cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward constraining regional‐scale fluxes of CO2 with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor‐oriented framework

[1] We present an analysis framework and illustrate its potential to constrain terrestrial carbon fluxes at the regional scale using observations of CO2 and CO over North America acquired during the CO2 Budget and Rectification Airborne (COBRA) study in 2000. The COBRA data set, presented in detail in a companion paper [Gerbig et al., 2003] provides dense spatial coverage and extensive profiling in the lower atmosphere, revealing strong CO2 signatures of land surface fluxes in the active and relic mixed layers of the atmosphere. We introduce a “receptor-oriented” analysis framework designed to quantitatively interpret the atmospheric signatures of surface processes by linking concentrations at measurement locations (receptors) to surface fluxes in upwind regions. The framework incorporates three main components: (1) the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, driven with assimilated winds and running backward in time to map out the source-receptor relationship (footprint) at high temporal and spatial resolution; (2) an observation-based lateral boundary condition for CO2, resolving vertical and meridional gradients; and (3) a simple parameterization for biosphere-atmosphere fluxes that uses eddy covariance observations from the AmeriFlux network as prior estimates for fluxes. This framework allows quantitative comparison between the top-down constraint on fluxes from airborne observations of CO2 with the bottom-up constraint of eddy flux measurements in a Bayesian synthesis inversion. The model is used to investigate the observed representation error (mismatch between point measurements and grid-cell-averaged values in models), evaluated in the companion paper, showing that unresolved spatial variability of surface fluxes gives rise to most of the representation error over the continent. Thus the representation error reflects the effect of aggregation errors. Discrepancies between simulated and observed CO2 distributions are assessed to indicate where improvements are needed, including improved empirical representation of biosphere-atmosphere exchange process and better simulation of convective processes in atmospheric transport models.
A 360/spl deg/ extended range phase detector for type-I PLLs

This paper presents control circuitry for extending the range of a tri-state phase-frequency detector in a type-I charge-pump phase-locked loop. The extended range phase detector allows the entire range or the voltage controlled oscillator to be used, independent of loop filter gain and other design variables. A phase-locked loop containing the proposed control circuitry has been simulated by SPECTRE with BSIM3v3.2 models, and the expected operation has been confirmed. The phase-locked loop has been fabricated in the IBM 7RF 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Technology is Here to Stay in (Online) Higher Education

Review of : Minds Online ; Michelle D. Miller; (2014). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 279 pages. A review of the new book "Minds Online" by Michelle D. Miller, a cognitive psychologist, in which she analyzes the history of attention, memory, and thinking research and how new studies can enhance technology-driven education. A low-tech approach makes this book very readable to faculty and administrators thinking of diving into the online teacing format, yet its up to date research and practical examples are a rich resource for even veteran distance learning educators.
Non-Abelian Chiral 2-Form and M5-Branes

We first review self-dual (chiral) gauge field theories by studying their Lorentz non-covariant and Lorentz covariant formulations. We next construct a non-Abelian self-dual two-form gauge theory in six dimensions with a spatial direction compactified on a circle. This model reduces to the Yang-Mills theory in five dimensions for a small compactified radius R. The model also reduces to the Lorentz-invariant Abelian self-dual two-form theory when the gauge group is Abelian. The model is expected to describe multiple 5-branes in M-theory. We also discuss its decompactified limit, covariant formulation, BRST-antifield quantization and other generalizations.
Reference Information Model for Clinical Laboratories. RILA as a Laboratory Management Toolbox. Henk M.J. Goldschmidt, ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, 1998, 261pp., $74.00. ISBN 90-5199-414-1.

This book represents an application of data collection and models beginning with a definition of RILA, which stands for Reference Information Model for Clinical Laboratories. Such a representation model (RILA) contains information about the essential processes within the laboratory organization and the connections between these processes, along with the information to be created, shared, altered, and used. This approach takes advantage of the concept that information obtained from a standard information model can be used to effectively design and optimize an organization (such as a clinical laboratory) without the effort, delay, and expense required to generate new information from scratch. The book focuses on the importance and value of information and the fact that the information must be stored on “open” systems and in highly structured, uniform, and well-defined databases so that the …
The Scope of IMF Conditionality

International organizations are governed by two parallel sets of rules: formal rules, which embody consensual procedures, and informal rules, which allow exceptional access for powerful countries+ A new data set drawn from the IMF 's records of conditionality provides an opportunity to study the bargaining process within an important international organization and answer questions about the institution's autonomy+ I find evidence of U+S+ influence, which operates to constrain condition- ality, but only in important countries that are vulnerable enough to be willing to draw on their influence with the United States+ In ordinary countries under ordinary circumstances, broad authority is delegated to the IMF, which adjusts conditionality to accommodate local circumstances and domestic political opposition+ The IMF has refrained from exploiting the vulnerability of particular countries to maximize the scope of conditionality+ International organizations have become increasingly important actors in inter- national politics+ They have proliferated, have expanded in membership, have acquired new legal enforcement powers, and have extended their reach into the details of domestic political economy in their member states+ Af ew, including the International Monetary Fund ~IMF, or simply the Fund!, command significant resources and wield considerable authority+ Some critics have argued that these international organizations are sufficiently autonomous to create a democratic def- icit at the international level, as they pursue a vision of "undemocratic liberal- ism+" 1 Other critics have argued that international organizations are nothing more than instruments in the hands of powerful states+ 2 These critiques, of course, cannot simultaneously be true, and both run into difficulties+ The puzzle that the rogue-agency view cannot explain is why the principals have chosen to delegate so much authority+ In principal-agent terms, this view posits that both screening and monitoring have failed: the principals are unable to select agents with preferences similar to their own, and are unable
Epidemiology of Injuries Associated With Physical Training Among Young Men in the Army

ABSTRACTJONES, B. H., D. N. COWAN, J. P. TOMLINSON, J. R. ROBINSON, D. W. POLLY, and P. N. FRYKMAN. Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the army. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 197–203, 1993. It is widely acknowledged that musculoskeletal injur
Stegodon orientalis from Panxian Dadong, a Middle Pleistocene archaeological site in Guizhou, South China: taphonomy, population structure and evidence for human interactions

Abstract Panxian Dadong is a large karstic cave in the mountains of western Guizhou province. Archaeological excavations at Dadong have yielded a rich Ailuropoda-Stegodon faunal sample in association with stone artifacts and human remains dating to 130–300 ka. Stegodon orientalis is an important component of the faunal sample, which is dominated by large-bodied mammals. This study describes the sample of stegodont dental and skeletal material, provides an age at death profile for the stegodont sample, and evaluates the results in terms of taphonomy, site formation processes, and comparisons with other Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites with evidence for human use of proboscideans. The Dadong stegodont sample consists primarily of dental remains of young individuals less than 12 years of age with a minimum of 12 stegodonts represented. Based on the available archaeological, faunal and taphonomic data, the stegodont faunal assemblage at Dadong is probably a result of hominid activities (either hunting or scavenging) and the natural accumulation of young stegodonts from accidental deaths. This study supports the results of other analyses (Schepartz et al., 2003) that suggest humans played an important role in the formation of the Dadong faunal assemblage.
Does Premarital Cohabitation Predict Subsequent Marital Stability and Marital Quality? A Meta‐Analysis

Cohabitation with a romantic partner has become common in recent decades. This meta-analysis examined the link between premarital cohabitation and marital stability ( k = 16) and marital quality ( k = 12). Cohabitation had a significant negative association with both marital stability and marital quality. The negative predictive effect on marital stability, however, did not remain when only cohabitation with the eventual marital partner was analyzed, suggesting that these cohabitors may attach more long-term meaning to living together. Moderator analyses demonstrated that effects of cohabitation have remained consistent over time, despite the fact that cohabitation has become more normative.
Improved penalty calculations for a mixed integer branch-and-bound algorithm

This paper presents an extension of Tomlin's penalties for the branch-and-bound linear mixed integer programming algorithm of Beale and Small. Penalties which are uniformly stronger are obtained by jointly conditioning on a basic variable and the non-basic variable yielding the Tomlin penalty.
A new sterol from an alcyonarian.

Abstract In addition to cholesterol, 24α-methylcholesterol and gorgosterol, a new C28-sterol, 25-hydroxy-24ξ-methylcholesterol, has been isolated from a soft coral. The structure elucidation was achieved by comparative physical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
Rosiglitazone reduces serum homocysteine levels, smooth muscle proliferation, and intimal hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high methionine diet

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a metabolite of the essential amino acid methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with vascular disease, particularly carotid stenosis. Rosiglitazone, a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, attenuates balloon catheter–induced carotid intimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic rats. We studied 4 groups (n = 7 per group) of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats fed (a) powdered laboratory chow (control), (b) control diet with rosiglitazone (3.0 mg/kg/d), (c) diet containing 1.0% l-methionine, and (d) diet containing methionine and rosiglitazone. After 1 week on high methionine diet, the rats were administered an aqueous preparation of rosiglitazone by oral gavage. One week after initiation of rosiglitazone, balloon catheter injury of the carotid artery was carried out using established methods, and the animals continued on their respective dietary and drug regimens for another 21 days. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected, and carotid arteries and liver were harvested. Serum Hcy increased significantly on methionine diet compared with controls (28.9 ± 3.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.04 μmol/L). Development of intimal hyperplasia was 4-fold higher in methionine-fed rats; this augmentation was significantly reduced (P < .018) in rosiglitazone-treated animals. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly (P < .001) suppressed Hcy levels and increased the activity of the Hcy metabolizing enzyme, cystathionine-β-synthase in the liver samples. Hcy (100 μmol/L) produced a 3-fold increase in proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells; this augmentation was inhibited by incorporating rosiglitazone (10 μmol/L). After balloon catheter injury to the carotid artery of animals on a high methionine diet, there was an increase in the rate of development of intimal hyperplasia consistent with the known effects of Hcy. It is demonstrated for the first time that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist rosiglitazone can attenuate the Hcy-stimulated increase in the rate of development of intimal hyperplasia indirectly by increasing the rate of catabolism of Hcy by cystathionine-β-synthase and directly by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. These findings may have important implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and events in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy).
Examining Pica in NYC Pregnant Women with Elevated Blood Lead Levels

We sought to describe the impact of pica, the craving for and intentional ingestion of substances not defined as food, as a risk factor for lead poisoning in New York City (NYC) pregnant women. In order to describe pregnant women with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) who report pica, NYC health department data from 491 cases of lead-poisoned pregnant women from January 2001 to June 2009 were reviewed. Descriptive frequencies were obtained for women reporting pica. Data were compared between women reporting and not reporting pica. In NYC, of the 43 (9%) lead-poisoned pregnant women reporting pica, 42 (97.7%) were immigrants and 28 (64.6%) had consumed soil. Compared to lead-poisoned pregnant women not reporting pica, women reporting pica had higher peak BLLs (29.5 vs. 23.8 μg/dL, P = 0.0001), were more likely to have had a BLL ≥ 45 μg/dL (OR = 3.3, 95% CI, 1.25, 8.68) and receive chelation (OR = 10.88, 95% CI, 1.49, 79.25), more likely to have emigrated from Mexico (OR = 3.05, 95% CI, 1.38–6.72), and less likely to have completed high school (OR = indeterminate; 0 vs. 34%; P = 0.003). Among NYC lead-poisoned pregnant women, pica was associated with higher peak BLLs. Providers in NYC, and possibly other urban settings, should be vigilant and question pregnant women, especially immigrants, about pica and strongly consider testing this at-risk population for lead poisoning.
Complement and Toll-like receptors: Key regulators of adaptive immune responses

The innate immune system provides sophisticated defense mechanisms to protect complex macroorganisms from the attack of microorganisms. Among those, the complement system and Toll-like receptors are of paramount importance to discriminate between infectious non-self and non-infectious self and to provide critical danger signals instructing adaptive immune responses. Here, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying complement and TLR-mediated regulation of adaptive immunity. We will focus on the regulation of T cell immunity and discuss recent findings on the cross-talk between complement receptor and TLR signaling pathways. Such cross-talk is likely to affect the outcome of infections with intracellular pathogens, as well as the initiation and maintenance of aberrant immune responses leading to autoimmunity and atopy.
Alcohol use in HIV patients: what we don't know may hurt us.

Our objectives are to evaluate the prevalence of and problems associated with alcohol use disorders among HIV patients. We review the literature on alcohol use and HIV. Rates of alcohol use disorders are high among HIV patients. The cooccurrence of alcohol use disorders and HIV may lead to medical and psychiatric complications, difficulties with HIV medication compliance, and poorer treatment outcomes. Additionally, alcohol use is associated with risky sexual behaviours and intravenous drug use, the 2 major modes of HIV transmission. Recommendations for screening and treating alcohol problems in HIV patients are provided.
Fingering digit identity.

In commenting on the study by Dahn and Fallon on digit identity in the vertebrate limb (Reports, “Interdigital regulation of digit identity and homeotic transformation by modulated BMP signaling,” 21 Jul., p. [438][1]), one developmental biologist told Science correspondent Michael Hagmann, “
What should government do? Problems of social cost, externalities and all that

Public Choice as a field introduced the framework for a methodical economic analysis of political markets. The output of these markets, of course, is reflected by the role that government plays. That is specifically true with respect to the organization of economic activity. Gordon Tullock has studied a myriad of aspects of this topic for more than half a century. We examine his answers to the question of “What should government do?” and how they have influenced and are still impacting the discussion on the proper role of government in the economy.
Complete anterior cruciate ligament tear and the risk for cartilage loss and progression of symptoms in men and women with knee osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective To determine whether a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, a frequent incidental finding on magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) of individuals with established knee osteoarthritis (OA), increases the risk for further knee OA progression. Methods We examined 265 participants (43% women) with symptomatic knee OA in a 30-month, prospective, natural history study of knee OA. The more symptomatic knee was imaged using MRI at baseline, 15 and 30 months. Cartilage was scored at the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint and at the patellofemoral joint using the Whole-Organ MRI Score (WORMS) semi-quantitative method. Complete ACL tear was determined on baseline MRI. At each visit, knee pain was assessed using a knee-specific visual analog scale and physical function was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) physical function subscale. Results There were 49 participants (19%) with complete ACL tear at baseline. Adjusting for age, body mass index, gender and baseline cartilage scores, complete ACL tear increased the risk for cartilage loss at the medial tibiofemoral compartment [odds ratio (OR): 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.2]. However, following adjustment for the presence of medial meniscal tears, no increased risk for cartilage loss was further seen (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.8). Knee pain and physical function were similar over follow-up between those with and without a complete ACL tear. Conclusions Individuals with knee OA and incidental complete ACL tear have an increased risk for cartilage loss that appears to be mediated by concurrent meniscal pathology. The presence of a complete ACL tear did not influence the level of knee pain or physical function over short-term follow-up.
Final Lowering in Kipare

The bulk of funding for this project was supplied by the Linguistics Department at the Ohio State University. The paper was completed with support from an NSF Graduate Fellowship.
The Internationalization of History Teaching through the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Creating institutions to unite the efforts of a discipline

Over the past decade historians and educational researchers in the UK, Australia, the USA and Canada have been devoting ever increasing energy to the systematic exploration of the learning of history at the college level. Now members of the discipline have come together to nurture and to disseminate this new scholarship of teaching and learning history. They have created an international society, a website, and an electronic newsletter that should be of interest to those in other disciplines who are concerned with bringing some of the rigor they honor in traditional research to the problems they face in the classroom.
Fine‐needle aspiration of metastatic prostatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: Cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic features

Metastatic prostatic carcinoma may, in rare occasions, present as a neuroendocrine tumor. Its recognition is crucial to avert a wrongful exclusion of prostate as a primary site. We report five cases of metastatic prostatic neuroendocrine carcinoma diagnosed by image-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The aspirate smears showed loosely cohesive or dyscohesive clusters of tumor cells with scanty (three cases) to moderate amount (two cases) of cytoplasm, speckled or coarse chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Nuclear molding and necrosis were focally present in two cases. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin or/and chromogranin, but negative for prostatic specific antigen and prostatic specific acid phosphatase. Review of prior prostate biopsies/resections revealed adenocarcinoma with focal neuroendocrine differentiation in all cases, with two cases being newly recognized on retrospective review. Confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in the prior biopsy/resection may help to establish a link between metastasis and prostate primary. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 545–549. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell-penetrating TAT peptide in drug delivery systems: Proteolytic stability requirements

The stability and activity of the HIV cell-penetrating TAT peptide (TATp) on the surface of TATp-modified micelles and liposomes in relation to its proteolytic cleavage was investigated. TATp moieties were attached to the surface of these nanocarriers using TATp modified with a conjugate of phosphatidyl ethanolamine with a 'short' PEG (PEG-PE). Following pre-incubation with trypsin, elastase, or collagenase, the proteolytic stability of TATp on the surface of these modified carriers was studied by HPLC with fluorescence detection using fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) labeling. All tested enzymes produced a dose-dependent cleavage of TATp as shown by the presence of TATp Arg-Arg fragments. Inhibition of TATp cleavage occurred when these TATp-micelles were modified by the addition of longer PEG-PE blocks, indicating an effective shielding of TATp from proteolysis by these blocks. TATp-modified carriers were also tested for their ability to accumulate in EL-4, HeLa, and B16-F10 cells. Trypsin treatment of TATp-modified liposomes and micelles resulted in decreased uptake and cell interaction, as measured by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting techniques. Furthermore, a decrease in the cytotoxicity of TATp-modified liposomes loaded with doxorubicin (Doxil) was observed following trypsin treatment. In conclusion, steric shielding of TATp is essential to ensure its in vivo therapeutic function.
The influence of stimulus uncertainty and experimental instructions on visual selection

The looking behavior of adults and children was recorded while they viewed pairs of stimuli differing in stimulus uncertainty. Ss in one experimental group were encouraged to identify the stimuli and indicate whether they had been seen in a previous phase of the experiment. For the remaining Ss, instructions minimized the importance of the stimuli to the experiment. Results indicate that, when stimulus uncertainty was influential, the relationship between stimulus uncertainty and looking time was monotonically increasing. However, stimulus uncertainty was an effective determinant of looking behavior only when Ss were motivated to identify the stimuli. The behavior of adults and children did not differ.
DIAPAUSE AND ITS TERMINATION IN THE PSYCHID MOTH, THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS

The embryo of Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) diapauses in an early stage of blastokinesis. The diapause is probably obligatory since the parents cannot be induced to lay non-diapausing eggs by rearing them from egg to adult at various combinations of two constant temperatures and long and short days of constant duration. The length of the photophase has no affect on the termination of diapause. Eggs exposed to fluctuating outdoor temperatures terminated diapause sooner, much more synchronously, and with far less mortality than did eggs exposed to similar photoperiods and a constant temperature of 4°. Diapause termination did not proceed any better at constant temperatures of-1°, 10° or 15°. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIAPAUSE UND IHRE BEENDIGUNG BEI THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE) Der Embryo von Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis befindet sich in einem fruhen Stadium der Blastokinesis in Diapause. Die Diapause ist offenbar obligatorisch. Auch wenn die Zucht vom Ei zum Adulten bei verschiedenen Kombinationen zweier Temperaturen und von Langtag und Kurztag erfolgt, konnen die Eltern nicht zum Legen von Nichtdiapauseeiern veranlasst werden. Die Tageslange hat keine Wirkung auf die Beendigung der Diapause. Eier, die schwankenden Freilandtemperaturen ausgesetzt werden, beendeten die Diapause schneller, viel besser synchronisiert und mit viel weniger Mortalitat als Eier, die bei ahnlichen Tageslangen und einer konstanten Temperatur von 4° ausgesetzt waren. Die Diapause wurde auch nicht besser beendet bei konstanten Temperaturen von −1°, 10° oder 15°. Der Umstand, dass schwankende Temperaturen die Diapause besser beenden als konstante Temperaturen zeigt an, dass die Diapausebeendigung auf mindestens zwei Prozessen mit verschiedenen Temperaturoptima beruht.
Treatment of Infected Pulpless Teeth With Penicillin

Th e n e e d for a “blitz” bactericide that would render the canal of an infected pulpless tooth sterile in one or two treatments long has been recognized. The general practitioner often has faced the problem of not being recompensed properly for endodontic services because of a protracted series of treatments which sometimes was necessary. This has led, at times, to the removal of sal­ vageable pulpless teeth instead of treat­ ment. The problem was discussed ably in an editorial by Anthony,1 in which he stated:
The Permanent and Cumulative Effect of Tepa-Induced Sterility in Male Japanese Beetles

The permanence of the chemosterilant effect of tepa on male Popillia japonica Newman was investigated in 2 experiments. In the first, tepa-treated male beetles were confined with virgin female beetles, eggs were collected at various intervals, and sterility was determined for successive periods. In the second, successive groups of females were paired with a group of treated males and the fertility of eggs deposited by the females determined. In neither study was there evidence of a decline in sterility or indication that the tepa-induced sterility of the male was not permanent. When male beetles were topically treated with consecutive daily increments of tepa, the fertility of eggs obtained from paired females indicated that the effects of the additive doses were cumulative.
Parameterization of frequency weighting for a two-stage linear quadratic regulator based design

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to parametrize a class of LQ frequency weightings and the associated dynamic controllers and to utilize the available freedom in a controller design methodology. A two-stage methodology is described. In the first stage, an acceptable solution to the conventional LQ problem is obtained, utilizing established guidelines for the selection of constant cost matrices to achieve satisfactory closed-loop performance and an acceptable reference spectrum for the design model. In the second stage, frequency weighting is introduced to produce controller parameterizations which retain a part or all of the reference spectrum to preserve the desired dynamics associated with the design model and make the controller more robust with respect to the differences between the design model and the actual system.
Laparostomy closure in stage 4S neuroblastoma

Laparostomy in children is a rare procedure, and there is little in the literature as to the best method for closure in children with an open abdomen. We describe 2 cases with stage 4S neuroblastoma that required emergency decompressive laparostomy. Both cases highlight advantages and disadvantages with known techniques for achieving skin and fascia closure. We believe this to be the first report of a combination of extracellular matrix mesh and vacuum therapy for successful fascial and skin closure in stage 4S neuroblastoma.
Exploring excitability in graphene for spike processing networks

We propose a novel excitable laser employing passively Q-switching with a graphene saturable absorber for spike processing networks. Our approach combines the picosecond processing and switching capabilities of both linear and nonlinear optical device technologies to integrate both analog and digital optical processing into a single hardware architecture capable of ultrafast computation without the need for analog-to-digital conversion.
Influence of relative humidity on the physicochemical state of lactose in spray dried sweet whey powders

The objective of the present study was to evaluate, by means of moisture sorption isotherms and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the effects of relative humidity during storage on the physicochemical state of lactose, a major constituent of spray-dried whey powders. Lactose, which is present in whey powders at about 70%/weight levels, can be in either the amorphous or crystalline form depending upon processing conditions during the drying treatment. Two spray-dried whey powders were examined: a hygroscopic spray-dried sweet whey powder (HW) in which the lactose was chiefly in the amorphous form, and a nonhygroscopic spray-dried sweet whey powder (NHW) which contained a mixture of both amorphous and crystalline lactose. Moisture adsorption isotherms at 25°C under vacuum over saturated salt solutions in the water activity (a,) range 0.1l-0.85 were determined by weighing periodically over a 6-wk period. The adsorption isotherm for the nonhygroscopic whey (NHW) samples was continuous or smooth over the entire a, range; however, the adsorption isotherm for the hygroscopic whey (HW) samples had a break in the 0.33-0.44 aw range. Work with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicated that in HW samples, lactose crystals were present at an aw of 0.33 and above. Examination of the NHW samples with the SEM indicated the presence of lactose crystals at all aw levels up to 0.75. In both the HW and NHW powders, the amount of lactose crystallization appeared to increase with increasing aw above 0.40, indicating a continuing shift from amorphous to crystalline lactose. This was also confirmed for both whey powders since they both lost weight after an initial rapid gain during the 6-wk period at an aw of 0.40 and above followed by another weight gain at the higher aw’s.
A new species of Plagiostoma associated with a leaf disease of hybrid Aspens.

District, Metropolitan District Commission. The material used in the planting was 1-0 seedlings representing 23 F1 aspen progenies, derived from clones selected from various geographical sources. Nineteen of the progenies were from intraspecific crosses of clones of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.); 2 from intraspecific crosses of clones of bigtooth aspen (P. grandidentata Michx.); and 2 from interspecific crosses of quaking aspen x bigtooth aspen. The plantation was laid out in square plots composed of 9 seedlings of a progeny in 3 rows, with 3 replications of each plot in randomized plantings. Infection early in the spring by Ciborinia whetzelii Seaver caused extensive browning of the leaves and the production of sclerotia on progenies from intra- and interspecific crosses with Populus tremuloides. Early in September, on trees of the same progenies, many leaves that had escaped the Ciborinia infection showed small scattered reddish spots and yellowing of the leaves from the tip and margin inward between the veins. The discoloration spread rapidly, usually involving the entire leaf blade, changing to a conspicuous reddish brown and then to a dense chocolate brown. The midrib and the veins remained green for some time, but eventually veins and petioles became discolored. The affected leaf tissue contained an abundance of hyaline hyphae, also small subcuticular acervulus-like structures with non-germinable
Negritude-as-Performance: The Interplay of Efficacious and Inefficacious Speech Acts in Cahier d'un retour au pays natal

This essay adumbrates a way of reading Cahier d'un retour au pays natal that understands it as an enactment of the poet's idiosyncratic concep- tion of Negritude. Through the crucible of performance, Cesairean Negri- tude is revealed as a complex process of self-exploration. "Performance" is employed here not merely in its figurative sense (though dramaturgical tropes will be considered in the course of analysis), but in its more robust signification as a series of speech acts—some self-fulfilling, some manques— that constitute the Cesairean inflection of Negritude. The performance of Negritude that takes place in the poem mimics the process of "illumination" or enlightenment that follows in the wake of rigorous self-examination. The delineation of the major ways in which the speaker inscribes the process of identity refashioning through performance is the basis for a revisionist interpretation of the fundamental meaning(s) of the term for its acknowledged inventor.
Physical characterization of C3B2 isomers: a combined density functional theory and advanced ab initio analysis

Abstract The physical properties of five linear C 3 B 2 isomers were evaluated with the CBS-Q, G1, G2MP2, G2, G3, and B3LYP/6-311++G (3df) theoretical models. The atomization energies, heats of formation, statistical quantities, and vibrational frequencies are described. On the basis of the vibrational analysis at the DFT level, one of the isomers (BCCBC) has one imaginary frequency at around −884 cm −1 , and thus eliminating this isomer as a possible experimental structure. Proposals for further experimental investigation are discussed.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques and Instruction: When Does Evidence Justify Revision?

Abstract [Cummins RO, Hazinski MF: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and instruction: When does evidence justify revision? Ann Emerg Med December 1999;34:780-784.]
Gender identity, interactionism, and politics: a reply to Rogers and Walsh

This article is a reply to a recent article by Rogers and Walsh (Sex Roles, 1982, 8, 269–281). We disagree with some of their interpretations and criticisms of the psychomedical research on the development of sex differences. Thus, there is a discussion of the reasoning and strategies of the biological approach in this research area. However, we also support and extend some of their suggestions relevant to gender and sex.
Hardness as a function of composition for n-type LAST thermoelectric material

Abstract Compositional changes (alloying) in metals, ceramics and semiconductors lead to changes in microstructure and mechanical properties that range from subtle to dramatic. In particular, hardness measurements have been widely used to track changes in mechanical properties as a function of composition. In this study, composition dependence of the Vickers indentation hardness, H, is examined for 17 specimens that include 15 different n-type compositions within the quaternary chalcogenide family of LAST (lead-antimony-silver-tellurium) high-temperature thermoelectric materials. In addition, nanoindentation measurements were made on six of the 17 specimens that were indented via Vickers indentation. The H values obtained independently by the microindentation (Vickers indentation) and nanoindentation techniques agreed very well. In this study, relationships from the literature for the parabolic dependence of H on the single compositional variable x for pseudo binaries AB1−xCx is successfully extended to describe the composition dependence of H for a true quaternary system. Possible implications of hardness change on fabrication and in-service reliability are also discussed.
Directed evolution of a fluorogen-activating single chain antibody for function and enhanced brightness in the cytoplasm.

Directed evolution is an exceptionally powerful tool that uses random mutant library generation and screening techniques to engineer or optimize functions of proteins. One class of proteins for which this process is particularly effective is antibodies, where properties such as antigen specificity and affinity can be selected to yield molecules with improved efficacy as molecular labels or in potential therapeutics. Typical antibody structure includes disulfide bonds that are required for stability and proper folding of the domains. However, these bonds are unable to form in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, stymieing the effectiveness of optimized antibodies in many research applications. We have removed disulfide-forming cysteine residues in a single chain antibody fluorogen-activating protein (FAP), HL4, and employed directed evolution to select a derivative that is capable of activity in the cytoplasm. A subsequent round of directed evolution was targeted at increasing the overall brightness of the fluoromodule (FAP–fluorogen complex). Ultimately, this approach produced a novel FAP that exhibits strong activation of its cognate fluorogen in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm, significantly expanding the range of applications for which fluoromodule technology can be utilized.
An automated idea consolidation tool for computer supported cooperative work

Abstract The development and application of an idea consolidation tool used in conjunction with idea generation software at the University of Arizona is described. The tool groups comments generated by meeting participants, based upon identical stemmed content keywords in each comment or idea. Results show that the tool groups comments in less than five percent of the time required by the current manual process and has nearly perfect recall and precision compared to the 82.6% recall and 73.1% precision of manual groupings.
Chloroethylating and methylating dual function antineoplastic agents display superior cytotoxicity against repair proficient tumor cells

Two new agents based upon the structure of the clinically active prodrug laromustine were synthesized. These agents, 2-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methyl-1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-N-nitrosohydrazinecarboxamide (1) and N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-N-nitrosohydrazinecarboxamide (2), were designed to retain the potent chloroethylating and DNA cross-linking functions of laromustine, and gain the ability to methylate DNA at the O-6 position of guanine, while lacking the carbamoylating activity of laromustine. The methylating arm was introduced with the intent of depleting the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). Compound 1 is markedly more cytotoxic than laromustine in both AGT minus EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells and high AGT expressing DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. DNA cross-linking studies indicated that its cross-linking efficiency is nearly identical to its predicted active decomposition product, 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine (90CE), which is also produced by laromustine. AGT ablation studies in DU145 cells demonstrated that 1 can efficiently deplete AGT. Studies assaying methanol and 2-chloroethanol production as a consequence of the methylation and chloroethylation of water by 1 and 2 confirmed their ability to function as methylating and chloroethylating agents and provided insights into the superior activity of 1.
Protein flexibility is an important component of structure-based drug discovery

Receptor-based drug discovery can increase the novelty of a hit list over ligand-based models that are dependent on known inhibitors. It is important to explore new conformational and chemical space, but it is difficult to predict the plasticity of the binding site. Receptor-based methods are usually based on crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes, and hit lists can be restricted to the size and shape of the receptor model. Many improvements that accommodate protein flexibility in computer-aided drug design are being developed. These methods are reviewed with the focus being techniques that move beyond the rotation of side chains. The use of multiple protein structures is emerging as the best choice for including more realistic changes in protein conformation, but the optimal way to using these structures is still unclear.
Crystallization phenomena in the injection molding of poly ether ether ketone and its influence on mechanical properties

A basic experimental investigation of structure development in the injection molding of poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) is presented. It is shown that, dependent upon processing conditions, especially mold temperature, PEEK may be injection molded to form glassy or crystalline parts or parts consisting of intermediate structures such as a glassy surface and one with an internal crystalline link. In general, cold molds produce glassy parts and hot molds crystalline parts. This behavior is carefully characterized using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X-ray diffraction techniques. The mechanical properties of these injection molded parts is characterized as a function of the crystalline and glassy contents and types of structural gradients developed in the parts.
Estimating soil surface temperatures under different crop covers in Hawaii

Abstract Data from experiments conducted in Hawaii, measuring soil surface temperatures in plots cropped with potato, cassava, and maize, were used to estimate soil surface temperatures using a model from the temperate zone. According to this model maximum soil surface temperature under a given vegetative cover can be estimated from maximum air temperature and a factor, Et, that represents the elevation of maximum soil surface temperature over maximum air temperature under that crop cover. Inputs for the model are: maximum air temperatures and plant biomass measurements. A generally good agreement between estimated and observed maximum soil surface temperatures was obtained when Et was arbitrarily set to 0.1 × Et. For potato during summer of 1985, maximum soil surface temperature estimates were within an average of less than 2C of observed surface temperatures and with a deviation of no more than 3.8C. For cassava during summer of 1986, estimates were within 2.3±5.1C; for maize during summer of 1988, esti...
Parameterizing random test data according to equivalence classes

We are concerned with the problem of detecting bugs in machine learning applications. In the absence of sufficient real-world data, creating suitably large data sets for testing can be a difficult task. To address this problem, we have developed an approach to creating data sets called "parameterized random data generation". Our data generation framework allows us to isolate or combine different equivalence classes as desired, and then randomly generate large data sets using the properties of those equivalence classes as parameters. This allows us to take advantage of randomness but still have control over test case selection at the system testing level. We present our findings from using the approach to test two different machine learning ranking applications.
Iron and chromium monolayer magnetism in noble-metal hosts: Systematics of local moment variation with structure

The electronic and magnetic structure of layered Fe/(Au)„Fe/Ag„, Cr/Au„, and Cr/Ag„ (n=1, 3, 5, 7, 9) multilayers and interface (sandwich) geometries (n =~) have been investigated using the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method. Enhanced magnetism for Fe and Cr (T) monolayers is observed in all the layered configurations examined. These results are consistent with weak coupling between the Fe or Cr d bands and those of the noble-metal (N) host lead to localization of d states orthogonal to the T/N interface. Fe and Cr moments are shown to vary systematically with the number of mediating Ag or Au planes as well as with the Fermi energy of the system. Interface and multilayer geometries show similar magnetic properties, suggesting that exchange coupling between the Fe or Cr planes in the multilayer geometry is short ranged and not responsible for the observed variations of the moment. A model, based on the compositional modulation of the Fermi energy coupled with the constraint of charge neutrality, solved in the limit of strong ferromagnetism is shown to explain the systematics of the moment variation for diff'erent layered configurations. There has been considerable recent growth in the field of interfacial, surface, and multilayer magnetism. ' Much of the fundamental interest in these materials stems from predictions of enhanced local moments ' and interesting phenomena associated with predictions of two-dimensional (2D) magnetism. The increasing ability to fabricate (i.e., with techniques such as molecular-beam epitaxy) a seemingly infinite number of possible configurations involvirig layers of magnetic species coupled with other magnetic or nonmagnetic layers has fed a productive interplay between theoretical and experimental endeavors in this field. Technological interest in these structures lies in their potential importance in thin-film recording and magneto-optic devices. Properties such as perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and square hysteresis loops, enhanced local moments, novel exchangecoupling effects, large magnetoresistive response, and sizable Kerr rotation angles (without rare-earth components)
The RecOR proteins modulate RecA protein function at 5' ends of single-stranded DNA

The Escherichia coli RecF, RecO and RecR pro teins have previously been implicated in bacterial recombinational DNA repair at DNA gaps. The RecOR-facilitated binding of RecA protein to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is bound by single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) is much faster if the ssDNA is linear, suggesting that a DNA end (rather than a gap) facilitates binding. In addition, the RecOR complex facilitates RecA protein-mediated D-loop formation at the 5′ ends of linear ssDNAs. RecR protein remains associated with the RecA filament and its continued presence is required to prevent filament disassembly. RecF protein competes with RecO protein for RecR protein association and its addition destabilizes RecAOR filaments. An enhanced function of the RecO and RecR proteins can thus be seen in vitro at the 5′ ends of linear ssDNA that is not as evident in DNA gaps. This function is countered by the RecF/RecO competition for association with the RecR protein.
The Roles of HS and Its Glypican-1 Core Protein in Flow-Induced Endothelial NOS Activation and Cell Remodeling

Endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx (GCX) is an endovascular protective coat that is degraded in disease. GCX heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan is essential for flow-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and cell remodeling, but the HS core proteins involved in these mechanotransduction events are unknown. We hypothesize that the glypican-1 (GPC1) HS core protein mediates flow-induced EC NO synthase (eNOS) activation and is less important for flow-induced cell remodeling, because GPC1 is located in the caveolae where eNOS resides but, to our knowledge, GPC1 has no direct association with the cytoskeleton. We tested our hypotheses by exposing monolayers of bovine aortic EC (BAEC) with intact GCX, heparinase III (HepIII) enzymatically degraded HS, and RNA-silenced GPC1 to 12–15 dyne/cm2 average shear stress for 3 and 24 hours. HS removal by HepIII and GPC1 inhibition by shRNA equally blocked shear-induced eNOS activation that occurs in shear-conditioned BAEC with fully intact GCX. EC remodeling in response to flow was attenuated by HS degradation, but preserved with GPC1 knockdown. These results suggest that while HS is involved in both centralized and decentralized GCX-mediated mechanotransduction mechanisms, GPC1 plays a role in only centralized GCX-mediated mechanotransduction.Copyright © 2011 by ASME