cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Year-Olds Interpret Novel Phonological Neighbors as Familiar Words.

When children hear a novel word in a context presenting a novel object and a familiar one, they usually assume that the novel word refers to the novel object. In a series of experiments, we tested whether this behavior would be found when 2-year-olds interpreted novel words that differed phonologically from familiar words in only 1 sound, either a vowel or consonant. Under these conditions children almost always chose the familiar object, though examination of eye movements showed that children did detect the tested phonological distinctions. Thus, children discounted perceptible phonological variations when doing so permitted a resolution of the speaker's meaning without postulating a new word. Children with larger vocabularies made novel-word interpretations more often than children with smaller vocabularies did. The results suggest that although young children do interpret speech in terms of a learned phonological system, this does not mean that children assume that phonological distinctions imply lexical distinctions. (PsycINFO Database Record
BioSentinel: A 6U Nanosatellite for Deep Space Biological Science

BioSentinel is a 6U nanosatellite planned to launch in 2020 as a secondary payload onboard NASA's Space Launch System first exploration mission, Artemis-1, from which it will be deployed to a lunar fly-by trajectory leading to a heliocentric orbit. BioSentinel will conduct the first in situ measurements of biological response to space radiation outside low Earth orbit (LEO) in five decades; it will thus address strategic knowledge gaps related to the biological effects of space radiation. BioSentinel will measure the DNA damage and response to ambient space radiation in a model biological organism, which will be compared to information provided by an onboard physical radiation sensor and to data obtained in LEO (on the International Space Station) and on Earth. The spacecraft will operate in a deep-space environment with functions that include command and data handling, communications, power generation and energy storage, and attitude determination and control, including micropropulsion. The BioSentinel spacecraft advances multiple nanosatellite systems in order to function beyond LEO; by doing so, it provides an adaptable instrument platform to perform a range of human-exploration-relevant measurements in multiple space environments. BioSentinel's results will be critical for improving interpretation of the biological effects of space radiation exposure, and for reducing the risk to humans associated with long-term space exploration.
Is Relationality a Genre

Review of Anne Ruggemeier, Die relationale Autobiographie: Ein Beitrag zur Theorie, Poetik und Gattungsgeschichte eines neuen Genres in der englischsprachigen Erzahlliteratur [Relational Autobiography: A Contribution to the Theory, Poetics, and Genre History of a New Genre in English-language Narrative Literature] (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2014)
Nebular ingassing as a source of volatiles to the Terrestrial planets

Abstract The source of volatiles is critical for understanding Terrestrial planet formation and the conditions that lead to habitable planets. The Earth lies inside the so-called ‘snow line’, outside of which H 2 O condenses to ice and can be incorporated into growing planetary bodies. Inside the snow line, incorporation of volatile elements is more problematic. A number of ideas have been proposed to explain sourcing of volatiles. One of the most common models involves late addition of volatile-rich chondritic material to the Terrestrial planets. This idea satisfies many of the geochemical constraints of the inner planets, but chondrites generally have D/H ratios that are considerably higher than the bulk Earth value. Here it is proposed that ingassing of a nebular atmosphere was an important source of hydrogen and other volatiles to Earth. If the proto-solar nebula was still present by the time the Earth approached its present size, then a dense atmosphere would necessarily develop and ingassing would be inevitable. The low D/H ratio of this component would offset the heavier chondritic and cometary sources and adequately explain the present-day volatile composition of the Earth. Hydrogen ingassing is a two-step process. The first stage involves the formation of a dense nebular atmosphere in the first ~ 10 My after the collapse of the proto-solar nebula. The atmosphere would cause heating of the planetary core to sufficient temperatures so as to cause complete melting. Massive ingassing of H 2 , H 2 O and other volatiles would occur. The oxygen fugacity ( f (O 2 )) of the mantle would be lowered and Fe 2 + would be reduced to Fe o and FeH x and then sequestered into the core. The second stage occurs after the nebula dissipates. Now H 2 would degas into the thin atmosphere and be lost to space by hydrodynamic escape. The degassing of H 2 would raise the f (O 2 ) of Earth to its present oxidized state and increase the D/H ratio of the remaining hydrogen to a value of ~− 300‰ (vs VSMOW). Evidence for this primitive component is found on samples from Earth, Moon and 4 Vesta. Later addition of chondritic and cometary material brought the D/H and 15 N/ 14 N ratios up to their present value. The scenario outlined here eliminates many of the problems inherent in previous models for volatile delivery to Earth.
Comparing function structures and pruned function structures for market price prediction: An approach to benchmarking representation inferencing value

Benchmarking function modeling and representation approaches requires a direct comparison, including the inferencing support by the different approaches. To this end, this paper explores the value of a representation by comparing the ability of a representation to support reasoning based on varying amounts of information stored in the representational components of a function structure: vocabulary, grammar, and topology. This is done by classifying the previously developed functional pruning rules into vocabulary, grammatical, and topological classes and applying them to function structures available from an external design repository. The original and pruned function structures of electromechanical devices are then evaluated for how accurately market values can be predicted using the graph complexity connectivity method. The accuracy is found to be inversely related to the amount of information and level of detail. Applying the topological rule does not significantly impact the predictive power of the models, while applying the vocabulary rules and the grammar rules reduces the accuracy of the predictions. Finally, the least predictive model set is that which had all rules applied. In this manner, the value of a representation to predict or answer questions is quantified.
Syntax-directed keyboard extension: Evolution and evaluation

The syntax-directed keyboard extension presented by Almusaly et al. in 2015 allows programmers to input Java source code with fewer errors and keystrokes compared to the soft QWERTY keyboard and it supports a comparable typing speed. While these results were obtained after only 10 minutes of practice, it is unclear how long term use affects performance. In this paper, we present an updated design for the original syntax-directed keyboard extension, replicate the original results, and evaluate the evolved design with Java programmers over eight sessions in a period of two weeks. Our results indicate that a programmer using the new keyboard extension for two weeks can input Java programs 16.5% faster (words per minute) than an expert QWERTY keyboard typist. In addition, we demonstrate that the efficiency and accuracy for inputting Java source code improves with repeated use over time and that perceived mental, physical, and temporal demands of the keyboard extension decrease over time.
Abstract 153: IL-17 Amplifies Thrombosis in a Mouse Model of DVT

Background: Immune cells are known to participate in thrombosis. A subset of IL-17 producing T-cells plays a role in the inflammatory dysregulation of inflammatory bowel disease, malignancy, and ac...
The Role of Core Competencies in the Corporation

The scorecard of Western firms—be it performance along dimensions such as quality, cycle time and cost, or growth and new business creation—has been less than satisfactory. We need a new approach t...
Ocular Paraneoplastic Diseases

Paraneoplastic disorders are defined as syndromes in which the affected end organ is not a direct consequence of the mass or of distant metastasis. Instead, autoimmune response to the primary tumor causes end organ disorder and dysfunction. The temporal relationship of paraneoplastic illnesses can occur before, at the time of diagnosis, or after the identification of the primary malignancy, and in rare cases the primary malignancy may never be discovered.
Disability and Well-Being in Northern Nigeria

In this chapter, I examine the meaning of well-being (lafiya) for physically disabled women and men—mainly as a result of polio—who live in Zaria, in Northern Nigeria. For them, the physical condition of being lame is not necessarily a source of stigma. Rather, the disabled person who has established a family with children; has extended family connections, active social and political ties, an education, and work; and who maintains a religious life has lafiya—well-being—despite being disabled. Yet the experiences of those who are disabled—based on class background, education, and gender—also affect what constitutes well-being. In Zaria, the life experiences of disabled women and men are quite different. While aspects of well-being (lafiya) in Zaria overlap with some US Quality of Life Indices, local cultural concerns, economic constraints, and infrastructural restrictions underscore the distinctive ways in which disability and well-being are experienced in Northern Nigeria.
School of nursing variables related to male student college choice.

Minimal attention has been given to targeting men as a source of nursing school applicants. In this study, a survey was conducted of all U.S. baccalaureate programs accredited by the NLN. School variables and recruitment strategies related to male application and enrollment rates were identified. Consisting of 5.3% of the average school enrollment rate, men remain a minority in nursing schools. Twelve percent of the schools reported no men enrolled in their programs. Seventy percent of the schools reported no effort to recruit men. Schools with higher male application and enrollment rates had lower educational costs, more male faculty, more doctorally prepared faculty, larger gift and endowment funds, and provided expense paid visits to the campus for high school personnel. Only a few isolated schools recruited men into their programs with success.
Safety Threshold Considerations for Sunscreen Systemic Exposure: A Simulation Study.

Sunscreens are regulated as over-the-counter drugs in the United States. Some sunscreen ingredients are absorbed into the systemic circulation, which raises concerns about the safety of these drugs. There is limited information on the systemic exposure for most sunscreen ingredients. This report estimates the systemic absorption of two sunscreen active ingredients, oxybenzone and enzacamene, by developing a pharmacokinetic model from published sunscreen absorption data and compares the results with safety thresholds proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration and in the literature. Our analysis indicates that systemic absorption can be substantial, and evaluation of the systemic exposure of sunscreen ingredients is warranted to better assess any long-term risks of use.
Abstract 4629: Synergistic growth inhibitor effect on a patient derived NF1 pilocytic astrocytoma cell line with the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 and MEK inhibitor trametinib

Pediatric low grade glioma (PLGG) is the most common brain tumor of childhood. If the tumor is located in a region of the brain that is not accessible for surgical resection, additional therapies are needed. We and others have identified mTORC and MEK-activation in PLGG. The dual mTORC1/2-inhibitor, TAK228, and the FDA approved MEK-inhibitor, trametinib, are promising candidates for targeted PLGG therapy. We hypothesized that TAK228 and trametinib would show synergistic effects in vitro and in vivo PLGG models. We treated in vitro four different patient-derived PLGG cell lines with TAK228, trametinib, or vehicle control: JHH_NF1_PA1 (NF1 mutation), BT66_SV40/hTERT (BRAFfusion), Res186 and Res259 (both cell lines with mTOR and MAPK activation). In vivo, BT40 (BRAF V600E ) tumor cells were investigated with both agents in immunodeficient mice. Cell growth was investigated using MTS-assay compared to vehicle control. Activation of MAPK pathway was detected via Western Blot by phosphorylated ERK compared to total ERK, and β-actin. mTOR pathway was investigated with pAKT, pS6, and p4E-BP1 compared to the total protein amount and β-actin. In all of the cell lines, treatment with TAK228 or trametinib reduces cell growth and proliferation in a dose and time depended manner. We have found a robust synergistic (via Chou-Talalay method) effect for JHH_NF1_PA1, Res186, and Res259 cells in clinically relevant doses of both drugs (5nM, 10nM, 20nM). BT66_SV40/hTERT cells have a significant reduction in cell growth under TAK228 treatment after 4 days by up to 70% (p Citation Format: Antje Arnold, Ming Yuan, Fausto J. Rodriguez, Charles G. Eberhart, Eric H. Raabe. Synergistic growth inhibitor effect on a patient derived NF1 pilocytic astrocytoma cell line with the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor TAK228 and MEK inhibitor trametinib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4629.
Sex-specific effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on bone mineral density and body composition: A pooled analysis of four clinical trials.

Objective Studies of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) therapy in older adults suggest sex-specific effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition, but the ability of a single study to reach this conclusion was limited. We evaluated the effects of DHEA on sex hormones, BMD, fat mass and fat-free mass in older women and men enrolled in four similar clinical trials. Design Pooled analyses of data from four double-blinded, randomized controlled trials. Participants Women (n = 295) and men (n = 290) aged 55 years or older who took DHEA or placebo tablet daily for 12 months. Measurements Twelve-month changes in BMD, fat mass, fat-free mass and serum DHEA sulphate (DHEAS), (17)estradiol, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Results Women on DHEA had increases (mean ± SD; all P Conclusions Dehydroepiandrosterone therapy may be an effective approach for preserving bone and muscle mass in women. Key questions are (a) the extent to which longer duration DHEA can attenuate the loss of bone and muscle in women, and (b) whether DHEA has a more favourable benefit-to-risk profile for women than oestrogen therapy.
Tolerance of Supina Bluegrass to Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides

Abstract Supina bluegrass (Poa supina) is being increasingly used for shaded lawns and golf course tees due to its excellent shade tolerance. The herbicide tolerance, however, is undocumented becau...
Individual free fatty acids have unique associations with inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnant women.

Objective We investigated the relationships of maternal circulating individual free fatty acids (FFA) with insulin resistance, insulin secretion and inflammatory biomarkers during mid-pregnancy. Research design and methods The data were drawn from a prospective cohort of generally healthy pregnant women (n=1368, African-American 36%, Hispanic 48%, Caucasian 16%) in Camden, NJ. We quantitatively determined 11 FFAs, seven cytokine/adipokine, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and C-peptide levels from the fasting blood samples that were collected at 16 weeks of gestation. Multivariate analyses were performed along with separate analyses for each individual FFA. Results High HOMA-IR (p Conclusion Our results suggest that maternal individual FFAs uniquely affect insulin resistance and secretion. The effects are either direct or indirect via modulation of the inflammatory response. Modifying the composition of FFAs may help in reducing the risk of GDM.
Ilookout for child abuse: conceptual and practical considerations in creating an online learning programme to engage learners and promote behaviour change

iLookOut for Child Abuse (iLookOut) is an online, interactive educational programme designed to help early childhood educators/practitioners protect young children from harm, and in particular to b...
Sustainability and Resilience in Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnics: Integrating Advanced Technologies for Better Asset Management

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015, enumerates 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to be achieved by the member countries by 2030. The resolution highlights the importance of sustainable cities and communities to their future needs for sustenance and livability. Transportation infrastructure like roads, embankments, bridges, railroads, airports, docks, and canals serve as pathways for the mobility of people, goods, and services, and form the backbone of cities and communities. The construction, operation, and rehabilitation of these facilities puts significant strain on the local, state, and federal agencies, for example by depleting natural resources and contributing to the global carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. Further, these features stimulate anthropocentric (i.e., human beings are the most significant entity of the universe) development in a region that affects land-use patterns and influences the demography of communities.
The Development of Health Self-Management Among Adolescents With Chronic Conditions: An Application of Self-Determination Theory.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to better understand the progressive development of health self-management among adolescents and emerging adults (AEAs) with chronic medical conditions in order to identify opportunities to prepare AEA for transition to adult-based care. Methods Twenty-three AEA aged 17–20 years with renal, inflammatory bowel, or rheumatologic diseases, and their parents, completed individual semistructured interviews describing each AEA's health self-management. Self-Determination Theory was used to frame interview questions, including the constructs of competence, autonomy, and autonomy support. Transcripts were analyzed using directed content analysis. Results Four themes emerged: Development of Competence in Self-Management; Autonomy: Motivations to Self-Manage; Ways Important Others Support or Hinder Independence; and Normal Adolescent Development. AEA's competency and autonomy increased as they progressed from lack of knowledge about self-management to having knowledge without doing tasks, and, ultimately, to independent completion of tasks. Motivations to self-manage included avoiding sickness/weakness and wanting to engage in activities. Parents and providers supported AEA's autonomy through teaching and transferring responsibility. Parental fear/lack of trust in AEA's ability to self-manage hindered development of AEA's autonomy, producing anxiety. Normal adolescent development impacted timing of self-management task mastery. Conclusions As AEA gain competence in increasingly complex self-management tasks, they assume greater responsibility for managing their health. Competence and autonomy are facilitated by a feedback loop: AEA successful self-management increased parent trust, enabling the parent to transfer responsibility for more complex tasks. Conversely, parents' fear of the AEA doing wrong hinders transfer of responsibility, limiting competence and autonomy. Health-care providers play an important role in fostering autonomy.
Abstract 3898: Structure-based optimization of small molecule inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between menin and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)

Chromosomal translocations that affect the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene result in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. Fusion of MLL with one of 60 different partner genes generates MLL fusion proteins which lead to enhanced cell proliferation, up-regulation of Hoxa9 and Meis1 genes and block hematopoietic differentiation, ultimately leading to acute leukemia. Importantly, the N-terminal region of MLL is retained in all MLL fusion proteins and represents the interaction site of menin, a critical oncogenic cofactor for MLL fusion proteins. As a result, inhibition of the menin-MLL interaction should abrogate the development and progression of MLL leukemia. Therefore, disruption of the menin-MLL interaction with small molecule inhibitors might represent a therapeutic strategy for patients harboring MLL-rearrangements. The development of potent small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions with optimized drug-like properties represents a challenging task in the lead optimization process. Here, we employed structure-based design with extensive medicinal chemistry efforts to optimize the thienopyrimidine class of menin-MLL inhibitors represented by the MI-136 compound. Our efforts resulted in development of MI-538, which represents the most potent small molecule inhibitor of the menin-MLL interaction developed to date. MI-538, which binds to menin with a Kd of 6.5 nM demonstrated superior cellular activity in MLL-AF9 transformed leukemic cells with a GI50 = 83 nM. In a mouse xenograft model utilizing MV4:11 human MLL leukemia cells, treatment with MI-538 significantly reduced tumor growth. Overall, systematic exploration of substituents on MI-136 led to the identification of MI-538 with improved activity, selectivity, polarity and pharmacokinetic profile, making it suitable for in vivo studies. Interestingly, we found that simultaneous incorporation of multiple substituents optimized for each site on the cyanoindole ring of MI-136 does not always positively affect the activity or drug-like properties of these compounds. This study demonstrates challenges in optimizing inhibitors of protein-protein interaction for potential therapeutic applications. Citation Format: Jonathan Pollock, Dmitry Borkin, Katarzyna Kempinska, Trupta Purohit, Xiaoqin Li, Bo Wen, Ting Zhao, Hongzhi Miao, Shirish Shukla, Miao He, Duxin Sun, Tomasz Cierpicki, Jolanta Grembecka. Structure-based optimization of small molecule inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between menin and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3898.
Outcomes of infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: results from three NICHD studies.

To determine the association of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) with death or disability among infants with moderate or severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia. We compared infants with and without PPHN enrolled in the hypothermia arm from three randomized controlled trials (RCTs): Induced Hypothermia trial, “usual care” arm of Optimizing Cooling trial, and Late Hypothermia trial. Primary outcome was death or disability at 18–22 months adjusted for severity of HIE, center, and RCT. Among 280 infants, 67 (24%) were diagnosed with PPHN. Among infants with and without PPHN, death or disability was 47% vs. 29% (adjusted OR: 1.65, 0.86–3.14) and death was 26% vs. 12% (adjusted OR: 2.04, 0.92–4.53), respectively. PPHN in infants with moderate or severe HIE was not associated with a statistically significant increase in primary outcome. These results should be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size.
Urodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis: is it necessary? A randomized-controlled trial.

The need for complete urodynamic evaluation in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) is not fully established in the literature. The objective was to evaluate th...
Staging Encounters with the End in Pre-Apocalyptic-Post-3.11 Japan

This paper offers a critical engagement with endings in relation to formulations of crisis and futures through two sites that stage an encounter with the end. The first is the permanent exhibit at ...
Post-colonial attitudes and the relevance of incommensurability

This paper reflects upon the enduring relevance of Peter Fitzpatrick's analysis of incommensurability in the context of post-colonialism and the lived experiences of Indigenous peoples in the US.
Competitive Food and Beverage Policies and Obesity among Middle School Students: Variability by Urbanicity in California.

Introduction: This study examined the association between California school nutrition policies and population-level trends in childhood overweight/obesity by levels of urbanicity. Methods: We used ...
CHAPTER 61 – Oophoritis

Publisher Summary The chapter describes oophoritis also known as autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD). It begins with the history of AOD, clinical features, pathology, and epidemiology. AOD has been identified primarily by indirect and circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence for AOD includes lymphocytic infiltration of ovarian follicles in women with premature ovarian failure (POF), frequent association of POF and infertility with other autoimmune diseases, and a tendency of POF to be familial. Indirect evidence for an autoimmune disease of the ovary includes the association of ovarian autoantibodies with POF and some types of infertility. Furthermore, chapter discusses several types of ovary-specific autoantibodies, including those to microsomal antigens, granulosa cells, thecal cells, zona pellucida (ZP), and oocytes. Moreover, ovarian autoantibodies are the main diagnostic indicator of AOD. Antibodies are detected by immunoassay or immunohistochemistry, and results may vary slightly depending on the antigen preparation and assay conditions. Current research is directed at identifying the specific target antigens that can lead to routine commercial tests.
The Corticostriatal Fiber System in the Rhesus Monkey: Organization and Development

Publisher Summary Over the past decade, methods for defining the biochemical, physiological and morphological properties of neurons in the central nervous system have developed at an unprecedented pace. These developments have revolutionized ideas and concepts about virtually every component structure of the nervous system. This “anatomic revolution” has had a particularly profound impact on understanding of the two largest forebrain structures - the neocortex and the neostriatum. Perhaps recent advances in unraveling the anatomical complexities of these structures seem the more impressive because only a decade ago the telencephalon was so poorly understood. The prime goal here has been to use advanced neurobiological methods to penetrate the cellular and hodological organization of this complex system as an avenue toward understanding its functions in normal behavior and in mental disease. This chapter reports some recent findings that may be of particular relevance to the “higher brain functions” that constitute the focus of this conference.
State Strategies to Improve Low-Performing Schools: California's High Priority Schools Grant Program:

BackgroundSchool accountability policies and high-stakes testing have created new demands on state policy makers to provide assistance to low-performing schools. California's response was the Immed...
Quand les ménagères se font militantes: la Ligue auxiliaire de l'Association internationale des machinistes, 1905-1980

This article examines the social and political involvement of a group of working class housewives during the 20th century. The Canadian locals of the Auxiliary League of the International Association of Machinists, from their formation in 1905 through to the 1930s, promoted family-oriented activities as being at the heart of the workers' and trade union movement, offering members an important locus both for education and political action. After World War II, however, although members of the League contined to be publicly involved in their communities, their expressions of a sense of belonging to the workers' and trade union movement were clearly more ambiguous. The evolution of the League is examined in the light of structural changes which affected the trade union movement during the 1920s and 1930s. Resume Cet article examine l'implication sociale et politique d'un groupe de menageres de la classe ouvriere au cours du vingtieme siecle. Des leur formation en 1905, jusque dans les annees trente, les locaux canadiens de la Ligue auxiliaire de l'Association internationale des machinistes ont promu des activites de nature familiale au sein du mouvement ouvrier et syndical. Ils ont egalement offert a leurs membres un centre d'education et d'action politique important. Apres la deuxieme guerre mondiale cependant, alors que les membres de la Ligue continuent de s'impliquer publiquement au sein de leurs communautes, elles expriment un sentiment d'appartenance au mouvement syndical et ouvrier nettement plus ambigu. L'evolution de la Ligue est examine a la lumiere des changements structurels qui affectent le mouvement syndical au cours des annees trente et quarante.
RENAL (VASOPRESSIN-RESISTANT) DIABETES INSIPIDUS Definition of the Effects of a Homeostatic Limitation in Capacity to Conserve Water on the Physical, Intellectual and Emotional Development of a Child

It has been shown that the impact of an enduring limitation in homeostatic capacity on daily life can be defined in an objective manner. It is concluded that such information is of value in determining the patient9s therapeutic needs, planning ways to fulfill them and in judging the efficacy of therapy.
Chemically distinct compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys relay principal and spinal trigeminal pathways to different layers of the somatosensory cortex

The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the monkey thalamus was investigated with combined immunocytochemical, histochemical, and connection-tracing techniques. Injections of anterogradely transported tracers were placed selectively in the caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex, and retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent dyes were placed on the surface or into the depths of defined parts of the trigeminal representation in the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the cerebral cortex. The results are correlated with those of the preceding paper (Rausell and Jones, 1991), which demonstrated the presence of 2 domains in the nucleus on the basis of different patterns of cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity. The cells of the CO-defined rod and matrix domains receive inputs from different components of the trigeminal afferent system and project to different layers of SI. The large- and medium-sized relay cells of the CO-rich rods, which are immunoreactive for parvalbumin, all project to middle layers of SI. The small relay cells of the weakly-stained CO-matrix, surrounding and intervening between the rods, are immunoreactive for 28-kDa calbindin and project to superficial layers (I and II) of SI. Anterograde tracing studies reveal that the rod domain in VPM is innervated by fibers arising in the contra- and ipsilateral principal trigeminal nucleus, while the matrix domain (and calbindin-positive domains in adjacent nuclei) are innervated by fibers arising in the caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal complex. These results demonstrate the modularity and parallel streaming of the functional components of the trigeminal part of the somatic sensory system and suggest that lemniscal and nonlemniscal elements of the system gain access by separate routes to different layers of the SI cortex.
Mucosal antibody response to parenteral vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b capsule.

Abstract The simultaneous serum and mucosal antibody response to parenteral vaccination with the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide capsule (PRP) was evaluated in a group of 10 children and nine adults. All subjects responded to parenteral vaccination with an increase in serum anticapsular antibody. The children's preimmunization anti-PRP antibody level (x= 0.04 μg/ml) and 3 wk postimmunization level (x = 19.3 μg/ml) were lower than the adults' (preimmunization x=1.5 μg/ml; postimmunization x=81.2 μg/ml). Eight of 10 children and seven of nine adults also developed a rise in antibody in nasal secretions. The children's mean nasal preimmunization level was 0.74 μg/mg IgA and mean postimmunization level was 5.0 μg/mg IgA. The adults' mean nasal preimmunization level was 0.98 μg/mg IgA and mean postimmunization level was 3.0 μg/mg IgA. Salivary antibody responses generally followed the pattern of nasal antibody responses. These data suggest that parenteral administration with the Hib capsular polysaccharide can produce a mucosal antibody response. Furthermore, although serum antibody responses to PRP vaccination are greater in adults than in children, mucosal antibody responses are comparable.
High-Dose Intra-Arterial Cisplatin Boost With Hyperfractionated Radiation Therapy for Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of intra-arterial (IA) cisplatin boost with hyperfractionated radiation therapy (HFX-RT) in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients with locally advanced primary SCCHN were treated on consecutive phase I/II studies of HFX-RT (receiving a total of 76.8 to 81.6 Gy, given at 1.2 Gy bid) and IA cisplatin (150 mg/m2 received at the start of and during RT boost treatment). RESULTS: Acute grade 3 to 4 toxicities were as follows: grade 4 and grade 3 mucosal toxicity occurred in three (7%) and 31 patients (69%), respectively, and grade 3 hematologic, infectious, and skin events occurred in one patient each. Eight of 24 patients (33%) were unable to receive a second planned dose of IA cisplatin because of general anxiety (n = 5), nausea and/or emesis (n = 2), or asymptomatic occlusion of an external carotid artery (n = 1). Thirty-seven patients (88%) experienced complete response (CR) at pri...
Estimating Herbicide Partition Coefficients from Electromagnetic Induction Measurements

A potential methods for reducing pesticide leaching is to base application rates on the leaching potential of a specific chemical and soil combination. However, leaching is determined in part by the partitioning of the chemical between the soil and soil solution, which varies across a field. Standard methods of measuring the pesticide-soil partitioning coefficient (K d ) are too expensive and slow for routine field mapping. Therefore, alternative methods for mapping K d must be found if variable application methods are to be successful. We investigated the use of noncontacting electromagnetic induction measurements as surrogate measures of K d . We measured the partition coefficient for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), apparent electrical conductivity by electromagnetic induction (E m ), and mass fraction of soil organic carbon (f ) on a 250 by 250 m grid with a 25 m spacing. Both K d and f were lognormally distributed, while E m was poorly described by either a normal or lognormal distribution. Maps of the measured parameters showed similar spatial patterns, having low values on well-drained soils and high values on poorly drained soils. Correlation coeffients between K d and E m and K d and f were 0.575 and 0.686, and showed distinct spatial patterns. Spatial structure as indicated by correlograms indicated that each parameter was spatially dependent to distances of about 80 m. Simple relationships of K d =176 f and K d =exp(0.00336 E m ) were found between the data. Maps of K d estimated from f or E m were similar to measured K d , but more diffuse. Electromagnetic induction measurements failed to predict the observed high K d values. The advantage of using E m measurements to map K d that it is a rapid, easy, and inexpensive method once it has been calibrated
Sound pressure damping using piezoelectric membranes with negative capacitance circuits

Piezoelectric membranes connected to negative capacitance circuits (NCC) are studied as a possible solution to damping acoustic loads. Two experiments are performed to test this theory. In the first experiment, a piezoelectric patch is stretched across an acoustic tube's cross section and connected to a NCC tuned to minimize the transmitted sound. Variable position microphones are used to measure sound pressure levels. The second experiment models a launch vehicle. Piezoelectric patches are used to enclose the inner payload chamber and isolate it from acoustic noise. Microphones are positioned both inside and outside the chamber to measure the noise reduction.
Electro-optic waveguide modulators by the integration of self-assembled superlattices with polymeric and semiconductor materials

We describe here the fabrication and characterization of novel organic electro-optic materials composed of self-assembled superlattices. The SAS structures are intrinsically acentric and exhibit large second harmonic generation and electro-optic responses. This approach using SAS electro-optic materials has advantages such as not requiring poling for creating nonlinearity in the films and efficient film growth on a variety of substrates over large areas. Prototype waveguide electro-optic modulators have been fabricated using SAS films integrated wtih low-loss polymeric materials functioning as partial guiding and cladding layers. The waveguide EO modulators are fabricated using a multistep process including e-beam deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, photolithogrpahy, and reactive ion etching. Electro-optic parameters such as thehalf-wave voltage and the effective electro-optic coefficient, and the velocity mismatch between the optical and radio frequency waves have been evaluated.
Practicing Autonomously: A Comparison of Nurses

Forty-five subjects including community health nurses with baccalaureate nursing degrees, senior-level generic nursing students, and registered nurses in a baccalaureate nursing program were compared on age, years of employment in nursing, and three variables of professional autonomy: nurses' rights and responsibilities, the nurse-patient relationship, and nurses' role in health care delivery. It was predicted that nurses from baccalaureate programs and those practicing in community health nursing would perceive themselves as more autonomous and that age and years of employment in nursing would not appreciably alter perceptions of autonomy. An analysis of variance confirmed the initial prediction at the 0.01 level of significance or better for nurses' rights and responsibilities and their role in health care delivery. A significant negative correlation was obtained between age and nurses' rights and responsibilities for the community health nurses; a significant positive correlation was obtained between years of work experience and nurses' rights and responsibilities for only the registered nurses. This study is perceived as an initial step in a lengthy process aimed at identifying factors that influence nurses' perceptions about professional autonomy.
Culture of rat renal medullary tissue in media made hyperosmotic with NaCl and urea

During antidiuresis, the rat kidney maintains a variable and steep osmotic gradient from the cortex (300 mOsm) to the inner medulla (at least 2,600 mOsm). Therefore, cells in the renal medulla must be able to adapt to a variably hyperosmotic environment. We have examined the ability of tissue fragments taken from various points on the cortical-medullary axis to survive and grow when cultured in media made hyperosmotic with urea and NaCl. Survival and growth were measured by the explants' ability to produce epithelial outgrowths. At osmotic concentrations of 1,100 and 1,200 mOsm, only explants from the inner medulla produced epithelial outgrowths. At 700 mOsm, all explants produced outgrowths but outgrowth size was a function of position on the cortical-medullary axis, with inner medullary fragments producing the largest outgrowths. Growth was most rapid at all osmolalities when the Na+:urea ratio was 1:1. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that renal medullary cells are adapted to elevated concentrations of Na+ and urea. Both explants and epithelial outgrowths were examined using light and electron microscopy. Physical continuities between the epithelial outgrowths and collecting duct epithelium in the explants, as well as the ultrastructural characteristics of the outgrowths at 700 mOsm, indicated that the outgrowths may have originated from collecting duct epithelium. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SIMD-parallel understanding of natural language with application to magnitude-only optical parsing of text

A novel parallel model of natural language (NL) understanding is presented which can realize high levels of semantic abstraction, and is designed for implementation on synchronous SIMD architectures and optical processors. Theory is expressed in terms of the Image Algebra (IA), a rigorous, concise, inherently parallel notation which unifies the design, analysis, and implementation of image processing algorithms. The IA has been implemented on numerous parallel architectures, and IA preprocessors and interpreters are available for the FORTRAN and Ada languages. In a previous study, we demonstrated the utility of IA for mapping MEA- conformable (Multiple Execution Array) algorithms to optical architectures. In this study, we extend our previous theory to map serial parsing algorithms to the synchronous SIMD paradigm. We initially derive a two-dimensional image that is based upon the adjacency matrix of a semantic graph. Via IA template mappings, the operations of bottom-up parsing, semantic disambiguation, and referential resolution are implemented as image-processing operations upon the adjacency matrix. Pixel-level operations are constrained to Hadamard addition and multiplication, thresholding, and row/column summation, which are available in magnitude-only optics. Assuming high parallelism in the parse rule base, the parsing of n input symbols with a grammar consisting of M rules of arity H, on an N-processor architecture, could exhibit time complexity of T(n) <EQ O(MHn/N). When N equals O (Mn), which is feasible with massive parallelism, the computational cost is constant and of order H. Since H < < n is typical, we claim a fundamental complexity advantage over the current O(n) theoretical time limit of MIMD parsing architectures. Additionally, we show that inference over a semantic net is achievable is parallel in O(m) time, where m corresponds to the depth of the search tree. Results are evaluated in terms of computational cost on SISD and SIMD processors, with discussion of implementation on electro-optic architectures.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A comparative study of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28K, calretinin, calmodulin and parvalbumin in the rat spinal cord

Abstract Comparison of the immunocytochemical localizations revealed distinct patterns of differential distribution and overlapping of calbindin-D28K (CB-D28K), calretinin (CR), calmodulin (CM) and parvalbumin (PV) in the rat spinal cord. In some areas, one of the four calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) appears to be predominant, for example, CB-D28K in lamina I and ependymal cells, PV at the inner part of laminae II, CR in laminae V and VI and CM in motoneurons of lamina IX. In other regions of the spinal cord, more than one CBPs was abundant. CB-D28K and CR were similarly distributed in lamina II and the lateral spinal and cervical nucleus; CM and PV were similarly abundant in the ventromedial dorsal horn, internal basilar and central cervical nucleus; CR and PV were similarly heterogeneous in the gracile fasciculus from caudal to rostral spinal cord. In the sacral dorsal gray commissure, the distribution patterns of CR and PV were clearly complementary. The unilateral ganglionectomies resulted
Diabatic Modification of an Extratropical Marine Cyclone Warm Sector by Cold Underlying Water

Abstract On 25–27 January 1988, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Wave Propagation Laboratory, Drexel University, and the Office of Naval Research carried out a combined pre-ERICA research aircraft investigation of a major marine cyclone moving northeastward over the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Flight-level and dropwindsonde observations documented the diabatic modification of the cyclone's warm sector marine boundary layer (MBL) as it moved out over cold underlying water. These observations and results from the Blackadar one-dimensional boundary layer model both show that heat fluxes were directed downward from the warm sector MBL into the cold ocean. Vertical gradients of these downward heat fluxes diabatically cooled the lower portion of the warm sector MBL and generated large static stability within the entire layer. The increase in stable stratification allowed large vertical wind shear to exist within this layer and strong wind speeds to exist at its top. The increase in static ...
In situ detection of tandem DNA repeat length

Abstract A simple method for scoring short tandem DNA repeats is presented. An oligonucleotide target, containing tandem repeats embedded in a unique sequence, was hybridized to a set of complementary probes, containing tandem repeats of known lengths. Single-stranded loop structures formed on duplexes containing a mismatched (different) number of tandem repeats. No loop structure formed on duplexes containing a matched (identical) number of tandem repeats. The matched and mismatched loop structures were enzymatically distinguished and differentially labeled by treatment with S1 nuclease and the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase.
Landscape-scale habitat availability, and not local geography, predicts migratory landbird stopover across the Gulf of Maine

While it is clear that many migratory behaviors are shared across taxa, generalizable models that predict the distribution and abundance of migrating taxa at the landscape scale are rare. In migratory landbirds, ephemeral concentrations of refueling birds indicate that individual behaviors sometimes produce large epiphenomena in particular geographic locations. Identifying landscape factors that predict the distribution and abundance of birds during migratory stopover will both improve our understanding of the migratory process and assist in broad, regionally relevant conservation. In this study we used autumnal passerine stopover data from a fi ve-year period and eleven stopover sites across coastal Maine, USA, to test four broad hypotheses of migrant distribution and abundance that have been supported in other regions: a) the community characteristics of the pool of potential migrants, b) a site ’ s local geography, c) landscape composition and confi guration measured at diff erent spatial scales, and d) interactions between these factors. Our fi nal model revealed that birds concentrate at ‘ habitat islands ’ , sites that possess a disproportionate percentage of the vegetated habitat in the 4-km surrounding landscape. Th e strength of this pattern, however, was inversely proportional to a species ’ remaining migratory distance. Our results corroborate several studies that emphasize the importance of land cover composition at fi ner spatial scales ( 80 km 2 ) for predicting the stopover distribution and abundances of migratory birds. Th is suggests that diff erent migrants likely assess stopover sites with similar mechanisms along their migratory route, and these commonalities may be broadly applied to identify stopover locations of conservation importance across the continent.