cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HER2 Amplification in Tumors Activates PI3K/Akt Signaling Independent of HER3

Current evidence suggests that HER2-driven tumorigenesis requires HER3. This is likely due to the unique ability of HER3 to activate PI3K/Akt pathway signaling, which is not directly accessible to HER2. By genetic elimination of HER3 or shRNA knockdown of HER3 in HER2-amplified cancer cells, we find residual HER2-driven activation of PI3K/Akt pathway signaling that is driven by HER2 through direct and indirect mechanisms. Indirect mechanisms involved second messenger pathways, including Ras or Grb2. Direct binding of HER2 to PI3K occurred through p-Tyr1139, which has a weak affinity for PI3K but becomes significant at very high expression and phosphorylation. Mutation of Y1139 impaired the tumorigenic competency of HER2. Total elimination of HER3 expression in HCC1569 HER2-amplified cancer cells significantly impaired tumorigenicity only transiently, overcome by subsequent increases in HER2 expression and phosphorylation with binding and activation of PI3K. In contrast to activation of oncogenes by mutation, activation by overexpression was quantitative in nature: weak intrinsic activities were strengthened by overexpression, with additional gains observed through further increases in expression. Collectively, these data show that progressive functional gains by HER2 can increase its repertoire of activities such as the activation of PI3K and overcome its dependency on HER3.Significance: The intrinsic ability of HER2 to activate PI3K correlates with increased HER2 expression and can supplant the dependency upon HER3 for growth in HER2-amplified cancers. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3645-58. ©2018 AACR.
512-Element Actively Steered Silicon Phased Array for Low-Power LIDAR

We demonstrate the highest yet-reported element count actively-steered optical phased array with record low array power consumption of <1.8W. We show 2D steering over a 70 × 14 degree field of view while pumped by an integrated InP/silicon laser.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) in Youth with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in the TODAY Study

Objective: Determine if SMBG increased after starting insulin in T2D youth with poor glycemic control in the TODAY study. Methods: Youth with recent onset T2D (n=699) were randomized to receive metformin ± rosiglitazone (rosi) or intensive lifestyle. They were asked to perform SMBG daily (supplies provided). When they reached primary outcome (PO; A1c ≥8% over 6 mon or inability to wean from temporary insulin due to metabolic decompensation), metformin (not rosi) was continued, daily insulin glargine started; dosing was intensified as needed. A1c and SMBG data for 2 year before and after PO were analyzed. SMBG% was defined as percent of days between visits when the meter was used ≥1 time. Results: Of 319 youth who reached PO, 298 started insulin and 282 had SMBG data. At PO, mean (SD) age was 15.8±2.3 year, 65.3% female, 38.3% non-Hispanic black, 16.3% Hispanic, 7.1% non-Hispanic white, BMI 35.5±7.9 kg/m 2 , and A1c 9.6±2.0%. Median SMBG% was 40% at PO which increased to 49% at 6 mo and fell to 41% at 1 year; 22% of youth tested ≥80% of days at PO, which increased to 25% at 6 mo and fell to 19% at 1 year. Compared with those who tested Conclusion: Adherence to SMBG was poor but associated with lower A1c. Research is needed on interventions to help youth with T2D reach A1c goals. Disclosure R.S. Weinstock: Research Support; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Mylan, Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, Inc., Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Calibra Medical, Dexcom, Inc., Ultradian Diagnostics LLC., JAEB Center For Health Research, JDRF, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. B. Braffett: None. C.L. Chan: None. N.T. Chang: None. M.W. Haymond: Advisory Panel; Self; Zealand Pharma A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. B. Schwartzman: None.
Basophils : Beyond Effector Cells of Allergic Inflammation

Despite being first described in humans nearly 130 years ago, the basophil granulocyte has received little recognition other than being the least common leukocyte circulating in blood. Even after its identity as the source of histamine released by blood cells in response to reaginic IgE, its role in allergic disease has largely been viewed as redundant to that of the tissue mast cell. This line of thought, however, is changing with evidence that has emerged during the last 15 years. Not only have these rare cells been shown to constitute a significant source of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) vital to the pathogenesis of allergic disease, but by doing so, may very well modulate T-helper 2-type inflammation at the level of T-cell/dendritic cell interactions. This novel concept combined with the fact that basophils selectively infiltrate allergic lesion sites has sparked greater interest in this once overlooked immune cell, both in adaptive as well as in innate immunity.
Polynuclear complexes of iron and their biological implications

I I . The Hydrolysis of Ferric Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 A. Reversible Equil ibria; Diand Trinuclear Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 1. Equi l ibr ium and Kinetic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2. Magnetic Studies and Structural Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3. Metastabi l i ty of Hydrolyzed I ron ( I I I ) Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B. High Molecular Weight Polymer Fo rma t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 1. Ferric Hydroxide Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 2. Hydrolyzed Ferric Nit ra te Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3. Polymer Isolat ion and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4. Spectral Propert ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5. M6ssbauer Spectra and Magnetic Susceptibil i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6. X-ray Scat ter ing and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7. Polymer Stabil i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8. Implicat ions for Theories of Metal Ion Hydrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Moving beyond scientific agreement

Climate scientists and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)have recently been the focus of much media scrutiny. The public and politicaldiscourse around anthropogenic climate change seems likely only to intensify inthe future, and thus the reported views of the scientific community must be clearlydocumented and communicated. In this issue of
Emotions and Judgments About Risk

The relation between emotions and judgments resembles that between ordinary perceptions and judgments: the way things appear to us perceptually is a standard basis for judging them to be the way they appear; but the appearance of things can also lead us to make false judgments. I discuss some epistemic advantages and liabilities that emotions lend to judgments, then I apply these points to some recent literature on emotions and judgments concerning risk. Lastly I turn to specifically moral judgments concerning risky technologies. Because emotions can both make unique contributions to the epistemic excellence of some kinds of judgments and can also degrade our judgments, a normative account of emotions and judgments must bring in the concept of virtues – dispositions to get the epistemic advantages and avoid the liabilities of emotions. Some virtues are dispositions to experience correct emotions, but it is psychologically unrealistic to think that a person can be formed in such a way as to have only judgment-enhancing emotions, and never judgment degrading ones. Some of our virtues will therefore be dispositions to respond with correct emotions, and others ones that enable us to transcend and/or by-pass our emotions in the interest of correct judgments.
Steady-state MR imaging with MION for quantification of angiogenesis in normal brain and in brain tumors.

Angiogenesis plays a role in the normal response of brain to low oxygen stress, as well as in many pathological conditions such as stroke and tumor growth. Angiogenesis, or the growth of new capillaries, will improve flow to ischemic areas of the brain, and the inhibition of angiogenesis is now a major target of new anti-cancer agents.
Localization of glycoconjugates on the surfaces of pronephric tumor cells in vitro.

Differential localization of glycoconjugates was detected on microvilli and microridges of the intact cell surface of frog pronephric tumor cells in tissue culture. Alcian blue and Alcian blue/PAS staining showed a heavy concentration of dye limited to the unique short microvilli and extensive microridges of the tumor cells as previously seen with SEM (Tweedell and Williams 1976). Staining was absent or greatly reduced on microvilli of the normal pronephric cell surface. Previous exposure of each kind of cells to neuraminidase or extraction by mild hydrolysis removed the active staining sites but Alcian blue uptake was unaffected by prior digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC) bound wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) produced a similar pattern of fluorescence on the microvilli of the tumor cells and a limited distribution on the normal cells. Digestion with neuraminidase preferentially removed but did not completely eliminate the surface binding of WGA on both the normal and tumor cells. Exposure of tumor cell monolayers to FITC bound limulin, a lectin specific for sialic acid, also produced an intense surface fluorescence on the microvilli and ridges of tumor cells. Prior treatment with neuraminidase prevented the surface fluorescence but not internal binding. Normal pronephric cells gave sparse surface fluorescence but extensive internal binding. Each procedure indicates a preferential localization of complex carbohydrates, including sialic acid, on the unique microvilli of the tumor cells. Concurrent assays for sialic acid recovered from the tumor cells indicated that lectin bound surface sialic acid was removable with neuraminidase.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Classically Immiscible Ag–Ir Alloy Nanoparticle Catalysts

We present the synthesis of Ag–Ir alloys in the form of solid-solution nanoparticles (NPs). Ag and Ir are classically immiscible in the bulk and therefore the physical properties of Ag–Ir alloys are unknown. A convenient microwave-assisted, solution-phase method that employs readily available Ag(NO3) and IrCl3 precursors enables the preparation of small (2.5–5.5 nm) Ag–IrNPs with alloyed structures. AgxIr(100–x)NPs can be obtained by this method between x = 6–31. The Ag–IrNPs resist dealloying upon heating up to 300 °C. Ir-rich Ag–IrNPs dispersed on amorphous silica are significantly more active gas-phase alkene hydrogenation catalysts than pure IrNPs. Density functional theory (DFT) and theoretical modeling studies reveal that the Ag–IrNPs—which are consistently larger than monometallic IrNPs prepared under the same conditions—have comparatively fewer strong H-binding edge sites. This promotes faster H atom transfer to coadsorbed alkenes. Ag–IrNPs supported on amorphous Co3O4 show a linear composition de...
Combined Ipsilateral Humeral Shaft and Galeazzi Fractures Creating a Floating Elbow Variant.

“Floating elbow” injuries of the arm traditionally represent a combination of humeral shaft and forearm fractures which require anatomic rigid open reduction and internal fixation of all fractures to allow for early range of motion exercises of the elbow. There are published variants of the floating elbow injury which include ipsilateral diaphyseal humeral fracture, proximal ulna fracture with proximal radioulnar joint disruption, and ipsilateral diaphyseal humeral fracture with elbow dislocation and both bones forearm fracture. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman whose left arm became caught between the side of a waterslide and adjacent rocks at a park. She sustained a torsional and axial loading injury to her left upper extremity resulting in ipsilateral humeral shaft and Galeazzi fractures. The combination of ipsilateral humeral shaft and Galeazzi fractures resulted in a rare floating elbow variant. Prompt open reduction and internal fixation of both fractures and early range of motion of the elbow and wrist resulted in an excellent clinical and radiographic result. Floating elbow injuries and their variants should be promptly recognized as early anatomic reduction, and rigid internal fixation can allow for good elbow function with minimization of stiffness.
Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Treatment.

Key Clinical Points Lymphedema after Breast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer–related lymphedema is the most common form of lymphedema in the United States and other developed nations. Axillary lymph-...
Microsensor for limonin detection: An indicator of citrus greening disease

Abstract Limonin is a biomolecule which is responsible for the bitter taste in citrus fruits such as oranges, grapes etc. The abnormally high level of limonin is indicative of citrus greening disease which results in stunted tree growth and affects fruit quality in terms of nutritional value, taste, texture and aroma. Therefore, quantification and detection of limonin is crucial for an early management of citrus greening disease to save the multibillion dollar citrus industry. To this end, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) functionalized with Ceria Nanoparticles (CNPs) as transducer has been developed to detect ultralow concentration of limonin. The device exhibited high sensitivity (detection limit: 10 nM) and selectivity towards limonin with response time in seconds. The detection is attributed to the switching of Ce3+ to Ce4+ at the gate electrode which decreases the overall effective gate voltage resulting in an increase in the output current. The increase in output current was observed in transfer characteristics as well as time-current curve. In-situ spectro-electrochemical studies were also performed to analyse the change in oxidation state of CNPs in the presence of limonin. This novel biosensor successfully detected the increase in limonin in infected juice samples as compared to healthy ones with a sensitivity of ∼10 μA/μM. A rapid, easy and on-site testing tool to detect and quantify the amount of limonin for an early detection of citrus greening disease has been demonstrated for the first time.
Are there special considerations relevant to trials of biologic agents

Although biologic agents have been developed to effect change in observed or hypothesized pathogenic pathways, discrepancies between biological and clinical effects are well recognized. In trials of these agents, biological and clinical effects need to be evaluated. While the biological effects require assessment to test the proposed primary effect and significant influences, clinical evaluation should use the same set of assessment procedures as pharmacological agents. The disease controlling antirheumatic therapy (DC-ART) classification with its requirement for longterm efficacy poses problems for the biological agents, which, in general, have demonstrated short term benefit. They may be best accommodated in a new "remission induction" category or, alternatively, as part of longterm combination therapy either with pharmaceuticals or with other biologicals to fulfill DC-ART requirements.
Understanding the Anatomy of the Cavo-Tricuspid Isthmus to Troubleshoot a Challenging Atrial Flutter Ablation

Ablation of typical atrial flutter can be challenging and in many cases is due to difficult anatomy of the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). We discuss a case in which we describe how we identified and approached ablation in a patient with a pouch along the CTI and also provide additional information about how to approach challenging anatomy.
Temperature heterogeneity correlates with intraspecific variation in physiological flexibility in a small endotherm

Phenotypic flexibility allows individuals to reversibly modify trait values and theory predicts an individual9s relative degree of flexibility positively correlates with the environmental heterogeneity it experiences. We tested this prediction by integrating surveys of population genetic and physiological variation with thermal acclimation experiments and indices of environmental heterogeneity in the Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis) and its congeners. We combined measures of thermogenic capacity for ~300 individuals, >21,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 192 individuals, and laboratory acclimations replicated on five populations. We found that Junco populations: (1) differ in their thermal performance responses to temperature variation in situ; (2) exhibit intra-specific variation in their thermogenic flexibility in the laboratory that correlates with heterogeneity in their native thermal environment; and (3) harbor genetic variation that also correlates with temperature heterogeneity. These results provide comprehensive support that phenotypic flexibility corresponds with environmental heterogeneity and highlight its importance for coping with environmental change.
Histogram-based analysis of cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling MRI in de novo brain gliomas: relationship to histopathologic grade and molecular markers

We developed multiple histogram-based CBF indices and evaluated their association with histopathologic grade in de novo brain tumor patients. Furthermore, the associations between these advanced CBF indices and molecular markers, including IDH1 mutation, ATRX loss, and 1p/19q co-deletion were also investigated. Thirteen de novo brain tumor patients (age 21–68 years, 9 M/4F) who were enrolled in our prospective study were scanned on 3 T MRI using a pCASL perfusion sequence following IRB-approved written informed consent. All patients have since undergone surgical intervention with tissue sampling for histopathologic tumor grading and molecular marker assessment. Tumor region of interest (ROI) were manually delineated on FLAIR images including the full extent of the tumor and peritumoral edema. Fourteen rCBF indices were derived from the histogram of the voxels with the ROI. Multi-linear regression was then used to compare rCBF indices with histopathologic tumor grade and molecular markers. Averaged rCBF in top 10 and top 20 voxels (p < 0.004), but not the entire tumor ROI, was positively associated with WHO tumor grade. After accounting for tumor grade, the presence of 1p/19q co-deletion was associated with higher rCBF in top voxels, as well as with standard deviation of rCBF in the tumor ROI (p < 0.001). ATRX retention was related to higher rCBF, and this effect appears to be present in both higher-perfusion (p < 0.004) and low-perfusion (p < 0.05) voxels. IDH mutation was not significantly associated with any of the CBF indices investigated. ASL MRI may provide useful supplemental noninvasive imaging assessment of brain tumor grade and molecular marker status.
The role of white support in predicting racial minorities' feelings of inclusion and retention

The principal objective of the current study is to identify specific strategies that White individuals can employ to support coworkers of color in their workplaces. Thus, we introduced a measure of white support for coworkers of color (WSCC) in which employees of color rated their White coworkers’ openness to learning about sociocultural factors that impact the lives of racial minorities and how they can demonstrate solidarity in promoting racial justice in the workplace. Moreover, in the same sample, we found results consistent with the proposition that increased feelings of inclusion mediates the positive affect of WSCC on retention. It is our hope that these findings will provide a starting point for crafting holistic diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives that provide guidance to those who benefit relatively more from the current power structures on practical ways to authentically support and uplift those who benefit relatively less.
Use of Visual Analytics (VA) in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Framework of Information Granules

Research work has been increasing in Visual Analytics (VA) since it was first defined in 2005. The techniques of VA that integrated Machine Learning (ML) models and interactive visualizations have formed a human-centered machine learning approach to assist in Data Analytics. VA aims to interpret the complexities of Big Data and underlying ML models by engaging analysts in an iterative process of observing, interpreting, and evaluating inputs, outputs, and architectures of these models. The process then subsequently provides guidance to users, interaction techniques to control AI, and information about inner workings that are often hidden. This chapter defines underlying stages of ML pipeline in feature selection and model performance as components of Information Granules (IG) in VA; it also explores the use of VA in XAI. This study reviews 13 top-tier publications in recent VA literature to demonstrate (1) the interoperability strategies of VA in feature relevance, model performance, and model architecture; (2) global and local interpretability in information and visual scalability; and (3) stability of explanations through user case studies, reusability, and design goals. The chapter also analyzes the current stage of VA for granular computing in the end. The future work of VA scientists will be to focus on broader behaviors of ML models, particularly in Neural Network, to gain public trust for AI.
Measures of ejection duration and subendocardial viability ratio in normal weight and overweight adolescent children

The aim of our study was to determine how being overweight (OW) affects measures of ejection duration (ED), subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), and central arterial health in a sample of adolescent children. Thirty-four sex and age-matched adolescent children (n = 34, 17 OW, age = 14 ± 2 years) participated in one laboratory visit. Anthropometric measures, body composition, and cardiovascular measures including resting heart rate, aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), ED (EDms absolute vs. relative ED%), and the SEVR were ascertained. Transfer functions were applied to obtain ASBP. ED was measured as the time from the beginning of the upstroke of the pulse wave and the dicrotic notch, SEVR as the quotient of the diastolic pressure-time area to the systolic pressure-time area, and cf-PWV as the quotient of distance between carotid-femoral measurement sites and the transit time of the pulse wave. cf-PWV was significantly higher in OW compared to normal weight participants (5.13 ± 0.85 vs. 4.53 ± 0.46 m/s respectively; p = 0.015, d = 0.51). OW adolescents also reported significantly higher values for ASBP (103.1 ± 11.8 vs. 95.7 ± 8.2 mmHg respectively; p = 0.043, d = 0.72) and significantly lower values of SEVR (114.4 ± 25.9% vs. 132.2 ± 22.0% respectively; p = 0.038; d = 0.33). Overweight adolescents demonstrated higher cf-PWV, ASBP, and SEVR then normal weight peers.
SOCIAL SERVICES Public Assistance: Bar Participation By Person Convicted of Violating of Georgia Medical Assistance Act; Create Medicaid Fraud Forfeiture Act to Freeze Assets of Fraud Suspects

The Act gives prosecutors the power to freeze and seize the property of Medicaid fraud suspects. The Act also gives the Department of Medical Assistance the authority to prohibit persons previously convicted of Medicaid fraud from participating in the program.
Gonorrhea: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention

Gonorrhea is the second most frequently reported sexually transmitted bacterial infection. Although rates have decreased since 1972, recent increases in infection, especially among homosexual men, raise major public health concerns, especially since gonorrhea facilitates HIV transmission. Neisseria gonorrhoeae , the causal organism, causes urethritis in men, cervicitis in women, proctitis in homosexual men, and pharyngeal infection. A small percentage of patients will develop disseminated disease. Diagnosis is increasingly performed using non-invasive nucleic acid amplification. Treatment has become complex because of the organism’s prolific ability to develop resistance to common antimicrobials. Vaccine approaches have included pilin antigens and a variety of outer membrane proteins, including constitutive porins. To date, vaccine approaches have been unsuccessful.
F-Actin Content of Neonate and Adult Neutrophils

We utilized flow cytometric analysis of NBDphallacidin-stained cells to measure F-actin content, expressed as fluorescent channel numbers, and we compared the microfilamentous cytoskeletal organization in neutrophils from healthy neonates (36 to 38 weeks gestational age) and adults. Basal F-actin content in neonate cord blood neutrophils is higher than that of adults. The elevation is intrinsic to the cell and not related to parturition because basal F-actin content of neonatal cells obtained by venipuncture (days 1 to 8 of age) is also elevated (38 +/- 10, N = 15) when compared to adults (21 +/- 7.0, N = 27). The rate of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced actin polymerization is similar in adult and neonatal neutrophils and is maximal by 30 to 45 seconds at 25 degrees C. Adult, neonatal cord, and neonatal venipuncture neutrophils increase F-actin content to a similar extent following 0.5 mumol/L fMLP activation (52 +/- 18, N = 27; 58.7 +/- 18, N = 18; 51.5 +/- 7.0, N = 15, respectively). However, the relative increase in F-actin content following fMLP activation is much greater in adult (2.37-fold) than neonatal neutrophils (1.28-fold). This difference is due to the elevated basal F-actin content of neonatal cells. Comparison of distribution of F-actin content among basal, neonatal neutrophils reveals two subpopulations of neutrophils with respect to F-actin content--approximately 25% with F-actin content similar to that of adult neutrophils and 75% with F-actin content greater than that of adult cells. Following fMLP activation, the subpopulations disappear. The results suggest that abnormalities in microfilamentous cytoskeletal organization of neonatal cells may, in part, be responsible for decreased chemotactic response of neonatal neutrophils.
Should Crime Pay: A Critical Assessment of the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996

The victims' rights movement significantly altered the role of the victim in the criminal justice system.1 Beginning in the 1970s, the movement reflected public sentiment that the criminal justice system had become overly offender focused and sought "to make the justice system more sensitive to victims' needs and concerns."2 At the apex of the campaign, President Reagan commissioned a Task Force on Victims of Crime, which conducted a national study of the plight of crime victims and made a series of policy recommenda tions to improve their situation.3 A central component of the reforms suggested by both the President's Task Force and the victims' rights movement was the right of victims to receive restitution from the perpetrator of the crime.4 Heeding that advice, Congress enacted legislation over the last twenty-five years that significantly enhanced the authority of federal courts to order restitution to victims of crime.5
Determination of fetal pulmonary maturity by amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and rapid shake test

Abstract A total of 176 lecithin/sphingomyelin ( L/S ) ratio determinations and 92 rapid "shake tests" (ST) were carried out on amniotic fluid specimens from 146 patients between 26 and 43 weeks' gestation. Mean L/S ratios increased from less than 1.0:1 at 26 weeks' to 2.0:1 at 34 weeks' gestation, and were thereafter unassociated with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in normal pregnancies. RDS was found after maximum L/S determinations of 1.9:1 and 2.1:1 in patients with Rh isoimmunization and Class B diabetes mellitus, respectively. Less mature values were followed by no RDS in several patients, particularly where gestational and intrapartum stress was involved. The ST at the highest dilution (1/2) in 51 patients was associated with no gestation of less than 34 weeks, no L/S of less than 2.3:1, and proved to be a reliable guide to neonatal pulmonary maturity. Caution should be exercised when interpreting tests of fetal pulmonary maturity in problem pregnancies.
Choosing a Reclamation Seed Mix to Maintain Rangelands During Energy Development in the Bakken

On the Ground Pipelines across the eastern Montana–western North Dakota portion of the northern Great Plains are proliferating due to continuing oil and gas development. Pipelines are linear disturbances reclaimed after construction, and they impact a large number of livestock producers. While livestock are usually removed from pastures during the construction phase, proper reclamation and revegetation paired with informed grazing management may return pastures to use quickly and profitably. Research is needed to determine how the simultaneous seeding of an annual cover crop with desired perennial grasses can enhance livestock production while ensuring the success of perennial grass forage species.
Antagonism of 5-Hydroxytryptamine4 Receptors Attenuates Hyperactivity Induced by Cocaine: Putative Role for 5-Hydroxytryptamine4 Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell

The localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine4(5-HT4) receptors suggests their role in the regulation of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, a speculation that has been supported by neurochemical studies. Mesolimbic DA systems play a prominent role in mediating the behavioral effects of the abused psychostimulant cocaine, and the intent of the present study was to assess the role of 5-HT4 receptors in the control of spontaneous and cocaine-induced activity. Systemic administration of the 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist 1-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-[1-butyl-4-piperidinyl]1-propanone hydrochloride (RS 67333; 0.0001–1 mg/kg) or the 5-HT4receptor antagonist 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzoic acid-(diethylamino)ethyl ester hydrochloride (SDZ 205,557; 0.0001–1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter spontaneous activity, whereas SDZ 205,557 significantly attenuated cocaine-induced horizontal activity and rearing. To test the hypothesis that cocaine-elicited behaviors were modulated by 5-HT4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, two separate groups of male rats were implanted with bilateral cannulas aimed at the NAc shell. Intra-NAc shell microinjections of either RS 67333 (1 or 3 μg/0.2 μl/side) or SDZ 205,557 (1–5 μg/0.2 μl/side) did not alter spontaneous activity observed after a systemic saline injection but did significantly attenuate the hyperactivity induced by systemic cocaine injection (10 mg/kg). These results support an involvement of 5-HT4receptors, particularly those in the NAc shell, in the locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine. Furthermore, these data suggest that 5-HT4 receptors may regulate behavioral processes dependent on mesolimbic DA pathways and may provide a novel target for the development of medications useful in the treatment of both drug dependence and psychiatric disorders.
Wood Smoke Inhalation Causes Alveolar Instability in a Dose-Dependent Fashion

BACKGROUND: Wood smoke inhalation causes severe ventilation and oxygenation abnormalities. We hypothesized that smoke inhalation would cause lung injury by 2 mechanisms: (1) direct tissue injury by the toxic chemicals in the smoke and (2) a mechanical shear-stress injury caused by alveolar instability (ie, alveolar recruitment/derecruitment). We further postulated that alveolar instability would increase with the size of the cumulative smoke dose. METHODS: Anesthetized pigs were ventilated and instrumented for hemodynamic and blood-gas measurements. After baseline readings, the pigs were exposed to 5 separate doses of wood smoke, each dose lasting 1 min. Factors studied included hemodynamics, pulmonary variables, and in vivo photomicroscopy of alveolar mechanics (ie, the dynamic change in alveolar size with ventilation). RESULTS: Smoke inhalation significantly increased alveolar instability with 4 min and 5 min of smoke exposure. Significant rises in carboxyhemoglobin levels and in pulmonary shunt were also observed at 4 min and 5 min of smoke exposure. Lung histology demonstrated severe damage characteristic of acute lung injury. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that wood smoke inhalation causes alveolar instability and that instability increases with each dose of smoke. These data suggest that smoke inhalation may cause a “2-hit” insult: the “first hit” being a direct toxic injury and the “second hit” being a shear-stress injury secondary to alveolar instability.
Nickel-ion bombardment of annealed and cold-worked type 316 stainless steel

Abstract Bombardment with high doses of 5 MeV nickel ions has produced swellings as high as 90% and 60%, respectively, in annealed and 20% cold-rolled Type 316 steels. The steels contained 15 ppm of cyclotron-injected helium. Swellings were determined by both transmission electron microscopy and by a step-height method that measures the total swelling integrated along the ion path. The swelling in annealed Type 316 has a pronounced peak in the vicinity of 625°C, which is about 155°C higher than the peak swelling temperature in-reactor. The magnitudes of the swelling, void densities and void sizes produced in annealed Type 316 by nickel ions and in-reactor at the respective peak swelling temperatures are similar and it is concluded that the nickel ion bombardments provide an acceptable simulation of in-reactor behavior. Using the high dose ion results to guide extrapolation of presently available EBR-II data to higher fluences leads to the prediction that the swelling of annealed Type 316 steel at the peak swelling temperature will reach 40% at 2 × 10 p23 n/cm 2 (E > 0.1 MeV) in EBR-II core, and 70% at 3 × 10 23 n/cm 2 . These fluences in EBR-II correspond to 155 and 230 dpa respectively. Twenty percent reduction by cold-rolling reduces the ion produced swelling by 35% at 625°C and by 50% at 575°C.
Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment

Abstract The pollution of coastal aquifers by old landfills can contaminate valuable and scarce water resources in the freshwater lens utilized seasonably by overcrowded communities. The pollutants will ultimately flow into the sea where they may also cause a coastal water pollution problem. We have detected pollution in the freshwater lens from a sanitary landfill near Provincetown, Cape Cod, using the geoelectrical resistivity method. This survey included Schlumberger geoelectrical depth soundings and a horizontal geoelectrical profile using the Wenner configuration. The geoelectrical survey was conducted at a site along Highway 6 where it passes the coastal town of Provincetown and a sanitary landfill that has been in operation since 1954. The depth soundings suggest the characteristic decrease in resistivity vs. depth from the high resistivity of the unsaturated zone to the low resistivity of the saltwater saturated zone. The freshwater lens is clearly identified by the change in slope of the steeply dipping curve of resistivity versus electrode spacing. Interpretations made using a multilayer program, Geomate , resulted in layer resistivities between 460 and 95 ohm·m for the freshwater lens. A comparison with well water resistivities suggests that a layer resistivity of 230 ohm·m or lower is indicative of pollution in the freshwater lens. The results of the geoelectrical depth soundings were confirmed in the Wenner horizontal profile. Both measurements suggest that the pollutants do not spread evenly as one would expect for a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Instead, a preferred channel for the flow of the pollutants is observed along a path from the landfill toward the shoreline. The depth to the saltwater/freshwater interface or, more specifically, to the low resistivity-high resistivity interface appears to be shallow where the freshwater lens is polluted. This was confirmed by pore water well samples that were highly mineralized. The equilibrium postulated by the Ghyben-Herzberg relation appears to be disturbed in the area of aquifer pollution. This rise in the conductivity boundary is caused by the highly mineralized bottom of the contaminant plume that submerges into the saltwater saturated zone. In the area of high freshwater pollution the groundwater can be subdivided into three layers that show a decrease in resistivity with depth. The formation factor, F, defined as the ratio of bulk aquifer resistivity to pore water resistivity, shows unusually high values between 10 and 12. These high values are unexpected for an unconsolidated sand. Pollution residues are suspected to clog the pores and thus to increase the resistivity. It is possible that iron-oxidizing bacteria and the precipitation of dissolved iron or organic pollutants are the cause of the high values of F. If proven correct, these interesting possibilities could lead to future new applications of the geoelectrical resistivity method in contaminant hydroloy.
BONE MARROW RESTORATION OF TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY IN THE LEOPARD FROG RANA PIPIENS.

Summary and ConclusionsThe effects of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation at 5000 R on the survival of skin allografts in adult Rana pipiens (leopard frog) were observed with the changes in the peripheral blood at 25 ± 1°. Graft survival was assessed by estimating the survival of melanocytes. Autografts healed and survived permanently. In nonirradiated control animals, median survival time (MST) of allografts was 14.25 days ± 1.5. In the group receiving total-body irradiation no graft rejection was observed at the time the frogs died, at the earliest on the 7th day postgrafting and the latest on the 20h day. By contrast, skin allografts in the partially irradiated and shielded group were rejected almost as rapidly (within 2 days), as those observed in unirradiated controls. The mean percent of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood declined sharply, but less in the partially shielded group. Little change was noted in the percentage of basophils, eosinophils, or monocytes but neutrophils seemed to increase. Bone marr...
The isolation and identification of a new mutagen from fried ground beef: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)

A new mutagenic compound has been isolated from ground beef which was fried at 300 degrees C for 5.5 min on each side. The new mutagen was purified using an aqueous acid extraction, XAD-2 adsorption-solvent elution, a series of preparative and analytical h.p.l.c. purification steps, and monitored with the Ames/Salmonella assay. This study reveals a new mutagen member of the amino-imidazoazaarene class of aromatic amines, having a mol. w of 224, and a formula of C13H12N4 as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. N.m.r. spectrometry supports the structure, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), for the new mutagen. The 1-methyl and 3-methyl synthesized isomers of PhIP were compared to the purified mutagen. The two isomers had identical mass spectra to the purified compound, but only the 1-methyl isomer showed similar u.v. and n.m.r. spectra. The two synthetic isomers were separable by h.p.l.c. and the beef derived component co-eluted with the 1-methyl-PhIP isomer. PhIP has a specific activity in the Ames/Salmonella assay of 1950 revertants/microgram. Although it is not as mutagenic as other compounds isolated from fried beef (e.g. MeIQx, 58 000 revertants/microgram) it is the most abundant mutagenic compound by mass in fried beef. PhIP is present at approximately 15 p.p.b. of the original weight of uncooked beef (accounting for 75% of the mass of genotoxic material) and contributes 18% of the total mutagenicity of the fried beef.
Ultrasensitive immunoassay techniques

Abstract Ultrasensitive detection of clinically substances using assays based on ligand: binder interactions has revolutionized laboratory medicine. Various strategies have been perfected to push the analytical sensitivity of ligand:binder assays ( e.g. , immunoassay, blotting, nucleic acid hybridization assay) into the attomole and zeptomole region (10 −18 –10 –21 mol). These include the use of labels with amplifying properties ( e.g. , enzymes), multiple labeling, and cascade reactions. In addition a wide range of ultrasensitive luminescent detection reactions have been developed for conventional enzyme labels based on chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, and time-resolved fluorescent reactions.
Feasibility of the short ARC adjustment model for precise determinations of the oceanic geoid

A key element in any attempt to achieve a 0.1 m precision in geoid representation via satellite altimetry is obtaining an ephemeris of comparable precision, or circumventing this requirement by adjusting the ephemeris in some 'IWY, together with the geoid. The fust possibility requires extensive satellite tracking and involves an enormous number of adjustable parameters in the long arc approach. The second possibility allows for a piece-wise treatment of short orbital arcs conskiered mutually independent, in which slight adjustments of the state vector parameters can compensate for an inherent modeling error. The main question to be answered when pondering the possibility of using the short arc adjustment model in SEASAT -A altimetry reductions is whether or not this method is inherently-capable of representing the detailed geoid with 0.1 m precision. An analysis of computer simulations provides at least a partial answer to this question by pointing out the necessary conditions in order to achieve the desired precision ; under certain favorable circumstances, not described in detail, these conditions could prove to be also sufficient.
Structural, optical, and electrical properties of strained La-doped SrTiO3 films

The structural, optical, and room-temperature electrical properties of strained La-doped SrTiO3 epitaxial thin films are investigated. Conductive La-doped SrTiO3 thin films with concentration varying from 5 to 25% are grown by molecular beam epitaxy on four different substrates: LaAlO3, (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7, SrTiO3, and DyScO3, which result in lattice mismatch strain ranging from −2.9% to +1.1%. We compare the effect of La concentration and strain on the structural and optical properties, and measure their effect on the electrical resistivity and mobility at room temperature. Room temperature resistivities ranging from ∼10−2 to 10−5 Ω cm are obtained depending on strain and La concentration. The room temperature mobility decreases with increasing strain regardless of the sign of the strain. The observed Drude peak and Burstein-Moss shift from spectroscopic ellipsometry clearly confirm that the La addition creates a high density of free carriers in SrTiO3. First principles calculations were performed to help understand the effect of La-doping on the density of states effective mass as well as the conductivity and DC relaxation time.
Elastin-derived peptides and TGF-β1 induce osteogenic responses in smooth muscle cells

Abstract Elastin degradation associated with matrix metalloproteinase activity is a cell-mediated process, observed in almost all types of vascular calcification. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that elastin-derived peptides induce an osteogenic response in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro. Using RT-PCR and specific protein assays, we demonstrated that rat aortic SMCs incubated with elastin peptides exhibited an increased expression of the 67 kDa elastin laminin receptor (ELR) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and typical bone proteins, such as core binding factor α-1, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase. The osteogenic gene expression in SMCs was further enhanced by the addition of TGF-β1 along with the elastin peptides, in the absence of any other mineralizing agent. Conversely, lactose (an ELR antagonist) down-regulated expression of most investigated proteins. In conclusion, elastin-derived peptides and TGF-β1 up-regulate the expression of typical bone proteins in cultured rat aortic SMCs, possibly via the ELR signaling.
Spectrum of hepatic hemangiomas: management and outcome

Abstract Purpose Infants with multiple cutaneous hemangiomas often present with hepatic hemangiomas. They can follow a benign clinical course or require complex management. We reviewed our experience in the management of hepatic hemangiomas. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients (1996-2007) with hepatic hemangiomas treated in our institution. Results Twenty-six patients were diagnosed with hepatic hemangiomas as follows: 8 focal, 12 multiple, and 6 diffuse lesions. Nineteen (73%) patients had associated cutaneous hemangiomas. Sixteen patients had multiple and 3 patients had single cutaneous hemangiomas. All patients with multiple or diffuse liver lesions were screened for heart failure and hypothyroidism. Congestive heart failure developed in 4 patients, 3/4 of these patients had diffuse lesions. Two patients required thyroid replacement because of elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Because of progression of disease, 9 patients required steroid treatment. Two patients were treated with vincristine and 3 patients received α -interferon because of poor response to steroid treatment. Two patients went on to surgical resection for failed response to medical management and worsening heart failure (left lobectomy, liver transplant). Both patients had uncomplicated postoperative courses. Five patients had a previously undescribed constellation of rapidly involuting cutaneous hemangiomas (gone by 3 months, glut-1–negative) with associated liver lesions also resolving at a faster pace (mean resolution of cutaneous hemangiomas, 1.9 vs 7.9 months; P = .001; liver, 5.8 vs 25.3 months; P = .004). All patients in our series survived. Conclusion Patients with multiple cutaneous hemangiomas should be screened for hepatic lesions. Patients with diffuse or multifocal liver hemangiomas should be screened for congestive heart failure and hypothyroidism. A subgroup of rapidly involuting cutaneous hemangiomas have a significantly shorter time for involution of hepatic lesions. The status of cutaneous lesions can be used as indicators for the liver hemangiomas.
Recognition Rules, Party Labels and the Number of Parties in India A Research Note

This Research Note offers an alternative explanation for the variation over time in the number of parties in India's national party system. It is argued that the actual number of parties has changed in direct response to the incentives provided by the official rules and regulations on party recognition. In turn, the raw number of parties has shaped the effective number of parties positively: the more parties enter the electoral race the weaker the reductive impact of the plurality electoral system, which leads to an increase in the effective number of parties.
Soil compaction: State-of-the-art report

Abstract Three prior state-of-the-art reviews are used as a foundation for this one. Soil compaction research is divided into three areas: (1) Machines designed to compact the soil, or vehicles used intentionally to do so; (2) Incidental compaction of soil by machinery being used for other purposes; and (3) Management practices for controlling undersired soil compaction. Background research is discussed in each category, and the relevant papers for the Eight International Conference are summarized. It is concluded that the soil compaction problem is better understood and more effectively researched today than ever before. Continuation of the trend of the past half century toward larger and heavier agricultural machinery appears to be in jeopardy with the recognition of (1) total axle loads as the basic cause of subsoil compaction and (2) the nearly opposite soil conditions required for effective performance by wheels and crops.