cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in Post AFM Repair Cleaning of Photomask with CO2 Cryogenic Aerosol Technology

As the mask technology matures, critical printing features and sub-resolution assist features (SRAF) shrink below 100 nm, forcing critical cleaning processes to face significant challenges. These challenges include use of new materials, oxidation, chemical contamination sensitivity, proportionally decreasing printable defect size, and a requirement for a damage-free clean. CO 2 cryogenic aerosol cleaning has the potential to offer a wide process window for meeting these new challenges, if residue adder issues and damage can be eliminated. Some key differentiations of CO 2 cryogenic aerosol cleaning are the non-oxidizing and non-etching properties compared to conventional chemical wet clean processes with or without megasonics. In prior work, the feasibility of CO 2 cryogenic aerosol in post AFM repair photomask cleaning was demonstrated. In this paper, recent advancements of CO 2 cryogenic aerosol cleaning technology are presented, focusing on the traditional problem areas of particle adders, electrostatic discharge (ESD), and mask damage mitigation. Key aspects of successful CO 2 cryogenic aerosol cleaning include the spray nozzle design, CO 2 liquid purity, and system design. The design of the nozzle directly controls the size, density, and velocity of the CO 2 snow particles. Methodology and measurements of the solid CO 2 particle size and velocity distributions will be presented, and their responses to various control parameters will be discussed. Adder control can be achieved only through use of highly purified CO 2 and careful materials selection. Recent advances in CO 2 purity will be discussed and data shown. The mask cleaning efficiency by CO 2 cryogenic aerosol and damage control is essentially an optimization of the momentum of the solid CO 2 particles and elimination of adders. The previous damage threshold of 150 nm SRAF structures has been reduced to 70nm and data will be shown indicating 60 nm is possible in the near future. Data on CO 2 tribocharge mitigation, the main cause of ESD, will also be presented and application to current technology nodes discussed.
Field-Based Estimates of Avian Mortality from West Nile Virus Infection

One of the unique characteristics of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America is the large number of bird species for which the virus can be fatal. WNV mortality has been documented through experimental infections of captive birds and necropsies of free-ranging birds. Investigations of WNV-related mortality in wild birds often focus on species with dramatic population declines (e.g., American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos); however, few studies have addressed WNV-related mortality in species not exhibiting marked population declines since the arrival of WNV. We conducted a mark-recapture study of 204 Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) in an area with endemic WNV activity to estimate WNV-related mortality. Previous research has shown that once a bird is infected and recovers from WNV it develops antibodies making it resistant to future infection. Assuming that mortality risks from non-WNV causes were the same for individuals with (had been exposed to WNV) and without antibodies (had not been exposed to WNV), we compared the survival rates of birds with and without WNV antibodies to estimate the impact of WNV on wild birds. An information theoretic approach was used, and the apparent survival was found to be 34.6% lower for individuals without antibodies during the period when WNV was most active (July-September). However, the apparent survival rate was 9.0% higher for individuals without antibodies over the rest of the year. These differences in apparent survival suggest that WNV increases mortality during the WNV season and that chronic effects of WNV infection may also be contributing to mortality. Although WNV appears to have increased mortality rates within the population, population trend data do not indicate declines, suggesting that some cardinal populations can compensate for WNV-related mortality.
The GRAD Supernova Observer: First flight of a very large balloon over Antarctica

Abstract The first very large, zero pressure balloon to be flown over Antarctica was launched from Williams Field near Ross Island on 8 January 1988. It carried the GRAD Supernova Observer Experiment, with which a study of the gamma-ray spectrum of SN1987a was made. The mission is reviewed, and recommendations for further long duration balloon flights are made.
AAEM minimonograph #11 : needle examination in clinical electromyography

The physiologic and histologic principles underlying clinical electromyographic studies are briefly reviewed as an introduction to the normal and abnormal findings in human subjects. Technical aspects of recordings as well as the specific types of discharges and their significance are discussed.
Oestrogen and progesterone synergism and elicitation of maternal nest-building in the mouse (Mus musculus).

Abstract Nest weight and nest style were used as measurable variables to assess hormonal effects on ‘maternal’ nest building in the mouse. Intact female mice showed significant increases in nest weight and percentage of ‘maternal’ nests built on addition of a pellet of progesterone subcutaneously. The males did not respond. The response pattern observed in the intact females was duplicated in castrate females by small priming dosages of oestrogen plus addition of progesterone 1 week later. Larger dosage of oestrogen suppressed nest building in both male and females. Only one group of males showed a significant increase in ‘maternal’ nests following low dosage oestrogen plus progesterone. Although qualitatively similar to the female response pattern the changes were smaller.
Enzymes related to galactose utilization inPseudomonas cepacia

Pseudomonas cepacia produced a characteristic green sheen on EMB-galactose plates owing to production of galactonic acid by the constitutive membrane-associated glucose dehydrogenase of this bacterium. Mutants isolated as glucose dehydrogenase deficient (Gcd−) also were deficient in membrane-associated galactose dehydrogenase. A strain that formed glucose dehydrogenase at 30°C but not at 40°C was also temperature sensitive with respect to formation of galactose dehydrogenase. The Gcd− strains still utilized galactose. A second, NAD-specific, galactose dehydrogenase (not membrane associated) along with a transport system for galactose were induced during growth on galactose and constituted an alternative pathway of conversion of galactose to galactonate. Enzymes of the De Ley-Doudoroff pathway of conversion of galactonate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate were induced during growth on galactose. Unexpectedly, growth on galactose also elicited formation of enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) route. Furthermore, mutants blocked in the ED pathway grew poorly on galactose. One interpretation of these findings is that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate formed from galactose via the De Ley-Doudoroff route (by cleavage of 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalaconate) is reconverted to hexose phosphate and metabolized via the ED pathway.
THE EFFECT OF SELENITE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA PHORMIDIUM LURIDUM VAR. OLIVACEA1

SUMMARY Phormidium luridum cultures were treated with sodium selenite in concentrations ranging from 10−6 M to 10−2 M. In contrast to the increasing culture turbidity of control and 10−6 M selenite cultures, the turbidity of the other selenite cultures declined in proportion to time and selenite concentration. Chlorophyll extraction revealed similar results. Photosynthetic activity was inhibited within 6 hr in all cultures except control and 10−6 M selenite. Phormidium at concentrations greater than 10−6 M selenite showed a gradual loss of the bright green color and turned semitransparent. Cell-associated granules of reduced selenium were observed at higher selenite concentrations. Other structural changes observed were the presence of intracellular and intercellular spaces, spheroplast formation, and gradual cell lysis. Protein analyses of total cell samples and supernatant fractions confirmed cellular breakdown of selenite-treated algal cells.
From Coherent States in Adjacent Graphene Layers toward Low-Power Logic Circuits

Colleagues and we recently proposed a new type of transistor, a Bilayer PseudoSpin Field Effect Transistor (BiSFET), based on many-body coherent states in coupled electron and hole layers in graphene. Here we review the basic BiSFET device concept and ongoing efforts to determine how such a device, which would be far from a drop-in replacement for MOSFETs in CMOS logic, could be used for low-power logic operation, and to model the effects of engineerable device parameters on the formation and gating of interlayer coherent state.
Intermarriage and Ethnic Boundaries: The Japanese American Case1

Intermarriage is an especially sensitive indicator of the permeability of ethnic boundaries: The rate can tell us something about how rigid the boundaries are, while the pattern can suggest the forces that maintain or reduce them. A survey of the marriage records of Japanese Americans in Fresno, California indicates that both the pattern of intermarriage (that is, whether the minority group partners are male or female) and the rate of intermarriage have changed noticeably in the last decade. Explanations are suggested for these changes and implications for the boundary surrounding the Japanese Americans are discussed.
Linear programming interpretations of Mather's variational principle

We discuss some implications of linear programming for Mather theory [13-15] and its finite dimensional approximations. We find that the complementary slackness condition of duality theory formally implies that the Mather set lies in an n -dimensional graph and as well predicts the relevant nonlinear PDE for the “weak KAM” theory of Fathi [5-8].
Liquid chromatographic determination of sodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate in rat urine and plasma after precolumn derivatization

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of disodium mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate (BSH) in biological fluids. Monobromobimane was used as a precolumn derivatizing agent. A stable derivative was obtained. The derivative was separated on a C18 column using reversed-phase ion-pairing chromatography and detected by a spectrophotometric detector at 373 nm. The detection limit was 200 ng/ml (0.1 ppm boron). Calibration curves were prepared for rat urine and plasma samples. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1 microgram/ml to 100 micrograms/ml for urine samples and 0.2 micrograms/ml to 50 micrograms/ml for plasma samples.
Rmt1 catalyzes zinc-finger independent arginine methylation of ribosomal protein Rps2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rps2/rpS2 is a well conserved protein of the eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit. Rps2 has previously been shown to contain asymmetric dimethylarginine residues, the addition of which is catalyzed by zinc-finger-containing arginine methyltransferase 3 (Rmt3) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) in mammalian cells. Here, we demonstrate that despite the lack of a zinc-finger-containing homolog of Rmt3/PRMT3 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rps2 is partially modified to generate asymmetric dimethylarginine and monomethylarginine residues. We find that this modification of Rps2 is dependent upon the major arginine methyltransferase 1 (Rmt1) in S. cerevisiae. These results are suggestive of a role for Rmt1 in modifying the function of Rps2 in a manner distinct from that occurring in S. pombe and mammalian cells.
Distributed Monitoring and Adaptation of Multiple QoS in Service-Based Systems

Systems based on service-oriented architecture are called service-based systems (SBS), and comprise of computing services offered by various organizations. SBS often require their services to be composed in complex workflows to perform their high-level tasks. The users usually have certain expectations on the overall QoS (quality of service) of their workflows. Due to the highly dynamic environments of SBS, in which temporary unavailability or quality degradation of services may occur frequently and unexpectedly, monitoring and controlling the execution of workflows adaptively in SBS to satisfy users' QoS requirements is needed, and should be done in distributed and proactive manner. In this paper, a design of distributed QoS monitoring and adaptive (M/A) modules for multiple workflows in adaptive SBS (ASBS) is presented. The requirements on QoS M/A in ASBS, as well as the ASBS system architecture and the coordination protocol among software modules and services in ASBS for QoS M/A, are discussed.
Infectious Bursal Disease Subunit Vaccination

Abstract Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of infectious bursal disease, a nosologic entity with global economic importance in poultry. The viral protein 2 (VP2) is recognized as the virus' major antigenic protein. The goal of this study was to generate yeast (Pichia pastoris)–based protein expression from the VP2 gene of the Edgar strain of IBDV and from the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene (hvVP2) to test the protection afforded against virulent IBDV challenge when inoculated in chickens. The genetic material used for protein expression was obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with the expressed products and challenged with the homologous strain (Edgar). After challenge, no morbidity or mortality was observed in the birds vaccinated with the whole VP2, compared with 30% morbidity and mortality in the hvVP2-vaccinated birds and with 90% morbidity and 60% mortality in the unvaccinated, challenged controls. Immunohistochemis...
Flow-dependent regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: role of protein kinases

Vascular endothelial cells are directly and continuously exposed to fluid shear stress generated by blood flow. Shear stress regulates endothelial structure and function by controlling expression of mechanosensitive genes and production of vasoactive factors such as nitric oxide (NO). Though it is well known that shear stress stimulates NO production from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear and controversial. Shear-induced production of NO involves Ca2+/calmodulin-independent mechanisms, including phosphorylation of eNOS at several sites and its interaction with other proteins, including caveolin and heat shock protein-90. There have been conflicting results as to which protein kinases-protein kinase A, protein kinase B (Akt), other Ser/Thr protein kinases, or tyrosine kinases-are responsible for shear-dependent eNOS regulation. The functional significance of each phosphorylation site is still unclear. We have attempted to summarize the current status of understanding in shear-dependent eNOS regulation.
Using Geographical Information Systems for Decision Making: Extending Cognitive Fit Theory to Map-Based Presentations

As the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by business becomes more common, we need to better understand when these systems are and are not useful. This research uses a laboratory experiment to extend cognitive fit theory (Vessey 1991) to geographic tasks performed using either map-based presentations or tabular presentations. The experiment found that decision makers using a map-based presentation made faster and more accurate decisions when working on a geographic task in which there were adjacency relationships among the geographic areas. Decision makers using a map-based presentation made faster but less accurate decisions when working on a geographic task in which there were no relationships among the geographic areas.
Epoxy‐amine networks with varying epoxy polydispersity

Solid, high molecular weight DGEBA-based epoxies were blended with high purity liquid DGEBA to create several resins with equivalent epoxy equivalent weights, but with polydispersity indices (PDIs) ranging from 3 to over 10. The resins were cured with a stoichiometric amount of polyetheramine and compared to a nonblended epoxy with PDI of 1.8. Modulus, glass transition temperatures, and molecular weight between cross-links were measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were measured and used to extend room temperature density measurements as a function of temperature. Fracture properties were also measured. Overall, the increased polydispersity has almost negligible effect, with the main difference occurring in the slope of the glassy CTE, with more polydisperse epoxies having a slower increase in CTE. In comparison to previous work where bimodal amines were blended with DGEBA, we conclude that epoxy resins are far more sensitive to distributions in the flexible portion, rather than the more rigid one. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41503.
Altered response to metabolic challenges in mice with genetically targeted deletions of galanin-like peptide

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is expressed in the arcuate nucleus and is implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism and reproduction. To investigate the physiological significance of GALP, we generated and characterized a strain of mice with a genetically targeted deletion in the GALP gene [GALP knockout (KO) mice]. We report that GALP KO mice have a subtle, but notable, metabolic phenotype that becomes apparent during adaptation to changes in nutrition. GALP KO mice are indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) controls in virtually all aspects of growth, sexual development, body weight, food and water consumption, and motor behaviors, when they are allowed unlimited access to standard rodent chow. However, GALP KO mice have an altered response to changes in diet. 1) Male GALP KO mice consumed less food during refeeding after a fast than WT controls (P < 0.01). 2) GALP KO mice of both sexes gained less weight on a high-fat diet than WT controls (P < 0.01), despite both genotypes having consumed equal amounts of food. We conclude that although GALP signaling may not be essential for the maintenance of energy homeostasis under steady-state nutritional conditions, GALP may play a role in readjusting energy balance under changing nutritional circumstances.
A Prognostic Model for 6-Month Mortality in Elderly Survivors of Critical Illness

Background Although 1.4 million elderly Americans survive hospitalization involving intensive care annually, many are at risk for early mortality following discharge. No models that predict the likelihood of death after discharge exist explicitly for this population. Therefore, we derived and externally validated a 6-month postdischarge mortality prediction model for elderly ICU survivors. Methods We derived the model from medical record and claims data for 1,526 consecutive patients aged ≥ 65 years who had their first medical ICU admission in 2006 to 2009 at a tertiary-care hospital and survived to discharge (excluding those patients discharged to hospice). We then validated the model in 1,010 patients from a different tertiary-care hospital. Results Six-month mortality was 27.3% and 30.2% in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Independent predictors of mortality (in descending order of contribution to the model's predictive power) were a do-not-resuscitate order, older age, burden of comorbidity, admission from or discharge to a skilled-care facility, hospital length of stay, principal diagnoses of sepsis and hematologic malignancy, and male sex. For the derivation and external validation cohorts, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (SE, 0.01) and 0.71 (SE, 0.02), respectively, with good calibration for both ( P = 0.31 and 0.43). Conclusions Clinical variables available at hospital discharge can help predict 6-month mortality for elderly ICU survivors. Variables that capture elements of frailty, disability, the burden of comorbidity, and patient preferences regarding resuscitation during the hospitalization contribute most to this model's predictive power. The model could aid providers in counseling elderly ICU survivors at high risk of death and their families.
TGF-β1 causes airway fibrosis and increased collagen I and III mRNA in mice

Methods: BALB/C mice were intratracheally instilled with either TGF-s1 or buffered saline. Airway fibrosis was assessed by light microscopy, hydroxyproline content, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for collagen I and III on microdissected airway samples. The lysyl oxidase inhibitor s-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) was administered to TGF-s1 treated mice to block airway collagen deposition. Airway hyperresponsiveness was also measured after treatment with TGF-s1. Results: During the 7 days after administration of TGF-s1 the mice developed increased subepithelial collagen which could be blocked by BAPN. Increased mRNAs for collagen types I and III were seen in microdissected airways 1 week after TGF-s1, and significantly increased total collagen was found in the airways 4 weeks after TGF-s1. A detectable increase in airway hyperreactivity occurred. Conclusions: This new model should facilitate detailed study of airway remodelling that occurs in the absence of detectable cellular inflammation, and allow examination of the functional consequences of a major structural alteration in the conducting airways uncomplicated by inflammatory cell influx.
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE: A GRADUATE COURSE

Today, family therapists should have an understanding of the development and maintenance of substance abusing patterns in families. In this paper, the authors describe a graduate course for teaching therapists about the contributions that have been made to the understanding and treatment of substance abuse by family researchers, theorists and clinicians. Course purpose, student selection, instructional methods and course content are delineated.
Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Using Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform

Medical image fusion has revolutionized medical analysis by improving the precision and performance of computer assisted diagnosis. In this research, a fusion algorithm is proposed to combine pairs of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging such as T1, T2 and Proton Density brain images. The proposed algorithm utilizes different features of Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform, mutual information based non-linear registration and entropy information to improve performance. Experiments on the BrainWeb database show that the proposed fusion algorithm preserves both edge and component information, and provides improved performance compared to existing Discrete Wavelet Transform based fusion algorithms.
Algorithms to maximize yield and enhance yield/area of pipeline circuitry by insertion of switches and redundant modules

Increasing yield is important, especially for nano-scale technologies. Also, pipelines are an important aspect of many SoC architectures. In this paper we present new approaches to improve the yield and yield/area of pipeline architectures by using (1) an appropriate number of redundant copies for each module, and (2) sufficient steering logic1 resources. We present an optimal algorithm of time complexity O(n3) that adds redundant modules to an n-stage pipeline so as to maximize yield. Experimental results indicate that for parameter values of interests, this algorithm also improves the yield/area of the pipeline, especially when the yield for some modules is low.
Photoemission Studies of the Ag/InP(110) Interface: Interfacial Reactions and Schottky Barrier Formation

Room-temperature interfacial reactions at the Ag/InP (110) interface have been studied using soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy of the In 4d and P 2p core levels. For low Ag coverages (less than 1 monolayer (ML)) no measurable change in core level shapes is observed, and the shift in core level position is due solely to band bending. At high Ag coverages (up to 72 ML) we observe dissociated In metal, P atoms near the surface, and Ag clustering. Fermi level movement is deduced from these spectra using a deconvolution technique, and pinning positions of 0.40 ± 0.05 eV below the conduction-band minimum for n-type and 0.5 ± 0.1 eV above the valence-band maximum for p-type are found. These positions are in close agreement with calculations of native defect levels.
From implicit skills to explicit knowledge: a bottom-up model of skill learning

This paper presents a skill learning model CLARION. Different from existing models of mostly high-level skill learning that use a top-down approach (that is, turning declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge through practice), we adopt a bottom-up approach toward low-level skill learning, where procedural knowledge develops first and declarative knowledge develops later. Our model is formed by integrating connectionist, reinforcement, and symbolic learning methods to perform on-line reactive learning. It adopts a two-level dual-representation framework (Sun, 1995), with a combination of localist and distributed representation. We compare the model with human data in a minefield navigation task, demonstrating some match between the model and human data in several respects. © 2001 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
New Families of Higher Order Iterative Methods for Solving Equations

In this paper, several one-parameter families of root-finding algorithms that have higher order convergence to simple and/or multiple roots have been derived. Specifically, the rth root iterations for simple and multiple zeros are analyzed. The rth root iteration family is an infinite family of rth order methods for every positive integer r, and uses only the first r - 1 derivatives. This family includes Newton's method and the square root iteration as the first and second member, respectively. In addition, this work provides analyses and generalizations of Halley's and Laguerre's iterations, and develops a procedure of deriving higher order methods of any desired order. Many important properties of the rth root iteration family and its variants are established. Some of these variants maintain a high order of convergence for multiple roots whether the multiplicity is known or not. Based on individual methods, disks containing at least one zero are derived
Morphology control strategies for solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films

While the chemical structure of organic semiconductors has an obvious effect on their proclivity for charge transport, the ways with which they are processed have a dramatic effect on the performance of plastic electronics devices incorporating them. In some cases, morphological defects and misalignment of crystalline grains can completely obscure the materials' intrinsic charge transport properties. Although some deposition methods, especially vapor-phase ones, can produce single crystals and thus avoid some of these problems, it is desirable to gain a fundamental understanding of how to improve charge transport when using solution-phase deposition techniques. In this review, we present both a survey of solution-based processing techniques for plastic electronics relevant on both the commercial and research scale and a set of strategies to control thin film morphology towards enhancing their electronic transport properties.
Molecular analysis of cloransulam resistance in a population of giant ragweed

Abstract A population of giant ragweed not controlled by cloransulam was identified near Seymour, IN, during the first year of that herbicide's commercialization in 1998. Results from acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity assays performed by Dow AgroSciences showed that resistance was caused by an altered ALS. Studies were conducted to define more precisely the molecular basis of resistance and to determine cross-resistance to other ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Sixteen greenhouse-grown giant ragweed plants from the Seymour population were tested individually with postemergence (POST) applications of cloransulam, imazethapyr, or chlorimuron, or by using a nondestructive leaf disk assay to determine resistant or sensitive herbicide responses. All plants identified from the Seymour population as resistant to cloransulam were cross-resistant to imazethapyr and chlorimuron. Two DNA fragments, totaling 804 nucleotide base pairs, within ALS were sequenced from each of the 16 plants. Sequence data, combined with phe...
Insecticide Rotations for the Management of Lepidopteran Pests in Cabbage and Collards

Abstract Insecticide rotations for the management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L), and other lepidopteran pests of cabbage and collard crops were evaluated in 2010, 2011, and 2012 at Tifton, GA, with the intent of identifying mode of action rotations equal in efficacy to single insecticide mode of action treatments. This was to demonstrate how insecticide rotations, which are purported to aid in the prevention of insecticide resistance, can be an economically-viable insect control option in Brassica crops. The insecticides and mode of actions tested included: chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide (ryanodine receptor modulators), spinetoram (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activator), indoxacarb (voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (microbial disrupter of insect midgut membranes), novaluron (inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis) and zeta-cypermethrin (sodium channel modulator). The results demonstrated that all rotations were equally eff...
Controlling Chemical Reactions by Short, Intense Mid-Infrared Laser Pulses: Comparison of Linear and Circularly Polarized Light in Simulations of ClCHO(+) Fragmentation.

Enhanced mode selective fragmentation of oriented ClCHO+ → Cl + HCO+, H + ClCO+, HCl+ + CO with linear polarized intense mid-IR pulses was demonstrated in our previous computational study (J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 2541). Simulations of angle-dependent strong field ionization of ClCHO indicate the ionization rate in the molecular plane is nearly twice as large as perpendicular to the plane, suggesting a degree of planar alignment can be obtained experimentally for ClCHO+, starting from neutral molecules. Classical trajectory calculations with a 4 cycle 7 μm laser pulse (peak intensity of 1.26 × 1014 W/cm2) show that circularly polarized light with the electric field in the plane of the molecule deposits more energy and yields larger branching ratios for higher energy fragmentation channels than linearly polarized light with the same maximum field strength. These results suggest circularly polarized mid-IR pulses can not only achieve control on reactions but also provide an experimentally accessible im...
New Technologies for Elucidating Opioid Receptor Function

Recent advances in technology, including high resolution crystal structures of opioid receptors, novel chemical tools, and new genetic approaches have provided an unparalleled palette of tools for deconstructing opioid receptor actions in vitro and in vivo. Here we provide a brief description of our understanding of opioid receptor function from both molecular and atomic perspectives, as well as their role in neural circuits in vivo. We then show how insights into the molecular details of opioid actions can facilitate the creation of functionally selective (biased) and photoswitchable opioid ligands. Finally, we describe how newly engineered opioid receptor-based chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, and new mouse lines, are expanding and transforming our understanding of opioid function and, perhaps, paving the way for new therapeutics.
Do borderline personality disorder features and rejection sensitivity predict social network outcomes over time

Abstract Social functioning is routinely understood to be disrupted for those with BPD features; however there is little understanding of how BPD features and BPD-relevant traits impact social network characteristics over time. We hypothesized that BPD features negatively predict social network quality and composition and that rejection sensitivity (RS) would affect these relations. To examine this, a sample of female college students (N = 127) was recruited and followed over one month. BPD features predicted lower ratings of social network quality and aspects of network composition. BPD features exerted an indirect effect through one-week RS on perceived levels of conflict and criticism as well as on number of partners in the network at one-month follow-up. Moderation analyses revealed that BPD features predicted lower social network satisfaction and support at one month for those with high RS, but did not impact satisfaction or support for those with low RS. These results indicate that even non-clinical levels of BPD psychopathology are related to poor social network outcomes. These findings also highlight RS as a potential mechanism by which BPD features predict lower social support and satisfaction and a potential risk factor for higher conflict and criticism within social networks.
Gammasphere results — A californian perspective

The latest experimental data from GAMMASPHERE is presented for, (i) M1 Bands — a characteristic decrease in the B(M1) values is observed and given as evidence for the TAC model, (ii) δI = 2 Stagger in 194Hg-this new data is compared with the previous results, (iii) Observation of discrete gamma-ray links in 194Pb-yielding an unambiguous determination of spins and excitation energies, (iv) Comparative lifetime measurements in the superdeformed bands in 193Hg and 192Hg-differences in the fractional shift curves are observed between 193Hg and 192Hg.
Contrastive rational explanation of free choice

L'A. defend la these de la compatibilite de la revendication libertaire de l'indeterminisme avec la possibilite d'une explication causale, rationnelle et contrastee, du libre choix. L'A. montre que la validite de l'explication rationnelle et contrastee est independante de l'idee libertaire d'un controle de l'action par l'agent
Errors in Existing Leachate Pipe Spacing Formulas

This paper discusses the errors in existing leachate pipe spacing formulas. In particular, it presents the derivation of the McBean equation and points out that this derivation is in error, since it assumes that the direction of leachate flow is horizontal. The paper asserts that existing leachate pipe spacing formulas which use the liner slope for calculating the spacing are in error. It then proceeds to derive an alternate formula and compare data produced from the two leachate pipe spacing formulas of Moore and Richardson and Koerner (that uses the liner slope in calculations) with the author's formula to point out discrepancies.
Cosmopolitan Values and the Identification of Reaction: Partisan Review in the 1930s

The history of Partisan Review during the 1930s divides neatly into two parts. From 1934 to 1936 the magazine was allied with the Communist party; after 1937 it gained prominence as a vehemently anti-Stalinist journal. Encouraged by the tendency of Partisan's editors and supporters to write off the early history of the magazine, historians have generally paid limited attention to the years before 1937. The Communist ties, the discussions of proletarian literature, the occasional Marxist bluster, and the party infighting-all seem rather quaint from a distance. (They belong to the "dustbin of history," the first Partisan Review might have said.) Believing that few important ideas developed in the early magazine and that fewer survived the break with communism, scholars have reserved primary attention for the period of antiStalinism, "success," and obvious relevance to Cold War issues.'
A 55-year-old man with chronic liver disease and coagulation abnormalities.

Assessing the effect of cirrhosis on coagulation and preventing perioperative bleeding: a self-test
Night Temperature and Source-sink Effects on Growth, Leaf Carbon Exchange Rate, and Carbohydrate Accumulation in Bell Pepper Ovaries

Low night temperatures and/or high source-sink ratios increase ovary swelling and subsequent fruit malformation in many sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum), including bell pepper. Although this response has been correlated with increased ovary carbohydrate accumulation, evidence for this is limited. Furthermore, it is unknown how the combined effects of night temperature and source-sink ratio affect ovary carbohydrate accumulation and ovary swelling. The objectives of the present work were to determine night temperature and source-sink effects on ovary swelling, net carbon exchange rate (CER), and soluble sugar and starch concentrations in bell pepper ovaries at anthesis. Source-sink and temperature effects were tested by comparing fruiting (low source-sink ratio or high sink demand) with non-fruiting (high source-sink ratio or low sink demand) 'Legionnaire' bell pepper plants grown at 22/ 20 8C (high night temperature (HNT)) or 22/12 8C (low night temperature (LNT)) day:night temperatures. Flowers that opened after imposition of the temperature and fruiting treatments were harvested at anthesis. Ovaries from harvested flowers were weighed and analyzed for non-structural carbohydrates. Leaf gas exchange measurements were performed every 3 days. Ovary fresh weight of flowers harvested at anthesis was highest in non-fruiting plants under LNT and lowest in plants grown under HNT regardless of fruiting status. Mean CER averaged over the experimental period was significantly higher in fruiting plants under HNT compared with all other treatments. There were no significant interactions between night temperature and fruiting status on ovary soluble sugar or starch concentrations. Low night temperature increased glucose, fructose, and starch concentration and decreased sucrose concentration in the ovary wall compared with HNT. There were no differences in soluble sugar or starch concentrations in the ovary wall between fruiting and non-fruiting plants. Thus, although both low temperature and high source-sink ratio (i.e., non-fruiting plants) resulted in ovary swelling, the mechanisms appear to differ. Whereas LNT effects on ovary swelling were associated with increased ovary carbohydrate accumulation, this association was not apparent when ovary swelling occurred in response to high source-sink ratios.
The Emerging Integration of Close Relationships Research and Evolutionary Psychology

Romantic relationships are a central focus of scientific inquiry within two psychological literatures—those on close relationships and evolutionary psychology—yet attempts to bridge these topics have been surprisingly rare. Recently, several lines of research have begun drawing from the methodological and theoretical traditions of each literature to inform the other. For example, evolutionary perspectives have recently made important contributions to the study of romantic relationships by highlighting the positive effects of negative emotions (e.g., jealousy) and the potentially negative implications of hormonal contraception use. In addition, the emphasis in the close relationships literature on relationship development over time has begun to refine scholars’ understanding of the ubiquitous evolutionary psychological distinction between short-term and long-term relationships as well as the classic concept of mate value. These lines of work exemplify how the edges of two intersecting literatures can gener...
Oxytocin: Biomarker of Affiliation and Neurodevelopment in Premature Infants

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health NINR NRSA (F31NR-014985), AWHONN and the Every Woman, Every Baby Campaign, the Epsilon Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau, Ohio Nurses Foundation, Sigma Theta Tau International in partnership with the Midwestern Nursing Research Society, National Association of Neonatal Nurses Small Grants program, Nurses Educational Funds, the Ohio Perinatal Research Network (OPRN), and The Ohio State University Graduate School’s Alumni Grants for Graduate Research and Scholarship (AGGRS).
A Proposal to OpenMP for Addressing the CPU Oversubscription Challenge

OpenMP has become a successful programming model for developing multi-threaded applications. However, there are still some challenges in terms of OpenMP’s interoperability within itself and with other parallel programming APIs. In this paper, we explore typical use cases that expose OpenMP’s interoperability challenges and report our proposed solutions for addressing the resource oversubscription issue as the efforts by the OpenMP Interoperability language subcommittee. The solutions include OpenMP runtime routines for changing the wait policies, which include ACTIVE(SPIN_BUSY or SPIN_PAUSE), PASSIVE (SPIN_YIELD or SUSPEND), of idling threads for improved resource management, and routines for supporting contributing OpenMP threads to other thread libraries or tasks. Our initial implementations are being done by extending two OpenMP runtime libraries, Intel OpenMP (IOMP) and GNU OpenMP (GOMP). The evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to address the CPU oversubscription challenge and detailed analysis provide heuristics for selecting an optimal wait policy according to the oversubscription ratios.
Nonlinear processes associated with the amplification of MHz-linewidth laser pulses in single-mode Tm:fiber

This work studies the accumulated nonlinearities when amplifying a narrow linewidth 2053 nm seed in a single mode Tm:fiber amplifier. A 30 ns). The pulses are subsequently amplified and the repetition rate is further reduced using a second acousto-optic modulator. It is well known that spectral degradation occurs in such fibers for peak powers over 100's of watts due to self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, and stimulated Raman scattering. In addition to enabling a thorough test bed to study such spectral broadening, this system will also enable the investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering thresholds in the same system. This detailed study of the nonlinearities encountered in 2 μm fiber amplifiers is important in a range of applications from telecommunications to the amplification of ultrashort laser pulses.
Understanding Disorder Within Variation: Production of English Grammatical Forms by English Language Learners

Purpose This study examines English performance on a set of 11 grammatical forms in Spanish–English bilingual, school-age children in order to understand how item difficulty of grammatical construc...
Living Donor Nonrenal Organ Transplantation: A Focus on Living Related Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Surgical and medical advances of the last decade have made replacement therapy for organ failure a clinical reality. The supply of organs for transplantation has relied heavily upon the availability of brain-dead, heart-beating cadavers. While there will continue to be a reliance upon this source, organ donation by living volunteers offers certain medical and strategic advantages that have recently prompted some prominent transplant centers to consider increasing the use of this source for allografts.
Flock Pattern Queries

With the recent advancements and wide usage of location detection devices, large quantities of data are collected, for example, by GPS and cellular technologies in the form of trajectories. While most previous work on trajectory-based queries has concentrated on traditional range, nearest-neighbor, similarity queries, and clustering techniques, there is an increasing interest in queries that capture the “aggregate” behavior of trajectories as groups. Consider, for example, finding groups of moving objects that move “together”, i.e., within a predefined distance to each other for a continuous period of time. Such type of queries typically arises in many surveillance and monitoring applications, e.g. identify groups of suspicious people, convoys of vehicles, flocks of animals. In this chapter, we first show that the on-line flock discovery problem is polynomial, and then we propose a framework and several strategies to discover such patterns in streaming spatio-temporal data. Experiments with real and synthetic trajectorial datasets show that the proposed algorithms are efficient and scalable under different conditions.
Diagnostic radiation and the risk of multiple myeloma (United States)

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between cumulative lifetime exposure to diagnostic radiation and the risk of multiple myeloma using data from a large, multi-center, population-based case–control study.
Consumers and Creative Destruction: Fair Use beyond Market Failure

For almost twenty years, the concept of market failure has defined the boundaries of fair use under copyright law. In this article Professor Ku challenges this interpretation of fair use by offering an alternative economic interpretation of the doctrine. This Article argues fair use is justified when consumer copying creatively destroys the need for copyright's exclusive rights in reproduction and distribution. This occurs when: 1) the consumer of a work makes copies of it, and 2) creation of the work does not depend upon funding derived from the sale of copies. Under these circumstances, exclusive rights in reproduction and distribution, which are conventionally justified by the need to prevent the underproduction of creative works due to free riding, are unnecessary. When both conditions are satisfied, copying does not lead to the underproduction of creative works because consumers distribute the work themselves, eliminating the need for content distributor middlemen while continuing to fund the creation of those creative works. Professor Ku argues that recognizing the process of creative destruction as fair use is not only consistent with an economic interpretation of copyright, but represents the most coherent interpretation of the consumer copying decisions handed down by the Supreme Court.
Possible Involvement of D-Galactose in the Implantation Process

Embryo implantation involves the attachment of embryonic trophoblast cells to the luminal epithelium of the uterus. Attachment occurs in all eutherian mammals, regardless of whether or not subsequent implantation is interstitial. Adhesion of embryonic trophoblast to uterine luminal epithelium presents an apparent paradox in cell biology for it represents apical adhesion of two presumably polarized epithelia. The acquisition of adhesiveness between these two cell types has been presumed to be an intrinsic property of trophectoderm because trophectoderm cells readily adhere to extrauterine sites. However, examination of mouse uteri during the peri-implantation period has revealed that the apposed walls of the uterine lumen become adherent to one another at the same time that trophoblast becomes adherent to epithelium. Apical adhesion of epithelium is an uncommon phenomenon or else the patency of the uterus (and any other hollow organ in the body) would not be maintained. The molecular basis for the cell to cell interactions which result in adhesion is of importance to those interested in developmental biology, and tumor metastasis and invasion, as well as implantation. Embryo implantation as it occurs in the mouse presents a convenient model for studying this fundamental phenomenon because the temporal regulation of the acquisition of adhesiveness is well understood. In this respect, both adhesive and non-adhesive cells are accessible for analysis.
Pathways Interventions for Chronic, Relapsing Substance Abuse Disorders

The authors regard substance abuse and addictive behavior as a chronic recurrent illness, with psychological, behavioral, and medical components. They call for multi-modal intermittent treatment throughout the life span, addressing the emotional, social, and biological dimensions of the disorder. A case study of a lifelong alcohol and drug-dependent male illustrates the often chronic relapsing course of the illness. The patient, Colin, was a gifted trial attorney, who struggled with alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use for decades. The chapter provides an example of a Pathways Model treatment program, integrating lifestyle changes, complementary therapies, spiritual intervention, and professional treatment for addiction to assist this individual in managing his condition, and recovering his life.