cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The state of futures research-personal reflections

Abstract Whilst offering a definition and scope for futures research the author feels that necessarily any judgment on its present state (of which he offers nine) has to be based on personal interests and experiences. Current and potential achievements are then outlined in terms of models, training and organizations, and include the Systems Dynamic Model, privately-run courses in leadership and visionary thinking, The Global Tomorrow Coalition, The International Network of Resource Information Centres and the Club of Rome's Forum Humanum.
Adaptive Immune Responses Are Linked to the Mating System of Arvicoline Rodents

ABSTRACT Males generally exhibit reduced immune responses and greater susceptibility to disease than females. The suppressive effect of testosterone on immune function is hypothesized to be one reason why males have lower immune responses than females. Presumably, this effect of testosterone should be more pronounced among polygynous than monogamous species because circulating testosterone is higher among polygynous than monogamous males. The present study examined the extent to which sex differences in specific humoral immunity are related to the endocrine status and mating system of two arvicoline rodents. Humoral immunity was evaluated among polygynous meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) by challenging them with the novel antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and assessing specific immune responses 5, 10, and 15 d following immunization. Overall, meadow voles mounted higher anti‐KLH IgM and IgG responses than prairie voles did. Sex differences we...
Increased Prevalence and Earlier Onset of Mood Disorders Among Relatives of Prepubertal Versus Adult Probands

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the familial clustering of affective disorders among first-degree relatives of prepubertal versus adult probands with mood disorders. Method The Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC) assessment instrument was used to obtain data on first-degree relatives of all probands. Logistic regression was used to assess the strength of the age of the proband to predict FH-RDC diagnoses in relatives. Survival analysis was used to examine the age-at-onset distribution of first FH-RDC diagnosis while controlling for year of birth. Results The prevalence of major affective disorders was more than two times higher among first-degree relatives of child probands versus those of adult probands even when controlling for birth cohort. Cumulative risk for lifetime major mood disorders in first-degree relatives of child probands was significantly higher than for those of adult probands. Conclusion These analyses further support that ascertainment of families through affected children identifies pedigrees with a higher proportion of affected relatives than ascertainment through affected adults.
Platelets and α-Naphthylisothiocyanate-Induced Liver Injury

Abstract Administration of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) to rats results in periportal cholangiolitic hepatopathy. Inflammation is a hallmark of the liver injury, and expression of toxicity is dependent on blood neutrophils. The role of other cellular mediators of inflammation in ANIT-induced hepatic insult is unknown. We hypothesized that platelets participate in the expression of ANIT hepatotoxicity. To test this, circulating platelets were decreased by administration of anti-rat platelet serum (PAb) prior to treatment of rats with ANIT. The PAb treatment regimen effectively reduced circulating thrombocytes over the course of the experiment. Twenty-four hours after oral ANIT administration, rats were euthanized and liver injury was estimated by increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities. Cholestasis was assessed by measurement of serum total bilirubin concentration and bile flow. Reduction in platelet numbers was associated with attenuation of the increases in plasma ALT activity and bilirubin concentration seen after ANIT administration. However, PAb treatment did not attenuate the increase in plasma GGT, a marker of biliary epithelial cell injury. ANIT-induced changes in platelet function were assessed by evaluating platelet aggregation responses in platelet-rich plasma from rats treated with ANIT in vivo . ANIT treatment modestly decreased ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to ADP and collagen stimuli. To address further the role of platelet-derived cyclooxygenase products in ANIT hepatotoxicity, rats were treated with aspirin or ibuprofen. Neither pretreatment ameliorated ANIT-induced hepatic insult. These results suggest that platelets contribute to the expression of ANIT-induced liver injury, but they do not appear to act through the production of cyclooxygenase metabolites.
Punishment as restitution: The rights of the community

(1983). Punishment as restitution: The rights of the community. Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 36-49.
Need for approval as related to the effects of persuasive communications on actual, reported and intended behavior change--a viable predictor?

Need-for-approval scores were examined for possible relationships with various persuasive appeals, including one in which the social-approval content was predicted to have maximal effect on Ss high in need for approval. The study was conducted in the context of a large project in a natural setting ostensibly for the purpose of improving dental hygiene. Dependent measures included behavioral as well as reported responses in all experimental conditions. Although a trend in the predicted direction was obtained for the intention-to-behave measure, need-for-approval scores generally failed to predict the significant changes that were obtained. Implications of utilizing personality measures such as this one as related to attitude-behavior change are discussed.
Negishi Coupling between α-Alkyl(aryl)thio Vinyl Zinc Chloride and α-Bromo Vinyl Ether: A Convergent Synthesis of 2-Alkoxy-3-alkyl(aryl)thiobuta-1,3-dienes1

A convergent approach for the stereoselective synthesis of 2-alkoxy-3-alkyl(aryl)thiobuta-1,3-dienes has been developed. It was found that Negishi coupling between α-alkyl(aryl)thio vinyl zinc chloride and α-bromo vinyl ether or Negishi coupling between α-bromo vinyl sulfide and α-alkoxy vinyl zinc chloride provided the best yield and stereoselectivity.
Standardization of the red cell product

Red cell products are currently sourced from whole blood and apheresis donations. Whole blood derived red cell products may show up to a two-fold variation in red cell content (potency); apheresis derived red cell products are currently more standardized to a red cell content of 180 ml and with much less variation, approximately 6%. Whole blood collections can be modified to produce a more standardized red cell content and apheresis collections can also be modified to increase variability. The advantage of a standardized red cell product lies in the greater degree of predictability of clinical outcome for any predefined recipient. This, in turn, could result in an alteration in physician prescribing practices, avoiding over-transfusion, especially in low volume recipients. An alternative would be to measure and label the potency of each red cell product, allowing some degree of recipient defined product choice by the transfusion service. The current situation where red cell products are prescribed in non-standard ‘units’ is outdated and unscientific.
The reaction to frustration of middle- and lower-class children.

Abstract Preschool age, white children from lower and middle socioeconomic backgrounds were exposed separately to the same operant analog of the Amsel “double alley” procedure. Two measures of responding, latency of press and pressing rate, were taken following frustration and reward of prior responding. The middle-class children responded slower, in both measures, on nonrewarded compared to rewarded trials, a reversal of the more frequently observed frustration effect (FE). The lower-class children, by contrast, showed the usual FE, shorter response latencies following frustrative nonreward. The FE was not observed with the rate measure. The obtained socioeconomic class difference in reaction to frustration was discussed in terms of the possible relationship to class differences in perceived locus of control of reinforcement. An alternative explanation relating the results to the maximizing vs response patterning behavior in three-choice probability learning tasks was also discussed.
Synaptic connections in the buccal ganglia ofAplysia mediated by an identified neuron containing a CCK/gastrin-like peptide co-localized with acetylcholine

Abstract The identified neuron, B13, located bilaterally in the buccal ganglion of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica , contains a classical neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) and a cholecystokinin/gastrin-like (CCK/G-li) peptide. The following study demonstrates that B13 makes direct synaptic connections with several identifiable postsynaptic follower neurons. These follower neurons also receive convergent input from previously identified cholinergic neurons, B4 and B5,which do not contain a CCK/G-li peptide. The cholinergic responses mediated by B4/B5 and B13 are similar, including in at least one buccal follower, a two-component inhibitory response not seen in previous studies of the buccal ganglia circuits. However, when the cholinergic responses are blocked by appropriate antagonists, a residual, slow depolarizing, chemically-mediated response is observed in two of the identifiable followers when action potentials are evoked in B13 but not when action potentials are evoked in B4 or B5.
Forced expression of E-cadherin in the mouse intestinal epithelium slows cell migration and provides evidence for nonautonomous regulation of cell fate in a self-renewing system.

The adult mouse small intestinal epithelium is self-renewing. Its crypt-villus unit provides a model for studying many of the processes that occur during tissue morphogenesis such as control of proliferative status, specification of cell fate, regulation of differentiation, and induction of death. To assess the contributions of cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions to the coordinated control of these processes, 129/Sv embryonic stem (ES) cells, transfected with a recombinant DNA consisting of a fatty acid-binding protein gene (Fabp1) promoter that functions along the entire length of the crypt-villus axis linked to mouse E-cadherin, were introduced into normal C57Bl/6 (B6) blastocysts. Analyses of adult B6 129/Sv mice indicated that forced expression of E-cadherin suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in the crypt, and slows cell movement up the villus. The slowed migration is not accompanied by a change in distribution of terminal differentiation markers along the crypt-villus axis suggesting that differentiation is largely cell nonautonomous. To determine whether the slowed migration was a direct effect of forced expression of E-cadherin or a secondary effect of reduced crypt cell production, another Fabp promoter was used to restrict overproduction of E-cadherin to the villus epithelium of transgenic mice. Enterocytic migration was slowed, although proliferation and apoptosis were not perturbed in crypts. Augmentation of cellular E-cadherin pools was accompanied by an increase in beta-catenin levels. These findings establish that cadherins and their associated proteins modulate cellular migration, proliferation, and death programs in an adult vertebrate organ.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Wake Passing on Turbine Blade Film Cooling

The effect of wake passing on the showerhead film cooling performance of a turbine blade has been investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed in an annular turbine cascade with an upstream rotating row of cylindrical rods. Nickel thin-film gauges were used to determine local film effectiveness and Nusselt number values for various injectants, blowing ratios, and Strouhal numbers. Results indicated a reduction in film effectiveness with increasing Strouhal number, as well as the expected increase in film effectiveness with blowing ratio. An equation was developed to correlate the span-average film effectiveness data. The primary effect of wake unsteadiness was found to be correlated by a streamwise-constant decrement of 0.094.St. Steady computations were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental Nusselt numbers, but to overpredict experimental film effectiveness values. This is likely due to the inability to match actual hole exit velocity profiles and the absence of a credible turbulence model for film cooling.
Cowboys, ankle sprains, and keepers of quality: how is video game development different from software development?

Video games make up an important part of the software industry, yet the software engineering community rarely studies video games. This imbalance is a problem if video game development differs from general software development, as some game experts suggest. In this paper we describe a study with 14 interviewees and 364 survey respondents. The study elicited substantial differences between video game development and other software development. For example, in game development, “cowboy coders” are necessary to cope with the continuous interplay between creative desires and technical constraints. Consequently, game developers are hesitant to use automated testing because of these tests’ rapid obsolescence in the face of shifting creative desires of game designers. These differences between game and non-game development have implications for research, industry, and practice. For instance, as a starting point for impacting game development, researchers could create testing tools that enable game developers to create tests that assert flexible behavior with little up-front investment.
Detection of Silicates in the beta Pictoris Disk

A broad 10-micron emission feature has been detected within 3 arcsec of the star Beta Pic which is known to have a circumstellar, possibly protoplanetary, disk. The observations were made using four narrow-band filters in the MSFC bolometer array at the IRTF. The emission feature closely resembles silicate features observed in Comets Halley and Kohoutek and in a variety of Galactic sources. The feature is strong, with the total flux density emitted by dust at 10.3 microns being at least twice the estimated continuum at that wavelength, and must be emitted by particles with characteristic radii less than 10 microns.
Near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biomedically relevant single molecules on colloidal silver and gold clusters

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a phenomenon resulting in strongly increased Raman signals form molecules which have been attached to nanometer sized metallic structures. The technique combines fingerprint capabilities of vibrational spectroscopy and ultra sensitive detection limits. Silver or gold colloidal clusters can provide total enhancement factors of about 14 orders of magnitude for non- resonant Raman scattering at near IR excitation. Since non- resonant near IR photons are used, photodecomposition of the probed molecule is avoided or, at least strongly reduced, and relatively high excitation intensities can be applied. In addition to the Stokes Raman signal, that linearly depends on excitation laser intensity, at excitation intensities higher than approximately 105-106 W/cm2 and 107 W/cm2, 'pumped' anti-Stokes Raman scattering and surface enhanced hyper Raman scattering, respectively, can be observed. Both effects can provide a non-linear or two-photon Raman probe where the Raman scattering signal depends quadratically on the excitation laser intensity.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of the Modulus of Thin Sol-Gel films Using Buckling Instability

Buckling instabilities have been used to estimate the elastic modulus of thin sol−gel films. The sol−gel films (65−400 nm) were coated on elastomeric supports, which were then subjected to a compressive strain imposed directly or as a result of thermal stresses generated during the curing cycle. Atomic force and optical microscopies were used to characterize the buckling wavelength, and electron microscopy was used to estimate the thickness of the films. Elastic modulus was calculated using the classical buckling theory. This procedure, which was demonstrated previously by others starting with the systematic studies of Stafford et al. (Nature Mater. 2004, 3, 545−550), proves to be an effective way of determining the elastic modulus of thin films. The technique is used to study the effects of the concentration of the chemical precursors, curing temperature, and the duration of cure and humidity on the moduli of sol−gel films, which provide valuable information about its performance when used as an adhesion...
Improving science teaching in multicultural settings: A qualitative study

This paper describes a qualitative study of a collaboration between the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the administration and science teachers of the Omaha (Nebraska) Public Schools to improve the learning environment in multicultural science classrooms. The study of the summer workshops and follow-up interactions is described, along with a description of the changes in teacher attitudes and beliefs toward culturally diverse students. The three major themes of the workshops (multicultural understanding, cooperative learning, and problem solving as a source of content) are presented. Qualitative data sources are used to describe and interpret the changes in teacher interactions with minority students that were observed during a three-year period.
Shell Stability Related to Pattern Formation in Plants

In the last few years we have studied the possible relation of instability of a shell surface to the patterns that develop in plants. In the present work, it is found that there is a linear relation between the epidermis (tunica) thickness and the wavelength between new leaves (primordia). This relation is near the buckling wavelength calculated from the geometry of the tunica and interior (corpus) cells. The main focus is on the changes in pattern that occur. (1) The wild variety of snapdragon has primordia that bulge out of plane, while a mutant has in-plane folding. A crude mechanical model is an elastic ring constrained at the outer diameter and subjected to uniform growth, represented by thermal expansion. It is found that the difference in the in-plane and out-of-plane buckling can be accounted for by a modest change in one geometric parameter. (2) The second change is that in the unicellular alga Acetabularia. The geometry consists of a standard cylindrical pressure vessel with a nearly hemispherical end cap. At a point in time, the end cap flattens and a uniform circumferential array of new shoots forms. A mechanical model for the growth is proposed, in which the wall consists of a viscous material with a locally linear relation between mean stress and creep (growth) rate. The result is that the elliptical shape for stable growth can be regulated by one parameter of viscosity. The results reinforce the suggestion that the stability of the surface is instrumental in the generation of plant patterns, and that substantial change in pattern can be controlled by the modification of few mechanical parameters.
Relationship of serum carotenoid concentrations with allostatic load as a measure of chronic stress among middle-aged adults in the USA

Objective Chronic stress and repeated physiological attempts at stress adaptation may result in ‘fatigue’ and suboptimal performance of multiple physiological systems, i.e. allostatic load (AL). Although carotenoids have been linked with individual cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, little is known about the relationship of carotenoids with the multi-system biomarker measure of stress, AL. The present study examined the association of serum concentrations of carotenoids with AL among middle-aged adults. Design Cross-sectional. AL score was calculated based on nine risk-rated indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, total and HDL-cholesterol, glycosylated Hb, sex-specific waist-to-hip ratio, albumin and C-reactive protein). Subjects Middle-aged (45–64 years, n 3387) men and women participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III (1988–1994). Results Serum β-carotene concentration was inversely associated with high AL after adjusting for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin). Females in the lowest β-carotene quartile were 2·94 (95 % CI 1·74, 4·94) times and males 2·90 (95 % CI 1·43, 5·89) times as likely to have high AL, compared with peers in the highest quartile ( P for linear trend 0·001 and 0·018 for females and males, respectively). Mean serum β-carotene concentrations were also inversely associated with the number of ‘high-risk’ AL components ( P for linear trend Conclusions Our study adds to evidence linking low β-carotene levels with unfavourable health outcomes.
An analytical-model generator for interconnect capacitances

A tool for automatically generating analytical models of interconnect capacitances is presented. It uses a partial knowledge of the flux components associated with a configuration to choose a suitable form of analytical expression, and then uses curve-fitting techniques to obtain the analytical models. For each coupled configuration, the form for the coupling capacitance is chosen based on a decomposition of the mutual flux associated with the two lines. The form for the correction capacitance of each line is decided based on a decomposition of its flux intercepted by the other line. A design-parameter-based modeling is pursued, since often it is desired to perform a large number of evaluations of a capacitance in a layout, with a fixed set of process parameters, but for varying values of design parameters. The configurations which are currently considered by this model generator are a single line, crossing lines, parallel lines on the same layer, and parallel lines on different layers (both overlapping and nonoverlapping). >
RE: “MORTALITY AMONG CANADIAN WOMEN WITH COSMETIC BREAST IMPLANTS”

The recent article by Villeneuve et al., which reported an increased suicide rate among women who received breast implants or other cosmetic surgery compared with the general population, is timely and important. Four previous studies have also reported increased suicide rates among women who received breast implants for augmentation purposes. The reasons for this association are unclear. As noted by Villeneuve et al., some studies found that women with breast implants who commit suicide are more likely to have had psychotherapy and more likely to have lower self-esteem and self-confidence, increased levels of depression, and an increased prevalence of mental illness as measured by psychiatric hospitalizations. We would like to raise the possibility that some of these women may have had body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). It is important that future studies consider BDD as a risk factor for suicide in women who receive breast implants or other cosmetic procedures. This may be challenging, however, as many patients with BDD do not disclose their symptoms, and BDD often goes undiagnosed. Epidemiologic studies that use existing medical records and databases will likely underreport BDD's prevalence and miss a potential link among BDD, receipt of breast implants, and suicide. Prospective, longitudinal studies in which BDD is specifically asked about and identified are needed to shed light on this important issue. Language: en
The Sage in the Inkpot: Bertrand Russell and China's Social Reconstruction in the 1920s

However surprising Russell's combination of mathematical logic and pacifist anti-capitalist ethics may appear, it becomes understandable if one looks for its psychological roots. He who is ready to overthrow the oldest traditions in logic and to uncover the illusory nature of ancient ideals will also look with more freedom at the ideals of bourgeois ethics and not be afraid to give up values which those who are tradition-bound are unable to renounce.
Gestational trophoblastic diseases: 3. Human chorionic gonadotropin-free β-subunit, a reliable marker of placental site trophoblastic tumors

Abstract Objectives. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) commonly presents with low and variable concentration of hCG immunoreactivity in serum which can be difficult to differentiate from early stage choriocarcinoma/gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN) or quiescent gestational trophoblastic disease (quiescent GTD). Nontrophoblastic malignancies such as germ cell tumors or other tumors secreting low hCG must also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Because treatments for these conditions are different, a means of differentiating PSTT from other diagnoses is important. We investigate the usefulness of hCG-free β-subunit to make this discrimination. Methods. Data collected on cases referred to the USA hCG Reference Service for consultation served as a basis for this retrospective analysis. There were 13 cases with histology proven PSTT and 12 with nontrophoblastic malignancy. hCG-free β-subunit was measured by immunoassay and reported as a proportion of total hCG (hCG-free β-subunit(%)). hCG-free β-subunit(%) results were determined for all histologically proven cases of PSTT and for the nontrophoblastic malignancies. Comparisons of hCG-free β-subunit(%) were made and compared with those of the 82 choriocarcinoma/GTN cases and 69 quiescent GTD cases. The accuracy of hCG-free β-subunit(%) to discriminate these malignancies was analyzed by investigating the areas under receiver-operating characteristics curve ± standard error. Results. hCG-free β-subunit(%) was the predominant hCG form in cases of PSTT (mean ± standard deviation, 60 ± 19%) and nontrophoblastic malignancies (91 ± 11%), thus discriminating these diagnoses from choriocarcinoma/GTN (9.3 ± 9.2%) and from quiescent GTD (5.4 ± 7.8%). The cutoff of >35% free β-subunit is proposed. At this cutoff, 100% detection at 0% false-positive is achieved. The accuracy of hCG-free β-subunit(%) for this discrimination is 100 ± 0%. At a proposed cutoff of >80%, the free β-subunit test will also distinguish PSTT from nontrophoblastic malignancy, with 77% detection at 23% false-positive or an accuracy of 92 ± 3.2%. Conclusion. Measurement of the proportion hCG-free β-subunit(%) was found to be useful in the diagnosis of PSTT using proposed cutoff values of >35% and >80%. While this finding needs to be confirmed by larger studies, it would be reasonable to measure hCG-free β-subunit(%) whenever the diagnosis of PSTT is considered.
Lesion Quantification in Dual-Modality Mammotomography

This paper describes a novel x-ray/SPECT dual modality breast imaging system that provides 3D structural and functional information. While only a limited number of views on one side of the breast can be acquired due to mechanical and time constraints, we developed a technique to compensate for the limited angle artifact in reconstruction images and accurately estimate both the lesion size and radioactivity concentration. Various angular sampling strategies were evaluated using both simulated and experimental data. It was demonstrated that quantification of lesion size to an accuracy of 10% and quantification of radioactivity to an accuracy of 20% are feasible from limited-angle data acquired with clinically practical dosage and acquisition time
Laughing our Way to Peace or War: Humour and Peacebuilding

In conflict-affected societies, humour has significant potential to contribute to the escalation or reduction of conflicts. This paper provides a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the social role of humour in conflicted societies, drawing on literature from social psychology, health and conflict resolution. The paper offers an analytical model regarding the role of humour in peacebuilding in divided societies, as well as documenting several examples of the application of humour and the opportunities and challenges to using humour in societies in conflict. Concrete roles that humour can play are discussed, including as a tool to cope with violent conflict, humanizing or dehumanizing the other, bridge builder, mobiliser, etc. Avenues for future research are also outlined.
Pricing for demand shaping and proactive download in smart data networks

We address the question of optimal proactive service and demand shaping for content distribution in data networks through smart pricing. We develop a proactive download scheme that utilizes the probabilistic predictability of the human demand by proactively serving potential users' future requests during the off-peak times. Thus, it smooths-out the network traffic and minimizes the time average cost of service. Moreover, we incorporate the varying economic responsiveness and demand flexibilities of users into our model to develop a demand shaping mechanism that further improves the gains of proactive downloads. To that end, we propose a model that captures the uncertainty about the users' demand as well as their responsiveness to the pricing employed by the service providers. We propose a joint proactive resource allocation and demand shaping scheme based on nonconvex optimization algorithms, and show that it always leads to strictly better performance over its proactive counterpart without demand shaping.
Properties of a Salmonella typhimurium Mutant with an Incomplete Deficiency of Uridinediphosphogalactose-4-Epimerase

A galactose-negative mutant, nonleaky in respect to fermentation and utilization, isolated from a smooth Salmonella typhimurium strain by phage selection and inferred deficient of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose-epimerase, was used for experiments on relation of somatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) character to virulence. Extracts of induced mutant cells retained ca. 1% of wild-type epimerase activity and had only ca. 5% of wild-type kinase and uridyl transferase activities; also, some cultural properties of the mutant differed from those of mutants with complete defects of epimerase only. The mutant was not galactose sensitive, presumably because of its kinase defect. Although the mutant had the phage pattern (including C21-sensitivity) of an epimerase mutant, it was susceptible to transduction by phage P22 and was O-agglutinable, even when grown on defined medium; its LPS must therefore contain some O polymer, including endogenous galactose, resulting from residual epimerase activity. Growth on galactose-supplemented medium restored smooth phage sensitivity; since the mutant was partly inducible this may result, at least in part, from increased endogenous production of UDP-galactose. The mutant was made galactose positive by introduction of an F'-gal(+) plasmid. Base-change and frame-shift mutagens did not increase the frequency of reversion above the spontaneous rate. An insertion into the operator-promoter region of the gal operon seems the most likely mechanism of the mutation.
Scalable High Throughput and Power Efficient IP-Lookup on FPGA

Most high-speed Internet Protocol (IP) lookup implementations use tree traversal and pipelining. Due to the available on-chip memory and the number of I/O pins ofField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), state-of-the-artdesigns cannot support the current largest routing table(consisting of 257K prefixes in backbone routers). We propose a novel scalable high-throughput, low-power SRAM-based linear pipeline architecture for IP lookup. Using asingle FPGA, the proposed architecture can support thecurrent largest routing table, or even larger tables of upto 400K prefixes. Our architecture can also be easily partitioned, so as to use external SRAM to handle even larger routing tables (up to 1.7M prefixes). Our implementation shows a high throughput (340 mega lookups per second or 109 Gbps), even when external SRAM is used. The use of SRAM (instead of TCAM) leads to an order of magnitude reduction in power dissipation. Additionally, the architecture supports power saving by allowing only a portion of the memory to be active on each memory access. Our design also maintains packet input order and supports in-place non-blocking route updates.
Consumption-Based Private To Public Redistribution During Inflation

Neglecting the redistributive effects of a progressive income tax in an inflation, current literature in macroeconomics and public finance offers two contradictory explanations of consumption-based redistributions to the government during inflation. One explanation, the consumer illusion approach, alleges the redistribution process to be totally dependent on consumers failing to distinguish between real and money income. This approach alleges, moreover, that the monetary sector can be ignored as a constraining element in the redistribution process. The alternative, inflation tax on money analysis, sees a redistribution occurring regardless of the above illusion, the process constrained entirely by the monetary sector. Despite the rather long life of each explanation, the contradictions have never been recognized, let alone resolved, in the literature. This paper does both. We show the consumer illusion mechanism, as the literature explains it, to be subject to internal inconsistencies which are fatal. Onc...
Traffic characteristics of bulk data transfer using TCP/IP over gigabit Ethernet

As network data rates scale-up, an understanding of how and why traffic characteristics change is needed. We study the characteristics of bulk data transfer TCP/IP flows in a fully-switched Gigabit Ethernet network. Both disk-to-disk and memory-to-memory transfers are studied. We investigate flow characteristics as a function of link speed, server load, operating system (Linux and WindowsNT), and number of simultaneous clients accessing a server. Using trace based simulations, we find that there is great variability in the "friendliness" of a flow to a single-server queue in terms of packet losses. Flows on Gigabit Ethernet tend to cause greater packet losses for a given link utilization and buffer size under certain conditions. We also find some unexplained inefficiencies in some of the flows. We investigate methods of application-level traffic smoothing to improve flow characteristics. A prototype packet-spacing socket send function is developed to reduce packet losses.
The Case-Based Reasoning Approach: Ontologies for Analogical Legal Argument

This paper discusses the state of the art in ontologies for case-based legal reasoning, but from the perspective of a consumer, not a developer. Today, although no one would develop a new case-based legal reasoning system without seriously considering the kind of ontology it should have, it is still hard to specify what such an ontology should provide. This paper shows what it should provide by way of an extended example. The paper proposes three specific roles for a case-based legal ontology and illustrates them in the context of a legal classroom discussion the yet-to-be invented CBR system should simulate, supported by an appropriate case-based ontology. The paper distills the ontological requirements for modeling the example’s case-based arguments and reviews if current research can meet those requirements. The concrete example helps to focus on and define goals for future developments in designing ontologies for case-based legal reasoning.
Product Familiarity and Consumer Satisfaction

The purpose of the present research is to explore the relationships between product familiarity, search, involvement, and consumer satisfaction. The main research hypothesis states that greater familiarity leads to greater satisfaction with the product purchased. Using personal computers as the stimulus product, it has been found that people with higher levels of familiarity take shorter lengths of time to reach a brand choice decision and also have higher levels of expected satisfaction. Since product familiarity is an important basis for market segmentation, the present research has important implications for new product adoption.
Investigation of the Role of Electronically Excited I2 in the COIL Dissociation Process

Kinetic studies were carried out to explore the role of electronically excited iodine (I2(A′, A)) in the dissociation of I2 by singlet oxygen, and the possible role of I2+O2(b) energy transfer as the initiation step of the dissociation sequence. Flow tube measurements that utilized a chemical singlet oxygen generator were used evaluate the contribution of the O2(b)+I2 reaction. The rate of I2 dissociation was examined under conditions where varying concentrations of CO2 were used to quench O2(b). Pulsed laser pump-probe experiments were used to study the relaxation kinetics of I2(A′). The objective was to measure quenching rate constants that could be used in testing models where I2(A′) is a key dissociation intermediate. Rate constant for quenching of I2(A′) by Ar (2.7×10 cm/s), I2 (4.8×10 cm/s) and CO2 (8.5×10 cm/s) were measured. An I2 dissociation model in which the electronically excited intermediate I2(A′ or A) is populated by collisions with vibrationally excited O2(a) was found to be in good agreement with experiment.
Combined Intra-Arterial Actinomycin D and Radiation Therapy for Surgically Unresectable Hypernephroma

One primary goal of preoperative radiotherapy for hypernephroma is to reduce the volume of tumor and, therefore, improve the possibility of resection. It is important that this goal be accomplished promptly so that 4 to 6 weeks after radiation therapy nephrectomy can be attempted. A longer waiting period may allow fibrosis of the normal surrounding tissues and make surgery more difficult. In addition, longer waiting periods could theoretically increase the probability of metastasis. Therefore, we plan to continue clinical investigation on the use of combined intra-arterial actinomycin D and radiotherapy as a possible useful means of improving the possibility of prompt surgical resection, since theoretically this regimen may be a method of increasing the effective radiation dose to the hypernephroma without increasing the effective radiation dose to surrounding normal tissue, such as bowel. The method may also have merit as an improved means of palliating selected patients with metastases who are symptomatic from a bulky primary hypernephroma.
Proximal Tibia Fracture Treated with Plate and Screws

A 45-year-old male accidentally drove his truck into the back of an 18-wheeler. He sustained bilateral lower extremity injuries including closed fracture of the right proximal tibia and ipsilateral patella.
Quantitative species concentration measurements using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy with nonresonant susceptibility normalization

The nonlinear nature of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) leads to drift and shot-to-shot variations in signal strength making quantitative concentration measurements difficult. We report CARS measurements using polarization analysis to separate the anti-Stokes signal into predominantly Raman (resonant) and electronic (nonresonant) components for subsequent independent detection.
Propagation of parametric uncertainty for the K+ channel model in mouse ventricular myocytes

Cardiac potassium (K+) channel plays an important role in cardiac electrical signaling. Mathematical models have been widely used to investigate the effects of K+ channels on cardiac functions. However, the model of K+ channel involves parametric uncertainties, which can be induced by fitting the model's parameters that best capture experimental data. Since the prediction of cardiac functions are highly parameter-dependent, it is critical to quantify the influence of parametric uncertainty on the model responses to provide the more reliable predictions. This paper presents a new method to efficiently propagate the uncertainty on the model's parameters of K+ channel to the gating variables as well as the current density. In this way, we can estimate the model predictions and their corresponding confidence intervals simultaneously. A generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) expansion approximating the parametric uncertainty is used in combination with the physical models to quantify and propagate the parametric uncertainties onto the modeled predictions of steady state activation and steady state inactivation of the K+ channel. Using Galerkin projection, the variation (i.e., confidence interval) of the gating variables resulting from the uncertainty of model parameters can then be estimated in a computationally efficient fashion. As compared with the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the proposed methodology shows it's advantageous in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy, thus demonstrating the potential for dealing with more complicated cardiac models.
International Community Involvement in Education in BiH—Stumbling in the Dark

After initially ignoring education in the immediate post-war era, the IC has served as the main force behind education reform, although hampered by poor coordination, duplicity, a lack of and/or reluctance to use the executive powers of the OHR, and the lack of an articulated long-term vision for BiH. International donors provided scant funding for education in the Balkans during the war in the 1990s or during reconstruction immediately afterward (Burde, 2009; Perry, 2003; Spaulding, 1998). ‘While the international community has devoted funds and lavished concern on issues of retributive justice and the need to combat impunity, the role of schooling in rebuilding societies has been a side issue’ (Weinstein, Warshauer, & Hughson, 2007, p. 42). By 2000, this began to change, and the OHR and many of the major international institutions began to see education as a priority, if only for short time (Low-Beer, 2001).
A Liquid Chill System for Rapid Cooling of Meats.

An experimental hydrochiller system (HCS) using a recirculated propylene glycol solution was designed and constructed. This system provided more rapid chilling of meats than conventional air chilling (CAC). The unit was tested using beef variety meats (VM; n = 28 for each VM) obtained immediately after evisceration (30 to 40°C). Temperatures were monitored during chilling by thermocouples placed in the center of the thickest portion of each organ, A least squares regression analysis of the heat transfer equation, log10 (T - T1) = (-t)/f + log10 j (T0 - T1), was performed to provide cooling models for various VM organs chilled by HCS or CAC. The heating or cooling rate modulus, f, provided an indicator of rate of cooling. For the HCS, using a propylene glycol solution temperature, T1, of -9°C, f ranged from -59 for hearts to -168 for livers. For CAC (T1 = -1°C), f ranged from -102 for kidneys to -340 for livers. These f-values indicate that CAC requires up to three times as long to reduce the product temperature by 90%. A valuable side effect was a reduced shrink (weight loss) for all three VM chilled with the HCS. The percentage shrinks for HCS vs. CAC were 2.28 vs. 3.67 for livers, 2.19 vs. 4.94 for hearts, and 3.50 vs. 4.69 for kidneys. The HCS could provide : (a) more energy and a space efficient refrigeration system, (b) same-day packaging and shipment of certain types of meat such as VM or boneless boxed meat, and (c) a reduction in labor required for multiple handling of meat products by conventional methods.
Patterns of Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration among Latino Youth

Theory and research suggest that there may be significant heterogeneity in the development, manifestation, and consequences of adolescent dating violence that is not yet well understood. The current study contributed to our understanding of this heterogeneity by identifying distinct patterns of involvement in psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization and perpetration in a sample of Latino youth (n = 201; M = 13.87 years; 42% male), a group that is understudied, growing, and at high risk for involvement in dating violence. Among both boys and girls, latent class analyses identified a three-class solution wherein the largest class demonstrated a low probability of involvement in dating violence across all indices (“uninvolved”; 56% of boys, 64% of girls) and the smallest class demonstrated high probability of involvement in all forms of dating violence except for sexual perpetration among girls and physical perpetration among boys (“multiform aggressive victims”; 10% of boys, 11% of girls). A third class of “psychologically aggressive victims” was identified for which there was a high probability of engaging and experiencing psychological dating violence, but low likelihood of involvement in physical or sexual dating violence (34% of boys, 24% of girls). Cultural (parent acculturation, acculturation conflict), family (conflict and cohesion) and individual (normative beliefs, conflict resolution skills, self-control) risk and protective factors were associated with class membership. Membership in the multiform vs. the uninvolved class was concurrently associated with emotional distress among girls and predicted emotional distress longitudinally among boys. The results contribute to understanding heterogeneity in patterns of involvement in dating violence among Latino youth that may reflect distinct etiological processes.
Graft CD3+ Cell Content Affects Acute GVHD after Submyeloablative Allogeneic HSCT.

Graft CD3+ cell dose has been shown to affect the incidence of GVHD after myeloablative allogeneic HSCT. It is not known if this is so after submyeloablative HSCT. 63 patients (27–66 y, median 52) underwent submyeloablative HSCT from HLA-matched siblings (n=37), 10/10 allele-matched unrelated donors (n=19), or 1-locus/allele mismatched donors (n=7) for hematologic malignancies from 3/01 to 5/04 (>1 y minimum follow-up). The conditioning regimen was 100 mg/m 2 melphalan with (n=42; no prior autograft) or without (n=21; prior autograft) 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. GVHD prophylaxis comprised cyclosporine-mycophenolate with HLA-matched siblings and tacrolimus-mycophenolate with the rest. G/GM-CSF were not used. Supportive care was uniform. While the target CD34+ cell dose was 2–8 x 10 6 /kg ideal body weight (IBW), the actual dose was 1.4–11.8 (median 5). The CD3+ cell dose was not controlled, and was 0.9–14.9 x 10 8 /kg IBW (median 3). There was no significant correlation between CD3+ and CD34+ cell doses (r=0.17; P=0.18). Exploratory univariate analysis of various CD3+ cell dose thresholds showed that a dose of 8 /kg (n=31) was associated with better survival than ≥3 (P=0.032). This level was chosen for further analysis for its effect on GVHD. The 100-day cumulative incidence (CI) of acute GVHD (AGVHD) was 57% for any grade (I–IV) and 34% for grades III–IV. As the curves show, a CD3+ cell dose In Cox analysis, the CD3+ cell dose was the only variable affecting the incidence of AGVHD (any grade or grades III–IV) significantly. When the CD3+ cell dose was analyzed as a numeric (continuous) variable rather than categoric, the significant relationship with any grade of AGVHD (RR 1.16; P=0.04) and grade III–IV AGVHD (RR 1.36; P=0.0005) was maintained. 9 of 16 patients with grades III–IV AGVHD experienced transplant-related mortality (TRM) compared with 7 of 47 not getting severe AGVHD (P The significant relationship between the CD3+ cell dose and grades III–IV AGVHD as well as TRM was maintained when the 7 HLA-mismatched cases were excluded, but the relationship with any grade AGVHD became non-significant (RR 0.56; P=0.11). The 2-y CI of chronic GVHD (CGVHD) was 25%. No variable including the CD3+ cell dose was found to influence the incidence of CGVHD independently. Our findings suggest that CD3+ cell doses ≥3 x 10 8 /kg IBW are associated with a higher incidence of severe AGVHD and TRM after submyeloablative HSCT. These findings, if confirmed in a larger - ideally prospective - study, may provide the basis for relatively simple graft manipulation to achieve a more desirable T cell dose and reduce the likelihood of AGVHD and TRM.