cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antitrust in the Shadow of Market Disruptions

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a chain reaction of large-scale disruptions, which drew attention to an old antitrust theme: the relationship between competition policy and large-scale market disruptions, such as wars, financial crises, natural disasters, pandemics, political upheavals, and technological change. This paper revisits the topic. Discussions of the topic in the literature emphasize concerns that large-scale disruptions tend to lead to the relaxation of antitrust enforcement and assertions that lax antitrust standards subvert preparedness for large-scale disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic inspired reams of commentary presenting both sets of concerns. Despite their popularity in the literature and public discourse, these claims are uninformed. The United States partially suspended antitrust enforcement three times in the first half of the 20th century, when the belief that competition was ruinous and wasteful was common and influential. By contrast, today, there is a broad consensus that the competitive process is beneficial and that antitrust standards have been overly lax in recent decades. It is, therefore, doubtful that the COVID-19 crisis would lead to further relaxation of enforcement standards. Assertions that lax antitrust standards undermine national preparedness for disasters, in turn, reflect a misunderstanding of the competitive process. When governments fail to address disruption risks, the market system does not generate adequate incentives for organizations and individuals to invest in preparedness. In the absence of regulatory resilience standards, market competition can deter private investments in preparedness measures because firms do not internalize the effects of their conduct on disruption risks. By contrast, when the government sets and enforces resilience standards, the competitive process is likely to drive down the costs of compliance with the standards and foster innovation in preparedness technologies.
Factors affecting nitrate concentrations in stream base flow

Elevated nitrogen concentrations in streams and rivers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have adversely affected the ecosystem health of the bay. Much of this nitrogen is derived as nitrate from grou...
Role of Octreotide in Sulfonylurea-Induced Hypoglycemia

Introduction: The most common adverse effect associated with sulfonylurea ingestion is hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas have very narrow therapeutic indices with a prolonged half-life in End-Stage renal Disease (ESRD). As per literature review, insulin and oral sulfonylureas are responsible for 13.9% and 10.7% of emergency hospitalizations respectively. It is, however, not surprising that intentional or unintentional overdose with these agents can lead to prolonged hypoglycemia which can prove to be fatal. Case Report:76-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with complaints of generalized weakness since the past three days. Her past medical history was significant for ESRD, Hypertension and Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus type II (home regimen of glipizide 10 mg daily). On physical exam, she was tachypneic and appeared lethargic. Her neurological exam was intact, and she was oriented to time, place and person. Her labs were significant for BUN of 77 mg/dL (5–20 mg/dL), Creatinine of 9.94 mg/dL (<1.3mg/dL) and blood glucose of 89 mg/dL (70-140mg/dL). Liver and thyroid function tests were normal. Computed Tomography scan of the head was unremarkable. In the ED, she received 5 mg of glipizide after which she became more confused and lethargic. Her blood glucose level was 21mg/dL thus she received seven pushes of intravenous (IV) dextrose (25g each), two doses of intramuscular glucagon (1mg each) and was started on a continuous infusion of dextrose (D10) at 75cc/hour. Her blood glucose levels continued to remain low with a repeat value of 34 mg/dL and her mental status continued to worsen. Labs checked at that time were significant for a C-Peptide level of 22.13ng/ml (1.00–4.00ng/ml) and an insulin level of 43.7uU/ml (<20uU/ml) suggesting it to be sulfonylurea toxicity. Sulfonylurea level could not be checked due to laboratory limitations. She was started on subcutaneous octreotide 30 mcgs every 6 hours as per endocrinology recommendations. Her blood glucose started to improve, and her mental status returned to baseline. Per oral food intake was resumed, she remained euglycemic and octreotide was discontinued. Conclusion: Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin which can effectively suppress insulin secretion. Glucose, on the other hand, would stimulate insulin release and cause rebound hypoglycemia. Boyle et al, showed that octreotide was superior to diazoxide and glucose in preventing sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia. Therefore, we as clinicians should be able to quickly recognize sulfonylurea toxicity as the cause of hypoglycemia and attempt to administer octreotide as soon as possible. This in turn would help decrease length of hospital stay and avoid the detrimental effects of hypoglycemia like seizures, coma and death especially in older individuals.
Intramolecular structure and dynamics in computationally designed peptide-based polymers displaying tunable chain stiffness

Polymers assembled using computationally designed coiled coil bundlemers display tunable stiffness via control of interbundlemer covalent connectivity as confirmed using small-angle neutron scattering. Neutron spin echo spectroscopy reveals that rigid rod polymers show a decay rate $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{\sim}{Q}^{2}$ ($Q$ is the scattering vector) expected of straight cylinders. Semirigid polymers assembled using bundlemers linked via 4-armed organic linker show flexible segmental dynamics at mid-$Q$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{\sim}{Q}^{2}$ behavior at high Q. The results give insight into linker flexibility-dependent interbundlemer dynamics in the hybrid polymers.
A Good Practical Botanist

Brown joined the army because he could draw on a dependable source of income and become financially independent to pursue his interests in natural history. He was accepted into the newly established regiment of the Fifeshire Fencibles in Ireland. His recruiting trips to England allowed him to deliver samples of the plants he collected in Ireland. Brown’s study regimen increased in intensity. He studied the plants he gathered even more acutely. The only instrument he used in his examination of the fine structure of the plants was a simple microscope, developed by the celebrated British naturalist, John Ellis. He took advantage of a sick leave to travel to Edinburgh to do further work on Scottish plants. During this period, Brown was elected as an Associate to the Linnean Society of London, quite an honor for someone relatively young (25). In addition to visiting the Society in its rooms in Panton Square three different times during the year, he worked in the herbarium of the British Museum, and the herbarium of Edward Forster (1765–1849) at Walthamstow to collect more plants and add to the lists of plants he had assembled. Banks’s librarian, Jonas Dryander (1748–1810), secretary to the Linnean Society, was one of Brown’s sponsors for membership, and James Dickson served as the other. Equally important was his visits to the herbarium and library of Banks at Banks’s home in Soho Square in London, then the center of British botany. Dryander, impressed with Brown’s body of work completed so far, facilitated Brown’s gaining ready access to Banks’s collection. In October 1798 during a recruiting mission for the Fencibles in London, Brown met Abbe Jose Francisco Correia da Serra, a Portuguese politician and scientist and an especially skilled botanist. When Brown met Correia da Serra, the latter was impressed by the young man’s determination and dedication, and da Serra realized that Brown should meet Banks. Banks was already faced with a dilemma. His first choice was to have Mungo Park go as naturalist on the journey to New Holland (Australia) to explore the interior of the continent, and collect as much flora and fauna as possible. But Park refused to go. Banks still needed a naturalist to go on the planned journey. Park’s refusal to take part in the expedition opened the door for Brown. This proved very fortunate in the long run because Brown, although perhaps not as flamboyant a figure as Mungo Park, was probably a far more diligent observer of nature. Brown accepted Banks’s offer as naturalist and was appointed to be the geologist and zoologist in addition to serving as botanist on HMS Investigator under Captain Matthew Flinders.
The Dark Side of the Ivory Tower: Campus Crime as a Social Problem

1. Violence, vice, and victimization on American college and university campuses: a brief history lesson 2. Constructing campus crime as a new social problem 3. Constructing unsafe and violent college campuses 4. Constructing the sexual victimization of college women on campus 5. Constructing postsecondary institutional liability for campus crime 6. Constructing binge drinking on college campuses 7. The legacy of claimsmakers: institutionalizing the dark side of the ivory tower.
What Does the Comparative Study of Development Tell Us About Evolution

During the time period when the metazoan phyla were originating, these animals probably had a life cycle which included larval and adult phases with a short metamorphic period separating each phase. Because of adaptive pressures which function to minimize the metamorphic transition by having adult organs begin their development during the larval period, this phase of the life cycle became the period in which most of the changes occurred that were responsible for the origin of new phyla. One consequence of adultation was the juxtaposition of adult organs in new patterns, in different stages of development in larvae, creating the potential for the formation of new cell types, tissues, and organs. Extreme adultation leads to direct development and lecithotrophy. These developmental trends have caused changes in the way in which determinative events occur during early embryogenesis and provided the basis for a radical reorganization of early embryogenesis.
Leriche Syndrome Presenting with Multisystem Vaso-Occlusive Catastrophe.

Leriche syndrome, also referred to as aortoiliac occlusive disease, has been described as a triad of claudication, impotence and decreased femoral pulses.1 The syndrome results from thrombotic aortoiliac occlusion and was first described by a French surgeon, Rene Leriche, in 1940.1–2 The disease most commonly occurs in men, and risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking.3 Advanced diagnostic imaging techniques such as abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) angiography assist the clinician in confirming the diagnosis. Treatment is primarily surgical and consists of aortoiliac endarterectomy and aortobifemoral bypass. Alternative procedures described are percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting, and axillofemoral bypass.4–5
Effect of DNA damage on a BRCA1 complex.

The tumour-suppressor protein BRCA1 mediates its biological functions by interacting with cellular factors1,2 such as the CtIP polypeptide3,4, a substrate for the ATM (for 'ataxia telangiectasia mutated') protein kinase5. Li et al.6 report that the BRCA1–CtIP interaction is disrupted by ionizing radiation and by other genotoxic stresses that induce phosphorylation of CtIP by ATM kinase, and that this dissociation of the BRCA1–CtIP complex in turn modulates the transcription of DNA-damage-response genes6. We have shown that the BRCA1-binding domain of CtIP (amino-acid residues 133–369) is distal to the sites that are phosphorylated by ATM kinase (residues S664 and S745)7. We now show that the BRCA1–CtIP complex is stable in irradiated cells, and that the phosphorylated isoforms of CtIP that are induced by ionizing radiation still interact in vivo with BRCA1. We conclude that disruption of the BRCA1–CtIP complex cannot account for induction of DNA-damage-response genes in the way proposed by Li et al.6.
CATALYZED THERMAL ISOMERIZATION BETWEEN PREVITAMIN D3 AND VITAMIN D3 VIA BETA -CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEXATION

To examine the effect of microenviroments on previtamin D3 ⇌ vitamin D3isomerization, we have conducted kinetic studies of the reaction in an aqueous solution of β-cyclodextrin. Our results showed that at 5°C, the forward (k1) and reverse (k2) rate constants for previtamin D3⇌ vitamin D3isomerization were increased by more than 40 and 600 times, respectively, compared with those in n-hexane (k1, 8.65 × 10−6versus 1.76 × 10−7s−1; k2, 8.48 × 10−6versus 1.40 × 10−8s−1), the fastest rate of this isomerization ever reported at this temperature. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the equilibrium constant of the reaction was significantly reduced by more than 12-fold when compared to that in n-hexane at 5°C, and the percentage of vitamin D3at equilibrium was increased as the temperature was increased in β-cyclodextrin. When complexed with β-cyclodextrin, the previtamin D3⇌ vitamin D3isomerization became endothermic (Δ Ho= 13.05 kJ mol−1) in contrast to being exothermic in other media. We propose that thermodynamically unfavorable cZc conformers of previtamin D3are stabilized by β-cyclodextrin, and thus the rate of the isomerization is increased. This conformation-controlled process may play an important role in the modulation of previtamin D3⇌ vitamin D3endocrine system in vivo such as in the sea urchin.
Neoplasms of the Joint

Although some neoplasms originate in the joint, others penetrate or metastasize to it. Pigmented villonodular synovitis and synovial chondromatosis are the most common proliferative disorders arising from within the joint. Other primary lesions are rare and include lipoma arborescens, synovial hemangiomas, intracapsular chondromas, and synovial chondrosarcomas. Synovial sarcoma and giant cell tumors are neoplasms that tend to extend into the joint. The malignancies that metastasize to bone also may invade the articular space.
Constitutional Law and Equality

No two people (or things) are exactly alike. In that sense, none is equal to another. Yet all share points in common. At a minimum, all people are people (as, for that matter, all things are things). To that extent, at least, they are equal. Whatever the ways people might be equal or unequal, they can be treated equally or unequally in a wide variety of different ways. They might receive equal respect, or equal rights at law, or equal opportunities to distinguish themselves, or equal property and other resources, or equal welfare and happiness. Equality might be reckoned by individuals, or it might be by groups. There might be absolute equality: the same for everyone, regardless of what is thought deserved. Or equality might be proportional: the same for everyone according to what is deserved or otherwise proper. These different kinds of equality, it is fairly obvious, can often be mutually exclusive. Equality, in truth, might mean almost anything. The crucial questions are “Who is to be equal to whom? With respect to what?” Yet as an ideal, equality exerts great moral force, especially in modern places and times. What are the sources of equality’s power as an ideal? And toward what sorts of equality ought people and their laws to strive? This chapter – in the Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory – looks at Enlightenment and American constitutional ideas about equality, and considers current, more or less radical, alternatives: John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, Martha Nussbaum, and various “critical theories”. The chapter describes and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each, and raises the question, among others, whether the degree of state power that would be required to advance any of these alternatives to Enlightenment and American constitutionalism would in practice be either benevolent, disinterested, or efficient.
First-Order Future Interval Logic

Future Interval Logic (FIL) is a linear-time temporal logic that is intended for specification and verification of reactive and concurrent systems. To make FIL useful for specifying and reasoning about practical systems, we present a first-order extension of FIL, including equality and n-ary function and predicate symbols, and a set of sound proof rules for reasoning in the logic. We illustrate the use of the logic by specifying a sliding window protocol and proving that the specifications satisfy a set of correctness requirements.
Saving face, looking good, and building international reputation in East and West

Reputation, standing, honor, prestige, and status: these terms are often used to refer to states’ concern for how other actors view their position and role in world politics. Scholars have long acknowledged that states act deliberately to shape how other actors perceive them. A reputation for making credible threats, for example, may help to ensure that future opponents will take a state’s threats seriously.2 A reputation for paying back loans can help a state to secure better terms on future loans.3 Reputations also have social meaning, through external reinforcement of state identity and recognition of legitimacy and membership in the international community.4 States’ concern for reputation therefore has both material and social underpinnings. Yet research on why states care about the judgments of their peers and how they respond to those concerns assumes uniform motivations and responses from policy makers around the world.
Complications of Thoracic Aortic Endografting

Endoleaks are defined as blood flow outside the lumen of the stent graft but within the aneurysm sac. The endoleak rate after endovascular thoracic aortic aneurysm repair ranges from 5 to 25%. Eighty percent of endoleaks are classified as type I and III endoleaks. Type II endoleaks are less frequent. Risk factors for developing thoracic aortic endoleaks include an aortic implantation zone of less than 2 cm from the left subclavian artery (LSA) and existence of an entry tear at the lesser curvature of the arch aorta.
SNARE Protein-Dependent Glutamate Release from Astrocytes

We investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate from cultured astrocytes isolated from rat hippocampus. Using Ca(2+) imaging and electrophysiological techniques, we analyzed the effects of disrupting astrocytic vesicle proteins on the ability of astrocytes to release glutamate and to cause neuronal electrophysiological responses, i.e., a slow inward current (SIC) and/or an increase in the frequency of miniature synaptic currents. We found that the Ca(2+)-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes is not caused by the reverse operation of glutamate transporters, because the astrocyte-induced glutamate-mediated responses in neurons were affected neither by inhibitors of glutamate transporters (beta-threo-hydroxyaspartate, dihydrokainate, and L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate) nor by replacement of extracellular sodium with lithium. We show that Ca(2+)-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes requires an electrochemical gradient necessary for glutamate uptake in vesicles, because bafilomycin A(1), a vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, reduced glutamate release from astrocytes. Injection of astrocytes with the light chain of the neurotoxin Botulinum B that selectively cleaves the vesicle-associated SNARE protein synaptobrevin inhibited the astrocyte-induced glutamate response in neurons. Therefore, the Ca(2+)-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes is a SNARE protein-dependent process that requires the presence of functional vesicle-associated proteins, suggesting that astrocytes store glutamate in vesicles and that it is released through an exocytotic pathway.
Use of leaching tests to quantify trace element release from waste to energy bottom ash amended pavements

A series of roadway tests strips were paved on-site at a landfill in Florida, U.S. Waste to energy (WTE) bottom ash was used as a partial course aggregate replacement in a hot mix asphalt (HMA) and a Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, along with control HMA and PCC sections. This allowed for a comparison of the relative degree of leaching between both materials (HMA and PCC) as well as between the ash-amended and control pavements. Batch and monolithic tank leaching tests were conducted on the pavements. Testing of the PCC samples demonstrated that Mo and Al were elevated above regulatory thresholds for both the control and ash amended samples. Further leach testing demonstrated that the release of Mo was likely from the PCC and not a result of the inclusion of the BA into pavement. Batch leach testing of ash-amended HMA samples revealed Sb as a constituent of potential concern. The results of the monolith leaching test displayed leaching of Sb within the same order of magnitude as the regulatory threshold. Calculation of the leachability index (LI) for Sb found that it would have limited mobility when incorporated in the HMA matrix.
CEO Stock Option Awards and Corporate Voluntary Disclosures

We investigate whether CEOs manage the timing of their voluntary disclosures around stock option awards. We conjecture that CEOs manage investors' expectations around award dates by delaying good news and rushing forward bad news. For a sample of 2,039 CEO option awards by 572 firms with fixed award schedules, we document changes in share prices and analyst earnings forecasts around option awards that are consistent with our conjecture. We also provide more direct evidence based on management earnings forecasts issued prior to award dates. Our findings suggest that CEOs make opportunistic voluntary disclosure decisions that maximize their stock option compensation.
Immigrant LGBT Elders

LGBT immigrant elders suffer multiple jeopardy by virtue of being members of disadvantaged groups (i.e., elders, LGBT, immigrant). Although it is invisible to many, immigration is an important issue for LGBT populations due to its impact on the individuals who may be seeking refuge, same-sex couples, and their families. Immigration status can determine a lifetime of opportunity or disadvantage. The striking down of Section 3 of DOMA is a much-needed step in the right direction, but there is much more that needs to be done. Comprehensive immigration reform is critical to address the needs and concerns of this vulnerable population.
Aromatic hydrocarbon growth from indene.

Aromatic hydrocarbon growth from indene (C9H8), which contains the five-membered ring cyclopentadienyl moiety, was investigated experimentally in a 4 s flow reactor over a temperature range 650–850°C. Major products observed were three C18H12 isomers (chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[c]phenanthrene), two C17H12 isomers (benzo[a]fluorene and benzo[b]fluorene), and two C10H8 isomers (naphthalene and benzofulvene). Reaction pathways to these products are proposed. Indenyl radical addition to indene produces a resonance-stabilized radical intermediate which further reacts by one of two routes. Rearrangement by intramolecular addition produces a bridged structure that leads to the formation of C17H12 and C10H8 products. Alternatively, β scission produces biindenyl, which leads to the formation of C18H12 products by a ring condensation mechanism analogous to that proposed for cyclopentadiene-to-naphthalene conversion. Temperature dependencies of both the partitioning between these two routes and the product isomer distributions are consistent with thermochemical modeling using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods. The results further illustrate the role of resonance-stabilized radical rearrangement in aromatic growth and condensation of systems with cyclopentadienyl moieties.
Ethnic cleavage and industrial conflict in late 19th century America: The Cleveland rolling mill company strikes of 1882 and 1885

(1979). Ethnic cleavage and industrial conflict in late 19th century America: The Cleveland rolling mill company strikes of 1882 and 1885. Labor History: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 524-548.
Efficient Monte Carlo Methods for Conditional Logistic Regression

Abstract Exact inference for the logistic regression model is based on generating the permutation distribution of the sufficient statistics for the regression parameters of interest conditional on the sufficient statistics for the remaining (nuisance) parameters. Despite the availability of fast numerical algorithms for the exact computations, there are numerous instances where a data set is too large to be analyzed by the exact methods, yet too sparse or unbalanced for the maximum likelihood approach to be reliable. What is needed is a Monte Carlo alternative to the exact conditional approach which can bridge the gap between the exact and asymptotic methods of inference. The problem is technically hard because conventional Monte Carlo methods lead to massive rejection of samples that do not satisfy the linear integer constraints of the conditional distribution. We propose a network sampling approach to the Monte Carlo problem that eliminates rejection entirely. Its advantages over alternative saddlepoint...
Towards automating the deployment of energy saving approaches in buildings

Almost 32% of the total energy consumption in industrialized countries is used for electricity, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) in buildings. Deploying Energy Management Systems (EMS) helps reducing energy use. Unfortunately it is a complex task that requires to identify the EMS inputs among thousands of sensors in a building. Since most of these sensors lack any labeling standard this is currently done manually. We aim to semi-automate this mapping task and address the problem of identifying EMS inputs with minimal user involvement. This is achieved by utilizing linguistic and semantic techniques for computing similarity values between labels of sensors and EMS inputs. Experiments show that our approach can be successfully applied to real-world data.
Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II structure and content of the weight loss and dietary sodium reduction interventions

Identifying effective, nonpharmacologic means of preventing or significantly delaying the onset of hypertension would be a major advance in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In the first phase of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP I), adults with high-normal diastolic blood pressure were randomly assigned to one of seven nonpharmacologic interventions. Only weight loss and reduction of dietary sodium proved to be effective strategies for reducing blood pressure. The second phase of TOHP (TOHP II) will test the effectiveness of weight loss, reduction of dietary sodium, and their combination of lowering blood pressure and preventing the onset of hypertension over a 3- to 4-year follow-up period. This article describes the three interventions used in TOHP II, methods used to maintain continued participation in this long-term trial, and protocol enhancements designed to maximize intervention effectiveness.
A new approach to modeling human response errors in synthetic flight simulation domain

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary results of modeling human response errors using a control theoretic approach. The human pilot is modeled as a supervisor of a highly automated system. The synthesis uses the theory of optimal control pilot modeling to integrate the pilot observation errors and the error due to the simulation experiment. The model is conceptualized with generality thereby allowing the flexibility to test a variety of flight handling quality (FHQ) variables. Methods for solving the human response errors (HRE) model are presented.
In search of structural invariants

Graph theory has been used for modeling chemical structures, that is, chemical compounds, intermediates, changes, reactions and mechanisms. Among the most important such applications are: (1) structure-property relationships (SAR); (2) design of compounds of desired properties; (3) enumeration and construction of compounds of certain classes; (4) unique representation of compounds (for documentation needs). Here, we outline selected accomplishments of the past, show some current efforts and point to directions which may lead to further advancements in chemical graph theory.
Performance of pyramidal phase-only filtering of infrared imagery

Infrared imagery of 512 X 512 pixels was processed with 128 X 128 arrays by computer simulations of optical correlation. Pyramidal processing using binary phase-only filters was used to process an entire image in parallel at different resolutions. Morphological processing was used to create an image pyramid so that only binary processing was used. The descent policy (processing path to a different level of the pyramid) for optical processing was found to be simpler than that of template matching in digital image processing. Results showed that approximate indications of whether an object is present in a scene can be determined quickly. Further processing generally revealed more precise information. Furthermore, in-class objects present within an image but not exactly matching the filter did not necessarily produce more precise information upon further processing. The termination level of the processing technique is nontrivial and may not be the highest resolution level in some cases.
The Scottish enlightenment and its mixed bequest.

The Scottish Enlightenment spawned a uniquely psychological philosophy grounded in pre-Darwinian conceptions of natural fitness and post-Newtonian natural laws. Richly anticipating the developments of the nineteenth century, major Scottish philosophical psychologists pressed for an experimental science of the mind stripped of traditional metaphysical suppositions. But in imparting to a new “scientific” psychology just these attributes, the same influential writers underestimated the ontological complexities of the subject and thus the questionable fitness of the Newtonian model in relation to a science of human nature.
On "Shooting" a Moving Vehicle with Data Flows

This paper proposes an ITS system that uses not only integrated cellular and ad hoc relaying technologies, but also users' mobility profiles. It focuses on a subsystem where cellular bandwidth is used mostly for control signals, and an ad hoc distribution network (ADN) is used for file downloading and video streaming. The paper formulates an optimization problem with the objective being to maximize the amount of data to be delivered to a moving vehicles via the ADN, and thereby minimizing the usage of the costly cellular bandwidth for data transfer. Three approaches based on non-linear and linear programs are described and compared, and simulation results indicate that a satisfying performance for file download applications can be achieved.
Vegetative Plaques and Hemorrhagic Pustules

A man with a history of chronic renal insufficiency (baseline creatinine level, 2.8mg/dL) presented for evaluation of a painful forehead erythematous eruption and associated headache. (To convert creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4.) Three days prior to symptom onset he underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan to evaluate abdominal pain. On the central forehead was a tender 5-cm reddish brown plaque composed of numerous coalescing vesicles and hemorrhagic pustules with intermixed serous and hemorrhagic crust. Similar vesicles and pustules were present on the nasal bridge and tip, the bilateral conchal bowls, and on the scalp (Figure, A). Two days later, the patient developed several 0.5to 1.0-cm purpuric macules and hemorrhagic vesicles on the bilateral hands and nail beds. Initial blood tests revealed a white blood cell count of 6400 cells (range, 4000 to 11 000/μL; to convert to ×109/L, multiply by 0.001). The patient denied any new medications, any known contacts with or exposures to individuals who were ill, and any history of skin disease. A punch biopsy of the forehead plaque was performed (Figure, B and C). What is your diagnosis?
An analog of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced toxicity in fetal rat hippocampal neurons in vitro.

Abstract TRH has been found to be efficacious in treating certain neurodegenerative disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, neurotrauma and depression, however, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Since glutamate (Glu) toxicity has been implicated in these disorders, we utilized primary enriched cultures of rat fetal (E 17) hippocampal neurons to test the hypothesis that an analog of TRH, 3-Methyl-Histidine TRH (3Me-H TRH), given concurrently with Glu would protect such neurons against cell damage and cell death. Cell viability was assessed via Trypan Blue exclusion cell counts, and neuronal damage was determined by assaying lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) released in the conditioned media. Fetal hippocampal neurons were cultured in neurobasal media for 7 days. On day 7, neurons (10 6 /well) were treated with: control media, 10 μM 3Me-H TRH, 500 μM Glu or 500 μM Glu with either 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 or 0.001 μM 3Me-H TRH. Both media and neurons were harvested 16 h after treatment. Prolonged exposure to 10 μM 3Me-H TRH was not toxic to the cells, whereas neurons exposed to 500 μM Glu resulted in maximal cell death. Notably, 10, 1 and 0.1 μM 3Me-H TRH, when co-treated with 500 μM Glu, protected fetal neurons against cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. These results provide support for an important neuroprotective effect of TRH/analogs against glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal neuronal culture and implicate a potentially beneficial role of TRH/analogs in neurodegenerative diseases.
Dimensionless analytical solutions for dam-breach erosion

The earthen dam breach erosion is analyzed using dimensionless analytical solutions, with rectangular and triangular representations for the breach section. Data for the historical failures of South Fork and Teton Dams are used to test these solutions. A comparison with the BEED model shows usefulness of these solutions.
Photochemistry of Methyl Bromide on the α-Cr2O3(0001) Surface

The photochemical properties of the Cr-terminated α-Cr2O3(0001) surface were explored using methyl bromide (CH3Br) as a probe molecule. CH3Br adsorbed and desorbed molecularly from the Cr-terminated α-Cr2O3(0001) surface without detectable thermal decomposition. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) revealed a CH3Br desorption state at 240 K for coverages up to 0.5 ML, followed by more weakly bound molecules desorbing at 175 K for coverages up to 1 ML. Multilayer exposures led to desorption at ~130 K. The CH3Br sticking coefficient was unity at 105 K for coverages up to monolayer saturation, but decreased as the multilayer formed. In contrast, pre-oxidation of the surface (using an oxygen plasma source) led to capping of surface Cr3+ sites and near complete removal of CH3Br TPD states above 150 K. The photochemistry of chemisorbed CH3Br was explored on the Cr-terminated surface using post-irradiation TPD and photon stimulated desorption (PSD). Irradiation of adsorbed CH3Br with broad band light from a Hg arc lamp resulted in both photodesorption and photodecomposition of the parent molecule at a combined cross section of ~10-22 cm2. Parent PSD was indicative of molecular photodesorption, but CH3 was also detected in PSD and Br atoms were left on the surface, both reflective of photo-inducedmore » CH3-Br bond dissociation. Use of a 385 nm cut-off filter effectively shut down the photodissociation pathway but not the parent molecule photodesorption process. From these observations it is inferred that d-to-d transitions in α-Cr2O3, occurring at photon energies <3 eV, are not responsible for photodecomposition of 2 adsorbed CH3Br. It is unclear to what extent band-to-band versus direct CH3Br photolysis play in CH3-Br bond dissociation initiated by more energetic photons.« less
Solution of Toeplitz systems for the restoration of 3-D optical-sectioning microscopy data

using the discrepancy method and adding the result to f.For general A, it is prohibitively expensive to directly solve (7) and (8) for three dimensional data sets ofthe size we are interested in, typically of the order of 512 x 512 x 64. However, using the block diagonalization ofthe form (4), we show how this can be made feasible.For a given vector zf let g= AL\f. Taking the two-dimensional discrete fourier transform of each section
EPIPELIC AND EPILITHIC DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES IN MONTEZUMA WELL NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARIZONA1

Epipelic and epilithic diatom assemblages in Montezuma Well National Monument, Arizona, were identified and analyzed by H' (species diversity), species number, J' (evenness), relative abundance, SIMI (similarity index), and DI (dissimilarity index) values. The epipelic assemblage was found to be a tri-dominant association of Cyclotella pseudostelligera f. parva Czar. & Blinn, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehr.) V.H. and Achnanthes linearis (W. Sm.) Grun. The epilithic assemblage was a tri-dominant association of Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kutz.) Grun. ex Rabh., Cy. Pseudostelligera f. parva and Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. Both associations persisted throughout the year. Of the 83 taxa observed, 51 were common to both assemblages, 24 were restricted to the epipelon, and 8 were restricted to the epilithon. On a yearly basis, the epipelic assemblage exhibited less diversity (H') than the epilithon, even though the latter exhibited fewer taxa. The use of mean diversity values was also determined to be unacceptable. Cy. Pseudostelligera f. parva and S. ulna appeared more abundant under high light intensity and duration, Fragilaria construens var. venter (Ehr.) Grun. favored low light intensity and duration, whereas A. linearis, R. curvata and Co. placentula var. lineata were tolerant of a variety of intensities and durations. On a yearly basis, both assemblages exhibited slight similarity (SIMI, DI). The use of SIMI values for comparing assemblages with few highly abundant taxa was determined to be unacceptable and under these conditions, the use of DI was recommended.
How Attendance and Quality of Participation Affect Treatment Response to Parent Management Training

This study examined whether attendance and quality of participation in parent management training predicted treatment response. Data were from 445 parents (55% minority, 62% single; almost all of low socioeconomic status) who had 1st-grade children with severe conduct problems. Quality of participation in weekly parent groups was based on group leader ratings. Parent outcomes were based on interviewer ratings, behavioral observations, parent reports, and teacher ratings. Results of hierarchical linear models suggested that few family characteristics predicted attendance in this efficacy trial and that attendance was not related to changes in parenting over the year. However, several family characteristics predicted quality of participation in parent management training, and this in turn predicted changes in parental perceptions, warmth, physical punishment, and school involvement. From a clinical perspective, these findings suggest that it is not enough to get parents to attend sessions; it is also necessary to facilitate their active engagement in the therapeutic process.
Somatotroph hypoplasia and dwarfism in transgenic mice expressing a non-phosphorylatable CREB mutant

MOST of the transcriptional effects of cyclic AMP are mediated by the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)1,2. After activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, the catalytic subunits of this enzyme apparently mediate the phosphorylation and activation of CREB3,4. As cAMP serves as a mitogenic signal for anterior pituitary somatotrophic cells5, we investigated whether CREB similarly regulates proliferation of these cells.We prepared transgenic mice expressing a transcriptionally inactive mutant of CREB (CREBM1), which cannot be phosphorylated, in cells of the anterior pituitary. If CREB activity is required for proliferation, the overexpressed mutant protein would effectively compete with wild-type CREB activity and thereby block the response to cAMP. As predicted, the CREBM1 transgenic mice exhibited a dwarf phenotype with atrophied pituitary glands markedly deficient in somatotroph but not other cell types. We conclude that transcriptional activation of CREB is necessary for the normal development of a highly restricted cell type, and that environmental cues, possibly provided by the hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor, are necessary for population of the pituitary by somatotrophic cells.
Influence of Fixed Charge Density Magnitude and Distribution on the Intervertebral Disc: Applications of a Poroelastic and Chemical Electric (PEACE) Model

A 3-dimensional formulation for a poroelastic and chemical electric (PEACE) model is presented and applied to an intervertebral disc slice in a 1-dimensional validation problem and a 2-dimensional plane stress problem. The model was used to investigate the influence of fixed charge density magnitude and distribution on this slice of disc material. Results indicated that the mechanical, chemical, and electrical behaviors were all strongly influenced by the amount as well as the distribution of fixed charges in the matrix. Without any other changes in material properties, alterations in the fixed charge density (proteoglycan content) from a healthy to a degenerated distribution will cause an increase in solid matrix stresses and can affect whether the tissue imbibes or exudes fluid under different loading conditions. Disc tissue with a degenerated fixed charge density distribution exhibited greater solid matrix stresses and decreased streaming potential, all of which have implications for disc nutrition, disc biomechanics, and tissue remodeling. It was also seen that application of an electrical potential across the disc can induce fluid transport.
Prenatal Amphetamine Effects on Behavior: Possible Mediation by Brain Monoamines

The present analysis indicates that the literature is currently too limited to draw anything but very tentative conclusions about whether amphetamine during pregnancy is detrimental to the offspring. However, exposure to very high doses of the drug appears to be teratogenic; and studies in which animals were exposed to lower doses of either amphetamine or methamphetamine throughout pregnancy indicate that this class of drugs can have long-term neurochemical and behavioral consequences for rodent offspring. The commonly reported behavioral effects include abnormal responding on aversively motivated tasks, and heightened motor activity which might be associated with slower habituation. Neurochemical studies have focused on various aspects of the monoamine neurotransmitter systems and suggest that prenatal amphetamine exposure can increase the synthesis and turnover of DA and NE and reduce the number of adrenergic receptors in adult offspring. In addition, concentrations of NE appear to be reduced at birth suggesting prenatal depletion and are sometimes found to be altered at later times. Although these studies are provocative, the absence of pair-fed controls and cross-fostering prevent ruling out the possible confounding effects of undernutrition and altered maternal care. In addition to the above limited empirical support, the effects of amphetamines on adult brain provide a logical rationale for anticipating that prenatal exposure to the drug could be detrimental. This rationale is essentially that amphetamine can have long-term effects of monoaminergic systems in the brains of adults, including neural degeneration; and, since the drug can cross the placenta, it should also have long-lasting consequences for the developing fetus. It is proposed that the later stages of gestation might be particularly sensitive to the long-term behavioral effects of amphetamine. Although there are no systematic studies on critical periods for the effects of prenatal amphetamine exposure, several reports indicate that exposure restricted to GD 12-15 has little effect. Since amphetamine predominantly affects the neuron terminals and terminals develop later than GD 15, it is proposed that amphetamine exposure later in gestation, after the monoaminergic systems are more mature, will have a greater effect. The rationale for the long-term behavioral effects of prenatal amphetamine is based on studies indicating that 1) rapidly developing systems are very sensitive to insult from external agents; 2) the monoaminergic systems and pituitary-adrenal organization are developing rapidly during the later gestation and early neonatal periods; 3) amphetamine influences each of these systems in adults and the monoamine systems in fetuses; and, 4) alterations in the systems cause predictable behavioral changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inhibition of lactate-induced swelling by dichloroacetate in human astrocytoma cells.

Abstract High levels of tissue lactate exacerbate tissue damage that results from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury that follows. Post-ischemic treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA) facilitates a decrease in lactate in the central nervous system (CNS) of animals during reperfusion following experimental ischemia, thus it may help to ameliorate ischemic cell damage. It has been suggested that the lactate lowering effect is mediated through a stimulatory effect of DCA on pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC) activity. We have studied such a hypothesis in a human astrocytoma derived cell line, UC-11MG. Under conditions resembling those of the ischemic tissue (i.e. high lactate and low pH) these cells accumulate lactate, driven by the inwardly directed proton gradient, and swell as a consequence of the osmotic effect of intracellular lactate. We have demonstrated that DCA increases PDHC activity and also reduces lactate-induced swelling. However, we also found that these two effects could be uncoupled and that the ability of DCA to prevent swelling is still present in the absence of any stimulation of PDHC. We also demonstrated that DCA competitively inhibits the uptake of lactate(Ki = 1.9mM) and increases the efflux of lactate in a trans-acting manner that suggests the presence of a lactate-DCA exchange. We present a mechanism by which reduction in the rate of lactate uptake could account for the observed inhibition of swelling. This effect of DCA on lactate transport indicates another possible mechanism of action for DCA in facilitating the decrease in lactate observed in vivo during reperfusion. These results suggest that drugs which alter cellular lactate transport might prove beneficial in the treatment of stroke and other disorders involving high levels of brain lactate.