cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESR evidence of CO oxidation by more than one oxygen species sorbed on ZnO

Abstract An approach is described for investigating the nature of sorbed oxygen species on a semiconductor catalyst surface and for determining their relative reactivities in a heterogeneous oxidation reaction. Experimental information as to the types of oxygen species on ZnO with presorbed oxygen, ZnO · O 2 , was obtained from measurements of ESR and sorption of carbon monoxide at 20 °C. When CO is sorbed on ZnO · O 2 , the 1.96 line, associated with conduction electrons, rapidly increases and the 2.010 line, associated with a sorbed oxygen species, slowly decreases. These results indicate that CO reacts with two different sorbed oxygen species. The probable nature of these species is discussed.
Privacy and Autonomy: From Warren and Brandeis to Roe and Cruzan

This paper traces the development of the concept of privacy as it has been applied in US law starting with Warren and Brandeiss 1890 article which contained the first call for creation of the tort of invasion of privacy. Today this tort consists of 1) unreasonable intrusion upon the seclusion of others 2) unreasonable publicity given to anothers private life 3) appropriation of anothers name or likeness and 4) publicity that unreasonably places another in a false public light. The focus of the paper is placed on the first two aspects of the tort and it is shown that the emphasis of the law is to reinforce the norm of civility rather than to compensate the injured party. The victim must activate the tort by exercising his or her autonomy. A constitutional right to privacy was central to the 1965 Supreme Court Griswold vs. Connecticut decision despite the fact that this right could only be found in the "penumbras" of constitutional guarantees. The newly created right to privacy was then used in the 1973 Roe vs. Wade decision. Privacy was invoked to safeguard the woman and the doctor-patient relationship. Physicians in fact were seen as the dominant partner in an abortion decision. The Court ignored the privacy issue when it made its controversial Casey decision a few years later. A patients right to privacy was also invoked in 1976 in a right to die case and this justification may well be used again in the future. A closer look at the implications of upholding the right to privacy and autonomy reveals many lacunae in this principle such as the facts that 1) governments may properly regulate private conduct for moral reasons; 2) the individuals whose rights are abridged in a privacy dispute may not be the only ones deserving protection; 3) the demand for autonomy is often accompanied by a call for acceptance; 4) "autonomy" is a synonym for perfect freedom which is incompatible with desirable security and prosperity; and 5) autonomy and privacy are matters of degree and are too amorphous for self-limitation. In addition privacy is a subset of autonomy rather than a proxy for it and does not provide a firm grounding for abortion or right-to-die decisions.
Specific isolation of placenta-derived exosomes from the circulation of pregnant women and their immunoregulatory consequences

Problem One immunoregulatory pathway receiving little attention is placental exosome release. In normal pregnancy, as factors linked with early immunomodulation decline, placental exosomes become critical in modulating T-cell activation, suppressing effector T cells by enhancing lymphocyte apoptosis and CD3-zeta loss. Method of study Placental exosomes were specifically isolated from the maternal peripheral circulation by a chromatographic/immunosorbent procedure. Exosomal suppression of T-cell signaling molecules on unfractionated T cells and T subsets was analyzed by Western immunoblot. The role of Fas ligand (FasL) was defined by use of Fas-blocking antibody. Results While exosomes of lymphoid origin could be demonstrated in all women, placenta-derived exosomes were only identified in pregnant patients. Placental exosomes suppressed T-cell expression of CD3-zeta and JAK3, while inducing SOCS-2. This downregulation of CD3-zeta was partially reversed by pre-incubating T cells with ZB4 antibody. Using T subsets, the level of CD3-zeta on CD8+ cells was inhibited 1.43-fold more than in CD4+ cells. On CD4+ CD25+ cells, CD3-zeta was not significantly inhibited. Conclusion Placental exosomes suppressed T-cell signaling components; however, while exosomal FasL is an important contributor, it does not appear to be the sole mediator. The additional expression of PD-L1 may explain immunoregulatory consequences of exosomes with low or absent FasL.
Do Payroll Taxes Matter in Estimating Taxable Income Elasticities

A growing literature examines the responsiveness of taxable income to changes in federal income tax rates. The literature has found evidence of small but consistent taxable income elasticities to c...
The use of lectins in the quantitation and analysis of macromolecules by affinoelectrophoresis.

The technique of rocket affinoelectrophoresis, initially introduced for the quantitation of a succinylated mannan by concanavalin A [Owen, P., and Salton, M. R. J. (1976) Anal. Biochem.73, 20–26] has been extended to (a) the quantitation of four other macromolecules: vz. streptococcal lipoteichoic acid, I blood group substance, desialylated bovine submaxillary mucin, and desialylated pig submaxillary mucin; and (b) the use of three other lectins: vz. wheat germ agglutinin, soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. In all cases stable-affinity precipitin rockets were observed the heights of which bore an approximately linear relationships to the amount of sample analyzed. For all lectins, the detection limits were in the range of 15–25 ng. Furthermore, a new technique has been introduced called crossed affinoelectrophoresis which is basically a two-dimensional variant of rocket affinoelectrophoresis. This technique can be used with concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, or peanut agglutinin in the affinity gel and allows the examination of glycoprotein homogeneity. Modification of this technique, involving the use of other lectins or antiserum in intermediate gels, is also described and evaluated.
Geometry-dependent scattering through Ballistic microstructures: Semiclassical theory beyond the stationary-phase approximation

The conductance of a ballistic microstructure shows strong fluctuations as a function of the Fermi wave number. We present a semiclassical theory that describes these fluctuations in terms of bundles of short trajectories. These trajectories provide the dominant contribution to electron transport through a weakly open microstructure. For the coupling between the quantum wires and the cavity, contributions beyond the stationary phase approximation are taken into account giving rise to diffraction effects. A comparison with full quantum calculations for a rectangular billiard is made. The peak positions of the power spectrum agree very well between the quantum and semiclassical theories. Numerical evidence is found for the breakdown of the semiclassical approximation for long paths. A simple explanation in terms of the dispersion of the semiclassical wave packet in the interior of the cavity is proposed. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Liquid Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis VII: Determination of Dantrolene Sodium in Biological Fluids

Abstract Dantrolene sodium can be determined in plasma and urine samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography without interference from its two major metabolites, the hydroxy and acetamido compounds. The minimum detectability of the drug using this procedure is 8 ng. The complete assay including extraction, evaporation, and separation steps can he performed in approximately 70 min with an accuracy of 1–3%.
Optimization of CO2 capture process with aqueous amines using response surface methodology

Abstract Amine is one of candidate solvents that can be used for CO 2 recovery from the flue gas by conventional chemical absorption/desorption process. In this work, we analyzed the impact of different amine absorbents and their concentrations, the absorber and stripper column heights and the operating conditions on the cost of CO 2 recovery plant for post-combustion CO 2 removal. For each amine solvent, the optimum number of stages for the absorber and stripper columns, and the optimum absorbent concentration, i.e., the ones that give the minimum cost for CO 2 removed, is determined by response surface optimization. Our results suggest that CO 2 recovery with 48 wt% DGA requires the lowest CO 2 removal cost of $43.06/ton of CO 2 with the following design and operating conditions: a 20-stage absorber column and a 7-stage stripper column, 26 m 3 /h of solvent circulation rate, 1903 kW of reboiler duty, and 99°C as the regenerator-inlet temperature.
Kurdish identity, discourse, and new media

The rise of nationalism and national identities in recent decades coincides with two other recent axioms in a wide array of social sciences that: (1) national identities are discursively constructe...
Abstract C16: Mapping synthetic vulnerabilities in non-small cell lung cancer

Diversity in the genetic lesions that drive cancer initiation and progression is extreme. This diversity exists not only among tumors from different patients, but also among cancer cells within the same patient. This nefarious complexity is, in large measure, responsible for the capacity of this disease to evade current best efforts for effective therapy. “Personalized medicine” has been proposed in response to this conundrum as a mechanism to tailor cancer treatment to a specific tumor's genetic and epigenetic characteristics. However, selection of appropriate treatment is dramatically limited by the paucity of appropriate drugs and by the difficulty of linking treatment options to the appropriate patients. The challenge is to identify authentic intervention targets for development of an appropriately diverse cohort of therapies to contend with disease heterogeneity. We are addressing this challenge by a focused investigation of common vulnerabilities that arise as a consequence of oncogene expression and tumor evolution. Here we will describe a cancer intervention discovery pipeline using parallel genetic and chemical perturbations within an extensive panel of cell lines representative of the molecular lesions detected in lung cancer by national and international cancer genome sequencing efforts. We have found that current first line targeted therapies are discoverable within this panel together with the enrollment biomarkers required to stratify patient treatment regimens. Further, we have found that new genetic and chemical vulnerabilities can be revealed that are linked to recurrent mutations in lung cancer patients that are not currently “actionable”. We are leveraging this approach to stratify lung cancer subtypes and elaborate intervention targets that are linked to those subtypes by robust molecular discriminators. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Hyun Seok Kim, Saurabh Mendiratta, Jiyeon Kim, Chad Victor Pecot, Jill E. Larsen, Iryna Zubovych, Bo Yeun Seo, Jimi Kim, Banu Eskiocak, Hannah Chung, Elizabeth McMillan, Sherry Wu, Jef De Brabander, Kakajan Komurov, Bruce A. Posner, Rolf Brekken, Anil K. Sood, Ralph J. Deberardinis, Michael G. Roth, John D. Minna, Michael A. White. Mapping synthetic vulnerabilities in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C16.
Discovery of cellular substrates for protein kinase A using a peptide array screening protocol

Post-translational modification of proteins is a universal form of cellular regulation. Phosphorylation on serine, threonine, tyrosine or histidine residues by protein kinases is the most widespread and versatile form of covalent modification. Resultant changes in activity, localization or stability of phosphoproteins drives cellular events. MS and bioinformatic analyses estimate that ~30% of intracellular proteins are phosphorylated at any given time. Multiple approaches have been developed to systematically define targets of protein kinases; however, it is likely that we have yet to catalogue the full complement of the phosphoproteome. The amino acids that surround a phosphoacceptor site are substrate determinants for protein kinases. For example, basophilic enzymes such as PKA (protein kinase A), protein kinase C and calmodulin-dependent kinases recognize basic side chains preceding the target serine or threonine residues. In the present paper we describe a strategy using peptide arrays and motif-specific antibodies to identify and characterize previously unrecognized substrate sequences for protein kinase A. We found that the protein kinases PKD (protein kinase D) and MARK3 [MAP (microtubule-associated protein)-regulating kinase 3] can both be phosphorylated by PKA. Furthermore, we show that the adapter protein RIL [a product of PDLIM4 (PDZ and LIM domain protein 4)] is a PKA substrate that is phosphorylated on Ser(119) inside cells and that this mode of regulation may control its ability to affect cell growth.
The Welfare of Nations in a Globalized Economy

Is free trade always good for advanced industrialized countries? Are fears of globalization and outsourcing imaginary, totally unfounded, and misguided? Is the West always going to benefit from technological improvements in the East? This article constructs a few thought experiments to analyze such issues. The article provides some rational insight into the puzzle of why global trade is so controversial. The effects of technological improvements in the East on the welfare of both the East and the West are analyzed. The conclusion highlights some of the less desirable effects of outsourcing in a more globalized world.
Local controllability of control-affine systems with quadractic drift and constant control-input vector fields

In this paper we study the small-time local controllability (STLC) property of polynomial control-affine systems whose drift vector field is a 2-homogeneous polynomial vector field and whose control-input vector fields are constant. Such systems arise in the study of controllability of mechanical control systems. Using control variations and rooted trees, we obtain a combinatorial expression for the Taylor series coefficients of a composition of flows of vector fields and use it to derive a high-order sufficient condition for STLC for these systems. The resulting condition is stated in terms of the image of the control-input subspace under the drift vector field and is therefore invariant under (linear) feedback transformations.
Ruminative Responses to Negative and Positive Affect Among Students Diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Rumination in response to negative affect has been found to predict the onset, severity, and duration of depressive symptoms. Few researchers, however, have considered rumination within bipolar disorder, nor have studies considered parallel responses that might intensify positive affect. The current study examined self-reported rumination in response to both negative and positive affect among people diagnosed via the SCID with BPD (n = 28), major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 35), or no mood disorder (n = 44). Participants completed the Ruminative Response Scale and the Responses to Positive Affect Questionnaire about their dispositional tendencies. Results indicated that compared to control participants, people with BPD and MDD endorsed heightened rumination in response to negative affect, but only those with BPD endorsed elevated rumination in response to positive affect. Within BPD, ruminative responses to negative affect were explained by depressive symptoms. Goals for understanding responses to negative and positive affect in BPD are suggested.
Behavioral and physiological effects associated with changes in muscarinic receptors following administration of an irreversible cholinergic agonist (BM 123).

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that the aziridinium ion of BM 123 (N-[4(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl]-2 pyrrolidone) is a potent and selective muscarinic agonist and binds irreversibly to muscarinic receptors (mAChR). The present series of experiments was designed to study the effects of BM 123 on behavioral and physiological variables known to be sensitive to manipulations of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system. BM 123 was injected into the tail vein of Sprague-Dawley rats, reducing mAChR to approximately 10% of normal as judged by [3H](−)QNB binding. Oxotremorine was injected IV for purposes of comparison. Behavioral and physiological variables were measured daily for 26 days. Physiological variables (e.g., tremor, chromodacryorrhea, salivation, and temperature) showed effects in less than 5 min after injection and returned to their pretreatment baselines within minutes. Nociceptive thresholds, dependent on sensory-perceptual processes, showed peak changes of approximately +230% and returned to normal within hours. Motoric responses, i.e., drinking and general activity, recovered in 3–4 days. Learned responses and those requiring temporal discrimination took 8–11 days to recover and were the only responses paralleling the return of the mAChRs to their normal levels. Changes elicited by oxotremorine recovered more rapidly than those elicited by BM 123. The results suggest that the different variables measured are dependent on different densities of functional receptors. Implications for a theoretical model are discussed.
Vibrating pervaporation modules : Effect of module design on performance

A commercial-scale vibrating pervaporation membrane module was fabricated and evaluated for the separation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from aqueous solutions. Experiments with surrogate solutions of four hydrophobic VOCs (1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)) were performed. VOC removal performance for this module was compared to published data for two earlier full-scale vibrating modules of the same general design, but differing in design details. The three modules differed in membrane material (and membrane thickness), membrane area, liquid flow pattern, and permeate vapor pathway. A thinner membrane, less restrictive permeate pathway, and higher cross-flow liquid velocity were generally observed to improve performance, although each factor is expected to have a limit. The third module was also tested for the removal of hydrophilic organic compounds from water, including acetone, ethanol, n-butanol, and isopropanol. Process variables studied were vibrational amplitude, temperature, and liquid flow rate. As in previous studies, even small vibration amplitudes yielded significant performance gains. Performance of the vibrating systems was found to be similar to that of non-vibrating alternatives.
Evaluation of an Inaccurate Pulmonary Artery Catheter Thermistor

A previously undescribed complication involving PAC thermistor temperature readings is characterized in this study. The thermistor readings became falsely elevated after the PAC was immersed in water, increasing steadily to 17.6°C above control temperature readings. The abnormality resolved when the PAC was removed from immersion. A survey of ICUs revealed that PAC thermistors are frequently used to monitor the body temperature of patients requiring PACs. Only seven (35 percent) of 20 surveyed ICUs using PAC thermistors routinely confirmed PAC estimates of body temperature with another thermometric device. Since erroneous temperature measurements can have profoundly deleterious effects on clinical management, routine validation of PAC thermistors should be considered.
A global survey of CALIPSO linear depolarization ratios in ice clouds: Initial findings

[1] Linear depolarization ratio (δ) data from the summer/winter seasons over the first 2 years of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite operations in the green (0.532 μm) laser channel are analyzed and interpreted in terms of ice cloud microphysical properties. That is, we use variations in δ as a proxy of cloud formation and environmental conditions that affect ice crystal shape and orientation. The cloud detection algorithm is tuned mainly to cirrus clouds, but also includes polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) and optically thin, low and midlevel ice clouds at high latitudes. As anticipated from ground-based polarization lidar studies, δ increase with increasing height/decreasing temperature, and the effects of horizontally oriented plate crystals in lowing δ are evident by comparing data obtained close to the nadir (0.3°) and off-nadir (3.0°) pointing directions. These differences in δ average 0.01–0.03, although this anisotropic scattering effect is particularly apparent at low altitudes in the mid and high latitudes. Unexpected findings include decreasing δ with increasing latitude, and δ in detected PSC that are usually similar to cirrus clouds. However, δ in PSC are lower in a belt in the lower stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere and generally lower in the Northern Hemisphere, but higher in lower stratospheric nacreous clouds in both hemispheres. There are also significant differences in the ice cloud δ measured at night and day, but this is assumed to result from factors associated with day/night differences in CALIPSO data collection. Global average δ are 0.34–0.36 for day, and 0.23–0.26 for night.
Health impact assessment of climate change in Bangladesh

Global climate change (GCC) may have serious and irreversible impacts. Improved methods are needed to predict and quantify health impacts, so that appropriate risk management strategies can be focused on vulnerable areas. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is proposed as an effective tool in environmental health impact assessment (HIA). The DALY accounts for years of life lost to premature death and/or morbidity. Both the DALY and the determinants-of-health approach are applied to HIA of GCC in Bangladesh. Based on historical data, a major storm event may result in approximately 290 DALY per 1000 population, including both deaths and injuries, compared to a current all-cause rate of about 280 per 1000 in the region. A more precise result would require a large input of data; however, this level of analysis may be sufficient to rank risks, and to motivate and target risk management efforts.
Dynamic effects of labor supply: A mechanism explaining cross-sectional differences in hours

Abstract This paper first establishes the empirical fact that over the last quarter of the 20th century, the average weekly hours worked increased for workers in the highest wage quintile while it decreased for the ones at the lowest. In 1976, a worker in the lowest quintile worked 2.8 hours more per week than a high wage worker (worker in the highest quintile), but by 2006, the low wage worker worked 1 hour less. During this period, there was also a wide increase in wage inequality. The typical mechanism in which hours are only determined by contemporaneous wages cannot simultaneously explain the pattern found in both variables for every quintile. This paper attempts to reconcile these cross-sectional trends in both hours and wages for the US during this time period. As a first step, we show that compositional changes (in education, occupation and age) within quintiles can only explain a fraction of the observed pattern. Next, we propose a mechanism in which individuals' current decisions of how much to work take into account two components: the contemporaneous benefit of the wage received, and also how current hours worked affects the probability of moving across the wage distribution in later periods. The latter dynamic component is estimated from our dataset. We find that changes over time in how hours affect these probabilities provided incentives that differ across the quintiles, and are consistent with the labor supply decisions observed in the data. We incorporate these two components into an equilibrium model of heterogeneous agents with uninsurable income risk. We are able to replicate the decline in hours for the bottom of the distribution as well as the increase at the top. The ratio of hours worked between the two groups delivered by the model also fits the trend found in the data.
ALTERED ANTIGENICITY OF PEPSINOGEN AND PEPSIN AS AN INDEX OF CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE: EFFECT OF UREA AND REDUCING AGENTS.

Abstract Pepsinogen and pepsin were exposed to urea at moderate and elevated temperatures. Using antisera directed toward these protiens, the technique of quantitative C′ fixation was utilized to study the effects of these treatments upon the antigenicity of the proteins. Potential peptic activity and fluorescence were also determined in an attempt to assess the effects of such treatments on conformation. Pepsinogen subjected to varying concentrations of urea (up to 8 M ) at 25° showed structural changes when assayed by the three parameters, the maximum changes occurring between 2 and 3 M urea. These changes were completely and rapidly reversible if pepsinogen was freed of urea. Stepwise reduction of the three disulfide bridges common to pepsinogen and pepsin revealed the following: mono-reduced pepsin possessed immunological properties identical to those of native pepsin whether estimated directly with antipepsin or by its ability to inhibit the pepsinogen-antipepsinogen system; pepsin with two bridges reduced lost its ability to react directly with the homologous or inhibit the heterologous antibody, but still maintained some capacity to inhibit the pepsin-antipepsin system. Pepsinogen with two bridges reduced was still able to react to a significant extent with antipepsinogen. The reduction of three bridges in each protein (using mercaptoethanol and urea) completely abolished antigenic activity. The roles of the disulfide bridges in maintaining the structure of the proteins is discussed.
Isolation and culture of microvascular endothelial cells from murine spinal cord

The isolation and culture of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells (SCMEC), which form the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), is described. Though morphologically similar to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB), SCMEC express reduced amounts of several prominent BBB proteins, including tight junction-associated proteins ZO-1 and occludin, adherens junction-associated proteins beta-catenin and VE-cadherin, and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. These distinguishing features may reflect more widespread differences between the BBB and BSCB that impact physiological and pathophysiological processes.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for trichloroethylene and its oxidative metabolites.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) pharmacokinetics have been studied in experimental animals and humans for over 30 years. Compartmental and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed for the uptake, distribution, and metabolism of TCE and the production, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of P450-mediated metabolites of TCE. TCE is readily taken up into systemic circulation by oral and inhalation routes of exposure and is rapidly metabolized by the hepatic P450 system and to a much lesser degree, by direct conjugation with glutathione. Recent PBPK models for TCE and its metabolites have focused on the major metabolic pathway for metabolism of TCE (P450-mediated metabolic pathway). This article briefly reviews selected published compartmental and PBPK models for TCE. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is considered a principle metabolite responsible for TCE-induced liver cancer in mice. Liver cancer in mice was considered a critical effect by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for deriving the current maximum contaminant level for TCE in water. In the literature both whole blood and plasma measurements of TCA are reported in mice and humans. To reduce confusion about disparately measured and model-predicted levels of TCA in plasma and whole blood, model-predicted outcomes are compared for first-generation (plasma) and second-generation (whole blood) PBPK models published by Fisher and colleagues. Qualitatively, animals and humans metabolize TCE in a similar fashion, producing the same metabolites. Quantitatively, PBPK models for TCE and its metabolites are important tools for providing dosimetry comparisons between experimental animals and humans. TCE PBPK models can be used today to aid in crafting scientifically sound public health decisions for TCE.
Repeated exposure to cocaine alters the modulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamate transmission by medial prefrontal cortex Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Repeated cocaine exposure enhances glutamatergic output from the medial prefrontal cortex to subcortical brain regions. Loss of inhibitory control of cortical pyramidal neurons may partly account for this augmented cortical glutamate output. Recent research indicated that repeated cocaine exposure reduced the ability of cortical Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine. Thus, experiments described below examined whether repeated cocaine exposure alters metabotropic glutamate receptor regulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic transmission using in vivo microdialysis. Infusion of the Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist LY341495 into the medial prefrontal cortex enhanced glutamate release in this region, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area in sensitized animals, compared to controls, following short-term withdrawal but not after long-term withdrawal. Additional studies demonstrated that vesicular (K+-evoked) and non-vesicular (cystine-evoked) glutamate release in the medial prefrontal cortex was enhanced in sensitized animals, compared to controls, that resulted in part from a reduction in Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of these pools of glutamate. In summary, these findings indicate that the expression of sensitization to cocaine is correlated with an altered modulation of mesocorticolimbic glutamatergic transmission via reduction of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor function.
Non-equilibrium gas–liquid interface dynamics in high-pressure liquid injection systems

Abstract The transition of classical spray atomization processes to single-phase continuous dense-fluid mixing dynamics with diminished surface tension forces is poorly understood. Recently, a theory has been presented that established, based on a Knudsen-number criterion, that the development of such mixing layers is initiated because the multicomponent two-phase interface becomes much wider than the mean free molecular path. This shows that the transition to mixing layers occurs due to interfacial dynamics and not, as conventional wisdom had suggested, because the liquid phase has heated up to supercritical temperatures where surface tension forces diminish. In this paper we focus on the dynamics of this transition process, which still poses many fundamental questions. We show that such dynamics are dictated by substantial statistical fluctuations about the average interface molecule number and the presence of significant interfacial free energy forces. The comprehensive analysis is performed based on a combination of non-equilibrium mean-field thermodynamics and a detailed modified 32-term Benedict–Webb–Rubin mixture state equation. Statistical fluctuations are quantified using the generally accepted model of Poisson-distributions for variances in systems with a small number of molecules. Such fluctuations quantify the range of pressure and temperature conditions under which the gradual transition to dense-fluid mixing dynamics occurs. The interface begins to deteriorate as it broadens substantially. The related interfacial free energy forces do not instantly diminish only because vapor–liquid equilibrium conditions do not apply anymore. Instead, such forces along with the present interfacial statistical fluctuations are shown to gradually decrease as the interface transitions through the molecular chaos regime and to diminish once the interface enters the continuum regime. Then, the interfacial region becomes a continuous gas–liquid mixing layer with diminished free energy forces that is significantly affected by single-phase real-fluid thermodynamics and transport properties.
Menopausal treatment dilemma: a challenge for women and nurses.

An important goal of nursing research in women's health is to develop knowledge and identify interventions that strive to promote, maintain, and enhance wellbeing for women. A new emphasis on the quality of life, health promotion, and cost effective delivery modes has opened the door to non-traditional approaches for a myriad of disease conditions. As women look to their healthcare providers for information regarding treatments for uncomfortable menopausal symptomatology, inconclusive and contradictory information has added to the confusion concerning hormone replacement therapy (HRT). A woman who has declined traditional treatments for menopausal symptomatology may resort to alternative therapies to meet her healthcare needs. As alternative therapies can be wide ranging, the woman may seek information from healthcare providers regarding these therapies. Sensitivity to the woman's expressed concerns and knowledge of various traditional and alternative treatment modalities is essential in providing individualised wholistic care. This article reviews the literature and concludes care of perimenopausal/menopausal women who decline traditional hormone replacement therapy for uncomfortable menopausal symptomatology and seek alternative treatments has received insufficient attention by the medical and nursing profession. (author abstract)
Effect of synthesis conditions and post-deposition treatments on composition and structural morphology of medium-phosphorus electroless Ni-P films

Abstract The optimized plating bath composition (mol%) of 0.47NiCl 2 :0.23NaH 2 PO 2 :0.13C 4 H 4 Na 2 O 4 :3.47NaCl:95.70H 2 O produced Ni–P films with ~ 10 wt.% P at 85 °C over copper and steel substrates. The presence of chloride ions (Cl − ) in the plating solution was found to facilitate initial deposition without any need of surface activation. Film growth rates as high as 7–8 μm/h were achieved with minimal or no deposition on surfaces other than the substrates. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) studies revealed cauliflower-like morphology with submicron size grains. Increasing the amount of reducing agent increased film smoothness and refined grain size with corresponding increase in P content. X-ray diffraction studies of the deposit revealed semi-crystalline nature of the film which underwent transition to fully crystalline form upon heat treatment with an associated increase in average HK value from ~ 390 to 807 HK. High temperature provided driving force for surface and volume diffusion that subsequently led to reduced porosity and more homogeneous composition through rearrangement of atoms to form certain Ni x P y phases. Acid etching of the deposits transformed shiny films into matte black surfaces due to preferential removal of nickel leading to formation of porous structure with stalagmite-like morphology.
DSM psychiatric disorders in the context of pediatric HIV/AIDS

In HIV-infected adults, psychiatric disorders result in poor quality of life, HIV disease progression, poor compliance and increased mortality. The same may be true for children and adolescents challenged with HIV/AIDS. The literature regarding the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM) psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients with HIV/AIDS was reviewed. Of over 500 papers reviewed only eight attempted to quantify prevalence in some way. Average prevalences of 28.6% for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 24.3% for anxiety disorders and 25% for depression were found with respective risk ratios of 6.0, 3.8 and 7.1. However, sample sizes were small and only two of the eight studies were controlled. Surprisingly little has been done to describe and quantify what mental-health problems these HIV-positive children and adolescents face.
A Computerized Laboratory for General Psychology

A computerized General Psychology Laboratory provides students direct experience with contemporary research in psychology. More than 500 students per semester use the lab, which operates with the help of student assistants. Hardware and software requirements and the physical layout of the laboratory are discussed.
P17-24. Interfering overlapping epitopes contribute to the subdominance of an HLA-A2-restricted HIV Gag-specific epitope.

Methods To detect novel subdominant determinants in HIV-1 Gag, we primed CD8+ T cells from eight seronegative donors with autologous dendritic cells transduced to express Gag. T cells were re-stimulated weekly with monocytes pulsed with 123 15-mer overlapping peptides (OLPs) spanning Gag. Responses were identified with OLP matrix pools followed by interrogation at the single OLP level in responsive pools using IFN-γ ELISPOT assays.
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Training Method to Assist Professionals in Reporting Suspected Child Maltreatment

The understudied process of reporting suspected child maltreatment to authorities is often difficult for both mental health professionals and family members who are intimately involved. Therefore, the current study was conducted to develop a training curriculum to assist professionals in reporting suspected child maltreatment. Fifty-five professional and student mental health practitioners were randomly assigned to workshop conditions that were relevant to either (a) reporting suspected child maltreatment or (b) learning to be sensitive to ethnicity. Results indicated participants in the reporting suspected child maltreatment condition demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge of child maltreatment reporting laws, accuracy in recognizing child maltreatment, and clinical expertise in reporting. Implications to clinical practice are discussed in light of the results.
A kinematic study of luno-triquetral dissociations.

An analysis of carpal motion after sectioning the ligamentous support of the luno-triquetral joints was done by use of stereoradiographic methods. The ligaments were sectioned in two stages. In stage I, a complete sectioning of both the dorsal and palmar luno-triquetral ligaments and the interosseous membrane was done. Stage II consisted of further sectioning of both the dorsal radio-triquetral and dorsal scapho-triquetral ligaments. After both stage I and stage II ligment sectioning, all of the intercarpal joints exhibited altered kinematics. The changes were especially marked at the luno-triquetral joint where motion was increased in all planes of wrist motion. The essential lesion in producing a static palmar flexed intercalated segment instability was division of the dorsal radio-triquetral and dorsal scapho-triquetral ligaments in association with the luno-triquetral ligaments and interosseous membrane sectioning.
The development and use of mediated word identification

A MODEL of word identification was proposed and tested by examining the influence of orthographic redundancy, versatility, and letter-sound correspondences on the identification of both high and low frequency words by children and adults. Word recognition latencies for words that varied orthogonally on these dimensions were compared when the words were read in isolation and context. Results were consistent with the proposed model and indicated that mediated word processing frequently occurs in both context-free and contextual reading. The degree that letter-sound correspondences or visual orthographic patterns were involved in mediated processing was shown to vary between age levels of readers. Sensitivity to versatile letter combinations (ones that appear in many different words) was found to greatly speed word identification.
Links Between Minor Nerve Injuries (MNI) and CRPS-I

ABSTRACTSome minor nerve injuries may rarely lead to devasting painful consequences resembling a complex regional pain syndrome like picture in both preclinical and clinical arenas.
Cache topology aware computation mapping for multicores

The main contribution of this paper is a compiler based, cache topology aware code optimization scheme for emerging multicore systems. This scheme distributes the iterations of a loop to be executed in parallel across the cores of a target multicore machine and schedules the iterations assigned to each core. Our goal is to improve the utilization of the on-chip multi-layer cache hierarchy and to maximize overall application performance. We evaluate our cache topology aware approach using a set of twelve applications and three different commercial multicore machines. In addition, to study some of our experimental parameters in detail and to explore future multicore machines (with higher core counts and deeper on-chip cache hierarchies), we also conduct a simulation based study. The results collected from our experiments with three Intel multicore machines show that the proposed compiler-based approach is very effective in enhancing performance. In addition, our simulation results indicate that optimizing for the on-chip cache hierarchy will be even more important in future multicores with increasing numbers of cores and cache levels.
Proposition: A Personality Disorder May Nullify Responsibility for a Criminal Act

This article argues in support of the proposition that "A Personality Disorder May Nullify Responsibility for a Criminal Act." Building upon research in categorical and dimensional controversies in diagnosis, neurocognitive science and the behavioral genetics of mental disorders, and difficulties in differential diagnosis and co-morbidity with personality disorders, this article holds that a per se rule barring personality diagnosis as a basis for a defense of legal insanity is scientifically and conceptually indefensible. Rather, focus should be upon the severity and impact in specific cases of any legally relevant functional deficits arising from a mental disorder (including personality disorders). Failure to do so risks potentially misleading "battles of the experts" about a defendant's diagnosis in criminal responsibility defenses and improper usurpation of the role of the legal finder of fact as mental health expert witnesses are inserted as gatekeepers indefensibly based upon diagnosis. Implications for practice and public policy are considered, including a "modest proposal" for post-trial management of defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity on the basis of functional deficits arising from personality disorder.
Shock temperature measurements for metals

Abstract The effects of heat conduction-induced, melting and solidification, at metal-window interfaces on shock temperature measurements of metals such as iron are quantitatively described using as an example, previous experiments employing Fe/Al2, O3, and Fe/LiF interfaces shocked in the pressure range of 110 to 220 GPa. The mathematical description of the effects of thermal conduction induced solidification in initially partially or completely molten metal samples and the melting of transparent windows are described in detail. These effects have not been previously considered in earlier analyses. We also analyze the processes of release melting and superheating which occur when shocked solid metal films are partially unloaded as a result of wave reflection at the metal-window interface. It is concluded that with sufficient knowledge of the thermal properties of the metal and window (specific heat and thermal conductivity at high pressure) for ideal metal films and foils, shock interface temperatures, c...
The Influence of the Ipsilateral Superficial Femoral Artery on Iliac Angioplasty

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of the ipsilateral superficial femoral artery (SFA) on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the iliac arteries. From 1993 to 2005, 183 iliac lesions (179 stenoses, 4 occlusions; 37 common, 35 external, and 111 both iliac arteries) in 127 patients with disabling claudication [94 (52%)], rest pain [43 (23%)], and ulcer/gangrene [46 (25%)] were treated by PTA. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) iliac lesion types were A in 48 limbs (26%), B in 92 (50%), C in 38 (21%), and D in 5 (3%). Stents were placed selectively for primary angioplasty failure [residual stenosis (>30%) or pressure gradient (>5 mm Hg)]. Seventy-seven limbs (42%) had patent SFAs (66 intact/ 0.40). Stratified analysis in patients with TASC type B/type C, critical limb ischemia, or claudicants revealed similar results. The primary patency and continued clinical improvement were significantly decreased in patients with stenotic SFAs, suggesting that concomitant SFA angioplasty might improve iliac patency after iliac PTA for patients with stenotic SFAs. The presence of an occluded SFA did not adversely affect the outcomes of iliac PTA. During iliac PTA, a stenotic SFA should be considered for revascularization via endovascular means but an occluded SFA can be observed.
Parkinson's disease: pro-survival effects of PINK1.

However parkinsonism is initiated, the progressive symptoms are similarly devastating. So insights from analyses of gene mutations linked to these disorders should aid a better general understanding of them.
Non-native grass alters growth of native tree species via leaf and soil microbes

Summary 1. Non-native plants can alter both native microbe communities and ecosystem processes. These changes may indirectly affect native plant communities. We tested whether an invasive plant influences other plant species through above- and below-ground microbial associations. These factors have received less attention than direct competition for resources in research on plant invasions. 2. Previous work in the mid-western US revealed that the above-ground fungal endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum ) in non-native tall fescue grass ( Lolium arundinaceum ) reduced establishment of native tree species, slowing plant succession from grassland to forest relative to communities lacking the symbiont. Here, we examined potential soil-mediated mechanisms underlying these negative impacts on trees. 3. We challenged nine tree species with soil conditioned by tall fescue grass either with (E+) or without (E‐) the symbiotic endophyte. We collected field soil from replicated, experimental E+ and E‐ field plots, sterilized half to eliminate soil microbes, then conditioned the soil in the greenhouse with either E+ or E‐ tall fescue. Individual tree seeds received one of five soil treatments: E‐ live, E‐ sterile, E+ live, E+ sterile, or no tall fescue conditioning (control). Tree survival and biomass were assessed after approximately 80 days. 4. Soil conditioning by E+ tall fescue reduced the biomass of three tree species ( Elaeagnus umbellata , Fraxinus pennsylvanica , Platanus occidentalis ) and the survival of P. occidentalis relative to conditioning by E‐ tall fescue. However, decreased biomass occurred only in live soil, suggesting indirect effects of the endophyte via altered soil microbes. In addition, two species ( F. pennsylvanica , Prunus serotina ) grew larger in both unconditioned soils and E‐ live soil relative to all other soil treatments, and two species ( Ailanthus altissima , P. occidentalis ) performed poorly in all soil treatments relative to unconditioned soil. Finally, three species did not significantly respond to any soil treatment ( Acer negundo , Quercus palustris , Cercis canadensis ). 5. Synthesis . Our results show that negative impacts of a non-native grass on native trees can depend on both above- and below-ground microbial associations. Because tree species responded divergently to soil conditioning, the endophyte symbiosis has the potential to alter plant succession and the future composition of forest communities.