cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of exponentially distributed primary user traffic for dynamic spectrum access

In order to fully exploit the availability of primary users' (PUs) unused spectrum by secondary users, traffic prediction can be used to increase system throughput. In this paper we propose a PU traffic prediction algorithm based on estimated PU traffic state transition probabilities. The probabilities are obtained via constrained-time PU traffic parameters estimation assuming exponentially distributed PU ON/OFF channel utilization intervals. Moreover, we define prediction regions for the estimated parameters where optimal traffic prediction is possible. Finally, we theoretically quantify the prediction confidence as a function of the prediction time, the total estimation time period and the number of samples used for estimation.
TOWARD AN INTEGRATION OF THEORY AND RESEARCH ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN

This article develops an approach to cross-national research on the status of women that merges theoretical and methodological concerns. The approach consists of understanding the concept status of women within three dimensions—political, economic, and cultural. The article differentiates between a public and a private domain within each dimension. To understand and compare the status of women in different countries, it is argued that it is imperative to study the interrelationships among the dimensions and domains of status of women. Contrasting the approach taken here with that of extant research on gender inequality and with efforts to locate a universal measure of women's status provides an illustration of the complexity involved in analyzing the status of women, the meaninglessness of talking globally about a single measure of status of women, and the necessity to go beyond male-centered measures of status to capture more fully women's status and experiences.
Pulmonary Function Predicting Confirmed Recovery From Lower-Respiratory Symptoms in World Trade Center-Exposed Firefighters, 2001 to 2010

Background We examined the relationship between pulmonary function (FEV 1 ) and confirmed recovery from three lower-respiratory symptoms (LRSs) (cough, dyspnea, and wheeze) up to 9 years after symptom onset. Methods The study included white and black male World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters who reported at least one LRS on a medical monitoring examination during the first year after September 11, 2001. Confirmed recovery was defined as reporting no LRSs on two consecutive and all subsequent examinations. FEV 1 was assessed at the first post-September 11, 2001, examination and at each examination where symptom information was ascertained. We used stratified Cox regression models to analyze FEV 1 , WTC exposure, and other variables in relation to confirmed symptom recovery. Results A total of 4,368 firefighters met inclusion criteria and were symptomatic at year 1, of whom 1,592 (36.4%) experienced confirmed recovery. In univariable models, first post-September 11, 2001, concurrent, and difference between first post-September 11, 2001, and concurrent FEV 1 values were all significantly associated with confirmed recovery. In adjusted analyses, both first post-September 11, 2001, FEV 1 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07 per 355-mL difference; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10) and FEV 1 % predicted (HR, 1.08 per 10% predicted difference; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12) predicted confirmed recovery. WTC exposure had an inverse association with confirmed recovery in the model with FEV 1 , with the earliest arrival group less likely to recover than the latest arrival group (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58-0.92). Conclusions Higher FEV 1 and improvement in FEV 1 after September 11, 2001, predicted confirmed LRS recovery, supporting a physiologic basis for recovery and highlighting consideration of spirometry as part of any postexposure respiratory health assessment.
Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Early Fusion Program

The Astron project, conducted from 1956 to1973 at Livermore National Laboratory, was the brainchild of Nicholas Christofilos, a Greek engineer with no formal physics credentials. Astron’s key innovation was the E-layer, a ring of relativistic electrons within a magnetic mirror device. Christofilos predicted that at sufficient E-layer density the net magnetic field inside the chamber would reverse, creating closed field lines necessary for improving plasma confinement. Although Astron never achieved field reversal, it left important legacies. As a cylindrical device designed to contain toroidal plasmas, it was the earliest conception of a compact torus, a class that includes the Spheromak and the FRC. The linear induction accelerator, developed to generate Astron`s E-layer, is now used in many applications. Through examination of internal lab reports and interviews with his colleagues and family, this research charts Christofilos’ career and places Astron in its historical context. This paper was originally prepared in 2004 as an undergraduate Junior Paper for the Princeton University History Department.
State-Dependent Modulation of Gap Junction Signaling by the Persistent Sodium Current

Thalamic neurons fluctuate between two states: a hyperpolarized state associated with burst firing and sleep spindles, and a depolarized state associated with tonic firing and rapid, reliable information transmission between the sensory periphery and cortex. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays a central role in thalamocortical processing by providing feed-forward and feedback inhibition to thalamic relay cells; TRN cells participate in the generation of sleep spindles, and have been suggested to focus the neural “searchlight” of attention. The mechanisms underlying synchrony in the TRN during different behavioral states are largely unknown. TRN cells are densely interconnected by electrical synapses. Here we show that activation of the persistent sodium current (INaP) by depolarization causes up to fourfold changes in electrical synaptic efficacy between TRN neurons. We further show that amplification of electrical synaptic responses strongly enhances tonic spike synchrony but, surprisingly, does not affect burst coordination. We use a Hodgkin–Huxley model to gain insight into the differences between the effects of burstlets, spikelets, and amplification on burst and spike times.
Prediction of the Concentration of Penicillins in Ascitic Fluid from Serum Kinetics and Protein Binding of the Antibiotics in Serum and Ascitic Fluid of Dogs

Ascites was induced in dogs by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. Concentrations of ampicillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, and methicillin in ascitic fluid and serum were each determined in three animals. All antibiotics were administered intramuscularly in a dose of 15 mg/kg (dry weight) for both single-dose and multiple-dose (eight doses at 4-hr intervals) studies. Binding of antibiotics to serum and ascitic fluid proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation. After single doses the highly protein-bound drugs (oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin) had lower percentages of penetration (ratio of peak in ascitic fluid to that in serum, multipled by 100) than did methicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, which have a lower degree of protein binding. The effect was partially overcome by repetitive doses, but five to six doses were usually required to reach equilibrium. In addition to protein binding, serum kinetics (particularly the log mean total concentration of drug in serum after multiple doses) were important determinants of antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid. The total antibiotic concentration in ascitic fluid at equilibrium can be accurately calculated from the log mean serum concnetration and the percentages of protein binding in serum and ascitic fluid.
Molecular orbital calculations of hydrogen-hydrogen coupling constants in substituted cyclopropanes

The SCF finite perturbation theory of indirect spin-spin coupling constants was applied to 2 J HH and 3 J HH in a series of mono-substituted cyclopropanes, C3H5X. where X=Li, H, CN, CO2H, COCH3, NH2, OH and F. The calculated results are qualitatively consistent with the experimental patterns exhibited by 2 J HH and 3 J HH. Problems were encountered for substituents for which through-space interactions may be important, particularly if X is a -I- substitutent.
Does Equity Describe the Results of Allocation Experiments

Adams' (1963, 1965) theory of inequity has recently been extended to predict the results of allocation experiments. Most of these experiments have been limited to groups of size two. The present experiment had subjects distribute bonuses among groups of two, four, or six workers in which one key worker produced 10, 30, 50, 70, or 90% of the group's output. Mean bonus allocations provided strong support for an equity rule, with added trends toward overreward of 50% producers and underreward of 70 and 90% producers in four and six person groups. Closer examination of reward distributions revealed that equity was the average of a number of divergent strategies. The complexities of determining allocation strategies from post hoc examination of reward distributions are discussed.
Role of mechanochemical milling in FeVO 4 synthesis

Abstract Single phase, a FeVO 4 triclinic crystalline structure was successfully synthesized by annealing the mechanochemically milled x V 2 O 5 ·(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 composites ( x =0.5) at 550 °C for 1 h. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC–TGA), Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were combined for a detailed study of the assisting role of the mechanochemical milling process. Mechanochemical milling homogeneously mixed the starting materials of α-Fe 2 O 3 and V 2 O 5 and substantially decreased their average grain sizes. The Mossbauer spectroscopy studies showed that the spectrum of the mechanochemically milled composites consisted of three sextets and one doublet, indicating the occurrence of V 5+ –Fe 3+ ion substitutions in the corresponding α-Fe 2 O 3 and V 2 O 5 lattices, respectively. The partially V 5+ -substituted α-Fe 2 O 3 phase and Fe 3+ -substituted V 2 O 5 could be the important intermediate phases in the production of FeVO 4 single phase. The synthesized FeVO 4 phase had a slightly distorted nature with an unequal ratio in Fe 3+ population in three inequivalent sites. Simultaneous DSC–TGA studies indicated that the synthesized FeVO 4 is thermally stable up to 600 °C. SEM images of the formed FeVO 4 confirmed the wide particles size distribution range composed of nano-grains. Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy studies showed that the synthesized FeVO 4 phase had semiconductor properties, with the band gap energy of ~2.44 eV.
Fast protein liquid chromatography of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B and E

Abstract Three antigenically different botulinum neurotoxins (NTs, relative molecular mass ~150 000), classically distinguished only by specific antisera, were for the first time chromatographically resolved. Mixed NTs eluted from a Mono-Q column in order of types E, A and B, and from Mono-S as B, E and A. Type A and B NTs were successfully chromatographed on the cation-exchange Mono-S column above their isoelectric points. Purification of type A and B NTs by automated liquid chromatography was also accomplished for the first time. Type A, B and E NTs were purified by application on an anion-exchange Mono-Q column, followed by use of a cation-exchange Mono-S column.
Thin film CdS-CdTe heterojunction diodes

CdTe layer formation at CdS-Te interface during fabrication of thin film, Au-CdS-Te heterojunction diodes by vapor deposition
The isolation and characterization of narasin, a new polyether antibiotic.

Narasin is a new polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens.It is purified by organic solvent extraction and silica gel chromatography. Narasin is active in vitro against gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi and is effective in protecting chickens from coccidial infections.
While a phobic waits: Regional brain electrical and autonomic activity in social phobics during anticipation of public speaking.

Abstract Background: Recent studies have highlighted the role of right-sided anterior temporal and prefrontal activation during anxiety, yet no study has been performed with social phobics that assesses regional brain and autonomic function. This study compared electroencephalograms (EEGs) and autonomic activity in social phobics and controls while they anticipated making a public speech. Methods: Electroencephalograms from 14 scalp locations, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded while 18 DSM-IV social phobics and 10 controls anticipated making a public speech, as well as immediately after the speech was made. Self-reports of anxiety and affect were also obtained. Results: Phobics showed a significantly greater increase in anxiety and negative affect during the anticipation condition compared with controls. Heart rate was elevated in the phobics relative to the controls in most conditions. Phobics showed a marked increase in right-sided activation in the anterior temporal and lateral prefrontal scalp regions. These heart rate and EEG changes together accounted for > 48% of the variance in the increase in negative affect during the anticipation phase. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis of right-sided anterior cortical activation during anxiety and indicate that the combination of EEG and heart rate changes during anticipation account for substantial variance in reported negative affect.
The Relation of Patterns of Coping of Inner–City Youth to Psychopathology Symptoms

This study provides empirical verification that variations in patterns of coping can explain current and future functioning of youth. The study evaluated the methods and styles of coping of inner–city youth and their relation to age, gender, ethnicity, stress levels, and internalizing and externalizing symptom levels. Three hundred seventy–two 12– to 16–year–old adolescents from inner–city schools (67.0% African American, 24.4% Hispanic; 53.41% males) participated. One hundred forty–nine were also included in a follow–up evaluation of the prospective relation of coping to functioning. A seven–factor model of coping methods was identified and found to be applicable across age groups, genders, and ethnic groups. The model was robust over time. Coping methods were categorized through cluster analysis into five styles. Styles were found to relate somewhat to demographic characteristics and stress levels. Controlling for demographic characteristics and stress levels, coping style related concurrently and prospectively to internalizing and externalizing symptom levels. Except in one instance, age, ethnicity, and gender did not interact with coping in predicting symptoms. Implications for further coping research and risk and intervention design are discussed.
Genetic code limit organisms--do they exist?

The concept of genetic code limit organisms is introduced. Its DNA composition suggestsTetrahymena pyriformis syngen 1 to be a low G + C coding limit organism. One of the predictions ofTetrahymena's being a coding limit organism—i.e. a particular striking dissimilarity in the composition of the two strands of its DNA duplexes—has been tested experimentally and confirmed.
Insecticidal activity of capillin isolated from the herbal medicine Inchinko against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

The principal insecticidal compound obtained from the herbal medicine Inchinkō, the dry flower buds of Artemisia capillaris (Asteraceae), which works against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, was isolated through successive silica-gel column chromatography and HPLC. The active isolate was characterized as capillin (1-phenyl-2,4-hexadiyn-1-one) by FT-IR, GC/MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR analyses. The LC50 and LC99 of the isolated capillin against the larva of L. serricorne were 130 ppm and 415 ppm, respectively. The commercial extract of A. capillaris (rumput roman extract; capillin content, 1.8%), which has been approved as a natural preservative for food, may be applicable as a safe insecticidal agent to control the cigarette beetle.
Hydrologic artifact dispersals at Pingasagruk, North Coast, Alaska

Situated on a coastal sand bar, Pingasagruk is a habitation site with prehistoric and historic components. Data from systematic surface sampling led to analyses that show different artifact distribution patterns on and off this site and suggest the dispersals are due to storms and erosion, in addition to human activity. To explain the disparate distributions of cultural materials, this study uses a model of hydrologic artifact dispersal and, possibly, differential sorting. Differences in distribution patterns at Pingasagruk highlight the importance of considering how cultural and noncultural transformation processes affect the occurrence of sites and their artifacts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density

Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F1 hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate −0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.
Outcome of renal stenting for renal artery coverage during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

Objective This study was conducted to determine the outcome of adjunctive renal artery stenting for renal artery coverage at the time of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods Between August 2000 and August 2008, 29 patients underwent elective EVAR using bifurcated Zenith stent grafts (Cook, Indianapolis, Ind) and simultaneous renal artery stenting. Renal artery stenting during EVAR was performed with endograft "encroachment" on the renal artery ostium (n = 23) or placement of a renal stent parallel to the main body of the endograft ("snorkel," n=8). Follow-up included routine contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), multiview abdominal radiographs, and serum creatinine measurement at 1, 6, and 12 months, and then yearly thereafter. Results Thirty-one renal arteries were stented successfully in 29 patients. The 18 patients with planned renal artery stent placement had a proximal neck length 1 month postoperatively) or stent graft migrations. Conclusions Adjunctive renal artery stenting during endovascular AAA repair using the "encroachment" and "snorkel" techniques is safe and effective. Short- and medium-term primary patency rates are excellent, but careful follow-up is needed to determine the durability of these techniques.
Strategies and benefits of developing a market for government securities

Purpose – The purpose of this essay is to formulate practical steps in establishing a market for government securities. When such a market does not exist two issues are of critical importance: establish the credibility of the issuer, and create the trading avenues.Design/methodology/approach – On the issue of creating the trading avenues, there is a discussion about market design and its parameters. The essay addresses issues like access to trading platforms, depositories and settlement standards as great determinants of market design.Findings – The case of Colombia demonstrates that a market for government securities can be created out of sound decisions that stimulate participation by various financial institutions. The study also discusses the real benefits of having developed such a market, in terms of the cost/risk and the institutional building components. However, despite the progress, the Colombian case also shows that issuer credibility and design are not enough in the long term. Maturing markets...
Current Issues in Biomedical Engineering Education

DURING the past decade biomedical engineering has matured as a profession, and its diversity has been increasingly recognized. At the same time the environment external to biomedical engineering has changed rapidly. It has changed politically, socially, and economically. It is the thesis of this essay that biomedical engineering must recognize these external changes and define our goals and objectives in a fashion consonant with and responsive to these changes. To be unresponsive to environmental changes is to invite the fate of the dinosaur?only our fossilized remains will mark our existence. It makes little difference whether the unresponsiveness is through ignorance, inertia, or obstinacy; the ultimate result will be the same.
Fragmentation of n-heptane ions by photodissociation

Abstract Photodissociation of C 7 H 16 + from n -heptane in the ICR ion trap yields chiefly C 4 H 9 + ( m/z 57) and C 3 H 7 + ( m/z 43) product ions, with the 43/57 ratio increasing with increasing photon energy in the range 2.1–3.5 eV. This fragmentation pattern is very different, and much simpler, than is observed in dissociative electron impact ionization or photoionization. Parent ion rearrangement, while possible, is considered unlikely. The remarkably different fragmentation behavior in photodissociation may reflect state-specific behavior following photoexcitation to a particular excited electronic state; but it is more attractive to postulate energy-specific behavior, in which the precise energy deposition of the incident photon places ions in an energy region dominated by the 100 → 57 and 100 → 71 → 43 fragmentation channels. This interpretation is supported by first-derivative analysis of previous photoionization results.
Experimental ischemic neuropathy: salvage with hyperbaric oxygenation.

Hyperbaric oxygenation is effective in augmenting the delivery of oxygen to tissue, but also causes oxidative stress. As part of our focus on improving peripheral nerve salvage from ischemic fiber degeneration, we evaluated whether hyperbaric oxygenation rescues peripheral nerve, rendered ischemic by microembolization, from ischemic fiber degeneration. The supplying arteries of rat sciatic nerve were embolized with microspheres of 14 microns diameter at moderate (2 x 10(6)) and high (5.6 x 10(6)) doses. Rats were randomized to receive hyperbaric oxygenation treatment (2.5 atm 100% oxygen for 2 hours/day for 7 days beginning within 30 minutes of ischemia), or room air. End points for the embolized limb were (1) behavioral scores (0-11 in increasing levels of limb function), (2) nerve action potential of sciatic-tibial nerve, (3) nerve blood flow, and (4) histological grade as percentage of fibers undergoing ischemic fiber degeneration (0 = 76%). Nerve blood flow and nerve action potential were uniformly absent and more than 90% of fibers had degenerated in both control and treatment groups receiving high doses. Control and treatment groups receiving moderate doses were well matched by level of ischemia (8.5 +/- 0.3 [N = 18] vs 7.7 +/- 0.4 ml/100 gm/min [N = 18], p > 0.05) but were significantly different by behavior score (5.6 +/- 0.7 vs 9.2 +/- 0.5 [N = 19], p < 0.001), nerve action potential (1.4 +/- 1.0 vs 3.9 +/- 0.5 [N = 6], p < 0.05), and histology (2.4 +/- 0.4 [N = 5] vs 0.8 +/- 0.5 [N = 4], p < 0.05). On single teased fiber evaluation, the predominant abnormality was E (axonal degeneration). We conclude that hyperbaric oxygenation will effectively rescue fibers from ischemic fiber degeneration, providing the ischemia is not extreme.
Relationship frames and cooperation

We examine how various categories of relationships, and the time horizons of those relationships, affect rates of cooperation and competition in a mixed-motive decision task. We suggest that whether managers are likely to cooperate or compete depends on whether the task is framed as involving a colleague, customer, supplier, or competitor relationship. We suggest that these differences will exist only when the time horizon of the relationship is long term. We test these proposals in an experimental role-play exercise conducted by personal computer. When the time horizon is long, subjects are more likely to cooperate with customers, colleagues, and suppliers than with competitors. Counter to expectations, subjects are more likely to cooperate with competitors than with colleagues when the time horizon is short than when the time horizon is long. In addition, we show how the four business relationship frames vary along several dimensions that successfully discriminate among the relationships. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for helping managers cooperate when cooperation is appropriate.
Dairy Effluent Effects on Herbage Yield and Nutritive Value of Forage Cropping Systems

The utilization of dairy waste effluent provides nutrients and water for crop growth and allows producers to comply with regulations governing on-farm recycling of nutrients. Dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value were measured for forages from five year-round cropping systems at effluent N rates of 450, 675, and 900 kg ha -1 yr -1 during 4 yr on a Kershaw fine sand (coated, thermic Typic Quartzipsamments) in northern Florida. Cropping systems were rye (Secale cereale L.) grown in tandem with either bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), corn (Zea mays L.)-bermudagrass (CBR), corn-forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; CSR], rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.; PR), or corn-rhizoma peanut (CPR). Annual yields increased with N level in Years 1 and 2, but not during Years 3 and 4. Yields were similar among BR, CBR, and CSR (25.9 Mg ha -1 ) in Year 1. In Year 2, BR (31.2 Mg ha -1 ) had the greatest yield followed by CBR and CSR (avg. 25.5 Mg ha -1 ). In Years 3 and 4, yields of BR (21.1 Mg ha -1 ) and CBR (20.7 Mg ha -1 ) declined while yield of CSR remained constant. Systems CPR and PR yielded less during the 4 yr (17.6 Mg ha -1 ). In vitro digestibility of BR (580 g kg -1 ) was lower than for the other systems (mean of 653 g kg -1 ). Cropping system had a major impact on forage yield and nutritive value, but N rates above 450 kg ha -1 had relatively little effect on these responses.
The Status of the Pedestrian Mall in American Downtowns

During the last 30 years, pedestrian malls have been built in hundreds of American cities in an attempt to revitalize downtown retailing. The majority of the malls that were opened in the 1960s and...
The Missouri Developmental Disability Resource Center: a Web site responding to the critical need for information of parents with a child with a disability.

One of the greatest problems for parents who have a child with a developmental disability is a lack of access to information. Parents have a critical need to learn the specifics of their child’s disability, the best treatment practices, and how the broader service delivery system works (Bradley, 1992; Rinck, Calkins, Green, & Stadler, 1986). The Missouri Developmental Disabilities Resource Center Web site [http://www.moddrc.com] was created as an innovative method of meeting the information needs of this underserved population. Challenges to the adoption of this innovative model are highlighted, and some options for addressing these issues are discussed.
Blood Cell Transplantation: Its Impact on One Family

Objectives: To share a story about being the wife of a cancer survivor who had a blood cell transplantation (BCT). Data sources: Personal experience, and published articles related to the impact of cancer on the family. Conclusions: Cancer affects not only the patient but the entire family unit. Yet, family members are a forgotten population. With advances in cancer treatment, survivorship has increased resulting in caregiving demands that can last for years. The lack of research related to the impact of BCT on family members must be addressed. Implications for nursing practice: There are many ways that nurses can provide holistic care to family members who have a loved one going through a BCT. Physical, psychological, social, and spriritual aspects of care can make a tremendous impact on the lives of patients and family members.
Population, policy, and political atavism

The Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (PAA) outlines the effects of the current political climate on the field of demography. First government cutbacks have forced many experienced demographers to leave government service; moreover austerity measures have produced a decline in the quality of data collected a loss of geographic coverage diminished access to data and curtailed dissemination of results. Of major concern to demographers is the recent decision to reduce the size of the Current Population Survey and the National Health Interview Survey. Second support for basic data collection and analysis from international agencies including the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the World Bank has been reduced. The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) has been reluctant to follow through with technical assistance for data processing of the 1980-81 censuses it helped to launch. The future status of population policy centers located in planning ministries in numerous countries is also in doubt. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa where there is an acute need for more accurate information have been hardest hit by cutbacks in research. A 3rd area of concern involves the intellectual foundations of population policy. Revisionist writings asserting that the effect of population growth on development is at best indeterminate are on the upswing. Research in the field of population is further threatened by the dramatic growth of antiscience religious groups. As these groups grow in political influence funds for population research will be increasingly vulnerable. PAA is considering affiliation with the Consortium of Social Science Associations a coalition which has been involved in efforts to forestall cuts in federal research funding. It is concluded that continuous efforts are required to maintain conditions under which the field of demography can flourish.
Gas-Propelled Aerosols and Micronized Dusts for Control of Insects in Aircraft. 1. Test Protocol

Federal agencies interested in the control of insects in aircraft cooperated in an evaluation of promising micronized insecticidal dusts and insecticidal aerosols against a wide spectrum of agricultural and public health insects of quarantine importance. The initial tests were conducted in tractor trailers, and the more promising materials were retested in aircraft. Empty freight cars and greenhouse units were also used. The test protocol common to all tests is reported in this paper; the 2nd paper lists the insecticides used, their formulations, and the reasons for their choice; succeeding papers report the results obtained with specific insects.
A model that predicts the probability of positive imaging in prostate cancer cases with biochemical failure after initial definitive local therapy.

Purpose: Managing biochemical failure in patients following initial treatment of localized prostate cancer is a relatively common clinical problem. Imaging studies to document metastatic disease are frequently obtained but are often uninformative. In this study we identified clinical parameters that were predictive of positive imaging studies.Materials and Methods: From CaPSURE, a national disease registry, all patients with a detectable prostate specific antigen after definitive therapy with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy and who had undergone at least 1 imaging study (bone scan, computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis) were identified. Patient characteristics, trigger prostate specific antigen (prostate specific antigen before the imaging), prostate specific antigen doubling time and velocity prior to imaging for association with a positive imaging test were analyzed. The results were incorporated into a predictive model.Results: We identified 292 pati...
Quantifying sulfate components and their variations in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

[1] Many soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV), Antarctica, being old, hyperarid, and frigid, have accumulated abundant atmospheric salts over the last several million years. This salt repository offers an opportunity to study atmospheric chemistry (past and present), the origin and transport of ions in soils, the weathering activity of soils, and postdepositional soil-leaching processes within this unique environment. In particular, soil sulfate in the MDV is known to have multiple origins, but the precise proportions of different sulfate components remain elusive. Here we test a hypothesis that soil sulfate in the MDV is a predictable mixture of three major components: sea-salt sulfate, non-sea-salt sulfate, and background sulfate (derived from weathering and volcanic sources) that to a large extent, varies as a function of elevation and distance from the coast. By measuring sulfate's three stable isotope parameters, i.e., Δ17O, δ18O, and δ34S, plus estimating independently the end-member stable isotope parameters for the three components on the basis of published reports and our measured data, we solve explicitly the mixing proportion for each component using a set of three simultaneous linear equations. The results from four spatially representative soil profiles show that the sum of such calculated proportions for the three components is very close to unity in most samples, suggesting that a simple three-component mixing model is a good representation of the soil sulfate budget. While significant uncertainties still exist in the isotope compositions of different sulfate end-members, these data provide important initial constraints on sulfate diversity as well as its spatial and vertical distribution in the MDV.
A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate therapies for hypocalcemia in critically ill children

Disturbances of ionized calcium levels have been reported in sick neonates, l and we have found a high rate of occurrence of ionized hypocalcemia, 2 which was associated with a significantly increased mortality rate in critically ill nonneonatal pediatric patients. Calcium chloride and calcium gluconate are two of the standard salt preparations that are used to correct hypocalcemia; the former is usually preferred because it is in the ionized form and therefore provides more readily available ionized calcium for use. In this study, critically ill pediatric patients with ionized hypocalcemia received either calcium chloride or calcium gluconate in a randomized manner. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether calcium chloride and calcium gluconate provide equal bioavailability of ionized calcium and (2) to assess whether there were any differences in physiologic effects after administration of the two salts. METHODS Patient selection. All patients admitted to the Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center intensive care unit were eligible for participation in this study if they were found to have hypocalcemia. Patients were enrolled in the study after informed consent was obtained in compliance with the investigational review boards of the University of Tennessee and LBCMC. Exclusion criteria were (1) calcium administration before arrival in the ICU and (2) no documentation of
Stable structures and electron density of states of W-Os alloys for dispenser cathodes

Os-W alloys form during the operation of osmium-coated tungsten dispenser cathodes due to the diffusion of tungsten into the coatings. The stable atomic arrangements of Os-W binary alloys with different W concentrations, in both the hcp lattice and bcc lattice, are obtained by combining first-principles calculations based on density functional Theory (DFT) and cluster expansion. The DFT calculations are performed using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). The density of states of the obtained stable W-Os alloys is obtained by DFT calculations and is used to discuss the electron emission properties of the corresponding Os-W alloys in a tungsten dispenser cathode.
The Importance of the Self-Concept and Coping Responses in Explaining Physical Health Status and Depression among Older Women

This study examined a model specifying the links among the physical, functional, and subjective components of physical health status and depression among older women, and assessed the effects of the self-concept (i.e., health confidence and self-esteem) and coping responses (i.e., direct action, positive cognitive, and passive cognitive coping) at each point in the model. Based on cross-sectional interview data with 274 older women, a series of regression analyses indicated that the self-concept and coping responses were significantly involved at each step of the health process but that the specific effects of the self-concept were different earlier than later in the model. Earlier in the model, self-esteem and physical health status indirectly influenced subsequent health status through their effects on health confidence and the cognitive coping responses. At the final point in the model, physical health status continued to operate indirectly through health confidence and the cognitive coping responses, ...
Texture formation during equal channel angular extrusion of fcc and bcc materials: comparison with simple shear

The texture formation in one pass of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is investigated in comparison with that after simple shear deformation. The orientation of the die's intersection plane and the deviation of deformation from simple shear along this plane are the two main factors that together contribute to differences in measured ECAE textures from simple shear. With this in mind, an appropriate method for analysis of ECAE textures is developed. Using an idealized simple shear model for ECAE deformation, the ideal orientations and fiber textures for ECAE of both fcc and bcc materials are derived for any die angle. To demonstrate this method, two popular polycrystal models, finite element simulation, and orientation imaging microscopy texture measurements of copper are used to quantify the individual contributions of these two factors in actual ECAE deformation. The importance of comparing ECAE textures with the negative rather than positive shear texture is emphasized, otherwise interpretations of the ECAE experimental and simulated data can be misleading.
Tumor necrosis factor, cytokines, and the hyperlipidemia of infection

The hypertriglyceridemia of infection is produced by many of the cytokines that regulate the immune response, including the tumor necrosis factors, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and the interferons. In rodents, this hypertriglyceridemia is primarily due to the ability of these cytokines to stimulate hepatic lipogenesis and very low density lipoprotein production without causing significant changes in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase or triglyceride clearance. Induction of hypertriglyceridemia is not directly linked to the syndrome of wasting. Rather, the increase in hepatic production of lipoproteins is part of the acute-phase response and may contribute to host defense.
Electrothermal tuning of Al SiC nanomechanical resonators

A highly effective electrothermal tuning method is demonstrated for Al–SiC nanomechanical resonators. Doubly clamped beam devices are actuated and read out using a magnetomotive technique under a moderate vacuum at room temperature. Direct current applied to a beam heats the structure and shifts the resonance frequency downward. Frequency shifts of 10% are easily achievable, and the thermal time constant of these structures is in the submicrosecond range. The initial frequency and frequency tunability are studied for beams of varying Al thickness, and the device performance can be accurately modelled using simple mechanical and thermal models. Because of the different mechanical properties of SiC and Al, both the initial frequency and the frequency tunability can be modified by varying the Al layer thickness. This approach has the potential to become an important tool for effective frequency tuning in deployable SiC-based nanoelectromechanical system devices and systems for applications that would benefit from SiC as the structural material.
Incorporating cash flow analysis with traditional analysis for evaluating casino financial stability

Abstract The rapid growth and greater competition among casinos has resulted in a number of firms being financially impaired while others are being forced into mergers and consolidations. Many US gaming regulators have adopted regulations for monitoring the financial stability of casino properties. These regulators typically use financial statement analysis tools for measuring the financial stability of the gaming properties. This has traditionally consisted of measures derived from the income statement and balance sheet while ignoring the statement of cash flows. At this time, there is little information on how to read the statement of cash flow, let alone how to analyze this statement. While prior studies have been mixed on the informational content of cash flow information, they conclude that cash flow information does help explain many of the changes in the balance sheet and income statement and thus helps in the understanding of changes that have taken place in a corporation. This type of information...
Immersive Input Display Device (I2D2) for tactical information viewing

Daylight readability of hand-held displays has been an ongoing issue for both commercial and military applications. In an effort to reduce the effects of ambient light on the readability of military displays, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) began investigating and developing advanced hand-held displays. Analysis and research of display technologies with consideration for vulnerability to environmental conditions resulted in the complete design and fabrication of the hand-held Immersive Input Display Device (I2D2) monocular. The I2D2 combines an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) SVGA+ micro-display developed by eMagin Corporation with an optics configuration inside a cylindrical housing. A rubber pressure-eyecup allows view ability only when the eyecup is depressed, eliminating light from both entering and leaving the device. This feature allows the I2D2 to be used during the day, while not allowing ambient light to affect the readability. It simultaneously controls light leakage, effectively eliminating the illumination, and thus preserving the tactical position, of the user in the dark. This paper will examine the characteristics and introduce the design of the I2D2.
A Comprehensive Look at Distance Education in the K–12 Context

AbstractThis review provides a comprehensive examination of the literature surrounding the current state of K-12 distance education. The growth in K–12 distance education follows in the footsteps of expanded learning opportunities at all levels of public education and training in corporate environments. Implementation has been accomplished with a limited research base, often drawing from studies in adult distance education and policies adapted from traditional learning environments. This review of literature provides an overview of the field of distance education with a focus on the research conducted in K–12 distance education environments.
Preference of turkey hens for nest-boxes of different levels of interior illumination

Nicholas large, white turkey hens were provided with nest-boxes of different levels of interior illumination to determine whether box light intensity influenced where eggs were laid, egg production, frequency of nest-visits or time spent nesting. The results indicate that hens prefer a relatively low light intensity in the initial selection of a nest-box. Furthermore, changing the light intensity of a preferred box influenced subsequent box choice, suggesting that box light intensity is used as a cue in identifying nest-site location. Box light intensity exerted no detectable influence on egg production, frequency of nest-visits or time spent nesting, but hens that laid predominantly in boxes laid more eggs than floor-layers.
'Double trouble': diagnostic challenges in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in patients with an additional hereditary skeletal dysplasia.

Abstract Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in Dystrophin and affects 1 in 3600–6000 males. It is characterized by progressive weakness leading to loss of ambulation, respiratory insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, and scoliosis. We describe the unusual phenotype of 3 patients with skeletal dysplasias in whom an additional diagnosis of DMD was later established. Two unrelated boys presented with osteogenesis imperfecta due to point mutations in COL1A1 and were both subsequently found to have a 1bp frameshift deletion in the Dystrophin gene at age 3 and age 15 years, respectively. The third patient had a diagnosis of pseudoachondroplasia caused by a mutation in the COMP gene and was found to have a deletion of exons 48–50 in Dystrophin at age 9. We discuss the atypical presentation caused by the concomitant presence of 2 conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system, emphasizing aspects that may confound the presentation of a well-characterized disease like DMD. Additional series of patients with DMD and a secondary inherited condition are necessary to establish the natural history in this "double trouble" population. The recognition and accurate diagnosis of patients with two independent genetic disease processes is essential for management, prognosis, genetic risk assessment, and discussion regarding potential therapeutic interventions.
Knockdown of MAP4 and DNAL1 Produces a Post-Fusion and Pre-Nuclear Translocation Impairment in HIV-1 Replication

DNAL1 and MAP4 are both microtubule-associated proteins. These proteins were identified as HIV-1 dependency factors in a screen with wild-type HIV-1. In this study we demonstrate that knockdown using DNAL1 and MAP4 siRNAs and shRNAs inhibits HIV-1 infection regardless of envelope. Using a fusion assay, we show that DNAL1 and MAP4 do not impact fusion. By assaying for late reverse transcripts and 2-LTR circles, we show that DNAL1 and MAP4 inhibit both by approximately 50%. These results demonstrate that DNAL1 and MAP4 impact reverse transcription but not nuclear translocation. DNAL1 and MAP4 knockdown cells do not display cytoskeletal defects. Together these experiments indicate that DNAL1 and MAP4 may exert their functions in the HIV life cycle at reverse transcription, prior to nuclear translocation.
Sparse maximum entropy deep belief nets

In this paper, we present a sparse maximum entropy (SME) learning algorithm for deep belief net (DBN). The SME algorithm aims to maximize the entropy and encourage sparsity of the model. Compared with the conventional maximum likelihood (ML) learning, the proposed SME algorithm enables DBN to be more unbiased to data distributions and robust to overfitting issues, and accordingly provide a better generalization capability. MNIST and NORB data sets were used to evaluated the proposed SME algorithm. Experimental results show that SME-trained DBN outperforms ML-trained DBN on both data sets.