cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode identification of whistler mode, Z‐mode, and Langmuir/Upper Hybrid mode waves observed in an auroral sounding rocket experiment

[1] The SIERRA (Sounding of the Ion Energization Region – Resolving Ambiguities) rocket was launched to 735 km over an active auroral substorm from Poker Flat, Alaska, on 14 January 2002. A wealth of wave modes at frequencies from below 100 kHz to above 2000 kHz were detected with a dipole electric field antenna that was alternately parallel and perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field. At least two types of whistler mode waves were detected: unstructured broadband whistler waves commonly referred to as auroral hiss occurring at frequencies from <100 kHz up to 1000 kHz, and structured narrowband features in the whistler mode at frequencies of 100 kHz to 600 kHz (Samara and LaBelle, 2006a). Other waves detected in the frequency range 1200 to 2000 kHz were interpreted as Langmuir-upper hybrid waves and Z-mode waves. For the unstructured whistler mode waves, comparison of the observed spin dependence of the wave electric fields with Monte Carlo simulations of the expected spin dependence for various polarizations suggests that these waves propagate on or near the resonance cone, which is consistent with previous measurements. Similar analyses of the presumed Langmuir and Z-mode waves show their electric fields are preferentially parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, respectively. These characteristics, together with the relation of the wave frequencies to the Z cutoff frequency, serve to confirm the mode identification of these waves.
PERCOS-Performance Coding System of Methods and Devices Used for Measurement and Control

This paper describes a classifying and coding system of functions and performance characteristics of devices in a way that is useful to the systems designer, who must select a chain of compatible instruments to achieve a measurement or control system of prescribed accuracy and reliability. The performance coding system consists of numeric codes for rating a device in terms of twelve parameters of importance to the over-all performance of the system, such as precision, stability of calibration, rate of performance, useful shelf life, mean operating time to failure, average repair time, cost, availability and physical volume. The numeric codes provide a quantitative description of the performance data to the nearest order of magnitude only. However, this broad classification is consistent with the magnitude of the expected span of performance data of all the devices in a complex system. An edge coded card system is described for the selection of devices or methods complying with the performance parameters. The individual card specifies the exact technical data of the device, the input and output requirements, and especially the environmental conditions under which the performance parameters are given. This classification is established for and with the cooperation of IRE Subcommittee 10.3 of the Industrial Electronics Committee.
Investigation of Lipid Organization in Biological Membranes by Two-Dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy

The cross-peaks between lipid resonances in two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy 1H NMR spectra, recorded with magic-angle spinning, contain valuable information about the structure and dynamics of the lipid bilayer. We have attempted a quantitative analysis of magnetization exchange between lipid resonances in the biologically relevant liquid crystalline lamellar phase. Spectra of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) water dispersions were recorded at mixing times from 0.005 to 1 s, and all diagonal and cross-peak volumes were determined by integration. The full relaxation-rate matrix was computed for the 10 lipid resonances by a matrix equation algorithm. Results of this mathematically rigorous approach were compared with simplified approaches to calculate cross-relaxation rates. In a second series of experiments, the DMPC was mixed with increasing amounts of perdeuterated DMPC-d67 to determine the percentage of intra- vs intermolecular magnetization transfer. With t...
Optical Trapping, Stretching, and Self-Assembly for Biological Measurements

We describe two optical trapping techniques. We used a dual-beam optical trap to measure membrane mechanical properties. We trapped periodic arrays of nanoparticles using a photonic crystal, a method called light-assisted, templated self assembly.
An investigation of cricoarytenoid joint mechanics using simulated muscle forces

Abstract Summary: Rotational and translational stiffnesses were calculated for arytenoid motion about the cricoarytenoid joint. These calculations were obtained from measurements on five excised human larynxes. For each larynx, known forces were applied to the arytenoid cartilage, and three markers were tracked as a function of applied forces. Assuming rigid body motion, arytenoid translations and rotations were computed for each applied force. Translational stiffnesses were obtained by plotting force versus displacement, and rotational stiffnesses were calculated by plotting torque versus angular rotation. A major finding was that the translational stiffness along the anterior-posterior direction was three times as great as the translational stiffnesses in the other two directions. This nonisotropic nature of the stiffnesses may be an important consideration for phonosurgeons who wish to avoid subluxation of the cricoarytenoid joint in patients. The computed rotational and translational stiffnesses currently are being implemented in 2D and 3D models. These stiffness parameters play a vital role in prephonatory glottal shaping, which in turn exerts a major influence on all aspects of vocal fold vibration, including fundamental frequency, voice quality, voice register, and phonation threshold pressure.
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Fetal-Placental Unit

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Determine the rate of fetal nitrogen accretion and compare it with the fetal growth rate. 2. Characterize fetal urea production on a weight-specific basis. 3. Explain the effects of hypoglycemia on the fetus. 4. Explain the effects of intrauterine growth retardation on the fetal amino acid profile. Protein synthesis and accretion are the cornerstones of growth that provide the structural framework and enzymatic machinery necessary for fetal development. The maternal uterine circulation supplies the components that the fetus uses for protein accretion. All are derived from the maternal diet or maternal tissue stores. It is important to explore the regulatory processes within the maternal, placental, and fetal compartments that determine fetal amino acid retention. In addition to tissue synthesis, use of free amino acids as oxidative fuel is extensive in the well-nourished fetus and increases significantly during periods of maternal food deprivation. The changes in fetal amino acid utilization represent a significant mechanism by which the fetus adapts to energy deprivation. Before examining the available data, it is necessary to understand the models and methodology by which the data are derived. In general, four methods have been applied to fetal nitrogen metabolism: 1) carcass analysis, 2) net umbilical uptake determinations, 3) measurement of the rate of incorporation of a tracer amino acid into fetal protein, and 4) studies of the kinetics of amino acids in the fetal arterial free amino acid pool. Many studies have combined aspects of two or more of the these methods. ### Carcass Analysis For this method, individual fetuses are sacrificed at several points during gestation, and chemical analysis is performed on the carcass. The total amount of nitrogen, amino acid, or protein at that point in gestation can be determined. Data from individual fetuses are pooled to obtain an accretion curve. This …
Evaluation of ataxia.

1. Elaine A. Dinolfo, MD* 1. 2. *The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore Bronx, NY 1. Ataxia. DeLong GR. Dershewitz RA, eds. Ambulatory Pediatric Care . 2nd 1998:594-596 Lippincott Philadelphia, Pa 2. Ataxia: From the Benign to the Ominous. Dunn DW, Patel H. Contemporary Pediatrics . 1991;8:82-96 3. Ataxia. Fenichel GM. Clinical Pediatric Neurology . 3rd 1998:230-252 Philadelphia, Pa.: WB Saunders Ataxia, defined as impaired coordination of movement and balance, is associated with dysfunction of the cerebellum or the sensory or motor pathways connecting to it. The causes of ataxia range from a transient parainfectious process to a progressive degenerative neurologic condition. The challenge for the pediatrician is to distinguish among the possible etiologies. The evaluation of ataxia begins with a thorough history and careful neurodevelopmental examination. The history must include the onset and duration of the symptom; family history of migraine or neurologic disease; recent infection, seizure, or head injury; and possible environmental exposure to heavy metals, gases, solvents, or medications. It is important to ask about other signs and symptoms, such as headache, vomiting, photophobia, vertigo, and altered mental status. Distinguishing whether a young child has age-appropriate clumsiness or is truly ataxic requires familiarity with the developmental milestones related to coordinated movements. Ataxia also must be distinguished from other disorders of the nervous system or of the muscles. The child should be examined in an upright position with attention to mental status, balance, presence of nystagmus, deep tendon reflexes, and muscle tone and strength. Muscle weakness from a myopathy or neuropathy may present with an altered gait and unstable balance, but it should …
Strategic, Geographic Targeting of Housing and Community Development Resources: A Conceptual Framework and Critical Review

This article critically examines a conceptual framework for strategic, geographic targeting, an allocation model for improving efficiency in community development programs. It reviews the theoretical and empirical literature, discusses constraints and policy implications, and outlines a research agenda. Cost-savings, multiplier, and interaction effects form the core rationale for strategic, geographic targeting. Focus and neighborhood spillover effects complement these and are likely to occur more rapidly when strategic, geographic targeting is used. While the literature is largely silent on the cost-savings, focus, and neighborhood spillover effects, it supports the multiplier effect and demonstrates that it is contingent on the attainment of investment thresholds. It also identifies interventions that are likely to interact positively with programs targeting housing investment.
Experimental verification of Single Event interconnect crosstalk in a 90 nm CMOS technology

The presence of Single Event (SE) interconnect crosstalk has been demonstrated experimentally in the IBM 90 nm CMOS9SF process. Single and Two Photon pulsed laser experiments were performed to demonstrate this phenomenon. 3D mixed-mode simulations and modeling show SE interconnect crosstalk to depend on the interconnect length and on the amount of deposited charge. Simulations have been performed at the dual operating voltages used in this technology. Experimental and accompanying simulation results show this effect to increase SE susceptibility by increasing the vulnerable area and require evaluation to assure expected hardness levels.
Fast multimodality image matching

The diagnostic potential of medical images obtained at different times or from complimentary imaging modalities can be augmented by objective, accurate matching of the different data sets. Correlation analysis offers a powerful technique for the computation of translation, rotation, and scaling differences between image data sets, especially in the case of complimentary images containing similar but not exact information. So far, this technique suffers from the drawback of high computational expense. The authors have reformulated this approach, yielding a fast, computationally much less expensive algorithm. Reduction of computation time is about 75%. >
Inferring sub-cellular localization through automated lexical analysis.

Motivation: The SWISS-PROT sequence database contains keywords of functional annotations for many proteins. In contrast, information about the sub-cellular localization is available for only a few proteins. Experts can often infer localization from keywords describing protein function. We developed LOCkey, a fully automated method for lexical analysis of SWISS-PROT keywords that assigns sub-cellular localization. With the rapid growth in sequence data, the biochemical characterisation of sequences has been falling behind. Our method may be a useful tool for supplementing functional information already automatically available. Results: The method reached a level of more than 82% accuracy in a full cross-validation test. Due to a lack of functional annotations, we could infer localization for fewer than half of all proteins in SWISS-PROT. We applied LOCkey to annotate five entirely sequenced proteomes, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Caenorhabditis elegans (worm), Drosophila melanogaster (fly), Arabidopsis thaliana (plant) and a subset of all human proteins. LOCkey found about 8000 new annotations of sub-cellular localization for these eukaryotes. Availability: Annotations of localization for eukaryotes at:
Inter-regional messenger scheduling in delay tolerant mobile networks

The evolution of wireless devices along with the increase in user mobility have created new challenges such as network partitioning and intermittent connectivity. These new challenges have become apparent in many situations where the transmission of critical data is of high priority. Disaster rescue groups, for example, are equipped with numerous devices which constantly gather and transmit various forms of data. The challenge of establishing communication between groups of this type has led to an evolutionary form of networks which we consider in this paper, namely, delay tolerant mobile networks (DTMNs). Nodes in DTMNs usually form clusters that we define as regions. Nodes within each region have end-to-end paths between them. Both regions, as well as nodes within a region, can be either stationary or mobile. For such environments, we propose using a dedicated set of messengers that relay message bundles between these regions. Our goal is to understand how messenger scheduling can be used to improve network performance and connectedness. We develop several classes of messenger scheduling algorithms which can be used to achieve inter-regional communication in such environments. We use simulation to better understand the performance and tradeoffs between these algorithms.
Programmatic risk analysis to search for life on Mars

NASA is facing the problem of choosing a strategy for the future exploration of Mars. Many scientists and members of the public are interested in knowing if life, in some form, exists or ever existed on the planet. The missions required to search for life are complex, and the probability of a clear discovery in the short term is small. Other objectives of the current Mars program are to pave the way for future human exploration and to shed some light on the evolution of the Earth by studying the geologic and climatic history of Mars. To support the choice of a planetary exploration program, we describe in this paper an analytical framework that quantifies a mission's failure risks as well as its benefits. The model permits optimal budget allocation (beyond a minimum amount) among investments that increase the reliability of the technical system, initial budget reserves needed to resolve potential development problems, and additional investments in the scientific capabilities of the spacecraft. This optimal allocation is based on the maximization of the expected value of a valuation function that represents the preferences of the NASA managers, the scientists and the public. For these different groups, the valuation function captures and integrates tradeoffs among technical failure risks, management failure risks, and the mission's scientific benefits.
A Confidence Interval for an Exponential Parameter from a Hybrid Life Test

Abstract In life testing, type I and type II censoring may be combined to form a hybrid life test. Epstein (1954) introduced this testing scheme and Epstein (1960b) proposed a two-sided confidence interval to estimate the mean lifetime, 8, of an exponential lifetime following such a test. His conjecture is modified slightly and a proof is given that establishes the validity of the proposed confidence interval.
Iron City Blues

S. N. Eisenstadt, Fundamentalism, Ectarianism, and Revolution: The Jacobin Dimension of Modernity
Woodsy the optimal owl: Environmental campaigns, norms, and implications for public goods policy

Norms regarding private provision of a public good (e.g. cutting down on energy use, not littering) can affect the marginal gains from contributing to a public good and therefore people's decisions about contributing to the public good. A model is proposed in which norms of private contributions to a public good can be influenced by public policy, and these norms affect people's self-image, which derives from a comparison of one's own contribution with the norm contribution. In this context, we examine the conditions under which private contributions to a public good are efficient, and the conditions under which policy affecting these norms improves social welfare. We find that (1) a benevolent social planner who fails to account for private provision norms will underprovide the public good, and (2) public policy that attempts to raise the norm contribution of private provision can increase social welfare if the effect of raising the norm does not have an extreme negative effect – either extremely small or extremely large – on peoples' self-image.
Simple kinetic relationships and nonspecific competition govern nuclear import rates in vivo.

Many cargoes destined for nuclear import carry nuclear localization signals that are recognized by karyopherins (Kaps). We present methods to quantitate import rates and measure Kap and cargo concentrations in single yeast cells in vivo, providing new insights into import kinetics. By systematically manipulating the amounts, types, and affinities of Kaps and cargos, we show that import rates in vivo are simply governed by the concentrations of Kaps and their cargo and the affinity between them. These rates fit to a straightforward pump–leak model for the import process. Unexpectedly, we deduced that the main limiting factor for import is the poor ability of Kaps and cargos to find each other in the cytoplasm in a background of overwhelming nonspecific competition, rather than other more obvious candidates such as the nuclear pore complex and Ran. It is likely that most of every import round is taken up by Kaps and nuclear localization signals sampling other cytoplasmic proteins as they locate each other in the cytoplasm.
REST QUANTIFIED BY A FRACTAL DIMENSION OF MOVEMENT EVENTS: A BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF INTERMITTENCY ESTIMATION

The intermittency of a time-series, i.e. the extent to which it departs from slowly-varying, unifractal dynamics, can often be quantified by simple scale-free statistics. For fractal point processes, singular measures, and certain other models that describe physical and biological phenomena, the correlation co-dimension, C2, quantifies intermittency. C2 of human activity during the night quantifies restfulness in that it is negatively correlated with the average activity level. However, C2 of activity appears to be more sensitive to the use of steroids than the average activity level.
Capacity-approaching protograph codes

This paper discusses construction of protograph-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Emphasis is placed on protograph ensembles whose typical minimum distance grows linearly with block size. Asymptotic performance analysis for both weight enumeration and iterative decoding threshold determination is provided and applied to a series of code constructions. Construction techniques that yield both low thresholds and linear minimum distance growth are introduced by way of example throughout. The paper also examines implementation strategies for high throughput decoding derived from first principles of belief propagation on bipartite graphs.
Gastropod Herbivore Preference for Seedlings of Two Native and Two Exotic Grass Species

Herbivores can affect the composition of grassland communities. We examined seedling herbivory by the introduced snail, Helix aspersa, on four grass species common in California grasslands. To assess preference, standardized tests using equal amounts of seedlings of the same age were conducted in addition to tests in which live seedlings were exposed to snail herbivory. Helix aspersa exhibited the greatest preference for native Bromus carinatus, while native Nassella pulchra and exotic B. hordeaceus were moderately preferred. Exotic Avena fatua was least preferred. Assessment of preference using both standardized and live seedling trials yielded consistent results, suggesting that preference is due to variation in seedling quality rather than differences in per-seedling biomass that are likely to exist under field conditions. Avena fatua is very common in California grasslands while B. carinatus is relatively rare. Our results suggest that the high level of snail preference for B. carinatus and aversion to A. fatua, coupled with severe effects on future growth due to complete defoliation of live seedlings, may reinforce patterns of establishment of these grasses observed in natural communities.
Between silence and voice: communicating in cross-functional project teams

Despite forecasts of the increasing use of cross-functional project teams in industry, too little is known about how such teams function and how they might come to function more effectively. One organization, a small manufacturing firm in the Southeast, and members of a selected cross-functional project team consented to have a researcher present during the life cycle of a single project. Reflections based on the resulting case study highlight three overarching areas of concern in cross-functional designs: first, equity as an evolving blueprint for project-team work; secondly, trust as the foundation upon which solid progress depends; and thirdly, authority as the visible framework of the process and products of the team's work. >
LvNumb works synergistically with Notch signaling to specify non-skeletal mesoderm cells in the sea urchin embryo

Activation of the Notch signaling pathway segregates the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) from the endomesoderm during sea urchin embryo development. Subsequently, Notch signaling helps specify the four subpopulations of NSM, and influences endoderm specification. To gain further insight into how the Notch signaling pathway is regulated during these cell specification events, we identified a sea urchin homologue of Numb (LvNumb). Previous work in other model systems showed that Numb functions as a Notch signaling pathway antagonist, possibly by mediating the endocytosis of other key Notch interacting proteins. In this study, we show that the vegetal endomesoderm expresses lvnumb during the blastula and gastrula stages, and that the protein is localized to the presumptive NSM. Injections of lvnumb mRNA and antisense morpholinos demonstrate that LvNumb is necessary for the specification of mesodermal cell types, including pigment cells, blastocoelar cells and muscle cells. Functional analysis of the N-terminal PTB domain and the C-terminal PRR domain of LvNumb shows that the PTB domain, but not the PRR domain, is sufficient to recapitulate the demonstrable function of full-length LvNumb. Experiments show that LvNumb requires an active Notch signal to function during NSM specification and that LvNumb functions in the cells responding to Delta and not in the cells presenting the Delta ligand. Furthermore, injection of mRNA encoding the intracellular domain of Notch rescues the LvNumb morpholino phenotype, suggesting that the constitutive intracellular Notch signal overcomes, or bypasses, the absence of Numb during NSM specification.
Applications and Implementation A SEPARABLE PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO EXPECTED COVERAGE: AN APPLICATION TO AMBULANCE LOCATION

The maximum expected covering location problem (MEXCLP) is reformulated using a separable programming approach. The resulting formulation—nonlinear maximum expected covering location problem (NMEXCLP)—guarantees optimality and also solves more quickly than previous heuristic approaches. NMEXCLP allows two important extensions. First, minor formulation changes allow the specification of the minimum number of times each node is to be covered in order to satisfy expected coverage criteria. Second, coverage matrices can be constructed that consider two different types of coverage simultaneously. Both extensions are useful for ambulance location problems and are demonstrated in that setting.
Superposed Quantum State Initialization Using Disjoint Prime Implicants (SQUID)

The problem of initializing a quantum superposition is important for Grover's algorithm, quantum neural networks and other applications. The purpose of the algorithm presented here is to generate a quantum array that initializes a desired quantum superposition on n qubits. The SQUID algorithm almost always creates quantum arrays that perform better than those created by existing algorithms such as the Ventura-Martinez and Long-Sun algorithms. The best case performance for the quantum arrays created by the SQUID algorithm is O(n) when the superposition contains all possible states which is an exponential improvement over all existing algorithms. Also, the worst case performance of the quantum array created by the SQUID algorithm is never worse than the performance of existing algorithms. The SQUID algorithm represents a vast improvement over previous quantum superposition initialization algorithms and allows quantum superpositions to be initialized much more efficiently than with other algorithms.
Development of a multispectral tissue characterization system for optimization of an implantable perfusion status monitor for transplanted liver

Optimizing wavelength selection for monitoring perfusion during liver transplant requires an in-depth characterization of liver optical properties. With these, the impact of liver absorption and scattering properties can be investigated to select optimal wavelengths for perfusion monitoring. To accomplish this, we are developing a single integrating-sphere-based technique using a unique spatially resolved diffuse reflectance system for multispectral optical properties determination for thick samples. We report early results using a monochromatic source to measure the optical properties of well characterized tissue phantoms made from polystyrene spheres and Trypan blue. The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of using this unique system to measure optical properties of tissue phantoms. We are currently in the process of implementing an automated Levenberg–Marquardt diffuse-reflectance-profile fitting algorithm to enable near realtime robust computation of sample optical properties. Future work will focus on the incorporation of multispectral capability to provide needed data to facilitate development of more realistic liver tissue phantoms.
New inequalities for subspace arrangements

For each positive integer n>=4, we give an inequality satisfied by rank functions of arrangements of n subspaces. When n=4 we recover Ingleton's inequality; for higher n the inequalities are all new. These inequalities can be thought of as a hierarchy of necessary conditions for a (poly)matroid to be realizable. Some related open questions about the ''cone of realizable polymatroids'' are also presented.
Nitric oxide in cancer metastasis

Cancer metastasis is the spread and growth of tumor cells from the original neoplasm to further organs. This review analyzes the role of nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, in the regulation of cancer formation, progression, and metastasis. The action of NO on cancer relies on multiple factors including cell type, metastasis stage, and organs involved. Various chemotherapy drugs cause cells to release NO, which in turn induces cytotoxic death of breast, liver, and skin tumors. However, NO has also been clinically connected to a poor cancer prognosis because of its role in angiogenesis and intravasation. This supports the claim that NO can be characterized as both pro-metastatic and anti-metastatic, depending on specific factors. The inhibition of cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis pathways by NO donors has been proposed as a novel therapy to various cancers. Studies suggest that NO-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act on cancer cells in several ways that may make them ideal for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the biological significance of NO in each step of cancer metastasis, its controversial effects for cancer progression, and its therapeutic potential.
VLSI circuit testing using and adaptive optimization model

The purpose of testing is to determine the correctness of the unit under test in come optimal way. One difficulty in meeting the optimality requirement is that the stochastic properties of the unit are usually unknown a priori. For instance, one might not know exactly the yield of a VLSI production line before one tests the chips made as a result. Given the probability of unit failure and the coverage of a test, the optimal test period is easy to obtain. However, the probability of failure is not usually known a priori. We there- fore develop an optimal sequential testing strategy which estimates the production yield based on ongoing test results, and then use it to determine the optimal test period.
Amphotericin B: current understanding of mechanisms of action.

This minireview describes the problems associated with the use of Amphotericin B and what is known about the mechanism(s) of its action. The efforts to design a more efficient vehicle for AmB are summarized in the following minireview (8)
Dorsal notch of foramen magnum due to incomplete ossification of supraoccipital bone in dogs

The shape of the foramen magnum and the variation in the ossification pattern of the supra-occipital bone were studied in 48 skulls, including 12 from neonatal and 33 from immature and mature beagles of known age. The shape varied markedly, and a dorsal notch, dorsomedial to the nuchal tubercles and present in over half of the beagles, developed as a result of incomplete ossification of the ventromedial part of the supra-occipital bone. In a pomeranian and a chihuahua a membrane of dure mater and connective tissue, which covered the prominent dorsal notch, prevented prolapse of the brain. The spinal cord passed through a smaller oval opening in the ventral half of the foramen magnum. As there was no apparent impairment of function or anomalies associated with the dorsal notch and since a prominent dorsal notch was common in small breeds with brachycephalic skulls, it was concluded that the dorsal notch is a variation in the normal morphological pattern.
A balance retraining exercise program reduced injurious falls in at-risk older community-dwelling women

Source Citation El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Latouche A, et al. Effectiveness of two year balance training programme on prevention of fall induced injuries in at risk women aged 75-85 living in community...
Pathology effects at radiation doses below those causing increased mortality.

Mortality data from experiments conducted at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) on the long-term effects of external whole-body irradiation on B6CF(1) mice were used to investigate radiation-induced effects at intermediate doses of (60)Co gamma rays or fission-spectrum neutrons either delivered as a single exposure or protracted over 60 once-weekly exposures. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to identify the lowest dose in the ANL data (within radiation quality, pattern of exposure, and sex) at which radiation-induced mortality caused by primary tumors could be detected (approximately 1-2 Gy for gamma rays and 10-15 cGy for neutrons). Doses at and below these levels were then examined for radiation-induced shifts in the spectrum of pathology detected at death. To do this, specific pathology events were pooled into larger assemblages based on whether they were cancer, cardiovascular disease or non-neoplastic diseases detected within the lungs and pleura, liver and biliary tract, reproductive organs, or urinary tract. Cancer and cardiovascular disease were further subdivided into categories based on whether they caused death, contributed to death, or were simply observed at death. Counts of how often events falling within each of these combined pathology categories occurred within a mouse were then used as predictor variables in logistic regression to determine whether irradiated mice could be distinguished from control mice. Increased pathology burdens were detected in irradiated mice at doses lower than those causing detectable shifts in mortality-22 cGy for gamma rays and 2 cGy for neutrons. These findings suggest that (1) models based on mortality data alone may underestimate radiation effects, (2) radiation may have adverse health consequences (i.e. elevated health risks) even when mortality risks are not detected, and (3) radiation-induced pathologies other than cancer do occur, and they involve multiple organ systems.
Neural Unit Sensitive to Modulation

Neuromodulation is an important mechanism of information processing control in the brain. Implementation of this mechanism in Artificial Neural Nets (ANNs) will enable intelligent structures to control their own cognitive function. What follows is a description of a unit created for parallel synchronous neural networks. It was designed to include the neuromodulation in the network functionality. Experiments showed that the model’s behavior corresponds to the behavior of neurons in the brain.
Cancer Stem Cells: Historical Perspectives and Lessons from Leukemia

Cancer has a long history rooted in developmental biology. Early scientists regarded cancer as remnant embryonal tissues waiting to be provoked into a malignant state. Whereas this embryonal rest theory fits well with certain childhood cancers like teratocarcinomas, acquired cancers in adulthood require more explanation. Because of early advances in hematology and immunology, investigations of hematologic malignancies like leukemias have benefited from translated technology. Seminal discoveries in leukemia stem cell biology are reviewed in this chapter. Some of these discoveries translate to novel opportunities for improved diagnostics and therapeutics. Importantly, several lessons in the leukemia stem cell experience are applicable to ongoing cancer stem cell investigations. These lessons are discussed relative to leukemia stem cells and with an eye toward defining and testing cancer stem cells in solid tumors.
Young Woman with a Fever and Chest Pain.

A 26-year-old female presented to the emergency department with three days of subjective fevers, dry cough and pleuritic chest discomfort. On exam, her vital signs were significant for a heart rate of 106/minute and oxygen saturation of 95% on room air. Her lung exam revealed decreased breath sounds at the right base. A bedside lung ultrasound and a chest radiograph were performed (Figure 1a, Figure 2, and Video). Figure 1a Ultrasound of lung with pneumonia: Linear, bright (hyper-echoic) foci represent air bronchograms (arrows) above the diaphragm (asterisks). Figure 2 Anteroposterior portable chest radiograph: right lower lobe pneumonia. Video Pneumonia on lung ultrasound.
Bank Erosion in Fifteen Tributaries in the Glaciated Upper Susquehanna Basin of New York and Pennsylvania

The proportional contributions of cultivated lands and stream banks as sources of fine sediment loads were quantified in 15 rural watersheds in the Glaciated Appalachian Plateau region of the Susquehanna River basin of New York and Pennsylvania. We utilized a relatively simple method of fingerprinting sediment sources by comparing the concentrations of the nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs in fluvial sediment samples collected from channel margins with sediment from cultivated fields and stream banks. The proportion of fine sediment from bank erosion ranged from none to 100% in the study tributaries, with a median contribution of 53% across the 15 study streams. In one stream with no evidence of bank sediment, anomalously high 137 Cs levels in the samples indicated that the sources were pasture or forest, probably scoured from marshy floodplains upstream of the sampling sites. In the 14 other streams, cultivated lands accounted for an average of 42% of the fine sediment. We discuss sources of erode...
Morphology and Histology of the Female Sex Pheromone Gland of the Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, Estigmene acrea

The main source of the sex pheromone in adult female Estigmene acrea (Drury) is on the dorsal surface of the 9th abdominal segment. The glandular epithelium is situated on the internal surface of the padlike structures (papillae anales or ovipositor pads) on the dorsal and lateral areas of this segment. These structures are spread apart by the eversion of the 8th and 9th segments which exposes the attractant-producing epithelium to the air. The glandular epithelium is composed of a very thin epicuticle covered with hollow outgrowths and a procuticle. No pores are evident in the cuticle through which the pheromone can pass. The histochemical tests revealed that glucoses-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activity is high in newly emerged females and decreases with the age of females. The α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity is low or absent. The acid and alkaline phosphatase activities are low, and the unspecific esterase and cytochrome oxidase activities are high in newly emerged females and do not change with age.
Questioning the 10-year Life Expectancy Rule for High-grade Prostate Cancer: Comparative Effectiveness of Aggressive vs Nonaggressive Treatment of High-grade Disease in Older Men With Differing Comorbid Disease Burdens.

Objective To determine if the 10-year rule should apply to men with high-grade, clincially localized prostate cancer, we characterized the survival benefits of aggressive (surgery, radiation, brachytherapy) over nonaggressive treatment (watchful waiting, active surveillance) among older men with differing comorbidity at diagnosis. Methods We sampled 44,521 men older than 65 with cT1–2, poorly differentiated prostate cancer diagnosed in 1991-2007 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. We used propensity-adjusted, competing-risks regression to calculate 5- and 10-year cancer mortality among those treated aggressively and nonaggressively across comorbidity subgroups. We determined 5- and 10-year absolute risk reduction in cancer mortality and numbers needed to treat to prevent one cancer death at 10 years. Results In propensity-adjusted, competing-risks regression analysis, aggressive treatment was associated with significantly lower risk of cancer mortality for those with Charlson scores of 0 (sub-hazard ratio (SHR) 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.47), 1 (SHR 0.48, 95% CI 0.40-0.58), and 2 (SHR 0.46, 95% CI 0.34-0.62) but not 3+ (SHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.44-1.07). Absolute reductions in cancer mortality between those treated aggressively and nonaggressively were 7%, 5.5%, 6.9%, and 2.5% at 5 years, and 11.3%, 7.9%, 8.6%, and 2.8% at 10 years for men with Charlson scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3+ , respectively; numbers needed to treat to prevent 1 cancer death at 10 years were 9, 13, 12, and 36 men. Conclusion The 10-year rule may not apply to men with high-grade, clinically localized disease. Older men with Charlson scores ≤2 should consider aggressive treatment of such disease due to its substantial short-term cancer survival benefits.
The Construction, Use, and Abandonment of Angel Site Mound A Tracing the History of a Middle Mississippian Town Through Its Earthworks

Mound A is the largest platform mound at the Angel site (12VG1), a Middle Mississippian town along the Ohio River in southwestern Indiana, and consists of an upper and lower platform joined by an offset conical peak. Solid-earth cores, geophysical data, and 14C ages indicate that mound construction began at 900 B.P. by stacking 10–15 cm-thick turf blocks two meters high at the junction of the upper-lower platform and that by 890 B.P. the upper platform was built to nearly its full 8m height. The dates from Mound A are among the earliest recorded from the site, which implies that earthwork construction coincided with the initial occupation of the site and was among the first construction tasks undertaken. Cultural features associated with a structure partly buried under the conical offset on the upper platform of Mound A yielded 14C ages of 750–520 B.P., which show that the upper platform surface was probably used throughout occupation. As also occurred on Mound F (the only other platform mound investigated at the site), the Mound A structure was destroyed and covered with a fresh layer of fill just before site abandonment. This final filling episode to cap the mounds may have been part of a "ceremonial closing" of the site. The youngest dates from the structures buried on Mounds A and F, as well as others across the site, suggest that the Angel site was essentially abandoned by 500 B.P., which also corresponds with the abandonment of Mississippian sites throughout the region.
G-DOC Plus – an integrative bioinformatics platform for precision medicine

G-DOC Plus is a data integration and bioinformatics platform that uses cloud computing and other advanced computational tools to handle a variety of biomedical BIG DATA including gene expression arrays, NGS and medical images so that they can be analyzed in the full context of other omics and clinical information. G-DOC Plus currently holds data from over 10,000 patients selected from private and public resources including Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the recently added datasets from REpository for Molecular BRAin Neoplasia DaTa (REMBRANDT), caArray studies of lung and colon cancer, ImmPort and the 1000 genomes data sets. The system allows researchers to explore clinical-omic data one sample at a time, as a cohort of samples; or at the level of population, providing the user with a comprehensive view of the data. G-DOC Plus tools have been leveraged in cancer and non-cancer studies for hypothesis generation and validation; biomarker discovery and multi-omics analysis, to explore somatic mutations and cancer MRI images; as well as for training and graduate education in bioinformatics, data and computational sciences. Several of these use cases are described in this paper to demonstrate its multifaceted usability. G-DOC Plus can be used to support a variety of user groups in multiple domains to enable hypothesis generation for precision medicine research. The long-term vision of G-DOC Plus is to extend this translational bioinformatics platform to stay current with emerging omics technologies and analysis methods to continue supporting novel hypothesis generation, analysis and validation for integrative biomedical research. By integrating several aspects of the disease and exposing various data elements, such as outpatient lab workup, pathology, radiology, current treatments, molecular signatures and expected outcomes over a web interface, G-DOC Plus will continue to strengthen precision medicine research. G-DOC Plus is available at: https://gdoc.georgetown.edu .
Theory and simulations on g-2 proton beam preparation

A Booster batch consisting of 84 53-MHz bunches needs to be debunched and recaptured into four 2.5-MHz super bunches, to be extracted to hit a target to generate muons for the g− 2 experiment. These super bunches must be each of full width ≤ 120 ns. In addition, the whole beam preparation procedure as well as eventual bunch-by-bunch extraction must be performed within two Booster cycles or 133 ms. Machine studies are required in the Main Injector to demonstrate the feasibility of the preparation. The theory, including adiabatic debunching, adiabatic re-capture, and some other relevant issues necessary for the machine studies, is discussed.
The Parable of Matthew: Identity Politics, Politics of Desire, and the Politics of Performance

Matthew Shepard's murder in October 1998 provides an opportunity to examine and reconsider identity politics as they play out around Matthew's body. After a sustained critique of identity politics, the author proposes, in their stead, a politics of performance, which offers a constructive alternative to current political agendas by allowing the simultaneous preservation and erasure of difference.
A Lower Bound on Real Interest Rates

I show that real interest rates can be no lower than -100%. This contrasts with recent commentary suggesting that there is no lower bound on the natural rate of interest. I discuss how using the textbook approximation to the Fisher equation can lead to the erroneous belief that there is no lower bound on real interest rates, so this analysis serves as a reminder to avoid using this approximation when considering the effects of extreme levels of inflation.
Influence of stress induced CT local layout effect (LLE) on 14nm FinFET

In this paper, we present a new local layout effect in 14nm FinFET due to different CT layout designs (CT extension, CT spacing, and PC past RX distance). Based on 14nm FinFET experimental data, the CT LLE effect induces up to 50mV Vtsat shift, and ∼20% current change. NFET performance is enhanced by ∼7%, while the PFET performance shows slight degradation. Based on TCAD simulation, the CT LLE is fully analyzed and explained by the tensile stress induced in the inter-layer dielectric (ILD).
The 360-degree evaluation model: A method for assessing competency in graduate nursing students. A pilot research study.

Abstract Background The 360 Degree Evaluation Model is one means to provide a comprehensive view of clinical competency and readiness for progression in an online nursing program. Objectives This pilot project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a 360 Degree Evaluation of clinical competency of graduate advanced practice nursing students. Design The 360 Degree Evaluation, adapted from corporate industry, encompasses assessment of student knowledge, skills, behaviors and attitudes and validates student's progression from novice to competent. Settings Cohort of advanced practice nursing students in four progressive clinical semesters. Participants Graduate advanced practice nursing students (N = 54). Methods Descriptive statistics and Jonckheere's Trend Test were used to evaluate OSCE's scores from graded rubric, standardized patient survey scores, student reflection and preceptor evaluation. Results We identified all students passed the four OSCEs during a first attempt or second attempt. Scaffolding OSCE's over time allowed faculty to identify cohort weakness and create subsequent learning opportunities. Standardized patients' evaluation of the students' performance in the domains of knowledge, skills and attitudes, showed high scores of 96% in all OSCEs. Students' self-reflection comments were a mix of strengths and weaknesses in their self-evaluation, demonstrating themes as students progressed. Preceptor evaluation scores revealed the largest increase in knowledge and learning skills (NONPF domain 1), from an aggregate average of 90% in the first clinical course, to an average of 95%. Conclusions The 360 Degree Evaluation Model provided a comprehensive evaluation of the student and critical information for the faculty ensuring individual student and cohort data and ability to analyze cohort themes.