cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of pore-water sulfide and eelgrass (Zostera japonica and Zostera marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington

iv Acknowledgements vi List of Figures and Tables viii Chapter 1: The Relationship Between Pore-water Sulfide and Eelgrass (Zostera japonica and Zostera marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington Introduction 1 Methods 5 Results 11 Discussion 13 Chapter 2: The Effects of Elevated Concentrations of Pore-water Sulfide on a Native and Non-native Cogener (Zostera japonica and Zostera marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington Introduction 22 Methods 25 Results 30 Discussion 44 Bibliography 48 Appendix A 55 Appendix B 61
Utilizing Unnatural Amino Acids To Illustrate Protein Structure–Function Relationships: An Experiment Designed for an Undergraduate Biochemistry Laboratory

The site-specific introduction of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in protein engineering. Moreover, the incorporation of a UAA into a protein has become feasible with the increased commercial availability of UAAs and robust expression plasmids. In addition to the ease of incorporation, the concepts utilized in the incorporation of a UAA are ideal to illustrate key concepts involved in protein translation and structure–function relationships. Consequently, a novel experiment has been developed for the incorporation of various UAAs into the GFP fluorophore to alter spectral properties. This experiment provides students with a hands-on approach for transformation, protein expression and purification, and structure–function analysis.
Formation of (C5Me5)2U(EPh)Me, (C5Me5)2U(EPh)2, and (C5Me5)2U(η2-TeC6H4) from (C5Me5)2UMe2 and PhEEPh (E = S, Se, Te)

(C5Me5)2UMe2, 1, reacts with 1 and 2 equiv of PhEEPh (E = S, Se) to form (C5Me5)2UMe(EPh) (E = S, 2; Se, 3) and (C5Me5)2U(EPh)2 (E = S, 4; Se, 5), respectively, with concomitant formation of MeEPh. Complexes 2, 3, and 5 form at ambient temperature, but the synthesis of 4 required heating to 65 °C. Addition of 2 equiv of PhTeTePh to 1 equiv of (C5Me5)2UMe2 generated the tellurium analogue of 4 and 5, namely, (C5Me5)2U(TePh)2, 6, but when 1 was reacted with 1 equiv of PhTeTePh, C−H activation of the aryl ring occurred to form (C5Me5)2U(η2-TeC6H4), 7, along with MeTePh and CH4.
Development of a community-based exercise program for people diagnosed and at-risk for Huntington's disease: A clinical report.

ABSTRACTBackground: Given the neurodegenerative nature of Huntington’s disease (HD), community-based exercise programs that meet the ongoing needs of those living with HD are needed. The genetic nature of HD warrants the inclusion of those at-risk for HD. The purpose of this clinical report is to describe an evidence-based approach to the design of a community-based exercise program to improve gait, balance, and fatigue for individuals diagnosed with and at-risk for HD. Program Design: Based on the literature, clinical expertise and patient values, the program was designed to include four key features: (1) community-based group format for individuals with HD, caregivers, and those at-risk for HD; (2) individualized prescription within the group; (3) circuit training; and (4) use of outcome measures. Program Implementation and Outcomes: The group met once weekly for 8 weeks for balance, strength, and cardiovascular fitness exercises. Three individuals participated, two diagnosed with HD and 1 considered “a...
Tuning Composition and Activity of Cobalt Titanium Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Abstract Understanding catalyst function to improve activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is key to increasing the overall efficiency of electrochemical water splitting, a promising method for sustainable and clean production of hydrogen. Using a straightforward and scalable sol⿿gel synthesis, we explore the effects of metal composition in CoxTi1⿿xOy on electrochemical activity, atomic structure, and electronic state. Physical and electronic characterization reveal that increased amounts of Ti stabilize the 2+ oxidation state of the Co precursor and lead to formation of less active CoO-like catalysts. Conversely, films with Co:Ti ratios of 1:1 or greater result in catalysts with high activity, correlating with greater Co 3+ character, as measured by ex situ XAS for samples as-prepared and after exposure to OER conditions. Additionally, decreasing the Ti content systematically shifts the Co redox potential from approximately 1.5 V vs. RHE with a 1:3 Co:Ti ratio to 1.0 V vs. RHE with no Ti, further evidence that Ti stabilizes Co in a lower oxidation state. Controlling the oxidation state of metals in metal-oxide OER catalysts can have a profound effect on catalytic activity.
Deaths caused by malignant tumors in residents in Jinan,Shandong

Objective To understand the mortality of malignant tumors in residents in Jinan,Shandong province and related factors.Methods The death data in the residents in Jinan were obtained from Jinan death surveillance system and related demographic data were collected from the annual reports of municipal statistics bureau and public security bureau.The cause of death was coded by the international classification of diseases 10thedition(ICD-10).The death data of malignant tumors in residents in Jinan in 2012 were analyzed.Results The crude mortality of malignant tumors in Jinan in 2012 was 142.78 /lakh.The age-standardized mortality was 104.48 /lakh.The deaths caused by malignant tumors accounted for 24.70% of all-causal deaths.The first five malignant tumors were lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer,accounting for 69.65% of total deaths caused by malignant tumors.The death rate of malignant tumors increased with age,especially in age group 50 years.The male to female ratio of age-standardized death rate was 1.80∶ 1.The death causes were different in different age groups.Leukemia was the leading death cause among children less than 15 years old,accounting for 40.00% of total cancer deaths in this age group.Liver cancer was the leading death cause in age group 15-44 years,accounting for 14.74% of total cancer deaths in this age group.Lung cancer was the leading death cause in age groups 45-64 years and 64 years,accounting for 21.36% and 27.28% of total cancer deaths respectively.Conclusion Lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer were the major malignant tumors posing fatal risk to the residents in Jinan.Close attention should be paid to the prevention and control of these malignant tumors.Especially in people aged ≥50 years.
Co-words analysis-based hot research spots in papers on reading therapy published in China

The high frequency key words in papers on reading therapy published in China were selected,the frequencies of co-words presenting in a paper were calculated,and the established matrix of co-words was transformed into correlative matrix and diversity matrix,respectively. The diversity matrix was analyzed by cluster analysis and the hot research spots in papers on reading therapy published China were studied.
Inhibition of BCR-ABL Expression With Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Restores β1 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion and Proliferation Inhibition in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Hematopoietic Progenitors

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the continuous proliferation and abnormal circulation of malignant hematopoietic progenitors. This may be related to the unresponsiveness of CML progenitors to β1 integrin adhesion receptor-mediated inhibition of progenitor proliferation by the marrow microenvironment. In hematopoietic cell lines, the BCR-ABL oncogene product, p210BCR-ABL, interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal elements important for normal integrin signaling. We studied the role of p210BCR-ABL in abnormal integrin function in CML by evaluating the effect of inhibition of BCR-ABL expression with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) on integrin-mediated adhesion and proliferation inhibition of malignant primary progenitors from CML marrow. Preincubation of CML CD34+HLA-DR+(DR+) cells with breakpoint-specific AS-ODNs significantly increased adhesion of CML progenitors to stroma and fibronectin (FN). Pretreatment with breakpoint-specific ODNs also resulted in significant inhibition of CML progenitor proliferation after ligand or antibody-mediated β1 integrin engagement. Breakpoint-specific ODNs were significantly more effective in restoring CML progenitor adhesion and proliferation inhibition than control ODNs. BCR-ABL mRNA and p210BCR-ABL levels in CML CD34+ cells were significantly reduced after incubation with breakpoint-specific AS-ODN. These studies indicate a role for BCR-ABL in abnormal circulation and defective integrin-dependent microenvironmental regulation of proliferation of CML hematopoietic progenitors.
Probable metronidazole induced serum sickness-like reaction in a paediatric patient

SummaryWhat is known and objective Metronidazole (MTZ) is a commonly prescribed antibiotic and is generally well tolerated. To our knowledge, there has been only one case report linking MTZ with serum sickness-like reaction (SSLR). Case summary We report a probable case of SSLR following the administration of MTZ in a paediatric patient. What is new and conclusion Serum sickness-like reaction may be associated with MTZ therapy, and this type of adverse drug reaction may be underreported in the literature. A prior case report and evaluation with the Naranjo algorithm indicating a ‘probable’ adverse drug reaction provide evidence to support this conclusion.
Stent-assisted coiling of cerebrovascular aneurysms: experience at a large tertiary care center with a focus on predictors of recurrence

Background Stent-assisted coiling is commonly used to treat wide-necked and fusiform cerebral aneurysms. We evaluated our institutional experience with stent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysms to elucidate potential risk factors for recurrence. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing stent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysms from 2005 to 2012 resulted in 122 patients with 122 aneurysms. Demographic, peri-procedural, medical comorbidity, and follow-up data were collected. Primary outcomes of interest were procedural safety, efficacy, and aneurysm recurrence. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and χ 2 tests determined the statistical significance of the risk factors. Results All 122 stent-assisted coiling procedures led to satisfactory obliteration of the aneurysm (3.3% complication rate). Twenty-one (17.2%) patients experienced recurrence at average follow-up of 297 days. Fifteen (71.4%) clinically significant recurrences required retreatment. Eleven of 30 (36.7%) procedures using Enterprise stents had recurrence compared with only 10 of 92 (10.9%) procedures using Neuroform stents (p=0.001). Average coiling packing density (PD) was 20.3% with Enterprise stents and 22.5% with Neuroform stents (p=0.8). In multivariate logistic regression, recurrences requiring recoiling were significantly associated with Enterprise stents (OR 8.57, 95% CI 1.97 to 37.19; p=0.004), females (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.00; p=0.05), and postoperative dextran use (OR 8.42, 95% CI 1.40 to 50.58; p=0.02). Aneurysms with 20% PD (19% vs 5.1%; p=0.02). Conclusions Stent-assisted coiling for wide-necked cerebral aneurysms has a high therapeutic success rate with low procedure-related morbidity and mortality. Clinically significant recurrences may occur more frequently with Enterprise stents, in aneurysms with low PD, and with post-procedural dextran use.
Biomarkers of adiposity are elevated in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age.

Preterm, very-low-birth-weight (PT-VLBW) neonates are at-risk for metabolic syndrome later in life. At 1–3 y, they exhibit excessive weight-for-length z-scores (Wt-LZ) and elevated systolic blood pressures (SBP). Serum adipokines are biomarkers of adiposity, but expression in PT-VLBW infants is unclear. We examined the correlation between serum adipokine levels, anthropometric measures and SBP in PT-VLBW neonates at follow-up. This was a cross-sectional cohort study of PT-VLBW infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age (40/cohort). We measured SBP, abdominal circumference (AC) and anthropometrics; calculated age/gender-specific z-scores for Wt, L, Wt-L and subscapular skin fold (SSZ), and measured serum adipokines. Serum leptin was unaffected by chronologic age and gender, but was positively correlated with weight, Wt-LZ, AC, and SSZ at 1 and 3 y (P males, suggesting leptin resistance may occur in early infancy.
Iron-Catalyzed Amide Formation from the Dehydrogenative Coupling of Alcohols and Secondary Amines

The five-coordinate iron(II) hydride complex (iPrPNP)Fe(H)(CO) (iPrPNP = N[CH2CH2(PiPr2)]2) selectively catalyzes the dehydrogenative intermolecular coupling of alcohols and secondary amines to form tertiary amides. This is the most productive base-metal catalyst for dehydrogenative amidation reported to date, in some cases achieving up to 600 turnovers. The catalyst works well for sterically undemanding amines and alcohols or cyclic substrates and is particularly effective in the synthesis of formamides from methanol. However, the catalyst performance declines rapidly with the incorporation of large substituents on the amine or alcohol substrate. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies suggest that the catalyst resting state is an off-cycle iron(II) methoxide species, (iPrPN(H)P)Fe(H)(OCH3)(CO), resulting from addition of methanol across the Fe–N bond of (iPrPNP)Fe(H)(CO). This reversibly formed iron(II) methoxide complex is favored at mild temperatures but eliminates methanol upon heating.
Testing Spatial Ecological Theory on Californian Serpentine Outcrops: A Review

Outcrops of serpentine bedrock bear as close a resemblance to islands as any terrestrial habitat, with floras often highly distinct from those of the surrounding matrix. In 30 years of research in California, I found that the sizes and spatial distribution of serpentine outcrops may influence extinction and colonization, alpha and beta diversity, reproductive success and genetics, and other facets of plant (and animal) ecology in ways consistent with spatial ecological theory. Such ‘spatial effects’ were detected primarily at scales of 102–103 meters separating habitat patches, whereas habitat quality and climate effects predominated at smaller and larger extents, respectively. Most regions containing sets of small outcrops ( 102 ha), making the detection of spatial effects dependent on careful site selection. This review highlights the interplay between testing theory and understanding the most important processes shaping biodiversity in a particular study system.
Whispering by Individuals Using Tracheoesophageal Speech.

Summary Objectives This study compared whispering attempts by adults using tracheoesophageal (TE) speech with those by adults with a larynx. Comparisons were based on listener judgments, visual-perceptual assessment of spectrograms, and measures of the acoustic signal. Study Design This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods Seventeen TE and 10 laryngeal speakers produced sentences in a whisper and in their spoken voice. Listeners judged sentences as whispered or spoken. Judges signal-typed the spectrograms based on presence-absence of a “voicing bar.” Speaking rate, articulation rate, percent pause, and dB sound pressure level were measured. Results Twenty-nine percent of TE speakers were perceived to be whispering on whisper attempts; most others were perceived to be using spoken voice while attempting to whisper. Spectrograms of TE whispering were most often categorized as “mostly voiced.” Speaking and articulation rates were slower for TE speakers. There was a significantly greater reduction in speaking rate from spoken to whisper for the TE group. Percent pause did not differ significantly between groups and speaking mode. TE speakers had a significantly smaller difference in dB sound pressure level between spoken and whisper modes. Conclusions Some individuals using TE speech can whisper based on auditory-perceptual judgment, but most were perceived to be speaking during these attempts. The fact that some TE participants could whisper indicates the behavior is possible and might be considered a therapeutic target if it is of importance to an individual. The percentage of TE speakers who can learn to whisper, and the optimal training approach, are yet to be determined.
Examining Forest Governance in the United States Through the Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework

SUMMARY This paper examines laws, policies, organizations and other governance elements and arrangements that influence forest conservation and sustainable resource management in the U.S. through a set of 10 Indicators associated with Criterion Seven of the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators Framework. The applicability and utility of these indicators as a measure of forest governance at the national level is examined and associated quantitative and qualitative data are presented and discussed. In the U.S., a broad range of laws governs public lands, dictating management processes and practices. Federal and state laws protect wildlife and endangered species on all public and private lands, and foster a range of prescribed and voluntary forest practices to protect water, air, and other public goods and services on private lands. Federal and state laws also provide for technical and financial assistance, research, education, and planning on private forest lands. Market based mechanisms increasingly ar...
CMR-based blood oximetry via multi-parametric estimation using multiple T2 measurements

Measurement of blood oxygen saturation (O2 saturation) is of great importance for evaluation of patients with many cardiovascular diseases, but currently there are no established non-invasive methods to measure blood O2 saturation in the heart. While T2-based CMR oximetry methods have been previously described, these approaches rely on technique-specific calibration factors that may not generalize across patient populations and are impractical to obtain in individual patients. We present a solution that utilizes multiple T2 measurements made using different inter-echo pulse spacings. These data are jointly processed to estimate all unknown parameters, including O2 saturation, in the Luz-Meiboom (L-M) model. We evaluated the accuracy of the proposed method against invasive catheterization in a porcine hypoxemia model. Sufficient data diversity to estimate the various unknown parameters of the L-M model, including O2 saturation, was achieved by acquiring four T2 maps, each at a different τ 180 (12, 15, 20, and 25 ms). Venous and arterial blood T2 values from these maps, together with hematocrit and arterial O2 saturation, were jointly processed to derive estimates for venous O2 saturation and other nuisance parameters in the L-M model. The technique was validated by a progressive graded hypoxemia experiment in seven pigs. CMR estimates of O2 saturation in the right ventricle were compared against a reference O2 saturation obtained by invasive catheterization from the right atrium in each pig, at each hypoxemia stage. O2 saturation derived from the proposed technique was also compared against the previously described method of applying a global calibration factor (K) to the simplified L-M model. Venous O2 saturation results obtained using the proposed CMR oximetry method exhibited better agreement (y = 0.84× + 12.29, R2 = 0.89) with invasive blood gas analysis when compared to O2 saturation estimated by a global calibration method (y = 0.69× + 27.52, R2 = 0.73). We have demonstrated a novel, non-invasive method to estimate O2 saturation using quantitative T2 mapping. This technique may provide a valuable addition to the diagnostic utility of CMR in patients with congenital heart disease, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension.
Naïve Bayes classifier, multivariate linear regression and experimental testing for classification and characterization of wheat straw based on mechanical properties

Abstract Mechanical, chemical and microstructure characterization of a particular type of wheat straw is conducted in this study. Uniaxial tension tests on different gage length wheat straws are conducted to determine the mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared test and pH tests are performed to confirm the chemical composition and acidity/alkalinity of wheat straw, respectively. The microstructural morphology of untested wheat straw and failure modes in failed wheat straw are investigated. Naive Bayes (NB) algorithm is trained and is used to classify or determine the gage length of the wheat straw based on target mechanical properties. In the end, a multivariate linear regression (MLR) model is calibrated to predict the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of wheat straw. The UTS and fracture strain decreased with increase in gage length. Wheat straw is found to have a pH value of 7.43 and presence of lignocellulosic functional groups is verified through FTIR. Both mode-I and mixed mode failures are observed in wheat straws. The trained NB classifier is able to categorize the wheat straws in to different gage lengths with an accuracy of 92% and the calibrated MLR model is able to predict the UTS of wheat straw fairly well. Considering the mechanical and chemical properties obtained in this study, wheat straw can be used as a reinforcement in concrete.
The Next Domino to Fall: Empirical Analysis of User Passwords across Online Services

Leaked passwords from data breaches can pose a serious threat if users reuse or slightly modify the passwords for other services. With more services getting breached today, there is still a lack of a quantitative understanding of this risk. In this paper, we perform the first large-scale empirical analysis of password reuse and modification patterns using a ground-truth dataset of 28.8 million users and their 61.5 million passwords in 107 services over 8 years. We find that password reuse and modification is very common (observed on 52% of the users). Sensitive online services such as shopping websites and email services received the most reused and modified passwords. We also observe that users would still reuse the already-leaked passwords for other online services for years after the initial data breach. Finally, to quantify the security risks, we develop a new training-based guessing algorithm. We show that more than 16 million password pairs (including 30% of the modified passwords) can be cracked within just 10 guesses.
GoldiRunx and Remembering Cytotoxic Memory.

The molecular basis for T cell memory differentiation remains elusive. Wang et al. (2018) identify Runx3 as an initiating transcription factor that specifies regulatory regions required for cytotoxic T cell (CTL) memory differentiation early after TCR signaling and constrains the ability of T-bet to drive terminal effector generation.
Overcoming Pedagogical Barriers Associated with Exploratory Tasks in a College Geometry Course

With the advent of dynamic geometry software, and a current trend towards the exploration that such software facilitates, textbook authors have in some cases introduced geometric concepts intended for college students by means of exploratory tasks. The strengths of this approach are offset by the disadvantage that many students are thereby convinced of the veracity of a geometric statement without feeling the need for a proof, and without having the knowledge of inner structure that will illuminate why the statement is true. This chapter explores examples of exploratory tasks from a college geometry textbook with a view to connecting these tasks with formal geometric proofs that will not only prove but explain principles that underlie the explorations.
Screening for Postpartum Depression in Chilean Women with the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale, Spanish Version

While the need to identify women experiencing postpartum depression (PPD) has gained much attention in recent years, routine screening in Chile has not been implemented in all health care facilities. The objective of this study was to gather data with the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS)-Spanish Version in a group of Chilean women. The convenience sample included 163 women at 2 or more weeks postpartum attending Primary Care Clinics in Arica, Chile. Significant symptoms of PPD (scores≥60 in the PDSS) were reported by 46.4 % of women screened. Suicidal thoughts, loss of self, and anxiety/insecurity were the symptom categories most often mentioned (34.1 %, 26.3 %, and 22.9 % respectively). Six of the seven dimensions of the PDSS-Spanish Version were found to be “excellent” (based on loading correlation) in distinguishing between women with positive symptoms of depression and women without symptoms of depression. Results from the Inconsistent Responding Index indicated that the scale was clearly understood by participants. The PDSS-Spanish Version was an effective instrument for identifying women with PPD. PPD should be considered a priority public health concern in Chile. Routine screening for PPD needs to be prioritized in Chile and other developing countries.
Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior

Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the mechanisms that cause these disorders to coalesce remains limited. The Incentive Sensitization Theory suggests that sensitization of neural "wanting" pathways, which attribute incentive salience to rewards and their cues, is responsible for the excessive desire for drugs and cue-triggered craving. The resulting hyper-reactivity of the "wanting' system is believed to heavily influence compulsive drug use and relapse. Notably, evidence for sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway has been seen across gambling and substance use, as well as anxiety and stress-related pathology, with stress playing a major role in relapse. Together, this evidence highlights a phenomenon known as cross-sensitization, whereby sensitization to stress, drugs, or gambling behaviors enhance the sensitivity and dopaminergic response to any of those stimuli. Here, we review the literature on how cue attraction and reward uncertainty may underlie gambling pathology, and examine how this framework may advance our understanding of co-mordidity with substance-use disorders (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and anxiety disorders. We argue that reward uncertainty, as seen in slot machines and games of chance, increases dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway and enhances the incentive value of reward cues. We propose that incentive sensitization by reward uncertainty may interact with and predispose individuals to drug abuse and stress, creating a mechanism through which co-mordidity of these disorders may emerge.
Aggressive Endovascular Management of Massive Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis in the Setting of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

While hematologic malignancies are understood to be a risk factor for dural sinus thrombosis (DST), little data is available regarding the presentation and management of synchronous cases. In this case, a 40-year-old woman with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) developed extensive DST with symptoms refractory to systemic anticoagulation. The decision was made to pursue aggressive endovascular intervention and the patient’s symptoms significantly improved with minimal residual deficits. Here, we report the clinical course and complex management of this rare clinical scenario.
Adaptive Sampling with Varying Sampling Cost for Design Space Exploration

Surrogate models have been developed to infer the response of engineering systems based on scattered tests/simulations. An effective sampling scheme enables surrogates to have a desirable accuracy ...
Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): Natural history, prenatal management strategies, and outcomes at a single comprehensive fetal center.

Abstract Purpose Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a devastating fetal condition of complete airway discontinuity resulting in significant hydrops and extreme lung hyperplasia. It is universally fatal with survival reported only in the rare spontaneous fistulization or EXIT intervention (Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment). Even in these cases, mortality remains high, and current investigations are targeting prenatal interventions. This report describes our experience with management and fetal interventions for CHAOS, including laser laryngotomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients diagnosed with CHAOS at a single academic institution between 2006 and 2017. Results Fifteen patients were identified. Eight had obstruction at the trachea and seven at the larynx. In the laryngeal obstructions, three expired shortly after birth, and one survived after spontaneous fistulization and subsequent EXIT to tracheostomy. The remaining three underwent in-utero treatment with laser laryngotomy. One had preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), delivered 3 days post-operatively, and died. Two underwent EXIT to tracheostomy with one surviving to discharge and is currently 2 years old. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the outcomes of a large series of patients diagnosed with CHAOS. While mortality remains high, options for fetal intervention are being explored to allow alterations in the prenatal natural history and improve postnatal outcomes. Type of Study Retrospective Treatment Study. Level of Evidence Level IV.
“Find that Balance:” The Impact of Cultural Consonance and Dissonance on Mental Health among Utah and Mormon Women

Cultural consonance and religious participation are both associated with salutogenic mental health outcomes. Yet studies of religious and other cultural models must take into account multiple and conflicting cultural norms. In this article, we explore the consequences of trying to adhere to the oppositional cultural models of religious (Latter-day Saint or Mormon) and secular American gender roles as perceived by college-aged women at a Utah university. Using cultural consensus and cultural consonance analysis, we demonstrate that while conforming with one model may provide social and mental health benefits, striving for consonance with both results in increased perceived stress levels for Latter-day Saints and nonmembers alike. Such cultural dissonance may be a contributing factor to the current mental health crisis among Utah youth. This work expands the theory of cultural consonance by examining it in the context of two incongruent lifestyles.
Purification of Irradiated Tributyl Phosphate by Distillation in Kerosene-Type Diluent*

The feasibility of purifying irradiation-degraded Purex-type solvent by distillation was indicated by laboratory scale studies. Direct fractional distillation does not appear to be feasible; howeve...
Scenarios of Health Engagement Experiences and Health Justice in Rural Libraries

This article documents scenarios or narratives of health engagement experiences in rural libraries based on qualitative analysis of feedback collected from 15 rural librarians in the Southern and Central Appalachian (SCA) region during semi-structured interviews conducted in 2017-2018. The article focuses on respondents’ perspectives of the “aboutness” of their health-related engagement, collaborating partners, encountered challenges, and resulting outcomes. Scenarios were documented in broader interviews that focused on specific health activities and community engagement in 11 domains, including agriculture, diversity, economy, education, environment, government, health, law, manufacturing, social welfare, and other. The research forms part of a planning grant entitled “Assessment of Rural Library Professionals’ Role in Community Engagement in the Southern and Central Appalachian Region: Mobilization from Change Agents to Community Anchors (CA2CA@SCA-RL)” awarded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services to the University of Tennessee, sub-contracted to the University of Alabama this year (July 2017 – June 2019). Scenarios provide a taxonomic classification of health-related programs relevant to the region and a framework of practice related to their implementation. As a health justice tool, they also challenge the hegemonic imagination of mainstream American society, news media, and popular culture that has only presented the SCA rural belt in deficit light. The article becomes a counter-point to these past unfair and marginalizing representations in its constructive asset recognition of the SCA rural librarians’ positive examples of health-related experiences. It spotlights the “invisible” of SCA librarians’ individual/community empowerment as change agents making an impact on the lives of their rural residents.
Impact of home language reading skills’ on L2 reading comprehension: a study of newcomer emergent bilinguals

ABSTRACTPrevious research on the development of second language (L2) reading comprehension among adolescents and adults has looked at the relative importance of students’ second language (L2) lingu...
Superlattice assembly by interpolymer complexation

We present a coarse grained model for a system where nanocrystals are functionalized with a polymer that is a hydrogen bond acceptor, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), and are dispersed in a solution with a polymer whose monomers consist of a hydrogen bond donor, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA) at low pH (interpolymer complexation). We determine the minimum concentration of the polymer donor to induce aggregation and the structure and dynamics of the induced (fcc) superlattice. Our results are compared to previous and new experiments.
Active S2168 and inactive S21IRS pinholin interact differently with the lipid bilayer: A 31P and 2H solid state NMR study

Abstract Pinholins are a family of lytic membrane proteins responsible for the lysis of the cytosolic membrane in host cells of double stranded DNA bacteriophages. Protein-lipid interactions have been shown to influence membrane protein topology as well as its function. This work investigated the interactions of pinholin with the phospholipid bilayer while in active and inactive confirmations to elucidate the different interactions the two forms have with the bilayer. Pinholin incorporated into deuterated DMPC-d54 lipid bilayers, along with 31P and 2H solid state NMR (SS-NMR) spectroscopy were used to probe the protein-lipid interactions with the phosphorus head group at the surface of the bilayer while interactions with the 2H nuclei were used to study the hydrophobic core. A comparison of the 31P chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) values of the active S2168 pinholin and inactive S21IRS pinholin indicated stronger head group interactions for the pinholin in its active form when compared to that of the inactive form supporting the model of a partially externalized peripheral transmembrane domain (TMD) of the active S2168 instead of complete externalized TMD1 as suggested by Ahammad et al. JPC B 2019. The 2H quadrupolar splitting analysis showed a decrease in spectral width for both forms of the pinholin when compared to the empty bilayers at all temperatures. In this case the decrease in the spectral width of the inactive S21IRS form of the pinholin showed stronger interactions with the acyl chains of the bilayer. The presence of the inactive form's additional TMD within the membrane was supported by the loss of peak resolution observed in the 2H NMR spectra.
Primary mammary angiosarcomas harbor frequent mutations in KDR and PIK3CA and show evidence of distinct pathogenesis

Angiosarcoma (AS) is the most frequent primary sarcoma of the breast but nevertheless remains uncommon, accounting for <0.05% of breast malignancies. Secondary mammary AS arise following radiation therapy for breast cancer, in contrast to primary AS which occur sporadically. Essentially all show aggressive clinical behavior independent of histologic grade and most are treated by mastectomy. MYC amplification is frequently identified in radiation-induced AS but only rarely in primary mammary AS (PMAS). As a heterogeneous group, AS from various anatomic sites have been shown to harbor recurrent alterations in TP53, MAP kinase pathway genes, and genes involved in angiogenic signaling including KDR (VEGFR2) and PTPRB. In part due to its rarity, the pathogenesis of PMAS has not been fully characterized. In this study, we examined the clinical, pathologic, and genomic features of ten cases of PMAS, including one patient with bilateral disease. Recurrent genomic alterations were identified in KDR (70%), PIK3CA/PIK3R1 (70%), and PTPRB (30%), each at higher frequencies than reported in AS across all sites. Six tumors harbored a KDR p.T771R hotspot mutation, and all seven KDR-mutant cases showed evidence suggestive of biallelism (four with loss of heterozygosity and three with two aberrations). Of the seven tumors with PI3K alterations, six harbored pathogenic mutations other than in the canonical PIK3CA residues which are most frequent in breast cancer. Three AS were hypermutated (≥10 mutations/megabase (Mb)); hypermutation was seen concurrent with KDR or PIK3CA mutations. The patient with bilateral disease demonstrated shared alterations, indicative of contralateral metastasis. No MYC or TP53 aberrations were detected in this series. Immunohistochemistry for VEGFR2 was unable to discriminate between KDR-mutant tumors and benign vascular lesions of the breast. These findings highlight the underrecognized frequency of KDR and PIK3CA mutation in PMAS, and a significant subset with hypermutation, suggesting a pathogenesis distinct from other AS.
AN UPDATED HISTORY OF PRE-CONTACT NEW ENGLAND: NEW AMS DATES FOR THE HORNBLOWER II AND FRISBY-BUTLER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Faunal assemblages from the pre-Contact period sites Frisby-Butler and Hornblower II on Marthaʼs Vineyard, Massachusetts, USA, remain unstudied since excavation during the 1980s. This project establishes radiocarbon (14C) dates from faunal remains and evaluates occupation and abandonment at each site. 14C measurements were collected from 17 specimens and 13 dates from previous analyses were re-examined. Dates were identified from the archaeological time periods Transitional Archaic (2700–3700 BP), Early Woodland (2000–2700 BP), and Late Woodland (450–1200 BP) at Frisby-Butler. Occupation likely represented seasonal visitations during autumn and winter to hunt based on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) demographic profiles. A combined dataset of new and re-calibrated 14C measurements from Hornblower II date to the Late Archaic (3700–6000 BP), Early Woodland, Middle Woodland (1200–2000 BP), and Late Woodland periods. Settlement was focused on gathering warm-weather foods like demersal fish and lakebirds. Together, the sites demonstrate periodic seasonal use of the southwest coast of the island throughout the Late Holocene and fit within an established regional pattern in southern New England.
On the Derivation of Continuous Piecewise Linear Approximating Functions

We propose mixed-integer programming models for fitting univariate discrete data points with continuous piecewise linear (PWL) functions. The number of approximating function segments and the locat...
Tumor Subtype Determines Therapeutic Response to Chimeric Polypeptide Nanoparticle-based Chemotherapy in Pten-deleted Mouse Models of Sarcoma.

Purpose: Nanoparticle-encapsulated drug formulations can improve responses to conventional chemotherapy by increasing drug retention within the tumor and by promoting a more effective antitumor immune response than free drug. New drug delivery modalities are needed in sarcomas because they are often chemoresistant cancers, but the rarity of sarcomas and the complexity of diverse subtypes makes it challenging to investigate novel drug formulations. Experimental Design: New drug formulations can be tested in animal models of sarcomas where the therapeutic response of different formulations can be compared using mice with identical tumor-initiating mutations. Here, using Cre/loxP and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, we generated two distinct mouse models of Pten-deleted soft-tissue sarcoma: malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). We used these models to test the efficacy of chimeric polypeptide doxorubicin (CP-Dox), a nanoscale micelle formulation, in comparison with free doxorubicin. Results: The CP-Dox formulation was superior to free doxorubicin in MPNST models. However, in UPS tumors, CP-Dox did not improve survival in comparison with free doxorubicin. While CP-Dox treatment resulted in elevated intratumoral doxorubicin concentrations in MPNSTs, this increase was absent in UPS tumors. In addition, elevation of CD8+ T cells was observed exclusively in CP-Dox–treated MPNSTs, although these cells were not required for full efficacy of the CP nanoparticle–based chemotherapy. Conclusions: These results have important implications for treating sarcomas with nanoparticle-encapsulated chemotherapy by highlighting the tumor subtype–dependent nature of therapeutic response.
In Search of the Right Balance: Patco Lays the Foundation for Analyzing the Commercial Reasonableness of Security Procedures under UCC Article 4A

On July 3, 2012, in Patco Construction Co. v. People’s United Bank, the First Circuit held that security procedures used to verify electronic funds transfers initiated through online banking were commercially unreasonable. In reaching its decision, the court laid a strong foundation for analyzing commercial reasonableness in future cases. This Comment argues that future courts should build on this analysis by considering recent merger activity when determining the standard against which commercial reasonableness should be measured.
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Induces Robust Specific and Cross-reactive IgG and Unequal Strain-specific Neutralizing Antibodies in Naïve and Previously Infected Recipients

Abstract With the advance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the outlook for overcoming the global COVID-19 pandemic has improved. However, understanding of immunity and protection offered by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against circulating variants of concern (VOC) is rapidly evolving. We investigated the mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses against the referent WIV04 (Wuhan) strain, circulating variants, and human endemic coronaviruses in 168 naive and previously infected people at three-time points. Samples were collected prior to vaccination, after the first and after the second doses of one of the two available mRNA-based vaccines. After full vaccination, both naive and previously infected participants developed comparable robust SARS-CoV-2 specific spike IgG levels, modest IgM and IgA binding antibodies, and varying degrees of HCoV cross-reactive antibodies. However, the strength and frequency of neutralizing antibodies produced in naive people were significantly lower than in the previously infected group. We also found that 1/3rd of previously infected people had undetectable neutralizing antibodies after the first vaccine dose; 40% of this group developed neutralizing antibodies after the second dose. In all subjects neutralizing antibodies produced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants were weaker than those produced against the reference and B.1.1.7 strains. Our findings provide support for future booster vaccinations modified to be active against the circulating variants.
Local Learning Matters: Rethinking Data Heterogeneity in Federated Learning

Federated learning (FL) is a promising strategy for performing privacy-preserving, distributed learning with a network of clients (i.e., edge devices). However, the data distribution among clients is often non-IID in nature, making efficient optimization difficult. To alleviate this issue, many FL algorithms focus on mitigating the effects of data heterogeneity across clients by introducing a variety of proximal terms, some incurring considerable compute and/or memory overheads, to restrain local updates with respect to the global model. Instead, we consider rethinking solutions to data heterogeneity in FL with a focus on local learning generality rather than proximal restriction. To this end, we first present a systematic study informed by second-order indicators to better understand algorithm effectiveness in FL. Interestingly, we find that standard regularization methods are surprisingly strong performers in mitigating data heterogeneity effects. Based on our findings, we further propose a simple and effective method, FedAlign, to overcome data heterogeneity and the pitfalls of previous methods. FedAlign achieves competitive accuracy with state-of-the-art FL methods across a variety of settings while minimizing computation and memory overhead. Code will be publicly available.
“This is not an exit”: The Article 16 Safeguards in the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol

In political rhetoric surrounding the implementation of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol, especially in the UK, Article 16 has played a central part. It has been suggested, even at the highest political levels that invoking or “triggering” Article 16 is the ultimate response to dissatisfaction with the operation of the Protocol and particularly the impact of border checks in the Irish Sea on economic relationships between Ireland and Great Britain. But what exactly is Article 16 supposed to do? This chapter examines its design and structure, as well as some of its detailed textual features in light of international economic law and public international law. The function and legal effects of Article 16 come to sight as far from obvious. On its face not a derogation clause, it is also clear that Article 16 provides no legal path toward renegotiation of the Protocol itself. Given the uncertainty and complexity surrounding the interpretation of Article 16, its invocation is a high-risk strategy, both legally and politically.
A conditional value-at-risk approach to risk management in system-of-systems architectures

The development of a system-of-systems (SoS) is challenging due to the complex dynamics attributed to the interdependencies between systems and the inherent technical and programmatic uncertainties. The sheer number of decision variables that need to be considered in SoS development prompts the need for effective analytical support frameworks. Current frameworks and guidelines in addressing SoS challenges lack analytical means of objective SoS level decision-making. Research in this paper adopts computational decision methods rooted in financial risk management that allow SoS practitioners the means to identify optimal ‘portfolios’ of systems based on dimensions of capability, cost and operational risk. Many risk management processes are in place for individual systems, but these tools and techniques are not always compatible for SoS. Our research leverages a Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) perspective to managing risks that can incorporate simulation/observed data in the decision-making process. We demonstrate the method using a simple SoSE problem.
Moderate Deviations of Empirical Processes

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the moderate deviations of empirical processes and of sums of i.i.d. random vectors with values in a separable Banach space. Our approach is based on a characterization of the large deviation principle using the large deviations of the finite dimensional distributions plus an asymptotic exponential equicontinuity condition.