cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel effect of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors: increasing cGMP levels in rat frontal cortex.

Abstract Elucidating the mechanisms of action of hallucinogens has become an increasingly important area of research as their abuse has grown in recent years. Although serotonin receptors appear to play a role in the behavioral effects of the phenethylamine and indoleamine hallucinogens, the signaling pathways activated by these agents are unclear. Here it is shown that administration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production in frontal cortical slices of rat brain. The effect of 5-HT was greater than that of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), a stimulant of cGMP formation in the central nervous system. The 5-HT2A/2C receptor phenethylamine agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), increased cGMP content in the slices. Additionally 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (DPAT), a 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist also increased cGMP production. Stimulation of cGMP formation by DOM was prevented by a 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist, pirenperone, as well as by a 5-HT2A receptor selective antagonist, MDL100907. A 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, SB242084, did not block the effect of DOM. Stimulation of cGMP production by DPAT was blocked by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY100635. Stimulation of cGMP formation by serotonin could be prevented by pirenperone orWAY100635. In summary, activation of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors increase brain cGMP levels.
Fire fatalities among New Mexico children.

Study objective: To explore the relationship between social conditions and fire mortality rates among children. Design: Retrospective analysis of fire fatalities in children 0 to 14 years old in New Mexico. Setting: State Office of the Medical Investigator. Type of participants: All 57 New Mexico children 0 to 14 years old who died from fire-related injuries from 1981 through 1991. Interventions: Medical investigator and autopsy records were reviewed and abstracted. Demographic and housing figures were obtained from US Census reports. Data were analyzed by χ 2 or by Fisher's exact test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Two thirds of decedents were male ( P = .0014), and three fourths were less than 5 years old ( P P P Conclusion: Substandard homes are associated with an increased fire mortality rate among children. Strategies to prevent childhood fire fatalities should address housing conditions and adult safety practices. Enhanced prehospital or burn unit care is unlikely to greatly affect childhood fire mortality rates.
Multivariate Generalizability Analysis of the Impact of Training and Examinee Performance Information on Judgments Made in an Angoff‐Style Standard‐Setting Procedure

Cut scores, estimated using the Angoff procedure, are routinely used to make high-stakes classification decisions based on examinee scores. Precision is necessary in estimation of cut scores because of the importance of these decisions. Although much has been written about how these procedures should be implemented, there is relatively little literature providing empirical support for specific approaches to providing training and feedback to standard-setting judges. This article presents a multivariate generalizability analysis designed to examine the impact of training and feedback on various sources of error in estimation of cut scores for a standard-setting procedure in which multiple independent groups completed the judgments. The results indicate that after training, there was little improvement in the ability of judges to rank order items by difficulty but there was a substantial improvement in inter-judge consistency in centering ratings. The results also show a substantial group effect. Consistent with this result, the direction of change for the estimated cut score was shown to be group dependent.
Poster 56: Pneumonias in Tracheostomy Patients: Does Topical Oral Chlorhexidine Decrease Incidence During Inpatient Rehabilitation?

ive therapies. No adverse events related to DRX9000 treatment ccurred. Conclusions: Overall, patients’ pain improved after DRX reatment, requiring fewer analgesics, with better function. There ere no safety issues identified with the multimodal treatment outine. Nontreatment or control groups were not included, making fficacy outcome versus placebo or spontaneous recovery difficult o determine. Randomized double-blinded or comparative longerm outcome trials are needed to further prove the efficacy of the RX9000 nonsurgical spinal decompression system for the routine reatment of chronic LBP.
The Generalizability of Critical Thinking

(1991). The Generalizability of Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 18-30.
Low frequency electromagnetic devices

The design, simulation and implementation of low frequency electromagnetic devices on planar structures are given. Planar devices and components are designed and built on a ceramic-based material that allowed a surface-mount (SMT) application. Method of moment based electromagnetic field solvers are used to verify the design of the devices. Planar devices and components are then implemented and tested. Simulation results and experimental results are found to be very close. Results of this work can be used to design devices that operate at low frequency ranges for electromagnetic applications including industrial and military applications.
An intensive multi-site pilot study investigating atmospheric mercury in Broward County, Florida

An intensive multi-site pilot study of atmospheric Hg was conducted in Broward County, Florida in August and September of 1993. Broward County, which contains the city of Fort Lauderdale, is located in southeastern Florida. The county borders the Florida Everglades on the west and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. A network of four sampling sites was set up for 20 days throughout Broward County to measure Hg in both the vapor phase and the particle phase as well as Hg in precipitation. The mean concentrations of total vapor phase Hg measured at two inland sites were found to be significantly higher (3.3 and 2.8 ng/m3) than that measured at a site located on the Atlantic shore (1.8 ng/m3). The mean concentrations of particle phase Hg collected at the two inland sites (51 and 49 pg/m3) were found to be 50% greater than that measured at the coastal site (34 pg/m3). In addition, event precipitation samples were collected at four sampling sites over the 20 day study period and were analyzed for both reactive and total Hg. The mean concentration of total Hg in the precipitation samples was found to be 44 ng/L, with a range of 14 to 130 ng/L. It was determined that further meteorological analysis and a more complete characterization of the aerosol and precipitation composition are needed to identify the probable source(s) contributing to the increased deposition of Hg.
Technical Note: Is radiation important for the high amplitude variability of the MOC in the North Atlantic?

Abstract. Radiation is of fundamental importance to climate modeling and it is customary to assume that it is also important for the variability of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and the meridional overturning cell (MOC). Numerous articles follow this scenario and incorporate radiation into the calculation. Using relatively old heat-flux maps based on measurements taken in the nineteen sixties, Sandal and Nof (2007) recently suggested that, even though the radiation terms are of the same order as the other heat-flux terms, they are not important for the variability of the NADW and the MOC. They proposed that only sensible and latent heat fluxes are important for the long-term variability of the convection, i.e., for processes such as Heinrich events, which supposedly correspond to turning convection on-and-off in the Atlantic. Here, we place this suggestion on a firmer ground by presenting new and accurate up-to-date heat flux maps that also suggest that the radiation is of no major consequence to the NADW variability. Also, we attribute the relative importance of sensible and latent heat fluxes and the contrasting negligible role of radiation to the fact that the latent and sensible heat fluxes are primarily proportional to the difference between the sea surface and the air temperature whereas the radiation is primarily proportional to the sea surface temperature, i.e., radiation is approximately independent of the atmospheric temperature. Due the small heat capacity ratio of air/water (1/4), the difference between the ocean temperature and the air temperature varies dramatically between the state of active and inactive MOC, whereas the ocean temperature by itself varies very modestly between a state of active and inactive convection.
Associations between the Alaska Steller sea lion decline and commercial fisheries.

The Steller sea lion (SSL) population in Alaska was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1990. At that time, several procedural restrictions were placed on the commercial fisheries of the region in an effort to reduce the potential for human-induced mortality on sea lions. Several years have elapsed since these restrictions were put into place, and questions about their efficacy remain. In an effort to determine whether or not fisheries management measures have helped the SSL population to recover, estimates of the fishing activity of the Bering Sea/Gulf of Alaska commercial fisheries in the vicinity of individual SSL rookeries and SSL population trends at those rookeries were made using data from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Fisheries Observer Program and Steller Sea Lion Adult Count Database. Fisheries data from 1976–2000 were analyzed in relation to SSL population counts from 1956–2001 at 32 rookeries from the endangered western stock. Linear regression on the principal components of the fisheries data show that a positive correlation exists between several metrics of historical fishing activity and the SSL population decline. The relationship is less consistent after 1991, supporting a hypothesis that management measures around some of the rookeries have been effective in moderating the localized effects of fishing activity on SSL.
A hybrid PSTD-FDTD method for indoor wireless communication systems

In this paper, we develop a hybrid PSTD-FDTD method combining the discontinuous galerkin PSTD (DG-PSTD) method (Q.H.Liu and G.Zhao) with the CFDTD method and the ADI-CFDTD(M.Chai,et al) method for the mixed-scale problem. We apply the newly developed hybrid PSTD-FDTD method to wireless communication systems to capture both the wireless RF components property and wave propagation in an indoor wireless communication system efficiently.
Effects of exercise training on blood lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents

The following review aims to describe what is known about the effects of exercise training in children and adolescents on the following blood lipids and lipoproteins: total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Only studies that described mode, frequency, duration and intensity of the exercise were included in the review. The results of the studies reviewed were equivocal. Clearly the effects of exercise training on the blood lipid and lipoprotein levels of normolipidemic children and adolescents are equivocal. Of the 14 studies reviewed, six observed a positive alteration in the blood lipid and lipoprotein profile, four of the studies observed no alteration in the blood lipid and lipoprotein profile and one study observed a negative effect on HDL-C but an overall improvement in the lipid and lipoprotein profile due to the decrease in the TC/HDL ratio. It appears that methodological problems present in the majority of the exercise training studies limits the ability to make a conclusive, evidence based statement regarding the effect exercise training has on blood lipid levels in normolipidemic children. Most of the research design flaws can be linked to one or more of the following: small numbers of subjects in each study, low or no representation of girls, inclusion of both boys and girls in the subject pool, inclusion of boys and girls at different maturational stages in the subject pool, exercise training regimes that do not adequately control for exercise intensity, exercise training regimes that do not last longer than 8 weeks and exercise training studies that do not have an adequate exercise volume to elicit a change. Ideally, future research should focus on longitudinal studies which examine the effects of exercise training from the primary school years through adulthood.
A learning algorithm for improved recurrent neural networks

An improved recurrent neural network structure is proposed. The exact form of a gradient-following learning algorithm for the continuously running neural networks is derived for temporal supervised learning tasks. The algorithm allows networks to learn complex tasks that require the retention of information over time periods. The algorithm also compensates for the information that is missed by the traditional recurrent neural networks. Empirical results show that the networks trained using this algorithm have improved prediction performance over the backpropagation trained network and the Elman recurrent neural network.
Incident-energy and system-size dependence of directed flow

We present STAR's measurements of directed flow for charged hadrons in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at GeV and 62.4 GeV, as a function of pseudorapidity, transverse momentum and centrality. We find that directed flow depends on the incident energy, but not on the system size. We extend the validity of limiting fragmentation hypothesis to different collision systems.
Effect of Pregnancy on Cytochrome P450 3a and P-Glycoprotein Expression and Activity in the Mouse: Mechanisms, Tissue Specificity, and Time Course

The plasma concentrations of orally administered anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors are significantly reduced during human and mouse pregnancy. We have shown that in the mouse, at gestational day 19, this reduction is due to increased hepatic cytochrome P450 3a (Cyp3a) protein expression and activity. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms by which Cyp3a activity is increased by pregnancy and the time course of change in expression of Cyp3a and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in various tissues. We found that hepatic transcripts of Cyp3a16, Cyp3a41, and Cyp3a44 were significantly increased during pregnancy, whereas those of Cyp3a11 and Cyp3a25 were significantly decreased. This resulted in a net increase in Cyp3a protein expression and activity in the liver during pregnancy. The increase in Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44 transcripts was positively correlated (p
Methodological advances needed in analysis and interpretation of sham acupuncture validation studies

Many challenges remain in the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture: for example, how to define the particular form of acupuncture used, when there are so many varieties of practice that can be called ‘acupuncture’ and how to choose the control method appropriate to that particular form of acupuncture.1 Perhaps we are still some distance from closing the gap between the rigour of a study (internal validity) and its generalisability and real-world applicability (external validity). In this issue of Acupuncture in Medicine , two reports are presented on the validity of two sham acupuncture methods. In sincere appreciation of the efforts of Takakura et al 2 3 and Tan et al ,4 in this difficult area, we would like to offer a few general points concerning the validation of acupuncture sham control and to comment on the two studies. While it is established that the two main objectives of a validation study of a sham control procedure are to test whether it is indistinguishable from the real acupuncture, and to investigate its relative inertness, how much information needs to be disclosed during the informed consent process is crucial, but has not generally been agreed. Tan et al 4 told the study participants: ‘this study will investigate whether people can tell the difference between a real acupuncture needle and a fake acupuncture needle with a blunt tip, using a small device….’ This question seems to be inviting participants to look out for a fake needle with a blunt tip, and thus raises excessive suspicions …
Modulation of the Kv1.3 potassium channel by receptor tyrosine kinases.

The voltage-dependent potassium channel, Kv1.3, is modulated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and the insulin receptor tyrosine kinases. When the EGFr and Kv1.3 are coexpressed in HEK 293 cells, acute treatment of the cells with EGF during a patch recording can suppress the Kv1.3 current within tens of minutes. This effect appears to be due to tyrosine phosphorylation of the channel, as it is blocked by treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin, or by mutation of the tyrosine at channel amino acid position 479 to phenylalanine. Previous work has shown that there is a large increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of Kv1.3 when it is coexpressed with the EGFr. Pretreatment of EGFr and Kv1.3 cotransfected cells with EGF before patch recording also results in a decrease in peak Kv1.3 current. Furthermore, pretreatment of cotransfected cells with an antibody to the EGFr ligand binding domain (α-EGFr), which blocks receptor dimerization and tyrosine kinase activation, blocks the EGFr-mediated suppression of Kv1.3 current. Insulin treatment during patch recording also causes an inhibition of Kv1.3 current after tens of minutes, while pretreatment for 18 h produces almost total suppression of current. In addition to depressing peak Kv1.3 current, EGF treatment produces a speeding of C-type inactivation, while pretreatment with the α-EGFr slows C-type inactivation. In contrast, insulin does not influence C-type inactivation kinetics. Mutational analysis indicates that the EGF-induced modulation of the inactivation rate occurs by a mechanism different from that of the EGF-induced decrease in peak current. Thus, receptor tyrosine kinases differentially modulate the current magnitude and kinetics of a voltage-dependent potassium channel.
Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen stimulate estuarine bacteria and phytoplankton

Atmospheric deposition is recognized as a potentially large source of inorganic nutrients to many ecosystems. In marine systems, where nitrogen (N) is the nutrient typically limiting phytoplankton growth, rainwater is often a significant source of N. Although a considerable portion of atmospheric N deposition is in the form of organic N, only the inorganic N in rainwater has been considered by most previous studies. Laboratory experiments presented here indicate that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) from rainwater can stimulate productivity of coastal marine bacteria and phytoplankton. A large percent of rainwater DON was potentially biologically available; 45–75% was rapidly utilized by the microorganisms. The magnitude of the response of bacterial and phytoplankton biomass to equivalent amounts of DON-N or ammonium-N was similar. However, the community composition of phytoplankton at the end of the experiment differed in treatments receiving DON and inorganic N. Diatoms and dinoflagellates accounted for >90% of the phytoplankton biomass in treatments receiving rainwater DON. In contrast, small (≪2 μm) monads accounted for >85% of the biomass in the treatments receiving ammonium. The results indicate that DON in rainwater can be an important source of N to ecosystems.
Devolutionary Politics in Somalia: Prospects for Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding, and Development

No centralized government has existed in Somalia since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991. Many policy makers see the country as hopeless and ungovernable, but, since 1991, a number of devolved mechanisms and institutions, including cross-clan collaborations, regional groupings, ideological federations, and business alliances have emerged to close the governance gap. These informal, local types of governance present unique opportunities for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and development, as well as the eradication of pernicious spoilers such as the armed Islamic group al Shabaab and the making of a new Somali political constitution. To capture these possibilities, the international community should embrace the politics of devolution and tailor its policies to fit the complex, fragmented, and interdependent reality of Somali society.
Case Report of Haemophilus parainfluenzae Sepsis in a Newborn Infant Following Water Birth and a Review of Literature

Water birth has grown in popularity over the recent years. Although beneficial for mothers, there are concerns for the infants. There are previous reports of infection following water birth. The information regarding infection with Haemophilus parainfluenzae is limited. We report a case of a neonate with H. parainfluenzae bacteremia following water birth. The child was successfully treated with both antibiotic and supportive care. Previous reports of neonatal H. parainfluenzae infection are reviewed.
On the Consistency between the Fama-French Daily and Monthly Factors

What will be the total return for the period of 1964 to 1993 for holding a Fama-French SMB (small minus big) portfolio? The answer is 151% based on the monthly SMB but 76% if the daily factor is considered. The application of the daily SMB underestimates the size effect by half, about 2.51% per year. If we assume that the initial portfolio value of SMB is 100, then what will be the daily portfolio values afterwards? The current monthly and daily SMB factors unfortunately do not warrant a correct answer. Regrettably, the daily HML (High Minus Low) also produces an inconsistent result. Behind such inconsistency are the impacts of bid-ask bounce (Blume and Stambaugh, 1983) and non-synchronous trading (Roll, 1983). But confidently, by use of the BHMD (Buy-and-Hold Multi Day) method developed by Yan (2008), daily Fama-French factors regenerated can be made consistent with the monthly factors and thus free from the impact of the crostructure. Benchmarked on these new consistent daily factors, there will be many important implications for future research. For example, Jensens' alpha for the year of 2002 is found to be overly estimated on average by 1.1 basis point per day, or 2.7% per year if the current Fama-French daily factors are applied.
Photovoice: Fulfilling the Call for Advocacy in the Counseling Field

Counselors are bound by ethical code to advocate at individual, group, institutional, and societal levels to examine potential barriers and obstacles that inhibit the growth and development of clients. Photovoice is a participatory action research method that utilizes a specific photographic technique to capture an issue from the lens of those affected. The authors of this article propose that photovoice can be adapted to individual counseling with clients to fulfill our ethical call to advocate at the individual level to address barriers and promote growth. A case example is given to demonstrate how photovoice can be used in a counseling session to advocate for clients.
Contraction-induced injury to single fiber segments from fast and slow muscles of rats by single stretches

Susceptibility to contraction-induced injury was investigated in single permeabilized muscle fiber segments from fast extensor digitorum longus and slow soleus muscles of rats. We tested the hypotheses that, after single stretches of varying strains and under three conditions of Ca2+ activation (none, submaximum, and maximum), 1) the magnitude of the deficit in maximum isometric force is dependent on the work done to stretch the fiber, and 2) for each condition of activation and strain, fast fibers incur greater force deficits than slow fibers. When all data on force deficits were analyzed together, the best predictors of the overall force deficits for both fast and slow muscle fibers were linear regression models that introduced the simultaneous but independent effects of strain and average force (r2 = 0.52 and 0.63, respectively). Under comparable conditions, greater force deficits were produced in fast than slows fibers. Despite differences in the strain required to produce injury in fast and slow muscle fibers, for a given force deficit, the ultrastructural damage was strikingly similar.
Confirmation in Multimodal Systems

Systems that attempt to understand natural human input make mistakes, even humans. However, humans avoid misunderstandings by confirming doubtful input. Multimodal systems---those that combine simultaneous input from more than one modality, for example speech and gesture-have historically been designed so that they either request confirmation of speech, their primary modality, or not at all. Instead, we experimented with delaying confirmation until after the speech and gesture were combined into a complete multimodal command. In controlled experiments, subjects achieved more commands per minute at a lower error rate when the system delayed confirmation, than compared to when subjects confirmed only speech. In addition, this style of late confirmation meets the user's expectation that confirmed commands should be executable.
A new insight into pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride fat infiltration.

SummaryIntravenous administration of Triton to rats causes a marked elevation of plasma triglycerides. If the rats have been poisoned with carbon tetrachloride 2 hours previously, accumulation of triglycerides in the plasma following Triton administration is markedly reduced. The existence of an hepatic triglyceride secretory mechanism is inferred from the work of others, and it is postulated that carbon tetrachloride poisons this triglyceride secretory mechanism. Triglycerides, which would normally be secreted into plasma, are retained in the liver.
Quantum-size effect in nonlinear response of metal nanoparticles

Our study of the third-order susceptibility for Ag-dielectric composite reveals a critical role of saturation of optical transitions between discrete states of conduction electrons in metal quantum dots. Saturation effects lead to a decrease of the local field enhancement factor that is of particular importance for surface-enhanced phenomena.
Adenocarcinoma Arising in Barrett’s Esophagus with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A 61-year-old man with a 20-year history of recurrent gastric peptic ulcerations had an adenocarcinoma of the esophagus resected. The carcinoma was associated with columnar cell-lined (Barrett's) esophagus with carcinoma in situ. The patient had hypergastrinemia (gastrin level, 1,000 pg/dl), and at autopsy two months after the operation, a 3-mm pancreatic adenoma was discovered. In addition to the rarity of this clinical constellation, the case is of interest in suggesting that hypergastrinemia does not protect against peptic esophagitis and its sequelae.
Bureaucratic Politics in Imperial Russia

Most of the major historical interpretations of imperial and Soviet Russia share, at bottom, a common belief that the dominant characteristics of the political system are teleological and dualist, indeed even Manichaean. The purpose of this paper is to suggest an alternative model of politics based on a plurality of groups emerging from the peculiar evolution of the bureaucracy in Imperial Russia. Before taking up the substantive part of the argument, however, I wish to review briefly what I mean by the teleological-dualist interpretation which remains up to the present the reigning orthodoxy in the field.
Autonomous Data Collection With Limited Time for Underwater Vehicles

This paper studies the problem of autonomous data collection where an underwater vehicle is required to reach several target regions within a specified time limit. The proposed approach takes into account the vehicle dynamics, the time-varying ocean currents, and the obstacles in the region in order to effectively plan a collision-free and dynamically feasible trajectory whose time duration does not exceed the time limit. When the time limit makes it impossible to reach every target, the approach seeks to reduce the penalty accrued by the target regions that are not visited. The approach combines sampling-based motion planning with constraint-based solvers. In fact, a constraint-based solver searches a navigation roadmap to compute bounded tours which minimize the accrued penalty. Sampling-based motion planning is then used to expand a motion tree along these tours. Unsuccessful tour expansions are penalized to promote exploration of alternative tours. Simulation and field experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the approach in planning collision-free and dynamically feasible trajectories that reduce the accrued penalty.
Bayesianism and the Value of Diverse Evidence

In a recent essay (1995), Andrew Wayne charges that Bayesian attempts to account for the rule that, ceteris paribus, diverse evidence confirms better than narrow evidence are inadequate. I reply to these criticisms and argue that, on the contrary, one of the Bayesian approaches considered by Wayne does an excellent job of explaining why, and under what circumstances, diverse evidence is valuable.
Stimulation of rat testis microsomal 17α-hydroxyprogesterone side-chain cleavage enzyme by luteinizing hormone added in vitro

The addition of purified luteinizing hormone to isolated rat testis microsomes causes an increase in the activity of the enzyme system that converts 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into C19 steroids in these tissue organelles. The gonadotrophin does not act in this system by altering the Michaelis constants of the enzyme for either steroid or nicotinamide nucleotide, but rather appears specifically to increase the catalytic capability of the protein.
Cooking techniques for broiler chickens.

This study provides data helpful in estimating the yield of cooked chicken parts and cost per serving. The data reported on fat and moisture contents of chicken parts should also be useful in formulating diets for patients on low- or restricted-fat diets.
Influence of kinins and angiotensin II on the regulation of papillary blood flow.

The influence of kinins and angiotensin II on the regulation of renal cortical and papillary blood flow and sodium and water excretion was examined in rats. Superficial cortical and papillary blood flows were measured using a laser-Doppler flowmeter. Papillary blood flow increased 50% after enalaprilat (60 micrograms/kg) and phosphoramidon (5.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) were given along with 0.3 M sodium bicarbonate solution to inhibit degradation of kinins and enhance urinary kallikrein activity. Infusion of a kinin antagonist, D-Arg-Hyp-Thi-D-Phe-bradykinin (5 micrograms/min), returned papillary blood flow to control levels. Urine flow and sodium excretion increased after the administration of the kininase inhibitors and sodium bicarbonate, while glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and outer cortical blood flow were unaltered. The kinin antagonist did not alter sodium and water excretion in rats receiving the kininase inhibitors and bicarbonate. Administration of the kinin antagonist alone lowered papillary b...
On critical exponents for the heat equation with a nonlinear boundary condition

Abstract In this paper we consider the heat equation u t = ∆ u in a unbounded domain Ω ⊂ R N with a Neumann boundary condition u v = u p , where p > 1 and v is the exterior unit normal on ∂ Ω. It is shown for various type of domains that there exists a critical number p c (Ω) ≥ 1, such that all of positive solutions blow up in a finite time when p ∈ (1, p c ] while there exist positive global solutions if p > p c and initial data are small.
Network Effects in Field Experiments on Interactive Groups: Cases from Legislative Studies

Most social processes involve complex interaction among units through some form of social, communication, or collaboration network. The stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA) — the assumption that a unit’s outcome is unaffected by other units’ treatment statuses — is required in conventional approaches to causal inference. When SUTVA is violated, as in networked social interaction, treatment effects spread to control units through the network structure. We evaluate the evidence for spillover effects in data from three field experiments on US state legislatures. Randomized field experiments represent the gold standard in causal inference when studying political elites. It is rarely possible to bring political elites into a controlled laboratory environment, and causal identification with observational data is fraught with problems. We review recently-developed methods for testing for causal effects — including interference effects — while relaxing SUTVA. We propose new specifications for treatment spillover models, and construct networks through geographical or ideological proximity and co-sponsorship. Considering different combinations of spillover models and networks, we evaluate the robustness of recently developed non-parametric tests for interference. The approaches we illustrate can be applied to any experimental setting in which interference is suspected.
High Wages, Enlightened Management, and Economic Productivity

This book has tried to make the case that government policy-makers are caught on the horns of a dilemma. Market economies have an inherent tendency to create strong pulses of competitive pressures, which can drive the economy into crises. Governments have a range of policy options to counteract the threat of economic collapse under competitive pressures. First, they can attempt to prevent competitive pressures from gaining strength. Military Keynesianism represents an excellent example of this strategy. Governments can also change the legal structure, allowing firms to collude to inhibit competition. All such measures, as we have seen, will eventually weaken the economy, although perhaps not as much as unbridled competition will.
Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to the prevention of atrial fibrillation after heart surgery

Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a very common problem after heart surgery. Approaches to the prevention of this troublesome arrhythmia, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, are reviewed, with special consideration of the effectiveness of various methods of preventing atrial fibrillation. In addition, the role of clinical pathways and the relationship between the prevention of atrial fibrillation and clinical outcomes, such as hospital length of stay, are discussed. Future efforts should be directed toward optimal identification of patients at high risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation and elucidation of the appropriate role of atrial fibrillation prophylaxis and management of this condition when it develops.
Perceived Marginalization, Educational Contexts, and (Non)Religious Educational Experience.

AbstractPrior research has suggested the possibility of marginalization of religious students on college campuses and the marginalization of nonreligious individuals in society more generally. In this article, the authors examine perceived marginalization of religious and nonreligious college students on and off a college campus in the southeastern United States. The authors find that there is not a significant difference in perceived experiences of marginalization on the college campus, and nonreligious students report significantly more perceived experiences of marginalization off the campus. The forms of marginalization on and off campus are generally that of microaggressions, such as insults, jokes, and exclusion. The authors conclude by discussing some of the implications of their findings for colleges and universities.
Prevention of neural tube defects in Lrp2 mutant mouse embryos by folic acid supplementation.

Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common structural birth defects in humans and are caused by the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid can prevent NTDs in both mouse models and human populations. A better understanding of how genes and environmental factors interact is critical toward development of rational strategies to prevent NTDs. Low density lipoprotein-related protein 2 (Lrp2) is involved in endocytosis of the folic acid receptor among numerous other nutrients and ligands. Methods We determined the effect of iron and/or folic acid supplementation on the penetrance of NTDs in the Lrp2null mouse model. The effects of supplementation on folate and iron status were measured in embryos and dams. Results Periconceptional dietary supplementation with folic acid did not prevent NTDs in Lrp2 mutant embryos, whereas high levels of folic acid supplementation by intraperitoneal injection reduced incidence of NTDs. Importantly, Lrp2null/+ dams had reduced blood folate levels that improved with daily intraperitoneal injections of folate but not dietary supplementation. On the contrary, iron supplementation had no effect on the penetrance of NTDs in Lrp2 mutant embryos and negated the preventative effect of folic acid supplementation in Lrp2null/null mutants. Conclusion Lrp2 is required for folate homeostasis in heterozygous dams and high levels of supplementation prevents NTDs. Furthermore, high levels of dietary iron supplementation interfered with folic acid supplementation negating the positive effects of supplementation in this model. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dyadic Perceptions of the Decision Process in Families Living With Lung Cancer

Purpose/objectives To use dyadic analyses to identify determinants of patients' and family members' perceptions of the positive and negative aspects of the decision-making process in families living with lung cancer. . Design Cross-sectional study. . Setting Community setting in Greater Portland, Oregon. . Sample 109 family care dyads (patient and family member) recruited from a statewide cancer registry. . Methods Surveys were completed in-person, separately, and privately by each member of the family care dyad. Secondary analysis was completed using multilevel modeling. . Main research variables Negative and positive aspects of the decision process. . Findings Level 1 data revealed significant variability across care dyads' positive or negative perceptions of the decision-making process. Level 2 results for negative perceptions of decision making indicated that patient and family member perceptions were significantly associated with their own depressive symptoms and feelings of not being listened to by others. Level 2 results for positive perceptions of decision making indicated that patient and family member perceptions were significantly inversely associated with their own feelings of not being listened to and being in nonspousal relationships. In addition, family members' perceptions were more positive when the patients were older. . Conclusions This study highlighted the complexity of the decision-making process in families with lung cancer, and underscored the importance of the care dyad feeling listened to by family members in the context of life-threatening illnesses. . Implications for nursing Nurses assisting families with decisions about lung cancer should be aware of the dynamics of the care dyad and how the decision process is perceived by patients and their family members.
Expression of naive and memory T-cells in newborn infants with early-onset sepsis

T-cells express two surface antigen isoforms that represent two different maturational stages. Naive T-cells express CD45RA and memory T-cell express CD45RO. Naive T-cells can convert to memory T-cells after antigenic exposure. We hypothesized that naive T-cell expression would be high in healthy newborns compared with adults and that memory T-cell expression would remain low in septic newborns. The expression of naive and memory T-cells was examined using flow cytometry on peripheral blood samples from 15 newborn infants (gestational age 36 ± 1 weeks) with clinical or culture positive sepsis, cord blood samples from 20 healthy newborn infants (gestational age 37 ± 1 weeks) and peripheral blood samples from 24 healthy adults. Both healthy and septic newborns demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of naive T-cells compared with adults (57 ± 2%, 67 ± 4% vs. 40 ± 2%; P < 0.05). Expression of memory T-cells was significantly lower in healthy newborns than adults (8 ± 1 % vs. 46 ± 2%, P < 0.0001). However, septic newborns had a significantly higher percentage expression (14 ± 2% vs. 8 ± 1%, P < 0.01) and absolute number of memory T-cells (812 ± 112/mm3 vs. 600 ± 222/mm3 P
Student Perspectives on Social Responsibility in Nursing

Social responsibility (SR) is a core component of the nursing profession. However, nursing education is challenged in delivering meaningful translation of this topic to students. This potentially reduces the readiness of newly licensed nurses to care for underserved populations. This study explored nursing students’ understanding of SR and the impact on role formation. Results showed students have a limited understanding of SR and limited experiences for development. Recommendations for improvement are offered.
Comparative proteomic analysis provides insight into the biological role of protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 from Arabidopsis

Abstract Protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (PPI-2) is a conserved eukaryotic effector protein that inhibits type one protein phosphatases (TOPP). A transfer-DNA knockdown of AtPPI-2 resulted in stunted growth in both vegetative and reproductive phases of Arabidopsis development. At the cellular level, AtPPI-2 knockdown had 35 to 40% smaller cells in developing roots and leaves. This developmental phenotype was rescued by transgenic expression of the AtPPI-2 cDNA behind a constitutive promoter. Comparative proteomics of developing leaves of wild type (WT) and AtPPI-2 mutant revealed reduced levels of proteins associated with chloroplast development, ribosome biogenesis, transport, and cell cycle regulation processes. Decreased abundance of several ribosomal proteins, a DEAD box RNA helicase family protein (AtRH3), Clp protease (ClpP3) and proteins associated with cell division suggests a bottleneck in chloroplast ribosomal biogenesis and cell cycle regulation in AtPPI-2 mutant plants. In contrast, eight out of nine Arabidopsis TOPP isoforms were increased at the transcript level in AtPPI-2 leaves compared to WT. A protein-protein interaction network revealed that > 75% of the differentially accumulated proteins have at least secondary and/or tertiary connections with AtPPI-2. Collectively, these data reveal a potential basis for the growth defects of AtPPI-2 and support the presumed role of AtPPI-2 as a master regulator for TOPPs, which regulate diverse growth and developmental processes. Biological significance Comparative label-free proteomics was used to characterize an AtPPI-2 T-DNA knockdown mutant. The complex, reduced growth phenotype supports the notion that AtPPI-2 is a global regulator of TOPPs, and possibly other proteins. Comparative proteomics revealed a range of differences in protein abundance from various cellular processes such as chloroplast development, ribosome biogenesis, and transporter activity in the AtPPI-2 mutant relative to WT Arabidopsis . Collectively the results of proteomic analysis and the protein-protein network suggest that AtPPI-2 is involved in a wide range of biological processes either directly or indirectly including plastid biogenesis, translational mechanisms, and cell cycle regulation. The proposed protein interaction network comprises a testable model underlying changes in protein abundance in the AtPPI-2 mutant, and provides a better framework for future studies.
Frequency combs: Cavity solitons come of age

The generation and manipulation of cavity solitons in microresonators is creating new opportunities for Kerr combs to aid applications such as optical communications and spectroscopy.
Correction: Optogenetic activation of EphB2 receptor in dendrites induced actin polymerization by activating Arg kinase.

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors regulate a wide array of developmental processes by responding to cell-cell contacts. EphB2 is well-expressed in the brain and known to be important for dendritic spine development, as well as for the maintenance of the synapses, although the mechanisms of these functions have not been fully understood. Here we studied EphB2's functions in hippocampal neurons with an optogenetic approach, which allowed us to specify spatial regions of signal activation and monitor in real-time the consequences of signal activation. We designed and constructed OptoEphB2, a genetically encoded photoactivatable EphB2. Photoactivation of OptoEphB2 in fibroblast cells induced receptor phosphorylation and resulted in cell rounding ------- a well-known cellular response to EphB2 activation. In contrast, local activation of OptoEphb2 in dendrites of hippocampal neurons induces rapid actin polymerization, resulting dynamic dendritic filopodial growth. Inhibition of Rac1 and CDC42 did not abolish OptoEphB2-induced actin polymerization. Instead, we identified Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (Abl2/Arg) as a necessary effector in OptoEphB2-induced filopodia growth in dendrites. These findings provided new mechanistic insight into EphB2's role in neural development and demonstrated the advantage of OptoEphB as a new tool for studying EphB signaling.
Recognizing Sameness and Otherness in Animals (PA I.2–5)

As Aristotle lays the grounds for his inquiry into the parts and lives of animals, he turns to a discussion of dichotomous division. As we shall see, the relationship between the examination of parts of a whole and the attempt to determine kinds either through dichotomous division or some other way proves difficult, but also provides an opportunity to broaden the discussion. We must attempt to see how what appears to be a digression on a method practiced in the Academy relates to questions and issues raised in PA I.1, in addition to illuminating certain issues one encounters later in the PA in the examination of the parts and lives of animals.
Visualizing Olfactory Learning Functional Imaging of Experience-Induced Olfactory Bulb Changes

The anatomical organization of sensory neuron input allows odor information to be transformed into odorant-specific spatial maps of mitral/tufted cell glomerular activity. In other sensory systems, neuronal representations of sensory stimuli can be reorganized or enhanced following learning or experience. Similarly, several studies have demonstrated both structural and physiological experience-induced changes throughout the olfactory system. As experience-induced changes within this circuit likely serve as an initial site for odor memory formation, the olfactory bulb is an ideal site for optical imaging studies of olfactory learning, as they allow for the visualization of experience-induced changes in the glomerular circuit following learning and how these changes impact of odor representations with the bulb. Presently, optical imaging techniques have been used to visualize experience-induced changes in glomerular odor representations in a variety of paradigms in short-term habituation, chronic odor exposure, and olfactory associative conditioning.