cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nerve growth factor infusion in the primate brain reduces lesion-induced cholinergic neuronal degeneration.

NGF is a protein that promotes survival, differentiation, and process extension of selected neuronal populations during development and, in some cases, in the mature organism. Previous lesion and aging studies in the rat have shown that intracerebroventricular NGF infusions can prevent degenerative changes in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. We sought to determine whether salutory effects of NGF occur in the primate brain. Cholinergic fibers of the septohippocampal projection in the primate were surgically transected, followed by infusion of either a vehicle or an NGF solution into the ventricular system for a 4-week period. Quantification of cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus at the end of the infusion period demonstrated that only 45 +/- 5% of cholinergic neurons could be identified after fornix lesions in vehicle-infused animals, whereas 80 +/- 6% of neurons were visible in NGF-treated animals. Thus, NGF substantially reduced lesion-induced cholinergic neuronal degeneration in the adult primate brain. This finding may be relevant to the hypothesis that NGF has potential use as a cholinergic “neurotrophic-factor therapy,” given that loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is common in Alzheimer9s disease.
“A Nightmare Painted by Goya”: Russian Media Coverage of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Attacks in Comparative Perspective

The Western powers and Russia came head-to-head over the August 2013 chemical weapons attacks in Syria. Not only did Moscow stridently oppose Western plans to intervene militarily, it also steadfastly refused to accept that the Syrian regime had been responsible, a position that the U.S. president described as an “insult to reason.” This article examines how it can be that the Russian government was able to maintain such a seemingly absurd stance. It does so by analyzing how the Ghouta attacks were presented in the Russian media, and comparing this with coverage in the United States, United Kingdom, and France.
Inelastic Scattering of 20-MeV Tritons from Zr 90

The inelastic scattering of tritons from $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ was studied at a beam energy of 20 MeV, and angular distributions of states up to 5.22 MeV of excitation were obtained. The data are compared with distorted-wave calculations, employing both collective and shell-model form factors. Both calculations reproduce the shapes of the experimental angular distributions quite well. Values of deformation parameters obtained from the collective-model form-factor calculation are in good agreement with the results of inelastic scattering experiments employing beams of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ions, but are in poor agreement with the results of proton inelastic scattering measurements. The shell-model analysis assumed an effective two-body interaction between the triton projectile and the target nucleons, and the form-factor calculation employed a Yukawa well with a 1.0-F range. Under these conditions, an effective interaction strength averaging 660 MeV was obtained for the excitation of the well-known pure proton-configuration states. This value is approximately three times the strength obtained in the previous study of proton inelastic scattering from these states. This result supports the assumption that the optical potential has a real well depth approximately three times as great for the triton as for the single nucleon. The strengths of the transitions to the other observed states are also discussed in terms of configurations expected to contribute to the states. Characteristics of the ($t,{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reaction are compared with those of the ($p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reaction.
The Lament of the Study Abroad Director: Where Should We Start?

This chapter summarizes the information shared in the sourcebook and provides a sense of how study abroad staff might further develop and improve the programs offered to their students.
Serological Analysis of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase of Avian Oncornaviruses II. Comparison of Avian Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerases

Monospecific antiserum prepared against the isolated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) neutralized the endogenous ribonucleic acid-instructed DNA polymerase activity of detergent-disrupted virus. The viral polymerase was serologically unrelated to the seven major structural polypeptides of AMV. Furthermore, the viral enzyme was distinguished from normal cellular DNA polymerases by serological criteria; thus, antiserum against the viral enzyme neutralized its homologous antigen but not normal cellular DNA polymerases. Neutralization by antibody of viral DNA polymerase activity was observed with all avian leukemia-sarcoma viruses tested, irrespective of viral antigenic subtype. The DNA polymerase activity of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, and of a variety of mammalian oncornaviruses, was not neutralized by antisera against the AMV polymerase. Immunological analysis of the RSVα(O) mutant, which is deficient in DNA polymerase activity, shows this mutant to lack demonstrable polymerase antigen. Viral polymerase was identified by immunofluorescence as a cytoplasmic constituent in virus-producing chicken cells; polymerase antigen was not detected in uninfected (gs − ) chicken cells. Images
Brain Edema in Acute Liver Failure: Inhibition by L-Histidine

Brain edema and the associated increase in intracranial pressure are potentially lethal complications of acute liver failure (ALF). Astrocyte swelling (cytotoxic edema) represents a significant component of the brain edema in ALF, and elevated blood and brain ammonia levels have been strongly implicated in its formation. We earlier showed in cultured astrocytes that oxidative stress (OS) and the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) play major roles in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Glutamine, a byproduct of ammonia metabolism, has also been shown to induce OS, the mPT, and astrocyte swelling. Such effects of glutamine were suggested to be mediated by its hydrolysis in mitochondria, potentially yielding high levels of ammonia in this organelle and leading to OS and the mPT. L-histidine, an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport, was recently shown to mitigate OS, mPT, and cell swelling in cultured astrocytes treated with ammonia. The present study examined whether L-histidine similarly abolishes OS, the mPT, and brain edema in a rat model of ALF. Treatment of rats with thioacetamide caused a significant degree of brain edema, which was associated with induction of OS and the mPT. These changes were completely abolished by L-histidine, supporting a key role of mitochondrial glutamine transport and hydrolysis in the mechanism of the brain edema associated with ALF.
THE PATHFINDER HIGH-SPEED E.C.G. ANALYSER: Use in detection of arrhythmias during oral surgery

Automatic analysis of arrhythxnias from a tape recorded electrocardiogram (e.c.g.) is described, and its application to the detection and comparison of these during halothane and enflurane anaesthesia is discussed. The results confirm that the use of enflurane during oral surgery produces much greater cardiac stability than the use of halothane.
Infrared bond ionicity in ternary II–VI alloys

Abstract Infrared phonon data for Cd 1− x Mn x Te, Cd 1− x Zn x Te, and Hg 1− x Cd x Te give effective charges and hence bond ionicities vs x for these ternary II–VI compounds. The infrared ionicities agree with the Phillips values for the endpoint binaries CdTe and ZnTe but not for HgTe, correlate with the structural stabilities of the ternaries, and yield the ratio of ionic energy gap to covalent energy gap for the ternary sublattices. The ionicity plots vs x show distinct trends in the order Cd 1− x Mn x Te, Cd 1− x Zn x Te and Hg 1− x Cd x Te.
Do fire retardants contaminate helicopters

A fear that certain fire retardants will corrode aircraft and produce a structural failure or engine damage, has deterred fire control agencies from using helicopters to apply them. Using a dye as a substitute for a fire retardant, the authors conducted tests with several combinations of helicopter and tank types to determine where and how much material would be sprayed on the aircraft during dumping operations.
Surfaces: tacit knowledge, formal language, and metaphor at the Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis

The Harvard Lab for Computer and Spatial Analysis was one of several sites in the early development of GIS where seminal innovations in the processing and display of geographically referenced data took place. An early area of concern at the lab were the mathematical and technical problems associated with the modelling of surfaces. This term, surface, came to take on new and sometimes abstract meanings. The language used to describe surfaces was rooted in tacit knowledge and more formal mathematics. The mixing of different forms of language, both verbal and written, allowed the passing of abstract and sometimes difficult meanings. It may be that universal history is the history of a handful of metaphors... It may be that universal history is the history of the different intonations given a handful of metaphors (Borges 1964, p. 189 and 192).
Age of rental housing units and vacancy characteristics A filtering explanation

Abstract Aggregate data on rental units indicate that older units have lower vacancy frequencies and higher vacancy durations than newer units. A formulation consistent with the filtering hypothesis of the housing literature is presented that explains the above empirical regularity.
Differential diagnosis in obscure fever

Abstract True fever is due to a disturbance of the thermoregulatory centers. Fever results when these centers keep elimination of heat below the level of production. The usual causes of fever can be grouped under the following headings: congenital conditions and birth injuries, trauma, mechanical factors, toxic agents, infectious diseases and neoplastic diseases. This group accounts for about 95 per cent of all fevers. A few conditions which do not fit under these headings but which always should be considered in the differential diagnosis are: periarteritis nodosa, verrucous endocarditis, disseminated lupus erythematosus, blood dyscrasias, diabetic acidosis and cirrhosis of the liver. A plan of diagnostic attack has been presented, the main features of which are: (1) critical evaluation of the history, (2) critical evaluation of the laboratory findings and (3) emphasis on alertness for evidence of malignant disease.
A broad-band, unidirectional, two-port microstrip patch antenna

Resonant microstrip antennas usually have very narrow impedance bandwidths. By simultaneously exciting two modes of a circular patch, a two-port patch radiator with image impedance that remains near constant over a wide band can be obtained. This result is achieved by adjusting the coupling so that the two modes present complementary impedances, one in series, the other in shunt, at the same point on the feeder. The patterns can be made unidirectional so that the antenna is well suited for use in series-fed, end-fire, or side-fire arrays. The patterns are stable over a wide frequency band. Hence, the operating bandwidth will probably be determined by efficiency or power gain rather than by impedance or patterns. >
Cardiovascular responses and central catecholamines in streptozocin-diabetic rats

Brain catecholamine levels, spinal cord levels of the norepinephrine metabolite methoxy-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG), and heart rate were measured in nondiabetic and streptozocin-diabetic rats after sham surgery or bilateral carotid ligation. Although carotid ligation increased heart rate in both diabetic and nondiabetic rats, in diabetic animals the response did not differ from the response to sham surgery. Carotid ligation increased epinephrine concentrations in the medulla/pons of diabetic animals but was not associated with alterations in other central catecholamines. In all diabetic rats spinal ratios of MHPG/norepinephrine (an index of noradrenergic activity) were higher than in nondiabetics, and the change in heart rate (post-surgical-pre-surgical rate) correlated inversely with hypothalamic dopamine (R = -0.60). In sham-operated diabetic rats there were high inverse correlations of the change in heart rate with medullary epinephrine and of pre- and post-surgical heart rate with spinal MHPG/NE (R = -0.87 to -0.95). Central catecholamines and heart rate were not correlated in nondiabetic animals and correlated only weakly when nondiabetic and diabetic animals were pooled. Correlations in diabetic animals were usually abolished or reduced by carotid ligation. These findings suggest a link between central catecholamines and heart rate in diabetic rats subjected to surgical stress. Whether catecholaminergic neurons contribute to abnormal chronotropic responses in diabetic rats or respond to stimuli that affect both heart rate and neural function remains to be determined.
Thermal conductivity and interface thermal resistance of Si film on Si substrate determined by photothermal displacement interferometry

An in situ, noncontact, photothermal displacement interferometer for performing thermal diffusivity measurements on bulk and thin-film materials has been developed. Localized transient surface motion is generated through photothermoelastic coupling of a pulsed, heating laser beam to the sample under investigation. The maximum surface displacement is found to be linearly dependent on the laser power while the proportionality is a function of the thermal diffusivity. Both thin-film conductivity and film/substrate interface thermal resistance are derived from the measured, effective thermal conductivity by employing simple heat-flow analysis. Wedge-shaped Si films, vacuum deposited on single crystal Si wafers are studied with this technique. A sample with oxide layer removed by ion bombardment of the wafer surface prior to film deposition shows the same film conductivity as a sample film deposited on an as-cast wafer, while the uncleaned sample exhibits higher interface thermal resistance. It is found that the thin-film thermal conductivity is somewhat smaller than the bulk value. However, the existence of an interface thermal resistance, when combined with film thermal conductivity, can result in an effective thermal conductivity as low as two orders of magnitude lower than the bulk value.
Crystal and molecular structure of bis[(1,2-dihapto-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazolido)-π-allylpalladium(II)]

The crystal and molecular structure of bis[(1,2-dihapto-3,5-dimethylpyrazolido)-π-allylpalladium(II)], C16H24N4Pd2, has been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals are monoclinic,P21/c (No. 14), witha = 8.752(1),b = 18.932(2),c = 11.780(3) A, and β = 109.78(1) °. The observed crystal density (1.746 g cm−3) agrees well with that calculated on the basis of four molecules per unit cell (1.754 g cm−3). The structure has been refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques to a finalR1 value of 0.045 (R2 = 0.056) for 2974 unique reflections withInet⩾7 counts sec−1. The Pd2N4 ring is in a boat conformation in which the two palladium atoms are 1.113 and 1.064 A out of the plane defined by the four nitrogen atoms. The Pd-C bond distances to the terminal atoms of the π-allyl groups (2.12 A) are longer than those to the central carbon atoms (2.06 A). The molecule possesses approximatemm2 (C2v) symmetry.
Mass spectra of organometallic compounds. 6. Energetics of fragmentations of manganese-containing ions with intact ligands in the series CH3C5H4Mn(CO)2L and CH3C5H4Mn(CO)(CS)L [L = Ph3As and Ph3Sb] [1]☆

Abstract The mass spectra of the related series CH 3 C 5 H 4 Mn(CO) 2 L and CH 3 C 5 H 4 Mn(CO)(CS)L (L = Ph 3 P, Ph 3 As, and Ph 3 Sb) have been examined, and the appearance potentials of all manganese-containing ions with intact ligands determined. The primary fragmentation steps in the mass spectra of these series have been assigned and compared. A relative scale of manganese-to-ligand ionic bond dissociation energies has been established on the basis of the energetics of primary fragmentation steps and the relative currents of group ions. The relative bond strength of ligands in the fragment ions follows the order: CO 3 P, Ph 3 As, Ph 3 Sb) 3 Sb 3 As 3 P. The conclusions reached in this study have been inferred from several independent sets of data, and this rules out coincidental agreements of results.
A computational response surface study of curved-surface-curved-edge aluminum hemming using solid-to-shell mapping

Hemming is a manufacturing process of folding a panel onto itself or another sheet. Quality of hemming is characterized by geometry and formability. This paper presents a response surface study of 3D curved-surface-curved-edge hemming of an aluminum alloy, AA6111-T4, using finite element analysis. Solid elements and explicit FE solver are used for simulations of flanging, pre- and final hemming, and shell elements with implicit solver are deployed for springback prediction. A novel procedure called “solid to shell mapping” is developed to bridge the solid elements with the shell elements. Verified to be accurate and efficient, the model is utilized in a Central Composite Design to quantitatively explore the relationships between certain key process variables and the hem dimensional quality and formability. The most significant variables are identified as (i) pre-hemming angle on roll-in/roll-out; (ii) nominal surface curvature on sheet springback; (iii) initial sheet strain and flanging die radius on the maximum hemline surface strain of the produced hem. These results provide insights for process parameter selections in designing and optimizing 3D hems under material formability constraints.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay

A field of giant sand waves, among the largest in the world, recently was mapped in high resolution for the first time during a multibeam survey in 2004 and 2005 through the strait of the Golden Gate at the mouth of San Francisco Bay in California (Figure la). This massive bed form field covers an area of approximately four square kilometers in water depths ranging from 30 to 106 meters, featuring more than 40 distinct sand waves with crests aligned approximately perpendicular to the dominant tidally generated cross-shore currents, with wavelengths and heights that measure up to 220 meters and 10 meters, respectively. Sand wave crests can be traced continuously for up to two kilometers across the mouth of this energetic tidal inlet, where depth-averaged tidal currents through the strait below the Golden Gate Bridge exceed 2.5 meters per second during peak ebb flows. Repeated surveys demonstrated that the sand waves are active and dynamic features that move in response to tidally generated currents. The complex temporal and spatial variations in wave and tidal current interactions in this region result in an astoundingly diverse array of bed form morphologies, scales, and orientations. Bed forms of approximately half the scale of those reported in this article previously were mapped inside San Francisco Bay during a multibeam survey in 1997 [Chin et al., 1997].
Determination of the quark-gluon coupling constant

Presented here is a new method of applying perturbation theory to ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$. Contact between theory and experiment is greatly enhanced by the introduction of a quantity that is both measurable and reliably calculable in perturbation theory. The method yields a value of approximately 700 MeV for $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, the single parameter that characterizes the color-gluon force.
Ability and Effort Attributions: Do They Affect How Managers Communicate Performance Feedback Information?

Patterns of performance feedback communication were studied using laboratory simulations. The data indicate that a consistent relational communication pattern, or script, was associated with feedba...
Identification of scientists making long‐term, high‐impact contributions, with notes on their methods of working

Abstract A two decade (1958–1978) study was made of 40 male scientists, including four Nobel Prize winners. Multiple psychological tests were administered, along with interviews and analysis of publication rates and citations. The data yielded two factors that had very high predictive ability for identifying long‐term, high‐impact investigators: a series of five or more high‐impact papers published by the age of 45 accompanied by simultaneous involvement in research in several areas. Scientists meeting these criteria all went on to produce high‐impact papers into their late‐50s and 60s, whereas the other scientists in the study did not. Other factors, such as number of publications, membership in the National Academy of Sciences, and the award of a Nobel Prize were not significantly predictive of continued impact. Thus, previous impact should not be used as a basis for further funding independent of other measures. Methods of working peculiar to long‐term, high‐impact individuals, such as frequent changes...
Effective index model for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

A new effective index optical model is presented for the analysis of lateral waveguiding effects in verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers. In addition to providing a concise formalism for reducing the dimensionality of the Maxwell equations describing the lasing mode, this model also provides new insights into waveguiding phenomena in vertical-cavity lasers. In particular, it is shown that the effective index responsible for waveguiding is dependent only on lateral changes in the Fabry-Perot resonance frequency. This concept leads naturally to new design methods for these lasers that are expected to result in more eff icient devices with superior modal characteristics.
African American women educators: a critical examination of their pedagogies, educational ideas, and activism from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century

A great anthology exceeds the sum of its parts – selecting, introducing and organizing high-quality essays into a something that stands alone. It is a book in its own right. A good anthology should...
Krypton Diffusion in Scintillation Counter Plastic

THE determination of radioactive krypton in the atmosphere, as carried out by the Radiological Sciences Laboratory, New York State Department of Health (private communication from N. Irving Sax), involves extraction and concentration of krypton, then injection of this into a vial containing chips of a scintillation counter plastic, such as p-terphenyl in polyvinyltoluene commercially available from Pilot Chemicals, Massachusetts. By scintillation counting, this procedure measures extremely low levels of the β emitter, 10.76 yr krypton-85.
Solar energetic particles and wide-band continuum storms from metric to hectometric frequencies

Abstract In association with solar flares accompanying type IV radio bursts of U-shaped spectrum, solar cosmic rays (MeV) and energetic electrons (keV) were generated. After acceleration, they were first stored in or near the flare regions and then gradually emitted into outer space. It seems that the streams of keV electrons generated the continuum radio emissions from metric to hectometric frequencies while passing through the outer coronal regions.
Critical Factors Related to Return to Work After Stroke: A Qualitative Study

Return to work (RTW) after stroke is often perceived as a critical marker of recovery and contributes to overall well-being and life satisfaction of survivors. Quantitative studies have yielded conflicting results in identifying specific predictors of successful RTW, and qualitative studies have been very limited. The current study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 stroke survivors selected by job type and extent of RTW. Seven themes were identified in an analysis of interview transcripts: financial, impairments as barriers, interpersonal support, therapy supporting RTW, organizational influences, work/job specific issues, and psychological issues. These themes confirm and expand on existing qualitative data that focus on survivors' perceptions of their work potential and efforts by emphasizing the need to focus beyond the survivors and their work to include other people and organizations to facilitate the RTW process. Implications for intervention at the individual, work, and community levels are discussed.
How Five Leading Safety-Net Hospitals Are Preparing For The Challenges And Opportunities Of Health Care Reform

Safety-net hospitals will continue to play a critical role in the US health care system, as they will need to care for the more than twenty-three million people who are estimated to remain uninsured after the Affordable Care Act is implemented. Yet such hospitals will probably have less federal and state support for uncompensated care. At the same time, safety-net hospitals will need to reposition themselves in the marketplace to compete effectively for newly insured people who will have a choice of providers. We examine how five leading safety-net hospitals have begun preparing for reform. Building upon strong organizational attributes such as health information technology and system integration, the study hospitals’ preparations include improving the efficiency and quality of care delivery, retaining current and attracting new patients, and expanding the medical home model.
Hydrogenation of CO2 on group VIII metals: I. Specific activity of NiSiO2

Abstract Specific, intrinsic rates and product distributions for CO2 hydrogenation on Ni SiO 2 were determined at 500–575 K, 140–2500 kPa, and a range of space velocities. The data show that the turnover number for CO2 methanation on nickel is the same as for CO methanation at 525 K; apparent activation energies for CH4, formation are 96 and 80 kJ/mol in CO and CO2 hydrogenation, respectively. Besides methane, CO and small amounts of C2 hydrocarbons are produced as products of CO2 methanation; the product distribution is a function of space velocity from 4000 to 49,000 h−1, the yield of methane being significantly higher at low space velocities. Results of conversion vs temperature tests show that the production of CH4 is higher from CO than CO2 hydrogenation over the temperature range 500–725 K.
Effects of concentrate level of diet and pen configuration on prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in finishing goats

Boer-sired goat kids (n = 181) from native pastures were transported to outdoor pens in a beef cattle research facility to evaluate the effects of dietary concentrate level and pen configuration on prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 and to determine if horizontal transmission of E. coli O157 occurs between goats and cattle. Goats were blocked into heavy and light BW groups and randomly assigned to 12 pens, with each containing 15 or 16 animals. Treatments were randomly assigned to pens in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments consisted of diets containing 50, 70, or 90% of the total diet (DM basis) as concentrate, with the balance of the diet as alfalfa hay. Goats were housed in pens with concrete floors, and a large concrete block (45 cm × 75 cm × 150 cm) was placed in the center of 6 of the 12 pens, thus providing two different pen configurations. Fecal samples were collected on day 0, 20, 34, 55, 83, and 105, and cultured for E. coli O157. Feces from cattle housed in adjacent pens were also sampled on day 1, 20, and 34. Isolation and identification of E. coli O157 from fecal samples were by selective enrichment in a broth, followed by immunomagnetic separation and plating on cefixime, tellurite, sorbitol MacConkey agar. Sorbitol-negative colonies that were positive for indole production, positive for O157 antigen agglutination, and speciated by API test, were considered as E. coli O157. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of chromosomal DNA was performed on all E. coli O157 isolates to characterize the genetic types and to determine if horizontal transfer of strains occurred between cattle and goats. Detection of the attaching and effacing gene (eae), shiga toxin-1 and -2 genes (stx1 and stx2) was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mean prevalence of E. coli O157 across all treatments and sampling days was 4.6% and no statistical differences (P > 0.10) were observed for the different pen configurations or diet concentrate levels, but prevalence was numerically higher in the 70% concentrate treatment on 4 of the 6 sampling days. The eae and stx2 genes were present in 95% of the isolates, but the stx1 gene was present in only 51% of the isolates. One E. coli O157 isolate from a goat shared a common PFGE subtype with cattle isolates. Results suggest that in goats with low prevalence of E. coli O157 the level of concentrate in the diet did not influence the shedding pattern.
On the effect of various momentum transfer coefficient models on bubble dynamics in a rectangular gas fluidized bed

Abstract In this paper a computational study of the effect of various gas—solid momentum transfer coefficient models on the bubble formation in a gas fluidized bed is presented. The numerical scheme developed is implicit in the gas—solid momentum transfer terms. The bed is modeled to be composed of gas and particulate phases. Beyond the minimum fluidization conditions the excess gas passes through the bed as bubbles. In addition to the gravitational effects on the solid particles, the overall behavior is characterized by the interphase momentum transfer and the pressure and viscosity of the solid phase. The momentum transfer coefficient is modeled for the flow around spherical particles and the solids pressure is modeled based on kinetic theory. The solid-phase viscosity is considered to be constant and a value of 1 Pa s is used as reported in the literature. The computations are performed for a two-dimensional rectangular bed of particles 500 μm in diameter. The bed has a single air jet in the middle at the bottom while the secondary air at minimum fluidization velocity comes in uniformly through the rest of the distributor. A jet velocity to distributed velocity ratio of 40:1 is used in the computations. The computations are started from minimum fluidization conditions and show the formation, growth, detachment, rise and subsequent bursting of the first bubble in the freeboard region. The results are presented in terms of void fraction contours. The computations are carried out for longer real times and the subsequent bubble dynamics is discussed. For different momentum transfer coefficients the bed was observed to demonstrate quite different behaviors after the collapse of the first bubble. For the prescribed flow rate only the first bubble was seen to be well defined and the gas tended to channel through a slender jet thereafter. A lower jet velocity case as well as uniformly fluidized case are also discussed for comparison purposes.
A case-control study of determinants for high and low dental caries prevalence in Nevada youth.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the 30% of Nevada Youth who presented with the highest Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index to a cohort who were caries free and to national NHANES data. Secondly, to explore the factors associated with higher caries prevalence in those with the highest DMFT scores compared to the caries-free group. Over 4000 adolescents between ages 12 and 19 (Case Group: N = 2124; Control Group: N = 2045) received oral health screenings conducted in public/private middle and high schools in Nevada in 2008/2009 academic year. Caries prevalence was computed (Untreated decay scores [D-Score] and DMFT scores) for the 30% of Nevada Youth who presented with the highest DMFT score (case group) and compared to the control group (caries-free) and to national averages. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between selected variables and caries prevalence. A majority of the sample was non-Hispanic (62%), non-smokers (80%), and had dental insurance (70%). With the exception of gender, significant differences in mean D-scores were found in seven of the eight variables. All variables produced significant differences between the case and control groups in mean DMFT Scores. With the exception of smoking status, there were significant differences in seven of the eight variables in the bivariate logistic regression. All of the independent variables remained in the multivariate logistic regression model contributing significantly to over 40% of the variation in the increased DMFT status. The strongest predictors for the high DMFT status were racial background, age, fluoridated community, and applied sealants respectively. Gender, second hand smoke, insurance status, and tobacco use were significant, but to a lesser extent. Findings from this study will aid in creating educational programs and other primary and secondary interventions to help promote oral health for Nevada youth, especially focusing on the subgroup that presents with the highest mean DMFT scores.
Melanoma as a second malignant neoplasm after childhood cancer

Background As more children survive childhood cancers, the population at risk for second malignant tumors increases. The development of melanoma as a second malignant tumor is not well described. Methods The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center's 50-year experience with patients who developed melanoma after treatment of a childhood cancer was retrospectively reviewed. Results One hundred seventy-two patients with a second malignancy were identified; 11 patients had melanoma as a second malignancy. The most common first malignancies were Hodgkin's disease, brain tumors, and retinoblastomas. Melanoma developed in an irradiated field in 4 patients. Six patients had lymphatic or distant metastasis at diagnosis. Five of 11 patients died of melanoma. Conclusions Factors contributing to melanoma as a second malignancy may include genetic factors and the effects of chemotherapy and radiation. Survivors of childhood malignancy should be considered at risk for developing melanoma, and suspicious pigmented lesions should be carefully evaluated.
Search and the introduction of improved technologies

Modeling R&D as standard sequential search, we consider a monopolist who can implement a sequence of technological discoveries during the technology search process: he earns revenue on his installed technology while he engages in R&D to find improved technology. What is not standard is that he has a finite number of opportunities to introduce improved technology. We show that his optimal policy is characterized by thresholds ξi(x): introduce the newly found technology if and only if it exceeds ξi(x) when x is the state of the currently installed technology and i is the number of remaining introductions allowed. We also analyze a nonstationary learning-by-doing model in which the monopolist's experience in implementing new technologies imparts increased capability in generating new technologies. Because this nonstationary model is not in the class of monotone stopping problems, a number of surprising results hold and several seemingly obvious properties of the stationary model no longer hold. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
The symbolic operator representation applied to the derivation of solutions of unsteady heat diffusion problems

Abstract The method of the Symbolic Operator Representation, first introduced by Lord Rayleigh in the solution of the wave equation, is applied to the unsteady heat conduction problem. The general equations for the temperature field around particle of arbitrary shape are expressed in terms of a symbolic operator Ξ Hence, the analytical solution for the temperature field around a sphere and for the rate of heat transfer from a spherical particle are obtained, when the temperature of the particle is a time-dependent function. As an example for the use of this method, analytic solution is derived in an explicit form for the case of a linear field around the spherical particle. The solutions obtained by this method are exact.
Comparison of Ocean Surface Wind Stress Computed with Different Parameterization Functions of the Drag Coefficient

Depending on the choice of reference wind speed, the quantitative and qualitative properties of the drag coefficient may vary. On the ocean surface, surface waves are the physical roughness at the air-sea interface, and they play an important role in controlling the air-sea exchange processes. The degree of dynamic influence of surface waves scales with wavelength. Drag coefficient computed with the reference wind speed at an elevation proportional to the wavelength (for example, Uλ/2) is fundamentally different from the drag coefficient computed with the wind speed at fixed 10 m elevation (U10). A comparison has been carried out to quantify the difference in wind stress computation using several different parameterization functions of the drag coefficient. The result indicates that the wind stress computed from U10 input using a drag coefficient referenced to Uλ/2 is more accurate than that computed with drag coefficient functions referenced to U10.
Reciprocal influence of parent discipline and child's behavior on risk for substance use disorder: a nine-year prospective study.

Aim: This study aimed at determining the association of father's and mother's (parental) substance use disorder (SUD) and discipline styles and son's neurobehavior disinhibition (ND) with son's SUD from childhood (age 10–12) to young adulthood (age 19). It was hypothesized that (1) parental discipline styles and son's ND mediate the association between parental SUD and son's SUD, (2) son's ND mediates the association between parental discipline styles and son's SUD, and (3) parental discipline styles mediate the association between ND and SUD in the son. Methods: Two-hundred-sixty-three families including a 10–12 year-old son and both parents participated in the study. Results: (1) mother's discipline styles predicted father's discipline styles, (2) son's ND predicted mother's instilling guilt positively and father's punishment negatively, (3) son's ND mediated the association between father's SUD and punishment and son's SUD, and (4) mother's SUD predicted son's ND and SUD. Conclusions: The reciprocal pr...
Surface Oscillations and Statistical Equilibrium of Planar Channeling

By tracing the ion density distribution in transverse phase space, planar channeling at small depth is investigated in detail. Damping of surface oscillations of nuclear encounter probability, as a consequence of motion of ions which do not reach equilibrium, is shown to be caused mainly by diffusion in transverse momentum. Depth evolution of phase space ion density is presented schematically and several quantities characterizing the equalization process are evaluated. The rate of approach to statistical equilibrium is obtained as a function of transverse energy. It is shown that well channeled tons which have oscillation amplitudes of about a quarter of the interplanar spacing are the hardest to reach equilibrium.
COBRA-3M: A modified version of COBRA for analyzing thermal-hydraulics in small pin bundles

Abstract COBRA-3M, a modified version of COBRA computer code, is most suitable for the analysis of thermal-hydraulics in small pin bundles commonly used in in-reactor or out-of-reactor experiments. It includes detailed thermal models for the fuel pins and duct walls. It can handle nonuniform power distribution across the bundle and/or within a fuel pin. Temperature dependence of material properties and fuel-cladding gap conductance can be treated. Heat generation in the duct walls and the effect of heat loss to the surroundings can also be simulated. COBRA-3M has been used extensively in the design and analysis of TREAT and SLSF experiments.
A geometric note on integration

We propose a decomposition principle for the Riemann-Stieltjes integration and study some of its implications which lead to three distinct forms for the Riemann integral for monotonically varying differentiable functions.
Spectroscopic observations of low-lying gas clouds: sensitivity of detection by method of covariance matrix

The sensitivity of spectroscopic detection of low-lying gas clouds by an arbitrary spectrometer may be determined by simulating the observation using a high spectral resolution radiative transfer code. The instrumental characteristics may be superimposed on the simulation and the accuracy of the retrieval of the desired parameters may be estimated by use of the covariance matrix.
cDNA sequence and differential expression of the gene encoding the glutamine synthetase γ polypeptide ofPhaseolus vulgaris L.

We report the sequence of an essentially full-length glutamine synthetase (GS) cDNA clone (pcGS-γ1) isolated from a root nodule library ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. The polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has been producedin vitro by transcription/translation and shown to co-migrate on two-dimensional gels with the previously identified major cytosolic GS polypeptide (γ) of nodules. Two previously identified GS cDNA clones, pR-2 and pR-1 (see Gebhardtet al., EMBO J 5: 1429–1435, 1986) have similarly been shown to encode the α and β cytosolic GS polypeptides respectively. An RNase protection technique has been used to analyse specifically and quantitatively the abundance of mRNA related to these three GS cDNAs and to the cDNA (pcGS-δ1) encoding the chloroplast-located GS, during nodulation. Differences in the abundances of these mRNAs at different times suggest that they are not coordinately regulated. Moreover, using this technique mRNA specifically related to pcGS-γ1 was found at high levels in nodules but not in roots or leaves. Surprisingly the expression of this gene is not nodule-specific as previously suggested, as its mRNA was also detected, but at lower levels, in stems, petioles and in green cotyledons. By comparison, mRNA related to a leghaemoglobin gene was detected only in nodules. Comparisons of the relative abundances of the pcGS-γ1 mRNA and the γ polypeptide in different organs and at different stages during nodulation, suggest that the appearance of the γ polypeptide is largely under transcriptional control.
Research instrumentation and elderly subjects.

Purpose: To address instrumentation problems in conducting research with elderly subjects. Scope: The needs of older adults are considered with regard to instrument selection. Techniques for pretesting instruments are provided through illustrations from research reports and instrument development. Types of instruments are evaluated for use with older adults and methods for strengthening their applicability are provided. Significance: Instrument development is sorely needed in gerontological research. Many of the instruments currently used to study elderly subjects lack adequate testing for applicability with old and very old populations. Knowledge about instrumentation can help researchers choose appropriate instruments for elderly subjects and strive to balance subject capacity and the demands of research. Conclusions: Four factors for consideration in selecting research instruments for use with older adults include subject (a) fatigue, (b) anxiety, (c) ethnic background, and (d) education. These factors are not adequately addressed in the current literature. Certain types of instruments may be more useful than others in studying the elderly.
Inducing Cancer Cell Death by Targeting Its Nucleus: Solid Gold Nanospheres versus Hollow Gold Nanocages.

Recently, we have shown that targeting the cancer cell nucleus with solid gold nanospheres, using a cancer cell penetrating/pro-apoptotic peptide (RGD) and a nuclear localization sequence peptide (NLS), inhibits cell division, thus leading to apoptosis. In the present work, flow cytometric analysis revealed an increase in cell death, via apoptosis and necrosis, in HSC cells upon treatment with peptide-conjugated hollow gold nanocages, compared to those treated with the peptide-conjugated solid gold nanospheres. This is consistent with a G0/G1 phase accumulation, S phase depletion, and G2/M phase depletion, as well as reduced ATP levels. Here, we investigate the possible causes for the observed enhanced cell death with the use of confocal microscopy. The fluorescence images of HSC cells treated with gold nanocages indicate the presence of reactive oxygen species, known to cause apoptosis. The formation of reactive oxygen species observed is consistent with a mechanism involving the oxidation of metallic silver on the inner cavity of the nanocage (inherent to the synthesis of the gold nanocages) to silver oxide. This oxidation is confirmed by an observed redshift in the surface plasmon resonance of the gold nanocages in cell culture medium. The silver oxide, a semiconductor known to photochemically generate hydroxyl radicals, a form of reactive oxygen species, is proposed as a mechanism for the enhanced cell death caused by gold nanocages. Thus, the enhanced cell death, via apoptosis and necrosis, observed with peptide-conjugated hollow gold nanocage-treated cells is considered to be a result of the metallic composition (silver remaining on the inner cavity) of the nanocage.
Cognitive vulnerability to disgust: Development and validation of the Looming of Disgust Questionnaire

Abstract Disgust sensitivity has been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of specific anxiety disorders. One possible pathway through which fear and disgust contribute to anxiety disorders is through a common cognitive emphasis on appraisals involving the threat of contamination. Such appraisals are reflected in improbable beliefs about the transmission of contagion and perceptions of potential threat as escalating in risk or danger. The present study investigates a newly developed measure of cognitive biases in disgust, the Looming of Disgust Questionnaire (LODQ). Results from a sample of 583 undergraduate students provide evidence for the factor structure, internal consistency, and validity of the LODQ. Specifically, LODQ scores demonstrated the ability to discriminate between a subclinical sample of contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorders, socially anxious participants, and non-anxious controls. The LODQ appears to be a promising new instrument for the assessment of cognitive vulner...
Smoking, seat belts, and other risky consumer decisions: Differences by gender and race

Using data from a large national survey, this paper documents substantial differences by gender and race in smoking behavior, seat belt use, preventative dental care measured by teeth brushing and flossing, exercise, and whether the individual checks his or her blood pressure. White women are the most protective of their health, while black males are the least likely to take health-enhancing actions. However, the racial gap in safety behavior narrows considerably or reverses after controlling for demographic, human capital, and labor market characteristics that affect safety choices. On the other hand, the safety gap by gender increases after controlling for characteristics.