cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dysregulation of PTEN in Cardiopulmonary Vascular Remodeling Induced by Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder of lung vasculature characterized by arterial narrowing. Phosphatase-and-tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN), associated in the progression of multiple cancers, is implicated in arterial remodeling. However, the involvement of PTEN in PH remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to determine the role of PTEN in pulmonary vascular remodeling using established models of PH. The study used rat models of PH, induced by monocrotaline (MCT) administration (60 mg/kg) or continuous hypoxic exposure (10% oxygen) for 3 weeks. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were used for in vitro confirmation. Development of PH was verified by hemodynamic, morphological and histopathology analyses. PTEN and key downstream proteins in pulmonary and cardiac tissues were analyzed by western blotting and RT-PCR. PTEN was significantly decreased (MCT, 53%; Hypoxia, 40%), pAkt was significantly increased (MCT, 42%; Hypoxia, 55%) in tissues of rats with PH. Similar results were observed in SMCs exposed to hypoxia (1% oxygen) for 48 h. Ubiquitination assay showed that PTEN degradation occurs via proteasomal degradation pathway. Western blotting demonstrated a significant downregulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins p53 and p27, and upregulation of cyclin-D1 in the lungs of both models. The results showed that PTEN-mediated modulation of PI3K pathway was independent of the focal adhesion kinase and fatty acid synthase. The study, for the first time, established that PTEN plays a key role in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. The findings may have potential for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension using PTEN as a target.
Identification of a silver binding protein associated with the cytological silver staining of actively transcribing nucleolar regions

Abstract Nucleoli isolated from Novikoff hepatoma cells were stained with AgNO3 to demonstrate the typical staining of active ribosomal cistrons. Pre-treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) − 2.0 M NaCl did not interfere with silver staining. Treatment of the nucleoli with 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) − 0.15 M NaCl did, however, eliminate silver binding. Serial extraction of nucleoli with 2.0 M NaCl buffer followed by 0.15 M NaCl buffer also abolished silver staining. Analysis of the supernatant fraction of these extracts by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that, although more than one nucleolar protein can bind silver, only one protein is associated with the staining of active ribosomal cistrons.
Naloxone Potentiates Epinephrine Release during Hypoxia in Fetal Sheep: Dose Response and Cardiovascular Effects

The effect of opiate receptor blockade on the plasma catecholamine response to hypoxemia was studied in seven chronically catheterized fetal lambs in utero. All animals underwent treatment with hypoxia alone, naloxone infusion alone (2 mg/kg) and hypoxia with naloxone at four different dosages (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg). Maternal and fetal hypoxia was maintained for 20 min. There were no differences noted in the degree of hypoxemia or acidemia between the different hypoxia treatment groups. Hypoxia increased both norepinephrine and epinephrine plasma levels in all fetal sheep studied. We found a dose-dependent increase in plasma epinephrine levels in response to naloxone infusion during hypoxia. Plasma epinephrine level by 20 min of hypoxia with the 0.1 mg/kg naloxone dose (geometric mean 5366 pg/ml) was significantly more than with hypoxia alone (997 pg/ml). Naloxone at the other doses did not alter the epinephrine responses. There was no augmentation of plasma norepinephrine levels by naloxone at any dose studied. Thus, naloxone augmented the plasma epinephrine response to hypoxia in fetal sheep suggesting that the opiate peptides act as modulators of the sympathoadrenal system. The naloxone dose response differences observed in this study suggest this modulation is largely by antagonism of mu-receptors.
Predicting Men's Rape Perceptions Based on the Belief That “No” Really Means “Yes”

This study tested men's perceptions of rape based on the belief that women use token resistance to sex—that they say “no” to sex when they really mean “yes.” Participants were 131 male undergraduates who completed the Token Resistance to Sex scale and responded to evaluative statements regarding 1 of 3 scenarios: rape, consent, or ambiguous. Results supported the hypothesis that men with a weaker belief in token resistance would have stronger perceptions of rape when a woman said “no” to sex than when a woman said “yes,” and that men with a stronger belief in token resistance would have weak perceptions of rape in both situations. These findings implicate miscommunication as a potential contributing factor in date rape.
Dispelling An Urban Legend: Frequent Emergency Department Users Have Substantial Burden Of Disease

Urban legend has often characterized frequent emergency department (ED) patients as mentally ill substance users who are a costly drain on the health care system and who contribute to ED overcrowding because of unnecessary visits for conditions that could be treated more efficiently elsewhere. This study of Medicaid ED users in New York City shows that behavioral health conditions are responsible for a small share of ED visits by frequent users, and that ED use accounts for a small portion of these patients’ total Medicaid costs. Frequent ED users have a substantial burden of disease, and they have high rates of primary and specialty care use. They also have linkages to outpatient care that are comparable to those of other ED patients. It is possible to use predictive modeling to identify who will become a repeat ED user and thus to help target interventions. However, policy makers should view reducing frequent ED use as only one element of more-comprehensive intervention strategies for frequent health sy...
Does central aortic blood pressure better correlate with left ventricular mass compared to brachial blood pressure measurements in pre-hypertensives?

Central aortic pressure was derived non-invasively using radial artery applanation tonometry and waveform analysis (SphygmoCorTM apparatus). Brachial blood pressures were measured with a BPM-300 non-invasive blood pressure monitor (VSM MedTech Ltd, Vancouver, Canada) after the subject had been in a recumbent position for a minimum of 10 minutes. The device took 6 consecutive blood pressure readings, excluded the first measurement, and derived an average. Left ventricular mass was measured on 1.5 T cardiac MRI scanner using ECG-gated, breath-hold, segmented k-space, SSFP imaging sequence. Endocardial and epicardial segmentation of acquired short axis slices were performed in diastole to derive myocardial volume and multiplied by density to yield mass (indexed to height2).
Formal notations are diagrams : Evidence from a production task

Although a general sense of the magnitude, quantity, or numerosity of objects is common in both untrained people and animals, the abilities to deal exactly with large quantities and to reason precisely in complex but well-specified situations—to behave formally, that is—are skills unique to people trained in symbolic notations. These symbolic notations typically employ complex, hierarchically embedded structures, which all extant analyses assume are constructed by concatenative, rule-based processes. The primary goal of this article is to establish, using behavioral measures on naturalistic tasks, that some of the same cognitive resources involved in representing spatial relations and proximities are also involved in representing symbolic notations—in short, that formal notations are a kind of diagram. We examined self-generated productions in the domains of handwritten arithmetic expressions and typewritten statements in a formal logic. In both tasks, we found substantial evidence for spatial representational schemes even in these highly symbolic domains.
Vitamin A status affects the development of diabetes and insulitis in BB rats

Abstract BB/Wor rats develop autoimmune diabetes mellitus with many features in common with human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Since retinoids are known to have effects on insulin secretion and immune function, these studies were designed to investigate the effects of retinoid deficiency on diabetes in BB/Wor rats and to identify a role for retinoid status in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Litters of diabetes-prone (DP) and diabetes-resistant (DR) BB/Wor rats were divided at weaning and fed a diet either (1) devoid of retinoids and leading to clinical deficiency at approximately 60 days of age (A-def diet)—following 10 days of clinical deficiency, rats on the A-def diet were changed to a diet containing 2 μg/g retinoic acid (A-def/RA diet); (2) containing 2 μg/g retinoic acid but deficient in retinol (RA diet); or (3) replete in retinol with 4 μg/g retinyl palmitate (RP diet). Rats receiving RP or RA diets were pair-fed to rats on the A-def/RA diet. Diabetes by 120 days of age was greatly reduced (P .22). Insulin secretion was measured in perfused pancreas of nondiabetic rats after age 120 days and correlated negatively with insulitis (P
Exotic Structures on Smooth Four-Manifolds

A short survey of exotic smooth structures on 4-manifolds is given with a special emphasis on the corresponding cork structures. Along the way we discuss some of the more recent results in this direction, obtained jointly with R. Matveyev, B. Ozbagci, C. Karakurt, and K. Yasui.
On the consistency of the LIML estimator of a spatial autoregressive model with many instruments

Abstract This paper derives the LIML estimator for a spatial autoregressive model with endogenous regressors in the presence of many instruments. The LIML estimator is consistent when the number of instruments increases at a slower rate relative to the sample size. Due to spatial correlation, the LIML estimator in general is inconsistent when the number of instruments increases at the same rate as the sample size.
Captopril (SQ 14,225) (d-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl-l-proline): A novel orally active inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and antihypertensive agent

Abstract Relatively potent and specific in vitro and in vivo (oral or intravenous) inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by a nonpeptidic compound, captopril (SQ 14,225; d -3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl- l -poline), was demonstrated in excised guinea pig ileum and in rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and monkeys. The design of captopril was based on a hypothetical model of the active site of the enzyme. Captopril, in vitro or in vivo, was about ten times as potent as teprotide. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme was evaluated in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of the contractile or vasopressor activity of angiotensin I or by augmentation of the contractile or vasodepressor activity of bradykinin. Acute of subacute dosage with captopril moderately to markedly lowered the blood pressure of the renin-dependent aorticligated and the conscious two-kidney Goldblatt hypertensive rat; in the latter, the effect was intensified by concomitant dosage with a thiazide diuretic. Furthermore, the life-prolonging effects of captopril in renal hypertensive rats were augmented by a thiazide diuretic. In the two-kidney Goldblatt rat, acute captopril (p.o.) was about ten times as potent as teprotide (s.c.) in lowering blood pressure. Acute or subacute oral doses of captopril moderately reduced the blood pressure of the spontaneously hypertensive Wistar-Kyoto rat; chronic dosage almost normalized blood pressure. Captopril produced little or no hypotension in the saltreplete normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat. Bilateral nephrectomy virtually abolished the hypotensive activity of captopril in the spontaneous hypertensive rat. The results suggest that captopril acts in large part by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to reduce elevated blood pressure, especially in renindependent models of hypertension; the roles of the kallikrein-kinin-prostaglandin systems and sodium balance remain to be elucidated. Captopril also lowers blood pressure in apparently non-renin-dependent types of hypertension by mechanisms that are as yet undefined.
Cutaneous melanoma: an update on therapies

The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has continued to increase rapidly. While we have made gains in mortality in young age groups, a significant proportion of older men die from melanoma. Early detection remains critical. Melanoma patients at high risk of recurrence will benefit from participation in clinical trials. The sentinel lymph node biopsy is the staging procedure of choice to identify those most at risk of recurrence. Among adjuvant therapies, high-dose interferon remains the benchmark against which all new therapies are compared. A growing understanding of tumor immunology and the importance of Ras signaling and angiogenesis in melanoma has opened the door for novel therapeutic approaches. Ongoing Phase III clinical trials for high-risk patients are discussed.
Organizational Patterns for Secondary School Curriculum.

Arranging the school's course of study to facilitate the achievement of instructional goals is every principal's challenge. The author reviews the concepts and existing patterns in this article to help administrators provide more effective leadership.
A Unified Approach for Weighted Sensitivity Design of PID Controllers

In this paper a graphical technique is introduced for finding all continuous-time or discrete-time proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers that satisfy a weighted sensitivity constraint of an arbitrary order transfer function with time delay. These problems can be solved by finding all achievable PID controllers that simultaneously stabilize the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and satisfy constraints defined by a set of related complex polynomials. The key advantage of this procedure is that this method depends only on the frequency response of the system. The delta operator is used to describe the controllers in a discrete-time model, because it not only possesses numerical properties superior to the discrete-time shift operator, but also converges to the continuous-time controller as the sampling period approaches zero. A unified approach allows us to use the same procedure for discrete-time and continuous-time weighted sensitivity design of PID controllers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Enhancement of rat trigeminal ganglion neuron responses to piperine in a low-pH environment and block by capsazepine

Both trigeminal and spinal ganglion neurons show a strong potentiation of responses to the irritant capsaicin in an acidic environment. The present study revealed that there is also a strong interaction between protons and piperine, another vanilloid irritant. We studied the mechanism of the interaction between protons and piperine. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were performed on cultured adult rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons voltage-clamped near their resting membrane potential (-60 mV). Piperine (10 microM) caused a sustained net inward current associated with either an increase or decrease in membrane conductance. When protons and piperine were co-applied, the membrane currents evoked in piperine-sensitive TG neurons far exceeded the algebraic sum of the responses to the two stimuli applied in isolation. Capsazepine blocked the response of TG neurons to piperine at both physiological and acidic pH. In the presence of capsazepine, responses to the mixture of piperine and protons resembled the response to the low pH stimulus applied alone. Capsazepine had no effect on the sustained proton-induced current. These findings suggest that protons enhance the piperine current by altering the vanilloid receptor/channel complex or increasing the length constant of the space clamp.
Tactical coalition voting and information in the laboratory

Tactical coalition voting (TCV) is a balancing strategy where voters choose to vote for their second preferred party in order to influence the policy direction of the government coalition formed. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the extent voters in a PR system engage in TCV. We find significant evidence that voters in the laboratory, even those not experienced with PR systems, choose strategically to affect post election coalitions using a balancing strategy, although the percentage of voters who do so is much less than that predicted by the theory. We also find that although voters who are less informed are less likely to use a balancing strategy, strategic motivations are still a factor in their behavior.
MULTIPLE DISCOVERY: SOME MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS AND GEDANKEN EXPERIMENTS

Two major interpretations of multiples have been offered, the traditional one based on the scientific zeitgeist, the more recent one based on chance processes. To clarify the issues involved in any plausible explanation, six successive Monte Carlo simulations were developed. Though all models started with the same underlying probabilistic mechanism, several elaborations were introduced, including exhaustion, communication of both successes and failures, and variation in success probability. The models yield the same probability distribution for multiple grades, but they disagree on the frequency of nulltons. Additional Gedanken experiments dealt with the zeitgeist notions of a causal link between potential contributions.
Construction of the 5,6,7-tricyclic skeleton of lancifodilactone F.

We report herein the synthesis of a fully functionalized B,C,D-ring system of lancifodilactone F. The key transformations involve an arene–olefin meta-photocycloaddition reaction and a palladium-catalyzed oxidative C–C cleavage reaction to establish its B,C-rings.
Computational methods in nuclear geophysics

Abstract Radiation transport methods applied to nuclear geophysics problems are reviewed. Application of both forward and perturbation techniques are considered. The recent advances in these methods and their implications for geophysical analysis are described. The basic formalisms in inverse transport methods are reviewed, and their potential applications to solve these problems are discussed.
Extraosseous cement granuloma associated with total hip replacement in 6 dogs.

Objective— To report the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of extraosseous cement granuloma (ECG), a low occurrence, long-term complication of total hip replacement (THR). Study Design— Retrospective clinical study. Sample Population— Six client-owned dogs. Methods— Medical records for 6 dogs that had a cemented modular THR and developed ECG were reviewed for the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings of ECG. Morphologic and elemental analyses of retrieved particles were conducted in 2 dogs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results— Three golden retrievers and 3 Labrador retrievers had progressive lameness in the operated limb 4 to 7 years after THR and developed ECG. Other clinical features included an acute deterioration to non–weight bearing associated with pathologic fracture of the proximal femur in 2 dogs, and obstipation in 1 dog. In 5 dogs, there was a large caseous mass surrounding the proximal femur. Obstipation in 1 dog was caused by a similar mass adjacent to bone cement used for fixation of the acetabular cup. Radiographic changes included a multilobular soft tissue mass, containing irregular mineral densities, in the gluteal mass surrounding the proximal femur, THR interface deterioration, osteolysis, new bone formation, and implant subsidence were consistent with chronic aseptic loosening. The histopathologic diagnosis was sterile granuloma associated with a massive heterogeneous particulate burden, which was assumed to have resulted from severe wear of all prosthesis components. Conclusions— ECG is a manifestation of severe aseptic loosening of cemented total hip replacement, with the generation of wear debris probably responsible for granuloma formation. Clinical Relevance— Because revision can offer a good prognosis in early aseptic femoral loosening, yearly radiographic monitoring of the recipients is recommended.
Form of R-S Contingency and Stimulus-Change Reinforcement

a response key projecting from each wall, were assigned ro 4 condirions. No differences between conditicns were found in non-stimulation levels. Mean percentage change in response to produce stimulation (Stimulation/Non-stimulation X 100) was: Response Equivocation, 4 keys, 49.8%; Information Transmission, 4 keys, 81.3%; Stimulus Equivocation, 2 keys, 98.9%; Information Transmission, 2 keys, 159.5%. In both of the latter conditions, 2 keys were dead. Responses were greatest for light stimulation but in a constant proportion across conditions. The frequency of a response which produces stimulation may change as a function of the specific reinforcing properties of the stimulus produced or as a function of the reinforcing properties of the change in stimulation itself (Berlyne, 1960; Berlyne, et dl., 1964, 1966; Barnes & Baron, 1961). Both these issues may be examined by considering the nature of the relationship becween the response and the stimulation produced. (1) Each response category produces a particular stimulus, such as would obtain where tests of choice or preference are made. (2) Each response produces some number of different stimuli. There are more stimuli available than responses. (3) Several response alternatives produce the same stimuli. In this experiment bar-press activity was examined in four conditions. ( 1)
Spectral Decomposition of Orbital Tori

The Kolmogorov―Arnold―Moser theorem states that lightly perturbed integrable Hamiltonian systems maintain their multiply periodic, toroidal motion in the phase space. The assertion that Earth-orbiting satellites under the influence of the geopotential mimic this behavior is the underlying premise of this work. This paper focuses on applying trajectory-following spectral methods on selected orbits to decompose them into multiperiodic Fourier series, effectively compressing ephemerides for long-term use. The proposed approach focuses on fitting local spectral structures, denoted as frequency clusters, within the sampled orbital data to the analytical form of the windowed, truncated, continuous Fourier transform. This approach is significantly more numerically efficient than fitting every coefficient within the N-tuple Fourier series simultaneously. Numerical simulations using integrated data yield root-mean-square error in orbital tori fits at 10 m or less per coordinate axis over a one-year period for most low-inclination, low-eccentricity orbits with altitudes lower than 1900 km.
Eighteen hundred years of controversy: the paranasal sinuses

The reason for the presence of the paranasal sinuses has been a controversial subject since the time of Galen, 130–201 A.D. In a review of the literature, the diversity of the numerous functions ascribed to these air-filled cavities was found to be astounding. Many functions were ascribed only on the basis of opinion rather than scientific investigation and recent studies have illustrated the fallacy of these opinions. To date, not one proposed function has been universally accepted to be the essential reason for their existence. This review of the literature deals mainly with those theories of anatomical and physiological significance of the paranasal sinuses having received the most consideration and many of which are currently considered tenable. These are, as follows: (1) impart resonance to the voice; (2) humidify and warm inspired air; (3) increase the area of the olfactory membrane; (4) absorb shock applied to the head for protection of sensory organs; (5) secrete mucus for keeping the nasal chambers moist; (6) thermally insulate the nervous centers; (7) aid facial growth and architecture; (8) exist as evolutionary remains and/or unwanted air spaces; and (9) lighten the bones of the skull for maintenance of proper balance of the head.
Transfer of Learning from a Computer Simulation as Compared to a Laboratory Activity

The use of computer simulations is discussed, especially in relation to science education. Issues of fidelity and transfer are briefly presented when a computer simulation is used instead of a laboratory activity. A computer program written by the author is described that simulates a typical mineral identification activity that would be performed in a high school earth science course. Student performance on the mineral identification portion of the New York State Regents Earth Science Exam was used to compare students who had been taught using the simulation and students who had used the laboratory based mineral activity. No difference was found in student performance between the two groups.
Crystallization‐Induced Phase Separation in Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells

The driving forces and processes associated with the development of phase separation upon thermal annealing are investigated in solution-processed small molecule bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells utilizing a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based donor molecule and a fullerene acceptor (PCBM). In-situ thermal annealing X-ray scattering is used to monitor the development of thin film crystallization and phase separation and reveals that the development of blend phase separation strongly correlates with the nucleation of donor crystallites. Additionally, these morphological changes lead to dramatic increases in blend electron mobility and solar cell figures of merit. These results indicate that donor crystallization is the driving force for blend phase separation. It is hypothesized that donor crystallization from an as-cast homogeneous donor:acceptor blend simultaneously produces donor-rich domains, consisting largely of donor crystallites, and acceptor-rich domains, formed from previously mixed regions of the film that have been enriched with acceptor during donor crystallization. Control of donor crystallization in solution-processed small molecule BHJ solar cells employing PCBM is thus emphasized as an important strategy for the engineering of the nanoscale phase separated, bicontinuous morphology necessary for the fabrication of efficient BHJ photovoltaic devices.
The Motherland Is Calling: Views of Homeland among Russians in the Near Abroad

Do Russians in Central Asia and other parts of the former Soviet Union see Russia as their homeland? Do they want Russia to defend their interests? How united are they in their views? This article examines these questions through the analysis of surveys conducted among the Russian population in four post-Soviet states--Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, and Ukraine--as well as in focus groups in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Although many Russians have emigrated from the Central Asian countries, and some from Belarus and Ukraine, those who have stayed do not fit the common assumption that Russians are a potential fifth column who favor interference by Moscow and view Russia as their external "homeland." There is, instead, a great deal of heterogeneity among these ethnic Russians. Whether they identify Russia or their current country of residence as their homeland depends powerfully on where they were born and how long they have lived in their current country of residence. Those Russian-born Russians who have chosen their current state of residence as their homelands tend to score high on pride in their country of residence, have confidence in its political institutions, and show a commitment to remain in the country. Even those Russian-born Russians who consider Russia to be their homeland do not look positively on the Russian Federation's intervention in local affairs. The results suggest that while the motherland may be calling, Russians who remain in the near abroad are not answering the call.
Talkers' signaling of new and old. words in speech and listeners' perception and use of the distinction

Abstract An experiment examines talkers' utterances of words produced for the first time in a monolog (“new” words) or for the second time (“old” words). The finding is that talkers distinguish old words by shortening them. Two experiments show that old words are less intelligible than new words presented in isolation, but probably are not less identifiable in context. We infer that talkers may attenuate their productions of words when they can do so without sacrificing communicative efficacy. Old words can be reduced because they are repetitions of earlier presented items and because of the contextual support they receive. Two final experiments show that listeners can identify new and old words as such and that they can use information that a word is old more or less as they would use an anaphor to promote retrieval of the earlier production in its context.
Adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure fails to affect THC-induced place and taste conditioning in adult male rats.

Abstract Background Adolescent initiation of drug use has been linked to problematic drug taking later in life and may represent an important variable that changes the balance of the rewarding and/or aversive effects of abused drugs which may contribute to abuse vulnerability. The current study examined the effects of adolescent THC exposure on THC-induced place preference (rewarding effects) and taste avoidance (aversive effects) conditioning in adulthood. Methods Forty-six male Sprague–Dawley adolescent rats received eight injections of an intermediate dose of THC (3.2 mg/kg) or vehicle. After these injections, animals were allowed to mature and then trained in a combined CTA/CPP procedure in adulthood (PND ~ 90). Animals were given four trials of conditioning with intervening water-recovery days, a final CPP test and then a one-bottle taste avoidance test. Results THC induced dose-dependent taste avoidance but did not produce place conditioning. None of these effects was impacted by adolescent THC exposure. Conclusions Adolescent exposure to THC had no effect on THC taste and place conditioning in adulthood. The failure to see an effect of adolescent exposure was addressed in the context of other research that has assessed exposure of drugs of abuse during adolescence on drug reactivity in adulthood.
Mechanisms by Which Pleiotropic Amphiphilic n-3 PUFA Reduce Colon Cancer Risk.

Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality in both men and women worldwide. Genetic susceptibility and diet are primary determinants of cancer risk and tumor behavior. Experimental, epidemiological, and clinical data substantiate the beneficial role of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in preventing chronic inflammation and colon cancer. From a mechanistic perspective, n−3 PUFA are pleiotropic and multifaceted with respect to their molecular mechanisms of action. For example, this class of dietary lipid uniquely alters membrane structure/cytoskeletal function, impacting membrane receptor function and downstream signaling cascades, including gene expression profiles and cell phenotype. In addition, n−3 PUFA can synergize with other potential anti-tumor agents, such as fermentable fiber and curcumin. With the rising prevalence of diet-induced obesity, there is also an urgent need to elucidate the link between chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and colon cancer risk in obesity. In this review, we will summarize recent developments linking n−3 PUFA intake, membrane alterations, epigenetic modulation, and effects on obesity-associated colon cancer risk.
Lack of Nephrotoxicity of Intravenous Dimethylsulfoxide

Intravenous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used to treat seven patients with stable spinal cord injuries. Because of drug-associated hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria, the patients were studied for subtle evidence of renal tubular dysfunction by serial measurements of urinary beta-2-microglobulin excretion. No increases in tubular protein excretion or decreases in glomerular filtration rate were observed following short-term infusions of 10-40% DMSO. It is concluded that there is no significant short-term nephrotoxicity from intravenous DMSO.
A Novel Dual-targeted Lentiviral Vector Leads to Specific Transduction of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases In Vivo After Systemic Administration

Targeted gene transduction to organs and tissues of interest is the ultimate goal of therapeutic gene delivery. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are powerful tools for stable gene delivery but their integration into undesired cell types poses a serious safety concern for their use in the clinic. Here we report the development of a new dual-targeted LV that can preferentially home to and express in prostate cancer bone metastases in vivo after systemic delivery. Transductional targeting is mediated by a modified Sindbis virus envelope that interacts with the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) expressed by prostate cancer cells, and transcriptional targeting is mediated by a prostate cell specific promoter. Homing to prostate tumors was achieved in 70% of the animals. Importantly, tumors could be detected in some cases by molecular imaging prior to X-ray detection. The dual-targeted vector presents enhanced specificity with respect to individual transcriptional or transductional targeted vectors. Transgene expression in the liver was 190 times lower than the expression associated with solely transductionally targeted vectors, and there was 12 times less vector DNA than the amount present with solely transcriptionally targeted vectors. The LV presented here is a powerful tool for obtaining stable and site-specific gene expression and can be easily modified for its use in other diseases.
Preclinical characterization of DUOC-01, a cell therapy product derived from banked umbilical cord blood for use as an adjuvant to umbilical cord blood transplantation for treatment of inherited metabolic diseases.

Background aims Cord blood (CB) transplantation slows neurodegeneration during certain inherited metabolic diseases. However, the number of donor cells in the brain of patients does not appear to be sufficient to provide benefit until several months after transplant. We developed the cell product DUOC-01 to provide therapeutic effects in the early post-transplant period.
A high voltage-gain GaAs vertical field-effect transistor with an InGaAs/GaAs planar-doped barrier launcher

A high voltage-gain GaAs vertical field-effect transistor (VFET) with an InGaAs-GaAs pseudomorphic planar-doped barrier (PDB) launcher is described. The pseudomorphic structure, which includes a small amount of indium in the launcher, was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Fabricated transistors, with good pinch-off characteristics (gate threshold voltage of -1.6 V), have exhibited DC open-drain voltage gains of up to 50 at 77 K. This high voltage gain results from the combination of high transconductances and low output conductances. The former are attributed to velocity enhancement by hot-electron injection, and the latter are attributed to the suppression of electron spillover by energy band discontinuity at the heterointerface between the launcher and the channel. >
The Impact of Age and Children on Remarriage: Further Evidence

This article addresses the impact age and presence/number of children have on the remarriage probabilities of divorced women. Following Koo and Suchindran (1980), an interaction between these two factors is posited, with children having an effect on the remarriage chances only of younger and older women. In addition, a third factor, dissolution measurement, is considered because remarriage intervals measured from separation and from divorce can be quite different. Analyses conducted separately by race indicate that (1) dissolution measurement can make a difference in the estimated effect of both age and presence/number of children on remarriage probabilities for both blacks and whites, (2) net of numerous controls, older women and women with more children of both races tend to remarry at the slowest pace, and (3) age and presence/number of children interact for whites but not for blacks.
Check 'n' crash: combining static checking and testing

We present an automatic error-detection approach that combines static checking and concrete test-case generation. Our approach consists of taking the abstract error conditions inferred using theorem proving techniques by a static checker (ESC/Java), deriving specific error conditions using a constraint solver, and producing concrete test cases (with the JCrasher tool) that are executed to determine whether an error truly exists. The combined technique has advantages over both static checking and automatic testing individually. Compared to ESC/Java, we eliminate spurious warnings and improve the ease-of-comprehension of error reports through the production of Java counterexamples. Compared to JCrasher, we eliminate the blind search of the input space, thus reducing the testing time and increasing the test quality.
Tera-Scalable Algorithms for Variable-Density Elliptic Hydrodynamics with Spectral Accuracy

We describe Miranda, a massively parallel spectral/compact solver for variabledensity incompressible flow, including viscosity and species diffusivity effects. Miranda utilizes FFTs and band-diagonal matrix solvers to compute spatial derivatives to at least 10th-order accuracy. We have successfully ported this communicationintensive application to BlueGene/L and have explored both direct block parallel and transpose-based parallelization strategies for its implicit solvers. We have discovered a mapping strategy which results in virtually perfect scaling of the transpose method up to 65,536 processors of the BlueGene/L machine. Sustained global communication rates in Miranda typically run at 85% of the theoretical peak speed of the BlueGene/L torus network, while sustained communication plus computation speeds reach 2.76 TeraFLOPS. This effort represents the first time that a high-order variable-density incompressible flow solver with species diffusion has demonstrated sustained performance in the TeraFLOPS range.
Representing Latinos: Examining Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Congress

Using an original data set of roll call votes and bill co-sponsorships across three high salience issues (immigration, labor, and education) and one low salience issue (social security), this article analyzes the 111th Congress to assess representation of Latinos. Partisanship is the key determinant in member behavior on voting, not the member’s race or ethnicity or constituent demographics. For bill co-sponsorships, Latino members are only more active on high salience issue areas compared with non-Latino members. Increases in Latino population do not influence behavior. The results also indicate that African American and Democratic legislators offer Latinos considerable amounts of substantive representation.
Effects of GnRH treatment on initiation of pulses of LH, LH release, and subsequent concentrations of progesterone

Abstract Progesterone is essential for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. One proposed method to increase progesterone is administering GnRH at insemination. However, this method has resulted in conflicting results. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted to evaluate how administering GnRH at insemination affected pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH) and subsequent progesterone. In Experiment 1, cows were allotted to 2 treatments: (1) GnRH (100μg) given approximately 12h after initiation of estrus (n=5); and (2) Control (n=5). Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 6h at 12 (blood sampling period 1), 26 (blood sampling period 2), 40 (blood sampling period 3), 54 (blood sampling period 4), and 68 (blood sampling period 5) h after onset of estrus. Daily blood samples were collected for 17 d. In Experiment 2, cows were allotted into 2 treatments: GnRH administered 10 to 11h (n=10) or 14 to 15h (n=10) after onset of estrus. Daily blood samples were collected for 17 d. Cows treated with GnRH tended ( P ≤0.075) to have greater LH release during blood sampling period 1, tended ( P =0.095) to have fewer pulses during blood sampling period 2, tended ( P =0.067) to have greater concentrations of progesterone, and had an earlier ( P =0.05) increase in progesterone than control cows. Cows treated with GnRH 10 to 11h after onset of estrus had greater ( P =0.01) progesterone and an earlier ( P =0.04) increase in progesterone than cows treated 14 to 15h. In conclusion, timing of GnRH treatment following onset of estrus influenced pulses of LH and subsequent progesterone.
Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women.

BACKGROUND To study the effects of resistance training on muscle strength and size in older people, we enrolled 8 men and 17 women (mean age 68.2 +/- 1 SEM) into a one-year exercise trial. METHODS Subjects were randomly assigned to exercise or control groups. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 11 subjects (8 exercisers/3 controls) at baseline and after 15 weeks; exercisers underwent another biopsy at 30 weeks. After testing maximum strength using the 1-RM method, the exercisers began a 12-exercise circuit (3 sets of 8 repetitions at 75% of 1-RM), 3 times a week. The controls repeated the strength testing every 15 weeks. They were asked to continue usual activities and not to start any exercise program. RESULTS With exercise, muscle strength increased, average increases ranging from 30% (hip extensors) to 97% (hip flexors). Strength increased rapidly over 3 months, then plateaued for the duration of the experiment. No strength changes were observed in sedentary controls. Cross-sectional area of type 1 muscle fibers increased in exercisers by 15 weeks (29.4 +/- 1%, p < .02) and after 30 weeks (58.5 +/- 13.7%, p < .002) compared to baseline. Type 2 fiber area did not change at 15 weeks, but increased by 30 weeks of training (66.6 +/- 9.5%, p < .0002). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prolonged moderate to high intensity resistance training may be carried out by healthy older adults with reasonable compliance, and that such training leads to sustained increases in muscle strength. These improvements are rapidly achieved and are accompanied by hypertrophy of both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers.
Preoperative evaluation of thyroglossal duct cysts: children versus adults--is there a difference?

Abstract Background Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) are common in children but also present in adults. This study evaluates the preoperative management and postoperative outcomes in patients with a resected TGDC. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with a surgically treated TGDC. Clinicopathologic variables and treatment outcomes were obtained by chart review. Results A total of 79 patients (44 pediatric and 35 adult) were identified. The majority of patients in both groups presented with a neck mass. Compared with children, adults were significantly more likely to undergo preoperative imaging and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Malignancy was not identified in any patient on preoperative workup or postoperative pathology. Conclusions Adults with a TGDC are more likely to undergo preoperative imaging and biopsy. The infrequent occurrence of TGDC cancer or concurrent thyroid pathology suggests that the diagnosis of a TGDC may be made on clinical grounds in adult patients although ultrasound (±fine-needle aspiration biopsy) may be a useful supplementary modality.
Vortex Rossby Waves in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone. Part II: The Role in Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity Changes

Abstract In Part I, the author analyzed the asymmetric structure in the inner core of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone and found that the asymmetry near the eyewall in the mid–lower troposphere is dominated by wavenumber-1 and -2 vortex Rossby waves. These waves are found to be well coupled with asymmetries in eyewall convection and thus may play an important role in the life cycle of a tropical cyclone. In this paper, analyses are extended to include the role of these vortex Rossby waves in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes. The waves are found to transport angular momentum from the eyewall to the eye, accelerating tangential winds in the eye at the expense of decelerating the tangential wind in the eyewall, and thus they play an important role in the inner core dynamics of the tropical cyclone. Convection in the eyewall is enhanced between the downstream trough and upstream ridge in the vortex Rossby waves but suppressed between the downstream ridge and upstream trough. This close...
Possible Production of 'Collapsed' Hadronic Matter in Very High-energy Nucleon-nucleon Collisions

We speculate on the possible production of "collapsed" hadrons, i.e., color-singlet, electrically uncharged (or with small integral charge) clusters of quarks and antiquarks, in very-high-energy proton-proton collisions, the intermediate states of which contain relatively large numbers of quarks $q$, antiquarks $\overline{q}$, and gluons $g$. Using a thermodynamic model, we crudely estimate the numbers and kinetic energies of the $q$, $\overline{q}$, and $g$ in the intermediatestate gas mixture, and indicate how the properties of collapsed hadrons might depend on the quantum numbers of the $q$ and $\overline{q}$. A brief discussion of experimental signatures for identification of collapsed hadrons is presented, along with mention of the consequences of possible collapsed-hadron production in the early Universe.
Comparison of Simulated Polarimetric Signatures in Idealized Supercell Storms Using Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes in WRF

Microphysics parameterization becomes increasingly important as the model grid spacing increases toward convection-resolving scales. The performance of several partially or fully two-moment (2M) schemes within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, version 3.5.1, chosen because of their welldocumented advantages over one-moment (1M) schemes, is evaluated with respect to their ability in producing the well-known polarimetric radar signatures found within supercell storms. Such signatures include the ZDR and KDP columns, the ZDR arc, the midlevel ZDR and rHV rings, the hail signature in the forwardflank downdraft, and the KDP foot. Polarimetric variables are computed from WRF Model output using a polarimetricradarsimulator.Itisfoundthatmicrophysicsschemeswitha1Mrimed-icecategoryareunableto simulate theZDRarc, despitecontaininga2Mrain category.It is alsofoundthat ahail-likerimed-icecategory (in addition to graupel) may be necessary to reproduce the observed hail signature. For the microphysics schemes that only contain a graupel-like rimed-ice category, only very wet graupel particles are able to reach the lowest model level, which did not adequately reduce ZDR in this signature. The most realistic signatures overall are found with microphysics schemes that are fully 2M with a separate hail category.
Sources and Magnetic Charge

A beginning is made on a phenomenological reconstruction of the theory of magnetic charge. The concept is introduced by reference to a new kind of photon source. It is shown that photon exchange between different source types is relativistically invariant. The space-time generalization of this coupling involves an arbitrary vector. The only way to remove a corresponding arbitrariness of physical predictions is to recognize the localization of charge and impose a charge quantization condition. The consideration of particles that carry both kinds of charge loosens the charge restrictions. The great strength of magnetic attraction indicated by $\frac{{g}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}=4(137)$ suggests that ordinary matter is a magnetically neutral composite of magnetically charged particles that carry fractional electric charge. There is a brief discussion of such a magnetic model of strongly interacting particles, which makes contact with empirical classification schemes. Additional remarks on notation, and on the general nature of the source description, are appended.