cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the Sensitivity, Resolution, and Peak Capacity of Gradient Elution in Capillary Liquid Chromatography with Large-Volume Injections by Using Temperature-Assisted On-Column Solute Focusing.

Capillary HPLC (cLC) with gradient elution is the separation method of choice for the fields of proteomics and metabolomics. This is due to the complementary nature of cLC flow rates and electrospray or nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The small column diameters result in good mass sensitivity. Good concentration sensitivity is also possible by injection of relatively large volumes of solution and relying on solvent-based solute focusing. However, if the injection volume is too large or solutes are poorly retained during injection, volume overload occurs which leads to altered peak shapes, decreased sensitivity, and lower peak capacity. Solutes that elute early even with the use of a solvent gradient are especially vulnerable to this problem. In this paper, we describe a simple, automated instrumental method, temperature-assisted on-column solute focusing (TASF), that is capable of focusing large volume injections of small molecules and peptides under gradient conditions. By injecting a la...
Comparison of Developmental and Reproductive Rates of Nabis americoferus, N. roseipennis, and N. rufusculus (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

Developmental and survival rates were determined under seven constant temperatures for Nabis rufusculus and under two alternating temperature regimes for N. americoferus, N. roseipennis , and N. rufusculus . Reproductive rates were determined for all three species under two constant and one alternating temperature regimes. N. rufusculus completed development at temperatures between 18 and 33°C. Successful development did not occur at 15°C. Time required to complete development from egg to adult ranged from 82.8 d (18°C) to 27.1 d (33°C) and was similar for males and females. Nymphal survival was highest at 27°C (84.1%) and lowest at 33°C (38.9%). An alternating temperature regime of 21 and 33°C (mean, 27°C) resulted in slower development than that which occurred at constant 27°C because the upper limit of the alternating regime (33°C) was a detrimental temperature. Development under an alternating regime of 12 and 24°C (mean, 18°C), however, was accelerated compared to that under a constant 18°C regime. Developmental thresholds calculated for egg, nymphal, and total development for N. rufusculus were 13.1, 11.6, and 11.9°C, respectively. N. rufusculus develops at a rate similar to that of N. roseipennis and more slowly than N. americoferus . Total egg production was similar for all three species at an optimal temperature (27°C), but N. americoferus deposited eggs over a shorter period of time than did the other two species. Egg production was lower at 21°C than at 27°C for all species, but especially so for N. rufusculus . Egg production was often, though not always, lowered when green bean pods rather than soybean seedlings were used as the ovipositional substrate.
Essential fatty acids/eicosanoid biosynthesis in the skin: biological significance.

The first indication that dietary fat may be essential for healthy growing animals was presented in 1918 by Aron, who proposed that butter has a nutrient value that cannot be provided by other dietary components 1. This report suggested that there was a special nutritive value inherent in fat apart from its caloric contribution and that this possibly was related to the presence of certain lipids. In 1929, Burr and Burr 2 presented the first in a series of papers outlining a “new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet.” They developed the hypothesis that warm-blooded animals in general cannot synthesize appreciable quantities of certain fatty acids. In 1930, both investigators significantly added to their earlier work by presenting evidence that the dietary inclusion of linoleic acid alone could reverse all deficiency symptoms resulting from a fat-free diet and thus linoleic acid (LA or 18:2n-62) was heralded as an “essential fatty acid” (EFA) 3. This pioneering study conta...
Studies on the Manufacture of the Synthetic Fiber Paper of Graft Copolymer (II)

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto unbeaten and beaten pulp (N. B. KP) were carried out by the ceric ion method. Using the grafted pulp of various degree of grafting, grafted pulp papers were prepared and following result were obtained. 1) The pulp papers could be manufactured from the hydrophilic acrylamide grafted pulp fiber by neither beating nor addition of binder. 2) The strength properties of papers made from unbeaten grafted pulp were obtained following results. Breaking length at first increased with increasing degree of grafting, reached maximum value at the degree of grafting about 50%, and then fell off again. The maxima in burst factor and tear factor were the degree of grafting about 30-50% and 20-30%, respectively, 3) The degree of grafting of beaten pulp tended to decrease with increasing degree of beating. 4) The relationship between the strength of the various beaten grafted pulp papers and the degree of grafting were obtained following results. Breaking length and burst factor of papers showed maxima values, and tear factor diminished with increasing degree of grafting.
Intracoronary Brachytherapy for Recurrent Drug-Eluting Stent Failure

AbstractObjectives: The study sought to report safety and long-term clinical efficacy of intravascular brachytherapy (VBT) for recurrent drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis (DES-ISR).Background:...
Otto Koenigsberger and Modernist Historiography

Otto Koenigsberger’s (1908–1999) work in India (1939–1951) complicates the idea that tropical architecture was a strain of European modernism that was dispersed to the colonial tropics along the im...
A Unifying Analytical Framework for Loyalty Rebates

This article asserts and operationalizes the principle that demand contestability determines the competitive effects of loyalty rebates. We urge antitrust courts and enforcers to recognize the construction of a loyalty rebate contract as an act with competitive consequences. These consequences turn on the interaction of three important features of the contract: the discount, the threshold, and the contestable share, all of which are chosen by the incumbent firm. Our analysis shows that the impact on competition is unlikely to be found by applying existing marginal cost rubrics.In place of the fractured analogical reasoning that characterizes American discounting doctrine today, we simplify by using the characteristics of a loyalty rebate contract to calculate one metric - the penalty imposed on the entrant by the rebate contract. Specifically, we measure how much the entrant must lower price on its own units – the burden it faces – in order to fully counteract the financial incentives the rebate contract creates for customers. This “effective entrant burden” measures the extent to which the dominant firm leverages its non-contestable assets into anti-competitive exclusion. The size of this penalty, we assert, makes sense of the divergent holdings of courts confronted with loyalty rebate disputes.
Introduction: “The Glow of Health”: Medicine Meets the Novel in Early America

Five months into the Siege of Boston at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, Abigail Adams had experienced some of the worst effects of the British military occupation: vague reports from the front lines, the destruction of nearby Charlestown, the death of Dr. Joseph Warren at the Battle of Breed’s Hill, the constant “roar of the cannon,” and a crushing lack of supplies.
The Impact of Community for Part-Time Doctoral Students: How Relationships in the Academic Department Affect Student Persistence

This study examines the ways that part-time Ph.D. students develop community within the academic department and how a sense of community is related to persistence. This study included 12 participants (ten students and two program chairs) in two academic departments at one urban research institution. This qualitative study followed a descriptive case study design and provided three levels of data: the institution is the bounded system; the academic departments are the cases; and the participants are embedded cases. Positive relationships with peers and faculty served as a source of encouragement and supported persistence, particularly during challenging semesters and later phases of the doctoral program. However, it was often difficult for the participants to develop and/or maintain relationships, due to limited proximity, limited access to faculty, and changing cohorts. Participants did not consider full-time doctoral students to be part of their community, due to perceived differences between part-time and full-time students. The participants also perceived that faculty catered to full-time students and preferred to conduct research with them rather than part-time students.
Hypertensive Urgency Not Really an Urgent Problem

It seems that rapid treatment of patients with hypertensive urgency is unsuccessful and unnecessary. In this study of almost 60,000 patients, 80% did not have controlled blood pressure (less than 140/90 mm Hg) after one month of treatment, including patients who were hospitalized. On the other hand, the risk of a major cardiovascular event was also low: one in 1,000 over the next seven days.
An energy-preserving discretization for the Poisson---Nernst---Planck equations

The Poisson---Nernst---Planck (PNP) equations have recently been used to describe the dynamics of ion transport through biological ion channels besides being widely employed in semiconductor industry. This paper is about the design of a numerical scheme to solve the PNP equations that preserves exactly (up to roundoff error) a discretized form of the energy dynamics of the system. The proposed finite difference scheme is of second-order accurate in both space and time. Comparisons are made between this energy dynamics-preserving scheme and a standard finite difference scheme, showing a difference in satisfying the energy law. Numerical results are presented for validating the orders of convergence in both time and space of the new scheme for the PNP system.
Calcium depletion halos and Fe-Mn-Mg zoning around faceted plagioclase inclusions in garnet from a high-grade pelitic gneiss

INrnooucrroN clusions in garnet may not be chemically isolated from Biotite inclusions in garnets in middle- and high-grade mllrix phases if cracks are present and cautioned that metamorphic rocks are typically affected by Fe--Mi ex- diffusion halos around inclusions might not be resolvable change reaction with the sunounding host during ritro- by microprobe analysis. The purpose of the present study grade metamorphism. In contrast, however, it is-usually istodocumentanexampleofwell-developedhalosaround inferred that plagioclase inclusions in garnet pt"t.*! plagioclase inclusions in garnets in a high-grade pelitic equilibrium compositions attained at peak metamorphic gneiss and to demonstrate that postentrapment changes temperatures because net transfer involving additional in inclusion composition are related to fractures in the phases is required to balance the garnet-plagioclase re- host garnet. These observations have implications for the action stoichiometry (Spear, 1989).
Robust and Flexible Aramid Nanofiber/Graphene Layer-by-Layer Electrodes.

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs), or nanoscale Kevlar fibers, are of interest for their high mechanical performance and functional nanostructure. The dispersible nature of ANFs opens up processing opportunities for creating mechanically robust and flexible nanocomposites, particularly for energy and power applications. The challenge is to manipulate ANFs into an electrode structure that balances mechanical and electrochemical performance to yield a robust and flexible electrode. Here, ANFs and graphene oxide (GO) sheets are blended using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to achieve mechanically flexible supercapacitor electrodes. After reduction, the resulting electrodes exhibit an ANF-rich structure where ANFs act as a polymer matrix that interfacially interacts with reduced graphene oxide sheets. It is shown that ANF/GO deposition proceeds by hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions, leading to linear growth (1.2 nm/layer pairs) and a composition of 75 wt % ANFs and 25 wt % GO sheets. Chemical reduction leads to a hig...
Efficient Functionalization of Polyethylene Fibers for the Uranium Extraction from Seawater through Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Brush-on-brush structures are proposed as one method to overcome support effects in grafted polymers. Utilizing glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) grafted on polyethylene (PE) fibers using radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP) provides a hydrophilic surface on the hydrophobic PE. When integrated with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), the grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) can be controlled and manipulated more easily than with RIGP. Poly(acrylonitrile)-co-poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) chains were grown via ATRP on PE-GMA fibers to generate an adsorbent for the extraction of uranium from seawater. The prepared adsorbents in this study demonstrated promise (159.9 g-U/kg of adsorbent) in laboratory screening tests using a high uranium concentration brine and 1.24 g-U/kg of adsorbent in the filtered natural seawater in 21 days. The modest capacity in 21 days exceeds previous efforts to generate brush-on-brush adsorbents by ATRP while manipulating the apparent surface hydr...
Review of Research Exploring School Attitude and Related Constructs

The term “school attitude,” representing a student’s positive or negative feelings associated with school, describes students’ subjective well-being in school. In the literature, school attitude has been measured through corresponding degrees of behavioral and cognitive engagement. Although they do not use the term school attitude a number of studies focus on conceptually related terms and concern students’ affective relationship to school (see Libbey, 2004 for a review of the lexicon of terms related to school attitude). We now turn to the cumulative knowledge provided by these studies. The variables that are relevant to these studies inform this study’s indicators (measures) of school attitude in the survey instrument which was developed for this study.
Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Mallet Finger: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The current literature describes multiple surgical and nonsurgical techniques for the management of mallet finger injuries, and there is no consensus on the indications for surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to determine, through a literature review, if any conclusions can be drawn concerning the indications for surgery in mallet finger injuries; the treatment outcomes of surgical versus nonsurgical management; the most effective methods of surgical and nonsurgical treatment; and the most common treatment complications of mallet finger injuries. Methods A systematic review of multiple databases was performed. English language clinical studies evaluating therapeutic interventions for mallet fingers that reported objective, standardized outcome measures were included. Basic science studies, cadaveric studies, conference abstracts, level V evidence studies, studies lacking statistical data, and tendinous injuries other than mallet fingers were excluded. Salvage procedures and studies evaluating exclusively chronic lesions were also excluded. Results Forty-four studies that reported clinical outcomes for the treatment of mallet finger injuries, 22 evaluating surgical treatments and 17 studies investigating nonsurgical treatments were included. The average distal interphalangeal joint extensor lag was 5.7° after surgical treatment and 7.6° after nonsurgical treatment. Complication rates of surgical and nonsurgical interventions were comparable (14.5% and 12.8%, respectively). Five studies directly compared the outcomes of surgical with nonsurgical management, with mixed results and recommendations. Conclusions Both surgical and nonsurgical treatments of mallet finger injuries lead to excellent clinical outcomes. Insufficient evidence is available to determine when surgical intervention is indicated. Based on our literature review, it appears that these treatments are equivalent and should be individualized to the patient. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Sjögren's syndrome X-chromosome dose effect: An epigenetic perspective.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting exocrine glands leading to mouth and eyes dryness. The extent to which epigenetic DNA methylation changes are responsible for an X-chromosome dose effect has yet to be determined. Our objectives were to (i) describe how epigenetic DNA methylation changes could explain an X-chromosome dose effect in SS for women with normal 46,XX genotype and (ii) determine the relevant relationships to this dose effect, between X-linked genes, genes controlling X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and genes encoding associated transcription factors, all of which are differentially expressed and/or differentially methylated in the salivary glands of patients with SS. We identified 58 upregulated X-chromosome genes, including 22 genes previously shown to escape XCI, based on the analysis of SS patient salivary gland GEO2R gene expression datasets. Moreover, we found XIST and its cis regulators RLIM, FTX, and CHIC1, and polycomb repressor genes of the PRC1/2 complexes to be upregulated. Many of the X-chromosome genes implicated in SS pathogenesis can be regulated by transcription factors which we found to be overexpressed and/or differentially methylated in patients with SS. Determination of the mechanisms underlying methylation-dependent gene expression and impaired XCI is needed to further elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SS.
MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

Systemic oxidative stress (OS) can be estimated by measurement of circulating levels of the aminothiols including glutathione, cysteine and their oxidized products glutathione disulfide and cystine. We hypothesized that higher OS will be associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and adverse
Making the Connection: A Case Study on Bridging Classroom and Experiential Learning:

This article describes a 9-month longitudinal study, which in part examined how seminary students (N=60) connect classroom learning with field education experiences. Findings indicate that many stu...
Development of a THz Pump MeV Ultrafast Electron Diffraction Probe Apparatus

We demonstrate a terahertz pump-ultrafast electron diffraction probe apparatus. Using the instrument, we show that intense focused THz pulses can characterize ultrashort electron bunches.
Echocardiographic Features of Straddling Tricuspid Valve

The straddling or overriding tricuspid valve is an extremely rare cardiac anomaly in which the tricuspid valve straddles a large ventricular septal defect that opens partly into the morphologic right ventricle and partly into the morphologic left ventricle. The mitral valve opens directly into the morphologic left ventricle. Both the inflow (sinus) and outflow portions of the right ventricle can be recognized, and this feature allows the straddling tricuspid valve to be differentiated from type A common ventricle in which the sinus portion of the right ventricle is not formed. Angiographic differentiation of the straddling tricuspid valve from type A common ventricle (with outflow chamber) is difficult. The echocardiographic features of straddling tricuspid valve have not been previously described. We wish to present the salient echocardiographic features of four patients (ages 4 through 23 years) with proved straddling tricuspid valve.
SPAWNING ECOLOGY OF FINESPOTTED SNAKE RIVER CUTTHROAT TROUT IN SPRING STREAMS OF THE SALT RIVER VALLEY, WYOMING

We studied spawning ecology of cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ) in streams that originate as springs along the Salt River, a Snake River tributary in western Wyoming. We assessed (1) relative numbers of upstream-migrant and resident adults present during the spawning period in spring streams, (2) influence of habitat modification on use of spring streams for spawning, and (3) habitat features used for spawning in spring streams. Four spring streams were studied, 2 with substantial modification to enhance trout habitat and 2 with little or no modification. Modifications consisted primarily of constructing alternating pools and gravel-cobble riffles. Only a small portion of adult fish in spring streams during the spawning period had migrated upstream from the Salt River between March and the middle of June. Larger numbers of adult fish and more redds were observed in the 2 modified streams compared with the 2 streams with little or no modification. Most spawning occurred on constructed riffles with small gravel and over a narrow range of depths and velocities. Cutthroat trout, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), and their hybrids were observed in 1 stream with habitat modifications, indicating that measures to halt invasion by rainbow trout, as well as habitat improvement, are needed to preserve this native trout within the Salt River valley.
Silicon Photonics for Extreme Scale Systems

High-performance systems are increasingly bottlenecked by the growing energy and communications costs of interconnecting numerous compute and memory resources. Recent advances in integrated silicon photonics offer the opportunity of embedding optical connectivity that directly delivers high off-chip communication bandwidth densities with low power consumption. This paper reviews the design and integration of silicon photonic interconnection networks that address the data-movement challenges in high-performance systems. Beyond alleviating the bandwidth/energy bottlenecks, embedded photonics can enable new disaggregated architectures that leverage the distance independence of optical transmission. This review paper presents some of the key interconnect requirements to create a new generation of photonic architectures for extreme scale systems, including aggregate bandwidth, bandwidth density, energy efficiency, and network resources utilization.
High-Fat Diet Alters Immunogenic Properties of Circulating and Adipose Tissue-Associated Myeloid-Derived CD45+DDR2+ Cells

Chronic inflammation is evident in the adipose tissue and periphery of patients with obesity, as well as mouse models of obesity. T cell subsets in obese adipose tissue are skewed towards Th1- and Th17-associated phenotypes and their secreted cytokines contribute to obesity-associated inflammation. Our lab recently identified a novel, myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cell subset that modulates T cell activity. The current study sought to determine how these myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells are altered in the adipose tissue and peripheral blood of preobese mice and how this population modulates T cell activity. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a diet high in milkfat (60%·kcal, HFD) ad libitum until a 20% increase in total body weight was reached, and myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells and CD4+ T cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), mammary gland-associated adipose tissue (MGAT), and peripheral blood (PB) were phenotypically analyzed. Also analyzed was whether mediators from MGAT-primed myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells stimulate normal CD4+ T cell cytokine production. A higher percentage of myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells expressed the activation markers MHC II and CD80 in both VAT and MGAT of preobese mice. CD4+ T cells were preferentially skewed towards Th1- and Th17-associated phenotypes in the adipose tissue and periphery of preobese mice. In vitro, MGAT from HFD-fed mice triggered myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells to induce CD4+ T cell IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Taken together, this study shows that myeloid-derived CD45+DDR2+ cells express markers of immune activation and suggests that they play an immune modulatory role in the adipose tissue of preobese mice.
Emergent Repair of Paraesophageal Hernias and the Argument for Elective Repair.

Background and Objectives A feared complication of large paraesophageal hernias is incarceration necessitating emergent repair. According to previous studies, patients who require an emergent operation are subject to increased morbidity compared with patients undergoing elective operations. In this study, we detail patients who underwent hernia repair emergently and compare their outcomes with elective patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of the paraesophageal hernia repair operations between 2010 and 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with hernias that were repaired electively and patients with hernias that were repaired emergently. Perioperative complications and follow-up data regarding morbidity, mortality, and recurrence were also recorded. A propensity analysis was used to compare emergent and elective groups. Results Thirty patients had hernias repaired emergently, and 199 patients underwent elective procedures. Patients undergoing emergent repair were more likely to have a type IV hernia, have a partial gastrectomy or gastrostomy tube insertion as part of their procedure, have a postoperative complication, and have a longer hospital stay. However, propensity analysis was used to demonstrate that when characteristics of the emergent and elective groups were matched, differences in these factors were no longer significant. Having an emergent operation did not increase a patient's risk for recurrence. Conclusion Patients who had their hernias repaired emergently experienced complications at similar rates as those of elective patients with advanced age or comorbid conditions as demonstrated by the propensity analysis. The authors therefore recommend evaluation of all paraesophageal hernias for elective repair, especially in younger patients who are otherwise good operative candidates.
Short-term contemporary outcomes for staged versus primary lower limb amputation in diabetic foot disease

Abstract Background Major lower extremity amputations remain among the most common procedures performed by vascular surgeons in patients with diabetes and its associated peripheral vascular disease. After major amputation, this population commonly suffers from high readmission rates, increased wound complications, and conversion to more proximal major amputations. These events impact quality in terms of cost, resources, and subjective quality of life. The aim of this study is to compare outcomes between primary lower extremity above-ankle amputations (primary amputation [PA]) and staged ankle guillotine amputations followed by interval formalization to an above-ankle amputation (staged amputation [SA]) for nonsalvageable infected diabetic foot disease. Methods A retrospective review of all de novo major lower extremity amputations performed by the vascular surgery service at a single institution between January 2014 and March 2017 was performed. Inclusion criteria were diabetic patients with foot gangrene who underwent a major de novo above- or below-knee amputation. Amputations for trauma, acute limb ischemia, or malignancy were excluded. Per institutional practice, SA was performed for uncontrolled infection and/or infection with uncontrolled diabetes, and PA was performed in the absence of active infection and in stable diabetes. The primary outcome measure was 30-day freedom from conversion to a higher level amputation. Secondary outcome measures were 30-day stump complications, 30-day readmissions, 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events, and 30-day mortality. Results One hundred sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-eight percent were male, 18% were active smokers, 30% had end-stage renal disease, and 22% had congestive heart failure. Sixty-one patients underwent SA, and 55 patients underwent PA. The two cohorts were well-matched by demographics and comorbidities. Consistent with the institutional practice, 57% of SA patients met two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria at presentation compared with 24% of PA patients (P = .0003). There were no 30-day mortalities. There was no significant difference in major adverse cardiovascular events between the groups (2% vs 4%; SA vs PA, respectively; P = .6). The average length of stay did not significantly differ between SA and PA (mean of 14 ± 8 days vs 11 ± 11 days; P = .1). SA patients had a lower rate of 30-day readmission (7% vs 27%; P = .005) and 30-day unplanned conversion to higher level amputation (2% vs 13%; P = .026) compared with PA patients. Conclusions In the setting of infected diabetic foot disease, a staged lower extremity amputation achieves quality outcomes superior to a one-stage amputation, despite the former cohort's greater illness acuity level. SA should be considered in all diabetic patients presenting with active foot infection.
Trauma at the Heart of Forensic Developmental Psychology

This chapter explores the role of trauma in the development of antisocial behaviors, particularly aggression and violence. Beginning with a description of trauma and its prevalence among offending populations, we continue with a discussion on the ways in which trauma, early and severe trauma in particular, can have such a profoundly negative impact in the lives of offenders. We also discuss the mechanisms through which trauma can contribute to antisocial behavior, including alterations in brain structure and cognitive abilities such as executive function and emotional regulation, offenders’ cognitions themselves, such as the development of “war zone mentality,” and how each of these changes can contribute to violence perpetration. We conclude by noting, however, the resilience of all people in the face of profound adversity and how such resilience provides an opportunity to provide intervention and encourage positive development for those who may be at risk for antisocial behavior.
Essential Family Caregivers in Long-Term Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Brief Summary: In the months stretching out ahead of us in the prevention of COVID-19, we must keep our residents safe from the risk of circulating virus, but we also must promote person-centered geriatric care allowing family presence as essential care partners.
Psychoacoustic and Demographic Factors for Speech Recognition of Older Adult Cochlear Implant Users

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aging and cochlear implant (CI) on psychoacoustic and speech recognition abilities and to assess the relative contributions of psychoacoustic and demographic factors to speech recognition of older CI (OCI) users. Method Twelve OCI users, 12 older acoustic-hearing (OAH) listeners age-matched to OCI users, and 12 younger normal-hearing (YNH) listeners underwent tests of temporal amplitude modulation detection, temporal gap detection in noise, and spectral-temporal modulated ripple discrimination. Speech reception thresholds were measured for sentence recognition in multitalker, speech-babble noise. Results Statistical analyses showed that, for the small sample of OAH listeners, the degree of hearing loss did not significantly affect any outcome measure. Temporal resolution, spectral resolution, and speech recognition all significantly degraded with both age and the use of a CI (i.e., YNH better than OAH and OAH better than OCI performance). Although both were significantly correlated with OCI users' speech recognition, the duration of CI use no longer had a significant effect on speech recognition once the effect of spectral-temporal ripple discrimination performance was taken into account. For OAH listeners, the only significant predictor of speech recognition was temporal gap detection performance. Conclusion The preliminary results suggest that speech recognition of OCI users may improve with longer duration of CI use, mainly due to higher perceptual acuity to spectral-temporal modulated ripples in acoustic stimuli.
Effect of speed on material removal behavior in scribing of monocrystalline silicon

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of scribing speed on the surface morphology and material removal behavior in diamond wire sawing of monocrystalline silicon through specially designed high-speed diamond scribing experiments. High-speed scribing tests are performed on a (100) monocrystalline silicon wafer over a wide range of speeds. The results show that a higher scribing speed is prone to inducing more surface defects such as burrs and tearing in the ductile scribing region, and more radial cracks in the brittle scribing region. The critical scribing depth of ductile-to-brittle transition is found to decrease with increasing scribing speed. A strain rate hardening effect is evident in the experimental data, which explains the underlying mechanism for promotion of brittle fracture at higher scribing speeds.
On a Quantum Analog of the Caldero–Chapoton Formula

Let Q be any valued quiver without oriented cycles. We study connections between the category of valued representations of Q and expansions of cluster variables in terms of an initial cluster in quantum cluster algebras. We show that an analog of the Caldero–Chapoton formula holds for the specializations , where is a finite field, in all quantum cluster algebras of finite type, including nonsimply laced types, and for any cluster variable in an almost acyclic cluster.
Whole Foods Market: Where to Next?

Charles Fogler was reviewing some analysts' reports on Whole Foods Market, Inc., that had been released earlier that day. It was September 21, 2010, and Whole Foods had closed at a price of $38.17. Two reports caught his attention. Excerpt UVA-F-1643 Dec. 28, 2011 Whole Foods Market: Where to Next? Charles Fogler was reviewing some analysts' reports on Whole Foods Market, Inc., that had been released earlier that day. It was September 21, 2010, and Whole Foods had closed at a price of $ 38.17. Two reports caught his attention. One report, from a set of Credit Suisse analysts, revealed they had changed their rating on the stock from Neutral to Underperform and had reset their target price for the stock from $ 40.00 to $ 30.00 over the following 12 months. Another report, from J.P. Morgan on the same day, had come out with an Overweight recommendation and a target price of $ 45.00. Whole Foods' share price had performed extraordinarily well since it had reached a 10-year low of $ 9.89 per share in January 2009; however, as Exhibit 1 shows, it was also much more volatile than other food retailers. With a current price of $ 38.17, Whole Foods' share price had risen almost 300% in the previous 21 months. Given the extreme price volatility of Whole Foods stock, it was not surprising that there was disagreement about which direction the stock would go next. The basic disagreement between the reports centered on a couple of issues. First, Whole Foods had offered guidance on comparable sales growth of +6.5% to 7.5% for the fourth quarter of 2010 and +5.0% to 7.0% for fiscal year 2011. The Credit Suisse report, based on discussions with vendors, projected a range of +5.0% to 6.0% for the fourth quarter of 2010 and +3.5% to 4.0% for 2011. J.P. Morgan analysts, on the other hand, believed their research indicated that Whole Foods was on track to meet its targets and that it would in fact come in at the high end of the range. They expected Whole Foods to report in November a +7.3% comparable-store sales growth for the fourth quarter of 2010. The second issue was the interpretation of lower gross margins for the future. Credit Suisse analysts saw increased promotions as something that would lower margins but necessarily result in sales increases, which would offset the reduced margins. Analysts at J.P. Morgan, in contrast, viewed those promotions as something that would positively affect sales and the bottom line. Earnings for the fourth quarter of 2010 would be released around November 4, 2010; either way, someone would be right. Fogler was interested in how he might use options strategies to take advantage of this disagreement among the analysts. Exhibit 2 shows the current option prices for calls and puts that matured in November 2010 (10/20/2010) and January 2011 (11/19/2011). . . .
Dynamic nanophotonics and nonlinear optics with oxides and nitrides

Control over the permittivity and relaxation time in materials is important to gain control over the amplitude, phase and polarization of light. In this presentation, we report our work on controlling the static and dynamic optical properties of transition metal nitrides and transparent conducting oxides for a wide array of nanophotonic applications and nonlinear optical demonstrations. We find the carrier relaxation mechanism in titanium and zirconium nitride by pump-probe studies near the ENZ. We demonstrate high-harmonic generation in refractory TiN films. We show large changes in the epsilon-near-zero points in cadmium oxide via yttrium doping, for optically controlled, mid-IR reflectance modulation. In undoped zinc oxide, we demonstrate unity-order permittivity modulation by optical doping, with 20ps response time. With TiN-AZO Berreman-metasurfaces, we demonstrate simultaneous picosecond switching at telecom wavelengths, and nanosecond switching in the visible regime. Employing the ENZ effects in aluminum-doped zinc oxide, we demonstrate nonlinear optical phenomena spanning optical time-reversal to negative refraction. Our work will aid the development of dynamic devices for a wide array of dynamic optical applications.
On the Coexistence of Cryptocurrency and Fiat Money

Cryptocurrency is private money and is costly to produce. In this paper, I ask whether cryptocurrency can serve as a medium of exchange, and whether it can coexist with fiat money as a widely accepted medium of exchange. To answer these questions, I develop two search-theoretic models: a model of monetary exchange in an economy with cryptocurrency only and a model of currency competition between cryptocurrency and fiat money. In my models, profit-maximizing miners produce cryptocurrency. In the economy with cryptocurrency only, unlike fiat money models, there is no equilibrium in which the stock of cryptocurrency grows at a constant rate. In a stationary equilibrium in which cryptocurrency is valued, the stock of cryptocurrency must be constant. In the two-currency economy, cryptocurrency and fiat money differ in terms of issuers, production costs, supply rules, and degrees of acceptability in decentralized markets. Different from the traditional two-fiat money models in which currencies have the same rate of return in equilibrium, cryptocurrency and fiat money can circulate in equilibrium with different rates of return. Further, Gresham’s Law does not hold in the sense that, even if cryptocurrency is costly to produce and less acceptable, cryptocurrency can coexist with fiat money, a widely accepted asset that is costless to produce.
Mechanisms of broad-band ultraviolet B irradiation-induced itch in mice

Abstract Although sunburn can produce severe uncontrollable itching, the underlying mechanisms of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced itch are poorly understood because of a lack of experimental animal models of sunburn itch. Here we established a sunburn-related mouse model and found that Broad-band UVB (BB-UVB) irradiation elicited scratching but not wiping behavior in mice. By using a combination of live-cell Ca2+ imaging and quantitative RT-PCR on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence staining of skin preparations, behavioral testing, in combination with genetic and pharmacological approaches, we showed that TRPV1-positive DRG neurons but not mast cells are involved in BB-UVB irradiation-induced itch. Moreover, both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 function significantly alleviated BB-UVB irradiation-induced itch response. Collectively, our results suggest that BB-UVB irradiation evokes itch sensation in mice through promoting TRPV1 channel function in DRG neurons and provide potential therapeutic targets for sunburn-related itch.
Employment-At-Will Exceptions and jobless recovery

Abstract This paper studies the effects on jobless recovery of diminishing the power of an employer to fire an employee through Employment-At-Will Exceptions (EWEs). I use dynamic panel regressions with quarterly data ranging from 1976 to 2010 for the 50 states in the U.S. I test both changes in state unemployment rates and state-weighted GDP growth. I also resolve differences in the various sources documenting the three types of EWEs in different states and show two of the three contribute significantly to jobless recovery in the U.S. The results lend support to predictions of theory that increased firing costs decrease the rate of hiring during recoveries. Statistical tests show the adoption of both EWEs would slow decreases in the unemployment rate during recovery from recession by up to 0.352 percentage points annually.
Neutron spin sum rules and spin polarizabilities at low Q2

izabilities have been formed. These proceedings will concentrate on recent measurments on the neutron via a polarized 3He target in the low Q2 region. In particular, experiment E97-110 was performed in Hall A to study the neutron and 3He spin structure at four-momentum transfers between 0.02 and 0.3 GeV2. This Q2 range allows us to make a benchmark-check of Chiral Perturbation Theory calculations. Previous results for the spin polarizabilities down to 0.1 GeV2 have
A survey of interconnection methods for reconfigurable parallel processing systems

This is a survey of a variety of interconnection networks for reconfigurable parallel processing systems that have appeared in the literature. A system is reconfigurable if it may assume several architectural configurations, each of which is characterized by its own topology of activated interconnections between modules. 18 The systems whose networks will be examined include multiple-SIMD and MIMD systems, as well as both fixed and dynamic word size systems. This paper is restricted to networks for geographically-localized parallel processing systems using 12 or more processors in a reconfigurable manner. Related survey papers include References 1 , 3 , 10 , 19 , 20 , 45 - 47 .
Chapter 23 – MATLAB Programs for Finite Element Analysis

The solution of finite element analysis problems using MATLAB software is considered. MATLAB is based on windows, Linux and macOS operating systems and was developed and marketed by the US-based Mathworks. Ten Matlab-based example problems are presented with programs given as m-files. The user needs to create a main program, in the form of an m-file, to specify the input data, call the relevant program from Matlab library of files, and display the results. The examples presented include: Solution of linear system of equations using Choleski decomposition method, Incorporation of boundary conditions, Stress and displacement analysis of a twenty five-bar space truss subjected to loads, Analysis of plates subjected to in-plane loads using CST (constant stress/strain triangle) elements, Analysis of three-dimensional structures using CST elements, Temperature distribution in one-dimensional fins, Temperature distribution in one-dimensional fins including radiation heat transfer, Two-dimensional heat transfer analysis (such as in plates of arbitrary geometry), Confined fluid flow around a cylinder using potential function approach, and Torsion of a shaft with arbitrary cross-section (stress analysis). Sample main programs are given in the form of m-files for all problems (and are available at the web site of the book).
Preliminary QCGAT program test results

NASA Lewis Research Center is conducting a program to demonstrate that large commercial engine technology can be applied to general aviation engines to reduce noise, emissions and fuel consumption and to develop new technology where required. The overall engine program, design, and technology incorporated into the QCGAT engines are described. In addition, preliminary engine test results are presented and compared to the technical requirements the engines were designed to meet.
Fuzzy Control Application to Glutamic Acid Fermentation

Abstract Consumption rate of ammonia in glutamic acid fermentation was found to be correlated with consumption rate of sugar. This gives a good control strategy for sugar feed rate to keep sugar concentration in a suitable range in fed-batch culture of glutamic acid fermentation. Slight changes of culture conditions, however, make some troubles in this control scheme. Fuzzy theory application could be found to be effective in such cases.
The Dynamics of Subcenter Formation: Midtown Manhattan, 1861-1906 *

Midtown Manhattan is the largest business district in the country. Yet only a few miles to the south is another district centered at Wall Street. This paper aims to understand when and why midtown emerged. We have created a new data set from historical New York City directories that provide the employment location, residence and job for several thousand residents in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. We supplement this with data from historical business directories. The data allow us to describe how, when and why midtown emerged as a center of commerce. We find that midtown arose because of economies of scale related to shopping, rather than congestion in lower Manhattan or wage differentials across the city. Specifically, the evidence suggests that firms moved to midtown to be near retail businesses and other commercial activity in order to be closer to customers, who had been moving north on the island throughout the 19 th century. Once several industries moved from lower Manhattan it triggered a spatial equilibrium readjustment in the 1880s, which then promoted the rise of skyscrapers in midtown around the turn of the 20 th century, several years before the opening of Grand Central Station in 1913.
Adhesion Evaluation of Duplex Paint System for Sustainable Infrastructure

AbstractOrganic paints are applied to galvanized or metalized steel surfaces in a duplex system, which is potentially more sustainable than the zinc-rich primer/steel system. A series of experiment...
Alpha-ring Independent Assembly of the 20S Proteasome

Archaeal proteasomes share many features with their eukaryotic counterparts and serve as important models for assembly. Proteasomes are also found in certain bacterial lineages yet their assembly mechanism is thought to be fundamentally different. Here we investigate α-ring formation using recombinant proteasomes from the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis. Through an engineered disulfide cross-linking strategy, we demonstrate that double α-rings are structurally analogous to half-proteasomes and can form independently of single α-rings. More importantly, via targeted mutagenesis, we show that single α-rings are not required for the efficient assembly of 20S proteasomes. Our data support updating the currently held "α-ring first" view of assembly, initially proposed in studies of archaeal proteasomes, and present a way to reconcile the seemingly separate bacterial assembly mechanism with the rest of the proteasome realm. We suggest that a common assembly network underpins the absolutely conserved architecture of proteasomes across all domains of life.
Regular CW-Complexes and Poset Resolutions of Monomial Ideals

We use the natural homeomorphism between a regular CW-complex X (a space with Closure-finiteness and the Weak topology) and the order complex Δ(PX) of its face poset PX to establish a canonical isomorphism between the cellular chain complex of X and the result of applying the poset construction of [5] to PX. This provides the missing unpublished ingredient to the proof of Theorem 4.3 in [6] that stable monomial ideals have minimal cellular resolutions. As another application, we study the class of monomial ideals whose lcm-lattices are CW-posets (these include, among others, edge ideals of complete bipartite graphs), and we show that they also have minimal cellular resolutions.