cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's on the menu? A review of the energy and nutritional content of US chain restaurant menus

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to (i) describe the availability of nutrition information in major chain restaurants, (ii) document the energy and nutrient levels of menu items, (iii) evaluate relationships with restaurant characteristics, menu labelling and trans fat laws, and nutrition information accessibility, and (iv) compare energy and nutrient levels against industry-sponsored and government-issued nutrition criteria.DesignDescriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis of the energy, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, carbohydrate and protein levels of 28 433 regular and 1833 children's menu items.SettingEnergy and nutrition information provided on restaurant websites or upon request, and secondary databases on restaurant characteristics.SubjectsThe top 400 US chain restaurants by sales, based on the 2009 list of the Restaurants & Institutions magazine.ResultsComplete nutrition information was reported for 245 (61 %) restaurants. Appetizers had more energy, fat and sodium than all other item types. Children's menu specialty beverages had more fat, saturated fat and carbohydrates than comparable regular menu beverages. The majority of main entrees fell below one-third of the US Department of Agriculture's estimated daily energy needs, but as few as 3 % were also within limits for sodium, fat and saturated fat. Main entrees had significantly more energy, fat and saturated fat in family-style restaurants than in fast-food restaurants. Restaurants that made nutrition information easily accessible on websites had significantly lower energy, fat and sodium contents across menu offerings than those providing information only upon request.ConclusionsThe paper provides a comprehensive view of chain restaurant menu nutrition prior to nationwide labelling laws. It offers baseline data to evaluate how restaurants respond after laws are implemented.
Content locality in distributed digital libraries

In this paper we introduce the notion of content locality in distributed document collections. Content locality is the degree to which content-similar documents are colocated in a distributed collection. We propose two metrics for measurement of content locality, one based on topic signatures and the other based on collection statistics. We provide derivations and analysis of both metrics and use them to measure the content locality in two kinds of document collections, the well-known TREC corpus and the Networked Computer Science Technical Report Library (NCSTRL), an operational digital library. We also show that content locality can be thought of temporally as well as spatially and provide evidence of its existence in temporally ordered document collections like news feeds.
Vasopressin-prostaglandin interactions in the regulation of epithelial cell permeability to water

Prostaglandins (PG's) have effects at several sites involved in the regulation of water balance. Many of these are discussed elsewhere in this symposium. This review will consider vasopressin-PG interactions that are involved in the regulation of water permeability of epithelia, particularly the renal collecting duct and toad urinary bladder. It is well established that the increase in permeability to water that vasopressin elicits in epithelia involves stimulation of the formation of cyclic AMP [1] and that PGE inhibits the water permeability response by inhibiting the stimulation of cyclic AMP formation [2, 3]. After summarizing the current understanding of the cellular action of vasopressin and the development of ideas and information regarding the role of PG's in regulating the response to vasopressin, the mechanisms of the effects of PG's will be considered, as well as the effect of vasopressin on the metabolism of PG's and related compounds. Finally, the foregoing will be considered in terms of normal and abnormal regulation of water permeability.
Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Materials Incorporating the Nitroguanidyl Functionality

A new class of nitroguanidyl- functionalized nitrogen-rich materials derived from 1,3,5-triazine and 1,2,4,5- tetrazine was synthesized through reac- tions between N-nitroso-N'-alkylguani- dines and the hydrazine derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine or 1,2,4,5-tetrazine. These compounds were fully characterized using multinuclear NMR and IR spec- troscopies, elemental analysis, and dif- ferential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The heats of formation for all com- pounds were calculated with Gaussian 03 and then combined with experimen- tal densities to determine the detona- tion pressures (P) and velocities (Dv) of the energetic materials. Interestingly, some of the compounds exhibit an en- ergetic performance (P and Dv) com- parable to that of RDX, thus holding promise for application as energetic materials.
Addition of primary amines to conjugated allenyl aldehydes and ketones

Abstract Allenyl imines have been prepared by condensation of allenyl aldehydes with primary amines.
Antifungal Activity of Microbial Secondary Metabolites

Secondary metabolites are well known for their ability to impede other microorganisms. Reanalysis of a screen of natural products using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Candida albicans infection model identified twelve microbial secondary metabolites capable of conferring an increase in survival to infected nematodes. In this screen, the two compound treatments conferring the highest survival rates were members of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) family of fungal secondary metabolites, acetylgliotoxin and a derivative of hyalodendrin. The abundance of fungal secondary metabolites indentified in this screen prompted further studies investigating the interaction between opportunistic pathogenic fungi and Aspergillus fumigatus, because of the ability of the fungus to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, including the well studied ETP gliotoxin. We found that cell-free supernatant of A. fumigatus was able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans through the production of a secreted product. Comparative studies between a wild-type and an A. fumigatus ΔgliP strain unable to synthesize gliotoxin demonstrate that this secondary metabolite is the major factor responsible for the inhibition. Although toxic to organisms, gliotoxin conferred an increase in survival to C. albicans-infected C. elegans in a dose dependent manner. As A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin in vivo, we propose that in addition to being a virulence factor, gliotoxin may also provide an advantage to A. fumigatus when infecting a host that harbors other opportunistic fungi.
HILDA ASTEROIDS AS POSSIBLE PROBES OF JOVIAN MIGRATION

We show that the peculiar eccentricity distribution of the Hilda asteroids, objects that librate at the 3 : 2 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, as well as their distribution about the resonance itself, can be nicely reproduced from captured field asteroids if Jupiter has migrated sunward by about 0.45 AU over a time greater than 100,000 years. The latter is a lower limit and longer times are more likely, while the former quantity depends to some degree on the initial eccentricity distribution, but a fit to the observations fails unless it lies in the range of 0.4 to about 0.5 AU, where the lower value is particularly well established. We have included some integrations comparable to the solar system's age to show that many Hilda orbits with a broad range of proper eccentricity, ep, and, most importantly, those with ep < 0.10, are stable over such times. The observed fact that there are very few Hildas with ep < 0.10 strengthens the case for a migration greater than about 0.4 AU because, as we discuss, processes intimately linked with it eliminate most of the low-ep bodies automatically. A relatively much smaller but not negligible number of orbits at the 4 : 3 resonance are similarly stable, and one possible reason needing further investigation for the near-absence of real bodies of any eccentricity there (one asteroid) might be traced to the passage of Jupiter and Saturn through a 5 : 2 orbital resonance.
Growth and thermal annealing of Cu on HfO2

Abstract The interface between Cu and HfO2 synthesized using physical vapor deposition at 300 K has been examined with in situ low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Cu deposited on HfO2 at 300 K readily forms three-dimensional clusters. LEIS and XPS data show that the Cu is not oxidized at the Cu–HfO2 interface. A proposed model allows simulation of the coverage of Cu as a function of Cu dosing time before and after thermal annealing. At 300 K, the model fits the data when two-dimensional islands cover no more than 90% of the HfO2 surface. After thermal annealing at 673 K for 10 min under vacuum (1×10−8 Torr), large Cu clusters are formed from smaller ones, but there is no evident diffusion into the HfO2. For this annealed sample, STEM shows a narrow cluster diameter distribution (10–12 nm). Strain fields at the hafnia–copper interface may help limit the cluster size distribution.
The distribution of lithium, rubidium and caesium in igneous and sedimentary rocks

Abstract Lithium, rubidium and caesium have been determined on 186 samples and rubidium and caesium on an additional 53 samples, representing sedimentary and igneous rocks from geographically diverse areas and ranging in age from Pre-Cambrian to recent. Determinations were made by a flame photometric method. Lithium is closely related to magnesium and ferrous iron with a Mg/Li ratio varying from 2900 in ultramafic rocks to 120 in granites. Averages of 29 p.p.m. and 53 p.p.m. Li are reported for igneous and sedimentary rocks, respectively. Lithium is largely retained in the products of weathering because of concentration in clay minerals. This concentration is responsible for the high values obtained for shales. Impurities account for the greater part of the lithium content of carbonate rocks and sandstones. The ratio K/Rb is statistically constant at 270 in igneous rocks. Averages of 120 p.p.m. for igneous rocks and of 110 p.p.m. Rb for sedimentary rocks are reported. These values are approximately a third of those previously accepted. Rubidium is retained in weathering largely by those clays having a structural position for the ion, although adsorption plays an important part in both clays and shales. The bulk of the rubidium present in igneous rocks is, however, lost in solution during weathering. Diagenetic recrystallization of illite to orthoclase results in exclusion of rubidium. Like rubidium, caesium is related to potassium. Igneous rocks have an average ratio K/Cs of 7000. The average abundance of caesium in igneous rocks is less than 1 p.p.m. Cs. Sedimentary rocks average 4 p.p.m. Caesium reacts similarly to rubidium in the geochemical cycle.
The effect of cutaneous injury on a reproducible immersion challenge model for Flavobacterium columnare infection in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract We evaluated four methods of acute cutaneous injury: physical abrasion, hot and cold branding, and chemical scalds, to predispose channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) to columnaris disease, caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare . Only physical abrasion (PA) and hot branding (HB) produced lasting alterations of epithelial architecture. Immersion challenge of PA or HB fish 10 8 cfu/ml virulent F. columnare at 29 ± 2 °C immediately after treatment resulted in death of most fish within the first 48 h. Immersion challenge 24 h after cutaneous injury resulted in 60% mortality with PA and 2% in HB. Cutaneous injury 48–72 h before challenge did not result in significant mortality. We quantified and modeled the median 96 h LD50 for PA and HB. The 96 h LD50 for abrasion (10 4.3 ± 0.3 cfu/ml) was a log lower than for branded fish (10 5.0 ± 0.4 cfu/ml). The LD50 for HB plus AS was 10 5.8 ± 0.3 cfu/ml, a log higher than for HB fish without Stresscoat™, an artificial slime agent (AS). Hot branding produced more consistent infection in terms of 96 h LD50s. Induction of experimental columnaris was dependent on the length of time between injury and pathogen exposure ( F. columnare entering a wound.
Toward speech as a knowledge resource

Speech is a tantalizing mode of human communication. On the one hand, humans understand speech with ease and use speech to express complex ideas, information, and knowledge. On the other hand, automatic speech recognition with computers is very hard, and extracting knowledge from speech is even harder. Nevertheless, the potential reward for solving this problem drives us to pursue it. Before we can exploit speech as a knowledge resource, however, we must understand the current state of the art in speech recognition and the relevant, successful applications of speech recognition in the related areas of multimedia indexing and search. In this paper we advocate the study of speech as a knowledge resource, provide a brief introduction to the state of the art in speech recognition, describe a number of systems that use speech recognition to enable multimedia analysis, indexing, and search, and present a number of exploratory applications of speech recognition that move toward the goal of exploiting speech as a knowledge resource.
A five-year prospective study of diagnostic orphans for alcohol use disorders.

Objective: One consequence of the DSM-IV diagnostic system for substance abuse and dependence is that there are individuals who might endorse one or two of the criterion items for dependence but not meet criteria for abuse. These persons have been referred to as "diagnostic orphans." The aim of the analyses presented here is to further understanding about this potentially important group. Method: The DSM-IV categorical approach was used to determine alcohol-related diagnoses for 439 young adult men. Structured face-to-face follow-up interviews were administered 5 years later. Results: At the beginning of the evaluation period, 14.6% (n = 64) of the men were alcohol dependent, 18.2% (n = 80) fulfilled criteria for alcohol abuse, 16.4% (n = 72) did not meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder but endorsed one or two of the dependence criteria and 50.8% (n = 223) reported none of the dependence items. At the initial interview, and again 5 years later, the diagnostic orphans reported alcohol and drug use his...
Schematizing as a Measure of Leveling-Sharpening

Summary.-A computer-administered schematizing test was used to assess three measures of leveling-sharpening: accuracy scores, incremental difference scores, and rate of change scores. Reliability and correlational analyses of 119 subjects' responses showed that the mean accuracy measure was superior to the ranking accuracy, incremental error, incremental discrepancy, and response-lag measures. Analysis also indicated that a 50-trial version of the schematizing test would be as reliable as a 150-trial version. Leveling-sharpening is the extent to which existing cognitive structures, or schemata, influence the perception of new stimuli. Leveling is schematic dependence that results in a simplification of the perceptual field; sharpening is schematic independence that results in a differentiation of the perceptual field. Leveling-sharpening can be assessed by presenting a person a sequence of stimuli which serve as the basis for a frame of reference or schema. Next, a stimulus which lies outside the frame is presented as part of the sequence. Leveling occurs if the schema biases the perception of the new stimulus so that it is assimilated into the existing schema. Sharpening occurs if the new stimulus is perceived as independent of the schema. The schematizing test, adapted from Hollingworth (1913), is the most widely used means of assessing leveling-sharpening. On a typical test (Gardner, Holzman, Klein, Linton, & Spence, 1959), subjects provided size estimates of 150 squares which gradually increased from 1.2 to 13.7 in. per side. Standard procedure involved projecting an image of the square onto a screen in a darkened room. Subjects were equipped with small lamps so they could write down their responses. They were shown each image for three seconds and were allowed to rest for eight seconds between images. The limited exposure was necessary because the test was carried out in small groups. Exposure to the image was controlled by an electromagnetic shutter connected to a mechanical timing device. The sequence of 150 images was shown in 10 series of 15 images. A series of 15 images was composed of three sets of five stimuli. Beginning with the smallest set of stimuli, the five squares were shown in ascending order. The same set of five squares were shown again twice, each time in random order. Once the first series of 15 squares was completed, the smallest
Personality, Modernity, and the Storied Self: A Contemporary Framework for Studying Persons

As the scientific study of the individual person, personality psychology historically has struggled to provide the kind of broad conceptual framework capable of orienting theory and research around human individuality in cultural context. This article presents a new integrative framework for studying persons that brings together recent advances in the field of personality with the emerging social science emphasis on the narrative study of lives, while situating personality inquiry within the cultural context of contemporary modernity and the unique problems of the modern self. The frame-work builds on a clear distinction between the "I" and the "Me" features of personality in the modem world and the delineation of three relatively independent levels on which modern persons may be described. In personality, the I may be viewed as the process of "selfing," of narrating experience to create a modern self whereas the Me may be viewed as the self that the I constructs. Personality traits, like those included w...
Mutation of the RIIβ Subunit of Protein Kinase A Differentially Affects Lipolysis but Not Gene Induction in White Adipose Tissue

Targeted disruption of the RIIβ subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) produces lean mice that resist diet-induced obesity. In this report we examine the effects of the RIIβ knockout on white adipose tissue physiology. Loss of RIIβ is compensated by an increase in the RIα isoform, generating an isoform switch from a type II to a type I PKA. Type I holoenzyme binds cAMP more avidly and is more easily activated than the type II enzyme. These alterations are associated with increases in both basal kinase activity and the basal rate of lipolysis, possibly contributing to the lean phenotype. However, the ability of both β3-selective and nonspecific β-adrenergic agonists to stimulate lipolysis is markedly compromised in mutant white adipose tissue. This defect was foundin vitro and in vivo and does not result from reduced expression of β-adrenergic receptor or hormone-sensitive lipase genes. In contrast, β-adrenergic stimulated gene transcription remains intact, and the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism is normal under both fasted and fed conditions. We suggest that the R subunit isoform switch disrupts the subcellular localization of PKA that is required for efficient transduction of signals that modulate lipolysis but not for those that mediate gene expression.
Improve the selectively refocused INEPT pulse sequence for detecting phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters

In application of the 31P selectively refocused insensitive nuclei enhanced polarization transfer (srINEPT) technique to the detection of phosphomono- and diesters in tissues, homonuclear couplings between the CH2O protons and the NCH2 protons seriously attenuate the sensitivity. These couplings can be conventionally removed by two soft 180 degrees pulses in the 1H evolution period which selectively invert the NCH2 magnetizations. However, the srINEPT pulse sequence can be simplified by replacing the pulse train soft 180 degrees-hard 180 degrees-soft 180 degrees with a single soft 180 degrees pulse that selectively inverts the CH2O magnetizations. Theoretical analysis in this study demonstrates the correctness of this approach in principle. Validation on a milk phantom allowed us to investigate and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the proposed srINEPT with respect to the original srINEPT. Furthermore, comparison of different selective pulses made it possible to demonstrate that the proposed srINEPT experiment is not sensitive to errors in pulse length, offset, and B1 field strength of the selective pulse when ReBurp pulse is used for selective refocusing. Magn Reson Med, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classification of satellite-based radio frequency transient recordings using sparse approximations over learned dictionaries

Ongoing research at Los Alamos National Laboratory studies the Earth’s radio frequency (RF) background utilizing satellite-based RF observations of terrestrial lightning. Such impulsive events occur in the presence of additive noise and structured clutter and appear as broadband nonlinear chirps at a receiver on-orbit due to ionospheric dispersion. The Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite provided a rich RF lightning database. Application of modern pattern recognition techniques to this database may further lightning research and potentially improve event discrimination capabilities for future satellite payloads. We extend two established dictionary learning algorithms, K-SVD and Hebbian, for use in classification of satellite RF data. Both algorithms allow us to learn features without relying on analytical constraints or additional knowledge about the expected signal characteristics. We use a pursuit search over the learned dictionaries to generate sparse classification features and discuss performance in terms of event classification using a nearest subspace classifier. We show a use of the two dictionary types in a mixed implementation to showcase algorithm distinctions in extracting discriminative information. We use principal component analysis to analyze and compare the learned dictionary spaces to the real data space, and we discuss some aspects of computational complexity and implementation.
Calorimetric studies of reactions in thin films and multilayers

Abstract The application of differential scanning calorimetry to the study of reactions in thin films is illustrated through a number of examples: the epitaxial regrowth of ion-implanted amorphous silicon, the formation of amorphous metals by solid-state reaction, the formation of intermetallic compounds in a mettalic multilayer, the transformations in nickel/amorphous silicon multilayers, and the identification of microcrystalline structures by the observation of grain growth.
Failure Mode Analysis and Protection of Non-Regenerative Three-level Boost Rectifier

This paper identifies a new fault type of non-regenerative three-level boost rectifiers (Vienna-type rectifiers), namely the dc-link voltage-doubling fault. Under this failure mode, the voltage across the dc-link capacitors is doubled when any of the ac switches in the neutral path of the converter is shorted, a unique behavior of three-level neutral-point clamped topologies. Addressing this, two types of protection methods are proposed, discussed and analyzed in this paper, the voltage clamping and the current breaking protection schemes. The impact of the ac inductors on the voltage-doubling phenomenon is studied carefully, and a guideline for the protection scheme selection is provided. This failure mode and the current breaking protection scheme are fully analyzed and verified by simulation and experimental results.
Intraoperative epicardial echocardiography during repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Intraoperative assessment of surgical results in patients with congenital heart defects has been limited in the past to oximetry or green dye curves to evaluate residual shunts and pressure measurements to evaluate residual obstruction to flow. Echocardiography with color flow Doppler imaging has emerged as a very sensitive technique to evaluate congenital heart repair. • A large prospective study performed in our institution to test the ability of epicardial echocardiography to assess the surgical repair of congenital heart disease has been previously reported. 5 Likewise, the learning process necessary for a surgical team to acquire adequate skills in using this technology has also been the subject of previous work. 6 Other investigations have also reported on the use of intraoperative echocardiography as a guide to the repair of congenital heart defects, either from the epicardiaF· or from the transesophageal approach, 3 or both. 3,1z The current study is the first reported series of patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and related lesions that have been repaired under the guidance of epicardial echocardiography with color flow Doppler imaging. It also provides echocardiographic follow-up for small, residual imperfections in the repair that patients may have at the time they leave the operating room, after successful repair ofTOF.
Toyocamycin: phosphorylation and incorporation into RNA and DNA and the biochemical properties of the triphosphate.

Abstract 1. Studies have been made on the biochemical properties of toyocamycin in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and toyocamycin 5′-triphosphate as a phosphate donor. Toyocamycin, the naturally-occurring 7-cyano-7-deazaadenosine, is phosphorylated to the 5′-mono-, 5′-di-and 5′-triphosphates by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The three nucleotides were isolated in yields of 3.7, 1.2 and 0.43 %, respectively. The structures of the three nucleotides were established by chemical and enzymatic analyses and were similar to chemically synthesized mono-, di- and triphosphates. 2. Toyocamycin is incorporated into RNA and DNA. Toyocamycin in RNA was located in the internal and terminal positions. One radioactive spot was observed on a paper chromatogram after enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA. This suggests that toyocamycin is reduced to 2′-deoxytoyocamycin. 3. Toyocamycin triphosphate is 29 % as efficient as ATP as a phosphate donor with ATP: phosphoglycerate transphosphorylase. Toyocamycin triphosphate is not a phosphate donor with luciferase. The observed reactivities indicate a high degree of specificity by these enzymes for the adenine moiety of ATP. In contrast, 2′-dATP serves as a phosphate donor for both enzymes.
Separation of free sterols by high temperature liquid chromatography.

Abstract Increasing the column temperature accelerates markedly elution in HPLC. The separation of five free sterols was studied on three packing materials that can withstand high temperatures. These stationary phases included graphitic carbon, a polymeric C18 silica, and a zirconia-based adsorbent. Measurements of retention data were made at up to 150 °C with mobile phases of different compositions. Since the columns tested afford different retention mechanisms, a variety of elution patterns were observed, with some being more advantageous than others for certain sterol separations. Effects observed include some selectivity improvements and some elution order reversals. The separation of free sterols in selected fruit juices is also presented. Albeit at the expense of a longer analysis time, the graphitic carbon column produced the best separation of the sterols in this study.
Aqueous-phase photochemical formation of peroxides in authentic cloud and fog waters

Gas-to-drop partitioning of hydrogen peroxide and its precursor, the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2.), has been considered the predominant or sole source of hydrogen peroxide in atmospheric water drops. However, atmospheric water can absorb solar ultraviolet radiation, which initiates the photoformation of peroxides (primarily hydrogen peroxide). Measurements of peroxide photoformation rates in authentic atmospheric water samples demonstrate that aqueous-phase photochemical reactions are a significant, and in some cases dominant, source of hydrogen peroxide to cloud and fog drops. This additional source could significantly change the current understanding, and hence, the models, of sulfuric acid deposition because hydrogen peroxide is the limiting reagent in the dominant pathway for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid in the troposphere over eastern North America.
Antebellum Farm-Settlement Patterns: A Three- Level Approach to Assessing the Effects of Soils

Different soil classes offered varying economic results for farmers. The use of multiple data sets to analyze the connection between soils, economic benefits, and settlement patterns at three geographical levels—the five states of the Old Northwest, the sixty-eight counties in Michigan's Lower Peninsula, and the individual farms in one mid-Michigan county—tends to confirm that soils were a significant motivating factor in the locational decisions of antebellum farmers at the state, county, and intra-county levels of the north-central United States during the mid-nineteenth century.
Psychotherapeutic effects of transcendental meditation with controls for expectation of relief and daily sitting.

In 1959, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi introduced to America an exercise involving sitting quietly twice daily and passively attending to a special thought called a "mantra." This exercise is called transcendental meditation (TM) and has since been taught to at least 600,000 persons. One possible reason for TM's popularity is Maharishi's claim that the technique is a "natural and effective cure for mental illness". TM was taught by two official TM instructors from the East Lansing, Michigan, Students' International Meditation Society. The TM technique involves sitting twice daily for 15 to 20 minutes and passively and continuously attending to a special thought called a mantra. Periodic somatic inactivity (PSI) was a control treatment specifically contrived to match every aspect of TM with one exception: Instead of sitting and meditating, the PSI technique involved simply sitting with eyes closed.
Two Novel Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Alternating Copolymers as Potential Donor Components for High-Efficiency Bulk-Heterojunction-Type Solar Cells

Polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions have recently generated a lot of scientific interest due to their potential in low-cost photovoltaic applications. In this paper we detail the synthesis and characterization of two new low-band-gap polythiophenes, poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-4,7-bis(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-5′,5′′-diyl] (PCPDTTBTT) and poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-2,3-dioctylquinoxaline-5,8-diyl] (PCPDTQ), for use in these applications. The PCPDTQ polymer did not produce efficient solar cells. A high power efficiency of 2.1% under one sun was found for a PCPDTTBTT/fullerene mixture. The high efficiency was achieved by alteration of the morphology using a solvent additive. Analysis of atomic force microscopy phase images shows that material phases with distinct mixing ratios are formed and altered with the addition of the solvent additive.
Magnetically driven hyper-velocity launch capability at the Sandia Z accelerator

The intense magnetic field generated by the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories is used as a pressure source for material science studies. A current of ∼20 MA can be delivered to the loads used in experiments on a time scale of ∼100e600 ns. Magnetic fields (pressures) exceeding 1200 T (600 GPa) have been produced in planar configurations. In one application we have developed, the magnetic pressure launches a flyer plate to ultra-high velocity in a plate impact experiment; equation of state data is obtained on the Hugoniot of a material that is shock compressed to multi-megabar pressure. This capability has been enhanced by the recent development of a planar stripline configuration that increases the magnetic pressure for a given current. Furthermore, the cross sectional area of a stripline flyer plate is larger than in previous coaxial loads; this improves the planarity of the flyer thereby reducing measurement uncertainty. Results of experiments and multi-dimensional magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) simulation are presented for ultra-high velocity aluminum and copper flyer plates. Aluminum flyer plates with dimensions ∼25 mm by ∼13 mm by ∼1 mm have been launched to velocities up to ∼45 km/s; for copper the peak velocity is ∼22 km/s. The significance of these results is that part of the flyer material remains solid at impact with the target; an accomplishment that is made possible by shaping the dynamic pressure (current) ramp so that the flyer compresses quasi-isentropically (i.e., shocklessly) during acceleration. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Domain-specific transition questions demonstrated higher validity than global transition questions as anchors for clinically important improvement

Abstract Objectives Estimates of minimal clinically important differences in health measures may be affected by the anchor used. We examined if domain-specific transition questions had higher construct validity than global health transition questions as anchors for measures in a given domain. Study Design and Setting In a prospective study of 249 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we examined changes in pain, physical function, joint swelling, stiffness, fatigue, and depression with treatment. We related these changes to a domain-specific transition question, global arthritis transition question, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health transition item. Results Changes in all six clinical measures were more highly correlated with the domain-specific transition questions than with the global arthritis question and SF-36 transition question. Discrimination between patients who improved or not was also better using domain-specific questions. Estimates of minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) differed with the anchor when these were based on mean changes. MCII estimates from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were not influenced by the choice of anchor when anchors had high agreement. Conclusion Domain-specific transition questions had higher construct validity as anchors for determining clinically important differences in health measures focused on a single domain than either global disease or general health transition questions.
Newborn male presented with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and choledochal cyst: A case report

Abstract Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have an increased incidence of associated malformations, ranging from 10% to 50% higher than the general population [1–5]. Choedochal cysts, congenital cystic dilations of the biliary tree, are anomalies that have not yet been described in association with CDH. We describe a patient with a left congenital diaphragmatic hernia who was later diagnosed with a choledochal cyst.
Supreme Court 2010 point–counterpoint: Kentucky v. King: the Supreme Court invites unwarranted police entry

In Kentucky v. King (2011), the Supreme Court held that police officers may enter a residence under the ‘exigent circumstances’ exception to the 4th Amendment’s search warrant requirement even when it is the police activity which creates the exigent circumstance. This case is the latest in a series of decisions in which the Supreme Court has weakened the protections of the 4th Amendment in the interests of police efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper, we take the position the Supreme Court erred in its decision; our colleague Martin O’Connor takes the opposite position. This is the latest in our annual ‘point–counterpoint’ series of articles on recent Supreme Court decisions affecting criminal justice.
A note on proper angular momentum variables and the implication for angular correlation theory

Abstract Although angular momentum theory in quantum mechanics has been extensively investigated, the uncertainty relations for the angular momentum variables seem not to have been considered in equal detail, and the present work is addressed to this problem. As an application, it is shown that the factorization of the angular correlation coefficients in the Legendre expansion for a two-step nuclear reaction involving a pure intermediate state, is a direct consequence of the uncertainty relations.
Superior rectus transposition vs medial rectus recession for treatment of esotropic Duane syndrome.

Importance Superior rectus transposition (SRT) with or without medial rectus recession (MRc) has been introduced as an alternative to MRc alone for treatment of esotropic Duane syndrome; however, the effectiveness of these procedures has not been compared previously. Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of MRc and SRT in treatment of Duane syndrome. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective medical record review of all patients with esotropic Duane syndrome who underwent surgical treatment from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2012, in a multispecialty, hospital-based pediatric ophthalmology/adult strabismus practice at Boston Children’s Hospital. Patients in the SRT group underwent SRT with or without MRc; those in the non-SRT group underwent unilateral or bilateral MRc. Exposures Surgical treatment of esotropic Duane syndrome. Main Outcomes and Measures Binocular alignment, ocular ductions, head position, stereopsis, and fundus torsion were recorded before surgery and at the 2-month and final postoperative visits. We also evaluated postoperative drift. Results The medical record review identified 36 patients who underwent 37 procedures, including 19 in the SRT group (13 SRT + MRc and 6 SRT alone) and 18 in the non-SRT group (11 unilateral MRc and 7 bilateral medial rectus resession). Mean MRc was smaller when performed with SRT (3.3 vs 5.3 mm;P = .004). Although the initial deviation was larger in the SRT group, both groups had a similar improvement in esotropia and head turn. Abduction improved by at least 1 unit in 15 of 19 patients in the SRT group (79%) vs 5 of 18 in the non-SRT group (28%). In 24 patients followed up for more than 6 months, mean esotropia decreased from 8.2 to 6.1 prism diopters (Δ) in the SRT group (n = 12) but increased from 7.2 to 10.9Δ in the non-SRT group (n = 12). Conclusions and Relevance The combination of SRT and MRc was more effective than MRc or bilateral medial rectus resession at improving abduction while allowing for a smaller recession to align the eyes and eliminate a compensatory head posture. Although any surgery on the vertical rectus muscles should in theory increase the risk for vertical or torsional complications, to date this theory has not been borne out in our patients. Patients treated with SRT appear to have a reduced likelihood of long-term undercorrection. We therefore recommend SRT with adjustable MRc for treatment of Duane syndrome in patients with larger amounts of esotropia.
Coexistence des especes de nematode entomopathogenes (Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae) ayant differents comportements de recherche de l'hote.

Summary- We srudied the interactions berween two enromopathogenic nematode species each with a difIerent foraging behavior in the presence ofrwo hosts at different soil depths. One week after nematode inoculation, hosts were added to the soil and additional hosts added at 30-day intervals. The densities of infective juveniles of the rwo nematode species were monitored over 90 to 180-day periods in soil samples or directly in the experimental containers using wax moth Jarvae as baits. Host placement in the soil strongly influenced the outcome of the competition berween the sit-and-wait forager (ambusher) Steinemema carpocapsae and active forager (cruiser) S. g/asen·. When hosts were introduced at 2 and 10 cm depths, few S. carpocapsae were recovered at 60 days and onwards after the first hosts had been introduced. S. glaseri, on the other hand, was not adversely affected by the presence of S. carpocapsae. When hosts were introduced at 0 and 10 cm depths, S. carpocapsae persisted in the presence of S. glaseri at significantly lower numbers than when it was alone, whereas S. glaseri was not significantly affected by the presence of S. carpocapsae. Numbers of recovered S. glasen:; however, tended to decrease after 30 - 60 days, even in the absence of its competitor. We posuuate that this decrease was because of its high susceptibilicy to intraspecific competition. In the combination of S. carpocapsae and the active forager Heterorhabduis bacleriophora, S. carpocapsae dominated the system during the first 90 days, and H. bacleriophora dominated during the la st 60 days. ln the laboratory, an ambusher and a cruiser entomopathogenic nematode species can coexist. In the field, many other factors will influence the population dynamics, and the higher diversity should promote the coexistence of entomopatho­ genic nematode species with clifferent foraging behavior.
A Quantitative Analysis of Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane Using Trypsin-catalyzed 18O Labeling

Typical mass spectrometry-based protein lists from purified fractions are confounded by the absence of tools for evaluating contaminants. In this report, we compare the results of a standard survey experiment using an ion trap mass spectrometer with those obtained using dual isotope labeling and a Q-TOF mass spectrometer to quantify the degree of enrichment of proteins in purified subcellular fractions of Arabidopsis plasma membrane. Incorporation of a stable isotope, either H(2)(18)O or H(2)(16)O, during trypsinization allowed relative quantification of the degree of enrichment of proteins within membranes after phase partitioning with polyethylene glycol/dextran mixtures. The ratios allowed the quantification of 174 membrane-associated proteins with 70 showing plasma membrane enrichment equal to or greater than ATP-dependent proton pumps, canonical plasma membrane proteins. Enriched proteins included several hallmark plasma membrane proteins, such as H(+)-ATPases, aquaporins, receptor-like kinases, and various transporters, as well as a number of proteins with unknown functions. Most importantly, a comparison of the datasets from a sequencing "survey" analysis using the ion trap mass spectrometer with that from the quantitative dual isotope labeling ratio method indicates that as many as one-fourth of the putative survey identifications are biological contaminants rather than bona fide plasma membrane proteins.
Imaging features of ovarian metastases from colonic adenocarcinoma in adolescents.

This paper describes the imaging features of ovarian metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon in adolescent females. We reviewed retrospectively abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic and pelvic ultrasound examinations, histologic slices, and clinical charts of six adolescent females with ovarian metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the colon. One patient had ovarian metastasis at presentation and was presumed to have a primary ovarian tumor. The ovarian metastases were either solid (n=3), complex with both solid and cystic components (n=2), or multilocular cysts (n=1). The ovarian lesions were large, ranging from 6 cm to 18 cm in diameter. Colorectal carcinoma in adolescent females is frequently associated with ovarian metastases. One imaging characteristic differs in adult and adolescent ovarian metastases, although they do have features in common: in adolescents, a smaller proportion of colorectal ovarian metastases are multicystic (17%) compared with the adult series (45%). These lesions are frequently large and may be complex, multicystic, or solid. Although it is a rare disease, the differential dignosis of adnexal masses in adolescent females should include ovarian metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon.
Autophagy Regulates TGF-β Expression and Suppresses Kidney Fibrosis Induced by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that cells use to degrade and recycle cellular proteins and remove damaged organelles. During the past decade, there has been a growing interest in defining the basic cellular mechanism of autophagy and its roles in health and disease. However, the functional role of autophagy in kidney fibrosis remains poorly understood. Here, using GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, we show that autophagy is induced in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) of obstructed kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Deletion of LC3B (LC3−/− mice) resulted in increased collagen deposition and increased mature profibrotic factor TGF-β levels in obstructed kidneys. Beclin 1 heterozygous (beclin 1+/−) mice also displayed increased collagen deposition in the obstructed kidneys after UUO. We also show that TGF-β1 induces autophagy in primary mouse RTECs and human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. LC3 deficiency resulted in increased levels of mature TGF-β in primary RTECs. Under conditions of TGF-β1 stimulation and autoinduction, inhibition of autolysosomal protein degradation by bafilomycin A1 increased mature TGF-β protein levels without alterations in TGF-β1 mRNA. These data suggest a novel intracellular mechanism by which mature TGF-β1 protein levels may be regulated in RTECs through autophagic degradation, which suppresses kidney fibrosis induced by UUO. The dual functions of TGF-β1, as an inducer of TGF-β1 autoinduction and an inducer of autophagy and TGF-β degradation, underscore the multifunctionality of TGF-β1.
Distributed estimation of power mismatch

The design of distributed filters for estimating the real power mismatch in multicontrol area power systems is considered. The filters' size in each area is equal to the number of tie lines plus one. Decoupling of the filters is achieved through additional measurements. A three-area system is used to demonstrate the proposed method. The system has an 18th-order model and at each area a third-order filter is designed. >
Streptococcus-Zebrafish Model of Bacterial Pathogenesis

Due to its small size, rapid generation time, powerful genetic systems, and genomic resources, the zebrafish has emerged as an important model of vertebrate development and human disease. Its well-developed adaptive and innate cellular immune systems make the zebrafish an ideal model for the study of infectious diseases. With a natural and important pathogen of fish, Streptococcus iniae, we have established a streptococcus- zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis. Following injection into the dorsal muscle, zebrafish developed a lethal infection, with a 50% lethal dose of 103 CFU, and died within 2 to 3 days. The pathogenesis of infection resembled that of S. iniae in farmed fish populations and that of several important human streptococcal diseases and was characterized by an initial focal necrotic lesion that rapidly progressed to invasion of the pathogen into all major organ systems, including the brain. Zebrafish were also susceptible to infection by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. However, disease was characterized by a marked absence of inflammation, large numbers of extracellular streptococci in the dorsal muscle, and extensive myonecrosis that occurred far in advance of any systemic invasion. The genetic systems available for streptococci, including a novel method of mutagenesis which targets genes whose products are exported, were used to identify several mutants attenuated for virulence in zebrafish. This combination of a genetically amenable pathogen with a well-defined vertebrate host makes the streptococcus-zebrafish model of bacterial pathogenesis a powerful model for analysis of infectious disease.