cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravenous hyperalimentation: techniques and potential complications.

Use and care of subclavian, peripheral venous, and cuffed catheters are described. Potential complications are also considered.
Chronic Oral Capsaicin Exposure During Development Leads to Adult Rats with Reduced Taste Bud Volumes

A cross-sensory interaction between gustatory and trigeminal nerves occurs in the anterior tongue. Surgical manipulations have demonstrated that the strength of this relationship varies across development. Capsaicin is a neurotoxin that affects fibers of the somatosensory lingual nerve surrounding taste buds, but not fibers of the gustatory chorda tympani nerve which synapse with taste receptor cells. Since capsaicin is commonly consumed by many species, including humans, the experimental use of this neurotoxin provides a naturalistic perturbation of the lingual trigeminal system. Neonatal or adult rats consumed oral capsaicin for 40 days, and we examined the cross-sensory effect on the morphology of taste buds across development. Rats received moderate doses of oral capsaicin, with chronic treatments occurring either before or after taste system maturation. Tongue morphology was examined either 2 or 50 days after treatment cessation. Edema, which has been previously suggested as a cause of changes in capsaicin-related gustatory function, was also assessed. Reductions in taste bud volume occurred 50 days, but not 2 days post-treatment for rats treated as neonates. Adult rats at either time post-treatment were unaffected. Edema was not found to occur with the 5 ppm concentration of capsaicin we used. Results further elucidate the cooperative relationship between these discrete sensory systems and highlight the developmentally mediated aspect of this interaction. Chronic exposure to even moderate levels of noxious stimuli during development has the ability to impact the orosensory environment, and these changes may not be evident until long after exposure has ceased.
Abstract IA06: PI 3-kinase and Akt at the interface of signaling and metabolism

The PI 3-Kinase and Akt signaling pathway plays a critical role in modulating all phenotypes associated with human malignancies, including cell survival, proliferation and metabolism. Recent studies point to a major role for Akt signaling in modulating changes in metabolic pathways, although the specific mechanisms are unknown. Using unbiased metabolic profiling, we have uncovered a role for oncogenic PI 3-K and Akt in sensing redox changes in cancer cells, specifically by up-regulating glutathione levels and enhancing glutathione biosynthetic flux. Mechanistically, this is mediated by mTORC1-mediated up-regulation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and Nrf2 activation. These findings indicate a post-translational mechanism by which oncogenic Akt signaling directly activates Nrf2 in cancer. Enhanced glutathione biosynthesis provides several advantages to cancer cells, including oxidative stress resistance and anchorage-independent growth, and thus constitute a metabolic dependency that can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy within breast cancer cells driven by Akt hyperactivation. In a separate study, we show that the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin triggers rapid and sustained activation of Akt signaling in breast cancer lines. Small molecule inhibitors of PI3K or Akt block Akt signaling downstream of DNA damage and sensitize cells to the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. We have identified MERIT40, a component of the BRCA1-A DNA damage repair complex, as a novel Akt substrate that is phosphorylated in doxorubicin-treated cells. MERIT40 phosphorylation is required for formation and stabilization of the multicomponent BRCA1-A complex in response to DNA damage and this contributes to the resolution of DNA damage. We propose that disruption of MERIT40 phosphorylation contributes to the ability of PI3K/Akt inhibitors to sensitize breast cancer cells to chemotherapy through disruption of BRCA1 A complex integrity which is required for DNA damage repair and cell survival in the DNA damage response. Citation Format: Alex Toker. PI 3-kinase and Akt at the interface of signaling and metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
Becoming the Utility of the Future: Risks and Opportunities

Electricity became a household necessity with the advent of broadcast radio in the 1920s. There were no nonelectric substitutes for the radio, it served a strong public interest for the government to be able to quickly send information to its citizens, and it was therefore desirable to electrify as many homes as possible.
Du Bois and Weber: a scholarly relationship denied?

As established in Morris’ book, The Scholar Denied (2015) Du Bois’ influence and contributions have often been ignored within mainstream sociology. When not completely snubbed, historiography has o...
Star Trek and Language: Dasein or Speculation?

Star Trek offers a fictional representation of a society/culture whose language is rooted in its Dasein (cultural practices, history, allegories, and mythical tales). Star Trek’s fictional portrayal of such a language and society strongly suggests that it is implausible that such a society could exist, and, more importantly, advance into a technologically advanced civilization. Normatively speaking, such a language is undesirable because it would render a society isolated—simply unable to communicate in a meaningful, complex way with other societies/cultures. This would prevent meaningful speculation across different language groups.
Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Cyst Excision

This chapter describes in detail the surgical steps for performing a dorsal wrist ganglion cyst excision. The approach allows for an operative alternative to unsuccessful conservative management for dorsal wrist ganglion cysts or cysts unamenable to simple aspiration. Indications, surgical steps, postoperative care, an operative dictation template, and suggested readings/references are included.
A Bayesian approach to misclassified binary response: female employment and intimate partner violence in urban India

ABSTRACTWe examine the effect of female employment on the odds of physical spousal violence using a Bayesian misclassification model combined with propensity score regression estimation. While a classical propensity score model finds a significant violence-provoking effect of female employment, our model finds no evidence of a significant effect. This suggests that misleading inferences are caused by falsely small standard errors in a model that does not account for uncertainties around propensity scores. Further, we confirm our misclassification model as a preferred specification using Deviance Information Criterion (DIC).
Immunoprevention of Pancreatic Cancer.

Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is considered an incurable disease due to late diagnosis, rapid spread and negligible response treatment methods, with a 5-year survival rate of only 7%. Hence, there is an urgency in developing novel strategies for PC prevention. This review is focused on discussing the challenges in understanding complex immune functions in tumor microenvironment and host-induced immune responses against tumors, selection of antigens for development of preventive vaccines, lessons from immunoprevention clinical trials and challenges in developing future vaccines. Methods 65 original articles were referenced from various sources, based on immunoprevention or criteria pertaining to tumor antigens and immune responses in PC. All these articles were analyzed for the method details and results obtained, and the existing challenges were derived for successful development of clinical immunoprevention strategies. Results The analysis of these articles and our experience with preclinical efficacy evaluations of various preventive approaches against PC helped in identifying specific tumor antigens as targets which can overcome tumor cell immune suppression. This review discussed the status of primary, secondary and tertiary preventive vaccines and reasons for failure of therapeutic vaccines. The key parameters for effective vaccination were identified, including stage of the disease for vaccination efficacy, use of appropriate animal models for development of preventive vaccines. Potential of chemopreventive agents as adjuvants in immunoprevention was discussed. This review identified new challenges for development of immunopreventive vaccines. Conclusion This review analyzed various aspects of vaccine development for immunoprevention of PC and emphasized the challenges for development of immunoprevention strategies.
Montana Climate Change and Big Game: Things Were Better When They Were Worse

Climate change may influence wildlife populations more than any management challenge in recent history. Within the past year numerous reports and papers have come out relative to wildlife and climate change. Now is the time to start addressing the impacts of these changes in Montana. This paper discusses some of the ways climate change may impact big game populations relative to recent climate data sets for Montana. Length of growing season, winter severity, time of spring green-up, summer heat, drought, all may have direct or indirect impacts on wildlife populations. Indirect impacts include disease and disease vectors. Recent declines in some of our big game species may be attributed in part to climate change. Hunting quotas and seasons have been modified to ameliorate some of the population changes. We must be proactive in assessing the impacts of climate change on Montana wildlife populations in order to apply adaptive management.
Forensic Pathology Fellowship Training Positions and Subsequent Forensic Pathology Work Effort of past Forensic Pathology Fellows

The purpose of this study is to document the number of accredited, funded, and filled forensic pathology fellowship positions in the United States and to document the subsequent work effort of fore...
Contextualizing connectivity: how internet connection type and parental factors influence technology use among lower-income children

ABSTRACTThis project links research on digital inequality, which focuses on connection quality and its outcomes for under-connected individuals, and parental mediation, which focuses on the influence of parents on children’s technology experiences. We examine the internet connection type used by families, the technology experiences of lower-income parents, and their perceptions of opportunities that technology use offers their children. We then determine how these factors influence the frequency and scope of their school-age children’s technology use. Findings show that contextualizing children’s connectivity to account for infrastructural, socio-demographic, and relational influences provides new insights into the technology experiences of lower-income children. One set of findings suggests that direct benefit from increased connectivity is most evident for lower-income parents – those with the lowest household incomes, lowest levels of education, and whose dominant language is not English. These effects...
Instability in the lives of foster and nonfoster youth: Mental health impediments and attachment insecurities

Abstract Foster youth are at risk for negative mental health and psychosocial outcomes, including when they are on the brink of emancipation from care into self-sustained adulthood. Factors believed to affect outcomes among foster youth include residential and school instability. Although frequent moves to new homes and schools are common for youth living in poverty, instability for foster youth involves not only changing homes and schools but often also changes in caregivers, thus putting foster youth at risk for disrupted attachment relationships. For the current study, structural equation models examined links between instability, mental health problems, and attachment insecurities in foster and at-risk nonfoster youth. A model containing instability provided a better fit to the data than a model containing foster care status only. Group comparisons revealed that instability was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms for foster but not nonfoster youth. Implications of instability in the lives of foster youth are discussed.
Labour, utopia and modern design theory: the positivist sociology of Frederic Harrison

Historians of modern design and sociology have shown little interest in the leaders of the ever resourceful and influential British Positivist Society. One of the aims of this essay is to show that...
DNA damage induces a SAMHD1-mediated block to the infection of macrophages by HIV-1.

Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are an important target for HIV-1 despite SAMHD1, a myeloid restriction factor for which HIV-1 lacks a counteracting accessory protein. The antiviral activity of SAMHD1 is modulated by phosphorylation of T592 by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). We show that treatment of MDMs with neocarzinostatin, a compound that introduces double strand breaks (DBS) in genomic DNA, results in the decrease of phosphorylated SAMHD1, activating its antiviral activity and blocking HIV-1 infection. The effect was specific for DSB as DNA damage induced by UV light irradiation did not affect SAMHD1 phosphorylation and did not block infection. The block to infection was at reverse transcription and was counteracted by Vpx, demonstrating that it was caused by SAMHD1. Neocarzinostatin treatment also activated an innate immune response that induced interferon-stimulated genes but this was not involved in the block to HIV-1 infection, as it was not relieved by an interferon-blocking antibody. In response to Neocarzinostatin-induced DNA damage, the level of the CDK inhibitor p21cip1 increased which could account for the decrease of phosphorylated SAMHD1. The results show that the susceptibility of MDMs to HIV-1 infection can be affected by stimuli that alter the phosphorylation state of SAMHD1, one of which is the DNA damage response.
A review of studies examining the nature of selection-based and topography-based verbal behavior

Selection-based (SB) verbal behavior, in most general terms, consists of selecting stimuli from an array, which presumably has some effect on a listener. Topography-based (TB) verbal behavior consists of responses with unique topographies (e.g. speaking, signing, writing) which is also presumed to have some effect on a listener. This article reviews research examining the nature of these two types of verbal behavior. Overall, TB verbal behavior appears to be more easily acquired and may also function to mediate some SB verbal behavior.
Three-Dimensional Gradients of Solar Particles Inside 5 AU

The spatial gradients (field-aligned, longitudinal and latitudinal) in solar flare energetic particle events are described in terms of their occurrence in the three phases of the event (rise, maximum and decay). The information that can be derived from these phases is discussed in the context of the Ulysses mission.
Traumatic Exposure and PTSD in Older Adults: Introduction to the Special Issue

All too often traumatic exposure and its effects receive little or no consideration in studies of adult development and aging. This is perplexing, as evidence has shown that for a large number of individuals in the general population, trauma has harmful physical, social, and psychological effects. This conundrum has led some researchers to call traumatic exposure and its effects “hidden variables” in the lives of older adults (Nichols and Czirr, 1986; Spiro et al., 1994). When many professionals and the general public do give consideration to the consequences of traumatic exposure, they almost always equate them with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This assumption is only partially correct. Trauma can evoke heterogeneity of psychological symptoms. In fact, Herman (1992) suggests that responses to trauma are best understood as a spectrum of conditions rather than as a single disorder. Those in the field of geropsychology must be made aware that although the prevalence of full diagnostic criteria for PTSD is relatively low in older adults, there are other long-term psychological effects of traumatic exposure that require assessment and treatment. In fact many health practitioners could benefit from increased understanding of trauma in older adults. Misattribution of older adults’ trauma-related symptoms can have serious implications for treatment and recovery, such as the design of inappropriate or inadequate treatment plans, administration of ineffective psychotherapy treatments, dispensing of unnecessary medications, or costly, inefficient medical intervention (Allers et al., 1992). Although there are several excellent special issues of journals devoted to the topic of trauma among older adults in the past two decades (Blau, 1997; Elder and Clipp, 1994; The aging survivors of the Holocaust, 1981; Wigder, 1997), there is a need for an update. The recent terrorist attacks in this country and abroad will no doubt lead to further research on and clinical practice of retraumatization and its effects. The goal of this special issue is to highlight some of the most innovative research and clinical endeavors occurring in the field of geriatric trauma in the hopes of stimulating greater interest in and exploration of this topic. One of the strengths of these papers lies in their diversity. The papers address a broad range of topics from prevalence and phenomenology to treatment in older adult survivors of traumas with various types and durations of exposure (e.g., Holocaust, natural disaster, combat, prisoner of war, rape and childhood abuse).
Legal Implications of Hypersomnias

Patients with hypersomnias and their physicians, as well as otherwise healthy but sleep-deprived, sleepy individuals, are prone to confront our legal system in one way or another. Most commonly, this is because of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), a fact that has been of particular interest to the commercial trucking industry. Federal regulations currently do not provide detailed information regarding the necessary screening and evaluation of drivers who suffer from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but recommended guidelines for physicians have recently been published. Only one state in the United States makes driving while sleepy a potentially criminal offense, although several others are in the process of drafting legislation along these lines. Even in the absence of such laws, sleepy drivers may be liable for prosecution or civil action if they are involved in a crash. In contrast to the situation for commercial drivers, very detailed regulations exist for pilots and air-traffic controllers with OSA. Sleepy shift workers make more errors at work and have more MVCs, especially when returning home from long, late-night shifts. Courts in the United States have increasingly ruled that employers may be liable for injuries sustained as the result of employees who fall asleep at the wheel.
Abstract 275: Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, acts synergistically with proteasome inhibitors (i.e., bortezomib and MG132) to reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells via downregulation of Skp2

Flavokawain B, a chalcone isolated from kava root extracts, has been shown to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of various cancer cell lines via induction of apoptosis. However, the mechanism of flavokawain B9s action remains largely unknown. Here we have demonstrated that flavokawain B caused Skp2 degradation in an ubiquitin and proteasome dependent manner. In addition, flavokawain B inhibited NEDD8 conjugations to both Cullin1 and Ubc12 in PC3 cells and Ubc12 NEDDylation in an in vitro assay. Overexpression of dominant-negative cullin1 (1-452) or K720R mutant cullin1 rescued the effect of flavokawain B on Skp2 degradation, but further increased the expression of p27. However, siRNA knock-down of Skp1, CSN5, and UBC12 expression resulted in down-regulation of Skp2 expression and further enhanced the effect of flavokawain B on Skp2 degradation. siRNA knock-down of Cdh1, a known E3 ligase of Skp2 for targeted degradation, also didn9t rescue the effect of flavokawain B on Skp2 degradation, but overexpression of F-box deleted Skp2 can reverse the effect of flavokawain B on Skp2 degradation. These results suggest that degradation of Skp2 by flavokawain B is involved in Cullin1. Furthermore, flavokawain B selectively inhibited the growth of pRb deficient cell lines and PC3 cells with Skp2 overexpression. Flavokawain B also acts synergistically with Bortezomib and MG132 to inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cell lines via down-regulation of Skp2 and up-regulation of p27 and p21 expression. These finding provide rationale for combination of flavokawain B and Bortezomib in treatment of prostate cancer. Citation Format: Xuesen Li, Victor Pham, Matthew Tippin, Shan Xu, Dongjun Fu, Liankun Song, Bang H. Hoang, Xiaolin Zi. Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, acts synergistically with proteasome inhibitors (i.e., bortezomib and MG132) to reduce the growth of prostate cancer cells via downregulation of Skp2 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 275.
Longitudinal Associations Among Older Adults' Neurocognitive Performance, Psychological Distress, and Self-Reported Cognitive Function.

Subjective cognitive complaints increase with age. Although subjective cognitive difficulties have been linked to cognitive impairment and psychological distress, some studies have failed to establish a link between subjective cognitive complaints and present or future cognitive impairment. The present study examined the interactive, longitudinal effects of age, psychological distress, and objective cognitive performance on subjective cognitive function. Older adults (N=147, Mage = 74.17) were assessed biannually for up to six years. Subjective cognitive function, psychological distress, and neuropsychological testing were obtained at each assessment. In multilevel models with single predictors, age, poorer average task-switching and poorer memory predicted worse subjective cognitive functioning. Both average levels and within-person deviations in distress predicted worse subjective cognitive function. There were two significant interactions: one between average distress and chronological age, and the other between average memory and within-person distress. Task switching performance and distress had an additive effect on subjective cognitive function. Both individual differences (i.e., between-person differences) and fluctuations over time (i.e., within-person changes) contributed to worse subjective cognitive function. Psychological distress may help explain the relationship between objective cognitive performance and subjective cognitive function and should be assessed when patient concerns about cognitive functioning arise.
Effects of Indirect Leadership on Incremental and Radical Creativity

This paper investigates the relationship between indirect leadership, which refers to the relationship between a leader and a subordinate with a skipped level of management, and creativity. With th...
Nonlinearly realized conformal invariance in scale invariant field theories

I explore the implications of promoting nonconformal scale-invariant theories to conformal theories by nonlinearly realizing the missing symmetry. Properties of the associated Nambu-Goldstone mode imply that conformal invariance cannot be spontaneously broken to scale invariance in unitary theories and that, as well known, scale invariant unitary theories in two dimensions are also conformal. The promoted theories have only conformal primaries and no descendants. The (non) decoupling of the Nambu-Goldstone mode is explicitly shown in examples of scale invariant theories that are actually (not) conformal.
Microwave Heating Outperforms Conventional Heating for a Thermal Reaction that Produces a Thermally Labile Product: Observations Consistent with Selective Microwave Heating.

Microwave (MW) heating is more effective than conventional (CONV) heating for promoting a high-temperature oxidative cycloisomerization reaction that was previously reported as a key step in a total synthesis of the natural product illudinine. The thermal reaction pathway as envisioned is an inverse electron-demand dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction with in situ oxidation to generate a substituted isoquinoline, which itself is unstable to the reaction conditions. Observed reaction yields were higher at a measured bulk temperature of 200 °C than at 180 °C or 220 °C; at 24 hours than at earlier or later time points; and when the reaction solution was heated using MW energy as opposed to CONV heating with a metal heat block. Selective MW heating of polar solute aggregates is postulated to explain these observations.
Spin-orbit torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (SOT-MRAM)

Abstract Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is becoming more and more attractive in industry because of its promising prospects for replacing or extending various well-developed memory technologies. It can fulfill not only the speed requirements of cache memory and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) with additional nonvolatility but also the capacity demand of hard-disk drive (HDD) and solid-state drive (SSD). So far, much effort has been devoted to spin-transfer torque-based MRAM (STT-MRAM) in which the write and read operations share the same current path flowing through the tunnel barrier of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) which serves as the bit storage and readout element. Presently, this physical limit still leads to considerable write error rates, access time above ~ 10 ns, aging of tunnel barriers, and suboptimal power consumption in MRAM. In this chapter, another MRAM technology, spin-orbit torque-based MRAM (SOT-MRAM) that can have significantly improved performance on these metrics by using decoupled read and write paths or by using novel materials with giant SOT effect, is reviewed. We first give an overview of the discovery of SOT and then focus on SOT-induced magnetization switching. The removal of applied external magnetic field during SOT switching and optimization of SOT materials are further discussed. Finally, the future trends of SOT-MRAM are discussed.
Social health and brain health: Do neurologists also have a duty to treat social ills?

Drug trials in Alzheimer disease and related dementias remain unsuccessful. However, evidence demonstrating how these illnesses affect people based on socioeconomic1 and related modifiable factors2 suggests that perhaps we should also target social determinants of health. These determinants underlie how social conditions—structures, institutions, relationships—influence health and are alterable throughout a person’s lifespan. Thus, understanding how social determinants influence brain health is crucial to inform public policy, identify high-risk individuals for cost-effective risk reduction, and improve population health interventions so all persons can thrive. But details of social determinants in neurologic conditions remain unclear and, compounding the complexity, these conditions change alongside social, political, and economic circumstances.
Sport Specialization and Single-Legged-Squat Performance Among Youth Baseball and Softball Athletes.

Context Previous research has indicated that throwing sports expose athletes to overuse injuries and that specialization in sport is linked to injury. However, the effect of overexposure to a throw...
Dependence of deposition method on the molecular structure and stability of organosilanes revealed from degrafting by tetrabutylammonium fluoride

We probe the structure of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) comprising organosilanes deposited on flat silica-based surfaces prepared by liquid and vapor deposition by removing the organosilane molecules gradually from the underlying substrate via tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). Removal of organosilanes from the surface involves the cleavage of all pertinent Si-O bonds that anchor the organosilane molecules to the SAM, i.e., direct organosilane-surface linkages and in-plane crosslinks between neighboring organosilanes. We gain insight into the organosilane structure and stability by monitoring the organosilane density as a function of exposure time to TBAF. Degrafting of trifunctional chloro- and methoxy-alkylsilanes deposited from solution yields similar degrafting kinetics. We observe fast degrafting for organosilane SAMs deposited from the vapor phase, indicating that SAMs prepared in this manner form more loosely packed arrays, with less in-plane connectivity, compared to their solution-deposited counterparts. Bulkier, fluorinated silanes form more stable SAMs due to their ability to readily align and form a network with few aggregates and a relatively high fraction of surface bonds. The addition of a polymer brush to an anchored organosilane molecule demonstrates that increased bond tension accelerates the degrafting process despite the increased diffusion resistance.
An Upper Bound for the Number of Rectangulations of a Planar Point Set.

We prove that every set of n points in the plane has at most $17^n$ rectangulations. This improves upon a long-standing bound of Ackerman. Our proof is based on the cross-graph charging-scheme technique.
Paddling Toward Empowerment: Exploring the Effects of an All-Female Canoe Camping Expedition on College Students

Although society has made significant strides toward gender equality, many women still confront situations in which they feel disempowered. Developing skills and abilities that enable women to gain control and take action to improve their life situation is paramount to counteracting the limits that prevent them from challenging their disadvantaged position. This study explored the effect of an all-female canoe camping experience on fostering a sense of empowerment. This study used a phenomenological approach, and eight female college students participated in in-depth posttrip interviews. Interviews provided a means to better understand participants’ experiences from an 8-day canoe camping expedition on the Suwannee River in northern Florida. Findings revealed a number of specific themes including meanings ascribed to empowerment, the power of the single-sex experience, engineering empowering experiences, and benefits beyond the experience. These results provide support for the development of allfemale outdoor programming designed to meet specific outcomes.Subscribe to JOREL
Robotics in neurointervention: the promise and the reality

This issue of the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery ( JNIS ) features the first three reports of robotic assistance in neuroendovascular procedures. Pereira and colleagues present the first-in-man, robotic-assisted, intracranial aneurysm treatment.1 Nogueira and co-authors report the first four human patients treated with robotic-assisted carotid stenting.2 Finally, Sajja et al describe their experience in diagnostic angiography, including transradial approaches, and carotid stenting in a series of 10 patients.3 In concept, this nascent technology holds tremendous promise for our field. The ability to use robots to deliver remote, interventional stroke care in rural and other less densely populated areas is a potential solution to one of the greatest challenges facing emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) patients. If successfully implemented, this technology could improve patient outcomes and revolutionize stroke care worldwide. In the three reports published this month, operators performed robotic-assisted, neurodiagnostic and interventional procedures with the robotic console located just outside of the neuroangiography suite. All three studies employed the CorPath GFX system (Corindus Inc, Waltham, MA). The authors point out that these feasibility demonstrations are the first iterative steps toward this ultimate vision of remote stroke care. For locally performed neurointerventional procedures, the primary potential advantage of robotic assistance for the patient relates to the ability of the operator to perform precise device manipulations that are beyond …
Saving and Real Interest Rates in Brazil

This paper presents a critical analysis of governments' attempts to increase national and private savings by raising the real rate of return on financial assets. Using the Brazilian economy as a case study, the paper argues that successes in increasing the savings rate can be traced to the fiscal reforms that accompanied the process of financial system redesign that sought to free interest rates from administrative controls. Two types of econometric exercises are performed to offer evidence of the responsiveness of savings to changes in the expected real interest rate. The first one uses a standard saving function approach in evaluating the magnitude of the interest elasticity of savings. The second test addresses the issue by using the Euler equation technique and measuring the rate of intertemporal substitution in consumption. The results obtained in both sections point to a negligible effect of real interest rates on aggregate and private sector saving. These results have important implications for the design of stabilization and structural reform programs and they contradict the fundamental behavioral hypothesis underlying the savings policy advice most often given to developing economies by international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF.
Examining Caretaker Attitudes Towards Primary Prevention of Pediatric Behavioral Health Problems in Integrated Care.

Understanding caretaker attitudes towards the prevention of pediatric behavioral disorders is important for the effective delivery of prevention services. Caretakers of children ages 0–18 (N = 385) read a description of pediatric prevention services in an integrated primary care setting. Attitudes towards these services were assessed. The majority of participants (80%) agreed that prevention is important, 87% reported interest in learning their child’s risk for a behavioral disorder, 84% were interested in learning the results of a screen for behavioral disorders, and 88% were interested in learning parenting strategies. Participants endorsed similarly positive attitudes towards prevention in integrated care. Perceived risks outweighing perceived benefits, younger caregiver age, and identifying as non-Hispanic White predicted less favorable attitudes towards prevention. Other socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., caretaker education) were associated with disorder-specific beliefs about the importance of prevention, but not general attitudes. Findings suggest generally positive attitudes towards preventing behavioral disorders in an integrated care setting.
A jughandle design will virtually eliminate single bicycle crashes at a railway crossing

Abstract Introduction Bicycling provides many positive outcomes at individual- and population-levels, from increased physical activity to reduced congestion. One of the main barriers to increased levels of bicycling is safety and injury risk from motor vehicles and from single-bicycle crashes. One known hazard is bicycle crashes at rail crossings where the bicycle wheel is caught in the flangeway causing loss of control. Methods This study evaluates two realignments, or “jughandle” designs to increase the angle of a skewed crossing in an urban environment. Using continuous video analysis over two 2-month periods, this is the first empirical analysis of safety performance of this infrastructure. Results The realignment reduced crash risk by 98% (C.I. 86.3%–99.7%), from 4.0 to 0.1 crashes per 1000 crossings (or 53 crashes before to 1 crash after). Bicycling across at more than 30° eliminates almost all risk by reducing the severity of the crash. There were 19 crashes with minor injury and one was severe out of 32 observed crashes before the jughandle design, while only one non-injury crash was observed after the treatment. More than 90% of riders complied with the new design, following the desired path. Conclusion The study shows that the “jughandle” realignment of bicycle crossings at the railway can virtually eliminate the risk of single bicycle crashes. Most of the riders complied with the realigned path by the use of low-cost implementation of pavement marking. However, we can expect better compliance rate and, subsequently, lower crash rate by the application of prominent mitigation techniques such as bollards and surface treatment.
Understanding the capacity of community-based groups to mobilise and engage in social action for health: Results from Avahan.

Community mobilisation improves outcomes from HIV to maternal and child health. Yet, little health research has explored why some community groups are better able to mobilise than others. We addres...
Don’t Look Back: The Challenges of Public Art and Meanings of Authenticity in Heritage Contexts

Public art commissions often recognize the need for a local community to catalyze their identity, but, as curator and art historian Miwon Kwon and others have written, this can lead to an essential...
Do Citizens Care about Federalism? An Experimental Test

The ongoing debate over the political safeguards of federalism has essentially ignored the role that citizens might play in restraining federal power. Scholars have assumed that citizens care only about policy outcomes and will invariably support congressional legislation that satisfies their substantive policy preferences, no matter the cost to state powers. Scholars thus typically turn to institutions—the courts or institutional features of the political process—to cabin congressional authority. We argue that ignoring citizens is a mistake. We propose a new theory of the political safeguards of federalism in which citizens help to safeguard state authority. We also test our theory using evidence from a nationally representative survey experiment that focuses on the timely issue of physician-assisted suicide. We find that citizens are not single-mindedly interested in policy outcomes; trust in state governments and federalism beliefs, on the urging of political elites, reduce their willingness to support a federal ban on physician-assisted suicide.
Acinar cell clonal expansion in pancreas homeostasis and carcinogenesis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide1. Studies in human tissues and in mouse models have suggested that for many cancers, stem cells sustain early mutations driving tumour development2,3. For the pancreas, however, mechanisms underlying cellular renewal and initiation of PDAC remain unresolved. Here, using lineage tracing from the endogenous telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) locus, we identify a rare TERT-positive subpopulation of pancreatic acinar cells dispersed throughout the exocrine compartment. During homeostasis, these TERThigh acinar cells renew the pancreas by forming expanding clones of acinar cells, whereas randomly marked acinar cells do not form these clones. Specific expression of mutant Kras in TERThigh acinar cells accelerates acinar clone formation and causes transdifferentiation to ductal pre-invasive pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms by upregulating Ras–MAPK signalling and activating the downstream kinase ERK (phospho-ERK). In resected human pancreatic neoplasms, we find that foci of phospho-ERK-positive acinar cells are common and frequently contain activating KRAS mutations, suggesting that these acinar regions represent an early cancer precursor lesion. These data support a model in which rare TERThigh acinar cells may sustain KRAS mutations, driving acinar cell expansion and creating a field of aberrant cells initiating pancreatic tumorigenesis. A rare population of acinar cells expressing telomerase reverse transcriptase renew the acinar cell compartment during homeostasis, and are potential sources of premalignant cells in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Clowning and Authorship in Early Modern Theatre

To early modern audiences, the 'clown' was much more than a minor play character. A celebrity performer, he was a one-man sideshow whose interactive entertainments - face-pulling, farce interludes, jigs, rhyming contests with the crowd - were the main event. Clowning epitomized a theatre that was heterogeneous, improvised, participatory, and irreducible to dramatic texts. How, then, did those texts emerge? Why did playgoers buy books that deleted not only the clown, but them as well? Challenging the narrative that clowns were 'banished' by playwrights like Shakespeare and Jonson, Richard Preiss argues that clowns such as Richard Tarlton, Will Kemp, and Robert Armin actually made playwrights possible - bridging, through the publication of their routines, the experience of 'live' and scripted performance. Clowning and Authorship tells the story of how, as the clown's presence decayed into print, he bequeathed the new categories around which theatre would organize: the author, and the actor.
Recognizing the Potential of Research

Basic research often does not have an earlier sign of whether and how it might be practically valuable. Research has found a recurring pattern that many scientific breakthroughs emerge as multiple lines of research converge. The question is: Is it possible to recognize a fruitful path ahead of time? In this chapter we discuss lessons learned from studies of both hindsight and foresight of identifying and recognizing the most important discoveries and innovations.
QuickRecall: A HW/SW Approach for Computing across Power Cycles in Transiently Powered Computers

Transiently Powered Computers (TPCs) are a new class of batteryless embedded systems that depend solely on energy harvested from external sources for performing computations. Enabling long-running computations on TPCs is a major challenge due to the highly intermittent nature of the power supply (often bursts of in-situ checkpointing technique for TPCs using FRAM that consumes only 30nJ while decreasing the time taken for saving and restoring a checkpoint to only 21.06μs, which is over two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding overhead using flash. We have implemented and evaluated our technique, QuickRecall, using the TI MSP430FR5739 FRAM-enabled microcontroller. Experimental results show that our highly-efficient checkpointing translate to significant speedup (1.25x - 8.4x) in program execution time and reduction (∼3x) in application-level energy consumption.
Prolonged rupture of fetal membranes and decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

Observations were made on 153 preterm infants (25 to 34 weeks' gestation) in an attempt to answer the following questions: dose prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes (ROM) correlate with a decreased frequency of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus, and, if so, what is the duration of ROM required? An analysis of the data indicates that as the duration of ROM is lengthened the incidence of RDS and patent ductus arteriosus decreases. In fact, after 48 hours of prolonged ROM (PROM), there is a virtual absence of RDS. In addition, after 72 hours of PROM, the frequency of patient ductus arteriosus was markedly reduced to only 12 per cent (three of 25 infants). PROM beyond 24 hours was also associated with a significant decrease in deaths (p less than 0.05). Amnionitis occurred in 33 per cent of pregnancies with PROM greater than 48 hours; however, only one infant died of sepsis. These findings support the hypothesis put forth by the others 1-5 that PROM is indeed associated with a decreased frequenct of RDS in preterm infants. Moreover, our findings suggest that PROM greater than 72 hours is associated with a relatively low frequency of patent ductus arteriosus. The question is then raised that perhaps pregnancies less than or equal to 34 weeks' gestation with PROM should be allowed to continue for 72 hours in the absence of amnionitis.
Comparisons between generalized and specific tree biomass functions as applied to tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei)

Allometric equations were generated by harvesting tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh) trees growing on organic uplands soils in the island of Hawaii. One of these equations was used to estimate aboveground biomass of ten mature stands in the same area. Results indicated that the equation developed in situ, equations for white ash ( Fraxinus americana L.), and generalized functions for temperate and tropical forests, provided rela- tively similar biomass estimates. Average differences between biomass estimates from the tested equations (excluding the one for moist tropical forests) and the function generated in situ ranged from 10 to 24%. One of the equations for white ash had the lowest sum of residuals followed by the generalized equation for temperate forests. The results suggested common- ality among biomass estimates and, therefore, among relationships between tree dimensions probably because most of the aboveground tree biomass is in stem and branches, and these compartments are more stable than foliage mass. Equations to estimate commercial biomass and leaf area of tropical ash are also provided. Resumen. Se obtuvieron funciones alometricas para fresno tropical (Fraxinus uhdei(Wenzig) Lingelsh) creciendo sobre suelos organicos montanos en la isla de Hawaii. Una de las ecua- ciones fue usada para estimar biomasa aerea de diez rodales en la misma area. La ecuacion desarrollada in situ, ecuaciones para fresno americano (Fraxinus americanaL.), y funciones generalizadas para bosques templados y tropicales, proveyeron relativamente similares estima- ciones de biomasa. Diferencias promedio entre estimaciones obtenidas con las ecuaciones ensayadas (excluyendo la funcion para bosques tropicales humedos) y la funcion generada in situ, oscilaron entre 10 y 24%. Una de las ecuaciones para freno americano ofrecio la menor suma de residuales seguida de la ecuacion generalizada para bosques templados. Los resultados sugieren similaridad entre las estimaciones usando distintas ecuaciones y, por tanto, entre dimensiones de arboles individuales, probablemente porque la mayor parte de la biomass aerea esta en los tallos y ramas, y esos compartimientos son mas estables que la biomasa foliar. Ecuaciones para estimar biomasa comercial y area foliar de fresno tropical son tambien presentadas.
Resilience Despite Risk: Understanding African-American ACOAS’ Kin and Fictive Kin Relationships

Parental alcoholism is fast becoming an epidemic within the United States; millions of children grow up with at least one alcohol-dependent or alcohol-abusive parent (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2007). Research findings have shown that for every eight Americans, one is the child of an alcoholic (Grant, 2000; Mupier, Rodney, & Samuels, 2002). Indeed, parental alcohol abuse does not just impact the alcoholic or alcohol abuser, it also has been found to be disruptive to the entire family, including the children (COAs) (Dube et al., 2001). Adult children of dysfunctional families, where parental alcoholism is present, are typically referred to as adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). It is suggested in various research studies that while alcoholic parents may love and support their children (Amodeo & Griffin, 1997, 2009), severe alcohol abuse negatively affects parental performance (Hall, 2010; Mulia, Yu, Greenfield, & Zemore, 2009). As a result, the parent’s maladaptive parenting style is likely to lead to the development of child psychopathology (Kumpfer & Bluth, 2004; West & Prinz, 1987).