cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Potential: Mind Reading as Collaborative Action

Mind reading is often characterized as a mechanism of surveillance that ferrets out information against our will; but it can also be collaborative, involving partnerships and networks. Indeed, researchers and artists have been using human electroencephalography (EEG), to produce aggregate data sets for the creation of musical symphonies, city planning, and affective mapping. In this chapter, Littlefield examines two such projects: the “Brainwave Symphony” (2015), a promotional project associated with the Netflix series Sense8, and the work of Multimer, a company whose slogan is “Better Decisions Based on Human Signals.” She argues that both projects illustrate beliefs about the power of aggregating brain-based data for political and artistic purposes, even as each relies on constructions of brainwaves as material objects.
Conglomerates’ Corporate Universities: Major Engine Behind the Growth and Success of HRD in South Korea

This chapter presents the major characteristics of South Korean firms’ corporate universities, which manage organizations’ tailored HRD systems and implement a variety of training and development interventions. It describes the important role that corporate universities play as training and development platforms for addressing talent issues in a challenging business landscape. It also discusses how corporate universities’ role has evolved over the years, concluding with a discussion of the changing demands and needs of corporate universities as well as important practice and research directions.
Critical Effects on Akt Signaling in Adult Zebrafish Brain Following Alterations in Light Exposure

Evidence from human and animal studies indicate that disrupted light cycles leads to alterations of the sleep state, poor cognition, and the risk of developing neuroinflammatory and generalized health disorders. Zebrafish exhibit a diurnal circadian rhythm and are an increasingly popular model in studies of neurophysiology and neuropathophysiology. Here, we investigate the effect of alterations in light cycle on the adult zebrafish brain: we measured the effect of altered, unpredictable light exposure in adult zebrafish telencephalon, homologous to mammalian hippocampus, and the optic tectum, a significant visual processing center with extensive telencephalon connections. The expression of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), an important cell stress mediator, was significantly decreased in optic tectum of adult zebrafish brain following four days of altered light exposure. Further, pSer473-Akt (protein kinase B) was significantly reduced in telencephalon following light cycle alteration, and pSer9-GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) was significantly reduced in both the telencephalon and optic tectum of light-altered fish. Animals exposed to five minutes of environmental enrichment showed significant increase in pSer473Akt, which was significantly attenuated by four days of altered light exposure. These data show for the first time that unpredictable light exposure alters HSP70 expression and dysregulates Akt-GSK3β signaling in the adult zebrafish brain.
Why do poxviruses still matter

Poxviruses comprise many members that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including humans. Despite the eradication of the historically notorious smallpox, poxviruses remain significant public health concerns and serious endemic diseases. This short review briefly summarizes the present, historical, and future threats posed by poxviruses to public health, wildlife and domestic animals, the role poxviruses have played in shaping modern medicine and biomedical sciences, the insight poxviruses have provided into complex life processes, and the utility of poxviruses in biotechniques and in fighting other infectious diseases and cancers. It is anticipated that readers will appreciate the great merit and need for continued strong support of poxvirus research; research which benefits not only the expansion of fundamental biological knowledge but also the battle against diverse diseases.
Caring for Our Child Welfare Workforce: A Holistic Framework of Worker Well-being

Child welfare (CW) workers, who play a critical role in the delivery of services to children and families, have a fundamental right to workplace well-being and opportunities to develop their job-re...
Financial sustainability of payment models for office-based opioid treatment in outpatient clinics.

Office-Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) is a delivery model which seeks to make medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), particularly buprenorphine, widely available in general medical clinics and offices. Despite evidence supporting its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, uptake of the OBOT model has been relatively slow. One important barrier to faster diffusion of OBOT may be the financial challenges facing clinics that could adopt it. We review key features and variants of the OBOT model, then discuss different approaches that have been used to fund it, and the findings from previous economic analyses of OBOT’s impact on organizational finances. We conclude by discussing the implications of these analyses for the financial sustainability of the OBOT delivery model. Like other novel services, OBOT poses challenges for providers due to its reliance on services which are ‘non-billable’ in a fee-for-service environment. A variety of approaches exist for covering the non-billable costs, but which approaches are feasible depends on local payer policies. The scale of the challenges varies with clinic size, organizational affiliations and the policies of the state where the clinic operates. Small clinics in a purely fee-for-service environment may be particularly challenged in pursuing OBOT, given the need to fund a dedicated staff and extra administrative work. The current pandemic may pose both opportunities and challenges for the sustainability of OBOT, with expanded access to telemedicine, but also uncertainty about the durability of the expansion. The reimbursement environment for OBOT delivery varies widely around the US, and is evolving as Medicare (and possibly other payers) introduce alternative payment approaches. Clinics considering adoption of OBOT are well advised to thoroughly investigate these issues as they make their decision. In addition, payers will need to rethink how they pay for OBOT to make it sustainable.
The MEMIC is an ex vivo system to model the complexity of the tumor microenvironment.

There is an urgent need for accurate, scalable, and cost-efficient experimental systems to model the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we detail how to fabricate and use the Metabolic Microenvironment Chamber (MEMIC) - a 3D-printed ex vivo model of intratumoral heterogeneity. A major driver of the cellular and molecular diversity in tumors is the accessibility to the blood stream that provides key resources such as oxygen and nutrients. While some tumor cells have direct access to these resources, many others must survive under progressively more ischemic environments as they reside further from the vasculature. The MEMIC is designed to simulate the differential access to nutrients and allows co-culturing different cell types, such as tumor and immune cells. This system is optimized for live imaging and other microscopy-based approaches, and it is a powerful tool to study tumor features such as the effect of nutrient scarcity on tumor-stroma interactions. Due to its adaptable design and full experimental control, the MEMIC provide insights into the tumor microenvironment that would be difficult to obtain via other methods. As a proof of principle, we show that cells sense gradual changes in metabolite concentration resulting in multicellular spatial patterns of signal activation and cell proliferation. To illustrate the ease of studying cell-cell interactions in the MEMIC, we show that ischemic macrophages reduce epithelial features in neighboring tumor cells. We propose the MEMIC as a complement to standard in vitro and in vivo experiments, diversifying the tools available to accurately model, perturb, and monitor the tumor microenvironment, as well as to understand how extracellular metabolites affect other processes such as wound healing and stem cell differentiation.
The Implicit Association Test in Introductory Psychology Textbooks: Blind Spot for Controversy:

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been widely discussed as a potential measure of “implicit bias.” Yet the IAT is controversial; research suggests that it is far from clear precisely what the...
Cosmological Neutrino Condensates

We investigate the possibility that neutrinos form superfluid-type condensates in background cosmological densities. Such condensates could give rise to small neutrino masses and splittings, as well as an important contribution, perhaps, to the cosmological constant. We discuss various channels in the context of the standard model. Many of these do not support a condensate, but some mixed-flavor channels do. We also suggest a new interaction, acting only among neutrinos, that could induce a neutrino Majorana mass of order 1 eV.
The Arthaśāstra: Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft

The Arthaśāstra: Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft, edited and translated by renowned Sanskritists and experts on ancient India Mark McClish and Patrick Olivelle, is a refreshi...
Teaching management of contrast reactions: does it work and how often do we need to refresh?

Rationale and Objectives Knowledge of the management of acute contrast reactions is lacking among radiologists. Training in the management of acute contrast reactions occurs at the investigators’ institution and others, but the durability of that training and the need for refresher training have not been assessed. Materials and Methods A prospective assessment of changes in trainees’ knowledge and confidence following a required educational course concerning reactions to contrast material was conducted. Assessments were performed prior to and immediately following the course and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after the course. Results Trainees’ knowledge significantly improved following the course and remained improved for 6 months (P Conclusions These data suggest the need for biannual refresher training in the management of acute contrast reactions to maintain trainees’ knowledge and confidence.
Superposition method for calculating singular stress fields at kinks, branches and tips in multiple crack arrays

A method is developed for calculating stresses and displacements around arrays of kinked and branched cracks having straight segments in a linearly elastic solid loaded in plane stress or plain strain. The key idea is to decompose the cracks into straight material cuts we call `cracklets', and to model the overall opening displacements of the cracks using a weighted superposition of special basis functions, describing cracklet opening displacement profiles. These basis functions are specifically tailored to induce the proper singular stresses and local deformation in wedges at crack kinks and branches, an aspect that has been neglected in the literature. The basis functions are expressed in terms of dislocation density distributions that are treatable analytically in the Cauchy singular integrals, yielding classical functions for their induced stress fields; that is, no numerical integration is involved. After superposition, nonphysical singularities cancel out leaving net tractions along the crack faces that are very smooth, yet retaining the appropriate singular stresses in the material at crack tips, kinks and branches. The weighting coefficients are calculated from a least squares fit of the net tractions to those prescribed from the applied loading, allowing accuracy assessment in terms of the root-mean-square error. Convergence is very rapid in the number of basis terms used. The method yields the full stress and displacement fields expressed as weighted sums of the basis fields. Stress intensity factors for the crack tips and generalized stress intensity factors for the wedges at kinks and branches are easily retrieved from the weighting coefficients. As examples we treat cracks with one and two kinks and a star-shaped crack with equal arms. The method can be extended to problems of finite domain such as polygon-shaped plates with prescribed tractions around the boundary.
2 Historical view of earthquake engineering

Over the past fifty years, there has been remarkable progress in earthquake engineering research. Knowledge of earthquake ground shaking and earthquake vibrations of structures has undergone a great expansion. Advances in methods of dynamic analysis enable the earthquake response of planned structures to be calculated. Experimental research is providing valuable data on the physical properties of structures and structural elements. The increase in number of research papers published each year is indicative of the progress being made. We have now attained a good understanding of the elastic earthquake response of typical buildings. However, there are many special structures, industrial equipment, etc. whose earthquake survival is important and which need special earthquake engineering research. Also, the question of "maximum credible" or "maximum probable" earthquake needs to be better defined by research, as well as the question of appropriate level of design of structures for such events of low likelihood. And more research needs to be done on designing for controlled damage in the event of large, infrequent earthquakes.
Philosophies of Imprisonment in Late Antiquity

One of the few things that prisons were not used for, in a legal sense, was punishment. However, a multitude of laws outlined the necessity of a quick trial and short jail time. Imprisonment was seen as an inconvenience to all parties involved, and a constant flow, rather than maintaining the status quo, was the way prisons were supposed to work. There existed no sense of the prison as a final destination for the guilty, “no one [was] to be condemned to permanent imprisonment.” Manifesting a distaste for imprisonment in general, Roman law prohibited jail time and simultaneously ascribed the uses of the institution while limiting its reach. Expediency was the best policy as far as prisons were concerned and the laws themselves upheld the preventative and practical facets of prison. This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol9/iss1/7
Guidelines for treating epilepsy in the age of felbamate, vigabatrin, lamotrigine, and gabapentin.

Abstract For the first time in 15 years, new antiepileptic medications are available for the treatment of patients with seizure disorders. These drugs have demonstrated efficacy in animal models of epilepsy and in controlled clinical trials. Felbamate was licensed in 1993 for use as adjunctive therapy or monotherapy in adults with partial or tonic-clonic seizures and as adjunctive therapy for children with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Gabapentin was approved January 1994 as adjunctive therapy in patients 12 years or older with partial seizures, with or without secondary generalization. Lamotrigine is expected to be approved this year for the treatment of partial and tonic-clonic seizures in adults. Last, a new drug application has been filed for vigabatrin this year, with possible licensing next year. These four anticonvulsants present new options in the treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy and are not merely congeners of previously available treatments. They have unique clinical spectrums and are reported to be safer and better tolerated than conventional therapy. Trials to compare their use with that of conventional therapy have not been done, and their use in the initial treatment of patients with epilepsy is not completely clear.
The Classification of Stocks of Physical Capital and Consumer Durables in Social System Accounts

In section 3.3 we gave our rationale for including stocks of physical capital in social accounts based on behavior settings, and in section 3.4 we described the recently-published BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis) estimates of stocks of physical capital and consumer durable goods in the United States. The reader may wish to refer to those two sections as an introduction to Chapter 6.
Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on the susceptibility of steelhead trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) to nitrite toxicity

Four diets, each containing different levels of ascorbic acid were fed to duplicate groups of steelhead trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) in two four-week periods. Tolerance to nitrites increased when the concentration of ascorbic acid was high. Flow-through bioassays in fingerlings showed that when the temperature increased the percent of methemoglobin in their blood also increased. The tolerance to nitrite toxicity was less in large fish than in those smaller fed the same concentration of ascorbic acid. Possibly ascorbic acid acts in the reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, and also it has a protective effect against stress in the fish. A "safe" level of 200 mg/kg of ascorbic acid in practical diets was reached.
Churn detection via customer profile modelling

Customer profile modelling is an essential element of marketing in service applications to aid understanding customer behaviour, designing customized service plans, and preventing churn activities. In many service applications, profile data are often generated that consist of customer transactions over time. This paper proposes using a functional mixture model to profile customer behaviour in order to identify and capture churn activity patterns. A five-step procedure is proposed based on the functional mixture model, which includes: (1) standardizing profiles, (2) screening out uninteresting profiles, (3) projecting profiles onto a feature space represented by a set of basis functions, (4) applying clustering algorithms to the resultant coefficients in the feature space, and (5) identifying interesting profiles. It is shown that the proposed framework is effective for detecting churn activities in the telecommunication industry. The method can also be easily generalized to model sophisticated manufacturi...
On Privacy of Encrypted Speech Communications

Silence suppression, an essential feature of speech communications over the Internet, saves bandwidth by disabling voice packet transmissions when silence is detected. However, silence suppression enables an adversary to recover talk patterns from packet timing. In this paper, we investigate privacy leakage through the silence suppression feature. More specifically, we propose a new class of traffic analysis attacks to encrypted speech communications with the goal of detecting speakers of encrypted speech communications. These attacks are based on packet timing information only and the attacks can detect speakers of speech communications made with different codecs. We evaluate the proposed attacks with extensive experiments over different type of networks including commercial anonymity networks and campus networks. The experiments show that the proposed traffic analysis attacks can detect speakers of encrypted speech communications with high accuracy based on traces of 15 minutes long on average.
Bacterial menageries inside insects

Bacteria display a wide diversity of specialized interactions with eukaryotic hosts. A common way to classify bacterial–eukaryote associations is along an axis from pathogenic to mutualistic: that is, how much does the infection help or hurt the host relative to noninfected individuals? From the host perspective, this distinction is central. But for the bacteria themselves, pathogenesis and symbiosis present similar obstacles. Primary among these is the invasion of host cells or tissues in the face of generalized cellular and chemical defenses. Remarkably, studies during the past decade of a number of phylogenetically diverse pathogens of plants and animals have shown that host invasion often depends on a set of evolutionarily homologous genes that have been transferred among distinct bacterial lineages (1–3). This group of loci encodes the Type III secretion system, a complex of about 20 proteins that together form a membrane-spanning structure that functions in transporting proteins outside of the bacterial cell (1–3). Transport is, at least sometimes, induced by contact with host cells, and the effectors are delivered to the host cytoplasm and linked to suppression of host defenses and/or invasion of host cells.
An Assessment of Outcomes in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Treatment

Outdoor behavioral healthcare (OBH) is an emerging treatment that utilizes wilderness therapy to help adolescents struggling with behavioral and emotional problems. The approach involves immersion in wilderness or comparable lands, group living with wilderness leaders and peers, and individual and group therapy sessions facilitated by licensed therapists in the field. OBH also offers educational and psychoeducational curriculum all designed to reveal and address problem behaviors, foster personal and social responsibility, and enhance the emotional growth of clients. The extant studies on the effectiveness of OBH and wilderness therapy reveal consistent lack of theoretical basis, methodological shortcomings and results that are difficult to replicate. This publication reports the results of an outcome assessment for adolescent clients who received treatment in seven participating OBH programs that averaged 45 days in length from May 1, 2000 to December 1, 2000. Adolescent client well-being was evaluated utilizing the Youth Outcome Questionnaire (Y-OQ) and the Self Report-Youth Outcome Questionnaire (SR Y-OQ) (Burlingame, Wells, & Lambert, 1995). Complete data sets at admission and discharge were collected for 523 client self-report and 372 parent assessments. Results indicated that at admission clients exhibited presenting symptoms similar to inpatient samples, which were on average significantly reduced at discharge. Follow-up assessments using a random sample of clients found that on average, outcomes had been maintained at 12-months posttreatment.
Synthetic vision systems: the effects of guidance symbology, display size, and field of view.

Two experiments conducted in a high-fidelity flight simulator examined the effects of guidance symbology, display size, and geometric field of view (GFOV) within a synthetic vision system (SVS). In...
Binding configurations and intramolecular strain in single-molecule devices

The development of molecular-scale electronic devices has made considerable progress over the past decade, and single-molecule transistors, diodes and wires have all been demonstrated. Despite this remarkable progress, the agreement between theoretically predicted conductance values and those measured experimentally remains limited. One of the primary reasons for these discrepancies lies in the difficulty to experimentally determine the contact geometry and binding configuration of a single-molecule junction. In this Article, we apply a small-amplitude, high-frequency, sinusoidal mechanical signal to a series of single-molecule devices during junction formation and breakdown. By measuring the current response at this frequency, it is possible to determine the most probable binding and contact configurations for the molecular junction at room temperature in solution, and to obtain information about how an applied strain is distributed within the molecular junction. These results provide insight into the complex configuration of single-molecule devices, and are in excellent agreement with previous predictions from theoretical models.
COMMUNICATION AND SENSING TRADE-OFFS IN COOPERATIVE MOBILE NETWORKS

In this paper we consider the impact of communication noise on distributed sensing and estimation in mobile networks. We characterize when a node should rely on getting information from others and when it should rely on self exploration. In doing so, we explore the trade-offs between sensing and communication by finding the optimum network configuration under communication constraints. We also show how to achieve the optimum configuration in a distributed manner. While our main results are presented in one dimension (1D), we provide insight into the two dimension (2D) setup and extend a number of key results to 2D. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Odds ratio inference with dependent data

SUMMARY When data can be presented as a series of k 2 x 2 tables with cell counts (xi, ni-xi; yi, mi - yi), it is often assumed that xi and yi are binomially distributed. This paper deals with inference for the common odds ratio i/l when the binomial assumption is invalid. When k increases, the consistency and asymptotic normality of the Mantel & Haenszel (1959) estimator is derived. The conditional maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be inconsistent and the asymptotic bias is computed when either the first-order Markov chain or beta-binomial model is assumed. The Mantel-Haenszel test for testing f = 1 is also shown to be inappropriate through some simulation studies. Two consistent test statistics are proposed and shown to be comparable to each other in terms of size and efficiency. Some possible further work is described.
Administrative Resurgence and Policy Innovation

In the continuing controversy over the appropriate role and institutional settings for professional urban management, a renewed emphasis on political initiative is appear ing—manifested in more activist conceptions of the role of the urban manager, in calls for "convergence" of planning and administration, and in rejection of federal aid programs as a "weakening" influence. This article argues that receptivity in the political environment is the primary determinant of effectiveness for the professionally oriented local manager. To illustrate this point, the interaction of administrators and political leaders is examined in small units of local government, where the scope and diversity of political interests and institutional structures are limited and the functions of professional administration are necessarily consolidated and thrown into close proximity with elected leadership. A series of miniature case histories are presented, concerning general administrative resurgence in local governments in Kentuc...
Preferences for 15N-ammonium, 15N-nitrate, and 15N-glycine differ among dominant exotic and subordinate native grasses from a California oak woodland

Abstract Following an invasion of exotic annual grasses into California oak woodlands, grass species dominance shifted from native perennials to exotic annuals. In combination with other ecosystem and species characteristics, species-specific N preferences may influence species coexistence and dominance. If species N preferences follow dominance patterns in California oak woodlands, then the more dominant exotic grasses should prefer the most abundant inorganic soil N form (NH 4 + ), while the subordinate native grasses should prefer the less available inorganic (NO 3 − ) or organic (glycine) soil N forms. To investigate this prediction, we applied 15 N-labeled NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and glycine to soil and measured % 15 N recovery by two dominant annual grasses ( Bromus diandrus and Bromus hordeaceus ) and two subordinate perennial grasses ( Elymus glaucus and Nassella pulchra ). As expected, shoots of B. diandrus recovered more 15 N-NH 4 + (74%) than either 15 N-NO 3 − (51%) or 15 N-glycine (39%). B. diandrus also captured at least 3.2 times more 15 N-NH 4 + than subordinate grasses. Dominant B. hordeaceus , however, demonstrated no N form preferences. As hypothesized, shoots of subordinate E. glaucus and N. pulchra recovered 2.1–2.3 times more 15 N-NO 3 − than 15 N-NH 4 + and increased %N by 4.8–5.7% in response to the application of 15 N-NO 3 − . Both subordinate grasses did not prefer 15 N-glycine over 15 N-NH 4 + , suggesting that the importance of this N form in structuring species coexistence in California oak woodlands is minimal. These results support our theory that species N preferences follow dominance patterns in California oak woodlands. To further understand the role of these species-specific N preferences in structuring dominance, the importance of N form versus such characteristics as rooting distribution and species phenologies needs to be explored in the presence of interspecific competition.
The Problem of Hyphal Growth in Streptomycetes and Fungi

Abstract Apical growth is the growth habit of both filamentous streptomycetes and mycelial fungi. It is also the tactic of higher plants, but only hyphal growth is considered here. The problem of apical hyphal growth is that the structure is only supported from its base giving little support to the continuously elongating tip. Clearly, a different strategy is needed for the two classes of micro-organisms because the prokaryote has no cytoskeleton to perform mechanical work, but instead has a passive exoskeleton resisting the cell's turgor pressure; i.e. it has a covalently cross-linked fabric covering the entire cell—the sacculus—that resists the cell's turgor pressure. Conversely, the lower eukaryote does have a cytoskeleton, but has no totally enclosing cross-linked fabric; rather, the hyphal wall of the eukaryotic fungi resembles fiberglass in that the wall is composed of fibers embedded in a plastic phase that gradually sets to become more rigid. Very different models are considered here for apical growth of these two classes of micro-organisms. It is proposed that the prokaryotic streptomycetes carry out a rapid turnover of the tip wall, reminiscent of the well-established inside-to-outside growth of the side wall of bacilli. This process maintains the integrity of the wall during growth because an intact covalently linked portion of the tip is always present. This model depends on the ability of the murein composing the sacculus to expand elastically. Two models are considered for the mycelial fungi, where the tip wall is enlarged by the result of fusion of vesicles. The recent model of Bartnicki-Garcia et al. (1989, Protoplasma 153 , 46-57) is critically discussed. Their model is that the rate of addition to a particular element of wall area depends on its distance from an autonomously moving Spitzenkorper (idealized as the vesicle supply center, VSC, in the theoretical constructs). The three-dimensional version of their model is also analyzed. The favored model is the "soft spot hypothesis"; it is based on ideas formulated more than a century ago and recently revived independently by F. M. Harold, J. G. M. Wessels, and A. L. Koch for different reasons. It assumes that the vesicles are fused (intussuscepted) only if they reach points in the wall that are sufficiently new to be still plastic. Thus newer wall will be preferentially incorporated into fresh wall. This could provide a way for turgor pressure to facilitate the incorporation of wall materials and synthetic enzymes and couple elongation to the success of the organism in converting resources into cytoplasm. It could also provide a way for vacuole formation to force elongation. For the efficient and safe elongation of fungal hyphae there may be a role for a combination of a "vesicle supply center" and a "soft spot" model to work together.
Group sequential monitoring of distribution-free analyses of repeated measures.

In many clinical trials the principal analysis consists of a 1 degree of freedom test based on an aggregate summary statistic for a set of repeated measures. Various methods have been proposed for the marginal analysis of such repeated measures that entail estimates of a measure of treatment group difference (the treatment effect) at each of K repeated measures and a consistent estimate of the covariance matrix, where asymptotically these estimates are normally distributed. One can then obtain an overall large sample 1-d.f. test of group differences, such as by taking the average of these K estimates. These methods include the Wei–Lachin family of multivariate rank tests and a corresponding multivariate analysis using the Mann–Whitney difference estimator as a measure of treatment group differences. Other methods, such as O'Brien's non-parametric test, are based on a single summary score for each patient, such as the within-patient mean value. These, and other such methods, allow for some observations to be missing at random. Herein I employ sequential data augmentation to conduct group sequential analyses using a 1 degree of freedom test from a multivariate Mann–Whitney analysis and for the O'Brien rank test. Su and Lachin used this method to perform group sequential analyses of a vector of Hodges–Lehmann estimators. By augmentating the data from the sequential looks in a single analysis, one obtains an estimate of the covariance of the estimates at each look, from which one obtains an estimate of the correlations among the sequential 1-d.f. test statistics. I describe a simple secant algorithm to determine the group sequential boundaries based on recursive integration of the standard multivariate normal distribution with the estimated correlation matrix. Although the boundary obtains readily using the method of Slud and Wei, the more flexible method of Lan and DeMets may be preferred. The true information fraction at each look, needed to apply the spending function method of Lan and DeMets, however, is unknown. Thus, I also describe the use of a surrogate measure of information. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptor activation stimulates phospholipase D in hippocampal slices.

: Metabotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors are coupled to effector systems through G proteins. Because various G protein-coupled receptors stimulate the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD), we examined the possibility that metabotropic EAA receptors exist that are coupled to the activation of PLD. We found that the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonists 1S,3R-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD) and 1S,3S-ACPD, but not the inactive isomer, 1R,3S-ACPD, induce a concentration-dependent increase in PLD activity in hippocampal slices. Selective ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists did not block 1S,3R-ACPD-induced PLD stimulation. Furthermore, although selective iGluR agonists did not activate this response, the nonselective mGluR-iGluR agonists, ibotenate and quisqualate, caused significant increases in PLD activity (all in the presence of iGluR antagonists). L-2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid, which blocks the mGluR that is coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in various brain regions, activates PLD to the same extent as the active isomers of ACPD. These data suggest that metabotropic EAA receptors exist in hippocampus that are coupled to PLD activation and are pharmacologically distinct from phosphoinositide hydrolysis-coupled mGluRs.
Temperature affects mechanics and stability during initial inflation-deflation of mature fetal lung.

Volume-pressure (VP) curves of initial aeration of mature (0.94–0.97 term) rabbit fetuses were compared in three groups, respectively, at 37°C, with maximal inflation pressure of 25 cm H2O (P25); 22°C, P25; and 22°C, P30. Anesthetized fetuses were delivered through uterotomy; chest was opened; trachea of fetal pulmonary liquid (FPL)-filled lungs cannulated; and lungs inflated-deflated in 5 cm H2O, 2 min steps under continuous microscopic observation. As distending pressure was increased, FPL moved peripherally with airways inflation by free gas and with saccular recruitment by free gas and bubbles. Saccular aeration continued during initial reduction of P from Pmax. At end-deflation, air was retained in saccules virtually exclusively as bubbles. Airways inflation-required less P at 37°C, though airways volume (V) was the same at both temperatures. Opening P was lower, and saccular aeration was larger and more rapid at 37°C. The apparently higher distensibility at 37°C was most likely due to temperature effects on fluid dynamics rather than on tissue elasticity. Maximal V attained during early P reduction in all groups, was total lung capacity (TLC) at 37°C and < TLC at 22°C. Air retention at end-deflation, with films of near-zero surface tension, was greatest at 37°C and least at 22°C, P25. Lung stability, greater at 37°C than at 22°C, was best discriminated when V at PO was taken into account. This study shows that all quasistatic parameters of lung function are enhanced at 37°C; it provides a new perspective on the relative ease with which the mature fetal lung effects initial aeration at 37°C; and it establishes the requirement that assessment of perinatal lung function should take temperature into account. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A two-dimensional adaptive pseudo-spectral method

We develop a two-dimensional adaptive pseudo-spectral procedure which is capable of improving the approximation of functions which are rapidly varying in two dimensions. The method is based on introducing two-dimensional coordinate transformations chosen to minimize certain functionals of the solution to be approximated. The method is illustrated by numerical computation of the solutions to a system of reaction diffusion equations modeling the gasless combustion of a solid fuel. Spatio-temporal patterns are computed as a parameter μ, related to the activation energy, is increased above a critical value μc. The spatial patterns are characterized by a very rapid variation in the direction of the axis of the cylinder, together with a standing wave pattern in the direction of the azimuthal angle ψ For small values of μ − μc the solutions exhibit a nearly sinusoidal dependence in both time and ψ As μ is increased further relaxation oscillations in both time and ψ occur. Beyond a critical value of μ stable time-periodic solutions are no longer found and the solution exhibits a quasi-periodic time dependence.
Three new yeasts;Cryptococcus dimennae, Cryptococcus kutzingii andCryptococcus lactativorus spp. n.

Three new species belonging to the genusCryptococcus have been described.C. kutzingii was among the unidentified strains present in the collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. The type strain had been isolated from a medlar fruit.C. dimennae was isolated by di Menna from pasture plants in New Zealand.C. lactativorus was isolated from Antarctic sea water. All three of the new species lacked the ability to utilize sugars with α glucosidic bonds, trehalose excepted.
Vibrational effects on electric and magnetic susceptibilities: application to the properties of the water molecule

We present perturbation theory expressions for the pure vibrational contributions to the hypermagnetizability. These expressions are complete to second order in perturbation theory and include contributions from third derivatives of the properties and the quartic force constants. We calculate zero-point vibrational and pure vibrational effects on the polarizability, magnetizability and hypermagnetizability of the water molecule, and discuss the effects of nuclear motion on the Cotton–Mouton constant of water in the gas phase. This is the first investigation of vibrational effects on the hypermagnetizability of a polyatomic molecule.
All angiogenesis is not the same: Distinct patterns of response to antiangiogenic therapy in experimental neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor exhibit different patterns of metastasis, invasion, and therapeutic response. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor expressed in both tumors. The authors hypothesized that because the clinical behavior of these tumors differs, the response to anti-VEGF therapy would be distinct, and tumor vascular architectures would reflect this distinction. Methods: Xenografts were induced by intrarenal injection of cultured cells in athymic mice. After 1 week, anti-VEGF antibody or vehicle were administered for 5 weeks before sacrifice. Additional animals were maintained for 3 weeks after termination of antibody injections to assess rebound growth of tumors. Fluorescein angiography was performed in selected animals. Results: Neuroblastoma control and treated tumor weights were not significantly different (1.48 g v 0.77 g, P =.34). By comparison, as previously reported, antibody-treated Wilms tumors were growth inhibited. Angiograms of treated (but not control) neuroblastomas displayed novel rounded structures at vessel branches, which the authors term terminal vascular bodies (TVBs). Wilms tumor vessels displayed no such alteration. Conclusions: Neuroblastoma xenografts are less effectively suppressed by anti-VEGF antibody than Wilms tumors. Neuroblastoma vascular architecture displays a novel alteration during antibody administration, which attenuates when antibody is withdrawn. These studies suggest that angiogenesis is differently regulated in experimental neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg 36:287-290. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Asymptotic mean integrated squared errors of some nonparametric density estimators (Corresp.)

For estimation of a probability density function f by an empirical function f_{n} ,, based on a sample of size n from f , a widely used performance measure is the mean integrated squared error. For the wellknown \delta -function type of f_{n} , the asymptotic behavior of this measure is shown to be essentially unchanged if f_{n} is replaced by a recursive version. Also, this asymptotic behavior is characterized under somewhat milder smoothness restrictions but stronger tail restrictions than previously considered in the literature.
Government documents in machine-readable form

Abstract Because government-produced data files are becoming a very important information resource, this column will be published on a quarterly basis. Future columns will deal with reference tools, specific data files, groups of files and user applications. User contributions are solicited and will carry the name of the contributor.
Linearly organized turbulence structures observed over a suburban area by Dual-Doppler lidar

Dual-Doppler lidar observations are used to investigate the structure and evolution of surface-layer flow over a suburban area. The observations were made during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment in Oklahoma City, U.S.A. in the summer of 2003. This study focuses specifically on a 10-h sequence of scan data beginning shortly after noon local time on 7 July 2003. During this period two coherent Doppler lidars performed overlapping low elevation angle sector scans upwind and south of Oklahoma City’s central business district. Radial velocity data from the two lidars are processed to reveal the structure and evolution of the horizontal velocity field in the surface layer throughout the afternoon and during the evening transition period. The retrieved velocity fields clearly show a tendency for turbulence structures to be elongated in the direction of the mean flow throughout the entire 10-h study period. In order to quantify the observed anisotropy and its dependence on stability, integral length scales are estimated directly from the spatially resolved velocity retrievals. As the flow became more stably stratified the characteristic cross-stream dimension of the linear structures decreased. The streamwise component was consistently more anisotropic than the cross-stream component, and both velocity components exhibited maximum anisotropy under neutral conditions. The ratio of the streamwise to cross-stream length scale was estimated to be about eight for the streamwise component, and four for the cross-stream component under neutral conditions.
Certain results in coding theory for noisy channels

In this paper we will develop certain extensions and refinements of coding theory for noisy communication channels. First, a refinement of the argument based on “random” coding will be used to obtain an upper bound on the probability of error for an optimal code in the memoryless finite discrete channel. Next, an equation is obtained for the capacity of a finite state channel when the state can be calculated at both transmitting and receiving terminals. An analysis is also made of the more complex case where the state is calculable at the transmitting point but not necessarily at the receiving point.
A note on Roskies' axioms for multiplicative representation☆

Abstract Roskies introduced a set of axioms for simultaneous conjoint measurement leading to essentially multiplicative representation. It is shown here that the axioms are not independent.
Unramified double coverings of hyperelliptic surfaces. II

In this note we illustrate how to count the fixed points of a lift of the hyperelliptic involution to a smooth unramified double cover. In this way we obtain a new proof of the assertion that only (2g+2) of the double covers are hyperelliptic and classify the remaining covers in terms of g-hyperellipticity. Introduction. In [F1] the author proved that among the 22g 1 unramified double coverings of a hyperelliptic surface S of genus g there are (2g22) hyperelliptic surfaces while the remaining 229 -1(2_g+2) are not hyperelliptic. Recently, E. Bujalance [B] classified all the unramified double coverings of hyperelliptic surfaces using the representation of compact Riemann surfaces as quotient spaces of Fuchsian groups [M]. The result is that all unramified double coverings are p hyperelliptic for various p between 0 and [(g 1)/2]. In this note we shall show how to obtain Bujalance's result in a straightforward way by simply lifting the hyperelliptic involution from S to the unramified double covering and counting its fixed points. In this note we only consider the case of "double coverings" and use a special method for this case which does not generalize. We do point out however that the method used here can be utilized to answer the question which unramified double covers of a g-hyperelliptic surface of genus g remain g-hyperelliptic. The only additional ingredient is first determining to which double covers the g-hyperelliptic involution can be lifted. In another publication [F2] we consider the general problem of lifting the hyperelliptic involution to any finite unramified abelian covering. 1. It follows from general covering space theory that an unramified double covering of S is determined by a subgroup, K, of index 2 of 7rw (S). Furthermore, if we denote by h the natural homomorphism of 7r,(S) onto the quotient group of 7r,(S) modulo its commutator subgroup which we shall as usual denote by ) 1(S), and let K = h(K), then it is immediate that Ol E K if and only if h((a) E K. This is obvious because K contains the commutator subgroup of 7r,(S). Let S be a hyperelliptic surface of genus g together with the canonical homology basis for )1 (S) pictured in Figure 1. In Figure 1 S is represented as a branched two-sheeted cover of the sphere with branch points Po, P1,.... , P29+1. The hyperelliptic involution H on S is the sheet interchange and the fixed points are the points Pt, i = 0, ... , 2g + 1. Let Lt, i =1,. ..., 2g + 1 be paths on S joining Po to P, as indicated in Figure 1. Consider 7ri(S,Po) and the curves H(Li)Lias elements of 7ri(S,P0). Then h[H(Li)L71] E )1(S) and computations made in [FK, pp. 301-306] show that the Received by the editors October 3, 1985 and, in revised form, May 9, 1986. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 30F10; Secondary 14H30. (D1987 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/87 $1.00 + $.25 per page
The response of a spheroid to a disc field or were bulges ever ellipticals

On utilise un code a N corps sans collisions pour etudier la reponse d'un proto-bulbe au champ gravitationnel d'un disque exponentiel. Dans la limite ou l'echelle de temps de la croissance du disque est grande vis-a-vis de l'echelle de temps dynamique du bulbe, l'etat final du bulbe dependra de l'etat final du disque, mais pas des details relatifs a la facon dont la matiere du disque s'est assemblee