cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
God’s Providence and Man’s Presumption

The polemical debate and political dealings in the years before Elizabeth’s death served to underscore the absence of a known and certain rule of succession. Irrespective of who would be the next sovereign, it was not clear by what right this new monarch was to take the crown. The experience of history, even when limited to English precedents, offered little promise of resolution, because it afforded justification for every hypothesis that had been advanced. It seemed that the prince could succeed to his right by heredity, by election, by nomination of his predecessor, or by conquest. These were the four broad categories of possibility, and on the basis of one or more of them a new king would claim his throne. Robert Parsons wrote of Henry IV that he was: called into the realm by general voice of all the people: his right gotten by arms upon the evil government of the former king: the personal resignation and delivery of the kingdom by solemn instrument made unto him by King Richard: his election also by parliament and coronation by the realm: and finally the quiet possession of him and his posterity, for almost three score years, with many confirmations of the whole realm, by diverse acts of parliament, oaths and other assurances, as the world knoweth…. And besides all this, that when King Richard was dead, he was next in degree of propinquity unto him, of any man living.1
Empathy, Theory of Mind, Cognition, Morality, and Altruism

Abstract Empathy has received extraordinary research emphasis—it is often seen as a particularly vital component of human altruism. However, theory of mind (ToM) and more cognitively (rather than emotionally) associated processes also have great importance in human altruism, although these processes are little studied or emphasized in that regard. This chapter describes recent research findings that help elucidate the importance of both cognitive and affective systems in helping others as well as in living a functional life.
Second-generation NYC bilinguals’ use of the Spanish subjunctive in obligatory contexts

This paper analyzes naturalistic data from second-generation NYC bilinguals on their obligatory subjunctive use. First-generation NYC Spanish speakers serve as the reference model for the nine obligatory semantic & syntactic contexts. A total of 52 consultants are considered, 26 for each generation, from the six primary Spanish-speaking groups in NYC: Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Colombian. The objective is to determine, through quantitative and qualitative investigation, whether the second-generation’s obligatory subjunctive use has changed, and if so, to establish exactly where and how it differs from the first-generation, thus contributing to the variationist-sociolinguistic knowledge of Spanish grammar in bilingual settings. Statistically significant external and internal findings show that the two generational groups do in fact use the obligatory subjunctive differently. Close examination, however, suggests that second-generation bilinguals generally command obligatory subjunctive use, but do exhibit signs of a variable mood grammar.
Preparing home visitors to partner with families of infants and toddlers

ABSTRACTHome visitors provide individualized services to families of infants and young children in their homes. Due to their unique role, home visitors must develop a specialized set of critical competencies—specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes. They therefore require preparation that differs in distinct ways from the preparation typically available to those who will teach young children in classrooms. This article outlines key considerations for higher education programs preparing the home visiting workforce. We present a comprehensive framework of competencies for home visitors and identify empirically supported knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed for effectively working with parents who are adult learners from diverse backgrounds, who face their own unique challenges, and who nearly always have strong emotions about their children and their parenting. Using the competencies as a guide, we propose three major recommendations for higher education to ensure adequate preparation for home visitors ...
Disability at work: Understanding the impact of the ADA on the workplace

It has been more than 25 years since the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed by Congress. Many supporters of the law hoped that it would improve the employment outcomes for people with a disability, yet many scholars argue that it has fallen short in achieving this goal. Such judgments of success or failure are typically offered with little regard for the complex relationship between law and social change. In this paper, I apply a socio-legal perspective to scholarly research regarding the impact of the ADA on employment. Socio-legal studies offer a variety of concepts and perspectives, which better capture the complexity of law's impact on social life, and the various paths through which it might have an impact on social change. From this perspective, studies tend to assume that ADA law will either impact social change directly or indirectly. I discuss the findings of both of these approaches and conclude with some directions for future research.
Hispanic Landscapes of the Eastern United States

This chapter discusses the Hispanic landscapes that are linked with the former Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. Thus, it includes the Spanish colonization of Florida, which did not result in a continuing homeland such as in New Mexico, but it did leave an architectural imprint upon St. Augustine that has influenced later building styles. Cuban refugees shaped Florida’s cultural landscape in the late 19th Century, when many settled in Tampa and Key West, and again during the last half of the 20th Century, creating a Cuban “homeland in absentia” within metropolitan Miami. The 20th Century saw the establishment of large Dominican and Puerto Rican settlements in such metropolitan areas as New York and Chicago, which now display distinct ethnic imprints upon the landscapes of several neighborhoods. The arrival and distribution of other Hispanics from Central and South America are briefly discussed.
A Predictive Model for Selective Targeting of the Warburg Effect through GAPDH Inhibition with a Natural Product

Summary Targeted cancer therapies that use genetics are successful, but principles for selectively targeting tumor metabolism that is also dependent on the environment remain unknown. We now show that differences in rate-controlling enzymes during the Warburg effect (WE), the most prominent hallmark of cancer cell metabolism, can be used to predict a response to targeting glucose metabolism. We establish a natural product, koningic acid (KA), to be a selective inhibitor of GAPDH, an enzyme we characterize to have differential control properties over metabolism during the WE. With machine learning and integrated pharmacogenomics and metabolomics, we demonstrate that KA efficacy is not determined by the status of individual genes, but by the quantitative extent of the WE, leading to a therapeutic window in vivo. Thus, the basis of targeting the WE can be encoded by molecular principles that extend beyond the status of individual genes.
A case of neonatal single twin flecainide toxicity after therapeutic in utero exposure for fetal SVT

A 9 hour old twin neonate, who was treated with flecainide in utero for fetal supraventricular tachycardia, presented with hypotension and a wide complex tachycardia concerning for flecainide toxic...
High-Efficiency, Ultrafast Photon-Number Statistics from Phase-Averaged Homodyne Detection

The measurement of photon-number statistics is an essential element of quantum optics. Nevertheless, conventional techniques are limited in their ability to measure the photon-count distribution p(n) with high quantum efficiency (QE), high number resolution, and high spatial-temporal resolution. The present work reviews a recently developed technique --phase-averaged homodyne detection -- which can provide a nearly ideal method for measuring photon statistics.[1] Its QE can approach 100%, while maintaining high number resolution (can distinguish between p(n) and p(n +1)), as well as sub-picosecond temporal resolution and single-mode spatial discrimination. In addition, it provides simultaneous temporal and spectral resolution. [2]
Crystal structures of human procathepsin H.

Cathepsin H is a member of the papain superfamily of lysosomal cysteine proteases. It is the only known aminopeptidase in the family and is reported to be involved in cancer and other major diseases. Like many other proteases, it is synthesized as an inactive proenzyme. Although the crystal structure of mature porcine cathepsin H revealed the binding of the mini-chain and provided structural basis for the aminopeptidase activity, detailed structural and functional information on the inhibition and activation of procathepsin H has been elusive. Here we present the crystal structures of human procathepsin H at 2.00 A and 1.66 A resolution. These structures allow us to explore in detail the molecular basis for the inhibition of the mature domain by the prodomain. Comparison with cathepsin H structure reveals how mini-chain reorients upon activation. We further demonstrate that procathepsin H is not auto-activated but can be trans-activated by cathepsin L.
Using value of information methods to determine the optimal sample size for effectiveness trials of alcohol interventions for HIV-infected patients in East Africa.

Unhealthy alcohol consumption exacerbates the HIV epidemic in East Africa. Potential benefits of new trials that test the effectiveness of alcohol interventions could not be evaluated by traditional sampling methods. Given the competition for health care resources in East Africa, this study aims to determine the optimal sample size given the opportunity cost of potentially re-allocating trial funds towards cost-effective alcohol treatments. We used value of information methods to determine the optimal sample size by maximizing the expected net benefit of sampling for a hypothetical 2-arm intervention vs. control randomized trial, across ranges of policymaker’s willingness-to-pay for the health benefit of an intervention. Probability distributions describing the relative likelihood of alternative trial results were imputed based on prior studies. In the base case, policymaker’s willingness-to-pay was based on a simultaneously resource-constrained priority (routine HIV virological testing). Sensitivity analysis was performed for various willingness-to-pay thresholds and intervention durations. A new effectiveness trial accounting for the benefit of more precise decision-making on alcohol intervention implementation would benefit East Africa $67,000 with the optimal sample size of 100 persons per arm under the base case willingness-to-pay threshold and intervention duration of 20 years. At both a conservative willingness-to-pay of 1 x GDP/capita and a high willingness-to-pay of 3 x GDP/capita for an additional health gain added by an alcohol intervention, a new trial was not recommended due to limited decision uncertainty. When intervention duration was 10 or 5 years, there was no return on investment across suggested willingness-to-pay thresholds. Value of information methods could be used as an alternative approach to assist the efficient design of alcohol trials. If reducing unhealthy alcohol use is a long-term goal for HIV programs in East Africa, additional new trials with optimal sample sizes ranging from 100 to 250 persons per arm could save the opportunity cost of implementing less cost-effective alcohol strategies in HIV prevention. Otherwise, conducting a new trial is not recommended.
Unpacking graduate students’ knowledge for teaching solution chemistry concepts

Graduate students play a critical role in undergraduate education at doctoral-granting institutions and yet their training is often brief and overgeneralized. Little is known about how they develop knowledge for teaching chemistry in this context. To further understand how graduate students develop knowledge for teaching, we used a questionnaire to measure pedagogical content knowledge of solution chemistry concepts. These concepts are revisited frequently in the undergraduate curriculum, particularly in laboratory courses where graduate students commonly teach. Questions were included to measure both the pedagogical content knowledge and content knowledge of graduate students with a range of teaching experience. Analysis revealed that graduate students’ content knowledge is stronger than their pedagogical content knowledge, which increases modestly with teaching experience. Interviews were performed with a subset of respondents to determine whether they interpreted the questions as intended and the source of knowledge they used in responding. The interviews revealed that graduate students relied heavily on their own experience as students rather than direct experience teaching solution chemistry concepts.
A Concise History of Spain: Spain as the first global empire

The administrative structure that the Catholic Monarchs implanted across the Atlantic Ocean laid the basis for the empire that Spain created in the sixteenth century. They improvised that structure from past precedents, responding to the changing situation as Spaniards explored the new lands across the sea. For several centuries Spain also held an empire in Europe, though Spaniards more often referred to the whole collection of diverse territories as a monarchy – lands ruled by a single person. Ironically, Spain's European empire was even more accidental than its American one – the product of bad luck more than conscious planning, as we have seen. Carlos I was proclaimed king of Spain in Brussels in 1516, ignoring traditions and prerogatives of the various Spanish kingdoms, and prepared to take up his inheritance. In Spain Cardinal Francisco Ximenez de Cisneros, the driving force behind the reformation of the Spanish church and many aspects of the Spanish Renaissance, performed one last service for the crown by keeping the political situation stable until Carlos arrived, in 1517. Fernando's regency had allowed a generation of explorers to continue tracing the outlines of Castile's New World across the ocean, and Spanish settlers had founded colonies on Hispaniola, Cuba, and various small outposts of the mainland of Central and South America. Whether the embryonic empire would turn out to be profitable remained to be seen.
Abstract P335: Greater Frequency of Olive Oil Consumption is Associated with Lower Platelet Activation in Obesity

Healthy lifestyle behaviors, including maintenance of normal weight, are associated with lower risk of atherothrombotic events. In the general population, consumption of olive oil and a Mediterrane...
Psychometric Packages in R.

The R software provides packages and functions that provide data analysis in classical true score, generalizability theory, item response theory, and Rasch measurement theories. A brief list of not...
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of (Fe,Si,Al)-Based Nanocomposite Magnets Designed for Cryogenic Applications

In this work, we performed a detailed study of the crystallization, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of Fe87−z Si z−x Al x Nb3B9Cu1 nanocrystalline alloys that were designed primarily for low-temperature applications. In addition, their interesting low-temperature [77 K to 300 K (−196 °C to 27 °C)] magnetic properties (H c and M s) were also investigated. These alloys were produced by annealing their amorphous precursors at 823 K (550 °C). Si and Al substitution do not seem to alter the crystallization procedure and crystal structure of the parent alloy but reduces the lattice parameter, the Curie temperature, and the saturation magnetization. On the other hand, it improves the room temperature coercivity at small amounts (H c = 0.35 A/m for x = 3.5, z = 19) and changes its temperature dependence. As a result, a remarkably low H c value at 77 K (−196 °C) of 0.45 A/m was observed for x = 6 and z = 23.5.
Multiattentive Recurrent Neural Network Architecture for Multilingual Readability Assessment

We present a multiattentive recurrent neural network architecture for automatic multilingual readability assessment. This architecture considers raw words as its main input, but internally captures...
Race and Selective Legal Memory: Reflections on Invention of a Slave

In 1858, the United States Attorney General issued an opinion, Invention of a Slave. Relying on the Supreme Court’s recent declaration in Dred Scott v. Sandford that African Americans were not citizens, he created a formal racial barrier to the patent system, declaring inventions by all African Americans, enslaved and free, unpatentable. Within a few years, legal changes that overruled Dred Scott and abolished the law of slavery rendered the opinion obsolete. This brief opinion became, as far as lawyers and legal scholars were concerned, forgotten. Unlike many overruled opinions dropped from the legal canon, however, Invention of a Slave and the associated story of an enslaved blacksmith who invented an innovative plow have been continuously remembered. Women and men committed to fighting the legacy of slavery maintained both in the collective memory of those seeking full civil rights for African Americans. Our legal forgetting was an act of persistent blindness to their efforts and publications. This Essay excavates the generations of African American writers and activists who have worked to remember the opinion and argues that legal forgetting has carried a cost. Their remembering was not casual storytelling but rather deliberate, strategic, and political. I offer Invention of a Slave as a case study of race and selective legal memory, tracing an unacknowledged color line that demarcates legal memory and the costs of that line. Because of our forgetting, the opinion appears as an obscure part of the antebellum past. When we understand their remembering as a political act, we can see what they have always seen: There is a connection between the patent system and the legal and social definition of citizenship. At a time when the boundaries of citizenship and the contours of who is worthy to be considered an American are hotly contested in ways related to race and ancestry, learning from those who remembered Invention of a Slave offers lessons that link this piece of the past to our present and future, with implications both for the patent system and for our on-going conversation about race, equality, citizenship and the laws that affect them.
www.LCaccess—global directory of lci resources

LCAccess is a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored web-site intended to promote the use of Life Cycle Assessments in business decision-making by facilitating access to data sources useful in developing a life cycle inventory (LCI). While LCAccess will not itself contain data, it will be a searchable global directory to potential data sources. In additional to directing users to relevant data sources, LCAccess will also serve as central source for LCA information. Development is currently being completed on LCAccess with an expected operational date of winter 2000/2001 for some features of the web-site. The LCI Global Directory is expected be fully functional by the summer of 2001. To find the LCAccess web-site in 2001 go to: www.epa.gov/LCAccess. LCAccess is currently soliciting organizations that have completed LCI/LCA studies to provide their data sources for reference in LCAccess. Inquiries should be directed to the development manager, Mr. Tim Skone (US 703/318-4745) and/or the EPA Sponsor, Ms. Mary Ann Curran (513/569-7782).
Cardiovascular Imaging Through the Prism of Modern Metrics

Since its inception in 2008, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging (iJACC) has served as an important publication for all contemporary aspects of cardiovascular imaging. Understanding the dissemination trends in cardiovascular imaging has traditionally been evaluated through citations that assess interest in the research community. Recently, social media, alternative metrics (Altmetrics), and other modern metrics have enabled a more broader understanding of the interests of clinical readership. Through the prism of Altmetrics, this review discusses the most impactful studies across the spectrum of cardiovascular imaging within and outside of iJACC during a 3-year period (2017 to 2019). The top 100 Altmetrics iJACC articles in this timeframe, included articles with the highest impact with the combination of high Altmetrics (median: 66; interquartile range [IQR]: 56 to 108), high citations (median: 26; IQR: 17 to 34), and high downloads (median: 9,626; IQR: 5,770 to 11,435). This review aims to provide a framework to understand how to incorporate these metrics for a modern approach to dissemination of knowledge in the field of cardiovascular imaging.
Exposure to Cadmium, Lead, and Tobacco Smoke and the 10-Year Cumulative Incidence of Olfactory Impairment: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study.

Importance Olfactory impairment is common in older adults. Identification of modifiable risk factors for olfactory impairment at midlife has the potential to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment at older ages. Objective To determine the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment and evaluate potentially modifiable risk factors for impairment including exposure to cadmium, lead, and tobacco smoke. Design, Setting, and Participants Data from the Beaver Dam Offspring Study, a longitudinal cohort study of sensory health and aging in a general population, were available from examinations at baseline (2005-2008), 5 years (2010-2013), and 10 (2015-2017) years. A total of 2312 participants without olfactory impairment at baseline and with olfaction data available at the 5- and/or 10-year examination were included. The present study was conducted from April 28, 2020, to January 8, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Olfactory impairment was measured by the San Diego Odor Identification Test. Cox discrete-time proportional hazards analyses were used to model associations between baseline covariates, including blood cadmium and lead levels and tobacco smoke exposure, and the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment. Results Of the 2312 participants, 1269 (54.9%) were women; mean age was 49 years (range, 22-84 years) at baseline. The 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment was 4.6% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.6%) and increased with age. Because of high collinearity, cadmium and tobacco smoke exposure were modeled separately. In a multivariable adjusted model, higher blood cadmium level (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.05-2.74) was associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment. Substituting tobacco smoke exposure for cadmium in the model, high exposure to tobacco smoke as a current smoker (HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.63-5.29, smoker vs no exposure) or from environmental tobacco smoke (HR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.24-5.63, high vs no exposure) was also associated with an increased risk for developing olfactory impairment. Blood lead levels were not associated with olfactory impairment. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this longitudinal cohort study suggest that modifiable environmental exposures may contribute to olfactory impairment that occurs with aging. Identification of modifiable risk factors for olfactory impairment may lead to prevention strategies that have the potential to reduce the burden of olfactory impairment at older ages.
Theory: A Response to Lopes

Response to Carlos Eduardo Lopes’ comments: “What Is the Theory of Theoretical Behaviorism?”
Removal of Ocular Artifacts with the Utilization of Filter Banks

Eye blinks and other ocular artifacts represent a dominant source of EEG signal interference, especially in frontal EEG electrodes. Even though there are several widely accepted methods for the removal eye-blinks, (e.g. linear filtering and ICA), it is still a difficult problem to address when the number of EEG electrodes are limited (as is the case for EEG systems designed for everyday application contexts), and dedicating a subset of these for monitoring eye activity is impractical. In this paper, we propose a novel and general method to eliminate the ocular artifacts based on a combination of filter banks and an eye tracker. This approach offers the promise of making non-intrusive, efficient, and robust ocular artifact detection and correction a tractable prospect.
A review of state legislation related to immunization registries.

Abstract Background: Since the early 1990s, a concerted effort has been made to develop community- and state-based immunization registries. A 1995 survey showed that nine states had laws specifically authorizing immunization registries. This survey was conducted to describe the current status of legislation and policies addressing immunization registries and the sharing of immunization information. Methods: A telephone survey was administered from September 1997 to February 1998 to immunization program managers and/or their designees within the state health department of each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Some of the survey items were later updated through follow-up interviews and informal communications. Copies of legislation, administrative rules and regulations, and immunization registry policies were collected for review. Results: As of October 2000, 24 of 51 states (47%) had laws (21) or rules (3) specifically authorizing an immunization registry. Nine additional states (18%) have laws specifically addressing the sharing of immunization information. Conclusions: Over half of the states have enacted legislation or rules addressing registries or the sharing of immunization information. Further research should be conducted to assess the impact of this legislation on immunization registries.
An improved direct AC-AC converter and its application to three phase induction motor drive

The authors propose a direct AC-AC converter with an improved modulating technique which uses a clipped sine wave as reference instead of a pure sine wave or a square wave. The switching function derived gives rise to an output voltage with a very low harmonic content. The performance of an induction motor fed by a direct AC-AC converter is analyzed using its equivalent circuit. The harmonic components of the stator current as well as the stator current waveform are computed for various modulating schemes using digital simulation. It is seen that the current waveform for the case of clipped-sine modulation contains a lower percentage of harmonics. The harmonic torques and rotor losses are very small. >
Freedom to succeed: a three course introductory sequence using Python and Java

In this paper we describe our three course introductory sequence. The key features of this three course sequence are that CS1 and CS2 are taught using Python. We have found that after two semesters of Python students are more mature and make the transition to Java quite easily. Because we stay with Python for two semesters we can cover more data structures in depth. Because the students are already familiar with key concepts, they easily learn more advanced features of Java in CS3.
Elasto-Plastic Plate Analysis by Finite Differences

Finite-difference techniques are used to solve problems of plate bending. The small deflection theory is used and elasto-plastic deformations are investigated. For the elasto-plastic case, the equilibrium equation is applied throughout the plate region and elastic relationships are utilized in elastic regions. Various yield criteria are investigated to arrive at lower bounds on the collapse load. Computer programs are developed and applied to some specific problems and the solutions compared with some existing results.
Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry: a procedure for exclusion of pregnancy in chorionic villi-negative specimen.

The confirmation or exclusion of the presence of products of conception (POC) in biological material may be crucial. This analysis has been undertaken to check how efficient the H&E examination of the putative POC specimen is in practice and to prove the hypothesis that the use of cytokeratin immunostaining can increase the diagnostic accuracy. Of 1078 POC specimens, 94 cases which were signed out as ‘No chorionic villi identified’ or ‘Negative for POC’ and in which all submitted material was histologically examined, were re-reviewed histologically and examined immunohistologically using the low molecular weight cytokeratin antibody CAM5.2. In six cases, the originally missed trophoblastic cells were found on re-review of the H&E slides, which was confirmed by CAM5.2 immunostaining. Of seven further cases which were suspicious for trophoblastic cells on re-review, three cases were positive for trophoblastic cells by CAM5.2 and four were negative. Of the remaining 81 cases negative for trophoblastic cells on H&E re-review, CAM5.2 was positive for the trophoblast in 13 (16 per cent). There were no false positive cases on CAM5.2 immunostaining of the endometrial curettings in 22 ectopic pregnancies and 22 cases with dysfunctional endometrial bleeding clinically and secretory endometrium histologically. Therefore, although the overall efficiency of the original diagnosis could have been as high as 98 per cent (1029 of 1051), the false negative rate was 23 per cent (22 of 94) in the chorionic villi-negative material. Even though the morphology of trophoblastic cells on conventional H&E staining is well known, it may be practically difficult to exclude pregnancy by the examination of uterine contents using conventional H&E staining only. The use of the cytokeratin immunostaining can decrease the rate significantly and should be considered in all chorionic villi-negative specimens without obvious extravillous trophoblasts.
Effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on theophylline metabolism in children.

Theophylline metabolism can be altered by a variety of abnormal physiologic states as well as by exogenous factors. Adult studies demonstrate a significant influence of dietary composition on theophylline biotransformation. To examine this effect of diet, 14 children with bronchial asthma were studied during long-term theophylline administration. Each patient was maintained for 12 days on three separate diets with varying proportions of protein and carbohydrate and with constant calories and fat. Results showed significant differences in drug half-life and metabolic clearance rate parameters. Compared to the normal diet, high protein diet markedly decreased the half-life, and high carbohydrate diet greatly prolonged it (P < .001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated these differences to correlate only with the dietary alterations. Adverse reactions and blood chemistry abnormalities were not detected during any test period. These findings firmly establish that nutritional factors exert a significant influence on theophylline pharmacokinetics in children.
Analysis of In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/InP quantum wire MODFETs employing coupled well channels

Abstract A coupled well structure in quantum wire configuration for implementing improved performance ( f T >500 GHz) modulation doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) is proposed and analyzed. The quantum well transport channel is modified by placing a thin barrier layer adjacent to the standard modulation doped heterointerface, resulting in a coupled quantum well region. Varying the distance between the barrier and the interface provides a means of controlling the location and distribution of the two-dimensional electron gas. Further confinement of the carriers to one-dimension is obtained by methods known in the literature, such as mesa etching and regrowth. It has been found that the peak of the electron distribution for the first confined state, as measured from the modulation doped interface, changes dramatically depending on the location of the thin barrier. In the lattice matched system, In 0.52 Al 0.48 As/In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/InP, a change in the barrier location of 25 A is accompanied by a shift in the carrier peak of more than 40 A. Implications of this are included in the charge control model, from which the current–voltage ( I d – V d ) and transconductance ( g m – V g ) characteristics are obtained. Additionally, the unity gain frequencies ( f T ) of several variations of this device are calculated.
Entanglement of atomic beams: Tests of complementarity and other applications.

It is shown that distinct atomic beams can be entangled when they interact with quantum superpositions of macroscopically separated micromaser fields. Experimentally feasible tests of complementarity are proposed, detecting Ramsey interference (or not) in one and ``Welcher Weg'' information (or not) in the other entangled beam. Available information and fringe contrast can be manipulated using classical and quantum fields. The ``quantum eraser'' is realized in the former case, while it is only a special feature in the latter one. Other applications of entangled atoms are also suggested. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pricing urban congestion: A structural random utility model with traffic anticipation

Abstract We design and estimate a game theoretic congestion pricing mechanism in which the regulator aims at reducing urban traffic congestion by price discriminating travelers according to their value of time (VOT). Travelers' preferences depend on their observable characteristics, on the endogenous amount of congestion anticipated, on their marginal utility (MU) of income and on some unobserved factors. Using a French household survey, we estimate the demand models to simulate different pricing mechanisms. We find that unobserved determinants of transportation demand are significant and are used to measure the anticipated time spent in traffic and the comfort of traveling: diverging from these expectations is felt as more discomfort than if no expectations were formed a priori. However, some of this discomfort is derived from travelers' marginal utility of income: the lost time in traffic is clearly “unpleasant” because of its opportunity cost. When the regulator and the transportation provider share common objectives, we show that a great welfare improvement can be achieved when implementing a homogenous pricing that accurately accounts for travelers VOT.
An Account of How Readers Search for Information in Diagrams

Abstract Research has provided less information about how readers search for information in diagrams than it has about searching in text. For this reason, Guthrie′s (1988) model of search in text is taken as the starting point for an account of how readers search for information in diagrams. The major difference between search in text and search in diagrams is that, in the case of diagrams, the initial stages of search are guided perceptually. The nature of discriminated symbols and the way they are configured are meaningful to the reader, guiding subsequent search. The symbol systems and conventions of diagrams are primarily spatial and these are powerful factors in directing search. Perhaps most powerful, however, is a reader′s knowledge of the content the diagram describes, since this lets the reader anticipate what to look for next, and in some cases even where to look for it. The interaction of diagrams′ conventions, readers′ knowledge, and the goals of search defines search strategies whose successful application leads the reader to meet search goals and to encode and recall information to which the search leads. The article concludes with an account of search in diagrams that summarizes these ideas.
Wide band single polarization and polarization maintaining fibers with stress rods and air holes

We present a novel fiber design using both stress rods and air holes for making wide band single polarization fibers as well as polarization maintaining fibers. The key factor that makes the fiber design possible is that the stress-induced birefringence from the stress rods and the form birefringence from air holes are added constructively, which increases the total birefringence and allows more flexible choice of fiber parameters. We established a finite element model that is capable to study both the stress-optic effect and the wave-guide effect. Through the detailed modeling, we systematically explore the role of each major parameter. Different aspects of the fiber properties related to the fundamental mode cutoff, fiber birefringence and effective area are revealed. As a result, fibers with very large single polarization bandwidth as well as larger effective area are identified.
Improvement of Cis‐dichlorodiammineplatinum (NSC 119875): Therapeutic index in an animal model

Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (CPDD) NSC 119875 was given at toxic doses (3 mg/kg) to three groups of dogs. The renal toxicity was avoided with massive prehydration and with mannitol induced diuresis. The bone marrow toxicity was unaltered by either manipulation. The data presented indicate that a better therapeutic index has been achieved by osmotic diuresis with mannitol. Blood levels and urine levels measurements show that the pharmacokinetics of the drug are unaltered, the urinary concentration of drug being low in the first few hours, but with similar urinary drug recovery in all three groups.
From abjection to ecstasy: The emotional ends of eating in Monique Truong's Book of Salt

Nine years after the American writer Gertrude Stein died in 1946, her partner, Alice B. Toklas, composed a cookbook devoted to the culinary adventures that the couple shared in France. Fifty years later, Monique Truong fashioned a novel narrated from the perspective of the Vietnamese cook who worked for the famous couple. While the Alice B. Toklas Cookbook underscores cooking as a medium through which to express cultural authority and expertise in a foreign land, Book of Salt deals directly with food as a colonizer's weapon. By giving voice to a Vietnamese protagonist skilled in French culinary techniques and practices, however, Monique Truong does far more than shed light on culinary colonialism; she underscores cooking as a powerful means of communication and cultural transgression. Like Toklas and Stein, Binh, the narrator of Book of Salt , speaks French haltingly. Like Toklas, however, Binh is eloquently well-versed in French culinary beliefs and practices, a fact that enables him to destabilize myriad power relations. Binh's culinary expertise challenges and dissolves hierarchies that privilege heterosexuality over homosexuality, white over non-white, colonizer over colonized, and stasis over dislocation. This underscores the power of food as a medium of self-construction and cultural defiance.
A Reduced-Order Method for Coherent Transport Using Green’s Functions

A reduced-order method is presented to efficiently calculate Green’s functions connecting contacts or leads to all the points in a nanostructure in the coherent transport limit. The proposed approach samples a small subset of spatial grid points on the lead and a small subset of energy grid points to build a reduced-order model. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to calculate both the electron density and transmission in a resonant tunneling structure, a MOSFET, and a bilayer graphene device. The match in features of both the electron density and transmission versus energy with conventional methods to model devices is excellent while a large reduction in computational time is demonstrated.
Rehydratable gels: a potential reference standard support for electrophoresing PCR-amplified DNA.

Rehydratable Gels: A Potential Reference Standard Support for Electrophoresing PCR-Amplified DNA
Differential distribution of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and ICAM-3) and the MS-1 antigen in normal and diseased human synovia: Their possible pathogenetic and clinical significance in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. Cellular adhesion and differentiation molecules (CAMs) may play a role in the recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells into rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue (RA ST). In order to determine if certain CAMs are up-regulated in RA ST compared with normal ST, we studied the distribution of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) 1, 2, and 3 in ST. We also studied the MS-1 antigen since it is preferentially expressed on discontinuous endothelia, such as those found in RA ST; MS-1 is also expressed differentially upon cytokine activation of cells in vitro or in pathologic conditions in situ. Thus, we postulated a possible similarity between MS-1 and ICAM-1 expression in inflamed ST. Methods. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the distribution of ICAMs and MS-1 in ST from 10 patients with RA, 10 with osteoarthritis (OA), and 4 normal individuals. Results. ICAM-1 expression was found on significantly more RA ST endothelial cells compared with normal cells, as well as on RA ST macrophages and lining cells. ICAM-2, also found on endothelial cells, showed no differential staining pattern. ICAM-3 was present on RA ST macrophages and lining cells as well as on some RA and OA endothelial cells. The MS-1 antigen was present on most RA and OA ST endothelia, lining cells, and macrophages. ICAM-1 expression and MS-1 expression in the lining layer were positively correlated in both RA and OA. Conclusion. ICAM-1, while found mainly on endothelial cells, is up-regulated on RA ST macrophages and lining cells, suggesting a role for these cells in the infiltration and tissue damage seen in the RA ST. ICAM-3, which is present mainly on normal resting leukocytes but not on normal endothelium, is expressed by some diseased ST leukocytes and endothelial cells. MS-1 is also found on the RA ST specialized, fenestrated endothelium, on macrophages, and in the lining layer. These results suggest that the differential expression of ICAMs and MS-1 in RA ST compared with normal ST might play a special role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Carpal tunnel syndrome: Case study of an intercollegiate athlete

Abstract Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is an increasingly common nerve entrapment disorder which is a direct result of humans subjecting their hands to hours of repetitive motion. This case's subject was a 21-year-old female intercollegiate volleyball setter diagnosed with CTS. The study's purpose was to monitor the progression of her symptoms' severity over the observation period and to demonstrate that surgery may not always be the answer. Analysis revealed that only task abstention and not conservative medical treatments is effective in symptom retardation.
California processing tomatoes: Morphological, physiological and phenological traits associated with crop improvement during the last 80 years

Abstract Breeding has greatly increased yields of many crops, but the contributions of particular morphological, phenological and physiological traits to these higher yields are rarely well understood. In the past 50 years, California processing tomato yields per hectare have more than doubled. This study evaluated a group of important processing tomato cultivars released over the past 80 years in California. The objective was to assess how a suite of traits might be associated with genetic improvement for yield gains. A wide array of morphological, physiological and phenological traits and relevant environmental variables was evaluated in the field for a discrete set of eight cultivars originating from a common ancestor. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the set of 95 variables to understand how cultivars became adapted to a more mechanized agronomic management while also producing higher yields. No single trait seems to have driven yield increases. Instead, distinct assemblies of traits characterize the processing tomato cultivars in different eras. For instance, certain phenological traits (early flowering and concentrated fruit set) were associated with a set of morphological traits (smaller canopies and low vegetative biomass), along with gains in physiological traits (biomass N concentration and photosynthetic rates) in modern varieties. These results provide a platform to examine new suites of traits that could be relevant for future breeding and crop improvement.
County Governments: “Forgotten” Subjects in Local Government Courses?

Revenue, expenditure, and employment data indicate that county governments—once taken for granted and playing “second fiddle” to municipalities—are playing an increasingly important role (and sometimes a role equal to that of municipalities) as vital service providers. Therefore, one would expect that county governments and municipal governments would receive approximately equal treatment in college and university graduate and undergraduate local government courses. However, a recent survey of college and university faculty who regularly teach local government courses reveals that this is not the case. Moreover, a content analysis of local government textbooks indicates that they are skewed in favor of municipalities. This article reports other findings from this survey that shed light on the reasons for this unequal treatment in the local government classroom and offers suggestions for changing the unbalanced approach to teaching these courses.
A new color reaction for the determination of aldopentose in presence of other saccharides.

Abstract 1. 1. A new modification of the phloroglucinol reaction of pentoses is described. 2. 2. The application of this reaction for the quantitative determination of aldopentoses in presence of other sugars is discussed.
The Structure of Occupational Mobility: Conceptualization and Analysis

A conceptual framework for the analysis and interpretation of the structure of occupational mobility is introduced and compared with traditional approaches to mobility analysis. The presentation contrasts the view of occupational mobility as a multidimensional process with the "status attainment"/functional theory assumption that mobility is unidimensional (i.e., that prestige is the only factor affecting movement between occupations). The analysis of the multidimensional structure of occupational mobility, using smallest space and multiple regression procedures is illustrated on an urban Indian data set. This paper proposes a conceptual framework and an associated technique for the interpretation and analysis of intergenerational occupational mobility. To introduce still another set of conceptual distinctions is not a matter to be approached lightly in Sociology. In justifying the conceptual framework proposed here, I would make two major claims for it. (1) The framework surrounding the concept of structure of mobility provides a systematic approach to the analysis of patterns of mobility and thus satisfies a need which has been felt by mobility analysts for several decades. (2) The conceptual model introduced here is an important first step toward bringing together what are typically seen as separate elements in social stratification: contemporary research traditions in occupational mobility and classical theories of social stratification. A concern with the structure of occupational mobility derives from a simple conceptual model. Let us think of occupations as social positions-points in a network of social relations-and assume only that it is possible to distinguish one occupation from another (i.e., assume a nominal scale level of measurement).