cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five Star-forming Cores in the Galactic Ring Survey: A Mid-Infrared Study

We have imaged five dense molecular cores, selected from the Galactic Ring Survey (GRS), in the mid-infrared with the MIRAC3 instrument. We obtained high spatial resolution (~1'') images through narrowband filters at 12.5 and 20.6 μm. Four of the five cores show multiple compact sources, extended structure, or both. Lower resolution observations by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) suggest that the fifth core is also surrounded by extended emission on large scales (2'). The extended mid-infrared structure is well-correlated with the radio continuum morphology in each of the five cores. This similarity suggests that the hot dust traced by the mid-infrared is located within the H II region, traced by the radio continuum, and not merely in a surrounding photodissociation region or molecular cloud. If a single exciting source is assumed for each core, estimates of the zero-age main-sequence spectral types based on the infrared luminosities are typically 1-2 spectral types earlier than those based on the radio free-free emission. However, allowing for multiple exciting sources and apportioning the far-infrared and radio fluxes to the component sources according to the mid-infrared flux distribution produces better agreement between the derived spectral types, with an average difference of less than half a spectral type.
Chloroform extraction and polymerization of tetraphenylarsonium chloride

Abstract Measurements of the distribution of tetraphenylarsonium chloride between aqueous sodium chloride solutions and chloroform give an ionization constant, K°, =0.079 and a partition constant (CHCL 3 /H 2 O), P°, =3.3 for monomeric (C 6 H 5 ) 4 AsCI at 25°. Distribution measurements at higher tetraphenylarsonium chloride concentrations show that polymerization occurs in chloroform. A system consisting of monomer, dimer and tetramer best represents the extraction data, which furnish the polymerization constants β 2 =163±I6, β 4 =4.5 ·10 5 ± 0.9·10 5 . Vapor pressure measurements of dry chloroform solutions give the values β 2 =72 ± 14, β 4 =4.0· l0 5 ±0.7·10 5 (25°).
Low energy bounds on Poincaré violation in causal set theory

In the causal set approach to quantum gravity, Poincar\'e symmetry is modified by swerving in spacetime, induced by the random lattice discretization of the spacetime structure. The broken translational symmetry at short distances is argued to lead to a residual diffusion in momentum space, whereby a particle can acquire energy and momentum by drift along its mass shell and a system in equilibrium can spontaneously heat up. We consider bounds on the rate of momentum space diffusion coming from astrophysical molecular clouds, nuclear stability and cosmological neutrino background. We find that the strongest limits come from relic neutrinos, which we estimate to constrain the momentum space diffusion constant by $kl{10}^{\ensuremath{-}61}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{3}$ for neutrinos with masses ${m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}g0.01\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, improving the previously quoted bounds by roughly 17 orders of magnitude.
Episodic organization in discourse and valid measurement in the sciences

Abstract The argument here concerns the episodic organization of discourse and measurement in the sciences. It is developed in two parts. First, empirical effects of episodic organization in discourse processing are demonstrated. The impact on first and second language users is shown by demonstrating loss in comprehension when episodic organization is disrupted. Empirical evidence is also summarized showing that the depth of comprehension of episodic organization is sensitive to relatively minute elements of surface form such as the names of persons and places in the discourse. It can be inferred that the ecological validity of language tests and measures of discourse processing in general is enhanced by respecting episodic organization and reduced by disrupting it. The second part of the argument concerns the deeper question of why episodic organization enhances the ecological validity of language tests and discourse processing measurements in general. Looking into this question from the point of view of...
Fluorescence Properties of Metal Complexes of 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic Acid and Chromatographic Applications

Seventy-eight metal species are examined for fluorescence properties of their chelates with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sutfonic acid (HQS); 42 of these fluoresce, many intensely. The optimum pH, determined by ligand ionization vs. hydroxo compiex formation, iles between 5 and 8. Cadmlum forms the most fluorescent complex In a purely aqueous solution. Fluorescence Is enhanced for many metals in surfactant (hexadecyltrlmethyiammonlum ion, HTA') containing media and in a water:dimethytformamide solvent. A number of metal ions quench the fluorescence of other metal-HQS chelates, Fe(II1) being by far the most effective, and such quenching is accentuated in media contalnlng HTA'. The fluorescence propertles can be exploited by introducing the ligand through a postcolumn reactor or by Incorporating it in the eluent in a chromatographic system. Subpicomole detection limits are attainable for Cd, Mg, and Zn.
Forward and inverse functional variations in rotationally inelastic scattering

This paper considers the response of various rotational energy transfer processes to functional variations about an assumed model intermolecular potential. Attention is focused on the scattering of an atom and a linear rigid rotor. The collision dynamics are approximated by employing both the infinite order sudden (IOS) and exponential distorted wave (EDW) methods to describe Ar–N2 and He–H2, respectively. The following cross sections are considered: state‐to‐state differential and integral, final state summed differential and integral, and effective diffusion and viscosity cross sections. Attention is first given to the forward sensitivity densities δ0/δV(R,r) where 0 denotes any of the aforementioned cross sections, R is the intermolecular distance, and r is the internal coordinates. These forward sensitivity densities (functional derivatives) offer a quantitative measure of the importance of different regions of the potential surface to a chosen cross section. Via knowledge of the forward sensitivities...
Catalytic Combustion of Propane/Air Mixtures on Platinum

A honeycomb catalyst of platinum (4.2 kg/cu m loading) over cordierite, with gamma-alumina washcoat, a cross section of 2.4 x 2.4 sq cm, a length of 7.6 cm, and a characteristic channel diameter of 1.4 mm is used as a steady flow reactor. Measurements are made with C3H8/air mixtures at 650 to 800 K inlet temperatures, 110 KPa pressure, 10 to 40 m/s inlet velocity, 0.19 to 0.32 equivalence ratios, and approximately 1.5 mole percent water content. The measured quantities are the substrate tempeature at ten axial locations, the exhaust gas temperature, the exhaust concentrations of CO, CO2, O2, and total hydrocarbons, and the pressure drop across the monolith. The measured quantities are compared with those computed with a two-dimensional steady-state model for axial and radial convection and diffusion of mass, momentum, energy and homogeneous (three overall reactions) and heterogeneous (infinitely fast) reactions. It is found that, under the tested conditions, most of the fuel is converted to CO2 and H2O at the surface. Gas-phase reactions tend rapidly to become more important as the temperature and equivalence ratio are increased and the flow velocity is decreased. Surface fuel conversion is much more rapid than fuel diffusion, resulting in diffusion-controlled oxidation.
Estimation of within model parameters in regression models with a nested error structure

Abstract Restricted randomizations, similar to those in split-plot type experiments, often are adapted to assign quantitative treatment factors to experimental units. Such restrictions result in the experiment having a nested error structure. Sufficient conditions are presented under which ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of regressor parameters are uniformly minimum variance unbiased (UMVU). If one designs experiments so that these conditions are satisfied, the analysis is straightforward and easy. When these conditions are not met, three different estimators of nested regressor parameters are suggested and compared.
Brief announcement: network traffic can optimize consolidation during transformation to virtualization

Under the consolidation scenario in Clouds, the network dimension should be considered as important as the computing power of machines. Traditional consolidation procedure is usually made according to the experience, which mainly focused on the hardware capability of the target system, like CPU, Memory and etc. Along with the consolidation of the computing power, the network communication among machines is also consolidated. The consolidation procedure needs to cover this change and avoid network problems after moving the applications into target virtualized system. This paper presents a novel approach to provide optimization taking network traffic into account during consolidation.
Non-Stationarity in the ``Resting Brain's'' Modular Architecture

Task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (TF-fMRI) has great potential for advancing the understanding and treatment of neurologic illness. However, as with all measures of neural activity, variability is a hallmark of intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) identified by TF-fMRI. This variability has hampered efforts to define a robust metric of connectivity suitable as a biomarker for neurologic illness. We hypothesized that some of this variability rather than representing noise in the measurement process, is related to a fundamental feature of connectivity within ICNs, which is their non-stationary nature. To test this hypothesis, we used a large (n = 892) population-based sample of older subjects to construct a well characterized atlas of 68 functional regions, which were categorized based on independent component analysis network of origin, anatomical locations, and a functional meta-analysis. These regions were then used to construct dynamic graphical representations of brain connectivity within a sliding time window for each subject. This allowed us to demonstrate the non-stationary nature of the brain's modular organization and assign each region to a "meta-modular" group. Using this grouping, we then compared dwell time in strong sub-network configurations of the default mode network (DMN) between 28 subjects with Alzheimer's dementia and 56 cognitively normal elderly subjects matched 1:2 on age, gender, and education. We found that differences in connectivity we and others have previously observed in Alzheimer's disease can be explained by differences in dwell time in DMN sub-network configurations, rather than steady state connectivity magnitude. DMN dwell time in specific modular configurations may also underlie the TF-fMRI findings that have been described in mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal subjects who are at risk for Alzheimer's dementia.
Electrophoresis of Proteins in small Blood-Samples from live Frogs, in 1 mm thick Polyacrylamide Gels

A method is described that can help preventing the mass killing of frogs when only minute samples oftissue-specificallyblood-are needed, such as for electrophoresis ofproteins in aid ofpopulation genetic studies. About 10 microliter of serum were rather easily collected from the feet, while the animals (belonging to several forms of Rana esculenta complex) stayed relatively unharmed. By means ofvertical electrophoresis in I mm thick polyacrylamide gels several protein patterns were demonstrated in samples as small as I microliter of serum (plus 1 microliter sucrose solution). Patterns of albumin, LDH and esterase could easily be analysed and were compared with literature data. Some more experimenting might result in the production ofgood zymograms ofa-GDH and PHI too. AAT, PGM and CK appeared to be absent in serum but could easily be demonstrated in samples from skeletal muscle.
Perception of 3D scenes from pictures

Brunelleschi (1413) was the first to demonstrate that a 3D scene can be represented by a 2D perspective picture in such a way that retinal images produced by the scene and the picture are identical (subsequently, Leonardo pointed out that this is true only when the observer's eye is placed at the center of perspectivity that was used to produce this picture). It follows that in the absence of depth cues, the percepts are identical as well. A question arises as to the effect on the percept of viewing the picture from a point different from the center of perspectivity. According to Pirenne's (1970) theory, the percept involves taking the cues to the orientation and position of the picture relative to the observer into account, in order to compensate for the incorrect viewing point; when these cues are available, the percept is accurate. We will demonstrate a new visual phenomenon called `cuboid illusion' which contradicts Pirenne's theory. Our experimental results show that the percept of a 3D object from its picture systematically depends on the orientation and position of the picture relative to the observer even in the presence of many cues.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Animal models for acute radiation syndrome drug discovery.

Introduction: Although significant scientific advances have been made over the past six decades in developing safe, nontoxic and effective radiation/medical countermeasures (MCMs) for acute radiation syndrome (ARS), no drug has been approved by the US FDA. The availability of adequate animal models is a prime requisite under the criteria established by the FDA ‘animal rule’ for the development of novel MCMs for ARS and the discovery of biomarkers for radiation exposure.Areas covered: This article reviews the developments of MCMs to combat ARS, with particular reference to the various animal models (rodents: mouse and rat; canine: beagle; minipigs and nonhuman primates [NHPs]) utilized for the in-depth evaluation. The objective, pathways and challenges of the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule are also discussed.Expert opinion: There are a number of well-defined animal models, the mouse, canine and NHP, that are being used for the development of MCMs. Additional animal models, such as the minipig, are under developm...
Modeling distortion in multichannel communication systems

A behavioral modeling technique suited to capturing the response of wide-band multifunctional and multichannel amplifiers is introduced. The technique is based on the three-box approximation of the Volterra model and takes into account the dependence of the amplifier characteristics on frequency. The model is coupled with a new nonlinear statistical analysis, which enables accurate estimation of intermodulation and cross-modulation distortions of multiple digitally modulated signals. The model parameters can be obtained using simple measurements.
An overview of the Amber biomolecular simulation package

Molecular dynamics (MD) allows the study of biological and chemical systems at the atomistic level on timescales from femtoseconds to milliseconds. It complements experiment while also offering a way to follow processes difficult to discern with experimental techniques. Numerous software packages exist for conducting MD simulations of which one of the widest used is termed Amber. Here, we outline the most recent developments, since version 9 was released in April 2006, of the Amber and AmberTools MD software packages, referred to here as simply the Amber package. The latest release represents six years of continued development, since version 9, by multiple research groups and the culmination of over 33 years of work beginning with the first version in 1979. The latest release of the Amber package, version 12 released in April 2012, includes a substantial number of important developments in both the scientific and computer science arenas. We present here a condensed vision of what Amber currently supports and where things are likely to head over the coming years. Figure 1 shows the performance in ns/day of the Amber package version 12 on a single-core AMD FX-8120 8-Core 3.6GHz CPU, the Cray XT5 system, and a single GPU GTX680. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HEPATOZOON SAURITUS: A POLYTOPIC HEMOGREGARINE OF THREE GENERA AND FOUR SPECIES OF SNAKES IN NORTH FLORIDA, WITH SPECIFIC IDENTITY VERIFIED FROM GENOME ANALYSIS

Hemogregarines from Thamnophis s. sirtalis, Coluber constrictor priapus, Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata, and E. g. guttata in northern Florida appeared to be conspecific on the basis of similar gamonts from all the hosts and sporogonic stages obtained from 3 hosts. The resemblance of gamonts to those of Hepatozoon sauritus, described from T. sauritus sackenii in southern Florida, justified comparison of DNA isolates from the type infection of H. sauritus with samples from each of the northern Florida hosts and with a morphologically distinct species, H. sirtalis, from northern Florida. A nucleotide sequence (530 bp) alignment of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene revealed 2 hemogregarine haplotypes that varied at 15 sites (p distance = 2.8%), which included 10 transitions and 5 transversions. Two well-supported clusters (100% bootstrap support) were revealed by a neighbor-joining tree topology. One cluster included the type infection of H. sauritus and all 4 of the other samples from the northern Florida hosts, wi...
Electrokinetically Enhanced Remediation of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Soils: A Review

Electrokinetically enhanced remediation is an innovative technology that has the potential to remediate hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) contamination in soils and groundwater. A surfactant/cosolvent is used to increase HOC desorption and solubilization, and an applied electric potential facilitates contaminant transport primarily by electroosmosis and/or electrophoresis. Electroosmotic flow generally improves soil–solution–contaminant interaction, especially in zones of high organic content and/or low hydraulic conductivity. The electrokinetically enhanced remediation process is fairly simple to implement and operate, but the fundamental reactions that govern the remediation method are complex. An adequate knowledge of the contaminant transport mechanisms and the physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes is essential in order to optimize system performance. This article reviews previous research efforts on HOC remediation and the use of in situ flushing and electrokinetics for organic contamina...
Vignette-Based Study of Ovarian Cancer Screening: Do U.S. Physicians Report Adhering to Evidence-Based Recommendations?

Results: Twenty-eight percent (95% CI, 24.5% to 32.9%) of physicians reported nonadherence to screening recommendations for women at low risk for ovarian cancer; 65.4% (CI, 61.1% to 69.4%) did so for women at medium risk for ovarian cancer. Six percent (CI, 4.4% to 8.9%) reported routinely ordering or offering ovarian cancer screening for low-risk women, as did 24.0% (CI, 20.5% to 28.0%) for medium-risk women (P 0.001). Thirtythree percent believed TVU or CA-125 was an effective screening test. In adjusted analysis, actual and physician-perceived patient risk, patient request for ovarian cancer screening, and physician belief that TVU or CA-125 was an effective screening test were the strongest predictors of physician-reported nonadherence to published recommendations. Limitation: The results are limited by their reliance on survey methods; there may be respondent–nonrespondent bias. Conclusion: One in 3 physicians believed that ovarian cancer screening was effective, despite evidence to the contrary. Substantial proportions of physicians reported routinely offering or ordering ovarian cancer screening, thereby exposing women to the documented risks of these tests.
Programming Smooth Muscle Plasticity With Chromatin Dynamics

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) possess remarkable phenotypic plasticity that allows rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental cues. For example, vascular SMCs undergo profound changes in their phenotype during neointimal formation in response to vessel injury or within atherosclerotic plaques. Recent studies have shown that interaction of serum response factor (SRF) and its numerous accessory cofactors with CArG box DNA sequences within promoter chromatin of SMC genes is a nexus for integrating signals that influence SMC differentiation in development and disease. During development, SMC-restricted sets of posttranslational histone modifications are acquired within the CArG box chromatin of SMC genes. These modifications in turn control the chromatin-binding properties of SRF. The histone modifications appear to encode a SMC-specific epigenetic program that is used by extracellular cues to influence SMC differentiation, by regulating binding of SRF and its partners to the chromatin template. Thus, SMC differentiation is dynamically regulated by the interplay between SRF accessory cofactors, the SRF-CArG interaction, and the underlying histone modification program. As such, the inherent plasticity of the SMC lineage offers unique glimpses into how cellular differentiation is dynamically controlled at the level of chromatin within the context of changing microenvironments. Further elucidation of how chromatin regulates SMC differentiation will undoubtedly yield valuable insights into both normal developmental processes and the pathogenesis of several vascular diseases that display detrimental SMC phenotypic behavior.
A branch and bound algorithm to minimise total weighted tardiness on a single batch processing machine with ready times and incompatible job families

This research deals with developing a branch and bound algorithm for minimising total weighted tardiness on a single batch processing machine with characteristics similar to those seen in the diffusion operation in semiconductor manufacturing. Dominance properties are utilised in order to increase the efficiency of the algorithm. The developed algorithm is implemented in C++ and tested on different cases. We find the algorithm is capable of solving problems with up to 32 jobs. Computational results are presented along with a discussion of the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the effects of various parameters on the efficiency of the algorithm. The branch and bound algorithm can be used to solve relatively small problems as well as provide a means by which researchers can evaluate the effectiveness of their heuristics.
Geriatric cochlear implantation

Cochlear implantation allows for improved communication and quality of life in elderly individuals with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and poor word discrimination. Medical and psychosocial factors, however, pose additional challenges that can impact desired cochlear implant outcomes. Risks associated with cochlear implantation are not significantly increased with age. Special consideration should, however, be given to the peri-operative needs of this population and added risks associated with the recovery process. A thorough multidisciplinary approach to candidacy evaluation is necessary to minimize intervention risks, and develop appropriate expectations by the patient and family members. Post-operative rehabilitation including the development of strategies for better communication in real world conditions is underutilized, but is likely to increase success with a cochlear implant.
Velocity as a Cue to Segmentation

Although motion is one of the most fundamental aspects of the visual world, its use has not been widely explored in the field of scene description. This correspondence describes a program that demonstrates the feasibility of segmenting a scene into regions on the basis of velocity. A velocity measure is obtained by determining the amount of displacement of a reference feature between two pictures of the same scene. The pictures are taken only a short time apart so that the reference features can be correlated between the pictures on the basis of spatial position alone. This velocity measurement is associated with absolute reference points superimposed over the scene. It is assumed that all parts of an object have the same velocity measurement. Thus the velocity measurements associated with the reference points provide a means of classifying them as ``belonging'' to the same object. Points ``inside'' moving objects fall into either of two velocity measurement classes, which are easily correlated. Since the velocity of an object is independent of its color, a scene is segmented into regions that contain complete objects even if the objects are not monochromatic.
Surgery in heart and lung transplant patients.

Abstract Background Heart and lung transplantation is an increasingly successful procedure. After transplant, these patients may need surgery for common diseases and for problems caused by immunosuppression. The purpose of this study was to determine surgical outcomes heart and lung transplant patients after transplantation. Methods All patients in the cardiopulmonary transplant registry were reviewed. Data collected included sex, age at transplantation, age at subsequent procedure, number and type of surgical procedures performed, number and type of postoperative complications, grade of complications (using the Clavien classification), and outcome (discharge to home, disabled, dead). Results During a 15-year period, 222 (64%) of 345 heart or lung transplant patients underwent a surgical procedure. Seven hundred fifty-four procedures were performed (median 3 procedures/patient). Sixty-seven patients suffered 72 complications (10% complication rate). Twenty-one (29%) complications were grade I; 20 (28%) were grade IIA; 21 (29%) were grade IIB; 8 (11%) were grade III; and 2 (3%) were grade IV. Twelve percent of the complications in the heart transplant patients were cardiac in nature, whereas 0% of the complications in the lung transplant patients were pulmonary in nature. There were 475 (63%) discharges to home, 2 (0.2%) inpatient deaths, and 18 (2%) deaths within 30 days; 49 (7%) procedures resulted in disability; and 210 (28%) patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions Heart or lung transplant patients will frequently need subsequent surgical procedures. Overall, the patients tolerated the procedures well, and the morbidity and mortality rates were acceptable. Most complications were not related to the transplanted organ.
A low noise, wideband digital phase-locked loop based on a new time-to-digital converter with subpicosecond resolution

A digital PLL uses a high resolution coarse-fine time-to-digital converter (TDC) for wide loop bandwidth. The loop bandwidth is set to 400 kHz with a 26 MHz reference for GSM. The in-band phase noise contribution from the TDC is -116 dBc/Hz, the phase noise is -117 dBc/Hz at high-band 400 kHz offset, and the RMS phase error is 0.3deg.
Regional specialization of Sarcodes sanguinea (Ericaceae) on a single fungal symbiont from the Rhizopogon ellenae (Rhizopogonaceae) species complex.

We have sampled the mycorrhizal roots of 76 snow plants (Sarcodes sanguinea, Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) in two areas of the Sierra Nevada of California that are ;180 km apart. To identify the fungal symbionts associated with these plants, we first analyzed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the fungal nuclear ribosomal repeat. Fungal ITS-RFLPs were successfully produced from 57 of the 76 plants sampled, and all symbionts shared the same DNA fragment pattern. The morphology of S. sanguinea mycorrhizae was consistent with that expected from a Rhizopogon species in section Amylopogon. To confirm and refine this identification, a total of six fungal ITS sequences were determined fromS. sanguinea mycorrhizae. These sequences were analyzed together with eight existing and eight newly determined ITS sequences from Rhizopogon section Amylopogon. The newly determined sequences include an ITS sequence from the fungal symbiont of pine drops (Pterospora andromedea, Monotropoideae, Ericaceae), a plant that was previously reported to be exclusively associated with the Rhizopogon subcaerulescens group. When these sequences were analyzed together, the Sarcodes symbionts grouped tightly with several collections of R. ellenae including the holotype, one collection of R. idahoensis, and one collection of R. semireticulatus. A different lineage comprised collections of R. subgelatinosus, R. subcaerulescens,another collection of R. semireticulatus, and the Pterospora symbiont. We conclude that S. sanguinea associates exclusively with a single species in the R. ellenae species complex throughout our sampling range. These results indicate a much higher level of specificity in S. sanguinea than was previously reported and confirm the emerging pattern that nonphotosynthetic, monotropoid plants generally associate very specifically with a narrow range of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Seasonal and Tidally Driven Reproductive Patterns in the Saltmarsh Topminnow, Fundulus jenkinsi

Fundulus jenkinsi is recognized federally and within a number of northern Gulf of Mexico states as a Species of Concern. Little is known about its life history, but a detailed reproductive histology study of F. jenkinsi can provide the foundation needed to quantify reproductive parameters in this rare species in need of conservation. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male and female F. jenkinsi indicated a spawning season from April through August. However, ovarian histological analysis suggested March through August was a more accurate spawning season. The multiple oocyte stages within F. jenkinsi in the spawning capable reproductive phase indicates batch spawning, similar to other members of its family. Many estuarine members of the family Fundulidae exhibit a semilunar spawning pattern, yet the oocyte composition of ovaries of F. jenkinsi suggested spawns occur multiple days around the time of spring tides both within a population and on the individual level. Spawning did not occur on neap tides, an...
Commentary: The Dynamic Evolution of Forensic Psychiatry at Yale and the Zonanian Sphere of Influence

Forensic psychiatry at Yale begins, develops, and endures through the life and work of Howard Zonana. But the developments at Yale are only a part of a more complex and global story of one man's extraordinary influence on the evolution of practice and thought in forensic psychiatry in legislation and case law, teaching and scholarship, professional organizational activity, and public policy. This article places Dr. Zonana's career and achievements in the historical context of the field of forensic psychiatry and traces several examples of his activism, scholarship, mentoring, and collegiality. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge our vast collective appreciation of Howard's influence in the lives of those who have had the privilege to know him and work with him and benefit from his many contributions to our field.
Soil metal concentrations and toxicity: associations with distances to industrial facilities and implications for human health.

Urban and rural areas may have different levels of environmental contamination and different potential sources of exposure. Many metals, i.e., arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), have well-documented negative neurological effects, and the developing fetus and young children are particularly at risk. Using a database of mother and child pairs, three areas were identified: a rural area with no increased prevalence of mental retardation and developmental delay (MR/DD) (Area A), and a rural area (Area B) and an urban area (Area C) with significantly higher prevalence of MR/ DD in children as compared to the state-wide average. Areas were mapped and surface soil samples were collected from nodes of the uniform grid. Samples were analyzed for As, barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Pb, manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and Hg concentrations, and for soil toxicity and correlated to identify potential common sources. ArcGIS® was used to determine distances between sample locations and industrial facilities, which were correlated with both metal concentrations and soil toxicity. Results indicated that all metal concentrations (except Be and Hg) in Area C were significantly greater than those in Areas A and B (p ≤ 0.0001) and that Area C had fewer correlations between metals suggesting more varied sources of metals than in rural areas. Area C also had a large number of facilities whose distances were significantly correlated with metals, particularly Cr (maximum r = 0.33; p = 0.0002), and with soil toxicity (maximum r = 0.25; p = 0.007) over a large spatial scale. Arsenic was not associated with distance to any facility and may have different anthropogenic, or a natural source. In contrast to Area C, both rural areas had lower concentrations of metals, lower soil toxicity, and a small number of facilities with significant associations between distance and soil metals.
Modeling plucked guitar tones via joint source-filter estimation

Physical models for plucked string instruments can produce high-quality tones using a computationally efficient implementation, but the estimation of model parameters through the analysis of audio remains problematic. Moreover, an accurate representation of the expressive aspects of a performance requires a separation of the performer's articulation (source) from the instrument's response (filter). This paper explores a physically-inspired signal model for plucked guitar sounds that facilitates the estimation of both string excitation and resonance parameters simultaneously. We present the application of the joint source-filter model in an analysis-synthesis framework to plucked-guitar recordings, and we demonstrate that our system is particularly adept at capturing and replicating the characteristic sounds resulting from various plucking styles. By explicitly modeling string articulations, we believe this system provides insight towards capturing the expressive intentions of a performer from the audio signal alone.
Comparison of two schemes for automatic keyword extraction from MEDLINE for functional gene clustering

One of the key challenges of microarray studies is to derive biological insights from the unprecedented quantities of data on gene-expression patterns. Clustering genes by functional keyword association can provide direct information about the nature of the functional links among genes within the derived clusters. However, the quality of the keyword lists extracted from biomedical literature for each gene significantly affects the clustering results. We extracted keywords from MEDLINE that describe the most prominent functions of the genes, and used the resulting weights of the keywords as feature vectors for gene clustering. By analyzing the resulting cluster quality, we compared two keyword weighting schemes: normalized z-score and term frequency-inverse document frequency (TFIDF). The best combination of background comparison set, stop list and stemming algorithm was selected based on precision and recall metrics. In a test set of four known gene groups, a hierarchical algorithm correctly assigned 25 of 26 genes to the appropriate clusters based on keywords extracted by the TDFIDF weighting scheme, but only 23 of 26 with the z-score method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the weighting schemes for keyword extraction for gene clusters from microarray profiles, 44 yeast genes that are differentially expressed during the cell cycle were used as a second test set. Using established measures of cluster quality, the results produced from TFIDF-weighted keywords had higher purity, lower entropy, and higher mutual information than those produced from normalized z-score weighted keywords. The optimized algorithms should be useful for sorting genes from microarray lists into functionally discrete clusters.
Oxygen in neonatal and infant anesthesia--current practice in the UK.

Summary Background: There is an increasing awareness of the role of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of many conditions associated with prematurity, which has led to caution in the use of oxygen in neonatal resuscitation. We surveyed the practice of UK pediatric anesthetists with regard to oxygen use in neonatal and infant anesthesia. Methods: A postal questionnaire survey of 460 UK-based members of the Association of Pediatric Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Results: Responses were received from 247 pediatric anesthetists (54%). Seventy-five percent of anesthetists aim to avoid the use of 100% oxygen during routine infant anesthesia and 52% aim for an FiO2 of < 0.4 in neonates. The factors most influencing choice of carrier gas are optimal oxygenation and the avoidance of pulmonary atelectasis. Sixteen percent stated that unavailability of medical air is a factor. Opinion was divided on concern about the effects of anesthetic agents on the developing brain. Moderate levels of concern were expressed about the potential toxic effects of oxygen on the eyes and lungs of premature newborns but this concern does not extend to term newborns. Only 20% of anesthetists had any recent knowledge of these issues. Conclusions: This survey indicates that there is no consistency in attitudes and practices and demonstrates considerable variation in the use of oxygen during anesthesia in premature and newborn babies and infants. This may reflect the paucity of evidence in the anesthetic literature on the potential harmful effects of high concentrations of oxygen in vulnerable groups of infants.
Galileo's Earth-Moon encounter set for December 8

On December 7, 1995, the Galileo spacecraft will arrive at the Jovian system. A fully instrumented probe released from the orbiter 156 days before arrival will enter the Jovian atmosphere while the orbiter relays compositional and structural data from the probe to Earth. Over the next 2 years, the orbiter will proceed to 12 encounters with the Galilean satellites Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, at distances up to 200 times closer than the Voyager spacecraft approached. Galileo's special capabilities derive from its long stay in the Jovian system, from the extreme closeness of approach to the satellites, and from its advanced instrumentation.
Predicting poverty and wealth from mobile phone metadata

Accurate and timely estimates of population characteristics are a critical input to social and economic research and policy. In industrialized economies, novel sources of data are enabling new approaches to demographic profiling, but in developing countries, fewer sources of big data exist. We show that an individual's past history of mobile phone use can be used to infer his or her socioeconomic status. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the predicted attributes of millions of individuals can, in turn, accurately reconstruct the distribution of wealth of an entire nation or to infer the asset distribution of microregions composed of just a few households. In resource-constrained environments where censuses and household surveys are rare, this approach creates an option for gathering localized and timely information at a fraction of the cost of traditional methods.
Some recent developments in a concept of causality

The paper considers three separate but related topics. (i) What is the relationship between causation and co-integration? If a pair of I(1) series are co-integration, there must be causation in at least one direction. An implication is that some tests of causation based on different series may have missed one source of causation. (ii) Is there a need for a definition of 'instantaneous causation' in a decision science? It is argued that no such definition is required. (iii) Can causality tests be used for policy evaluation? It is suggested that these tests are useful, but that they should be evaluated with case.
The Ecstatic Witness

Illness insists on the transit of the self. Unbounded by dumb health, the self in illness—either the self of the sick person or the self who ministers to the sick person—finds itself not only freed to but required to move into altered states. When serious physical or mental illness befalls the body, the self must travel outside its ordinary boundaries onto daring expeditions into the unknown. We know this, if only from memoirs written by seriously ill people, yet we tend to underestimate both the reach of such travel and the impossibility of return. When one cares for a seriously ill person—either as a doctor or nurse, a chaplain or ethicist, or a relative or friend—he or she similarly is launched onto perilous travel outside the self, not simply into the awareness of the fragility of health but more fundamentally and transformingly and irrevocably into an identity with that ill person and hence into a subject position from which one must own up to not only the certainty of the self but also the certainty of its end.
Sleep and Epilepsy Syndromes

Sleep and epilepsy have a close relationship. About 20% of patients suffer seizures only during the night, approximately 40% only during the day and approximately 35% during the day and night. In certain epilepsy syndromes, the occurrence of seizures is strongly related to sleep or awakening. Infantile spasms appear predominately on awakening, and hypsarrhythmia is sometimes visible only in sleep. Children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome or benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) have seizures mostly when asleep, and in both syndromes interictal spike waves are markedly accentuated in slow wave sleep. Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep/continuous spike wave discharges during sleep (ESES/CSWS), atypical benign partial epilepsy, and Landau–Kleffner syndrome are epileptic encephalopathies with substantial behavioral and cognitive deficits, various seizures, and continuous spike–wave activity during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The hallmark of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and grand mal seizures on awakening are seizure symptoms within 2 hours after awakening, often provoked by sleep deprivation. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is sometimes mistaken for parasomnia. Differentiation is possible when the clinical symptoms and the frequency of the paroxysmal events per night and month are carefully observed and nocturnal video electroencephalography (EEG) performed. Sleep EEG recordings may be helpful in patients with suspected epilepsy and nonconclusive awake EEG. Depending on the clinical question, sleep recordings should be performed during nap (natural sleep or drug induced), during the night, or after sleep deprivation.
Ultra-small diameter coils for treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

This study reports our initial clinical experience treating very small intracranial aneurysms using only Target® Nano™ coils.Retrospective angiographic and clinical analysis was performed on a non-randomized single arm registry of all intracranial aneurysms treated with only Target® Nano™ coils (1 mm and 1.5 mm diameter only) during a 12 month period at two academic hospitals.Fourteen patients with 14 intracranial aneurysms were treated. The maximum diameter of saccular aneurysms treated ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 mm; minimum aneurysm diameter was 1.1 to 2 mm. The immediate complete aneurysm occlusion rate was 86% (12/14), and a small residual within the aneurysm was seen in 14% (2/14) of cases.Packing density from coils ranged between 24% and 83% (mean 51%). The immediate complication rate was 0% (0/14). The angiographic/MR angiography follow-up period was 22 to 70 weeks (mean 37 weeks) with an overall complete occlusion rate of 9/11 (81%), recurrence in 18% (2/11), and lack of follow-up in three cases, two ...
DNA Fingerprinting Reveals Low Genetic Diversity in Gunnison's Prairie Dog (Cynomys gunnisoni)

The use of molecular techniques for the assessment of familial relationships among social species of mammals has become relatively commonplace. However, some species represent poor candidates for such studies due to naturally low levels of genetic diversity, leading to unacceptably large standard errors associated with estimates of relatedness. Here, we report on a preliminary study of genetic diversity within two populations of a social species of ground squirrel, Gunnison's prairie dog ( Cynomys gunnisoni ) using DNA fingerprinting. We observed low levels of diversity in the form of large mean coefficients of genetic similarity among individuals occupying the same population. Overall similarity, determined from the combined data, yielded by three minisatellte probes, ranged from 55 to 61%. These values place Gunnison's prairie dog at the extreme upper end of the range of similarity values reported for outbred species of mammals (ca. 0.20-0.50). As a partial means of explaining these results, and as a means of comparing our results to those of similar studies using allozymes, we determined the level of differentiation between our two study colonies in the form of an F -statistic analog. A value of 0.11 (± 2.26 × 10−3) was obtained and is similar to values reported from allozyme studies (0.07–0.12). A significance test of this value yielded a positive result (D = 5.63, d.f. = 1, P < 0.025), demonstrating that gene flow between populations is limited, a factor that may help to maintain low levels of diversity.
Occupational hazardous factors among detection personnel in disease prevention and control institutions and its protective measures

The detection personnel in basic-level disease prevention and control institutions undertake the important responsibility of health detection and infectious disease control.In daily work,there are many occupational hazardous factors in the testing laboratory,which seriously threat the detection personnel' health.Based on the health problems that affect detection personnel' health in basic-level disease prevention and control institutions,the author analyzes the occupational hazardous factors from physical,chemical and biological aspect,and puts forward the measures and suggestion according to the hazardous factors,in order to improve the safe consciousness of detection personnel and ensure their health.
Chapter 8: Identifying Suspects

This chapter in The Handbook of Human Rights Investigation describes the investigation of direct and indirect perpetrators of serious violations of human rights.
DISSOCIATED VERTICAL DEVIATIONS

In summary, it is my belief that the etiology of a dissociated vertical deviation could possibly be a neuromuscular transmission block at the myoneural junction of the superior oblique. I further believe that surgery such as a tuck of the superior oblique would prevent elevation of the eye by serving as an anchor.