cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient conversion between photons and between photon and atom by stimulated emission

Quantum-state conversion among different information-carrying media is essential in a quantum network. It is found that the many schemes of quantum-state conversion can be unified under one simple process---that is, the parametric process of three-wave mixing. These schemes include quantum-state storage in atomic media, where a photonic state is converted to an atomic Raman state and vice versa, the frequency up- and down-conversion in photonic states, and photonic-state conversion to Brillouin phononic states and vice versa. The efficiency of conversion can in principle reach 100%, and the conversion process is noiseless. When the same idea is applied to a four-wave mixing process, unit conversion efficiency between a two-photon state and a single-photon state can be achieved. When applied to a two-photon entangled state in parametric down-conversion, entangled states of multiple photons can be generated.
Delivery of 14C-lignocaine and blood flow to canine organs after coronary occlusion: a physical separation technique to measure drug concentration and microsphere blood flow in the same tissue sample.

The purpose of this study is to characterise the distribution of lignocaine relative to blood flow in several organs after coronary occlusion in the dog. To achieve this, it was necessary to develop a convenient, new technique to measure microsphere blood flow and l4C-lignocaine in the same small tissue sample. Seven anaesthetised, open-chest dogs were studied after coronary occlusion. Two minutes after occlusion 14C-lignocaine was injected, 75 mg (150 μ Ci) iv in four dogs (Group II). Three minutes after coronary occlusion radioactive microspheres were injected into the left atrium in order to measure tissue blood flow. Each animal was sacrificed 12 min after coronary occlusion, and samples were removed rapidly from heart, brain, abdominal wall muscle, liver and kidney. After counting each tissue sample in a gamma well counter for microsphere activity, we then dissolved each tissue sample completely. The "supernatant" contained 14C-lignocaine but not microsphere gamma activity because microspheres settled to the bottom of the tube according to their specific gravity of 1.28. Thus, the "supernatant" could be used to measure 14C-lignocaine by liquid scintillation counting. Group I dogs received gamma-labelled microspheres but no 14C-lignocaine and showed no 14C activity when the “supernatants” of their samples were counted in the liquid scintillation counter. Tissue blood flow was highest in kidney and lowest in skeletal muscle, while 14C-lignocaine concentration was highest in liver and lowest in muscle. Although lignocaine concentration correlated significantly with organ blood flow (r = 0.46, P<0.05), the correlation was not strong because cumulative tissue uptake (estimated by the index, lignocaine/blood flow) was increasing as blood flow decreased below 0.50 cm3·min−1·g−1. We conclude that this convenient technique should improve the design of experiments by measuring blood flow and 14C drug concentration in the same small tissue sample, using widely available instrumentation. These measurements may clarify the mechanisms of the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs, hormones and other physiological mediators, particularly in situations where regional blood flow distribution might be abnormal.
Induced Biosynthesis of Cutaneous Prostaglandins by Ionizing Irradiation

AbstractThis study has demonstrated that exposure of white domestic pig skin to a single treatment of X-ray irradiation (300-1000 rad) results in a rapid release of epidermal arachidonic acid follo...
Electrophysiological Evidence of Augmented Interaural Asymmetry in Middle-Aged Listeners

AbstractBackground:Variousdimensionsofauditoryprocessing,especiallytheperceptionofspeechinthepres-ence of background competition, have been shown to deteriorate with age. A persistent problem in theassessment of these age-related changes has been the high prevalence of age-related high-frequencyhearing loss in elderly persons. Some investigators have suggested that a more fruitful approach to thestudyofage-relateddeclinemightbetostudymiddle-aged,ratherthanelderly,persons,whereconfoundinghigh-frequency hearing loss is less prevalent.Purpose:Todeterminewhetheranincreaseintheleft-eardisadvantage(LED)indichoticlisteningcouldbe demonstrated in a group of middle-aged persons.Research Design: The N400 component of the auditory event-related potential (AERP) was utilized toevaluate interaural asymmetry in a quasi-dichotic competing speech task. Electrophysiological responseswereobtainedonaword-pairsemanticcategorizationtaskpresentedthroughafrontloudspeakerwhilethelistenerignoredcompetingspeechpresentedthrougheitherleft(competitionleft[CL])orright(competitionright [CR]) loudspeakers.Study Samples: Twenty young (18–24 yr) and 20 middle-aged (44–57 yr) females with normal hearingsensitivity.Data Collection and Analysis: Individual, as well as grand-averaged, AERP waveforms and scalp top-ographies were analyzed for the word pairs. Peak amplitude and latency measures of the N400 com-ponent were subjected to a mixed design analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: No signiﬁcant interaural asymmetry was found in the AERP waveform for the reference wordcondition in either age group. In response to the second word of the pair, however, middle-aged femalesshowed signiﬁcantly greater N400 negativity in the CR condition than in the CL condition. No signiﬁcantlaterality effect was found in the young females.Conclusions: The study of young versus middle-aged participants may be an effective way of avoidingthe confound of high-frequency hearing loss in elderly persons when studying age effects on auditoryprocessing.Key Words: AERP, aging, auditory event-related potential, dichotic listening, speech understandingAbbreviations:AERP5auditoryevent-relatedpotential;CL5competitionleft;CR5competitionright;DL 5 dichotic listening; EEG 5 electroencephalogram; ICA 5 independent component analysis; LED 5left ear disadvantage; MCR 5 message-to-competition ratio; MoCA 5 Montreal Cognitive Assessment;PTA25pure-toneaverageof1000,2000,and4000Hz;QuickSIN5QuickSpeech-in-Noisetest;REA5right ear advantage; SNR 5 signal-to-noise ratio; WPM 5 words per minute*Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama; †School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas atDallasTara M. Davis, Ph.D., Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama, HAHN 1119, 307 N. University Blvd, Mobile,AL 36688-0002; E-mail: taradavis@usouthal.eduThis work was supported in part by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation (2008 Student Research Grant in Audiology).J Am Acad Audiol 24:159–173 (2013)
Fe-Pt magnetic multilayers by electrochemical deposition

Abstract A series of magnetically soft/hard bilayers (BL) and multilayers with various sublayer thickness and configurations were prepared by electrodeposition from an alkaline solution using potential modulated waveforms and successive thermal annealing. In the as-deposited conditions the equiatomic layers grow with a face centered cubic FCC structure, and the Fe-rich ones with a body-centered cubic BCC structure. Annealing induces partial transformations of both structures to a L1 0 FCT phase. The coercivity of bilayers after annealing at or above 450 °C shows a maximum when the Fe-rich layer thickness is 10 nm; this configuration yields up to 45% increase in coercivity compared with single layers of 15 nm equiatomic Fe–Pt. Multilayer structures with fixed 5 or 10 nm Fe-rich layers show a coercivity enhancement similar to that of bilayers, suggesting that a bilayer structure is sufficient to facilitate magnetic hardening while minimizing the overall structure thickness. Either BLs or multilayers with 5 nm thick Fe-rich layers show a single phase magnetization behavior, behaving like a rigid magnet; those with 10 nm thick Fe-rich layers show instead a two stage magnetization switching, implying partial exchange decoupling.
Consumer's guide to evidence in phonology

The purpose of evidence adduced in support of a theory is not to prove that theory true but to demonstrate that competing theories account for facts less well and thus no longer demand our attention. Evidence therefore, if it can unambiguously decide between competing theories, helps the discipline to spend its resources on only a few issues at a time. I evaluate this winnowing capacity of various kinds of evidence which have been offered in support of hypotheses on what knowledge native speakers have about the sound patterns in their language and how they use it: surface sound patterns, sound change, poetry, speech errors, word games, and experiments. I argue that experiments provide evidence of the highest quality. Four experiments are reported, three psychological and one phonetic, which offer evidence on the following claims: (a) the psychological basis of speakers' awareness of phonotactics, (b) speakers' awareness of the morphemic constituents of complex derived words, (c) whether epenthetic stops of the sort evident in words like team[p]ster are added by purely mechanical constraints of the articulatory apparatus or whether they can be attributed to higher, pre-phonetic levels, and (d) the factors that determine speakers' assignment of allophones to phonemes.
Low-dimensional chaos in a hydrodynamic system

Evidence is presented for low-dimensional strange attractors in Couette-Taylor flow data. Computations of the largest Lyapunov exponent and metric entropy show that the system displays sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Although the phase space is very high dimensional, analysis of experimental data shows that motion is restricted to an attractor of dimension 5 for Reynolds numbers up to 30% above the onset of chaos. The Lyapunov exponent, entropy, and dimension all generally increase with Reynolds number.
Toward Meaningful Accounts in History Texts for Young Learners

This examination of instructional sequences from four 5th-grade textbook series' treatments of the American Revolution is the center-piece of a larger in-depth analysis of content and presentation of commercial social studies programs for elementary grades. Our work has drawn on cognitive research on comprehension and learning in order to bring into focus issues of learning that have direct bearing on textbook content and organization. Our analysis uncovered lack of clarity in the relation between the content presented and the instructional goals, assumption of an unrealistic variety and depth of background knowledge, and inadequate explanation of significant events and their relationships. An approach to improving instruction is embedded in the examination of the text's coverage of the chain of events leading to the American Revolution.
Computational studies of electron-transfer processes in old yellow enzyme

Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) is a flavoenzyme that was first isolated from brewer's bottom yeast. Homologues have been identified in other strains of yeast, bacteria, and plants. In plants, the OYE homologue functions enzymatically in the synthesis of plant hormones, but the biological function of OYE in yeast is still unknown. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is the cofactor that is noncovalently bound in the enzyme. OYE binds several phenolic ligands that serve as models for reactive biological substrates. These complexes have broad long-wavelength absorption bands, which have been ascribed to charge-transfer interactions, with the phenolate anion acting as the electron donor and the FMN as the acceptor [Abramovitz, A. S.; Massey, V. J Bio Chem 1976, 251, 5327–5336]. The computational characterization of these electronic transitions in the active site will help in understanding the biological processes in the enzyme. It was found that at several levels of computational methods, and through computationally mutating relevant amino acids, a charge-transfer process is occurring. This result agrees with previous experimental work and is consistent with all ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric data. The preliminary results for the computational studies of these electron-transfer processes will be presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Logic Modeling: A Tool for Improving Educational Programs

Purpose: Palliative care education programs must be systematically designed and accurately evaluated in order to account for their impact on learners and learning communities. Logic modeling is a framework for designing educational programs and monitoring their influence. Methods: We applied a logic modeling process to a Palliative Care Educational Program (PCEP), embedded within a required month-long geriatrics rotation for third-year general internal medicine residents at the VA Medical Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Each of four main categories of a logic model and the process for applying the steps to the PCEP are described. The four logic model categories that form the basis of the analysis are: (1) inputs, the raw resources consumed by the program (human resources, money, and space); (2) outputs, program activities and the number and types of actual participants; (3) outcomes, what the program will achieve in the short term (knowledge, attitudes and behavior change); and (4) impact, the results tha...
Theory of Hydride-Proton Transfer (HPT) Carbonyl Reduction by [OsIII(tpy)(Cl)(NH═CHCH3)(NSAr)]

Quantum mechanical analysis reveals that carbonyl reduction of aldehydes and ketones by the imine-based reductant cis-[OsIII(tpy)(Cl)(NH═CHCH3)(NSAr)] (2), which is accessible by reduction of the analogous nitrile, occurs by hydride-proton transfer (HPT) involving both the imine and sulfilimido ligands. In carbonyl reduction, water or alcohol is necessary to significantly lower the barrier for proton shuttling between ligands. The −N(H)SAr group activates the carbonyl group through hydrogen bonding while the −NC(H)CH3 ligand delivers the hydride.
Elemental t.g. principles of relativistic t-topos (Presheafification of matter, space, and time)

We would like to solve the following problem: find a mathematical model formulating I) quantum entanglement, II) particle-wave duality, III) universal objects (ur-sub-Planck objects): to be defined in terms of direct or inverse limits (defined by universal mapping properties) giving microcosm behaviors of space-time so as to give the smooth macrocosm space-time, and IV) the curved space-time associated with particles with mass in microcosm consistent with the notion of a light cone in macrocosm. Problems I) and II) are treated in Kato G., Europhys. Lett., 68 (2004) 467. In this paper, we will focus on III) and IV). As a candidate for such a model, we have introduced the category of presheaves over a site called a t-topos. During the last several years, the methods of category and sheaf theoretic approaches have been actively employed for the foundations of quantum physics and for quantum gravity. Particles, time, and space are presheafified in the following sense: a fundamental entity is a triple (m,κ,τ) of presheaves so that for an object V in a t-site, a local datum (m(V),κ(V),τ(V)) may provide a local state of the particle m = m(V), i.e., the localization of presheaf m at V, in the neighborhood (κ(V),τ(V)) of m. By presheafifying matter, space, and time, t-topos can provide sheaf-theoretic descriptions of ur-entanglement and ur-particle and ur-wave states formulating the EPR-type non-locality and the duality in a double-slit experiment. Recall that presheaves m and m' are said to be ur-entangled when m and m' behave as one presheaf. Also recall: a presheaf m is said to be in particle ur-state (or wave ur-state) when the presheaf m is evaluated as m(V) at a specified object V in the t-site (or when an object in the t-site is not specified). For more comments and the precise definitions of ur-entanglement and particle and wave ur-states, see the above-mentioned paper. The applications to a double-slit experiment and the EPR-type non-locality are described in detail in the forthcoming papers Kato G. and Tanaka T., Double slit experiment and t-topos, submitted to Found. Phys. and Kafatos M., Kato G., Roy S. and Tanaka T., The EPR-type non-locality and t-topos, to be submitted to Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., respectively. By the notion of decompositions of a presheaf and of an object of the t-site, ur-sub-Planck objects are defined as direct and inverse limits, respectively, in Definitions 2.1 and 2.4 in what will follow.
Differential acute-phase responses in febrile and cold- and heat-exposed rabbits

Endotoxin (LPS) characteristically provokes both fever and the acute-phase reaction (APR). The present studies were undertaken to determine whether these two responses are mutually dependent or controlled separately. Rabbits were injected with LPS (2 μg/kg, IV) or exposed to heat (37±1° C) such that the patterns and magnitudes of the body temperature (Tco) rises (1.6±0.5° C) were similar. While the plasma levels of Fe and Zn decreased, and those of Cu and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) increased significantly after LPS-induced fever, no such changes occurred after heat-induced hyperthermia. In a subsequent study, different rabbits were exposed to cold (3±1° C), first furred, then sheared. While furred, they thermoregulated by cutaneous vasoconstriction, whereas, while shaved, they additionally increased their metabolic rates. However, in neither case were the plasma levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, or NANA different in comparison to their pre-cooling values (Ta=22±1° C). It would seem, therefore, that the acute-phase blood responses to LPS (and ultimately, to endogenous pyrogen [EP]) probably are not mediated merely by the rise in the Tco or by the concomitantly induced vascular and/or thermogenic effectors of fever; but rather, the APR appears to be a regulated, separate response to LPS/EP.
Measures of Efficacy Using G Proteins as Endpoints: Differential Engagement of G Proteins through Single Receptors

The concept of agonism has been evaluated extensively for ligands that bind to receptors coupled to G proteins, with the classification of ligands into inverse, partial, or full agonists, or neutral antagonists, most often performed using effectors or effector-driven phenomena as endpoints. Many
OA14.02. Exploration of body awareness and pain and emotion regulation among yoga and meditation practitioners: does type of mind-body practice matter?

Purpose Yoga and meditation are mind-body therapies that are effective for managing pain and negative emotions. Body awareness is a key component of these therapies and may be an important mechanism of action. It is unknown whether differences exist between yoga and meditation practitioners in body awareness and pain and emotion regulation. We explored these questions: do yoga and meditation practitioners differ in degree of body awareness and ability to regulate pain and negative affect? Is body awareness more strongly related to pain and emotional regulation outcomes among yoga or meditation practitioners? Methods We used a convenience sample of yoga (N=88) and meditation practitioners (N=112) participating in a study to develop the Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Instrument (MAIA). We compared mean scores of yoga practitioners and meditators along eight dimensions of body awareness using the MAIA: Noticing, Distracting, Worrying, Attention Regulation, Emotional Awareness, Self-Regulation, Body Listening, and Trusting, and measures of pain and emotion regulation: Pain Catastrophizing Scale (3 subscales), Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory (2 subscales), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (6 subscales). Within each group, we examined correlations between MAIA subscales and pain and emotional regulation measures. Results Yoga practitioners reported significantly higher levels of Noticing, Emotional Awareness, Trust, and more Worrying. Yoga practitioners reported significantly higher levels of Noticing, Emotional Awareness, Trust, and more Worrying. Groups did not differ in pain or emotion regulation. In each group, greater body awareness was significantly associated with less pain catastrophizing, less fear of symptoms associated with arousal, and less difficulty managing negative emotions. The pattern of correlations between MAIA subscales and pain and emotion regulation subscales did not differ substantially between meditation and yoga practitioners. Conclusion
SURFACE-DIRECTED SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION : HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS

We present results from a numerical study of surface-directed spinodal decomposition in a binary fluid mixture, for critical and various off-critical concentrations. We explicitly add a long-range surface interaction term to the bulk free-energy functional leading to preferential attraction of one of the components of the fluid mixture to a solid surface. We also consider hydrodynamic interactions in these model calculations. Results of the wetting layer thickness and the domain size as a function of time and the scaling behavior of the density profile perpendicular to the surface are presented in the fluid inertia controlled regime.
Insertion of a carbenoid unit into an Fe2P2 cluster

Reaction of (iPr2NP)2COFe2(CO)6 with Me3SiCHN2 of Me3SiC(Li)N2 in hexane gives the orange complex [(iPr2NP)2CHSiMe3]Fe2(CO)6 which has been shown by an X-ray diffraction study to have a structure in which the carbenoid unit Me3SiCH: generated from Me3SiCHN2 has inserted into the (iPr2NP)2Fe2(CO) 6 unit generated from (iPr2NP)2COFe2(CO)6 by extrusion of the phosphorus-bridging carbonyl group.
Rapid rhizoid production in Halimeda discoidea decaisne (Chlorophyta, Caulerpales) fragments: a mechanism for survival after separation from adult thalli

Halimeda discoidea Decaisne is a common, coenocytic, calcified, reef macrophyte that uses rhizoids to anchor itself either in sandy habitats or on rocks. In Hawaii, small fragments of this macroalga are often broken off from adult thalli by physical disturbances and herbivores. Virtually all H. discoidea fragments rapidly produced new attachment rhizoids, regardless of the (1) source of fragmentation (fish grazing, storm damage, razor blade), (2) location where fragments were held (field, laboratory), (3) fragment size (0.5 to 4.0 segments), (4) location along the original plant axis, or (5) breakage orientation. Vertically-cut segments produced rhizoids significantly earlier than horizontally-cut segments or node-cut fragments, even though the rate of rhizoidal production was constant among the three cutting orientations after rhizoid production began (mean ± SE = 0.01 ± 0.01 mg/day ash-free dry weight). Additionally, no differences existed either in the percent of fragments producing rhizoids or the timing of rhizoid production within a cutting orientation. The selective advantage of quickly plugging wounds in large coenocytic organisms is clear. H. discoidea is striking in its ability not only to plug wounds, but to rapidly produce rhizoids in this wound region. Fragments as small as 15 mm 2 with damage to three of four edges were able to produce rhizoids within 3 days. Thus, through this novel means of vegetative fragmentation, grazers and wave action potentially increase plant numbers by clonally propagating nearby adults in reef habitats.
A fast integrating eight-bit bilinear ADC

A fast gated charge integrating ADC has been developed for measuring short photomultiplier pulses at very high event rates. The circuit is bilinear with 100 pC full scale and a least count of 150 fC. It features DC coupling, a minimum gate width of 20 ns, a minimum time between events of 200 ns plus gate width, a two event buffer and front-end zero suppression with 100 ns read time per hit channel. Five hundred channels have been built and installed in the rare K/sub L//sup 0/ decay experiment E791 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. >
Acquired changes in stomatal characteristics in response to ozone during plant growth and leaf development of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicate phenotypic plasticity

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars.
The search for direct CP violation in the neutral kaon system

The status and prospects of neutral Kaon experiments searching for evidence of direct CP violation will be reviewed. The recent results and prospects of experiments measuring | ϵ′/ϵ | will be emphasized.
Theory of desorption induced by electronic transitions. II. The strong interaction regime

The dynamics of desorption induced by electronic transitions is studied using a recently formulated quantum mechanical method [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 417 (1997)]. We consider two qualitatively different model Hamiltonians representing the limits of desorption induced by a single and by multiple electronic transitions and at the same time the limits of resonance-mediated and direct nuclear dynamics. The photodesorption probability of NH3/Cu induced by low-intensity, nanosecond pulses is dominated by a resonant component and determined by the competition of desorption with vibrational relaxation. The probability is linear in the excitation intensity but highly nonlinear in the nonradiative coupling. The photodesorption of NO/Pd induced by intense, femtosecond pulses involves complex electronic dynamics and its vibrational dynamics is mostly direct. Multiple transitions to an ionic state are shown formally and numerically. These give rise to several thresholds in the time-resolved desorption probability. A powe...
An Evaluation of Extrapleural Pneumonolysis: Based on a Follow-up Study of Seventy Cases with Lucite Plombage

1) Extra-pleural pneumonolysis can control tuberculous disease in the lung in a high proportion of cases. 2) Its main weakness is due to the anatomical and pathological factors involved. 3) For the purpose of avoiding the complications of an early broncho-extra-pleural fistula, a thorough x-ray work-up including tomography should be done to exclude giant or peripheral cavitation. 4) If during the extra-pleural stripping, dense adhesions are encountered, the operation should be discontinued and no attempt be made to separate them forcibly. 5) To avoid the risk of late broncho-extra-pleural fistula, the operation should be planned ideally in every case as a temporary collapse procedure and thoracoplasty, sufficient to collapse the space, be performed as soon as the extra-pleural shelf has stabilized satisfactorily (about six months). 6) The extra-pleural plomb increases the danger of bronchopleural fistula after resection under it, and it is recommended that the plomb be removed and thoracoplasty be done before proceeding with resection. Cases who have successful resection under the extra-pleural plomb will not necessarily require removal of the plomb and thoracoplasty.
The System of Lunar Craters, revised.

A new catalogue of lunar crater diameters, depths and morphologies based on Orbiter photography is described. Preliminary shadow length reductions indicate that previous depths determined by ACIC and Baldwin are systematically about 500 m too shallow.
Organized Groups, Land Use Decisions, and Ecological Theory

Human ecological theory has often been faulted for failing to consider the effects of the conscious actions of individuals and groups in the shaping of land use development. Given the current theoretical formulation of human ecological theory developed by Hawley, this criticism is not justified. A unique example of invasion-succession in an urban area offers an opportunity to illustrate how organized groups can influence this process, and to demonstrate how such actions fit into human ecological theory, and, by extension, general ecological theory. Those who do not recognize this dimension of human ecology will continue to be deprived of its analytic potential.
Laser microdissection allows detection of abnormal gene expression in cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.

Abstract Background/Purpose Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung may result from a localized aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during lung development. We used laser microdissection (LMD) to isolate the epithelium and mesenchyme of CCAM, and studied candidate gene expression in these pure cell populations. Methods Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation tissue was obtained from fetal (n = 5) and postnatal (n = 5) surgical specimens. Normal fetal lung (n = 10) was obtained from abortus material, and normal postnatal lung (n = 5) was identified from surgical specimens. Whole tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using LMD, columnar bronchiolar type epithelium and underlying mesenchyme were isolated. Multiplex nested RT-PCR was then used to detect message levels of candidate genes. Results Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction performed on LMD-isolated tissue, but not whole tissue homogenate, revealed differences between CCAM and normal lung. In this report, we focus on the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. By RT-PCR, there was 4-fold more epithelial expression of FGF9 in fetal CCAM vs normal fetal lung ( P P Conclusions LMD may be used to overcome the limitations of tissue heterogeneity in the study of CCAM. Abnormal growth factor expression may play a role in the etiology of this lesion.
Auditory and cognitive factors underlying individual differences in aided speech-understanding among older adults

This study was designed to address individual differences in aided speech understanding among a relatively large group of older adults. The group of older adults consisted of 98 adults (50 female and 48 male) ranging in age from 60 to 86 (mean = 69.2). Hearing loss was typical for this age group and about 90% had not worn hearing aids. All subjects completed a battery of tests, including cognitive (6 measures), psychophysical (17 measures), and speech-understanding (9 measures), as well as the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing (SSQ) self-report scale. Most of the speech-understanding measures made use of competing speech and the non-speech psychophysical measures were designed to tap phenomena thought to be relevant for the perception of speech in competing speech (e.g., stream segregation, modulation-detection interference). All measures of speech understanding were administered with spectral shaping applied to the speech stimuli to fully restore audibility through at least 4000 Hz. The measures used were demonstrated to be reliable in older adults and, when compared to a reference group of 28 young normal-hearing adults, age-group differences were observed on many of the measures. Principal-components factor analysis was applied successfully to reduce the number of independent and dependent (speech understanding) measures for a multiple-regression analysis. Doing so yielded one global cognitive-processing factor and five non-speech psychoacoustic factors (hearing loss, dichotic signal detection, multi-burst masking, stream segregation, and modulation detection) as potential predictors. To this set of six potential predictor variables were added subject age, Environmental Sound Identification (ESI), and performance on the text-recognition-threshold (TRT) task (a visual analog of interrupted speech recognition). These variables were used to successfully predict one global aided speech-understanding factor, accounting for about 60% of the variance.
Boundary single-layer routing with movable terminals

The authors study a generalization of previous results on the boundary single-layer routing (BSLR) problem. In the BSLR problem, there is a planar graph, a collection of terminals on the boundary of the infinite face, and a set of multiterminal nets. A solution of BSLR consists of a set of vertex disjoint trees interconnecting the terminals belonging to the same (multiterminal) net. An algorithm, unifying and generalizing previous BSLR algorithms, to solve an arbitrary instance of BSLR, is presented. Problems involving slidable terminals (i.e. when terminals can slide within a certain range on the boundary) and permutable terminals (i.e. when positions of some terminals (going to the same gate) can be interchanged) are optimally solved. The proposed algorithm runs in O(e) time, where e is the number of edges in the input graph. The results are extended to handle gridless routing environments. >
A Systematic Review of Quasi-Experimental Study Designs in the Fields of Infection Control and Antibiotic Resistance

We performed a systematic review of articles published during a 2-year period in 4 journals in the field of infectious diseases to determine the extent to which the quasi-experimental study design is used to evaluate infection control and antibiotic resistance. We evaluated studies on the basis of the following criteria: type of quasi-experimental study design used, justification of the use of the design, use of correct nomenclature to describe the design, and recognition of potential limitations of the design. A total of 73 articles featured a quasi-experimental study design. Twelve (16%) were associated with a quasi-experimental design involving a control group. Three (4%) provided justification for the use of the quasi-experimental study design. Sixteen (22%) used correct nomenclature to describe the study. Seventeen (23%) mentioned at least 1 of the potential limitations of the use of a quasi-experimental study design. The quasi-experimental study is used frequently in studies of infection control and antibiotic resistance. Efforts to improve the conduct and presentation of quasi-experimental studies are urgently needed to more rigorously evaluate interventions.
Explaining Math: Gesturing Lightens the Load

Why is it that people cannot keep their hands still when they talk? One reason may be that gesturing actually lightens cognitive load while a person is thinking of what to say. We asked adults and children to remember a list of letters or words while explaining how they solved a math problem. Both groups remembered significantly more items when they gestured during their math explanations than when they did not gesture. Gesturing appeared to save the speakers' cognitive resources on the explanation task, permitting the speakers to allocate more resources to the memory task. It is widely accepted that gesturing reflects a speaker's cognitive state, but our observations suggest that, by reducing cognitive load, gesturing may also play a role in shaping that state.
Hemodynamic assessment of oral peripheral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure: Prolonged effectiveness of isosorbide dinitrate

To evaluate the effectiveness of oral vasodilator therapy in chronic congestive heart failure, 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate or placebo was administered orally in double-blind fashion to 25 patients with congestive heart failure. In 15 patients receiving isosorbide dinitrate, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure decreased 5 minutes to 5 hours after drug administration; the peak reduction was observed at 1 hour (from 23 to 14 mm Hg; P 2 ) and stroke work index (from 21.4 to 24.1 g·m/m 2 ) increased slightly but significantly ( P
A Study of Condensing-Vacuum Insulation

Some applications of cryogenic-fluid transfer require optimization of many aspects of transfer-system design. This study examines methods of transfer-line insulation, the problems of metal degassing, and line storage life.
Social Loafing in Cross-Cultural Perspective Chinese on Taiwan

Research conducted in the United States indicates that people exert greater effort in a variety of task situations when they perform individually than when they do so in a group that obscures identifiability of members' individual outputs, a phenomenon termed "social loafing." It was hypothesized that members of cultures whose value emphases and social institutions have been characterized as "group-oriented" would tend to form more cohesive groups and be more likely to place group benefit over individual benefit than members of individualistic U.S. culture, hence evidencing less social loafing. Contrary to this expectation, Chinese school children on Taiwan (grades 2 through 9), asked to produce sound by clapping and shouting alone and in pairs, evidenced levels of social loafing similar to those obtained in U.S. research employing this procedure. Several sources of this absence of a relationship between social loafing and cultural values are discussed, including the effects of the social restrictiveness ...
Separating Dissipative Pulses: The Exit Manifold

We prove that if a reaction-diffusion equation (in one space dimension) has asymptotically stable, exponentially localized traveling wave solutions then there are solutions of the system which are nearly the linear superposition of two such pulses moving in opposite directions away from one another. Moreover, such solutions are themselves asymptotically stable. This result is meant to complement analytic or numeric studies into interactions of such pulses over finite times which might result in the scenario treated here. Since the pulses are moving in opposite directions, it is not possible to put the problem into a moving reference frame which renders the linear problem autonomous. We overcome this difficulty by embedding the original system in a larger one wherein the linear part can be written as a time independent piece plus another piece which, even though it is non-autonomous and large, has certain properties which allow us to treat it as if it were a small perturbation.
Depletion of palatable algae by sea urchins and fishes in a Mediterranean subtidal community

I studied the relative and combined effect of sea urchins and fishes on algal biomass in the Mediterranean Medes Island Marine Reserve, using tethering experiments with palatable algae in large enclosures that contained an orthogonal combination of sea urchins and fishes. Sea urchins contributed most to the decline of algae. The effect of fishes was more moderate, but nevertheless not negligible, as a decrease in algal biomass was also observed in the fish treatments at all sites. Surpris- ingly, the effects of fishes and sea urchins on algal biomass were not additive: the presence of fishes reduced the impact of sea urchins, and the loss of algal biomass was less in the combined treatments. These results add to the literature showing that drastic depletion of palatable algae can be caused by sea urchins, and highlight the contribution of herbivorous and omnivorous fishes to this process. Fur- thermore, since sea urchin densities were held constant during the experiment, my results support the concept that omnivorous fishes benefit algae in subtidal communities by altering the behavior of urchins (e.g. by inducing avoidance behavior), thus reducing their effectiveness as grazers.
GAPS IN THE PATMAN COMMITTEE REPORT

IT IS TOO BAD that the Patman Committee hearings were concluded before the publication of Herbert Hoover's burning volume, The Great Depression, in which he unloads responsibility for the crackup upon Federal Reserve monetary policy, and mourns his failure to induce action by the President because Mr. Coolidge believed that the Federal Reserve Board had been set up by Congress as an agency independent of the Chief Executive. My own timidity about parading my heresies in public hearings might have been overcome if I could have been shielded by the judgment of the ex-President that open-market operations and changes in interest rates had "proved incapable of either checking booms or checking depressions." The great merit of the Patman investigation is that it strips the status of a sacred cow away from monetary theory and makes it subject to continued objective study as actual experience unfolds. One who eagerly welcomes this service must seem captious if he also suggests that the committee has not been thorough enough, and he must seem reckless if he intimates that there are important gaps in a record, the very sight of which should be enough to convince one that no aspect of the subject is missing therefrom. It is just because Henry Murphy engineered such a magnificent job in building up the Patman Committee record that one finds reason to regret that some matters were not dealt with more fully in the committee report itself. The record is so comprehensive that it will be the historical and theoretical hunting-ground for years to come of students taking part in the controversy which the committee report is bound to keep alive. The very size of the record will, however, all too frequently dispose students to center their attention upon the report, and to dig into the record only where references thereto are made in the report. Of greater import is the fact that the committee report will be the only product of the inquiry which will be given attention by individual legislators and citizens. There is undeniable need for authoritative and fully informative material to guide them in reaching sound judgment upon a subject which was thrown into the
Poor expression and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in resident but not inflammatory colonic monocytes/macrophages (MUC2P.831)

Colonic macrophages (cMPs) play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis since they are able to tolerate commensals and kill pathogenic microorganisms. One critical inflammatory pathway tightly controlled in cMPs is the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome that drives the maturation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in response to multiple stimuli, including ATP and bacterial toxins. Here we found poor secretion of IL-1β by F4/80+CD64+ cMP after NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Steady-state cMPs expressed low constitutive levels of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 protein. Following LPS/P3C4 stimulation, both cMPs and bone marrow-derived MP (BMDMs) increased expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 mRNA. Surprisingly, however, pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 protein expression was significantly impaired in cMPs compared with BMDMs. Using the adoptive transfer model of colitis, recently recruited F480+CD64+ inflammatory monocytes/cMPs expressed similar levels of pro-IL-1β mRNA to cMPs under resting conditions; however in contrast, inflammatory monocytes/cMPs secreted high levels of mature IL-1β after NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, these results show that cMPs, but neither BMDMs nor newly recruited inflammatory monocytes/cMPs, have a functional impairment of NLRP3 inflammasome activation; and suggest that the poor NLRP3 activity observed in resident cMPs is largely due to the selective inhibition of the translational of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β mRNA to protein.
Possible air separations with superconducting membranes

Permeabilities of oxygen, nitrogen and helium across porous, superconducting membranes with 5-μm pores are consistent with those across nonsuperconducting membranes with well-defined pores of similar sizes. This is true both at ambient and superconducting temperatures. Transport can occur by Knudsen diffusion, Poiseuille flow, capillary condensation, and turbulent flow. There is no evidence of surface diffusion. Theoretical considerations of superconducting membranes are consistent with these results, indicating when superconductivity might play a role. However, past reports concerning air separation with superconducting membranes with these micrometer-sized pores are questionable.
Activation of afferent renal nerves modulates RVLM-projecting PVN neurons.

Renal denervation for the treatment of hypertension has proven to be successful; however, the underlying mechanism/s are not entirely clear. To determine if preautonomic neurons in the paraventricu...
Antimicrobial Activity and Spectrum of Cefovecin, a New Extended- Spectrum Cephalosporin, against Pathogens Collected from Dogs and Cats in Europe and North America

Cefovecin is a new extended-spectrum semisynthetic cephalosporin indicated for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs and cats. This study evaluated the in vitro activity and spectrum of cefovecin against 2,641 recent clinical isolates (1,660 canine and 981 feline isolates) from Europe and the United States. MIC determinations against cefovecin and other reference antimicrobials were performed by broth microdilution methods recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS). Cefovecin demonstrated bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Cefovecin exhibited in vitro activity against all major aerobic and anaerobic bacterial pathogens associated with skin, urinary tract, and periodontal infections in dogs and cats. The MIC90 values of cefovecin against Staphylococcus intermedius, Escherichia coli, and Pasteurella multocida were 0.25 microg/ml, 1.0 microg/ml, and 0.06 microg/ml, respectively. No significant differences were observed in terms of the activities of cefovecin against pathogens from different European countries and against pathogens of European and U.S. origin.
A surface formulation for characteristic modes of material bodies

A theory of characteristic modes for material bodies is developed using equivalent surface currents. This is in contrast to the alternative approach using induced volume currents. The mode currents form a weighted orthogonal set over the material body surface, and the mode fields form an orthogonal set over the sphere at infinity. The characteristic modes of material bodies have most of the properties of those for perfectly conducting bodies. Formulas for the use of these modes in electromagnetic scattering problems are given. A procedure for computing the characteristic modes is developed, and applied to two-dimensional bodies. Illustrative examples of file computation of characteristic currents and scattering cross sections are given for cylinders of different material constants.
Frozen section of thyroid and parathyroid specimens

Abstract Context.—Preoperative fine-needle aspiration of thyroid lesions has greatly diminished the need for surgical evaluation. However, because thyroid nodules are common lesions, many still req...