cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of copper oxide wire particles against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats

Profitable sheep and goat production in the USA is severely limited by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasitism, particularly by Haemonchus contortus. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) have anti-parasitic properties in the diet of small ruminants, but efficacy of COWP may differ between sheep and goats. In a study with weaned kids (Kiko x Spanish cross, 6 months old) and lambs (Katahdin or Dorper x Blackface crosses, 5 months old), grazing the same pasture area in Central Georgia, 2g of COWP in a gel capsule was given to half the animals of each species, while the other half were given no COWP. Fecal and blood samples were taken weekly to determine GIN fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV). After COWP treatment, animals were grazed for 4 weeks and then slaughtered, with adult GIN recovered from the abomasum and small intestines for counting and identification to species. For both sheep and goats, COWP treatment reduced EPG (P<0.05), increased PCV (P<0.05), and lowered abomasal GIN numbers (P<0.05). For EPG, these differences were 82.5 and 90.5% for sheep and goats, respectively, 26 days after treatment, while adult H. contortus were 67.2 and 85.8% lower for COWP-treated sheep and goats, respectively. In this study, COWP treatment was equally effective against H. contortus infection in lambs and kids and appears to be an effective method of controlling H. contortus infection for up to 6 weeks in small ruminants following weaning.
Iatrogenic Portobiliary Fistula Treated by Stent-Graft Placement

Stent-graft exclusion of an ischemic, hilar portobiliary fistula after liver transplantation has not been reported. Isolated reports have described peripheral or nonischemic fistulas, and alternative treatment options have ranged from balloon tamponade to surgical repair. We present a unique case of a hilar portobiliary fistula successfully treated to resolution by unilateral placement of a stent-graft.
Glycoalkaloids of Solanum Series Megistacrolobum and related potato cultigens

Key Word Index--Solanum Series Megistacrolobum; Solanum × ajanhuiri; Solanaceae; potato; Bolivia; glycoalkoloids; domestication. Abstract--Glycoalkaloids were used as evidence of the affinities of nine taxa of Solanum Series Megistacrolobum and related potato cultigens from western Bolivia. S. boliviense, S. sanctae-rosae and S. toralapanum contain the commertetraose sugar moiety and appear to represent a relatively wild group within the Series. S. megistacrolobum, S. sogarandinum and S. raphanifolium show anomolous glycoalkaloid profiles that probably reflect hybridization associated with human disturbance. Primitive forms of the S. × ajanhuiri cultigen are indistinguishable chemically from conspecific weeds that were previously classified as S. megistacroloburn. Variation in total glycoatkaloid content within Series Megistacrolobum likely reflects direct selection by humans for reduced glycoalkaloid levels during the domestication process.
Choice of South Asian Summer Monsoon Indices

Abstract In the south Asian region, two of the major precipitation maxima associated with areas of intensive convective activity are located near the Bay of Bengal and in the vicinity of the Philippines. The variations of monthly mean outgoing longwave radiation in the two regions are poorly correlated, particularly in the decade of 1980s. The enhanced convection over the Bay of Bengal and Indian subcontinents is coupled with reinforced monsoon circulation west of 80°E over India, the western Indian Ocean, and the tropical northern Africa. In contrast, the enhanced convection in the vicinity of the Philippines corresponds to intensified monsoon circulation primarily east of 80°E over southeast Asia including the Indochina peninsula, South China Sea, Philippine Sea, and the Maritime Continent. To better reflect regional monsoon characteristics, two convection indices (or associated circulation indices that are dynamically coherent with the convection indices) are suggested to measure the variability of the...
The development of residential natural gas markets in The East North Central U.S.A. since 1940

The growth in residential natural gas markets after 1940 in the East North Central Census division of the U.S.A. is discussed in this article. Statistics from several sources are combined to indicate quantitatively the effect and sources of this great economic growth story, which transformed households and greatly improved the economic welfare of household members in this region.
A comprehensive approach to anorexia nervosa.

One hundred fifty-four patients (137 female and 17 male) diagnosed by Ferghner criteria as having anorexia nervosa were treated at the Yale-New Haven Hospital outpatient and/or inpatient services for adolescents. The physiologic, psychologic and social criteria used for recommending inpatient treatment are outlined. The inpatient tratment approach is described in detail. Typical patients' responses to the early, middle and late phases of treatment are given as are the outcome statistics. Medical complications of treatment are summarized, and it is noted in this group that young patients with primary amunorrhea did relatively poorly.
Assessing and managing the inoperability of transportation systems and interdependent sectors

As the global economy continues to grow, the importance of the transportation system increases. Many economic sectors depend upon it either for the transport of goods or for commuting purposes. Disruptions to the transportation system, such as those caused by a terrorist attack or a hurricane, can adversely affect the productivity of interdependent sectors. This article seeks to assess the impact of transportation failures on interdependent sectors, leading to the development of a risk management framework for systemic analysis and mitigation of potential consequences. To provide specific insights on interdependencies surrounding transportation systems, case studies have been conducted.
Radiation exposure during endovascular procedures.

OBJECTIVE: the duration of fluoroscopy exposure is routinely recorded as part of endovascular procedures. However, to better relate theduration of exposure to actual doses of surface and intracranial radiation, we compared surface doses during endovascular procedures with intracranial doses in a cadaver model exposed to lateral fluoroscopy. METHODS: Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter chips (Landauer, Glenwood, IL) were used to measure the cranial surface dose of three consecutive patients undergoing endovascular procedures. Bitemporal craniotomies were performed on a cadaver. Dosimeter chips were placed on both the ipsilateral and contralateral skin and meningeal surfaces, and the cadaver was exposed to lateral fluoroscopy. Finally, to assess mean fluoroscopy times in patients undergoing embolization procedures, the operative notes of 100 consecutive patients were reviewed, RESULTS: Three patients undergoing endovascular treatment received peak doses of 0.24, 0.31, and 1.38 Gy, respectively. In the cadaver, the peak surface dose recorded after 120 minutes of exposure was 1.71 Gy. The cranium and scalp absorbed or reflected 29% of the surface dose. Time in minutes of fluoroscopy was found to correlate with surface dose (R 2 = 0.925). CONCLUSION: Our data show that radiation exposure during endovascular treatment can reach clinically significant levels. The surface doses recorded during this study were comparable to the mean dose of 1.5 Gy estimated by others to increase the relative risk of inducing meningiomas, gliomas, and nerve sheath tumors. Pending long-term follow-up of patients exposed to endovascular procedures, consent for possible long-term sequelae of radiation may be warranted.
Nitrosyl cyanide, a putative metabolic oxidation product of the alcohol-deterrent agent cyanamide.

Abstract When incubated with catalase/glucose-glucose oxidase, 13C-labeled cyanamide gave rise not only to 13C-labeled cyanide, but also to 13C-labeled CO2. Moreover, a time-dependent formation of nitrite was observed when cyanamide was oxidized in this system. These results suggested that the initial product of cyanamide oxidation, viz. N-hydroxycyanamide, was being further oxidized by catalase/H2O2 to nitrosyl cyanide (ONCN). Theoretically, nitrosyl cyanide can hydrolyze to the four end-products detected in the oxidative metabolism of cyanamide in vitro, viz. nitroxyl, cyanide, nitrite, and CO2. Accordingly, both unlabeled and 13C-labeled nitrosyl cyanide were synthesized by the low temperature (−40 to −50 °) nitrosylation of K-(18-crown-6) cyanide with nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate. The product, a faint blue liquid at this temperature, was transferred as a gas to phosphate-buffered solution, pH 7.4, where it was solvolyzed. Analysis of the headspace by gas chromatography showed the presence of N2O, the dimerization/dehydration product of nitroxyl, while cyanide was detected in the aqueous solution, as measured colorimetrically. [13C]CO2 was analyzed by GC/MS. An oxidative biotransformation pathway for cyanamide that accounts for all the products detected and involving both N-hydroxycyanamide and nitrosyl cyanide as tandem intermediates is proposed.
Pharmacogenomics in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): the relationship between an ET-1 gene polymorphism (PM) and efficacy of bosentan (BO)

a mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAM) greater than 25 mmHg, complicates end-stage lung disease. Previous studies suggested that SPH does not adversely affect outcome but no study has assessed the impact of the degree of SPH. Methods: Retrospective review of the lung transplant database identified patients who had either single-lung (SLT) or bilateral lung transplant (BLT) complicated by SPH. SPH patients were stratified into low SPH (PAM 30-40 mmHg) and high SPH (PAM 40 mmHg) and further subcategorized into SLT or BLT. Transplant recipients without pulmonary hypertension (PH) over the same time were used as controls. Data is reported as controls versus low SPH versus high SPH. Results: One hundred four patients underwent transplant between 8/1998 and 3/2003. Forty-five patients (18 males, 27 females) had SPH, 28 with low SPH and 17 with high SPH. There were 42 patients (18 males and 24 females) without PH utilized as controls. There were no significant differences between groups except preoperative oxygen dependence (81% v. 100% v. 94%;p 0.045) and use of CPB (28.6% v. 57.1% v. 64.7%;p 0.005). A-aO2 gradients and PaO2/FIO2 ratios were significantly worse in the high SPH group (116.2 v. 132.9 v. 186.3;p 0.006) and (277.8 v. 234.3 v. 214.4;p 0.026) respectively. There was no statistical difference in length of ventilation or duration of ICU stay between groups. PAMs were significantly different preoperatively (22.2 0.8 v. 34.0 0.6 v. 47.8 2.0;p 0.001) and post-operatively (20.9 1.1 v. 23.7 1.3 v. 24.8 2.1;p 0.001). There were no operative deaths. There were 3 early deaths in the control group, 1 in the low SPH group, and 3 in the high SPH group, none were related to PH. Actuarial survival at 12, 24, and 48 months was not significantly different among the groups nor between SLT or BLT with SPH. Conclusion: Although SPH increases the risk of reperfusion injury; survival is equivalent with mild or moderate PH. Either SLT or BLT may be used in patients with SPH without compromising outcome. This has the added benefit of donor pool expansion.
Happy to Unite, or Not?

At several key moments in his works, Hume draws our attention to the differences between two conceptions of philosophy. Deploying what were already then well-worn metaphors, he calls these two “species” of philosophy “anatomy” and “painting.” Hume’s remarks about philosophical anatomy and painting have recently given rise to a number of scholarly debates. I focus here on just one of these debates: did Hume intend to combine anatomy and painting in some of his later works? Through an examination of the evidence that has to date been adduced, I argue that we have at least one very good reason to think that such were Hume’s intentions, and no good reason to suppose otherwise.
Future trends in hepatology: Challenges and opportunities

Asa professional society, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) is an important instrument for coordinating and focusing the professional objectives of hepatology. As a prelude to an AASLD-sponsored strategic planning initiative, a Future Trends Meeting was convened on January 4-5, 2008. The focus was on the burden of liver disease, the current status of AASLD U.S. physician members, external forces shaping the profession, andmanpower/training paradigms. Despite enormous advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of patients with liver diseases, the burden of liver disease in the United States is substantial. There is an unmet public health need for professional expertise in liver diseases, which is not addressed by current training paradigms. New models of care are needed, funding challenges for sustaining hepatologists need to be addressed, and new training paradigms conceived and implemented. The information reviewed and emerging solutions developed to address the above challenges are reviewed herein. As a new AASLD strategic plan emerges to further refine the concepts developed at this meeting, it will be published in a separate document.
Profiles of verbal working memory growth predict speech and language development in children with cochlear implants.

Purpose Verbal short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) skills predict speech and language outcomes in children with cochlear implants (CIs) even after conventional demographic, device, and ...
Reducing Portion Size Reduces Food Intake and Plate Waste

As portion size (PS) increases, so does food intake. The effect of decreasing PS on food intake in a nonlaboratory setting is unknown. This 5-week study sought to determine whether decreasing PS resulted in decreased intake of the same food, and if so, at what point further PS reductions might lack benefit. It also assessed effects of PS reduction on food production and waste in a university all-you-can-eat dining facility (DF). Subjects were primarily freshmen who regularly ate lunch at the DF, and self-selected French fries (FF) presented in individual paper bags, portioned originally at 88 g, and decreased approximately 15 g/week for 3 weeks. Diners were covertly observed choosing one or more bags. Total FF production and plate waste (PW) were determined daily. Decreasing PS resulted in significant decreases in consumption per diner (P or=2 bags (r = -0.809, P = 0.003). Total FF production was positively correlated with PW (r = 0.728, P = 0.011). This study shows that reducing PS of a particular item in an all-you-can-eat environment results in reduced intake of that food for most individuals, and that reducing PS reduces PW and food production.
Redlining and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation:

This article analyzes the impact of the residential security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s on residential mortgages in Philadelphia. Researchers have con...
Hydrogen gas accelerates thermal inactivation ofClostridium botulinum 113B spores

Heat inactivation ofClostridium botulinum spores was accelerated in atmospheres containing hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas also moderately increased the thermal destruction ofBacillus spores. Hydrogen gas may react with components inC. botulinum spores such as transition metals producing hydrogen ions or hydrides, which destroy essential spore components. Thermal processing in modified atmospheres may have applications in food processing and in sterilization of medical supplies.
A Psychological Analysis of Radicalism

HAVING recently travelled round the world, and come in contact with various types of radicalism, especially in Russia and India, I have thought it possible that some form of analysis might facilitate clearer thinking. It is possible to recognise three types:
Familial resemblances for cognitive abilities profiles of Caucasian and Japanese Americans

Abstract Individual differences between performance on the Verbal vs the Spatial, the Verbal vs the Perceptual speed, and the Spatial vs the Perceptual speed factors obtained from a battery of 15 cognitive abilities tests were calculated for Americans of European ancestry and Americans of Japanese ancestry in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition. Spouse, parent-offspring, and sibling resemblances on these difference scores (i.e. on the shapes of the cognitive abilities profiles) were all as high or higher than the familial resemblances for the separate abilities factors.
COVARIANT OFF-SHELL STRING AMPLITUDES

Abstract Covariant off-shell dual-resonance model amplitudes for four reggeons are computed in the open bosonic string using Witten's string field theory. The four-tachyon, the two-tachyon two-vector and the four-vector cases are explicitly worked out, although the formalism applies to higher mass states as well. Properties of the amplitudes are analyzed. Finally, a demonstration of associativity of the ∗ product is given for a certain set of Fock-space states.
V/STOL Airframe/Propulsion Integration Problem Areas

The integration of V/STOL airframe and propulsion systems requires consideration of problems not experienced in conventional aircraft. These problems are discussed in terms of several propulsion arrangements of lift jets and vectored cruise engines. Thrust requirements are compared for the propulsion arrangements and the exhaust flow pattern, and its interference and reingestion effects developed in ground proximity, are reviewed. Selected design problems involving store and landing gear location and the use of lift jets for emergency cruise are discussed. Finally, a comparison is made of the weight and costs of the aircraft, each using a different propulsion arrangement.Copyright © 1973 by ASME
Relation of surface climate and burned area in Yellowstone National Park

Abstract The statistical relation between annual burn area in Yellowstone National Park and local climate conditions is established over the past century. Our analyses reveal that the summer Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) can account for approximately one-third of the temporal variance in the burn area data. Owing largely to a reduction in antecedent wintertime precipitation, a statistically significant decline in summer PDSI values (representing a trend toward increasing aridity) is identified for the Yellowstone area.
A likely molecular basis of the susceptibility of Giardia lamblia towards oxygen.

Summary Giardia lamblia is an amitochondrial protozoan susceptible to oxygen, but the molecular basis for it remains unclear. A Giardia NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) is known to catalyse a single electron transfer reaction with quinones as the likely two-electron acceptor when oxygen is absent. Here we overexpressed this enzyme in Giardia trophozoites and observed a significantly enhanced susceptibility of the cells towards oxygen. A knock-down of this enzyme resulted, however, in more oxygen-tolerant Giardia cells growing equally well under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The function of DT-diaphorase could be thus a major, if not the only, cause for the oxygen susceptibility of Giardia . Overexpressed DT-diaphorase is accompanied by increased intracellular hydrogen peroxide. An overexpression of Fesuperoxide dismutase in Giardia led also to a similarly heightened sensitivity to oxygen. Thus, generation of H 2 O 2 from superoxide anion likely produced from DTdiaphorase catalysed reaction using oxygen as electron acceptor may constitute the molecular basis for Giardia susceptibility to oxygen. A functional homologue of DT-diaphorase in Giardia , NADH oxidase, uses oxygen as the preferred electron acceptor and reduces it to water. Overexpression of this enzyme in Giardia resulted in significantly enhanced growth under aerobic conditions. Giarida NADH oxidase could be thus an instrumental enzyme for the organism to adapt to and to tolerate an aerobic living environment.
Constraining water table depth simulations in a land surface model using estimated baseflow

Several recent studies have shown the significance of representing groundwater in land surface hydrologic simulations. However, optimal methods for model parameter calibration in order to realistically simulate baseflow and groundwater depth have received little attention. Most studies still use globally constant groundwater parameters due to the lack of available datasets for calibration. Moreover, when models are calibrated, various parameter combinations are found to exhibit equifinality in simulated total runoff due to model parameter interactions. In this study, a simple lumped groundwater model is incorporated into the Community Land Model (CLM), in which the water table is interactively coupled to soil moisture through the groundwater recharge fluxes. The coupled model (CLMGW) is successfully validated in Illinois using a 22-year (1984–2005) monthly observational dataset. Baseflow estimates from the digital recursive filter technique are used to calibrate the CLMGW parameters. The advantage obtained from incorporating baseflow calibration in addition to traditional calibration based on measured streamflow alone is demonstrated by a Monte Carlo-type simulation analysis. Using the optimal parameter sets identified from baseflow calibration, flow partitioning and water table depth simulations using CLMGW are improved, and the equifinality problem is alleviated. For other regions that lack observations of water table depth, the baseflow calibration approach can be used to enhance parameter estimation and constrain water table depth simulations.
Ovariectomy and inhibin immunoneutralization acutely increase follicle-stimulating hormone-beta messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations: evidence for a nontranscriptional mechanism.

After ovariectomy (ovx), FSH beta mRNA levels and serum FSH increase 2- to 3-fold within 12 h, and this persists in the presence of a GnRH antagonist. As a fall in plasma estradiol and progesterone appears to regulate FSH beta via increased GnRH secretion, it is thought that the acute (by 2 h) changes in FSH beta mRNA after ovx reflect falling levels of plasma inhibin. The current study addressed the following questions. 1) Does a reduction of circulating inhibin (via passive immunoneutralization or gonadectomy) increase FSH beta mRNA levels? 2) If so, are the acute increases in FSH beta mRNA associated with changes in the transcription rate? Adult male and female rats received 0.5 ml antiinhibin antiserum, iv, and were killed 2 or 12 h later. A second group of rats was gonadectomized; some received a GnRH antagonist and were killed at various intervals between 2 h and 7 days later. In adult males, no change in gonadotropin mRNA levels was observed after either addition of inhibin antiserum or removal of ...
138 The Nonimpact of Post-1994 Neonatal Technology on IUGR Preterm Newborns

Background: Widespread use of steroids and surfactant since the mid-1990s has improved survival for premature newborns (PN). Survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes are less favorable in the intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) subset of premature newborns. Since 1983 our institution has cared for 398 IUGR PN with birth weights (BW) </= 900g including the worlds two smallest surviving newborns (280g female,1989; 260g female, 2004). We sought to compare survival among these IUGR PN before and after the advent of widespread use of steroids and surfactant.
Seismic unresolved safety issues

Abstract The program for identification and resolution of Unresolved Safety Issues (USIs) at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was developed to conform to the provisions of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 as amended. Those Generic Safety concerns that are determined to be of high safety significance are considered for designation as USIs. They are first prioritized using a procedure based on their potential safety significance and on the estimated cost of potential plant modifications. Safety importance is gauged by estimating radiation release and public exposure. Costs to the nuclear industry as well as implementation costs to the NRC are considered. Generic Issues (GIs) that are prioritized as “high” are potential candidates for USIs. The USIs have high visibility; progress and status is reported to Congress annually, and they are reviewed by the Advisory Committee for Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) and by the Commission periodically as the resolution progresses. This paper discusses USIs and high priority Generic Issues which are related to seismic concerns.
Immune Recovery Vitritis in HIV Infection

ObjectiveTo describe a syndrome of posterior segment intraocular inflammation that causes visual loss in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis. This syndrome was associated with immune recovery mediated by combination antiretroviral treatment including protease inhibitors.DesignA case-control study at 2 university medical centers.ParticipantsOne hundred thirty patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis were examined at 2 medical centers for 15 months. In addition, the medical records of 509 patients examined at 1 center for 11 years before the initiation of protease inhibitor therapy were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsFive patients with symptomatic vitritis and papillitis with cystoid macular edema or epiretinal membrane formation were documented. In each patient there was inactive cytomegalovirus retinitis that had not caused visual decrease before the onset of inflammation. All patients had elevated CD4+ T lymphocyte levels (median increase, 86 × 106/L [86 cells/mm3]) after combination treatment including protease inhibitors. Two patients with cystoid macular edema were treated with corticosteroids and had resolution of the cystoid macular edema and an increase in visual acuity without reactivation of the retinitis. Retrospective analysis failed to disclose similar patients with intraocular inflammation in the era before the introduction of protease inhibitors.ConclusionsThis newly described syndrome of posterior segment inflammation related to cytomegalovirus retinitis is a cause of visual morbidity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is associated with increased immune competence as a result of combined antiretroviral treatment with protease inhibitors and may be amenable to corticosteroid therapy without reactivation of retinitis.
The Reliability of Improvements in Deterministic Short-Range Forecasts in the Presence of Initial State and Modeling Deficiencies

Abstract The reliability of reductions of forecasting error derived from changes in the quality of the initial data or model formulation is considered using a signal-to-noise analysis. Defining the initial data error as the data error source and the model error as the modelling source, we propose the use of the modeling error as a baseline against which potential reductions in data error may be calibrated. In the reverse sense, the data error can also be used to calibrate the reduction in the modeling error. A simple nonlinear model is used to illustrate examples of the above reliability test. Further applications of this test to actual numerical forecast experiments using analyses from both the augmented FWE database and the operational NMC data base are shown. Forecast comparisons using various suites of physical parameterizations are also presented.
FPGA implementation of the pixel purity index algorithm

The Pixel Purity Index (PPI) is an algorithm employed in remote sensing for analyzing hyperspectral images. Particularly for low-resolution imagery, a single pixel usually covers several different materials, and its observed spectrum is (to a good approximation) a linear combination of a few pure spectral shapes. The PPI algorithm tries to identify these pure spectra by assigning a pixel purity index to each pixel in the image; the spectra for those pixels with a high index value are candidates for basis elements in the image decomposition. The PPI algorithm is extremely time consuming but is a good candidate for parallel hardware implementation due to its high volume of independent dot-product calculations. This article presents two parallel architectures we have developed and implemented on the Wildforce board. The first one is based on bit-serial arithmetic operators and the second deals with standard operators. Speed-up factors of up to 80 have been measured for these hand-coded architectures. In addition,the second version has been synthesized with the Streams-C compiler. The compiler translates a high level algorithm expressed in a parallel C extension into synthesizable VHDL. This comparison provides an interesting way of estimating the tradeoff between a traditional approach which tailors the design to get optimal performance and a fully automatic approach which aims to generate a correct design in minimal time.
Spinodal decomposition in quenched correlated fields

Abstract We study how the spinodal decomposition of A + B mixture is affected when a small number of frozen impurity atoms are randomly distributed among the mixture and impose a field to their surroundings so as to favor species A in their vicinity. The correlated field is taken into account with a field term in the Landau-Ginzburg free energy functional. The resultant Cahn-Hilliard equation is solved numerically. We discuss the domain morphology, and the pattern of the liquid structure factor in the small wave vector limit. This study was motivated by recent experiments with binary liquids in extremely dilute gels.
Folding pathway mediated by an intramolecular chaperone. A functional peptide chaperone designed using sequence databases.

Abstract Catalytic domains of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic protease families require dedicated N-terminal propeptide domains or “intramolecular chaperones” to facilitate correct folding. Amino acid sequence analysis of these families establishes three important characteristics: (i) propeptides are almost always less conserved than their cognate catalytic domains, (ii) they contain a large number of charged amino acids, and (iii) propeptides within different protease families display insignificant sequence similarity. The implications of these findings are, however, unclear. In this study, we have used subtilisin as our model to redesign a peptide chaperone using information databases. Our goal was to establish the minimum sequence requirements for a functional subtilisin propeptide, because such information could facilitate subsequent design of tailor-made chaperones. A decision-based computer algorithm that maintained conserved residues but varied all non-conserved residues from a multiple protein sequence alignment was developed and utilized to design a novel peptide sequence (ProD). Interestingly, despite a difference of 5 pH units between their isoelectric points and despite displaying only 16% sequence identity with the wild-type propeptide (ProWT), ProD chaperones folding and functions as a potent subtilisin inhibitor. The computed secondary structures and hydrophobic patterns within these two propeptides are similar. However, unlike ProWT, ProD adopts a well defined α−β conformation as an isolated peptide and forms a stoichiometric complex with mature subtilisin. The CD spectra of this complex is similar to ProWT·subtilisin. Our results establish that despite low sequence identity and dramatically different charge distribution, both propeptides adopt similar structural scaffolds. Hence, conserved scaffolds and hydrophobic patterns, but not absolute charge, dictate propeptide function.
Foxes, hedgehogs, and greenhouse governance: Knowledge, uncertainty, and international policy-making in a warming World

Abstract Global environmental challenges like greenhouse warming are characterized by profound uncertainties about the workings of complex systems, high stakes as to the costs and benefits of various possible actions, and important differences concerning the values that should shape public choices, confounding ready resolution by conventional decision-making procedures. So-called adaptive or reflexive governance strategies provide policy-makers an alternative framework for tackling the greenhouse problem. Adaptive governance employs deliberate experimentation and continuous learning-by-doing to test and adjust ongoing policy responses. Yet pursuing such approaches poses particular challenges to global climate cooperation. In an increasingly interdependent world, coordinating multiple parties experimentally adopting different climate measures could prove contentious. Unequivocal policy lessons may be difficult to draw and apply. Timely collective revisions to ongoing policies may prove more difficult still to define and agree. Advocates must engage these issues directly and develop means of addressing them if adaptive governance approaches are to allow policy-makers to formulate better strategies for combating climate change.
Mechanical Bowel Preparation in Intestinal Surgery: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature

Introduction Despite several meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials showing no benefit to patients, mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) remains the standard of practice for patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.
Ambulance Chasing: A Case Study of Deviation and Control Within the Legal Profession

Some of the ends accomplished by ambulance chasing are socially desirable for the injured claimant. Ambulance chasing, however, contains other structural components having functional consequences which contribute to its interpretation. As long as the legitimate provision of adequate legal services is recognized as a problem, the positive quality attributed to ambulance chasing is likely to remain. Generally, the closer the lawyer was to the plaintiff's side of personal injury practice where ambulance chasing occurs, the greater the likelihood of his being favorably disposed toward solicitation. The court has given the bar associations the task of initiating action against deviant lawyers in their area. The actual chaser, or runner, is frequently a layman rather than a lawyer. Since advertising and solicitation imply that the layman has the capacity to evaluate skills which took professionals years to learn, prohibiting them enables the professions to control their fields on the grounds that they alone are capable of judging professional performance.
Disentangling Diffusion: The Effects of Social Learning and Economic Competition on State Policy Innovation and Expansion

When modeling regional policy diffusion effects, scholars have traditionally made appeals to both social learning and economic competition as causes of diffusion. In their empirical studies of policy adoption, however, they do not attempt to determine which of these two processes are at work. In this article, we argue that these two types of diffusion may have different implications for when a state first adopts a policy and subsequent changes in the extent of that policy and that these effects vary by policy area. In the specific policy area that we study, Indian gaming, we expect social learning diffusion to influence adoption but not expansion; economic competition should influence both policy adoption and policy expansion. Our empirical results confirm these predictions. To study both policy adoption and innovation, we apply models for event counts to state policy data, which allows us to model the extent of policy adoption over time, rather than just the timing of first adoption as is common with eve...
Removal of Wavelet Dispersion from Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

Wavelet dispersion caused by frequency‐dependent attenuation is a common occurrence in ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data, and is displayed in the radar image as a characteristic “blurriness” that increases with depth. Correcting for wavelet dispersion is an important step that should be performed before GPR data are used for either qualitative interpretation or the quantitative determination of subsurface electrical properties. Over the bandwidth of a GPR wavelet, the attenuation of electromagnetic waves in many geological materials is approximately linear with frequency. As a result, the change in shape of a radar pulse as it propagates through these materials can be well described using one parameter, Q*, related to the slope of the linear region. Assuming that all subsurface materials can be characterized by some Q* value, the problem of estimating and correcting for wavelet dispersion becomes one of determining Q* in the subsurface and deconvolving its effects using an inverse‐Q filter. We present a...
Cumulative adversity and drug dependence in young adults: racial/ethnic contrasts.

Aims To study cumulative exposure to stressors as a risk factor for drug dependence, and evaluate whether group differences in exposure contribute to differences in prevalence. Design Cross-sectional community survey of life-time adverse experiences and substance and psychiatric disorders. Setting Data collected between 1997 and 2000 in Miami–Dade County, USA. Participants A total of 1803 former Miami–Dade public school students, 93% between ages 19 and 21 years when interviewed. Males and females of Cuban origin, other Caribbean basin Hispanics, African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites are represented equally. Measurements Drug dependence disorder assessed by DSM-IV criteria using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and a 41-item checklist of life-time exposure to major and potentially traumatic experiences. Both measures include age at time of first occurrence. Findings Life-time rate of drug dependence disorder (total 14.3%) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) by socio-economic group. Male rate (17.6%) was significantly greater than female rate (10.9%). The African-American rate (6.5%) was dramatically lower than non-Hispanic white (17.0%), Cuban (18.1%) and non-Cuban Hispanic (16.0%) rates despite their dramatically higher exposure to adversity. Twenty-eight of 33 individual adversities were associated with the subsequent onset of drug dependence (P 1 year earlier) and proximal (previous year) exposure to adverse events (P < 0.05), controlling for childhood conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder and previous psychiatric disorder. Conclusions Life-time cumulative exposure to distant as well as more recent adversity predicts risk of subsequent drug dependence, although it does not explain ethnic group differences in risk.
Exploring succession within aspen communities using a habitat-based modeling approach

Abstract Quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx . ) forest communities play a crucial ecological role across western North America. However, there is increasing evidence that these communities have diverging ecological roles across aspen's expansive range. Previous studies show evidence for both “seral” and “stable” aspen functional types. This leads us to believe that the pathway of these systems may not always lead to a climax conifer sere, but in many cases results in a stable community dominated by aspen. This study is an attempt to use a static model, based on large-scale environmental variables, to account for successional dynamics within aspen–conifer systems and predict distributions of aspen functional types across large landscapes. Environmental factors influencing aspen–conifer succession have been observed in past research but not fully explored. Our study methodologies and application of model results were specifically designed to aid land managers in identifying extent and function of aspen forest communities in order to plan restoration projects. Four study sites were chosen within Utah in order to capture the widest geographic variance. Photointerpretation of National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) color infrared imagery was used to classify dominant forest cover at approximately 250 plots within each site. At each plot, variables were calculated and derived from DAYMET data, digital elevation models, and soil surveys and assessed for precision and ability to model forest type distributions. A generalized linear model was used to assess habitat overlap between aspen and conifer in order to explore successional dynamics and predict areas where stable aspen communities are likely to occur. Model results indicate an interaction between topographic position and moisture influence the probability of conifer encroachment but do not preclude conifers entirely. The highest probability for stable aspen communities occurs between 60 and 90 cm of total annual precipitation on topographic positions receiving greater than 4500 W h/m 2 /d of solar radiation. Prediction-conditioned fallout-rates were used to partition the continuous model output into a “hard” classification. These results were applied in an overlay analysis with Southwest Regional Gap landcover data, indicating 19% of aspen forests across Utah are potentially stable functional types, whereas the remaining 81% are vulnerable to conifer encroachment.
Reducing waiting time for substance abuse treatment does not reduce attrition

Attrition rates from substance abuse treatment are high. In an attempt to cut down on the attrition rate in our clinic we instituted an “Orientation Group” to cut down on the time patients spent waiting to enter treatment. An evaluation of the results of this intervention reveals that contrary to the impressions of the clinical staff, the attrition rate was not reduced.
Integrating Curriculum and Practice with Students and their Field Supervisors: Reflections on Spirituality and the Aging (Rosa) Model

Knowledge and sensitivity about diverse aging populations is a rapidly emerging area of interest in higher education. The next decades will see dramatic increases in the number of older adults in the United States (Administration on Aging (AOA), 2000). Recognizing and utilizing spiritual and religious traditions holds special significance when preparing students to serve older adult populations, as these are potential sources of strength, coping, and social support (Seeber, 1990). This paper describes the rationale and strategy for designing, implementing, and teaching students in the social science and health care fields to increase skills, expand knowledge, and deepen sensitivities about spirituality and religion when serving older adults and their families. The authors developed and delivered a teaching module for social work practicum students and their field instructors entitled Reflections on Spirituality and Aging (ROSA). This module may be adapted to other disciplines, (e.g., political science, cr...
Measures of fidelity in motivational enhancement: A systematic review

The movement to use empirically supported treatments has increased the need for researchers and clinical supervisors to evaluate therapists' adherence to and competence in particular empirically supported interventions. Motivational interviewing (MI) is an empirically supported intervention for substance abuse and other behavioral problems. However, for this intervention to work, it must be provided with fidelity and skill. This article provides a systematic review of MI adherence and competence measures that have been developed and described independently elsewhere. Recommendations for refinement of the measures and future research are also discussed.
Demonstration of the etiologic role of streptococci in experimental caries in the hamster

Dental caries was induced in a strain of albino “ caries-inactive” hamsters by oral inoculation of single or pooled cultures of streptococci isolated from a carious lesion in a hamster. T he carlo genic strains of streptococci were labeled by the induc­ tion of resistance to streptomycin. The labeled streptococci could be reisolated from carious lesions and the feces o f in­ fected hamsters but not from uninfected hamsters separately caged in the same room. The findings support K eyes’ postu­ lation that caries in the rodent can be considered a transmissible disease, and that the microflora of the alimentary tract is a probable source of the infection.
Strength size effects and fracture mechanics: What does the physical evidence say?

Abstract Being able to predict the strength of geometrically-similar cracked specimens of different sizes or scales is a fundamental requirement for success for linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The prediction contained in LEFM is that the strength reduces as the inverse square-root of the scale factor in the plane of the crack: here we review how well this prediction actually agrees with the physical evidence. In particular we examine agreement for materials and configurations exhibiting brittle responses—the situations complying best with the underlying linear elastic assumptions in the theory. The data show that the agreement is not good, even in the most brittle of instances.
TEQC: The Multi-Purpose Toolkit for GPS/GLONASS Data

For many common GPS/GLONASS native receiver formats, a single freeware program called TEQC now allows the user to translate from the binary receiver format to the standard Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format, to edit existing RINEX files, and to quality-check the data before postprocessing. TEQC is 100% noninteractive and has a command line interface modeled after common UNIX commands. This combined with TEQC's extensive documentation makes it simple to use for new and experienced users and in automated processing scripts. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The structure of form I crystals of D-ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.

Abstract Single crystals of d -ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from tobacco leaves, Nicotiana tabacum (variety Turkish Samsun), have been examined by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical diffraction. Twelve molecules are loosely packed into a body-centered cubic unit cell, space group I 4 1 32 with cell dimension a = 383 A . The asymmetric unit is one quarter of a molecule, and the minimum molecular symmetry is 222. This symmetry when combined with estimates of the two subunit masses and stoichiometry is compatible with a molecular structure of the composition L 8 S 8 (L is large subunit, S is small). If all bonds between large and small subunits are equivalent, the true molecular symmetry is 422; this symmetry is consistent with molecular images in micrographs.
Culture, Education, Anthropology.

This article argues that the anthropology of education must focus on what people do to educate themselves outside the constraints constituting the problematics of schooling. Anthropologists must do this precisely to fulfill their public role as legitimate participants in the conversations about understanding and transforming schooling. When anthropologists work at losing control in their research practice, they discover the breadth of the educative efforts that are triggered by the arbitrariness of cultural forms and, most interestingly, produce new forms. If this is the case, then the anthropology of education is the anthropology of cultural transformation that it has been difficult for the discipline to produce. [cross-cultural research, culture change]
Using evolution as a guide to engineer kranz-type c4 photosynthesis

Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has independently and rapidly evolved over sixty times to dramatically increase radiation use efficiency in both monocots and eudicots. Indeed, it is one of the most exceptional examples of convergent evolution in the history of life. The repeated and rapid evolution of Kranz-type C4 suggests that it may be a derivative of a conserved developmental pathway that is present in all angiosperms. Here, I argue that the Kranz-type C4 photosynthetic system is an extension of the endodermis/starch sheath, that is normally only found in the roots and stems, into photosynthetic structures such as leaves. Support for this hypothesis was recently provided by a study that showed that the same genetic pathway that gives rise to the endodermis in roots, the SCARECROW/SHORT-ROOT radial pattering system, also regulates the development of Kranz anatomy and C4 physiology in leaves. This new hypothesis for the evolution of Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has opened new opportunities to explore the underlying genetic networks that regulate the development and physiology of C4 and provides new potential avenues for the engineering of the mechanism into C3 crops.