cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Shopping Carts: The State-of-the-Art

ABSTRACT “Shopping cart” is a term that has come to mean one of two things: first, an online ordering system that is separate from an e-commerce website, and second, a store-building system that can be used to build and manage both an e-commerce site's web pages and its ordering system. We first describe the feature typically included in all carts-an ordering system. Next, we discuss the additional features included in store-building systems. Finally, we briefly review the shopping cart market itself through an examination of the types of systems vendors were offering at the time this paper was written.
Actions Speak Much Louder Than Words: For Midcareer and Senior Investigators, the Track Record of Productivity Should Be Paramount in Selecting Grant Recipients

> Tra il dire e il fare c’e’ di mezzo il mare > > (Italian proverb, loosely translated as “Between saying and doing there is the sea”) > > Ab actu ad posse valet illatio > > (Latin proverb, loosely translated as “From the past it is possible to infer the future”) > > Facta non verba > > (Latin motto, “Deeds, not words”) On the surface, it seems obvious—and, indeed, it is commonly assumed—that the best predictors of the scientific impact of a project are the novelty, methodology, feasibility, and importance of the proposed studies (as assessed by peer review groups). Accordingly, funding decisions by the NIH, AHA, and other bodies are based primarily on what the applicants say in their proposals. What the applicants have actually done in the past (ie, their track record of productivity or lack thereof) is generally seen as a secondary factor; reviewers are reluctant to emphasize it lest they may be accused of being biased in favor or against an investigator. Although the evaluation of a grant proposal is supposed to include the qualifications of the investigators and, in the case of competitive renewals, the progress made in the previous funding period, these factors are not paramount, and past productivity remains peripheral in the overall assessment. Reviewers commonly assume that the applicants will do what they say they will do and that, if they do it, they will publish the results of their work. Projects, we are told, must be evaluated on their own merit, not on the basis of what the applicants did (or did not do) in the past. What matters most, we hear, is the future. The future, however, is determined to a very large extent by the past. Furthermore, as the Italian proverb quoted at the beginning of this article reminds us, saying something and doing it are two very …
African American Men, Gender Role Conflict, and Psychological Distress: The Role of Racial Identity

Little research exists exploring the intersection of male gender role conflict (GRC), racial identity, and psychological distress. Accordingly, using a sample of 130 self-identified African American male participants, this study explored which aspects of racial identity mediated the relationship between GRC and psychological distress. Results demonstrated that racial identity attitudes reflective of internalized racism (Self-Hatred) partially mediated the relationship between GRC and psychological distress.
Comparison of speech intelligibility measures for an electronic amplifying earmuff and an identical passive attenuation device

The purpose of this study was to identify any differences between speech intelligibility measures obtained with MineEars electronic earmuffs (ProEars, Westcliffe, CO, USA) and the Bilsom model 847 (Sperian Hearing Protection, San Diego, CA, USA), which is a conventional passive-attenuation earmuff. These two devices are closely related, since the MineEars device consisted of a Bilsom 847 earmuff with the addition of electronic amplification circuits. Intelligibility scores were obtained by conducting listening tests with 15 normalhearing human subject volunteers wearing the earmuffs. The primary research objective was to determine whether speech understanding differs between the passive earmuffs and the electronic earmuffs (with the volume control set at three different positions) in a background of 90 dB(A) continuous noise. As expected, results showed that speech intelligibility increased with higher speech-to-noise ratios; however, the electronic earmuff with the volume control set at full-on performed worse than when it was set to off or the lowest on setting. This finding suggests that the maximum volume control setting for these electronic earmuffs may not provide any benefits in terms of increased speech intelligibility in the background noise condition that was tested. Other volume control settings would need to be evaluated for their ability to produce higher speech intelligibility scores. Additionally, since an extensive electro-acoustic evaluation of the electronic earmuff was not performed as a part of this study, the exact cause of the reduced intelligibility scores at full volume remains unknown.
Management and Leadership Performance in the Defense Department: Evidence from Surveys of Federal Employees

The authors use data from the Federal Human Capital Survey to measure comparative leadership and management performance among executives in the military bureaucracy. The authors evaluate whether di...
Parsimonious inference of hybridization in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting

Hybridization plays an important evolutionary role in several groups of organisms. A phylogenetic approach to detect hybridization entails sequencing multiple loci across the genomes of a group of species of interest, reconstructing their gene trees, and taking their differences as indicators of hybridization. However, methods that follow this approach mostly ignore population effects, such as incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Given that hybridization occurs between closely related organisms, ILS may very well be at play and, hence, must be accounted for in the analysis framework. To address this issue, we present a parsimony criterion for reconciling gene trees within the branches of a phylogenetic network, and a local search heuristic for inferring phylogenetic networks from collections of gene-tree topologies under this criterion. This framework enables phylogenetic analyses while accounting for both hybridization and ILS. Further, we propose two techniques for incorporating information about uncertainty in gene-tree estimates. Our simulation studies demonstrate the good performance of our framework in terms of identifying the location of hybridization events, as well as estimating the proportions of genes that underwent hybridization. Also, our framework shows good performance in terms of efficiency on handling large data sets in our experiments. Further, in analysing a yeast data set, we demonstrate issues that arise when analysing real data sets. Although a probabilistic approach was recently introduced for this problem, and although parsimonious reconciliations have accuracy issues under certain settings, our parsimony framework provides a much more computationally efficient technique for this type of analysis. Our framework now allows for genome-wide scans for hybridization, while also accounting for ILS. [Phylogenetic networks; hybridization; incomplete lineage sorting; coalescent; multi-labeled trees.]
Solving distillation problems by terrain methods

This paper clearly shows that the recently proposed terrain methodology of Lucia and Yang (2003) can be used to solve steady-state distillation problems in a reliable and efficient manner. Numerical results are presented that show that terrain methods are superior to Newton’s method and homotopy-continuation for distillation examples with multiple solutions. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PPARγ ligands inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell growth through p53-dependent GADD45 and p21WAF1/Cip1 pathway

Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) induce differentiation and growth inhibition in several human cancers. However, the role of PPARgamma ligands in the growth control of human cholangiocarcinoma cells remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of PPARgamma ligands in the growth regulation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Western blot analysis showed that PPARgamma is expressed in all of the three human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines used in this study (SG231, CC-LP-1, and HuCCT1). Transient transfection assays using a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) reporter construct showed that the PPARgamma expressed in human cholangiocarcinoma cells is functional as a transcription activator. Exposure of SG231, CC-LP-1, and HuCCT1 cells to PPARgamma ligands 15-deoxy-delta12, 14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and troglitazone for 24 to 96 hours resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone-induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. Consistent with these findings, both 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone significantly inhibited the G2/M cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc2 activity. Furthermore, cells treated with 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone showed elevated expression of p53 and two p53-controlled downstream genes, GADD45 and p21(WAF1/Cip1). Dominant negative inhibition of p53 in SG231 cells significantly blocked the 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone-induced growth inhibition, G2/M arrest, and GADD45/p21 induction. 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone failed to directly inhibit Cdc2 activity in a cell-free system in spite of direct association between GADD45 and PPARgamma proteins. In conclusion, these results show a novel p53-dependent mechanism in the PPARgamma ligand-mediated inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma growth and suggest a potential therapeutic role of PPARgamma ligands in the treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma.
A YSO/LSO phoswich array detector for single and coincidence photon imaging

The performance of a phoswich array detector module for possible use in a combined single and coincidence photon imaging system has been evaluated. The detector consist of a linear array of discrete 4/spl times/4/spl times/15 mm/sup 3/ YSO elements coupled to a combined detector array/light guide of LSO, 10 mm thick. Since the scintillation light decay time is different in YSO and LSO (70 and 40 ns, respectively), events originating from the two detector materials can be separated by pulse shape discrimination. The front layer of YSO could then be used for detection of low energy, single photon events and the LSO layer for coincidence detection of annihilation radiation. The light collection of the PMTs coupled to the detector was found to be adequate to accurately identify each detector element in the array using the same positioning logic used in conventional EGO block detectors. The average energy resolution of the YSO elements at 140 keV for the block detector was found to be 14.5% FWHM, ranging from 13.8 to 15.4%. Spatial resolution of the detector block in single photon mode, using a high resolution collimator (geometric resolution 6.5 mm at 10 cm) was measured by scanning a /sup 99m/Tc line source. The resolution at 5 and 10 cm from the collimator face was found to be 5.9 and 8.5 mm FWHM, respectively.
Causal efficacy and the analysis of variance

The causal impacts of genes and environment on any one biological trait are inextricably entangled, and consequently it is widely accepted that it makes no sense in singleton cases to privilege either factor for particular credit. On the other hand, at a population level it may well be the case that one of the factors is responsible for more variation than the other. Standard methodological practice in biology uses the statistical technique of analysis of variance to measure this latter kind of causal efficacy. In this paper, I argue that: 1) analysis of variance is in fact badly suited to this role; and 2) a superior alternative definition is available that readily reconciles both the entangled-singleton and the population-variation senses of causal efficacy.
Genome of Mycoplasma haemofelis, unraveling its strategies for survival and persistence

Mycoplasma haemofelis is a mycoplasmal pathogen (hemoplasma) that attaches to the host's erythrocytes. Distributed worldwide, it has a significant impact on the health of cats causing acute disease and, despite treatment, establishing chronic infection. It might also have a role as a zoonotic agent, especially in immunocompromised patients. Whole genome sequencing and analyses of M. haemofelis strain Ohio2 was undertaken as a step toward understanding its survival and persistence. Metabolic pathways are reduced, relying on the host to supply many of the nutrients and metabolites needed for survival. M. haemofelis must import glucose for ATP generation and ribose derivates for RNA/DNA synthesis. Hypoxanthine, adenine, guanine, uracil and CMP are scavenged from the environment to support purine and pyrimidine synthesis. In addition, nicotinamide, amino acids and any vitamins needed for growth, must be acquired from its environment. The core proteome of M. haemofelis contains an abundance of paralogous gene families, corresponding to 70.6% of all the CDSs. This "paralog pool" is a rich source of different antigenic epitopes that can be varied to elude the host's immune system and establish chronic infection. M. haemofelis also appears to be capable of phase variation, which is particularly relevant to the cyclic bacteremia and persistence, characteristics of the infection in the cat. The data generated herein should be of great use for understanding the mechanisms of M. haemofelis infection. Further, it will provide new insights into its pathogenicity and clues needed to formulate media to support the in vitro cultivation of M. haemofelis.
Platform-Based Design of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications

We present a methodology, an environment and supporting tools to map an application on a wireless sensor network (WSN). While the method is quite general, we use extensively an example in the domain of industrial control as it is one of the most promising application of WSN and yet it is largely untouched by it. Our design flow starts from a high level description of the control algorithm and a set of candidate hardware platforms and automatically derives an implementation that satisfies system requirements while optimizing for power consumption. To manage the heterogeneity and complexity inherent in this rather complete design flow, we identify three abstraction layers and introduce the tools to transition between different layers and obtain the final solution. We present a case study of a control application for manufacturing plants that shows how the methodology covers all the aspects of the design process, from conceptual description to implementation.
Flavor selection rules and two-body decays of charmed mesons into pseudoscalar plus vector mesons

Abstract We analyse the measured branching ratios for the Cabibbo-allowed decays of charmed mesons into pseudoscalar plus vector mesons in terms of the flavor SU (3) selection rules of the standard model plus nonet symmetry. Our fit to the invariant amplitudes for the 6∗ and 15 interactions indicates that the effective hamiltonian involves comparable admixtures of the two SU (3) representations. The branching ratio for Ds→φπ+ is foound to be 2.5% and that for D 0 → K 0∗ η is close to its upper limit of 2.9%; the branching ratios for the K ∗+ K 0 and ϱ+η decay modes of the Ds are predicted to be 4.3% and 5.8% respectively.
Compact template polynomials methodology in pattern recognition and parallel processing

A polynomial approach is presented to the representation of binary, gray images for machine vision. It is shown that most of the standard image processing can be done by the template polynomial operations. Some operators which rely on the intrinsic properties of polynomials and can be done at a considerable advantage using the polynomial representation of images are developed. In particular, a parallel algorithm is developed by template decomposition; it uses the separability property of the template polynomial to reduce the time complexity. >
The impact of external dependency in genetic programming primitives

Both control and data dependencies among primitives impact the behavioural consistency of subprograms in genetic programming solutions. Behavioural consistency in turn impacts the ability of genetic programming to identify and promote appropriate subprograms. We present the results of modelling dependency through a parameterized problem in which a subprogram exhibits internal and external dependency levels that change as the subprogram is successively combined into larger subsolutions. We find that the key difference between non-existent and "full" external dependency is a longer time to solution identification and a lower likelihood of success as shown by increased difficulty in identifying and promoting correct subprograms.
Herman Wekker (ed.), Creole languages and language acquisition. (Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, 86.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. Pp. vi, 205. Hb DM118.00.

This slender, neatly typeset volume contains a selection of the papers presented at an international three-day workshop on creole languages and language acquisition, held at the University of Leiden in 1990. Entitled “The logical problem of language acquisition,” the workshop set out to investigate the acquisition of parts of the grammar by children and adults. The purpose of the Leiden gathering was to bring together linguists from essentially two fields (language acquisition theory and pidgin/creole studies) in order to “solve the ‘logical problem of language acquisition’ from as many perspectives as possible” (p. 6).1 The central issue examined during the workshop was whether the specific circumstances of the genesis of a creole language have implications for theories of language acquisition in general. Conversely, the organizers and participants hoped that their discussions would shed new light on the early history of existing creole languages.
Post-cardiac surgery pulmonary hypertension.

T HE TREATMENT of postoperative pulmonary hypcrtension is one of the most difficult and challenging problems in the management of cardiac surgical patients. The causes of postoperative pulmonary hypertension include both primary and secondary etiologies. Secondary forms (ie, postcapillary) result from (1) left ventricular (LV) failure, (2) residual mitral stenosis, (3) thrombus in the left atrium, (4) car tritriatum, and (5) obstructive diseases of the pulmonary venous system. Intracardiac defects with residual right-to-left shunts are the leading cause of postoperative precapillary pulmonary hypertension. In these situations, impairment of pulmonary venous drainage with consequent elevation of pulmonary venous, artrial, and right ventricular (RV) pressures gives rise to persistently elevated pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) as a direct effect of the abnormally high pulmonary venous pressure (PVP).’ Although the causes of postoperative pulmonary hypertension may differ (ic, primary v secondary forms), the pathophysiologic response to the persistently elevated PAP and PVP are similar in all populations. Therefore, the major goal of any therapeutic regimen for the management of pulmonary hypertension is aimed at reducing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and PAP in an attempt to prevent the development of RV dysfunction.
Results of a laboratory search for cosmic axions and other weakly coupled light particles.

A microwave cavity experiment designed to search for the signal from cosmic axions converting in an external magnetic field covered the mass range (4.5-16.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV, corresponding to the frequency range from 1.09 to 3.93 GHz. Upper limits on the coupling and abundance of nonrelativistic galactic axions have been measured; these limits yield a coupling which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that predicted by the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki model. Also presented are limits on axions with a continuum spectrum, limits on the presence of a wide axion line at the frequency of the 21-cm hydrogen emission line, and limits on the production of pseudoscalar particles by photons in the cavity interacting with the magnetic field.
Chemical Genetics Reveals Environment-Specific Roles for Quorum Sensing Circuits in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Nutritional cues differentially influence the activities of the three quorum sensing (QS) circuits-Las, Rhl, and Pqs-in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A full understanding of how these systems work together to tune virulence factor production to the environment is lacking. Here, we used chemical probes to evaluate the contribution of each QS circuit to virulence in wild-type P. aeruginosa under defined environmental conditions. Our results indicate that Rhl and Pqs drive virulence factor production in phosphate- and iron-limiting environments, while Las has a minor influence. Consequently, simultaneous inhibition of Rhl and Pqs can attenuate virulence in environments where Las inhibition fails. The activity trends generated in this study can be extrapolated to predict QS inhibitor activity in infection-relevant environments, such as cystic fibrosis sputum. These results indicate that environmental signals can drastically alter the efficacy of small-molecule QS inhibitors in P. aeruginosa and possibly other pathogens.
Role of VEGF Inhibition in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disease characterized by retinal neovascularization, which eventually can lead to tractional retinal detachment. Improvements have been made regarding the management of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) since it was described in the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity study. A more appropriate time for therapeutic intervention was defined by the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) trial. Advances in screening strategies with the use of digital imaging systems are now available. All of this and the use of laser photocoagulation and vitreoretinal surgery have contributed to significant increases in favorable outcomes and decreases in child blindness secondary to ROP. Recently the use of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors has been introduced to the armamentarium for the treatment of ROP. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the role of VEGF inhibition in the treatment of ROP.
Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders

Do the personal characteristics of political leaders affect their governments' foreign policy behavior? The present study examines the impact of 6 personal characteristics of 45 heads of government on the foreign policy behavior of their nations. These characteristics, each of individual interest, interrelate to form two orientations to foreign affairs, and the influence of these orientations on foreign policy behavior is also explored. The results are reported for all 45 heads of government, as well as for those leaders among the 45 with high or low interest in foreign affairs and with little or much training in foreign affairs.
Study on the Treatment of Phenol Wastewater by Cathode Electro-Fenton Method

A self-made two dimension electro-Fenton reactor is used to treat phenol water sample.The experiment studies the effects of various factors on the treatment of phenol wastewater.The results shows that it has a higher removal rate of phenol waterwater by cathode electro-Fenton method.The largest removal rate of phenol can reach 87.5% under the optimized conditions,when the dosage of Fe2+ is 1 mmol/L,pH=3,electrolyte voltage=9V,and the intensity of aeration is 25 mL/s.
Recognition and treatment of salivary induced conditions.

Salivary problems, particularly in the aged, are frequent but often not well recognized. Symptomatic dryness (xerostomia) is accompanied by objective evidence of reduced salivary secretion in about half the cases. Dry mouth is not an age change but most often follows salivary gland disturbance of external origin or due to systemic disease. It may herald the presence of widespread symptoms of exocrine gland hypofunction. Resting and stimulated salivary flow rates are useful measures of dryness. Xerostomia may be accompanied by an increase in caries rate, candidosis, cheilitis, dysgeusia or dysphagia. Prominent causes of salivary gland hypofunction are drugs, irradiation, organic diseases, psychogenic factors and decreased mastication. However, a cause cannot always be found and even when identified its effects cannot always be reversed, e.g. in Sjogren's syndrome. Locally acting stimulants of salivary flow or saliva substitutes may alleviate symptoms but systemically acting sialogogues need to be used with caution. The dentist has an important role in identifying xerostomia, an identification that can lead to the diagnosis of previously unrecognized disease.
Some etiological factors in obesity

The frequent occurrence of obesity, which is associated with shortened life expectancy, has made the condition a main topic of research. Simple explanations, such as a reliable correlation between overeating and overweight, are incorrect for the majority of the severely obese. Obesity goes hand in hand with increased lipogenesis, decreased fat mobilization, and metabolic inertia of the triglycerides deposited, which may be related to genetic enzymatic and hormonal factors. From rat studies, one can speculate that fat deposition may be influenced by the individual's reaction to qualitatively different foodstuffs. Although no explanation is as yet possible for the metabolic inertia of depot fat in the obese, some evidence has accumulated which suggests studies of its molecular structure. The obese are capable of adapting to decreased intake more rapidly than normal persons; increased activity can be handled more efficiently than in normal persons, while the metabolic inertia of their triglycerides interferes with their mobilization. No way of overcoming this vicious cycle has as yet been found.
Fresh Gas Flow

If, when using a circle system, the flow of all inhaled gases exactly equals the uptake of all these gases by the patient, the circle system is called a closed circle system. If the fresh gas flows are higher than the uptake of the gases by the body, the circle system is a semiclosed circle system. The mechanical status of the pop-off valve; i.e., open or closed, has nothing to do with the definition of whether the circle is closed or semiclosed.
Pathophysiology of experimental leishmaniasis: the role of parasite physiology in the development of metastatic disease.

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of how physiological properties of Leishmania determine the pattern of development of disseminated leishmaniasis in the mammalian host. It presents direct experimental evidence from in vivo studies that species of Leishmania differ in their capacity to multiply in cutaneous and visceral sites which results in differences in the pattern and rate of development of leishmaniasis. It was found that Leishmania mexicana amazonensis begins to multiply in the cutaneous site of inoculation within 7 days. Parasites, detected in the liver and spleen at 4 weeks, increased 100-fold during the next 4 months. However, the slow multiplication of L. mexicana amazonensis in the liver and spleen was more apparent than real. Parasites implanted in those organs of athymic nude mice by an intravenous injection were rapidly eliminated with a half-time of 16 hr. Thus, the parasites found in small numbers in the liver during the development of disseminated cutaneous disease in mice are most likely those which have been recently removed from the blood. Those few parasites that are not removed from the blood can establish metastatic foci in distant cutaneous sites, and replicate progressively once there.
Racial Identity, Symbolic Legislation and the Benefit of Black Represenatives in the Statehouse

Symbolic legislation plays a special role for marginalized communities. Resolutions, and symbolic legislation in general, signal to overlooked populations that legislators are concerned about their issues. As such, symbolic legislation becomes a costless method for legislators to pass policies that will give non-material public goods to constituents (Tate 2003, 11). Symbolic legislation is aimed at giving voice to the concerns of constituents and the larger Black population. Yet, the connection between the race of the representative and his or her tendency to advocate on behalf of Black constituents via symbolic legislation has yet to be fully established. In order to do so, scholars must assess how a legislator views his or her racial identity as influencing their policy preferences for certain symbolic legislation. This essay explores the role of racial identity for African Americans who hold elected office in the Maryland state legislature by examining their sponsorship of symbolic legislation. After discussing the extant literature on symbolic legislation and racial identity, we examine how Black state legislators frame their identities as a necessary component in choosing what symbolic legislation to champion. We reveal the extent to which their racial identity help in articulating and framing their advocacy of events, places, people, or issues of significance to Blacks. We find that Black legislators’ narratives of how identity influences their legislative decision making often are born out in symbolic legislation.
Principles of nanotechnology

Advances in Atomic and Molecular Nanotechnology Nanosystems' Intermolecular Forces and Potentials Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Small Systems Monte Carlo Simulation Methods for Nanosystems Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods for Nanosystems Computer-Based Simulations and Optimizations for Nanosystems Phase Transitions in Nanosystems Positional Assembly of Molecules Molecular Self-Assembly Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Molecular Building Blocks -- Diamondoids.
Knowing Their Place: The Blue Hill Observatory and the Value of Local Knowledge in an Era of Synoptic Weather Forecasting, 1884–1894

Argument The history of meteorology has focused a great deal on the "scaling up" of knowledge infrastructures through the development of national and global observation networks. This article argues that such efforts to scale up were paralleled by efforts to define a place for local knowledge. By examining efforts of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, near Boston, Massachusetts, to issue local weather forecasts that competed with the centralized forecasts of the U.S. Signal Service, this article finds that Blue Hill, as a user of the Signal Service's observation network, developed a new understanding of local knowledge by combining local observations of the weather with the synoptic maps afforded by the nationwide telegraph network of the U.S. Signal Service. Blue Hill used these forecasts not only as a service, but also as evidence of the superiority of its model of local forecasting over the Signal Service's model, and in the process opened up larger questions about the value of a weather forecast and the value of different kinds of knowledge in meteorology.
Measurement of High-Energy Neutron Flux Above Ground Utilizing a Spallation Based Multiplicity Technique

Cosmogenic high-energy neutrons are a ubiquitous, difficult to shield, poorly measured background. Above ground the high-energy neutron energy-dependent flux has been measured, with significantly varying results. Below ground, high-energy neutron fluxes are largely unmeasured. Here we present a reconstruction algorithm to unfold the incident neutron energy-dependent flux measured using the Multiplicity and Recoil Spectrometer (MARS), simulated test cases to verify the algorithm, and provide a new measurement of the above ground high-energy neutron energy-dependent flux with a detailed systematic uncertainty analysis. Uncertainty estimates are provided based upon the measurement statistics, the incident angular distribution, the surrounding environment of the Monte Carlo model, and the MARS triggering efficiency. Quantified systematic uncertainty is dominated by the assumed incident neutron angular distribution and surrounding environment of the Monte Carlo model. The energy-dependent neutron flux between 90 MeV and 400 MeV is reported. Between 90 MeV and 250 MeV the MARS results are comparable to previous Bonner sphere measurements. Over the total energy regime measured, the MARS result are located within the span of previous measurements. These results demonstrate the feasibility of future below ground measurements with MARS.
Vectors, Hosts, and Control Measures for Zika Virus in the Americas

We examine Zika virus (ZIKV) from an ecological perspective and with a focus on the Americas. We assess (1) the role of wildlife in ZIKV disease ecology, (2) how mosquito behavior and biology influence disease dynamics, and (3) how nontarget species and ecosystems may be impacted by vector control programs. Our review suggests that free-ranging, non-human primates may be involved in ZIKV transmission in the Old World; however, other wildlife species likely play a limited role in maintaining or transmitting ZIKV. In the Americas, a zoonotic cycle has not yet been definitively established. Understanding behaviors and habitat tolerances of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two ZIKV competent vectors in the Americas, will allow more accurate modeling of disease spread and facilitate targeted and effective control efforts. Vector control efforts may have direct and indirect impacts to wildlife, particularly invertebrate feeding species; however, strategies could be implemented to limit detrimental ecological effects.
Prescription opioids are associated with higher mortality in patients diagnosed with sepsis: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records

Sepsis continues to be a major problem for hospitalized patients. Opioids are widely used medications for pain management despite recent evidence revealing their adverse effects. The present study evaluates survival differences between opioid-treated patients and non-opioid-treated patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of sepsis. Clinical data was extracted from the University of Minnesota's Clinical Data Repository, which includes Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of the patients seen at 8 hospitals. Among 5,994 patients diagnosed with sepsis, 4,540 opioid-treated patients and 1,454 non-opioid patients were included based on whether they are exposed to prescription opioids during their hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards regression showed that after adjustments for demographics, clinical comorbidities, severity of illness, and types of infection, opioid-treated patients had a significantly higher risk of death at 28 days.
Romantic Ecocriticism: Origins and Legacies / Natures in Translation: Romanticism and Colonial Natural History / Beasts of Burden: Biopolitics, Labor, and Animal Life in British Romanticism

Ecocriticism has redefined the study of Romanticism over the past twenty-five years. Since Jonathan Bate's seminal Romantic Ecology (1991), ecocriticism has expanded to environmental humanities, li...
Estética fascista y narrativas racistas en Los pilotos de altura (1929) y La estrella del capitán Chimista (1930 )

espanolLa publicacion de las dos ultimas novelas de la trilogia barojiana El mar coincide con la difusion de los simbolos y mitos culturales que configuran el entramado ideologico del fascism o. Muchos de los articulos periodisticos de Pio Baroja se c en tra n en cuestiones candentes en la atmosfera intelectual europea como la cuestion judia, la popularizacion de las teorias racistas o el desencanto por la atonia y el fracaso de las democracias parlamentarias. Este articulo extiende el interes barojiano por el fascismo mas alla de sus opusculos y lo integra tambien en estas novelas que coquetean con el culto al vitalismo, el repudio por el materialismo de cuno marxista o la paulatina aproximacion del fascismo hacia la ariosofia. Como tratare de demostrar en est e articulo, la conexion emocional de ciertos personajes de estas novelas con la cultura fascista no se explica tanto por un compromiso politico sino por los gustos y modas del momento. EnglishThe publication of the last two novels of the Barojian trilogy El mar coincides with the rise of fascism and the dissemination of the cultural symbols and myths that make up its ideological framework. Many of Pio Baroja 's journalistic articles focus on burning issues in the European intellectual atmosphere such as the Jewish question, the popularization of racist theories or the failure of parliamentary democracies. This article extends the Barojian interest in fascism b eyond hi s articles and integrates it in these novels that flirt with the founding myths of fascism. The aesthetic and emotional connection of certain characters of these novels with the fascist culture does not mean that Baroja was a fascist because these novels were satisfying certain popular tastes of the period
Microfiber Nonwovens as Potential Membranes

This article provides an overview of the membrane bioreactor technology where nonwovens can be applied as an alternative medium for separation. The main objective is to identify the nonwoven charac...
Distribution of inositol phosphates in animal feed grains and excreta: distinctions among isomers and phosphate oxygen isotope compositions

Phytate (myo-IP6) is a common form of organic phosphorus in the environment. Little information is available, however, about the distribution of phytate and its degradation products. In this research, we aimed to identify the compositions of phytate in different natural P sources as well as to explore a reliable method to measure their isotope signatures so that the link between original phytate and P outputs in the environment could be established. A variety of feed ingredients for selected ruminant and non-ruminant animals and their excreta were analyzed using HPIC (high-performance ion chromatography) and their oxygen isotope (δ18OPA-Pi) signatures were identified using IRMS (isotope ratio mass spectrometry) method. The HPIC results show that IP6 was dominant in all grains, followed by IP5 and several IP4 isomers, and an insignificant amount of IP3. Similarly, IP6 and IP5 were also detected in all animal feeds and several excreta. More importantly, the distribution of different IPx species in a grain type was essentially the same. The δ18OPA values of phytate in grains varied from 20.5 to 24.2 ‰, while the δ18OPi values of inorganic P in the same grains were heavier by 0.4-3.2‰. Similarly, the δ18OPA values of phytate in animal feeds and excreta were within the ranges of grain phytate. Overall, combination of results from IRMS and HPIC analyses provided important information on the distribution of IPx species in various sources and their distinct oxygen isotope ratios pointed towards the possibility of connecting the original phytate sources to degradation products in the environment.
Establishing A Legal Basis Through Multilateral Conventions and Treaties

Abuses in the practice of asylum have led the Latin American states on a number of occasions to attempt to formalize, regulate or even abolish the practice by means of multilateral agreements. It is worth noting some excerpts from the proceedings of one such conference held by the diplomatic corps at Lima in 1867. They offer an explanation as to why some of the agreements which have finally materialized have really done very little to clarify the legal status of the practice.
METABOLISM OF NITROSAMINES: AN OVERVIEW

Many nitrosamines and other N-nitroso compounds are cytotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic and some are used in cancer chemotherapy. A wide range of species is susceptible to their carcinogenic action which may affect most organs. Nitrosamines require metabolism for their biological actions and the enzymes involved have been considered to be somewhat atypical microsomal mixed function oxidases. Recently, howevers it has been sugqested that enzymes related to amine oxidases may also be involved. Near quantitative metabolic release of molecular nitrogen from dimethylnitrosamine suggests that the metabolic pathway leading to a methylating intermediate is the major one. DNA methylated in vitro by dimethylnitrosamine incubated with rat liver microsomal preparations shows a pattern of base methylation identical to that obtained by incubation of DNA with methylnitrosourea .
Emotions and Their Effect on Cooperation Levels in N -Player Social Dilemma Games

Game theoretical social dilemma games provide a framework for studying how decisions are made in social dilemmas. It has been suggested emotions—e.g., anger or guilt—can influence the decision process. Recently two human experiments were conducted to gain insight into what effect, if any, emotions have on decision making in public goods and group competition games. In this paper we present a simple computer model that emulates those game-theoretical human experiments. Simulation results indicate anger and guilt have very different effects on decision making depending on the type of social dilemma under investigation.
Diagnosis and management of the overlap syndromes of autoimmune hepatitis

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis may have cholestatic features that are outside the classical phenotype and that resemble findings in other immune-mediated liver diseases. These cholestatic phenotypes have been designated &#x2018;overlap syndromes&#x2019;.
Using transformative research to explore congruencies between science reform and urban schools

The Urban Science Education Center at Teachers College, Columbia University is attempting to inform how science reforms are introduced to urban middle school classrooms. In our work we are exploring three levels of congruency necessary in order for new innovations to result in sustained reform in individual school settings. To explore these congruencies we use the framework of transformative research, which is research that while focused on generating new ideas also works to "transform" or improve the teaching and learning of science. This paper describes our collaboration with one public middle school in New York City, using the concepts of congruencies to frame our efforts with the school as we collaboratively developed a project-based school-wide science curriculum plan. Through this process we learned both about ways to consider innovative reforms in relation to this school setting, and more general characteristics of conducting transformative research with urban schools.
Values-Based Rivalry: A Theoretical Framework of Rivalry Between Activists and Firms

In this article we develop a theoretical framework to explain values-based rivalry between activists and firms by integrating and advancing key insights from competitive dynamics and social activis...
Beyond linear order: The role of argument structure in speaking

The current study examines how speakers plan sentences in which two words that form hierarchical dependency relationships - arguments and verbs - appear far apart in linear distance, to investigate how linear and hierarchical aspects of sentences simultaneously shape sentence planning processes. The results of six extended picture-word interference experiments suggest that speakers retrieve sentence-final verbs before the articulation of their sentence-initial patient or theme arguments, but not agent arguments, and before retrieving sentence-medial nouns inside modifiers. These results suggest that the time-course of sentence planning reflects hierarchically-defined dependency relationships over and above linear structure.
Theory and implementation of the multiple valued iterative dynamics algorithms for a class of singularly disturbed nonlinear control dynamical systems

We discuss the visualization algorithms and their justification theorems of the steady state sets of a class of nonlinear disturbed control dynamical systems. We focus upon the systems that include sudden large disturbance that is significant enough to cause a bifurcation (sudden change of the qualitative behavior) of the dynamics. We call such a disturbance, the singular disturbance. Under the singular disturbance, the traditional models of control theory generally fail to produce the desired point-convergence. Instead, the steady state sets often exhibit a fractal structure. The multiple valued iterative dynamics modeling proved to be a useful tool establishing the theoretical framework for this case. The main objective of this paper is to establish the theoretical foundation of this framework. First, we present our model and state the basic theorems that justify the algorithmic aspect of the model. Next, we prove the justification theorems. We use the iteration of the predecessor operators and the successor operators as the main tool. Afterwards, we discuss the usage of the justification theorems. We review the known visualization algorithms, with a due emphases on the usage of our main theorems.
Integration of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators with Spaceflight Cryocoolers

Cryogenic cooling is an increasingly vital technology for ultra-high-resolution space-based instruments. The vast majority of detectors for X-ray, infrared, and sub-millimeter radiation now rely on operating at very low temperature to achieve the sensitivities and low signal background required for the upcoming and future missions. Operating temperatures in the 50–100 mK range have become common, and some new detector technologies can benefit from even lower colder operation. Among the refrigeration techniques that can achieve such temperatures, adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADR) have many advantages for space missions, including high efficiency, lack of gravity dependence, and wide operating range. However, as an inherently single-shot type of cooler, and one that requires relatively high current to drive the magnetic cycle, there are challenges for their implementation in space instruments and coupling to the cryocoolers and cryogenic systems that support their operation. In this chapter, we discuss these challenges, how they affect ADR and system design and operation, and options for optimizing performance and expanding capabilities to meet the demands of future space instruments.
Quevedo y la cuestión de las emociones

espanolEste articulo compara y contrasta distintas actitudes de Quevedo con respecto a la dimension emocional de los seres humanos, concentrandose en varios poemas y en algunos tratados filosoficos y morales. El principal punto de referencia sera la intensa y problematica relacion del autor y el estoicismo clasico, en la que la admiracion hacia figuras como Seneca y Epicteto debe coexistir con el rechazo agustiniano de la apatia estoica. Tal coexistencia produce evidentes tensiones en la obra de Quevedo, cuya defensa de la distancia y el autodominio afectivos entra en friccion con la exhortacion a usar virtuosamente las emociones susceptibles de contribuir a nuestra salvacion eterna. La poesia devocional de Quevedo va mas alla de las perspectivas estoicas y neoestoicas sobre las emociones. Aqui Quevedo propone lo que podria calificarse como una inversion economica de las pasiones pecaminosas, con la esperanza de obtener sabiduria moral y arrepentimiento a traves de la dolorosa experiencia del desengano. EnglishBy concentrating on a selected group of poems and moral treatises, this article seeks to compare and contrast Quevedo’s different attitudes toward the emotional dimension of human beings. The main point of reference will be the intense and problematic relation of the author with classical Stoicism —a relation in which Quevedo’s admiration toward figures such as Seneca and Epictetus must coexist with Augustine’s rejection of Stoic apathy. Such coexistence produces evident tensions in the oeuvre of Quevedo, insofar as his advocacy of detachment and self-control collides with his encouragement to use in virtuous ways those affects that may help our eternal salvation. Quevedo’s devotional poetry goes beyond the stoical and neo-stoical outlooks on emotions. Here he proposes what can be described as an economic investment of sinful passions with the hope of attaining moral knowledge and repentance through the painful experience of desengano.