cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of isolated attosecond pulses with ultrabroad bandwidth

We report a new technique for attosecond pulse characterization based on interference of quantum transitions induced by single infrared photons.
The Composite Nature of Interlanguage as a Developing System

This paper explores the nature of interlanguage (IL) as a developing system with a focus on the abstract lexical structure underlying IL construction. The developing system of IL is assumed to be ‘composite’ in that in second language acquisition (SLA) several linguistic systems are in contact, each of which may contribute different amounts to the developing system. The lexical structure is assumed to be ‘abstract’ in that the mental lexicon contains abstract elements called ‘lemmas’, which contain information about individual lexemes, and lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are language-specific and are in contact in IL production. Based on the research findings, it concludes that language transfer in IL production should be understood as lemma transfer of the learner’s first language (L1) lexical structure at three abstract levels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns, and IL construction is driven by an incompletely acquired abstract lexical structure of a target language (TL) item.
Magnetically assembled multiwalled carbon nanotubes on ferromagnetic contacts

A facile method for assembling carbon nanotubes (CNT) on ferromagnetic metal contacts is described. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) with a magnetic cap were fabricated by thermally evaporating nickel on top of a vertical array of MWNTs grown on silicon. Magnetic interaction between the magnets on the nanotubes and lithographically patterned ferromagnetic electrodes caused the relative alignment and directed placement of nanotubes. The lithographically patterned electrodes were further modified using electrochemical deposition to form asymmetric ferromagnetic electrodes as well as improve the electrical and magnetic interactions at the contacts. MWNTs thus assembled showed characteristics that have been established for various nanotube device configurations. This validates the assembling technique for exploring charge- and spin-based electronic devices.
Coherence and multiple scattering in “Z-contrast” images

Abstract Hollow-cone dark-field images from crystalline silicon were examined as a function of thickness and scattering angle. We find that both coherent scattering and multiple scattering can cause the intensity to depend non-linearly on thickness, even for high-angle scattering events. A simple method for estimating the effect of multiple elastic scattering in thick specimens is provided. We show theoretically, that a coherence volume exists around each scatterer whose dimensions depend inversely on scattering angle. The coherence volume has a narrow “cigar” shape, elongated along the optic axis. The narrowness ensures that inter -atomic-column interferences, such as zero-order Laue zone Bragg reflections, are suppressed, whereas the elongation permits intra -atomic-column interference (or columnar diffraction). In high-resolution “ Z -contrast” images, this bias towards columnar diffraction acts to enhance the signal from atom columns.
Depth regulation of crab larvae in the absence of light

Abstract Behavioral responses to gravity and hydrostatic pressure have been investigated in two species of xanthid crabs Leptodius floridanus (Gibbes) and Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards to determine whether such responses provide a mechanism for depth regulation in the absence of light. In laboratory experiments, the four zoea stages and one megalopa stage of each species assume a differential vertical distribution in darkness, with succeeding stages showing a deeper overall distribution. Passive sinking rates increase in succeeding zoea stages and drop to an intermediate level after the molt to the megalopa stage. All zoea stages exhibit a negative geotaxis in the absence of light; the megalopa shows a positive geotaxis. The first zoea stage of Leptodius floridanus responds to an increase in hydrostatic pressure (up to 1 atmos above ambient) with an increase in swimming rate. This pressure response is shown to be reversible and not subject to short-term acclimation. The swimming rate of the last zoea stage does not increase in response to an increase in pressure. It is concluded that the responses of these larvae to gravity and hydrostatic pressure together with their characteristic passive sinking rates provide a mechanism for depth regulation in the absence of light that varies during ontogeny.
Proteolytic enzymes in experimental spinal cord injury.

Abstract Experimental spinal cord injury was produced in rats by dropping a 10 g weight from 30 cm upon dura-invested exposed spinal cord. Proteolytic activities at neutral (pH 7.6) and acid (pH 5.5 and 3.6) pH were determined in whole homogenate and the cytosolic fraction of the lesion (lumbar) and cervical control segments. The enzyme activity was monitored by SDS-PAGE analysis of the extent of substrate myelin basic protein (MBP) degradation. Activities (neutral and cathepsin B-like) in the shamoperated spinal cord were lower than those of cervical autologous control at 24 h after injury. The increase in neutral proteinase activity was progressive and greater in the lesion than the autologous control. A 61.5% ± 3.5 loss of MBP was observed at 2 h following injury and increased at 24 h (78.2% ± 3.4). The loss of MBP coincided with the appearance of several low molecular weight peptides. The cathepsin B-like and cathepsin D activities were also increased in the lesion but to a lesser extent than the neutral proteinase. The neutral proteinase and cathepsin B-like activity were inhibited by leupeptin and not by pepstatin while the converse obtained for cathepsin D activity. The release of neutral proteolytic activity which is nonlysosomal in origin suggests a novel hypothesis for the mechanism of traumatic axon-myelin injury.
The English Reformation and the Laity: Gloucestershire, 1540–1580

This book examines the effects of the English Reformation on the full spectrum of lay religion from 1540 to 1580 through an investigation of individuals and parishes in Gloucestershire. Rather than focusing on either the acceptance of Protestantism or the demise of the traditional Catholic religion, as other historians have done, it considers all shades of belief against the backdrop of shifting official religious policy. The result is the story of responses ranging from stiff resistance to eager acceptance, creating a picture of the religion of the laity which is diverse and complex, but also layered as parishes and individuals expressed their faith in ways which reflected the institutional or personal nature of their piety. Finally, while the book focuses on Gloucestershire, it reveals broad patterns of beliefs and practices which could probably be found all over England.
Tissue distribution of liposome-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor antisense gene therapy.

Tissue distribution of liposome-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor antisense gene therapy
Biodistribution and toxicity of photoproducts of merocyanine 540

Light-activated merocyanine 540 (pMC540) has been shown in our earlier studies to be effective against certain types of tumor cells and viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). To test the potential extracorporeal and systemic use of pMC540, its toxicity was investigated in DBA/2 mice, pigs, and dogs. The lethal dose in DBA/2 mice after an i.p. injection was 370 mg/kg, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was 320 mg/kg; however, following i.v. administration, the lethal dose and the LD50 dose were 240 and 160 mg/kg, respectively. Tritium-labeled MC540 was used to study the biodistribution of pMC540 in DBA/2 mice. Almost 70% of the injected radioactivity was excreted within 6 h of injection. After 1 week, the pMC540 was almost completely cleared, with only 1.89% of the activity remaining, and had a plasma half life of 23 h. Pigs injected with an accumulated dose of 10 mg/kg and followed for a period of 30 days did not show adverse signs of toxicity as monitored by SMAC-28 analysis, CBC profile, and blood-coagulation studies. A dog injected with a single dose of 20 mg/kg showed induction of the hepatic enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transminase (AST) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (AST); however, serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) remained unchanged. The data presented herein may serve to identify certain drug-dose limitations in the systemic use of pMC540.
Achievement attributions and depressive symptoms in attention deficit-disordered and normal children☆

Abstract Depressive symptoms and achievement attributions were examined in attention deficit-disordered (ADD) and normal schoolchildren. The findings indicate that the ADD children acknowledged having more depressive symptoms and displayed more external attributions both for positive and for negative achievement. In addition, correlations reveal that the normal children's achievement attributions became more internal with age, whereas the ADD children became more external for negative events. The patterns of the relationships among measures are discussed.
On certain unsteady torsional flows of simple fluids

This paper presents an investigation of the equations of motion to find the conditions under which these equations admit exact viscometric solutions for certain unsteady torsional flows of incompressible simple fluids. In general, for the cone and plane and the parallel disk geometries, curvilineal solutions do not exist for arbitrary members of the class of simple fluids; however, if the inertia terms can be neglected in the equations of motion, curvilineal solutions can be found for the complete class of simple fluids.
Plasma Instability in the Whistler Mode Caused by a Gyrating Electron Stream

Excitation of the whistler (electromagnetic) mode in a cold plasma immersed in a static magnetic field cannot be achieved by monoenergetic electrons initially streaming parallel to the field lines, since for this case gyroresonance can occur only when the stream direction is opposed to the direction of the wave, and as demonstrated by Neufeld, the beam will then fail to transfer energy to the wave. However, for streams with finite initial transverse velocity the analysis of Neufeld must be modified, and it is found that a spread of stream electron velocity in the transverse direction leads to an instability of the stream-plasma system in the whistler mode, with the transverse electron gyrations serving as an energy source. An estimate of phase mixing through longitudinal velocity spread shows that the phase-mixing effect can suppress the electrostatic instability without suppressing whistler growth. Streams approaching magnetic mirror points can develop high enough gyratory energies to cause whistler excitation, and under typical ionospheric conditions indicating the presence of electron streams, whistler growth rates are calculated that could explain recent observation of very low frequency emissions.
Need for an algorithm

As EDPM are more tightly scheduled and programming systems are further developed, increasing attention is being directed to the reduction of idle time between jobs when tapes are being changed, etc.
Data reduction and fast routing: A strategy for efficient algorithms for message-passing parallel computers

This paper presents several algorithms for solving problems using massively parallel SIMD hypercube and shuffle-exchange computers. The algorithms solve a wide variety of problems, but they are related because they all use a common strategy. Specifically, all of the algorithms use a divide-and-conquer approach to solve a problem withN inputs using a parallel computer withP processors. The structural properties of the problem are exploited to assure that fewer thanN data items are communicated during the division and combination steps of the divide-and-conquer algorithm. This reduction in the amount of data that must be communicated is central to the efficiency of the algorithm. This paper addresses four problems, namely the multiple-prefix, data-dependent parallel-prefix, image-component-labeling, and closest-pair problems. The algorithms presented for the data-dependent parallel-prefix and closest-pair problems are the fastest known whenN ≥P and the algorithms for the multiple-prefix and image-component-labeling problems are the fastest known whenN is sufficiently large with respect toP.
Experimentally induced anxiety attenuates alcohol-related aggression in men.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that state anxiety operates as moderator of the alcohol-aggression relation. Participants were 80 healthy male social drinkers between 21 and 33 years of age. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (a) alcohol + anxiety induction (n = 20), (b) placebo + anxiety induction (n = 20), (c) alcohol + no anxiety induction (n = 20), and (d) placebo + no anxiety induction (n = 20). Anxiety was induced by informing participants that they had to deliver a speech about what they liked and disliked about their body in front of a video camera. A modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (S. Taylor, 1967) was then used to measure aggressive behavior in a situation where electric shocks were administered to, and received from, a fictitious opponent under the guise of a competitive reaction time task. Results indicated that the anxiety induction was successful in suppressing aggression for participants who received alcohol equal to levels seen in placebo controls. Findings are discussed within the context of a number of theories of alcohol's anxiolytic effects in relation to intoxicated aggression. Language: en
The Influence of Supervisory Promotion and Network Location on Subordinate Careers in a Dual Ladder RD&E Setting

This longitudinal study examines the impacts of supervisors' promotion paths and gatekeeper status on the career outcomes of technical subordinates in a dual ladder system. Results indicate that project supervisors significantly affect the chances of one's promotion along each track. Professionals reporting to supervisors promoted to the technical ladder were significantly more likely to also be promoted technically, especially in research. On the other hand, professionals reporting to gatekeeping supervisors in development were significantly more likely to be promoted up the managerial ladder. Gatekeeper status was more important in influencing subordinates' communication activities and subsequent promotions than supervisors' promotion path. These results underscore the importance of managing socialization and the career paths of gatekeepers and those reporting to them for enhancing the success of dual ladder reward systems.
Near-infrared fluorescent dyes for fiber optic sensing

Fiber optic sensing requires the use of molecular probes such as fluorescent dyes or indicators that can be induced during analysis to produce a detectable spectral change. Spectroscopic techniques have long been applied to the determination of analytical and bioanalytical measurements using fiber optic sensors; however, relatively few studies have been reported utilizing near-infrared (NIR) absorbing chromophores. This longer wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum is more advantageous because of the inherently lower background interference and the high molar absorptivities of NIR absorbing chromophores. Low background interference is especially important in samples containing a complex matrix. The design and operation of an NIR probe are similar to that of conventional UV-visible probes. In principle optical fiber or other optical sensors can be made selective to a particular analyte. The selectivity will be determined primarily by the selectivity of the sensor dye and by the nature of the matrix entrapping the dye if the probe is non-covalently attached. This presentation discusses the development of different NIR dyes for fiber optic sensor applications. Examples are given for determining basic analytical properties, e.g., pH, metal ion concentration, and solvent hydrophobicity. Similarly, NIR dyes are very useful for bioanalytical probes (immunochemistry, etc.) as well.
The Resistance to Flow of Individual Human Neutrophils in Glass Capillary Tubes with Diameters between 4.65 and 7.75 μm

Objective: The resistance to flow of individual human neutrophils flowing through smooth-walled glass capillary tubes at velocities ranging between 0 and 30 μm/s is measured for six different capillary tube diameters between 4.65 and 7.75 μm.Methods: The experiments were performed with a micropipet manipulation system. The velocity of individual human neutrophils was measured under different constant pressures and compared to the velocity of the cell-free fluid in the same tube. With the aid of a theory that describes the motion of a concentric, smooth-walled, sausage-shaped body in a tube, the experimental measurements are used to calculate an apparent gap width between the cell and the capillary wall.Results: The maximum calculated gap width in the larger capillary tubes was on the order of 0.1 μm, whereas the minimum gap width in the smaller capillaries was about 0.015 μm. These small gap widths mean that even one neutrophil can cause a significant increase in the apparent viscosity when a cell flows t...
Reversible, highly localized alterations in fatty acid metabolism in the chronically ischemic canine myocardium.

Abstract Acute myocardial ischemia is accompanied by a marked decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids. Whether similar changes occur during chronic ischemia was studied in 13 beagles. In 10 dogs, an ameroid constrictor was implanted about the left circumflex artery; 3 others served as sham-operated controls. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation of (1− 14 C)oleate were measured and compared in affected (posterobasal left ventricular endocardial [posterior LV endo]) and unaffected (anteroapical LV epicardial [anterior LV epi]) tissues of control and experimental dogs. Five experimental and 3 control dogs were killed after 3 weeks. The posterior LV endo sections of experimental dogs at 3 weeks showed increased fatty acid oxidation due to peroxisomal (KCN-insensitive) β oxidation (p
Modulation of T-cell ontogeny by transplacental benzo(a)pyrene.

Abstract Transplacental exposure to the carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene BaP, leads to depressed immune function and increased tumor incidence in mice. This paper reports ontogenetic T-cell changes in BALB/c mice after exposure to BaP in utero . Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced to fetal liver T-cells (FLT) and newborn spleen (NBS) lymphocytes purified from offspring of pregnant BALB/c mice that were given one injection of BaP (150 mg/kg body weight) in mid-gestation (day 11–13). The MAbs reacted with two T-cell membrane antigens (FLT and NBS) found in fetal liver, neonatal and adult thymus and spleen. Lymphocytes of BaP-exposed 19-day fetuses showed decreased subpopulation frequencies ( P T -cells (from 56% to 16%), Lyl cells (from 33% to 9%), and Ly2 cells (from 56% to 1%) compared with untreated controls. In contrast, BaP increased the subpopulation frequencies ( P in utero showed recovery of total T-cells to control levels in spleen and thymus, but showed depletion ( P in utero .
Photodegradation of acenaphthylene polymers in dilute solutions

Abstract The photodegradation of polyacenaphthylene (PAcN) and alternating copolymers of acenaphtylene with methacrylic acid (PAcN-alt-MA) or methyl methacrylate (PAcN-alt-MMA) in dilute solution was characterized by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using fluorescence detection. PAcN has the highest cleavage rate and PAcN-alt-MMA the lowest cleavage rate in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at the same chromophore concentration. For PAcN-alt-MA photocleavage has a strong solvent dependence and photodegradation can be correlated with the intensity of excimer fluorescence. This suggests that the photodegradation is sensitive to the chain conformation such that the enhancement of excimer formation can speed up photocleavage. For PAcN-alt-MMA in THF a more dilute solution exhibits a higher cleavage rate under the same irradiation conditions because of a higher absorbed dose per polymer coil. Most photochemical products remain attached to the polymers according to GPC elution curves and fluorescence detection. Compared with the alternating copolymer of 2-vinylnaphthalene-methyl methacrylate (P2VN-alt-MMA), PAcN-alt-MMA has a much higher photodegradation rate. Evidently the acenaphthene group on the macromolecular chain enhances its photocleavage.
A study of the effect of graded homework in a preparatory math course for electrical engineers

Large engineering classes require many person-hours to grade homework assignments. An experiment was conducted to try to determine if this effort is beneficial to the students as measured by their test performance. Two sections of the same course were taught by the same instructor. One section was assigned homework that was graded; the other was assigned the same homework but it was not graded. The experiment was repeated in a second semester. The results of the two semesters differ in the significance of the homework assignment. The reasons for this difference are discussed.
A FORTRAN program for Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery sequences

Abstract We have developed a program for performing Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery histories. A synthetic parent population of fields is generated as a finite sample from a distribution of specified form. The discovery sequence then is simulated by sampling without replacement from this parent population in accordance with a probabilistic discovery process model. The program computes a chi-squared deviation between synthetic and actual discovery sequences as a function of the parameters of the discovery process model, the number of fields in the parent population, and the distributional parameters of the parent population. The program employs the three-parameter log gamma model for the distribution of field sizes and employs a two-parameter discovery process model, allowing the simulation of a wide range of scenarios.
Preparation and swelling behaviors of porous hemicellulose‐g‐polyacrylamide hydrogels

Novel porous hydrogels were successfully synthesized from hemicelluloses (HCs) and acrylamide (Am) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the porogen. The prepared hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the used PEG was not involved in the formation process of the hydrogels, and the HC-g-polyacrylamide hydrogels displayed a higher thermal stability than the hemicellulosic polymer. SEM analysis confirmed that the prepared hydrogels had porous structures. The effects of the Am/HC ratio, the amount and molecular weight of PEG and the amount of the crosslinker N,N-methylene bisacrylamide on the swelling ratio of the prepared hydrogels were investigated in detail. The experimental data were fitted with the exponential heuristic equation and the Schott second-order dynamic equation. The diffusion of water molecules into the hydrogel network was found to be non-Fickian in behavior, and the swelling kinetics could be described by the Schott second-order dynamic equation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Twinning in TiAl

Abstract The results of this investigation are in agreement with the findings of Richards and Cahn which show that the formation of twin-related TiAl regions, TiAl T , and the Ti 3 Al phase, rather than TiAl deformation twins, will be favored energetically in a two-phase titanium aluminide alloy. Due to the formation of Ti 3 Al at the TiAl T interface, all possible {111} TiAl T , as opposed to only {111}[112] deformation twins, can be formed within TiAl lamellae without the destruction of the symmetry of L1 0 structure.
Quine on Analyticity in L

In this paper I examine Quine's contention that the analytic-synthetic distinction cannot be made in terms of 'S is analytic in L', where L is an artificial language. In section I I outline a Carnapian approach to analyticity and Quine's animadversions upon it. In section II I argue that these animadversions apply with equal cogency to the Russell definition of number, presumably an embarrassment for Quine. My criticisms of Quine, and my attempts to fortify a Carnapian approach to analyticity against Quine, should not be taken as absolute endorsement of Carnap's position. I hope only to show that Quine's treatment of Carnap is, for philosophically interesting reasons, inadequate.
A Study of the Web as DTC Drug Marketing Agent

The growth of direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing of pharmaceuticals in the USA has spawned the generation of web sites for consumer information and discussion, related to specific medical conditions and the efficacy of specific drugs. In such an environment consumers often find and act upon health information of variable quality, with little input from health professionals. Some health policy analysts argue that the emergence of such consumer "drug networks" will lead to unnecessary expenditure of money on prescription drugs, as consumers see ads and then demand that their providers prescribe that drug. Others say that an intelligent consumer will be able to research the information and narrow down a drug that will likely work for them personally, rather than having the provider "experiment" with different medications. There exist few cross-disciplinary evaluative frameworks for assessing such health information, especially within commercial search engines. This study serves as an exploratory technology assessment that examines the prevalence of web-based DTC for a popular prescription drug and the impact on healthcare consumers.
Atypical Femur Fractures

Atypical femur fractures were first reported in 2007 and are now recognized as a unique clinical entity. They occur along the shaft of the femur extending from the subtrochanteric region proximally to the distal femoral metaphysis. These fractures have an increased incidence in patients taking bisphosphonates for osteoporosis and develop as stress reactions in the lateral cortex of the femoral shaft. The fractures often have a distinct radiographic appearance with thickening or beaking of the lateral cortex. Treatment should be initiated immediately. There is a higher incidence of complications with atypical fractures. Early detection of these fractures can greatly reduce morbidity.
EFFECTS OF STAND LOSS, PLANTING DATE, AND REPLANTING METHOD ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

Abstract Research was conducted at one location in 2003 and two locations in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the effects of stand loss, planting date, and replanting method on flue-cured tobacco yield and quality. Stand loss treatments included a 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% stand loss at two and four weeks after transplanting (WAT). In recent years, early season infections by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) have caused significant stand losses in North Carolina, so an additional treatment was included to simulate the effects of plant loss to tomato spotted wilt. Simulated losses consisted of a 10%, 10%, and 20% stand loss at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after transplanting, respectively. Planting date treatments included planting at the normal transplanting date and at 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after the normal transplanting date. To evaluate the effects of replanting method, tobacco was replanted at 2 or 4 weeks after normal replanting on an existing row ridge, a rebedded row ridge, and a tilled and rebedded row ridge. Due to exc...
The structural role of Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 in immiscible silicate liquids in the system SiO 2 -MgO-CaO-FeO-TiO 2 -Al 2 O 3

The effects of the addition of Al2O3 on the large stable two liquid field in the SiO2-TiO2-CaO-MgO-FeO system were experimentally determined. The increase of Al2O3 content in the starting composition results in the decrease of critical temperature, phase separation and liquidus temperature of the two liquid field until it is rendered completely metastable. The shrinkage of the two liquid field indicates that Al2O3 is acting in the role of a network former and homogenizes the structure of the two melts. In this alkali-free system Al+3 utilizes the divalent cations, Ca+2 and Mg+2, for local charge balance with a preference for Ca+2 over Mg+2. Thus, AlO4 tetrahedra combine with SiO4 tetrahedra to form an aluminosilicate framework which polymerizes the SiO2-poor melt and makes it structurally more similar to the SiO2-rich melt. However, Ca+2 and Mg+2 are not as efficient in a charge balancing capacity as the monovalent K+ and Na+ cations. The lack of alkalis in this system limits the stability of AlO4 tetrahedra in the highly polymerized SiO2-rich melt and results in the preference of Al2O3 for the SiO2-poor melt. The partitioning systematics of Ti are virtually identical to those of Al. It is concluded that Ti occurs in tetrahedral coordination as a network forming species in both the high — and low — SiO immiscible melts.
Learning to smile: the neuroanatomic basis for smile training.

This article demonstrates that although any layperson could recognize that the smile manifests mainly in the oral and periorbital regions, a comprehension of the neurologic and musculoskeletal elements lends the clinician insight into the many aspects of a smile. The neurologic control of a smile consists of a complex process involving many facets. As with any other complex neuromuscular activity, repetitions of the act can train the central nervous system, neural network, and muscular network in efficient performance of and correct musculoskeletal activation involved in the act itself. With functional knowledge of muscles dedicated to a pleasing full smile, together with a battery of easy and effortless exercises, the clinician is able to help the patient change behavior intended to camouflage perceived oral flaws. A patient needs reassurance that behind the guidance from the clinician lies medical evidence that such routine movement of muscles will indeed improve the smile. When asked why or how the exercise succeeds, the clinician can reassure the patient based on a working knowledge of the neurologic and muscular anatomy involved. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A functional knowledge of muscles dedicated to a pleasing full smile, together with a battery of easy and effortless exercises, provides the clinician with the ability to assist the patient in altering years of behavior intended to camouflage perceived oral flaws.
Prevalence of dyspepsia, heartburn, and peptic ulcer disease in veterans

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Medications used to treat gastrointestinal symptoms account for a substantial share of pharmacy expenses for veterans affairs medical centers. Prior studies have shown that the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease is higher in veterans than in nonveterans. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms among patients seeking health care in the Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinics. METHODS: A total of 1582 veterans completed a previously validated bowel symptom questionnaire in the following clinics: gastroenterology (n = 693), walk-in (n = 403), general medicine (n = 379), and women’s health (n = 107). RESULTS: Overall response was 78%. Dyspepsia was reported in 30%, 37%, 44%, and 53% of patients in general medicine, walk-in, women’s health, and gastroenterology clinics, respectively. Heartburn, at least weekly, was reported in 21%, 21%, 28%, and 40% of patients in general medicine, walk-in, women’s health, and gastroenterology clinics, respectively. Prior peptic ulcer disease (PUD) was reported in 29%, 26%, 22%, and 44% of patients in general medicine, walk-in, women’s health, and gastroenterology clinics, respectively. Dyspepsia, heartburn, and PUD were significantly associated with increased physician visits and lower general health. CONCLUSIONS: Dyspepsia and heartburn are common symptoms among veterans. Lifetime prevalence of PUD is high among veterans. Gastrointestinal symptoms have a significant impact on health care utilization and general health. These prevalence estimates provide a basis for studies of resource utilization and for cost-effectiveness analyses of the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the veteran population. Moreover, the high prevalence of symptoms helps to explain the high utilization of gastrointestinal medications.
On the Nature of Mammalian and Human Pheromones

Communication by chemical (pheromone) signals is important in many species, including mammals. Chemosensory and hormonal systems can interact in at least two ways: (i) chemosensory input, especially but not exclusively that through the vomeronasal organ, may elicit hormonal release, which, in turn, may facilitate behavioral or physiological responses; and (ii) hormones, especially steroids, may be essential for some responses to chemosensory, including vomeronasal, input. Recent, still controversial reports, suggest that chemosensory communication may occur in humans via a residual vomeronasal organ and that chemosensory/hormonal interactions also operate in humans. In this symposium these matters are examined critically. Johnston explores the concept of pheromone communication and suggests that the notion of a single-chemical 'magic bullet' irresistibly leading to a preprogrammed result is too simplistic despite documented examples of special stimuli acting via the vomeronasal organ. Meredith briefly reviews evidence for hormonal mediation of the effects of vomeronasal input; including a situation where vomeronasal and hormonal facilitation of a behavior appear to be interchangeable--but where vomeronasal input appears important only in inexperienced animals. Wood discusses evidence that the effectiveness of chemosensory input to particular brain nuclei depends critically on the simultaneous presence of a steroid hormone within the same nucleus. Monti-Bloch presents his evidence that steroids may act as gender-specific chemical signals in humans, exciting an electrical response from the residual human vomeronasal organ and affecting human hormone levels.
Numerical simulation and field testing of flame-jet thermal spallation drilling—2. Experimental verification

Abstract Model predictions are tested against actual measurements of flame-jet induced rock spallation under well-defined experimental conditions. Granites from Barre, Vermont, and Westerly, Rhode Island, are selected for testing. For a small-scale, propane-oxygen supersonic flame-jet, computed heat transfer rates usually matched calibrated values to within 20%, but penetration rates from quarry drilling experiments, another measure of heat transfer effectiveness, are substantially lower than expected by at least a factor of four. Two-phase flow effects and adhesion of rock particulates to the spalling surface, which are not treated rigorously within the model, contribute to this disagreement.
Understanding and Making Use of Academic Authors’ Open Access Rights

INTRODUCTION Authors of academic works do not take full advantage of the self-archiving rights that they retain in their publications, though research shows that many academic authors are well-aligned (at least in principle) with open access (OA) principles. This article explains how institutionally-assisted self-archiving in open access repositories can effectively take advantage of retained rights and highlights at least one method of facilitating this process through automated means. METHODS To understand the scope of author-retained rights (including the right to purchase hybrid or other open access options) at some sample universities, author-rights data through the SHERPA/RoMEO API was combined with individual article citations (from Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science) for works published over a one-year period (2011) and authored by individuals affiliated with five major U.S. research universities. RESULTS Authors retain significant rights in the articles that they create. Of the 29,322 unique articles authored over the one year period at the five universities, 28.83 percent could be archived in final PDF form and 87.95 percent could be archived as the post-print version. Nearly 43.47 percent also provided authors the choice of purchasing a hybrid paid open access option. DISCUSSION A significant percentage of current published output could be archived with little or no author intervention. With prior approval through an open access policy or otherwise, article manuscripts or final PDFs can be obtained and archived by library staff, and hybrid paid-OA options could be negotiated and exploited by library administrators. CONCLUSION Although mandates, legislation, and other policy tools may be useful to promote open access, many institutions already have the ability to increase the percentage of accessible works by taking advantage of retained author rights and hybrid OA options.
Hydrogen affected impact behavior of type 304L stainless steel

This communication describes experimental results which suggest that hydrogen embrittlement of Type 304L stainless steel does not require hydrogen redistribution during testing and indicates that dislocation transport is not a requisite for hydrogen-induced degradation of mechanical properties. 20 refs.
A TSV-cross-link-based approach to 3D-clock network synthesis for improved robustness

To obtain high yield for 3D ICs, random open defects, process variations, and thermal induced stress are key issues that must be addressed when synthesizing 3D clock networks. Current research on 3D clock synthesis often focuses on the construction and optimization of a 3D clock tree topology. Moreover, extra circuitry has been proposed to enable pre-bond testing and substitution of through silicon vias (TSVs) with random open defects. However, tree structures inherently have limited robustness to variations and may suffer failures arising from defects and/or process variations. To counter such problems, we propose to use TSVs to add redundancy in a 3D clock network. The proposed 3D network would have a complete 2D clock network on each die, facilitating pre-bond testing. Also, cross links would be inserted within each die using wires and across dies using TSVs to improve timing robustness within each die and across dies, respectively. Moreover, clock buffers are placed outside of zones that have high TSV-induced stress that could influence carrier mobility. Experimental results show that the proposed 3D clock networks have no failures due to random open defects, and on the average have 53% lower skew compared to 3D tree structures.
Active Appearance Models Revisited

Active Appearance Models (AAMs) and the closely related concepts of Morphable Models and Active Blobs are generative models of a certain visual phenomenon. Although linear in both shape and appearance, overall, AAMs are nonlinear parametric models in terms of the pixel intensities. Fitting an AAM to an image consists of minimising the error between the input image and the closest model instances i.e. solving a nonlinear optimisation problem. We propose an efficient fitting algorithm for AAMs based on the inverse compositional image alignment algorithm. We show that the effects of appearance variation during fitting can be precomputed (“projected out”) using this algorithm and how it can be extended to include a global shape normalising warp, typically a 2D similarity transformation. We evaluate our algorithm to determine which of its novel aspects improve AAM fitting performance.
Formation of antibiotic, biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers by processing with neomycin sulfate and its inclusion compound with β‐cyclodextrin

Samples of pure neomycin sulfate and its inclusion compound (IC) with β-cyclodextrin were implanted into films of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). Both polymers have been widely used commercially to make sutures. The antibacterial activity of these films against Escherichia coli was tested. Films made by either solution casting or melt pressing were divided into the following three groups: (1) plain polymer films, (2) those embedded with pure neomycin sulfate, and (3) those embedded with neomycin sulfate-β-cyclodextrin IC. Filter paper treated with 1.5 μL of 10 mg/μL Kanamycin and neomycin were used as controls and resulted in 11- and 8-mm zones of inhibition/or antibacterial activity, respectively. Small discs (ca. 2% of total area) cut from solution-cast films of PLLA and PCL containing 50 wt % neomycin sulfate IC had 17- and 16-mm zones of inhibition, and PLLA and PCL containing 50 wt % pure neomycin sulfate deterred bacterial growth, resulting in 19-mm zones of inhibition. Melt-pressed films containing 10 wt % pure neomycin sulfate or its IC, showed 17- and 11-mm zones of inhibition for PLLA films, respectively, while PCL films showed 13- and 9-mm zones of inhibition, respectively. For melt-pressed films that contain 0.01 wt % pure neomycin sulfate or its IC, PLLA films showed 11- and 9.5-mm zones of inhibition, respectively, while PCL films showed 11- and 10-mm zones of inhibition, respectively. Since an antibiotic, bioabsorbable suture does not require surgical removal, implanting an inclusion compound in the suture might allow the slow release of antibiotic, thereby guarding against postsurgical infection and also protecting the antibiotic from degradation during the melt-spinning process used to make the suture. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 937–947, 1999
Cation flux in the ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Evidence for Na+-for-Na+ and K+-for-K+ exchange diffusion.

Abstract In a previous study, evidence was presented for an external Na+-dependent, ouabain-insensitive component of Na+ efflux and an external K+-dependent component of K+ efflux in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Evidence is now presented that these components are inhibited by the diuretic furosemide and that under conditions of normal extracellular Na+ and K+ they represent Na+-for-Na+ and K-+for-K+ exchange mechanisms. Using 86Rb to monitor K+ movements, furosemide is shown to inhibit an ouabain-insensitive component of Rb+ influx and a component of Rb+ efflux, both representing approx. 30% of the total fux. Inhibition of Rb+ efflux is greatly reduced by removal of extracellular K+. Furosemide does not alter steady-state levels of intracellular K+ and it does not prevent cells depleted of K+ by incubation in the cold from regaining K+ upon warming. Using 22Na to monitor Na+ movements, furosemide is shown to inhibit an ouabain-insensitive component of unidirectional Na+ efflux which represents approx. 22% of total Na+ efflux. Furosemide does not alter steady-state levels of intracellular Na+ and does not prevent removal of intracellular Na+ upon warming from cells loaded with Na+ by preincubation in the cold. The ability of furosemide to affect unidirectional Na+ and K+ fluxes but not net fluxes is consistent with the conclusion that these components of cation movement across the cell membrane represent one-for-one exchange mechanisms. Data are also presented which demonstrate that the uptake of α-aminoisobutyrate is not affected by furosemide. This indicates that these components of cation flux are not directly involved in the Na+-dependent amino acid transport system A .
Nondestructive heavy metal jet profilometer for high power beams

Te "scanning wire" is the most common method of beam profile measurement, where thin wire is transported across the beam and secondary electrons' or radiation are detected. It cannot be used for beams with high power density because the wire cannot sustain a heat load. A possible solution is to substitute the wire by a low-density jet of a metal vapor. Profilometers of this type were successfully used in ion storage rings, but background electrons from residual gas ionization can pose a limit in a less clean vacuum environment. An alternative configuration of the device based on the separation of the jet material ions from the background is suggested and analyzed. The technical feasibility for the SNS MEBT parameters is demonstrated.
Thermal energetics of chicks of arctic-breeding shorebirds

Abstract 1. 1. The heat-transfer characteristics of young and adults of several arctic-breeding shorebirds were examined. Heated, skin-covered metal casts were used for measurements difficult to perform on live birds. 2. 2. Heat transfer coefficients are high in small chicks, but decrease rapidly with age. Both heat transfer coefficients and body resistances to heat flow (i.e. insulation) are linearly related to the square root of wind speed. 3. 3. Energy budget analysis indicates that chicks cannot maintain body temperature in typical environmental conditions in the breeding area until at least half grown. During this interval they require periodic brooding by the parent birds. 4. 4. Efficiency of the brooding-activity cycle is enhanced by the thermolability of chicks.
Phytochrome-initiated fast rhythm controlling developmental response

To identify the steps controlling a developmental response, we must relate changes occurring soon after the inducing signal to responses many hours later. In higher plants exposure to red light shifts developmental patterns by converting phytochrome, a ubiquitous plant pigment, into its active form1. Far red light converts phytochrome back to its original form and stops the response. Red light induces changes in electrical properties of plants in 15–30s (refs 2, 3) and within minutes ATP levels4, NADP transport5, and nitrate reductase activity6 change. It requires hours or even days for phytochrome effects on circadian rhyythms7, germination, de-aetiolation, and flowering responses to appear1. Until now there has been no indication of the mechanism by which events immediately following phytochrome conversion determine the later development. It should be possible to probe the nature of the first controlling steps by perturbing these steps and thus affecting growth. If the steps directly following phytochrome conversion are sensitive to additional red light, then a second illumination will alter the overall growth. We have found that a brief flash of red light given to dark-grown bean seedlings starts oscillations in a temperature-compensated system. The interaction of this system with a second flash of red light showed that the oscillating system controls subsequent development.
Fesselin, a Synaptopodin-like Protein, Stimulates Actin Nucleation and Polymerization †

Fesselin is a proline-rich actin binding protein that has recently been isolated from smooth muscle [Leinweber, B. D., Fredricksen, R. S., Hoffman, D. R., and Chalovich, J. M. (1999) J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 20, 539−545]. Fesselin is similar to synaptopodin [Mundel, P., Heid, H. W., Mundel, T. M., Kruger, M., Reiser, J., and Kriz, W. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 139, 193−204] in terms of its size, isoelectric point, and sequence although synaptopodin is not present in smooth muscle. The function of fesselin is unknown. Evidence is presented here that fesselin accelerates the polymerization of actin. Fesselin was effective on actin isolated from either smooth or skeletal muscle at low ionic strength and in the presence of 100 mM KCl. At low ionic strength, fesselin decreased the time for 50% polymerization to about 1% of that in the absence of fesselin. The lag phase characteristic of the slow nucleation process of polymerization was eliminated as the fesselin concentration was increased from very low levels. Fe...