cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic modeling of pure hydrogen production from decalin

We investigate the dehydrogenation of decalin for the production of pure hydrogen for fuel cell applications. Supported Pt catalysts can achieve about 98% conversion with >99.9% selectivity for the dehydrogenation reaction. Cracking reactions occur only at high temperature. The partially dehydrogenated product, tetralin, was formed with a molar selectivity <6%, depending on the operating conditions. We investigated the kinetics of the dehydrogenation of decalin in a fixed-bed tubular reactor at 275–345 ◦ C and atmospheric pressure. A Hougen–Watson-type kinetic model accounted for the dehydrogenation of cis -a ndtrans-decalin as well as the isomerization between the two isomers, the formation of the intermediate tetralin and the final product, naphthalene. The rigorous discrimination between rival models led to parameter values that are statistically significant and satisfied the physicochemical criteria. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia.

Background: Dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, are disorders of aging populations and represent a significant economic burden. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors may be instrumental in the development of dementia. Objective: The goal of this review was to discuss the relationship between specific CVD risk factors and dementia and how current treatment strategies for dementia should focus on reducing CVD risks. Methods: We conducted a review of the literature for the simultaneous presence of 2 major topics, cardiovascular risk factors and dementia (eg, AD). Special emphasis was placed on clinical outcome studies examining the effects of treatments of pharmacologically modifiable CVD risk factors on dementia and cognitive impairment. Results: Lifestyle risk factors for CVD, such as obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and certain psychosocial factors, have been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Some evidence suggests that effectively managing these factors may prevent cognitive decline/dementia. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antihypertensive medications have found that such therapy may reduce the risk of cognitive decline, and limited data suggest a benefit for patients with AD. Some small open-label and randomized clinical trials of statins have observed positive effects on cognitive function; larger studies of statins in patients with AD are ongoing. Although more research is needed, current evidence indicates an association between CVD risk factors—such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus—and cognitive decline/dementia. Conclusions: From a clinical perspective, these data further support the rationale for physicians to provide effective management of CVD risk factors and for patients to be compliant with such recommendations to possibly prevent cognitive decline/dementia.118)
Characterization of Nitrosation Products in Cosmetics Raw Materials by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Characterization of nitrosation products in cosmetics raw material samples has been accomplished by three liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques. Two of the techniques involved conventional methodologies of LC/MS and LC/tandem mass spectrometry, both of which can be used to detect and identify products formed under extreme-nitrosation conditions. The third technique utilized an on-line coupling of a photolysis reactor with the LC/MS, and it may be used as a rapid and specific means of screening for the presence of known and unknown N-nitrosamines, which may be carcinogenic.
Analysis of Poliovirus Protein 3A Interactions with Viral and Cellular Proteins in Infected Cells

Poliovirus proteins 3A and 3AB are small, membrane-binding proteins that play multiple roles in viral RNA replication complex formation and function. In the infected cell, these proteins associate with other viral and cellular proteins as part of a supramolecular complex whose structure and composition are unknown. We isolated viable viruses with three different epitope tags (FLAG, hemagglutinin [HA], and c-myc) inserted into the N-terminal region of protein 3A. These viruses exhibited growth properties and characteristics very similar to those of the wild-type, untagged virus. Extracts prepared from the infected cells were subjected to immunoaffinity purification of the tagged proteins by adsorption to commercial antibody-linked beads and examined after elution for cellular and other viral proteins that remained bound to 3A sequences during purification. Viral proteins 2C, 2BC, 3D, and 3CD were detected in all three immunopurified 3A samples. Among the cellular proteins previously reported to interact with 3A either directly or indirectly, neither LIS1 nor phosphoinositol-4 kinase (PI4K) were detected in any of the purified tagged 3A samples. However, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GBF1, which is a key regulator of membrane trafficking in the cellular protein secretory pathway and which has been shown previously to bind enteroviral protein 3A and to be required for viral RNA replication, was readily recovered along with immunoaffinity-purified 3A-FLAG. Surprisingly, we failed to cocapture GBF1 with 3A-HA or 3A-myc proteins. A model for variable binding of these 3A mutant proteins to GBF1 based on amino acid sequence motifs and the resulting practical and functional consequences thereof are discussed.
Magnetoresistive heads for ultra high density recording

Micromagnetic modeling of small dimension magnetoresistive (MR) heads is reviewed. Recent simulation results are presented, pertaining to recording applications with high areal density nearing 1-10 Gb/in/sup 2/. The proper biasing and reproduction properties of the most interesting MR head configurations have been studied, in order to achieve design optimizations for ultra-high density MR heads. Initial comparisons between the performances of a shielded MR-SAL head and a dual MR head are obtained. >
"Plugging In" the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U.S. (TN)

How will U.S. consumers respond to the proliferation of alternative-fuel vehicles, such as cars powered partially or completely by electricity, in the coming decade? After a century in which fossil fuel-powered vehicles dominated the market, it appeared consumers would have an unprecedented level of choice as to the type of car they purchased and drove. Automakers were introducing various models that used electricity for power, and other power sources, such as fuel cells, were also seeing increased attention. Some observers believed the time was ripe for widespread adoption of these new vehicles: consumers and policymakers were increasingly concerned about the fallout of U.S. dependence on fossil fuel-powered cars - namely, adverse environmental impacts and reliance on foreign sources of oil, plus the fluctuating price of gasoline - and innovative infrastructure technology was being developed to support electric-powered cars. Despite these promising developments, it remained unclear whether consumers were ready to switch to alternative-fuel vehicles on a large scale. Would they be willing to make the lifestyle tradeoffs required for grid-dependent vehicles? How should policymakers intervene, if at all, to encourage adoption, and what marketing activities and incentives might firms employ to stimulate demand?
Water Regurgitation by Adult Double-crested Cormorants: A Possible Mechanism to Assist in Chick Thermoregulation

Abstract A previously undocumented thermoregulatory behavior of adult cormorants for their pre-fledged young was recorded during observations of a Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) colony in Lake of the Woods, Ontario. Many adult cormorants were observed regurgitating water over their chicks’ bodies. The authors believe that the warm temperature, intense sun, and calm winds during the observation periods were the primary factors triggering this previously undocumented thermoregulatory behavior.
Chief Justice John Marshall and the Course of American Constitutional History

This essay provides an overview of the Supreme Court judicial career of Chief Justice John Marshall and the far ranging influence of the nation’s fourth chief justice. Written as an extended introduction to a special symposium issue of The John Marshall Law Review, this essay attributes Marshall’s profound influence upon the development of American constitutional law to his instrumental conception of the Constitution and his judicial pragmatism. Through his highly effective judicial statesmanship, Marshall drew upon his instincts as a politician to steer the Court through the tumult of the early republic while forging the foundation of modern constitutional law.
'May a Man Marry a Man?' Medieval Canon Lawyers Analyze Same-Sex Unions

This Article has two principal purposes. The first is to examine the logic and limits of a medieval debate over same-sex unions. The medieval lawyers who engaged in this debate were no friends of same-sex unions. The debate, rather, seemed to take the form of an academic exercise by which the lawyers involved defined more rigorously the boundaries of what counted as marriage and also imported into the jurisprudence of marriage a deeply-hostile homophobia. I do not assert that same-sex marriage was an actual social reality in the Middle Ages. The existence of this debate, however, is quite remarkable in its own right. The Article’s second major purpose, then, is to reconsider the origins of homophobia. By connecting the canon law of marriage with homophobic rhetoric, the medieval lawyers reinterpreted marriage as an institution that not only served certain ends in its own right but existed to defeat the perceived threat of same-sex relations. This linkage, first articulated in the thirteenth century, unfortunately remains a feature of the contemporary debate over same-sex unions.
A favorite-longshot bias in fixed-odds betting markets: Evidence from college basketball and college football

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence that the favorite-longshot bias persists in money-line betting markets of both college basketball and college football. This is the first clear evidence of the favorite-longshot bias existing in fixed-odds money-line betting markets in the US, as the reverse favorite-longshot bias has been documented in professional baseball and hockey money-line and in US sports sides-line markets. We also document that betting on heavy favorites in both of these markets yields an average return close to zero, suggesting this strategy removes the negative expected return created by the bookmaker's commission. This “break even” betting strategy persisted in both sports over the sample period. Thus, the evidence suggests that these two betting markets are efficient within transaction costs.
Objectivities in Print

Since the late nineteenth century, observers of science have recognized a close link between several of the practices associated with scientific objectivity and the apparatus of scientific publishing. So compelling has seemed this link that it is commonly believed to be of very long standing, and even a precondition for the emergence of modern science itself. But this belief is both historically mistaken and philosophically misleading. This essay tracks two moments during which the bond between scientific publishing and certain epistemic virtues were in the process of formation. The first moment concerns the spread of referee systems in British science in the early nineteenth century, practices that were later transformed into what we now call peer review. The second concerns the late nineteenth-century consolidation of the periodical literature as the seat of collective scientific opinion at the same time that objectivity in science came commonly to be viewed as inhering in the rational coordination of such collective opinions.
A Real-Time Electrically Controlled Active Matching Circuit Utilizing Genetic Algorithms for Wireless Power Transfer to Biomedical Implants

This paper discusses the feasibility of a real-time active matching circuit (MC) for wireless power transfer applications, especially for biomedical systems. One prototype of low-cost real-time automatic MC, utilizing a variable circuit topology, including discrete passives and p-i-n diodes, has been implemented and the principle has been verified by measurements. One genetic algorithm was introduced to optimize the design over a wide range of impedances to match. As a result of preliminary operation verification tests, the proposed real-time MC system results in improving the transfer coefficient in the range of 10–16-cm coil separation distance a maximum of 3.2 dB automatically in about 64 ms. Similar performance improvement results were observed in additional tests under misaligned conditions, as well as for nonsymmetrical Tx–Rx coil configurations further verifying the potential applicability of the proposed system to practical biomedical devices.
Optic flow is calibrated to walking effort

Through experience, people learn that a given magnitude of walking produces an associated magnitude of optic flow. Artificially altering this relationship has both behavioral and perceptual consequences: walking on a treadmill results in zero translational optic flow and causes people to subsequently drift forward when attempting to walk in place while blindfolded (they have learned that forward walking is required to remain stationary). Similarly, after walking on a treadmill people perceive the walking distance to targets to be greater (they have recalibrated the magnitude of walking required to reach the target). While the measurement unit for walking magnitude in this relationship has been treated as walking speed (stride length * [steps / time]), recent experiments suggest that walkable distances may instead be measured in bioenergetic units (i.e., the magnitude of energy required to produce a given magnitude of optic flow). In the first experiment, zero translational optic flow was paired with a constant walking speed, and walking energy was manipulated by varying the incline of the treadmill. Participants who walked on an inclined treadmill drifted farther while attempting to walk in place than participants who walked on a flat treadmill. A follow-up experiment presented optic flow via an immersive virtual environment, and no difference between flat and inclined treadmill walking was found, thereby showing that the effect found in the first experiment was not an artifact of biomechanical differences associated with flat versus inclined treadmill walking. The results support the hypothesis that walking magnitude is scaled by bioenergetic units.
Investigation on species distribution of cockroaches on boats and ships at Zhoushan island

Objective To investigate the species distribution and inroads situation of cockroaches on ships at Zhoushan island,and provide scientific evidence for studying biological characteristic of cockroaches and control countermeasures. Methods Insecticide stimulating and classifying the caught cockroaches. Results Totally 2 655 cockroaches which belonged to 5 species were caught.They were Blattella germanica,Periplaneta fuliginosa,Periplaneta brunnea,Periplaneta japonica and Periplaneta americana.Periplaneta japonica was found for the first time in Zhoushan city which was the second area in Zhejiang province.The average inroads rate were 91.67% on all kinds of ships.Conclusion Cockroaches did severe inroads on ships and had many species.The inroads area was suitable for the breeding environment for cockroaches.Blattella germanica was dominant species and should be controlled.
Self and Self-Regulation: Resolving the SRO Identity Crisis

Market-based self-regulatory organizations (SROs) are in the throes of an identity crisis. Once the physical hub of trading activity, securities exchanges have become primary nodes in a larger web of electronic securities trading. Their mantel of regulatory authority, a traditional source of reputational integrity, is now characterized as a yoke around their necks, stifling competitive initiatives while embarrassing them in successive marketplace scandals. Once the voice of the securities industry, SROs are now accused of advocating no interest more keenly than their own survival. Faced with these challenges, it is not surprising that many exchanges are looking for ways to shed their self-regulatory responsibilities and join the ranks of their erstwhile members as for-profit competitors. And yet, the apparent crisis of faith in exchange-based regulation has called into question the broader idea of self regulation. New regulatory models—such as the one employed by Congress in creating the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)—are being devised to fund and oversee regulation of the securities industry, without being accountable to it. SROs are taking pains to play down the ties of their industry personnel with (or distance them altogether from) the industry they regulate. Industry leaders and associations have even entertained the possibility of dismantling the current self-regulatory system entirely in favor of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulation. With all its shortcomings, however, self-regulation is inherently a sound—and perhaps somewhat underutilized—means of regulating securities market conduct. Even if exchange-based regulation has failed, policymakers should think twice before writing self-regulation out of the Exchange Act. Despite the extraordinary public attention devoted to stock
Serum platelet-reactive IgG of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura patients is not F(ab')2 mediated and a function of storage

Serum platelet-reactive and glycoprotein (GP) IIb-GPIIIa-reactive IgG and F(ab')2 was examined in 39 patients with classic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP), two patients with anti-PLA1 antibody and 25 control subjects in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgG was purified by diethyl aminoethyl chromatography and centrifuged at 100,000g before testing of the supernatant. Significant IgG binding (threefold to fourfold control IgG binding) was noted with 8 of 17 ATP patients' IgG, 2 anti-PLA1 IgGs, and 2 ATP patients with multiple platelet transfusions. However, F(ab')2 fragments of nine of nine positive ATP IgGs were nonreactive; F(ab')2 from the two anti-PLA1 and two multiply transfused ATP IgGs were as reactive as their intact IgG. Antiplatelet or anti-GPIIb-GPIIIa reactivity of ATP IgG could be adsorbed to fixed platelets or solid-phase GPIIb-GPIIIa and eluted with 0.1 mol/L glycine, pH 2.5. However, binding of IgG to GPIIb-GPIIIa could not be inhibited with F(ab')2 of ATP IgG or Fc fragments of control subjects. When platelet- or GPIIb-GPIIIa-reactive ATP IgG was applied to a Sephacryl 300 gel filtration column, no reactivity was noted in the 7S region, whereas anti-PLA1 localized to this region. Antiplatelet or anti-GPIIb-GPIIIa reactivity was noted in the void volume and accompanied by a high molecular weight protein region. An immunoblot of the void volume fraction with goat antihuman IgG (gamma chain) antibody showed high molecular weight bands greater than 250 Kd, which after reduction converted to a 55-Kd heavy-chain band. Fresh samples of ATP and control IgG processed within 1 to 2 days of blood withdrawal had no reactivity for GPIIb-GPIIIa. After storage at -20 degrees C for greater than 3 months, 5 of 19 ATP IgG became reactive, whereas 16 of 16 controls were nonreactive. Thus, platelet-reactive IgG of ATP sera appears to be caused by the development of IgG aggregates held together by disulfide bonds that develop on storage, and is not F(ab')2 mediated.
Belief in Foreign Supernatural Agents as an Alternate Source of Control When Personal Control Is Threatened

ABSTRACTAcross four studies (N = 460), we examined whether foreign supernatural agents (i.e., ones outside one’s own religious tradition) can serve as sources of secondary control (by hearing and responding to requests) and compensatory control (by imbuing the world with order and structure) when personal control is threatened. In Study 1, non-Buddhist control-threat participants believed in the Buddha as a source of secondary control more than nonthreat participants. In Study 2, control-threat participants believed in the Buddha as a source of compensatory control, but this effect was found only among those indicating a religious affiliation. Studies 3 and 4 clarified this finding, demonstrating that religious individuals with a strong quest orientation responded to control threat with greater belief in the Buddha (Study 3) and Shamanic ancestral spirits (Study 4) as sources of both secondary and compensatory control. We discuss discrepancies between our findings and extant research and offer directions ...
From Stopout to Scholar: Pathways to Graduation through Adult Degree Completion Programs

Although colleges and universities are facing increased scrutiny to demonstrate a return on investment for their students, the demand for college-educated workers continues to grow. As of 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that more than one-fifth of Americans age 25 and older-around 43.5 million people-have some postsecondary education but no degree Lumina, 2012. This article presents an integrative review of relevant, rigorous, and research based programs that create a fast path to degree completion for working adults. While national data still shows that postsecondary credentials remain a good investment for individuals and the overall economy Carnavale & Rose, 2015, the public is asserting a greater demand for accountability as tuition continues to escalate well beyond the rate of inflation. This article provides a review and conceptual links to educational pathways for the large group of adult learners with some college and no degree.
SUPPRESSION OF ANGIOTENSIN-INDUCED THIRST BY THE E-PROSTAGLANDINS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the suppression of angiotensin-induced thirst by e-prostaglandins. Prostaglandins of the E series are antidipsogenic counterparts of angiotensin. They act within the brain as satiators of thirst. They are synthesized intracerebrally when drinking begins and participate in the arousal of satiation during bouts of spontaneously-initiated drinking behavior. It plays its role in the arousal of thirst; angiotensin may also be stimulating the synthesis of prostaglandins, thereby initiating the release of a neurochemical with opposing physiological action. The chapter explores that angiotensin stimulates the synthesis and release of prostaglandinlike substances in peripheral organs. This effect has been reported for the dog kidney and for the gravid uterus in dog and monkey. Hyperthermia is not necessary for the suppression of angiotensin-induced drinking although it contributes when pyrogenic doses of the prostaglandins are used. The effect cannot be attributed to some nonspecific suppressor of all ingestive behavior such as malaise. Feeding is not suppressed by intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E provided the animal does not require water for the ingestion of food.
Effect of a moderate-intensity demonstration walk on accuracy of physical activity self-report.

AbstractBackground/Objective Providing a demonstration of a 10-minute bout of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) immediately prior to subjective reporting of MVPA could influence self-reported activity by calibrating both duration and intensity. We assessed the effect of a demonstration of MVPA on subsequent MVPA recall, and explored whether this improved agreement with objective measures of MVPA. Methods A total of 846 individuals participated in four different physical activity interventions; two of which included a 10-minute moderate-intensity demonstration walk on a treadmill at baseline and 6-month visits immediately prior to reporting MVPA. Participants from three studies also wore accelerometers during the week overlapping with self-reported MVPA. Results Overall, those completing the demonstration walk reported significantly fewer minutes of MVPA per week at baseline (b = −11.69, standard error = 2.53, p < 0.01). The effect of the demonstration walk at 6 months was not significant (p = 0.06). Correlations with accelerometers at baseline were higher in the two studies with the demonstration walk (ρ = 0.28, 0.26) than the study without (ρ = 0.04). Correlations with accelerometers increased overall from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion A 10-minute demonstration of MVPA was associated with reporting fewer minutes of MVPA and improved agreement with objective PA measures at baseline. These findings support combining self-report PA assessments with hands-on MVPA demonstrations.
Sympathetic drive stimulating diastolic dysfunction

Diastolic heart failure accounts for half of the heart failure population and its pathophysiology remains an area of active research. The renin angiotensin and aldosterone axis has been the focus of clinical trials to treat patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, however with limited yield in terms of clinical success. Sympathetic activity has been considered a plausible cause for the molecular changes that lead to diastolic dysfunction. Based on this understanding the study by Gimelli et al uses MIBG to evaluate for association between diastolic dysfunction and sympathetic denervation. The results of this study set the stage for a follow up study for evaluation of sympathetic denervation in isolated diastolic dysfunction
Familiarity speeds up visual short-term memory consolidation.

Existing long-term memory (LTM) can boost the number of retained representations over a short delay in visual short-term memory (VSTM). However, it is unclear whether and how prior LTM affects the initial process of transforming fragile sensory inputs into durable VSTM representations (i.e., VSTM consolidation). The consolidation speed hypothesis predicts faster consolidation for familiar relative to unfamiliar stimuli. Alternatively, the perceptual boost hypothesis predicts that the advantage in perceptual processing of familiar stimuli should add a constant boost for familiar stimuli during VSTM consolidation. To test these competing hypotheses, the present study examined how the large variance in participants' prior multimedia experience with Pokemon affected VSTM for Pokemon. In Experiment 1, the amount of time allowed for VSTM consolidation was manipulated by presenting consolidation masks at different intervals after the onset of to-be-remembered Pokemon characters. First-generation Pokemon characters that participants were more familiar with were consolidated faster into VSTM as compared with recent-generation Pokemon characters that participants were less familiar with. These effects were absent in participants who were unfamiliar with both generations of Pokemon. Although familiarity also increased the number of retained Pokemon characters when consolidation was uninterrupted but still incomplete due to insufficient encoding time in Experiment 1, this capacity effect was absent in Experiment 2 when consolidation was allowed to complete with sufficient encoding time. Together, these results support the consolidation speed hypothesis over the perceptual boost hypothesis and highlight the importance of assessing experimental effects on both processing and representation aspects of VSTM. (PsycINFO Database Record
Precipitation and environmental constraints on three aspects of flowering in three dominant tallgrass species

Summary Flower production can comprise up to 70% of above-ground primary production in grasslands. Yet we know relatively little about how the environment and timing of rainfall determine flower productivity. Evidence suggests that deficits or additions of rainfall during phenlologically relevant periods (i.e. growth, storage, initiation of flowering and reproduction) can determine flower production in grasslands. We used long-term data from the Konza Prairie LTER to test how fire, soil topography and precipitation amounts during four phenologically relevant periods of the growing season constrain three aspects of flowering in three dominant C4 grass species. Specifically, we examined the probability of flowering, flowering stalk density and individual flowering stalk biomass for Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium and Sorghastrum nutans. We found that each of the three species responded to the amount of precipitation during phenologically relevant periods in unique ways. All aspects of A. gerardii flowering were sensitive to precipitation during the flowering stalk elongation period (20 June – 3 August). The probability of S. nutans flowering was partly determined by precipitation during the rapid growth phase (21 April – 4 June), whereas flowering stalk density of this species depended on rainfall during flowering stalk elongation (20 June – 3 August). In contrast, all aspects of flowering of S. scoparium were relatively independent of rainfall during any period. Our results demonstrate that three functionally similar, co-dominant C4 grass species respond differently to phenologically relevant precipitation periods. As a result, drought during any phenological window during the growing season can adversely impact biomass and flowering production of grasslands via species-specific reductions in flowering stalk density and biomass. A lay summary is available for this article.
Block Nyström type integrator for Bratu’s equation

Abstract In this paper, we use a Block Nystrom Method (BNM) to obtain the numerical solution for one-dimensional Bratu’s problem. The convergence analysis of the method is discussed and it is shown that the theoretical order of the method is consistent with its numerical rate of convergence. The accuracy benefit of the BNM is demonstrated by comparing it to several other known methods given in the literature. It is demonstrated that the BNM can also be used to solve Bratu’s problem associated with initial conditions by simply adjusting the boundary conditions in the algorithm.
Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information:

Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selec...
Nonlinear Parameter Identification of a Mechanical Interface Based on Primary Wave Scattering

We study stress-wave propagation in an impulsively forced split Hopkinson bar system incorporating a threaded interface. We first consider only primary transmission and reflection and reduce the problem to a first-order, strongly nonlinear ordinary differential equation governing the displacement across the interface, called the primary-pulse model. The interface is modeled as an adjusted-Iwan element, which is characterized by matching experimental and numerical eigenfrequencies as well as primary pulse amplitudes. We find that the adjusted-Iwan element parameters are dependent on preload and impact velocity (input force). A high-order finite element model paired with the identified adjusted-Iwan element is used to simulate multiple transmissions and reflections across the interface. We find that the finite element simulation reproduces the experimental results in both the wavelet and Fourier domains, validating the identification method. Our findings demonstrate that the primary-pulse model can be used for experimental parameter identification of nonlinear interfaces in waveguides.
Context-aided analysis of community evolution in networks

We are interested in detecting and analyzing global changes in dynamic networks (networks that evolve with time). More precisely, we consider changes in the activity distribution within the network, in terms of density (ie, edge existence) and intensity (ie, edge weight). Detecting change in local properties, as well as individual measurements or metrics, has been well studied and often reduces to traditional statistical process control. In contrast, detecting change in larger scale structure of the network is more challenging and not as well understood. We address this problem by proposing a framework for detecting change in network structure based on separate pieces: a probabilistic model for partitioning nodes by their behavior, a label-unswitching heuristic, and an approach to change detection for sequences of complex objects. We examine the performance of one instantiation of such a framework using mostly previously available pieces. The dataset we use for these investigations is the publicly available New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission dataset covering all taxi trips in New York City since 2009. Using it, we investigate the evolution of an ensemble of networks under different spatiotemporal resolutions. We identify the community structure by fitting a weighted stochastic block model. We offer insights on different node ranking and clustering methods, their ability to capture the rhythm of life in the Big Apple, and their potential usefulness in highlighting changes in the underlying network structure.
Defining a mechanistic link between pigment epithelium-derived factor, docosahexaenoic acid, and corneal nerve regeneration.

The cornea is densely innervated to sustain the integrity of the ocular surface. Corneal nerve damage produced by aging, diabetes, refractive surgeries, and viral or bacterial infections impairs tear production, the blinking reflex, and epithelial wound healing, resulting in loss of transparency and vision. A combination of the known neuroprotective molecule, pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been shown to stimulate corneal nerve regeneration, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. Here, we sought to define the molecular events of this effect in an in vivo mouse injury model. We first confirmed that PEDF + DHA increased nerve regeneration in the mouse cornea. Treatment with PEDF activates the phospholipase A2 activity of the PEDF-receptor (PEDF-R) leading to the release of DHA; this free DHA led to enhanced docosanoid synthesis and induction of bdnf, ngf, and the axon growth promoter semaphorin 7a (sema7a), and as a consequence, their products appeared in the mouse tears. Surprisingly, corneal injury and treatment with PEDF + DHA induced transcription of neuropeptide y (npy), small proline-rich protein 1a (sprr1a), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The PEDF-R inhibitor, atglistatin, blocked all of these changes in the cornea and TG. In conclusion, we uncovered here an active cornea–TG axis, driven by PEDF-R activation, that fosters axon outgrowth in the cornea.
Nitrogen Mineralization as Affected by Temperature in Calcareous Soils Receiving Repeated Applications of Dairy Manure

There are currently no tools available to help predict N mineralization for the silty soils found in southern Idaho receiving repeated manure applications. This experiment aimed to determine the effect of temperature on N mineralization from control and manured soils, develop N mineralization rate correction factors for temperature [ratio of the change in the rate coefficient of mineralization for every 10°C increase (Q10) and temperature factors], and create a simple model for predicting N mineralization as a function of growing degree-days. Manured and control soils underwent a 49-d laboratory incubation at five temperatures (–14, 4, 10, 23, and 30°C); soil inorganic N concentration was determined at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 20, 28, 35, 42, and 49 d. Net N mineralization was fitted to a zero-order model, where the rate coefficient (k) values for the manured soil ranged from 0.017 to 1.28 mg kg–1 soil d–1 over the five temperature treatments, whereas k in the control measured 0.028 to 0.53 mg kg–1 soil d–1. The calculated Q10 values from –14 to 30°C were 2.7 and 2.0 for the manured and control soils respectively. At low temperatures (–14 to 4°C), the Q10 for manured soil was 5.1 compared with 1.5 for the control. This suggests that manure additions may lower the temperature threshold for N mineralization under near frozen soil conditions. Manure treatment effects on the temperature factor were not observed, suggesting that manure application history may not need to be considered when developing temperature factor coefficients for N mineralization models.
Modeling of joint synergy and spasticity in stroke patients to solve arm reach tasks

Neurological damage caused by stroke can result in motor control impairments [1] such as deleterious joint synergies (involuntary coactivation of joints) and spasticity (involuntary muscular contractions that limit range of motion). These issues reduce the arm workspace. necessitating modified rehabilitation training methods. Task-specific therapies that simulate activities of daily living (ADL) can be used to relearn the requisite motions [2]. However. individuals with joint synergy and spasticity may not know how to complete daily living tasks while compensating for their motor issues. This research focuses on developing an algorithm that finds efficient reach paths by taking into account the joint synergy and spasticity. In addition to helping patients complete ADLs, the algorithm could serve as a tool for classifying the feasibility and painfulness of reach tasks.
A resilience-based integrated process systems hazard analysis (RIPSHA) approach: Part II management system layer

Abstract The Chemical Process Industry has witnessed an increase in process safety challenges and changes in the global public perception of risk. The key hazard identification and analysis methods used in the industry follow a univariate analysis which limits them in their approach to consider multiple factors, complex interactions among system components, and their relationships. It is evident that the majority of incidents are a result of human, organizational, mechanical, and operational failures. Most methods lack the anticipation element as well as the full scenario anatomy of incident–initiation, propagation, and termination. Furthermore, the incompleteness of possible scenarios may lead to the reduction or absence of essential risk reduction measures. The hazard analysis method for a complex socio-technical system, such as a process plant, should incorporate the following characteristics: consideration of all system components (e.g., processes, human operations, equipment, instruments, and control systems), all plausible deviations, a multi-disciplinary team, and proper documentation. Analyzing the extent of the resilience of the whole system, with respect to the plant and management system layers and strengthening weaknesses, is expected to result in significant reduction of unexpected failures and threats to develop and terminate as mishaps. To this end, in Part I (Jain et al., 2018b), the paper presented the Resilience-based Integrated Process Systems Hazard Analysis (RIPSHA), proposed a bi-layered approach that takes two distinct layers into account, and treated the second layer called the Plant System. In Part II, the first layer, called the Management System is presented that comprises three rational sub-systems for analysis-process safety culture and leadership, operational discipline, and process safety systems. This work establishes and presents worksheets and guidewords based on resilience metrics for management systems hazard analysis. The paper closes with a case study on tank explosion accident to illustrate the key concepts of the management system layer hazard analysis.
Life Histories and Network Function

Animals form social structures via amicable or hostile social interactions. The behaviors resulting from social ties in animal aggregations have important individual fitness consequences. Social network analysis (SNA) examines these behaviors by defining animal social groups as collections of individual units connected by social ties. Although applied to animal systems only recently, SNA has been used to explore individuals and social groups in the context of relationships between group members, and identify specific attributes of social relationships that are not highlighted by quantifying group size or density. Network techniques have therefore proved useful for defining mating and social systems, discovering age–sex roles, and finding the original source of disease epidemics.
Numerical simulation of a supersonic reacting mixing layer

In order to arrive at physical models that can adequately describe supersonic combustion, and develop accurate and efficient numerical techniques for the solution of such models' governing equations, a computer program has been developed for the study of reacting flows which considers the multicomponent diffusion and convection of important chemical species, as well as their finite state reaction and the interaction of the fluid mechanics and the chemistry that occurred. The code employs a hybrid Chebyshev pseudospectral technique for integration of the models' resulting governing equations; the program is here used to study a spatially developing and reacting mixing layer.
Liver and Pancreas

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor of childhood. It is an embryonal tumor that has varied morphology, leading to its subclassification based on the histologic subtypes seen within the tumor. Molecular studies to date have consistently shown varying CTNNB1 (β-catenin) mutations or deletions in HB, and almost 90% of the tumors have some defect in the Wnt pathway. Varying partner pathways include the Notch pathway, EGFR pathway, YAP (HIPPO kinase pathway), c-myc, and possibly c-met and others that continue to be identified using more advanced molecular techniques. The author has tried to integrate this unique aspect of HB in which the morphology, the immunophenotype, and molecular events appear to go hand in hand. The chapter also looks at known prognostic markers as well as novel defects that seem to drive tumorigenesis in these patients.
Google Inc. v. Equustek Solutions Inc.

In Google v. Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered Google to delist all websites used by Datalink, a company that stole trade secrets from Equustek, a Canada-based information technology company. Google had agreed to do so in part, but with respect to searches that originated from google.ca only, the default browser for those in Canada. Equustek however, argued the takedowns needed to be global in order to be effective. It thus sought an injunction ordering Google to delist the allegedly infringing websites from all of Google's search engines—whether accessed from google.ca, google.com, or any other entry point. Google objected. The Canadian Supreme Court, along with the two lower Canadian courts that considered the issue, sided with Equustek (para. 54). The ruling sets up a potential showdown between Canadian and U.S. law and raises critically important questions about the appropriate geographic and substantive scope of takedown orders, the future of free speech online, and the role of intermediaries such as Google in preventing economic and other harms.
Updated Models for the Effects of Temperature, Initial pH, NaCl, and NaNO2 on the Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes

Data from several studies were appended to aerobic and anaerobic data sets that had been previously used to develop response surface models describing the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes (Buchanan and Phillips, 1990). The expanded data sets included 709 aerobic and 358 anaerobic growth curves fitted with the Gompertz equation, and representing 189 and 150 unique combinations of four variables (temperature, pH, NaCl, NaNO2), respectively. Response surface models were developed for (1) the Gompertz B and M terms and (2) lag phase durations (LPD) and generation times (GT). In addition to modeling NaCl as a variable, a second set of response surface models was developed by substituting calculated water activity as a variable. A number of data transformations were evaluated in an attempt to better utilize no-growth data. Full quadratic models of the natural logarithm transformation of the data (no-growth data excluded) predicted values that fit the observed data well. The assignment of GT=50[emsp4 ]h and LPD=600[emsp4 ]h (the approximate maximum duration of experiments) for the variable combinations that did not support growth proved to be the most effective means of making use of the no-growth data. However, this approach did not offer any clear advantage over quadratic models where the no-growth data were excluded. Error matrices were developed for the LPD and GT models to provide 95 % confidence intervals. The agreement between observed and predicted growth kinetics was excellent considering the number and ranges of the variables encompassed in the models. The models provide reasonable predictions of the growth of L. monocytogenes in foods. The full quadratic models of LPD and GT without inclusion of the no-growth data were selected for inclusion in the USDA Pathogen Modeling Program, release 5.1.
Kinetics and Implications of Germinal Center Formation in Induced Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue During Influenza Infection

Induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) develops within the lung of both humans and mice following an adaptive immune response upon exposure to certain classes of antigens. iBALT has be...
What Has Place Got to Do With It? Hot Spots Policing to Address Physical and Mental Health:

In the last few decades of criminological research, the contextual concept of place has become a widely discussed and studied topic. Currently, one of the most studied and discussed place-based str...
Long-Life Polysulfide–Polyhalide Batteries with a Mediator-Ion Solid Electrolyte

Polysulfide–polybromide and polysulfide–polyiodide batteries are promising redox-flow systems due to their use of low-cost and abundant active materials. However, these systems have traditionally suffered from substantial crossover of redox active materials, causing loss of active material and the necessity of reconditioning their electrolytes, which has the overall effect of lowering battery lifetimes and adding system level costs. This work demonstrates how using a solid electrolyte instead of the traditional Nafion separator completely prevents crossover of redox active species, enabling long cycle life batteries. To achieve this, a “mediator-ion” strategy is employed, in which Li+ or Na+ ions transfer ionic charge through the solid electrolyte to achieve charge balance without active participation in the anode and cathode reactions. This is demonstrated with both polysulfide–polybromide (PSB) and polysulfide–polyiodide (PSI) batteries. The effect of the solid electrolyte on battery rate performance, a...