cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory for shape reactivates the lateral occipital complex.

Memory is thought to be a constructive process in which the cortical regions associated with processing event features are reactivated during retrieval. Although there is evidence for non-detailed cortical reactivation during retrieval (e.g., memory for visual or auditory information reactivates the visual or auditory processing regions, respectively), there is limited evidence that memory can reactivate cortical regions associated with processing detailed, feature-specific information. Such evidence is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of episodic retrieval. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study assessed whether the lateral occipital complex (LOC), a region that preferentially processes shape, is associated with retrieval of shape information. During encoding, participants were presented with colored abstract shapes that were either intact or scrambled. During retrieval, colored disks were presented and participants indicated whether the corresponding shape was previously “intact” or “scrambled”. To assess whether conscious retrieval of intact shapes reactivated LOC, we conducted a conjunction of shape perception/encoding and accurate versus inaccurate retrieval of intact shapes, which produced many activations in LOC. To determine whether activity in LOC was specifi ct o intact shapes, we conducted a conjunction of shape perception/encoding and intact versus scrambled shapes, which also produced many activations in LOC. Furthermore, memory for intact shapes in each hemifield produced contralateral activity in LOC (e.g., memory for left visual field intact shapes activated right LOC), which reflects the specific reinstatement of perception/encoding activity. The present results extend previous feature-specifi cm emory reactivation evidence and support the view that memory is a constructive process.
Are jigsaw puzzle skills 'spared' in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome?

Background: This three-part study examines previous clinical impressions that people with Prader-Willi syndrome have unusual jigsaw puzzle and word search skills. Results: Children with Prader-Willi syndrome showed relative strengths on standardized visual-spatial tasks (Object Assembly, Triangles, VMI) in that their scores were significantly higher than age- and IQ-matched peers with mixed mental retardation, but below those of age-matched normal children with average IQs. In striking contrast, children with Prader-Willi syndrome scored on par with normal peers on word searches, and they far outperformed them on the jigsaw puzzles, placing more than twice as many pieces as the typically-developing group. Within Prader-Willi syndrome, puzzle proficiency was not predicted by age, IQ, gender, degree of obesity, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but by genetic subtypes of this disorder. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in relation to splinter skills in autism, and to cases with autism and chromosome 15 anomalies that include the Prader-Willi region.
The reaction of F atoms with CO in an argon matrix. Vibrational and electronic spectra of FCO

Upon codeposition at 14 K of an Ar:CO sample with an Ar:NF3 sample that had been passed through a low-power microwave discharge in an Al2O3 tube, very prominent infrared absorptions of FCO and F2CO were observed. Overtone bands of FCO were identified at 2032 and 3690 cm−1, and their assignment was confirmed by both carbon-13 and oxygen-18 isotopic substitution. Further data were also obtained on the vibrational fundamentals of isotopically substituted F2CO. A six-constant valence force potential has been derived for FCO using a least-squares force constant adjustment to the isotopic data and assuming a recently calculated structure. The photodissociation of FCO into F + CO was observed with a threshold near 2800 A. The assignment of two overlapping electronic transitions of FCO between 3400 and 2300 A is discussed.
Post-Hepatic insulin secretion in the fetal lamb

Post-hepatic insulin secretion was measured in six chronically catheterized fetal lambs (fetal weight 2.8 +/- 0.3 kg, mean +/- S.E.M.) and the results were compared with those obtained in nine prematurely delivered newborn lambs (birth weight 3.1 +/- 0.3 kg and postnatal age 1.3 +/- 0.2 days). The fetal and neonatal lambs received either a 0.45% saline or a glucose infusion respectively, which resulted in a 2-fold increase in the plasma glucose concentration. [131I]insulin was infused for 110 min to determine the rate of insulin secretion during a steady state of plasma glucose concentration. Post-hepatic insulin secretion and the metabolic clearance rate were calculated. With the 2-fold rise in plasma glucose concentration, the post-hepatic insulin secretion rate increased significantly in the newborn lamb and in three out of four fetuses. The plasma insulin concentration increased significantly in the fetus (11 +/- 4.0 to 35 +/- 8 microU/ml, P less than 0.05) during glucose stimulation as a result of decreased metabolic clearance rate of insulin (10.6 +/- 1.9 to 6.3 +/- 1.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1) and an increase in post-hepatic insulin secretion rate. In spite of an increase in post-hepatic insulin secretion rate, the increase in plasma insulin concentration in the newborn lamb was not significant because of large variation in the values obtained. The data suggest that pancreatic beta-cells in the newborn and in the fetal lamb are equally responsive to a 2-fold increase in plasma glucose concentration.
Processing of Soft Hispanic Cheese (“Queso Fresco”) Using Thermo-Sonicated Milk: A Study of Physicochemical Characteristics and Storage Life

Queso fresco is a handmade cheese consumed in Latin America and some regions of the United States. However, deficient milk processing has affected its microbial quality and it has an extremely short shelf life and low yield. The objective of this work was to process queso fresco using thermo-sonicated milk; physicochemical parameters were evaluated, including microbial quality during storage (4 °C). An ultrasonic processor (UP400S, 400 W, 24 kHz, 120 μm) was used to sonicate raw milk. Seven milk systems (500 mL each) were evaluated: 1 untreated, and 6 treated at 63 °C/30 min; 63 °C/10 min + sonication; 63 °C/30 min + sonication; 72 °C/15 s; 72 °C/15 s + sonication; and 72 °C/1 min + sonication. A conventional cheese-making process was followed for all systems. The effect of sonication on milk was quite noticeable. Curdling times were reduced considerably, cheese yield (20.6%) was almost doubled, and luminosity of cheese was increased (L*). Textural properties and microstructure images matched very well. Queso fresco processed at 63 °C/120 μm/30 min had the best quality. After storage for 23 d at 4 °C mesophilic count was just 4 log; psychrophilic count, 3.5 log; and enterobacteria count, 3 log. The pH and color remained almost constant and a minor degree of syneresis was observed at end of storage. Due to microstructural rearrangement of the milk components such as fat globules and casein micelles, cheese yield was doubled compared to the traditional handmade product. Shelf life was extended considerably and the product had higher quality.
Computational Study of Flow and Mixing Characteristics of Turbulent Opposed Jets

The turbulent mixing of jet flows is one of the important problems of turbulent shear flow due to its application in combustion process involving fuel-oxidizer combinations such as hydrogen-air and methane-air. Fluid dynamics of opposed jets is not completely clarified as there are questions unanswered about flow stability and structure. In the present work, three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to study flow and mixing characteristics of turbulent opposed-jets. The numerical simulations were carried out with a finite volume CFD code. Turbulence is treated with the two equation model, the k-e model. Nozzle diameter (d) and nozzle separation (W) are kept constant and equals to 32mm. Also, different jet velocities (Uj) have been examined corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 4500 to 12,000. Both confined and unconfined cases were simulated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Differences in the Distribution of Zirconium-95 and Niobium-95 in the Rat

ZIRCONIUM-95, one of the γ-ray emitting isotopes in fall-out, has a physical half-life of 65 days. It decays to niobium-95 which emits γ-rays and has a physical half-life of 35 days. Therefore, both these isotopes contribute to the total radiation hazard of fall-out. During the first year, these two isotopes share no less than 20 per cent of the total activity of fission products aged from a few days to one year1. A knowledge of the metabolism of the parent isotope (zirconium-95) in relation to that of the daughter (niobium-95) is essential in order to estimate the total internal radiation hazard due to 95Zr–95Nb because the parent and the daughter decay at different rates. Further, the photopeak energies of zirconium-95 (0.72 MeV) and niobium-95 (0.764 MeV) are so close to one another that it is not possible to resolve and identify the individual photopeaks of the parent and daughter isotopes by γ-scintillation spectrometry1. Therefore, we have determined the physical decay patterns of 95Zr–95Nb accumulated by rat tissues to determine whether some tissues show preference for zirconium-95, while others concentrate niobium-95 in four days after intraperitoneal administration of 95Zr–95Nb in transient equilibrium (Fig. 1).
Report On the Vi Latin American Congress On Religion and Ethnicity and the Meeting of the Colombian Institute for the Study of Religion June 10-14, 1996

Bogota, Colombia, provided the venue for the first of the biennial congresses of the Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio de las Religiones (Latin American Association for the Study of Religions) to be held outside Mexico. The Colombian Institute of Anthropology was our host for a most enjoyable and productive conference. The meetings were held in the very attractive, modern Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango in the oldest part of Bogota, known as the Candelaria. It was a pleasure to stroll out at lunchtime and sample the excellent Afro-Colombian fish restaurants in the neighborhood and watch the crowds milling around, occasionally protesting, in the Bolivar Square in front of the Presidential Palace and Cathedral.
Worst-case time bounds for coloring and satisfiability problems

We consider worst case time bounds for certain NP-complete problems. In particular, we consider the (k, 2)-satisfiability problem which includes as special cases some canonical problems such as graph coloring and satisfiability. For the (k, 2)-satisfiability problem, we present a randomized algorithm that runs in time O*((k!)n/k)2. This bound is equivalent to O((k/ck)n) with ck increasing to the asymptotic limit e. For k ≥ 11, we improve upon the O((0.4518k)n) randomized bound of Eppstein [Proceedings of the 12th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp. 329-337]. A special case of (k, 2)- satisfiability is k-colorability; here we achieve the above time bound for a slightly larger ck that has the same asymptotic behavior.
Estimation and model selection of the interest rates

A variety of continuous time series models of the short term riskless rate are estimated using Maximum Likelihood method on discretized models. Then the best model will be found that can fit the data better. A number of well-known models perform poorly in the comparison. Indirect Inference method is used for the best model in order to obtain consistent estimates. At the end, an empirical application of the stochastic model for interest rates will be used for pricing the call options of Nokia Company.
Phototropism in Conidiobolus, Some Preliminary Observations

The action spectrum for phototropism of Conidiobolus conidiophores was determined crudely with glass filters and by projecting a spectrum on cultures of the fungus. The active wavelengths (about 400 to 650 mµ) corresponded in general with those absorbed by extracts containing a pigment with an absorption spectrum characteristic of a porphyrin.
Physiological and molecular effects of brassinosteroids on Arabidopsis thaliana

We examined the effects of brassinosteroids on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Henyh. ecotype Columbia in order to develop a model system for studying gene regulation by plant steroids. Submicromolar concentrations of two brassinosteroids, brassinolide and 24-epibrassinolide, stimulated elongation of Arabidopsis peduncles and inhibited root elongation, respectively. Furthermore, brassinolide altered the abundance of specific in vitro translatable mRNAs from peduncles and whole plants of Arabidopsis. Root elongation in the auxin-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant axr1 was inhibited by 24-epibrassinolide but not by 2,4-D, indicating an independent mode of action for these growth regulators in this physiological response.
Fixed points for discontinuous monotone operators

In this paper, we use the monotone iterative method to prove the existence of the minimal and maximal fixed points of a discontinuous strongly monotone operator on an order interval in an ordered normed linear space. As an example of the application of our results, we show the existence of extremal solutions to a class of discontinuous initial value problems.
Immunohistochemical detection of cytotoxic lymphocytes in malignant serous effusions.

The use of ancillary techniques to aid in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in serous effusions has been the subject of numerous studies. In this article, we study 35 cases of malignant effusions (metastatic adenocarcinoma) and 20 benign effusions using a panel of immunohistochemical markers to determine whether changes in the subpopulations of accompanying lymphoid cells can be detected with this technique and whether such changes are associated with the presence of malignancy. We noted a significant increase in cytotoxic lymphocytes, defined as the percentage of all lymphoid cells staining with an antibody to TIA-1 (an antigen localized to the cytotoxic granule membranes of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells) in malignant compared with benign effusions (23% vs. 12%; P 20% of the lymphoid cell population contained metastatic tumor. Thus, immunohistochemical staining for TIA-1 can reliably detect cytotoxic lymphocytes in cell blocks of serous effusions; in addition, a relative increase in their number is associated with the presence of malignancy.
Complimentary Polarizers STT-MRAM (CPSTT) for On-Chip Caches

Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory devices (STT-MRAMs) show great promise as a candidate technology for on-chip caches. In this letter, we propose a new STT-MRAM bit-cell structure that is suitable for on-chip caches compared with the standard STT-MRAM bit-cell (SSC). Scalability of our proposed structure is studied with the aid of micromagnetic and circuit simulators. Results show that our proposed bit-cell is more scalable than the SSC, achieving>; 4× better write margin, >; 65% better sensing margin, lower read disturb failures, and subnanosecond sensing delays.
Distance and Online Social Work Education: Novel Ethical Challenges

Digital technology has transformed social work education. Today's students can take individual courses and earn an entire degree without ever meeting their faculty members in person. Technological innovations such as videoconferencing, live online chat, asynchronous podcasts, and webinars enable social work educators to reach students whose personal circumstances and geographical locations make it difficult for them to attend school in person. This paper highlights complex ethical issues associated with the proliferation of digital and online social work education. Key ethical issues concern student access; course and degree program quality and integrity; academic honesty and gatekeeping; and privacy and surveillance.
Institutional and Individual Influences on the President's Veto

This article evaluates and compares "president" and "presidency" centered explanations of presidential activity with respect to one important presidential power, the veto. Using individual bill data for nine congresses characterized by divided party government, I estimate a logistic regression model of presidential vetoes. This contrasts with previous research, which has used annual aggregate data. Using individual bill data allows controls for objectionable legislation passed by Congress and enables me to measure and compare the "propensity to veto" of different presidents. I conclude that presidential vetoes are in substantial measure caused by Congress passing objectionable bills, but that even controlling for congressional behavior, presidents exhibit strikingly different veto behavior. Ford was most prone to using the veto, and Reagan, the least. Although external factors exert great influence on the president's veto decision, the individual choices and strategies of presidents also have an important...
Far-field Diffraction of Vortex Beams

Novel features in the far field diffraction of optical Laguerre-Gauss vortex beams are studied experimentally. These features depend on the orbital angular momentum carried by photons and are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Football as National Allegory: Al‐Ahram and the Olympics in 1920s Egypt

This paper is part of a History Compass conference cluster tracing the formation of national culture in Egypt. Guest edited by Walter Armbrust, this cluster of articles was originally part of a conference in Oxford on January 12–13, 2007, organized by Walter Armbrust, Ronald Nettler, and Lucie Ryzova, and funded by the Middle East Centre (St. Antony's), The Faculty of Oriental Studies, The Khalid bin ‘Abdullah Al-Sa’ud Professorship (Professor Clive Holes), and The Centre for Political Ideologies.
Peer assessment in the algorithms course

Peer assessment has the potential to encourage and enhance critical thinking skills and to help students progress toward a learning model where evidence, rather than the proclamations of an Authority, is the basis for understanding. This paper describes the use of peer assessment in the algorithms course. Our results indicate that students are able to apply assessment skills to more complex problems as the course proceeds, that there is a high correlation between the quality of their assessments and their performance in non-peer assessment course activities, and that in their assessments students tend to identify high-level errors more frequently than low-level errors.
Effects of ecdysterone in vitro on hindgut and hemocytes of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera)

Tissues from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexla (Johannson), were maintained in vitro for up to 10 months. When treated with the molt-stimulating hormone ecdysterone (β-ecdysone), these tissues underwent morphogenetic changes that closely resembled those normally occurring in vivo. However, when treated with the inactive isomer 22-isoecdysone, no such changes occurred. When tissues from lastinstar larvae were treated, the changes were characteristic of those occurring during the larval-pupal transformation; and when tissues from diapausing pupae were treated, the changes were characteristic of those that occur during the pupal-adult transformation. Hemocytes also responded to treatment with an increase in migratory activity.
Sevast'yanov's algorithm for the flow-shop scheduling problem

Abstract We consider the flow-shop scheduling problem. The objective is to schedule the jobs on the machines so that we minimize the time by which all jobs are completed. We studied and implemented different versions of the algorithm of Sevast'yanov based on linear programming to solve this problem. Using CPLEX, we did computational tests with random instances having up to 1000 jobs and 100 machines. If the size of the flow-shop scheduling problem is small or if the running time is not a critical factor, the Nawaz-Enscore-Ham approximation algorithm still performs better. But if the running time is an important factor, Sevast'yanov's algorithm can be a very good alternative especially in presence of very large scale instances with a relatively small number of machines.
EEG Correlations With Biochemical Abnormalities in Reye's Syndrome-Reply

In Reply.— Dr Holmes' letter points out the continuing dilemma in attempts to define etiological agents in Reye's syndrome; many abnormalities occur simultaneously, and causal relationships are difficult to establish. It is possible that correction of increased intracranial pressure and changes in short-chain fatty acids are interrelated as well. In fact, preliminary data from our laboratory suggest that short-chain fatty acids may produce pericapillary brain edema in experimental animals (D. A. Trauner and J. de la Torre, unpublished observations). The role of exchange transfusion in Reye's syndrome is also somewhat tenuous. The fact that short-chain fatty acid concentrations may actually be increased by this procedure suggests to us, as to Dr Holmes, that the role of transfusion in this disorder should be reevaluated.
Interaction of MCM7 and RACK1 for Activation of MCM7 and Cell Growth

MCM7 is one of the pivotal DNA replication licensing factors in controlling DNA synthesis and cell entry into S phase. Its expression and DNA copy number are some of the most predictive factors for the growth and behavior of human malignancies. In this study, we identified that MCM7 interacts with the receptor for activated protein kinase C 1 (RACK1), a protein kinase C (PKC) adaptor, in vivo and in vitro. The RACK1 binding motif in MCM7 is located at the amino acid 221-248. Knocking down RACK1 significantly reduced MCM7 chromatin association, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle entry into S phase. Activation of PKC by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate dramatically decreased MCM7 DNA replication licensing and induced cell growth arrest. Activation of PKC induced redistribution of RACK1 from nucleus to cytoplasm and decreased RACK1-chromatin association. The MCM7 mutant that does not bind RACK1 has no DNA replication licensing or oncogenic transformation activity. As a result, this study demonstrates a novel signaling mechanism that critically controls DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression.
Cep76, a Centrosomal Protein that Specifically Restrains Centriole Reduplication

Centrosomes duplicate only once per cell cycle, but the controls that govern this process are largely unknown. We have identified Cep76, a centriolar protein that interacts with CP110. Cep76 is expressed at low levels in G1 and is induced in S and G2 phase, during which point centrioles have already commenced duplication. Interestingly, depletion of Cep76 drives the accumulation of centriolar intermediates in certain types of cancer cells. Enforced Cep76 expression specifically inhibits centriole amplification in cells undergoing multiple rounds of duplication without preventing the formation of extra procentrioles from a parental template. Furthermore, elevated levels of Cep76 do not affect normal centriole duplication. Thus, Cep76 helps limit duplication to once per cell cycle. Our findings also point to mechanistic differences between normal duplication and aberrant centriole amplification, as well as distinctions between diverse modes of amplification.
Learning science involves language, experience, and modeling

As we consider science learning, we must ask a fundamental question: What is science? The varying answers to this question traditionally have contributed to the gulf between physical science on the one hand and education and cognitive science on the other. Dialogue among practitioners must always make clear what we consider science to be. A catalogue of facts and a litany of big words usually define science instruction. But science is not a compendium of facts and big words. Science is a process for answering questions about nature. This paper presents learning science as involving three components, language, experience, and models, and discusses how information technology has an important role in each component.
Application of the method of integral relations to unsteady transonic flows with shocks

Abstract A solution technique for unsteady transonic small perturbations is presented which is based on semi-discrete finite element concepts constructed in time with linear interpolation. A shock searching finite-difference scheme is used in the assembled element equations. The mixed method (finite element in time, finite difference in space) is tested versus a known solution.
The Supreme Court and Physician-Assisted Suicide — Rejecting Assisted Suicide but Embracing Euthanasia

In rejecting a constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide earlier this year,1,2 the U.S. Supreme Court appeared to preserve the distinction between the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and assisted suicide or euthanasia. In fact, however, the Court undermined the distinction when it endorsed terminal sedation. Terminal sedation seems consistent with traditional medical care but often is a form of euthanasia. Moreover, it is a practice that is ethically more problematic than assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia. The Supreme Court's Opinions In deciding against a right to assisted suicide, the Court faced the claim that such a right is necessary for . . .
CpG frequency in large DNA segments

The relationship between the deficiency of CpG dinucleotides and the coding-noncoding segments of DNA has been examined. Analysis of five human alpha-like globin DNA sequences and five human beta-like globin DNA sequences reveal that there is no apparent difference between protein coding and non-coding portions of DNA. Rather CpG deficiency appears to be a property of long contiguous segments of DNA consisting of several genes and their intergenic regions. Thus we propose that CpG deficiency is not involved with translation or transcription but rather is related to chromosomal constraints.
Intermittent androgen suppression with leuprolide and flutamide for prostate cancer: A pilot study

Abstract Objectives To affirm the feasibility of using intermittent androgen suppression in patients with hormonenaive prostate cancer. Methods Leuprolide and flutamide were administered for 9 to 12 months and then discontinued until prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels reached a threshold value determined by the baseline PSA value. This constituted one cycle of treatment. Androgen suppression was then administered intermittently as described until there was evidence of androgen independence. Results Twenty-two patients with PSA failure after primary therapy with surgery and/or radiation and untreated early or Stage D2 disease were treated. Twenty-one patients completed androgen suppression during cycle 1, with a median time to PSA nadir of 3.5 months (range, 2 to 12). Fifteen patients completed cycle 1 with a median time off treatment of 6 months (range, 2 to 19) or 38% (range, 17% to 64%) of a treatment cycle. Six patients continued off treatment during cycle 1 for 1 + to 31 + months. During cycle 2, 12 patients achieved a PSA nadir in a median time of 3.5 months. Two patients completed cycle 2 with a median time off treatment of 10 months (51%). Median follow-up for all patients is 26 months (range, 10 to 51). While off treatment, all patients reported a reduction of symptoms associated with androgen suppression. Conclusions Intermittent androgen suppression is a feasible alternative to continuous androgen suppression for treatment of prostate cancer, and quality of life is improved while off treatment.
Paint and Coatings Technology: Current Industrial Trends

General trends in industrial coatings research and development are categorized and described. Appearance, workability, durability, environmental footprint, and cost targets are broadly chracterized. The particularly well publicized efforts concerned with nanomaterials and non-petrochemical components are explicitly given context.
Variational conditions on derivatives of variational energy surfaces with respect to nuclear coordinates

Abstract In this Letter we show that derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates of variational energy surfaces are themselves stationary quantities subject to constraints.
Infrared spectroscopy of the electrochemical double layer via electrode emersion

Infrared reflection Spectroscopy was used via electrode emersion to study both adsorbed and non-specifically adsorbing species within the electrochemical interphase on gold, ex situ. A cell was designed which allowed the electrode to rotate and continuously emerse from solution. The parallel-polarized IR beam was reflected from the rotating surface above the solution at approximately 80°. FTIR spectra were taken of gold electrodes emersing from aqueous solutions of crystal violet, HCIO4, and D2SO4 at various electrode potentials, and ratioed as a function of potential. Active vibrational bands of crystal violet which strongly adsorbs to the gold, and of ClO4− and SO42− ions within the more ideally-polarizable double layer, are easily seen. Changes in band intensities as a function of potential are, to first order, as expected.
Cardiovascular reactivity and proactive and reactive relational aggression among women with and without a history of sexual abuse

This study examined the association between cardiovascular reactivity and proactive and reactive functions of relational aggression among women with and without a history of sexual abuse. Heart rate reactivity, blood pressure reactivity, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity while recounting a relational stressor (e.g., being left out) were assessed. Participants provided self-reports of relational aggression and a history of sexual abuse prior to age 16. Results indicated that cardiovascular reactivity was only associated with relational aggression among women with a history of sexual abuse. In addition, whereas blunted reactivity was associated with proactive relational aggression, exaggerated reactivity was associated with reactive relational aggression. These findings highlight the importance of considering contextual moderators of the association between cardiovascular reactivity and aggression; moreover, results highlight distinct cardiovascular correlates of different functions of aggression. Finally, the findings underscore the need for additional research examining the physiological correlates of aggressive behavior among women.
Relation between input and output states for a beam splitter

Abstract The state of the optical field at the output of a beam splitter is expressed directly in terms of the state at the input via the diagonal coherent state representation. The conclusion is illustrated for a two-photon Fock state, and it is shown that an output having some features of the two-photon singlet state can be produced.
Numerical solution of Space Shuttle Orbiter flow field

A new parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code has been developed to compute the hypersonic, viscous chemically reacting flow fields around 3-D bodies. The flow medium is assumed to be a multicomponent mixture of thermally perfect but calorically imperfect gases. The new PNS code solves the gas dynamic and species conservation equations in a coupled manner using a noniterative, implicit, approximately factored, finite difference algorithm. The space-marching method is made well-posed by special treatment of the streamwise pressure gradient term. The code has been used to compute hypersonic laminar flow of chemically reacting air over cones at angle of attack. The results of the computations are compared with the results of reacting boundary-layer computations and show excellent agreement.
Characterization of humoral immune responses induced by an influenza hemagglutinin DNA vaccine

Abstract We have examined in detail the characteristics of the humoral immune response and protective efficacy induced by an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccine. In mice injected intramuscularly with HA DNA, the magnitude of the immune responses generated, as measured by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies, was directly related to the amount of DNA injected and the number of doses administered. The level of anti-HA antibodies in DNA-vaccinated mice was higher than that in convalescent immune mice and was maintained for at least 1.5 years. The immunoglobulin isotype profile of the antibodies was predominantly IgG2a, similar to that induced by live virus infection but in contrast to the relative abundance of IgG1 antibodies observed after inoculation with formalin-inactivated whole virus. The presence of pre-challenge HI antibodies was found to be a good correlate of protection, in that every animal with a detectable HI titer was protected from a lethal challenge. Complete protection from a lethal dose of influenza virus (A/PR/34), as judged by 100% survival and no weight loss, was conferred by as little as 1 μg of DNA (given twice). Furthermore, mice injected with 10 to 100 μg doses, when subsequently challenged with virus, showed no increase in HI titer and no production of antibodies directed against the challenge virus, suggesting a substantial inhibition of virus replication after challenge.
Short REM latency in impotence without depression

In a retrospective study, the presence of depression was studied in a group of 14 impotent patients who were selected on the basis of the similarity between their electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns and those of patients with endogenous depression. Specifically, the value of rapid eye movement (REM) latency plus age less than 100 was used as a selection criterion. Sleep continuity disturbances, increased REM time, and increased REM% were noted in the short REM latency impotent group. On the basis of MMPI and psychiatric history and interview, only one of these impotent patients showed major depression. The authors conclude that impotent patients with a short REM latency are not, as a group, depressed and that the incidence of depression in impotent men should be determined irrespective of EEG sleep findings.
A New Reading of Werther as Goethe's Critique of Rousseau

This article argues for a new ironic reading of Werther– a reading that highlights Goethe's early critique of Rousseau's political philosophy. The article first compares key passages in Werther to Rousseau's Discours sur l'Origine et les Fondements de l'Inegaliteparmi les hommes and Essai sur l'origine des langues to show how Goethe uses Rousseau's texts to create a critical distance between the reader and the sentimental narrative. The article then analyzes Goethe's farcical play, Der Triumph der Empfindsamkeit. While the play is generally read as a satiric criticism of the public's reaction to Werther, this article contends that the play is also a commentary on Rousseau's philosophy and Werther itself.
Propositional analysis in fourteenth-century natural philosophy: A case study

There is little doubt that conceptions and developments in late medieval logic affected much of the content of fourteenth-century philosophy. But logic's mark is even more apparent and prevalent in the attitudes and approaches fourteenth-century philosophers assumed in systematizing doctrines and solv ing problems. These were the attitudes and approaches that were later to form a substantial part of what so disturbed certain fifteenth-century literary humanists. Although we now know that these humanists did not have a proper appreciation of what they criticized, their impatience with the sofismi and sottigliezze of the remotissimi and barban Britanni did have some basis in the very major role that logic and considerations of language actually did play in fourteenth-century philosophy, science, and even theology, especially when these enterprises were English or under the spell of English influence.1 Yet these fifteenth-century critics did not realize that in the earlier part of' the fourteenth century it made sense (historical as well as philosophical sense) for those particular intellectual elements to play the important role that they did.
Gravity and Rossby wave signatures in the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere based on Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ), 1998–2007

Prior investigations attempted to determine the relative influence of advection and convective processes on ozone and water vapor distributions in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) through analyses of tracers, related physical parameters (e.g., outgoing long-wave radiation, precipitable water, and temperature), or with models. In this study, stable laminae in Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde Network (SHADOZ) ozone profIles from 1998 to 2007 are interpreted in terms of gravity waves (GW) or Rossby waves (RW) that are identified with vertical and quasi-horizontal displacements, respectively. Using the method of Pierce and Grant (1998) as applied by Thompson et al. (2007a, 2007b, 2010, 2011), amplitudes and frequencies in ozone laminae are compared among representative SHADOZ sites over Africa and the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. GW signals maximize in the TTL and lower stratosphere. Depending on site and season, GW are identified in up to 90% of the soundings. GW are most prevalent over the Pacific and eastern Indian oceans, a distribution consistent with vertically propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. Ozone laminae from RW occur more often below the tropical tropopause and with lower frequency 20%). Gravity wave and Rossby wave indices (GWI, RWI) are formulated to facilitate analysis of interannual variability of wave signatures among sites. GWI is positively correlated with a standard ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) index over American Samoa (14degS, 171degW) and negatively correlated at Watukosek, Java (7.5degS, 114degE), Kuala Lumpur (3degN, 102degE), and Ascension Island (80degS, 15degW). Generally, the responses of GW and RW to ENSO are consistent with prior studies.
Tyramine in foods and monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs: A crossroad where medicine, nutrition, pharmacy, and food industry converge

Since identification of the "cheese reaction" hypertensive crisis induced by dietary tyramine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) drugs, numerous articles have addressed the biogenic amine (BA) content of foods. The objective of this review is to explain why many published analyses are no longer valid. Clinically significant BA levels from literature published between 1945 and 2003 were reviewed and compiled and are presented in common units. Clinical recommendations based on newer reports about foods and drugs are offered. Reliance on case reports without chemical analyses led to unnecessary dietary restrictions. Extrapolation of analysis from one food to a similar food led to lengthy lists of banned foods. Early analyses are no longer valid for several reasons: better methods to accurately identify these amines, better packaging methods, recognition of critical processing points in prevention of BA formation, better storage and handling procedures, and substitution of cultures less likely to form amines have reduced the risks of these Food-drug interactions. New generations of MAOIs and different administration routes allow smaller effective dosage and lower risks for interactions. This review of BAs illustrates variability of food components over time, progress of food industry toward a safer food supply, development of better drugs, and the necessity for medicine, nutrition, pharmacy, and food industry to work together.
The Effect of Substitute Assets on Yields in Financial Markets

We examine the link between volume and liquidity in money markets where there are close substitutes. We find that the size of the market, as a proxy for trading volume, affects yield spreads over T-bill rates. We examine the bankers acceptances market, when market size declined by half over the decade of the 1990s. Controlling for interest-rate levels, day-of-the-week, calendar term structure, credit spread, time-series, and cross-equation effects, we find that the substitution effect does not eliminate the impact of market-size changes on rates, but it does preserve the hierarchy of rates across instruments. Stocks and bonds have long duration, which leads to uncertainty about future prices should investors wish to liquidate, while the duration of money-market instruments is short and price variation is relatively small. Hence, the link between volume and liquidity may be very different for money-market securities compared to equities. In this paper, we empirically test the link between market size/volume and liquidity for money-market instruments. We determine if a decrease in the size of the market for Bankers Acceptances (BAs) from 1984 to 2000 led to an increase in the liquidity premium for BAs, which in turn changed the relative relation between BA rates and the rates on other money-market instruments. The ideal experimental setting to test for a direct link between low market size/volume and a high liquidity premium is one in which we can compare the returns from pairs of comparable securities with different volume. This experimental setting is difficult, if not impossible, to create in equities because of the difficulty in creating pairs of comparable securities. Money markets provide a better environment for testing the volume-liquidity conditions, because money-market securities are comparable, sharing the common characteristics of short-term maturity, low default risk, and high marketability. These common characteristics, coupled with an exogenous decline in BAs, provide an ideal experimental setting to investigate the interaction of volume and liquidity in short-term securities.
Relationship Between Molecular Subtype of Invasive Breast Carcinoma and Expression of Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein 15 and Mammaglobin

We investigated the expression of gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP) and mammaglobin (MGB) by immunohistochemical analysis in 71 invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs) subtyped into luminal (A and B), HER2, basal-like carcinoma (BLC), and unclassified triple-negative carcinoma (UTNC) by established surrogate immunohistochemical profiles. GCDFP and MGB were less likely to be expressed in BLC than in HER2 cancers (P = .000021 and P = .013, respectively) or luminal cancers (P = .00002 and P = .00008, respectively). However, the difference in GCDFP or MGB expression between HER2 and luminal cancers was not significant (P = 1.0 and P = .671, respectively). Our results suggest that luminal cancers demonstrate similar degrees of apocrine differentiation as HER2 cancers. Most BLCs and UTNCs are negative for MGB and GCDFP. Correlation with clinical findings may be needed to exclude the possibility of a metastasis to the breast when BLCs or UTNCs are encountered in a limited sample such as a core biopsy sample.
''Maybe This Is Because of Society?'': Disrupting and Engaging Discourses of Race in the Context of a Service-learning Project

The popularity of service-learning courses has dramatically increased in colleges and universities across the country. As these projects often require engagement with diverse communities of color, ...
Simulation of crack growth in ductile materials

Abstract During crack growth of real materials, the total energy released can be partitioned into elastic and dissipative terms. By analyzing material models with mechanisms for dissipating energy and tracking all energy terms during crack growth, it is proposed that computer simulations of fracture can model crack growth by a total energy balance condition. One approach for developing fracture simulations is illustrated by analysis of elastic–plastic fracture. General equations were derived to predict crack growth and crack stability in terms of global energy release rate and irreversible energy effects. To distinguish plastic fracture from non-linear elastic fracture, it was necessary to imply an extra irreversible energy term. A key component of fracture simulations is to model this extra work. A model used here was to assume that the extra irreversible energy is proportional to the plastic work in a plastic-flow analysis. This idea was used to develop a virtual material based on Dugdale yield zones at the crack tips. A Dugdale virtual material was subjected to computer fracture experiments that showed it has many fracture properties in common with real ductile materials. A Dugdale material can serve as a model material for new simulations with the goal of studying the role of structure in the fracture properties of composites. One sample calculation showed that the toughness of a Dugdale material in an adhesive joint mimics the effect of joint thickness on the toughness of real adhesives. It is expected, however, that better virtual materials will be required before fracture simulations will be a viable approach to studying composite fracture. The approach of this paper is extensible to more advanced plasticity models and therefore to the development of better virtual materials.
The Lady and the Emperor: A Study of the Domitian Persecution

The lady is Flavia Domitilla of the imperial Roman family and the emperor is Domitian, the traditional “second persecutor” of the Christians. We know little about their relationship, save that they were relatives, but the story goes that Domitian killed the lady's husband, Flavius Clemens the consul, and sent the lady into exile. This was by no means an unusual thing for Domitian to do, but with this event is inseparably connected the question of whether or not Domitian persecuted the Christians. To the “persecution” are again tied various matters of importance for church history and the study of New Testament. The problem of the lady and the emperor therefore assumes significance for critical study. Furthermqre, it offers us a good vehicle for a survey of the development of church-historical writing and research, partly because of its fascinating character which has attracted many prominent scholars, and partly because it has been rather free from theological prejudices. Its treatment does not exhaust the critical problems of the “Domitian persecution,” which would be impossible in a paper of this nature, but it does offer us a representative discussion of the issues involved. We shall therefore proceed to a description of the weaving of this ancient tapestry and shall then follow the unraveling of its threads which has taken place through four centuries of historical effort.
Neither normal nor diseased placentas contain lymphatic vessels

Abstract Background Scant data on placental lymphatic vessels have pointed to the absence of lymphatic circulation. A recent study on mesenchymal dysplasia (MD), however, has identified pathologic lymphangiogenesis using the D2-40 lymphatic marker. These conflicting data have prompted us to investigate whether lymphatic vessels are present in normal developing placentas and in placental disorders characterized by cistern formation. Design Seventeen human placentas without significant pathological abnormality ranging from 12 to 39 weeks of gestational age were studied. Cisternal placental disorders were represented by mesenchymal dysplasia ( n = 1), partial hydatitiform mole ( n = 2), spontaneous abortion ( n = 3) and complete hydatiform mole ( n = 2). To identify lymphatic vessels, we used lymphatic endothelial markers Prox-1 and D2-40. The pan-endothelial marker CD31 was used to highlight overall placental vasculature and to determine if the lining cells of cisterns were of endothelial origin. Lymphatic marker positivity was assessed in maternal (decidual) as well as in fetal (chorionic villous) vasculature. Results No staining with Prox-1 or D2-40 was identified in fetal vessels in developing or term placentas, or in selected cisternal placental disorders, although both markers highlighted a number of thin-walled decidual vessels. Cistern lining cells were negative for Prox-1, D2-40 and CD31. D2-40 consistently marked stromal cells in chorionic villi and highlighted perivascular/pericellular extracellular matrix. Conclusion We established that no lymphatic vasculature is present in the chorionic villi during development, at term or in selected edematous placental disorders. The cisternal lining cells are not endothelial cells; most likely they are of stromal cell origin. Lymphangiogenesis is a part of decidual vascular remodeling during gestation.