cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forest management decisions for wildlife objectives: system resolution and optimality.

Abstract Managers of forest wildlife populations make recurring management decisions based on incomplete knowledge of system states. For example, animal population estimates may ignore spatial structure that may influence population viability. We built a spatially-explicit model for a population of birds in a forested landscape. Rates of bird population growth within forest compartments and rates of bird dispersal among compartments were functions of stand age and basal area, compartment population size, and inter-compartment distance. Stand characteristics were imbedded in a dynamic model and assumed perfectly observable and under the complete control of managers. We constructed a genetic algorithm to search for the schedule and spatial distribution of silviculture to maximize total bird abundance at the end of a fixed planning horizon, under combinations of initial habitat and population distribution. We also found policies for a smaller set of population distributions that a manager may only presume to occur (e.g. birds equally distributed among stands), as when managers are only able to observe abundance and not spatial distribution. We investigated the effect of this loss of system resolution on optimality by examining differences in projected population sizes under the two types of policies. That is, we used the set of ‘presumed-state’ policies to project population size from each true initial system state, then we compared these to projections under the best policy for that state. For the planning horizon that we considered, loss in optimality was highly dependent on initial habitat state and on choice of presumed population distribution. Generally, loss in optimality and species extinction rate were both greater for habitat states that were initially poor than initially favorable. For some initial habitat states, population projections based on policies for presumed states often exceeded objective function values for known-state policies, suggesting that the genetic algorithm frequently fell short of finding bona fide optima.
The Product as an Economic Variable

I. Introduction: the inadequacy of mere price-quantity analysis; possible relationships between the four variables of price, product, advertising and quantity, 1. — II. Products are variable; the meaning of product determination, 8. — III. Three main determinants of products: custom, 12; standards, 14; profit maximization, 17.
Role of lysine187 within the second extracellular loop of the type A cholecystokinin receptor in agonist-induced activation. Use of complementary charge-reversal mutagenesis to define a functionally important interdomain interaction.

Activation of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors is believed to involve conformational change that exposes a domain for G protein coupling at the cytosolic surface of the helical confluence, although the mechanisms for achieving this are not well understood. This conformational change can be achieved by docking a diverse variety of agonist ligands, known to occur by interacting with different regions of these receptors. In this study, we focus on the importance of a specific basic residue (Lys187) within the second extracellular loop of the receptor for the peptide hormone, cholecystokinin. Alanine-replacement and charge-reversal mutagenesis of this residue showed that it had no effect on the binding of natural peptide and nonpeptidyl ligands of this receptor but markedly interfered with agonist-stimulated signaling. It was demonstrated that this negative effect on biological activity could be eliminated with the truncation of the first 30 residues of the amino-terminal tail ...
Results of Arthroscopic Debridement of Glenoid Labral Tears

We studied the long-term results of a prospectively selected group of 24 patients with 12 anteroinferior and 12 posterior glenoid labral lesions; all patients had functional instability but none had ligamentous detachment. After arthroscopic debridement, patients involved in throwing sports were not allowed to return to full athletic activity until full strength of the external rotators was achieved and documented on isokinetic evaluation. Followup was 36 to 72 months with an average of 48 months. Follow-up isokinetic evaluation revealed an average +4.4% and +8.6% concentric strength and -4.3% and -0.4% eccentric strength of the operated shoulder compared with the uninvolved shoulder at 90 and 180 deg/sec, respectively. Long-term good or excellent results were achieved in 21 patients, and 16 were functioning at their preinjury level of sports activities. Sixty-two percent of baseball pitchers were unimpaired in pitching. The average University of California Los Angeles shoulder rating score was 31 of 35 (11 excellent, 10 good, and 3 poor) and the average Rowe-Zarins ratings scale was 85 of 100 (8 excellent, 13 good, and 3 poor). These results justify an initial arthroscopic debridement of anteroinferior or posterior labral flap tears rather than capsulorrhaphy when there is no gross instability or Bankart lesion.
Effects of Land Use Change on Hydrologic Response at a Watershed Scale, Arkansas

AbstractThe population has increased at a fast pace in the last two decades in Arkansas. One direct result from this process is urbanization, especially in northwest Arkansas. Land use and land cover (LULC) had been changed from forests, pastures, and farmland to urbanized areas over a short time span. Increased flood discharge and decreased water quality have been negative side effects of urbanization on the environment. In this study, five watersheds were selected as representative of the entire state. These watersheds were selected to examine the hydrological response to land use change over the last two decades in Arkansas. The curve number, a term used to describe the runoff depth, was calculated for the five watersheds. Out of the five watersheds, the Illinois River watershed experienced the greatest change in land use from 1993–2006, whereas the other four watersheds experienced slight land use change. The land transformation model (LTM) was used to forecast the land use of the Illinois River water...
Applications of Self-Assembled Monolayers in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

The increasing applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has led to the development of various SERS-active platforms (SERS substrates) for SERS measurement. This work reviews the current optimization techniques available for improving the performance of some of these SERS substrates. The work particularly identifies self-assembled-monolayer- (SAM-) based substrate modification for optimum SERS activity and wider applications. An overview of SERS, SAM, and studies involving SAM-modified substrates is highlighted. The focus of the paper then shifts to the use of SAMs to improve analytical applications of SERS substrates by addressing issues including long-term stability, selectivity, reproducibility, and functionalization, and so forth. The paper elaborates on the use of SAMs to achieve optimum SERS enhancement. Specific examples are based on novel multilayered SERS substrates developed in the author’s laboratory where SAMs have been demonstrated as excellent dielectric spacers for improving SERS enhancement more than 20-fold relative to conventional single layer SERS substrates. Such substrate optimization can significantly improve the sensitivity of the SERS method for analyte detection.
Multimodality Management of High-Risk Head and Neck Basal Cell Carcinoma Requiring Free-Flap Reconstruction

Objectives(1) Investigate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for high-risk head and neck basal cell carcinoma (HNBCC) requiring large extirpation with free-flap reconstruction. (2) Determine impact of prognostic features—tumor size, subsite, number of high-risk features, perineural invasion, and bony invasion—on high-risk HNBCC survival. (3) Determine survival benefit of adjuvant radiation for high-risk HNBCC.Study DesignCase series with chart review (2002-2013).SettingAcademic tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsConsecutive head and neck patients (N = 431) required free-flap reconstruction following tumor extirpation, 38 for aggressive HNBCC. All cases were high risk. DFS and OS were examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Prognostic variables and adjuvant radiation were analyzed utilizing Student’s t test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact testing for categorical dependent variables. Complications were reported.ResultsMean tumor diameter was 5.17 cm (range, 1.2-15.0 cm). M...
Athermal operation in polymer-clad silicon microdisk resonators

We have used a urethane polymer as cladding to reduce the temperature sensitivity of resonance in high-Q silicon microdisk resonators. A two-order-of-magnitude improvement in resonance stability is demonstrated, and effects on the Q-factor are discussed.
Electromagnetic simulation of ground-penetrating radars for mine detection

Ground-penetrating radars (GPRs) are one technology being investigated for the detection of buried landmines. Full experimental simulations for potential GPRs are complicated, time consuming, and expensive. An alternative is to perform simulations using computational electromagnetic techniques, such as the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). Until recently, such simulations were not possible because of the limitations on computer memory and speed. Results are presented from two FDTD simulations for GPRs designed for mine detection. One of the GPRs uses continuous-wave signals (the 'separated aperture' or 'waveguide below cutoff' detector for nonmetallic mines), and the other uses baseband pulses (a proposed detector for small antipersonnel mines). These simulations are fully three-dimensional and include all of the details of the detector (antennas, reflectors, feeds, etc.), lossy earth, and mine. Results from the simulations are compared with experimental measurements made with model detectors.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deltaic sedimentation in the Lake Hazar pull‐apart basin, south‐eastern Turkey

Lake Hazar lies within a small pull-apart basin along the East Anatolian Transform Fault in south-eastern Turkey. Deltas are formed where streams debouch into the low-energy lacustrine environment. The facies constituting the deltas include delta plain debris flow, braided stream, and marginal lacustrine deposits; delta front foreset and mouth bar deposits; prodelta and lacustrine deposits. The facies are spatially restricted with sharp transitions. Facies sequences and relationships indicate two distinct styles of deltaic sedimentation. Fan deltas with a tripartite structure characteristic of Gilbert-type deltas comprise the marginal drainage system and form along the basin margins. Mouth bar deltas develop where the axial drainage system of the basin debouches into the lake. The distribution of the two deltaic types is thought to be a function of gradient and controlled by position relative to faults within the basin.
Acute effects of d-amphetamine in a monkey operant behavioral test battery.

Abstract The acute effects of d -amphetamine were assessed using a battery of complex food-reinforced operant tasks that included responding in delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS, n=6), conditioned position responding (CPR, n=7), progressive ratio (PR, n=8), temporal response differentiation (TRD, n=4), and incremental repeated acquisition (IRA, n=9) tasks. Performance in these tasks is thought to depend upon specific brain functions such as short-term memory and attention (DMTS), color and position discrimination (CPR), motivation to work for food (PR), time perception (TRD), and learning (IRA). d -Amphetamine sulfate (0.01–1.0 mg/kg IV), given 15-min presession produced significant dose-dependent decreases in the number of reinforcers obtained in each task. Response accuracy was significantly decreased at doses of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg for TRD and at 1.0 mg/kg for CPR when compared to saline injections. Accuracy was not consistently affected in the DMTS or IRA tasks. Response rates decreased or response latencies increased significantly at doses of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg in the PR and DMTS tasks. A dose of 0.1 mg/kg for the IRA and TRD tasks, 0.3 mg/kg for DMTS and 1.0 mg/kg for the CPR tasks significantly decreased percent task completed. Thus, the relative sensitivities of these tasks for detecting d -amphetamine behavioral effects were IRA = TRD > PR = DMTS > CPR. These results indicate that in monkeys, performance of operant tasks designed to model learning ability and time perception is more sensitive to the disruptive effects of d -amphetamine than is performance in tasks designed to model motivation, short-term memory and attention, which is more sensitive than tasks that model color and position discrimination.
Evaluation of a Long-Term (1882–2005) Equivalent Temperature Time Series

Abstract A 124 (1882–2005) summer record of total surface energy content consisting of time series of surface equivalent temperature (TE) and its components T (mean air temperature) and Lq/cp (moist enthalpy, denoted Lq) is developed, quality controlled, and analyzed for Columbus, Ohio, where long records of monthly dewpoint temperature are available. The analysis shows that the highest TE occurs during the summer of 1995 when both T and Lq were very high, associated with a severe midwestern heat wave. That year contrasts with the hot summers of 1930–36, when Lq and TE had relatively low or negative anomalies (low humidity) compared to those of T. Following the 1930–36 summers, T and Lq departures are much more typically the same sign in individual summers, and the two parameters develop a statistically significant high positive correlation into the twenty-first century. Mean T and Lq departures from the long-term normal have opposite signs, however, when summers are stratified either by seasonal total ra...
A hierarchy of relaxations for nonlinear convex generalized disjunctive programming

We propose a framework to generate alternative mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulations for disjunctive convex programs that lead to stronger relaxations. We extend the concept of “basic steps” defined for disjunctive linear programs to the nonlinear case. A basic step is an operation that takes a disjunctive set to another with fewer number of conjuncts. We show that the strength of the relaxations increases as the number of conjuncts decreases, leading to a hierarchy of relaxations. We prove that the tightest of these relaxations, allows in theory the solution of the disjunctive convex program as a nonlinear programming problem. We present a methodology to guide the generation of strong relaxations without incurring an exponential increase of the size of the reformulated mixed-integer program. Finally, we apply the theory developed to improve the computational efficiency of solution methods for nonlinear convex generalized disjunctive programs (GDP). This methodology is validated through a set of numerical examples.
Modified null field method for P- and SV-wave scattering from a partially debonded fiber

The modified null field approach to elastic P- and SV-wave scattering (in plane strain) from a partially debonded fiber has been developed. The debonded region on the fiber surface is subjected to traction free boundary conditions, whereas the fiber is assumed to be in welded contact with the host medium elsewhere. Additional null field equations for an elliptical extension of the actual surface of the scatterer are introduced which require additional expansions for the field in the region between the extended mathematical boundary and the actual boundary of the scatterer. The numerical accuracy of the modified null field method has been tested for the case of a perfectly bonded fiber for P- and SV-wave incidence. Scattering cross-section plots are presented for different degrees of debonding.
RADIATION-INDUCED CYANOGENATION OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS

Several hydrocarbons were irradiated in admixture with cyanogen and the infrared spectra studied for evidence of gross cyano products. No absorption was found in either the irradiated hydrocarbons or the distillate of irradiated hydrocarbon-- cyanogen mixtures, but the higher boiling fraction from each mixture showed a very strong absorption band at approximates 4.4 mu . The irradiated cyclohexane-- cyanogen mixtures were analyzed by gas chromatography, and cyclohexyl cyanide was found. The G-value for cyclohexyl cyanide was approximates 7 for doses below 5 x 10/sup 20/ ev/g but decreased to approximates 5 for a dose of 1.5 x 10/sup 21/ ev/g. (D.L.C.)
Investigation of the sensitivity of the land-surface parameterization of the NCAR community climate model in regions of tundra vegetation.

A series of sensitivity experiments has been conducted using a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) and a complementary zero-dimensional land-surface model in order to invesligate the sensitivity of the models to surface process parameterizations in northern high latitudes. The study was motivated by anomalously high surface temperatures at these latitudes in a control simulation with the CCM. The effects of perturbing the maximum vegetation cover, distribution of the roots within the active soil layer, the depth of the active soil layer, soil albedo, and of maintaining a fully saturated upper and active soil layer were explored. Little response occurred in either model when the depth of the soil or the root distribution was altered. Increasing the percentage of ground covered by vegetation increased the canopy air temperature but generally reduced soil temperatures in the zero-dimensional model. However, in the CCM integration the surface air temperature increased over most of the region for this change. This response seems to be due to the high level of precipitation during the three-dimensional integration and is similar to one of the zero-dimensional computations in which a large rainfall event was prescribed on the second day of the 10 day integration. Maintaining the moisture contents of both soil layers at their capacity caused a decrease in soil temperatures at most locations in the CCM and in the zero-dimensional model once the soil in the control began to dry out. Increasing the soil albedo also produced soil and surface air cooling in both models. All the integrations underlined the considerable sensitivity of the land-surface parameterization scheme to the instantaneous and preceding soil moisture conditions. Reduction in surface temperatures achieved was significantly less than the original discrepancy between CCM temperatures and observations. Part of the discrepancy could be caused by unrepresentative observational data and a model bias toward high levels of net surface radiation. In addition, preliminary calculations suggest that explicit inclusion of permafrost may be necessary before a fully satisfactory representation of the tundra land-surface climate can be achieved. This conclusion may be important for CO2-induced climate-change studies.
Vinblastine, infusion, bleomycin, and cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma

A chemotherapy regimen containing vinblastine-bleomycin-platinum has been studied in 42 patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Forty-seven percent of evaluable and 43% of all patients experienced objective response. Complete responses were seen in visceral sites. Median duration of response has not been reached but will exceed 26 weeks. Toxicity is predominantly marrow suppressive, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and mucocutaneous. Pulmonary toxicity was never severe when bleomycin dose was limited to less than 300 mg/m2 body surface area. Half of the patients relapsed with CNS metastases as a first presenting sign of recurrence. Because hospitalization is required in this program its dollar cost is high.
Potential use of pervious concrete for maintaining existing mature trees during and after urban development

Abstract During the development of parking lots and pedestrian areas, mature trees are often removed from the site and replaced with saplings after development is completed. This research aims to study the possibility of using pervious porous concrete as an alternative pavement that may help to keep existing mature trees, and all the benefits they can provide, alive after site development. Three different pavement treatments: (1) no pavement; (2) impervious standard concrete; and, (3) pervious porous concrete were compared over 2 years to test their ability to modify growth and leaf gas exchange of existing 15–18-year-old American sweetgum ( Liquidamber styraciflua ) trees. Soil water and temperature dynamics of the pervious plots were closely correlated with those in the control plots. Plots treated with pervious concrete had greater soil water content than plots with standard concrete in the deeper soil layers in some seasons, but not during the summer. Tree diameter (dbh) relative growth rates were similar across the three pavement types. There was no effect of the treatments on leaf water potential or leaf gas exchange. The data presented in this paper suggest that pervious porous concrete does not provide additional benefits in ensuring growth and survival of pre-existing mature trees in new urban developments.
Ancient DNA perspectives on American colonization and population history

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analyses have proven to be important tools in understanding human population dispersals, settlement patterns, interactions between prehistoric populations, and the development of regional population histories. Here, we review the published results of sixty-three human populations from throughout the Americas and compare the levels of diversity and geographic patterns of variation in the ancient samples with contemporary genetic variation in the Americas in order to investigate the evolution of the Native American gene pool over time. Our analysis of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies and prehistoric population genetic diversity presents a complex evolutionary picture. Although the broad genetic structure of American prehistoric populations appears to have been established relatively early, we nevertheless identify examples of genetic discontinuity over time in select regions. We discuss the implications this finding may have for our interpretation of the genetic evidence for the initial colonization of the Americas and its subsequent population history.
The Course of Intermittent Exotropia in a Population-Based Cohort

Purpose To evaluate the change in the angle of deviation in an incidence cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia during a 20-year period. Design Retrospective, population-based observational study. Participants All pediatric ( Methods The medical records of all potential patients identified by the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures The change in the angle of deviation and its association with treatment were reviewed for each patient. Results A total of 184 pediatric patients were diagnosed during the study period, of which 138 patients (75.0%) had ≥2 examinations. The deviation resolved in 5 of the 138 patients (3.6%) during a median follow-up of 9.2 years, while the Kaplan–Meier rate of increasing by 10 or more prism diopters (PD) was 23.1% at 5 years and 52.8% at 20 years. The distance deviation increased by a median of 5 PD during the preoperative period in the 55 patients who underwent surgery during a mean follow-up of 3.2 years compared with a zero PD median change in the 83 patients who avoided surgery during a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. The Kaplan–Meier probability of undergoing surgery within 20 years after diagnosis was 74.0% in this population. We were unable to detect a significant association between nonsurgical treatments and a change in the angle of deviation. Conclusions In this population-based cohort of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia, the deviation resolved in 4%, and more than half of the patients were expected to have an increase of 10 or more PD within 20 years of their diagnosis. Children who received surgery in this population were significantly more likely to have demonstrated an increase in their deviation during the preoperative period.
Impairment of survival signaling and efferocytosis in TRPC3-deficient macrophages.

We have recently shown that in macrophages proper operation of the survival pathways phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) has an obligatory requirement for constitutive, non-regulated Ca2+ influx. In the present work we examined if Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (TRPC3), a member of the TRPC family of Ca2+-permeable cation channels, contributes to the constitutive Ca2+ influx that supports macrophage survival. We used bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from TRPC3−/− mice to determine the activation status of survival signaling pathways, apoptosis and their efferocytic properties. Treatment of TRPC3+/+ macrophages with the pro-apoptotic cytokine TNFα induced time-dependent phosphorylation of IκBα, AKT and BAD, and this was drastically reduced in TRPC3−/− macrophages. Compared to TRPC3+/+ cells TRPC3−/− macrophages exhibited reduced constitutive cation influx, increased apoptosis and impaired efferocytosis. The present findings suggest that macrophage TRPC3, presumably through its constitutive function, contributes to survival signaling and efferocytic properties.
Advances in Computational Image Processing for Microscopy

The field of electron microscopy applied to structural biology has made significant progress in the last 5 years, with many labs attempting the solution of ever more challenging problems. This work has demanded significant new resources for the computational analysis of the data collected from the microscope. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the state of the art in image processing of microscope data and to serve as an introduction to this special issue of the journal.
Hepatorenal Syndrome: A Dreaded Complication of End-Stage Liver Disease

Hepatorenal syndrome is the dreaded complication of end-stage liver disease characterized by functional renal failure due to renal vasoconstriction in the absence of underlying kidney pathology. The pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome is the result of an extreme underfilling of the arterial circulation secondary to an arterial vasodilation located in the splanchnic circulation. This underfilling triggers a compensatory response with activation of vasoconstrictor systems leading to intense renal vasoconstriction. The diagnosis is based on established diagnostic criteria aimed at excluding nonfunctional causes of renal failure. The prognosis of patients with hepatorenal syndrome is extremely poor especially in those who have a rapidly progressive course. Liver transplantation is the best option in suitable candidates, but it is not always applicable due to the short survival expectancy and donor shortage. Pharmacological therapies based on the use of vasoconstrictor drugs (terlipressin, midodrine, octreotide, or noradrenline) are the most promising in the aim of successfully offering a bridge to liver transplantation. Other treatments such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and albumin dialysis are effective but experience is very limited. Although there is limited information on the prevention of hepatorenal syndrome, intravenous albumin infusion in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and with oral pentoxifylline in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis seems to effectively prevent hepatorenal syndrome in these two settings.
SOX10 immunostaining distinguishes desmoplastic melanoma from excision scar.

Background: Sry-related HMG-BOX gene 10 (SOX10), a nuclear transcription factor that plays an important role in schwannian and melanocytic cell differentiation, has recently been shown to be a useful marker in the diagnosis of melanocytic and schwannian tumors. Fibroblasts and histiocytes that could histopathologically mimic melanoma cells often express S100, which complicates the evaluation of melanoma excision specimens for residual tumor. Distinguishing melanoma cells from immature fibrocytes or histiocytes is made more challenging in desmoplastic melanoma excision specimens. Methods: We compared the utility of melanoma markers [SOX10, S100, HMB-45, Melan-A and micropthalmia transcription factor (MiTF)] in 3 invasive, 9 desmoplastic and 14 intraepidermal melanomas. We also evaluated 18 excision scars. The staining intensity for all the cellular components in melanoma and scar specimens was scored. Results: SOX10 strongly highlighted all in situ, invasive and desmoplastic melanomas. In contrast, MiTF expression was weak to absent in desmoplastic melanomas. In scars, S100 highlighted background spindled fibrocytes and histiocytes with greater intensity than SOX10. MiTF highlighted multi-nucleated histiocytes, while SOX10 did not. Conclusion: Our results showed that SOX10 was strongly expressed by desmoplastic melanoma. Furthermore, SOX10 was less likely than S100 and MiTF to be expressed by background fibrocytes and histiocytes within scars. Ramos-Herberth FI, Karamchandani J, Kim J, Dadras SS. SOX10 immunostaining distinguishes desmoplastic melanoma from excision scar.
Seasonal flooding regimes influence survival, nitrogen fixation, and the partitioning of nitrogen and biomass in Alnus incana ssp. rugosa

Alteration of natural flooding regimes can expose lowlands to waterlogged soil conditions during any month of the year. The seasonality of flooding may have profound effects on the carbon and nitrogen budgets of N-fixing alders (Alnus spp.), and in turn, may impact the C and N economy of extensive alder-dominated, wetland ecosystems, including those dominated by speckled alder (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa). To better understand this process, two-year-old, nodulated seedlings of speckled alder were subjected to late spring (May 10 – July 10), summer (July 10 – September 8), and fall (September 8 – November 8) flooding treatments. Alders were root-flooded outdoors in tanks containing an N-free nutrient solution and compared with unflooded alders at the experimental site. Flooding arrested N fixation, photosynthesis, and growth of alders without recovery in all flooding treatments for the remainder of the growing season. Late spring and summer flooding resulted in complete mortality of alders while all seedlings survived flooding in the fall. Fall flooding increased foliar N resorption by 140% over unflooded seedlings. Eighty-seven percent of the total N fixed and 89% of biomass accumulation for the entire growing season occurred in unflooded alders after July 10. In unflooded alders, nitrogen fixation rates per unit mass declined by 63% for nodules, 28% for leaves, and 48% for whole seedlings during the fall, while total N fixed per plant in the fall was similar to that fixed in the summer. The majority of newly fixed N in unflooded alders was allocated to leaves before September 8 and to roots/nodules combined after September 8. In unflooded plants, the greatest proportion of new biomass was partitioned to leaves before July 10, to stems between July 10 and September 8, and equally to stems and roots/nodules after September 8. Fall-flooded alders did not increase root or nodule biomass. Proportional allocation of plant resources were such that the ratio of N fixed to seedling growth of unflooded alders decreased by 19% during summer before rebounding by 6% in fall. Seasonality of flooding alters seedling survival, growth, and resource allocation, and may be a critical determinant of speckled alder recruitment and occurrence in wetlands.
Inelastic electron scattering from protons and deuterons at very low Q2

Abstract The total cross-section for production of hadrons by inelastic electron scattering at 3.2° from hydrogen and deuterium has been measured in the Q 2 range 0.015 GeV 2 to 0.1 GeV 2 , at virtual photon energies ranging from 2 GeV to 8.5 GeV. The transition to photoproduction is observed to be smooth, the ratio σ D /σ H being about 1.85 in this range. No evidence is seen for a conjectured rapid Q 2 -dependence of this ratio at low Q 2 .
Substance P immunoreactive nerve terminals in the dorsolateral nucleus of the tractus solitarius: roles in the baroreceptor reflex.

Physiological and light microscopic evidence suggest that substance P (SP) may be a neurotransmitter contained in first-order sensory baroreceptor afferents; however, ultrastructural support for this hypothesis is lacking. We have traced the central projections of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) in the cat by utilizing the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The dorsolateral subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius (dlNTS) was processed for the histochemical visualization of transganglionically labeled CSN afferents and for the immunocytochemical visualization of SP by dual labeling light and electron microscopic methods. Either HRP or SP was readily identified in single-labeled unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, and nerve terminals in the dlNTS. SP immunoreactivity was also identified in unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons, and nerve terminals in the dlNTS, which were simultaneously identified as CSN primary afferents. However, only 15% of CSN terminals in the dlNTS were immunoreactive for SP. Therefore, while the ultrastructural data support the hypothesis that SP immunoreactive first-order neurons are involved in the origination of the baroreceptor reflex, they suggest that only a modest part of the total sensory input conveyed from the carotid sinus baroreceptors to the dlNTS is mediated by SP immunoreactive CSN terminals. Five types of axo-axonic synapses were observed in the dlNTS. SP immunoreactive CSN afferents were very rarely involved in these synapses. Furthermore, SP terminals were never observed to form the presynaptic element in an axo-axonic synapse with a CSN afferent. Therefore, SP does not appear to be involved in the modulation of the baroreceptor reflex in the dlNTS.
UV radiation evokes negative phototaxis and covering behavior in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Intertidal and subtidal Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Muller) often hide among rocks or cover themselves with debris, including macroalgae, mussel shells, and pebbles. Similar reactions in other species of sea urchins have been interpreted as a response to bright sunlight. This study examined the response of S. droebachiensis specifically to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In labo- ratory studies using artificial irradiation, S. droebachiensis exposed to UVR (290 to 400 nm) and pho- tosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm) sought shade and covered themselves signifi- cantly more frequently than those exposed only to PAR. In outdoor aquaria, individuals were exposed to ambient solar radiation that was filtered to create 4 treatments (dark, PAR, PAR + UVA, or PAR + UVA + UVB) and observed for 6 h as total solar irradiance changed with time of day. Sea urchins cov- ered themselves with significantly more material when exposed to PAR + UVA + UVB than in all other treatments, and in response to total irradiance. The amount of covering by sea urchins exposed to PAR + UVA (320 to 400 nm) varied over the course of the day, but were typically less than those exposed to UVB (295 to 320 nm). These sea urchins covered themselves more than those exposed to PAR alone or held in the dark. Sea urchins exposed to PAR alone did not differ in the amount of cov- ering from those held in the dark, regardless of time of day. The amount of covering correlated sig- nificantly with UVB and UVA irradiance independently, but not PAR irradiance. This study does not rule out that multiple cues may cause the covering response, but it demonstrates that S. droe- bachiensis seeks shelter and covers itself in response to UVR, primarily UVB wavelengths or a com- bination of UVA and UVB, presumably to avoid UV-induced damage.
Alterations in renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption in chronic renal disease in man

Alterations in renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption in chronic renal disease in man. Clearance studies were performed on subjects with GFR from 4 to 127 ml/min under conditions of maximal hydration and hypotonic mannitol loading. Nonelectrolyte solute excretion per GFR (U NES V/GFR) was calculated as [UO sm -2(U Na + U K )] V/GFR. Fractional sodium excretion (C Na /GFR) per level of U NES V/GFR in the low GFR group (GFR H 2 O /GFR + C Na /GFR) was also higher initially in the low GFR group at every level of U NES V/GFR and increased at a more rapid rate in response to a solute load. Thus azotemic subjects have a decreased fractional reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule independent of fractional solute load. Nevertheless, an increase in solute load provokes a greater inhibition of fractional proximal tubular sodium reabsorption in these subjects than in normals. Fractional distal tubular sodium reabsorption (C H 2 O /GFR) in the low GFR group appeared to be lower at every level of fractional distal sodium load. The higher C Na /GFR in the low GFR group appears to be consequent to decreased fractional sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and an alteration in the capacity of the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium.
A maximum likelihood estimator for tracking purposes with extended sources

In many cases, optical tracking systems do not have cooperative beacons available. This is particularly true for the case involving tracking the reflectance from a laser illuminated target such as a missile seeker head, where the object of interest is most definitely an extended source. Furthermore, the extended source is always combined with noise such as shot noise which further degrades the signal. Consideration is also given to atmospheric turbulence. This paper examines the performance of an existing projection-based, maximum-likelihood technique for tilt estimation in the presence of extended sources, with particular application to the image motion tracking problem. Comparison is made between the performance of a traditional centroiding algorithm and a projection-based algorithm with simulated data. The projection-based algorithm is shown to offer improved performance in the motion tracking problem.
Under the net

The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Edited by Peter F. Sale. Academic: 1991. Pp. 754. $75.00, £46.50.
Measurement of Upregulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Using a Positron Emitting Radiopharmaceutical

Abstract Excess nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenosis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) which is an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that has shown utility for studying enzyme systemsin vivo.A positron-labeled inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) inhibitor has been studied in EAE-affected mice as well as controls. Greater uptake of the radiolabeled inhibitor was observed in the spinal cord of the affected mice than of control mice. Increased uptake was also observed in other organs not previously implicated in this experimental model. The increased uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in this model suggests that this tracer may have the potential for measuring increased levels of iNOS in humans by PET.
Low-salt bowel cleansing preparation (LoSo Prep) as preparation for colonoscopy: a pilot study.

Summary Background : Currently available colon cleansing preparations are often poorly tolerated. Aim : To evaluate the efficacy of a low-volume, low-salt preparation for colonoscopy. Methods : This was a pilot study in patients scheduled for colonoscopy. The preparation consisted of 34 g of magnesium citrate and four bisacodyl tablets the day before the procedure, and one bisacodyl suppository on the morning of the procedure. Results : Twenty patients (age range, 49–81 years; all males) were entered into the study. There were no significant side-effects associated with the preparation. All rated the taste as ‘tolerable or better’. The examination was considered to be adequate, with no limitations, in 17 patients (85%), and was scored as good to excellent (no solid stool) in 11 (55%), acceptable (small amounts of solid stool) in six (30%) and poor in three (15%: two in-patients and one out-patient). Importantly, two of the failures then received a standard polyethylene glycol preparation and again failed to show adequate colon preparation. Conclusions : This pilot study showed that the low-salt colon cleansing preparation was an effective alternative preparation for colonoscopy.
Cardiac syndrome X versus metabolic syndrome X.

In 1973, Kemp [1], in an editorial, introduced the term ‘syndrome X’ to indicate the uncertain etiology of chest pain in patients who had a positive exercise ECG suggestive of myocardial ischemia but on coronary arteriograms had normal coronary arteries. In 1988, Reaven [2], in his Banting Lecture, used the same term ‘syndrome X’ to describe a metabolic syndrome characterized by glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and coronary artery disease. Obviously Reaven [2] did not know about the existence of the term ‘syndrome X’ coined by Kemp [1] 15 years earlier. To avoid confusion, subsequent investigators added the qualifier ‘metabolic’ to Reaven's syndrome X [2] in order to distinguish it from the ‘cardiac’ syndrome X described by Kemp [1]. Until very recently, these two syndrome X's have always been considered as entirely separate entities which by accident share the same terminology. However, in recent years, more and more studies seem to indicate a potential link between the cardiac and metabolic syndrome X. In 1991 Dean and Jones [3] reported 11 patients with angina attributed to microvascular angina, another term for cardiac syndrome X, and hyperinsulinemia; they postulated that increased concentration of insulin may lead to coronary microvascular dysfunction, either endothelial or vascular. In 1998, Gaspardone et al. [4] further suggested a potential link between cardiac and metabolic syndrome X. They demonstrated that both enhanced activity of the sodium– lithium countertransport and stimulated hyperinsulinemia are present in the vast majority of patients with cardiac syndrome X. As enhanced activity of the sodium–lithium countertransport has the potential to cause both glucose intolerance and smooth muscle hyperactivity, they concluded that it might represent a common cause of the metabolic and vascular alterations frequently found in syndrome X [4].
Mineral content of the free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti and ruminant parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Abstract 1. 1. The parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis and free-living nematode Turbatrix aceti were examined for element content. 2. 2. T. colubriformis contained significantly less phosphorus, potassium, manganese and boron than T. aceti . 3. 3. T. colubriformis contained significantly more nitrogen and copper than T. aceti . 4. 4. Comparative study of the chemical composition of parasitic vs free-living nematodes may facilitate in vitro cultivation of the parasitic forms.
SU-E-T-210: Surviving a Visit by the Radiological Physics Center

Purpose: To demonstrate an objective approach to determining if a negative report from the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) of greater than 10% error is valid or has clinical significance. Methods: The discrepancy involved the clinical activity (mgRaEq) of Cs‐137 sources, some manufactured by 3M and some by Amersham. Measurements were made in the proprietary RPC Well Counter calibrated by the MD Anderson ADCL and our Well Counter (CNMC, Model 44D) calibrated by the same laboratory as well as the University of Wisconsin ADCL. In addition, we possess an Amersham Cs‐137 Check Source that had been calibrated by the UW‐ADCL in 2002. All clinical sources were checked in both Well Counters on the first visit. One clinical source and the Check Source were measured in a second visit that occurred 51 days later. Results: On the initial RPC visit, 9 of 25 sources had a minimum of an 8% discrepancy between the RPC and the Institution, with a maximum of 11%. Contributing errors included using the incorrect straw position by us, an unexplained 2.3% error in the RPC data identified 73 days post‐visit, a 2% variation in Chamber Factors for our Well Counter from the two ADCL's. When we use the 2004 value of Air Kerma Strength for the Check Source to determine a Calibration Factor of the Well Counter, all sources were within 0.5% of their decayed value established in 2002. Conclusions: This work emphasizes the value of having simple Constancy Check systems in a Quality Assurance program as ‘Accuracy’ has error bars. The disagreement in calibration data between the ADCL Laboratories, which was at the 2% maximum quoted in their Calibration Reports, is a reminder that there is uncertainty in measurements. Constancy Checks allow one to sort out discrepancies and to answer challenges to the validity of your program.
An analysis of the BEM-FEM non-overlapping domain decomposition method for a scattering problem

In this paper, we analyze the BEM-FEM non-overlapping domain decomposition method introduced in Boubendir [Techniques de Decomposition de Domaine et Methode d'Equations Integrales, Ph.D. Thesis, INSA, Toulouse, France, 2002] and improved in Boubendir et al. [A coupling BEM-FEM method using a FETI-LIKE domain decomposition method, in: Proceedings of Waves 2005, Providence, RI, 2005, pp. 188-190] and Bendali et al. [A FETI-like domain decomposition method for coupling FEM and BEM in large-size problems of acoustic scattering, to appear.] The transmission conditions used in this method introduce a quantity that prevents the approach of Despres [Methodes de decomposition de domaine pour les problemes de propagation d'ondes en regime harmonique, Le theoreme de Borg pour l'equation de Hill vectorielle, Ph.D. Thesis, Paris VI University, France, 1991] to establish convergence to be adapted. However, we show that convergence can be established when the geometry allows for a decomposition of the solution into propagating and evanescent portions with a methodology based on modal analysis. Here, we exemplify this in the case of circular cylindrical geometries where the derivations can be based on properties of Bessel functions.
Development And Implementation Of An Aerodynamic Holographic Interferometry System

An aerodynamic holographic interferometry system has been developed and adapted for use with an existing supersonic wind tunnel. The basis for the system is briefly discussed, and the flow investigation for which the system was developed is outlined. The system is described, including detailed equipment schematics and cost figures. Some details and guidance are given with regard to experience in reducing the interferometry fringe data via the Abel transformation to obtain density fields and, in turn, velocity fields. Finally, representative results are shown together with complementary laser velocimetry measurements and Navier-Stokes computations.