cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple model of optimal clearance of improvised explosive devices

Motivated by experiences of coalition military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, we analyze the allocation of route clearance teams (RCTs) to search for and neutralize improvised explosive devices (IEDs) on roadways traveled by military convoys. We model the interaction of a single RCT and a single convoy operating over a given roadway. Our goal is to reduce IED risk by improving coordination between the RCT and the convoy. We treat the distribution of IEDs along the road prior to the passage of the RCT as a non-homogeneous Poisson process. The RCT finds and clears IEDs according to a Bernoulli process. Enemy forces may emplace (reseed) additional IEDs in the temporal gap between the RCT clearance sweep and the arrival of the convoy. IED risk is defined as the expected number of IEDs encountered by the convoy. We identify certain characteristics of optimal RCT schedules including: the shape of the IED intensity function and the speed of reseeding substantially dictate the RCT schedule that minimizes IED risk; the more rapid the IED reseeding, the more critical is conformance to the optimal RCT schedule; an RCT having inferior detection probability, by employing superior scheduling can sometimes reduce convoy risk more than a less well scheduled RCT with superior detection probability; a discretized highway version of the problem can be efficiently optimized. We also briefly discuss applications of this model to the more complex problem of allocating several RCTs to protect a number of convoys scheduled to travel on a network of highways.
Inflammatory breast carcinoma: outcomes with trimodality therapy for nonmetastatic disease.

BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to summarize a single-institution experience in treating patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) using trimodality therapy and to identify prognostic factors for outcome. METHODS Sixty-one women underwent radiation therapy with curative intent for IBC between 1982 and 2001. All but five women received trimodality therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given to the majority of women (n = 43 patients), although some received “up-front” surgery as first therapy (n = 18 patients). RESULTS With a median potential observation time after diagnosis of 14 years, freedom from locoregional disease progression was 78%, freedom from distant metastasis was 45%, and the cause-specific survival rate was 47% at 5 years. Approximately 40% of the 56 patients who received trimodality therapy remained free of disease. Multivariate analysis demonstrated three factors that were found to be associated significantly with improved cause-specific survival: pathologic tumor size 55 years; P = 0.0596), and radiation dose (≥ 60 grays [Gy]; P = 0.0621). CONCLUSIONS IBC is an aggressive disease that is treated effectively in select patients by multimodality therapy. Patient outcomes may be improved with therapies that result in better local and systemic control. Further studies are warranted to address the optimal sequence of trimodality therapy and the optimal administration of each agent. Cancer 2004;100:920–8. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Ultrastructural localization of calbindin-D28k and GABA in the matrix compartment of the rat caudate-putamen nuclei

Abstract The calcium binding protein, Calbindin-D 28k , is known to be localized within spiny neurons of the matrix of the dorsal striatum, caudate-putamen nuclei. This compartment is also known to contain an abundance of GABAergic neurons and to receive extensive input from excitatory limbic and cortical afferents whose activation produces rapid influxes of calcium in neuronal targets. We used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to examine a potential role for calbindin in GABAergic neurons in the caudate-putamen nuclei. Sections of striatal tissue from acrolein-fixed adult rat brains were dual-labeled using immunoperoxidase for the localization of rabbit anti-calbindin and immunogold-silver for the localization of rat anti-GABA antibodies. Calbindin-D 28k and GABA were mainly co-localized in somata and large dendrites. The peroxidase reaction product for calbindin was diffusely distributed throughout the neuronal cytoplasm, but appeared more densely localized along asymmetric, excitatory-type, postsynaptic junctions of dendritic spines, as well as saccules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum near dendritic appositions. In contrast, the immunogold-silver labeling for GABA was largely restricted to perikarya and large dendrites. Axon terminals forming symmetric junctions were also sometimes dual-labeled for calbindin and GABA. However, the majority of the calbindin-immunoreactive terminals did not contain GABA and many formed asymmetric excitatory-type synapses with either unlabeled or calbindin-labeled dendritic spines. These results suggest that, in the striatal matrix, Calbindin-D 28k contributes to the immobilization of calcium (i) in selectively activated postsynaptic spines of GABAergic and possibly non-GABAergic neurons and (ii) in terminals containing GABA as well as other excitatory and inhibitory transmitters. The extent to which calbindin is able to restrict the cytosolic increases in calcium to selective sites of utilization in these neurons may have important consequences for normal synaptic function and for neuroprotection against excitoxicity.
The Random Neural Network and its learning process in Cognitive Packet Networks

The Random Neural Network (RNN) is a recurrent neural network in which neurons interact with each other by exchanging excitatory and inhibitory spiking signals. The stochastic excitatory and inhibitory interactions in the network make the RNN an excellent modeling tool for various interacting entities. It has been applied in a number of applications such as optimization, image processing, communication systems, simulation pattern recognition and classification. In this paper, we briefly describe the RNN model and some learning algorithms for RNN. We discuss how the RNN with reinforcement learning was successfully applied to Cognitive Packet Network (CPN) architecture so as to offer users QoS driven packet delivery services. The experiments conducted on a 26-node testbed clearly demonstrated the learning capability of the RNNs in CPN.
Hydroxamate siderophores in the iron nutrition of plants

Abstract Most fungi and some bacteria respond to Fe deprivation by producing high affinity, ferric‐specific Fe transport ligands called hydroxamate siderophores (HSs). These secondary hydroxamic acids have molecular weights between 500 and 1200 daltons and typically contain three 6‐N‐hydroxyornithine moieties that combine to form ferric chelates with stability constants of approximately 1030. Higher plants under iron‐stressed conditions have been reported to assimilate Fe supplied as Fe(III)‐HSs. This has been confirmed in our laboratories in preliminary studies which demonstrated the uptake and translocation of 55Fe supplied to monooot seedlings as the HS, ferrichrome. Monocot seedlings were also able to absorb and translocate a mixture of fungal HS ligands. These results suggested that the presence of HSs in the vicinity of the root would enhance Fe availability in soil systems. The presence of HSs in a variety of soils was established. Soils from 49 sites representing 22 different taxonomic subgroups w...
Residential transactive control demonstration

Arguably the most exciting aspect of the smart grid vision is the full participation of end-use resources with all forms of generation and energy storage in the reliable and efficient operation of an electric power system. Engaging all of these resources in a collaborative manner that respects the objectives of each resource, is sensitive to the system and local constraints of electricity flow, and scales to the large number of devices and systems participating is a grand challenge. Distributed decision-making system approaches have been presented and experimentation is underway. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a residential demand response demonstration that uses the bidding transactions of supply and end-use air conditioning resources communicating with a real-time, 5 minute market to balance the various needs of the participants on a distribution feeder. The nature of the demonstration, the value streams being explored, and the operational scenarios implemented to characterize the system response are summarized along with preliminary findings.
Long-Term Outcome of Embolotherapy and Surgery for High-Flow Extremity Arteriovenous Malformations

PURPOSE To assess the long-term efficacy of embolotherapy in combination with surgery for management of symptomatic high- flow arteriovenous malformations (HFAVMs) of the lower and upper extremities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with symptomatic high-flow lower extremity AVMs (LE-AVMs; n = 9) and upper extremity AVMs (UE-AVMs; n = 11) were treated from 1982 to 1999. All nine patients with LE-AVM had pain and seven had ulceration of the skin. All 11 patients with UE-AVM had debilitating pain, seven had weakness of the affected hand, and two had bony erosion. Embolization of the nidus beneath the site of maximum pain or ulceration was performed percutaneously from the femoral artery through coaxially placed microcatheters ( n = 18) or surgical cutdown ( n = 2). Cyanoacrylate (isobutyl or n-butyl) diluted with iophendylate or ethiodized oil was used in 19 of 20 patients. RESULTS Follow-up was completed in eight of nine patients with LE-AVM (mean, 8.6 y) and nine of 11 patients with UE-AVM (mean, 7.4 y) after treatment. One patient with localized LE-AVM was functioning well 13 years after embolotherapy and another was functioning well 16 years after undergoing three embolotherapy procedures and two skin grafts. Five of nine patients with LE-AVM required below-the-knee ( n = 4) or above-the-knee ( n = 1) amputation 1–6 years after technically and clinically successful embolo- therapy. All three trifurcation arteries were diffusely involved in HFAVM in patients requiring amputation. Healing of the two amputation sites, involved by AVM at the knee, was excellent after preoperative geniculate artery embolotherapy. All 11 patients with UE-AVM experienced marked symptomatic improvement; seven after embolotherapy alone and the other four after resection of AVM. One complication of digital spasm was reversed by administration of nerve blocks. CONCLUSIONS LE-AVM with diffuse involvement of all three trifurcation arteries ultimately required amputation because of recurrence of symptoms after technically and clinically successful embolotherapy. Cyanoacrylate embolotherapy alone or in combination with surgical resection of the AVM provided excellent long- term palliation in patients with UE-AVM.
Superspreading, skein wetting, and dynamic surface tension

A study has been made of the spreading of 0.1% aqueous solutions of “superspreading” trisiloxane surfactants, especially the one made with 7.5 mol of ethylene oxide (L-77), on the hydrophobic surface Parafilm, their dynamic surface tension, and their Draves skein wetting time. No relationship was found between “superspreading” and Draves Skein wetting. The low surface tension of the wetting solution at short time (<0.2 s) is one of the critical conditions for good Draves skein wetting, while a surface tension of 21 mN/m appears to be a necessary but not sufficient requirement for superspreading. The presence of dispersed particles in the solutions is not a requirement for superspreading. The replacement of a portion of the L-77 in the solution by certain alkyl chain nonspreading materials can produce greater superspreading than shown by the former (synergy in superspreading). Synergistic materials contain alkyl chains with less than 10 carbon atoms and can have either one or two hydrophilic and hydrophobi...
The Taylorization of Vladimir Ilich Lenin

In 1913, Lenin’s view of scientific management could only be termed scornful. By 1918, his views had changed dramatically: Importation of the Taylor system was fundamental to the success of the Revolution; without it, socialism would be impossible. I contend that the scientific claims of Taylorism meshed with Marxist claims to scientific socialism in the transformation of views.
Treatment of Depression Is Associated With Suppression of Nonspecific and Antigen-Specific TH1 Responses in Multiple Sclerosis

Objective To examine the relationship between depression, treatment of depression, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with comorbid diagnoses of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and major depressive disorder. Design A randomized comparative outcome trial of three 16-week treatments for depression. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 8, and treatment cessation. Setting An academic outpatient treatment and clinical research center. Patients Fourteen patients who met the criteria for relapsing-remitting MS and major depressive disorder. Interventions Individual cognitive behavioral therapy, group psychotherapy, or sertraline therapy. Main Outcome Measures Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Interferon gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured following stimulation with OKT3 or recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Variability in immune assays was controlled using 8 nondepressed healthy subjects who were enrolled at times corresponding with the enrollment of MS patients. Results Results of the Beck Depression Inventory were significantly related to IFN-γ production stimulated with OKT3 or MOG at baseline ( P ≤.03 for all). Level of depression, OKT3-stimulated IFN-γ production, and MOG-stimulated IFN-γ production all declined significantly over the 16-week treatment period ( P ≤.03 for all). Among controls, there were no significant changes over time in OKT3- or MOG-stimulated IFN-γ, or in depression ( P ≥.25 for all). Conclusions These findings suggest that the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ by autoaggressive T cells in relapsing-remitting MS is related to depression and that treatment of depression may decrease IFN-γ production. Thus, treatment of depression may provide a novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategy as well as a symptomatic treatment for patients with MS.
Unisexual flower, spikelet, and inflorescence development in monoecious/dioecious Bouteloua dimorpha (Poaceae, Chloridoideae).

Unisexual fl owers have evolved repeatedly in the angiosperms. In Poaceae, multiple transitions from bisexual to unisexual fl owers are hypothesized. There appear to be at least three distinct developmental mechanisms for unisexual fl ower formation as found in members of three subfamilies (Ehrhartoideae, Panicoideae, Pharoideae). In this study, unisexual fl ower development is described for the fi rst time in subfamily Chloridoideae, as exemplifi ed by Bouteloua dimorpha . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and anatomy were used to characterize the development of male (staminate) and female (pistillate) fl owers, spikelets, and infl orescences. We found the developmental pathway for staminate fl owers in B. dimorpha to be distinct from that described in the other three subfamilies, showing gynoecial arrest occurs at a different stage with possible loss of some cellular contents. However, pistillate fl owers of B. dimorpha had some similarity to those described in other unisexual-fl owered grasses, with fi lament and anther differentiation in abortive stamens. Comparing our fi ndings with previous reports, unisexual fl owers seem to have evolved independently in the four examined grass subfamilies. This analysis suggests the action of different genetic mechanisms, which are consistent with previous observations that fl oral unisexuality is a homoplasious condition in angiosperms.
Structure–performance characterization for carbon molecular sieve membranes using molecular scale gas probes

Abstract Understanding the relationship between carbon molecular sieve (CMS) pore structure and corresponding gas separation performance enables optimization for a given gas separation application. The final pyrolysis temperature and starting polymer precursor are the two critical parameters in controlling CMS performance. This study considers structure and performance changes of CMS derived from a commercially available polymer precursor at different pyrolysis temperatures. As reviewed in this paper, most traditional characterization methods based on microscopy, X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, sorption-based pore size distribution measurements etc. provide limited information for relating separation performance to the CMS morphology and structural changes. A useful alternative approach based on different sized gases as molecular scale probes of the CMS pore structure was successfully used here in conjunction with separation data to provide critical insights into the structure–performance relationships of the engineered CMS.
Calibration of locomotion resulting from visual motion in a treadmill-based virtual environment

This paper describes the use of a treadmill-based virtual environment (VE) to investigate the influence of visual motion on locomotion. First, we establish that a computer-controlled treadmill coupled with a wide field of view computer graphics display can be used to study interactions between perception and action. Previous work has demonstrated that humans recalibrate their visually directed actions to changing circumstances in their environment. Using a treadmill VE, we show that recalibration of action is reflected in the real world as a result of manipulating the relation between the visual indication of speed, presented using computer graphics, and the biomechanical speed of walking on a treadmill. We then extend this methodology to investigate whether the recalibration is based on perception of the speed of movement through the world or on the magnitude of optic flow itself. This was done by utilizing two different visual displays, which had essentially the same magnitude of optic flow, but which differed in the information present for the speed of forward motion. These results indicate that changes in optic flow are not necessary for recalibration to occur. The recalibration effect is dependent, at least in part, on visual perception of the speed of self-movement.
Evaluation of trickle-bed air biofilter performance under periodic stressed operating conditions as a function of styrene loading.

Abstract Trickle-bed air biofilters (TBABs) are suitable for treating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a significantly high practical loading because of their controlled environmental conditions. The application of TBAB for treating styrene-contaminated air under periodic backwashing and cyclical nonuse periods at a styrene loading of 0.64–3.17 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m3·day was the main focus of this study. Consistent long-term efficient performance of TBAB strongly depended on biomass control. A periodic in situ upflow with nutrient solution under media fluidization, that is, backwashing, was approached in this study. Two different nonuse periods were employed to simulate a shutdown for equipment repair or during weekends and holidays. The first is a starvation period without styrene loading, and the second is a stagnant period, which reflects no flow passing through the biofilter. For styrene loadings up to 1.9 kg COD/m3·day, removal efficiencies consistently above 99% were achieved by cond...
A new bipartite geminivirus (Begomovirus) causing leaf curl and crumpling in cucurbits in the Imperial Valley of California

During fall 1998, volunteer watermelons (Citrullus lunatus L. (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) showing leaf curl, crumpling, and yellowing symptoms were found in a commercial honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo Inodorus group) field in the Imperial Valley of California. The plants were infected with a begomovirus (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) based on (i) a positive response in squash blots probed with a general begomovirus DNA probe (1) and (ii) amplification of DNA-A (≈1.2 kb) and DNA-B (≈1.4 kb) fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate DNA-A (PAL1v1978/PAR1c496) and DNA-B (PBL1v2040/PBR1c970) primers, respectively (3). The DNA-A and -B fragments were cloned and sequenced (GenBank accession nos. AF224760 [DNA-A] and AF224761 [DNA-B]). The DNA-A and -B fragments had a nearly identical (99.5%) common region (CR) of 186 (DNA-A) and 187 (DNA-B) nucleotides, indicating they were from the same begomovirus. Database searches conducted with these sequences revealed no high degre...
A study of the 106Pd(p, d)105Pd and 106Pd(3He, d)107Ag reactions

Abstract The 106 Pd(p, d) 105 Pd reaction has been studied at 22.9 MeV with an energy resolution of 13 keV. Angular distributions permitted the assignment of l -values and the extraction of spectroscopic factors for 13 states including several previously unresolved l = 2 transitions. The 106 Pd( 3 He, d) 107 Ag reaction has also been studied at 32.8 MeV with a resolution of 20 keV. Angular distributions were obtained, l -values assigned and spectroscopic factors extracted for 14 levels including many not observed previously in a proton transfer reaction. The level structure of 105 Pd and 107 Ag is discussed particularly in terms of quasirotational bands.
Chymotrypsin inhibitor from potatoes: interaction with target enzymes

Abstract The interactions of chymotrypsin, subtilisin and trypsin with a low MW proteinase inhibitor from potatoes were investigated. The K i value calculated for the binding of inhibitor to chymotrypsin was 1.6 ± 0.9 × 10 −10 M, while the second-order rate constant for association was 6 × 10 5 M −1 /sec. Although binding was not observed to chymotrypsin which had been treated with diisopropyl fluorophosphate or with l -tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, the 3-methylhistidine-57 derivative bound inhibitor with a K i value of 9.6 × 10 −9 M. The inhibitor also exhibited a tight association with subtilisin ( K i −9 M). In contrast, little inhibition of trypsin was observed, and this was believed to be due to low levels of a contaminant in our preparations. No evidence for reactive site cleavage was observed after incubation of the inhibitor with catalytic amounts of chymotrypsin or subtilisin at acid pH.
Security in the cloud based systems: Structure and breaches

Cloud based systems(CBSs) are increasing in the computing world. These systems derive their complexity due to both the disparate components and the diverse stake holders involved in them. The component wise security alone does not solve the problem of securing CBSs, but the stakeholder's computational space spanning across many components of the CBS, needs to be secured too. There have been initial attempts to model the security of the cloud in terms of securing stakeholder's computational space. Some recent attempts formally model the CBS as modularized actor models, using rewriting & equational logic based modeling languages. Building on these works we present a framework for building executable models of CBSs for security analyses. We illustrate its validity showing how the recent security breaches and security solutions can be modeled and analyzed using this framework.
SPATIAL-MULTIBLOCK PROCEDURE FOR RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

A spatial-multiblock procedure for radiation heat transfer is presented in this article. The proposed procedure is applicable to isothermal or nonisothermal, absorbing, emitting and scattering or transparent media with black or reflecting walls. Although not shown in this article, the procedure is also applicable to nongray conditions. The proposed procedure can be used with the discrete-ordinates method and the finite-volume method. The heat transfer rate, net radiant power, and other full-range and half-range moments are conserved between spatial blocks by the proposed procedure. The utilities of the proposed procedure art shown using four sample problems. The solutions indicate that the multiblock procedure can reproduce the results of a single-block procedure even when very coarse spatial grids are used in the multiblock procedure.
Iloperidone for the management of adults with schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Iloperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic drug approved in May 2009 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults. It is a piperidinyl-benzisoxazole derivative with mixed serotonin (5HT2A) and D2 dopamine antagonist properties. Objective The purpose of this article was to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and role in treatment for iloperidone in schizophrenia. Methods Scientific and clinical data were collected through searches of PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and the FDA, using the search term iloperidone , and limited to English-language articles. Reference lists were reviewed for additional publications. Dates included the beginning of the database through 2010. No limits were placed on study design. Results In a 4-week Phase III trial, iloperidone 12 mg twice daily lowered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores to a significantly greater extent than did placebo (−12 vs −7.1; P P P = 0.047). Study 2 included iloperidone 4 to 8 mg/d or 10 to 16 mg/d, risperidone 4 to 8 mg/d, or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline to end point in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Improvement from baseline on all iloperidone doses was significantly greater than with placebo (4–8 mg/d group: −6.2, P = 0.012; 10–16 mg/d group: −7.2, P = 0.001; placebo, −2.5). Study 3 included iloperidone 12 to 16 mg/d, risperidone 6 to 8 mg/d, and placebo. The results on the primary efficacy variable, reduction in the BPRS score, was not significant for the 12 to 16 mg/d group versus placebo (−7.1 vs −5.0; P = 0.09), but was significant for the 20 to 24 mg/d iloperidone group (−8.6 vs −5.0; P = 0.01) and for the risperidone group (−11.5 vs 5.0; P Conclusions Data support that when titrated slowly to a therapeutic dosage, iloperidone is generally well tolerated, has a favorable safety profile, and is an effective treatment option in patients with schizophrenia. Its place in therapy and performance in a typical patient population remain to be established. Slow initial titration and twice-daily dosing are potential disadvantages.
The influence of a neotropical herbivore (Lamponius portoricensis) on nutrient cycling and soil processes.

The role of phytophagous insects in ecosystem nutrient cycling remains poorly understood. By altering the flow of litterfall nutrients from the canopy to the forest floor, herbivores may influence key ecosystem processes. We manipulated levels of herbivory in a lower montane tropical rainforest of Puerto Rico using the common herbivore, Lamponius portoricensis (Phasmatidea), on a prevalent understory plant, Piper glabrescens (Piperaceae), and measured the effects on nutrient input to the forest floor and on rates of litter decomposition. Four treatment levels of herbivory generated a full range of leaf area removal, from plants experiencing no herbivory to plants that were completely defoliated (>4,000 cm2 leaf area removed during the 76-day study duration). A significant (P<0.05) positive regression was found between all measures of herbivory (total leaf area removed, greenfall production, and frass-related inputs) and the concentration of NO3− in ion exchange resin bags located in the litter layer. No significant relationship was found between any of the herbivory components and resin bag concentrations of NH4+ or PO4−. Rates of litter decay were significantly affected by frass-related herbivore inputs. A marginally significant negative relationship was also found between the litter mass remaining at 47 days and total leaf area removed. This study demonstrated a modest, but direct relationship between herbivory and both litter decomposition and NO3− transfer to the forest floor. These results suggest that insect herbivores can influence forest floor nutrient dynamics and thus merit further consideration in discussions on ecosystem nutrient dynamics.
Atom-optical properties of a standing-wave light field

The focusing of atoms to nanometer-scale dimensions by a near-resonant standing-wave light field is examined from a particle optics perspective. The classical equation of motion for atoms traveling through the lens formed by a node of the standing wave is derived and converted to a spatial trajectory equation. A paraxial solution is obtained, which results in simple expressions for the focal properties of the lens, useful for estimating its behavior. Aberrations are also discussed, and an exact numerical solution of the trajectory equation is presented. The effects on focal linewidth of angular collimation and velocity spread in the atomic beam are investigated, and it is shown that angular collimation has a much more significant effect than velocity spread, even when the velocity spread is thermal.
Terrapene heart (TH-1), a continuous cell line from the heart of the box turtle Terrapene carolina.

Abstract A serially propagated epithelial cell line (TH-1) was established from the heart of a box turtle ( Terrapene carolina ). TH-1 cells grew in mammalian media at well as in media of reduced toncity designed for amphibian cells. TH-1 cells routinely were grown and maintained at room temperature (23 °C). An incubation temperature of 30 °C was tolerated for only a few passages, while a temperature of 36 °C supported no cell growth. TH-1 cells could be maintained for brief periods at 36 °C. At this temperature replication of vaccinia, herpes simplex, pseudorabies and vesicular stomatitis viruses was obtained. TH-1 cells supported the replication of frog viruses at 23 °C. It is suggested that poikilothermic cell lines may offer unusual opportunities to study the growth of homothermic vertebrate viruses in host cells phylogenetically far removed from the normal host.
Characterization of insulin signaling in rat retina in vivo and ex vivo

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling cascades have been studied in many tissues, but retinal insulin action has received little attention. Retinal IR signaling and activity were investigated in vivo in ...
Prefrontal Cortex Function in Nonpsychotic Siblings of Individuals with Schizophrenia

Background Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark feature of schizophrenia. In recent years, it has been proposed that impairments in attention, working memory and executive function may all reflect an underlying deficit in context processing. In individuals with schizophrenia, deficits in context processing have been associated with functional impairments of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods We used a variation of the continuous performance task, the AX-CPT, to test the hypothesis that genetic high-risk individuals (full siblings of individuals with schizophrenia) have deficits in context processing and abnormal activation of the DLPFC as compared to community controls. Results Siblings of individuals with schizophrenia made significantly more B-X errors on the AX-CPT, indicative of a deficit in context processing. They also showed task-related hyper-activation in a number of brain regions, including the DLPFC. Conclusions Inefficient hyper-activation of the DLPFC may underlie deficits in context processing and contribute to the genetic vulnerability for developing schizophrenia.
The light chain p28 associates with a subset of inner dynein arm heavy chains in Chlamydomonas axonemes.

Abstract We show here that I2 and I3 inner dynein arm heavy chains of Chlamydomonas axonemes are resolved into two classes: one class associated with the protein p28 and the other associated with the protein caltractin/centrin. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding p28, a light chain that, together with actin and caltractin/centrin, is associated with inner dynein arms I2 and I3 of Chlamydomonas axonemes. p28 is a novel protein with affinity for a subset of the inner dynein arm heavy chains, but with no apparent significant homologies to tubulin- or actin-binding proteins. An antiserum specific for p28 showed that p28 is present along the entire axoneme. The same antiserum coimmunoprecipitated p28, actin, and dynein heavy chains 2' and 2. In contrast, an anti-caltractin/centrin antiserum coimmunoprecipitated caltractin/centrin, actin, and the heavy chains 2, 3, and 3'. It is likely that the dynein heavy chain 2 associated with p28, referred to as 2A, is a different polypeptide from dynein heavy chain 2 bound to caltractin/centrin, referred to as 2B. The complex formed by heavy chain 2B, actin, and caltractin/centrin is preferentially extracted by exposure to Nonidet P-40 and is missing in mutants lacking components 1 and 2 of the dynein regulatory complex.
Wnt-erizing mantle cell lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood , Gelebart and colleagues show that the Wnt canonical pathway is constitutively active in mantle cell lymphoma cells and that selective inhibition of the pathway decreases malignant B-cell growth. The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that has a key role in
Movements of Juvenile Gyrfalcons from Western and Interior Alaska Following Departure from Their Natal Areas

Abstract Juvenile raptors often travel thousands of kilometers from the time they leave their natal areas to the time they enter a breeding population. Documenting movements and identifying areas used by raptors before they enter a breeding population is important for understanding the factors that influence their survival. In North America, juvenile Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) are routinely observed outside the species' breeding range during the nonbreeding season, but the natal origins of these birds are rarely known. We used satellite telemetry to track the movements of juvenile Gyrfalcons during their first months of independence. We instrumented nestlings with lightweight satellite transmitters within 10 d of estimated fledging dates on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska and in Denali National Park (Denali) in interior Alaska. Gyrfalcons spent an average of 41.4 ± 6.1 d (range = 30–50 d) in their natal areas after fledging. The mean departure date from natal areas was 27 August ± 6.4 d. We tr...
Pulmonary Complications of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy: Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema and Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Objective To determine the causes of hypoxia in patients with hyponatremic encephalopathy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Consultation and referral service of two university medical centers and community hospitals. Patients Forty adults with postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy and hypoxia of whom 30 had noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and 10 had hypercapnic respiratory failure. Main measurements We evaluated the chest radiographs and measured plasma electrolytes, arterial blood gas values, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac output, and net fluid retention. Results Forty patients with hyponatremic encephalopathy had hypoxia (arterial P O2 below 70 mm Hg), of whom 30 had pulmonary edema and 10 had hypercapnia (Pco 2 above 50 mm Hg). Among the 30 patients with pulmonary edema, the serum sodium (± SD) was 114±7 mmol/L, arterial pH was 7.24±0.16, Pco 2 was 45±15 mm Hg, and P O2 was 42±16 mm Hg. The cardiac index was 3.6±0.4 L/min/M 2 , pulmonary artery pressure was 26/16 mm Hg, and PCWP was 12±6 mm Hg. There was pulmonary edema, with normal heart size. The hypoxic patients who did not have pulmonary edema had significant hypercapnia (Pco 2 =91±29 mm Hg, p Conclusions Patients with postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy can develop hypoxia by at least two different mechanisms: noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or hypercapnic respiratory failure.
Quantifying the Decanalizing Effects of Spontaneous Mutations in Rhabditid Nematodes

Abstract: The evolution of canalization, the robustness of the phenotype to environmental or genetic perturbation, has attracted considerable recent interest. A key step toward understanding the evolution of any phenotype is characterizing the rate at which mutation introduces genetic variation for the trait (the mutational variance, VM) and the average directional effects of mutations on the trait mean (ΔM). In this study, the mutational parameters for canalization of productivity and body volume are quantified in two sets of mutation accumulation lines of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis and are compared with the mutational parameters for the traits themselves. Four results emerge: (1) spontaneous mutations consistently decanalize the phenotype; (2) the mutational parameters for decanalization, VM (quantified as mutational heritability) and ΔM, are of the same order of magnitude as the same parameters for the traits themselves; (3) the mutational parameters for canalization are roughly correlated w...
Postsynaptic localization of the alpha receptor-mediated stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover in pineal gland.

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol effect in rat pineal gland (defined as the enhanced incorporation of P i into phosphatidylinositol which is elicited by agonists) is mediated through alpha-adrenergic receptors. Experiments with glands from animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, with dispersed pinealocytes and with a number of relatively specific pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic agonists and antagonists have shown the receptors involved to be located at postsynaptic sites.
The Role of Environmental Education in Resisting the Global Forces Undermining what Remains of Indigenous Traditions of Self Sufficiency and Mutual Support

Environmental education can no longer be limited to learning the intergenerational knowledge of sustainable environmental practices within the local bioregion. Nor can it be limited to learning the intergenerational traditions that were the basis of relative self-sufficiency and mutual support. Both are still essential, but environmental education must now adopt a broader understanding that represents the environment as encompassing the global cultural forces that are contributing to a sustainable future, as well as those that are accelerating the destruction of the natural systems leading to the collapse and disappearance of cultures. Globalization of western technologies and values, as well as the spread of consumer lifestyle expectations in a world that now has over 7 billion inhabitants must now be taken into account in thinking about what needs to be addressed as part of environmental education.
The acute respiratory distress syndrome: Evolution of concepts and progress

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and catastrophic form of acute respiratory failure, caused by a number of direct and indirect insults to the lung. Inflammatory pulmonary edema and alveolar collapse are central to ARDS. Numerous redundant mechanisms are involved which include oxidants neutrophils products and other inflammatory mediators. Surfactant is damaged or destroyed. Supportive treatment with low tidal volume ventilation and positive end expiratory pressure is the standard of care. No specific pharmacologic agent has been shown to alter the course of disease. Survivors may have varying degrees of pulmonary insufficiency, or may be normal. Most survivors have a good prognosis and quality of life.
Communication, Competition, and Secrecy: The Production and Dissemination of Research-Related Information in Genetics

The dissemination of experimental materials, instruments, and methods is central to the progress of research in genetics. In recent years, competition for research funding and intellectual property issues have increasingly presented barriers to the dissemination of this "research-related information. "Information gathered in interviews with experimental geneticists and analysis of acknowledgment patterns in published genetics research are used to construct a series of basic scenarios for the exchange of genetic materials and research methods. The discussion focuses on factors affecting individuals' behavior and expectations as information requesters and information providers.
Chemical shift-based MRI to measure fat fractions in dystrophic skeletal muscle.

Purpose The relationship between fat fractions (FFs) determined based on multiple TE, unipolar gradient echo images and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was evaluated using different models for fat-water decomposition, signal-to-noise ratios, and excitation flip angles. Methods A combination of single-voxel proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and gradient echo imaging was used to determine muscle FFs in both normal and dystrophic muscles. In order to cover a large range of FFs, the soleus and vastus lateralis muscles of 22 unaffected control subjects, 16 subjects with collagen VI deficiency (COL6), and 71 subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were studied. 1H-MRS–based FF were corrected for the increased muscle 1H2O T1 and T2 values observed in dystrophic muscles. Results Excellent agreement was found between coregistered FFs derived from gradient echo images fit to a multipeak model with noise bias correction and the relaxation-corrected 1H-MRS FFs (y = 0.93x + 0.003; R2 = 0.96) across the full range of FFs. Relaxation-corrected 1H-MRS FFs and imaging-based FFs were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in the muscles of COL6 and DMD subjects. Conclusion FFs, T2, and T1 were all sensitive to muscle involvement in dystrophic muscle. MRI offered an additional advantage over single-voxel spectroscopy in that the tissue heterogeneity in FFs could be readily determined. Magn Reson Med 72:8–19, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PS1-52: Diagnosis of Pediatric Hypertension Depends on Clinical Practice Guideline Definitions.

Background/Aims The National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) guidelines define hypertension (HT) in children and adolescents as blood pressure (BP) measures above the 95th percentile on three consecutive clinic visits. In contrast, the Expert Panel of Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents (Expert Panel) clinical practice guidelines define HT as the average of three consecutive BP measures above the 95th percentile. Here we quantify the impact of these two different case definitions of HT on occurrence of HT in a defined population of children and adolescents.
Powered Limb Prostheses: Their Clinical Significance

The clinical importance of existing powered prosthetic devices is investigated. In this regard, several powered prosthetic systems that are in practical use are reviewed and put in perspective with respect to body-powered systems. The unique problems of delivery and maintenance of these systems are discussed as are practical design limitations. An appraisal is made of development trends in the field and the author's viewpoint on the optimal environment for practical advances in the field is presented.
The gender bias in sleep apnea diagnosis : Are women missed because they have different symptoms ?

Background: Population-based studies have shown that sleep apnea is underdiagnosed in women, relative to men. One hypothesis for this gender bias is that women with sleep apnea are missed because clinical guidelines for the evaluation and diagnosis of sleep apnea, established primarily on men, are not valid for women. In this investigation, data from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, a community-based study of the natural history of sleep apnea, were used to determine whether women with sleep apnea have unique symptoms or complaints. Methods: The sample comprised 551 men and 388 women, none of whom had ever been given a diagnosis of sleep apnea. Data on typical sleep apnea symptoms and other factors were obtained by interview and survey. Sleep apnea status was determined from the frequency of apneic and hypopneic events during sleep as recorded by in-laboratory, whole-night polysomnography. The sensitivity and relative predictive power of each symptom or factor for sleep apnea at different severity levels were calculated and compared by gender. Results: Regardless of severity level, women with sleep apnea did not report symptoms that differed significantly from those of men with the same level of sleep apnea. For men and women, snoring was the most sensitive and strongest predictor of sleep apnea. Conclusions: Current clinical indications for sleep apnea evaluation are as appropriate for women as they are for men. Other reasons for the gender disparity in sleep apnea diagnosis, including the possibility that health care providers disregard typical symptoms in women, should be pursued. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:2445-2451
Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields

Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 10(4) Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuropharmacological agent, pentylenetrazole , was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field.
A Syndemic Analysis of Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Tourism Employees in Sosúa, Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic has high rates of HIV infection and alcohol consumption. Unfortunately, little research has been focused on the broader sources of the synergy between these two health outcomes. We draw on syndemic theory to argue that alcohol consumption and sexual risk behavior are best analyzed within the context of culture and economy in Caribbean tourism spaces, which produce a synergy between apparently independent outcomes. We sampled 32 men and women working in the tourism industry at alcohol-serving establishments in Sosua, Dominican Republic. Interviewees described alcohol consumption as an implicit requirement of tourism work, tourism industry business practices that foster alcohol consumption, and an intertwining relationship between alcohol and sexual commerce. The need to establish relationships with tourists, combined with the overconsumption of alcohol, contributed to a perceived loss of sexual control, which participants felt could impede condom use. Interventions should incorporate...