cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-Principles Modeling of Mn(II) Migration above and Dissolution from LixMn2O4 (001) Surfaces

Density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are applied to investigate the migration of Mn(II) ions to above-surface sites on spinel LixMn2O4 (001) surfaces, the subsequent Mn dissolution into the organic liquid electrolyte, and the detrimental effects on graphite anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) passivating films after Mn(II) ions diffuse through the separator. The dissolution mechanism proves complex; the much-quoted Hunter disproportionation of Mn(III) to form Mn(II) is far from sufficient. Key steps that facilitate Mn(II) loss include concerted liquid/solid-state motions; proton-induced weakening of Mn–O bonds forming mobile OH– surface groups; and chemical reactions of adsorbed decomposed organic fragments. Mn(II) lodged between the inorganic Li2CO3 and organic lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) anode SEI components facilitate electrochemical reduction and decomposition of LEDC. These findings help inform future design of protective coatings, electrolytes, additive...
Long-Range Order in [(SnSe)1.2]1[TiSe2]1 Prepared from Designed Precursors

Self-assembly of designed precursors has enabled the synthesis of novel heterostructures that exhibit extensive rotational disorder between constituents. In (SnSe)1.2TiSe2 nanoscale regions of long-range order were observed in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) cross sectional images. Here a combination of techniques are used to determine the structure of this compound, and the information is used to infer the origin of the order. In-plane X-ray diffraction indicates that the SnSe basal plane distorts to match TiSe2. This results in a rectangular unit cell that deviates from both the bulk structure and the square in-plane unit cell previously observed in heterostructures containing SnSe bilayers separated by layers of dichalcogenides. The distortion results from lattice matching of the two constituents, which occurs along the SnSe and the TiSe2 directions as √3 × aTiSe2 equals aSnSe. Fast Fourier transform analysis of the STEM images exhibits sharp maxima in hkl families where h,...
Genome Sequences of Two Spore-Forming Bacteria Isolated from the Shore of Mono Lake, California.

ABSTRACT Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two Bacillus spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria, isolated from soil on the shore of Mono Lake.
Six years' experience with closed-chest decannulation of transthoracically inserted cardiac-assist balloon catheters.

The efficiency and risks of a method that allows closed-chest decannulation of an intraoperatively inserted cardiac-assist balloon catheter are examined. The technique involves direct insertion of the balloon catheter into the ascending aorta under the protection of an indwelling silastic tourniquet. At the discretion of the surgeon, the tourniquet may be left in place or removed later through a small infrasternal incision. This method was applied for 6 years, from May 1985 to June 1991, in 18 patients. Satisfactory cardiac assistance was achieved in every patient, and no early or late complications or deaths were attributable to the technique. At the time of this report, 9 patients are still alive. The author recommends the application of the procedure whenever, in the course of open-heart operations, cardiac-assist intraaortic balloon pulsation becomes necessary and conventional transfemoral insertion is either impossible or inadvisable. (Texas Heart Institute Journal 1992; 19:51-3)
Before Colonialism: Oral and Written Textualities in the Polyglotic Zone of the Horn of Africa: The Case of Tigrinya

In recent postcolonial literary and cultural studies, there has been renewed interest in the history and vitality of African-language textualities of the pre-colonial era. This article explores new...
Expanding Clinical Phenotype of Fibromuscular Dysplasia.

See related article, pp 652–658 Before 2004, fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) was thought to predominately affect the renal arteries.1 In the early studies, the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries were involved in only 25% to 30% of patients with FMD.1 However, in a recent report, renal artery involvement occurred in 75.3% of 507 patients, extracranial carotid artery in 73.7% of 476 patients, and vertebral artery in 33.4% of 329 patients.2 There are now >1600 patients enrolled in the US registry, and it seems that the phenotypic presentation is expanding to include not only stenosis (multifocal [string of beads] or focal [a discrete area of a single stenosis]) but also aneurysm, dissection, and arterial tortuosity. Although other studies have reported on the frequency of multivessel FMD,3,4 Plouin et al5 have conducted the first prospective study in which cross-sectional imaging (computed tomographic angiogram [CTA] or magnetic resonance angiogram [MRA]) was performed in every patient enrolled in the ARCADIA FMD registry (Assessment of Renal and Cervical Artery Dysplasia). Patients with renal artery FMD underwent CTA or MRA from the aortic arch to the intracranial vessels, and patients with extracranial cerebrovascular FMD underwent CTA or MRA from the diaphragm to the pelvis. In the ARCADIA FMD registry, at least 2 vascular beds were affected by dysplastic stenosis in 48% of participants. However, if a patient had stenosis in 1 vascular bed and either aneurysm or dissection in another vascular bed, they were coded as having single vascular …
A Characterization of the Asymptotic Behavior of Stationary Stable Processes

Let X(t) be a stationary stable process and let r(t) be the difference between the joint characteristic function of (X(t), X(0)) and the product of the characteristic functions of X(t) and X(0). The function r(t) as t → ∞ is a measure of asymptotic dependence. We analyze the behavior of r(t) as t → ∞ for various stable stochastic processes.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Studies of the Flux Crystal Growth of the Reduced Molybdates La4Mo2O11 and Ce4Mo2O11: Revealing Unexpected Mixed-Valent Transient Intermediates and Determining the Sequence of Events during Crystal Growth

Exploratory flux-mediated crystal growth is one route to discovering novel inorganic compounds, including metastable ones; however, the method does not reveal the existence of intermediates or transient species, as only the final products are isolated at the end of the reaction. Uncovering the presence of any potential intermediates or transient species is, thus, of interest and can be achieved via in situ X-ray or neutron diffraction crystal growth studies to observe, in real time, the processes occurring, including phase formation and crystal growth. In this study we investigated the processes involved in the crystal growth of La4Mo2O11 and Ce4Mo2O11, two reduced Mo5+-containing oxides synthesized in a NaCl/CsCl eutectic flux, and studied via in situ diffraction experiments at the POWGEN beamline at the Spallation Neutron Source. These in situ studies reveal the appearance and disappearance of staring materials, intermediates, and final products. Several transient phases that formed as either single cry...
Coil distance and angle misalignment effects on the mutual inductance for 13.56 MHz WRAP sensors

In the new era of smart and connected health, new technologies are needed for unobtrusive and seamless monitoring of physiological signals at real life settings. In this grand challenge, we are developing a novel technology called Wireless Resistive Analog Passive (WRAP) sensors. WRAP sensors utilizes printed spiral coil (PSC) inductive link whose sensitivity directly depends on the mutual inductance between primary and secondary coils and it changes due to the physical misalignment. We have previously reported COMSOL simulation results for distance and angular misalignments. In this paper we report experimental results of distance and angular misalignments and compare them to analytical and simulation results for distance. The experimental and analytical results are in good agreement while the simulation results are loosely correlated. For the angular misalignment, the experimental results follow similar trend as simulation results, however analytical results shows disagreement. This work is expected to aid in optimization of PSC for WRAP sensors.
An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics. By Steven Roman; Discrete Mathematics. By Richard Johnsonbaugh

(1987). An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics. By Steven Roman; Discrete Mathematics. By Richard Johnsonbaugh. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 564-564.
Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury as Anti-Entropic Novel

This paper examines Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury to show how the narrative performs a dynamic synthesis of various times—especially subjective (personal) and objective (cosmic, historical)—focusing particularly on the levels of intentionality of the final section’s narrator and of the whole novel’s implied author. Time in the world of the fourth section is “public,” a seamless continuum, everywhere the same, and “objective,” or at least transcending the idiosyncratic temporalities of individual characters, while serving as their ground, but contributing little to subjective meaning. On the level of the novel as a whole, however, which encompasses all four sections of the novel, temporal configurations are considerably more complex, and grow more complex, but also more meaningful and more “readable,” as the novel progresses. This movement is anti-entropic. Also, the wealth of cues to read this story as a repetition of a variety of earlier stories (for example, of the failure and decline of the South, or of death, burial, and resurrection) suggests a freedom that runs deeper than fate. In reading such a text, readers practice a dynamic synthesis of temporal configurations that they can then enact in their own lives.
Multipurpose biological reference materials

Reference materials to meet multipurpose needs for analysis of both inorganic and organic constituents in biological investigations are not readily available. A human total diet material is being investigated as a reference material for a wide variety of constituents of interest to human nutrition and health. This material shows a stable assay value for the natural levels of a number of vitamins following freeze-drying or radiation sterilization. This is an important feature in producing materials for long term stability as a Reference Material for natural levels of these constituents. An exception is an increase of 34% in assay value of folic acid upon freeze-drying and an 85% increase upon freezedrying followed by radiation sterilization.
Themes in Behavior Theory and Philosophy

Psychology made its famous break from philosophy in 1879 and since then has faired well as an independent discipline. There remains, however, considerable evidence of its philosophical roots in many of the issues and problems that even its most hard-nosed scientists tackle. B. F. Skinner is a case in point. Even though his work exemplifies the effective application of scientific methods to the subject matter of psychology, much of his extrapolation and interpretation led inevitably to philosophical questions about both science and human behavior, whether observed in a clinic, a laboratory, or everyday settings. Some questions relate to the nature of scientific practices, others to the nature of psychological constructs and interpretations, and still others to the relations between psychology and other disciplines, both in the sciences and in the humanities. All of these topics are incorporated under the general heading of this book’s title, Behavior Theory and Philosophy The chapters that follow consider aspects of one or more of the preceding questions, addressed by scientists and practitioners trained and functioning within the scientific traditions associated with behavior analysis.
Understanding Intimate Partner Violence in the Asian Communities in America: A Systematic Review:

The goal of this study is to provide a systematic review of empirically based journal articles published between 2006 and 2016 that address intimate partner violence (IPV) among Asian communities i...
The Prevalence and Limitations of Electronic Charts in University Flight Training

The use of electronic charts in pilot training has greatly increased in the last several years. UAA member universities continue to instruct using paper navigation charts, as these are still used for training and have not significantly changed in decades. However, the aviation industry has embraced electronic charts in the cockpit. Many airlines, charter companies and fractional operators have already transitioned to electronic charts. This study had two main research questions: (1) how commonly are electronic charts being used by pilots in university flight training, and (2) what are the benefits and limitations of electronic charts are as identified by students using electronic charts? A total of 84 professional pilot students were surveyed at a UAA member university. The majority of students surveyed indicated that they used electronic charts. Specific data was gathered on types of devices and software used, limitations of the devices and software, and pilot attitudes toward this new technology. Student attitudes toward the use of electronic charts were found to be generally positive.
Management of severe bronchiolitis: impact of NICE guidelines

Objective To understand the impact of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) bronchiolitis guidelines on the management of children referred to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with bronchiolitis. Design and setting Data were collected on all children referred to a regional PICU transport service with the clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis during the winter prior to the NICE consultation period (2011–2012) and during the winter after publication (2015–2016). Management initiated by the referring hospital was assessed. Results There were 165 infants referred with bronchiolitis in epoch 1 and 187 in epoch 2. Nebuliser use increased from 28% in epoch 1 to 53% in epoch 2. Increased use of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen and reduction in continuous positive airway pressure use were observed. The use of antibiotics did not change between epochs. Conclusion The use of nebulised therapies has increased in the management of severe bronchiolitis despite national guidance to the contrary.
Non-redundant functions of FAK and Pyk2 in intestinal epithelial repair

Adhesion signaling between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix plays a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and the response to tissue damage. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its close relative Pyk2 are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate adhesion signaling to promote cell proliferation, motility and survival. FAK has also been shown to act as a mechanosensor by modulating cell proliferation in response to changes in tissue compliance. We previously showed that mice lacking FAK in the intestinal epithelium are phenotypically normal under homeostatic conditions but hypersensitive to experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Here we report that Pyk2-deficient mice are also phenotypically normal under homeostatic conditions and are similarly hypersensitive to DSS-induced colitis. These data indicate that normal intestinal development and homeostatic maintenance can occur in the presence of either FAK or Pyk2, but that both kinases are necessary for epithelial repair following injury. In contrast, mice lacking both FAK and Pyk2 develop spontaneous colitis with 100% penetrance by 4 weeks of age. Normal colonic phenotype and function are restored upon treatment of the double knockout mice with antibiotics, implicating commensal bacteria or bacterial products in the etiology of the spontaneous colitis exhibited by these mice.
Celebrating the exceptional potential of general practice.

This essay is inspired by the book The Exceptional Potential of General Practice: Making a Difference in Primary Care , edited by Professor Graham Watt and with 55 contributors from 11 countries.1 The origin of the symbol of General Practice at the Deep End was from a drawing 25 years ago by Julian Tudor Hart that showed patients and doctors at the deep end of the swimming pool trying to keep afloat. That sketch led to the logo of GPs at the Deep End, serving the 100 most deprived communities in Scotland, now followed by similar projects and logos in Ireland, Yorkshire/Humber, and Greater Manchester,2 and celebrated during a 2-day meeting at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow on 14–15 February 2019. Presentations were primarily from practitioners whose views and descriptions of work in deprived communities came from their experiences in the neighbourhoods where they practise. The gathering was a …
Left Ventricular Assist Device Outflow Graft Obstruction: A Case Series

Dysfunction of different components within continuous-flow (CF) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) systems may cause adverse cardiovascular and end-organ sequelae. Outflow graft obstruction is a recognized type of LVAD component dysfunction. Ten patients were admitted and treated for LVAD outflow graft obstruction. Two of these patients subsequently developed recurrent outflow graft obstruction requiring reintervention; however, each reoccurrence was at a different site than the original obstruction. Thus, a total of 12 cases of obstruction were analyzed. The most common reasons for hospital admission were low flow LVAD alarms or decompensated heart failure. Presentation with outflow graft obstruction occurred an average of 3.0 years after LVAD implantation. Patients underwent echocardiographic evaluation at the time of admission. Left ventricular assist device component dysfunction was suspected based on echocardiographic findings, and follow-up contrast studies were used to establish the specific diagnosis of outflow graft stenosis. The majority of stenotic lesions (10/12) were treated percutaneously with balloon angioplasty and stenting with balloon-expandable endovascular prostheses. Postintervention, all patients had significant improvement in LVAD flow rates.
Education Research: Understanding barriers to goals of care communication for neurology trainees.

Objective To describe the perspectives of neurology residents regarding barriers to effective goals of care discussions and to identify residents9 current and desired educational strategies to improve goals of care communication. Methods All neurology residents at our institution were invited to voluntarily participate in focus groups. Residents were organized into 3 focus groups by year of training. Moderators asked residents open-ended questions about current goals of care communication practice and ideas for improving the frequency and effectiveness of goals of care discussions. All responses were audiorecorded, transcribed, and de-identified. Transcripts of the focus groups were independently read and coded by members of the research team. We performed thematic analysis to identify and systematize relationships across coded data. Results Twenty out of 29 neurology residents participated in the focus groups. We identified 3 overarching domains impeding goals of care communication: patient factors, resident factors, and systems factors. Residents proposed specific desired strategies to address these 3 domains with the goal of improving the frequency and efficacy of goals of care communication. The desired strategies included receiving feedback from patients and families, developing resident-focused educational opportunities through direct observation and coaching, and systems changes by documenting goals of care discussions. Conclusions Neurology residents identify multiple barriers to effective goals of care communication and propose specific desired strategies for improvement. This detailed input from residents will be incorporated into future curricular interventions to improve confidence and skill in leading goals of care discussions.
A prospective evaluation of health-related quality of life after skull base re-irradiation.

PURPOSE To report cancer control outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes after highly conformal skull-based re-irradiation (re-RT). METHODS Patients planned for curative intent re-RT to a recurrent or new skull base tumor were enrolled. HRQoL were assessed using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor (MDASI-BT) and the anterior skull base surgery quality of life (ASBQ) questionnaires. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were treated with stereotactic body RT or intensity modulated RT. Median follow-up was 14 months. Progression free survival was 71% at 1-year. There was mild clinically significant worsening of fatigue, lack of appetite and drowsiness (MDASI-BT), and physical function (ASBQ) at the end of RT, followed by recovery to baseline on subsequent follow-ups. Subjective emotions were clinically improved at 12 months, with patients reporting feeling less tense/nervous. CONCLUSION Conformal skull base re-RT is associated with mild immediate deterioration in physical function followed by rapid and sustained recovery.
Neighbor Discovery in a Free-Space-Optical UAV Network

Neighbor discovery is an essential part of the communication link establishment process for any wireless ad-hoc network. This problem of discovering neighbor nodes becomes even more challenging when the transceivers are highly directional. In this paper, we consider a 3D network of unmanned-aerial-vehicles (UAVs) that uses free-space-optical (FSO) transceivers for establishing high speed highly directional communication links. We consider that each UAV is equipped with a spherical structure on which multiple FSO transceivers are placed. The UAVs can electronically steer their communication beams by switching from one transceiver to another. We provide analysis on how optimally placing the transceivers with the appropriate divergence angles can help establish an FSO link at any direction in the 3D space. We also present a neighbor discovery algorithm that ensures discovery within a limited time. We demonstrate through extensive simulations that a UAV with FSO transceivers can successfully discover its neighbor UAVs even without prior location information about them and without any additional omnidirectional radio frequency (RF) channel.
Ten-year outcomes of transcaval cardiac puncture for catheter ablation after extracardiac Fontan surgery.

Background Although they are at lower risk, patients with previous extracardiac conduit (EC) Fontan still may require catheter ablation for supraventricular arrhythmia. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal approach to pulmonary venous atrium (PVA) access after EC Fontan operation. Methods All electrophysiological procedures requiring PVA over a 10-year period at the UCLA Medical Center were reviewed. PVA was grouped by transcaval cardiac puncture (TCP) or direct conduit puncture. Procedural characteristics and outcomes were compared. Results Between June 2009 and November 2019, 23 electrophysiological procedures requiring PVA access were performed in 17 EC Fontan patients (53% male; median age 25 years; interquartile range 11–34). Cavoatrial overlap was identified in 14 patients by preprocedural imaging (10 cardiac computed tomography, 4 cardiac magnetic resonance). PVA access was obtained via TCP in 11, direct conduit puncture in 6, pre-existing fenestration in 5, and pulmonary artery puncture in 1. Time to PVA was significantly shorter for TCP vs direct conduit puncture (0.2 vs 1.1 hours, respectively; P = .03). The only predictor of successful TCP was the length of cavoatrial overlap by preprocedural imaging (14 vs 3 mm; P = .02). No procedural complications occurred. No change in oxygen saturation was noted, and no evidence of residual shunting was detected by follow-up echocardiography. Conclusion TCP is feasible in most patients after EC Fontan surgery and can be predicted by preprocedural advanced imaging. TCP is associated with shorter time to PVA and was uncomplicated in this single-center study. Preoperative assessment of cavoatrial overlap should be considered before catheter ablation for EC Fontan.
Nicotine Monitoring with a Wearable Sweat Band

The tobacco epidemic is a public health threat that has taken a heavy toll of lives around the globe each year. Smoking affects both the smokers and those who are exposed to secondhand smoke, and careful tracking of exposure can be key to mitigating the potential hazards. For smokers, the variation of chemical compositions between commercial cigarettes has led to ambiguity in estimating the health risks, both for active smokers and others involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke and byproducts. In this regard, sweat possesses an attractive opportunity to monitor smoke exposure due to sweat's abundance in biomolecules and its great accessibility. Here, we present a wearable sweat band to monitor nicotine, a prominent ingredient in cigarettes, as a viable way to quantitatively assess a wearer's exposure to smoking. Both smokers and normal subjects are tested to demonstrate the use of this device for smoke-related health monitoring. Our results exhibit confirmable and elevated nicotine levels in sweat for subjects inhaling cigarette smoke. This continuous and personalized sweat sensing device is leverage to monitor smoke pollution for a potentially broad population.
Dynamic and Systems-Based Models for Evaluating Hypotheses Related to Predicting Treatment Response

An important goal for alcohol dependence treatment research is the identification of personal characteristics that can be used to select the treatment regimen that will have the greatest probability of success. Such personalized treatment for alcohol dependence is not yet a reality. Individual differences in the genetic architecture that underlie the etiology of alcoholism and of the pharmacogenetics of medications used in alcoholism treatment are likely to be important in the development of personalized treatment. In 2000, Johnson proposed a mechanistic model of the contribution to differential response to pharmacological alcoholism treatment of a well-studied, common genetic polymorphism in the regulatory region of the gene that codes for the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR). This Johnson Model contained many parameters and proposed multiple interactions, which made predictions difficult to make, but also made it a good candidate for modeling with a dynamic systems-based model. This chapter describes personalized alcoholism treatment and pharmacogenetics, and discusses the Johnson Model and a dynamic systems model as well as the potential for using such models for investigating personalized alcoholism treatment.
Machine vision-driven automatic recognition of particle size and morphology in SEM images

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images provide a variety of structural and morphological information of nanomaterials. In the material informatics domain, automatic recognition and quantitative analysis of SEM images in a high-throughput manner are critical, but challenges still remain due to the complexity and the diversity of image configurations in both shape and size. In this paper, we present a generally applicable approach using computer vision and machine learning techniques to quantitatively extract particle size, size distribution and morphology information in SEM images. The proposed pipeline offers automatic, high-throughput measurements even when overlapping nanoparticles, rod shapes, and core–shell nanostructures are present. We demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed approach by performing experiments on SEM images of nanoscale materials and structures with different shapes and sizes. The proposed approach shows promising results (Spearman coefficients of 0.91 and 0.99 using fully automated and semi-automated processes, respectively) when compared with manually measured sizes. The code is made available as open source software at https://github.com/LLNL/LIST.
Removing independent noise in systems neuroscience data using DeepInterpolation

Abstract Progress in nearly every scientific discipline is hindered by the presence of independent noise in spatiotemporally structured datasets. Three widespread technologies for measuring neural activity—calcium imaging, extracellular electrophysiology, and fMRI—all operate in domains in which shot noise and/or thermal noise deteriorate the quality of measured physiological signals. Current denoising approaches sacrifice spatial and/or temporal resolution to increase the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of weak neuronal events, leading to missed opportunities for scientific discovery. Here, we introduce DeepInterpolation, a general-purpose denoising algorithm that trains a nonlinear interpolation model using only noisy samples from the original raw data. Applying DeepInterpolation to in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging yields up to 6 times more segmented neuronal segments with a 15 fold increase in single pixel SNR, uncovering network dynamics at the single-trial level. In extracellular electrophysiology recordings, DeepInterpolation recovered 25% more high-quality spiking units compared to a standard data analysis pipeline. On fMRI datasets, DeepInterpolation increased the SNR of individual voxels 1.6-fold. All these improvements were attained without sacrificing spatial or temporal resolution. Techniques like DeepInterpolation could well have a similar impact in other domains for which independent noise is present in experimental data.
Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Guidelines from the American Academy of Family Physicians.

The American Academy of Family Physicians has published guidelines for treating acute exacerbations of COPD based on a systematic review.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endurance Exercise Training Protocols for Mice

Inbred and genetically modified mice are frequently used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial adaptations to exercise training. However, published paradigms for exercise training in mice are variable, making comparisons across studies for training efficacy difficult. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize the diversity across published treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocols for mice and to identify training protocol parameters that moderate the adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: inbred mice; inclusion of a sedentary group; and exercise training using a motorized treadmill. Fifty-eight articles met those inclusion criteria and also included a “classical” marker of training efficacy. Outcome measures included changes in exercise performance, V O2max, skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity, blood lactate levels, or exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The majority of studies were conducted using male mice. Approximately 48% of studies included all information regarding exercise training protocol parameters. Meta-analysis was performed using 105 distinct training groups (i.e., EX-SED pairs). Exercise training had a significant effect on training outcomes, but with high heterogeneity (Hedges’ g = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.47-1.94, Tau2 = 1.14, I2 = 80.4%, prediction interval = -0.43-3.84). Heterogeneity was partially explained by subgroup differences in treadmill incline, training duration, exercise performance test type, and outcome variable. Subsequent analyses were performed on subsets of studies based on training outcome, exercise performance or biochemical markers. Exercise training significantly improved performance outcomes (Hedges’ g = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.55-2.15). Subgroup differences were observed for treadmill incline, training duration, and exercise performance test protocol on improvements in performance. Biochemical markers also changed significantly with training (Hedges’ g = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.14-2.11). Subgroup differences were observed for strain, sex, exercise session time, and training duration. These results demonstrate there is a high degree of heterogeneity across exercise training studies in mice. Training duration had the most significant impact on training outcome. However, the magnitude of the effect of exercise training varies based on the marker used to assess training efficacy.
The ghost in the browser analysis of web-based malware

As more users are connected to the Internet and conduct their daily activities electronically, computer users have become the target of an underground economy that infects hosts with malware or adware for financial gain. Unfortunately, even a single visit to an infected web site enables the attacker to detect vulnerabilities in the user's applications and force the download a multitude of malware binaries. Frequently, this malware allows the adversary to gain full control of the compromised systems leading to the ex-filtration of sensitive information or installation of utilities that facilitate remote control of the host. We believe that such behavior is similar to our traditional understanding of botnets. However, the main difference is that web-based malware infections are pull-based and that the resulting command feedback loop is looser. To characterize the nature of this rising thread, we identify the four prevalent mechanisms used to inject malicious content on popular web sites: web server security, user contributed content, advertising and third-party widgets. For each of these areas, we present examples of abuse found on the Internet. Our aim is to present the state of malware on the Web and emphasize the importance of this rising threat.
Global RNA Fold and Molecular Recognition for a pfl Riboswitch Bound to ZMP, a Master Regulator of One-Carbon Metabolism

Summary ZTP, the pyrophosphorylated analog of ZMP (5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide ribose-5′-monophosphate), was identified as an alarmone that senses 10-formyl-tetrahydroflate deficiency in bacteria. Recently, a pfl riboswitch was identified that selectively binds ZMP and regulates genes associated with purine biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism. We report on the structure of the ZMP-bound Thermosinus carboxydivorans pfl riboswitch sensing domain, thereby defining the pseudoknot-based tertiary RNA fold, the binding-pocket architecture, and principles underlying ligand recognition specificity. Molecular recognition involves shape complementarity, with the ZMP 5-amino and carboxamide groups paired with the Watson-Crick edge of an invariant uracil, and the imidazole ring sandwiched between guanines, while the sugar hydroxyls form intermolecular hydrogen bond contacts. The burial of the ZMP base and ribose moieties, together with unanticipated coordination of the carboxamide by Mg 2+ , contrasts with exposure of the 5′-phosphate to solvent. Our studies highlight the principles underlying RNA-based recognition of ZMP, a master regulator of one-carbon metabolism.
Applied Literature for Healing

In this qualitative research study interviews conducted with elite participants serve to reveal the underlying elements that unite the richly diverse emerging field of Applied Literature. The basic interpretative qualitative method included a thematic analysis of data from the interviews yielding numerous common elements that were then distilled into key themes that elucidated the beneficial effects of engaging consciously with literature. These themes included developing a stronger sense of self in balance with an increasing connection with community; providing a safe container to engage challenging and potentially overwhelming issues from a stance of empowered action; and fostering a healing space for creativity. The findings provide grounds for uniting the work being done in a range of helping professions into a cohesive field of Applied Literature, which offers effective tools for healing, transformation and empowerment.
Infall of Galaxies into the Virgo Cluster

There are a subtantial number of galaxies in the Virgo southern extention just beyond the Virgo Cluster which are blueshifted with respect to the cluster and a lesser number of galaxies slightly nearer than the Virgo Cluster which are redshifted with respect to the cluster. These galaxies must be falling into the cluster. We are able to model the observed infall motions by following the collapse of spherical shells with the Friedmann equations in a closed universe. A family of mass-age solutions provide satisfactory fits to the observations.
Analysis of receptor phosphorylation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various procedures to analyze nuclear receptor phosphorylation. It focuses on the methods used for identifying phosphorylation sites, many of which are directly applicable to the analysis of other post translational modifications, such as acetylation and methylation of receptors, and other types of proteins. The nuclear receptor superfamily is a diverse group of ligand-dependent transcription factors and orphan receptors, whose activities are regulated by reversible phosphorylation. Phosphorylation occurs predominantly on serine and threonine residues in the N-terminal and DNA-binding regions of receptors. The study of nuclear receptor phosphorylation necessitates an understanding of cellular signaling pathways and the way kinases and phosphatases in these pathways communicate with the nuclear receptor signaling pathways to modulate receptor function. Studies of the effects of hormones, drug treatments, cell cycle, and other conditions on receptor phosphorylation often provide new insights into receptor function. There are several types of mass spectrometers, and the techniques utilized to detect phosphorylation sites will depend upon the equipment available. Mass spectrometers measure the mass–charge ratio (m/z) of a molecule. Peptides must be volatilized to be detected by the machine. Receptor deletion and point mutations can be used to identify phosphorylation sites indirectly.
The perfect reduction: Approaches and techniques

Anatomic reduction of femoral neck fractures is difficult to obtain in a closed fashion. Open reduction provides for direct and controlled manipulation of fracture fragments. This can be accomplished via multiple approaches. The anterolateral, or Watson-Jones, approach or Smith-Petersen, or direct anterior, approach are the two most frequently used. Percutaneous techniques have also been described, though they lack the visual confirmation of reduction of a traditional open approach. These can be performed using a fracture table or with a free leg on a radiolucent table in either supine or lateral positions. Knowledge of the hip and pelvis anatomy is crucial for the preservation of critical femoral neck vasculature. Intra-operative fluoroscopy together with direct visualization provides the framework for successful manipulation of the fracture fragments, temporary stabilization, and ultimately fracture fixation.
Micellar effects on photoprocesses in retinyl polyenes

Abstract The effects of micellar solubilization on excited-state properties of several retinyl polyenes have been examined primarily by nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The relative intensity of band system III (254–256 nm) in the ground state absorption spectrum of 11-cis retinal decreases significantly on going from methanol to micellar solutions, suggesting that the 12-s-trans form of 11-cis retinal is relatively favored in the organized media. In addition to microsecond transient phenomena due to triplets, the laser flash photolysis of all-trans and 11-cis retinal and all-trans retinyl Schiff base incorporated into micelles leads to ‘permanent’ absorption changes attributable to photoisomerization (in the case of retinals) and protonation and/or complexation with water (in the case of Schiff base). All-trans retinol and retinyl acetate in micellar solutions undergo ionic photodissociation leading to long-lived retinyl carbocation (λmax = 585–600 nm), the process being monophotonic in the case of retinyl acetate and predominantly bipho-tonic in the case of retinol. The trends in the location of ground-state absorption maxima (IBu+*←IAg) and triplet yield of retinals, and photodissociation yield of retinyl acetate suggest that the polarity of the environment probed by the polyene systems increases in the order: Triton X-100
Development of enkephalin in the rectum and ganglion of Remak of the chick

Abstract Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high performance liquid chromatography were used in combination with immunocytochemistry to study the development of met-enkephalin (Met-enk) in the rectum and the ganglion of Remak of the chicken. Met-enk was detected by RIA in the rectum at 5 days of incubation (d.i.). The concentration increased from 5–9 d.i. and did not change significantly thereafter. In contrast, the concentration of Met-enk in Remak's ganglion increased throughout the developmental period of study. Met-enk immunoreactivity first appeared in cell bodies in Remak's ganglion at 6 d.i. and in a small number of processes in the wall of the rectum. By 9 d.i., Remak's ganglion contained many immunoreactive cell bodies, some of which extended processes into the wall of the rectum in the region of the myenteric plexus. Varicosities were first seen in the rectum at 13 d.i. and increased in number and staining intensity with developmental age. The fact that immunoreactive cell bodies persist in Remak's ganglion throughout the course of development and send processes into the rectum suggests that a major portion of enkephalinergic innervation of the rectum is extrinsic. On the other hand, the presence of Met-enk immunoreactivity in both nerve cell bodies and processes in rectal explants stripped of Remak's ganglion suggests that this peptide is also contained in intrinsic neurons in the chick rectum.
Red cell ABO incompatibility and production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha.

Summary. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a major mediator ofdiverse pathophysiological events similar to those of haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR), such as fever, intravascular coagulation and organ failure. However, the possible role of TNF in HTR has not been investigated. We have constructed an in vitro whole blood model of HTR to examine whether TNF may be produced in red cell ABO incompatibility. TNF was observed in plasma, in a dose dependent manner, when ABO incompatible red cells were added, but not with compatible (group 0) cells. Plasma TNF levels were maximal at 2 h, and declined to control levels by 24 h. Haemolysis of incompatible red cells was accompanied by TNF production. Immune haemolysis induced TNF gene expression by buffy coat leucocytes, as determined by Northern blot analysis. Heat inactivation of plasma abolished TNF production, whereas prior treatment with interferongamma augmented the response. These results demonstrate that a major cytokine is produced in response to red cell incompatibility, and suggest that TNF may play a role in the pathogenesis of haemolytic transfusion reactions. Knowledge of the pathophysiological events involved in haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR) has lagged behind progress in our understanding of the inflammatory response, especially with respect to the role of cytokines. The cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has been shown to play a
Transversal Designs in Classical Planes and Spaces

Possible embeddings of transversal designs in the classical projective spaces on finite fields are characterized.
The Effect of Type of Task, Degree of Integration, and Modality on the Performance of Concurrent Tasks:

Sixteen subjects performed a continuous, visual-manual, tracking task while simultaneously performing a visual-manual or auditory speech discrete task. The discrete tasks were either integrated with or not integrated with the continuous task and involved either verbal or spatial central processing. Tracking accuracy, discrete task response latency, and discrete task accuracy were measured. The major findings were that when a discrete task involving verbal central processing was performed concurrently with a visual-manual tracking task, better performance was obtained on both the discrete task and the tracking task when the discrete task was performed with auditory input and speech response, rather than with visual input and manual response. However when the discrete task involved spatial processing codes, use of the auditory-speech modalities resulted in no advantage on the discrete task and the advantage on the tracking task was diminished. It was also found that tracking performance was better when the ...
Persistent Interexcitonic Quantum Coherence in CdSe Quantum Dots

The creation and manipulation of quantum superpositions is a fundamental goal for the development of materials with novel optoelectronic properties. In this letter, we report persistent (~80 fs lifetime) quantum coherence between the 1S and 1P excitonic states in zinc-blende colloidal CdSe quantum dots at room temperature, measured using Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. We demonstrate that this quantum coherence manifests as an intradot phenomenon, the frequency of which depends on the size of the dot excited within the ensemble of QDs. We model the lifetime of the coherence and demonstrate that correlated interexcitonic fluctuations preserve relative phase between excitonic states. These observations suggest an avenue for engineering long-lived interexcitonic quantum coherence in colloidal quantum dots.
Partial trisomy of chromosome 6q: An interstitial duplication of the long arm

We report on a 5-year-old girl with a de novo interstitial duplication of chromosome 6q21-q23 and delayed development and speech with distinctive minor facial anomalies including a "carp" mouth. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a chromosome 6 paint probe confirms that the extra material is of chromosome 6 origin. This further delineates the dup(6q) syndrome and the manifestations due to the specific duplicated chromosomal region involved.
Christian Marclay's Early Years: An Interview

The artist discusses with the author his early career and influences. Marclay explains his upbringing in Switzerland and his lack of familiarity with American mass culture, to which he credits his early experiments in art, music and performance using records. Marclay describes the evolution of his use of records and discusses other influences, such as art school and the New York club scene of the 1970s.
Evolutionary Conservation of the Functional Modularity of Primate and Murine LINE-1 Elements

LINE-1 (L1) retroelements emerged in mammalian genomes over 80 million years ago with a few dominant subfamilies amplifying over discrete time periods that led to distinct human and mouse L1 lineages. We evaluated the functional conservation of L1 sequences by comparing retrotransposition rates of chimeric human-rodent L1 constructs to their parental L1 counterparts. Although amino acid conservation varies from ∼35% to 63% for the L1 ORF1p and ORF2p, most human and mouse L1 sequences can be functionally exchanged. Replacing either ORF1 or ORF2 to create chimeric human-mouse L1 elements did not adversely affect retrotransposition. The mouse ORF2p retains retrotransposition-competency to support both Alu and L1 mobilization when any of the domain sequences we evaluated were substituted with human counterparts. However, the substitution of portions of the mouse cys-domain into the human ORF2p reduces both L1 retrotransposition and Alu trans-mobilization by 200–1000 fold. The observed loss of ORF2p function is independent of the endonuclease or reverse transcriptase activities of ORF2p and RNA interaction required for reverse transcription. In addition, the loss of function is physically separate from the cysteine-rich motif sequence previously shown to be required for RNP formation. Our data suggest an additional role of the less characterized carboxy-terminus of the L1 ORF2 protein by demonstrating that this domain, in addition to mediating RNP interaction(s), provides an independent and required function for the retroelement amplification process. Our experiments show a functional modularity of most of the LINE sequences. However, divergent evolution of interactions within L1 has led to non-reciprocal incompatibilities between human and mouse ORF2 cys-domain sequences.