cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation of a psychoeducational strategy designed to reduce men's endorsement of societal ideals of women's attractiveness.

Abstract The current study evaluated whether a psychoeducational manipulation, focused on reducing an unrealistic view of women's attractiveness, might affect men's ratings of the attractiveness of females. The participants were 159 male undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to four conditions: psychoeducational message (beauty ideals; marketing strategies) and photo exposure (attractive females; household products). The results indicated that males pre-exposed to attractive female images subsequently evaluated average females as less attractive than those exposed to household products. However, a psychoeducational information condition designed to challenge “beauty ideals” did not reduce the adverse exposure effect and was comparable in effectiveness to the “marketing strategies” manipulation. The limitations of the findings are discussed and avenues for future research in this area offered.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate: receptor binding and correlated effects on steroidogenesis in rat granulosa cells

Abstract Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a widely used synthetic steroid, was studied to determine both its effects on steroid receptors and steroidogenesis in the well-characterized rat ovarian granulosa cell model. Initial receptor binding studies showed MPA was as potent as progesterone and 10-fold less potent than R-5020 (an active synthetic progestin) in binding to progesterone cytosolic receptors in rat ovarian granulosa cells. MPA was 20-fold less potent than testosterone, and 10-fold less potent than dexamethasone in binding to the androgen and glucocorticoid cytosolic receptors, respectively. The binding of MPA to progesterone, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors predicted direct effects of MPA on FSH-stimulated estrogen (E), progesterone (P), and 20α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) production by cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells. MPA at 10 −7 to 10 −6 M significantly augmented FSH-stimulated P and DHP production (a previously documented progestin, androgen and glucocorticoid effect). This augmentation was blocked by the concurrent addition to cell culture of 10-fold excess RU-486 (a potent anti-progestin and anti-glucocorticoid). At concentrations > 10 −6 M, MPA inhibited the production of P and DHP (a progestin effect), and the production of E (a progestin and glucocorticoid effect). MPA, structurally a progestin, has complex steroid hormone effects predicted by its interaction with progesterone, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors.
Planning and scheduling the Spitzer Space Telescope

Stephen J. Barba, Lisa J. Garcia, Douglas B. McElroy, David S. Mittman, JoAnn C. OLinger, and Steven R.Tyler Spitzer Science Center California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 626-395-8799 sjb@ipac.caltech.edu , lisag@ipac.caltech.edu , dmcelroy@ipac.caltech.edu , dmittman@ipac.caltech.edu , joanno@ipac.caltech.edu , styler@ipac.caltech.edu Abstract Launched as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIR TF) in August, 2003 and renamed in early 2004, the Spitzer Space Telescope is performing an extended series of science observations at wavelengths ranging from 3 to 180 microns. The California Institute of Technology is the home of the Spitzer Science Center (SSC) and operates the Science Operations System (SOS), which supports science operations of the Observatory. A key function supported by the SOS is the long-range planning and short-term scheduling of the Observatory. This paper describes the role and function of the SSC Observatory Planning and Scheduling Team (OPST), its operational interfaces, processes, and tools. 1. INTRODUCTION The Spitzer Space Telescope is the fourth and final of NASA's great observatories, designed to take images and spectra of a wide range of astronomical objects in the infrared - wavelengths of 3 to 180 microns. Spitzer (Figure 1) consists of a spacecraft, an 0.85-meter telescope and three cryogenically-cooled science instruments; the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), the Infrared Spect rograph (IRS), and the Multiband Imagin g Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS). Launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on August 25, 2003, the mission had planned for a 60 day In-Orbit Checkout (IOC) period followed by a 30 day Science Verification (SV) phase. Spitzer employed an innovative warm launch architecture; the telescope is located outside the cryostat and was at ambient temperature at Launch; the telescope is cooled by He vented from the cryostat, and it was cooled to ~5.6 degrees Kelvin over 45 days. At the completion of SV, Spitzer transitioned into its no rmal operating mode, and will have completed twenty-eight months of routine operations as of May 2006. Spitzers th ree science instruments are operated in a discrete number of observing modes (7 specified at launch) which are char acterized as Astronomical Ob servation Templates (AOTs). In order to design an observation, the astronomer chooses a template and specifies a number of parameters that are specific to it. These inputs produce a complete recipe for the commandi ng needed to carry out the observation on board Spitzer. The resulting fully-specified observation is called an Astronomical Obse rvation Request (AOR) and the parameters are stored in the Spitzer Science Operations Database (SODB) at the SSC along with estimates of the duration of the observation, the volume of data it will ge nerate, etc. The AORs and their resource estimates become the fundamental inputs to the Planning and Scheduling process.
The stresses and distortions caused by formation of a thermally grown alumina: comparison between measurements and simulations

Abstract The formation of α-Al2O3 upon thermal oxidation of Al containing alloys is accompanied by growth stresses and distortions. Experiments that demonstrate and measure these phenomena have been devised. A model that predicts the distortions and the stresses has been developed, which incorporates new oxide formation on grain boundaries within the α-Al2O3, as well as redistribution of the induced stresses by plastic deformation. In this study, a quantitative comparison is made between measurements and predictions by analyzing oxide formation around a surface groove in an FeCrAlY substrate. The changes in the shape of the groove caused by cyclic oxidation are characterized and the stresses induced in the oxide that forms around the groove are measured using piezospectroscopy. Simulations are conducted using the independently known thermo-mechanical properties of the alloy and the α-Al2O3. Direct comparisons between the measurements and simulations are used to validate the model.
Thermodynamics of the sublimation of thallium(I) fluoride by simultaneous Knudsen-effusion and torsion-effusion

The partial vapor pressures of monomeric and dimeric molecules in equilibrium with solid thallium(I) fluoride were measured by simultaneous Knudsen-effusion and torsion-effusion in the temperature range 516 to 572 K. The partial pressures of TlF(g) and Tl2F2(g) are expressed by: ln(pmpo) = A − B(KT). The values of A and B are given. The calculated partial pressures established that the dimer constitutes 43 moles per cent of the equilibrium vapor. The third-law values of the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation ΔsubHmo(298.15 K) are (139.9±5.0) and (148.8±5.0) kJ·mol−1 for TlF(g) and Tl2F2(g), respectively. The third-law standard molar enthalpy change for the dissociation: Tl2F2(g) = 2TlF(g) is ΔrHmo(298.15 K) = (131±5) kJ·mol−1.
Method for Automated Digital Blinking Of Photographic Plates

AbstractThe Princeton PDS microdensitometer has been used in a novel manner to automatically blink plates. The plates are photometrically calibrated using the known brightness profile of certain galaxies in the field toprovide the density- brightness relation for the plates. All objects present on the plate are catalogued. Thisprocedure is repeated for another plate and the catalogues for the two plates are compared to determine ob-jects which have changed significantly in luminosity between the plates. These objects are then checkedvisually to eliminate the effects of plate flaws and to determine if the luminosity change is the result ofa physical change in the object.This technique has been used to search for supernovae in clusters of galaxies, particularly Coma. No supernovae have yet been detected but the objective nature of the search technique permits the calculationof well -defined upper limits on the supernovae rate.IntroductionAlthough the importance of digital image processing in modern optical astronomy is undisputed, most tech-niques which have so far been developed are meant to be applicable only to data taken with the subsequent pro-cessing in mind. The techniques described in this paper are designed to be more universally applicable and toaddress some of the difficulties faced when dealing with older plate material. Thus they are better able totake advantage of the vast archives of astronomical plates taken over the past decades.Part I of this paper describes the source plate material and briefly details the digitization process.Part II addresses the problem of the photometric correction of the plates. Finally in Part III we give theresults of a search for variable brightness objects using these plates.
Impact of license fees on the prices of mobile voice service

Abstract In response to rapidly growing demand for wireless services, regulatory agencies have introduced license fees to enhance the efficiency of spectrum use. The impact of such fees on the market for mobile services is poorly understood. Under certain conditions, license fees are sunk and thus inconsequential for firm decisions. Given the economic and institutional setup of the mobile markets real effects of license fees are possible. The paper reviews the conditions under which these different scenarios are likely, and develops an empirical test for the nexus between license fees and prices. Despite weak hints that license fees influence prices, in the examined GSM and PCS markets no statistically significant evidence for lasting effects could be detected.
Nonverbal Behavior and Childhood Depression

The present investigation evaluated the relationship of nonverbal behavior and childhood depression among 104 child psychiatric inpatients (ages 7–12 years). Depression was measured by standard inventories of severity administered separately to children and their mothers, global ratings of affect from an interview, and DSM-III diagnoses obtained from diagnostic inteviews and clinical material. Nonverbal behaviors (eye contact, response latency, facial expressiveness, smiling, frowning, intonation, tearfulness, and head, body, and hand movements) were assessed in an interview in which the child answered questions and told stories. Selected nonverbal behaviors significantly correlated with depression and generally were consistent with depressive symptoms such as sad affect, diminished motor activity, and deficient social interaction. Nonverbal behaviors tended to correlate with severity of depression more consistently among girls than boys. Notwithstanding several significant relationships, most of the nonverbal behaviors assessed did not consistently correlate with measures of depression across both child and parent inventories. Moreover, DSM-III diagnosis of depression generally was unrelated to nonverbal behavior. The present findings suggest less robust relationships between depression and nonverbal behavior for children than those obtained with adults.
Plasma protein requirements for human platelet aggregation.

Summary 1. Three cationic proteins–fibrinogen, Hageman factor, and gamma globulin-are all capable of restoring aggregation capability of washed human platelets. 2. The aggregation-restoring effect of gamma globulin is inhibited by acetic proteins in subfractions of Cohn fraction IV and fractions V and VI. 3. Artificial enhancement of the net negative charge of plasma proteins through acylation produces derivatives capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. 4. It is proposed that the rate of platelet aggregation is regulated in part by the equilibrium between cationic and anionic proteins in plasma and on the platelet membrane surface. This concept finds support in the following clinical observations. 5. Platelets of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia incapable of aggregation fail to adsorb cationic proteins to their surface. 6. Purified myeloma proteins from patients with platelet dysfunction do not restore aggregation of normal washed platelets and inhibit the aggregation-restoring effect of normal IgG. 7. Enhanced platelet aggregation demonstrable in chronic, active glomerular disease may result from the loss in the urine of plasma proteins normally inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Methadone maintenance 4 decades later: thousands of lives saved but still controversial.

Twenty-two male patients, addicted to heroin 9.5 years (median), were stabilized using oral methadone hydrochloride and then observed for approximately 1 to 15 months (median, 3 months). The medication had 2 main effects: (1) relief of narcotic hunger (craving); and (2) induction of sufficient tolerance to block the average illegal dose of heroin.A combination of the methadone treatment and a comprehensive program of rehabilitation was associated with marked improvement in patient problems such as jobs, returning to school, and family reconciliation. No adverse effect other than constipation was found.The authors note that “careful medical supervision and many social services” were necessary and stressed that “both the medication and supporting program were essential.” The small size of the group studied and short duration of the follow-up would best describe this as a promising and exciting but preliminary report.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Familial aggregation of blood pressure. Preliminary report.

The familial aggregation of blood pressure levels has been repeatedly documented and variously interpreted as supporting either a polygenic 1,2 or a single-gene 3,4 mechanism for blood pressure regulation. Only a few recent studies have mentioned the possibility that familial aggregation of blood pressure levels may be a manifestation of common environmental influences. Of these, three have included data from husbands and wives, who serve as controls within kinships since, in western society, consanguinous marriages are quite rare. From two studies 5,6 there was no evidence that husbands and wives acquired similar blood pressure levels over time, while from the third 7 evidence of spouse aggregation was reported. Given the occurrence of blood pressure aggregation among blood kin, the demonstration of spouse aggregation would support an environmental explanation of familial aggregation if it were not present early in marriage but developed later. Methods and Materials Familial aggregation of blood pressure
Geometric properties of micelles formed by triblock copolymers and solubilizates in dilute solutions

In this work we study the geometric properties of the triblock copolymer micelles with solubilized low-mass molecules in a selective solvent using the Monte Carlo technique on a cubic lattice. The triblock copolymers are of the ABA type, with the two insoluble blocks at the ends. The size of the micelles is characterized by the squared radius of gyration of the micellar core, R g 2 , while the shape is treated by the asphericity b and the acylindricity c, which are defined in terms of the principal moments of the radius of gyration tensor. The parameters varied are the amount of solubilizate molecules, the polymer concentration, the interaction parameters between A and B, A and solvent, solute and solvent, solute and B block, and the A and B block length. The micelle size, characterized by R g 2 , grows with increasing concentration of the solubilizates and/or the polymer, and stronger interactions between the incompatible species. The A block length is found not to modify R g 2 monotonously, while an increase in B block length results in a decrease in R g 2 at high concentrations. As the size expands, the micellar shape becomes less spherical but retains its cylindricity. In addition to an increase in the averaged R g 2 , the distribution of R g 2 becomes broader and the system less homogeneous.
Sustaining Reform-Based Science Teaching of Preservice and Inservice Elementary School Teachers

This study examined the influence of a professional development program based around commercially available inquiry science curricula on the teaching practices of 27 beginning elementary school teachers and their teacher mentors over a 2 year period. A quantitative rubric used to score inquiry elements and use of data in videotaped lessons indicated that education students assigned to inquiry-based classrooms during their methods course or student teaching year outperformed students without this experience. There was also a significant positive effect of multi-year access to the kit-based program on mentor teaching practice. Recent inclusion of a “writing in science” program in both preservice and inservice training has been used to address the lesson element that received lowest scores—evaluation of data and its use in scientific explanation.
Vacuum constriction devices in patients with neurogenic impotence

The vacuum constriction device (VCD) is the safest, least expensive, and probably the most widely prescribed treatment for impotence. A erection-like state is created by drawing blood into the penis with a vacuum and maintained by means of a constricting device placed about the base of the penis. The erection thus achieved is physiologically different than a normal erection but penile rigidity is sufficient for vaginal penetration. Side effects include trapped ejaculation, n numbness of the penis, pivoting of the penis at its base, and coldness of the penis noted by some partners, but all these are generally minor. The majority of men who try the VCD like and continue to use it. No major complications have been reported. If used properly the VCD offers a safe and economical treatment for most men, including those with neurogenic impotence.
Low cost log statistical filtering in the real world chained tokens and Bayesian filters

Log files are valuable resources for systems administrators to trouble shoot and prevent failures. Bayesian filters can be utilized as effective log entry filters, reducing the log noise that often makes today's huge log files daunting. The effectiveness of three off-the-shelf, open source Bayesian spam filters, SpamAssassin, SpamBayes and Bogofilter, is tested for differentiating syslog entries from a corpus taken from production Linux servers at the School of Technology, Brigham Young University. Additionally, the effectiveness of word chaining, stacked word chaining and the normalization of numbers is discussed and quantified. The effectiveness of two of the filters is improved significantly by chaining words in two or three word chains, particularly for SpamAssassin, which saw a significant improvement in differentiation for the log corpus. Results of preliminary experiments have confirmed that these filters can effectively process typical systems logs and have potential applications in the future.
Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: moving from the bedside to the bench.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has received significant attention as a potential side effect of bisphosphonate treatment. The limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the condition e
Generating summaries of multiple news articles

We present a natural language system which summarizes a series of news articles on the same event. It uses summarization operators, identified through empirical analysis of a corpus of news summaries, to group together templates from the output of the systems developed for ARPA’s Message Understanding Conferences. Depending on the available resources (e.g., space), summaries of different length can be produced. Our research also provides a methodological framework for future work on the summarization task and on the evaluation of news summarization systems.
Thermospray Methods for Rapid, Sensitive, and Nonchromatographic Speciation of Chromium Oxidation States

A sensitive technique for speciation and quantification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) has been developed using thermospray (TSP) sample introduction with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES). For unacidified solutions, the sensitivity for Cr(III) was found to be lower than that for Cr(VI). The sensitivity for Cr(III) was further depressed to a negligible level by adjusting sample and thermospray operating parameters. The low sensitivity for Cr(III) was thought to result from the precipitation of that species to form Cr(OH)3, which deposited within the vaporizer. For acidic solutions (1% v/v HNO3), the sensitivities for both species were essentially identical. On the basis of these results, methods for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were developed. With samples buffered to pH 4.4, Cr(VI) could be selectively determined. With acidic sample aliquots (1% v/v HNO3), the total chromium concentration could also be determined, and the Cr(III) concentration could be calculated by difference. ...
Seeing the Big Picture: Multitasking and Perceptual Processing Influences on Ad Recognition

Media multitasking has been shown to have negative consequences for ad memory. However, there may be situations and individuals for which multitasking is not always detrimental to memory for ads. Two studies explored how analytic and holistic processing styles (trait or mood induced) affect perceptual processing. Similar to previous findings, people processing in an analytic style showed decreased ad recognition when performing multiple tasks; however, ad recognition did not decrease for people processing holistically. People who were processing holistically also demonstrated better recollection memory for the ads seen while multitasking than did analytic processors. Differences in advertising recognition measures (familiarity and recollection), load types, and implications for advertising are also discussed.
Hypothesis: cell signalling influences age-related risk of colorectal cancer.

We propose that ageing is linked to colonic carcinogenesis through crosstalk between Wnt activity and signalling pathways related to ageing and senescence: progerin, klotho and mTOR. Mutations in the Wnt signalling pathway are responsible for the majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs); however, hyperactivation of Wnt signalling by butyrate, a breakdown product of dietary fibre, induces CRC cell apoptosis. This effect of butyrate may in part explain the protective action of fibre against CRC. Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome is a premature ageing disorder caused by accumulation of the progerin protein; however, healthy individuals also produce progerin in the course of their normal ageing. Progerin activates expression of the Wnt inhibitors HES1 and TLE1. Thus, we hypothesize that with age, the increasing expression of progerin suppresses butyrate-mediated Wnt hyperactivation and apoptosis, leading to increased CRC risk. Wild-type klotho contributes to a significantly increased lifespan; however, Klotho gene variants differ significantly between newborns and elderly. Klotho inhibits basal Wnt signalling activity; thus, the protein may function as a tumour suppressor for CRC. However, similar to progerin, klotho variants associated with lifespan differences may repress butyrate-mediated Wnt hyperactivation, and thus increase the risk of CRC. Finally, mTOR signalling has also been linked to human ageing, and crosstalk between Wnt and mTOR signalling may influence colonic tumourigenesis. Understanding how progerin, klotho and mTOR link ageing with colonic neoplastic development may lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against CRC associated with age.
The Fine-Structure Lines of Hydrogen in H II Regions

The 2s1/2 state of hydrogen is metastable and overpopulated in H II regions. In addition, the 2p states may be pumped by ambient Lyα radiation. Fine-structure transitions between these states may be observable in H II regions at 1.1 GHz (2s1/2-2p1/2) and/or 9.9 GHz (2s1/2-2p3/2), although the details of absorption versus emission are determined by the relative populations of the 2s and 2p states. The n = 2 level populations are solved with a parameterization that allows for Lyα pumping of the 2p states. The Lyα pumping rate has long been considered uncertain, as it involves solution of the difficult Lyα transfer problem. The density of Lyα photons is set by their creation rate, easily determined from the recombination rate, and their removal rate. Here we suggest that the dominant removal mechanism of Lyα radiation in H II regions is absorption by dust. This circumvents the need to solve the Lyα transfer problem and provides an upper limit to the rate at which the 2p states are populated by Lyα photons. In virtually all cases of interest, the 2p states are predominantly populated by recombination, rather than Lyα pumping. We then solve the radiative transfer problem for the fine-structure lines in the presence of free-free radiation. In the likely absence of Lyα pumping, the 2s1/2 → 2p1/2 lines will appear in stimulated emission, and the 2s1/2 → 2p3/2 lines in absorption. Because the final 2p states are short lived, these lines are dominated by intrinsic line width (99.8 MHz). In addition, each fine-structure line is a multiplet of three blended hyperfine transitions. Searching for the 9.9 GHz lines in high emission measure H II regions offers the best prospects for detection. The lines are predicted to be weak; in the best cases, line-to-continuum ratios of several tenths of a percent might be expected with line strengths of tens to a hundred mK with the Green Bank Telescope. Predicted line strengths, at both 1.1 and 9.9 GHz, are given for a number of H II regions, high emission measure components, and planetary nebulae, based on somewhat uncertain emission measures, sizes, and structures. The extraordinary width of these lines and their blended structure will complicate detection.
Stabilizing Shape Memory Alloy Actuator Performance through Cyclic Shakedown : an Empirical Study

Shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are used increasingly in place of traditional actuators because of their compactness, high work density, low cost, ruggedness, high force generation, and relatively large strains. One well known issue with SMA wires is degradation in performance as actuation cycles accumulate, with significant reductions observed as soon as only tens or hundreds of cycles; thus, manufacturers typically recommend very conservative limits on the operation regime. This paper introduces an alternative approach of cycling or "shaking down" SMA wires under controlled conditions prior to installation. This enables the designer to design to the stable post-shakedown specification of the wire to produce actuators with repeatable larger forcing capabilities. This paper presents a preliminary experimental study which explores the functional dependence of shakedown performance on loading and strain history. A methodology is developed by which an SMA wire can be thermally cycled under electrical heating and the performance characterized with a double-exponential empirical model fit which captures the steady state performance of the wire and the rate at which shakedown occurs. Several sets of experiments are conducted to explore the functional dependence of the shakedown performance varying the load applied (29 to 78N), the allowed strain (4 to 7%), and the form of the loading function (linear spring vs. constant). These experimental studies expose important shakedown parameters affecting SMA actuator performance and provide a first step towards creating detailed SMA wire shakedown protocols tailored to the application that will enable the design of higher performance, stable SMA actuators.
High‐resolution, energy‐dispersive microcalorimeter spectrometer for X‐ray microanalysis

We have developed a prototype X-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer with high energy resolution for use in X-ray microanalysis. The microcalorimeter spectrometer system consists of a superconducting transition-edge sensor X-ray microcalorimeter cooled to an operating temperature near 100 mK by a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, a superconducting quantum interference device current amplifier followed by pulse-shaping amplifiers and pileup rejection circuitry, and a multichannel analyser with computer interface for the real-time acquisition of X-ray spectra. With the spectrometer mounted on a scanning electron microscope, we have achieved an instrument response energy resolution of better than 10 eV full width at half-maximum (FWHM) over a broad energy range at real-time output count rates up to 150 s−1. Careful analysis of digitized X-ray pulses yields an instrument-response energy resolution of 7.2 ± 0.4 eV FWHM at 5.89 keV for Mn Kα1,2 X-rays from a radioactive 55Fe source, the best reported energy resolution for any energy-dispersive detector.
Comparison and clinical applicability of auditory comprehension scores on the behavioral Neurology deficit evaluation, boston diagnostic aphasia examination, porch index of communicative ability and token test

Abstract The assessment of auditory comprehension is of major importance in the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic evaluation of patients with aphasia. Several tests developed at institutions with differing theoretical orientations have been in common use for many years. Auditory comprehension scores on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Porch Index of Communicative Ability and Token Test were obtained from a series of aphasic patients and compared with one another and with a standardized behavioral neurology examination (Behavioral Neurology Deficit Evaluation). While all of the tests were significantly correlated and effective in measuring auditory comprehension, an analysis of subtest score distributions indicates that each possesses different discriminating power depending on the individual patient's level of ability.
Assessing nutritional adequacy of Americans based on individual food intake patterns

The study assumes that different food patterns are the major attributes that contribute and affect the adequacy of an individual's diet and nutritional status. Analysis of dietary patterns provides a means for generalization of the diversity of diets among individuals. It also provides a basis for assessing the nutritional adequacy of such diets. The study uses individual food intake data obtained from the 1977–1978 USDA Nationwide Household Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) to classify individuals into groups of similar food consumption patterns. Nutritional profiles associated with each identified food pattern were evaluated to determine the nutritional adequacy of such diets. To analyse nutritional adequacy, the study identifies four major dietary patterns based on cluster analysis. The concepts of nutrient density and index of nutritional quality were then used to assess the adequacy of each food pattern and to identify groups of individuals that may be at risk for malnutrition and other health concerns. Furthermore, regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between individuals' socioeconomic characteristics and selected nutrient density of their diets.
CloudFlow: Cloud-wide Policy Enforcement Using Fast VM Introspection

Government and commercial enterprises are increasingly considering cloud adoption. Clouds improve overall efficiency by consolidating a number of different clients' software virtual machines onto a smaller set of hardware resources. Unfortunately, this shared hardware also creates inherent side-channel vulnerabilities, which an attacker can use to leak information from a victim VM. Side-channel vulnerabilities are especially concerning when different principals are constrained by regulations. A classic example of these regulations are Chinese Wall policies for financial companies, which aim to protect the financial system from illicit manipulation by separating portions of the business with conflicting interests. Although efficient prevention of side channels is difficult within a single node, there is a unique opportunity within a cloud. This paper proposes a low-overhead approach to cloud wide information flow policy enforcement: identifying side channels which could potentially be used to violate a security policy through run-time introspection, and reactively migrating virtual machines to eliminate node-level side-channels. In this paper we describe CloudFlow-an information flow control extension for OpenStack. CloudFlow includes a novel, virtual machine introspection mechanism that is orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches. CloudFlow efficiently and transparently enforces information flow policies cloud-wide, including information leaks through undesirable side-channels. Additionally, CloudFlow has potential uses for cloud management and resource-efficient virtual machine scheduling.
Examining links between sexual risk behaviors and dating violence involvement as a function of sexual orientation

Abstract Study Objective To examine the association between dating violence perpetration and victimization and sexually risky behaviors among sexual minority and heterosexual adolescent girls. Design Adolescent girls reported on sexual orientation, sexual behaviors, and risk-taking, and their use of, and experience with, dating violence in the past year. Data were analyzed using multinomial regression adjusted for race, poverty, living in a single parent household, and gender of current partner to examine (1) whether sexual minority status was associated with sexual risk behaviors after sociodemographic correlates of sexual risk were controlled; and (2) whether dating violence context accounted for elevated risk. Setting Urban, population-based sample of girls interviewed in the home. Participants 1,647 adolescent girls (38% European American, 57% African American, and 5% other) aged 17 years. Over one-third of the sample lived in poverty. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure Sexual risk-taking. Results Sexual minority status differentiated girls engaging in high sexual risk-taking from those reporting none, after controlling for sociodemographic and relationship characteristics. Dating violence perpetration and victimization made unique additional contributions to this model and did not account for the elevated risk conferred by sexual minority status. Conclusions Sexual minority girls (SMGs) were more likely than heterosexual girls to report high sexual risk-taking and teen dating violence victimization. As with heterosexual girls, sexual risk-taking among SMGs was compounded by dating violence, which was not explained by partner gender. Adolescent girls' risky sexual behavior may be reduced by interventions for teen dating violence regardless of sexual minority status.
Kinetics of the potential-sensitive extrinsic probe oxonol VI in beef heart submitochondrial particles.

The interaction of the potential-sensitive extrinsic probe oxonol VI with beef heart submitochondrial particles has been investigated under time resolved and equilibrium conditions. The time course of the probe absorption spectrum red shift induced by ATP or NADH injection into a suspension of submitochondrial particles in a dye solution is biphasic, consisting of a faster process described by a second-order rate law withk 2∼3×105 m −1 sec−1. For the ATP pulse experiments, the slower process follows first-order kinetics withk 1∼0.3 sec−1. In oxygen pulse experiments to an anaerobic dyeparticle system, the slower process is not significantly developed due to rapid depletion of the oxygen, but the faster process follows second-order kinetics with the same rate constant as for the ATP and NADH cases. Evidence for permeation of the submitochondrial particle membrane by oxonol VI has been obtained; the slower process is interpretable as describing the permeation of the membrane bilayer. The results of the time-resolved work are consistent with a mechanism involving a redistribution of the dye from the bulk phase to the particle membrane. The value of the second-order rate constant for passive binding of the dye to submitochondrial particles is not compatible with a mechanism proposed to explain the microsecond probe response times in bilayer and excitable membrane experiments nor are such rapid signals observed in the oxonol VI-submitochondrial particle system.
Visual and functional demonstration of growing Bax-induced pores in mitochondrial outer membranes

We visualized Bax-induced pores in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) using cryo-electron microscopy and monitored dextran release from these vesicles by flow cytometry. The data argue that Bax promote...
Histamine uptake in pig platelets and isolated dense granules.

Histamine, a major constituent of the amine-storage organelles in pig platelets, is taken up by intact platelets in only trace amounts under conditions where 70% of 14C-serotonin is accumulated. Thrombin caused the release of 70–90% of endogenous histamine but only 5–10% of the newly absorbed 3H-amine; however, after 18 hr 30% of the 3H-amine could be specifically released by thrombin. Isolated storage organelles accumulated histamine in a reserpine-sensitive, ATP-dependent manner but at a rate 80–100-fold less than serotonin uptake. Incubation of intact platelets with 1 mM serotonin until amine uptake was saturated caused no changes in platelet histamine content. Similarly, loading of isolated storage organelles with 1 mM histamine or 1 mM serotonin did not affect the levels of the other amine. These results suggested that the storage of each amine is independent of the other. Histidine decarboxylase was not detected in platelet lysates. Since platelets have a short half-life (1–2 weeks) and pig plasma levels of histamine are higher than in other animals, it is concluded that most of the histamine in the storage organelles is probably accumulated in the platelet precursor, the megakaryocyte, either by slow uptake or by synthesis.
The episodic acidification of Adirondack Lakes during snowmelt

Maximum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in Adirondack, New York lake outlets generally occur during summer and autumn. During spring snowmelt, transport of acidic water through acid-sensitive watersheds causes depression of upper lake water ANC. In some systems lake outlet ANC reaches negative values. We examined outlet water chemistry from 11 Adirondack lakes during 1986 and 1987 snowmelts. In these lakes, SO42− concentrations were diluted during snowmelt and did not depress ANC. For lakes with high baseline ANC values, springtime ANC depressions were primarily accompanied by basic cation dilution. For lakes with low baseline ANC, NO3− increases dominated ANC depressions. Lakes with intermediate baseline ANC were affected by both processes and exhibited larger ANC depressions. Ammonium dilution only affected wetland systems. A model predicting a linear relationship between outlet water ANC minima and autumn ANC was inappropriate. To assess watershed response to episodic acidification, hydrologic flow paths must be considered.
Strategizing the Street: How Law Matters in the Lives of Women in the Street‐Level Drug Economy

The criminal law (indeed all law) matters ... because it is a resource.... It is a source of support that people may draw on in the same way they draw on other resources in their environment such as savings accounts, accumulated human capital, and the availability of others to help them achieve their goals. Law may be an intangible resource, as when one invokes the law's authority to order another's
Proximity of prostate cancer to the urethra: implications for minimally invasive ablative therapies

Abstract Objectives. The delivery of thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and interstitial radiation with minimal morbidity is dependent on the preservation of the prostatic urethra. Our aim was to determine the distribution of the distance between the urethra and the nearest prostate cancer. Methods. We determined the location of cancer in 350 prostate cancers treated by radical prostatectomy between 1991 and 1993. Each pathologic specimen was totally embedded, serially sectioned, and whole mounted. For each prostate, the radial distance from the urethra to the nearest cancer was determined (urethral-cancer distance). The urethra-cancer distance was correlated with the clinical, pathologic, and laboratory factors. Univariate and multivariate associations with progression-free survival were determined. Results. The mean follow-up was 6.1 years. Ninety-three patients had biochemical, local, or systemic cancer recurrence. The mean ± SD distance from the urethra to the nearest cancer was 3 ± 3 mm (range 0 to 18). In 58 patients (17%), the cancer touched the urethra. A decreasing urethra-cancer distance was associated with increasing rates of cancer recurrence ( P = 0.009). The urethra-cancer distance correlated with each of the following preoperative factors: preoperative prostate-specific antigen ( r = −0.22, P r = −0.13, P = 0.02), and percentage of Gleason score 4 or 5 in the biopsy specimen ( r = −0.17, P = 0.008). Conclusions. The distance between the urethra and the nearest cancer was associated with prostate cancer outcome. Many patients have cancer close to the urethra. This finding may have implications for nonsurgical ablative therapies for prostate cancer.
Single-molecule DNA amplification and analysis in an integrated microfluidic device.

Stochastic PCR amplification of single DNA template molecules followed by capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis of the products is demonstrated in an integrated microfluidic device. The microdevice consists of submicroliter PCR chambers etched into a glass substrate that are directly connected to a microfabricated CE system. Valves and hydrophobic vents provide controlled and sensorless loading of the 280-nL PCR chambers; the low volume reactor, the low thermal mass, and the use of thin-film heaters permit cycle times as fast as 30 s. The amplified product, labeled with an intercalating fluorescent dye, is directly injected into the gel-filled capillary channel for electrophoretic analysis. Repetitive PCR analyses at the single DNA template molecule level exhibit quantized product peak areas; a histogram of the normalized peak areas reveals clusters of events caused by 0, 1, 2, and 3 viable template copies in the reactor and these event clusters are shown to fit a Poisson distribution. This device demon...
Energy-efficient channel access scheduling for power-constrained networks

We introduce the distributed energy-aware node activation (DEANA) channel access protocol for power-constrained networks. Conventional channel access protocols waste energy during periods of idle listening and collisions. In DEANA, the radio is switched to a low-power, stand-by mode when a node is not transmitting or receiving, which makes DEANA very attractive for sensor networks. Using an analytical model, we show that the proposed approach can achieve significant energy savings (up to 95%).
Enumeration and trellis-searched coding schemes for speech LSP parameters

Speech coders employing forward adaptive predictive coding (APC) and operating at medium-to-low bit rates necessitate efficient encoding of the linear predictive coding (LPC) coefficients. Line spectrum pair (LSP) parameters are currently one of the most efficient choices of transmission parameters for the LPC coefficients. The authors briefly reviews LSP parameters and presents several low-delay coding schemes for the parameters. The coders are simulated using data generated from both the autocorrelation and covariance LPC analysis methods. The performances of the coders are given for a variety of rates and LPC analysis conditions. The most efficient scheme developed uses a uses a predictive form of trellis-coded quantization (TCQ). Its performance is comparable or superior to that of other low-delay LSP coding schemes. An enumeration scheme that reduces the rate of a given scalar quantization structure without decreasing coder performance is also presented. >
Rural-Urban Difference and Student Fieldwork

This article compares the research and field experiences of students studying in rural villages with those studying in a city. The student subjects are participants in two anthropology field training programs (rural Barbados and urban Tasmania) designed to give them a hands-on experience of anthropological fieldwork. The comparison of rural and urban field schools reveals that the students doing fieldwork in the city have: 1. greater difficulty identifying a “community,” and locating informants, 2. gather far more of their data through interviewing where the village fieldworkers do more participant-observation, 3. are less immersed in their research, and 4. have a more difficult time adjusting to doing “fieldwork” but otherwise an easier time adjusting to the culture, which is more similar to the North American urban and suburban backgrounds from which they come. Also discussed are some changes that were required in supervising student research in the city.
Returns to Public Investments in Agriculture with Imperfect Downstream Competition

A multiple-market framework is developed to measure the size and distribution of research benefits. The model considers an upstream raw product market and a downstream finished product market and allows for imperfect competition in the intermediary food-processing sector. A central conceptual result is derived: an increase in raw product output is a sufficient condition for costreducing innovations in the farm sector to increase social welfare. A special case of linear farm supply and isoelastic processing production functions reveals that necessary conditions for welfare to decrease are a convergent farm supply shift, an oligopsonistic upstream market configuration, and increasing returns-to-scale processing technology. A basic goal of public agricultural research is to reduce the costs of farm production. Toward this end, governments have invested considerable resources to improve basic scientific knowledge, develop novel technologies, and facilitate the adoption of modern plant varieties and farming methods. Economists have generally concluded that public investments in agriculture have achieved remarkable success in lowering the marginal cost of farm production, due in large part to the effectiveness of land grant research and extension activities (Chavas and Cox, Cochrane). As a result of these cost changes, public agricultural investments have been shown to yield impressive social rates of return in numerous studies (for a survey of this literature, see Alston, Norton, and Pardey). Several recent papers have shown that imperfect competition in the downstream processing sector can affect both the size and the distribution of welfare changes. Dryburgh and Doyle consider the impact of technical innovation in a multimarket study of the British dairy industry under alternate downstream in