cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokine response to a severe acute stressor

The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the response to acute stressor exposure has received recent attention. Exposure to a single session of inescapable shock (IS) induces peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokines. Other stressors also increase expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and/or protein in various tissues. However, the induction of central and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines by stressors remains controversial and the pattern of cytokine induction is not consistent across stressors. The present experiments sought to examine the pattern of the proinflammatory cytokine response to a stressor known to cause elevations of IL-1beta protein. mRNA expression for three proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6, and IL-1beta protein was examined after IS. IS increases IL-1beta mRNA and/or protein in a variety of tissues, including hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary and spleen. Furthermore, IS concomitantly alters IL-1beta mRNA and protein in hypothalamus and spleen, while the IL-1beta mRNA increase in pituitary lags behind the increase of IL-1beta protein. Interestingly, IL-1beta mRNA is elevated in hippocampus 4 h after IS, but an increase of IL-1beta protein in hippocampus is not detected. Expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA do not increase in response to IS. Indeed, TNF-alpha mRNA expression decreases in cortex, pituitary and liver immediately after IS. These findings suggest that alterations of proinflammatory cytokine expression by stressors, and IS in particular, are region- and cytokine-specific.
Scale-dependent compensational stacking: An estimate of autogenic time scales in channelized sedimentary deposits

Recent studies show that paleoenvironmental (allogenic) signals preserved in the stratigraphic record may be contaminated or overprinted by internally generated (autogenic) sedimentation. This is problematic, but it is unclear over what temporal and spatial scales autogenic patterns are most prevalent. We propose that scale breaks in basin-fi lling trends can be used to identify the transition between allogenic and autogenic stratigraphy. Using data from numerical and physical experiments and an ancient outcrop, we explore how compensation, the tendency for sediment transport systems to preferentially fi ll topographic lows, varies with stratigraphic scale. Object-based models demonstrate the temporal scales at which stratigraphy changes from being partially infl uenced by autogenic processes to being completely determined by allo- genic forcings and suggest that this transition occurs at a time scale set by the maximum scale of surface roughness in a transport system divided by the long-term aggradation rate. This hypothesis is validated in a physical experiment where delta topography was monitored along fl ow-perpendicular transects at a high temporal resolution relative to channel kine matics. The strength of compensation in the experiment changes at the predicted time scale, where the maxi mum surface roughness is equal to the depth of the experimental channels. Above this compensation time scale deposits stack purely compensationally, but below this time scale deposits stack somewhere between randomly and deterministically. Similar scale-dependent stacking is also observed in the Ferris Formation (Cretaceous-Paleogene, Hanna Basin, Wyoming, United States). This study demonstrates that scale-dependent compensational stack- ing may be useful for isolating allogenic and autogenic stratigraphy in sedimentary basins.
Performance of turbo-codes in an aeronautical satcom multipath environment

So-called "turbo codes" currently represent one of the most active areas of research in coding theory. Turbo codes have performance that approaches the Shannon limit on the capacity of a bandlimited communications channel. Previously, we discussed applications of turbo codes to aeronautical satellite communications in general, and presented results for an additive white Gaussian noise environment. Because of the interleavers that are an integral part of the encoding process, turbo codes offer some immunity to the correlated signal disruptions characteristic of propagation effects and interference related disruptions. This paper extends the earlier work by a more detailed consideration of the performance of turbo codes in the multipath fading environment typical of aeronautical satellite communications.
A Heme-Sensing Mechanism in the Translational Regulation of Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis

SUMMARY Heme plays fundamental roles as cofactor and signaling molecule in multiple pathways devoted to oxygen sensing and utilization in aerobic organisms. For cellular respiration, heme serves as a prosthetic group in electron transfer proteins and redox enzymes. Here we report that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a heme-sensing mechanism translationally controls the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme. We show that Mss51, a COX1 mRNA-specific translational activator and Cox1 chaperone, which coordinates Cox1 synthesis in mitoribosomes with its assembly in COX, is a heme-binding protein. Mss51 contains two heme regulatory motifs or Cys-Pro-X domains located in its N terminus. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have demonstrated that these motifs are important for heme binding and efficient performance of Mss51 functions. We conclude that heme sensing by Mss51 regulates COX biogenesis and aerobic energy production.
Requirements models in context

The field of requirements engineering emerges out of tradition of research and engineering practice that stresses the importance of generalizations and abstractions. Although abstraction is essential to design it also has its dark side. By abstracting away from the context of an investigation, the designer too easily lapses into modeling only those things that are easy to model. The subtleties, special cases, interpretations and concrete features of the context of use are smoothed over in the rush to capture the essence of the requirements. Often, however, what is left out is essential to understanding stakeholders' needs. In contrast, approaches that stress context at the expense of abstraction may lead to floundering or to short-term customer satisfaction at the expense of long-term fragility of the system. What is needed is a synthesis of these two approaches: a synthesis that recognizes the complementary values of abstraction and context in requirements engineering and that does not relegate either one to a background role. Such a synthesis requires us not only to adopt new methods in practice but also to rethink our underlying assumptions about what requirements models are models of and what it means to validate them.
Status of MiniBooNE

MiniBooNE is a neutrino oscillation experiment now running at Fermilab. The experiment will search for v μ → v e oscillations in order to make a conclusive statement about the yet-unconfirmed evidence for oscillations presented by the LSND experiment. Preparations for the start of running were completed over the summer of 2002, and MiniBooNE observed its first neutrino events in late August.
Morphological and functional changes in cardiac myocytes isolated from mice overexpressing TNF-α

Transgenic (TG) TNF1.6 mice, which cardiac specifically overexpress tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), exhibit heart failure (HF) and increased mortality, which is markedly higher in young (<20 wk) m...
Asymptotically optimal lossy Lempel-Ziv coding

A new lossy variant of the fixed-database Lempel-Ziv algorithm is proposed, for encoding memoryless sources at a fixed distortion level. Its asymptotic optimality and universality are demonstrated, with respect to bounded single-letter distortion measures. As the database size m increases to infinity, the expected compression ratio approaches the rate-distortion function. The complexity and redundancy characteristics of the algorithm are comparable to those of its lossless counterpart. A heuristic argument suggests that the redundancy is of order (loglog m)/log m, and this is also confirmed experimentally by simulation results. Also, the complexity of the algorithm is seen to be comparable to that of the corresponding lossless scheme, at least in their naive implementations.
Human Sexuality: How Do Men and Women Differ?

A large body of scientific research documents four important gender differences in sexuality. First, on a wide variety of measures, men show greater sexual desire than do women. Second, compared with men, women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality. Third, aggression is more strongly linked to sexuality for men than for women. Fourth, women's sexuality tends to be more malleable and capable of change over time. These male-female differences are pervasive, affecting thoughts and feelings as well as behavior, and they characterize not only heterosexuals but lesbians and gay men as well. Implications of these patterns are considered.
Aromatic Amino Acids Are Utilized and Protein Synthesis Is Stimulated during Amino Acid Infusion in the Ovine Fetus

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ovine fetus is capable of increased disposal of an amino acid load; if so, would it respond by increased protein synthesis, amino acid catabolism or both? A further purpose of the study was to determine whether the pathways of aromatic amino acid catabolism are functional in the fetus. Late gestation ovine fetuses of well-nourished ewes received an infusion of Aminosyn PF alone (APF), and Aminosyn PF + glycyl-L-tyrosine (APF+GT) at rates estimated to double the intake of these amino acids. The initial study, using APF, was performed at 126 +/- 1.4 d; the APF+GT study was performed at 132 +/- 1.7 d (term = 150 d). Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics were determined using both stable and radioactive isotopes. Plasma concentrations of most amino acids, but not tyrosine, increased during both studies; tyrosine concentration increased only during the APF+GT study. Phenylalanine rate of appearance and phenylalanine hydroxylation increased during both studies. Tyrosine rate of appearance increased only during the APF+GT study; tyrosine oxidation did not increase during either study. Fetal protein synthesis increased significantly during both studies, producing a significant increase in fetal protein accretion. Fetal proteolysis was unchanged in response to either amino acid infusion. These results indicate that the fetus responds to an acute increase in amino acid supply primarily by increasing protein synthesis and accretion, with a smaller but significant increase in amino acid catabolism also. Both phenylalanine hydroxylation and tyrosine oxidation are active in the fetus, and the fetus is able to increase phenylalanine hydroxylation rapidly in response to increased supply.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mob1p Is Required for Cytokinesis and Mitotic Exit

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitotic exit network (MEN) is a conserved set of genes that mediate the transition from mitosis to G1 by regulating mitotic cyclin degradation and the inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Here, we demonstrate that, in addition to mitotic exit, S. cerevisiae MEN gene MOB1 is required for cytokinesis and cell separation. The cytokinesis defect was evident in mob1 mutants under conditions in which there was no mitotic-exit defect. Observation of live cells showed that yeast myosin II, Myo1p, was present in the contractile ring at the bud neck but that the ring failed to contract and disassemble. The cytokinesis defect persisted for several mitotic cycles, resulting in chains of cells with correctly segregated nuclei but with uncontracted actomyosin rings. The cytokinesis proteins Cdc3p (a septin), actin, and Iqg1p/ Cyk1p (an IQGAP-like protein) appeared to correctly localize in mob1 mutants, suggesting that MOB1 functions subsequent to actomyosin ring assembly. We also examined the subcellular distribution of Mob1p during the cell cycle and found that Mob1p first localized to the spindle pole bodies during mid-anaphase and then localized to a ring at the bud neck just before and during cytokinesis. Localization of Mob1p to the bud neck required CDC3, MEN genes CDC5, CDC14, CDC15, and DBF2, and spindle pole body gene NUD1 but was independent of MYO1. The localization of Mob1p to both spindle poles was abolished in cdc15 and nud1 mutants and was perturbed in cdc5 and cdc14 mutants. These results suggest that the MEN functions during the mitosis-to-G1 transition to control cyclin-CDK inactivation and cytokinesis.
The “It's Not My Fault!” Exercise: Exploring The Causes and Consequences of Managers' Explanations for Poor Performance

Experienced managers know that perceptions matter greatly when it comes to working effectively with employees. The task for organizational behavior (OB) instructors, especially in the undergraduate classroom, is to make the perceptions topic come alive for students who may not appreciate at first the application and significance of this subject for their future careers. This two-part exercise helps OB students understand how managers' perceptions shape the judgments they make about the causes of employees' poor performance and how these judgments affect managers' responses. In part one, students personalize the subject through an individual reflection exercise and group discussion. In part two, a realistic scenario-based exercise, students adopt the role of a manager dealing with an employee's performance failure. Exercise debriefing emphasizes the application of attribution theory concepts. Several options are suggested for integrating additional OB topics, such as the self-fulfilling prophecy, attributi...
Echocardiographic findings and the search for a gold standard in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

The proper diagnosis of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) remains an important problem. This is due to the fact that, unfortunately, no gold standard exists for making the diagnosis of ARVD. As such, we rely on Task Force criteria for making this diagnosis ([1][1]).
Analytical and Experimental Methods in Engineering Seismology

The arithmetical steps in the computation of the spectrum are extremely lengthy. A mechanical analyzer was developed by the author at Columbia University, in New York, N. Y., to avoid this numerica...
Historical Perspective on the Development of Cerebral Localization, Cerebral Cortical Motor Stimulation, and Sensory Evoked Potentials

John Hughlings Jackson (Fig. 1), often called the “The Father of Neurology” was a keen-eyed observer with a passion for detail and brooding intelligence, which enabled him to see general laws emerging from details [1]. This remarkable British theorist by 1861 deduced motor activity to be the basic function of all nervous systems, proposed the anterior and posterior cerebrum being predominately motor and sensory respectively, and that motor and sensory brain centers represent sensorimotor movements not muscles. His thoughtful analysis based on the study of seizure patterns and neurological abnormalities demonstrated the somatotopic distribution of human motor and sensory functions across the human cerebral cortex [1, 2]. He further believed that higher levels of integration evolved to exert more extensive and progressively finer control … the cerebrum and cerebellum invariably work together … coordination being a function of the entire nervous system [1, 2].
Implicit Time Integration for Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Using Transcendental Padé Approximants.

Molecular dynamics systems evolve through the interplay of collective and localized disturbances. As a practical consequence, there is a restriction on the time step imposed by the broad spectrum of time scales involved. To resolve this restriction, multiscale factorization was introduced for molecular dynamics as a method that exploits the separation of time scales by coevolving the coarse-grained and atom-resolved states via Trotter factorization. Developing a stable time-marching scheme for this coevolution, however, is challenging because the coarse-grained dynamical equations depend on the microstate; therefore, these equations cannot be expressed in closed form. The objective of this paper is to develop an implicit time integration scheme for multiscale simulation of large systems over long periods of time and with high accuracy. The scheme uses Pade approximants to account for both the stochastic and deterministic features of the coarse-grained dynamics. The method is demonstrated for a protein either undergoing a conformational change or migrating under the influence of an external force. The method shows promise in accelerating multiscale molecular dynamics without a loss of atomic precision or the need to conjecture the form of coarse-grained governing equations.
Antecedents to Commitment to A Parent Company and A Foreign Operation

This study of 321 American managers on international assignment in Pacific Rim or European countries assessed theoretically and empirically the extent to which various personal, job, organizational...
The Chemical Evolution of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies from Keck Spectroscopy

The primary data product of a recent Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopic campaign of eight Milky Way dwarf spheroidal (dSph) satellite galaxies is a catalog of nearly 3000 red giants with spectral synthesis-based abundance measurements of Fe and the α elements Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti. The dSph metallicity distributions show that the histories of the less luminous dSphs were marked by massive amounts of metal loss. The [α/Fe] distributions reveal that the early star formation histories (at a lookback time of >12 Gyr) of most dSphs were very similar and that Type Ia supernova ejecta contributed to the abundances of all but the most metal-poor ([Fe/H]
Strategic Brand Concept-Image Management:

Conveying a brand image to a target market is a fundamental marketing activity. The authors present a normative framework, termed brand concept management (BCM), for selecting, implementing, and co...
Two-Bond 13C−15N Spin−Spin Coupling Constants (2hJC-N) Across C−H−N Hydrogen Bonds†

Ab initio EOM-CCSD calculations have been performed to determine 1 3 C- 1 5 N spin-spin coupling constants ( 2 h J C - N ) across C-H-N hydrogen bonds in 17 neutral, 3 cationic, and 3 anionic complexes. The contributions of the paramagnetic spin-orbit, diamagnetic spin-orbit, and spin-dipole terms to the total 1 3 C- 1 5 N spin-spin coupling constants ( 2 h J C - N ) are negligible, so 2 h J C - N is determined solely by the Fermi contact term, which is distance-dependent. 2 h J C - N for complexes stabilized by C-H...N hydrogen bonds exhibits some dependence on the nature of the hybridization and the nature of the bonding at the C atom of the protondonor C-H group. Nevertheless, a single curve can be constructed from 2 h J C - N and C-N distances for the equilibrium structures of the entire set of complexes that should be useful for estimating C-N distances from experimental measurements of coupling constants across C-H-N hydrogen bonds. Small deviations from linearity of the C-H-N hydrogen bond lead to only small changes in 2 h J C - N .
NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases in white pine (Pinus strobus) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Evidence for light and developmental regulation of expression and conservation in gene organization and protein structure between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (pchlide reductase, EC 1.6.99.1) catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide in higher plants. Cloned cDNAs encoding two distinct pchlide reductases were isolated from a λgt11 library constructed from poly(A)+ RNA prepared from the cotyledons of dark-grown white pine (Pines strobes) seedlings and a nuclear gene (lpcr) analogous to one of these cDNAs has been characterized from loblolly pine (P. taeda). The pine gene encodes an approximately 43 kDa precursor polypeptide consisting of a 334-amino acid mature protein and a 66-amino acid transit peptide. The deduced primary structures for the pine proteins are highly homologous to those reported from monocots and dicots. The coding portion of the pine lpcr gene is interrupted by four introns. The placement of these introns within the pine lpcr gene is identical to that observed in pea (Pisum sativum), suggesting conservation in gene organization between dicot and gymnosperm species. Western blot analysis using polyclonal antiserum against oat pchlide reductase detected in extracts of dark-grown pine cotyledons a single immunoreactive protein, which declined in abundance during a 48 h period of illumination with white light. Cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings were also found to accumulate high levels of pchlide reductase mRNA; however, little or no change in the steady-state levels of mRNA encoding pchlide reductase was observed in these tissues following illumination. Stem tissue of dark-grown seedlings did not contain significant levels of pchlide reductase mRNA, whereas stems of light-grown plants of the same age accumulated substantial amounts of the message. These results suggest that light and the developmental age of the tissue affect regulation of lpcr expression in pine.
Championing Institutional Goals: Academic Libraries Supporting Graduate Women in STEM

Abstract Academic libraries are well-positioned within their scientific research communities to assist with the retention of women in STEM fields. Librarians have an opportunity to find new ways to match collections and services to student needs and institutional goals by providing resources and programming in support of women in STEM. This paper will focus on the ways in which academic librarians can help support female graduate students in STEM, beginning with a review of the literature to determine the causes for the under-representation of women graduate students in some STEM fields. Next, it will review interventions conducted by institutions to address the uneven distribution, including a scan for resources or services provided by the library. Finally, it will use the findings presented in the literature to propose services and resources that libraries and librarians can provide to help address the issues that contribute to the low number of women in STEM fields.
Iteratively coupled solution strategies for a four‐field mixed finite element method for poroelasticity

Summary In this paper, we consider numerical algorithms for modeling of the time-dependent coupling between the fluid flow and deformation in elastic porous media. Here, we employ a four-field formulation which uses the total stress, displacement, flux, and pressure as its primary variables and satisfies Darcy's law and linear elasticity in mixed weak form. We present four different iteratively coupled methods, known as drained, undrained, fixed-strain, and fixed-stress splits, in which the diffusion operator is separated from the elasticity operator and the two subproblems are solved in a staggered way while ensuring convergence of the solution at each time step. A-priori convergence results for each iterative coupling which differs from those found when using a traditional two-field or three-field formulation are presented. We also present some numerical results to support the convergence estimates and to show the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low-Noise Amplifier Reliability

This chapter talks about low-noise amplifier performance degradation subjected to hot electron effect. In addition to physical explantions, analytical equations and experimental data are provided.
Environmental variability and the evolution of the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1) in African starlings

One of the primary ways that organisms cope with environmental change is through regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress. Variation in genes regulating the HPA axis – particularly the glucocorticoid receptor – may facilitate adaptation to changing climatic conditions by altering expression. Here we examine signatures of selection on the glucocorticoid receptor gene (Nr3c1) in African starlings that inhabit a range of environments, including those with variable climatic conditions. To investigate potential adaptive mechanisms underlying the vertebrate stress response, we sequence the Nr3c1 gene in 27 species of African starlings. Although we find some evidence of positive selection, substitution rate is negatively correlated with variance in precipitation. This suggests climatic cycling in sub-Saharan Africa may have resulted in lower substitution rates to maintain a successful coping strategy. When environmental conditions fluctuate rapidly, variation in the strength of purifying selection can explain evolutionary rate variation.
The Identification Block

To identify data collected from an individual patient at a single examination and to prevent loss of such data, each of the separate AGP assessment sheets has the same basic information block (ID) printed at the top of the sheet. Complete and accurate encoding of the ID block is necessary for the collection of material and the subsequent data processing and analyses. Since experience has shown that errors of omission and commission within the ID block are a major problem in data editing, raters are urged to be particularly conscientious in completing this block.
Associations between participation in family activities and adolescent school problems.

SummaryIntroduction Adolescent risk outcomes related to school issues are widespread, with about 20% parents reporting poor school engagement amongst their youth. Previous literature suggests that adolescents who report strong bonds with their parents are often identified as being less likely to engage in risky behaviours, such as substance use. The current study sought to examine the association between the frequencies of selected family activities and school problems amongst adolescents after adjustments for family connectedness and other characteristics. Methods Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997. Of the 8984 youth interviewed, 3855 also had a sibling interviewed who met the selection criteria. School problem outcomes measured were suspension occurrence, poor grades and highest grade completed low for age. Independent variables of interest were self-reported frequency of family dinner, fun and religious activities in a typical week. Multivariable logistic models were estimated for each outcome, and multivariable linear probability models were estimated adjusting for family fixed effects. Results Adjusting for family connectedness, there were significant associations between certain family activities and adolescent school problem measures. However, these results did not remain significant in models with family fixed effects, suggesting that associations could be driven by family-level confounders. Discussion This study did not find strong evidence of a protective relationship between family activities and school problems. Therefore, it suggested that programme and policymakers be cautious in overstating the importance of family activities in preventing adolescent risk outcomes until true causal relationships can be determined.
Task-based image quality assessment in radiation therapy: Initial characterization and demonstration with CT simulation images

In current radiation therapy practice, image quality is still assessed subjectively or by utilizing physically-based metrics. Recently, a methodology for objective task-based image quality (IQ) assessment in radiation therapy was proposed by Barrett et al.1 In this work, we present a comprehensive implementation and evaluation of this new IQ assessment methodology. A modular simulation framework was designed to perform an automated, computer-simulated end-to-end radiation therapy treatment. A fully simulated framework was created that utilizes new learning-based stochastic object models (SOM) to obtain known organ boundaries, generates a set of images directly from the numerical phantoms created with the SOM, and automates the image segmentation and treatment planning steps of a radiation therapy work ow. By use of this computational framework, therapeutic operating characteristic (TOC) curves can be computed and the area under the TOC curve (AUTOC) can be employed as a figure-of-merit to guide optimization of different components of the treatment planning process. The developed computational framework is employed to optimize X-ray CT pre-treatment imaging. We demonstrate that use of the radiation therapy-based-based IQ measures lead to different imaging parameters than obtained by use of physical-based measures.
Effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on acid–base regulation, hematology, ion, and osmoregulation of juvenile American paddlefish

Despite the increasing prevalence of hypoxia in natural habitats occupied by the American paddlefish, basal bony fish, and ram ventilator, information about its response to hypoxia is scarce. To understand the physiological and biochemical responses of juvenile paddlefish (~150 g) to acute (<24 h) and chronic hypoxia (≥24 h), blood oxygen transport, blood acid–base balance, and metabolic stress were evaluated under four different partial pressures of oxygen [pO2; normoxia (148 mmHg), mild hypoxia (89 mmHg), moderate hypoxia (59 mmHg), and extreme hypoxia (36 mmHg)], all at 21 °C. Arterial blood samples were collected from paddlefish after they had been exposed to treatments for 0.25, 2, 6, 24, and 72 h, and analyzed for hematocrit, pO2, total oxygen content, oxygen saturation, pCO2, pH, hemoglobin, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, glucose, and lactate. Mild hypoxia only caused a reduction in blood pO2 and oxygen saturation. Both acute and chronic moderate and extreme hypoxia caused a decrease in blood pH, pO2, total oxygen content, plasma Na+, and Cl− at all time points. Acute moderate and extreme hypoxia resulted in an increase in blood pCO2, plasma glucose, lactate, and hematocrit. Chronic exposure to moderate hypoxia resulted in an increase in plasma lactate, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin. This study shows that paddlefish are able to physiologically compensate for mild hypoxia, but exhibit secondary stress responses and are unable to return to homeostasis when exposed to both acute and chronic moderate hypoxia, and die after 3–8 h of extreme hypoxia.
Infants, Mothers, and Gendered Space in a Mississippian Village: Revisiting Wilkie’s House 1 at the Hunze-Evans Site

This paper discusses a unique structure known as House 1 from the Hunze-Evans village site (23CG8) in Southeast Missouri as a small step toward addressing a dearth of infant-focused research in pre...
Problem solving using social networks in Cultural Algorithms with auctions

Cultural Algorithms provide a meta-heuristic framework for the application of various solution mechanism represented by Knowledge Sources in the Belief Space to the evolution of complex social networks in the population space. One of the key components in the configuration of a Cultural Algorithm is the knowledge distribution mechanism, how the influence of a solution approach is spread out among individuals in individual subnetworks. In this paper a specific set of Knowledge distribution mechanisms based upon various Auction models are introduced and their performance compared in complex real-valued functional landscapes. While capable of generating solutions to the entire range of problem, from fixed to chaotic, they are best utilized for fixed problems containing of low to high variability but begin to lose their edge with increasing periodicity. It is proposed that auction mechanisms will be most likely found in subcultures where problems associated with that culture have reasonably strong signals that can afford the opportunity to make quick and precise decisions.
Big Data and Service Operations

This study discusses how the tremendous volume of available data collected by firms has been transforming the service industry. The focus is primarily on services in the following sectors: finance/banking, transportation and hospitality, and online platforms (e.g., subscription services, online advertising, and online dating). We report anecdotal evidence borrowed from various collaborations and discussions with executives and data analysts who work in management consulting or finance, or for technology/startup companies. Our main goals are (i) to present an overview of how big data is shaping the service industry, (ii) to describe several mechanisms used in the service industry that leverage the potential information hidden in big data, and (iii) to point out some of the pitfalls and risks incurred. On one hand, collecting and storing large amounts of data on customers and on past transactions can help firms improve the quality of their services. For example, firms can now customize their services to unprecedented levels of granularity, which enables the firms to offer targeted personalized offers (sometimes, even in real‐time). On the other hand, collecting this data may allow some firms to utilize the data against their customers by charging them higher prices. Furthermore, data‐driven algorithms may often be biased toward illicit discrimination. The availability of data on sensitive personal information may also attract hackers and gives rise to important cybersecurity concerns (e.g., information leakage, fraud, and identity theft).
Using Social Network Analysis to Examine the Effect of Care Management Structure on Chronic Disease Management Communication Within Primary Care

Care management and care managers are becoming increasingly prevalent in primary care medical practice as a means of improving population health and reducing unnecessary care. Care managers are often involved in chronic disease management and associated transitional care. In this study, we examined the communication regarding chronic disease care within 24 primary care practices in Michigan and Colorado. We sought to answer the following questions: Do care managers play a key role in chronic disease management in the practice? Does the prominence of the care manager’s connectivity within the practice’s communication network vary by the type of care management structure implemented? Individual written surveys were given to all practice members in the participating practices. Survey questions assessed demographics as well as practice culture, quality improvement, care management activities, and communication regarding chronic disease care. Using social network analysis and other statistical methods, we analyzed the communication dynamics related to chronic disease care for each practice. The structure of chronic disease communication varies greatly from practice to practice. Care managers who were embedded in the practice or co-located were more likely to be in the core of the communication network than were off-site care managers. These care managers also had higher in-degree centrality, indicating that they acted as a hub for communication with team members in many other roles. Social network analysis provided a useful means of examining chronic disease communication in practice, and highlighted the central role of care managers in this communication when their role structure supported such communication. Structuring care managers as embedded team members within the practice has important implications for their role in chronic disease communication within primary care.
Tumor heterogeneity in small cell lung cancer defined and investigated in pre-clinical mouse models

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a fast-growing, highly metastatic form of lung cancer. A major difference between SCLC and other forms of lung cancer is that SCLC tumors often respond well to chemotherapy initially; unfortunately, resistant tumors rapidly recur. In addition, despite a large number of clinical trials with a variety of therapeutic agents, little progress has been achieved in the past three decades in improving the survival of SCLC patients. These clinical observations indicate that SCLC tumors have a high degree of plasticity and rapid adaptability to changes in growth conditions. Here we consider recent evidence pointing to several levels of heterogeneity in SCLC that may explain the ability of these tumors to adjust to different microenvironment and therapeutics. In particular, we review new data pointing to the existence of several subpopulations of tumor cells that interact with each other to promote tumor growth. We also discuss how SCLC tumors that look similar at the histopathological level may actually represent distinct subtypes of tumors and how these differences impact the response to specific therapeutic agents. A better understanding of genetic and cellular heterogeneity will guide the development of personalized approaches to help SCLC patients.
Systemic Chemotherapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer

Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff removal is considered the standard of care for most UTUC, but can be insufficient treatment for locally advanced cases, where recurrences are high and survival is short. Multimodality treatment with neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy has been an area of interest. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) takes advantage of a patient’s maximal renal function, allowing optimal delivery of cisplatin-based regimens. Available single center retrospective series suggest a higher rate of pathological complete response with NAC as well as significantly improved 5 year overall and cancer-specific survival. A current trial evaluating NAC for both renally sufficient and renally impaired patients is currently underway. Adjuvant chemotherapy has primarily been analyzed in small retrospective uncontrolled series without consistent or convincing evidence of benefit. This is largely contributed by the high incidence of renal insufficiency after nephroureterectomy, as well as patient intolerance. A European prospective phase 3 study of adjuvant chemotherapy is underway.
Overview of Deglutition and Digestion

The gastrointestinal tract, also defined as the digestive tract, or alimentary tract, is a system in the body designed to take in food and liquids, decrease and modify the food through mechanical and chemical digestion to absorb the end products through the mucosal epithelial cells that line the intestine, primarily in the small intestine. Swallowing refers to the functions of the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal regions that begin the process of ingestion and digestion, and transport the food to the stomach where the bolus is transformed into chyme that is further broken down in the stomach and the small intestine. Accessory organs work with the digestive tract and include the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The final products eliminated contain mostly fiber and bacteria.
Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides: An Overview

Chemicals for many years have been an important means of controlling pests afflicting man, his animals, and food crops. Informed opinion is a consensus that with the growing world food crisis, chemicals for pest control will continue to be vital in production of food. This does not minimize other non-chemical approaches, or integrated pest control approaches, but rather recognize that pesticides remain in many instances our sole weapon of defense.
Entanglement Criteria for Continuous-Variable Systems

In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) questioned the completeness of quantum theory in their seminal work [1]. The argument is based on two spatially separated systems, which are prepared into a bipartite wavefunction and then cease to interact with each other. According to quantum mechanics, a measurement on system I will reduce system II into certain wavefunction. A different measurement setting will reduce system II into another wavefunction. These two wavefunctions could be eigenfunctions of noncommuting operators. On the one hand, localism states that the choice of measurement in system I should not change system II. On the other hand, without disturbance, the eigenfunction of an operator provides the value of the physical quantity with certain, which corresponds to an element of physical reality. So by choosing different measurement settings, two noncommuting physical quantities could have simultaneous reality, which obviously contradicts with the uncertainty relation. Therefore, EPR argued that the wave function description in quantum theory cannot be complete.
Ethnic Heterogeneity and Poverty and Inequality

Poverty and inequality refer to the economic order of society, in which an individual level welfare remains at the core. Because the private and especially labor market serves as the primary source of income for most individuals, these economic outcomes are linked with how individuals engage with the market and how they derive the incomes needed to operate, economically speaking. But the roles of welfare state policies are also important as they provide the supports needed to ensure minimally adequate living standard for everyone. The economically dependent population including the old, sick, unemployed, disabled, and otherwise vulnerable in particular may need help from the state as they cannot harness the opportunities available in the market to the fullest extent possible. The role of welfare state policies does not stop at ensuring the minimum living standard, however, since high disparities in income distribution help create uneven playing fields, preventing societies from achieving the goal of equality of opportunity. The concepts of poverty and inequality in this sense are similar as the degree of poverty is likely to be higher in a society with greater inequality than in another with lower inequality.
Narloy-Z-Carbon Nanotube Composites

Motivation: (1) NARloy-Z (Cu-3%Ag-0.5%Zr) is the state of the art, high thermal conductivity structural alloy used for making liquid rocket engine main combustion chamber liner. It has a Thermal conductivity approx 80% of pure copper. (2) Improving the thermal conductivity of NARloy-Z will help to improve the heat transfer efficiency of combustion chamber. (3)Will also help to reduce the propulsion system mass and increase performance. It will also increases thrust to weight ratio. (4) Improving heat transfer helps to design and build better thermal management systems for nuclear propulsion and other applications. Can Carbon nanotubes (CNT) help to improve the thermal conductivity (TC)of NARloy-Z? (1)CNT's have TC of approx 20X that of copper (2) 5vol% CNT could potentially double the TC of NARloy-Z if properly aligned (3) Improvement will be less if CNT s are randomly distributed, provided there is a good thermal bond between CNT and matrix. Prior research has shown poor results (1) No TC improvement in the copper-CNT composite reported (2)Reported values are typically lower (3) Attributed to high contact thermal resistance between CNT and Cu matrix (4)Results suggest that a bonding material between CNT and copper matrix is required to lower the contact thermal resistance It is hypothesized that Zr in NARloy-Z could act as a bonding agent to lower the contact thermal resistance between CNT and matrix.
Qsar es-Seghir Reconstructed from Archaeological Analysis

For in the seemingly little and insignificant things that accumulate to create a lifetime, the essence of our existence is captured. We must remember these bits and pieces, and we must use them in new and imaginative ways so that a different appreciation for what life is today, and was in the past, can be achieved. The written document has its proper and important place, but there is also a time when we should set aside our perusal of diaries, court records, and inventones, and listen to another voice.
INDUCED INVENTION, GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION

One of the great ratios of contemporary economics is the ratio of wages (and of profits) to national income. Notwithstanding some correlation with slack in the economy and perceptible trends in some countries, distributive shares have been remarkably constant in most western economies. Yet the modern economist has almost ceased to wonder at Bowley's Law. He is familiar with the kind of growth model in which a path of golden age growth is approached from most or all initial states. On a golden age path, every variable changes, if at all, at a constant proportionate rate so that output, consumption, investment, and capital all grow at the same rate. Factor shares are constant, their magnitudes being a function of the parameters determining the particular golden age path that the economy will approach: the saving–income ratio, the population growth rate, and the technological parameters.
Charged impurity scattering in two-dimensional materials with ring-shaped valence bands: GaS, GaSe, InS, and InSe

The singular density of states and the two Fermi wave vectors resulting from a ring-shaped or ``Mexican hat'' valence band give rise to unique trends in the charged impurity scattering rates and charged impurity limited mobilities. Ring-shaped valence bands are common features of many monolayer and few-layer two-dimensional (2D) materials including the III-VI materials GaS, GaSe, InS, and InSe. The wave-vector dependence of the screening, calculated within the random phase approximation, is so strong that it is the dominant factor determining the overall trends of the scattering rates and mobilities with respect to temperature and hole density. Charged impurities placed on the substrate and in the 2D channel are considered. The different wave-vector dependencies of the bare Coulomb potentials alter both the magnitudes and the temperature dependencies of the mobilities. Moving the charged impurities 5 \AA{} from the center of the channel to the substrate increases the mobility by an order of magnitude by suppressing the large wave-vector backscattering across the outer Fermi ring.
Kaepernick's Grievance Could Put NFL on the Spot

In October 2017, free-agent quarterback, Colin Kaepernick, filed a collusion claim against the National Football League and all 32 NFL team owners. Kaepernick claims the collusion and deprivation of employment rights stems from his “leadership and advocacy for equality and social justice and his bringing awareness of peculiar institutions still undermining racial equality in the United States.” Specifically, during the 2016 season, Kaepernick opted to kneel during the national anthem and pledged to donate $1 million to support organizations advocating to raise awareness of racial inequality and minority oppression in the United States. Under Article 17 of the NFL’s collective bargaining agreement, teams are prohibited from entering into any agreement regarding whether or not to negotiate with a player or offer a player a contract. Thus, collusion occurs when teams conspire with each other, or with the league, against a player.
Evolution, Uncertainty, and the Asymptotic Efficiency of Policy

Politics, like any social process, involves selection mechanisms that determine whether the outcomes of the process are efficient. This paper presents a model of politics as an evolutionary process. The decisions of interest groups to enter politics determines the selected policy. Our model leads to three main results. First, the political process selects for efficient policies in the long run. This mirrors how markets select for efficient firms. We call this attribute asymptotic efficiency. Second, the bargaining of interest groups bounds the level of inefficiencies that can exist in the short run. The bound decreases when organizing interest groups becomes less costly. Finally, policies that appear inefficient in a static analysis can be efficient once economists consider the dynamic nature of political decisions. We argue that viewing the political process as a selection mechanism allows political economists to use efficiency as a tool for positive economics. In our approach, applied political economy involves looking for relevant costs that make the policy efficient. However, our approach does not rob political economists of the ability to make meaningful normative statements, but only constrains the type of statements made.