cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of "Mathematical Models for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Essential Tools for Control and Elimination, Part B" Edited by Maria-Gloria Basáñez and Roy M. Anderson.

Basanez MG, Anderson RM, Editors: Mathematical Models for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Essential Tools for Control and Elimination, Part B, Volume 94, Advances in Parasitology, Academic Press; 2016, 430 pages. ISBN: 978-0-12-809971-1
Computerized Design of Low-noise Face-milled Spiral Bevel Gears

An advanced design methodology is proposed for the face-milled spiral bevel gears with modified tooth surface geometry that provides a reduced level of noise and has a stabilized bearing contact. The approach is based on the local synthesis of the gear drive that provides the 'best' machine-tool settings. The theoretical aspects of the local synthesis approach are based on the application of a predesigned parabolic function for absorption of undesirable transmission errors caused by misalignment and the direct relations between principal curvatures and directions for mating surfaces. The meshing and contact of the gear drive is synthesized and analyzed by a computer program. The generation of gears with the proposed geometry design can be accomplished by application of existing equipment. A numerical example that illustrates the proposed theory is presented.
Some Data on the Discriminative Stimulus Hypothesis of Secondary Reinforcement

Pigeons pecked at either of two response keys on variable-interval (VI) schedules to produce a secondary reinforcer associated with that key. The secondary reinforcer was a discriminative stimulus for responding to obtain food on fixed-ratio (FR) schedules. The discriminative stimulus value of the stimulus was weakened by extinction (Experiment I) or by “ratio strain” (Experiment II). Although the stimulus was no longer a discriminative stimulus for responding in its presence, it continued to reinforce responding to obtain it.
Digit Serial Methods with Applications to Division and Square Root

We present a generic digit serial method (DSM) to compute the digits of a real number $V$ . Bounds on these digits, and on the errors in the associated estimates of $V$ formed from these digits, are derived. To illustrate our results, we derive such bounds for a parameterized family of high-radix algorithms for division and square root. These bounds enable a DSM designer to determine, for example, whether a given choice of parameters allows rapid formation and rounding of its approximation to $V$ .
Integrated Behavioral Health Care in Family Medicine Residencies A CERA Survey.

Background and objectives Behavioral health integration (BHI) in primary care settings is critical to mental health care in the United States. Family medicine resident experience in BHI in family medicine residency (FMR) continuity clinics is essential preparation for practice. We surveyed FMR program directors to characterize the status of BHI in FMR training. Methods Using the Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) 2017 survey, FMR program directors (n=478, 261 respondents, 54.6% response rate) were queried regarding the stage of BHI within the residency family medicine center (FMC), integration activities at the FMC, and the professions of the BH faculty. BHI was characterized by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Agency (SAMHSA) designations within FMRs, and chi-square or ANOVA with Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc testing was used to assess differences in reported BHI attributes. Results Program directors reported a high level of BHI in their FMCs (44.1% full integration, 33.7% colocated). Higher levels of BHI were associated with increased use of warm handoffs, same day consultation, shared health records, and the use of behavioral health (BH) professionals for both mental health and medical issues. Family physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists were most likely to be training residents in BHI. Conclusions Almost half of FMR programs have colocated BH care or fully integrated BH as defined by SAMHSA. Highly integrated FMRs use a diversity of behavioral professionals and activities. Residencies currently at the collaboration stage could increase BH provider types and BHI practices to better prepare residents for practice. Residencies with full BHI may consider focusing on supporting BHI-trained residents transitioning into practice, or disseminating the model in the general primary care community.
Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy from Recurrent Intermittent Hypoxia Is Not Dependent on Resolution with Room Air or Oxygen, in Neonatal Rats

Preterm infants often experience intermittent hypoxia (IH) with resolution in room air (RA) or hyperoxia (Hx) between events. Hypoxia is a major inducer of vascular endothelial growth factor, which plays a key role in normal and aberrant retinal angiogenesis. This study tested the hypothesis that neonatal IH which resolved with RA is less injurious to the immature retina than IH resolved by Hx between events. Newborn rats were exposed to: (1) Hx (50% O2) with brief hypoxia (12% O2); (2) RA with 12% O2; (3) Hx with RA; (4) Hx only; or (5) RA only, from P0 to P14. Pups were examined at P14 or placed in RA until P21. Retinal vascular and astrocyte integrity; retinal layer thickness; ocular and systemic biomarkers of angiogenesis; and somatic growth were determined at P14 and P21. All IH paradigms resulted in significant retinal vascular defects, disturbances in retinal astrocyte template, retinal thickening, and photoreceptor damage concurrent with elevations in angiogenesis biomarkers. These data suggest that the susceptibility of the immature retina to changes in oxygen render no differences in the outcomes between RA or O2 resolution. Interventions and initiatives to curtail O2 variations should remain a high priority to prevent severe retinopathy.
Chapter I.2.15 – Textured and Porous Materials

The use of porous and textured implants to stimulate tissue ingrowth, disrupt fibrosis and promote angiogenesis dates back as far as the 1940s, and is an early example of a tissue engineering-like approach to biomaterials. Device function and placement in the body dictates what material would be most suitable for a particular application. Numerous materials (metals, ceramics, natural and synthetic polymers) can be textured or rendered porous using a wide variety of techniques. The use of textured and porous materials is widespread in medical device applications. Research and development on porous structures continues because of good clinical outcomes, important research findings, and a straightforward regulatory pathway. While a single pore size or textured morphology does not fit all applications, the majority of porous and textured biocompatible materials used in medical devices share the common characteristic of open architectures with interconnecting pores that support nutrient transfer, and promote cell migration and proliferation. Stable integration of the implant with the surrounding host tissue reduces irritation caused by micromotion, and promotes stable fibrovascular tissue ingrowth that promotes healing and minimizes infection.
Composite materials for magnetic applications

An electron is associated with a spin, which results in a magnetic moment. The magnetic moment of an electron is 9.27 × 10−24 A.m2, or 1 Bohr magneton (β). A filled orbital contains two electrons of opposite spin, so the net magnetic moment of a filled orbital is zero.
Provider Training: Recognizing the Relevance of Behavioral Medicine and the Importance of Behavioral Health Consultation and Referral

The clinical case for behavioral medicine as a critical component of primary care integrated health is firmly established (Fisher et al., 2011). Behavioral conditions such as depression, anxiety and substance use disorder, stress and adjustment disorders, and lifestyle habits such as smoking, overeating, and lack of exercise all contribute to worse outcomes and higher costs for patients with chronic medical conditions (Kathol et al., 2005). Behavioral conditions such as depression, anxiety, substance-related disorders, and trauma are highly comorbid with NCDs, representing more than 40% of patients seen in primary care (Wang et al., 2007). Behavioral treatments such as the Diabetes Prevention Program for prediabetes (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 2011), the Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) for behavioral conditions (Robinson & Reiter, 2016), and the Collaborative Care Model (CCM) for comorbid medical and behavioral chronic conditions (Ratzliff, Unutzer, Katon, & Stephens, 2016) have proven effective in improving medical (e.g., blood sugar, blood pressure) and patient-reported behavioral (e.g., depression, anxiety) clinical outcomes.
Optimizing perioperative strategies to maximize success with prepectoral breast reconstruction.

Implant based reconstruction is still the most commonly employed method of post mastectomy reconstruction in the United States and internationally. Mastectomy techniques are improving, and adjuncts such as tissue perfusion technology and biologic implants allow for re-evaluation of traditional reconstructive methods. Subpectoral implant placement is used in a large majority of patients undergoing implant based reconstruction. However, with the advent of acellular dermal matrix (ADM), a “sling” for the expander and implant can be placed with surgical precision to create the optimal breast pocket. This has allowed for placement of the breast prosthesis in a prepectoral anatomic plane. The benefits are clear: avoidance of animation deformities and a significant decrease in pain that results from pectoralis mobilization and spasm. Here, we discuss specific techniques to avoid pitfalls and optimize aesthetic results with prepectoral breast reconstruction. Patient selection, intra-operative mastectomy flap evaluation, modifications in expander and implant fill, and technique specifics all play a critical role in this new, and rapidly growing method for implant based breast reconstruction.
Functional connectivity of PAG with core limbic system and laryngeal cortico-motor structures during human phonation.

Abstract Previous studies in animals and humans suggest the periaqueductal grey region (PAG) is a final integration station between the brain and laryngeal musculature during phonation. To date, a limited number of functional magnetic neuroimaging (fMRI) studies have examined the functional connectivity of the PAG during volitional human phonation. An event-related, stimulus-induced, volitional movement paradigm was used to examine neural activity during sustained vocalization in neurologically healthy adults and was compared to controlled exhalation through the nose. The contrast of vocalization greater than controlled expiration revealed activation of bilateral auditory cortex, dorsal and ventral laryngeal motor areas (dLMA and vLMA) (p
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in SLC7A5 Was Associated With Clinical Response in Multiple Myeloma Patients.

Background/aim SLC7A5 is recognized as the major mediator of melphalan uptake into multiple myeloma (MM) cells; however, its contribution to the inter-patient variability of melphalan efficacy and toxicity is yet to be well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4240803 in SLC7A5 on the gene expression, ex vivo sensitivity to melphalan, and clinical outcomes in MM patients who were undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation with high-dose melphalan. Materials and methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 108 MM patients prior to melphalan therapy. Clinical data were also collected from these patients following melphalan therapy. Results rs4240803 was associated with elevated expression of SLC7A5 mRNA, higher ex vivo sensitivity to melphalan in PBMCs, and positive 90-day response in these patients (p=0.047, 0.10, 0.049, respectively). Conclusion rs4240803 impacted the expression of SLC7A5, thus contributing to the clinical response of MM patients to melphalan therapy.
SOTA: Secure Over-the-Air Programming of IoT Devices

The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) devices introduced many useful applications that are utilized in our daily lives, scientific research, and military operations. In these applications, secure over the air programming of IoT devices is vital as the devices can be re-programmed by hackers and the firmware can be stolen by eavesdropping a live firmware distribution operation. Nonetheless, as most of the IoT devices have limited computational resources (e.g., memory, CPU, storage), over-the-air programming of IoT devices necessitates efficient utilization of the resources. In this work, to address these concerns and provide a more efficient and secure code-dissemination process, a novel secure over-the-air programming framework called SOTA is introduced, which is also designed as an open-source framework and available for the research and developer communities. SOTA provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication to resource-limited IoT devices in order to protect the firmware from adversaries. Furthermore, we perform extensive performance evaluations on real resource-limited IoT devices with Atmel-based microcontrollers. Evaluations revealed that SOTA has minimal performance and memory overhead on the IoT devices. SOTA is a promising solution to provide an over-the-air code dissemination protocol with security to resource-limited IoT devices in both military and civilian settings.
Unraveling the complexity of the relations of metalinguistic skills to word reading with struggling adult readers: Shared, independent, and interactive effects

This study investigates the shared, independent, and interactive effects of metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and orthographic knowledge) to word reading with a sample of struggling adult readers. Controlling for vocabulary knowledge, a second-order latent factor of metalinguistic awareness accounted for unique variance (62.5%) in adults’ word reading skills. Two-way latent interactions between the metalinguistic skills (phonological awareness × morphological awareness, morphological awareness × orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness × orthographic knowledge) revealed unique interactive contributions (1%–5.2%) of these skills to word reading controlling for the metalinguistic skill main effects and vocabulary knowledge. In particular, high levels of morphological awareness are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low phonological awareness and orthographic knowledge. In addition, higher phonological awareness skills are critical to word reading irrespective of high or low orthographic knowledge. These results indicate the importance as well as the complexity of the nature of metalinguistic skills underlying word reading for struggling adult readers. The theoretical, empirical, and applied implications of these findings are discussed in the context of researchers and practitioners invested in improving outcomes in adult literacy programs.
Anesthesia for Dental Procedures in Children

Dental procedures are the third commonest reason for general anesthesia in children. These procedures vary in duration from a few minutes for removal of a tooth, to a few hours for dental restoration procedures. Guidelines limit the degree of sedation during treatment in the dental chair, and complex work in anxious or young children is performed in a hospital under general anesthesia. Nasal endotracheal intubation is common for dental treatment. Nasal intubation can be more difficult to perform than oral intubation. The tube can be difficult to pass through the nose, it can be difficult to guide around into the oropharynx, and it can be difficult to align the tube with the glottic opening. Refinements in intubation technique allow successful nasal intubation. Some children with underlying cardiac disease require endocarditis prophylaxis before some dental procedures.
Who is meritorious? Gendered and racialized discourse in named award descriptions in professional societies of higher education

Vigorous debates have unfolded challenging public recognition of individuals whose names and images are emblazoned on public displays of recognition, including professional awards. Efforts to diver...
Crowdfunding Campaigns and Thyroid Surgery: Who, What, Where, and How Much?

Abstract Background Crowdfunding has become a unique response to the challenge of health care expenses, yet it has been rarely studied by the medical community. We looked to describe the scope of crowdfunding in thyroid surgery and analyze the factors that contribute toward a successful campaign. Methods In November 2018, active campaigns were retrieved from a popular crowdfunding Web site using search terms thyroidectomy and thyroid surgery and filtered to include only campaigns that originated in the United States. Results About 1052 thyroid surgery–related campaigns were analyzed. About 836 (79.5%) involved female patients and 43 (4.1%) pediatric patients. About 792 campaigns (75.3%) referred to thyroid cancer as a primary condition, 163 (15.5%) benign thyroid disease, and 97 (9.2%) other conditions. The average amount raised per campaign was $2514.54 (range, $0-$53,160). About 338 (32.1%) campaigns were self-posted, 317 (30.1%) posted by family, and 397 (37.7%) posted by friends. Median campaign duration was 20 mo, with a median number of 16 donors, 17 hearts, and 136 social media shares. Campaigns related to thyroid cancer raised more funds ($2729.97) than benign ($1669.84) or other ($2175.03) conditions (P Conclusions For thyroid surgery–related crowdfunding, campaigns referring to thyroid cancer had the highest amount of funds raised. Campaigns created by friends and other factors related to increased community engagement such as social media shares were also related to increased funds.
HIV-resistant and HIV-specific CAR-modified CD4+ T Cells Mitigate HIV Disease Progression and Confer CD4+ T Cell Help In Vivo

HIV infection preferentially depletes HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, thereby impairing antiviral immunity. In this study, we explored the therapeutic utility of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells expressing an HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR4) to restore CD4+ T cell function to the global HIV-specific immune response. We demonstrated that CAR4 T cells directly suppressed in vitro HIV replication and eliminated virus-infected cells. Notably, CAR4 T cells containing intracellular domains (ICDs) derived from the CD28 receptor family (ICOS and CD28) exhibited superior effector functions compared to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family ICDs (CD27, OX40, and 4-1BB). However, despite demonstrating limited in vitro efficacy, only HIV-resistant CAR4 T cells expressing the 4-1BBζ ICD exhibited profound expansion, concomitant with reduced rebound viremia after antiretroviral therapy (ART) cessation and protection of CD4+ T cells (CAR−) from HIV-induced depletion in humanized mice. Moreover, CAR4 T cells enhanced the in vivo persistence and efficacy of HIV-specific CAR-modified CD8+ T cells expressing the CD28ζ ICD, which alone exhibited poor survival. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that HIV-resistant CAR4 T cells can directly control HIV replication and augment the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, highlighting the therapeutic potential of engineered CD4+ T cells to engender a functional HIV cure.
Diagnosis and treatment of metabolic encephalopathy

Encephalopathy is a collection of various brain function disorders.Brain function disorders due to metabolic abnormalities are called metabolic encephalopathy.Various diseases like vitamin metabolic disorder, folinic acid metabolic disorder, urea cycle disorder and mitochondrial disease can result in metabolic encephalopathy.Since quite a number of metabolic encephalopathy can be well controlled after given special diet and supplement of coenzyme, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance.Epilepsy is the most common manifestation of metabolic encephalopathy.The diagnosis remains a great challenge to clinical physicians as the disease onset can be insidious with complicated pathogenesis.In children with epilepsy, growth and development retardation, mental retardation and multisystem involvement, examination of metabolic disorder like urine organic acid analysis, blood amino acid analysis, blood acylcarnitine analysis, metabolic product analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and genetic diagnosis should be carried out in time. Key words: Inborn error of metabolism; Metabolic encephalopathy; Epilepsy,
γ-phase inclusions as common structural defects in alloyed β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 and doped β-Ga2O3 films

β-Ga2O3 is a promising ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor whose properties can be further enhanced by alloying with Al. Here, using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, we find the thermodynamically unstable γ-phase is a ubiquitous structural defect in both β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films and doped β-Ga2O3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For undoped β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films, we observe γ-phase inclusions between nucleating islands of the β-phase at lower growth temperatures (∼500–600 °C). In doped β-Ga2O3, a thin layer of the γ-phase is observed on the surfaces of films grown with a wide range of n-type dopants and dopant concentrations. The thickness of the γ-phase layer was most strongly correlated with the growth temperature, peaking at about 600 °C. Ga interstitials are observed in the β-phase, especially near the interface with the γ-phase. By imaging the same region of the surface of a Sn-doped β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 after ex situ heating up to 400 °C, a γ-phase region is observed to grow above the initial surface, accompanied by a decrease in Ga interstitials in the β-phase. This suggests that the diffusion of Ga interstitials toward the surface is likely the mechanism for growth of the surface γ-phase and more generally that the more-open γ-phase may offer diffusion pathways to be a kinetically favored and early forming phase in the growth of Ga2O3. However, more modeling and simulation of the γ-phase and the interstitials are needed to understand the energetics and kinetics, the impact on electronic properties, and how to control them.
“Getting Used to It, but Still Unwelcome”: A Grounded Theory Study of Physical Identity Development in Later Life

Given the global trends toward an aging society and the increased desire for healthy aging in late life, this study examines older adults’ perceptions of aging and their physical identity through their engagement in physical activities. Adopting a grounded theory, we interviewed 15 individuals aged 65 years and older, who were involved in physical activities on a regular basis. This study provided a final model depicting (a) divergent and convergent modes of strategies and socioemotional aspects of physical identity development in later life and (b) different strategies employed between younger-old versus older-old age groups and between participants who have underlying health conditions and those who do not. These findings add a contextual explanation of identity development in later life and stress the recurring process of physical identity development.
Threshold concepts in physical education: a design thinking approach

Threshold concepts are what is learned in, through and about a field that, when grasped, enable the learner to look at a problem in new ways and to engage in thinking, talking, and practice within ...
Ventricular Assist Device Support in Neonates and Infants with a Failing Univentricular Circulation

Abstract Some neonates with functionally univentricular hearts are extremely high risk for conventional surgical palliation. Primary cardiac transplantation offers the best option for survival of these challenging neonates; however, waitlist mortality must be minimized. We have developed a comprehensive strategy for the management of neonates with functionally univentricular hearts that includes the selective use of conventional neonatal palliation in standard risk patients, hybrid approaches in neonates with elevated risk secondary to noncardiac etiology, and neonatal palliation combined with insertion of a single ventricular assist device (VAD) in neonates with elevated risk secondary to cardiac etiology. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe our selection criteria, technical details, management strategies, pitfalls, and current outcomes for neonates with functionally univentricular hearts supported with VAD. Our experience documents that extremely high-risk patients with functionally univentricular hearts who are poor candidates for conventional palliation can be successfully stabilized with concomitant palliation and pulsatile VAD insertion while awaiting transplantation.
Activation free energy gradient controls interfacial mobility gradient in thin polymer films.

We examine the mobility gradient in the interfacial region of substrate-supported polymer films using molecular dynamics simulations and interpret these gradients within the string model of glass-formation. No large gradients in the extent of collective motion exist in these simulated films, and an analysis of the mobility gradient on a layer-by-layer basis indicates that the string model provides a quantitative description of the relaxation time gradient. Consequently, the string model indicates that the interfacial mobility gradient derives mainly from a gradient in the high-temperature activation enthalpy ΔH0 and entropy ΔS0 as a function of depth z, an effect that exists even in the high-temperature Arrhenius relaxation regime far above the glass transition temperature. To gain insight into the interfacial mobility gradient, we examined various material properties suggested previously to influence ΔH0 in condensed materials, including density, potential and cohesive energy density, and a local measure of stiffness or u2(z)−3/2, where u2(z) is the average mean squared particle displacement at a caging time (on the order of a ps). We find that changes in local stiffness best correlate with changes in ΔH0(z) and that ΔS0(z) also contributes significantly to the interfacial mobility gradient, so it must not be neglected.
The Poetry of Samuel Menashe

Samuel Menashe, a man in his forties, lives alone and frugally in New York City. His sole collection of poems, The Many Named Beloved, appeared in London in 1961 from a publisher, Gollancz, who normally published little or no poetry at all. Thus there was something freakish about Menashe's being published in the first place; and although he seems since 1961 to have accumulated as many poems again as the 80 in that collection, his poetry is so out of any current fashion that his chance of appealing to another publisher must be remote. By the same token, though poems of his have appeared in Encounter, The New Yorker, Common weal and elsewhere, they aren't designed to make their impact on us as we flip the pages of a magazine. And The Many Named Beloved is familiar to so few readers that this poet who has been writing for a quarter of a century might as well never have written a line, so little is he known.
Variable Level-Of-Detail Motion Planning in Environments with Poorly Predictable Bodies

Motion planning in dynamic environments consists of the generation of a collision-free trajectory from an initial to a goal state. When the environment contains uncertainty, preventing a perfect predictive model of its dynamics, a robot ends up only successfully executing a short part of the plan and then requires replanning, using the latest observed state of the environment. Each such replanning step is computationally expensive. Furthermore, we note that such sophisticated planning effort is unnecessary as the resulting plans are not likely to ever be fully executed, due to an unpredictable and changing environment. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Variable Level-Of-Detail (VLOD) planning, that is able to focus its search on obtaining accurate short-term results, while considering the far-future with a different level of detail, selectively ignoring the physical interactions with poorly predictable dynamic objects (e.g., other mobile bodies that are controlled by external entities). Unlike finite-horizon planning, which limits the maximum search depth, VLOD planning deals with local minima and generates full plans to the goal, while requiring much less computation than traditional planning. We contribute VLOD planning on a rich simulated physics-based planner and show results for varying LOD thresholds and replanning intervals.
Fox, Glenn. Reason and Reality in the Methodologies of Economics. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 1997, xi + 142 pp., price unknown

This highly original new book examines the scientific status of economics from the perspective of practising economists. It studies how they evaluate their theories, the relationship between those theories and the phenomena they are intended to represent, and the philosophy, methodology and scientific credentials of economics. It examines the tension between economics as the logic of rational choice and as a predictive science, that is reason and reality respectively.
The role of phospholipids in stimulating phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase activity.

Abstract The phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase activity of fresh rat liver supernatant fractions was observed to be stimulated by boiled, previously incubated particulate fractions of rat liver. This stimulation was shown to be mediated by the phospholipids present in the latter. Treatment of rat liver supernatant fractions with acetone and butanol to remove phospholipids resulted hi very low transferase activity which could be increased up to 25-fold by the addition of suitable phospholipid preparations. Lipid extracts of fresh rat liver homogenates did not stimulate transferase activity unless they were exposed to a continuous flow of air for 15 hours leading to lipid oxidation. Fractionation of the phospholipids of fresh and incubated rat liver homogenates showed that lysophosphatides were present in higher concentrations in the latter and were the most active phospholipids in stimulating transferase activity. Similarly, highly purified egg lecithin showed little ability to stimulate transferase activity whereas egg lysolecithin was highly active. None of the individual isolated phospholipids stimulated to the same degree as unfractionated rat liver lipid preparations. The stimulation of transferase activity by degraded phospholipids is suggested to represent a positive feedback mechanism for the control of phospholipid synthesis.
Material wealth and subjective well-being

This is a Dr. Philos. thesis. The papers number 1-4 of the thesis are not available in Munin due to publishers' restrictions: 1. Diener, E. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002): 'Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research.' Social Indicators Research, Vol 57, No 2, 119-169 (Springer). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014411319119 2. Biswas-Diener, R., Vitterso, J., & Diener, E. (2005): 'Most people are pretty happy, but there is a cultural variation: The Inughuit, the Amish, and the Maasai.' Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol 6, No 3, 205-226 (Springer). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-5683-8 3. Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2001): 'Making the best of a bad situation: Satisfaction in the slums of Calcutta.' Social Indicators Research, Vol 55, No 3, 329-352 (Springer). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010905029386 4. Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2006): 'The subjective well-being of the homeless, and lessons for happiness.' Social Indicators Research, Vol 76, No 2, 185-205 (Springer). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-8671-9
The Short-Sighted Value of Inefficiency: Why We Should Mind the Gap in the Reimbursement of Outpatient Prescription Drugs

As indicated by recent multi-million dollar settlements between the federal government and several major pharmaceutical companies, the current federal health care system is improperly paying claims through Medicaid and Medicare for off-label use of prescription drugs. This widespread improper payment is due, at least in part, to an information gap in the current billing system for the recently-expanded Medicare and Medicaid programs, which, if fixed, could reduce or eliminate improper payments for off-label prescriptions. The fix includes incorporating patient diagnosis information into the billing system for the Medicare and Medicaid prescription drug benefit programs, which would allow for real-time review of prescription drug claims for eligibility instead of the delayed audit currently used weeks (or months and years) after payment has been made. In addition, linking diagnosis codes directly to prescription information would provide more robust data to better inform comparative effectiveness research, drug safety monitoring, and insurance coverage decisions. Doing so, however, will likely eliminate one of the critical legal theories under the False Claims Act that the fraud enforcement community has relied upon for recouping billions of dollars from pharmaceutical companies for their off-label promotion of drugs. Even so, maintaining the information gap in the current billing system, while potentially valuable for the enforcement mechanism it provides under the False Claims Act, is short-sighted and unnecessarily risks both the public fisc and public health.
Photolysis of Caged Neurotransmitters: Theory and Procedures for Light Delivery

Photolysis of “caged” compounds is a technique for releasing biologically active compounds in which the timing, rate, and spatial profile of release are controlled by light. Issues relating to the delivery of light for single-photon photolysis are presented. Specific discussions include the theories relating to how light interacts with biological tissue to produce scattering and phototoxicity, as well as the issues involved in choosing the appropriate light source. Several approaches and optical designs are presented for delivering the output of a laser to a microscopic specimen. The criteria for choosing an approach are presented. The commercial sources for the parts needed to build a photolysis system are also provided. This unit will be particularly useful for investigators interested in single-photon photolysis of caged neurotransmitters in brain slices. Keywords: photolysis; single-photon photolysis; laser photolysis; caged glutamate
Gynecologic Problems in Women with Autoimmune Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that as the recognition of autoimmune disorders among women expands, primary care physicians, rheumatologists, dermatologists, and obstetrician–gynecologists are called upon to evaluate, diagnose, and treat an array of common gynecologic conditions. While these conditions are not limited to this population of women, real or perceived prevalence and incidence are increased, as well as severity. The chapter discusses the issues of management of vulvar, vaginal, and cervical conditions and sexuality and sexual dysfunction. The intensity and complexity of therapy necessitated for the successful treatment of sexual dysfunction is beyond the scope of most primary care physicians, the initial recognition and management is not. Treatment of sexual dysfunction is ultimately based on the underlying factors that lend themselves to being addressed in any given population. These include psychologic, relationship, medication, and physiologic factors.
Hydrops fetalis: Role of the geneticist

The causes of hydrops fetalis are myriad. As a result of the advent of routine Rh screening, most cases are not currently related to Rh incompatibility. Genetic, metabolic, chromosomal, and syndromic causes are among the most frequently identified causes of nonimmune hydrops. The importance of determining the underlying cause of hydrops becomes evident once issues such as prognosis, specific treatment, and risk of recurrence are considered. The medical geneticist is highly qualified to assist in the evaluation of hydrops. Clinical geneticists have undergone training in a primary care specialty followed by intensive training in the diagnosis, management, and counseling of individuals and families with genetic, chromosomal, or multifactorial syndromes or birth defects. This training prepares the medical geneticist well to serve as a consultant when hydrops is diagnosed. As knowledge of the molecular genetic and metabolic basis of disease increases, utilization of genetics laboratories continues to increase dramatically. In addition to examining the child to look for dysmorphic features, the clinical geneticist can assist with the laboratory evaluation by coordinating testing with the cytogeneticist, molecular geneticist, and biochemical geneticist as appropriate. Increased awareness of the role of the geneticist in the evaluation of such patients should prove helpful to the physicians caring for such patients and the patients' families.
Role for interleukin‐4 in foreign‐body giant cell formation on a poly(etherurethane urea) in vivo

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) was previously shown to induce extensive macrophage fusion to form foreign-body giant cells (FBGCs) in vitro. In the present study, our goal was to extend these findings to an in vivo test environment on biomaterials. The subcutaneous cage-implant system was modified for mice to elucidate IL-4 participation in mediating FBGC formation in vivo. Exudate leukocyte concentrations from cages containing poly(etherurethane urea) (PEUU A') and empty cage controls indicated a similar inflammatory response that turned toward resolution by 14 days postimplantation, thus confirming the applicability of the cage-implant system in mice. FBGC kinetic analysis showed that the formation of mouse FBGCs occurs through the fusion of adherent macrophages at a constant rate up to 14 days of implantation. Purified goat anti-mouse IL-4 neutralizing antibody (IL4Ab) or normal goat nonspecific control IgG (gtIgG) at various concentrations, or recombinant murine IL-4 (muIL4) was injected into the implanted cages containing PEUU A' every 2 days for 7 days. The injection of IL4Ab significantly decreased the FBGC density on PEUU A' cage-implanted in mice, when compared with the nonspecific IgG or PBS injection controls. Conversely, the FBGC density was significantly increased by the injection of muIL4 when compared with nonspecific IgG and PBS injection controls. Adherent macrophage density, FBGC morphology, FBGC average size, and size distribution were not significantly different among IL4Ab, nonspecific control gtIgG, muIL4, and PBS control groups. Our data suggest that IL-4 participates in FBGC formation on biomaterials in vivo.
A system-based sequence of closed labs for computer systems organization

The closed-lab environment has been used successfully in the Computer Science curriculum. This paper proposes a set of laboratories, that combine the use of hands-on techniques and logic simulation. During a semester, students in Computer Systems Organization classes design and implement a working model of a complete system: OBC.
Effect of strain rate on the dislocation cell size at various stress levels during uniaxial tensile testing of electrical conductor aluminum

Abstract The effect of strain rate on dislocation cell size has been investigated in electrical conductor grade aluminum after the samples have been deformed to stress levels of 50, 56 and 62 MPa in tension. It has been observed that the cell size generally decreases as a function of tensile strain when the samples are deformed to the same stress value at different strain rates, although some inconsistencies have been observed.
Academic Achievement of Students Who Receive Disclosure of Cognitive Style Map Information.

This study investigated the hypothesis that disclosure of cognitive style map information raises the academic achievement of community college students. Subjects were students enrolled in humanities, life science, and psychology. Experimental group subjects were administered a self-report inventory to obtain data to develop a cognitive style map, while control group subjects were administered the Study of Values inventory. Semester grades were obtained from instructors. Experimental and control group mean differences in all three areas were statistically significant at the .01 level. The size of the absolute difference in percentage points demonstrated a considerable effect on the semester grade. It was concluded that disclosure of cognitive style map information has an important beneficial effect on academic achievement.
The Reference Librarian as Non-Expert: A Postmodern Approach to Expertise

SUMMARY This article explores the postmodern psychotherapeutic view of the therapist as a non-expert. The author seeks to draw an analogy between the professional expertise and knowledge of the reference librarian and the expertise of the psychotherapist, with special reference to the postmodern idea of the posture of non-expertise. Reference librarians will provide a higher degree of user satisfaction to patrons when the reference interview is approached as a collaborative and dialogic process that is grounded in the attitude of non-expertise. The stance of the reference librarian as non-expert will move the profession of librarian-ship away from the technocrat/expert model and back towards its earlier mission of service and human-centered values.
Targeting the pregnane X receptor in liver injury.

Introduction: The nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a well-characterized hepatic xenobiotic sensor whose activation by chemically diverse compounds results in the induction of drug clearance pathways that rid the body of potentially toxic substances, thus conferring protection from foreign chemicals and endobiotics. Areas covered: PXR activities are implicated in drug–drug interactions and endocrine disruption. Recent evidence supports a hepatoprotective role for PXR in chronic liver injury, inhibiting liver inflammation through suppression of the NF-κB pathway. However, PXR-mediated induction of CYP3A enhances APAP-induced acute liver injury by generating toxic metabolites. While these observations implicate PXR as a therapeutic target for liver injury, they also caution against PXR activation by pharmaceutical drugs. Expert opinion: While evidence of PXR involvement in acute and chronic liver injuries identifies it as a possible therapeutic target, it raises additional concerns for all drug ...
Accountability in a computerized society

This essay warns of eroding accountability in computerized societies. It argues that assumptions about computing and features of situations in which computers are produced create barriers to accountability. Drawing on philosophical analyses of moral blame and responsibility, four barriers are identified: 1) the problem of many hands, 2) the problem of bugs, 3) blaming the computer, and 4) software ownership without liability. The paper concludes with ideas on how to reverse this trend.
Psychological and Drug Abuse Symptoms Associated With Nonmedical Use of Opioid Analgesics Among Adolescents

ABSTRACT. Background: Approximately 18% of US adolescents engaged in prescription opioid abuse in 2013. However, this estimate may be misleading because it includes both medical misusers and nonmedical users, and there is evidence that these are 2 groups that differ relative to substance abuse and criminal risk. Thus, this study does not combine medical and nonmedical users; rather, it seeks to better understand the characteristics of nonmedical users. Methods: This was a school-based, cross-sectional study that was conducted during 2009–2010 in southeastern Michigan with a sample of 2627 adolescents using a Web-based survey. Three mutually exclusive groups were created based on responses regarding medical and nonmedical use of opioid analgesics. Group 1 had never used an opioid analgesic, Group 2 used an opioid analgesic only as prescribed, and Group 3 nonmedically used an opioid analgesic. In addition, Group 3 was divided into 2 mutually exclusive subgroups (self-treaters and sensation-seekers) based on...
Factors associated with differential use of mental health services among women over 8 years after substance abuse treatment

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284 e273 Results: Students in the program condition showed greater increase of knowledge regarding tobacco (5.92%; p 0 to 21 joint equivalents/wk in the CD group (CDG); >5 heroin bag equivs/wk in the OD group (ODG)); there was no significant difference between the number of high users in each group (p=0.66). The mean age of the ODG was 22.6 years (SD=1.8) vs. 22.2 years (SD=2.1) in the CDG. The ODG was 32.7% female and the CDG was 24.6% female. The distribution of race was significantly different between the groups (p<0.01). Eighty four percent of the ODGwere white and 0% were black; 23% of the CDGwere black and 35% were white.Mean education years in the ODGwas 13.5 (SD=1.6) vs. 13.7 (SD=2.3) in the CDG. Those in the ODG had a mean baseline GAF of 60.4 (SD=8.4) vs. 64.0 in the CDG (SD=7.8) (p<0.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of frequency of use (OD: 29.2 d/month SD=2.9 vs. CD: 29.1 SD=1.9). Mean age at first use of primarydrugwas15.0yrs (SD=2.2) in theCDGvs. 18.7yrs (SD=2.4) in theODG (p<0.01). Age at regular usewas16.9 yrs (SD=2.5) in the CDG and 19.7 (SD=2.3) in the ODG (p<0.01). The ODG was more likely to use concurrent substances (p<0.01). Conclusions: The two groups are similar demographically with the exception of race. Younger CD patients are more likely to be using cannabis alone, and younger OD patients may be more functionally impaired and using concurrent substances. Financial support: NIDA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.209 Cannabis smoking may exacerbate depression-attributable functional impairment among recently active depressed cases Brian J. Fairman, James C. Anthony Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States Aims: Among the suspected health hazards of prolonged cannabis smoking is an increase in the occurrence of a depression syndrome. Clinically significant occupational and social impairments are known to be attributed to depression. We surmise that co-occurring cannabisproblemsmight affect these impairment levels. The aim is to estimate this hypothesized cannabis effect on this facet of the lives of depression cases. Methods: After nationally representative sampling and recruitment, computerized self-interviews of the U.S. National Surveys of Drug Use and Health identified depression cases with recent episodes (n=13,743). Depression-related impairment was