cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen/deuterium isotope effects on the excited-state proton transfer kinetics of 3-hydroxyflavone

Abstract The static and transient fluorescence spectroscopy of 3-hydroxyflavone, 3HF, has been investigated as a function of deuteration of the 3-hydroxy group and the solvent. Small H/D isotope effects are observed for at least two of the simple rate constants for the excited-state dynamics. The isotope effects are not significantly temperature dependent. The results suggest that the proton transfer process is not a simple barrier crossing reaction.
A 30-Month Follow-Up of Court- Referred Batterers in Four Cities

A follow-up of court-referred male batterers in four cites was conducted to assess the long-term outcomes of batterer programs (N = 618). About 70% of the batterers’initial and new female partners were interviewed by phone every 3 months for the first 15 months and every 7 to 8 months for the next 15 months. According to the women’s reports, 41% of the men committed a reassault during the 30-month follow-up period—an increase of only 7% over the 15-month reassault rate. Nearly two thirds of the first-time reassaults occurred in the first 6 months. About a fifth of the men repeatedly reassaulted their partners and account for most of the reported injuries. The reassault rate for men attending a program for 3 months or more is significantly less than for dropouts. The reassault rates are not significantly different across the four programs, despite differences in program length and services.
Volume fraction effect on high strain rate properties of syntactic foam composites

The volume fraction effect on the high strain rate compressive properties of syntactic foams is characterized using a pulse-shaped Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique. Eighteen different types of syntactic foams are fabricated with the same matrix resin system but six different microballoon volume fractions and three different size microballoons. The volume fractions of the microballoons in the syntactic foams are maintained at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. The microballoons have the same mean outer radius of 40 μm, but different internal radii leading to a difference in their density. Analysis is carried out on the effect of microballoon volume fractions on the high strain rate properties for each type of syntactic foam. This approach is helpful in understanding the effect of microballoon reinforcement at different volume fractions on the dynamic compressive properties of syntactic foams. The results at high strain rates are compared to quasi-static strain rate compressive properties of the same material. The results show that there is a decrease in both compressive strength and modulus as the microballoon volume fraction increases for the same type of syntactic foam at all strain rates. However, at strain rates of quasi-static and 450/s, the decrease tends to be gradual across all volume fractions, while for strain rates of 800/s, there is a dramatic decrease from 10 to 20% followed by a gradual decline for most specimens. The fracture mode plays a major role in the dynamic behavior of syntactic foams.
Reconstruction by direct labeling in electron tomography, using Gibbs priors and a marginal posterior mode approach

We propose a new direct labeling approach to electron tomography of biological macromolecules, using Gibbs priors and the marginal posterior mode (MPM) estimator. The aim is to produce a tessellation of space into small voxels and label each voxel as containing ice, protein, or ribosomal nucleic acid (RNA), based on only a few electron micrographs. We show that the MPM estimator outperforms the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimator, which has been the standard not only for this type of application but also for most computer vision problems.
Developmental regulation of a novel repetitive protein of Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Trypanosoma brucei undergoes many morphological and biochemical changes during transformation from the bloodstream trypomastigote to the insect procyclic trypomastigote form. We cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a developmentally regulated cDNA. The corresponding mRNA was abundant in in vitro-cultivated procyclics but absent in bloodstream forms. The trypanosome genome contains eight genes homologous to this cDNA, arranged as four unlinked pairs of tandem repeats. The longest open reading frame of the cDNA predicts a protein of 15 kilodaltons, the central portion of which consists of 29 tandem glutamate-proline dipeptides. The repetitive region is preceded by an amino-terminal signal sequence and followed by a hydrophobic domain that could serve as a membrane anchor; the mRNA was found on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These results suggest that the protein is membrane associated.
Of Mice and Women: A Short History of Mouse Mammary Cancer Research with an Emphasis on the Paradigms Inspired by the Transplantation Method

The ability to transplant mammary epithelial cells of any age or developmental stage to the normal anatomical site of an inbred recipient mouse strain has revolutionized the studies of mammary development and tumor biology over the past 50 years. This simple method has made the mammary gland of the rodent one of the most accessible and studied organs and facilitated our understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular properties of normal and neoplastic development. This short review outlines the early concepts that led to the development of the transplantation technology and the impact of this method on our understanding for a variety of processes important both for the normal development and differentiation of the gland as well as the phenomena of neoplastic progression.
Reliability-based near maximum-likelihood multiuser detection

The prohibitive-exponential in the number of users-computational complexity of the maximum likelihood (ML) multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access (DS/CDMA) communications has fueled an extensive research effort for the development of low complexity multiuser detection alternatives. Notable examples are the zero-forcing ("decorrelating") and minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) linear filter receivers. We show that we can efficiently and. effectively approach the error rate performance of the ML optimum multiuser detector as follows. We utilize a multiuser zero-forcing or MMSE filter as a pre-processor and we establish that the output magnitudes, when properly scaled, provide a reliability measure for each user bit decision. An ordered reliability-based error search sequence of length linear in the number of users returns the most likely user bit vector among all visited options. Numerical and simulation studies for moderately loaded systems that permit exact implementation of the optimum detector indicate that the error rate performance of the optimum and the proposed detector are nearly indistinguishable over the whole pre-detection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range of practical interest. Similar studies for higher user loads (that prohibit comparisons with the optimum detector) demonstrate error rate performance gains of orders of magnitude in comparison with straight decorrelating or MMSE multiuser detection.
Higher order finite element methods for the solution of compressible porous bearing problems

Finite element methods are used to solve hydrodynamic lubrication problems involving compressible lubricants and porous bearing solids. The particular calculation scheme permits solution at high compressibility numbers (Λ > 100) to be obtained without any numerical difficulty. Finite element and finite difference results for the porous, gas lubricated journal bearing are presented and compared.
Resting-State Striato-Frontal Functional Connectivity is Sensitive to DAT1 Genotype and Predicts Executive Function

Individual differences in striatal dopamine (DA) signaling have been associated both with individual differences in executive function in healthy individuals and with risk for psychiatric disorders defined by executive dysfunction. We used resting-state functional connectivity in 50 healthy adults to examine whether a polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), which regulates striatal DA function, affects striatal functional connectivity in healthy adults, and whether that connectivity predicts executive function. We found that 9/10 heterozygotes, who are believed to have higher striatal DA signaling, demonstrated stronger connectivity between dorsal caudate (DC) and insular, dorsal anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, as well as between ventral striatum and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, than 10/10 homozygotes. Across subjects, stronger DC-seeded connectivity predicted superior N-back working memory performance, while stronger ventral striatum-seeded connectivity predicted reduced impulsivity in everyday life. Further, mediation analysis suggested that connectivity strength mediated relationships between DAT1 genotype and behavior. These findings suggest that resting-state striato-frontal connectivity may be an endophenotype for executive function in healthy individuals.
Teachers' Long-Range Teaching Plans: A Discriminant Analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare teachers who were contemplating quitting the teaching profession with teachers whose long-range plans were to continue in teaching. Two groups of teachers from a large urban school district were compared in terms of their work-related attitudes and perceptions and then- reactions to conditions in then- work environment. Eleven variables, implicated in earlier investigations of teacher persistence, were used in a stepwise discriminant function to maximize discrimination between the two groups of teachers. The results suggest that teachers who plan to quit teaching and those who plan to stay can be reliably distinguished by the pattern of their work-related attitudes, perceptions, and reactions. The results support Chapman and Hutcheson (1982) and Super and Hall (1978) in highlighting the role that perceptual variables play in teacher retention.
Practical Modeling for Wind Load Paths in a Realistic Light-Frame Wood House

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopandvalidatepracticalmodelingmethodsforinvestigatingloadpathsandsystembehavior inarealisticlight-framewoodstructure.Themodelingmethodswerevalidatedagainstfull-scaletestsonsubassembliesandanL-shapedhouse. The modeloftheL-shapedhousewasthenmodifiedandusedtoinvestigatetheeffectsof reentrantcorners,wall openings,andgable-endretro- fitsonsystembehaviorandloadpaths.Resultsshowedthattheeffectsofaddingreentrantcornersandwallopeningsonupliftloaddistributions were dependenton theorientation of the trusses with respectto thewalls. Openings addedto walls parallel tothe trusses havethe leasteffect on loadscarriedbytheremainingwallsinthebuilding.Varyingreentrantcornerdimensionsunderdesignwindloadscausedincreasingdegreesof torsion throughout the house depending on the relative location and stiffness of the in-plane walls (parallel to the wind loads) and the assumed direction of the wind loads. Balancing the stiffness of the walls on either side of the house with the largest reentrant corner helped to decrease torsion in the structure under lateral loads. Finally, although previous full-scale tests on gable-end sections verified the effectiveness of the gable-end retrofit that was recently adopted into recent Florida building code, questions remained about the effects of the retrofit on torsion in a full building. The current study found that adding the gable-end retrofits to the L-shaped house did not cause additional torsion. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000448. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers. Author keywords: System behavior; Reentrant corners; Wall openings; Gable-end retrofits.
Arx1 Is a Nuclear Export Receptor for the 60S Ribosomal Subunit in Yeast

We previously showed that nuclear export of the large (60S) ribosomal subunit relies on Nmd3 in a Crm1-dependent manner. Recently the general mRNA export factor, the Mtr2/Mex67 heterodimer, was shown to act as an export receptor in parallel with Crm1. These observations raise the possibility that nuclear export of the 60S subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires multiple export receptors. Here, we show that the previously characterized 60S subunit biogenesis factor, Arx1, also acts as an export receptor for the 60S subunit. We found that deletion of ARX1 was synthetic lethal with nmd3 and mtr2 mutants and was synthetic sick with several nucleoporin mutants. Deletion of ARX1 led to accumulation of pre-60S particles in the nucleus that were enriched for Nmd3, Crm1, Mex67, and Mtr2, suggesting that in the absence of Arx1, 60S export is impaired even though the subunit is loaded with export receptors. Finally, Arx1 interacted with several nucleoporins in yeast two-hybrid as well as in vitro assays. These results show that Arx1 can directly bridge the interaction between the pre-60S particle and the NPC and thus is a third export receptor for the 60S subunit in yeast.
Exposure to Deepwater Horizon weathered crude oil increases routine metabolic demand in chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus.

Abstract During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident, the continuous release of crude oil from the damaged Macondo 252 wellhead on the ocean floor contaminated surface water habitats for pelagic fish for more than 12 weeks. The spill occurred across pelagic, neritic and benthic waters, impacting a variety of ecosystems. Chemical components of crude oil are known to disrupt cardiac function in juvenile fish, and here we investigate the effects of oil on the routine metabolic rate of chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus. Mackerel were exposed to artificially weathered Macondo 252 crude oil, prepared as a Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF), for 72 or 96 h. Routine metabolic rates were determined pre- and post-exposure using an intermittent-flow, swim tunnel respirometer. Routine energetic demand increased in all mackerels in response to crude oil and reached statistical significance relative to unexposed controls at 96 h. Chemical analyses of bile from exposed fish revealed elevated levels of fluorescent metabolites, confirming the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exposure WAF. The observed increase in metabolic demand is likely attributable to the bioenergetic costs of contaminant detoxification. These results indicate that short-term exposure (i.e. days) to oil has sub-lethal toxicity to mackerel and results in physiological stress during the active spill phase of the incident.
An annotated checklist of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), from the Philippine Islands

AbstractAn annotated checklist is presented for the 37 valid species-level taxa of the genus Xylocopa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) recorded from the Philippine Islands. A key is provided to the four subgenera of Xylocopa represented in the Philippine fauna: Xylocopa subgenus Biluna Maa, Xylocopa subgenus Koptortosoma Gribodo, Xylocopa subgenus Platynopoda Westwood and Xylocopa subgenus Zonohirsuta Maa. For each species and subspecies, the following information is provided: original combination, type locality, available information about primary types, a list of synonyms described from the Philippines, a brief synopsis of the principal external diagnostic features and a summary of the known geographic distribution of the species in the Philippine Islands.
Numeracy Predicts More Effortful and Elaborative Search Strategies in a Complex Risky Choice Context: A Process‐Tracing Approach

The goal of the current study was to explore information search and processing differences between individuals who are less and more numerate in an attempt to better understand the mechanisms that might differentiate the choices they make. We did so using a computerized process-tracing system known as MouseTrace, which presented monetary gambles in an alternative × attribute matrix with outcome (dollar amount) and probability information as attributes. This information was initially occluded but could be revealed by clicking on the cell that contained the desired information. Beginning with nine gambles offering the chance of gaining or losing a specified amount, participants (N = 110) narrowed down the options (to three and then one) using an inclusion or exclusion strategy. Consistent with previous research, inclusion was a more effortful strategy, and individuals who were higher in numeracy were more likely to select prospects with the highest expected value. Process measures revealed these individuals expended more effort (i.e., attended to and sought out more information and processed it in greater depth) and exhibited more compensatory processing than those who were lower in numeracy, but this sometimes depended on whether one was asked to include or exclude. These results serve as further evidence that individuals with higher levels of numeracy often engage in more elaborative processing of the decision task, which tends to lead to more optimal choices. However, they also suggest that individuals are adaptive and that the specific situation can matter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Centrality of Schools in the Lifecourse: The Case for Focusing on School-Related Influences in Developmental Theory and Research

ABSTRACTWhile the strength of the lifecourse/developmental (LCD) perspective in the examination of antisocial behavior has been clearly demonstrated, this work has given little attention to schools and education as salient influences. By contrast, there is much research using other theoretical frameworks to examine school-related risk factors of deviance. Given what we know about the importance of schooling and education on individual development and subsequent implications for behavior, we contend that academic influences should be more prevalent in LCD theories of deviance and that research using an LCD theoretical perspective should embrace non-LCD work examining school-related risk factors of antisocial behavior.
Skeletal muscle composition in dietary obesity-susceptible and dietary obesity-resistant rats

The intent of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between susceptibility to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and skeletal muscle fiber type. Forty-four adult male Wistar rats were given ad libitum access to a HFD (60% of calories from fat) for 4 wk. Rats were then grouped into quartiles for total weight gain, and the top-quartile [obesity prone (OP)] rats were compared with the bottom-quartile [obesity resistant (OR)] rats. OP rats gained 1.5 times as much weight as OR rats. OR rats had a significantly higher proportion of type I muscle fibers in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle than OP rats both before (determined from a muscle biopsy) and after the HFD feeding period. A greater proportion of type I fibers may be associated with a greater capacity for fat oxidation, which would favor resistance to body fat accumulation. Preexisting differences in muscle fiber composition may play a role in determining susceptibility to dietary obesity.
Compliant Stress-Engineered Interconnects for Next-Generation Packaging

Future demands of microelectronic packing include increasing input/output (I/O) densities, providing high frequency capabilities, and maintaining sufficient reliability while keeping costs minimal. Organic materials with Coefficients of Thermal Expansions (CTE) over four times greater than silicon will continue to be used as future substrate materials because of their low cost. Consistent with the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS, 2003), chip-to-substrate interconnects will need to have a pitch approximately equal to 40μm by the year 2012 and be able to accommodate the silicon and organic CTE mismatch without resorting to expensive reliability solutions. The demand for fine pitch chip-to-substrate interconnects combined with the CTE mismatch, creates significant demands for overall interconnect compliance as means to ensure reliability, through increasing fatigue life. Stress-engineered compliant off-chip interconnects are capable meeting future interconnect demands. Such interconnects are fabricated from stress-engineered metal thin-films using traditional IC fabrication methods and can be integrated with wafer level packing. A systematic design approach has been used to optimize interconnect geometry for use with estimated operational conditions. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Regression modeling have been used to create macro-models of interconnect behavior to assist in the optimization of the geometric design. Copper and Copper-Molybdenum are considered as interconnect material and the development intrinsic stress within copper is investigated via sputter deposition.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Academic Journals: Policies, Trends and Issues

The article presents the results of a survey of journal editors on acceptance rates, publication lags and editorial practices of scholarly journals. Information was obtained in a June 1975 mail sur...
Effect of cortical extract and other agents on eosinophilia of mice infected with Trichina spiralis.

SummaryThe number of circulating eosinophiles of trichinous mice was decidedly reduced by the administration of cortical hormone. The same effect was induced by epinephrine in intact, but not in adrenalectomized, trichinous mice. Sex steroids in the doses used did not significantly reduce the percentage of circulating eosinophiles in 4 intact and 2 adrenalectomized trichinous animals. Eosinopoenia was induced by urethane in trichinous mice. Whether or not urethane-induced eosinopoenia is mediated by the adrenal cortex has not been determined.
Ultrathin Alumina Films on Metallic Substrates: Structure and Metal Adsorption

First principles density functional calculations are used to study the structure and properties of ultrathin films of alumina on Al(111) and Ru(0001) substrates. We focus on ∼5 A two O-layer films, naturally produced by oxidizing NiAl, Ni 3 Al, and Al deposited on Ru(0001). The interface consists of chemisorbed l×1 oxygen on the underlying metal [1], with a nearly coplanar layer of Al 2 O 3 above. The lowest energy structure of the Al-sublattice is found to consist of zig-zag rows of octahedral and tetrahedral Al ions, resembling the bulk κ-phase. Eleven different adsorbed metals, spanning the periodic table, have been studied [2]. At low coverage the bond is purely ionic; at high coverage most metals bind principally by polarization. Contrary to speculations, isolated vacancies are found on MgO(100) not to directly promote metal nucleation [3], and we suggest this behavior is general. However, ad-OH is found not only to promote island nucleation, but can also, in high concentrations, produce wetting of alumina by Cu [4].
Computational Estimation of the Yarkovsky Effect on Asteroid 101955 Bennu

It is thought that many asteroids in orbits close to the Earth have been moved from outer orbits by the Yarkovsky effect. The orbital change is caused by solar heat absorption and surface re-radiation, creating a recoil force on the asteroid that either increases or decreases the tangential orbital velocity depending upon prograde or retrograde asteroid rotation, respectively. Developing the mathematics to analytically calculate this radiated force is suffi ciently complicated that it cannot be done without a number of approximations. Hence, we have taken a numerical approach to obtain more reliable solutions and evaluate the accuracy of published analytic solutions. Our approach uses the multiphysics software COMSOL, incorporating its heat tranfer package and surface-to-surface radiation module to model the Yarkovsky effect on a spherical asteroid model with homogeneous material composition. For the asteroid Bennu the magnetude of theYarkovsky force is estimated to be 0.12 N at an orbital distance of 0.897 AU (perihelion).
Evaluation on the effectiveness of self management intervention for patients with high blood pressure in Xicheng district, Beijing

Objective To discuss the blood pressure condition and the changes of knowledge, attitude and practice among hypertensive patients before and after self-management intervention. Methods Total 407 hypertensive patients with self management came form local communities were enrolled in this study. All information was collected through questionnaire. Results The awareness of hypertension diagnosis standard, their own blood pressure value, the risk factors of disease, it is lifelong disease or not, the medicine treatment methods and the usage method of sphygmomanometer were increased significantly (P 0.05). The rates of them were 19.2%, 13.0%, 11.3%, 9.8%, 11.5% and 25.6%, respectively. The rates of drinking, irregular exercise, salty and oily diet, rarely eating vegetables and fruit, without controlling their emotion were reduced significantly (P 0.05), which were 5.4%, 17.7%, 17.4%, 17.2%, 5.2%, 15.7% and 8.6%, respectively. The treatment indicators such as the rate of blood pressure control and measurement frequency were also improved clearly (P 0.05), which reached to 10.8% and 21.4%. Conclusion Through self management and improved cognitive ability on high blood pressure, certain effect would be achieved.
A Test for the ‘Test’ of ‘Distinctiveness’ - The Saga Continues

Trademarks play an increasingly important role in the global marketplace. At its most basic level, a trademark has traditionally signaled the origin of the product, and may be seen to influence consumer choice of a particular product or service associated with the mark. A primary consideration prior to registering a mark is whether it is ‘distinctive’ as opposed to merely ‘descriptive.’ In recent times, examiners in jurisdictions including Australia and the United States appear to have become increasingly stringent about whether a mark is indeed ‘distinctive’; this is in lieu of, what would appear, an inadequate definition or possessing a ‘rounded’ understanding of the inherent characteristics of ‘distinctiveness.’ Through a normative analysis of the essence of the trademark ‘doctrine,’ this article guides the reader through an understanding of the purpose and function of distinctiveness, and therein articulates an intrinsic definition of this central ‘concept.’
Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses

This article portrays the anatomy of the ethmoid bone and lateral nasal wall in a detailed, but easily digested form. Understanding the anatomy of the lateral wall of the nose is the cornerstone of competent paranasal sinus surgery.
[Cytological examinations of synovial for judgement arthrotic conditions at knee joint (author's transl)].

Die Beurteilung praarthrotischer und arthrotischer Zustande am Kniegelenk, insbesondere unter dem Aspekt differentialdiagnostischer Erwagungen, trifft zuweilen auch unter Anwendung subtiler Untersuchungsmethoden auf Schwierigkeiten. In diesen Fallen ist die Anwendung aller verfugbarer diagnostischer Masnahmen geboten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Wertigkeit und Aussagekraft cytologischer Untersuchungen bei praarthrotischen und arthrotischen Alterationen des Kniegelenkes uberpruft. Dazu wurden in 25 Fallen—aus einer Gesamtzahl von 140 ausgewahlt—anlaslich operativer Eingriffe (zumeist wegen Verdachts auf eine Meniskopathie oder Meniscuslasion) Synovialflussigkeit abpunktiert und diese nach der Methode nach Vojtisek aufgearbeitet und analysiert. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse (Analyse des Differentialzellbildes) konnten mit den intraoperativ objektivierbaren Befunden korreliert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, das die makroskopisch erfasbaren Veranderungen an der Synovialis, den Menisci und dem Knorpel, die je nach Auspragung und Schweregrad in 5 Gruppen unterteilt wurden, eine vergleichende Beurteilung mit den Befunden der Differentialzellbilder zuliesen. Es kann eine Zuordnung bestimmter Formen des Differentialzellbildes zu variierenden makroskopisch-anatomischen Veranderungen am Kniegelenk vorgenommen werden. Die Ergebnisse werden eingehend diskutiert.
Avoidance and Prevention of Epidemics

The idea that epidemic diseases arise from, or are caused by, forces in the environment characterised most epidemiological thinking in eighteenth-century Europe. We have explored the idea itself, and the scientific actions that this idea (and the assumptions and techniques associated with it) prompted. The epidemiologist sought to gather observations under an unchallenged expectation that the observations would reveal the form of the association. This search did not produce either verified environmentalist propositions, or general scepticism about the environment-disease association. It did produce, however, a number of speculations and assertions about specific features of the association, and a number of conclusions about the kind of public health action that would be efficacious in avoiding or preventing large-group manifestations of disease.
U.S. Members of the IUTAM General Assembly

The US is authorized five Representatives (based upon the level of dues the US pays), a variable number Member-at-Large positions (based upon the vote of the General Assembly) and has always had one additional member of the Bureau in the General Assembly. The Members-at-Large initially were referred to as Elected or Personal Members. In 1950, a new policy restricted the number of elected members, but introduced a new class of members who were Representatives from the Adhering countries. The listing of the US members of the IUTAM General Assembly in Appendix G is based on the IUTAM Annual Reports. In the listing, Bureau Members are denoted as follows: T - Treasurer, P - President, V - Vice-President, B -Bureau Member, HP - Honorary President.
Is There a Risk for Introducing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Through the Legal Importation of Pork

Since the appearance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in the late 1980s, the virus has become endemic throughout the world, with only the countries of Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Australia, and New Zealand historically free of PRRS virus. Biosecurity is maintained largely through restrictions on the importation of pigs and semen. The risk for a PRRSV outbreak via the legal importation of fresh/chilled/frozen pork from PRRSV-positive countries remains controversial. However, examination of the historical record shows that countries retained a PRRSV-negative status during the importation of more than 500,000 tons of fresh/chilled/frozen pork from PRRSV-positive trading partners. This review describes some of the unique properties of PRRSV, including the poor stability of the virus in the environment, the low probability for airborne transmission, and the inability to sustain infections in feral swine, which make PRRSV a poor candidate for disease introduction through the legal importation of pork.
It is Easy to be Brave From a Safe Distance: Proximity to the SEC and Insider Trading

We use hand-collected data from SEC's litigation releases for insider trading violations to examine the effect of geographic distance on its enforcement activities and insider trading activities. First, we find that the SEC is more likely to investigate companies that are closer to its offices. Second, we find that illegal insider trading increases with a company's distance from an SEC office. Lastly, we utilize the closure of SEC offices as exogenous shocks to geographic proximity and find that insider trading at nearby companies increase significantly compared with trading at otherwise similar companies not affected by the closures. Overall, our findings suggest that information asymmetry and resource constraints prevent regulators from monitoring effectively.
More Euclidean Geometry

Our interest in this chapter is in circular inversion and the nine point circle, constructions in planar Euclidean geometry that were developed after the Arabic era. We assume all of Hilbert’s axioms and their consequences as expressed in Book I of The Elements. Circular inversion, a lovely topic in its own right, proves useful in understanding models of the hyperbolic plane. The nine point circle, which is about triangles and the lines, centers, and circles naturally associated to triangles, typifies work done in Euclidean geometry in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. With circular inversion and the nine point circle as goals, our journey winds naturally through some favorite classical ideas in Euclidean geometry.
Language Matters: Considering Microaggressions in Science.

Language matters and can have profound effects on individuals’ sense of belonging, self-efficacy, and science identity. This article explores identifying and addressing microaggressions in the everyday language of scientific environments that may be key to making science classrooms, laboratories, and conferences inclusive professional contexts.
Natural Right and Historical Consciousness in Strauss and Krüger’s Exchange

Leo Strauss’s correspondence with German philosopher Gerhard Kruger is an invaluable source for those who seek to understand Strauss’s complex and debated thought. Dating mostly from the early 1930s—a period in which Strauss went through a decisive “reorientation”—the exchange deals with several important themes and overall has a lively and straightforward style that proves to be extremely useful for the interpreter who wishes to grasp the guiding ideas of each of them.
Story representation and interactive drama

When building a story-intensive game, there is always the question of how much freedom to give the player. Give the player too little, and he may feel constrained and disconnected from the character he is controlling. Give him too much freedom, and the progression of the story may lag or stop altogether. The field of interactive drama attempts to strike a balance between interaction and authorship. The story experienced in an interactive drama is dependent both on the plot content authored as well as the player's choices in the story. Which story representation is appropriate for a particular approach to interactive drama and the relationship between that language and other elements of the architecture is a key factor in design. This paper introduces our interactive drama architecture, IDA, and addresses the requirements it has for a story representation. How those requirements are met by our representational choices is the focus of the rest of the paper.
A SPATIAL DATA STRUCTURE FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT In this chapter we describe a data structure that is equally natural for spatial data in the raster run length format and the vector format. This makes it easier to design a geographic information system that handles both data formats and that optimizes for itself whether any particular data set is in raster or vector format. This same data format is appropriate for intelligent query and inference uses as described in Shapiro's chapter of this book. Brief mention is made of the topological consistency requirements for each data format. A bibliography of many of the fast algorithms for vector format data is provided at the end of the paper.
Chemical Sources of Food: An Approach to Novel Food Sources

The question of feast or famine has been a central issue for mankind from the very beginning. Technology has developed throughout the centuries; man has increased his ability to produce more food and then expand the population not only to meet the available food supply but to demand even more of it. While the basic question of food supply and demand has not changed with time, the intricacies and sophistication of the problem have increased. Prehistoric man was faced with the need for more efficient animal traps and new varieties of plants, while today we are faced with the need to develop alternative foods and more efficient ways to produce them. This dilemma is further compounded by uneven distribution of food and other natural resources as well as economic and political factors which, depending on how they are used, can lessen or increase the problem of food supply and demand.
Operator Splitting for Navier-Stokes and Chorin-Marsden Product Formula

Operator splitting applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, in which alternately the nonlinearity and the diffusion are ignored, requires the accommodation of incompatible initial conditions at each time step. A one-dimensional model problem which can be solved explicitly and in which operator splitting converges is presented. Euler/Stokes and the Chorin-Marsden product formula are discussed. Convergence results are reviewed.
Defensive survival circuits and recent developments in the metaphysics of mind

Conceptual confusions arise when researchers do not carefully distinguish between the conscious state of fear and the brain circuits that contribute directly or indirectly to it. Joseph LeDoux et al. recommend reserving the term ‘fear’ for the conscious state and referring to the brain circuits associated with unconscious environmental threat responses as ‘defensive survival circuits.’ But what exactly is the relationship between fear and the brain circuits that contribute to it? Historically, the most popular ways of answering this question have appealed to the psychophysical identity theory, functionalism, or emergentism, but recently, a new approach, hylomorphism, has emerged that offers a promising way around the problems the others face.
Dynamic relations for the deposition of sediment on floodplains and point bars of a freely-meandering river

Abstract Fluvial features such as floodplains and point bars are built by sediment deposition and sculpted by erosion. Long-term measurements (38 yr) of the cross-section topography of active floodplains and point bars along the freely-meandering Powder River in southeastern Montana, USA (mean daily discharge of 12.5 m3 s−1), were used to develop dynamic relations between annual sediment deposition and peak-flood discharge. Five floodplain sections and five point-bar sections were selected from 24 cross sections along a 90-km study reach. At each cross section the sediment deposition volume per unit streamwise distance was computed as the difference between two topographic surveys made in consecutive years. Snowmelt floods were found to be the dominant annual process. However, other processes such as flash floods, ice breakup floods, and autumnal floods were important episodically. The dynamic relations were linear for both fluvial features. The snowmelt deposition-discharge relations showed, in general, that point bars were about two times more efficient at trapping sediment than floodplains. Each relation had a discharge threshold that must be exceeded before sediment was deposited. Although these discharge thresholds for floodplains and point bars had essentially the same mean value (69 and 71 m3 s−1, respectively), they represented different processes. Thresholds for other rivers will probably differ from those for Powder River because of different channel geometry and sediment characteristics.
The Market Value of Inventory

This paper investigates how supply chain management (SCM) efficiency affects the value investors attach to the change in a company’s inventory holdings. Based on a large number of U.S. firms from 1971 to 2013, we find that, on average, one dollar of inventory change is valued at $0.507 in the stock market. Decomposition into normal and abnormal inventory changes reveals that the market value of one dollar of abnormal inventory change is 43% smaller than that of normal inventory change, where a normal change moves the inventory balance to an estimated optimal level, and an abnormal change refers to the gap between actual inventory change and the estimated optimal change. We also investigate inventory turnover and gross margin and find economically and statistically significant relations between these proxies for efficient SCM and the value the market attaches to inventory changes. Finally, we find that the market attaches a higher value to inventory changes of firms with better growth prospects, higher sales predictability, and tighter financial constraints.
The Role of Metabolic Plasticity in Blood and Brain Stem Cell Pathophysiology

Our understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity in cancer continues to evolve, with current models incorporating single-cell signatures to explore cell-cell interactions and differentiation state. The transition between stem and differentiation states in nonneoplastic cells requires metabolic plasticity, and this plasticity is increasingly recognized to play a central role in cancer biology. The insights from hematopoietic and neural stem cell differentiation pathways were used to identify cancer stem cells in leukemia and gliomas. Similarly, defining metabolic heterogeneity and fuel-switching signals in nonneoplastic stem cells may also give important insights into the corresponding molecular mechanisms controlling metabolic plasticity in cancer. These advances are important, because metabolic adaptation to anticancer therapeutics is rooted in this inherent metabolic plasticity and is a therapeutic challenge to be overcome.
How to Achieve Effectiveness in Project Portfolio Management

To promote a better understanding of the effectiveness in project portfolio management (PPM), this article investigates how PPM effectiveness can be achieved. Conducting case study research with four market-leading organizations in USA, the results reveal different practices, summarized into five contributors of PPM effectiveness. These contributors are 1) a high degree of interaction with strategic management activities through PPM process and structure, 2) a strong relationship with functions responsible for managing multiple projects, 3) a consulting responsibility of project management office, 4) the organization's cultural traits regarding involvement, consistency, and sense of mission, and 5) an integrative complexity, a cognitive attribute of the PPM committee members. These findings provide a basis for both researchers and practitioners for reassessing, improving, and developing PPM approaches and working conditions that enhance PPM effectiveness.
Intrastromal Gene Therapy Prevents and Reverses Advanced Corneal Clouding in a Canine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis I.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by severe phenotypes, including corneal clouding. MPS I is caused by mutations in alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA), a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans. Currently, no treatment exists to address MPS I corneal clouding other than corneal transplantation, which is complicated by a high risk for rejection. Investigation of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) IDUA gene addition strategy targeting the corneal stroma addresses this deficiency. In MPS I canines with early or advanced corneal disease, a single intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA injection was well tolerated at all administered doses. The eyes with advanced disease demonstrated resolution of corneal clouding as early as 1 week post-injection, followed by sustained corneal transparency until the experimental endpoint of 25 weeks. AAV8G9-IDUA injection in the MPS I canine eye with early corneal disease prevented the development of advanced corneal changes while restoring clarity. Biodistribution studies demonstrated vector genomes in ocular compartments other than the cornea and in some systemic organs; however, a capsid antibody response was detected in only the highest dosed subject. Collectively, the results suggest that intrastromal AAV8G9-IDUA therapy prevents and reverses visual impairment associated with MPS I corneal clouding.
Cache Management for Large Data Transfers in Named Data Networking using SDN

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) manage high volumes of data that currently exceeds 100PB across different sites. An important challenge of delivering data to experimenters in the CMS workflow is the data volume. An experiment data file has an average size of 2 Gigabytes, with file sizes ranging between 100 Megabytes and 20 Gigabytes. Also, a complete dataset comprises of multiple files, with the dataset files ranging from 2 Terabytes and 100 Terabytes in size. Providing fast access to datasets is an important enabler for data-intensive science research. In our work, we demonstrate a Information-Centric Networking (ICN) approach to providing fast in-network access to CMS datasets. To that end, we must first address the problem of how to store large CMS files in network caches closer to the end-users. We propose a software-defined, storage-aware routing mechanism using named data networking (NDN) to achieve this goal. Due to the inherent capacity limitations of the NDN router caches, we use software defined networking (SDN) to provide an intelligent and efficient solution for data distribution and routing across multiple NDN router caches. We demonstrate how software-defined control can be used for partitioning and distributing large CMS files based on NDN router cache-state knowledge. Further, SDN control will also configure the router forwarding strategy to retrieve CMS data from the network. Using our proposed architecture, we show that CMS dataset can be retrieved 28%–38% faster from the NDN routers caches compared to existing approaches. Lastly, we develop a prefetching mechanism to improve the transfer performance of files not available in the router's cache.
Evaluation of shorter mifepristone to misoprostol intervals for second trimester medical abortion: a retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Objectives To assess shorter mifepristone-misoprostol intervals compared to current guidelines for second trimester medical abortion on total abortion time (mifepristone to fetal expulsion) and induction time (first misoprostol to fetal expulsion). Methods This retrospective cohort study included women who elected for a second trimester medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at an academic tertiary medical center in the United States from January 2008 to June 2018. We abstracted times of mifepristone administration, first dose of misoprostol, and fetal expulsion from the medical record. We assessed outcomes based on the shorter intervals Results The study population included eighty-nine women, 47, 28, and 14 women in the Conclusions Shorter mifepristone-misoprostol intervals (less than 24 h) significantly decrease the total abortion time while maintaining a clinically similar induction time. Implications Shortening the mifepristone-misoprostol interval in second trimester medical abortion significantly decreases the total abortion time which may be preferable to some women or health systems.
Expression of mRNA for the GATA-binding proteins in human eosinophils and basophils: potential role in gene transcription

The expression of the hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1, GATA- 2, and GATA-3 was studied in eosinophils and basophils. Eosinophils express mRNA for GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3. Basophils express GATA-2 and GATA-3. Treatment of HL-60 eosinophilic sublines with either interleukin-5 or butyric acid increased the expression of GATA-1 mRNA concomitant with the expression of eosinophil-specific genes, whereas levels of GATA-2 mRNA remained relatively constant. The presence of mRNA for these proteins in eosinophils and basophils suggests that gene transcription in these lineages may be regulated by GATA-binding proteins.
Introduction: New Urban Challenges in the Twenty-First Century

Chinese urban development has entered a new era in the twenty-first century with unprecedented challenges. Four main challenges are briefly discussed in this chapter, including the new domestic and international context, new urban development model, migrants’ inclusion and affordable housing for the growing and aging urban population, and urban sustainability environmentally and socioeconomically. Related chapters are summarized and contributions and limitations of this book are discussed at the end.
Chipped or Whole? Listening to Survivors’ Experiences With Disclosure Following Sexual Violence:

Sexual violence is a prevalent crime but vastly underreported and with serious long-term health consequences for survivors. Disclosure of sexual violence represents a social experience that may off...