cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the CD4 molecule: Surface expression and function

Surface expression of the CD4 glycoprotein molecule is postulated to facilitate antigen recognition through the T cell receptor (TCR) and is itself a receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-gp120 glycoprotein. Both antigen-stimulated TCR activation and HIV infectivity can be blocked by whole anti-CD4 antibodies. Although selective modulation of CD4 from the surface by gangliosides (GM1) blocks HIV infectivity, it enhances associated TCR function. Enhanced TCR function has also been observed after intracellular delivery of synthetic CD4 mRNA-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) that block de novo synthesis of CD4. These specific CD4 modulations were mechanistically different from one another yet they both selectively removed the CD4 molecule from the T cell surface and enhanced antigen-stimulated function through the TCR. The proposed role of CD4 during TCR function and HIV infectivity was developed, in part, according to decreases following CD4 antagonism by whole antibody or down-modulation of CD4 by phorbol-stimulated protein kinase C activity. Selective CD4 modulations have independently redefined the specific contributions of CD4 surface expression during T cell activation and may establish a role for CD4 receptor subtypes during HIV-1 infenction of CD4+ cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studies on drug-induced neuropathies. III. Motor nerve deficit in cats with experimental acrylamide neuropathy.

Abstract To assess motor nerve and motor nerve terminal function in acrylamide neuropathy, cats were given i.m. injections of acrylamide (15 mg/kg) daily for 10 days to induce a peripheral neuropathy. Tests of function were performed on the day of the 10th injection (day 0) and 7, 21 and 35 days thereafter. In untreated animals tetanic conditioning evoked stimulus-bound repitition (SBR) in 85% of soleus α-motoneurones. Following administration of acrylamide, the percent of axons elaborating SBR were: day 0–79%, day 7–71%, day 21–31%, day 35–22%. The response of soleus muscle to SBR is normally a post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) of contractile tension which is proportional to the tetanic conditioninf frequency; during the development of the neuropathy, PTP in response to all tetanic frequencies progressively declined, concomitant with and as a result of the declining incidence of SBR. These data indicate that initial functional alterations in motor nerves during acrylamide neuropathy occurs at the level of the nerve terminal, preceding alterations in conduction velocities in the axons. However, the motor nerve deficit is not adequate, in either time to onset or severity, to account for the clinical manifestations of the neuropathy. The possible contribution to clinical signs of the neuropathy made by lesions to other peripheral nerves is discussed.
Effect on Disability Outcomes of a Depression Relapse Prevention Program

Objective This report evaluates the effects of a depression relapse prevention program on disability outcomes among patients treated for depression at high risk for relapse. Materials and methods Primary care patients initiating antidepressant treatment for depression were assessed 6 to 8 weeks after the initial prescription. Patients responding to initial treatment but at high risk for relapse were randomized to usual care or a relapse prevention intervention (N= 386). The 12-month relapse prevention program included systematic patient education, two psycho-educational visits with a depression prevention specialist, shared decision-making regarding maintenance pharmacotherapy, and ongoing monitoring of medication adherence and depressive symptoms via telephone and mail. Disability outcomes were assessed via blinded telephone assessments at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using SF-36 and Sheehan Disability scales. Results Usual care patients and relapse prevention program patients had high rates of use of maintenance pharmacotherapy. Both relapse prevention and usual care patients showed improved functioning over the 12-month follow-up period. One of the three disability measures (the SF-36 Social Function scale) showed a significant intervention effect because of continuing improvement at 9 and 12 month follow-up, whereas the Sheehan Disability Scale showed a nonsignificant trend toward greater improvements in disability among relapse prevention patients than among usual care controls. Conclusions Moderate effects of a relapse prevention intervention on depressive symptoms were associated with modest and variable effects on disability outcomes. Inconsistent effects of the intervention for disability outcomes may be because of the high rates of maintenance pharmacotherapy among usual care patients, relatively mild levels of depressive symptoms among both intervention and control patients at baseline, the absence of a specific relapse prevention effect of the intervention, and the resultant modest differences in depressive symptoms between intervention and control patients in this trial.
Guidelines for pulse oximetry use in pediatrics

I N A STUDY OF the use of pulse oximetry in a medical-surgical pediatric unit (Kozlowski, DiMarcello, Stashinko, & Phifer, 1994), Kozlowski et al. recommend the development of standards for the use of pulse oximetry in the pediatric population. This review will discuss guidelines for the use of the pulse oximetry equipment in pediatrics. Pulse oximetry and transcutaneous Po2 readings to assess oxygenation status were both developed in the 1970s. Because transcutaneous Po2 closely estimated Pao2 in hemodynamically stable infants, it was rapidly integrated into clinical use to reduce the dangers of hyperoxia in premature infants. The technology of pulse oximetry underwent further development before it became widely used in the early 1980s. When technology advanced to make pulse oximetry easy and reliable, its use increased in pediatric short-term care settings. Initially, pulse oximetry use was confined to patients undergoing anesthesia or those in intensive care units. Pulse oximetry is now recommended for the general pediatric population for postoperative transport, during diagnostic procedures, for patients with oxygen requirements, and for patients undergoing opioids therapy for pain management (Agency on Health Care Policy and Research, 1992). Pulse oximetry provides a noninvasive, painless, and reliable method to measure arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation. It can identify both constant and transient/episodic hypoxemic events alone or those that coexist with constant hypoxemia. Prolonged tissue hypoxia can lead to ischemia of the heart and brain and can prolong wound healing. Therefore, early detection of hypoxic events may
Single-trigger stochastic resonance

We discuss a recently discovered mechanism for stochastic resonance which involves only a single reference state with excitable dynamics and deterministic reinjection. While calculations based on an analogy with the shot effect capture the broadest features, detailed comparisons with specific dynamical systems suggest the need for certain refinements of the theory.
ANORECTAL PAIN AND IRRITATION: Anal Fissure, Levator Syndrome, Proctalgia Fugax, and Pruritis Ani

Anal fissures, proctalgia fugax, levator ani syndrome, and pruritus ani are common causes of anorectal pain and irritation. The clinician who obtains a thorough history and performs a complete examination can accurately diagnose these disorders. Ancillary tests seldom are helpful and rarely are necessary. Most patients suffering from these conditions readily respond to conservative therapy provided in the primary care practitioner's office.
Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma: Ex vivo induction by bile salts and acid exposure

Abstract Background & Aims: Barrett's esophagus (BE) results from chronic, severe gastroesophageal reflux and predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is involved in chronic inflammation and epithelial cell growth. We investigated COX-2 expression in BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma to explore a potential relation between COX-2 expression and metaplasia or carcinogenesis. Methods: Endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens of Barrett's intestinal metaplasia (n = 30), Barrett's dysplasia (n = 11), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 5) were compared with normal esophagus (n = 46) and duodenum (n = 46) and analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: Immunoblots revealed constitutive expression of COX-2 in normal esophagus and duodenum. COX-2 protein expression was significantly higher in patients with Barrett's metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma compared with normal squamous esophageal or columnar duodenal epithelia and was heterogenous in different regions of the BE surface. Immunohistochemistry revealed prominent staining in the glands of BE, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma and faint staining in the basal layers of squamous esophagus and the surface of the duodenum. In response to pulses of acid or bile salts in an ex vivo organ culture system, COX-2 expression increased significantly in BE tissues, and this effect was attenuated by the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. Conclusions: The results show COX-2 expression in normal esophagus, which increases significantly in BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma. COX-2 is regulated ex vivo by exposure to acid or bile salts. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:487-496
A Reply to “Babies and Bath Water, Forests and Trees”: Blind Men and Elephants

The article presents a commentary on Andrew R. Weiss' reviews of the books “Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay,” 3rd edition, by Charles Perrow and “In Defense of Organization Theory: A Reply to the Critics,” by Lex Donaldson. The authors say Weiss' comments about the books' organization theories are simplistic and logically confused. They explain that Weiss' concept of organization theory ignores societal level power. These theories often mistake power for authority and in accordance assume goal congruence where none exists.
The inter-firm corporate cash tender offer : operating, market, and bid characteristics of target firms

SINCE THE MID-1960's, the inter-firm corporate cash tender offer has gained in prominence as a useful tool to be utilized by acquisition-minded firms to gain control of or strengthen ownership in an existing enterprise. Virtually unregulated prior to July 29, 1968, the cash offer, because of its high overall success rate, became a weapon heavily feared by the managements of target firms. This study examines 119 such offers and covers a period of nearly seventeen years, 1956 through August, 1972. The objectives of the inquiry were two fold. The first objective was to determine if there were significant differences between successful and unsuccessful inter-firm cash offers in terms of the operating, market, and bid characteristics of target companies and to determine by use of discriminant analysis if a set of measured factors could be combined into a model which could be used to predict the outcome of the solicitations. The second objective was to determine by a univariate examination the characteristics that were generally applicable to all target companies to certain types of offers, and to the outcome of the solicitations. From the twenty-eight variables selected for examination, the findings support the conclusion that in interfirm cash tender offer outcomes, there are few statistically significant differences in the operating, market, and bid characteristics of target companies. Apart from the variable "target management's reaction to the bid," no factor was found to add measurably in determining the outcome of the offers. This one variable, however, and the classification of offers opposed as failures and offers non-opposed as successes properly accounted for the outcome of 83.2 per cent of the bids examined. Even though few statistically significant differences existed between successful and unsuccessful cash tender offers, some characteristics were found to be common among target companies and between resisted and non-resisted offers. These characteristics are discussed in the study and numerous tables of informative substance on each of the examined variables are presented. The findings of the inquiry clearly indicate that the cash tender offer can be an effective means of obtaining a substantial interest in an existing enterprise. However, where conflict is involved, the effectiveness of the tender offer is limited. In essence, the target management's opposition reduces and its acquiescence greatly enhances the chances of a successful outcome. Apparently in a solicitation, the majority of shareholders in the target firms do heed the advice of their managements in deciding whether to retain or dispose of their holdings. The study provides a guide for determining tender offer outcomes and for describing features which are typical of a solicitation. It should be of value to bidders, targets, and affected shareholders in understanding, planning, and
X-ray evidence of mechanical trauma.

T FCAUMA to the teeth and their supporting structures can occur from a variety of causes. Trauma denotes injury, and this can be produced by bacterial, chemical, mechanical, and other agents. The effects of mechanical trauma that can be seen on the dental roentgenogram will be discussed in this article. It is to be remembered that the dental roentgenogram as commonly used does not depict soft tissues and their changes. This discussion, then, can deal only with the changes that occur in the ha.rd or calcified structures. Some of these changes (for example, a fracture) can be seen immediately. Others are seen only when calcified structures are decalcified, resorbed, or constructed. From postoperative roentgenograms, it would appear that for this type of change to be seen on a roentgenogram a minimum of about two weeks must pass from the time of injury. Still others are seen only after years have passed since the trauma occurred or was initiated. It is obvious that the effects of mechanical trauma will vary considerably, depending upon such factors as the degree of the trauma, whether the trauma was delivered in single or intermittent fashion, the age at which it occurred, and the area of the dentition to which it was applied. Therefore, no attempt is made to classify these effects into groups. Many of the changes seen on the roentgenogram can also be caused by other agents, and thus the value of the roentgenogram in the diagnosis of mechanical trauma is limited. A discussion of some of the effects that can be seen on the dental roentgenogram when mechanical trauma is involved follows.
Abstract 4614: Identification of two salinomycin binding targets in neuroblastoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Salinomycin, a widely used anti-coccidial agent isolated from a Streptomyces albus strain, was recently identified from a library of 16,000 natural and commercial chemical compounds based on its highly selective inhibitory effect on breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), with more than 100-fold greater potency than paclitaxel. Salinomycin also exhibits cytotoxic effects on other types of cancer cells and CSCs and overcomes drug resistance. However, the exact mechanism of salinomycin, especially its direct binding target(s), and its effects on neuroblastoma (NB) are yet not known. NB is one of the most common solid tumors in children and infants, and a leading cause of mortality in children. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, currently, 35% of patients with NB remain incurable. In addition, the majority survivors of NB suffer from long-term side effects of current therapies and are at risk for disease relapse or getting a second, different cancer. More effective therapies are pressingly needed. Since the existence of CSCs in human NB cell lines and NB tumors from patients has been well documented, and has been closely associated with chemoresistance or tumor relapse, therapeutic targeting of NB CSCs may be a critical novel approach to conquer the challenges in NB therapy. Aiming to improve NB therapy, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of salinomycin in human NB cells. Our study showed that salinomycin markedly inhibits NB cell proliferation and tumorsphere formation. Treatment of salinomycin induced G2 cell cycle arrest with an up-regulation of Cyclin A and a down-regulation of p21 protein levels. We further identified TIF1β and NCL as novel direct binding proteins of salinomycin by using comprehensive methods, including chemical proteomics and functional genomics. Furthermore, by analyzing tumor samples from a cohort of 88 NB patients, we found that the elevated level of these proteins is associated with poor prognosis for NB patients. Thus, our results indicate salinomycin is a potential new therapeutic agent and TIF1β and NCL as new therapeutic targets/biomakers for NB therapy. Citation Format: Shuang Zhou, Fengfei Wang, Shi-Hua Xiang, Eric T. Wong, Wallace W. Muhonen, Ekokobe Fonkem, Tze-chen Hsieh, David W. Li, Ruiwen Zhang, John B. Shabb, Joseph M. Wu, Min Wu, Erxi Wu. Identification of two salinomycin binding targets in neuroblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4614. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4614
Alkali-metal negative ions. II. Laser photoelectron spectrometry

Photodetachment of alkali-metal negative ions by an Ar-ion laser (4880 \AA{}) has been studied in a crossed-beam geometry. Energy analysis of the photodetached electrons yields the following electron affinities: EA(Li)=(0.620\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007) eV, EA(Na)=(0.548\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004) eV, EA(Rb)=(0.486\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003) eV, and EA(Cs)=(0.470\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003) eV. These values are obtained relative to an independent measurement of the potassium electron affinity: EA(K)=(0.5012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005). In addition, the angular distribution anisotropy parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}$ has been measured at 4880 \AA{} for photodetachment processes leaving the neutral in its ground state and in its first excited state. Relative photodetachment cross sections for these two processes are presented for K, Rb, and Cs.
Experiments on Σ− hypernuclei with in flight kaons

Abstract This brief discussion will present some new data on Σ hypernuclei taken at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Alternating Gradient Synchroton (AGS) using the hypernuclear spectrometer. The list of participants in this work is given in Reference 1. While analysis of the data is not fully completed, it is sufficient to draw several interesting conclusions.
The low‐energy, charge‐transfer excited states of 4‐amino‐4’‐nitrodiphenyl sulfide

Absorption and emission spectra of 4-amino-4-prime-nitrodiphenyl sulfide in polar and nonpolar solvents were used to characterize and assign the low-energy excited states of the molecule. Fluorescence-excitation anisotropy spectra and fluorescence quantum yields were also used to characterize the photophysics of these states. The lowest-energy fluorescent singlet state was determined to be an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state involving transfer of a full electron charge from the amino to the nitro group yielding a dipole moment of about 50 D. A low-energy, intense absorption band is assigned as a transition to a different ICT state involving a partial electron charge transfer from sulfur to the nitro group.
Evolution, explanation, and the fact/value distinction

Though modern non-cognitivists in ethics characteristically believe that values are irreducible to facts, they nevertheless believe that values are determined by facts, viz., those specified in functionalist, explanatory theories of the evolutionary origin of morality. The present paper probes the consistency of this position. The conventionalist theories of Hume and Harman are examined, and are seen not to establish a tight determinative reduction of values to facts. This result is illustrated by reference to recent theories of the sociobiological mechanisms involved in moral evolution. Though explanatory theories have linguistic implications,exaggerated in Harman's linguistic form of social relativism, there is also failure to establish the semantic reductionism which non-cognitivists reject under the rubric of ethical naturalism. It is concluded that explanatory forms of naturalism, the best of which is a functionalist-utilitarian account, are compatible with the fact/value distinction.
Electron energy filtering by a nonplanar potential to enhance the thermoelectric power factor in bulk materials

We present a detailed theory on electron energy filtering by the nonplanar potential introduced by dispersed nanoparticles or impurities in bulk materials for enhancement of the thermoelectric power factor. When electrons with energies below a certain cut-off energy are prevented from participating in conduction through the material, the Seebeck coefficient and thus the thermoelectric power factor can be drastically enhanced. Instead of using planar heterostructures which require elaborate epitaxial techniques, we study embedded nanoparticles or impurities so that the conservation of lateral momentum limiting electron transport at heterointerfaces is no longer a limiting factor. Based on the Boltzmann transport equations under the relaxation time approximation, the optimal cut-off energy level that maximizes the power factor is calculated to be a few ${k}_{B}T$ above the Fermi level, and is a function of the scattering parameter, Fermi level, and temperature. The maximized power factor enhancement is quantified as a function of those parameters. The electronic thermal conductivity and Lorenz number are also shown to be suppressed by the electron filtering to further enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit. We find that the power factor of PbTe at 300 K could be enhanced by more than 120$%$ when the cut-off energy level is 0.2 eV or higher and the carrier density higher than $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Finally we propose the use of distributed resonant scatterings to partially realize the nonplanar electron filtering in bulk materials.
The nurse's role in suspected child abuse

Unfortunately, child abuse is common in our society. In order to protect children, nurses must be knowledgeable about identifying, reporting and documenting suspected child abuse. Research has shown that education increases not only the provider's ability to recognize the signs and symptoms of child abuse, but also their likelihood of reporting suspicions. Initial and ongoing education for nursing staff is essential for building a sound understanding of this topic. Nurses who are knowledgeable can protect children who have been abused or neglected from further victimization.
Regulation, risk assessment, and the Supreme Court: the case of OSHA's cancer policy.

As a case study of policy distortion in the legal and regulatory processes, this article first establishes the incongruities among the political, scientific, and legal issues surrounding OSHA's Cancer Policy and then examines the political consequences of ignoring these incongruities in judicial and administrative decisions about that policy. By delineating the political, scientific, and legal issues involved, we develop a basis for assessing the Supreme Court's difficulties in reviewing the Cancer Policy. These difficulties are related to the issue of regulatory reform, as indicated by the subsequent fate of OSHA's Cancer Policy under the Reagan administration. This article concludes with reflections upon regulatory reform in the light of the current status of OSHA's regulation of workplace carcinogens.
Recurrence of ventricular tachycardia after conversion from proprietary to generic procainamide.

Abstract The substitution of generic for proprietary drugs is a common and for the most part safe practice. 1 However, this may not always be the case. A patient with severe ventricular dysrhythmias—in whom conversion from a proprietary to a generic form of procainamide produced markedly different plasma drug levels that resulted in recurrence of dysrhythmia—is reported.
The hospitalist model: are hospitals informing patients?

A primary information source for many patients and caregivers is an organization's website. This study analyzes 17 of the top hospitals in the U.S. to determine how they are communicating about the role of the hospitalist in the care of patients. Beginning with a review of the evolution and implantation of the hospitalist in the hospital setting, this paper then goes on to outline the information gathered and analyzed from the websites used in this study. The findings indicate that hospital systems need to improve the types and kinds of communication that it posts on their websites to assist patients with their information needs.
Looked at Life from Both Sides Now

As the molecular top–down causality emerging through comparative genomics is combined with the bottom–up dynamic chemical networks of biochemistry, the molecular symbiotic relationships driving growth of the tree of life becomes strikingly apparent. These symbioses can be mutualistic or parasitic across many levels, but most foundational is the complex and intricate mutualism of nucleic acids and proteins known as the central dogma of biological information flow. This unification of digital and analog molecular information within a common chemical network enables processing of the vast amounts of information necessary for cellular life. Here we consider the molecular information pathways of these dynamic biopolymer networks from the perspective of their evolution and use that perspective to inform and constrain pathways for the construction of mutualistic polymers.
Pulmonary edema following intracranial hemorrhage.

Hemodynamic changes and samples of fluid from pulmonary edema were studied in a 50-year-old woman who developed florid pulmonary edema following intracranial hemorrhage. Marked systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension were associated with the rapid production of edema fluid that contained red blood cells, but had a lower protein content than plasma. After restoration of pulmonary vascular pressures to a normal range, the production of fluid ceased, and clinical signs of edema resolved. These findings point to the sudden increase in pulmonary microvascular pressure as the cause of pulmonary edema in this patient Oar findings contrast with those of previous reports and with speculations on the extent of a defect in permeability accounting for pulmonary edema following injury to the brain.
Modulation of immunoactive levels of DSIP and blood‐brain barrier permeability by lighting and diurnal rhythm

The brain and plasma levels of immunoactive delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) as well as the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to radioiodinated N-Tyr-DSIP (125I-DSIP) were measured at 0400, 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 hr in rats in a normal 12-hr-light/12-hr-dark cycle and at 0800 in rats in constant light or constant dark. Both brain and blood levels of immunoactivity showed statistically significant diurnal changes, whereas the measurement of BBB permeability varied in a regular fashion over time without the changes reaching statistical significance. Immunoactive levels of DSIP in both the plasma and the brain were higher and permeability of the BBB to 125I-DSIP increased in both the constant light and especially the constant dark groups in comparison with the cycled 0800 group. Diurnal variations continued to occur in the blood levels of immunoactive DSIP in the constant dark animals. Studies with radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA) showed that these findings did not result from a change in brain hemodynamics. Immunoactive levels of DSIP in the plasma correlated with brain immunoactive levels and with BBB permeability to 125I-DSIP. The increase in penetration of 125I-DSIP into the brain that occurred with changes in the lighting cycle appeared to be magnified by pre-treatment with aluminum. The results show interrelationships among various aspects of the neuroendocrine axis for DSIP and their modulation by physiological factors.
Food Engineering and physical Properties

Coverage of original research on quantitative aspects of unit operations associated with food preservation/processing and food waste recovery, with emphasis on systems design and analysis, modeling, simulation, optimization, physical properties measurement and instrumentation, thermodynamic relationships, sensors and automation, and materials science, including surface properties and interactions, rheology, mass transport properties, water activity, and glass transitions
Relationship of reward quantity to vigor of rg

The experiment was conducted to study the rate of consuming a reward as a function of the amount of reward. In the framework of Spence’s (1956) model, reward magnitude is presumed to be a determinant of the incentive variable K via consummatory response strength. Spence proposed the question of whether greater consummatory response strength with larger amounts of reward is to be attributed to a more vigorous consummatory response per unit of time or simply to a consummatory response period of longer duration. The present study, using 30 male Wistar rats as Ss, revealed that animals drank a palatable sucrose solution faster (p <.005) when given a larger amount and that this difference became more pronounced as training progressed.
Groups, the Media, Agency Waiting Costs, and FDA Drug Approval

political control of the bureaucracy, drug approval times appear insensitive to shifts in the partisanship or ideology of congressional majorities, oversight committees, and presidents. Controlling for numerous clinical factors, FDA review times are decreasing in (1) the wealth of the richest organization representing the disease treated by the drug, (2) me? dia coverage given to this disease, and (3) a nonlinear function of the number of groups representing this disease. Political influence over drug approval operates primarily through "salience signals" transmitted by groups and the media.
Racial Profiling and Postmodern Society: Police Responsiveness, Image Maintenance, and the Left Flank of Police Legitimacy

Racial profiling is among the most important challenges to the legitimacy of law enforcement agencies in the United States. In response to concerns about racial profiling, police departments have taken a number of approaches to address the threat to legitimacy that racial profiling poses. Among the most common approaches, and one that citizens, policy makers, and scholars have all supported, is the implementation of data collection programs designed to document the situational characteristics of traffic stops. The consensus is that data collection will provide an empirical basis for determining whether race-based or other biased policing is occurring. This article argues that this approach is limited in its effectiveness. It is argued that police interest in documenting and preventing racial profiling is driven by concerns about developing and maintaining the perception of responsiveness to the public. Police strategy, ironically, uses technology and science to enhance institutional legitimacy.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of ureteropelvic junction obstructed kidney

Deaconess Medical Center and H&ard Medical ychool, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint requests: Mohammad R. Mostafavi, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-, East Campus, UT-ology Department, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 Submitted: April 4, 1997, accepted: May 13, 1997 The patient presented with cholestatic jaundice during her pregnancy. An abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a severe right hydronephrosis. After delivery, an intravenous urogram (IVU) revealed a high-grade right ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction (Fig. 1). No calculi were observed on the scout film. MAG3 Lasix (Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Somerville, NJ) renal scan confirmed a high-grade right UPJ obstruction with 35% function of the right and 65% function of the left kidney. To determine whether there were any accessory vessels that would preclude her candidacy for endopyelotomy, magnetic resonance (MR) urography and angiography was performed. Anatomic MR urograms were obtained using heavily weighted imaging without contrast agent. The collecting system appeared bright (Fig. 2). Next, functional MR urography was performed by in-
Comparison of the activation energies for the thermal decomposition of copper and nickel compounds obtained by various thermogravimetric methods

The thermal decomposition of representative transition metal compounds has been examined using both standard and high resolution thermogravimetry. Using two approaches for plotting variable heating rate data, it has been demonstrated that comparable values for activation energies may be obtained by either method. Thus high resolution thermogravimetry is reliable method for the determination of decomposition activation energies.
Differentiation of Drosophila neuroblasts to form ganglion-like clusters of neurons in vitro.

Abstract Neuroblasts were taken from Drosophila gastrulae and cultured in vitro. A certain type of neuroblast was found to undergo unequal divisions and generate a cluster of approx. 18 neurons. The cluster was formed with the structure of a miniature ganglion, cell bodies at the periphery and axons in the interior. These neuroblast differentiations probably were autonomous after the cells were 2 hr older than the onset of gastrulation in the embryo, and possibly autonomous even before then.
Deconstructing Decoupling: How Power Shapes Diversity Management Implementation.

I consider how diversity management strategies and practices are implemented within organizations, using this empirical setting to advance theory about processes of decoupling. While extant literat...
Multicanonical Monte Carlo Study of the BER of an All-Optically 2R Regenerated Signal

Using a numerical procedure based on the multicanonical Monte Carlo (MMC) algorithm, we compute the bit error rate (BER) at the output of a Mamyshev-type all-optical regenerator. For the specific device considered, this BER is degraded as compared to its value at the input to the regenerator, even though the -factor is improved. In absolute terms, the output BER decreases when the bandwidth of the optical filter placed before the regenerator to limit the amount of entering noise is decreased. We also present evidence that the degradation of the BER caused by the regenerator is due to high sensitivity of the output signal to small variations of the input signal shape. To our knowledge, this fact has not been pointed out in earlier studies of regenerators. In addition to the previous results, the modification of the MMC procedure that we proposed and used in this paper can be, in a certain sense, parallelized. When it is practical to do so, our procedure provides significant saving of the computational time over the standard MMC simulation.
Level of response to alcohol within the context of alcohol-related domains: an examination of longitudinal approaches assessing changes over time

Background: The manner in which a low level of response (LR) to alcohol relates to domains that enhance the risk for heavy drinking has traditionally been studied through cross-sectional models. However, many of the relevant domains, such as the maximum number of drinks consumed in 24 hours (MAXDRINK) and drinking among peers (PEER) typically decrease across adulthood. This study evaluated whether a person’s LR to alcohol predicted alcohol-related domains at multiple time-points and examined longitudinal relations among these domains in a sample of probands from the San Diego Prospective Study. Methods: LR to alcohol was assessed in 174 male probands from the San Diego Prospective Study at baseline (T1), and measures of MAXDRINK, PEER, and drinking to cope (COPE) were collected at the 15-year (T15), T20, and T25 follow-ups. Results: A low LR to alcohol at T1 predicted higher levels of MAXDRINK and COPE at T15, consistent with prior studies. Using latent growth curve models, higher levels of T15 MAXDRINK predicted less decreases in PEER drinking over time. Additional analyses found a time-specific effect of T20 COPE on T25 MAXDRINK even after accounting for the growth factors of both domains. Conclusion: These evaluations illustrate that LR prospectively predicted relevant outcomes, and clarify how alcohol-related domains related to each other as the probands progressed through middle adulthood. Treatment implications are discussed and drinking to cope may be an important intervention target for problematic alcohol use.
The dynamics of global e‐commerce: an organizational ecology perspective

Purpose – A classical model of organizational ecology dynamics which is utilized to characterize an ecosystem called the internet is proposed and a parallel is drawn between the population ecology model and the current global e‐commerce environment.Design/methodology/approach – Survivorship theory is applied to global e‐commerce. The Verhulst‐Pearl logistic equation can be used to describe the inhibition of growth within an ecosystem. The approach is to apply the Verhulst‐Pearl logistic equation to describe international growth dynamics of the internet.Findings – When applying the Verhulst‐Pearl equation to the internet environment around the world, the number of domain names or host counts, the rate at which there is an increase or decrease in the number of domain names, and the availability of information technology infrastructure are all factors that are part of the equation. The model of population dynamics presented in our discussion lends itself to the description of the current pattern of growth wi...
Response to Blood Pressure in Mutant Rats Lacking the 5-Hydroxytryptamine Transporter

We are pleased to become aware of research by Homberg et al,1 who investigated whether 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transporter (SERT) plays a role in regulating blood pressure in female SERT knockout rats. We agree with their interpretation that the absence of SERT does not exacerbate or reduce the ability of ωN-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) to elevate blood pressure increase …
How Lamaze-prepared expectant parents select obstetricians.

One form of consumer involvement in the health-care process pertains to the selection of a physician. Expectant parents enrolled in prepared childbirth classes were asked to evaluate, individually, the importance of issues associated with selecting an obstetrician, both before and after childbirth. The data indicated that the ability of the obstetrician to communicate effectively with patients was the most important factor; of little importance were factors related to the obstetrician's personal characteristics (e.g., age, sex) and professional training. Although the husband/wife rankings showed a high degree of similarity, some differences were observed: husbands had a greater concern for the wife's treatment by medical personnel, while wives had a greater concern for the husband's involvement in the childbirth process. The obstetrician's office nursing staff was more important than such factors as recommendations, fees, and medical experience. Given the young and involved nature of the sample, these results may represent a future trend in health-care consumers.
Cellular and Viral Factors Regulate the Varicella-Zoster Virus gE Promoter during Viral Replication

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) is essential for viral replication and is involved in cell-to-cell spread, secondary envelopment, and entry. We created a set of mutations in the gE promoter to investigate the role of viral and cellular transcriptional factors in regulation of the gE promoter. Deletion or point mutation of the two Sp1 sites in the gE promoter abolished Sp1 binding and IE62-mediated transactivation of the gE promoter in vitro. Incorporation of the deletion or the point mutations disrupting both of the Sp1 binding sites into the VZV genome was not compatible with viral replication. A point mutation altering the atypical Sp1 binding site was lethal, while altering the second site impaired VZV replication significantly, indicating functional differences between the two Sp1 binding sites. Deletions in the gE promoter that abolished putative binding sites for cellular transcriptional factors other than Sp1, identified by bioinformatics analysis, were inserted in the VZV genome. Replication of the viruses with mutations of the gE promoter did not differ from control recombinants in melanoma cells or primary human tonsil T cells in vitro. These deletions did not affect infection of human skin xenografts in SCIDhu mice. These results indicate that Sp1 is required for IE62-mediated transactivation of the gE promoter and that this transcriptional factor appears to be the only cellular factor essential for regulation of the gE promoter.
Collective Action Failures and Lenders of Last Resort: Lessons from the U.S. Foreclosure Crisis

Most economists agree that the effect of foreclosures on the housing market in the United States has been an important reason for recent macroeconomic stagnation. This paper considers the federal government's poor performance in helping homeowners renegotiate their mortgages to be a collective action failure in its role as a lender of last resort. The reasons for this failure have important implications for Minsky's model of financial crisis since both lenders of last resort and federal government actions are important factors in preventing economic collapses.
Off-shell conformal methods for the superstring

Abstract Superconformal field theory is used to compute off-shell amplitudes for the superstring. Off-shell three- and four-point functions in Witten's superstring field theory are obtained. The problem of gauge invariance due to the associativity anomaly in the bosonic sector is resolved to order g 2 .
THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF S-NITROSOTHIOLS

S-nitrosothiols are biological metabolites of nitric oxide. It has often been suggested that they represent a more stable metabolite of nitric oxide that can either be stored, or transported, although the evidence for this is sparse. There are many unanswered questions concerning how S-nitrosothiols are formed, how they are metabolized and how they elicit biological responses. These questions are highlighted by the fact that the known chemistry of nitric oxide, thiols, and S-nitrosothiols cannot serve to explain their proposed biological activities. This review attempts to highlight the gulf between our chemical understanding of S-nitrosothiols and the proposed biological activities of these compounds with respect to guanylyl cyclase-independent nitric oxide bioactivity and also the control of vascular tone.
Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Biosensing and In Vivo Imaging

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have captivated researchers in the biomedical field over the last decade. Compared to organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, QDs have unique optical properties such as tunable emission spectra, improved brightness, superior photostability, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Since the first successful reports on the biological use of QDs a decade ago, QDs and their bioconjugates have been successfully applied to various imaging applications including fixed cell labeling, live-cell imaging, in situ tissue profiling, fluorescence detection and sensing, and in vivo animal imaging. In this review, we will briefly survey the optical properties of QDs, the biofunctionalization strategies, and focus on their biosensing and in vivo imaging applications. We conclude with a discussion on the issues and perspectives on QDs as biosensing probes and in vivo imaging agents.
Conormal rings and semilinear wave equations

Bounded solutions to a semilinear waver equation, with initial data conormal at a finite number of points are discussed. A new analysis of the singularities of the solutions up to triple interactions is outlined and a general conjecture covering the conormality of the solution is made.
A Proactive Test Based Differentiation Technique to Mitigate Low Rate DoS Attacks

Low rate DoS attacks are emerging threats to the TCP traffic, and the VoIP traffic in the Internet. They are hard to detect as they intelligently send attack traffic inside the network to evade current router based congestion control mechanisms. We propose a practical attack model in which botnets that can pose a serious threat to the Internet are considered. Under this model, an attacker can scatter bots across the Internet to launch the low rate DoS attack, thus essentially orchestrating the low rate DoS attack that uses random and continuous IP address spoofing, but with valid legitimate IP addresses. It is difficult to detect and mitigate such an attack. We propose a low rate DoS attack detection algorithm, which relies on the core characteristic of the low rate DoS attack in introducing high rate traffic for short periods, and then uses a proactive test based differentiation technique to filter the attack packets. The proactive test was originally proposed to defend DDoS attacks and low rate DoS attacks which tend to ignore the normal operation of network protocols, but it is tailored here to differentiate the legitimate traffic from the low rate DoS attack traffic instigated by botnets. It leverages on the conformity of legitimate flows, which obey the network protocols. It mainly differentiates legitimate connections by checking their responses to the proactive tests which include puzzles for distinguishing botnets from human users. We finally evaluate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed low rate DoS attack detection and mitigation algorithm on the real Internet traces.
“Pick and place” Positioning of diamond nanocrystals on microcavities

Diamond nanocrystals are deterministically positioned on high-Q SiO2 microdisks using a fiber taper. The fiber taper is then used to collect cavity modified NV- nanocrystal emission.
New species of Clavulina from Guyana.

Two new species of Clavulina are de- scribed from rainforests dominated by ectomycorrhi- zal Dicymbe spp. (Caesalpiniaceae) in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Clavulina nigricans, sp. nov. is unique for Clavulina in having 4-6 spores per basid- ium. Clavulina craterelloides, sp. nov. has an infundib- uliform basidiome, previously unknown in the oth- erwise coralloid genus Clavulina. Macromorpholog- ical, micromorphological and habitat data are provid- ed for each taxon, as well as justification for their placement in Clavulina based on morphological and molecular features.
Reducing NPR 7120.5D to practice: Preparing for a life-cycle review

In March 2007, NASA issued revised rules for space flight project management, NPR 7120.5D, “NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements.” Central to the new rules was the construct of Key Decision Points, maturity gates that the project team must pass in order to continue development. In order that the KDP decision be fully informed, the NPR required, as entrance criteria for the gate, the generation and delivery of specified planning, technical, and cost/schedule documents (gate products) and a life-cycle review by an independent Standing Review Board.
An InGaAs-GaAs strained layer single quantum-well ring laser with a reactive ion-etched tetragonal cavity

An InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs strained layer quantum-well ring laser with a tetragonal cavity consisting of one symmetric and one asymmetric corner reflector both fabricated by reactive ion etching is described. Two beams emit from one facet with inclined angles predicted by Snell's Law. An increase of the threshold with incident angle is observed. Longitudinal mode behavior and L-I characteristics, which indicate the presence of strong competition between clockwise and counter-clockwise traveling waves, are described. >
A combinatorial generalization of a Putnam problem

(1992). A Combinatorial Generalization of a Putnam Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 256-258.