cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unique insight into department of energy research accomplishments: a special collection

This poster describes online access to a unique collection of Department of Energy (DOE) Research and Development (R&D) accomplishments. The collection features research of DOE and its predecessor agencies, the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).This special collection contains historically significant government documents, including items from the Manhattan Project era, that have been specially selected and digitized to make them accessible via the Web. Landmark documents in the collection include The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry (authored by Nobel prize winner Murray Gell-Mann) and The First Weighing of Plutonium (authored by Nobel prize winner Glenn Seaborg).In addition to a database of approximately 250 specially-selected documents, all related aspects of the collection (documents, research areas, and/or Nobel Laureate information) are combined in Feature Topic pages for the added value of a single point of access to each compilation. Over sixty (60) Feature Topic pages include diverse topics such as "Video Games - Did They Begin at Brookhaven?" and "Human Genome Research: Decoding DNA".This collection features a large number of DOE-associated Nobel Laureates, including Enrico Fermi, winner of the 1938 Nobel prize in physics, and George Smoot, winner of the 2006 Nobel prize in physics, and showcases a diversity in DOE research areas, including solar energy (with related educational materials) and Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) that are used to power spacecraft.Easy access to this unique collection is provided via DOE R&D Accomplishments at http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments. This special collection is continually growing, with additional Nobel Laureate and/or research topic documents and features being added on a regular basis.
Brief paper: Robust actuator fault isolation and management in constrained uncertain parabolic PDE systems

This paper presents a methodology for the design of an integrated robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) and fault-tolerant control (FTC) architecture for distributed parameter systems modeled by nonlinear parabolic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) with time-varying uncertain variables, actuator constraints and faults. The design is based on an approximate finite-dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamics of the PDE system. Initially, an invertible coordinate transformation-obtained through judicious actuator placement-is used to transform the approximate system into a form where the evolution of each state is excited directly by only one actuator. For each state, a robustly stabilizing bounded feedback controller that achieves an arbitrary degree of asymptotic attenuation of the effect of uncertainty is then synthesized and its constrained stability region is explicitly characterized in terms of the constraints, the actuator locations and the size of the uncertainty. A key idea in the controller synthesis is to shape the fault-free closed-loop response of each state in a prescribed fashion that facilitates the derivation of (1) dedicated FDI residuals and thresholds for each actuator, and (2) an explicit characterization of the state-space regions where FDI can be performed under uncertainty and constraints. A switching law is then derived to orchestrate actuator reconfiguration in a way that preserves robust closed-loop stability following FDI. Precise FDI rules and control reconfiguration criteria that account for model reduction errors are derived for the implementation of the FDI-FTC structure on the distributed parameter system. Finally, the results are demonstrated using a tubular reactor example.
Biotechnology: Remote control of living cells

Cell signalling that is normally biochemically regulated can now be stimulated, with reversible and external control, by attaching magnetic nanoparticles to a cell surface and applying a magnetic field.
Nurse Staffing in California Hospitals 1998-2000: Findings from the California Nursing Outcome Coalition Database Project

This article describes nurse staffing in 330 critical care, medical surgical, and step-down units in 52 acute care California hospitals that was reported over nine quarters between April 1998 and J...
Derivation of the Ten Einstein Field Equations from the Semiclassical Approximation to Quantum Geometrodynamics

All ten Einstein field equations are derived from (a) a single equation, the Einstein-Hamilton-Jacobi equation for general relativity, and (b) the principle of constructive interference of de Broglie waves in superspace. In this derivation one obtains by introducing Tomonaga's many-time parametrization the manifestly covariant Hamiltonian equations of general relativity.
Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Patients with chronic psychiatric disorders have been found to have significant cognitive deficits. This study examined the effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation on 69 inpatients diagnosed with psychotic disorders at a V.A. Medical Center. The treatment group (N = 40) showed significant improvement on most memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, as well as on the Trailmaking Test (Parts A and B), and reported significantly fewer cognitive complaints. Control subjects (N = 29) showed no changes on these variables. These results indicate that psychiatric patients can productively work with computers, and that computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation can produce short-term improvements in psychiatric inpatients' cognitive performance.
Medical and Surgical Risks in Thyroid Surgery: Lessons from the NSQIP

Background To assess whether perioperative surgical outcomes associated with thyroid operations were different in those with benign or malignant conditions, we queried the NSQIP, a multi-institutional, risk-adjusted, prospective U.S. database.
AFS Journals Support Sustainable Aquaculture

The science of aquaculture has been on a long journey toward sustainable practices, and two recent articles from two different American Fisheries Society journals showcase this progress. One of the...
The real story behind story problems: Effects of representations on quantitative reasoning.

This article explores how differences in problem representations change both the performance and underlying cognitive processes of beginning algebra students engaged in quantitative reasoning. Contrary to beliefs held by practitioners and researchers in mathematics education, students were more successful solving simple algebra story problems than solving mathematically equivalent equations. Contrary to some views of situated cognition, this result is not simply a consequence of situated world knowledge facilitating problem-solving performance, but rather a consequence of student difficulties with comprehending the formal symbolic representation of quantitative relations. We draw on analyses of students' strategies and errors as the basis for a cognitive process explanation of when, why, and how differences in problem representation affect problem solving. We conclude that differences in external representations can affect performance and learning when one representation is easier to comprehend than anoth...
The Constrained Blister—A Nearly Constant Strain Energy Release Rate Test for Adhesives

Abstract A modification of the blister test permits nearly constant strain energy release rate testing of adhesive bonds. By constraining the deformation of the blister, a promising device for automated evaluation of critical strain energy release rates can be obtained. The procedure is especially amenable to viscoelastic and environmentally-assisted debonding processes. Preliminary experimental evaluation of the time-dependent adhesive fracture toughness of a tape product is included.
The energy levels of U233

Abstract The beta decay of Pa233 was studied by means of high resolution permanent-magnet electron spectrographs, an iron free double-focussing beta spectrometer and a curved-crystal gamma ray spectrometer. Measured values of relative conversion electron and photon intensities are used to determine conversion coefficients and to assign multipolarities and multipole mixing ratios for the transitions in U233. The quantum assignments of the levels in U233 are considered, by comparisons of observed beta and photon branching ratios to those predicted by theory. Several new transitions were observed and some of these are used to postulate new levels in U233.
Effect of fiber length variation on tensile properties of carbon-fiber cement composites

Abstract Unlike other fiber types, carbon fibers tend to possess a distribution of fiber lengths even before mixing into a cementitious matrix. During mixing, some amount of fiber rupture may be expected. Along with other fiber parameters, fiber length distribution may be expected to play an important role in governing the composite properties. This paper describes the results of an experimental program which measures the length distribution of carbon fibers both before and after mixing. A database of composite tensile stress-strain behavior is established for a number of commercially available carbon fibers in a cementitious matrix. Special emphasis is placed on pseudo strain-hardening behavior and the associated ultimate tensile strength beyond first cracking. A theoretical model of this ultimate strength which explicitly account for fiber length distribution is developed and shown to account for the reduced tensile strength of experimentally observed results reasonably well. Results of this research suggest that for the purpose of brittle cementitious matrix reinforcement, carbon fibers with higher strain capacity may be more important than high modulus typically demanded for polymer matrix composite reinforcement.
Digestible Protein Requirements of Calves Fed High Energy Rations ad Libitum

Abstract Pelleted calf starter rations containing 8.5 (R-1), 11.3 (R-2), and 12.5% (R-3) digestible protein were fed ad libitum to three treatment groups of 12 Holstein heifer calves from birth to 91kg body weight (Period 1). The concentrate-to-roughage ratio was 80:20. A limited amount of milk was fed until weaning at six weeks of age. At 91kg of body weight, the 36 calves were allotted by factorial arrangement to grain mixes containing 5.1 (R-A), 8.5 (R-B), and 9.1% (R-C) digestible protein to observe calf responses from 91 to 182kg body weight (Period 2) and possible interactions with protein levels used in Period 1. Rolled grains and long alfalfa hay were separated, but offered ad libitum. Average daily gains during Period 1 (post-weaning values) were 0.72 (R-1), 0.72 (R-2), and 0.73 (R-3) kg, respectively; Period 2 gains were 1.12 (R-A), 1.09 (R-B), and 1.11 (R-C) kg. Average utilization of digestible energy by treatment groups were 8.48 (R-1), 8.52 (R-2), and 8.46 (R-3) megcal DE/kg gain (Period 1, post-weaning); 13.02 (R-A), 12.97 (R-B), and 13.69 (R-C) megcal DE/kg gain (Period 2). These differences were not significant (P
JTS-653 blocks afferent nerve firing and attenuates bladder overactivity without affecting normal voiding function.

Purpose: We evaluated the role of TRPV1 in bladder overactivity based on afferent nerve firing and urodynamic parameters using the selective TRPV1 antagonist JTS-653.Materials and Methods: We evaluated the effects of JTS-653 on the increased pelvic nerve discharge and intravesical pressure induced by intravesical infusion of 100 μM capsaicin in anesthetized rats. The effects of JTS-653 on the urodynamic parameters of bladder overactivity induced by intravesical infusion of 30 nM resiniferatoxin or 0.2% acetic acid, or on normal bladder activity were evaluated by cystometry in conscious rats. The effects of JTS-653 on carbachol induced contraction were investigated using bladder muscle strips.Results: JTS-653 significantly suppressed the capsaicin induced increase in nerve discharge and intravesical pressure. Intravesical infusion of resiniferatoxin or acetic acid decreased the intercontraction interval and voided volume. JTS-653 significantly increased the intercontraction interval and voided volume in ra...
Mechanism of alternating inter‐intramolecular propagation. II. General kinetics

The general kinetics of alternating inter-intramolecular propagation are presented and discussed. The major factor which determines the microstructure of the polymer, the relative rates of the intramolecular and intermolecular reactions is examined. From the general kinetics methods are proposed for the determination of the ratio of rate constants for these reactions. A simple method utilizes the equation: [m1]/[M3] = 1 + (kc/k11)(1/[M1]0), where [m1] is the concentration of monomer units in the polymer, [M3] is the concentration of uncyclized units, [M1] is a parameter related to monomer concentration, kc is the rate constant for cyclization and k11 the rate constant for linear propagation. Other methods which may give information on the nature of the termination reaction are discussed.
EGF Deficiency in the Renal Cortex Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension via Upregulation of ENaC Activity

Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats fed a high salt diet exhibit increased blood pressure and renal damage. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), is responsible for the fine tuning of Na+ absorption in the kidney. We and others have shown recently that members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family are important for maintaining transepithelial Na+ transport and that EGF biphasically modulates sodium transport in principal cells. A combination of electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, microscopy and chronic studies in vivo and in vitro was used here to provide mechanistic insights on how ENaC is regulated by EGF and how changes in this pathway contributes to salt induced hypertension in the SS rats. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses demonstrate that expression of ENaC subunits are significantly increased in SS rats fed a high salt diet and in SS versus consomic, salt-resistant SS-13BN rats. Patch clamp analysis of ENaC activity in split opened tubules also demonstrated upregulation of ENaC activity in SS rats fed a high salt diet. As measured by ELISA, EGF concentration in the kidney cortex of SS rats fed a high salt diet was significantly lower compared to rats on a low salt diet. To directly evaluate EGF effect on the development of hypertension and ENaC activity, EGF was intravenously infused and MAP was monitored continuously. Supplementation of EGF prevented the development of hypertension in SS rats and attenuated renal glomerular and tubular damage. Moreover, chronic infusion of EGF decreased ENaC activity in isolated distal nephron. Thus, EGF and related growth factors are decreased under conditions of an elevated dietary NaCl intake leading to decreased activation of the EGF receptor and thus resulting in the insertion of enhanced ENaC in the apical membrane of the principal cells.
An Approach to Bumpless Control for LPV Modeled Inverters in a Microgrid

Recent papers have shown advantages of robust controllers compared to the controllers based on classical control theory. Further improvements in performance and stable operating range may be realized through the use of multiple robust controllers, but these are typically complicated to synthesize and implement. The complexity is somewhat relaxed for bumpless-transfer controllers, which have appeared in the literature as an ad hoc gain-scheduling control scheme. The approach is less conservative, easier to synthesize, and easier to implement than a gain-scheduled polytopic controller or other interpolation scheme, and has a larger operating range than a nominal controller. In this paper, an inverter connected to a microgrid is modeled as a linear parameter varying system and bumpless controllers are scheduled using polytopic coordinates and applied to inverters in a microgrid.
Value of electrophysiologic studies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with amiodarone

Abstract The relation of electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone to long-term outcome was studied in 35 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Indications for electrophysiologic studies were: cardiac arrest (n = 3), syncope/presyncope (n = 27) and asymptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 5). Twenty-eight patients (80%) had VT, 3 (9%) atrial tachycardia and 3 (9%) paroxysmal atrial fibrillation during 24-hour Holter monitoring. The studies were repeated after a total amiodarone dose of 58 ± 122 g and during a maintenance median daily dose of 400 mg. Amiodarone abolished paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias in all 6 patients. However, it caused marked atrioventricular nodal conduction abnormality in 3 patients and heart block or marked HV interval prolongation (to ≥100 ms) in 4 patients. Sustained VT was induced in 26 patients (74%) at baseline study and in 23 patients (66%) taking amiodarone therapy. With amiodarone, VT was no longer inducible or was more difficult to induce in 11 patients (31%), and the drug abolished VT during Holter monitoring in all patients. However, VT was easier to induce with amiodarone or was induced only with amiodarone in 18 (51%) patients. Amiodarone significantly slowed the rate of induced VT (from 248 ± 29 to 214 ± 37 beats/min, p During a follow up of 18 ± 14 months (range 2 to 56), amiodarone was discontinued because of adverse effects in 8 patients (23%). Additionally, 4 of 18 patients in whom amiodarone facilitated induction of VT either died (n = 2) or received appropriate electric shocks from an implanted defibrillator device compared with none of the remaining 17 patients taking amiodarone in whom VT induction was not possible, unchanged or more difficult (1-year event-free rates: 71 vs 100%, p Thus, although amiodarone effectively suppresses atrial arrhythmias and reduces or prevents VT induction in about one-third of patients with HC, it causes important conduction abnormalities in about 20% of patients and facilitates induction of VT in about half of patients. This latter group of patients may be prone to malignant VT and amiodarone, and cannot be identified by Holter recordings. Electrophysiologic studies are therefore necessary when initiating amiodarone, because the results identify patients with HC who should receive a pacemaker with the drug, as well as those in whom amiodarone should be discontinued because of serious proarrhythmic effects.
Relative spectral mixture analysis — A multitemporal index of total vegetation cover

Abstract A new multitemporal technique is presented that allows monitoring of vegetation dynamics in coarse multispectral remote sensing data. This technique, relative spectral mixture analysis (RSMA), provides information about the amount of green vegetation (GV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) plus litter, and snow relative to a reference time. The RSMA indices of specific ground components are defined so that they are positive when the fractional cover of a ground component is greater than that at the reference time and negative when the fractional cover is less than that at the reference time. The rationale for the new technique and its mathematical underpinnings are discussed. Example RSMA timeseries from the southern–central United States are presented based on four years of MODIS MOD43 nadir BRDF adjusted reflectance (NBAR) data. This timeseries shows that the RSMA GV index, XGV, is robust in the presence of snow. Spectral simulations show that XGV is also robust with different soil backgrounds. The RSMA index of NPV/litter cover, XNPV/litter, provides information about the dynamics of the nonphotosynthetic portion of organic matter at or above the surface. The RSMA index of total vegetation plus litter, XTV, provides information about the dynamics of the non-soil/non-snow portion of ground cover. Because it mirrors the bare ground cover, XTV may be particularly useful in remote sensing applications aimed at the study of soil erosion.
Calculations of the trapping and migration of vacancies and nickel self-interstitials in the presence of rare gases and dislocations

Abstract Recent models of swelling, void growth, and solute segregation under irradiation all require knowledge of the trapping and migration of vacancies and self-interstitials in the presence of lattice defects. The present calculations include trapping of both vacancies and nickel self-interstitials to substitutional and interstitial rare gas atoms. The results show a systematic dependence on rare gas atom size. It is found for example, that a vacancy is bound to a small fixed rare gas interstitial (He) by ∼0.5 eV and to a large fixed interstitial (Xe) by ≥3 eV. In addition, a fixed substitutional rare gas or rare gas interstitial is found to be a strong trap for a self-interstitial. It is found that a single vacancy can significantly affect the migration energy of another vacancy. For example, a 0.4 eV decrease in migration energy is found at a distance of three half-lattice constants. However, this interaction is of limited range; at distances greater than five half-lattice constants vacancy migration is unaffected. The migration of vacancies near the core of a partial dislocation was also investigated. This partial is found to provide a 1 eV (compared to 1.4 eV in the bulk) path for the pipe diffusion of vacancies. In addition, the activation energy for vacancy migration along the slip plane is reduced by as much as 0.2 eV.
Global precipitation estimates from satellite: Using difference fields of outgoing long‐wave radiation

Global precipitation estimates using satellite data are derived using difference fields of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR). The difference fields consist of clear OLR minus cloudy OLR, which is a measure of long-wave cloud radiative forcing at the top of the earth-atmosphere system; and clear daytime OLR minus clear night-time OLR, which is a measure of the diurnal variation of surface heating. All geophysical parameters used to compute OLR are derived from an analysis of the HIRS2/MSU sounding data. The derived global precipitation estimates show good agreement with collocated raingage data over land.
Morpheme Alternants in Linguistic Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a technique for determining the morphemes of a language, as rigorous as the method used now for finding its phonemes. The proposed technique differs only in details of arrangement from the methods used by linguists today. However, these small differences suffice to simplify the arrangement of grammars.
Adaptive lossless compression in wireless body sensor networks

In most wireless body sensor network (BSN) applications, the vast majority of the total energy is consumed by the wireless transmission of sensed data. Transmitting one bit using a typical wireless communication system can consume as much energy as 1000 cycles of an embedded processor. Reducing this transmission energy -- even at the expense of increasing another component's energy -- is essential to meeting the battery life and form factor (i.e. small battery) requirements of many BSN applications. While improved wireless communication and networking techniques can help do just that, simply compressing the sensed data to reduce the number of transmitted bits can provide significant savings. However, BSN platforms and applications impose many constraints on compression techniques, including fidelity (focus on lossless techniques, as required for many medical BSN applications), programmability (enable ease of code development and deployment), adaptability (achieve high compression ratio regardless of location, subject, activity, etc.), and implementability (require low processing and memory resources). This paper analyzes variations of two known real-time lossless compression algorithms, Huffman encoding and delta encoding, within the context of these BSN constraints. Experimental results on a multi-node accelerometer-based BSN show the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm and ultimately reveal the superiority of dynamic delta encoding for BSNs, including an average 35% energy savings across a range of activities, sensor locations, and sensor axes.
Gender and place of death from coronary artery disease in Washington State

Men may be more likely than women to die outside the hospital from coronary artery disease, whereas women may be as likely as men to die inside the hospital. This study used Washington State death records to compare death rates from coronary artery disease inside and outside the hospital for women and men from 1980 to 2001. For in-hospital deaths, the men:women ratio of deaths was 1.6 in 1980 and 2001; for out-of-hospital deaths, the ratio decreased slightly from 2.6 in 1980 to 2.3 in 2001. These findings support the contention that, despite significant decreases in mortality, men continue to have higher rates of death outside and inside the hospital than do women, although there has been a slight decrease in male:female mortality for deaths outside the hospital.
Bayesian improver of a distribution

An estimate of a distribution obtained from a sample by any method of classical statistics may be erroneous when the sample is not representative of the population. A subjective distribution elicited from an expert may be miscalibrated when information is scanty and experience limited. The Bayesian Improver of a Distribution (BID) exploits a coherence principle and improves, in the ex ante sense, an initial estimate of a continuous distribution by using (i) the known distribution of a related variate and (ii) information about the dependence structure between the two variates. The theory of BID is developed into an applied (ABID) procedure. The ABID estimator is applicable to any continuous, monotone likelihood ratio dependent variates with arbitrary, strictly increasing marginal distributions, parametric or nonparametric; it is analytic in form and easy to implement via statistical or judgmental methods; it converges to the true distribution, provided the initial estimator does, as the sample size n→∞; it outperforms the initial estimator in the expected Kolmogorov–Smirnov distance for all n; and it offers the greatest gains when n is small – precisely when improved estimates are needed most.
Subcellular localization of acetyl-CoA synthetase in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea.

Abstract The localization of acetyl-CoA synthetase in the spinach leaf cell was examined. When the different compartments of lysed spinach protoplasts were assayed for marker enzymes and acetyl-CoA synthetase, it was determined that the synthetase was totally localized in the chloroplast compartment. Analysis of spinach leaf for free acetate revealed that this acid was present at a 1 m m level in the leaf cell. It is suggested that free acetate probably derived from a number of sources in the cell diffuses into the chloroplast stroma compartment where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and thence employed for biosynthetic reactions. Thus, free acetate is metabolically inert in the leaf cell until it is transported to the only compartment that contains acetyl-CoA synthetase, namely the chloroplast.
Calibration and Data-Reduction Algorithms for Nonconventional Multihole Pressure Probes

The development of calibration and data-reduction algorithms for nonconventional multihole pressure probes is presented. The algorithms that have been developed in the past for conventional five- and seven-hole probes are not optimal for probes with port arrangements (on the probe tip) that are nonconventional. Conventional algorithms utilize the axisymmetry of the port distribution pattern to define the nondimensional pressure coefficients. These coefficients are typically defined specifically for these patterns, but fail to represent correctly different patterns of port arrangements, such as patterns without axisymmetry or regularity. The algorithms introduced can handle any pattern of port arrangement, from axisymmetric and regular to random. Moreover, they eliminate the need to separate the measurement domain of a probe to low-angle and high-angle regimes, typical in conventional five-and seven-hole-probe algorithms that require two different sets of pressure coefficient definitions and procedures. Additionally, the algorithms have been formulated such that they facilitate redundancy implementations, especially in applications where such redundancy is important, such as air-data systems. The developed algorithms are applied to a nonconventional probe, a nearly omnidirectional 18-hole probe, and demonstrate very high flow-measurement accuracy
The Paradox of Contemporary Immigrant Political Mobilization: Organized Labor, Undocumented Migrants, and Electoral Participation in Los Angeles

This article illuminates a paradox in the contemporary political mobilization of new Americans. While labor unions are taking an increasingly active role in the successful mobilization of foreign-born residents in electoral politics, a substantial number of these newly mobilized Americans are undocumented migrants and residents, and thus are members of a growing and permanently disenfranchised working class. While this marginalized labor force benefits capital, an expanding long-term, non-citizen population presents a serious challenge to democratic politics. In this article, I discuss a case study which demonstrates both sides of this paradox. Facilitated by broader Latino political mobilization, their membership in progressive labor unions, and labor's shifting political strategy, many undocumented residents of Los Angeles are participating in candidate endorsements, campaign rallies, and “get out the vote” efforts, even though they are unable to vote on election day. Their actions portend future reconfigurations of the boundaries which surround citizenship and suffrage.
Regional comparisons of brain glucose influx

The regional influx of glucose across the blood-brain barrier and regional blood flow were studied simultaneously in conscious and restrained rats using the single pass bolus injection of [14C]butanol and [3H]D-glucose method. Glucose extraction by the cerebellum was about twice that of other brain regions. Thus, despite the lower cerebellar blood flow, the influx of glucose into the cerebellum was equivalent to that of the cerebral cortex and higher than that of the hippocampus over a wide range of plasma glucose concentrations. Because the local metabolic rate for glucose is higher in the cerebral cortex than in the cerebellum, the equal influx of glucose in these two regions means a relative oversupply of glucose to the cerebellum. In vivo analysis of blood to brain glucose transport kinetics showed similar plasma glucose concentrations at half-maximal transport (Kt) in brain regions that were studied. The values for Kt ranged between 4.4 and 5.1 mM. Maximal transport capability (Tmax), on the other hand, was similar in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum but significantly lower in the hippocampus (P less than 0.05). The higher ratio of glucose influx to glucose utilization in the cerebellum may explain the clinical and experimental findings of relative resistance of the cerebellum to hypoglycemia while the lower Tmax in the hippocampus may be the mechanism underlying its selective vulnerability during pathophysiologic conditions associated with marked increments in brain oxidative metabolism, such as status epilepticus.
Effects of additives on the stability of electrolytes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries

The stability of the electrolytes for all-vanadium redox flow battery was investigated with ex-situ heating/cooling treatment and in situ flow-battery testing methods. The effects of inorganic and organic additives have been studied. The additives containing the ions of potassium, phosphate, and polyphosphate are not suitable stabilizing agents because of their reactions with V(V) ions, forming precipitates of KVSO6 or VOPO4. Of the chemicals studied, polyacrylic acid and its mixture with CH3SO3H are the most promising stabilizing candidates which can stabilize all the four vanadium ions (V2+, V3+, VO2+, and VO2+) in electrolyte solutions up to 1.8 M. However, further effort is needed to obtain a stable electrolyte solution with >1.8 M V5+ at temperatures higher than 40 °C.
Chromatographic fractionation of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) IgG subclasses using deae cellulose and protein A-sepharose.

Abstract Rhesus monkey serum was applied to a protein A-Sepharose column at pH 7.3 IgG was not detectable in the unbound effluent. Bound protein was eluted with a pH gradient of citrate-phosphate buffer. Two major elution peaks reproducibly resulted at pH 4.85–4.9 and pH 4.35–4.43, respectively, with only slight variability among individuals. Since the immunoelectrophoretic mobility of IgG in the peak at pH 4.85–4.9 was slower than that of the peak at pH 4.35–4.43, serum was first fractionated by ion exchange chromatography into 2 fractions: the first did not bind to DEAE cellulose in 0.01 M phosphate buffer pH 7.8, the second did bind and was eluted by an NaCl gradient. Each DEAE fraction was then further fractionated on protein A-Sepharose. IgG in the first DEAE fraction bound to protein A at pH 7.3 and eluted in a single peak at pH 4.72–5.0. IgG in the second DEAE fraction also bound to protein A, but eluted in 2 peaks at pH 4.65–5.1, and 4.25–4.6, respectively. All 3 IgG fractions eluted in the same position from an A5m column, had immunodiffusion reactions of identity with anti-human γ chain and were composed of similar heavy and light chains judged by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, IgG eluting from protein A at the low pH (4.25–4.6) had a reaction of partial identity with other IgG fractions when tested by immunodiffusion against rabbit anti-rhesus γ chain, suggestive of an antigenically different subclass. Analysis of rabbit antisera prepared against the 3 IgG fractions confirmed the occurrence of at least 3 antigenically distinct rhesus monkey IgG subclasses. These 3 subclasses have been provisionally designated IgG I, IgG II and IgG III.
Mechanical systems under servo constraints: the Lagrange’s approach

Abstract The classical Lagrangean mechanics is extended to consider servo controls. A mechanical system is subject to a set of constraints. The means to realize the constraints are a set of servo controls, instead of the environment as has been considered in the classical Lagrangean mechanics. We first propose a new Lagrange’s form of d’Alembert’s principle for the servo case. The servo constraint problem will be solved via the Lagrange’s approach. The result is then extended to solve a more complicated servo constraint problem, in which the given force and the constraint force are coupled.
A simple method to determine the step heights on ultrathin heteroepitaxial films

The step heights or first interlayer spacings on ultrathin heteroepitaxial films of Fe on Au(001) have been determined from the energy-dependent angular profiles of the specular diffraction beam obtained from low energy electron diffraction (LEED). This method requires little effort in calculation and can be used as a guide in the widely used dynamical LEED calculation of the energy-dependent peak intensity. It is also very general and can be applied to other ultrathin heteroepitaxial films as long as the scattering factors of constituent atoms have slow varying phases relative to the phase change due to step height in the low energy regime.
The covariates of regularity in purchase timing

An examination of the timing of consumers' purchases for coffee reveals that consumers vary a great deal in terms of the regularity of their purchasing behavior. Some consumers make purchases at seemingly random time intervals, while others purchase at highly regular intervals. The measurement of regularity in purchase timing, as well as the identification of its covariates, is important in many contexts such as modeling purchase incidence and sales forecasting. We measure the degree of regularity among a sample of coffee purchasers and identify several consumer characteristics that vary with the degree of regularity in purchase timing. Results show that regularity in purchase timing is related to brand loyalty, store loyalty and deal proneness, as well as to certain pattern of routinization by the households, and that regularity may be used, along with other aspects of purchase behavior, to provide a basis for market segmentation.
Parallel Dynamics and Computational Complexity of Network Growth Models

The parallel computational complexity or depth of growing network models is investigated. The networks considered are generated by preferential attachment rules where the probability of attaching a new node to an existing node is given by a power $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of the connectivity of the existing node. Algorithms for generating growing networks very quickly in parallel are described and studied. The sublinear and superlinear cases require distinct algorithms. As a result, there is a discontinuous transition in the parallel complexity of sampling these networks corresponding to the discontinuous structural transition at $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$, where the networks become scale-free. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}g1$, networks can be generated in constant time while for $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$, logarithmic parallel time is required. The results show that these networks have little depth and embody very little history dependence despite being defined by sequential growth rules.
Derivation of the Boltzmann equation for a dilute, quantum-mechanical, slightly inhomogeneous gas

Abstract A Boltzmann equation for a dilute, quantum mechanical, slightly inhomogeneous gas of distinguishable point particles is derived using the projection operator method. The procedure avoids the use of perturbation theory and diagrammatic techniques. The method is easily generalized to the cases of indistinguishable particles and molecules with degenerate internal states.
Echocardiographic assessment of the accuracy of computed tomography in the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant pericardial effusions.

Background Although Doppler echocardiography is the noninvasive test of choice for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion (HSPE), pericardial effusion is often first detected by computed tomography (CT). Few data are available, however, regarding the accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. Methods We retrospectively identified 28 consecutive hospitalized patients with pericardial effusion who underwent both chest CT and echocardiography within 48 hours between 2001 and 2005. CT images were analyzed by experienced radiologists without knowledge of the echo results. Radiologic findings were evaluated with Doppler echocardiography. Results Of the 28 patients, 15 had HSPE by echo criteria. Right ventricular wall flattening and pericardial thickening on CT correlated with HSPE with a positive predictive value of 79% and 67%, respectively. Inferior vena cava diameter by CT was not a useful predictor of HSPE. CT was most accurate in diagnosing HSPE when the effusions were large (n = 6) and was 100% sensitive and specific in this group. Of the small- to moderate-sized effusions (n = 22), the sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions CT findings of right ventricular wall flattening, pericardial thickening, and a large pericardial effusion significantly increase the likelihood of tamponade. In this study, the majority of patients diagnosed with HSPE by CT did indeed have tamponade by standard echo criteria. Although not a useful screening tool in the diagnosis of HSPE, CT is of some help, and abnormal results warrant more urgent clinical evaluation.
Mandibular ameloblastoma with intracerebral and pulmonary metastasis.

Summary A case in which a 52-year-old woman with a 23-year history of ameloblastoma was unsuccessfully treated by multiple local surgical excisions, a hemimandibulectomy 15 years prior to death, and finally chemotherapy is reported. This patient had widespread soft-tissue recurrence in the left neck, intracranial extension, and multiple parenchymal metastases. Evidence of vascular invasion was present. This represents the eighth reported case of metastatic ameloblastoma and the third case of combined pulmonary and intracerebral extension.
Differential Control Of Phosphodiesterases During Pulmonary Fetal Development 271

Pulmonary vascular tone and cellular proliferation /mitogenesis are modulated by cyclic nucleotides. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) decrease intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels thus increase cellular proliferation and vascular tone. In order to better understand the basic biochemical mechanisms regulating pulmonary vascular tone and cellular proliferation during fetal development, we determined the cGMP and cAMP PDE isozymes present in 113 day (n=3), 124 day (n=2), 136 day (n=3) and 140 day (n=3) term fetal sheep lung. The PDE isozymes were determined by the presence/absence of inhibitors and either 1μM cAMP or cGMP. These findings reported below demonstrate an elevation of cGMP PDE5 and PDE1C activity at early development with a slow decline until term. Similar results are observed with cAMP PDE4 but not PDE3. These results suggest that an elevation of PDE5, PDE1C and PDE4 may contribute to cellular proliferation and lung development as well as oppose pulmonary vasodilation. Figure
Decompositions into codimension two spheres and approximate fibrations

Abstract Let M denote an orientable ( n +2)-manifold ( n ⩾1) and G an upper semicontinuous decomposition of M into compacta having the shape of the n -sphere. In this context it is shown that the decomposition space is a 2-manifold. Moreover, it is established that the decomposition map is an approximate fibration for n >1, while for n =1 the map is an approximate fibration over the complement of a locally finite set.
Quasistatic Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

The dynamics of a single crack moving through a heterogeneous medium is studied in the quasistatic approximation, which may be directly applicable to cracks grown under fatigue. In a model scalar system and for mode III (tearing) loading, the crack surface is found to be self-affine with a roughness exponent of $\ensuremath{\zeta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/2$. Mode I (tensile) loading, however, leads to a crack surface that is only logarithmically rough, quite unlike those seen in most experiments. Residual stresses are found, potentially, to lead to increased crack surface roughness. But elastic wave propagation effects may be needed to explain the very rough crack surfaces observed experimentally.
Filter design for directional multiresolution decomposition

ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss recent developments on design t ools and methods for multidi mensional lter banks inthe context of directional multiresolution representations. Due to the inherent non-separability of the ltersand the lack of multi-dimensional factorization tools, one generally has to overcome factorization by indirectmethods. One such method is the mapping technique. 13 In the context of contourlets we review methodsfor designing lters with directional vanishing moments (DVM). The DVM property is crucial in guaranteeingthe non-linear approximation ecacy of contourlets. Our approach allows for easy design of two-channel linear-phase lter banks with DVM of any order. Next we study the design via mapping of nonsubsampled lterbanks. Our methodology allows for a fast implementation through ladder steps. The proposed design is thenused to construct the nonsubsampled contourlet transfor m which is particularly eciently in image denoising,as experiments in this paper show.Keywords: Multidimensional Filter Banks, Cont ourlets, Nonlinear Approximation
The buoyancy of the integument of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Effects of growth, reproduction, and nutritional state

In Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) the thickness and lipid content of blubber (the integument's specialized hypodermis) varies across ontogeny and with reproductive and nutritional state. Because the integument comprises up to 25% of total body mass in this species, ontogenetic changes in its lipid content may influence whole body buoyancy. The density and volume of the integument were measured and its buoyancy calculated across an ontogenetic series of dolphins and in pregnant and emaciated adults (total n = 45). Regional differences between the metabolically labile trunk integument and the structural tailstock integument were also investigated. Mean densities of both trunk and tailstock integument were similar across life history categories (trunk = 1,040.7 ± 14.1 kg/m 3 ; tailstock = 1,077.1 ± 21.2 kg/m 3 ) and were statistically similar to the density of seawater (1,026 kg/m 3 ). The mean buoyant force of integument from the trunk (—1.01 ± 1.74 N) and tailstock (—0.30 ± 0.21 N) did not vary significantly across ontogeny. In contrast, pregnancy and emaciation did influence the integument's buoyancy, which ranged between 9 N and —45 N in these categories. Although neutral during growth, the integument's contribution to whole body buoyancy can be influenced by an individual's reproductive and nutritional status.
Nonlinear absorption in organometallic materials

We report results of two ongoing investigations that seek to characterize the photophysics of organometallic complexes under one- and two-photon excitation. In the first line of investigation we explore the properties of the triplet state in a complex that contains four individual platinum-acetylide chromophores linked via a tetraphenylmethane unit. Although the individual platinum-acetylide chromophores are not conjugated in the tetramer, transient absorption studies provide clear evidence that triplet-triplet annihilation is very efficient when the complex is excited by sequential two-photon absorption. In a second line of study we have carried out preliminary photophysical studies of an Ir(III) complex that contains a highly conjugated organic ligand that is designed to exhibit a large two-photon absorption cross section. One photon excitation of the Ir(III) complex in the visible region produces a long-lived triplet state that absorbs strongly in the visible and near-infrared regions. Preliminary experiments suggest that the long-lived triplet can be efficiently produced via two-photon absorption in the near-infrared region.
Free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease: cause, consequence or epiphenomenon?

Abstract Oxygen-derived free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolites have emerged as a common pathway of tissue injury in a wide variety of otherwise disparate disease processes. This has given rise to the hope that efforts directed towards the phamacologic control of free radical-mediated tissue injury (Reilly, P. M., Schiller, H. J. and Bulkely, G. B. (1991) Pharmacologic approach to tissue injyr mediated by free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolitis. Am. J. Surg.161: 488–503) may have particular application to patients suffering from Crohn's disease and/or ulcerative colitis. However, because tissue injury by any mechanism, even direct mechanical trauma, can elicit an inflammatory response which entails the possibility of an etiologic role for these toxic compounds from their presence as a reflection important that the evidence for this association be examined critically, so as to discriminate the possibility of an etiologic role for these toxic compounds from their presence as a reflection of injury caused primarily by other agents. Similarly, in considering the therapeutic potential of free radical ablation for the treatment of patients with IBD it is important to distinguish between interventions that might specifically block the fundamental injury mechanism from those which woukd act in a more nonspecific, anti-inflammatory role.