cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of globin mRNA in terminally differentiating murine erythroleukemia cells

The stability of globin mRNA in terminally differentiating MEL cells has been reevaluated. Previously, it had been reported that globin mRNA has a half-life of approximately 17 hr in terminally differentiating MEL cells. We show that the previous measurements of this parameter were confounded by physical instability of differentiating MEL cells. By using culture conditions that physically stabilize end-stage cells we show that the stability of globin mRNA in terminally differentiating MEL cells is equal to the value observed for ribosomal RNA, a half-life greater than 60 hr.
A new quantitative approach for the management of a student‐managed investment fund

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to develop an investment strategy designed both to enable student‐managed investment fund (SMIF) students to more quickly build out their portfolio at the beginning of the academic year and to give them some exposure to quantitative approaches to investment management.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses data and software that would be readily available to typical SMIF students to develop both an asset‐allocation model and a security‐selection model that can be described as a long‐flat (or synthetic protective put) equity strategy with a momentum‐based style‐rotation overlay.Findings – Over the time period since the requisite style‐based ETFs began trading, the composite strategy would have outperformed the S&P 500 index during both market downturns and market upturns, providing better than market returns at lower than market levels of risk.Originality/value – The key innovation of this paper is the development of a quantitative investment strategy tailored ...
Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptual Change and Institutional Development*

A central paradox of the modern American presidency is that citizens regularly call for strong presidential leadership while at the same time their political culture predisposes them to be reluctant followers.1 One of the ways contemporary presidents resolve this paradox is by invoking an electoral mandate. By persuading others that he possesses a mandate from the voters to pursue a particular policy agenda, a president can disguise his leadership under the pretense of simply carrying out “the will of the people.” The presidential mandate thus enables presidents to lead while seeming to follow, to exercise power over people under the guise of empowering the people.
Drive latencies in hypoglossal motoneurons indicate developmental change in the brainstem respiratory network

The respiratory rhythm originates and diverges from the brainstem to drive thousands of motoneurons that are responsible for control of the diaphragm, intercostals and upper airway. These motoneurons are known to have a wide range of phase relationships, even within a single motoneuron pool. The proposed source of this rhythm, the preBotzinger complex (preBotC), responds to an array of developmental changes in the first days post-birth, specifically at postnatal day 3 (P3). We hypothesize that such developmental changes in the preBotC have a direct effect on motoneuron phase relationships and should be detectable around age P3. To test our hypothesis, we obtained single- and dual-voltage-clamp recordings of hypoglossal motoneurons in an in vitro slice preparation. We introduce a novel approach to analyzing the phase relationships between motoneurons by using cross-correlation analysis to determine the drive latencies. This analysis reveals that the distribution of drive latencies undergoes a significant change at or before age P3. We use a computational model of the in vitro slice to demonstrate the observed phase differences and hypothesize that network heterogeneity alone may not be sufficient to explain them. Through simulations, we show the effects on the preBotC of different network characteristics such as clustering and common inputs.
Interactions of the Antiviral Factor Interferon Gamma-Inducible Protein 16 (IFI16) Mediate Immune Signaling and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immunosuppression

The interferon-inducible protein IFI16 has emerged as a critical antiviral factor and sensor of viral DNA. IFI16 binds nuclear viral DNA, triggering expression of antiviral cytokines during infection with herpesviruses. The knowledge of the mechanisms and protein interactions through which IFI16 exerts its antiviral functions remains limited. Here, we provide the first characterization of endogenous IFI16 interactions following infection with the prominent human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). By integrating proteomics and virology approaches, we identified and validated IFI16 interactions with both viral and host proteins that are involved in HSV-1 immunosuppressive mechanisms and host antiviral responses. We discover that during early HSV-1 infection, IFI16 is recruited to sub-nuclear puncta and subsequently targeted for degradation. We observed that the HSV-1 E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 is necessary, but not sufficient, for the proteasom e-mediated degradation of IFI16 following infection. We substantiate that this ICP0-mediated mechanism suppresses IFI16-dependent immune responses. Utilizing an HSV-1 strain that lacks ICP0 ubiquitin ligase activity provided a system for studying IFI16-dependent cytokine responses to HSV-1, as IFI16 levels were maintained throughout infection. We next defined temporal IFI16 interactions during this immune signaling response. We discovered and validated interactions with the viral protein ICP8 and cellular ND10 nuclear body components, sites at which HSV-1 DNA is present during infection. These interactions may be critical for IFI16 to bind to nuclear viral DNA. Altogether, our results provide critical insights into both viral inhibition of IFI16 and interactions that can contribute to IFI16 antiviral functions.
The Effectiveness of Hippotherapy for Children With Language-Learning Disabilities:

This study examined the effectiveness of hippotherapy versus traditional therapy for children with language-learning disabilities. Three boys, ages 9, 10, and 12 years, and their parents independently completed a satisfaction questionnaire at the end of traditional therapy (T1) and again at the end of hippotherapy (T2). A comparison of the responses from T1 and T2 indicated that both the parents and the children reported improvement in speech and language abilities after both therapies. Overall, responses were noticeably higher following hippotherapy, with additional benefits of improved motivation and attention also reported.
Microscopic examination of defects located by thermometry in 1.5 GHz superconducting niobium cavities

A new high resolution, high speed thermometry system has been built at Cornell to permit the study of anomalous loss regions in 1.5 GHz superconducting Nb cavities in superfluid He. Following a cavity test, the cavity is dissected for examination of these regions in an electron microscope. Presented is a survey of the topographical and elemental characteristics of various defects found so far. Included are field emitters which were known to be active at the end of a cavity test, as well as those which processed.
Comparison of burn severity assessments using Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio and ground data

Burn severity can be mapped using satellite data to detect changes in forest structure and moisture content caused by fires. The 2001 Leroux fire on the Coconino National Forest, Arizona, burned over 18 pre- existing permanent 0.1 ha plots. Plots were re-measured following the fire. Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery and the Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (� NBR) were used to map the fire into four severity levels immediately following the fire (July 2001) and 1 year after the fire (June 2002). Ninety-two Composite Burn Index (CBI) plots were compared to the fire severity maps. Pre- and post-fire plot measurements were also analysed according to their imagery classification. Ground measurements demonstrated differences in forest structure. Areas that were classified as severely burned on the imagery were predominantly Pinus ponderosa stands. Tree density and basal area, snag density and fine fuel accumulation were associated with severity levels. Tree mortality was not greatest in severely burned areas, indicating that theNBR is comprehensive in rating burn severity by incorporating multiple forest strata. While theNBR was less accurate at mapping perimeters, the method was reliable for mapping severely burned areas that may need immediate or long-term post-fire recovery.
Interscalene Regional Anesthesia for Shoulder Surgery

Background: Despite a trend toward the use of regional anesthesia for orthopaedic procedures, there has been resistance to the use of interscalene regional block for shoulder surgery because of concerns about failed blocks and potential complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 568 consecutive patients who had shoulder surgery under interscalene regional block in a tertiary-care, university-based practice with an anesthesiology residency program. The blocks were performed by a group of anesthesiologists who were dedicated to the concept of regional anesthesia in their practice. Complete anesthetic and orthopaedic records were available for 547 patients. The surgical procedure, planned type of anesthesia, occurrence of block failure, and the presence of complications were noted. Results: Of the 547 patients, 295 underwent an arthroscopic procedure and 252 (including eighty who had an arthroplasty) underwent an open procedure. General anesthesia was the initial planned choice for sixty-nine patients because of the complexity or duration of the procedure, the anatomic location, or patient insistence. Thirty-four of the sixty-nine patients also received an interscalene regional block. Interscalene regional block alone was planned for 478 patients. A total of 462 patients (97%) had a successful block whereas sixteen required general anesthesia because the block was inadequate. The success of the block was independent of the type or length of the surgery. No patient had a seizure, pneumothorax, cardiac event, or other major complication. Twelve (2.3%) of the 512 patients who had a block had minor complications, which included sensory neuropathy in eleven patients and a complex regional pain syndrome that resolved at three months in one patient. For ten of the eleven patients, the neuropathy had resolved by six months. Conclusions: Interscalene regional block provides effective anesthesia for most types of shoulder surgery, including arthroplasty and fracture fixation. When administered by an anesthesiologist committed to and skilled in the technique, the block has an excellent rate of success and is associated with a relatively low complication rate. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Broad patterns in domestic vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics: synanthropic animals and vector control

Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is the most important neglected tropical disease (NTD) in Latin America, infecting an estimated 5.7 million people in the 21 countries where it is endemic. It is one of the NTDs targeted for control and elimination by the 2020 London Declaration goals, with the first goal being to interrupt intra-domiciliary vector-borne T. cruzi transmission. A key question in domestic T. cruzi transmission is the role that synanthropic animals play in T. cruzi transmission to humans. Here, we ask, (1) do synanthropic animals need to be targeted in Chagas disease prevention policies?, and (2) how does the presence of animals affect the efficacy of vector control? We developed a simple mathematical model to simulate domestic vector-borne T. cruzi transmission and to specifically examine the interaction between the presence of synanthropic animals and effects of vector control. We used the model to explore how the interactions between triatomine bugs, humans and animals impact the number and proportion of T. cruzi-infected bugs and humans. We then examined how T. cruzi dynamics change when control measures targeting vector abundance are introduced into the system. We found that the presence of synanthropic animals slows the speed of T. cruzi transmission to humans, and increases the sensitivity of T. cruzi transmission dynamics to vector control measures at comparable triatomine carrying capacities. However, T. cruzi transmission is amplified when triatomine carrying capacity increases with the abundance of syntathoropic hosts. Our results suggest that in domestic T. cruzi transmission scenarios where no vector control measures are in place, a reduction in synanthropic animals may slow T. cruzi transmission to humans, but it would not completely eliminate transmission. To reach the 2020 goal of interrupting intra-domiciliary T. cruzi transmission, it is critical to target vector populations. Additionally, where vector control measures are in place, synanthropic animals may be beneficial.
Interconnection of metropolitan and backbone networks

As Internet traffic continues to grow, eventually dominating voice traffic, the network economics and traffic granularities may become favorable for merging the metropolitan core with the long-distance backbone network, to form an integrated 10 Gb/s wavelength-routed network architecture.
Factors Involved in the Localization and Activation of Murine γδ Positive Dendritic Epidermal T Cells

The vast majority of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) in normal mice express a monomorphic γδ-type T cell receptor (TCR) (V5JlCγl and V1D2J2Cδ coding segments, totally lacking junctional diversity). Cells with identical TCRs are also found in the early fetal thymus, but are not found in newborn or adult thymus, in peripheral lymphoid tissues or in other epithelial sites known to be populated by γδ cells expressing distinct receptors (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract or in the reproductive tract). Early fetal thymocytes can serve as precursors for the DETC that populate adult skin; our recent adoptive transfer studies indicate an important role for cycling hair follicles in the localization and/or in situ proliferation of such precursors. The restricted tissue distribution and TCR homogeneity of DETC has suggested the possibility that the physiologic ligand for the DETC TCR is a common self-antigen expressed by keratinocytes or by other cells in their immediate microenvironment under a variety of potentially harmful circumstances (i.e., a stress protein). Recent in vitro data are consistent with this hypothesis: a DETC line was activated by exposure to stressed epidermal cells. Furthermore, increases in the densities of Vγ5/Vδl+ DETC in spontaneously depigmenting C57BL/6 vit/vit mice, in mice undergoing contact dermatitis reactions, and in normal mice during the neonatal period, all are consistent with the in situ activation/proliferation of DETC in response to a variety of pathologic and physiologic stimuli. It is now clear that human skin does not harbor a precise morphologic equivalent of mouse DETC. A number of persistent gaps in our knowledge about mouse DETC must be filled (including more precise identification of their physiologic ligand and their relevant functional roles in vivo), however, before we can really understand the relevance of mouse DETC to human cutaneous immunity and immunopathology.
The Control of Knowledge: The Power of the Helping Professions:

The basis of professional power is not knowledge itself but the control of knowledge. Historically, the helping professions have been mandated and licensed by society-have been given the reins of expert authority-to define who is deviant, ill, or needy and who is entitled to what help in the promotion of human welfare.While on one hand the helping professions today have a vested interest in maintaining a commodity concept of their services, on the other hand, they have, by the very nature of their service policies, deprived their clients of their rights as consumers, argues the author. If a community wishes to reduce the power of the helping professions it will have to break up their monopolistic control. If the institutions of professionalism-its educational systems and organizations-were compelled to share their power with society, it would inevitably result in the democratization of knowledge and a new social contract between the professions and society. The potential for such a counter-force already e...
Dosage dependent modifiers of white alleles in Drosophila melanogaster.

As part of a study to identify dosage-sensitive modifiers of the white eye colour locus and the retrotransposon, copia, a segmental aneuploid screen was conducted. It surveys the autosomal complement of the genome for dosage dependent modifiers of white, including ones effective upon retrotransposon insertion-induced alleles. Several regions were found which, when present as a segmental trisomy, affected one or more of the alleles tested in a strong and consistent fashion. Two of these regions have been identified as containing previously described modifiers, Darkener of-apricot and Inverse regulator-a. The remainder identify new white allele modifiers. Selected segmental monosomics were also tested where possible for regions exhibiting a trisomic effect. At least three regions were found to have a dosage-dependent effect in one, two and three copies.
Rethinking Security of Web-Based System Applications

Many modern desktop and mobile platforms, including Ubuntu, Google Chrome, Windows, and Firefox OS, support so called Web-based system applications that run outside the Web browser and enjoy direct access to native objects such as files, camera, and geolocation. We show that the access-control models of these platforms are (a) incompatible and (b) prone to unintended delegation of native-access rights: when applications request native access for their own code, they unintentionally enable it for untrusted third-party code, too. This enables malicious ads and other third-party content to steal users' OAuth authentication credentials, access camera on their devices, etc. We then design, implement, and evaluate PowerGate, a new access-control mechanism for Web-based system applications. It solves two key problems plaguing all existing platforms: security and consistency. First, unlike the existing platforms, PowerGate correctly protects native objects from unauthorized access. Second, PowerGate provides uniform access-control semantics across all platforms and is 100% backward compatible. PowerGate enables application developers to write well-defined native-object access policies with explicit principals such as "application's own local code" and "third-party Web code," is easy to configure, and incurs negligible performance overhead.
Different levels of v-Ha-ras p21 expression in primary keratinocytes transformed with Harvey sarcoma virus correlate with benign versus malignant behavior

Primary mouse keratinocytes transformed with an activated ras oncogene transduced by helper-free Harvey sarcoma virus (HaSV) form predominantly benign tumors. In contrast, keratinocytes transformed with helper-associated HaSV form malignant tumors. We report here that this different tumorigenic behavior correlated with a much higher level of v-Ha-ras p21 protein in cells transformed with the helper-associated virus. The high level of v-ras expression in these cells was due to viral spread beyond the initial infection. The low level of v-ras p21 expression that resulted from single-hit infection with helper-free virus, together with the intrinsic heterogeneity of primary keratinocytes, explains, at least in part, the different tumorigenic behavior of keratinocytes transformed by the two types of viruses.
Connexin channel permeability to cytoplasmic molecules

Connexin channels are known to be permeable to a variety of cytoplasmic molecules. The first observation of second messenger junctional permeability, made � 30 years ago, sparked broad interest in gap junction channels as mediators of intercellular molecular signaling. Since then, much has been learned about the diversity of connexin channels with regard to isoform diversity, tissue and developmental distribution, modes of channel regulation, assembly, expression, biochemical modification and permeability, all of which appear to be dynamically regulated. This information has expanded the potential roles of connexin channels in development, physiology and disease, and made their elucidation much more complex—30 years ago such an orchestra of junctional dynamics was unanticipated. Only recently, however, have investigators been able to directly address, in this more complex framework, the key issue: what specific biological molecules, second messengers and others, are able to permeate the various types of connexin channels, and how well? An important related issue, given the ever-growing list of connexin-related pathologies, is how these permeabilities are altered by disease-causing connexin mutations. Together, many studies show that a variety of cytoplasmic molecules can permeate the different types of connexin channels. A few studies reveal differences in permeation by different molecules through a particular type of connexin channel, and differences in permeation by a particular molecule through different types of connexin channels. This article describes and evaluates the various methods used to obtain these data, presents an annotated compilation of the results, and discusses the findings in the context of what can be inferred about mechanism of selectivity and potential relevance to signaling. The data strongly suggest that highly specific interactions take place between connexin pores and specific biological molecular permeants, and that those interactions determine which cytoplasmic molecules can permeate and how well. At this time, the nature of those interactions is unclear. One hopes that with more detailed permeability and structural information, the specific molecular mechanisms of the selectivity can be elucidated. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stones, Bones, and Cardiovascular Groans

Kidney stones are a major cause of morbidity, and result in >$5 billion of health care costs annually ([1][1]). In the United States, the prevalence of nephrolithiasis increases with age but is approximately 11% for men and 7% for women ([2][2]). Although kidney stone composition varies by age, sex
Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Defined Protein Beads

There is a need to develop improved methods for directing and maintaining the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) for regenerative medicine. Here, we present a method for embedding cells in defined protein microenvironments for the directed osteogenic differentiation of hMSC. Composite matrices of collagen I and agarose were produced by emulsification and simultaneous polymerization in the presence of hMSC to produce 30-150 mum diameter hydrogel "beads." The proliferation, morphology, osteogenic gene expression, and calcium deposition of hMSC in bead environments were compared to other two- and three-dimensional culture environments over 14-21 days in culture. Cells embedded within 40% collagen beads exhibited equivalent proliferation rates to those in gel disks, but showed upregulation of bone sialoprotein and increased calcium deposition over 2D controls. Osteocalcin gene expression was not changed in 3D beads and disks, while collagen type I gene expression was downregulated relative to cells in 2D culture. The hydrogel bead format allows controlled cell differentiation and is a cell delivery vehicle that may also enhance vascular invasion and host incorporation. Our results indicate that the application of such beads can be used to promote the osteogenic phenotype in hMSC, which is an important step toward using them in bone repair applications.
Continuous automated determination of atmospheric formaldehyde at the parts per trillion level

1,3-Cyclohexanedione was used for automated near real-time fluorometric determination of atmospheric formaldehyde. Although previous literature reports indicate this reagent to be nonselective, adaptation of a fast flow injection technique that does not rely on the completion of the reaction provided a method with a selectivity factor of >300 for HCHO over its nearest congener, CH 3 CHO. The system was optimized with respect to the reagent and scrubber liquid composition, reaction temperature, and pH. The limit of detection (LOD) in the aqueous phase is ∼6 nM (180 ng/L) HCHO for a 45-μL sample (270 fmol) with the linear dynamic range spanning >3 orders of magnitude, up to at least 14 μM
Biofeedback interventions for gastrointestinal conditions: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE To review evidence for the efficacy of biofeedback in the treatment of gastrointestinal problems. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified through a search of MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine, MANTIS, PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index, and CINAHL. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they used biofeedback as the intervention, addressed the treatment of a gastrointestinal condition, and included a control group. DATA EXTRACTION All titles (4397), articles, and/or abstracts (1362) were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers who extracted data on study design and quality, sample size, type of intervention, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS We found 16 controlled trials of biofeedback for gastrointestinal problems. Ten studies had a comparison group that did not receive biofeedback (5 studies on constipation and/or encopresis, 3 on fecal incontinence, 1 on constipation, and 1 on abdominal pain). Of the 10 studies that had a "no biofeedback" control arm, 7 provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size. Of these 7 studies, 2 favored biofeedback: 1 study revealed a reduction in fecal incontinence among adults, and the other study showed an improvement in constipation with fecal incontinence (encopresis) among children. The other 5 had nonsignificant results. Three studies had a "no biofeedback" comparison arm but insufficient data to calculate an effect size. One of these studies in adult fecal incontinence reported statistically significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS The evidence is insufficient to support the efficacy of biofeedback for these gastrointestinal conditions.
Explaining the non-proliferation regime: anomalies for contemporary international relations theory

This article reconciles common policy usage with scholarly definition. The system of cooperation on non-proliferation has often been termed an international “regime,” but there has not been any systematic effort to determine if this is actually true. The discussion also attempts to reconcile the formation and maintenance of this system of cooperation with contemporary international relations theory. The central argument is that the system of international cooperation on non-proliferation does constitute a regime, but that such a regime presents a serious anomaly for contemporary theory. The article concludes that power and egoistic self-interest are inadequate to account for the regime's formation and maintenance. The inadequacies of both the hegemonic stability and functional theories point towards another independent variable that needs central consideration in regime analysis: knowledge and learning.
6-Diazo-5-Oxo-l-Norleucine Inhibition of Escherichia coli

Coggin, J. H., Jr. (The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.), and W. R. Martin. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine inhibition of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:1348-1353. 1965.-The glutamine analogue 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) induced filaments and spheroplasts in Escherichia coli during the transition of sensitive populations to a state of resistance. Resistance developed at a frequency suggesting mutant selection. The morphology of cells resistant to 100 mug of DON per ml was indistinguishable from that of sensitive cells. DON-resistant cells exhibited an extended growth lag when cultured in the absence of the drug. This extended lag could be reduced to the lag time of parent sensitive cells by a combination of d-glucosamine and inosine or by DON. Viable counts during the lag period of resistant cells indicate that this lag results from a decrease in the number of cells during the first 2 hr of incubation. A combination of d-glucosamine and inosine was required for complete prevention of the DON inhibition of sensitive cells. The results indicate that DON not only inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis but that it also prevents hexosamine synthesis and, ultimately, cell-wall synthesis in E. coli.
Predictors, treatment, and outcomes of STEMI occurring in hospitalized patients

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is most commonly caused by an acute thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery. For patients in whom the onset of STEMI occurs outside of hospital (outpatient STEMI), early reperfusion therapy with either fibrinolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention reduces complications and improves survival, compared with delayed reperfusion. STEMI systems of care are defined as integrated groups of separate entities focused on reperfusion therapy for STEMI, generally including emergency medical services, emergency medicine, cardiology, nursing, and hospital administration. These systems of care have been successful at reducing total ischaemia time and outpatient STEMI mortality. By contrast, much less is known about STEMI that occurs in hospitalized patients (inpatient STEMI), which has unique clinical features and much worse outcomes than outpatient STEMI. Inpatient STEMI is associated with older age, a higher female:male ratio, and more comorbidities than outpatient STEMI. Delays in diagnosis and infrequent use of reperfusion therapy probably also contribute to unfavourable outcomes for inpatient STEMI.
Mid-Cretaceous megaspore floras from Maryland, USA

Abstract. Bulk maceration of unconsolidated Potomac Group sediments collected from 12 samples of middle-late Albian and early Cenomanian age on the Elk Neck Peninsula, Maryland, yielded 14 genera and 18 species of megaspores. The identified megaspores have affinities to both heterosporous ferns, e.g., Arcellites and Molaspora, and to heterosporous lycopsids, e.g., Erlansonisporites, Minerisporites, and Paxillitriletes. Morphological variation within species is high, and most morphotypes differ from established taxa in one or more characters. Two new species— Dijkstraisporites praetextus and Verrutriletes diversus—are proposed. The composition of these middle—late Albian and early Cenomanian floras is a mixture of taxa previously recorded from Aptian and Santonian floras in North America. In addition, a fragmentary strobilus of selaginellalean affinity containing a megaspore and microspores is described.
Assessing Relationship and Sexual Satisfaction in Adolescent Relationships Formed Online and Offline

Abstract Purpose Using the Internet to meet new people is becoming more common; however, such behavior is often considered risky, particularly for adolescents. Nevertheless, adolescents are meeting people through online venues and some are forming romantic/sexual relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and sexual satisfaction reported by teens in online- and offline-initiated relationships. Methods Data were collected from 273 13–19 year olds visiting a publicly funded clinic through 2010 and 2011. Questions included where respondents met the partner (online vs. offline), time between meeting and first sex, how well they knew the partner, and relationship and sexual (R&S) satisfaction. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics, t tests, and path analysis, exploring R&S satisfaction in online- and offline-initiated relationships. Results R&S satisfaction scores were moderate for adolescents who reported meeting partners online and in person but were statistically higher in offline-initiated relationships. There was an inverse relationship between having an online partner and both relationship and sexual satisfaction. Additionally, knowing partners for a longer period of time and feeling more knowledgeable about partners before having sex were statistically significantly related to higher R&S satisfaction. Conclusions Teens in this study reported more satisfying relationships with partners met offline compared with online. Results suggest that encouraging teens to wait longer and to get to know their partner(s) better before engaging in sex may improve satisfaction with, and quality of, those relationships. These findings provide an important contribution to sexual health promotion among young people, with whom technology use is ubiquitous.
Racial Diversity and American Support for Trade Protection

Why does trade protection remain so popular among so many Americans? While support has decreased for most forms of government-supported income transfers and for government regulations in general, trade protection retains wide-spread support across the political spectrum. I argue that for many, trade protection serves as an alternative to transfer programs like Welfare which have become racialized in public discourse. Individuals tend to support some level of redistribution, but this preference appears to be highly conditional on community characteristics, with support falling as community diversity increases. Trade protection, as a non-income based redistribution mechanism, turns the relationship on its head. Trade protection is supported because it aids “the deserving workers” rather than the “undeserving” poor, who are commonly perceived as primarily drawn from minority groups. As a result, support for redistribution via trade protection increases with community diversity, in contrast to support for race and income based redistribution policies. Using individual survey responses from three decades of the American National Election Study (ANES), I analyze support for three types of transfer programs “Welfare”, “Social Security”, and “limits on imports” and find evidence that validates the contention that racial diversity contributes to the continued support of trade protection. Support for trade protection is highest in communities with higher levels of racial diversity; while support for Welfare is lowest in these communities. This finding on trade protection offers an important caveat to the more general literature linking increased diversity with lower support for public goods, adds an additional component to models of individual trade policy preference formation, and help explains the cross-partisan nature of support for trade protection.
Instructions for Saving Troubled Stutts Corporation Exercise

This case, part of a series (see also UVA-QA-0712 -- UVA-QA-0714), contains the instructions for the series. Two individuals own all the capital in Stutts Corporation. Decker owns all the debt and Evenson owns all the equity. Unless Decker and Evenson supply workout loans, Stutts will become bankrupt immediately. If they do provide the loans, Stutts will go into three possible states: recover, restructure, liquidate. The payouts to Decker and Evenson differ in each state. The two parties have differing probabilities for these three states and differing budget limits for adding capital; probabilities and budgets are private, confidential information. Students playing each role will negotiate, in pairs, a deal for the additional financing of Stutts. Without state-contingent side payments and/or altered ownership arrangements, players cannot strike a deal that is good for both sides, based on their differing probabilities and budget constraints. Students will carry out a preliminary negotiation, discuss it in class, and then have a chance to conduct a final analysis, based on new ideas from class discussion.
“Taking Back a Little Bit of Control”: Managing the Contaminated Body Through Consumption

In this article, we explore the lived experience of avoiding environmental chemicals through safer consumption, such as buying “eco-friendly” products. Using focus groups and in-depth interviews involving 50 subjects, we investigate how individuals become aware of environmental chemicals and how they adapt to this awareness. Our participants describe being surprised or alarmed to learn that chemicals are present in food and commodities that they believed were safe. They respond by developing a set of heuristics rendering the “dangerous” consumer landscape into a space that is amenable to personal control. They learn to read an ingredient label and look for organic certification seals on product packaging. We develop the idea of the “contingent boundary” to describe how participants perceive personal control as uneven: they believe they can activate a protective boundary in local and familiar contexts, but outside these contexts, they believe the boundary dissolves. They accept this contingency as normal and describe having to ignore some chemical exposures, for fear of becoming too “crazy.” We conclude that the individuals in our study accept that inverted quarantine (Szasz 2007) is out of reach, and instead try to impose order upon a ubiquitous risk.
On the Role of Experience and Age-Related Effects: Evidence from the Spanish CP.

The present study examines and compares the extent to which advanced L2 learners of Spanish and Spanish heritage speakers acquire the syntactic and semantic properties that regulate the grammatical representation of double complementizer questions in Spanish, a CP-related structure not present in English. Results from an aural sentence completion task, an acceptability judgment task, and a preference task indicate significant differences between the two experimental groups and the monolingual controls. However, the heritage speakers outperformed the L2 learners in their target use and interpretation, which suggests a linguistic benefit for earlier exposure and use of Spanish during childhood. We propose that the differences observed among the L2 learners and the heritage speakers can be accounted for in terms of cross-linguistic influence from the dominant language as well as language experience and age of onset of bilingualism as an interrelated dimension in L2 and heritage language development.
Solar Probe Plus Reference Vehicle Spacecraft

Solar Probe Plus (SPP) will be the first mission to fly into the Sun’s lower corona as close as 9.5 solar radii from the center of the sun. Launching no later than 2018, the mission will reveal how the corona is heated and how the solar wind is accelerated, solving two fundamental mysteries that have been toppriority science goals for many decades. The SPP Reference Vehicle spacecraft, described in this paper, accommodates the Science and Technology Definition Team reference payload, and demonstrates feasibility and technology readiness. The Reference Vehicle was presented at the SPP MCR, successfully completed October 1, 2009.
Breeding Characteristics and Applying Foreground of a New Wheat Variety Huapei No.5

Huapei No.5 was a new wheat variety developed through crossing Yu No.18 with Hua No.4-3 by Crop New Variety Key Laboratory of He'nan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.It was released by anther culture and certified by national crop variety releasing committee in 2006.The breeding characteristics of Huapei No.5 were as follows: two parents complement well;its genetic background was rich;the combination presented a high inducing rate that provided a large amount of separate population;the progenies population characters were used as main selection target which enhance the selective accuracy;its yield comparative test was carried out at two different areas,which shortened the breeding period.Through Huanghui regional test,production test and extention and planting practice,Huapei No.5 is proven to be an excellent winter wheat variety with properties of high and stable yield,good quality,and extensive adaptability.It is suitable to grow as a mid-late seeding variety in mid-high yield and water-fertilizer field in southern Huanghui winter wheat region.
Unique Transcompartmental Bridge: Antigen-Presenting Cells Sampling across Endothelial and Mucosal Barriers

Potentially harmful pathogens can gain access to tissues and organ systems through body sites that are in direct contact with the outside environment, such as the skin, the gut, and the airway mucosa. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represent a bridge between the innate and adaptive immunity, and their capacity for constant immune surveillance and rapid sampling of incoming pathogens and other potentially harmful antigens is central for mounting an effective and robust protective host response. The classical view is that APCs perform this task efficiently within the tissue to sense invading agents intra-compartmentally. However, recent data based on high resolution imaging support an additional transcompartmental surveillance behavior by APC by reaching across intact physical barriers. In this review, we summarize intravital microscopic evidences of APC to sample antigens transcompartmentally at the gut mucosa and other body sites.
The Father of Septal Myectomy for Obstructive HCM, Who Also Had HCM: The Unbelievable Story.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Andrew Glenn Morrow, MD, was Chief of the Clinic of Surgery at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, from 1953 until his death in 1982 ([Figure 1][2]). During that time, he established an international training program for future
Recurrence Risk after a Single Seizure

The risk of recurrence after a single, unprovoked, generalized tonic-clonic seizure was assessed in 119 children aged 2 to 16 years, resident in Normandy and examined at the Hopital General, Le Havre and the Hopital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France.
What Can Neuroimaging Research Tell Us About Inference Generation during Text Comprehension

During text comprehension, individuals often need to represent information that is not explicitly stated in a text by generating inferences. To understand what cognitive processes and corresponding neural substrates are involved when individuals generate inferences, researchers have utilized neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Although relatively few fMRI studies have explicitly investigated inference making, we discuss several neuroimaging findings that we think make unique contributions to the field. Next, we discuss some issues with fMRI that make it challenging for researchers to draw conclusions. Finally, we propose several ideas that researchers could incorporate into future fMRI studies to enhance our understanding of inference generation during text comprehension.
Forum: What Do We Mean When We Say “Rationality” in Public Affairs?

This paper is an attempt at what Habermas has called “discursive redemption.” I ask, what does it mean when people complement or accuse one another of being “rational”? Three goals are incorporated in this task. First, I survey the various meanings of rationality in the intellectual history of philosophy. In particular I cover Hume, Kant, instrumental rationality and the analytical school of logic. Second, frankly, I interweave a reply to critics of Fox/Miller's Postmodern Public Administration, as being too rational. Third, I attempt a positive and more constructive (I think) understanding of the underlying rationality of even the supposedly irrationalists.
The factor structure of the Disability Rating Scale in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Purpose: To examine the factor structure of the Disability Rating Scale and the predictive validity of the scale’s factors among individuals with traumatic brain injury.Materials and methods: Five ...
Conflict with Mothers and Siblings During Caregiving: Differential Costs for Black and White Adult Children.

Objectives Family conflict has been found to play a role in caregivers' psychological well-being; however, few studies have considered race differences in the prevalence and consequences of caregiving conflict. In this paper, we use mixed-methods to examine differences in the experiences of conflict among Black and White adult children caring for mothers. Methods Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 279 adult-child caregivers (213 White; 66 Black). Results Multilevel modeling revealed that conflict with mothers predicted depressive symptoms among Black, but not White caregivers, whereas there were not statistically significant race differences in the effects of conflict with siblings. However within-model tests showed stronger effects of conflict with mothers than siblings for Black caregivers, and stronger effects of conflict with siblings than mothers for White caregivers. Qualitative data revealed that Black caregivers' conflict with mothers resulted from their inability to meet their mothers' needs, inducing concern and sadness. White children's conflict stemmed from mothers' resistance to unwanted assistance and requests for support that children considered excessive, evoking irritation and frustration. Discussion This study highlights ways in which the experiences of caregivers reflect broader patterns of differences between Black and White families in both intergenerational cohesion and health disparities in midlife.
Child and Adult Socioeconomic Status and the Cortisol Response to Acute Stress: Evidence From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objective A long-hypothesized pathway through which low socioeconomic status (SES) harms health is through dysregulation of the physiologic stress response systems. No previous studies have tested this hypothesis by investigating cortisol reactivity and recovery to acute stress in relation to SES at different times in the life course in adults. Alteration of the cortisol response to an acute stressor could signal dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and has been associated with chronic illness. Methods We used data on 997 adults 54 years or older from a multiethnic, multisite United States study to examine associations between life course SES and cortisol response to a laboratory stress challenge. Informed by life course theory, we hypothesized that lower child and adult SES would be associated with lower reactivity (i.e., smaller increase in cortisol) and a slower recovery rate (i.e., slower rate of decline in cortisol after the challenge). Results In demographics-adjusted multilevel piecewise linear regression models, low child and adult SES were associated with a 19% (95% CI = 4%-50%) and 27% (7%-55%) slower recovery rate compared with high child and adult SES, respectively. Compared with participants with stable high SES, those with stable low SES had a 48% (16%-70%) slower recovery rate. Differences in reactivity by SES were small. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that low SES throughout life affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in turn the ability to recover from exposure to acute stressors. This mechanism can help explain how socioeconomic disparities contribute to disparities in chronic disease.
A new view of Bell’s inequalities

Bell’s inequality has been derived from a single assumption in a new proof. An experimental procedure is herein described to obtain data consistent with this assumption. The correlations to be expected are computed from quantum mechanics.
A long sought after "receptor" for ERFE?

In this issue of Blood , Arezes and colleagues present new and exciting evidence that erythropoietin (EPO) suppresses bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-mediated signaling in an erythroferrone (ERFE)-dependent mechanism and ERFE in turn interferes with the binding of a specific set of BMPs to their receptors. 1 These findings represent a breakthrough in the understanding of how EPO and ERFE function to decrease hepcidin expression.