cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) B: a unique neurotoxin and neurotransmitter producing enzyme.

Abstract Youdim Moussa B.H.: Brain Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) B: A Unique Neurotoxin and Neurotransitter Producing Enzyme. Prog. Neuro- Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1989, 13 :363–371 The notion that monoamine oxidase (MAO) functions solely to inactivate neurotransmitter and other biogenic amines needs to be re-evaluated. It is now apparent that MAO-B is capable of oxidizing inert non-polar amines such as MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6, tetrahydropyridine) and milacemide (2-n-pentylaminoacetamide) into neuroactive substances giving rise to Parkinson inducing dopaminergic neurotoxin, MPP and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter, glycine respectively. These findings accord new prospectives for neuropsychotherapy with selective MAO-B inhibitors and substrates.
The crack-tip mechanics and growth rates of small fatigue cracks in ASTROLOY

The micromechanics of naturally initiated small fatigue cracks in coarse- and fine-grained nickelbased ASTROLOY have been studied at ambient and elevated temperature using a cyclic loading stage for the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the stereoimaging technique. The objective of these experiments was to obtain a fracture mechanics description of crack driving force for use in engineering damage tolerance assessments. Cracks were initiated from small pores and slip lines within grains at ambient temperature in bending but were grown in tension at 20 °C and 600 °C. When expressed in terms of the linear elastic stress intensity factor range, ΔK, small cracks grew faster and at lower ΔK than did large cracks, as has been found for many other materials. Displacements were measured around the tips of small cracks, from which both crack opening displacements (CODs), and strains were derived. Mixed mode CODs were typically found. Because the small cracks exhibited large levels of crack-tip plasticity, an equivalent stress intensity factor (a local crack driving force based on ΔJ) was computed using measured crack-tip parameters. Crack opening load, measured by direct observation of the crack peeling open under high resolution conditions, was used to calculate an effective stress intensity factor. The relationships between the applied ΔK, as computed by standard fracture mechanics methods, the equivalent stress intensity factor, and the effective stress intensity factor for small cracks were found to be different than for large cracks. Crack growth rates for small and large fatigue cracks were correlated through the use of equivalent stress intensity factors.
Innovative cities in China: Lessons from Pudong New District, Zhangjiang High-tech Park and SMIC Village

AbstractAlthough the pace of development in Chinese cities over the past decade has been unprecedented, future economic progress in China may be increasingly constrained by limitations in the social structures that serve to attract skilled labor. To frame this contention, we present a model of economic development that describes what has happened in Shanghai and that we refer to as the Innovative City Development Life Cycle (CDLC) model. The model and issues are highlighted by a case study of the Pudong New District (PND) in Shanghai and our observations about one particular area of PND, the Zhanjiang High-Tech Park (ZHTP). Although much of what has been seen in Shanghai and Pudong is consistent with recent theories of city innovation, central control of the CDLC leaves open the question of whether the Shanghai model is a sustainable one. In particular, the influence of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in recognizing and supporting social innovations is likely to be essential to future success in Shanghai...
Single muscle fiber discharges (insertional activity, end-plate potentials, positive sharp waves, and fibrillation potentials): a unifying proposal

The exact origin and precise morphologic explanation of positive sharp waves (PSWs) are presently lacking. Observing normal needle electromyographic insertional activity reveals two types of waveforms: (1) biphasic negative/positive spikes, and (2) positive spikes followed by a small negative phase. In the end-plate region, it is possible to occasionally observe a biphasic end-plate spike transform into a monophasic positive end-plate waveform. It is postulated that this waveform is simply a form of intracellular recording for the biphasic end-plate spike or a form of extracellularly recorded but blocked single muscle fiber discharge. Similarly, the observed monophasic positive insertional activity may be an intracellularly recorded single muscle fiber discharge or a blocked extracellular discharge originating about the needle electrode. Applying this reasoning to PSWs suggests that they may also be an intracellular recording of a fibrillation potential, or needle-induced extracellular blocked local single muscle fiber discharge. This unifying concept is applied to various clinical situations purported to demonstrate "different" types of PSWs.
Update on the use of gabapentin in painful and pruritic syndromes of dermatology

Gabapentin, known more commonly by the commercial name Neurontin®, is an anticonvulsant drug approved by the US FDA for use in post-herpetic neuralgia. The mechanism of action of gabapentin is not ...
A quantitative meta-analytic examination of whole-body vibration effects on human performance

Whole-body vibration exerts a substantive influence in many work environments. The primary objective for this work was to quantify such effects by identifying those moderating variables that influence the degree to which performance is affected. To achieve this, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, which synthesized the existing research evidence. A total of 224 papers and reports were identified and, from these 115 effect sizes were derived from 13 experiments that survived the screening procedure. Results indicate that vibration acts to degrade the majority of goal-related activities, especially those with high demands on visual perception and fine motor control. Gaps in the current research literature are identified and suggestions offered with regard to a more theoretically-driven approach to testing vibration effects on human performance.
Analytic solution for low-frequency rf sheaths in pulsed discharges.

The equations governing the evolution of rf-driven sheaths are solved analytically in the regime where the rf frequency is small compared to both the ionic plasma frequency and the ion transit time in the sheaths. Poincare's map of first return is used to gain geometric insight into the dynamics of the circuit-sheath system. The requirements of minimizing wall bombardment while maximizing the efficiency of the coupling to the substrate sheath are shown to lead to an optimum value for the blocking capacitance in asymmetric discharges. This optimum value is also favorable for rapid relaxation to the steady state in pulsed discharges. The analytic solution is applied to the problem of negative-ion extraction in afterglow plasmas.
Spectral components in prepyriform electrical activity and changes at high altitude

Abstract 1. 1. Spectral analysis of spontaneous electrical activity (SEA) and of the averaged evoked potentials (AEP) of the prepyriform cortex was performed in awake, unrestrained rats chronically implanted with electrodes in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) for stimulation and in the prepyriform cortex for recording. Similar spectral components were found in both the SEA and AEP. 2. 2. Three principal components in SEA spectra, in order of frequency of occurrence, appeared in the 35–55, 1–5 and 15–20 c/sec frequency ranges. At low intensity stimulation of the LOT, the major peak in spectra of the AEP also occurred in the 35–55 c/sec frequency range. With increasing intensity of stimulation, the principal component of AEP spectra increased in amplitude and shifted to 15–20 c/sec. 3. 3. Exposure to simulated 18,000 ft altitude for 2 h markedly decreased the amplitude of the fastest waves, also decreased the amplitude of the intermediate frequency and either changed the lowest frequency very little or increased it in SEA spectra. Exposure to simulated 18,000 ft altitude for 2 h decreased the amplitude and frequency of the highest frequency component in AEP spectra. Exposure to 12,500 ft decreased the frequency, but not the amplitude, of the same component, thus demonstrating that frequency is the more susceptible of the two measures to the effects of high altitude exposure.
Composition and chirality of amino acids in aerosol/dust from laboratory and residential enclosures.

Initial results from the analyses of geological and anthropological samples for amino acids were difficult to accept because of the high enantiomeric purities of the analytes (i.e., predominantly L-amino acids). Consequently, sources of contamination had to be considered. All sources were eliminated except for direct atmospheric contamination. Essentially invisible, microscopic, aerosol/dust was found to rapidly contaminate the surface of samples and sample containers even after brief exposure times in clean laboratories. Contamination increased with exposure time. The aerosol/dust amino acids were contained predominantly in a proteinaceous material. Aerosol/dust from different locations can contain different percentages of proteinoid/amino acid material. However, the relative concentrations of the amino acids were similar for both laboratory and residential samples. The enantiomeric purity of the L-amino acids studied in aerosol/dust appears to be 99% or greater for the samples examined. Thus, even slight contamination of any sample with microscopic dust or aerosol particles can skew the results of trace amino acid analyses and amino acid e.e. determinations.
Simultaneous Augmentation Cystoplasty and Cuff Only Artificial Urinary Sphincter in Children and Young Adults with Neurogenic Urinary Incontinence

Purpose: We review our experience with artificial urinary sphincter and augmentation cystoplasty in patients with neurogenic bladder. This is the largest known series to specifically evaluate cuff only artificial urinary sphincter at augmentation cystoplasty.Materials and Methods: A total of 18 males underwent simultaneous artificial urinary sphincter and augmentation cystoplasty at our institution between 1982 and 2012, of whom 13 (72%) underwent cuff only artificial urinary sphincter. Outcomes included urinary continence, emptying modality, artificial urinary sphincter status, complications and additional procedures.Results: Of the patients undergoing augmentation cystoplasty and cuff only artificial urinary sphincter 10 (77%) were initially continent. Average time of continence was 52.9 months. Four patients (31%) required no additional procedures and remained continent. Urinary incontinence developed in 3 patients (23%) immediately postoperatively and in 6 (46%) subsequently. Ultimately 9 patients (69...
The association of an open relationship orientation with health and happiness in a sample of older US adults

Sexual activity over the life course is strongly associated with better health and greater personal happiness, yet the sexuality of aging adults has been a neglected topic. There is a lack of research on those with a consensually non-exclusive sexual relationship style regardless of age. This research examines whether such an orientation has positive effects on sexual frequency, health and personal happiness, and how this might inform counselors and therapists providing services to older adults. The authors collected 502 responses via an online survey from individuals aged 55 and older residing in the United States who engage in consensually non-exclusive sexual relationships. Self-reported health and happiness, number of sexual partners, and sexual frequency were compared with 723 similar respondents from the nationally-representative 2012 United States (US) General Social Survey. Key findings were: irrespective of formal relationship status, the non-exclusive sample reported significantly more sexual pa...
Developing countries and tourism ecolabels

Abstract The provision of ecolabels to environmentally sensitive tourism enterprises is currently being practiced in developed nations in an attempt to protect the natural capital through improvements in existing environmental standards within the industry. The tourism industry in developing countries could soon follow suit by championing the utilization of internationally recognized ecolabeling schemes as a strategy for environmental management, and for setting the course for the environmentally compatible development of the industry. The achievement and promotion of internationally recognized environmental awards would be instrumental to the tourism enterprises of developing countries in marketing their services to high spending, environmentally conscious western tourists. This paper provides a conceptual analysis of the feasibility of adopting ecolabeling schemes for certifying tourism enterprises in developing countries. Key issues and potential barriers that could hinder the ecolabeling process in developing countries are discussed and testable propositions are developed to guide future research for evaluating the effectiveness of tourism ecolabels in developing countries.
Integrated Monitoring System for Carbon Composite Strands in Cable-Stayed Bridge, Penobscot Narrows, Maine

An integrated monitoring system for carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC) strands recently implemented in the Penobscot Narrows Bridge in Maine is presented. This cable-stayed bridge features a cradle-stay system in the pylons that provides a continuous cable stay between the main span bridge deck anchorage and the back span bridge deck anchorage. The cradle-stay system allowed for replacing epoxy-coated steel strands with CFCC strands. The monitoring system installed in the bridge is composed of a set of sensors and devices that provide complementary structural information: (a) load cells supported on steel anchorage chairs, (b) linear voltage differential transformers (LVDTs) mounted on the steel anchorage chairs, (c) fiber-optic strain (FOS) sensors embedded in composite sleeves, and (d) temperature sensors. The monitoring system was designed to detect variations over time in individual carbon fiber strand force and strains at the anchorage locations and to correlate the measurements with ambient tempera...
Restudy of Relationships Between Physical Performances of School Children and Age, Height, and Weight

Abstract The relationship of age, height, and weight to performances of boys and girls on the California Physical Performance Tests was studied in order to evaluate these factors as bases for the grouping of students and for the establishment of norms for test performance. Where age is held constant, relationships of all performances with height and with weight are low. Highest correlations were obtained for boys of junior high school age in the events of jumping and throwing. Significant changes with age do occur in most events for both sexes. Age is recommended as a basis for test norms. If grouping according to size is desired, the California Classification Plan is superior.
Triamcinolone acetonide-assisted peeling of the internal limiting membrane.

Abstract Purpose We report on a new technique to peel the internal limiting membrane (ILM) using triamcinolone acetonide (TA) to facilitate visualization during surgery. Design Interventional case series. Methods In four eyes of four patients with macular hole, TA was used during vitrectomy to visualize the hyaloid. After the posterior hyaloid was surgically separated from the optic nerve head and posterior retina, TA suspension was injected over the posterior pole. Intraocular forceps was used to peel the ILM in a circumferential manner around the macular hole. Results Numerous particles of TA were dispersed over the posterior retina as white specks. Once the ILM was peeled, the peeled area was clearly visualized as an area lacking the white specks. In all patients, the macular holes closed. No adverse reactions were observed during the 3-month follow-up period. Conclusions TA-assisted ILM peeling is an effective and safe technique for macular hole surgery.
The in vitro conversion of female sex steroid, oestrone, in normal and inflamed human gingiva

Abstract The in vitro conversion of the female sex steroid, oestrone, to oestradiol-17β in normal and inflamed human gingiva was demonstrated. Little, if any, oestradiol-17β was converted to oestrone. The average rate of conversion of oestrone to oestradiol-17β in normal and inflamed gingiva was 6·8 × 10 −7 and 19·4 × 10 −7 μM/g/min respectively.
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN SULFUR COMPOUNDS ON STABILITY AND GELATION OF CASEINS AND OF STERILE CONCENTRATED MILK.

Abstract Strong disulfide reducing agents Na 2 SO 3 and NaBH 4 increased nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in the casein complex from sterile concentrated milk. The sulfur-containing reducing agents mercaptoethanol, thioglycolate, and cysteine reduced the disulfide linkages and decreased stabilities to Ca ++ of the casein complex, of whole and of κ-caseins with slight changes in NPN. Increasing pH to 12 with 0.1 N NaOH also split the linkages and decreased stability of whole and κ-caseins. Decreased stabilities were almost completely restored by air oxidation and neutralization. Degrading κ- and whole caseins with NaOH and NaBH doubled the sulfur compounds by the p-mercuribenzoate (PMB) method as compared to reducing them with Na 2 SO 3 . The sulfhydryl blocking agents PMB, N-ethylmalcimide (NEM), iodoacetamide, and Salyrgan retarded gelation and the disulfide-reducing agents mercaptoethanol, thioglycolate, cysteine, and glutathione promoted gelation of sterile concentrated milk and of α-casein with and without β-lactoglobulin in the presence of Ca ++ . β-Lactoglobulin accelerated gelation of α-casein. The effects of cystine and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) became evident only after long storage. α-Casein containing glutathione (GSH) gelled quicker, decreased in stability more than the control, and protein bound SH − increased and nonprotein SH − decreased during storage. Masked SH − groups were not found in either κ- or whole caseins.
SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR SELECTED MICROBIAL AGENTS IN MAMMALS FROM ALBERTA, 1976

Blood samples were taken from humans and several species of free-ranging wild mammals from five different geographic areas of Alberta, Canada. Sera were tested for antibody to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, Powassan (POW) virus, the snowshoe hare (SSH) strain of the California group (CAL) of viruses, Northway (NOR) virus, Klamath (KLA) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, and two bacteria, Brucella abortus and Francisella tularensis. CAL antibody was found in 63% of 11 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 33% of 167 black bears (Ursus americanus), and 19% of 55 humans (Homo sapiens). NOR antibody was found in 0.4% of 258 hares, 11% of 9 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 20% of 44 moose (Alces alces), 4% of 56 bears, 14% of 22 woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and 2% of 50 humans. IBR antibody was detected in 14% of 14 moose. B. abortus antibody was found in 1% of 283 bears. F. tularensis antibody was d...
Disrupting the Financing of Terrorism

Following the money trail is an essential element of the fight against terrorism. How can terrorist financing be pursued without disrupting the international financial system and without intruding excessively on the civil rights of U.S. citizens and residents?
On the dose-rate threshold of beam damage in TEM

Electron beam damage in a CaF2–Al2O3–SiO2 glass is investigated using time-dependent Ca L23 and O K-edge electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It appears that there is a threshold dose rate, below which the damage involving the formation of O defects may not be detected, at any total dose. This suggests that the threshold phenomenon of dose rate may result from the competition of damage and recovery processes. The accumulation of damage can only occur when the damage rate is higher than the recovery rate. For surface sputtering process in TEM, the recovery rate is negligible. Therefore, there is no threshold dose rate for surface sputtering.
A MEASURE OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT FOR THE LOGNORMAL MODEL APPLIED TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

The lognormal distribution is often applied to occupational exposures, yet the assumption of lognormality is rarely verified. This lack of rigor in evaluating the appropriateness of the lognormal model has resulted, in part, from the difficulty of applying formal goodness-of-fit tests. When evaluation of model fit has been attempted, occupational hygienists have relied upon probability plotting of exposures rather than upon formal statistical methods. The goal of this work was to develop for the occupational hygienist a simple quantitative evaluation to supplement the probability plot. A measure of goodness-of-fit to the lognormal model based on the ratio of two estimators of the mean of the distribution, the simple or direct estimate of the mean and the maximum likelihood estimate of the mean of a lognormal distribution, is described. This new measure, the ratio metric, is a simple extension of calculations made routinely by many occupational hygienists. Results from using the ratio metric were compared ...
Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: A Practical Manual

Rosaire Gray, Louise Pack. 336 pages. New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 2011. $45.00 ISBN 978-0-19-957059-1. The aging of the worldwide population is having dramatic effects on healthcare delivery, and in no field more than in cardiovascular disease. In the United States, England, and other developed countries, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality, with combined prevalence rates of >50% of conditions such as heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease in those >75 years of age. In addition, the near-universal risk of developing hypertension during one's life, coupled with the rising rate of other common cardiovascular risk factors, is contributing to the dramatic rise of cardiovascular disease with aging. This is in the background of normative age-related changes in cardiovascular structure and function that result in a phenotype that predisposes older adults to cardiovascular disorders and magnify their sequelae. Accordingly, although mainstream cardiology is becoming de facto geriatric cardiology, in many places, older adults with cardiovascular disease are often not cared for by cardiologists, rather care is being provided primarily by primary care providers, geriatricians, and allied health professions …
Contribution of different EEG frequencies to auditory evoked potential abnormalities in schizophrenia

Abstract Objective : We have shown previously [Clin Neurophysiol 2003;114:79] that phase reorganization of the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) plays an important role in the generation of auditory evoked potential (EP) components with a latency between 50 and 200 ms. In the present study, we investigate whether schizophrenia patients suffer from phase synchronization deficits as compared to normal subjects. Methods : The auditory EPs from 20 normal subjects and 19 schizophrenia patients were analyzed. EPs were obtained using a double stimulus paradigm, in which two identical tone bursts ( S 1 and S 2 ) were delivered with an average inter-stimulus interval of 500 ms and an inter-pair interval of 8 s. The Piecewise Prony Method (PPM) was used to decompose single trial auditory evoked potentials into different frequency bands. Pre- and post-stimulus phase histograms were compared for each frequency band to determine the degree of phase synchronization produced by auditory stimulation in the two populations. Results : The S 1 stimulus produced significantly less ( P S 2 stimulus. Both populations showed more phase synchronization for S 1 than S 2 . A significant correlation ( P S 1 was observed for the normal population but not for the schizophrenia group. The correlation between P200 amplitude and phase synchronization 200 ms post S 1 was significant for the normal group ( P P Conclusions : Schizophrenia patients have a phase synchronization deficiency, as compared to a normal control group, especially for the first stimulus, in the 2–12 Hz frequency range. This deficiency explains the lower EP amplitudes and may be a significant factor contributing to reduced sensory gating reported in schizophrenic subjects. Significance : The research presented here contributes to the understanding of the mechanism underlying sensory gating in health and gating deficiencies in schizophrenia.
"The psychologist as expert witness": A correction.

in deaths before ceremonial occasions: Some new relationships between social integration and mortality. American Sociological Review, 1973, 38, 678-696. Schulz, R., & Bazerman, M. Ceremonial occasions and mortality: A second look. American Psychologist, 1980, 35, 253261. Tanur, J. M., Mosteller, F., Kruskal, W., Link, R., Pieters, R., & Rising, G. (Eds.). Statistics: A guide to the unknown. San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1972,
Industry in Pisa in the Early Fourteenth Century

Pisa's commercial greatness and prosperity, 339. — Her decline at the end of the thirteenth century, 340. — Industrial organization in the early fourteenth century, 341. — Its mature form, 341. — The gilds, 341. — The unorganized crafts, 347. — The crafts, organized but dependent, 348. — Industrial regulation by the gilds, 349. — By the city, 350. — Study of the woolen industry, 353. — The Curia Mercatorum, 354. — The Arte della Lane, 355. — The domestic system in the shell of the old gild organization, 356. — Conclusion, 358.
Comparison of Productivity and Cost of Full-Time and Part-Time Faculty Members in an Academic Department of Radiology

Purpose To compare financial productivity and employment costs of full-time and part-time faculty members and to assess qualitative factors related to part-time employment. Materials and Methods Financial productivity and employment costs were compared for full-time and part-time staff members on the basis of a review of financial records from fiscal year 2005. Part-time and full-time faculty members were interviewed to determine reasons for working part-time and to assess the attitudes of both full-time and part-time faculty members toward part-time status. Results Part-time radiologists working an average 65% schedule constituted 13% of the total full-time equivalent faculty complement and performed 14% of the clinical work at an average of 0.88 physicians' component total relative value units while more than covering their costs. Part-time radiologists were more productive while interpreting examinations of lesser relative value unit value than full-time radiologists. Conclusion Part-time radiologists are an important resource for the specialty and should be nurtured to stay in practice.
Energy-Based Crashworthiness Optimization for Multiple Vehicle Impacts

In this paper, we use a full-scale finite element vehicle model of a 1996 Dodge Neon in simulating two types of vehicle crashes, offset-frontal and side impacts. Based on an analysis of the vehicle’s histories of internal energy absorption under both impacts, we select twenty components as design variables in the optimization of the vehicle’s weight without decreasing the vehicle’s energy absorption capacity and energy absorption rate. We use the second-order polynomials in creating the metamodels for the response functions of energy absorption under both impacts. The optimization result shows a significant reduction on the total weight of the selected components. The LS-DYNA MPP v970 and a full-scale finite element vehicle model of 320,872 nodes and 577,524 elements are used in the simulations. A simulation of 100 ms offset-frontal impact takes approximately 17 hours with 36 processors on the IBM Linux SuperCluster, which has a total of 1038 Intel Pentium III 1.266 GHz processors and 607.5 GB RAM. A simulation of 100 ms side impact takes approximately 29 hours with the same condition as the offset-frontal simulation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Personal Jurisdiction Stops Here: Cabining the Extraterritorial Reach of American Courts

In this 2013-14 term the Supreme Court will again return to its personal jurisdiction jurisprudence in two interesting cases: DaimlerChrysler AG v. Bauman, and Walden v. Fiore. While the Walden appeal asks the Court to revisit its "effects" and "purposeful direction" tests for a state’s ability to assert jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, DaimlerChrysler’s appeal raises the sexier and more compelling issue of personal jurisdiction in the context of so-called F-cubed cases: lawsuits brought in an American court by foreign plaintiffs suing foreign defendants, based on events that took place in some foreign country. In recent years the Court twice has manifested its distaste for F-cubed litigation in American courts, repudiating such litigation based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction of the U.S. courts to adjudicate such disputes. If the combined Kiobel and Morrison decisions have not completely destabilized the reach of American courts over transnational disputes, then the Court this term has the opportunity to hammer a final nail in this coffin by addressing subject matter jurisdiction’s twin doctrine: that of personal jurisdiction. This term’s DaimlerChrysler case, the third time in as many years where the Court will evaluate whether American courts may assert personal jurisdiction over non-resident foreign defendants for injuries occurring either in the United States, or on foreign soil. Based on the Court’s general trend declining to allow the extraterritorial reach of American courts over foreign nationals as a matter of subject matter jurisdiction, it seems unlikely that the Court will reverse course and embrace an expansive doctrine of extraterritoriality in the guise of personal jurisdiction jurisprudence. Nonetheless, the Court’s personal jurisdiction doctrine has been so muddied and fractured over several decades that one can never predict with certainty where the Court will wind up. This article suggests that while the Court’s consideration of the DaimlerChrysler appeal most likely will look to the Court’s 2011 Goodyear decision relating to general jurisdiction, the Court’s companion opinions in McIntyre Machinery may offer a seductive analytical paradigm that diverts the Court into the ongoing debate between sovereignty and fairness theories of personal jurisdiction. Thus, in deciding the DaimlerChrysler appeal, although the Court’s Goodyear decision is the reigning precedent concerning general personal jurisdiction, it may well turn out that the Court’s McIntyre decision asserts more hydraulic pull with the Court.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: a diagnostic tool of increasing utility.

Purpose of review Since its introduction in 1982, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography has become an important diagnostic and monitoring tool in patients with surgical disease. It has applications in the perioperative period, as well as in the intensive care unit. It is therefore appropriate for the anesthesiologist to maintain an understanding of its current utility. Recent findings Transcranial Doppler has an established role in diagnosing cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and for guiding transfusion therapy in children with sickle cell disease. It has application in the preoperative evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease, as well as that of an intraoperative monitor in carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting. It is useful for detecting right-to-left shunts in settings in which transesophageal echocardiography is not desirable. Its value in settings such as traumatic brain injury, hepatic failure, and migraine headache has yet to be fully clarified. Summary Although there are several settings in which transcranial Doppler has well established usefulness, there are many more in which it is likely valuable, such as traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and fulminant hepatic failure. Further research is needed in these fields to elucidate the exact role for transcranial Doppler.
Mg(H2O)62+–π(cytosine) interactions in a DNA dodecamer*

In a recent investigation we performed extensive Monte Carlo calculations on the sequence-specific binding of hydrated magnesium ions to DNA. One of the DNA models considered used coordinates from a high-resolution crystal structure of the dodecamer duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 in which a hydrated magnesium ion is outer-sphere-coordinated to the dodecamer. In analogy with cation–π interactions in proteins, it has been suggested that the local base unstacking observed in this structure is due to similar interactions between cytosine rings and a nearby magnesium ion. As our (and most) Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of cation–DNA interactions rely only on the electrostatic and Lennard–Jones (6–12) components of standard force fields to describe such situations, we undertook a detailed ab initio study of selected cation–π interactions in this crystal structure to gauge their strength. The results of this investigation involving the 6-31G*, 6-31+G*, and 6-311++G** basis sets at the restricted Hartree–Fock, Moller–Plesset second-order perturbation and density functional levels are presented here within the context of previous cation–π studies. We find that, for this particular crystal structure, the average binding energy between the hydrated magnesium ion and one of the three nearest cytosine bases is about −1.8±1.0 kcal/mol. We therefore rule out these specific cation–π interactions between a hydrated magnesium ion and cytosine rings as the cause of the observed base unstacking. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Comparison of Artificial Life Techniques for Market Simulation

Electricity industries worldwide are undergoing a period of profound upheaval. Conventional vertically integrated mechanism is replaced by a competitive market environment. A pure operating cost optimization is not enough to model the distributed, large-scale complex system. A market simulator will be a valuable training and evaluation tool to assist sellers, buyers & regulators to understand systems dynamic performance and make better decisions avoiding bunch of risks. The objective of this research is to model market players by adaptive multi-agent system, compare the performances of different artificial life technique such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Particle Swarm (PS) in simulating players behaviors, identify the best method to emulates real rational participants.
Simulation of Flow Induced Crystallization in Fiber Spinning Using the Radial Resolution Approximation

In this article we develop a more accurate model for describing flow induced crystallization within the thermomechanical framework created by Rao and Rajagopal [1, 2] to describe the problem of polymer crystallization in general and the problem of fiber spinning in particular. We incorporate the changes in the material symmetry during crystallization to study the problem of fiber spinning. This study differs from the recent studies by Kannan and Rajagopal [3, 4] in that a more appropriate two dimensional form for the balance of energy is used here, while in the previous studies by the same authors a one dimensional approximation is employed. The model incorporates the effects due to melt viscoelasticity, drag on the fiber, gravity, inertia effects, the cooling of the fiber, the initiation of crystallization (that depends on both the temperature and deformation), flow induced crystallization and the anisotropy of the crystalline phase of the semicrystalline solid. The predictions of the model are compared ...
Pioneers in Optics: Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault and Willebrord Snell

Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault was a French physicist who is considered one of the most versatile experimentalists of the nineteenth century. He is well known for his experiments in optics and mechanics and was involved in the development of a method to measure the speed of light with extreme accuracy. Foucault is most often remembered for proving, with the use of a pendulum, that the Earth rotates on its axis.
Electricity, resources, and building systems integration at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

As deployment rates for new energy technologies rapidly increase, there is growing emphasis on infrastructure and systems operations upgrades that will be needed to accommodate the unique operating characteristics of new renewable, efficiency, and end-use technologies. To meet these integration challenges, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is implementing a comprehensive systems approach to its R&D and engineering efforts on integration. As the centerpiece for these efforts, the U.S. Department of Energy has commissioned the design and construction of a state-of-the-art laboratory facility — the Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF). The ESIF will be constructed to enable complex systems research and development that fully integrates the most advanced simulation, data analysis, engineering, and evaluation techniques to enable optimal deployment of advanced energy technologies. This paper will overview the ESIF's role in NREL's approach to addressing large-scale renewable and efficiency technology integration issues.
The Relationship between Large-Scale Convective Rainfall and Cold Cloud over the Western Hemisphere during 1982-84

Abstract Estimates of areal- and time-averaged convective precipitation derived from geostationary satellite imagery using a simple thresholding technique are presented. The estimates are based on measurements of the monthly mean fraction of 2.5° × 2.5° areas covered by clouds whose equivalent blackbody temperature in infrared imagery is below 235 K. The transformation between fractional coverage and rainfall amount is based upon comparisons of fractional coverages using a variety of temperature thresholds and spatial and temporal averaging scales with areal averaged rainfall from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. Three-year means of the estimated precipitation for the period December 1981-November 1984 are shown for each of the (3-month) calendar seasons and compared with published descriptions of the long-term seasonal mean rainfall fields. Over the tropical oceans agreement is quite good with no evidence of any systematic errors. Over the Americas, long-term means derived from station observations...
Experimental Study of Treating Volatile Organic Compounds

Heated Soil Vapor Extraction (HSVE) is a technology that has been used successfully to clean up subsurface soils at sites containing chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. The costs have been extremely high due to the large amount of energy required to volatilize high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds present in the soil matrix. One remediation contractor states that hydrocarbons are oxidized in situ by achieving temperatures in the >1000 F range near the heaters [1]. A critical question is whether the volatile portion of manufactured gas plant (MGP) hydrocarbons (VOCs) can be stripped out at lower temperatures such that the remaining contaminants will be unavailable for transport or subsequent dissolution into the groundwater. Soil remediation by heated soil vapor extraction system is a relatively new technology developed by Jay Jatkar Inc. (JJI) along with the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee [2]. The areas around chemical companies or waste disposal sites have been seriously contaminated from the chemicals and other polluting materials that are disposed off. The process developed by JJI, consists of a heater/boiler that pump and circulates hot oil through a pipeline that is enclosed in a larger-diameter pipe. This extraction pipe is vertically installed within the contaminated soil up to a certain depth and is welded at the bottom and capped at the top. The number of heat source pipes and the extraction wells depends on the type of soil, the type of pollutants, moisture content of the soil and the size of the area to be cleaned. The heat source heats the soil, which is transported in the interior part of the soil by means of conduction and convection. This heating of soil results in vaporization of the gases, which are then driven out of the soil by the extraction well. The extraction well consists of the blower which would suck the vaporized gases out of the system. Our previous studies had removed higher boiling compounds, such as naphthalene, etc., to a non-detectable level. Thus, the current technology is very promising for removing most of the chemical compounds; and can also remove these boiling compounds from the saturated zone. Gas chromatography (GC) is utilized in monitoring the relative concentration changes over the extraction period. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assists in the identification and separation of extracted components. The experimental research is currently being conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The objectives of this study are to identify contaminants and time required to remove them through HSVE treatment and provide data for computation fluid dynamics CFD analysis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Clinical review: Early treatment of acute lung injury - paradigm shift toward prevention and treatment prior to respiratory failure

Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite improved understanding of the pathogenesis of ALI, supportive care with a lung protective strategy of mechanical ventilation remains the only treatment with a proven survival advantage. Most clinical trials in ALI have targeted mechanically ventilated patients. Past trials of pharmacologic agents may have failed to demonstrate efficacy in part due to the resultant delay in initiation of therapy until several days after the onset of lung injury. Improved early identification of at-risk patients provides new opportunities for risk factor modification to prevent the development of ALI and novel patient groups to target for early treatment of ALI before progression to the need for mechanical ventilation. This review will discuss current strategies that target prevention of ALI and some of the most promising pharmacologic agents for early treatment of ALI prior to the onset of respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation.
Complementary Josephson junction devices and circuits: a possible new approach to superconducting electronics

We present a superconducting logic family whose operation relies on the availability of a current gain greater than one, based on the analogy to semiconductor complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic family. The Complementary Josephson Junction (CJJ) logic family utilizes two types of nonlatching devices: a conventional device and a complementary device. The conventional device has a finite critical current, and the complementary device has zero critical current with no input applied. When the input is high, the complementary device has a finite critical current, while the conventional device has zero critical current. The bias current can be steered between a branch with a complementary device and a branch with a conventional device performing logic (and memory) functions. We can also use a resistor as a load to a complementary device. We call this circuit topology the Resistor Complementary Josephson Junction (RCJJ) family. It is analogous to the semiconductor PMOS/resistor logic family. In this paper, we investigate methods of realizing complementary devices, and we present a preliminary analysis of speed, margins, and power dissipation in simple CJJ and RCJJ inverter circuits.
Impact of Community-Wide Police Car Deployment of Automated External Defibrillators on Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background— Disappointing survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests encourage strategies for faster defibrillation, such as use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) by nonconventional responders. Methods and Results— AEDs were provided to all Miami-Dade County, Florida, police. AED-equipped police (P-AED) and conventional emergency medical rescue (EMS) responders are simultaneously deployed to possible cardiac arrests. Times from 9-1-1 contact to the scene were compared for P-AED and concurrently deployed EMS, and both were compared with historical EMS experience. Survival with P-AED was compared with outcomes when EMS was the sole responder. Among 420 paired dispatches of P-AED and EMS, the mean±SD P-AED time from 9-1-1 call to arrival at the scene was 6.16±4.27 minutes, compared with 7.56±3.60 minutes for EMS (P<0.001). Police arrived first to 56% of the calls. The time to first responder arrival among P-AED and EMS was 4.88±2.88 minutes (P<0.001), compared with a historical response ti...
Texture Classification Based on Discriminative Features Extracted in the Frequency Domain

Texture identification can be a key component in content based image retrieval systems. Although formal definitions of texture vary in the literature, it is commonly accepted that textures are naturally extracted and recognized as such by the human visual system, and that this analysis is performed in the frequency domain. In this work, a feature extraction method is presented which employs a discrete Fourier transform in the polar space, followed by a dimensionality reduction. Selected features are then processed with vector quantization for the supervised segmentation of images into uniformly textured regions. Experiments performed on a standard test suite show that this method compares favorably to the state-of-the-art and improves over previously studied frequency-domain based methods.
Implementation of a quality improvement program to improve sweat test performance in a pediatric hospital.

Context.—All positive screening of newborns for cystic fibrosis using the dried blood spot 2-tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen/DNA method requires subsequent sweat chloride testing for confirmation. Obtaining an adequate volume of sweat to measure chloride is a challenge for many cystic fibrosis centers across the nation. The standard for patients older than 3 months is less than 5% quantity not sufficient (QNS) and for patients 3 months or younger is less than 10% QNS. Objective.—To set up a quality improvement (QI) program for sweat testing to improve QNS rates using the Wescor Macroduct (Wescor, Inc, Logan, Utah) method at Texas Children's Hospital's laboratory, Houston, Texas. Design.—Single-center study. Results.—Quantity not sufficient rates were evaluated for 4 months before and 8 months after implementation of the QI program for patients aged 3 months or younger and those older than 3 months. The QI program included changes in technician training, service, site of collection, mode of collection, w...
Optimizing tree reconfiguration for mobile target tracking in sensor networks

Sensor nodes have limited sensing range and are not very reliable. To obtain accurate sensing data, many sensor nodes should he deployed and then the collaboration among them becomes an important issue. In W. Zhang and G. Cao, a tree-based approach has been proposed to facilitate sensor nodes collaborating in detecting and tracking a mobile target. As the target moves, many nodes in the tree may become faraway from the root of the tree, and hence a large amount of energy may be wasted for them to send their sensing data to the root. We address the tree reconfiguration problem. We formalize it as finding a min-cost convoy tree sequence, and solve it by proposing an optimized complete reconfiguration scheme and an optimized interception-based reconfiguration scheme. Analysis and simulation are conducted to compare the proposed schemes with each other and with other reconfiguration schemes. The results show that the proposed schemes are more energy efficient than others.