cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community (Dis)Organization and Racially Motivated Crime1

This article examines the relationship between community structural conditions and racially motivated crimes against blacks and whites. Drawing on six years of police reports, census data, and survey data of Chicago communities, the study evaluates alternative hypotheses about the social organization of racial hate crime derived from social disorganization, resource competition, and defended communities perspectives. Multivariate analyses controlling for spatial autocorrelation reveal that antiblack hate crimes, in contrast to general forms of crime, are more likely in relatively organized communities with high levels of informal social control. Conversely, antiwhite incidents appear more numerous in traditionally disorganized communities, especially those characterized by residential instability.
Using high-temperature chemical synthesis to produce metastable nanostructured cobalt

Chemical synthesis at elevated temperature (200 °C) produces a highly disordered form of cobalt similar to that produced by mechanical milling. Annealing of the disordered phase produces material w...
Music marketing: A history and landscape

Abstract The marketing of music has undergone many changes. This paper undertakes a historical view of the development of music marketing. In addition, the paper provides a current landscape of the music marketing industry and the rapid changes occurring spurred on by new advances in technology.
Take Back the Economy: An Ethical Guide for Transforming Our Communities

Take Back the Economy is the third volume in the J. K. Gibson-Graham trilogy that begins with The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It) (Gibson-Graham 1996) and A Postcapitalist Politics (Gibson-Graham...
Highly efficient 4-W Yb-doped fiber amplifier pumped by a broad-stripe laser diode

A Yb-doped double-cladding fiber amplifier is v-groove side pumped by a 100??m-wide, broad-stripe, 975-nm laser diode. The amplifier exhibits, separately, 39% electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency, 89% internal optical-to-optical conversion efficiency, 4-W output power at 1060??nm, and a small-signal gain of 53??dB.
Acute monocytic leukemia diagnosed in a patient referred because of gingival pain

A patient experienced painful gingiva for two weeks. The oral findings led the periodontist to order a medical workup.
Polyhydroxylalkyleneamines: A class of hydrophilic cationic polymer-based gene transfer agents

Abstract A new series of cationic polymers, poly[ N , N -bis-(2-hydroxylpropyl) alkylalcoholamine- co -ethylenediamine] were synthesized by directly cross-linking several dichloro alkylating agents with ethylenediamine and its derivatives. Co-polymerization with cystamine introduces biodegradable disulfide bonds to the polymer backbone. When tested on COS-1 cells, PHAs showed reduced cytotoxicity, broad polymer to DNA ratios, and enhanced transfection activity that was 2–9-fold better than that of polyethylenimine. Comparison studies also revealed several chemical and physical parameters related to the biological activities of these polymers. The length of the side chain groups affects both transfection activity and toxicity of the polymers; a side chain group of moderate size appeared to be optimal for both high transfection activity and low toxicity. Introduction of biodegradable disulfide bonds to the polymer backbone further enhanced transfection activity and reduced toxicity of the polymer. Fractionated PHAs with molecular weight of ≥ 5000 Da were equally effective but smaller polymers were ineffective in transfection. This flexible synthesis route enables the determination of key structural and physical parameters related to polymer activity and could aid further improvement of polymer-based transfection agents.
Metamaterial buffer for broadband non-resonant impedance matching of obliquely incident acoustic waves

Broadband impedance matching and zero reflection of acoustic waves at a planar interface between two natural materials is a rare phenomenon, unlike its optical counterpart, frequently observed for polarized light incident at the Brewster angle. In this article, it is shown that, by inserting a metamaterial layer between two acoustic materials with different impedance, it is possible to artificially realize an extremely broadband Brewster-like acoustic intromission angle window, in which energy is totally transmitted from one natural medium to the other. The metamaterial buffer, composed of acoustically hard materials with subwavelength tapered apertures, provides an interesting way to match the impedances of two media in a broadband fashion, different from traditional methods like quarter-wave matching or Fabry-Perot resonances, inherently narrowband due to their resonant nature. This phenomenon may be interesting for a variety of applications including energy harvesting, acoustic imaging, ultrasonic transducer technology, and noise control.
Mindful Learning: A Moderator of Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance

Past research has demonstrated that males outperform females in mathematics (Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S. J., Psychol Bull 107:139–155, 1990a). Research has also shown that encouraging mindful learning–learning information in a conditional rather than an absolute way–can increase mathematics performance in females (Ritchhart, R., & Perkins, D. N., J Social Issues 56:27–47, 2000). This paper examines the moderating role of mindful learning for gender differences, by manipulating mindful learning for females’ and males’ performance on a novel math task. The results from this study show that males performed better than females when mindful learning was not encouraged (absolute instruction), but males and females performed equally well when mindful learning was encouraged (conditional instruction). Thus we find that mindful learning moderates gender differences in math performance.
Telomerase, Ku, and telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Telomeres comprise a specialized chromosome end structure distinct from the standard nucleosomal architecture of the remainder of the genome. Telomere maintenance and chromosome stability require both replication of telomeric sequences by telomerase and telomeric end protection through binding of proteins. We have shown that Cdc13p and the heterodimer Ku are required, along with telomerase, for full telomere function, and we have proposed that Ku and Cdc13p contribute distinct roles in end protection. Ku has recently been shown to exhibit defects in transcriptional repression of telomere-proximal genes, known as telomere position effect (TPE), or telomeric silencing. We investigate here whether alterations in genes involved in the telomerase pathway also exhibit TPE defects and find that deletion or overexpression of EST1 or EST2 does not significantly affect telomeric silencing. However, telomeric silencing is derepressed upon overexpression of certain nonfunctional alleles of each. In addition, we determined that overproduction of telomerase pathway components partially alleviates the TPE defect in hdf1Δ cells. This indicates that there is genetic crosstalk between these two telomere maintenance pathways, and suggests that overproduction of telomerase pathway components may at least partially compensate for the loss of Ku in maintaining telomeric silencing.
Alcohol and epigenetic changes: Summary of the 2011 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting

On November 18, 2011, the 16th annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois. The focus of this year's meeting was alcohol's effect on epigenetic changes and possible outcomes induced by these changes. Two sessions, which consisted of talks from invited speakers as well as presentations of selected abstracts, were held in addition to a poster session. Participants presented information on alcohol-induced alterations in histone modifications and gene expression along with immunologic responses to alcohol. Speakers shared new research specifically on histone deacetylase enzyme expression and modifications due to alcohol and the downstream effect of these modifications may have on gene expression and tissue damage. Additional studies suggested that alcohol exacerbates inflammation when combined with other insults such as infection, trauma, inhalation injury, and disease.
Inbred Mouse Strains Differ in Sensitivity to “Popping” Behavior Elicited by MK-801

Abstract We examined possible genetic contributions to MK-801-elicited “popping” behavior in mice. MK-801-elicited “popping” behavior may represent a preclinical screening paradigm for identifying novel antipsychotic medications. Specifically, we studied the sensitivity of four inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL/6, AKR, and DBA/2) to MK-801-elicited “popping” behavior and compared their response to the outbred NIH Swiss strain in which the behavior was first characterized. The BALB/c strain was most sensitive to the elicitation of MK-801 induced popping behavior, whereas the other inbred strains were less sensitive than the outbred strain. The identification of strain differences in MK-801-elicited “popping” behavior suggests an important role for genetic factors in the elicitation of MK-801 “popping” behavior in mice.
Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing System Experiment

Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is an investigation to examine the role of cloud/radiation feedback in the Earth's climate system. The CERES broadband scanning radiometers are an improved version of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) radiometers. The CERES instruments will fly on several National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites starting in 1998 and extending over at least 15 years. The CERES science investigations will provide data to extend the ERBE climate record of top-of-atmosphere shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative fluxes CERES will also combine simultaneous cloud property data derived using EOS narrowband imagers to provide a consistent set of cloud/radiation data, including SW and LW radiative fluxes at the surface and at several selected levels within the atmosphere. CERES data are expected to provide top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes with a factor of 2 to 3 less error than the ERBE data Estimates of radiative fluxes at the surface and especially within the atmosphere will be a much greater challenge but should also show significant improvements over current capabilities.
Neurectomy for palliation of primary erythermalgia

Ankle nerve crushing followed 6 months later by neurectomy was used for relief of a burning sensation and pain in a 32-year-old woman who had symptoms of unilateral primary erythermalgia. The patient continues to experience considerable improvement of the preceding symptoms and no complications from the insensate foot 1 year after neurectomy, although redness and tenseness of the ankle and the foot have persisted.
Reflections on Parity

The selective synthesis and manipulation of chiral molecules is a major part of stereochemistry. Interactions involving components with “handedness” also occur in nuclear and particle physics. Both fields employ phenomenologies based on group theoretical classifications and symmetry constraints such as the conservation or violation of parity. Smale's discovery of a sphere eversion—homotopic to a central inversion—evades the parity dichotomy by allowing states of opposite chirality to be connected by smooth maps. This transformation demonstrates that parity changes can, in principle, result from the action of sufficiently complex processes, and do not necessarily have to be interpreted as violations of a symmetry.
A soft computing approach to intensional answering in databases

An approach to intensional answering in databases utilizing soft computing methodologies is described. The general form of a intensional answer is QY's are F, where Q is a fuzzy linguistic quantifier, Y is a class of objects, and F is a property of the class or a summary that applies to the class quantified by Q. Fuzzy descriptions of linguistic quantifiers and labels help to evaluate the degree to which an intensional answer describes a given set of tuples. Bounds on such descriptions can be defined in terms of a most general specification constituent description and a most specific generalization constraint description. A genetic algorithm technique is used to obtain near-optimal intensional answers that fit a given set of tuples.
Abstract 5675: Potential use of proteosome pathway inhibitor (bortezomib) in combination with anthracyclines to treat multiple myeloma and pancreatic cancer

Anthracyclines are widely used to treat cancers, but may also cause a cumulative dose-related cardiotoxicity. One possible mechanism of cardiotoxicity relates to effects on the cardiomyocyte proteasomal/ubiquitin system (UPS), the major protein recycling system in the cell. The goal of the research is to determine the impact of anthracyclines on the UPS and modulate cardiotoxicity by using other drugs in combination. Rats were treated chronically with a clinically relevant dose of daunorubicin (DNR) or the vehicle (controls) over 9 weeks. Another group received DNR pretreated with ICRF (dexrazoxane; a known protectant against anthracycline cardiotoxicity). The hearts were harvested one week later and analyzed. Isometric atrial preparations from rats treated with DNR showed decreased contractility compared to those pretreated with ICRF or with DNR vehicle only. Ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 has been associated with muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia. In western blot analysis of common E3 ligases in left ventricle samples from rats treated with DNR, Atrogin-1 showed a significant reduction (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5675. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5675
Developing the Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy Questionnaire: a pilot study.

Abstract Purpose Up to 14% of children with epilepsy continue to experience seizures despite having appropriate medical therapy and develop medically refractory epilepsy (MRE) [8] , [9] . Assessing clinical outcomes and therapeutic efficacy in children with MRE undergoing palliative epilepsy surgery has been challenging because of the lack of a quantitative instrument capable of estimating the clinical status of these patients. The ideal instrument would at once consider seizure control, neurodevelopment, caregiver burden, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot the Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy Questionnaire (PREQ), a quantitative instrument to assess the severity and individual burden of epilepsy in children with MRE undergoing palliative epilepsy treatments. Methods The caregivers of 25 patients with MRE completed the PREQ and the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy (QOLCE) measure and participated in a semistructured interview. Medical records of the patients were reviewed, an Early Childhood Epilepsy Severity Scale (E-CHESS) score was calculated, and a Global Assessment of Severity of Epilepsy (GASE) score was obtained for each patient. Key findings The initial PREQ was modified based on the analysis of responses, association with previously validated scales, comments from caregivers, and expertise of the PREQ panelists. Pediatric Refractory Epilepsy Questionnaire subscale scores were calculated based on clinical paradigm and compared with independent measures of seizure severity and quality of life. Significant correlations were observed between the seizure severity subscale and the GASE score (r = 0.55) and between the mood subscale and the well-being score (r = 0.61) on the QOLCE. Significant correlations were also observed between the caregiver rating of seizure severity and the GASE score (r = 0.53), the social activity score (r = 0.57), and the behavior score (r = 0.43) on the QOLCE. Correlations between the caregiver rating of quality of life and the quality of life score (r = 0.58) and the number of AEDs used (r = 0.45) were also significant. Significance This pilot study is an initial, critical step in the development of the PREQ. The significant correlations between the PREQ subscales and the external epilepsy severity and quality of life measures lend preliminary support to our hypothesis that the PREQ is assessing the severity of epilepsy along with other important domains, such as mood, neurodevelopment, and quality of life. A larger prospective study of this modified PREQ is currently underway to further develop the PREQ.
Farm Labor and Power Politics: Germany, 1850–1914

Understanding the political impact of economic growth requires knowledge of the timing of structural changes within a national economy. The decline of agriculture's share in the national economy and variations in regional economic structures are of particular importance. The corrected figures on farm employment discussed in Section II indicate that between 1861 and 1907 the share of agriculture in national employment in Germany declined considerably more rapidly than appears in the census results; regional shares also tended to diverge from each other and from the average throughout the period. New international competition and the thrust of urban and industrial development required regional readjustments within German agriculture. They also made it progressively more difficult for agricultural regions to compete for resources and markets without outside help. In the absence of internally generated pressure from commerce and industry, the elite in the eastern regions of Prussia opposed outside help whenever it threatened the local economic structure. The result was to increase the dependence of the region's labor for jobs on relatively declining regional industry. The response of the landowners to these changes in turn strongly influenced national political groupings. The whole experience laid a foundation for the reaction in German political life to the social discontents and economic miseries of the First World War and decades following.
Lepton number violation in softly broken supersymmetry

Abstract We study the implications of explicit lepton number violating soft operators in a general low-energy effective theory with softly broken supersymmetry. We find that nonzero but relatively small VEVs of scalar neutrinos could exist. In the case where the VEVs of scalar neutrinos vanish, the lepton number violating effects are naturally suppressed.
Microarray-based characterization of differential gene expression during vocal fold wound healing in rats

The vocal fold (VF) mucosa confers elegant biomechanical function for voice production but is susceptible to scar formation following injury. Current understanding of VF wound healing is hindered by a paucity of data and is therefore often generalized from research conducted in skin and other mucosal systems. Here, using a previously validated rat injury model, expression microarray technology and an empirical Bayes analysis approach, we generated a VF-specific transcriptome dataset to better capture the system-level complexity of wound healing in this specialized tissue. We measured differential gene expression at 3, 14 and 60 days post-injury compared to experimentally naive controls, pursued functional enrichment analyses to refine and add greater biological definition to the previously proposed temporal phases of VF wound healing, and validated the expression and localization of a subset of previously unidentified repair- and regeneration-related genes at the protein level. Our microarray dataset is a resource for the wider research community and has the potential to stimulate new hypotheses and avenues of investigation, improve biological and mechanistic insight, and accelerate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Energetics and dynamics of fragmentation of protonated leucine enkephalin from time- and energy-resolved surface-induced dissociation studies.

Dissociation of singly protonated leucine enkephalin (YGGFL) was studied using surface-induced dissociation (SID) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially configured for studying ion activation by collisions with surfaces. The energetics and dynamics of seven primary dissociation channels were deduced from modeling the time- and energy-resolved fragmentation efficiency curves for different fragment ions using an RRKM-based approach developed in our laboratory. The following threshold energies and activation entropies were determined in this study: E0 = 1.20 eV and ΔS⧧ = −20 eu1 (MH+→b5); E0 = 1.14 eV and ΔS⧧ = −14.7 eu (MH+→b4); E0 = 1.42 eV and ΔS⧧ = −2.5 eu (MH+→b3); E0 = 1.30 eV and ΔS⧧ = −4.1 eu (MH+→a4); E0 = 1.37 eV and ΔS⧧ = −5.2 eu (MH+→y ions); E0 = 1.50 eV and ΔS⧧ = 1.6 eu (MH+→internal fragments); E0 = 1.62 eV and ΔS⧧ = 5.2 eu (MH+→F). Comparison with Arrhenius activation energies reported in the literature demonstrated for the first time the rever...
Effects of adverse events on the projected population benefits and cost-effectiveness of using live attenuated influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to 4 years.

Objective To evaluate the effect of adverse events associated with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in children younger than 5 years on the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination. Design A decision analytic model was developed to predict costs and health effects of no vaccination, vaccination with LAIV, and vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Probabilities, costs, and quality adjustments for uncomplicated influenza, outpatient visits, hospitalizations, deaths, vaccination, and vaccine adverse events were based on primary and published data. The analysis included the possible increased incidence of adverse events following vaccination with LAIV for children younger than 5 years, including fever, wheezing, and hospitalization. A societal perspective was used. Sensitivity analyses, including probabilistic sensitivity analysis, were conducted. Setting Vaccination in the physician office setting in the United States. Participants Hypothetical cohorts of healthy children aged 6 months to 4 years. Intervention Vaccination with LAIV or IIV. Main outcome measure Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results Cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $20 000/QALY (age 6-23 months) to $33 000/QALY (age 3-4 years) for LAIV and from $21 000/QALY to $37 000/QALY for IIV for healthy children aged 6 months to 4 years. Inclusion of possible new adverse events for LAIV had varying effects on cost-effectiveness results. Results were not sensitive to the inclusion of wheezing as an adverse event but were sensitive to a possible increase in the probability of hospitalization. Conclusion Live attenuated influenza vaccine had comparable cost-effectiveness compared with IIV for children younger than 5 years under a wide range of assumptions about the incidence of adverse events.
Output Feedback Controller Sparsification via H2-Approximation

The problem of optimal sparse output feedback control design for continuous linear time invariant systems is considered. This work adopts the concept of %p-approximation to develop an optimization algorithm capable of synthesizing a structured sparse static controller gain for which the overall closed loop system exhibits empirical frequency characteristics resembling that of the system controlled with a pre-designed centralized controller. We, moreover, modify our optimization problem so that the control signal generated by the sparse controller falls into the vicinity of the centralized control input, in the sense of L norm. Furthermore, we show that our optimization problem can be equivalently reformulated into a rank constrained problem for which we propose to use a tailored version of Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) as a computationally efficient algorithm to sub-optimally solve it. Finally, we illuminate the effectiveness of our proposed method by testing it on randomly generated sample network models.
Compressed Sensing With Quantized Measurements

We consider the problem of estimating a sparse signal from a set of quantized, Gaussian noise corrupted measurements, where each measurement corresponds to an interval of values. We give two methods for (approximately) solving this problem, each based on minimizing a differentiable convex function plus an l 1 regularization term. Using a first order method developed by Hale et al, we demonstrate the performance of the methods through numerical simulation. We find that, using these methods, compressed sensing can be carried out even when the quantization is very coarse, e.g., 1 or 2 bits per measurement.
In Vivo Determination of Urinary Stone Composition Using Dual Energy Computerized Tomography With Advanced Post-Acquisition Processing

Purpose: We assessed whether dual energy computerized tomography with advanced post-image processing can accurately differentiate urinary calculi composition in vivo.Materials and Methods: A total of 25 patients scheduled to undergo ureteroscopic/percutaneous nephrolithotomy were prospectively identified. Dual energy computerized tomography was performed using 64-slice multidetector computerized tomography. Novel post-processing (DECTSlope) used pixel by pixel analyses to generate data sets grayscale encoding ratios of relative differences in attenuation of low (DECT80kVp) and high energy (DECT140kVp) series. Surgical extraction and Fourier spectroscopy resulted in 82 calculi. Of these stones 51 showed minor admixtures (uric acid, ammonium urate, struvite, calcium oxalate monohydrate and brushite) and 31 were polycrystalline (mixtures of calcium oxalate monohydrate/dihydrate and calcium phosphate). Analyses identified stone clusters of equal composition and distinct attenuation descriptors on DECT140kVp, ...
The Power of Popularity: An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between Social Media Fan Counts and Brand Company Stock Prices

This pioneering study explores the convergence of social economic behavior in our new, hyperconnected world. In statistical tests, the correlation of Facebook brand page fan counts of the 30 most popular consumer brands and their respective brand company stock prices were found to be statistically significant, despite the general upward trend for fan counts and radically different stock price performances over a 12-month period. The results suggest that the social media popularity itself, as a construct for consumer following or public interest, may serve as some type of behavioral indicator of brand affinity, customer loyalty, or brand performance.
The Generalizability of Student Ratings of Instruction: Estimation of the Teacher and Course Components.

Previous studies (Gillmore, Kane, and Naccarato, 1976; Kane, Crooks, and Gillmore, 1976; Kane, Gillmore, and Crooks, 1976) have shown that generalizability theory (Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, and Rajaratnam, 1972) can be a valuable tool in analyzing the dependability of student ratings of instruction. Specifically these studies have discussed three distinct generalizability coefficients within the common paradigm under which these ratings are collected. The coefficient which is appropriate in a given setting depends upon whether one wishes to generalize over both students and items, or only over one or the other. Furthermore, the characteristics of each of these coefficients can be easily traced as a function of changes in the number of raters and items. In addition, the multifaceted interpretation which underlies generalizability theory was useful in showing that the variability of student responses is consistently greater than the variability within students, indicating that increasing the number of students generally has a much greater impact on dependability than increasing the number of items. Perhaps the most important practical conclusion arising from the series of analyses reported was that, even for the most conservative case, when generalization is over both students and items, generalizability coefficients of .70 and greater were found when a class was rated by fifteen or more students, responding to four or more items. This result was reported in the above studies for three distinct instruments in two locations for various disciplinary groupings. The object of measurement for the above studies was the class, defined as a particular course (e.g., Psychology 101) taught by a particular teacher. However, the class as the object of measurement confounds the teacher effect with the course effect. This confounding is acceptable for some uses of student ratings, e.g. feedback to the teacher on his performance in a particular course, but does not permit estimation of the dependability of student ratings for two important applications of such ratings. First in evaluating a teacher's instructional effectiveness for a promotional decision, one would probably want to generalize over all courses that the teacher might teach rather than focusing on results of one or more specific courses. Second, in evaluating a specific curriculum offering, one would probably want to assess the course's rating by students, generalizing over the universe of all possible teachers who might teach it. Analyses in which the teacher and course effects are confounded do not allow an assessment of the dependability of student rating data for either of these purposes.
A place for community colleges in public health education: Two curricular frameworks

ABSTRACTThe Community College and Public Health project is sponsored by the League for Innovation in the Community College (the League) and the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health’s Framing the Future Task Force. The mission is to fully include community colleges in the continuum of public health education. An expert panel outlined efforts community colleges and public health could do together. Two prototype curricular models were then developed. Public Health: Generalist & Specializations is intended for transfer to bachelor’s degree programs in general public health, health education, health administration or environmental health. Health Navigator is primarily an applied associate degree program preparing graduates as Community Health Workers, patient navigators, and health insurance navigators. The prototype curricular frameworks were developed in collaboration with public health academic and practice organizations. The League expects to play a lead role in implementation including spo...
Aspect in Russian as grammatical rather than lexical notion: Evidence from Heritage Russian

В данной статье рассматриваются изменения, происходящие в системе глагольного вида в языке тех иммигрантов, для которых русский является родным, но не доминирующим языком. По результатам этого исследования делаются выводы как о видовой системе в языке иммигрантов, так и о видовой системе в русском языке в целом. В данной статье, во-первых, продeмoнстрирoвано, что, вопреки ожиданиям, основанным на изучении диахронических изменений в языке, а также изменений в лексиконе иммигрантов, такие факторы, как частота формы в исходном языке и внешние воздействия в результате языкового контакта, не играют заметной роли в перестройке видовой системы в языке иммигрантов. Во-вторых, утверждается, что, так как изменения в видовой системе и в лексиконе являются результатом воздействия различных факторов, то глагольный вид в русском языке в целом является грамматическим, а не лексическим понятием.
Transient hypoxic respiratory failure in a patient with severe hypophosphatemia.

BACKGROUND Respiratory failure in severely hypophosphatemic patients has been attributed to respiratory muscle weakness, leading to ventilatory failure. While frequently documenting hypercarbic respiratory failure, previous reports of hypophosphatemia-related respiratory failure in patients otherwise free of pulmonary or airway disease often did not provide sufficient information on gas exchange and pulmonary function, precluding inference on alternative or additional sources of respiratory dysfunction in this population. CASE REPORT We report a case of acute hypoxic respiratory failure in a 26 year-old bulimic woman with severe hypophosphatemia. The patient presented with acute onset of dyspnea, paresthesias, limb shaking, and severe hyperventilation. SpO2 was 74%, requiring administration of 100% O2, with normal chest radiograph. Serum phosphate was <0.3 mmol/liter (1.0 mg/dL). Further evaluation did not support pulmonary, vascular, neurogenic or external exposure-related causes of hypoxic respiratory failure, which rapidly resolved with parenteral correction of hypophosphatemia. CONCLUSIONS To date, hypoxic respiratory failure has not been reported in association with hypophosphatemia. Increased awareness and further investigations can help elucidate the mechanisms of hypophosphatemia-associated hypoxemia.
Modernization from Below: An Alternative Indigenous Development?

This paper compares conceptions of "indigenous agriculture' and alternative agricultural development as used by academics with approaches to agricultural development taken by Indian federations and the NGOs and churches working with them in highland Ecuador. There are significant differences between these conceptions. Moving away from traditional practices, the Indian federations have promoted the use of Green Revolution technologies as part of a strategy they still conceive as "indigenous'. The federations' approach points to a more profound conception of indigenous agricultural development as a strategy implemented and controlled by Indian organizations and oriented toward a refashioning of the cultural and political landscale of highland Ecuador. In this way, analysing grassroots concepts challenges our theoretical constructions. Nonetheless, popular concepts should not be taken at face value. We should understand farmers and their organizations as "situated' in socioeconomic, political, and cultural structures that both enable and constrain as they construct their resource management strategies. A viable indigenous agricultural development must address the social relationships underlying such structural constraints. -from Author
Bacterial Colonization and Clinical Superinfection of the Respiratory Tract Complicating Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia

Administration of effective antimicrobial agents to a patient with an infectious disease not only may eliminate the causative bacteria but also may produce profound alterations in the normal flora of the body [1-12]. These changes in the bacterial population are usually of no consequence, but they may on occasion result in serious infection [5, 8, 10, 11, 13-18]. These superinfections, although well documented, are not often given adequate consideration among the hazards of antimicrobial therapy; and, despite the widespread recognition of these complications, little is known of their true incidence or of the factors that predispose the patient to them.
Individual Differences and Marketing Decision Support System Usage and Satisfaction

Relatively little is known about how managers interact with marketing decision support systems such as a computer simulation. The authors investigate individual difference variables to determine th...
Behavioral and Sleep Disorders in Neurofibromatosis

The behavior and sleep patterns of 64 children (mean age 10 years 7 months) with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) were determined by mail and telephone questionnaire in a study at Park Hospital, University of Oxford, UK.
Condensation of ammonia and high-temperature-glide zeotropic ammonia/water mixtures in minichannels – Part II: Heat transfer models

Abstract In this two-part study, a comprehensive experimental investigation of the condensation of pure ammonia and zeotropic mixtures of ammonia/water is conducted and improved models for predicting condensation heat transfer are developed. In Part I, condensation heat transfer experiments were conducted with ammonia and ammonia/water mixtures. In Part II, a heat transfer model is developed for condensation of ammonia in mini/microchannels. The model is validated with data and shows a significantly improved predictive capability (AAD = 12.8% for all ammonia data) compared to models and correlation developed for different classes of fluids and channel geometries. Using the insights derived from the pure ammonia model, an improved zeotropic condenser design method for high-temperature-glide ammonia/water mixtures in small diameter channels, based on the non-equilibrium film theory, is introduced. The key features of the improved model are the consideration of annular and non-annular flow effects on liquid film transport, including condensate and vapor sensible cooling contributions, and accounting for mini/microchannel effects through the new liquid film correlation.
Optimal Control of Mathematical Models for Antiangiogenic Treatments

In the models considered so far, the focus was on the cancerous cells progressing from mathematical models for homogeneous tumor populations of chemotherapeutically sensitive cells to heterogeneous structures of cell populations with varying sensitivities or even resistance. From an optimal control point of view, optimal treatment schedules change from bang-bang solutions with upfront dosing (that correspond to classical MTD approaches in medicine) to administrations that also include singular controls (which correspond to time-varying dosing schedules at less than maximum rates) as heterogeneity of the tumor population becomes more prevalent. In this chapter, we begin to analyze mathematical models that also take into account a tumor’s microenvironment.
Minimizing the risk of fraudulent transfer avoidance: A good-faith solvency opinion as the shield to protect a leveraged transaction

Avoidance of leveraged transactions as fraudulent transfers has proliferated in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis and during the resultant economic recession. When planning leveraged deals, such as buyouts, spinoffs, and intercorporate guarantees, corporate boards rely on solvency opinions prepared by outside financial advisors. If a leveraged transaction is challenged in court by a shareholder, the business judgment rule provides a highly deferential standard of judicial review of corporate decisions, as long the decision was well-informed and not tainted by fraud, illegality, or self-interest. If the same transaction is subject to fraudulent transfer avoidance, courts routinely employ a probing analysis, informed by 20/20-hindsight and according no deference to directorial decision making. Highlighting the irreconcilable discrepancy in the standards of judicial review, this Article argues that under the current legal regime the most reasonable solution from a planning perspective would be to structure the leveraged deal in reliance on a good-faith solvency opinion procured from an independent expert. This Article reviews examples of post-financial crisis avoidance actions, identifies the most frequently recurring legal criticisms of solvency opinions, and provides tips for ensuring that the solvency opinion obtained contemporaneously with the transaction will minimize risk of avoidance in the future.
Application of the classical contact theory to deformation of the skeletal joints

It is well known that when two bodies come into contact under an applied load, the body surfaces will deform at the point of contact and an area of contact will appear. The size and the shape of this contact area depend on the nature of the applied load, the original shape, and the material properties of the contact bodies. From the size and the shape of this contact area, the stress distributions of the bodies caused by the applied load also can be determined.
Dual Uncertainty Minimization Regularization and Its Applications on Heterogeneous Data

In many practical machine learning systems, the prediction/classification tasks involve the usage of heterogeneous data in semi-supervised settings, where the objective is to maximize the utility of multiple views (usually dual views) information from the data. In this work, we propose a general framework, Dual Uncertainty Minimization Regularization (DUMR), that maximizes the usage of heterogeneous data for a dual view semi-supervised classification/prediction. Through extending a recent uncertainty regularizer to a heterogeneous setting, we propose to optimize an objective which ensures the minimum uncertainty of the prediction over both views extracted from heterogeneous source. In specific, for different problem settings, we design two type of uncertainty regularizer with entropy and squared-loss mutual information, separately. The proposed framework is exploited in three datamining/multimeida analysis tasks, social role identification, legislative prediction and action recognition, and the comparison with other peer methods corroborate the superior performance of the proposed method.
Modelling Gesture Use and Early Language Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background Nonverbal communication abilities, including gesture use, are impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about how common gestures may influence or be influenced by other areas of development. Aims To examine the relationships between gesture, fine motor and language in young children with ASD compared with a comparison group using multiple measures and methods in a structural equation modelling framework. Methods & Procedures Participants included 110 children with ASD and a non-ASD comparison group of 87 children (that included children with developmental delays (DD) or typical development (TD)), from 12 to 48 months of age. A construct of gesture use as measured by the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales—Developmental Profile Caregiver Questionnaire (CQ) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), as well as fine motor from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—II (VABS-II) was examined using second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A series of structural equation models then examined concurrent relationships between the aforementioned latent gesture construct and expressive and receptive language. A series of hierarchical regression analyses was run in a subsample of 36 children with ASD with longitudinal data to determine how gesture factor scores predicted later language outcomes. Outcomes & Results Across study groups, the gesture CFA model with indicators of gesture use from both the CQ (parent-reported) and ADOS (direct observation), and measures of fine motor provided good fit with all indicators significantly and strongly loading onto one gesture factor. This model of gesture use, controlling for age, was found to correlate strongly with concurrent expressive and receptive language. The correlations between gestures and concurrent language were similar in magnitude in both the ASD and non-ASD groups. In the longitudinal subsample of children with ASD, gestures at time 1 predicted later receptive (but not expressive) language outcomes on the VABS-II, after controlling for nonverbal cognition, ASD severity, age and time 1 language. Conclusions & Implications This study extends research on the relationship between nonverbal communication and language by supporting the idea of an underlying construct of gesture use that includes fine motor ability and relates to language in young children with ASD. This further supports theories espousing developmental influences of motor and nonverbal communication strategies as important in early language learning.
Impact of lifestyle behavior change on glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes.

Background Little is known about the feasibility and impact of lifestyle intervention, determined by change in diet and cardiovascular fitness (CRF), on glycemic control in youth who are overweight with type 2 diabetes. This was examined in the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial cohort from across 15 US centers. Subjects TODAY enrolled 699 youth aged 10 to 17 years with type 2 diabetes <2 years and body mass index ≥85th percentile at baseline. Methods Dietary data were collected by an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire; CRF was assessed using a submaximal cycle ergometer test. Change from baseline in these variables was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models for both continuous and categorical measures. Models were adjusted for age, baseline HbA1c, treatment group, and medication adherence. Data were collected at baseline, 6, and 24 months. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00081328. Results At 6 months, ~25% of females and ~33% of males improved CRF. In males, this was related to a decreased HbA1c (P = .001) and a lower percent experiencing glycemic failure (HbA1c ≥8%; P = .007). Females who decreased their saturated fat intake and/or increased their fiber intake had lower HbA1c at month 24 (P = .01 and P = .007, respectively). Males who increased their sweetened beverage intake at 6-month follow-up were at a 1.6-fold higher risk of experiencing glycemic failure (P = .04). Conclusions Few youth improved fitness and/or diet over time, although those who did showed a beneficial impact on glycemic outcomes. Although lifestyle behaviors are difficult to change in youth with type 2 diabetes, interventions are needed that are feasible (in scope, complexity, and demands), sustainable, and clinically meaningful.
Visual Narrative Flow: Exploring Factors Shaping Data Visualization Story Reading Experiences

Many factors can shape the flow of visual data-driven stories, and thereby the way readers experience those stories. Through the analysis of 80 existing stories found on popular websites, we systematically investigate and identify seven characteristics of these stories, which we name “flow-factors,” and we illustrate how they feed into the broader concept of “visual narrative flow.” These flow-factors are navigation input, level of control, navigation progress, story layout, role of visualization, story progression, and navigation feedback. We also describe a series of studies we conducted, which shed initial light on how different visual narrative flows impact the reading experience. We report on two exploratory studies, in which we gathered reactions and preferences of readers for stepper- vs. scroller-driven flows. We then report on a crowdsourced study with 240 participants, in which we explore the effect of the combination of different flow-factors on readers’ engagement. Our results indicate that visuals and navigation feedback (e.g., static vs. animated transitions) have an impact on readers’ engagement, while level of control (e.g., discrete vs. continuous) may not.
Examen de la cultura profesoral

Este texto evalua el concepto de la cultural profesoral, observandolo desde el mundo empresarial y academico. Y analizandolo desde tres perspectivas: disciplinarias, profesional e institucional. Luego de analizar como estas se relacionan a creencias, normas, valores y supuestos del profesorado, concluimos el articulo con una discusion acerca de las implicaciones para los dirigentes de la educacion superior de un enfoque cultural en el analisis del profesorado.
Endoscopic Surveillance for Neoplasia in IBD: Random Biopsy

Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s colitis have an increased risk of colonic neoplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although data that colonoscopic surveillance programs increase survival is lacking; it is clear that proper surveillance can identify cancer at an earlier stage. It is important to identify which patients should be screened for dysplasia and CRC. Current international guidelines vary with regards to endoscopic techniques, but providers need to be familiar with all endoscopic modalities for optimal dysplasia surveillance. In this chapter we will review the risk factors for CRC in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), surveillance guidelines and their limitations, and surveillance techniques. For nearly half a century random biopsies using white light endoscopy had been the mainstay of colonic dysplasia surveillance, but growing evidence and rising health care costs have shifted the paradigm toward targeted, contrast enhanced, biopsy techniques.