cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactive transport model for the ambient unsaturated hydrogeochemical system at Yucca mountain, Nevada

To assist a technical review of a potential application for a geologic repository, a reactive transport model is presented for the ambient hydrogeochemical system at Yucca Mountain (YM). The model simulates two-phase, nonisothermal, advective and diffusive flow and transport through one-dimensional matrix and fracture continua (dual permeability) containing ten kinetically reactive hydrostratigraphic layers. We developed a thermodynamic interpretation of ambient groundwater chemistry at YM from limited analytical data and then combined it with insights from experimental and site-specific data to craft a conceptual model describing thermodynamic and kinetic relationships in the mineral/glass-water-gas system. The model was calibrated by adjusting uncertain thermodynamic and kinetic parameters to reflect observed trends at YM. The following calibration criteria were used to ensure that model predictions are consistent with hydrochemical and petrologic data from YM: (1) calculated multicomponent matrix pore water compositions do not vary significantly from reinterpreted analytical data; (2) simulated variations in matrix silica concentrations with depth are bounded by the observed analytical range; and (3) feldspars and glass dissolve while clays and calcite precipitate. The largest changes in calculated species concentrations occur in response to glass dissolution. Simulated matrix groundwater compositions at the depth of the potential repository are largely inherited from percolating waters rather than controlled by in situ chemical reactions. Predictions about groundwater flow pathways in the ambient YM system are sensitive to assumptions regarding percolation flux and fracture-matrix interactions. Confidence in complex reactive transport models of the thermally perturbed YM repository system depends on successful representation of ambient system conditions.
Elucidation of tRNA-dependent editing by a class II tRNA synthetase and significance for cell viability

Editing of misactivated amino acids by class I tRNA synthetases is encoded by a specialized internal domain specific to class I enzymes. In contrast, little is known about editing activities of the structurally distinct class II enzymes. Here we show that the class II alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) has a specialized internal domain that appears weakly related to an appended domain of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS), but is unrelated to that found in class I enzymes. Editing of misactivated glycine or serine was shown to require a tRNA cofactor. Specific mutations in the aforementioned domain disrupt editing and lead to production of mischarged tRNA. This class-specific editing domain was found to be essential for cell growth, in the presence of elevated concentrations of glycine or serine. In contrast to ThrRS, where the editing domain is not found in all three kingdoms of living organisms, it was incorporated early into AlaRSs and is present throughout evolution. Thus, tRNA-dependent editing by AlaRS may have been critical for making the genetic code sufficiently accurate to generate the tree of life.
A Quantum Chemistry Study of the van der Waals Dimers of Benzene, Naphthalene, and Anthracene: Crossed (D2d) and Parallel-Displaced (C2h) Dimers of Very Similar Energies in the Linear Polyacenes

A quantum chemistry study of the ground-state structures and binding energies of the van der Waals dimers of benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene has been made at the MP2/6-31G and MP2/6-31+G levels of theory. For naphthalene and anthracene, the calculations yield two low energy dimers of very similar energies: D{sub 2d} (crossed) and C{sub 2h} (parallel-displaced). Conformers, analogous to the T-shaped dimer of benzene, are less stable than the crossed and the parallel-displaced dimers. BSSE-corrected MP2/6-31+G/MP2/6-31G binding energies of the crossed and the parallel-displaced dimers are, respectively, 15.77 and 15.65 kJ/mol for naphthalene and 36.40 and 31.84 kJ/mol for anthracene. The fully optimized MP2/6-31G structures of the parallel-displaced dimer of naphthalene has a horizontal displacement of 1.5 {angstrom} along the short axes of the monomers and a vertical displacement of 3.5 {angstrom}. The corresponding horizontal and vertical separations for the parallel-displaced (PD) dimer of anthracene are 1.1 and 3.6 {angstrom}, respectively. for the crossed dimers, the vertical separation of the aromatic rings is 3.6 {angstrom} for naphthalene and 3.3 {angstrom} for anthracene. The greater binding energy and the shorter horizontal displacement of the anthracene PD dimer relative to the naphthalene PD dimer are consistent with the stronger dispersion interactions expected ofmore » a larger dimer. The greater stability and smaller vertical separation of the crossed dimer of anthracene relative to that of naphthalene can also be attributed to the disparity in the dispersion interactions.« less
Development of a computer database to enhance educational and employment access for individuals with disabilities

In order to assist individuals with disabilities in education/employment settings, it may be necessary to provide special devices - either commercially available or custom made - so that the person will be able to conduct his/her work properly. In order to obtain these devices, an information retrieval system has been developed that presents the user with various solutions to common problems in communication, mobility, manipulation, and sensory areas.
The thermal properties of some metal complexes of diethyldithiocarbamic acid new volatile metal chelates

The cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), silver(I) and mercury(II) complexes of diethyldithiocarbamic acid were prepared and their thermal properties determined by TG, DTA, and high temperature reflectance spectroscopy. It was found that the copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) chelates were completely volatile and thus represent a new class of volatile metal chelates. Vapor pressure measurements were made on four of the metal complexes; heats of vaporization ranged from 9.3±0.2 kcal/mole for Na[Co(DDC)3] to 24.2±0.6 kcal/mole for Zn(DDC)2.
Comparisons of paired orthotopic cardiac transplant donor and recipient electrocardiograms

Electrocardiograms of 20 consecutive donor and paired recipient orthotopic heart transplant patients were compared. Recipients were markedly older than donors; all patients were males, and both groups had similar body weight. The heart rate was faster, QRS was longer, QT was shorter, QRS axis was more shift to the left, and precordial voltage was decreased in the recipient ECGs in the first 72 hours after transplant. These changes persisted during late follow-up (12 +/- 6 months after transplant). Seventy percent and 60% of recipients within the first 72 hours after transplant and during late follow-up, respectively, had a new RBBB delay compared to their paired donor ECG. There was a trend toward less clockwise rotation in the ECGs of patients who had a new incomplete RBBB in the late follow-up compared to patients who did not. Thus new RBBB delays, QT shortening, QRS axis left shift, and decrease in precordial voltage are commonly seen on ECGs after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. A new heart position and recipient's weight do not seem to account for the development of a new RBBB delay and decrease in precordial voltage. Other factors, such as mechanical or thermal injury and change in donor-to-recipient age, may be involved.
Pulse-Width Modulation DC Motor Control

In order to control the speed of a dc series field motor at different required torque levels, it is necessary to adjust the voltage applied to the motor. For any particular constant voltage the motor speed is determined solely by the torque requirements and top speed is reached under minimum torque conditions. When a series motor is used as a traction drive for vehicles, it is desirable to control the voltage to the motor to fit the various torque requirements of grades, speed, and load. The common method of varying the speed of the motor is by inserting resistance in series with motor to reduce the supplied power. This type of motor speed control is very inefficient and wasteful of battery power due to the I 2 R loss, especially under high current, high torque conditions.
A new approach to satellite-based estimation of precipitation over snow cover

Current satellite-based remote-sensing approaches are largely incapable of estimating precipitation over snow cover. This note reports a proof-of-concept study of a new satellite-based approach to the estimation of precipitation over snow-covered surfaces. The method is based on the principle that precipitation can be inferred from the changes in the snow water equivalent of the snowpack. Using satellite-based snow water equivalent measurements, we derived daily precipitation amounts for the northern hemisphere for three snow-accumulation seasons, and evaluated these against independent reference datasets. The new precipitation estimates captured realistic-looking storm events over largely un-instrumented regions. However, the data are noisy and, on a seasonal scale, the amount of precipitation is believed to be underestimated. Nevertheless, current uncertainty in snow measurements, albeit large (50–100%), is still lower than direct precipitation measurements over snow (100–140%) and therefore this approa...
Improved regional water management utilizing climate forecasts: An interbasin transfer model with a risk management framework

Regional water supply systems undergo surplus and deficit conditions due to differences in inflow characteristics as well as due to their seasonal demand patterns. This study proposes a framework for regional water management by proposing an interbasin transfer (IBT) model that uses climate-information-based inflow forecast for minimizing the deviations from the end-of-season target storage across the participating pools. Using the ensemble streamflow forecast, the IBT water allocation model was applied for two reservoir systems in the North Carolina Triangle Area. Results show that interbasin transfers initiated by the ensemble streamflow forecast could potentially improve the overall water supply reliability as the demand continues to grow in the Triangle Area. To further understand the utility of climate forecasts in facilitating IBT under different spatial correlation structures between inflows and between the initial storages of the two systems, a synthetic experiment was designed to evaluate the framework under inflow forecast having different skills. Findings from the synthetic study can be summarized as follows: (a) inflow forecasts combined with the proposed IBT optimization model provide improved allocation in comparison to the allocations obtained under the no-transfer scenario as well as under transfers obtained with climatology; (b) spatial correlations between inflows and between initial storages among participating reservoirs could also influence the potential benefits that could be achieved through IBT; (c) IBT is particularly beneficial for systems that experience low correlations between inflows or between initial storages or on both attributes of the regional water supply system. Thus, if both infrastructure and permitting structures exist for promoting interbasin transfers, season-ahead inflow forecasts could provide added benefits in forecasting surplus/deficit conditions among the participating pools in the regional water supply system.
Single pore translocation of folded, double-stranded, and tetra-stranded DNA through channel of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor.

The elegant architecture of the channel of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor has inspired the development of biomimetics for biophysical and nanobiomedical applications. The reengineered channel inserted into a lipid membrane exhibits robust electrophysiological properties ideal for precise sensing and fingerprinting of dsDNA at the single-molecule level. Herein, we used single channel conduction assays to quantitatively evaluate the translocation dynamics of dsDNA as a function of the length and conformation of dsDNA. We extracted the speed of dsDNA translocation from the dwell time distribution and estimated the various forces involved in the translocation process. A ∼35-fold slower speed of translocation per base-pair was observed for long dsDNA, a significant contrast to the speed of dsDNA crossing synthetic pores. It was found that the channel could translocate both dsDNA with ∼32% of channel current blockage and with ∼64% for tetra-stranded DNA (two parallel dsDNA). The calculation of both cross-sectional areas of the dsDNA and tetra-stranded DNA suggested that the blockage was purely proportional to the physical space of the channel lumen and the size of the DNA substrate. Folded dsDNA configuration was clearly reflected in their characteristic current signatures. The finding of translocation of tetra-stranded DNA with 64% blockage is in consent with the recently elucidated mechanism of viral DNA packaging via a revolution mode that requires a channel larger than the dsDNA diameter of 2 nm to provide room for viral DNA revolving without rotation. The understanding of the dynamics of dsDNA translocation in the phi29 system will enable us to design more sophisticated single pore DNA translocation devices for future applications in nanotechnology and personal medicine.
Mel'nikov analysis of a symmetry-breaking perturbation of the NLS equation

Abstract The effects of loss of symmetry due to noneven initial conditions on the chaotic dynamics of a Hamiltonian perturbation of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) were first numerically studied in [Phys. A 228 (1996)], where it was observed that temporally irregular evolutions can occur even in the absence of homoclinic crossings. In this article, we introduce a symmetry-breaking damped-driven perturbation of the NLS equation in order to develop a Mel’nikov analysis of the noneven chaotic regime. We obtain the following results: (1) spatial symmetry breaking within the chaotic regime causes the wave form to exhibit a more complex dynamics than in [Phys. A 228 (1996)]: center-wing jumping (which characterizes the even chaotic dynamics) about a shifted lattice site alternates (at random times) with the occurrence of modulated traveling wave solutions whose velocity changes sign in a temporally random fashion; (2) we give a heuristic description of the geometry of the full phase space (with no evenness imposed) and compute Mel’nikov type measurements in terms of the complex gradient of the Floquet discriminant. The Mel’nikov analysis yields explicit conditions for the onset of chaotic dynamics which are consistent with the numerical observations; in particular, the imaginary part of the Mel’nikov integral appears to be correlated with purely noneven features of the chaotic wave form.
Adult English Language Learners' Perceptions of Audience Response Systems (Clickers) as Communication Aides: A Q-Methodology Study

This study explored the perceptions of adult English language learners about audience response systems (clickers) as tools to facilitate communication. According to second language acquisition theory, learners' receptive capabilities in the early stages of second language acquisition surpass expressive capabilities, often rendering them silent in their second language. Clickers may help English language learners to communicate more effectively by enabling them to express themselves nonverbally. In this Q-methodological study, adult English language learners enrolled in a computer skills course ranked statements about using clickers according to how closely they aligned with their perceptions about the ability of clickers to facilitate communication. Factor analysis identified commonalities and patterns in perceptions, confirming that second language acquisition theory influences how technology tools are perceived by English language learners. Results of this study may suggest more effective instructional and assessment practices for adult English language learners, and lead to further research of educational technology communication tools with English language learners of all ages.
Ultrafast many-body energy transfer in the frequency domain

Abstract In this paper, we consider the response of many-body systems to ultrashort time scale impulsive perturbations. We focus on the interplay between the characteristic frequencies and time scales of the interacting degrees of freedom, and develop both a qualitative picture and a simple analytic theory in terms of a frequency domain perspective. We illustrate the general approach by considering a model many-body problem consisting of the impulsive collision of an atom with a harmonic chain, and treat the dynamics using classical mechanics. An analytic expression for the energy uptake of the chain is derived, and its predictions are compared with classical molecular dynamics simulations on a one-dimensional model of rare gas scattering from a Pt surface. Our approach highlights the importance of the overlap in frequency between the phonon spectrum of the solid, weighted by each mode's contribution to the surface atom displacement, and the power spectrum of the impulsive force felt by the surface during the collision. The analytic theory reproduces the high energy kinematic limit of binary atom–atom collisional energy transfer, and emphasizes the adiabatic “freezing out” of high frequency phonons as the collision energy is decreased.
Parenchymal Echo Texture Predicts Testicular Salvage After Torsion: Potential Impact on the Need for Emergent Exploration

Purpose: In the setting of signs and symptoms of testicular torsion the absence of diastolic flow and/or color flow on Doppler ultrasound has traditionally prompted emergent scrotal exploration. This practice emanates largely from the difficulty on ultrasound of distinguishing salvageable torsed testes from those that are not salvageable. We identified ultrasound findings predictive of testicular viability or the lack thereof.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all boys who underwent scrotal exploration for signs and symptoms of torsion during a 4-year period. In those who underwent preoperative Doppler ultrasound of the scrotum ultrasound findings were reviewed, as were the operative dictations. In patients who underwent orchiectomy the pathology reports were also reviewed. In patients in whom the torsed testis appeared viable and who underwent orchiopexy followup data were reviewed when available. Emergency room charts were also reviewed to ascertain, when documented, the du...
Storage Characteristics and Nutritive Value Changes in Bermudagrass Hay as Affected by Moisture Content and Density of Rectangular Bales

Conserving hay at moisture concentrations 200 g kg 1 is known to cause spontaneous heating and negative effects on forage nutritive value. While these relationships have been evaluated extensively for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), less research has evaluated these factors in warm-season grasses, specifically bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. In this study, Greenfield' bermudagrass was grown on a Pickwick silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudult) and packaged in conventional rectangular bales at five concentrations of moisture (178, 208, 248, 287, and 325 g kg ') and at high and medium bale densities (overall means = 208 and 186 kg m 3 , respectively). Bale density had little effect on forage nutritive value after storage. Furthermore, hale density had no effect (P > 0.05) on indices of spontaneous heating (heating degree days 35°C, maximum temperature, and 30-d average temperature), visual evalualion of mold, and dry matter (DM) recovery. Positive linear relationships occurred between concentrations of fibrous forage components and indices of spontaneous heating; coefficients of determination (r 2 ) statistics were similar for each index of spontaneous heating that was used as the independent variable in these linear regressions. Concentrations of acid detergent insoluble N and neutral detergent insoluble N expressed on a DM basis were positively related to measures of spontaneous heating in close linear relationships (r 2 ≥ 0.80). Regressions of other N fractions on measures of spontaneous heating exhibited lower coefficients of determination, but generally had significant slopes. Results of this study indicate that N in bermudagrass is very susceptible to reductions in bioavailability through heat damage during bale storage, and that this damage is increased with increases in initial bale moisture.
Challenging Consumption Theory Production and Consumption in Central Mexico

This article questions the view that consumption rather than production has become the motor of the global economy. Based on the approach pioneered and developed by June Nash that stresses anthropological political economy, the article examines small-scale garment production in San Cosine Mazatecochco, a rural Mexican community in which consumption has become an increasing concern. Despite the appearance of consumption as an overriding concern, however, I argue that the new consumerism arises out of new relations of production characteristic of flexible accumulation. Although residents of San Cosme are now consuming many more modern commodities and adopting new non-class consumer identities, who consumes, what they consume, and why they adopt such identities derive from relations of flexible production and they know it.
A Probabilistic Algorithm in Landing Site Selection of a Distressed Aircraft Including Effects of Failure Rates

An algorithm is developed that generates statistically optimal flight trajectory to a best landing site after occurrence of an in-flight distress condition using an abort probability model. The approach developed increases overall survivability by minimizing the expected flight path distance, given the abort probability model. An airport grouping strategy that clumps the airports logically prior to path derivation is also developed. The performance of this newly developed probabilistic trajectory algorithm is evaluated using numerical simulations that include variable failure rates to simulate different in-flight distress conditions, and multiple turns to accommodate realistic trajectories. The results show that it is possible by using this algorithm to increase aircraft survivability.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Combined experimental–numerical investigation of fretting fatigue crack initiation

Abstract This study investigated the fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior of titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. Tests were conducted to generate fretting fatigue failures from 2×104 to 5×107 cycles at 200 Hz. Fractography was employed to determine number of cycles to crack initiation, crack location and angle of crack orientation. Finite element analysis was conducted based on the experimental information in order to assess the ability of two critical plane approaches to predict fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior; the Smith–Watson–Topper critical plane parameter and the maximum shear stress range critical plane parameter. When properly formulated, these parameters predicted number of cycles to crack initiation and location of crack initiation which were in agreement with the experimental counterparts. However, these two parameters predicted different orientation angles of crack initiation at the contact surface. Based on the observations of orientation angles, the combined experimental–numerical approach showed that the mechanism for fretting fatigue crack initiation was governed by the maximum shear stress range on the critical plane.
Salinity, growth, and ion uptake selectivity of container-grown Crataegus opaca

Abstract No quantitative data exist for greenhouse and nursery cultivation of Crataegus opaca Hook. and Arn., a potentially new fruiting and ornamental Rosaceae species in the USA. In view of increasing reliance on low quality irrigation water for the production and use of woody ornamental crops, we studied the influences of supplemental Ca 2+ on containerized seedling growth and the net uptake and root-to-shoot transport of Na + and Cl − of C. opaca exposed to high-Na + irrigation waters in a greenhouse. After 9 weeks, irrigation solution salinity up to 2 dS m −1 with moderately high NaCl salinity (10 meq l −1 added to the solution) did not lower the total seedling relative growth rate (RGR), nor did a highly sodic solution (sodium adsorption ratio, SAR, of about 50) at 1.5 dS m −1 . However, increasing the solution salinity above 3 dS m −1 without supplemental Ca 2+ (SAR of about 100) markedly affected root function. This irrigation treatment increased root Na + concentration and the net uptake of Na + per unit of root dry weight by 3–4 times above the control solution, induced a net loss of K + from roots, reduced the root RGR by over 50 times below the controls, and reduced average evapotranspiration by nearly twice below the control. With this solution, leaf Cl − concentration approached 12 mg g −1 dry weight and marginal and apical leaf necrosis was observed, consistent with earlier reports involving a diversity of Rosaceae members. At an equivalent concentration of applied NaCl to the culture solution (25 meq l −1 ), absence of supplemental Ca 2+ was more inhibitory to growth, water use, and ion uptake selectivity as compared to inclusion of Ca 2+ , despite which, through CaCl 2 supplementation, increased the total solution salinity and Cl − concentration by over 30%. Results suggest that both Cl − and Na + contributed to growth reduction, but provide evidence that Na + -induced root impairment had a primary role in bringing about the growth reduction and high leaf Cl − accumulation.
Alienation and Public Housing for the Elderly

The respondents in this study are those who entered two independently administered low income elderly housing projects in northwestern Vermont during the summer of 1971. The central hypothesis examined is that the alienating effects of the move will vary inversely with the tenant's ability to maintain established and acquire new social relationships. In general, the results were consistent with hypothesized expectations.
Pharmacogenomics: Catechol O-Methyltransferase to Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase

1. Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of inheritance in variation in the drug response phenotype-a phenotype that can vary from adverse drug reactions at one end of the spectrum to lack of therapeutic efficacy at the other. 2. The thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genetic polymorphism represents one of the best characterized and most clinically relevant examples of pharmacogenomics. This polymorphism has also served as a valuable "model system" for studies of the ways in which variation in DNA sequence might influence function. 3. The discovery and characterization of the TPMT polymorphism grew directly out of pharmacogenomic studies of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme discovered by Julius (Julie) Axelrod and his coworkers. 4. This review will outline the process by which common, functionally significant genetic polymorphisms for both COMT and TPMT were discovered and will use these two methyltransferase enzymes to illustrate general principles of pharmacogenomic research-both basic mechanistic and clinical translational research-principles that have been applied to a series of genes encoding methyltransferase enzymes.
Melatonin counteracts the 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced rise of rat forebrain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations at night

Abstract When rats were exposed to extended light into the normal dark phase, the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) markedly stimulated the accumulation of tryptophan (TRP) and the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT) in the forebrain. When a single injection of melatonin (25 μg) was given near the end of the 5-ALA treatment, the rise in forebrain TRP levels was either totally prevented or reversed; likewise, the increased levels of 5-HT were also suppressed. Melatonin by itself also slightly suppressed forebrain TRP levels in non-5-ALA-treated rats. Whether these are pharmacological or physiological effects of melatonin remains to be determined.
New chemotherapy agents for small cell lung cancer.

Background Approximately 45,000 new cases of smallcell lung cancer (SCLC) will be diagnosed in the United States thisyear. Combination chemotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for allstages of this disease and results in high response rates (65 to 85%),leading to a meaningful survival advantage for these patients. Patientswith limited-stage disease enjoy a median survival of 10 to 15months with chemotherapy, as compared to 3 months without drug therapy. With addition of chest radiotherapy, survival is further prolonged to12 to 20 months. Patients with extensive-stage disease experience anaverage survival of 1.5 months without chemotherapy and 7 to 11 monthswith chemotherapy. However, no further improvement in survivalhas been demonstrated since combination chemotherapy regimens wereintroduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s, despite evaluatingnumerous strategies; the 5-year survival for all patients remainsdismal at 5%. Clearly, new chemotherapy agents with novel mechanismsof action are needed. Focus This article will reviewthe experience to date with six new agents that are active againstSCLC. It includes two taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel), vinorelbine, two camptothecin derivatives (topotecan and irinotecan), andgemcitabine. Single-agent activity as well as combination regimens withother agents and radiotherapy will be discussed. The role ofmaintenance therapy with oral matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors alsois evaluated.
Vibration Signal Behavior of Waggle‐dancers in Swarms of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

We hypothesize two functions of the vibration signal (dorsal ventral abdominal vibration = DVAV) during swarming in honey bees: I. it enhances recruitment to the specific sites advertised by the waggle dancers which also perform the vibration signal; and 2. it acts as a nonspecific modulatory signal to stimulate activity in other bees. The stimulation of activity invoked by the second hypothesis might include increasing nest-site scouting and dance following early in the house-hunting process or rousing quiescent bees to prepare them for lift-off late in the process, or both. In studies of neotropical African bee swarms in Costa Rica and European bees in California we tested these hypotheses by looking for associations between production of vibration signals by nest-site recruiters and site attractiveness (indicated by which site was ultimately chosen and by distance from the swarm since swarms may have a distance preference). Overall, bees dancing for the chosen sites performed vibration signals to the same extent as those dancing for the other sites. There were no distance differences between sites whose scouts did and did not vibrate other bees. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the vibration signal enhances recruitment to especially high quality sites and they support the hypothesis that it plays a general excitatory role in the context of house hunting by swarming bees.
Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits basal and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release in rat dorsal striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study.

Abstract Group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase and are distributed pre-synaptically in the striatum. A behavioral study previously conducted in this laboratory shows that activation of this group of mGlu receptors attenuates acute amphetamine-stimulated motor activity. By administering a group III selective agonist or antagonist via the dialysis probe, the present study employed in vivo microdialysis to evaluate the capacity of the group III selective agents to alter extracellular levels of dopamine in the dorsal striatum of normal and amphetamine-treated rats. It was found that the group III agonist l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate ( l -AP4) dose-dependently (1, 10 and 100 μM) reduced basal levels of extracellular dopamine. In contrast, the group III antagonist α-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (MPPG) dose-dependently (10, 50 and 250 μM) elevated the basal release of extracellular dopamine. This elevation was antagonized by co-perfusion of l -AP4. Perfusion of 5-μM amphetamine through the dialysis probe increased extracellular dopamine in the dorsal striatum. Co-perfusion of l -AP4 (100 μM) significantly reduced amphetamine-stimulated dopamine levels, whereas co-perfusion of l -AP4 (100 μM) and MPPG (100 μM) did not alter the capacity of amphetamine to elicit dopamine release. The data obtained from this study demonstrate the presence of a tonically active glutamatergic tone on group III mGlu receptors in the dorsal striatum to pre-synaptically regulate basal dopamine release in an inhibitory fashion. Moreover, activation of l -AP4-sensitive group III mGlu receptors can suppress the phasic release of dopamine induced by a dopamine stimulant amphetamine.
Time-accurate Navier-Stokes computations of classical two-dimensional edge tone flow fields

Time-accurate Navier-Stokes computations were performed to study a Class II (acoustic) whistle, the edge tone, and gain knowledge of the vortex-acoustic coupling mechanisms driving production of these tones. Results were obtained by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations for laminar compressible air flow of a two-dimensional jet issuing from a slit interacting with a wedge. Cases considered were determined by varying the distance from the slit to the edge. Flow speed was kept constant at 1750 cm/sec as was the slit thickness of 0.1 cm, corresponding to conditions in the experiments of Brown. Excellent agreement was obtained in all four edge tone stage cases between the present computational results and the experimentally obtained results of Brown. Specific edge tone generated phenomena and further confirmation of certain theories concerning these phenomena were brought to light in this analytical simulation of edge tones.
Decline in physical function and risk of elder abuse reported to social services in a community-dwelling population of older adults.

Objectives: To examine the longitudinal association between decline in physical function and risk of elder abuse. Design: Prospective population-based study. Setting: Geographically defined community in Chicago. Participants: One hundred forty-three Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) participants who had elder abuse reported to a social services agency from 1993 to 2010 were identified. Participants: The primary independent variable was objectively assessed physical function using decline in physical performance testing (tandem stand, measured walk, and chair stand). Secondary independent variables were assessed using decline in self-reported Katz, Nagi, and Rosow-Breslau scale scores. Dependent variables were reported and confirmed elder abuse and specific subtypes of elder abuse (physical, psychological, caregiver neglect, and financial exploitation). Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between decline in physical function measures and risk of elder abuse. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, decline in physical performance testing (odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06�1.19), Katz impairment (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.15�1.45), Nagi impairment (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.13�1.49), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.15�1.74) was associated with greater risk for elder abuse. The lowest tertile of physical performance testing (OR = 4.92, 95% CI = 1.39�17.46) and the highest tertiles of Katz impairment (OR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.18�7.31), Nagi impairment (2.37, 95% CI = 1.08�5.23), and Rosow Breslau impairment (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.39�5.84) were associated with greater risk of elder abuse. Conclusion: Decline in objectively assessed physical function and self-reported physical function are associated with greater risk for elder abuse.
Relationship between sympathetic and phrenic nerve responses to peripheral chemoreflex in the cat

Abstract To test the hypothesis that peripheral chemoreflex effect on the preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve (PSN) activity is entirely mediated by the central respiratory drive (CRD), as expressed in the phrenic nerve (PN) activity, we studied the relationship between PN and PSN activities under controlled conditions of carotid chemosensory excitation in the anesthetized cats. The cats were vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. Tracheal p O 2 and p CO 2 , systemic blood pressure, activities of single or a few PSN and PN fibers and a PN bundle were simultaneously recorded. The PSN preparations, which were responsive to hypoxia and showed PN rhythm, were selected for the study. Carotid chemoreceptor excitation, produced by hypoxia (end-tidal p O 2 ≈ 50 Torr) or by sodium cyanide injection (50–100 μ, i.v.), elicited 3 types of responses: (1) the PSN discharged during the silent period of PN activity, although the PSN peak activity was still coupled to the PN peak activity, (2) PSN discharged only during PN activity, and (3) during the absence of PN discharge induced by hyperventilation hypocapnia, cyanide injection stimulated the PSN without PN activity. These observations suggest a model of chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity which consists of two parts: one is dependent on PN activity and the other is not. Accordingly, all PSN chemoreflex responses may not be integrated with all inspiratory chemoreflexes.
Normal calcitonin stimulation of serum calcitriol in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets

Patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) have normal or low calcitriol concentrations despite manifesting hypophosphatemia, a known stimulus of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity. In accord, administration of pharmacological doses of PTH results in a markedly blunted stimulation of calcitriol levels. In the murine homolog of the human disorder, the Hyp mouse, regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity is defective in response to hypophosphatemia and PTH administration, but not in response to calcitonin administration. In the current study we administered calcitonin to controls and patients with XLH to test the hypothesis that calcitonin-stimulatable 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase activity is normal in patients with XLH. We found that calcitriol concentrations increased in both groups to a similar degree (78.5 +/- 20.9 pmol/L in patients and 49.9 +/- 19.7 pmol/L in controls) and with a similar time course. Our results indicate that the complex and incomplete defect in the regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase observed in Hyp mice also exists in humans.
Incidence of coxsackievirus B type 4 (CB4) infections concomitant with onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

From September 1979 to August 1981, a total of 25 children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were admitted for management to the Pediatric Ward, Lubbock General Hospital, Lubbock, Texas. Parents of the 24 admitted patients gave informed consent for their child to participate in the study. While hospitalized, all study patients donated early-phase (acute) blood samples and specimens for virus isolation attempts. Eighteen of the 24 patients originally enrolled in the study continued to come for follow-up visits to the Endocrinology Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics, and hence, provided the late-phase (convalescent) blood samples for the completion of serologic evaluation. The result of this two-year survey is the following: 1) one of the 24 hospitalized cases yielded a non-CB4 enterovirus; (2) serologically, only 2 of 18 IDDM patients showed some CB4 neutralizing antibody (NtAb) activity, ie, rising titers in their late phase sera. In view of the time of onset of patients' symptoms compatible with IDDm, the diabetogenic input of a past CB4 infection could have been considered in one of these two patients. In conclusion, results of our two-year study indicate that occasionally the onset of IDDM might be associated with an acute CB4 infection.
Drosophila TRPA1 functions in temperature control of circadian rhythm in pacemaker neurons

Most animals from flies to humans count on circadian clocks to synchronize their physiology and behaviors. Daily light cycles are well known environmental cues for setting circadian rhythms. Warmer and cooler temperatures that mimic day and night are also effective in entraining circadian activity in most animals. Even vertebrate organisms can be induced to show circadian responses through exposure to temperature cycles. In poikilothermic animals such as Drosophila, temperature differences of only 2-3°C are sufficient to synchronize locomotor rhythms. However, the molecular sensors that participate in temperature regulation of circadian activity in fruit flies or other animals are enigmatic. It is also unclear whether such detectors are limited to the periphery or may be in the central brain. Here, we showed that Drosophila TRPA1 (transient receptor potential cation channel A1) was necessary for normal activity patterns during temperature cycles. The trpA1 gene was expressed in a subset of pacemaker neurons in the central brain. In response to temperature entrainment, loss of trpA1 impaired activity, and altered expression of the circadian clock protein period (Per) in a subset of pacemaker neurons. These findings underscore a role for a thermoTRP in temperature regulation that extends beyond avoidance of noxious or suboptimal temperatures.
Effect of Temperature on the Serum Viscosity of Tomato Juice

Tomato juice was canned and exposed to processing temperatures of 82°C., 102°C and 112°C. Serum viscosity was measured after 30, 60, and 120 min at each temperature. Heat treatment affected serum viscosity. A temperature of 82°C applied for 2 hr resulted in a 17-30% loss of serum viscosity depending on the cultivar. Treatment at 112°C applied for 2 hr caused 67-82% loss, again depending on the cultivar.
Electronic structure of ferromagnetic hcp cobalt. II. Cohesive energy and core exchange splittings

From the self-consistent unrestricted-Hartree-Fock electronic structure of cobalt metal including pair-correlation effects, the cohesive energy is evaluated to be 0.347 Ry, compared to the experimental value of 0.323 Ry. The correlation among the states in the partially filled $3d$ band, the Hubbard correlation, is found to be the most important contributor to the binding, with significant contribution from other types of correlation effects involving the core and band electrons. The balance of the cohesive energy arises from one-electron-type effects, primarily from the increased number of $3d$-like electrons as compared to the atom. This results in an increased attractive interaction of the $3d$-like electrons with the nucleus, the total kinetic energy from these states being also reduced by the hybridization of the $3d$ states with the orthogonalized plane waves. This contribution to the cohesive energy from the $3d$-like and free-like band states is + 3.574 Ry which is significantly canceled by a compensating contribution of - 3.409 Ry from the change in the energies of the core states. The exchange splitting of the core levels is evaluated and compared with experiment.
Two types of synaptic bulb in snake and frog spinal cord: The effect of fixation

Abstract Synaptic bulbs in the spinal cords of snake and frog have been examined in the electron microscope. Two major types of bulb are recognizable in these tissues. One contains spherical type vesicles and ends predominantly on dendrites. The other type contains flattened vesicles, and these tend to be more numerous on the somata of large neurons, presumably motoneurons. The morphological differences between these two major types of synaptic bulb are not altered by aldehyde fixation.
Sex differences in feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving coercion and sexual advances1

This study investigated sex differences of feelings attributed to a woman in situations involving varying degrees of coercion and sexual advances. Sixteen vignettes (12 dealing with sex and coercion, 4 dealing with coercion only) were rated on 17 semantic differential scales by 59 undergraduates (44 females, 15 males) and 45 graduate students (18 females, 27 males). The 16 vignettes yielded factors of Sexual Flattery/Overtures, Sexual Aggressiveness, and Violence. Factor analyses of the 17 semantic differential scales yielded factors of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. High agreement was found between males and females in both the graduate and undergraduate samples on the relative intensity of feelings attributed to the woman across the sex/coercion vignettes for the three dimensions of Helplessness, Aversiveness, and Threat. Even more importantly, systematic differences between males and females on intensity of attributed feelings across the semantic differential factors were independently replicated using the graduate and undergraduate samples. Analyses of variance revealed that males showed significantly greater attributions on the factors Helplessness and Threat on scenes mainly dealing with sexual flattery/overtures, whereas they showed significantly less attributions on the factor Aversiveness on scenes dealing with sexual aggressiveness and rape. In short, while there was strong agreement between men and women, there were also replicated significant systematic differences with men overestimating the psychological impact of less intense incidents and underestimating the psychological impact on women of more intense incidents. Language: en
Mechanical deformation of the arterial wall in hypertension : A mechanism for vascular pathology

Hypertension is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. It has been proposed that the atherogenic potential of hypertension is due to the development of a proinflammatory state within the arterial wall that is, at least in part, a result of the generation of reactive oxygen species. This article proposes that mechanical deformation of the arterial wall is a critical stimulus in this scheme. Data is reviewed that demonstrate that mechanical deformation of the arterial wall stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequently results in the upregulation of redox-sensitive proinflammatory gene products.
Cerebral infarct in a victim of vehicular polytrauma.

A fter a high-speed motor vehicle accident, an unrestrained 58year-old man became dangerously combative. He was pharmacologically paralyzed, intubated, and fluid resuscitated. Injuries included acetabular fracture, hip dislocation, and compound patellar fracture. His hemodynarnics remained normal. An unenhanced CT scan of the head was interpreted as showing normal findings (Fig. IA). Orthopedic injuries were urgently debrided and internally fixed. Postoperatively, he remained unresponsive. withdrawing in response to pain more on his left side than on his right side. Twelve hours after initial examination, an unenhanced CT scan of the head showed poor demarcation of the left globus pallidus. putamen, and frontoparietal cortex (Fig. IB). Cerebral angiography showed complex atheromas and complete occlusion of the left internal carotid artery (Fig. IC). During the next 40 hr. severe intracranial hypertension developed and the patient died.
Chemically bonded diamondlike carbon films from ion-beam deposition.

Carbon films on a Ni(111) surface are deposited from 1--300-eV mass-selected ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ beams in a UHV chamber and the energy and dose dependence of the C Auger line shape is monitored. Initial deposition forms a carbide structure which is chemically bonded to the surface. The Auger line shape evolves with increasing ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ dose into that of a diamondlike structure for ion energies in the range 10--300 eV. Features of the x-ray and the ultraviolet photoemission spectra support this interpretation. The diamondlike films do not chemisorb ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, have a low sputtering yield with ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions, and exhibit a higher thermal stability than the carbidic films; these results are discussed in terms of a qualitative model.