cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of short- and long-term exposure effects of cruciferous and apiaceous vegetables on carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in Wistar rats.

Cruciferous and apiaceous vegetables may be chemopreventive due to their ability to modulate carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes but whether the effects on such enzymes are sustained over time is unknown. To examine the short- and long-term effects of the vegetables, rats were fed one of four diets for 7, 30, or 60 d: AIN-93G, CRU (21% cruciferous vegetables-fresh broccoli, green cabbage, watercress), API (9% apiaceous vegetables - fresh parsnips, celery), or API + CRU (10.5% CRU + 4.5% API). Although CRU increased activity and protein expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1A2 after 7 d, only activity was sustained after 30 and 60 d. There was a trend towards an interaction between the length of feeding period and CRU for CYP1A1 activity; activity increased with greater time of feeding. API increased CYP1A2 activity but decreased sulfotransferase 1A1 activity after 7 d, although not at later times. Altogether, increased CYP1A activity by CRU was maintained with long term feeding while protein amount decreased, suggesting influence by mechanisms other than, or in addition to, transcriptional regulation. Thus, response patterns and interactions with length of feeding may differ, depending upon the types of vegetables and enzymes, requiring caution when interpreting the results of short-term feeding studies.
Adaptive coarse graining method for energy transfer and dissociation kinetics of polyatomic species

A novel reduced-order method is presented for modeling reacting flows characterized by strong non-equilibrium of the internal energy level distribution of chemical species in the gas. The approach seeks for a reduced-order representation of the distribution function by grouping individual energy states into macroscopic bins, and then reconstructing state population using the maximum entropy principle. This work introduces an adaptive grouping methodology to identify and lump together groups of states that are likely to equilibrate faster with respect to each other. To this aim, two algorithms have been considered: the modified island algorithm and the spectral clustering method. Both methods require a measure of dissimilarity between internal energy states. This is achieved by defining “metrics” based on the strength of the elementary rate coefficients included in the state-specific kinetic mechanism. Penalty terms are used to avoid grouping together states characterized by distinctively different energie...
Memories of Boys, Girls, and Adolescent Victims of Political Prison and Torture by the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship.

This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of victims of political prison and torture during the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship who were minors when they experienced this violence. Participants in the study were 11 adults, six women and five men from the region of Valparaiso, who were victims of State terrorism during childhood and adolescence. The information production technique used was the focus group. A textual analysis was performed, based on interdisciplinary contributions from interpretation theory and discourse theories. The analysis of the information identified distinctive elements in the traumatic memories according to the sex-gender system associated with the private/public and passivity/agency dimensions. The results of this study reveal the urgent need to recognize boys, girls, and adolescents as people with rights who should be protected by both adults and States. Moreover, these results emphasize the need to implement early intervention programs in people affected by psychosocial traumas and disasters of different types, and improve their quality of life.
The Received Curriculum: Nature as Understood by Students

In this chapter, we explore the received curriculum as reflected in students’ understanding of the natural world and its relationship with the human world. We braid existing research findings on students’ understanding of the major ecological topics covered in science curricula with patterns that emerged from our conversations with seventh-grade students in the classroom of the teacher covered in the previous chapter to present a comprehensive and detailed view of the received curriculum as regards nature in school science in the United States. On the whole, we see a huge transmission loss between the intended, enacted, and the received curricula. This transmission loss is largely limited to the understanding of science concepts. The overall perspectives on the world as embedded in the scientific and environmental discourses of the science standards, on the other hand, manage to seep into the received curriculum with remarkable fidelity.
Outsourcing the decryption of ABE ciphertexts

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a new vision for public key encryption that allows users to encrypt and decrypt messages based on user attributes. For example, a user can create a ciphertext that can be decrypted only by other users with attributes satisfying ("Faculty" OR ("PhD Student" AND "Quals Completed")). Given its expressiveness, ABE is currently being considered for many cloud storage and computing applications. However, one of the main efficiency drawbacks of ABE is that the size of the ciphertext and the time required to decrypt it grows with the complexity of the access formula. In this work, we propose a new paradigm for ABE that largely eliminates this overhead for users. Suppose that ABE ciphertexts are stored in the cloud. We show how a user can provide the cloud with a single transformation key that allows the cloud to translate any ABE ciphertext satisfied by that user's attributes into a (constant-size) El Gamal-style ciphertext, without the cloud being able to read any part of the user's messages. To precisely define and demonstrate the advantages of this approach, we provide new security definitions for both CPA and replayable CCA security with outsourcing, several new constructions, an implementation of our algorithms and detailed performance measurements. In a typical configuration, the user saves significantly on both bandwidth and decryption time, without increasing the number of transmissions.
The Cheshire Cat: Same-Sex Marriage, Religion, and Coercion by Exclusion

The paradigm case of state coercion is a criminal sanction: the threat of loss of life, liberty, or property for disobedience to the state’s commands. A prudent person will consider forgoing the pleasure of his favorite drug out of fear of punishment, even if he believes the prohibition unjust. But, as H.L.A. Hart emphasized, much law consists not of such primary, conduct-controlling rules, but rather of secondary, power-conferring rules that establish structures of interaction. Private powerconferring rules include those governing contracts, covenants, conveyances, wills, trusts, and marriage. Since Lawrence v. Texas, homosexuals in the United States no longer suffer the coercion of the criminal law for adult, consensual, private sexual conduct. And homosexuals, of course, have always had the legal power to make contracts and wills, to convey real property, and create trusts. Marriage is the last bastion of discrimination through exclusion. But is such exclusion an exercise of state coercion, and, if so, is it illegitimate, or (in the alternative) unjust? I will argue that the exclusion of same-sex couples from exercising the power-conferring rules of marriage now constitutes state coercion in the sphere of conscience and religious belief, for only religious barriers continue to make sense. There is both an establishment of religion issue and a free exercise issue. As Emily Gill argues, the liberal polity should maximize free exercise by minimizing establishment. Because of changes in society, family law, and criminal law, this coercive exclusion from civil marriage totally fails to accomplish its secular goal. Once secular purposes are no longer served, the exclusion also, in addition to invading religious liberty, fails to respect the principle of equality of all persons before the law. Although I refer to U.S. Constitutional cases in passing, my argument should have purchase in any polity recognizing religious liberty and equality of persons.
Biglycan gene connects metabolic dysfunction with brain disorder.

Abstract Dietary fructose is a major contributor to the epidemic of diabetes and obesity, and it is an excellent model to study metabolic syndrome. Based on previous studies that Bgn gene occupies a central position in a network of genes in the brain in response to fructose consumption, we assessed the capacity of Bgn to modulate the action of fructose on brain and body. We exposed male biglycan knockout mice (Bgn0/−) to fructose for 7 weeks, and results showed that Bgn0/− mice compensated for a decrement in learning and memory performance when exposed to fructose. These results were consistent with an attenuation of the action of fructose on hippocampal CREB levels. Fructose also reduced the levels of CREB and BDNF in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Bgn siRNA treatment abolished these effects of fructose on CREB and BDNF levels, in conjunction with a reduction in a fructose-related increase in Bgn protein. In addition, fructose consumption perturbed the systemic metabolism of glucose and lipids, that were also altered in the Bgn0/ mice. Transcriptomic profiling of hypothalamus, hippocampus, and liver supported the regulatory action of Bgn on key molecular pathways involved in metabolism, immune response, and neuronal plasticity. Overall results underscore the tissue-specific role of the extracellular matrix in the regulation of metabolism and brain function, and support Bgn as a key modulator for the impact of fructose across body and brain.
Obesity alters the in vivo mechanical response and biochemical properties of cartilage as measured by MRI

Obesity is a primary risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, there remains a lack of in vivo data on the influence of obesity on knee cartilage mechanics and composition. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between obesity and tibiofemoral cartilage properties. Magnetic resonance images (3T) of cartilage geometry (double-echo steady-state) and T1rho relaxation of the knee were obtained in healthy subjects with a normal (n = 8) or high (n = 7) body mass index (BMI) before and immediately after treadmill walking. Subjects had no history of lower limb injury or surgery. Bone and cartilage surfaces were segmented and three-dimensional models were created to measure cartilage thickness and strain. T1rho relaxation times were measured before exercise in both the tibial and femoral cartilage in order to characterize biochemical composition. Body fat composition was also measured. Subjects with a high BMI exhibited significantly increased tibiofemoral cartilage strain and T1rho relaxation times (P <0.05). Tibial pre-exercise cartilage thickness was also affected by BMI (P <0.05). Correlational analyses revealed that pre-exercise tibial cartilage thickness decreased with increasing BMI (R2 = 0.43, P <0.01) and body fat percentage (R2 = 0.58, P <0.01). Tibial and femoral cartilage strain increased with increasing BMI (R2 = 0.45, P <0.01; R2 = 0.51, P <0.01, respectively) and increasing body fat percentage (R2 = 0.40, P <0.05; R2 = 0.38, P <0.05, respectively). Additionally, tibial T1rho was positively correlated with BMI (R2 = 0.39, P <0.05) and body fat percentage (R2 = 0.47, P <0.01). Strains and T1rho relaxation times in the tibiofemoral cartilage were increased in high BMI subjects compared with normal BMI subjects. Additionally, pre-exercise tibial cartilage thickness decreased with obesity. Reduced proteoglycan content may be indicative of pre-symptomatic osteoarthritic degeneration, resulting in reduced cartilage thickness and increased deformation of cartilage in response to loading.
Molecular dynamics simulation of shale gas confined inside slit-like calcite [104] nanopore

The growing demand for energy and lack of conventional natural resources has compelled researchers all around the world to pay great attention to the extraction of shale gas, an unconventional natu...
Improved Xanthone Synthesis, Stepwise Chemical Redox Cycling

A base-catalyzed direct oxidation of rhodamine, carborhodamine, and siliconrhodamine pyronines to the corresponding xanthones is studied. This methodology utilizes addition of water to split pyronines into xanthone and reduced xanthene, the latter of which is returned to pyronine by oxidation with iodine. The transformation is general, working on the three most recalcitrant versions of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylpyronines in good to excellent yields.
Patient Views of Behavioral Health Providers in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study of 2 Southeastern Clinics:

Background:Limited research is available around patient experience of integrated behavioral health care in primary care settings.Objective:We sought to identify the major themes through which patie...
Can the Principles of Research Ethics Help Us Distribute Clinical Resources More Fairly

In their article, MacKay and Saylor (2019) analyze the issue of fair subject selection in clinical research and suggest that this overarching principle is best understood as a collection of four su...
3D printed transparent ceramic YAG laser rods: Matching the core-clad refractive index

Abstract Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) solid state laser gain media rods with an active Neodymium-doped core and an optically-clear cladding region were additively manufactured via direct-ink-writing (DIW), followed by sintering and hot isostatic pressing to form fully dense optical ceramics. Lutetium and Gadolinium were chosen as optically-inert co-doping ions in the clad to match the increase in refractive index caused by the Neodymium in the core. Either 11.6% Lutetium or 3.8% Gadolinium can be used to match the index change from 2% neodymium; however, differences in diffusion distances across the core-clad interface lead to large fluctuations in index in that region. These index fluctuations can be minimized either by matching dopants with similar diffusion distances, or by implementing a gradual gradient in the doping profile, possible through DIW, rather than a sharp compositional interface attainable via more standard fabrication methods. This improvement in index homogeneity resulted in a 40% improvement in lasing performance compared with that of a core-clad rod fabricated with a sharp interface between the doped and undoped regions.
Magellan: toward building ecosystems of entity matching solutions

Entity matching (EM) finds data instances that refer to the same real-world entity. In 2015, we started the Magellan project at UW-Madison, jointly with industrial partners, to build EM systems. Most current EM systems are stand-alone monoliths. In contrast, Magellan borrows ideas from the field of data science (DS), to build a new kind of EM systems, which is ecosystems of interoperable tools for multiple execution environments, such as on-premise, cloud, and mobile. This paper describes Magellan, focusing on the system aspects. We argue why EM can be viewed as a special class of DS problems and thus can benefit from system building ideas in DS. We discuss how these ideas have been adapted to build PyMatcher and CloudMatcher, sophisticated on-premise tools for power users and self-service cloud tools for lay users. These tools exploit techniques from the fields of machine learning, big data scaling, efficient user interaction, databases, and cloud systems. They have been successfully used in 13 companies and domain science groups, have been pushed into production for many customers, and are being commercialized. We discuss the lessons learned and explore applying the Magellan template to other tasks in data exploration, cleaning, and integration.
Increased risk of death by suicide or overdose in patients stopping opioid medications

Commentary on: Oliva EM, Bowe T, Manhapra A, et al . Associations between stopping prescriptions for opioids, length of opioid treatment, and overdose or suicide deaths in US veterans: observational evaluation. BMJ 2020;368:m283. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m283. The opioid epidemic in the USA resulted in a record high of 50 042 overdose deaths in 2019.1 Two out of three of these overdose deaths involved synthetic opioids.2 There has been a major momentum across the health systems in the USA for opioid stewardship and that includes discontinuing opioid medications for patients who are …
Iranian Persian: A Guide to Speech and Culture for the International Clinician

The present article proposes a sociolinguistic stance in the dissemination of information for use in the clinical context of speech language pathology (SLP) internationally. This practical guide to speech and culture aims to encourage the integration of linguistic and cultural facets in clinical practicum approaches, providing a useful and clinically relevant resource. This comes as a natural consequence of the systematic efforts worldwide to train and inform SLP workforces on providing equitable, targeted, and appropriate service to linguistically and culturally diverse clients such as minorities and immigrants. The specific focus of this guide is on Iranian Persian, a language and culture that is under-represented in published, clinically relevant literature. The paper provides an easily accessible reference manual on the phonological development and clinical assessment of Iranian Persian child speech in typical and atypical, monolingual and bilingual contexts, as well as on cultural aspects that may dictate the success of clinician and client/family interactions.
Combination targeting of subthalamic nucleus and ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus with a single trajectory in deep brain stimulation for tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has traditionally been used to target the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) to treat essential tremor (ET). Recent case reports have described targeting both the STN and VIM with a single trajectory and electrode to treat patients with tremor-dominant PD, yet outcome data for this procedure remains sparse. Our objective is to determine the safety and efficacy of combination STN-VIM DBS. We conducted a single-center retrospective case series of all patients who underwent combined STN-VIM DBS. Demographic, perioperative, and outcome data, including Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-III (UPDRS) and tremor scores (OFF-medication), and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), were collected and analyzed. Nineteen patients underwent this procedure. Patients were 89% male and 11% female, with a mean age of 63.6 years. Mean preoperative UPDRS was 24.1, and LEDD was 811.8. At a mean follow-up of 33.8 months, UPDRS and LEDD decreased by an average of 9.2 (38.2%) and 326.3 (40.2%), respectively. Tremor scores decreased by 4.9 (59.0%), and 58% were able to decrease total medication burden. One patient developed transient left-sided weakness, yielding a complication rate of 5.3%. Combined targeting of STN and VIM thalamus via a single frontal trajectory for tremor-dominant Parkinson’s Disease results in similar UPDRS outcomes to STN DBS and improved control of tremor symptoms. Larger multicenter studies are necessary to validate this as the optimal DBS target for tremor-dominant PD.
Transpupillary collagen photocrosslinking for targeted modulation of ocular biomechanics

The central vision-threatening event in glaucoma is dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), thought to be promoted by local tissue deformations. Here, we sought to reduce tissue deformation near the optic nerve head by selectively stiffening the peripapillary sclera, i.e. the scleral region immediately adjacent to the optic nerve head. Previous scleral stiffening studies to treat glaucoma or myopia have used either pan-scleral stiffening (not regionally selective) or regionally selective stiffening with limited access to the posterior globe. We present a method for selectively stiffening the peripapillary sclera using a transpupillary annular light beam to activate methylene blue administered by retrobulbar injection. Unlike prior approaches to photocrosslinking in the eye, this approach avoids the damaging effects of ultraviolet light by employing red light. This targeted photocrosslinking approach successfully stiffened the peripapillary sclera at 6 weeks post-treatment, as measured by whole globe inflation testing. Specifically, strain was reduced by 47% when comparing treated vs. untreated sclera within the same eye (n = 7, p=0.0064) and by 54% when comparing the peripapillary sclera of treated vs. untreated eyes (n = 7, p<0.0001). Post-treatment characterization of RGCs (optic nerve axon counts/density, and grading), retinal function (electroretinography), and retinal histology revealed that photocrosslinking was associated with some ocular toxicity. We conclude that a transpupillary photocrosslinking approach enables selective scleral stiffening targeted to the peripapillary region that may be useful in future treatments of glaucoma.
Disentangling the Process and Content of Self-Awareness: A Review, Critical Assessment, and Synthesis

Are self-aware leaders more effective? Are self-aware workers more productive and satisfied? Studies of self-awareness, which have been undertaken in a range of fields, have implications for a wide...
Association of serum globulin with all-cause mortality in incident hemodialysis patients.

Background Serum globulin is a major component of total protein and can be elevated in inflammatory disease states. While inflammation is common in hemodialysis patients and associated with mortality and morbidity, the association between serum globulin and mortality have never been examined in hemodialysis patients. Methods In a retrospective cohort of 104,164 incident hemodialysis patients treated by a large dialysis organization from 2007 to 2011, we explored the association between baseline serum globulin, A/G ratio and serum protein levels and all-cause, cardiovascular and infection-related mortality with adjustments for demographic variables and laboratory markers of malnutrition and inflammation using Cox proportional hazard models. Results Patients with globulin concentration >3.8 g/dL had higher all-cause and infection-related mortality risk (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]: 1.06, 1.16 and HR 1.28, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.51; respectively) in the fully adjusted model when compared to the reference group of 3.0- Conclusions Among incident hemodialysis patients, higher globulin level was associated with higher mortality risk independent of other markers of malnutrition and inflammation, including albumin. Lower A/G ratio and serum protein was also associated with higher mortality hazard. The mechanisms that contribute to elevated serum globulin should be further explored.
Single Molecule Myosin Mechanics Measured Using Optical Trapping

The idea of using light to manipulate matter was suggested by Hansch and Schawlow in 1975,1 although the roots likely extend to nineteenth century Maxwell ideas, the understanding that light carries momentum. The optical tweeter, using a single focused laser beam to constrain remotely the position of a dielectric particle in aqueous solution, was demonstrated initially by Ash and colleagues in 1986.2 Light cannot match more direct mechanical probes in crude force, but in this weakness lies its greatest strength: exquisite sensitivity to the tiny forces exerted by single cells and even molecules.
INNOVATION AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE ENGINEER

Innovation has two aspects: (1)Material, which results in the introduction of new products or processes; and (2)theoretical, which results in new methodology. Both aspects of innovation are examined with reference to civil engineers in the aerospace industry, and the design of aircraft. It is shown, by referring to a number of econometric analyses, that material innovation obtained through research and development has contributed greatly to American economic growth. Historical examination of the finite element method of structural engineering, which arose in the aerospace industry, raises some important questions about the future role of engineers. In particular, whether or not the engineer, through his use of the computer, may indeed be moving into some of the traditional fields of activity of the scientist, as the preceding historical analysis would seem to indicate, and if such forecasting should prove to be valid, whether this will influence the future education of the engineer.
Simulating the Planar Shock Response of Concrete

In this work we present results of computational mesoscale simulations created to predict the planar impact response of high strength concrete (i.e. Cor-Tuf). The objective of this work is to further the predictive capabilities of Eulerian hydrocodes, specifically CTH, in producing mesoscale models that augment experimental data and to explore sources of irreversibilities, which limit these predictions. The simulations were used to reconstruct both reverberation and transmitted plane strain experiments that were conducted at Eglin Air Force Base’s HP3 facility. The explicit incorporation of heterogeneity in the material composition was included as a means of modeling irreversible mechanisms that dominate the shock response of porous materials without having to make simplifying assumptions regarding the bulk response of the material. Computational results from both homogeneous and heterogeneous simulations are compared to experimental data, with fairly good agreement in the Hugoniot response. Stress distributions during shock-up and release are also presented along with a discussion of their representation of irreversible effects.
Spear-Phishing in the Wild: A Real-World Study of Personality, Phishing Self-Efficacy and Vulnerability to Spear-Phishing Attacks

Recent research has begun to focus on the factors that cause people to respond to phishing attacks. In this study a real-world spear-phishing attack was performed on employees in organizational settings in order to examine how users’ personality, attitudinal and perceived efficacy factors affect their tendency to expose themselves to such an attack. Spear-phishing attacks are more sophisticated than regular phishing attacks as they use personal information about their intended victim and present a stronger challenge for detection by both the potential victims as well as email phishing filters.While previous research showed that certain phishing attacks can lure a higher response rate from people with a higher level of the personality trait of Neuroticism, other traits were not explored in this context. The present study included a field-experiment which revealed a number of factors that increase the likelihood of users falling for a phishing attack: the factor that was found to be most correlated to the phishing response was users’ Conscientiousness personality trait. The study also found gender-based difference in the response, with women more likely to respond to a spear-phishing message than men. In addition, this work detected negative correlation between the participants subjective estimate of their own vulnerability to phishing attacks and the likelihood that they will be phished. Put together, the finding suggests that vulnerability to phishing is in part a function of users’ personality and that vulnerability is not due to lack of awareness of phishing risks. This implies that real-time response to phishing is hard to predict in advance by the users themselves, and that a targeted approach to defense may increase security effectiveness.
Technology for organizational coordination

The author discusses integrated simulation models as an organizational coordination mechanism. ENVISION, a software technology, is used to link distributed models, each reflecting the critical aspects and activities of those involved in the collaborative effort. The system views created by model integration formalize the relationships, dependencies, and interactions among the participants and provide a basis for coordinating changes and decisions. Models such as discrete event simulation are developed to capture the concerns and critical variables, parameters, and relationships for each of the members of the collaborative team. ENVISION links the models to create sharable system models that help to formally describe the collaborative task, capture decision streams, and provide a broadly accessible organizational memory for projects. >
Peripheral Vascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

The concomitant occurrence of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus is a major factor in the progression of diabetic foot pathology. The rate of lower extremity amputation in the diabetic population is 15 times that seen in the nondiabetic population (1). This increased rate is a result of a number of factors present in the diabetic population that leads to foot pathology in a synergistic fashion. These factors include peripheral neuropathy, which leads to structural and sensory changes within the foot; microvascular changes, nonocclusive changes in the microcirculation leading to the impairment of normal cellular exchange; infection, often aggressive and polymicrobial and macrovascular disease, atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries. Although the underlying pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease in diabetics is similar to that noted in nondiabetics, there are several significant differences. Of note, the diabetic foot is more susceptible to moderate changes in perfusion than the nondiabetic foot, which results in a greater sensitivity to atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Compounding this scenario is the fact that diabetics have a fourfold increase in the prevalence of atherosclerosis, and a propensity for an accelerated form of atherosclerosis. This chapter reviews the pathobiology and anatomic distribution of diabetic peripheral arterial occlusive disease, its clinical presentation and the various diagnostic modalities of use in its evaluation. It concludes with a diagnostic and treatment protocol that can be used in patients presenting with this multifactorial disease process.
Abstract 1486: Bladder cancer exosomes contain tumor-associated mRNA and long non-coding RNA and facilitate tumor progression

INTRODUCTION: Exosomes are 30-100nM membrane bound vesicles that contain protein, miRNA, mRNA, long non-coding (lnc)RNA and can facilitate tumor progression. Recently, we showed that exosomes from bladder cancer (BC) cell lines and urine of BC patients promote angiogenesis, migration and invasion (submitted). Given the complexity of exosomes, investigation of how each class of biomolecule affects tumor biology is critical. The lncRNAs HOTAIR and MALAT1 have been shown to mediate invasiveness in several tumors including BC. Knockdown of MALAT1 or HOTAIR reduced invasion, growth and motility. To this end, we asked if BC exosomes contain or affect the levels of tumor-associated lncRNAs in cells exposed to exosomes. METHODS: A commercial array was used to identify mRNA and lncRNAs in exosomes from BC cell lines. qRT-PCR and sequencing confirmed full-length candidate RNAs in exosomes from cell lines and patients. lncRNA and mRNA levels in cells treated with BC exosomes were quantitated by qRT-PCR. Tumor progression of exosome treated cells was evaluated in vitro by standard scratch migration and trans-well invasion assays. HOTAIR was knocked down with shRNA-HOTAIR. Results: Over 2000 transcripts were identified in BC exosomes. Candidate transcripts were selected based on abundance or known roles in tumor progression and were confirmed by qRT-PCR in exosomes of high-grade BC cell lines: TCC-SUP and T24. Some transcripts were more abundant in exosomes vs. corresponding cell lysates. TCC-SUP exosomes were differentially enriched in some transcripts vs. T24 exosomes. Many of the same lncRNAs and mRNAs identified in cell lines, were enriched in urinary exosomes from pT2+ BC patients vs. controls. Exosomes from TCC-SUP, T24 and patients facilitated increased invasion and migration of recipient 5637 BC cells. Importantly, these tumor progression phenotypes correlated with increased levels of lncRNAs including HOTAIR and MALAT1 in recipient 5637cells. Critically, downstream targets of HOTAIR activation; laminins, SNAIL and ABL2 involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, were elevated in recipient 5637 cells. In addition, knockdown of HOTAIR resulted in alterations in target gene expression.Conclusions: BC exosomes from cells lines and urine of pT2+ BC patients contain tumor-associated mRNA and lncRNAs including MALAT1 and HOTAIR and facilitate migration and invasion. Increased levels of several tumor-associated transcripts were observed in exosome treated cells, suggesting that exosomes may deliver and or induce the expression of mRNA and lncRNAs to promote tumor progression. Citation Format: Jayme Olsen, Jonathan D. Flax, Edward M. Messing, Carla J. Beckham. Bladder cancer exosomes contain tumor-associated mRNA and long non-coding RNA and facilitate tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1486. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1486
Nathanson Young Engineer of the Year

The Nathanson Young Engineer of the Year is an annual award, in honor of the late Fred Nathanson, sponsored by the IEEE/AES Radar Systems Panel of the Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society. The purpose of this award is to grant international recognition for outstatanding contributions to the radar art by young IEEE/AESS members. The goals of the Radar Systems Panel in granting this award are to encourage individual effort and to fostor increased participation by developing radar engineers.
A C-Terminal Determinant of GluR6 Kainate Receptor Trafficking

Intracellular trafficking of ionotropic glutamate receptors is regulated predominantly by determinants in the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of the subunit proteins. Although AMPA receptors are found at the vast majority of excitatory synapses, synaptic kainate receptors exhibit a much more restricted distribution, suggesting that specific mechanisms exist for selective trafficking of these receptor proteins. In this report, we define a critical forward trafficking motif that is necessary for surface expression of the glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) kainate receptor as well as chimeric proteins containing only the GluR6 C-terminal domain. The trafficking determinant was identified by tracking surface expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged GluR6 receptors with confocal immunofluorescence in COS-7 cells and cultured neurons and patch-clamp electrophysiology in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Serial truncation and alanine site mutagenesis of the GluR6 subunit C terminus localized the critical motif to a seven amino acid stretch of predominantly basic residues. Alanine mutation of the trafficking motif reduced kainate receptor current amplitudes by >90% and resulted in retention of the mutated receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum. This forward trafficking domain is the first such identified for kainate receptors.
Development of spontaneous mammary tumors in BALB/c p53 heterozygous mice. A model for Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor type among women in the United States and in individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is altered in a large proportion of both spontaneous breast malignancies and Li-Fraumeni breast cancers. This suggests that loss of p53 can accelerate breast tumorigenesis, yet p53 -deficient mice rarely develop mammary tumors. To evaluate the effect of p53 loss on mammary tumor formation, the p53 null allele was back-crossed onto the BALB/c genetic background. Median survival was 15.4 weeks for BALB/c- p53 −/− mice compared to 54 weeks for BALB/c- p53 +/− mice. Sarcomas and lymphomas were the most frequent tumor types in BALB/c- p53 −/− mice, whereas 55. of the female BALB/c- p53 +/− mice developed mammary carcinomas. The mammary tumors were highly aneuploid, frequently lost the remaining wild-type p53 allele, but rarely lost BRCA1 . Although mammary tumors were rarely detected in BALB/c- p53 −/− female mice, when glands from BALB/c- p53 −/− mice were transplanted into wild-type BALB/c hosts, 75% developed mammary tumors. The high rate of mammary tumor development in the BALB/c background, but not C57Bl/6 or 129/Sv, suggests a genetic predisposition toward mammary tumorigenesis. Therefore, the BALB/c- p53 +/− mice provide a unique model for the study of breast cancer in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. These results demonstrate the critical role that the p53 tumor suppressor gene plays in preventing tumorigenesis in the mammary gland.
Hume's representation argument against rationalism

Hume offers a barrage of arguments for thinking that morality is not based on reason. Two arguments, in particular, are discussed in detail by Rachel Cohon and David Owen in "Hume on Representation, Reason and Motivation." They call the first the Representation Argument and the second the Motivation Argument. The Representation Argument maintains that neither passions, nor volitions, nor actions can be contrary to reason on the grounds that (i) being contrary to reason involves things "consider'd as copies" disagreeing with "those objects they represent" and (ii) neither passions, nor volitions, nor actions are copies, or representations, of "any other existence or modification" at all. Indeed, Hume claims that they "have no more reference to any other object, than when I am thirsty, or sick, or more than five foot high" (T. 415). Thus the Representation Argument "proves directly," he says, "that actions do not derive their merit from a conformity to reason..." (T. 458).
Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much

Why can we never seem to keep on top of our workload, social diary or chores? Why does poverty persist around the world? Why do successful people do things at the last minute in a sudden rush of energy? Here, economist Sendhil Mullainathan and psychologist Eldar Shafir reveal that the hidden side of all these problems is that they're all about scarcity. We've all struggled with packing a suitcase with too many items and not enough time to do it. In Scarcity, two intellectual adventurers show us that this simple idea explains the most fundamental problems in all walks of life. Using the new science of scarcity, they explain why obesity is rampant; why people find it difficult to sleep when most sleep deprived; and why the lonely find it so hard to make friends. Scarcity will change the way you think about both the little everyday tasks and the big issues of global urgency. Sendhil Mullainathan is a Professor of Economics at Harvard, and a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant". He conducts research on development economics, behavioral economics, and corporate finance. He is Executive Director of Ideas 42, Institute of Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University. Eldar Shafir is William Stewart Tod Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs at Princeton University. Most of his work focuses on descriptive analyses of inference, judgment, and decision making, and on issues related to behavioral economics. 'Stars in their respective disciplines, and the combination is greater than the sum of its parts. Their project has a unique feel to it: it is the finest combination of heart and head that I have seen in our field', Daniel Kahneman, author of Thinking, Fast and Slow 'Scarcity is a captivating book, overflowing with new ideas, fantastic stories, and simple suggestions that just might change the way you live' Steven D. Levitt, coauthor of Freakonomics 'Here is a winning recipe. Take a behavioral economist and a cognitive psychologist, each a prominent leader in his field, and let their creative minds commingle. What you get is a highly original and easily readable book that is full of intriguing insights. What does a single mom trying to make partner at a major law firm have in common with a peasant who spends half her income on interest payments? The answer is scarcity. Read this book to learn the surprising ways in which scarcity affects us all', Richard Thaler, co-author of Nudge.
Rule-Based Guidance for Vehicle Highway Driving in the Presence of Uncertainty

The principal objective of this research is to study the feasibility of a real-time, rule-based guidance system for an automobile on a limited-access highway. The inputs to the system are parameters describing the traffic situation, road geometry, vehicle state, and a driver selected goal. The output of the system consists of guidance parameters that command control logic governing the throttle, steering angle, and brakes. During our past research, a dynamic expert system accomplished this guidance task under the assumption that all inputs were available deterministically, i.e., without error. This paper investigates the types and effects of uncertainties encountered in a more realistic environment, and it proposes a stochastic methodology to extend the expert system to handle information that is known only in a probabilistic way.
School Traits: A Report On Rural Schools New And Aspiring Teachers Choose First

The purpose of this research was to survey new and aspiring teachers from Northern State University in Aberdeen, South Dakota, and ask them to identify a set of school traits that they believe are most important when they first seek employment in new schools as teachers upon graduating from college. The participants were forty-three new and aspiring teachers participating in the Northern State University Teacher Induction Program who are ready to begin their teaching careers in elementary and secondary education. The new teachers were asked to identify a specific set of environmental, professional, school location, and career longevity factors that they consider important when choosing a new school. The NSU Teacher Induction Program is a follow-up support and data collection program for new teachers who are entering education after they graduate from Northern State University and starting their first year of teaching. The data collected documents trends and issues and is reported to Northern State University School of Education.
Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.

Invasive fungal infections, mainly caused by Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and may be life threatening, predominantly in the group of severely immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans has been the most common fungal species causing nosocomial infection in surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and, in general, in any immunocompromised patient. 1–6 However, a definite increase in Candida non-albicans spp., which is associated with a higher mortality, has been reported (partially associated with the greater use of fluconazole) together with an increase of filamentous species and rare species of other fungi. 1,4,5,7
Dietary Fat Intake Is Associated with Psychosocial and Cognitive Functioning of School-Aged Children in the United States

Using cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1988-1994, we examined whether dietary fat intake is associated with cognitive and psychosocial functioning in school-aged children. Based upon 24-h diet recall interviews, dietary intakes of total fat, SFA, monounsaturated fatty, PUFAs, and cholesterol were estimated in 3666 participants aged 6 to 16 y. Psychosocial functioning was evaluated in interviews of each child's mother. Cognitive functioning was measured using achievement and intelligence tests. Overall, total fat and saturated fat were unrelated to measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Compared with equivalent energy intake from saturated fat or carbohydrate, each 5% increase in energy intake from PUFAs was associated with lower risks of poor performance on the digit span test (replacing SFA, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.37-0.91; replacing carbohydrate, OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43-0.88). Cholesterol intake was associated with an increased risk of poor performance on the digit span test (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11-1.42 for each 100-mg increment intake of cholesterol). The associations were independent of socioeconomic status, maternal education and marital status, and children's nutrition status and were consistent across different methods of energy adjustment in regression models. We conclude that high intake of PUFAs may contribute to an improved performance on the digit span test. In contrast, increased intake of cholesterol may be associated with a poorer performance.
Relations between frame size and body composition and bone mineral status

Background: Frame size is a description of the supportive structure of the skeleton that is used to adjust for skeletal mass and size in measures of body composition and weight. Objective: Data from the Fels Longitudinal Study were used to investigate the relation between bicristal, elbow, knee, biacromial, and wrist breadths and measures of total body fat (TBF), fat-free mass (FFM), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Design: The sample consisted of cross-sectional data from 224 white men and 277 white women aged 23-65 y. Multiple regressions were conducted with stature-adjusted measures of body composition and bone mineral status as dependent variables and age and frame size as independent variables. Results: Frame-size measures were significantly and positively associated with all body-composition and bone mineral measures in bivariate analyses. In both men and women, the significant models explained more of the variance in measures of TBF (R 2 = 0.51 and 0.66, respectively) and FFM (R 2 = 0.35 and 0.39, respectively) than in measures of BMC (R 2 = 0.18 and 0.23, respectively) and BMD (R 2 = 0.08 and 0.18, respectively). Bicristal, knee, and wrist breadths were associated with TBF, and biacromial, knee, and wrist breadths were positively associated with FFM. Biacromial breadth was positively associated with BMC and BMD. Conclusions: Frame size was more closely associated with TBF and FFM than with BMC and BMD. The association between frame size and body composition seems to be more structural than substantive. The relations between frame size and BMC and BMD are weak and apparently not related to body composition.
Protein synthesis during zoospore germination in the aquatic phycomycete Blastocladiella emersonii

Protein synthesis is required for germination of nongrowing zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii into actively growing vegetative cells. This required protein synthesis was found to occur within a 15-min interval, beginning approximately 15 min after germination commenced and ending about 10 min before germination was completed. An increase in the rate of total protein synthesis in this interval was accompanied by an increase in polyribosomes, from 5% or less of total cell ribosomes to about 80%. Actinomycin D did not significantly affect the time at which the rate of protein synthesis increased, estimated from either amino acid incorporation or net polyribosome formation, and had no effect on the kinetics or synchrony of germination, indicating that the amount of mRNA available for translation is initially regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Actinomycin D did, however, reduce the rate of protein synthesis about 2-fold at the earliest time examined and about 10-fold by the completion of germination. The decreasing rate of protein synthesis in the presence of actinomycin D could be correlated with qualitative changes both in polyribosomes and in pulse-labeled proteins. These changes suggest that selective mRNA degradation occurred during the later stages of germination in the presence of actinomycin D.