cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in the Verification of Sentence-Picture Relationships

In a modification of the familiar sentence-picture comprehension task (Chase & Clark, 1972), 70 university undergraduates verified simple sentence-picture pairs. Two reaction times were collected on each trial: (a) comprehension time, the time to study a sentence of the form PLUS IS (NOT) ABOVE STAR, and (b) verification time, the time to verify whether a picture of the form ,+ was true with respect to the sentence. The verification reaction times of individual subjects were fit to the Carpenter and Just (1975) constituent comparison model and two groups of subjects were isolated. The larger group was well fit by the model, indicating that they adopted a linguistic strategy. The smaller group was poorly fit by the model; their reaction time pattern suggested use of a pictorial-spatial strategy. Psychometric measures confirmed a clear difference between the two groups in spatial ability but not in verbal ability. This difference was consistent with the hypothesized verification strategies; the subjects using the pictorial-spatial strategy demonstrated markedly higher spatial ability. These findings limit the generalizability of any linguistic comparison model by demonstrating that tWO quite different comprehension strategies are used consistently by different subjects. More important, the subject's choice of strategy is predictable from his psychometric measures of cognitive ability.
Impact of a new bicycle path on physical activity

There has been a great deal of concern about obesity, with many calls for Americans to increase physical activity. In spite of all the attention and exhortations, the Outdoor Industry Foundation reported that bicycling is declining, having dropped from 3.9 billion outings in 2004 to 3.1 billion outings in 2005 (Outdoor Industry Foundation, 2006). The most dramatic drop in outings was for American females, who averaged 18 paved road biking outings in 2005 compared to 28 in 2004. Although new bike paths and roadways are frequently being built, there are few studies using objective measures in the United States that prospectively document increases in physical activity in response to environmental changes (Morrison et al., 2004; Killoran et al., 2006). Studies of the association between bicycling and the built environment have typically been cross-sectional (Nelson and Allen, 1997; Dill and Carr, 2003) and when change in the built environment is assessed for its impact on physical activity, studies have included repeated cross-sectional self-reports (Ogilvie et al., 2006), retrospective accounts of use over time (Boarnet et al., 2005), or simulations of what is expected (Niemeier, 1996).
Microchannel reactors for fuel processing applications. I. Water gas shift reactor

Abstract The water gas shift reactor is one of the critical components of a multi-reactor fuel processing system that supports distributed energy production through the use of a fuel cell. The water gas shift reaction converts carbon monoxide (produced in the primary conversion stage of the fuel processor) and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The water gas shift reaction has slow observed kinetics, with multiple-second contact times, which are cited in fixed-bed reactors. The intrinsic reaction kinetics, however, are measured to be fast, with millisecond contact times, which enables miniaturized deployment in a microchannel reactor. Microchannel reactors reduce heat and mass transport limitations for reactions, and thus facilitate exploiting fast intrinsic reaction kinetics, ie. high effectiveness factors. The implications of this work suggest that a water gas shift reactor for a fuel processor (and other applications) will approach sizes one-to-two orders of magnitude smaller than conventional processing hardware.
Turning Inward or Focusing Out? Navigating Theories of Interpersonal and Ethical Cognitions to Understand Ethical Decision-Making

The literature on ethical decision-making is rooted in a cognitive perspective that emphasizes the role of moral judgment. Recent research in interpersonal dynamics, however, has suggested that ethics revolves around an individual’s perceptions and views of others. We draw from both literatures to propose and empirically examine a contingent model. We theorize that whether the individual relies on cognitions about the ethical issue or perceptions of others depends on the level of social consensus surrounding the issue. We test our hypotheses in three studies. Results suggest that not only does social consensus determine whether an individual relies on ethical cognitions about the issue or perceptions of others, but also that an individual’s view of self is an important moderator in these relationships. We conclude by considering implications of this research for theory and practice.
Taste neurons in the cortex of the alert cynomolgus monkey

Abstract The activity of single neurons in the gustatory cortex of alert cynomolgus monkeys was analyzed. Taste-evoked activity in response to the four prototypical taste stimuli was recorded from a cortical gustatory area comprising the frontal operculum and adjoining anterior insula. Spontaneous activity for 364 gustatory neurons was 3.9±4.9 (mean±SD) spikes/s. Mean net (gross minus spontaneous) discharge rates for all gustatory neurons were: 1.0 M glucose = 4.9± 11.6, 0.3 M NaCl = 3.2±7.1, 0.001 M quinine HCl = 2.6±5.8, and 0.01 M HCl = 1.7±4.6. The results from intensity-response functions imply that the perception of each basic taste quality in the nonhuman primate is based on the activity of the appropriate neural subgroup rather than on the mean activity of all taste cells. Therefore a more meaningful index of the effectiveness of a stimulus may be the discharge rate it evokes from the subset of gustatory neurons for which it is the best stimulus. Glucose was the best stimulus for 142 cells (including ties), from which it elicited a mean net response of 10.3 spikes/s; NaCl was best for 107 neurons which gave a mean 8.7 spikes/s; quinine HCl evoked 6.2 spikes/s from the 74 cells that responded best to it; HCl elicited 5.9 spikes/s from the 49 neurons for which it served as best stimulus. The response characteristics of cortical taste cells indicate heterogeneous features, and significantly different patterns from those reported in other nonchemical sensory systems.
Design and experimental characterization of a membrane-based absorption heat pump

Abstract A membrane absorption heat pump uses absorbent and refrigerant (solvent) flows separated by a membrane to create temperature gradients (aka temperature lifts) used for heating or cooling. Compared to vacuum absorption heat pumps, an atmospheric-pressure membrane heat pump provides more compact designs, potentially enabling applications such as energy-efficient cooling for electronics. In addition, storing concentrated absorbent offers unique options for energy storage for solar heating and cooling of buildings. A new membrane heat pump module was built using two sets of rows of hollow fibers with stagnant air between the fibers to reduce conductive heat transfer. Transport coefficients for the complex air-gap geometry were estimated with a three-dimensional finite-volume heat transfer analysis of the air gap region with results fitted to a modified conduction shape factor. A two-dimensional finite-difference model of the entire process shows good agreement with experiments performed over different air-gap widths, flow rates, inlet temperatures, and absorbent concentrations. Temperature lifts up to 9 °C were achieved with 39% (mass) LiCl (aq) feed solution and 35 °C inlet temperatures. Extensions of the modeling to higher-porosity, larger-pore-size membranes suggest that temperature lifts of 14 °C at ambient inlet temperatures are achievable in our module geometry.
N-terminal Sequence and Distal Histidine Residues Are Responsible for pH-regulated Cytoplasmic Membrane Binding of Human AMP Deaminase Isoform E

Mammalian AMP deaminase 3 (AMPD3) enzymes reportedly bind to intracellular membranes, plasma lipid vesicles, and artificial lipid bilayers with associated alterations in enzyme conformation and function. However, proteolytic sensitivity of AMPD polypeptides makes it likely that prior studies were performed with N-truncated enzymes. This study uses erythrocyte ghosts to characterize the reversible cytoplasmic membrane association of human full-sized recombinant isoform E (AMPD3). Membrane-bound isoform E exhibits diminished catalytic activity whereas low micromolar concentrations of the cationic antibiotic, neomycin, disrupt this protein-lipid interaction and relieve catalytic inhibition. The cytoplasmic membrane association of isoform E also displays an inverse correlation with pH in the physiological range. Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) modification of isoform E nearly abolishes its cytoplasmic membrane binding capacity, and this effect can be reversed by hydroxylamine. Difference spectra reveal that 18 of 29 histidine residues in each isoform E subunit are N-carbethoxylated by DEPC. These combined data demonstrate that protonated imidazole rings of histidine residues mediate a pH-responsive association of isoform E with anionic charges on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, possibly phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a pure noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Finally, AMPD1 and a series of N-truncated AMPD3 enzymes are used to show that these behaviors are specific to isoform E and require up to 48 N-terminal amino acids, even though this stretch of sequence contains no histidine residues. The pH-responsive cytosol-membrane partitioning of isoform E may be an important mechanism for branch point regulation of adenylate catabolism.
Clothes to Kill For: An Analysis of Primary and Secondary Claims‐Making in Print Media

This paper explores print media's representations of the phenomenon of violence or killing for clothing and other fashion apparel items. Using the social constructionist definition of social problems, condition-categories used by both primary and secondary claims-makers are examined through rhetorical idioms and forms of talk representing motives, settings, and solutions. Typifications of the problem by primary claims-makers were related to the vested interest of those making the claims. Media claims were framed differently in different types of news stories. While some overlap was found in the rhetorics of primary and secondary claims-makers, their differences were sufficient to establish support for the need to examine social problems from the perspectives of various claims-makers.
Growth of PbSe0.78Te0.22 lattice-matched with BaF2

Abstract PbSe 0.78 Te 0.22 epitaxial layers lattice-matched with (100) BaF 2 substrates have been grown for the first time. Layers were grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) from Pb 1− z ( Se 1− yL Te yL ) z liquid solutions. X-ray diffraction results show that lattice-matching occurs when y L is 60%. Liquidus data for Pb 1− z ( Se 0.40 Te 0.60 ) z are also presented for z = 0.5–3.0 which corresponds to liquidus temperatures between 450 and 650 °C. Epitaxial layers are consistently obtained when LPE growth is initiated above 610 °C. Layer thickness measurements confirm that the PbSe 0.78 Te 0.22 growth rate is controlled by selenium and tellurium diffusion through the liquid solution. Measured Hall mobilities of 624 cm 2 V −1 s −1 at room temperature and 7850 cm 2 V −1 s −1 at 77 K demonstrate that these layers are suitable for device fabrication.
Fast rebinding increases dwell time of Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing proteins near the plasma membrane

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) control a host of biological functions by phosphorylating tyrosine residues of intracellular proteins upon extracellular ligand binding. The phosphotyrosines (p-Tyr) then recruit a subset of ∼100 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins to the cell membrane. The in vivo kinetics of this process are not well understood. Here we use total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy and single-molecule imaging to monitor interactions between SH2 modules and p-Tyr sites near the cell membrane. We found that the dwell time of SH2 modules within the TIR illumination field is significantly longer than predictions based on chemical dissociation rate constants, suggesting that SH2 modules quickly rebind to nearby p-Tyr sites after dissociation. We also found that, consistent with the rebinding model, the effective diffusion constant is negatively correlated with the respective dwell time for different SH2 domains and the dwell time is positively correlated with the local density of RTK phosphorylation. These results suggest a mechanism whereby signal output can be regulated through the spatial organization of multiple binding sites, which will prompt reevaluation of many aspects of RTK signaling, such as signaling specificity, mechanisms of spatial control, and noise suppression.
Self-consistent determination of Wannier-Stark localization and Raman scattering in a modulation-doped semiconductor superlattice

Abstract The motion of electrons due to the external electric field results in the high- and low-field domains in the superlattice. We have found that the Wannier-Stark localization exists only in the high-field domain. The calculated Raman spectra yield novel quantum oscillation as well as mode anti-crossing induced by the external electric field.
Technology for emerging commercial applications at millimeter-wave frequencies

The 60 GHz band has emerged as an international spectrum opportunity for short-range wireless communication networks. In this paper, technology trends that can impact the commercial deployment of systems utilizing millimeterwave frequency bands is discussed. Millimeter-wave frequency bands have historically been costly to utilize and traditionally used almost exclusively for government and non-consumer products. Recent and ongoing advances in semiconductor and low cost high frequency packaging can be leveraged for low cost solutions that enable widespread deployment. In order to demonstrate the potential throughput of a broadband wireless system utilizing millimeter-wave spectrum, Motorola Labs has demonstrated multi-gigabit data transmission and reception over significant distances.
Interfaith Families; Personal Stories of Jewish–Christian Intermarriage – Jane Kaplan

Book reviewed: Interfaith Families; Personal Stories of Jewish–Christian Intermarriage, Jane Kaplan, Seabury Books 2005 (1-59627-011-X), xv + 237 pp., pb $20.00
Nonfinancial Performance Measures and Physician Compensation

ABSTRACT: This study utilizes a national survey of physicians in the United States, administered four times between 1996 and 2005, to examine the use of nonfinancial performance measures in physician compensation contracts. Consistent with agency theory, we find that nonfinancial measures are used more frequently when the measures are more informative; when alternative control mechanisms are complements rather than substitutes; and when external pressures for quality of care and cost containment are greater. Further, we find that contractual relationships in the health care value chain are interrelated; nonfinancial measures are more likely to be used to evaluate physician performance when the physicians’ practice is compensated based on fixed rate payments (i.e., capitation). We also find that physicians’ compensation contracts are more likely to incorporate nonfinancial performance measures when productivity in revenue generation is also used to evaluate performance. Taken together, the results suggest ...
Differential Effects of Corporate Governance on the Cost of Equity and Debt Capital: An International Study

This study shows that firms with good corporate governance are consistently associated with both lower cost of equity and cost of debt capital in an international setting. The association between corporate governance and the cost of equity is more pronounced in countries with strong legal systems and extensive disclosure practice. However, corporate governance has larger impacts on the cost of debt in countries characterized by weak legal protection, low transparency, and poor government quality. The results suggest that corporate governance appears especially important to creditors when a firm is exposed to high political risks.
Going Forward in Education on Agricultural Biotechnology: Extension's Role Internationally

The development of agricultural biotechnology has proceeded rapidly amidst public controversy over the ethics of genetic manipulation and the required level of regulation. The role of extension traditionally has been to provide unbiased, research-based information to the public on agricultural issues. This paper reviews a case study in which the Florida Education Initiative for Agricultural Biotechnology (FEIAB) project is examined. The project was initiated with a needs assessment of domestic (Florida extension agents) and international extension stakeholders in 2001 in the area of extension education in agricultural biotechnology. Based on the needs expressed in the survey and related literature on communication of technologies, a web site was developed to provide both extension and the public with information on the issues surrounding agricultural biotechnology. The needs assessment revealed that there were significant differences between domestic and international stakeholders with respect to training needed in order to facilitate public discussion and view of extension’s role in public education. Respondents’ views also differed as to the role that extension should play in agricultural biotechnology. The results of this study suggest that perceptions of technology may not be value-neutral, and that international extensionists may need to re-examine their role in the communication of agricultural biotechnology.
The adaptive behavior scale (ABS) and IQ: How much unshared variance is there?

The present study investigated the nature of the correlations between IQ and the domain scores of the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) for 224 residents of a school and center serving mentally retarded individuals. In general, the adaptive behaviors measured by Part I of the ABS showed relatively large associations with IQ. ABS domain scores that correlated. 7 or above with IQ included Independent Functioning, Economic Activity, Language Development, Numbers and Time, and Domestic Activity. In contrast, Part II domains, which deal primarily with conduct disorders, showed low to negligible associations with IQ. The implications of these results for the diagnosis of mental retardation and the interpretation of the ABS standardization norms are discussed.
Output-Driven Anisotropic Mesh Adaptation for Viscous Flows using Discrete Choice Optimization

This paper presents a mesh adaptation scheme for direct minimization of output error using a selection process for choosing the optimal refinement option from a discrete set of choices. The scheme is geared for viscous aerodynamic flows, in which solution anisotropy makes certain refinement options more efficient compared to others. No attempt is made, however, to measure the solution anisotropy directly or to incorporate it into the scheme. Rather, mesh anisotropy arises naturally from the minimization of a cost function that incorporates both an output error estimate and a count of the additional degrees of freedom for each refinement option. The method is applied to output-based adaptive simulations of the laminar and Reynolds-averaged compressible Navier-Stokes equations on body-fitted meshes in two and three dimensions. Two-dimensional results for laminar flows show a factor of 2-3 reduction in the degrees of freedom on the final adapted meshes when the discrete choice optimization is used compared to pure isotropic adaptation. Preliminary results on a wing-body configuration show that these savings improve in three dimensions and for higher Reynolds-number flows.
A docking site for G protein βγ subunits on the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor supports signaling through multiple pathways.

The G protein-coupled receptor for PTH and PTH-related protein (PTH1R) signals via many intracellular pathways. The purpose of this work is to investigate a G protein binding site on an intracellular domain of the PTH1R. The carboxy-terminal, cytoplasmic tail of the PTH1R fused to glutathione-S-transferase interacts with Gi/o proteins in vitro. All three subunits of the heterotrimer interact with the receptor C-tail. Activation of the heterotrimeric complex with GTPγS has no effect on Gβγ interactions, but markedly disrupts binding of the Gαi/o subunits to the receptor tail, suggesting that direct Gβγ binding indirectly links Gα subunits to this region of the receptor. Gβγ subunits alone bind the C-tail with an affinity that is comparable to the heterotrimeric G protein complex. G protein complexes consisting of Gαshis6-β1γ2 and Gαqhis6-β1γ2 also interact with the PTH1R tail in vitro. The Gβγ interaction domain is located on the juxta-membrane region of the tail between amino acids 468 and 491. Mutations ...
X‐ray studies on ligands

Advances in x-ray crystallographic data collection, structure solution, and refinement/validation have reduced the time required and expanded the range of samples amenable to x-ray crystallographic studies. Consequently, we can now collect complete atomic resolution data sets on physically smaller crystals and solve larger problems by direct methods beyond what could have been accomplished even five years ago. Applying these improved methods to the study of opioid ligands has enhanced our knowledge of the opioid pharmacophore. Despite considerable progress, it is still difficult to define the pharmacophoric parameters required for highly selective and potent opioid peptides. In part this is due to the conformational flexibility remaining even in conformationally constrained peptides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66:287–293, 2002.
Culture and Law: Beyond a Paradigm of Cause and Effect

This article examines a variety of ways in which social scientists make cultural argument about the law, including (1) holding culture as the independent variable to explain variations in law, (2) taking law as an independent variable to explain culture, or (3) considering law as culture. The authors explore each general strategy and its advantages and disadvantages in turn and argue that the law as culture perspective is one of the most interesting recent developments in sociolegal thought.
The relative importance of journals used in operations management research A citation analysis

Abstract Journal rankings are important for a variety of reasons, most importantly as the basis of academic tenure and promotion decisions. A common approach in other fields is the citations methodology which is used in this study to determine the relative importance of various operations management (OM) journals. The citations analysis noted the frequency that all other journals are cited in Decision Sciences, Journal of Operations Management , and Management Science during the period 1992 to 1994. Rankings are provided based on total citations, citations per article, and citations per words published. The study shows that the journals with the most importance to OM research are Management Science, Decisions Sciences and Operations Research . Other journals important to OM research are the Harvard Business Review, Journal of Operations Management , and IIE Transactions .
Palmoplantar Milia: Sequelae of Early Congenital Syphilis

A 5-month-old male was examined in our dermatology clinic with numerous palmoplantar milia. The child had early congenital syphilis with palmoplantar desquamation, which was followed by the development of milia. Histologic and electron microscopic features suggested that these secondary milia probably derived from the epidermis.
On NBTI Degradation Process in Digital Logic Circuits

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) has been identified as one of most critical and most pressing degradation issues in nano-scale technologies. Yet most current studies published in literature on NBTI degradation have been limited to either at the device physics level or at the computer architecture level. This paper provides a first in depth study of the NBTI degradation process at the logic level in digital circuits. It demonstrates that the methods used in the existing studies lead to unduly pessimistic results and therefore they must be modified. The paper also compares the effectiveness of some of the known solutions that address NBTI degradation. Several new conclusions are drawn from our study which are important and help identify new research directions that can be taken in view of the more realistic assumptions made in this paper
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and LDL Size in a Biethnic Population

Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) phenotype (especially E4) are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and particularly with increased concentrations of LDL cholesterol. Little is known, however, about whether alterations in LDL size are associated with the apoE4 phenotype. LDL size was determined by gradient gel electrophoresis, and apoE phenotype was determined by isoelectric focus in 337 nondiabetic subjects from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. ApoE4 was associated not only with increases in LDL cholesterol concentrations but also with decreased LDL size. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and diabetic status, the apoE phenotype remained significantly related to LDL size (A) in both men (apoE23, 260.0; apoE33; 256.3; and apoE34, 252.6; P = .01) and women (apoE23, 261.7; apoE33, 257.9; and apoE34, 256.7, P = .045). Variations in apoE phenotype are associated not only with changes in the absolute concentration of LDL cholesterol but also with changes in its composition. These changes are only partly explained by associations of apoE with insulin, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol.
Do Viruses Affect Fecundity and Survival of the Copepod Acartia tonsa Dana

Naturally occurring viruses are extremely abundant in aquatic systems, and they infect bacteria, cyanobacteria, prokaryotic and eukaryotic phytoplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, fish and mammals. Viral infections of single-celled organisms have been studied intensively in the past decade, but little is known about the effects of viruses on aquatic metazoans, other than for some economically important species. Because zooplankton assemblages are often dominated in number and biomass by copepods, we used them as model organisms to study the effects of naturally occurring viruses on higher trophic levels. We attempted to induce viral infection in laboratory-reared cultures of the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa Dana by exposing them to elevated concentrations of natural viruses in seawater. We found no negative effects of such exposure on copepod fecundity, larval survival or adult survival.
Diagnosis and Management of Renal Osteodystrophy in Children

The kidney plays a major role in bone and ­mineral homeostasis by regulating calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), and calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2 D3) metabolism. Disordered regulation of mineral metabolism occurs early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and results in alterations in bone modeling, remodeling, and growth. These alterations have been a focus of CKD management in children for decades. However, a growing awareness that cardiovascular calcifications accompany CKD, that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in both adults and children with kidney disease, and that therapies designed to treat the skeletal consequences of CKD affect the progression of vascular pathology, has led to a reclassification of the mineral, skeletal, and vascular complications associated with progressive kidney disease. Together, these alterations are termed “CKD Mineral and Bone Disorder” (“CKD-MBD”) [1], and the management of bone disease must consider effects on the cardiovascular system as well as on overall mortality in the pediatric CKD population. “Renal osteodystrophy” is the specific term used to describe the bone pathology that occurs as a complication of CKD and is therefore one aspect of the CKD-MBD. Traditionally, such lesions have been defined according to alterations in bone turnover, ranging from high bone turnover (secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteitis fibrosa) to lesions of low bone turnover (adynamic bone disease and osteomalacia). However, alterations in skeletal mineralization and volume are also common in patients with CKD [1] and may contribute to outcomes such as fractures, skeletal deformities, and poor growth which persist despite normalization of bone turnover [2].
The Use of a Total Thigh Flap Procedure for Chronic Infection of the Hip Joint

1. The total thigh flap procedure, a modified hip disarticulation retaining most of the skin and muscle bulk of the thigh for coverage of decubitus ulcers and elimination of sepsis of the hip joint, is described. 2. This procedure is well adapted for the treatment of chronic infection of the hip joint accompanied by osteomyelitis and extensive decubitus ulceration in the paraplegic patient. 3. The advantages of the two-stage procedure are the establishment of a clean granulating wound prior to closing the flap and easier psychological acceptance by the patient.
Investigating the Photochemical Dynamics of Chlorine Dioxide in Water and Acetonitrile using Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy

The photochemical reaction dynamics of chlorine dioxide (OClO) are investigated using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. It is found that the majority of the dynamics can be attributed to the formation and vibrational relaxation of OClO from geminate recombination of the primary ClO and O photofragments.
PASSIVE CONTROL OF FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS USING SHUNTED PIEZOELECTRICS

The application of shunted piezoelectric elements to provide passive structural damping is investigated by means of a series of experiments performed in the Purdue Annular Cascade Research Facility. An array of piezoelectric elements is bonded to an airfoil in the stator row. This airfoil is excited in a chordwise bending mode by the wakes generated by an upstream rotor. As the wakes drive the airfoil vibrations, the piezoelectrics experience a strain and in response produce an electric field. Tuned electrical circuits connected to the piezoelectrics as shunts dissipate this electrical energy, with multiple shunting techniques utilized. This electrical energy dissipation and the corresponding reduction in the airfoil mechanical energy result in a reduction in the magnitude of the resonant vibrations. Nomenclature
Who Teaches What to Whom

I completely agree with the four italisized statements in Moore's first section "A Separate Discipline," and I applaud the new emphasis on applied statistics and methodological research described in his second section "Changing Times." It is clear that statistics is a vigorous discipline with fundamental and exciting intellectu? al questions. It does not follow, however, that all or even most statistics teaching can or should be done by statisticians. Statistics is taught at many different levels to a very varied clientele. Here are five examples of statistics courses:
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract and 6-Prenylnaringenin Induce P450 1A1 Catalyzed Estrogen 2-Hydroxylation

Humulus lupulus L. (hops) is a popular botanical dietary supplement used by women as a sleep aid and for postmenopausal symptom relief. In addition to its efficacy for menopausal symptoms, hops can also modulate the chemical estrogen carcinogenesis pathway and potentially protect women from breast cancer. In the present study, an enriched hop extract and the key bioactive compounds [6-prenylnarigenin (6-PN), 8-prenylnarigenin (8-PN), isoxanthohumol (IX), and xanthohumol (XH)] were tested for their effects on estrogen metabolism in breast cells (MCF-10A and MCF-7). The methoxyestrones (2-/4-MeOE1) were analyzed as biomarkers for the nontoxic P450 1A1 catalyzed 2-hydroxylation and the genotoxic P450 1B1 catalyzed 4-hydroxylation pathways, respectively. The results indicated that the hop extract and 6-PN preferentially induced the 2-hydroxylation pathway in both cell lines. 8-PN only showed slight up-regulation of metabolism in MCF-7 cells, whereas IX and XH did not have significant effects in either cell line. To further explore the influence of hops and its bioactive marker compounds on P450 1A1/1B1, mRNA expression and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity were measured. The results correlated with the metabolism data and showed that hop extract and 6-PN preferentially enhanced P450 1A1 mRNA expression and increased P450 1A1/1B1 activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation by the isolated compounds was tested using xenobiotic response element (XRE) luciferase construct transfected cells. 6-PN was found to be an AhR agonist that significantly induced XRE activation and inhibited 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced XRE activity. 6-PN mediated induction of EROD activity was also inhibited by the AhR antagonist CH223191. These data show that the hop extract and 6-PN preferentially enhance the nontoxic estrogen 2-hydroxylation pathway through AhR mediated up-regulation of P450 1A1, which further emphasizes the importance of standardization of botanical extracts to multiple chemical markers for both safety and desired bioactivity.
Detecting rootkits with the RAI runtime application inventory

Remotely determining which precise code is running on which machines is hard. This is especially true if the monitored machines lack modern security features and may be under malware attack, since in such a scenario the malware may have already manipulated applications and operating systems. Existing approaches to this problem are heavy-weight and have a large attack surface, which is frequently attacked by both applications and malware. To address this problem, this paper introduces RAI, a light-weight code monitoring tool that is especially well-suited for legacy systems. While potentially useful for many software maintenance tasks, this paper applies RAI for detecting ongoing rootkit attacks. Specifically, in our experiments on several user and kernel mode rootkits, our approach achieved with moderate overhead and a relatively low false positive rate a 100% rootkit detection rate.
Impedance Testing in Esophageal Atresia Patients

Esophageal atresia patients are predisposed to gastroesophageal reflux as a result of the altered esophageal anatomy and motility. These patients experience significant morbidity from gastroesophageal reflux. As a result, an effective way to diagnose and monitor for reflux is crucial. pH-metry is able to quantify acid burden, ensure that acid suppression is adequate during long term follow up, and correlate acid reflux to symptoms. pH with impedance is additionally able to detect non-acid reflux as well as volume clearance, both of which also correlate with patient symptoms. It is also able to correlate extra-gastrointestinal symptoms to reflux, which may help guide treatment. If complications associated with uncontrolled reflux are identified, aggressive reflux management is necessary, oftentimes requiring surgical intervention.
Abstract 5777: Translation of HPV mediated immortalization to cancer precision medicine

The E6/E7 oncogenes of the high-risk HPVs are both necessary and sufficient to immortalize HFKs and their presence and expression is required for the continued proliferation of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. We and others have shown previously that hTERT induced by E6 and cytoskeleton alteration by E7 are critical. Both E6 and feeder cells activate telomerase, while both E7 and Rock inhibitor (Y-27632) disrupt the actin cytoskeleton and inactivate Rho. Feeders and Y-27632 to induce unlimited cell proliferation of human keratinocytes. Unexpectedly, we observed that feeders and Y-27632 could be used to establish both normal and tumor cell cultures from non-keratinocyte tissues. This culture has been termed as “conditional reprogramming”, since CR cultures stop proliferating or terminally differentiate after its removal, depending on culture conditions. The Combination of CR and Organoids ( (Matrigel, air-liquid interface (ALI)) cultures represents next generation human cancer models and functional diagnostics for cancer precision medicine as described in August 2015 in the NCI precision medicine initiative and three nature review articles (Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Dec; Nat Rev Genet. 2015 Jul; Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov.). The technique is relatively simple and has been reproduced in more than 50 laboratories (including an original and independent article in Science from Massachusetts General Hospital) (Science. 2014, 346(6216):1480-6.). Importantly, the CR technology can generate 2x10 Citation Format: Aleksandra Dakic, Nancy Palechor-Ceron, Ewa Krawczyk, Hang Yuan, Frank Suprynowicz, Seema Agarwal, Richard Schlegel, Vera Simic, Praathibha Sripadhan, Chen Chen, Jie Lu, Tung-Wei Hou, Sujata Choudhury, Xuefeng Liu. Translation of HPV mediated immortalization to cancer precision medicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5777. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5777
Cardiopulmonary Manifestations of Collagen Vascular Diseases

The study aimed to illustrate the cardiopulmonary findings of the following collagen vascular diseases on cross-sectional imaging: rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, the inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis/dermatomyositis), and Sjogren’s syndrome. Although collagen vascular diseases can affect any part of the body, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension are the two most important cardiopulmonary complications and are responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) is a newly described entity that encompasses interstitial lung disease in patients with clinical, serologic, or morphologic features suggestive of but not diagnostic of collagen vascular disease; these patients are thought to have better outcomes than idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension determine the prognosis in collagen vascular disease patients. IPAF is a new term to label patients with possible collagen vascular disease-related interstitial lung disease. Collagen vascular disease patients are at increased risk for various malignancies.
Exosomal miRNAs regulate inflammatory responses (IRM11P.624)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Typically, miRNAs are thought to function within the cells where they are transcribed. However, recent data shows that miRNAs are transferred between cells and mediate target gene repression. miR-155 and miR-146a are critical miRNAs that regulate inflammation. We found that miR-155 and miR-146a were released from dendritic cells (DCs) within exosomes and transferred to recipient DCs. These miRNAs were associated with RISC and inhibited their mRNA targets in recipient cells. Following uptake, miRNAs reprogramed the cellular response to endotoxin, where exosomal miR-155 enhanced and miR-146a reduced inflammatory gene expression. miR-155 and miR-146a were also found in exosomes and passed between immune cells in vivo . Additionally, injection of miR-146a containing exosomes delivered miR-146a to various tissues and decreased inflammation in response to endotoxin, while miR-155 containing exosomes had the converse effect. This suggests that exosomal miRNAs could be used as therapy for inflammatory diseases. Further characterization of the loading and functional transfer of miRNAs should make therapeutic approaches more feasible. Additionally, we aim to explore the importance of endogenously transferred miRNAs during immune responses in vivo . Our research will help unravel both the therapeutic potential of exosomal miRNAs and determine the biological relevance of transferred miRNAs in immune responses.
The proof is in the pudding: improving adenoma detection rates reduces interval colon cancer development.

Screening colonoscopies save lives. A bold statement, certainly, but one borne out of extensive research and well-established data and one that we gastroenterologists believe is the main reason why we do colonoscopies each day. Studies demonstrate a significant decrease in the risk of developing as well as dying from colorectal cancer (CRC) in average-risk patients who undergo screening colonoscopy (1,2). The benefit of colonoscopy on CRC development and mortality comes from the ability to remove adenomatous polyps and, hence has arisen the importance of and focus on adenoma detection. Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is currently a quality measure for colonoscopy due its demonstrated inverse association with the development of CRC and mortality (3-6). Corley et al . demonstrated that each 1% increase in ADR is associated with a 3% decrease in the risk for CRC (7). This direct correlation has prompted study into how to improve an endoscopist’s ADR and what characteristics are associated with an endoscopists’ ADR. Feedback provided to endoscopists as well as periodic monitoring have resulted in improved ADR, especially in those endoscopists who, at baseline, were considered ‘low detectors’ (ADR <25%) (8-12).
Statin therapy is associated with higher long-term but not perioperative survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Background Although preoperative and perioperative statin therapy improves postoperative outcomes in several populations, few data examine its association with survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. In addition, no data exist regarding the benefits of starting statins in patients with AAA not currently taking them. Methods We performed a registry-based study of all patients undergoing repair of AAAs in the Vascular Quality Initiative between 2003 and 2017 without documented statin intolerance. In our primary analysis, we evaluated the association between preoperative statin therapy and long-term mortality, 30-day mortality, and in-hospital myocardial infarction and stroke. As a secondary analysis, we studied the cohort of patients not taking a statin preoperatively and compared their long-term mortality on the basis of whether they were discharged on a statin. To account for nonrandom assignment to treatment, we constructed propensity scores and applied inverse probability weighting. Results We identified 40,452 AAA repairs, of which 37,950 fit our entry criteria (29,257 endovascular and 8693 open). Overall, 25,997 patients (69%) were taking a statin preoperatively, with patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair more frequently taking a statin than those undergoing open repair (69% compared with 66%; P P P P Conclusions Preoperative statin therapy is associated with higher long-term survival but not perioperative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing AAA repair, and initiating statin therapy in previously statin-naive patients is associated with markedly higher survival. All patients with AAAs without contraindications should receive statin therapy. In patients not taking a statin at the time of AAA repair, clinicians should consider initiating one before discharge.
La Casa de Inez: Investigating History, Voice, and Memory through Embodied, Site-Specific Storytelling

AbstractAs a partnership between iHabla! AZ and the Tempe History Museum, La Casa de Inez was a site-specific, participatory storytelling event about the ways in which the voices and identities of Latinas and Chicanas have been shaped by preceding generations of women in their families. Set against the backdrop of the historic Elias-Rodriguez House, one of the earliest remaining testaments to the first Mexican barrios in Tempe, Arizona, a group of Chicana and Latina storytellers set out to take the audience on a personal and historical journey. Through embodied storytelling and audience participation, the performers explored how their own personal and ancestral histories, as well as the histories of the Elias-Rodriguez women, whose legacies remain alive, especially in the grounds of this remarkable property, define and reflect the enormous weight and relevance of the Latina/Chicana voice.
First-principles calculations of oxidation potentials of electrolytes in lithium-sulfur batteries and their variations with changes in environment.

Oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules in Li–sulfur (Li/S) batteries and their variations in various solvent environments are investigated using first-principles calculations in order to understand oxidative decomposition reactions of electrolytes for cathode passivation. Electrolyte solvents, Li salts, and various additives in Li/S batteries along with some Li-ion battery additives are studied. Oxidation potentials of isolated electrolyte molecules are found to be out of the operating range of typical Li/S batteries. The complexation of electrolyte molecules with Li+, salt anion, salt, S8, and pyrene alters oxidation potentials compared to those of the isolated systems. The salt anion lowers oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules by at least 4.7% while the complexes with Li+ have higher oxidation potentials than the isolated molecules by at least 10.4%. S8 and pyrene, used as model compounds for sulfur and sulfur/carbon composite cathode materials, also affect oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules, but their influence is negligible and the oxidation trends differ from those of the Li+ and salt anion. Although complexations change the oxidation potentials of electrolyte molecules, they are still higher than the operating voltage range of Li/S batteries, which indicates that oxidation of the studied electrolytes in Li/S batteries is not expected under ambient conditions.
Puzzled: Distances between points on the plane

Welcome to three new puzzles. Solutions to the first two will be published next month; the third is as yet (famously) unsolved.
The Future of Clinical Research

The following commentary, written by David Robertson of Vanderbilt University, is based on the Presidential Address he delivered at the inaugural meeting of the Association for Patient-Oriented Research (APOR), held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in April 1999. Dr. Robertson's views on the current crisis in clinical investigation are shared by many of us. He eloquently catalogs the problems faced by those attempting to develop and sustain careers whose centerpiece is human experimentation. These are issues that concern every member of the American Federation for Medical Research (AFMR), whether spending the day at the beach or in the clinic. One can argue about whether establishing a new association for patient-oriented research is necessary, but the fact that this group of esteemed academicians felt the need to take this step speaks volumes. I hope we can all benefit from their wisdom. AFMR will continue to fight for the interests of all physician-scientists, regardless of the type of research they conduct. Clinical research advocacy has become a priority for AFMR in the past few years. We were the major force behind the development and introduction of the Clinical Research Enhancement Act, which most believe stimulated the National Institutes of Health to establish the K30, K23, and K24 Awards referred to by Dr. Robertson. Together with APOR and the General Clinical Research Center Program Directors, we have established Clinical Research 2001, a joint meeting to be held in March 2001, which will bring together hundreds of clinical researchers to share scientific advances and begin to address many of the critical issues outlined by Dr. Robertson. AFMR continues to be an organization looking to the future, and the clinical investigator will be an important part of the future.