cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport and acceleration of plasma in the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter and expectations for Saturn

Abstract The first comparative magnetospheres conference was held in Frascati, Italy thirty years ago this summer, less than half a year after the first spacecraft encounter with Jupiter’s magnetosphere (Formisano, V. (Ed.), The Magnetospheres of the Earth and Jupiter, Proceedings of the Neil Brice Memorial Symposium held in Frascati, Italy, May 28–June 1, 1974. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, USA, 1975). Disputes highlighted various issues still being investigated, such as how plasma transport at Jupiter deviates from the prototypical form of transport at Earth and the role of substorms in Jupiter’s dynamics. Today there is a wealth of data on which to base the analysis, data gathered by seven missions that culminated with Galileo’s 8-year orbital tour. We are still debating how magnetic flux is returned to the inner magnetosphere following its outward transport by iogenic plasma. We are still uncertain about the nature of sporadic dynamical disturbances at Jupiter and their relation to terrestrial substorms. At Saturn, the centrifugal stresses are not effective in distorting the magnetic field, so in some ways the magnetosphere appears Earthlike. Yet the presence of plasma sources in the close-in equatorial magnetosphere parallels conditions at Jupiter. This suggests that we need to study both Jupiter and Earth when thinking about what to anticipate from Cassini’s exploration of Saturn’s magnetosphere. This paper addresses issues relevant to plasma transport and acceleration in all three magnetospheres.
Second-order continuous-time non-stationary Gaussian autoregression

The objective of the paper is to identify and investigate all possible types of asymptotic behavior for the maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters in the second-order linear stochastic ordinary differential equation driven by Gaussian white noise. The emphasis is on the non-ergodic case, when the roots of the corresponding characteristic equation are not both in the left half-plane.
Highly efficient synthesis of fused bicyclic 2,3-diaryl-pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones via Lewis acid assisted cyclization reaction

An expedient one-pot synthesis of fused bicyclic 2,3-diaryl-pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones from three readily available components is described. The key step is a Lewis acid assisted cyclization reaction.
Melt in the mantle beneath the amagmatic zone, southern Nevada

Surface wave tomography of the western United States reveals the presence of an unusually slow shear wave velocity anomaly beneath a region in the Basin and Range Province, sometimes termed the amagmatic zone, which is renowned for its lack of volcanic activity. We pre­sent a model of the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure beneath the southwestern United States constructed from the inversion of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave dispersion. The abundance of data from the deployment of the USArray (a component of the EarthScope project) provides unprecedented resolution. There is an excellent correlation between the location of slow shear wave velocity anomalies and recent (younger than 1 Ma) volcanism. This correlation and the unusually low values of absolute shear velocity beneath the magmatic gap lead us to conclude that there is melt present beneath this region. Previous studies have proposed that the preservation of cold continental lithosphere beneath the magmatic gap accounted for the lack of volcanism; however, this hypothesis is inconsistent with anomalously slow shear wave velocities in the 50–100 km depth range. Perhaps the prevalence of low-angle normal faulting in this region has made it difficult for the melt to escape the mantle. Beneath an immediately adjacent region, the southwestern Nevada volcanic field, where volcanism was abundant 10–15 m.y. ago but has since waned, significantly higher shear velocities suggest that the melt has been extracted from the mantle.
Upper Bounds for Betti Numbers of Multigraded Modules

Abstract This paper gives a sharp upper bound for the Betti numbers of a finitely generated multigraded R-module, where R = k [ x 1 , … , x m ] is the polynomial ring over a field k in m variables. The bound is given in terms of the rank and the first two Betti numbers of the module. An example is given which achieves these bounds simultaneously in each homological degree. Using Alexander duality, a bound is established for the total multigraded Bass numbers of a finite multigraded module in terms of the first two total multigraded Bass numbers.
Integrated control of thermally distorted large space antennas

The objective of this paper is to develop a control system design method that 1) recognizes the time dependence of the thermal distortion due to orbital motion and 2) controls variables that are directly related to far-field performance for Earth-pointing space antennas. The first objective is accomplished by expanding the distortion into principal components that are orthogonal in space and time. Actuator strokes become a linear combination of the time-dependent components. The spatial components provide a natural space in which to determine the optimal actuator locations and act as basis vectors for extrapolating sensor measurements to the entire antenna surface. The approach for the second objective is to expand the far zone electric field in a Zernike-Bessel series. The coefficients of this series provide a reliable measure of far-field performance and a natural cost function for designing the control system. The method accommodates tapered feeds and arbitrary polarizations. Simulations are performed for a geosynchronous radiometer to determine the effectiveness of the control system under variations in solar geometry, structure materials, and thermal properties.
Position statement: Nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy.

This statement on the use of nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) for GI endoscopy is issued jointly by The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. A 4-member committee, composed of a representative from each society, prepared the first draft of this document, which was then reviewed and approved by the governing board of each organization. This document is designed to provide an evidence-based assessment of propofol-mediated sedation by properly trained gastroenterologists and other nonanesthesiologists. The safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and training issues involved with nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy are reviewed, and a series of concluding statements and recommendations are provided. Whenever possible, these summary conclusions are graded based upon the strength of the supporting evidence (Table 1).
Aeroelastic characteristics of a cascade of mistuned blades in subsonic and supersonic flows

An investigation of the effects of mistuning on flutter and forced response of a cascade in subsonic and supersonic flows is presented. The aerodynamic and structural coupling between the bending and torsional motions and the aerodynamic coupling between the blades are included. It is shown that frequency mistuning always has a beneficial effect on flutter. Additionally, the results indicate that frequency mistuning may have either a beneficial or an adverse effect on forced response, depending on the engine order of the excitation and Mach number.
Plant size: Capital cost relationships in the dry mill ethanol industry

Estimates suggest that capital costs typically increase less than proportionately with plant capacity in the dry mill ethanol industry because the estimated power factor is 0.836. However, capital costs increase more rapidly for ethanol than for a typical processing enterprise, judging by the average 0.6 factor rule. Some estimates also suggest a phase of decreasing unit costs followed by a phase of increasing costs. Nonetheless dry mills could be somewhat larger than the current industry standard, unless other scarce factors limit capacity expansion. Despite the statistical significance of an average cost-size relationship, average capital cost for plant of a given size at a particular location is still highly variable due to costs associated with unique circumstances, possibly water availability, utility access and environmental compliance.
Rejoinder: Microarrays, Empirical Bayes and the Two-Groups Model

The Fisher–Neyman–Pearson theory of hypothesis testing was a triumph of mathematical elegance and practical utility. It was never designed, though, to handle 10,000 tests at once, and one can see contemporary statisticians struggling to develop theories appropriate to our new scientific environment. This paper is part of that effort: starting from just the two-groups model (2.1), it aims to show Bayesian and frequentist ideas merging into a practical framework for largescale simultaneous testing. False discovery rates, Benjamini and Hochberg’s influential contribution to modern statistical theory, is the main methodology featured in the paper, but I really was not trying to sell any specific technology as the final word. In fact, the discussants offer an attractive menu of alternatives. It is still early in the large-scale hypothesis testing story, and I expect, and hope for, major developments in both theory and practice. The central issue, as Carl Morris makes clear, is the combination of information from a collection of more or less similar sources, for example from the expression levels of different genes in a microarray study. Crucial questions revolve around the comparability and relevance of the various sources, as well as the proper choice of a null distribution. Technical issues such as the exact control of Type I errors are important as well, but, in my opinion, have played too big a role in the microarray literature. The discussions today are an appealing mixture of technical facility and big-picture thinking. They are substantial essays in their own right, and I will be able to respond here to only a few of the issues raised. I once wrote, about the jackknife, that good simple ideas are our most precious intellectual commodity. False discovery rates fall into that elite category. The two-groups model is used here to unearth the Bayesian roots of Benjamini and Hochberg’s originally frequentist construction. In a Bayesian framework it is natural
Dynamic Model for LES Without Test Filtering: Quantifying the Accuracy of Taylor Series Approximations

The dynamic model for large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows requires test filtering the resolved velocity fields in order to determine model coefficients. However, test filtering is costly to perform in LES of complex geometry flows, especially on unstructured grids. The objective of this work is to develop and test an approximate but less costly dynamic procedure which does not require test filtering. The proposed method is based on Taylor series expansions of the resolved velocity fields. Accuracy is governed by the derivative schemes used in the calculation and the number of terms considered in the approximation to the test filtering operator. The expansion is developed up to fourth order, and results are tested a priori based on direct numerical simulation data of forced isotropic turbulence in the context of the dynamic Smagorinsky model. The tests compare the dynamic Smagorinsky coefficient obtained from filtering with those obtained from application of the Taylor series expansion. They show that the expansion up to second order provides a reasonable approximation to the true dynamic coefficient (with errors on the order of about 5% for cs2), but that including higher-order terms does not necessarily lead to improvements in the results due to inherent limitations in accurately evaluating high-order derivatives. A posteriori tests using the Taylor series approximation in LES of forced isotropic turbulence and channel flow confirm that the Taylor series approximation yields accurate results for the dynamic coefficient. Moreover, the simulations are stable and yield accurate resolved velocity statistics.
Legal implications of infectious disease in the dental office.

An overview of the most recent legal information currently available on the treatment of, by, and with disease carriers is presented. Alarming statistics, plus new regulations, make use of barrier techniques essential in today's dental practice. With the readily available precautions for minimizing the risk of infectious disease, dentists have the unique opportunity of improving their profession and practices before legal precedents are established.
An Interpretation of the Lascoux–Leclerc–Thibon Algorithm and Graded Representation Theory

We use graded Specht modules to calculate the graded decomposition numbers for the Iwahori–Hecke algebra of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic zero at a root of unity. The algorithm arrived at is the Lascoux–Leclerc–Thibon (LLT) algorithm in disguise. Thus we interpret the algorithm in terms of graded representation theory.
DYSTAL: nonnumeric applications of FORTRAN

This paper presents an explanation of how FORTRAN was used to write a list-processing language, DYSTAL, which uses linear arrays rather than linked word lists. Three basic features are dynamic storage allocation, integer array names as pointers, and a seven-word head for each array.
What can we learn about the dynamics of transported spins by measuring shot noise in spin–orbit-coupled nanostructures?

We review recent studies of the shot noise of spin-polarized charge currents and pure spin currents in multiterminal semiconductor nanostructures, while focusing on the effects brought by the intrinsic Rashba spin–orbit (SO) coupling and/or extrinsic SO scattering off impurities in two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) based devices. By generalizing the scattering theory of quantum shot noise to include the full spin-density matrix of electrons injected from a spin-filtering electrode, we show how decoherence and dephasing in the course of spin precession can lead to the substantial enhancement of the Fano factor (noise-to-current ratio) of spin-polarized charge currents. These processes are suppressed by decreasing the width of the diffusive Rashba wire, so that purely electrical measurement of the shot noise in a ferromagnet|SO-coupled-diffusive-wire|paramagnet setup can quantify the degree of quantum coherence of transported spin through a remarkable one-to-one correspondence between the purity of the spin state and the Fano factor. In four-terminal SO-coupled nanostructures, injection of unpolarized charge current through the longitudinal leads is responsible not only for the pure spin Hall current in the transverse leads, but also for nonequilibrium random time-dependent current fluctuations. The analysis of the shot noise of transverse pure spin Hall current and zero charge current, or transverse spin current and non-zero charge Hall current, driven by unpolarized or spin-polarized injected longitudinal charge current, respectively, reveals a unique experimental tool to differentiate between the intrinsic Rashba and extrinsic SO mechanisms underlying the spin Hall effect in 2DEG devices. When the intrinsic mechanisms responsible for spin precession start to dominate the spin Hall effect, they also enhance the shot noise of transverse spin and charge transport in multiterminal geometries. Finally, we discuss the shot noise of transverse spin and zero charge currents in the quantum-interference-driven spin Hall effect in ballistic four-terminal Aharonov–Casher rings realized using high-mobility 2DEG with the Rashba SO coupling. The modulation of the Rashba coupling by the gate electrode imprints the oscillatory signature of constructive and destructive spin interference around the ring on both the spin and charge shot noise, which differ from the corresponding oscillations of the spin Hall conductance, thereby revealing quantum-interference-driven temporal correlations between spin-resolved charge currents of opposite spins.
Incorporation of alkylthiol chains at C-5 of deoxyuridine

Ab#nu~ A saics of alkylthiol-tether homologs at C-5 of 2’-deoxyuddin~ have bceo qmthebd and i 7zEz inm DNA oligomm Wough solid-phase DNA pmtc synth&s. DNA-IigawJ disuitlde cmssbks initially &drwsed through fmnation of an n-butyl-DNA disublde conjuSate.
A CONTROL VOLUME-BASED FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD FOR SOLVING THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS USING EQUAL-ORDER VELOCITY-PRESSURE INTERPOLATION

A control volume-based finite-element method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations using equal-order velocity-pressure interpolation is presented. Unlike the unequal-order-type methods that compute pressure at much fewer grid points than velocity, the proposed equal-order method calculates velocity and pressure at all the grid points in the domain. The validity of the method is established by applying it to solve some test problems
A Diene Synthesis of Quinone Aldehydes

Abstract Cycloaddition of 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-butadiene with representative quinones occurs readily in refluxing toluene. Oxidative dehydrogenation of the resulting cycloadduct with activated manganese dioxide in refluxing benzene affords quinone aldehydes in good to excellent overall yield.
Localization and Band Gap Pinning in Semiconductor Superlattices with Layer Thickness Fluctuations

We consider (AlAs)n/(GaAs)n superlattices with random thickness fluctuations Δn around the nominal period n. Using three-dimensional pseudopotential plane-wave band theory, we show that i) any amount Δn/n of thickness fluctuations leads to band edge wave function localization, ii) for small Δn/n the SL band gap is pinned at the gap level produced by a single layer with "wrong" thickness n + Δn, iii) the bound states due to monolayer thickness fluctuations lead to significant band gap reductions, e.g., in n = 2, 4, 6, and 10 monolayer SLs the reductions are 166, 67, 29, and 14 meV for 111 SLs, and 133, 64, 36, and 27 meV for 001 SLs, iv) 001 AlAs/GaAs SLs with monolayer thickness fluctuations have a direct band gap, while the ideal 001 SLs are indirect for n < 4.
Quark–hadron duality for hybrid mesons at large-Nc

Abstract We investigate implications of quark–hadron duality for hybrid mesons in the large- N c limit. A simple formalism is developed which implements duality for QCD two-point functions of currents of quark bilinears, with any number of gluons. We argue that the large- N c meson masses share a common parameter, which is related to the QCD string tension. This parameter is fixed from correlators of conserved vector and axial-vector currents, and using lattice QCD determinations of the string tension. Our results predict towers of hybrid mesons which, within expected 1/ N c corrections, naturally accommodate the 1 −+ experimental hybrid candidates.
No-reference image blur assessment using multiscale gradient

The increasing number of demanding consumer video applications, as exemplified by cell phone and other low-cost digital cameras, has boosted interest in no-reference objective image and video quality assessment (QA) algorithms. In this paper, we focus on no-reference image and video blur assessment. We consider natural scenes statistics models combined with multi-resolution decomposition methods to extract reliable features for QA. The algorithm is composed of three steps. First, a probabilistic support vector machine (SVM) is applied as a rough image quality evaluator. Then the detail image is used to refine the blur measurements. Finally, the blur information is pooled to predict the blur quality of images. The algorithm is tested on the LIVE Image Quality Database and the Real Blur Image Database; the results show that the algorithm has high correlation with human judgments when assessing blur distortion of images.
A diagnostic system based on a multi-decision approximate rules model

Modified Rough Sets (MRS)-based diagnostic systems eliminated many of the limitations of Rough Sets (RS)-based, statistical-based, and decision tree-based systems and because of that, they have a better performance. In contrast with the other systems, MRS-based diagnostic systems have potential to handle Multi-Decision Approximate (MDA) rules. In this paper, we (1) develop a diagnostic model based on MDA rules and (2) evaluate the classification power of the model.
Secure Personal Content Networking Over Untrusted Devices

Securely sharing and managing personal content is a challenging task in multi-device environments. In this paper, we design and implement a new platform called personal content networking (PCN). Our work is inspired by content-centric networking (CCN) because we aim to enable access to personal content using its name instead of its location. The unique challenge of PCN is to support secure file operations such as replication, updates, and access control over distributed untrusted devices. The primary contribution of this work is the design and implementation of a secure content management platform that supports secure updates, replications, and fine-grained content-centric access control of files. Furthermore, we demonstrate its feasibility through a prototype implementation on the CCNx skeleton.
Interaction corrections to tunneling conductance in ballistic superconductors

It is known that in the two-dimensional disordered superconductors electron-electron interactions in the Cooper channel lead to the negative logarithmical in temperature correction to the tunneling conductance, $\ensuremath{\delta}{g}_{\text{DOS}}\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}\text{ln}(\frac{{T}_{c}}{T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}})$, above the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. Physically this result appears due to the density-of-states suppression by superconductive fluctuations near the Fermi level. It is interesting that the other correction, which accounts for the Maki-Thompson-type interaction of fluctuations, is positive and exhibits strong power law, $\ensuremath{\delta}{g}_{\text{MT}}\ensuremath{\propto}{(\frac{{T}_{c}}{T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}})}^{3}$, which dominates the logarithmic term in the immediate vicinity of the critical temperature. An interplay between these two contributions determines the zero-bias anomaly in fluctuating superconductors. This Brief Report is devoted to the fate of such interaction corrections in the ballistic superconductors. It turns out that ballistic dynamic fluctuations perturb the single-particle density of states near the Fermi level at the energy scale $ϵ\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{{T}_{c}(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}$, which is different from $ϵ\ensuremath{\sim}T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}$, relevant in the diffusive case. As the consequence, fluctuation region becomes much broader. In this regime we confirm that correction to the tunneling conductance remains negative and logarithmic not too close to the critical temperature while in the immediate vicinity of the transition we find different power law for the Maki-Thompson contribution, $\ensuremath{\delta}{g}_{\text{MT}}\ensuremath{\propto}{(\frac{{T}_{c}}{T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}})}^{3/2}$. We suggest that peculiar nonmonotonous temperature dependence of the tunneling conductance may be probed via magnetotunnel experiments.
Mortality one-year postdischarge from a Veterans Affairs geriatric evaluation and management unit: assessing mortality risks.

OBJECTIVE: To assess at Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit (GEM) admission factors that affect mortality 12-months postdischarge and to develop a preliminary risk scoring protocol to guide targeting of GEM care. SETTING: A 24 bed-GEM at a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. DESIGN: Relative risks (RR) were assessed using prospective data; a risk protocol from 1988–1989 data was tested on 1990–1991 patients. SUBJECTS: A total of 283 male patients, aged 60 to 102, discharged over 4 years. RESULTS: Age at GEM admission did not correlate with death (r =. 14; P =. 145), but did correlate with risk scores (r =. 33, P <. 001). The risk protocol had a sensitivity of. 67 and specificity of 1.00. High and low risk patients had mortalities of 51% versus 20%, a Wilcoxon (Gehan) statistic of 15.22, df = 1, and P <. 001. Differences in mortality ceased about 100 days postdischarge. Three univariate RR exceeded 1.00 at a 99% Confidence Interval (CI): IADL score (RR: 1.12; CI, 1.03–1.21); nursing acuity score (RR: 1.78; CI: 1.02–3.11); and a primary diagnosis of pneumonia/sepsis (RR: 3.95; CI, 1.60–9.78). Four RRs exceeded 1.00 at a 90% CI: dementia (RR: 1.78; CI, 1.02–3.09); transfer into the GEM from a medical service (RR: 1.47; CI, 1.02–2.12); deconditioning/functional decline (RR: 1.67; CI, 1.12–2.48); and use of a Foley catheter (RR: 2.22; CI, 1.11–4.45). Thirteen other potential risk factors were found in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The point estimates of risk factors may help clinicians target GEM care, but the development of a useable risk protocol requires additional work. Causal models may be needed to assess patient conditions related to successful treatment in GEMs.
Development of Hydrogen-Oxygen Fueled 3-kw Internal-Combustion Engine

Abstract The objective of this program was to convert the high energy released by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen to useful power in a powerplant that had been well developed in conjunction with hydrocarbon fuels. The scope of the program included four major goals: analytical and design studies, proof of principle, achievement of calculated conversion efficiencies, and design of a complete power package suitable for service on a space mission. The power package includes a single-cylinder engine, generator, gas compressor, and recuperator for transferring heat from the exhaust gases to the gaseous cryogenic propellants. Some design points are operation with an 0-H mixture of 2 to 1 obtained either from supercritical tankage or in the form of helium-diluted boiloff gases; a power level of 2-kw average, 3-kw maximum; and an uninterrupted life of 350 hr. The approach has been to design the test engine and other test components based on available engine technology and to proceed with experimental development based on the analysis of test results. Current development work on the engine is concerned with improving fuel consumption rates. Power levels from 1 to 5 hp have been achieved. Only the engine development is discussed in this paper.
Pivotal voting and the emperor's new clothes

A leading recent line of work in game theory applied to politics exploits the “pivotal voting” insight introduced by Austen-Smith and Banks [1]. The most prominent follow-on papers have been by Feddersen and Pesendorfer [2, 3, 4, 5], where a particularly striking result is that in a large election, the winner with many poorly-informed voters will be identical to the winner under full information. But of course any result whatever can be proven if sufficiently implausible assumptions are allowed. This review provides simple derivations of the elections result for both the FP 1996 model [2] and then for the (generalized) FP 1999 model [4]. The resulting transparency makes it easy to see the relation between the models, but also why neither result is relevant to actual elections.
Increasing returns and unsynchronized wage adjustment in sunspot models of the business cycle

A challenge to models of equilibrium indeterminacy based on increasing returns is that required increasing returns for generating indeterminacy can be implausibly large and rise quickly with the relative risk aversion in labor. We show that unsynchronized wage adjustment via a relative wage effect can both lower the required degree of increasing returns for indeterminacy to a plausible level and make it invariant to the relative risk aversion in labor. Consequently, indeterminacy and sunspot-driven fluctuations can emerge for plausible increasing returns regardless of the relative risk aversion in labor. Our model generates reasonable dynamics in terms of matching the business cycle, and sunspot shocks become more important with labor market friction.
Dimensionless parameters in symmetric double lap joints: An orthotropic solution for thermomechanical loading

th Two thermomechanical analytical models are proposed for orthotropic double lap joints, and are compared to a finite element model. The solutions, based on the principle of virtual work, differ in the complexity of the assumed stress field. The first solution is similar to Volkersen, with the addition of thermal effects. The second solution captures the peel stress as well as the traction free boundary condition at the adhesive edge. Relevant non-dimensional parameters are presented for geometric, material, and load quantities. A dimensionless load ratio is identified which dictates the shape of the stress distribution. This ratio can also be used to quickly determine the dominant loading mechanism. Dimensionless stress plots are presented for representative lap joints.
Sarbanes-Oxley and Public Reporting on Internal Control: Hasty Reaction or Delayed Action?

SYNOPSIS: Since its passage, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been criticized, and praised, by many on numerous grounds and claims. However, no single provision of this law has come under more attack than Section 404, which mandates public reporting of internal control effectiveness by an issuer's management as well as its independent auditors. Even after 10 years, the opposition to the Section 404 internal control requirements has continued to the point where the U.S. Congress through two separate Acts—the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the 2012 Jump Start Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act—have permanently exempted the non-accelerated SEC filers and the “emerging growth” issuers with revenues of $1 billion or less from Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Many of those who oppose the Section 404 requirements rest their claim on grounds that the U.S. Congress acted in haste in mandating the public reporting of internal controls by U.S.-listed companies a...
Promoting smoking cessation among women who seek cervical cancer screening.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether 1) women smokers are aware that smoking increases their risk for cervical cancer; 2) awareness of risk factors and its impact on motivation to quit smoking vary by age; and 3) providers are advising smokers to quit smoking during routine gynecologic visits. Methods: Women aged 18 years and older who had a Papanicolaou test in the prior month were identified from a managed care cytology database. Four weeks after receiving their test result, women were called to complete a health behavior survey in which their smoking status, sexual history, knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer, and motivation to quit smoking were assessed. Results: Only 49% of the 613 smokers surveyed were aware that smoking increased their risk of cervical cancer. Women aged 34 years and younger were significantly more likely to agree that smoking increased their risk for cervical cancer than women aged 45 years or older (54% versus 40%). Concern that smoking might cause cervical cancer or other cancers was endorsed highly by women as a motivator for cessation, particularly for women smokers aged 18–26 (mean 8.1 and 7.6 on 10-point scales, respectively). About 50% of the women reported that their provider had asked about smoking and had encouraged cessation. Only about 30% of smokers were aware of well-established risk factors for cervical cancer such as the number of lifetime sexual partners and not using a condom. Conclusion: Routine gynecologic screening visits represent an important and underutilized clinical opportunity to intervene with young women smokers.
Derivative expansion and soliton masses

Abstract We present a simple algorithm to implement the generalized derivative expansion introduced previously by L-H. Chan, and apply it to the calculation of the one-loop mass correction to the classical soliton mass in the 1+1 dimensional Jacobi model. We then show how this derivative expansion approach implies that the total (bosonic plus fermionic) mass correction in an N =1 supersymmetric soliton model is determined solely by the asymptotic values (and derivatives) of the fermionic background potential. For a static soliton the total mass correction is − m /(2 π ), in agreement with recent analyses using phase-shift methods.
Facile synthesis of D,L-phosphinothricin from methyl 4-bromo-2-phthalimidobutyrate

Abstract Synthetic versatility of the title bromide is illustrated by simple preparations of D,L-phosphinothricin, D,L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, and aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.
Catalytic Molecular Walkers: Aspects of Product Release

We study a model of multi-legged catalytic molecular walkers that abstract a class of recently developed synthetic molecular motors. We focus on their kinetics of release of catalytic product, delineating the influence of chemical kinetic parameters, geometric configuration, loss from surface, and bulk kinetics. We show that such walkers can achieve a uniform rate of release over long time scales, which can be exploited in applications. ECAL Topics: Molecular Motors; DNA Computing; Applications in Nanotechnology, Compilable Matter, or Medicine.
An Equitriangular Transform and Its Application

Method of finite integral transforms as format for employment of incomplete eigenfunctions, discussing application of equitriangular transform
Closed Projections and Peak Interpolation for Operator Algebras

The closed one-sided ideals of a C*-algebra are exactly the closed subspaces supported by the orthogonal complement of a closed projection. Let A be a (not necessarily selfadjoint) subalgebra of a unital C*-algebra B which contains the unit of B. Here we characterize the right ideals of A with left contractive approximate identity as those subspaces of A supported by the orthogonal complement of a closed projection in B** which also lies in \( A^{{ \bot \bot }} \). Although this seems quite natural, the proof requires a set of new techniques which may be viewed as a noncommutative version of the subject of peak interpolation from the theory of function spaces. Thus, the right ideals with left approximate identity are closely related to a type of peaking phenomena in the algebra. In this direction, we introduce a class of closed projections which generalizes the notion of a peak set in the theory of uniform algebras to the world of operator algebras and operator spaces.
A new route to 1,1-difluoroolefins from carboxylic acids

Methodology is described for the conversions of carboxylic acids to 1,1-difluoroolefins via α, α-difluorothioethers (3).
Generalized Predictive Control for Active Flutter Suppression

This article presents experimental results of a transonic wind-tunnel test that demonstrates the use of generalized predictive control for flutter suppression for a subsonic wind-tunnel wing model. The generalized predictive control algorithm is based on the minimization of a suitable cost function over finite costing and control horizons. The cost function minimizes not only the sum of the mean square output of the plant predictions, but also the weighted square rate of change of the control input with its input constraints. An additional term was added to the cost function to compensate for dynamics of the wing model that cause it to be invariant to low input frequencies. This characteristic results in a control surface that drifts within the specified input constraints. The augmentation to the cost function that penalizes this low frequency drift is derived and demonstrated. The initial validation of the controller uses a linear plant predictor model for the computation of the control inputs. Simulation results of the closed-loop system that were used to determine nominal ranges for the tuning parameters are presented. The generalized predictive controller based on the linear predictor model successfully suppressed the flutter for all testable Mach numbers and dynamic pressures in the transonic region in both simulation and wind-tunnel testing. The results confirm that the generalized predictive controller is robust to modeling errors.
First-principles based matrix Green's function approach to molecular electronic devices: general formalism

Abstract Transport in molecular electronic devices is different from that in semiconductor mesoscopic devices in two important aspects: (1) the effect of the electronic structure and (2) the effect of the interface to the external contact. A rigorous treatment of molecular electronic devices will require the inclusion of these effects in the context of an open system exchanging particle and energy with the external environment. This calls for combining the theory of quantum transport with the theory of electronic structure starting from the first-principles. We present a self-consistent yet tractable matrix Green's function (MGF) approach for studying transport in molecular electronic devices, based on the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism of quantum transport and the density functional theory (DFT) of electronic structure using local orbital basis sets. By separating the device rigorously (within an effective single-particle theory) into the molecular region and the contact region, we can take full advantage of the natural spatial locality associated with the metallic screening in the electrodes and focus on the physical processes in the finite molecular region. This not only opens up the possibility of using the existing well-established technique of molecular electronic structure theory in transport calculations with little change, but also allows us to use the language of qualitative molecular orbital theory to interpret and rationalize the results of the computation. We emphasize the importance of the self-consistent charge transfer and voltage drop on the transport characteristics and describe the self-consistent formulation for both device at equilibrium and device out of equilibrium. For the device at equilibrium, our method provides an alternative approach for solving the molecular chemisorption problem. For the device out of equilibrium, we show that the calculation of elastic current transport through molecules, both conceptually and computationally, is no more difficult than solving the chemisorption problem.
Targeting safety-related errors during software requirements analysis

Abstract This article provides a safety checklist for use during the analysis of software requirements for spacecraft and other safety-critical, embedded systems. The checklist specifically targets the two most common causes of safety-related software errors: 1) inadequate interface requirements and 2) discrepancies between the documented requirements and the requirements actually needed for correct functioning of the system. The analysis criteria represented in the checklist are evaluated by application to two spacecraft projects. Use of the checklist to enhance the software requirements analysis is shown to reduce the number of safety-related software errors.
A facile reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to aromatic amines by samarium and iodine

Abstract A simple method for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to aromatic amines was developed using samarium and catalytic amounts of iodine.
Deuteronomy and numbers

Four light isotopes - D, ^3He, ^4He and ^7Li - were produced by nuclear reactions a few seconds after the big bang. New measurements of ^3He in the ISM by Gloeckler and Geiss and of deuterium in high redshift hydrogen clouds by Tytler and his collaborators provide further confirmation of big-bang nucleosynthesis and new insight about the density of ordinary matter (baryons).
Clinically occult breast carcinoma: diagnostic approaches and role of axillary node dissection.

Background: Nonpalpable breast lesions are being detected with increasing frequency with the advent of improved mammographic techniques. Although only 20–30% of these lesions are malignant, definitive diagnosis has usually required a needle-localization excisional biopsy, which is costly and increases the psychological stress on the patient. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the sensitivity of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of nonpalpable breast masses and the incidence of axillary nodal metastases in these subclinical lesions.
Electrochemistry of encapsulated redox centers

A few examples of molecules containing a redox active core surrounded by an organic sheath have been synthesized recently. The redox nucleus may be attached covalently to the structure’s core or held there by noncovalent forces. This review article surveys the electrochemical behavior of such redox centers, emphasizing the thermodynamic and kinetic effects brought about by encapsulation.
A thermophonic investigation of switching and memory phenomena in thick amorphous chalcogenide films

Abstract We report the results ohermophonic experiments and numerical analyses of bias-induced threshold switching and memory effects in amorphous films of Ge15 Te81 S2 Sb2. Our results show that the initiation and maintenance of a threshold switching event are fundamentally electronic processes.
Mechanism of R-Loop Formation at Immunoglobulin Class Switch Sequences

ABSTRACT R-loops have been described in vivo at the immunoglobulin class switch sequences and at prokaryotic and mitochondrial origins of replication. However, the biochemical mechanism and determinants of R-loop formation are unclear. We find that R-loop formation is nearly eliminated when RNase T1 is added during transcription but not when it is added afterward. Hence, rather than forming simply as an extension of the RNA-DNA hybrid of normal transcription, the RNA must exit the RNA polymerase and compete with the nontemplate DNA strand for an R-loop to form. R-loops persist even when transcription is done in Li+ or Cs+, which do not support G-quartet formation. Hence, R-loop formation does not rely on G-quartet formation. R-loop formation efficiency decreases as the number of switch repeats is decreased, although a very low level of R-loop formation occurs at even one 49-bp switch repeat. R-loop formation decreases sharply as G clustering is reduced, even when G density is kept constant. The critical level for R-loop formation is approximately the same point to which evolution drove the G clustering and G density on the nontemplate strand of mammalian switch regions. This provides an independent basis for concluding that the primary function of G clustering, in the context of high G density, is R-loop formation.
Optical Properties of Lithium Fluoride in the Infrared

Reflectivity measurements were performed on lithium fluoride single crystals at 135°K, 210°K, 300°K, and 355°K at wavelengths from 2 μ to 60 μ. A Perkin-Elmer 112 prism monochromator was used between 2 μ and 30 μ and was modified to a grating monochromator for use between 30 μ and 60 μ. The reflection band near the reststrahl peak shows pronounced secondary structure. A Kramers-Kronig dispersion relation was applied to the Fresnel reflection formula, and the secondary structure was exhibited in the optical constants. The analysis was performed on an IBM-704 computer, and the phase of the reflectivity was determined at some 400 points in the 2 μ to 60 μ range. For each of these points, the real and imaginary dielectric constants, the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, and the absorption constant were determined. In addition to the main peak of the imaginary dielectric constant at 312.5 cm−1, two secondary peaks appear on the short wavelength side of the maximum. One is at 485 cm−1 and becomes sharper at higher temperature; the other is at 650 cm−1 and is relatively insensitive to temperature over the range measured. An interpretation based on the coupling of the fundamental longitudinal mode to the radiation field is discussed. The damping constants of the main peak were evaluated and were found to vary linearly with temperature over the range measured.
Total synthesis of (+)-suaveolindole: establishment of its absolute configuration.

This communication describes two approaches toward the total synthesis of (+)-suaveolindole. The initial strategy uses a 6-exo-Heck cyclization to generate a transient sp3 carbopalladate. This intermediate was successfully coupled with an indole 3-stannane to assemble the majority of the carbon framework of the natural product. However, due to problems described herein, this interesting route was not viable. To reach our target, lessons learned from the first strategy directed us to develop a significant extension of the Ireland ester enolate rearrangement in which the tetra-substituted isopropylidene group and the α-disposed carboxymethyl function are introduced in a single event. This key reaction enables a remarkably concise inaugural synthesis of (+)-suaveolindole.
Thinking like a game theorist: factors affecting the frequency of equilibrium play

Abstract Previous research has reported conflicting results on whether and the extent to which individuals play equilibria of experimental games. Two experiments reported in this paper ask whether the act of eliciting beliefs about the actions of others influences a subjects’ likelihood of playing an equilibrium in a social dilemma or public goods game. The first experiment compares two versions of a linear public goods game, one with and one without an elicitation of beliefs. Contributions in the two treatments were significantly different, with the actions of subjects in the elicitation treatment closer to the equilibrium prediction of full free riding. A second experiment investigates the same question using a prisoner’s dilemma game with similar results; subjects in the elicitation treatment play the dominant strategy significantly more than subjects in a control treatment.
Pointed trees of projective spaces

We introduce a smooth projective variety $T_{d,n}$ which compactifies the space of configurations of $n$ distinct points on affine $d$-space modulo translation and homothety. The points in the boundary correspond to $n$-pointed stable rooted trees of $d$-dimensional projective spaces, which for $d = 1$, are $(n+1)$-pointed stable rational curves. In particular, $T_{1,n}$ is isomorphic to $\bar{M}_{0,n+1}$, the moduli space of such curves. The variety $T_{d,n}$ shares many properties with $\bar{M}_{0,n}$. For example, as we prove, the boundary is a smooth normal crossings divisor whose components are products of $T_{d,i}$ for $i < n$, it has an inductive construction analogous to but differing from Keel's for $\bar{M}_{0,n}$ which can be used to describe its Chow groups, Chow motive and Poincar\'e polynomials, generalizing \cite{Keel,Man:GF}. We give a presentation of the Chow rings of $T_{d,n}$, exhibit explicit dual bases for the dimension 1 and codimension 1 cycles. The variety $T_{d,n}$ is embedded in the Fulton-MacPherson spaces $X[n]$ for \textit{any} smooth variety $X$ and we use this connection in a number of ways. For example, to give a family of ample divisors on $T_{d,n}$ and to give an inductive presentation of the Chow groups and the Chow motive of $X[n]$ analogous to Keel's presentation for $\bar{M}_{0,n}$, solving a problem posed by Fulton and MacPherson.
Cytoskyrins A and B, new BIA active bisanthraquinones isolated from an endophytic fungus.

The biochemical induction assay (BIA) is a rapid (colorimetric) bacterial assay used to identify compounds that damage DNA or inhibit DNA synthesis and thereby identify potential natural product anticancer agents. Bisanthraquinones based on a 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone-type carbon skeleton were isolated from an endophytic fungus and characterized by NMR and X-ray crystallography. Cytoskyrin A (1) is highly active in the biochemical induction assay, while the closely related cytoskyrin B (2) has no detectable activity in this assay.