cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of monoclonal antibody (P504S) and polyclonal antibody to alpha methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) in the work-up of prostate cancer.

Aim : Studies using a monoclonal (P504S) and a polyclonal antibody (p-AMACR) to α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) have shown variable expression in prostate cancer (PCa). The goal is to compare the sensitivity of both antibodies in PCa and evaluate their utility in the work-up of atypical prostate needle biopsies (NBXs). Methods and results : A tissue microarray (TMA) with 248 samples of benign prostate, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and PCa samples, 20 NBXs with minute PCa and 32 NBXs with ‘atypical’ foci were stained with P504S and p-AMACR. Ninety percent of PCa (76/76 TMA, 16/20 NBXs) showed predominantly strong p-AMACR expression while 87% (65/69 TMA, 16/20 NBXs) showed variable P504S expression (sensitivity 90% versus 87%, P = 0.10). In HGPIN, P504S and p-AMACR were positive in 77% and 91% of samples, respectively. In the ‘atypical’ NBXs group, 53% were classified as PCa, 12% benign and 35% atypical, suspicious for PCa, after review of the basal marker. Of atypical, suspicious for PCa, P504S/p-AMACR helped convert the diagnosis to PCa in 5/11 (45%) cases, where, despite negative basal cell markers, morphology was less than optimal. Conclusions : Differences between P504S and p-AMACR appear marginal and clinically insignificant. AMACR is negative in a subset of unequivocal minute PCa with both antibodies. However, when utilized in proper context, AMACR may offer significant advantage in converting an ‘atypical’ diagnosis to PCa where morphology and basal markers are less than optimal in resolving the diagnosis.
Ethan Frome and Charity Royall: Edith Wharton s Noble Savages

(2003). Ethan Frome and Charity Royall: Edith Wharton s Noble Savages. Women's Studies: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 411-429.
Ethylenebis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)

[12120-15-9] C38H34P2Pt (MW 747.73) InChI = 1S/2C18H15P.C2H4.Pt/c2*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-2;/h2*1-15H;1-2H2; InChIKey = RZUASTIKPBCXPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nucleophilic metal species that readily undergoes ligand exchange with alkenes2 and alkynes;3 acts as an efficient hydrosilation catalyst;4 oxidatively adds to activated CX bonds5 and some CC bonds, enabling rearrangement to occur6) Physical Data: white solid, mp 126–128 °C (dec). Solubility: sol benzene, THF, dichloromethane; insol alcohols. Form Supplied in: commercially available as a white solid. Preparative Methods: can be prepared by the reduction of [Pt(PPh3)2(CO)3)]·PhH with Sodium Borohydride in ethylene saturated EtOH.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the complex can be briefly handled in air and stored indefinitely under nitrogen. Platinum is reported to be of low toxicity.
Despair unto Death? Attempted Suicide in Early 1930s Vienna

From the late eighteenth century until the present, suicide has become a fundamental issue for professional Europeans' understanding of themselves and especially of the supposed health of their societies. From the second half of the eighteenth century onward, medical doctors, moral statisticians, sociologists, psychologists, and other professionally trained and university-educated experts produced increasing numbers of studies on suicide. Prior to 1750, suicide had been a popular theme for commentary from moralists, philosophers, and, above all, theologians and clerics. Of course, these groups of commentators have continued to write on the topic through the modern period, but the emergence of doctors, sociologists, and psychologists, among others, in the debates surrounding suicide has been a hallmark of the modern era. Claiming to offer complete or partial answers to the issue and causes of suicide, these professional groups increasingly asserted their own pivotal roles in analyzing the problems of European societies. Suicide was supposedly a modern problem that required expert commentary and intervention.
Using twinning to adapt programs to alternative APIs

We describe twinning and its applications to adapting programs to alternative APIs. Twinning is a simple technique that allows programmers to specify a class of program changes, in the form of a mapping, without modifying the target program directly. Using twinning, programmers can specify changes that transition a program from using one API to using an alternative API. We describe two related mapping-based source-to-source transformations. The first applies the mapping to a program, producing a copy with the changes applied. The second generates a new API that abstracts the changes specified in the mapping. Using this API, programmers can invoke either the old (replaced) code or the new (replacement) code through a single interface. Managing program variants usually involves heavyweight tasks that can prevent the program from compiling for extended periods of time, as well as simultaneous maintenance of multiple implementations, which can make it easy to forget to add features or to fix bugs symmetrically. Our main contribution is to show that, at least in some common cases, the heavyweight work can be reduced and symmetric maintenance can be at least encouraged, and often enforced.
Cellular membranes: Membrane marker enzyme activities in synchronized mouse leukemic cells L517SY

Abstract The activities of UDPase, a smooth endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme; esterase, a rough endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme, and 5′-nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme were measured as a function of cell cycle time in L5178Y cells synchronized with excess thymidine and colcemid. UDPase was active mainly in the S period of the cell cycle with a peak 6.5 h post mitosis. 5′-Nucleotidase was active mainly in the S period of the cell cycle with a peak 5.0 h post mitosis. Esterase was active throughout the cell cycle but mainly in early S period. Each enzyme followed a peak pattern.
A comprehensive system for locating medical services

The changing nature of healthcare has created a demand for new tools to support both seekers and providers of medical services in order to ensure that the optimal delivery of care is provided. Recent advances in health related technologies as well as new modes of patient/provider interaction have created a unique set of novel challenges. Patients often face the daunting task of sifting through large amounts of options when it comes to choosing a medical service provider to receive care from. Several factors including the availability, cost, quality, and physical location of specific services must all be considered by the patient when choosing a provider. In this paper we describe a novel mobile application that allows users to query a database of medical providers to find the set of best possible options tailored to the user's specific needs and situation. The user makes a query by specifying a geographic search range centered on a polyline, and can further filter results by defining constraints such as insurance coverage and treatment cost.
Better, Faster, Cheaper: An Experimental Analysis of a Multiattribute Reverse Auction Mechanism with Restricted Information Feedback

The majority of reverse auctions for procurement use a single-attribute (price) format while providing constraints on nonprice attributes such as quality and lead time. Alternatively, a buyer could choose to conduct a multiattribute auction where bidders can specify both a price and levels of nonprice attributes. While such an auction may provide higher theoretical utility to the buyer, it is not clear that this theoretical improvement will be realized given the increased complexity of the auction. In this research, we present an ascending auction mechanism for a buyer whose utility function is known and dependent on three attributes. Motivated by a supply chain procurement problem setting, we consider quality and lead time for the two attributes in addition to price. The auction mechanism provides the bidders with restricted feedback regarding the buyer's utility function. We explore, experimentally, the performance of this multiattribute auction mechanism as compared to a price-only auction mechanism. Compared with the price-only auction, we find that our mechanism design is effective in increasing both buyer utility and bidder (supplier) profits.
Strategies for recovering exact structure of neural circuits with broadly targeted fluorescent connectivity probes

We present a framework for reconstructing structure of complete neural circuits in the brain using collections of independent measurements of connectivity performed with existing anatomical or functional fluorescent probes, and designed to provide complementary information about neural circuit’s structure by targeting slightly different its parts either in deterministic or stochastic succession. We discuss specific implementation of this procedure using synaptic fluorescent marker GRASP and Cre/Lox system Brainbow to collect ensemble of observations of the sets of synapses between stochastically labeled samples of neurons. By representing such measurements mathematically as weak constraints on circuit’s connectivity matrix and by solving a constrained optimization problem, we are able to exactly deduce the wiring diagram in C. Elegans in an in-silico experiment from only ~10,000 measurements. This offers possibility for routinely reconstructing complete connectivity in smaller organisms, such as C. Elegans , using exclusively light microscopy instruments over the span of single weeks.
Pathophysiology of "Cholinoceptor Supersensitivity" in Affective Disorders

Phenomenological and physiological variables demonstrate supersensitive changes to cholinergic challenge in affective disorder subjects. Theorists generally assume the primary defect is the postsynaptic muscarinic receptor. However, in addition to defectiveness or up-regulation of this receptor, the appearance of postsynaptic “cholinoceptor supersensitivity” can result from abnormal presynaptic mechanisms, membrane “pathology,” derangement of intracystolic mechanisms that amplify effects of receptor-agonist coupling, or aberrant cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction. This article discusses abnormalities of the postsynaptic receptor, regulation of postsynaptic receptor density, the presynaptic muscarinic receptor, and other mechanisms regulating the release of acetylcholine, membrane dynamics, and “cascade” mechanisms-specijically the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle, Caz+ mobilization, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) generation-as causes of cholinergic system “supersensitivity.” It is suggested that an approach to the topic emphasizing site of abnormality will encourage greater clarity of thought in the study of the cholinergic component of the pathophysiology of aflective illness.
Spatial and temporal trends of gas and particle phase atmospheric DDT and metabolites in Michigan: Evidence of long-term persistence and atmospheric emission in a high-DDT-use fruit orchard

[1] Michigan was among the top three apple producing states in the United States from the 1940s to 1969 when DDT was heavily used on its fruit orchards. More than 2 decades after Michigan banned DDT use in 1969, we collected air samples from four sites around the state to measure concentrations of six DDT-related compounds in the atmosphere. At South Haven, an apple producing area, average gas phase concentrations of DDT and DDE compounds were at least 10 times greater than the other sites including Pellston in the north, Deckerville in the east, and Dexter in south-central. Concentrations at South Haven showed a very strong seasonal cycle, an effect of higher air temperatures on moving these residues into the gas phase from a local source. We calculated ΔH values for all six compounds from the South Haven data which showed that p,p′-DDE was the highest at 108 kJ mol−1. The ΔH values for all compounds at South Haven had a high correlation with Henry's Law Constant (HLC) (r = 0.7), verifying that HLC is a good indicator of tendency for compound conversion to the gas phase. South Haven was the only site with significant atmospheric particle-associated DDT. Particle/gas ratios there for p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE also had a predictable seasonal variation. Overall, these results show that agricultural sites with similar DDT use history will be continuous sources of atmospheric DDT for decades after application.
Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity

The influence of litter quality on root growth, ectomycorrhizal communities and decay processes was investigated through a litter bag experiment. Litter bags containing either pine needles, oak leaves or oak+pine mix were placed within the O horizon of a lowland pitch pine (Pinus rigida) forest in the New Jersey Pinelands. Upon retrieval, ingrown pine roots were removed and quantified for total length and percent ectomycorrhizal colonization by morphotype. Phosphatase activity was determined for dominant morphotypes. In addition, litter decay rates and N and P litter content were measured. Mixed litter (oak+pine) had highest total pine root ingrowth. Dominant ectomycorrhizal morphotypes differed in response to litter type. A tuberculate form dominated (35%) in pine litters while distinctly different nontuberculate morphotypes dominated in oak and mixed litters. High phosphatase activity of morphotypes was correlated with high phosphorus immobilization during oak leaf decay. Results indicate that a mix of forest litters (oak and pine) optimizes retention of scarce nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The diverse chemical environment of these different litter types induces different ectomycorrhizal community development which show functional differences in the way phosphorus is likely to be cycled. The influence of litter type on diversity and function of ectomycorhizae is an important step in identifying linkages between biodiversity of this group and ecosystem functions.
Seismic attenuation in the crust at the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in south-west Iceland

SUMMARY Very little seismic attenuation occurs in the mid to lower crust of south-west Iceland. The lowest path-averaged quality factor for a wave turning in the mid to lower crust (12-20 km) is QP = 110 for P waves and Q5 = 250 for S waves, with most of the data having higher values, typically QP = 200-300 and Qr = 400-600. Attenuation estimates based on a 1 -D, layered inversion give correspondingly high values, Qp > 800 and Q, = 800-2000. These Q values are inconsistent with thermal models that predict a broad (100 km wide) region of above-solidus temperatures centred on the volcanic zones. The observed attenuation implies an upper limit for mid to lower crustal temperature in the 700-775 "C range (assuming a gabbroic lithology). Much higher attenuation (Qp = 60, Qr = 100) occurs in the uppermost 4 km of crust. This is most likely apparent attenuation caused by strong near-surface seismic heterogeneity, resulting from fissures, faults and extreme changes in porosity (up to 20-30 per cent). The quality factor of the near-surface layer varies regionally, and is lower in volcanic zones than in either the Reykjanes Peninsula or the South Iceland Lowland.
Informed consent in the Mozilla browser: implementing value-sensitive design

Reports on one of the first efforts to apply value-sensitive design (VSD) to a large-scale real-world software system. We sought to improve informed consent in Web-based interactions through the development of new technical mechanisms for cookie management. We describe our VSD methodology, explicate criteria for informed consent in online interactions and summarize how current browsers fall short with respect to those criteria. Next, we identify four goals for the redesign of current browsers. These goals, in turn, initiate an iterative design process that lies at the heart of the VSD methodology wherein we move among the design and implementation of new technical mechanisms, formative evaluation and the design goals coupled with the criteria for informed consent online. Key mechanisms include peripheral awareness of cookies and just-in-time interventions. At various phases in the design process, we implement our design improvements in the Mozilla browser (the open source for Netscape Navigator).
Intercellular communication between epithelial and fiber cells of the eye lens

Results of electrical, dye-coupling and morphological studies have previously suggested that gap junctions mediate communication between the anterior epithelium of the lens and the underlying lens fiber cells. This connection is believed to permit 'metabolic cooperation' between these dissimilar cell types and may be of particular importance to the fiber cells, which are thought incapable of autonomous ionic homeostasis. We reinvestigated the nature of the connection between epithelial and fiber cells of the embryonic chicken lens using fluorescence confocal microscopy and freeze-fracture analysis. In contrast to earlier studies, our data provided no support for gap-junction-mediated transport from the lens epithelium to the fibers. Fluorescent dyes loaded biochemically into the lens epithelium were retained there for more than one hour. There was a decrease in epithelial fluorescence over this period, but this was not accompanied by an increase in fiber cell fluorescence. Diffusional modeling suggested that these data were inconsistent with the presence of extensive epithelium-fiber cell coupling, even if the observed decrease in epithelial fluorescence was attributed exclusively to the diffusion of dye into the fiber mass via gap junctions. Furthermore, the rate of loss of fluorescence from isolated epithelia was indistinguishable from that measured in whole lenses, suggesting that decreased epithelial fluorescence resulted from photobleaching and leakage of dye rather than diffusion, via gap junctions, into the fibers. Analysis of freeze-fracture replicas of plasma membranes at the epithelial-fiber cell interface failed to reveal evidence of gap-junction plaques, although evidence of endocytosis was abundant. These studies were done under conditions where the location of the fracture plane was unambiguous and where gap junctions could be observed in the lateral membranes of neighboring epithelial and fiber cells. Paradoxically, tracer molecules injected into the fiber mass were able to pass into the epithelium via a pathway that was not blocked by incubation at 4 degrees C or by treatment with octanol and which excluded large (approximately 10 kDa) molecular mass tracers. Together with previous measurements of electrical coupling between fiber cells and epithelial cells, these data indicate the presence of a low-resistance pathway connecting these cell types that is not mediated by classical gap junctions.
Large-scale isolation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides with homogeneous oligosaccharide structures: determination of steady-state dolichol-linked oligosaccharide compositions

The dolichol-linked oligosaccharide donor (Glc3Man9GlcNAc 2 -PP-Dol) for N-linked glycosylation of proteins is assembled in a series of reactions that initiate on the cytoplasmic face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and terminate within the lumen. The biochemical analysis of the oligosaccharyltransferase and the glycosyltransferases that mediate assembly of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (OS-PP-Dol) has been hindered by the lack of structurally homogeneous substrate preparations. We have developed an improved method for the preparative-scale isolation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides from vertebrate tissues and yeast cells. Preparations that were highly enriched in either Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol or Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol were obtained from porcine pancreas and a Man 5 GlcNAc 2 PP-Dol preparation was obtained from an ∆alg3 yeast culture. Chromatography of the OS-PP-Dol preparations on an aminopropyl silica column was used to obtain dolichollinked oligosaccharides with defined structures. A single chromatography step could achieve near-baseline resolution of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides that differed by one sugar residue. A sensitive oligosaccharyltransferase endpoint assay was used to determine the concentration and composition of the OS-PP-Dol preparations. Typical yields of Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 -PP-Dol, Man 9 GlcNAc 2 -PP-Dol, and Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol ranged between 5 and 15 nmol per chromatographic run. The homogeneity of these preparations ranged between 85 and 98% with respect to oligosaccharide composition. Purification of dolichollinked oligosaccharides from cultures of alg mutant yeast strains provides a general method to obtain authentic OSPP-Dol assembly intermediates of high purity. The analytical methods described here can be used to accurately evaluate the steady-state dolichol-linked oligosaccharide compositions of wild-type and mutant cell lines.
A comparison of two approaches for determining the molecular contributions to skylight

The properties of skylight, particularly its blue color and state of polarization, are popular topics for discussion in classes on electromagnetism and optics, and both can be readily explained by considering the scattering of sunlight by a single molecule [1], [2]. However, it is the scattering by a large number of molecules that we actually see, and the two different approaches used to sum these contributions are the topic of this presentation. The first approach involves the direct summation of the sunlight scattered by the individual molecules and is the method originally used by Lord Rayleigh [3]. The second approach involves the scattering of sunlight by fluctuations in the relative permittivity of the gas, or equivalently in the number density for the molecules, and is the method developed by Smoluchowski and later by Einstein [4], [5]. The relationship between these two approaches is often not clearly stated, and this can lead to some confusion on the part of students.
Investing in Student Employees: Training in Butler University’s Information Commons Program

Some librarians feel concerned that students are now responsible for tasks that used to fall under their purview. As the line between “librarian work” and “student employee work” has been blurred, expectations for student employee performance have gotten progressively higher. Supervisors responsible for the management and training of student employees feel increased pressure to ensure that student employees are capable of these. When expectations are not met, members of the library staff worry that levels of service are decreasing. Over time, this pressure builds and “supervisors run the risk of not only the inefficient use of valuable resources, but also a bad employment situation for the student, the supervisor, and the library” (Kathman & Kathman, 2000, p. 176). This is not costeffective or beneficial for any of the involved parties. Libraries want to provide what Scrogham and McGuire call “an opportunity for involvement that is both meaningful and educational while assisting them in becoming successful members of an increasingly global society” (as cited in McGinniss, 2014). How can an environment be created where student employees meet high expectations and successfully accomplish all that is ask of them? Butler University has been successful with a unique approach to student employment known as the Information Commons (IC) program.
A Samanid Work of Counsel and Commentary: The Naṣīḥat Al-Mulūk of Pseudo-Māwardī

The Nasīhat al-muluk traditionally attributed to al-Māwardī is a work of the Samanid period, and was probably written in Eastern Khurasan or Transoxania during the reign of Nasr II b. Ahmad (301-31/914-43). The author, whose book of advice and admonition was apparently unsolicited, was disturbed by the political, religious and cultural developments of the time and looked back with admiration to the political culture of the generation of Nasr's grandfather Ismā'īl I b. Ahmad (r. 279-95/892-907) and his brothers.
Maternal depression is not just a problem early on

Abstract Introduction Little is known about the onset of depres s ion beyond the first postpartum year. This study examines the onset and course of depression over an 18 month period among a socio-economically diverse, community-wide sample of women. Materials & methods A prospective longitudinal telephone survey of 249 women was conducted at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months after delivery. Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and onset was defined as the first EPDS score of 12+ on the 30-point scale. Temporal trends were assessed using generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression. Results There was a significant temporal trend for EPDS scores decreasing until six months and then rebounding at 18 months; mean EPDS 5.5, 4.3, 4.2, and 4.9 at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively, GEE, P P = .068. The high scores of the early-onset group (mean 14.4 at two weeks) contributed to the early depression spike, while the high scores of the late-onset group (mean 13.9 at 18 months) contributed to the late spike. Conclusions Two peaks of depression were identified, one early and one late. They appear to be the result of two processes: (1) elevated depression symptoms at two-weeks and again at 18 months postpartum experienced by the full sample and, thus, they may be a normal trend, and (2) onset of major depression by two sub-groups of women, one at each time period. Therefore, continued screening after one-year post delivery is indicated.
Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New Forms for Turbulent Environments:

Rapid changes in industrial structure and global competition have occurred in the last two decades. The changes herald the post-industrial era, producing an environment of ambiguity and paradox at ...
Simulations of Molecular Ordering and Charge-Transport of Oligo-Didodecylquaterthiophenes (DDQT)

Semiconductor poly(3,3″-didodecyl-quaterthiophene) (PQT-12) polymer for which the hole mobility exceeds 0.1 cm2/(V s) exhibits promising charge-transport characteristics as an organic thin-film transistor. A family of its oligomeric analogs, DDQT-n (3,3″-didedocylquaterthiophene-n) has been synthesized (with n = 1–6) and extensively characterized [Zhang, L.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 844−854]. Through atomistic molecular dynamics and charge-transport simulations, we have studied the morphologies and electronic properties of crystalline didodecylquaterthiophenes (DDQT-1, DDQT-2, and DDQT-3). The morphologies are characterized by molecular ordering and paracrystallinity, while charge-transport is characterized by electronic-coupling, reorganization energy, energetic disorder, and hole mobility, calculated with VOTCA package. We observed increasing transport efficiency with increasing molecule size, as the morphologies evolve from oligomeric to polymeric packing arrangements. The trend is related t...
Influence of Planting Pattern on Pest Management in Virginia Market Type Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

ABSTRACT Twelve field trials were completed in North Carolina from 2005 to 2007 to determine the impact of planting pattern on peanut yield, market grade characteristics, and pest reaction for the Virginia market type cultivars Perry and VA 98R. The first set of experiments was designed to evaluate incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum) using a factorial treatment arrangement of two cultivars, two levels of fumigation (none or metam sodium at 112 L/ha), and two levels of planting pattern (single rows spaced 91-cm apart or twin rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91-cm centers). Visible symptoms associated with Cylindrocladium black rot were not affected by planting pattern. However, in 1 of 3 trials pod scarring as a result of feeding by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) was greater in twin rows compared with single rows. Damage from tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) was also higher in the cultivar VA 98R planted in twin rows than in single rows ...
Statistic Analysis of the Virus Hepatitis Cases in Pingdingshan City during 1997—2006

[Objective] To explore the epidemiological features and change tendency of virus hepatitis, and provide evidence for the prevention work. [Methods] The cases were diagnosed on the basis of "The Law of Infective Diseases Prevention and Treatment"; analysis was made on the data of CDC epidemic annual report and disease surveillance network report. [Results] 4718 cases of hepatitis were reported during 1997—2006 with an average morbidity of 9565/lakh, and the annual morbidity had an increasing tendency; the morbidity of hepatitis B (86.31%) was the highest; hepatitis took place in all the seasons and had a high morbidity among the peasants, workers and students, the ratio between males and females was 1.52∶1. [Conclusion] The epidemic situation of hepatitis is quite serious; epidemic report management should be strengthened to establish effective preventive countermeasures.
The simulation based on 3D solid model of multi-axes NC milling process

This paper summarizes all kinds of designing methods of simulation systems of NC milling process,and analyzes the key techniques in research and development of Simulation based on 3D solid model of multi-axes NC milling process,at the same time,gives feasible and effective methods.The factual development and running of NC simulation system shows the proposed methods is concise and practicable.The NC simulation system can runs smoothy and reliably.
Survey on a School Infectious Diarrhea Outbreak

Objective To identify the causes of an infectious diarrhea outbreak,and develop effective prevention and control measures to curb the epidemic.Methods A case-control study was carried out.Epidemiological investigation of 176 case-patients of infectious diarrhea who developed symptoms during the period from September 8 th.to 19 th.in 2010 and 105 controls were sellected.Information collected including the demographic information,disease onset,clinical manifestations and epidemiological history.Results The attack rate of outbreak was 4.02%(176/4376).All patients had diarrhea,and some had nausea,vomiting,abdominal pain,and fever.Case-control study showed that eating in school was a risk factor for the outbreak.The odds ratios was 4.88(χ2=4.54,P 0.05).Stool specimens of 7 case-patients and 3 water samples were collected and the test results of specimens were E.coli diarrhea and calicivirus.Samples from source water,treated water and peripheral water of school-owned water supply system were tested and the results showed that total bacterial count,total coliforms,heat-resistant coliform bacteria were far exceeded standard.Conclusion According to clinical manifestations,epidemiological investigation and laboratory test results,it can be identified that this outbreak was caused by domestic water pollution,the pathogens were E.coli diarrhea and calicivirus.
The contributions of handedness and working memory to episodic memory

Past studies have independently shown associations of working memory and degree of handedness with episodic memory retrieval. The current study takes a step ahead by examining whether handedness and working memory independently predict episodic memory. In agreement with past studies, there was an inconsistent-handed advantage for episodic memory; however, this advantage was absent for working memory tasks. Furthermore, regression analyses showed handedness, and complex working memory predicted episodic memory performance at different times. Results are discussed in light of theories of episodic memory and hemispheric interaction.
Brand Loyalty Is Influenced by the Activation of Political Orientations

Using an experimental design that measures participants’ actual behavior, this study tests the inclusion of a perceived outgroup in an advertisement for a well-established brand to determine if political orientations interact with an advertisement’s content to predict consumption of that product. The results indicate that an advertisement’s activation of one’s political orientation can either change or reinforce brand loyalty. Specifically, more conservative individuals responded to the presence of Muslim and Arab individuals in a Coca-Cola advertisement by selecting Pepsi products despite their initial preference for Coca-Cola; whereas, more liberal individuals maintained their initial brand loyalty to Coca-Cola.
The neurobiology and cultural biology of pain

Telling stories about our lives, or creating meaning from grief, can affect our bodies, our biology. Such meaning responses can occur within a broad range of medical or health phenomena: heart disease, ulcer disease, immune diseases, and so on. But the best-known biological system which displays impressive meaning responses is the body's pain system. This chapter will review the neurobiology and the cultural biology of the human pain system and show how meaning can influence the experience of pain. Neurology of pain Pain is an extremely important biological process, a powerful signal an organism uses to signal to itself that “something is wrong.” To lack a sense of pain is to open yourself up to injury which, unrecognized, could easily be fatal. Pain is a primary device for learning. Unfortunately, the pain system can occasionally go awry, causing more trouble than it resolves. In this brief review we will touch only the high points, but you should gain some sense of the value, and the problems, of pain. Some time ago, Dr. Alan Leslie summarized the case of a very sick man. I am thinking of a sixty year old man with a cardiac aneurysm [a bulge in one of the walls of the heart] which developed following a coronary occlusion [heart attack]. After some years of auricular fibrillation [irregular heartbeat] and bare maintenance of compensation at absolute rest this man had an aortic saddle embolization [blockage of the arteries to the lungs] which led to gangrene and required amputation of first one then the other leg. During active treatment he received narcotics for which placebo injections were later substituted. […]
Family Stress in Pediatric Critical Care

This mixed methods study explored stress in families whose children were hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for more than one week. The study aim was to describe sources of stress for families whose children require extended hospitalization in the PICU. Data collection included semi-structured interviews and completion of the Family Inventory of Life Events and Family System Stressor Strength Inventory. Themes reported in this paper are separation, not knowing, and the child's illness and distress. Additional research is needed to validate these findings in families of other cultures and structures, and in other PICUs.
When Presidential Popularity Matters: Stock Market Reactions to Firm Visits by the U.S. President

The phenomenon of firm visits by government officials has received almost no scholarly attention. In this paper, we use an event study to examine the stock market returns to firm visits by the Pres...
Barriers to survivorship care in the Consortium for New England Childhood Cancer Survivors (CONNECCS).

10035 Background: Although long-term adverse consequences of childhood cancer treatment may be mitigated by screening, prevention, and interventions, many survivors do not take advantage of survivo...
Astronomy: A turbulent stellar atmosphere in full view

The dynamic motion of gas in the outer atmosphere of a red supergiant star has been mapped, providing clues to the mysterious mechanism that causes massive stars to lose mass through stellar winds. See Letter p.310 Red supergiant stars are at a late evolutionary stage for stars. The initial masses of these stars are greater than nine solar masses. Red supergiant stars have complex, multi-component atmospheres, which have been studied spectroscopically. Here, Keiichi Ohnaka et al. report data from spectral imaging of the surface and atmosphere of the red supergiant star Antares. The team found large clumps of gas moving up and down the atmosphere at speeds of up to 20 kilometres per second. Convection is not sufficient to explain these motions, which leads the authors to suggest that an unknown process is operating in the star's extended atmosphere.
Promoting Participation in a Culture of Sustainability Web Survey

The Sustainability Cultural Indicators Program (SCIP) at the University of Michigan is designed to measure and track the university’s progress (Callewaert and Marans 2017) in moving the campus community towards a culture of sustainability. SCIP gathers this data using a web survey conducted annually. Web surveys generally attain lower response rates than other modes of data collection. Web surveys are also at risk of other forms of nonresponse, such as breakoffs, which happen less frequently in other modes. Breakoffs commonly occur very early in a web survey, often on informed consent screens required by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), before respondents have a chance to get to the survey content. There are many methods used (prenotification, incentives, etc.) to try to increase participation and reduce breakoffs. This paper investigates the efficacy of two experiments designed to increase participation and reduce breakoffs in two SCIP surveys. The first experiment examines the effect of “celebrity endorsement”. As part of the final email reminder, respondents were randomized to receive a reminder with a link to the survey or a reminder that also contained a link to a video of a head coach from the U-M Department of Athletics encouraging non-respondents to participate. The second experiment investigates informed consent screen design. One group was presented a screen appearing as a traditional informed consent form. The other group was presented a screen with the most important items visible and the rest of the information available via a series of accordion menus.
Earnings of Employed and Self-employed US Health Care Professionals, 2001 to 2015.

Importance Over the last 15 years, the health care practitioner landscape has changed significantly. Fewer practitioners are self-employed and more are employed by for-profit or nonprofit organizations. These shifts can have an impact on annual labor earnings. Objectives To examine trends in self-employment and employment and to assess the gap in annual labor earnings between self-employed and employed US health care professionals from 2001 to 2015. Design, Setting, and Participants Survey study in which data on employment type (self-employed, employed by private sector, or employed by government) and annual labor earnings for 50 states and the District of Columbia were extracted from the 2001 to 2015 American Community Survey. The analyses were restricted to 175 714 self-identified dentists, physicians, pharmacists, optometrists, podiatrists, chiropractors, and physical therapists aged 30 years and older who worked at least 40 weeks per year and 20 hours per week. Controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, year, and state of residence, median regression models were used to measure the gap in annual labor earnings between self-employed and employed health care professionals. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual labor earnings, defined as the sum of self-employment and wages or salary income. Results Our sample of 175 714 respondents included 99 077 physicians, 20 008 dentists, 26 143 pharmacists, 4238 optometrists, 6076 chiropractors, 1164 podiatrists, and 19 008 physical therapists. The weighted percentage of self-employed physicians decreased from 35.2% (95% CI, 34.4%-36.1%; 6807 of 18 726 physicians) in 2001 through 2005 to 24.7% (95% CI, 24.2%-25.2%; 10 974 of 41 205 physicians) in 2011 through 2015. The percentage of self-employed dentists decreased from 73.0% (95% CI, 71.2%-74.8%; 3117 of 4153 dentists) in 2001 through 2005 to 65.1% (95% CI, 63.7%-66.4%; 5260 of 7820 dentists) in 2011 through 2015. Among physicians, the regression-adjusted earnings gap reversed from $19 679 (95% CI, $14 431-$24 927;P Conclusions and Relevance Since 2001, the percentage of health care professionals who are self-employed declined, and the gap in earnings between self-employed and employed health care professionals narrowed.
Euclidean Space and Linear Mappings

This chapter discusses Euclidean space and linear mappings. Introductory calculus deals mainly with real-valued functions of a single variable. Multivariable calculus deals in general, and in a somewhat similar way, with mappings from one Euclidean space to another. However, a number of new and interesting phenomena appear resulting from the rich geometric structure of n -dimensional Euclidean space. A real-life problem can lead to a high-dimensional mathematical model. The modern techniques of automatic computation render feasible the numerical solution of many high-dimensional problems, whose manual solution can require an inordinate amount of computation. The dimension of a finite-dimensional vector space is the largest number of linearly independent vectors that it contains. An infinite-dimensional vector space is one that contains n linearly independent vectors for every positive integer n . Any system of homogeneous linear equations, with more unknowns than equations, has a nontrivial solution.
The magnesium-insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a two-stage reaction.

Mg(2+)-chelatase catalyses the first step unique to chlorophyll synthesis, namely the insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX. When pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Spring) chloroplasts are lysed in a buffer lacking Mg2+ and the thylakoids removed by centrifugation, the remaining mixture of light membranes and soluble proteins (LM/S) has high Mg(2+)-chelatase activity. Several lines of evidence are presented to show that the Mg2+ insertion catalysed by this preparation is a two-step reaction consisting of activation followed by Mg2+ chelation. An activated state of Mg(2+)-chelatase is achieved by preincubating LM/S with ATP. The activated state is observed as the elimination of the approx. 6 min lag in the rate of Mg2+ chelation on addition of the porphyrin substrate. The activity of LM/S assayed at low protein concentrations can be greatly enhanced by preincubating at high protein concentrations (12 mg/ml is optimal). This activation effect requires the presence of both LM and S fractions, as well as ATP. Both steps require ATP, but at different concentrations; the first step is optimal at > 0.5 mM (EC50 = 0.3 mM) and the second step is optimal at 0.3 mM (EC50
Depression and Depressive Disorders

Depressive disorders are prevalent and recurrent forms of psychopathology that increase dramatically during adolescence and have detrimental correlates and consequences for numerous aspects of functioning. This article provides an overview of the nature, epidemiology, etiology, assessment, treatment, and preventive interventions of depressive disorders during adolescence.
Measurement and classification of humans and bots in internet chat

The abuse of chat services by automated programs, known as chat bots, poses a serious threat to Internet users. Chat bots target popular chat networks to distribute spam and malware. In this paper, we first conduct a series of measurements on a large commercial chat network. Our measurements capture a total of 14 different types of chat bots ranging from simple to advanced. Moreover, we observe that human behavior is more complex than bot behavior. Based on the measurement study, we propose a classification system to accurately distinguish chat bots from human users. The proposed classification system consists of two components: (1) an entropy-based classifier and (2) a machine-learning-based classifier. The two classifiers complement each other in chat bot detection. The entropy-based classifier is more accurate to detect unknown chat bots, whereas the machine-learning-based classifier is faster to detect known chat bots. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed classification system is highly effective in differentiating bots from humans.
CHAPTER 51 – Bone morphogenetic proteins

This chapter describes the role of bone matrix as a repository of growth, and morphogenetic factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins. Demineralized bone matrix is the initial starting biomaterial for isolation, purification and molecular cloning, and expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). There are 15 members of the BMP family in humans, and they have wide-ranging actions on tissues beyond bone. The action of BMPs is mediated by receptors for BMPs. The type I and II BMP receptors bind BMPs, and the activated receptors phosphorylate intracellular substrates, called Smads. The term Smad is a fusion of two genes Sma in worms, and a human homolog of a Drosophila gene Mad (mothers against decapentaplegic). BMP receptors phosphorylate Smads 1, 5, and 8 in cytoplasm. Upon phosphorylation they enter the nucleus in partnership with a common partner Smad 4, and turn on the gene expression. The bioavailability of BMPs for receptor binding is influenced by BMP-binding proteins such as noggin and chordin, and interactions with extracellular matrix components, such as type W collagen and heparan sulfate. BMPs may have potential clinical utility in fracture healing, spine fusion, reconstructive surgery, oral surgery, and plastic surgery.
Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Well-Being in Children Who Stutter: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey

Stuttering is a disorder that has been associated with anxiety and other aspects of negatively impacted well-being due to disruptions in the communicative process. The objective of this study was to explore behavioral, emotional and social well-being among children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS), using national data. Data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (2010-2015) were analyzed to examine behavioral, emotional, and social well-being in CWS compared to CWNS using responses from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Chi-square tests of independence were used for comparing categorical variables and independent samples t-tests for comparing continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used for determining odds of reporting symptoms of the SDQ. This sample included 48,319 children of which 503 were CWS. CWS were far more likely to: have worries or often seems worried (OR = 1.86), be unhappy/depressed (OR = 2.14), and have difficulties with emotions (OR = 3.26) than their non-stuttering peers. Similarly, CWS were less likely to: be well behaved/do what was requested (OR = .305) or have good attention and complete tasks (OR = .470). Finally, CWS with coexisting developmental disabilities had higher scores on all subscales of the SDQ when compared to CWS without developmental disabilities. Problems associated with well-being issues appear more common among CWS than CWNS in this national sample. These observed problems were even greater in CWS with coexisting developmental disabilities. These issues should be carefully considered and addressed as part of a comprehensive management plan for CWS.
Missed Opportunities for HIV Screening among a Cohort of Adolescents with Recently Diagnosed HIV infection in a Large Pediatric Hospital Care Network

Abstract Purpose Routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening reduces HIV progression and transmission. Our aims were to determine prevalence and factors associated with prior HIV screening among a cohort of youth living with HIV. Methods Retrospective chart review of youth living with HIV aged 14–26 at an HIV clinic comparing characteristics between those with and without HIV screening within the year prior to diagnosis Results Subjects (n = 301) were male (85%), African-American (87%), and men who have sex with men (84%). Subjects seen 1 year prior to diagnosis (n = 58) contributed 179 visits for missed opportunities with 59% having a documented sexual history in the electronic health record and 48% tested for HIV. Subjects with symptoms suggesting acute HIV infection (51%) were more likely to be tested (p = .04). In the adjusted model, documentation of sexual history and demographic factors was not associated with prior testing. Conclusion We identified high rates of missed opportunities for HIV testing and sexual history documentation in the year prior to diagnosis, underscoring the need for routine HIV screening in adolescents.