cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Tolerance of Zymomonas mobilis: Temperature-Induced Changes in Membrane Composition.

The membrane composition of Zymomonas mobilis changed dramatically in response to growth temperature. With increasing temperature, the proportion of vaccenic acid declined with an increase in myristic acid, the proportion of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin increased with decreases in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, and the phospholipid/protein ratio of the membrane declined. These changes in membrane composition were correlated with changes in thermal tolerance and with changes in membrane fluidity. Cells grown at 20°C were more sensitive to inactivation at 45°C than were cells grown at 30°C, as expected. However, cells grown at 41°C (near the maximal growth temperature for Z. mobilis) were hypersensitive to thermal inactivation, suggesting that cells may be damaged during growth at this temperature. When cells were held at 45°C, soluble proteins from cells grown at 41°C were rapidly lost into the surrounding buffer in contrast to cells grown at lower temperatures. The synthesis of phospholipid-deficient membranes during growth at 41°C was proposed as being responsible for this increased thermal sensitivity.
Game Modding, Prosumerism and Neoliberal Labor Practices

The article describes the convergence of neoliberal subjectivities and the digital labor of game modding. The entrepreneurialism associated with neoliberal subjectivities represents an extension in the critique of digital labor, a mode that allows corporations to extract more value from participatory activities. Using textual materials and interviews, this article highlights the attempts by game industries to discursively situate the activity of game modification, producing norms that energize the productivity of modders and render their labor more amenable to the circuits of accumulation. It understands these emergent subjectivities in relation to the modders’ desire for professionalization, creative self-expression, and acts of resistance.
Online Noise Identification for Joint State and Parameter Estimation of Nonlinear Systems

AbstractThe quality of structural parameter identification in nonlinear systems using Bayesian estimators, such as the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), depends heavily on the assumptions about the state and observation noise processes. In most practical situations though, the noise statistics are not known a priori. While the literature is rich in the area of offline approaches to noise estimation (often as part of model updating in general; the focus is not necessarily on noise parameters), there seems to be shortage of online implementations, which would be useful in structural health monitoring. Assuming that both noises (in the state and observation equations) are additive Gaussian processes, this study investigates how their statistics could be adaptively estimated online during the identification. By introducing certain distributional assumptions for the unknown noise parameters which exploit conjugacy, noise updating is simplified and is suitable for online applications. The proposed method is valida...
Detection of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity after electrophoresis

Abstract A method is presented for the detection of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity from crude extracts of human, mouse, or hamster fibroblasts after electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gel. When a radioactive assay employing scintillation counting or autoradiography is used, the enzyme is localized on the basis of fixation of 14C-labeled bicarbonate into [14C] methylmalonyl-CoA. The unreacted bicarbonate is evolved as CO2 after acidification and evaporation from the strip. This method can be utilized for investigating the properties of mutant and normal propionyl-CoA carboxylase and for genetic mapping in somatic cell hybrids.
Reality-based 3D documentation of natural and cultural heritage sites—techniques, problems, and examples

The importance of cultural and natural heritage documentation is well recognized at international level, and there is an increasing pressure to document and preserve heritage also digitally. The continuous development of new sensors, data capture methodologies, and multi-resolution 3D representations and the improvement of existing ones can contribute significantly to the 3D documentation, conservation, and digital presentation of heritages and to the growth of the research in this field. The article reviews some important documentation requirements and specifications, the actual 3D surveying and modeling techniques and methodologies with their limitations and potentialities as well some visualization issues involved in the heritage field. Some examples of world heritage sites 3D documentation are reported and discussed.
Ecologic Aspects of Protozoan Infections in Antarctic Fishes1

. Plankton and fishes are abundant in Antarctic waters. Benthic invertebrates and fishes of the continental shelf are well-known, but the abyssal benthos below the highly productive open ocean is largely unsampled. The fishes are adapted (with antifreeze properties) to temperatures that are often or always below the freezing points of their body fluids. All the major groups of helminth parasites are found in or on these fishes. The few records of protozoa include Cryptobia, haemogregarines, a monoflagellate, the myxosporan Neoparvicapsula, and (in this paper) Ceratomyxa. Myxidium, Zschokkella, and a coccidian. Most of the protozoa were obtained from nototheniid fishes. No protozoa and few, if any, other parasites were recovered from 173 midwater fishes collected from outside of the continental shelf. Differences in infections in different localities and depths are due to many ecologic factors needing much more study of their relations to parasitism. These factors include temperatures, salinities, densities of fish populations, food and feeding habits, migrations of adult and immature fishes, availability of potential intermediate hosts, and marine “snow.”
Vitamin E Requirements of Poultry

Abstract How to secure fertile, hatchable, eggs in abundance at the season of the year when they are wanted for producing early chickens is one of the important problems that every poultryman must face year after year. The research worker often is confronted with the same problem at many other times. Since the notable work of Evans1 and his associates at the University of California, which has established beyond reasonable doubt the existence of Vitamin E and its influence on reproduction in the rat, the question has of course been raised as to whether this vitamin might exert any effect upon fertility and hatching power in the chicken. Lippincott2 makes the following statement in connection with a brief discussion of vitamins as related to poultry feeding: “Vitamin E is found in certain plants and in the embryo of many seeds. It has been shown recently by Evans and Bishop (1923) that . . .
A modeling investigation of cloud-induced turbulence

On 10 July 1997 a commercial passenger aircraft encountered severe turbulence, near Dickinson, ND, while passing directly over a developing thunderstorm. While passing over this cloud, the aircraft suffered accelerations of approximately two g’s, in a period of about 10 seconds. Subsequently, twenty passengers and two flight attendants suffered minor injuries. This turbulence encounter motivates the current modeling study, which seeks to understand the generation of turbulence in the clear-air directly above penetrating deep convection. A high-resolution two-dimensional cloudresolving model simulation will be presented. This calculation resolves both the cloud, and the turbulence that develops. Turbulence evolves in the clear air above the cloud, late in the cloud’s evolution. This turbulence owes its existence to local instabilities near the cloud boundary, and breaking gravity waves aloft.
The relationship between homology and topological manifolds via homology transversality

In this paper we show that every polyhedral homology n-manifold, n > 6 (n > 5 if 8 M = g or if 8M is a topological manifold), is canonically simple homotopy equivalent to a topological n-manifold. This is accomplished by first observing in Section 3 that any two homology manifolds PL embedded in a PL manifold can be ambient isotoped to be in transverse position. Then, using the work of N. Levitt and J. Morgan [6], as refined by G. Brumfiel and J. Morgan [1], we show in Section 4 that the Spivak normal fiber space of any homology manifold has a canonical topological reduction. Finally, in Section 5 we show that the resulting topological surgery problem has zero surgery obstruction, thus showing that any homology n-manifold M with n > 6 (n > 5 if 8M =g) is simple homotopy equivalent to a topological manifold. We further show that if M is already a topological manifold, then the homotopy equivalence is homotopic to a homeomorphism. In Section 6 we define natural maps Gq: BH(q)-~BG(q) for q>3, and in Section 7 we define maps 0q: BH(q)-+BTOP(q) for q>3, such that
The time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic flow past a flat plate

Two time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic flow problems are discussed. In Part I we consider the situation in which a semi-infinite flat plate is moved impulsively in its own plane into an electrically conducting viscous fluid. The ambient magnetic field has the same direction as the motion of the plate; it is found that when , the asymptotic state is one in which the fluid accompanies the plate in a rigid body motion as was anticipated in the earlier work.In Part II, an infinite plate is moved impulsively in its own plane in the presence of an ambient magnetic field which is perpendicular to the plane of the plate. It is shown that the problem is not uniquely set until one specifies what three-dimensional problem reduces in the limit to the two-dimensional problem so defined. The answers in the conceptually acceptable limit case investigated here (the plate being a pipe of very large radius) have an asymmetry which at first sight is unexpected.
The apeE Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Is Induced by Phosphate Limitation and Regulated by phoBR

Mutations in apeR, a regulatory locus of the outer membrane esterase apeE from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, were shown to be alleles of the pstSCAB-phoU high-affinity phosphate transport operon. Expression of apeE was induced by phosphate limitation, and this induction required the phoBR phosphate regulatory system.
An Evaluation of Persons per Household (PPH) Estimates Generated by the American Community Survey: A Demographic Perspective

The American Community Survey (ACS) is a U.S. Census Bureau product designed to provide accurate and timely demographic and economic indicators on an annual basis for both large and small geographic areas within the United States. Operational plans call for ACS to serve not only as a substitute for the decennial census long-form, but as a means of providing annual data at the national, state, county, and subcounty levels. In addition to being highly ambitious, this approach represents a major change in how data are collected and interpreted. Two of the major questions facing the ACS are its functionality and usability. This paper explores the latter of these two questions by examining “persons per household (PPH),” a variable of high interest to demographers and others preparing regular post-censal population estimates. The data used in this exploration are taken from 18 of the counties that formed the set of 1999 ACS test sites. The examination proceeds by first comparing 1-year ACS PPH estimates to Census 2010 PPH values along with extrapolated estimates generated using a geometric model based on PPH change between the 1990 and 2000 census counts. Both sets of estimates are then compared to annual 2001–2009 PPH interpolated estimates generated by a geometric model based on PPH from the 2000 census to the 2010 census. The ACS PPH estimates represent what could be called the “statistical perspective” because variations in the estimates of specific variables over time and space are viewed largely by statisticians with an eye toward sample error. The model-based PPH estimates represent a “demographic perspective” because PPH estimates are largely viewed by demographers as varying systematically and changing relatively slowly over time, an orientation stemming from theory and empirical evidence that PPH estimates respond to demographic and related determinants. The comparisons suggest that the ACS PPH estimates exhibit too much “noisy” variation for a given area over time to be usable by demographers and others preparing post-censal population estimates. These findings should be confirmed through further analysis and suggestions are provided for the directions this research could take. We conclude by noting that the statistical and demographic perspectives are not incompatible and that one of the aims of our paper is to encourage the U.S. Census Bureau to consider ways to improve the usability of the 1-year ACS PPH estimates.
A young industrial worker in early World War II in New York city

(1981). A young industrial worker in early World War II in New York city. Labor History: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 269-281.
Effects of the Chernobyl Accident on Public Perceptions of Nuclear Plant Accident Risks

Assessments of public perceptions of the characteristics of a nuclear power plant accident and affective responses to its likelihood were conducted 5 months before and 1 month after the Chernobyl accident. Analyses of data from 69 residents of southwestern Washington showed significant test-retest correlations for only 10 of 18 variables--accident likelihood, three measures of impact characteristics, three measures of affective reactions, and hazard knowledge by governmental sources. Of these variables, only two had significant changes in mean ratings; frequency of thought and frequency of discussion about a nearby nuclear power plant both increased. While there were significant changes only for two personal consequences (expectations of cancer and genetic effects), both of these decreased. The results of this study indicate that more attention should be given to assessing the stability of risk perceptions over time. Moreover, the data demonstrate that experience with a major accident can actually decrease rather than increase perceptions of threat.
Theory of high-NA imaging in homogeneous thin films

A description is given of a modeling technique that is used to explore three-dimensional image distributions formed by high numerical aperture (NA > 0.6) lenses in homogeneous, isotropic, linear, and source-free thin films. The approach is based on a plane-wave decomposition in the exit pupil. Factors that are due to polarization, aberration, object transmittance, propagation, and phase terms are associated with each plane-wave component. These are combined with a modified thin-film matrix technique in a derivation of the total field amplitude at each point in the film by a coherent vector sum over all plane waves. One then calculates the image distribution by squaring the electric-field amplitude. The model is used to show how asymmetries present in the polarized image change with the influence of a thin film. Extensions of the model to magneto-optic thin films are discussed.
Self-Organized Complementary Coordination: Dynamics of an Interpersonal Collision-Avoidance Task

The current study investigated the movement dynamics of a complementary collision-avoidance task. Participant pairs performed a repetitive targeting task in which they moved computer stimuli back and forth between sets of target locations without colliding into each other. Pairs converged onto a stable relative phase relationship of around 35°, with one participant spontaneously adopting the
Carbon-13 Depletion in a Subalpine Lake: Carbon Flow Implications

Plankton (larger than 76 micrometers) taken from an undisturbed oligotrophic was found to have δ13C values (=13/12C relative to the Pee Dee be- belemnite standard) rangingfrom –44 to –47 per mil. This extraordinary13C depletion, together with characteristics of the inorganic carbon pool, indicates that lake respiration as well as surrounding soil respiration provide important carbon sources for plankton production in this lake.
The use of second generation antipsychotics for post-traumatic stress disorder in a US Veterans Health Administration Medical Center.

Background. Prior studies of antipsychotic use in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are limited because administrative data lacks information on why providers choose particular medications. Methods. This study examined 2613 provider surveys completed at the time any second generation antipsychotic (SGA) was prescribed over a 20-month period at a single Veterans Affairs medical center. Clinical correlates and reasons for SGA selection among individuals with PTSD compared to those with other psychiatric disorders were identified using chi-square. Results. PTSD was the sole diagnosis in n = 339 (13%) and one of several psychiatric diagnoses in n = 236 (9%) surveys. 'Efficacy' was the most common reason given for the prescriptions of SGAs in all surveys (51%) and among individuals with PTSD (46%). 'Sleep/sedation' was the only reason cited, significantly more frequently among those with PTSD (39% with PTSD only, 35% with PTSD plus another diagnosis, and 31% without PTSD [χ 2 = 12.86, p < 0.0016)]. The proportion identifying 'efficacy' as a reason for SGA use was smaller in patients with PTSD (44% with PTSD only, 49% with PTSD and another diagnosis, and 53% without PTSD [χ 2 = 8.78, p < 0.0125)]. Quetiapine was the most frequently prescribed SGA in the entire sample and among veterans with PTSD (47%). Conclusions. Clinician use of SGAs is often driven by efficacy, for which there is limited evidence, and distinctly driven by the goal of sedation among patients with PTSD.
Implementation and analysis of alternative algorithms for generalized shortest path problems

Abstract This paper addresses a special class of deterministic dynamic programming problems which can be formulated as a generalized network problem. Because of the similarities between this class of dynamic programming problems and shortest path problems, we are naming it the Generalized Shortest Path problem. A new primal extreme point algorithm and a new special dual algorithm are proposed here. While researchers have presented a variety of algorithms to solve this class of problems, there has been no comuptational analysis of these algorithms. An in-depth computational analysis is performed to determine the most efficient set of rules for implementing the algorithms of this paper.
Fast algorithm for the rendering of three-dimensional surfaces

It is often desirable to draw a detailed and realistic representation of surface data on a computer graphics display. One such representation is a 3D shaded surface. Conventional techniques for rendering shaded surfaces are slow, however, and require substantial computational power. Furthermore, many techniques suffer from aliasing effects, which appear as jagged lines and edges. This paper describes an algorithm for the fast rendering of shaded surfaces without aliasing effects. It is much faster than conventional ray tracing and polygon-based rendering techniques and is suitable for interactive use. On an IBM RISC System/6000TM workstation it renders a 1000 X 1000 surface in about 7 seconds.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Radiative and Nonradiative Decay of the BH(b3Σ-) State: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study

Lifetimes of rotational/fine-structure levels of electronically excited BH(b3Σ-), in vibrational levels v‘ = 0−4, were determined from fluorescence decay waveforms with laser excitation on isolated rotational lines in the b3Σ-−a3Π Δv = 0 sequence. BH was prepared in a pulsed supersonic beam by 193 nm photolysis of diborane. The measured lifetimes were compared with values obtained from a theoretical treatment of the excited state dynamics, in which both radiative decay to the a3Π state and nonradiative decay through the repulsive 13Σ+ state were considered. The experimental and theoretical lifetimes agree very well. This comparison shows that the low b3Σ- rotational levels for v‘ = 0−2 decay purely radiatively, with a rate decreasing as v‘ increases. These rates are virtually independent of the fine-structure level. However, the lifetimes of the higher vibrational levels exhibit significant fine-structure level dependence, with the shortest values obtained for the F2 levels. This behavior is shown to be a...
Helium diffraction from Ni(100): A study of the clean surface and of hydrogen and carbon adsorption phases

Abstract He scattering from the clean Ni(100) surface gives extremely weak diffraction beams, corresponding to a very small corrugation amplitude of ≅ 0.01 A. Hydrogen adsorption at temperatures between 100 and 200 K leads to the formation of an ordered (1× 1) phase with a corrugation amplitude only three times larger than that of the clean surface. Surface charge-density calculations using overlapping atomic charge densities indicate a normal distance of the hydrogens from the topmost Ni layer dn ≅ 0.9–1.0 A. He diffraction from the c(2 × 2) structure of carbon on Ni(100) confirms the p4g symmetry of this phase, and the best-fit corrugation function reflects the different local distortions of the substrate atoms around the corner and centre carbon atoms. Charge-density calculations yield for the carbon atoms in fourfold hollows dn ≅ 0.1–0.2 A, in good agreement with earlier LEED results.
The voltage-gated K+ channel subunit Kv1.1 links kidney and brain

Analysis of Mendelian Mg2+ wasting disorders helps us to unravel the mechanisms of Mg2+ homeostasis. In this issue of the JCI, Glaudemans and colleagues show that mutations in voltage-gated K+ channel subtype 1.1 (Kv1.1) cause autosomal dominant hypomagnesemia in humans (see the related article beginning on page 936). Interestingly, other mutations in the same protein cause the neurological disease episodic ataxia type 1. The authors show, using cells with heterologous expression of the wild-type and mutant channels, that the mutant channel is dysfunctional and speculate that Mg2+ wasting results from changes in apical membrane voltage along the nephron. Mechanisms by which the apical voltage is generated and how Kv1.1 fits within this context are discussed herein.
Injuries associated with MR imaging: survey of safety records and methods used to screen patients for metallic foreign bodies before imaging.

The purpose of this study was to survey the methods used by academic institutions for identifying patients who might have metallic foreign bodies or other contraindications to MR imaging. We also sought to determine the types of MR-related injuries and any subsequent legal action that might have occurred at these institutions.A survey on these issues was mailed to 207 academic institutions listed in the American Medical Association's Directory of Graduate Medical Education Programs. Institutions that did not respond by mail were contacted by phone. The survey requested information on the use of questionnaires, plain radiography, CT, and metal detectors for screening potential MR imaging subjects, as well as on any MR-related injuries and subsequent legal action. Responses were entered into a data base and response percentages were calculated for each question.The overall response rate for the survey was 99% (206/207). These 206 institutions have a total of 368 MR imaging units, with a mean number of 1.8 M...
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ADIPOSITY IN CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS

Emphasis has been placed on the importance of exercise in the prevention and treatment of obesity. The relationships of physical activity, caloric intake, socioeconomic status (SES), and race to parental and childhood adiposity were studied using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971-1974 (NHANES I). Subjects in this analysis included all children aged 1-19 years who had at least one parent included in the survey (n=3656 parent-child pairs). Highly significant correlations of parent-child adiposity were found (p≤.001). Correlations were higher in the 12-19 year old group (r=.33 for girls and r=.20 for boys), than in the 1-11 year old group (r=.16 for both sexes). Children whose adiposity (as measured by the log body mass index) was greater than 95 percentile for age and sex were classified as obese. These obese children reported significantly less physical activity than the nonobese children (p≤.0001), yet their caloric intake, SES, and race did not differ. Parents of obese children were fatter than other parents in the sample (p≤.0001). Like their children, these parents reported significantly less regular exercise than the parents of the nonobese (p≤.005), with no difference in caloric intake, SES, or race. Obese children in the NHANES I came from households in which parents and children were less physically active than in other households, yet these households were not different with respect to SES, race, and caloric intake. Exercise appears to play a role in the prevention of obesity in children and their parents.
Exclusive rare B→K * ℓ + ℓ - decays at low recoil: Controlling the long-distance effects

B ! Ke + e in the low recoil region (large lepton invariant mass q 2 � m 2). In this region the long-distance effects from quark loops can be computed with the help of an operator product expansion in 1/Q, with Q = {mb, p q 2 }. Nonperturbative effects up to and including terms suppressed by �/Q and m 2/m 2 relative to the short-distance amplitude can be included in a model-independent way. Based on these results, we propose an improved method for determining the CKM matrix element |Vub| from a combination of rare and semileptonic B and D decays near the zero recoil point. The residual theoretical uncertainty from long distance effects in this |Vub| determination comes from terms in the OPE of order αs(Q)�/mb, α 2(Q), m 4/m 4 and duality violations, and is estimated to be below 10%.
Symbolic dynamics and rotation numbers

Abstract In the space of binary sequences, minimal sets, that is: sets invariant under the shift operation, that have no invariant proper subsets, are investigated. In applications, such as a piecewise linear circle map and the Smale horseshoe in a mapping of the annulus, each of these sets is invariant under the mapping. These sets can be assigned a unique rotation number equal to the average of the number of ones in the sequences. One special minimal set is the optimal set for which the convergence of the running average to the rotation number is faster than for any other minimal set. These sequences are instrumental in analytically solving for the width of the parameter intervals for which members of a one parameter family of piecewise linear critical circle maps have rational rotation number.
Phase Transitions in a Fluid of Biaxial Particles

A model is solved for a fluid of biaxial particles within a type of mean-field approximation. The results suggest that the phase diagram of such a fluid exhibits a special critical point where two second-order critical lines meet a first-order phase boundary in a sharp cusp. The features of the phase diagram suggest a new way to look for critical phase transitions and biaxial phases in liquid crystals.
Effects of p-dl-fluorophenylalanine on mitosis and the mitotic spindle

Abstract Treatment of HeLa cells with p-fluorophenylalanine (PFPA) leads to increased duration of metaphase. Cells treated during the last 6 hours of interphase with 10 mM PFPA suffer prolonged and possibly irreversible blockage when they arrive at metaphase even though the analog is no longer present in the medium. PFPA treatment also induces some instability and structural abnormalities in the mitotic spindle which are observed when the mitotic cell is exposed to conditions used for isolating the spindle.
SU-E-I-02: Effects of Projection View Sampling On CT Numbers and Noise Level in Cone Beam Breast CT

Purpose: To investigate and optimize the effects of the number of projection views for minimal noise level in cone bream breast CT. Methods: An Anrad flat panel detector was used on a bench top experimental CBCT system with fixed exposure. A wax phantom simulating a breast was used to study the reconstruction artifacts. A Lucite phantom with uniform structure was used to study the variation of the noise level with the number of views. The phantoms were scanned with 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200 and 1400 evenly spaced projection views over 360° while keeping the total exposure at a level corresponding to a mean glandular dose (MGD) of 7.2 mGys. Each image set was reconstructed with Feldkamp's backprojection algorithm using a ramp filter. Two regions of interest (ROIs) were selected in the reconstructed images, one at the center and the other near the edge. Mean values and standard variations were measured in ROIs and plotted as the function of the number of projection views. Results: The mean values for the wax phantom were found to peak at 300 projection views. The standard variation was lowest with 400 projection views for both Lucite and wax phantoms. Conclusion: For the detector and exposure level used, 400 projection views resulted in lowest noise level, indicating optimal combination of reconstruction artifacts from projection view sampling and image noises, which tend to decrease and increase with the number of projection views, respectively. This work was supported in part by grants CA139830, CA138502 and CA124585 from the NIH‐NCI.
HLA-Dw14 and HLA-DR3 haplotypes share a functional determinant recognized by a human alloreactive T-cell clone

Abstract In the process of studying the fine specificity of HLA class II molecules, we identified an alloreactive T-cell clone raised to a HLA-Dw14 homozygous cell line that was specifically stimulated by Dw14+ homozygous typing cells but negatively with cells expressing the HLA-Dw4, -Dw10, -Dw13, and -Dw15 subspecificities of DR4. Of interest, this clone was also equivalently activated by stimulation with all DR3 cells and cell lines tested. Negative responses were obtained using a panel of 87 non-DR3 and non-Dw14 cells, including cell lines of the Tenth Histocompatibility Workshop. A monoclonal antibody inhibition study revealed the relevant stimulating determinant to be on HLA-DR molecules in both Dw14- and DR3-positive cells. A comparison of the DRβ1-chain-inferred amino acid sequences suggests that formation of a topologically equivalent stimulating determinant would involve the participation of two noncontiguous regions of the third diversity region of DRβ1. The putative recognition conformation detected by the clone is most probably specified by the presence of a valine at position 86 and a nonnegatively charged residue at positions 70, 71, and 74, since these are the only residues where DR3 and Dw14 are distinguishable from all other HLA-DR types. These findings illustrate that the functional ability of class II molecules is not necessarily either illustrated or predicted by serologic typing or by simple consideration of amino acid sequence.
Kinetic study of the concentration dependence of the mass transfer rate coefficient in anion-exchange chromatography of bovine serum albumin.

The experimental results of a previous study of the mass transfer kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in ion-exchange chromatography under nonlinear conditions are reevaluated. The analysis of the concentration dependence of the lumped mass-transfer rate coefficient (k{sub m,L}) provides information on the kinetics of axial dispersion, fluid-to-particle mass transfer, intraparticle mass transfer, and adsorption/desorption. The new analysis shows that the contribution of intraparticle mass transfer is the dominant one. Similar to k{sub m,L}, the surface diffusivity (D{sub s}) of BSA increases with increasing concentration. The linear concentration dependence of k{sub m,L} seems to originate in a similar dependence of D{sub s}. The use of a heterogeneous-surface model for the anion-exchange resin provides an explanation of the positive concentration dependence of D{sub s}. This work illustrates how frontal analysis data can be used for a detailed investigation of the kinetics of mass transfer between the phases of a chromatographic column, in addition to its conventional use in the determination of the thermodynamic characteristics of the phase equilibrium.
An Effective Stress Principle for Partially Saturated Granular Media

Abstract In this paper, we use the continuum theory of mixtures to extend the classical notion of effective stress to partially saturated granular media. Our analysis recovers previously proposed phenomenological representations for the effective stress in terms of the capillary pressure. Using this result, we consider the one-dimensional consolidation of a half-space with the granular medium described by linear poroelasticity. The solution is contrasted with the fully-saturated case. The influence of grain fabric is also briefly discussed.
Phonon dynamics and phonon assisted losses in Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams

Nonequilibrium phonon processes and related degradation effects are treated for a Euler-Bernoulli flexural beam undergoing scaling from a micro to nanospatial regime. For the scaling lengths under consideration, the lowest resonator mode is in the frequency range of 1--10 GHz. In this range, it is found that the beam thermal environment routinely exceeds the limits of validity for the local temperature approximation; this is due to sharp inhomogeneities in strain pattern across the thin beam cross sections induced by flexural motion as opposed to the often assumed temporal dynamics of high frequency operation. In a Euler-Bernoulli-Boltzmann framework, an analysis of the internal phonon flow in the flexural beam is conducted, and dissipative losses are evaluated. The complexity of the microscopic phonon dynamics is delineated and strategically graphed in terms of the parameters characterizing the flexural beam and the phonon system therein. In limiting cases, two major intrinsic dissipative mechanisms are operative, one due to the diffusive spatial redistribution of phonons resulting in heat transfer and thermoelastic loss, and the other due to thermalization of the local phonon population distorted by strain resulting in the manifestation of the Akhiezer effect. In the frequency domain of interest, these two loss mechanisms lose their distinctive character with decreased spatial scaling and transition to a unified dissipative process governed by the ballistic phonon transfer across the beam.
Specificity and mechanism of action of metal ions in yeast enolase

Abstract Yeast enolase requires one mole/subunit of an ‘activating’ metal ion (e.g. Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ ) in ‘conformational’ sites. This enables substrate/product or analogues to be bound in distorted configurations. ‘Nonactivating’ metal ions (e.g. Ca 2+ , Tb 2+ ) enable binding to occur but without the distortion. Activating metal ions appear to prefer octahedral coordination. Substrate/product or analogue binding enables one mole/subunit of additional, ‘catalytic’ metal ion to bind, which produces activity if the conformational metal ion is an ‘activator’. Catalytic metal ion may bind directly to the carboxyl of substrate/product. We suggest that a molecule of water which is bound to conformational metal ion participates in actual bond breaking by donation or acceptance of protons to and from substrate/product. It is possible that metal ion-bound water is far more important in enzymatic catalysis that previously recognized. Enolase Specificity Yeast
From Pasteur to Probiotics: A Historical Overview of Cheese and Microbes

Cheese is a food which has been produced for centuries. While cheese was originally developed as a product which extended the shelf life of milk, over time distinct cheese varieties arose, being shaped by geographic, climate, cultural, and economic factors. Global demand for artisan cheeses is creating new economic opportunities. Consumers seeking distinctive products with regional flavor, or terroir, are becoming connoisseurs of hand-crafted cheeses with distinctive tastes and character. These demands have spurred new inquiry into microorganisms used as starter cultures and adjunct cultures, as well as the microbiological consortia of finished cheeses. Such demands have also created new concerns for food safety and international trade. New bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 have emerged in the food supply, causing a reevaluation of the efficacy of traditional cheesemaking procedures to control these pathogens. Similarly, pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes pose problems to susceptible human populations, and cheese can be a vehicle of transmission for this deadly pathogen. With changes in sanitary requirements due to the globalization of the food industry, governments around the world are increasingly requiring assurances of cheese safety. While many governments recognize the safety of traditional artisan cheeses manufactured from raw milk, others are demanding pasteurization of all milk intended for cheesemaking to provide assurance of microbiological safety. In response, new technologies are being proposed to increase cheese safety, but these technologies fundamentally alter the traditional artisan practices and may not enhance microbiological safety. A reevaluation of the safety of traditional artisan practices, validation thereof, and communication of the scientific principles which promote safety will be necessary to enable the continued production of traditional artisan cheeses in global commerce. This also affords the opportunity to more fully explore the microbial diversity and microbial ecology of the great cheeses of the world.
Parathyroid hormone suppression in spinal cord injury patients is associated with the degree of neurologic impairment and not the level of injury

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate that after spinal cord injury (SCI) suppression of the parathyroid-vitamin D axis is associated with the degree of neurologic impairment and not the level of injury. Design: A retrospective analysis of clinical and biochemical data obtained from hospital records of patients with SCI compared to a control group of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Setting: The inpatient rehabilitation unit of a tertiary care hospital. Subjects: The medical records of 82 consecutive admissions to the rehabilitation unit with a diagnosis of SCI or TBI were reviewed. Patients with SCI were classified by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale and then grouped based on the completeness and level of injury. Main Outcome Measure: Comparisons of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25-D) were planned. Multiple comparisons were performed for total and ionized serum calcium levels, serum phosphorus levels, and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion rates to reflect changes in mineral homeostasis. Multiple comparisons were also performed for serum albumin, prolactin, thyroid function tests, and AM cortisol levels, as well as 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen and cortisol excretion rates to reflect metabolic responses to stress. Results: Patients with SCI had significant suppression in PTH ( p p p p p p p p Conclusion: In patients with SCI, the degree of neurologic impairment, and not the level of injury, is associated with PTH suppression and markers of metabolic stress.
Transport Properties of Gaseous Ions over a Wide Energy Range

Abstract This paper is a supplement to and extension of “Transport Properties of Gaseous Ions over a Wide Energy Range,” by H. W. Ellis, R. Y. Pai, E. W. McDaniel, E. A. Mason, and L. A. Viehland, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 17, 177–210 (1976). The previous paper presented a compilation of experimental ionic mobility data available in February 1976. The present article brings the mobility compilation up to date as of August 1978 and also presents data on ionic diffusion coefficients obtained from the time of the first good measurements up to August 1978. (Both longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients are included.) The criteria for selection of the mobility and diffusion data were (1) the measurements must cover a reasonably wide range of E N , the ionic energy parameter, (2) the identity of the ions must be well established, and (3) the accuracy of the data must be good. The mobility and diffusion data are tabulated as functions of E N . The theory of ionic mobility recently developed by Viehland and Mason is used to calculate zero-field mobilities for each ion-gas combination as functions of an effective common ion-gas temperature which ranges from 300°K up to thousands of degress, typically. The compilation of data is preceded by a discussion of the theory of ion transport in gases which serves to put the data compilation into perspective and show how it can be effectively utilized. The effects of inelastic collisions are briefly discussed. The use of mobility data to test or generate ion-neutral interaction potentials is described.
The effects of xylazine on uterine activity, fetal and maternal oxygenation, cardiovascular function, and fetal breathing

Various pharmacologic agents used in the experimental study of physiologic processes may have pronounced effects on the systems under study. We have studied the effects of xylazine (Rompun) on myometrial activity, fetal and maternal pH, blood gases, heart rate, and fetal breathing movements in chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Xylazine is widely used as a premedication for various forms of animal operations, including the instrumentation of the chronically catheterized fetal sheep preparation. Animals were studied on postoperative day 5. Xylazine had pronounced effects on maternal PaO2 and heart rate that lasted for at least 3 hours. Fetal heart rate and PaO2 returned to preinjection levels within 60 minutes. Myometrial activity doubled in the first 60 minutes after administration of xylazine and did not return to preinjection levels for 3 hours. Fetal diaphragmatic electromyographic activity was almost completely absent in the first and second hours, with a return to normal within 4 hours. These changes were absent in the saline solution-injected control animals. The observed changes in uterine activity and fetal breathing may have been direct effects of xylazine itself or the result of increased uterine activity. The different duration of changes in the ewe and fetus suggests a compensatory mechanism at the uteroplacental level or in the fetoplacental unit.
How the oldest recorded multiple facility location problem was solved

Abstract During the Israelites' wanderings in the Sinai Desert, the Lord instructed them that upon settling their new homeland they were to set aside three cities of refuge for unintentional murderers (i.e. the murder is committed without intent). Although the Bible states the purpose of these cities, the Lord did not specify their exact locations. After the Israelites conquered the land, the Bible lists the three cities that Joshua selected. No rationale for Joshua's selections is given. In this paper we apply multiple facility location methodology to the city of refuge problem, and show that using an appropriate objective function and population distribution, Joshua's selections were optimal.
Observations on the Biology of the Hessian Fly

By following the individual histories of eggs of Hessian fly ( Phytophaga destructor Say) laid on different leaves, it is shown that no flaxseed survive from eggs laid on the outer (1st leaf); 6.35 per cent survive from eggs laid on the 2nd leaf; and 45.4 percent survive from those on the 3rd (central )leaf. This decrease in survival on the different leaves is paralleled by the increase in deposition of cellulose or perhaps with some condition arising with it. These facts are of interest in connection with the resistance of certain cereals to the attack of Hessian fly. The progeny from isolated single pairs of fly were predominately of one sex. Out of 13 matings, four gave all males; five all females, and four with offspring predominately of one sex. In one case, 74 females and no males were reared from one pair.
Filament sets, aposyndesis, and the decomposition theorem of Jones

Applications of the work introduced by the authors in a recent article, Filament sets and homogeneous continua, are given to aposyndesis and local connectedness. The aposyndetic decomposition theorem of Jones is generalized to spaces with the property of Kelley.
Multimechanistic Tumor Targeted Oncolytic Virus Overcomes Resistance in Brain Tumors

Only a subset of cancer patients inoculated with oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) type-1 has shown objective response in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. This has raised speculations whether resistance of tumor cells to oHSV therapy may be a limiting factor. In this study, we have identified established and patient derived primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) stem cell lines (GSC) resistant to oHSV and also to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) that has recently shown promise in preclinical and initial clinical studies. We created a recombinant oHSV bearing a secretable TRAIL (oHSV-TRAIL) and hypothesized that oHSV-TRAIL could be used as a cancer therapeutic to target a broad spectrum of resistant tumors in a mechanism-based manner. Using the identified resistant GBM lines, we show that oHSV-TRAIL downregulates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and upregulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK signaling, which primes resistant GBM cells to apoptosis via activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. We further show that oHSV-TRAIL inhibits tumor growth and invasiveness and increases survival of mice bearing resistant intracerebral tumors without affecting the normal tissues. This study sheds new light on the mechanism by which oHSV and TRAIL function in concert to overcome therapeutic-resistance, and provides an oncolytic virus based platform to target a broad spectrum of different cancer types.
The sibling relationship as a housing alternative to institutionalization in later life

The nature of the sibling relationship in middle and later life and the potential of living with a sibling as an alternative to institutionalization when independent living may no longer be possible was assessed using interviews with a random sample of 41 persons 56 to 84 years of age. Forty-nine percent of the respondents had lived with a sibling in adulthood usually for more than one year and over one-half would consider living together again. Men were somewhat more likely to have lived with a sibling in adulthood than were women. When a sibling went to live with another sibling, it was to a sister's home in 90 % of the cases. Almost none had previously considered living with a sibling in later life but ranked living with a sibling second to living in a nursing home and ranked it comparably with living with children. When asked directly their willingness to live with a sibling in later life, respondents were almost equally divided. Age, number of children, educational level, and a feeling of closeness particularly in middle age were found to be moderately correlated with willingness to live with a sibling.
Elastic moduli near percolation: Universal ratio and critical exponent

A random bond, isotropic, two-dimensional elastic network with both bond-stretching and bond-bending forces is used to investigate the critical behavior of the two elastic moduli near the percolation threshold p=${p}_{c}$. Both moduli are found to vanish as p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${p}_{c}$ with the same critical exponent T=3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2, which differs from the result found by S. Feng and P. N. Sen [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 216 (1984)]. The ratio of the two moduli is found to have a universal value independent of the microscopic force constants.
Photonic crystal nanobeam cavities with an ultrahigh quality factor-to-modal volume ratio

We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of 1-dimensional silicon photonic crystal cavities with quality factor-to-modal volume ratios greater than 106 in which the maximum of the electric field is in air.