cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of grain boundaries in determining strength and plastic deformation of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia bicrystals

Mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (YSTZ) bicrystals under compressive loading are investigated by atomistic simulations. Previous studies on deformation of single-crystal YSTZ showed that some specific orientations promote dislocation emission, tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation, or both. In this work, nanograins with different orientations are selectively combined to generate bicrystals with various grain boundaries (GBs). Simulation results show that regardless of orientation of nanograins, the strength of YSTZ bicrystals is higher when the GB plane is parallel to the loading direction, and in the case of [011]/ $$ \left[ {01\bar{1}} \right] $$ -oriented YSTZ bicrystal, the strength even exceeds that of the single crystal. Independent plastic deformation of individual grains and their interactions at the GB plane are believed to be responsible for the observed increase in strength. GB plane inhibits the volume expansion of transformed monoclinic phase and therefore serves as a source of strengthening. In contrast, YSTZ bicrystal displays softer behavior when GB plane is perpendicular to the loading direction. GB plane acts as the source of softening by initiating local amorphous phase formation.
Reduced occipital GABA in Parkinson disease with visual hallucinations

Objective To investigate the relationship between visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease (PD) and levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the primary visual cortex. Methods We utilized magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate occipital GABA levels in 36 participants with PD, 19 with and 17 without complex visual hallucinations, together with 20 healthy controls without hallucinations. In addition, we acquired T1-weighted MRI, whole-brain fMRI during a visual task, and diffusion tensor imaging. Results We found lower GABA+/creatine in PD with visual hallucinations (0.091 ± 0.010) vs those without (0.101 ± 0.010) and controls (0.099 ± 0.010) ( F 2,49 = 4.5; p = 0.016). Reduced gray matter in the hallucinations group was also observed in the anterior temporal lobe. Although there were widespread reductions in white matter integrity in the visual hallucinations group, this was no longer significant after controlling for cognitive function. Conclusions The data suggest that reduced levels of GABA are associated with visual hallucinations in PD and implicate changes to the ventral visual stream in the genesis of visual hallucinations. Modulation of visual cortical excitability through, for example, pharmacologic intervention, may be a promising treatment avenue to explore.
Inspection of Compressor Discs by Ultrasonic Leaky Waves Using an Automated C-Scan System

Damage tolerance concepts are currently being investigated for life extension of critical components of military aircraft engines. The successful implementation of the damage tolerance approach is dependent upon the availability and cost effectiveness of nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques capable of detecting and sizing small cracks with a high degree of reliability. The reliability of NDI techniques can be determined by using a demonstration program in which a statistically valid number of flawed and flaw free parts are inspected by NDI procedures that duplicate proposed maintenance inspections.
Criminal convictions and medical licensure.

State medical boards, tend to follow social policy as expressed in U.S. law, which designates moral turpitude outside the clinic as a cause for restricting professional licenses.
Therapeutic Modalities and New Molecular Targets in MDS

Treatment options for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have improved significantly over the last decade. From a condition for which only supportive care was available, now we have access to multiple interventions for all patients at different risk. Furthermore, some of these interventions, such as the use of hypomethylating agents in patients with higher risk disease, not only improve symptoms, lessen transfusion needs and risk of infections, but also have an effect on survival of patients with MDS. Treatment options are selected based on the risk of the patient (lower versus higher risk disease by IPSS) and more recently based on specific cytogenetic and molecular alterations, and example being the presence of alterations of chromosome 5. In this chapter, we will focus on current standard treatment modalities available to patients with MDS except for the use of growth factors and stem cell transplantation that are reviewed in separate chapters.
Abstract 3376: Early onset of chromosomal instability in breast preneoplasia detected by single-cell genomics

Chromosomal rearrangements and copy number aberrations are a major mechanism for driver gene alterations in breast cancer. However, the origins of chromosomal instability during breast tumorigenesis are poorly understood. We have recently shown that oncogene expression in normal mammary epithelial cells induces replication stress and a DNA damage response (DDR). The double-strand break sensor Mre11 is required for the oncogene-induced DDR, and suppression of Mre11 is sufficient to promote the development of Her2/Neu-driven breast cancer in a transgenic mouse model. Here we have applied single-cell genomics to primary mammary epithelial cells from this mouse model and demonstrate a profound effect of oncogene expression on chromosomal instability in preneoplastic cells, which is further augmented in Mre11-mutant cells. Her2/Neu-induced chromosomal breakpoints are highly enriched in the vicinity of large genes, suggesting a possible role for gene transcription and/or R-loops in the origin of oncogene-induced genomic fragility. Mre11 hypomorphism does not affect the number of chromosomal breakpoints but alters the genomic aberration signature to one that is over-represented by larger-size deletions. These findings indicate that chromosomal instability is an early event during Her2/Neu-initiated breast neoplasia. Furthermore, DDR perturbation—in the form of Mre11 hypomorphism—is not required for oncogene-induced genomic instability but rather alters the pattern of observed copy number aberrations and promotes the proliferative expansion of genomically unstable clones. Thus, single-cell genomics applied to murine models of breast preneoplasia reveals insights into the origins of chromosomal instability in breast cancer that may inform novel strategies to prognosticate or prevent the progression of high-risk premalignant breast lesions. Citation Format: Katerina Fagan-Solis, Dennis A. Simpson, Luciano Martelotto, Jorge S. Reis-Filho, John H. Petrini, Gaorav P. Gupta. Early onset of chromosomal instability in breast preneoplasia detected by single-cell genomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3376.
An adaptive filtering algorithm to estimate sprint velocity using a single inertial sensor

The assessment of sprint velocity is useful for evaluating performance and guiding training interventions. In this paper, we describe an adaptive filtering algorithm to estimate sprint velocity using a single, sacrum-worn magneto-inertial measurement unit. Estimated instantaneous velocity, average 10 m interval velocity, and peak velocity during 40 m sprints from the proposed method were compared to a reference method using photocell position-time data. Concurrent validity of the proposed method was assessed using mean absolute error and mean absolute percent error for all velocity estimates. The significance of the mean error was assessed using a factorial ANOVA for average interval velocity and a paired-samples t test for peak velocity. Reliability was assessed using Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement for repeated measures. Average interval velocity was underestimated early in the sprint (− 0.25 to − 0.05 m/s) and overestimated later (0.13 m/s) with mean absolute error between 0.20 m/s (3.95%) and 0.62 m/s (7.78%). The average mean absolute error was 0.45 m/s (7.02%) for instantaneous velocity and 0.63 m/s (7.84%) for peak velocity. The limits of agreement grew progressively wider at greater distances (− 0.59 to 0.34 m/s for 0–10 m and − 1.32 to 1.59 m/s for 30–40 m). The estimation error from the proposed method is comparable to other wearable sensor-based methods and suggests its potential use to assess sprint performance.
Risk factors and human chorionic gonadotropin trends in patients with ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies despite methotrexate treatment.

This retrospective cohort study investigates the risk factors and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) trends in patients with ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancies (EPs) despite methotrexate (MT...
Re-platforming the Airline Business: To Meet Travelers' Total Mobility Needs

Airline business models continue to be shaped by powerful forces relating to customers, complexities and regulators. However, at the same time, there are emerging technologies that can help airlines cater to the needs of their changing customer bases and manage the complexities of the business. In his previous books, Nawal Taneja has deliberated on these forces and how the airline industry is poised for disruptive change that could come from within or outside of the industry. He also discussed the point that the airline planning systems and process in use are neither contemporary nor sufficiently integrated to meet the changing needs of customers who now are looking for outcomes, not products. In Re-platforming the Airline Business: To Meet Travelers' Total Mobility Needs, Taneja not only reiterates the need for transformation of the airline business but provides a map of the transformational process. This book proposes that different sectors of the aviation industry, particularly airlines and airports, should consider using not just a wide array of technologies (Artificial Intelligence, biometrics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things), but also specifically-designed customer-centric platforms to make informed decisions and to develop and implement transformative strategies to meet travelers’ total mobility needs. These technologies and platforms can enable airlines and airports to achieve scale and scope as well as agility and flexibility (through strategic partnerships) to offer intelligently aggregated travel-related services right now. Subsequently, they will enable various members in the travel chain to provide solutions to travelers’ global mobility requirements, effectively and with better experiences.
Usefulness of the ReShape intragastric balloon for obesity.

Intragastric balloon (IGB) is approved for weight reduction in obesity patients who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 to 40 kg/m2. The effectiveness of IGB in various degrees of obesity is not well established. We aimed to study the effect and safety of IGB in different groups of obese patients. A retrospective study was performed. All patients who underwent placement of the ReShape™ gastric balloon and completed a 6-month follow-up were included. There were 35 gastric balloons in 34 patients who had a baseline body weight of 106.5 ± 23.5 kg and a BMI of 37.1 ± 5.5 kg/m2. After IGB removal, total body weight was reduced 6.8 ± 7.3% (P 40 kg/m2 also had significant reduction of total body weight and BMI. The diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 4.7 ± 12.3 mm Hg (P = 0.03) after balloon removal. The most common complication was nausea in 22.9%. One patient had balloon migration leading to small bowel obstruction. One patient had a bleeding gastric ulcer. In summary, IGBs are an effective method to assist in weight loss in patients with various degrees of obesity, even with a BMI >40 kg/m2, with minor adverse effects.
Effects of Sleep Extension on Inhibitory Control in Children With ADHD: A Pilot Study:

Objective: Children with ADHD often have sleep complaints and cognitive deficits. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether sleep extension improves inhibitory control, a primary cognitive deficit in ADHD. Method: Children with (n = 11) and without (n = 15) ADHD participated in a within-subject sleep extension intervention that targeted nocturnal sleep duration. Sleep was assessed with actigraphy and polysomnography. Inhibitory control was assessed with a Go/No-Go task. Results: For children without ADHD, there was a significant main effect of time, such that morning inhibitory control was 10% greater than evening inhibitory control. However, inhibitory control did not differ between the baseline and extension conditions in this group. For children with ADHD, although morning inhibitory control did not differ from evening inhibitory control, sleep extension improved inhibitory control by 13% overall. Conclusion: These results suggest that a sleep extension intervention improves inhibitory control in children with ADHD.
Combination immunotherapy and radiotherapy causes an abscopal treatment response in a mouse model of castration resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is poorly responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition, yet a combination with radiotherapy may enhance the immune response. In this study, we combined radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition (iRT) in a castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) preclinical model. Two Myc-CaP tumor grafts were established in each castrated FVB mouse. Anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies were given and one graft was irradiated 20 Gy in 2 fractions. In CRPC, a significant increase in survival was found for radiation treatment combined with either anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 compared to monotherapy. The median survival for anti-PD-L1 alone was 13 days compared to 30 days for iRT (p = 0.0003), and for anti-PD-1 alone was 21 days compared to 36 days for iRT (p = 0.0009). Additional treatment with anti-CD8 antibody blocked the survival effect. An abscopal treatment effect was observed for iRT in which the unirradiated graft responded similarly to the irradiated graft in the same mouse. At 21 days, the mean graft volume for anti-PD-1 alone was 2094 mm3 compared to iRT irradiated grafts 726 mm3 (p = 0.04) and unirradiated grafts 343 mm3 (p = 0.0066). At 17 days, the mean graft volume for anti-PD-L1 alone was 1754 mm3 compared to iRT irradiated grafts 284 mm3 (p = 0.04) and unirradiated grafts 556 mm3 (p = 0.21). Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry identified CD8+ immune cell populations altered by combination treatment in grafts harvested at the peak effect of immunotherapy, 2–3 weeks after starting treatment. These data provide preclinical evidence for the use of iRT targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 in the treatment of CRPC. Immune checkpoint inhibition combined with radiotherapy treats CPRC with significant increases in median survival compared to drug alone: 70% longer for anti-PD-1 and 130% for anti-PD-L1, and with an abscopal treatment effect. Castration-resistant prostate cancer in a wild-type mouse model is successfully treated by X-ray radiotherapy combined with PD-1 or PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibition, demonstrating significantly increased median overall survival and robust local and abscopal treatment responses, in part mediated by CD8 T-cells.
Tortuosity Effects in Lithium-Metal Host Anodes

Summary Lithium (Li) metal is the ultimate anode material for Li batteries because of its highest capacity among all candidates. Recent research has focused on stable interphase and host materials to address its low stability and reversibility. Here, we discover that tortuosity is a critical parameter affecting the morphology and electrochemical performances of hosted Li anodes. In three types of hosts—vertically aligned, horizontally aligned, and random reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes with tortuosities of 1.25, 4.46, and 1.76, respectively—we show that high electrode tortuosity causes locally higher current density on the top surface of electrodes, resulting in thick Li deposition on the surface and degraded cycling performance. Low electrode tortuosity in the vertically aligned rGO host enables homogeneous Li transport and uniform Li deposition across the host, realizing greatly improved cycling stability. Using this principle of low tortuosity, the designed electrode shows through-electrode uniform morphology with anodic Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.1% under high current and capacity cycling conditions.
Manufacturing Process Design of a Micro-Scale Liquid-Liquid Extractor and Multi-phase Separator

Abstract Advances in process innovation within the chemical process industry are impeded by the cost of producing new innovative components. In this paper, various manufacturing process routes were evaluated for scaling up a micro-scale liquid-liquid extractor and multi-phase separator capable of separating immiscible phases that are used for the extraction of a chemical product into a lower boiling point solvent to make downstream distillation easier. A manufacturing process design methodology was used to evaluate both photochemical machining and binder jetting as a means for producing the micropost arrays within the separator. Cost curves show that for a 0.3 mm deep micropost array, photochemical machining was found to be much cheaper than binder jetting. However, because binder jetting processes enable microposts with over 13 times higher depth-to-width aspect ratios, binder jetting was found to decrease the overall costs of the extractor/separator by more than half for a 500 barrel per day plant, with breakeven as low as 15 barrels per day. These economics were confirmed by building extractor/separator plates and characterizing them dimensionally and functionally. The binder jet plates were found to perform better than photochemical plates leading to the complete separation of the organic phase from water. The use of slower sintering cycles combined with surface grinding provided acceptable dimensional tolerances for the binder jet plates. Using pressurized air during depowdering improved the economics for the binder jetting process.
Dwelling Narrowness: Mistress Love

This chapter uses the television drama Dwelling Narrowness (2009) as a case study to examine how self-censorship among media producers and governmental censorship make it impossible to present a more complicated portrayal of love and romantic relationships in Chinese television.
A helpful addition to the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation.

Abstract A large modified Babcock clamp to stabilize and elevate the proximal urethra and bladder neck has greatly simplified placement of the periurethral sutures in the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz vesicourethral suspension operation. This is especially true in obese women and/or women with posterior angulation of the pubic bone.
Maintaining research fidelity: Remote training and monitoring of clinical assistants in aphasia research

Background: In aphasia research, to improve a study's reliability, the aphasia journals compel their authors to report fidelity. Aphasia researchers are mostly concerned about Type I and Type II errors to maintain the level of confidence. However, the third type (Type III error) can significantly affect the study outcomes and question the research fidelity. Objective: This study explains the methodology of how investigators maintained research fidelity in the context of hiring and training remote data collectors and conducted a multi-site data collection. Methods: The present study used a descriptive analysis design to explicate the three-step process of remote data collection: (1) remotely selecting and training data collectors, (2) remotely supervising data collection and data management, and (3) optimizing and monitoring screening/assessment fidelity. At the initial step, investigators interviewed seven candidates and short-listed four of them, who were trained using a standard training protocol and participated in a mock data collection. For the next two steps, data collectors video-recorded each study session and e-shared the data with the investigator, who watched all the video-recordings and provided necessary feedback with a focus on the screening sections. The screenings were a part of the inclusion-exclusion criteria. Results: Two data collectors (both clinical psychologists) with the highest scores were selected and received final training. One-to-one e-supervision by the investigator resulted in significant improvement in data collectors' performance. Only 4% of the total collected sample size was excluded, and 99 participants' data were analyzed. Conclusion: The present study adds information on maintaining research fidelity for remote data collection, where limited studies exist.
A Little Representation Goes a Long Way: Minority Teacher Representation and District Performance in a Highly Homogenous Context

In this article data from Wisconsin school districts is used to test and expand upon the theory of representative bureaucracy. The author first develops a metric measuring representativeness, and then uses three years of data to test the link between representativeness and school district performance. The analysis reveals that school districts with more representative teaching staffs exhibit higher levels of student performance. The results illustrate the link between representation and performance, the need for a broader conceptualization of minority when studying representation, and the potential benefits of representation for non-minority populations.
Handbook of porous media

General Characteristics and Modeling of Porous Media Multiscale Modeling of Porous Medium Systems Amanda L. Dye, James E. McClure, William G. Gray, and Cass T. Miller Advanced Theories of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media S. Majid Hassanizadeh Characterization of Fractures and Fracture Network of Porous Media Muhammad Sahimi Thin Porous Media Marc Prat and Tristan Agaesse Magnetically Stabilized and Fluidized Beds in Science and Technology: A Review Teresa Castelo-Grande, Paulo A. Augusto, Angel M. Estevez, Domingos Barbosa, Jesus Ma. Rodriguez, Audelino Alvaro, and Carmen Torrente Lift Generation in Highly Compressible Porous Media: From Red Cells to Skiing to Soft Lubrication Qianhong Wu Transport in Porous Media Theoretical Analysis of Transport in Porous Media: Multiequation and Hybrid Models for a Generic Transport Problem with Nonlinear Source Terms Yohan Davit and Michel Quintard Porous Media Theory for Membrane Transport Phenomena A. Nakayama, Y. Sano, T. Nishimura, and K. Nagase Effective Transport Properties of Porous Media by Modeling Moran Wang Effective Transport through Porous Media under Nonequilibrium Relaxation Conditions Faruk Civan Modeling Approach for Gradient-Based Motion of Microorganisms in Porous Media and Applications in Biosystems Zineddine Alloui and Tri Nguyen-Quang Turbulence in Porous Media Feedback Control for Promoting or Suppressing the Transition to Weak Turbulence in Porous Media Convection Peter Vadasz Advances in Modeling Turbulence Phenomena in Heterogeneous Media: Reactive Systems Marcelo J.S. de Lemos Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Porous Media Effects of Nanofluids on Convection in Porous Media A. Nield and A.V. Kuznetsov Analyzing Nanofluids Suspension Using the Porous Media Interface Heat Transfer Model Peter Vadasz Thermal Transport in Porous Media Thermal Transport in Highly Porous Cellular Materials Raymond Viskanta Convection of a Bingham Fluid in a Porous Medium Andrew S. Rees High-Heat-Flux Distributed Capillary Artery Evaporators Gisuk Hwang, Chanwoo Park, and Massoud Kaviany Impinging Jets in Porous Media Bernardo Buonomo, Oronzio Manca, and Sergio Nardini Thermohydromechanical Behavior of Poroelastic Media A. Patrick S. Selvadurai Thermogravitational Diffusion in a Porous Medium Saturated by a Binary Fluid Abdelkader Mojtabi, Marie Catherine Charrier-Mojtabi, Bilal El Hajjar, and Yazdan Pedram Razi Geological Applications in Porous Media Digital Petrophysics: Imaging, Modeling, and Experimental Challenges Related to Porous Media in Oil Fields Peter Tilke Modeling of Subsurface CO2 Migration at Geological Carbon Sequestration Sites in Deep Saline Aquifers Sumit Mukhopadhyay Groundwater Flows and Velocity Measurements Shigeo Kimura Geostatistical Simulation and Reconstruction of Porous Media Pejman Tahmasebi and Muhammad Sahimi Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation in the Subsurface: Fundamental Reaction and Transport Processes James Connolly and Robin Gerlach
A quantile-based empirical research of CAPM in China’s financial stocks

This dissertation tested whether the relationship between systematic risk and average returns of financial stocks in China consists with the CAPM(capital asset pricing model) theory, using the daily data of 2007 and comparing the method ordinary least square(OLS) with quantile regression. The result shows that, systematic risk is not the only determinant factor of financial stockspsila pricing in China, it contributes more for overperforming stocks than underperforming stocks. The influence of systematic risk is different for different stocks, for the value of beta is higher in overperforming stocks and lower in underperforming stocks. We also found that the risk-free rate should be negative. And beta is positively related to returns, but the increase of returns is obviously slower than the growth of systematic risk.
Contrasting Case Studies of Frequent Internet Use

Abstract Two case studies that describe individuals who use the Internet eight hours or more per day are presented. The first portrays and discusses the severe problems that occurred in a student's social, occupational and scholastic life as a result of his frequent Internet use. The second case study shows how the Internet has both improved and hindered a foreign exchange student's life. These cases illustrate how interactive technologies engage users psychologically, and may prompt both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors and consequences among college students.
Testing for a Random Walk: A Simulation Experiment of Power When the Sampling Interval is Varied

This paper analyzes the power of various tests for the random walk hypothesis against AR(1) alternatives when the sampling interval is allowed to vary. The null and alternative hypotheses are set in terms of the parameters of a continuous time model. The discrete time representations are derived and it is shown how they depend on the sampling interval. The power is simulated for a grid of values of the number of observations and the span of the data available (hence for various sampling intervals). Various test statistics are considered among the following classes: (a) test for a unit root on the original series and (b) tests for randomness in the differenced series. Among class (b), we consider both parametric and nonparametric tests, the latter including tests based on the rank of the first-differenced series. The paper therefore not only provides information as to the relative power of these tests but also about their properties when the sampling interval varies. This work is an extension of Perron (1987) and Shiller and Perron (1985).
Alterations in Colonic Function in Man Under Stress: IV: Hypomotility of the Sigmoid Colon, and its Relationship to the Mechanism of Functional Diarrhea

Summary In 18 patients with irritable colon undergoing kymographic studies of sigmoid motility, a sudden and marked reduction in tone and wavelike motility occurred for periods of 1 to 37 minutes. This pattern was associated with a change in the mood of the subject to one of personal inadequacy, self-reproach, and hopelessness. On 11 occasions in 6 subjects, the pattern coincided exactly with periods of weeping. In one instance studied with tandem balloons, the pattern was observed only in the distal segment. Clinical and experimental evidence is presented, suggesting a link between this phenomenon and the bodily mechanism of diarrhea.
Multiresolution analysis of urban reflectance

Quantitative analysis of urban reflectance characteristics can provide insights into the spatial and temporal variations in urban reflectance that modulate solar energy fluxes through the urban environment. Characterization of urban reflectance may also facilitate development of algorithms for classification of urban landcover. The characteristic scale of urban reflectance variations is generally between 10 and 20 m and therefore comparable to the ground instantaneous field of view of most operational sensors. This results in spectral heterogeneity that limits the accuracy of pixel-based classifications of urban imagery. Multisensor analyses of urban reflectance indicate that many urban areas can be described as mixtures of three or four spectral endmembers. Most urban building materials lie along a continuum between high and low albedo endmembers but vegetation is a persistent and distinct component of the urban mosaic. Nonlinear mixing generally diminishes with increasing vegetation cover such that linear mixing models may be generally appropriate for urban vegetation estimation. Preliminary analyses of Landsat imagery in a number of urban areas worldwide suggests that linear mixing models with three and four endmembers may be generally applicable to urban areas. Spectral heterogeneity at scales of 10s of meters may be a more consistent characteristic of urban reflectance than any single reflectance spectrum.
Magnetic circular dichroism of tryptophanyl residues in proteins. Azurin and carbonic anhydrases.

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) induced in the wavelength region of absorption by the aromatic chromophores of a number of proteins has been examined. The major contribution to the MCD is from the tryptophanyl chromophores and to a much lesser extent the tyrosyl chromophores. The magnetically induced CD of tryptophanyl residues is independent of the environment of the residue as indicated by the insensitivity of the MCD to protein denaturation. These characteristics make MCD a valuable analytical tool for the determination of tryptophan in proteins. Determinations of tryptophan content by this method on 9 proteins containing 0–6 tryptophanyl residues per molecule are reported. Certain features of MCD and natural CD are compared with particular attention to azurin and several mammalian carbonic anhydrases which have large natural ellipticity bands associated with the aromatic chromophores.
Multicomponent reassembly of terpyridine-based materials: quantitative metallomacrocyclic rearrangement

Mixing of metallocyclic trimers and tetramers in an exact 1 : 1.5 stoichiometry provided new supramolecular triangles in quantitative yields. Characterization of the new hetero-nuclear metallomacrocycles was achieved by 1H, 2D-COSY, 2D-NOESY, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, along with ESI and TWIM mass spectrometry. Gradient tandem MS (gMS2) provided insight into the stabilities of the binuclear structures.
Toward Formulating Evidence-Based Principles of LGB-Affirmative Psychotherapy

In this commentary, we review eight potential LGB-affirmative psychotherapy principles for improving minority stress coping among sexual minority clients.Â We illustrate these principles with examples from both Mandelâ€™s (2014) treatment approach and our clinical research teamâ€™s recent attempt to create and test the efficacy of a treatment employing these principles in an ongoing randomized controlled trial.Â These principles are grounded in empirical research regarding the mechanisms through which minority stress compromises the mental health of sexual minority individuals and are supported by clinical expert consensus.Â The specific principles that we review include: 1) normalizing the mental health impact of minority stress, 2) facilitating emotion awareness, regulation, and acceptance, 3) decreasing avoidance, 4) restructuring minority stress cognitions, 5) empowering sexual minority clients to communicate assertively, 6) validating sexual minority individualsâ€™ unique strengths, 7) building supportive relationships, and 8) affirming healthy, rewarding expressions of sexuality.Â We believe that Mandelâ€™s skillful approach to helping her hybrid client Adam cope with minority stressors, such as internalized homophobia, and associated mental health problems such as substance abuse and depression, to form a healthy identity as a gay man represents an exemplary demonstration of these principles in action.
Beam-Beam Effect Simulation for a Modest Colliding-Beam Experiment at Fermilab

It has been proposed1 to get the Fermilab main ring to collide with a small proton storage ring in one of the six straight sections. Proton-proton colliding beam experiments would be carried out parasitically during the main ring ordinary acceleration cycle so that the beam could also be extracted and used in the fixed target experimental area. The performance parameters are shown in Tables 1 and 2. This hybrid operation of the main ring caused some concerns about the deterioration and the survival of the main proton beam because of the very large beam-beam tune shift. We performed numerical simulations of the motion of the main ring protons. Since the number of revolutions is relatively small we could simulate also an entire cycle of acceleration. The results: surprisingly the main ring beam can tolerate quite a large tune-shift with little deterioration, provided few precautions are taken for both beams handling.
Resistance of SCID mice to Candida albicans administered intravenously or colonizing the gut: role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages

SCID mice, which lack functional T and B cells, and their immunocompetent counterparts were treated with a monoclonal antibody to murine granulocytes (anti-Gr-1), silica, or carrageenan to assess the role of phagocytic cells (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages) in resistance to candidiasis. SCID mice treated with anti-Gr-1 showed enhanced susceptibility to acute systemic candidiasis, disseminated candidiasis of endogenous origin, and orogastric candidiasis. Immunocompetent CB.17 and BALB/c mice treated with anti-Gr-1 showed enhanced susceptibility to acute systemic candidiasis but not to either orogastric or disseminated candidiasis of endogenous origin. Impairment of phagocytic cell functions with silica or carrageenan also enhanced the susceptibility of SCID mice to acute systemic candidiasis. These data in SCID and CB.17 mice support clinical studies in patients that point out the important role that granulocytes play in resistance to candidiasis. The resistance of granulocyte-depleted CB.17 mice to orogastric and disseminated candidiasis of endogenous origin also demonstrates that functional T and B cells play a role in controlling candidiasis.
Holocene eruptions at the Inyo volcanic chain, California: Implications for possible eruptions in Long Valley caldera

The 11-km-long Inyo volcanic chain consists of 6 magmatic and more than 15 phreatic eruptive centers alined along a north-trending fracture. About 0.8 km 3 of rhyolitic-rhyodacitic magma erupted along the chain during at least 3 eruptive episodes during the past several thousand years. Pyroclastk deposits make up about 40% of this volume. The chemical similarities, timing of eruptions, and alinement of magmatic and phreatic vents indicate that the third eruptive episode, about 650-550 yr ago, occurred when a vertical, tabular, silicic magma body was emplaced at a shallow depth. A similar dikelike intrusion may explain an increase in seismicity and deformation in the south moat of Long Valley caldera. Events about 650-550 yr ago at the Inyo chair provide a model for possible events during future eruptions in the south moat of the caldera.
Serotonin uptake and release mechanisms in developing cultures of rat embryonic raphe neurons: age- and region-specific differences.

Abstract The development of serotonergic neurons of the rat raphe was followed in primary neuronal cell cultures taken at embryonic days embryonic day 13 and embryonic day 14 from three different raphe sub-groups, topographically defined with respect to their position to the isthmus as rostral (R1), intermediate (R2) and caudal (R3). In neurons cultivated from embryonic day 13 raphe serotonin, immunoreactivity was detected after only two days in vitro in the rostral R1 and the intermediate R2 sub-groups. Within two weeks of cultivation the number of serotonergic neurons as well as the dendritic branching continuously increased in all three sub-groups. In cultures obtained from embryonic day 13 raphe a specific uptake of [3H]serotonin could not be detected during the first days in vitro. Specific uptake as well as regulated serotonin release, however, was clearly discernible in these cultures after nine days in vitro, indicating developmental differentiation of the initially immature serotonergic neurons in culture. In contrast, serotonergic neurons obtained from the three raphe sub-groups at embryonic day 14 took up and released [3H]serotonin, as early as after two days in culture. Basal as well as stimulated serotonin release was diminished when preincubating the cells with tetanus toxin, which cleaves synaptobrevin thereby blocking exocytosis. Our data indicate that the differential development of serotonergic neurons in the various raphe sub-groups in vivo is also sustained in culture. The differences observed when comparing neurons from embryonic days 13 and 14 suggest that a short time-period of about 24 h appears to be crucial for the developmental upregulation of serotonin uptake, storage and release.
A gradient sublimer for purification and crystal growth of organic donor and acceptor molecules

Abstract A simple gradient sublimer has been designed for use with organic solids. In particular we have demonstrated its usefulness in purification and crystal growth of a series of electron donor and acceptor molecules, many of which are thermally unstable near their melting points.
Parent bodies of the meteorites and the origin of chondrules

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that some of the chondritic meteorites may come from the Moon or Mars. The arguments leading to such a conclusion are reviewed. Such places of origin require that the origin of the chondrules be reconsidered. It is concluded that a collisional process is the most reasonable one consistent with a lunar origin.
Peripatus in the Malay Peninsula

IN a recent issue of NATURE (October 19) the interesting fact is mentioned of the discovery by the Skeat Expedition of several specimens of Peripatus in the Malay Peninsula. Will you allow me to remark that in 1886 I described in the Notes from the Leyden Museum a specimen of Peripatus from East Sumatra, found among a lot of insects collected by Mr. Hekmeyer, of our Indian Medical Service. As it was the first specimen recorded from the Oriental region, Prof. Sedgwick, in his elaborate monograph of the genus Peripatus, considered the Sumatra species to be somewhat doubtful. The specimens, however, found by Mr. Evans in Kalantan appear to correspond so well with our specimen, as well in the number of pairs of feet (24) as in the colour, that I think a more detailed account will prove the identity of the animals found on both sides of the Malaka Strait.
Unfolded Protein Response in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: A Unifying Pathogenic Pathway?

Purpose To assess for activation of the unfolded protein response in corneal endothelium of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy patients. Design Retrospective, comparative case series of laboratory specimens. Methods Corneal specimens of patients with Fuchs dystrophy and controls with corneal pathologic features other than Fuchs dystrophy were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate for structural changes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in corneal endothelium. TEM images were evaluated for alterations of rough endoplasmic reticulum as a sign of unfolded protein response. Normal autopsy eyes, Fuchs dystrophy corneas, and keratoconus corneas were used for immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of patient corneas for 3 unfolded protein response markers (GRP78, the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, C/EBP homologous protein) and 2 apoptosis markers (caspase 3 and 9). Immunohistochemistry signal quantitation of corneal endothelium for evaluation of marker expression was performed using automated software. Corneal sections were assessed quantitatively for levels of immunohistochemistry marker expression. Results TEM showed enlargement of rough endoplasmic reticulum in corneal endothelium of all Fuchs dystrophy specimens. Immunohistochemistry quantitation demonstrated a significant increase in mean signal in corneal endothelium from Fuchs dystrophy patients for markers GRP78, the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, C/EBP homologous protein, and caspase 9 compared with non-Fuchs dystrophy corneas ( P Conclusions Results of both TEM and immunohistochemistry indicate activation of unfolded protein response in Fuchs dystrophy. Unfolded protein response activation leads to endothelial cell apoptosis in Fuchs dystrophy and may play a central pathogenic role in this disease.
Elongation factors EF-G from E. coli and mammalian mitochondria are not functionally interchangeable.

Summary Salt-washed ribosomes from bovine mitochondria and E. coli require homologous factor preparations for activity in poly (U)-directed systems for phenylalanine polymerization, contrary to the widespread notion that bacterial and mitochondrial elongation factors are functionally interchangeable. The elongation factor EF-G of E. coli and its equivalent in bovine mitochondria cannot substitute for each other in the EF-G-dependent GTPase reaction of bacterial and mitochondrial ribosomes.
Debt Schedules of Tax-Exempt Bonds Using NIC

Municipal bonds are a large proportion of the total number of securities offered every year. The volume outstanding is more than that of all federal agency debt. It is important that the issuance procedure be as cost efficient as possible. This research develops a model to minimize the net interest cost of a municipal bond issue. Net interest cost remains a highly popular award criteria. The model incorporates the level and shape of the yield curve, the schedule of revenue to be received, and the segmented nature of the municipal market.
The multiplicity of the two smallest distances among points

Abstract Let 1 = d 1 d 2 d k denote the distinct distances determined by a set of n points in the plane. The multiplicity of the two smallest distances is smaller than 6 n and it is maximized by the triangular lattice, where d 2 = √3. We partially answer a question of Erdos and Vesztergombi by proving that d 2 ≠ √3 implies that the multiplicity of the two smallest distances is at most 4 n unless d 2 is (√5 + 1)/2 or 1/(2 sin 15). In the case d 2 = (√5 + 1)/2, the multiplicity is at most 4.5 n . We also show some extremal configurations for different values of d 2 .
Autophagy and metastasis: another double-edged sword

In order to metastasize, tumor cells must adapt to untoward, stressful microenvironments as they disseminate into the systemic circulation and colonize distant organ sites. Autophagy, a tightly regulated lysosomal self-digestion process that is upregulated during cellular stress, has been demonstrated to suppress primary tumor formation, but how autophagy influences metastasis remains unknown. Autophagy may inhibit metastasis by promoting antitumor inflammatory responses or by restricting the expansion of dormant tumor cells into macrometastases. Conversely, self-eating may promote metastasis by enhancing tumor cell fitness in response to environmental stresses, such as anoikis, during metastatic progression. Because autophagy is titratable, it may serve both prometastatic and antimetastatic functions depending on the contextual demands placed on tumor cells throughout the metastatic process.
How much strangeness production is there in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

Strangeness production has been proposed as a signal for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. We address this problem in the framework of Bjorken's model for the longitudinal hydrodynamic expansion of baryon-free matter. Different scenarios are considered for the assumed first-order phase transition from QCD plasma into hadrons, including a slow transition via the Maxwell construction of coexisting phases, and a rapid transition from supercooling followed by reheating. The rate equations for strange-quark and kaon abundances are solved numerically. With the most likely set of parameters, the K/sup -//..pi../sup -/ ratio is about three times larger than in p-barp collisions at the same energy. This results primarily from the large rate constant in the hadron phase and from the long time spent in this phase. Thus, the K/sup -//..pi../sup -/ ratio may not be a direct signal for the formation of quark-gluon plasma; however, it may be an indirect signal, since the system would not live nearly as long if the quark-gluon plasma had not been formed initially.
Two types of alpha-factor receptor determinants for pheromone specificity in the mating-incompatible yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri

The specificity of mating-pheromone systems helps prevent mating between different species of yeast. The mechanism of specificity of G protein-coupled receptors in other organisms may be similar. To determine the structural basis of species discrimination between α-factor variants, small extracellular segments of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeα-factor receptor were substituted with residues from the Saccharomyces kluyveriα-factor receptor. Three substitutions altered specificity towards S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveriα-factor pheromone peptides. A substitution at residues 47–49 affected specificity for pheromone binding but not for pheromone activation of response. Substitution of residues 267–269 affected pheromone specificity for activation of cellular responses, but not for pheromone binding (under the assay conditions used). Substitution of residues 104–123 modestly affected both types of specificity. These results suggest two distinct types of receptor/ligand specificity (perhaps corresponding to ligand binding to G protein-coupled or uncoupled conformational states of the receptor) that evolved independently as S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri diverged as species.
The recognition of faces and expressions

The accuracy of face recognition was compared with that for expressional recognition. A series of 16 pictures of faces was presented for inspection. The series comprised 8 pictures of smiling faces and 8 pictures of neutral faces. The expressions were presented in random order in Condition 1. Condition 2 involved the block presentation of expression. In a recognition test that followed 5 days later, the levels of both facial and expressional recognition were assessed. Face recognition was significantly better than expressional recognition under both conditions. In addition, Condition 1 produced significantly better expressional recognition than did Condition 2. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Thermodynamic determination of the cation distribution in NixMn1−γ−xFe2+γO4 ferrites

Abstract The cation distribution in the spinel ferrite system Ni x Mn 1− γ − x Fe 2+ γ O 4 ( x =0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and γ =0.137) has been calculated analytically in complete form as a function of thermodynamic parameters. A generalized theoretical framework based on the O’Neill–Navrotsky model and Newton methods was used to solve a multicomponent system for up to 10 cation species. The relationship between the cation distribution and composition is given. The results are shown to agree with the available experimental results.