cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LONG-RANGE EFFECTS ON DYNAMICS IN A TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANT OF TRP REPRESSOR

Abstract A mutant tryptophan repressor (TrpR) protein containing the substitution of phenylalanine for leucine 75 has been isolated following a genetic screen for temperature-sensitive mutations. Two-dimensional (2D) 1H NMR spectra indicate an overall very similar fold for the purified mutant and wild-type proteins. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry indicates an increased helix content relative to the wild-type protein, and a slightly higher urea denaturation midpoint for the mutant protein, although there is no difference in thermal stability. Fluorescence spectra indicate a more buried environment for one or both tryptophan residues in the mutant protein. The rate of proton-deuterium exchange-out for the resolved indole ring protons of the two tryptophan residues was quantified from NMR spectra of mutant and wild-type proteins and found to be approximately 50 % faster in the wild-type protein. The mutant protein binds the corepressor l -tryptophan ( l -Trp) approximately ten times more weakly than does the wild-type protein, but in l -Trp excess its DNA-binding affinity is only two to fivefold weaker. Taken together the results imply that, despite its conservative chemical character and surface location at the C terminus of helix one in the helix-turn-helix DNA recognition motif, this mutational change confers long-range effects on the dynamics of the protein’s secondary and tertiary structure without substantially altering its fold, and with relatively minor effects on protein function.
A Review of “Gulag Boss: A Soviet Memoir”

Memoirs from those unfortunate individuals who endured the Soviet concentration camp network known as the Gulag (Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei—Main Camp Administration), such as Evgeniia Ginzburg, Var...
The Context-Sensitive Future Self: Possible Selves Motivate in Context, Not Otherwise

Imagining one's possible future self can motivate action but whether motivational power resides more in positive or more in negative future identities is not clear. We predicted that motivational power resides not in these positive or negative future identities but in the fit between context and future self. We varied fit in four experiments by having students read about college as a success-likely or failure-likely context and then write about their desired or undesired possible future identities. Which aspect of the future self was motivating depended on context. Motivation was higher in success-likely contexts if desired rather than undesired possible futures came to mind and was higher in failure-likely contexts if undesired rather than desired possible futures come to mind.
Isospin shift of the energy of the giant resonance

Abstract Systematics of the peak position of the photonuclear giant dipole resonance are examined to extract the dependence upon the isospin of the target nucleus. The energy shift with isospin T at constant nuclear mass A is of the same sign and magnitude as the shift with A at constant T , in conflict with theoretical estimates.
Intelligent decision support for flexible manufacturing: Design and implementation of a knowledge-based simulator

There is considerable research in decision making for the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) domain. Much of it tends to be fragmentary due to differences in assumptions, constraints, modeling techniques and solution strategies. This paper suggests a common basis for support of FMS decision making as an attempt to alleviate these problems. It describes the architecture of an intelligent knowledge-based simulator KBSim, that provides systematic FMS research capability. KBSim is applied to an industrial FMS scheduling problem to reduce both mean flow time and tardiness when compared to several common scheduling heuristics. It is also used in a research-oriented modified job shop scheduling application. In both cases, it outperformed traditional decision making heuristics. Its efficiency, ease of use, and portability suggest that KBSim will prove useful in the automation of adaptive system control, facilitating periodic review of FMS decisions, and giving management a competitive edge.
Effects of freshwater and marine overwintering environments on life histories of threespine sticklebacks: evidence for adaptive variation between anadromous and resident freshwater populations

Life history theory predicts that migratory fishes should delay reproduction, be larger at first reproduction, and have higher fecundities than nonmigrants. We tested this hypothesis by comparing life histories of anadromous (“estuary”) and resident freshwater (“upstream”) threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from the Navarro River, California, USA. Using a split-brood, two-environment breeding design, families from cach population were divided and reared in both freshwater and seawater overwintering environments. In both treatments, the more migratory estuary sticklebacks were larger at first reproduction and had large initial clutch sizes; in the freshwater treatment, the estuary sticklebacks matured later than the upstream fish. Population means varied little across treatments, indicating that the average effects of the different overwintering conditions were slight. The responses of individual families to a given overwintering treatment were highly variable in both populations, as reflected in significant family x treatment effects for all traits. Phenotypic correlations among life history traits were significant and positive for most traits, and were similar in magnitude in both populations. Differences in the relative degree of specialization for migration may in part explain variation in life history between these populations.
Determination of coumarin in vanilla flavorings by quantitative high performance thin layer chromatography

Abstract High performance silica gel TLC was used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine coumarin in real and artificial vanilla flavorings. Coumarin was detected as a fluorescent or colored zone and quantified by scanning with a densitometer. Recoveries and reproducibility values are reported for fortified samples. The method was applied to a qualitative survey of domestic vanilla samples and quantification of coumarin in an adulterated foreign sample. The result of this determination was verified by standard addition analysis. The method was also applied to the determination of coumarin in a spiked wine sample.
Bony Anomalies in a Patient with Reticulate Acropigmentation of Kitamura

Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura [RAPK] is a rare pigmentary genodermatosis. This is a case report of a 23-year-old Saudi female who started manifesting the disorder in the 2nd decade. The patient had bony abnormalities in the form of absence of terminal phalanges of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes. These bone anomalies are extremely rare, and the association has never been described before in the literature.
Onset of Keratin 17 Expression Coincides with the Definition of Major Epithelial Lineages during Skin Development

The type I keratin 17 (K17) shows a peculiar localization in human epithelial appendages including hair follicles, which undergo a growth cycle throughout adult life. Additionally K17 is induced, along with K6 and K16, early after acute injury to human skin. To gain further insights into its potential function(s), we cloned the mouse K17 gene and investigated its expression during skin development. Synthesis of K17 protein first occurs in a subset of epithelial cells within the single-layered, undifferentiated ectoderm of embryonic day 10.5 mouse fetuses. In the ensuing 48 h, K17-expressing cells give rise to placodes, the precursors of ectoderm-derived appendages (hair, glands, and tooth), and to periderm. During early development, there is a spatial correspondence in the distribution of K17 and that of lymphoid-enhancer factor (lef-1), a DNA-bending protein involved in inductive epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. We demonstrate that ectopic lef-1 expression induces K17 protein in the skin of adult transgenic mice. The pattern of K17 gene expression during development has direct implications for the morphogenesis of skin epithelia, and points to the existence of a molecular relationship between development and wound repair.
Nature and properties of mammalian ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

In mammalian cells, the synthesis of DNA requires a continuous supply of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). The formation of dNTPs can be either through the 'de novo' pathway using ribonucleotides as precursors, or utilizing preformed deoxyribonucleosides through the 'salvage' pathway (Fig. 1). The contribution of either pathway to overall dNTP formation depends on the type of cell, the amounts of the enzymes involved, the status of the metabolites and the environment of the cells. Synthesis of dNTPs via the de novo pathway requires the action of ribonucleotide reductase (EC 1.17.4.1). The activity of ribonucleotide reductase is a!losterically regulated. Ribonucleotide reductase from bacteria has been characterized extensively (for a review see Thelander and Reichard, 1979). Information regarding the regulation of the mammalian enzyme was summarized recently (Hunting and Henderson, 1983). In the present review, fluctuations of reductase activity with the cell cycle and the relativn of dNTP pools to this activity, and the regulation and structural components of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase will be discussed, and a new model (intercalating model) of reductase regulation is proposed. Finally, pertinent information regarding an altered reductase in virus infected mammalian cells is summarized.
Evidence for a Role of Calcium in Nitrate Assimilation in Wheat Seedlings

Severely Ca-deficient Triticum aestivum L. seedlings accumulated high levels of nitrite and moderate levels of nitrate and organic nitrogen, but contained unaltered levels of hydroxylamine. Nitrite accumulation was not related to molybdenum deficiency, or altered cellular pH. Nitrate reductase was decreased by Ca deficiency, apparently by repression of enzyme synthesis from accumulated nitrite and not by inhibition of enzyme activity. Nitrite reductase and NADP diaphorase activities were not affected by Ca deficiency, and Ca did not restore activity to nitrite reductase inactivated by cyanide. The results indicated that the role of Ca is in intracellular transport of nitrite and not in induction or activity of enzymes.
Adenosine triphosphate inhibition of ion activated microsomal acetylcholinesterase of ox caudate nucleus

Abstract Na + , K + and Mg 2+ alone and in combination activated AChE to a degree dependent on ion concentrations and pH. ‘Activated’ AChE was bloked by ATP in a concentration dependent (complete inhibition at 5 m M ) and in a non-competitive manner. Na + and/or K + stimulated AChE activity in the absence of Mg 2+ and the ion activation was partially reversed by ATP. Without Mg 2+ , Na + K + ATPase was nonfunctional. Ouabain (10 −5 M) also inhibited the activation of AChE by cations and was additive with ATP. UTP and GTP were effective inhibitors of ion activated AChE activity. A ‘solubilized’ and a relatively ‘purified’ AChE preparation with no measurable ‘ion transport’ ATPase activity were also stimulated by cations. The ‘stimulated’ enzyme activity was partially reversed by ATP.
Cellulose acetate structural foam

Structural foams of cellulose acetate were prepared at densities down to 1.01. Decreasing density produced decreasing cell size, decreasing flexural modulus, and surprisingly, increasing impact strength.
Using revealed- and stated-preference customer choice models for making pricing decisions in services: An illustration from the hospitality industry

This article presents an overview of discrete choice modeling for making pricing decisions in services. During recent years, discrete choice modeling has emerged as an effective approach for developing analytical models and for estimating relative weights of parameters based on empirical data. For estimation purposes, typically one of two forms of data is used: transactional data captured in databases (revealed-preference data); or primary experimental data (stated-preference data). In this article, we provide detailed illustration of both approaches for pricing decisions for hospitality services. Finally, we discuss the managerial implications of the discrete choice modeling approach described earlier in the article.
The Social Psychology of Sustainability

The earth cannot support humanity's increasing population and consumption. Concerned scientists and citizens are therefore wondering how we might work toward a sustainable, survivable human future. Sustainability involves increased technological efficiency and agricultural productivity, but also incentives and attitudes that moderate consumption. Social psychology contributes to changing attitudes and behavior with evidence that a) materialism exacts psychic as well as environmental costs, and b) economic growth has failed to improve human morale. Two principles-the adaptation level phenomenon and social comparison-help explain why materialism and increasing affluence fail to satisfy.
Block meshes

We present a unifying framework to represent all topologically distinct shapes in 3D, from solids to surfaces and curves. This framework can be used to build a universal and modular system for the visualization, design, and construction of shapes, amenable to a broad range of science, engineering, architecture, and design applications. Our unifying framework uses 3-space immersions of higher-dimensional-manifolds, which facilitate our goal of topological robustness.We demonstrate that a specific type of orientable 2-manifold mesh, which we call a CMM-pattern coverable mesh, can be used to represent structures in higher-dimensional manifolds, which we call block meshes. Moreover, the framework includes a set of operations that can preserve CMM-pattern coverability. In this sense, CMM-pattern-coverable meshes provide an algebraization of shape processing that (1) supports a generalized mesh representation for blocks that may not necessarily be solids, and (2) requires a minimal set of operations that transform CMM-pattern-coverable meshes to CMM-pattern-coverable meshes. Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted HighlightsShape algebra describes structures in higher-dimensional manifolds with minimum operations.Our unified framework represents all topologically distinct shapes in 3D, from solids to surfaces and curves.The algebra models shapes via simpler, more powerful and topologically robust algorithms.
Jahn-Teller distortions in solid C20 and other fullerene structures

Abstract We have used first principles molecular dynamics to determine the energies of Jahn-Teller distortions in a variety of neutral and negatively charged fullerene structures. We find that smaller structures have larger Jahn-Teller distortion energies. Solid C 28 and solid C 20 , which have covalent bonds connecting the individual fullerene balls, are found to have energies which are much lower than the energies of their molecular components. The charged state of solid C 20 is found to have a total distortion energy which is about six times larger than that of C − 60 .
1. Extending the Scientific Legacy of Candace Pert, Ph.D.: Toward a model linking homeodynamic behavioral, physiological, and immune mechanisms with implications for disease progression

Candace Pert died unexpectedly on 9-12-2013, leaving a substantial legacy of scientific discoveries. Her research on the dynamic information network by which stress can affect disease processes sought to link emotional phenomena to specific molecular targets, particularly neuropeptide receptors. She found that viruses encode multiple chemokine-like peptides which suppress innate immunity and facilitate viral entry, identifying the Peptide T sequence from HIV as an antagonist of HIV co-receptor CCR5. Pert and Ruff stabilized Peptide T analogs for candidate therapeutics which have anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. To date, the translation of behavioral and biomedical research findings into effective HIV interventions has followed separate routes. Ader’s recent research showed that behavioral conditioning linked to a biologically potent drug can induce the same physiological effects; thus significantly less of the drug is required. Logically, behavioral conditioning based on understanding key mechanisms, targets, signaling pathways, and/or biomarkers could synergize/maximize the effects of pharmacological therapies. Research on the clinically validated receptor targets described by the action of Peptide T converges on Temoshok’s findings from a 5-year study in 200 African-American HIV+ individuals that more adaptive, homeodynamic psychosocial/physiological responses to stressors enhanced the production of beta-chemokines which are CCR5 ligands. Pert’s work identifying viral analogs of presumptive endogenous neuropeptide ligands related to the VIP/PACAP/GHRH peptides suggest additional directions by which behaviors may effect release of peptide hormones from the ‘endogenous pharmacopeia’.
REDUCTION OF SALMONELLA ON POST-CHILL CHICKEN CARCASSES BY TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE (NA3PO4) TREATMENT

The use of trisodium phosphate (TSP) in rinsing chicken carcasses was evaluated for salmonellae reduction. Post-chill carcasses were dipped into a 10%-TSP solution at 10 or 50C for 15 s. After storing 0, 1 or 6 days at 4C, the incidence and reduction of salmonellae were measured using a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane lifting technique, conventional culture methods and most probable number (MPN) technique. In a trial using non-inoculated carcasses, the incidences of salmonellae were decreased from 12 ∼ 24% in controls to 0 ∼ 8% in TSP-treated groups. When the carcasses were inoculated with S. typhimurium (2×104 CPU/carcass), the NC membrane lifting method detected 27 ∼ 46% less incidences of salmonellae in TSP-treated groups. However, culture methods failed to show any difference between TSP-treated and untreated carcasses. Another trial using MPN method showed a significant reduction of salmonellae (1.6 ∼ 1.8 logs) in TSP-treated groups (P < 0.01) at both 1 and 6 days. Although 50C-TSP treatment gave 0.4 log greater reduction than 10C-treatment, the difference was not statistically significant. Total plate counts (TPC) revealed a similar reduction trend to MPN results of salmonellae.
Isolation of monoclonal antibodies that react preferentially with Listeria monocytogenes

We have isolated and characterized three monoclonal antibodies that preferentially recognize the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes . Mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced by fusion of spleen cells from a Balb/c mouse, which was immunized with live L. monocytogenes , to an NS-1 myeloma partner. Hybridomas that produced antibodies which preferentially reacted with L. monocytogenes were identified by a direct binding enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) using a panel of bacteria which included L. ivanovii, Streptococcus faecalis, L. seeligeri, L. innocua and L. monocytogenes Scott A. Three hybridomas, Mab 20-10-2, Mab 36-6-12 and Mab 56-9-16 which preferentially reacted with L. monocytogenes were selected for further analysis. An indirect ‘sandwich’ ELISA was developed and used to further confirm that these hybridomas reacted with a number of L. monocytogenes isolates and not with other common cross-reacting bacteria including Kurthia sp.
Reflections on the Problem of Religious Experience

After this my sense of divine things gradually increased and became more and more lively, and had more of that inward sweetness. The appearance of everything was altered; there seemed to be, as it were, a calm, sweet cast, or appearance of divine glory, in almost everything. God's excellency, his wisdom, his purity and love seemed to appear in everything; in the sun, moon, stars; on the clouds, and blue sky; in the grass, flowers, trees; in water and all nature; which used greatly to fix my mind. I often used to sit and view the moon for continuance; and in the day, spent much time in viewing the clouds and sky, to behold the sweet glory of God in these things.
Lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in the macromolecular fraction of plasma: relation to plasma lipids and oleate/linoleate ratio in comparison with whole plasma in hypertriglyceridemia.

Abstract Background: Susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation is usually studied using purified lipoproteins. However, for large clinical studies or routine clinical assessment, a rapid less time-consuming method is desirable. Therefore, we studied copper-mediated oxidation of the macromolecule fraction of plasma in comparison with oxidation directly in whole unfractionated plasma in a group of hyperlipidemic individuals. Methods: Lag phase rate (LR), propagation phase rate (PR), lag time (LT), and maximal extent of oxidation were determined for copper-mediated oxidation in plasma from 16 hyperlipidemic individuals. Oxidation parameters obtained for whole plasma (WP) and macromolecules were subjected to correlation analysis with plasma lipid concentrations and with the oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio (18:1/18:2) in phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol esters (CE). Results: Total cholesterol (TC) concentration was significantly correlated with lag rate (negative, p
Education’s effect on income inequality: an economic globalisation perspective

Utilising a globalisation framework this study contributes to discussions concerning inequality, education, and development by re‐examining the effects of educational and economic variables on inco...
Research on Welding Line Defect Recognition of the In-Service Pipeline Using X-Ray Detecting

This paper, based on the practical demands of in-service pipeline detection, a set of X-ray digital image welding line defect intelligent recognition system is established. Taking the welding line image detected by X-ray as objects of study, self-adaptive median filter method filters noise, high frequency enhancement filter method conducts the image edge sharpening enhancement; a edge detection method for X-ray digital image based on morphological gradient is proposed; a group of characteristics parameters that accurately reflects the essence characteristic of defects is selected, using a self-organizing, self-adaptive three-layer feed-forward neural network, applying BP algorithm, the BP neural network recognition system is established, thus, to achieve detection and recognition of weld defects.
The next-in-line effect: Encoding or retrieval deficit?

People cannot remember what happened when they were next-in-line to perform. Theorists have wondered whether this memory deficit reflects a failure to encode or an inability to retrieve preperformance events. These accounts are contrasted in a pair of studies. In Experiment 1, preperformanc e memories are assessed with free and cued recall. Although our semantic cues strongly facilitate access to memories, they do not moderate the next-in-line effect. In Experiment 2, subjects are told—either before or after performing—to make a special effort to remember preperformance events. If instructed afterward, subjects display the usual memory deficit. If instructed beforehand, they reverse the deficit and show a superior preperformance recall. The next-in-line effect is a failure at encoding, not at retrieval.
The conformational and dynamic basis for ligand binding reactivity in hemoglobin Ypsilanti (beta 99 asp-->Tyr): origin of the quaternary enhancement effect.

Hemoglobin Ypsilanti (HbY) is a stable tetrameric hemoglobin that binds oxygen with little or no cooperativity and with high affinity [Doyle, M. L., et al. (1992) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 14, 351−362]. It displays an especially large quaternary enhancement effect. An X-ray crystallographic study [Smith, F. R., et al. (1991) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 10, 81−91] of the carboxy derivative of this hemoglobin (COHbY) revealed a new quaternary structure that partially resembles the recently described R2 structure [Silva, M. M., et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17248−17256]. Very little is known about either the solution phase conformations of the liganded and deoxy forms of HbY or the molecular basis for the large quaternary enhancement effect (Doyle et al., 1992). In this study, near-IR absorption, Soret-enhanced Raman, and UV (229 nm) resonance Raman spectroscopies are used to probe the liganded and deoxy derivatives of HbY in solution. Nanosecond time-resolved near-IR absorption measureme...
The trapezoidal approximation of digitized images

Abstract A highly efficient process for representing and compressing scanned data is described which vectorizes black-white document symbology by approximating it by means of trapezoidal shapes. Also discussed are methods for encoding the resultant descriptions for transmission or archival storage. Test results indicate the system can be used for the real-time compression of facsimile data, and measurements obtained from CCITT test documents reveal performance improvements over the Japanese READ code of 1.3 for business documents and 1.7 for technically oriented material.
Homocysteine enhances cardiac neural crest cell attachment in vitro by increasing intracellular calcium levels

Elevated homocysteine (Hcys) increases the risk of neurocristopathies. Previous studies show Hcys inhibits neural crest (NC) cell migration in vivo. However, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of Hcys on NC cell attachment in vitro and determined if any of the effects were due to altered Ca2+ signaling. We found Hcys enhanced NC cell attachment in a dose and substrate-dependent manner. Ionomycin mimicked the effect of Hcys while BAPTA-AM and 2-APB blocked the effect of Hcys on NC attachment. In contrast, inhibitors of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels had no effect on NC attachment. Hcys also increased the emission of the intracellular Ca2+-sensitive probe, Fluo-4. These results show Hcys alters NC attachment by triggering an increase in intracellular Ca2+ possibly by generating inositol triphosphate. Hence, the teratogenic effect ascribed to Hcys may be due to perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Developmental Dynamics 237:2117–2128, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measuring Change The Case of Suburban Status

Recently Collxer and Semyonov attempted to link more closely diachronic theory and research by decomposing change scores into four components. They applied their measures to 1960-1970 socioeconomic...
β‘ Phase Precipitation in a Cold Rolled Cu-Zn Alloy under Electric Current Pulses

β' phase precipitation in a cold rolled Cu-Zn alloy under high density electric current pulses was studied in the present work. The results showed that the precipitation of β' phase was controlled by the angle between the current direction and rolling direction. When the angle was 45o, the application of electric current could refine α phase without β' phase precipitation, while at 0o or 90o, β' phase precipitated from α phase boundaries and distributed along the rolled direction. It was proposed that the precipitation of β' phase during the application of high density electric current was determined by the electron wind force and anisotropic electrical resistivity of the grain boundaries.
Knowledge Integration in Introductory Programming: CodeProbe and Interactive Case Studies

Abstract To help introductory programming students gain an integrated, generative understanding of LISP, we designed, implemented, and evaluated the LISP Knowledge Integration Environment (LISP‐KIE). The LISP‐KIE reflected a conceptual framework which featured (a) scaffolding of students as they control their own learning rather than telling students what they should know and (b) activities engaging students in expert problem‐solving practices rather than exercises emphasizing syntax and small problems. We conducted two in‐depth studies and one comparison study to show that the LISP‐KIE fostered knowledge integration. By knowledge integration, we mean linked, organized, and connected information about such aspects of programming as design, testing, specific problem solutions, and self‐monitoring.
Aluminum alters cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels but not presynaptic cholinergic markers in rat brain in vivo

Abstract Oral administration of 0.3% aluminum (citrate or sulfate salt) for 4 weeks significantly elevated adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels in rat cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum. The largest effect observed was a 60% increase in cortical cyclic AMP levels in rats administered aluminum sulfate. The effects of orally administered aluminum on guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels were less widespread. Dietary aluminum citrate only elevated cyclic GMP levels in the hippocampus, while aluminum sulfate caused significant increases in the cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum. Aluminum citrate administered i.c.v. (1 μmol, 2 weeks postadministration) elevated cyclic AMP levels in the cortex, but had no effect on cyclic GMP levels. Aluminum administered either orally or i.c.v. had no effect on in vivo acetylcholine levels. However, dietary aluminum citrate significantly reduced choline levels in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Aluminum administered i.c.v. had no effect on choline acetyltransferase activity or on high-affinity choline transport. These results indicate that: (1) the metabolism of cyclic AMP and of cyclic GMP are more sensitive to aluminum than are presynaptic cholinergic processes; (2) the metabolism of cyclic AMP is more sensitive to the effects of aluminum than is the metabolism of cyclic GMP; and (3) cortical cAMP metabolism is the most sensitive to the presence of aluminum. Possible consequences of elevated levels of cyclic nucleotides induced by aluminum in the brain are proposed.
Neurogenesis and the Evolution of Cortical Diversity: Mode, Tempo, and Partitioning during Development and Persistence in Adulthood

The mammalian cerebral cortex varies enormously in absolute and relative size across species. These size differences reflect phyletic differences in the number and organization of cortical neurons, wh
Food prices and fruit and vegetable consumption among young American adults

Multivariate negative binomial count models were estimated to examine associations between young adults' fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and the prices of FV, other food at home grocery items, and fast food and the availability of restaurants and food stores. This study used the 2002 wave of data collected from US young adults aged 18-23 years in the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged by geocode identifiers with food prices and restaurant and food store availability. The results showed that higher levels of FV consumption were associated with lower FV prices (price elasticity of -0.32) and that this own-price effect was robust to the inclusion of other food prices and food outlet availability. Lower income and lower educated young adults and those with lower educated mothers and middle-income parents were found to be most price sensitive. No statistically significant cross-price effects on FV consumption were found with other grocery food (meat, dairy and bread) prices or fast food prices. Fiscal policy instruments such as FV subsidies may help to increase FV intake, particularly among young adults of lower socioeconomic status.
Abstract 2987: VHL dependent and independent regulation of HDAC expression and activity in renal cell carcinomas.

Background: Histone modifications include addition and/or deletion of acetyl and methyl groups to lysine, serine and arginine residues of the histone tails leading to transcriptional inactivation or activation. The enzymes governing these modifications are histone acetyl transferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methylases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMTs). HDAC inhibitors exert their inhibitory effects on tumor cell population through cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation as well as their induction of tumor suppressor genes (for eg: p53). Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the dominant major subtype of RCC malignancy with frequent mutations, deletions or methylation in the tumor suppressor gene Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL). Class I HDACs have been reported to be overexpressed in ccRCCs and VHL protein is present in the same complex containing class I HDACs. The present study was aimed at defining the role of VHL in the regulation of HDAC expression and activity. Methods: Approximately 15 ccRCC tumors and matched normal kidney samples from nephrectomies were collected. Western blot analysis of UMRC-2 (VHL −/ − RCC cell line) and UMRC2 (wt-VHL RCC cell line) were carried out under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia and in the presence of proteasomal inhibitor MG-132. Tumor cells (1 x 10 7 ) were injected subcutaneously in SCID mice to establish tumor xenografts. Results: Our preliminary studies in matched clinical tumor samples show overexpression of specific Class I (2 fold increase; p Citation Format: Swathi Ramakrishnan, Paula Sotomayor, Leigh Ellis, Sreenivasulu Chintala, Roberto Pili. VHL dependent and independent regulation of HDAC expression and activity in renal cell carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2987. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2987
Innate tissue fluorescence of the oral mucosa of controls and head-and-neck cancer patients

Base line spectral excitation and emission scans were defined for the oral mucosa in a population of 61 controls, 16 oral tongue cancer patients and 2 patients with tongue leukoplakia. A xenon-based fluorescence spectrophotometer (Mediscience Corp.) with a fiberoptic probe (Mediscience Corp.) was used to collect excitation and emission spectra. Two excitation scans ((lambda) Ex 200-360 nm, (lambda) Em 380 nm; (lambda) Ex 240-430 nm, (lambda) Em 450 nm) and two emission scans ((lambda) Ex 300 nm, (lambda) Em 320-580 nm; (lambda) Ex 340 nm, (lambda) Em 360-660 nm) were used to analyze the buccal mucosa (BM), hard palate (HP), floor of mouth (FOM) and dorsal tongue (DT) of 61 control individuals. In 41 controls the lateral tongue site (LT) was added. The same set of scans was performed on tumor lesions and contralateral normal tissues of 16 patients with lateral tongue tumors and on two individuals with leukoplakia of the tongue. Ratios of points on the individual scans were used to quantitate data. The excitation scan ((lambda) Ex 200-360 nm, (lambda) Em 380 nm) and the emission scan ((lambda) Ex 300 nm, (lambda) Em 320-580 nm) were able to statistically discriminate the HP and DT from the BM and FOM. The ratios of intensities of neoplastic mucosa and contralateral sites were significantly different with the excitation scans ((lambda) Ex 200-360 nm, (lambda) Em 380 nm, p < 0.001) and ((lambda) Ex 240-430 nm, (lambda) Em 450 nm, p < 0.01) and with the emission scan ((lambda) Ex 300 nm, (lambda) Em 320-580 nm, p < 0.001). Discrimination was significant with the emission scan ((lambda) Ex 340 nm, (lambda) Em 360- 660 nm, p < 0.07). Innate tissue fluorescence has potential as a monitor of cancer patients and populations at risk for head and neck cancer.
Amine attack on coordinated alkenes: an interconversion from anti-Markovnikoff to Markovnikoff products.

A sequence of alkene complexes of platinum, PtCl2(PPh3)(alkene) (alkene = ethylene, propene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene), has been prepared. These complexes are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, including assignment of each proton, and X-ray crystal structures of the 1-propene and 1-hexene complexes. Each complex was reacted with diethylamine. For the 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene complexes, the amine displaces the alkene. For the smaller alkenes, the diethylamine nucleophilically attacks the coordinated alkene. For propene and 1-butene, the low-temperature addition leads to the anti-Markovnikoff nucleophilic attack, which slowly converts at room temperature to the Markovnikoff product. The transformation from anti-Markovnikoff to Markovnikoff addition occurs without diethylamine dissociation.
Angular distribution of the Stokes vector in a plane-parallel, vertically inhomogeneous medium in the vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer (VDISORT) model

Abstract A method is developed to calculate analytically the Stokes vector at arbitrary angles and optical depths from a given vector discrete ordinate solution. The derived expressions are analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation for the full 4-vector (polarized) radiative transfer problem. These analytic solutions satisfy the boundary and across-layer continuity conditions in a vertically inhomogeneous slab consisting of multiple plane-parallel layers. The scheme is tested for Rayleigh scattering, scattering by spherical particles, and scattering by nonspherical particles. In all three test cases, this method proves to be superior to a spline interpolation that has previously been used in connection with the vector discrete ordinate method, both in terms of accuracy and in terms of computational speed. In contrast to the spline, the analytic method presented here has no difficulties with extrapolations. It is interesting to note that the analytic expressions developed here actually improve the discrete ordinate results, when a numerical imprecision at some of the quadrature points.
A preliminary reactor design for the center for neutron research

Abstract The Center for Neutron Research is a new, national experimental facility being planned by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to meet the need for an intense steady-state source of neutrons and for associated experimental space and equipment. This article describes a preliminary design for a reactor to serve as the neutron source. The design offers an unprecedented thermal neutron flux for scattering experiments (5×10 19 to 10×10 19 neutrons m −2 s −1 ) as well as capabilities for isotope production and engineering materials irradiation experiments that surpass those at present research reactors.
Belief in the supernatural among Harvard and West African university students.

JAHODA1 has assessed the effect of university education on traditional supernatural beliefs held by many students at the University of Ghana, and concluded that there was no evidence that education, “including scientific training, had any discernible impact on the magico-mythical beliefs”. He therefore suggests that if such beliefs impede the growth of science in developing countries, methods other than general education must be used to diminish them. The growth of a superstitious sub-culture now apparent in the United States, including increased popular interest in horoscopes, and our desire to understand better the African studies, led us to attempt a similar investigation on undergraduates at Harvard University.
Order and Disorder in Colonial South India

Recently, we have come to see that the perceptions which we had of the decay and destruction of India in the eighteenth century were more than anything else a product of British writing which sought consciously or unconsciously to magnify and color the changes which took place in the eighteenth century to enhance the magnitude of their own ‘achievements’ from then onwards. ‘achievements’ from then onwards. Secondly, we have come to see the interaction of British desires for political security on the one hand and a steady income from land and other taxes as producing a situation first of depression in the first half of the nineteenth century and later of gradual underdevelopment at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth. It is therefore possible now to understand the unwillingness of the British administration in India to engage in any large-scale developmental activity which would upset the political balance which the British had established early in their relationship with landed and mercantile groups in the area. In this essay, I should like to address the connection between British support for landed groups in the agrarian area outside of Madras on the one hand and the colonial ‘discovery’ and reinforcement of traditions on the other, to understand both the nature of colonial control strategies and the genesis of Indian revivalism.
Picture-word differences and conceptual frequency judgments.

Recent evidence suggests that while pictures are more easily recognized, discriminated, associated, and recalled than their corresponding verbal labels, this is not the case in concept acquisition/utilization tasks. If such evidence is interpreted in terms of a “frequency theory” perspective, one would expect the typically obtained frequency judgment differences between pictures and words to be reduced if “conceptual” frequency judgments are required. This expectation was confirmed in three experiments.
Asymptotic condition and covariant gauges in quantum electrodynamics

Abstract Manifestly covariant quantum electrodynamics is considered in the frame-work of Lehmann, Symanzik, and Zimmermann.
Absorbing-sphere model for calculating ion-ion recombination total cross sections.

An 'absorbing-sphere' model based on the Landau-Zener method is set up for calculating the upper limit thermal energy (300 K) reaction rate and the energy dependence of the total cross sections. The crucial parameter needed for the calculation is the electron detachment energy for the outer electron on the anion. It is found that the cross sections increase with decreasing electron detachment energy.
Transnational Computer Use in Urban Latino Immigrant Communities Implications for Schooling

This article examines the ways in which transnational Latino immigrants in urban communities use computer technology. Drawing from a 3-year ethnographic study, it focuses on three second-generation transnational female youth, their families, and members of their respective immigrant networks. Data were collected in both the United States and Mexico. Findings point to the ways in which urban Latino immigrants acquire technology and use this practice in binational, bilingual contexts. In addition, this research informs what we know about the digital divide, especially regarding bilingual Latino immigrants—a group sorely underrepresented in the literature on technology, communities, and schools. Implications for teaching are also addressed.
Nonlinear Control of NMES: Incorporating Fatigue and Calcium Dynamics

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a promising technique that has the potential to restore functional tasks in persons with movement disorders. Clinical and commercial NMES products exist for this purpose, but a pervasive problem with current technology is that overstimulation of the muscle (among other factors) leads to muscle fatigue. The objective of the current effort is to develop a NMES controller that incorporates the effects of muscle fatigue through an uncertain function of the calcium dynamics. A neural network-based estimate of the fatigue model mismatch is incorporated in a nonlinear controller through a backstepping based method to control the human quadriceps femoris muscle undergoing non-isometric contractions. The developed controller is proven to yield uniformly ultimately bounded stability for an uncertain nonlinear muscle model in the presence of bounded nonlinear disturbances (e.g., spasticity, delays, changing load dynamics).© 2009 ASME
Electronic structures and optical properties of short-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices

Etude des proprietes optiques et electroniques des super-reseaux a courte periode, dans un modele empirique de la liaison forte qui inclue les interactions de seconds voisins. Les niveaux energetiques electroniques de types-Γ et X sont obtenus en fonction du nombre de monocouches de GaAs, du champ electrique applique, et du vecteur d'onde parallele. La transition continue Γ→X calculee est en bon accord avec l'observation experimentale. On examine egalement les super-reseaux a periode courte dont la croissance est obtenue dans la direction [111]. Calcul des permitivites dielectriques sur toute la gamme d'energie, en utilisant une methode empirique developpee recemment pour obtenir les elements de matrice optiques
Arguing from errors: On certain issues in Robert Davies' and Stephen Wheatcroft's analysis of the 1932 Soviet grain harvest and the Great Soviet famine of 1931 – 1933

In their recent book, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931 – 1933 (2004), a detailed study of the Soviet famine of those years, Robert Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft criticise my publicatio...
Internal-external control, divergent thinking and levels of abstractness.

Summary.-This study deals with the relationship of scores on Rotter's I-E scale with scores on Guilford's Unusual Uses Tests and on a sorting cask judged for level of abstractness (n = 90 junior high students). There were no relauonships between the locus of control scores and measures of uncommonness and of levels of abstracrness of hesponses. The present study was conceptualized wichin Rotter's social learning theory and attempted to ascertain the effectiveness of the I-E construct as related to "conformity" and "creativity." Discussing research in personality that deals largely with outcomes and productions, Klein, Barr, and Wolitzky ( 1967) place research on creativity with and between research on conformity and that on achievement. From one conceptualization, conformity and creativity appear to be polar opposites. If creativity is conceptualized as unusualness of response and conformity as adherence to a normative response, creative and conforming responses appear to be different. Such differences are emphasized in Guilford's dichotomy of cognitive activity into convergent thinking and divergent thinking. Personality variables relevant to both conforming and to creative behavior have been investigated in numerous studies. Reviewing studies in creative productions, Golann (1963) has stated that one of the variables related to the ability to be creative is the presence of an internal source of direction. The present srudies attempt to measure the personality variable of internal-external control and to test its relations to tzsks that are essentially nonconforming in nature and that require divergent thinking. One is a test of uncommonness of responses; the other measures degree of abstractness of conceptualization of stimulus materials. Within Rotter's presentation of social learning theory, the potentiality for the occurrence of a behavior is a function of expectancy and reinforcement value. Expectancy is defined as the subjective probability that a particular behavior will lead to a certain reinforcement in a specific situation. As the individual develops, he perceives the occurrence of the reinforcement in some situations as being contingent upon his own behaviors and similarly in some situations as being noncontingent. The 1-E scale was developed as a measure of such generalized expectancy. More specifically, it attempts to measure whether an individual feels he can exercise control over the occurrence of the event, i.e., the reinforcement that involves him-or whether he feels that such events are controlled primarily by chance, fate, etc. The former is referred to as an internal individual and the latter as an external individual.
Progress of sugarcane disease research in China : recent developments

Sugarcane diseases are the most severe threat to cane production in China, which affect the cane yield and sugar content. This paper summarizes the developments of sugarcane disease research in mainland China in the 10 years.