cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Purpose of Capital for Institutions with Government-Insured Deposits

Capital has two basic meanings that are not interchangeable, which gives rise to much confusion. Capital can refer to assets, such as plant and equipment. It also refers to the other side of the balance sheet, to claims over the assets. In banking, "capital adequacy" usually refers to stockholders' equity, although for purposes of deposit insurance, debt claims that are not guaranteed, de jure or de facto, by a federal government agency also should be considered. Indeed, as is shown below, such debt claims are superior in several important ways to equity capital. When people say that "banks a are overcapitalized" or"there is too much capital in the banking industry," they could be referring to the asset or the liability side of the balance sheet. If their concern is with the asset side, they would be calling for mergers of banks that would reduce physical plant size, loans, and investments. If they mean the equity and nongovernment insured debt portion of the liability side, they would be claiming that the federal deposit insurance agency (hereafter, the FDIC 2) is not sufficiently subject to risk, either from the point of view of the owners of banks or for social purposes (e.g., to offset externalities from bank runs or to optimize the quantity of bank money and financial intermediation). If they mean only the equity portion of the liability side of the balance sheet, they could mean that the bank should hold more debt that is de facto as well as de jure uninsured (usually called subordinated debentures) in the same sense that nonbanks are said to have suboptimal debt/equity ratios. 3 One reason that the two concepts might be confused is that they are related, as the assets in which a bank invests and regulatory restraints on these investments are important determinants of the cost of debt and equity capital. For example, laws and regulations that prevent banks from diversifying their assets efficiently increase risk and the cost of equity capital. Underpriced federal deposit insurance gives rise to an intangible asset, the deposit insurance put option. This linkage might be the source of some confusion. In the balance of the article, I first consider capital as assets and then capital as equity and uninsured debt. Capital here and throughout the paper is assumed to reflect well economic market values. As presently reported, capital is an accounting construct that often badly measures market or current values of assets and liabilities. Although a thorough discussion of market value accounting for banks is beyond the scope of this article,
Some effects of ZincEDTA and ManganeseEDTA on nemaguard peach seedlings grown in a glasshouse

Abstract Nemaguard peach seedlings were grown in solution (3700 ml) and in soil (1100 g) for about 2 months in a glasshouse under various levels of zincEDTA and manganeseEDTA. The objectives were to determine levels of zinc and manganese which may be toxic to peach seedlings, to determine if cutting of roots or drying of soil were factors in metal chelate toxicity and to determine if zincEDTA and manganeseEDTA could be additive when applied together in terms of phytotoxicity. The results indicated that the peach seedlings were very resistant to uptake of zinc from zinc EDTA but that manganese was more available from manganese EDTA. A very high level of zinc can be maintained in solution culture or in soil without excessive zinc uptake. Both metals added together seemed to have a syner‐gistic effect. Levels of zinc in leaves resulting in phytotoxicity may be as low as 100 mg/Kg dry weight although interactions may influence this value. The applied chelates seemed to influence iron and sometimes copper uptake.
A practical model for linear and nonlinear runoff

Abstract Second-order standardized peak discharge distribution is defined as the log of peak discharge divided by runoff volume in inches squared regressed on log runoff volume in inches. The slope of this distribution is −1.0 for linear basins and less than −1.0 for nonlinear drainage basins. High r 2 -values indicate runoff volume alone accounts for an average of 86% of the variation in the dependent variable. Because most drainage basins exhibit nonlinear second-order peak discharge distribution, this model is useful in predicting peak discharges for rainfall and runoff events of any duration, spatial distribution, or uniformity; and no separation of base flow is necessary. The effect of any antecedent moisture condition appears to be evaluated. The regression slope of this peak discharge distribution model is a drainage basin characteristic. Basins with similar slopes should be homogeneous.
Restoration of high affinity choline uptake in the hippocampal formation following septal cell suspension transplants in rats with fimbria-fornix lesions.

: High affinity choline uptake (HACU) was investigated in the hippocampal formation following fetal septal cell suspension transplants into rats with fimbria-fornix lesions. Nine-14 weeks after transplantation, HACU was markedly decreased in hippocampi from animals with fimbria-fornix lesions; this decrease was ameliorated by fetal septal cells transplanted into the host hippocampus. HACU related to septal transplantation was activated in vitro by K+, and in vivo by the administration of scopolamine and pic-rotoxin. These findings suggest that fetal septal cell transplantation can restore HACU in the host hippocampus following fimbria-fornix lesions, and that HACU related to the graft has pharmacological properties similar to those of the normal adult HACU system. The activation of HACU by picrotoxin, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, suggests that transplanted cholinergic neurons receive either direct or indirect functional input from GABAergic afferents from the transplant and/or host hippocampus. Lesions of the fimbria-fornix also resulted in an increased binding to muscarinic receptors in the dorsal hippocampus. This increase in binding was not significantly ameliorated by intrahippo-campal grafts of cholinergic neurons.
Recurrent Issues and Recent Advances in Scoring Performance Assessments

A conceptual framework is provided to guide the development of scoring procedures for performance assessments. Within this framework are four questions: (1) what aspects of the performance are to be scored, (2) what criteria are to be applied to evaluate the identified aspects or components of the performance, (3) how should the scoring criteria be developed, and (4) how should these criteria be applied? The historical limitations of performance assessments are reviewed and recent efforts to avoid those limitations are discussed in the context of these questions.
Influence of sex hormones on tolerance to aminopterin.

Folic acid as a dietary essential for proper biological activity of estrogen has been demonstrated by the reduction of feathering (1) and oviduct response(2) in stilbestrol-treated chicks, absence of normal estrogen response in immature monkeys (3) and ovariectomized rats (4) on folic acid deficient diets. Impairment of reproductive performance of rats (5) results from a pregestational folic acid deficient diet which is further accentuated by the addition of an antifolic acid chemical. The folic acid antagonist, aminopterin (4-amino-pteroylglutamic acid) used to induce a deficiency, decreases (6) the oviduct response to estrogen in newly metamorphosed frogs and interferes (7) with the depressive influence of estradiol on the rat prostate. A quantitative relationship exists between folic acid and estrogen(2); the frog's oviduct response is increased by folic acid(6). Aminopterin possesses no androgenic activity(7) itself and does not interfere with androgen stimulation. However, a folic acid deficiency pro...
EnerCage: A Smart Experimental Arena With Scalable Architecture for Behavioral Experiments

Wireless power, when coupled with miniaturized implantable electronics, has the potential to provide a solution to several challenges facing neuroscientists during basic and preclinical studies with freely behaving animals. The EnerCage system is one such solution as it allows for uninterrupted electrophysiology experiments over extended periods of time and vast experimental arenas, while eliminating the need for bulky battery payloads or tethering. It has a scalable array of overlapping planar spiral coils (PSCs) and three-axis magnetic sensors for focused wireless power transmission to devices on freely moving subjects. In this paper, we present the first fully functional EnerCage system, in which the number of PSC drivers and magnetic sensors was reduced to one-third of the number used in our previous design via multicoil coupling. The power transfer efficiency (PTE) has been improved to 5.6% at a 120 mm coupling distance and a 48.5 mm lateral misalignment (worst case) between the transmitter (Tx) array and receiver (Rx) coils. The new EnerCage system is equipped with an Ethernet backbone, further supporting its modular/scalable architecture, which, in turn, allows experimental arenas with arbitrary shapes and dimensions. A set of experiments on a freely behaving rat were conducted by continuously delivering 20 mW to the electronics in the animal headstage for more than one hour in a powered 3538 cm2 experimental area.
Democracy and Ontology

This paper elaborates a conception of the relationship between Philosophy and the Political which would not be one of exteriority but one of an intertwining between them. An analogy with Remi Brague, who presents the conditions whereby the concept of 'the world' became a thematic object of reflection ( The Wisdom of the World ), is proposed to show the emergence of the concept of 'the political.' Following Lefort's philosophy, we trace the emergence of modern democracy with that of the political by claiming that there is an ontological dimension of the political . As the concept of the world could not emerge within a conception of the universe that united man and world in an organic whole, so too the concept of the political cannot emerge when the discourse on power is determined theologically (premodern societies). It is argued that there is an ontological dimension to the revolutions that introduced our political modernity. Modern revolutions are not simply a change in a form of governance; they effect a mutation in the symbolic order of a society by which the political, as such, can become visible. The indetermination of modern democracy corresponds to "the disappearance of the markers of certainty" that characterize the modern experience of the world, an experience that reveals a transformed ontological dimension. This dimension of uncertainty, the experience of the place of power as an "empty place," is contrasted with the totalitarian impulse to fill this empty place with a determinate image, e.g., the Party, the Furher.
A type system for implicit scaling

Abstract We describe a novel application of subtyping in which a small orthogonal set of structural subtyping rules are used to capture the notion of scaling—an unusual variety of polymorphism found in APL-like languages which is attracting renewed interest due to its applications in data parallel programming. The subtyping approach allows us to provide a simple coercion-based semantics for an orthogonal interpretation of scaling whose generality goes well beyond what is available in APL dialects. Moreover, the results are independent of the structure to which scaling is applied—they apply equally well to lists, vectors, trees, or to any other structure usable for representing sets.
Select cancer testes antigens of the MAGE-A, -B, and -C families are expressed in mast cell lines and promote cell viability in vitro and in vivo

MAGE antigens are proteins that are normally expressed only in gametes but are often aberrantly expressed in melanomas, hematopoetic malignancies, and other "cancers". The functions of most MAGE proteins are unknown. Data have accumulated suggesting expression of MAGE proteins by malignant cells may contribute to advanced disease or resistance to chemotherapy, but direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. We show here that small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppression of MAGE-A, -B, and -C gene expression slows proliferation and induces caspase independent apoptosis in human and murine mast cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with MAGE specific siRNA suppresses growth of malignant cells in an in vivo murine model of mastocytosis. These observations demonstrate that MAGE protein expression can contribute to the development of tumors by permitting proliferation and prolonging the survival of malignant cells. We suggest a shift of the current clinical paradigm from one that envisions MAGE proteins solely as targets for immunologic attack to one in which MAGE genes and proteins are also targets for functional manipulation.
Response to Comment on Steck et al. Early Hyperglycemia Detected by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2031–2033

We thank Brancato and Provenzano (1) for their comments on our article (2). They pointed out their previously published study (3) of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 31 islet autoantibody–negative children with incidental hyperglycemia, followed for 6–48 months for development of diabetes. Incidental hyperglycemia was defined as fasting or random, blood glucose ≥126 or ≥200 mg/dL, respectively, without symptoms of diabetes and not …
Relationship Between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

Objectives: To examine the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and cognitive performance over time in older adults in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Community-dwelling participants in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Memphis, Tennessee. Participants: Well-functioning adults aged 70 to 79 at baseline with serum 25(OH)D measured at the 12-month follow-up visit and cognitive function measured at baseline and 4-year follow-up visit (N = 2,777). Measurements: Vitamin D status was categorized as 25(OH)D levels of less than 20.0 ng/mL, 20.0 to 29.9 ng/mL, or 30.0 ng/mL or greater. Cognition was measured using the modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Linear regression models adjusting for multiple covariates, including age, education, sex, race, site, season, physical activity, and comorbidities, were used in the analysis. Results: Sixty-eight percent of participants had 25(OH)D levels of less than 30.0 ng/mL. Lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower baseline cognitive scores on the 3MS (adjusted mean 89.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 89.4�90.4 for <20.0 ng/mL; adjusted mean 90.8, 95% CI = 90.4�91.3 for 20.0�29.9 ng/mL; adjusted mean 90.6, 95% CI = 90.2�91.1 for ?30.0 ng/mL; P trend = .02) and the DSST (adjusted mean 35.2, 95% CI = 34.5�36.0 for <20.0 ng/mL; adjusted mean 35.9, 95% CI = 35.2�36.6 for 20.0�29.9 ng/mL; adjusted mean 37.0, 95% CI = 36.3�37.8 for ?30.0 ng/mL; P trend = .01). Participants with low 25(OH)D levels had greater declines in 3MS scores over 4 years than those with higher levels (least square mean change -1.0, 95% CI = -1.5 to -0.6 for <20.0 ng/mL; least square mean change -0.8, 95% CI = -1.2 to -0.3 for 20.0�29.9 ng/mL; least square mean change -0.2, 95% CI = -0.7 to 0.2 for ?30.0 ng/mL; P = .05). There was no significant difference in DSST decline according to 25(OH)D level. Conclusion: Low 25(OH)D levels were associated with worse global cognitive function and greater decline over time according to the 3MS. Intervention trials are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce cognitive decline.
Effects of wave-induced lightflecks in the intertidal zone on photosynthesis in the macroalgae Postelsia palmaeformis and Hedophyllum sessile (Phaeophyceae)

Intertidal algae are exposed to a highly variable photic regime because of crashing waves. We measured photosynthetic rate of whole fronds of the seaweeds Postelsia palmaeformis (Ruprecht) (at Bodega Marine Laboratory, 1991) and Hedophyllum sessile (Setchell) (Phaeophyceae) (at Friday Harbor Laboratories, 1990) in flashing and steady-state photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of equal irradiance, using a recirculating metabolism chamber designed to minimize the thickness of diffusional boundary layers on the surfaces of algal tissues. The dimensionless ratio of photosynthetic rate under flecking PAR (Pfleck) and the sum of photosynthetic rate under steady state PAR (Ps) of high and low irradiance was computed for lightfleck periods from 0.2 to 100 s. Pfleck:Ps is a measure of the light-flash utilization-efficiency in flashing light, and was greater than unity at periods between lighflecks of 2 to 30 s, with a peak at 10 s. We used a novel optical fiber irradiance meter to measure PAR incident on fronds of P. palmaeformis as they were washed about by waves breaking in the intertidal zone, and compared the light records to that obtained by a stationary sensor under the canopy. PAR flashing period was closely correlated with the period of breaking waves in stands of P. palmaeformis. We estimated the seasonal spectrum of period between light flashes in stands of this species by examining the spectral density of ocean waves at Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California. The wave spectrum peaks at a period (10 s) where light-flashes may theoretically enhance the light-flash utilization-efficiency of seaweeds. We calculate that the enhanced light-flash utilization-efficiency wrought by wave-induced light-flashes may contribute to significant gains in primary productivity of these macroalgae under some conditions.
Nitrate-nonutilizing mutants used to study heterokaryosis and vegetative compatibility in Glomerella graminicola (Colletotrichum graminicola)

Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of Glomerella graminicola were recovered by selecting chlorate-resistant sectors. Heterokaryons were formed by complementation between two different classes of nit mutants. Complementation groups were distinguished in nitrogen feeding tests and segregated as two, unlinked genes among random progeny of sexual crosses. The two genes are comparable to those encoding the nitrate reductase enzyme and one of a series of molybdenum cofactors in Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa . Heterokaryon tests were reliable indicators of allelic and dominance relationships between mutations with similar phenotypes. Vegetative compatibility (VC) between two strains of G. graminicola appeared to be regulated by approximately five unlinked VC loci, analogous to those described for other fungi.
Self‐control in a Prisoner's Dilemma game: the role of trial spacing and an interfering task

Self-control was studied in an iterated one-player Prisoner's Dilemma game in which students' choices affected the payoff matrix on the next trial. The frequency of self-control responses (choice of the smaller payoff now, but with the more generous payoff matrix more likely on the next trial) and defection responses (choice of the larger payoff now, but with the less generous payoff matrix more likely on the next trial) were measured. In Experiment 1, players achieved a criterion of five consecutive self-control responses more quickly as a positive function of trial spacing, the presence between trials of a discriminative stimulus associated with the upcoming payoff matrix, and the probability that the self-control or defection response would be reciprocated by the computer. Experiment 2 replicated the effect of trial spacing except when there was an interfering task during the interval, suggesting that trial spacing permits better appreciation of the contingencies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action of sheep liver threonine dehydratase on L-allothreonine and copper salts of L-threonine and L-serine.

Abstract The action of sheep liver threonine dehydratase has been investigated with l -allothreonine as the substrate. The enzyme has previously been reported to utilize l -allothreonine as substrate [Davis, L., and Metzler, D. E., J. Biol. Chem. 237 , 1883 (1962)], but the kinetic parameters have not been reported. This communication reports these parameters and the effect of d -threonine and dl -isoleucine on the reaction. The copper chelates of l -threonine and l -serine have been synthesized and shown to act as substrates for sheep liver threonine dehydratase. The action of the enzyme on the complex of l -threonine is compared with its action on l -threonine and l -allothreonine.
Effect of Fasting on Hyperoxic Lung Injury in Mice: The Role of Glutathione

Fasted mice exposed to 100% oxygen have more lung damage and die sooner than do fed mice. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon has not been identified. We performed the following experiments to test the hypothesis that reduced glutathione content in lung tissue of fasted mice contributes to the increased susceptibility to hyperoxic lung damage. First, air-exposed mice were fasted for as long as 3 days. They had little change in lung levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase, but they had a 41% decrease in glutathione by Day 3 (p < 0.001). Second, fed mice and tested mice were exposed to 100% oxygen for as long as 4 days. Both groups had nearly identical values of lung SOD and catalase, but the tasted mice had lower levels of glutathione (p < 0.001). Third, fed mice received the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; 20 mM) in their drinking water for 2 wk and were then exposed to either air or 100% oxygen. Air-exposed mice receiving BSO for 14 days had no change in lu...
Adaptive Mutation in Escherichia coli: a Role for Conjugation

When subjected to selective conditions that impose starvation, a bacterial population can accumulate mutations, called adaptive, that allow colony formation. Here, the reversion of a lac allele under selective conditions, in a model system using Escherichia coli with the lac mutation on an F' plasmid, was shown to require the conjugational capacity of the plasmid. Reversion associated with transfer was shown, and when the same lac allele was chromosomal, reversion to Lac+ was 25 to 50 times less frequent. Postplating reversion was 25 times less when mating was inhibited by the presence of detergent. Mutability associated with conjugation provides new ways of thinking about the origin of adaptive mutations.
Acid phosphatase. II. Purification of human red cell phosphomonoesterase.

Abstract A detailed investigation of calcium phosphate gels was carried out. It was concluded on the basis of these studies that the single most significant variable affecting the adsorption characteristics of calcium phosphate gels was the pH at which the gel was prepared. Gels prepared in the presence of sufficient NH 4 OH to give the reaction mixture a final pH 6–7 were found to be the best suited for the purification of the red cell phosphomonoesterase. Methods were described for the purification of red cell phosphomonoesterase by more than 1500-fold based primarily on the use of these gel preparations.
Perioperative immunonutrition in head and neck cancer.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Immune-modulating nutrition (IMN) support before and after surgery has the potential to promote host defense, antitumor activities, and wound healing. The purpose of this study was to examine the nutritional, immunologic, and wound healing outcomes in patients receiving IMN versus standard formula. Study Design: A prospective, blinded, randomized design was used for this study. Fifteen patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma received either an IMN formula (treatment group) or a standard stress formula (relative comparison group [RCG]) for a period of 7 days pre- and postoperatively. Methods: Albumin and prealbumin were measured at baseline, day of surgery (DOS), and postoperative day (POD) 1, 4, and 8. Immunologic outcomes included C-reactive protein and total lymphocyte count with lymphocyte subset counts (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4:8 ratio, CD19, CD56) at baseline, DOS, POD1, 4, and 8. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity. Wound healing was assessed using the ASEPSIS tool. Results: CD3+ and CD4+ T cells demonstrated a significant difference between groups on POD 1 (P = .03 for both) and CD56 NK cells on POD 8 (P = .04). In general, wounds healed without complications except for tracheoesophageal fistula development in two patients in the RCG. Conclusions: A trend toward less immune suppression in patients receiving IMN is supported in this study.
Development of an extremely coherent single-mode fiber bundle array for high-contrast imaging of extrasolar planets with visible Terrestrial Planet Finder

We report results from development of a prototype extremely coherent single mode fiber optic array for the TPF visible nulling interferometer. This device is used to negate the effects of residual stellar leakage (scattering) due to imperfections in the TPF telescope optics and the visible nulling interferometer optical train. This prototype consists of 10 X 10 single mode fibers, V-groove arrays, two lenslet arrays (one at the front end and the other at the back end) and auxiliary mechanical components. This first development will pave a clear path for making a final coherent fiber array with ~ 1000 fibers. The final array, once fully functional, should be able to improve image contrast by another ~ 3 orders of magnitude after 6-7 orders of magnitude star light subtraction using the visible nulling interferometer to allow detection of earth-like planets as close as 0.1 arcseconds around stars at ~ 10 pc in space with a 4m size TPF. This concept combines all the advantages of a nulling interferometer with the simplicity of a modest size and modest optical quality single aperture telescope, which allows tremendous reduction of the total cost and simplicity of the operation of a visible TPF over other TPF approaches. This fiber array can also be used in the visible coronagraph for rejecting scattered light.
Cardiac transplantation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with sengers' syndrome

Sengers' syndrome is a rare condition consisting of congenital cataracts, mitochondrial myopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The syndrome is transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. Progressive cardiac failure is the cause of death in most patients. This report describes cardiac transplantation for the treatment of the cardiomyopathy associated with Sengers' syndrome.
Hyperglycemia Enhances DNA Fragmentation after Transient Cerebral Ischemia

Previous histopathologic results have suggested that one mechanism whereby hyperglycemia (HG) leads to exaggerated ischemic damage involves fragmentation of DNA. DNA fragmentation in normoglycemia (NG) and HG rats subjected to 30 minutes of forebrain ischemia was studied by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated DNA nick-labeling (TUNEL) staining, by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR). High molecular weight DNA fragments were detected by PFGE, whereas low molecular weight DNA fragments were detected using LM-PCR techniques. The LM-PCR procedure was performed on DNA from test samples with blunt (without Klenow polymerase) and 3'-recessed ends (with Klenow polymerase). In addition, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation were studied by immunocytochemistry. Results show that HG causes cytochrome c release, activates caspase-3, and exacerbates DNA fragments induced by ischemia. Thus, in HG rats, but not in control or NGs, TUNEL-stained cells were found in the cingulate cortex, neocortex, thalamus, and dorsolateral crest of the striatum, where neuronal death was observed by conventional histopathology, and where both cytosolic cytochrome c and active caspase-3 were detected by confocal microscopy. In the neocortex, both blunt-ended and stagger-ended fragments were detected in HG, but not in NG rats. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis was performed in the cingulate cortex, where numerous TUNEL-positive neurons were observed. Although DNA fragmentation was detected by TUNEL staining and electrophoresis techniques, EM analysis failed to indicate apoptotic cell death. It is concluded that HG triggers a cell death pathway and exacerbates DNA fragmentation induced by ischemia.
The analysis of glucosinolates in Brassica species using gas chromatography. Direct determination of the thiocyanate ion precursors, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin

A method using gas chromatography (g.c.) is described for the analysis of intact glucosinolates in Brassica leaf and seed material. Both glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin (indole glucosinolates) are separated using this system and summation of the contents of these indole compounds agrees well with the figure arrived at by a conventional (thiocyanate release) method. The other main thiocyanate ion precursor, glucosinalbin, is well separated from glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin and all three may be separated and quantified. The g.c. method has considerable advantages over the alternative method.
The ultrastructural localization of DOPA-3H in differentiating amphibian melanophores grown in vitro

Abstract Explants of trunk neural crest from axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryos were grown for 7 days in hanging drop cultures. In the differentiating melanophores, the Golgi apparatus and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are prominent and well developed. The cytoplasm is further characterized by groups of free ribosomes and extensive arrays of polyribosomes, an irregular system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, yolk platelets, lipochondria, mitochondria, microtubules, vacuoles, vesicles, and numerous pigment granules in various stages of development. Although some newly formed premelanosomes are found near the Golgi and RER, most have no special topographic relationship to either organelle. Seven-day-old cultures were treated with tritiated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA-3H) and studied by means of electron microscopic radioautography. The specific localization of radioactivity in premelanosomes shows that this organelle is the site of melanogenesis in differentiating amphibian melanophores. The time at which the premelanosome is first able to utilize exogenous DOPA coincides with the time at which the developing granule comes to contain thickened fibrils with periodic substructure. The earlier unpigmented premelanosome containing a meshwork of thin fibrils and small vesicles does not incorporate isotope. During the genesis of the melanosome there is a morphologically distinct stage at which the premelanosome acquires the capacity for melanin synthesis and deposition.
Dynamic Statistical-Timing-Analysis-Based VLSI Path Delay Test Pattern Generation

Nanoscale VLSI systems are subject to increasingly significant performance variability. Accurate timing analysis and effective silicon-based performance verification techniques are critical to successful nanoscale VLSI design. The state-of-the-art statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) techniques cannot capture performance variability due to primary inputs and sequential element states which, however, is critical to path delay test generation. In this paper, we present the first dynamic statistical timing analysis-based VLSI path delay test pattern generation technique. We observe that VLSI timing analysis and power estimation target the same signal toggling activity. By leveraging the existing power estimation techniques, we have developed signal-probability-based statistical timing analysis (SPSTA), and SPSTA-based VLSI delay test pattern generation (SPSTA-DTPG) techniques. Our experimental results based on ISCAS’89 benchmark circuits show that the state-of-the-art statistical static timing analysis-based delay test pattern generation (SSTA-DTPG) achieves an average of 47.32%, 45.14%, and 57.98%, SPSTA-DTPG achieves an average of 57.41%, 61.43%, and 68.05%, while signal probability-based statistical timing analysis-based delay test pattern generation with (test pattern) compaction (SPSTA-DTPG-C) achieves an average of 83.09%, 87.48% and 90.30% coverage of the top 50, 100, and 200 timing-critical paths, respectively.
Multisensor application for mines and minelike target detection in the operational environment

The US Army through the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Countermine Division is presently undertaking the application of multisensor methodologies to the mine detection need in a clutter-filled operational environment. Significant capabilities are being revealed through the conduct of US Government sponsored testing activities. This paper will discuss the state of multi-sensor applications to the US Army's Vehicular Mounted Mine Detection program. The intent is to present the community with results of developmental testing for multisensor mine detection approaches and define future strategies for technology integration of the Vehicular Mounted Mine Detection Advanced Technology Demonstration program.
Description of the 45,000-kv-a. Queenston Generators

Notwithstanding the rery large rated capacity of the 45,000-kv-a. generators for the Queenston power house of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, their essential construction features are not different from those of much smaller rated generators. The generators are of the certical shaft type with two guide bearings, and a thrust bearing. The thrust bearing is located above the stator arid carries the weight of the complete rotating elements of the generator and water turbine. Each generator is provided with a direct-connected exciter. The flywheel effect required for satisfactory speed regulation of the turbines necessitated the use of auxiliary flywheels mounted on the shaft adjacent to the generator rotor. The rotor is constructed with a number of cast steel wheels which together form the rotor spider for carrying the pole pieces. The pole pieces are made of punchings and are attached to the rotor with three dovetails per pole. The coils are made of copper strip wound on edge. The stator frame is split vertically into three sections to conform with foundry and shipping limitations but the core is built up without being split. The stator windings consist of form-wound, diamond-shaped coils, cach slot containing two coil sides. The coils are made of stranded conductor and are insulated with mica tape, which affords more or less flexibile insulation.
Representation of process system knowledge through component constraint descriptions

Abstract Automated development of models for use in computer simulations of engineered systems (e.g. electronic, power, thermal, process systems, etc.) can represent a significant advantage to system designers and troubleshooters. The fact that most modern systems have been designed in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) environments represents a unique opportunity for automatically generating a model from the electronic representation of a system. Models generally require definition of the system structure (i.e. component connectivity) and of the behavioral description of its components. With some exceptions, determination of the system connectivity from a CAD representation is a relatively uncomplicated procedure. However, the assignment of a functional behavior to each component of the system depicted in the CAD representation is a significant problem. This is because behavioral information is usually not included in the CAD representation of the system, as it is not required by the typical users of the CAD graphic output. The overall issue addressed in this paper, therefore, is the determination of the correct behavioral attributes for the components making up the modeled system. This will be addressed through the identifcation and matching of system components to elements of an external base of generic component knowledge. The components' behavioral representation (i.e. transfer function) will be set equal to that of its matching element in this external database. The compatibility of a hard-to-identify system component with its (known) neighboring components can be used to shed some light on its identity. Component compatibility can also be used to determine correct connectivity when that defined by the CAD database is incorrect. This compatibility can be determined through the use of domain (system) knowledge, in the form of system theory and/or practice. The representation of this knowledge as a series of constraints is the focus of this paper. Verification of this technique using a testbed system is also reported here.
Regularity of the transfer map for cohomologous cocycles

In this paper we obtain results about the regularity of the transfer map between two cocycles over an Anosov system, with values in either a diffeomorphism or a Lie group. We also explain how certain examples of de la Llave show that our results are essentially optimal.
Antibody Responses to Psoroptes sp. Mites in Dall Sheep (Ovis dalli)

We determined that antibody responses to Psoroptes sp. mites were not present in 403 of 407 sera samples collected opportunistically from 1979 through 1991 from Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) from five locations in Alaska, USA (Eastern Arctic, n = 61; Central Arctic, n = 15; Western Interior, n = 122; Central Interior, n = 63; Eastern Interior, n = 146). Test values for four samples exceeded the positive cutoff value for the immunoassay, but exposure to mites could not be confirmed since the 95% confidence interval for true prevalence ranged from 0 to 2.3%. Therefore, we concluded that these were probably false positive results. Our analysis, coupled with the lack of previous reports of mites or lesions in Dall sheep or other Alaskan ungulates, provided indirect evidence that Psoroptes sp. are not enzootic in Dall sheep in Alaska. In contrast, Psoroptes sp. have been reported in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) and other wild ungulate populations from southern Canada to Mexico. These findings are compatible with ...
Predicting the bioavailability of organic xenobiotics to Pontoporeia hoyi in the presence of humic and fulvic materials and natural dissolved organic matter

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in water sorbs or binds organic xenobiotics, reducing the amount of compound that is “freely dissolved” and therefore the amount bioavailable to Pontoporeia hoyi. The apparent biological uptake rate constant for each compound is proportional to the inverse of the Aldrich humic acid concentration as a source of DOC. The log of the DOC concentration required to reduce the apparent uptake rate constant by 50% correlates well with the log of the partition coefficient to DOC determined by reverse-phase methodology for partition coefficients as low as 104. Further, the partitioning to DOC determined by reverse-phase methodology and from the toxicokinetics in P. hoyi yields partition coefficients similar to those of Aldrich humics measured as DOC and DOC from Lake Michigan interstitial waters. The partition coefficients determined by the two methods correlate well and only vary by a constant bias of a factor of approximately 3. Thus the partition coefficient determined by reverse-phase methodology can be used to predict the bioavailable concentration of organic compounds in water containing DOC for P. hoyi.
Cellular dynamics and tissue interactions of the dura mater during head development.

During development and growth of the neurocranium, the dura mater regulates events in the underlying brain and overlying skull by the release of soluble factors and cellular activity. Morphogenesis of the cranial bones and sutures is dependent on tissue interactions with the dura mater, which control the size and shape of bones as well as sutural patency. Development of the brain also involves interactions with dura mater: secretion of stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a critical event in directing migration of the external granular layer precursors of the cerebellar cortex and the Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells of the cerebral cortex. The dura mater is also required for growth of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Wnt1Cre/R26R transgenic reporter mice were used to study the origin and fates of the cells of dura mater during head development. The dura mater of mammals is derived entirely from the cranial neural crest. Beginning around neonatal day 10 (N 10), the dura mater is infiltrated by cells derived from paraxial mesoderm, which later come to predominate. Over the course of infancy, the neural crest–derived cells of the dura mater become sequestered in niche-like distribution characteristic of stem cells. Simultaneously, dura mater cells underlying the sagittal suture migrate upward into the mesodermally-derived mesenchyme separating the parietal bones. Although initially the parietal bones are formed entirely from paraxial mesoderm, the cellular composition gradually becomes chimeric and is populated mainly by neural crest–derived cells by N 30. This occurs as a consequence of osteoblastic differentiation at the dura mater interface and intravasation of neural crest–derived osteoclastic and other hematopoietic precursors. The isolated cells of the dura mater are multipotent in vitro, giving rise to osteoblasts, neuronal cells and other derivatives characteristic of cranial neural crest, possibly reflecting the multipotent nature of dura mater cells in vivo. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:297–304, 2007. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interactive rendering from compressed light fields

A light field is a collection of multiview images which represent a three-dimensional scene. Rendering from a light field provides a simple and efficient way to generate arbitrary new views of the scene, bypassing the difficult problem of acquiring accurate geometric and photometric models. The enormous amount of data required in a light field poses a key challenge in rendering. Tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ) provides a moderate compression ratio of around 24:1, which alleviates, but does not solve, the problem. Compression schemes based on video coding techniques exploit the data redundancy very effectively, but do not provide adequate random access for rendering. The paper presents an analysis of the data-access pattern during the rendering process and describes a compression scheme that supports interactive rendering directly from compressed light field data. The proposed algorithm provides a high compression ratio of as much as ten times that of TSVQ, while slowing down the rendering speed by only a factor smaller than 2.
The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Types of Innovative Capabilities

We examined how aspects of intellectual capital influenced various innovative capabilities in organizations. In a longitudinal, multiple-informant study of 93 organizations, we found that human, organizational, and social capital and their interrelationships selectively influenced incremental and radical innovative capabilities. As anticipated, organizational capital positively influenced incremental innovative capability, while human capital interacted with social capital to positively influence radical innovative capability. Counter to our expectations, however, human capital by itself was negatively associated with radical innovative capability. Interestingly, social capital played a significant role in both types of innovation, as it positively influenced incremental and radical innovative capabilities. It is widely accepted that an organization’s capability to innovate is closely tied to its intellectual capital, or its ability to utilize its knowledge resources. Several studies have underscored how new products embody organizational knowledge (e.g., Stewart, 1997), described innovation as a
Modeling the Impact of an Outcome-Oriented Reimbursement Policy on Clinic, Patients, and Pharmaceutical Firms

Tackling the steep increase in drug costs is an especially important issue among many health care providers and insurers. To entice the clinics to become more cost efficient, the U.S. federal government, as well as many HMOs, have developed various cost containment initiatives recently. However, the impact of these initiatives on the patients' well-being, the clinic's profitability, and the pharmaceutical firm's profitability has not been formally analyzed. In this paper we develop a mathematical model that is intended to examine the impact of a reimbursement policy for drug usage. Despite the simplistic structure of our model, the analysis enhances our understanding of the joint impact of the reimbursement policy on the patients, the clinic, and the pharmaceutical firm. Thus, our analysis can provide valuable information for evaluating the effectiveness of implementing such a reimbursement policy. In addition, we utilize the data gathered from a clinic to help support the assumptions and results of the underlying model.
Compact Wide Stopband Bandpass Filter on Multilayer Organic Substrate

We present the design and development of a compact wide stopband bandpass filter using novel quasi-lumped LC resonators on a defected ground structure. The resonators are built on a multilayer organic substrate and are coupled to external circuits by shunt-inductive impedance inverters. Experimental results show that the filter has a center frequency of 960 MHz and a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 8%. The filter has a wide stopband that has an out-of-band rejection of better than 30 dB up to five times of the center frequency. The size of the filter is 5.4 mm × 27 mm or 0.027λg×0.132λg, where λg is guided wavelength at 960 MHz.
The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture

Summary Heart failure is a global problem with an estimated prevalence of 38 million patients worldwide, a number that is increasing with the ageing of the population. It is the most common diagnosis in patients aged 65 years or older admitted to hospital and in high-income nations. Despite some progress, the prognosis of heart failure is worse than that of most cancers. Because of the seriousness of the condition, a declaration of war on five fronts has been proposed for heart failure. Efforts are underway to treat heart failure by enhancing myofilament sensitivity to Ca 2+ ; transfer of the gene for SERCA2a, the protein that pumps calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cardiomyocyte, seems promising in a phase 2 trial. Several other abnormal calcium-handling proteins in the failing heart are candidates for gene therapy; many short, non-coding RNAs—ie, microRNAs (miRNAs)—block gene expression and protein translation. These molecules are crucial to calcium cycling and ventricular hypertrophy. The actions of miRNAs can be blocked by a new class of drugs, antagomirs, some of which have been shown to improve cardiac function in animal models of heart failure; cell therapy, with autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, or autogenous mesenchymal cells, which can be administered as cryopreserved off the shelf products, seem to be promising in both preclinical and early clinical heart failure trials; and long-term ventricular assistance devices are now used increasingly as a destination therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. In selected patients, left ventricular assistance can lead to myocardial recovery and explantation of the device. The approaches to the treatment of heart failure described, when used alone or in combination, could become important weapons in the war against heart failure.
Biosynthesis: Leading the way to RiPPs

Many peptide-based natural products require a leader peptide to reach their final modified form, but identifying general rules for leader peptide interactions have been stymied by the diversity of these molecules. Two papers reporting crystallographic and bioinformatic analysis of these systems now reveal a structurally-conserved domain that mediates leader peptide binding.