cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Appraisal of the Current Guidelines for the Use of Antifungals in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, and Mucormycosis

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) continue to be associated with a high morbidity and mortality in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Despite effective drugs, clinical failures are frequently encountered. Critical factors associated with suboptimal clinical outcome include poor host immune status and delayed diagnosis. Diagnostic sensitivity of the available culture-based methods is not high. Treatment is frequently empiric or pre-emptive particularly for mold infections, based on risk factors, host immunity, non-culture-based diagnostic tests and radiological findings. Treatment guidelines are quite helpful in managing these complicated infections. Published guidelines, recommended by a panel of “experts,” from different regions are available. Despite the fact that such guidelines are based on clinical evidence from several trials, they are not universally applicable in all regions. They are not intended to be. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent guidelines available for the management of IFI, with a special focus on Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines. Appropriateness of applying these guidelines in the Asian setting, and modified recommendations are presented.
Variations in surgical spending within hospital systems for complex cancer surgery.

Background Approximately 70% of hospitals today are part of larger health systems. Proponents of hospital consolidation tout its potential to reduce health spending and improve outcomes, but to the authors' knowledge the available evidence has suggested that this promise is unrealized. Variations in costs and outcomes within systems may highlight opportunities for collaborative quality improvement and practice standardization. To assess this potential, the authors sought to measure variations in episode spending within and across hospital systems among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing complex cancer surgery. Methods Using 100% Medicare claims data, the authors identified fee-for-service Medicare patients who were undergoing elective pancreatectomy, lung resection, or colectomy for cancer from 2014 through 2016. Risk-adjusted, price-standardized payments for the surgical episode from admission through 30 days after discharge were calculated. The authors then assessed the reliability-adjusted variations at the hospital and system levels. Results Average episode payments varied nearly as much within hospital systems for pancreatectomy ($1946 between the lowest and highest spending systems; 95% CI, $1910-$1972), lung resection ($625 between the lowest and highest spending systems; 95% CI, $621-$630), and colectomy ($813 between the lowest and highest spending systems; 95% CI, $809-$817) as they did between the lowest and highest spending hospitals (pancreatectomy: $2034; lung resection: $1789; and colectomy: $770). For pancreatectomy, this variation was driven by index hospitalization spending whereas both index hospitalization and postacute care use drove variations for lung resection and colectomy. Conclusions In this analysis of Medicare patients undergoing complex cancer surgery, wide variations in surgical episode spending were noted both within and across hospital systems. System leaders may seek to better understand variations in practices among their hospitals to standardize care and reduce variations in outcomes, use, and costs.
Creation and Validation of a Novel Sex-Specific Mortality Risk Score in LVAD Recipients.

Background Prior studies have shown that women have worse 3-month survival after receiving a left ventricular assist device compared with men. Currently used prognostic scores, including the Heartmate II Risk Score, do not account for the increased residual risk in women. We used the IMACS (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) registry to create and validate a sex-specific risk score for early mortality in left ventricular assist device recipients. Methods and Results Adult patients with a continuous-flow LVAD from the IMACS registry were randomly divided into a derivation cohort (DC; n=9113; 21% female) and a validation cohort (VC; n=6074; 21% female). The IMACS Risk Score was developed in the DC to predict 3-month mortality, from preoperative candidate predictors selected using the Akaike information criterion, or significant sex × variable interaction. In the DC, age, cardiogenic shock at implantation, body mass index, blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, hemoglobin, albumin, platelet count, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, tricuspid regurgitation, dialysis, and major infection before implantation were retained as significant predictors of 3-month mortality. There was significant ischemic heart failure × sex and platelet count × sex interaction. For each quartile increase in IMACS risk score, men (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.74-2.00; P<0.0001), and women (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.47-2.59; P<0.0001) had higher odds of 3-month mortality. The IMACS risk score represented a significant improvement over Heartmate II Risk Score (IMACS risk score area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: men: DC, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.69-0.73; VC, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.66-0.72; women: DC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70-0.77; VC, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.66-0.76; P<0.01 for improvement in receiver operating characteristic) and provided excellent risk calibration in both sexes. Removal of sex-specific interaction terms resulted in significant loss of model fit. Conclusions A sex-specific risk score provides excellent risk prediction in LVAD recipients.
Commentary on William Korey’s “the ‘Right to Leave’ for Soviet Jews: Legal and Moral Aspects”

The first article in the first issue of what was then called Soviet Jewish Affairs was not about Jews in the Soviet Union, per se, but about Jews getting out of the Soviet Union. William Korey’s “T...
Exploring the Potential Different Outcomes Associated With the Different Phenotypes Under the Shared Pathologic T3N0 Designation

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to compare overall survival (OS) between patients with pT1-2N1 versus pT3N0 NSCLC and various subtypes of pT3N0 NSCLC. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried to identify treatment-naive patients with pathologic stage IIB primary NSCLC. Patients were included if they were diagnosed with pT3N0 or pT1-2N1 NSCLC and received definitive surgery within 4 months of diagnosis. The pT3N0 cohort was subdivided by single versus multiple concurrent T3 descriptors and single-T3 subtypes. The 5-year OS was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional-hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for death. Results A total of 16,770 patients were included (pT3N0: 7179; pT1-2N1: 9591). pT3N0 NSCLC was associated with greater 5-year OS than pT1-2N1 NSCLC (52.4% versus 47.8%, p Conclusions Patients with pT3N0 NSCLC experience greater 5-year OS after surgery compared with those with pT1-2N1 NSCLC. Multiple-T3 and chest wall-only pT3N0 NSCLC are associated with worse 5-year OS and increased risk of death relative to other T3 subtypes. Future staging systems should consider including notation distinguishing multiple T3 descriptors in pT3N0 NSCLC.
Bronchial Dieulafoy Lesion Embolization with Onyx: a Case Report

Bronchial Dieulafoy lesion (BDL) is a rare cause of hemoptysis that is difficult to diagnose. Identification is critical since treatment is challenging and biopsy can be fatal. Treatment options include bronchial artery embolization (BAE), bronchoscopy intervention, and surgery. BAE is first-line treatment, but success rates are currently between 40 and 53%. This case report describes the use of Onyx for treatment of a BDL after multiple failed particle embolizations. BAE with Onyx offers advantages over other embolization techniques and should be considered for use in treatment of BDL.
The Longest Documented Postoperative Survivor of a Brock Procedure 63 Years Later

An infant with critical pulmonary valve stenosis underwent a Brock procedure in 1957 with subsequent repair of pulmonary stenosis and an atrial septal defect (ASD) at age 6. At age 17, she developed paradoxical embolization secondary to a residual ASD, which was repaired. Fifty-four years later, she presented with recurrent pulmonary stenosis and a symptomatic 6.2-cm pulmonary artery aneurysm repaired with a 23-mm aortic homograft. This patient is the longest reported postoperative survivor following a Brock procedure. She continues to do well 63 years after her initial surgery.
Clinical Reasoning: A 2-Day-Old Boy With Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Encephalopathy.

A 36-week, 5-day-old boy was born through uncomplicated vaginal delivery to a healthy, 36-year-old G7P4 mother. His resuscitation included tactile warmth, drying, and stimulation, and his Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He was small for gestational age with a birth weight of 2100 g (0.16 percentile). His course was unremarkable with normal behavior and breastfeeding for approximately 40 hours of life.
Russia in flames: war, revolution, civil war, 1914-1921

Emerita Professor of both Princeton and Yale Universities, Laura Engelstein has been a force in the field of Russian history for several decades. Always interested in taking on complicated topics t...
Impact of Comorbid Dementia on Patterns of Hospice Use.

Background: The evidence base for understanding hospice use among persons with dementia is almost exclusively based on individuals with a primary terminal diagnosis of dementia. Little is known about whether comorbid dementia influences hospice use patterns. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of comorbid dementia among hospice enrollees and its association with hospice use patterns. Design: Pooled cross-sectional analysis of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to Medicare claims. Subjects: Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries in the United States who enrolled with hospice and died between 2004 and 2016. Measurements: Dementia was assessed using a validated survey-based algorithm. Hospice use patterns were enrollment less than or equal to three days, enrollment greater than six months, hospice disenrollment, and hospice disenrollment after six months. Results: Of 3123 decedents, 465 (14.9%) had a primary hospice diagnosis of dementia and 943 (30.2%) had comorbid dementia and died of another illness. In fully adjusted models, comorbid dementia was associated with increased odds of hospice enrollment greater than six months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.09) and hospice disenrollment following six months of hospice (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.43-4.553). Having a primary diagnosis of dementia was associated with increased odds of hospice enrollment greater than six months (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.86-3.68), hospice disenrollment (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.32-2.51), and hospice disenrollment following six months of hospice (AOR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.37-7.82). Conclusion: Approximately 45% of the hospice population has primary or comorbid dementia and are at increased risk for long hospice enrollment periods and hospice disenrollment. Consideration of the high prevalence of comorbid dementia should be inherent in hospice staff training, quality metrics, and Medicare Hospice Benefit policies.
Optimization Models for Regional Air Pollution Control

Under the Clean Air Act of 1970, the United States government has required the Environmental Protection Agency to set primary and secondary standards** for air pollutants. Standards have been set for six pollutants and these are shown in the Table. Also, under the Act, each state is required to establish regulations on pollutant emissions which will enable the standards to be met by 1975. Thus, in the United States air quality standards have been set by the federal government, but (with certain exceptions such as automobile emissions) methods of meeting the standards must be set by the state and local governments. Past and present air pollution regulations have been established with little or no attempt at any overall optimization. In this paper methods of obtaining optimal emission control strategies will be described and some aspects of the implementation problem will be discussed.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF THIO SUGARS.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the developments in the chemistry of thio sugars. The derivatives in which bivalent sulfur replaces one of the oxygen atoms in a sugar molecule are termed “thio sugars,” and the position of the sulfur atom in the thio sugar molecule is denoted by means of a numerical prefix. General preparative methods for 1-thio sugars, 1-S-alkyl (aryl) derivatives, and 1-thioglycosides are reviewed. Methods new in the carbohydrate field have been applied, and application of modern concepts in organic chemistry led to a more fundamental understanding. The formal similarity of oxygen and sulfur as a result of their possessing analogous outer valence shells is reflected in the fact that many thio analogs of oxygen-containing organic compounds are known. Most of the naturally occurring thio sugar derivatives may be regarded as noncarbohydrate, sulfur-containing, organic compounds in which a thiol group is substituted by a glycosyl radical, or, conversely, as the 1-S-substituted derivatives of 1-thio sugars.
Scanning Electron Microscopy for Microstructural Analysis

Probably the most exciting instrument which has been added to a metallographer’s repertoire of capabilities in the past several years has been the scanning electron microscope. Photographs taken with SEM’s have appeared widely in metallurgical literature and, in fact, it is not uncommon to see them in the daily newspapers or even in popular magazines. Perhaps the main reason for their wide use is that SEM images generally are easily recognizable; i.e., an SEM image of a small crystallite looks very much like one might expect a crystallite to look. At the same time, almost contrary to the above, the images are often so striking and show features in ways that no previous methods have been able to show, that the simple esthetics of the images cause them to appear in technical literature. Unfortunately, in many instances, these advantages of the instrument may have caused it to be used simply to produce a vast quantity of pretty pictures. In looking over the published technical literature of a few years ago, and even some of our own technical reports, it is obvious that SEM photographs were used in this way, and, quite frankly, frequently added nothing to the technical content of the publication. As might be expected, SEM photographs frequently adorned the covers of technical publications; in fact, the author counted a total of 14 covers containing such photos in a period of only 3 months on the relatively few technical publications that regularly pass across his desk. Now, however, this initial flurry of excitement appears to have quieted down, and SEM’s have acquired quite justified positions in many metallographic laboratories alongside metallographs, transmission electron microscopes, and other image- forming instruments Even though the SEM has had a tremendous impact on metallographic laboratories, it really hasn’t eliminated the need for those instruments which existed in metallographic laboratories prior to its introduction, but, rather, it serves to complement them.
Pre-service elementary teachers’ attitudes towards components of physical science: Do they differ from other post-secondary students?

An early childhood education teacher’s beliefs and attitudes about science will influence how he/she teaches science and will also have an impact on his/her own self-efficacy as well as on his/her students’ attitudes toward science (Christidou, 2011; Lunn, 2002; Ramey-Gassert, Shrover, & Staver, 1996). It is, therefore, important to ascertain the attitudes and beliefs of preservice teachers towards specific areas of study since their attitudes and beliefs can be carried over into their future classrooms (Van Aalderen-Smeets, Walma Van Der Molen, & Asma, 2011). The current study examines attitudes towards elements of physical science that are held by preservice elementary education students, using the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS), and compares these to the attitudes of their peers in other fields of study. The results show that while the preservice elementary education students have significantly less favorable attitudes than students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, their attitudes are very similar to students in non-STEM fields. Although a large gender gap exists in all groups of students, because males have more favorable attitudes than females, the gender gap in the preservice elementary education students is slightly smaller than that seen in the non-STEM students. This reduction in the gender gap for the preservice elementary education students was seen because the females had slightly more favorable attitudes than their non-STEM counterparts while the males had somewhat less favorable attitudes than their non-STEM male counterparts. Additionally, it was found that female preservice elementary education students carried more favorable attitudes about the connection of physics to the real-world than did their non-STEM female counterparts, suggesting that real-world connections should be a strong component of physical science courses offered to preservice elementary education students. In addition participation in science field-based experiences throughout the teacher preparation program may serve to foster positive attitudes towards science and science teaching.
The 2000 Presidential Election and the Foundations of Party Politics

In the aftermath of the 2000 presidential election, campaigns suddenly seem to matter, as do questions about the electoral process. Professors Johnston, Hagen and Jamieson have examined the US electoral process as an integrated event spanning a full year, drawing upon a data set that is massive in scale and novel in execution: the Annenberg 2000 Election Study. The scale of their fieldwork is such that they have been able to isolate key turning points and that dynamics can be studied within certain segments. The interviews are rich in opinion about policy, perception, information and judgement about candidates, media use and strategy. What is more, the authors have used candidate appearances, news coverage, and campaign advertising to provide the first integrated account of this or any US campaign.
Maternal Encouragement to Approach Novelty: A Curvilinear Relation to Change in Anxiety for Inhibited Toddlers

Various parenting behaviors (e.g., protection, intrusiveness, sensitivity) have been shown to impact young children's anxiety development, particularly for temperamentally inhibited children. These behaviors have sometimes predicted both increases and decreases in anxiety in inhibited children, suggesting that linear relations may not adequately model their influence. In the current study, we proposed the dimension of encouragement to approach novelty to characterize parenting behavior ranging from very little encouragement (i.e., protective behavior) to very strong encouragement (i.e., intrusiveness), with gentle encouragement residing in the middle. In a sample of 110 toddlers (48 female, 62 male) and their mothers, the linear and curvilinear effects of this parenting dimension were investigated in relation to change in child separation anxiety and shyness from age 2 to age 3. Inhibited temperament was also investigated as a moderator. Encouragement to approach novelty displayed the hypothesized curvilinear relation to change in separation anxiety, but not shyness, at extreme levels of inhibited temperament. Toddlers increased in separation anxiety when mothers' encouragement resided at either extreme end of the continuum, with lower child anxiety occurring when mothers displayed behavior closer to the middle of the continuum. Implications for the study of parenting outcomes for inhibited toddlers are discussed.
The Great Writ of Incoherence: An Analysis of the Supreme Court's Rulings on 'Enemy Combatants'

On June 28, 2004, the United States Supreme Court released its much awaited decisions in the cases posing a challenge to the Executive's self-professed authority to detain and indefinitely hold individuals designated as "enemy combatants."' The cases arose from the "war on terrorism" that was launched after the attack on the United States on September 11, 2001. When each decision is looked at individually, the result seems to make sense and, given the outcome (affording detainees rights of judicial review), feels good. Yet when these decisions are looked at collectively, it is hard to believe that they were issued by the same complement of Justices, much less on the same day. Moreover, when the decisions rendered on June 28, 2004, are read in concert with previous decisions dealing with the habeas corpus rights of non-citizen detainees, the legal landscape becomes quite muddled.This Article seeks to show inconsistencies in the three Enemy Combatant Cases, as well as the potentially catastrophic interaction of these cases with Zadvydas v. Davis, a case decided in 2001. Part II of this Article describes the historical and political background of these cases and summarizes the Supreme Court's opinion in each case. Part III points out the tension between these decisions and suggests that it is impossible for all three to be implemented as written. Part IV addresses the far-reaching implications of Rasul v. Bush on the present and future military operations and argues that that decision has the potential to wreak havoc on the military's ability to effectively detain and interrogate terrorists and prisoners of war (POWs). Part V addresses the interaction of Rasul and Zadvydas and suggests that if the decisions are meant to be read in concert, they may require a highly implausible result of releasing individuals whom the military considers to be dangerous into the very country that these individuals wish to destroy. Part VI proposes a restricted construction on these decisions so as to limit the potential damage that these decisions can cause. The Article concludes its analysis in Part VII.
Locating multiple gene duplications through reconciled trees

We introduce the first exact and efficient algorithm for Guigo et al.'s problem that given a collection of rooted, binary gene trees and a rooted, binary species tree, determines a minimum number of locations for gene duplication events from the gene trees on the species tree. We examined the performance of our algorithm using a set of 85 genes trees that contain genes from a total of 136 plant taxa. There was evidence of large-scale gene duplication events in Populus, Gossypium, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, and near the root of the eudicot clade. However, error in gene trees can produce erroneous evidence of large-scale duplication events, especially near the root of the species tree. Our algorithm can provide hypotheses for precise locations of large-scale gene duplication events with data from relatively few gene trees and can complement other genomic approaches to provide a more comprehensive view of ancient large-scale gene duplication events.
Perp Walks and Prosecutorial Ethics

The perp walk has been defined as: “[t]he deliberate escorting of an arrested suspect by police in front of the news media, especially as a means of pressuring or humiliating the suspect.” Law enforcement personnel have been using perp walks for many years, and the procedure has been used in some high-profile cases in recent decades. The perp walk has two potential effects: shaming the accused and generating publicity for law enforcement. The perp walk has been criticized, but constitutional challenges to perp walks have met with very limited success.
Promoting Interactions among Preschoolers with and without Disabilities: Effects of a Buddy Skills- Training Program

The promotion of friendship development for children with disabilities is now considered a primary educational goal. Peer-mediated interventions have been used successfully to increase social interaction between children with and without disabilities, although implementation has usually been restricted to play time. We investigated the effects of alternative strategies that included pairing four children with disabilities with several trained peers (“buddies”) during a variety of activities across the school day and teaching interaction skills to both children with and without disabilities. Interactions between children with and without disabilities increased significantly after peer training; supplemental dyadic training resulted in minimal increases in responsiveness on the part of children with disabilities. This intervention appears to be a useful approach for promoting peer interactions, a prerequisite for the development of friendships in integrated preschools.
Exploring dental students' perceptions of cultural competence and social responsibility.

The improvement of basic cultural competency skills and the creation of a greater community-minded spirit among dental students are important parts of dental education. The purpose of our study was to assess changes in dental students’ attitudes and beliefs about community service and changes in cultural competencies after participation in a two-year program of non-dental community service (Student Community Outreach Program and Education, SCOPE). During 2003–07, two identical twenty-eight-item surveys were administered to SCOPE participants/completers. In the first, students reported on their attitudes after program completion. In the second, students reported retrospectively on their attitudes prior to starting the program. One hundred twenty-six post- and pre-intervention surveys were matched and assessed for changes in student attitudes after program participation. Based on factor analysis, four distinct scales were identified: 1) community service, 2) cultural competence, 3) communication, and 4) treatment perspective. Over time, statistically significant changes (p
Infrared Lines From Shocked Galactic Gases

Modest modification could convert the Small Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope from a broad passband to a spectroscopic instrument for use on future Spacelab reflights. The goal of a spectroscopic survey would be the study of the energy budget the Galaxy allocates to shocks in neutral gas. Observational and theoretical studies to date indicate that shocks are common phenomena in neutral gas regions surrounding supernova explosions and nova outbursts, in clouds that border exoanding shells of planetary nebulae and HII regions, and in gases near stars that suffer rapid mass loss. This investigation would be conducted by surveying the Galaxy in three of the most prominent emission lines known to originate from post-shocked gas, the 6.9 μ m line of H2, the 63.2 μm line of [01], and the 157.4 μm [CII] line. Changes to the Present instrument would include replacement of its current optics by spectrometer optics of a design used successfully in repeated airborne observations. Existing electronics, methods of scanning the sky, data collection, and data analysis could otherwise remain the same.
THE CYTOSKELETON OF THE RESTING HUMAN BLOOD PLATELET : STRUCTURE OF THE MEMBRANE SKELETON AND ITS ATTACHMENT TO ACTIN FILAMENTS

We used high-resolution EM and immunocytochemistry in combination with different specimen preparation techniques to resolve the ultrastructure of the resting platelet cytoskeleton. The periphery of the cytoskeleton, an electron-dense subplasmalemmal region in thin section electron micrographs, is a tightly woven planar sheet composed of a spectrin-rich network whose interstices contain GPIb/IX-actin-binding protein (ABP) complexes. This membrane skeleton connects to a system of curved actin filaments (F-actin) that emanate from a central oval core of F-actin cross-linked by ABP. The predominant interaction of the radial actin filaments with the membrane skeleton is along their sides, and the strongest connection between the membrane skeleton and F-actin is via ABP-GPIb ligands, although there is evidence for spectrin attaching to the ends of the radial actin filaments as well. Since a mechanical separation of the F-actin cores and radial F-actin-GPIb-ABP complexes from the underlying spectrin-rich skeleton leads to the latter's expansion, it follows that the spectrin-based skeleton of the resting cell may be held in a compressed form by interdigitating GPIb/IX complexes which are immobilized by radial F-actin-ABP anchors.
Identity theory and social identity theory

In social psychology, we need to establish a general theory of the self which can attend to both macro and micro processes, and which avoids the redundancies of separate theories on different aspects of the self For this purpose, we present core components of identity theory and social identity theory and argue that although differences exist between the two theories, they are more differences in emphasis than in kind, and that linking the two theories can establish a more fully integrated view of the self The core components we examine include the different bases of identity (category/group or role) in each of the theories, identity salience and the activation of identities as discussed in the theories, and the cognitive and motivational processes that emerge from identities based on category/group and on role. By examining the self through the lens of both identity theory and social identity theory, we see how, in combination, they can move us toward a general theory of the self In contrast to Hogg and his colleagues (Hogg, Terry, and White 1995), we see substantial similarities and overlap between social identity theory and identity theory. We think that this overlap ultimately will cause these theories to be linked in fundamental ways, though we do not think that time has
Avian gonadotropin-releasing hormones I and II in brain and other tissues in turkey hens.

Abstract 1. 1. Radioimmunoassays were developed for measuring avian gonadotropin-releasing hormones I and II (cGnRH I and II) in tissue extracts during the reproductive cycle. 2. 2. Hypothalamic concentrations of cGnRH I and II were qualitatively similar being lowest in non-photostimulated hens, greater in laying hens and greatest in incubating hens. 3. 3. cGnRH II concentrations were similar in paraolfactory lobe and hypothalamic fragments while lesser amounts were found in cerebrum, cerebellum, duodenum, shell gland, and pineal. 4. 4. These results suggest that cGnRH II has unknown functions in turkeys quite distinct from traditional functions associated with GnRHs.
Modeling of heat flow in sand castings: Part II. Applications of the boundary curvature method

In Part I of this paper, a new method was presented for modeling heat flow in sand castings. In this paper, the method is used to simulate the solidification of parts of varying complexities. Comparisons are made between conventional calculations (with the mold enmeshed), calculations using the boundary curvature method, and experimental results. The results are shown to agree well with each other. Reductions in cpu time up to 96 pct are found by adopting the new method.
Thermodynamics of solution using gas-liquid chromatography: a comparison of eicosane, eicosanyl nitrile, 10-nonadecanone, and, 2-nonadecanone as solvents

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of solution have been measured for 17 solutes of varying degrees of unsaturation and polarity in n-eicosane, 2-nonadecanone, and eicosanyl nitrile using g.l.c. Inclusion of previous results for 10-nonadecanone allows evaluation of the role of dipole strength and position on these properties. The terminally located carbonyl group lends a more polar character to the solvent than the centrally located one. While the vapor pressure of a given solute is quite different over eicosane compared with the polar solvents, differences among the polar solvents are not great. Thus, for solvents containing only one dipole on a chain of 19 or 20 carbon atoms, increase in dipole strength is not strongly reflected in solute-solvent interactions, presumably because similar increases in solvent-solvent interactions oppose the solution process, masking the former effect.
Bubble flow characteristics in bubble columns at elevated pressure and temperature

Hydrodynamic characteristics of bubble columns are studied by considering both the local/bubble-scale and global/column-scale properties of the system, with specific emphasis on their dependency on operating pressure and temperature. The local-scale properties include single-bubble characteristics and interactive dynamics involving bubble coalescence and breakup, while the global-scale properties include gas holdup. Experiments are conducted in a bubble column with a multiorifice ring sparger for pressures as high as 20 MPa and temperatures ranging from 27 to 78°C. Density, viscosity, and surface tension, the liquid phase properties, are measured in situ by using hydrostatic weighing, falling-ball and emerging-bubble techniques, respectively. The bubble behavior is examined through direct-flow visualization. Pressure and temperature affect the bubble rise velocity mainly by varying physical properties of the fluids. Effects of pressure and temperature on the rates of bubble formation, coalescence and breakup, and the initial bubble size and maximum stable bubble size are illustrated. Elevating pressure and/or temperature increases gas holdup; the increasing rate depends on the operating conditions through their effects on the fluid physical properties.
TORSION-FREE QUOTIENTS OF BRAID GROUPS

In this paper we show that the braid groups Bn, n≤6, have proper torsion-free non-abelian quotients. We also show that for n≤6 the homotopy braid groups are torsion-free.
Disposition, Explanation, and Causation—A Defense of the Reformed Conditional Analysis of Disposition

D. Lewis proposed the reformed conditional analysis of disposition to handle Martin's influential counterexamples to the simple counterfactual analysis. Some philosophers, however, argue that the mere fact that the reformed conditional analysis of disposition can handle Martin's counterexamples should not be regarded as a reason to prefer the reformed conditional analysis to the simple analysis. In this paper, I argue that the reformed version should be preferred not because it can handle Martin's counterexamples but because there are other counterexamples to the simple conditional analysis.
Bosnia's Third Space? Nationalist Separatism and International Supervision in Bosnia's Brčko District

This article analyses how the strategic Bosnian locality of Brcko emerged as a distinctive geopolitical space during the post-war period. This resulted from the struggle between separatist nationalisms and the international community over the status of displaced persons in Bosnia, but this struggle played out differently in the municipality of Brcko as its status was unresolved at Dayton and for years afterward. Post-war nationalist rivalry to determine Brcko's status through the manipulation of displaced persons provoked the creation of the Brcko District as a territorial condominium nominally shared by Bosnia's two entities but under direct international supervision. Drawing upon fieldwork in Bosnia, we develop a critical geopolitical account of Brcko from wartime through the post-war period to the present. The article concludes by considering whether Brcko as a third geopolitical space holds potential to offer Bosnia a third space, overcoming the oppositional binaries of the war.
Discriminative reaction time performance in preschool children as related to stimulus familiarization

Preschool-aged Ss were exposed to 40 presentations of either a red or a green stimulus light. A discriminative reaction time task was then administered, the red and the green light each serving as the signal to respond on half of 50 trials. The task entailed pressing a red or a green response button, depending on whether the red or green light appeared. Response speeds were significantly slower when the familiarized stimulus served as the signal to respond. Certain sequential effects were observed in the data. Several interpretations of the results are discussed.
Multipliers of Hardy Spaces

We summarize the results on multipliers from H p to l q for various p and q. In some instances we provide proofs which are different from the ones in the literature. On other occasions we are able to improve results of other authors, or provide an unified treatment that does not appear in the literature.
Fournier gangrene associated with Crohn disease.

A 17-year-old boy presented with Fournier gangrene associated with previously undiagnosed Crohn ileocolitis. Fournier gangrene was managed by debridement, broadspectrum antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen. A diverting ileostomy was performed before skin grafting and scrotal reconstruction. Microscopy of a full-layer surgical sample from the terminal ileum revealed granulomas with multinucleated histiocytes, consistent with Crohn disease. Crohn disease was treated with mesalamine, metronidazole, 6-mercaptopurine, and infliximab. The patient was discharged on hospital day 32. At 6-month follow-up, reconstruction of his scrotum had completely healed. Ostomy output was normal.
A Phenomenological Investigation of African American Counselor Education Students' Challenging Experiences.

This study explored 11 African American doctoral students’ perceptions of challenging experiences in counselor education programs. The authors identified the following themes using critical race theory: feelings of isolation, peer disconnection, and faculty misunderstandings and disrespect. Implications for counselor education programs and policies are discussed.
Supervision in Psychiatry and the Transmission of Values

The process of supervision includes the transmission of values. Although the professional values of supervisors may not be discussed openly, they are clearly perceived by trainees and may be an enduring legacy. Core values that are proposed include the privilege of being a psychiatrist, the evolving knowledge base of the field, a focus upon the patient’s story, and the significance of adversity in life and in practice.
A case for course capstone projects in CS1

Research shows that domain mastery requires three phases: acquiring core component skills, practicing integrating these skills, and then applying these skills to solve real-world problems. Although achieving domain mastery is the overall goal of the Computer Science (CS) curriculum, I will make the case that it is important to expose students to all three phases of learning in the first programming course. Having a mini-capstone project on a relevant problem gives the students the deep understanding of why these core components are needed and how they integrate as the students are learning them. In the process, working with a real application excites the students about computer science and can provide them with the confidence to engage in more challenging projects. This paper reports on an experiment where students implement a vehicle license plate number recognition project. Initial results from this experiment indicate that students who worked on the project perform better in the course learning objectives.
Altered 5-HT2C receptor agonist-induced responses and 5-HT2C receptor RNA editing in the amygdala of serotonin transporter knockout mice.

Background The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) is expressed in amygdala, a region involved in anxiety and fear responses and implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders such as acute anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder. In humans and in rodent models, there is evidence of both anxiogenic and anxiolytic actions of 5-HT2C ligands. In this study, we determined the responsiveness of 5-HT2CR in serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout (-/-) mice, a model characterized by increased anxiety-like and stress-responsive behaviors.
PERIODIC MOTION OF VEHICLES ON FLEXIBLE GUIDEWAYS

Periodic motions of vehicles on flexible guideways are explored as candidate "test" motions for optimization studies where it is necessary to compare large numbers of designs under equivalent conditions. Exact and approximate methods are developed for identifying initial conditions that lead to periodic motions of single vehicles or many equally spaced vehicles. Using exact equations, fundamental questions regarding the nature of these motions are addressed (existence, uniqueness, stability, etc.). Approximate equations are developed to reduce the computational burden of examining large numbers of designs. It is shown that the assumptions inherent in the approximate equations are valid provided that vertical accelerations of the vehicles are sufficiently small.
Resource allocation, brood production and cannibalism during colony founding in the fire ant,Solenopsis invicta

The colony founding characteristics of newly mated fire ant queens from monogyne colonies were studied in the field and in the laboratory under haplo- and pleometrotic conditions. Initial queen weight (live) was not correlated with subsequent progeny production. During founding, queens lost a mean of 54% of their lean weight, 73% of their fat weight and 67% of their energy content. The percentage of fat decreased from 44% to 33%. Queens lost weight or energy in relation to the amount of progeny they produced (Figs. 1, 2). The efficiency of the conversion of queen to progeny increased as more progeny were produced, leading to a decline in the unit cost of progeny (Fig. 3). The more minims a queen produced, the lower the mean weight of these minims and the faster they developed (Fig. 4). In a field experiment on pleometrotic founding, total brood increased with queen number, peaked between four and seven queens and declined with 10 queens (Fig. 5). Brood developed faster at the sunny, warmer site, but total production and queen survival was higher at the shady site. As queen density increased, production per queen decreased as a negative exponential in which the exponent estimated sensitivity of brood production to queen-crowding and the constant estimated the production by solo queens (Fig. 9). These effects of queen number were confirmed in laboratory experiments. The decrease of production per queen was small and not always detectable during the egg-laying phase, but brood attrition was always strong during the larval period and increased with queen number (Figs. 8, 10). While airborne factors may have contributed to this inhibition, most of the brood reduction was due to other causes, probably cannibalism. For a given number of minims, increased queen number increased the mean weight of these minims, an effect that resulted both from a lower minim production per queen and from cannibalism of dead queens by survivors (Fig. 11). Cannibal queens lost much less weight to produce a given number of minims than unfed control queens, and these minims were heavier (Fig. 12).
How to make β cells

Insulin-producing beta cells are lost or insufficient in diabetic patients, presenting the medical challenge for new beta cells. Currently, there are three strategies that offer promise. One involves the generation of beta cells de novo by directing the differentiation of either embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent cells to the beta cell lineage. The second is based on the conversion of another terminally differentiated cell to beta cells in a process called reprogramming. The third approach is to promote the replication of existing beta cells either in vivo or in vitro. Significant progress is evident for each strategy, but it remains unclear which approach will ultimately prove successful.
Body image stress in neutral mask work

Abstract The development of new theories and data coming from the social and psychological sciences has dramatically changed the techniques of training professional actors within the last ten years. At the same time, there are a number of questions emanating from theatre practitioners which may be profitably addressed by the psychological specialists. The following article is based upon my years of teaching experience in movement training for actors in a professional program. Although the work was done in a non-therapeutic situation, I believe the findings are relevant to all therapists, especially creative arts therapists.
Shell theory and Pb208 (II)

Abstract The 3 - and 4 + energy levels predicted for Pb 208 by the shell model in the usual Tamm-Dancoff approximation are studied. The energy of the 3 − level was reported in a previous calculation, and is not in agreement with experiment. The predicted wave function is used to calculate the E3 transition rate to the ground state. The rate is found to be too small by a factor of about 20. The energies and wave functions for the 4 + levels are calculated. A level of the correct energy is predicted by the E4 transition rate to the ground state is 30 to 100 times too small.
Experimental quiescent drifting dusty plasmas and temporal dust acoustic wave growth

We report on dust acoustic wave growth rate measurements taken in a dc (anode glow) discharge plasma device. By introducing a mesh with a variable bias 12–17 cm from the anode, we developed a technique to produce a drifting dusty plasma. A secondary dust cloud, free of dust acoustic waves, was trapped adjacent to the anode side of the mesh. When the mesh was returned to its floating potential, the secondary cloud was released and streamed towards the anode and primary dust cloud, spontaneously exciting dust acoustic waves. The amplitude growth of the excited dust acoustic waves was measured directly along with the wavelength and Doppler shifted frequency. These measurements were compared to fluid and kinetic dust acoustic wave theories. As the wave growth saturated a transition from linear to nonlinear waves was observed. The merging of the secondary and primary dust clouds was also observed.
Further characterization of the testosterone inducible protein fraction from the mouse fetal male reproductive tract inducing masculine differentiation in vitro

Recently, we identified a protein fraction with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) stimulatory activity (named as PLSP in previous publications) from the fetal male reproductive tract which induced masculine differentiation of the Wolffian duct in vitro. The role of the PLA2-stimulatory activity of this protein was not clear from the past investigations and the present study was designed to elucidate its role. PLSP as expected stimulated snake venom PLA2 and it induced masculinization not only in male explant but also in female explants in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of gonads. However, neither its PLA2-stimulatory activity nor its masculinizing activity was affected after passing it through a PLA2-Sepharose column (a compound expected to eliminate any PLA2 binding component) suggesting that the PLA2-stimulatory activity of PLSP was not at the level of PLA2 enzyme. To investigate whether modulation of the PLA2 substrate by PLSP played a role in producing PLA2-stimulatory activity, we determined the effect of increasing amounts of unlabeled substrate on the PLA2-stimulatory activity induced by PLSP. However, no change in the PLA2-stimulatory activity of PLSP by unlabeled substrate was noticed suggesting against this possibility. The PLA2-stimulatory activity of PLSP, however, was found completely abolished when it was subjected to extensive dialysis, while its protein composition and masculinizing activity remained unaffected. Thus, it appears that PLA2-stimulatory activity of PLSP is associated with a small compound co-purified with masculinizing protein of PLSP and this activity plays no role in inducing masculinization by PLSP.