cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle: A grand challenge for the twenty-first century : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication.

Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle by humans results primarily from activities associated with food and energy production. Since the middle of the twentieth century, human activities have more than doubled inputs of nitrogen to the Earth’s ecosystems. This new nitrogen is in chemically and biologically active forms (reactive N) and moves through the environment causing an array of health and environmental problems. Research published in Ambio for the past three decades has been documenting this major global-scale problem and has catalyzed the formation of a science-led initiative, the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI), which has informed policies to manage the global nitrogen cycle. Currently, gaps and opportunities in nitrogen pollution policies still exist and require new interdisciplinary science to help to place the nitrogen management challenge in the context of the other environmental grand challenges of our time including climate change and biodiversity loss because their solutions will be interconnected.
5-HT1b/D„-Receptor Agonists Block C-Fos-Li Within Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis in Response to Noxious Meningeal Stimulation

Important neuronal actions of sumatriptan and ergot alkaloids have been identified mediated by prejunctional5-HT1B/Dheteroreceptors on trigeminovascular fibers. Evidence is now presented showing that 5-HTlB„Dreceptor agonists (CP-93, 129, sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine) dose-dependently block the expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity, an indicator of neuronal activation, within lamina I, IIoof trigeminal nucleus caudalis, a major nociceptive brain stem nucleus. C-fos-like immunoreactivitywas induced by injecting autologous blood or carrageenin into the subarachnoid space. C-fos-like immunoreactivity was also blocked by administering the analgesic morphine. Rather than mediated via an action directly on brain stem neurons, 5-HT1Bm’s effects were probably mediated by trigeminovascular heteroreceptors. Because blood is a potent spasmogen, we infer that the analgesic actions of agonists at 5-HT1B/Dreceptors are not dependent upon the pre-existence of vascular dilatation.
AGE-RELATED INCREASE IN AN ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT IN PENILE TISSUE

Nonenzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of proteins, often referred to as the Maillard reaction, has been proposed to play a role in age and diabetes-related processes by forming protein and DNA adducts and cross-links. These cross-links may contribute to erectile dysfunction by scavenging nitric oxide, which is needed for erection. As the basis for a possible role of the advanced Maillard reaction in age-related erectile dysfunction, we investigated the presence of the specific advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) pentosidine in penile corpus cavernosum tissue and penile tunica albuginea tissue as a function of age. A total of 23 penile tissue specimens were obtained at autopsy, from which 19 samples of tunica albuginea and 21 samples of corpus cavernosum were derived. In addition, 13 penile corporal and tunical specimens were procured at the time of insertion of a penile prosthesis, from which 12 tunica albugineal specimens and 10 samples of corpus cavernosum were derived. Collagen was extracted with acetic acid and pepsin digestion, and the final insoluble collagen product was acid-hydrolyzed with 6 N HCL for 24 h at 110 degrees C. Pentosidine was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography using a reverse-phase column. The level of pentosidine (expressed in picomoles per milligram of insoluble collagen) was found to increase with age in cadaver as well as living penile corporal and tunical albugineal tissues. Best-fit analysis revealed an exponential increase in both types of cadaver penile tissue, with regression equations of y = 15.29 x 10(9.9e-3x), R2 = 0.79, being obtained in the tunica and y = 13.2 x 10(7.63e-3x), R2 = 0.56, in the corpora. These correspond to 6- and 4-fold increases in pentosidine levels from puberty to the age of 100 years (P < 0.05), respectively. Mean pentosidine levels were higher in the tunica than in the corpora. Comparison of pentosidine levels in the tunica versus the corpora revealed a weakly linear correlation (y = 24.88 + 1.08x, R2 = 0.32). Levels in the tunical and corporal specimens from the living human specimens fell with the predicted confidence intervals of the cadaveric tissue. Tunical specimens from patients who underwent repair or revision of a previously inserted penile prosthesis had very low levels of pentosidine. The exponential age-related increase in pentosidine observed in both types of penile tissue suggests an impairment of collagen turnover, which could be related to the advanced glycation reaction in aging. It is not known whether pentosidine itself is directly associated with erectile dysfunction, but its formation is usually accompanied by extensive tissue modification. Formation of advanced Maillard reaction products, which is greatly accelerated in aging, diabetes, and uremia, could contribute to erectile dysfunction in these syndromes.
Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. XI. Participation of long-lived antibody-forming cells in persistent antibody formation

Abstract A persistent IgE anti-hapten antibody response was established by immunization of B6D2F1 mice with a minute dose of aluminum hydroxide-gel-absorbed dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) or DNP-ovalbumin (OA). Irradiation of the immunized mice with a lethal dose of X-rays suppressed secondary anti-hapten antibody responses to DNP-homologous carrier conjugate, and depleted hapten-primed B memory cells in their spleen. However, persistent antibody formation of both IgE and IgG isotypes in the immunized mice was not affected by the lethal dose of X-rays. The results indicated that recruitment of B memory cells to antibody-forming cells is not responsible for the maintenance of antibody levels. The hapten-primed B cell population was expanded by adoptive transfer of DNP-KLH-primed spleen cells into irradiated mice followed by challenge with homologous antigen. Culture of T-cell-depleted spleen cells of the recipients, in the absence of exogenous antigen, resulted in the production of both IgE and IgG anti-DNP antibodies. The antibody titer in the culture supernatants continued to increase for 14 days, indicating that long-lasting antibody-forming cells are present in the spleen. The antibody-forming cells are radioresistant. The in vitro production of IgE anti-DNP antibodies by the spleen cells was not affected by the presence of IgG anti-DNP antibody, but was inhibited by exposure of the cells to multivalent DNP-heterologous carrier conjugates, such as DNP-bovine IgG (BGG) or DNP-mouse IgG (MGG). The persistent anti-hapten antibody formation of DNP-OA-primed and irradiated mice was depressed by an injection of DNP-MGG, which induced secondary anti-hapten antibody responses in the antigen-primed and nonirradiated mice. The results support the concept that radioresistant long-lived antibody-forming cells are involved in persistent antibody formation in the irradiated mice.
HIV-1 differentially modulates autophagy in neurons and astrocytes

Autophagy, a lysosomal degradative pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis, has emerged as an innate immune defense against pathogens. The role of autophagy in the deregulated HIV-infected central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. We have found that HIV-1-induced neuro-glial (neurons and astrocytes) damage involves modulation of the autophagy pathway. Neuro-glial stress induced by HIV-1 led to biochemical and morphological dysfunctions. X4 HIV-1 produced neuro-glial toxicity coupled with suppression of autophagy, while R5 HIV-1-induced toxicity was restricted to neurons. Rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor (autophagy inducer) relieved the blockage of the autophagy pathway caused by HIV-1 and resulted in neuro-glial protection. Further understanding of the regulation of autophagy by cytokines and chemokines or other signaling events may lead to recognition of therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
Extension Family and Consumer Sciences Theses and Dissertations, 1913–2013

This article includes titles of theses and dissertations completed by master's and doctoral students in Extension family and consumer sciences between the years 1913 and 2013. A total of 486 studies in Extension family and consumer sciences from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Extension in 34 countries during the last 100 years are listed. The titles were not included in the annual list of graduate research productivity published in the December 2014 issue of the Family and Consumer Sciences Journal (or in earlier annual lists) probably because these studies were conducted in agriculture, history, education, and other academic departments.
The smallest comet 81P/Wild 2 dust dances around the CI composition

The bulbous Stardust track #80 (C2092,3,80,0,0) is a huge cavity. Allocations C2092,2,80,46,1 nearest the entry hole and C2092,2,80,47,6 about 0.8 mm beneath the entry hole provide evidence of highly chaotic conditions during capture. They are dominated by nonvesicular low-Mg silica glass instead of highly vesicular glass found deeper into this track which is consistent with the escape of magnesiosilica vapors generated from the smallest comet grains. The survival of delicate (Mg,Al,Ca)-bearing silica glass structures is unique to the entry hole. Both allocations show a dearth of surviving comet dust except for a small enstatite, a low-Ca hypersthene grain, and a Ti-oxide fragment. Finding scattered TiO2 fragments in the silica glass could support, but not prove, TiO2 grain fragmentation during hypervelocity capture. The here reported dearth in mineral species is in marked contrast to the wealth of surviving silicate and oxide minerals deeper into the bulb. Both allocations show Fe-Ni-S nanograins dispersed throughout the low-Mg silica glass matrix. It is noted that neither comet Halley nor Wild 2 had a CI bulk composition for the smallest grains. Using the analogs of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and cluster IDPs it is argued that a CI chondritic composition requires the mixing of nonchondritic components in the appropriate proportions. So far, the fine-grained Wild 2 dust is biased toward nonchondritic ferromagnesiosilica materials and lacking contributions of nonchondritic components with Mg-Fe-Ni-S[Si-O] compositions. To be specific, “Where are the GEMS”? The GEMS look-alike found in this study suggests that evidence of GEMS in comet Wild 2 may still be found in the Stardust glass.
Apprenticeship and Intensive Training of Consulting Teachers: A Naturalistic Study

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a model for intensive training of consulting teachers, and to explore whether the consulting teachers who received intensive training performed differently from those who received standard training. While both groups of teachers fulfilled satisfactorily the administrative aspects of the job, significant differences were found in favor of the group receiving intensive training in all aspects of the job relating to instructional improvement. The findings and their implications for the training of consulting teachers are discussed.
Resistance in Sorghums to the Banks Grass Mite

Studies were carried out in Texas on the resistance mechanisms of sorghum lines to Oligonychus pratensis (Banks.). As judged by mite mortality on leaf disks after 24, 48 and 72 h, there was no difference in the non-preference response on SC 599-6 (a line previously identified as mite-resistant), Tx 7000 (a common parental grain-type line susceptible to the mite), KS 30 (a non-grain type line) resistant to Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) and Honey (a sweet line high in sugar and a common forage sorghum). However, the mean number of mites on each line at various growth stages indicated that mite numbers were generally higher at growth stages 2-6 than at stages 1, 7 and 8.Life-spans did not differ significantly on SC 599-6, SC56-6 (a line previously considered mite-resistant), Tx 7000, B Tx 378 (a maintainer line susceptible to the mite), KS 30, Sweet Sudan (a sweet grassy line) and Honey. Mites reared on intact leaves at growth stages 1-6 had a longer life-span (averaging 25.7 days) and oviposition period (11.6 days) than did mites reared on leaf disks at growth stages 6-8 (the number of days for the latter mites being 19.1 and 8.9, respectively). However, fewer eggs were laid daily by females on plants at growth stages 1-6 than were by those on plants at stages 6-8 (the numbers being 4.3 and 11.1, respectively). Tolerance appeared to be a major resistance mechanism of SC 599-6 as the data indicated that less damage occurred on that line even when infested with mite populations equal to those on Tx 7000 or Honey.ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:Oligonychus pratensis individuals showed no particular preference when given the choice of a field-resistant strain (SC599-6), a susceptible grain sorghum (TX7000), a grassy sorghum (KS30) and a sweet sorghum (Honey). No significant differences were found in the life spans of mites reared on any of these lines or on SC56-6 (considered to be resistant), except that the protonymph stage on SC559-6 tended to be shorter than on Honey. Total fecundity was highest on leaf discs of TX7000 and SC599-6; it was least on Honey. The egg incubation period tended to be shortest on SC599-6 and TX7000, followed by Honey. The larval development stage was longest on SC599-6 and shortest on Honey. In tolerance studies in which mite numbers on infested plants were subsequently compared with the resulting damage, Honey was most severely damaged and KS30 and SC599-6 least. It is concluded that tolerance is the major resistance mechanism in SC599-6
Intersublevel electroluminescence from In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs quantum dots in quantum cascade heterostructure with GaAsN/GaAs superlattice

Infrared light emission is demonstrated from In0.4Ga0.6As self-organised quantum dots in a quantum cascade structure incorporating a GaAs/GaAsN chirped superlattice. A TE polarised emission peak is observed at 22 µm, corresponding to the calculated first-excited to ground-state transition. Other emission peaks also correspond to predicted values.
Binding and cleavage characteristics of the complexes formed between the neocarzinostatin chromophore and single site containing oligonucleotides

Abstract It is shown by fluorescence spectroscopy that the post-activated form of neocarzinostatin chromophore (NCSi-glu) can form stable complexes with single-site oligonucleotides (SSOs) featuring sequences known to be involved in double stranded (AGC·GCT, AGT·ACT, AGA·TCT, ACA·TGT) or single stranded (AGG·CCT) cleavage (attacked residues in bold). Furthermore, the same SSOs form cleavage productive complexes with native neocarzinostatin chromophore (NCS chrom) over a similar concentration range. The productive complexes yield damage similar to that observed if the same sequence is part of a longer DNA piece. Previously identified double stranded site sequences ATT·AAT and TAT·ATA are shown to contain overlapping attack sites. Binding order preference derived from fluorescence quenching experiments for NCSi-glu is consistent with constants derived by quantitative cleavage affinity binding experiments with NCS chrom. This confirms the similarity in interactions between the NCSi-glu and NCS chrom and justifies the use of NCSi-glu as a stable analog of NCS chrom.
Prospective incidence of photic maculopathy after cataract surgery.

Purpose/Methods To determine the incidence of photic retinal injury during cataract surgery, we studied 37 consecutive patients with intravenous fluorescein angiography within ten days after cataract surgery. The microscope irradiance was standardized for all cases. Results/Conclusions Fluorescein evidence of photic retinal injury did not develop in any of the 37 cataract patients. Incidence rates for photic retinal injury induced by the surgical microscope vary considerably among ophthalmologists and most likely reflect differences in microscope brightness, surgical duration, and surgical technique.
Integrative analysis of C. elegans modENCODE ChIP-seq data sets to infer gene regulatory interactions

The C. elegans modENCODE Consortium has defined in vivo binding sites for a large array of transcription factors by ChIP-seq. In this article, we present examples that illustrate how this compendium of ChIP-seq data can drive biological insights not possible with analysis of individual factors. First, we analyze the number of independent factors bound to the same locus, termed transcription factor complexity, and find that low-complexity sites are more likely to respond to altered expression of a single bound transcription factor. Next, we show that comparison of binding sites for the same factor across developmental stages can reveal insight into the regulatory network of that factor, as we find that the transcription factor UNC-62 has distinct binding profiles at different stages due to distinct cofactor co-association as well as tissue-specific alternative splicing. Finally, we describe an approach to infer potential regulators of gene expression changes found in profiling experiments (such as DNA microarrays) by screening these altered genes to identify significant enrichment for targets of a transcription factor identified in ChIP-seq data sets. After confirming that this approach can correctly identify the upstream regulator on expression data sets for which the regulator was previously known, we applied this approach to identify novel candidate regulators of transcriptional changes with age. The analysis revealed nine candidate aging regulators, of which three were previously known to have a role in longevity. We experimentally showed that two of the new candidate aging regulators can extend lifespan when overexpressed, indicating that this approach can identify novel functional regulators of complex processes.
Developing Hedging Strategies for Québec Hog Producers under Revenue Insurance

The paper investigates the optimal hedging strategies of Quebec hog producers when they participate in a publicly funded revenue insurance program known as ASRA (Regime d'assurance-stabilisation des revenus agricoles). A forecast model of local cash and futures prices is built and Monte Carlo methods are used to derive the optimal futures and option positions of Quebec hog producers. The positive correlation between forecasts of futures and cash spot prices induces positive sales of futures and put options to hedge price risk. ASRA provides put options to hog producers at actuarially advantageous terms. Producers can increase the expected utility of profits by selling back a portion of these put options using financial markets. Options are attractive to manage price risk given the nonlinearity in the profit function induced by the revenue insurance scheme. Speculative incentives to use futures and options are also discussed in the context of ASRA. Les auteurs ont examine les meilleures strategies de regulation pour les producteurs de porc quebecois adherant au programme d'assurance-revenu financee par l'administration publique (ASRA). Ils ont bâti un modele de prevision pour les prix au comptant et les prix a terme locaux puis appliquee les methodes de Monte Carlo pour voir comment les eleveurs de porcs quebecois peuvent obtenir les prix d'option etles prix â terme optimaux. La correlation positive entre les prix e terme et les prix au comptant favorise les ventes â terme et les options de vente pour une meilleure regulation des risques associes aux prix. L'ASRA permet aux producteurs de prendre des options â des termes avantageux sur le plan actuariel. Les eleveurs peuvent accroitre la valeur prevue de leurs benefices en cedant une partie de ces options sur les marches financiers. Les options sont interessantes pour gerer les risques lies aux prix â cause de la non-linearite que le programme d'assurance-revenu induit dans la fonction «benefices ». Les auteurs abordent aussi le probleme de la speculation sur le marcheâ terme et le marche des options dans le contexte de l'ASRA.
Success by Design: HOPE VI, New Urbanism, and the Neoliberal Transformation of Public Housing in the United States

Since the mid-1990s over 200 public housing projects across the United States have been redeveloped through a Department of Housing and Urban Development program called HOPE VI. The objectives of HOPE VI, each of which bears the imprint of neoliberal urban policy, include: promoting ‘mixed-finance’ partnerships between the public, private, and nonprofit sectors; replacing housing projects with ‘mixed-income’ communities; and rebuilding those communities in ways that bear no resemblance to traditional public housing. In this paper I interrogate the means and motives of these objectives through the lens of a ‘successful’ HOPE VI site. My case study is Park DuValle in Louisville, Kentucky, which is widely regarded as one of the program's crowning achievements. This approach allows for a more precise explication of how HOPE VI is intended to work than existing research on the program provides, and in turn affords a clearer perspective on the underlying rationales for, and broader implications of, HOPE VI revi...
Paroxysmal Ventricular Fibrillation in Two Patients with Hypomagnesemia

Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation unassociated with heart block occurred in two patients with hypomagnesemia. In neither patient were other causes of the arrhythmia apparent. Temporary transvenous pacing successfully suppressed the episodes after drug therapy failed. Prolongation of the Q-T interval was a prominent electrocardiographic feature in both patients and is postulated to have resulted from a loss of intracellular potassium secondary to hypomagnesemia.
Modeling sleep fragmentation in sleep hypnograms: An instance of fast, scalable discrete-state, discrete-time analyses

Methods are introduced for the analysis of large sets of sleep study data (hypnograms) using a 5-state 20-transition-type structure defined by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Application of these methods to the hypnograms of 5598 subjects from the Sleep Heart Health Study provide: the first analysis of sleep hypnogram data of such size and complexity in a community cohort with a range of sleep-disordered breathing severity; introduce a novel approach to compare 5-state (20-transition-type) to 3-state (6-transition-type) sleep structures to assess information loss from combining sleep state categories; extend current approaches of multivariate survival data analysis to clustered, recurrent event discrete-state discrete-time processes; and provide scalable solutions for data analyses required by the case study. The analysis provides detailed new insights into the association between sleep-disordered breathing and sleep architecture. The example data and both R and SAS code are included in online supplementary materials.
Effect of D2 dopamine agonists on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons

The effects of piribedil and the selective D2 dopamine agonists, quinpirole and quinelorane, on the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine, within tuberoinfundibular neurons, were studied. The synthesis and metabolism of dopamine within these hypothalamic neurons were assessed by measuring the accumulation of DOPA after inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase and the concentration of DOPAC in the median eminence. Quinpirole (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-related increase in accumulation of DOPA and concentrations of DOPAC in the median eminence. The increased accumulation of DOPA after administration of quinpirole was evident for at least 4 hr. The accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence also was enhanced after the administration of quinelorane (0.025 mg/kg, i.p.) and piribedil (50 mg/kg, i.p.). The stimulatory effect of quinpirole on accumulation of DOPA in the median eminence was antagonized by haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) but not by SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Although D2 agonists have been shown to acutely suppress the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine in nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons, it is apparent that activation of D2 receptors enhanced the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine within tuberoinfundibular neurons in the hypothalamus.
Anaphylaxis to the Carbohydrate Side Chain Alpha-gal

In 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the first infusion in a region of the southeastern United States. Investigation of pretreatment sera established that they contained immunoglobulin (Ig) E against the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), which is present on the Fab of cetuximab. Alpha-gal is a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. These IgE antibodies are also associated with delayed anaphylaxis to red meat (ie, to meat or organs of animals that carry this oligosaccharide). Evidence shows that the primary cause of these IgE antibodies is bites from the tick Amblyomma americanum or its larvae.
Superoxide Radical Transport Through Nanoheterogeneous Biosensor Film

A mathematical model is developed to describe the transport phenomena and electrochemical reaction kinetics during amperometric measurement of superoxide radical concentration using ZnO-polymer nanocomposite sensor. This model assumes a logarithmic normal distribution for the nanoparticles immobilized in the polymer matrix and an empirical relation for the diffusion coefficient of superoxide radicals as a function of pore volume fraction. A kinetic with secondary order rate constant is used to represent the electrochemical reactions of electron transfer from the superoxide radicals to nanoparticles. The predicted results include the effect of diffusion coefficient on concentration and electrical conductivity.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Understanding the Complex Journey to Obesity in Early Adulthood

In this issue, McTigue and colleagues describe the natural history of obesity in young adults and have verified what can be strongly inferred from previous research—that a greater proportion of U.S...
Defining goals—A systems approach

Abstract Most planning strategies include a goal development phase, yet very little concrete information is available in the program planning literature to help the planner know what a goal is or should be. Goals play an important role in systems theory and the theory offers a structure for the careful defining of goals. This article identifies the function of goals in systems as being the facilitation of evaluation and control. From this system functional analysis viewpoint, several specific characteristics of goals are derived and discussed.
Effects of shoulder stability on endpoint stiffness

Considers how unconstrained trunk and shoulder movements influence the control of arm mechanics. The goal of this study was to determine how the net mechanical properties of the endpoint of the arm are affected by changes in trunk support. Specifically, the authors examined endpoint stiffness properties. Endpoint stiffness describes the relationship between externally imposed displacements of the arm, as measured at the hand, and the endpoint forces required to effect those displacements. It quantitatively describes the mechanical interface that the arm presents to its environment, and thus it is thought to play a crucial role in the control of posture and movement. The authors estimated endpoint stiffness when the trunk and shoulder girdle were restrained and when they were free to move. In addition, they developed a system identification algorithm that allows them to estimate the contributions of the arm stiffness (equivalent to constrained conditions) to the net endpoint stiffness during unconstrained tasks. The authors' results show that although endpoint stiffness decreased with increased trunk and shoulder girdle mobility, the contributions of the elbow muscles to this net endpoint stiffness remains invariant with respect to changes in restraint. These results imply that the neuromotor system regulates arm stiffness independently from trunk and shoulder girdle stiffness, thereby providing a simplified control strategy for the generation of endpoint stiffness properties.
Variation of joint orientation in block theory analysis

Abstract A method for evaluating the effects of joint orientation variability on block theory analysis is presented. Ramsay's solution for the range of the direction of the line of intersection of two variable planes is generalized to joint sets with unequal angular variability. An analytical treatment of variable joint pyramids is discussed. Removability of variable joint pyramids at determinate or variable free surfaces is explored directly by use of the joint pole pyramid.
Patient safety and the need for professional and educational change

Questionable quality of health care delivered in the United States has become a front-line issue, taking a strong place alongside more traditional concerns such as increasing costs and access to care. Given that nurses comprise the largest component of the health care workforce, safety and error reduction in health care are central concerns for the profession.
Alpine faunas from the White Mountains, California: Adaptive change in the late prehistoric great basin?

Abstract High elevation archaeological sites in the White Mountains of eastern California document the establishment of small villages at elevations above 3100 m at about ad 800, replacing occupations that lacked substantial structures, storage facilities, and abundant plant-processing equipment. Previllage faunas are far more tightly focused on large artiodactyls than on smaller mammals, but do not differ significantly from village faunas in richness or diversity. These differences do not provide strong support for the Bettinger & Baumhoff (1982) model of late prehistoric adaptive change in the Great Basin, but adequate testing of more subtle versions of such hypotheses may require a massive research effort.
Minimax control of linear unknown systems using mismatched state observers

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of controlling linear, time-invariant deterministic systems subject to plant parameter uncertainties and fewer measurable outputs than states. A dynamic controller is developed, whose structure is specifically that of a Luenberger state observer (Newmann 1970, Goldstein 1972). A minimax control formulation is postulated, such that system disturbances resulting from parameter misalignments are modelled as extremum disturbances. The optimization procedure results in a set of non-linear algebraic matrix equations which, when solved recursively, determine a sub-optimum set of feedback gains and state observer parameters. Application of the design algorithm to a single-output, second-order system demonstrates that convergence to a unique minimum results.
Cor triatriatum dextrum in an adult Nigerian

Cor triatriatum dextrum is an exceptionally rare congenital heart disease, in which the right atrium is partitioned into two chambers by a membrane to form a triatrial heart. It is caused by persistence of the right valve of sinus venosus. The aim of presenting this case is to highlight that cor triatriatum dextrum though rare can result in right heart failure, mimicking other common causes of heart failure such as mitral valve disease. 2D-echocardiography is an important tool in making early and accurate diagnosis. We report a case of an adult Nigerian with cor triatriatum dextrum presenting with pulmonary hypertension in heart failure that was initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis with right heart failure at the referring center, and then mixed mitral valve disease clinically by us prior to echocardiographic assessment.
Metabolism of glycitein (7,4'-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-isoflavone) by human gut microflora.

Gut microbial disappearance and metabolism of the soy isoflavone glycitein, 7,4'-dihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone, were investigated by incubating glycitein anaerobically with feces from 12 human subjects. The subjects' ages ranged from 24 to 53 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 20.9-25.8 kg/m(2) (mean BMI = 24.0 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)). Glycitein disappearance followed an apparent first-order rate loss. Fecal glycitein disappearance rates for the subjects segregated into three different groups described as high (k = 0.67 +/- 0.14/h), moderate (k = 0.34 +/- 0.04/h), and low (k = 0.15 +/- 0.07/h) glycitein degraders (p 0.05). Four putative glycitein metabolites, characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization using positive ionization mode), were dihydroglycitein, dihydro-6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, and 5'-O-methyl-O-desmethylangolensin. Two subjects produced a metabolite tentatively identified as 6-O-methyl-equol, and one subject produced daidzein as an additional metabolite of glycitein. These results show that glycitein is metabolized by human gut microorganisms and may follow metabolic pathways similar to other soy isoflavones.
The impact of licensing requirements on industrial organization and labor: Evidence from the U.S. private security market

The consequences of occupational licensing regulations on the private security market are examined. Analysis suggests that these regulations impact the number of private security firms in a state, the distribution of firm size, and the average wage of private security employees. Regulations imposed in some states reduce the number of private security firms, increase the size of firms, and raise average wages in the industry. The hypothesis that some licensing requirements act as barriers to entry is examined, as are arguments that these requirements alleviate asymmetric information problems in the industry.
Lessons Learned and Hypotheses Generated from the W. K. Kellogg Agricultural Safety and Health Initiative Cluster Evaluation

ABSTRACT The W. K. Kellogg Agricultural Safety and Health (ASH) initiative represented a major effort by a philanthropic organization to address the continuing high prevalence of injuries and illnesses within the agricultural sector. A major emphasis within the initiative was an overall evaluation of the entire group. This overall evaluation discovered eighteen general “lessons learned” which represented common patterns and characteristics seen across all projects. The projects sought to further this evaluation process by offering specific research hypotheses, based upon the “lessons learned,'' as those lessons applied to their individual projects. These specific research hypotheses illustrated opportunities available for cooperative endeavors. This paper used experiences of the University of Illinois Cooperative Extension Service project as an example.
A low-power small-area open loop digital DLL for 2.2Gb/s/pin 2Gb DDR3 SDRAM

This paper presents a low-power small-area open loop digital DLL. The DLL has open loop single replica block with duty cycle corrector (DCC), clock divider, pulse generator, 10-bit counter, and delay line. The DLL used for 2.2Gb/s/pin 2Gb DDR3 SDRAM is fabricated using 44nm DRAM Process. Experimental results show 1.1GHz operation frequency at 1.5V, and the measured total power and area savings in comparison with the conventional closed-loop operation is about 93.5% and 90.7% respectively.
Effects of Package Level Structure and Material Properties on Solder Joint Reliability Under Impact Loading

In this paper, the effects of package level structures and material properties on solder joint reliability subjected to impact loading are investigated by the integrated experimental testing, failure analysis, and finite element modeling. Three different package structures: ball on I/O wafer level package (WLP), copper post WLP, and chip-scale (CS) ball grid array (BGA) package, are studied. Experimental testing based on JESD22-B111 is conducted to obtain the components' failure mode, rate, location, and the corresponding board strains and accelerations. Finite element models are developed and validated against the experimental results. For a CS BGA package, the compliance of the plastic substrate/mold compound provides a “stress buffer mechanism” at corner joints in BGA to relieve stresses. For a copper post (or pillar) WLP, wafer level epoxy, which encapsulates copper pillars, serves as a compliant layer for solder joint stress reduction under dynamic loading. Comprehensive data from simulation and experimental results show that package structure and material properties play a significant role on the dynamic responses of solder joints. The actual solder joint reliability performance of a CS BGA or WLP package depends on the resultant effects of package structure, material properties, package body size, and the component locations.
Sampling Design and Inferential Bias in Archaeological Soil Chemistry

The ways and extent to which sampling design influences data collection and archaeological inference is a constant concern for archaeologists. Yet, spatial analyses based on anthrosol chemistry have been less willing to concede this problem and to explore potential solutions. This article reviews the recent literature on soil sampling for spatial studies and then uses an example from prehispanic Honduras to examine how both quantitative and qualitative interpretations of soil chemical patterns can shift when sampling design changes. The results of this study suggest that the principal challenges to selecting an appropriate sampling design are in determining the sample size and density, as well as recognizing and adequately dealing with variation in the soil properties being measured. These findings provide cautionary tales for spatial studies aimed at using soil chemical data to infer activity patterns in the archaeological record.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: Studies on the synthesis of viral peptides

Abstract The synthesis of the major reovirus peptides has been examined in cells infected with ts mutants containing lesions in five cistrons. Immunological precipitation has been used so that peptides made in small amounts could be detected. At the permissive temperature, the mutants did not significantly differ from the wild type. At nonpermissive temperatures, different mutants produced different amounts of viral peptides, but all of the major peptides were made in the mutants examined and the size of each of these peptides was the same as in the wild type.
Age as a Predictor of Acquisition Rates as Measured by Curriculum-Based Assessment: Evidence of Consistency with Cognitive Research

It has been suggested that in order to truly understand student achievement, data must be collected with an assessment tool that includes a measure of performance, is psychometrically sound, and is consistent with cognitive psychology. Curriculum-based assessment for instructional design (CBA-ID) is presented as an assessment model that addresses those three criteria. The current article expands the literature on behavioral and psychometric components of CBA-ID by asking if age is a predictor of CBA-ID acquisition rate data, which allowed for a comparison between CBA-ID and memory research. The acquisition rates of 91 first-, third-, and fifth-grade students were obtained and correlated with their respective ages. Age was found to be a signficant predictor of acqusition rates for the total sample and for students in grades 1 and 3, but not for students in grade 5. A comparison of corrected coefficients suggested qualitative differences between younger and older children, which was consistent with results ...
Distinguishing Mechanisms From Markers of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction More Than 1 Way to Skin the Cat of Heart Failure

The incidence of death from cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure has increased steadily over the past 25 years despite the overall decline in mortality from heart disease during the same period. As of 1990, heart failure was responsible for more than 400 000 deaths per year and was the most common discharge diagnosis in the Medicare population.1 Overall, patients with heart failure have a 5-year mortality rate of 50%. Patients with New York Heart Association class III and IV heart failure have a 2-year mortality approaching 50% despite nearly optimal treatment with ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and digoxin.2 Therefore, it is fair to say that the prevalence of heart failure has reached epidemic proportions in this country and in most industrialized western societies. Clearly, a better understanding of the primary mechanisms that underlie the contractile abnormalities of the failing heart is needed to develop new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of existing heart failure and more effective guidelines for the prevention of heart failure. After nearly 3 decades of intensive investigation, the precise mechanisms that underlie the contractile abnormalities of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure remain elusive. The distinction between true mechanisms and mere markers of disease has been particularly difficult in heart failure, because the complex cascade of physiological, neurohumoral, and biochemical abnormalities undoubtedly represents the complex interaction of a multitude of environmental and genetic factors. Obviously, making this distinction has far-reaching therapeutic implications. Fresh insights regarding the cellular and molecular bases of heart failure have come from very …
A comparison of self‐report, observer, and physiological assessments of public speaking anxiety reduction techniques using meta‐analysis

A meta‐analysis of 183 experiments comparing the effect sizes of measurement techniques for assessing the effectiveness of public speaking anxiety treatments was conducted. The comparison showed differences between self report, observer, and physiological measurement techniques. However, no interaction was observed between the type of therapy and the type of measurement technique. The implications for measuring public speaking anxiety and the classroom application of the results are considered.
Ultrashort-pulse CO2 lasers: Ready for the race to petawatt?

We present an overview of recent progress in ultrahigh-peak-power CO 2 laser systems and discuss a roadmap for further development.
A Model of New Product Development: An Empirical Test

This paper reports on the culmination of a four year study of high technology product innovation. During the course of this research, we examined over 330 new products in the electronics industry in order to better understand the factors that differentiated successful from unsuccessful product development efforts. This paper presents the conclusions from the final phase of the research. In this study we empirically test a model of product development that incorporates our findings from the earlier exploratory survey and case study phases of our research. The model identifies the critical organizational subunits, development activities and communication channels that influence product outcome, as well as, external factors such as characteristics of the product and the competitive environment. Our findings suggest the following key factors affect product outcome: 1 the quality of the R&D organization, 2 the technical performance of the product, 3 the product's value to the customer, 4 the synergy of the new product with the firm's existing competences, and 5 management support during the product development and introduction processes. Also important but less significant were the 6 competence of the marketing and manufacturing organizations and market factors, such as the 7 competitiveness and the 8 size and rate of growth of the target market.
Quantitative analysis of Bi1−xSbx

The chemical composition of Bi1-xSbx alloys is determined by means of square-wave polarography, density measurements, measurements of the electron backscatter coefficient, and electron probe microanalysis. These experimental methods are discussed with respect to their results. At 10 keV, the electron probe microanalysis allows the determination of any antimony concentration without corrections (cSb = kSb). Mit Hilfe der Rechteckwellenpolarographie, der Dichtemethode, der Messung des Elektronenruckstreukoeffizienten und der Elektronenstrahlmikroanalyse wird die chemische Zusammensetzung von Bi1-xSbx-Legierungen bestimmt. Die verschiedenen Mesmethoden werden anhand ihrer Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Elektronenstrahlmikroanalyse gestattet bei 10 keV eine korrekturfreie Bestimmung beliebiger Antimongehalte (cSb = kSb).
Effect of Early Feed Withdrawal on Subsequent Laying Hen Performance

Abstract Two experiments evaluated the effects of short periods of feed withdrawal early in production on subsequent performance of laying hens. Laying hens of the H&N® strain (22 or 20 wk of age) were full fed (control) or deprived of feed for 4 or 7 days when they reached 10% production. Egg production was evaluated for 45 wk, but other performance data were collected for 32 wk because no treatment differences existed beyond that point. Feed withdrawal for 4 and 7 days caused BW losses of 14 and 20%, respectively. In Experiment 1 (winter), BW at 2-wk postwithdrawal for hens that did not eat for 7 days were reduced (P ≤ .05) compared with controls or hens that did not eat for 4 days. However, in Experiment 2 (summer), BW of hens deprived of feed for 4 or 7 days were lower (P ≤ .05) than those of controls. Average early egg weight (Weeks 1 to 6) was not different among treatments in both experiments. The only observed effect of treatment on long-term egg weight was that egg weight for 7-day hens was greater (P ≤ .05) than for controls in Experiment 2. Early hen-day egg production was depressed by 4- or 7-day feed withdrawal, but long-term production was not different between control and 4-day hens in both experiments. However, hen-housed production was lower (P ≤ .05) for 4-day hens compared with controls in Experiment 2. Fewer (P ≤ .05) eggs were produced by 7-day hens versus controls in both experiments. The present study indicated that there is little or no benefit to long-term production performance by using an early short-term feed withdrawal period.
Neonatal 5,7-DHT lesions upregulate [3H]mesulergine-labelled spinal 5-HT1C binding sites in the rat.

Abstract To delineate the involvement of spinal 5-HT 1C receptors in supersensitivity and recovery following neonatal 5,7-DHT lesions, we injected rats on postnatal days 2 and 5 with 5,7-DHT or vehicle by intraperitoneal (IP) or intracisternal (IC) injection. [ 3 H]Mesulergine-labelled sites measured 4 or 14 weeks later exhibited a significant increase (+35% for IP and 27% for IC) in B max without changes in K d or n H . Spinal 5-HT content was significantly reduced (− 80 to 89%) by either route of 5,7-DHT injection. These data describe novel upregulation of spinal 5- HT 1C receptors in rats with neonatal 5,7-DHT lesions. Spinal 5-HT 1C receptor upregulation may contribute to the behavioral supersensitivity to L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) in rats with 5,7-DHT lesions. It does not explain the behavioral recovery we found previously only after IP 5,7-DHT injection.
The international political economy of making consumption sustainable

The daily consumption of resources, food, water, energy, services, and consumer products sustains six billion humans, governments, and companies. Consumption differs from production and trade in th...