cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid Dynamics of Flow over Hills/Mountains—Insights Obtained through Physical Modeling

Physical modeling studies of atmospheric flow over hills and mountains span 60 years of research in more than seven countries. Early work in the 1920s led to evaluation of air currents around the Rock of Gibraltar for airfield safety. Water channel work by Long in the 1950s examined lee-wave development over the Sierra Nevada of California. During the 1970s and 1980s laboratory measurements examined speedup over idealized two- and three-dimensional hills and escarpments for wind-power climatology purposes. Since the mid-1960s many fluid-model tests have examined transport and dispersion of pollutants over complex terrain. Considered together there is a wealth of information about the influence of hills and mountains on streamline patterns, speedup, turbulence, and separation under many topographic and atmospheric conditions. This chapter will consider the advantages and limitations of physical modeling, review the principle conclusions drawn through physical modeling, and suggest experiments that might result in a better understanding of the flow processes over complex terrain.
How, who, and when: preferences for delivery of genome sequencing results among women diagnosed with breast cancer at a young age.

Background The increasing use of genome sequencing with patients raises a critical communication challenge: return of secondary findings. While the issue of what sequencing results should be returned to patients has been examined, much less attention has been paid to developing strategies to return these results in ways that meet patients' needs and preferences. To address this, we investigated delivery preferences (i.e., who, how, when) for individual genome sequencing results among women diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger. Methods We conducted 60 semistructured, in-person individual interviews to examine preferences for the return of different types of genome sequencing results and the reasons underlying these preferences. Two coders independently coded interview transcripts; analysis was conducted using NVivo 10. Results The major findings from the study were that: (1) many participants wanted sequencing results as soon as possible, even at the time of breast cancer diagnosis; (2) participants wanted an opportunity for an in-person discussion of results; and (3) they put less emphasis on the type of person delivering results than on the knowledge and communicative skills of that person. Participants also emphasized the importance of a results return process tailored to a patient's individual circumstances and one that she has a voice in determining. Conclusions A critical goal for future transdisciplinary research including clinicians, patients, and communication researchers may be to develop decision-making processes to help patients make decisions about how they would like various sequencing results returned.
STARplasty for Reconstruction of the Burned Axilla

BACKGROUND Postburn axillary contractures are common and significantly impact quality of life. Simple release combined with split thickness skin grafting necessitates a donor site, requires immobilization, and may result in poor functional outcome. Common methods of adjacent tissue rearrangement are not well designed to treat broad linear contractures. Flaps from the back, flank, or arm can be used, but may come with significant donor site morbidity. We demonstrate the use of the STARplasty, a novel adjacent tissue rearrangement initially developed to treat neosyndactyly, as a useful reconstructive option for the release of Kurtzman type 1 posterior or anterior axillary contractures. METHODS A retrospective review was performed to identify patients who underwent STARplasties for treatment of type 1 axillary burn contractures. All reconstructions were performed by a single surgeon at a single ABA burn center (April 2011 to December 2015). A version of the surgical STARplasty technique previously described for treatment of neosyndactyly was modified for use in the axilla. Patient and injury demographics, as well as complications and outcome, were collected. RESULTS Twelve patients with upper extremity burns underwent 16 primary STARplasties for treatment of axillary contractures. Three patients underwent simultaneous bilateral procedures. The majority (15/16) of the primary procedures were used to address contractures of the anterior axillary fold. Mean patient age was 51 (R 38-63) and average burn size was 35% (R 18-80). Average time from initial injury to primary reconstruction was 11.1 months (R 3-54). One patient required revision for persistent contracture and another experienced wound dehiscence that ultimately required split-thickness skin grafting. No other significant complications were noted, and all remaining patients had closed wounds and full range of motion by 30 days postprocedure. CONCLUSIONS Axillary contractures remain common despite improvements in physical/occupational therapy. While common techniques, such as z-plasty, continue to be helpful for the surgical release of narrow contractures with bilateral laxity, axillary contractures are typically broad based and often contain only unilateral unburned tissue. Based on our experience, the axillary STARplasty represents a safe and efficacious technique to be considered in the case of broad-based contractures involving either the anterior or posterior axillary fold.
Influence of Social Media on the Dissemination of a Traditional Surgical Research Article

Objective Many institutions use social media to share research with the general public. However, the influence of social media on the dissemination of a surgical research article itself is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether a blog post highlighting the findings of a surgical research article would lead to increased dissemination of the article itself. Design We prospectively followed the online page views of an article that was published online in Surgery in May 2015 and published in print in August 2015. The authors subsequently released a blog post in October 2015 to promote the research. The number of article page views from the journal’s website was obtained before and after the blog post, along with the page views from the blog post itself. Social media influence data were collected, including social activity in the form of mentions on social media sites, scholarly activity in online libraries, and scholarly commentary. Results The article’s online activity peaked in the first month after online publication (475 page views). Online activity plateaued by 4 months after publication, with 118 monthly page views, and a blog post was subsequently published. The blog post was viewed by 1566 readers, and readers spent a mean of 2.5 minutes on the page. When compared to the projected trend, the page views increased by 33% in the month after the blog post. The blog post resulted in a 9% increase in the social media influence score and a 5% absolute increase in total article page views. Conclusions Social media is an important tool for sharing surgical research. Our data suggest that social media can increase distribution of an article’s message and also potentially increase dissemination of the article itself. We believe that authors should consider using social media to increase the dissemination of traditionally published articles.
To Plead Our Own Cause: African Americans in Massachusetts and the Making of the Antislavery Movement. By Christopher Cameron. (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2014. Pp. i, 172. $45.00.) : Book Reviews

This slim volume on the important contributions of African Americans in the Revolutionary era and early republic notably narrates the rise of abolitionism in New England. Though most historians not...
Peptide Histidine Isoleucine

Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) is a member of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/glucagon superfamily …
The Roles of Familism and Emotion Reappraisal in the Relations Between Acculturative Stress and Prosocial Behaviors in Latino/a College Students.

Researchers have demonstrated mixed associations between acculturative stress and prosocial behaviors (actions intended to benefit others) among Latino/a adolescents and emerging adults. The current study aimed to examine the relations between acculturative stress and Latino/a young adults' prosocial behaviors via familism values and emotion reappraisal. Participants were 1,527 Latino/a college students (Mage = 20.35 years, SD = 3.88; 75.2% women) from universities across the United States. The results demonstrated direct and indirect links between acculturative stress and prosocial behaviors. Specifically, acculturative stress was positively related to familism values, which in turn were positively associated with multiple forms of prosocial behaviors. Additionally, emotion reappraisal was positively associated with specific forms of prosocial behaviors. There was also evidence that familism and emotion reappraisals moderated the associations between acculturative stress and specific forms of prosocial behaviors. Discussion focuses on the interplay of culture-related and emotion-regulation processes associated with Latino/a young adults' positive social outcomes.
RITUALISTIC BEHAVIOR: BREAKING THE CYCLE

1. Recent studies reveal that OCD occurs at rates of 25 to 60 times greater than previous estimates. 2. Currently, biological theories of causation have been cited by multiple researchers. 3. Behavioral therapy and medication therapy have emerged as treatments of choice in OCD.
The Bee and The Fly: The Effect of Corruption on International Entrepreneurs in Informal Economies

Literature on the informal economy, corruption and entrepreneurship posits that corruption is detrimental for entrepreneurship. However, no literature addresses entrepreneurs who identify opportunities of profit, facilitated by corruption across national borders. While the literature often paints entrepreneurs, including international entrepreneurs, as honey bees whose entry is always beneficial to the home economy, in this paper I suggest that they may be more akin to flies who are attracted to shadow deals of questionable legality. I attempt to address this gap by drawing on imprinting theory of organizations to theoretical justify why such a phenomenon is possible. I develop and apply the elements of imprinting theory to four proposals and discuss the connection between corruption, informal economy and international entrepreneurship from the lens of imprinting.
Divas down under: the circulation of Asta Nielsen's and Francesca Bertini’s films in Australian cinemas in the 1910s

The early Australian cinema market was a lucrative target for export-dependent European film producers, from the French Pathe Freres to the Danish Nordisk Films Kompagni. By 1913, cinema attendance...
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Trends in Rates of Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection—Zeroing In on Zero or Just Fake News?

Reports suggest that central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates have steadily declined over the past 2 decades. Although encouraging, a fundamental question remains: Why have we b...
Cell Surface Markers in Leukemia and Lymphoma

The hematologic malignancies have long been recognized to be both morphologically and clinically heterogeneous. In the past decade, there have been significant advances in the identification and characterization of the cell surface molecules that are expressed on normal lymphoid and myeloid cells. The application of these markers to the study of leukemias and lymphomas has initiated an understanding of the heterogeneity and both the biologic and clinical behavior of these tumors. It is now possible to assign a lineage derivation to a neoplastic hematopoietic cell in virtually all cases by the expression of lineage-restricted antigens (Ags). More importantly, by using markers that define stages of normal T, B, and myeloid differentiation, it is possible to begin to identify subsets of patients within histologically defined subgroups of leukemias and lymphomas that demonstrate unique clinical presentations, disease courses, and responses to therapy.
Java assembly language programming for the JVM

This workshop is based on the assumption that the participant is looking for an alternative or supplement to the Intel Pentium or the Power PC chip architectures for a computer organization and assembly language course in a CS curriculum. The workshop is designed to prepare the participant to develop an insight into assembly language programming for the Java Virtual Machine and to be able to understand how to use the jasmin assembler to teach such important concepts as stack architecture, postfix expression evaluation and parameter passing constrained by a pass-by-value constraint.
Current and Past History of Type A Behavior Pattern

The early 1950s witnessed an explosion of interest in the roles of the diet, physical activity, and risk factors such as serum total cholesterol, blood pressure, and cigarette smoking in the twentieth-century incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Interest in a causal role of the diet was stimulated early by correlations of CHD mortality rates in selected countries with their dietary fat intakes (Keys 1953). However, the latter were obtained from imprecise data, and the inclusion of a larger number of countries by Yudkin (1957) appeared to lead to an opposite conclusion. A causal role of physical activity was suggested by the results of a study of London doubledeck transport workers (Morris et al. 1953), although a different conclusion could be reached from an alternative reassessment of the same data (Rosenman and Friedman 1958,1959 a). A causal role of the classic risk factors was indicated by findings from prospective studies of population groups (Epstein 1965), the validity of which was established by numerous epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations.
On the Other Side of Mastery

This chapter considers Derrida’s writing on “The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry” alongside Badiou’s invocation of “femininity” from “Drawing: On Wallace Stevens,” suggesting that Badiou’s thought is moving towards more evocative modes of expression in an attempt to escape the constrictions imposed by the void, and the patriarchal patterns of thought that would necessitate it.
The consequences of political interference in bureaucratic decision making : evidence from Nigeria

This paper investigates the consequences of granting politicians power over bureaucrats in the implementation of small-scale public infrastructure projects. While potentially bolstering the incentive for the executive to perform, increased legislative oversight may lead to distortions in the technocratic process for political gain. By assembling a nationally representative data set from Nigeria that tracks public projects from inception to audit, the paper finds evidence of a clear trade-off between political oversight and bureaucratic autonomy. Using an instrumental variables strategy in which early career choices of politicians are key determinants of legislative committee membership, the analysis finds that legislative influence increases the likelihood that a project is launched by 18 percent, but at the cost of reducing project quality by 15 percent and increasing the reported misuse of funds. The results highlight the fundamental tension between bureaucratic inaction and political corruption.
Identification and Management of the Hypervirulent Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae Syndrome: A Unique and Distinct Clinical Entity:

In this article, we describe the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with altered mental status and was found to have Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis, bacteremia, and hepatic abscess. Despite intravenous antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage of the hepatic abscess, the patient developed worsening meningitis with ventriculitis, which led to her death. This invasive Klebsiella syndrome is characterized by metastatic infections with a hypervirulent strain and a poor clinical prognosis. Important elements of this patient's case-including the widespread and highly aggressive course-and of those reported in the literature are reviewed. Although the invasive Klebsiella syndrome is an increasingly recognized clinical entity, most often in the Eastern hemisphere, it remains rare in the United States with approximately 20 cases reported in the literature, and given its high morbidity, it is vitally important for clinicians to recognize.
Surface Modification of Additively Manufactured Titanium Components via Femtosecond Laser Micromachining

Novel capabilities including surface roughness modification, nanograting formation, and micro-cone generation are achieved through post-processing of additively manufactured (Ti-6Al-4V) parts by a single amplified femtosecond laser. The resulting applications of these surface features are discussed.
Bosons falling into a black hole: A superfluid analogue

We propose an analogy between the quantum physics of a black hole in its late stages of the evaporation process and a superfluid Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), based on the Horowitz and Maldacena quantum final-state projection model [J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2004), 008JHEPFG1029-847910.1088/1126-6708/2004/02/008]. The superfluid region is considered to be analogous to the interior of a black hole, and the normal fluid/superfluid interface is compared to the event horizon of a black hole. We theoretically investigate the possibility of recovering the wave function of particles incident on a superfluid BEC from the normal fluid, facilitated by the mode conversion processes occurring at the normal fluid/superfluid BEC interface. We also study how the correlations of an infalling mode with an external memory system can be preserved in the process, similar to Hayden and Preskill’s “information mirror” model for a black hole [J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2007), 120JHEPFG1029-847910.1088/1126-6708/2007/09/120]. Based on these analogies, we conjecture that the quantum state of bosons entering a black hole in its final state is the superfluid quantum ground state of interacting bosons. Our analogy suggests that the wave function of bosons falling into a black hole can be recovered from the outgoing Hawking modes. In the particular case in which a holelike quasiparticle (a density dip) is incident on the superfluid BEC causing the superfluid to shrink in size, our model indicates that the evaporation is unitary.
Error-Free 12.5 Gb/s Direct Modulation of Low-Threshold Hybrid Quantum-Dot Microring Laser

We demonstrate robust hybrid quantum-dot (QD) microring lasers on silicon substrate with low threshold and high direct modulation speed. 12.5 Gb/s of error-free data transmission is achieved with back-to-back and through 4.2 km of single mode fiber.
Chapter 7 – Angiogenesis, Growth Factors, Microvessel Density, p53 and p21 in Prostate Cancer

Growth factors are regulatory proteins that control the response of a cell to growth, differentiation and apoptosis. “Angiogenesis” is the term used to describe the development of neovascularity to support the growth of tumors after they have reached a certain size, where simple diffusion of nutrients is not possible. There is a significant correlation between microvessel density (MVD) in histologic sections of adenocarcinoma of the prostate and the incidence of metastases. Since stimulation of the signal transduction pathway of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) enhances cellular proliferation, prevents apoptosis, and promotes tumor–cell motility, adhesion, and invasion, strategies for treatment of prostate cancer include blockage of the receptor or inhibition or the cascade of events. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most widely mutated gene in human cancer. Mutations of p53 sometimes coincide with more aggressive neoplasms, which have been described to be resistant to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Expression of the p53 suppressor protein has been shown to have prognostic ability in prostate cancer. Another mechanism that can affect the biological behavior of certain tumors and may also be considered a tumor marker is p21. The expression of p21 protein is a significant independent predictor of prostate cancer patient survival. A multimodality approach, including hormones, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy as well as growth factor inhibitors will be the future of cancer treatment.
Stochastic modeling of composite strain and fatigue sensing elements

The research presented in this paper focuses on predicting the electromechanical properties of conductive polymer composite (CPC) materials using stochastic modeling methods and data-driven model adaptation. CPC sensors have recently garnered attention in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) due to their atomic similarities with composite materials which are an increasingly popular commodity among numerous industries. In this study, a CPC composed of carbon black nanoparticles and phenolic-based resin epoxy is manufactured and characterized both experimentally and via computational methods. The accuracy of the model is investigated, and the physical parameters defined in the model are adjusted based on empirical data. A potential manufacturing method for piezoresistive CPC sensors is presented, and preliminary results of sample builds are discussed. The potential applications for such a sensor are introduced, and the implementation of such sensors in industrial SHM applications is considered.
Risk Adjustment and the Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty: Evidence from Options Markets

Risk-neutral probabilities, observable from option prices, combine objective probabilities and risk adjustments across economic states. We consider a recursive-utility framework to separately identify objective probabilities and risk adjustments using only observed market prices. We find that a preference for early resolution of uncertainty plays a key role in generating sizeable risk premia to explain the cross-section of risk-neutral and objective probabilities in the data. Failure to incorporate a preference for the timing of the resolution of uncertainty (e.g., expected utility models) can significantly overstate the implied probability of, and understate risk compensations for, adverse economic states.
Intracystic Hemorrhage Complicating Polycystic Liver Disease in a 90-Year-Old Woman

Nonparasitic hepatic cysts are common benign tumors that are often asymptomatic and incidentally discovered on imaging. Intracystic hemorrhage is a rare complication of hepatic cysts. We review the literature and discuss a case of intracystic hemorrhage in a 90-year-old woman with polycystic liver disease. The patient underwent cyst aspiration and percutaneous drain placement with subsequent resolution of symptoms. To our knowledge, we report the oldest patient to present with hemorrhage into a hepatic cyst. This case presents unique challenges in management, both because of the patient's age and because of her polycystic liver disease.
Apologies to Stanley Cavell

I read The World Viewed as soon as it was published in 1971. Although I was outraged (and even at times disgusted) by that first reading, I was touched by its eloquence. My hostility was undoubtedly the premature judgment of a champion of avantgarde cinema toward a critic whose taste differed so radically from mine. I could hardly attend to what Cavell actually wrote at that time. My rage began with the opening chapter’s claim that “in the case of films, it is generally true that you do not really like the highest instances unless you also like the typical ones.” Here, I thought, was a parodic example of a professorial movie buff, taking what the Brattle Cinema in Cambridge happened to screen as the art of film. He amply declares that only a fool would judge paintings or music on the same basis. I wondered would he would say to someone who took the full range of books in the “philosophy” section of a typical Boston bookstore as the parameters of his disciple, noting at that time that there would be nothing by Cavell himself on such a shelf. (His 1969 collection of essays, Must We Mean What We Say? had disappeared by then. I had to order the book—hardcover only—from the publisher a year later.)
Control of Store Operated Calcium Entry by the Spectrin Membrane Skeleton

Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium activates calcium influx across the plasma membrane through store-operated calcium (SOC) entry channels. SOC entry represents the principal Ca2+ entry pat...
Energy Storage Baseline Requirements for Pulsed Power Loads

Pulsed power loads (PPLs) are highly non-linear and can cause significant stability and power quality issues in a microgrid. One way to mitigate many of these issues is by designing an Energy Storage System (ESS) to offset the PPL. This paper provides a baseline for ESS control and specifications to mitigate the effects of PPL’s. ESS will maintain a constant bus voltage and decouple the generation sources from the PPL. The ESS specifications are realized with ideal, band-limited hybrid battery and flywheels models and simulated to demonstrate the efficacy of the control system.
INTEREST GROUP SESSION—NUTRITION: IMPLEMENTATION OF NUTRITION, BODY COMPOSITION, AND FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT IN VULNERABLE OLDER ADULTS

This symposium will highlight the implementation of nutrition, body composition and functional assessment in vulnerable older adults. Understanding the barriers and enablers of implementing traditional nutrition screening and assessment tools, nutrition focused physical examination, body composition analysis, functional assessment and biomarkers can aid researchers in the design of pragmatic nutrition studies in vulnerable older adults. DiMaria-Ghalili will provide an introduction to overall nutrition assessment in community-dwelling older adults and present lessons learned in regards to nutrition assessment protocols (Mini-Nutritional Assessment, hand-grip strength, and inflammatory biomarkers) from an ongoing clinical trial. Starr will discuss the issues surrounding nutrition screening and assessment in high-risk older adults undergoing abdominal surgery. A comparison of data on different nutrition screening and assessment tools (NRS-2002; PG-SGA, Nutrition Focused Physical Examination) in older adults undergoing abdominal surgery will be presented. Batsis will discuss the controversies and challenges in body composition assessment focusing on sarcopenic obesity. Data highlighting the different diagnostic criteria of sarcopenic obesity and diagnostic accuracy will be presented. The link between overall nutrition status and physical function on health outcomes is emerging in older adults. Bales will discuss the types of physical function assessment tools used in studies of older adults and discuss her findings on the impact of higher protein intake on functional outcomes. The symposium will conclude with a discussion led by Locher on practical implications of integrating best assessment techniques into clinical practice.
Data-driven spatiotemporal simulation of ground movements of aircraft for preventive airport safety

Comprehending how ground incidents and accidents arise and propagate during air traffic control is vital to both the efficiency and safety of air transportation systems. Historical data about airport operational events capture some processes about how improper collaboration among air traffic controllers and pilots result in incidents, accidents, and delays, but could hardly cover all possible air traffic control failures in various environmental conditions. The computational simulation could use historical data to identify repetitive aircraft movement behaviors and air traffic control processes shared in multiple air traffic control sessions and create stochastic models that represent the probabilities of the occurrence of certain aircrafts movements and control events under various contexts. This paper synthesizes four scenarios of aircraft operations around ramp areas during air traffic peak time for supporting the development of a quantitative spatiotemporal simulation that can help predict air traffic control risks based on historical data.
Uncertainty Characterization in Active Sensor Systems with DNN-based Feedback Control

Measuring reliability of a task controller in an active sensor system is an active research problem particularly for black box controllers such as a Deep Neural Network (DNN). In this paper, we characterize the uncertainty of a DNN in a closed-loop ROI-based imaging system using model and data uncertainty techniques. The uncertainty of the DNN system in different feedback configurations is compared. Additionally, a feedback system that uses uncertainty as a decision metric for selecting the ROIs for feedback is proposed. The hybrid system improves object detection and tracking accuracy on the CAMEL dataset by 1.8% and 5.7% respectively.
Differences in perceived marginalization in doctorally prepared nursing faculty.

Abstract Background Debate regarding the role of Doctor of Nursing Practice-prepared faculty in academic settings continues. Perceived barriers to successful integration include a lack of respect, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient resources. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare differences in self-reported marginalization in doctorally prepared (Doctor of Philosophy/Doctor of Nursing Practice) nursing faculty working in academic settings. Method A descriptive cross-sectional design was implemented to compare differences in self-reported marginalization between doctorally prepared faculty teaching in Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education accredited colleges. Marginality was measured using the Englund Marginality Index. Findings Results of an independent-samples t-test indicate that Doctor of Nursing Practice -prepared faculty self-reported higher levels of marginalization (M = 41.7, SD = 9.6) than Doctor of Philosophy -prepared faculty (M = 39.1, SD = 10.5); t(583) = 2.8, p = .006. Discussion Strategies to decrease marginalization include improving systemic issues surrounding shared governance and outdated tenure systems as well as enhancing infrastructures that improve collaboration among doctorally prepared faculty.
The Respiratory Microbiome After Lung Transplantation: Reflection or Driver of Respiratory Disease?

With the introduction of high-throughput sequencing methods, our understanding of the human lower respiratory tract's inhabitants has expanded significantly in recent years. What is now termed the "lung microbiome" has been described for healthy patients, as well as people with chronic lung diseases and lung transplants. The lung microbiome of lung transplant recipients (LTRs) has proven to be unique compared with nontransplant patients, with characteristic findings associated with disease states, such as pneumonia, acute rejection, and graft failure. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the lung microbiome in LTRs, not only focusing on bacteria but also highlighting key findings of the viral and the fungal community. Based on our knowledge of the lung microbiome in LTRs, we propose multiple opportunities for clinical use of the microbiome to improve outcomes in this population.
Experiences and interactions with treatment staff: reactions from state prison inmates

Incarceration should allow inmates an opportunity for rehabilitation and correcting their criminal thinking and inappropriate behavior that contributed to their imprisonment. The current study gath...
Effects of Ions on Whistler-Mode Ray Tracing

Ray tracing for whistler-mode propagation has been performed with the effects of ions included. The method is similar. to that employed by Yabroff but for the modification in the refractive index due to ions. Outstanding characteristics of the ray paths in such a medium result from the existence of purely transverse propagation at the lower frequencies. The main purpose of this study is to confirm the Smith interpretation of the “subprotonospheric” whistlers. It is found that an enhancement of electron density at the latitude of interest can support the ray path of the fractional hop as Smith suggested, as well as a possibility of successive echoes through a single path. The effect of collisions on propagation is also discussed.
Knowledge, Games and Tales from the East

We introduce some basic concepts from Game Theory and related areas and show how various insights for which we thank game theory have already occurred in the past in some tales from ancient literature, both Indian and otherwise.
The therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Where we stand and where we are heading

Few diagnoses in modern medicine evoke more apprehension in patients and their families than Alzheimer disease (AD). Defined as a clinical and pathological entity a century ago, the disorder only came under intense molecular scrutiny in the mid-1980s. Genetic, histopathological, biochemical, and animal modeling studies have combined to provide evidence that the disease may begin with an imbalance between the production and clearance of the self-aggregating amyloid β protein (Aβ) in brain regions serving memory and cognition. This concept has been furthered by recent analyses in humans of cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers that suggest an approximate sequence of AD-type brain alterations beginning >2 decades before the onset of dementia. Although the Aβ hypothesis of Alzheimer causation does not explain all features of this multifactorial syndrome, experimental agents that lower or neutralize Aβ have become the major focus of therapeutic research. Several clinical trials in mild-to-moderate AD have not met standard cognitive and functional endpoints, but there were important shortcomings in the agent and/or the trial design in each case. Based on the lessons learned, the field has moved on to test potentially disease-modifying agents in mild AD patients or via secondary prevention in presymptomatic subjects bearing amyloid plaques. Immunotherapeutic agents are receiving the most study, but other antiamyloid strategies and, importantly, nonamyloid targets such as tau and neuroinflammation are of great interest. The pace of recent developments augurs well for 1 or more experimental agents being shown to slow cognitive decline without major side effects. However, research funding from all sources will need to increase dramatically and soon to stave off the approaching tsunami of AD.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Monodentate 12-Crown-4 And Hexaethylene Glycol Complexes of Uranium(VI): [UO2Cl2(OH2)2(12-CROWN-4)].12-Crown-4 And UO2Cl2(OH2)2(Hexaethylene Glycol)

Abstract The reaction of anhydrous UO2Cl2 with 12-crown-4 or hexaethylene glycol (EO6) in THF with low water content resulted in the crystallization of [UO2Cl2(OH2)2(12-crown-4)]. 12-crown-4 and UO2Cl2(OH2)2(EO6). The crystal structures of both complexes were determined. Each complex consists of a uranyl ion coordinated to two chloride anions, two water molecules, and one oxygen of the polyether. Most of the uncoordinated ether oxygen atoms participate in hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonding in the 12-crown-4 complex produces a dimer, while the hydrogen bonding in the EO6 complex is polymeric. The etheric U-O separation of 2.546(4) A in the 12-crown-4 complex is the longest U-O contact in either complex, while the alcoholic U-O distance in the EO6 complex is a much shorter 2.433(5) A.
Seed Germination and Reserve Mobilization

When dry seeds take in water, a chain of metabolic events is initiated that results in the emergence of the radicle, thus completing germination. Thereafter, the major stored reserves within the seed are mobilized, providing nutrients to support early seedling growth. Keywords: embryo; endosperm; germination; storage products; reserve metabolism; seedling establishment
Los silencios como principio poético estructurador en la prosa de Juan Rulfo

El autor propone analizar aquello que explicitamente no dice el texto; es decir, estos espacios vacios que tambien crean, mantienen e intensifican el tono poetico de la narracion. En fin, los silencios : esos vacios que se producen entre fragmento y fragmento del relato y que establecen el principio rector de la prosa rulfiana ; esos hilos colgantes que nos pueden llevar a descubrir el sentido total de la novela, al revelar los mecanismos que la rigen, que se buscan y se relacionan entre si y generan las palabras que dicen los sucesos en esos discursos alienados que conforman una estructuracion poetica reiterativa, tantas veces intuida en la novela de Juan Rulfo.
Development and characterization of a human B cell line that responds to B cell growth factor but not interleukin 2.

The human lymphoblastoid cell line we present here proliferated in response to a 14,000 m.w. B cell growth factor (BCGF), and not to interleukin 2 (IL 2). This cell line, designated B-A3, was established by Epstein Barr virus (EBV) transformation of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-activated spleen B cells, and has been maintained in RPMI 1640 medium complemented with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) without the addition of other exogenous growth factors. A proliferative response, as measured by [3H]thymidine uptake of B-A3 cells was significantly induced by either commercial IL 2-free human BCGF preparations, or phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mixed lymphocyte culture supernatant at all FCS concentrations used in the assay. The most marked proliferation due to BCGF, however, was observed in the absence of FCS. This BCGF-induced proliferation was not influenced by IL 2 or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), because both recombinant IL 2 and IFN-gamma failed to induce proliferation. The response of B-A3 cells to a specific BCGF was additionally indicated by the responsiveness of this cell line to BCGF purified by a series of chromatographic steps. The BCGF to which B-A3 cells responded had a m.w. of 14,000 and was similar to low m.w. BCGF reported from other laboratories. Surface characterization of B-A3 cells, analyzed by flow cytometry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, demonstrated that the majority of B-A3 cells were stained positively with Leu-12, HLA-DR, and surface IgG markers, whereas staining with surface IgM, IgD markers, pan T cell markers (Leu-4 and Leu-9), and IL 2 receptor (Tac) were consistently negative. Taken together, the human lymphoblastoid cell line we present here responded specifically to a low m.w. BCGF. This cell line may be of value in the purification of BCGF to homogeneity, in studies of the interactions of BCGF with human B cells, and in the identification of the BCGF receptor.
(#934, M )Extensions of near-rings

In this paper, we define and study a generalization of matrix, polynomial, and group near-rings. New results on ideal essentiality and lying over are obtained. Keywords: near-ring, matrix, group, polynomial, extension, ideal, essential, prime, lying over, generalized Quaestiones Mathematicae 29 (2006), 135–139
Ethnic differences in the presentation of chronic hepatitis C

Hispanics comprise 13% of the population in the United States and are the fastest growing minority group. Features of hepatitis C in Hispanics have not been well characterized. The aims of this study were to compare features of hepatitis C among Hispanics, Whites, and African-Americans and to characterize hepatitis C infection in Hispanics. A retrospective analysis was performed on 1225 consecutive patients with hepatitis C seen at the University of Illinois at Chicago including 227 Hispanics, 508 Whites, and 490 African-Americans. Data collection consisted of demographic variables, risk factors for hepatitis C, history of alcohol use, laboratory parameters and liver histology. Pair-wise comparisons showed that Hispanics had higher aminotransferase levels than Whites and African-Americans. Hispanics had higher portal inflammation scores on liver biopsy than African-Americans (P = 0.002) and Whites (P = 0.043). Hispanics had a higher frequency of cirrhosis than African-Americans (P < 0.001) and a trend towards more cirrhosis than Whites (P = 0.165). There was a trend towards a higher prevalence of cirrhosis in Hispanic women (56%) than in Hispanic men (45%) [P = 0.14]. A cross-sectional analysis of patients at our liver center showed that Hispanics with hepatitis C had higher aminotransferase levels, more portal inflammation than Whites and African-Americans, and a higher prevalence of cirrhosis than African-Americans.
SU‐FF‐T‐166: Reproducibility Of A Method For The Quanitative Assessment Of The Agreement Between Planned And Measured Dose Distributions

Purpose: To introduce a new quality assurance parameter, the index of agreement (IOA), with which to quantify the agreement between planned and measured radiation dose distributions, and to assess the reproducibility of the parameter. Method and Materials: One IMRT radiation portal, consisting of three segments, was used to irradiate twenty separate pieces of calibrated EDR film. The field was delivered with a Siemens PRIMUS linear accelerator with 10 MV photons. A planar dose file was generated with the ADAC Pinnacle RTP system at a resolution of 2 mm by 2 mm to represent the dose distribution of the field. Both the planar dose file and the measured dose distributions derived from the film were imported into MATLAB for processing and analysis. At each pixel of the planned dose distribution, the pixel of the measured dose distribution, within a closed neighborhood of radius c (chosen to be 3 mm) that exhibits the smallest absolute fractional dose deviation was found. If the absolute deviation was less than p% (chosen to be 3%), the pixel was assigned a score of zero, while if the absolute fractional deviation exceeded the tolerance value, the pixel was assigned a score of zero. The index of agreement (IOA) was then calculated as the ratio of the sum of the score values of all clinically relevant pixels divided by the total number of clinically relevant pixels. Results: The IOA values were approximately normally distributed, with a mean value of 0.9330 and a standard deviation of 1.1%. Areas of poor agreement were reproduced during each irradiation. Conclusion: The IOA is a promising new quantitative quality assurance tool, and its value is highly reproducible.
Exact results on the space of vacua of four-dimensional SUSY gauge theories

We consider four-dimensional quantum field theories which have a continuous manifold of inequivalent exact ground states---a moduli space of vacua. Classically, the singular points on the moduli space are associated with extra massless particles. Quantum mechanically these singularities can be smoothed out. Alternatively, new massless states appear there. These may be the elementary massless particles or new massless bound states.
High-speed imaging of retinal pathology using ultrahigh-resolution spectral/Fourier domain optical coherence tomography in the ophthalmology clinic

An ultrahigh resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system capable of performing high speed imaging in the ophthalmology clinic has been developed. An OCT system using spectral/Fourier domain enables high speed imaging rates of up to 25,000 axial scans (A-scan) per second. Using a low threshold femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser light source, which can generate bandwidths of ~125 nm at 800 nm, cross-sectional imaging of the retina with ~3 μm axial resolution is possible. High speed imaging has been performed in the ophthalmology clinic on patients with various retinal pathologies using the ultrahigh resolution spectral domain OCT system. High pixel density OCT images containing 1024 pixels and 2048 transverse lines (A-scans) can be acquired in 0.08 seconds, which represents a ~100 fold improvement in imaging speed over previously reported time-domain ultrahigh resolution OCT systems. High speed imaging also enables three dimensional scanning and mapping of intraretinal architectural morphology with unprecedented resolution. High speed ultrahigh resolution OCT is a powerful tool for visualizing retinal pathologies, especially those involving the details of the photoreceptor segments; it will enable three-dimensional retinal imaging and the rendering of image information from volumetric data, and it has the potential to improve the early diagnosis of retinal diseases.
Estimation of confidence levels for physiology variables measured by a vital signs detection system

Quantifying the accuracy of physiological data measured by a Vital Signs Detection System (VSDS) plays a key role in making trustworthy decisions about the physiological status of a soldier. We developed an algorithm to report VSDSmeasured heart and respiratory rates and their associated confidence levels. Heart and respiratory rates were measured about every 2 seconds for about 4 hours, while subjects engaged in low (e.g., sitting), medium (e.g., sit-ups), and high intensity (e.g., running) activities. The mean heart and median respiratory rates are calculated every 15 seconds by an in-house developed algorithm, and associated confidence levels for each variable are estimated simultaneously using a fuzzy-logic-based algorithm. Inputs into the algorithm are features that represent two types of information; the quality of each variable, and the relationship between the variables. Faulty data points are separated from good measures by setting a threshold. When data with pre-classified faults are tested with the confidence level threshold set at 0.5, the sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm for heart rate are 91% and 97%, respectively. For respiratory rate, because of the intrinsically noisy property of the data, the sensitivity and specificity are 87% and 93%, respectively. These preliminary results demonstrate that the fuzzy logic algorithm can accurately qualify heart and respiratory rates measured by a VSDS.
Using specialized procedures and specification-based analysis to reduce the runtime costs of modularity

Managing tradeoffs between program structure and program efficiency is one of the most difficult problems facing software engineers. Decomposing programs into abstractions simplifies the construction and maintenance of software and results in fewer errors. However, the introduction of these abstractions often introduces significant inefficiencies.This paper describes a strategy for eliminating many of these inefficiencies. It is based upon providing alternative implementations of the same abstraction, and using information contained in formal specifications to allow a compiler to choose the appropriate one. The strategy has been implemented in a prototype compiler that incorporates theorem proving technology.
Functional expression of the renal organic cation transporter and P-glycoprotein in Xenopus laevis oocytes

The hypothesis that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediates the renal secretion of organic cations was tested by functional expression of mRNAs in the Xenopus laevis oocyte system. Efflux of 2'-deoxytubercidin (dTub), a substrate for the renal organic cation transporter (OCT) but not for P-gp, was enhanced by injection of renal mRNA but not by injection of mRNA from P-gp-overexpressing cells (MDCK cells transduced with the cDNA for human MDR1). The functional capacity of the MDCK-MDR mRNA was established by its ability to reduce the steady-state uptake of a classical P-gp substrate, vinblastine. Thus, these data indicate OCT and P-gp to be distinct entities. The Xenopus oocyte system provides a functional approach to further characterize the OCT.