cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of further opening of the Korean dairy market

Abstract This paper develops a simulation of Korean dairy policy that is tailored to the data, institutions, and policies in South Korea. It compares potential effects of changes in trade and domestic policy to baseline projections to 2015. Beverage milk continues to be supplied from domestic sources, implying imports compete in the manufacture of tradable products. We model manufactured dairy product supply, demand, and trade on a milk fat and non-fat-solid component basis reflecting product fungibility over the 10-year horizon used for our trade policy analysis. We find that if the domestic price support is removed with no change in trade policy, the market price of raw milk falls by about 2% and raw milk production declines by 4.5%. Under substantial tariff cuts of 30–40% with no effective change in domestic dairy policy, Korean fat and non-fat-solid prices fall by 7% and 11%, fat and non-fat-solid imports rise by 9% and 7% and Korea raw milk production falls by about 2% relative to the baseline. Prices of Korean farmer-owned dairy inputs, labor, and capital fall by about 1%.
Overlayer growth and chemisorptve properties of ultra-thin Fe films on W(110) and W(100)

Abstract The metal overlayer growth of Fe on W(110) and W(100) surfaces and the desorption of CO and H2 from the prepared bimetallic surfaces have been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). TD spectra of Fe/W(110) and Fe/W(100) reveal two desorption peaks (β1 and β2). The multilayer desorption peaks (β1's) follow zero order kinetics, with activation energies of ∼ 86 and ∼ 87 kcal mol−1 for Fe/W(110) and Fe/W(100), respectively, values close to the sublimation energy of bulk Fe. AES results indicate that Fe grows layer-by-layer on both W(110) and W(100). Fe overlayers of 1 ML or less on W(110) and 2 ML or less on W(100) are stabe to a 1000 K anneal. Annealing Fe/W(110) with θFe > 1 ML and Fe/W(100) with θFe > 2 ML to T > 500 K causes nucleation of the deposits into 3D clusters. A 10 × 10 LEED pattern was observed on Fe/W(110) with θFe > 1 ML, after the surface was annealed to 723 K. Annealing the surface further to 950 K produces a pattern which is likely a superposition of the W(110) substrate and epitaxial Fe(110) islands. Fe appears to grow epitaxially on W(110) with the 〈110〉 orientation parallel to the 〈110〉 orientation of the W substrate. A complex, streaked pattern was observed for a 2 ML Fe covered W(100) following an anneal to 200 K. TD spectra of CO from 1 ML Fe covered W(110) and W(100) both show a shift of the molecular state to a lower temperature compared to CO from bulk Fe, implying a lower binding energy of CO on the ultra-thin Fe films. The desorption states from dissociated CO, however, are stabilized on 1 ML Fe/W(110) and Fe/W(100) compared to clean Fe. Hydrogen desorption also shows a low temperature shift for 1 ML Fe/W(110) compared to bulk Fe. Fe is found to block effectively the sites on W(110) for H2 adsorption. A desorption state at ∼ 520 K is observed for ∼ 4–6 ML Fe/W(100) annealed to 1100 K. This state is interpreted to arise from hydrogen adsorbed at W sites or at the Fe-W interface.
The Politics of U.S.–UN Reengagement: Achieving Gains in a Hostile Environment

From 1999 to 2001, the United States actively tried to improve its image and role in the United Nations (UN). This was a difficult process due to the many areas of disagreement between the United States and other UN members. However, throughout this period, the focus of reengagement was centered on resolving the large and longstanding U.S. arrears to the UN. While the United States was not able to achieve everything it desired, this period of reengagement resulted in new scales of assessment for the UN's regular and peacekeeping budgets that were much more favorable to the United States. This article draws on practitioner interviews to analyze the U.S. campaign to resolve its arrears, most specifically focusing on six factors that explain why the United States was able to achieve so much in the face of such an inhospitable environment at the UN. In doing so, the article identifies several areas where scholars and practitioners are highlighting similar dynamics, and it uncovers important policy implications for future U.S. efforts to push other UN members in directions that they may not be eager to go. These policy implications are especially relevant for current U.S.–UN relations given the [U.S. failure to secure Security Council authorization for the use of force against Iraq in March 2003][1]. [1]: #ref-26
Asthma Diagnosis Among Individuals in Same-Sex Relationships

This study examined ever and current asthma diagnosis among persons in same-sex relationships (SSRs) using data from the pooled 1997–2004 National Health Interview Surveys. Among SSRs, 13.5% of men and 14.3% of women reported ever diagnosis of asthma, compared to 7.6% and 10.2% opposite-sex relationship (OSR) men and women. SSRs had higher rates of smoking, stress, and among women, obesity. In regression analyses, male SSRs had a significantly elevated risk of ever asthma diagnosis (adjusted OR = 1.51), while 12-month asthma was elevated among SSR women (adjusted OR = 2.48). SSRs may be at higher risk for asthma due to a spectrum of risk factors.
Note-Finding Certain Weakly-Efficient Vertices in Multiple Objective Linear Fractional Programming

Recently Kornbluth and Steuer have developed a simplex-based algorithm for finding all weakly-efficient vertices of an augmented feasible region of a multiple objective linear fractional programming problem. As part of this algorithm, they presented a method for detecting certain weakly-efficient vertices called break points. In this note we show that the procedure used by Kornbluth and Steuer in this method for computing the numbers needed to find these break points may sometimes fail. We also propose a fail-safe method for computing these numbers and give some computational results with this method.
The influence of cholinergic blockade on the uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid by isolated human placental villi

Abstract Isolated villus from human term placenta contains about 167 nmol of acetylcholine (ACh) per gram of wet tissue and releases about 35 pmol of ACh/g/min when it is suspended in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at 37°C. Chronic doses of nicotine, or smoking, which modify ACh output from human placental villus, are known to retard fetal intrauterine growth. Since one of the functions of placental villi is nutrient transport, and since it has not been possible to obtain ACh-free villi, the effects of cholinergic blockade by high concentrations of ACh (2 × 10−3 m ), phospholine (5 × 10−4 m ), nicotine (2.5 × 10−3 m ), and atropine (10−4 to 5 × 10−4 m ) on active uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) were studied to explain their antigrowth effects. High concentrations of ACh and nicotine decreased the rate of uptake of AIB by 34 and 41%, respectively. Atropine inhibited the AIB uptake by 29 and 61% at concentrations of 10−4 and 5 × 10−4 m , respectively. If all Ach were released from the syncytiotrophoblast, the concentration of ACh in the medium would be about 1.67 × 10−5 m . At the highest concentration of atropine used, the concentration of the active antagonist, d (−)S-hyoscyamine, in the medium is 2.5 × 10−4 m , which depressed AIB uptake by about 61%. Phospholine (an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor) at 7 × 10−6 m increased AIB uptake by 20%, but it decreased AIB uptake at higher concentrations, with or without exogenous ACh. Mecamylamine (10−4 m ) and d-tubocurarine (10−4 m ) did not influence the AIB uptake. Among the pharmacological agents studied, nicotine increased the release of endogenous placental ACh, while atropine decreased ACh release. These observations indicate that endogenously released ACh exhibits a muscarinic effect on the placental villus and facilitates the uptake of amino acids. Blockade of the facilitating effects of ACh on amino acid uptake by placenta for long periods during pregnancy may result in a retardation of fetal growth.
A Latent Growth Curve Analysis of the Structure of Aggression, Drug Use, and Delinquent Behaviors and Their Interrelations Over Time in Urban and Rural Adolescents

Latent growth curve analysis was used to examine the structure and interrelations among aggression, drug use, and delinquent behavior during early adolescence. Five waves of data were collected from 667 students at three urban middle schools serving a predominantly African American population, and from a more ethnically diverse sample of 950 students at four rural middle schools. One set of models focused on changes in individual behaviors; the other on changes in a global problem behavior factor. Models with separate growth trajectories for aggression, drug use, and delinquent behavior provided the best fit for both samples and revealed relations between initial levels of aggression and subsequent changes in the other behaviors. Boys and girls differed in their initial levels of these behaviors, but not their patterns of change. Differences in growth curve trajectories were found across samples. These findings have important implications for assessment and prevention of problem behaviors in adolescents.
The use of transgenic mice to study cytoprotection by the stress proteins

Heat shock or stress proteins (HSPs) have been shown to be able to confer cytoprotection in a diversity of cell types and organisms. We were interested in assessing if HSPs, in particular HSP70, were protective against pathophysiological stresses such as myocardial ischemia. Our approach was to generate a transgenic mouse line that would constitutively express high levels of an inducible rat HSP70 isoform in the heart. The hearts of the transgenic mice were then used in an isolated perfused mouse heart model to assess whether increased expression of HSP70 alone was protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our study showed that there was a significant improvement in contractile recovery, less cellular damage, and a reduction in infarct size in the hearts of transgenic mice as compared to non-transgenic mice following global ischemia in our isolated perfused mouse heart model. Additional studies have since shown that increased expression of HSP70 as well as other stress proteins in transgenic mice protects against different forms of pathological stresses. We present here the methods we used to generate HSP70 transgenic mice and assess their increased tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Airway responses to substance P and substance P fragments in the guinea pig

Summary Airway responses to rapid intravenous infusions of substance P (SP), selected carboxy terminal fragments (SP 3–11 , SP 5–11 , SP 7–11 , and SP 9–11 ), and an amino terminal fragment (SP 1–9 ) were measured in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs. The dose of each peptide required to decrease pulmonary conductance (G L ) to 50% of baseline value was calculated in each animal. The order of ED 50 G L was: SP 5–11 3–11 7–11 . SP 9–11 and SP 1–9 were inactive at doses up to 1000 nmol/kg i.v. The effects of the neutral metalloendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor, thiorphan, and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, on airway responses to SP 5–11 were examined in order to test the hypothesis that differences in degradation of SP and SP 5–11 contribute to the difference in airway responsiveness to the two peptides. Thiorphan (0.5 mg/animal, i.v.) caused a significant decrease in ED 40 G L for SP 5–11 , as has been previously noted for SP. In contrast, captopril (1.7 mg/animal i.v.) had no effect on ED 50 G L for SP 5–11 , although it has a substantial effect on SP responses. these results indicate that while the carboxy terminal of SP is essential for peptide bronchoactivity, loss of amino terminal peptides (up to four residues) actually enhances bronchoconstrictor responses to the peptide. Part of this enhancement appears to result from differences in the degradation of SP and SP 5–11 by ACE. The data suggest that cleavage of SP by dipeptidyl aminopeptidases could enhance its bioactivity.
Quadriplatanus georgianus gen. et sp. nov.: staminate and pistillate platanaceous flowers from the late Cretaceous (Croniacian-Santonian) of Georgia, U.S.A

The Platanaceae are one of the basal-most branches of the main evolutionary line of the eudicot clade, and one of the earliest eudicot lineages to be recognized in the macrofossil record. Because of its phylogenetic position, and the documentation of intralineage temporal morphological change provided by an extensive fossil record, the Platanaceae provide crucial information for understanding phylogenetic relationships at the base of the eudicots. Staminate and pistillate inflorescences and flowers from Coniacian-Santonian strata of Georgia, U.S.A., are an important addition to the known fossil record of Platanaceae. Staminate inflorescences are sessile heads, 0.9-2.5 mm in diameter, formed by ca. 40 closely spaced flowers. Staminate flowers have a whorled, tetramerous, unicyclic perianth, and a tetramerous androecium. Each stamen is opposite a perianth member, and all stamens are inserted on a short androecial ring. Anthers are elongate, the connective is abaxially displaced and is expanded at the apex i...
Rap and the Recording Industry

Nothing in the music industry has been more controversial than so-called gangsta rap. This article examines the behavior of the major recording labels involved with rap music, and how they have responded to calls from the minority community and various politicians to clean up the offensive lyrics associated with the genre. In large part, the companies have basically ignored their critics and continued to market gangsta rap because for years it had been so highly profitable. Their basic tactic has been to diffuse responsibility and distance themselves from rap by allowing subsidiaries to handle that part of the business. The industry's behavior is certainly troubling. I argue that, at the very least, the companies should have met the “moral minimum” to avoid harm and correct social injuries by censoring certain lyrics. Unfortunately this never occurred, and, in the end, only declining sales appear to have had any mitigating effects on gangsta rap.
Charaterization of Tc-99m-tricarbonyl complexes as transport substrates of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) P-glycoprotein

One of the best characterized mechanisms of drug resistance in human tumors is overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Pgp functions as an energy-dependent extrusion pump that efficiently transports drugs out of tumor cells and has thus been an attractive target for improving cancer therapies (1). Lipophilic cationic radiopharmaceuticals, such as 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-tetrofosmin, have been validated as transport substrates for Pgp in a variety of multidrug resistant human and rodent cells and have demonstrated utility for functional imaging of Pgp transport and modulation in both normal human tissues and tumors as well as in FVB mdrla/lb(-l-) gene knockout mice (2–7). The aim of this study was to explore the Pgp recognition properties of novel 99mTc(I)-tricarbonyl complexes containing either methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) or dimethylmethoxypropylphosphine (DMMPP) ligands that have recently been reported as potential cardiac imaging agents (8).
Effects of Ca2+ and Na+ channel inhibitors in vitro and in global cerebral ischaemia in vivo

Abstract In the present study we have examined the effects of the small organic molecules: NNC 09-0026 ((−)-trans-1-butyl-4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-[(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)methyl] piperidine dihydrochloride); SB 201823-A (4-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-1-pentyl piperidine hydrochloride); NS 649 (2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl benzimidazole); CNS 1237 (N-acenaphthyl-N′-4-methoxynaphth-1-yl guanidine) and riluzole on human ω-conotoxin sensitive N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel currents (ICa) expressed in HEK293 cells, on Na+ channel currents (INa) in acutely isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurones in vitro and in the gerbil model of global cerebral ischaemia in vivo. Estimated IC50 values for steady-state inhibition of ICa were as follows; NNC 09-0026, 1.1 μM; CNS 1237, 4.2 μM; SB 201823-A, 11.2 μM; NS 649, 45.7 μM and riluzole, 233 μM. Estimated IC50 values for steady-state inhibition of Na+ channel currents were as follows: NNC 09-0026, 9.8 μM; CNS 1237, 2.5 μM; SB 201823-A, 4.6 μM; NS 649, 36.7 μM and riluzole, 9.4 μM. In the gerbil model of global cerebral ischaemia the number of viable cells (mean±S.E.M.) per 1 mm of the CA1 was 215±7 (sham operated), 10±2 (ischaemic control), 44±15 (NNC 09-0026 30 mg/kg i.p.), 49±19 (CNS 1237 30 mg/kg i.p.), 11±2 (SB 201823-A 10 mg/kg i.p.), 17±4 (NS 649 50 mg/kg i.p.) and 48±18 (riluzole 10 mg/kg i.p.). Thus NNC 09-0026, CNS 1237 and riluzole provided significant neuroprotection when administered prior to occlusion while SB 201823-A and NS 649 failed to protect. These results indicate that the Ca2+ channel antagonists studied not only inhibited human N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels but were also effective blockers of rat Na+ channels. Both NNC 09-0026 and CNS 1237 showed good activity at both Ca2+ and Na+ channels and this may contribute to the observed neuroprotection.
Decisional guidance and end-user display choices

Abstract Powerful desktop computers with commercial spreadsheet and presentation software empower computer users to produce their own data displays, choosing from an ever-increasing variety of display formats. Although previous research has explored some organizational risks involved in end-user computing little is known, first, about the effects of shifting control over display choices from trained specialists to mainstream computer users and, second, whether end-users would benefit from decisional guidance in this area. We conducted an experimental study to gain insight into these issues by studying the display preferences and performance of student subjects in two different kinds of tasks. We found subjects performed certain tasks no better with their preferred display than with a randomly assigned display. Theory-based decisional guidance improved subjects' overall performance substantially, and subjects welcomed decisional guidance as long as it did not limit their options.
Newkome-type dendron stabilized gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, reactivity, and stability.

We report the synthesis and evaluation of four Newkome-type dendrons, G1-COOH, G2-COOH, SH-G1-COOH, and TA-G1-COOH, and their respective gold–dendron conjugates, where GX represents the generation number. G1- and G2-COOH are two-directional symmetric dendrons that have cystamine cores containing a disulfide group. SH-G1-COOH was prepared by treatment of G1-COOH with dithioerythritol to yield a free thiol group to replace the disulfide linkage. TA-G1-COOH has a thioctic acid moiety, which is a five-membered ring containing a disulfide group that cleaves to produce two anchoring thiols to bond with the gold surface. All dendrons have peripheral carboxylate groups to afford hydrophilicity and functionality. Gold nanoparticle conjugates were prepared by reaction of each dendron solution with a suspension of gold colloid (nominally 10 nm diameter) and purified by stirred cell ultrafiltration. Chemical structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser deso...
Evaluation of combinations of paraquat plus photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides for controlling failed stands of maize (Zea mays)

Existing plants remaining in failed stands of maize must be removed prior to planting a subsequent crop, and glyphosate and glufosinate are generally ineffective because of the presence of herbicide-resistant genes in most US maize. Research was conducted at three locations in 2009 to evaluate maize control with paraquat as influenced by (1) the addition of three PSII-inhibiting herbicides, (2) maize growth stage at application with and without addition of atrazine, and (3) time of day of application with and without addition of atrazine. Delaying an application of paraquat beyond the V4 stage (four visible collars) of maize resulted in ineffective control of maize, and the addition of atrazine to paraquat improved control of older plants. A paraquat dose of at least 525 g/ha was often needed for acceptable control of maize. Of the three PSII-inhibiting herbicides evaluated, maize control was generally greater and more consistent with the addition of metribuzin or diuron to paraquat than with atrazine, even though atrazine did often improve control over paraquat alone. Applying paraquat at sunset did improve control over applications made near sunrise, but a PSII-inhibiting herbicide was still needed with paraquat to maximize control of maize. These findings demonstrate that undesirable maize plants can be effectively controlled with combinations of paraquat plus PSII-inhibiting herbicides when applied no later than the V4 stage of maize, and applications in close proximity to sunset can further improve control.
Constituent models for basic fields of grand unified theories

Abstract We show how to construct group theoretically basic fields of grand unified models based on SO(4 N + 2) from constituents endowed only with abelian symmetries. Their number and the number of their abelian symmetries equals the rank of SO(4 N + 2). Such constituents can carry definite values not of B - but of ( B − L )-number.
Styles of Thinking and Learning

This article argues for the importance of thinking and learning styles. First, it describes the nature of styles of thinking and learning. Second, it briefly reviews some of the literature on styles. Third, it presents a theory of styles of thinking and learning. Fourth, it describes some of the measures we have used to assess these styles. Finally, it summarizes data we have collected to test and utilize the theory of styles.
Mask Use by Chimpanzees

A chimpanzee was observed in its interactions with six prefabricated masks, a mirror, and a language keyboard. The chimp created and used its own mask in ritualized play behavior with its caregiver, expanding human considerations of ethology, performance theory, and drama.
Drawing the lines

In the United States, along with the decennial census comes the once-per-decade task of redistricting. Redistricting is the drawing of legislative district boundaries in response to changes in state population totals, with the goal of assuring as near-equal representation of each person as is practicable. Or, as I heard one expert describe it, redistricting is an “under the radar” activity that has a profound impact on all legislative levels, and yields the blueprint for public policy—including science policy—for years to come. Though this may not be obvious, legislators set the policy pace and allocate funds to support that policy.
Morphometric studies of the alveolar epithelium in dog lungs in vivo after increased rates of outward filtration.

Increased pulmonary artery pressures and decreased albumin concentrations were established in dogs, in vivo, by circulatory overload and by plasmapheresis. Each change, occurring singly, would be expected to produce an increase in outward filtration rate. The ultrastructure of the alveolar epithelium after the production of this presumed increase in filtration was evaluated by established morphometric techniques. The extent of extravascular fluid accumulation was assessed by multiple indicator-dilution studies and by light microscopic analysis. Previous studies from this laboratory (DeFouw and Berendsen, 1979; DeFouw, 1980) define increased alveolar surface densities, increased type I cell vesiculation, and depleted type II cell lamellar body contents after increased filtration had induced septal edema and alveolar flooding in isolated perfused dog lungs. In the present study septal edema and alveolar flooding were not detected. Nor were changes observed in either alveolar epithelial cells or in alveolar configurations. However, there was significant accumulation of extravascular fluid in cuffs around extraalveolar vessels. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the initial stage of cardiodynamic edema formation, namely, peri-vascular cuffing, is not associated with structural aberrations of the alveoli or their lining epithelial cells, in vivo. Since such changes were detected previously in isolated lungs after development of the final stages of edema, namely, septal fluid accumulation and alveolar flooding, additional studies of septal edema and alveolar flooding in intact animals are necessary to establish functional correlates to ultrastructural aberrations in severely edematous lungs.
FIFA: Fast incremental FIB aggregation

The fast growth of global routing table size has been causing concerns that the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) will not be able to fit in existing routers' expensive line-card memory, and upgrades will lead to higher cost for network operators and customers. FIB Aggregation, a technique that merges multiple FIB entries into one, is probably the most practical solution since it is a software solution local to a router, and does not require any changes to routing protocols or network operations. While previous work on FIB aggregation mostly focuses on reducing table size, this work focuses on algorithms that can update compressed FIBs quickly and incrementally. Quick update is critical to routers because they have very limited time to process routing updates without impacting packet delivery performance. We have designed three algorithms: FIFA-S for smallest table size, FIFA-T for shortest running time, and FIFA-H for both small tables and short running time, and operators can use the one best suited to their needs. These algorithms significantly improve over existing work in terms of reducing routers' computation overhead and limiting impact on the forwarding plane while maintaining a good compression ratio.
From the Laboratory to the Headlines: Teaching Critical Evaluation of Press Reports of Research:

This article describes a classroom exercise and an individual assignment designed to teach critical evaluation of research reports in the popular press. The classroom exercise uses active and collaborative learning to apply the principles of scientific investigation, particularly the distinction between correlation and causation, in analyzing the limitations of a newspaper account of a research study. The individual assignment requires students to locate and critique a newspaper or magazine summary of research. The goal of these two exercises is to engage students in active learning about research methods and help them to become critical consumers of media accounts of research findings.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, phase III study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia

Abstract Background: Lanthanum carbonate is a novel, non-calcium, non-aluminum phosphate binder under evaluation for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving either hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Methods: This 16-week study assessed the control of serum phosphorus with lanthanum carbonate, and its effects on serum calcium, calcium × phosphorus product, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hemodialysis patients ≥18 years old entered into a 1- to 3-week washout period during which serum phosphorus levels rose to >5.9 mg/dL (1.90 mmol/L). In total, 126 patients were titrated with lanthanum carbonate at doses containing 375, 750, 1,500, 2,250, or 3,000 mg/d elemental lanthanum, given in divided doses with meals over a 6-week period, to achieve serum levels ≤5.9 mg/dL. By the end of dose titration, 11/126 (9%) patients received ≤750 mg/d of lanthanum, 25 (20%) received 1,500 mg/d, 37 (29%) received 2,250 mg/d, and 53 (42%) received 3,000 mg/d. Following titration, patients were randomized to receive either lanthanum carbonate or placebo during a 4-week, double-blind maintenance phase. Results: At the study endpoint, the mean difference in serum phosphorus between the lanthanum carbonate and placebo treatment arms was 1.91 mg/dL (0.62 mmol/L) ( P P P Conclusion: Lanthanum carbonate is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with ESRD.
CYCLOMORPHOSIS IN SCENEDESMUS ARMATUS (CHLOROPHYTA): AN ORDERED SEQUENCE OF ECOMORPH DEVELOPMENT1

Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.) Chod, growth and morphology were monitored in medium 7 (oligotrophic) and Bristol's medium (eutrophic); cultures in both media were incubated at 10 and 22° C. Growth rate at 10° C was reduced, i.e. only one doubling in 7 days in medium 7 and 2.3 doublings in Bristol's, compared to 4.3 and 6 doublings at 22° C over the same period. Unicells as well as cells of colonies were larger at the cold temperature. The lengths of cells were not significantly different regardless of temperature or medium, but cell width was markedly increased at the lower temperature. Additionally, an arcuate, eight-celled, multispined ecomorph, which resembled several previously described taxa, was produced at 10° C. It becomes a component of a previously published ordered sequence of ecomorph development for this species. Based on data now accumulated in both the laboratory and the field, these temporal changes are interpreted to be a cyclomorphosis, driven by a coupling of nutrient availability and temperature. Within the addition of new cold temperature (spring) ecomorphs, the ordered sequence of ecomorphs for S. armatus is a succession from unicells to multispined eight-celled colonies to quadricaudate colonies, ending with acaudate four-celled ecomorphs.
Chit-based remote storage

We propose a model for reliable remote storage founded on contract law. Consumers submit their bits to storage providers in exchange for a chit. A chit is a cryptographically secure, verifiable contract between a consumer and the storage provider. A user can use the chit to request the bits from the provider. In return, the provider must be able to supply the chit's bits to the user according to the terms of the chit. If the storage provider cannot supply the bits, then the provider must pay a penalty. Chits make explicit the penalty for losing data, allowing users to value their data and providers to quantify the financial risk they have undertaken by storing a set of chits. We envision chit-based storage being used as a reliable mechanism for users in pervasive environments.
Volvo Drivers’ Experiences With Advanced Crash Avoidance and Related Technologies

Objective: Crash avoidance technologies can potentially prevent or mitigate many crashes, but their success depends in part on driver acceptance. Owners of 2010–2012 model Volvo vehicles with several technologies were interviewed about their experiences. Methods: Interviews were conducted in summer 2012 with 155 owners of vehicles with City Safety as a standard feature; 145 owners with an optional technology package that included adaptive cruise control, distance alert, collision warning with full auto brake (and pedestrian detection on certain models), driver alert control, and lane departure warning; and 172 owners with both City Safety and the technology package. The survey response rates were 21 percent for owners with City Safety, 30 percent for owners with the technology package, and 27 percent for owners with both. Ten percent of owners opted out before the telephone survey began, and 18 percent declined to participate when called. Results: Despite some annoyance, most respondents always leave the ...
Cushing's Ulcer as a Consequence of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Administration for Infantile Spasms

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the treatment of choice for infantile spasms despite its multiple side effects. This case represents a previously unreported side effect, peptic ulceration, occurring during ACTH treatment of infantile spasms. Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are proposed and examined. A direct effect of ACTH on the duodenum is considered but deemed unlikely. Alternatively, the combination of the patient's communicating hydrocephalus and ACTH's central effects is proposed to have led to increased intracranial pressure and a Cushing's ulcer. The need for pretreatment neuroimaging and H2-receptor antagonist use during ACTH therapy in all cases, along with gastrin level measurements in selected cases, is recommended. (J Child Neurol 1990;5:111-113).
Short-range attraction, surface currents, and mound formation in metal (111) epitaxial growth

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of deposition near steps on Cu(111) and Ag(111) carried out in order to study the effects of short-range attraction in metal (111) epitaxial growth. Our results indicate that while short-range attraction plays an important role in the deposition of atoms near steps on (111) surfaces, there is a significant asymmetry between the interaction at A and B steps. These differences are explained in terms of the underlying geometry as well as the corresponding activation barriers. In particular, we find that due to short-range attraction the overall uphill funneling probability ${P}_{\mathrm{av}}^{A}$ and selected mound slope ${m}_{0}^{A}$ for A steps are significantly larger than predicted by downward funneling. In contrast, the overall uphill funneling probability ${P}_{\mathrm{av}}^{B}$ and selected mound slope ${m}_{0}^{B}$ for B steps are significantly lower than for A steps and appear to be close to the downward funneling prediction. In particular, atoms deposited near but somewhat beyond B steps have a lower uphill funneling probability than for A steps. In addition, for atoms deposited above the ``upper terrace'' of B steps we find that a new process, corresponding to the ``knockout'' of step-edge atoms, takes place leading to a reduced overall surface current and enhancing the asymmetry between A and B steps. General expressions for the surface current and selected mound slope which are valid for arbitrary crystal geometry for the case of irreversible growth with a large Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier are also presented. These expressions are then used to analyze the implications of our results for unstable growth on (111) surfaces.
Employee Reactions to the Physical Work Environment: The Role of Childhood Residential Attributes1

This study examines the possibility that 2 employee background attributes, childhood residential density and childhood community type, moderate relations between characteristics of the physical work environment and employee responses. Administrative employees (N= 75) from 25 offices of a university participated in the research. Results demonstrate that employees from high-density childhood residences and urban communities exhibited more positive responses as adults (i. e., higher performance and lower crowding) to high-contact work environments (i. e., those characterized by few enclosures, high spatial density, and close interpersonal distance) than employees from other combinations of childhood residential density and community type. Results also suggest that the contributions of residential density and community type were somewhat accounted for by individual differences in social avoidance tendencies and noise sensitivities.
Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal-Dendrimer Nanocomposites

Abstract : Magnetic nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by encapsulating nanosized entities of iron, cobalt, and nickel compounds in poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer hosts. Problems related to the instability of the magnetic structures under the influence of an external electromagnetic field have been overcome by using a solid polystyrene matrix to embed the dendrimer hosts containing the magnetic guests. SQUID magnetometry measurements on these nanocomposites showed that after subtraction of the diamagnetic polymer background, at 300 K all samples exhibited paramagnetic behavior, with susceptibilities of 1.14, 1.68, and 0.70 x 10(exp -6) cu m/kg for Fe-, Co-, Ni-containing samples respectively. The temperature dependence for T < 300 K showed typical paramagnetic behavior, with the susceptibility increasing for decreasing temperatures. Curie-Weiss (1/M vs. T) graphs displayed a linear behavior at high temperatures, with temperature axis intercepts (theta) occurring at - 139 K (Fe), - 16 K (Co), and 0 K (Ni). Negative deviations from Curie-Weiss behavior occurred at T < 175 K for the Fe and T < 25 K for the Co samples. Magnetic moments calculated from the high temperature Curie constant indicated that Fe, Co, and Ni possessed effective moments of 3.5, 4.4, and 2.8 Micro(sub B). The negative intercepts and the fact that these moments are larger than those expected for metallic transition metals are indicative that these species are probably present in an oxidized form. The low-temperature behavior indicates either superparamagnetic or soft ferromagnetic behavior.
Disruptive visions: surgical education

Technological change, decreased financial support for medical education, and social oversight (in the form of the “To Err Is Human” report, HIPPA, and reduced work hours) are forcing a rethinking of the traditional model of surgical education to improve patient safety. New approaches to evaluating surgical competence, such as objective assessment, in combination with new technologies, such as the Internet and surgical simulators, provide the tools to effect a revolution in surgical education and training. Competency based upon quantifiable criteria measures must replace the traditional subjective assessment. The implementation requires accurately defining the elements of training, establishing new quantifiable metrics, stringently measuring performance against criterion, and reporting outcomes throughout the career of a surgeon.
Transcending, othering, detecting: Smell, premodernity, modernity

Drawing on the olfactory stereotyping of European Jews and black Americans, this essay argues that olfactory othering was a product of particular cultural imperatives born of particular historical contexts. It makes the case that there was a shift in the way that smell, beginning in the late nineteenth century, was used to not simply demarcate groups but, in addition, to supposedly detect ‘race’ and ethnicity. If there was a modern quality to the sense of smell it is to be found less in its putative dilution and supposed subordination to sight and more in a growing belief – one utterly unproven – that the sense of smell could be used to reveal the truth about a person's race and ethnicity.
Media Naturalness Reduction and Compensatory Channel Expansion: A Study of Online and Face-to-Face Sections of the Same Course

This study provides a combined test of the media naturalness and channel expansion theories with a study of communication media perceptions and use outcomes in the context of a college information systems course delivery. Data was collected from undergraduate students at the middle and end of a long semester. Approximately half of the students took the course face-to-face, and the other half online. As predicted, based on media naturalness theory, grades were significantly higher in the face-to-face condition than the online condition at the middle of the semester. Consistent with predictions based on channel expansion theory, the difference between grades obtained at the middle of the semester disappeared at the end of the semester. This study shows that online course delivery may lead to both negative and positive effects in the same semester, leading to a final outcome that is generally positive. It provides a more nuanced view of online course delivery effects, and clarifies previous empirical findings that appear paradoxical at first glance.
Shear sensitivity of insect cells

While insect cells can be easily damaged in bioreactors as a result of hydrodynamic forces, it is also relatively easy to prevent this damage. Of several possible damage mechanisms, the best understood and preventable is the attachment of cells to gas-liquid interfaces and the subjection of these attached cells to the hydro-dynamic forces and/or physical forces associated with these interfaces. For example, cells attached to gas bubbles in a bioreactor can be transported into the foam layer where they are physically removed from the cell suspension, or they can be killed when the gas bubble they are attached to ruptures at the medium-air interface at the top of the bioreactor. The easiest method to prevent this damage is through the use of specific surface active compounds, such as Pluronic F-68 or Methocel E-50 which prevent the cells from attaching to the gas-medium interface.
State-press relationship revisited: A comparison of foreign policy coverage on the Hong Kong 1997 issue by three newspapers

Research in media diplomacy often concluded that media took a pro-government stance in covering foreign affairs. This study tested this finding by content analysing the coverage of the Hong Kong 1997 issue by the New York Times, the Times of Britain and the People's Daily of China. The data indicated that the two western newspapers departed significantly from their governments’ respective positions on the issue, while the People's Daily has followed Beijing's stance on the issue all along. The result challenged the viewpoint of ‘media as governments’ cheerleaders’. A more dynamic approach to media diplomacy research is suggested.
Deformable, Programmable, and Shape‐Memorizing Micro‐Optics

The use of shape memory polymers is demonstrated for deformable, programmable, and shape-memorizing micro-optical devices. A semi-crystalline shape memory elastomer, crosslinked poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), is used to prepare various micro-optic components, ranging from microlens and microprism arrays to diffraction gratings and holograms. The precise replication of surface features at the micro- and nanoscale and the formation of crosslinked shape memory polymer networks can be achieved in a single step via compression molding. Further deformation via hot pressing or stretching of micro-optics formed in this manner allows manipulation of the microscopic surface features, and thus the corresponding optical properties. Due to the shape memory effect, the original surface structures and the optical properties can be recovered and the devices be reprogrammed, with excellent reversibility in the optical properties. Furthermore, arrays of transparent resistive microheaters can be integrated with deformed micro-optical devices to selectively trigger the recovery of surface features in a spatially programmable manner, thereby providing additional capabilities in user-definable optics.
Bridging the Gap Between Academia and Policy on Asia: Some Examples from Personal Experience

T he ability to carry out fruitful and effective interchange between government officials and academic specialists often depends on personalities, competing priorities, and other circumstances. The record of interchange between academia and the U.S. policy realm on sensitive issues dealing with Asia, for instance, was active at various times during the Cold War and has grown since that time. Congress’ increasing role since the end of the Cold War in formulating U.S. foreign policy has opened many more avenues for constructive interchange between academic specialists and often influential policymakers in Congress. At both senior and lower levels, academic specialists have entered U.S. administrations in order to help chart policy, and have returned to scholarly pursuits following their government tenure. The influence of important scholars such as Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Joseph Nye is well recognized. Congress has often been more open than the executive branch to various academic and other viewpoints, and such expertise has been sought out for congressional staffs and in hearings and other deliberations over policy. This brief essay will recount some of the multifaceted ways that the administration and Congress have sought out academic insights in the conduct of U.S. foreign policy since the late 1970s. Most of this analysis is based on personal experience regarding interchange at working levels involving Congress or the administration on one side, and academic specialists, either in person or through their writings, on the other. As an analyst, specialist, and then senior specialist in Asian affairs with the Library of Congress’ Congressional Research Service for over 20 years, and having undertaken shorter tours of duty as an Asian affairs specialist with two Senate committees, the State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Intelligence Council, I have had extensive experience at working-level interchange involving Congress and, to a lesser de-
Effect of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and mild heat on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach

Abstract Minimally processed baby spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been associated with multiple outbreaks of foodborne illnesses recently. Chlorinated water is widely used to wash vegetables commercially, but this washing procedure has limited efficacy and can lead to the formation of carcinogenic substances. This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide alone and in binary combinations with or without mild heat (40 and 50 °C) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Baby spinach leaves were dip-inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to a level of 6 log CFU/g and stored at 4 °C for 24 h before treatment. Individual washing solutions (1% and 2% lactic acid [LA], citric acid [CA], malic acid [MA], tartaric acid [TA], acetic acid [AA], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] as well as binary combinations of LA, CA, MA and H2O2 at final concentrations of 1% were used to decontaminate spinach leaves at 22, 40 or 50 °C for 2–5 min to test their efficacy in reducing E. coli O157:H7. Chlorinated water (200 ppm free chlorine) decreased the population of E. coli O157:H7 on baby spinach by only 1.2–1.6 log CFU/g, which was not significantly different from DI water washing. Washing with 1% LA at 40 °C for 5 min was the most effective treatment achieving a 2.7 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 which is significantly higher than chlorine washing. Washing with LA + CA or LA + HP at 40 °C for 5 min was equally effective against E. coli O157:H7, resulting in a 2.7 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7. The application of mild heat significantly enhanced the efficacy of washing solutions on the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments at 40 °C for 5 min and 50 °C for 2 min. The results suggested that the use of organic acids in combination with mild heat can be a potential intervention to control E. coli O157:H7 on spinach.
Interaction of a uniform wind stress with hydrostatic eddies

Abstract We consider the weak nonlinear interaction between hydrostatic eddies and turbulent Ekman flow which is produced by a uniform wind stress (τ) acting at the top of the mixed layer. The theory describes the space-time fluctuations in the local Ekman transport due to interactions of a barotropic component (ν0) of the total velocity with τ, and the effect of those fluctuations in amplifying ν0. It has been applied to the problem of the generation of inertia-gravity waves in a two-layer density model driven by a constant τ. We show that plane waves oriented at right angles to τ, and propagating upwind, are unstable. The possibility of an experimental test of the theory and its controversial hypothesis is briefly discussed.