cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not reduce the rate of recurrent preterm birth in a prospective cohort study

Background 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm birth is recommended for use in the United States. Objective We sought to assess the clinical effectiveness of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent recurrent preterm birth ≤35 weeks compared to similar births in our obstetric population prior to the implementation of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Study Design This was a prospective cohort study of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate in our obstetric population. The primary outcome was the recurrence of birth ≤35 weeks for the entire study cohort compared to a historical referent rate of 16.8% of recurrent preterm birth in our population. There were 3 secondary outcomes. First, did 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate modify a woman's history of preterm birth when taking into account her prior number and sequence of preterm and term births? Second, was recurrence of preterm birth related to 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate plasma concentration? Third, was duration of pregnancy modified by 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment compared to a prior preterm birth? Results From January 2012 through March 2016, 430 consecutive women with prior births ≤35 weeks were treated with 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Nearly two thirds of the women (N = 267) began injections ≤18 weeks and 394 (92%) received a scheduled weekly injection within 10 days of reaching 35 weeks or delivery. The overall rate of recurrent preterm birth was 25% (N = 106) for the entire cohort compared to the 16.8% expected rate ( P = 1.0). The 3 secondary outcomes were also negative. First, 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not significantly reduce the rates of recurrence regardless of prior preterm birth number or sequence. Second, plasma concentrations of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate were not different ( P = .17 at 24 weeks; P = .38 at 32 weeks) between women delivered ≤35 weeks and those delivered later in pregnancy. Third, the mean (±SD) interval in weeks of recurrent preterm birth before 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate use was 0.4 ± 5.3 weeks and the interval of recurrent preterm birth after 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment was 0.1 ± 4.7 weeks ( P = .63). A side effect of weekly 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate injections was an increase in gestational diabetes. Specifically, the rate of gestational diabetes was 13.4% in 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate–treated women compared to 8% in case-matched controls ( P = .001). Conclusion 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate was ineffective for prevention of recurrent preterm birth and was associated with an increased rate of gestational diabetes.
Trading sex for security: Unemployment and the unequal HIV burden among young women in developing nations

Young women in their late teens and early twenties are especially susceptible to HIV infection in developing nations, as incidence of HIV is growing most rapidly among females aged 15–24 years. While prior research considers the role of various social and economic gender stratification measures to explain trends in the female HIV burden, the potential influence of unemployment has not yet been considered, nor has there been explicit focus on the empirical drivers of young women’s HIV. This article considers the role of unemployment in predicting the female HIV burden among 15- to 24-year-olds using regression analyses. The results demonstrate that unemployment among young women significantly impacts the proportion of female HIV cases among those aged 15–24. However, labor force participation also does not guarantee against HIV transmission. These results support ideas related to the increased likelihood of concurrent partners, transactional sex, and ‘sugar daddies’ among young women who are unemployed, ha...
An Analysis of the Use of Multichannel Microelectrode Recording During Deep Brain Stimulation Surgeries at a Single Center.

Background Microelectrode recording (MER) can be used to map out the target nucleus and identify ideal lead placement. Objective To assess the use of multichannel MER to increase the efficiency of lead placement without compromising patient safety. Methods Analysis of a single center's technique for utilizing multichannel MER with 3 consistent anterior-to-posterior simultaneous passes that include an evaluation of the location of final lead placement, patient diagnosis, target nuclei, and additional work involved for refinement of targeting. Lead revision rates and rate of hemorrhage are also assessed. Results There were a total of 237 lead placements in 123 patients over a 4-yr period. In 4.2% of lead placements, additional planning was required, while only 2.5% required additional MER. The lead placement matched 51.3% of the time in bilateral placements and was consistent regardless of target nuclei. In 84.8% of cases, the final lead placement was within the initial 3 MER passes. An additional 11.3% could be placed without the need for an additional pass. There were 2 lead revisions and no hemorrhage or stroke complications. Conclusion This series demonstrates that our technique of multichannel MER leads to accurate and efficient lead placement maintaining its safety profile.
Embedding multiple instances: Applications to hyperspectral image analysis

Multiple instance learning techniques (MIL) can operate when there is a lack of target information as is commonly encountered in remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery. However, MIL solutions are typically attained at the cost of increased computational complexity, e.g. the multiple instance relevance vector machine. This increase in computational burden can be avoided by embedding these so-called multiple instances using a kernel function or other embedding function. In the following, a family of fast multiple instance relevance vector machines are introduced. Classification results on an extensive hyperspectral data set for the purposes of landmine detection indicate a significant reduction in computational complexity without a loss in classification accuracy.
Inductive identification of functional status information and establishing a gold standard corpus: A case study on the Mobility domain

The importance of functional status information (FSI) has become increasingly evident in recent years [1, 2]. However, implementation, application, and normalization of FSI in health care and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have been largely underexplored. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [3] is considered to be the international standard for describing and coding function and health states. Nevertheless, the ICF provides only a limited vocabulary for recognizing FSI descriptions, since its purpose is to organize concepts related to functioning rather than to provide a comprehensive terminology or a complete set of relations between concepts. While the free text portion of EHRs might provide a more complete picture of health status, treatment, and progress, current Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods largely focus on extracting medical conditions (e.g. diagnoses and symptoms, etc.). The absence of a standardized functional terminology and incompleteness of the ICF as a vocabulary source makes it challenging to build a NLP system to extract FSI from EHR free text. Our work takes the first step towards extraction of FSI from free text by systematically identifying the structure of FSI related to Mobility, a key domain of the ICF and an important domain in the determination of work disability. Our interdisciplinary research group inductively evaluated examples extracted from over 1,200 Physical Therapy (PT) notes from the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This extensive work resulted in a nested entity structure comprised of 2 entities, 3 sub-entities, 8 attributes, and 21 attribute values. Furthermore, we have manually curated the first gold standard corpus of 200 double-annotated and 50 triple-annotated PT notes. Our inter-annotator agreement (IAA) averages 97% F1-score on partial textual span matching and from 0.4 to 0.9 Siegel & Castellan's kappa on attribute value matching. Such a rich semantic corpus of Mobility FSI is valuable and a promising resource for future statistical learning. Our method is also adaptable to other domains of the ICF.
Serious Illness Conversations: Paving the Road with Metaphors

Serious illness conversations can influence the direction of care by supporting decision-making compatible with the patient's goals. Effective use of core communication techniques, such as active listening and empathic statements, allows for a deeper understanding of the patients' goals, concerns, communication preferences, and questions. Metaphors can be used to augment end-of-life care planning. Used inappropriately, metaphors can cause misunderstandings and confusion. Applied skillfully, metaphors can personalize challenging discussions, improving patient comprehension and helping patients and their families to plan ahead. The art of communication is to use the right tool for the right person at the right time. Implications for practice Discussions with patients about serious illness concerns are especially challenging for the oncologist. This article provides guidance for preparing for such conversations, including examples of the use of metaphors to personalize and improve communication.
Revision of failed hemiarthroplasty for painful glenoid arthrosis to anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background The impending burden of revision shoulder arthroplasty has increased interest in outcomes of revision procedures. Painful glenoid arthrosis following hemiarthroplasty is a common cause of reoperation, and conversion to anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty is one option. Methods We identified patients who underwent revision of painful hemiarthroplasty to total shoulder arthroplasty over a 15-year period in a single tertiary-care health system. Presurgical and operative data were analyzed for 28 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were contacted at a minimum of 2 years' follow-up after revision surgery for functional outcome scores, reoperations, and implant survival. Results The 2- and 5-year implant survival rates were 93% and 86%, respectively. Functional outcomes were obtained from 21 patients with surviving implants. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, visual analog scale score for pain, and Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation score were 78 ± 20, 2.3 ± 2.6, and 71 ± 24, respectively. The mean Short Form 12 mental and physical scores were 49 ± 10 and 43 ± 9, respectively. Of the patients, 17 (81%) were either satisfied or very satisfied with their outcome. Complications were seen in 10 patients (36%), and 6 patients (21%) required reoperation. Conclusions Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty following hemiarthroplasty can achieve successful outcomes and implant survival rates. Given our poor understanding of reverse shoulder arthroplasty longevity, this procedure should remain an option for patients with glenoid arthrosis and an intact rotator cuff.
Does nut consumption protect against ischaemic heart disease

Nuts are part of the Mediterranean tradition. For millennia, tree nuts have been in the region. Results of an epidemiological study conducted among California Adventists provide strong evidence that frequent consumption of nuts have a protective effect on both fatal and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease events. The unique nutrient composition of nuts makes it plausible that nuts favourably affect heart disease risk factors and interfere with the process of atherogenesis. Results of recently conducted human nutritional studies, with varying degrees of methodological rigour, all seem to indicate that eating nuts lowers serum cholesterol and favourably modifies the lipoprotein profile. The effects of nut consumption on other cardiovascular disease risk factors deserve further exploration.
Ontogenetic Mechanisms: The Middle Ground of Evolution

Organisms evolve from preexisting organisms. Specifically, the ontogenies of new organisms are built from the ontogenies of their ancestors, and in this way the ontogenies of the preexisting organisms will channel evolution. On the one hand, new organisms retain many features of their predecessors. These features are the manifestations of genomes and of developmental mechanisms that have been conserved during evolution, and the conservation of portions of an ontogeny is the most obvious manner in which historical precedent shapes the direction of evolution. On the other hand, new features also appear during a phylogeny. These features must be derived from variations in the specific genomes and the specific developmental mechanisms of an ancesteral ontogeny. Furthermore, the new features must still be compatible with the conserved aspects of the ontogeny: in other words, an evolutionary change must mesh with the same ontogeny from which it arose.
Precipitation of metal chelates from homogeneous solution

A review is presented on the precipitation of metal chelates from homogeneous solution. (P.C.H.)
A Behavior Analytic Approach for Treating Depression

The interest in mood disorders among children has ballooned in the past 15 years as evidenced by the increase in published articles addressing the issue. Amid the surge of interest has been controversy, however. Specifically, proponents of psychoanalytic theory have questioned the existence of mood disorders in children due to their lack of a developed superego (Digdon & Gotlib, 1985), while others have contended that if mood disorders do exist in children, then they are “masked” in the form of other problem behaviors, such as aggression or anxiety (Cytryn & McKnew, 1974; Hammen & Compas, 1994). The current popular view of childhood mood disorders contends that the essential features of depression are similar among children, adolescents, and adults with allowances for developmental differences (Kazdin, 1990).
Comparing learning outcomes in physical and simulated learning environments

Abstract The use of 2D and 3D simulated learning environments in education and training has increased significantly in the past decade. Simulated learning environments provide several advantages over physical learning environments including increased safety and accessibility. Simulated learning environments can also be utilized in an online setting, increasing the efficiency of delivery, access, and supporting greater personalization of the learning process. Despite a long history of use in workforce education, researchers have questioned whether simulations provide learners with the same quality of education as physical learning environments. This research investigated how learning to construct electrical circuits using a 2D simulation, a 3D simulation or a physical breadboard impacted learning outcomes. Additionally, this study examined the influence of learner characteristics, cognitive ability and goal orientation, on the relationship between the simulated learning environments and learning outcomes. The study utilized a pretest-posttest between subjects design and included 48 participants. Results suggest that learning to construct a circuit with physical components results in higher self-efficacy, faster construction times, and higher odds of correct construction than learning in a 2D or 3D simulation. Participants in the three conditions achieved comparable results in terms of cognitive outcomes; the differences identified were based on cognitive ability and goal orientation. There were no significant differences in outcomes achieved between participants in the 2D and 3D simulations. Implications for the design of simulated learning environments and potential impact for online technical curriculum are discussed. Relevance to industry This study supports the evaluation of using online educational technology to learn technical skills. This is relevant to workforce education, especially with a diverse and distributed workforce that requires technical training.
DECREASED CDR RELEASE FROM STRIATAL MEMBRANES OF CHRONICALLY HALOPERIDOL TREATED RATS

ABSTRACT The phosphorylation-mediated release of a Ca++ -binding protein from membranes is greatly decreased in the striata of haloperidol-treated rats.
Algorithm for Simultaneous Optimization of an Array of Heat Sinks

We provide an algorithm to optimizing the geometry of an array of heat sinks (fin height, fin spacing, etc.) in, e.g., a blade server, which is prohibitively long task using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, banks of CFD simulations are run to precompute dimensionless flow and thermal resistances (Poiseuille and conjugate Nusselt numbers) as a function of dimensionless heat sink geometry, thermophysical properties, and external parameters. These precomputed CFD results are embedded in Flow Network Models (FNMs) in the form of look-up tables. This preserves much of the accuracy of CFD and the speed of FNM. The FNMs are, in turn, embedded in a multivariable optimization algorithm (MVO). Our hybrid numerical algorithm is provided, and we exercise it for an example problem.
Multi-task Learning

Traditional supervised machine learning methods involve learning mapping function that can accurately map input data to output label. However, real-world datasets are complex, and we often encounter situations where multiple tasks (classes) are related to each other. For example, consider an email spam classification where the goal is to learn classification model to categorize email as spam or legitimate for each user. Spam email for one user might be related to the spam email for other users. Intuitively, it would seem that learning these related tasks jointly would help us uncover common knowledge and improve generalization performance. In fact, this intuition is supported by empirical evidence provided by recent developments in transfer learning (TL) and multi-task learning (MTL).
The Psychoinformatic Complexity of Humanness and Person-Situation Interaction

This paper undertakes to answer the questions of how humanness is to be defined and computationally functionalized, as well as of how person-situation interaction is to be formalized mathematically. Complexity science and psychoinformatics are the two primary fields considered in addressing these questions. A novel “psychoinformatic complexity” (PIC) paradigm is outlined and argued to be an adequate one within which to operationalize modern-day Western humanness and person-situation interaction. The paper ends with a consideration of current PIC applications, including social media analytics and humanoid robotics.
Evidence for positive allosteric modulation of cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine in healthy human subjects.

Cognitive benefits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists are well established but have generally been of small magnitude and uncertain clinical significance. A way of raising the effect size may be to facilitate agonist-induced responses by co-administering a nAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM). The aim was to test whether galantamine, a PAM at several nAChR subtypes, can potentiate the cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine. Twenty-six adult never-smokers were treated, in a double-blind counterbalanced sequence, with nicotine (7 mg/24 h, transdermally) and galantamine (4 mg, p.o.) combined, nicotine alone, galantamine alone, and double placebo. A low dose of galantamine was chosen to minimize acetylcholinesterase inhibition, which was verified in blood assays. In each condition, participants were tested with three cognitive tasks. Nicotine significantly improved reaction time (RT) and signal detection in a visuospatial attention task and the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task. Galantamine did not modulate these effects. A trend toward RT reduction by galantamine correlated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. In a change detection task, there were no effects of nicotine or galantamine alone on accuracy or RT. However, both drugs combined acted synergistically to reduce RT. This effect was not associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. A pattern consistent with allosteric potentiation of nicotine effects by galantamine was observed on one of six performance measures. This may reflect specific nAChR subtype involvement, or additional pharmacological actions of galantamine may have overshadowed similar interactions on other measures. The finding suggests that allosteric potentiation of nAChR agonist-induced cognitive benefits is possible in principle.
Sex difference in prevalence of depression after stroke.

Objective This study investigated the sex difference in prevalence of depression at 90 days after first-ever stroke. Methods Patients with first-ever stroke (n = 786) were identified from the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2011–2016). Poststroke depressive symptoms were assessed by the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and prestroke depression status (history and medication use) was self-reported. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between sex and depression after stroke, and effect modification by prestroke depression status, accounting for missing data. Results Women were more likely to have a history of and be on medication for depression at the time of stroke than men (p Conclusion The sex difference in prevalence of depression at 90 days after first-ever stroke was not significant overall, but varied by prestroke depression status. Interventions to address and prevent poststroke depression are needed, particularly among those with prestroke depression but not undergoing treatment for depression at stroke onset.
Analysis of Policy Factors Impacting the Use of Low-Cost Air Monitoring Networks in Washington, D.C.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants and monitors attainment to these standards through a system of federally accepted analytical methods (FEMs or FRMs). Due to their cost and technical sophistication, FEM monitoring networks may be good for measuring air pollution at a regional spatial resolution but may not be appropriate for monitoring neighborhood-level resolution. While FEM networks are effective at monitoring regional scale pollution, literature indicates that pollution varies considerably at sub-regional and even neighborhood-or block-level spatial scales. Therefore, while a region may be in attainment with the NAAQS, local communities’ air quality may not be represented by the data collected through the FEM network. In fact, public health trends, uneven distribution of tree canopy, and socioeconomic data indicate that particular communities in Washington, DC may have a high risk for nonattainment despite the District being in compliance with federal measures of air quality. With the overarching goal of mitigating this potential environmental and public health issue, the George Washington University Sustainability living lab project, Fresh Air DC, is working to deploy low-cost high-density air monitoring systems with at least one sensor in each advisory neighborhood council (ANC) throughout the District. In this paper, we formulate the elements of a policy framework that can support the establishment of this system. Our research will involve a comparative analysis between two existing low-cost high-density systems, one deployed in California and brought forth by state legislation, and the Breathe London hyperlocal air quality monitoring network. This comparative analysis will demonstrate the role of effective policy systems in supporting the development and implementation of a low-cost high-density system in DC. Moreover, this analysis demonstrates the role of the proposed policy framework in supporting the new DC Sustainability Plan.
Modeling biological nitrogen fixation in global natural terrestrial ecosystems

Abstract. Biological nitrogen fixation plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the fixation rate has been usually measured or estimated at a particular observational site. To quantify the fixation amount at the global scale, process-based models are needed. This study develops a biological nitrogen fixation model to quantitatively estimate the nitrogen fixation rate by plants in a natural environment. The revised nitrogen module better simulates the nitrogen cycle in comparison with our previous model that has not considered the fixation effects. The new model estimates that tropical forests have the highest fixation rate among all ecosystem types, which decreases from the Equator to the polar region. The estimated nitrogen fixation in global terrestrial ecosystems is 61.5 Tg N yr −1 with a range of 19.8–107.9 Tg N yr −1 in the 1990s. Our estimates are relatively low compared to some early estimates using empirical approaches but comparable to more recent estimates that involve more detailed processes in their modeling. Furthermore, the contribution of nitrogen made by biological nitrogen fixation depends on ecosystem type and climatic conditions. This study highlights that there are relatively large effects of biological nitrogen fixation on ecosystem nitrogen cycling. and the large uncertainty of the estimation calls for more comprehensive understanding of biological nitrogen fixation. More direct observational data for different ecosystems are in need to improve future quantification of fixation and its impacts.
An Iterative Formative Evaluation of Medical Education for Multiple Myeloma Patients Receiving Autologous Stem Cell Transplant.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer characterized by abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow, resulting in increased risk of infection. Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the most effective treatment for MM, but successful transplant requires the patient and caregiver to learn and independently implement medical tasks. The Ready for Transplant (R4T) ethnographic-based formative evaluation includes evaluation of ongoing patient education and the addition of novel supplemental educational videos that patients can review before in-person transplant education. To evaluate R4T, a formative evaluation informed by utilization-orientated evaluation theories, including over 150 hours of ethnographic observation of nurse/patient education (N = 70), plus retrospective and prospective patient (N = 35) and clinician interviews (N = 7) was conducted over 18 months. Through thematic analysis, barriers and facilitators of the patient’s ability to process education surrounding ASCT were identified. Barriers included anxiety surrounding what to expect in ASCT, anxiety surrounding what to expect at the education visit, overwhelming volume of information, lack of medical expertise, and disengaged patients, while facilitators included large social networks willing to help and clinician adjusting script to meet unique needs of the patient. This manuscript represents an iterative method for improving on education that people with MM receive surrounding ASCT. Ultimately, the supplemental video-based education was created to address modifiable social and psychological factors by providing generalized information that could then be tailored during in-person meetings to meet each patients’ individual needs.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Greece

The 2008 financial crisis has brought Greece in a constrictive situation, given that the country lacked a comprehensive social safety net, the national social protection model was strongly fragmented and public spending focused on civil servants salaries and state pensions. Almost a decade afterwards, the reform of the social security system continues with suffocating fiscal constraints exercising a decisive influence on policy options. In this challenging context, Greece constitutes a unique case for discussing the complexities of the link between migration and social protection during austerity times. The debate on the access of migrants to social security benefits is both interesting and sensitive, in view of the fact that the equal treatment of European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants is subject to controversial discussions about benefit tourism and its potential risks for the sustainability of an already fragile social security regime.
Intergenerational Emotional Cohesion and Psychological Well-being of Older Adults in Rural China: A Moderated Mediation Model of Loneliness and Friendship Ties.

Objectives Although researchers have linked intergenerational emotional cohesion (IEC) to psychological well-being (PWB) among older adults, the mechanisms and conditions under which IEC is related to PWB-particularly in rural areas-are less well understood. This study analyzed data from rural China to examine whether loneliness mediated the relation between IEC and PWB, and whether friendship ties moderated the strength of the direct and indirect relationships between IEC and PWB. Methods Mediation and moderated mediation models were tested using a sample of rural adults age 60 and older (N = 958) from the Longitudinal Study of Older Adults in Anhui Province, China. Measures included IEC, friendship ties, loneliness, and two PWB indicators-depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Results The results revealed that IEC was negatively related to loneliness, which in turn was associated with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Further, this indirect pathway linking IEC and depressive symptoms (but not life satisfaction) was positively conditioned on the size of friendship ties. Discussion This study advances our understanding of the mechanism through which IEC influences PWB in older adults. Alleviating loneliness could help boost PWB. Other implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Eigenvalues of Stochastic Blockmodel Graphs and Random Graphs with Low-Rank Edge Probability Matrices

We derive the limiting distribution for the outlier eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix for random graphs with independent edges whose edge probability matrices have low-rank structure. We show that when the number of vertices tends to infinity, the leading eigenvalues in magnitude are jointly multivariate Gaussian with bounded covariances. As a special case, this implies a limiting normal distribution for the outlier eigenvalues of stochastic blockmodel graphs and their degree-corrected or mixed-membership variants. Our result extends the classical result of Furedi and Komlos on the fluctuation of the largest eigenvalue for Erdős–Renyi graphs.
Spatial Density of Retinal Cells

Information about the image received by photoreceptor cells flows through the retina via parallel channels. Each channel codes specific qualities of the visual information, such as color, brightness, or contrast. It is assumed that the first stages of these channels are at the level of bipolar cells (Gouras 1991). Models of retinal functions must consider the quantitative cellular composition of this tissue.
The Cdc45·Mcm2-7·GINS protein complex in trypanosomes regulates DNA replication and interacts with two Orc1-like proteins in the origin recognition complex.

Accurate DNA replication requires a complex interplay of many regulatory proteins at replication origins. The CMG (Cdc45·Mcm2–7·GINS) complex, which is composed of Cdc45, Mcm2–7, and the GINS (Go-Ichi-Ni-San) complex consisting of Sld5 and Psf1 to Psf3, is recruited by Cdc6 and Cdt1 onto origins bound by the heterohexameric origin recognition complex (ORC) and functions as a replicative helicase. Trypanosoma brucei, an early branched microbial eukaryote, appears to express an archaea-like ORC consisting of a single Orc1/Cdc6-like protein. However, unlike archaea, trypanosomes possess components of the eukaryote-like CMG complex, but whether they form an active helicase complex, associate with the ORC, and regulate DNA replication remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the CMG complex is formed in vivo in trypanosomes and that Mcm2–7 helicase activity is activated by the association with Cdc45 and the GINS complex in vitro. Mcm2–7 and GINS proteins are confined to the nucleus throughout the cell cycle, whereas Cdc45 is exported out of the nucleus after DNA replication, indicating that nuclear exclusion of Cdc45 constitutes one mechanism for preventing DNA re-replication in trypanosomes. With the exception of Mcm4, Mcm6, and Psf1, knockdown of individual CMG genes inhibits DNA replication and cell proliferation. Finally, we identified a novel Orc1-like protein, Orc1b, as an additional component of the ORC and showed that both Orc1b and Orc1/Cdc6 associate with Mcm2–7 via interactions with Mcm3. All together, we identified the Cdc45·Mcm2–7·GINS complex as the replicative helicase that interacts with two Orc1-like proteins in the unusual origin recognition complex in trypanosomes.
Soluble Cytochrome b-c1 Complex and the Reconstitution of Succinate-Cytochrome c Reductase

Abstract The cytochrome b-c1 complex has been "solubilized" and purified to a stage containing 6.5 nmoles of cytochrome b per mg of protein. Seven bands are resolved on a polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic column in sodium dodecyl sulfateβ-mercaptoethanol medium. Five of these seven bands have been identified as cytochromes b and c1 and a non-heme iron protein. The remaining two bands might be associated with these components or, less likely, might be impurities but do not belong to the so-called structural proteins. The cytochrome b-c1 complex is enzymatically active and can reconstitute with soluble succinate dehydrogenase to form an integral entity of antimycin A-sensitive succinate-cytochrome c reductase. The reconstituted reductase shows the same structural and functional characteristics as the intact reductase. The total number of the p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (p-MB) titratable groups in the cytochrome b-c1 complex has been found to be 11 ± 1 moles per mole of cytochrome b. The p-MB-reacted complex is inactive in reconstitution but shows the same catalytic activity in the oxidation of reduced ubiquinone by cytochrome c.
Women's Health Psychology

Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Contributors xv SECTION 1: Women s Health in Context Chapter 1 Historical Roots of Women s Healthcare 3 Heather Munro Prescott and Wendy Kline Chapter 2 Retheorizing Women s Health Through Intersectionality s Prism 25 Lisa Bowleg Chapter 3 Employment and Women s Health 46 Nancy L. Marshall Chapter 4 Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women 64 Kathy McCloskey and Deidre Hussey SECTION II: Well-Being and Health Challenges Chapter 5 Alcohol Use in Women 91 Nancy Vogeltanz-Holm, Kaitlin Lilienthal, Allison Kulig, and Sharon C. Wilsnack Chapter 6 Women and Smoking 123 Bradley N. Collins and Uma S. Nair Chapter 7 Obesity in Women 149 Michael R. Lowe, Meghan L. Butryn, and Alice V. Ely Chapter 8 Eating and Weight-Related Disorders 173 Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Ross Krawczyk, Lina Ricciardelli, and J. Kevin Thompson Chapter 9 Cosmetic Medical Procedures and Body Adornment 199 Canice E. Crerand, Leanne Magee, Jacqueline Spitzer, and David B. Sarwer Chapter 10 Women s Sleep Throughout the Lifespan 223 Jacqueline D. Kloss and Christina O. Nash Chapter 11 Promotion of Physical Activity for Women s Health 255 Dori Pekmezi, Sarah Linke, Sheri Hartman, and Bess H. Marcus SECTION III: Reproductive Health Chapter 12 Women s Sexual Health 281 Patricia J. Morokoff and Maggie L. Gorraiz Chapter 13 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 305 Simone N. Vigod and Meir Steiner Chapter 14 The Stress of Infertility 328 Lauren B. Prince and Alice D. Domar Chapter 15 The Psychology of Agency in Childbearing 355 Pamela A. Geller, Alexandra R. Nelson, and Efrat Eichenbaum Chapter 16 Psychiatric Symptoms and Pregnancy 389 Danielle M. Novick and Heather A. Flynn Chapter 17 Breastfeeding and Maternal Mental and Physical Health 414 Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook, Chris Dunkel Schetter, and Martie Haselton Chapter 18 Rethinking Menopause 440 Paula S. Derry and Heather E. Dillaway SECTION IV: Disability and Chronic Conditions Chapter 19 Women s Responses to Disability 467 Rhoda Olkin Chapter 20 The Experience of Cancer in Women 491 Annette L. Stanton and Betina Yanez Chapter 21 The Psychology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome 514 Sarah K. Ballou and Laurie Keefer Chapter 22 Stress and Resilience in Women With Rheumatic Disease 539 Sharon Danoff-Burg Chapter 23 Neurological Disorders in Women 556 M. Meredith Gillis, Kara R. Douglas-Newman, and Mary V. Spiers Chapter 24 Converging Issues in Heart Disease, Stroke, and Alzheimer s Disease in Women 581 Mary V. Spiers Author Index 605 Subject Index 637
Overexpression of Arabidopsis VIT1 increases accumulation of iron in cassava roots and stems

Iron is extremely abundant in the soil, but its uptake in plants is limited due to low solubility in neutral or alkaline soils. Plants can rely on rhizosphere acidification to increase iron solubility. AtVIT1 was previously found to be involved in mediating vacuolar sequestration of iron, which indicates a potential application for iron biofortification in crop plants. Here, we have overexpressed AtVIT1 in the starchy root crop cassava using a patatin promoter. Under greenhouse conditions, iron levels in mature cassava storage roots showed 3-4 times higher values when compared with wild-type plants. Significantly, the expression of AtVIT1 showed a positive correlation with the increase in iron concentration of storage roots. Conversely, young leaves of AtVIT1 transgenic plants exhibit characteristics of iron deficiency such as interveinal chlorosis of leaves (yellowing) and lower iron concentration when compared with the wild type plants. Interestingly, the AtVIT1 transgenic plants showed 4 and 16 times higher values of iron concentration in the young stem and stem base tissues, respectively. AtVIT1 transgenic plants also showed 2-4 times higher values of iron content when compared with wild-type plants, with altered partitioning of iron between source and sink tissues. These results demonstrate vacuolar iron sequestration as a viable transgenic strategy to biofortify crops and to help eliminate micronutrient malnutrition in at-risk human populations.
The Effect of Missing Data on Learning Classifier System Learning Rate and Classification Performance

Missing data pose a potential threat to learning and classification in that they may compromise the ability of a system to develop robust, generalized models of the environment in which they operate. This investigation reports on the effects of the various types of missing data, present in varying densities in a group of simulated datasets, on learning classifier system performance. It was found that missing data have an adverse effect on learning classifier system (LCS) learning and classification performance, the latter of which is not seen in See5, a robust decision tree inducer. Specific adverse effects include decreased learning rate, decreased accuracy of classification of novel data on testing, increased proportions of testing cases that cannot be classified, and increased variability in these metrics. In addition, the effects are correlated with the density of missing values in a dataset, as well as the type of missing data, whether it is random and ignorable, or systematically missing and therefore non-ignorable.
Macro-cell placement in a multiprocessor environment

A parallel algorithm for the placement of macrocells in VLSI design is presented. The algorithm is based on the blackboard model, and is suitable for implementation on a shared-memory multiprocessor environment. The placement procedure is started by choosing and placing a macrocell at the center of the chip, based on certain criteria such as maximum connectivity and connections to maximum number of macrocells. The remaining macrocells are assigned to different processors. Then, all the processors, in parallel, place on the chip the macrocells assigned to them in an intelligent and opportunistic manner, until all the macrocells are placed. The algorithm has been implemented in C and runs on the Sequent Balance 8000 multiprocessor. Several tables are included to show the performance of the algorithm with respect to the different number of processors. It was found that the proposed algorithm gave high-quality placements in most of the examples that were run. Very good speed-ups were obtained as the number of processors was varied, with the best speed-up being 3.48 using five processors. >
On the debugging of a high clutter tracking system

The Raytheon High Clutter Tracker (HCT) enables conventional marine radars to detect and track small targets such as swimmers, life rafts and open boats in heavy seas and at long range. In this article a general introduction to the project is given. Then, three debugging and diagnosis software tools are presented. Examples are given to demonstrate the ideas and how the tools are helpful for real world system diagnosis and system performance tuning up.
Origin of the Magnetoelectric Coupling Effect in Pb ( Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 ) O 3 / La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 Multiferroic Heterostructures

The electronic valence state of Mn in $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.8}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}/{\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ multiferroic heterostructures is probed by near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy as a function of the ferroelectric polarization. We observe a temperature independent shift in the absorption edge of Mn associated with a change in valency induced by charge carrier modulation in the ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$, demonstrating the electronic origin of the magnetoelectric effect. Spectroscopic, magnetic, and electric characterization shows that the large magnetoelectric response originates from a modified interfacial spin configuration, opening a new pathway to the electronic control of spin in complex oxide materials.
The American Law Institute Proposes a New Approach to Perpetuities: Limiting the Dead Hand to Two Younger Generations

This short essay reports on a new approach to perpetuities that was proposed by the American Law Institute in the Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers (Tent. Draft No. 6, Approved 2010). The Restatement Third proposes to limit dead-hand control to two younger generations.
One-Dimensional Simulation with the FDTD Method

This chapter contains sections titled: One-Dimensional Free Space Formulation Stability and the FDTD Method The Absorbing Boundary Condition in One Dimension Propagation in a Dielectric Medium Simulating Different Sources Determining Cell Size Propagation in a Lossy Dielectric Medium This chapter contains sections titled: Appendix 1.A References ]]>
Hyperadrenocorticism: the disease, diagnostics, and treatment for dogs

The purpose of this article is to help veterinary nurses understand the pathophysiology of hyperadrenocorticism in canine patients. Veterinary nurses play a vital role in helping diagnose hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: from obtaining histories with key information, to performing diagnostic tests, to explaining treatment plans to owners. Different diagnostic tests used to help diagnose and classify HAC will be discussed, as well as how to perform these tests. In addition, commonly used treatment options will be discussed to help improve patient care and client communication.
Group delay reference artifact based on molecular gas absorption

We propose a novel group delay reference for optical communication systems based on a molecular gas cell absorption characteristic. A 1.53 /spl mu/m C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ acetylene gas absorption cell commonly used as a wavelength reference is shown to have an important dispersive nature that forms the basis of a novel group delay reference. Group delay measurements are compared to theoretical predictions based on the amplitude response of the molecular gas cell. The formulated analytical approach is applicable to an arbitrary absorption spectra described by a Lorentzian function.
Antiethylene properties of silver thiosulphate in mung bean are lost in the dark

Abstract Silver thiosulphate (STS) inhibited ethylene-induced leaf abscission from mung bean cuttings in the light but was completely inactive on cutting aged for 2 days in the dark. In the absence of ethephon, STS did not inhibit dark-induced leaf abscission, but when the leaf blades were removed, it inhibited abscission of the debladed petioles. These results are identical with those obtained using AgNO3 and indicate that the loss of antiethylene activity of the silver ion in the dark is not dependent on the anion or on unrelated reactions induced by AgNO3.
Univariate genetic analyses of epilepsy and seizures in a population-based twin study: the Virginia Twin Registry.

The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of epilepsy and seizures in twins ascertained from the Virginia Twin Registry. Health history information on twins was collected by questionnaire. Concordance rates were calculated and used to estimate degree of concordance for seizure types in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Univariate twin analyses were performed for each epilepsy and seizure type to determine models which best explained observed variation. Health history information concerning epilepsy and febrile seizure occurrences was provided by members of 8,655 twin pairs; 6,684 of these supplied additional information reporting absence, complex partial, tonic-clonic, and unspecified seizures. Models including additive genetic and unique environmental factors best explained febrile seizures, epilepsy, complex partial seizures, and unspecified seizures. For complex partial seizures, however, the contributions of genetic and environmental effects did not vary across gender. These results show that, under univariate analysis methods, genetic factors played an important role in the expression of seizures in epilepsy, febrile seizures, unspecified seizures, and complex partial seizures. Additional support for these findings was provided by the concordance results for all categories except male twins reporting complex partial seizure occurrence. However, environmental influences still remained an important factor in seizure expression in these specific categories. Genet. Epidemiol. 15:33–49,1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
From squirts to hertz [Lonnie Johnson, inventor]

With more than 100 awarded and pending patents-for everything from hair-drying rollers to soil moisture meters-Lonnie Johnson is among a small group of African-American inventors whose work accounts for 6 percent of all US patent applications. the young Johnson was known around his neighborhood as "the professor," a child prodigy who won a statewide high school science competition for turning junkyard scraps into a remote-controlled robot nearly a meter tall that ran on compressed air. His tinkering plus whopping SAT scores won him a math scholarship to Tuskegee Institute, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and a master's in nuclear engineering. During his time as a NASA engineer he invented the SuperSoaker water gun. The success of the SuperSoaker gave Johnson both the financial means and the professional clout to quit his day job and invent full-time. He set up two companies, Johnson Research and Development and Excellatron, both based in Atlanta, Ga., whose combined staffs of 30 now develop new consumer products, toys, and environmentally friendly alternative methods of power. They also invest in technology startups and do community outreach, including setting up an inner-city manufacturing plant and visiting local schools to introduce youngsters to the world of inventing.