cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representative and Heterogeneous Agents: Theory and Evidence

This paper analyzes the theoretical and empirical findings for representative and heterogeneous agents for a host of economic issues including market completeness, consumption growth variability, income risk, equilibrium interest rate, and welfare gains from eliminating a Real Business Cycle (RBC). We introduce three types of heterogeneity: state, preferences, and beliefs and show that in some cases the heterogeneous agent framework can be viewed as complementary to the representative agent, whereas in other cases it can be seen as a substitute.
Knower and the Known

The purpose of this chapter is discussed and different epistemologies are identified. The nature of the human brain is noted. What emotions do for the brain per se is discussed. The new social behaviorism is described as an epistemology. The dangers of either/or thinking as well as dualism are addressed. Next, the chapter attends to the arguments between the old enlightenment epistemologies of empiricism and idealism as well as the futility of the either/or thinking that characterized the discussion. A formula is presented for avoiding this. Criticisms of analytical philosophy follow from a neurosociological point of view. Emotion and reason as opposing dualisms are critiqued, and emotion is shown to be necessary for reason. The important fact is presented that all of our senses are transducers as a reason why we cannot know the world objectively, the “way it is” like the enlightenment empiricists presumed. Reasons for retaining the notion of truth are given regardless of postmodern positions to the contrary. Modern social behaviorism is described as well as its avoidance of the “stimulus error.” The place of “affordance” in modern social behaviorism is addressed. The concepts of relativism and relationalism are contrasted, and some criticisms of postmodernism follow from this contrast.
Spatial, Temporal, and Electrical Characteristics of Lightning in Reported Lightning-Initiated Wildfire Events

Analysis was performed to determine whether a lightning flash could be associated with every reported lightning-initiated wildfire that grew to at least 4 km2. In total, 905 lightning-initiated wildfires within the Continental United States (CONUS) between 2012 and 2015 were analyzed. Fixed and fire radius search methods showed that 81–88% of wildfires had a corresponding lightning flash within a 14 day period prior to the report date. The two methods showed that 52–60% of lightning-initiated wildfires were reported on the same day as the closest lightning flash. The fire radius method indicated the most promising spatial results, where the median distance between the closest lightning and the wildfire start location was 0.83 km, followed by a 75th percentile of 1.6 km and a 95th percentile of 5.86 km. Ninety percent of the closest lightning flashes to wildfires were negative polarity. Maximum flash densities were less than 0.41 flashes km2 for the 24 h period at the fire start location. The majority of lightning-initiated holdover events were observed in the Western CONUS, with a peak density in north-central Idaho. A twelve day holdover event in New Mexico was also discussed, outlining the opportunities and limitations of using lightning data to characterize wildfires.
Musculoskeletal Infection of the Hip

Anatomic characteristics of the growing bone, joint and muscles of the hip predispose it to be the most common site of infection in children. Without rapid diagnosis and treatment, children may suffer from a wide range of devastating complications such as avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis or even death. Unfortunately, clinical features of hip infection are often indistinguishable from trauma, neoplasm and rheumatologic conditions. In addition, current culturing techniques are inefficient relative to the rapid clinical decision-making required to avoid complications. Fortunately, modern techniques of monitoring the acute phase response and utilizing improved imaging modalities permit rapid diagnosis, risk assessment and monitoring of efficacious antibiotic and surgical treatment. Orthopaedic surgeons must necessarily be facile at making a rapid diagnosis and providing rapid antibiotic and potentially surgical treatment to avoid the morbidity and mortality of peri-hip infections.
Ethical Issues Applying CBT in Pediatric Medical Settings

Events related to chronic or acute illness, pain, and chronic distressing symptoms in children and adolescents can trigger a range of psychological problems that have the potential to disrupt the lives of families and impede optimal medical care. Cognitive behavioral therapies include a range of approaches that can effectively address the anxiety, depression, and other emotional and behavioral problems while promoting adherence to treatment frequently encountered in pediatric medical care contexts. Developmental differences create particular ethical challenges related to adapting consent processes, treatment goals, and the application of particular techniques. This chapter provides examples of ethical challenges that can arise in applying CBT with pediatric patients along with strategies for providing optimal ethical care.
Recurrent soft tissue inflammation, necrotizing fascitis or Sweet syndrome, diagnostic dilemma

Necrotizing Sweet syndrome is a recently described entity that can pose significant challenges for management. Although necrotizing fasciitis can be rapidly fatal in the absence of prompt surgical management, necrotizing Sweet syndrome may actually be worsened by any surgical intervention. Authors want to emphasize and increase awareness of this rare presentation.
$${\mathrm{TS}}(v,\lambda )$$TS(v,λ) with Cyclic 2-Intersecting Gray Codes: $$v\equiv 0$$v≡0 or $$4\pmod {12}$$4(mod12)

A $${\mathrm{TS}}(v,{\lambda })$$ is a pair $$(V,\mathcal {B})$$ where V contains v points and $$\mathcal {B}$$ contains 3-element subsets of V so that each pair in V appears in exactly $${\lambda }$$ blocks. A 2-block intersection graph (2-BIG) of a $${\mathrm{TS}}(v,{\lambda })$$ is a graph where each vertex is represented by a block from the $${\mathrm{TS}}(v,{\lambda })$$ and each pair of blocks $$B_i,B_j\in \mathcal {B}$$ are joined by an edge if $$|B_i\cap B_j|=2$$. We show that there exists a $${\mathrm{TS}}(v,{\lambda })$$ for $$v\equiv 0$$ or $$4\pmod {12}$$ whose 2-BIG is Hamiltonian for all admissible $$(v,{\lambda })$$. This is equivalent to the existence of a $${\mathrm{TS}}(v,{\lambda })$$ with a cyclic 2-intersecting Gray code.
Teaching of Biopharmaceutics in a Drug Design Course: Use of GastroPlus as Educational Software

Drug design and development requires collaboration among scientists with diverse expertise. In early-stage drug design, establishment of promising drug candidates requires integration of structure-...
One-Year Outcomes After Treatment of Ostial In-Stent Restenosis in Left Circumflex Versus Left Anterior Descending or Right Coronary Artery.

The prognosis of left circumflex (LC) versus non-LC in-stent restenosis (ISR) ostial lesions following treatment has not been assessed. We aimed to assess this prognosis. Anecdotally, treatment of ostial LC ISR has been associated with high recurrence rates. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients from our institution who underwent coronary intervention of an ostial ISR lesion between 2003 and 2018. The primary endpoint was target lesion revascularization (TLR) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Overall, 563 patients underwent ostial ISR lesion intervention, 144 for an ostial LC ISR lesion. Compared to patients with ostial ISR in non-LC lesions, patients with ostial LC ISR were older, had higher rates of diabetes mellitus and previous coronary bypass surgery. At 1-year follow-up, TLR-MACE rates were 26.6% in the LC group versus 18.4% in the non-LC group (p = 0.036). The TLR rate was also higher in the LC group compared to the non-LC group (p = 0.0498). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated a higher TLR-MACE rate for LC versus non-LC ostial ISR lesions. In conclusion, our study shows increased event rates after treatment of LC versus non-LC ISR lesions. Further studies should be done to assess the optimal treatment approach for ostial LC ISR.
Pantoea agglomerans: An Elusive Contributor to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation.

The ubiquitously present gram-negative bacteria Pantoea agglomerans is not a commonly known human pathogen. Recently, increasing recognition of the species as a human pathogen has led to controversy as limited documented cases of P.agglomerans bacteremia and infections have been reported in the literature, with most cases reported among immunocompromised patients or the pediatric population. Here, we present the case of a 54-year-old female with P. agglomerans and Enterococcus faecium bacteremia along with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
TP53 Combined Phenotype Score Is Associated with the Clinical Outcome of TP53-Mutated Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

Mutations of TP53 are observed in 5–10% of patients in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and are associated with adverse outcomes. Previous studies indicate that the TP53 allelic state and variant allele frequency of TP53 mutation impact patient outcomes, but there is significant heterogeneity within this MDS subgroup. We performed retrospective review of clinicopathologic and genomic information of 107 patients with TP53-mutated MDS. We assessed each mutation according to the phenotypic annotation of TP53 mutations (PHANTM) and analyzed the associations between predicted TP53 mutant function, represented by the PHANTM combined phenotype score, and overall survival (OS) using the log rank test and Cox regression. Our results indicated that patients with PHANTM combined phenotype score above the median (>1) had significantly shorter OS compared to those with scores below the median (median OS: 10.59 and 16.51 months, respectively, p = 0.025). This relationship remained significant in multivariable analysis (HR (95%CI): 1.62 (1.01–2.58), p = 0.044) and identified to have an independent prognostic influence, accounting for known risk such as IPSS-R and other standard risk variables. Our results suggest that the functional information of TP53 mutations, represented by PHANTM combined phenotype score, are associated with the clinical outcome of patients with TP53-mutated MDS.
Dynamic Tumor Mutational Profiling Using a Novel Non-Invasive Swab Technique for Serial Whole Exome Sequencing of Cervical Tumors During Chemoradiation Therapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) Clinically relevant genetic predictors of radiation response for cervical cancer are understudied due to the morbidity of repeat invasive biopsies required to obtain genetic material. We have developed a novel noninvasive cervical swab technique to collect tumor DNA with adequate throughput to perform whole exome sequencing (WES) at serial timepoints over the course of chemoradiation therapy (CRT). We hypothesize that characterization of dynamic changes in the mutational landscape of cervical tumors during the course of CRT will allow for identification of molecular signatures correlating with therapy response. Materials/Methods A total of 69 patients with FIGO stage IB-IVA cervical cancer who underwent definitive CRT were prospectively enrolled on an IRB approved clinical trial. Cervical tumor DNA samples were collected by a noninvasive swab technique at baseline, and after 1, 3, and 5 weeks of CRT. Matched buccal DNA swabs were obtained to filter somatic mutations for each patient. An initial cohort included 24 patients (81 samples) and a second cohort included 45 patients (135 samples). WES was performed on the Illumina HiSeq 4000 series. Raw sequencing data were aligned to a human reference genome and MuTect was applied to detect somatic single nucleotide variants (SNV). Tumor purity (TP) was estimated from the distribution of variant allelic fractions of SNVs. In patients with pelvic MRIs at baseline and week 5 of CRT, 3D tumor volumes (TV) were generated (n = 6,8). Regression analysis was used to evaluate the goodness of fit between TP and TV. Results Estimated TP was highly correlated with TV in both cohorts (R2 = 0.969 and 0.858). Between the two cohorts, there was overlap in 4 of the top 5 genes (80%) containing the greatest number of exonic mutations across all timepoints (PIK3CA, MUC4, TPRXL, TTN). The number of altered genes present at baseline decreased over time in both cohorts. When normalized to TP, relative mutational burden decreased among standard and exceptional responders ( 20% TV remaining at week 5). The top ranked genes by magnitude of change at week 5 included MUC2, PARP10 and PIK3CA. Pathway analysis of these top ranked genes mapped to key radiation response pathways including regulation of the G1/S transition. Conclusion We validated this method of performing serial WES over the course of CRT in 2 independent prospective patient cohorts, highlighting the robustness of our novel noninvasive technique. This allowed for the identification of a panel of potential genes involved in CRT resistance. Future directions include examination of dynamic changes in copy number variation, indels, and tumor mutational burden towards a comprehensive analysis of clinically relevant drivers of CRT resistance. This may allow future targeted treatment for patients with a radioresistant genetic profile, or concurrent targeted therapy for tumors with actionable mutations.
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Prokaryotic Genome Evolution

An early indication of the extent of prokaryotic horizontal gene transfer came from the multifactorial analysis of codon frequencies in portions of the Escherichia coli genome that revealed significant deviations from the general pattern of codon usage in approximately 15% of this bacterium's genes. Comparative analyses of archaeal genomes presented particularly striking evidence that strongly suggests massive horizontal gene exchange with bacteria. Genomic era revelations of the widespread contributions of horizontal gene transfer to the gene composition of prokaryotic genomes amounted to a major shift in one's understanding of evolution. This chapter discusses the methodology used to infer horizontal gene transfer events and also discusses examples of such transfers among prokaryotes with an emphasis on adaptive and biological implications that they entail. From a pragmatic perspective, phylogenetic analysis is time- and labor-consuming because it depends critically on correct sequence alignments and is hard to automate without compromising the robustness of the results. The term "surrogate methods" was coined to describe methods of detecting horizontally transferred genes based on their anomalous nucleotide composition. The acquisition of eukaryotic genes by bacteria may be of particular interest because of the possible role of such horizontally transferred genes in bacterial pathogenicity. Eukaryotes have vastly more complex signal transduction systems than most bacteria and archaea. Horizontal gene transfer, particularly between eukaryotes and bacteria, emphasizes the remarkable unity of molecular-biological mechanisms in all life forms.
Diversity, abundance, and evolutionary dynamics of Pong-like transposable elements in Triticeae

Pong-like elements are members of the PIF/Harbinger superfamily of DNA transposons that has been described in many plants, animals, and fungi. Most Pong elements contain two open reading frames (ORFs). One encodes a transposase (ORF2) that catalyzes transposition of Pong and related non-autonomous elements, while the function of the second is unknown. Little is known about the evolutionary history of Pong elements in flowering plants. In this work, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the diversity, abundance, and evolution of the Pong-like transposase gene in the genomes of 21 diploid species from the wheat tribe, Triticeae, and we present the first convincing evidence of horizontal transfer of nuclear-encoded Pong elements in any organism. A phylogenetic analysis of nearly 300 Pong sequences based on a conserved region of the transposase domain revealed a complex evolutionary history of Pong elements that can be best explained by ancestral polymorphism, followed by differential evolutionary success of some transposase lineages, and by occasional horizontal transfer between phylogenetically distant genera. In addition, we used transposon display to estimate the abundance of the transposase gene within Triticeae genomes, and our results revealed varying levels of Pong proliferation, with numbers of transposase copies ranging from 22 to 92. Comparisons of Pong transposase abundance to flow cytometry estimates of genome size revealed that larger Triticeae genome size was not correlated with transposase abundance.
Antigen-antibody reactions in relation to pinocytosis. I. Cell injury and repair following Staphylococcus toxin and antiserum.

Abstract Time-lapse cinematography of cells in tissue culture is shown to provide a sensitive means of observing alterations under the action of toxic filtrates of a bacterial pathogen. Such changes are shown to be reversible under appropriate conditions by the action of immune serum. We postulate that large molecules, both of toxin and of antitoxin, may be taken into the cells by pinocytosis.
PEDIATRICS AND SOCIETY PROGRESS REPORT ON THE HEALTH FOR PEACE BILL OF 1959 (SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 41)

THIS is a progress report to the readers of Pediatrics on the status of Senator Lister Hill9s "Health for Peace" bill (Senate Joint Resolution 41). This measure, which would have set up an international institute of medical research, passed the Senate May 20, 1959 with flying colors but finally was snagged in a House subcommittee through the summer of 1959. The legislation received resounding approval by the Senate, with a vote of 63 to 17. The bill proposed to organize an Institute of International Medical Research within the framework of the National Institutes of Health. A $50,000,000 annual appropriation was planned. Evidence of widespread public support for the measure was observed in the statements of authorities who spoke at the Senate hearings concerning the bill. It is of interest that no one appeared to testify against S.J. Res. 41 during the 6 days of hearings. At lease two persons participating in the hearings were members of the American Academy of Pediatrics: Dr. Martha M. Eliot, Head, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Harvard School of Public Health and Dr. Sidney Farber (Honorary Associate Member), Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School. Many witnesses pointed out the importance of providing support for the research activities and the training of promising scholars in other lands. On this subject, Dr. Farber had this to say: In many countries, such as Italy, the amount of research support available is so small that men of great skill and intellect are compelled to carry on only token research concerning problems which are selected because they do not require manpower, equipment, or modern research facilities.
Effect of age on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection improves outcomes for patients with early-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To the authors' knowledge, there are no published prospective trials to date of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection administered exclusively in older patients. In the current study, the authors sought to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients in a Veterans Health Administration cohort. METHODS Patients who underwent surgical resection for American Joint Committee on Cancer stages IB to III NSCLC between 2001 and 2011 were analyzed. Data regarding patient demographics and comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and primary treatment were collected. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on age at diagnosis: those aged <70 years and those aged ≥70 years. The primary exposure was use of adjuvant chemotherapy. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the significance of patient characteristics. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and group comparisons were performed using the log-rank test. RESULTS The analysis included 7593 patients who underwent surgical resection for stage IB to stage III NSCLC. Among these, 2897 patients (38%) were aged ≥70 years. The percentage of older patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy was approximately one-half that of younger patients who did so (15.3% vs 31.6%; P<.0001). Carboplatin-based doublets were used most often in all patients (64.6%). Both younger patients (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.86) and older patients (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.92) were found to have a lower risk of death with receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Older patients derive a similar magnitude of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy as younger patients and therefore adjuvant chemotherapy should not be withheld based on age alone. Cancer 2015;121:2578–2585. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Naïve Computational Type Theory

In 1960 the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote a 104-page book called Naive Set Theory that made the subject accessible to generations of mathematicians. This article interprets that book in an abbreviated manner to introduce type theory and the approach to algorithms and computational complexity theory inherent in computational type theory. I start by paraphrasing the preface to Halmos’ book. The sections of this article follow his chapters closely.
Strategies for solar energy power conversion using thin film organic photovoltaic cells

We discuss the fundamental limitations to solar cell efficiencies employing organic thin films. To support our analysis, several strategies for optimizing the power conversion efficiency of small molecular weight organic PV cells are described. Conversion efficiencies as high as 5.7% at 1 sun, AM1.5G simulated illumination are observed employing thin film tandem cells consisting of CuPc and C/sub 60/ as the active region materials. The so-called bulk heterojunction and mixed molecular heterojunction cells is described, as well as that of surface plasmons in tandem cell architectures containing metallic nanoparticle layers separating each sub-cell in a multilayer stack. Surface plasmons are shown to increase the efficiency by a significant fraction in these tandem cells, suggesting that this particular approach has the potential for resulting in solar power conversion efficiencies >10%.
Immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile.

Two new methods for typing Clostridium difficile, immunoblotting and plasmid fingerprinting, were compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Of these methods, immunoblotting was found to be the most valuable for use in a comprehensive typing system. More groups could be distinguished by immunoblotting than by serotyping or PAGE. Immunoblotting results were also more reproducible and distinctive than results by PAGE. Plasmid fingerprinting was an excellent marker for plasmid-bearing strains, but it had limited use because many isolates lacked plasmids. A unique plasmid profile observed for one group of isolates correlated with differences in phenotypic characteristics resolved by immunoblot analysis but not by serotyping or PAGE. Preliminary attempts to correlate typing results with pathogenicity of isolates were not successful but underscored the need for future studies to include careful assessment of the clinical significance of isolates. Images
Three Dimensional Covolume Algorithms for Viscous Flows

The covolume technique is applied to the discretization of three dimensional flow problems. The two problems considered are the compressible Navier-Stokes equations and the primitive variable incompressible flow equations when the vorticity form of the convection terms is used. It is shown that the discrete covolume equations do not generate spurious vorticity in a sense made precise in the paper.
T cell dependent & independent behavioral phenotypes in Rag2-/- mice

The Rag2-/- mouse model of T cell deficiency is a useful tool for the study of behaviors associated with T cell function. We have previously shown that Rag2-/- mice on a BALB/c background are more resistant to developing post-traumatic anxiety using the model of exposure to predator odor (POE). The objectives of the present studies were two-fold: first, to determine if behavioral differences in the POE model were also present in Rag2-/- mice on a C57Bl/6 background and second, to determine if these behavioral differences were dependent on T cells. Wild type (WT) and Rag2-/- mice on C57Bl/6 background and Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with naive T cells were compared in the POE model. Mice were exposed to cat odor for 10 minutes and tested 7 days later in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test followed by the acoustic startle response (ASR) one day later. Compared to mice on a BALB/c background, WT and Rag2-/- mice showed consistent behavioral phenotypes in the EPM and ASR, with Rag2-/- mice displaying decreased ASR reactivity with respect to WT and no differences in the EPM. Reconstitution with T cells modified behavioral responses in the EPM, but did not affect ASR responses. These results suggest that T cells may affect stress responsiveness, independent of genotype, by functional as well as developmental effects in an endophenotype-specific manner.
Sensitivity of the pigeon to changes in the magnetic field

Talkington has suggested that birds use changes in the magnetic field to navigate. He hypothesized that when the bird flies through the magnetic field, signals arise from the pectens of the bird’s eyes and the bird navigates on the basis of these stimuli. This study investigated bird’s ability to make such discriminations and concluded that the pigeon does not have the sensitivity for such discriminations.
Development of Substrate-Selective Probes for Affinity Pulldown of Histone Demethylases

JmjC-domain containing histone demethylases (JHDMs) play critical roles in many key cellular processes and have been implicated in multiple disease conditions. Each enzyme within this family is known to have a strict substrate scope, specifically the position of the lysine within the histone and its degree of methylation. While much progress has been made in determining the substrates of each enzyme, new methods with which to systematically profile each histone mark are greatly needed. Novel chemical tools have the potential to fill this role and, furthermore, can be used as probes to answer fundamental questions about these enzymes and serve as potential therapeutic leads. In this work, we first investigated three small-molecule probes differing in the degree of "methylation state" and their differential bindings to JHDM1A (an H3K36me1/2 demethylase) using a fluorescence polarization-based competition assay. We then applied this specificity toward the "methylation state" and combined it with specificity toward lysine position in the design and synthesis of a peptidic probe targeting H3K36me2 JHDMs. The probe is further functionalized with a benzophenone cross-linking moiety and a biotin for affinity purification. Results showed binding of the peptidic probe to JHDM1A and specific enrichment of this protein in the presence of its native histone substrates. Affinity purification pulldown experiments from nuclear lysate coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the capability of the probe to pull out and enrich JHDMs along with other epigenetic proteins and transcriptional regulators.
Competing mechanisms in the optically activated functionalization of the hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surface.

Recent experiments have shown that organic monolayers on silicon surfaces can be formed through the optically activated surface reaction of H-terminated Si surfaces with terminally unsaturated organic molecules (Eves et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 14318; Sun et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 2514). Possible mechanisms for the formation of this monolayer involve the abstraction of a H atom either at the same attachment site of the molecule (Path A) or from a neighboring site (Path B). Using periodic Density Functional Theory calculations together with an efficient method for finding reaction pathways, we examine both optically activated reaction mechanisms for an alkene and an aldehyde reacting with H−Si(111). Our results show that while Path A is energetically more favorable its significant barrier is likely to limit its viability. Path B on the other hand encounters a much lower H atom abstraction barrier and appears to be more viable.
68 Marked Statewide Variation in Risk-Adjusted Hospital Charges for Congenital Heart Surgery

Background: Selected referral to institutions with low mortality rates has been proposed as a strategy to improve outcomes for congenital heart surgery; the impact of such strategies in medical costs is not known.
Spatial variation in tree root distribution and growth associated with minirhizotrons

Four minirhizotrons were installed in each of three replicate plots in a deciduous forest dominated by Acer saccharum Marsh. The length growth of tree roots along the surface of the minirhizotrons was measured for a period of one year, and the resulting data were analyzed in nested, averaged and pooled arrangements. The analyses of nested data showed that spatial variation in root growth and abundance among minirhizotrons within plots was greater than variation among plots. Averaging data from minirhizotrons within plots prior to analysis reduced variation about plot means, but extensive intraplot variation invalidates this approach on statistical grounds. Both nested and averaged data failed to account for the contribution of individual roots to the mean, and root production rates were consequently overestimated. Pooling the data from the four minirhizotrons reduced variation about the means, and resulted in a more representative estimate of root production rates. The analysis of composited data can be used to incorporate small-scale variation into a single replicate sample in those circumstances where the activity of the root systems of plant communities is the object of study.
Property extrema in GeAs sulphide glasses

Abstract GeAsS glasses with Ge:As ratios of 2.5:1, 1:1 and 1:2 with S concentrations ranging from 35% to 80%, corresponding to an average coordination number (〈r〉) ranging from 2.35 to 2.98 were synthesized. For glasses with fixed Ge:As ratio, the absorption edge and the glass transition temperature vary monotonically with S content. The thermal expansion coefficient and molar volume, however, attain maxima at 〈r〉 near 2.6, which extrema correspond to a maximum in the relative intensity of a narrow polarized Raman band at 275 cm−1 and a minimum in the frequency of the boson peak. These features shift to smaller 〈r〉 with decreasing Ge:As ratio and are attributed to the development of molecular As4S3-like species in GeAsS glasses with intermediate S deficits.
Evolution of Conus Peptide Genes: Duplication and Positive Selection in the A-Superfamily

A remarkable diversity of venom peptides is expressed in the genus Conus (known as “conotoxins” or “conopeptides”). Between 50 and 200 different venom peptides can be found in a single Conus species, each having its own complement of peptides. Conopeptides are encoded by a few gene superfamilies; here we analyze the evolution of the A-superfamily in a fish-hunting species clade, Pionoconus. More than 90 conopeptide sequences from 11 different Conus species were used to build a phylogenetic tree. Comparison with a species tree based on standard genes reveals multiple gene duplication events, some of which took place before the Pionoconus radiation. By analysing several A-conopeptides from other Conus species recorded in GenBank, we date the major duplication events after the divergence between fish-hunting and non-fish-hunting species. Furthermore, likelihood approaches revealed strong positive selection; the magnitude depends on which A-conopeptide lineage and amino-acid locus is analyzed. The four major A-conopeptide clades defined are consistent with the current division of the superfamily into families and subfamilies based on the Cys pattern. The function of three of these clades (the κA-family, the α4/7-subfamily, and α3/5-subfamily) has previously been characterized. The function of the remaining clade, corresponding to the α4/4-subfamily, has not been elucidated. This subfamily is also found in several other fish-hunting species clades within Conus. The analysis revealed a surprisingly diverse origin of α4/4 conopeptides from a single species, Conus bullatus. This phylogenetic approach that defines different genetic lineages of Conus venom peptides provides a guidepost for identifying conopeptides with potentially novel functions.
Identification of Inhibitors for UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase

The flavoenzyme uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) plays a key role in the cell wall biosynthesis of many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a synthetic fluorescent ligand, we screened 16 000 compounds in a fluorescence polarization assay. Effective inhibitors of UGM were identified.
Comprehensive analysis of bearingless rotors - Model development and experimental correlation of modes, response, trim and stability

A generic mathematical model that is capable of accurately modeling the multiple load path bearingless rotor blade is developed. A comprehensive, finite element based solution for the natural vibration of the rotor blade is developed. An iterative scheme based on harmonic balance is used to evaluate the nonlinear response of the rotor to control inputs and a Newton-Raphson procedure is employed to evaluate the trim of rotorcraft. Linearized perturbation model of the nonlinear system are presented. The model is validated by comparing with existing whirl tower, wind tunnel and flight test results of BMR/BO-105 helicopter. Frequencies of two bearingless rotor blades compare well with results from experiments. Nonlinear response and trim results are presented for the bearingless BMR/BO-105 rotor. Aeroelastic stability in forward flight, evaluated using floquet theory agrees with test data in general.
The solvent extraction equilibria of some indium(III) chelates

Abstract Solvent extraction studies of 10−7 M radiolabelled indium(III) from aqueous solutions containing 0·1 M sodium perchlorate into chloroform containing 8-hydroxyquinoline, N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine, and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone have been made. The data are analyzed and theoretical equations are derived to fit the phenomena, supposing certain species to be responsible for the extraction behavior.
Treatment of mucous cysts of the fingers: review of 134 cases with minimum 2-year follow-up evaluation.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the results of a single surgeon's treatment of mucoid cysts, comparing outcomes between injection and surgery. Methods: One hundred thirty-four cysts were treated, with a minimum 2-year follow-up period. Thirty-one patients had nail ridging or deformity at presentation. Eighty patients had multiple soft-tissue punctures into the cyst with a 25-gauge needle and injection with local anesthetic and steroid. Fifty-four patients had surgical excision and joint debridement. Results: In the injection group, complete resolution of the cyst occurred in 48 cases (60%). Among the 32 that recurred, repeat injections were performed in 8 cases; 3 resolved. No recurrences were noted in the surgery group. Nail ridging resolved after surgery in 25 digits; the remaining 6 digits had partial improvement or persistent ridging. Five infections occurred and were treated successfully with antibiotics (4) or debridement (1), or both. Conclusions: Aspiration and injection was convenient but had a 40% recurrence rate. Surgery provided definitive treatment with no major long-term problems. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:519-524. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
In search of zero thermal expansion anisotropy in Mo5Si3 by strategic alloying

Abstract Reducing the thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA) of alloy compounds is one of the most important issues for their potential applications in high temperature environment. The Mo 5 Si 3 (T1 phase) is known to be an important intermetallic compound with high melting temperature. Unfortunately, its large TEA renders it unsuitable for high temperature structural/coating applications. Many attempts have been made in the past to reduce TEA by substituting Mo by other transition metal ions such as V with little success and some unexpected observations. Here we use accurate ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to obtain the TEA from thermal expansion coefficients for two T1 phase alloy systems (Mo,V) 5 Si 3 and Mo 5 (Si,Al) 3 . We demonstrate that strategic alloying with Al substituting Si can achieve zero TEA for T1 phase. The microscopic origin of this outstanding thermomechanical properties in this alloy is explained by the calculation of higher order elastic constants in conjunction with atom and direction-resolved phonon density of states.
Selecting a Best Two-Level 16-Run Screening Design from the Catalog of Nonisomorphic Regular and Nonregular Designs for Six to Eight Factors

ABSTRACT When exploring first-order models including two-factor interactions for six to eight factors using a 16-run design, there are many possible model choices. Building on the Johnson and Jones (2010) catalog of the nonisomorphic regular and nonregular design alternatives, we summarize which of these design options are most promising based on two common design criteria. The Pareto fronts based on the criteria E(s 2) and tr( AA ′) suggest that only a handful of the possible designs should be considered further, and the best design depends on the relative emphasis given each of the two criteria. This article considers each case of six, seven, and eight factors for 16-run two-level designs and provides numerical and graphical comparisons between the alternatives to highlight the merits of the leading candidates.
Ethnicity and class conflict in rural Mexico

In this case study of a recent peasant uprising in an ethnically diverse region of Mexico, Frans Schryer addresses an important issue in the cultural history of Latin America: what is the relationship of class to ethnicity, and how do these two elements of cultural perception and social hierarchy reinforce or contradict each other? Examining the interaction between commercial cattle raisers and subsistence agricultural workers in both Nahua and Mestizo villages, Schryer focuses on how ethnic identities and administrative structures affect the form and outcome of agrarian struggles. He shows that class, culture, and social organization are interconnected but vary independently and demonstrates that communal land tenure and corporate structures are compatible with class differentiation and even overt class conflict within peasant communities. Schryer's data is based on archival research, direct observation, and extensive interviews with key actors involved in the conflict. His book traces the origins of local variations in legal status and ethnic relations back to the development of Indian republics, haciendas, and ranchos. By considering competing interpretations of more recent history, especially the CNBrdenas era, the author also provides insights into the mentality of protagonists involved in both ideological confrontations and armed encounters. What emerges is a detailed, comprehensive study that places as much emphasis on culture and discourse as on economic structures and political forces.
A Computerized Metabolic Map. 2. Relational Structure, Extended Modeling, and a Graphical Interface

We have developed a computer representation of biochemical metabolism which allows stepwise selection of possible metabolic routes, retrieval of relevant associated information, and data entry to expand the underlying system. The system is based upon a data model that forges links between chemical substances, reactions, enzymes, and associated information. At the most fundamental level, sequential links can be viewed between metabolic reactions that occur in cells. In addition, variation in species as well as subcellular locale for reactions are represented. Our system allows a particularly relaxed definition of both reaction and enzyme. Thus, reactions include binding proteins (such as hormone receptors) that are neither catalytic nor involve transport steps. Enzymes include transport steps (which are formally translocation catalysts), and the model extends to representing enzymes as substrates of other enzymes. Thus, steps in hormone signaling such as hormone-receptor binding and noncatalytic binding of...
The synthesis of leucine in maize embryos

Abstract The synthesis of leucine in extracts prepared from embryos of Zea mays has been investigated. α-Ketoisovaleric acid and acetate were shown to be precursors, and α-isopropolymalic acid, β-isopropylmalic acid, and α-ketoisocarpic acid, intermediates in the synthesis of leucine. The α-isopropylmalate synthetase (EC Class 4.1.3), the first enzyme in the sequence leading ultimately to leucine, was inhibited specifically by leucine. The third enzyme in the sequence, the β-isopropylmatate dehydrogenase (EC Class 1.1.1), had cofactor requirements and a pH optimum similar to those described for Salmonella typhimurium . Alanine was twice as effective in the final transaminase reaction as glutamic acid. The specific activity of the β-isopropylmalate dehydrigenase and of the alanine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.12) increased in the embryo with age. The specific activity of these two enzymes prepared from seedlings grown in glucose was slightly lower than that of these enzymes prepared from control seedlings. With the further addition of leucine or an endosperm mixture of amino acids, the specific activity of these two enzymes was almost doubled.
The concept of grief: A foundation for nursing research and practice

In spite of the significance of grief as a human response, research to expand knowledge of this phenomenon has been impeded by the existence of a conceptual problem. In this study, a comprehensive and systematic review of both current and classic literature concerning grief was conducted within the disciplines of nursing and medicine. Findings contributed to the definition of grief as a pervasive, highly individualized, dynamic process that often is discussed normatively within professional disciplines. This definition provides not only a synthesis of knowledge concerning grief but a reconceptualization that can promote efforts to clarify this important concept for nursing.
The D0 tracker upgrade and projections for B physics

Abstract In order to fully exploit the physics opportunities of the Fermilab Tevatron in the Main Injector era, the D0 collaboration is building a major detector upgrade. All of the current D0 central and forward tracking detectors will be removed and replaced with a magnetic tracking system. Key components of this system include a silicon micro-vertex detector and a scintillating-fiber outer tracking detector surrounded by a 2 T superconducting solenoid. A preshower detector, based on scintillating tiles with fiber readout, is situated just outside the solenoid. Detailed simulations of this tracking system have been carried out. These studies show that the tracking and triggering capabilities of the upgraded tracking system will greatly enhance D0's ability to detect and study the top quark and will enable D0 to take advantage of the large amount of B physics available with the Main Injector.
Small Town Economic Development: Growth or Survival?:

Economic development has become-a hotly debated topic and a much sought after goal in small towns across America. The literature, however, has yet to present a comprehensive source on the theory and practice of economic development, due in part to the diversity of small towns. Instead, the literature features a piecemeal collection of strategies, techniques, case studies, and most recently, methods for adapting to changing economic conditions. Industrial recruitment and reliance on outside funding are giving way to locally based finance and entrepreneurial activity. Fewer and larger farms and the popularity of regional shopping malls suggest that the traditional purpose of many small towns as a service and retail center is fading. The literature stresses a need to take advantage of unique local resources and leadership to compete successfully with other communities.
Microbial denitrogenation of fossil fuels

The microbial degradation of nitrogen compounds from fossil fuels is important because of the contribution these contaminants make to the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hence to air pollution and acid rain. They also contribute to catalyst poisoning during the refining of crude oil, thus reducing process yields. We review the current status of microbial degradation of aromatic nitrogen compounds and discuss the potential of microbial processes to alleviate these problems.
Adsorption of Co2+ ions on spherical magnetite particles

The amount of adsorption of Co2+ ions on spherical magnetite particles was measured as a function of the pH (5.5–8.0), the concentration of Co2+ ions (1.7 × 10−8−1.7 × 10−4 mole dm−3), the ionic strength (I = 10−4−10−1 mole dm−3), and the temperature (25–75°C). The amount of adsorption was found to increase with increasing pH, equilibrium concentration of Co2+ ions, and temperature, and with decreasing ionic strength. Acid-base titrations of magnetite dispersions were carried out to estimate the number of surface sites of −FeOH, −FeOH2+, and −FeO− types as a function of pH. The adsorption behavior can be explained quantitatively by considering a surface complex to form at the neutral site (−FeOH), combined with the release of one or two protons: CO2+ + −FeOH ⇌ −FeOCo+ + H+, K1o; Co2+ + 2−FeOH ⇌ −(FeO)2Co + 2H+, β2o. The values of the equilibrium constants K1o and β2o, which pertain to a surface on which the amount of cobalt is negligible, were found to be 3.6 × 10−3 and 3.4 × 10−2 dm−1 at 25°C, respectively.
Fusidic Acid: Inhibition of Factor T2 in Reticulocyte Protein Synthesis

The steroid antibiotic fusidic acid inhibits reticulocyte protein synthesis. This inhibition appears to be due to interference with the activity of the T2 supernatant fraction, and strengthens the proposition that T2 is functionally analogous to the G-factor of bacterial protein synthesis, which is also specifically inhibited by this antibiotic.
Avoiding rank reversal in AHP decision-support models

Abstract Extending the work of a previous paper, which showed that rank reversal in AHP is caused by eigenvector normalization, this paper shows why methods proposed for avoiding rank reversal work, when they are unnecessary, and when they are futile. The paper also discusses the implicit, often unwarranted assumption that the DM's preference structure can be represented by an additive value function and examines the ramifications when a nonadditive value function is required.