cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced regional expression of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 with colocalized AP-1 and CYP 1A2 induction in chlorobenzene-induced porphyria.

Abstract A distinct, nonfocal expression pattern was observed for glutathione S -transferase P1-1 (rGSTP1-1) in rats exposed to either hexachloro- (HCB) or pentachlorobenzene (PeCB). The nonfocal expression was localized to the centrilobular region with the most intense staining nearest the central vein. A Western blot analysis revealed a 5- and 15-fold induction of rGSTP1-1 with PeCB and HCB treatment on an equal molar basis, respectively. Evaluation of porphyrin fluorescence also revealed a centrilobular accumulation with average porphyrin measurements of 0.319, 0.590, and 0.206 μg/g tissue for PeCB, HCB, and corn-oil controls, respectively. Due to the role of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) in rGSTP1-1 expression and CYP 1A2 in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda, immunohistochemical localization of c- jun, c- fos, and CYP 1A2 was also performed. Increased expression and colocalization within the liver lobule was observed for c- jun, c- fos, CYP 1A2, rGSTP1-1, and areas of porphyrin accumulation. These observations are consistent with studies that have associated the induction of GST-P with jun - and fos -related gene products.
Ionization Loss by μ Mesons in Helium

The ionization loss by cosmic-ray $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons in helium gas has been measured as a function of momentum. The ionization loss was determined with proportional counters and the momenta were measured by a magnetic spectrometer which resolved particles in the momentum region from 3.3 Bev/c to 140 Bev/c. It was found that helium gas at 2.7-atmospheres pressure exhibits a density-effect saturation of the most probable ionization loss and that this saturation is complete at a $\frac{p}{\ensuremath{\mu}c}$ value of about 200. Under the conditions of normalization used in this experiment, the value of the ionization loss at which the Fermi plateau occurs is 1.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 times the value at the minimum. This is in agreement with calculations based on the Sternheimer theory for the particular counter filling used in this experiment.
On the Vandermonde matrix

(1989). On the Vandermonde Matrix. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 10, pp. 921-924.
Sesquiterpene lactones and systematics of the genus Artemisia

Abstract The sesquiterpene lactones isolated from species in the genus Artemisia have been reviewed in an attempt to better understand the phylogeny and systematics of the four sections (subgenera), Abrotanum, Absinthium, Dracunculus and Seriphidium, proposed by Besser in 1829. The absence of hair on the receptacle is the only morphological characteristic separating species of Abrotanum from the species of Absinthium. There are no chemical characteristics segregating the species in these two subgenera since both produce eudesmanolides and guaianolides that are identical or biosynthetically similar. This suggests that the two subgenera could be combined into one (Artemisia) as proposed by Poljakov. The subgenus Seriphidium is composed of two geographical groups, one in the Old World and the other in the New World. The Old World species almost exclusively produce sesquiterpene lactones in the eudesmanolide class whereas the New World species (section Tridentatae) produce eudesmanolides and guaianolides, many of the latter being identical or structurally related to the sesquiterpene lactones in New World Abrotanum species. The chemical data in conjunction with geographic distributions suggest that the subgenus Seriphidium is polyphyletic and that the section Tridentatae originated from Abrotanum. Consequently, the Tridentate should be recognized as a subgenus separate and distinct from the Old World Seriphidium. There was insufficient information from the subgenus Dracunculus for interpretation.
How practice patterns in colon cancer patient follow-up are affected by surgeon age.

Background : Strategies for the follow-up of colon cancer patients after potentially curative treatment are known to vary widely. The optimal regimen remains unknown. We investigated whether the date of completion of formal surgical training affects choice of surveillance strategy. Methods : The 1070 members of the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) and the 1663 members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) were surveyed using a detailed questionnaire to measure how these surgical experts deal with colon cancer follow-up. Subjects were asked how they use nine specific follow-up modalities during years 1–5 following primary treatment for patients with colon cancer (TNM Stages I–III). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare practice patterns by TNM stage and year post-surgery, as well as by the year in which the surgeon's formal surgery training was completed. Results : Evaluable responses were received from 349 SSO members (33%) and 646 ASCRS members (39%). Few significant differences in follow-up practices were noted by training period, but follow-up for most of the nine modalities was highly correlated with TNM stage and year post-surgery, as expected. Conclusions : This analysis indicates that the post-treatment surveillance practice patterns of surgeons caring for patients with colon cancer do not vary substantially with practitioner age. The data provide credible evidence that postgraduate education is effective in homogenizing practitioner behaviour.
Lyotropic liquid-crystalline gel formation in a room-temperature ionic liquid.

Addition of water to 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide is shown to result in its spontaneous self-organization and the concomitant formation of a liquid-crystalline gel, thus providing a simple means of preparing a supramolecular assembly comprising a room-temperature ionic liquid.
Enhanced Evaporation of Small, Freely Falling Water Drops Due to Surface Contamination

Abstract Experimental evidence for enhanced evaporation of small (3–9 μ radius) water droplets is presented. Both “pure” droplets and droplets contaminated with surface active materials that were dropped into air of known relative humidity (96–99%) at an ambient temperature of 29.9C evaporated. The rates of evaporation were determined by photographing the evaporating drops, measuring the distance they fell during a fixed time interval, and applying Stokes law. The contaminated droplets exhibited a rate of evaporation approximately 1.8 μ2 sec−1 faster than the “pure” drops. This increase can be compared with rates for “pure” drops of 1.9 and 5.7 μ2 sec−1 at 0.1 and 0.3C dew point depressions, respectively. It is suggested that this phenomenon is caused by the ejection of tiny spurts of water from the drop, this action being a result of the presence of foreign molecules adsorbed on the surface.
Drug-associated renal dysfunction and injury

If detected early, damage to the kidneys caused by medications can be reversed in most instances. Physician awareness of which drugs have pathogenic potential is therefore essential. This article synthesizes current knowledge of the mechanisms by which commonly used drugs induce renal injury. Comprehensive summary tables that present the drug types associated with each mechanism, clinical findings and recommended management strategies are included. Renal dysfunction and injury secondary to medications are common, and can present as subtle injury and/or overt renal failure. Some drugs perturb renal perfusion and induce loss of filtration capacity. Others directly injure vascular, tubular, glomerular and interstitial cells, such that specific loss of renal function leads to clinical findings, including microangiopathy, Fanconi syndrome, acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, electrolyte abnormalities and chronic renal failure. Understanding the mechanisms involved, and recognizing the clinical presentations of renal dysfunction arising from use of commonly prescribed medications, are important if injury is to be detected early and prevented. This article reviews the clinical features and basic processes underlying renal injury related to the use of common drugs.
Content-based retrieval of color and multispectral images using joint spatial-spectral indexing

ABSTRACT A method based on the joint indexing of spatial and spectral information is presented for the purposes of content-based color and multispectral image retrieval. The image representation consists of hierarchical spatialstructuring along with feature extraction in localized regions of the image. The algorithm comprises of a quadtreebased image splitting method and a clustering technique to extract spectral information. It can support localizedqueries regarding either the colors or classes present in color and multispectral images. Experimental resultssuggest that the joint spatial and spectral indexing approach is a very flexible and efficient method for content-based queries in image database management.Keywords: color, multispectral, content-based retrieval, feature-based indexing, quadtree, clustering 1 INTRODUCTION Tremendous growth is expected in the amount of image data in several disciplines over the next few years. Forinstance, NASA satellites will download terabytes of hyperspectral data every day in the coming years. Similarly,digitized color images are commonly available nowadays either at distributed repositories over a network or forpurchase on media such as CD-ROMs. Efficient management of visual data is thus becoming very essential. Aflexible means of accessing desired images from a database or an archive is by the specification of it's content,a method which is termed as content-based retrieval. While "content" is definitely application dependent, thereare many common techniques which can be used to structure and analyze image data independent of the actualapplication domain. We present one such approach in this paper which is based on splitting of an image intoregular regions followed by feature extraction in these localized regions for color and multispectral images.
Perceptuomotor Coordination in Sighted Infants: Implications for Visually Impaired Children.

The goals of this paper are to review recent work on the early development of perceptuomotor coordination in sighted children and to consider the implications of this work for understanding the development of such coordination in the visually impaired. Three areas of perceptuomotor development are examined—namely, the development of the ability to (1) reach to objects, (2) explore objects once they have been attained, and (3) use actions to transform spatial relationships. Theoretical and applied issues are discussed in relation to developments in these areas.
Controlling the shape of a quantum wavefunction

The ability to control the shape and motion of quantum states1,2 may lead to methods for bond-selective chemistry and novel quantum technologies, such as quantum computing. The classical coherence of laser light has been used to guide quantum systems into desired target states through interfering pathways3,4,5. These experiments used the control of target properties — such as fluorescence from a dye solution6, the current in a semiconductor7,8 or the dissociation fraction of an excited molecule9 — to infer control over the quantum state. Here we report a direct approach to coherent quantum control that allows us to actively manipulate the shape of an atomic electron's radial wavefunction. We use a computer-controlled laser to excite a coherent state in atomic caesium. The shape of the wavefunction is then measured10 and the information fed back into the laser control system, which reprograms the optical field. The process is iterated until the measured shape of the wavefunction matches that of a target wavepacket, established at the start of the experiment. We find that, using a variation of quantum holography11 to reconstruct the measured wavefunction, the quantum state can be reshaped to match the target within two iterations of the feedback loop.
Improvisatory competence and the cueing of performance: The case of the commedia dell'Arte

The immediacy of improvisation, which collapses the distance between composition and performance, consistently undermines attempts to locate performative competence, even in so studied a case as the Commedia dell'Arte. However, by applying techniques of textual segmentation and oral discourse analysis to a sample passage of extant stage dialogues composed by Isabella Andreini, one of the first women on the European stage, certain patterns of improvisatory competence emerge. Although performance cues concerning space, props, and story are virtually absent, and deictic markers relatively simple, cues for discourse level and voice are elaborate, and point to a formulaic manipulation of rhythmic phrases and ideas common in the culture. Beyond its specific application to the 16th century Commedia dell'Arte, the results of this analysis argue that improvisatory competence in general is premeditated, based on culturally shared topoi, and profoundly social.
Penumbra maps: approximate soft shadows in real-time

Generating soft shadows quickly is difficult. Few techniques have enough exibility to interactively render soft shadows in scenes with arbitrarily complex occluders and receivers. This paper introduces the penumbra map, which extends current shadow map techniques to interactively approximate soft shadows. Using object silhouette edges, as seen from the center of an area light, a map is generated containing approximate penumbral regions. Rendering requires two lookups, one into each the penumbra and shadow maps. Penumbra maps allow arbitrary dynamic models to easily shadow themselves and other nearby complex objects with plausible penumbrae.
Mastery A Comparison of Wife and Daughter Caregivers of a Person With Dementia

Purpose: The purpose was to obtain a better understanding of the role of mastery (global and caregiving) in wives’ versus daughters’ experience of caring for a person with dementia. Method: A total...
A Memory Device Utilizing Resonant Tunneling in Nanocrystalline Silicon Superlattices

A quantum structure based on Si/SiO2 and fabricated using standard Si technology has strong potential for applications in non-volatile and scaled dynamic memories. Among standard requirements, such as long retention time and endurance, a structure utilizing resonant tunneling offers lower bias operation and faster write/read cycle. In addition, degradation effects associated with Fowlher-Nordheim (FN) hot electron tunneling can be avoided. Superlattices of nanometer size layers of silicon and silicon dioxide were obtained by sputtering. The size of the silicon nanocrystallites (nc-Si) is fixed by the thickness of the silicon layer which limits the size dispersion. A detailed analysis of the storage of charges in the dots, as a function of the nanocrystals size, is investigated using capacitance methods. Constant voltage and constant capacitance techniques are used to monitor the discharge of the structure. Room temperature non-volatile memory with retention times as long as months is evidenced.
Induction of striatal long-term synaptic depression by moderate frequency activation of cortical afferents in rat

The striatum regulates motor output, and it is thought that changes in the synaptic efficacy of inputs to the striatum contribute to motor learning and habit formation. Previously, several laboratories have observed that brief high frequency stimulation (HFS) of cortical afferents innervating the dorsolateral striatum induces a long-term decrease in synaptic efficacy called long-term depression (LTD). We recently showed that HFS-induced striatal LTD requires retrograde signalling involving postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids and activation of presynaptic CB1 cannabinoid receptors. In the present study we have employed whole-cell recording in brain slices to examine a new form of LTD at corticostriatal synapses that can be induced by a 10 Hz, 5 min train. The decrease in synaptic efficacy is associated with a decrease in presynaptic release probability, as demonstrated by a decrease in frequency but not amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and an increase in the paired pulse ratio (PPR). This form of LTD is blocked by antagonists for CB1 and D2 dopamine receptors and impaired by blockers of L-type calcium channels. However, 10 Hz-induced LTD does not depend on postsynaptic depolarization, unlike HFS-induced LTD. Furthermore, this new form of LTD is not prevented by treatments known to block HFS-induced LTD, including antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), chelation of postsynaptic calcium, or intracellular application of an anandamide membrane transport inhibitor (VDM11). From these findings it is not clear that the endocannabinoid responsible for this form of LTD acts in a retrograde fashion, and the cellular source of endocannabinoid necessary for 10 Hz-induced LTD is as yet unknown. Our results demonstrate that a prolonged moderate frequency train induces cannabinoid-dependent LTD, further supporting the idea that endocannabinoids play a prominent role in the regulation of long-lasting changes in striatal output.
Mass Transport within Soils

Mass Transport within Soils Thomas E. McKone University of California, School of Public Health Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory Berkeley, CA, USA March 2009 The author of this chapter was supported in part by the US Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory through Interagency Agreement #DW-89-93058201-1 with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory through the US Department of Energy under Contract Grant No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Clinical trial endpoints: angiograms, events, and plaque instability

Clinical trials provide evidence on methods for risk assessment of coronary artery disease and on interventions used to decrease risk. Plaque rupture, which leads to either progression of coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, is the critical biologic event in the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis that leads to morbidity and mortality. Trials with endpoints of myocardial infarction and death provide direct information on the effect of intervention on morbidity and mortality, but these trials require extremely large sample sizes and long duration. To obtain clinical information more quickly and with fewer patients, investigators have conducted trials using surrogate endpoints that examine the effect of treatment on the underlying disease process through measures of atherosclerotic lesion progression and/or regression and new lesion development. Coronary angiography studies have consistently shown that lipid-modifying therapy decreases coronary artery disease progression. The correlation between rate of progression of coronary artery disease and clinical coronary events such as myocardial infarction and coronary death may be explained by the relation of both to the biologic process of plaque rupture and thrombosis.
Isolation of Ribosome Particles from Meningopneumonitis Organisms

In ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted by phenol and sodium dodecyl sulfate from purified reticulate bodies of meningopneumonitis (MP) organisms, 21S, 16S, and 4S RNA were found by sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis. When purified reticulate bodies were homogenized by sonic treatment or by treatment with sodium deoxycholate and were fractionated by differential centrifugation, more than 50% of the RNA was recovered in the fraction which was sedimented by centrifugation at 105,000 × g for 2 hr, but not at 13,000 × g for 20 min. From homogenates prepared in this manner, 50S and 30S particles containing RNA were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These 50S and 30S particles were also found in lysates of cytoplasmic fractions of infected cells which were labeled by 32P during 17 to 17.5 hr or 15 to 18 hr after infection. The synthesis of 50S and 30S particles was not inhibited by actinomycin D. When infected cells were homogenized in the presence of 0.01 or 0.02 m MgCl2, 70S particles were isolated instead of 50S and 30S particles. When dialyzed against low concentrations of MgCl2, the 70S particles dissociated to 50S and 30S particles. The base ratio of the 70S particles is very similar to that of 16S plus 21S RNA. The characteristics of the 70S, 50S, and 30S particles suggest that these are ribosome particles, similar to bacterial ribosomes.
VariaSim: simulating circuits and systems in the presence of process variability

In this paper, we present VariaSim, the publicly available Static Statistical Timing Analysis (SSTA) Tool from Duke University. VariaSim enables researchers to analyze the impact of CMOS process variability on the behavior of circuits and systems.
An algorithm with real-time response for avoiding moving obstacles

A method is presented for modeling the trajectories of a robot and obstacles in three spaces (x, y, and time) such that potential collisions can be detected in a direct manner; no a priori knowledge of the obstacle's trajectory is required. Having determined that a collision will occur, a method for avoiding such collisions by altering the time and space trajectory for the robot is presented. The modeling has been intentionally designed to be succinct enough that the collision avoidance algorithm can run in real-time, thus making it suitable for inclusion as part of a robot navigation system for a real mobile robot. Results of simulations are presented and discussed. >
Learning and sharing in a changing world: Non-Bayesian restless bandit with multiple players

We consider decentralized restless multi-armed bandit problems with unknown dynamics and multiple players. The reward state of each arm transits according to an unknown Markovian rule when it is played and evolves according to an arbitrary unknown random process when it is passive. Players activating the same arm at the same time collide and suffer from reward loss. The objective is to maximize the long-term reward by designing a decentralized arm selection policy to address unknown reward models and collisions among players. A decentralized policy is constructed that achieves a regret with logarithmic order. The result finds applications in communication networks, financial investment, and industrial engineering.
Thomas Hobbes's “highway to peace”

It is widely agreed that the work of Thomas Hobbes established and continues to nourish the tradition of “realism” in international political theory. But this association is in many ways paradoxical, and above all because Hobbes's avowed purpose was to “show us the highway to peace.” It is usually assumed that he aimed exclusively at internal peace while resigning himself to permanent rivalry among states, but there are a good many indications that this may not be an adequate interpretation. Hobbes devoted substantial effort to explicating several modifications of the inherited intellectual tradition, in both politics and education, that seem to have been intended to promote beneficial effects in interstate relations. When these substantive aims are taken into account, rather different lessons seem to emerge. One, in particular, is that it may be misleading to think of the Hobbesian tradition as one of realism.
Epileptic spasms in tuberous sclerosis complex

Summary Purpose To characterize epileptic spasms (ES) occurring after the age of two years in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), particularly treatment response to vigabatrin (VGB), which is extremely effective for infantile spasms (IS) in TSC. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 19 patients with TSC and ES. Medical records were assessed for clinical and treatment data, neurocognitive, EEG, MRI data, and genetic analyses. Results Of 391 patients with TSC, 19 (4.8%) had ES. Of those with detailed clinical data, six had infantile spasms that persisted after 2 years old, six recurred after an initial remission of infantile spasms (range 2–24 years old), and four occurred de novo over the age of two (range 2–20 years old). All concurrently had other seizure types. One had hypsarrhythmia on EEG. All had brain MRI stigmata typical of TSC. Thirteen had a mutation in TSC2 , and one in TSC1 . Six patients became spasm-free with medication treatment, including four with VGB, one with VGB in combination with the low glycemic index dietary treatment, and one with felbamate. Five became spasm-free after epilepsy surgery. VGB was not effective for seven patients. The majority continued to have refractory epilepsy. Conclusions ES are not uncommon in patients with TSC, especially those with TSC2 mutations. ES in TSC occur in the setting of other seizure types and refractory epilepsy. Hypsarrhythmia is rare. VGB can be effective, but the success of VGB for ES in TSC is not equivalent to that of IS in TSC.
VX-950, a Novel Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3-4A Protease Inhibitor, Exhibits Potent Antiviral Activities in HCV Replicon Cells

The NS3-4A serine protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is essential for viral replication and therefore has been one of the most attractive targets for developing specific antiviral agents against HCV. VX-950, a highly selective, reversible, and potent peptidomimetic inhibitor of the HCV NS3-4A protease, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of hepatitis C. In this report, we describe the in vitro characterization of anti-HCV activities of VX-950 in subgenomic HCV replicon cells. Incubation with VX-950 resulted in a time- and dose-dependent reduction of HCV RNA and proteins in replicon cells. Moreover, following a 2-week incubation with VX-950, a reduction in HCV RNA levels of 4.7 log(10) was observed, and this reduction resulted in elimination of HCV RNA from replicon cells, since there was no rebound in replicon RNA after withdrawal of the inhibitor. The combination of VX-950 and alpha interferon was additive to moderately synergistic in reducing HCV RNA in replicon cells with no significant increase in cytotoxicity. The benefit of the combination was sustained over time: a 4-log(10) reduction in HCV RNA level was achieved following a 9-day incubation with VX-950 and alpha interferon at lower concentrations than when either VX-950 or alpha interferon was used alone. The combination of VX-950 and alpha interferon also suppressed the emergence of in vitro resistance mutations against VX-950 in replicon cells.
Relationships and Responsibilities

This commentary on Bryan Brayboy's 2011 Presidential address to the Council on Anthropology & Education focuses on the concepts and performance embedded in Dr. Brayboy's demonstration of “how his stories are his theories.” Central concepts are academic life in a neoliberal world driven by the myth of disinterested markets, CAE's clear mission of social justice, and the application of an indigenous notion of stewardship to guide our relationships and responsibilities to one another.
Use of the Large Space Telescope for Infrared Observations

It is appropriate that a discussion of the infrared capabilities of the (L)ST follows one about the IRAS since the (L)ST bears much the same symbiotic relationship to IRAS as the 200-inch Hale Telescope does to the 48-inch telescope which performed the complete optical survey of the sky.
A fully autonomous indoor mobile robot using SLAM

This paper presents a complete Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) solution for indoor mobile robots, addressing feature extraction, autonomous exploration and navigation using the continuously updating map. The platform used is Pioneer PeopleBot equipped with SICK Laser Measurment System (LMS) and odometery. Our algorithm uses Hough Transform to extract the major representative features of indoor environment such as lines and edges. Localization is accomplished using Relative Filter which depends directly on the perception model for the correction of error in the robot state. Our map for localization is in the form of a landmark network whereas for navigation we are using occupancy grid. The resulting algorithm makes the approach computationally lightweight and easy to implement. Finally, we present the results of testing the algorithm in Player/Stage as well as on PeopleBot in our Robotics and Control Lab.
Theoretical simulation of temperature elevations in a joint wear simulator during rotations

The objective of this study is to develop a theoretical model to simulate temperature fields in a joint simulator for various bearing conditions using finite element analyses. The frictional heat generation rate at the interface between a moving pin and a stationary base is modeled as a boundary heat source. Both the heat source and the pin are rotating on the base. We are able to conduct a theoretical study to show the feasibility of using the COMSOL software package to simulate heat transfer in a domain with moving components and a moving boundary source term. The finite element model for temperature changes agrees in general trends with experimental data. Heat conduction occurs primarily in the highly conductive base component, and high temperature elevation is confined to the vicinity of the interface in the pin. Thirty rotations of a polyethylene pin on a cobalt-chrome base for 60 s generate more than 2.26 °C in the temperature elevation from its initial temperature of 25 °C at the interface in a baseline model with a rotation frequency of 0.5 Hz. A higher heat generation rate is the direct result of a faster rotation frequency associated with intensity of exercise, and it results in doubling the temperature elevations when the frequency is increased by100%. Temperature elevations of more than 7.5 °C occur at the interface when the friction force is tripled from that in the baseline model. The theoretical modeling approach developed in this study can be used in the future to test different materials, different material compositions, and different heat generation rates at the interface under various body and environmental conditions.
Seeking the ultimate and proximate causes of Volvox multicellularity and cellular differentiation

Volvox and its relatives provide an exceptional model for integrative studies of the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. The volvocine algae range in complexity from unicellular Chlamydomonas through several colonial genera with a single cell type, to multicellular Volvox with its germ-soma division of labor. Within the monophyletic family Volvocaceae, several species of Volvox have evolved independently in different lineages, the ultimate cause presumably being the advantage that large size and cellular differentiation provide in competing for limiting resources such as phosphorous. The proximate causes of this type of evolutionary transition are being studied in V. carteri. All volvocine algae except Volvox exhibit biphasic development: cells grow during a motile, biflagellate phase, then they lose motility and divide repeatedly during the reproductive phase. In V. carteri three kinds of genes transform this ancestral biphasic program into a dichotomous one that generates non-motile reproductive cells and biflagellate somatic cells with no reproductive potential: first the gls genes act in early embryos to cause asymmetric division and production of large-small sister-cell pairs; then lag genes act in the large cells to repress the biflagellate half of the ancestral program, while regA acts in the small cells to repress the reproductive half of the program. Molecular-genetic analysis of these genes is progressing, as will be illustrated with regA, which encodes a transcription factor that acts in somatic cells to repress nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins. Repression of chloroplast biogenesis prevents these obligately photoautotrophic cells from growing, and since they cannot grow, they cannot reproduce.
Ludwig M. Lachmann Against the Cambridge School

While in the early 1930s Keynes and Hayek were the major figures in a heated academic debate about money and capital, in which Keynes also and especially involved the Italian Piero Sraffa, it might seem at first sight that the Austrian economist set aside an organic demolition of the ideas expressed in 1936 by his rival in the General Theory . Hayek himself, in the future, would regret not having devoted an organic work to criticising the new Keynesian theories. However, as demonstrated in Sanz Bas (2011), although it is not possible to find a debate such as the one on the Treatise on Money , Hayekâ€™s subsequent works do include timely and reasoned criticisms as regards the main conclusions of the new Cambridge macroeconomics. But the â€˜Austrian knightâ€™ of a new Vienna-Cambridge debate, in the subsequent decades, was the German economist Ludwig M. Lachmann (1906-1990), a student of Hayek at LSE during the 1930s and later a professor in Johannesburg and New York. Lachmann was one of the protagonists of the Austrian revival after 1974 and the founding leader of the â€˜hermeneutic streamâ€™, opposed by the Rothbardian stream. Lachmann, defending Keynesâ€™s subjectivism and expectation theory, revived the Vienna-Cambridge controversy, criticising not Keynes but his followers, in particular the â€˜newâ€™ Cambridge School, developed by Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa. Lachmannâ€™s life sight was to build a new economics paradigm, centred on the idea of market process, expectations and kaleidic society (Shackle); in order to do so he developed a deep attack toward the new Cambridge macroeconomics mainstream, arising from World War II ashes during the 1950s and 1960s. His polemic toward the â€˜modernâ€™ macroeconomics can be read in all his books and papers, but it is particularly evident in Lachmann (1973, [1986a] 1994). His preferred targets were Sraffa and Joan Robinson, â€˜guiltyâ€™, according to Lachmann, to overcome Keynesâ€™s subjectivism and to develop a new Neo-Ricardian approach. The resulting macroeconomics is accused to be excessively formalist, ignoring the microfoundations that are at the very root of human action and choice. But Lachmannâ€™s attack was not only an epistemological one. He intensively tried to demolish all the pillars of the Cambridge macroeconomics: capital as aggregate, long run equilibrium, the absence of innovation and technological change and the conception of rate of profit. His starting point was an economics based on human expectations as the only possible source of human actions. A source, however, never at rest, and continuously influenced by technological change and changing information.
Use of backrest elevation in critical care: a pilot study

Background Use of lower backrest positions occurs frequently and is a factor in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Objectives To determine the usual bed elevation and backrest position in a medical intensive care unit and their relationship to hemodynamic status and enteral feeding. Methods Data were collected in a 12-bed medical respiratory intensive care unit for 2 months. A protractor was used to measure the elevation of the head of the bed. Hemodynamic status was defined by systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure measurements retrieved from each patient's flow sheet. Results The sample included 347 measurements of 52 patients. Mean backrest elevation was 22.9 degrees, and 86% of patients were supine. Backrest position differed significantly (P = .005) among nursing shifts (days, evenings, nights) but not for systolic (r = -0.04, P = .49), diastolic (r = 0.01, P = .83), or mean arterial blood pressure (r = -0.01, P = .84). Backrest elevation did not differ significantly between patients who were receiving enteral feedings and patients who were not (P = .23) or between patients receiving intermittent versus continuous nutrition (P = .22). Conclusions Use of higher levels of backrest elevation (> or = 30 degrees) is minimal and is not related to use of enteral feeding or to hemodynamic status. The rationale for using lower backrest positions for critically ill patients may be based on convenience, the patient's comfort, or usual patterns in the unit. However, the dangers of supine positioning and its relationship to aspiration and ventilator-associated pneumonia should not be minimized.
Occurrence of and Risk Factors for Ocular Hypertension and Secondary Glaucoma in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-associated Uveitis.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To describe the incidence of ocular hypertension (OHT) and secondary glaucoma (SG) in JIA-associated uveitis, identify risk factors for development of these complications, and describe their effect on visual outcomes.Methods: A retrospective cohort of 108 patients (196 eyes) with JIA-associated uveitis seen over 30 years at an academic practice.Results: Of examined eyes, 40% had OHT or SG at presentation. These eyes had a nearly three-fold higher incidence of legal blindness during follow-up, compared with eyes without OHT or SG. An additional 41 eyes developed OHT or SG during follow-up. Presenting with anterior uveitis, active inflammation, and using systemic corticosteroids were risk factors for developing OHT, while use of immunosuppressive medication at presentation reduced this risk. Risk factors for developing SG included anterior uveitis and use of systemic corticosteroids.Conclusions: OHT and SG were common in patients with JIA-associated uveitis. Use of immunosuppressive drugs m...
Chemical Nature of the Reynals Spreading Factor from Mammalian Testicle

ConclusionElectrodialysis appears to be a very promising method for the purification of the Reynals spreading factor.
Redetermination and absolute configuration of berkeleydione

The crystal structure of the title compound, berkeleydione [systematic name; (5aS,7R,9S,11R,11aS)-methyl 9-hy­droxy-1,1,5,7,9,11a-hexa­methyl-14-methyl­idene-3,8,10-trioxo-1,3,4,5a,6,7,8,9,10,11,11a,12-dodeca­hydro-7,11-methano­cycloocta­[4,5]cyclo­hepta­[1,2-c]pyran-11-carboxyl­ate], C26H32O7, has been reported previously [Stierle et al. (2004). Org. Lett. 6, 1049–1052]. However, the absolute configuration could not be determined from the data collected with Mo Kα radiation and has now been determined by refinement of the Flack parameter with data collected using Cu Kα radiation. It is in agreement with the previous circular dichroism assignment, and the crystal packing is similar to that described previously.
Reducing the “Stress”: Antioxidative Therapeutic and Material Approaches May Prevent Intracortical Microelectrode Failure

Despite the promising potential of intracortical microelectrodes, current designs suffer from short functional lifetimes, due in large part to the neuroinflammatory response to the implanted devices. An increasing body of literature is beginning to link neuroinflammatory-mediated oxidative damage to both the loss of neuronal structures around the implanted microelectrodes, and the degradation/corrosion of electrode materials. The goal of this viewpoint paper was to summarize the current progress toward understanding the role of oxidative damage to neurons and microelectrodes. Further, we seek to highlight the initial antioxidative approaches to mitigate oxidative damage, as well as suggest how current advances in macromolecular science for various applications may play a distinct role in enabling intracortical microelectrodes as reliable choices for long-term neuroprosthetic applications.
Realization of the Data Communication Interface Plan by Object Name

The design philosophy and implementation method of the data communication interface plan by object name are described in this paper.The plan expands DL476-92protocol's APDU(Application protocol dataunit) andaddsthe data block types,such as the block of object name parameter,etc based on DL476-92 protocol.The automatic mapping of the bilateral communication object ID(databaserecord keyword)on low layer and the user's interface of communication by object name on high layer are realized by the parameter initialization processing.The processing is transparency to user.The plan has been widely applied in many provincial EMS interconnection projects,such as Guizhou,Hebei,etc and achieved very satisfactory results.
Psychological Trap in Information Disclosure System and the Way to Avoid It

In current information disclosure regime,information is required to be disclosed in a standard form so as to enable investors to compare the products issued by different financial providers.The motivation of regulators is good and should have been appreciated by investors.However,things are not as good as expected.The author calls for regulator to seriously deliberate on the question of why autonomous investors seem to be manipulated by someone to believe in the correctness of the rating without any doubt on its credibility.Psychologically speaking,information disclosure indeed does some good to investors.However,it is also true that there are some flaws in it,especially when it comes to the way the information is presented.The information disclosure also has misleading effect that may lead to investors' misunderstanding about it.The institutional investors cannot be relied on to address the problem caused by retail investors who usually are deemed as irrational.They are strongly influenced by social factors so that they cannot redress the deviation of asset price.Actually Their behavior does not only undermine the efficiency of market prices,but also underscores the limitations of disclosure,as it shows that peer pressure and other survival concerns and not new information are the decisive factor in traders behavior.
New Parameter for Detecting Isthmus Location in Ventricular Tachycardia Caused by a Re-Entrant Circuit.

A new parameter has been developed for the identification of the isthmus of the re-entrant circuit causing ventricular tachycardia. The parameter, termed simultaneous amplitude frequency electrogram transformation (SAFE-T), works by determining the instantaneous frequency and the instantaneous
Complications of Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty

A 68-year-old man with a recent history of new-onset angina and a positive stress thallium showing a reversible anterior defect underwent coronary angiography. The angiogram demonstrated a high-grade stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (Figure 4-1). Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was attempted using a 2.5 × 15-mm Maverick-2 coronary angioplasty balloon (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) over a Whisper 0.014″/190-cm coronary guidewire (Cordis, Miami Lakes, FL). One inflation was performed at 8 atm, yielding the results shown in Figure 4-2. An intravascular ultrasound (Figure 4-3, see color plate, part B) was performed to further investigate the angiographic lesion and a coronary artery dissection was confirmed. A 3.0 × 18-mm Express-2 stent (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) was deployed and yielded an excellent result; no residual dissection was indicated (Figure 4-4) and the patient did well. Open image in new window Figure 4-1. High-grade left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis (arrow) in a 68-year-old man. Open image in new window Figure 4-2. Left anterior descending coronary artery with type B dissection postangiosplasty. Note double lumen (arrow) without flow compromise. Open image in new window Figure 4-3. (A) Intravascular ultrasound of LAD dissection postangioplasty; (B) schematic represention; (C) angiographic comparison. (See color plate, part B only.) Open image in new window Figure 4-4. Left anterior descending coronary artery after stenting (arrow).
Atrial Septal Defect

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is the third most common congenital heart defect. This chapter describes the clinical presentation and unique characteristics of ASD. It is important to recognize specific auscultative findings such as the fixed split S2, which is pathognomonic for ASD. This may be accompanied by a systolic flow murmur or an S3 heart sound, but these are more nonspecific findings. Other times patients can present with dyspnea or palpitations. This paper highlights the EKG and radiographic findings that are often used for diagnosis in conjunction with the physical exam. This paper also discusses ASD as a primary manifestation and as a part of a clinical syndrome. Additional physical exam findings are highlighted that should not be missed in patients with ASD. Finally, management of a patient with ASD including surgical correction is outlined as determined by certain characteristics including the size of the defect.
Optimal Control of ODE Systems with Hysteresis Nonlinearities

It is well known that many dynamical systems exhibit hysteresis behaviour in one way or another. Usually this is connected to some memory mechanism present within the system. Within a mathematical model, such a mechanism either can be built in explicitly, or it can be an implicit consequence of the model equations. The former approach has been pursued by Krasnoselskii and several collaborators: They define an operator W, which maps a scalar input function \(x = x(t)\) to a scalar output function \(y = y(t)\) $$y(t) = (Wx)(t),$$ by a three-step procedure which formalizes the intuitive content of figure 1.
Maternal Depression and Parent Management Training Outcomes

This study examines the impact of maternal depression on reductions in children's behavior problems severity following implementation of the Brief Behavioral Intervention-a brief, manualized parent management training treatment. The parents of 87 children aged 2-6 years of age received parent management training at a metropolitan hospital. Parents of participants completed measures of externalizing behavior and maternal depression. The association between pre-post treatment change in externalizing behavior and maternal depression was examined using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. Results showed that self-reported maternal depressive symptoms at pre-treatment negatively influenced the overall magnitude of reduction of reported externalizing behaviors in children following treatment. Results indicate that aspects of family functioning not specifically targeted by parent management training, such as maternal depression, significantly affect treatment outcomes. Clinicians providing parent management training may benefit from assessing for maternal depression and modifying treatment as indicated.
Micropropagation of Cannabis sativa L.—An Update

Cannabis is one of the oldest economically important plant yielding fiber, food and medicine. It is a natural source of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). These two molecules have a tremendous therapeutic potential and commercial value in the pharmaceutical area. Cannabis is a highly heterozygous species. Being dioceous (male and female flowers appear on two different plants) and wind pollinated species, it is difficult to maintain the chemical profile of biomass product, if grown from seed. Plant to plant variation is observed even though plants are grown from seeds obtained from a single female plant. Therefore, to maintain consistency in the end product, elite female plants are screened and multiplied using vegetative propagation and/or tissue culture. Micro propagation can play a vital role in the conservation of elite Cannabis clones and rapid multiplication of novel germplasm. On the other hand, it can also be used in genetic modification for the enhanced cannabinoid production. Research on in vitro propagation of Cannabis has resulted in the development of protocols for callus production, cell suspension cultures, agrobacterium mediated hairy root cultures and regeneration of plants. This chapter provides an overview of in vitro propagation of Cannabis and addresses the current applications of modern biotechnology in propagation of elite Cannabis plants.