cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portrayal of medical decision making around medical interventions life-saving encounters on three medical television shows

Previous literature has shown that patients obtain information about the medical system from television shows. Additionally, shared decision making is regularly cited as the ideal way to make decisions during a medical encounter. Little information exists surrounding the characteristics of medical decision-making, such as who makes the decision on medical television shows. We evaluate the characteristics of medical decisions in life-saving encounters on medical television shows and evaluate if these characteristics were different on staged and reality television shows. We coded type of medical intervention, patient’s ability to participate in decision, presence of patient advocate during decision, final decision maker, decision to use intervention, and controversy surrounding decision on three television shows. Frequencies by show were calculated and differences across the three television shows and between staged (ER) and reality (BostonMed and Hopkins) television shows were assessed with chi-square tests. The final data set included 37 episodes, 137 patients and 593 interventions. On ER, providers were significantly more likely to make the decision about the medical intervention without informing the patient when a patient was capable of making a decision compared to BostonMed or Hopkins (p < 0.001). Across all shows, 99 % of all decisions on whether to use a medical intervention resulted in the use of that intervention. Medical interventions are widely portrayed in the medical television shows we analyzed. It is possible that what patients see on television influences their expectations surrounding the decision making process and the use of medical interventions in everyday healthcare encounters.
Lost in Translation: Cul3-Dependent Pathological Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders.

In this issue of Neuron, Dong et al. (2020) finds that deficiency of the psychiatric risk gene Cul3, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, leads to an upregulation of Cap-dependent protein translation. The resulting imbalance in protein synthesis and degradation is found to disrupt glutamatergic transmission and excitability in networks that underlie sociability and anxiety.
Task partitioning in ants lacking discrete morphological worker subcastes

Task partitioning allows for efficient coordination of behavior in social insect colonies. Many task allocation studies focus on social insect species with discrete morphological worker subcastes, such as those possessing major and minor workers with strongly differentiated body plans. Much less is known about task partitioning among size-variable workers lacking discrete morphological subcastes. We investigated task fidelity and its correlation with worker size in Formica species with differing degrees of body size variation. During a mark-recapture study that focused on three worker tasks (honeydew collection, nest building, and protein foraging) across 2 days, 98.6% of 3570 recaptured workers exhibited task fidelity. In species with high levels of worker size variation, worker size is strongly correlated with task performance. This size-task correlation is weaker, but still present, in species with less variably sized workers. Our results suggest that Formica use size-based task partitioning, a form of morphological polyethism. We expect social insects with and without discrete morphological worker subcastes to differ in ontogeny, evolutionary history, and degree of behavioral flexibility. Identifying the scope of variation in task partitioning mechanisms will facilitate comparative studies, thereby elucidating evolutionary histories and outcomes of alternative strategies. Division of labor is thought to increase the efficiency and success of animal societies by allowing the performance of multiple tasks in parallel, rather than sequentially. We investigated the task partitioning strategy employed by an ecologically dominant ant genus characterized by continuous worker size variation but lacking discrete morphological worker subcastes. We show that several species employ a form of morphological polyethism, wherein individuals specialize in tasks according to body size. Size-mediated morphological polyethism in the absence of discrete morphological worker subcastes has been demonstrated in a few other social insects. However, this task allocation strategy is likely more common than previously recognized, as most insect societies display natural worker size variation. Further, we argue that it is important to distinguish between size- and subcaste-based morphological polyethism. Alternative task partitioning strategies are likely to impact animal societies’ resilience to environmental perturbations, which are becoming increasingly common in the face of global change.
Isotopic variation in groundwater across the conterminous United States - Insight into hydrologic processes

Groundwater supplies a significant proportion of water use in the United States and is critical to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems and environmental processes, thus characterizing aquifer hydrology is important to managing and preserving these resources. While groundwater isotopes provide insight into hydrologic and ecologic processes, their application is limited to where measurements exist. To help overcome this limitation, we used the random forest algorithm to develop a predictive model for shallow groundwater isotopes in the conterminous United States. Our model uses environmental variables (e.g. temperature, elevation, precipitation isotopes) as predictors. We used our model to develop the first shallow groundwater isoscape of δ²H and δ¹⁸O for the conterminous United States. We describe the patterns in groundwater isotopes using both observations and our modelled isoscape. We find that throughout much of the Eastern United States, groundwater isotopes are close to annual amount weighted precipitation, while groundwater isotopes are significantly depleted relative precipitation across much of the High Plains and Western United States. Furthermore, we compare the observations compiled for this study to isotopes of precipitation, which allows us to determine the relative recharge efficiency (i.e. ratio of groundwater recharge to precipitation) between seasons and the proportion of annual recharge that occurs in a given season. Our findings suggest that winter recharge is generally more efficient than summer recharge; however, the dominant recharge season is more varied as it is the product of both seasonal recharge efficiency and the seasonal timing of precipitation. Parts of the central United States have summer dominant recharge, which is likely the result of heavy summer precipitation/nocturnal summer precipitation. Interestingly, parts of coastal California appear to have summer dominant recharge, which we suggest could be due to recharge from fog‐drip. Our results summarize spatial patterns in groundwater isotopes across the conterminous United States, provide insight into the hydrologic processes affecting shallow groundwater, and are valuable information for future ecologic and hydrologic studies.
Laughing while black: Resistance, coping and the use of humor as a pandemic pastime among blacks

For centuries Africans were captured and brought to America in bondage and forced to forge a new culture. The development of a Black culture gave rise to humor as a coping mechanism against the opp...
The effect of designing a rotational planning target volume on sparing pharyngeal constrictor muscles in patients with oropharyngeal cancer

Background Planning target volume (PTV) has been used to account for variations in tissue, patient and beam position. In oropharyngeal cancers, an isotropic expanded PTV has been used. Aim The aim of this study was to design a new margin formula that would cover the space occupied by an oropharyngeal clinical target volume (CTV) with ±5-degree rotation around the spine in order to reduce the pharyngeal constrictors overlap with PTV compared to an isotropic expanded PTV. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 20 volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. In order to perform an off-axis rotation, a hypothetical point was placed through the center of the cervical spinal canal and the image was then rotated around the longitudinal axis ±5 degrees. This created a new set of CTVs that were combined to form the new rotational PTV. The overlap between the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (PCMs) and both PTVs was then evaluated. Results The new rotational PTV causes reduction in the superior PCM overlap in the base of tongue (BOT) lesions compared to tonsillar lesion, 57.8% vs 25.8%, P = 0.01, as well as middle PCM overlap, 73% vs 49%, P = 0.04. Average percent change for PTV volume and overlap with the superior, middle, and inferior PCMs are as followed: -19%, -37%, -59.4%, and -45.2. The smallest isotropic expansion that covers the new rotational PTV was between 3 and 5mm with the average tumor center shift of 0.49 cm. Conclusion This new rotational PTV causes significant reduction of the overlap volume between PCMs and PTVs in order to spare the PCMs compared to isotropic expanded PTV.
Trait Activation Theory: A Review of the Literature and Applications to Five Lines of Personality Dynamics Research

Extending interactionist principles and targeting situational specificity of trait–performance linkages, trait activation theory (TAT) posits personality traits are expressed as valued work behavio...
Withaferin A Analogs That Target the AAA+ Chaperone p97.

Understanding the mode of action (MOA) of many natural products can be puzzling with mechanistic clues that seem to lack a common thread. One such puzzle lies in the evaluation of the antitumor properties of the natural product withaferin A (WFA). A variety of seemingly unrelated pathways have been identified to explain its activity, suggesting a lack of selectivity. We now show that WFA acts as an inhibitor of the chaperone, p97, both in vitro and in cell models in addition to inhibiting the proteasome in vitro. Through medicinal chemistry, we have refined the activity of WFA toward p97 and away from the proteasome. Subsequent studies indicated that these WFA analogs retained p97 activity and cytostatic activity in cell models, suggesting that the modes of action reported for WFA could be connected by proteostasis modulation. Through this endeavor, we highlight how the parallel integration of medicinal chemistry with chemical biology offers a potent solution to one of natures’ intriguing molecular puzzles.
'Fame and Envy 2.0' in luxury fashion influencer marketing on Instagram: comparison between mega-celebrities and micro-celebrities

This study addresses contemporary issues of online celebrities and the dynamics of fame and envy in Instagram influencer-based luxury fashion marketing from a consumer psychology perspective. A randomised between-subjects experiment (N = 108) examined the influence of mainstream mega-celebrities versus Instagram micro-celebrities on various dimensions of consumer behaviour. The results indicate stronger main effects of Instagram micro-celebrities (versus mainstream mega-celebrities) on buying intention. Mediation analyses confirm the mediating effects of parasocial interaction and social presence on the relationship between celebrity types and buying intention. Results show moderating effects of materialism and envy in accounting for the effects of celebrity types on fashion marketing outcomes. This study provides marketing scholars with relevant theoretical explanations about consumer psychology of luxury and envy in social media marketing. With regards to managerial implications, current findings provide brand managers and advertising practitioners with empirical data about the efficacy of micro-celebrity practices in Instagram influencer marketing.
The economic outlook for converting CO2 and electrons to molecules

Shifting towards a circular carbon economy in the face of rising global population and diminishing natural reserves represents one of the greatest challenges facing mankind. CO2 reduction reactions powered by renewable electricity offer a possible route to transform our incumbent linear consumption economic model by tapping into the over 10 gigatonnes of carbon emitted globally each year in the form of CO2. However, many critical questions for CO2 reduction remain unanswered across the varied pathway-product combinations such as (1) what is the near-term economic viability? (2) what opportunities exist for transformational R&D to reduce cost? (3) what is the impact of CO2 price? (4) how does renewable electricity intermittency affect the production costs? Herein we perform a comprehensive economic assessment of CO2 reduction across five major electricity-driven technologies using a scale basis of a 200 million gallon per year bioethanol facility (ca. 600 kilotonnes CO2 per year) as the CO2 source. From this framework we address these key issues and report the outlook for the near-, mid-, and long-term production of 11 promising carbonaceous products while providing guidance to the research community on key cost drivers and R&D needs. Our analysis shows that with modest technical advancements and an accompanying reduction in electricity price to $0.03 kW h−1 and CO2 price to $20 per tonne, 8 out of 11 CO2-derived products have the potential to reach production costs at parity with, or even lower than, current market prices.
Contact Dermatitis to Essential Oils

Use of essential oils (EOs) has become popular due to consumer demand for natural products. Despite the widespread perception that natural ingredients are safe, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a well-described complication of EO use. This article provides a comprehensive overview regarding allergenicity, prevalence of positive patch test reactions, and sources of exposure associated with EOs. Approximately 80 different EOs have been implicated in contact allergy. Patch testing EOs is important for identifying sensitivity not detected by screening fragrance allergens. Clinical presentation depends on the specific EO and method of use. EOs are complex substances of highly variable composition which may cause ACD. Due to popularity and widespread use, clinicians should ask patients about EO use. Patch testing is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of contact allergy to EOs.
Spillover Effects of Mandatory Portfolio Disclosures on Corporate Investment

This paper examines the effect of mandatory portfolio disclosure by actively managed investment funds on investee firms’ investment decisions. Mandatory portfolio disclosures can reduce fund managers’ incentive to collect and trade on private information, and thereby reduce the stock price informativeness of their portfolio firms. Using a difference-in-differences design around the May 2004 SEC regulation requiring more frequent disclosure, we find that investment sensitivity to stock prices declines for firms with significant ownership by actively managed funds affected by the regulation. Results from cross-sectional tests indicate that the decline in investment-price sensitivity is concentrated among firms owned by funds with larger expected proprietary costs and for firms more likely to learn from the information in price. We conduct numerous placebo and robustness tests to mitigate endogeneity concerns. Overall, our results suggest that portfolio disclosure requirements have spillover effects on corporate investment by lowering managers’ opportunities to learn from price.
Theoretical study of CH3SO3−Na+⋅[H2O]n clusters: Implications for sea-salt methanesulfonate aerosols

Abstract In this article, we discuss the results of ab-initio computations performed to investigate the formation of sodium methanesulfonate aerosols. Quantum mechanical computations performed at the MP2(full)/aug-cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) levels of theory showed a strong interaction between the sodium cation and the methanesulfonate anion. We also performed a natural bond orbital analysis to investigate the interaction between the sodium cation and the methanesulfonate anion. We found that nonionic and ionic interactions are responsible for the complex’s high interaction energy, with the former being dominant. Similarly, these interactions, in addition to hydrogen bonding, are responsible for the hydration of the complex. We found that up to four water molecules are needed for hydrating the sodium cation and detaching it from the methanesulfonate anion.
Characterization of EOS induced defects on submicron devices using 2D spectral imaging

Localization, identification and characterization of EOS-induced defects found in submicron devices were demonstrated using a new FA procedure. IR photon emission and circuit analysis were used for defect localization while spectral profile of photon emission was utilized for defect finger-printing analysis. Finally, frontside and backside FA methods were done to confirm the actual failure mechanism in the device under analysis
An Introduction to Quantum Theory

Preface Part I. Introductory: 1. The need for a non-classical description of microscopic phenomena 2. Classical concepts and quantal inequivalencies 3. Introducing quantum mechanics: a comparison of the classical stretched string and the quantal box 4. Mathematical background Part II. The Central Concepts: 5. The postulates of quantum mechanics 6. Applications of the postulates: bound states in one dimension 7. Applications of the postulates: continuum states in one dimension 8. Quantal/classical connections 9. Commuting operators, quantum numbers, symmetry properties Part III. Systems with Few Degrees of Freedom: 10. Orbital angular momentum 11. Two-particle systems, potential-well bound state problems 12. Electromagnetic fields 13. Intrinsic spin, two-state systems 14. Generalized angular momentum and the coupling of angular momenta 15. Three-dimensional continuum states/scattering Part IV. Complex Systems: 16. Time-dependent approximation methods 17. Time-independent approximation methods 18. Many degrees of freedom: atoms and molecules Appendix A. Elements of probability theory Appendix B. Fourier series and integrals Appendix C. Solution of Legendre's equation Appendix D. Fundamental and derived quantities, conversion factors References.
Counselor Cognitive Complexity: Correlating and Comparing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator with the Role Category Questionnaire

This study examined personality types and cognitive complexity levels in counseling trainees. Data from graduate-level counseling students were collected (N = 74). Cognitive complexity levels were measured using the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) and personality types were measured using the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator. Results showed that perceiving types tended to perform better on the RCQ than judging types, and that those who were highly differentiated in all preferences overall tended to score higher on the RCQ. These findings have implications for employment and career counselors and their clients who are, or aspire to be, in the helping profession.
Global Environment Monitoring System, Water

The Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) grew out of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Environment. At that world conference, governments requested the establishment of a global monitoring program that could determine the status and trends of key environmental issues. The GEMS/Water Program was initiated in 1976 by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), with the assistance of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The program had the twin objectives of improving water quality monitoring and assessment capabilities in participating countries, and determining the status and trends of regional and global water quality.
A tax cum subsidy regulatory alternative for controlling pollution: Insights from thinking about acid rain

Abstract A tax cum subsidy pollution control mechanism is proposed to mitigate against the potential efficiency losses caused by moral hazard in a self-reporting method that prescribes a best available technology and trusts, in the absence of expected cost penalties, that it will be employed fully.
Concatenated codes over fading dispersive channels

Concatenated codes using short RS (Reed-Solomon) codes with CI (channel erasure information) and different outer codes are compared. It is shown that CI improves the performance of RS codes over fading dispersive channels at small values of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR >
Molecular systems biology of ErbB1 signaling: Bridging the gap through multiscale modeling and high-performance computing

The complexity in intracellular signaling mechanisms relevant for the conquest of many diseases resides at different levels of organization with scales ranging from the subatomic realm relevant to catalytic functions of enzymes to the mesoscopic realm relevant to the cooperative association of molecular assemblies and membrane processes. Consequently, the challenge of representing and quantifying functional or dysfunctional modules within the networks remains due to the current limitations in our understanding of mesoscopic biology, i.e., how the components assemble into functional molecular ensembles. A multiscale approach is necessary to treat a hierarchy of interactions ranging from molecular (nm, ns) to signaling (μm, ms) length and time scales, which necessitates the development and application of specialized modeling tools. Complementary to multiscale experimentation (encompassing structural biology, mechanistic enzymology, cell biology, and single molecule studies) multiscale modeling offers a powerful and quantitative alternative for the study of functional intracellular signaling modules. Here, we describe the application of a multiscale approach to signaling mediated by the ErbB1 receptor which constitutes a network hub for the cell’s proliferative, migratory, and survival programs. Through our multiscale model, we mechanistically describe how point-mutations in the ErbB1 receptor can profoundly alter signaling characteristics leading to the onset of oncogenic transformations. Specifically, we describe how the point mutations induce cascading fragility mechanisms at the molecular scale as well as at the scale of the signaling network to preferentially activate the survival factor Akt. We provide a quantitative explanation for how the hallmark of preferential Akt activation in cell-lines harboring the constitutively active mutant ErbB1 receptors causes these cell-lines to be addicted to ErbB1-mediated generation of survival signals. Consequently, inhibition of ErbB1 activity leads to a remarkable therapeutic response in the addicted cell lines.
Nanometer-Scale Variations in Interface Potential by Scanning Probe Microscopy

The local electrical potential at individual grain boundaries and the potential distributions across polycrystalline samples have been measured by using scanning surface potential imaging with an atomic force microscope. Individual grain boundaries are isolated for measurement by micropatterning an array of contacts onto the surface of a ZnO-based varistor material. Quantification of the voltage dependence of the local voltage decrease and resistivity is illustrated. Comparisons are made by using optical and electron microscopy and spectroscopy. On a larger scale, potential distributions are mapped in a polycrystalline ZnO-NiO system that exhibits positive temperature coefficient of resistivity behavior.
A Multiobjective Methodology for Selecting Subsystem Automation Options

When designing large-scale systems, managers and engineers must often balance the desire for optimality with the need for analytic tractability. When new technologies are involved the problem may be further complicated by the need to conduct local tradeoffs among risk, cost, and time factors. In order to formally deal with these issues, this paper presents a decomposition scheme in which individual subsystems may be evaluated separately and a representative set of alternatives obtained for each. In the development, a set of multiple objectives is introduced to account for the range of organizational priorities underlying the decision making process. Pareto-optimal solutions are then found with a general purpose parametric programming algorithm and ranked with the help of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The methodology is demonstrated with an example centering on the selection of automation options for the upcoming Space Station, but is general enough to be applicable to the design of any complex system.
“By the semi‐mystical appearance of a condom”: How young women and men communicate sexual consent in heterosexual situations

Little is known about how women and men communicate sexual consent. In this study, 378 undergraduate women and men completed a questionnaire designed to examine how they would interpret their date's and their own consent signals in hypothetical scenarios and how they actually communicate consent in heterosexual situations. Although there were no gender differences in ratings of the hypothetical date's behavior, men rated their own behaviors in hypothetical scenarios as more representative of consent than women rated their own behaviors, suggesting that women and men may mean different things when they use the same signals. There were some gender differences in how they conveyed consent in actual situations; furthermore, both women and men reported most often showing their consent to sexual intercourse by making no response. The effect sizes of the gender differences were small. The results suggest that gender‐based miscommunications about consent are possible but unlikely. Thus, miscommunication is an unl...
The USA and International Mössbauer Community

In the four decades since Rudolph L. Mossbauer's two papers launched the research community, almost 50,000 Mossbauer publications have appeared in the scientific literature. Most of the early pioneers have departed in recent years for various reasons. The Mossbauer society's international collaborations, the breadth of research topics in the field, and what has been and is being investigated are analyzed. The Mossbauer Effect Data Center's central role in the community over the years is discussed.
Procedures for Writers in the Field of Education: How to Make Publications More Consistently Accessible within Computerized Information Databases

Educators writing documents or articles for publication in professional and scholarly journals desire to have their writing read and cited. Today, as a part of achieving this end, publications need to be easily accessible through computerized searching (online and CD-ROM) in databases such as ERIC. There are specific techniques for achieving this. The trend toward end-users doing their own computerized information retrieval and the implications this has for educational writers are discussed, and five hints are given for writers in the field of education: 1) having a clear and unambiguous title, 2) providing a narrative abstract or annotation, 3) citing authors’ names in a consistent format, 4) selecting appropriate words for the title and abstract, and 5) furnishing an informative document title page.
Visualizing interactions of water stress responses with a whole-plant simulation model

(...)It became apparent that many of the differences among species could be explained by differences in leaf conductance under well-irrigated conditions without invoking differences in stress response. The analysis showed both the boundary layer component and the stomatal component contributing to species differences in simulated leaf conductance, sometimes in opposite directions. Analysis of water use effeciency and carbon use efficiency data pointed up complex interacting effects of accelerated senescence on rates of photosynthesis and respiration that could not be discerned in the data (...)
Deconstructing the journey from assimilation to acculturation in academia

This article includes reflections and analyses of the process of immigration and attempts to assimilate or fit into the host culture in the US and the academic setting. Later acculturation, the blending of two cultures, became more of a challenge and influenced my research, teaching and contributions to the field of social work.
Ultrathin Fiberscope Utilizing a Single Channel for Both Illumination and Imaging

An ultrathin fiberscope has been developed that incorporates broadband illumination and imaging within a single 0.5 mm coherent fiber bundle by allotting a portion of the numerical aperture to illumination.
Energy cost of activity and exercise in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

Abstract In cystic fibrosis (CF), perturbations of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) may be a major determinant of altered nutrition and growth. Measurement of TDEE is problematic, though the flex-heart rate method (FHRM) provides a close estimation of TDEE, as compared to the cost-prohibitive, gold standard, the double-labeled water method, and permits estimates of the energy cost of daily activities (ECA) above resting energy expenditure (REE). We hypothesize that alterations in ECA affects TDEE in CF. Purpose To measure components of TDEE in adolescents with CF and normal lung function compared with controls, and to determine whether ECA can be improved by diet and exercise. Methods Clinically stable CF subjects (aged 9–13, n =12) and age- and gender-matched controls ( n =13) had repeated measurements of TDEE by FHRM, REE, and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) during a 6-week exercise and diet program. Results While the mean REE was similar in both groups, ECA was significantly lower in CF adolescents as compared to controls ( p =0.02). During CPET, maximal exercise in CF was characterized by hyperventilation, which was unrelated to ventilation–perfusion mismatching. There were no changes in REE after dietary intervention. Conclusion ECA in CF adolescents with normal lung function is lower when compared to healthy controls. These findings support the hypothesis that clinically stable patients with CF have inefficient energy metabolism or alternatively conserve energy during activities of daily living.
Ulsterisation and the Troubles thriller: Eoin McNamee's Resurrection Man

Although the progression of peace is, in all likelihood, finally imperilling the ascendancy of the thriller as the literary venue for representing social and political life in contemporary Northern Ireland, the genre continues to provide important access points for understanding the Troubles. Eoin McNamee's grim and harrowing Resurrection Man, for example, may be the only contemporary Northern Irish novel to represent the British government's mid-1970s internal security strategy known as ‘Ulsterisation’. By suggesting the various ways in which violence and subterfuge were nourished by government interests and supported by covert operatives, McNamee's novel subtly depicts a London intent on managing the conflict while insulating it from British politics and international criticism. Even as it does so, though, Resurrection Man ultimately struggles to avoid the thriller's more regressive tropes and generic conventions.
The Effect of Weight Loss on Perceptions of Weight Controllability: Implications for Prejudice Against Overweight People

The influence of weight and recent weight loss on perceptions of weight controllability and prejudice against overweight people was investigated. Participants (N= 64) examined bogus health, diet, and fitness information about a female target. The target's weight (121 vs. 161 lb, or 55 vs. 73 kg) and recent weight loss (0 vs. 40 lb, or 0 vs. 18 kg) were manipulated. Perceptions of the controllability of weight, trait ratings of the target, and dislike of overweight people were measured. The results showed that weight loss increases perceptions of the controllability of weight equally in normal and overweight targets. Moreover, overweight targets were disliked more and judged more unattractive than were targets with more healthy weights, and this was particularly true for overweight targets who had recently lost weight. The implications of the results for prejudice against overweight people and the stigma of obesity are discussed.
Application of CFD to High Angle of Attack Missile Flow Fields

Abstract : Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations have been performed for a missile body with and without fins. Numerical flow field computations have been made for various Mach numbers and roll angles using an unsteady zonal Navier-Stokes code (ZNSFLOW) and the chimera composite grid discretization technique at supersonic velocity and high angle of attack. Steady-state numerical results have been obtained and compared for cases modeling an ogive-cylinder missile with and without fins. Computed results show the details of the expected flow field features to include vortical crossflow separation. Computed results are compared with experimental data obtained for the same configurations and conditions and are generally found to be in good agreement with the data. The results help to show the predictive capabilities of CFD techniques for supersonic projectiles at incidence.
Why vegetable recipes are not very spicy

Spices are aromatic plant materials that are used in cooking. Recently it was hypothesized that spice use yields a health benefit: cleansing food of parasites and pathogens before it is eaten, thereby reducing food poisoning and foodborne illnesses. In support, most spices have antimicrobial properties and use of spices in meat-based recipes is greatest in hot climates, where the diversity and growth rates of microorganisms are highest. A critical prediction of the antimicrobial hypothesis is that spices should be used less in preparing vegetables than meat dishes. This is because cells of dead plants are better protected physically and chemically against bacteria and fungi than cells of dead animals (whose immune system ceased functioning at death), so fewer spices would be necessary to make vegetables safe for consumption. We tested this corollary by compiling information on 2129 vegetable-only recipes from 107 traditional cookbooks of 36 countries. Analyses revealed that spice use increased with increasing ambient temperature, but less dramatically than in meat-based recipes. In all 36 countries, vegetable dishes called for fewer spices per recipe than meat dishes; 27 of these differences were significant. Of 41 individual spices, 38 were used less frequently in vegetable recipes; 30 of these differences were significant. Proportions of recipes that called for >1 spice and >1 extremely potent antimicrobial spice also were significantly lower for vegetable dishes. By every measure, vegetable-based recipes were significantly less spicy than meat-based recipes. Within-country analyses control for possible differences in spice plant availability and degrees of cultural independence. Results thus strongly support the antimicrobial hypothesis.
THE EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE ELDERLY: A CASE STUDY

Educational gerontology, as a subfield of social gerontology, has a basic concern with the role of adult education in providing education for the elderly. One basic question that must be answered within this subfield is the degree of interest in higher education among the elderly. This article deals with this question by examining survey data collected among elderly respondents in Washtenaw County, Michigan, and finds that the overall interest in various types of college courses among the elderly is quite low. The data also show that age is strongly related to course interest. The results suggest that political policy makers should be cautious in funding educational programs for the elderly, and should focus their programs on elderly individuals under 70 years of age.
Bipolar Electrode Focusing: The Effect of Current and Electric Field on Concentration Enrichment

Bipolar electrode focusing at discontinuous bipolar electrodes (BPEs) provides new insight into the faradaic current and electric field characteristics associated with the technique and allows for the controlled transport of a focused anionic tracer in a microfluidic channel. The findings corroborate our previously reported simulation results, which describe the formation of an extended electric field gradient leading to concentration enrichment. This gradient has been attributed to the passage of faradaic current through a BPE affixed to the floor of the microchannel. Our results demonstrate that the onset of faradaic current is coincident with the onset of concentration enrichment. Utilizing an array of microband electrodes, the tracer may be passed from one stationary position to another by rapidly relocating the BPE. However, the tracer movement is limited to one direction, confirming that the electrophoretic velocity of the analyte exceeds the electroosmosis-driven bulk fluid flow velocity at only th...
Effects of stabilizing or increasing respiratory motor outputs on obstructive sleep apnea

To determine how the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patient's pathophysiological traits predict the success of the treatment aimed at stabilization or increase in respiratory motor outputs, we studi...
Glycogen Depletion Patterns in Human Skeletal Muscle Fibers during Prolonged Work

The glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibers was followed throughout the course of prolonged exercise at a work load requiring 67% of the subjects' maximal aerobic power. Biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle at rest and after 20, 60, 120, and 180 (or when unable to continue at the prescribed load) min of exercise. Muscle fibers were identified as fast twitch (FT) or slow twitch (ST) on the basis of myofibrillar ATPase activity. The glycogen content of muscle samples was determined biochemically. At the end of the exercise total muscle glycogen content was very low. Glycogen was also estimated in the fibers with the PAS stain. ST fibers were the first to become depleted of their glycogen but as the exercise progressed, the FT fibers were also depleted. These data may suggest a preferential utilization of ST fibers during prolonged, intense exercise, with a secondary recruitment of FT occuring as the ST fibers became depleted of their glycogen stores.
The role of cefamandole in the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infections in infants and children

Forty patients with suspected non-CNS Hib infections were treated with cefamandole at a dosage of 100 to 150 mg/kg/day. Hib was isolated from 19 patients; three of the isolates were Blac+. All patients responded well without complications exept for two children, both infected with Blac+ organisms, who subsequently developed maningitis, one three weeks following treatment for buccal cellulitis and bacteremia, the other while being treated with cefamandole for empyema. All strains of Hib were niformly susceptible to cefamandole regardless of beta-lactamase production when tested with an inoculum of 10 4 cfu/ml. With 10 7 cfu/ml an inoculum effect was seen which ws more pronounced with Blac+ strains. Moreoveer, "heavy" inoculum of Blac+ strains inactivated cefamandole in four to eight hours resulting in bacterial overgrowth. Similar results were obtained for ampicillin; chloramphenicol killed all strains regardless of inoculum size or beta-lactamase production. We conclude that cefamandole may be hydrolyzed by Blac+ organisms when present in large numbers, resulting in treatment failure. Extreme care should be taken in the choice of cefamandole for young infants with Hib infections, since this antibiotic neither cures nor prevents meningitis.
The Argon AR Web Browser and standards-based AR application environment

A common vision of Augmented Reality (AR) is that of a person immersed in a diverse collection of virtual information, superimposed on their view of the world around them. If such a vision is to become reality, an ecosystem for AR must be created that satisfies at least these properties: multiple sources (or channels of interactive information) must be able to be simultaneously displayed and interacted with, channels must be isolated from each other (for security and stability), channel authors must have the flexibility to design the content and interactivity of their channel, and the application must fluidly integrate with the ever-growing cloud of systems and services that define our digital lives. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the Argon AR Web Browser and describe our vision of an AR application environment that leverages the WWW ecosystem. We also describe KARML, our extension to KML (the spatial markup language for Google Earth and Maps), that supports the functionality required for mobile AR. We combine KARML with the full range of standard web technologies to create a standards-based web browser for mobile AR. KARML lets users develop 2D and 3D content using existing web technologies and facilitates easy deployment from standard web servers. We highlight a number of projects that have used Argon and point out the ways in which our web-based architecture has made previously impractical AR concepts possible.
De Re And De Dicto: Against The Conventional Wisdom

L'A. remet en question le savoir conventionnel concernant les consequences semantiques des ascriptions de dicto/de re. Soulevant le probleme d'une dysharmonie notionnelle entre l'imputeur (ascriber) et l'impute (ascribee), l'A. examine le statut des fonctions evaluatives-expressives enchâssees, ainsi que le statut des descriptions definies enchâssees et celui des noms enchâsses.
Phenobarbital-induced proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum after administration of triparanol

The effect of triparanol, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, on the phenobarbital induced proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is reported. Hepatocytes of hamsters treated with phenobarbital alone display the expected proliferation of the SER. Those given triparanol alone do not show this phenomenon but appear similar to controls with the exception of increased numbers of dense bodies characteristic of this treatment. Hepatocytes of hamsters receiving triparanol followed by phenobarbital display a SER proliferation of approximately the same magnitude as that achieved with phenobarbital alone. The effectiveness of the triparanol blockade is documented by the administration of labeled mevalonic acid and the subsequent quantitation of the amount of labeled cholesterol and labeled desmosterol. Desmosterol is the primary end product after triparanol treatment. Greater than 95% of the labeled sterol appears as desmosterol indicating a high degree of blockade. It is concluded that newly-synthesized cholesterol is not a prerequisite for the phenobarbital induced proliferation of the SER. Several possible explanations for these results are discussed.
Dorsal raphé stimulation modifies striatal-evoked antidromic invasion of nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo

Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained from antidromically identified nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in anesthetized rats to determine the effects of dorsal raphe stimulation on the somatodendritic excitability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Stimulation of the dorsal raphe with a brief train of pulses delivered 7-2 ms prior to the neostriatal-evoked antidromic response significantly reduced the proportion of neostriatal-evoked antidromic responses that consisted of both initial segment and somatodendritic components without significantly altering the neostriatal-evoked post-stimulus inhibitory period. Raphe stimulation alone facilitated post-stimulus neuronal firing in almost half of the cells examined. The raphe-induced decrease in somatodendritic excitability was blocked by the serotonin antagonist, metergoline (0.5-2.0 mg/kg, i.v.), without significantly affecting the rate or pattern of spontaneous activity. The tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg, i.p. for three consecutive days), abolished the decrease in somatodendritic excitability following raphe stimulation which could be re-instated by intravenous administration of 5-HTP. The dopamine antagonists haloperidol (25-100 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and sulpiride (10-30 mg/kg, i.v.) also blocked the effects of dorsal raphe stimulation on somatodendritic invasion. These data suggest that in vivo, serotonin liberated from raphe-nigral terminals facilitates the release of dopamine from nigrostriatal dendrites resulting in a local, autoreceptor-mediated reduction in somatodendritic excitability without affecting the spontaneous firing rate and excitability of the neuron as a whole.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA : II. THE RATIO OF PRECIPITIN TO PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY.

The precipitin indices for a number of monovalent and polyvalent antipneumococcus sera were determined under known conditions, and found to vary as did the number of protective units. The ratio precipitin index/protective units in monovalent sera was found to lie between 2.8 and 4.8 for Type I and to be about ten times greater for Type III. Lower values were found in polyvalent horses and when mixing heterologous monovalent sera with each other. The influence of the duration of treatment upon the quotient was studied. Several refined and concentrated preparations showed a relative increase in precipitin activity.
Binding of nontarget microorganisms from food washes to anti- Salmonella and anti- E. coli O157 immunomagnetic beads: most probable composition of background Eubacteria

We present herein the composition of bacterial communities occurring in ground chicken and the changes which arise in these populations based upon nonselective partitioning by commercially-available Dynal anti-Salmonella and anti-E. coli O157 immunomagnetic beads (IMB). Our enumeration and colony selection protocol was based upon a 6 × 6 drop plate method (n = 18 for each 25-g sub-sampling) using a dilution which resulted in ca. 4–8 colonies per drop. An average of 82 ± 13 colonies were selected from three 25-g ground chicken subsamplings per batch, each of which was repeated seasonally for one year. DNA was extracted from each colony and the composition of Eubacteria in each of these harvests was determined by sequence-based identification of 16S rDNA amplicons. The Gram-positive bacteria Brochothrix thermosphacta and Carnobacterium maltaromticum were the most commonly found organisms in both the total chicken wash (PBS) and in the IMB-bound (PBS-washed) fractions. The remaining background organisms which also adhered to varying degrees to commercial IMBs were: Pseudomonas oleovorans, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Serratia spp., and one Rahnella spp. A large number of the organisms were also cladistically evaluated based on rDNA basepair disparities: all Brochothrices were monophyletic; twelve different Pseudomonads were found along with eight Carnobacteria, seven Acinetobacteres, four Serratiae, and two Rahnellae. Carnobacterium alone showed an IMB-based concentration enhancement (ca. two to sixfold).
The role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors.

Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare, comprising 100 benign and malignant soft-tissue tumor entities defined. Not infrequently, these neoplasms exhibit overlapping clinicopathologic features posing significant challenges in rendering a definitive diagnosis and optimal therapy. Advances in cytogenetic and molecular science have led to the discovery of genetic events in soft-tissue tumors that have not only enriched our understanding of the underlying biology of these neoplasms but have also proven to be powerful diagnostic adjuncts and/or indicators of molecular targeted therapy. In particular, many soft-tissue tumors are characterized by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements that produce specific gene fusions. For pathologists, identification of these fusions as well as other characteristic mutational alterations aids in precise subclassification. This review will address known recurrent or tumor-specific genetic events in soft-tissue tumors and discuss the molecular approaches commonly used in clinical practice to identify them. Emphasis is placed on the role of molecular pathology in the management of soft-tissue tumors. Familiarity with these genetic events provides important ancillary testing for pathologists to include in their diagnostic armamentarium.