cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Right Brain Implicit Self Lies at the Core of Psychoanalysis

In this contribution I expand my continuing work on the centrality of right brain structures and unconscious processes from the neuropsychoanalytic perspective of regulation theory, an overarching model of the development, psychopathogenesis, and treatment of the implicit self. In an introduction I highlight the essential role of not only implicit cognition but implicit affect, communication, and regulation in current relational psychoanalytic models. I then briefly discuss recent developmental and neurobiological studies of implicit processes in early development and psychopathogenesis. In the bulk of this work I explore the essential role of implicit affective processes in psychotherapeutic change processes. I focus particularly on the expression of right brain unconscious mechanisms in affect-laden enactments, and on the therapist's moment-to-moment navigation through these heightened affective moments by not left brain explicit secondary process cognition but right brain implicit primary process affec...
Strategies to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia

The aim of this review is to present factors that are relevant to cognitive decline and risk of dementia in later life. With longer life expectancy, the likelihood of experiencing agerelated cognitive difficulties has increased. Maintaining normal cognitive function is necessary for successful performance of activities of daily living and independence in later life. Although cognitive decline and dementia are sometimes unavoidable, there are ways in which people can modify their risk of these outcomes. Furthermore, the authors suggest that factors contributing to deviations from homeostasis may have adverse effects on brain health and possibly increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
The Empirical Distribution of the Costs of Revenue-Based Commodity Support Programs—Estimates and Policy Implications

This paper demonstrates how the density function of the U.S. domestic commodity support payments for corn differs between current price-based approaches to support and a revenue-based alternative. Comparing across program scenarios that provide equal expected levels of support at the national level, the revenue-based scenario exhibits a lower variability around total expected annual payments, and perhaps more importantly, a lower probability of high payments than the current-style support. Furthermore, for the vast majority of corn-producing counties in the United States, the coefficient of variation of total gross revenue per acre is lower under the revenue-based support scenario than under the current-style scenario. Copyright 2009 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association
Conceptual Representations of Action in the Lateral Temporal Cortex

Retrieval of conceptual information from action pictures causes greater activation than from object pictures bilaterally in human motion areas (MT/MST) and nearby temporal regions. By contrast, retrieval of conceptual information from action words causes greater activation in left middle and superior temporal gyri, anterior and dorsal to the MT/MST. We performed two fMRI experiments to replicate and extend these findings regarding action words. In the first experiment, subjects performed conceptual judgments of action and object words under conditions that stressed visual semantic information. Under these conditions, action words again activated posterior temporal regions close to, but not identical with, the MT/MST. In the second experiment, we included conceptual judgments of manipulable object words in addition to judgments of action and animal words. Both action and manipulable object judgments caused greater activity than animal judgments in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Both of these experiments support the hypothesis that middle temporal gyrus activation is related to accessing conceptual information about motion attributes, rather than alternative accounts on the basis of lexical or grammatical factors. Furthermore, these experiments provide additional support for the notion of a concrete to abstract gradient of motion representations with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex, extending anterior and dorsal from the MT/MST towards the peri-sylvian cortex.
Comparison of Moist Heat and Magnetic Therapy on Ultrasound Changes in the Loin Area of Adult Horses

s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 31 (2011) 230-356 323 increase internal temperature of the horse. There was a 2.5 3.8 C increase (P < .05) in ambient temperatures recorded from pre to 60 min PM (36.9 1.1 and 37.1 1.1 C, respectively). Mean average humidity was 64.2 2.9%. Although the massage work area was not temperature controlled, radiant heat and airflow were minimized in the area ensuring all testing occurred under similar climatic conditions. Conclusion: Results of this project indicate equine sports massage therapy increased blood flow and skin temperature to regions being massaged, and these increases persisted for more than one hour. This indicates that sports massage therapy may enhance transport of metabolic wastes and fuels and gas exchange which, in turn, aids the performance and condition of the horse. This study shows further research is warranted relating effects of equine massage on factors such as range of motion, force plate analysis, and blood lactate and cortisol concentrations.
The Priming Effects of News about Asia on Attitudes toward Advertisements with Asian Models

Advertisements frequently interact with editorial content, so that the editorial context functions as primes on the reading of advertisements. This is especially true in the case of online advertising, where advertisers have less control over where their ads will appear due to the inherent nature of online advertising buying. To investigate the effects of the editorial context on advertisements, this paper reports the results of two experiments that investigated the priming effects of news about Asia on attitudes toward advertisements with Asian models. The first experiment manipulated types of negative news about China as primes and compared their effects on an advertisement with either an Asian or a white model and found that model ethnicity influenced ad and brand attitudes. Negative news items about China produced priming effects, and the outcomes were both contrastive and assimilative. The second experiment used both positive and negative social news about China and Japan as primes. There were no country effects; rather positive and negative news about Asian countries had similar priming effects on advertisements with Asian models.
Comparative evaluation of linear PID and fuzzy control for a boost converter

Both linear PID controllers and fuzzy controllers are designed and implemented for a boost converter. Comparison between the two controllers is made in the aspect of design, implementation and experimental results. Design of fuzzy controllers is based on heuristic knowledge of the converter and tuned using trial and error, while the design of linear PID and PI controllers is based on the frequency response of the boost converter. Implementation of linear controllers is quite straightforward, while implementation of fuzzy controllers has its unique issues. A comparison of experimental results indicates that the performance of the fuzzy controller is superior to that of the linear PID and PI controllers. The fuzzy controller is able to achieve faster transient response, has more stable steady-state response, and is more robust under different operating points.
NOTES ON KALLAUNER AND SEGER METHODS OF RATIONAL ANALYSIS1

A comparison of the Seger, Kallauner, and calculated rational analysis is made, using a Florida kaolin and a Tennessee ball clay. Results obtained are observed and discussed.
Comparison of Indices of Copper Status in Men and Women Fed Diets Marginal in Copper

Although the effects of Cu deficiency are well documented in several animal species (1), there are relatively few data on the effects of controlled marginal intakes of Cu on different indices related to Cu nutriture in adult humans (2, 3).
Quantization approach utilizing piecewise linear companders

This paper considers the design of a robust quantizer for the class of input signal distributions having given quantiles and otherwise arbitrary shape. The quantizer model that consists of a compander and a uniform quantizer is utilized. The case of large number of quantization points is considered, and we use Bennett's and Gersho's approximation to the mean rth power distortion measure. We demonstrate that the piecewise linear compander provides robust quantization for the class of all input probability distributions having only their quantiles specified. The optimum robust solution is provided through the determination of all the required parameters. The problem is resolved for the case of block quantizers as well, and we show that the robust solution corresponds to a piecewise constant output point density function. The least favorable input multivariable density function is the piecewise uniform one.
Establishing waste reduction and recycling potential as basic principles of engineering design

It is noted that, traditionally, engineering research and engineering education have focused on improved methods of managing and disposing of waste. The authors propose that engineering education be refocused to also develop engineers capable of designing waste minimization into manufacturing and construction at the front end. Examples of new technologies designed to reduce volume and toxicity of waste products show that economic and environmental benefits can be achieved from this approach. >
The Effect of Fiber Treatment on the Coefficient of Energy Dissipation

The coefficient of energy dissipation, which has previously been shown to characterize the surface properties of staple fibers, is examined for cottons extracted with alcohol, mercerized, washed in a water softener, baked, and partially coated with microscopic particulates. The effect of humidity on the coefficient of energy dissipation is observed and hysteresis effects are shown to occur as the humidity is cycled. Humidity effects are discussed in terms of previously published theory on interfiber frictional behavior.
3D printing of an extremely tough hydrogel

Because of their low viscosity and large gelling temperature range, precise 3D printing of agar hydrogels has not been achieved even though the agar double network hydrogels are tough and self-recoverable. In this work, a super tough agar double network hydrogel was precisely printed by adding alginate. The addition of alginate not only increases the ink viscosity and printable period, but also improves its rheological characteristics towards precise processing control. Moreover, the entanglement of the alginate chains with the agar double network hydrogel restricts the agar helical chain bundles from pulling out under stress, which toughens the hydrogel.
Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing milled glass as partial replacement for cement

Abstract Milled waste glass was used as secondary cementitious material towards production of recycled aggregate concrete with improved strength and durability attributes. Experimental investigation of the novel concept of using milled waste glass, as partial replacement for cement, to overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate and the resulting concrete showed that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale particle size, is estimated to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). These reactions bring about favorable changes in the structure of the hydrated cement paste and the interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete. Use of milled waste glass, as partial replacement of cement, is estimated to produce significant gains in strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Milled waste glass was also found to suppress alkali-silica reactions. The encouraging test results are viewed to facilitate broad-based use of recycled aggregate and diversion of large quantities of landfill-bound mixed-color waste glass for a value-added use to produce recycled aggregate concrete incorporating milled waste glass.
Metastable Phase Formation and Microstructural Evolution During Self-Propagating Reactions in Ai/Ni and Ai/Monel Multilayers

The quenched microstructures of self-propagating reactions in Al/Ni and Al/Monel foils are examined. The quenched reaction fronts in both films are shown to be approximately 30μm long and exhibit a continuous evolution from an as-deposited to a fully reacted microstructure. In both multilayers the first phase to form is isostructural with Al9Co2, and nucleates on the Al side of the layer interface. Growth of the intermetallic occurs in a two step process. First the grains grow laterally along the interface until they impinge on each other, followed by growth normal to the interface into the Al layer. It is shown that planarity of this interface during the latter growth stage is determined by the width of the intermetallic grains immediately prior to their growth normal to the interface into the Al layer. On the basis of these observations it is argued that in modeling these reactions diffusion through the intermetallic during the reaction must be considered, and that atomic diffusion may be considerably more three- dimensional in practice than the current models suggest.
Introduction to biostatistics: Part 6, Correlation and regression.

Correlation and regression analysis are applied to data to define and quantify the relationship between two variables. Correlation analysis is used to estimate the strength of a relationship between two variables. The correlation coefficient r is a dimensionless number ranging from −1 to +1. A value of −1 signifies a perfect negative, or indirect (inverse) relationship. A value of +1 signifies a perfect positive, or direct relationship. The r can be calculated as the Pearson-product r , using normally distributed interval or ratio data, or as the Spearman rank r , using non-normally distributed data that are not interval or ratio in nature. Linear regression analysis results in the formation of an equation of a line (Y = mX + b), which mathematically describes the line of best fit for a data relationship between X and Y variables. This equation can then be used to predict additional dependent variable values (Ŷ), based on the value or the independent variable X, the slope m, and the Y-intercept b. Interpretation of the correlation coefficient r involves use of r 2 , which implies the degree of variability of Y due to X. Tests of significance for linear regression are similar conceptually to significance testing using analysis of variance. Multiple correlation and regression, more complex analytical methods that define relationships between three or more variables, are not covered in this article. Closing comments for this final installment of this introduction to biostatistics series are presented.
Elective Surgery for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Late Functional Status and Quality of Life

Background Elective surgical treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysms is unique in that it is often performed on asymptomatic patients. Although it has been found to improve survival, the impact of elective surgery on late functional status and quality of life have yet to be examined. Methods Over a 5-year period, 110 asymptomatic patients underwent elective thoracic aortic replacement for ascending, descending, or thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Mean age was 67 ± 9 years (53 ≥ 70 years). Functional status, physical and psychological quality of life (Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, in which 50 represents normalized age-matched US population), and survival (Kaplan-Meier) were assessed. Results Return to normal activity level was independent of age ( p > 0.59) and procedure ( p > 0.18). At 35 ± 20 months, psychological quality of life was similar between surgical groups ( p > 0.71), but physical quality of life was lower after thoracoabdominal versus ascending or descending aneurysms ( p p > 0.58), but older patients had improved psychological quality of life (52 ± 9 ≥ 70 years versus 47 ± 8 p > 0.03). Overall survival was 79% ± 4% at 2 years and 70% ± 5% at 4 years, but was lower with thoracoabdominal versus ascending or descending aneurysms ( p p p p p Conclusions Advanced age did not impair return to normal functional status, and older patients had improved psychological quality of life. Survival and physical quality of life were lowest with thoracoabdominal versus ascending or descending aneurysms. Thus, patients with asymptomatic thoracic aneurysms should not be denied elective replacement based on age alone, as functional recovery was not significantly impaired.
Gender and the Ethics of Tax Evasion: An Empirical Study of 82 Countries

Gender is perhaps the most widely studied demographic variable. It is an interesting variable from the perspectives of economics, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, religion, history, and culture, to name a few. What makes women different from men? How are they different from men? Is female thinking becoming closer to male thinking as women gain equal rights and liberation?
Mathematical Modelling — a Conversation with Henry Pollak

Henry Pollak is, without any doubt, one of the pioneers in the field of applications and modelling in mathematics education. As early as in the sixties of the last century he pleaded for an integration of applications and modelling into mathematics teaching (for instance, Pollak, 1969). He was able to do that particularly competently and credibly since he was not part of the educational system itself but a leading member of Bell Laboratories. The educational scene of the sixties and the early seventies was shaped by the New Maths movement which had, in contrast to its own intentions, led in many countries to an emphasis on intra-mathematical aspects (see Pollak, 2003, for the situation in the USA). Internationally, Henry’s engagement for applications and modelling became particularly visible at ICME-3, 1976, where he gave the survey lecture on “The Interaction between Mathematics and Other School Subjects” (Pollak, 1979). Also in the first ICTMAs, Henry was active on a prominent position, for instance as a plenary speaker at ICTMA-3, 1987 (Pollak, 1989).
Characterization of Hydroxyphthioceranoic and Phthioceranoic Acids by Charge-Switch Derivatization and CID Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Hydroxyphthioceranoic (HPA) and phthioceranoic (PA) acids are polymethylated long chain fatty acids with and without a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon next to the terminal methyl-branched carbon distal to the carboxylic end of the long-chain fatty acid, respectively. They are the major components of the sulfolipids found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strain H37Rv. In this report, I describe CID linear ion-trap MS(n) mass spectrometric approaches combined with charge-reverse derivatization strategy toward characterization of these complex lipids, which were released from sulfolipids by alkaline hydrolysis and sequentially derivatized to the N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium (AMPP) derivatives. This method affords complete characterization of HPA and PA, including the location of the hydroxyl group and the multiple methyl side chains. The study also led to the notion that the hydroxyphthioceranoic acid in sulfolipid consists of two (for hC24) to 12 (for hC52) methyl branches, and among them 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16-octamethyl-17-hydroxydotriacontanoic acid (hC40) is the most prominent, while phthioceranoic acids are the minor constituents. These results confirm our previous findings that sulfolipid II, a family of homologous 2-stearoyl(palmitoyl)-3,6,6'-tris(hydroxyphthioceranoy1)-trehalose 2'-sulfates is the predominant species, and sulfolipid I, a family of homologous 2-stearoyl(palmitoyl)-3-phthioceranoyl-6,6'-bis(hydroxyphthioceranoy1)-trehalose 2'-sulfates is the minor species in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Variation in Individual Response — Will it Really Affect the Regulatory Response?

The question this paper addresses is whether knowledge of variation of individual human response to toxicants introduces elements into the regulatory process that, in some sense, are radically different, thereby forcing major changes into the regulatory process. In this paper I will examine the regulatory process as I perceive it, i.e., the views presented here do not bear the nihil obstat or imprimatur of any agency or instrumentality of the U.S. Government. The views will also perforce reflect the fact that virtually all the regulatory processes I have observed have been those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However I hope by examining the workings of the regulatory process to see where and to what extent information on individual response will effect the regulatory process.
The Civilian Defense Physical Fitness Program

(1942). The Civilian Defense Physical Fitness Program. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 71-108.
A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE SYNTHESIS OF TERPENES BY CERATOCYSTIS VARIOSPORA

A defined basal medium for the production of essential oils by C. variospora was devised. The effect of different nitrogen sources on odor production and quality was studied. Carbohydrate and nitrogen utilization were followed and finally the production of the essential oil of C. variospora as a function of time was analyzed. Ceratocystis variospora (Davids.) C. Moreau is an ascomycete which produces a characteristic odor in culture. There is some confusion as to the validity of the species name, and Webster and Butler (1967) consider C. variospora synonymous with C. fimbriata Ell. & Halst. Ceratocystis variospora will be used to denote the organism in this report. The odorous compounds produced by C. variospora were studied by Collins and Halim (1970), and the following acyclic monoterpenes were identified: linalool, citronellyl acetate, neral, geranial, citronellol, geranyl acetate, and geraniol. Further work by Collins and Halim (1977) has shown the presence of the acyclic monoterpene nerol and the cyclic monoterpene a-terpineol. The purpose of this study was to examine some of those factors which might influence monoterpene production by this fungus as well as to follow terpene production during the growth period.
Staging Lymphadenectomy in Patients With Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of lymph node (LN) metastasis in comprehensively staged ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) clinically confined to the ovary and determine factors associated with LN metastasis. Methods We identified all cases of OCCC treated at 4 institutions from January 1994 through December 2011. We included cases with disease grossly confined to the ovary that had surgical staging performed, including at least 10 LNs sampled. Clinical and pathologic data were abstracted from electronic medical records, and a deidentified data set was compiled and processed at a single institution. Factors potentially associated with LN metastasis were tested. Appropriate statistical tests were performed. Results We identified 145 eligible cases that met the criteria for this analysis. Median age was 52.9 years (range, 30–81 years), and median total LN count was 19 (range, 10–74). Seven (4.8%) of 145 comprehensively staged cases had LN metastasis; 6 of these cases (4.1%) were isolated metastasis. Cytologic washings, peritoneal, omental, and fallopian tube involvement were not associated with nodal metastasis. Cases with ovarian surface involvement and positive cytology had a 37.5% incidence of LN positivity, which was statistically meaningful when compared with all other cases (P = 0.003). Conclusions Women who underwent comprehensive staging for clinical stage I OCCC had an LN metastasis rate of 4.8%. The subgroup of cases with both ovarian surface involvement and positive cytology had the highest incidence of LN metastasis. This may influence clinical decision making on whether to perform lymphadenectomy in patients with incidental OCCC found after salpingo-oophorectomy.
Hafnium complexes for biological investigation.

SummaryThe distribution of Hf181 in rats was different when different hafnium complexes were administered. The median liver: femur concentration ratios with various complexing agents were in order mandelate >catechol disulfonate >citrate >gluconate. Differences were observed in other organs also.
Coca: the history and medical significance of an ancient Andean tradition.

Coca leaf products are an integral part of the lives of the Andean peoples from both a cultural and traditional medicine perspective. Coca is also the whole plant from which cocaine is derived. Coca products are thought to be a panacea for health troubles in regions of South America. This review will examine the toxicology of whole coca and will also look at medicinal applications of this plant, past, present, and future.
Theil's BLUS Residuals and R Tools for Testing and Removing Autocorrelation and Heteroscedasticity

Theil (1968) proposed a transformation of regression residuals so that they are best (minimizes the trace of its covariance matrix), linear, unbiased and subject to the constraint that its covariance matrix is scalar (BLUS) in the sense that it is proportional to the identity matrix. Despite their desirable theoretical properties Theil's tests for autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity using BLUS residuals are not much used by researchers, perhaps because of computational difficulties. My R program is checked against Ford (2008), who provides an example with implementations in Eviews and SAS software. Vinod (2010) suggests going beyond testing by making efficient adjustments to overcome the ill effects of non-scalar covariances. Links for R software to implement those tools are provided here near the end of the paper. I hope that my R software will help researchers fill a gap in the literature by studying the size and power of Theil's tests in comparison with other tests in the literature, and begin to focus on simultaneously overcoming these two common problems.
Activating sheep antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase

Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) have been extremely useful in establishing the neuronal and cellular localization of TH (Pickel et al., 1975a,b) and, recently, in demonstrating that in situ phosphorylation of TH is important in regulating the catalytic activity of TH (Waymire et al., 1979). While in the process of raising antibodies to TH, we observed an interesting property of immunoglobulins (Ig) from a sheep that was injected with TH purified from rat pheochromocytoma. Mixture of a partially purified TH and sheep Ig (0–45% ammonium sulfate) resulted in a dramatic elevation of TH activity. The following experiments were performed to establish whether this effect resulted from a specific interaction of TH and antibodies directed against TH. The results indicate that this crude Ig fraction contains anti-TH antibodies, that the majority of anti-TH activity is associated with activation of TH, and that the anti-TH antibodies are not uniformly distributed across IgG subclasses.
OFF LABEL PROMOTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS UNDER THE CARONIA AND AMARIN CASES

The Food and Drug Administration approval is necessary before a manufacturer can distribute a drug or medical device in the market. Congress amended the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) by enacting the Drug Amendments of 1962. The aforementioned require manufacturers to demonstrate that their drugs are both safe and effective for their intended uses before they are approved for distribution. Under the FDCA, a manufacturer may not introduce or deliver for introduction into interstate commerce any new drug that the FDA has not approved. The FDCA also prohibits the introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce of a drug that is misbranded, even if FDA has approved the drug The FDCA states that a drug or device is misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading in any particular. Labeling includes the label and any other written, printed, or graphic material that accompanies a device and any of its wrappers or containers. The labeling must include adequate directions for use of drugs and medical devices and any warnings necessary to protect the health of the user. FDA regulations incorporate the intended use. The term “intended use” refers to the objective intent of the persons legally responsible for the labeling of drugs. This objective intent may, for example, be shown by labeling claims, advertising matter, or oral or written statements by such persons or their representatives. The materials that may serve as proof of a manufacturer’s intended use include the promotional statements by the company or its representatives. “Off-label promotional statements could constitute evidence of an intended use of a drug that the FDA has not approved.” A number of recent cases between pharmaceutical companies or representatives and the federal government have involved a novel legal argument that the truthful and non-misleading speech relating to an off label use is protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. "Where off-label prescribing is ineffective or ill-advised, the FDA has a legitimate, compelling interest in protecting the public health by ensuring that companies do not transmit false or misleading information, or otherwise encourage off-label prescribing when there is no underlying medical basis. But where the challenged off-label information is truthful, what is the public interest in forbidding it?" It is relevant to consider how effective FCA sanctions may be for a company with an extensive pipeline of products to treat several conditions. For example, how significant to Pfizer is a FCA settlement of $2.3 billion compared with 2014 reported revenues of $49.6 billion? It represents almost five percent of the revenue for a given year. That money may be invested in research and development of new products to treat patient conditions.
Considering the formation of hematite spherules on Mars by freezing aqueous hematite nanoparticle suspensions

Abstract The enigmatic and unexpected occurrence of coarse crystalline (gray) hematite spherules at Terra Meridiani on Mars in association with deposits of jarosite-rich sediments fueled a variety of hypotheses to explain their origin. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that freezing of aqueous hematite nanoparticle suspensions, possibly produced from low-temperature weathering of jarosite-bearing deposits, could produce coarse-grained hematite aggregate spherules. We synthesized four hematite nanoparticle suspensions with a range of sizes and morphologies and performed freezing experiments. All sizes of hematite nanoparticles rapidly aggregate during freezing. Regardless of the size or shape of the initial starting material, they rapidly collect into aggregates that are then too big to push in front of a stable advancing ice front, leading to incohesive masses of particles, rather than solid spherules. We also explored the effects of “seed” silicates, a matrix of sand grains, various concentrations of NaCl and CaCl 2 , and varying the freezing temperature on hematite nanoparticle aggregation. However, none of these factors resulted in mm-scale spherical aggregates. By comparing our measured freezing rates with empirical and theoretical values from the literature, we conclude that the spherules on Mars could not have been produced through the freezing of aqueous hematite nanoparticle suspensions; ice crystallization front instability disrupts the aggregation process and prevents the formation of mm-scale continuous aggregates.
The Ethics Behind Efficiency

ABSTRACTThe normative elements underlying efficiency are more complex than generally portrayed and rely upon ethical frameworks that are generally absent from classroom discussions. Most textbooks, for example, ignore the ethical differences between Pareto efficiency (based on voluntary win-win outcomes) and the modern Kaldor-Hicks efficiency used in public policy assessments (in which winners gain more than losers lose). For the latter to be ethically palatable, society must have in place basic institutions of justice, transparency, and accountability. Normative economics thus requires a pluralist approach that includes considerations of virtue and duty, closer to Adam Smith's Enlightenment conceptions. This surprising finding should embolden economics teachers to engage students with critical thinking problems that are controversial and relevant, and which better prepare students for a complex world.
NEW SPECIES OF ASTRAGALUS (LEGUMINOSAE) FROM SOUTHEASTERN UTAH

Named and described is Astragalus piscator Barneby & Welsh, a species of sect. Argophylli subsect. Missourienses. The species occurs in Grand and San Juan counties, Utah.
Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Laboring Mothers

* Abbreviation: GBS — : group B Streptococcus Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent infection is an appealing concept. This approach is used for clinical scenarios in which the benefits have been clearly established, such as the prevention of surgical site infections, group B Streptococcus (GBS) sepsis in the neonate, and congenital and acquired immune deficiencies. In each case, the potential benefits of prophylaxis, including infection-associated morbidity and even mortality, must be weighed against the known risks of antimicrobial resistance and adverse drug effects. Ideally, only the highest risk patients are targeted for prophylaxis to avoid unnecessary exposure (eg, laboring mothers who are GBS positive or clean-contaminated surgical procedures) and the risk/benefit assessment is periodically reassessed over time as new data emerge. Postpartum infections of the mother and newborn are critically important targets of preventive health efforts. Approximately 1 million neonates die each year from infection; 99% of the deaths occur in developing countries.1 Because GBS is a major cause of both maternal (endometritis, chorioamnionitis, urinary tract infection) and neonatal (sepsis, pneumonia) infections, guidelines from the American … Address correspondence to Jeffrey S. Gerber, MD, PhD, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market St, Suite 1518, Philadelphia, PA 19147. E-mail: gerberj{at}email.chop.edu
The 2-3-74 Experience of Philip K. Dick: Psychotic Break or Spiritual Epiphany?

By Kyle ArnoldOxford University Press, 2016, 140 pp., $19.99 “Genius is childhood recalled at will.”—Charles BaudelaireIf the quote by Baudelaire is true, then Philip K. Dick certainly was a genius...
Evaluation on Social Media User's Knowledge Behavior Model

Social media platform allow users to exercise their communication strategies for knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination, which can be use by government agencies as an opportunity to better serve their citizens. In this study, we examine the users' perspective of the Social Media User Behavior Model allowing investigating the social media-based knowledge creation, framing and targeting behaviors by different user types. 123 subjects responded to our Social Media Questionnaire, allowing us to measure perspectives of their social media usage (Preferences, Intensity and Functionality) as well as perspectives of their knowledge behaviors (creation, framing and targeting). The findings imply that users' perspectives support the Social Media User Behavior Model by supporting H1 and H3, connecting the knowledge behaviors targeting and creating to users' characteristics, especially social media Intensity and Functionality. The results means that decision makers can improve communication with the public by identifying social media intensive users and users that use social media for many (versus few) functions, and facilitate different information strategies management for different users types.
Induction and Maintenance Adjuvant Mitomycin C Topical Therapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Tolerability and Intermediate Term Outcomes

Abstract Purpose: Endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is associated with higher recurrences, which could be reduced by application of topical therapy. Adjuvant induction Bacillus Calmette–Guerin has shown inferior outcomes for UTUC compared to bladder cancer, and maintenance regimens for UTUC are unexplored. We report on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Mitomycin C (MMC) induction and maintenance adjuvant topical therapy for UTUC. Materials and Methods: Patients with UTUC who received adjuvant topical therapy after complete endoscopic control of Ta/T1 tumors were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated using percutaneous nephrostomy tube (NT) or cystoscopically placed weekly ureteral catheters, per patient preference, and all patients were offered induction and maintenance. Standardized follow-up of every 3 months in the first year, then at a minimum every 6 months, with ureteroscopy and at least annual CT, was performed. Primary outcomes were recurrence-free,...
Making a Mormon?: Peacemaking in U.S. Press Coverage of the Mormon Baptism for the Dead

In the Mormon doctrine of posthumous baptism, people can be invited into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) community through baptism even after their death. When it was reported...
Modelling the Response of Intracranial Pressure to Microgravity Environments

A majority of astronauts experience symptoms of headache, vomiting, nausea, lethargy, and gastric discomfort during the first few hours or days after entering a microgravity environment. It has been hypothesised that some of these symtoms are related to the development of benign intracranial hypertension as a result of the cephalic fluid shifts and relative venous congestion that occur in microgravity. This hypothesis is tested here using a mathematical model of lumped-parameter type that embeds the intracranial system in whole-body physiology. In addition to considering microgravity environments, this model is used to examine the response of intracranial pressures to head-down tilt (HDT), a ground-based experimental procedure often used to simulate the cardiovascular effects of microgravity. Predicted pressures in these simulations include those in the cerebral vasculature, ventricular and extra-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brain tissue extracellular fluid. Various cardiovascular stimuli associated with microgravity, including changes in arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and blood colloid osmotic pressure, are considered both individually and in concert. Small alterations of the blood-brain barrier in space due to factors such as gravitational unloading and increased exposure to radiation are also allowed. Simulation results predict that in a healthy individual the upward fluid shifts and changes in central venous pressure in microgravitycannot, by themselves, produce a large elevation in ICP so long as the blood-brain barrier remains intact. Indeed, in this case the simulations suggest that ICP in microgravity is significantly less than that in long-term HDT, and may even be less than that in the supine position on Earth. However, simulations predict that ICP can increase significantly if, combined with a drop in blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is even a slight reduction in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. These results suggest that in some otherwise healthy individuals, microgravity environments may elevate ICP to levels associated with benign intracranial hypertension, producing symptoms that can adversely affect crew performance.
Sperm DNA Tests Are Clinically Useful: CON

Sperm DNA integrity assays have gained interest as a potential test to discriminate infertile from fertile men and to direct management of infertile men. Despite a growing body of literature, controversy still exists regarding the ability of these assays to provide clinically useful information in the evaluation of the infertile man. As a routine test in the infertile couple, sperm DNA testing adds expense to the healthcare system and does not provide a clinical benefit for most couples. The techniques and thresholds are not standardized, and the results are variable over time. Because of suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, the tests do not differentiate clinically significant from insignificant fragmentation. Finally, the current assays cannot evaluate individual sperm used for ART, and suggested treatments lack adequate trials proving effectiveness. As a result, the test fails to change management. Despite the potential, at this point, DNA fragmentation testing does not fulfill the criteria of a clinically useful diagnostic test in the evaluation of the infertile male.
Buttock tissue response to loading in men with spinal cord injury.

Objective/Background Despite the fact that most people with a spinal cord injury who use a wheelchair for mobility are considered at-risk for pressure ulcer (PrU) development, there still exists a spectrum of risk amongst this group. Efforts to differentiate risk level would benefit from clinical tools that can measure or predict the buttocks response to loading. Therefore, the goal of this study was to identify how tissue compliance and blood flow were impacted by clinically-measurable risk factors in young men with SCI. Methods Blood flow at the ischial tuberosity was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry while the seated buttock was unloaded, and loaded at lower (40–60 mmHg) and high (>200 mmHg) loads. Tissue compliance of the buttock was measured using the Myotonometer while subject were lifted in a Guldmann Net. Results Across 28 participants, blood flow was significantly reduced at high loads, while no consistent, significant changes were found at lower loads. At 40–60 mmHg, blood flow decreased in participants with a pressure ulcer history and lower BMI, but stayed the same or increased in most other participants. The buttock displaced an average of 9.3 mm (2.7 mm) at 4.2 N, which represented 82% (7%) of maximum displacement. BMI was related to the amount of buttock tissue displacement while smoking status explained some of the variation in the percent of max displacement. Conclusion Wide variability in tissue compliance and blood flow responses across a relatively homogeneous population indicate that differences in biomechanical risk may provide an explanation for the spectrum of PrU risk among persons with SCI.
Embedding Calculus and the Little Discs Operads

This note describes recent development in the study of embedding spaces from the manifold calculus viewpoint. An important progress that has been done was the discovery and application of the connection to the theory of operads. This allows one to describe embedding spaces as certain derived operadic module maps and to produce their explicit deloopings.
Future directions for medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder with American Indian/Alaska Natives

The U.S. is experiencing an alarming opioid epidemic, and although American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are especially hard hit, there is a paucity of opioid-related treatment research with these communities. AI/ANs are second only to Whites in the U.S. for overdose mortality. Thus, the National Institute on Drug Abuse convened a meeting of key stakeholders to elicit feedback on the acceptability and uptake of medication assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorders (OUDs) among AI/ANs. Five themes from this one-day meeting emerged: 1) the mismatch between Western secular and reductionistic medicine and the AI/AN holistic healing tradition; 2) the need to integrate MAT into AI/AN traditional healing; 3) the conflict between standardized MAT delivery and the traditional AI/AN desire for healing to include being medicine free; 4) systemic barriers; and 5) the need to improve research with AI/ANs using culturally relevant methods. Discussion is organized around key implementation strategies informed by these themes and necessary for the successful adoption of MAT in AI/AN communities: 1) type of medication; 2) educational interventions; 3) coordination of care; and 4) adjunctive psychosocial counseling. Using a community-based participatory research approach is consistent with a "two eyed seeing" approach that integrates Western and Indigenous worldviews. Such an approach is needed to develop impactful research in collaboration with AI/AN communities to address OUD health disparities.
Cognitive and Adaptive Outcomes After Proton Radiation for Pediatric Patients With Brain Tumors.

Purpose Radiation therapy is integral in treatment of pediatric brain tumors, but it is associated with negative long-term sequelae. Proton beam radiation therapy (PRT), which enables better focusing of radiation on tumors, may entail fewer sequelae. This prospective study examined cognitive and adaptive functioning in children and young adults treated with PRT. Methods and Materials A total of 155 patients were assessed using age-appropriate measures for cognitive and adaptive functioning at start of or during PRT (baseline) and at follow-up. Mean age at baseline was 8.9 years; mean follow-up interval was 3.6 years. Diagnoses included medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, glial tumors, germ cell tumors, and others. The sample was divided by age at baseline ( Results Scores for mean intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive functioning skills were in the average range at baseline and follow-up. Overall, mean IQ scores declined from 105.4 to 102.5 (P = .005); however, only the younger CSI group showed significant decline. Patients receiving CSI, regardless of age, appeared particularly vulnerable in IQ, processing speed, and working memory. Adaptive skills were stable across the 4 age-by-treatment field groups. Conclusions At a mean of 3.6 years after PRT, IQ declined slightly for the group, largely because of significant IQ decline in younger patients treated with CSI. No significant change was seen in patients
Land Policy in South America: Balancing Indigenous Demands and Neoliberal Economic Development

This project broadly explores how governments mediate between competing interests in the formation of policy. The 1990s saw the increased prominence of indigenous mobilization and neoliberal economic restructuring programs throughout Latin America. Land policy was of crucial importance for both trends, yet the desired form of these policies was drastically different. This exploratory project seeks to describe and explain cross-national variation in the convergence of neoliberal and indigenous conceptions of land into constitutional and regulatory frameworks in South America. Based on preliminary case studies, I argue that despite remarkable similarity in the demands of indigenous activists across South America, the extent to which these demands were incorporated into land policy is strongly determined by the broader political agenda. Additional case studies are required to explore the conditions under which demands are incorporated despite unfavorable political agendas.