cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic determinants modulating the pathogenic phenotype of tick-borne orbiviruses

Abstract Genetic studies have been carried out on orbiviruses in the Great Island (GI) antigenic subgroup of the Kemerovo serogroup ( Orbivirus , Reoviridae) to elucidate the functions of the 10 genomic double-stranded RNA segments. Such studies have shown that segment 4 is the major genetic determinant of neurovirulence ( P. A. Nuttall, S. R. Moss, L. D. Jones, and D. Carey, 1989 , Virology 172, 428–434), whereas segment 5 of Wexford (WEX) virus and segment 6 of GI virus are the major determinants of serotype specificity ( S. R. Moss, C. M. Ayres, and P. A. Nuttall, 1987 , Virology 157, 137–144; S. R. Moss, C. M. Ayres, and P. A. Nuttall, 1988 , J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2721–2727). In studies with reassortants isolated following dual infection of cell cultures with WEX and GI viruses, the gene combination W 4 G 6 (i.e., viruses deriving segment 4 from WEX virus and segment 6 from GI virus) resulted in nonpathogenic reassortants. Unlike the parental viruses, the avirulent reassortants did not produce clinical evidence of infection in inoculated 2-day-old mice although, suprisingly, they replicated in the brains of the mice. The alternate heterotypic gene combination, G 4 W 5 , resulted in typical neurovirulent reassortants. The results indicate that segment 6 of GI virus is able to modulate the phenotypic expression of segment 4 of WEX virus, but not vice versa. Modulation probably results from interactions between the products of these two genomic segments, possibly at the level of virion structure.
Hemodynamic Correlations of the Electrocardiographic Pattern of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, “Diastolic Overloading”

SUMMARY This study in 43 cases of isolated ventricular septal defect was designed to evaluate the usefulness of the electrocardiogram in predicting the hemodynamic findings in this defect, with specific emphasis on the electrocardiographic pattern of "diastolic overloading" in left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients in this series with isolated LVH, D.O. as well as those with normal electrocardiograms, had normal or slightly elevated pulmonary artery pressures and small to moderate left-to-right shunts. Patients with LVH, D.O. plus RVH had moderately elevated pulmonary artery pressures and moderate to large left-to-right shunts. Whenever right ventricular pressure exceeded 60 mm. Hg, LVH, D.O. pattern no longer appeared. Patients with advanced RVH and combined hypertrophy without evidence of LVH, D.O. had moderate to marked pulmonary hypertension. The pattern of LVH, D.O. is a distinct entity in isolated ventricular septal defect. Certain generalizations can be made regarding the relationship of the electrocardiogram with hemodynamic findings in ventricular septal defect; however, no completely predictable correlation could be demonstrated.
Quantifying the fire regime distributions for severity in Yosemite National Park, California, USA

This paper quantifies current fire severity distributions for 19 different fire-regime types in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Landsat Thematic Mapper remote sensing data are used to map burn severity for 99 fires (cumulatively over 97 000 ha) that burned in Yosemite over a 20-year period. These maps are used to quantify the frequency distributions of fire severity by fire-regime type. A classification is created for the resultant distributions and they are discussed within the context of four vegetation zones: the foothill shrub and woodland zone; the lower montane forest zone; the upper montane forest zone and the subalpine forest zone. The severity distributions can form a building block from which to discuss current fire regimes across the Sierra Nevada in California. This work establishes a framework for comparing the effects of current fires on our landscapes with our notions of how fires historically burned, and how current fire severity distributions differ from our desired future conditions. As this process is refined, a new set of information will be available to researchers and land managers to help understand how fire regimes have changed from the past and how we might attempt to manage them in the future.
Computation of magnetic field produced by two plane-parallel keepered current straps

An integral/matrix-equation formulation is utilized to calculate the two-dimensional magnetic field produced by two plane and parallel keepered current straps. The mathematical formulation of the problem and its numerical solution are discussed in detail. Results are presented for the magnetic field inside and outside the permeable keepers, assuming different values for the thickness, width, and relative permeability of the keepers.
Glucagonlike Peptide 2 Analogue Teduglutide: Stimulation of Proliferation but Reduction of Differentiation in Human Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Importance Short bowel syndrome occurs when a shortened intestine cannot absorb sufficient nutrients or fluids. Teduglutide is a recombinant analogue of human glucagonlike peptide 2 that reduces dependence on parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome by promoting enterocytic proliferation, increasing the absorptive surface area. However, enterocyte function depends not only on the number of cells that are present but also on differentiated features that facilitate nutrient absorption and digestion. Objective To test the hypothesis that teduglutide impairs human intestinal epithelial differentiation. Design and Setting We investigated the effects of teduglutide in the modulation of proliferation and differentiation in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells at a basic science laboratory. This was an in vitro study using Caco-2 cells, a human-derived intestinal epithelial cell line commonly used to model enterocytic biology. Exposure Cells were exposed to teduglutide or vehicle control. Main Outcomes and Measures We analyzed the cell cycle by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation or propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry and measured cell proliferation by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. We used quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to assay the expression of the enterocytic differentiation markers villin, sucrase-isomaltase, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), as well as that of the putative differentiation signals schlafen 12 (SLFN12) and caudal-related homeobox intestine-specific transcription factor (Cdx2). Villin promoter activity was measured by a luciferase-based assay. Results The MTS assay demonstrated that teduglutide increased cell numbers by a mean (SD) of 10% (2%) over untreated controls at a maximal 500nM (n = 6, P P P Conclusions and Relevance Teduglutide increased Caco-2 proliferation but tended to inhibit intestinal epithelial differentiation. The effects of mitogenic stimulation with teduglutide in patients with short bowel syndrome might be greater if the more numerous teduglutide-treated cells could be stimulated toward a more fully differentiated phenotype.
Basic human needs: The plateau curve

Abstract The satisfaction of basic human needs in developing countries follows a nonlinear curve relative to per capita income, asymptotically approaching a limiting level. Within this general relationship, some countries are more ‘efficient’ than others in improving basic needs at lower per capita income levels. Infant mortality rates in 116 countries, from 1950 to 1980, are analyzed to identify factors affecting a country's efficiency in reaching infant mortality targets relative to its Gross Domestic Product per capita. The determinants of efficiency include export structure, internal distribution, late development and access to education. Implications for development policy are discussed.
Hidden Labor in the Mentoring of Pre-Service Teachers: Notes from a Mentor Teacher Advisory Council.

Abstract This article argues that mentoring reflects a form of hidden labor within pre-service teacher education. Using Marx’s concern for the ways in which aspects of an economic system are rendered invisible, the article draws on discussions from an American mentor teacher advisory council to illuminate otherwise marginalized aspects of mentors’ work. Meeting data reveal challenging dynamics of initiative, complications in determining teaching opportunities, and unique positions taken up by mentors during transitions in authority. The authors argue for the creation of “intersection contexts” where the voices of various constituencies in the mentoring of pre-service teachers can be heard.
Taped Instruction Effects on Problem-Solving Skills of Seventh-Grade Children

Thirty-six Ss randomly selected from an average intellectual ability group of seventh-grade students attending one Mississippi junior high school were exposed to six successive tape recorded proble...
Parameter counting for multimonopole solutions

SU(2) magnetic monopole solutions are considered in the Prasad-Sommerfield limit. It is shown that any solution with $n$ units of magnetic charge belongs to a ($4n\ensuremath{-}1$)-parameter family of solutions. It is conjectured that these parameters correspond to the positions and relative U(1) orientations of $n$ noninteracting unit monopoles.
Recent Developments in Determination of the Lunar Gravitational Field from Satellite Orbits

The initial determinations of the variations in the lunar gravitational field are appreciably milder than those of the Earth in the sense of stress-implication, indicating a state closer to hydrostatic equilibrium. The variations determined also have a considerable correlation with the lunar topography, indicating a shallower origin than the Earth’s variations. The data are still insufficient to determine firmly the lunar oblateness, and thus help resolve the problem of the Moon’s moment of inertia. This paper is being issued as Publication No. 559 of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles.
Cyberwarfare: connecting the dots in cyber intelligence

Perpetrators and victims usually act as if it never happened, while the evidence is designed to erase itself. Cyberwarfare is a potent weapon in political conflicts, espionage, and propaganda. Difficult to detect a priori, it is often recognized only after significant damage has been done. Gaining offensive capability on the cyber battlefield figures prominently in the national strategies of many countries and is explicitly stated in the doctrines of several, including China, Russia, and the U.S. It is generally understood they are laying the groundwork for potential cyber conflicts by hacking the networks of adversaries and allies alike.
A statistical study of intrastate vs. interstate regulatory reforms

Abstract Significant steps toward deregulation and re-regulation of the transportation industry have occurred in the past decades. It is essential to anticipate and to monitor the effect of such reforms. In this study, we use a data-set from the Pacific Northwest––a region blessed with rich agricultural products. Essentially 100% of the dry peas and lentils produced in the United States are grown in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. This region is also noted for the variety of modal choice––including trucking, rail, and inland waterways––to ship bean products overseas. Bean products can be exported through ports in the West, Gulf or the East. The full choice of intra state modes to Seattle/Portland (West) has led to a meticulous regulatory-policy within Washington State to face inter state modal-competition. Such intrastate policies may be more favorable toward Washington State, when interstate-regulation was rigid. We trace the modal choice before and after the deregulation of interstate road and rail transport for the period 1978–1982. A statistical study using a multinomial logit-model suggests that regulation had a major influence on modal choice. While intrastate transport was still regulated after interstate deregulation, shipments to overseas markets favored interstate routes over intrastate routes. This relationship should have significant bearing upon future regulatory reforms.
Macho personality sexual aggression and reactions to guided imagery of realistic rape

Abstract To relate the macho personality constellation to men's reports of sexual aggression, 175 nineteen-year old, middle-class, college sophomores anonymously completed the Hypermasculinity Inventory and a newly constructed Aggressive Sexual Behavior Inventory. A majority of the men used force or exploitation to gain sex from dates. As hypothesized, the macho personality, r (173) = .33, p r (173) = .53, was correlated with a history of sexual aggression. To study the effects of macho personality, a history of sexual aggression, and the treatment variables of rapist-force and victim-resistance on men's subjective sexual arousal and emotional experiences during the guided imagining of a realistic, noneroticized rape, 125 men returned for a second session in which they were randomly assigned by groups to four conditions, two levels of rapist-force × two levels of victim-resistance. Macho personality was related to experiencing less affective disgust, anger, fear, distress, shame, contempt, and guilt as the men imagined committing a rape, confirming a portion of the hypothesis. Men with a history of sexual aggression experienced more interest and subjective sexual arousal, as hypothesized, but they also, contrary to expectations, experienced more affective anger, distress, fear, shame, and guilt. These results were discussed as evidence of the construct validity of the macho personality constellation and as reflecting the revivification of moodcongruent, state memories in the men with a history of sexual aggression.
Trisporic acid biosynthesis in cultures ofBlakeslea trispora with (+) and (−) mycelia separated by a filter

Cultures ofBlakeslea trispora in which (+) and (−) mycelia were separated by membrane filters for 152 h made 4.5, 13.3, and 25.5% of the trisporic acids (102 μg/ml of medium) made by combined (+) and (−) cultures. Control studies indicate that the extent of trisporic acid biosynthesis in cultures with membrane-separated mycelia is proportional to the rate of diffusion of small molecules through the membrane.
Limited Resource Farmers and the Marketing System: Discussion

The authors of the papers in this session have been asked to discuss an important and controversial issue. Today there is no forum to aggressively articulate or advance the unique concerns and interests of the least organized and mostly forgotten group of farms. Little attention has been received from policy makers to address problems impeding the economic improvements of limited resource farms.
Genetic variance in the composition of two functional groups (diazotrophs and cyanobacteria) from a hypersaline microbial mat.

ABSTRACT Examination of variation in ecological communities can lead to an understanding of the forces that structure communities, the consequences of change at the ecosystem level, and the relevant scales involved. This study details spatial and seasonal variability in the composition of nitrogen-fixing and cyanobacterial (i.e., oxygenic photosynthetic) functional groups of a benthic, hypersaline microbial mat from Salt Pond, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. This system shows extreme annual variability in the salinity of the overlying water and the extent of water coverage. Analysis of molecular variance and FST tests of genetic differentiation of nifH and cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries allowed for changes at multiple taxonomic levels (i.e., above, below, and at the species level) to inform the conclusions regarding these functional groups. Composition of the nitrogen-fixing community showed significant seasonal changes related to salinity, while cyanobacterial composition showed no consistent seasonal pattern. Both functional groups exhibited significant spatial variation, changing with depth in the mat and horizontally with distance from the shoreline. The patterns of change suggest that cyanobacterial composition was more insensitive to water stress, and consequently, cyanobacteria dominated the nitrogen-fixing community during dry months but gave way to a more diverse community of diazotrophs in wet months. This seasonal pattern may allow the mat community to respond quickly to water-freshening events after prolonged dry conditions (system recovery) and maintain ecosystem function in the face of disturbance during the wet season (system resilience).
Vortex magnetic field mixing with anisometric particles

Recently, we reported a vigorous, scale-adaptive mixing technique suitable for microfluidic applications, wherein a suspension of spherical magnetic particles is subjected to a vortex magnetic field, which induces the formation of dynamic particle chains that efficiently stir the solution. Here we explore the dependence of the mixing torque on particle shape, and show that increasing degrees of shape anisometry (i.e., spheres, platelets, rods) give increased mixing torque at the same particle volume fraction. Moreover, all particles, regardless of shape, exhibit similar dependencies of the mixing torque on the vortex field parameters: the torque is maximized in a balanced vortex magnetic field, is proportional to the square of the field strength, and is independent of the field frequency. However, the torque advantage of anisometric particles is somewhat offset by their increased packing volume, which can make the removal of trapped fluid difficult.
Geomorphic Determinants of Species Composition of Alpine Tundra, Glacier National Park, U.S.A.

Abstract Because the distribution of alpine tundra is associated with spatially limited cold climates, global warming may threaten its local extent or existence. This notion has been challenged, however, based on observations of the diversity of alpine tundra in small areas primarily due to topographic variation. The importance of diversity in temperature or moisture conditions caused by topographic variation is an open question, and we extend this to geomorphology more generally. The extent to which geomorphic variation per se, based on relatively easily assessed indicators, can account for the variation in alpine tundra community composition is analyzed versus the inclusion of broad indicators of regional climate variation. Visual assessments of topography are quantified and reduced using principal components analysis (PCA). Observations of species cover are reduced using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). A “best subsets” regression approach using the Akaike Information Criterion for selection of...
PROSTATIC LEVELS OF FATTY ACIDS AND THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: The consumption of various fatty acids has been associated with advanced stage and fatal prostate cancer. While numerous mechanisms have been postulated, to our knowledge there physiological data linking exposure and prognosis in humans are lacking. We examined prostatic levels of individual fatty acids in relation to the prevalence of histopathological characteristics associated with invasiveness and the risk of progression in 49 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Fatty acids were measured using capillary gas chromatography in fresh nonmalignant prostate tissue collected at surgery. Markers of invasiveness and increased risk of progression (Gleason sum 7 or greater, perineural invasion, anatomical or surgical margin involvement, extracapsular extension, seminal vesical involvement and stage T3 tumor) were evaluated separately. Each marker was dichotomized into a yes (case) and no (control) level with patients grouped accordingly. Mean concen...
Spectral changes due to performance environment in singers, nonsingers, and actors.

Abstract From postrecording interviews of professional singers, it was hypothesized that recording environments, i.e., sound-treated environment versus an auditorium, may induce different vocal behaviors. To test this hypothesis, three groups consisting of nonsingers, singers, and actors were recorded in two different recording environments: a sound-treated booth (IAC) and an auditorium (AUD). Three recordings were obtained from each participant: recording one (IAC) and two (AUD1) required the participants to read in a normal voice; recording three (AUD2) required participants to pretend that they were “performing” before a full house. Results indicated that only the singers and the actors exhibited significant spectral and/or frequency/duration differences from one recording environment to another, with the most dramatic differences exhibited by the singers. It was concluded that the environment in which we record experimental samples from professional voice users, especially singers, should be considered as a variable that can affect results.
Changes in levels of regional CRF-like-immunoreactivity and plasma corticosterone during protracted drug withdrawal in dependent rats.

Abstract Rationale: Despite prolonged abstinence, priordrug dependence is accompanied by lasting changes inphysiology, psychosocial functioning and vulnerability torelapse. One proposed mechanism for these alterations isdysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neu-rocircuitry. Objectives: To determine regional brain CRFcontent and HPA-axis activity during protracted cocaineand ethanol withdrawal in dependent rats. Methods: Tostudy protracted ethanol withdrawal, rats (n=22) were feda nutritionally complete, ethanol (10% v/v) liquid diet for 3–4 weeks. Controls (n=12) were pair-fed an iso-caloric, ethanol-free formulation. To study protracted co-caine withdrawal, rats (n=23) self-administered cocaine(0.25 mg/infusion; FR-5) daily for 3 weeks during 3-h ses-sions and subsequently were allowed to self-administercocaine during two 12-h “binge” sessions. Controls (n=6) received yoked saline infusions. Regional brainCRF-like-immunoreactivity (CRF-LI), plasma ACTH-LIand CORT-LI levels were determined from 1 day to 6weeks post-withdrawal. Results: Both ethanol- and co-caine-withdrawn rats initially exhibited reduced CRF-LIcontent in the amygdala followed by a progressive in-crease culminating in elevated levels 6 weeks post-with-drawal. Ethanol-withdrawn rats also initially had reducedhippocampal, frontal cortical and hypothalamic CRF-LIlevels and time-dependent reductions in basal CORT levels. Cocaine-withdrawn rats showed time-dependent elevations in frontal cortical CRF-LI and basal CORT levels. Conclusions: Protracted withdrawal from ethanolor cocaine is associated with altered limbic CRF-LI andcirculating CORT levels beyond the detoxification stage.The delayed nature of some changes suggests that theymay not represent residual effects of acute withdrawal, butrather emerging manifestations of a separate process, suchas allostatic load.Keywords Abstinence · Withdrawal · Ethanol · Cocaine ·Amygdala · Corticosterone · Corticotropin-releasing factor
PROTONATED SCHIFFS BASE CHLOROPHYLL: A MODEL FOR P700?

— A Schiff's base of the Ni(II) analog of pyrochlorophyll a (PChl a) has been synthesized which exhibits a reversible bathochromic shift relative to Ni-PChl a of 504 cm-1. The shift approaches that observed between Chi a and P700, the photoactive pigment of photosystem I in plants, and suggests that the protonated Schiff s base may be an appropriate model for P700.
An effective subgradient algorithm for the generalized assignment problem

Abstract A modified subgradient algorithm is presented for the generalized assignment problem, which, like the classical assignment problem, is concerned with the minimum cost assignment of agents to jobs. The generalized assignment problem, however, permits differences in job performance efficiencies among agents and thereby allows the possibility that each agent may be assigned more than a single job, as long as each job is ultimately assigned and the total resources available to every agent are not exceeded. A two stage heuristic algorithm using a modified subgradient approach and branch and bound is developed for solving the problem. By computing step sizes precisely and using the dual as a bound, the algorithm is shown to be particularly effective and easy to program and implement. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the model and method, and computational experience is cited for problems containing up to 12,000 0–1 variables.
Lunar Crust: Structure and Composition

Lunar seismic data from artificial impacts recorded at three Apollo seismometers are interpreted to determine the structure of the moon's interior to a depth of about 100 kilomneters. In the Fra Mauro region of Oceanus Procellarum, the moon has a layered crust 65 kilometers thick. The seismic velocities in the upper 25 kilometers are consistent with those in lunar basalts. Between 25 and 65 kilometers, the nearly constant velocity (6.8 kilometers per second) corresponds to velocities in gabbroic and anorthositic rocks. The apparent velocity is high (about 9 kilometers per second) in the lunar mantle immediately below the crust.
Histologic observations of endodontically treated replanted roots

The histologic findings of six endodontically treated replanted roots indicated areas showing apparently normal periodontal ligament, resorption, ankylosis, and repaired tooth structure. No predictability could be made of the location or severity of these findings. An, eosinophilic cuticle-like band was found between the epithelium and the tooth structure.
Noise-driven sidebranching in the boundary-layer model of dendritic solidification.

We suggest that dendritic sidebranches may, under some circumstances, be generated by selective amplification of noisy fluctuations near the tip. Our proposal is based on numerical and analytic studies of the dynamics of the two-dimensional boundary-layer model with kinetic crystalline anisotropy. Certain features of this stochastic process should make it experimentally distinguishable from a deterministic, dynamical sidebranching mechanism.
Dynamics of stick-slip motion, Whillans Ice Stream, Antarctica

article i nfo The stick-slip motion and associated seismic emissions of Whillans Ice Stream (WIS), West Antarctica are two of the many recent observations of unexpected ice sheet behavior that are challenging traditional models of rapid glacier motion. Here we find that the WIS slip events repeatedly nucleate from a sticky-spot located in the middle of the ice stream, acting similar to an asperity in traditional models of earthquake physics. This region shows less motion than surrounding areas during the inter-slip periods, thus, concentrating stress and producing a pulse of seismic energy at the onset of slip. The propagating rupture breaks through an additional asperity in the northern part of the ice stream, producing another pulse of seismic energy 6-12 min after initiation. Both asperities are regions of higher hydraulic potential than surrounding regions, suggesting they may have greater bed friction due to reduced water lubrication. Tidal pacing of the stress accumulation combined with fault healing controls the applied stress at failure, with higher stress giving faster propagation of the rupture front and higher slip velocities; these differences are reflected in the timing of the teleseismic arrivals. Our results highlight both the great sensitivity of large ice streams to small changes in external forcing and the importance of limited regions of the subglacial bed in controlling their motion, as well as providing insights to the mechanics of repeating earthquakes.
No evidence for a fixed object limit in working memory: Spatial ensemble representations inflate estimates of working memory capacity for complex objects.

A central question for models of visual working memory is whether the number of objects people can remember depends on object complexity. Some influential “slot” models of working memory capacity suggest that people always represent 3–4 objects and that only the fidelity with which these objects are represented is affected by object complexity. The primary evidence supporting this claim is the finding that people can detect large changes to complex objects (consistent with remembering at least 4 individual objects), but that small changes cannot be detected (consistent with low-resolution representations). Here we show that change detection with large changes greatly overestimates individual item capacity when people can use global representations of the display to detect such changes. When the ability to use such global ensemble or texture representations is reduced, people remember individual information about only 1–2 complex objects. This finding challenges models that propose people always remember a fixed number of objects, regardless of complexity, and supports a more flexible model with an important role for spatial ensemble representations.
Silicon Carbide Whisker/Alumina Matrix Composites: Effect of Whisker Surface Treatment on Fracture Toughness

The fracture toughness of a 30 vol% SiC whisker/Al{sub 2}o{sub 3} matrix composite was evaluated as a function of whisker surface chemistry. Two types of SiC whiskers (Silar-Sc-9 and Tateho-SCW-1-S) were investigated. Modification of the whisker surface chemistry was achieved by subjecting the whiskers to thermal treatments under controlled atmospheres. Whisker surface chemistry, as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was correlated to the fracture toughness of the composites.
Sweeteners, flavorings, and dyes in antibiotic preparations

Even though a variety of adverse effects caused by sweeteners, flavorings, and dyes in susceptible individuals have been reported, there is no good single reference with information about these substances in pediatric antimicrobials. Data on sweeteners, flavorings, and dyes in 91 antimicrobial preparations were collected. Sucrose was present in 74 (85%) of 87 preparations, followed by saccharin in 30 (34%) preparations. Mannitol, lactose, and sorbitol were each present in 7 preparations. None of the preparations were free of sweeteners. Thirty-four (37%) of 91 preparations did not specify the flavoring content. While cherry was the most common flavoring used, there were 25 other flavorings. Thirteen different dyes and coloring agents were used in these antimicrobials. Red dye no. 40 was present in 45% of preparations. Tables detailing sweeteners, flavorings, and dyes in different groups of antimicrobials (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, penicillins, sulfonamides, and others) and adverse effects reported with these inert ingredients are presented. These tables should be helpful to physicians in selecting an antimicrobial containing a different sweetener and/or dye when an adverse reaction occurs.
Genetic diversity of the iron-binding protein (Fbp) gene of the pathogenic and commensal Neisseria

The pathogenic Neisseria and most commensal Neisseria species produce an iron-binding protein (Fbp) when grown under iron-limited conditions. In the current study, we confirmed the presence of Fbp, as well as DNA sequences homologous to the gonococcal fbp, in strains of N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. cinerea, N. lactamica, N. subflava, N. kochii and N. polysaccharea. The fbp genes from these strains were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, digested with StuI or RsaI, and the restriction patterns examined. The patterns for the gonococcal and meningococcal fbp were virtually identical; however, variations were observed in the fbp sequences of the commensal Neisseria species. N. flavescens, N. mucosa, N. sicca, N. ovis and Branhamella catarrhalis, did not produce Fbp as detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropheris and reactivity with an Fbp specific monoclonal antibody, nor did they hybridize to an fbp-specific DNA probe.
Characterization and Expression of an Antifungal Zeamatin-like Protein (Zlp) Gene from Zea mays

A cDNA clone encoding a basic thaumatin-like protein of Zea mays was recovered from a mid-development seed cDNA library. The gene, Zlp, encoded a protein that was nearly identical with maize zeamatin and [alpha]-amylase/trypsin inhibitor. Expression of Zlp mRNA was highest in the endosperm tissue of seed 4 weeks after pollination. Expression of zeamatin-like (ZLP) protein correlated with mRNA; also, a low basal level of ZLP expression in leaf was not appreciably induced by abiotic stresses. ZLP was expressed with its own signal peptide in insect cells and in transgenic Arabidopsis and tomato plants. ZLP was secreted in all three systems, with correct processing of the signal peptide. ZLP expressed in transgenic tomato was found to be partially subjected to a proteolytic cleavage after residue 180, by an unknown mechanism, to give a “nicked” isoform of ZLP. Purified ZLP from all three sources, as well as purified “nicked” ZLP from tomato, demonstrated fungal inhibition against Candida albicans and Trichoderma reesei, with marginal inhibition observed against Alternaria solani and Neurospora crassa.
What’s the deal with the white middle‐aged guy teaching hip‐hop? Lessons in popular culture, positionality and pedagogy

As educators endeavor to engage an increasingly diverse student population, the curricular inclusion of elements of popular culture has been found to represent a particularly meaningful and successful approach. Research has consistently documented how utilizing issues of interest to students enhances affective links to the classroom and engenders stronger academic performance and critical thinking skills. However, the impact of teaching popular culture on educators themselves has been largely ignored, with this paper suggesting that these classroom experiences encourage a mode of reflective practice that heightens awareness of positionality and its impact on educational philosophy. Through an autoethnographic account of a recent course offering on hip‐hop culture, the author explains how this pedagogical and epistemological standpoint not only benefits individual educators, but also has the potential to contribute to larger institutional transformation.
Development of a Rapid-Response Supply Chain at Caterpillar

As part of its growth strategy, Caterpillar Inc. is launching a new P2000 product line of "compact" construction equipment and worktools. In anticipation of this, they asked the authors to construct and analyze potential P2000 supply chain configurations. Using decomposition and results from network flow theory, inventory theory, and simulation theory, we were able to provide solutions to this problem for different supply chain scenarios provided by Caterpillar. Novel features of our model include expedited deliveries, partial backlogging of orders, and realized sales that are responsive to service. Caterpillar made their decision regarding the P2000 supply chain based on our recommendations.
Fully depleted extremely thin SOI technology fabricated by a novel integration scheme featuring implant-free, zero-silicon-loss, and faceted raised source/drain

A new integration scheme is presented to solve device and manufacturing issues for extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) technology with high-k/metal gate. Source/drain and extensions are effectively doped by an implant-free process to successfully reduce series resistance below 200 Omegaldrm. A zero-silicon-loss process is developed to eliminate loss of thin SOI layer during gate and spacer processes, enabling structural demonstration of sub-2 nm ETSOI. Even without strain boosters, a remarkable PFET drive current of 550 muA/mum is achieved at Ioff = 3nA/mum, VDD = 0.9 V with 6 nm SOI channel and 25 nm physical gate length. Shortchannel effects are well-controlled with DIBL less than 100 mV/V and subthreshold swing less than 90 mV/dec. A 15% reduction in parasitic capacitance is achieved by a faceted raised source/drain (RSD). Excellent electrostatics and small device dimensions render ETSOI devices suitable for 22-nm node and beyond.
Acoustic emission based damage assessment method for prestressed concrete structures: Modified index of damage

Abstract Eight prestressed specimens were subjected to cyclic load testing while being monitored with acoustic emission (AE). Five were pre-cracked and corroded to different levels, prior to testing, to examine the ability of AE to detect damage for different structural conditions. An index of damage introduced in a previous study based on cumulative AE energy was investigated for damage assessment. The index values showed a clear correlation with the observed amount of damage. However, the method is constrained to laboratory applications as it requires the continuation of the test until the specimen surpasses the level of maximum admissible damage. A modified index of damage (MID) is proposed in this study to enable field applicability. The modified index showed promising results and enabled the detection of the yielding point for both cracked and un-cracked specimens. Further work is desirable to validate the acceptance thresholds and extrapolate the results to actual in-service structures.
Some barriers to a national policy for the American family

This paper defines barriers to the creation of a comprehensive national family policy in the United States. These barriers appear to be intricate parts of the American ethos and ideology. The major conclusion of this paper is that the barriers to a national family policy can only be overcome after major changes in the nature of American society.
Nerve growth factor (NGF) responses by non-neuronal cells: detection by assay of a novel NGF-activated protein kinase.

Past work described the partial purification and characterization of a novel serine protein kinase activity designated protein kinase N (PKN) that is activated by nerve growth factor (NGF) in cultured PC12 cells [Rowland et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262; 7504–7513]. We have now devised a rapid, sensitive technique for partially purifying and assaying PKN activity in cell extracts. This methodology was applied to the IARC-EW-1 osteosarcoma and several additional non-neuronal cell lines that possess NGF receptors but that lack both morphological and a variety of additional biochemical responses to NGF. In each case, NGF significantly elevated PKN activity. The assay also revealed activation of PKN activity in IARC-EW-1 cells by additional agents, including epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, phorbol ester, and a cAMP analog. Also tested were an NGF-receptor-deficient PC12 cell variant and sublines thereof into which human NGF receptors had been introduced [Hempstead et al. (1989) Science 243;...
Hybrid germanium/silica optical fibers for endoscopic delivery of erbium:YAG laser radiation.

Background and Objectives Endoscopic applications of the erbium (Er):YAG laser have been limited due to the lack of an optical fiber delivery system that is robust, flexible, and biocompatible. This study reports the testing of a hybrid germanium/silica fiber capable of delivering Er:YAG laser radiation through a flexible endoscope. Study Design/Materials and Methods Hybrid optical fibers were assembled from 1-cm length, 550-μm core, silica fiber tips attached to either 350- or 425-μm germanium oxide “trunk” fibers. Er:YAG laser radiation (λ = 2.94 μm) with laser pulse lengths of 70 and 220 microseconds, pulse repetition rates of 3–10 Hz, and laser output energies of up to 300 mJ was delivered through the fibers for testing. Results Maximum fiber output energies measured 180±30 and 82±20 mJ (n = 10) under straight and tight bending configurations, respectively, before fiber interface damage occurred. By comparison, the damage threshold for the germanium fibers without silica tips during contact soft tissue ablation was only 9 mJ (n = 3). Studies using the hybrid fibers for lithotripsy also resulted in fiber damage thresholds (55–114 mJ) above the stone ablation threshold (15–23 mJ). Conclusions Hybrid germanium/silica fibers represent a robust, flexible, and biocompatible method of delivering Er:YAG laser radiation during contact soft tissue ablation. However, significant improvement in the hybrid fibers will be necessary before they can be used for efficient Er:YAG laser lithotripsy. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:5–11, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three Decades Later: The Life Experiences and Mid-Life Functioning of 1980s Heavy Metal Groupies, Musicians, and Fans

Research in the 1980s suggested that young “metalheads” were at risk for poor developmental outcomes. No other study has assessed this group as adults; thus, we examined 1980s heavy metal groupies, musicians, and fans at middle age, using snowball sampling from Facebook. Online surveys assessed adverse childhood experiences, personality, adult attachment, and past and current functioning in 377 participants. Results revealed that metal enthusiasts did often experience traumatic and risky “sex, drugs, and rock-n-roll” lives. However, the “metalhead” identity also served as a protective factor against negative outcomes. They were significantly happier in their youth and better adjusted currently than either middle-aged or current college-age youth comparison groups. Thus, participation in fringe style cultures may enhance identity development in troubled youth.
Efficacy of Nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in Cell Culture and in Animal Models

Nitazoxanide (NTZ), a drug currently being tested in human clinical trials for efficacy against chronic cryptosporidiosis, was assessed in cell culture and in two animal models. The inhibitory activity of NTZ was compared with that of paromomycin (PRM), a drug that is partially effective against Cryptosporidium parvum. A concentration of 10 μg of NTZ/ml (32 μM) consistently reduced parasite growth in cell culture by more than 90% with little evidence of drug-associated cytotoxicity, in contrast to an 80% reduction produced by PRM at 2,000 μg/ml (3.2 mM). In contrast to its efficacy in vitro, NTZ at either 100 or 200 mg/kg of body weight/day for 10 days was ineffective at reducing the parasite burden in C. parvum-infected, anti-gamma-interferon-conditioned SCID mice. Combined treatment with NTZ and PRM was no more effective than treatment with PRM alone. Finally, NTZ was partially effective at reducing the parasite burden in a gnotobiotic piglet diarrhea model when given orally for 11 days at 250 mg/kg/day but not at 125 mg/kg/day. However, the higher dose of NTZ induced a drug-related diarrhea in piglets that might have influenced its therapeutic efficacy. As we have previously reported, PRM was effective at markedly reducing the parasite burden in piglets at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day. Our results indicate that of all of the models tested, the piglet diarrhea model most closely mimics the partial response to NTZ treatment reported to occur in patients with chronic cryptosporidiosis.
Dislocation equilibrium conditions revisited

Abstract If there is an equilibrium arrangement of a given collection of dislocations, each having a fixed size and shape, in an externally loaded or unloaded elastic body, the corresponding potential energy will be stationary with respect to infinitesimal perturbations of the dislocation positions. This leads to the dislocation equilibrium conditions: the Peach–Koehler forces along the dislocation line of each dislocation due to externally applied stress and the interaction of the dislocation with other dislocations and its own image field is a set of self-equilibrated forces. The earlier proof of this result presented in the literature was based on an incomplete expression for the elastic strain energy. This is modified here by using the elastic strain energy expression that accounts for all dislocation core energy.
Performance and interpretation of focused right upper quadrant ultrasound by emergency physicians

The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of Emergency Physicians (EP) performing focused right upper quadrant (RUQ) ultrasound, to quantify how sonographic experience affects accuracy for gallbladder pathology, and to establish the time needed to complete a focused RUQ ultrasound. A convenience sample of patients with suspected gallbladder disease received a focused RUQ ultrasound by an EP. Sonographic findings, number of previous RUQ ultrasounds performed, and time for examination completion were recorded. Each patient then had a formal RUQ ultrasound by a sonographer blinded to the focused RUQ ultrasound results. Focused RUQ and formal ultrasound findings were compared, with the exception of the sonographic Murphy sign, which was compared to pathology reports. One hundred nine patients were enrolled. Fifty-one had gallstones. Forty-nine were detected by EPs, yielding a sensitivity of 96% [95% confidence interval (CI).87-.99]. Of the 58 patients without gallstones, 51 were correctly diagnosed by EPs (specificity = 88%, 95% CI.77-.95). The sonographic Murphy sign was present during 54 emergency examinations, but in only 24 formal studies. When compared to pathology reports, the emergency sonographic Murphy sign had a sensitivity of 75% compared to the formal ultrasound sensitivity of 45% for acute cholecystitis. EPs were less accurate for other sonographic findings, and level of experience had little effect on sensitivity or specificity for detecting gallstones. Eighty-three percent of emergency studies were completed in less than 10 min. Gallstones are accurately detected by EPs in a timely fashion. Additionally, compared to the radiologist's interpretation, the EP-detected sonographic Murphy sign was more sensitive for diagnosing acute cholecystitis.
Upregulation of the Rab27a-Dependent Trafficking and Secretory Mechanisms Improves Lysosomal Transport, Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Reduces Lysosome Overload in Cystinosis

Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the accumulation of the amino acid cystine due to genetic defects in the CTNS gene, which encodes cystinosin, the lysosomal cystine transporter. Although many cellular dysfunctions have been described in cystinosis, the mechanisms leading to these defects are not well understood. Here, we show that increased lysosomal overload induced by accumulated cystine leads to cellular abnormalities, including vesicular transport defects and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and that correction of lysosomal transport improves cellular function in cystinosis. We found that Rab27a was expressed in proximal tubular cells (PTCs) and partially colocalized with the lysosomal marker LAMP-1. The expression of Rab27a but not other small GTPases, including Rab3 and Rab7, was downregulated in kidneys from Ctns-/- mice and in human PTCs from cystinotic patients. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we found that lysosomal transport is impaired in Ctns-/- cells. Ctns-/- cells showed significant ER expansion and a marked increase in the unfolded protein response-induced chaperones Grp78 and Grp94. Upregulation of the Rab27a-dependent vesicular trafficking mechanisms rescued the defective lysosomal transport phenotype and reduced ER stress in cystinotic cells. Importantly, reconstitution of lysosomal transport mediated by Rab27a led to decreased lysosomal overload, manifested as reduced cystine cellular content. Our data suggest that upregulation of the Rab27a-dependent lysosomal trafficking and secretory pathways contributes to the correction of some of the cellular defects induced by lysosomal overload in cystinosis, including ER stress.