cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Suicide Prevention Program on Suicide Attempts Among Youths

Importance Youth suicide prevention is a major public health priority. Studies documenting the effectiveness of community-based suicide prevention programs in reducing the number of nonlethal suicide attempts have been sparse. Objective To determine whether a reduction in suicide attempts among youths occurs following the implementation of the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Suicide Prevention Program (hereafter referred to as the GLS program), consistent with the reduction in mortality documented previously. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted an observational study of community-based suicide prevention programs for youths across 46 states and 12 tribal communities. The study compared 466 counties implementing the GLS program between 2006 and 2009 with 1161 counties that shared key preintervention characteristics but were not exposed to the GLS program. The unweighted rounded numbers of respondents used in this analysis were 84 000 in the control group and 57 000 in the intervention group. We used propensity score–based techniques to increase comparability (on background characteristics) between counties that implemented the GLS program and counties that did not. We combined information on program activities collected by the GLS national evaluation with information on county characteristics from several secondary sources. The data analysis was performed between April and August 2014. P Exposures Comprehensive, multifaceted suicide prevention programs, including gatekeeper training, education and mental health awareness programs, screening activities, improved community partnerships and linkages to service, programs for suicide survivors, and crisis hotlines. Main Outcomes and Measures Suicide attempt rates for each county following implementation of the GLS program for youths 16 to 23 years of age at the time the program activities were implemented. We obtained this information from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health administered to a large national probabilistic sample between 2008 and 2011. Results Counties implementing GLS program activities had significantly lower suicide attempt rates among youths 16 to 23 years of age in the year following implementation of the GLS program than did similar counties that did not implement GLS program activities (4.9 fewer attempts per 1000 youths [95% CI, 1.8-8.0 fewer attempts per 1000 youths]; P = .003). More than 79 000 suicide attempts may have been averted during the period studied following implementation of the GLS program. There was no significant difference in suicide attempt rates among individuals older than 23 years during that same period. There was no evidence of longer-term differences in suicide attempt rates. Conclusions and Relevance Comprehensive GLS program activities were associated with a reduction in suicide attempt rates. Sustained suicide prevention programming efforts may be needed to maintain the reduction in suicide attempt rates.
Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nations

It is commonly held that species loss is linked to human population size but there are surprisingly few quantitative studies that measure the strength and nature of this linkage. In a study of about 150 nations, a highly significant positive relationship (P << 0.01) was found between population size and threat levels of birds and mammals. For continental nations, log population explains 16-33% of the variation in threat level among nations. The pattern of the continental population-threat correlation indicates that per capita human impacts are initially very high and asymptotically diminish with increasing population size. No population-threat correlation was found for island nations, since human impacts are apparently so catastrophic that human population size is largely irrelevant. Surprisingly, for both islands and continents, area does not affect the level of threat after human population size is accounted for. Thus, even on continents the harmful impacts of humans, for a given population size, are evidently so profound that no amount of added area provides compensatory refugia for native species. Major regional differences in levels of threat are shown, with nations in Asia and the Middle East having generally higher proportions of threatened species than nations in Africa. The causes of these differences are only partly related to population size. Other factors not related to population size are that Asian nations tend to have much higher rates of mammal over-harvesting and Middle Eastern nations tend to have statistically lower percentages of area set aside as preserves. Threat proportions are correlated between birds and mammals among nations implying that one group may be a proxy indicator of impacts on the other. The slope of this relationship indicates that mammals suffer more losses during initial human impacts but proportions of threatened birds increase more rapidly than mammals as human impacts become more widespread.
An Electrical Engineering Summer Academy for Middle School and High School Students

An Electrical Engineering Summer Academy for Pre-College Students was held at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, during the summers of 2007 and 2008. The Academy participants included students having just completed 7th to 11th grade and teachers from middle school through high school. The students and teachers participated in team-building, professional development, and technical activities designed to teach them about the engineering profession and the field of electrical engineering. Activities included laboratories in electrical circuits, designing an electric car, soldering, a field trip, and discussion about ethics. Students worked in two- and four-person teams and made presentations on their experiences. The Academy was evaluated using formal assessment instruments and faculty observations. Both individual activities and the overall program were evaluated. The evaluation of the 2007 Academy revealed ratings of 4.5 or greater out of 5 on most aspects of the Academy, though some areas indicated a need for improvement, such as clarity of written materials and the availability of additional material for advanced students who finished early. Improvement in knowledge was demonstrated on over 50% of the questions on a survey administered at the beginning and again at the end of the Academy. Changes were proposed and implemented for the 2008 Academy in response to the assessment data. The impact of these changes and the lessons learned in the process are also presented.
Genes determining pathogenicity to pea are clustered on a supernumerary chromosome in the fungal plant pathogen Nectria haematococca

Three genes that contribute to the ability of the fungus Nectria haematococca to cause disease on pea plants have been identified. These pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes are within 25 kb of each other and are located on a supernumerary chromosome. Altogether, the PEP gene cluster contains six transcriptional units that are expressed during infection of pea tissue. The biochemical function of only one of the genes is known with certainty. This gene, PDA1, encodes a specific cytochrome P450 that confers resistance to pisatin, an antibiotic produced by pea plants. The three new PEP genes, in addition to PDA1, can independently increase the ability of the fungus to cause lesions on pea when added to an isolate lacking the supernumerary chromosome. Based on predicted amino acid sequences, functions for two of these three genes are hypothesized. The deduced amino acid sequence of another transcribed portion of the PEP cluster, as well as four other open reading frames in the cluster, have a high degree of similarity to known fungal transposases. Several of the features of the PEP cluster -- a cluster of pathogenicity genes, the presence of transposable elements, and differences in codon usage and GC content from other portions of the genome -- are shared by pathogenicity islands in pathogenic bacteria of plants and animals.
Freezing the self-assembly process of gold nanocrystals

The ability to stop the self-assembly of gold nanocrystals at a desired stage of the process provides new leverage to understand and control the dynamics of self-assembly. Herein, competitive ligands are used to unfavor the interaction of the cross-linker with the gold surface and terminate the growth reaction of gold nanoparticles and nanorod chains.
N-Acetylcysteine in the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Background and objectives: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common clinical problem that is growing in importance as an increasing number of tests and procedures that utilize contrast media are performed. Design, setting, participants, and measurements: The biological and pharmacological properties of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) are reviewed, as well as the current literature relevant to the ability of NAC to prevent CIN. Results: After publication of a seminal study by Tepel et al. in 2000, there has been a surge in interest regarding the ability of NAC to reduce the risk for CIN. Since then a large number of studies, mostly with relatively small sample sizes, have been published. Conclusions: The results have been remarkably varied with some studies finding great efficacy with NAC but most finding no significant benefit.
The Protestant Work Ethic, Expectancy Violations, and Criminal Sentencing1

To test the hypothesis that endorsement of the Protestant work ethic would be related positively to sensitivity to criminal behavior that violated expectations, American college students (N = 159) read scenarios describing a crime committed by a typical or an atypical offender. After answering questions about the crime, they completed Mirels and Garrett's (1971) Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) scale. Extent of punishment was positively related to PWE for atypical criminal behavior. Yet, high PWEs also were more likely to perceive an affluent criminal as experiencing greater remorse for a blue-collar crime than a white-collar crime. We relate our results to perceptions of criminal behavior, information-processing tendencies among individuals endorsing the PWE, and jury selection considerations.
Characterization of human cortical gene expression in relation to glucose utilization.

Objectives: Human brain development follows a unique pattern characterized by a prolonged period of postnatal growth and reorganization, and a postnatal peak in glucose utilization. The molecular processes underlying these de- velopmental changes are poorly characterized. The objectives of this study were to determine developmental trajecto- ries of gene expression and to examine the evolutionary history of genes differentially expressed as a function of age. Methods: We used microarrays to determine age-related patterns of mRNA expression in human cerebral cortical samples ranging from infancy to adulthood. In contrast to previous developmental gene expression studies of human neocortex that relied on postmortem tissue, we measured mRNA expression from the nondiseased margins of surgically resected tissue. We used regression models designed to identify transcripts that followed significant linear or curvilin- ear functions of age and used population genetics techniques to examine the evolution of these genes. Results: We identified 40 transcripts with significant age-related trajectories in expression. Ten genes have docu- mented roles in nervous system development and energy metabolism, others are novel candidates in brain develop- ment. Sixteen transcripts showed similar patterns of expression, characterized by decreasing expression during childhood. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that the regulatory regions of three genes have evidence of adaptive evolution in recent human evolution. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that a subset of genes expressed in the human cerebral cortex broadly mirror developmental patterns of cortical glucose consumption. Whether there is a causal relationship between gene expression and glucose utilization remains to be determined. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:418-430, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Dietary Protein Quality on Development of Aflatoxin B1 -Induced Hepatic Preneoplastic Lesions

The effect of the quality of dietary protein on the post-initiation development of aflatoxin B1-initiated putatively preneoplastic foci in Fischer 344 rat liver was compared with the effect of the quantity of dietary protein. Feeding wheat gluten, a low-quality protein, during the postinitiation period (between the end of aflatoxin B1 dosing and the death of the rats) inhibited the development of gamma-glutamyltransferase-positive foci when compared with that in animals fed high-quality protein (casein) diets during the same period. Lysine supplementation of wheat gluten during the postinitiation period enhanced the gamma-glutamyltransferase-positive response to a level comparable with that of the high-quality protein. These results suggest that one can inhibit the development of foci either by decreasing the quantity of protein intake and holding the quality of the protein constant or by decreasing the quality and holding the quantity constant.
Low-temperature effect on the sterol-dependent processing of SREBPs and transcription of related genes in HepG2 cells.

Lowering the growth temperature of HepG2 cells from 37°C to 20°C results in a 73% reduction in human squalene synthase (HSS) protein, a 76% reduction in HSS mRNA, and a 96% reduction in promoter activity of a secreted alkaline phosphatase-HSS reporter gene. A similar decrease in either mRNA or protein levels is observed for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the LDL receptor, and fatty acid synthase. All these proteins and mRNAs show either a decrease or a complete loss of sterol-dependent regulation in cells grown at 20°C. In contrast, sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs)-1 and -2 exhibit a 2- to 3-fold increase in mRNA levels at 20°C. The membrane-bound form of the SREBPs is dramatically increased, but the proteolytic processing to the nuclear (N-SREBP) form is inhibited under these conditions. Overexpression of the N-SREBP or SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), but not site-1 or site-2 proteases, restores the activation of the HSS promoter at 20°C, most likely by liberating the SCAP-SREBP complex so that it can move to the Golgi for processing. These results indicate that the cholesterol synthesizing machinery is down-regulated at low temperatures, and points to the transport of the SCAP-SREBP complex to the Golgi as the specific down-regulated step.
ESTIMATING DISEASE RATES FROM A DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Incidence and remission rates are often estimated from studies that employ a diagnostic test to indicate the presence of disease. The apparent rates that result from a simple study design with one test given at two time points will be substantially different from the true rates, even if the error rates of the test are low. Estimation of the true rates requires extra assumptions or extended designs with more tests or more time points. The authors illustrate their points with the use of two examples, the second of which compares the estimates obtained to actual data from a study of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in Guatemala.
Coenzyme Q10 enhances cardiac functional and metabolic recovery and reduces Ca2+ overload during postischemic reperfusion

The effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) were studied in isolated, isovolumic rat hearts during a 30-min period of global ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion. After reperfusion 1) the relative recovery of developed pressure (DP) was increased by CoQ (75 vs. 40% of the preischemic value for 20 microM CoQ and control hearts, respectively, P < 0.001); 2) diastolic pressure elevation was decreased by CoQ (20 vs. 50 mmHg in CoQ vs. control hearts, respectively, P < 0.001); and 3) recovery of high-energy phosphates and reduction of inorganic phosphate were approximately twofold greater in CoQ vs. control hearts (P < 0.001 for each parameter). The beneficial effects of CoQ were not observed when CoQ was added at the onset of reperfusion. The total free generation during reperfusion was not affected by CoQ. In unpaced hearts, in the presence of verapamil to prevent spontaneous beating, spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations were measured as scattered laser light intensity fluctuations (SLIF). The transient rise in SLIF in the postischemic reperfused myocardium, which previously has been shown to predict the extent of Ca2+ overload, was suppressed by CoQ (P < 0.001). These results suggest that while early CoQ treatment does not scavenge the primary burst of superoxide or hydroxy radical generation, which occurs on reperfusion, it markedly improves the functional recovery during reperfusion by enhancing the recovery of high-energy phosphates and preventing Ca2+ overload.
Topical Dorzolamide-Timolol With Intravitreous Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Importance There is a subset of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that have persistent exudation despite fixed-interval intravitreous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections. Objective To evaluate the effect of topical dorzolamide hydrochloride–timolol maleate on anatomic and functional outcomes in eyes with neovascular AMD and incomplete response to anti-VEGF therapy. Design, Setting, and Participants An exploratory, prospective single-arm interventional study at a tertiary referral academic private practice. Patients with neovascular AMD and persistent macular edema despite fixed-interval intravitreous anti-VEGF therapy were enrolled. Baseline spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and clinical data, including visual acuity and intraocular pressure, were obtained at enrollment and from one visit before enrollment. The study was performed at the Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital and the offices of Mid Atlantic Retina from February 1, 2015, through September 30, 2015. Patients were followed up for at least 2 visits after enrollment. Central subfield thickness, maximum subretinal fluid height, and maximum pigment epithelial detachment height from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were recorded at each visit. Interventions Enrolled eyes received a regimen of topical dorzolamide-timolol twice daily and continued to receive the same intravitreous anti-VEGF therapy at the same interval as received before enrollment for the duration of the study. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in central subfield thickness was the primary outcome measure. Changes in maximum subretinal fluid height, maximum pigment epithelial detachment height, and visual acuity were the secondary outcome measures. Results Ten patients (10 eyes) completed the study. The mean age of the patients was 78.2 years (age range, 65-91 years), and 6 were male. Eight eyes received intravitreous aflibercept, and 2 eyes received intravitreous ranibizumab. All study eyes had been receiving long-term anti-VEGF therapy with the same medication before study enrollment for a mean of 21.9 injections. The mean central subfield thickness decreased from 419.7 μm at enrollment to 334.1 μm at the final visit ( P = .01). The mean maximum subretinal fluid height decreased from 126.6 μm at enrollment to 49.5 μm at the final visit ( P = .02). The mean maximum pigment epithelial detachment height decreased from 277.4 μm at enrollment to 239.9 μm at the final visit ( P = .12). The mean logMAR visual acuity were 0.54 at enrollment and 0.48 at the final visit ( P = .60). Conclusions and Relevance These data suggest that topical dorzolamide-timolol may reduce central subfield thickness and subretinal fluid in eyes with persistent exudation despite consistent, fixed-interval intravitreous anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular AMD.
Implications of Libel Doctrine for Nondefamatory Falsehoods under the First Amendment

While law bans particular types of false speech, the broader status of factually false expression under the First Amendment has not been settled. The Supreme Court, however, has frequently addressed the power to forbid a specific type of untrue statement: viz., defamatory falsehoods. The Court’s approach to libel reflects principles and analyses that shed light on government authority to restrict other kinds of false statements. Coupled with recent Court pronouncements of reluctance to expand the list of unprotected classes of speech, these themes indicate that factually false expression does not constitute a wholly proscribable category under the First Amendment. Thus, the ban imposed by the federal Stolen Valor Act on falsely stating receipt of certain military honors is not justified by plenary power to prohibit falsehoods. Nor does the asserted harm from such misrepresentation sufficiently resemble the impact caused by other forms of properly prohibited factual falsity to sustain the Act.
Mobility of molecules and ions solubilized in protein gels: diffusion in the thick fraction of hen egg white.

The thick fraction of hen egg white is a protein hydrogel with an immeasurably high viscosity composed of ∼90% water that can serve as a model system for mammalian mucous membrane. Measurements of ...
Masculinity Studies of the Hebrew Bible: The First Two Decades

Masculinity studies of the Hebrew Bible has emerged in the past two decades as a complement to feminist criticism, focusing on the ways men and masculinity in the biblical texts are social construc...
Catalytic CO2 Hydrogenation - Literature Review: Technology Development since 2014

Global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration from fossil fuel combustion has generated much concern because of the several environmental issues associated with high levels of atmospheric CO2, a major greenhouse gas. In order to reduce the risks associated with global warming, the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration must be prevented. CO2 capture and conversion not only mitigates the risks associated with increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, but also addresses the problem of fossil fuel depletion by providing sustainable production of industrial demanded fuels and chemicals. This literature review analyzes several of the most promising products that can be generated via catalytic CO2 hydrogenation and discusses advancements in catalysis. Primary focus is on CO2 conversion, selectivity to desired products, and stability of the catalysts. A summary is included at the end of the review that discusses the most promising catalytic advancements since 2014. Table of
Comparison and analysis of groundwater resources exploitation and utilization between China and USA

China and USA are representatives of developing and developed countries respectively. Both of them exploited and utilized groundwater at a early time,and have accumulated abundant experiences in the process. This paper examines the status of exploiting and utilizing groundwater and reveals the law of groundwater use for many years in China and USA. The results show that the groundwater use is still over 100 billion m~3/ a in recent years. The groundwater use accounts for about 20% of the total water use, and approximately 60% is used for agricultural irrigation. The overall trend of three indexes has declined. The primary factor of groundwater use is the effective irrigated land area among the influencing factors including the population,per capita GDP and the effective irrigated land area. With the establishment of the water diversion project,the stress from the groundwater exploitation is released and the groundwater use is reduced. The water utilization efficiency of China is low,compared with that of USA. More efforts are made to extend the watersaving technology and strengthen the management of groundwater resources in the future.
Allosteric effects of volatile anesthetics on the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor protein. I. Stabilization of the high-affinity state.

The volatile anesthetics halothane, chloroform, and ether preferentially stabilize the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor protein prepared from the marine ray Torpedo californica in a conformational form which binds agonists with high affinity. Since these anesthetics do not require the presence of the cationic ligand to facilitate the transition from the low-affinity state to the high-affinity state, these agents can be considered as positive heterotropic effectors of the acetylcholine receptor protein. Aliphatic alcohols, which have well-defined physiological effects at neuromuscular junctions, also stabilize the high-affinity form of the acetylcholine receptor protein in vitro . The effectiveness of the primary alcohols and the anesthetics in stabilizing the tightly binding form correlates with their respective membrane/buffer partition coefficients, emphasizing the importance of these perturbants’ hydrophobicity in altering the structure of this membrane-bound protein. If the high-affinity form of the receptor protein is the manifestation in vitro of the desensitized receptor in vivo , this heterotropic effect could explain the depression of synaptic transmission by volatile anesthetics. By increasing the concentration of desensitized or refractory receptors at crucial central nervous system synapses, volatile anesthetics could block depolarization of postsynaptic membranes by neurotransmitters.
Identity and Trauma

Identity and Trauma The relationship of trauma to identity is a complicated one that requires greater study. This paper cites research which suggests that not only can traumatic exposure be disruptive to identity development, but in the reverse, identity can shape the manner in which trauma is perceived and understood. It is further noted that identity can both exacerbate posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity, and/or promote positive posttraumatic growth. Trauma can also be incorporated into one’s identity, serving not only as a turning point or reference point, but also defining one’s life and purpose. Clearly more research is needed to better understand the many linkages between traumatic exposure and identity. Greater research on the relationship between trauma and identity has the potential to positively inform prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing the negative effects of traumatic exposure and increasing the positive growth effects that can also come from such experiences.
Skin Vaccination Against Nicotine Addiction

Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and the majority of smokers are unable to quit readily due to nicotine addiction. Currently effective treatments against nicotine addiction are still lacking. Nicotine vaccine evolves as a novel treatment against nicotine addiction and has been actively pursued in the 5–10 years. Despite promising data in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials, efficacy of nicotine vaccine is far from satisfying in several recent clinical trials. One of the major hurdles is the relatively low and highly variable anti-nicotine antibodies generated in smokers. Improving nicotine vaccine immunogenicity is promising to increase the success rate of nicotine vaccines in the clinics. This chapter introduces highly immunogenic skin vaccination route in combination with potent adjuvants to significantly improve nicotine vaccine immunogenicity. In more detail, this chapter focuses on introducing novel intradermal and lesion-free skin delivery technologies that hold great promise for improved nicotine vaccine delivery and adjuvantation. Novel skin delivery technologies can also be conveniently combined with other strategies, like improved nicotine hapten and vaccine design, to profoundly improve nicotine vaccine immunogenicity.
Introduction to Biotransformation (Metabolism)

Publisher Summary Xenobiotics include pesticides, occupational chemicals, clinical drugs, drugs of abuse, deployment-related chemicals, etc., and is a particularly useful term when discussing metabolic pathways and enzymes that have substrates in several of these use classes. Their metabolism generally occurs in two phases. Pesticides are subject to modification by a wide range of phase I and phase II enzymes and their isoforms and polymorphic variants. Phase I involves predominantly oxidations, reductions, and hydrolysis and serves to introduce a polar group into the molecule. Phase II, consisting primarily of conjugation reactions, involves the combination of the products of phase I reactions with one of several endogenous molecules to form water-soluble, and hence excretable, products. The products are numerous and secondary modification of the primary metabolites complicates the situation even further. Many of the chemical reactions involved in the biotransformation of pesticides have now been traced to particular enzymes, although some are only inferred from the appearance of derivatives of the parent compound in the tissues or excreta of the dosed animal. Since the products may be more or less toxic than the parent chemical, knowledge of metabolism may be critical in the extrapolation from experimental animal to humans necessary for accurate human health risk assessment.
Conclusion: Next Steps and Aims for the Future

The detection and characterisation of exoplanets is a very dynamic and fast-moving field. The stellar activity barrier is one of the main challenges faced by the exoplanet community today, and we must overcome this barrier in order to become able to routinely detect Earth-mass planets at greater distances from their stars. Building on my thesis work, I now intend to tackle this issue in two ways. First, I plan to incorporate activity proxies into my existing framework based on Gaussian processes and Bayesian model selection. In parallel, I wish to explore the temporal behaviour and physical origin of the magnetic processes at the heart of stellar RV variability, through the study of Kepler stars and the Sun. Gaining a deeper understanding of the physics at the heart of activity-driven RV variability will ultimately enable us to better model and remove this contribution from RV observations, thus revealing the planetary signals.
Association between chronic hemodialysis and bloodstream infections caused by chromosomally mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Background The combination of inherent antimicrobial resistance and high mortality after bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by chromosomally mediated AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CAE) emphasizes the importance of identifying patients at risk of BSI because of these bacteria. This retrospective case-control study examines chronic hemodialysis among other risk factors for BSI caused by CAE. Methods Hospitalized adults with Enterobacteriaceae BSI from January 1, 2010-June 30, 2014, at 2 large community hospitals in the Southeastern United States were identified. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for CAE BSI. Results Among 831 Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream isolates, 106 (13%) met the phenotypic definition of CAE. Enterobacter spp accounted for 47% (50/106) of CAE BSIs. Chronic hemodialysis was an independent risk factor for CAE BSI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-4.44). Other predictors of CAE BSI included nosocomial acquisition (aOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.02-2.87) and exposure to β-lactam antibiotics within the last 30 days (aOR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.37-4.14). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an increased risk of CAE BSI in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis. This highlights the importance of effective infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship interventions in hemodialysis clinics. Further studies to examine the impact of antibiotics on intestinal microbiota and rates of CAE colonization in this patient population are warranted.
Antibacterial Activity of a Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Product in Chiller Water Against Selected Bacteria on Broiler Carcasses.

Bactericidal activity of Brifisol K™ (a commercial blend of sodium acid pyrophosphate and orthophosphoric acid) (BK Ladenburg, Ladenburg, Germany) was evaluated during chilling of broiler carcasses. Brifisol K™ (1.5% at 1°C for 60 min) significantly reduced Escherichia coli , coliforms and aerobic plate counts (APC) on postchill broilers and increased shelflife by 1 to 2 days when stored at 4.4°C. Reductions in incidence and levels of Salmonella were directly related to successful neutralization of the carcass rinse solutions. Effective neutralization of all phosphate applications, whether the treatment is alkaline or acidic based, is extremely important for accurate quantification of bactericidal efficacy.
Title, Description, and Subject are the Most Important Metadata Fields for Keyword Discoverability

A Review of: Yang, L. (2016). Metadata effectiveness in internet discovery: An analysis of digital collection metadata elements and internet search engine keywords. College & Research Libraries, 77(1), 7-19. http://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.1.7 Objective – To determine which metadata elements best facilitate discovery of digital collections. Design – Case study. Setting – A public research university serving over 32,000 graduate and undergraduate students in the Southwestern United States of America. Subjects – A sample of 22,559 keyword searches leading to the institution’s digital repository between August 1, 2013, and July 31, 2014. Methods – The author used Google Analytics to analyze 73,341 visits to the institution’s digital repository. He determined that 22,559 of these visits were due to keyword searches. Using Random Integer Generator, the author identified a random sample of 378 keyword searches. The author then matched the keywords with the Dublin Core and VRA Core metadata elements on the landing page in the digital repository to determine which metadata field had drawn the keyword searcher to that particular page. Many of these keywords matched to more than one metadata field, so the author also analyzed the metadata elements that generated unique keyword hits and those fields that were frequently matched together. Main Results – Title was the most matched metadata field with 279 matched keywords from searches. Description and Subject were also significant fields with 208 and 79 matches respectively. Slightly more than half of the results, 195 keywords, matched the institutional repository in one field only. Both Title and Description had significant match rates both independently and in conjunction with other elements, but Subject keywords were the sole match in only three of the sampled cases. Conclusion – The Dublin Core elements of Title, Description, and Subject were the most frequently matched fields in keyword searches. Academic librarians should focus on these elements when creating records in digital repositories to optimize traffic to their site from search engines.
How to Choose

How does one choose between educative and noneducative nudges? One answer points to social welfare : Which kind of nudge increases it? That question requires an inquiry into costs and benefits. Often educative nudges have low costs and high benefits, but sometimes they accomplish little, for example where people lack the motivation or the capacity to learn. Noneducative nudges can be simpler and more automatic. If the concern is autonomy or dignity , educative nudges have some advantages, because they equip people to make their own choices. But educative nudges can also sap autonomy , at least where they intrude on people’s limited “bandwidth,” and force them to devote their time and attention to issues on which they prefer not to focus.
Textbooks on open reserve: A pilot project

Located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Alverno College is a small Catholic liberal arts college for women that features a unique ability-based curriculum and a rigorous tradition of assessment of student learning. The library plays an important role by providing resources and services that support the unique curriculum. Until recently, the collection development policy specified that library resources not include textbooks. However, in an effort to address concerns associated with rising textbook costs, student retention, and students’ inability to purchase materials needed for their coursework, the library altered its policy and established an open reserve textbook collection.
Inhomogeneous Mixing in Lagrangian Cloud Models: Effects on the Production of Precipitation Embryos

AbstractAlthough small-scale turbulent mixing at cloud edge has substantial effects on the microphysics of clouds, most models do not represent these processes explicitly, or parameterize them rath...
Developmental trajectories and antisocial behavior over the life-course

Marc Le Blanc consistently reiterated the importance of longitudinal research on crime and delinquency. His work has arguably transformed the field of criminology by driving theoretical perspectives from general to dynamic in nature, incorporating both static and dynamic factors as particularly relevant in understanding the breadth and scope of criminal behavior. This chapter reviews the vast contribution Marc Le Blanc had on the field of criminology, and the ripple effect that his research has had in terms of innovative analytical methods, an emphasis on longitudinal data collection, diversity in samples used, and the influx of trans-disciplinary collaboration.
Analyzing Team Actions with Cascading HMM.

While team action recognition has a relatively extended literature, less attention has been given to the detailed realtime analysis of the internal structure of the team actions. This includes recognizing the current state of the action, predicting the next state, recognizing deviations from the standard action model, and handling ambiguous cases. The underlying probabilistic reasoning model has a major impact on the type of data it can extract, its accuracy, and the computational cost of the reasoning process. In this paper we are using Cascading Hidden Markov Models (CHMM) to analyze Bounding Overwatch, an important team action in military tactics. The team action is represented in the CHMM as a plan tree. Starting from real-world recorded data, we identify the subteams through clustering and extract team oriented discrete features. In an experimental study, we investigate whether the better scalability and the more structured information provided by the CHMM comes with an unacceptable cost in accuracy. We find the a properly parametrized CHMM estimating the current goal chain of the Bounding Overwatch plan tree comes very close to a flat HMM estimating only the overall Bounding Overwatch state (a subset of the goal chain) at a respective overall state accuracy of 95% vs 98%, making the CHMM a good candidate for deployed systems.
Surrogate-based process synthesis

Abstract Superstructure optimization-based process synthesis is generally regarded as theoretically powerful; however, it has not been widely used in practice since it typically results in large-scale non-convex Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programs (MINLP) which are very hard to solve effectively. To address this limitation, we propose a framework leading to substantially simpler formulations through the replacement of complex first-principle unit models by compact and yet accurate surrogate models. We show how all the relevant variable relationships established by a unit model, can be expressed in terms of a subset of the original model variables. We discuss how this subset of variables can be identified, and we present a method to develop high quality surrogate models through artificial neural networks. Finally, we propose a tailored surrogate model reformulation to incorporate binary variables that allow activation/deactivation of particular units within the superstructure model. An example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed framework.
Nonclinical Considerations: Disposition of Drugs

In the design and conduct of pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies, several features should be considered to maximize the utility of the resultant data. Recommendations will be offered regarding the conduct of studies relating the advantages of using the same species, route of administration, and frequency of administration, where possible, as that proposed for pharmacologic and toxicologic testing. The period of dosing should be representative of the proposed clinical duration. Possible “endpoints” to be considered include area under the curve, maximum plasma concentration, volume of distribution, time to maximum plasma concentration, clearance, and half-life of elimination. As suitable, the absolute fraction absorbed should be determined following the administration of the drug at various doses. If a drug will be used under steady state or special physiological conditions, additional pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies if conducted under similar conditions offer useful information. It is also important to evaluate the potential to form metabolites and their contribution to the overall activity profile. Pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data has “utility” because it provides a rational and scientific basis crucial to understanding the biological effects of a drug, in identifying and designing appropriate nonclinical studies, and in validating extrapolations between animal studies and humans. Pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies play an integral role in assessing safety and effectiveness.
Estimates of Disability Among Ethnic Groups in Hawaii

Objective: To estimate and describe the current prevalence of disability among Hawaii’s population. Design, Setting, and Participants: Random-digit telephone survey of 6,000 adults aged 18 and older residing in Hawaii and participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2002 and the 2000 US Census. Main Outcome Measures: Any disability, indicators of disability severity by ethnicity, age, and gender. Results: Filipinos and Native Hawaiians are experiencing higher age-specific levels of disability when compared with their Japanese and White counterparts. Within the working-aged population, Native Hawaiians experience a more severe level of disability than other ethnic groups. Within the elderly population, it appears that Filipinos experience a more severe level of disability. One third of Native Hawaiians attribute their disability to the effects of a stroke, one third of Filipinos attribute their disability to the effects of heart disease, and one fourth to one third of Whites and Japanese who attribute their disability to arthritis. Conclusions: We have described the current prevalence of disability among Hawaii’s population based on two established population-based surveillance systems: The US Census and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Preliminary findings suggest that Native Hawaiians and Filipinos may be experiencing more severe levels of disability. The data also suggests that disability among Native Hawaiians and Filipinos may be associated with stroke and heart disease. More information is needed about disability and health among ethnic groups in Hawaii and the Pacific region. Population aging in Hawaii, as well as the increase in non-communicable diseases will result in larger numbers of people with disabilities who will need health and other services.
Distributive Justice and Health Care

The challenge of contemporary health care distribution is to structure a framework for normative decision making whereby the goal of distributive justice is achieved equitably for as many citizens as possible. Establishing fair procedures for the distribution of health care resources is a crucial goal for contemporary society to set and, hopefully, to achieve. It is only by and through deliberate debate within a democracy that assumptions, for example, about aging, the value of life for the aged and intergenerational responsibilities of assisting them in their care can be set, tested or - as the case may be - rejected. No matter within what policy forum this debate occurs - local, state, or national - a fundamental balancing test will, of necessity, be employed; one that weighs, in an equitable and reasonable manner, individual needs with larger societal standards of economic efficiency. By seeking to integrate moral and ethical reasoning with quantitative or economic formulations of needs and resources, the opportunities for a stronger and more contemporary standard of distributive justice will be both enhanced and stabilized. The ultimate moral issue seen in this debate is not - rather surprisingly - whether too much or too little treatment is offered; but rather how to seek an optimum level of reasonable or appropriate treatment based on the medical condition of each patient. Failing to meet resolutely the inherent difficulty of allocative decisions here foredooms the total decisionmaking process to a continued state of lethargy where inaction becomes the tragic hallmark of the distribution of health care for the elderly.
Relief of intractable pruritus with romidepsin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: A series of four cases

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a relatively rare and heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that typically present in the skin. The majority of patients with CTCL experience pruritus, which can interfere with daily activities, significantly impact quality of life, and is typically uncontrolled by standard anti-itch therapies. Several lymphoma treatments have reported anti-pruritic effects including romidepsin, a potent class 1 selective histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with CTCL who have had at least one prior systemic therapy. Here, we describe the cases of four patients with debilitating and refractory pruritus that were resolved with romidepsin. Resolution of pruritus was observed in both clinical responders and nonresponders, and dose modification was used successfully to manage adverse events and for maintenance treatment. The potential for pruritus relief with romidepsin should be considered when treating patients with CTCL.
Short-Term and Long-Term Discount Rates for Commercial Real Estate

How should executives discount commercial real estate cash flows up to 30 years in the future? In this paper, we develop a novel methodology to estimate the term structure of discount rates for commercial real estate cash flows. We find that the average term structure is downward sloping: longer maturity cash flows carry less risk, and the appropriate discount rate for these cash flows is quite often lower than that estimated from the unconditional single period CAPM. These findings are consistent with recent theory suggesting that rare-catastrophic events can lead to an inverted term structure of discount rates in real estate.
Novel techniques for advancing our understanding of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

New, sophisticated tools are being used to advance our knowledge of PAH and facilitate individualised treatment based on phenotypeshttp://ow.ly/qP6h30ocllp
Envisioning Empowerment: Recodifying the Meaning of Historical Trauma

This chapter explores Dahlma Llanos-Figueroa’s novel Daughters of the Stone via psychoanalytics of historical trauma and studies regarding the effects of coloniality on genetic predispositions within epigenetics. This chapter examines how Llanos-Figueroa recreates narratives of Puerto Rico’s history of slavery. Importantly, this chapter contends that her renarration shows how women have been specifically inculcated into this system, both in its previous instantiations and the gaps in narratives in which slavery became a silenced trauma. This novel also critiques social shaming of Afro-Latinidades at both the individual family and larger socio-structural levels. This novel reclaims ancestral lineage as part of an empowered world-traveler consciousness. Analysis of this text in conjunction with recent studies in biological responses to trauma indicates the more insidious reach of colonialism and the importance of new narratives regarding historical trauma and narratives of pathologized bodies.