cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A continuous knapsack problem with separable convex utilities: Approximation algorithms and applications

We study a continuous knapsack problem with separable convex utilities. We show that the problem is NP-hard, and provide two simple algorithms that have worst-case performance guarantees. We consider as an application a novel subsidy allocation problem in the presence of market competition, subject to a budget constraint and upper bounds on the amount allocated to each firm, where the objective is to minimize the market price of a good.
Solutal convection around growing protein crystals and diffusional purification in space

Abstract Convective and diffusional mass transport to an isolated crystal growing from solution, with slow linear interface kinetics, is considered analytically as a generic scaling model. We focus on the interface kinetics which is slow as compared to the diffusion mass transport which is typical of protein crystal growth. Independently, full-scale numerical solutions of transport equations around a cylindrical crystal, at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical cell filled with the solution, are found. The two approaches give results that agree over a wide range of parameters, providing dimensionless relationships that allow predictions of the contribution of convection and diffusion to mass transport. Requirements for microgravity level in Space experiments to achieve diffusional mass transport are estimated on the basis of these relationships. Coefficients of impurity distribution between a growing crystal and its solution, under the influences of convection and diffusion around the crystal, were numerically evaluated as functions of time. The results provide further support for the hypothesis concerning the role of the impurity depletion zone in the purification of a growing crystal. They also reveal that in general, the impurity distribution within the crystal is not homogeneous due to convection. The effects of various factors on growth kinetics and crystal purity are considered.
Medieval Diglossia and Modern Academic Discourse

During the Middle Ages scholars shifted from using only Latin in academic writing to incorporating the vernacular, English. As Latin helped shape vernacular writing, so did the vernacular shape Latin. And though influenced by Latin academic writing, the vernacular created a new discourse, neither entirely Latin nor English, but informed by both. This article explores the lessons that we, as contemporary scholars, can learn from the past about incorporating home languages in academic discourse.
Sex differences in plasma corticosterone in mouse fetuses are mediated by differential placental transport from the mother and eliminated by maternal adrenalectomy or stress

The effect of changes in maternal corticosterone concentrations, induced by maternal stress, maternal adrenalectomy or both, on concentration of corticosterone in serum and in adrenals of mouse (Mus domesticus) fetuses was examined. Higher baseline serum corticosterone concentrations were found in female fetuses than in male fetuses; however, there was no sex difference in the content of corticosterone in adrenals collected from these fetuses. Sex differences were observed in the fetal response to changes in maternal concentrations of serum corticosterone resulting from stress (bright light and heat) or adrenalectomy, and both factors eliminated the sex difference in corticosterone in fetal serum. When females were injected i.v. with [3H]corticosterone on day 17 of pregnancy, significantly more 3H was recovered from the serum of female than of male fetuses 15 min after the injection, while more 3H was recovered from placentae of male fetuses. This finding suggests that the difference in serum corticosterone in male and female mouse fetuses is due to greater transport of corticosterone from maternal blood across the placenta of female than of male fetuses.
Binding of defined regions of a polypeptide to GroEL and its implications for chaperonin-mediated protein folding

Unfolded rhodanese in a complex with the chaperonin GroEL was subjected to limited proteolysis. Sequence analysis indentified a GroEL-bound fragment of approximately 11,000 M(r) and a well defined fragment of approximately 7,000 M(r) from the two homologous domains of rhodanese. The shorter segment contains one hydrophobic and one amphiphilic alpha-helix mapping to the domain interface while the other fragment contains the homologous regions and an additional hydrophobic helix. Our results suggest a mechanism for the GroEL-mediated folding of rhodanese in which the domain-forming regions of the polypeptide are kept apart and are then released, perhaps sequentially, resulting in correct folding.
Disparities in postacute rehabilitation care for stroke: an analysis of the state inpatient databases.

Abstract Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Ku L-JE, Cutchin MP, Heatwole-Shank K, Edwards LJ. Disparities in postacute rehabilitation care for stroke: an analysis of the state inpatient databases. Objective To determine the extent to which sociodemographic and geographic disparities exist in the use of postacute rehabilitation care (PARC) after stroke. Design Cross-sectional analysis of data for 2 years (2005–2006) from the State Inpatient Databases. Setting All short-term acute-care hospitals in 4 demographically and geographically diverse states. Participants Individuals (age, ≥45y; mean age, 72.6y) with a primary diagnosis of stroke who survived their inpatient stay (N=187,188). The sample was 52.4% women, 79.5% white, 11.4% black, and 9.1% Hispanic. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures (1) Discharge to an institution versus home. (2) For those discharged to home, receipt of home health (HH) versus no HH care. (3) For those discharged to an institution, receipt of inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) or skilled nursing facility (SNF) care. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify sociodemographic and geographic disparities in PARC use, controlling for illness severity/comorbid conditions, hospital characteristics, and PARC supply. Results Blacks, women, older individuals, and those with lower incomes were more likely to receive institutional care; Hispanics and the uninsured were less likely. Racial minorities, women, older individuals, and those with lower incomes were more likely to receive HH care; uninsured individuals were less likely. Blacks, women, older individuals, the uninsured, and those with lower incomes were more likely to receive SNF versus IRF care. PARC use varied significantly by hospital and geographic location. Conclusions Several sociodemographic and geographic disparities in PARC use were identified.
Remote sensing of sea ice cover using SuperDARN HF radars

In addition to returns from field-aligned plasma irregularities in the ionosphere, SuperDARN radars also observe backscatter from Earth's surface on a daily basis. These ground scatter echoes have been used to characterize the ionosphere in variety of ways, such as monitoring atmospheric gravity waves, E and F layer critical frequencies, and ultra-low frequency (ULF) wave propagation. We have calculated monthly ground scatter occurrence rates for four high-latitude SuperDARN radars and compared them to Arctic sea ice boundaries derived from satellite observations courtesy of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Regions covered by sea ice are shown to be weak scatterers for the HF signals, while sea surfaces not covered by ice produce more easily detectable backscatter than land regions in Canada and Greenland at comparable ranges. The spatial resolution and coverage of these results are influenced by several factors: seasonal ionospheric propagation conditions, relatively large range cell resolution (45 km), and the need for a thick daytime ionosphere to reflect radar signals down to the Earth's surface. In this talk, besides statistical analysis of historical high-latitude SuperDARN observations, we will present first results from a new radar control program designed to improve detection of sea ice boundaries.
The enthalpy of formation of 1,3,6-triphenylcycloheptatriene

Abstract The energy of combustion of 1,3,6-triphenylcycloheptatriene has been measured in a static bomb calorimeter. The results have been used to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation ΔH f o (C 25 H 20 , c, 298.15 K) = (65.5±0.8) kcal mol −1 ‡
Deficits in thematic integration processes in Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia

This study investigated how normal subjects and Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics integrate thematic information incrementally using syntax, lexical-semantics, and pragmatics in a simple active declarative sentence. Three priming experiments were conducted using an auditory lexical decision task in which subjects made a lexical decision on a 'target' (the last word of each sentence) preceded by a 'prime' (a subject noun phrase and verb). The presence and magnitude of priming was compared to a baseline condition in which non-words systematically replaced real word primes. Normal subjects showed evidence for combinatorial thematics by exhibiting significant and larger amounts of thematic priming in the condition where two real words were present in the prime than in the conditions in which only one real word was present in the prime. Additionally, normal subjects showed sensitivity to both syntactic structures and pragmatics. In contrast, Broca's patients did not show significant priming for any condition nor did they show a difference in the magnitude of priming among the conditions. Nonetheless, they showed sensitivity to pragmatics. Wernicke's patients showed significant priming for all conditions, but did not show differences in the magnitude of priming among the conditions. However, they showed sensitivity to sentence grammaticality and pragmatics. The distinct patterns of performance of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics are discussed in terms of the nature of their impairments in the processes of combinatorial thematics.
Bronchomediastinal fistula presenting as purulent pericarditis in a healthy 32-year-old man.

Acute purulent pericarditis is rarely caused by anaerobic bacteria and it is almost always a complication of another disease process. Esophagomediastinal fistula, odontogenic, or pleuropulmonary infections have been reported to be the primary source of purulent pericarditis. If not diagnosed and treated promptly, purulent pericarditis is usually a fatal disease. We describe a case of bronchomediastinal fistula as sequels from a necrotizing parenchymal infection, leading on to secondary mediastinitis and pleuropericardial involvement in an immunocompetent patient. .
Economic heterogeneity within large metropolitan areas.

In recent years research has indicated a trend in the US for the distribution of income to become bimodal with movement away from a dominant middle class and toward more people being in the upper or lower ends of the income scale. With this trend an analysis of municipalities would be expected to show frequency distributions for various economic variables that would have widened become more skewed and become flattened or U-shaped. Additionally the mode of distribution would be expected to move toward the lower income end. An analysis of individuals within the rich and poor communities would be expected to show frequency distributions that have narrowed. This study tested the above expectations. The usual measures of skewness and peakedness were used for data analyses as well as a modified Pearson place. The metropolitan areas sampled were Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Detroit Los Angles and Washington DC. Changes were looked for in comparing per capita income figures from the US Census for each municipality in the metropolitan areas in 19691979 and 1983. For individual municipalities a sample of 30 Chicago suburbs was used to show income distribution. Results of per capita income in metropolitan areas (except Dallas) for 1969-1979 showed that middle income communities became more dominant not less; therefore the poorer communities became richer. The results for 1979-1983 showed that the trend came to a halt. For individual income results a trend toward greater homogeneity in the 1970s came to a halt in the 1980s and began to reverse itself. For individual municipalities the larger ones were more heterogeneous. Additionally those with greater population increases were more homogeneous in income and those with the highest increases in income tended to be moving toward more homogeneity. The poor communities therefore were more income-heterogeneous. A bimodal income distribution does not exist but some metropolitan areas are moving in that direction.
Innovation in food firms: contribution of regional networks within the international business context

This paper explores the role of regional networks in processes of innovation within an international business context. It is hypothesized that firms participating in regional networks demonstrate a stronger innovation competence. Data are drawn from a survey among food firms in the region of Meetjesland, Belgium, and reflect the relation between the firm and a number of regional characteristics. After restructuring the data through factor analysis and cluster analysis, the important role of regional networking is revealed using discriminant analysis. The analysis marks out two factors having the strongest power to discriminate between the clusters: firms are classified as having a stronger innovation competence when networking within the region, and when orienting towards the international market. Results demonstrate that internationally operating firms benefit from regional networking. Further, it is argued that regional networking is not contradictory to an international market orientation, and that fir...
Differential protein expression analysis using stable isotope labeling and PQD linear ion trap MS technology

An isotope tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for differential protein expression profiling in complex cellular extracts. The estrogen positive MCF-7 cell line, cultured in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2) and tamoxifen (Tam), was used as a model system. MS analysis was performed with a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) instrument operated by using pulsed Q dissociation (PQD) detection. Optimization experiments were conducted to maximize the iTRAQ labeling efficiency and the number of quantified proteins. MS data filtering criteria were chosen to result in a false positive identification rate of <4%. The reproducibility of protein identifications was ∼60%–67% between duplicate, and ∼50% among triplicate LC-MS/MS runs, respectively. The run-to-run reproducibility, in terms of relative standard deviations (RSD) of global mean iTRAQ ratios, was better than 10%. The quantitation accuracy improved with the number of peptides used for protein identification. From a total of 530 identified proteins (P < 0.001) in the E2/Tam treated MCF-7 cells, a list of 255 proteins (quantified by at least two peptides) was generated for differential expression analysis. A method was developed for the selection, normalization, and statistical evaluation of such datasets. An approximate ∼2-fold change in protein expression levels was necessary for a protein to be selected as a biomarker candidate. According to this data processing strategy, ∼16 proteins involved in biological processes such as apoptosis, RNA processing/metabolism, DNA replication/transcription/repair, cell proliferation and metastasis, were found to be up- or down-regulated.
High-Capacity Sulfur Dioxide Absorbents for Diesel Emissions Control

High-capacity sulfur dioxide absorbents based on manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS) have been identified. These materials are based on MnO6 octahedra sharing faces and edges to form various tunnel structures (2 × 2, 2 × 3, 2 × 4, 3 × 3) differentiated by the number of octahedra on a side. The SO2 capacities of these materials, measured at 325 °C with a feed containing 250 ppmv SO2 in air, are as high as 70 wt % (w/w), remarkably higher than conventional metal oxide based SO2 absorbents. Among the OMS materials, the 2 × 2 member, cryptomelane, exhibits the highest capacity and absorption rate. Its SO2 absorption behavior has been further characterized as a function of temperature, space velocity, and feed composition. The dominant pathway for SO2 absorption is through the oxidation of SO2 to SO3 by Mn4+ followed by SO3 reaction with Mn2+ to form MnSO4. Absorption can occur in the absence of gas-phase oxygen, with a moderate loss in overall capacity. The inclusion of gases NO and CO in the fe...
Oxyfiring with CO2 capture to meet low-carbon fuel standards for unconventional fuels from Utah

Abstract The transportation fuel sector is under pressure to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of low-carbon fuel standards (LCFSs), which have been passed by the State of California and the European Union. These standards will be particularly challenging for producers of oil sands, heavy oil, and other unconventional resources. Oxyfiring with CO 2 capture is a promising technology for reducing CO 2 emissions from the transportation fuel sector, but it requires a significant amount of energy to generate oxygen. This study examines the potential for oxyfiring to reduce life-cycle GHG emissions from transportation fuels derived from in situ and ex situ oil shale and ex situ oil sands in the Uinta Basin of Utah. It also examines the effect of oxyfiring with CO 2 capture on the net energy return (NER). The evaluation focuses on the fuel's life-cycle GHG emissions, and it includes resource extraction, upgrading, transportation and refining. The results suggest that oxyfiring could help some unconventional sources of crude oil, such as ex situ production of oil sands and oil shale, meet a LCFS. However, oxyfiring with CO 2 capture reduces NER.
Vitamin D receptor alleles and rates of bone loss : influences of years since menopause and calcium intake

A genetic marker for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor (VDR) is reported to account for much of the heritable component of bone density. It is not known whether VDR genotype influences bone accretion or loss, or how it is related to calcium metabolism. The VDR genotype was determined in 229 healthy postmenopausal women who previously participated in a calcium trial. VDR alleles were designated according to presence (b) or absence (B) of the BsmI restriction enzyme cutting site. There were 83 bb, 102 Bb, and 44 BB individuals. Two-thirds of the women took 500 mg of calcium supplement (mean calcium intake = 892 mg/day) and one-third a placebo (mean = 376 mg/day). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck, spine, and radius were measured by dual- and single-photon absorptiometry at baseline and after 1 and 2 years. Among women more than 10 years postmenopausal, those with the BB genotype had the lowest femoral neck BMD. Rates of bone loss over 2 years were greater in the BB group at all sites (e.g., at the femoral neck, bb, 0.45 ± 0.43; Bb, -0.01 ± 0.40; BB, -0.99 ± 0.50%/year; BB vs. bb, p = 0.01), and this trend was found both in women <10 years since menopause (e.g., at the radius, bb, 0.43 ± 0.47; Bb, -0.37 ± 0.42; BB, -1.20 ± 0.59% per year; BB vs. bb, p = 0.02) and those ≥10 years (radius, bb, -0.71 ± 0.41; Bb, 0.08 ± 0.39; BB, -1.41 ± 0.49% per year; BB vs. Bb, p < 0.01). At the femoral neck, bone loss appeared to be modified by calcium intake (e.g., in the BB genotype: +0.03 ± 0.61 in supplemented vs. -2.01 ± 0.75%/year in placebo, in bb: 0.57 ± 0.58 vs. 0.32 ± 0.47%/year; interaction term p = 0.09), and this trend was also present in both early and late menopause. Rates of change at the radius and spine in BB were not significantly influenced by calcium at the intake levels of this study group. These results indicate that postmenopausal bone loss is influenced by the VDR genotype and suggest the adverse effect of the susceptible allele at the hip may be reduced by raising calcium intake.
Hydrogen Storage Based on Physisorption

Physisorption of molecular hydrogen based on neutral and negatively charged aromatic molecular systems has been evaluated using ab initio calculations to estimate the binding energy, DeltaH, and DeltaG at 298 ( approximately 77 bar) and 77 K (45 bar) in order to compare calculated results with experimental measurements of hydrogen adsorption. The molecular systems used in this study were corannulene (C(20)H(10)), dicyclopenta[def,jkl]triphenylene (C(20)H(10)), 5,8-dioxo-5,8-dihydroindeno[2,1-c]fluorene (C(20)H(10)O(2)), 6-hexyl-5,8-dioxo-5,8-dihydroindeno[2,1-c]fluorene (C(26)H(22)O(2)), coronene (C(24)H(12)), dilithium phthalocyanine (Li(2)Pc, C(32)H(16)Li(2)N(8)), tetrabutylammonium lithium phthalocyanine (TBA-LiPc, C(48)H(52)LiN(9)), and tetramethylammonium lithium phthalocyanine (TMA-LiPc, C(36)H(28)LiN(9)). It was found (a) that the calculated term that corrects 0 K electronic energies to give Gibbs energies (thermal correction to Gibbs energy, TCGE) serves as a good approximation of the adsorbent binding energy required in order for a physisorption process to be thermodynamically allowed and (b) that the binding energy for neutral aromatic molecules varies as a function of curvature (e.g., corannulene versus coronene) or if electron-withdrawing or -donating groups are part of the adsorbent. A negatively charged aromatic ring, the lithium phthalocyanine complex anion, [LiPc](-), introduces charge-induced dipole interactions into the adsorption process, resulting in a doubling of the binding energy of Li(2)Pc relative to corannulene. Experimental hydrogen adsorption results for Li(2)Pc, which are consistent with MD simulation results using chi-Li(2)Pc to simulate the adsorbent, suggest that only one side of the phthalocyanine ring is used in the adsorption process. The introduction of a tetrabutylammonium cation as a replacement for one lithium ion in Li(2)Pc has the effect of increasing the number of hydrogen molecules adsorbed from 10 (3.80 wt %) for Li(2)Pc to 24 (5.93 wt %) at 77 K and 45 bar, suggesting that both sides of the phthalocyanine ring are available for hydrogen adsorption. MD simulations of layered tetramethylammonium lithium phthalocyanine molecular systems illustrate that doubling the wt % H(2) adsorbed is possible via such a system. Ab initio calculations also suggest that layered or sandwich structures can result in significant reductions in the pressure required for hydrogen adsorption.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of psorospermin/quinobenzoxazine hybrids as structurally novel antitumor agents.

Topoisomerase II, an enzyme that catalyzes changes in the topology of DNA, plays several key roles in DNA metabolism and chromosome structure, and it is the primary cytotoxic target for a number of clinically important DNA intercalating agents such as doxorubicin. It seems likely that if these intercalating topoisomerase II poisons are structurally modified to also be DNA alkylating agents, they will have increased dwell time on the topoisomerase II−DNA complex and increased potency and selectivity for cancer cells. On the basis of insights into the mechanisms of action of psorospermin and the quinobenzoxazine A-62176 and molecular modeling studies of these compounds with duplex DNA, we have designed and synthesized a series of novel hybrid DNA-interactive compounds that alkylate DNA most efficiently at sequences directed by topoisomerase II. The epoxydihydrofuran ring of psorospermin was used as a DNA alkylating moiety, and this was fused to the pyridobenzophenoxazine ring of A-62176. The chlorohydrin ri...
Overview of the visual system of tarsius

Tarsiers, which are currently considered to constitute the sister group of anthropoid primates, exhibit a number of morphological specializations such as remarkably large eyes, big ears, long hind legs, and a nearly naked tail. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the tarsier visual system and describe recent anatomical observations from our laboratory. Its large eyes notwithstanding, the most remarkable feature of the tarsier brain is the large size and distinct lamination of area V1. Based on the need of tarsier for optimal scotopic vision and acuity to detect small prey in low lighting conditions, tarsiers may have preserved a high level of visual acuity by enlarging V1 at the expense of other areas. The other classically described visual regions are present in tarsier, albeit many borders are not clearly distinct on histochemical or immunohistochemical preparations. Tarsiers also have a large number and unusual distributions of cones in the retina, with high numbers of M/L-cones in the central retina and S-cones surprisingly at the periphery, which may be sensitive to UV light and may be useful for prey detection. These adaptive specializations may together account for the unique nocturnal predatory requirements of tarsiers.
A sequence of the yeast 2 μm DNA plasmid chromosome near the origin of replication is exposed to restriction endonuclease digestion

The yeast 2 μm DNA plasmid nucleoprotein complex was subjected to restriction endonuclease digestion to ascertain whether all possible sites are equally accessible to hydrolysis. When plasmid nucleoprotein complexes which had been fixed with formaldehyde were exhaustively digested with restriction endonucleases HinfI or CfoI, only a few of the limit digest products were produced. Furthermore, the limited set of restriction endonuclease sites exposed in formaldehyde-treated plasmid chromosomes could be shown to be preferentially hydrolyzed when plasmid chromosomes which had not been treated with formaldehyde were digested with the same restriction endonucleases. Mapping of the preferred sites revealed that they mapped to the region of the plasmid near the replication origin. These results demonstrate that the protection of DNA from nuclease activity is not constant along the plasmid chromatin, and that a region near the replication origin is preferentially exposed to endonuclease hydrolysis.
Automation of reconfiguration, compensation, and thermoregulation using vascular networks

The design and operation of an automated system to monitor bending and coordinate fluid displacement in a flexible patch antenna is discussed. This includes the impact of mixing nano-scale particles into the fluid for electromagnetic operations on the flow rate and ability of the fluidic system to regulate the temperature of the antenna and surrounding substrate. Two variations of a system to automate this behavior are discussed.
Stereospecific differences in repair by human cell extracts of synthesized oligonucleotides containing trans-opened 7,8,9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide N2-dG adduct stereoisomers located within the human K-ras codon 12 sequence.

The potent environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), following enzymatic activation to enantiomeric pairs of bay-region 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxides (the benzylic 7-hydroxyl group and epoxide oxygen are cis for DE-1 diastereomers and trans for DE-2 diastereomers), reacts with DNA to form covalent adducts predominately at the exocyclic amino groups of purines. Specific adducts, corresponding to the trans opening of each of the four optically active BaP DE isomers at C-10 by the N 2-amino group of dG, were synthesized as appropriately blocked phosphoramidites and were incorporated at either the first or second G of codon 12 within the G-rich sequence of human K-ras codons 11−13: GCT G1G2T GGC. The adducted oligonucleotides were incorporated into plasmids by primer extension, followed by purification of the covalently closed circular constructs. Adducts derived from either (+)- or (−)-DE-2, placed at either G1 or G2, presented strong blocks to in vitro transcription elongation by bacteriophage T3 RNA polymer...
Incorporation of amino acid carbon into proteins by sheep thyroid gland mitochondria.

Abstract In this laboratory, Raghupathy et al. (1963, 1964) demonstrated the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into protein by (a) slices prepared from the thyroid glands of rats, guinea pigs and sheep and (b) monolayer cultures of isolated thyroid gland cells. In vitro protein synthesis by subcellular fractions of the thyroid gland, however, has not hitherto been studied. Since the early report of McLean et al. (1958), considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating the incorporation of amino acids into protein by mitochondria isolated from a variety of animal and plant tissues as well as from microorganisms ( Simpson, 1962 ). The present communication deals with the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into protein by mitochondria isolated from sheep thyroid glands. An attempt has been made to elucidate the steps involved in this process by studying the cofactor requirements for and the effects of various inhibitors, such as DNase, ∗ RNase, actinomycin D and puromycin, on the amino acid incorporating activity of thyroid mitochondria.
Numerical Method for Solution of Particulate Flow Equations

Theme T equations describing the motion of a medium consisting of viscous fluid and suspended solid particles are nonlinear, partial differential equations, and are always coupled even in the case of incompressible fluid phase. Analytical solutions could be obtained for frozen and equilibrium flow regimes of a few problems with simplified models for the forces of bulk interaction between the two phases. If the nonequilibrium particulate flow is to be studied, numerical computational methods have to be used. A numerical method to analyze the unsteady twodimensional motion of incompressible viscous gas and suspended solid particles is presented. This method is used to study the particulate flow due to the impulsive motion of an infinite flat plate in an otherwise stationary suspension.
Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water.

Abstract Removal of slime from 25% of the body caused no deaths among smolts of coho salmon in fresh water or in seawater (28‰). Removal of slime and scales from the same percentage of body area caused no deaths in fresh water, but 75% mortality within 10 days in seawater. The 10-day median tolerance limit was 10% scale removal immediately before the smolts entered seawater. Mortality was highest when the scales were removed from the area of the rib cage. Recovery of smolts in fresh water from a loss of scales that would be lethal in seawater occurred rapidly; 90% of the fish regained tolerance to seawater within 1 day.
Regiospecificity of acetal cleavage to an enol ether using a carbon-13 labeled acetonide

Abstract Labeled acetonide 3 was prepared and used to study the mechanism of an acetal cleavage reaction.
The effect of barge and ocean freight price volatility in international grain markets

This paper looks at the potential role of time-varying volatility of Mississippi river barge and ocean freight prices on commodity prices in Illinois, at the US Gulf and in Rotterdam using a Vector Error Correction GARCH-in-Mean model. The model is used to infer the extent to which transportation price risk affects price dynamics in international grain markets. Results from a simulation exercise indicate that both barge and ocean price volatility influence grain prices, but barge price volatility tends to have a greater impact on grain prices and marketing margins than that arising from ocean price volatility. Consistent with most studies that evaluate the role of risk in marketing channels, results here suggest that a reduction in barge rate risk would reduce marketing margins between Illinois and the US Gulf, and between the US Gulf and Rotterdam. The existence of an ocean freight futures contract coupled with the lack of a futures contract for barge rates may be partially responsible for the finding that barge rates have a significant influence on grain prices and contribute most to wide marketing margins found throughout the international grain-marketing system.
TGF-β1 activates MAP kinase in human mesangial cells: A possible role in collagen expression

TGF-β1 activates MAP kinase in human mesangial cells: A possible role in collagen expression. Background Although the pathogenic relevance of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to glomerular sclerosis has been established, the intracellular mechanisms by which TGF-β induces extracellular matrix accumulation are not fully understood. We examined whether the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway is involved in TGF-β1–induced collagen expression by cultured human mesangial cells. Methods The activation of MAP kinase pathways by TGF-β1 was assessed by immunoblot with anti-phospho-ERK or -JNK antibodies and by transfection of plasmids expressing pathway-specific transcription activators fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, as well as a GAL4 response element-luciferase reporter gene. The role of MAP kinase was assessed using biochemical inhibitors and transiently expressed dominant negative mutant constructs. The effects on TGF-β1–induced α1(I) collagen expression were evaluated by Northern blot and by activation of a transiently transfected α1(I) promoter-luciferase reporter construct. Results ERK and JNK phosphorylation occurred 30 minutes and one hour, respectively, after TGF-β1 treatment. A biochemical blockade of the ERK pathway inhibited TGF-β1–induced α1(I) collagen expression. A dominant negative mutant of ERK1 but not of JNK decreased α1(I) gene promoter activation. Activation of the TGF-β–responsive p3TP-Lux construct was partially inhibited by cotransfection of an ERK1 dominant negative mutant. Conclusion These data indicate that MAP kinase pathways can be activated by TGF-β1 in mesangial cells and that the ERK MAP kinase plays a role in TGF-β–stimulated collagen I expression. Because we have shown previously that SMADs mediate TGF-β1–stimulated collagen I expression, our findings raise the possibility of interactions between the MAP kinase and the SMAD pathways.
Spatial structure of Chacma baboon groups

A method is presented for measuring the location of individuals with respect to the center or perimeter of a primate group. The method estimates an individual’s domain of danger: the area in which a hidden predator is closer to the individual than to other group members (cf. Hamilton, 1971). A domain is determined by the directions and distances of particular neighbors from a given individual. Animals at peripheral locations have relatively large domains, whereas animals at central locations have relatively small domains. Domains of danger were sampled for members of two groups of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)in northern Botswana, to test for nonrandom spatial patterns throughout the day. Females with infants had significantly smaller domains than did females without infants. Domains also were correlated with social ranks of females;high-ranking females had smaller domains than did low-ranking females, possibly because high-ranking females were more likely to have infant offspring. For adult males, however,domain sizes were not significantly correlated with social ranks. Immigration status of adult males, rather than social rank, better accounted for spatial positioning.
Alternative approaches for incorporating respondent uncertainty when estimating willingness to pay: the case of the Mexican spotted owl

Abstract This paper explores the sources and patterns of respondents' uncertainty regarding their willingness to pay (WTP) and presents alternative approaches for incorporating this uncertainty into estimation of the logit model. Recently proposed approaches are compared to methods proposed in this paper which allows for incorporation of uncertainty regarding both `yes' and `no' responses. These approaches are evaluated by comparing the goodness of fit and variability of mean WTP. Extreme recoding of uncertain `yes' responses as `no' responses reduces the logit goodness of fit and the precision of the WTP estimate. Incorporating the degree of uncertainty of `yes' responses results in the highest goodness of fit and the smallest variability of mean WTP among the various models addressing uncertainty. A regression model is used to determine the significant determinants of respondent uncertainty.
The Policy Consequences of Political Intolerance: Political Repression During the Vietnam War Era

In this article I analyze the relationship between mass and elite political intolerance and the adoption of repressive public policies by the states of the United States. My focus is on statutes adopted by the states during the Vietnam War era that were designed to quash dissent on university campuses. The analysis reveals that repressive public policy reflected neither the intolerance of the mass public nor the political elites in the state. Instead, restrictions on campus protest seemed to be a direct response to levels of disruption on the campuses. Somewhat paradoxically, political tolerance seems to have created the conditions for dissent to occur, but it failed to block repressive reactions when dissent became disruptive. More intolerant states did not act repressively, in part because the climate of intolerance discouraged dissent in the first place. These findings are contrasted to earlier research on repression during the McCarthy era and ultimately, are used to impugn the elitist theory of democ...
Algorithms And Display Techniques For Four-Dimensional Cartesian Graphics

Several algorithms have been developed for Cartesian hyperspace graphics. These include 1) a hidden-line algorithm, 2) a hidden volume algorithm, 3) a shadow algorithm, 4) a shading algorithm, and 5) a raytracing algorithm. Algorithms are being developed for hextree representation. Related efforts include a study of perception cues for n dimensions. Objects in Cartesian hyperspace have been displayed using bimodal, dynamic stereo projection and holography.
Analysis of Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Kinetics in Silicon

Analysis of lithiation and delithiation kinetics in pulse-laser-deposited crystalline thin-film silicon (Si) electrodes is presented. Data from open-circuit relaxation experiments are used in conjunction with a model based on Tafel kinetics and double-layer capacitance to estimate the apparent transfer coefficients (αa, αc) and exchange current density to capacitance ratio (i0/Cdl )f or lithiation and delithiation reactions in a lithiated silicon (LixSi) system. Parameters estimated from data sets obtained during firstcycle amorphization of crystalline Si, as well as from cycled crystalline Si and amorphous Si thin-film electrodes do not show much variation, indicating that they are intrinsic to lithiation/delithiation in Si. A methodology to estimate the side-reaction rate on a well-cycled electrode and its role in the evolution of the open-circuit potential of the LixSi system are discussed. We conclude that the large potential offset between lithiation and delithiation reactions at any given state of charge is partially caused by a large kinetic resistance (i.e., small i0). Using the estimated parameters, the model is shown to predict successfully the behavior of the system under galvanostatic lithiation and delithiation.
Chloride channels activated by osmotic stress in T lymphocytes

We have used whole-cell and perforated-patch recording techniques to characterize volume-sensitive Cl- channels in T and B lymphocytes. Positive transmembrane osmotic pressure (intracellular osmolality > extracellular osmolality) triggers the slow induction of a Cl- conductance. Membrane stretch caused by cellular swelling may underlie the activation mechanism, as moderate suction applied to the pipette interior can reversibly oppose the induction of Cl- current by an osmotic stimulus. Intracellular ATP is required for sustaining the Cl- current. With ATP-free internal solutions, the inducibility of Cl- current declines within minutes of whole-cell recording, while in whole-cell recordings with ATP or in perforated-patch experiments, the current can be activated for at least 30 min. The channels are anion selective with a permeability sequence of I- > SCN- > NO3-, Br- > Cl- > MeSO3- > acetate, propionate > ascorbate > aspartate and gluconate. GCl does not show voltage- and time-dependent gating behavior at potentials between -100 and +100 mV, but exhibits moderate outward rectification in symmetrical Cl- solutions. Fluctuation analysis indicates a unitary chord conductance of approximately 2 pS at -80 mV in the presence of symmetrical 160 mM Cl-. The relationship of mean current to current variance during the osmotic activation of Cl- current implies that each cell contains on the order of 10(4) activatable Cl- channels, making it the most abundant ion channel in lymphocytes yet described. The current is blocked in a voltage-dependent manner by DIDS and SITS (Ki = 17 and 89 microM, respectively, at +40 mV), the degree of blockade increasing with membrane depolarization. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of this Cl- channel are consistent with a role in triggering volume regulation in lymphocytes exposed to hyposmotic conditions.
Selective Depression of Serum Growth Hormone During Maternal Deprivation in Rat Pups

Maternal deprivation was associated with a decline in immunoreactive growth hormone in the serum of rat pups. Pups that were returned to the mother showed a rapid reversal in this deprivation-induced decrease. The change in growth hormone concentration was not accompanied by changes in the concentrations of prolactin, thyrotropin, or corticosterone in the serum, but were correlated with alteration in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the brain. Treatment of neonatal rat pups with cyprohepatadine, a serotonin antagonist that suppresses growth hormone secretion, resulted in a significant decline in both serum growth hormone concentration and brain ornithine decarboxylase activity. These findings suggest that maternal deprivation elicits a specific suppression of growth hormone release which mediates the decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity. The study is consistent with clinical findings of impaired growth hormone "responsitivity" in human maternal deprivation syndrome.
Nickel-catalyzed carbometallation of functionalized silylalkynes by grignard reagents

Abstract Syntheses of vinylsilanes by the nickel catalyzed addition of methyl-magnesium bromide to functionalized silylalkynes are described. Simple syntheses of geraniol and farnesol are reported.
Treatment of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma following renal transplantation

Abstract Renal transplantation was performed in a patient with a history of surgical excision for localized transitional cell carcinoma. The graft functioned well; however, metastatic transitional cell carcinoma developed following transplantation. The patient was treated sequentially with CISCA (cisplatin, Cytoxan [cyclophosphamide], and Adriamycin [doxorubicin hydrochloride]) and M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin, and cisplatin) with no alteration in maintenance immunosuppression. Full-dose chemotherapy was well tolerated, with no impairment of renal function, and a demonstrable reduction in tumor burden was achieved. The patient ultimately died of metastatic disease but enjoyed an excellent quality of life throughout the post-transplant period.
Tamper Resistant Software Through Intent Protection

One approach to protect distributed systems implemented with mobile code is through program obfuscation. Disguising program intent is a form of information hiding that facilitates tamper proofing. By hiding program intent, adversaries are reduced to non-semantics attacks such as blind disruption or operating system level attacks (e.g. buffer overflows). In this paper, we amplify the Barak result to observe that the Virtual Black Box (VBB) program obfuscation model is fundamentally flawed for useful analysis. We provide an alternative framework for establishing and evaluating program intent protection mechanisms to impede software tampering. Our model reflects more modest goals than VBB. Rather than considering a comprehensive obfuscation view, we detail broad threat classes and propose mechanisms to counter those threats. We then illustrate our model with a protection proof and outline extensions to our results.
Smart inverter capabilities for mitigating over-voltage on distribution systems with high penetrations of PV

As the penetration level of PV on the distribution system grows, the current injection by PV can create over-voltage issues around the location of the interconnection of PV. Often, the voltage regulation in the feeder is not setup to handle these reverse current flows and inverse feeder voltage profile shape. The PV inverter can be used to absorb or inject reactive power to help negate the voltage change caused by the real power generation. Detailed analysis is performed to investigate the impact of PV output power factor and reactive power on the distribution system voltage. Several reactive control methods are demonstrated in simulation for a real distribution system with coincident high time-resolution measured load and irradiance data.
Breeding strategies for forest trees: concepts and challenges

This paper describes some recent developments that affect the way forest geneticists think about breeding strategies for forest trees. The topics are grouped into several categories: (1) General Concepts ; (2) Breeding Population Size ; (3) Breeding Population Structure ; (4) Management of the Breeding Population ; and (5) Incorporating New Technologies in Tree Improvement Programs. The last major section on new technologies highlights: (1) The increasing importance of hybrid breeding in tree improvement programs: (2) The potential of somatic embryogenesis as a biotechnology leading to clonal forestry for some commercially-important species ; and (3) The need for forest tree breeders and molecular geneticists to work together to incorporate promising new technologies into applied breeding programs. Southern African Forestry Journal No.190 2001: 31-42
Adrenergic Regulation of Cardiac Contractility Does Not Involve Phosphorylation of the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor at Serine 2808

The sympathetic nervous system is a critical regulator of cardiac function (heart rate and contractility) in health and disease. Sympathetic nervous system agonists bind to adrenergic receptors that are known to activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylates target proteins and enhances cardiac performance. Recently, it has been proposed that protein kinase A–mediated phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (the Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum at a single residue, Ser2808) is a critical component of sympathetic nervous system regulation of cardiac function. This is a highly controversial hypothesis that has not been confirmed by several independent laboratories. The present study used a genetically modified mouse in which Ser2808 was replaced by alanine (S2808A) to prevent phosphorylation at this site. The effects of isoproterenol (a sympathetic agonist) on ventricular performance were compared in wild-type and S2808A hearts, both in vivo and in isolated hearts. Isoproterenol...