optimizing the overall mechanized system. The proposed methodology is illustrated through the design optimization of a quasi-three-dimensional section of an adaptive wing, where the approach is compared to a conventional two-step approach of first optimizing the aerodynamic shape for one or multiple flight conditions, and then finding the mechanism that leads to this shape. The comparison shows that the interactions between flow, structural deformation, mechanism, and actuator must be considered to find the optimal solution. The optimization approach presented allows direct consideration of these interactions at the expense of an increased computational burden.
Truncation Errors in Finite-Difference Estimates of Geostrophic Wind and Relative Vorticity

Abstract Comparisons are made between second-order and fourth-order finite differencing using three grid resolutions in order to analyze the truncation errors in geostrophic wind and relative vorticity estimates. Horizontal wave dimensions are also varied to study sensitivity to different scales of motion. Exact calculations derived from analytic equations describing geostrophic wind and relative vorticity provide the standard against which the finite-difference estimates are compared. Both wind speed and relative vorticity truncation errors maximized in regions where speed and vorticity values were greatest. These errors were, in general, smaller for longer wavelengths, finer grid resolution and fourth-order differencing. Although second-order differencing produced fields that were numerically less than observed and yielded errors which decreased with reduced grid interval, fourth-order differencing departed from this anticipated behavior. Rather, when the grid interval was reduced to the point that the ...
Investigation of Natural Convection in Nanofluids by Lattice Boltzmann Method

Introduction of suspended nanoparticles into a base liquid will remarkably enhance energy transport process of the original liquid, which has been proved by a few experiments carried out by many authors. Irregular displacement and random distribution of the suspended nanoparticles as well as the interaction between nanoparticles and the adjacent liquid molecules make the modeling of flow and heat transfer in nanofluids very difficult. In this paper, a Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for nanofluids has been developed. The external and internal forces, such as buoyancy, gravity, drag and Brownian force, and the mechanical and thermal interactions among the nanoparticles and their impact on the equilibrium velocity have been introduced. Along with a Gauss white noise model for Brownian motion, the double-distribution-function (DDF) approach, which treats temperature as a passive diffusing scalar and simulates it by a density-independent distribution function, was used to simulate free convection in nanofluids. By this model, the possible sedimentation and fluctuation of nanoparticles, and their impacts on the free convection in nanofluids have been observed and studied. A correlation formula for Nusselt number which characterized by properties of nanofluids has been obtained. The comparison of characteristics of natural convections between the nanofluids and its corresponding pure liquid has been done, and the possible mechanisms which enhance the heat transfer of natural convection in nanofluids have been discussed and revealed. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
( d , p ) Reactions in the Pb Isotopes and Their Interpretation

$Q$ values and differential cross sections have been measured for nuclear states excited by the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}(d, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$, ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}(d, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$, and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}(d, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$ reactions. The known properties of the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$ ground state, the low-lying states of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$, and the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ ground state are used to confirm the possibility of a stripping interpretation for these reactions. This interpretation is used to suggest possible assignments for the other observed states in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$; in particular, the ground state of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$ is consistent with a ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ assignment. The first excited state of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{209}$ does not seem to behave like a single-particle state.
Metaphors We Think With: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning

The way we talk about complex and abstract ideas is suffused with metaphor. In five experiments, we explore how these metaphors influence the way that we reason about complex issues and forage for further information about them. We find that even the subtlest instantiation of a metaphor (via a single word) can have a powerful influence over how people attempt to solve social problems like crime and how they gather information to make “well-informed” decisions. Interestingly, we find that the influence of the metaphorical framing effect is covert: people do not recognize metaphors as influential in their decisions; instead they point to more “substantive” (often numerical) information as the motivation for their problem-solving decision. Metaphors in language appear to instantiate frame-consistent knowledge structures and invite structurally consistent inferences. Far from being mere rhetorical flourishes, metaphors have profound influences on how we conceptualize and act with respect to important societal issues. We find that exposure to even a single metaphor can induce substantial differences in opinion about how to solve social problems: differences that are larger, for example, than pre-existing differences in opinion between Democrats and Republicans.
Conservation of genetic information between regulatory protein DNA binding alpha helices and their cognate operator sites : a simple code for site-specific recognition

Abstract We present analyses of protein/DNA interactions based on information derived from genetic sequence comparisons, X-ray crystallography and point mutation studies. In addition, we report our findings of H-bonding calculations using computer models derived from atomic coordinates of protein/DNA complexes. Research based on DNA operator site interactions with alpha helical amino acids of prokaryotic DNA regulatory proteins from bacteriophages and E. coli has described a specific, sensitive and complex regulatory event. However, a hypothesis describing the underlying mechanism of this recognition event has not been put forth; in fact, it has been said that there is no simple recognition code. We applied information derived from recently reported X-ray crystallography findings describing specific amino acid/nucleotide interactions of regulatory protein/DNA co-crystals. In addition, we applied information from point mutation studies using prokaryotic regulatory proteins and their operators. The results indicate that amino acids within alpha helices of DNA regulatory proteins specifically interact with their codon/anti-codon nucleotides within the major grooves of their cognate operator half-sites. Therefore, we present a hypothesis for a simple recognition code based on conservation of genetic information between regulatory proteins' alpha helices and their cognate operators.
Observations of Small-Scale Mixing Processes in the Seasonal Thermocline. Part I: Salt Fingering

Abstract Towed conductivity microstructure measurements are examined for evidence of salt fingering in the seasonal thermocline of the Sargasso Sea. Patches of limited-amplitude, narrow-bandwidth signals occur in particular fluid layers about 1 m thick and up to several kilometers in horizontal extent. The finger-like signals occur continuously in the patches but are incoherent between sensors spaced 30 cm apart horizontally. Conductivity gradient spectra rise above background levels in a limited range of wavelengths, peaking at 3 to 5 cm, in a fashion qualitatively similar to Schmitt's spectral model. The density ratio is made favorable for salt fingering within the microstructure patches by finescale variability in the salinity profile. This is consistent with observations by Gargett and Schmitt and also Mack. The vertical convective heat flux estimated from the (Delta;S)4/3 laboratory law, where ΔS is the vertical salinity difference across a patch, appears too large when compared with values inferred ...
Four new uranium compound superconductors

Abstract Four uranium compounds - U3Ir, U3Os, U3Si and U2Ti - have been found to exhibit superconductivity at temperatures ≤1.2 K. The magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity of all four compounds have been measured between ≈1 K and room temperature, and specific heat data for U3Ir and U3Si have been taken between 0.8 K and 15 K. Measurements of the ac magnetic susceptibility on both solid and powdered specimens suggest that all four compounds are bulk superconductors.
Telemanipulation of wheelchair mounted robotic ARM via FlexEffect for persons with muscular dystrophy

The FlexEffect, comprised of an IMU and an Arduino microcontroller, is used to control a wheelchair mounted robotic arm which is intended to give mobility back to persons with muscular dystrophy. Motions are scalable to fit the individual needs of the customer to ensure that the full range of motion of the robotic ARM can be used independent of the range of motion of the customer. The current market has no robotic interface that allows people with severe upper arm impairments to easily use the ARM robot; thus, sales of wheelchair mounted robots do not correlate to the number of potential customers. Technology available now includes joysticks and touch screens which limit the user; with the FlexEffect the user will be able to move the device and the ARM will follow the movement of the user. By creating a cost effective alternative interface between the ARM and the user, a larger market for robotic control will be available to customers due to affordability. By creating a software interface with the Flock of Birds, which is not readily used to control the ARM, we are able to prove that other more affordable interfaces are possible. Components including an IMU and Arduino will be used to create the inexpensive interface which will be a suitable option for patients looking for an easy way to control wheelchair mounted robotic arms.
Multiple Autonomous Underwater Crawler Control for Mine Reacquisition

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are currently being used by the Navy for mine countermeasures. AUVs include both submarine and tracked crawlers. Recent search strategies have been implemented using both submarines and crawlers; submarines to sweep large areas to detect possible mines, and crawler to re-acquire the possible mines and perform classification. The primary scope of this paper is the control strategies for the crawlers to best cover an area. Both a motion controller and a mine reacquisition scheduling system were developed. Simulations were performed using Autonomous Littoral Warfare Systems Evaluator - Monte Carlo (ALWSEMC) to complete studies on optimal crawler control strategies. These simulations included 1 submarine and 3 crawlers. Two reacquisition scheduling systems were compared, one using a closest target strategy, and one using fuzzy logic that used additional information available to the crawler to best utilize time and resources. It was found that a fuzzy logic scheduling system outperformed the baseline system by reducing the amount of time to reacquire all targets.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the anterior cingulate and adjacent somatomotor fields in the rhesus monkey.

The cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the ventral motor region are investigated using Nissl, and NeuN staining methods and the fluorescent retrograde tract tracing technique in the rhesus monkey. On the basis of gradual laminar differentiation, it is shown that the ventral motor region stems from the ventral proisocortical area (anterior insula and dorsal Sylvian opercular region). The cytoarchitecture of the ventral motor region is shown to progress in three lines, as we have recently shown for the dorsal motor region. Namely, root (anterior insular and dorsal Sylvian opercular area ProM), belt (ventral premotor cortex) and core (precentral motor cortex) lines. This stepwise architectonic organization is supported by the overall patterns of corticocortical connections. Areas in each line are sequentially interconnected (intralineal connections) and all lines are interconnected (interlinear connections). Moreover, root areas, as well as some of the belt areas of the ventral and dorsal trend are interconnected. The ventral motor region is also connected with the ventral somatosensory areas in a topographic manner. The root and belt areas of ventral motor region are connected with paralimbic, multimodal and prefrontal (outer belt) areas. In contrast, the core area has a comparatively more restricted pattern of corticocortical connections. This architectonic and connectional organization is consistent in part, with the functional organization of the ventral motor region as reported in behavioral and neuroimaging studies which include the mediation of facial expression and emotion, communication, phonic articulation, and language in human.
Dispersion Modeling of Lead Emissions from Piston Engine Aircraft at General Aviation Facilities

In 2008, the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for lead was tightened by an order of magnitude. General aviation is now the largest source of lead emitted to the atmosphere. The accuracy of modeled lead impacts from general aviation airports is unclear because of uncertainties in both emissions estimation and dispersion modeling. Aviation industry and environmental policy makers must understand how well such modeling can perform when data on aircraft activities at an airport are limited. To estimate the lead impacts at an airport with lead monitoring, this study used aggregate activity information and simple assumptions about the nature of activities; the goal was to evaluate the level of accuracy that could be achieved in the collection of data on lead emissions. Dispersion modeling of general aviation lead emissions was performed for Centennial Airport, Englewood, Colorado, to estimate near-field impacts from airport operations in 2011. Emissions were estimated with the use of FAA's Air Traf...
Effects of cocaine microinjections into the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex on schedule-induced behaviour: comparison with systemic cocaine administration

The effects of cocaine HCl infusions into either the nucleus accumbens (NACC) or medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) were compared on the performance of schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) and related behaviours. Food-deprived rats were exposed to a fixed-time 60-s schedule of food delivery in daily 30-min sessions until stable levels of behaviour were obtained (14 days). Rats were then bilaterally infused with cocaine into either the NACC or PFC via chronically indwelling guide cannulae. Each subject received a sequence of five cocaine infusions (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 µg) according to a Latin Square design. For comparison, following these intracranial infusions each rat received a sequence of five IP injections of cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) also in a counterbalanced order. NACC and PFC infusions of cocaine and IP cocaine dose-dependently reduced SIP. Cocaine infusions into the NACC, but not the PFC, increased locomotor activity but the characteristic temporal profile of locomotor activity during SIP was retained. IP cocaine also increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, but the temporal profile of activity was flattened following 20 mg/kg cocaine. NACC and PFC infusions of cocaine had little effect on the total number of panel presses to gain access to the food pellets, but did slightly decrease the high rates of responding immediately prior to the pellet delivery. IP cocaine increased the total number of panel presses at the higher doses, mainly by increasing the low rates of responding. The effects of cocaine infusions into the PFC were behaviourally the most selective, as they reduced SIP without having substantial effects either on locomotor activity or panel pressing. These data therefore implicate a role for the PFC in the performance of SIP.
Sociocultural psychology and caring pedagogy: Exploring Vygotsky's "Hidden Curriculum"

In this essay, I analyze the value presuppositions implicit in Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective on learning and development, and thus explore what might be called Vygotsky's "'hidden curicu1um"-the unstated goals and messages of his educational-developmental psychology. I do so by bringing Vygotsky's work into dialogue with that of Nei Noddings, who articulated an approach to ethics and moral education that highlights the centrality of care and caring in human life. I argue, ultimately, that the value assumptions and presuppositions embedded in Vygotsky's psychology—in both its original and its contemporay forms—are similar to those that inform Noddings' conception of care and caring pedagogy, and thus that Vygotsky and Noddings share common moral concerns and commitments, particularly with respect to the characteristics of positive learning experiences.
Evaluation of blood pressure response to the combination of enalapril (single dose) and diltiazem ER (four different doses) in systemic hypertension.

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium antagonists are 2 classes of antihypertensive agents frequently used either as monotherapy or in combination. A 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in essential hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressures [BP] when seated, 95–115 mm Hg) to evaluate the efficacy, dose response, and safety profiles of enalapril combined with a new once-daily formulation of diltiazem. BP and heart rate were measured at 5 (peak) and 24 (trough) hours after dose to assess the efficacy and pharmacodynamic profile of the combination given once daily. There were 336 patients randomly assigned to either enalapril 5 mg plus 1 of 4 dose levels of diltiazem ER (60, 120, 180, or 240 mg), enalapril 5 mg alone, or placebo. Each combination dose level produced statistically significant reductions (p
Communications Policy and Information Technology: Promises, Problems and Prospects

The article presents a review of the book “Communications Policy and Information Technology: Promises, Problems and Prospects,” edited by Lorrie Faith Cranor and Shane Greenstein.
Measurement of Geotropic Sensitivity of Seedlings.

By a new method of applying small centrifugal forces, produced by vibration of wires which hold corn seedlings on a horizontal clinostat, threshold values of the required gravitational force have been obtained. In darkness the centrifugal acceleration need be only about 0.04 cm/sec2, while in weak light it must be 10 times as great.