cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded elastic wave mirrors for enhanced energy harvesting

The harvesting of elastic waves propagating in structures can be enhanced dramatically by means of focusing techniques through the use of mirror and lens concepts. Limited research has explored the elastic mirror design via cylindrical stubs that form elliptical and parabolic geometries to focus structure-borne waves originating from a point source and incident plane waves, respectively. Bulky cylindrical stubs used as scatterers in these first-generation heuristic efforts drastically altered the host structure although they achieved the focusing effect. To enable structurally-embedded elastic wave mirrors, a thorough understanding of the elastic mirror working principle is required. This work presents a detailed investigation of elastic wave mirror design, analysis, and fabrication for enhanced elastic wave energy harvesting. Specifically, it is aimed to provide an understanding of the elastic mirror mechanism (with an emphasis on the reflection of scatterers) for establishing embedded mirror concepts in which the host structure is not drastically altered. These configurations are enabled through the insertion of metallic beads (e.g. tungsten, lead, steel) into blind holes that form the mirror in the aluminum plate domain. Finite-element simulations and experimental validations are presented.
Abstract P086: Serca1a Expression Exacerbates Cardiac Arrhythmia and Leads to Heart Failure and Early Mortality in a Mouse Model of Exercise-Induced Sudden Cardiac Death

Abnormal calcium (Ca 2+ ) handling has been implicated in a range of cardiac diseases, including heart failure, a disease state characterized by compromised systolic and/or diastolic myocardial function and pathological remodeling. Excessive diastolic SR calcium release via the Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) has been suggested to deplete the SR Ca 2+ store thereby reducing cardiac contractility. Although abnormal RyR2 activity and elevated SR Ca 2+ leak are characteristic features of advanced heart failure (HF) in both humans and animal models, clear evidence is lacking whether altered RyR2 function plays a causal role in HF development. Indeed, while nearly 80 mutations in RyR2 have been identified and associated with SR Ca 2+ leak, none of these mutations have been reliably linked to HF. One possible explanation for this is that the SR Ca 2+ leak caused by the mutations is too small and/or compensated by other processes involved in Ca 2+ homeostasis. In the present study we sought to generate a genetic model with chronically increased diastolic release by combining overexpression of the fast skeletal muscle isoform of SERCA, SERCA1a, with ablation of CASQ2. Strikingly, the new hybrid strain (CASQ2 null/1a) exhibit early mortality (avg dying age 39.30days) due to heart failure preceded by pathological remodeling including eccentric hypertrophy, significant dilation of the atrial and ventricular chambers, necrosis induced cell death and widespread fibrosis. Animals are susceptible to ventricular arrhythmias at baseline in the absence of adrenergic triggers and show significant systolic dysfunction. Similarly, cardiomyocytes display increased SR Ca 2+ load along with significant disturbances in RyR2 mediated Ca 2+ release at baseline and are increasingly prone to spontaneous calcium waves. Our results demonstrate that excessive Ca 2+ leak via the RyR2 can lead to severe contractile dysfunction and heart failure. Since abnormal RyR2 activity has been implicated in human HF, our results suggest that up-regulation of SERCA activity as a therapy for HF must be advocated with extreme caution.
Computational and Formulation Considerations in Multiobjective Analysis in Water Resource Planning

Abstract The formal representation of large scale water resource planning problems in a multiobiective framework presents difficult conceptual problems in constructing response surfaces as well as computational difficulties in searching for points of good design. This paper first characterizes the nature and complexity of water resource problems and presents a state of the art evaluation of the multiobjective solution techniques employed in their analysis. Then consideration is turned to some important issues in problem formulation i.e. the selection of metrics for evaluating objectives such as environmental concerns and the modeling of physical and social system interaction necessary to predict the outcome of a particular plan in terms of the selected objectives and metrics. Special consideration is given to regional planning problems where modeling efforts to relate economic and social impacts of regional infrastructure development (i.e. transportation and water resources projects) are often on a vastly different scale than models to predict the impact of new projects on the physical environment.
Multimodality Imaging, including Dual-Energy CT, in the Evaluation of Gallbladder Disease.

The authors review the pathophysiology and characteristic imaging features of gallstones and other gallbladder conditions, with a focus on potential dual-energy CT applications to enhance the detection of benign and malignant gallbladder pathologic entities.
Unilateral and Bilateral Brain Hemispheric Advantage on Visual Matching Tasks and Their Relationship to Styles of Religiosity

Eighty-five undergraduate students were tested in two studies using a computer-based tachistoscopic-type letter- and dot-matching task under various conditions. This task was used to determine the ...
Complex surgical treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis with associated unilateral lung agenesis

Abstract Background The combination of congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) and unilateral pulmonary agenesis is rare and fatal. Especially, right lung agenesis is associated with dextrocardia and often causes tracheal alignment disorder. The mortality is estimated with 12.5–65%. Slide Tracheoplasty (ST) has been improved the prognosis, however, the postoperative course of CTS with single lung remains unclear. Here, we describe the postoperative challenging situation with bronchial intervention and other devices. Case presentation A 9-month-old girl with CTS, right lung agenesis, dextrocardia, and bilateral superior vena cava underwent ST anterior to the aortic arch. On postoperative day 50, tracheostomy was performed for long-term airway pressure support. Six months after the ST, she showed severe bronchomalacia at the bifurcation of the lobar bronchi, which was sandwiched between the descending aorta and left pulmonary artery. Direct bronchopexy and mobilization of left pulmonary artery resolved the severe bronchomalacia. Additionally, the kinked trachea caused a tracheal ulcer and frequent accidental decannulations. The ulcer was made above the aortic arch by contact with the tracheal cannula. The customized Montgomery T-tube solved both problems and enabled the stable management for airway. Her condition eventually improved, and she was discharged home after 14 months of hospitalization. Conclusion This case presented a very rare and critical condition. This is the first report to address the severe condition after ST anterior to the aortic arch. Surgical interventions or other devices for treatment are thought to be modified according to each condition.
Hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles offer low-cost climate benefits in China

Abstract Car ownership in China is expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades. If growing personal vehicle demand is met with conventional cars, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will be substantial. One way to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger travel is to meet growing demand for cars with alternative vehicles such as hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles (HEVs and BEVs). Our study examines the cost-effectiveness of transitioning from conventional cars to HEVs and BEVs, by calculating their marginal abatement cost (MAC) of carbon in the long-run. We find that transitioning from conventional to hybrid and battery electric light-duty, four-wheel vehicles can achieve carbon emissions reductions at a negative cost (i.e. at a net benefit) in China. In 2030, the average MAC is estimated to be about −$140/ton CO2 for HEVs and −$515/ton CO2-saved for BEVs, varying by key parameters. The total mitigation potential of each vehicle technology is estimated to be 1.38 million tons for HEVs and 0.75 million tons for BEVs.
Video to BrIM: Automated 3D As-Built Documentation of Bridges

AbstractLabeling and mapping existing infrastructure is one of the grand challenges for civil engineers in the 21st century. The challenge remains in finding an appropriate data collection method t...
The greatest hits of all time: the histories of dominant genera in the fossil record

Certain taxa are noticeably common within collections, widely distributed, and frequently long-lived. We have examined these dominant genera as compared with rarer genera, with a focus on their temporal histories. Using occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database, we determined which genera belonging to six target groups ranked among the most common within each of 49 temporal bins based on occurrences. The turnover among these dominant taxa from bin to bin was then determined for each of these groups, and all six groups when pooled. Although dominant genera are only a small fraction of all genera, the patterns of turnover mimic those seen in much larger compilations of total biodiversity. We also found that differences in patterns of turnover at the top ranks among the higher taxa reflect previously documented comparison of overall turnover among these classes. Both dominant and nondominant genera exhibit, on average, symmetrical patterns of rise and fall between first and last appearances. Dominant genera rarely begin at high ranks, but nevertheless tend to be more common when they first appear than nondominant genera. Moreover, dominant genera rarely are in the top 20 when they last appear, but still typically occupy more localities than nondominant genera occupy in their last interval. The mechanism(s) that produce dominant genera remain unclear. Nearly half of dominant genera are the type genus of a family or subfamily. This is consistent with a simple model of morphological and phylogenetic diversification and sampling.
Recreational Fishermen, Resources, Gear, and Value

There is a clear difference between commercial and true recreational fishing. The commercial fisherman fishes to earn a livelihood in a for-profit operation, while the true angler, the recreational fisherman, is engaged in a hobby or sport with no profit motive, and, as a rule, none of his catch is sold. It is true that some commercial fishermen, especially boat owners and captains, choose their occupation over a land job because they seek an independent way of life. Many simply have a love for the sea. The main motivation, nevertheless, is to earn a livelihood.
Chapter 1: Randomness

The concept of randomness is fundamental in probability theory and statistics, but also most controversial. Among the many interpretations of terms like probability, likelihood, etc., we shall consider two in this course: the usual frequency approach (in this chapter) and the Bayesian one (in chapter 6: “Decision problems”). One should actually not speak of a single frequency approach, since there are several variations of it. That most commonly adopted in the textbook literature is to start from the idea of a random experiment and carry out the mathematical formalization as follows.
Some Preliminary Evidence for the Effect of Employee Satisfaction on Relational Switching Costs

Existing streams of literature in marketing and OB are integrated to synthesize a multilevel model that highlights the effect of employee job satisfaction on customer attitudes in a financial services context. This study of 157 bank employees and 531 customers demonstrated a significant effect of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction and relational switching costs.
Clinical Issues in Severe Asthma: Consensus and Controversies on the Road to Precision Medicine

As seen in this CME online activity (available at http://courses.elseviercme.com/708e), the various forms of asthma affect > 300 million people globally and > 25 million people in the United States. Asthma-related symptoms and exacerbations result in nearly 2 million ED visits annually, and many of these visits lead to inpatient hospital stays. There is an urgent need to improve the care of the estimated 5% to 15% of patients who have severe asthma. Importantly, studies have shown that severe asthma accounts for an outsized proportion of the disease-related morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Examining cohorts from several large patient networks that were created to better understand clinical presentations, biopsychosocial consequences, and long-term outcomes of severe asthma revealed substantial disease burden, significant gaps in longitudinal care, and a clear need for additional treatment options. This CME-accredited Clinical Issues program is intended for allergists/clinical immunologists, pulmonologists, and other health-care providers involved in the management of patients with severe asthma. During the activity, a panel of expert faculty will discuss and debate a series of topics related to the evaluation and long-term treatment of various severe asthma phenotypes. Activity topics include education regarding (1) The classification of severe asthma to differentially diagnose patients with disease that is uncontrolled despite relatively intensive therapy; (2) potential phenotypes and available biomarkers, including strengths, limitations, and how to translate results into the selection of therapies; and (3) the different mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety of biologic therapies that target the pathophysiology of severe asthma. The goal is to provide clinician learners with the latest evidence and a fresh perspective on evolving management paradigms for severe asthma.
Suppression of cosmic muon spallation backgrounds in liquid scintillator detectors using convolutional neural networks

Abstract Cosmic muon spallation backgrounds are ubiquitous in low-background experiments. For liquid scintillator-based experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, the spallation product 10C is an important background in the region of interest between 2–3 MeV and determines the depth requirement for the experiment. We have developed an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses the temporal and spatial correlations in light emissions to identify 10C background events. Using a simple Monte Carlo simulation of a monolithic liquid scintillator detector like KamLAND, we find that the algorithm is capable of identifying 61.6% of the 10C at 90% signal acceptance, with a total uncertainty of 2.7%. A detector with perfect light collection can identify 98.2% at 90% signal acceptance. The algorithm is independent of vertex and energy reconstruction, so it is complementary to other frequently-used methods and can be expanded to other background sources. This work forms the foundation for more in depth studies of detector-dependent effects and more advanced CNN-based algorithms.
Proactive Load Shifting for Distributed SDN Control Plane Architecture

Balancing the workload among distributed SDN controllers plays a critical role for both the network performance and the control plane scalability. Several distributed SDN controller architectures have been proposed to mitigate the risk of controller overload and failures. However, many of these architectures fall short for maintaining the same level of complexity in the control plane. A core implication of complex control plane can translate to a limitation in functional improvements of existing implementation. To address this issue, we propose a novel Proactive Load Shift (PLS) technique that augments the traditional SDN architecture with a shim layer to diminish the complexities in existing distributed SDN controller architectures. While our primary focus is on efficient workload distribution among SDN controllers in a distributed architecture, our shim layer also serves as a programmable abstraction for supporting new network functionalities in the SDN control plane and the data plane without infringing the SDN principles. To achieve optimal network performance in our proposed technique, we eliminate the need for inter-controller synchronization by delegating the synchronization sequence to the shim layer at a per-need based only. Our experimental results show that the PLS technique provides efficient responses to load balancing triggers with less overhead on the control plane.
Ion dissociation in aqueous 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chlorides and the impact of microstructure formation

We study ion dissociation in four aqueous 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([amim][Cl]) (where a = alkyl) ionic liquids (ILs) focusing on the effects of microstructure formation. We calculate ...
Damping of density oscillations in neutrino-transparent nuclear matter

We calculate the bulk-viscous dissipation time for adiabatic density oscillations in nuclear matter at densities of one to seven times the nuclear saturation density and at temperatures ranging from 1 MeV, where corrections to previous low-temperature calculations become important, up to 10 MeV, where the assumption of neutrino transparency is no longer valid. Under these conditions, which are expected to occur in neutron star mergers, damping of density oscillations arises from $\ensuremath{\beta}$ equilibration via weak interactions. We find that for 1-kHz oscillations the shortest dissipation times are in the 5- to 20-ms range, depending on the equation of state, which means that bulk viscous damping could affect the dynamics of a neutron star merger. For higher frequencies, the dissipation time can be even shorter.
Incorporating Solvent-Dependent Kinetics To Designa Multistage, Continuous, Combined Cooling/Antisolvent CrystallizationProcess

Combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization enables crystallization of many pharmaceutical products, but its process design typically neglects solvent composition influences on crystallization kinetics. This paper evaluates the influence of solvent-dependent nucleation and growth kinetics on the design of optimal, multistage mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallization cascades. The ability to independently select temperature and solvent compositions in each stage of the cascade serves to greatly expand the attainable region for a two-stage cascade, with diminishing returns for additional stages. Failure to include solvent-dependent kinetics can result in simulating incorrect attainable regions, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) yields, and crystal size distributions. This work also demonstrates that commonly employed crystallization process design heuristics, such as equal antisolvent addition and decreasing temperature in successive stages, can result in suboptimal process d...
Environmental mixtures and children's health: identifying appropriate statistical approaches.

Purpose of review Biomonitoring studies have shown that children are constantly exposed to complex patterns of chemical and nonchemical exposures. Here, we briefly summarize the rationale for studying multiple exposures, also called mixture, in relation to child health and key statistical approaches that can be used. We discuss advantages over traditional methods, limitations and appropriateness of the context. Recent findings New approaches allow pediatric researchers to answer increasingly complex questions related to environmental mixtures. We present methods to identify the most relevant exposures among a high-multitude of variables, via shrinkage and variable selection techniques, and identify the overall mixture effect, via Weighted Quantile Sum and Bayesian Kernel Machine regressions. We then describe novel extensions that handle high-dimensional exposure data and allow identification of critical exposure windows. Summary Recent advances in statistics and machine learning enable researchers to identify important mixture components, estimate joint mixture effects and pinpoint critical windows of exposure. Despite many advantages over single chemical approaches, measurement error and biases may be amplified in mixtures research, requiring careful study planning and design. Future research requires increased collaboration between epidemiologists, statisticians and data scientists, and further integration with causal inference methods.
A Summary of Recommendations for Plastic Surgeons during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak.

The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak presents unique challenges to the healthcare system. The lack of unified guidelines on what constitutes elective surgery left plastic surgeons without a clear framework to guide their practices. More urgently, the ambiguity in defining elective surgery leaves plastic surgeons without clear guidance as states begin to phase in these procedures. Methods: Recommendations issued by state governing bodies as of April 28, 2020, were reviewed. National society and federal guidelines pertaining to postponement and resumption of elective surgeries affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak were also reviewed. Recommendations based on the above are collated for plastic surgeons. Results: Thirty-six states and the District of Columbia provide recommendations regarding elective surgery. Cosmetic surgery is considered an elective surgery and should be postponed; this may be among the first elective surgeries to safely resume. Societal guidelines provide disease-specific recommendations for cancer-related surgery and breast reconstruction. Trauma, other cancer-related reconstruction, and hand surgeries are considered nonelective if postponement threatens life or limb or if a patient is highly symptomatic. Postponement and resumption of oncology, trauma, and hand surgery cases depend on disease stage and complexity of reconstruction. Pediatric craniofacial surgery presents unique challenges due to the time-sensitive nature of the interventions. Conclusions: Guidance on elective surgery is vague for plastic surgeons. Government recommendations and societal guidelines provide a framework for plastic surgeons to assess the elective nature of a surgical intervention and safety of resumption; however, a nuanced assessment must be made on local disease transmission, supply availability, and hospital capacity.
Surgical management of recurrent Zenker's diverticulum: A multi-institutional cohort study.

Abstract Objective This study identifies how recurrent Zenker's diverticula are treated. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed from four tertiary referral academic voice and swallowing centers to identify individuals who underwent surgery for recurrent Zenker's diverticulum. Demographic data, surgical modalities for primary and revision surgery, symptoms pre and post revision and complications were recorded. Results 56 individuals met inclusion criteria. Primary surgery was open in 30.3% (n = 17) and endoscopic in 69.6% (n = 39). Revision surgery was performed via an open approach in 37.5% of cases (N = 21) and via an endoscopic approach in 62.5% of cases (N = 35). Revision surgical technique was based on pouch size, patient age and comorbidities, as well as patient and surgeon preference. There were no major complications and few minor complications. Conclusion Zenker's diverticulum symptoms can recur regardless of primary treatment modality. Both endoscopic and open approaches can safely treat recurrent Zenker's diverticula.
Characterizing Host Plant Resistance to Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Selected Sorghum Plant Introductions

Since 2013 Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the sugarcane aphid, has been a threat to sorghum production in the United States. The development of resistant sorghum hybrids has been one of the main management strategies. However, plant resistance can be overcome over time and new resistance genes need to be identified and introduced into adapted sorghum hybrids to secure sorghum production. Sorghum plant introduction (PI) genotypes were screened for resistance to M. sacchari through laboratory, greenhouse, and field assays. In addition, the feeding parameters of M. saccahri were analyzed and detailed in seven sorghum genotypes through EPG assays. Results showed sorghum genotypes PI 524770, PI 564163, and PI 643515 expressed resistance to M. sacchari consistently in laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests. EPG analysis suggested sorghum genotypes PI 524770 and PI 564163 express antibiosis to M. sacchari while PI 643515 expresses both antibiosis and antixenosis. Increasing the number of sorghum hybrids resistant to M. sacchari is key to improving integrated pest management of M. sacchari. By utilizing host plant resistance, sorghum producers can decrease insecticide applications while enhancing biological control.
Oxygen therapy via a noninvasive helmet: A COVID-19 novelty with potential post-pandemic uses

COVID-19 has placed a significant strain upon healthcare resources at a global level and refractory hypoxemia is the leading cause of death among COVID-19 patients. The management of limited resources such as mechanical ventilators has remained a contentious issue both at an individual and institutional level since the beginning of the pandemic. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented challenges to critical care practitioners to find innovative ways to provide supplemental oxygen therapy to their patients. We present a single-center experience: a case series of five COVID-19 infected patients managed with a novel approach to provide supplemental oxygen and positive end-expiration pressure (PEEP) via the helmet. Three of the five patients responded to therapy, did not require intubation, and survived to discharge. The other two patients continued to deteriorate clinically, required endotracheal intubation, and subsequently expired during their hospitalization. We extrapolated our accumulated experience with non-invasive oxygen support by helmet in COVID-19 patients to a non-COVID-19 postoperative patient who underwent sinus surgery and developed hypoxemic respiratory failure also resulting in avoidance of endotracheal intubation. We conclude that oxygen therapy via a helmet is a safe, cost-effective technique to prevent intubation in carefully selected patients with infectious and non-infectious causes of hypoxic respiratory failure. Our positive experience with the system warrants further large-scale study and possible technique refinement.
Economic Consequences of Expanding Sales Tax Nexus: Evidence from Stock Price Reactions to the Wayfair Decision

We analyze stock price reactions to the announcement of the United States Supreme Court decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., Overstock.com, Inc., and Newegg, Inc. (hereafter Wayfair), which overturned over 25 years of judicial doctrine related to sales tax nexus. Wayfair's precedent provides a broadening of sales tax nexus and a significant increase in affected firms' compliance costs. Stock returns surrounding the Wayfair decision were, on average, negative, suggesting that investors were concerned about an increase in compliance costs and a decrease in market share. Cross-sectional analyses suggest that the negative reaction manifested primarily among firms operating in industries most affected by the decision and firms with fewer resources. Our results reveal an immediate consequence of the prospect of expanding sales tax nexus is a downward revision in firm valuations.
Longitudinal relations among school context, school-based parent involvement, and academic achievement of Chinese American children in immigrant families.

Abstract Immigrant families face multiple barriers to engaging with children's schools. Yet, school-based parent involvement has been associated with academic and behavioral benefits for children of immigrant families. Although past research has examined links between family contextual factors and parent involvement, less is known about the links between school contextual factors and parent involvement in immigrant families. Identifying socio-cultural barriers to parent involvement across home and school contexts can inform culturally competent family engagement interventions serving immigrant families. In a two-wave (1.5 years apart) longitudinal study of a community-based sample of Chinese American children (N = 210, beginning age = 5.8–9.1 years) attending over 80 schools in a metropolitan area, we assessed school-based parent involvement behaviors and parent involvement-related psychological processes (i.e., parent-teacher relationship quality, parents' endorsement of schools, teachers' perceptions of parents) using parent and teacher report. First, results indicated that significant positive associations were found between school-based parent involvement behaviors and parent involvement-related psychological processes (rs = 0.36–0.53). Next, multi-level modeling was conducted to test concurrent relations of Wave 1 school contextual factors to all four parent involvement constructs (controlling for family-level factors), as well as testing the prospective relations of parent involvement at Wave 1 to children's academic achievement at Wave 2. Student body diversity of schools was negatively associated with school-based parent involvement (rs = −0.18, −0.17), parent-rated parent-teacher relationship quality (r = −0.18), and parents' endorsement of schools (r = −0.36). The concentration of Asian students at schools and schoolwide achievement were negatively associated with teachers' perceptions of parents (rs = −0.18, −0.20). However, neither school contextual factors nor school-based parent involvement at Wave 1 uniquely predicted children's academic achievement at Wave 2. Implications of findings for understanding and addressing barriers to engaging Chinese American immigrant families in their children's schools are discussed.
Somali Immigrant Mothers’ Experiences of School Engagement: Implications for School Leaders:

Purpose: This critical phenomenology study examines the experiences of Somali mothers’ involvement with an urban school in London, United Kingdom. Specifically, the study explores Somali mothers’ e...
Excising God from Value

“Excising God from Value” This final argumentative chapter draws out the consequences, or lack thereof, from removing the notion of a higher power from value. It first presents, in the broadest terms, the standard candidates intended to serve as the basis for moral worth, none of which require divinity. Lorkowski then expands the naturalistic basis for ethics by showing how the central notions of empathy and altruism are tied to our biological nature. After this, the author turns to questions of meaning in life, providing an outline of how some have discovered and created value independent of a deity. Lastly, Lorkowski argues that any worship-worthy deity would want us to be ethical, leading to a functional equivalence between believers and nonbelievers in terms of morality.
The Language of Life and Death: The Transformation of Experience in Oral Narrative

1. Introduction to the language of life and death 2. Narrative analysis 3. The escalation of violence 4. Confrontations with death 5. Premonitions and communication with the dead 6. Margie Knott: her confrontation with the neighbors 7. Gloria Stein: 'They stoned the house' 8. Rose Norman: the death of her younger sister 9. Mary Costa: the death of her youngest daughter 10. Cache County 11. The vernacular origin of epic style 12. Historians' use of narrative 13. Thomas Babington Macaulay: the death of Monmouth 14. S. T. Bindoff: the death of Elizabeth 15. 2 Samuel: the death of Absalom 16. The narrative view of death and life.
Extraordinary Methods of Review

After having indicated the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary methods of review (10.01), this chapter describes tierce opposition (10.02–10.08) and requete civile (10.09–10.15), two extraordinary methods of review.
High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigations of the Structure of tRNA in Solution

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that high-resolution NMR has been used to provide information on the secondary and tertiary structure of tRNA molecules in solution. It focuses on low field resonances from the ring nitrogen protons involved in base pairing, as these have provided most of the information to date. NMR complements and corroborates the recent X-ray diffraction studies on one particular tRNA, yeast tRNA Phe , and permits the crystal results on this one tRNA to be generalized to an entire class of tRNA. In this way, the NMR results have served as a bridge to justify the extension of the crystallographic results to tRNA Phe and other tRNAs in solution. The chapter also discusses that NMR can be used to treat tRNA structure and function problems that are currently unapproachable by X-ray diffraction analysis. NMR has been used to work out plausible structures for the denatured conformers of two tRNAs, and for the dimer of another. The alteration of tRNA conformation as a result of several different chemical modifications removal or replacement of bases in the anticodon loop has also been analyzed. NMR experiments have provided interesting insight into the interaction of tRNA molecules with intercalating drugs and dyes, which may find application in other biochemical and physical chemical studies of tRNA protein interactions.
Nigeria's Economic Reforms: Progress and Challenges

Following years of economic stagnation, Nigeria embarked on a comprehensive reform program during the second term of the Obasanjo administration. The program was based on the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) and focused on four main areas: improving the macroeconomic environment, pursuing structural reforms, strengthening public expenditure management, and implementing institutional and governance reforms. This paper reviews Nigeria's recent experience with economic reforms and outlines major policy measures that have been implemented. Although there have been notable achievements under the program, significant challenges exist, particularly in translating the benefits of reforms into welfare improvements for citizens, in improving the domestic business environment, and in extending reform policies to states and local governments. Consequently, we argue that the recent reform program must be viewed as the initial steps of a much longer journey of economic recovery and sustained growth. This paper concludes by outlining a number of outstanding issues that future Nigerian administrations must address.
Body Image and Disfiguration in Allen Say’s Stranger in the Mirror , and David Shannon’s A Bad Case of Stripes

The child’s image of his ever-changing physical body, combined with social speculations on his appearance, exists in a charged state of emotional tension. The child seeks to build a strong, confident body image which appeals to himself, but finds this stressful when social others attempt to make claims on his physicality, on how he should look as opposed to how he wants to look. This study focuses on children’s picture books with protagonists who suffer a disfiguration and therefore defy socially-defined body images; their respective disfigurations make them outcasts. Children’s picture books convey political themes regarding bodily image to a receptive child readership skilled enough to interpret visual and verbal codes conveyed through images of child protagonists in disfigured bodily forms.
Signals of dynamical supersymmetry breaking in a hidden sector.

If supersymmetry is dynamically broken in a hidden sector, the gauginos typically have unacceptably small masses. This situation can be corrected if a non-Abelian gauge interaction becomes strong at a scale of order 1 TeV and induces dynamical gaugino masses. We discuss the typical signals of this scenario at present and future colliders.
EDFA-based coupled opto-electronic oscillator and its phase noise

EDFA-based coupled opto-electronic oscillator (COEO), an integrated optical and microwave oscillator that can generate picosecond optical pulses, is presented. The phase noise measurements of COEO show better performance than synthesizer-driven mode-locked laser.
Generation Investment Management

Examines the investment process of Generation Investment Management, a "sustainable" investing firm established in 2004 by David Blood and U.S. Vice President AI Gore. Places students in the position of David Lowish, director of global industrials, who must decide whether to recommend an investment in ABB India. The decision pits economic development - supplying energy to impoverished rural areas in India, against environmental damage - caused by the use of coal-fired power plants.
Tapered Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot filters

A simple tapered interferometric filter and spatially varying method for wavelength decoding are described. Two all-dielectric multilayer mirrors on opposing sides of a wedged spacer layer form a tapered Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot (TFP) filter. The TFP filter shows a spatially varying transmittance which enables high-resolution low-loss wavelength decoding of a broad-band input signal. Theory and design of the filter are followed by experimental results and future applications.
A Library for Coarse Grain Macro-Pipelining in Distributed Memory Architectures

The most natural way of programming parallel machines is data-parallelism where programs execute phases of computations and communications on different sets of data and no overlap exists between communications and computations. Moreover, communication phases are synchronous, i.e. every processor executes these phases at the same time and waits until the last processor completes his communication phase. From the perspective of program correctness, these data-parallel programs are much more easier to prove than asynchronous CSP-based parallel programs [Hoa85]. Unfortunately, performances of such programs are bounded by the communications cost. To avoid this problem, the solution is to overlap communications by computations. This is not always possible because of the dependences within the code. If data dependences prevent the use of simple overlap, a solution consists in using a pipelined data parallel algorithm by decreasing the grain of computations, and overlapping communications of previously computed parts by the computation of next parts of the set of data. This is also called coarse grain macro-pipelining [Kin88, Tse93]. The resulting code is then much more efficient but, unfortunately, much more complicated too. Our aim is thus to provide one set of high level routines which implement pipelined data parallel algorithms in the most transparent way to the user of parallel message passing machines.
COMPOSITIONAL PATTERNS OF GLYCANS OF NONDIALYZABLE GLYCOPROTEINS OF THE MALE URINE IN RELATION TO THEIR ORIGIN. I. GLYCANS OF NONDIALYZABLE ULTRAFILTERABLE GLYCOPROTEIN FRACTIONS.

Abstract Adult male urine contains glycoprotein fractions which do not pass Visking dialysis bags under normal pressure but are ultrafilterable when the bags are subjected to a negative pressure of about 700 mm Hg. These fractions represent about 75% of the total nondialyzable carbohydrate of male urine. Fractionation of ultrafiltrates by isopropanol and ether, followed by repeated continuous flow electrophoresis on glass fiber sheets, yielded about 40 glycoprotein fractions which differed from each other in the ratio of sialic acid to fucose and in electrophoretic mobility. The fractions obtained after repeated electrophoresis showed only one peak in free boundary electrophoresis at pH 8.6. Three different compositional patterns, characterized by different ratios of galactose to mannose, glucosamine to galactosamine, fucose to hexosamine, and sialic acid to fucose, were found among the fractions. Evidence is set forth that these patterns are related to different origins of these glycoproteins.
Experience-Dependent Regulation of Dentate Gyrus Excitability by Adult-Born Granule Cells

Behavioral studies have established a role for adult-born dentate granule cells in discriminating between similar memories. However, it is unclear how these cells mediate memory discrimination. Excitability is enhanced in maturing adult-born neurons, spurring the hypothesis that the activity of these cells “directly” encodes and stores memories. An alternative hypothesis posits that maturing neurons “indirectly” contribute to memory encoding by regulating excitation–inhibition balance. We evaluated these alternatives by using dentate-sensitive active place avoidance tasks to assess experience-dependent changes in dentate field potentials in the presence and absence of neurogenesis. Before training, X-ray ablation of adult neurogenesis-reduced dentate responses to perforant-path stimulation and shifted EPSP-spike coupling leftward. These differences were unchanged after place avoidance training with the shock zone in the initial location, which both groups learned to avoid equally well. In contrast, sham-treated mice decreased dentate responses and shifted EPSP-spike coupling leftward after the shock zone was relocated, whereas X-irradiated mice failed to show these changes in dentate function and were impaired on this test of memory discrimination. During place avoidance, excitation–inhibition coupled neural synchrony in dentate local field potentials was reduced in X-irradiated mice, especially in the θ band. The difference was most prominent during conflict learning, which is impaired in the X-irradiated mice. These findings indicate that maturing adult-born neurons regulate both functional network plasticity in response to memory discrimination and dentate excitation–inhibition coordination. The most parsimonious interpretation of these results is that adult neurogenesis indirectly regulates hippocampal information processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adult-born neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus are important for flexibly using memories, but the mechanism is controversial. Using tests of hippocampus-dependent place avoidance learning and dentate electrophysiology in mice with normal or ablated neurogenesis, we find that maturing adult-born neurons are crucial only when memory must be used flexibly, and that these neurons regulate dentate gyrus synaptic and spiking responses to neocortical input rather than directly storing information, as has been proposed. A day after learning to avoid the initial or changed locations of shock, the dentate synaptic responses are enhanced or suppressed, respectively, unlike mice lacking adult neurogenesis, which did not change. The contribution of adult neurogenesis to memory is indirect, by regulating dentate excitation–inhibition coupling.
Macromolecular Synthesis in Cells Infected by Frog Virus 3. VII. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Virus Gene Expression

We have used improved techniques for separating individual species of RNA and protein to study the mechanisms that control gene expression by frog virus 3, a eucaryotic DNA virus. Forty-seven species of viral RNA and 35 viral polypeptide species were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative molar ratios of virus-specific polypeptides synthesized at various times after infection were determined by computer planimetry and were compared with the molar ratios of appropriate-sized viral RNAs to code for each polypeptide. Viral polypeptides were classified according to the time during the growth cycle at which their maximal rate of synthesis occurred - early, 2 to 2.5 h; intermediate, 4 to 4.5 h; and late, 6 to 6.5 h. The viral RNAs, which were assumed to be mRNA's, could not be classified according to time of maximum synthesis; once their synthesis had begun, most of the RNAs continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates. However, only 10 of the 47 viral RNA bands were plainly visible after electrophoresis of extracts from cells labeled from 1 to 1.5 h after infection; these 10 RNAs were designated "early" RNA. The early pattern of both RNA and polypeptide synthesis was maintained for at least 6 h in the presence of the amino acid analog fluorophenylalanine, which indicates that a functional viral polypeptide was required for "late" transcription and translation. The presumptive mRNA's for late polypeptides did not appear until 2 h after infection, but two of these "late" RNAs became the major products of transcription by 4 h into the infectious cycle. In contrast to the declining rate of synthesis of the early proteins, corresponding early RNA species continued to be synthesized at the same or higher rates throughout the replicative cycle. Although the synthesis of late virus-specific proteins appeared to be regulated at the level of transcription, our results suggest that the synthesis of both early and intermediate proteins was regulated at the post-transcriptional level.
Household Water In Northern Trinidad: Source, Collection, Storage, And Socioeconomics

This paper presents results of household surveys conducted in Trinidad's Northern Range to assess I) the source of household water, 2) the methods used for collecting and storing household water, and 3) the reliability of household water sources. This case study adds to the body of literature about household water in a part of the world and socioeconomic groups that are understudied.
Understanding NSF funding opportunities: tutorial presentation

This session highlights programs in the National Science Foundation (NSF) of particular interest to computer science educators. Topics include a description of program goals and guidelines, the review process and strategies for writing competitive proposals.
ER stress activates lytic gene expression in KSHV-associated tumor cell lines

Background Activating the herpesvirus lytic replication cycle presents an opportunity for targeted therapy. We explored the effects of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers on Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic activation in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. We included nelfinavir (an HIV-1 protease inhibitor) in our investigations because it has been reported to induce ER stress in various tumor cell lines [1]. Treatment with bortezomib, thapsigargin or nelfinavir resulted in increased expression of ER stress markers such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4) and the spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1(s) (see figure 1). Treatment was also associated with an increase in RNA expression of the KSHV immediate early “replication and transcriptional activator” (RTA) (see figure 2). To determine whether ER stress mediated KSHV lytic reactivation associated with these agents, we prepared doxycycline-activated short hairpin RNA knockdowns of ER stress genes (Grp78 and XBP-1(s)). Treatment of these knockdowns with doxycycline for 72 hours resulted in inhibition of ER stress and inhibition of viral lytic gene expression.
Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?

SEDIMENT traps are widely used to measure the vertical flux of particulate matter in the oceans. In the upper ocean, sediment traps have been used to determine the extent to which CO2 Axed by primary producers is exported as particulate organic carbon1–3. In addition, the observed decrease of particle flux with depth has been used to predict regeneration rates of organic matter and associated elements3. Over seasonal or annual timescales, the import of limiting nutrients into the upper ocean (new production) should be balanced by particle export4,5. Given the importance of accurately determining the sinking particle flux, it has been suggested that 234Th might be used to 'calibrate' shallow-trap fluxes6. Here I present a re-evaluation of existing 234Th data which indicates that trap-derived and model-derived 234Th particle fluxes can differ by a factor of ±3–10, suggesting that shallow traps may not provide an accurate measure of particle fluxes.