cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning Probe Microscopy in Biology with Potential Applications in Forensics

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) describes a relatively new field of imaging technology that utilizes high resolution, real-time, near-field, three-dimensional microscopes. One of its most successful progenitors is the atomic force microscope (AFM), also known as the scanning force microscope (SFM), a technology capable of attaining high resolution under physiologically relevant conditions by feeling a sample’s surface with a sharp probe. Careful control of the AFM probe force under liquids and/or with vibrating probe techniques (e.g., “intermittent contact” or “tapping” modes) can be employed to reduce sample damage. Such techniques are especially useful for imaging soft biological specimens. The same control over the probe can also be used to manipulate biological structures, such as dissection and extraction of DNA from chromosomes. Because the AFM probe responds to numerous near-field forces, various imaging modes can yield different types of surface information. Simultaneous monitoring of amplitude and phase changes in a vibrating probe can concurrently map both surface topography and chemistry. The ability of the AFM probe to distinguish between different molecular species may make it a useful tool in forensics. In particular, the precise ability of the AFM to identify regions of interest (through a combined optical/atomic force microscope) and excise specific sequences of DNA, could expedite DNA identification processes.
Comprehensive Program Development in Mental Health Counseling: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation

With increasing emphasis on the use of evidence-based practices and efficient clinical operations, mental health counselors must be competent in comprehensive clinical program development that covers program design, implementation, and sustainability. To address this need, a practice model here presented integrates scientific knowledge and business principles by emphasizing research-based program design and due diligence in program development. The model consists of 12 sequential, interrelated phases to guide the professional in creating comprehensive mental health counseling programs.
Self and Identity Among Aging Immigrants in The Joy Luck Club

This article uses George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interaction to examine self and identity among aging immigrants in Amy Tan's novel The Joy Luck Club (1989). Social scientists have largely bypassed analysis of fictional accounts of the Asian diaspora. My motivation for employing Mead's theory is to extend social scientific analysis to novels on aging and ethnicity. By examining self-narratives in fictional representations of the aging immigrant experience, I assess how identity develops out of particular social conditions and is achieved through social, psychological processes. Despite some limitations, symbolic interaction offers insights into the process whereby the present brings reinterpretation of the past and individuals are compelled to assign meaning to their life histories.
Lifting of automorphic forms

In the first three sections of this chapter we introduce the concept of lifting automorphic forms, the base change lift in particular. A few applications are discussed in relation to the period invariants. Shimura’s period conjectures and some of Yoshida’s work are summarized in the last two sections of this chapter.
Subjective Cognitive Decline Prediction of Mortality: Results from the Einstein Aging Study.

Background The relation of pre-dementia stages to mortality has not been fully explored. Previous work examining subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mortality is limited and mixed regarding methods used and consistency of findings. Objective To examine SCD and mortality in a longitudinal, community-based cohort, using item response theory (IRT) methodology to form a composite SCD measure. Also, to assess whether this relationship was independent of clinical cognitive status. Methods The Einstein Aging Study is a diverse longitudinal cohort of adults aged ≥70. SCD items were extracted from baseline CERAD questionnaires and a composite score was formed using IRT methodology. A total of 1,741 participants with complete data were clinically diagnosed as cognitively normal, or as having amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), or dementia. 645 deaths occurred over a period of 8,912 person-years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models predicted time to death adjusting for covariates. Results A one standard deviation unit increase in level of SCD was associated with >20% higher risk of mortality. However, when models were adjusted for clinical cognitive status, the association was no longer significant. Both dementia and aMCI predicted mortality. Furthermore, when analyses focused only on those without cognitive impairment, SCD level did not predict mortality. Conclusions The association of SCD with mortality may be due to the association of SCD with clinical cognitive status. Thus, SCD may be used as a community-based screen to initially identify those with cognitive impairment who may be at greatest risk for death.
Did the Teachers Destroy the School? Public Entrepreneurship as Creation and Adaptation.

This article is based on a case study to explore a model of teacher governance and illustrate the distinct challenges of entrepreneurship in public education. In the Sedona Charter School, each cla...
CARDIAC HAMARTOMA MASQUERADING AS HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Cardiac hamartomas are exceedingly rare. They can manifest with dyspnea, chest pain, sudden death, peripheral embolism or ventricular arrhythmia. A 36 year old male with a history of a cardiac mass resected from the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract) at age 3 presents with exertional dyspnea
Visual influences on auditory spatial processing

Sensory experience is the result of a multisensory analysis of the environment around us. When information is properly integrated, visual cues facilitate auditory localization. To investigate the spatial and temporal rules of contingency in multisensory integration, a majority of previous studies have focused on sensory space within the field of vision. But the spaces encoded by vision and audition do not always align with each other. For foveal species such as humans and monkeys, the visual field is restricted to frontal space, whereas the auditory field is panoramic, covering the entire frontal and rear space. The rear sensitivity provided by spatial hearing is critical for avoiding unseen dangers coming from behind. The rear space, however, has been largely overlooked in multisensory research. In this talk, I will present recent work related to vision’s role in panoramic spatial hearing in humans, the changes in visual bias observed in human listeners with chronic unilateral hearing loss, and findings concerning visual modulation of spatial responses of single neurons in the marmoset auditory cortex. Based on these results, I will discuss the challenges of implementing existing theories of multisensory spatial perception in neural circuits.
DARTSim: an exemplar for evaluation and comparison of self-adaptation approaches for smart cyber-physical systems

Motivated by the need for cyber-physical systems (CPS) to perform in dynamic and uncertain environments, smart CPS (sCPS) utilize self-adaptive capabilities to autonomously manage uncertainties at the intersection of the cyber and physical worlds. In this context, self-adaptation approaches face particular challenges, including (i) environment monitoring that is subject to sensing errors; (ii) adaptation actions that take time, sometimes due to physical movement; (iii) dire consequences for not adapting in a timely manner; and (iv) incomparable objectives that cannot be conflated into a single utility metric (e.g., avoiding an accident vs. providing good service). To enable researchers to evaluate and compare self-adaptation approaches aiming to address these unique challenges of sCPS, we introduce the DARTSim exemplar. DARTSim implements a high-level simulation of a team of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) performing a reconnaissance mission in a hostile and unknown environment. Designed to be easily used by researchers, DARTSim provides a TCP-based interface for easy integration with external adaptation managers, documentation, and a fast simulation capability.
A sparse orthogonal collimator for small animal intensity-modulated radiation therapy part I: Planning system development and commissioning

Purpose To achieve more translatable preclinical research results, small animal irradiation needs to more closely simulate human radiotherapy. Although the clinical gold standard is intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the direct translation of this method for small animals is impractical. In this study we describe the treatment planning system for a novel dose modulation device to address this challenge. Methods Using delineated target and avoidance structures, a rectangular aperture optimization (RAO) problem was formulated to penalize deviations from a desired dose distribution and limit the number of selected rectangular apertures. RAO was used to create IMRT plans with highly concave targets in the mouse brain, and the plan quality was compared to that using a hypothetical miniaturized multileaf collimator (MLC). RAO plans were also created for a realistic application of mouse whole liver irradiation and for a highly complex two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution as a proof-of-principle. Beam commissioning data, including output and off-axis factors and percent depth dose (PDD) curves, were acquired for our small animal irradiation system and incorporated into the treatment planning system. A plan post-processing step was implemented for aperture size-specific dose recalculation and aperture weighting reoptimization. Results The first RAO test case achieved highly conformal doses to concave targets in the brain, with substantially better dose gradient, conformity, and target dose homogeneity than the hypothetical miniaturized MLC plans. In the second test case, a highly conformal dose to the liver was achieved with significant sparing of the kidneys. RAO also successfully replicated a complex 2D dose distribution with three prescription dose levels. Energy spectra for field sizes 1 to 20 mm were calculated to match the measured PDD curves, with maximum and mean dose deviations of 4.47 ± 0.30% and 1.71 ± 0.18%. The final reoptimization of aperture weightings for the complex RAO test plan was able to reduce the maximum and mean dose deviations between the optimized and recalculated dose distributions from 10.3% to 6.6% and 4.0% to 2.8%, respectively. Conclusions Using the advanced optimization techniques, complex IMRT plans were achieved using a simple dose modulation device. Beam commissioning data were incorporated into the treatment planning process to more accurately predict the resulting dose distribution. This platform substantially reduces the gap in treatment plan quality between clinical and preclinical radiotherapy, potentially increasing the value and flexibility of small animal studies.
Setting the Goals

Herein, we detail some of the issues related to the organization and staffing of a modern ICU. This is evaluated from both the practitioner’s viewpoint and that of the institution. We present some of the innovations we have developed in this arena.
Implementation and evaluation of a self-care toolkit for caregivers of families with dementia.

Background Family caregivers who care for individuals with dementia are more likely to develop chronic stress, major depression, anxiety, and physical health disorders and they have a higher mortality rate compared with the general population. Local problem Caregivers are at an increased risk of physical and mental disorders. Many report that they are fatigued and need more forms of support. Methods This project involved a convenience sample of 35 family caregivers who cared for family with dementia. Prequestionnaires and postquestionnaires were used to determine improvements in caregiver health and well-being and caregiver resources for supportive services as well as reduction in caregiver stress. Interventions An evidence-based educational class was developed and implemented based on the Family Care Alliance (FCA): Taking Care of YOU: Self-Care for Family Caregivers Toolkit. The project aimed to (1) assess two FCA recommended domains: caregiver health and well-being and caregiver resources for supportive services and (2) reduce caregiver stress. Results Stress Inventory results showed notable change in high risk/low risk categorization from pretest to posttest. At pretest, 31 caregivers were categorized as at high risk for unhealthy levels of stress, but posttest showed only 9 caregivers were so categorized. Approximately, 70% of those at high risk at pretest were categorized as low risk at posttest. Conclusions This project validated that evidence-based educational interventions can improve caregiver knowledge and self-care. Continued support may be promoted by incorporating education and offering resource brochures to caregivers during primary care visits.
S-Parameter Sampling in the Frequency Domain and its Time-Domain Response

S-parameter characterization of high-speed interconnect components is prone to numerical, modeling, and/or measurement error due, in part, to the sampled nature of the data. This is a problem in modern package design where extensive signal integrity simulations are required to validate a system’s performance. This article presents a new method of treating sampled S-parameter data where a criterion is developed to clearly state the minimum number of S-parameter frequency points required to adequately represent an analog physical system in the frequency domain. This criterion is akin to the Nyquist principle when sampling in the time domain. Based on this principle, the proper time-domain representation of S-parameters can be obtained using the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). However, in order to use the IFFT, the bilinear transformation is applied to the vector fit S-parameters to place them in the z-domain. From the z-domain, the proper discrete impulse response is obtained. A lower bound, based on the discrete Heisenberg principle, is also offered to deal with frequency–time resolution of the S-parameters. The proposed method is successfully tested in the measured and simulated S-parameter data. The usefulness of this method is to accurately represent the time-domain behavior of the physical system S-parameter data, i.e., time delay causality, and, therefore, facilitates the applications of well-developed digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in S-parameter sampled data.
Mindfulness and Positive Living

For most people in Western society, interest in mindfulness begins with an intention to get help with a specific challenge like stress, anxiety, depression, physical pain, or insomnia. However, many are pleasantly surprised to find that their efforts to establish a regular mindfulness practice also have broad crossover benefits to numerous other aspects of everyday life. Mindfulness practices complement many of the skills and topics that fall under the umbrella of positive psychology. Mindfulness shares much in common with positive psychology, including interests in cultivating awareness of thoughts and emotions, increasing psychological flexibility and emotional intelligence, taking effective action, developing healthy relationships, and facilitating compassion toward self and others. Perhaps the greatest potential of these practices lies in the many ways mindfulness supports positive living in general. This chapter explores how mindfulness practices contribute to many aspects of human flourishing studied in the positive psychology literature, including gratitude, savoring, optimism, positive relationships, and personal agency.
Emotional Stressors In Early Childhood May Have More Influence On Development of ADHD Than Trauma

Background: The correlation between Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs) and their effects on patients’ development of certain co-morbid conditions has been at the forefront of pediatrics since the late 1990’s when a study showed an increased prevalence of smoking, alcoholism, substance abuse, diabetes, depression, and attempted suicide among adults who had a higher number of ACEs. This study also showed an increased number behavioral and developmental disorders in childhood including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), thought to be due to the increased stress response from these events …
Clinical manifestations and outcomes of Guillain-Barre syndrome complicating Zika virus infection

Abstract From chikungunya to Zika to Ebola, the world has seen numerous zoonotic vector-borne outbreaks. These outbreaks have challenged the world medical community with novel presentations and unique challenges. Zika virus brought a neuroinvasive virus associated with severe neurologic complications not seen with other flaviviruses. We describe a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome affecting a woman infected with Zika virus during the epidemic that spread across Central and South America after originating in French Polynesia. Guillain-Barre syndrome in the setting of antecedent Zika virus infection has unique clinical manifestations and potentially significant pathogenesis. This disease and this case illustrate the importance of clinical acumen combined with a high index of suspicion for the abnormal in returning travelers in this increasingly globalized world.
Endovascular Management of Distal Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: A Multicenter Retrospective Review.

Introduction Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms (DACAA) are a rare and difficult entity to manage. Endovascular treatment has evolved for safe and durable treatment of these lesions. The objective of this study is to report the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of endovascular treatment of DACAA. Methods A retrospective review of DACAA endovascularly treated at 5 different institutions was performed. Data included demographics, rupture status, radiographic features, endovascular technique, complication rates, and long-term angiographic and clinical outcomes. A primary endpoint was a good clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale 0–2). Secondary endpoints included complications and radiographic occlusion at follow-up. Results A total of 84 patients were reviewed. The mean age was 56, and 64 (71.4%) were female. Fifty-two (61.9%) aneurysms were ruptured. A good functional outcome was achieved in 59 patients (85.5%). Sixty (71.4%) aneurysms were treated with primary coiling, and the remaining 24 were treated with flow diversion. Adequate occlusion was achieved in 41 (95.3%) aneurysms treated with coiling, and 17 (89.5%) with flow diversion. There were total 11 (13%) complications. In the flow diversion category, there were 2, both related to femoral access. In the coiling category, there were 9: 5 thromboembolic, 3 ruptures, and 1 related to femoral access. Conclusion Endovascular treatment, and in particular, flow diversion for DACAA, is safe, feasible, and associated with good long-term angiographic and clinical outcomes.
Cytochrome P450 and the Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid and Oxygenated Eicosanoids

Eukaryotic cells contain substantial amounts of arachidonic acid (AA; 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) esterified predominantly to the sn-2 position of cellular glycerophospholipids. As with many lipid-derived mediators, e.g., cholesterol, phosphoinositides, diglycerides, AA serves a structural role, as a component of cellular membranes, and an important functional role, as a participant in a variety of receptor/agonist-mediated signaling cascades.1–4 In the absence of stimuli, the intracellular levels of nonesterified AA are nearly undetectable. However, most organ cells possess an elaborate enzymatic machinery that, in response to a variety of stimuli, catalyzes: (1) the hydrolytic cleavage of the AA molecule form selected, hormonally sensitive phospholipid pools, (2) the transduction of chemical information into the fatty acid molecular template by means of regio- and stereospecific oxygenation reactions, and (3) the decoding of that chemical information either by receptor-mediated processes or, alternatively, by the direct effects of these oxygenated metabolites on metabolic pathways1–4 (Fig. 1). As a net result, these processes provide cells with a rapid and versatile on/off molecular switch for the intra- or intercellular transduction and/or amplification of functionally meaningful information.
The Theory of Polar Fluids

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the theory of polar fluids. The focus is on the foundations of the theory and applications of the theory are also discussed. The foundation of the theory of polar fluids is divided into five subsections. The first is concerned with the kinematics of polar-fluid motions, the second with dynamics and thermodynamics, the third with the formulation of constitutive relations for polar fluids, the fourth with the formulation of boundary value problems, and the fifth with the solutions to typical boundary-value problems. The foundations of the theory are described in terms of contemporary studies on the foundations of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. The applications of the theory of polar fluids have been, for example, to suspensions, to blood flow, and to mean turbulent flow. The theory is also applied to thin lubricating films and to problems involving surface films. Another area of application of the theory of polar fluids is to real fluids carrying charged particles and subjected to an external electromagnetic field that causes the particles to rotate relative to their neighbors. The chapter presents the related theories of fluid behavior. The chapter concludes by describing the relationship of polar-fluid theory to theories of a similar nature.
XML Documents Within a Legal Domain: Standards and Tools for the Italian Legislative Environment

The Norme in rete (NIR) [Legislation on the Net] national project aims at making easier the retrieval and the navigation between legal documents in a distributed environment and to encourage the development of systems with characteristics of interoperability and effective of use. In order to obtain this, two standards have been defined: a URN standard, to identify these materials through uniform names, and XML-DTDs to describe legislative documents within the NIR domain. In this paper the definition of such standards and the developments of tools aimed at making easier their adoption are illustrated. Particularly this paper presents a specific law drafting environment, NIREditor, able to produce legal documents and to handle legacy legislative documents according to the NIR standards.
TiO 2 nanoparticle ingestion alters glucose absorption in an in vitro model of the intestinal epithelium

An in vitro model of the small intestinal epithelium was utilized to model changes in glucose transport caused by exposure to 30 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Glucose transport across the intestinal model was significantly lower with exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. In the presence of the beneficial bacterium L. rhamnosus, however, these changes were no longer observed. These results could be significant, as changes in glucose absorption are associated with metabolic syndrome.
Leaf Development Takes Shape

The flat shape of most leaves enables them to capture sunlight for photosynthesis more efficiently. But how do leaves develop their flat shape? In their Perspective, [McConnell and Barton][1] discuss new work ([ Nath et al ][2].) that reveals how the differential expression of certain genes within developing leaves of the snapdragon makes these leaves flat. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5611/1328 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/299/5611/1404
Appendix B: Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

This appendix contains sections titled: The Structure of the FFT Windowing FFT of the State Variable Exercise References ]]>
Identification and control of large flexible spacecraft

The authors present a system identification technique that represents the structural dynamics of large, flexible space structures in terms of a reduced-order modal model. The finite-element method is used to reduce the order of the physical model, and then the model is transformed from a physical to a modal form. The maximum-likelihood method is used to parameterize the modal model on the basis of experimental observations of the structural dynamics. The test article consists of a softly supported dynamic model of a flexible beam and reflector grillage attached to the space shuttle, called SCOLE. The control objective includes directing the line of sight of the antenna like configuration toward a fixed target, under conditions of limited control authority and random disturbances. The identification technique is shown to be very effective in modeling SCOLE and for active controller designs. The method has some convergence problems but has the potential to be extremely useful for solving the system identification problem of other large flexible spacecraft. >
The Prototype MOSAIC Detector

The prototype of the MOSAIC (Mosaicked Optical Self-scanned Array Imaging Camera) system, a photon-counting detector designed for use in the far ultraviolet, is described. MOSAIC has a two-dimensional format of 2400 x 2400 pixels, and is easily expandable. Readout is accomplished electronically via charge-coupled devices, making possible remote observations. Preliminary results of computer simulations of the system are presented.
Inorganic optical dielectric films

Dielectric coatings have been in use for a very long time, yet today they represent a steadily growing world-wide industry. A wide range of materials, and applications from the near ultraviolet into the infrared are in use, or under development. This paper is a brief survey, including references to the literature, and a discussion of materials diagnostics. Discussed is the microstructure, optical constants and their relationship as determined especially by optical measurements. This paper emphasizes the materials science aspects rather than applications.
Rearrangements in unintegrated retroviral DNA are complex and are the result of multiple genetic determinants

We used a replication-competent retrovirus shuttle vector based on a DNA clone of the Schmidt-Ruppin A strain of Rous sarcoma virus to characterize rearrangements in circular viral DNA. In this system, circular molecules of viral DNA present after acute infection of cultured cells were cloned as plasmids directly into bacteria. The use of a replication-competent shuttle vector permitted convenient isolation of a large number of viral DNA clones; in this study, over 1,000 clones were analyzed. The circular DNA molecules could be placed into a limited number of categories. Approximately one-third of the rescued molecules had deletions in which one boundary was very near the edge of a long terminal repeat (LTR) unit. Subtle differences in the patterns of deletions in circular DNAs with one versus two copies of the LTR sequence were observed, and differences between deletions emanating from the right and left boundaries of the LTR were seen. A virus with a missense mutation in the region of the pol gene responsible for integration and exhibiting a temperature sensitivity phenotype for replication had a marked decrease in the number of rescued molecules with LTR-associated deletions when infection was performed at the nonpermissive temperature. This result suggests that determinants in the pol gene, possibly in the integration protein, play a role in the generation of LTR-associated deletions. Sequences in a second region of the genome, probably within the viral gag gene, were also found to affect the types of circular viral DNA molecules present after infection. Sequences in this region from different strains of avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses influenced the fraction of circular molecules with LTR-associated deletions, as well as the relative proportion of circular molecules with either one or two copies of the LTR. Thus, the profile of rearrangements in unintegrated viral DNA is complex and dependent upon the nature of sequences in the gag and pol regions.
Preclinical efficacy of belinostat in combination with zidovudine in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy that is incurable by conventional drugs. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDIs) are broadly active anti-neoplastic agents that can be cautiously exploited in the treatment of ATLL. The HTLV-I provirus is clonally integrated in virtually all ATLL cells. The viral promoter is trans-activated by Tax protein through binding of CREB and p300/CBP at the 5'LTR. Tax binding enhances p300/CBP histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity resulting in chromatin unwinding and transcription of the viral genome. Such HAT activity is countered by HDACs, and also by HBZ, which unlike Tax is the only viral gene consistently transcribed from the negative 3’ proviral strand end in ATLL. We recently conducted a clinical trial using the old generation HDI valproic acid (VPA) combined with zidovudine (AZT) and interferon alpha (IFNα) during maintenance therapy in patients with ATLL. We hypothesized that the HDI would reactivate HTLV-I thus provoking an immune response against circulating ATLL cells that normally persist after AZT/IFNα therapy. Supporting this notion adding VPA to AZT/IFNα resulted in HTLV-I proviral load reduction, followed by a molecular and prolonged clinical remission in one subject. We recently compared and tested more potent HDIs on primary ATLL cells and low-passage cell lines. In general, HDIs induced dose dependent Tax expression and apoptosis in ATLL cells, and provoked an intracellular innate immune response evidenced by the upregulation of IFN-B and IRF-7. The pan HDI belinostat caused H3 acetylation, blocked HBZ protein expression, and induced Tax protein expression in ATLL cells, while paradoxically inhibiting NF-κB nuclear activity, resulting in concomitant apoptosis. Further, adding AZT to belinostat augmented ATLL cell death. In contrast, IFNα treatment diminished apoptosis induced by belinostat. Based on these preclinical data, we proposed using belinostat in combination with AZT as consolidation therapy for ATLL. A pilot clinical trial is underway at our institution.
Growth and optical absorption spectra of the layer‐type trichalcogenides ZrS3 and HfS3

Optical absorption measurements on single crystals of the layer trichalcogenides ZrS3 and HfS3 were made in the energy range of the intrinsic absorption edge. The crystals are mono-clinic and have pronounced dichroism. Both compounds ZrS3 and HfS3 are semiconductors with band gap energies of about 2.8 and 3.1 eV, respectively. A simple model is proposed which explains the experimentally observed selection rules and which incorporates the symmetries of valence and conduction bands. Optische Absorptionsmessungen wurden an Einkristallen der beiden Schicht-Trichalcogenide ZrS3 und HfS3 im Energiebereich der Absorptionskante durchgefuhrt. Die Kristalle sind monoklin und zeigen starken Dichroismus. Beide Verbindungen ZrS3 und HfS3 sind Halbleiter mit einer Bandlucke von 2,8 bzw. 3,1 eV. Ein einfaches Model wird vorgeschlagen, das sowohl die beobachteten Auswahlregeln als auch die Symmetrie der Valenz- und Leitungsbander berucksichtigt.
A Bijective Toolkit for Signed Partitions

The recently formalized idea of signed partitions is examined with intent to expand the standard repertoire of mappings and statistics used in bijective proofs for ordinary partition identities. A new family of partitions is added to Schur’s Theorem and observations are made concerning the behavior of signed partitions of zero in arithmetic progression.
Vasculitis in the intensive care unit

The systemic vasculitides are a diverse set of diseases linked by the presence of blood-vessel inflammation and are often associated with life-threatening or critical complications, including glomerulonephritis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, pulmonary arterial hypertension and airway compromise. The protean manifestations of the systemic vasculitides make them challenging to diagnose. Early recognition, however, is crucial to improving outcomes. This article serves as an introduction to these complex diseases, reviewing the manifestations of systemic vasculitis that may be encountered in an intensive care setting, and outlines an overall approach to their treatment.
Optical properties of the protochlorophyll pigments. II. Electronic absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra.

Abstract An analysis is presented of the electronic absorption spectroscopic properties of the protochlorophyll pigments by means of the fluorescence excitation and emission spectra, fluorescence polarization, and circular dichroism. From the fluorescence emission and polarization spectra, assignments of the visible absorption bands to four electronic transitions and their vibrational components are made, and their relative orientations are deduced. The main red and blue bands of the protochlorophyll pigments show parallel polarization to each other, in contrast with the case of the chlorophylls where they are perpendicular. On the other hand, the first vibrational overtone of the red band presents a mixed x−y polarization. The circular-dichroism spectra correlate with the fluorescence polarization data, the red and blue regions each showing two circular-dichroism bands of opposite signs. The results are discussed in connection with the theoretical data available for the porphyrin pigments.
Incidence and treatment of complications, suboptimal outcomes, and functional deficiencies after pollicization.

Purpose To evaluate the incidence and treatment of complications, suboptimal outcomes, and functional deficiencies after pollicization, and the need for additional surgical procedures. Methods A total of 73 index finger pollicizations performed by a single surgeon were identified. We retrospectively evaluated all available patient records for perioperative complications, suboptimal outcomes, and functional deficiencies of the pollicized digit. Results There were 8 complications in the perioperative period (including 3 cases of venous congestion, 4 cases of marginal necrosis, and 1 infection), requiring 12 surgical procedures; 1 pollicized digit was removed owing to nonviability. There were 8 suboptimal outcomes, including 7 cases of scar contracture and 1 with redundant skin, requiring 3 surgical procedures. Additional procedures related to functional deficiencies were performed in 26 total patients, 19 for poor opposition and 15 for limited extension. Conclusions Most perioperative complications and suboptimal outcomes after pollicization are minor when an experienced surgeon is involved. Venous congestion, although uncommon, is a major viability risk and should be treated aggressively. In addition, a substantial number of pollicized digits have functional deficiencies related to anatomical limitations that can be addressed with muscle and tendon transfers. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Recombination enhanced suppression of deep trap accumulation in silicon during He+ ion implantation

The influence of in situ forward bias on the accumulation of defect complexes in p+-n diodes during 75 keV He+ ion implantation has been investigated. Deep level transient spectrometry was used to characterize the concentration, spatial distribution and energy levels of implantation induced deep traps. It was found that in situ forward bias with a current density of 2 A/cm2 causes more than an order of magnitude suppression of deep trap accumulation. This is attributed to recombination enhanced migration of mobile constituents prior to defect complex formation. A new major electron deep trap located at Ec − 0.55 eV [1] was investigated. Its annealing kinetics, charge carrier capture cross section, and spatial distribution with respect to previously known deep traps are presented.
Modeling heat and mass transfer in immersion frying. II, model solution and verification

Abstract A mathematical model of heat and moisture transfer in a infinite slab undergoing immersion frying was solved using a three step procedure: a coordinate transformation of the partial differential equations, application of the finite difference method of Crank-Nicolson to produce a series of nonlinear algebraic equations, and Gauss-Seidel iteration for solution of the equations. Simulation output consisted of temperature profiles, moisture profiles, average moisture content, moisture transfer flux rates, and crust thickness data. The model was verified by comparison of the predicted temperature profiles, average moisture content, and crust thickness with experimental data. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental data was obtained.
Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.
Calcium and cyclic AMP as possible mediators of neurohormone action in the hindgut of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae

Abstract Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (10 −5 g/ml) often caused a gradual increase in spotaneous contractile activity of the hindgut of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae , and on rare occasions it would evoke a hormone-like response. However, aminophylline (2·5 × 10 −4 g/ml) was capable of mimicking the neurohormone, and a concentration of 2·5 × 10 −5 g/ml potentiated the contractile response evoked by the neurohormone: these responses were blocked by either the presence of 1 mM manganous ion or in a high potassium solution (162 mM). Propranolol (10 −6 g/ml) and dopamine (10 −4 g/ml) suppressed both spontaneous contractile events and neurohormone action. Dopamine (5 × 10 −6 g/ml) also blocked action potential generation as did propranolol at 10 −4 g/ml. These results lead us to suppose that cyclic AMP might serve as a mediator of neurohormone action by increasing calcium transport across the surface membrane of muscle fibres. Caffeine (2·5 × 10 −4 g/ml), like aminophylline, caused a hormone-like response in normal hindguts. Even when the visceral muscles of the hindgut were depolarized in 162 mM potassium solution (without calcium), caffeine was still capable of inducing a phasic response. However, the addition of 2 mM calcium to such potassium-depolarized preparations caused a gradual increase in muscle tonus and substantially potentiated the response to caffeine. Such findings clearly implicate calcium as the mediator of excitation-contraction coupling in visceral muscle. While the interactions between the neurohormone, cyclic AMP, and calcium seem to be largely associated with the surface membrane and action potential generation.
Interaction of Isobutene with the Surface of Different Solid Acids

Abstract The interaction of an olefin with relatively high reactivity toward acid-catalyzed polymerization such as isobutene, with four different solid acids was investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), continuous flow studies using a packed-bed oscillating balance reactor (OBR), and temperature-programmed desorption/reaction (TPD/R) of the preadsorbed olefin. The uptake of isobutene and its oligomers produced by acid-catalyzed surface polymerization at 473 K is very slow over H-ZSM-5, presumably due to a diffusion-controlled reaction process. The narrow pore structure of the zeolite prevents coke formation (cyclization), and the isobutene oligomers desorb slowly upon heating under nitrogen. In light of TPD/R and DRIFTS results, tungstated zirconia appears to be unable to undergo irreversible retention of isobutene and oligomeric products, whereas the two forms of sulfated zirconia investigated in this study retain a relatively large amount of oligomeric species, and subsequently produce coke and lose the sulfate function. There is a redox reaction between the surface carbonaceous residues and the sulfate function in sulfated zirconias. Of the four catalysts studied, sulfated zirconia systems were the most vulnerable to chemical attack by isobutene.
Dynamic fracture characteristics of CuCo alloys

Abstract The fracture behavior of heat-treatable CuCo alloys has been examined for conditions of quasi-static and dynamic loading. The finer dimple structures and intergranular fracture surfaces observed after dynamic loading suggest that failure under these conditions is controlled primarily by microvoid nucleation along grain boundaries and at incoherent particle-matrix interfaces. Alloys in the peakaged condition exhibit a superior resistance to dynamic fracture when compared with solution-treated and with overaged alloys, suggesting vacancy trapping by coherent precipitates. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed microvoid formation at incoherent precipitates during deformation in overaged alloys, leading to the conclusion that voids too small for detection by optical microscopy assume an important role in the initiation of ductile failure during dynamic loading.
NEONATAL READMISSION: IMPORTANCE OF INADEQUATE ENTERIC INTAKE † 1260

Despite recent federal legislation, many mothers and physicians will continue to choose early discharge (≤48 hours) after uncomplicated deliveries. To determine what proportion of neonatal readmissions 1) had readmission diagnoses specifically related to newborn problems and 2) were potentially preventable, we retrospectively reviewed the records of all infants discharged from the UCSD normal nursery who were readmitted between 1/1/95 and 11/30/96 at ≤14 days of age.
Accuracy of standardless nuclear microprobe trace element analyses

Abstract The primary advantage of the PIXE technique is the ability to provide rapid, simultaneous, spatially resolved analysis for a large number of elements at the few μg/g level. Assessment of the accuracy of quantitative analysis of PIXE spectra obtained at the Los Alamos nuclear microprobe facility has been made by comparing accepted reference values to the analyses of NBS standard reference material #610, which contains 61 elements at nominal concentrations of 500 μg/g, and the C1 carbonaceous chondrite Orgueil. No systematic error was found in the analyses, however the uncertainty in an individual analysis was found to be about 10%. Long count time analyses of Orgueil show that minimum practical detection limits, in complex thick targets, for the PIXE technique are about 0.2 to 0.6 μg/g.
Brief report: Medial temporal lobe and autism: A putative animal model in primates

The experimental work is promising from the standpoint of the similarities between the behavioral syndrome seen in infant monkeys with neonatal damage to the amygdalohippocampal complex and autistic children. They have in common the symptoms of abnormalities in social interactions, changes in facial and body expressions as well as the development of Stereotypic behaviors. There is an early onset of symptoms in both cases, though in early infancy the complete syndrome is not apparent. Both disorders (at least for low-functioning autistic subjects) are characterized by memory deficits despite normal abilities in certain kinds of learning tasks. Thus, the time course as well as the nature of the socioemotional disturbances and the cognitive impairment observed in monkeys with early damage to the medial temporal lobe structures strongly suggest that autism too may result from early dysfunction of the medial temporal lobe structures. Indeed, an attractive feature of this animal analog of autism is that it can account for a range of apparently unrelated symptoms, that is, social and motivational deficits and motor stereotypies and self-directed behaviors. It is also of interest that, like autistic children, monkeys with early amygdalohippocampal damage exhibited considerable variability of specific symptoms, suggesting that autism too may result from a common locus of pathology that produces multiple phenotypic displays, rather than resulting from multiple pathologies that each yield a particular subset of autistic symptoms. Finally, the extent of damage to the medial temporal lobe could explain some of the heterogeneity of behavioral disturbances in autism. Indeed, the severe learning and memory deficits shown in more developmentally delayed autistic subjects could result from bilateral involvement of amygdala, hippocampal, and adjacent cortex, but, perhaps, in the case of higher functioning subjects with relative preserved cognitive abilities, the amygdala could be affected but the hippocampal and adjacent cortical areas relatively spared, resulting in social impairment but more intact learning capacity. The validity of this animal model may become more apparent as future research defines more specifically the role of each of the medial temporal lobe structures in the development of social skills, emotion, and memory. Together with the neuropathological changes found in the medial temporal lobe region, experimental data are providing incentive to further investigate this fascinating, complex, and devastating disorder of the immature brain.
Deep X-ray lithography for micromechanics via synchrotron radiation

Abstract Micromechanics is an emerging field with many applications in microsensors and microactuators. The processing tool which is needed for these devices must produce three-dimensional structures from many materials with submicron tolerances. Synchrotron based X-ray lithography can be used to fabricate photoresist molds with structural heights to 500 μm and nearly perfect edge acuity. The plastic molds can be converted to metal molds via electroplating. Fabricated metal parts can be assembled to form complex structures. An example of this technique is a fully functional planar, magnetic micromotor which has been fabricated and is in the testing phase.