cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Air Phase Retronasal and Orthonasal Odorant Pairs

Identifications (IDs) of paired retronasal and orthonasal odorants were studied, with stimuli limited to air phase. Odorants were liquid extracts of plant materials, sold as food flavorings, matched by each subject both for retronasal-only and orthonasal-only air phase intensities and then learned to 100% correct veridical name retronasal-only and orthonasal-only IDs. Subjects were tested for ID of (a) retronasal-only and orthonasal-only odorants, (b) homogeneously paired odorant (the same odorant in retronasal and orthonasal locations), and (c) heterogeneously paired odorants (different odorants in retronasal and orthonasal locations). Paired odorants were presented in two different sequences: retronasal location odorant smelled first or orthonasal location odorant smelled first. IDs were reported after odorants were removed. Results were as follows: (a) no significant differences between correct ID of odorants when in retronasal-only versus orthonasal-only locations, although percent correct IDs were lower for half the retronasal-only location odorants; (b) correct ID of a homogeneously paired odorant equaled or exceeded its unpaired ID, with two successive, identical IDs reported on the majority of its trials; (c) with heterogeneous pairs, for all odorants when in the orthonasal location of a pair, correct ID occurred less often than when these odorants were presented orthonasal-only, but for odorants in the retronasal location, correct ID equaled or exceeded retronasal-only correct ID; and (d) perceived order of presentation of heterogeneous pairs was the reverse of the physically presented sequence for both retronasal-first and orthonasal-first conditions. The heterogeneous odorant ID outcome supports the concept that processing of retronasal and orthonasal odorants differ, and the perceived reversal of the presented sequence is in agreement with the importance of recency in odorant memory.
The longevity of the latent fingerprints of children vs adults

The purpose of this project was to determine if there was a difference in the longevity of the latent fingerprints of children vs adults. It is generally believed that a subject’s age does not affect the evaporation rates of fingerprints. However, based upon a recent criminal investigation of child abduction, it was hypothesized that children’s latent fingerprints do not last as long as those of adults. Participation in this study was voluntary and informed consent obtained. A total of 97 subjects pressed their fingers on glass slides and their latent fingerprints were lifted one, three, five and seven days later. A comparison was then made between the longevity of the prints of children vs adults. Almost all of the adult prints were still present on day seven. Of the children’s prints, 20 percent were unclear on day three; 54 percent were unclear on day five; and 76 percent were unclear on day seven. This has implications for law enforcement and forensic science in that time may become a critical variable in criminal investigations requiring the lifting of latent fingerprints of children.
State problems in programming human-controlled devices

Many consumer goods are complicated enough to benefit from programmed control. Today's home electronics devices support a wide range of options and controls. At the same time, personal digital assistants and programmable remote controls are now capable of learning and generating control sequences to control a wide range of devices. Unfortunately, most device interfaces are designed for interactive human control rather than programmed control. The paper analyzes state-based obstacles to programming devices designed for interactive human control. It develops a theory of statelock, a condition in which a control program is unable to synchronize with the state machine underlying the controlled device. The paper also presents design strategies to avoid statelock and applies these strategies to the home audio/video and telephone autodialer domains. >
Accounting for Ground-Motion Spectral Shape Characteristics in Structural Collapse Assessment through an Adjustment for Epsilon

One of the challenges of assessing structural collapse performance is the appropriate selection of ground motions for use in the nonlinear dynamic collapse simulation. The ground motions should represent characteristics of extreme ground motions that exceed the ground-motion intensities considered in the original building design. For modern buildings in the western United States, ground motions that cause collapse are expected to be rare high-intensity motions associated with a large magnitude earthquake. Recent research has shown that rare high-intensity ground motions have a peaked spectral shape that should be considered in ground-motion selection and scaling. One method to account for this spectral shape effect is through the selection of a set of ground motions that is specific to the building's fundamental period and the site hazard characteristics. This selection presents a significant challenge when assessing the collapse capacity of a large number of buildings or for developing systematic procedures because it implies the need to assemble specific ground-motion sets for each building. This paper proposes an alternative method, whereby a general set of far-field ground motions is used for collapse simulation, and the resulting collapse capacity is adjusted to account for the spectral shape effects that are not reflected in the ground-motion selection. The simplified method is compared with the more direct record selection strategy, and results of the two approaches show good agreement. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000103. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Ground motion; Structural failures; Assessment; Spectral analysis. Author keywords: Ground motions; Spectral shape; Epsilon; Collapse assessment; Performance assessment; ATC-63; FEMA P695.
The East Coast Lightning Detection Network

A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes has been installed along the east coast of the United States. Most of the lightning occurring from Maine to Florida and as far west as Ohio is detected. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count, and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. Flash locations, time, and polarity are displayed routinely for research and operational purposes. Flash density maps have been generated for the summers of 1983 and 1984, when the network only extended to North Carolina, and show density maxima in northern Virginia and Maryland. Computer-based display systems that access this network in real time are now in use to evaluate the usefulness of the data.
Stream Nitrogen Inputs Reflect Groundwater Across a Snowmelt-Dominated Montane to Urban Watershed

Snowmelt dominates the hydrograph of many temperate montane streams, yet little work has characterized how streamwater sources and nitrogen (N) dynamics vary across wildland to urban land use gradients in these watersheds. Across a third-order catchment in Salt Lake City, Utah, we asked where and when groundwater vs shallow surface water inputs controlled stream discharge and N dynamics. Stream water isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) reflected a consistent snowmelt water source during baseflow. Near-chemostatic relationships between conservative ions and discharge implied that groundwater dominated discharge year-round across the montane and urban sites, challenging the conceptual emphasis on direct stormwater inputs to urban streams. Stream and groundwater NO3– concentrations remained consistently low during snowmelt and baseflow in most montane and urban stream reaches, indicating effective subsurface N retention or denitrification and minimal impact of fertilizer or deposition N sources. Rather, NO3– concentrati...
Pharmacists' job satisfaction and perceived utilization of skills.

The relationship between job satisfaction and perceived utilization of skills among pharmacists practicing in institutional and ambulatory care settings in Arizona was studied, and factors thought to influence pharmacists' perceived utilization of skills were evaluated. Questionnaires on job satisfaction and perceived utilization of skills were mailed to a random sample of 600 pharmacists. Information on workplace factors such as hours worked, practice setting, and job title was collected. A 4-item measure of general job satisfaction and a 10-item measure of perceived utilization of skills were used. Responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." The response rate was 35%. There was a significant positive relationship between job satisfaction and perceived utilization of skills and between job satisfaction and adequate staffing, where "staffing" referred to factors such as competence of coworkers and workload. Pharmacists with training beyond a B.S. degree in pharmacy were more satisfied with their job than those whose highest degree was a B.S. in pharmacy. Pharmacists practicing in institutional settings, pharmacists with management titles, and older pharmacists perceived that they were utilizing their skills to a greater extent than did pharmacists practicing in ambulatory care settings, pharmacists with a general staff title, and younger pharmacists. Among a sample of Arizona pharmacists in institutional and ambulatory care settings, job satisfaction was influenced by perceived utilization of skills, staffing, and education; practice setting, job title, and age were significantly related to perceived utilization of skills.
Percolative current flow in high-Jc, polycrystalline high-Tc superconductors

In this article, experiments designed to ascertain the percolative nature of current flow in high critical-current density (Jc) polycrystalline superconductors are reviewed. A direct correlation between the grain-orientation texture with current transport in high-Jc TlB2Ca2Cu3Ox thick films and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox powder-in-tube tapes is obtained. Magnetooptical visualization of the current flow in the same regions confirms the percolative nature of current flow. Furthermore, numerical modeling of the current flow based on the observed grain boundary character distribution and the effects of the grain boundary misorientation angle on (Jc) was found to predict the percolative nature of current flow. These studies indicate that in order to increase the (Jc) further, increased fractions of small-angle boundaries are required and, hence, provide a research direction for the next generation of high-temperature superconducting wire.
Temperature and the Development of Eggs and Nymphs of Lygus hesperus

The duration of the egg stage of Lygus hesperus Knight varied at constant temperatures from 28 days at 15°C to 6 days at 35°C. Regression equations developed at constant and fluctuating temperatures indicated that the 5th nymphal instar required 10 days at 15°C and 4 days at 30°C. The other instars required 6–7 days at 15°C and 2–3 days at 30°C. Nymphal developmental time was similar for males and females with a mean of 27 days at 20°C and of 12 days at 30°C.
Stakeholder Perceptions of the Provision of Reproductive Health Services by School-Based Health Centers as They May Inform Public Policy:

The provision of reproductive health services (RHS) by school-based health centers (SBHCs) is the subject of much controversy. Ideological differences about the role of schools in health care and the sexual activity of youth frame this debate. The purpose of this study was to determine the perspectives of key stakeholders related to access to RHS in SBHCs. Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with 50 adult stakeholders. Template analysis yielded rich answers to the interview questions. Nine overarching themes emerged during thematic analysis. Subthemes and exemplar quotes revealed important insights into public opinion about RHS at SBHCs. Findings reflect strong stakeholder support for the inclusion of RHS in SBHCs as a way to promote teen sexual health. Nurses have an important role in influencing policies related to teen reproductive health such as those addressed in this study.
Learning Disability and the Extended Mind

In his critique of the extended mind hypothesis, Robert Rupert suggests that we have no reason to move from the claim that cognition is deeply embedded in the environment to the more radical claim that, in some cases, cognition itself extends into the environment. In this paper, I argue that we have strong normative reasons to prefer the more radical extended mind hypothesis to Rupert’s modest embedded mind hypothesis. I take an agnostic position on the metaphysical debate about the ultimate nature and location of the mind, and instead argue in favor of the extended mind framework on the basis of its ability to better capture normative concerns about the way we evaluate the cognitive capacities of learning disabled individuals. In light of the commitments of the embedded and extended mind frameworks, defenders of the embedded mind framework are committed to conclusions about learning-disabled individuals that we have good normative reason to reject, whereas the extended mind framework avoids such problematic conclusions. Thus, if we find these normative concerns persuasive, we have good reason to prefer the extended mind
New horizons for paleontology, with two examples; the rise and fall of the Cretaceous Supertethys and the cause of the modern ice age

A s WE APPROACH the dawning of a new century, paleontology confronts exciting new prospects. These opportunities are not strictly confined to our traditional domain, but extend across a broad intellectual territory that we share with other fields of science. Our new interconnectedness has intellectual roots, but also political expediency. Today, having friends is especially important in the world of natural science. Three decades ago, large academic departments generally reserved a place for every conventional subdiscipline of geology. Now, however, institutional science is structured in such a way that the prospects of any field depend heavily on how it is perceived by researchers in nearby areas. A particular field may manage to prosper by standing alone and impressing its neighbors, but it is more likely to fare well by intertwining with them so that its presence is actually felt, not simply noticed. In these terms, paleontology is in a stronger position than many other traditional fields of geology. In this paper, I offer examples of research in the area where I believe our greatest opportunities now lie: the assessment of evolution and extinction in the framework of past environmental change. In two volumes in which I have had a hand, the National Academy of Sciences has advocated a prominent position for this general topic in the research agenda of the United States: Solid Earth Sciences and Society (Board on Earth Sciences, 1993] and Effects of Past Global Change on Life (Board on Earth Sciences, 1995). Recent history. -Three decades ago, paleontology entered a renaissance. A new generation of paleontologists began to treat fossils as creatures that were once alive. Of course, the fundamentally biological nature of fossils had not been overlooked previously; it had simply received less attention. Inevitably, some of the new paths taken failed to lead very far, but they nonetheless set us in motion. As our intellectual rebirth got underway in the mid-1960s, paleoecology was the area of emphasis, and soon thereafter functional morphology began to flourish. Then, in the 1970s, the punctuational model of evolution-however one now chooses to view it-dramatically elevated the profile of paleontology within the field of evolutionary biology. As late as the late 1960s, many paleontologists had been deferring to G. G. Simpson on any topic of macroevolution, but during the following decade they cast off their selfimposed straightjacket. Ironically, it was another kind of stagnation, morphological stasis on geological scales of time, that got paleontologists on the move. The impact was unfortunately for the most part limited to the biological sciences, while most paleontologists in academia and industry were working among physical geologists who had little interest in organic evolution. Then came the bolide. The new excitement that mass ex-
Device localization in ubiquitous computing environments

In the ubiquitous computing environment, devices are often connected to one another on the fly to form an infrastructure-less networks called Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Since MANET serves as an abstract model and concept that can be seen as a superset of diverse sub-areas such as sensor networks, mesh networks or an enabler for pervasive computing, it has attracted significant research interests in the past several years. A major advantage of MANETs over regular wired or wireless networks is in their infrastructure-less nature as they can potentially be deployed more rapidly and less expensively than infrastructure-based networks. However, the lack of an underlying explicit infrastructure also becomes a major disadvantage in adapting MANETs to a wider array of applications, since existing network algorithms and protocols are not “plug-in” solutions for such dynamic networks. New algorithms need to be, and are being designed for such fundamental network tasks as addressing, topology discovery and routing. Location discovery is emerging as one of the more important tasks as it has been observed and shown that (semi-) accurate location information can greatly improve the performance of other MANET tasks ∗Chapter of Advances in Ubiquitous Computing: Future Paradigms and Directions
‘Race is Everything’: The Growth of Racial Determinism, 1830–50

While comparative anatomy and animal biology were giving new validity to old ideas about the hierarchy of human races, other areas of science were contributing new ideas to racial thinking and were pushing British science in a racialist direction.
Generating interactive web pages from storyboards

Web design is a visual art, but web designs are code. Designers work visually and must then manually translate their designs to code. We propose using synthesis to automatically translate the storyboards designers already produce into CSS stylesheets and JavaScript code. To build a synthesis tool for this complex domain, we will use a novel composition mechanism that allows splitting the synthesis task among domain-specific solvers. We have built a domain-specific solver for CSS stylesheets; solvers for DOM actions and JavaScript code can be built with similar techniques. To compose the three domain-specific solvers, we propose using partial counterexamples to exchange information between different domains. Early results suggest that this composition mechanism is fast and allows specializing each solver to its domain.
Contrast Extravasation versus Hemorrhage after Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Stroke.

Background and purpose Intra-arterial recanalization postprocedural imaging in stroke patients can result in diagnostic complications due to hyperdensities on noncontrast computed tomography (CT), which may represent either contrast extravasation or intracranial hemorrhage. If these lesions are hemorrhage, then they are risk factors becoming symptomatic, which, if not distinguished, can alter clinical management. We investigate the effects of iodinated contrast on postprocedural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and prevalence of equivocal imaging interpretations of postprocedural extravasated contrast versus hemorrhage while identifying protocol pitfalls. Methods We identified 10 patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke who underwent intra-arterial recanalization in a 5-year period. These patients demonstrated a hyperdensity on a postprocedural CT within 24 hours, underwent an MRI within 48 hours, and an additional confirmatory noncontrast CT at least 72 hours postprocedure. Results Postprocedural MRI in all 10 stroke patients demonstrated T1 - and T2 -relaxation time changes due to residual iodine contrast agents. This lead to false positive postprocedural hemorrhage MRI interpretations in 2/10 patients, 3/10 false negative interpretations of contrast extravasation, and 5/10 equivocal interpretations suggesting extravasation or hemorrhage. Of these five cases, two were performed with gadolinium. Conclusion MRI done within 48 hours postprocedure can lead to false positive hemorrhage or false negative contrast extravasation interpretations in stroke patients possibly due to effects from the administered angiographic contrast. Additionally, MRI should be done both after 72 hours for confirmation and without gadolinium contrast as the effects of the gadolinium contrast and residual angiographic contrast could lead to misdiagnosis.
Thin-Film Carbon Nanofuses for Permanent Data Storage.

In this study, we have fabricated nanofuses from thin-film, arc-deposited carbon for use in permanent data storage. Thin-film carbon fuses have fewer fabrication barriers and retain the required resistivity and structural stability to act as a data-storage medium. Carbon thin films were characterized for their electrical, microstructural, and chemical bonding properties. Annealing these films in an argon environment at 400 °C reduced the resistivity from about 4 × 10–2 Ω cm as deposited to about 5 × 10–4 Ω cm, allowing a lower blowing voltage. Nanofuses with widths ranging from 200 to 60 nm were fabricated and tested. They blow with voltages between 2 and 5.5 V, and the nanofuses remain stable in both “1” and “0” states under a constantly applied read voltage of 1 V for over 90 h.
Divine forgiveness I: Emotion and punishment-forbearance theories

In this, the first essay in a two-part series, I begin by distinguishing between three kinds of inquiries about divine forgiveness. I then canvass two approaches to theorizing the nature of divine forgiveness, developing them in various ways, and noting where, in my estimation, there are problems.
The One Percent across Two Centuries: A Replication of Thomas Piketty's Data on the Concentration of Wealth in the United States

This exercise reproduces and assesses the historical time series on the top shares of the wealth distribution for the United States presented by Thomas Piketty in Capital in the Twenty-First Century . Piketty's best-selling book has gained as much attention for its extensive presentation of detailed historical statistics on inequality as for its bold and provocative predictions about a continuing rise in inequality in the twenty-first century. Here I examine Piketty's US data for the period 1810 to 2010 for the top 10 percent and the top 1 percent of the wealth distribution. I conclude that Piketty's data for the wealth share of the top 10 percent for the period 1870 to 1970 are unreliable. The values he reported are manufactured from the observations for the top 1 percent inflated by a constant 36 percentage points. Piketty's data for the top 1 percent of the distribution for the nineteenth century (1810–1910) are also unreliable. They are based on a single mid-century observation that provides no guidance about the antebellum trend and only tenuous information about the trend in inequality during the Gilded Age. The values Piketty reported for the twentieth century (1910–2010) are based on more solid ground, but have the disadvantage of muting the marked rise of inequality during the Roaring Twenties and the decline associated with the Great Depression. This article offers an alternative picture of the trend in inequality based on newly available data and a reanalysis of the 1870 Census of Wealth. This article does not question Piketty's integrity.
Uncertainty Analysis of the TRU-Burning Thorium-Fueled RBWR Using Generalized Perturbation Theory

Author(s): Bogetic, S; Gorman, P; Aufiero, M; Fratoni, M; Greenspan, E; Vujic, J | Abstract: The RBWR-TR is a thorium-based reduced moderation BWR (RBWR) with a high transuranic (TRU) consumption rate. It is charged with LWR TRU and thorium, and it recycles all actinides an unlimited number of times while discharging only fission products and trace amounts of actinides through reprocessing losses. This design is a variant of the Hitachi RBWR-TB2, which arranges its fuel in a hexagonal lattice, axially segregates seed and blanket regions, and fits within an existing ABWR pressure vessel. The RBWR-TR eliminates the internal axial blanket, eliminates absorbers from the upper reflector, and uses thorium rather than depleted uranium as the fertile makeup fuel. This design has been previously shown to perform comparably to the RBWR-TB2 in terms of TRU consumption rate and burnup, while providing significantly larger margin against critical heat flux. This study examines the uncertainty in key neutronics parameters due to nuclear data uncertainty. As most of the fissions are induced by epithermal neutrons and since the reactor uses higher actinides as well as thorium and 233U, the cross sections have significantly more uncertainty than in typical LWRs. The sensitivity of the multiplication factor (keff) to the cross sections of many actinides is quantified using a modified version of Serpent 2.1.19 [1]. Serpent [2] is a Monte Carlo code which uses delta tracking to speed up the simulation of reactors; in this modified version, cross sections are artificially inflated to sample more collision, and collisions are rejected to preserve a "fair game." The impact of these rejected collisions is then propagated to the multiplication factor using generalized perturbation theory [3]. Covariance matrices are retrieved for the ENDF/B-VII.1 library [4], and used to collapse the sensitivity vectors to an uncertainty on the multiplication factor. The simulation is repeated for several reactor configurations (for example, with a reduced flow rate, and with control rods inserted), and the difference in keff sensitivity is used to assess the uncertainty associated with the change (the uncertainty in the void feedback and the control rod worth). The uncertainty in the RBWR-TR is found to be dominated by the epithermal fission cross section for 233U in reference conditions, although when the spectrum hardens, the uncertainty in fast capture cross sections of 232Th becomes dominant.
The pulse-activated piezo-NEMS shuttle relay

Nanoelectromechanical relays show the potential to beat existing CMOS technology in energy efficient computing, but fail to compete in device density [1]. A novel relay is presented as a highly scalable solution that can be used for non-volatile memory. This relay conducts through an anchorless shuttle, actuated by a combination of piezoelectric and electrostatic force, and held in contact through van der Waals surface adhesion, which makes it intrinsically nonvolatile. The relay uses pulsed piezoelectric actuation to enable stable on/off switching and relies on electrostatic actuation as a body bias to reduce actuation voltages to 10s of millivolts. A single degree of freedom model was built to simulate switching events. The pulse-activated piezo shuttle relay is uniquely scalable to a 30 nm cell size and can operate with a switching energy density of 3 fJ/μm2. The pulse-activated piezo shuttle relay is a novel NEMS switch design that offers highly scalable geometry, very low energy consumption, tunable actuation voltages, and intrinsic non-volatility.
Resources for Patients

Immunotherapy is rapidly changing the ways how we treat cancer and is bringing hope to cancer patients. New medications and novel treatment modalities are constantly evolving, thanks to the ongoing research efforts. Given the rapid advances in this field, we strongly encourage our patients to discuss treatment options with their providers to formulate an individualized treatment plan, including potential participation in ongoing clinical trials.
Comparing the portion size effect in women with and without extended training in portion control: A follow-up to the Portion-Control Strategies Trial.

Abstract Following a 1-year randomized controlled trial that tested how weight loss was influenced by different targeted strategies for managing food portions, we evaluated whether the effect of portion size on intake in a controlled setting was attenuated in trained participants compared to untrained controls. Subjects were 3 groups of women: 39 participants with overweight and obesity from the Portion-Control Strategies Trial, 34 controls with overweight and obesity, and 29 controls with normal weight. In a crossover design, on 4 different occasions subjects were served a meal consisting of 7 foods that differed in energy density (ED). Across the meals, all foods were varied in portion size (100%, 125%, 150%, or 175% of baseline). The results showed that serving larger portions increased the weight and energy of food consumed at the meal (P
Myocardial remodeling and susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia in a model of chronic epilepsy.

Objective Sympathetic predominance and ventricular repolarization abnormalities represent epilepsy-associated cardiac alterations and may underlie seizure-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ion channel and electrical remodeling have been described early in epilepsy development and may contribute to ventricular repolarization abnormalities and excitability. Using the pilocarpine-induced acquired epilepsy model we sought to examine whether altered myocardial ion channel levels and electrophysiological changes also occur in animals with long-standing epilepsy. Methods We examined myocardial adrenergic receptor and ion channel protein levels of epileptic and age-matched sham rats (9-20 months old) using western blotting. Cardiac electrical properties were examined using optical mapping ex vivo and electrophysiology in vivo. We investigated the propensity for ventricular tachycardia (VT) and the effects of β-adrenergic blockade on ventricular electrical properties and excitability in vivo. Results In animals with long-standing epilepsy, we observed decreased myocardial voltage-gated K+ channels Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, which are known to underlie early ventricular repolarization in rodents. Decreased β1 and increased α1A adrenergic receptor protein levels occurred in the myocardium of chronically epileptic animals consistent with elevated sympathetic tone. These animals exhibited many cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities, represented by longer QRS and corrected QT (QTc) intervals in vivo, slower conduction velocity ex vivo, and stimulation-induced VT. Administration of a β-adrenergic antagonist late in epilepsy was beneficial, as the therapy shortened the QTc interval and decreased stimulation-induced VT. Significance Our findings demonstrate that myocardial ion channel remodeling and sympathetic predominance, risk factors for increased ventricular excitability and arrhythmias, persist in chronic epilepsy. The beneficial effects of β-adrenergic antagonist treatment late in the course of epilepsy suggest that attenuating elevated sympathetic tone may represent a therapeutic target for ameliorating epilepsy-associated cardiac morbidity.
Complex frequency modulation detection and discrimination at low and high frequencies

Whether frequency modulation (FM) is represented by place (tonotopic) or temporal (phase-locking) information in the peripheral system may depend on the carrier frequency (fc) and the modulation rate (fm), with only fcs below 4 kHz and fms below 10 Hz thought to involve temporal coding. This study tested the role of temporal coding in harmonic complexes by measuring FM detection and discrimination for two F0s (200 Hz and 1400 Hz), modulated at slow (1 Hz) and fast (20 Hz) rates, for tones with lower (2-5) or upper (6-9) harmonics embedded in threshold equalizing noise. Pure-tone FM detection was measured for fcs between 200 and 12000 Hz at the same fms. In detection tasks, participants selected which of two intervals contained FM. In discrimination tasks, participants selected which of three FM complex tones was incoherently modulated. Preliminary results suggest better FM detection for slow than fast rates, even when all tones are above 4 kHz. However, this effect was stronger at lower frequencies, where...
The OAS and the Modern Priorities of Member States

The awareness of the closing years of the twentieth century brings a universal consciousness that the evolving global circumstances of the twenty-first century pose a number of basic challenges to individuals, communities, nations and also members of regional and international groupings. The dawning millennium awakens us to the possibilities of the future, telescopes the limits and transience of the realities of our day and revisits us with the lessons and experiences of the past, in relation to the global political and economic environment. Those experiences impose upon us, as perhaps never before, the imperative of development correlation.
“The suits care about us”: employee perceptions of workplace chaplains

Workplace chaplaincy is an intriguing phenomenon, wherein organizations hire clergy persons to serve the social, spiritual, and psychological needs of their employees. The authors interviewed 56 em...
Alcohol-Associated Cirrhosis

Alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) contributes up to 50% of the overall cirrhosis burden in the United States. AC is typically a comorbid condition in association with alcohol-use disorder. AC is often coexistent with other conditions. Several noninvasive methods are available to assist in recognizing the presence of AC. The natural history of AC is governed by the patients continued drinking or abstinence. All treatment starts with abstinence. After decompensation, the progression to acute-on-chronic liver failure heralds death. When patients who have deteriorated are declined liver transplant, palliative care should be considered.
V-Note: A Video Analysis Tool for Teacher|Researchers.

In the Fall of 2017, I was introduced to V-Note, a software tool for analyzing audio and video in the classroom. I quickly adapted to using V-Note in research as it is easy to navigate, widely accessible, and most necessary features are included for free. Through this paper, I explore some possible applications of V-Note in education research. I first begin by examining the theoretical perspectives through which I approach using V-Note as a research tool, such as the embrace of reflexivity, hermeneutic phenomenology, multilogicality, polysemia, and polyphonia. Using these theoretical perspectives, I utilize event oriented inquiry to investigate clips from a graduate level class with a special focus on quality of teaching and learning, emotions, and wait time between speakers. As I investigate video vignettes from our class using V-Note, I share these vignettes with class members and invite participants to reflect back upon events together. As we re-watch and analyze the events in the video using V-Note, we learn from each other and in turn, change our practices in the classroom.
Mixing of meteoric and geothermal fluids supports hyperdiverse chemosynthetic hydrothermal communities

Little is known of how mixing of meteoric and geothermal fluids supports biodiversity in non-photosynthetic ecosystems. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to investigate a chemosynthetic microbial community in a hot spring (SJ3) of Yellowstone National Park that exhibits geochemistry consistent with mixing of a reduced volcanic gas-influenced end member with an oxidized near-surface meteoric end member. SJ3 hosts an exceptionally diverse community with representatives from ~50% of known higher-order archaeal and bacterial lineages, including several divergent deep-branching lineages. A comparison of functional potential with other available chemosynthetic community metagenomes reveals similarly high diversity and functional potentials (i.e., incorporation of electron donors supplied by volcanic gases) in springs sourced by mixed fluids. Further, numerous closely related SJ3 populations harbor differentiated metabolisms that may function to minimize niche overlap, further increasing endemic diversity. We suggest that dynamic mixing of waters generated by subsurface and near-surface geological processes may play a key role in the generation and maintenance of chemosynthetic biodiversity in hydrothermal and other similar environments. Chemosynthetic microbial communities in hydrothermal environments receiving meteoric and geothermal fluids are understudied. Here, Colman et al. use metagenomics to study one such community from a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park, revealing exceptional biodiversity and unique functional potential.
Development of a Statistical Shape-Function Model of the Implanted Knee for Real-Time Prediction of Joint Mechanics

Outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are dependent on surgical technique, patient variability, and implant design. Non-optimal design or alignment choices may result in undesirable contact mechanics and joint kinematics, including poor joint alignment, instability, and reduced range of motion. Implant design and surgical alignment are modifiable factors with potential to improve patient outcomes, and there is a need for robust implant designs that can accommodate patient variability. Our objective was to develop a statistical shape-function model (SFM) of a posterior stabilized implanted knee to instantaneously predict joint mechanics in an efficient manner. Finite element methods were combined with Latin hypercube sampling and regression analyses to produce modeling equations relating nine implant design and six surgical alignment parameters to tibiofemoral (TF) joint mechanics outcomes during a deep knee bend. A SFM was developed and TF contact mechanics, kinematics, and soft tissue loads were instantaneously predicted from the model. Average normalized root-mean-square error predictions were between 2.79% and 9.42%, depending on the number of parameters included in the model. The statistical shape-function model generated instantaneous joint mechanics predictions using a maximum of 130 training simulations, making it ideally suited for integration into a patient-specific design and alignment optimization pipeline. Such a tool may be used to optimize kinematic function to achieve more natural motion or minimize implant wear, and may aid the engineering and clinical communities in improving patient satisfaction and surgical outcomes.
Dimension Reduction in Multivariate Linear Regression

We defined some elementary terminology. It includes the vector space, linear combination, set of independent vectors, dependent vectors, basis of vector space, and direct sum of subspaces. This theory can help us lower the dimension of a given vector spaces. We apply to multivariate linear multiple regression analysis. It not only simplifies the computation and eases the interpretation, but also reduce the rate of errors. Cook (2010) developed an envelope model for the same reason. The main objective in that model is decomposing the covariance matrix into the sum of two matrices, each of whose column spaces either contains, or is orthogonal to, the subspace containing the mean. In other words, break the covariance matrix into the direct sum of the subspaces.
Origin and development of oligodendroglioma

Abstract Although less aggressive than other central nervous system tumors, oligodendrogliomas remain incurable, despite treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Understanding the origin of oligodendroglioma is essential for the development of effective therapies against the tumor. As we learn more about the cells that lead to the formation of oligodendrogliomas, we can discover novel therapeutic targets. The cell of origin of oligodendrogliomas has long been debated, with possibilities including cancer stem cells and the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell. This chapter will review oligodendroglioma initiation and progression in the context of a cell of origin in addition to how asymmetric division and the stem cell niche are important for stem cell maintenance and regulation. This chapter will also explore preclinical models of oligodendrogliomas.
68Ga-RM2 PET/MRI Detection of Recurrent Prostate Cancer in Patients with Negative Conventional Imaging

453 Background: 68Ga-RM2 is a synthetic bombesin receptor antagonist that targets gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPr). GRPr are highly overexpressed in several human tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa). We present data from the use of 68Ga-RM2 in patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PCa and negative conventional imaging (CI). Methods: We enrolled 54 men with BCR PCa, 59-83 year-old (mean±standard deviation (SD): 69.0±5.6). Imaging started at 40-89 minutes (mean±SD: 51.6±9.6) after injection of 127.5-152.6 MBq (mean±SD: 141.2±5.5) of 68Ga-RM2 using a time-of-flight (TOF)-enabled simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. T1-weighted (T1w), T2-weighted (T2w) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) were acquired. Results: All patients had rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) (range: 0.2-119.0 ng/mL; mean±SD: 7.7±16.8) and negative CI (CT or MRI, and 99mTc MDP bone scan) prior to enrollment. The observed 68Ga-RM2 PET detection rate was 72.2%. 68Ga-RM2 PET identified recurrent PCa in 39 of the 54 participants, while the simultaneous MRI scan identified findings compatible with recurrent PCa in 17 of the 54 patients. PSA velocity (PSAv) values were 0.32±0.59 ng/ml/year (range: 0.04-1.9) in patients with negative PET scans and 2.51±2.16 ng/ml/year (range: 0.13-8.68) in patients with positive PET scans (P: 0.006). Conclusions: 68Ga-RM2 PET can be used for assessment of GRPr expression in patients with BCR PCa. High uptake in multiple areas compatible with cancer lesions suggests that 68Ga-RM2 is a promising PET radiopharmaceutical for localization of disease in participants with BCR PCa and negative CI.
Passive indirect diffuse imaging

A passively illuminated scene presents a variety of photon pathways: direct and indirect, which convey varying levels of information about the scene across different dimensions of the light field. In indirect passive imaging, the object of interest is occluded from the imager which has no control over illumination. Using a second-order (non-linear) image formation model we demonstrate (experimentally) the feasibility of passive indirect diffuse imaging.
HIV and tuberculosis co-infection in East Asia and the Pacific from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Background: Periodic surveillance is crucial to provide information for resource allocation to control HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and their co-infection, especially in areas with high morbidity and mortality like East Asia and the Pacific. Therefore, we examined the morbidity and mortality of HIV/AIDS and TB co-infection in this region from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Utilizing the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017, we obtained incidence, prevalence, and mortality numbers and rates of HIV/AIDS and TB co-infection, including HIV and drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), multidrug-resistant TB without extensive drug resistance (MDR-TB without XDR), and extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). The trends in incidence, prevalence, and mortality from 1990 to 2017 for each co-infection type were analyzed using join-point regression modelling. Results: In 2017, there were 238,372, 4,294, and 392 new cases of HIV-infected DS-TB, HIV-infected MDR-TB without XDR, and HIV-infected XDR-TB, respectively. The number of prevalent cases and deaths were 383,809 and 12,197 of HIV-infected DS-TB, 7,811 and 1,168 of HIV-infected MDR-TB without XDR, and 713 and 282 of HIV-infected XDR-TB. From 1990 to 2017, the age-standardized incidence rate and prevalence rate of HIV-infected DS-TB, and the prevalence rate of HIV-infected XDR-TB continuously increased; the incidence rate of HIV-infected XDR-TB increased from 1990 to 2005 before stabilizing. However, the incidence and prevalence rates of HIV-infected MDR-TB without XDR—as well as the mortality rates of all co-infection types—have decreased in the last 5 years. Conclusions: Even though the mortality rates of all HIV and TB co-infection types have decreased recently, the overall trends in both incidence and prevalence rates of HIV-infected DS-TB and XDR-TB have been increasing since 1990. Efforts to control co-infection across drug resistance types should be continued and further strengthened.
Identification of ID4 as a Cooperating Second Hit for T Cell Lymphoma Development in PU.1 UREΔ/Δ Mice.

The transcription factor PU.1 is a key regulator of hematopoiesis and is essential for normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and myeloid and lymphoid differentiation. Knockout mice are embryonic or neonatal lethal and exhibit an early differentiation block at the transition from HSC to CMP and CLP. Mice with a deletion of a critical upstream regulatory element (URE) at −14kb has been deleted exhibited decreased PU.1 expression in HSC, progenitors and B cells to 20% of normal levels. In contrast, an increase of PU.1 expression was detected in early thymic progenitors. URE Δ/Δ animals exhibited a block in normal thymocyte differentiation and frequently progressed to fatal T cell lymphomas between 3 and 8 months of age. Tumors were clonal and transplantable into NOD-SCID recipients. Since aberrant PU.1 expression constituted the initiating mutation, we sought to identify cooperating mutations contributing to tumor development by surveying the genome for hypermethylated promoter regions using restriction landmark global scanning. Methylation patterns revealed a characteristic epigenetic footprint leading to selective tumor suppressor gene silencing in transformation of lymphoid but not myeloid URE Δ/Δ progenitors, since DNA methylation was significantly lower in the AML samples compared with lymphomas. One of the corresponding methylated genes that was silenced in all lymphomas analyzed but none of the AMLs was identified as Idb4 (encoding ID4, inhibitor of DNA binding 4). This observation is consistent with data describing ID4 as a strong tumor suppressor gene which is frequently silenced in neoplasms. The expression of Idb4 in 6 additional lymphomas was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and showed a strong correlation between promoter hypermethylation and Idb4 downregulation. To test whether Idb4 silencing through promoter hypermethylation can be pharmacologically reversed, a URE Δ/Δ lymphoma cell line was established and treated with 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine. We found that Idb4 expression was restored to normal levels following increasing concentrations of this demethylating agent. Finally, we analyzed the functional relevance of the Idb4 downregulation by restoring Idb4 expression in the URE Δ/Δ tumor line. URE Δ/Δ lymphoma cells reexpressing Idb4 had a marked reduction in both the in vitro growth rate and the ability to cause tumors after transplantation into NOD/SCID recipient mice, indicating that Idb4 is a potent suppressor of URE Δ/Δ thymic tumorigenicity. Taken together, we provide evidence that epigenetic DNA modifications contribute significantly and selectively to lymphoid transformation in URE Δ/Δ mice, and suggest a role for Idb4 repression as a second event in PU.1-initiated transformation of lymphoid precursors.