cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal-sulfide dynamics in a constructed wetland in the Southeastern United States

The Tritium Processing Facility at the Savannah River Site releases effluent containing copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) to the H-02 constructed wetland for remediation before the final release. Sediment cores were collected in the wetland cells in both summer and winter. Concentrations of total metals in all sediment layers and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in surface sediments were determined. Total metal concentrations suggested most metals removed from surface water were retained by the organic-rich flocculent in the top sediment layers instead of being transported to the deeper sulfide mineral layers. The seasonal difference of AVS and SEM indicated a season-related sulfur cycle and metal removal process in the wetland cells. SEM-Zn was the major contributor to total SEM. Metals accumulating in surface sediments were mainly sequestered in AVS and SEM extractable phases including metal-sulfides and organic matter complexes. The general SEM/AVS ratio was > 1, demonstrating the metals associated with sediments were potentially mobile and/or bioavailable, which becomes a concern for the long-term sustainability of the constructed wetland. The disturbance event in the sediment triggered the release of total metals, which were mostly in particulate form and were not bioavailable. Due to the high levels of reduced ion (Fe) in the sediment, the released particulate metals were likely to form metal-scavenging particulate Fe3+ oxyhydroxides under oxic conditions.
Dose Selection in a Pandemic: A Framework Informed by the FDA Animal Rule.

Effective treatment approaches in a pandemic such as COVID-19 hinge on expeditious identification of sound dosing strategies. Informed by experience with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule, this commentary illustrates a framework for leveraging and integrating clinical pharmacology information for dose selection to treat novel infections in a public health emergency setting.
On final-state effects in t-tbar production at threshold

We apply the relativistic Bethe-Salpeter formalism to the calculation of final-state effects in the production of a t-tbar pair at threshold. We find that final-state rescattering does not affect the momentum distribution of the t-tbar pair to lowest order in the strong coupling constant. This result correctly extends earlier results based on the non-relativistic Lippmann-Schwinger equation.
Empathy, Self-control, Callous-Unemotionality, and Delinquency: Unique and Shared Developmental Antecedents.

The current investigation tested childhood developmental antecedents of adolescent empathy, self-control, callous-unemotionality, and delinquency, namely difficult temperament, positive socialization experiences, and intelligence; it also tested potential mediation effects of temperament via socialization. Data were collected as part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care and Youth Development Study, which followed N = 1364 children from birth through 15 years (51% female, 80% European American). Early positive socialization (maternal sensitivity, secure attachment, and quality home environment) and temperament variables were assessed from 1 to 36 months, intelligence at age 9, and self-control, empathy, callous-unemotionality, and delinquency at age 15. Based on structural equation modeling hypothesis tests, early positive socialization positively predicted self-control and empathy, and negatively predicted callous-unemotionality and delinquency. Intelligence uniquely and positively predicted empathy. Difficult infant temperament indirectly predicted each of the four traits through early positive socialization. Important research and practical implications are discussed.
MOCVD growth of (010) β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films

In this work, we systematically investigate the effects of growth parameters on the structural and surface morphological properties of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 thin films grown on (010) β-Ga2O3 substrates via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). By varying [TMAl]/[TEGa + TMAl] molar flow rate ratio, growth temperature and chamber pressure, (i) the structural and physical properties of β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films including Al incorporations, growth rates, strain properties, rocking curve full width at half maximum, and (ii) the surface morphological properties are investigated. Higher [TMAl]/[TEGa + TMAl] molar flow ratio leads to higher Al incorporation in β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films. Higher growth temperature promotes lower growth rates with substantial surface roughening, although the Al incorporation remains similar for a given [TMAl]/[TEGa + TMAl] molar flow ratio. In addition, increasing chamber pressure leads to lower growth rates and lower Al incorporation in the AlGaO films. This study reveals that the MOCVD growth window for (010) β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films becomes narrower as the Al composition increases.
Does Reproductive Status Influence Habitat Selection by Female Greater Sage-grouse in a Sagebrush-Juniper Landscape?

Abstract Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter, sage-grouse) have experienced habitat loss from expansion of juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands into sagebrush steppe. Sage-grouse avoid high levels of juniper cover (> 10% cover) but can vary in response to cover > 0–10%. Selection patterns by hens may be affected by differences in resource needs or predation risk between brooding (i.e., hens with chicks) and nonbrooding hens (i.e., hens without chicks). We investigated whether reproductive status influenced habitat selection at multiple spatial scales among hens in a landscape undergoing juniper expansion. We conducted our study during the 2017–2018 breeding seasons in southwestern Idaho. We collected habitat data at broad spatial extents (hereafter, macroscales) using remotely sensed layers and at a fine spatial extent (hereafter, microscale) with field-based surveys. We collected data at used and available locations for 11 brooding and 19 nonbrooding hens at macroscales (n = 2 059 locations) and microscales (n = 181 locations). At the macroscales, both reproductive groups avoided cover class II (> 10–20% juniper cover) and III (> 20% juniper cover) but nonbrooding hens were 2.8 × more likely to select cover class I (> 0–10% juniper cover) than brooding hens. In addition, nonbrooding hens selected wetlands dominated by woody vegetation (e.g., willows), whereas brooding hens selected wetlands dominated by herbaceous vegetation. At the microscale, brooding hens were 22.1 × more likely to select taller nonsagebrush shrubs than nonbrooding hens. Our results support our prediction that nonbrooding hens were more likely to select cover class I juniper than brooding hens. Our results help inform more targeted treatment whereby removal of juniper around wetlands and mesic habitats with taller nonsagebrush shrubs may be the most beneficial because increasing the availability of these habitats could positively influence survival of chicks and adults.
Emotionally-Informed Decisions: Bringing Gut's Feelings into Self-adaptive and Co-adaptive Software Systems.

Software systems now complement an incredibly vast number of human activities, and much effort has been deployed to make them quasi-autonomous with the build-up of increasingly performant self-adaptive capabilities, so that the burden of failure, interruption and functional loss requiring expert intervention is fewer and far in between. Even as software systems are rapidly gaining skills that beat humans', humans retain greatly superior adaptability, especially in the context of emotionally-informed decisions and decisions under uncertainty; that is to say, self-adaptive and co-adaptive software systems have yet to acquire a "gut's feeling". This provides the double opportunity to conceptualize human-inspired processes of decision-making under uncertainty in the self-adaptive part of a software, as well as to source human unique emotional competences in co-adaptive architectures. In this paper, some algorithms are discussed that can provide software systems with realistic decision-making, and some architectures are conceptualized that resort to human emotions to quantify uncertainty and to contribute in the software's adaptation process.
Two Can Be Better Than One: Improving Noninvasive Diagnostics in Kidney Transplantation.

Despite recent advances in transplant immunosuppression and postkidney transplant care, acute rejection episodes continue to contribute to recipient morbidity and can negatively affect long-term allograft survival. In particular, studies performed over the past 2 decades documented up to a 20%–30
Three-dimensional metallic and two-dimensional insulating behavior in octahedral tantalum dichalcogenides

Using density functional theory with added on-site interactions, we study the electronic structure of bulk, monolayer, and bilayer of the layered transition-metal dichalcogenide $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{TaS}{}_{2}$. We show that a two-dimensional spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Mott phase exists for the monolayer in the charge density wave (CDW) state and that such a phase is systematically destroyed by packing of the distorted layers leading to a one-dimensional metal for bulk, CDW-distorted $\mathrm{TaS}{}_{2}$. The latter finding is in contrast with previous dynamical mean-field theory predictions---we explain the disagreement by the weak effective interaction felt by the electrons in the CDW state. Experimental observations of insulating behavior may arise from disorder due to stacking faults.
Prioritizing aquatic conservation areas using spatial patterns and partitioning of fish community diversity in a near‐natural temperate basin

This study investigated spatial patterns and partitioning of fish community diversity in the Emory River basin, Tennessee, USA, which represents the best available biotic condition in a region characterized with high diversity and endemism. Fish community analyses were intended as one criterion for identifying aquatic conservation areas in a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) currently developed in the study region under the authority of the US Endangered Species Act. Spatial patterns of fish community diversity were examined at 57 stream sites located in the mainstem (13 sites) and four sub-basins (a total of 44 sites) by partitioning γ diversity (total diversity) into α (within-community) and β (among-community) components in a multiplicative manner at two spatial scales. Additional analyses were conducted to assess evidence of dispersal in structuring local communities. Mainstem sites were characterized with higher α diversity values relative to sub-basin sites, and γ diversity of 13 mainstem sites was comparable with that of 44 sub-basin sites. Site-level β diversity differed among sub-basins. Among-sub-basin β diversity was only modest, and one sub-basin harboured the majority of total species richness found among all sub-basins. Many species had high indicator values for mainstem sites, but sub-basin sites were associated with few indicator species. Spatial autcorrelation of fish community similarity was significant within mainstem sites and sites located within two sub-basins. Catchment area explained among-site variation in species richness better than stream order, link magnitude, confluence link or downstream link. Overall, there was a lack of evidence that dispersal played an important role in shaping local fish communities in either mainstem or sub-basin sites. Aquatic conservation in the study basin should focus on protecting aquatic diversity in the mainstem habitat, while a network of stream sites in the most diverse sub-basin may also be considered as aquatic conservation areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in child and adolescent patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation compared to a healthy population

Background Pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) are at risk for low bone mineral density, which may due, in part, to low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Procedure We compared the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of 22 pediatric HCT patients with 100 healthy pediatric controls. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Results Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were lower in the pediatric HCT patients at time of transplant than healthy pediatric controls (median 19.5 ng/ml vs. 31.0 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Of HCT patients, 27% were 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficient (<15 ng/dl) and 68% insufficient (15–29 ng/dl), compared with 4% and 40%, respectively, of healthy pediatric controls (P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, treatment with HCT, decreased ambient ultraviolet light exposure, non-Caucasian race, and older age were associated with decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. No association was found between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and gender, body mass index, dietary vitamin D intake, or patient-reported vitamin D supplementation. Few patients in either group reported sunscreen use, vitamin D supplementation, or recommended dietary vitamin D intake. Conclusions At time of transplant, pediatric HCT patients frequently have 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, and this occurs more commonly than in the healthy pediatric population. HCT patients rarely follow recommended guidelines to take supplemental vitamin D, consume the Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamin D, or regularly use sunscreen. Further studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency persists long term in HCT patients and requires dietary and behavioral interventions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:2025–2030. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miranda's Hidden Right

Miranda v. Arizona said that a suspect can waive her right to remain silent but also that she must invoke it. How can both be true about the same right? This article argues that the Miranda “right to remain silent” actually contains two sub-rights: the right not to speak, and the right to cut off police questioning. The Court has never distinguished these as two separate rights - instead usually using the term “right to remain silent” for both - and has thus created confusion over what can be waived and what must be invoked. But when we separate the two rights, we see that a suspect can waive the right not to speak but must invoke the right to cut off questioning - a premise implicitly confirmed by both the majority and the dissent in Berghuis v. Thompkins.
Globally Optimal Crowdsourcing Quality Management

We study crowdsourcing quality management, that is, given worker responses to a set of tasks, our goal is to jointly estimate the true answers for the tasks, as well as the quality of the workers. Prior work on this problem relies primarily on applying Expectation-Maximization (EM) on the underlying maximum likelihood problem to estimate true answers as well as worker quality. Unfortunately, EM only provides a locally optimal solution rather than a globally optimal one. Other solutions to the problem (that do not leverage EM) fail to provide global optimality guarantees as well. In this paper, we focus on filtering, where tasks require the evaluation of a yes/no predicate, and rating, where tasks elicit integer scores from a finite domain. We design algorithms for finding the global optimal estimates of correct task answers and worker quality for the underlying maximum likelihood problem, and characterize the complexity of these algorithms. Our algorithms conceptually consider all mappings from tasks to true answers (typically a very large number), leveraging two key ideas to reduce, by several orders of magnitude, the number of mappings under consideration, while preserving optimality. We also demonstrate that these algorithms often find more accurate estimates than EM-based algorithms. This paper makes an important contribution towards understanding the inherent complexity of globally optimal crowdsourcing quality management.
Cross sections for the Li-7 (p, n) Be-7 reaction between 4.2 and 26 MeV

Using pulsed-beam neutron time-of-flight spectrometry relative differential cross sections for /sup 7/Li(p, n/sub 0/)/sup 7/Be(g.s.) and /sup 7/Li(p, n/sub 1/)/sup 7/Be* (0.431 MeV) have been measured over the laboratory angular range 3.5degree to 159degree and from an incident bombarding energy of 4.2 to 26 MeV. These cross sections have been integrated over angle and at 5 MeV the resulting integral was normalized to the absolute measurement of Macklin and Gibbons in order to obtain absolute differential and total cross sections for each neutron group. At energies above 6 MeV the 3.5degree cross section for each group decreases monotonically, reaching a minimum at about 12 MeV. Both cross sections then increase, the ground-state cross section approaching a center-of-mass value of 15 mb/sr at 26 MeV. The forward-angle ratio of n/sub 1/ to n/sub 0/ neutrons remains around 30% from 8 to 26 MeV, obtaining a maximum of about 35% at 26 MeV. The integrated cross sections, on the other hand, both decrease from 6 MeV to the maximum energy. Neutrons from states in /sup 7/Be at 4.55, 6.51, 7.19, and possibly 10.79 MeV as well as those from three-body breakup were also observed in this experiment. (AIP)
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Addition (ATRA) and Applications

Fundamentals of transition-metal-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and mechanistically similar atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) are discussed. Both processes utilize transition-metal complexes as halogen atom transfer agents. ATRP enables the synthesis of polymeric materials with well-controlled molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition, molecular architecture, and chain-end functionality. ATRA, on the other hand, is particularly suitable for the synthesis of small and highly functional organic molecules. Basic phenomenology, components (alkyl halide, monomer, solvent, and catalyst), as well as current and forthcoming applications are reviewed. Keywords: ATRP; ATRA; polymers; small molecule synthesis; applications
Learning Arbitrary Functions with Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity Learning Rule

A neural network model based on spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule, where afferent neurons excite both the target neuron and interneurons that in turn project to the target neuron, is applied to the tasks of learning AND and XOR functions. Without inhibitory plasticity, the network can learn both AND and XOR functions. Introducing inhibitory plasticity can improve the performance of learning XOR function. Maintaining a training pattern set is a method to get feedback of network performance, and would always improve network performance
A hybrid finite element-discontinuous galerkin solver for analyzing electromagnetics-plasma interaction in Four Dimensions

High-power microwave (HPM) devices and systems have very important civilian and military applications. However, as the power density goes higher and higher, the HPM devices and systems are more and more vulnerable to the HPM breakdown, which becomes a critical limiting factor for the generation and transmission of the HPM radiation and the operation of HPM devices and systems. During HPM breakdown, the particle density and velocity in a HPM device can be modeled by plasma fluid equations with various ionization parameters, which would become highly nonlinear when the electromagnetic (EM) field intensity is sufficiently high (J. A. Bittencourt, Fundamentals of Plasma Physics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004).
Cannabinoids and schizophrenia: risks and therapeutic potential

A convergence of evidence shows that use of Cannabis sativa is associated with increased risk of developing psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, and earlier age at which psychotic symptoms first manifest. Cannabis exposure during adolescence is most strongly associated with the onset of psychosis amongst those who are particularly vulnerable, such as those who have been exposed to child abuse and those with family histories of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia that develops after cannabis use may have a unique clinical phenotype, and several genetic polymorphisms may modulate the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in psychosis both related and unrelated to cannabis exposure, and studying this system holds potential to increase understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Anandamide signaling in the central nervous system may be particularly important. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis can cause symptoms of schizophrenia when acutely administered, and cannabidiol (CBD), another compound in cannabis, can counter many of these effects. CBD may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of psychosis following cannabis use, as well as schizophrenia, possibly with better tolerability than current antipsychotic treatments. CBD may also have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Establishing the role of CBD and other CBD-based compounds in treating psychotic disorders will require further human research.
Oxidation of pyruvic acid by flavins in the presence of amines

Abstract Pyruvic acid or other enolizable α-keto acids in the presence of primary or cyclic secondary amines in aprotic polar solvents efficiently reduce flavins and isoalloxazines to their 1,5-dihydro derivatives. The other product of this reaction is the diamide of citraconic acid (1). In the absence of flavin, the diamide of methylsuccinic acid (2) is obtained as the major product. The specificity for α-keto acid and amine, stoichiometric requirements, rates and quantities of CO2 evolution, and the kinetics of the reaction were studied. On the basis of these data a mechanism is proposed that involves an enamine condensation followed by decarboxylation and then either reaction with flavin to give ultimately (1) and dihydroflavin, or reaction with an additional amine to give (2). The possible import of this kind of mechanism in biochemical systems is briefly discussed.
Performance and Development of a Miniature Rotary Shaft Pump (RSP)

The development and performance of a novel miniature pump called the rotary shaft pump (RSP) is described. The impeller is made by boring a hole in one end of a shaft, and cutting slots in the side of the shaft at the bottom of the bored hole, such that the metal between the slots defines the impeller blades. Several impeller designs are tested over a range of operating conditions. Pump performance characteristics, including pressure rise, efficiency, slip factor, and flow rate are presented for several different pump configurations, with maximum flow rate and pressure rise of 64.9ml/min, and 2.1kPa, respectively, when the working fluid is water. Potential applications include transport of biomedical fluids, drug delivery, total analysis systems, and electronics cooling.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A modified anxious behavior test for hamsters.

Abstract Background Latency to feed in a novel environment assesses anxious behavior in rodents, but it is unclear whether it distinguishes anxiety from consumption or appetite. New method The anxiety-related feeding/exploration conflict (AFEC) test was used here to assess anxious behavior in Syrian hamsters for which increased cheek-pouching of food, but not overconsumption of it, reflects appetitive drive, and orexigenic stimuli do not increase consumption. The setup of the test prevented cheek-pouching. Comparison with existing methods Latency to approach test food provided an additional control for non-emotional effects of treatments. Feed and approach latencies in the test cage were normalized to those in the home cage to factor out non-emotional effects. Results Feed latency and the feed latency ratio (test cage/home cage) were reduced by acute treatment with benzodiazepine, diazepam, or beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol, or chronic treatment with norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. Reductions of feed latency and the feed latency ratio were not associated with hyperphagia, and these behaviors were unaltered by acute treatment with opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone. Latency to approach food in the test cage, with and without normalization, was unaltered by these treatments. Finally, overnight fasting elevated feed latency without hyperphagia, and this effect was attenuated by chronic desipramine treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that the AFEC test assesses anxious, but not appetitive or consummatory, behavior, and that its sensitivity increases with food deprivation of hamsters.
Equivocations for the simple substitution cipher with erasure-prone ciphertext

In this paper, we analyze an attack scenario for the simple substitution cipher using the wiretap channel model, where the attacker only has access to error-prone ciphertext at the output of a packet erasure channel (PEC). Each packet is comprised of exactly one symbol of ciphertext, and hence, the attacker's channel could be viewed as a symbol erasure channel. Information-theoretic cryptanalysis provides key and message equivocations for the cipher in general, and then gives the results as functions of the error-free ciphertext equivocations. The findings characterize the increase in equivocation that might be expected if encrypted data were further encoded using wiretap codes that introduce symbol erasures to passive eavesdroppers.
Male copulatory behavior induced in female rats by peripheral electric shock.

Abstract Peripheral skin shock, like administration of testosterone propionate (TP), increased the display of male copulatory patterns in a limited number of ovariectomized female rats. Shock treatment alone led to moderate rates of mounting with thrusting and display of intromission patterns by 2 of the 3 responding females in this group. TP treatment alone resulted in fewer male responses than did shock treatment and failed to produce the intromission pattern. In a group in which both TP and shock were given, all females showed high rates of male mounting and all displayed the intromission pattern. Augmentation of nonspecific arousal by peripheral shock appears to facilitate the display of male sexual behavior in females as it does in males.
Comparison of the effects of smokeless tobacco extract with the effects of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors on collagenous and noncollagenous protein synthesis by osteoblasts

The effects of smokeless tobacco extract (STE) and prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors on protein synthesis by isolated osteoblast-like cells were compared. STE and 2,2'dipyridyl markedly inhibited alkaline phosphatase (Alpase) and [3H]proline hydroxylation without affecting glycolysis (lactate production). However, pyridine 2,5-dicarboxylate (2,5-PDC) did not inhibit [3H] proline hydroxylation, Alpase activity, or glycolysis at moderate concentrations. The [3H]hydroxyproline to [3H]proline ratio in the cell layers demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease with increasing STE and inhibitor concentrations. In the cell layers, the collagenous protein (CP) content was decreased after exposure to STE, 2,2'dipyridyl, and 2,5-PDC and the noncollagenous protein (NCP) content was decreased after exposure to STE and 2,5-PDC. However, the effects on CP were at least twofold greater than on NCP. Similar results were observed regarding protein released to the culture medium. These data demonstrate that STE, like 2,2'dipyridyl, inhibits the hydroxylation of proline and the synthesis of collagenase-digestible protein.
Visual search for real world targets under conditions of high target–background similarity: Exploring training and transfer in younger and older adults

Real world visual search tasks often require observers to locate a target that blends in with its surrounding environment. However, studies of the effect of target-background similarity on search processes have been relatively rare and have ignored potential age-related differences. We trained younger and older adults to search displays comprised of real world objects on either homogenous backgrounds or backgrounds that camouflaged the target. Training was followed by a transfer session in which participants searched for novel camouflaged objects. Although older adults were slower to locate the target compared to younger adults, all participants improved substantially with training. Surprisingly, camouflage-trained younger and older adults showed no performance decrements when transferred to novel camouflage displays, suggesting that observers learned age-invariant, generalizable skills relevant for searching under conditions of high target-background similarity. Camouflage training benefits at transfer for older adults appeared to be related to improvements in attentional guidance and target recognition rather than a more efficient search strategy.
Effects of catalyst introduction methods using PAMAM dendrimers on selective electroless nickel deposition on polyelectrolyte multilayers

We studied the effects of catalyst introduction methods using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on the nickel patterning of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM)-coated substrates. Three different approaches to palladium catalyst introduction using microcontact printing as the patterning technique were utilized and compared. The catalyst introduction methods are (1) direct catalyst stamping, (2) directed assembly using PAMAM dendrimer stamping, and (3) catalyst encapsulation and reduction to nanoparticles within PAMAM dendrimers before stamping. After patterning, the sample surfaces were placed in an electroless bath where nickel was selectively plated onto the patterns. The patterned surfaces were characterized using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The metal plating rates on different homogeneous surfaces that simulate the patterned surfaces were measured using a quartz crystal microbalance. In addition, the effect of PEM film thickness (i.e., number of bilayers) on the selectivity of nickel patterning was investigated.
Mobile homes in hyperspace: Recognition memory for architectural form

The relationship between the distinctiveness of a building and memory for that building was examined in a recognition memory experiment. Multidimensional scaling was employed as a means of operationally defining the relative distinctiveness of each member of a set of environmental stimuli. Obtained results indicated that a building's position in multidimensional space significantly predicted the probability of a correct recognition response.
Learning regular sets from queries and counterexamples

The problem of identifying an unknown regular set from examples of its members and nonmembers is addressed. It is assumed that the regular set is presented by a minimaMy adequate Teacher, which can answer membership queries about the set and can also test a conjecture and indicate whether it is equal to the unknown set and provide a counterexample if not. (A counterexample is a string in the symmetric difference of the correct set and the conjectured set.) A learning algorithm L* is described that correctly learns any regular set from any minimally adequate Teacher in time polynomial in the number of states of the minimum dfa for the set and the maximum length of any counterexample provided by the Teacher. It is shown that in a stochastic setting the ability of the Teacher to test conjectures may be replaced by a random sampling oracle, EX( ). A polynomial-time learning algorithm is shown for a particular problem of context-free language identification.
Lower and Middle Ordovician shell beds from the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States (California, Nevada, and Utah)

A study of shell concentrations (shell beds) from Basin and Range (California, Nevada, and Utah) Lower and Middle Ordovician strata demonstrates that they are taxonomically diverse and very abundant locally in this region. Ordovician shell beds range from mm-thick pavements, composed exclusively of trilobites or brachiopods, to well-developed composite monotaxic and polytaxic shell beds, meters in thickness. Lower Ordovician (Ibexian) shell beds are primarily trilobiteand echinoderm-dominated and are taphonomically similar to Cambrian shell beds. In contrast, brachiopod, ostracod, and gastropod shell beds dominate Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) strata. Shell beds are found throughout Lower and Middle Ordovician strata in nearly all lithofacies of the Basin and Range. However, frequency of occurrence and the stratigraphic, taphonomic, and paleontologic features of shell beds vary across lithofacies. These environmental variations are caused primarily by physical processes, such as storm events and current reworking. The early Middle Ordovician (Whiterockian) is a critical time in the development of Paleozoic shell concentrations; the impact of the Ordovician radiation significantly changed the biofabric of the sedimentary rock at this time. Overall, the physical dimension, abundance, and diversity of taxonomic types of shell beds increased from Ibexian to Whiterockian time. Significantly, brachiopod-dominated shell beds along with those dominated by ostracodes and gastropods replaced the trilobite-dominated beds as the dominant type in shallow marine-carbonate settings in the early Middle Ordovician. This study additionally suggests that shell beds are useful proxies for recognizing the changing dominant components ofpaleocommunities through time.
The electrochemical reduction of fluorenone imine, 9-aminofluorene, and several N-substituted derivatives in dimethylformamide

Abstract The cyclic voltammetric reduction of fluorenone imine (FlNH) and N-phenylfluorenone imine (FlNPh) in DMF occurs in successive one-electron steps. Although FlNH−. and FlNPh−. are relatively stable on the cyclic voltammetric time scale, they react on the coulometric time scale to give the corresponding amines in high yield. FlNH2− and FlNPh2− have half lives of less than 1 ms and react by abstracting a proton to give FlNH2− and FlNHPh−, respectively. Oxidation of FlNHPh− to FlNPh in the presence of potassium t-butoxide involves a kinetically-controlled anodic peak which arises from the catalytic oxidation of FlNHPh− by electrogenerated FlNPh and a second, irreversible, anodic peak at more positive potential which is assigned to the direct electrochemical oxidation of FlNHpH−. Electrocatalytic oxidation is not observed under analogous solution conditions in the FlNH2− system unless fluorenone azine anion radical is also present. FlHNH2−. and FlHNMe2−. decompose by carbon—nitrogen bond cleavage (k =0.8 s−1 and 1.1 s−1, respectively, at −22°C and −51°C, respectively) to give an anionic fragment, presumably an amide, and a radical fragment, presumably FlH.. After reduction of the radical fragment to an anion by an unreacted anion radical, the amide abstracts a proton from the C9 position of the starting material. FlH− also reacts by proton abstraction from starting material, but at a rate which is kinetically controlled on the cyclic voltammetric time scale. The oxidation of FlNMe2− to the corresponding cation occurs in successive, one-electron steps in the absence of FlH−. If reaction of the electrogenerated FlH− with FlHNMe2 is incomplete when oxidation of FlNMe2− is effected, the intermediate radical, FlNMe2., is interdicted by electrocatalytically formed FlH..
A nonparametric likelihood ratio test

The likelihood ratio principle is employed to develop a nonparametric test for testing stochastic ordering as a null hypothesis. This test is also adapted for testing equality of distributions against one-sided stochastic ordering alternatives. Power studies indicate this test compares favorably with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon in the latter situation, even though it provides some protection against alternatives that are not stochastically ordered. Percentage points for samples less than or equal to twenty are provided
What Is the Role of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy in Patient Management?

This review summarizes the role of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in obesity treatment. Although not a specific intervention per se, CBT is the systematic application of principles of social cognitive theory to modify behaviors that are thought to contribute to or maintain obesity. Most forms of CBT include the use of five strategies: self-monitoring and goal setting; stimulus control for the modification of eating style, activity, and related habits; cognitive restructuring techniques that focus on challenging and modifying unrealistic or maladaptive thoughts or expectations; stress management; and social support. The use of these strategies in comprehensive obesity programs has been helpful in improving short-term weight losses, but long-term success remains elusive, even though these strategies are predictors of long-term weight loss maintenance. Given that obesity is a chronic condition, not unlike hypertension or diabetes, CBT interventions will need to focus on broader treatment outcomes, such as improved metabolic profiles, quality of life, psychological functioning, and physical fitness. In addition, new methods for delivering CBT interventions should be explored, including home-based programs and combination with adjunctive pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care centers.
After Malaria is Controlled, What's Next?†

Because words mean everything, the vocabulary of the goal of a coordinated impact on a disease is important. Let us review the working definitions of three words: eradication, elimination, and control.
Land surface heating and the North American monsoon anticyclone: Model evaluation from diurnal to seasonal

Data from several regional and global models (including model-based analysis data) are compared with field data from the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME), from observational sites as well as satellite retrievals. On the regional scale (NAME tier 1.5), sensible heating is shown to exceed latent and is furthermore concentrated in the lower half of the troposphere, so in considering the North American monsoon (NAM) midlevel anticyclone, the authors focus on radiative and turbulent energy fluxes at the surface. Models exhibit large discrepancies in their simulation of the mean diurnal cycle of these fluxes as well as in their sensitivity of evaporative fraction to recent rainfall. Most of the models examined have too much net radiation due to excessive shortwave surface flux (too little cloud) and too much sensible heating. These high biases in sensible heating appear to drive overpredictions of both the daily and seasonal rise of 500-hPa heights in the NAM anticyclone. This diurnal‐seasonal resemblance suggests that calibrating surface heating processes using readily field-observed diurnal variations could lead to improvements in seasonal-time-scale NAM simulations.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING RESULTS

Earlier clinical hypotheses regarding borderline personality disorder, based on projective psychological testing and intelligence tests, are examined. Recent findings of comparative deficits in this population in the domains of verbal and visual memory as well as visual perception are reviewed, together with clinical relevance. Efforts to examine the way individuals with this disorder process emotion-laden material are discussed, with suggestions for further research.
Mutagenesis Studies of the Phosphorylation Sites of Recombinant Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. SITE-SPECIFIC REGULATION

Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase (α2β2) (E1) is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, catalyzed by the E1-kinase and the phospho-E1-phosphatase. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the three phosphorylation sites (sites 1, 2, and 3) on E1α, several human E1 mutants were made with single, double, and triple mutations by changing Ser to Ala. Mutation at site 1 but not at sites 2 and/or 3 decreased E1 specific activity and also increased Km values for thiamin pyrophosphate and pyruvate. Sites 1, 2, and 3 in the E1 mutants were phosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase-protein X-E1 kinase indicating a site-independent mechanism of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of each site resulted in complete inactivation of the E1. However, the rates of phosphorylation and inactivation were site-specific. Sites 1, 2, and 3 were dephosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the phospho-E1-phosphatase resulting in complete reactivation of the E1. The rates of dephosphorylation and reactivation were similar for sites 1, 2, and 3, indicating a random dephosphorylation mechanism.
Phloem differentiation in tobacco pith culture.

Phloem cells differentiating in sterile pith cultures of tobacco have been fixed with formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy. The phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells and other parenchyma cells. The differentiation processes of these cells are similar to those in intact plants. The P-protein component is first observed in sieve elements as tubules arranged in groups which subsequently enlarge to form large P-protein bodies. In some P-protein bodies, the tubules are packed in a hexagonal arrangement, often around lightly staining centers. Fine fibrils may connect the P-protein tubules. The P-protein bodies disperse in the cells at about the same stage of differentiation as the degeneration of the nucleus and vacuole, the loss of dictyosomes and ribosomes and the reorganization of the membrane systems into the sieve element reticulum. The P-protein tubules in many cells are transformed into narrower fibrils. Occasionally the fibrils have a beaded appearance. The cultured cells differ in this regard from intact plant sieve elements where the bulk of the fibrillar P-protein has a beaded appearance. The difference may be correlated with the absence of long distance transport in the cultured material. The transformation of tubular to fibrillar P-protein is discussed in relation to the two helices model for the structure of P-protein tubules. The sieve plate pores were plugged with P-protein in some cases although many unplugged pores were encountered. Dense slime plugs were uncommon; usually the P-protein was distributed throughout the lumen of mature sieve elements.
Effects of neonatal destruction of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: Long-term neurochemical, locomotor, and regulatory deficits

Neonatal kittens (N = 27) 11 to 22 days of age received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). These lesions transected the rostral course of the nigrostriatal tract, disrupted other fiber tracts that constitute the MFB, damaged the indigenous neurons of the lateral hypothalamic region, and interrupted striatal output pathways. The behavioral development of these animals was assessed and compared with that of intact littermates (N = 37) and a group of littermates that received lesions that did not encroach upon the MFB (control lesions, N = 16). The MFB lesions produced transient periods of decreased body weight gains. Animals with large MFB lesions had to be tube fed for various periods. Decreased ponderal weight in animals with large MFB lesions occurred throughout the duration of their survival (1 to 2 years of age). Development of locomotor activity was assessed in an open field. At about 6 weeks of age animals with MFB lesions became hyperactive compared with their intact littermates and this hyperactivity was still apparent at 6 months of age when testing was discontinued. Caudate dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase were measured after the animals were killed. Large MFB lesions produced a marked decrease in concentrations of caudate dopamine (75%) and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (62%). These results indicate that early postnatal damage to the MFB in cats produces a constellation of behavioral deficits that differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from the effects of similar lesions produced in the adult animal.
Assessment of Scanning Model Observers with Hybrid SPECT Images

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to test procedures for applying scanning model observersin order to predict human-observer lesion-detection performance with hybrid images. Hybrid images consist of clinical backgrounds withsimulated abnormalities. The basis for this investigation was detection and localization of solitary pulmonarynodules (SPN) in SPECT lung images, and our overall goal has been to determine the extent to which detectionof SPN could be improved by proper modeling of the acquisition physics during the iterative reconstructionprocess. Towards this end, we conducted human-observer localization ROC (LROC) studies to optimize thenumber of iterations and the postltering of four rescaled block-iterative (RBI) reconstruction strategies withvarious combinations of attenuation correction (AC), scatter correction (SC), and system-resolution correction(RC). This observer data was then used to evaluate a scanning channelized nonprewhitening model observer.A standard background-known-exactly (BKE) task formulation overstated the prior knowledge and trainingthat human observers had about the hybrid images. Results from a quasi-BKE task that preserved some degreeof structural noise in the detection task dem onstrated better agreement with the humans.Keywords: model observers, observer performance evaluation, technology assessment, SPECT, lung imaging,solitary pulmonary nodules
Internal Structure of Rhea

We model the interior of Rhea on the basis of observational constraints and the results from geodynamical models available in the literature. Ten main types of models are defined, depending on the presence or absence of a high-pressure ice layer (ice II), and the extent of separation of the rock component from the volatiles. The degree-two gravity coefficients are computed for each of these models in order to assess which properties of the interior are likely to be inferred from Cassini radio science measurements scheduled on 26 November 2005. C22 greater than 2.5 x 10(exp -4) indicates that the satellite is undifferentiated, except for a slight increase in density with depth resulting from material self-compression. C22 between 1.67 x 10(exp -4)(lower bound) and 1.90 x 10(exp -4) indicates the presence of a rocky core, whose radius can be determined from the satellite's mass and ices densities, for a given temperature profile. For other values, most of the ten models cannot be distinguished from each other. However, assumptions on the density of the rock phase, presence or absence of ice II, and the degree of differentiation could allow a unique model to be determined in many cases. While the calculation presented in this work assumes that Rhea is in hydrostatic equilibrium, it is likely that Rhea' gravity field is partly affected by nonhydrostatic anomalies.
Molecularly defined HLA-DR2 alleles in ulcerative colitis and an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive subgroup.

Abstract Background/Aims: Although HLA-DR2 is associated with Japanese ulcerative colitis, data regarding an HLA-DR2 association in other populations are conflicting. A recent study suggests that HLA-DR2 is only associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether HLA-DR2 or the molecularly defined alleles within the HLA-DR2 group are associated with ulcerative colitis or a perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive subgroup. Methods: Unrelated white patients with a history of ulcerative colitis (n = 97) and control subjects matched to patients for Jewish ethnicity and sex (n = 149) were studied. An immunofluorescence assay was used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. A molecular, DNA-based method was used to perform HLA-DR2 typing. Results: HLA-DRB1 ∗ 1601 was present in 11 of 149 controls and 1 of 97 patients ( P = 0.031, corrected P , not significant; Fisher's Exact Test). There were no other significant differences between ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis stratified by perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody status and controls. Conclusions: The HLA-DR2 group of alleles is not associated with ulcerative colitis or a perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive subgroup. The unexpected finding of a decreased frequency of HLA-DRB1 ∗ 1601 in ulcerative colitis should be further investigated.