cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Adolescent Experiences with COVID-19 and Mental Health Services Utilization.

COVID-19 is disproportionately impacting communities of color. Black adolescents are among the most vulnerable to COVID-19, have high mental health service needs, and have low mental health services utilization. During this time of great physical threat due to COVID-19, it is equally important to understand and support the mental health of Black adolescents. This study collected open-ended survey item responses from adolescents (12–17 years old) that identified as Black, living in a city in the Southeastern United States (n = 33). Grounded theory was used to analyze the data, revealing details of the lived experience of these Black adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Black adolescents reported that COVID-19 has been both positive and negative for them. Family is of utmost importance to them, as are their peers, whom they do not get to interact with due to changes in the operation of schools. Despite experiencing stress, adaptive responses to COVID-19 are reported. Black adolescents continue to cite issues with mental health services and providers. Financial issues were a common theme for these youth, blocking access to services and causing issues in the home environment. Mental health service providers must address the service access and quality issues repeatedly reported by Black adolescents. Direct action must be taken to facilitate an increase in Black adolescents mental health services utilization and satisfaction. Changes are needed at the individual and macro levels to alter the experience of one of our most vulnerable groups.
A Debugging Learning Trajectory for Text-Based Programming Learners

Novice programming learners encounter programming errors on a regular basis. Resolving programming errors, which is also known as debugging, is not easy yet important to programming learning. Students with poor debugging ability hardly perform well on programming courses. A debugging learning trajectory which identifies learning goals, learning pathways, and instructional activities will benefit debugging learning activities development. This study aims to develop a debugging learning trajectory for text-based programming learners. This is accomplished through (1) analyzing programming errors in a logic programming learning environment and (2) examining existing literature on debugging analysis.
Psychological targeting in the age of Big Data

Abstract Advances in the collection, storage, and processing of large amounts of user data have given rise to psychological targeting, which we define as the process of extracting individuals’ psychological characteristics from their digital footprints in order to target them with psychologically-informed interventions at scale. In this chapter, we introduce a two-stage framework of psychological targeting consisting of (1) psychological profiling and (2) psychologically-informed interventions. We summarize the most important research findings in relation to the two stages and discuss important methodological opportunities and pitfalls. To help researchers make the most of the opportunities, we also provide practical advice on how to deal with some of the potential pitfalls. Finally, we highlight ethical opportunities and challenges and offer some suggestions for addressing these challenges. If done right, psychological targeting has the potential to advance our scientific understanding of human nature and to enhance the well-being of individuals and society at large.
Noise2Context: Context-assisted learning 3D thin-layer for low-dose CT.

PURPOSE Computed tomography (CT) has played a vital role in medical diagnosis, assessment, and therapy planning, etc. In clinical practice, concerns about the increase of x-ray radiation exposure attract more and more attention. To lower the x-ray radiation, low-dose CT (LDCT) has been widely adopted in certain scenarios, while it will induce the degradation of CT image quality. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based method that can train denoising neural networks without any clean data. METHODS In this work, for 3D thin-slice LDCT scanning, we first drive an unsupervised loss function which was equivalent to a supervised loss function with paired noisy and clean samples when the noise in the different slices from a single scan was uncorrelated and zero-mean. Then, we trained the denoising neural network to map one noise LDCT image to its two adjacent LDCT images in a single 3D thin-layer LDCT scanning, simultaneously. In essence, with some latent assumptions, we proposed an unsupervised loss function to train the denoising neural network in an unsupervised manner, which integrated the similarity between adjacent CT slices in 3D thin-layer LDCT. RESULTS Further experiments on Mayo LDCT dataset and a realistic pig head were carried out. In the experiments using Mayo LDCT dataset, our unsupervised method can obtain performance comparable to that of the supervised baseline. With the realistic pig head, our method can achieve optimal performance at different noise levels as compared to all the other methods that demonstrated the superiority and robustness of the proposed Noise2Context. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we present a generalizable LDCT image denoising method without any clean data. As a result, our method not only gets rid of the complex artificial image priors but also amounts of paired high-quality training datasets.
Chalcopyrite leaching in novel lixiviants

Abstract Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) makes up a large and increasing fraction of the world's future copper resources, but is highly refractory to leaching with common lixiviants. Novel lixiviants, less common reagents recently proposed for chalcopyrite leaching and reviewed here, show varying chemical effectiveness and economic potential. The fastest overall extraction is achieved through leaching with ionic liquids, a class of solvents mainly based on imidazolium (C3H5N2). These show rapid reaction-controlled kinetics and up to 98% extraction, but require high concentrations of ionic liquid and oxidant, making them expensive in practice. A cheaper option, the simple amino acid glycine (CH2NH2COOH), shows diffusion control in most studies with H2O2, Fe2(SO4)3, or dissolved O2 as oxidants, but slower kinetics and lower total extraction than ionic liquids ( 50% recovery, and its natural decomposition over time would inhibit recycling. A similar problem affects leaching with salts containing ClO− ion, which rapidly dissolve up to 92.5% of Cu from chalcopyrite without additional oxidant by diffusion-controlled (HClO) or mixed-control (NaClO) reactions. These hypochlorites are cheap and leach Cu effectively at low concentrations, but decompose over time, particularly with heat, light, and dissolved metals. Ammoniacal lixiviants dissolve up to 95% of chalcopyrite-hosted Cu at surface reaction-controlled rates under mildly alkaline pH with Cu2+ as oxidant, but evaporate at prohibitive rates in heap conditions. Hypochlorites are the only novel lixiviant studied that performs comparably to baseline ferric chloride without very high reagent and oxidant concentrations, elevated temperatures, and/or very fine grain size. For the others, reaction rates and total extraction are comparable to ferric sulfate, and generally less than ferric chloride. However, the leaching systematics of all these novel lixiviants offer valuable insight into the dissolution behavior of chalcopyrite in various chemical systems, and point the way for future research.
The Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus

In order to understand the morphology of the dentate nucleus we need to place it in the context of the white matter core of the cerebellum in which the nucleus is embedded. The corpus medullare or white matter core of the cerebellum is a compact mass of myelinated axons covered by the cerebellar cortex. It consists of (1) the afferent projection fibers from the vestibular, spinocerebellar, pontine, olivary, raphe, and reticular pathways to the cerebellar cortex; (2) the fibers from cerebellar cortex to the cerebellar nuclei; (3) efferent projection fibers from the nuclei to elsewhere in the brain; (4) to a lesser extent, the association fibers, connecting the various parts of the cerebellum; and (5) commissural fibers, which cross from one side to the other. These are concentrated in two cerebellar commissures, a posterior one in the region of the fastigial nuclei, and an anterior one rostral to the dentate nuclei.
Technological Forecasting and Assessment Tools: The Changing Scene

World War II constituted a major discontinuity in technological forecasting (TF). Before the War, U.S. research and development budgets were in the millions; after the War they soared into the billions. Technology, exemplified by nuclear weaponry, guided missiles, radar, computers, rocket engines, and supersonic jet aircraft, assumed critical importance in the Cold War. The unprecedented complexity of these systems required intensive development and use of systems analysis techniques.
Conscientiousness and integrity at work

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the dimension of conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is a product of the superego that develops from resolving conflict, between childhood sexuality and parentally guided forces of socialization. Conscientiousness begins in the process of resolving conflicts with authority. The conscientiousness dimension led the personality assessment revival in applied psychology because: (1) lack of conscientiousness is a major problem in the workplace. Conscientious employees are good organizational citizens. Delinquent employees are non productive and erode the economic health of an organization. (2) Empirical findings support the validity of conscientiousness measures for predicting counterproductive behavior and job performance. Some personality measures that were developed to predict organizational delinquency criteria are widely used. Conscientiousness is part of an identity choice—an interpersonal strategy for dealing with the members of one's group. In childhood, one might receive attention and approval for being tidy, compliant, and dependable. A child is likely to repeat activities that bring such approval from authority. However, by adulthood, the processes by which one supports a conscientious identity are unconscious. It is easy to understand the way conscientiousness promotes survival in the group and survival in the organization.
Diode-laser absorption measurements of CO2, H2O, N2O, and NH3 near 2.0 μm

, H2O, N2O, and NH3 concentrations in various flowfields using absorption spectroscopy and extractive sampling techniques. An external-cavity diode laser with a tuning range of 1.953–2.057 μm was used to record absorption lineshapes from measured transitions in the CO2 4ν20+ν3, ν1+2ν20+ν3, and 2ν1+ν3 bands, H2O ν2+ν3and ν1+ν2 bands, N2O 2ν1+4ν20, ν21+2ν3, 3ν1+2ν20, and 4ν1 bands, and NH3ν1+ν4 and ν3+ν4 bands. Measured CO2, H2O, and N2O survey spectra were compared to calculations to verify the HITRAN96 database and used to determine optimum transitions for species detection. Individual lineshape measurements were used to determine fundamental spectroscopic parameters including the line strength, line-center frequency, and self-broadening coefficient of the probed transition. The results represent the first measurements of CO2, H2O, N2O, and NH3 absorption near 2.0 μm using room-temperature near-IR diode lasers.
The Online Emergence of Pushback on Social Media in the United States: A Historical Discourse Analysis

Little is known about resistance to digital media in general and to social media in particular—especially beyond the realm of individuals enacting their media preferences. This article addresses that gap through a historical discourse analysis of the emergence of discursive resistance to social media use across multipleU.S.sociocultural realms. I analyze forms of pushback that became widely visible online between 2009 and 2011 and examine indicators of their emergence. Leveraging concerns about the ubiquity and constancy of digital ICTs more generally, I map ways that resistance to social media was framed in regards to work and organizational dynamics, politics, and the military, as well as personal and relational issues—motivated by distinct yet related reasons.
Bone marrow sparing in intensity modulated proton therapy for cervical cancer: Efficacy and robustness under range and setup uncertainties

Abstract Background and purpose This study evaluates the potential efficacy and robustness of functional bone marrow sparing (BMS) using intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for cervical cancer, with the goal of reducing hematologic toxicity. Material and methods IMPT plans with prescription dose of 45Gy were generated for ten patients who have received BMS intensity-modulated X-ray therapy (IMRT). Functional bone marrow was identified by 18 F-flourothymidine positron emission tomography. IMPT plans were designed to minimize the volume of functional bone marrow receiving 5–40Gy while maintaining similar target coverage and healthy organ sparing as IMRT. IMPT robustness was analyzed with ±3% range uncertainty errors and/or ±3mm translational setup errors in all three principal dimensions. Results In the static scenario, the median dose volume reductions for functional bone marrow by IMPT were: 32% for V 5Gy , 47% for V 10Gy , 54% for V 20Gy , and 57% for V 40Gy , all with p 5Gy , 37% for V 10Gy , 41% for V 20Gy , and 39% for V 40Gy , all with p Conclusions The potential sparing of functional bone marrow by IMPT for cervical cancer is significant and robust under realistic systematic range uncertainties and clinically relevant setup errors.
Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of Challenges and Tradeoffs in Six Areas

Problem: Even if significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are achieved, some amount of climate change appears to be inevitable. Local, regional, state, and federal planning and regulation should begin to address how to adapt to these changes. Purpose: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, using California as a case study. We examine the institutional and regulatory challenges and tradeoffs that climate change poses in six particularly vulnerable areas: water resources, electricity, coastal resources, air quality, public health, and ecosystem resources. We discuss obstacles to adaptation planning and successes overcoming these barriers, and suggest how planning can incorporate adaptation. Methods: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, drawing on our recent research on California's experience and related literature. We summarize the results of six studies that draw on quantitative and qualitative information gathered throug...
A Critical Step in Metastasis: In Vivo Analysis of Intravasation at the Primary Tumor

Detailed evaluation of all steps in tumor cell metastasis is critical for evaluating the cell mechanisms controlling metastasis. Using green fluorescent protein transfectants of metastatic (MTLn3) and nonmetastatic (MTC) cell lines derived from the rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 NF, we have measured tumor cell density in the blood, individual tumor cells in the lungs, and lung metastases. Correlation of blood burden with lung metastases indicates that entry into the circulation is a critical step for metastasis. To examine cell behavior during intravasation, we have used green fluorescent protein technology to view these cells in time lapse images within a single optical section using a confocal microscope. In vivo imaging of the primary tumors of MTLn3 and MTC cells indicates that both metastatic and nonmetastatic cells are motile and show protrusive activity. However, metastatic cells show greater orientation toward blood vessels and larger numbers of host cells within the primary tumor, whereas nonmetastatic cells fragment when interacting with vessels. These results demonstrate that a major difference in intravasation between metastatic and nonmetastatic cells is detected in the primary tumor and illustrate the value of a direct visualization of cell properties in vivo for dissection of the metastatic process.
Film boiling of R-11 on liquid metal surfaces

An interesting problem is the effect of an immiscible liquid heating surface on the process of film boiling. Such surfaces raise questions concerning interface stability to disturbances, effects of gas bubbling, and vapor explosions in layered systems. The specific motivation for this study was to investigate film boiling from a liquid surface with application to cooling of molten reactor core debris by an overlying pool of reactor coolant. To investigate this phenomenon, and apparatus consisting of a nominal six-inch diameter steel vessel to hold the liquid metal and boiling fluid was constructed; coolant reservoirs, heaters, controllers, and allied instrumentation were attached. A transient energy balance was performed on the liquid metal pool by a submerged assembly of microthermocouples in the liquid metal and an array of thermocouples on the wall of the test vessel. The thermocouple data were used to determine the boiling heat flux as well as the boiling superheat. On an average basis, the deviation between the prediction of the Berenson model and the experimental data was less than one percent when Berenson was corrected for thermal radiation effects. Evidence from visualization tests of R-11 in film boiling over molten metal pools to superheats in excess of 600 more » K supports this conclusion. 13 refs. « less
User Personality Matching with a Hands-Off Robot for Post-stroke Rehabilitation Therapy

This paper describes a hands-off therapist robot that monitors, assists, encourages, and socially interacts with post-stroke users engaged in rehabilitation exercises. We investigate the role of the robot’s personality in the hands-off therapy process, focusing on the relationship between the level of extroversion-introversion of the robot and the user. The experiments map the extroversion-introversion personality dimension and the spectrum of therapy styles that range from challenging to nurturing. The experimental results provide first evidence for the preference of personality matching in the assistive domain.
Allosteric regulation and substrate specificity of the proteasome deubiquitinase Rpn11 (936.2)

The 26S proteasome is a multi-protein complex responsible for ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. Rpn11, the only essential proteasome deubiquitinase, removes ubiquitin chai...
Preliminary Orbits from Velocities with the CCD-Echelle Spectrometer at Lick

The Hamilton CCD-echelle spectrometer at the coude focus of the 3-m Shane telescope of the Lick observatory has been described by Vogt (1987). Illustrations of some binary star spectra obtained with this instrument are given by Popper & Nelson (1990, B-type binaries with large magnitude differences) and by Popper (1992, G-type eclipsing binaries), where typical cross-correlation functions are also shown. In this progress report, I give some initial preliminary orbital results. First is the bright early B binary, VV Ori, the orbits of which have been the subject of considerable controversy (Duerbeck 1975, Andersen 1976, Popper 1981). According to Chambliss & Leung (1982) and to the line ratios, the secondary component contributes about 10% of the light of the system in the visual region. Multiple (2 to 4) exposures of VV Ori have been obtained with the Hamilton on 7 nights. Velocities of the primary are determined from 13 lines, primarily of OII and HeI between 440 and 590 nm. The only lines found to be useful for the secondary are HeI 597.5 and 492.1. Analysis of the velocities is complicated by the poorly determined variation of the center-of-mass velocity, with a range of roughly 26 km s−1 and a period of roughly 120 days (e.g., Duerbeck 1975). Preliminary orbits based on this material lead to masses 11.1 and 4.7.M ⊙, to be compared to Duerbeck’s values of 7.7 and 3.4. It is primarily the high signal/noise ratio, over 600, that enables this study to be carried out satisfactorily.
The Interviewing Process

Perhaps the most difficult milestone in a young clinician’s career is the completion of the first interview. This endeavor is fraught with apprehension and with some degree of dread in the typical trainee. If the interview goes well, there is considerable rejoicing; but if it goes badly, much consternation results. Regardless of the amount of preparation that has taken place prior to the interview, the novice interviewer will remain apprehensive about this experience. However, having general guidelines to follow should prove to be of value. Thus, in this chapter, we will endeavor to delineate some of the issues related to interviewing and specify some of the behaviors that we think are important in the interview setting.
An Automated Colorimetric (Tetrazolium Salt) Assay for Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase

The adaptation of a tetrazolium salt assay for serum lactate dehydrogenase to fullautomation is described. The tetrazolium salt, INT, (2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride) serves as the chromogenic indicator of the enzyme activity. Phenazine methosulfate serves as an intermediate electron carrier. Estimation requires only 5 min. of incubation, and assays may be run at the rate of 60/hr. Comparison against the manual version of the assay with respect to normal and abnormal serum activity levels is excellent.
How Much Should I Give and How Often? The Effects of Generosity and Frequency of Favor Exchange on Social Status and Productivity

Data collected from 161 employees of a large firm suggest that perceived generosity is positively related to individual social status, but maintaining an equitable balance is positively related to ...
Extraordinarily few organisms of a live recombinant BCG vaccine against tuberculosis induce maximal cell-mediated and protective immunity

In previous studies, we have described a live recombinant BCG vaccine (rBCG30) overexpressing the 30 kDa major secretory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that induces greater protective immunity against tuberculosis than the current vaccine in the demanding guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. In this study, we have investigated the impact of vaccine dose on the development of cell-mediated and protective immunity in the guinea pig model. We found that the protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge of both BCG and rBCG30 was essentially dose-independent over a dose range of 10(1)-10(6) live organisms. As previously observed, rBCG30 was more potent, reducing colony-forming units (CFU) below the level observed in animals immunized with the parental BCG vaccine by 0.7 logs in the lungs and 1.0 logs in the spleen (P < 0.0001). To gain abetter understanding of the influence of dose on bacterial clearance and immunity, we assessed animals immunized with 10(1), 10(3), or 10(6) CFU of rBCG30. The higher the dose, the higher the peak CFU level achieved in animal organs. However, whereas humoral immune responses to the 30kDa protein reflected the disparate CFU levels, cell-mediated immune responses did not; high and low doses of rBCG30 ultimately induced comparable peak lymphocyte proliferative responses and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the 30kDa protein. We estimate that the amount of the 30 kDa protein required to induce a strong cell-mediated immune response when delivered via 10 rBCG30 organisms is about 9 orders of magnitude less than that required when the protein is delivered in a conventional protein/adjuvant vaccine. This study demonstrates that a very low inoculum of rBCG30 organisms has the capacity to induce strong protective immunity against tuberculosis and that rBCG30 is an extremely potent delivery system for mycobacterial antigens. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
K-THEORY FOR FRÉCHET ALGEBRAS

We define K-theory for Frechet algebras (assumed to be locally multiplicatively convex) so as to simultaneously generalize K-theory for σ-C*-algebras and K-theory for Banach algebras. The main results on K-theory of σ-C*-algebras, which are analogs of standard theorems on representable K-theory of spaces, carry over to the more general case. Our theory also gives the expected results in two other cases. If the invertible elements of a Frechet algebra are an open set, as is the case for dense subalgebras of C*-algebras closed under holomorphic functional calculus, then our theory agrees with the result of applying the Banach algebra definition. For commutative unital Frechet algebras, our K-theory is the same as the representable K-theory of the maximal ideal space with its compactly generated topology.
The photometric functions of Phobos and Deimos. III. Surface photometry of Phobos

Mariner 9 television pictures of Phobos are used to study the uniformity of a certain photometric scattering parameter over the surface of the satellite, assuming that the scattering law for Phobos can be represented by the Hapke-Irvine equation. Ways of avoiding topographically irregular areas are discussed, phase functions for Phobos are obtained from scans along the photometric equator, and the photometric behavior of selected areas not along this equator is examined. Searches are conducted for anomalously bright areas and evidence of solid rock on the surface. The results indicate that: (1) at least three large regions on the surface of Phobos are covered by a dark material of complex texture which scatters light according to the Hapke-Irvine law; (2) the average intrinsic phase coefficient of this material is 0.020 mag/deg over the phase-angle range from 20 to 80 deg; (3) even the topographically irregular areas have photometric properties similar to those of the three smooth regions; (4) the surface of Phobos is rougher than that of Deimos on the largest scale; and (5) apparent bright patches are most likely caused by local tilts of the surface.
CD34 antigen: Determination of specific sites of phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo

Abstract CD34, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is a surface antigen which is expressed on several cell types, including hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells, as well as mast cells. Recently, CD34 has been described as a marker for epidermal stem cells in mouse hair follicles, and is expressed in outer root sheath cells of the human hair follicle. Although the biological function and regulation of CD34 is not well understood, it is thought to be involved in cell adhesion as well as possibly having a role in signal transduction. In addition, CD34 was shown to be critical for skin tumor development in mice, although the exact mechanism remains unknown. Many proteins’ functions and biological activities are regulated through post-translational modifications. The extracellular domain of CD34 is heavily glycosylated but the role of these glycans in CD34 function is unknown. Additionally, two sites of tyrosine phosphorylation have been reported on human CD34 and it is known that CD34 is phosphorylated, at least in part, by protein kinase C; however, the precise location of the sites of phosphorylation has not been reported. In an effort to identify specific phosphorylation sites in CD34 and delineate the possible role of protein kinase C, we undertook the identification of the in vitro sites of phosphorylation on the intracellular domain of mouse CD34 (aa 309–382) following PKC treatment. For this work, we are using a combination of enzymatic proteolysis and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry. After which the in vivo sites of phosphorylation of full-length mouse CD34 expressed from HEK293F cells were determined. The observed in vivo sites of phosphorylation, however, are not consensus PKC sites, but our data indicate that one of these sites may possibly be phosphorylated by AKT2. These results suggest that other kinases, as well as PKC, may have important signaling functions in CD34.
Developing a user-friendly interface for a self-service healthcare research portal: cost-effective usability testing

Usability is a critical but often overlooked factor in the design and development of healthcare information technology systems. One system increasingly being leveraged as a research and quality improvement tool is an online research portal that allows self-service access to electronic health record (EHR) data. We discuss the usability testing of such a portal through a low-cost usability inspection method: heuristic evaluation. Using heuristic evaluation methods, we identified 20 usability errors: 15.0% (3/20) were cosmetic, 35.0% (7/20) were minor, 40.0% (8/20) were major, and 10.0% (2/20) were catastrophic. Our heuristic evaluation demonstrates an affordable and efficient method to identify and correct a significant number of problems, thus improving the system using limited effort and resources. A user-friendly environment that follows accepted heuristics for good interface design is essential for ensuring accessibility and usability of data extracted from EHRs for quality improvement and research projects.
Giant Colloidal Diffusivity on Corrugated Optical Vortices

A single colloidal sphere circulating around a periodically modulated optical vortex trap can enter a dynamical state in which it intermittently alternates between freely running around the ringlike optical vortex and becoming trapped in local potential energy minima. Velocity fluctuations in this randomly switching state still are characterized by a linear Einstein-like diffusion law, but with an effective diffusion coefficient that is enhanced by more than 2 orders of magnitude.
A Model of Financial Crises in Emerging Markets

Recent events in Mexico, Asia, Russia, and Brazil have underscored that a satisfactory explanation of financial crises in emerging markets remains elusive. Not too long ago, the prevailing view was that crises were the inevitable outcome of ongoing fiscal imbalances coupled with fixed exchange rates. But this first generation view, pioneered by Krugman [1979], has fallen out of fashion because in many crises the crucial fiscal disequilibria were absent. And, as Obstfeld [1994] has argued, currency crises have sometimes occurred even though central banks had more than enough resources to prevent them: witness much of Europe in the early 1990s. Obstfeld put forward a second generation view in which central banks may decide to abandon an exchange rate peg when the unemployment costs of defending it become too large. This new perspective implied that crises could be driven by self-fulfilling expectations, since the costs of defending the peg may themselves depend on anticipations that the peg will be maintained. But Obstfeld’s emphasis on mounting unemployment and domestic recession, while appropriate for the ERM 1992 crisis, was at odds with the facts in Mexico in 1994 and East Asia in 1997. Asian
Cylindrical Korteweg-de Vries solitons in the vortex dynamics of an ultraclean type-II superconductor.

A theory for weakly nonlinear and dispersive wave propagation in an Abrikosov vortex lattice in a type-II superconductor of cylindrical symmetry is presented. A continuum treatment of the London equation with vortex term is used, allowing nonlocal lattice elasticity. Vortex inertia is included, but pinning is ignored. A dynamical regime is derived where the cylindrical Korteweg{endash}de Vries (CKdV) equation governs the evolution of the first-order field corrections. Fundamental properties of the CKdV equation are briefly recalled and a prototypical soliton solution is given and discussed. Dynamical system analogies are mentioned. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Standing in the Spaces: Essays on Clinical Process Trauma and Dissociation

This work recapitulates and extends a unique creative odyssey in modern clinical theory. Advancing no overarching theoretical system, Bromberg moves in ever widening exploratory circles as he works his way into the complexities of personality change. Early in these essays, the author contemplates how one might engage schizoid detachment within an interpersonal perspective. To his surprise, he finds that the road to the patient's disavowed experiences most frequently passes though the analyst's internal conversation, as multiple configurations of self-other interaction, previously dissociated, are set loose first in the analyst and then played out in the interpersonal field. This insight leads to other discoveries. Beneath the dissociative structures seen in schizoid patients and also in other personality disorders, Bromberg regularly finds traumatic experience - even in patients not otherwise viewed as traumatized. This discovery allows interpersonal notions of psychic structure to emerge in a new light, as Bromberg arrives at the view that all severe character pathology masks dissociative defenses erected to ward off the internal experience of trauma and to keep the external world at bay to avoid retraumatization. These insights, in turn, open to a new understanding of dissociative processes as intrinsic to the therapeutic process per se. For Bromberg, it is the unanticipated eruption of the patient's relational world, with its push-pull impact on the analyst's effort to maintain a therapeutic stance, that makes possible the deepest and most therapeutically fruitful type of analytic experience.
Infection prevention strategies for children with cancer and AIDS: contrasting dilemmas

Infectious complications represent significant challenges for children with cancer and those infected with HIV. Although both have similarities in the disease- and treatment-related alterations in host defences, there are significant differences that can have an impact on the approach to treatment and prevention of the dominant infectious complications. An important difference is that children with cancer readily recover from neutropenia. Thus, the immune deficits are interspersed with intervals of immunological recovery. On the other hand, children with HIV infection do not appreciably recover from the progressive, immunological changes associated with the underlying HIV infection. The loss of cellular and humoral immunity is generally not reversible, and thus the risk of infection only increases over time. Bacteria constitute the predominant pathogen for paediatric cancer patients but invasive mycoses, viruses and parasitic infections are emerging as important pathogens. In paediatric cancer patients, strategies have been directed at altering or suppressing the endogenous colonization patterns of pathogenic bacteria. The success of this approach has been limited and at the expense of selecting for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Children with HIV infection are at risk of developing a wide spectrum of pathogens. Strategies for infection prevention in the HIV setting have been directed at specific organisms, generally using more specific antimicrobial agents and with greater success.
Purity of factor VIII concentrates and serial CD4 counts

Abstract Whether expensive high-purity factor VIII concentrates are required to slow CD4 decline in HIV-infected haemophiliacs is controversial. We examined CD4 counts among such cases treated with intermediate-purity and high-purity factor VIII. 36 subjects treated with high-purity concentrate for 6 months or more had a smaller decline in CD4 than 72 matched controls on intermediate-purity concentrate (two-sided p=0·08). In a more complex analysis with 226 subjects, CD4 counts declined 3% less per 6 months with high-purity material than with intermediate product (p=0·04). Thus concentrate purity may affect rate of CD4 change.
Seasonal Growth and Development of the Subarctic Plant Honckenya peploides Subsp. Robusta (Caryophyllaceae) On Niantic Bay, Connecticut, USA

Abstract Three populations of a state-listed species of special concern, Honckenya peploides subsp. robusta, were investigated on the north shore of Niantic Bay, Connecticut, over two growing seasons. Information was developed for a plant conservation plan as part of a railroad bridge reconstruction project. In situ description of this subdioecious subarctic species included the density and distribution of plants growing in sand and shingle habitats. The seasonal timings of emergence, early growth, maturity, senescence, and dormancy were established for the plants at this location. Growth rate was most rapid immediately following emergence in April, slowed during flowering in May, increased again in June, and declined thereafter. A rust fungus not previously known to use H. peploides as an aecial host was documented. All three populations of H. peploides were comprised of male plants—an extreme case of spatial segregation of the sexes. One male plant produced only a few seed pods, indicating that local se...
Transport Equations for the {QCD} Quark Wigner Operator

Abstract We derive an exact gauge covariant equation of motion for the SU(N) quantum chromodynamic Wigner operator. That equation naturally splits up into an on-shell constraint equation and a transport equation. In the semiclassical limit the transport equation reduces to a Vlasov type equation with non-abelian and spin-dependent terms. We show how quantum corrections can be calculated systematically. Under suitable conditions the transport equations reduces to a particularly simple set of abelian equations in the Cartan basis of SU(N).
Single-crystal elastic constants of cesium☆

Abstract Single crystals of cesium have been grown by a modified Bridgman technique. The adiabatic elastic constants were measured at 4.2° and 78°K by an ultrasonic pulse echo technique. The constant pressure temperature dependence of the elastic constants (dC/dT)p was also measured. The measured elastic constants at 78°K are as follows: C = 1.48 C' = 0.205 Cn = 3.74 in units of 1010 dyn-cm−2. The notation C = C44 and Cn = (C11 + C12 + 2C44)/2 is used. The me shear stiffnesses are interpreted in terms of the electrostatic contribution to the shear stiffnesses calculated by Fuchs. The elastic constants at 4.2°K were used to calculate both the Debye temperature, which was compared with existing calorimetric data, and the adiabatic bulk modulus, which was compared with the isothermal compressional data.
Cornell Continents Institute

Cornell University has formed a new research unit to study the origin and evolution of the continents. Initially, the new Institute for the Study of the Continents will comprise research efforts in geological sciences at Cornell now carried out under the Cornell Program for the Study of the Continents, the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling Project, the Andean Project, and related studies of crustal geology. The institute will be quartered with the Department of Geological Sciences in Snee Hall, an earth science facility now under construction.
Efficient synthesis of phosphotyrosine building blocks using imidazolium trifluoroacetate

We have successfully employed imidazolium trifluoroacetate as a replacement for tetrazole for efficient synthesis of phosphotyrosine. This modification is compatible with the protecting groups commonly used in solution phase and Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis.
Use of a pressure gauge to differentiate gastric from pulmonary placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes

This study was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of using a pressure gauge to differentiate gastric from pulmonary placement of nasoenteral tubes in nonmechanically ventilated patients. It was anticipated that on inhalation, tubes properly placed in the gastric region would yield positive readings owing to positive gastric pressures. Conversely, tubes that were inadvertently placed in the pulmonary system should yield negative pressure readings owing to the negative pulmonary pressures that exist on inhalation. Forty-six subjects were enrolled in the study. Of those, 44 had positive gauge readings, and x-ray results showed that these nasoenteral tubes were in the gastric region. Two patients had negative gauge readings, and the x-rays for both of these subjects demonstrated that the nasoenteral tubes were in the pulmonary system. Thus, the findings were consistent with what was anticipated. Despite the small sample size, the results of this study indicate that this method of assessing nasoenteral tube placement may be a safe, reliable, and cost-effective method of differentiating gastric from pulmonary tube placement in this patient population.
Molecular dynamics simulations and oxidation rates of methionine residues of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor at different pH values

To understand the connection between the conformation of a protein molecule and the oxidation of its methionine residues, we measured the rates of oxidation of methionine residues by H(2)O(2) in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a function of pH and also studied the structural properties of this protein as a function of pH via molecular dynamics simulations. We found that each of the four methionine groups in G-CSF have significant and different rates of oxidation as a function of pH. Moreover, Met(1), in the unstructured N-terminal region, has a rate of oxidation as low as half that of free methionine. The structural properties of G-CSF as a function of pH are evaluated in terms of properties such as hydrogen bonding, deviations from X-ray structure, helical/helical packing, and the atomic covariance fluctuation matrix of alpha-carbons. We found that dynamics (structural fluctuations) are essential in explaining oxidation and that a static picture, such as that resulting from X-ray data, fails in this regard. Moreover, the simulation results also indicate that the solvent-accessible area, traditionally used to measure solvent accessibility of a protein site, of the sulfur atom of methionine residues does not correlate well with the rate of oxidation. Instead, we identified a structural property, average two-shell water coordination number, that correlates well with measured oxidation rates.
Computations of high-order associated legendre polynomials

Abstract Numerical results are presented to illustrate the stability of two different upward recurrence procedures aimed at obtaining values of high-order, associated Legendre functions. As suggested by Abramowitz , (4) the upward recursion using varying degree recurrence relationship is found to be stable for several extreme cases for which tests were carried out. The initial values of the functions for setting up this upward recursion are obtained easily under all circumstances from a hypergeometric series expression for the associated Legendre functions given by Erdelyi et al. (5)
Helicobacter pylori inhibits gastric cell cycle progression.

Abstract Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is associated with changes in gastric epithelial cell proliferation. In vitro studies have shown that exposure to H. pylori inhibits proliferation of gastric cells. This study sought to investigate the cell cycle progression of gastric epithelial cell lines in the presence and absence of H. pylori. Unsynchronized and synchronized gastric epithelial cell lines AGS and KatoIII were exposed to H. pylori over a 24-h period. Cell cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry using propidium iodide (PI), and by analysis of cyclin E, p21, and p53 protein expression using Western blots. In the absence of H. pylori 40, 45, and 15% of unsynchronized AGS cells were in G0-G1, S, and G2-M phases, respectively, by flow cytometry analysis. When AGS cells were cultured in the presence of H. pylori, the S phase decreased 10% and the G0-G1 phase increased 17% after 24 h compared with the controls. KatoIII cells, which have a deleted p53 gene, showed little or no response to H. pylori. When G1/S synchronized AGS cells were incubated with media containing H. pylori, the G1 phase increased significantly (25%, P
ACTIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.

Abstract Actin preparations from striated muscle of beef, pig, lamb, chicken, frog, fish and pecten were compared with respect to their sedimentation coefficients, starch-gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition and peptide maps. No differences were found in the actin preparations from mammalian and avian muscle. When compared to mammalian actin, chemical differences were noted in the case of frog, fish and pecte actin. Actin from frog muscle differed only in the peptide map while the fish actin differed in amino acid composition and peptide map. The most pronounced differences appeard in the pecten actin which differed in starch-gel electrophoresis pattern, amino acid composition and peptide map. The results thus demonstrate structural differences between actins from species over a wide range of the evolutionary scale; the differences decreased with closer relationship of the specied.
Binding sites in the active center of glutamic-aspartic transaminase

La capacite de plus que vingt des amines composees (analogues aux acides glutamique et aspartique) d'agir comme substrates ou inhibiteurs de la transamination a ete etudiee par l'emploi d'acide C14-α-ketoglutarique. La comparaison de la structure chimique des amines composees avec leur reactivite comme substrates ou inhibiteurs, a fourni des donnees sur la specificite de la transaminase.
A general route for the synthesis of enantiopure indolizidine alkaloids from α-amino acids. Total synthesis of (+)-monomorine

Abstract The ant trail pheromone (+)-Monomorine was synthesized in 9 steps from N-t -BOC- L -alanine ethyl ester. The key step of the synthesis is the conformationally restricted Claisen rearrangement of lactone 9 to pipecolic ester 11 .
Transcriptome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of floral and leaf MIKCC MADS-box and R2R3 MYB transcription factors from the monocot Iris fulva

The Louisiana Irises serve as an important system for the study of the evolutionary processes of speciation, including reproductive isolation, hybridization, and adaptation. Sequencing methods today allow for the generation of resources key to elucidating the genetic basis of these phenomena. Here we describe the transcriptomes of floral and young leaf tissue from Iris fulva generated by massively parallel pyrosequencing. In order to identify potential candidates for the study of reproductive isolation and adaptation in the Louisiana Irises we phylogenetically analyzed the type II MIKC(C) MADS-box and R2R3 MYB transcription factors expressed in these tissues. A total of 25 Iris MIKC(C) MADS-box genes in 9 clades and 42 Iris R2R3 MYB genes in 19 clades were identified. Through the identification of eudicot and monocot specific clades, these analyses contribute to our understanding of the evolution of these prominent transcription factor families in the angiosperms.
In vitro effects of antibiotics on Brugia malayi worm survival and reproduction.

Recent studies have suggested that intracellular Wolbachia spp. endobacteria are necessary for the reproduction and survival of filarial nematodes. The effects of antibiotics that are active against related bacteria on adult worms and microfilariae (Mf) of Brugia malayi in vitro were investigated. Antibiotics tested were doxycycline (Doxy), tetracycline (Tet), rifampicin (Rif), azithromycin (Azith), and chloramphenicol (Chlor). Doxy, Tet, Rif, and Azith reduced release of Mf by adult female worms. The minimum effective concentrations that reduced Mf release by 50% were 5 μg/ml for Doxy, 20 μg/ml for Tet, 40 μg/ml for Rif, and 100 μg/ml for Azith. The same drugs (at higher concentrations) killed adult worms and Mf. Embryograms showed that Tets blocked embryogenesis in female worms. Electron microscopy (EM) showed that the Tets, Rif, and Azith cleared Wolbachia spp. from adult worms and damaged developing embryos. These studies show that antibiotics active against Rickettsiaceae affect adult B. malayi worms...