cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineered cell-based therapies: a vanguard of design-driven medicine.

Engineered cell-based therapies are uniquely capable of performing sophisticated therapeutic functions in vivo, and this strategy is yielding promising clinical benefits for treating cancer. In this review, we discuss key opportunities and challenges for engineering customized cellular functions using cell-based therapy for cancer as a representative case study. We examine the historical development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies as an illustration of the engineering design cycle. We also consider the potential roles that the complementary disciplines of systems biology and synthetic biology may play in realizing safe and effective treatments for a broad range of patients and diseases. In particular, we discuss how systems biology may facilitate both fundamental research and clinical translation, and we describe how the emerging field of synthetic biology is providing novel modalities for building customized cellular functions to overcome existing clinical barriers. Together, these approaches provide a powerful set of conceptual and experimental tools for transforming information into understanding, and for translating understanding into novel therapeutics to establish a newframework for design-driven medicine.
Medical facilities in the neighborhood and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Medical establishments in the neighborhood, such as pharmacies and primary care clinics, may play a role in improving access to preventive care and treatment and could explain previously reported neighborhood variations in sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) incidence and survival. Methods The Cardiac Arrest Blood Study Repository is a population-based repository of data from adult cardiac arrest patients and population-based controls residing in King County, Washington. We examined the association between the availability of medical facilities near home with SCA risk, using adult (age 18–80) Seattle residents experiencing cardiac arrest (n = 446) and matched controls (n = 208) without a history of heart disease. We also analyzed the association of major medical centers near the event location with emergency medical service (EMS) response time and survival among adult cases (age 18+) presenting with ventricular fibrillation from throughout King County (n = 1537). The number of medical facilities per census tract was determined by geocoding business locations from the National Establishment Time-Series longitudinal database 1990–2010. Results More pharmacies in the home census tract was unexpectedly associated with higher odds of SCA (OR:1.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.59), and similar associations were observed for other medical facility types. The presence of a major medical center in the event census tract was associated with a faster EMS response time (−53 s, 95% CI: −84, −22), but not with short-term survival. Conclusions We did not observe a protective association between medical facilities in the home census tract and SCA risk, orbetween major medical centers in the event census tract and survival.
Insider as Action Researcher

Usually, the action researcher is someone who is external to the organization, provides expertise in an organizational intervention, and systematically evaluates the intervention to gain knowledge from the action. The responsibility for the research role by researcher and practitioner within action research can vary along a continuum from where the researcher takes full responsibility for research-oriented tasks to where the researcher coaches the practitioner in fulfilling research-oriented tasks. This chapter explores the end of the continuum where the inside practitioner is provided with the theory and research structure to fulfill more of the research-oriented tasks. The ill-structured problem domain of business planning is used to illustrate. Executives, who are students within an Executive MBA Program and are also participants in organizational interventions, fulfill the role of insider-as-researcher. Results indicate that insider action researchers can provide sensitive data to which outsider action researchers may not have access and are capable of systematically evaluating organizational interventions.
An Integrative Approach to Treating Infidelity in Couples

This chapter describes one theoretically integrative approach to working with couples who are struggling to recover from infidelity. This treatment approach evolved from broader couple therapy research and theory. The chapter focuses on cognitive-behavioral, insight-oriented, trauma-based, and forgiveness interventions to address individual and relationship-level consequences of infidelity. Therapy sessions are conducted with both members of the couple present. However, in atypical circumstances individual sessions with each partner may be added to address safety concerns that could be heightened if discussed with the partner present. Empirical and clinical research highlights the utility of an affair-specific couple-based intervention to treat infidelity. Clinical experience, injured partners entering treatment displayed significantly high levels of symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most marked gains were in the areas specifically targeted by this treatment, including decreased PTSD symptoms and ability to overcome challenges in the forgiveness process.
A stable generalized/eXtended FEM with discontinuous interpolants for fracture mechanics

Abstract This paper presents numerical studies with three classes of quadratic Generalized FEM (GFEM) approximations and shows that all of them lead to errors that are orders of magnitude smaller than the FEM with quarter-point elements, provided that appropriate enrichments are selected. However, all of them lead to severely ill-conditioned systems of equations, with a condition number up to O ( h − 10 ) in the case of the GFEM based on a quadratic partition of unity. Enrichment modifications able to address the ill-conditioning of quadratic GFEM approximations while preserving their optimal convergence are proposed. A robust enrichment modification strategy based on a discontinuous FE interpolant is proposed to control the conditioning of branch function enrichment. The discontinuous FE interpolant is a generalization of the continuous one used with the Stable GFEM (SGFEM). We show that SGFEM spaces based on p-hierarchical FEM enrichments are the same as their GFEM counterparts. This guarantees that both GFEM and SGFEM spaces will lead to the same solution. This is not the case for the other classes of second-order spaces. The robustness of the proposed approximation spaces with respect to the crack location in the mesh is also demonstrated.
Image Classification on the Edge for Fast Multi-Camera Object Tracking

This paper introduces a stochastic model for testing a low-latency method of tracking an object as it moves through an area observed by a dense network of video surveillance cameras. This new method utilizes the computing power of edge devices closer to the source of the video data to run lightweight image classifiers. The sensor redundancy in wide camera networks allows us to increase the accuracy of lightweight image classifiers and provide a real-time estimate of a target's location in the sensing region. Running image classifiers on the edge eliminates the latency costs of ofloading all video data frames to the cloud.
Covering Trump’s ‘Carnival’: A Rhetorical Alternative to ‘Objective’ Reporting

Donald Trump’s communication style – replete with grotesquery, mockery, boasts, and lies – diverges radically from past US presidents and disrupts normative politics in ways that threaten democrati...
Effect of Humidity on the Tribological Properties of Carbide-Derived Carbon (CDC) Films on Silicon Carbide

The effect of humidity on the tribological behavior of carbide-derived carbon (CDC) films prepared by high-temperature chlorination of silicon carbide was examined. Pin-on-disk tribological tests indicate that CDC, unlike graphite or glassy carbon, performs better in dry nitrogen (less than 0.05 friction coefficient at 0% humidity) than in humid air. This versatility is explained by the onion-like structure of the nanoporous CDC coating.
Radiographic restoration of native anatomy: a comparison between stemmed and stemless shoulder arthroplasty

Background Shoulder arthroplasty is a reliable procedure for patients with degenerative glenohumeral disease, and reproduction of native shoulder anatomy leads to superior outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of stemmed and stemless implants to radiographically restore native glenohumeral anatomy. Methods Shoulder arthroplasties were performed in 79 patients, with 58 receiving a stemless implant and 21 receiving a stemmed implant. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were assessed for humeral head height, humeral head centering, humeral head medial offset, humeral head diameter, humeral neck angle, and lateral humeral offset by 2 independent viewers. Measurements were scored and summed to identify the anatomic reconstruction index (ARI). Radiographic measurements were compared using the Student t test, and significance was set at P Results Five of six radiographic measurements along with the calculated ARI demonstrated no differences between stemmed and stemless shoulder implants (humeral head diameter, P = .651; humeral head height, P = .813; humeral head medial offset, P = .592; lateral humeral offset, P = .311; humeral head centering, P = .414; and ARI, P = .862). Stemless implants showed improved restoration of the native humeral neck angle (0° for stemless vs. −3° for stemmed, P = .017). Conclusion Radiographic restoration of anatomy is similar for stemmed and stemless shoulder arthroplasty implants.
Integrated Filter and RF Front-end Module on RF SOI

This work reports a monolithically integrated filter and RF front-end module architecture on 200-mm 7SWTSOI RFSOI technology. Multiple bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and Lamb wave filters are vertically integrated to RFSOI switches to demonstrate a variety of RF front-end modules. Vertical integration enables higher-density modules with reduced footprint and minimum impact in the electrical performance of the filters. This architecture demonstrates to be suitable for 5G new radio (NR) and LTE applications.
Design and Pilot Testing of Subgoal Labeled Worked Examples for Five Core Concepts in CS1

Subgoal learning has improved student problem-solving performance in programming, but it has been tested for only one-to-two hours of instruction at a time. Our work pioneers implementing subgoal learning throughout an entire introductory programming course. In this paper we discuss the protocol that we used to identify subgoals for core programming procedures, present the subgoal labels created for the course, and outline the subgoal-labeled instructional materials that were designed for a Java-based course. To examine the effect of subgoal labeled materials on student performance in the course, we compared quiz and exam grades between students who learned using subgoal labels and those who learned using conventional materials. Initial results indicate that learning with subgoals improves performance on early applications of concepts. Moreover, variance in performance was lower and persistence in the course was higher for students who learned with subgoals compared to those who learned with conventional materials, suggesting that learning with subgoal labels may uniquely benefit students who would normally receive low grades or dropout of the course.
EUS-guided through-the-needle biopsy for pancreatic cystic lesions

Background and Aims Differentiating pancreatic cystic lesions remains a challenge when the current technique of EUS-guided FNA is used. Recently, a miniaturized biopsy forceps with an outer diameter of 0.8 mm has been developed, thus allowing it to be passed through the bore of a standard 19-gauge FNA needle to acquire tissue. Methods This study consisted of a retrospective review of all cases of EUS-guided through-the-needle forceps biopsy technique (TTNFB) performed for pancreatic cystic lesions at a single academic tertiary care center over a 12-month period. Technical success was defined as acquisition of adequate tissue for formal histologic analysis. Safety was assessed through the monitoring and recording of periprocedural and postprocedural adverse events. Results The technical success of EUS-guided TTNFB was 87% (13/15). EUS-guided TTNFB with histologic analysis yielded pancreatic cyst diagnoses in 11 of 15 (73%) patients, compared with 0 of 15 (0%) patients with the use of EUS-FNA and cytologic analysis (P Conclusion This TTNFB technique has the potential to improve the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA for pancreatic cystic neoplasms.
Artificial intelligence supported material design for tailored image transformations

Neural network based classifiers have been shown to suffer from image perturbations in the form of 2-dimensional transformations. These transformations lack physical constraints making them less of a practical concern and more of a theoretical interest. This paper pushes to produce 3-dimensional materials to mimic these 2-dimensional image transformations by using artificial neural networks to regress material parameters. The neural networks are trained on simulation data from full-wave simulations and physics-based ray tracing simulations. Two neural network models are developed to regress material parameters of a common transformation optics solution, and a Gaussian blur, respectively. The model trained for the transformation optics solution was able to find a unique material solution whose simulated waveform generally matches an analytical solution. The model trained for the Gaussian blur was unable to find an adequate material solution for the image transformation possibly due to the constraints placed on the regression by the ray tracing simulation. Finally, a framework is proposed to combine the ray tracing and full-wave simulations to produce more accurate data, enabling a better regression of material parameters for image transformations.
The case for urban and reclaimed wood in the circular economy

Circular economy production, or upcycling of traditional waste products, has evolved in alignment with consumer driven accountability and demand for environmentally friendly alternatives. In recent years, industries have emerged to upcycle materials for value-added production. This paper presents case study interview results used to gather information about current marketing practices within the urban and reclaimed wood industries, which upcycles trees felled in urban areas and wood generated through construction and demolition. Firms reported entering the industry for a variety of reasons, most frequently surrounding intangible raw material and product attributes. Interviewees reported generating primarily made-to-order products, made-to-stock furniture, mantels, slabs, lumber, beams, flooring, millwork, and other products priced largely in line with their competition. Promotion consisted primarily of word of mouth, company webpages, social media, and event participation, such as craft fairs or trade shows. Firms relayed messages of sustainability, local production, quality, and emotional value. Companies primarily participate in direct, retail, or online sales, which have become increasingly prevalent. This paper outlines opportunities to explore, as well as barriers to overcome through examination of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats present in the internal and external environments of the urban and reclaimed wood industries.
Case Report: Pediatric Patient with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Author(s): Burger, MacKenzie W.; Moore, Marcus A.; Wilburn, John M. | Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rarely manifests with severe complications in pediatric patients. An association between COVID-19 and a Kawasaki-like inflammatory syndrome has recently presented in pediatric patients.Case Report: We report a unique case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children presenting with characteristic findings in a child who later developed cardiogenic shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.Conclusion: Recognition of these early signs and symptoms facilitates screening and risk stratification of pediatric COVID-19 cases associated with increased morbidity.
Adaptive Central-Upwind Scheme on Triangular Grids for the Saint-Venant System.

In this work, we develop a robust adaptive well-balanced and positivity-preserving central-upwind scheme on unstructured triangular grids for shallow water equations. The numerical method is an extension of the scheme from [{\sc Liu {\em et al.}},J. of Comp. Phys, 374 (2018), pp. 213 - 236]. As a part of the adaptive central-upwind algorithm, we obtain local a posteriori error estimator for the efficient mesh refinement strategy. The accuracy, high-resolution, and efficiency of the new adaptive central-upwind scheme are demonstrated on a number of challenging tests for shallow water models.
Vaccine advertising: preach to the converted or to the unaware?

Encouraging people to vaccinate is a challenging endeavor, but one which has tremendous public health benefits. Doing so requires overcoming barriers of awareness, availability, and (sometimes) vaccine hesitancy. Here we focus on nudging people to vaccinate through online advertising. We conducted a pre-registered online ads campaign encouraging people to vaccinate against three diseases: influenza, human papillomavirus, and herpes zoster. Ads were shown to ~69,000 people and were compared to similar ads shown to 8.6 million people. Outcome measures were clicks on ads and future searches for relevant terms. We find that ads have two main effects: First, a congruence effect whereby ads increase the likelihood of clicks and future searches by up to 116% in people who express an interest in the disease or the vaccine. Most commercial vaccine advertising is aimed entirely at this population. Second, we observed a priming effect, where ads shown to people who were searching for terms unrelated to the vaccine could be encouraged to click on them (odds ratios of 7.5–33.0) and, more often, search for the vaccine later (hazard ratios of 6.9–157.3). We provide analysis for optimizing vaccine advertising campaign budgets to balance the two populations. These findings demonstrate that digital advertising campaigns should consider not just advertising to direct keywords or to individuals that look exactly like existing customers, but consider tangential keywords that draw a wider target population who are likely earlier in their conversion funnel, thus increasing the number of people who vaccinate and maximizing vaccines uptake.
Presidential Politics Meets Regulatory Complexity: An Empirical Study of EPA's Hazardous Air Pollutant Rules Under Clinton and Bush II

With the growing centralization of power in the Executive Branch, just how deeply do Presidential politics trickle down into the hundreds of rules promulgated annually by the agencies, particularly highly complex and technical rules? There is strong evidence that at least in the case of highly controversial rules, Presidents are heavily involved. Yet for the rest, the evidence of meaningful political oversight is slim to nonexistent. In this study we examine whether Presidential Administrations make a significant difference in how the EPA responds to and interacts with stakeholders in the course of developing publicly important rules that regulate air toxic emissions. We hypothesize that rules that are highly complex and technical, but are also publicly significant, will tend in the aggregate to fall under the political radar and be relatively impervious to changes in Presidential Administration. Indeed, the influence of industry in this informationally intensive and thus largely politically insulated area may be even greater under more liberal administrations because the public interest groups may tend to be more complacent in overseeing and challenging agency action. Our results generally support these predictions. Based on docketed information, the Clinton Administration entertained more than twice the number of informal contacts, including meetings, with industry than the Bush II Administration. It also weakened rules, presumably in response to industry comments, more often than the Bush II administration. However, there was some evidence that Presidential politics mattered. The Bush II Administration rejected comments to strengthen a rule nearly twice as often as the Clinton Administration. And while the Clinton Administration did appear more receptive to industry than Bush II, it was also more receptive to informal communications with all types of stakeholders, including public interest groups. Thus, the Clinton EPA’s large number of contacts with industry may simply be a procedural preference for more contact with all stakeholders. In general, our results suggest that further empirical study of the infiltration of Presidential politics into the daily rulemaking work of agencies is warranted. There is large gap between the abstract theory of the Unitary Executive and its practical implications for the bulk of the rules promulgated by the agency.
The Application of the Assembly Line to the Delivery of Oral Health Care

This paper examines the delivery of oral health care and compares the delivery in 2020 with that before 1900. While equipment and materials have changed, the design of the office, and the use of personnel within the office has remained remarkably similar. The doctor is responsible for diagnosis and treatment with some support services provided by hygienists and assistants. This piece work delivery model contrasts with an assembly line model. The assembly line model is explored here in a hypothetical visit to a dental office in 2025. The paper describes the layout of practice as well as the role of the doctor and auxiliary personnel in the office.
On the Racial Composition of Workers Available to an Organization

As in most nations, the labor force in the United States is composed of many diverse groups. Where it is public policy to hire workers in a nondiscriminatory manner, the problem arises as to how to determine the fair-share of each group in an organization’s work force. In this paper, a number of occupations are looked at; particular attention is given to the professional occupations for which inter-labor market mobility is pronounced.
Still a Better Deal: Private Investment vs. Social Security

Opponents of allowing younger workers to privately invest a portion of their Social Security taxes through personal accounts have long pointed to the supposed riskiness of private investment. The volatility of private capital markets over the past several years, and especially recent declines in the stock market, have seemed to bolster their argument.However, private capital investment remains remarkably safe over the long term. Despite recent declines in the stock market, a worker who had invested privately over the past 40 years would have still earned an average yearly return of 6.85 percent investing in the S&P 500, 3.46 percent from corporate bonds, and 2.44 percent from government bonds.If workers who retired in 2011 had been allowed to invest the employee half of the Social Security payroll tax over their working lifetime, they would retire with more income than if they relied on Social Security. Indeed, even in the worst-case scenario — a low-wage worker who invested entirely in bonds — the benefits from private investment would equal those from traditional Social Security.While there are limits and caveats to this type of analysis, it clearly shows that the argument that private investment is too risky compared with Social Security does not hold up. With Social Security already running a cashflow deficit today — and facing a $21 trillion shortfall in the future that will make it impossible to pay promised benefits — private investment and personal accounts should be part of any discussion about reforming the troubled system.
Astrocytes in the optic nerve head express putative mechanosensitive channels.

Purpose: To establish whether optic nerve head astrocytes express candidate molecules to sense tissue stretch. Methods: We used conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, and single-cell reverse transcription PCR (RT–PCR) to assess the expression of various members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family and of the recently characterized mechanosensitive channels Piezo1 and 2 in optic nerve head tissue and in single, isolated astrocytes. Results: Most TRP subfamilies (TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPA, and TRPP) and Piezo1 and 2 were expressed in the optic nerve head of the mouse. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that TRPC1, TRPM7, TRPV2, TRPP2, and Piezo1 are the dominant isoforms in each subfamily. Single-cell RT–PCR revealed that many TRP isoforms, TRPC1–2, TRPC6, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM6–7, TRPP1–2, and Piezo1–2, are expressed in astrocytes of the optic nerve head, and that most astrocytes express TRPC1 and TRPP1–2. Comparisons of the TRPP and Piezo expression levels between different tissue regions showed that Piezo2 expression was higher in the optic nerve head and the optic nerve proper than in the brain and the corpus callosum. TRPP2 also showed higher expression in the optic nerve head. Conclusions: Astrocytes in the optic nerve head express multiple putative mechanosensitive channels, in particular the recently identified channels Piezo1 and 2. The expression of putative mechanosensitive channels in these cells may contribute to their responsiveness to traumatic or glaucomatous injury.
Quantum Computing and Zeroes of Zeta Functions

A possible connection between quantum computing and Zeta functions of finite field equations is described. Inspired by the 'spectral approach' to the Riemann conjecture, the assumption is that the zeroes of such Zeta functions correspond to the eigenvalues of finite dimensional unitary operators of natural quantum mechanical systems. The notion of universal, efficient quantum computation is used to model the desired quantum systems. Using eigenvalue estimation, such quantum circuits would be able to approximately count the number of solutions of finite field equations with an accuracy that does not appear to be feasible with a classical computer. For certain equations (Fermat hypersurfaces) it is show that one can indeed model their Zeta functions with efficient quantum algorithms, which gives some evidence in favor of the proposal of this article.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE LOWER HYBRID DRIFT INSTABILITY

ABSTRACT Particle simulations of strongly inhomogeneous plasma phenomena that model 6-pinch behavior in the implosion and post-implosion phases have been performed using an inhomogeneous, self-consistent Vlasov equilibrium as an initial state. In the hot ion regime a strong flute instability has been observed, whose properties agree well with those predicted by the linear and nonlinear theory of the lower-hybrid-drift instability.
Voluntary Exercise Preconditioning Activates Multiple Antiapoptotic Mechanisms and Improves Neurological Recovery after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Physical activity can attenuate neuronal loss, reduce neuroinflammation, and facilitate recovery after brain injury. However, little is known about the mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury (TBI) or its modulation of post-traumatic neuronal cell death. Voluntary exercise, using a running wheel, was conducted for 4 weeks immediately preceding (preconditioning) moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI), a well-established experimental TBI model in mice. Compared to nonexercised controls, exercise preconditioning (pre-exercise) improved recovery of sensorimotor performance in the beam walk task, as well as cognitive/affective functions in the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and tail-suspension tests. Further, pre-exercise reduced lesion size, attenuated neuronal loss in the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus, and decreased microglial activation in the cortex. In addition, exercise preconditioning activated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor ...
Compliance with American Urological Association Guidelines for Post-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Antibiotics Does Not Appear to Increase Rates of Infection

Purpose: We compared infection rates after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in a group of patients without a history of infection or struvite calculi who received 24 hours or less of antibiotics postoperatively (ie compliance with AUA guidelines) vs a group that received 5 to 7 days of antibiotics postoperatively.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of consecutive percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures in patients without a history of urinary tract infection. Group 1 received 24 hours or less of antibiotics postoperatively and group 2 received a mean of 6 days of antibiotics postoperatively.Results: A total of 52 patients in group 1 (24 hours or less of antibiotics) and 30 in group 2 (mean 6 days of antibiotics) met study inclusion criteria. In 5 group 1 patients (9.6%) fever developed within 72 hours of percutaneous nephrolithotomy but none demonstrated bacteriuria or bacteremia on cultures. No patient in group 1 was treated for urinary tract infection on postoperative days 3 to 14...
High Performance OLAP and Data Mining on Parallel Computers

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) techniques are increasingly being used in decision support systems to provide analysis of data. Queries posed on such systems are quite complex and require different views of data. Analytical models need to capture the multidimensionality of the underlying data, a task for which multidimensional databases are well suited. Multidimensional OLAP systems store data in multidimensional arrays on which analytical operations are performed. Knowledge discovery and data mining requires complex operations on the underlying data which can be very expensive in terms of computation time. High performance parallel systems can reduce this analysis time. Precomputed aggregate calculations in a Data Cube can provide efficient query processing for OLAP applications. In this article, we present algorithms for construction of data cubes on distributed-memory parallel computers. Data is loaded from a relational database into a multidimensional array. We present two methods, sort-based and hash-based for loading the base cube and compare their performances. Data cubes are used to perform consolidation queries used in roll-up operations using dimension hierarchies. Finally, we show how data cubes are used for data mining using Attribute Focusing techniques. We present results for these on the IBM-SP2 parallel machine. Results show that our algorithms and techniques for OLAP and data mining on parallel systems are scalable to a large number of processors, providing a high performance platform for such applications.
Making use: Attitudes to human-artifact engagements

‘Function’ and ‘use’ are keywords that design researchers customarily employ when referring to human-artifact engagements. However, there is little consensus about how the concepts of function and use relate to each other, to the intentions of ‘designers’ and ‘users’, or to their actions and encompassing contexts. In this paper, I synthesize literature from design research, material culture studies, design anthropology, and function theory in order to critically compare different attitudes to human-artifact engagements, implicit in characterizations of function and use. I identify design-centric, communicative, and use-centric attitudes, and discuss their assumptions and implications for design theory. I conclude by outlining principles for theoretically and computationally approaching use as an embodied and temporally contingent process – as a form of ‘making’.
Independent associations of insulin resistance with high whole-body intermuscular and low leg subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution in obese HIV-infected women

Background: Obesity and insulin resistance are growing problems in HIV-positive (HIV+) women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Objective: The objective was to determine the contribution of adipose tissue (AT) enlargement and distribution to the presence of insulin resistance in obese HIV+ women. Design: Whole-body intermuscular AT (IMAT), visceral AT (VAT), subcutaneous AT (SAT), and SAT distribution (leg versus upper body) were measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity (S 1 ) was measured with an intravenous glucose tolerance test in obese HIV+ women recruited because of their desire to lose weight (n = 17) and in obese healthy controls (n = 32). Results: The HIV+ women had relatively less whole-body SAT and more VAT and IMAT than did the controls (P < 0.05 for all). A significant interaction by HIV status was observed for the relation of total SAT with S, (P < 0.001 for the regression's slope interactions after adjustment for age, height, and weight). However, relations of IMAT, VAT, and SAT distribution (leg SAT as a percentage of total SAT; leg SAT%) with S, did not differ significantly between groups. For both groups combined, the best model predicting a low S, included significant contributions by both high IMAT and low leg SAT%, independent of age, height, and weight, and no interaction between groups was observed (overall r2 = 0.44, P = 0.0003). Conclusion: In obese HIV+ women, high whole-body IMAT and low leg SAT% distribution are independently associated with insulin resistance.
Factors affecting flavour release and uptake in O/W emulsion

Summary A scale-up model was developed which assumes that the equation governing one-dimensional unsteady-state mass transfer in stirred diffusion cells also applies to three-dimensional unsteady-state mass transfer in O/W emulsions, and that complete and instantaneous mixing follows emulsion dilution. Substitution of experimental stirred cell transfer rates into the scale-up model gave the following predicted times (sec) for the attainment of 50% equilibration in the diluted emulsions. Dispersed phase Compound transferred Time (sec) Liquid vegetable or silicone oils n-hexanol and n-octanol 0·66–9·3 Liquid vegetable oils Cholesterol ≫ 15 Semisolid oils n-hexanol (C6) 5·0–37 Solid oil n-octanol (C8) 75–78 In the study of transfer of alcohols, full alcohol equilibration occurred in all cases in less than 15 sec. Possible reasons are discussed for the discrepancies between measured and predicted rates. Supplementation of the emulsifier system with sodium caseinate or the proteins of egg yolk did not produce a measurable retardation of the release rate. Cholesterol uptake was very slow only when it was associated with surfactant in the aqueous phase. Increasing the initial oil fraction until the emulsion was ‘plastic’ gave readily measurable C8 transfer rates because mixing following dilution was not complete and instantaneous.
Inhumanities: Nazi Interpretations of Western Culture

Introduction Part I. Foundations of Nazi Cultural History: 1. The 'Germanic' origins of western culture 2. Voxvolkish 3. The western tradition as political and patriotic 4. The western tradition as anti-Semitic 5. The archenemy incarnate Part II. Blind to the Light: 6. Classicism romanticized 7. Intolerance toward enlightenment 8. Forging steel romanticism 9. Romantic music as 'our greatest legacy' Part III. Modern Dilemmas: 10. Realist paradox and expressionist confusion 11. Nordic existentialists and volkish founders 12. Music after Wagner Part IV. 'Holy' War and Weimar 'Crisis': 13. Heralds of the front experience 14. Weimar culture wars i: defending German spirit from 'circumcision' 15. Weimar culture wars ii: combating 'degeneracy' Part V. Nazi 'Solutions': 16. 'Honour your German masters' 17. The Nazi 'Renaissance' 18. Kultur at war Conclusion.
Fitting species-accumulation functions and assessing regional land use impacts on avian diversity

As one samples species from a particular assemblage, the initial rapid rate with which new species are encountered declines with increasing effort. Nine candidate models to characterize species–accumulation functions were compared in a search for a model that consistently fit geographically extensive avian survey data from a wide range of environmental conditions. Landscape-specific species–accumulation curves generated under a bootstrap resampling plan were best described by a generalized Weibull cumulative distribution function. Traditional species–area models of cumulative species richness as a function of accumulated sample had notable functional bias. The Weibull model fitted species–accumulation data equally well among sixty-six forested landscapes in the eastern U.S. Landscapes with a greater proportion of agricultural and urban land uses accumulated species more slowly than landscapes which retained a greater proportion of natural habitats (r=−0.64, P<0.001). This finding supports predictions of ecosystem behavior under human land use. There was no evidence that intermediate levels of land use intensity maximized accumulation rates. The approach reviewed in this paper makes no assumptions about the form of the species–abundance distribution or how species are distributed in space, thereby offering some advantages over more conventional diversity indices for characterizing how species assemblages respond to anthropogenic disturbance. Investigation of how species accumulation varies over time in a given geographic area is needed to evaluate fully the potential application of this approach to regional land use planning.
On the sensitivity of heat transfer in the stagnation-point boundary layer to free-stream vorticity

Experiments have given evidence of strong sensitivity of the stagnation-point heat transfer on cylinders to small changes in the intensity of free-stream turbulence. A similar effect on local heat-transfer rates to flat plates has been measured, but only when a favourable pressure gradient is present. In this work it is theorized that vorticity amplification by stretching is a possible, and perhaps the dominant, underlying mechanism responsible for this sensitivity. A mathematical model is presented for a steady, basically plane stagnation flow into which is steadily transported disturbed unidirectional vorticity having the only orientation susceptible to stretching. The resulting velocity and temperature fields in the stagnation-point boundary layer are analysed assuming the fluid to be incompressible and to have constant properties. By means of iterative procedures and electronic analogue computation an approximate solution to the full Navier-Stokes equations is achieved which indicates that amplification by stretching of vorticity of sufficiently large scale can occur. Such vorticity, present in the oncoming flow with a small intensity, can appear near the boundary layer with an amplified intensity and induce substantial three-dimensional effects therein. It is found that the thermal boundary layer is much more sensitive to the induced effects than the velocity boundary layer. Computations indicate that a certain amount of distributed vorticity in the oncoming flow causes the shear stress at the wall to increase by 5%, while the heat transfer there is augmented by 26% in a fluid with a Prandtl number of 0.74. Preliminary computations reveal that the sensitivity of the thermal boundary layer increases with Prandtl number.
The radio occultation method for the study of planetary atmospheres

Abstract Planets, the Moon and the Sun have a number of ‘atmospheres’ which may be measured by the radio occultation method, using radio links to spacecraft which are being occulted by the body as seen from Earth. Molecular atmospheres, ionospheres, magnetospheres, particulate atmospheres and several general-relativistic atmospheres can all affect radio signal charecteristics. Measured Doppler frequencies, signal amplitudes and wave polarizations contain information on these atmospheres. From such occultation measurements it is possible, for example, to derive profiles which are related to the changes with height of temperature, pressure, density, free electron concentration and the fractional volume occupied by particulate matter. Important clues for identifying molecular or particulate constituents can also be obtained. Even though one type of measurement may be sensitive to several different atmospheric characteristics, these characteristics can often be separated due to differences in their dependence on radio wavelength or on height above the surface.
‘Unkle Sommerset's’ freedom: liberty in England for black sailors

With his 1772 decree in Somerset v. Steuart that slavery was ‘so odious that nothing can be suffered to support it [in England] but positive law’, Lord Mansfield altered the legal landscape regarding black rights in England. While earlier judicial decisions had implied that slaves who came to England were free, prior to the Somerset decision there was no judicial consensus on the issue. The Somerset decision did not decree that slavery was illegal in England. Yet many blacks believed it ‘emancipated’ any slave who reached the shores of England. This understanding, combined with the British military welcoming runaways into its ranks during the American Revolution, led to several thousand former slaves reaching England, a considerable number of whom were mariners. Although the Royal Navy was not isolated from the racism or harsh legal treatment of blacks, naval personnel often assisted ex-slaves to obtain freedom in England. The freedom black mariners found in England was fairly limited; they remained subje...
The Definition and Recognition of Biological Adaptation

Biological adaptation is a property of phenotypic features of organisms relative to selection demands of the environment. Adaptive features are ones having properties of form and function which permit the organism to maintain successfully the synerg between a biological role of that feature and a stated selection force. The degree of goodness of the adaptation can be measured by means of the amount of energy needed to maintain the synerg with less energy indicating better adaptation. Adaptation does not apply to a close fit between different features or between the form and function of a feature or to the mutual interactions between features of a structural network. The state of being adapted is independent of the process of becoming adapted as adaptations need not evolve under the control of selection forces to which they are now adapted. Selection is here considered as the demands placed on the organism by the environment with which the organism must cope to continue surviving as an individual. Adapted features have been judged using three methods—the comparative the correlative and the synthetic—of which only the last is valid. The synthetic method requires study of the forms and functions of the feature in the laboratory and of the biological roles of the feature and the selection demands of the environment in the field. It is suggested that the best approach for the study of adaptations is a team effort with constant feedback between the laboratory and field phases of study. It is urged that attention be given to the development of an ecological morphology to supplement functional morphology and provide the necessary foundation for proper elucidation of biological adaptations.
Reconstruction of the sella floor using vascularized pedicled mucosal flap

The efficacy and uses of a vascularized pedicled sphenoid sinus mucosal flap in reconstruction of the sella floor after trans-sphenoidal surgery for sellar lesions is studied. The method was successfully performed in 31 cases over a period of 7 years. The ease of harvesting, high vascularity and local availability of the flap are the principal advantages.
Comparison of Traditional and Condensed Articulation Tests Examining the Same Number of Sounds

The same recorded speech samples of subjects with articulation defects were presented to judges under two listening conditions. Under one condition each judge was to listen for only one sound per s...
Cdc25A Protein phosphatase inhibitors from anomalous ozonolysis of 5,6-seco-5-oxo-3-cholesten-6-oic acid

Abstract Ozonolysis of the α,β-unsaturated keto acid, 5,6-seco-5-oxo-3-cholesten-6-oic acid (1), in ethyl acetate/acetic acid/water (15:15:1) at −20°C, followed by addition of piperidine, led to several novel lactone products (2–6), presumably formed through rearrangements of ozonide intermediates. The major product 2 was a lactone containing a dioxolane-4-one moiety, which exhibited a carbonyl stretching frequency at 1815 cm−1. Three of the five products resulted from loss of two carbon atoms from the starting material rather than one carbon atom as commonly observed in the ‘anomalous ozonolysis’ of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Some of these compounds possess moderate inhibitory activities against human Cdc25A protein phosphatase, an enzyme overexpressed in several human tumor cell lines.
Hypothermia‐induced platelet aggregation in heparinized flowing human blood: Identification of a high responder subpopulation

Cold-induced platelet aggregation (CIPA) in PRP has previously been documented in connection with platelet preservation (4–15°C). This report describes hypothermia-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA) in whole blood and at temperatures used in open-heart surgery (24–32°C). HIPA (specifically, the formation of occlusive aggregates) was studied in human whole blood. Fresh heparinized (1.5 U/ml) human blood was cooled and maintained at target temperatures (15, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 37°C) as it flowed (1 ml/min) through 75-cm long 1/32″ internal diameter polymer conduit. The formation of aggregates in the tubing was verified using optical video microscopy and was quantified by a light-scattering method and a constant-pressure filtration method. Donors were tested at least twice at each target temperature and were classified into three separate response regimes (Low, Medium, and High) on the basis of the number of aggregates and the duration of their appearance. The screening of 121 donors (average age 22.3 ± 4.3 years) for HIPA at 24°C (the temperature of maximum response) indicated 14% High Responders, 18% Medium Responders, and 68% Low Responders. HIPA was inhibited by EDTA, citrate, PGE1, and Tirofiban, but not by aspirin, and it was enhanced by elevated heparin levels. HIPA was consistently noted in the blood of a subpopulation of donors, and the associated platelet aggregates in the blood of High Responders were rigid and occlusive. It is postulated that such aggregates may contribute to cognitive dysfunction noted in patients undergoing hypothermic open-heart surgery, and that postulus is being investigated. Am. J. Hematol. 69:45–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.