cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Variance Components in the Analysis of Hog Prices in Two Markets

Abstract This paper discusses various methods of analyzing the ratios of the daily hog prices at Cincinnati and Louisville and compares the results obtained with those previously given for the differences between the two price series. The data consisted of the prices for each of two weight classes on each the five complete market days of the week (Monday through Friday) averaged for each month throughout the period 1937-1941. Price ratios were used because of the high correlation which seemed to exist between the price differences and the price level. The analysis of variance was used to make statements about the consistency of the results. The paper discusses the assumptions behind the analysis of variance and how well these assumptions are met with these data. In general, the most serious defect in making tests of significance is a lack of independence due to the intracorrelations existing between daily prices. The F-test was used to test for the existence of consistent fixed effects and to determine si...
The Relationship of Internal and External Commitment Foci to Objective Job Performance Measures

Prior research reports of a weak commitment-performance relationship can be attributed to inconsistency in conceptualization and measurement of the constructs. In this study, we differentially relate attitudinal commitment to internal (organization and supervisor) and external (customer) foci to objective measures of job performance. Results suggest that both internal foci are related to organizationally rewarded job performance and that the external focus influences job performance relevant to and rewarded by customers. Implications of these findings are discussed.
UPTAKE OF INTRAFETALLY ADMINISTERED 3 H-1,25 DIHYDROXVITAMIN D 3 (1,25) BY THE MATERNAL SMALL INTESTINE

Pregnancy is associated with increased maternal calcium requirements that are met by enhanced intestinal calcium absorption. Maternal serum concentrations of total 1,25 are elevated, perhaps in response to a physiological hyperparathyroidism. An alternative explanation is that 1,25 produced by the fetoplacental unit gains access to the maternal compartment and influences maternal 1,25 status and intestinal calcium absorption. To test the hypothesis that fetal 1,25 gains access to the maternal intestine, we gave an intravenous injection of 20uCi of high specific activity (90 Ci/mmol) 3H-1,25 to a chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 138d of gestation (term=145d). Sequential samples of fetal and maternal plasma were obtained during the next 4 hours. Thereafter, samples of fetal and maternal small intestinal mucosa were obtained. Plasma and mucosal homogenates were lipid extracted and analyzed for 3H-1,25 content. There was a rapid disappearance of 3H-1,25, from the fetal circulation and a progressive accumulation of 3H-1,25 in the maternal circulation. Plasma and intestinal mucosal content of 3H-1,25 at 4 hours were as follows: Conclusion: Intrafetally administered 3H-1,25 crosses the placenta and is taken up by the maternal small intestine.
The skill transferability of high-skilled US immigrants

Using the 2000 US Census data, we explored the effect of international transferability of skills on the earnings of high-skilled US immigrants. We confirmed that education and labour market experience received by immigrants from Japan and English-speaking developed countries before migrating have the greatest transferability; immigrants from non-English-speaking and Less Developed Countries (LDCs) make a greater investment in US-specific skills after arrival and earn a salary commensurate with the acquired skill level. Nevertheless, high-skilled workers from English-speaking developed countries still receive higher earnings, other things equal. We explore factors that influence this earnings differential.
Analysis of wall-packed bed thermal interactions

Abstract One of the major issues remaining for ceramic breeder blankets involves uncertainties in heat transfer and thermomechanical interactions within the breeder and multiplier regions. Particle bed forms are considered in many reactor blanket designs for both the breeder and Be multiplier. The effective thermal conductivity of beds and the wall—bed thermal conductance are still not adequately characterized, particularly under the influence of mechanical stresses. The problem is particularly serious for the wall conductance between Be and its cladding, where the uncertainty can be greater than 50%. In this work, we describe a new model for the wall—bed conductance that treats the near-wall region as a finite-width zone. The model includes an estimate of the region porosity based on the number of contact points, and the contact area for smooth surfaces. It solves the heat conduction in a near-wall unit cell. The model is verified with existing data and used to predict the range of wall conductances expected in future simulation experiments and in reactor applications.
Comparative studies provide evidence for neural reuse

Comparative studies demonstrate that homologous neural structures differ in function and that neural mechanisms underlying behavior evolved independently. A neural structure does not serve a particular function so much as it executes an algorithm on its inputs though its dynamics. Neural dynamics are altered by a neuromodulation, and species-differences in neuromodulation can account for behavioral differences.
Comparisons among neo-Lurian assessment measures of brain-injured adults

The performances of 49 brain-injured community college students (41% women; M age = 34.0 yr., SD = 13.6) on two neo-Lurian assessment batteries were investigated. Pearson correlations among the 11 clinical subtests of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, Form I and 10 Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing (PASS) experimental tasks are reported. While the correlations were largely weak to moderate, a few interpretable trends in these relationships emerged. Over-all, the irregular and diffuse pattern of significant correlations may, in part, reflect the heterogeneity of the Luria-Nebraska battery's subscales. Implications for the cognitive assessment and remediation of patients with brain injuries are briefly discussed.
Morphological Control of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Templated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Antibacterial Agents

A series of room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) containing mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials with various particle morphologies, including spheres, ellipsoids, rods, and tubes, were synthesized. By changing the RTIL template, the pore morphology was tuned from the MCM-41 type of hexagonal mesopores to rotational moire type of helical channels, and to wormhole-like porous structures. These materials were used as controlled release delivery nanodevices to release antibacterial ionic liquids against Escherichia coli K12.
Cervicovaginal cytology and the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: a comparison with immunofluorescent results.

To evaluate the accuracy of a Chlamydia diagnosis in our laboratory, cytologic Chlamydia diagnoses for the years 1990 and 1991 were compared with immunofluorescent studies for Chlamydia for the same period. Only one of 22 cases diagnosed cytologically as suggestive of Chlamydia had a positive immunofluorescent result. On rescreen of 110 cervicovaginal smears taken within I mo of a positive fluorescent antibody test, 11 cases were found to contain criteria suggestive of Chlamydia. These correlations represent a 4.5% specificity and 10% sensitivity rate, suggesting that our current efforts in cytology are not effective in determining the presence of Chlamydia. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:20–22. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Three Antismoking Interventions among Pregnant Women in An Urban Setting: A Randomized Trial

This study examined smoking cessation and cigarette reduction of indigent inner city pregnant women (n = 193) who completed one of three interventions: a special videoprogram based on their perceptions of the effects of smoking during pregnancy, the American Lung Association's “Freedom From Smoking For You and Your Baby” program, or the usual physician's advice. Six percent of the women quit smoking, and 43% reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked. There were no significant differences among the three groups for either the number who quit smoking or who reduced the number of cigarettes smoked.
A method of sensor fault detection and identification

Abstract A method of Bayesian belief network (BBN)-based sensor fault detection and identification is presented. It is applicable to processes operating in transient or at steady-state. A single-sensor BBN model with adaptable nodes is used to handle cases in which process is in transient. The single-sensor BBN model is used as a building block to develop a multi-stage BBN model for all sensors in the process under consideration. In the context of BBN, conditional probability data represents correlation between process measurable variables. For a multi-stage BBN model, the conditional probability data should be available at each time instant during transient periods. This requires generating and processing a massive data bank that reduces computational efficiency. This paper presents a method that reduces the size of the required conditional probability data to one set. The method improves the computational efficiency without sacrificing detection and identification effectiveness. It is applicable to model- and data-driven techniques of generating conditional probability data. Therefore, there is no limitation on the source of process information. Through real-time operation and simulation of two processes, the application and performance of the proposed BBN method are shown. Detection and identification of different sensor fault types (bias, drift and noise) are presented. For one process, a first-principles model is used to generate the conditional probability data, while for the other, real-time process data (measurements) are used.
Early Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Different Treatment Response to Specific or All Medications?

Background: The literature suggests that medications prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease may be more efficacious in children than adults. Care must be exercis
Effects of acute exercise and training on insulin binding to monocytes and insulin sensitivity in vivo.

. Koivisto, V. A., Soman, V. R., DeFronzo, R. and Felig, P. (Department of Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA). Effects of acute exercise and training on insulin binding to monocytes and insulin sensitivity in vivo. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 70, 1980.—Insulin binding to monocytes was studied in well-trained long distance runners and in sedentary control subjects in the resting state and after 3 h cycle ergometer exercise at 40% of maximal aerobic power. In addition, in previously untrained subjects we examined the effect of 6 weeks of training on insulin binding to monocytes and insulin sensitivity in vivo. In the athletes at rest, insulin binding to monocytes was 69% higher than in controls (p<0.01), and correlated with maximal aerobic power (r= 0.63, p< 0.05). The rise in insulin binding in the athletes was due to an increase in binding capacity rather than a change in binding affinity. During exercise, insulin binding fell in athletes by 31 % (p<0.025) in contrast to a 35 % rise observed in control subjects (p<0.01). As compared to controls, the athletes had a lower respiratory exchange ratio and a smaller decline in plasma glucose during exercise. In previously untrained subjects, physical training resulted in a 35% rise in insulin binding to monocytes (p<0.02). The rise in binding was due mainly to an increase in binding capacity. Insulin mediated glucose uptake (as measured by insulin clamp technique) also rose by 30% after physical training (p<0.01). The rise in insulin sensitivity was proportional to the improvement in physical fitness (r=0.81, p<0.05). These findings indicate that (a) elevated insulin binding may contribute to the enhanced insulin sensitivity observed after physical training, (b) a fall in insulin binding in athletes during acute exercise may contribute to a greater shift from carbohydrate to fat utilization during exercise in athletes as compared to sedentary controls. These data suggest that physical training may provide a means of reversing or ameliorating abnormalities in insulin binding and sensitivity in insulin resistant states, such as obesity or maturity onset diabetes.
A theoretical study of hydrogen chemisorption on Ni(111) and Co(0001) surfaces

Abstract To quantify the role of hydrogen in the catalytic formation of hydrocarbons, the binding energy of adsorbed hydrogen species on Ni(111) and Co(0001) surfaces was calculated using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation and the full-potential linearized augmented planewave method. In order to probe a range of potential working conditions of nickel and cobalt catalysts, adsorption of hydrogen as a function of both surface coverage and adsorption site was examined. Our results were in excellent agreement with the small set of experimental values available in the literature. The most stable configurations for hydrogen were adsorption on both three-fold hollow sites on nickel and cobalt surfaces at all surface coverages. In striking contrast to our results reported earlier for the binding energy of carbon and methylidyne, the relative stabilities of hydrogen chemisorption were independent of both the transition metal surface and surface coverage, suggesting that hydrogen plays a limited role in differences in product selectivities observed for hydrocarbon growth reactions on nickel and cobalt surfaces.
Mycorrhizal response trades off with plant growth rate and increases with plant successional status

Early-successional plant species invest in rapid growth and reproduction in contrast to slow growing late-successional species. We test the consistency of "trade-offs between plant life history and responsiveness on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We selected four very early-, seven early-, 11 middle-, and eight late-successional plant species from six different families and functional groups and grew them with and without a mixed fungal inoculum and compared root architecture, mycorrhizal responsiveness, and plant growth rate. Our results indicate mycorrhizal responsiveness increases with plant successional stage and that this effect explains more variation in mycorrhizal response than is explained by phylogenetic relatedness. The mycorrhizal responsiveness of individual plant species was positively correlated with mycorrhizal root infection and negatively correlated with average plant mass and the number of root tips per unit mass, indicating that both plant growth rate and root architecture trade off with investment in mycorrhizal mutualisms. Because late-successional plants are very responsive to mycorrhizal fungi, our results suggest that fungal community dynamics may be an important driver of plant succession.
Solution structure of an unusually stable RNA hairpin, 5'GGAC(UUCG)GUCC.

Hairpin loops are important structural elements of RNA, helping to define the three-dimensional structure of large RNAs and providing potential nucleation sites for RNA folding and interaction with other nucleic acids and proteins. Little, however, is known about the conformation of RNA hairpins, most of what we know coming from transfer RNA crystal structures and from studies of DNA hairpins. We report here the determination of the structure of a very stable and common RNA hairpin, 5'GGAC(UUCG)GUCC (loop nucleotides in parenthesis), by NMR spectroscopy. The sequence C(UUCG)G occurs very often in RNA and may be a nucleation site for RNA folding and a protein-binding site. A high-resolution structure for the hairpin was derived from interproton distances and scalar coupling constants determined by NMR. The loop is stabilized by a G.U base pair, with guanine in the syn conformation, a cytosine-phosphate contact and extensive base stacking. These findings and other structural features of the loop can explain the unusual stability of the hairpin and suggest why reverse transcriptase cannot read through the loop, although it can transcribe through other kinds of RNA secondary structure.
Intelligent laser materials processing: atom to application

Summary form only given. The proposed approach of "atom to application" will involve: precision laser spectroscopy to probe the atomic/molecular information during the process; modeling of process transport phenomena and thermodynamics for quantitative understanding; modeling and measurement of properties of laser processed materials; and integration of knowledge from modeling and sensors with artificial intelligence and control theory to create smart, flexible, thinking systems for manufacturing.
The Effects of Student Receptivity on College Achievement and Retention

When students enter college, they experience a series of equally exhilarating and challenging events. Those who experience more of the latter may in fact leave. For a variety of reasons—some personal, some academic—many students dropout or transfer from their first institution. Colleges are committed to providing a quality education for all students. Particularly for students who enter the institution “at-risk” of attrition, additional resources are available to assist in the transition from high school to college. This study examined the effects of student receptivity to services on the relationship between high school achievement and college achievement and retention. The results of a study with 991 students at a four-year public institution in the Northeast suggest that variation in student receptivity to services moderate the relationship between high school achievement and college retention after five semesters. For students identified as at-risk of attrition, higher levels of receptivity were associ...
Tyrosine is a potential site for covalent attachment of activated complement component C3

Activation of C3 results in the generation of metastable C3b, which has been shown to preferentially react with the hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates and with specific serine and threonine residues in proteins. In this study we have examined the reactivity of metastable C3b with the third type of hydroxyl group present in proteins, tyrosine (Tyr). The results demonstrated that Tyr reacts with the thioester of metastable C3b and that this reactivity was 11-fold better than that of threonine, 47-fold better than serine and 50-fold better than the reactivity of carbohydrates. Model peptides containing Tyr showed even higher reactivity than free Tyr, demonstrating that incorporation into peptide structures does not block C3b attachment. The site of attachment was found to be in the α′-chain of C3b and the bond was hydroxylamine sensitive, indicating an ester linkage. The stability of the C3b-Tyr complex was measured under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C) and compared to the stability of other C3b complexes. C3b-Tyr decayed 50% in 19 hr at 37°C, but C3b bound to a Tyr-containing peptide was more stable, exhibiting a t12 of 53 hr. The ester linked complexes C3b-IgG and C3b-glycerol were less stable each exhibiting a t12 of approximately 8 hr. As yet, only two specific C3b attachment sites on proteins have been identified, Ser1217 in C4b and Thr144 in IgG1. The present evidence demonstrates that Tyr residues are highly reactive and that the C3b-Tyr linkage is stable. The findings suggest that complexes involving tyrosine residues as the site of attachment will also be found.
XL.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XLVI

(1939). XL.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CLXXVII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 23, pp. 509-514.
Estrogen action in vitro: regulation of thyroid stimulating and other pituitary hormones in cell cultures.

Primary cell cultures of ovine pituitaries can maintain production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for as long as 24 days. These cultures responded in a normal fashion to thyroxine by decreasing TSH secretion. Addition of thyrotropin releasing hormone increased TSH secretion. Physiologic levels of estradiol-17β (10−11 -10−9M) produced a five-fold increase in secretion of TSH and a twofold increase in intracellular TSH concentration in cell cultures. Common estrogens, but not common progestins, androgens and glucocorticoids affected TSH production. Markedly different effects of estrogen in the pituitary on follicle stimulating, luteinizing and thyroid stimulating hormones and prolactin are discussed in terms of current models of estrogen action.
NMR Studies of Agricultural Products. Applications of Achiral and Chiral Lanthanide Shift Reagents to the Fungicide, Triadimefon.

Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of the systemic agricultural fungicide, triadimefon, 1, have been studied in CDCl3 at 28±1° (as the racemic free base) with the added achiral lanthanide shift reagent (LSR), tris(6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8-heptafluoro-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 5-octanedionato) europium(III), Eu(FOD)3, 2, for spectral simplification, and with the chiral LSR, tris [3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-(+) -camphorato)europium(III), Eu(HFC)3, 3, to induce enantiomeric shift differences (ΔΔδ) for several nuclei. Significant ΔΔδ values were seen for the two protons of the heterocyclic ring, the OCH methine, and aryl H-2′, 6′ of the chlorophenoxy ring. For each of these nuclei exhibiting ΔΔδ with added 3, the ΔΔδ magnitudes reached maximum values with 3: 1 molar ratios ca. 0. 18–0. 29, and decreased with higher levels of 3. To confirm analytical utility of 3 for % e. e. determinations of 1, a nonracemic (“spiked”) sample of racemic 1, with added R-(−) triadimefon, was examined with 3. At low 3: 1 ratios, bot...
A Comparison of Quality-of-Life Domains and Clinical Factors in Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Context Women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are at risk for reduced quality of life (QOL). It is imperative to further define these declines to interpret treatment outcomes and design appropriate clinical interventions.
Single-copy transgenic mice with chosen-site integration.

Abstract We describe a general way of introducing transgenes into the mouse germ line for comparing different sequences without the complications of variation in copy number and insertion site. The method uses homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate mice having a single copy of a transgene integrated into a chosen location in the genome. To test the method, a single copy murine bcl-2 cDNA driven by either a chicken beta-actin promoter or a human beta-actin promoter has been inserted immediately 5' to the X-linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus by a directly selectable homologous recombination event. The level of expression of the targeted bcl-2 transgene in ES cells is identical in independently isolated homologous recombinants having the same promoter yet varies between the different promoters. In contrast, the expression of bcl-2 transgenes having the same (chicken beta-actin) promoter varies drastically when they are independently integrated at random insertion sites. Both promoters direct broad expression of the single-copy transgene in mice derived from the respective targeted ES cells. In vitro and in vivo, the human beta-actin promoter consistently directed a higher level of transgene expression than the chicken beta-actin promoter.
Influence of polarization phenomenology on material discriminability using multi-view polarimetric imagery

In addition to spectral information acquired by traditional multi/hyperspectral systems, passive electro optical and infrared (EO/IR) polarimetric systems also measure the polarization response of different materials in the scene. Such an imaging modality offers a complete optical description of a surface that can be utilized in identifying objects with complex morphological and camouflaged structures. The polarization property of the radiation from a remotely sensed surface, however, depends on the observation geometry of the system. Therefore, acquiring a polarimetric image in a single viewing direction is not sufficient to improve the material discriminability in the absence of a priori knowledge about the object geometry. Hence, this paper presents a novel multi-view polarimetric system for improving the target-background discriminability. The proposed system takes the approach of imaging the scene in three different viewing directions to infer the physical characteristics of the observed surface by utilizing the angular variation in the polarization response. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed polarimetric system that relates target-background discriminability to various scene related parameters indicates the imaging conditions under which the material discriminability is maximized. Furthermore, scenarios where polarization information can be very useful in improving the target contrast are identified by comparing the detection performance of the proposed system to that of a multispectral system.
Unionid mussels from nearshore zones of Lake Erie

Abstract Concern exists that the introduction of dreissenid mussels following long-term effects of pollution may have completely eliminated native mussel species from Lake Erie. Natural seiche events were used to facilitate surveys for live unionids on five occasions in the western basin of Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay between 2007 and 2009, and beach and estuary surveys were conducted at numerous additional sites between 2004 and 2009. Sixteen unionid species were found living in or near Lake Erie, including six sites in the nearshore zone of the lake. Each community consisted of live individuals from two to eight species, and evidence included live and/or fresh dead material from several state listed species at multiple sites. Where estimated, the mean overall density was low at 0.09 unionids/m 2 , although similar to other known unionid refuges in the lower Great Lakes. While the ephemeral nature of seiche events makes them a limited survey tool, their application combined with increasing numbers of fresh shells washing ashore over the past few years indicates that unionids are extant in the western basin of Lake Erie, and may further suggest that conditions may be improving for native mussel species.
An FFT algorithm for structural dynamics

A Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (FFT) is described which is especially suited for structural dynamics. The routine incorporates several features selected from many variations of the original Cooley and Tukey1 algorithm with the goal of making the most efficient use of computer time and storage while maintaining simplicity. Some introductory material to Fourier transform techniques and a description of the original algorithm are also included. In addition, the source listing of the subroutine FFT is reproduced.
Sequencing psoralen photochemically reactive sites in Escherichia coli 16 S rRNA

Abstract The photochemical modification of 16 S rRNA by longwave ultraviolet light in the presence of hydroxymethyltrimethyl psoralen (HMT) produces uridine-psoralen adducts. Psoralen-modified 16 S rRNA is primed with a 3′-proximal restriction fragment and copied with reverse transcriptase. The average length of the cDNA transcripts decreases as the number of covalently bound psoralen adducts on the template RNA increases. Adducts stop reverse transcriptase and abbreviated cDNAs terminate at the positions of the lesions. The cDNA reverse transcripts of psoralen-reacted 16 S rRNA are electrophoresed in parallel with a dideoxy sequence (Sanger method) which uses the same restriction fragment as a primer. The psoralen-induced cDNA stops are found to be highly localized hot spots. In the 150-nucleotide sequence investigated at sequence resolution, two hot spots for psoralen reaction are found. In both cases the psoralen-induced stops are at UpU sequences near the bases of predicted hairpins.
Magma batches in the Timber Mountain magmatic system, Southwestern Nevada Volcanic Field, Nevada, USA

Abstract The common occurrence of compositionally and mineralogically zoned ash flow sheets, such as those of the Timber Mountain Group, provides evidence that the source magma bodies were chemically and thermally zoned. The Rainier Mesa and Ammonia Tanks tuffs of the Timber Mountain Group are both large volume (1200 and 900 km3, respectively) chemically zoned (57–78 wt.% SiO2) ash flow sheets. Evidence of distinct magma batches in the Timber Mountain system are based on: (1) major- and trace-element variations of whole pumice fragments; (2) major-element variations in phenocrysts; (3) major-element variations in glass matrix; and (4) emplacement temperatures calculated from Fe-Ti oxides and feldspars. There are three distinct groups of pumice fragments in the Rainier Mesa Tuff: a low-silica group and two high-silica groups (a low-Th and a high-Th group). These groups cannot be related by crystal fractionation. The low-silica portion of the Rainier Mesa Tuff is distinct from the low-silica portion of the overlying Ammonia Tanks Tuff, even though the age difference is less than 200,000 years. Three distinct groups occur in the Ammonia Tanks Tuff: a low-silica, intermediate-silica and a high-silica group. Part of the high-silica group may be due to mixing of the two high-silica Rainier Mesa groups. The intermediate-silica group may be due to mixing of the low- and high-silica Ammonia Tanks groups. Three distinct emplacement temperatures occur in the Rainier Mesa Tuff (869, 804, 723 °C) that correspond to the low-silica, high-Th and low-Th magma batches, respectively. These temperature differences could not have been maintained for any length of time in the magma chamber (cf. Turner, J.S., Campbell, I.H., 1986. Convection and mixing in magma chambers. Earth-Sci. Rev. 23, 255–352; Martin, D., Griffiths, R.W., Campbell, I.H., 1987. Compositional and thermal convection in magma chambers. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 96, 465–475) and therefore eruption must have occurred soon after emplacement of the magma batches into the chamber. Emplacement temperatures of the pumice fragments from the Ammonia Tanks Tuff show a continuous gradient of temperatures with composition. This continuous temperature gradient is consistent with the model of storage of magma batches in the Ammonia Tanks group that have undergone both thermal and chemical diffusion.
Teacher Perceptions of Behaviors Associated With Creative Problem Solving Performance

This paper presents the results of a study designed to determine the perceptual cues used by teachers to identify creative problem solving ability. A battery of eight Structure of Intellect (SI) ability tests were administered to 162 10th grade students of one school in a large suburban school district on the Mid-Atlantic seaboard. Ratings of student creative problem solving ability obtained from four teacher teams were related to the SI measures by the use of the Christal's Judgement Analysis Procedure. It was concluded that the four teacher teams were using the same cues (SI abilities) in rating students in terms of creative problem ability and that these cues were related to types of abilities measured by scholastic aptitude tests.
Supernovae and lunar melting

THE view that a supernova explosion preceded the formation of the Solar System1 by at most a few million years has gained support from the interpretation of meteoritic isotope anomalies by Latimer et al.2. We suggest here another significant piece of evidence for this viewpoint, not mentioned in their report—that supernova-produced26 A1 (half life, 0.7 Myr) is also the only known physical heat source for melting of the lunar interior.
On uncertainty in remediation analysis: variance propagation from subsurface transport to exposure modeling

Abstract Addressing long-term potential human exposures to, and health risks from contaminants in the subsurface environment requires the use of models. Because these models must project contaminant behavior into the future, and make use of highly variable landscape properties, there is uncertainty associated with predictions of long-term exposure. Many parameters used in both subsurface contaminant transport simulation and health risk assessment have variance owing to uncertainty and/or variability. These parameters are best represented by ranges or probability distributions rather than single values. Based on a case study with information from an actual site contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE), we demonstrate the propagation of variance in the simulation of risk using a complex subsurface contaminant transport simulation model integrated with a multi-pathway human health risk model. Ranges of subsurface contaminant concentrations are calculated with the subsurface transport simulator T2VOC (using the associated code ITOUGH2 for uncertainty analysis) for a three-dimensional system in which TCE migrates in both the vadose and saturated zones over extended distances and time scales. The subsurface TCE concentration distributions are passed to CalTOX, a multimedia, multi-pathway exposure model, which is used to calculate risk through multiple exposure pathways based on inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Monte Carlo and linear methods are used for the propagation of uncertainty owing to parameter variance. We demonstrate how rank correlation can be used to evaluate contributions to overall uncertainty from each model system. In this sample TCE case study, we find that although exposure model uncertainties are significant, subsurface transport uncertainties are dominant.
Toward a More Sustainable, Local Food Production System—From a System Modeling Perspective

Local food production is drawing increasing attention due to environmental and health considerations. In this study, we used population, dietary, and geographical information to map potential foodsheds with emphasis on minimizing total geographic distribution. We also developed innovative protocols, metrics, and optimization methods to analyze the foodshed localization of geographic areas. We used data from Iowa to analyze and validate the optimization model. This method can also be extended to other regions outside of Iowa.
Understanding device impact of line edge/width roughness in frequency domain

Lithography pattern line-edge roughness (LER) has important device implications such as device variability, current leakage and dielectric breakdown. This study characterizes how LER impacts device performance in terms of spatial frequency distribution. In the front-end of device fabrication, it is shown that low-frequency fin LER causes large FinFET device variability and becomes more severe for advanced device nodes. The effect of the dielectric/metal line LER spatial frequency distribution on the dielectric breakdown and resistance-capacitance (RC) variation for interconnects was studied. It is found that low-frequency LER introduces the highest electrostatic field due to surface charge localization, resulting in an increase in the occurrence of a dielectric breakdown path. The critical frequency range that contributes the most to device variability also evolves with device nodes. On the other hand, RC variation shows negligible dependency on LER amplitude and frequency.
Increase of DNA polymerase activity firmly bound to nuclei during the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle.

DNA polymerase activities were measured on nuclear and supernatant fractions obtained from hamster fibroblast cells (the Don-C clone) grown in tissue culture and mitotically synchronized by selective removal of cells arrested in metaphase following a brief exposure to colcemid. A reproducible fraction (5–10%) of the polymerase activity was found to remain bound in the nuclear pellet after repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. The specific activity of this firmly-bound nuclear DNA polymerase was found to increase during S-phase in proportion to DNA synthesis. The bulk of this activity, after extraction in 1 m salt, exhibited an S value of 8·7 on neutral high salt sucrose gradients and was 24 times more active with poly dA. dT10 as template than with heat denatured DNA. The rest of the cellular DNA polymerase activity showed no significant variation correlated with the cell cycle. This activity also had an S value from 8 to 9 but it was only 2·8 times more active with the homopolymer template than with heat denatured DNA. DNA polymerase activity similar to the firmly-bound activity was found in extracts prepared from metaphase chromosomes.
A four-meter long superconducting magnetic flux exclusion tube for particle physics experiments☆

Abstract The design and construction of a field-free channel through the transverse central magnetic field of a 54 inch aperture magnet is described. This flux-free path is an essential part of an experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center to measure the electron production of neutral rho mesons. The flux exclusion tube itself is made of Nb3Sn tape bonded with lead-tin solder to form a rigid tube of laminated superconducting material, approximately four meters long and from 6 to 25 mm in diameter. The transverse magnetic field shielded exceeds 1.5 T. The performance of the tube and its associated cryostat is discussed.
A stochastic description for vibrational relaxation in electronically excited CF3NO

Abstract Vibrational relaxation for high vibrational levels of the lowest singlet state of CF 3 NO are studied with a stochastic model. The fluorescence is nearly biexponential for SF 6 pressures of 11–100 torr and a stochastic model yields 100 cm −1 for the effective energy removed per collision.
New Approach to Measuring the Frequency of Sea Lamprey Wounds in Fish Stocks in the Great Lakes

Abstract I constructed an improved index for measuring the frequency of wounds in prey fish stocks caused by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus in the Great Lakes. Previous indices did not make use of all of the available data and did not correct for sampling and observational errors. I developed two statistical models and fitted them to sea lamprey wounding data for lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior and lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Huron. The models were useful for tracking seasonal variation in wounding frequencies and provided estimates of the sampling variance for one index (proportion of wounded fish) used to measure wounding frequencies on Lake Superior lake trout. Seasonal patterns in wounding differed between species and between locations for the same species. The estimated sampling variance for the proportion of wounded lake trout was about three times higher than could be expected on theoretical grounds. The excess variance suggests that sources of “extra” observatio...
Dental remains from the Shanidar adult Neanderthals

Six of the seven adult Neanderthals from Shanidar Cave, northern Iraq retain partial dentitions. The Shanidar teeth, similar to those of other Neanderthals, are characterized by absolutely large anterior teeth and relatively large posterior molars in relation to recent humans and Upper Paleolithic hominids. The Shanidar dental proportions may be attributable to their facial architecture, their large body masses and/or a tendency to use their teeth for paramasticatory purposes. In addition, the Shanidar teeth exhibit moderate taurodontism and dental pathology which ranges from minimal to extreme.
Classification of four new Roosevelt County meteorites

Abstract— We have classified four new ordinary chondrites from Roosevelt County, New Mexico (RC 091–094) that were found in June and July of 1994 by I. Wilson. They include one H4(S2) and three L5(S4) chondrites. Degree of weathering is variable and ranges from W2–6.
KAL 007 and the evil empire: Mediated disaster and forms of rationalization

News magazine coverage of the Soviet attack on KAL 007 is examined as a text in which a particular view of the USSR, close to that of the Reagan administration, is established and legitimized. The ideological closure imposed on the disaster is pried open by analyzing the twin processes of selection and structuring giving coherence to the text. The conclusion is that cultural analysis should look on this dominant discourse about the USSR, which naturalizes calls for accelerating the arms race, as challenging scholars to explore how the synchronization of government and media points of view takes place in a society free from overt government censorship.
Waiting for Godot? [AP-S Turnstile]

Over the last three centuries, there have been many advances in optical telescopes. To find planets that may support life like our own planet, astronomers have to search for planets that orbit stars at the "Goldilocks" distance: not so close that they will be unbearably hot "Jupiters," and not so far away that they will be frozen "Plutos." Locating objects within the bright glare of a host star is no easy task. However, as reported in a recent paper in Nature by a Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) group, scientists have made tremendous progress in the field. The JPL group used "wavefront correction" techniques applied to coronagraphs to optically observe a planet orbiting its host 33 light years away, with a relatively small (1.5 m) Earth-based telescope. When it comes to searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), the tool of choice for the last fifty years has been a radio telescope, rather than an optical telescope. Almost 1,000 star systems have been scrutinized for "intelligent" radio signals using increasingly sophisticated phased-array antennas. The Allen Telescope Array (funded largely by Paul Allen, cofounder of Microsoft) in California currently has 42 dish antennas, each 6 m in diameter. It is eventually supposed to grow to 350 dishes, and should be able to observe one million star systems within a decade.
The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere‐mediated disease

Defects in telomere maintenance genes cause pathological telomere shortening, and manifest in syndromes which have prominent phenotypes in tissues of high turnover: the skin and bone marrow. Because the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium is highly proliferative, we sought to determine whether telomere syndromes cause GI disease, and to define its prevalence, spectrum, and natural history. We queried subjects in the Johns Hopkins Telomere Syndrome Registry for evidence of luminal GI disease. In sixteen percent of Registry subjects (6 of 38), there was a history of significant GI pathology, and 43 additional cases were identified in the literature. Esophageal stenosis, enteropathy, and enterocolitis were the recurrent findings. In the intestinal mucosa, there was striking villous atrophy, extensive apoptosis, and anaphase bridging pointing to regenerative defects in the epithelial compartment. GI disease was often the first and most severe manifestation of telomere disease in young children. These findings indicate that telomere dysfunction disrupts the epithelial integrity in the human GI tract manifesting in recognizable disease processes. A high index of suspicion should facilitate diagnosis and management.
Protection of biota on nonpark public lands: Examples from the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation

Security buffers of Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Energy (DOE) reservations provide long-term habitat protection for many rare and endangered species. The importance of these government-owned reservations as nationally valuable resources has been relatively unrecognized. During the last 50 years, the DOE Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) has been a relatively protected island in a region of rapidly expanding urbanization and land clearing. Consisting of the Oak Ridge National Environmental Research Park and associated lands surrounding DOE facilities at Oak Ridge Tennessee, the unique nature of the ORR in the surrounding landscape is clearly visible from the air and has been documented using remote sensing data. Although forests dominate much of other regions of eastern Tennessee, this 15,000-ha tract of mostly natural forest habitat is unique in the southern Ridge and Valley physiographic province, which is otherwise widely developed for pasture, marginal cropland, woodlot, and urban uses. Twenty state-listed and federal-candidate plant species are known to be present on the ORR. This richness of species, which are provided protection by state and federal laws, exceeds that of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park on a species area basis and is an index of the value of the ORR both regionally and nationally in conserving biodiversity. With the end of the Cold War, changing DoD and DOE missions combined with increasing development pressure contribute to uncertainty in the future management of security reservations.
The Power and Challenges of Transformative I/O

Extracting high data bandwidth and metadata rates from parallel file systems is notoriously difficult. User workloads almost never achieve the performance of synthetic benchmarks. The reason for this is that real-world applications are not as well-aligned, well-tuned, or consistent as are synthetic benchmarks. There are at least three possible ways to address this challenge: modification of the real-world workloads, modification of the underlying parallel file systems, or reorganization of the real-world workloads using Tran formative middleware. In this paper, we demonstrate that Tran formative middleware is applicable across a large set of high performance computing workloads and is portable across the three major parallel file systems in use today. We also demonstrate that our transformative middleware layer is capable of improving the write, read, and metadata performance of I/O workloads by up to 150x, 10x, and 17x respectively, on workloads with processor counts of up to 65,536.