cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America's Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations

Despite significant progress in research on the treatment and prevention of psychological, behavioral, and health problems, the translation of this knowledge into population-wide benefit remains limited. This paper reviews the state of America's children and families, highlighting the influence of stressful contextual and social conditions on child and family well-being and the concentration of disadvantage in numerous neighborhoods and communities throughout the nation. It then briefly reviews the progress that has been made in pinpointing policies that can reduce stressful contextual conditions such as poverty, discrimination, and the marketing of unhealthful foods and substances. It also describes numerous family and school interventions that have proven benefit in preventing psychological and behavioral problems as diverse as tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; depression; antisocial behavior; academic failure; obesity prevention; and early childbearing. We argue that progress in translating existing knowledge into widespread benefit will require a nationwide effort to intervene comprehensively in neighborhoods and communities of concentrated disadvantage. We present a strategic plan for how such an effort could be organized. The first step in this organizing would be the creation of a broad and diverse coalition of organizations concerned with advancing public health and well-being. Such a coalition could increase public support both for the policies needed to focus on these disadvantaged areas and the research needed to incrementally improve our ability to help these areas.
Unbiased Markov chain Monte Carlo methods with couplings

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods provide consistent approximations of integrals as the number of iterations goes to ∞. MCMC estimators are generally biased after any fixed number of iterations. We propose to remove this bias by using couplings of Markov chains together with a telescopic sum argument of Glynn and Rhee. The resulting unbiased estimators can be computed independently in parallel. We discuss practical couplings for popular MCMC algorithms. We establish the theoretical validity of the estimators proposed and study their efficiency relative to the underlying MCMC algorithms. Finally, we illustrate the performance and limitations of the method on toy examples, on an Ising model around its critical temperature, on a high dimensional variable‐selection problem, and on an approximation of the cut distribution arising in Bayesian inference for models made of multiple modules.
Self-Harm and Suicidality in US College Students: Associations with Emotional Exhaustion versus Multiple Psychiatric Symptoms.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed at describing self-harm and suicidality (SHS) in relation to unobserved heterogeneous groups of college students based on their psychiatric symptoms. SHS of each latent class were examined by race/ethnicity to inform risk factors relevant to subgroups of U.S. college population. Methods The participants (N = 42,779) were drawn from the Spring 2017 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II) Reference Group. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted based on participants’ reports of past-year psychiatric symptoms. The reported SHS were examined by the latent class of students and their race/ethnicity. Results LCA identified two latent classes: The Emotional Exhaustion (EE) class and the Multiple Psychiatric Symptoms (MPS) class. Within the EE class, Black students were at the greatest risk for exhibiting suicide intent and attempted suicide. Within the MPS class, Multiracial students showed the highest odds of self-harm and suicidal intent, and Black students showed the highest odds of attempted suicide, followed by Asians/Pacific Islanders. Limitations The findings were based on a cross-sectional dataset that did not inform the temporal relations of psychiatric symptoms and SHS. Conclusions Utilizing a person-centered latent class analysis, this study revealed that Black students were of the greatest concern for SHS among those who reported only common symptoms of emotional exhaustion. The findings highlight the importance of developing preventive and remedial models that address unique risk factors and mental health needs for various subgroups of U.S. college population.
The neurobiology of abstinence-induced reward-seeking in males and females

Drugs of abuse and highly palatable foods (e.g. high fat or sweet foods) have powerful reinforcing effects, which can lead to compulsive and addictive drives to ingest these substances to the point of psychopathology and self-harm--specifically the development of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and obesity. Both SUD and binge-like overeating can be defined as disorders in which the salience of the reward (food or drug) becomes exaggerated relative to, and at the expense of, other rewards that promote well-being. A major roadblock in the treatment of these disorders is high rates of relapse after periods of abstinence. It is common, although not universal, for cue-induced craving to increase over time with abstinence, often triggered by cues previously paired with the reinforcing substance. Accumulating evidence suggests that similar neural circuits and cellular mechanisms contribute to abstinence-induced and cue-triggered seeking of drugs and palatable food. Although much research has focused on the important role of corticolimbic circuitry in drug-seeking, our goal is to expand focus to the more recently explored hypothalamic-thalamic-striatal circuitry. Specifically, we review how connections, and neurotransmitters therein, among the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and the nucleus accumbens contribute to abstinence-induced opioid- and (high fat or sweet) food-seeking. Given that biological sex and gonadal hormones have been implicated in addictive behavior across species, another layer to this review is to compare behaviors and neural circuit-based mechanisms of abstinence-induced opioid- or food-seeking between males and females when such data is available.
Far infrared laser, millimeter-wave and microwave Microwave stark, millimeter wave, far infrared, infrared and far infrared laser spectroscopy of methanol-OD (CH3OD): Precise dipole moment and millimeter-wave atlas of astrophysical significance

Abstract In this report accurate microwave (MW) Stark effect measurements have been performed to obtain precise dipole moment and precise zero-field microwave frequencies of singly deuterated quasi symmetric CH3OD methanol species. This species is of significance to radio astronomers to study the hydrogen-deuterium exchange in interstellar space in cold clouds to study basic chemical processes in other worlds. The telescope facilities at Atacama Large millimeter Array (ALMA), the facilities at Institute for Radio Astronomy in the Millimeter Range (IRAM), and the NASA's floating Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), etc. routinely gauge the sky in the millimeter-wave (MMW) to infrared spectral (IR) regions (Drozdovskaya et al., 2019; Faure et al., 2015; Neill et al., 2013; Peng et al., 2012; Taquet et al., 2011; Whittet et al., 2011; Parise et al., 2004, 2002, 2002, 2002, 2003, 2003, 2003; Johns et al., 1998; Charnley et al., 1997). The laboratory back up of the millimeter region of CH3OD is of importance to astronomers for such studies as the determination of column densities and the deuteration process. In the present study, the MMW spectra previously recorded with unprecedented accuracy (Mukhopadhyay and Bo Duan, 2000; Mukhopadhyay et al., 1997; Wang et al., 2001; Mukhopadhyay, 1999; Mukhopadhyay and Bo Duan, 2000; Walsh et al., 2000) are presented at atlas form with minute details to aid such detection. The dipole results also should aid to find the strength of individual lines. In the IR region, the off-axis deuteration pushes the of the absorption bands of the molecule to the lower region, particularly the increased asymmetry of the molecule spreads the COD- bending and C O stretching bands in a wide frequency range making them more accessible to strong CO2 lasers resulting in preferential population transfer to excited states of the molecule. Thus making this species a prolific source of coherent laser emission radiation in the scarce FIR region (Landsberg, 1980; Gastaud et al., 1980; Kon et al., 1984; Pereira et al., 1994; Telles et al., 1999; Lundsgaard et al., 1968; Dijkerman and Ruitenberg, 1969; Amano, 1981; Lees et al., 2013; Petersen, 2020). In this work, a large number of CO2 laser pump/FIR laser systems have been identified with specific quantum numbers and predict many new lines. Schematic diagrams have been presented for the emission and prediction process along with important experimental diagnostic information about relative polarization. The assignments will aid the optimization of laser output and the predictions will enable new coherent light sources in the FIR region.
Training across the academy: The impact of R&D funding on graduate students

Abstract This paper measures the impact of external R&D funding on the career trajectory and research productivity of graduate students across the divisions of life sciences, math & physical sciences, engineering, and social sciences & psychology. We contribute to the understanding of the production of science by examining the training regimen for graduate students. We exploit variation between 3,678 awardees and honorable mentions of the U.S. National Science Foundation's Graduate Research Fellowship Program. We find consistent evidence that the award increases degree completion, placement in a post-doctoral or academic research position, research productivity and impact, and network size. We further explore the role of the graduate advisor in this training process and find the award does not disrupt the apprenticeship model, but instead, increases the student's interaction with their advisor.
Three-Dimensional Waveguide

In general most PICs use three-dimensionally confined waveguides for optical transport on an optical chip. Thus this chapter focuses on understating and controlling the properties of these waveguides and on using these waveguides in device-like applications. Although the basic principles of 3D waveguides are straight forward to understand, precise analytic calculations of their properties are not easy to obtain. However, a set of useful approximations and approaches have been developed, including designing for single-mode operation in both transverse directions, the influence of waveguide cross section and materials choice on waveguide dispersion, and low loss designs. These design approximations can lead to many important device ideas including mode-transformation devices and precise delay lines.
Prolonged high-temperature exposure: Tailoring nanocrystalline Cu–Ta alloys against grain growth

Abstract In this work, various alloy compositions of immiscible copper-tantalum (Cu–Ta) are systematically studied to understand the interplay between cluster stability, precipitation hardening, and the overall stability of the matrix's average grain size. An alloy composition of Cu-3at.%Ta is found to exhibit dramatic improvements relative to other neighboring Ta contents (both higher and lower) only after exposures of more than 300 h at 800 °C. An extremely low steady-state growth rate, i.e., 3.1 nm per 100 h exposure, speaks to the extreme kinetics which allow this composition to retain its high mechanical strength. The key attribute responsible for the NC Cu-3at.%Ta alloy exhibiting such behavior is a high cluster density tailored through the Ta solute content to achieve the best combination of stability without sacrificing strength by limiting Orowan coarsening of the clusters compared to other Ta concentrations. In general, the growth kinetics of this Cu-3at.%Ta alloy are so sluggish that it places it among the most thermally resistant alloys ever produced. The work demonstrates that, if designed properly, bulk nanocrystalline alloys can withstand the prolonged high-temperature exposure required for high-temperature applications, while grain growth is stagnated or halted.
Effect of an Immersive Primary Care Training Program on Educational and Clinical Outcomes in an Internal Medicine Residency Training Program: Meeting the Training Needs of a Modern-Day Physician Workforce

Residents planning careers in primary care have unique training needs that are not addressed in traditional internal medicine training programs, where there is a focus on inpatient training. There are no evidence-based approaches for primary care training. Design and test the effect of a novel immersive primary care training program on educational and clinical outcomes. Nested intervention study. Twelve primary care residents, 86 of their categorical peers, and an 11-year historical cohort of 69 primary care trainees in a large urban internal medicine residency training program. Two 6-month blocks of primary care immersion alternating with two 6-month blocks of standard residency training during the second and third post-graduate years. Total amount of ambulatory and inpatient training time, subjective and objective educational outcomes, clinical performance on cancer screening, and chronic disease management outcomes. Participants in the intervention increased ambulatory training in both general medicine and specialty medicine and still met all ACGME training requirements. Residents reported improved subjective educational outcomes on a variety of chronic disease management topics and ambulatory care skills. They reported higher satisfaction with the amount of ambulatory training (4.3/5 vs. 3.6/5, p=0.008), attended more ambulatory clinics (242 vs. 154, p<0.001), and carried larger, more complicated panels (173 vs. 90 patients, p<0.001). They also performed better on diabetes management (86% vs. 76% control, p<0.001). Alumni who completed the intervention reported higher primary care career preparation (79% response rate) than those who did not (85% response rate) among an 11-year cohort of primary care alumni (4/5 vs. 3/5, p<0.001). A primary care training program that provides clinical immersion in the ambulatory setting improved educational outcomes for trainees and clinical outcomes for their patients. Providing more training in the ambulatory environment should be a priority in graduate medical education.
Quinolyl analogues of norlobelane: Novel potent inhibitors of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and [3H]dopamine uptake at the vesicular monoamine transporter-2

Abstract We have previously shown that quinolyl moieties are attractive structural replacements for the phenyl groups in lobelane. These quinolyl analogues had improved water-solubility over lobelane and retained the potent vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) inhibitory properties of the parent compound, with quinlobelane (4) exhibiting potent inhibition of uptake at VMAT-2 (Ki = 51 nM). However, the VMAT-2 inhibitory properties of quinolyl analogues of norlobelane, which is equipotent with lobeline as an inhibitor of [3H]dopamine (DA) uptake at VMAT-2, have not been reported. In the current communication, we describe the synthesis of some novel des-methyl quinolyl analogues of lobelane that exhibit greater affinity (Ki = 178–647 nM) for the dihydrotetrabenazine binding site located on VMAT-2 compared with lobelane (Ki = 970 nM), norlobelane (Ki = 2310 nM) and quinlobelane (Ki = 2640 nM). The most potent compounds, 14 and 15, also exhibited inhibition of [3H]DA uptake at VMAT-2 (Ki = 42 nM) which was comparable to both lobelane (Ki = 45 nM) and norlobelane (Ki = 43 nM). Results reveal that binding affinity at VMAT-2 serves as an accurate predictor of inhibition of the function of VMAT-2 for the majority of these analogues. These novel analogues are under consideration for further development as treatments for methamphetamine abuse.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LEXICON FOR BEEF FLAVOR IN INTACT MUSCLE

ABSTRACT A lexicon describing the flavor characteristics of beef across different cuts, grades, and cooking temperatures and methods was developed. Four major cuts of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade beef were cooked to five endpoint temperatures using braising, broiling (oven broiling and electric charbroiling), roasting and grilling (indoor and outdoor grilling). Six highly trained panelists identified and defined a total of 38 aroma and flavor characteristics in 176 beef samples. Beef identity, brown/roasted, bloody/serumy, metallic, fat-like, overall sweet, sour aromatics and five tastes were present in practically all samples. Other attributes were present only in certain samples, depending on either the sample group or the cooking method/endpoint temperature combination used. This lexicon potentially offers the beef industry a standard tool to identify and quantify flavor attributes as impacted by temperature, cooking method, aging process, storage time, diet regime, packaging, USDA quality grades, etc. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Until now, the beef industry's main focus has been to assess beef tenderness and juiciness, with an emphasis on ways to improve beef texture. Meat companies and academic institutions have been using the 1995 American Meat Science Association guidelines to assess the flavor of beef, which are not comprehensive. Recent work has focused on flavor, and the industry needs a standardized flavor lexicon that can be used for many projects. It is important for the industry to be able to systematically identify and quantify flavor attributes that drive consumer acceptance.
Fetal cardiac structure: Identification and recognition: A preliminary report

A rapid sonographic method of fetal cardiac structure identification with the use of gray-scale processing is reported. The characteristic ultrasonographic image display is analyzed as to fetal anatomy.
Dynamic Fracture Mechanics: Background and overview

Introduction The field of fracture mechanics is concerned with the quantitative description of the mechanical state of a deformable body containing a crack or cracks, with a view toward characterizing and measuring the resistance of materials to crack growth. The process of describing the mechanical state of a particular system is tantamount to devising a mathematical model of it, and then drawing inferences from the model by applying methods of mathematical or numerical analysis. The mathematical model typically consists of an idealized description of the geometrical configuration of the deforriiable body, an empirical relationship between internal stress and deformation, and the pertinent balance laws of physics dealing with mechanical quantities. For a given physical system, modeling can usually be done at different levels of sophistication and detail. For example, a particular material may be idealized as being elastic for some purposes but elastic-plastic for other purposes, or a particular body may be idealized as a one-dimensional structure in one case but as a three-dimensional structure in another case. It should be noted that the results of most significance for the field have not always been derived from the most sophisticated and detailed models. A question of central importance in the development of a fracture mechanics theory is the following. Is there any particular feature of the mechanical state of a cracked solid that can be interpreted as a “driving force” acting on the crack, that is, an effect that is correlated with a tendency for the crack to extend?
On the simplex algorithm for networks and generalized networks

We consider the simplex algorithm as applied to minimum cost network flows on a directed graph, G=(V, E). First we consider the strongly convergent pivot rule of Elam, Glover, and Klingman as applied to generalized networks. We show that this pivot rule is equivalent to Dantzig’s lexicographical rule in its choice of the variable to leave the basis. We also show the following monotonicity property that is satisfied by each basis B of a generalized network flow problem. If b′≤b≤b * and if l≤B −1 b′, B −1 b *≤u, then l≤B −1 b≤u; i.e., if a basis is feasible for b′ and b * then it is feasible for b. Next we consider Dantzig’s pivot rule of selecting the entering variable whose reduced cost is minimum and using lexicography to avoid cycling. We show that the maximum number of pivots using Dantzig’s pivot rule is O(|V|2|E| log |V|) when applied to either the assignment problem or the shortest path problem. Moreover, the maximum number of consecutive degenerate pivots for the minimum cost network flow problem is O(|V|2|E|log|V|).
Genetic definition of a new bovine papillomavirus type 1 open reading frame, E5B, that encodes a hydrophobic protein involved in altering host-cell protein processing.

Abstract We have previously observed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) induces the appearance of five cellular proteins in C127 mouse fibroblasts, four of which appear to arise by altered processing of resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Studies of various cell lines revealed that expression of the 3' end of the BPV early region was sufficient for induction of these changes. To identify the BPV gene responsible, we have utilized the simian virus 40 (SV40)/BPV-1 recombinant virus Pava-1, which expresses the 3' end of the BPV early region behind an SV40 early promoter. C127 cells infected with Pava-1 for 48 h show the expected BPV-associated alterations, as do cells infected with Pava constructs mutated in the E5 or E2 genes. However, a mutation in the start codon of a previously ignored open reading frame extending from nucleotides 4013 to 4170 (E5B) eliminated the BPV-associated changes. Similar results were obtained with COS cells infected with the Pava mutants and C127 cells transformed by full-length mutated BPV. Despite its influence on the processing of cellular endoplasmic reticulum proteins, this mutation in E5B did not alter BPV-transforming efficiency or the ability of transformants to form colonies in soft agar. The E5B open reading frame encodes a hydrophobic 52-amino-acid polypeptide that shares structural similarities with HPV6 E5A and HPV16 E5. Speculations on a role for E5B in the viral life cycle are discussed.
Hemorrhagic tumor necrosis during a pilot trial of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and anti-GD3 ganglioside monoclonal antibody in patients with metastatic melanoma

Hemorrhagic tumor necrosis is an inflammatory event that leads to selective destruction of malignant tissues, with both potentially toxic and beneficial consequences. A pilot clinical trial was undertaken combining tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with the monoclonal antibody R24 (MoAb R24) against GD3 ganglioside in patients with metastatic melanoma. Patients received MoAb R24 to recruit leukocytes to the tumor followed by low doses of recombinant TNF-alpha to activate leukocytes. Eight patients were treated and seven patients had mild toxicity. One patient with extensive metastatic melanoma developed tumor lysis syndrome within hours after treatment with almost complete necrosis of bulky tumors in multiple visceral sites. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of hemorrhagic tumor necrosis in a patient with metastatic cancer in multiple visceral sites.
Cutting Edge: Langerin/CD207 Receptor on Dendritic Cells Mediates Efficient Antigen Presentation on MHC I and II Products In Vivo

The targeted delivery of Ags to dendritic cell (DCs) in vivo greatly improves the efficiency of Ag presentation to T cells and allows an analysis of receptor function. To evaluate the function of Langerin/CD207, a receptor expressed by subsets of DCs that frequently coexpress the DEC205/CD205 receptor, we genetically introduced OVA into the C terminus of anti-receptor Ab H chains. Taking advantage of the new L31 mAb to the extracellular domain of mouse Langerin, we find that the hybrid Ab targets appropriate DC subsets in draining lymph nodes and spleen. OVA is then presented efficiently to CD8 + and CD4 + T cells in vivo, which undergo 4–8 cycles of division in 3 days. Peptide MHC I and II complexes persist for days. Dose response studies indicate only modest differences between Langerin and DEC receptors in these functions. Thus, Langerin effectively mediates Ag presentation.
A comparison of functional and impairment-based robotic training in severe to moderate chronic stroke: A pilot study

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (Grant R01-HD045343)
Elbridge Gerry's Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution

[Preface] Elbridge Gerry was governor of Massachusetts from 1810 to 1812. During his term, his party produced an artful electoral map intended to maximize the number of seats it could eke out of its expected vote share. Contemporary observers latched onto one district in particular, in the shape of a salamander, and pronounced it a Gerry-mander. This book is about a unique episode in the long history of American gerrymandering – the Supreme Court’s landmark reapportionment decisions in the early 1960s and their electoral consequences. The dramatis personae of our story are the state politicians who drew congressional district lines, the judges on the courts supervising their handiwork, and the candidates competing for congressional office. The plot of our story concerns the strategic adaptation of these actors to the new electoral playing field created by the Court’s decisions.
Rapid cytoplasmic turnover of c-myc mRNA: requirement of the 3' untranslated sequences.

Abstract Expression of the c-myc gene can be controlled by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms (or both), depending on the cell type and the growth conditions. An important mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation is modulation of cytoplasmic c-myc mRNA stability; normal human and murine c-myc mRNAs have cytoplasmic half-lives of 30 min or less. To elucidate the c-myc sequences which impart this unusually high rate of cytoplasmic transcript turnover, we have constructed various deletion and hybrid c-myc genes and analyzed the cytoplasmic stability of the mRNAs produced from them in stably transfected murine fibroblasts. The results indicate that sequences contained within the 5' and 3' ends of the c-myc transcript can affect cytoplasmic stability. Specifically, the 3' untranslated sequences of c-myc exon 3 are required for, but do not ensure, a high rate of transcript turnover in the cytoplasm. Exon 2 coding sequences do not seem to be involved, and exon 1 sequences at the 5' end of the transcript have only a small effect on cytoplasmic transcript stability. The sequences that are primarily responsible for the short c-myc RNA half-life were localized to a region of 140 bases in the 3' untranslated region.
Being Responsive to New Trends in School Practice

The purpose of this article is to highlight educational accountability and its relevance to occupational therapy. New federal investments are under way so that states can identify measures and procure data that indicate improved outcomes for students with disabilities. School occupational-therapy practitioners must advocate for their distinct value within these initiatives by offering data-driven decision making within their service and by becoming knowledgeable and conversant about these trends. Such evidence-based practices, in accordance with the AOTA Centennial Vision, secure our profession. This article offers both a conceptual overview and practical steps to support this endeavor.
A case of a patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: Implications for nurse practitioners in primary care

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this case study is twofold: first, to present the pathophysiology of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) as it relates to a hospitalized patient with undiagnosed diabetes; the second is to increase awareness among primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) about the com
A Fluorite Isotype of SnO2 and a New Modification of TiO2: Implications for the Earth's Lower Mantle

The existence of a cubic fluorite-type SnO_2 and a hexagonal TiO_2 (which may be related to the fluorite structure) have been demonstrated by an in situ x-ray diffraction study in which a diamond-anvil pressure cell was used after the samples had been heated by a continuous yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. At room temperature, the lattice parameter for SnO_2 (fluorite) is a = 4.925 ± 0.005 angstroms and those for Ti_2 (fluorite-related) are a = 9.22 ± 0.01 angstroms and c = 5.685 ± 0.006 angstroms at about 250 kilobars. The volume change associated with the transition from rutile to fluorite (or related structure) is about –8 percent for SnO_2 and –10.5 percent for TiO_2 at transition. Upon release of pressure, both the fluorite-type SnO_2 and the TiO_2 reverted to the α-PbO_2 structure at room temperature. The hypothesis that the earth's lower mantle is composed of oxide phases might be feasible if it were possible for SiO_2 to possess the fluorite structure or its related forms at high pressure, as shown for SnO_2 and TiO_2 in this study. The oxide hypothesis proposed here differs from that postulated by Birch in that the primary coordination of silicon is 6 for Birch's hypothesis and 8 for the hypothesis presented here.
Statistical inference for measures of inequality with a cross-national bootstrap application

The problem of statistical inference in inequality research has persisted despite the solutions long suggested by asymptotic theory. This article provides a thorough analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of conducting statistical inference in the context of inequality data. Using the income surveys of the Luxembourg Income Study, the article outlines in detail the new bootstrap procedures, assesses their performance, and demonstrates their effectiveness in evaluating levels and trends in cross-national inequality. It provides an analytical evaluation of current advancements in inequality measurement and for the first time applies these methods in the context of comparative research, but it also can be used as practical guide for handling the problems of statistical inference in more general social scientific settings.
Conventional and dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma : Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome

BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma (dd-POS) designates high grade transformation of conventional low grade parosteal osteosarcoma (c-POS). The paradigm of preoperative diagnosis, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and wide local excision has not been adequately evaluated for dd-POS, as it has been for conventional high grade intramedullary osteosarcoma. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of 28 patients treated at the authors' institution between January 1980 and December 1992 for an osteosarcoma arising on the surface of the bone diagnosed as either c-POS or dd-POS. The clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcome were analyzed. RESULTS A dedifferentiated component was identified in 12 of 28 tumors (43%). Neither the presence of radiolucencies (77% in c-POS and 100% in dd-POS, P = 0.06) nor medullary invasion (42% in c-POS and 50% in dd-POS, P = 0.28) distinguished dd-POS from c-POS. However, all patients who presented with focal hypervascularity on an arteriogram defined the high grade component of dd-POS that was confirmed by selective needle biopsy. This differed significantly (P = 0.00003) from c-POS. None of the patients with c-POS died of the disease (median survival duration, 77 months; range, 16–152 months). Six patients (35%) developed a local recurrence, but five were treated successfully with further surgery. In the dd-POS group, 7 of the 12 patients died of the disease. Ten patients with dd-POS received preoperative chemotherapy (IA cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, IV doxorubicin), and a good response (>90% necrosis of high grade component) was observed in four. Among patients whose disease was localized, continuous disease free survival was prolonged significantly (P = 0.03) in patients with a good response (median, 75 months) compared with those who responded poorly (median, 13 months). Five patients remained continuously disease free (median, 66 months; range, 29–95 months). CONCLUSIONS Wide surgical excision alone is adequate treatment for patients with c-POS. Recognition of dedifferentiated areas with angiography and percutaneous biopsy of hypervascular areas should prompt the administration of chemotherapy and wide local excision to optimize patient outcome. Cancer 1996;78:2136-45.
Jejunal fluid and electrolyte secretion in carcinoid syndrome.

To evaluate the pathogenesis of the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome, triplelumen jejunal-perfusion studies were performed in three patients with carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea and eleven control subjects. In contrast to the net absorption observed in the control subjects during perfusion with an iso-tonic mannitol-saline solution, net secretion occurred in two of the three carcinoid-syndrome patients. Glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated fluid absorption were normal in the carcinoid-syndrome patients. Methysergide controlled the diarrhea and in one patient net absorption was observed during methysergide therapy. These studies suggest that intestinal secretion may be one of the pathogenetic factors responsible for the diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome and provide additional evidence of the importance of intestinal electrolyte secretion in the genesis of many diarrheal states.
Nuclear Weapons, Dystopian Deserts, and Science Fiction Cinema

The article explores the relationship between science fiction cinema and nuclear weapons. It argues that the genre’s commercial success directly resulted from its appropriation of nuclear warfare themes and imagery, such as desert landscapes and nuclear blasts. The influence of nuclear weapons eventually permeated the genre as a whole, leading to the widespread appearance of such imagery in science fiction films that do not purport to deal with nuclear weapons or nuclear themes.
War without end? Military humanitarianism and the limits of biopolitical approaches to security in Central America and the Caribbean

Abstract In 2008, the U.S. Southern Command launched Operation Continuing Promise as an ongoing mission to provide humanitarian aid and assistance to vulnerable populations in the Caribbean and Latin America. Conceived as a means of fostering regional security, the Operation's humanitarian aim was designed to improve regional security by ensuring life against the risk of a range of disasters. Much as that mission reflects biopolitical analyses of humanitarianism that emphasize the ability to protect life as the basis for sovereignty, closer attention to the timing and location of SOUTHCOM's efforts offers a more contextual understanding. That approach is developed here through an analysis of Operation Continuing Promise's stop in Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, contrasting SOUTHCOM's focus on biophysical vulnerability with intended recipients' sense of their condition as a historical and political outcome. That contrast frames a contextual understanding of Operation Continuing Promise, placing it within broader efforts to construct Puerto Cabezas as vulnerable. That approach also points up the limits of biopolitical analyses of humanitarianism, suggesting the ways in which vulnerability is never merely a biological condition. The narrow humanitarian focus of Operation Continuing Promise can therefore be assessed in terms of its inability to address political and historical factors shaping vulnerability. So long as vulnerability persists, the potential for intervention persists indefinitely, making humanitarianism into a means of waging war without end.
Defining early seizure outcomes in pediatric epilepsy: the good, the bad and the in-between.

Abstract Purpose : To examine different approaches to classifying seizure outcomes. Methods : In a prospective cohort study of children ( N =613) with newly diagnosed epilepsy, seizure outcomes at 2 years were classified as ‘good' (≥1 year remission), ‘bad' or ‘intractable' (≥2 AED failures, ≥1 seizure/month over ≥18 months), and ‘indeterminate' (neither ‘good' nor ‘bad'). Outcomes at 2 years were compared to outcomes in those followed 4 or more years. The associations of three commonly studied prognostic factors, etiology, age at onset, and syndromic grouping with the three-level outcome were assessed. Results : 595 (97.1%) children were followed ≥2 years. A ‘good', indeterminate, and ‘bad' outcome was present in 314 (52.8%), 235 (38.3%), and 46 (7.7%) children. Problems with treatment were recorded in 64.7% of the indeterminate group. In 390 children followed ≥4 years, early ‘good' and ‘bad' outcomes persisted in ∼80%. About half of those with indeterminate 2-year outcomes later achieved remission, 8% met criteria for intractability, and 37% remained indeterminate. Most of the associations with etiology, age, and syndrome were due to variation in the proportion that met criteria for intractability and not remission. Conclusions : Many children have indeterminate outcomes, often in association with treatment issues. Clearly ‘good' and ‘bad' early outcomes can be identified and persist ≥2 years later. In the absence of pharmaco-resistance, lack of early remission (indeterminate outcome) is usually not associated with a bad outcome, at least over the next few years.
IVHS&#8212;Auto industry perspectives

IVHS, or Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems, is a concept rapidly growing in momentum among government, industry, and academia for a variety of reasons. As a key component in the eventual deployment of IVHS technologies, the auto industry can be expected to support its contribution to reduced congestion, improved safety, energy conservation, environmental quality, and more pleasant car ownership. But a number of difficult problems must be solved before the car companies jump in with both feet, including marketability, cost (and resultant price), national and international infrastructure compatibility, assurance that necessary infrastructure will be provided (essentially a government responsibility), product liability concerns, confirmation of benefits, inability to deal with time horizons beyond five to seven years, and depressed economic conditions.
First-principles calculations of liquid CdTe at temperatures above and below the melting point

We perform ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of CdTe at three different temperatures: 800 K (supercooled state), 1370 K (near the melting temperature), and 3000 K (superheated state). In agreement with experiment, we find that upon the melting, CdTe experiences a $\mathrm{semiconducto}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{r}\mathrm{semiconductor}$ transition. In its liquid state, CdTe retains its tetrahedral environment with the coordination number \ensuremath{\sim}4. We find that heating CdTe much above its melting point leads to substantial structural changes with a transformation to a more close-packed atomic structure. The coordination number of the superheated phase is \ensuremath{\sim}6 and the dc electrical conductivity is an order of magnitude larger than at the melting temperature. This, along with the disappearance of the finite band gap, suggests a gradual $\mathrm{semiconducto}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{r}\mathrm{metal}$ transition in the CdTe system at a temperature higher than melting point. We also find in liquid CdTe, near the melting temperature, atoms of Te form infinite branched chains. Short and simplified chains are still present in the supercooled phase. As the temperature increases, chains break, become shorter, and, eventually, transform to form close-packed clusters in the supeheated state. We also examine dynamical and electronic properties of the CdTe system.
Chemical studies of differentiated meteorites. I - Labile trace elements in Antarctic and non-Antarctic eucrites

Element contents of Ag, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Rb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U, and Zn were analyzed, using RNAA, in 25 Antarctic and nine non-Antarctic eucrites to determine whether these two populations differ significantly in thermal history and derive from the same or different eucrite parent body. Data for these 15 elements indicate that basaltic Antarctic and non-Antarctic eucrite populations reflect the same genetic processes and, hence, come from the same parent asteroid.
Studies of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxylsilane and bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane sol–gel coating on copper and aluminum

Bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTMSE) and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) have been used as precursors to prepare sol-gels and hybrid sol-gel under acidic condition. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data on MPTMS sol-gel coated aluminum and copper, it has been shown that the silane film is covalently bonded to Al surface through the interfacial condensation. There is no evidence of bonding interaction between the thiol group and the Cu. The recorded reflection adsorption IR (RAIR) spectrum has provided evidence that the coating BTMSE film covalently interacts with Al. Vibrational assignments have been suggested for pure BTMSE, BTMSE sol-gel, BTMSE xerogel, and BTMSE coated Al panel based on the group frequencies and the variation of frequencies with the sample treatment conditions. The progression of condensation reaction has been observed from the IR spectra of the BTMSE sol-gel and the sol-gel coated film after the treatments at different temperatures with different lengths of time. The corrosion protection of the sol-gel coated Al and Cu has been characterized in NaCl solutions by cyclic voltammetric, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy methods. All these electrochemical measurements indicate that the sol-gel coated metals have better corrosion protection than the corresponding uncoated metals.
A simple method for screening Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitory drugs for type preference

A simple method is described for screening monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors for preferential action on either type A or type B MAO. Kynuramine, a substrate for both types of MAO, was used and the sources of enzyme were rat heart (type A) and mouse heart (type B). The method clearly showed that clorgyline (a preferential type A inhibitor) preferentially inhibited rat heart MAO; whereas pargyline (a preferential type B inhibitor) preferentially inhibited mouse heart MAO. Pheniprazine, an inhibitor without type preference, was equally effective in the two tissues. The method was used to substantiate a report by others that amphetamine has preferential inhibitory action against type A MAO.
Equidissections of centrally symmetric octagons

In 1970 Monsky proved that a square cannot be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. In 1988 Kasimatis proved that if a regularn-gon,n ⩾ 5, is cut intom triangles of equal areas, thenm is a multiple ofn. These two results imply that a centrally symmetric regular polygon cannot be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. We conjecture that the conclusion holds even if the restriction “regular” is deleted from the hypothesis and prove that it does forn = 6 andn = 8.
Testing Berry's model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach.

The authors examined the extent to which Berry's (1997) acculturation orientation categories--assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization--would emerge from a latent class analysis of continuous acculturation indices. Hispanic college students (N = 436) from Miami participated in the study. The authors used measures of heritage and American cultural orientations to create the latent classes. The authors utilized a number of external variables, including ethnic identity, value-based indices of cultural identity, familial ethnic socialization, acculturative stress, and perceived ethnic discrimination to validate the cluster solution. Overall, our findings provided mixed support for Berry's model. Six latent classes emerged from analysis. Two of these appeared to represent variants of biculturalism, two resembled a combination of assimilation and biculturalism, one resembled a combination of separation and biculturalism, and one was not clearly associated with any of Berry's categories. The two bicultural classes differed markedly in American and heritage cultural orientations, ethnic identity, and nearly all of the value-based indices of cultural identity. Some of the differences among the six classes supported Berry's model, and others did not. The authors discuss the implications of these results for acculturation theory and research.
Highly migratory species in the new law of the sea

Abstract The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for coastal state sovereign rights over all living resources within the exclusive economic zone, but in a separate article makes special provision for so‐called highly migratory species (HMS) that are specifically identified in an Annex to the treaty. This paper examines the basic treaty provisions concerning all fisheries in the EEZ, highlighting the position of HMS, and then devotes detailed consideration to the regulation of fishing for HMS in light of Article 64 and other articles of the treaty. Discussion centers upon the requirements of Article 64, including the duty of cooperation and its subject matter, the meaning and consequence of failure to cooperate, the manner of cooperation under Article 64, and the application of the treaty to enclaves of high seas. Attention is given to the application to HMS of specific obligations under Articles 61 and 62, authority over HMS fishing within archipelagic waters, and the use of fish aggregation de...
Effects of sulfinpyrazone on ventricular vulnerability in the normal and the ischemic heart

The effects of sulfinpyrazone were studied in 33 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Ventricular fibrillation thresholds, mid diastolic thresholds and duration of the effective refractory period were determined in the normal heart after intravenous administration of sulfinpyrazone, 30 mg/kg body weight. The drug significantly raised the ventricular fibrillation threshold by 24 percent and the mid diastolic threshold by 36 percent and prolonged the effective refractory period by seven percent. The influence of sulfinpyrazone during acute myocardial ischemia was evaluated before and during a 10 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and after abrupt release of the occlusion. Although the drug afforded significant protection during coronary occlusion, it had no effect on the ventricular fibrillation threshold after reperfusion. Because potent cardiocardiac reflexes are elicited during ischemia, the influence of sulfinpyrazone on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was studied during norepinephrine infusion. Sulfinpyrazone attenuated the reduction of the ventricular fibrillation threshold during sympathetic humoral stimulation. Its effect was additive to beta adrenergic blockade with practolol and membrane stabilization with lidocaine. This investigation suggests that sulfinpyrazone exerts significant effects on ventricular vulnerability of both the normal and the ischemic myocardium. Further studies are needed to elucidate its precise mechanism of action.