cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To play or to parent? An analysis of the adult–child interaction in make- believe play

The universal nature of make-believe games provides a fertile environment for an analysis of childhood playgrounds. For example, the game of House – a roleplaying activity that centres on the mimicking of domestic duties – requires one player to portray a role, perhaps that of the ‘chef ’, and another to portray a complementary role, perhaps that of the ‘eater’.1 Constant engagement and communication between these players is necessary for the creation and continuation of the game. When both players in the game of House are children, the motivations, perspectives and attitudes towards the activity are relatively consistent. Each roleplayer pretends to be someone else while in some sense executing common domestic practices in an enjoyable fashion. However, the interjection of adult participation into a child’s imaginary playground might entail some complexity. The nature of the game may change. While the child may take the lead role in ‘cooking’ this meal and the parent may support the illusion by ‘eating’ it, the parent has an obligation that trumps the activity in some notable ways – a parent is always a parent, and certain cultural expectations related to the child’s proper growth and development warrant constant consideration in this ‘real-life’ role. The obligation of the parent as parent is imminent in the activity, since both parent and child recognize that the former has the ability to take control of the game’s content and direction – or even end the game – at any time. How does this de facto parental role during participation in children’s games affect the play of either the adult or the child? What ethical tensions exist? What follows is an analysis of the adult-child engagement and interaction in the game of House, speciﬁcally related to kitchen and culinary behaviour. We will begin by situating the nature of make-believe play within the literature of well-known play scholars (Johan Huizinga, Roger Caillois and Bernard Suits) and highlight its qualities when the participants are not all children. We will then address ethical considerations for adults as they juggle the play-role of ‘eater’ and the ever-present responsibilities as ‘parent’ during the game of House. By doing so, we will show that signiﬁcant ethical tensions and ambiguities confront the parent who participates in the child’s imaginary world.
Clinical hours and program types effects on NCLEX pass rates

Abstract Clinical education is an essential portion of prelicensure clinical education. However, little is known about the relationship between clinical hours and NCLEX pass rates, or if the program type is predictive of NCLEX pass rates. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between clinical hours, program type and NCLEX pass rates. A total of 722 nursing schools were surveyed, with a final sample size of 107. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed there was no correlation between program type and NCLEX pass rates or the total number of clinical hours in a school and NCLEX pass rates. The results may reflect that both program types adequately preparing students for the NCLEX exam. Future research could be conducted to determine if the type of clinical education students receive is related to NCLEX pass rates.
Product Specifications and Manufacturing Process Tolerances

The process capability index C p is gaining acceptance as a measure of product design for manufacturing, especially in the process-intensive industries such as IC and PCB fabrication. Historically, it has been one of the earliest methods of measuring design for manufacture by forecasting the reject rates in production of new components, assemblies, and products. Its unique blend of the production variability versus design specification makes it a natural method for setting, communicating, and comparing new product specifications and manufacturing quality levels for competitive manufacturing plants.
Scaling of metabolic rate on body mass in small laboratory mammals.

The scaling of metabolic heat production rate on body mass is investigated for five species of small laboratory mammal in order to define selection of animals of metabolic rates and size range appropriate for the measurement of changes in the scaling relationship upon exposure to weightlessness in Shuttle/Spacelab experiment. Metabolic rates were measured according to oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production for individual male and female Swiss-Webster mice, Syrian hamsters, Simonsen albino rats, Hartley guinea pigs and New Zealand white rabbits, which range in mass from 0.05 to 5 kg mature body size, at ages of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 18 and 24 months. The metabolic intensity, defined as the heat produced per hour per kg body mass, is found to decrease dramatically with age until the animals are 6 to 8 months old, with little or no sex difference. When plotted on a logarithmic graph, the relation of metabolic rate to total body mass is found to obey a power law of index 0.676, which differs significantly from the classical value of 0.75. When the values for the mice are removed, however, an index of 0.749 is obtained. It is thus proposed that six male animals, 8 months of age, of each of the four remaining species be used to study the effects of gravitational loading on the metabolic energy requirements of terrestrial animals.
Sex on the stage (and in the library) of an early medieval convent: Hrotsvit of Gandersheim - A tenth-century convent playwright's successful competition against the Roman poet terence

Early medieval drama (in Latin) surprisingly focused very much on the theme of sexuality, as best illustrated by Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (10th century). She was most eager to compete with the Roman dramatist Terence and to create new Christian plays that were, on the one hand, basically determined by the theatrical strategies of Terence, and yet followed, on the other, early medieval Christian values as developed by the Church Fathers and desert hermits. Although Hrotsvit pursued strongly religious values throughout her works, she also revealed a keen interest in theatricality per se, irrespective of the religious paradigm characteristic of the Middle Ages. At the same time this tenth-century convent author demonstrated an incredible skill in exploring and utilizing a wide range of sexual themes in her plays and religious narratives. She consistently demonstrated a unique ability in creating theatrical works that aimed both for the basic entertainment of a convent audience and also for a fundamental clerical education that did not ignore the world of sexuality as a dangerous yet unavoidable aspect of human existence.1
A Theory of Closure Operators

We explore how fixed-point operators can be designed to interact and be composed to form autonomic control mechanisms. We depart from the idea that an operator is idempotent only for the states that it assures, and define a more general concept in which acceptable states are a superset of assurable states. This modified definition permits operators to make arbitrary choices that are later changed by other operators, easing their composition and allowing them to maintain aspects of a configuration. The result is that operators can be used to implement closures, which can in turn be used to build self-managing systems.
Falgout, Poyer, and Carucci, Memories Of War: Micronesians In The Pacific War

The authors of this book have provided a valuable telling of the story of the Pacific War during World War II by Micronesians—that is, the Pacific Islanders—who lived through the war. The book is a...
Avoiding Santa Clara v. Martinez: The Litigation in Federal Court of Civil Actions Under the Indian Civil Rights Act

While Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez precisely holds that the Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) does not create, either expressly or by implication, a federal civil cause of action upon which a suit in federal court might be based for violation of its guarantees and it might appear that the issue is closed and civil actions under the ICRA would be brought in tribal court for final determination, but the combination of eager plaintiffs, clever attorneys and receptive judges has kept the ICRA alive in federal court. This article discusses those cases in which Martinez has been avoided and a federal court sets itself to the task of inspecting and potentially restricting tribal activity. It addresses the jurisdictional question involved in those cases, while glancing at the merits. It also discusses each of the Martinez-avoidance devices which have been attempted, both successfully and unsuccessfully, and their interplay. Additionally, it looks at the theoretical basis and practical impact of each device and concludes that these devices are not within the spirit, if even the letter, of Martinez.
TRAS LOS PASOS DE CONRAD: LA LITERATURA DE VIAJES SOBRE GUINEA ECUATORIAL EN LA NARRATIVA ESPAÑOLA DE POSGUERRA

This article examines the connections and differences in the travel literature on Equatorial Guinea written by three authors after the Spanish Civil War, in the 1940s and early 1950s: the entrepreneur Juan bravo Carbonel, the scientist Emilio Guinea, and the professional writer Bartolome Soler. They represent three trends in the travel literature subgenre, although they share a similar ideological background. Their narratives will be placed in the context of 20th-century European colonial literature dealing with Africa, considering the precedent of Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness.
Myogenin induces the myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor MEF-2 independently of other muscle-specific gene products.

Abstract The myocyte-specific enhancer-binding factor MEF-2 is a nuclear factor that interacts with a conserved element in the muscle creatine kinase and myosin light-chain 1/3 enhancers (L. A. Gossett, D. J. Kelvin, E. A. Sternberg, and E. N. Olson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:5022-5033, 1989). We show in this study that MEF-2 is regulated by the myogenic regulatory factor myogenin and that mitogenic signals block this regulatory interaction. Induction of MEF-2 by myogenin occurs in transfected 10T1/2 cells that have been converted to myoblasts by myogenin, as well as in CV-1 kidney cells that do not activate the myogenic program in response to myogenin. Through mutagenesis of the MEF-2 site, we further defined the binding site requirements for MEF-2 and identified potential MEF-2 sites within numerous muscle-specific regulatory regions. The MEF-2 site was also found to bind a ubiquitous nuclear factor whose binding specificity was similar to but distinct from that of MEF-2. Our results reveal that MEF-2 is controlled, either directly or indirectly, by a myogenin-dependent regulatory pathway and suggest that growth factor signals suppress MEF-2 expression through repression of myogenin expression or activity. The ability of myogenin to induce MEF-2 activity in CV-1 cells, which do not activate downstream genes associated with terminal differentiation, also demonstrates that myogenin retains limited function within cell types that are nonpermissive for myogenesis and suggests that MEF-2 is regulated independently of other muscle-specific genes.
Referral Sampling: Using Physicians to Recruit Patients

Convenience sampling often is necessary when conducting research where there is no frame for a probability sample. This might include samples of people with rare diseases, persons recovering from compulsive behaviors, or those involved in some stigmatized activity. When there is no reliable list from which to draw a statistical sample, the best alternative may be to rely on sampling by referrals, sometimes called snowball sampling (Welch 1975), respondent-driven sampling (Heckathorn 2002), or multiplicity sampling (Rothbart et al. 1982). Referral sampling usually involves identifying individuals who meet inclusion criteria, gaining their cooperation, and then asking them to recruit additional respondents with the same conditions (Heckathorn 2002). However, professional referral sampling has received less notice as a methodology, but is used in health and mental health research. Professional referral sampling involves selecting respondents through an intermediary who provides professional services to the subject. Intermediaries might include pediatricians (Stille et al. 2007), school nurses (Lee et al. 2009), or substance abuse clinicians (Fals-Stewart et al. 2006). We compare our experiences conducting two surveys depending on referral sampling. In each case, physicians acted as intermediaries, helping identify respondents with specific health conditions. Several related lessons are reported and presented for further hypothesis testing.
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose-Glycogen Synthetase Activity in the Chick Embryo

IN a recent paper1, it was shown histochemically that glycogen synthesis began earlier than the appearance of phosphorylase in some tissues of the chick embryo. In skeletal muscle, in particular, glycogen synthesis preceded the appearance of phosphorylase by about ten days1,2. Because of that finding, it was suggested that the chick embryo, like the adult mammal, may be synthetizing glycogen through the uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen (UDPG) pathway.
Radiative properties of strongly driven atoms in the presence of photonic bands and gaps

We show that the presence of photonic bands and gaps dramatically modifies the properties of single-atom resonance fluorescence. When, for example, photonic gaps suppress radiative emission on one or both of the strong-field resonance fluorescence sidebands, a driven atom is found to emit monochromatic radiation that is insensitive to fluctuations in the driving-field intensity and does not display the photon antibunching that is normally associated with single-atom resonance fluorescence. In such situations the atom’s radiative properties come to resemble those of a perfectly classical dipole.
A terminal palladium fluoride complex supported by an anionic PNP pincer ligand

Abstract A terminal palladium (II) fluoride complex (FPNP)PdF (where FPNP is a an anionic fluoro-substituted diarylamido/bis(phosphine) pincer ligand) has been prepared and characterized spectroscopically and structurally. An X-ray diffraction study revealed an approximately square–planar environment about Pd and a short Pd–F bond distance. (FPNP)PdF reacted with silanes containing electron-withdrawing groups on Si by exchange of fluoride with one of the substituents on Si. An analysis of the 19F chemical shifts of both the Pd-bound fluoride and of the fluorines on the backbone of the FPNP ligand is provided.
Studies on the intramolecular cycloaddition reaction of isomünchnones derived from N-alkenyl substituted diazoimides

Abstract A series of N-alkenyl substituted diazoimides were prepared and subjected to Rh(II) catalyzed decomposition. The initially generated rhodium carbenoid undergoes ready cyclization onto the neighboring amide carbonyl oxygen atom to generate an isomunchnone intermediate. Subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition across the pendant olefin affords the cycloadduct in high yield. The stereochemical assignment of several of the cycloadducts was deduced by X-ray crystallography. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction is the consequence of an exo-cycloaddition of the neighboring π-bond across the transient isomunchnone dipole. Molecular mechanics calculations were used to model energy differences between the exo and endo diastereomers. The calculations reveal that the exo diastereomers are significantly (18–20 kcal/mol) lower in energy than the corresponding endo isomers thereby providing a rationale for the preferred exo-cycloaddition.
Where to find local laws in New York state: A note

Abstract Local laws present problems of access for the librarian because they are often needed by lawyers but are rarely found in the publications usually contained in law libraries. In New York State, however, statute requires that local laws be filed for public reference with municipal clerks as well as centrally with the Department of State. Although the Department no longer publishes local laws, some communities now have available published codifications of their own legislation. This article explains what local laws are, outlines the statutory publication and filing requirements imposed on local governments, suggests where to find locally adopted laws, and lists codifications of local laws now available for New York communities.
Export restrictions, urban unemployment, and the location of processing activities

Abstract In a general equilibrium model with processing and urban unemployment, we demonstrate that export restrictions enhance welfare only when processing is labor intensive and located rurally. When processing is capital intensive or located in the urban region, welfare necessarily falls.
Design of a Tree-Based Comparator and Memory Unit Based on a Novel Reversible Logic Structure

Programmable reversible logic is gain wide consideration as a logic design style for modern nanotechnology and quantum computing with minimal impact on circuit heat generation in improved computer architecture and arithmetic logic unit designs. In this paper, a 2*2 Swap gate which is a reduced implementation in terms of quantum cost and delay to the previous Swap gate is presented. Then, a novel 3*3 programmable UPG gate capable of calculating the universal logic calculations is presented and verified, and its advantages over the Toffoli and Peres gates are discussed. The UPG is then implemented in a reduced design for calculating n-bit AND, n-bit OR and n-bit ZERO calculations. Then, two 3*3 RMUX gates capable of multiplexing two input values with reduced quantum cost and delay compared to the previously existing Fred kin gate is presented and verified. Next, a novel 4*4 reversible programmable RC gate capable of nine unique logical calculations at low cost and delay is presented and verified. The UPG and RC are implemented in the design of novel sequential and tree-based comparators. These designs are compared to previously existing designs, and their advantages in terms of cost and delay are analyzed. Then, the RMUX is used to improve a reversible SRAM cell we previously presented. The memory cell and comparator are implemented in the design of a Min/Max Comparator device.
Adaptation to and coping with disability one year after spinal cord injury: An epidemiological study

In a 4-year study in Connecticut patients with acute spinal cord injuries were interviewed at discharge from their acute care hospital and 1 year after injury in order to ascertain their psychological adaptation to, and coping with, injury and disability. This report analyzes the 1-year data which was available on 96 patients and describes their psychological status at 1 year in terms of its relationship with selected socio-demographic characteristics, and neurological and functional (activities of daily living) status at discharge and 1 year. It is concluded that although patients have started to cope with their disability 1 year after injury this process is far from complete. Affective reactions to disability have not declined between discharge and one year. Longer follow-up is required to document more complete resolution of psychological reactions to this type of disability.
Tracking a head-mounted display in a room-sized environment with head-mounted cameras

This paper presents our efforts to accurately track a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) in a large environment. We review our current benchtop prototype (introduced in {WCF9O]), then describe our plans for building the full-scale system. Both systems use an inside-oui optical tracking scheme, where lateraleffect photodiodes mounted on the user's helmet view flashing infrared beacons placed in the environment. Church's method uses the measured 2D image positions and the known 3D beacon locations to recover the 3D position and orientation of the helmet in real-time. We discuss the implementation and performance of the benchtop prototype. The full-scale system design includes ceiling panels that hold the infrared beacons and a new sensor arrangement of two photodiodes with holographic lenses. In the full-scale system, the user can walk almost anywhere under the grid of ceiling panels, making the working volume nearly as large as the room.
Effect of prepartum milk removal on quantitative morphology of bovine lactogenesis.

Abstract The effect of prepartum milking on bovine mammary histology and milk composition was studied in five Holstein cows. One udder half was milked twice daily starting 10 days before the estimated calving date. One udder half was not milked until 2 days postpartum when all quarters were milked and two tissue samples per quarter were taken for morphological analyses. Lactose, casein, and fat concentrations differed from prepartum-milked to postpartum-milked quarters (.82, −1.44, and 3.29%). Quarters milked prepartum were more developed: mature epithelium 24.8%, immature epithelium −8.9%, total epithelium 15.6%, stroma −24.8%, and alveolar lumen 8.5%. Most alveolar cells in prepartum-milked halves had prominent rounded basal nuclei, hypertrophied secretory vesicles, and a mixed array of lipid droplets. Cells within alveoli were morphologically similar. Secretory epithelial cells from postpartum-milked glands had irregular randomly located nuclei, indistinct Golgi, variable lipid content, and less cytoplasm. These differences demonstrate the importance of prepartum-product removal on secretory cell development and subsequent milk production.
A puff model simulation of tracer concentrations in the nocturnal drainage flow in a deep valley

During the 1984 ASCOT field study in Brush Creek, CO, two gaseous tracers were released into valley drainage flow at different heights at the same site on 5 nights. This paper describes simulations of surface concentration data from two tracer experiments, one elevated release and one surface release, which complement tose reported by Rao et al. (1989, J. appl. Met.28, 609–616). The integrated Gaussian puff model adapted by them has been improved and used for these new simulations. The improved model, VALPUFF, affords a physically realistic simulation of the mean transport for elevated plumes under highly variable emission conditions. The model simulations are evaluated by comparing predicted hourly concentrations with the corresponding observed values at 51 surface samplers. For the elevated release case, the observed mean concentration is 28 pl l−1, and the predicted mean is 31 pl l−1. Almost 85% of predictions are within a factor of 5 of observations, and 50% within a factor of 2. For the ground release case, the observed the predicted means are 128 and 183 pl l−1, respectively. About 53% of predictions are within a factor of 5 of observations, and 23% within a factor of 2. The effects of varying wind field inputs and turbulence parameterizations on model performance are tested using several variations of the VALPUFF model. Cumulative frequency distributions of the ratio of modeled and observed hourly concentrations, and other evaluation statistics, are presented for each model. Applying resampling methods, 95% confidence intervals for fractional mean bias and normalized mean square error are calculated for the predictions of each model and for differences between the predictions of various models. It is shown that the VALPUFF model that uses vertically-averaged winds (for elevated releases) and dispersion parameters based on on-site turbulence data gives the best overall performance.
An application of smoke-wire visualization on a hovering insect wing

Conventionally, the smoke-wire visualization is used in wind tunnels which provide uniform and low turbulent free streams. Under this restriction, all the previous experiments of smoke-wire visualization on flapping wings were performed in wind tunnels with nonzero free stream velocity (e.g., Bomphrey et al. 2009), which, however, could not provide an ideal hovering flight condition. In this paper, we introduce and experiment a new smoke visualization technique on hovering insect wings.
Participant Adherence Indicators Predict Changes in Blood Pressure, Anthropometric Measures, and Self-Reported Physical Activity in a Lifestyle Intervention HUB City Steps

The objective of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the utility of several participant adherence indicators for predicting changes in clinical, anthropometric, dietary, fitness, and physical activity (PA) outcomes in a lifestyle intervention, HUB City Steps, conducted in a southern, African American cohort in 2010. HUB City Steps was a 6-month, community-engaged, multicomponent, noncontrolled intervention targeting hypertension risk factors. Descriptive indicators were constructed using two participant adherence measures, education session attendance (ESA) and weekly steps/day pedometer diary submission (PDS), separately and in combination. Analyses, based on data from 269 primarily African American adult participants, included bivariate tests of association and multivariable linear regression to determine significant relationships between seven adherence indicators and health outcome changes, including clinical, anthropometric, dietary, fitness, and PA measures. ESA indicators were significantly correlated with four health outcomes: body mass index (BMI), fat mass, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and PA (-.29 ≤ r ≤ .23, p < .05). PDS indicators were significantly correlated with PA (r = .27, p < .001). Combination ESA/PDS indicators were significantly correlated with five health outcomes: BMI, percentage body fat (%BF), fat mass, LDL, and PA (r = -.26 to .29, p < .05). Results from the multivariate models indicated that the combination ESA/PDS indicators were the most significant predictors of changes for five outcomes--%BF, fat mass, LDL diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PA--while ESA performed best for BMI only. For DBP, a one-unit increase in the continuous-categorical ESA/PDS indicator resulted in 0.3 mm Hg decrease. Implications for assessing participant adherence in community-based, multicomponent lifestyle intervention research are discussed.
Imaging of gold dendrimer nanocomposites in cells

Dendrimer nanocomposites (DNC) are hybrid nanoparticles formed by the dispersion and immobilization of guest atoms or small clusters in dendrimer matrices. They have a great potential in biomedical applications due to their controlled composition, predetermined size, shape and surface functionalities. In this work, nanocomposites of gold and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers {Au(0)n-PAMAM} have been selected to demonstrate this nanoparticle based concept. {Au(0)n-PAMAM} gold dendrimer nanocomposites with a well-defined size have been synthesized and imaged by TEM both in vitro and in vivo. Dendrimer nanocomposites have also the potential to be used as drug delivery vehicles either utilizing bioactive guests or incorporating radioactive isotopes. Radioactive dendrimer nanocomposites, e.g. {198-Au}, can be delivered to the tumor either by means of injecting the active nanoparticles directly into the tumor microvasculature or by intravenous injection. Both specific or non-specific targeting can be utilized in this process to achieve appropriate transfer.
Lexical and structural cues to quantifier scope relations

Previous studies have shown that ambiguous doubly quantified sentences such as “Every child loves some toy” reliably receive a preferred interpretation which assigns wide scope to the first of the two quantifiers. In particular, the active sentence above and its passive transform have different preferred interpretations. In the present study an attempt was made to select between two previously conflated accounts of this finding, namely that scope relations are assigned on the basis of the left-to-right order of the quantifiers or on the basis of which quantifier is part of the surface structure subject NP. One-hundred ninety-two subjects judged whether various more complex doubly quantified sentences were true or false of hypothetical situations designed so that different interpretations of the sentences would yield different truth-value judgments. Neither of the two hypotheses mentioned was supported; rather, a more complicated pattern of results was obtained, the description of which requires us to take into account properties of the specific quantifiers studied as well as both surface and deep grammatical roles of the quantified NPs.
Bioprocessing of agricultural residues to ethanol utilizing a cellulolytic extremophile.

A recently discovered thermophilic isolate, Geobacillus sp. R7, was shown to produce a thermostable cellulase with a high hydrolytic potential when grown on extrusion-pretreated agricultural residues such corn stover and prairie cord grass. At 70°C and 15–20% solids, the thermostable cellulase was able to partially liquefy solid biomass only after 36 h of hydrolysis time. The hydrolytic capabilities of Geobacillus sp. R7 cellulase were comparable to those of a commercial cellulase. Fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolyzates with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24860 produced ethanol yields of 0.45–0.50 g ethanol/g glucose with more than 99% glucose utilization. It was further demonstrated that Geobacillus sp. R7 can ferment the lignocellulosic substrates to ethanol in a single step that could facilitate the development of a consolidated bioprocessing as an alternative approach for bioethanol production with outstanding potential for cost reductions.
Metalloproteinase dependent reduction of cell surface cluster determinants upon the induction of apoptosis

LN18 glioblastoma cells were used as a model to examine changes in surface cluster determinants (CDs) as the cells undergo apoptosis. LN18 cells proceeding through apoptosis manifested a decrease in cell adhesion molecules, growth factor receptors and other surface proteins. Apoptosis was induced by MK886, a known FLAP and PPAR-α inhibitor, or staurosporine, a known inhibitor of protein kinases including protein kinase C (PKC). The detection and decrease of surface CDs were observed by flow cytometry using CD-specific primary antibodies followed by secondary antibodies conjugated to phycoerythrin. It was determined that there was an apoptotic induced decrease of α and β integrin determinants and the growth factor receptors EGFR and IGF1R. The MHC-1 cell surface marker HLA-ABC was also reduced in the apoptotic cells. The level of EGFR, IGF1R and detected α and β integrin determinants dropped dramatically. The degradation takes place in mid to late apoptosis. It was determined by real-time RT-PCR that the decrease in integrins, EGFR, IGF1R and MHC-1 determinants were not due to a reduction in transcription. Inhibitors of metalloproteinases blocked the apoptotic decrease in cell surface determinants indicating that metalloproteinases mediated the reduction in these CDs in a manner that can reduce growth and survival signals while stimulating the NK surveillance system. Overall, the data indicate that the final stages of the pharmacological induction of apoptosis, while proceeding to a full commitment to non-necrotic cell death, involves the degradation of integrin, insulin and epidermal growth factor receptors caused by a programmed dysregulation of the cell’s metalloproteinases.
Modelling of additive diffusion in polyolefins

A semi-empirical model has been developed for additive diffusion in polymers. The model estimates apparent diffusion coefficients of an additive migrating through polyolefin polymers into a fatty food simulant for a range of temperatures between the glass transition and melting temperatures of the polymer. This diffusion model has been applied to several additive/polyolefin systems to determine its validity and limitations.
Effective Destruction of Fas-deficient Insulin-producing β Cells in Type 1 Diabetes

In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune T cells cause destruction of pancreatic β cells by largely unknown mechanism. Previous analyses have shown that β cell destruction is delayed but can occur in perforin-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and that Fas-deficient NOD mice do not develop diabetes. However, because of possible pleiotropic functions of Fas, it was not clear whether the Fas receptor was an essential mediator of β cell death in type 1 diabetes. To directly test this hypothesis, we have generated a β cell–specific knockout of the Fas gene in a transgenic model of type 1 autoimmune diabetes in which CD4+ T cells with a transgenic TCR specific for influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are causing diabetes in mice that express HA under control of the rat insulin promoter. Here we show that the Fas-deficient mice develop autoimmune diabetes with slightly accelerated kinetics indicating that Fas-dependent apoptosis of β cells is a dispensable mode of cell death in this disease.
Projecting female labor force participation from sex-role attitudes

Beliefs and attitudes about the appropriate activities and behavior for men and women in our society have changed greatly during the last decade. Apparently this shift in sex-role attitudes has not been restricted to select subgroups of the population; women from all walks of life have undergone similar changes in beliefs since the mid-1960s (Mason, Czajka, and Arber, 1976). Increasing acceptance of nontraditional, and especially nonfamilial, roles for women has been credited with causing, or at least facilitating, the rapid rise in female labor force participation over the last 5 to 10 years, since the less traditional a woman’s outlook the more likely she is to be currently employed and to have a history of labor force activity. If changing attitudes do indeed result in more female workers, then knowledge about this relationship may be of use in projecting employment of women during the next several decades. Projections of female labor force participation done by the Bureau of Labor Statistics have consistently underestimated growth in the female work force (Johnson, 1973). Inclusion of a wider range of variables than currently used in making these projections may improve their accuracy. Since women’s sex-role attitudes appear to have a strong association with their market activity, such attitudes should be assessed for their possible usefulness, along with other economic, social, and demographic variables, in projecting female labor force behavior. In this paper evidence on the causal connection between sex-role attitudes and employment of bornen is presented and evaluated. The effects of sex-role attitudes
Essential Non‐Technical Skills for Teaming

The world of engineering is once again changing. Engineering education is changing from the narrow engineering science curriculum of the 1950s to a broader industry-driven curriculum. Today's employers are seeking engineering graduates with advanced communication skills and the ability to work effectively in team-based environments. Unfortunately, a large number of undergraduate engineering programs are not sufficiently providing students the skills necessary to succeed in the workplace of the future. In this paper 20 non-technical skills, 10 curricular changes, and seven post-graduate training methods were presented to Southern Illinois University at Carbondale College of Engineering graduates to evaluate. These graduates functioned both in team-based and traditional work environments. Results indicated listening as the most important non-technical skill; inclusion of real-world applications as the most important curricular addition, and mentoring as the preferred post-graduate method of learning nontechnical skills. The findings support further research for implementing changes in undergraduate engineering education to integrate and support development of non-technical skills throughout undergraduate studies. These changes will in turn increase the production of well-rounded and flexible graduates that are “workforce-ready.“
FTIR studies of the Cl-atom initiated oxidation of formaldehyde: detection of a new metastable species in the presence of NO2

Fourier transform infrared studies of the photolysis of mixtures containing Cl2 (≈1 Torr), CH2O (≈1 Torr) and air (700 Torr) at 25°C have provided further evidence for the previously proposed HO2-radical chain mechanism for the formation of HCOOH from CH2O. In the presence of added NO2, a new transient “peroxynitrate-type” product was observed and identified tentatively as hydroxy-methylperoxy nitrate, CH2(OH)OONO2, formed via HO2 + CH2O→ (HO2CH2O)→ CH2(OH)OO and CH2(OH)OO + NO2→ CH2(OH)OONO2.
Depression of α Motoneuron Activity by Excitation of Visceral Afferents in the Cardiopulmonary Region

The effect of vagal afferent firing, evoked by veratridine and phenyldiguanide, on the reflex responses of lumbosacral a motoneurons to muscle stretch (stretch reflex) and to electrical stimulation of muscle (monosynaptic reflex) and skin nerves (polysynaptic reflex) was investigated in cats under light chloralose-urethane anesthesia in the absence of fusimotor spindle feedback. It was found that α activity in ventral root filaments to both extensor and flexor muscles was depressed and that this depression was not only independent of the previously described γ effects but differed from them in various respects. Unlike the γ depression, α depression was infrequently preceded by an initial increase in activity. Thus, α depression often was already present when γ firing went through its early phase of acceleration. Furthermore, α depression was sometimes seen in the absence of γ effects. 5HT which had predominantly increased γ firing, produced a depression of α activity. Determination of the latent periods o...
THE EFFECTS OF MACROECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

This study develops a microanalytic simulation model to examine the effects of macroeconomic fluctuations on the distribution on the distribution of income. A representational sample of the population of the United States is linked with equations determining the variability of various types of factor income. Each family's income experience is simulated under alternative aggregate conditions, and the income distributions arising under these conditions are compared. The main results are similar for alternative specifications of the model. The incidence of a downturn in economic activity, whether accompanied by changes in the rate of inflation or not, and measured in terms of the loss of factor income, leaves the upper middle class relatively better off than before and leaves most others relatively worse off. The very rich bear the heaviest burden.
Computer algorithm for automated work group classification from free text: the DREAM technique.

Objective: This study developed and tested a computer method to automatically assign subjects to aggregate work groups based on their free text work descriptions. Methods: The Double Root Extended Automated Matcher (DREAM) algorithm classifies individuals based on pairs of subjects' free text word roots in common with those of standard classification systems and several explicitly defined linkages between term roots and aggregates. Results: DREAM effectively analyzed free text from 5887 participants in a multisite chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevention study (Lung Health Study). For a test set of 533 cases, DREAMs classifications compared favorably with those of a four-human panel. The humans rated the accuracy of DREAM as good or better in 80% of the test cases. Conclusions: Automated text interpretation is a promising tool for analyzing large data sets for applications in data mining, research, and surveillance. Work descriptive information is most useful when it can link an individual to aggregate entities that have occupational health relevance. Determining the appropriate group requires considerable expertise. This article describes a new method for making such assignments using a computer algorithm to reduce dependence on the limited number of occupational health experts. In addition, computer algorithms foster consistency of assignments.
The role of inhibited cell‐cell communication in teratogenesis

A mechanistic link between teratogenesis and carcinogenesis has been suggested by a wide variety of scientific observations. This report attempts to provide a theoretical explanation for one of the several possible mechanisms which might be shared during carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. The initiation and promotion concept of carcinogenesis was briefly reviewed and the role of intercellular communication during the complex tumor promotion phase was discussed. Inhibition of intercellular communication by a wide variety of physical, chemical and biological factors was speculated to disrupt the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in stem cells. Chemicals, which interfered with intercellular communication during early organogenesis, have the potential of being teratogens, while if they are present in the developed, initiated organisms have the potential of being tumor promoters. Evidence was presented showing that known tumor promoters which inhibited intercellular communication also had been shown to be teratogens. It was concluded that in vitro assays, designed to measure intercellular communication, although having known limitations, might be used as an in vitro means to screen for potential teratogens.
Imprecise reliability assessment when the type of the probability distribution of the random variables is unknown

In reliability design, often, there is scarce data for constructing probabilistic models. It is particularly challenging to model uncertainty in variables when the type of their probability distributions is unknown. Moreover, it is expensive to estimate the upper and lower bounds of the reliability of a system involving such variables. A method for modelling uncertainty by using Polynomial Chaos Expansion is presented. The method requires specifying bounds for statistical summaries such as the first four moments and credible intervals. A constrained optimisation problem, in which decision variables are the coefficients of the Polynomial Chaos Expansion approximation, is formulated and solved in order to estimate the minimum and maximum values of a system's reliability. This problem is solved efficiently by employing probabilistic re-analysis to approximate the system reliability as a function of the moments of the random variables.
Research of electric power information security protection on cloud security

Informatization is an important feature of smart grid. With the construction of smart grid and the constant depth development of electric power information, the information networks of electric power have been continued to invade by all kinds of network threats. Traditional information security protection system for electric power had been unable to meet the security threats demand of ever changing and growing. Moreover, the cost of electrical safe operation was increased. Meanwhile, with the further application of electric power information engineering, operation capacity of electric power is required to be fully improved so that safe and stable operation is essential to electric power information system. Cloud security is service form that cloud computing provides for users. In view of the advantages of cloud computing and cloud security, architecture of electric power information security protection based on cloud security (AEPISP-CS) is put forward which combines with the current power information security status. Meanwhile, anti-virus system, spam mail filtering, threat detection based on cloud security are described in detail.
Kinetics of cooling- and decompression-induced crystallization in hydrous mafic-intermediate magmas

article i nfo The crystallization of a hydrous basaltic-andesite magma was investigated using cooling and decompression experiments. These experiments were designed so that the driving force for crystallization of feldspar (the undercooling) is equal whether in the direction of cooling or decompression. After initial equilibration steps at conditions T =1 025 °C and PH2O = 150 MPa, charges were either cooled or decompressed near-instantaneously to final conditions corresponding to undercoolings ΔT⁎ =5 2 -154 °C, with dwell times of 12, 24 and 48 h at the final P-T.T his'single-step' experimental strategy (SSD for decompression experiments, SSC for cooling) allowed derivation of kinetic parameters such as nucleation and growth rates as a function of undercooling. Even though our setup was primarily designed to investigate feldspar crystallization, we report kinetic and geochemical data for all phases present (glass, feldspar, clinopyroxene, olivine and amphibole). At low to intermediate undercoolings, the solidification behavior of mafic-intermediate magmas is very similar texturally and compositionally whether the crystallization mechanism is cooling or decom- pression. At high degrees of undercooling, feldspar and clinopyroxene nucleation rates are nevertheless higher in SSD compared to SSC runs, perhaps due to slower diffusivities or larger nucleation barriers in the cooling runs. Minerals transition from interface-limited growth to diffusion-limited growth with increasing undercooling, while nucleation regimes shift from homogeneous to heterogeneous. Crystal morphologies are highly variable but can be used qualitatively to assess the extent of undercooling. Relative to more silicic melts with similar crystal contents, feldspar formed in andesitic melts nucleate at a lower rate but grow to larger sizes. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Temporal Response of Porous Glass Electroosmotic Pumps

Sintered glass electroosmotic pumps have been fabricated that provide maximum flow rates and pressure capacities exceeding 14 ml/min and 1.4 atm, respectively, at 150 V, with an active pumping volume of less than 2 cm3 . These compact devices with no moving parts have the potential to impact a variety of applications including microelectronics cooling systems and bioanalytical applications. We present here a preliminary a study of the response of the pumps to changes in fluidic load, including their short-term transient performance. A 0.5 mM borate buffer (pH = 9.2) is used to stabilize pump performance, with nearly optimal flow rate capacity. The experiments are conducted for working electrolytes of varying ion concentration. These performance characteristics are critical to applications that aim to use feedback control of flow rate and pressure over varying conditions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Proton Strength Functions from (p, n) Reaction Cross Sections

The ($p, n$) reaction cross section has been measured for thick targets of thirty-one elements ranging in atomic weight from 37 to 133 with incident proton energies between 2.0 and 4.0 Mev. The reaction yields were divided by a penetrability factor to yield a "reduced cross section" closely related to the proton strength function. Peaks in the reduced cross section were observed at atomic weight 50 and 68. These were tentatively identified as the peaks in the $D$-wave and $S$-wave strength functions of the complex-potential model corresponding to effects observed in neutron experiments at atomic weights 40 and 51. Assuming these identifications, the difference between proton and neutron potentials was calculated. Within the validity of the assumptions, $V{{r}_{0}}^{2}$ for nuclei in the vicinity of atomic weight 70, was found after Coulomb corrections to be 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6% larger for protons than for neutrons. The reduced cross section was observed to double in going from atomic weight 37 to 133, possibly because of the effect of spheroidal deformation on the barrier penetrability. Angular distribution measurements showed symmetry about 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to better than 5%, indicating no measurable direct-interaction component in the reaction. The largest anisotropies observed were approximately 20%.