cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recurrent mutations in the vasopressin-neurophysin II gene cause autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.

We examined the nucleotide sequence of the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II gene in three kindreds with autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. Each of the three different mutations identified represents a recurrence of a mutation previously described to cause this disease. These mutations are all transitions (C1761-->T, G1859-->A, and G279-->A) that encode amino acid substitutions Pro24-->Leu, Gly57-->Ser (both in neurophysin II), and Ala-->Thr (in the last amino acid at the C-terminus of the signal peptide). The presence of these mutations in genomic DNA was confirmed by alterations in restriction endonuclease recognition sites. A linkage map of distal chromosome 20 was constructed. To examine the possibility that these apparent recurrent mutations arose independently rather than by an ancestral founder mutation, we analyzed family origins, two polymorphic markers on chromosome 20 in close proximity with this gene (the oxytocin/XbaI restriction fragment length polymorphism and the D20...
Morphine Negatively Regulates Interferon-γ Promoter Activity in Activated Murine T Cells through Two Distinct Cyclic AMP-dependent Pathways

To explore the mechanism by which morphine promotes the incidence of HIV infection, we evaluated the regulatory role of morphine on the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) promoter in activated T cells from wild type and mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Our results show that morphine inhibited anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated IFN-gamma promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic morphine treatment of T cells increased intracellular cAMP. To evaluate the role of cAMP in morphine's modulatory function, the effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin were investigated. Both dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin treatment inhibited IFN-gamma promoter activity. Treatment with pertussis toxin, but not with a protein kinase A inhibitor, antagonized morphine's inhibitory effects. Morphine inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK; in addition, morphine treatment in the presence of either ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK inhibitor (PD98059 or SB203580) resulted in an additive inhibition of IFN-gamma promoter activity. The transcription factor activator protein-1, NF-kappaB, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) were negatively regulated by morphine. Overexpression of NF-kappaB p65 rescued the inhibitory effect of morphine on IFN-gamma promoter activity. However, only when NFATc1 was co-overexpressed with c-fos was the inhibitory effect of morphine on IFN-gamma promoter counteracted. The inhibitory effects of morphine were not observed in T cells obtained from mu-opioid receptor knockout mice, suggesting that morphine modulation of IFN-gamma promoter activity is mediated through the mu-opioid receptor. In summary, our data indicate that morphine modulation of IFN-gamma promoter activity is mediated through two distinct cAMP-dependent pathways, the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and the ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, AP-1/NFAT pathway.
Factorization of the coefficient variance matrix in orthogonal transforms

The authors derive a matrix factorization of the coefficient variances for any fixed transformation. This factorization formulation provides a better framework for understanding the role of transform on the one hand, and the signal source model on the other. It also greatly simplifies the number of computational operations required for each variance calculation. A transform-specific matrix which links the transform to the signal correlation model is derived. This factorization provides a conceptual framework for understanding the behaviour of the transform for different source models. It also significantly simplifies the calculation of the variance of each transform coefficient from a quadruple sum over four indices to a double sum over two indices. This simplification can be used in adaptive transform coding which requires an estimate of the variances. Test results demonstrate that this mode-based variance calculation provides an accurate basis for adaptive transform coding, particularly at low bit rates. >
Qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology: observations of a non-qualitative researcher

The authors of articles examining quantitative and qualitative research frequently highlight and over-emphasise the differences in these two research paradigms. Differences are typically portrayed as dichotomous vs. differences in emphasis or degree. Additionally, similarities and shared middle ground are often ignored. The above perspective can lead to incomplete, inaccurate and misleading reviews on both types of research. Furthermore, the above commentaries can discourage genuine dialogue among researchers from both areas. In the current paper, I hope to avoid the above approaches and focus on legitimate differences as well as similarities among qualitative and quantitative research. In brief, I discuss areas of legitimate and substantial differences: philosophy of science issues and reality. I then examine areas where differences of a dubious nature are discussed because they are based on inaccuracies and straw men. Finally, I briefly discuss writing style followed by an examination of areas of agreem...
Degradation of soluble and fibrillar amyloid beta-protein by matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in vitro.

The progressive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in senile plaques and in the cerebral vasculature is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Degradation of Aβ by specific proteoly...
Rote versus Conceptual Emphases in Teaching Elementary Probability.

Forty-eight students with no previous exposure to probability or statistics read one of three texts that varied in the emphasis placed on rote and conceptual learning of basic concepts of elementary probability. A qualitative analysis of errors on a postinstruction test employed a model of problem solving whose stages were categorization of the problem, retrieval of the appropriate formula, and translation of values from the problem into the formula. Variations in performance on problems requiring the same formula for solution were largely attributable to surface features that affected the ease of categorization and translation. Students who read a text that emphasized conceptual learning tended to be less sensitive to surface features, which parallels results regarding novices and experts in various content domains.
Changes in Growth and Maturity of Walleyes Associated with Stock Rehabilitation in Western Lake Erie, 1964-1983

Abstract The precipitous decline in abundance of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in western Lake Erie during the 1960s caused major concerns for the future of this resource. Mercury contamination in walleyes in 1970 resulted in a moratorium on commercial fishing in United States and Canadian waters. The opportunity arose for resource agencies to develop a plan for rehabilitation of the walleye stocks, and quota management for walleyes was begun in 1976. After 8 years, the resource had recovered dramatically and the estimated standing stock in 1983 was more than three times that in 1976. In the mid-1970s, however, certain detrimental changes suggested that self-regulatory mechanisms were occurring. The growth rate declined gradually but rather consistently. Growth changes were most evident for young-of-the-year (YOY), yearlings, and 2-year-old fish, which usually constituted more than 80% of the standing stock in 1976-1983. Average lengths of YOY fish in the fall decreased by nearly 50 mm (from abo...
Functional imaging and the neural systems of chronic pain

Pain remains a serious health care problem affecting millions of individuals, costing billions of dollars, and causing an immeasurable amount of human suffering. In designing improved therapies, there is still much to learn about peripheral nociceptor, nerves, and the spinal cord, and brain stem modulatory systems. Nevertheless, it is the brain that presents us with an incredible opportunity to understand the experience we call pain. Functional neuroimaging is helping to unlock the secrets of the sensory and emotional components of pain and its autonomic responses. These techniques are helping us to understand that pain is not a static disease with the pathologic findings localized to the periphery but is instead a highly plastic condition affecting multiple central neural systems. Functional neuroimaging is transforming our understanding of the neurobiology of pain and will be instrumental in helping us to design more rational treatments ultimately aimed at reducing the impact of pain on our patients. It is opening windows into the function of the brain that were previously closed.
Interactive generation of human animation with deformable motion models

This article presents a new motion model deformable motion models for human motion modeling and synthesis. Our key idea is to apply statistical analysis techniques to a set of precaptured human motion data and construct a low-dimensional deformable motion model of the form x = M(α, γ), where the deformable parameters α and γ control the motion's geometric and timing variations, respectively. To generate a desired animation, we continuously adjust the deformable parameters' values to match various forms of user-specified constraints. Mathematically, we formulate the constraint-based motion synthesis problem in a Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) framework by estimating the most likely deformable parameters from the user's input. We demonstrate the power and flexibility of our approach by exploring two interactive and easy-to-use interfaces for human motion generation: direct manipulation interfaces and sketching interfaces.
The osteology and taphonomy of a Psittacosaurus bonebed assemblage of the Yixian Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Liaoning, China

Abstract We present the first detailed description of the osteology and mineralogy of an assemblage of Psittacosaurus juveniles (DMNH D2156) associated with a larger specimen from the Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China. We fully describe all of the material as well as discuss intraspecific variation in the sample set of twenty-four juveniles with associated postcranial material and compare with previously described ceratopsian juvenile material. Based on the development of the ends of long bones, it is suggested that the juveniles are not embryonic, but are post-hatchlings. In comparison with previous histologic analyses on P. lujiatunensis , it is shown that the large specimen associated with the juveniles is likely not yet an adult and that this assemblage is not an exemplar of parental care, but may be an example of post-hatching cooperation. The large specimen is however, shown to be positively associated with the assemblage and was not added on after excavation. Additionally, an allometric analysis of Psittacosaurus bone lengths is performed in order to determine ontogenetic trajectories and allometry using femur length as a proxy. This demonstrates that the vast majority of long bones and girdle elements in Psittacosaurus are isometric with body size, but supports previous analyses that the forelimb grew slower than the hindlimb. Finally, a mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction and petrographic thin sections of the block where DMNH D2156 is preserved shows that the animals were preserved in a volcanic-lithic arenite. The statistically significant alignment of specimens and preservation in a volcanic rock suggests that the taphonomic setting and reasoning for the exceptional preservation of the specimen is due to burial by a volcaniclastic debris flow. The vast majority of specimens in the Yixian Formation are found in lacustrine strata, recently suggested to be carried into lakes by pyroclastic debris flows. The preservation of DMNH D2156 in a clastic flow further supports the volcaniclastic flow preservation model for the fauna of the Yixian Formation, but we prefer a lahar flow interpretation for DMNH D2156 since there is no evidence of the bone microstructure being affected by intense heat associated with pyroclastic debris flows.
ULTRAVIOLET HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY FROM THE SPACE TELESCOPE

The High Resolution Spectrograph is one of five scientific instruments which will be part of the Space Telescope observatory. The spectrograph was designed to take advantage of the imaging and pointing capabilities of the telescope to obtain ultraviolet spectra with spectral resolution comparable to large, ground-based coudeinstruments. Some of the results of the ground-based testing program will be described, along with applications of these properties to future science programs.
Evaluation of the course of pregnancy, delivery and the condition of the newborn infant in women operated on for vesicoureteral reflux in childhood.

Evaluation of the course of pregnancy, delivery and the condition of the newborn infant in mothers after an antireflux operation performed in childhood has revealed differences to the disadvantage of women operated on after the age of ten. This is shown by a significantly more frequent incidence of EH gestosis and urinary tract infections. Pregnancy intensifies the already existing renal insufficiency but does not adversely affect an efficient kidney. No significant differences have been observed in fertility, way of delivery termination, and the newborn’s condition between the studied and the control groups.
Far infrared measurements of (TMTSF)2ClO4

Abstract Polarized far infrared reflectance measurements from 20 to 330 cm −1 have been made on the organic superconductor (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 . The feature in the reflectance at 28 cm −1 has been studied as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. Our results suggest that this feature is associated with a coupled electron-phonon mode rather than a pseudogap due to fluctuational superconductivity as has been suggested by others. In addition, a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the reflectance indicates that there is a concentration of oscillator strength above 100–150 cm −1 .
Recent developments in rotary-wing aeroelasticity

The purpose of this review is to present the research done in rotary-wing aeroelasticity during the past eight years in a unified manner. The following topics are reviewed with considerable detail: (1) recent development in the aeroelastic modeling of the coupled flap-lag-torsional problem in hover (2) effect of unsteady aerodynamics on the coupled flap-lag-torsional aeroelastic problem in hover (3) the coupled flap-lag and the coupled flap-lag-torsional problem in forward flight (4) complete rotor and coupled rotor fuselage aeroelastic problems including both hingeless and teetering rotors.
Catalyst size and morphological effects on the interaction of NO2 with BaO/γ-Al2O3 materials

Abstract The capability of NOx storage on the supported BaO catalyst largely depends on the Ba loading. With different Ba loadings, the supported BaO component exposes various phases ranging from well-dispersed nanoclusters to large crystalline particles on the oxide support materials. In order to better understand size and morphological effects on NOx storage over γ-Al2O3-supported BaO materials, the adsorption structures and energetics of single NO2 molecule, as well as NOx + NOy (NO2 + NO2, NO + NO3 and NO2 + NO3) pairs on the BaO/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0), (BaO)2/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0), and (BaO)5/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) surfaces were investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations. A single NO2 molecule prefers to adsorb at basic OBa site forming anionic nitrate species. Upon adsorption, a charge redistribution in the supported (BaO)n clusters occurs. Synergistic effects due to the interaction of NO2 with both the (BaO)n clusters and the γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) support enhance the stability of adsorbed NO2. The interaction between NO2 and the (BaO)n/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) catalysts was found to be markedly affected by the sizes and morphologies of the supported (BaO)n clusters. The adsorption energy of NO2 increases from −0.98 eV on the BaO/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) surface to −3.01 eV on (BaO)5/γ–Al2O3(1 0 0). NO2 adsorption on (BaO)2 clusters in a parallel configuration on the γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) surface is more stable than on dimers oriented in a perpendicular fashion. Similar to the bulk BaO(1 0 0) surface, a supported (BaO)n cluster-mediated electron transfer induces cooperative effects that dramatically increase the total adsorption energy of NOx + NOy pairs on the (BaO)n/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) surfaces. Following the widely accepted NO2 storage mechanism of BaO + 3NO2(g) → Ba(NO3)2 + NO(g), our thermodynamic analysis indicates that the largest energy gain for this overall process of NOx uptake is obtained on the amorphous monolayer-like (BaO)5/γ-Al2O3(1 0 0) surface. This suggests that γ-Al2O3-supported BaO materials with ∼6–12 wt% loadings may provide optimum structures for NOx storage.
Research on emotional and logical proofs

(1963). Research on emotional and logical proofs. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 198-207.
Vascular Anatomic Variation in Rabbits

PURPOSE To explore the vascular anatomic variation along the aortic arch in New Zealand White rabbits with the goal of highlighting potential anatomic configurations that might be encountered in the performance of preclinical endovascular research in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Digital subtraction angiography images of the brachiocephalic artery (BCA) and aortic arch in New Zealand White rabbits were obtained after creation of elastase-induced aneurysms at the origin of the right common carotid artery (RCCA) in 214 animals. The patterns of origin of the RCCA and left common carotid artery (LCCA), right subclavian artery (RSCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA), and right vertebral artery (RVA) and left vertebral artery (LVA) were analyzed. RESULTS Five predominant variations of vessel origin were identified. In 200 of 214 cases (93%), the LCCA originated from the bifurcation of the BCA and aorta. In eight cases (4%), the LCCA directly originated from the aorta. In two cases (1%), the LCCA originated from the BCA. Aberrant RSCA anatomy in which the RSCA originated from the aortic arch instead of the BCA was found in three cases (1.5%). In a single case (0.5%), aberrant RSCA anatomy with the RVA originating from the BCA was encountered. CONCLUSIONS Anatomic variation of the BCA in New Zealand White rabbits is similar to that seen in humans. Understanding of the normal and variant anatomy of the rabbit will aid investigators who use the rabbit model for endovascular research.
The strange malady of Alessandro's uncle.

A tale of overhyped genetic discovery, by Neil A (Tony) Holtzman Had it not been for Alessandro, Professor Johnson’s talk would have received little attention. Had it not been for his uncle’s malady, Alessandro would not have paid much attention either. Shortly before Alessandro covered the scientific meeting as a reporter for L’Unione Sarda , he had learnt that his uncle was being treated for the disorder that Johnson spoke about. At the end of the session, Alessandro picked up the press release in the congress media room. It read: “Under the leadership of Professor Henry Johnson, a team of scientists from universities in Europe and the United States announced the discovery of a major gene for schizophrenia at the Fifteenth International Congress of Genetic Psychiatry in Cagliari, Sardinia, today. They studied the genes from an international collection of patients with schizophrenia, their normal parents, and their siblings. Patients with schizophrenia were five times more likely to possess a genetic variant (allele) of a gene than their unaffected relatives. The scientists have named this gene Schizo-12. Professor Johnson said that a test to detect the presence of the variant would be on the market within a year, and a drug that would prevent or effectively treat schizophrenia in patients who tested positive would be developed within five years. The work was supported by Psychotropics-R-Us, an American drug company.” A month before the congress, Alessandro had driven to the mountainous region of Barbagia, northeast of Cagliari, to visit his uncle who was a goatherd. After he had parked on the side of a dirt road, he hiked the mile to his uncle’s stone hut, arriving at midday. He found his uncle seated on a stool on one side of a rough hewn table. On each of the other three sides a …
Analysis of Special Nuclear Material (SNM) detection and interdiction using a collaborative constructive simulation environment

The acquisition of systems to locate and interdict Special Nuclear Material (SNM) is significantly enhanced when trade space analysis of and CONOPS development for various proposed sensor systems is performed using realistic operational scenarios in a synthetic simulation environment. To this end, the U. S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has developed a collaborative constructive simulation environment hosted at the DTRA Center at Ft. Belvoir, VA. The simulation environment includes a suite of modeling and simulation (M&S) tools, scenario vignette representations, geographic information databases, and authoritative sensor system representations. Currently focused on modeling the detection and interdiction of in-transit SNM, the M&S tools include the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulation for detailed nuclear transport calculations and the JHU/APL enhanced Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF) synthetic simulation environment and several associated High-Level Architecture (HLA) federate simulations for engagement-level vignette executions. This presentation will focus on the JHU/APL enhancements to JSAF which have enabled the execution of SNM detection vignettes. These enhancements include the addition of a user-configurable Radioactive Material (RM) module for representation of SNM objects, a user-configurable RM Detection Module to represent operational and notional gamma and neutron detectors, a Radiation Attenuation Module to calculate net emissions at the detector face in the dynamic JSAF environment, and an RM Stimulation Module to represent notional proton and photon beam systems in active interrogation scenarios.
Ice-cloud depolarization of backscatter for CO(2) and other infrared lidars.

The depolarization of backscatter from ice particles at the CO2 lidar wavelength of 10.59 microns was investigated through field measurements, with simultanous depolarization measurements taken at 0.6943 micron for comparison. The depolarization ratio at the infrared wavelength was usually at or below the lidar's sensitivity limit of 0.01, which is dramatically smaller than the typical 0.5 linear depolarization ratio for short-wave lidars. This behavior is explained by the strong absorption of ice at the infrared wavelength. Depolarization measurements at a 10.59-micron wavelength cannot discriminate between ice and water clouds in the manner of short-wave lidars. A possibility exists for more prominent depolarization at shorter CO2 lidar wavelengths, but additional research is required. Depolarization at the 2.09-micron wavelength is predicted to be substantial and useful for hydrometeor observations.
Poverty, Incomes and Social Protection: International Policy Perspectives

1. Introduction: Poverty, Incomes and Social Protection: International Policy Perspectives Richard Hoefer and James Midgley 2. Social Protection and Social Policy: Key Issues and Debates James Midgley 3. The Last Shall Be First: Political Dimensions of Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil Anthony Hall 4. Social Protection in Rural China: Recent Developments and Prospects Yapeng Zhu 5. Food Security and Social Protection in the United States Richard Hoefer and Carolyn Curry 6. Reforming the Reform: Attempting Social Solidarity and Equity in Chile's Privatized Social Security System Silvia Borzutzky 7. Poverty and Social Protection in Britain: Policy Developments Since 1997 David Piachaud 8. Poverty, Gender and Social Protection: Child Support Grants in Soweto, South Africa Leila Patel 9. Microinsurance and Social Protection: The Social Welfare Insurance Program for Informal Sector Workers in Indonesia Sirojudin, and James Midgley
Interactive effects of condensed tannin and cellulose additions on soil respiration

Plant polyphenolics are receiving increased attention for their influences on belowground processes. Tannins are of particular interest because of their predominance in natural systems, their wide ...
The STEM approach to the imaging of surfaces and small particles

Possibilite avec le STEM de correler les donnees obtenues avec les images a des donnees obtenues par diagramme de microdiffraction et microanalyse de petites regions choisies. Possibilite de combiner plusieurs signaux de differentes images obtenues simultanement
Generalized Reverse Discrete Choice Models

Marketing practitioners and academics have shown a keen interest in the processes that drive consumers’ choices since the early work of Guadagni and Little (1982). Over the past decade or so, a number of alternative models have been proposed, implemented and analyzed. The common behavioral assumption that underlines these models of discrete choice is random utility maximization (RUM). The RUM assumption, in its simplest form, posits that a consumer with a finite set of brands to choose from chooses the brand that gives her the maximum amount of utility. An alternative approach would be to assume that consumers choose the alternative that offers them the least disutility. Our paper proposes and tests a broad class of generalized extreme value models based on this hypothesis. We model the decision process of the consumer the assumption random disutility minimization (RDM) and derive a new class of discrete choice models based on this assumption. Our findings reveal that there are significant theoretical and econometric differences between the discrete choice models derived from a RUM framework and the RDM framework proposed in this paper. On the theoretical front we find that the class of discrete choice models based on the assumption of disutility minimization is structurally different from the models in the literature. Further, the models in this class are available in closed form and exhibit the same flexibility as the GEV models proposed by McFadden (1978). In fact, the number of parameters are identical to and have the same interpretation as those obtained via RUM based GEV models. In addition to the theoretical differences we also uncover significant empirical insights. With the computing effort and time for both models being roughly the same this new set of models offers marketing academics and researchers a viable new tool with which to investigate discrete choice behavior.
Initial mass of avian eggs: Comparison between measured and calculated values

It had previously been demonstrated that by weighing an egg after replacing the air cell with water the initial egg mass at the time of laying is obtained during any stage of incubation. The average egg mass ofSchonwetter (1960–84) compared with those obtained by weighing fresh eggs of the same species after replacement of the air cell with water gives an excellent agreement, as shown in the regression curve, with a slope of 1.0.
Using geospatial data and principles of landscape ecology to identify field sites and characterize landscapes

We explored the utility of using readily available geospatial datasets to assist in field site identification. Specifically, we used readily available geospatial data to locate potential field sites that represented specific points along an urban–rural gradient of development intensity at landscape and regional scales. We also incorporated development age (young versus mature) in our site selection. Using publicly available spatial datasets, we computed a set of variables that characterized the landscape at two spatial scales and combined these to develop a gradient of urbanization. We then used maps of these gradients, digital orthophotographs, and ancillary geospatial data layers to identify candidate field sites of the requisite landscape- and regional-scale development intensity. These field sites were then visited to verify the current condition, and acceptable sites were used in companion studies to survey avian communities. We were also interested in how land cover estimates derived from different ...
First-principles calculations of piezoelectricity and polarization rotation in Pb ( Zr 0.5 Ti 0.5 ) O 3

First-principles local-density approximation calculations of the piezoelectric response of $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PZT 50/50) are presented for tetragonal and monoclinic phases. We use the linearized augmented plane wave with the local orbital extension method and [001]1:1 ordered PZT 50/50 supercells, constrained with $P4\mathrm{mm}$ tetragonal and $\mathrm{Cm}$ monoclinic symmetry. Calculated internal coordinates of monoclinic PZT 50/50 at the experimental $c/a$ value are in good agreement with measurements of $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.52}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.48}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ Bulk spontaneous polarization, Born effective charges ${Z}^{*},$ and piezoelectric coefficients are computed using the Berry's phase approach. Greatly enhanced piezoelectric coefficients are observed due to polarization rotation as a function of applied strain in the monoclinic phase with fully relaxed internal atomic coordinates. As the polarization rotates within the $(11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0)$ mirror plane between the [001] and $[\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\nu}1]$ (pseudocubic) directions, values as large as ${e}_{33}=12.6{\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ ${e}_{15}=10.9$ ${\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ ${e}_{13}=\ensuremath{-}33{\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ and ${e}_{11}^{\ensuremath{'}}=36$ ${\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ are observed at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.27$, where ${e}_{11}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is defined as ${0.5(e}_{11}{+e}_{12}).$ Such large values are consistent with the measured piezoelectric response in ceramic PZT. This supports the polarization rotation mechanism as the origin of the enhanced electromechanical response.
Comments on "A New Guidance System Figure-of-Merit"

E the subject Note, a triangular eigenvalue phase plane is ied effectively. It is not a common representation, but for some problems it is an ideal one. I would like to suggest a generic name for this triangle, based on historical usage. The first application of which I am aware is that of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kurt Magnus.' In his work the eigenvalues were specifically principal moments of inertia, but the idea is exactly the same. Indeed, with normalization to the trace of the inertia matrix, the diagram is exactly as in Fig. la of the present reference. Accordingly, I propose the name "Magnus triangle" for this triangular phase space of eigenvalues. If any readers know of earlier usages, their comments will be appreciated.
Atmospheric degradation of scene content: a new look

The usual answer to estimating the atmospheric degradation of a forward looking infrared (FLIR) system's performance is to use an absorption, or better yet, an extinction coefficient derived from LOWTRAN calculations. The actual quantity that is appropriate, however, is target contrast transmission that includes system and source spectral characteristics, path radiance, and inherent contrast changes. Until now only transmissometer systems have ben used to measure and compare absorption and extinction values and predictions for imaging system performance. The Mobile Imaging Spectroscopy Laboratory of the U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory was used to measure directly the target contrast transmission by comparison of calibrated closeup and distant IR imagery of a uniform temperature large area target board. Only through proper choice of target and background area dimensions are the target contrast transmission measurement values consistent with LOWTRAN predictions. The important additional parameter that is too often overlooked is the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the atmosphere which can severely change the effective magnitude of the contrast transmission value that actually applies to a specific target feature or hot spot. Measurements are presented that illustrate how dramatic this interdependence of target contrast transmission and atmospheric MTF can be.
ROLE OF H2O2 IN SINGLE-CELL GROWTH OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA, ANACYSTIS NIDULANS1

SUMMARY Inhibition of growth of single cells of Anacystis nidulans on the surface of or in plates was due to H2O2. This H2O2 arises from reaction of citrate and Mn2+ in a defined medium, C, by heat (autoclaving) or light (especially 365 mμ). The simplest way to avoid H2O2 formation was to lower or omit Mn2+ from the medium. Thus medium C minus Mn2+ routinely gave excellent quantitative growth of single cells of Anacystis under simple incubation conditions. The H2O2 sensitivity of Anacystis was unexpectedly high; ≈ 50 μg/liter inhibited single cells on the surface of agar plates. However, other blue-greens tested had not this exaggerated sensitivity. Seawater contained small quantities of apparently free H2O2. H2O2 in seawater perhaps may have an ecological role.
Field measurements of sonic boom penetration into the ocean

Six sonic booms, generated by F-4 aircraft under steady flight at a range of altitudes (610–6100 m) and Mach numbers (1.07–1.26), were measured just above the air/sea interface, and at five depths in the water column. The measurements were made with a vertical hydrophone array suspended from a small spar buoy at the sea surface, and telemetered to a nearby research vessel. The sonic boom pressure amplitude decays exponentially with depth, and the signal fades into the ambient noise field by 30–50 m, depending on the strength of the boom at the sea surface. Low-frequency components of the boom waveform penetrate significantly deeper than high frequencies. Frequencies greater than 20 Hz are difficult to observe at depths greater than about 10 m. Underwater sonic boom pressure measurements exhibit excellent agreement with predictions from analytical theory, despite the assumption of a flat air/sea interface. Significant scattering of the sonic boom signal by the rough ocean surface is not detected. Real ocean conditions appear to exert a negligible effect on the penetration of sonic booms into the ocean unless steady vehicle speeds exceed Mach 3, when the boom incidence angle is sufficient to cause scattering on realistic open ocean surfaces.
Metallic inductive and capacitive grids: theory and experiment.

We present theoretical modeling and experimental validation of both capacitive (dot) and inductive (hole) metallic crossed gratings in the mid-infrared (2–5 μm). The gratings are fabricated by use of interferometric lithography and modeled by use of rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Our experimental and numerical investigations of the transmittance spectra of these gratings suggest that, as in inductive grids, the behavior of capacitive grids is described by the coupling of the incident light into surface plasma waves.
Real-time Density Estimation on Freeways With Loop Detector and Probe Data

Abstract Density, speed and flow are the three critical parameters for traffic analysis. Traffic management and control with good performance requires the estimation/prediction of distance mean speed and density for large spatial and temporal coverage. Speed, including time mean speed and distance mean speed, and flow are relatively easy to be measured and estimated in the real-world applications, while less emphasis was put in measuring and estimating density. This paper summarized the methods for estimating density, mainly based on the loop detector data, proposed a method to estimate density with both the loop detector data and Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) probe vehicle data. Better results were obtained from the proposed method, and Berkeley Highway Laboratory (BHL) loop detector data and the field collected Probe Vehicle data were used to verify the methodology.
High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: Mathematical approach and statistical analysis

The authors review the theoretical basis of determination of cerebral blood flow (CBF) using dynamic measurements of nondiffusible contrast agents, and demonstrate how parametric and nonparametric deconvolution techniques can be modified for the special requirements of CBF determination using dynamic MRI. Using Monte Carlo modeling, the use of simple, analytical residue models is shown to introduce large errors in flow estimates when actual, underlying vascular characteristics are not sufficiently described by the chosen function. The determination of the shape of the residue function on a regional basis is shown to be possible only at high signal-to-noise ratio. Comparison of several nonparametric deconvolution techniques showed that a nonparametric deconvolution technique (singular value decomposition) allows estimation of flow relatively independent of underlying vascular structure and volume even at low signal-to-noise ratio associated with pixel-by-pixel deconvolution.
The solution thermochemistry of cadmium hydroxide and cadmium oxide The entropy of the aqueous cadmium ion

Abstract The enthalpies of reaction of Cd(OH) 2 and CdO with aqueous HClO 4 are reported as functions of molalities. The results are used to derive the following thermochemical properties for Cd 2+ (aq): S 2 o = − (17.0±0.6) cal K −1 mol −1 , ΔH f o = − 18.1 kcal mol −1 , and ΔG f o = − 18.6 kcal mol −1 .
Mating Group Size in Dusky Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus): Costs and Benefits of Scramble Competition

In fission–fusion social systems with scramble competition between males, multiple males join mating groups while surrounding an oestrous female. If male decisions to join a mating group have been shaped by natural selection, then there should be an optimal group size resulting from the trade-offs between the benefits of monopolizing a female in small groups and the energy lost in defending her from rivals in large groups. Male dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) off Kaikoura, New Zealand, provide a unique opportunity to assess the optimum mating group size because they join transient mating groups not confounded by foraging or predator evasion. Within aggregations of up to 1000 individuals, males search for oestrous females, encountering choices of staying with a large mating group or leaving to find a smaller group. Mating groups typically involve multiple males mating with a single female. We conducted focal follows of mating groups (N = 44) by vessel from November 2011 through January 2012. We used video and a GPS to record group size, behaviour and movement. For each group, we measured potential costs (Swim Speed, Loss of Monopolization Potential) and benefits (Copulation Rate and Duration, Energy Savings). Only Loss of Monopolization Potential was positively correlated with group size, while Energy Savings was negatively correlated. Using these two factors as utility functions, we constructed an optimality model and predicted the optimal mating group size to be seven individuals with a range of 4–11 individuals due to variance. The observed modal mating group size was five dolphins, with a range of 2–15. We compare variation in mating group currencies and sizes to past studies. We discuss potential limitations of applying optimality models to predict mating group size for socially complex and behaviourally plastic species such as dolphins.
A knowledge-based approach to indexing scientific text

We are developing a system which scans articles from scientific literature for the purpose of indexing the text. That is, the system should assist in the rapid determination of the key topics and content of articles in a particular domain and in the production of brief phrases describing the content. The number of correct concepts generated should be 80% of the concepts present (a recall rate of 80%), as compared to the output of human document analysts processing the same material.
Selected molecular weight dextrans for in vivo permeability studies of rat retinal vascular disease.

Abstract Permeability of abnormal retinal vessels to sodium fluorescein is an important clinical diagnostic methodology. Since molecular size may be one parameter determining leakage from vessels, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated dextrans of graded molecular weight and size were used as in vivo molecular weight markers for fluorescein angiographic studies of abnormal retinal vessels. Fourteen pigmented rats with late stage urethan or phototoxic retinopathy (diffuse pigment mottling, focal hemorrhages and exudates) were used as animal models. Initial evaluation was made with 0·5% sodium fluorescein. Four rats which exhibited angiographic evidence of leakage were further investigated with the following dextrans: FITC-3 (mol. wt. 3000; effective diffusion radius 12 A), FITC-20 (20 000; 32 A), and FITC-40 (40 000; 45 A). Angiographic evidence of leakage was observed with FITC-3 and to a lesser extent with FITC-20; no leakage was evident with FITC-40.
The rational design and synthesis of haptens having specific activity as full agonists or full antagonists at the benzodiazepine receptor

The use of computer graphics hardware, in conjunction with molecular modeling software, has allowed for a structural analysis of compounds that bind to the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) in the nM range. The definition of additional binding requirements together with steric and/or hydrophobic limitations has been directly correlated with profiles of in vivo activity, both for full agonists and full antagonists. This information has been used for the rational design of haptens that contain the antigenic determinants necessary for the production of antibodies specific for either full agonists or for full antagonists at the BZR. The synthesis of these novel compounds has been completed.
Surgical pearl: use of a double razor blade to obtain stratum corneum specimens for potassium hydroxide examination.

For the laboratory diagnosis of fungal disease, fragments of epidermis are removed from skin lesions with a curette or a scalpel, placed on a glass slide, immersed in a drop of 10% to 15% potassium hydroxide, and examined for hyphae and spores. 1 We describe a new technique for secming large nonfragmented specimens of stratum comeum from patients with hyperkeratotic lesions of the palms and soles, It gJ~atly amplifies the size of the specimen as well as the speed with which it can be scanned in the search for fungal elements. A single Super-Blue Gillette razor blade is broken transversely by hand. 2 The two half blades are held in close opposition and slowly drawn through the stratum corneum at the selected site. Removal of the top blade reveals a thin solid specimen that may measure as large as a square cenlimeter (Fig. 1), Placing this specimen on a glass slide for potassium hydroxide examination affords a panoramic field for microscopic viewing. Alternatively, the specimen
The Characteristics of Romantic Relationships Associated with Teen Dating Violence

Studies of teen dating violence have focused heavily on family and peer influences, but little research has been conducted on the relationship contexts within which violence occurs. The present study explores specific features of adolescent romantic relationships associated with the perpetration of physical violence. Relying on personal interviews with a sample of 956 adolescents, results indicate that respondents who self-report violence perpetration are significantly more likely than their non-violent counterparts to report higher levels of other problematic relationship dynamics and behaviors such as jealousy, verbal conflict, and cheating. However, we find no significant differences in levels of love, intimate self-disclosure, or perceived partner caring, and violent relationships are, on average, characterized by longer duration, more frequent contact, sexual intimacy and higher scores on the provision and receipt of instrumental support. Finally, violence is associated with the perception of a relatively less favorable power balance, particularly among male respondents. These findings complicate traditional views of the dynamics within violent relationships, add to our understanding of risk factors, and may also shed light on why some adolescents remain in physically abusive relationships.
Peroxynitrite irreversibly decreases diastolic and systolic function in cardiac muscle.

Abstract Much of the damaging action of nitric oxide in heart may be due to its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite. Direct infusion of peroxynitrite into isolated perfused hearts fails to model the effects of in situ formation because the bulk of peroxynitrite decomposes before reaching the myocytes. To examine the direct effects of peroxynitrite on the contractile apparatus of the heart, we exposed intact and skinned rat papillary muscles to a steady state concentration of 4-μM peroxynitrite for 5 min, followed by a 30-min recovery period to monitor irreversible effects. In intact muscles developed force fell immediately to 26% of initial force, recovering to 43% by 30 min. Resting tension increased by 600% immediately, and was still elevated 500% by 30 min. Nitrotyrosine immunochemistry showed that peroxynitrite can induce tyrosine nitration at low concentrations and is capable of penetrating 200–380 μm into the papillary muscle after a 5-min infusion. Decomposed peroxynitrite had no effect on either intact or skinned muscle developed force or resting tension. Our results show that peroxynitrite directly damages both developed force and resting tension of isolated heart muscle, which can be extrapolated to systolic and diastolic injury in intact hearts.
Satellite Observations of the 1982-1983 El Niño Along the U.S. Pacific Coast

Satellite infrared temperature images illustrate several effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino: warm sea-surface temperatures with the greatest anomalies near the coast, weakened coastal upwelling, and changes in surface circulation patterns. Phytoplankton pigment images from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner indicate reduced productivity during El Nino, apparently related to the weakened coastal upwelling The satellite images provide direct evidence of mesoscale changes associated with the oceanwide El Nino event.
A View Into the Future of Organizational Psychology: Our Experiences With an Interdisciplinary Approach to Graduate Education

Of the four possible “futures” for I-O psychology discussed by Ryan and Ford (2010), one (Scenario 2: Identity Merger) struck close to home. In fact, it is not the future for us, it is the present. The three of us are I-O psychologists with appointments in both a psychology department and a fully integrated interdisciplinary organizational science (OS) PhD program. The program, which is now 5 years old, spans two colleges (Liberal Arts & Sciences and Business) and includes individuals from four departments (Psychology, Management, Sociology, and Communication Studies). Although considerable thought was invested in how to structure and operate such an interdisciplinary program well before we accepted our first class of students, our collective thinking has evolved dramatically as we have experienced the program.