cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of local ablative therapy in oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: hype or hope

In recent years, the emergence of the oligometastatic state has called into question whether patients found to have a limited or low metastatic tumor burden may benefit from locally ablative therapy (LAT). In the past two decades, stereotactic body radiation therapy has been increasingly used to safely deliver LAT and provide high local control in nonoperable non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Mostly retrospective analyses suggest that using LAT for oligometastatic disease in non-small-cell lung cancer offers excellent local control and may provide an improvement in progression-free survival. Any meaningful improvement in cancer-specific survival remains debatable. We examine the role of integrating LAT in this patient population and the rationale behind its use in combination with targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer achieves a high rate of R0 resection.

AbstractBackground: To assess local control, survival and conversion to resectability among locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) patients treated with induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by chemoradiotherapy treatment using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).Material and methods: Between 2007 and 2012, 134 LAPC patients were treated with ICT followed by IMRT. After chemoradiotherapy, 40 patients received maintenance chemotherapy.Results: With a median follow-up of 20 months, median overall survival (OS) was 23 months. One- and two-year OS was 85% and 47%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, progression of disease after IMRT was associated with worse OS. Cumulative incidence of local failure was 10% at one year and 36% at two years. Twenty-six patients (19%) underwent resection after chemoradiotherapy including 22 patients (85%) with negative margins. On multivariate analysis, response to IMRT was associated with surgery (p = .01). Acute grade 3-4 hematologic and non-hematologic toxici...
From Alarmed to Dismissive of Climate Change: A Single Item Assessment of Individual Differences in Concern and Issue Involvement

ABSTRACTThe present paper tests the validity of using a single-item individual difference measure of climate change concern derived from the “Six Americas” project’s descriptions of the US public’s concern about climate change. The “Six Americas” project identified six segments of the US population proposed to range from the most (i.e. Alarmed) to least Concerned (i.e. Dismissive). The order is also proposed to relate to issue involvement with those in the middle of the continuum least involved. Three studies support the reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity of self-categorization into the six segments as a single-item individual difference measure of climate change concern. Results support both a linear relation with concern about climate change and a curvilinear relation with issue involvement. These findings suggest that the single-item self-categorization measure developed for use in this manuscript is a valid and concise measure for researchers to assess participants’ opinions abou...
Evidence of reduced recombination rate in human regulatory domains

Recombination rate is non-uniformly distributed across the human genome. The variation of recombination rate at both fine and large scales cannot be fully explained by DNA sequences alone. Epigenetic factors, particularly DNA methylation, have recently been proposed to influence the variation in recombination rate. We study the relationship between recombination rate and gene regulatory domains, defined by a gene and its linked control elements. We define these links using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs), chromatin conformation from publicly available datasets (Hi-C and ChIA-PET), and correlated activity links that we infer across cell types. Each link type shows a “recombination rate valley” of significantly reduced recombination rate compared to matched control regions. This recombination rate valley is most pronounced for gene regulatory domains of early embryonic development genes, housekeeping genes, and constitutive regulatory elements, which are known to show increased evolutionary constraint across species. Recombination rate valleys show increased DNA methylation, reduced doublestranded break initiation, and increased repair efficiency, specifically in the lineage leading to the germ line. Moreover, by using only the overlap of functional links and DNA methylation in germ cells, we are able to predict the recombination rate with high accuracy. Our results suggest the existence of a recombination rate valley at regulatory domains and provide a potential molecular mechanism to interpret the interplay between genetic and epigenetic variations.
Can the invaded range of a species be predicted sufficiently using only native-range data? Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) in the southwestern United States

Abstract Predictions of species invasions are often made using information from their native ranges. Acquisition of native-range information can be very costly and time-consuming and in some cases may not reflect conditions in the invaded range. Using information from the invaded range can enable much faster modeling at finer geographic resolutions than using information from a species’ native range. We used confirmed presence points from the native range, southern Africa, and the invaded range, the southwestern United States, to predict the potential distribution of the perennial bunchgrass Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees, (Lehmann lovegrass), in its invaded range in the United States. The two models showed strong agreement for the area encompassed by the presence points in the invaded range, and offered insight into the overlapping but slightly different ecological niche occupied by the introduced grass in the invaded range. Regions outside of the scope of inference showed less agreement between the two models. E. lehmanniana was selected via seeding trials before being planted in the United States and therefore represents an isolated genotype from the native-range population. Models built using confirmed presence points from the invaded range can provide insight into how the selected genotype is expressed on the landscape and considers influences not present in the native range. Models created from locations in both the invaded and native ranges can lead to a more complete understanding of an introduced species’ potential for spread, especially in the case of anthropogenic selection.
Capillary Mediated Melting of Ellipsoidal Needle Crystals

Measurements of video data on melting dendritic crystal fragments in reduced gravity show that a fragment’s ellipsoidal axial ratio, C/A, rises initially until it melts down to a pole-to-pole length of C ≈ 5 mm. At that point we observe a sudden fall in the C/A ratio with time, as the polar regions melt toward each other more rapidly than C/A times the melting speed, dA/dt, of the equatorial region. This accelerated melting allows the C/A ratio to fall from values around 10–20 (needle-like) towards values approaching unity (spheres) just before total extinction occurs. Analytical and numerical modeling will be presented that suggest that the cause of these sudden changes in kinetics and morphology during melting at small length scales is due to a crystallite’s extreme shape anisotropy. Shape anisotropy leads to steep gradients in the mean curvature of the solid-melt interface near the ellipsoid’s poles. These curvature gradients act through the Gibbs-Thomson effect to induce unusual thermo-capillary heat fluxes within the crystallite that account for the observed enhanced polar melting rates. Numerical evaluation of the thermo-capillary heat fluxes shows that they increase rapidly with the C/A ratio, and with decreasing length scale, as melting progresses toward total extinction.
Security/trustworthiness assessment of platforms

Platform assurance is a special case of establishing trust. In this chapter we give a generic assessment of trust, followed by an assessment of the impact of computer systems in relation to online trust. After this, we discuss trusted technologies that are currently deployed, and exactly how these may enhance trust and privacy. Finally, we explain how the PRIME Platform Trust Manager operates and can enhance trust.
The United States and the Transatlantic Slave Trade to the Americas, 1776–1867. By Leonardo Marques. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016. Pp. xi, 313. $40.00.)

In one of history's remarkable juxtapositions, both the United States and Great Britain abolished the African slave trade in 1807. The two bicentennials were a study in contrast: Whereas the Britis...
Assistive technology techniques, tools, and tips

Abstract This chapter offers information, tips, tools, and strategies that may be employed as components in the assistive technology (AT) service delivery process. Some of the information presented is fundamental to service delivery such as the elements of employment and others are more complex such as the Matching Person and Technology Model. Other items in the AT toolkit include a brief overview of case management and standardization of processes and a discussion regarding standardization of case noting in the AT service delivery process. Taken together, the authors hope to provide information that is relevant to and will inform the fundamental practice of AT service provision from a disability-employment perspective.
Nitrogen surface passivation of the Dirac semimetal C d 3 A s 2

Topological Dirac semimetals, such as Cd${}_{3}$As${}_{2}$, possess gapless Dirac nodes in the bulk and topologically protected surface states. In this study, the authors show that the magnetotransport properties of epitaxial thin films of Cd${}_{3}$As${}_{2}$ depend sensitively on the nature of the exposed film surface. For example, it is shown that nitrogen plasma passivation allows for observation of the quantum Hall effect from the surface states. The results highlight the importance of band bending and surface chemistry in the relative contributions from surface and bulk states to the measured transport properties.
Consumer Participation in Mailing Lists: A Field Experiment:

Increasingly, companies are acquiring customer names and personal information for database marketing purposes. Because lists of customer names often are sold and rented without customer knowledge, ...
Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of metastatic Leydig cell tumor. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Leydig cell tumors are rare sex cord-stromal tumors that account for less than 1% of all testicular tumors. Less than 10% of these tumors show metastatic malignant behavior. Herein we present a case of metastatic malignant Leydig cell tumor in an iliac lymph node diagnosed on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in a 70-year-old man. The patient was referred from an outside institution with lymphadenopathy and had a past medical history of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and past surgical history of orchiectomy. An iliac lymph node FNA was performed demonstrating large discohesive plasmacytoid cells with indistinct cell borders; abundant and finely granular cytoplasm; round, eccentric nuclei with evenly distributed chromatin; and prominent nucleoli. The tumor cells were positive for inhibin and negative for calretinin and keratin leading to the diagnosis of metastatic malignant Leydig cell tumor. Review of the patient's history and of previous pathologic material, careful evaluation of cytomorphologic features, and the judicious use of immunohistochemistry can allow an accurate diagnosis of metastatic Leydig cell tumor.
(296) Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Fibromyalgia: An Anomaly of Clinical and Experimental Pain Assessment

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the acute change in experimental and self-reported pain after isometric and dynamic submaximal resistance exercise in people with fibromyalgia. Thirty-four participants (52.5±11.9 yr, BMI:31.1±6.1; 32 women) with fibromyalgia completed one familiarization session and two randomized exercise sessions (isometric or dynamic) of the right elbow flexors matched for time, intensity, and duty cycle. Experimental pain was quantified via pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) at the right biceps brachii and quadriceps muscles and mechanical temporal summation (TS) at the index finger before and after exercise. Self-reported pain intensity (0-10 visual analog scale) of the exercising arm and whole-body were collected before and immediately after exercise. PPTs did not change following either exercise type. TS decreased following isometric (p=0.042), but not dynamic exercise (p>0.05). Self-reported arm (p 0.05). Similarly, the change in TS after isometric exercise did not correlate with the change in self-reported whole-body pain (p>0.05). Despite a decrease in temporal summation following isometric exercise, people with fibromyalgia report an increase in local and systemic pain following both exercise types. This indicates differential effects of an exercise bout on clinical and experimental pain measures. Further research is required to determine the clinical utility of experimental pain assessments on the acute exercise response in people with fibromyalgia. This research was supported by a Promotion of Doctoral Studies I Scholarship from the Foundation for Physical Therapy and the NICHD (R15HD090265).
Biblical Theology: The Convergence of the Canon

In Biblical Theology, Ben Witherington, III, examines the theology of the Old and New Testaments as a totality. Going beyond an account of carefully crafted Old and New Testament theologies, he demonstrates the ideas that make the Bible a sacred book with a unified theology. Witherington brings a distinctive methodology to this study. Taking a constructive approach, he first examines the foundations of the writers' symbolic universe - what they thought and presupposed about God - and how they revealed those thoughts through the narratives of the Old and New Testaments. He also shows how the historical contexts and intellectual worlds of the Old and New Testaments conditioned their narratives, and, in the process, created a large coherent Biblical world view, one that progressively reveals the character and action of God. Thus, the Yahweh of the Old Testament, the Son in the Gospels, and the Father, Son, and Spirit in the New Testament writings are viewed as persons who are part of the singular divine identity. Witherington's progressive revelation approach allows each part of the canon to be read in its original context and with its original meaning.
The Adaptability Assessment and Online Decision-Making for Strategy of Stability Control Systems Involving Multiple Types of Security and Stability Issues

Affected by artificial experiences and coverage of typical operating situations, the strategy of stability control system faces huge mismatch risk. It is difficult to effectively deal with complex and serious faults, such as multiple faults or successive faults. The method of adaptability assessment and online decision-making for strategy of stability Control Systems is proposed to involve multiple types of security and stability issues. Operating status of stability control devices is obtained to correct RTU data and improve the accuracy of operating conditions. Structural modeling is realized for strategy of stability control system to identify the on-duty strategy. Then, static security, transient security and dynamic stability analysis will be performed according to the on-duty strategy. A coordinated stability control strategy is constructed for the design of UHVDC and new energy characteristics to deal with the potential security and stability problems of power grid under large-scale DC transmission of new energy. When the control amount of strategy is insufficient or mismatched, the online decision-making of the preventive control considering the fluctuation characteristics of new energy power is realized by AC/DC coordinated control means. The proposed method is proved to be fast and effective through the analysis of a practical power grid example.
Comprehensive comparison of social cognitive performance in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are separate neurodevelopmental disorders that are both characterized by difficulties in social cognition and social functioning. Due to methodological confounds, the degree of similarity in social cognitive impairments across these two disorders is currently unknown. This study therefore conducted a comprehensive comparison of social cognitive ability in ASD and SCZ to aid efforts to develop optimized treatment programs. Methods In total, 101 individuals with ASD, 92 individuals with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder, and 101 typically developing (TD) controls, all with measured intelligence in the normal range and a mean age of 25.47 years, completed a large battery of psychometrically validated social cognitive assessments spanning the domains of emotion recognition, social perception, mental state attribution, and attributional style. Results Both ASD and SCZ performed worse than TD controls, and very few differences were evident between the two clinical groups, with effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from 0.01 to 0.34. For those effects that did reach statistical significance, such as greater hostility in the SCZ group, controlling for symptom severity rendered them non-significant, suggesting that clinical distinctions may underlie these social cognitive differences. Additionally, the strength of the relationship between neurocognitive and social cognitive performance was of similar, moderate size for ASD and SCZ. Conclusions Findings largely suggest comparable levels of social cognitive impairment in ASD and SCZ, which may support the use of existing social cognitive interventions across disorders. However, future work is needed to determine whether the mechanisms underlying these shared impairments are also similar or if these common behavioral profiles may emerge via different pathways.
A New Multimodel Machine Learning Framework to Improve Hepatic Fibrosis Grading Using Ultrasound Elastography Systems from Different Vendors.

Abstract The purpose of the work described here was to determine if the diagnostic performance of point and 2-D shear wave elastography (pSWE; 2-DSWE) using shear wave velocity (SWV) with a new machine learning (ML) technique applied to systems from different vendors is comparable to that of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in distinguishing non-significant (
Examining Food Safety From a Food Systems Perspective: The Need for a Holistic Approach

There has been an effort to shift the focus of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) food safety approach from reactive to preventative. The recently enacted Food Safety Modernization Act was hailed as a means to “transform the FDA from an agency that tracks down outbreaks after the fact, to an agency focused on preventing food contamination in the first place.” While this attempted proactivity is laudable in many respects, the United States’ overall approach toward food safety remains highly compartmentalized and is seemingly unable to consider safety concerns on a systemic scale. This has resulted in actions based on narrow and immediate justification with unanticipated negative consequences. This Article considers the inherently systemic nature of our food system and the inability of the agencies involved to address it as such.
Mouse models of platelet function in vivo.

Much of our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms responsible for platelet activation and thrombin generation comes from in vitro studies where system components were examined in isolati...
9.10 – Settlement Patterns

Remote sensing of human settlement patterns has experienced an upward trend in volume especially during the current 21st “urban century.” This article employs a bibliometric analysis to provide a synthesis and summary of recent research in order to discern the overall structure and identify key clusters and themes. A bibliometric analysis of index keywords is applied to a sample of 254 peer-reviewed articles published during 2010–15. Interpretation of keyword term maps and network linkages of keyword co-occurrences reveals distinctive and multifaceted streams of contemporary research represented by three broad clusters: (1) finer scale intra-urban classification and technical method development related to buildings and settlements, (2) intermediate-scale land cover/use analysis and modeling of urban growth patterns integrated across human and biophysical domains, and (3) broader scale urban extent mapping and temporal monitoring. Selected subthemes of nighttime light imagery applications and informal and refugee settlements are reviewed, and their importance is discussed within the context of global environmental change and urban sustainability.
Endophthalmitis in Advanced Microbial Keratitis: Risk Factors and Examination Findings.

Purpose To evaluate clinical and ultrasonographic findings associated with advanced microbial keratitis with concurrent endophthalmitis. Methods We performed a retrospective analytical study of patients with severe microbial keratitis who underwent ocular ultrasonography for possible endophthalmitis at our institution over a 5-year period. Ocular and medical history, ocular examination findings, microbiology results, and ultrasonographic features were collected. Results Of the 81 included eyes, 15 were diagnosed with endophthalmitis based on clinical findings and evidence of vitritis on ultrasound. Historical factors and physical examination findings more common in the endophthalmitis group than the keratitis-only group include presenting vision of light perception or no light perception (73.3% vs. 31.8%, P = 0.003), history of cataract surgery (80.0% vs. 45.5%, P = 0.02), and full thickness ulcer or perforation (33.3% vs. 9.1%, P = 0.03). Gram-positive organisms were more common in the endophthalmitis group (60.0% vs. 30.3%, P = 0.04). Ultrasound findings of choroidal thickening and retinal detachment were more common in the endophthalmitis group (26.7% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.01 and 13.3% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.04) in addition to the expected preponderance of membranous and dispersed vitreous opacities in that group. Final visual acuity was worse in the endophthalmitis group (2.3 vs. 3.5 LogMAR, P = 0.02). Conclusions Diagnosing endophthalmitis can be difficult in eyes with advanced microbial keratitis, and the visual outcomes are often extremely poor. Clinicians should have a particularly high index of suspicion in eyes presenting with light perception or no light perception vision, history of cataract extraction, full thickness ulcer or perforation, or choroidal thickening or retinal detachment on ultrasound.
‘I see all the life’: designing spaces of respite for survivors of violence

Millions of people in the United States and Canada survive violent victimization each year, many of whom then engage in the justice process. Like the justice process, the design of courthouses offe...
Physical Function Impairment and Frailty in Middle-Aged People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the REPRIEVE Trial Ancillary Study PREPARE

BACKGROUND: People with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) are at risk for accelerated development of physical function impairment and frailty;both associated with increased risk of falls, hospitalizations, and death Identifying factors associated with physical function impairment and frailty can help target interventions METHODS: The REPRIEVE trial enrolled participants 40-75 years of age, receiving stable antiretroviral therapy with CD4+ T-cell count >100 cells/mm3, and with low to moderate cardiovascular disease risk We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of those concurrently enrolled in the ancillary study PREPARE at enrollment RESULTS: Among the 266 participants, the median age was 51 years;81% were male, and 45% were black, and 28% had hypertension Body mass index (BMI;calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 25 toâ <30 in 38% and &#8805;30 in 30%, 33% had a high waist circumference, 89% were physically inactive, 37% (95% confidence interval, 31%, 43%) had physical function impairment (Short Physical Performance Battery scoreâ &#8804;10), and 6% (4%, 9%) were frail and 42% prefrail In the adjusted analyses, older age, black race, greater BMI, and physical inactivity were associated with physical function impairment;depression and hypertension were associated with frailty or prefrailty CONCLUSIONS: Physical function impairment was common among middle-aged PWH;greater BMI and physical inactivity are important modifiable factors that may prevent further decline in physical function with aging CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02344290
Remote Teaching of General Chemistry for Nonscience Majors during COVID-19

General chemistry, CHE 101, at Hampton University is an undergraduate course designed to meet curriculum requirements for nonscience majors. The four-credit course consists of a lecture and a laboratory, taken concurrently. The lecture consists of three 50 minute or two 75 minute sessions, and the laboratory consists of one 3 hour session every week. The first 8 weeks of the 2020 spring semester were taught face-to-face (F2F), but this changed to remote teaching and learning for the remainder of the semester because of COVID-19. The university canceled F2F teaching in mid-March, and the students went home with the instructions that remote teaching would commence the following week. In the meantime, the faculty received a crash course on virtual teaching using a digital learning platform, Blackboard Collaborate, to engage and assess students during the remote instruction. Access to other audio/video communication platforms like Zoom was available to faculty. Remote teaching was provided synchronously during the normal class meeting, and the sessions were recorded for future review by students. This communication reports on challenges and lessons learned during remote instruction.
Accounting and the US cannabis industry: federal financial regulations and the perspectives of Certified Public Accountants and cannabis businesses owners.

Cannabis-related businesses (CRBs), in states where cannabis is legal, may be unable to obtain professional financial services including banking, insurance, and accounting because of federal laws and regulations. This qualitative study investigated the following research questions. Data for this grounded-theory qualitative study was gathered from twenty-three semi-structured phone and face-to-face interviews. Ten cannabis-related business owners were recruited from a convenience sample after attempting a broad recruiting effort. Thirteen Certified Public Accountants with active licenses in Colorado or Washington State participated from firms of varying size and willingness to serve the cannabis industry. The individual interviews, which lasted from twenty minutes to more than an hour, focused on the participants’ perceptions of the complexities of accounting and tax compliance for cannabis businesses. Eight of the thirteen Certified Public Accountants interviewed would not provide services to the cannabis industry with the primary reason given that cannabis is federally illegal. All ten of the cannabis business owners interviewed indicated they engage a Certified Public Accountant to provide tax services. Seven out of ten CRB participants and ten of the thirteen Certified Public Accountant participants indicated that extensive industry knowledge is needed for an accountant to competently provide services to a CRB. CRB owners need to carefully consider the industry knowledge and experience of a potential Certified Public Accountant prior to engaging them. This study shows that US Certified Public Accountants should weigh the risk of federal prosecution and potential loss of the Certified Public Accountant license when deciding whether to serve a CRB client. The study also found that a Certified Public Accountant must commit to acquiring and maintaining substantial specialized knowledge related to tax Code Section 280E, internal controls for a cash-only or cash-intensive business, and the workings of the cannabis industry under the current regulatory conditions.
Robotic gastrointestinal surgery: learning curve, educational programs and outcomes

The use of the robotic platform for gastrointestinal surgery was introduced nearly 20 years ago. However, significant growth and advancement has occurred primarily in the last decade. This is due to several advantages over traditional laparoscopic surgery allowing for more complex dissections and reconstructions. Several randomized controlled trials and retrospective reviews have demonstrated equivalent oncologic outcomes compared to open surgery with improved short-term outcomes. Unfortunately, there are currently no universally accepted or implemented training programs for robotic surgery and robotic surgery experience varies greatly. Additionally, several limitations to the robotic platform exist resulting in a distinct learning curve associated with various procedures. Therefore, implementation of robotic surgery requires a multidisciplinary team approach with commitment and investment from clinical faculty, operating room staff and hospital administrators. Additionally, there is a need for wider distribution of educational modules to train more surgeons and reduce the associated learning curve. This article will focus on the implementation of the robotic platform for surgery of the pancreas, stomach, liver, colon and rectum with an emphasis on the associated learning curve, educational platforms to develop proficiency and perioperative outcomes.
A Pedagogy for Black People: Why Naming Race Matters

This article suggests pedagogical naming matters to the education of Black people. It refuses the idea of a universalist pedagogy for all, and thereby unmasks that which has been rendered invisible...
Strategic Adaptive Leadership and Emerging Approaches to Online Marketing of a US Small Business Real Estate Firm in Response to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the business dynamics for many organizations globally. This paper examines the demonstration of adaptable strategic leadership and marketing towards online and digital marketing approaches of a newly developed waterfront high rise condominium complex. As a result of COVID-19, business sales projections are off by 85%. This paper explores organizational development intervention practitioner-based applied qualitative action research that makes recommendations on the most resourceful options in which small businesses can attract customers and boost sales even with the pandemic. For this case study, the name Moreso, a fictitious name, will be used to respect the organization that provided the data used and approved the ability to publish these findings' privacy and intellectual capital. This research approach's value in this instance is built on the reality that many similar small businesses in the real estate industry experience these same dynamics because of COVID-19 but have no starting framework on how to respond.
Supervised independence in elective inguinal hernia repairs performed by surgical residents is not associated with compromised short clinical outcome or rates of reoperation for recurrence.

Abstract Background We evaluate the association between attending surgeon involvement and clinical outcome in elective inguinal hernia repairs performed by residents. Methods Patients undergoing initial elective unilateral inguinal hernia repair between 2004 and 2019 were identified using the Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. The level of attending surgeon involvement was categorized as active (attending scrubbed [AS]) or passive (supervising the resident's performance but not scrubbed [ANS]). AS and ANS herniorrhaphies were 1:1 propensity matched for patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical approach, resident postgraduate level, and year of repair. Rates of complication and recurrence for matched cohorts were compared by standard methods. Results 30,784 patients met inclusion criteria. 5136 (17%) repairs were performed without the attending scrubbed. On comparison of matched-cohorts, overall complication rates (1.7% vs 1.2%, p = 0.07) and rates of recurrence (1.9% vs 1.4%, p = 0.041) for patients undergoing herniorrhaphy AS were statistically similar to those performed ANS. Conclusion Supervised independence in elective inguinal hernia repair performed by surgical residents is not associated with inferior clinical outcomes.
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior: Principles of Feedback Control

This chapter describes a set of basic principles underlying the conceptual analysis presented in the remainder of the book. We describe the principles here abstractly, with examples and illustrations taken mostly from domains other than personality–social psychology. Our goal is to create a clear sense of the nature of particular processes (for a more detailed account see Clark, 1996) without pressing the argument that human behavior embodies them. We move on to that argument in due course. CYBERNETICS, FEEDBACK, AND CONTROL Wiener (1948) defined cybernetics as the science of communication and control. Cybernetics is one of several terms intertwined with one another – terms such as control processes, feedback processes , and servomechanisms (or servos ). These terms have varying origins, they're used preferentially by different people in different lines of work, and they differ in shades of meaning. For our purposes, though, they refer to roughly the same things. Cybernetics is the science of feedback processes; feedback processes involve the control or regulation of certain values within a system (see also Ashby, 1961; Clark, 1996). Negative Feedback A negative feedback loop, the basic unit of cybernetic control, is a system of four elements in a particular kind of organization. The elements are an input function, a reference value, a comparator, and an output function (Figure 2.1). An input function is a sensor. It brings information into the loop. In later discussions we'll treat this input function as equivalent to perception.
Algebra and Analysis

1. If the inequalities $$ a - {{b}^{2}} > \frac{1}{4},{\text{ }}b - {{c}^{2}} > \frac{1}{4},{\text{ }}c - {{d}^{2}} > \frac{1}{4},{\text{ }}d - {{a}^{2}} > \frac{1}{4} $$ hold simultaneously, then by adding them we obtain a+b+c+d−(a2+b2+c2+) > 1.
Choline-linked Phosphoglycerides A SOURCE OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID AND DIGLYCERIDES IN STIMULATED NEUTROPHILS*

Stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) may result in the metabolism of phospholipids other than phosphoinositides to generate second-messenger intermediary metabolites. We investigated agonist-induced breakdown of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC), which constitutes almost half the diradyl-GPC fraction in human PMN (Mueller, H. W., O'Flaherty, J. T., Green, D. G., Samuel, M. P., and Wykle, R. L. (1984) J. Lipid Res. 25: 383-388), in cells prelabeled with 1-O-[3H] alkyl-2-acyl-GPC. We also utilized normal-phase high pressure liquid chromatography to quantitate the accumulation of diradylglycerols (1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols and diacylglycerols) in stimulated PMN. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol-, calcium ionophore A23187-, and f-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) stimulation of PMN resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent hydrolysis of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-GPC and the formation of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-phosphatidic acid (PA) and 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acylglycerol. In all cases formation of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-PA preceded that of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acylglycerol. The times between addition of stimulus and appearance of 1-O-[3H] alkyl-2-acylglycerol varied for PMA (40 s at 1.6 microM), A23187 (5 min at 5 microM), and fMLP (30 sec at 1 microM). Preincubation of cells with 1 microgram/ml pertussis toxin (PT) inhibited the breakdown of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-GPC in cells stimulated with 1 microM fMLP, indicating a role for a PT-sensitive G protein with this stimulus. Quantitation of diglycerides as diradylglycerobenzoates in PMN stimulated with PMA (10 min), A23187 (10 min), or fMLP demonstrated marked accumulation of both 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols and diacylglycerols. The highest increases over controls were observed for fMLP (33-fold for 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols and 17-fold for diacylglycerols). In stimulated PMN prelabeled with 1-O-[3H]hexadecyl-2-acyl-GPC and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-[32P]phosphocholine, the ratio of 3H to 32P in 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-PA compared to 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC suggested the involvement of a phospholipase D in the hydrolysis of 1-O-[3H]-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC. Thus, stimulation of human PMN results in the hydrolysis of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acyl-GPC to yield 1-O-[3H] alkyl-2-acyl-PA and 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acylglycerol possibly initiated by activation of a phospholipase D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bridging the Gap between Explicative and Treatment Research: A Model and Practical Implications

The recent move toward the recognition of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) within numerous facets of the field of clinical psychology has been met with general enthusiasm. The EST movement would not have been possible without the efforts of earlier treatment researchers. Paradoxically, this is also a time when some of the leaders in clinical psychology are recognizing that there is a paucity of experimental treatment research being conducted today relative to the high volume of correlationally based, explicative research, which examines the associations among variables. In this paper we present numerous reasons for the relative excess of explicative research and the paucity of treatment outcome research. Clinical practice is used to exemplify how assessment-oriented, explicative activities and the design of treatment can be integrated. A research-based example in which explicative research is used directly to inform the design of the intervention in treatment outcome research is presented as one model for emulation. Specific recommendations are made to help guide professionals and students entering the field who wish to conduct treatment research. An expansion on some of the themes highlighted in this paper can be found in the chapter from which it was in part derived (Blount, Bunke, & Zaff, 1999).
Science, Democracy, and the American University: From the Civil War to the Cold War

Introduction: relating science and democracy Part I. The Scientific Spirit: 1. Founding hopes 2. Internal divisions 3. Science and philosophy Part II. The Scientific Attitude: 4. Scientific citizenship 5. The biology of culture 6. The problem of cultural change 7. Making scientific citizens Part III. Science and Politics: 8. Science and its contexts 9. The problem of values 10. Two cultures 11. Accommodation Conclusion: science and democracy in a new century.
Form Factors for Strong M1 Transitions in Light Nuclei

Strong peaks corresponding to magnetic-dipole excitation of the nucleus were observed in the energy spectrum of electrons scattered at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from targets of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, C, Mg, and Si. The momentum transfer dependence of the excitation of these peaks was investigated by using primary electrons of 40, 55, and 70 MeV. From the measured cross sections and the Born approximation theory the inelastic form factors can be obtained. The radiative transition probability from the excited state to the ground state gives the first point on the curve of form factor as a function of momentum transfer. In the case of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ a shell-model theory of the magnetic-dipole transition gives a form-factor curve in fair agreement with the experimental results.
Cosmic Ecstasy and Process Theology

The notion that God and the world are mutually interdependent is generally taken to be unique to twentieth-century process theology. Largely, process thinkers have focused on classical theists, rather than the mystics. My thesis, however, is that, centuries before process came along, there were Western mystical concepts stressing that God needed the universe in order to become conscious and complete. In support of my thesis, I will provide a synopsis of the doctrines of God as found in mystics such as Boehme, Dionysius, Eckhart, and then show how Whitehead’s aesthetic provides a coherent philosophical psychology of ecstasy. Key words: aesthetic experience, causal efficacy, consequent nature of God, ecstasy, feeling, German Romanticism, primordial nature of God, reformed subjectivist principle, Nicht, unconscious experience.
Confidentiality's Constitutionality: The Incursion on Judicial Powers to Regulate Party Conduct in Court-Connected Mediation

This Article explores the interplay between mediation confidentiality legislation and judicial powers to regulate participant conduct in the pretrial process. Part II describes the role of the court in monitoring parties' conduct in distinct settlement-related processes, such as private settlement negotiations, judicial settlement conferences, court-connected arbitration, and court-connected mediation, as well as the corresponding but varied confidentiality protection accorded these processes. Part III examines judicial decisions analyzing the tension between mediation confidentiality and judicial power to monitor and sanction misconduct in a settlement or court-connected mediation setting, specifically comparing the approach used by the California Supreme Court in Foxgate Homeowners’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Bramalea California, Inc. with that of other courts, which have relied upon inherent powers to sanction parties for court-connected ADR misconduct. Part IV explores this tension from a constitutional perspective, examining the respective powers of the judiciary to control the litigation process and of the legislature to promulgate policy that impacts the judiciary. This analysis concludes that separation of powers principles implicitly restrict enforcement of broad confidentiality statutes to the extent these provisions materially impair judicial power to sanction participant conduct in court-connected dispute resolution proceedings. Thus, confidentiality legislation is implicitly, but should be expressly, “qualified” to accommodate the judicial power to enforce its orders and conduct its judicial duties. Notwithstanding this qualification, a court can minimize deleterious effects on confidentiality by adopting appropriate safeguards to shield information disclosed within mediation from unnecessary public revealment. Legislation that qualifies the scope of confidentiality to exclude protection for conduct that is sanctionable, illegal, or in violation of court orders or professional ethics codes, appropriately balances the need for respecting the judiciary's role with the legislature's concern for substantive confidentiality in court-connected dispute resolution processes.
Cervical spondylosis deformans in two Quarter Horses

Summary This case report describes 2 Quarter Horses diagnosed with severe bridging spondylosis deformans of the cervical spine. Clinical signs in both horses included severe neck stiffness, reduced mobility and issues with grazing normally. Both were diagnosed with cervical radiographs. Ataxia was noted in one horse. One horse has shown progressively worsening signs over 4 years. Where severe neck stiffness and reduced mobility are noted in a horse, cervical spondylosis deformans should be considered as a differential diagnosis.
Host defenses in murine malaria: immunological characteristics of a protracted state of immunity to Plasmodium yoelii.

Random-bred ICR mice recovered from infection with avirulent Plasmodium yoelii were challenged at various later times with virulent P. yoelii or with another species of Plasmodium, P. berghei, to characterize the immunological nature of the long-term state of immunity generated in response to the avirulent infection. It was found that recovered mice resisted lethal challenge with virulent P. yoelii through at least 416 days after primary infection. However, the quality of this immunity changed as the time after avirulent infection increased. Mice challenged early after recovery were able to prevent the development of patent parasitemia. Later, these immune animals lost this capacity and after challenge infections progressed to patency at the same rate as did nonimmune controls. However, after the establishment of parasitemia, those animals which had encountered the homologous parasite a long time before controlled, and then eliminated, blood infection and survived. The “early” state of immunity was expressed by animals which may have harbored small numbers of viable avirulent parasites and possessed a protective humoral factor which could passively transfer anti-P. yoelii activity to naive recipients. In contrast, animals with “late” immunity showed evidence of neither persisting avirulent parasites nor serum anti-P. yoelii activity. The results support the proposition that immunity to this parasite exists as two distinct but interrelated states of immunological reactivity: an early “active” immunity and a later state which has characteristics suggestive of a state of immunological memory wherewith the animals were capable of anamnestically responding to P. yoelii challenge. Little evidence of heterologous immunity to P. berghei was observed for animals recovered from P. yoelii.
Diabetes Prevention Trial 1

The Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 (DPT-1) has recruited relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes throughout the United States and Canada. Of the group screened before June 30, 2000, 71,148 initial screening samples of DPT-1 subjects were tested for GAD65 autoantibodies (GAA) and ICA512 (IA-2) autoantibodies (ICA512AA). Of 71,148 relatives screened, first-degree relatives (4.63%, n = 59,752) had a significantly higher prevalence of autoantibodies than did second-degree relatives (2.61%, n = 9,856) (P < 0.0001 for both autoantibodies). Among first-degree relatives, siblings (5.47%, n = 27,128) had a significantly higher prevalence of autoantibodies than did offspring (3.98%, n = 17,063) and parents (3.88%, n = 15,561) (P < 0.0001 for both autoantibodies). Among offspring, the offspring (n = 105) of both parents with diabetes had twice (8.57%) the prevalence of autoantibodies than did the offspring (n = 16,901) of a single diabetic parent (3.96%). Interestingly, the offspring (n = 8,777) of diabetic fathers had a significantly higher prevalence of autoantibodies than did the offspring (n = 8,124) of diabetic mothers, but only among those aged 10-30 years (P < 0.0001). We conclude that the prevalence of anti-islet cell autoantibodies is affected by multiple levels of relationship to the proband.
Epitaxial suppression of the metal-insulator transition in CrN

Both single- and polycrystalline CrN layers are grown by reactive sputtering on MgO and quartz substrates, respectively. Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction indicates a phase transition near 280 K to a low-temperature orthorhombic phase for polycrystalline CrN, while epitaxial constraints cause single-crystal CrN(001) and CrN(111) to remain in the cubic high-temperature phase. Electronic transport measurements indicate variable-range-hopping for the cubic phase below \ensuremath{\sim}120 K, a discontinuity at the phase transition for the polycrystalline layers, strongly and weakly disordered metallic conduction for the orthorhombic phase if deposited at 600 and 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, respectively, and a disorder-induced metal-insulator transition in the cubic phase.