cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightning in Wildfire Smoke Plumes Observed in Colorado during Summer 2012

AbstractPyrocumulus clouds above three Colorado wildfires (Hewlett Gulch, High Park, and Waldo Canyon; all during the summer of 2012) electrified and produced localized intracloud discharges whenever the smoke plumes grew above 10 km MSL (approximately −45°C). Vertical development occurred during periods of rapid wildfire growth, as indicated by the shortwave infrared channel on a geostationary satellite, as well as by incident reports. The lightning discharges were detected by a three-dimensional lightning mapping network. Based on Doppler and polarimetric radar observations, they likely were caused by ice-based electrification processes that did not involve significant amounts of high-density graupel. Plumes that did not feature significant amounts of radar-inferred ice at high altitudes did not produce lightning, which means lightning observations may assist in diagnosing pyrocumulus features that could affect the radiative characteristics and chemical composition of the upper troposphere. The lightnin...
Economic theories of democratic legitimacy and the normative role of an ideal consensus

Economic theories of democratic legitimacy (discussed here as minimalist theories) have criticized deliberative accounts of democratic legitimacy on the grounds that they do not represent a practic...
Dynamic Diversity Toward a Contextual Understanding of Critical Mass

Through an analysis of relevant social science evidence, this article provides a deeper understanding of critical mass, a concept that has become central in litigation efforts related to affirmative action admissions policies that seek to further the educational benefits of diversity. We demonstrate that the concept of critical mass requires an understanding of the conditions needed for meaningful interactions and participation among students, given the particular institutional context. To highlight this contextual definition of critical mass and to avoid further obfuscations in the legal debate, we offer the term dynamic diversity and outline four main components of dynamic diversity that institutions can attend to. By thinking of dynamic diversity as the goal, institutions and lawyers should be better poised to answer the question of how much diversity is necessary for leveraging its educational benefits.
Estimated likelihood of observing a large earthquake on a continental low‐angle normal fault and implications for low‐angle normal fault activity

The lack of observed continental earthquakes that clearly occurred on low-angle normal faults (LANFs) may indicate that these structures are not seismically active or that these earthquakes are simply rare events. To address this, we compile all potentially active continental LANFs (24 in total) and calculate the likelihood of observing a significant earthquake on them over periods of 1-100 years. This probability depends on several factors including the frequency-magnitude distribution. For either a characteristic or Gutenberg-Richter distribution, we calculate a probability of about 0.5 that an earthquake greater than M6.5 (large enough to avoid ambiguity in dip angle) will be observed on any LANF in a period of 35 years, which is the current length of the global centroid moment tensor catalog. We then use Bayes' Theorem to illustrate how the absence of observed significant LANF seismicity over the catalog period moderately decreases the likelihood that the structures generate large earthquakes.
Novel agents in renal carcinoma: a reality check:

The discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying development of renal cell carcinoma have allowed for the development of novel targeted therapy for treatment of this disease. Recently, multiple agents have become approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, including sunitinib, sorafenib, bevacizumab (with interferon alpha), pazopanib, temsirolimus and everolimus. While these therapies have generated excitement and have clearly altered the treatment paradigm, multiple limitations have been elucidated over time. These include but are not limited to the fact that treatment is not associated with complete responses, a significant number of patients are primarily refractory to treatment, and clinical trials mostly include clear cell histology. Furthermore, the role of these therapies in the treatment of brain metastases remains unclear and therapies can have considerable toxicities. RECIST criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) can be inadequate for the assessment of these modalities’ treatment efficacy, and biomarkers predictive of individual patient benefit have been elusive. This review summarizes the major clinical data and discusses these limitations.
Robust integration of multiple information sources by view completion

There are many applications where multiple data sources, each with its own features, are integrated in order to perform an inference task in an optimal way. Researchers have shown that for many tasks like webpage classification, image classification, and pattern recognition, combining data from multiple information sources yields significantly better results than using a single source. In these tasks each of the multiple data sources can be thought of as providing one view of the underlying object. However in many domains not all of the views are available for the available instances; some of the views would be missing. This problem of missing views affects the performance of the machine learning task. In this paper we provide a method of view completion to heuristically predict the missing views. We show that with view completion we are able to achieve significantly better results. We also show that by considering the information at a higher level in terms of views rather than considering them at a lower level in terms of features we are able to achieve better results. We demonstrate this by comparing our method with existing methods which consider the missing views problem as a missing value problem.
Electronic Journals: Time for a New Paradigm in Biomedical Communication

Despite an exponentially increasing knowledge base in the biomedical sciences and revolutionary advances in computer technology and global networking, scientists and health care workers continue to rely on the nineteenth-century medium of print periodicals as the mainstay of information distribution. Multidisciplinary in theory and practice, practitioners of intensive care medicine are particularly in need of a modern and efficient communication and publishing medium. This discussion questions the appropriateness of the current model of commercial print publishing for biomedical communication, finding it inefficient, expensive, and overly restrictive. With the explosive recent growth of the Internet, and the platform-independent World Wide Web, scientists and clinicians now have an opportunity to forge a new paradigm of noncommercial electronic publishing. For a fraction of the cost that the biomedical community is spending currently for our antiquated system, universal access over the Internet to peer-re...
Electromagnetic time-reversal imaging of a target in a cluttered environment

Electromagnetic time-reversal imaging is addressed for a target situated in a cluttered background. We first investigate the theory of electromagnetic time-reversal imaging, followed by an experimental demonstration. A transmitter-receiver antenna array is connected to a network analyzer and applied to transmit wideband waveforms for detecting a target within a cluttered environment. We assume the cluttered background is fixed, thus the target signature is extracted by observing changes manifested by the introduction of a target. A numerical algorithm is required for computation of the Green's function employed within the time-reversal imager, with this implemented here via ray tracing. Example time-reversal images of different cluttered backgrounds and different targets are presented using measured data, with comparisons to a traditional radar imaging technique. Results show that the time-reversal imagery yields good focusing at the target, significantly better than when the background is not accounted for.
Adaptation by introgression

Both selective and random processes can affect the outcome of natural hybridization. A recent analysis in BMC Evolutionary Biology of natural hybridization between an introduced and a native salamander reveals the mosaic nature of introgression, which is probably caused by a combination of selection and demography.
Health datapalooza 2012.

The goal of the Health Datapalooza 2012 is liberate data. IT IS A great time to be an innovator at the intersection of data and healthcare according to the panelists at the 2012 Health Data Initiative Forum—aka the Health Datapalooza—which was held in Washington DC at the Convention Center on June 5–6, 2012. The Health Data Initiative, originally launched in 2010 by the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is a public–private collaboration that encourages innovators to utilize health data to develop applications that raise awareness of health and health system performance and spark community action to improve health. The 2012 Forum is the third annual event and is the largest one yet. The goal of the Health Datapalooza is to showcase the best and brightest new applications using data from government and other sources. Innovators presented their technologies to the audience, describing how it uses health data and makes a meaningful impact on health. This year the attendees included over 1600 leaders from the White House, federal agencies, investment and venture capital sectors, academia, social service organizations, public health communities, information technology firms, business and health care delivery systems who came together to make data actionable. Over 100 applications and Web sites, all powered by open data were presented. Here are some of the best new applications featured at the forums, in breakout sessions, or in the exhibit hall. Although some of the sites require users to register, most are free and easy to use. Symcat (http://symcat.com/) is an application designed by two Johns Hopkins Medical School classmates to help cyberchondriacs—or people who search the Internet about worrisome symptoms (most of us) understand what conditions might be causing those symptoms and provide immediate, customized information for those searchers. It is
Posttranslational regulation of pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase in developing rice (Oryza sativa) seeds

Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; E.C.2.7.9.1) is most well known as a photosynthetic enzyme in C4 plants. The enzyme is also ubiquitous in C3 plant tissues, although a precise non-photosynthetic C3 function(s) is yet to be validated, owing largely to its low abundance in most C3 organs. The single C3 organ type where PPDK is in high abundance, and, therefore, where its function is most amenable to elucidation, are the developing seeds of graminaceous cereals. In this report, we suggest a non-photosynthetic function for C3 PPDK by characterizing its abundance and posttranslational regulation in developing Oryza sativa (rice) seeds. Using primarily an immunoblot-based approach, we show that PPDK is a massively expressed protein during the early syncitial-endosperm/-cellularization stage of seed development. As seed development progresses from this early stage, the enzyme undergoes a rapid, posttranslational down-regulation in activity and amount via regulatory threonyl-phosphorylation (PPDK inactivation) and protein degradation. Immunoblot analysis of separated seed tissue fractions (pericarp, embryo + aleurone, seed embryo) revealed that regulatory phosphorylation of PPDK occurs in the non-green seed embryo and green outer pericarp layer, but not in the endosperm + aleurone layer. The modestly abundant pool of inactive PPDK (phosphorylated + dephosphorylated) that was found to persist in mature rice seeds was shown to remain largely unchanged (inactive) upon seed germination, suggesting that PPDK in rice seeds function in developmental rather than in post-developmental processes. These and related observations lead us to postulate a putative function for the enzyme that aligns its PEP to pyruvate-forming reaction with biosynthetic processes that are specific to early cereal seed development.
Renewal theory in a random environment

A random environment is modelled by an arbitrary stochastic process, the future of which is described by a σ-algebra. Renewal processes and alternating renewal processes are defined in this environment by considering the conditional distributions of random variables generated by the processes with respect to the σ-algebra. Generalizations of several of the standard limit theorems of renewal theory are derived.
Optical monitoring of anchoring change in vertically aligned thin liquid crystal film for chemical and biological sensor

A significant advance in sensitivity of liquid-crystal (LC)-based chemical and biological sensors can be achieved by actively monitoring anchoring energy change. We simulate the deformation of a LC director with different anchoring energies using the finite element method and the optical properties of the LC film using the finite-difference time-domain method. Polarizing micrographs are collected and compared with simulated textures. Measurement of optical transmission is used to monitor the anchoring change. Experimental and simulation results both demonstrate the optical method can effectively monitor the surface anchoring change due to the presence of targeted analytes.
Function Approximation Through Growing Neural Network Based On RBF And Potential Functions

This research work proposes a neural network based on RBFs with symmetrical potential functions and two fundamental components - potential function generators (PFG) and potential function entities (PFE). The approach, based on RBFNs with symmetrical potential functions (SPF), performs a mapping based on a set of generated potential fields over the domain of input space by a number of potential function entities. The placement and parameterization of the local units as well as the choice of their number is difficult and critical part for RBF networks. Networks with too many parameters can overfit data and have poor generalization. The presented method allows effective determination of all these values automatically. The proposed approach is suitable for on-line and off-line applications
The Importance of Developing Employability

The focal article by Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser is timely. With persistently high unemployment levels in the United States and across the globe it is clear that we need not only an understanding of what makes people successful in the jobs that they have but also an understanding of how to get them into the workforce and keep them there. To make the problem even clearer, consider the fact that despite the high unemployment rates and increasing numbers of students attending college, there are an estimated 3.5 million unfilled job openings (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.nr0.htm) at this very moment. Industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists need to come to a better understanding of the nature of this problem and the potential solutions. The focal article represents an important first step in this process, but we believe that there are some areas of neglect in the model presented. In particular, we would like to focus our commentary on the development of both character and knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for employment.
Efficient learning of Continuous-Time Hidden Markov Models for disease progression

The Continuous-Time Hidden Markov Model (CT-HMM) is an attractive approach to modeling disease progression due to its ability to describe noisy observations arriving irregularly in time. However, the lack of an efficient parameter learning algorithm for CT-HMM restricts its use to very small models or requires unrealistic constraints on the state transitions. In this paper, we present the first complete characterization of efficient EM-based learning methods for CT-HMM models. We demonstrate that the learning problem consists of two challenges: the estimation of posterior state probabilities and the computation of end-state conditioned statistics. We solve the first challenge by reformulating the estimation problem in terms of an equivalent discrete time-inhomogeneous hidden Markov model. The second challenge is addressed by adapting three approaches from the continuous time Markov chain literature to the CT-HMM domain. We demonstrate the use of CT-HMMs with more than 100 states to visualize and predict disease progression using a glaucoma dataset and an Alzheimer's disease dataset.
Occult Congenital Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Two Adults Presenting with Collecting System Rupture After Blunt Renal Trauma: A Case Report Series

Abstract We report two adult cases of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction detected incidentally in the setting of blunt abdominal trauma. CT images are provided to describe the presentation, while review of the literature and management of renal trauma are discussed.
Low-source-temperature diffusion absorption refrigeration. Part II: Experiments and model assessment

Abstract The diffusion absorption refrigeration cycle can enable passive fully thermally activated refrigeration for off-grid applications. In the accompanying paper, a new system configuration was proposed that employs alternate working fluids (NH3–NaSCN–He), a coupling-fluid heated bubble-pump generator, and an enhanced absorber. Detailed component and system level models were formulated for this design. In Part II of this work, the subject of this paper, these results are applied to implement a complete low-source-temperature (110–130 °C) passively cooled diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) system. Cooling was achieved at temperature ranges suitable for refrigeration (Tevap = 6 → 3 °C, COP ~ 0.06) and air-conditioning (12 → 8 °C, COP ~ 0.14). Device performance was also assessed at elevated ambient temperatures, reduced ambient air velocities, and varying system pressures. Results from this investigation agreed well with the predictions of the models developed in Part I.
Pests of Stored Peanuts: Toxicity and Persistence of Chlorpyrifos-Methyl

Virginia type peanuts were treated with 5, 10, 20, and 30 ppm chlorpyrifosmethyl and infested with fifth-instar almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) at T 1 T 60, T 120 and T 180 (days after application). Rates of 5 and 10 ppm did not kill almond moth larvae at T 1 and rates of 20 and 30 ppm were only marginally effective. Indianmeal moth larvae were more susceptible to chlorpyrifosmethyl than were almond moth larvae, but only the 20 and 30 ppm rates gave control at T 1 Adult red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and merchant grain beetles, Oryzaephilus Mercator (Fauvel), were also tested at T 1 T 60, T 120 T 180 and T 270. Rates of 20 and 30 ppm were effective against both beetle species for at least 180 d after application.
Homecoming: the relevance of radical feminism for gay men.

SUMMARY Sexual politics in the gay male world would be enhanced by a serious engagement with radical feminist politics, particularly critiques of pornography and the sex industry. As the domination/subordination dynamic at the heart of patriarchy damages homosexual men, such engagement is crucial to the future of a gay movement.
Effect of Heat and Nucleotides on Human Erythrocyte Inorganic Pyrophosphatase.

SummaryHuman erythrocyte inorganic pyrophosphatase rapidly lost activity by incubation above 37°C. The enzyme was protected against heat inactivation by pyro-phosphate, magnesium and cysteine. Dilute enzyme preparations were more labile than concentrated ones. The reaction catalyzed by pyrophosphatase was inhibited by nucleotide triphosphates. Inosine triphosphate served as substrate for stroma-free hemolysates.
Evaluation of the Hall Electrolytic Conductivity Detector for the Analysis of Narcotic Alkaloid and Phenothiazine Drugs Extracted from Urine

The electrolytic conductivity detector can be used for the rapid and selective determination of narcotic alkaloid and phenothiazine drugs in the presence of urine coextractants. The high selectivity of the detector enables drug concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/dl to be analyzed without extensive sample cleanup or derivatization.
Occult Femoral Neck Fracture Associated With Vitamin D Deficiency Diagnosed by MRI: Case Report

Hip fractures in the young are exceedingly rare and are usually seen in instances of high energy trauma or metabolically altered bone states. In this case report, we present an occult femoral neck fracture, diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, in an otherwise healthy, young, active duty male patient with an isolated vitamin D deficiency treated using cannulated percutaneous screws.
Changes in Course of Retinopathy of Prematurity from 1986 to 2013: Comparison of Three Studies in the United States.

Purpose To compare infant and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) characteristics from 3 clinical studies conducted over a 27-year period in the United States. Design Secondary analysis of results of 3 clinical studies. Participants Infants with birth weight (BW) Methods Analysis of data from the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) and Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) trials and the primary data from the Telemedicine Approaches for the Evaluation of Acute-Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity (e-ROP) study. Main Outcome Measures Infant characteristics and onset, severity, and time course of ROP. Results Across the 3 studies, mean (standard deviation) BW and mean gestational age (GA) decreased over time from CRYO-ROP (954 g [185 g], 27.9 weeks [2.2 weeks]) to ETROP (907 g [205 g], 27.4 weeks [2.2 weeks]) to e-ROP (864 g [212 g], 27.0 weeks [2.2 weeks]), with an increase in the percentage of infants enrolled weighing P P = 0.003). Moderately severe ROP (defined as prethreshold or referral warranted) varied (17.8% CRYO, 12.3% ETROP, 19.4% e-ROP; P Conclusions The BW and GA of infants enrolled in ROP studies in the United States have decreased over the past 27 years, whereas ROP prevalence and onset of disease are stable.
Neurovirulence of pseudorabies virus

Virulence is defined as the relative capacity of a microorganism to overcome the defense mechanisms of the host organism and thereby cause disease. Virally induced virulence is usually quantitated by measuring the mean time to death or appearance of symptoms following viral inoculation. In this review we make a distinction between general virulence and neurovirulence. We define neurovirulence as the degree of pathogenesis in the nervous system, but intend it to be more encompassing than the simple ability of the virus to grow in the central nervous system (CNS). This distinction is made possible by recent advances that permit an integrated assessment of the degree of pathology, reactive gliosis, and inflammatory response to infection in the intact organism with specific antisera and molecular probes.
Bar calcification of the mitral anulus: A risk factor in mitral valve operations

Between Jan. 1, 1979, and Jan. 1, 1986, 72 septuagenarians had open heart operations for disease of the mitral valve. Thirty-two (44%) had additional operative procedures. Overall seven patients (9.7%) died within 30 days of operation. Eleven patients had bar calcification of the posterior mitral annulus as defined by three criteria and 61 did not. No differences between these two groups were present except for hospital mortality. Three of the 11 patients (27.3%) died at or soon after operation of complications resulting from the calcified annular bar. Only four of 61 patients (6.6%) without bar calcification died early. The difference in early mortality between the two groups is significant (p less than 0.05) and identifies the presence of bar calcification of the posterior mitral annulus as an independent risk factor of mitral valve operations in elderly patients.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of single-dose therapy of urinary tract infection compared to conventional treatment.

Abstract A cost effectiveness analysis comparing single-dose with conventional antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infection is described. The analysis is based on aggregated effectiveness and side effect rates reported in the medical literature. A comparison of single-dose and conventional regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin indicates that single-dose regimens are preferable to conventional regimens of either drug, and that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is preferable to amoxicillin, on the grounds both of days of morbidity averted and of medical care costs. Thus single-dose therapy is cost-effective compared to conventional treatment.
Odor Sensing by Trace Amine-Associated Receptors

Abstract Olfaction in vertebrates is primarily mediated by G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), including odorant receptors (ORs) and trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Like ORs, TAARs are expressed in sparse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) via monoallelic receptor choice. Within OSNs, TAARs localize to both sensory cilia and axons that converge on stereotyped main olfactory bulb (MOB) glomeruli. Activated TAARs couple to canonical olfactory signaling proteins that transduce odor detection into neural activity. Many TAARs detect volatile amines including ethological odors derived from carnivores (2-phenylethylamine; TAAR4), male mice (trimethylamine; TAAR5), and carrion (cadaverine; TAAR13c). Some TAAR ligands are attractive or innately aversive, depending on the species. In mice, deletion of TAAR4 eliminates 2-phenylethylamine aversion, while deletion of TAAR5 eliminates trimethylamine attraction. TAARs provide an excellent model for mechanistic study of odor valence encoding.
Logic and logics

…since one never knows what will be the line of advance, it is always most rash to condemn what is not quite in the fashion of the moment. Russell 1906, cited in Rescher 1974 ‘Classical’ and ‘non-classical’ logics There are a great many formal logical systems. In fact, ever since the ‘classical’ logical apparatus was formulated, there have been those who urged that it should be improved, modified or replaced. An instructive example can be taken from the history of the material conditional; anticipated by the Stoics, ‘material implication’ was formalised by Frege 1879 and Russell and Whitehead 1910 and supplied with a suitable semantics by Post 1921 and Wittgenstein 1922. As early as 1880, however, MacColl had urged the claims of a stricter conditional; ‘strict implication’ was formalised by Lewis 1918; and after that dissatisfaction with its claims to represent entailment led to the introduction of ‘relevant implication’ (see ch. 10 §7). My present object is to get some perspective on the great variety of logical systems, to approach such questions as how they relate to each other, whether one must choose between them, and, if so, how. My strategy will be to consider the various ways in which the standard logical apparatus has been modified, and the various pressures in response to which such modifications have been made.
Using 3D computer planning for complex reconstruction of mandibular defects

For complex reconstruction of osseous defects of the head and neck, three-dimensional (3D) computer planning has been available for over 20 years. However, despite its availability and recent refinements, it is a technology that has not been widely adopted. While 3D computer planning has been proposed to improve surgical precision, reduce operating time and enhance functional outcomes, the objective evidence supporting these claims is limited. Here we review the recent literature that supports the use of 3D computer planning for complex osseous defects of the mandible. We highlight a case example where 3D modeling played a critical role, particularly during the virtual surgical planning stage. Finally, we propose that routine post-operative 3D analysis become an essential element in determining operative success. Critical evaluation of outcomes will better define its use in complex reconstruction of osseous defects.
Simulation of coil separation and angle effects on the mutual inductance for 13.56 MHz WRAP sensors

Continuous patient monitoring in the normal daily life can be realized with body-worn wireless and fully passive sensors. We have previously developed and optimized a novel Wireless Resistive Analog Passive (WRAP) sensor technology with inductive link between a secondary Printed Spiral Coil (PSC) attached to the body and a wearable scanner with the primary PSC to continuously monitor physiological signal. The flexible and unobtrusive nature of wireless connection between primary and secondary coils causes the distance and the angle between the PSCs to change in real-life operation that can influence the mutual inductance and alter the sensitivity of the whole system. In this paper, we use COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the effects of varying PSC separation and angle on the mutual inductance for our 13.56 MHz WRAP sensors. We simulate a pair of optimized coil in the cubic infinite boundaries (for magnetic and electric fields) using mef (magnetic and electric field) physics in a stationary study. The results show a decrease of 82% in coupling factor with increasing the tilting angle from 0° to 60°. The coupling factor decreases with increasing separation and angle (center-to-edge) in a quadratic function basis.
Umbilicoplasty for Bladder Exstrophy

In patients born with bladder exstrophy, the umbilicus is attached to the upper margin of the bladder, and reconstructive surgery of the urinary tract often removes the navel. Both the genital tract and abdominal wall must be reconstructed. The author describes his technique into tubularization of a U-shaped skin flap 2–3 cm wide and 2 cm long depending on the patient size, rather than using the buried skin strip method.
Use of a Smartphone Application to Reduce Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study:

Background:Hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness are common in long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D). This pilot study examined the real-world use of a smartphone application (app), which receive...
Risk Assessment in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients: The Long and Short of it

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and rapidly progressive disease that is characterized by extensive narrowing of the pulmonary vasculature, leading to increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, subsequent right ventricular dysfunction, and eventual death. There are currently multiple approved drugs—developed as single or combination therapies in the last few years—that have improved outcome and functionality in PAH. However, despite improvement in short-term survival with these new effective therapies, PAH remains an incurable disease with a median survival of 7 years (Figure 1).1 This chronic disease state may be characterized by morbid events such as hospitalizations that herald rapid disease progression and account for a significant disease burden (Figure 2).2,3 Physician ability to predict PAH disease progression is critical for determining optimal care of patients. Accurate risk assessment allows clinicians to determine the patient's prognosis, identify treatment goals, and monitor...
A Fast Parallel Blood Flow Simulator

This paper presents a fast parallel blood flow simulator with a long term goal that is to provide a close to real time simulator that can be used automatically withMRI data in clinical conditions. To achieve this performance, our method relies on three techniques; a level set method to obtain the geometry of the artery, the L2 penalty method to deal with complex geometry, and a fast domain decomposition solver designed for parallel processing.
Rhodium at the chemistry–biology interface

As a rare element with no known natural biological function, rhodium has a limited history in biological chemistry and chemical biology. However, rhodium complexes have unique structure and reactivity attributes, and chemists have increasingly used these attributes to probe and perturb living systems. This brief review focuses on recent advances in the use of rhodium complexes in biological contexts, including medicinal chemistry, protein science, and chemical biology. In particular, we highlight both structure- and reactivity-driven approaches to biological probes and discuss how coordination environment affects molecular properties in a biological environment.
Using Evans Blue Dye to Determine Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Rodents

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an active and selective barrier that shields the brain from endogenous and exogenous insults. Different stimuli may lead to the disruption of this barrier, including inflammation and trauma. Several methods are used to evaluate BBB disruption. The most widely used method is Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation. EB cannot normally pass through the BBB and thus its presence in brain tissue indicates alterations in permeability. This protocol details the steps of EB extravasation in rodents. Important aspects regarding critical steps and advantages are also provided. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Historical Drought Affects Microbial Population Dynamics and Activity During Soil Drying and Re-Wet.

A history of drought exposure promoted by variable precipitation regimes can select for drought-tolerant soil microbial taxa, but the mechanisms of survival and death of microbial populations through the selective stresses of soil drying and re-wet are not well understood. We subjected soils collected from a 15-year field drought experiment (“Altered” precipitation history with extended dry periods, versus the “Ambient” field control) to a laboratory drying/re-wetting experiment, to learn whether selective population survival, death, or maintenance of protein synthesis potential and microbial respiration through variable soil water conditions was affected by field drought legacy. Microbial community composition, as measured by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene, shifted with laboratory drying/re-wet and field drought treatments. In Ambient soils, there was a higher proportion of reduced OTU abundance (indicative of mortality) during re-wet, whereas Altered soils had a greater proportion of stable OTU populations that did not change in abundance (indicative of survival) through drying/re-wet. Altered soils also had a lower proportion of rRNA:rRNA genes (lower protein synthesis potential) during dry-down, a greater weighted mean rRNA operon number (potential growth rate and r-selection) which was associated with higher abundance of Firmicutes (order Bacillales), and lower average microbial respiration rates. These data demonstrate that soils with a weaker historical drought legacy exhibit a higher prevalence of microbial water-stress mortality and differential survival and death at OTU levels following short-term dryingand re-wetting, concurrent with higher carbon loss potential. This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms and consequences of soil microbial changes resulting from extended drought conditions.
A Mixed Legacy: The United Nations Intervention In Cambodia

The Paris Peace Agreement (PPA), reached by Cambodian warring factions and their foreign patrons in 1991, mandated the United Nations to end the country’s protracted conflict, rebuild the economy, ...
Exploring the Mechanism through Which Peer Effects Operate in Preschool Classrooms to Influence Language Growth.

Abstract Peer-effects research finds that preschool children’s language growth is associated with classmates’ skills and that children with disabilities especially benefit from classmates with higher skills. The current study estimates the amount of peer language resources individual children access through their classroom-based peer social interactions, which represents an aggregation of peers’ language skills weighted by teacher-perceived interaction intensities between dyads. Participants were 448 children (57% boys, 40% with disabilities, Mage = 52.29 months) from 58 inclusive preschool classrooms. Results showed a significant variation of peer language resources within classrooms and indicated that children with disabilities had significantly fewer peer language resources, although peer language resources showed a stronger association with their language growth than that of typically developing children.
Survey of Rickettsia parkeri and Amblyomma maculatum associated with small mammals in southeastern Virginia.

Abstract Small mammals are often parasitized by the immature stages of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae) and may serve as reservoir hosts of tick-borne pathogens. Amblyomma maculatum, the Gulf Coast tick, is the primary vector of Rickettsia parkeri, the causative agent of R. parkeri rickettsiosis. This hard-bodied tick species is expanding its historical range from the Gulf Coast of the U.S. up the Mid-Atlantic coast. In Mid-Atlantic states, such as Virginia, R. parkeri prevalence is higher in these ticks than those found in its historical range. This high prevalence may be explained in part by small mammal populations. In this study, small mammals were trapped and checked for the presence of immature A. maculatum. The ticks as well as tissue samples from these mammals were tested for the presence of R. parkeri. This study found six rodent species acting as hosts to immature A. maculatum and three species that may play a role in the enzootic cycle of R. parkeri in Virginia.
Teaching the World: Educational Pivots for the Second Half of the ADR Century

We are currently approaching the midpoint of the first century of ADR development in the U.S and around the world. It is a remarkable point in time to be involved in the ADR field, marked as it is by reflection upon the first half of The ADR Century and planning ahead for the second. This article begins by briefly surveying presentations and conversations at recent field-wide gatherings, aimed at bridging the past and future of ADR. Turning to the future, the article explains how the ADR field can build on its previous successes by refining its conceptual models in both theory and practice. Focusing on ADR education in law schools, its key suggestion is that ADR’s educational model also needs paradigmatic revision in the form of a strategic pivot, if we wish the field to maintain and expand its beneficial impact across systems, professions, and society at large. Prescriptively, the article recommends the educational arm of the ADR field adopt a broader vision of its educational scale and impact, and offers a number of examples of such broadly-aimed activity. Bringing large numbers of non-students—members of the public who are not enrolled in our schools or our courses—into the circle of those we affect through ADR education will benefit our schools, expand ADR practice, and strengthen the overall impact of the ADR field.
School-based interventions to improve sleep duration: Lessons learned and future directions

Recent reports have shown that the majority of school-aged children and adolescents experience insufficient sleep duration making sleep health a significant public health concern. School-based sleep interventions that have the ability to reach large numbers of children simultaneously may be a viable strategy to combat this epidemic. The goal of this topical review is to examine published school-based interventions to identify lessons learned and provide suggestions for future research. Our findings show that school-based sleep interventions to date have been designed as both universal interventions for all students as well as targeted interventions delivered only to those identified as having sleep problems. Unfortunately, most interventions resulted in minimal change in sleep, with only 3 interventions improving sleep by more than 30 min per night. Education-based strategies alone are typically insufficient to produce substantial behavior change. The strategy of screening the most at-risk students and then providing individual and specifically targeted intervention may be an efficient use of resources that schools could utilize. Further work is needed to examine the feasibility and efficacy of school-based interventions in achieving clinically significant improvements in sleep duration at a larger scale to curb the epidemic of insufficient sleep in school-aged children and adolescents.
Penetration and Reflection Characteristics in Millimeter-Wave Indoor Channels

This paper presents indoor penetration and reflection characteristics of common building materials at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. These channel properties are carefully studied at 60, 71, and 81 GHz using a narrow-band signal with directional horn antennas. We measured the reflection coefficients at these high frequencies with varying incident angles to the surface of a material. Average penetration loss of material is also studied based on antenna polarization effects (co-polarization and cross-polarization) at 73 GHz channel. Materials include drywall and plywood for these channel characteristics in an indoor lab environment. It is found that the co-polarization has a higher path gain of 45.4 dB in the line-of-sight (LOS) scenario as compared to cross-polarization for the 73 GHz channel. Moreover, average penetration loss of plywood is slightly increased for cross-polarization (8.96 dB/cm) as compared to the co-polarization antenna (8.10 dB/cm) penetration loss. Results show that reflection coefficients, |Γ ⊥ | are stronger at higher frequencies, and the range of |Γ ⊥ | varies from 0.38 to 0.83 with impinging direction (i.e., to the surface of drywall) for 20° to 60°, respectively, in the 81 GHz channel.
Socioeconomic disparity is associated with faster retinal neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.

Disease course in multiple sclerosis is notably heterogenous, and few prognostic indicators have been consistently associated with multiple sclerosis severity. In the general population, socioeconomic disparity is associated with multimorbidity and may contribute to worse disease outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Herein, we assessed whether indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with disease progression in people with multiple sclerosis using highly sensitive imaging tools like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and determined if differential multiple sclerosis management or comorbidity mediate any observed SES-associated effects. We included 789 participants with longitudinal OCT and low contrast letter acuity (LCLA; at 1.25% and 2.5%) in whom neighborhood- (derived via 9-digit postal codes) and participant-level SES indicators were available ≤10 years of MS symptom onset. Sensitivity analyses included participants with SES indicators available ≤3years of symptom onset (n = 552). Neighborhood-level indicators included state and national area deprivation indices (ADI), median household income, and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) SES Index. Participant-level indicators included education level. Bi-annual OCT scans were segmented to quantify thickness of the composite macular ganglion cell+inner plexiform layer (GCIPL). We assessed the association between SES indicators and GCIPL atrophy or LCLA loss using mixed models adjusting for demographic (including race and ethnicity) and disease-related characteristics. We also assessed SES indicators in relation to multiple sclerosis therapy changes and comorbidity risk using survival analysis. More disadvantaged neighborhood-level and patient-level SES indicators were associated with faster retinal atrophy. Differences in rate of GCIPL atrophy for individuals in the top quartile (most disadvantaged) relative to the bottom quartile (least) for state ADI were -0.12 µm/year faster (95%CI: -0.19, -0.04; p = 0.003), for national ADI were -0.08 µm/year faster (95%CI: -0.15, -0.005; p = 0.02), for household income were -0.11 µm/year faster (95%CI: -0.19, -0.03; p = 0.008), for AHRQ SES Index were -0.12 µm/year faster (95% CI: -0.19, -0.04) and for education level were -0.17 µm/year faster (95%CI: -0.26, -0.08; p = 0.0002). Similar associations were observed for SES indicators and LCLA loss. Lower SES was associated with higher risk of incident comorbidity during follow-up. Low SES individuals had faster rates of therapy escalation, suggesting the association between SES and GCIPL atrophy may not be explained by differential contemporaneous multiple sclerosis therapy management. In conclusion, socioeconomic disparity is associated with faster retinal neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. As low SES was associated with a higher risk of incident comorbidities that may adversely affect multiple sclerosis outcomes, comorbidity prevention may mitigate some of the unfavorable SES-associated consequences.
A mixed methods approach to exploring values that inform desirable food-systems futures

Throughout the United States, urban food systems are in suboptimal states that are not operating efficiently or equitably and thus do not support food security for all. Creating transformation to a...
Clinical Photic Stimulation: 2. Photomyoclonic, Photoconvulsive, Asymmetric, and Focal Responses

(1969). Clinical Photic Stimulation: 2. Photomyoclonic, Photoconvulsive, Asymmetric, and Focal Responses. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 49-66.
"Curiously Uninvolved": Social Work and Protest against the War in Vietnam

This article reviews four leading social work journals from 1965-1975 for content on the War in Vietnam and the social issues arising from it. It finds that social work's major journals carried nearly no articles, letters, editorials, or short subjects related to the war and concludes that the dominant discourse constructed in the journals excluded meaningful engagement with the war or protest against it.
The Brain and Behavior: Temporal lobe: Neocortical structures

Emil Kraepelin (1919) suggested that abnormalities in the frontal lobe were responsible for problems in reasoning and that damage to the temporal lobe resulted in delusions and hallucinations in patients with dementia praecox (schizophrenia). The classical findings of Kluver and Bucy in the 1930s clearly and strongly linked the temporal lobes to behavior. Their work provided the basis from which the concept of the limbic system has developed. The temporal lobe can be divided into two regions: lateral and ventromedial. The lateral region supports cognitive functions associated with several sensory systems. It is recognized as neocortex and is the focus of this chapter. The ventromedial region of the temporal lobe contains major portions of the limbic system and thus contributes significantly to emotional tone. The ventromedial, limbic temporal lobe is discussed in Chapter 11. It is now accepted that dysfunction of the dorsolateral region of the temporal lobe may be associated with several psychopathological states. Temporal lobe lesions due to a variety of neurological insults can lead a patient to present with signs and symptoms that are more consistent with a psychiatric diagnosis than with a traditional neurological one. Anatomy and behavioral considerations The temporal lobe lies ventral to the lateral fissure (of Sylvius) and the parietal lobe. It is rostral to the occipital lobe (Figure 5.1). The superior temporal sulcus and the lateral fissure lie above the superior temporal gyrus and are particularly deep.