cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Ramsey number of trees versus graphs with large clique number

Chvatal established that r(Tm, Kn) = (m – 1)(n – 1) + 1, where Tm is an arbitrary tree of order m and Kn is the complete graph of order n. This result was extended by Chartrand, Gould, and Polimeni who showed Kn could be replaced by a graph with clique number n and order n + 1 provided n ≧ 3 and m ≧ 3. We further extend these results to show that Kn can be replaced by any graph on n + 2 vertices with clique number n, provided n ≧ 5 and m ≧ 4. We then show that further extensions, in particular to graphs on n + 3 vertices with clique number n are impossible. We also investigate the Ramsey number of trees versus complete graphs minus sets of independent edges. We show that r(Tm, Kn –tK2) = (m – 1)(n – t – 1) + 1 for m ≧ 3, n ≧ 6, where Tm is any tree of order m except the star, and for each t, O ≦ t ≦ [(n – 2)/2].
Bases of ideals and Rees valuation rings

Let I be a regular proper ideal in a Noetherian ring R. We prove that there exists a simple free integral extension ring A of R such that the ideal IA has a Rees-good basis; that is, a basis c1,…,cg such that ciW=IW for i=1,…,g and for all Rees valuation rings W of IA. Moreover, A may be constructed so that: (i) IA and I have the same Rees integers (with possibly different cardinalities), and (ii) AP is unramified over RP∩R for each asymptotic prime divisor P of IA. Indeed, if H is a regular ideal in R such that each asymptotic prime divisor of H is contained in an asymptotic prime divisor of I, then (ii) holds for HA. If Card(ReesH)⩽Card(ReesI), we prove that (i) also holds for HA and H. If I=(b1,…,bg)R and b1,…,bg is an asymptotic sequence, we prove that b1,…,bg is a Rees-good basis of I.
A Rating Scale of Intimate Disclosure between Late Adolescents and Their Friends

Subjects were asked to recall actual intimate conversations with closest same-sex friend and closest opposite-sex friend and reconstruct the dialogue. Responses were used to form a reliable example...
Effects of l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analogue, on the in vitro development of mouse tooth germs.

Abstract Incisor and molar tooth germs from 14- and 15-day-old mouse embryos were cultured on agar-solidified Eagle's basal medium. Such tooth germs showed typical histo- and cytodifferentiation during the 8-day culture period. However, development of tooth germs cultured on medium containing l -azetidine was suppressed. In the experimental cultures, some germs displayed slight regression and disorganization whereas others were merely arrested at the se of development at the time of explanation. On the other hand, tooth germs cultured on medium containing l -azetidine in combination with proline developed normally. Suppressed tooth germs which were removed from medium containing l -azetidine and placed on control medium or proline-rich medium resumed development, so that their stage of differentiation was equivalent to that of controls at the termination of the culture period. These results support the notion that the collagen component of the extracellular matrix influences epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interactions.
Intranuclear tubules in trophoblast III of rat and mouse chorioallantoic placenta

A system of tubules in trophoblast III nuclei of rat and mouse choriollantoic placenta is described. The intranuclear tubules are arranged in compact tubular units. Individual tubules measure 600–3500 A in diameter and are not delimited from the nucleoplasm by nuclear envelope. Trilaminar tubular membranes are continous with the inner nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum is continous with the outer nuclear membrane. A system of confluent spaces that extend from the intratubular space through the perinuclear space into the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is demonstrated. Similarities of this system to the “nucleolar channel system” of human endometrium are discussed.
Bilateral hilar enlargement and hypoperfusion of the right lower lobe.

Obstruction bronchique et stenose de l'artere pulmonaire causees par une mediastinite sclerosante avec lithiase bronchique
Quantum optical experiments on semiconductor quantum wells systems

Many-body excitations in semiconductors are probed by exploiting the mapping between quantum optical correlations and electron-hole correlations. The experimentally measured response to coherent states is projected to determine the effect of quantum optical statistics.
ABO blood group is a potent risk factor for venous thromboembolism in patients with malignant gliomas

BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with malignant gliomas. To investigate the pathogenesis of VTE and facilitate targeted prophylaxis strategies, the authors aimed to characterize VTE risk factors in these patients. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of 130 adult patients with glioma who received their primary therapy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, MD) between 1991 and 2001. Symptomatic VTE was confirmed by objective radiologic testing. The association between clinical and laboratory characteristics and VTE was assessed using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests and survival analysis. RESULTS VTE developed in 28 patients (21.5%) at a median of 4.8 months after diagnosis (interquartile range, 2.1–13.2). Patients with tumors > 5 cm were more likely to develop VTE than patients with smaller tumors (hazard ratio = 2.2; P = 0.04). For every year increase in age, the hazard ratios for thrombosis increased by 3% (P = 0.011). When stratified by ABO blood group, the hazard ratios for thrombosis were 2.7 and 9.4 for patients with blood groups A (P = 0.045) and AB (P < 0.0001), respectively, compared with patients with blood group O. No association was observed between VTE and the other patient characteristics analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Patient age, tumor size, and particularly ABO blood group are risk factors for VTE among patients with malignant gliomas. These findings may facilitate the development of a thrombosis risk score that will allow physicians to individualize VTE prophylaxis regimens. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Ion-retardation desalting of blood and other animal tissues for separation of soluble metabolites by two-dimensional chromatography.

Abstract Metabolites present in acid extracts of mammalian tissues were desalted by passing the extracts through AG11A8 ion-retardation resin. Quantitative recoverles of alanine, aspartate, glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, leucine, and maltose were 95, 100, 92, 85, 96, 90, 97, and 100%, respectively. Effective desalting allows metabolites present in tissue extracts to be separated by two-dimenslonal paper chromatography.
Isolation and analysis of cell wall material from beeswing wheat bran (Triticum aestivum).

Abstract Cell wall material (CWM) isolated from beeswing wheat bran contains 66% carbohydrate, 12% Klason lignin, 6% protein and 4% ash. The relative proportions of sugars in the CWM are arabinose 34%, xylose 26%, galactose 2%, glucose 32% and uronic acid 6%. The uronic acid was shown to consist of glucuronic acid and its 4- O -Me analogue in the ratio 1.8:1. Partial acid hydrolysis of the CWM yielded neutral sugars and a uronic acid fraction. The latter was shown to contain Glc p A-(1→2)-Xyl p and Glc p A-(1→2)- O -Xyl p-(1→4)-Xyl p and their 4- O -Me substituted uronic acid analogues. Methylation analysis of the whole CWM and partially degraded methylated CWM revealed the nature of the constituent glycosidic linkages. From the combined evidence we infer that the major structural features of the non-cellulosic polysaccharides are a linear chain of xylopyranose units joined by (1→4)-linkages, and arabinofuranose, xylose, galactose (and uronic acid) end groups, which in at least some of the polysaccharides, are attached directly by (1→2)- and/or (1→3)-linkages to the xylan chain. The CWM has been fractionated by successive extractions with water at 80°, 0.2 M (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 at 80°, Na chlorite/HOAc at 70°, 0.2 M (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 at 80°, 1 M and 4 M KOH, and the neutral sugar composition of the fractions determined. It is concluded from these and other experiments that the CWM contains two main types of polysaccharides, the arabinoxylans and cellulosic polymers, and that phenolic ester linkages play a role in holding them together.
Relocation as Potential Stressor or Stimulating Challenge

Abstract Guided by Rutter and Garmezy's model of risk, vulnerability, buffers, and resilience, the impact of relocations on children was examined, first in a literature review and then in an empirical study. The study assessed the impact of mobility on United States State Department families who had returned to the U.S. from life abroad. A history of mobility appears to put these children somewhat at risk. Factors that increase children's vulnerability to the risks of relocation include age, race, and a propensity to perceive social interactions as negative. A positive emotional climate in the family and a high functioning mother appear to buffer the negative effects of relocations. The skills children have learned in order to adjust to previous relocations may serve as resiliencies in adjusting to the current relocation.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE GERMINATION OF BARLEY AND ITS RELATION TO DORMANCY

Two domestic and three wild dormant barleys were examined for the effects of continuous light, from various regions of the visible spectrum, on germination. Each barley examined exhibited a somewhat different response but all were strongly inhibited by far-red light. Two were stimulated by red, yellow and green light. The inhibition produced was relieved on transfer to darkness or to one of the stimulatory spectral regions. Samples which became non-dormant during storage at 25° C. were insensitive to or only slightly inhibited by far-red light. Dormancy was relieved at a more rapid rate than was the light-sensitive condition in presence of 1% H2O2 or 10–100 p.p.m. gibberellic acid. The results indicate that, although dormancy is a prerequisite for light-sensitivity, the two phenomena are not directly associated with the same metabolic site.
The herbicide sindone B disrupts spindle microtubule organizing centers

Abstract Sindone B is classified as a “mitotic disrupter herbicide”, but little information is published on the physiological effects of this structurally unique compound. Onion root tips treated with various concentrations of sindone B were examined by light microscopy following Feulgen staining, immunofluorescence of tubulin, and electron microscopy. Numerous multipolar mitotic figures are noted in Feulgen-stained specimens. Spindle microtubule arrays are focused toward many poles instead of the bipolar arrangement of the spindle in control roots. Cortical and preprophase microtubule arrays appear unaffected. Phragmoplast arrays are also multiple and are curved and branched around the multiple nuclei that result from the multipolar spindle arrays. The cell plates established by these abnormal phragmoplast microtubule arrays are branched and reticulate. These observations indicate that sindone B interacts with the spindle microtubule organizing center so that multipolar divisions result. Phragmoplast disruption may be a secondary consequence of the multipolar division. These symptoms are also characteristic of the structurally unrelated carbamate herbicides.
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PACIFIC COMMON EIDERS BREEDING IN ALASKA

Abstract We used satellite telemetry to study the migration routes and wintering areas of two allopatric breeding populations of Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) in Alaska: the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and the western Beaufort Sea coast. Only 6% (2 of 36) of females wintered within the wintering area of the other breeding population. Both breeding populations wintered in the closest available ice-free habitat, perhaps to minimize migratory distance. Two Beaufort Sea females wintered in areas used by Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta females, implying potential gene flow among breeding areas. Yet, we conclude that these two populations are largely geographically isolated throughout the annual cycle and the environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction likely differ between these groups of birds. Thus, regardless of the potential gene flow among breeding populations, we suggest that birds from these two breeding areas should be managed as separate populations. Estructura Poblacional Rep...
The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SOS1 (Salt Overly Sensitive 1) locus is essential for Na+ and K+ homeostasis, and sos1 mutations render plants more sensitive to growth inhibition by high Na+ and low K+ environments. SOS1 is cloned and predicted to encode a 127-kDa protein with 12 transmembrane domains in the N-terminal part and a long hydrophilic cytoplasmic tail in the C-terminal part. The transmembrane region of SOS1 has significant sequence similarities to plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporters from bacteria and fungi. Sequence analysis of various sos1 mutant alleles reveals several residues and regions in the transmembrane as well as the tail parts that are critical for SOS1 function in plant salt tolerance. SOS1 gene expression in plants is up-regulated in response to NaCl stress. This up-regulation is abated in sos3 or sos2 mutant plants, suggesting that it is controlled by the SOS3/SOS2 regulatory pathway.
An Effective Radiological Safety Program for Electron Linear Accelerators

An outline is presented of some of the main elements of an electron accelerator radiological safety program. The discussion includes types of accelerator facilities, types of radiations to be anticipated, activity induced in components, air and water, and production of toxic gases. Concepts of radiation shielding design are briefly discussed and organizational aspects are considered as an integral part of the overall safety program.
Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species

Seven two-trait combinations (e.g. breeding system and seed dispersal mechanism) of five life history characteristics were used to analyse interspecific variation in the level and distribution of allozyme genetic diversity in seed plants. Highly significant differences were seen among categories for all seven comparisons. Life form and breeding system had highly significant influences on genetic diversity and its distribution. Regardless of other traits, outcrossing species tended to be more genetically diverse and had less genetic differentiation among their populations. Similarly, woody plants have less among population differentiation and somewhat more genetic diversity than non-woody species with similar life history traits. An analysis of twelve plant families indicated that species within families with predominately outcrossing, woody species had more genetic diversity and less interpopulation differentiation than species within families with predominately herbaceous species.
On the separability of demodulation and decoding for communications over multiple-antenna block-fading channels

We study the separability of demodulation and decoding for communications over multiple-antenna block-fading channels when bit-linear linear dispersion (BL-LD) codes are used. We assume the channel is known to the receiver only, and find necessary and sufficient conditions on the dispersion matrices for the separation of demodulation and decoding at the receiver without loss of optimality.
Societal Perspectives about Earthquake Performance: The Fallacy of ''Acceptable Risk''

Abstract Seismic safety is a matter of public welfare involving potential loss of life or injury, disruption of communities, and costs to governments for addressing earthquake losses and recovery. Societal perspectives are incorporated into minimum seismic performance standards for codes and other guidelines. Discussion of revisions to these often entails consideration of acceptable levels of risk from a societal perspective. However, there is a fundamental Catch-22 in addressing acceptable levels of risk. On the one hand, determining these is fundamentally a value judgment that presumably requires some form of collective decision making. On the other hand, knowledge of relevant risk considerations, technical details, and costs and benefits are important for establishing meaningful standards. The first consideration argues for public processes for establishing safety goals. The second argues for deference to technical experts. Finding the appropriate middle ground is a serious challenge. I argue that a re...
Continuous and Arrested Morphological Diversification in Sister Clades of Characiform Fishes: A Phylomorphospace Approach

Understanding how and why certain clades diversify greatly in morphology whereas others do not remains a major theme in evolutionary biology. Projecting families of phylogenies into multivariate morphospaces can distinguish two scenarios potentially leading to unequal morphological diversification: unequal magnitude of change per phylogenetic branch, and unequal efficiency in morphological innovation. This approach is demonstrated using a case study of skulls in sister clades within the South American fish superfamily Anostomoidea. Unequal morphological diversification in this system resulted not from the morphologically diverse clade changing more on each phylogenetic branch, but from that clade distributing an equal amount of change more widely through morphospace and innovating continually. Although substantial morphological evolution occurred throughout the less diverse clade's history, most of that clade's expansion in morphospace occurred in the most basal branches, and more derived portions of that radiation oscillated within previously explored limits. Because simulations revealed that there is a maximum 2.7% probability of generating two clades that differ so greatly in the density of lineages within morphospace under a null Brownian model, the observed difference in pattern likely reflects a difference in the underlying evolutionary process. Clade–specific factors that may have promoted or arrested morphological diversification are discussed.
A Behavioral Agency Model of Managerial Risk Taking

Building on agency and prospect theory views, we construct, in this article, a behavioral agency model of executive risk taking. In the model we combine elements of internal corporate governance with problem framing to explain executive risk-taking behavior. The model suggests that executive risk taking varies across and within different forms of monitoring and that agents may exhibit risk-seeking as well as risk-averse behaviors. We develop specific propositions that combine monitoring with performance and the framing of strategic problems to explain executive choices of strategic risk. The resulting propositions enhance and extend the agency-based corporate governance literature on executive risk taking.
Comparison of conventional and cutting balloon angioplasty for congenital and postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis in infants and young children

Background: Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare and often lethal condition in children. The optimal treatment for congenital and postoperative PVS is unknown. Methods and Results: We compared outcomes of conventional balloon angioplasty performed for PVS from 1999 to 2003 against cutting balloon angioplasty performed from 2004 to 2007. A total of 100 previously undilated pulmonary veins in 54 patients were studied: 48 veins dilated with conventional balloons and 52 with cutting balloons. Acute results included significantly reduced gradients and increased lumen diameters with both treatments. Acutely, cutting balloon angioplasty and conventional angioplasty yielded similar relative reduction of the PVS gradient (median 78% vs. 63%, P = 0.08) and increase in lumen diameter (median 77% vs. 59%, P = 0.07). There was one procedural death of a critically ill infant, and four cardiac arrests, but no adverse events necessitating surgical intervention. Survival free from reintervention was poor in both groups, and shorter in the cutting balloon group (73% at 1 month, 11% at 6 months, and 4% at 1 year) than in the conventional angioplasty group (77% at 1 month, 35% at 6 months, and 23% at 1 year; P = 0.01). Conclusions: Both conventional and cutting balloon angioplasty were effective at decreasing gradient and increasing lumen size acutely in patients with congenital and postoperative PVS, but reintervention was common with both treatments. Both methods of angioplasty provided limited benefit, and neither was curative for this complex disease. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Multichannel Model of Separating Equilibrium in the Face of the Digital Divide

We develop a multichannel model of separating equilibrium where a seller markets a durable good to high- and low-type consumers in two different chan-nels--an online Internet storefront and an offline bricks-and-mortar store. We show how the digital divide, where high-type consumers dominate the online channel and low-type consumers dominate the offline channel, artificially segments the marketplace, thereby mitigating the classic cannibalization problem. This allows the seller to more efficiently market its goods to each consumer segment. We show conditions under which low-type consumers are initially served in the offline channel, but subsequently bridging the divide results in their not being served in either channel. We also examine the implications of bridging the digital divide when the seller uses delay by engaging in intertemporal price discrimination.
Structure and Function in the Tubulin Dimer and the Role of the Acidic Carboxyl Terminus

Microtubules are intracellular polymeric structures found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. Two other major intracellular fiber systems—the intermediate filaments and the actin-based microfilaments—combine with microtubules (MTs) to form the cytoskeleton, the dynamic architectural coordinate system of the cell. MTs are steady-state dynamic polymers, constantly exchanging with a pool of the subunit protein tubulin. In addition to tubulin, the intracellular polymer should be considered to contain the many other proteins that bind to MTs, move along the surface, and change their properties. Recent reviews and monographs on MTs and tubulin have emphasized different aspects, such as MT structure (Amos and Amos, 1991; Linck, 1989; Wade and Chretien, 1993), tubulin structure (Luduena et al., 1992; Ponstingl et al., 1984; Serrano and Avila, 1990), sequence and isotype analysis (Burns, 1991a; Burns and Surridge, 1990; Little and Seehaus, 1988; Luduena, 1993), tubulin/MT cell biology (Byard and Lange, 1991; Huang, 1990), membrane tubulin (Stephens, 1986), and plant MT and tubulin (Fosket and Morejohn, 1992). Reviews of other topics will be cited in appropriate sections. This chapter covers material published through October 1993.
Universal in the Local: Practiscing the Scholarship of Engagement

The 'Scholarship of Engagement' is a burgeoning genre of scholarship exemplified by community-based pedagogic models used in schools of landscape architecture. This form of scholarship employs engagement with the multi-faceted particulars of local places and people, through which it can inform globally relevant principles and strategies. The paper describes attributes of the Scholarship of Engagement, which supports integrated teaching, research and service in landscape architecture and provides an example of the 'universal in the local'. It suggests that a framework for scholarship assessment developed by the Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching is effective in promoting scholarship in the design studio, incorporating the components: clear goals and problem definition; preparation through literature and research; methods including community participation, place analyses, case-study research and analysis, and solution testing through design; assessment of results; effective presentation of the results; and reflective critique by the students, community and faculty. This model frames the structure and description of community design studio work undertaken to help a small Alaskan town confront the impending influx and impacts of large chain stores, a problem communities are increasingly facing. In such an engaged-scholarship approach, the hierarchical values of cosmopolitan versus local are realigned, and faculty and students collaborate with community partners - whether global or local - to solve pressing issues. Can this integrated model of public scholarship be legitimised, supported and extended?
A Novel Fuzzy Model-Reference Adaptive Control

The paper presents a general methodology of adaptive control based on fuzzy model to deal with unknown nonlinear plants. The problem of parameter estimation is solved using a direct approach, i.e. the controller parameters are adapted without explicitly estimating plant parameters. Thus, very simple adaptive and control laws are obtained using Lyapunov stability criterion. The generality of the approach is substantiated by Stone-Weierstrass theorem, which indicates that any continuous function can be approximated by fuzzy basis function expansion. In the sense of adaptive control, this implies the adaptive law with fuzzified adaptive control parameters. The global stability of the control system is assured and the tracking error converges to the residual set that depends on fuzzification properties. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach has high adaptation ability and consequently good performance for nonlinear system.
Dispersion-based guidance for the temporal and spatial discretization of the one- and two-dimensional finite element solutions to the transient heat equation

Errors associated with the finite element solution to the transient heat equation are examined. These errors arise from the spatial and temporal discretizations chosen and are influenced by the shape of the thermal profile and the properties of the conducting medium. Since these errors alter the rate of heat diffusion, they are termed dispersive. A methodology for evaluating the numerically introduced dispersion is presented. Examples demonstrate that knowledge of the dispersion present in the numerical solution is useful in designing efficient and accurate finite element meshes.
CANNIBALISTIC INFANTICIDE IN SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA RELATED TO ADULT CASTE RATIOS

A review of the literature published during the past 80 years concerning caste differentiation and caste ratios in the social Hymenoptera reveals considerable evidence that caste is determined trophogenically in the embryo (alimentary castration) rather than in the larval instars and that the caste ratios of the embryonic populations in well-established colonies are soon modified by worker action, i.e. selective cannibalization of queen-biased eggs and young larvae, in order to establish the caste ratios of the adult population that are essential to the economy of the colony.
Health Lifestyle Theory and the Convergence of Agency and Structure

This article utilizes the agency-structure debate as a framework for constructing a health lifestyle theory. No such theory currently exists, yet the need for one is underscored by the fact that many daily lifestyle practices involve considerations of health outcomes. An individualist paradigm has influenced concepts of health lifestyles in several disciplines, but this approach neglects the structural dimensions of such lifestyles and has limited applicability to the empirical world. The direction of this article is to present a theory of health lifestyles that includes considerations of both agency and structure, with an emphasis upon restoring structure to its appropriate position. The article begins by defining agency and structure, followed by presentation of a health lifestyle model and the theoretical and empirical studies that support it.
An evolvable artificial neural network platform for dynamic environments

Dedicated hardware implementations of artificial neural networks promise to provide faster, lower power operation when compared to software implementations executing on processors. Unfortunately, custom hardware implementations do not support intrinsic training of these networks on-chip. Training is typically done using software simulations and the obtained network is synthesized and targeted to hardware offline. The ANN FPGA design presented here facilitates dynamic network structure and parameter changes required for intrinsic training of artificial neural networks, without reliance on runtime FPGA reconfigurations. This is an important feature for an online trainable system as typical reconfiguration cycle times on the order of a few milliseconds pose to be a major performance bottleneck for iterative training algorithms. The designed platform implements block-based neural networks and can be evolved and adapted in-field.
Azimuthal variation in seismic anisotropy of the southern California uppermost mantle

[1] The Backus [1965] theory of seismic anisotropy is used to obtain expressions for the velocities and polarizations of quasi-P and S waves for rays making small angles to the symmetry axes of an orthorhombic elastic tensor. Expressions are found for P wave polarization and S wave splitting parameters as a function of incidence angle θ and azimuth z. For small θ, splitting and P wave velocity exhibit predominantly a two z variation. P wave velocity squared is given by vp2 = v02 + c1θ2 + c2cos(2z)θ2, where the ci are combinations of coefficients of the elasticity tensor. The eigenvalues corresponding to the fast and slow S waves are given by similar expressions. Variation in P wave horizontal polarization exhibits a 2z variation; δzp = −Δz sin(2z) with little dependence on θ. SKKS and SKS splitting parameters exhibit an azimuthal variation given by ϕ = ϕ0 + d1 sin(2z) θ2 and δt = δt0 + e1θ2 + e2 cos(2z)θ2, where ϕ is the fast direction and δt is the time delay. We report 2z variation in splitting parameters at the Global Seismic Network stations in southern California. We use other estimates of seismic anisotropy to invert for depth-averaged values of the elasticity tensor. The resulting tensor adequately describes azimuthal variation in P wave horizontal polarization [Schulte-Pelkum et al., 2001], Pn, Rayleigh and Love wave velocities, as well as SKKS and SKS splitting, suggesting they all arise from a common source of anisotropy in the upper 200 km of the mantle.
Social Aspects of Exposure to Highway Crash

Both the sources of finding for crash reseach and the characteristics of the investigators attracted to it tend to produce parochialism, segmentation, and specialization in the field as a whole. These potentially divisive forces are counteracted only by a shared and largely uncritical loyalty to the status quo--that is, a belief that the privately owned and operated conventional vehicle should continue as the major means of transportation. As a consequence, despite the increasingly favorable climate for crash research, recent findings have contributed little to the reduction of mortality and morbidity. The limitations of what is variously called human engineering, engineering psychology, or human factors are delineated, and a broader analytic framework is suggested.
Understanding Williams Syndrome: Behavioral patterns and interventions

Eleanor Semel & Sue R. Rosner. Understanding Williams Syndrome: Behavioral patterns and interventions. Mahwah, NJ & London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. Pp. xxi, 456. Hb 45.00.“I never knew talent was a birth defect,” Jonas Salk has been quoted as saying about Williams Syndrome (cf. Bellugi & St. George 2001:xii), referring to the discrepancy between the extraordinary language abilities of persons with WS and their overall intellectual functioning, which usually falls within the bounds of mental retardation. The first of its kind, Semel & Rosner's very interesting sourcebook addresses the question: “How is it possible to conceptualize a group of children who test as though retarded, speak as though gifted, behave sometimes as though emotionally disturbed, and function like the learning disabled?” (p. 1). The insights into the origins and manifestations of this intriguing disorder discussed in this book have numerous theoretical and practical implications for understanding the molecular genetic and neurophysiological underpinnings of cognition, language, and sociability.
Recent advances in quantitative Lorentz microscopy

Summary form only given. The characterization of the magnetic microstructure of modern magnetic materials is challenging. Among the many different methods currently in use Lorentz microscopy holds a special position because of its ability to directly visualize magnetic domains and domain walls with relatively high spatial resolution. While conventional Lorentz observation methods, such as Fresnel and Foucault modes, provide qualitative information on the position and geometry of magnetic domains, until recently there has been very little work in the area of quantitative Lorentz microscopy. In this contribution we will review the application of phase reconstruction methods based on the so-called Transport-of-Intensity Equation, this equation, first applied to Lorentz microscopy by Bajt et al. (Ultramicroscopy, vol.83, p.67-74 (2000)), expresses how the propagation of the phase /spl phi/(x, y) of the electron wave is related to the in-plane variations of its intensity I(x, y): /spl nabla//spl middot/[I(x, y)/spl nabla//spl phi/(x, y)]=-k/spl part//sub z/I(x, y), with k=2/spl pi///spl lambda/ the electron wave number, z the propagation direction, and /spl nabla/ the two-dimensional gradient operator. The right hand side of this equation can be derived from two experimental Fresnel images, for a 2/spl times/1 /spl mu/m Permalloy island. The gradient of the phase results in the in-plane integrated induction components multiplied by the local thickness We will compare this novel phase reconstruction method with other methods, in particular electron holography.
Muscle activation: the current status.

I was pleased to have been asked to organize a session in this Symposium for a number of reasons, some sentimental and some scientific. One of the sentimental ones is that Kacy Cole was one of my advisors in graduate school at the University of Chicago and I am grateful to him for the guidance he provided at that time. Kacy left Chicago before 1 finished my thesis work to become Technical Director of the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda, but we met again when I went there to take a postdoctoral fellowship with Manuel Morales, who introduced me to muscle cells. Kacy “welcomed me aboard” when I arrived, and I began a stay that lasted a number of happy years.
Gestational and tissue-specific regulation of C1C-2 chloride channel expression.

Chloride channels supply critical functions in epithelial cells throughout the body. Although function of the volume- and voltage-gated C1C-2 is uncertain, its wide tissue distribution of mRNA sugg...
Electronic Health Records and Patient Activation --- Their Interactive Role in Medication Adherence

We investigate the association between the use of Electronic Health Records EHR core functions in physician practices and medication adherence among chronically ill adults, as well as how patient activation moderates this relationship. Cross-sectional logistic regressions are conducted using data from the Aligning Forces for Quality Consumer Survey and the National Study of Small and Medium Physician Practices 2007---2009. Only 43i¾?% of the practices have a basic EHR. The use of electronic communication and connectivity is positively associated with medication adherence for patients who are highly activated, but the association is negative for less activated patients. EHR based interventions may need to be customized based on patient activation and other factors.
Sustenance organization and net migration in small Texas nonmetropolitan communities 1960-1980.

In this study we use the human ecological perspective to examine the relationships between six sustenance-organization activities and net migration in 1960-1970 and 1970-1980 in 116 relatively small Texas nonmetropolitan communities. The results support the human ecological perspective. Communities highly dependent on agriculture had lower net in-migration rates during the two periods than those relying more heavily on manufacturing and certain service activities. The communities sustenance activities are useful in explaining local net migration rates even after the sustenance activities of the surrounding areas have been taken into account. (EXCERPT)
Self-regulation of autoreactive kidney-infiltrating T cells in MRL-lpr nephritis.

Self-regulation of autoreactive kidney-infiltrating T cells in MRL- lpr nephritis. MRL- lpr kidney-infiltrating (KI) T cell clones (CD3+, TCR α/β+, B220+, CDA-, CD8-) are autoreactive, exclusively proliferate to renal tissues, and secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We now report that IFN-γ treatment of tubular epithelial cells (TEC) decreases their ability to induce KI T cell proliferation. The decreased ability of IFN-γ-treated TEC to induce T cell proliferation is evident by 24 hours and can be restored by re-exposure to TEC not treated with IFN-γ. IFN-γ-treated TEC supernatant does not diminish KI T cell proliferation and IFN-γ-treated TEC fixed with glutaraldehyde remain less capable of inducing KI T cell proliferation. Although we have not identified the TEC surface molecule(s) modified by IFN-γ, neither class I, class II, ICAM-1 nor IFN-γ bound to the surface of TEC are responsible. In conclusion, IFN-γ induces a surface alteration(s) on TEC capable of limiting their ability to induce KI T cell proliferation. The ability of autoreactive KI T cells to release IFN-γ represents a self-regulatory mechanism for limiting T cell expansion.
Serum enzyme studies in muscular dystrophy. III. Serum malic dehydrogenase, 5-nucleotidase and adenosine-triphosphatase.

Summary5-Nucleotidase and ATP-ase were not found to be elevated in subjects with either acute or chronic muscular dystrophy. Patients with severe generalized rapidly progressive (acute) dystrophy had high serum levels of malic dehydrogenase as well as GOT, GPT, LDH, and aldolase. The patients with mild restricted slowly progressive (chronic) dystrophy had normal serum levels of most of these enzymes except that aldolase was slightly elevated in a few cases. It is suggested that an increase in muscle membrane permeability, probably a secondary lesion, allows a continuous leakage of these enzymes. An additional defect may exist in the mitochondrial membrane to permit the escape of malic dehydrogenase.
Imaging features of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis

Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis is a rare, aggressive lymphatic disorder. The imaging and presenting features of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis can overlap with those of central conducting lymphatic anomaly and generalized lymphatic anomaly. To analyze the imaging findings of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis disorder and highlight features most suggestive of this diagnosis. We retrospectively identified and characterized 20 children and young adults with histopathological diagnosis of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis and radiologic imaging referred to the vascular anomalies center between 1995 and 2015. The median age at onset was 6.5 years (range 3 months to 27 years). The most common presenting features were respiratory compromise (dyspnea, cough, chest pain; 55.5%), swelling/mass (25%), bleeding (15%) and fracture (5%). The thoracic cavity was involved in all patients; all patients had mediastinal involvement followed by lung parenchymal disease (90%) and pleural (85%) and pericardial (50%) effusions. The most common extra-thoracic sites of disease were the retroperitoneum (80%), bone (60%), abdominal viscera (55%) and muscles (45%). There was characteristic enhancing and infiltrative soft-tissue thickening in the mediastinum and retroperitoneum extending along the lymphatic distribution. Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis has overlapping imaging features with central conducting lymphatic anomaly and generalized lymphatic anomaly. Presence of mediastinal or retroperitoneal enhancing and infiltrative soft-tissue disease along the lymphatic distribution, hemorrhagic effusions and moderate thrombocytopenia (50–100,000/μl) should favor diagnosis of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis.
Comb variations in the rabbit flea, Cediopsylla simplex (Baker).

Combs represent important taxonomic features of fleas. Most observations of flea combs have been made for taxonomic purposes. Despite their importance in the effective lodging and survival of fleas, intraspecific numerical and structural variations in combs as presented below have not been previously reported. Few publications deal with this subject and usually only on an interspecific level. Humphries (1966, Ent. Mon. Mag. 102 : 232–36) observed the close relationship between the spacing of pronotal spines of certain fleas and the diameter of their host hair as relating to the effective flea-hair locking mechanism. Hopkins (1957, Int. Symp. Specif. Parasitol. Parasites Vert.: 64–87) related the number of pronotal spines of bird and mammal fleas to host and ecological adaptations. Traub & Barrera (1966, J. Med. Ent. 3 : 127–45) related differences in genal and pronotal combs of shrew and mole fleas to convergent evolution. Traub (1968, J. Med. Ent. 5 : 375–404) correlated the adaptive shape of the pronotal spines of fleas with phylogeny, vestiture and habits of the host. Traub (1972, J. Med. Ent. 9 : 601) observed that fleas of nocturnal arboreal mammals, like bird fleas, “tend to have an unusually large number” of pronotal spines and that hyperdevelopment of spines and combs is characteristic of fleas “which would have a difficult time finding a new host if dislodged”.
Affix Meaning Knowledge in First Through Third Grade Students

Purpose We examined grade-level differences in 1st- through 3rd-grade students' performance on an experimenter-developed affix meaning task (AMT) and determined whether AMT performance explained unique variance in word-level reading and reading comprehension, beyond other known contributors to reading development. Method Forty students at each grade level completed an assessment battery that included measures of phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary, word-level reading, reading comprehension, and affix meaning knowledge. Results On the AMT, 1st-grade students were significantly less accurate than 2nd- and 3rd-grade students; there was no significant difference in performance between the 2nd- and 3rd-grade students. Regression analyses revealed that the AMT accounted for 8% unique variance of students' performance on word-level reading measures and 6% unique variance of students' performance on the reading comprehension measure, after age, phonological awareness, and receptive vocabulary were explai...
Distribution automation reliability analysis using Markov models

In the smart-grid era, distribution power systems are undergoing a great deal of renovation. Utilities, more than ever before, are adopting technologies that aim primarily at enhancing the reliability of the power delivery systems in a safe and sustainable manner. In this paper, we analyze the reliability enhancements that distribution automation technologies bring to power distribution systems. We offer a look at the reliability of three different utility power distribution system topologies: the first topology is a classical utility distribution feeder design where circuit reconfiguration and load transfer is only possible through manual field operations. In the second topology, a SCADA controlled switch replaces the manual switch in the first topology, where circuit reconfiguration and load transfer can be achieved quickly and remotely. In the third topology, automated SCADA controlled switches are installed on the distribution feeders, allowing automatic circuit reconfiguration and load transfer functionality. We evaluate and compare the performance of the three topologies using Markov models, computing in the process the key reliability and availability metrics.
Research Progress in Solidification Methods of Monotectic Alloys

The monotectic alloy systems are very useful alloys for potential industry use because they have special physical and mechanical properties,and have been investigated by many researchers.The main solidification and research methods are introduced systematically,the new progress in this research domain is concluded,the fabrication of homogeneous monotectic alloy under high magnetic field is introduced emphatically,the prospects of large volume homogeneous monotectic alloy fabricated under strong physical field are proposed,and the research prospect is pointed out.
The Energy Efficiency Gap in EPA’s Benefit-Cost Analysis of Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Regulations: A Case Study

Recent federal regulations require new light-duty vehicles to have lower greenhouse gas emissions and better fuel economy. This paper presents the reasoning used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its benefit-cost analysis of the standards. According to EPA, many available technologies could achieve these goals without affecting other vehicle qualities, and fuel savings would pay for the increased technology costs with short payback periods. This lack of market adoption of cost-effective energy-saving technologies has been termed the energy efficiency gap or energy efficiency paradox. It suggests that either there are additional costs, such as changes in vehicle qualities, not considered in cost estimates, or markets for energy-saving technologies are not achieving all cost-effective savings. EPA argued that, even if consumers do not accurately consider expected future fuel savings when buying new vehicles, consumers are projected to receive those savings; the latter measure should reflect the impacts of the rule on fuel expenditures. For the cost side, EPA used a measure of technology costs required to meet the standards while maintaining baseline (2008) vehicle attributes. Estimates of how these costs would be affected by changes in vehicle attributes were not included.
Prostate-specific antigen: a clinical and mathematical conundrum.

Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease that is characterized by a wide range of aggressiveness, ranging from the clinically irrelevant to the rapidly progressive, lethally metastatic. Since its introduction as a serum test in the late 1980s, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been increasingly promulgated as an important biomarker for prostate cancer, both for screening and as a monitoring tool for posttreatment recurrence of tumor. Yet, a variety of questions remain concerning these uses of serum PSA. Many of these questions relate to specificity for cancers that will cause clinical disease if not treated and the consequent “overdiagnosis” of possibly large numbers of patients. Numerous studies have attempted to answer these elusive questions, often with contradictory results.1,2 In this issue of the Journal, Vollmer3 tackles a question regarding the clinical use of serum PSA: if a patient enters the clinic with a serum PSA of x, what is the probability that he has prostate cancer? Following the traditional frequentist statistical approach, most studies have focused on quantifying the sensitivity and specificity of serum PSA as a biomarker of prostate cancer being present. However, few studies have approached the more clinically relevant question of determining the positive predictive value (PPV) in a cohort of patients in whom disease prevalence (in this case, prostate cancer) is already known. Vollmer attempts to improve the value of PSA screening by basing his analysis on large-scale databases and incorporating factors that include the underlying probability of the disease being present in the study population and false-positive rates.