cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic GMP-mediated macromolecular extravasation from angiogenic microvessels in vivo.

Previously, we reported an abrupt reduction in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) microvascular permeability to macromolecules between days 4.5 and 5.0 of the 21-day gestation. Further, exogenous activation of the cAMP pathway at day 4.5 served to restrict normal macromolecular extravasation. Here, we evaluated the influence of the cGMP pathway on macromolecular efflux at day 5.0. Zaprinast (10-−4 M), a selective inhibitor of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE V), acutely increased basal levels of FITC-dextran 40 extravasation. Further, the cGMP analogue, 8 br-cGMP (10-−4 and 10-−3 M) and the soluble guanylate cyclase activator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10-−5 and 10-−4 M) increased tracer extravasation in a dose-dependent fashion. The cGMP-mediated increase was not associated with gap formation along the junctional clefts, however, vesiculo-vacuolar structures were characteristic of CAM endothelial ultrastructure. KT 5823 (10-−5 M), the highly selective protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor, also ser...
Miniature RF MEMS switched capacitors

This paper presents a paradigm shift in RF MEMS, and shows the development of miniature switched capacitors for RF applications. The MEMS bridges are 21 /spl mu/m long by 8 /spl mu/m wide, and are 150-300/sup x/ smaller than the standard Raytheon switch or other switched capacitors as presented in G. M. Rebeiz (2003). The bridges are integrated in an N /spl times/ M array implemented in coplanar waveguide t-lines (CPW). The bridges are 3400 /spl Aring/ thick, and are suspended 2400 /spl Aring/ above the CPW center conductor (with a 1600 /spl Aring/ SiN layer), resulting in an actuation voltage of 25 V. The measured capacitance ratio of a single bridge is 2.8, and that of a 3 /spl times/ 20 arrays is 1.9. These MEMS switched capacitors have a very high spring constant, and correspondingly a very high pull-up force per unit contact area with the dielectric layer. They are not sensitive to charging in the dielectric layer and also, are not sensitive to temperature variation. Also, the simulated switching time is 250 ns for gold switches and 110 ns for Al switches. We believe that this design is very useful for high reliability RF MEMS switches in the coming years.
Parameter estimation algorithm for performance fine tuning of switching DC power supplies

A parameter estimation algorithm to aid power converter designers in fine-tuning the performance of switching DC power supplies is described. This algorithm identifies the optimal parameter values which satisfy the design specifications. The estimation algorithm is incorporated with a fast time-domain circuit simulator to form a user-friendly design environment. Numerical results are provided. The estimation algorithm is general and can be applied to other types of converter design. >
The Chaos router

The Chaos router, a randomizing, nonminimal adaptive packet router is introduced. Adaptive routers allow messages to dynamically select paths, depending on network traffic, and bypass congested nodes. This flexibility contrasts with oblivious packet routers where the path of a packet is statically determined at the source node. A key advancement of the Chaos router over previous nonminimal routers is the use of randomization to eliminate the need for livelock protection. This simplifies adaptive routing to be of approximately the same complexity along the critical decision path as an oblivious router. The primary cost is that the Chaos router is probabilistically livelock free rather than being deterministically livelock free, but evidence is presented implying that these are equivalent in practice. The principal advantage is excellent performance for nonuniform traffic patterns. The Chaos router is described, it is shown to be deadlock free and probabilistically livelock free, and performance results are presented for a variety of work loads. >
Influence Of Mentoring On Dyad Satisfaction: Is There Agreement Between Matched Pairs of Novice Teachers And Their Formal Mentors?

The practice of mentoring beginning teachers emerged in the early 1980s as an induction strategy to assist new teachers adjust to the demands of teaching, and to become socialized to the school environment (Feiman-Nemser, 2003). This tactic was in response to the high levels of attrition that newcomers experienced during their induction into the teaching profession. Whereas a six percent loss of staff per year might be expected in the corporate world (Norton, 1999), previous research reported that up to 25% of teachers leave the profession by the end of the first year, and almost half of new teachers leave within the first five years of entry into the occupation (Ingersoll & Smith, 2003). As such, beginning teacher retention looms as an important challenge for school districts, and was identified by theNational Commission on Teaching and America’s Future as a “national crisis” (2003, p. 21). While it can be argued that some employee attrition is natural and to be expected, the literature contends that high levels of turnover are an indication of ineffectiveness and low performance in an organization (Smith & Ingersoll, 2004). Furthermore, research suggests that some of the most talented beginning teachers are voluntarily leaving the profession (Ponessa, 1996). Education’s “revolving door” (Ingersoll, 2003, p. 11) phenomenon has resulted in a high cost of time, resources, teaching effectiveness, student achievement, and school cohesion (Cochran-Smith, 2004).
Fire retardancy of polyurea and silylated α-zirconium phosphate composites with ammonium polyphosphate:

The thermal stability and fire performance of polyurea with silylated α-zirconium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate are studied. The addition of ammonium polyphosphate reduces the thermal stabil...
Validity of the heart rate deflection point as a predictor of lactate threshold during running

During an incremental run test, some researchers consistently observe a heart rate (HR) deflection at higher speeds, but others do not. The present study was designed to investigate whether differe...
8‐Phenylmenthyl Glyoxylate

[129444-92-4] C18H24O3 (MW 288.42) InChI = 1S/C18H24O3/c1-13-9-10-15(16(11-13)21-17(20)12-19)18(2,3)14-7-5-4-6-8-14/h4-8,12-13,15-16H,9-11H2,1-3H3/t13-,15-,16-/m1/s1 InChIKey = FHPVPXAVFQDAGV-FVQBIDKESA-N (two-carbon unit utilized as a versatile chiral reagent in ene reactions,2 Diels–Alder reactions,3 various nucleophilic additions,4 and aromatic substitutions.5) Physical Data: bp 135–140 °C/0.3 mmHg; [α]20:589 −169° (c 0.51, benzene).6 Solubility: sol most common organic solvents. Preparative Methods: ozonolysis of 8-Phenylmenthyl Acrylate, NaOAc-catalyzed elimination of nitrite ion from nitrate esters, and direct esterification with glyoxylic acid.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: heating the glyoxylate monohydrate to 90 °C/0.1 mmHg for 4.5 h or distillation provides material which is sufficiently anhydrous for most practical applications. Due to its tendency to form a monohydrate and/or polymerize, 8-phenylmenthyl glyoxylate should be stored under nitrogen in the refrigerator.
Broad-spectrum allosteric inhibition of herpesvirus proteases.

Herpesviruses rely on a homodimeric protease for viral capsid maturation. A small molecule, DD2, previously shown to disrupt dimerization of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protease (KSHV Pr) by trapping an inactive monomeric conformation and two analogues generated through carboxylate bioisosteric replacement (compounds 2 and 3) were shown to inhibit the associated proteases of all three human herpesvirus (HHV) subfamilies (α, β, and γ). Inhibition data reveal that compound 2 has potency comparable to or better than that of DD2 against the tested proteases. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a new application of the kinetic analysis developed by Zhang and Poorman [Zhang, Z. Y., Poorman, R. A., et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15591–15594] show DD2, compound 2, and compound 3 inhibit HHV proteases by dimer disruption. All three compounds bind the dimer interface of other HHV proteases in a manner analogous to binding of DD2 to KSHV protease. The determination and analysis of cocrystal structures of both analogues with the KSHV Pr monomer verify and elaborate on the mode of binding for this chemical scaffold, explaining a newly observed critical structure–activity relationship. These results reveal a prototypical chemical scaffold for broad-spectrum allosteric inhibition of human herpesvirus proteases and an approach for the identification of small molecules that allosterically regulate protein activity by targeting protein–protein interactions.
Analysis of the Aerocarcinogen Conglomerate

It is now becoming evident that in the analysis for any physiologically active component of a mixture found in the human environment analytical data is also needed on cofactors in this and other mixtures present in the environment, these cofactors having a definite effect on the activity of the physicogen of interest. In this paper we will discuss the current status of the methodology for the analysis of the aerocarcinogen conglomerate. A critique of the methodology for the carcinogens, anticarcinogens, cocarcinogens, precarcinogens, irritants and enhancers will be presented. The future needs in this field will be discussed.
Phototransformation Rates and Mechanisms for Synthetic Hormone Growth Promoters Used in Animal Agriculture

Trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and zeranol are synthetic hormones extensively used as growth promoters in animal agriculture, yet despite occurrence in water and soil little is known about their environmental fate. Here, we establish the time scales and mechanisms by which these synthetic growth promoters and their metabolites (SGPMs) undergo phototransformation in sunlit surface waters. The families of trenbolone acetate (including 17β-trenbolone, 17α- trenbolone, and trendione) and melengestrol acetate (including melengestrol) readily undergo direct photolysis, exhibiting half- lives between ∼0.25 and 1 h in both natural and simulated sunlight that were largely insensitive to solution variables (e.g., pH, temperature, and cosolutes). Direct photolysis yielded products that not only are more photostable but also maintain their steroidal ring structure and therefore may retain some biological activity. In contrast, zeranol, β-zearalanol, and zearalanone only exhibited reactivity in irradiated solutions of model humic and fulvic acids, and rates of indirect photolysis increased steadily from pH 7 to 9. Use of selective probe and quencher compounds suggest hydroxyl radical and triplet state dissolved organic matter are responsible for zeranol family decay at neutral pH, although singlet oxygen contributes modestly in more alkaline waters. This observed pH-dependence appears to result from photooxidants reacting primarily with the monodeprotonated form of zeranol (pKa values of 8.44 and 11.42). This investigation provides the first characterization of the fate of this emerging pollutant class in sunlit surface waters and prioritizes future efforts on the identity, fate, and biological impact of their more persistent phototransformation products.
DIMENSIONALITY OF THE JOB DESCRIPTIVE INDEX

The article discusses the results of a study that analyzes the dimensionality of the job descriptive index (JDI), the most widely used measure of job satisfaction. The authors noted that one reason...
Bayesian Spatial Survival Models

Survival analysis has received a great deal of attention as a subfield of Bayesian nonparametrics over the last 50 years. In particular, the fitting of survival models that allow for sophisticated correlation structures has become common due to computational advances in the 1990s, in particular Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Very large, complex spatial datasets can now be analyzed accurately including the quantification of spatiotemporal trends and risk factors. This chapter reviews four nonparametric priors on baseline survival distributions in common use, followed by a catalogue of semiparametric and nonparametric models for survival data. Generalizations of these models allowing for spatial dependence are then discussed and broadly illustrated. Throughout, practical implementation through existing software is emphasized.
Cellular manufacturing system design considering machines reliability and parts alternative process routings

Cell formation is an important problem in the design of cellular manufacturing systems (CMS). Most cell formation methods appeared in the literature assume that each part has one process plan, and all machines are 100% reliable with unlimited capacity. However, this is not realistic in manufacturing systems. Considering machines reliability in addition to machines capacity and machine duplicates during the part route selection process help to obtain better machine grouping and minimum total cost for CMS. Considering these factors in addition to operations sequence and production volumes makes the problem more complex but more realistic. Most of the methods appeared in the literature to solve such problems use mathematical programming procedures that take large amount of computational efforts. Procedures using similarity coefficient method are more flexible in incorporating various important production data and lend easily to computer applications. A new similarity coefficient equation that incorporates al...
Analysis on epidemiologic feature of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Hunan province in 2008

【Objective】 To analyze epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Hunan province,and to understand the main type of the HFMD pathogen so as to provide scientific evidence for disease control and prevention.【Methods】 Descriptive epidemiological study was applied to analysis of epidemiologic features of HFMD.Herpes fluid,throat swab,anal swab,stool samples of clinically diagnosed HFMD cases were collected.Nucleic acids of three types of virus i.e.enter virus(EV),enter virus 71(EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16(CoxA16),were detected by RT-PCR method both in original samples and isolated positive virus strains.Virus was isolated by RD and Hep-2 cells from stool samples.【Results】 A total of 27 133 HFMD cases were reported in Hunan province in 2008,the annual incidence rate was 42.66/100 000.Although there were cases being reported in each month,the high period was from May to July.Cases were distributed in 121 counties(only one county had no case reported) in all over the province and were mainly sporadic.Sex ratio was 1.81∶1,and 89.43% of all reported cases were children cases aged5 years.Samples from 719 clinically diagnosed cases with HFMD were collected,306 cases(42.56%) were tested positive,including 239 cases of EV71 positive,and the EV positive rate of general cases(42.11%) was not statistic different from that(51.43%) of severe cases and dead cases(χ2=1.18,P =0.28),but there was statistic difference between the EV 71 positive rate of general cases(32.31%) with that(51.43%) of severe cases and dead cases(χ2=5.48,P =0.02).The EV positive rates of throat swab,Herpes fluid,anal swab,stool samples of clinically diagnosed cases with HFMD were high(all over 50%).10 EV strains were isolated from 59 stool samples including 7 strains of EV71,3 strains of CoxA16.【Conclusion】 HFMD cases can appear all over Hunan province and in each month,but higher period is from May to July.The mainly kind of etiology that causes HFMD is EV71 in Hunan province which could more easily cause severe HFMD and death.It accounts for 68.57% of the number of positive cases.All cities(prefecture) of Hunan province except for Zhuzhou city and Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture have HFMD caused by EV71.Throat swab,Herpes fluid,anal swab or stool samples of clinically diagnosed cases with HFMD are sensitive samples for laboratory diagnosis.
Noninvasive Hemodynamic and Respiratory Monitoring During the Perioperative Period

Various factors may result in intraoperative morbidity and even mortality. As the technology of anesthesia has increased so has our ability to monitor hemodynamic, respiratory and neurologic function. The current chapter reviews the basic standard of care monitors include electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, end-tidal carbon dioxide, non-invasive blood pressure, and temperature monitoring. Additionally, there has been significant advances in other monitoring modalities which may have utility in specific clinical scenarios. This chapter also reviewes the potential intraoperative applications of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring, non-invasive cardiac output monitoring, continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring, and depth of anesthesia monitoring.
The Long-Term Economic Impact of Juvenile Criminal Activity

When the juvenile penal system is supposed to be focused on rehabilitation, how does committing crimes and being caught as juveniles affect their future economic success? In 2012, the FBI Arrest Statistics reports an estimated 1,319,700 minors were arrested. Since so many youths interact with the criminal system, it is vital for the strength of the workforce and for the quality of life of the minors to ensure that the system is rehabilitative. Using ordinary least squares regressions, I examine data collected from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's 1997 cohort, and examine how interactions with the formal juvenile correctional system impacts a youth's future income, taken in 2013. I find being caught for delinquent behavior, and subsequently being arrested, does significantly impact future income but only when education is not controlled for. Finally, I discuss the results and what they say about the juvenile criminal system, and suggest future policy.
Surgical therapy for complications of pneumonia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can improve the ability to wean patients from support.

Source of Support Nil. Disclosures None declared. Cite as: Bressman M, Raad W, Levsky J, Weinstein S. Surgical therapy for complications of pneumonia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can improve the ability to wean patients from support. Heart, Lung and Vessels. 2015;7(4):330-331
What Is Group-Centered Prevention?

The word “prevention” is being attached to many programs in health, education, and psychology. Hospitals offer prevention groups for many health concerns such as suicide, obesity, and coronary prevention. Schools offer a wide range of prevention programs, too: groups to prevent bullying, alcohol and drug abuse, teen violence, and academic failure. Family and marriage counselors have also joined the surge in the use of prevention groups by offering domestic violence prevention, teen pregnancy prevention, and divorce prevention groups focusing on strengthening communication and problem-solving skills. The term “prevention” is being widely used partly because of accomplishments documented by research with prevention groups. We must be careful, though, and not assume that just because a group is labeled prevention, that it adheres to the principles of a prevention group or that it will be successful. We will outline and define the principles of a prevention group and list the advantages of using a group-centered prevention format.
Experimental determination of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of solid eicosane-based silver nanostructure-enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Abstract Thermal conductivity of eicosane-based phase change materials was enhanced by suspending highly-conductive silver nanoparticles. Three batches of solid eicosane-silver samples with mass fractions (0, 1, 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 and 10 wt%) of nanoparticles were obtained under three different solidification routes: ice-water bath, room temperature and oven solidification. The transient plane source technique was used to measure the thermal conductivity at different temperatures starting at 10 °C and ending close to the melting point of each sample. Results showed an increase in the value of thermal conductivity as the temperature increased, and when close to melting point, a sharp rise in thermal conductivity was observed. Also, the slowly-prepared oven solidification route samples exhibited the highest thermal conductivity values while the ice-water samples that were prepared quickly showed the least increase. For samples with an additive loading greater than 2 wt%, a non-monotonic relationship was obtained between the thermal conductivity and the weight fraction of Ag nanoparticles, regardless of the method of solidification. In addition to thermal conductivity measurement, the latent heat of fusion of the samples was investigated, utilizing differential scanning calorimetry. Results exhibited a decrease in the latent heat and the melting point of the samples as the additives loading increased due to the decrease in the number of molecules of eicosane in the samples.
Mechanisms of invisibility: rethinking the concept of invisible work:

In the mid-1980s, Daniels coined the term ‘invisible work’ to characterize those types of women’s unpaid labour – housework and volunteer work – which had been culturally and economically devalued....
Frequency of Testing to Detect Visual Field Progression Derived Using a Longitudinal Cohort of Glaucoma Patients

Purpose To determine the time required to detect statistically significant progression for different rates of visual field loss using standard automated perimetry (SAP) when considering different frequencies of testing using a follow-up scheme that resembles clinical practice. Design Observational cohort study. Participants One thousand seventy-two eyes of 665 patients with glaucoma followed up over an average of 4.3±0.9 years. Methods Participants with 5 or more visual field tests over a 2- to 5-year period were included to derive the longitudinal measurement variability of SAP mean deviation (MD) using linear regressions. Estimates of variability then were used to reconstruct real-world visual field data by computer simulation to evaluate the time required to detect progression for various rates of visual field loss and different frequencies of testing. The evaluation was performed using a follow-up scheme that resembled clinical practice by requiring a set of 2 baseline tests and a confirmatory test to identify progression. Main Outcome Measures Time (in years) required to detect progression. Results The time required to detect a statistically significant negative MD slope decreased as the frequency of testing increased, albeit not proportionally. For example, 80% of eyes with an MD loss of −2 dB/year would be detected after 3.3, 2.4, and 2.1 years when testing is performed once, twice, and thrice per year, respectively. For eyes with an MD loss of −0.5 dB/year, progression can be detected with 80% power after 7.3, 5.7, and 5.0 years, respectively. Conclusions This study provides information on the time required to detect progression using MD trend analysis in glaucoma eyes when different testing frequencies are used. The smaller gains in the time to detect progression when testing is increased from twice to thrice per year suggests that obtaining 2 reliable tests at baseline followed by semiannual testing and confirmation of progression through repeat testing in the initial years of follow-up may provide a good compromise for detecting progression, while minimizing the burden on health care resources in clinical practice.
Feeding and Development of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Cultivated Olive, Olea europaea

We examined the suitability of cultivated olive, Olea europaea L., as a host for emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. In a bioassay using cut stems from a field-grown olive tree (cv. ‘Manzanilla') we found that 45% of larvae that had emerged from eggs used to inoculate stems, were recovered alive, many as larvae or prepupae, during periodic debarking of a subset of stems. Three intact stems that 19 larvae successfully entered were exposed to a simulated overwintering treatment. Four live adults emerged afterwards, and an additional pupa and several prepupae were discovered after debarking these stems. Cultivated olive joins white fringetree as one of the two species outside of the genus Fraxinus capable of supporting the development of emerald ash borer from neonate to adult.
Energy and Society

These slides are intended to help students develop a justice-based lens for analysis of the relationship between energy and society. In particular, they explore the concepts of environmental justice and climate justice, drawing on the case of the No Dakota Access Pipeline movement by the Standing Rock Sioux and their allies. These slides were created by a sociologist to serve as an introductory set of slides for an environmental studies course on energy and society. They would also be well suited for a class period dedicated to themes of environmental justice and climate justice, especially for how these relate to energy extraction. To illuminate the social justice implications of energy extraction and resulting climate change, the slides include brief examples from the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe, who are climate refugees from Louisiana; women resisting mountain top removal coal mining in Appalachia; and Nez Perce experiences losing traditional food sources because of climate change. These slides include an 8-minute video on Standing Rock and 15-minute discussion-based activity.
Parental Perspectives on Whole-Exome Sequencing in Pediatric Cancer: A Typology of Perceived Utility

PurposeTo explore how parents of pediatric patients with cancer perceived the utility of clinical tumor and germline whole-exome sequencing (WES) results.Patients and MethodsWe conducted longitudinal interviews with parents of a diverse pediatric cancer population before disclosure of WES results (n = 64), then 1 to 8 months (n = 33) after disclosure. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a thematic qualitative approach.ResultsParents identified a broad range of types of utility for their child’s WES results. Even when results did not affect their child’s current treatment, they expressed optimism about future clinical utility for their child, themselves, and other family members. Parents also reported experiencing psychological utility including peace of mind, relief of guilt, and satisfaction of curiosity. Pragmatic utility, such as the ability to plan for the future and make better reproductive decisions, was also described.ConclusionParents of pediatric patients with cancer perceive WES to have br...
Analysis of Airline Pilots Subjective Feedback to Human Autonomy Teaming in a Reduced Crew Environment

Building upon several software tools developed in the last decade for ground-based flight-following operations, a new use for the software is being applied to the cockpit environment of NextGen operations. Supporting automation of several tasks and streamlining information flow to the pilot via a tablet interface, software and datalink capabilities (Controller-pilot data link communications, CPDLC) were evaluated in a multi-location study. This paper provides an overview of the project and analyzes the subjective feedback from line pilots participants who evaluated this new capability. Workload and situation awareness metrics were compared across the conditions and scenarios presented to the pilots in this study. Overall, the pilot participants were subjectively in favor of the Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) software tool suite and procedures they experienced and utilized in this study of a NextGen environment.
Online unsupervised coreference resolution for semi-structured heterogeneous data

A pair of RDF instances are said to corefer when they are intended to denote the same thing in the world, for example, when two nodes of type foaf:Person describe the same individual. This problem is central to integrating and inter-linking semi-structured datasets. We are developing an online, unsupervised coreference resolution framework for heterogeneous, semi-structured data. The online aspect requires us to process new instances as they appear and not as a batch. The instances are heterogeneous in that they may contain terms from different ontologies whose alignments are not known in advance. Our framework encompasses a two-phased clustering algorithm that is both flexible and distributable, a probabilistic multidimensional attribute model that will support robust schema mappings, and a consolidation algorithm that will be used to perform instance consolidation in order to improve accuracy rates over time by addressing data spareness.
Overview of Primary Care Informatics

The middle-aged family physician (FP) entered the exam room to see Alicia Jones, a 47-year-old female patient. He had provided care for Ms. Jones intermittently for years, so he was not too disturbed when Ms. Jones’s chart could not be located (a situation that occurred several times each day in his practice). Her presenting complaint concerned a cough that produced blood. The history indicated that, within the 2 days prior to the visit, she had a morning cough that produced “several drops” of blood each day. The patient was a nonsmoker. After a physical examination of the lungs that was unremarkable, Ms. Jones was sent to the imaging center for a chest X ray. A short while later, the radiologist called the FP stating, “It looks like widespread lung metastases from the breast cancer we found on the mammogram 2 years ago. We will send the patient back up to your office so that you can talk with her about it.”
Measurements of the Apparent Ionization Coefficient for Synthetic Mixtures of Decomposition Gases from Polymeric Insulating Materials

Realistic issues must be considered when solid electrical insulation is used in a low pressure environment. An important one from a reliability viewpoint is the physical basis for the electrical breakdown mechanisms in the gaseous medium, which inevitably accompanies the solid insulation. Whether the volume of the breakdown is macroscopic or microscopic, the Townsend mechanism can be dominant if the geometry and surface conditions are appropriate. In other cases, surface quenching or enhancements can modify the ionization growth.
Biochemistry of Sensory Transduction in Bacteria

Bacterial taxis is a complex phenomenon, involving sensory and motor aspects, and a variety of experimental approaches and points of view (for other reviews of the topic, see Koshland, 1981; Boyd and Simon, 1982; Macnab, 1982; Parkinson and Hazelbauer, 1983; Macnab and Aizawa, 1984). In this paper, only Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, both peritrichously flagellated species, will be reviewed. I will emphasize the chain of information from the receptors to the motors, and what is known regarding the molecular events that are involved.
Experimental study of AC losses in a Rutherford type cable

This paper describes measured AC losses of NbTi Rutherford type cable when the wide side of the cable is parallel to the field variation. In the case of a Rutherford type cable, the orientation of the cable in the magnetic field is an important factor for the interstrand coupling loss which can be dominant over other AC losses such as hysteresis loss or intrastrand coupling loss. A calorimetric method was used to quantify experimentally the AC losses of the cable. The measurement results were essential to the thermal design of a superconducting pulse coil set for use in stability experiments on the TPX (Tokamak Physics Experiment) subsize conductors. AC losses were also measured with transport current to see its effect on this loss. The transport current effect on the interstrand coupling loss was generally negligible when the 0.086 T ripple field at 7.5 Hz was applied to the cable on top of the dc bias field. However, when the field was varied in the slow continuous triangular wave between 0 to 7 T, the AC loss increased noticeably due to transport current.
A Dynamic State Estimation Based Centralized Scheme for Microgrid Protection

The spread of microgrids is one of the most promising recent trends in the field of power systems, as they can help integrate distributed power sources and other cutting-edge technological advancements into power systems. In order to facilitate their expansion, more research on microgrid protection is needed, as they pose serious challenges to or even totally invalidate traditional protection schemes. In this paper, a comprehensive protection scheme for microgrids is proposed. Our scheme is based on an already extensively researched framework based on dynamic state estimation (DSE) and aims to utilize it for microgrid protection. The individual protection zones of a microgrid are monitored by settingless relays which continuously receive measurements and perform DSE in the time domain to detect abnormalities. However, power faults are not the only root cause of abnormal measurements. Relays can also receive erroneous measurements due to hidden failures in the system or due to malicious actors that try to inject false measurements. For this reason, we add a centralized layer to our scheme. This layer receives measurements from all the settingless relays of the microgrid and uses DSE in the quasi-dynamic domain to determine whether a settingless relay detects an abnormality due to a fault or due to a reason that does not warrant tripping action, which allows us to block erroneous tripping actions. Therefore, our layered approach increases the security and dependability of microgrid protection compared to traditional protection schemes.
Effects of an asynchronous online data literacy intervention on pre-service and in-service educators’ beliefs, self-efficacy, and practices

Abstract Today's teachers are inundated with data, and their capacity to use data productively and responsibly is a salient but complex skillset. In this context, the present experimental study (N = 107) investigated the efficacy of an asynchronous online data literacy intervention intended for pre-service and in-service educators. The facilitated, interactive, and highly-structured intervention engaged participants in asking and answering four different kinds of questions (e.g., achievement status and growth, strengths and weaknesses, instructional implications) at five different student levels (e.g., individual, subgroup, school) with external, standardized assessment data presented in tables, charts, and score reports. Findings indicate medium-to-large intervention effects on participants' data-driven decision making self-efficacy and anxiety (ds ranged from .44 to 1.39) and in-school implementation of data use practices (d = 0.68). Impact patterns varied somewhat by population, though all sub-populations indicated highly favorable perceptions of the intervention.
P48 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among a Convenience Sample of Hispanic Adults Who Report Trying to Eat a Healthy Diet

Background Frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) decreases diet quality and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Objective We examined associations between status of actively trying to eat a healthy diet and SSB intake among a convenience sample of Hispanic adults. Study Design, Settings, Participants This cross-sectional study used 2015 Estilos data including a convenience sample of 1,000 Hispanic adults (≥ 18 years) from an online panel survey (conducted in Spanish and English). Measurable Outcome/Analysis The outcome variable was SSB intake (regular soda, sweetened coffee/tea drink, sports/energy drink, and fruit drink). The exposure variable was agreement on actively trying to eat a healthy diet (disagree, neither, or agree). Covariates included sociodemographic and acculturation variables, and weight status. We used chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between actively trying to eat a healthy diet and SSB intake. Results Overall, 71.3% of Hispanics agreed that they were actively trying to eat a healthy diet and 17.4% neither disagreed nor agreed. The prevalence of SSB intake ≥ one time/day was the highest among those who neither disagreed nor agreed (94.3%), followed by agreed (89.9%) and disagreed (89.4%). In the crude models, the odds of consuming sweetened coffee/tea drink ≥ one time/day was greater among those who agreed (OR = 1.65) than those who disagreed, and the odds of consuming sports/energy drink ≥ one time/day was lower among who neither disagreed nor agreed (OR = 0.51) than those who disagreed. However, after controlling for covariates, these associations were no longer significant. Conclusion Daily SSB intake among a convenience sample of Hispanics was high regardless whether or not they are actively trying to eat a healthy diet. Intention alone may not be adequate for Hispanic adults to change their behaviors. Beverage may be a topic for additional consideration when seeking to promote healthful dietary behaviors among Hispanics. Funding CDC.
Performing a Metis Pedagogy in the Rhetoric and Writing Studies Classroom

Scholars in the field of disability rhetoric (e.g. Dolmage; Price; Vidali) have long called for the denormalization of traditional approaches to the teaching of rhetoric and composition. Such approaches historically characterize rhetoric as disembodied and ask students to compose straight, linear, alphabetic texts which privilege meaning-making through written discourse and remain inaccessible to diverse users and audiences. As a response, this article recounts how I applied the concept of metis —double, divergent, crooked—as a theoretical framework for a special topics course "Disability, Rhetoric, and the Body," and as an alternative pedagogical approach to the teaching of rhetoric and composition. More specifically, this article explores the connection between my own metis -work as a teacher-scholar and my students' performance of metis through multimodal composing and analysis. As a result, the rhetoric and composition classroom becomes a non-normative space where difference is not only valued, but celebrated.
Selected Water Harvesting Mechanisms—Lessons from Living Nature

Water moves continuously above and below the surface of the Earth. Bodies of water, clouds, evaporation and condensation all are part of the water cycle. Fog is composed of micron-sized water droplets that form when air becomes saturated with water vapor. Fog is a thick cloud that remains suspended in the atmosphere. Dew is the deposit of water droplets that are formed on cold surfaces, with temperature lower than the dew point, by condensation of water vapor in the air. In many plants and animals, living nature uses fog and condensation as a vital source of water, particularly in arid areas that receive little rainfall (Brown and Bhushan, 2016; Bhushan, 2018, 2019, 2020). Fog and dew always exist when the temperature decreases late at night and in the early morning. There is evidence that over 5000 years ago, hunter–gatherer groups were able to populate arid areas along the southern coast of Peru by utilizing fresh water from fog and condensation, though the collection method is unknown (Beresford-Jones et al. 2015).
Lignin-graft-PLGA drug-delivery system improves efficacy of MEK1/2 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cell line

Aim: Few targeted therapies are available for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Here, we propose a novel alkaline-lignin-conjugated-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (L-PLGA) nanoparticle drug delivery system to improve the efficacy of targeted therapies. Materials & methods: L-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the MEK1/2 inhibitor GDC-0623 were characterized, tested in vitro on MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line and compared with loaded PLGA NPs. Results: Loaded L-PLGA NPs were less than half the size of PLGA NPs, had slower drug release and improved the efficacy of GDC-0623 when tested in vitro. We demonstrated that GDC-0623 reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in TNBC. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that L-PLGA NPs are superior to PLGA NPs in delivering GDC-0623 to cancer cells for improved efficacy in vitro.
Designing Evaluation Rules That Are Robust to Strategic Behavior

Machine learning is often used to produce decision-making rules that classify or evaluate individuals. When these individuals have incentives to be classified a certain way, they may behave strategically to influence their outcomes. We develop a model for how strategic agents can invest effort to change the outcomes they receive, and we give a tight characterization of when such agents can be incentivized to invest specified forms of effort into improving their outcomes as opposed to “gaming” the classifier. We show that whenever any “reasonable” mechanism can do so, a simple linear mechanism suffices. This work is based on “How Do Classifiers Induce Agents To Invest Effort Strategically?” published in Economics and Computation 2019 (Kleinberg and Raghavan 2019).
Improvement in disease severity and pruritus outcomes with crisaborole ointment, 2%, by baseline atopic dermatitis severity in children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis.

Background/objectives Crisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). This pooled post hoc analysis of two phase 3 trials (NCT02118766, NCT02118792) assessed improvement and time to improvement in Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA) and Severity of Pruritus Scale (SPS) outcomes in pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Methods Patients aged ≥2 years were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive twice-daily crisaborole or vehicle for 28 days. Patients aged 2-17 years were pooled for this analysis. Proportions of patients and time to achieving ISGA success (clear [0] or almost clear [1] with ≥2-grade improvement from baseline), ISGA clear/almost clear, ≥1-grade improvement in ISGA, SPS success (SPS score ≤1 with ≥1-grade improvement), or ≥1-grade improvement in SPS score were analyzed and stratified by baseline ISGA. Results At first postbaseline assessment (day 8), significantly higher proportions of crisaborole- than vehicle-treated patients achieved ISGA success, ISGA clear/almost clear, ≥1-grade ISGA improvement, SPS success, or ≥1-grade improvement in SPS regardless of baseline ISGA. Differences were significantly greater over time for all outcomes for patients with moderate baseline ISGA and numerically greater for those with mild baseline ISGA. Median times to ISGA and SPS outcomes were shorter for crisaborole versus vehicle. Conclusion Improvement in ISGA and SPS outcomes were observed with crisaborole in pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate baseline AD.
Abstract PO-046: Dissecting the role of tumor-intrinsic Cxcl1 in mediating immune exclusion in Ras-p53 cooperative pancreatic cancer

INTRODUCTION: Ras-p53 cooperative mutations, which define >50% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), promote an immune-excluded tumor microenvironment. In Ras-p53 murine models that phenocopy human PDAC, overexpression of the myeloid chemo-attractant Cxcl1 is associated with T-cell exclusion. We sought to dissect the role of tumor-intrinsic Cxcl1 in mediating immune exclusion in Ras-p53 PDAC. METHODS: Single-cell immune deconvolution and Cxcl1 expression were queried in TCGA PDAC samples (n=150). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data in KrasG12D/+;Trp53fl/+;Pdx1Cre (KPC WT) genetically engineered mice (GEM) were interrogated. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing was used to silence Cxcl1 in KPC tumor cells (KPC-Cxcl1KO). Multiparameter flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping of tumor-infiltrating and circulating myeloid/T-cell populations was performed in in-vivo orthotopic models utilizing KPCWT / KPC-Cxcl1KO cells. RESULTS: In human TCGA samples, Cxcl1 overexpression was strongly associated with expression of its cognate receptor CXCR2, reduced CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, and increased CD33+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In KPC GEMs, scRNAseq revealed that CXCR2 expression was exclusively present on the polymorphonuclear MDSC subset (PMN-MDSC). Exogenous Cxcl1 conditioning in murine bone marrow-derived cells induced PMN-MDSC polarization and upregulated CXCR2. Genetic ablation of Cxcl1 in KPC tumor cells disrupted transwell migration of splenocyte-enriched MDSC in-vitro; this effect was dependent on CXCR2 expression on MDSCs. There was a dramatic reduction in tumor weights and metastatic outgrowth (p Citation Format: Anna Bianchi, Siddharth Mehra, Daisy Dai, Iago de Castro Silva, Prateek Sharma, Antonio Colaprico, Austin R. Dosch, Samara Singh, Nagaraj S. Nagathihalli, Nipun B. Merchant, Jashodeep Datta. Dissecting the role of tumor-intrinsic Cxcl1 in mediating immune exclusion in Ras-p53 cooperative pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-046.
How a Firm’s Value Capture Affects Value Creation in Its Ecosystem

Using a formal model, we develop a theory of how value capture by a firm with market or bargaining power dampens the incentives of other agents in its ecosystem, showing that the implications for v...
Pathological complete response of adding targeted therapy to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for inflammatory breast cancer: A systematic review.

Background The current use of targeted therapy plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is based on data extrapolated from studies in non-IBC. We conducted a systematic review to determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus targeted therapy results in a higher pathologic complete response (pCR) rate than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone in patients with IBC. Method and findings This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO register with registration number CRD42018089465. We searched MEDLINE & PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO from December 1998 through July 2020. All English-language clinical studies, both randomized and non-randomized, that evaluated neoadjuvant systemic treatment with or without targeted therapy before definitive surgery and reported the pCR results of IBC patients. First reviewer extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. Second reviewer confirmed the accuracy. Studies were divided into 3 groups according to systemic treatment: chemotherapy with targeted therapy, chemotherapy alone, and high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell support (HSCS). Of 995 screened studies, 23 with 1,269 IBC patients met the inclusion criteria. For each of the 3 groups of studies, we computed a weighted average of the pCR rates across all studies with confidence interval (CI). The weighted averages (95% CIs) were as follows: chemotherapy with targeted therapy, 31.6% (26.4%-37.3%), chemotherapy alone, 13.0% (10.3%-16.2%), and high-dose chemotherapy with HSCS, 23.0% (18.7%-27.7%). The high pCR by targeted therapy group came from anti-HER2 therapy, 54.4% (44.3%-64.0%). Key limitations of this study included no randomized clinical studies that included only IBC patients. Conclusion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus targeted therapy is more effective than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone for IBC patients. These findings support current IBC standard practice in particular the use of anti-HER2 targeted therapy.
Going Global: The World Health Organization

Where was the World Health Organization on patient safety? Patient safety was taking off in the USA and the UK, and there were stirrings in Canada, Australia, Denmark, Spain, and a few other European countries, but what about the rest of the world? What about developing countries? With fewer resources, their needs for attention to medical harm might well be even greater.