cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvements in Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasts Using the GFDL Initialization System

Abstract The initialization scheme designed at GFDL to specify a more realistic initial storm structure of tropical cyclones was tested on four real data cases using the GFDL high-resolution multiply nested movable mesh hurricane model. Three of the test cases involved Hurricane Gloria (1985) in the Atlantic basin; the fourth involved Hurricane Gilbert (1988) in the Gulf of Mexico. The initialization scheme produced an initial vortex that was well adapted to the forecast model and was much more realistic in size and intensity than the storm structure obtained from the NMC T80 global analysis. As a result, the erratic storm motion seen in previous integrations of the GFDL model has been nearly eliminated with dramatic improvements in track forecasts during the first 48 h of the prediction. Using the new scheme, the average 24-h and 48-h forecast error for the four test cases was 58 and 94 km, respectively, compared with 143 and 191 km for the noninitalized forecasts starting from the global analysis. The a...
On the Liapounov-Movchan stability of equilibrium of elastic orthotropic plates

On the basis of the Liapounov definition of stability and the necessary and sufficient Liapounov-Movchan conditions for a continuous body to remain stable, an elastic orthotropic rectangular plate subject to an uniformly distributed inplane compression, is analyzed. Two types of loading are considered: a conservative, dead, load and a nonconservative, follower, load. Two metrics discussed involve the maximum and the mean-square values of the delfection. The secondary critical load is found to depend heavily on the kind of anisotropy.
The Effects of Real-World Status and Manipulated Status on the Self-Esteem and Social Competition of Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans.

A 2 x 3 factorial design was employed using ethnic background (Anglo-American and Mexican-American) as the blocking variable, and status rank (no status, low status, and high status) as the independent variable. The dependent variables were the components of self-esteem as measured by a factor analysis of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory; and social competition, as measured by Tajfel's matrices. One hundred and thirty-two subjects rated an ethnic in-group and out-group after being told that their ethnic group was superior, inferior, or no status information. ANOVAs indicated that all subjects exhibited higher self-esteem in the high-status condition than in the low-status condition, F(2, 125) = 3.85, p = 0.02. Mexican-Americans had lower social-power self-esteem, F(2, 125) = 4.03, p = 0.02, and higher family self-esteem, F(2, 125) = 3.61, p = 0.03, than Anglo-Americans. A MANOVA indicated that all subjects competed most in the high-status condition, F(2, 105) = 10.469, p = 0.002, and thatMexican-Amen...
Pyrophosphate may be involved in regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis.

Inorganic pyrophosphate is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of the glucosyl donor for Escherichia coli glycogen synthesis, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The K i is determined to be 40 μM and the substrate ATP, the activator, fructose 1,6-P 2 or the allosteric inhibitor, AMP do not greatly affect the inhibition. PP i exhibits mixed type inhibition with the other substrate, glucose 1-P. The potential regulation of glycogen synthesis by PP i is discussed.
It's hard to offend the college: Effects of sentence structure on figurative-language processing

Previous research has given inconsistent evidence about whether familiar metonyms are more difficult to process than literal expressions. In two eye-tracking while reading experiments, we tested the hypothesis that the difficulty associated with processing metonyms would depend on sentence structure. Experiment 1 examined comprehension of familiar place-for-institution metonyms (e.g., college) when they were an argument of the main verb and showed that they are more difficult to process in a figurative context (e.g., offended the college) than in a literal context (e.g., photographed the college). Experiment 2 demonstrated that when they are arguments of the main verb, familiar metonyms are more difficult to process than frequency-and-length-matched nouns that refer to people (e.g., offended the leader), but that this difficulty was reduced when the metonym appeared as part of an adjunct phrase (e.g., offended the honor of the college). The results support the view that figurative-language processing is moderated by sentence structure. When the metonym was an argument of the verb, the results were consistent with the pattern predicted by the indirect-access model of figurative-language comprehension. In contrast, when the metonym was part of an adjunct phrase, the results were consistent with the pattern predicted by the direct-access model.
The recognition of imperfect strings generated by fuzzy context sensitive grammars

Abstract In this paper we extend previous work on the recognition of imperfect strings generated by fuzzy context-free grammars to the recognition of imperfect strings generated by fuzzy context-sensitive grammars. A context-sensitive production rule αAγ → αβγ has both constituent (β) and contexts (α, γ) which can be changed by substituting, deleting or inserting terminal characters. Changed rules derive strings which can be considered to be in the language generated by the original grammar with some certainty. Since some strings may not be recognizable when only one change is made to the grammar, multiple error corrections are described.
Radionuclide Transport in the Unsaturated Zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

This paper presents a comprehensive treatment of large-scale unsaturated zone (UZ) transport below the repository at the Yucca Mountain, Nevada, reporting on studies investigating the UZ as a component of the Lower Natural Barrier to radionuclide transport from the site. Regardless of the disposition of Yucca Mountain as the site for a nuclear waste repository, these studies and models of radionuclide transport through the UZ have relevance to the study of contaminant transport through deep vadose zones in general. For many radionuclides, including most strongly sorbing species, the Yucca Mountain UZ was found to prevent or substantially reduce the rate of movement of radionuclides to the accessible environment. The UZ radionuclide transport models developed for Yucca Mountain simulate the features and processes that influence the capability of the UZ below the repository to reduce the movement of radionuclides. Transport of radionuclides away from the repository depends on the rate and pathways of flow within the UZ, the retardation of radionuclides, and the rate of transport by colloids. Several basic processes affect radionuclide transport in the UZ, including the quantity of recharge and deep percolation of water, flow partitioning between fractures and rock matrix, diffusion of radionuclides from water flowing in fractures into the pores of the rock matrix, sorption of radionuclides onto rock or mineral surfaces, and colloid filtration. This paper summarizes the treatment of these and other processes, describing the experimental and observational basis for the models, conceptualizations, and predictions, and then presents some representative results.
Thermal stability and structural characteristics of PTHF–Mmt organophile nanocomposite

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites represent a new class of material alternative to conventionally filled polymers. This new class of material is synthesized from a mixed polymeric matrix at a weak percentage with montmorillonites as inorganic charges. Their dispersion is facilitated by the organophilization of their structure by the exchange of inside foliar cations with compatilization possessed at once hydrophiles and hydrophobes ends, respectively, to be compatible with clay and polymer. The objective of this study is to use organophilized montmorillonites in the presence of monomer tetrahydrofuran to obtain polytetrahydrofuran montmorillonites (PTHF–Mmt) of composites by polymerization in situ. The organophilisation of the Mmt is formed by active cationic surface. The obtained results show an increase in the distance inside the reticular in the diffractograms of X-rays (DRX) and the appearance of absorption bands of the characteristics of polytetrahydrofuran on the spectra of infrared spectroscopy (IR), which indicate pre-polymerization of tetrahydrofuran in the galleries of clay and, therefore, the obtaining of a nanocomposite. We have also studied the thermal stability of the samples by differential analysis calorimetric (DSC) analysis, and we can conclude that the nanocomposites are stabilized thermally by the presence of clay in the matrix.
Vertical dimension and centric jaw relation in complete denture construction

0 NE OF THE IMPORTANT RECORDS preparatory to mounting casts on an instrument for the construction of complete upper and lower dentures is the centric jaw relation record. The vertical dimension record is at least of equal importance. Centric jaw relation has been defined as “the most retruded relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the condyles are in the most posterior unstrained position in the glenoid fossae from which lateral movement can be made, at any given degree of jaw separation.“l This statement is inexact. The anteroposterior and lateral relationship between the mandible and the maxillae for a given individual can be recorded at varying degrees of jaw separation. However, a recording at other than the correct vertical dimension is not the true centric jaw relation for this individual. Centric jaw relation is three-dimensional, and the vertical dimension should be considered as one of these three dimensions.
Isomer effects in mixtures of hydrocarbons II. Some re-measurements of excess volumes☆

Abstract Excess molar volumes for 10 binary mixtures of C 6 hydrocarbons, previously measured in a batch dilatometer and reported in 1980, have been re-measured in a continuous-dilution dilatometer. The new results are systematically more positive (by about 0.03 cm 3 · mol −1 ) than our earlier ones and in good agreement with measurements by Goates, Ott, and co-workers with a vibrating-tube densimeter. We have been unable to account for the systematic error in our earlier studies.
Participation in the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial: Sex, race, and age

Background The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial (IONDT) is a randomized, single masked, multicenter trial designed to assess the safety and efficacy of optic nerve decompression surgery compared with careful follow-up in patients 50 years or older with non-arteritic anterior ischemic neuropathy (Naion).Objectives To examine and evaluate the sex, race, and age distributions of the screened, and subsequently enrolled, IONDT population, especially the proportions of female, minority, and elderly patients, and demographic characteristics of clinical center investigators, the geographical location of IONDT Clinical Centers, and the referral patterns of local physicians.Setting Twenty-five U.S. clinical centers.Participants There were 1,681 referrals to the Clinical Centers; an Eligibility Screening Form providing demographic information was completed for 1,152.Findings Forty-three percent (495/1,152) of screened cases were women. Seven percent (85/1152) were minorities: 33 African-Americans, 34 Hi...
MEMS-Based Power Gating for Highly Scalable Periodic and Event-Driven Processing

For periodic and event-driven applications with long standby times, controlling leakage is essential. This paper investigates using MEMS switches for power gating processors, which eliminates standby leakage power and allows for highly scalable processing. We show that when power gating with a MEMS switch, low technology nodes and low threshold voltages, which offer low switching energy and high speeds, are optimal. We also compare a MEMS-gated processor to two recent low leakage processors and show that it is ideal for applications with 100+ ms standby times. With CMOS compatibility on the horizon, MEMS switches are an attractive option for low-leakage applications.
The implementation of digital filters using a modified Widrow-Hoff algorithm for the adaptive cancellation of acoustic noise

The active reduction of noise is an application of the principle of superposition in which an unwanted noise signal is detected by a microphone and processed by an electronic controller to produce an equal amplitude, 180° out-of-phase cancellation signal. The signal is then appropriately amplified and injected back into the space by a loudspeaker. This paper describes an electronic controller based on a digital implementation of transversal filters using a modification of the Widrow-Hoff Least-Mean-Squared Algorithm. In the case of active noise reduction there is no signal to enhance and all of the detected input must be cancelled. Further, the time required for the physical acoustic wave must be taken into consideration for the system to work.
Using a Systematic Approach and Theoretical Framework to Design a Curriculum for the Shaping Healthy Choices Program.

Abstract Objective To examine the use of a systematic approach and theoretical framework to develop an inquiry-based, garden-enhanced nutrition curriculum for the Shaping Healthy Choices Program . Methods Curriculum development occurred in 3 steps: identification of learning objectives, determination of evidence of learning, and activity development. Curriculum activities were further refined through pilot-testing, which was conducted in 2 phases. Formative data collected during pilot-testing resulted in improvements to activities. Results Using a systematic, iterative process resulted in a curriculum called Discovering Healthy Choices , which has a strong foundation in Social Cognitive Theory and constructivist learning theory. Furthermore, the Backward Design method provided the design team with a systematic approach to ensure activities addressed targeted learning objectives and overall Shaping Healthy Choices Program goals. Conclusions and Implications The process by which a nutrition curriculum is developed may have a direct effect on student outcomes. Processes by which nutrition curricula are designed and learning objectives are selected, and how theory and pedagogy are applied should be further investigated so that effective approaches to developing garden-enhanced nutrition interventions can be determined and replicated.
Electrical characterization of Al 2 O 3 n-channel MOSFETs with aluminum gates

High-effective mobilities are demonstrated in Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ based n-channel MOSFETs with Al gates. The Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was grown in ultra-high vacuum using a reactive atomic beam deposition system. The mobility with maximum values at approximately 270 cm/sup 2//Vs, is found to approach that of SiO/sub 2/ based MOSFETs at higher fields.
Nucleotide-dependent movement of the epsilon subunit between alpha and beta subunits in the Escherichia coli F1F0-type ATPase.

Mutants of ECF1-ATPase were generated, containing cysteine residues in one or more of the following positions: αSer-411, βGlu-381, and eSer-108, after which disulfide bridges could be created by CuCl2 induced oxidation in high yield between α and e, β and e, α and γ, β and γ (endogenous Cys-87), and α and β. All of these cross-links lead to inhibition of ATP hydrolysis activity. In the two double mutants, containing a cysteine in eSer-108 along with either the DELSEED region of β (Glu-381) or the homologous region in α (Ser-411), there was a clear nucleotide dependence of the cross-link formation with the e subunit. In βE381C/eS108C the β-e cross-link was obtained preferentially when Mg2+ and ADP + Pi (addition of MgCl2+ ATP) was present, while the α-e cross-link product was strongly favored in the αS411C/eS108C mutant in the Mg2+ ATP state (addition of MgCl2+ 5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate). In the triple mutant αS411C/βE381C/eS108C, the e subunit bound to the β subunit in Mg2+-ADP and to the α subunit in Mg2+-ATP, indicating a significant movement of this subunit. The γ subunit cross-linked to the β subunit in higher yield in Mg2+-ATP than in Mg2+-ADP, and when possible, i.e. in the triple mutant, always preferred the interaction with the β over the α subunit.
Pulmonary Hypertension, Resulting from Tumor Emboli to Pulmonary Arteries

A rare cause of pulmonary hypertension is exemplified by a patient who developed symptoms 11 years after carcinoma of the breast was treated. Cardiac catheterization was performed, The autopsy demonstrated mediastinal lymphadenopathy, rib cage tumor nodules, and microscopic carcinomatous emboli to the medium-sized and small pulmonary arteries. This case illustrates that obscure causes of pulmonary hypertension must be thoroughly investigated for metastatic cancer. In addition, the time interval between discovery of the neoplasm and development of pulmonary hypertension can span many years. Stomach carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and right atrial myxoma have been recorded as causes of metastatic pulmonary artery emboli. Other suggested sources are the kidney and liver. No definite clinical signs, symptoms or x-ray findings are characteristic of this condition.
Effects of a low-fat diet compared with those of a high-monounsaturated fat diet on body weight, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Background: An important therapeutic goal for patients with type 2 diabetes is weight loss, which improves metabolic abnormalities. Ad libitum low-fat diets cause weight loss in nondiabetic populations. Compared with diets higher in monounsaturated fat, however, eucaloric low-fat diets may increase plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and worsen glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes. Objective: We investigated whether, in type 2 diabetes patients, an ad libitum low-fat diet would cause greater weight loss than would a high–monounsaturated fat diet and would do this without increasing plasma triacylglycerol concentrations or worsening glycemic control. Design: Eleven patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet or a high–monounsaturated fat diet, each for 6 wk. The diets offered contained 125% of the estimated energy requirement to allow selfselection of food quantity. The response variables were body weight; fasting plasma lipid, lipoprotein, glucose, glycated hemoglobin A 1c, and fructosamine concentrations; insulin sensitivity; and glucose disposal. Results: Body weight decreased significantly (1.53 kg; P 0.001) only with the low-fat diet. Plasma total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations tended to decrease during both diets. There were no interaction effects between diet and the lipid profile response over time. Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity did not differ significantly between the 2 diets. Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, the ad libitum, low-fat, highfiber diet promoted weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes without causing unfavorable alterations in plasma lipids or glycemic control. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:668 –73.
The Prudent Peasant: New Findings on Open Fields

The usual picture of the medieval peasantry is based on nineteenth-century scholarship, which has proven difficult to dislodge from educated minds. This article continues the revision of an important detail in the picture, the scattering of plots in open fields. Some recent work on the subject by Robert Allen and Gregory Clark is midly disputed, and new evidence is presented that risk avoidance is the key to understanding peasant behavior. The reason for the scattering was not sentiment or socialism. Peasants were not perhaps rational in every detail; but they were prudent.
Hospital emergency preparedness: Push-POD operation and pharmacists as immunizers.

Objectives To describe Montefiore Medical Center's participation in a point-of-distribution (POD) exercise in which pharmacists were drilled on the ability to provide immunizations in the face of an emergency. Setting New York City on October 9, 2007. Summary Rapid and appropriate response to a terrorism event can limit morbidity and mortality. After the events of September 11, 2001, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) recognized the need to develop a uniform procedure in the case of a potential health disaster. During the fiscal year occurring between September 1, 2006, and August 31, 2007, DOHMH requested that all citywide hospitals participate in a POD drill. All participating hospitals were required to have a team of five health professionals, including one pharmacist, one physician, two nurses, and another member of the institution. The drill was to be conducted within a 4-hour interval to simulate a situation of mass prophylaxis using influenza as a surrogate vaccine or pharmaceutical agent needed in the event of a public health emergency. Main outcome measure Number of health care workers immunized in 4-hour period. Results During the 4-hour period, the team was able to immunize 942 heath care workers. Predicting a 24/7 operation in the event of a biological terrorism event, the Push-POD operation would have the capacity to immunize 12,000 health care workers—the approximate population of the hospital—in 48 hours. This exercise was replicated for the 2008 influenza program, and the results were identical. Conclusion By allowing pharmacists to expand their scope of practice, New York State will inevitably see a drastic improvement in its adult immunization rates for influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations through greater public awareness and expanded vaccine access.
A Conceptual and Methodological Analysis of the Nonspecifics Argument

In support of the inference that psychotherapies produce their benefit by nonspecific means, researchers cite two sets of empirical findings: (a) null results from comparative outcome studies of different psychotherapies, and (b) a statistical relation between the therapeutic alliance and outcome. We show that neither kind of evidence provides strong support for the “nonspecifics” hypothesis. We argue that outcome equivalence does not imply that the same mechanisms produce the outcomes. We also present evidence that for four mental disorders there exists a psychotherapy that exerts its effects through theory-driven, specific means. Finally, implications of the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and outcome are carefully examined, with particular attention to design limitations in studies that have been assumed to support causal inferences. We conclude that the specific effects of psychotherapies may be substantially stronger than is widely believed.
Probing the Largest Scale Structure in the Universe with Polarization Map of Galaxy Clusters

We introduce a new formalism to describe the polarization signal of galaxy clusters on the whole sky. We show that a sparsely sampled, half-sky map of the cluster polarization at z~1 would allow us to better characterize the very large scale density fluctuations. While the horizon length is smaller in the past, two other competing effects significantly remove the contribution of the small scale fluctuations from the quadrupole polarization pattern at z~1. For the standard LambdaCDM universe with vanishing tensor mode, the quadrupole moment of the temperature anisotropy at z=0 is expected to have a ~32% contribution from fluctuations on scales below 6.3 h^-1 Gpc. This percentage would be reduced to ~2% level for the quadrupole moment of polarization pattern at z~1. A cluster polarization would shed light on the potentially anomalous features of the largest scale fluctuations.
Carrier to Interference Ratio Analysis for the Shotgun Cellular System

This paper analyzes the carrier-to-interference ratio of the so-called shotgun cellular system (SCS). In the SCS, base-stations are placed randomly according to a two-dimensional Poisson point process. Such a system can model a dense cellular or wireless data network deployment, where the base station locations end up being close to random due to constraints other than optimal coverage. The SCS is a simple cellular system where we can introduce several variations and design scenarios such as shadow fading, power control features, and multiple channel reuse groups, and assess their impact on the performance. We first derive an analytical expression for the characteristic function of the inverse of the carrier-to-interference ratio. Using this result, we show that the carrier-to-interference ratio is independent of the base station density and further, we derive a semi-analytical expression for the tail-probability. These results enable a complete characterization of the cellular performance of the SCS. Next, we incorporate shadow fading into the SCS and demonstrate that it merely scales the base station density by a constant. Hence, the cellular performance of the SCS is independent of shadow fading. These results are further used to analyze dense cellular scenarios.
Mathematical morphology for angle-valued images

Mathematical morphology (MM) can be defined in terms of complete lattices. Thus, MM is useful for the processing of binary images or of single-valued intensity images - images for which a partial ordering, hence a lattice structure, is apparent. The lattice structure of an intensity image is manifest through set inclusion with ordering on intensity. It is always possible to define majorants and minorants for collections of sets that are intensities with spatial support. Not all the components of a color image can be ordered trivially. In particular, hue is angle-valued. Consequently, MM has not been as useful for color image processing because it has not been clear how to define set inclusion for angle-valued images. This paper contains definitions for erosion, dilation, opening, and closing for angle-valued images using hue as the exemplar. The fundamental idea is to define a structuring element (SE) with a given hue or hues. From each image neighborhood of the SE, the erosion operation returns the hue value that is closest to the hue of the corresponding SE member. Examples of the effects of the operators on a color noise field are shown. Histograms demonstrate the effects of the operators on the hue distributions.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Validating the Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-Free Status (QVSFS) by Neurological History and Examination

Background and Purpose— The Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-Free Status (QVSFS) is an 8-item structured interview designed to identify stroke-free individuals. Previously, the QVSFS was validated with medical record review in a cohort with a low prevalence (7.1%) of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the QVSFS by comparing it with stroke status as determined by neurological history and examination in a population with a higher prevalence of stroke. Methods— A research assistant administered the QVSFS to outpatients from Veterans Administration stroke and general medicine clinics. Subjects were defined as QVSFS negative if responses to all 8 questions were negative. Questions requiring rephrasing or clarification were noted. Neurologists, blinded to QVSFS scores, interviewed and examined all subjects to determine stroke-free status, defined as no history or examination findings of previous stroke and/or TIA. Results— One hundred fifty-f...
Transfer of metal MEMS packages using a wafer-level solder sacrificial layer

This paper presents a modular, low profile, wafer-level encapsulation technology for 0-level MEMS packaging. Electroplated caps are formed on a carrier wafer then simultaneously transferred and bonded to a device wafer by a novel solder transfer method and transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding technology. The solder transfer method is enabled by the dewetting of the solder transfer layer from the carrier wafer, and TLP bonding of the cap to the device wafer during bonding. The nickel-tin TLP bond and transfer cycle has a maximum temperature of 300 /spl deg/C and lasts about 2.5 hours. This approach has been demonstrated with nickel caps 5 microns thick, ranging in size from 200 /spl mu/m 1 mm. They were transferred with a lead-tin transfer solder layer and bonded with nickel-tin TLP bonding with greater than 99% transfer yield across the wafer.
Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data

We review the conditions under which cross-sectional family data (e.g., data on twin pairs or adoptees and their adoptive and biological relatives) are informative about direction of causation. When two correlated traits have rather different modes of inheritance (e.g., family resemblance is determined largely by family background for one trait and by genetic factors for the other trait), cross-sectional family data will allow tests of strong unidirectional causal hypotheses (A and B are correlated “because of the causal influence of A on B” versus “because of the causal influence of B on A”) and, under some conditions, also of the hypothesis of reciprocal causation. Possible sources of errors of inference are considered. Power analyses are reported which suggest that multiple indicator variables will be needed to ensure adequate power of rejecting false models in the presence of realistic levels of measurement error. These methods may prove useful in cases where conventional methods to establish causality, by intervention, by prospective study, or by measurement of instrumental variables, are infeasible economically, ethically or practically.
The Role of Achievement Goals in the Development of Interest: Reciprocal Relations Between Achievement Goals, Interest, and Performance

The dynamics of individual and situational interest and academic performance were examined in the college classroom and 7 semesters later in conjunction with achievement goals. At the beginning of an introductory psychology course, participants reported their initial interest in psychology, achievement goals, and situational interest in course lectures. At the end of the semester, participants (N = 858) reported their situational interest in course lectures and psychology. In the short term, relationships emerged among initial interest, achievement goals, situational interest, and class performance. Longitudinally, situational interest during the introductory course, independent of initial interest, predicted subsequent course choices. Results are discussed in terms of S. Hidi and K. A. Renninger's (2006) 4-phase model of interest development and the multiple goals model (J. M. Harackiewicz, K. E. Barron, P. R. Pintrich, A. J. Elliot, & T. M. Thrash, 2002).
Encryption, Law Enforcement, and Privacy

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Rise and Fall of the Data Encryption Standard Evolution of Wiretaps and the ��Right to Privacy�� Development of Public Key Encryption Government Policy Toward Encryption Current Social Conflicts and Ethical Issues Case Study This chapter contains sections titled: Worksheet��-��Review of Encryption Concepts Worksheet��-��Legal Challenges to Encryption Export Regulations Worksheet��-��The Importance of Not Being Different Worksheet��-��Is Staying With the Herd Really Best? Additional Assignments References Cryptography: The Importance of Not Being Different Cryptography: Is Staying with the Herd Really Best? ]]>
MENTAL HEALTH CARE REFORM: A HISTORIC TOWN MEETING OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSES

1. Inspired by the 1992 presidential candidates' town meetings, the conveners of the American Psychiatric Nurses' Association Invitational Conference decided to stage a town meeting for psychiatric nurses. Forty psychiatric nursing leaders came together to share their professional expertise and experiences by giving "testimony" about the role psychiatric nurses play in mental health care reform. 2. The town meeting participants discussed many timely topics, such as practice, education, titling and credentialing issues, and the future of the psychiatric/mental health nursing profession. 3. The participants left the town meeting energized with a common sense of purpose--and a promise to commit themselves to creating the strategies necessary for reform of the mental health care system.
Influence of cardiac output distribution on cardiac filling pressure during rest and dynamic exercise in dogs

The distribution of cardiac output (CO) between compliant and noncompliant organs is an important determinant of the slope of the relationship predicted between CO and right atrial pressure (RAP). However, curves relating CO to RAP at rest are shifted rightward (higher CO) and upward (higher RAP) by exercise with no change in slope, despite a large rise in the fraction of CO directed to noncompliant muscle vasculature, which is predicted to decrease the slope. We sought to test whether reductions in CO imposed during rest and exercise are accompanied by changes in its distribution that would favor constant slopes. Six dogs had atrioventricular block produced surgically and had blood flow transducers implanted on the ascending aorta and the terminal aorta. Total muscle blood flow (MBF) was estimated from terminal aortic flow by assuming that all of the increase in CO in mild dynamic exercise is directed to muscle. CO was reduced by lowering ventricular pacing rate at rest and during graded treadmill exercise (2 and 4 miles/h at 0% grade). Exercise increased the fraction of CO directed to muscle (MBF/CO) (P < 0.001). The effect of changes in CO on MBF/CO depended on exercise intensity (P < 0.01). At rest, MBF/CO fell from 0.53 to 0.45 when CO was reduced; this is expected to reduce the slope of the measured relationship between CO and RAP. During exercise at 2 miles/h, MBF/CO changed little when CO was reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Light storage on the time scale of a minute

Light storage on the minute scale is an important capability for future scalable quantum information networks spanning intercontinental distances. We employ an ultracold atomic gas confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice for long-term light storage. The differential ac Stark shift of the ground-level microwave transition used for storage is reduced to a sub-Hz level by the application of a magic-valued magnetic field. The $1/e$ lifetime for storage of coherent states of light is prolonged up to 16 s by a microwave dynamic decoupling protocol.
An Attempt to Produce an Atypical Epithelial Growth by Injection of Scharlach R. in Olive Oil; A Control of Fischer's Experiments

Perhaps no work bearing on the etiology of carcinoma has been more suggestive and has caused more comment than that recently reported from Ribbert's laboratory by Dr. B. Fischer.1 On account of the important bearing his results may have on our ideas of the origin of these malignant growths it seemed desirable that the work be repeated by other observers. Accordingly, at the suggestion of Dr. Warthin, I have attempted to do this. After having reviewed the previous attempts to produce a destructive atypical epithelial proliferation by means of irritation, and concluding that no progress was to be made in that direction, Fischer was led by consideration of the work of Loeb on parthenogenesis to ask if he could not, by producing a proper physico-chemical environment, induce an epithelial proliferation entirely analogous to that produced by Loeb in the unfertilized egg of the sea-urchin. Ribbert had previously pointed out that in carcinomatous growths arising from the skin there is often an inflammatory infiltration of the subepithelial connective tissue, and Fischer therefore thought to bring about his desired condition by producing a chronic inflammation of the papillary bodies. He accordingly implanted bits of sterile muscle, liver, spleen, and other tissues beneath the epithelium of rabbits' ears. The only result was a slight thickening of the epithelium when the inflammatory reaction reached the germ layer. He then tried injecting agar-agar, with and without calcium salts, and in one case found that the epithelium did proliferate, and grew down around the agar masses. Further experiments upon other animals and upon the same animal failed to give like results, and he concluded that in the
Survey of Environmental Iodine Sources in Hills Area of Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River

Objective To survey the environmental iodine sources in hills area of lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Methods Daily intake of salt,iodine concentration in salt and urinary iodine excretion were determined simultaneously in children from 0 to 6 years old,6 to 12 years old,adults,pregnant and lactating women.Results The environmental iodine sources were 79.4μg/d,123.5μg/d,283.5μg/d and 151.0μg/d in children aged from 0 to 6,6 to 12,adults,pregnant and lactating women,respectively.The average level was 117.0μg/d.Conclusions The environmental iodine sources is the base of adjusting the supplemental amount of iodine.
Social Studies Pedagogy for Latino/a Newcomer Youth: Toward a Theory of Culturally and Linguistically Relevant Citizenship Education.

This study examines how teachers in 4 urban newcomer high schools conceptualized and implemented social studies education for Latino/a newcomer youth through an emerging framework of culturally and linguistically relevant citizenship education. Through a multi-site, collective case study design, the perspectives and decision making of social studies teachers’ enacted pedagogy for Latino/a newcomer students were examined. The cross-case analysis of the 4 teachers’ social studies pedagogy elicited 5 principles of culturally and linguistically relevant citizenship education. These principles include pedagogy of community; pedagogy of success; pedagogy of making cross-cultural connections; pedagogy of building a language of social studies; and pedagogy of community-based, participatory citizenship. Social studies educators should consider these principles when teaching culturally and linguistically diverse students.
Hyperosmosis of cerebral injury.

AbstractChanges in tissue osmolarity or cerebrospinal fluid osmolarity after cerebral injury have received little attention in the literature, but osmosis may be an important cause of early cerebral edema. This paper reviews concepts and terms relating to osmosis, and reviews the few papers in the literature which have studied osmolarity after cerebral injury. In studies of both traumatic brain injury and ischemia, tissue osmolarity is elevated. Osmolarity of cerebrospinal fluid has also been shown to increase with injury. There have been no human studies examining osmolarity of tissue or cerebrospinal fluid after cerebral injury. Theoretical implications of the osmotic gradient are discussed. [Neurol Res 1999; 21: 500–508]
The mechanisms of parathyroid hyperplasia and its regression

Abstract Parathyroid gland (PTG) is a unique endocrine organ in which the quiescent glandular cells begin to proliferate in the progressive course of renal failure, leading to secondary hypereparathyroidism (SHPT). SHPT is characterized by continuous over-secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hyperplasia, and the major contributing factors are a deficiency of active vitamin D, hypocalcemia and phosphate retention. Many experimental and human studies have revealed that the down-regulations of vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium (Ca) -sensing receptor (CaSR), and retinoid X receptor (RXR) in parathyroid hyperplasia of SHPT, especially nodular hyperplasia, which is a severe form of hyperplasia. These also contribute to progression of parathyroid hyperplasia. Recently, mechanisms by which active vitamin D and Ca regulate parathyroid hyperplasia via their receptors have been clarified. In this paper, we review mechanisms for progression of parathyroid hyperplasia and the possibility for regression of parathyroid hyperplasia.
An Evolutionary Perspective, Sociophysiology, and Heritability

For a better grasp of empathy, we need to understand its evolutionary roots and its sociophysiological functions. During the course of evolution, human beings have been endowed with an innate capacity to express and understand emotions from nonverbal cues, which contributed to survival and is conceptualized as primitive empathy. Evidence showing infant’s reactive crying, facial mimicry, physiological synchronicity in interpersonal interactions, and universal expression of emotions indicates that aspects of interpersonal behaviors cannot be attributed to social learning. Twin studies suggest that heritability is also a significant component of empathy more often when a measure of emotional empathy (rather than cognitive empathy) is used.
Holding Course: The Labour Government of 1945–51 and the Struggle over Strategy

1945 marked a dramatic swing to the left in domestic politics in Britain, encouraged in part by the widespread admiration of the struggle of the Soviet Union against Nazism.1 A Labour government came to power committed to the creation of a welfare state and an extensive program of nationalization. Many backbenchers also heralded the long-awaited arrival of a socialist foreign policy, which would not only bolster Britain’s international standing, but also would revolutionize world affairs. The slogan ‘left understands left’ was used frequently by Labour campaigners in 1945 when international issues were raised. Perhaps not surprisingly, the foreign policy establishment greeted this phenomenon with undisguised apprehension, and a pervasive gloom spread over the Foreign Office after the 1945 election. Orme Sargent, soon to become Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, pessimistically foresaw ‘a Communist avalanche over Europe, a weak foreign policy, a private revolution at home and the reduction of England to a 2nd-class power.’2 As we have seen, such anxieties were unfounded. Britain’s foreign policy followed a well-trodden, traditional path after 1945, particularly with regard to the east of Suez role.
Abstract # 1823 Sleep improvement in older adults with osteoarthritis is associated with lower inflammatory response to laboratory pain and improved clinical pain

Sleep disturbance is known to affect pain, but the mechanisms are unclear. The current study objective was to provide proof of concept that sleep disturbance dysregulates inflammatory processes that exacerbate chronic pain; thus, improving sleep will modulate inflammatory response and reduce pain. A sample of 30 older adults with osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) above 10) provided baseline measures of clinical OA and laboratory pain, and serial blood samples for IL-6 before and after pain testing. Participants were randomly assigned to a 6-week cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I; n = 16); or a wait-list control ( n = 14). At 8-weeks (Time 2), all measures were repeated. On average, CBT-I significantly improved insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index: CBT-I: M = 6.32, SE = 1.14; controls: M = 13.07, SE = 1.23; p = .001). To directly test effects of sleep improvement, participants were grouped by insomnia status at Time 2 after confirming baseline equivalency on all outcomes. Compared to those with insomnia, those without insomnia at Time 2 ( n = 12) had significantly lower OA pain ( p ps p = .001). These findings suggest further exploration of inflammatory pathways linking sleep disturbance to chronic pain.
Stabilizing Series-Elastic Point-Foot Bipeds Using Whole-Body Operational Space Control

Whole-body operational space controllers (WBOSCs) are versatile and well suited for simultaneously controlling motion and force behaviors, which can enable sophisticated modes of locomotion and balance. In this paper, we formulate a WBOSC for point-foot bipeds with series-elastic actuators (SEA) and experiment with it using a teen-size SEA biped robot. Our main contributions are on devising a WBOSC strategy for point-foot bipedal robots, 2) formulating planning algorithms for achieving unsupported dynamic balancing on our point-foot biped robot and testing them using a WBOSC, and 3) formulating force feedback control of the internal forces—corresponding to the subset of contact forces that do not generate robot motions—to regulate contact interactions with the complex environment. We experimentally validate the efficacy of our new whole-body control and planning strategies via balancing over a disjointed terrain and attaining dynamic balance through continuous stepping without a mechanical support.
The fiscal condition of U.S. cities: Revenues, expenditures, and the “Great Recession”

ABSTRACTThe Great Recession has caused significant fiscal stress for U.S. central cities. We draw on a specially created database for the nation’s largest cities that takes account of the revenues and spending of all of the governmental units that serve central city residents, which we call fiscally standardized cities, to provide the most complete documentation available of the sharp decline in real revenues and spending between 2007 and 2012. Except for user charges, all major revenue sources declined. We pay particular attention to property taxes, which have fallen precipitously since 2009, and to state aid, where patterns of decline differ sharply across states. Regression analysis shows that, unlike the previous recession, cities have not been able to offset sharp declines in state aid by increasing local taxes. We also evaluate the special conditions that help to explain the case of Detroit, the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. On the spending side, no category of spending, including co...
Bird Diversity in Actively and Naturally Restored Tropical Forests in an Urban-Agricultural Landscape

Secondary forests have reclaimed one sixth of deforested land worldwide, and much of this revegetated forest lies in agricultural and increasingly semi-urban landscapes. While, many studies have described faunal populations such as birds across forest-agricultural landscapes, they generally note minor changes in total species richness and more significant changes in species composition. Few studies, however, consider faunal diversity among secondary forests of different management history, such as manual restoration or natural revegetation. In this study, we surveyed bird communities in three forest sites of varying restoration and natural revegetation treatments in a tropical urban-agricultural landscape in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Our sites include manually restored and naturally revegetating forest of 20–40 years since clearing. We found that a diverse assemblage of birds visit and occupy forest fragments within the urban- agricultural landscape, including two IUCN-listed near-threatened species. Bird species richness was similar across sites of different management history; species composition varied only slightly, but differences existed in presence and occupancy for forest-dependent groups, such as large frugivores and forest insectivores. In the manually restored site, bird diversity may have been limited by under-developed forest structure, but we were unable to isolate the effects of patch size and landscape matrix. We suggest that future restoration activities consider forest structure in addition to plant species diversity when attempting to restore faunal populations, and that future studies take heed of landscape and matrix parameters when evaluating restoration projects.