cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On attenuation of moral hazard in risk sharing in poor urban economies

This paper examines how risk sharing is shaped by moral hazard and enforcement concerns. The existing literature mostly looks at each concern in isolation and misses out on an interesting tradeoff between insurance and production (effort) that is introduced by jointly incorporating moral hazard and enforcement problems. We show that self-enforcement of contracts requires reduced insurance which in turn softens the moral hazard stance, thereby enhancing effort. Households therefore work harder and produce more output, though they are less insured. This offers an explanation of why informal risk sharing persists despite potentially significant monitoring and enforcement difficulties.
Polybrominated biphenyls as promoters in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) for six months after a 70% partial hepatectomy and diethylnitrosamine administration (10 mg/kg body weight) to determine if PBB could serve as a tumor promoter in a two stage hepatocarcinogenesis test system. Firemaster BP-6, a commercial mixture of PBB, and its major congener, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) were used in this study. Tumor promoting ability was assessed by measuring enzyme altered foci exhibiting gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Dietary concentrations of 10 and 100 p.p.m. of the mixture of PBB and of HBB were found to be promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis. The mixture of PBB had a greater tumor promoting ability than HBB.
Regularization of Synchronized Chaotic Bursts

The onset of regular bursts in a group of irregularly bursting neurons with different individual properties is one of the most interesting dynamical properties found in neurobiological systems. In this paper we show how synchronization among chaotically bursting cells can lead to the onset of regular bursting. In order to clearly present the mechanism behind such regularization we model the individual dynamics of each cell with a simple two-dimensional map that produces chaotic bursting behavior similar to biological neurons.
A critical period for provisioning by Hadza men: Implications for pair bonding

Abstract Human pair bonding is often attributed to the importance of male provisioning. However, this has been called into question in recent years. Among tropical hunter–gatherers like the Hadza of Tanzania, the foods that men acquire contribute less to the diet than women's foods, are acquired with less regularity, and are shared more widely outside the household. This forces us to ask what benefits forager women gain from being married. Here, I present data suggesting that Hadza women benefit from a husband's provisioning when they have young nurslings. During this critical period, women have lower foraging returns and return rates, while their husbands have higher returns. These higher returns are not due to more meat, but to less widely shared foods, like honey. Even if women are subsidizing husbands much of the time, provisioning by husbands during this critical period of lactation could be enough to favor pair bonding.
Conformation-specific spectroscopy of 4-phenyl-1-butyne and 5-phenyl-1-pentyne

4-Phenyl-1-butyne and 5-phenyl-1-pentyne were studied by a combination of methods including resonance-enhanced-two-photon ionization, UV-UV hole-burning spectroscopy, and rotational band contour studies. There are two conformations of 4-phenyl-1-butyne observed in the expansion with their S1<-- S0 origins occurring at 37617 and 37620 cm(-1). MP2 and DFT calculations identify these two low energy conformations (with the acetylenic group anti or gauche with respect to the ring) and confirm that these are the only two low energy conformations anticipated to have population in them. The experimental rotational band contours of the origin bands were compared to simulations based on transition moment directions and rotational constants predicted by CIS calculations. This comparison leads to definitive assignments for the bands, with the gauche and anti conformations assigned to the red and blue-shifted conformers, respectively. Three conformations of 5-phenyl-1-pentyne were observed in the expansion with their S1<-- S0 origins occurring at 37538, 37578, and 37601 cm(-1). MP2 and DFT calculations predict four low energy structures arising from gauche or anti conformations about each of the Calpha-Cbeta and Cbeta-Cgamma bonds. Rotational band contour analysis was used to assign the above transitions to gauche-anti (ga), gauche-gauche (gg), and anti-gauche (ag) structures, respectively.
Oxidized LDL Binds to CD36 on Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Transfected Cell Lines Evidence Implicating the Lipid Moiety of the Lipoprotein as the Binding Site

Abstract Accumulating evidence strongly implicates oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several receptors have been identified that bind and internalize Ox-LDL, but their relative importance in vivo is unclear. CD36 is an 88-kD transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/macrophages, platelets, and microvascular endothelium that has been implicated as a putative receptor for Ox-LDL. We demonstrate that an anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody inhibited 50% of the specific binding and 26% of the specific degradation of Ox-LDL by human monocyte–derived macrophages. To characterize more completely this binding we evaluated interactions between CD36 and Ox-LDL in murine NIH-3T3 cells stably transfected with human CD36 cDNA. Ox-LDL bound to CD36-transfected 3T3 cells in a saturable manner. Specific binding, internalization, and degradation of Ox-LDL were increased fourfold in CD36-transfected cell lines compared with 3T3 cells transfected with vector alone. Binding of Ox-LDL to CD36-transfected 3T3 cells was inhibited by a panel of anti-CD36 antibodies and by soluble CD36 but not by thrombospondin. Specificity of binding was demonstrated by the equivalent binding of LDL and acetylated LDL to control and CD36-transfected 3T3 cells. The epitope or epitopes on Ox-LDL recognized by CD36 are undefined. Two observations suggest that CD36 recognizes a lipid moiety or that the lipid portion of the lipoprotein is essential for apoprotein recognition. The first is that the increased binding of Ox-LDL to CD36-transfected 3T3 cells is abrogated by delipidation of the lipoprotein, and the second is that oleic acid competes for the binding of Ox-LDL to CD36-transfected 3T3 cells. These data demonstrate that CD36 functions as an Ox-LDL receptor and suggest that CD36 may play a functional role in lipid accumulation by human macrophages and subsequent foam cell development during atherosclerosis.
Multiscale Patterning of a Biomimetic Scaffold Integrated with Composite Microspheres

The ideal scaffold for regenerative medicine should concurrently mimic the structure of the original tissue from the nano- up to the macroscale and recapitulate the biochemical composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in space and time. In this study, a multiscale approach is followed to selectively integrate different types of nanostructured composite microspheres loaded with reporter proteins, in a multi-compartment collagen scaffold. Through the preservation of the structural cues of the functionalized collagen scaffold at the nano- and microscale, its macroscopic features (pore size, porosity, and swelling) are not altered. Additionally, the spatial confinement of the microspheres allows the release of the reporter proteins in each of the layers of the scaffold. Finally, the staged and zero-order release kinetics enables the temporal biochemical patterning of the scaffold. The versatile manufacturing of each component of the scaffold results in the ability to customize it to better mimic the architecture and composition of the tissues and biological systems.
An interview with M.F. Beal

Author M.F. Beal was born in New York City on 6 September 1937. She attended Cornell University and Barnard College, earning her BA in 1960, and then the University of Oregon, where she received an...
Comparison of treatment of melomental fold rhytides with cross-linked hyaluronic acid combined with onabotulinumtoxina and cross-linked hyaluronic acid alone.

BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid and onabotulinumtoxinA combination therapy has been shown to have greater clinical effectiveness than hyaluronic acid alone for glabellar furrowing, but this is not well documented for melomental fold rhytides. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of intradermal cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) and onabotulinumtoxinA combination therapy with the efficacy of cross-linked HA monotherapy in patients with melomental fold rhytides. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-two patients received combination therapy to a melomental fold area while also receiving cross-linked HA and a placebo saline injection to the contralateral side. Blinded physician evaluators and patient self-evaluators clinically and photographically assessed responses during standard intervals over 12 months. RESULTS The melomental folds treated with combination therapy had significantly greater aesthetic improvement than the monotherapy-treated side at 2 weeks and 1 month upon physician photographic review. Furthermore, the median time for return to pretreatment rhytides was 6.5 weeks longer in the combination therapy side. Patient assessment also revealed improvement over baseline for the combination therapy at 1 month. CONCLUSION Cross-linked HA and onabotulinumtoxinA combination therapy to melomental fold rhytides may provide better overall aesthetic results and longer duration of aesthetic improvement than cross-linked HA monotherapy. David Beynet, Gary P. Lask and Jenny Kim are consultants for Allergan. The authors received the cross-linked HA and onabotulinumtoxinA for the study from Allergan, Inc. (Irvine, CA). This was an investigator-initiated study and no scientific input was received from Allergan Inc.
Phase stability and structural properties of Ni7±δS6 and Ni9S8 : heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of Ni7S6 at temperatures from 5 K to 970 K and of Ni9S8 from 5 K to 673 K

Abstract Two stable solid phases with composition in the range from (45 to 48) moles per cent of S exist for (nickel + sulfur): Ni 9 S 8 which disproportionates to Ni 1 - δ S and Ni 7 ± δ S 6 above T = (709 ± 5) K, and Ni 7 ± δ S 6 . The latter non-stoichiometric phase forms eutectoidally from Ni 9 S 8 and Ni 3 S 2 at T = (675 ± 3) K. It is stable in a rather narrow temperature interval and disproportionates to Ni 1 - δ S and Ni 3 ± δ S 2 at T = (850 ± 2) K. The phases are characterized structurally, and a revised phase diagram is presented. The heat capacity of a sample with composition Ni 7 S 6 was determined over the temperature range T = 5 K to 970 K by adiabatic calorimetry. Effects from metastable modifications of the high-temperature phase were observed during thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and calorimetry on incompletely equilibrated samples. Thermodynamic-function values for Ni 7 S 6 and Ni 9 S 8 are presented.
Knowledge management technology and the reproduction of knowledge work practices

Abstract Organizations seeking ways to manage their knowledge assets are increasingly turning to information technology for solutions. As knowledge management systems are being developed and implemented, it behooves both practitioners and researchers to learn from the successes and failures of more established types of information systems including MIS and DSS. According to the Standish Group, the implementation success rate for these systems runs at around 30%. Many argue that these low success rates are, in part, attributable to technologists’ lack of understanding of the situated work practices of the systems’ user communities. This has lead to increasing calls for research on work practice in the field of Information Systems. Unfortunately, it is not always clear what is meant by work practice. Furthermore, the consideration of work practice outside of its circuit of reproduction can be misleading. By circuits of reproduction we mean the reciprocal relationships through which practice creates and recreates the objectified social structures and conditions in which it occurs. In this paper, we adopt Bourdieu's Theory of Practice to illuminate work practices and their circuits of reproduction. Relying on data that were collected during an eight-month ethnography of knowledge work practices in a US-based, Fortune 500 manufacturing firm, we focus on the situated “gatekeeping” practices of a group of competitive intelligence analysts and explore how their situated practices were at odds with the generalized “gatekeeping” practices embedded in a knowledge management technology whose implementation they themselves were advocating. We argue that their inability to see this incongruence until very late in the pilot implementation is associated with an understanding of their work practices in isolation, i.e. outside of their circuits of reproduction.
Frost sorted patterned ground: A review

Sorted circles, polygons, and stripes are reported from Alaska, Greenland, Baffin Island, Antarctica, and New Hampshire. From these studies and key references, all cases are found to have: (1) a mixed parent material, commonly till, composed of a wide range of clast sizes unsorted below frost table, (2) gutter depressions containing the largest stones and carrying summer drainage, and (3) tabular stones on edge in the gutters showing expansion-squeezing from the sides. The size of the unit cells, gutter to gutter, is a function of mean maximum clast size: smallest chips making forms 10 cm diameter across and largest forms 20 m across. The slope determines the shape: polygons, and nets form on slopes up to 2 or 4° depending upon amount of water and fines. Ellipses form on 3 to 6° slopes, and stripes form on 4 to 11° slopes. Clearly shape is an effect of solifluction. Lastly, time involves seasons of sporadic sorting until there is a stable end form with lichen-covered stone gutters and tundra-covered soil centers. The up-and-out mechanism, described by Corte, is the best known for the primary sorting. Larger sorted forms (2–20 m in diameter) are reported almost exclusively where nearly continuous permafrost exists. They form where the mean annual temperature is below − 4°C. Former permafrost is indicated where lichen and turf are dense and not overturned and where measured motion is nil. Small forms (under 1 m in diameter) are generated in a year or two where there is only deep annual freezing (0.1–2 m), but no permafrost.
Cellular sources and targets of IFN-γ-mediated protection against viral demyelination and neurological deficits

IFN-gamma is an anti-viral and immunomodulatory cytokine critical for resistance to multiple pathogens. Using mice with targeted disruption of the gene for IFN-gamma, we previously demonstrated that this cytokine is critical for resistance to viral persistence and demyelination in the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis. During viral infections, IFN-gamma is produced by natural killer (NK) cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; however, the proportions of lymphocyte subsets responding to virus infection influences the contributions to IFN-gamma-mediated protection. To determine the lymphocyte subsets that produce IFN-gamma to maintain resistance, we used adoptive transfer strategies to generate mice with lymphocyte-specific deficiencies in IFN-gamma-production. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma production by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets is critical for resistance to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelination and neurological disease, and that CD4(+) T cells make a greater contribution to IFN-gamma-mediated protection. To determine the cellular targets of IFN-gamma-mediated responses, we used adoptive transfer studies and bone marrow chimerism to generate mice in which either hematopoietic or somatic cells lacked the ability to express IFN-gamma receptor. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma receptor must be present on central nervous system glia, but not bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, in order to maintain resistance to TMEV-induced demyelination.
Determinants of FDI Incentive Preferences of MNEs

In this study, managers of U.S. firms with operations in the Caribbean region evaluated the attractiveness of twenty host country incentives. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed to determine whether incentive preferences were a function of investment characteristics. The results indicate that incentive preferences depend on the type of investment, market orientation, size of investment, geographic location, year of investment, and type of product. Furthermore, exporters considered import duty concessions to be more desirable than did investors oriented toward the local markets. These results indicate that government programs waiving import duties, such as the free trade zones of the Dominican Republic and the maquiladora program of northern Mexico, are providing the incentive deemed most important by their targeted investors.
Twitching Flow Taxis Upstream Motility of Surface Attached Bacteria

Twitching motility is a mechanism in which bacteria move about solid surfaces by repeatedly extending and retracting long extracellular filamentous structures known as pili. We investigated the effects of flow on P. aeruginosa cells and found that surface shear stress causes surface-attached P. aeruginosa cells to migrate against the flow direction while pivoting in a zig-zag motion. Because this directed motility depends on polar type IV pili and results from the effects of flow on the polar attachment of bacterial cells, we describe it as twitching flow-taxis. Finally, we examined the function of two molecular motors responsible for this motion and characterized their individual functions. Our results suggest a model in which there are two distinct modes of twitching motility.
Charge-mediated recognition of N-terminal tryptophan in aqueous solution by a synthetic host.

The molecular recognition of peptides and proteins in aqueous solution by designed molecules remains an elusive goal with broad implications for basic biochemical research and for sensors and separations technologies. This paper describes the recognition of N-terminal tryptophan in aqueous solution by the synthetic host cucurbit[8]uril (Q8). Q8 is known to form 1:1:1 heteroternary complexes with methyl viologen (MV) and a second aromatic guest. Here, the complexes of Q8·MV with (i) the four natural aromatic α-amino acids, (ii) four singly charged tryptophan derivatives, and (iii) four tryptophan-containing tripeptides were characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry, mass spectrometry, and UV−visible, fluorescence, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. We find that Q8·MV binds Trp−Gly−Gly with high affinity (Ka = 1.3 × 105 M-1), with 6-fold specificity over Gly−Trp−Gly, and with 40-fold specificity over Gly−Gly−Trp. Analysis of the nine indole-containing compounds suggests that peptide recognition is mediated by...
Asteroids as meteorite parent-bodies: the astronomical perspective

A review of astronomical evidence suggests that asteroids are the parent-bodies for most meteorites. The surfaces of most asteroids are like carbonaceous chondrites while a significant minority are of stony-iron composition. Other meteorite types are recognized in the belt but are rare. The size distribution of stony-iron asteroids implies they are remnant cores of about 100 differentiated bodies subjected to collisional fragmentation by carbonaceous objects initially about 300 times more numerous than now. Incomplete evidence on parent-body collisions exists in data on Hirayama families, asteroid lightcurves, and the compositional homogeneity of individual asteroids. Modern-day asteroid regoliths are thin and cannot have been environments for formation of most brecciated, gas-rich meteorites; such meteorites formed during early accretion of the asteroids. A scenario for the origin and evolution of meteorite parent-bodies is presented which includes: (1) interruption of planet-formation by processes due to Jupiter; (2) substantial asteroidal collisions during the first 0.5 b.y.; and (3) formation of most meteorite types within the differentiated bodies.
Vibrational spectroscopy of defect complexes containing Au and H in Si

Abstract Several hydrogen-vibrational lines have been discovered near 1800 cm −1 in Si that contains Au and H. These hydrogen-stretching lines are assigned to AuH, FeAuH, and AuH 2 complexes. The AuH and FeAuH complexes were found to be electrically active with the different charge states having vibrational frequencies shifted by ca. 15 cm −1 . The antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of one charge state of AuH 2 have been assigned. Tentative structural models for the complexes are proposed. These results show that the complexes containing Au and H have properties similar to PtH and PtH 2 complexes studied previously.
MeV ion beam processing of III–V compound semiconductors

MeV ion beam processing provides a very promising technology for 3-dimensional device fabrication and property modification of deeply buried interfaces; its application to III–V compound semiconductors will be presented. Using MeV oxygen ion implantation one can produce deeply buried insulating layers in n-type GaAs crystals, and induce compositional disordering in GaAs/GaAlAs superlattices. It has been employed, as a simple and promising technique, for fabricating high efficiency single quantum well GRINSCH GaAs/AlGaAs lasers. Formation of deeply buried high resistivity layers in n-type InP has also been investigated. A comprehensive study of MeV-ion-implanted InP by a variety of analytical techniques has provided a coherent picture of implanted distribution, structural transition, crystalline damage, and lattice strain in the implanted InP crystals, and has led to a good understanding of the physical processes involved in MeV ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. Application of MeV nitrogen ion implanted InP to laser devices will also be discussed.
Formal theory of finite nuclear systems

Abstract A new formal derivation of the shell model is presented which is equally applicable at closed shells or far removed from them. The development is framed within a theoretically-based generalization of the intermediate coupling equations of A. de Shalit, though arguments are also given for referring these back to an effective Hamiltonian.
Some scrambling reactions of tetramethyltin

Abstract By means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance, exchange of methyl groups with chlorine atoms has been studied in mixtures of tetramethyltin with the tetrachlorides of either tin, germanium, or silicon in 0.3 M CCl 4 solution. After several weeks at 120°, equilibrium was reached in the all-tin system with respect to scrambling of the methyl groups and chlorine atoms. Equilibrium constants for this system are given for the neat liquids at 175°. After several months in the range of 120–150°, the system involving germanium had only partially equilibrated with respect to scrambling of methyl and chloro groups between the tin and the germanium. In the case of the system involving silicon, initial reaction between tetramethyltin and silicon chloride led to the formation of (CH 3 ) 3 SnCl and CH 3 Cl.
Materials balance in a tung oil mill

Weights were determined and analyses made of tung fruit milled and of all products leaving the mill for two runs of about 90 tons each in a commercial mill under normal operating conditions. Dry matter, oil, and nitrogen in the fruit were satisfactorily accounted for in products leaving the mill, 101% of the oil being accounted for in each run. This showed that the methods of analysis and sampling were accurate.
Correlates of comfort with alternative settings for HPV vaccine delivery.

Low uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine calls for innovative approaches. Offering the vaccine in settings outside the traditional medical home, such as schools and pharmacies, could increase use. We sought to characterize the acceptability of HPV vaccine delivery in these alternative settings using a national (US) sample of parents of adolescent males ages 11–17 y (n = 506) and their sons (n = 391) who completed our online surveys in Fall 2010. We used multivariable regression to identify correlates of parents’ and sons’ comfort with (i.e., acceptability of) alternative settings. Half of parents (50%) and over one-third of sons (37%) reported that they were comfortable with schools or pharmacies as locations for the sons to receive HPV vaccine. Parents and sons were more comfortable with HPV vaccination in alternative settings if the sons had not recently visited their health care providers or had previously received vaccines at school, or if parents and sons were comfortable talking with each other about new vaccines. Parents who perceived greater barriers to HPV vaccination were more comfortable with alternative settings, as were sons who perceived that their peers were more accepting of HPV vaccine (all p < 0.05). Offering HPV vaccine in alternative settings may increase vaccination, especially among hard-to-reach adolescents. For example, our results suggest that offering the vaccine in alternative settings to boys who had not had recent health care visits could increase uptake by more than 10%. Study findings also highlight factors that should be addressed to maximize the potential success of HPV vaccination programs.
Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal

New surficial data (field, Landsat TM and topography) define morpho-tectonic domains and rift flank segmentation in the Ol9khon region of the Central Baikal rift. Deformation, drainage and depositional patterns indicate a change in the locus of active extension that may relate to a recent (
SOLiD-SAGE of Endophyte-Infected Red Fescue Reveals Numerous Effects on Host Transcriptome and an Abundance of Highly Expressed Fungal Secreted Proteins

One of the most important plant-fungal symbiotic relationships is that of cool season grasses with endophytic fungi of the genera Epichloe and Neotyphodium. These associations often confer benefits, such as resistance to herbivores and improved drought tolerance, to the hosts. One benefit that appears to be unique to fine fescue grasses is disease resistance. As a first step towards understanding the basis of the endophyte-mediated disease resistance in Festuca rubra we carried out a SOLiD-SAGE quantitative transcriptome comparison of endophyte-free and Epichloe festucae-infected F. rubra. Over 200 plant genes involved in a wide variety of physiological processes were statistically significantly differentially expressed between the two samples. Many of the endophyte expressed genes were surprisingly abundant, with the most abundant fungal tag representing over 10% of the fungal mapped tags. Many of the abundant fungal tags were for secreted proteins. The second most abundantly expressed fungal gene was for a secreted antifungal protein and is of particular interest regarding the endophyte-mediated disease resistance. Similar genes in Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. have been demonstrated to have antifungal activity. Of the 10 epichloae whole genome sequences available, only one isolate of E. festucae and Neotyphodium gansuense var inebrians have an antifungal protein gene. The uniqueness of this gene in E. festucae from F. rubra, its transcript abundance, and the secreted nature of the protein, all suggest it may be involved in the disease resistance conferred to the host, which is a unique feature of the fine fescue–endophyte symbiosis.
Rotational isomers of ethyl dithioacetate and ethyl thionoacetate: A Raman study

Raman spectra of ethyl dithioacetate (CH3CS2C2H5) and ethyl thionoacetate (CH3C(S)OC2H5) have been measured as a function of temperature in the liquid phase and in the solid phase at low temperature. For both compounds disappearance of several bands from the liquid spectrum on solidification established the presence of more than one conformer in the liquid phase. Temperature variation studies on band pairs whose components belong to different isomers gave enthalpy differences of 598±48 cal mol−1 and 1072±65 cal mol−1 between the conformers of CH3CS2C2H5 and CH3C(S)OC2H5 respectively. The most probable low-energy conformer, in both instances, is the s-cis form with all the heavy atoms contained in a single plane.
Distribution of cow-calf producers’ beliefs regarding gathering and holding their cattle and observing animal movement restrictions during an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease

The voluntary cooperation of producers with disease control measures such as movement restrictions and gathering cattle for testing, vaccination, or depopulation is critical to the success of many disease control programs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Texas in order to determine the distribution of key beliefs about obeying movement restrictions and gathering and holding cattle for disease control purposes. Two questionnaires were developed and distributed to separate representative samples of Texas cow-calf producers, respectively. The context for each behavior was provided through the use of scenarios in the questionnaire. Belief strength was measured using a 7-point Likert-like scale. Producers surveyed were unsure about the possible negative consequences of gathering and holding their cattle when requested by authorities, suggesting a key need for communication in this area during an outbreak. Respondents identified a lack of manpower and/or financial resources to gather and hold cattle as barriers to their cooperation with orders to gather and hold cattle. Producers also expressed uncertainty about the efficacy of movement restrictions to prevent the spread of foot-and-mouth disease and concern about possible feed shortages or animal suffering. However, there are emotional benefits to complying with movement restrictions and strong social expectations of cooperation with any movement bans put in place.
Brightening of the Lowest Exciton in Carbon Nanotubes via Chemical Functionalization

Using time-dependent density functional theory, we found that chemical functionalization at low concentrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) locally alters the π-conjugated network of the nanotube surface and leads to a spatial confinement of the electronically excited wave functions. Depending on the adsorbant positions, the chemisorption significantly modifies the optical selection rules. Our modeling suggests that photoluminescent efficiency of semiconducting SWNT materials can be controlled by selective chemical functionalization.
Simultaneous multiple-emitter fitting for single molecule super-resolution imaging

Single molecule localization based super-resolution imaging techniques require repeated localization of many single emitters. We describe a method that uses the maximum likelihood estimator to localize multiple emitters simultaneously within a single, two-dimensional fitting sub-region, yielding an order of magnitude improvement in the tolerance of the analysis routine with regards to the single-frame active emitter density. Multiple-emitter fitting enables the overall performance of single-molecule super-resolution to be improved in one or more of several metrics that result in higher single-frame density of localized active emitters. For speed, the algorithm is implemented on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architecture, resulting in analysis times on the order of minutes. We show the performance of multiple emitter fitting as a function of the single-frame active emitter density. We describe the details of the algorithm that allow robust fitting, the details of the GPU implementation, and the other imaging processing steps required for the analysis of data sets.
Agreement Through Threats: The Northern Ireland Case

After briefly recounting the centuries-old dispute between Great Britain and Ireland, the current conflict over Northern Ireland between Britain and Sinn Fein/Irish Republican Army (IRA) is analyzed as a 2 × 2 game. The unique Nash equilibrium in this game is shown not to predict the recent behavior of and Sinn Fein/IRA, which declared a cease-fire in September 1994, resumed its bombing campaign in February 1996, and reinstituted a cease-fire in July 1997. However, these moves are consistent with and Sinn Fein/IRAs asserting its threat power, according to the theory of moves (TOM).
Pond nursery production of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) and weaning to commercial diets

Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) were spawned during March, 1997, and 4-day post hatch larvae (mean TL=2.0±0.1 mm) were stocked into two 0.1 ha ponds at a density of 74 m−2. At stocking, water temperature was 20°C and salinity 30 ppt. No supplemental feed provided and fish were harvested after 74 days of culture (June 9). A total of 5587 fingerlings were harvested from the ponds and average survival was 3.8%. Mean fish length in one pond was 37±7 mm (23–54 mm) while mean size of fish in the other pond was 55±8 mm (38–80 mm). Incidence of pseudoalbinism was extremely low (<1%) in both ponds. The 78-day old fish which were harvested from the ponds were converted to dry diets in 14 days. Average survival during the transition period was 80.4%. In contrast, fish harvested, during a previous pond nursery study, at an age of 220 days required 106 days to transition to dry feeds. Survival during transition averaging 58.2%.
Trade-off scheme for fault tolerant connected dominating sets on size and diameter

Connected Dominating Set (CDS) has been a well known approach for constructing a virtual backbone to alleviate the broadcasting storm in wireless networks. Current research has focused on minimizing the size and diameter or improving the fault tolerance of CDS. However, to our best knowledge, no existing research has considered these three important factors together in a single model. In this paper, we introduce the fault tolerant model studying a joint optimization problem in which the objective is to minimize the CDS size as well as the network latency. This model also addresses the tradeoffs between the objective functions. We next propose one approximation algorithm and two distributed algorithms with constant ratios for the model. Simulation results show that our algorithms can gain good tradeoffs between the three factors, which coincide with theoretical analysis. Moreover, our algorithms could obtain a better performance than previous work.
The effects of internal resources and partnership quality on firm performance: An examination of Indian BPO providers

Abstract Firms from developed nations are increasingly resorting to business process outsourcing (BPO) as part of their global sourcing strategy. Although BPO is a growing practice, there has been limited empirical attention in understanding the phenomenon, particularly from the perspective of provider firms that execute important business processes for their overseas clients. In this paper we focus on the resources and capabilities that are utilized by the providers in fulfilling their clients' sourcing needs. Using resource-based view and social exchange as theoretical foundations, we argue that providers' human capital, organizational capital, management capability, and partnership quality are crucial assets that are deemed valuable by the clients and are utilized by the providers in attaining higher performance. Using a sample of Indian BPO providers, we empirically test three models (direct, mediating and moderating) to understand how these assets impact firm-level performance. Results show that resources and capabilities relate to performance in varying measures and partnership quality has partial-mediating and moderating effects on these relationships. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the study and highlighting avenues of future inquiry.
Diamond-like carbon coating for aluminum 390 alloy — automotive applications

In an attempt to increase the wear resistance of automotive powertrain components, General Motors Research and Development Center initiated a study to determine the potential of surface modification as a means of improving the tribological properties of highly eutectic aluminum alloys, and to investigate feasibility of their mass production. In particular, plasma immersion ion implantation technique was employed to develop diamond-like hydrocarbon coating of aluminum 390 alloy and the coating's performance was verified both in a bench and, in an engine dynamometer test.
Synthesis of 7α-hydroxy derivatives of regulatory oxysterols

Abstract 7α-Hydroxy derivatives of oxysterols are of considerable interest because of their possible involvement in regulation of cholesterol metabolism. This paper describes stereoselective syntheses and complete characterization of the 7α-hydroxy derivatives of four key oxysterols: 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, 24( S )-hydroxycholesterol, and 24( S ),25-epoxycholesterol.
An Experimental Study of the 4-0 and 5-0 Quadrupole Vibration Rotation Bands of H2 in the Visible

Abstract Pressure shifts and collisional narrowing effects of the molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) 4-0 and 5-0 vibration rotation bands have been studied in greater detail than before. A high-resolution ring dye laser has been coupled to a multi-pass absorption cell with a base length of 22 m at Denison University in Granville, Ohio. Signal averaging periods of several hours, with an absorbing layer of 24 km-atm, were required to obtain acceptable measurements. A zero-density position and shift coefficient of 15 535.7441 ± 0.0036 cm −1 and −6.29 ± 1.29 × l0 −3 cm −1 /Amagat, respectively, have been determined for the 4-0 S (0) line. For the 4-0 S (1) line the corresponding values are 15 699.8011 ± 0.0010 cm −1 and −4.22 ± 0.36 × 10 −3 cm −1 /Amagat. The 5-0 S (1) line has been observed in the laboratory for the first time; its position has been located at 18 907.5160 ± 0.0200 cm −1 . Linestrengths were also determined in this study and the results are 2.31 ± 0.55 × l0 −5 cm −1 /(km Amagat) for the 4-0 S (0) line, 1.37 ± 0.17 × l0 −4 for the 4-0 S (1)line, and 1.76 ± 0.99 × 10 −5 for the 5-0 S (1) line. Collisional narrowing was clearly evident for the 4-0 S (0) and 4-0 S (1) lines.
Linkage between the phosphorus and silica cycles in lake Mendota, Wisconsin

Abstract The phosphorus and silica cycles in Lake Mendota were studied during 1970–1973, bracketing the diversion of all municipal wastewater inputs to the lake, and again in 1977–1980, following 1 to built;1 2 lake hydraulic residence times. Because of the high concentrations of soluble phosphate and inorganic nitrogen, the vernal diatom bloom is limited by silica. The low nutrient uptake ratio ( mean ΔSi ΔP = 5.5 ± 0.2, by atoms ) reflects nutrient availability and the dominance of low silica diatoms (especially Stephanodiscus species) in this eutrophic calcareous lake. The lower ratio, ΔSi ΔP , in the hypolimnion during summer stratification (mean 2.8 ± 0.1) illustrates that phosphorus recycling proceeds more efficiently than in the case for Si. The vertical fluxes of biologically available P and Si into the epilimnion averaged 9.5 ± 1.0 and 33 ± 6 mg m −2 ( A 0 ) day −1 during summers 1977–1979. Despite the low Si P flux ratio, soluble silica accumulated each summer in the epilimnion whereas epilimnetic P declined. This difference is probably a consequence of seasonal blue-green algal dominance in the epilimnion. The available Si P in the epilimnion shifts downwards by 3 orders of magnitude during September and October, because of entrainment of metalimnetic and hypolimnetic waters with a lower ratio, and the selective uptake of Si by the fall diatom crop. Because of the seasonal demands by diatoms, coupled with the comparative inefficiency of Si recycling (vs P), Lake Mendota's annual retention coefficient for soluble silica is 0.98 ± 0.01, as compared to 0.40 ± 0.05 for biologically available P. Based on various nutrient and hypolimnetic redox indices, Lake Mendota failed to respond during the eight years following nutrient diversion. Nor has the lake changed significantly in the twentieth century.
Effects of sulphydryl reagents on an insect nerve-muscle preparation

Abstract The sulphydryl inhibitors N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), iodoacetic acid (IAA), p -chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), and mersalyl at concentrations in the millimolar range blocked the neurally evoked mechanical response of an isolated nerve-muscle preparation from the grasshopper, Romalea microptera , and also blocked the contractions evoked by external application of l -glutamic acid, the suspected excitatory neurotransmitter. Blockade caused by PCMB could be reversed completely by post-perfusion with dithiothreitol (DTT); however, that caused by mersalyl was irreversible. Protection could be achieved by prior mixture of inhibitors with equimolar concentrations of the thiols, l -cysteine or reduced glutathione. The alkylating agents NEM and IAA also reduced the retractor unguis contracture caused by depolarization with high K + saline, whereas the organomercurials PCMB and mersalyl did not. The primary site of action appears to be the post-synaptic membrane. These findings indicate significant differences from the response of the eel electroplax preparation and suggest a functional role for free sulphydryl groups rather than disulphide linkages in this insect excitatory neuromuscular junction.
Immunohistochemical localization of basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors in the developing rat heart.

BACKGROUNDWe used biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the expression and distribution of immunoreactive basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF and aFGF, respectively) in the hearts of rat embryos (11-20 days of gestation) and of postnatal rats (1-35 days after birth). Our purpose was to assess the relation between the cellular distribution of these growth factors and histogenetic and morphogenetic events in the developing heart.METHODS AND RESULTSWestern-blot analysis of heparin-bound material from neonatal heart extracts identified a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 18 kD for both bFGF and aFGF. Five antibodies for bFGF and three for aFGF showed superimposable distribution of immunoreactive bFGF and aFGF in the heart at each stage examined. At the cellular level, these peptides were localized in the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix. In the myocytes, immunostaining was positive throughout the embryonic and neonatal periods. In the majority of the m...
Percutaneous cryoablation of stage T1b renal cell carcinoma: technique considerations, safety, and local tumor control.

Abstract Purpose To describe the technical methods, safety, and local tumor control rate associated with percutaneous cryoablation of stage T1b renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods A retrospective review of a percutaneous renal ablation registry was used to identify 46 patients with a total of 46 biopsy-proven RCC lesions measuring 4.1–7.0 cm treated with cryoablation between 2003 and 2011. The main outcome parameters investigated were adjunctive maneuvers, complications, and local tumor progression, and cancer-specific survival rates. Complication rates were categorized and recorded using the Clavien–Dindo classification system. Progression-free and cancer-specific survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results The mean treated RCC size was 4.8 cm (range, 4.1–6.4 cm). Prophylactic tumor embolization was performed in 7 patients (15%), ipsilateral ureteral stents were placed in 7 patients (15%), and hydrodisplacement of bowel was performed in the treatment of 16 tumors (35%). A single technical failure (2.2%) was observed at the time of ablation. Thirty-six tumors (78%) had follow-up imaging at 3 months or later following ablation, including a single recurrence at 9 months after ablation. The mean duration of follow-up for the 35 RCC tumors that did not recur was 2.0 years (range, 0.3–6.1 y). Estimated local progression-free survival rate at 3 years was 96.4%. Of the 46 cryoablation procedures, there were 7 complications (15.2%) of grade II or worse. Conclusions The results suggest that cryoablation represents a valid treatment alternative for select patients with clinical stage T1b RCC. Complications are frequent enough that multidisciplinary patient management should be considered.
Morphology of C. Crescentus and Crescentin

One of the important questions in bacteriology is why different species of bacteria have different morphology. In order to answer this question, first one should know the underlying mechanism for the shape maintenance. Yet this underlying mechanism for determining different shapes is not well understood. As a first step toward understanding bacterial morphology, we investigate the morphology of Caulobacter crescentus (C. crescentus) which is an asymmetric gram-negative bacterium forming a helical crescent-shaped filament. It is experimentally known that crescentin, intermediate filament (IF) homolog of C. crescentus, is required for maintaining this asymmetric bent shape. In this study, we assume that crescentin is a bundle of coiled-coils, since it is a homolog of eukaryotic IF such as keratin, etc. Treating bacterial cell wall and the filament as continuum bodies, elastic energy of the cell wall and the filament attached to the inner side of the surface is computed. By considering energy-minimum shapes obtained by the optimization technique, the elastic and the geometric properties of crescentin in order to maintain the helical shape of C. crescentus is derived. We also investigate the characteristics of the binding type between the cell wall and the corresponding filament. Finally, the dynamic effect of cell wall together with the crescentin on the shape maintenance is speculated.
Regulators of kinesin involved in polarized trafficking and axon outgrowth

Proteins such as UNC-76 that associate with kinesin motors are important in directing neurite extension. A small Caenorhabditis elegans coiled-coil protein, UNC-69, has now been shown to interact with UNC-76 and to be involved in axonal (but not dendritic) transport and outgrowth, as well as synapse formation.
RFID-Based Smart Freezer

This paper presents a novel radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based smart freezer using a new inventory-management scheme for extremely low temperature environments. The proposed solution utilizes backpressure inventory control, systematic selection of antenna configuration, and antenna power control. The proposed distributed-inventory-control (DIC) scheme dictates the amount of items transferred through the supply chain. When a high item visibility is ensured, the control scheme maintains the desired level of inventory at each supply-chain echelon. The performance of the DIC scheme is guaranteed using a Lyapunov-based analysis. The proposed RFID antenna-configuration design methodology coupled with locally asymptotically stable distributed power control ensures a 99% read rate of items while minimizing the required number of RFID antennas in the confined cold chain environments with non-RF-friendly materials. The proposed RFID-based smart-freezer performance is verified through simulations of supply chain and experiments on an industrial freezer testbed operating at -100degF.
From symmetries to quarks and beyond

Attempts to understand the plethora of meson baryon and meson resonances by the introduction of symmetries, which led to the invention of quarks and the quark model, and finally to the formulation of QCD, are described.
Effect of mammalian cell culture medium on the gelation properties of Pluronic® F127

We investigate the gelation of a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer, Pluronic F127, in mammalian cell culture medium for applications in tissue engineering and cell encapsulation. In both minimum essential medium (MEM) and MEM with added fetal bovine serum (MEM-FBS), the gel-phase boundary shifts to lower temperatures and concentrations as compared to pure water. The thermodynamics of gel formation are similar in MEM, MEM-FBS, and pure water, suggesting that the mechanism of gelation is similar in all three solvents. The shift of the sol-gel boundary to lower concentrations is particularly significant for development of cell encapsulation protocols using Pluronics and applications where copolymer concentration must be minimized due to toxicity concerns.