cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productive Misunderstandings and the Dynamism of Plural Medicine in Mid-Century Bechuanaland

This article explores innovation in Tswana medicine (bongaka), and examines the effects of language translation in a plural medical world. Since practitioners and patients of bongaka locate medical authority in the language of ‘tradition’, innovation is often hidden under a gloss of semantic continuity that locates knowledge as ancient and immutable; yet Tswana medicine has changed over time, as all medical systems do. Bongaka embraces a historically fluid nosology, and diagnostic logic that attends to social circumstances and bodily symptoms simultaneously. This enables local medical epistemology to incorporate novel ideas and biological events within a larger framework that reinforces the over-arching unity of the bodily, ecological, and social realms – all of which are in flux. The discussion focuses on Tswana diagnostics and epidemiology in post-Second World War southeastern Bechuanaland, where increasingly pervasive experiences of particular forms of bodily misfortune merged with trends in women's ex...
Exploiting bacterial drug resistance: a single construct for the diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant infections

β-lactamase enzyme-activated photosensitizer (β-LEAP). We aim to exploit drug resistance mechanisms to selectively release photosensitizers (PSs) for a specific photodynamic antimicrobial effect and reduced host tissue damage. Consequently, the fluorescence emission intensity of the PSs increases and allows for the detection of enzyme activity. In this work we sought to evaluate β-LEAP for use as a sensitive molecular probe. We have reported the enzyme specific antibacterial action of β-LEAP. Here we report the use of β-LEAP for the rapid functional definition of a β-lactamase.
Obtaining life table data from cohort analyses: A critique of current methods1

Methods for estimating zooplankton instar development rates and survivorships from cohort analyses are often based on two equations that are correct only under limited and ecologically unrealistic conditions. We derive more general forms of the two equations and show that, using them, development times and survivorships cannot both be calculated from the information available in a single cohort analysis.
A NEW COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE WITH INDOXYL PHOSPHATE.

Abstract A new colorimetric method for alkaline phosphatase has been developed with indoxyl phosphate as a chromogenic substrate. The indoxyl liberated by enzymic hydrolysis is oxidized to the blue indigo in presence of air. The measurement of the colored dye is made possible by the use of polyvinyl alcohol as a protective colloid. Kinetic study of this substrate supported most of its known advantages for histochemical purposes. Free formaldehyde, when present, inhibits the oxidation, but formaldehydereacted alkaline phosphatase remains active for this substrate.
Noise, feedback training, and visual inspection performance

Abstract Feedback or knowledge of results which provides inspectors information on output measures (errors, times) has consistently shown to have a positive effect on inspection performance. However, when feedback training is conducted off-line in a controlled environment, the improvements attributed to training may not transfer to the criterion task in a ‘real-world’ setting. A reason for failure to transfer could be that the various environmental factors which impact inspection and which exist in real-world environments are often missing under training conditions. A primary environmental factor known to affect inspection performance is industrial noise. This study investigated the transfer effects of feedback training and practice provided under various conditions of noise on to a criterion inspection task performed under various noise conditions. Thirty-six subjects, randomly assigned to one of the six different training conditions, performed a line judgement task wherein the training conditions were manipulated between the subjects. Subsequently, results were interpreted using a model of signal detection theory.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of herpes simplex virus (type 1) in trigeminal ganglion neurons.

Four days after corneal inoculation of mice with herpes simplex (type 1) virus (HSV), infected trigeminal ganglion cells with and without calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antigenicity were examined by electron microscopy in sections treated with colloidal gold labeled antibodies. Cells that contain CGRP were identified by the dense gold labeling of small vesicles about 100 nm in diameter. Adjacent thin sections were stained using an indirect colloidal gold immunocytochemical technique to reveal HSV-1 antigens. In CGRP-positive neurons, HSV antigens were located over both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. HSV label was found over cytoplasmic vesicles that were significantly larger than those labeled with anti-CGRP antisera; the HSV-containing vesicles ranged in profile diameter from less than 170 to greater than 400 nm. There was no overlap in the distribution of the two labels. Thus, for this time period, the organelles involved in transport of the endogenous neuropeptide and HSV appear to remai...
Knot formation at the mid portion of an indwelling ureteral stent.

Indwelling ureteral stents are commonly used in the management of upper urinary tract obstruction. A rare complication is the knotting of an indwelling ureteral stent at its proximal coiled end. 13 We report a case in which a complete knot was found in the middle of an indwelling ureteral stent, a finding that to our knowledge has not been described previously. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old female presented with an infected, partially obstructing 8 5 mm. stone at the right ureteropelvic junction. The patient was treated with antibiotics and underwent stent placement to decompress the infected kidney. Physical examination was notable for a large cystocele at the introitus. As a result the ureteral orifices could be identified cystoscopically only after manual transvaginal elevation of the prolapsed bladder. A 6Fr open-ended ureteral catheter was positioned at the right ureteral orifice and a 0.035-inch Bentson guide wire (Cook Urological, Spencer, Indiana) was advanced into the renal pelvis. The stone was dislodged by the advancing guide wire and ultimately settled in the lower pole of the collecting system. A 7Fr 24 cm. Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) was placed over the guide wire. Fluoroscopically the proximal end coiled appropriately in the renal pelvis and the distal end was seen coiled in the bladder under direct cystoscopic examination. The patient quickly improved. Following a 2-week course of antibiotics she underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (Lithostar, Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., Iselin, New Jersey), which resulted in excellent stone fragmentation. At the time of lithotripsy the stent was noted to have migrated into the proximal ureter. After lithotripsy the stent was cystoscopically visualized and removed intact without difficulty using endoscopic grasping forceps. Examination of the stent revealed a knot in its mid portion (see figure). DISCUSSION
Mitochondrial events during development of thermogenesis in Sauromatum guttatum (Schott)

Changes in the mitochondrial electrontransport chain were followed in the thermogenic inflorescence ofSauromatum guttatum Schott from 5d before thermogenesis to 3d thereafter. The capacities of the alternative and cytochrome pathways of mitochondrial electron transport were found to be developmentally coordinated to contribute to the thermogenic events in the appendix and the sterile floral regions. Electron flow through the alternative pathway, is believed primarily responsible for heat production, and this pathway was expressed to the highest degree in both tissues during thermogenesis. In the appendix, the cytochrome chain was shut down considerably during thermogenesis, forcing electron flow through the alternative pathway and thus yielding maximum heat production. The shut-down of the cytochrome chain does not occur in the sterile floral region which may explain why this region is not as thermogenic as the appendix. Cytochrome-oxidase difference spectra indicated that the cytochrome oxidase of appendix mitochondria was not capable of accepting electrons on the day of thermogenesis, and that this capacity was partially restored by the following day even though the tissue was senescing at this time point. Relative levels of messenger RNAs for cytochrome-oxidase subunits I and II were found to decrease the day before thermogenesis, which could result in lower levels of these proteins in appendix mitochondria on the day of thermogenesis. The capacity for overall mitochondrial protein synthesis was also investigated and was found to drop continuously from 5d before thermogenesis to 3d thereafter, even though the capacities of the electron-transport chain were changing dramatically. The levels of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA levels decreased during development, which could explain the overall drop in mitochondrial translational efficiency. Experiments concerning the synthesis of the alternative-oxidase proteins indicated that they were most likely nuclearly encoded, and that their expression could be induced by salicylic acid.
A new method for determining peak absorbance of dense pigment samples and its application to the cone oil droplets ofEmydoidea blandingii

Abstract A new method measures the spectral absorption of small volume samples having peak optical densities ( D p ) too high (up to 50 and higher) to be measured by standard direct or indirect methods. This method specifically corrects for the effect on the microspectrophotometer (MSP) of wavelength-independent light which bypasses the sample. The method involves: (1) measuring by MSP the long wavelength cutoff of the dense samples and the absorption spectrum of thinned samples of the same pigment, (2) calculating D p from these. The method's application is illustrated for the colored oil droplets in the retinal cones of the turtle, Emydoidea blandingii .
MANAGING EMPLOYEES IN THE SERVICE SECTOR: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Our economy is slowly shifting from a manufacturing base to a service base. Yet, management literature has been slow to respond. We know little about the unique challenges faced by managers in the service sector. This paper reviews literature on research on management practice and employee perceptions that lead to positive customer outcomes. Specifically, relational coordination efforts by a manager are suggested to lead to specific employee behaviors that have been correlated with customer outcomes. This literature review and conceptual development are presented here in hopes that future research will take a deeper look at the challenges faced by service sector managers.
Inhibitory and facilitatory areas of the ventral midbrain mediating release of corticotropin in the cat.

To examine the role of the ventral midbrain in the control of release of ACTH, we stimulated electrically 92 sites in the mesencephalon of 15 cats anesthetized with chloralose/urethane. Responses of arterial pressure could not account for change of release of ACTH. Three active areas were identified. First, in a dorsal facilitatory area that includes the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, electrical stimulation led to changes in ACTH of +106, +117, and +90 pg/ml at 1.5, 3.5, and 6.5 min, respectively (P < 0.05). Second, in a more ventral inhibitory area that includes the mammillary peduncle, electrical stimulation led to changes in ACTH of -63, -72, and -47 pg/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). Third, in a ventral facilitatory area that includes the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, electrical stimulation led to changes in ACTH of +57, +56, and +59 pg/ml, respectively (P < 0.01). The inhibitory and facilitatory areas of the ventral midbrain appeared to be continuous, respectively, with the inhibitory and facilitator...
Acute alcohol intoxication: sex comparisons on pharmacokinetic and mood measures

This study explored sex differences in pharmacokinetic and mood state responses to acute alcohol intoxication among socially drinking women demonstrated to be normally cycling across two consecutive menstrual cycles and men with similar drinking habits. Subjects were administered moderate or high alcohol doses in six experimental sessions over a 60-day period. Women were tested during the early follicular, ovulatory, and midluteal phases of the cycle, and men were administered alcohol at comparable time intervals. Results showed that men did not differ in alcohol pharmacokinetics across sessions, but women showed significantly shorter elimination times and faster disappearance rates during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the early follicular and ovulatory phases and to their male counterparts. There were no sex or within-group differences in self-reported negative mood states prior to alcohol administration, but women described increased anxiety and depression while intoxicated during the early follicular compared to ovulatory and midluteal phases. Affective responses to intoxication were a complex function of sex, limb of the blood alcohol concentration-time curve, and dose.
A composite Higgs model with minimal fine-tuning: the large-N and weak-technicolor limit

I have benefited from many conversations with Chris Hill and others, including T. Appelquist, G. Burdman, R. S. Chivukula, E. Eichten, A. Martin, E. Pilon and B. Zhou. I gratefully acknowledge the support of this project by the Labex ENIGMASS during 2013 and 2014. I also thank Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique Theorique (LAPTh) for its hospitality and the CERN Theory Group for support and hospitality during this research. My research is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-SC0010106. (Labex ENIGMASS; CERN Theory Group; DE-SC0010106 - U.S. Department of Energy)
Numbfishes from the Arabian Sea and surrounding gulfs, with the description of a new species from Oman (Chondrichthyes : Torpediniformes : Narcinidae)

A new species of numbfish is described from the Gulf of Oman on the basis of an adult female specimen that contained three late-term pups in utero. Narcine atzi, sp. nov., is distinguished from all other species of Narcine by a unique combination of characters, including the first dorsal fin clearly taller, and with a longer base, than the second dorsal fin; preoral snout length greater than preorbital snout length; and dorsal coloration composed of numerous small dark brown spots over disc, tail, and inside spiracles, coupled with faint larger blotches on dorsal disc region. Narcine atzi is also recorded from Sri Lanka and Myanmar. The numbfishes from the Arabian Sea and Gulfs of Oman and Aden are briefly summarized. Three additional species of Narcine are confirmed from these regions, along with one peripheral species from the coast of central Somalia. A key is provided to identify the numbfishes from the Arabian Sea and Gulfs of Oman and Aden.
Resistance to discrimination and subsequent resistance to extinction as a function of the sequence of partial S+ reward in differential conditioning

The effects of transitions from nonrewarded (N) to rewarded (R) trials (N-R transitions) on discriminative behavior in differential conditioning and subsequent resistance to extinction were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, groups given N-R transitions within S+ were more resistant to discrimination (ran fast in S−) and extinction than were groups given a partial reinforcement (PRF) schedule in S+ devoid of N-R transitions. Experiment 2 indicated that N-R transitions that occur when an N trial in S− is followed by an R trial in S+ are as effective in increasing resistance to discrimination, but not resistance to extinction, as are N-R transitions that occur within S+. The sequential effects obtained here were highly similar to those in conventional PRF and support the view that differential conditioning and PRF are highly interrelated phenomena. The results are discussed in terms of the extension of sequential theory to differential conditioning and the importance of internal reward-produced cues in discrimination learning.
Determination of turret configuration and hit sequence for optimization of NC turret punch press operation

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of minimization of the time taken to process sheet metal stock on an NC turret punch press. The processing lime of a sheet depends primarily on (1) the sequence in which the hits are made and )2) the arrangement of tools in the turret. Minimization of the processing time for a sheet requires the simultaneous solution of these two coupled sub-problems. Motivated by this view, the paper proposes three heuristics to find a hit sequence and a turret configuration that together minimize the processing time for a sheet. A comparison of the performance of these heuristics is provided. In addition, the paper examines some issues not considered in prior research but essential to the accurate modelling of the operation of an NC turret punch press, and discusses their incorporation in the proposed heuristics.
Aging, Estrogen Loss and Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids (EETs)

Inflammation is a key element in many cardiovascular diseases. Both estrogen loss, caused by menopause, and aging have inflammatory consequences. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are anti-inflammatory molecules synthesized by various cytochrome P450 (Cyp) enzymes from arachidonic acid. EETs are in the third (Cytochrome P450) pathway of arachindonic acid metabolism, others being cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. We hypothesized that aging and estrogen loss would reduce levels of anti-inflammatory EETs. Adult (6 mo) and aged (22 mo) ovariectomized rats with (OP) and without (Ovx) 17-∃-estradiol replacement were used in this study. Mass spectrometry was used to measure levels of EETs and their metabolites, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Levels of Cyp2C2, Cyp2C6, and Cyp2J2, the principal Cyps responsible for EETs synthesis, as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which metabolizes EETS to DHETs, were determined via western blot. Overall Cyp levels decreased with age, though Cyp2C6 increased in the liver. sEH was increased in the kidney with estrogen replacement. Despite protein changes, no differences were measured in plasma or aortic tissue levels of EETs. However, plasma 14,15 DHET was increased in aged Ovx, and 5,6 DHET in adult OP. In conclusion neither aging nor estrogen loss decreased the anti-inflammatory EETs in the cardiovascular system.
Impact of ED management on hospital quality measures: the negative case of atrial fibrillation

Abstract Objective Emergency department (ED) cardioversion and discharge of atrial fibrillation (AF) is an evolving treatment. Emergency department cardioversion patients have few comorbidities, and their discharge directly from the ED leads to a sicker in-patient population of AF patients. This study examines whether the quality care markers, hospital charges (HC) and length of stay (LOS), negatively reflect the practice of ED cardioversion. Methods Median HC and LOS were determined for 2 different quality assessment reporting models. In a standard model (SM), patients discharged from the ED were not included in any hospital statistics and only admitted, or observation patients were used to calculate the HC and LOS of AF patients. In an inclusive model (IM), patients discharged from the ED were also included in the hospital statistics but given the same LOS as observation patients. Differences across medians were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results A total of 312 patients were evaluated for AF over an 18-month period. Of these, 197 (62%) were admitted, 21 (7%) were placed in observation status, and 95 (31%) were discharged from the ED. Median values for LOS were 3 days (interquartile range [IQR], 1-5) for the SM and 1 day (IQR, 0-4) for the IM. Median values for HC were $33 062 (IQR, $19 267-$60 614) for the SM and $20 059 (IQR, $4249-$47 195) for the IM. Conclusion Emergency department cardioversion selects out a less sick cohort of patients whose removal from a hospital's admission numbers negatively skews quality performance profiles.
DNA: models and reality.

Dr Hamilton since 1953 has been a collaborator of Professor M. H. F. Wilkins and supplied many of the DNA preparations that have been used for X-ray crystallography. He reviews the role of X-ray data and model building in the discovery and proof of the Watson-Crick model.
Pathophysiology of Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure

Systolic and diastolic heart failure are the 2 most common clinical subsets of chronic heart failure. Left ventricular "Starling" function is depressed in patients with systolic heart failure. In systolic heart failure, left ventricular mass is increased, which can be measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a more precise technique to measure left ventricular mass. Neurohormonal activation is a major pathophysiologic mechanism for ventricular remodeling and progression of heart failure in systolic heart failure.
Strontium ceramics for chemical applications

Abstract Within this program more than 450 strontium containing perovskites and related compounds have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and electrical conduction. Many of these compounds exhibit conductivities approaching those of metals, even at room temperatures. These have considerable potential as electrochemical electrodes, while their high temperature stability under both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres suggests their applicability as MHD electrodes. Of particular interest are La0.55Sr0.15CoO3, La0.8Sr0.2(Co0.8Ni0.2)O3, SrRuO3, all of which have resistivities below 1 mΩ/cm at room temperature. At the other extreme are the insulating perovskites such as SrTiO3 and SrZrO3. Since conductivities may vary by orders of magnitude for small variations in elemental composition or deviations from stoichiometry, the possibilities for tailoring these materials for specific requirements are legion. Add to this the high catalytic activity of a large percentage of the compounds and their interest and importance can readily be appreciated.
Control of discrete-event systems with minimal switchings

This paper studies the problem of controlling discrete-event systems as formulated by Ramadge and Wonham (1987). An optimal D-supervisor is introduced, which requires a minimal number of switchings (i.e. enabling and disabling controllable events). A complete characterization of such controllers as well as a procedure for its construction is given. An example to illustrate the result is also included.
Complex interactions amongst N-cadherin, DLAR, and Liprin-α regulate Drosophila photoreceptor axon targeting

The formation of stable adhesive contacts between pre- and post-synaptic neurons represents the initial step in synapse assembly. The cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin, the receptor tyrosine phosphatase DLAR, and the scaffolding molecule Liprin-α play critical, evolutionarily conserved roles in this process. However, how these proteins signal to the growth cone and are themselves regulated remains poorly understood. Using Drosophila photoreceptors (R cells) as a model, we evaluate genetic and physical interactions among these three proteins. We demonstrate that DLAR function in this context is independent of phosphatase activity but requires interactions mediated by its intracellular domain. Genetic studies reveal both positive and, surprisingly, inhibitory interactions amongst all three genes. These observations are corroborated by biochemical studies demonstrating that DLAR physically associates via its phosphatase domain with N-cadherin in Drosophila embryos. Together, these data demonstrate that N-cadherin, DLAR, and Liprin-α function in a complex to regulate adhesive interactions between pre- and post-synaptic cells and provide a novel mechanism for controlling the activity of Liprin-α in the developing growth cone.
Effect of multiple dosing on the analgesic action of diflunisal in rats.

Abstract This investigation was designed to compare the analgesic effect of the initial dose of a repetitively dosed non-narcotic analgesic with the analgesic effect of a subsequent dose given 3 days later. To exclude gradual drug accumulation as a variable, the first (“loading”) dose was larger than the maintenance doses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 100 mg/kg diflunisal i.v. as the first dose and 70 or 75 mg/kg every 12 hours thereafter. The analgesic effect of the first and seventh doses was determined as the pain threshold (voltage) upon electrical stimulation of the tail every 15 to 30 minutes from the third to the ninth hour after dosing. Blood samples for drug assay were obtained at 3 and 9 hours. A control group received injections of solvent for 6 doses and 100 mg/kg diflunisal as the seventh dose. There were no statistically significant differences between the area under the total or free (unbound) drug concentration versus time curves of the first and seventh dose but the average analgesic effect (area under the voltage increase versus time) of the seventh dose was only 28 percent that of the first dose. The areas under the drug concentration and analgesic effect versus time curves of the diflunisal dose given as the seventh injection to the control rats were similar to those produced by the first dose given to the multiple dosed rats. The results of this investigation show that the analgesic effect of a non-narcotic drug decreases substantially during repeated dosing in an animal model of experimental pain. This change in pharmacologic response has the characteristics of functional rather than pharmacokinetic tolerance in that there was no change in the drug concentration profile with time and no effect of the manipulations as such (i.e., repeated pain threshold determinations and blood withdrawals) on diflunisal-induced analgesia. These observations may have important implications for the evaluation and use of non-narcotic analgesics in the management of clinical pain.
Development of the Child Care Worker Job Stress Inventory.

Abstract After a series of instrument development studies, a mail survey was conducted with 196 randomly selected family day care providers (FDCPs) and child care center workers (CCCWs) residing in the state of Maryland (response rates were 76.6% and 70.5%, respectively). Embedded in the instrument were three job stress scales, specific to child care workers, measuring job demands, job control, and job resources. Extensive psychometric testing of the three 17-item instruments demonstrated several areas of strength. The job demands scale, because of its breadth of stressors covered, fared slightly worse on indicators of reliability (alpha = 0.77; mean interitem correlation [MIC] = 0.17; item-to-total correlations [ITCs] = 0.14 to 0.49) than did job control (alpha = 0.88; MIC = 0.31; ITCs = 0.26 to 0.69) and job resources (alpha = 0.89; MIC = 0.35; ITCs = 0.32 to 0.70). Known groups validity was demonstrated through a conceptually meaningful pattern of differences between FDCPs and CCCWs. Construct validity for all three scales was demonstrated by a pattern of stronger correlations with conceptually similar versus dissimilar instruments. Average correlations with similar versus dissimilar instruments were: job demands, 0.54 versus 0.24; job control, 0.74 versus 0.30; and job resources, −0.53 versus 0.30. Similar to the reliability analysis, results of factor analysis were stronger for job control and job resources than for job demands.
The Influence of Relationship Beliefs and Problem‐Solving Responses on Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among dysfunctional relationship beliefs, problem-solving responses, and satisfaction in close relationships. A survey was completed by 322 college students, each of whom was currently involved in a close heterosexual relationship. As hypothesized, dysfunctional relationship beliefs exhibited positive correlations with the destructive problem-solving responses of exit and neglect and negative correlations with the constructive problem-solving response of voice. Canonical correlation analysis suggested that individuals possessing the beliefs that disagreement is destructive and partners cannot change were likely to respond to relational problems with exit and neglect and to eschew responding with voice. Both dysfunctional beliefs and problem-solving responses were associated with relational satisfaction. However, dysfunctional beliefs failed to predict satisfaction when controlling for problem-solving responses. Support was therefore obtained for the prediction that problem-solving responses mediate the association between dysfunctional beliefs and relational satisfaction.
Angiotensin II, nitric oxide, and end-organ damage in hypertension

Angiotensin II, nitric oxide, and end-organ damage in hypertension. The adaptive changes that accompany hypertension and involve the kidney, heart, and vessels, namely, muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, endothelial dysfunction and extracellular matrix increase can, in fact, be maladaptive and eventually lead to end- organ disease, such as renal failure, heart failure, and coronary disease. However, these changes vary markedly between individuals with similar levels of hypertension. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous vasodilator and inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle and mesangial cell growth, is synthesized in the endothelium by a constitutive NO synthase (NOS). NO antagonizes the effects of angiotensin II on vascular tone and growth and also down- regulates the synthesis of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) receptors. In hypertension, the physiologic response to the increased shear stress and cyclic strain is to upregulate NOS activity in endothelial cells. Upregulation of vascular NOS activity is a homeostatic adaptation to the increased hemodynamic workload that may help in preventing end-organ damage. Indeed, hypertension-prone salt-sensitive rats manifest a decrease (instead of an increase) in vascular NOS activity when hypertensive; these rats develop severe vascular hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, and renal injury. Studies in hypertensive humans suggest that, independent of the effects of salt on blood pressure, salt sensitivity may be a marker for susceptibility to the development of endothelial dysfunction as well as cardiovascular and renal injury. We hypothesize that in hypertension, recognition of markers of cardiovascular susceptibility to injury and the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved may open new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this context, only those antihypertensive agents that lower blood pressure and concomitantly restore the homeostatic balance of vasoactive agents such as angiotensin II and NO within the vessel wall would be effective in preventing or arresting end-organ disease.
RITUAL IN FAMILIES OF DISSIDENT AND NON-DISSIDENT STUDENTS

in serious dissident behavior, and a group of 277 who had not been involved in dissident behavior, wrote brief descripuons of a ritual in ~he~r family life. Approximately 95% of both groups consider the family an Important element in their development. A significantly larger percentage of non-dissident students reported the following experiences taking place within a family context: meals, positive cornmunicauon with parents, and celebration of holidays with both immediate and extended families. A significantly larger percentage of more dissident studenrs reported ad\erse communication with parents and TV watching. The vast amount of publicicy concerning the so-called "generation gap" and "studenr rebellion" has raised many questions about the possible deterioration of family relationships. This is an exceedingly complex problem and there are innumerable ways in which it could be investigated. One approach, proposed by Bossard and Boll ( 1950) is through the sntdy of the role of ritual in family life, i.e., persistent patcerns of behavior pertaining to some special event or relationship. Existence of such rituals would be one type of evidence as to the cohesiveness of the family. In the present article an attempt has been made to compare the family rituals reported by two groups of college students, varying in amount of dissident behavior, to ascertain (1) whether described rituals do indeed give evidence of family cohesiveness and (2) whether these rituals differ for students engaged in different amounts of dissident behavior. PROCEDURE
Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of many plant species around the world. PA-containing plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock and wildlife. They can inflict harm to humans through contaminated food sources, herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Half of the identified PAs are genotoxic and many of them are tumorigenic. The mutagenicity of PAs has been extensively studied in different biological systems. Upon metabolic activation, PAs produce DNA adducts, DNA cross-linking, DNA breaks, sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and chromosome mutations in vivo and in vitro. PAs induced mutations in the cII gene of rat liver and in the p53 and K-ras genes of mouse liver tumors. It has been suggested that all PAs produce a set of (+/-)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine-derived DNA adducts and similar types of gene mutations. The signature types of mutations are G : C --> T : A transversion and tandem base substitutions. Overall, PAs are mutagenic in vivo and in vitro and their mutagenicity appears to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of PAs.
Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development.

Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development Background. Two dominant discourses in contemporary nursing theory and knowledge development have evolved over the past few decades, in part by unitary science views and caring theories. Rogers' science of unitary human beings (SUHB) represents the unitary directions in nursing. Caring theories and related caring science (CS) scholarship represent the other. These two contemporary initiatives have generated two parallel, often controversial, seemingly separate and unrelated, trees of knowledge for nursing science. Aim. This paper explores the evolution of CS and its intersection with SUHB that have emerged in contemporary nursing literature. We present a case for integration, convergence, and creative synthesis of CS with SUHB. A trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary context emerges, allowing nursing to sustain its caring ethic and ontology, within a unitary science. Methods. The authors critique and review the seminal, critical issues that have separated contemporary knowledge developments in CS and SUHB. Foundational issues of CS, and Watson's theory of transpersonal caring science (TCS), as a specific exemplar, are analysed, alongside parallel themes in SUHB. By examining hidden ethical–ontological and paradigmatic commonalities, trans-theoretical themes and connections are explored and revealed between TCS and SUHB. Conclusions. Through a creative synthesis of TCS and SUHB we explicate a distinct unitary view of human with a relational caring ontology and ethic that informs nursing as well as other sciences. The result: is a trans-theoretical, trans-disciplinary view for nursing knowledge development. Nursing's history has been to examine theoretical differences rather than commonalities. This trans-theoretical position moves nursing toward theoretical integration and creative synthesis, vs. separation, away from the `Balkanization' of different theories. This initiative still maintains the integrity of different theories, while facilitating and inviting a new discourse for nursing science. The result: Unitary Caring Science that evokes both science and spirit. ”…While from the bounded level of our mind Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind; But more advanced, behold with strange surprise New distant scenes of endless science rise!„ Alexander Pope
Amino acid digestibility and nitrogen utilization of high oil, high lysine, and waxy maize fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the amino acid (AA) digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilization of three maize hybrids, i.e. high oil (HO), waxy (WX), and high lysine (HL) as compared to isogenic high oil (IHO), isogenic waxy (IWX), and a yellow dent (YD1) maize variety near-isogenic to HL. One yellow dent maize of unrelated genetics (YD2) was included as an additional control and to serve as a common treatment for cross-square comparison. In exp. 1, four castrates (initial BW: 52.8±1.7 kg) were equipped with T-cannulas in the distal ileum and used in two consecutive 4×4 Latin squares to determine AA digestibility. In exp. 2, eight castrates (initial BW: 19.11±0.49 kg) were arranged in two 4×4 Latin squares and used in a N balance experiment. Diets consisted of 966.2 g test maize/kg and 33.8 g vitamins, minerals, and salt/kg. In exp.1, apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (CAID) for HO and WX were not different ( P >0.05) compared to their respective isogenic maize or YD2. High lysine maize had lower ( P P P P >0.05) compared to their genetically similar maize. Nitrogen absorbed and DM digestibility were higher ( P P >0.05) for WX compared to YD 2 and greater ( P >0.05) for HO and HL compared to YD 2. In conclusion, AA CAID and CTID, were similar for HO and WX maize compared to their isogenic maize, however, AA CAID and CTID for HL maize was lower than its near-isogenic maize. Nitrogen utilization for HO, WX, and HL were similar to that of their respective genetically similar maize.
Efficient feature extraction and likelihood fusion for vehicle tracking in low frame rate airborne video

Very large format video or wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) acquired by an airborne camera sensor array is characterized by persistent observation over a large field-of-view with high spatial resolution but low frame rates (i.e. one to ten frames per second). Current WAMI sensors have sufficient coverage and resolution to track vehicles for many hours using just a single airborne platform. We have developed an interactive low frame rate tracking system based on a derived rich set of features for vehicle detection using appearance modeling combined with saliency estimation and motion prediction. Instead of applying subspace methods to very high-dimensional feature vectors, we tested the performance of feature fusion to locate the target of interest within the prediction window. Preliminary results show that fusing the feature likelihood maps improves detection but fusing feature maps combined with saliency information actually degrades performance.
Experimental animal models of hypertension

Hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular disease are the most common causes of death in developed countries. The use of experimental animal models of HTN has provided valuable information regarding many aspects of HTN, including etiology, pathophysiology, complications, and treatment. Because the etiology of HTN is heterogeneous, many experimental animal models have been developed to mimic the many facets of human HTN. The choice of animal model will be determined by the research question, monetary limitations, and technical expertise. The categories of models of HTN are: renovascular, renal parenchymal, pharmacologically induced, environmentally induced, and genetic. There are considerable differences between HTN in animals and humans, including differences in homeostatic mechanisms and pathophysiology; therefore, a thorough understanding of the animal models and rigorous analysis is required before extrapolating the finding in animals to humans.
The nurse-midwifery management of physiological edema in pregnancy.

Abstract Edema occurs in 35 to 80% of normal pregnancies. It is a consequence of water storage at the end of pregnancy. Etiological factors are reduced colloid osmotic pressure, and possibly water retention in the connective tissue ground substance in response to estrogen. Increased venous pressure in the lower limbs is a factor in leg edema. Obesity, older age, multiparity, hot weather, anemia, prolonged standing or sitting, and constrictive garments around the legs are factors which can increase the edema of pregnancy. In managing edema in healthy, pregnant women, the nurse-midwife needs to rule out pre-eclampsia. The nurse-midwife can recommend positions, exercises, support hose, and appropriate clothing that will diminish lower limb edema. Diuretics and sodium restricted diets are contraindicated.
Regional integration of evidence for evolution in the Silurian Pentamerus‐Pentameroides lineage

Under ideal conditions, the stratophenetic test for phyletic gradualism in fossil lineages requires nearly continuous samples of time-specific populations through rock sequences representing geologically significant periods of time. Shifting environments account for one source of ‘imperfection’ in the local rock record. Few species are sufficiently eurytopic to survive changing environments in a given region over a long time span. Where marine fossils are involved, independently correlated sea-level curves may be used to patch together segments of stratigraphic sections from different regions that collectively encompass the uninterrupted environment of the target species. In the Lower Silurian of Iowa, stratigraphic gaps among test samples for phyletic gradualism in pentamerid brachiopods occur wherever pentamerid communities are succeeded by deeper water stricklandiid communities or by shallower-water coral-algal communities. Correlation of sea-level curves indicates that water depth was consistently shallower in the northern Great Lakes area. Usually when stricklandiid communities replaced a pentamerid community in Iowan seas, contemporaneous pentamerid communities replaced a coral-algal community in Michigan or Ontario seas. Temporal meshing of samples from Iowa and the northern Great Lakes area (based on congruent Stricklandia and Eocoelia lineage zones) supports the hypothesis that Pentamerus oblongus evolved to Pentameroides subrectus through a gradual narrowing and loss of divergence in its outer plates. A transitional morphotype between the two genera (from the Lower Silurian of Alabama) is illustrated. □Phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibria, Brachiopoda, Pentamerida, Silurian, North America.
Modeling of retrograde nanoparticle transport in axons and dendrites

This paper presents a pioneering modeling study on nanoparticle internalization and transport in neurons. The model developed in this paper is based on recent experimental results that indicate that after entering a neurite by endocytosis, nanoparticles are transported toward the neuron soma in endocytic vesicles by retrograde molecular-motor-driven transport. Experimental results also indicate that nanoparticles enter axons at axon terminals while in dendrites they enter through the entire plasma membrane. The model equations developed in this paper are based on these experimental observations. The analytical solution of these equations is obtained; the solution predicts the distribution of the concentration of nanoparticles associated with free nanoparticle-loaded vesicles (NLVs) (not transported on microtubules (MTs)) as well as the distribution of the concentration of nanoparticles associated with NLVs transported on MTs by dynein motors. The fluxes of nanoparticles by diffusion and motor-driven transport as well as the total (combined) flux of nanoparticles are also predicted.
When Is a Student's Political Communication not Political: Bethel School District vs. Fraser.

(1987). When is a student's political communication not political: Bethel school district vs. Fraser. Communication Education: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 347-355.
Incoherent feed-forward regulatory logic underpinning glucocorticoid receptor action

The complexity and specificity of metazoan transcription are determined by combinatorial control of the composition and activity of regulatory complexes. To investigate the basis of this specificity, we focused on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a single regulatory factor that integrates multiple signals to give rise to many distinct patterns of expression. We measured the expression of a set of genes, each directly GR-regulated, but by different mechanisms in two cell lines. We varied ligand (dose, chemistry, and duration of treatment), GR (expression level and functionality), and a non-GR regulatory factor that commonly interacts with GR. Our study revealed distinct expression patterns within this set of genes, but all could be modeled by an incoherent feed-forward regulatory logic. Cellular signals, operating on GR and other factors within regulatory complexes, may define and modulate the kinetics and strength of the activating or inhibitory paths of the regulatory logic. Thus, characterizing systems behavior by perturbing single or multiple signals can reveal general principles of regulation, providing an approach to the dissection and deconvolution of combinatorial control.
The Impact of Metformin, Oral Contraceptives, and Lifestyle Modification on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Obese Adolescent Women in Two Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. Objective: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. Design: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. Patients and Participants: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. Interventions: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. Main Outcome Measures: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. Results: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted in a significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). Conclusions: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction.
Synthesis of cyclic hydropyran oligolides with convergent amine, amide, phosphonate and furan appendages

Abstract The syntheses of C3-symmetric macrocycles with pendant amino, phosphono, and furan groups are described. These functional groups, amenable to further elaboration, were installed early in the syntheses and carried through the iterative sequence of module coupling and macrolactonization.