cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula.

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula is an uncommon tumor; only 68 cases were seen at the University of Virginia Hospital from 1956 through March 1975. The characteristics of these tumors and their clinical features are presented together with the results of treatment and survival analyzed by stage and treatment modality. A minimum follow-up of 2 years was available in all cases. Failures at the primary site in T1 and T2 lesions were 1 21 (5%) for radiotherapy, 1 9 (11%) for surgery and 1 5 (20%) for combined radiotherapy and surgery. For T3 and T4 lesions the failure rate for radiotherapy was 2 11 (18%); for combined radiotherapy and surgery, it was 1 3 (33%); and for combined Methotrexate and radiotherapy, it was 10 12 (83%). The incidence of metastases and second primary tumors are detailed and the contribution to survival of these together with intercurrent disease has been analyzed. From this review it appears that radiotherapy is an effective form of treatment for carcinomas of the soft palate and uvula.
Is There Too Much Criminal Law

In his new book, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law, Douglas Husak offers an ambitious and insightful theory regarding when conduct should be subject to criminal sanctions. In this brief review, I focus primarily on the seven conditions that Husak says should constrain such decisions: constraints based on the idea of nontrivial harm or evil, wrongfulness, desert, burden of proof, substantial state interest, direct advancement of such interest, and minimum extent necessary to achieve such ends. While I agree that most of these constraints should play a role in determining what conduct gets criminalized, I am skeptical about both the sources from which the constraints can be drawn and the precise scope and application of the principles. I also believe that a more explicit constraint based on the significant costs of criminalization should have been included, since a proposed criminal statute might directly advance a substantial state interest and be no more extensive than necessary to achieve such purpose and yet its costs might still outweigh its benefits. The review also touches on Husak's persuasive critique of the law and economics approach to criminalization.
A scale-invariant internal representation of time

We propose a principled way to construct an internal representation of the temporal stimulus history leading up to the present moment. A set of leaky integrators performs a Laplace transform on the stimulus function, and a linear operator approximates the inversion of the Laplace transform. The result is a representation of stimulus history that retains information about the temporal sequence of stimuli. This procedure naturally represents more recent stimuli more accurately than less recent stimuli; the decrement in accuracy is precisely scale invariant. This procedure also yields time cells that fire at specific latencies following the stimulus with a scale-invariant temporal spread. Combined with a simple associative memory, this representation gives rise to a moment-to-moment prediction that is also scale invariant in time. We propose that this scale-invariant representation of temporal stimulus history could serve as an underlying representation accessible to higher-level behavioral and cognitive mechanisms. In order to illustrate the potential utility of this scale-invariant representation in a variety of fields, we sketch applications using minimal performance functions to problems in classical conditioning, interval timing, scale-invariant learning in autoshaping, and the persistence of the recency effect in episodic memory across timescales.
THE VELOCITIES OF SPORADIC METEORS

This paper attempts to point out the very great importance of the determination of meteor velocities, not only for meteoric problems but also for the wider problems of astronomical evolution. Some of the important published researches are briefly reviewed, and the disagreement between work depending upon human elements and that apparently more purely mechanical is pointed out. The writer hesitates to come to a final verdict as to whether hyperbolic velocities are or are not proved to exist for great numbers of sporadic meteors, and points out the great desirability of further work, using every possible method available.
Endocrine Regulation of the Fasting Response by PPARα-Mediated Induction of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) regulates the utilization of fat as an energy source during starvation and is the molecular target for the fibrate dyslipidemia drugs. Here, we identify the endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a mediator of the pleiotropic actions of PPARalpha. FGF21 is induced directly by PPARalpha in liver in response to fasting and PPARalpha agonists. FGF21 in turn stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and ketogenesis in liver. FGF21 also reduces physical activity and promotes torpor, a short-term hibernation-like state of regulated hypothermia that conserves energy. These findings demonstrate an unexpected role for the PPARalpha-FGF21 endocrine signaling pathway in regulating diverse metabolic and behavioral aspects of the adaptive response to starvation.
Body Size and Fat Distribution as Predictors of Coronary Heart Disease among Middle-aged and Older US Men

Obesity, android fat distribution, and other anthropometric measures have been associated with coronary heart disease in long-term prospective studies. However, fluctuations in weight due to age-related hormonal changes and changes in lifestyle practices may bias relative risk estimates over a long follow-up period. The authors prospectively studied the association between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio, and height as independent predictors of incident coronary heart disease in a 3-year prospective study among 29,122 US men aged 40-75 years in 1986. The authors documented 420 incident coronary events during the follow-up period. Body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, short stature, and weight gain since age 21 were associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Among men younger than 65, after adjusting for other coronary risk factors, the relative risk was 1.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-2.69) for men with BMI of 25-28.9, 2.61 (95% CI 1.54-4.42) for BMI of 29.0-32.9, and 3.44 (95% CI 1.67-7.09) for obese men with BMI > or = 33 compared with lean men with BMI or = 65 years of age, the association between BMI and risk of coronary heart disease was much weaker. However, in this age group, the waist-to-hip ratio was a much stronger predictor of risk (relative risk = 2.76, 95% CI 1.22-6.23 between extreme quintiles). These results suggest that for younger men, obesity, independent of fat distribution, is a strong risk factor for coronary heart disease. For older men, measures of fat distribution may be better than body mass index at predicting risk of coronary disease.
Contributions and Problems of Soviet Welfare Institutions

In examining the major obstacles, the Western student is struck by the fact that certain social problems inherited from the old order were so massive in character and so deeply rooted in traditions originating in the very dawn of Russian history that they became inextricable from the warp and woof of life for large segments of the population. This was especially true of alcoholism, bribery, begging, prostitution and unmarried motherhood.
Déjà Vu and Moving the Conversation Reactions to an Underutilized Partnership

Romano and Kachgal argue for greater collaboration between counseling psychology and school counseling. Although their proposal has considerable merit, a variety of barriers to collaboration—including professional jealousies and turf, the lack of knowledge and interest of most counseling psychologists in schools, and the availability of benefits to sustain the partnership for all parties—must be addressed. We argue that adopting shared conceptual frameworks that return to and extend the roots of both disciplines is needed to foster and sustain the proposed partnership. Three conceptual models are presented.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER SPRAY COOLING ON COOLER PERFORMANCE

In recent years, summers in the Northeast, as well as in many other regions of the United States, have reached record high temperatures. These unusually high ambient temperatures have led to the overloading of power transformer coolers, resulting in the inability of the coolers to maintain the top oil temperature of the transformer at an acceptable level. A field-tested solution to this problem is the application of water spray onto the tube bundles of the cooler to enhance the heat transfer. Currently, the standard way of applying water to an overheated transformer cooler is to hose it down. This method has always been implemented without consideration of the spray pattern or quantity or water used, usually resulting in a wastefully high rate of water consumption. An experiment has been setup to determine the performance of a transformer cooler subjected to water spray. This work consisted of the design and implementation of a water spray system to an existing fullscale cooling loop representative of tho...
Second-harmonic generation studies of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of indodicarbocyanine and hemicyanine dyes and stilbazium salts

Second harmonic generation and UV-visible spectroscopic measurements have been performed on a series of Z-type Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer of indodicarbocyanine, hemicyanine and stilbazium salts. Optical spectra of these monolayer indicate the presence of hypsochromically shifted aggregates on the silica surface. The extent of aggregation is found to be largely dependent on the nature of the counter-ion as well as on the conditions of the monolayer preparation. The SHG intensity of dye aggregates are much smaller compared to that of monomeric dye molecules. In the case of amphiphillic counter-ion containing stilbazium salt compression speed of the monolayer has very little effect on the second harmonic signal and on the absorption spectrum, presumably due to the suppression of aggregation. It seems that the contribution from nonlinear optically active amphiphillic counter-ion to the SHG intensity is not that significant.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mycophenolic acid suppresses granulopoiesis by inhibition of interleukin-17 production

Mycophenolic acid is a commonly used immunosuppressant after organ transplantation and in autoimmune diseases; however, myelosuppression is a major complication despite its largely favorable side-effect profile. Mycophenolic acid targets inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is essential for T-cell proliferation. The T-cell cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17 or IL-17A) and its receptor maintain normal neutrophilic granulocyte numbers in mice by induction of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. To test whether mycophenolic acid induces neutropenia by inhibiting IL-17-producing T cells, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with mycophenolate-mofetil (the orally available pro-drug) and found a dose-dependent decrease in blood neutrophils. This myelosuppressive effect was completely abolished in mice that lack the IL-17 receptor. Mycophenolic acid delayed myeloid recovery after bone marrow transplantation and decreased the percentage of IL-17-producing T cells in the spleen and thymus, and inhibited IL-17 production in human and mouse T cells in vitro. Injection of IL-17 during mycophenolic acid treatment overcame the suppression of the circulating neutrophil levels. Our study shows that mycophenolic acid suppresses neutrophil production by inhibiting IL-17 expression, suggesting that measurement of this interleukin might be useful in estimating the risk of neutropenia in clinical settings.
Not all neuropathy in diabetes is of diabetic etiology: Differential diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common peripheral neuropathy in the developed world; however, not all patients with diabetes and peripheral nerve disease have a peripheral neuropathy caused by diabetes. Several (although not all) studies have drawn attention to the presence of other potential causes of a neuropathy in individuals with diabetes; 10% to 50% of individuals with diabetes may have an additional potential cause of a peripheral neuropathy and some may have more than one cause. Neurotoxic medications, alcohol abuse, vitamin B(12) deficiency, renal disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, inherited neuropathy, and vasculitis are the most common additional potential causes of a peripheral neuropathy in these series. The most common disorders in the differential diagnosis of a generalized diabetic peripheral neuropathy are discussed in this article. Prospective studies to investigate the prevalence of other disorders that might be responsible for a peripheral neuropathy in individuals with diabetes are warranted.
A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data

Summary: Genome-wide association studies are widely used to investigate the genetic basis of diseases and traits, but they pose many computational challenges. We developed gdsfmt and SNPRelate (R packages for multi-core symmetric multiprocessing computer architectures) to accelerate two key computations on SNP data: principal component analysis (PCA) and relatedness analysis using identity-by-descent measures. The kernels of our algorithms are written in C/C++ and highly optimized. Benchmarks show the uniprocessor implementations of PCA and identity-by-descent are ~8–50 times faster than the implementations provided in the popular EIGENSTRAT (v3.0) and PLINK (v1.07) programs, respectively, and can be sped up to 30–300-fold by using eight cores. SNPRelate can analyse tens of thousands of samples with millions of SNPs. For example, our package was used to perform PCA on 55 324 subjects from the ‘Gene-Environment Association Studies’ consortium studies. Availability and implementation: gdsfmt and SNPRelate are available from R CRAN ( http://cran.r-project.org), including a vignette. A tutorial can be found at https://www.genevastudy.org/Accomplishments/software. Contact: zhengx@u.washington.edu
Rethinking the Associations between Television Viewing and Adolescent Sexuality Development: Bringing Gender into Focus

Abstract Purpose To investigate associations between adolescents’ television viewing, their sexual behavior, and their perceptions of having power and control in sexual situations (i.e., sexual agency). This study incorporates results from a recent content analysis of television and attends to the different motives for and consequences of girls’ and boys’ sexual and relational behavior. Methods Adolescents (n = 703) aged 11 to 17 years from two public school districts in the Northeastern United States completed surveys assessing their television habits and sexual experiences. Survey data were combined with two content analyses, which assessed the frequency of sexual talk and behavior and the prevalence of gendered messages about sexuality (i.e., the Heterosexual Script) on primetime network television. Results Adolescents’ sexual behavior and feelings of sexual agency were not associated with viewing sexual talk and sexual behavior on television, but were related to viewing the Heterosexual Script, particularly among girls. Girls who saw sexually objectified women and portrayals of men avoiding commitment more often reported less sexual agency. Girls who saw women acting as sexual gatekeepers more often were less sexually experienced and reported more sexual agency. Boys who saw men actively asserting their sexuality more often were less sexually experienced. Conclusions The relationship between adolescents’ television viewing and sexual experiences depends on the type of sexual messages viewed, the sexual outcome considered, and the gender of the viewer. Parents and practitioners should learn to identify the Heterosexual Script on television and encourage young people to negotiate sexual encounters in safe and positive ways.
Belief Systems and Social Capital as Drivers of Policy Network Structure: The Case of California Regional Planning

This article uses exponential random graph models to investigate the roles of policy-relevant beliefs and social capital as drivers of network structure. The advocacy coalition framework argues that actors with similar policy beliefs are more likely to form coalitions, leading to policy subsystems fragmented into ideological groups. Social capital is defined as trust and norms of reciprocity, which helps cement cooperative relationships. Hypotheses are tested using survey data of policy elites involved in land-use and transportation planning in four regions of California. The findings suggest that coalitions of actors with similar belief systems are knit together by policy brokers seeking to build transitive social relationships.
Structure of the myristylated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 matrix protein and the role of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate in membrane targeting.

During the late phase of retroviral replication, newly synthesized Gag proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane (PM), where they assemble and bud to form immature virus particles. Membrane targeting by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag is mediated by the PM marker molecule phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], which is capable of binding to the matrix (MA) domain of Gag in an extended lipid conformation and of triggering myristate exposure. Here, we show that, as observed previously for HIV-1 MA, the myristyl group of HIV-2 MA is partially sequestered within a narrow hydrophobic tunnel formed by side chains of helices 1, 2, 3, and 5. However, the myristate of HIV-2 MA is more tightly sequestered than that of the HIV-1 protein and does not exhibit concentration-dependent exposure. Soluble PI(4,5)P2 analogs containing truncated acyl chains bind HIV-2 MA and induce minor long-range structural changes but do not trigger myristate exposure. Despite these differences, the site of HIV-2 assembly in vivo can be manipulated by enzymes that regulate PI(4,5)P2 localization. Our findings indicate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 are both targeted to the PM for assembly via a PI(4,5)P2-dependent mechanism, despite differences in the sensitivity of the MA myristyl switch, and suggest a potential mechanism that may contribute to the poor replication kinetics of HIV-2.
Symmetric Body Vortex Wake Characteristics in Supersonic Flow

An extensive experimental investigation of the symmetric body vortex wake was conducted. Cone probe measurements were made on the leeside of an ogive nose circular cylinder for three different supersonic freestream conditions. Measurements of total pressure, Mach number, and three orthogonal velocity components were made at four angles of attack of the body at various axial stations. In the present paper these data are processed to infer the position of the primary body vortex and vortex feeding sheet in the cross-flow plane, local circulation distribution in the cross-flow plane, vortex core size, wake height, and total circulation in the cross-flow plane. A detailed discussion of the results and data processing is presented.
Distributed Resource Management and Admission Control of Stream Processing Systems with Max Utility

A fundamental problem in a large scale decentralized stream processing system is how to best utilize the available resources and admission control the bursty and high volume input streams so as to optimize overall system performance. We consider a distributed stream processing system consisting of a network of servers with heterogeneous capabilities that collectively provide processing services to multiple data streams. Our goal is to design a joint source admission control, data routing, and resource allocation mechanism that maximizes the overall system utility. Here resources include both link bandwidths and processor resources. The problem is formulated as a utility optimization problem. We describe an extended graph representation that unifies both types of resources seamlessly and present a novel scheme that transforms the admission control problem to a routing problem by introducing dummy nodes at sources. We then present a distributed gradient-based algorithm that iteratively updates the local resource allocation based on link data rates. We show that our algorithm guarantees optimality and demonstrate its performance through simulation.
Controller design for nonlinear systems using the robust controller bode (RCBode) plot

In this paper, we develop a controller design method for nonlinear systems using the Robust Controller Bode (RCBode) plot. A robust performance criterion defines allowed and forbidden regions for the controller frequency response on the RCBode plot. The nonlinear system is linearized about a finite set of operating points which are considered to be a set of structured uncertainties. The union of the forbidden regions of each linearized system then defines the RCBode plot of the nonlinear system. We apply an iterative loop shaping technique to eliminate the intersections between the forbidden regions of the RCBode plot and the frequency response of the controller. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for the design of a flow-rate controller for a dynamic nonlinear butterfly valve system. We show that this design is less conservative than a design satisfying the Circle Criterion. Finally, simulations are presented which verify the performance of the compensated system.
The Influence of Time Delays on Decentralized Economic Dispatch by Using Incremental Cost Consensus Algorithm

In a smart grid, robust energy management algorithms should have the ability to operate correctly in the presence of unreliable communication capabilities, and often in the absence of a central control mechanism. Effective distributed control algorithms could be embedded in distributed controllers to properly allocate electrical power among connected buses autonomously. By selecting the incremental cost of each generation unit as the consensus variable, the incremental cost consensus (ICC) algorithm is able to solve the conventional centralized economic dispatch problem (EDP) in a distributed manner. However, the communication time-delay may cause instability of the system and should be considered during the design process. The mathematical formulation of the ICC algorithm with time-delay is presented in this chapter. Several case studies are also presented to show the system characteristics of the ICC algorithm with time-delay.
Social anxiety and cannabis cravings: The influences of parent injunctive norms and tension reduction expectancies.

Socially anxious cannabis users are influenced by cannabis expectancies and normative perceptions. The present study examines the influence of psychosocial factors on cannabis use vulnerability factors as the result of interactions between norms perceptions, social anxiety, and expectancies. Participants were 149 (36.2% female) current cannabis users aged 18–36 (M = 21.01, SD = 3.09). Hierarchical multiple regressions were employed to investigate the predictive value of the social anxiety × injunctive norms × expectancies interaction on cannabis cravings. A three-way interaction emerged in the prediction of cannabis cravings. Simple slopes analyses showed that among individuals with perceptions of greater parent approval of cannabis use (higher injunctive norms), social anxiety was associated with greater cannabis craving when expectancies regarding relaxation and tension reduction were greater (t = 2.54, p = .01, β = 1.12). Among cannabis users with perceptions of greater injunctive norms, social anxiety...
Improving Multi-Level NAND Flash Memory Storage Reliability Using Concatenated BCH-TCM Coding

By storing more than one bit in each memory cell, multi-level per cell (MLC) NAND flash memories are dominating global flash memory market due to their appealing storage density advantage. However, continuous technology scaling makes MLC NAND flash memories increasingly subject to worse raw storage reliability. This paper presents a memory fault tolerance design solution geared to MLC NAND flash memories. The basic idea is to concatenate trellis coded modulation (TCM) with an outer BCH code, which can greatly improve the error correction performance compared with the current design practice that uses BCH codes only. The key is that TCM can well leverage the multi-level storage characteristic to reduce the memory bit error rate and hence relieve the burden of outer BCH code, at no cost of extra redundant memory cells. The superior performance of such concatenated BCH-TCM coding systems for MLC NAND flash memories has been well demonstrated through computer simulations. A modified TCM demodulation approach is further proposed to improve the tolerance to static memory cell defects. We also address the associated practical implementation issues in case of using either single-page or multi-page programming strategy, and demonstrate the silicon implementation efficiency through application-specific integrated circuit design at 65 nm node.
A method for relative position tracking of vehicles using optical navigation technology

This paper proposes a new and unique as well as cost effective solution for applications which require high accuracy relative tracking and for which GPS solutions are cost excessive or inappropriate.
An Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the Ternary Al-Ti-Ta System

An investigation of the phase equilibria and phase transformation behavior in the Al-Ti-Ta system was conducted with an emphasis on developing alloys with stable microstructures and properties desirable for advanced aerospace applications. A series of ternary alloys containing 5 to 50 atomic percent Ta and varying amounts of Ti and Al were prepared by arc melting and characterized in the as-cast and heat treated (1450°C) conditions. Three stable two-phase regions (pd-o, pd-α2, and Al2 Ta-η) were identified and characterized at 1450°C. A stable ternary B2 phase was identified near the composition 25Al-5OTi-25Ta1 and several binary phases were found to exhibit extensive solid solubilities. The results were used to construct a partial isothermal section at 1450°C for this system and to assess the complex phase transformations that occur upon cooling.
The relationship between anomalies of interannual net radiation and 37 GHz polarization difference over North Africa

We show evidence that interannual variations in the net radiation balance at the top-of-atmosphere over North Africa may be linked to variations at the land surface within the Sahelian zone. By utilizing concurrent monthly time series of earth radiation budget and passive microwave measurements obtained from the Nimbus 7 satellite over a five year period from 1979 to 1983, we have examined the spatial distribution of the amplitude of interannual variability of the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. A strong association is found between the radiation budget anomalies derived from ERB-WFOV measurements and the anomalies of 37 GHz polarized brightness temperature difference derived from SMMR measurements. Previous research has shown that the interannual anomalies in the top-of-atmosphere net radiation balance in the Sahelian zone mostly arise from changes taking place at the surface, not from variations in cloudiness which brings variable rainfall throughout the African Sahel. Since microwave polarization difference is related in part to vegetation cover, we suggest that the main control of the modulation of North Africa's radiation balance may be year to year fluctuations of vegetation cover within the Sahelian zone, likely stemming from fluctuations in the rainfall. This relationship is relevant to the problem of radiation control and feedback on global climate through processes taking place within the biosphere of a semi-arid zone.
Lattice vacancies responsible for the linear dependence of the low-temperature heat capacity of insulating materials

The linear dependence on temperature $(\ensuremath{\gamma}T)$ of the heat capacity at low temperatures $(Tl15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ is traditionally attributed to conduction electrons in metals; however, many insulators also exhibit a linear dependence that has been attributed to a variety of other physical properties. The property most commonly used to justify the presence of this linear dependence is lattice vacancies, but a correlation between these two properties has never been shown, to our knowledge. We have devised a theory that justifies a linear heat capacity as a result of lattice vacancies, and we provide measured values and data from the literature to support our arguments. We postulate that many small Schottky anomalies are produced by a puckering of the lattice around these vacancies, and variations in the lattice caused by position or proximity to some form of structure result in a distribution of Schottky anomalies with different energies. We present a mathematical model to describe these anomalies and their distribution based on literature data that ultimately results in a linear heat capacity. From these calculations, a quantitative relationship between the linear term and the concentration of lattice vacancies is identified, and we verify these calculations using values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and vacancy concentrations for several materials. We have compiled many values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and vacancy concentrations from the literature which show several significant trends that provide further evidence for our theory.
The Clean Power Plan, the Supreme Court's Stay, and Irreparable Harm

Invited by the American Constitution Society, this very short essay critiques the decision by the Supreme Court to stay implementation of the Clean Power Plan (CPP), the cornerstone of the Obama Administration’s climate policy, while twenty-nine states proceed with litigation against it. The CPP targets greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, which account for about a third of all U.S. carbon emissions. It provides for substantial flexibility in how reduction targets may be attained within states, but generators heavily invested in coal argue that implementation will require unfair and expensive changes. It therefore surprised no one that states closely aligned with the coal industry are challenging the CPP in court. However, the Supreme Court’s unprecedented move to stay the rule — before the issues had even been aired in open court — surprised everyone. The courts owe the plaintiffs’ arguments their most serious consideration, but the novel stay raises concerns of a different order. It represents another move by the Supreme Court to shift power toward the judiciary on matters that relate not to individual constitutional rights, where judicial prowess necessarily overtakes the majoritarian tendencies of the political branches — but to the complex allocation of costs and benefits within a comprehensive regulatory program, where judicial capacity is easily eclipsed by legislative and executive competence. If the justices find legal infirmity after carefully engaging the evidence, it is their duty to reject the rule. But when the Court breaks with its own norms to block the President’s capstone climate initiative for the remainder of his final term — before meaningful judicial review of the merits — the move may approach the boundaries of the appropriate use of its own authority. If it does not invite pause about the constitutional separation of powers, it at least gives cause to reflect on the lessons of the Lochner era.After critiquing the stay and its potential consequences for the fragile international consensus to move forward on climate governance, the essay concludes on a more hopeful note. Drawing on ongoing economic and technological shifts in the wider energy marketplace, it argues that while the stay has dealt a serious blow to the CPP in the short term, it should not be the death knell for the underlying elements of the plan, for U.S. compliance with the Paris accord, or for continued momentum toward a global response to the climate crisis.
Investigation on Vaccination Rate of Children before and after EPI Implementation in Rural Areas of Luohe City

[Objective]To understand the vaccination rate of children before and after EPI implementation in Luohe City.[Methods]From April 2007 to April 2009,the vaccination rate of EPI vaccines on children was investigated.[Results]Multiple reasons resulted in the decrease of vaccination rate of DPT with strengthening dose and MMR or MV2 after the EPI implementation in 2009,the rates decreased from 95.9% and 94.9% in 2007 to 89.9% and 72.6%,respectively.The vaccination rate of new vaccine was lower.[Conclusion]The government should expand the investment,improve the wages,benefits and the work enthusiasm of vaccinators at grass-roots,and raise the vaccination rate of EPI vaccines.
On the Graduate Culture Courses of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

Since the culture craze of teaching Chinese as a foreign language,teaching and researching of culture courses began to receive more and more attention,but the achievements for graduate culture courses are not rich and comprehensive. The objects of research on the culture courses should not only include abroad students,but also graduate students,however,the relevant theoretical research and recommendations are mostly belonging to the relative macro guidance "principle". Since graduate students,we should focus on research or guiding research. The key of cultural teaching should be directed to revealing the essence of culture,and inspiring the students to form the correct value judgment and firm culture position. In addition,according to the subject characteristics and the needs of students,we should offer corresponding special cultural courses.
A Note on "Convergence"

MCLUHAN CENTER SAYS A-BOMB MAY BE GOOD screamed a headline in The New York Times on Sunday, February 12, 1984, page 20.The article--by Douglas Martin--elicited predictable comments. As an item of news, as distinct from an idea, the proposition that the headline blared was bound to prompt patellar reflexes; which says more about the Times than it does about Douglas Martin or the designated heirs of Marshall McLuhan.
Effect of extended confinement on the structure of edge channels in the quantum anomalous Hall effect

The Quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect in the films with nontrivial band structure accompanies the ferromagnetic transition in the system of magnetic dopants. Experimentally, the QAH transition manifests itself as a jump in the dependence of longitudinal resistivity on a weak external magnetic field. Microscopically, this jump originates from the emergence of a chiral edge mode on one side of the ferromagnetic transition. We study analytically the effect of an extended confinement on the structure of the edge modes. We employ the simplest model of the extended confinement in the form of a potential step next to the hard wall. It is shown that, unlike the conventional quantum Hall effect, where all edge channels are chiral, in the QAH effect, a complex structure of the boundary leads to nonchiral edge modes which are present on both sides of the ferromagnetic transition. Wave functions of nonchiral modes are different above and below the transition: on the ``topological'' side, where the chiral edge mode is supported, nonchiral modes are ``repelled'' from the boundary; i.e., they are much less localized than on the ``trivial'' side. Thus, the disorder-induced scattering into these modes will boost the extension of the chiral edge mode. The prime experimental manifestation of nonchiral modes is that, by contributing to longitudinal resistance, they smear the QAH transition.
Restraining the Divider: A Drp1-Phospholipid Interaction Inhibits Drp1 Activity and Shifts the Balance from Mitochondrial Fission to Fusion.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Adachi et al. (2016) describe a novel interaction between the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1 and phosphatidic acid that restrains Drp1 activity and shifts the balance toward mitochondrial fusion, adding another layer of complexity to the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
France: Astronomers focus on the future

French astronomers identified their priorities for the next decade at a meeting held in Arcachon last month. The meeting, attended by 200 astronomers, discussed the future of more than 40 facilities and drew up a plan to provide a basis for budget discussions with the ministry for education and research. It strongly supports France's continued participation in the European Southern Observatory and several other international projects.
A Hardware Implementation of Evolvable Embedded System for Combinational Logic Circuits Using Virtex 6 FPGA

The main aim of this paper was to develop an architectural model using the concept of evolvable embedded system for design automation of VLSI circuits. The architecture is modeled for any combinational circuits with 8 inputs and outputs. An evolvable hardware system is an integration of evolutionary algorithm with a reconfigurable chip. A virtual reconfigurable architecture IP core modeled in the FPGA functions as a substrate for the evolution of combinational circuits. A genetic algorithm program to optimize the design procedure is carried out inside the soft core MicroBlaze microprocessor to speed up the evaluation process. The soft processor core along with the reconfigurable architecture is embedded into a single FPGA chip. An experimental model for a 2-bit adder and multiplier was validated to demonstrate the evolution of combinational circuits by evolvable embedded system hardware. This experimental setup is carried out on Virtex 6 (XC6VLX240T-1FFG1156) ML605 Evaluation Kit FPGA using the Xilinx Platform Studio 14.6 tools.
Integration of process planning and production scheduling: overview, analysis and object-oriented modeling

Integrated process planning and production scheduling have recently become a very provoking manufacturing research topic under the rapid development of computerized production environment (Zhang and Alting, 1991). It has been discouraging that by separating the computerization of manufacturing functions, such as process planning and production scheduling they are no longer as effective as expected. A new methodology and approach on integration must be developed and/ or introduced to enrich current research efforts. The traditional approaches to process planning and production scheduling must be re-examined and updated to adapt an integrated manufacturing environment.
Fludrocortisone Is Associated With a Higher Risk of All-Cause Hospitalizations Compared With Midodrine in Patients With Orthostatic Hypotension.

Background Orthostatic hypotension causes ≈80 000 hospitalizations per year in the United States. Treatments for orthostatic hypotension include fludrocortisone, a mineralocorticoid analog that promotes sodium reabsorption; and midodrine, an α‐1 adrenergic agonist that is a direct vasoconstrictor. Although both medications are used to treat orthostatic hypotension, few studies have compared their relative safety. Methods and Results We compared incidence rates of hospitalizations for all causes, and for congestive heart failure between users of fludrocortisone and users of midodrine in a retrospective cohort study of Tennessee Medicaid adult enrollees (1995–2009). Adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated using negative binomial regression models. Subgroup analyses based on history of congestive heart failure were conducted. We studied 1324 patients initiating fludrocortisone and 797 patients initiating midodrine. Compared with fludrocortisone users, midodrine users had higher prevalence of cardiovascular conditions. Incidence rates of all‐cause hospitalizations for fludrocortisone and midodrine users were 1489 and 1330 per 1000 person‐years, respectively (adjusted incidence‐rate ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.40). The respective rates of heart failure–related hospitalization were 76 and 84 per 1000 person‐years (adjusted incidence‐rate ratio: 1.33, 95% confidence interval, 0.79–2.56). Among patients with a history of congestive heart failure, the rates of all‐cause hospitalization for fludrocortisone and midodrine were 2448 and 1820 per 1000 person‐years (adjusted incidence‐rate ratio: 1.42, 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.90), and the respective rates of heart failure exacerbation–related hospitalizations were 297 and 263 per 1000 person‐years (adjusted incidence‐rate ratio: 1.48, 95% confidence interval, 0.69–3.16). Conclusions Compared with users of midodrine, users of fludrocortisone had higher rates of all‐cause hospitalizations, especially among patients with congestive heart failure.
Finding Inverse Laplace Transform via Partial Fractions

In most cases the transfer function of the circuit comes out as the ratio of a polynomial divided by another one. Each polynomial is in the s (frequency) domain. We start the chapter by practicing how to plot the transfer function, making sense of decay rates and phase changes, and introducing the decibel units. In the chapter we identify the meaning of poles and zeroes and their impact on the magnitude and phase of the transfer function. Then the bulk of the chapter deals with simplifying the transfer function in terms of series of simple fractions, each fraction having a constant in the numerator and a polynomial of order in the denominator. The numerator would have the residue, while the denominator would have the pole. Poles could be real or complex; they could also be of first order or higher ones. We outline how to calculate the residues of each simple fraction, plot the magnitude and phase, and rationalize the behavior of each. We also discuss long division and a simple method to estimate pole locations. The chapter has a lot of examples which can be used as backbone for sequel chapters in the book dealing with actual circuits.
Towards Adaptive Parallel Storage Systems

Disk I/O is a major bottleneck limiting the performance and scalability of data intensive applications. A common way to address disk I/O bottlenecks is using parallel storage systems and utilizing concurrent operation of independent storage components; however, achieving a consistently high parallel I/O performance is challenging due to static configurations. Modern parallel storage systems, especially in the cloud, enterprise data centers, and scientific clusters are commonly shared by various applications generating dynamic and coexisting data access patterns. Nonetheless, these systems generally utilize one-layout-fits-all data placement strategy frequently resulting in suboptimal I/O parallelism. Guided by association rule mining, graph coloring, bin packing, and network flow techniques, this paper proposes a general framework for adaptive parallel storage systems, with the goal of continuously providing a high-degree of I/O parallelism. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed framework is highly successful in adjusting to skewed parallel access patterns for both hard disk drive (HDD) based traditional storage arrays and solid-state drive (SSD) based all-flash arrays. In addition to the storage arrays, the proposed framework is sufficiently generic and can be tailored to various other parallel storage scenarios including but not limited to key-value stores, parallel/distributed file systems, and internal parallelism of SSDs.
Diet, the control of blood lipids, and the prevention of heart disease

Lipids and lipoproteins play an important role in modulating risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is well established that elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) increase CHD risk. In contrast, elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) exerts a cardioprotective effect. Thus, a greater ratio of TC to HDL-C (TC/HDL-C) indicates an increased CHD risk. Many epidemiologic and controlled clinical studies have demonstrated effects of single nutrients, specific foods, and dietary patterns, on lipids and lipoproteins. Diet can increase or decrease CHD risk via changes in the blood lipid profile as well as other risk factors (e.g., elevated blood pressure, inflammation, oxidative stress). This research has led to dietary recommendations that can markedly lower the risk of CHD. Consequently, a healthy diet is important in the prevention of CHD.
Monolithic CMOS detectors for use as x-ray imaging spectrometers

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in collaboration with Stanford Research Institute (SRI) has been developing monolithic CMOS detectors for use as astronomical soft X-ray imaging spectrometers since 2008. The long term goal of this collaboration is to produce X-ray Active Pixel Sensor (APS) detectors with Fano limited performance over the 0.1-10keV band for “Facility Class” missions such as Lynx. Since CMOS x-ray imagers consume very little power; are inherently ”radiation hard”; have high levels of integration, and are capable of very high read rates they are ideal for “Small Satellite” missions as well. SAO/SRI CMOS imagers are presently being proposed for several, more immediate X-ray “Small Sat” real and concept missions. CMOS device fabrication provides the most rapid path forward towards advances in virtually all types of integrated circuits. The same techniques and infrastructure that has produced tremendous capabilities in microprocessors, RAM and FPGAs are now being applied to CMOS based imaging detectors CMOS imaging detectors have found their way into high end consumer cameras and in various (non X-ray) astronomical missions, e.g. the flight imaging detectors for the SoloHi mission, the WISPR imager on the Parker Solar Probe. SAO is presently investigating three different devices that each embody technology that would be highly desirable in an x-ray imaging spectrometer; these are: back thinned high sensitivity NMOS PPD devices; NMOS devices with stitchable reticles; and monolithic PMOS devices that collect photo-holes instead of photo electrons. The back-thinned, high sensitivity NMOS PPD devices, known as Big Minimal IIIs (BMIII) were specifically funded and designed for soft x-ray single photon counting. They embody a 1k by 1k array of 6 Transistor (6T) 16µm PPD pixels. Each pixel has a 135 μV/e sense node. The stitchable reticle devices, known as “Mk by Nk”, can be made seamlessly in any format which fits on a silicon wafer. They consist of an array of 6 Transistor (6T) 10μm PPD pixels (for these test devices M=N=1) with a sense node of 90 μV/e. A stichable reticle CMOS with a choice of format size would be ideal for large focal plane or for a narrow rectangular grating readout. The third device category is a small 256 by 256 16μm pixel PMOS device which collects holes instead of electrons with a 60μV/h+ sense node. SAO/SRI conventional NMOS CMOS devices known as the Big Minimal III (BigMinIII) have recently demonstrated the ability to detect and resolve X-rays with energies below 200eV. Even with this very good sub-1keV response, an NMOS astronomical instrument would still be fundamentally limited by charge collection, read and Random Telegraph Signal (RTS) noise particularly for soft, faint, extended sources and surveys. We have just for the first time performed very preliminary X-ray tests with monolithic FI PMOS devices. We present details of our new camera design and preliminary device performance with particular emphasis on those aspects of interest to single photon counting X-ray astronomy.