cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autism and epilepsy: Historical perspective

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and epilepsy co-occur in approximately 30% of individuals with either ASD or epilepsy. While there is no single unifying ASD-epilepsy phenotype, understanding potential commonalities in subgroups of children with an ASD-epilepsy phenotype will help us disentangle the pathophysiology of both ASD and epilepsy. Throughout this brief historical perspective we selectively review critical trends in ASD-epilepsy research and highlight challenges to clinical and research efforts including terminology, heterogeneity of both ASD and epilepsy, and lack of careful characterization of children affected with both ASD and epilepsy. These complex issues continue to burden research on the diagnosis, neurobiology and management of children with ASD and epilepsy. A key concept that has emerged during the past 40 years is the strong association between intellectual disability and a higher prevalence of epilepsy in individuals with ASD. In addition, the two peaks of seizure onset, one in early childhood and one in adolescence and continuing through adulthood may be unique to individuals with ASD. The overlap of language and autistic regression to epilepsy, EEG epileptiform activity, sleep, and to epileptic encephalopathies such as Landau-Kleffner syndrome continue to be controversial areas of research and of clinical interest. An emerging consensus is that shared developmental genetic, molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms exist and account for the common co-occurrence of ASD and epilepsy.
Endoscopic pyloric injection of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of postvagotomy gastroparesis.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin-A in the treatment of postvagotomy gastroparesis. Methods This open-labeled trial identified and recruited 11 subjects who developed symptomatic gastroparesis after a vagotomy (9 fundoplication, 1 trauma, and 1 exploratory laparotomy). Gastroparesis was defined as an abnormal solid-phase gastric emptying test using the standardized 4-hour radionuclide eggbeater meal method and vagotomy was confirmed with a sham meal challenge test. To complete the study, subjects should have completed the 6-month follow-up visit after their pylorus was injected with botulinum toxin-A injection in a 4-quadrant manner. Patients either received 100 (n = 2) or 200 (n = 9) units of botulinum toxin. Questionnaires recorded symptom severity of gastroparesis at baseline and at monthly intervals for 6 months after the therapy was completed by the patients. Results Of the 11 subjects initially recruited, 10 finished the 6-month follow-up visit (7 women). Mean age was 51 years (range, 31–84 years). Mean symptom score at baseline was 16 (95% CI 13–19) and showed a numerical decline to 9 ( P > 0.05) over the 6-month period after the procedure (95% CI 5–13). Seven (70%) patients observed >30% improvement in the total symptom score. No complications were recorded. Conclusions In conclusion, this open-label study in patients with postvagotomy gastroparesis patients reveals a reduction of gastroparetic symptoms at 1 and 3 months after treatment with pyloric injection of botulinum toxin-A, with return of symptoms by 6 months. Thus, botulinum toxin treatment does not produce a sustained reduction in gastroparetic symptoms in this clinical setting.
CASE REPORT 666

A specimen of a bipartite sesamoid bone revealed anatomic cartilaginous continuity in the presence of radiographic osseous discontinuity. Hyaline cartilage present between the two ossific foci strongly supported the bipartite ossification process as a developmental variation.
MORPHOLOGY AND DISPERSAL OF ONE- AND TWO-SEEDED DIASPORES OF CRYPTANTHA FLAVA'

The wind-dispersed diaspore of the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae) consists of one, or occasionally two, nutlets (seeds) enclosed in a pubescent calyx. Physical characteristics of one- and two-seeded diaspores and their rates of descent in still air were compared. Natural dispersal distances in the field of calyces containing 0, 1, or 2 seeds were also measured. Two-seeded diaspores are wider at the ovary and have a greater total mass, a greater mass of the ovary, and a higher rate of descent in still air than one-seeded diaspores. Under field conditions, however, there is no difference in how far calyces containing 0, 1, or 2 seeds disperse. Thus rate of descent is not a good predictor of relative dispersal distances in this species. Much of the dispersal in the field must occur as movement along the surface of the ground, and during such secondary dispersal, the greater width of two-seeded diaspores may compensate for the potentially opposing effect of their greater mass.
DNA sequence of the simian varicella virus (SVV) gH gene and analysis of the SVV and varicella zoster virus gH transcripts

The varicella zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein H (gH) stimulates VZV-specific immune responses and may be involved in virus penetration. This study reports the genomic map position and the DNA sequence of a simian varicella virus (SVV) homologue of the VZV gH gene. A 32P-labeled VZV gH-specific DNA probe hybridized to the HindIII B subclone of the SVV BamHI B restriction endonuclease (RE) fragment. The DNA sequence of the SVV HindIII B subclone was determined and analysis indicated a SVV open reading frame (ORF) homologous to several herpesvirus gH genes. The SVV gH ORF is 2559 base pairs in size and encodes a 852-amino acid protein. The SVV gH contains characteristics of a transmembrane glycoprotein including: 9 consensus N-linked glycosylation sites, a potential amino terminal signal sequence, and a predicted transmembrane segment located near the carboxyl terminus. The SVV and VZV gH genes exhibit 60.0% identity and the predicted polypeptides exhibit 54.5% identity. The SVV and VZV gH transcripts were analyzed and the promoter regions were compared. 32P-labeled SVV and VZV gH-specific DNA probes each hybridized to a single 2.9 kilobase transcript. The mRNA start sites of the SVV and VZV gH genes were determined by primer extension analysis, and alignment of the promoter regions indicated similar content and arrangement. The extensive conservation of SVV and VZV genes and predicted polypeptides further supports the use of SVV infection of non-human primates as a model of VZV infection of humans.
Gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with advanced lung cancer: preclinical studies and report of a phase I trial

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the efficacy of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine using the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma model and to translate this regimen to a phase I clinical study of these two agents in patients with advanced lung cancer. Materials and methods: Using the mouse Lewis lung cancer model, employing growth delay and isobologram analysis, we demonstrated that gemcitabine, in combination with vinorelbine, produced additive activity with little increased toxicity over a wide range of doses. At the highest dose level studied, antagonism was observed. Based on these results, we initiated a phase I study of this combination at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) in patients with untreated or once pretreated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or once pretreated small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Vinorelbine (given in an intravenous bolus) and gemcitabine (given in a 30-min infusion) were initially administered to patients at a dose of 15 mg/m2 and 500 mg/m2, respectively, on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Seven dose levels were subsequently explored over the course of the study. There was no intrapatient dose escalation. Results: From November 1996 to March 1998, 40 patients were enrolled: 32 had NSCLC, 5 had SCLC and 3 had mixed disease (both SCLC and NSCLC). The patients were evenly divided by gender, the median age was 58 years (range 38 to 73 years), and the median ECOG performance status was 1 (range 0 to 2). All patients had normal renal and hepatic function and none had previously received gemcitabine or vinorelbine. Toxic reactions included mild to moderate fatigue, nausea, constipation, and, most significantly, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Phlebitis was a major problem when central venous lines were not used with 15% grade 1/2 events. The day-15 dose was held in 43% of patients at the expanded dose. No true maximum tolerated dose was reached after completion of seven dose levels. Dose level 4 (22.5 mg/m2 vinorelbine and 1000 mg/m2 gemcitabine) was chosen for expansion and future study due to the potential increased ability of patients to receive the full doses on time. Conclusions: We conclude that this drug combination and dosage are feasible and have potential as either a front- or second-line chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced lung cancer, and phase II/III trials should be performed. However, hematologic toxicities, as found in this study, could probably be reduced with treatment on days l and 8 every 21 days, and current literature would suggest this to be the preferred schedule.
Theory of cones

Abstract This survey deals with the aspects of archimedian partially ordered finite-dimensional real vector spaces and order preserving linear maps which do not involve spectral theory. The first section sketches some of the background of entrywise nonnegative matrices and of systems of inequalities which motivate much of the current investigations. The study of inequalities resulted in the definition of a polyhedral cone K and its face lattice F ( K ). In Section II.A the face lattice of a not necessarily polyhedral cone K in a vector space V is investigated. In particular the interplay between the lattice properties of F ( K ) and geometric properties of K is emphasized. Section II.B turns to the cones Π( K ) in the space of linear maps on V . Recall that Π( K ) is the cone of all order preserving linear maps. Of particular interest are the algebraic structure of Π( K ) as a semiring and the nature of the group Aut( K ) of nonsingular elements A ϵΠ( K ) for which A -1 ϵΠ( K ) as well. In a short final section the cone P n of n × n positive semidefinite matrices is discussed. A characterization of the set of completely positive linear maps is stated. The proofs will appear in a forthcoming paper.
Flexible solar-energy harvesting system on plastic with thin-film LC oscillators operating above f t for inductively-coupled power delivery

This paper presents an energy-harvesting system consisting of amorphous-silicon (a-Si) solar cells and thin-film-transistor (TFT) power circuits on plastic. Along with patterned planar inductors, the TFTs realize an LC-oscillator that provides power inversion of the DC solar-module output, enabling a low-cost sheet for inductively-coupled wireless charging of devices. Despite the low performance of the TFTs (f t =1.3MHz at a voltage of 15V), the oscillator can operate above 2MHz by incorporating the device parasitics into the resonant tank. This enables increased quality factor for the planar inductors, improving the power-transfer efficiency and the power delivered. With 3cm-radius single- and double-layer inductors, the system achieves 22.6% and 31% power-transfer efficiency (approaching the analytically-predicted bound), while the power delivered is 20mW and 22mW.
Increased oxidant resistance of alveolar macrophages isolated from rats repeatedly exposed to cadmium aerosols.

Abstract This study investigated potential mechanisms of oxidant resistance in alveolar macrophages (AM) isolated from Lewis rats exposed repeatedly to cadmium aerosols. Macrophages from Cd-adapted animals exhibited significantly greater resistance to oxidant-induced cytotoxicity than control cells when challenged with hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Elevations in glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were associated with increased oxidant tolerance but catalase activity was unchanged. Metallothionein (MT) expression (protein and mRNA) was dramatically up-regulated in response to in vivo Cd exposure. A study using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques revealed significant heterogeneity in the expression of metallothionein by AMs. The percentage of AMs positive for MT (protein and mRNA) and the degree of MT expression within individual cells increased in response to additional Cd exposures. A putative state of activation was suggested by the differences in size and number of inclusion bodies in macrophages from Cd-adapted animals and by secretion of a cytokine with interleukin-1-like characteristics. In summary, AMs from Cd-adapted animals are distinguished from control cells with respect to: (1) increased oxidant resistance, (2) secretion of cytokines, (3) elevations in enzymes associated with glutathione metabolism, and (4) up-regulation in metallothionein expression.
First-principles, structure-based transdermal transport model to evaluate lipid partition and diffusion coefficients of hydrophobic permeants solely from stratum corneum permeation experiments.

ABSTRACT To account for the effect of branched, parallel transport pathways in the intercellular domain of the stratum corneum (SC) on the passive transdermal transport of hydrophobic permeants, we have developed, from first‐principles, a new theoretical model—the Two‐Tortuosity Model. This new model requires two tortuosity factors to account for: (1) the effective diffusion path length, and (2) the total volume of the branched, parallel transport pathways present in the SC intercellular domain, both of which may be evaluated from known values of the SC structure. After validating the Two‐Tortuosity model with simulated SC diffusion experiments in FEMLAB (a finite element software package), the vehicle‐bilayer partition coefficient, K b , and the lipid bilayer diffusion coefficient, D b , in untreated human SC were evaluated using this new model for two hydrophobic permeants, naphthol ( K b = 225 ± 42, D b = 1.7 × 10 −7 ± 0.3 × 10 −7 cm 2 /s) and testosterone ( K b = 92 ± 29, D b = 1.9 × 10 −8 ± 0.5 × 10 −8 cm 2 /s). The results presented in this paper demonstrate that this new method to evaluate K b and D b is comparable to, and simpler than, previous methods, in which SC permeation experiments were combined with octanol–water partition experiments, or with SC solute release experiments, to evaluate K b and D b . © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96: 3236–3251, 2007
Improved Frequency Domain Channel Estimation and Equalization for MIMO Wireless Communications

This paper introduces an improved frequency domain channel estimation method based on interpolation vectors for single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme. The proposed algorithm is derived by employing the least squares (LS) criterion, and a specified application for the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) Rayleigh fading channel is presented. The channel frequency domain responses estimated at two adjacent pilot blocks are used to track the time-variant channel information, which can effectively improve the accuracy of channel estimation without significantly increasing complexity. Maximum mean square error (MMSE) frequency domain equalization based on the estimated channel is employed in the receiver to recover transmitted signals. This paper also investigates a training sequence design method for multiple transmit antennas and a noise variance estimation method. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed methods can perform very well for fading channels with long multipath delay and high Doppler spread.
Chapter 2: Legacy of Brown: Lau and Language Policy in the United States

T he 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 also recalls the anniversary of Lau v. Nichols, decided exactly 20 years later in 1974. The two decisions were monumental in the history of civil rights and, interestingly, have shared similarities in the ways in which they have been reinterpreted since they were first decided several decades ago. The history of both of these decisions reminds us that the struggle for civil rights in the United States is not over. The great promise of this democracy is an equal opportunity to affect the decisions and the laws that rule our lives. The great challenge is to make good on that promise. Brown v. Board of Education and Lau v. Nichols are both morality tales about the inherent difficulty of sustaining minority rights in the face of majority interests. In this chapter, we argue that the two cases have been intertwined in interesting ways and that three types of strategies have been used to undermine both decisions: legal, regulatory, and public relations. In concert, these strategies have been at least moderately effective in undoing the promise of equity that each decision represented.
Commercialization scenarios of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications for stationary power generation in the United States by the year 2015

Abstract Battelle is identifying the most likely markets and economic impacts of stationary polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells in the range of 1–250 kW in the U.S. by the year 2015. For this task, Battelle is using the Interactive Future Simulations (IFS™), an analytical modeling and forecasting tool that uses expert judgment, trend analysis, and cross-impact analysis methods to generate most likely future conditions for PEM fuel cell applications, market acceptance, commercial viability, and economic impacts. The cross-impact model contains 28 descriptors including commercial and technological advances in both polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and fossil fuel technologies, sources of hydrogen, investments, public policy, environmental regulation, value to consumers, commercialization leadership, modes of generation, and the reliability and prices of grid electricity. One likely scenario to the year 2015 is that the PEM fuel cells will be limited to commercial and industrial customers in the range of 50–200 kW with a market size less than US$ 5 billion a year.
Composable topological properties and semigroups of relations

It is assumed throughout this paper that all topological spaces under consideration are Hausdorff. Since the notion of topological property is fundamental in this paper, we begin by making it precise. For our purposes here, it is sufficient to think of a topological property Q as being a class of space such that if X ∈ Q and Y is homeomorphic to X , then Y ∈ Q . To say that a space X has property Q would then be equivalent to saying that X ∈ Q .
Nitric oxide levels of jet diffusion flames: Effects of coaxial air and other mixing parameters

This paper quantifies the effects of certain fluid mechanical mixing perameters, such as coaxial air velocity, Reynolds number and Damkohler number, on the total nitric oxide emission index of non-premixed jet flames. It is found that forcing coaxial air into the flame can result in a significant (up to sixfold) reduction of the NOx emission index (in g/kg fuel) as compared to simple jet flames. The large NOx reduction is explained by the fact that coaxial air reduces the flame length and therefore forces the jet flame to exist closer to the nozzle where the velocities are larger, which reduces the local residence time as well as the reaction zone volume. The thermal NOx scaling proposed by Peters for jet flames with no coaxial air appears to explain the present results successfully for the case of a hydrogen-air flame but with only partial success for the case of a methane-air flame. The different scaling of the methane-air flame may be due to its greater sensitivity to the strain induced by coaxial air, or may be due to prompt NO. Coaxial air also significantly changes the fraction of NO2 within the NOx, but the NO2 scales in a manner that is different from the overall NOx. Parameters that were systematically varied include the Reynolds number, the coaxial air velocity, fuelto-air diameter ratio and fuel type. The measured trends can be used to assess recent NOx/mixing models. The NOx/emission index of simple jet flames, having no coaxial air, also are quantified. NOx levels decrease as the characteristic residence time is decreased, as expected, when the fuel jet diameter is decreased or the jet velocity is increased. However, after accounting for residence time by using the conventional scaling parameters, an additional Damkohler number effect is observed. That is, the normalized NOx emission index obtained for a wide range of jet velocities (UF) and diameters (dF) collapse to a single curve when plotted against the ratio UF/dF, rather than using the Reynolds number, as has been done previously. Some physical reasons for the observed scaling are proposed. The NOx results are compared to the limiting cases of reduced mixing (i.e., low Reynolds number laminar jet flames) and very intense mixing, which is achieved by adding swirl to the coaxial air. The trends caused by adding swirl are similar to the trends caused by adding coaxial air, since both increase the rate of fuel-air mixing and shorten the flame. Swirl can further reduce the NOx levels. The combined fluid mechanical mixing effects of coaxial air and swirl increases the percentage of NO2 in the NOx from 1.3% in a simple hydrogen jet flame to 66% in a swirl flame.
Mathematical modeling of differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Methods for the dynamic analysis of biochemical differentiation are presented. These are demonstrated in the analysis of biochemical differentiation of the carbohydrate system inD. discoideum. Procedures for simplification which are presented are projection and contraction of the system trajectory in state space and the generation of reduced equivalent dynamic metabolic networks. The importance of the hierarchical structure of differentiating systems is discussed and the concept of a dynamic embedding diagram is introduced. It is shown that complex systems must be analyzed on an epoch by epoch basis, each epoch being a period of time characterized by a constant dynamic embedding diagram, and that widely different time scales and state space scales may be necessary in different epochs. In particular there is noa priori lower limit to the time scale which may be necessary during the analysis. Some problems in mathematically defining differentiation are discussed.
Solid H2 and D2: Remarkable differences in some NMR properties.

The differences in the observed properties of solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ are reviewed, and in particular those encountered in NMR experiments. The failure to detect a sharp NMR (I=1) impurity ``isolated pair'' spectrum in p-${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ is discussed in terms of a larger crystalline field than in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, where an intense and sharp pair spectrum has been observed. Furthermore, we discuss the dramatic (I=1) solid echo signal loss with decreasing temperature which is observed in solid ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, but not for solid ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. A theory of the solid echo damping through orientational fluctuations is developed. This theory accounts for the observed solid echo decay in ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ as a function of the pulse spacing time \ensuremath{\tau} and leads to an estimation of the order parameter fluctuation amplitude and the correlation time ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathit{c}}$. However, the theory cannot account for the loss of spin (as determined from Curie's law), which must occur for very small values of \ensuremath{\tau} that are not covered by the theory.
The Critical Mass Theory of Suicide

Lester (1987) predicted from Schelling's (1978) critical mass theory that, once the rate of suicide in a society reaches a certain level, it may become self-sustaining and there may even be an increase in incidence. Lester found that nations with higher suicide rates in 1970 had greater absolute increases in the rate by 1980. To explore the replicabibty of this finding, 32 nations (with populations greater than one million) for which data on suicide rates in 1975 and 1985 were given in the World Health Statistics Annual (WHO, annual) were examined. The mean suicide rate rose from 1975 to 1985 (Ms 13.14 and 14.61, SDs 7.94 and 8.60; t,, = 3.63, p = .0005), but the Pearson correlation between the suicide rates in 1975 and the absolute increase by 1985 was 0.15 and not significantly different from zero. Thus, these data from 1975 to 1985 did not replicate Lester's earlier report, but rhe basis for this lack of confirmation is unclear.
Control-Relevant Parameter Estimation: A Systematic Procedure for Prefilter Design

The objective of this paper is to develop a systematic procedure for deriving control-relevant parameter estimation algorithms for linear models represented via the prediction-error model structure. The key element in the design procedure is the prefiltering of the input and output time series obtained from the plant. The prefiltering step insures that the estimated model retains those plant characteristics that are most significant with regards to the user's control requirements. In this paper we employ linear fractional representations of the closed-loop system to obtain a general statement of the control-relevant parameter estimation problem which applies to different types of models and control structures. The prefilters obtained via this technique incorporate explicitly the model structure, the desired closed-loop transfer functions, and the setpoint/disturbance characteristics of the control problem. The proposed procedure is then applied to obtain prefilters for models to be used to design feedback, feedforward, and decentralized controllers.
Transport properties and band structure in bismuth, antimony and their alloys

We shall interpret the galvanomagnetic prroperties of bismuth, antimony and the Bi-Sb alloy system in terms of bands of carriers known to exist in the pure semimetals. In our interpretation, the new carriers, presumed holes, observed by several investigators in antimony must have slightly warped oblate ellipsoidal energy surfaces to account for the galvanomagnetic data of Juretschke et al, rather than tilted ellipsoidal surfaces. These new holes, together with the well established holes in bismuth and the Shoenberg electrons in both bismuth and antimony, account for the anomalous Hall coefficients of antimony. Consideration of qualitative features of the nearly free electron model of Jones and Harrison suggests that a linear variation of the spatial potential upon alloying bismuth with antimony is sufficient to account for the considerable changes observed in the transport properties of the alloy system. This model also suggests that the conduction band minima in bismuth are located at different points in the Brillouin zone from those in antimony. Experimental support for these hypotheses is discussed.
Issues with measurements of the convective velocity of large-scale structures in the compressible shear layer of a free jet

Experiments were conducted to measure convective velocity of large-scale structures in the shear layer of a Mach 2.0 free jet with a convective Mach number of 0.87 and Reynolds number based on a nozzle diameter of 2.6×106. Real-time flow visualization and planar Doppler velocimetry (PDV) measurements along with space-time correlation were used. The results reveal that regardless of the measurement technique employed, whether qualitative flow visualization or quantitative PDV, the method of seeding can have a significant effect on the ability to accurately identify, track, and measure convective velocity of large-scale structures. This is apparent by the relatively large spread in convective velocity results obtained in the same jet by using various methods of seeding and qualitative and quantitative visualization. Convective velocity measurements made under the best seeding conditions available with PDV indicate a convective velocity of structures that is close to the value predicted by theory up to the c...
Factor Structure on the Adult Nowicki-Strickland I-E Scale in a College Population:

The purpose of the present study was to identify the factor structure of the Adult Nowicki-Strickland I-E Scale (ANS-IE) and to compare the results with those in a 1976 publication by Dixon, McKee,...
DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Formation Initiated by Reaction between Singlet Oxygen and a Modified Nucleotide

DNA is the target of many anti-cancer therapies. These agents damage the biopolymer by oxidation or by alkylation. Interstrand DNA cross-links are believed to be the source of cytotoxicity of anti-tumor agents, such as mitomycin C, which alkylate the biopolymer. In contrast, deoxyguanosine oxidation is the result of reaction between DNA and singlet oxygen, which is the damaging species produced in photodynamic therapy. We have shown that, upon oxidation by singlet oxygen, an analogue of thymidine (2) rearranges to a methide, which forms DNA-DNA interstrand cross-links. This novel process suggests that 2 may be a useful adjuvant in photodynamic therapy.
Fibromyalgia—A Hidden Link?

A number of similarities exist between Fibromyalgia (FM) and thiamin deficiency. They include irritability, frequent headaches, unusual fatigue, muscle tenderness upon pressure palpitation, muscula...
Parental Involvement in Youth Anxiety Treatment: Conceptual Bases, Controversies, and Recommendations for Intervention

Parents are often perceived as a contributing or maintaining source of youth anxiety disorders, making them natural targets for either intervention or involvement in treatment protocols. Efforts to increase the efficacy and durability of standard treatments by incorporating parents have been successful, yet they often do not outperform child-focused treatment. Breinholst et al. (2012) review and discuss several overlooked parental research variables (anxiety, overcontrol, beliefs and assumptions, global family dysfunction) found to promote and maintain child anxiety. However, it remains unclear how these proposed variables interfere with active therapeutic ingredients (e.g., exposure) or how the identified problems might be addressed. We propose that insufficient attention to exposure-based treatment and family behavioral responses explain the comparatively low added value for parental involvement in child anxiety treatment and outline directions for research to address them. With meaningful attention being given to exposure and its accompanying variables in the treatment of childhood anxiety, we believe that treatment outcomes and intervention acceptability can be improved.
Shape constancy and depth-order violations in structure from motion: A look at non-frontoparallel axes of rotation

Humans can recover the structure of a 3D object from motion cues alone. Recovery of structure from motion (SFM) from the projected 2D motion field of a rotating object has been studied almost exclusively in one particular condition, that in which the axis of rotation lies in the frontoparallel plane. Here, we assess the ability of humans to recover SFM in the general case, where the axis of rotation may be slanted out of the frontoparallel plane. Using elliptical cylinders whose cross section was constant along the axis of rotation, we find that, across a range of parameters, subjects accurately matched the simulated shape of the cylinder regardless of how much the axis of rotation is inclined away from the frontoparallel plane. Yet, we also find that subjects do not perceive the inclination of the axis of rotation veridically. This combination of results violates a relationship between perceived angle of inclination and perceived shape that must hold if SFM is to be recovered from the instantaneous velocity field. The contradiction can be resolved if the angular speed of rotation is not consistently estimated from the instantaneous velocity field. This, in turn, predicts that variation in object size along the axis of rotation can cause depth-order violations along the line of sight. This prediction was verified using rotating circular cones as stimuli. Thus, as the axis of rotation changes its inclination, shape constancy is maintained through a trade-off. Humans perceive the structure of the object relative to a changing axis of rotation as unchanging by introducing an inconsistency between the perceived speed of rotation and the first-order optic flow. The observed depth-order violations are the cost of the trade-off.
The Minimal CO2-Concentrating Mechanism of Prochlorococcus spp. MED4 Is Effective and Efficient

As an oligotrophic specialist, Prochlorococcus spp. has streamlined its genome and metabolism including the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which serves to elevate the CO2 concentration around Rubisco. The genomes of Prochlorococcus spp. indicate that they have a simple CCM composed of one or two HCO3(-) pumps and a carboxysome, but its functionality has not been examined. Here, we show that the CCM of Prochlorococcus spp. is effective and efficient, transporting only two molecules of HCO3(-) per molecule of CO2 fixed. A mechanistic, numerical model with a structure based on the CCM components present in the genome is able to match data on photosynthesis, CO2 efflux, and the intracellular inorganic carbon pool. The model requires the carboxysome shell to be a major barrier to CO2 efflux and shows that excess Rubisco capacity is critical to attaining a high-affinity CCM without CO2 recovery mechanisms or high-affinity HCO3(-) transporters. No differences in CCM physiology or gene expression were observed when Prochlorococcus spp. was fully acclimated to high-CO2 (1,000 µL L(-1)) or low-CO2 (150 µL L(-1)) conditions. Prochlorococcus spp. CCM components in the Global Ocean Survey metagenomes were very similar to those in the genomes of cultivated strains, indicating that the CCM in environmental populations is similar to that of cultured representatives.
Leaky-mode propagation in Ti-diffused LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 waveguides

We have observed leaky-mode propagation in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 planar waveguides in nonaxial propagation directions when the optic axis lies in the waveguide plane. For LiNbO3 waveguides, we measure both the leak angle and the loss coefficient as a function of propagation direction and present a theoretical model that quantitatively agrees with our observations. The loss coefficient is expressed in a form that shows the dependence on anisotropy and mode dispersion.
Metastatic Insulinoma Following Resection of Nonsecreting Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumor A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 56-year-old woman presented to our clinic for recurrent hypoglycemia after undergoing resection of an incidentally discovered nonfunctional pancreatic endocrine tumor 6 years ago. She underwent a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy, after which she developed diabetes and was placed on an insulin pump. Pathology showed a pancreatic endocrine neoplasm with negative islet hormone immunostains. Two years later, computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed multiple liver lesions. Biopsy of a liver lesion showed a well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm, consistent with pancreatic origin. Six years later, she presented to clinic with 1.5 years of recurrent hypoglycemia. Laboratory results showed elevated proinsulin, insulin levels, and c-peptide levels during a hypoglycemic episode. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen redemonstrated multiple liver lesions. Repeated transarterial catheter chemoembolization and microwave thermal ablation controlled hypoglycemia. The unusual features of interest of this case include the transformation of nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumor to a metastatic insulinoma and the occurrence of atrial flutter after octreotide for treatment.
Possibility of Charmed Hypernuclei

We suggest that both two-body and many-body bound states of a charmed baryon and nucleons should exist. Estimates indicate binding in the $^{1}S_{0}$ state of ${C}_{1}N$ ($I=\frac{3}{2}$) and $\mathrm{SN}$ ($I=1$). We further estimate the binding energy of ${C}_{0}$, ${C}_{1}$ in various finite nuclei.
Interaction effects and thermoelectric power in low-temperature hopping

The effect of electron-electron interactions on the thermoelectric power for hopping transport in two and three dimensions is calculated in the low-temperature limit. While the conductivity requires a very precise measurement to extract a temperature exponent with enough precision to determine the role of the interactions, it is shown that the thermopower behaviour will reflect the presence of interactions in an unambiguous manner. In contrast to a Mott variable-range hopping model where the thermopower decreases to zero as the temperature decreases (S=0 at T=0), the thermopower in an Efros interaction mode, should approach a non-zero constant as T to 0.
The effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine or thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary hormone responses to arginine infusions in hypothyroid patients.

Serum PRL and GH responses to a control argi-nine infusion were determined in seven hypothyroid patients. During the infusion, basal TSH levels fell slightly but significantly. On a following day, a second arginine infusion was performed, 5 min after iv injection of 500 μg TRH. The mean peak PRL response was enhanced 6-fold and occurred earlier, while the mean peak GH response remained unaffected. Mean peak TSH levels were only 128% above baseline after TRH. On a third day, a third arginine infusion was performed 4 h after oral administration of (100 μg T3; mean serum T3 levels were increased from 57 to a peak of 481 ng/dl 5 h after T3 The mean)GH response was significantly reduced by 71% at 90 min, with an overall reduction of the GH output of 47%, while the PRL response remained unaffected. Thus, acute elevation of serum T3 levels in hypothyroidism appear to inhibit the mean GH response to arginine.
Evolution of wound dressings and their effects on the healing process.

Abstract Over the last decade, there has been a rebirth of interest in wound healing research, partly due to advances in biotechnology leading to the feasibility of producing large quantities of pure, human growth factors thought to be important in the healing process and also due to the recognition that certain new dressing materials have a favorable impact on wound healing. This paper describes some of the newer dressing materials and discusses the basis for the biological effects of these products. As progress continues, it is likely that future approaches will combine the use of dressings with drugs or active agents selected to prevent or treat infection, start or stimulate the healing process, or control the production of scar tissue.
A molecular dynamics simulation study to investigate the effect of filler size on elastic properties of polymer nanocomposites

The influence of filler size on elastic properties of nanoparticle reinforced polymer composites is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Molecular models for a system of nanocomposites are developed by embedding a fullerene bucky-ball of various sizes into an amorphous polyethylene matrix. In all cases, bucky-balls are modeled as non-deformable solid inclusions and infused in the matrix with a fixed volume fraction. The interaction between polymer and the nanoparticle is prescribed by the Lennard-Jones non-bonded potential. The mechanical properties for neat polymer and nanocomposites are evaluated by simulating a series of unidirectional and hydrostatic tests, both in tension and compression. Simulation results show that the elastic properties of nanocomposites are significantly enhanced with the reduction of bucky-ball size. An examination at the atomic level reveals that densification of polymer matrix near the nanoparticle as well as the filler-matrix interaction energy play the major role in completing the size effect.
High heat flux, single-phase microchannel cooling

Microchannel heat sinks are a relevant thermal management technology because the combination of surface area enhancement and small length scales results in low thermal resistance. Previously, a thermal resistance of 0.09°C/W was achieved when a heat flux of 790 W/cm 2 was imposed on a 1 cm × 1 cm footprint portion of a 400 μm-thick Si test specimen utilizing single-phase microchannel cooling. Water was driven through the assembly with a 214 kPa pressure difference [1]. Under the same constraints, we report experimental results in which a heat flux of 1002 W/cm 2 and thermal resistance of 0.071°C/W have been achieved when water was the coolant. Preliminary results with a liquid metal minichannel heat sink are also reported and suggest that thermal resistances as low as 0.45°C/W may be achieved under the same constraints.
Feasibility and performance of breath-hold 3D true-FISP coronary MRA using self-calibrating parallel acquisition

Spatial resolution in 3D breath-hold coronary MR angiography (MRA) is limited by imaging time. The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of improving the spatial resolution of coronary MRA using generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) and fast imaging with steady state precession (True-FISP) data acquisition. Coronary data were acquired in 10 healthy volunteers. In five volunteers, the data were fully acquired in k-space and decimated for GRAPPA with an outer reduction factor (ORF) of 2. The coil calibration in GRAPPA was improved by segmented least-squares fitting along the frequency-encoding direction. More than 5% of the total k-space lines were required for the calibration to achieve acceptable artifact suppression despite slightly lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In another five volunteers, coronary data were obtained with both conventional and accelerated data acquisitions in the same imaging time. GRAPPA allowed a submillimeter in-plane resolution, and improved coronary artery definition with an acceptable loss of SNR. In conclusion, 3D breath-hold coronary MRA by GRAPPA and True-FISP is highly feasible.
Molecular biology of lymphoid malignancies

Over the last decade advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human cancer have largely been established upon the recognition that frequent and consistent chromosomal abnormalities, occurring in a variety of human cancers, are the cytogenetic markers for molecular genetic changes which underlie oncogenesis [1].
Bacterial Meningitis in Aging Adults

Bacterial meningitis remains a highly lethal disease in older adults, with mortality rates averaging >20% despite modern antibiotic therapy. In this population, more variable presentations are seen, with fewer patients manifesting fever, neck stiffness, and headache than among younger adults. In addition, many older adults (aged > or =60 years) may have other underlying diseases causing symptoms that may be confused with those of meningitis. The spectrum of etiologic bacterial organisms is more broad than that for a younger population, in part because of the increased frequency of severe underlying diseases and in part as a result of immunosenescence. Therapy is complicated by both the range of possible causative organisms and the increasing antibiotic resistance manifested by some. These difficulties, contrasted with the success of vaccination in the pediatric population, highlight the need for improved preventive strategies for older adults. This review outlines some key clinical points in the management of bacterial meningitis in the older adult.
A Method for Measuring the Field of View in Vehicle Mirrors

This paper will present a new method for physically measuring a driver’s field of view in rearview mirrors. A portable coordinate measurement apparatus (FARO Arm) is used to measure the mirror locations, contours, and curvature. Measurements of the driver’s head and eye locations while looking into the mirror are also made. Raytracing is used to map the two- or three-dimensional field of view in each rearview mirror. The method differentiates between monocular, binocular, and ambinocular fields of view while accounting for head movements. This method has been applied to passenger cars, light trucks, and heavy trucks to document how drivers aim their mirrors during normal use.
Sociocultural Determinants of Physical Activity among Children

yses. Results. The results indicated few ethnic differences activity among children in order to better inform curin childhood physical activity once characteristics rent research on children’s physical activity patterns such as social class and single vs dual parent family and to guide intervention programs directed at activbackground were controlled for. Specific multivariate ity promotion. findings included higher levels of television viewing A typology useful in understanding the multitude of and vigorous exercise among children from single par- factors which may influence children’s physical activity ent homes; lower habitual physical activity among patterns, modified from Kohl and Hobbs’ classification girls; less P.E. exercise among African Americans and [6], considers determinants at four levels: the physiologchildren from single parent homes; higher sports team ical level, including factors such as maturation and participation among older yet physically immature growth, the psychological level, including motivation, children; and higher physical fitness among boys, Cau- self-efficacy, and sense of control, the sociocultural casians, physically mature children, and children from level, including family characteristics, sociodemographsingle parent homes. ics, and role models, and the ecological level, including Conclusions. This study illustrates the multidimensional nature of childhood physical activity and the the availability of facilities for activity, physical safety, influence of sociocultural factors on children’s activity and climate. Interestingly, the majority of previous repatterns. q 1999 American Health Foundation and Academic Press search exploring determinants of physical activity [7‐10], while broader sociocultural or ecological determinants have received little attention, despite their potential to influence children’s activity patterns through the provision of opportunities for exercise. With the
The relation of parent alcoholism to adolescent substance use: A longitudinal follow-up study.

The current study tested parent alcoholism effects on growth curves of adolescent substance use and examined whether parent and peer influences, temperamental emotionality and sociability, and stress and negative affect could explain parent alcoholism effects. Longitudinal latent growth curve modeling showed that adolescents with alcoholic fathers, boys, and adolescents with drug-using peers had steeper growth in substance use over time than did adolescents without alcoholic fathers, girls, and adolescents without drug-using peers. Data were consistent with father's monitoring and stress as possible mediators of paternal alcoholism effects. However, the direct effects of paternal alcoholism on substance use growth remained significant even after including the hypothesized mediators in the model. This suggests that other (unmeasured) mediators are necessary to fully explain paternal alcoholism risk for adolescents' escalating substance use over time.
Status of ferrite technology in the United States

There has been steady progress in advancing the state-of-the-art in ferrite devices in the United States over the past several years. Microstrip circulator technology at microwave frequencies has advanced to the point where cost and manufacturability rather than performance are the major issues. A primary goal is to produce a ferrite device which is compatible in size and cost with monolithic microwave circuits. Activity in thin-film YIG filter technology has been waning in the United States over the past few years but the intrinsically high Q of YIG resonators and the compatibility of film technology with monolithic circuits may reverse this trend. Vacuum electronics will continue to play an important role in future military systems. There is currently a substantial triservice initiative to advance this technology along many fronts (microwave power modules, vacuum microelectronics, millimeter-wave amplifiers, crossed field devices, etc.) in support of military requirements. >