cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective metabolism of chrysene by rat liver microsomes. Direct separation of diol enantiomers by chiral stationary phase h.p.l.c.

The direct enantiomeric resolution of non-K region trans-1,2-dihydrodiol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-trans-1,2-diol, trans-3,4-dihydrodiol and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-trans-3,4-diol, K region trans- and cis-5,6-dihydrodiols and their monomethyl ethers of chrysene was studied by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography (CSP-h.p.l.c.). The chiral stationary phase columns were packed with gamma-aminopropylsilanized silica to which either (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-phenylglycine or (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine was bonded either ionically or covalently. Enantiomers of all dihydrodiol derivatives were resolved by one or more, but not all, of the chiral stationary phases utilized. Enantiomeric resolutions were substantially improved when the non-K region dihydrodiols were converted to tetrahydrodiols. The absolute configurations of the K region trans- and cis-5,6-dihydrodiols were established by the exciton chirality circular dichroism method. The (R,R):(S,S) enantiomer ratios, determined by CSP-h.p.l.c., of the 1,2-, 3,4- and 5,6-trans-dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism of chrysene by liver microsomes from untreated male rats of the Sprague--Dawley strain were found to be 51:49, 99:1 and 86:14, respectively; from phenobarbital-treated rats, 41:59, 99:1 and 87:13, respectively; from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, 96:4, 99:1 and 92:8, respectively. The absolute configurations of chrysene 5,6-epoxide enantiomers, resolved by CSP-h.p.l.c., were elucidated by the determination of the structures and absolute configurations of their methoxylation products. Both enantiomers of chrysene 5,6-epoxide were hydrated by microsomal epoxide hydrolase to chrysene trans-5,6-dihydrodiol enriched (67-92%) in the 5R,6R enantiomer. Chrysene 5R,6S-epoxide was hydrated to trans-5,6-dihydrodiol at a rate approximately 6-fold faster than chrysene 5S,6R-epoxide.
Approximation of a multi-scale model based on multiple site phosphorylation

The increasing complexity of the modeling of the budding yeast cell cycle control system demands development of efficient stochastic simulation algorithms. Specifically, models with multi-scale and multi-state features present great difficulties in simulation efficiency. The coexistence of the very fast and very slow reactions in one model usually leads to great challenges to the Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA) in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. The Stochastic Quasi-Steady State Assumption (SQSSA) and the hybrid simulation method, which combines the ODE solver and SSA, are two commonly used approximation methods for stochastic simulation. In this paper we consider biological models based on multiple site phosphorylation. We focus on the criterion of how to select the best method to simulate systems with multi-scale and multi-site features. We propose an efficient method to approximate the relaxation time of the subsystem that is supposed to be on the fast time scale. Then we discuss the best scenario for each method to be selected using the proposed approximated relaxation time. At last, we apply the SQSSA and the hybrid method to a bistable switch model based on multiple site phosphorylation, and compare the accuracy and efficiency of the two methods with the exact SSA via numerical experiments.
Inference engine for material handling selection

Abstract In this paper we describe the inference engine of an expert system for material handling method and equipment selection. The system branches through a tree guided by collected data essential for solving the material handling equation: Material + Move → Method. The equation is solved using rules developed to handle relationships between elements and factors of the equation. While the engine in its current status is limited to a “ first cut” in the equipment selection process, it is of value to nonspecialist industrialist. Plans are for the final system to provide its user with access to vendors specialized in particular handing operations.
Putting theory to the test: Examining family context, caregiver motivation, and conflict in the Family Check-Up model

This study examined contextual factors (caregiver depression, family resources, ethnicity, and initial levels of youth problem behavior) related to the effectiveness of the Family Check-Up (FCU) and evaluated family processes as a mediator of FCU intervention response and adolescent antisocial behavior. We followed a sample of 180 ethnically diverse youths of families who engaged in the FCU intervention. Family data were collected as part of the FCU assessment, and youth data were collected over 4 years, from sixth through ninth grade. Findings indicated that caregiver depression and minority status predicted greater caregiver motivation to change. In turn, caregiver motivation was the only direct predictor of FCU intervention response during a 1-year period. Growth in family conflict from sixth through eighth grade mediated the link between FCU response and ninth-grade antisocial behavior. This study explicitly tested core aspects of the FCU intervention model and demonstrated that caregiver motivation is a central factor that underlies family response to the FCU. The study also provided support for continued examination of family process mechanisms that account for enduring effects of the FCU and other family-centered interventions.
Enhanced application of root-reinforcement algorithms for bank-stability modeling.

Riparian vegetation is known to exert a number of mechanical and hydrologic controls on bank stability. In particular, plant roots provide mechanical reinforcement to a soil matrix due to the different responses of soils and roots to stress. Root reinforcement is largely a function of the strength of the roots crossing potential shear planes, and the number and diameter of such roots. However, previous bank stability models have been constrained by limited field data pertaining to the spatial and temporal variability of root networks within stream banks. In this paper, a method is developed to use root-architecture data to derive parameters required for modeling temporal and spatial changes in root reinforcement. Changes in root numbers over time were assumed to follow a sigmoidal curve, which commonly represents the growth rates of organisms. Regressions for numbers of roots crossing potential shear planes over time showed small variations between species during the juvenile growth phase, but extrapolation led to large variations in root numbers by the time the senescent phase of the sigmoidal growth curve had been reached. In light of potential variability in the field data, the mean number of roots crossing a potential shear plane at each year of tree growth was also calculated using data from all species and an additional sigmoidal regression was run. After 30 years the mean number of roots predicted to cross a 1 m shear plane was 484, compared with species-specific curves whose values ranged from 240 roots for black willow trees to 890 roots for western cottonwood trees. In addition, the effect of spatial variations in rooting density with depth on stream-bank stability was modeled using the bank stability and toe erosion model (BSTEM). Three root distributions, all approximating the same average root reinforcement (5 kPa) over the top 1 m of the bank profile, were modeled, but with differing vertical distributions (concentrated near surface, non-linear decline with depth, uniform over top meter). It was found that stream-bank FS varied the most when the proportion of the failure plane length to the depth of the rooting zone was greatest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding of Paxillin to the α9 Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Inhibits Cell Spreading

Abstract α9β1 integrin is a member of the β1 integrin family, plays an important role in extravasation of neutrophils at sites of acute inflammation, and is required for the normal development of the lymphatic system. The α9 and α4 integrin subunits are most closely related and form a subfamily of integrin α subunits. Previously, we have reported that the α4 cytoplasmic domain directly and tightly binds paxillin, an intracellular signaling adaptor molecule. This interaction accounts for some of the unusual functional responses to α4 integrin-mediated cell adhesion, including stimulation of cell migration and inhibition of cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. In the current studies, we have examined the interaction between the α9 cytoplasmic domain and paxillin. Here we report that the α9cytoplasmic domain binds paxillin directly and tightly and that the α9-paxillin association inhibits cell spreading. We have identified amino acid residues in the α9 cytoplasmic domain, Trp999 and Trp1001, that are critical for paxillin binding, and alanine substitution of either Trp999 or Trp1001 blocks paxillin binding. Furthermore, these mutations also reverse the effect of the α9 cytoplasmic domain on cell spreading. Thus, the α9 and α4 integrin subunits form a paxillin-binding subfamily of integrin α subunits, and direct binding of paxillin to the α9 cytoplasmic domain mediates some of the biological activities of the α9β1integrin.
Delivery of sub-10-fs pulses for nonlinear optical microscopy by polarization-maintaining single mode optical fiber

Broadband, sub-10-fs pulses, can be propagated through polarization-maintaining single mode fiber (PMF) for use in nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM). We demonstrate delivery of near transform-limited, 1 nJ pulses from a Ti:Al2O3 (75 MHz repetition rate) oscillator via PMF to the NLOM focal plane while maintaining 120 nm of bandwidth. Negative group delay dispersion (GDD) introduced to pre-compensate normal dispersion of the optical fiber and microscope optics ensured linear pulse propagation through the PMF. The minimized time-bandwidth product of the laser pulses at the NLOM focus allowed the nonlinear excitation of multiple fluorophores simultaneously without central wavelength tuning. Polarization sensitive NLOM imaging using second harmonic generation in collagen was demonstrated using PMF delivered pulses. Two-photon excited fluorescence spectra and second harmonic images taken with and without the fiber indicates that the fiber based system is capable of generating optical signals that are within a factor of two to three of our traditional NLOM.
Image-Based Control of Dynamic Effects in Scanning Tunneling Microscopes

In this article, we present an image-based control scheme to address the problem of low operating speed in scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs). Low operating speeds are used because dynamic effects cause error in positioning the STM probe over the sample. The STM’s low operating speed limits its capability to investigate fast surface phenomena and its throughput during nanofabrication. The proposed image-based approach to achieve high speed operation exploits the extant imaging capabilities of STMs. In practice, distortions in high-speed images are used to identify and correct errors in the STM probe position. The approach is applied to an STM and experimental results are presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Learning other people’s history: pre-service teachers’ developing African American historical knowledge

Drawing from the historical lens of cultural memory, I examined the development of three social studies pre-service teachers’ African American history knowledge. The participants were engaged in a rigorous summer reading program dedicated to learning African American history. This qualitative case study examined both pre and post interpretations of African American history and discussed the varied ways the subject was interpreted by the pre-service teachers. The findings indicated that the reading program influenced African American history knowledge both positively and negatively. The paper ends with recommendations for teacher educators interested in expanding the development of pre-service teachers’ knowledge of African American history.
Toward a Kairos of Library Instruction

Abstract Information literacy instruction in libraries is organized by the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards. Currently under revision, these Standards define a set of external, abstract learning objectives that have been productive of a teaching role for librarians. Simultaneously, the Standards have generated a substantial critical literature that contests the objectives as a “Procrustean bed” that distracts from the particular teaching and learning contexts. This paper offers an alternative organizing heuristic for instruction in libraries. Kairos is an ancient Greek theory of time married to measure. Used by both Plato and the Sophists to understand the emergence of truth from context, kairos has been deployed by composition studies to gain a critical perspective on teaching student writing. Used to understand the context that generated both the first set of Standards and their revision, kairos can usefully direct the energy of teaching librarians toward their particular students and classrooms.
situ: Situational understanding and discovery for cyber attacks

Our entry into the VAST 2012 Mini Challenge 2 is a streaming visual analytic system that scores events based on anomalousness and maliciousness and presents each event to the user in a user-defined groupings in animated small-multiple views. The anomaly detection algorithm identifies low probability events, supporting awareness regarding atypical traffic patterns on the network. The maliciousness classifier incorporates both situated knowledge of an environment (policy and machine roles) and domain knowledge (encoded in the IDS alerts). We discuss the visualization design and classification techniques, as well as provide examples of timely detection from the challenge dataset.
Hopelessness in adolescents

Abstract Background The hopelessness scales devised by Beck and by Kazdin have been used in hundreds of studies of both non-clinical and clinical samples. The present study identified non-clinical adolescent samples to see if the mean scores differed by age, sex, year of publication of the study, and nation. Methods Studies of school students administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale or the Kazdin Hopelessness Scale for Children were identified from a literature search using PsycINFO and the search term “hopelessness” anywhere in the text. Seventy-eight studies were found reporting mean scores, 44 for American students and 34 for students in other countries. Results The scores of American students were significantly lower than those of students in other countries, and there was a tendency for boys to have higher scores than girls (in 18 of the 27 studies which reported differences by sex). There was no tendency for the hopelessness scores of American students to have increased in recent years. Conclusions American adolescents appear to be less hopeless than adolescent in other nations, and the scores of American adolescents do not seem to have changed significantly over the last 30 years.
A modern vs. Permian black shale—the hydrography, primary productivity, and water-column chemistry of deposition

The sediment currently accumulating in the Cariaco Basin, on the continental shelf of Venezuela, has an elevated organic-carbon content of approximately 5%; is accumulating under O2-depleted bottom-water conditions (SO42− reduction); is composed dominantly of foraminiferal calcite, diatomaceous silica, clay, and silt; and is dark greenish gray in color. Upon lithification, it will become a black shale. Recent studies have established the hydrography of the basin and the level of primary productivity and bottom-water redox conditions. These properties are used to model accumulation rates of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn on the seafloor. The model rates agree closely with measured rates for the uppermost surface sediment. The model is applied to the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation, a phosphate deposit of Permian age in the northwest United States. It too has all of the requisite properties of a black shale. Although the deposit is a world-class phosphorite, it is composed mostly of phosphatic mudstone and siltstone, chert, limestone, and dolomite. It has organic-carbon concentrations of up to 15%, is strongly enriched in several trace elements above a terrigenous contribution and is black. The trace-element accumulation defines a mean primary productivity in the photic zone of the Phosphoria Basin as moderate, at 500 g m−2 year−1 organic carbon, comparable to primary productivity in the Cariaco Basin. The source of nutrient-enriched water that was imported into the Phosphoria Basin, upwelled into the photic zone, and supported primary productivity was an O2 minimum zone of the open ocean. The depth range over which the water was imported would have been between approximately 100 and 600 m. The mean residence time of bottom water in the basin was approximately 4 years vs. 100 years in the Cariaco Basin. The bottom water was O2 depleted, but it was denitrifying, or NO3− reducing, rather than SO42− reducing.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PURIFIED AND ISOLATED CELL WALL FIBERS ON THE UTILIZATION OF CERTAIN NUTRIENTS BY SWINE AND HAMSTERS

Four metabolism trials were conducted using swine and hamsters to evaluate the effects of isolated and purified dietary fibers on the utilization of fiber, nitrogen, and minerals. Swine fed a 16% crude protein diet and various types of purified celluloses absorbed less nitrogen than did pigs fed a control diet containing silica flour. No differences in nitrogen metabolism were noted when the crude protein concentration was reduced to 9% although fiber digestion was decreased at the lower protein level. Animal performance, nutrient digestibilities, nitrogen balance, and mineral balance were markedly affected when hamsters were fed silica flour, cellulose, and up to 30% lignin or lignin-hemicellulose.
A Young Woman With Odynophagia, Diarrhea, and Perineal Ulcerations

Question: A 28-year old woman with a 10-year history of indeterminate colitis presented with bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe odynophagia, and perineal skin ulcerations for 3 months. She had previously failed to respond to multiple therapies, including mesalamine, budesonide, azathioprine, infliximab, and adalimumab, and therefore had been recently started on oral prednisone. Review of systems was significant for fevers, fatigue and a 14-kg weight loss. Physical examination revealed an ill-appearing woman with a purulent ulceration of her right tonsillar fossa and diffuse abdominal tenderness. Perineal inspection revealed multiple wellcircumscribed ulcers with violaceous borders located over the labia and the perianal region (Figure A). Blood cultures obtained on admission grew Escherichia coli and antibiotic therapy was initiated. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed ulcerations in the distal esophagus and gastric antrum (Figure B), and colonoscopy showed deep ulcers extending from the sigmoid colon to the terminal ileum. Biopsies were obtained of the tonsillar region and throughout the affected areas of the gastrointestinal tract; biopsies of the perineal ulcers were also obtained (Figure C). What is the most likely cause of the perineal lesions and what are the treatment options? Look on page 696 for the answer and see the GASTROENTEROLOGY web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Ion association and liquid structure in supercritical water solutions of sodium chloride: a microscopic view from molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Salt solvation and precipitation are important problems in the supercritical water oxidation process. This paper examines the properties of pure water and sodium chloride in supercritical water at infinite dilution using the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The equation of state and the dielectric properties of the SPC water are calculated at 700–1000 K and densities (∼ 0.1 g/cm 3 ) corresponding to 250 bar. Our results show that while the SPC model of water describes the equation of state adequately, the calculated dielectric constant is about 10% larger than the experimental one. This slight discrepancy is due to the larger dipole moment of the SPC water in comparison with the actual dipole moment of an isolated water molecule. We calculated the potential of mean force between sodium—chloride, sodium—sodium, and chloride—chloride ion pairs. This calculation shows that sodium chloride stays as the bound ion pair in supercritical water. The potential of mean force calculations also show that supercritical water exhibits strong solvation effects upon the ions and the bound ion pairs at the conditions of interest. The dissociation constant predicted from this potential of mean force is about 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than that which would be obtained from the extrapolation of experimental measurements at higher densities. We also investigate the solvation of the ions using the pair correlation function of the solutions. These correlation functions provide valuable insight into the ion hydration models used in studying NaCl solution properties.
Fe-Mg relationships in sector-zoned submarine basalt plagioclase

Abstract Terrestrial occurrences of sector-zoned plagioclase so far appear restricted to submarine pillow basalts. Sectors are developed on (010) and (001) or (021); other (0k1) growth is sometimes observed. The (010) sector is always the more calcium-rich; sectors (001) and (0k1) appear identical in composition. There are significant amounts of Fe and Mg in the plagioclases, and these elements generally show a preference for (010) over (001) or (0k1). Stoichiometric relations are best satisfied by assuming that from one-half to five sixth of the iron is divalent. Substitution of divalent Fe and Mg can be described by a formula unit of the type Ca(Fe, Mg)Si 3 O 8 . This substitution is favored as the plagioclase becomes more sodic and probably is thermodynamically analogous to the albite end-member. Like the so-called “plagioclase effect”, it should tend to promote the formation of an alkali-rich residual liquid which would not, however, be alumina deficient. Some caution should be exercised in using plagioclase as a geothermometer until the effect of the coupled Ca-(Fe,Mg) substitution is better understood.
The role of material anisotropy in the neotectonic extension of the western Idaho shear zone, McCall, Idaho

Basin and Range normal faulting in west-central Idaho reactivates preexisting Cretaceous structures, resulting in a series of normal fault–bound basins. The most intense extensional deformation is concentrated in the Late Cretaceous western Idaho shear zone, resulting in the development of the Long Valley basin. The area affected by the western Idaho shear zone displays two orientations of steep faults: one set of normal faults strikes north-south and is parallel to fabrics within the western Idaho shear zone; the other set strikes east-west and accommodates components of both normal and strike-slip movement. Areas within the Idaho Batholith that do not have strong Cretaceous fabrics (i.e., outside of the western Idaho shear zone) are characterized by a strong preferred north-northeast orientation of faults. From this preferred orientation we infer that the maximum infinitesimal stretch is oriented at 110/290° in this part of the Idaho Batholith. Gravity inversion indicates that the north end of Long Valley is an asymmetric basin about one kilometer deep, with the largest basin-bounding normal fault on the west side of the Long Valley. Paleomagnetic analysis of the Columbia River basalts indicates that the north-south elongate fault blocks within the western Idaho shear zone have not rotated. One block, located just to the west of the western Idaho shear zone, may have rotated counterclockwise. The lack of rotation of north-south oriented fault blocks, in combination with the fault orientations of the Idaho Batholith, indicate that the regional neotectonic deformation within and east of the western Idaho shear zone is characterized by dextral transtension with a divergence vector oriented 130/310°. The extensional reactivation of the western Idaho shear zone demonstrates the effect of material anisotropy at local and regional scales. On a local scale, the mylonitic foliation of the western Idaho shear zone is reactivated as normal faults, even though the regional flow field is oblique to the foliation. On a regional scale, the possible counterclockwise fault block rotation recorded west of the western Idaho shear zone is inconsistent with dextral transtension, suggesting that extensional deformation has reactivated the western edge of the arc-craton boundary as a kinematic domain boundary. We conclude that the preservation of initial features in vertical shear zones and/or plate boundaries is unlikely, due the tendency for well-developed, subvertical fabrics to reactivate, particularly in extension.
Ultrafiltration method of studying binding of ligands to macromolecules

The principles and procedures for studying binding of low molecular weight ligands to macromolecules using ultrafiltration are reviewed. Ultrafiltration methods are much faster and theoretically equivalent to equilibrium dialysis, which is the most commonly used subtractive method. An entire binding isotherm and the effect of free species concentration on the binding equilibrium can be determined with a single run of a few hours duration. The calculations and data analysis, which are normally quite complicated, can be easily performed using popular spread-sheet programs such as Lotus 1-2-3® on a personal computer. The experimental protocol, the control experiments to account for nonspecific binding and the calculation procedures are given in detail using a case study of a typical ligand-protein interaction.
Why Has the Value of Avogadro’s Constant Changed over Time?

In response to a reader query, this article briefly outlines the reasons why the numerical value of Avogadro’s constant has changed over time.
Movin', But Not Up To The East Side: Foreclosures and Social Disorganization in Orange County, Florida

The recent foreclosure crisis in the USA has called for a revival in social disorganization research to examine how communities are being affected. While a number of studies have examined the direct relationship between social disorganization and crime in communities plagued by foreclosure, they have failed to look at the link between social disorganization and real estate indicators. This study fills this gap by examining Orange County, Florida in 2010 using realtor-reported transactional information, a type of data that are rich in transactional information but has yet to be utilized. The findings of this study indicate that negative social capital significantly predicts areas with higher concentrations of foreclosures (positive relationship) and traditional sales (inverse relationship). The proportion of Fair Housing Administration/Veterans Administration loans, the average days on market and the proportion of affluent households in the community also significantly predict these transactions. Limitatio...
Genotypic Susceptibility Scores and HIV Type 1 RNA Responses in Treatment-Experienced Subjects with HIV Type 1 Infection

This study compared the role of genotypic susceptibility scores (GSS) as a predictor of virologic response in a group (n = 234) of HIV-infected, protease inhibitor (PI)-experienced subjects. Two scoring methods [discrete genotypic susceptibility score (dGSS) and continuous genotypic susceptibility score (cGSS)] were developed. Each drug in the subject's regimen was given a binary susceptibility score using Stanford inferred drug resistance scores to calculate the dGSS. In contrast to the dGSS, the cGSS model was designed to reflect partial susceptibility to a drug. Both GSS were independent predictors of week 16 virologic response. We also compared the GSS to a phenotypic susceptibility score (PSS) model on a subset of subjects that had both GSS and PSS performed, and found that both models were predictive of virologic response. Genotypic analyses at enrollment showed that subjects who were virologic nonresponders at week 16 revealed enrichment of several mutated codons associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) (codons 67, 69, 70, 118, 215, and 219) or PI resistance (codons 10, 24, 71, 73, and 88) compared to subjects who were virologic responders. Regression analyses revealed that protease mutations at codons 24 and 90 were most predictive of poor virologic response, whereas mutations at 82 were associated with enhanced virologic response. Certain NNRTI-associated mutations, such as K103N, were rapidly selected in the absence of NRTIs. These data indicate that GSS may be a useful tool in selecting drug regimens in HIV-1-infected subjects to maximize virologic response and improve treatment outcomes.
Seeing History: Malaika Favorite's Furious Flower Poetry Quilt Painting and Pan‐African Memory

Malaika Favorite's Furious Flower Poetry Quilt (2004) is an acrylic painting that depicts 24 portraits of leading poets of the African Diaspora. Commissioned by Dr Joanne Gabbin, English professor and director of the Furious Flower Poetry Center at James Madison University, the painting is part of a larger programme of poetry education. The painting's interweaving of the portraits with fragments from the poets’ writing functions to create an interactive visual-textual body of poets and poetry, a collection which has been taught at all levels of education from primary school to university. Its quilt structure pays homage to the historic role of women in preserving history and memory. The painting also serves to construct a pan-African identity and collective memory about slavery, African American history and empowerment.
Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a look at the role of poor sleep.

Fatigue is a frequent and debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) with rates ranging anywhere from 53% to 90%. Despite its high prevalence and grave impact on overall functioning and quality of life, the accurate definition, quantification, and etiology of fatigue has plagued the MS literature and clinical care for decades. With regard to its etiology, MS-related fatigue has been construed as being either primary or secondary. Primary fatigue is purported to be related to centrally mediated processes of the disease whereas secondary fatigue is thought to be a result of the host of factors that may accompany MS (e.g., depression, sleep disturbance). The present paper focuses on secondary fatigue and the role of sleep disturbance, in particular. Despite the intuitive assumption that sleep problems could contribute to fatigue, sleep problems in MS have gone fairly unrecognized until recently. The present paper provides a brief review of the literature pertaining to the prevalence and nature of sleep problems in MS as well as their association with fatigue. A replication of this author’s and others work is also presented, further demonstrating that sleep disturbance is a significant contributor to fatigue in MS when taking into account disease variables, depression, and sleep disturbance. Finally, a discussion of the role of effective treatment of sleep problems on fatigue is provided.
Late renal allograft rupture in a patient with small vessel vasculitis following discontinuation of immunosuppression

We report the case of a 21-year-old man with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)--associated vasculitis who experienced spontaneous renal allograft rupture 21 months after engraftment. Because of chronic allograft nephropathy, the patient's immunosuppressive regimen had been discontinued approximately 3 weeks prior to his presentation with abdominal pain and evidence of internal hemorrhage. He was emergently taken to the operating room, where a ruptured allograft was found and transplant nephrectomy was performed. Postoperatively, the cause of rupture was determined to have been acute cellular rejection. This case may be the longest interval reported between renal transplant and spontaneous allograft rupture.
The effects of perinatal exposure to lead on the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and related drugs in rats.

Rationale: Developmental lead exposure may alter responsiveness to cocaine well into adulthood, and ultimately influence drug-use patterns. Objectives: The present study examined the effect of perinatal lead exposure on the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Methods: Female rats were treated with 0, 8, or 16 mg lead daily for 30 days before breeding with untreated males. This exposure regimen continued through gestation and until postnatal day (PND) 21, i.e., weaning. At PND 60 male pups were trained to discriminate between saline and cocaine (5 mg/kg) injections. After acquisition, a series of generalization/substitution tests were performed using a cumulative dosing procedure. Results: Developmental lead exposure produced subsensitivity to SKF-82958 (D1-like dopamine receptor agonist), quinpirole (D2-like dopamine receptor agonist), and apomorphine (mixed D1-like/D2-like dopamine receptor agonist); but no differences were evident among lead-treatment groups on generalization/substitution tests with cocaine, d-amphetamine, or GBR-12909. Furthermore, when the κ-opioid receptor agonist U69,593 was administered prior to cocaine (5 mg/kg), generalization to the cocaine stimulus decreased in control rats, but generalization in lead-exposed rats was not altered. Group differences were not evident in tolerance or recovery of tolerance to cocaine following repeated cocaine administration (60 mg/kg per day for 14 days). Furthermore, no differences were found across groups in concentrations of lead in brain, although pups exposed to 16 mg lead had slightly elevated blood lead concentrations (<7 µg/dl). Conclusions: These results further a growing research literature that suggests developmental lead exposure can produce long-lasting changes in drug responsiveness, even after exposure to the toxicant has been discontinued.
The motor theory of speech perception revisited

Galantucci, Fowler, and Turvey (2006) have claimed that perceiving speech is perceiving gestures and that the motor system is recruited for perceiving speech. We make the counter argument that perceiving speech is not perceiving gestures, that the motor system is not recruited for perceiving speech, and that speech perception can be adequately described by a prototypical pattern recognition model, the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). Empirical evidence taken as support for gesture and motor theory is reconsidered in more detail and in the framework of the FLMP. Additional theoretical and logical arguments are made to challenge gesture and motor theory.
Maximizing derivable information from cytologic specimens for pathologic and molecular diagnostics

Introduction The advent of precision medicine will increase the demand for molecular testing on patient tumor specimens. Cytology specimens have been shown to be ideal substrates for molecular testing, but their often paucicellular nature can lead to conflicts in prioritizing sample management. A microfluidic platform was investigated to determine whether cytologic and molecular data could be procured from the same cells, obviating the need for partitioning a sample by multiplexing it instead. Materials and methods Cytology samples were created from a tissue source, stained with a supravital dye, and enriched using immunomagnetic beads. These cells and the attached immunomagnetic beads were then run through a microfluidic channel, temporarily immobilized for cytologic examination, and then recovered. The cytologic characteristics of these cells was compared with cells from the same source prepared by conventional cytologic preparatory means. DNA was extracted from the cells recovered from the microfluidic channel and the nature of their integrity was assessed. Results Cytologic features between cells run in a microfluidic channel and prepared by conventional means were similar. The DNA recovered from the cells run through the microfluidic channel was of high molecular weight. Conclusions Microfluidics enables multiplex testing of cytologic specimens, allowing for cytology-based diagnostic examination and recovery of high-quality DNA. This approach will be of particular benefit for cytology specimens that are paucicellular and will need molecular testing.
Pro forma accounting disclosures: The effect of reconciliations and financial reporting knowledge on nonprofessional investors' judgments

Abstract Regulation G requires companies that report non-GAAP or “pro forma” earnings provide a reconciliation. While nonprofessional investors are a large, heterogeneous population with varying degrees of financial reporting knowledge, previous research treats them as a homogenous group. The study examines how differences in financial reporting knowledge and information viewing behavior affect the influence of reconciled pro forma earnings disclosures on nonprofessional investors' judgments. Lower-knowledge investors appear to incorporate information on differences between GAAP and pro forma earnings in their judgments as long as they view this information in the reconciliation. However, higher-knowledge investors appear to consistently incorporate information on differences between GAAP and pro forma earnings in their judgments regardless of the relative amount of time they spend viewing the reconciliation relative to other disclosures. Our results suggest that knowledge differences influence how nonprofessional investors acquire and use information on differences between GAAP and pro forma earnings.
Down with natural selection

Biologists are increasingly reexamining the conceptual structure of evolutionary theory, which dates back to the so-called Modern Synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s. Calls for an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) cite a number of empirical and theoretical advances that need to be accounted for, including evolvability, evolutionary novelties, capacitors of phenotypic evolution, developmental plasticity, and phenotypic attractors. In Biological Emergences , however, Robert Reid outlines a theory of evolution in which natural selection plays no role or—worse—actually impedes evolution by what Reid calls “natural experimentation.” For Reid, biological complexity emerges because of intrinsic mechanisms that work in opposition to natural selection, a view that would reopen old questions of orthogenesis and Lamarckism. This review outlines why we do need an EES, but also why it is unlikely to take the shape that Reid advocates.
On the Questionable Practice of Invoking the Metaphysic

tion of warm climate (zero cold months as rated by Munroe et al. [1996]) with tall dense vegetation (rated by us as having a score of 2.5 to 3 on vegetation). Andamans, Bemba, Caingang, Fang, Iban, Kapauku, Kpelle, Toba, and Yanoama were given a score of 1 on this dichotomous variable. All others were rated as 0: they either had cold climates (5 or more cold months) or mixed or sparse vegetation (1-2 on plant vegetation as rated by us). A second combined dichotomous variable was created for the combination of cold climate (5 or more cold months as rated by Munroe et al. [1996]) and sparse or short vegetation (coded as 1 on vegetation by us). Blackfoot, Copper Eskimo, Fox and Highland Scots were given a score of 1 on this second dichotomous variable. All other cases, which were given a score of zero on this dichotomous variable, had either warmer climate or more plant cover (1.5 or higher on plant vegetation). The names of all the cases are listed in Ember and Ember (1999:734-735).
In-situ time-integrated imaging of prototypic lmfbr fuel pins

Abstract A pinhole imaging technique has been adapted to obtain in-situ time-integrated images of prototypic fuel rods during steady-state operation of the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TEEAT) at 80 kW power. Digital processing techniques provide quantitative results on several parameters related to mass distribution. In addition, profiles representative of power density within the fuel pin are obtained by reconstructions by a back-projection method. Examples of annular and solid test fuel elements are presented.
A reexamination of the crude oil price : Unemployment relationship in the United States

This study begins by asking whether fluctuations in the price of crude oil have affected employment and the rate of unemployment in the United States. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between the rate of unemployment and crude oil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before the measurable impact of a percentage change in the real price of crude oil on the change in unemployment is exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in unemployment and the volatility of the price of crude oil and the percentage change in gross national product is examined.
Ganoderma lucidum causes apoptosis in leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells

Over many centuries, herbal remedies have treated a variety of ailments. This empiric observational approach has produced a number of leads for formulated medicines. Ganoderma lucidum extract was screened for its anti-proliferative activity using a panel of 26 human cancer cell lines. The six most sensitive hematologic cell lines were: HL-60 (ED50 26 microg/ml), U937 (63 microg/ml), K562 (50 microg/ml), Blin-1 (38 microg/ml), Nalm-6 (30 microg/ml) and RPMI8226 (40 microg/ml). Cell cycle analyses revealed a G2/M arrest, most prominently in HL-60 cells. Four hematopoietic cell lines (HL-60, Blin-1, U937, RPMI8226) were examined for apoptosis, which ranged between 21 and 92%. After exposure to G. lucidum extract, HL-60 cells became multinucleated with an increased DNA content. These results indicate that G. lucidum extract has a profound activity against leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells and may be a novel adjunctive therapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
Resveratrol encapsulation: Designing delivery systems to overcome solubility, stability and bioavailability issues

Resveratrol is a polyphenol from the stilbens family that has been reported to have various benefits for human health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-obesity, and heart/brain protective effects. However, the utilization of resveratrol as a nutraceutical in the food industry is currently limited due to its poor water solubility, high chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability. Encapsulation of resveratrol can be used to improve its water-dispersibility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. This paper reviews delivery systems available to encapsulate, protect and release resveratrol, and highlights their potential applications within the food industry.
Automatic depth detection from holograms

To construct a hologram numerically, one needs to know the exact depth. In this paper, we present a technique in which the depth information can be extracted from the power spectrum of a hologram. The extraction technique is simulated using mathematical software to confirm the validity of the technique. An example is given.
Quadratic hfs Pressure Shifts of Muonium in Argon and Krypton

The very precise, low-pressure measurements of the hfs interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(p)$ of muonium in Ar and Kr described in the preceding Letter are combined with the high-pressure measurements from Yale to determine the magnitude of quadratic pressure shifts. Fitting by the form $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(0)[1+ap+b{p}^{2}]$, we find $b(\mathrm{Ar})=7.1(2.3)$ and $b(\mathrm{Kr})=8.7(3.1)$ (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{Torr}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$). Older evidence for these quadratic shifts from similar fits involving earlier Chicago data is reviewed.
Watching TV on internet-connected devices

ABC, several other networks, and some broadcast television stations have sued Aero for its support of watching one's favorite broadcast television programs on an iPhone or PC with the aid of a third-party provider's equipment. When subscribers log onto Aereo's system, they see a program guide for over-the-air broadcast television programs airing at that time or in the near future on local stations. Subscribers can select which programs they wish to watch or have recorded. Aereo's main defense is based on the fact that its users are the ones who transmit the programs and each user can transmit the programs only to themselves. ABC argues that Aereo's service is the functional equivalent to cable and satellite television services, so it too should be within the public performance right. The Court may say the current definition of the public performance right does not encompass transmissions enabled by Aereo's system, and if Congress wants to outlaw services such as Aereo's, it must amend the law.
Increased efficiency in SI engine with air replaced by oxygen in argon mixture

Abstract Basic engine thermodynamics predicts that spark ignited engine efficiency is a function of both the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid. In practice the compression ratio of the engine is often limited due to knock. Both higher specific heat ratio and higher compression ratio lead to higher end gas temperatures and increase the likelihood of knock. When the knock limit is not reached, increased heat transfer losses at higher compression ratios can limit efficiency. In this paper, we investigate the role of both the compression ratio and the specific heat ratio on engine efficiency by conducting experiments comparing operation of a single-cylinder variable-compression ratio engine with both hydrogen–air and hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures. For low load operation, it is found that the hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures result in higher indicated thermal efficiencies. Peak efficiency for the hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures is found at compression ratio 5.5, whereas for the hydrogen–air mixture with an equivalence ratio of 0.24 the peak efficiency is found at compression ratio 13. The spark timing when operating the engine with hydrogen–oxygen–argon was found to be knock limited for compression ratios above 4.5. However, for operation with hydrogen–air the spark timing was not limited by knock. We apply a three-zone model to help explain the effects of specific heat ratio and compression ratio on efficiency. Operation with hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures at low loads is more efficient because the lower compression ratio results in a substantially larger portion of the gas residing in the adiabatic core rather than in the boundary layer and crevices, leading to less heat transfer and more complete combustion.
A Splintered Heartland: Russia, Europe, and the Geopolitics of Networked Energy Infrastructure

Much has been made about a revival of Mackinderian geopolitics in Eurasia, largely centred on struggles over access to energy resources and rooted in a territorial understanding of space. This paper proposes that the conceptual political cartography of Eurasia is indeed largely being rewritten, but conventional understandings of space, territory, and resources are insufficient in providing insight into a changing geopolitics. We interrogate the geographical logics of Russia's role as energy provider to Europe by focusing specifically on the provision of gas to Europe via Nord Stream, a new underwater pipeline that is scheduled to go online by late 2011. Drawing on debates in human geography on relational/topological views of space, and on the “splintering urbanism” thesis, the paper describes a rapidly evolving networked space that effectively “splinters” the territorial integrity of the region and thereby complicates notions of Eurasian geopolitics that emphasise proximity, territorial hegemony, and stat...