cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte-derived thrombospondin induces cortical synaptogenesis in a sex-specific manner.

The regulation of synaptic connectivity in the brain is vital to proper functioning and development of the central nervous system (CNS). Formation of neural networks in the CNS has been shown to be heavily influenced by astrocytes, which secrete factors, including thrombospondin (TSP) family proteins, that promote synaptogenesis. However, whether this process is different between males and females has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we found that cortical neurons purified from newborn male rats showed a significantly more robust synaptogenic response compared to female-derived cells when exposed to factors secreted from astrocytes. This difference was driven largely by the neuronal response to TSP2, which increased synapses in male neurons while showing no effect on female neurons. Blockade of endogenous 17{beta}-estradiol production with letrozole normalized the TSP response between male and female cells, indicating a level of regulation by estrogen signaling. Our results suggest that TSP-induced synaptogenesis is critical for the development of male but not female cortical synapses, contributing to sex differences in astrocyte-mediated synaptic connectivity.
The piano key test: When and How, a survey

Lisfranc or tarsometatarsal joint fracture dislocations represent 0.2% of all fractures. It has been estimated that the diagnosis is missed 20% of the time. The medical field is replete with various clinical tests to aid in formulating diagnoses, many of which have either a person's name or some other identifier. An example of one of these clinical tests, the Piano Key Test, has been associated with Lisfranc injuries. A survey was forwarded to residency directors regarding their familiarity with the test, how they performed it, and if not what alternatives they use instead. A total of 232 surveys were mailed with 65 returned. Forty respondents heard of the test while the remaining 25 had not. Out of the 40 individuals who had heard of the test, 31 use it in their practice. There are many ways the test is being performed with no consensus. The Piano Key Test can be used for pathology related to the tarsometatarsal joints in an acute or chronic setting.
The Impact of ATVs on Survival of Softshell Turtle (Apalone spp.) Nests

Recreational activities can be detrimental to biodiversity; for example, off-road vehicle traffic (e.g., ATV riding), which has become increasingly popular in recent decades, can threaten wildlife. Although ATV riding around wetlands may threaten the shallow nests of turtles, there are no data on the effect of ATVs on turtle nests. We studied nest site choice and nest survival in two species of softshell turtles (Apalone mutica and A. spinifera) along a river in Louisiana before (1993–1994) and after (2015–2016) ATV riding became popular at the site to determine whether ATVs were an important source of nest mortality, and whether there was an effect of nest site choice on nest survival. ATVs were the most common source of nest mortality (one-third of nests destroyed); nest mortality was significantly positively related to increased ATV traffic but was not influenced by species or nest site choice. Experiments with surrogate eggs and an ATV revealed that the most vulnerable nests to ATV mortality were those that were shallower, were driven over more slowly, and were turned upon. We recommend restricting the access of riding clubs to the river; enforcement of regulations on isolated riders from adjacent residential areas will be logistically and financially challenging.
Buddhist Literature as Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy as Literature, edited by Rafal K. Stepien.

Buddhist Literature as Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy as Literature, edited by Rafal K. Stepien. State University of New York Press, 2020. 398pp. Hb. $95.00, ISBN-13: 9781438480718; Pb. $26.95, ISBN-13: 9781438480701.
Communication of Intent to Do Harm Preceding Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 1966 to 2019.

Importance Understanding the motivation of a mass shooter’s intent to do harm can help practitioners and policy makers develop more effective intervention strategies. Objective To examine the prevalence of communication of intent to do harm, known as leakage, in a sample of 170 mass public shooters from 1966 to 2019; the characteristics of perpetrators who do and do not leak their plans; and whether leakage is a form of fame-seeking behavior or a cry for help among individuals who are in crisis or suicidal. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included perpetrators who killed 4 or more people in a public space from 1996 to 2019 and were included in a comprehensive database of US mass shootings. That database was built from August 2017 to December 2019, and analysis took place from January to May 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Leakage was identified and coded using publicly available records. Any communication to a third party of an intent to do harm prior to the shooting was coded as leakage. Logistic regression models were used to examine the risk factors associated with leakage. Models estimating leakage were examined to assess the 2 hypothesized pathways to leakage (the cry-for-help model and the fame-seeking model). Results The 170 participants in this sample included 166 (97.7%) male perpetrators and 3 (2.3%) female perpetrators, with a mean (SD) age of 34 (12) years. Overall, 161 participants had known race and ethnicity: 11 (6.8%) Asian individuals, 35 (21.7%) Black individuals, 14 (8.7%) Latinx individuals, 7 (4.4%) Middle Eastern individuals, 3 (1.9%) Native American individuals, 89 (55.3%) White individuals, and 2 (1.2%) individuals with other race and ethnicity. Overall, 79 mass shooters (46.5%) leaked their plans. Of perpetrators who leaked their plans, 35 (44.3%) leaked specific plans about a mass shooting, and 44 (55.1%) leaked nonspecific plans about generalized violence. The study findings indicate that leakage was associated with receiving counseling (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% CI, 2.0-24.8) and suicidality (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.0-13.6), suggesting that leakage may best be characterized as a cry for help from perpetrators prior to their act. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, nearly half of the perpetrators of mass shootings leaked their plans. Leakage was associated with receiving counseling and suicidality. Leakage is a critical moment for mental health intervention to prevent gun violence. Opportunities to report threats of violence need to be increased. Traditional threat assessment models focused on specific threats of violence may miss critical opportunities for intervention.
Confessions of an Imposter

As I begin this autobiographical essay, I have just come from the laboratory, where, during the past few weeks, several graduate students and I have been making some interesting discoveries about the behavior of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). It is axiomatic that when females of this species are in physiological estrus they are sexually receptive, i.e., will readily mate with a male; but we have been testing the female’s tendency to display a different manifestation of estrus, namely, to approach the male and “solicit” copulation. To differentiate such behavior from passive receptivity, I have recently proposed the term “sexual proceptivity” to designate those behaviors in which females of any species assume some degree of initiative in establishing and maintaining coital relations with the male (Beach, 1976).
The Carnegie Mellon Communicator Corpus

As part of the DARPA Communicator program, Carnegie Mellon has, over the past three years, collected a large corpus of speech produced by callers to its Travel Planning system. To date, a total of 180,605 utterances (90.9 hours) have been collected. The data were used for a number of purposes, including acoustic and language modeling and the development of a spoken dialog system. The collection, transcription and annotation of these data prompted us to develop a number of procedures for managing the transcription process and for ensuring accuracy. We describe these, as well as some results based on these data. A portion of this corpus, covering the years 1999-2001, is being published for research purposes.
Practical Considerations in Censored Distributed Detection Systems

Censored distributed detection schemes represent an interesting alternative to quantization when communication between the sensors and the Data Fusion Center (DFC) is to be minimized. The idea of censoring is that each sensor sends only "informative" observations, and leaves those deemed "uninformative" un-transmitted. The problem, naturally, is to decide what is "informative" and what is not. In [1] this was (at least in principle) solved under both Bayes and Neyman-Pearson critenra; this paper is a more practically-oriented treatment. We shall search for simplification in design, specifically in the most interesting case that the DFC threshold is high and the communication constraint is severe. We shall also examine the problem lem from a distance-measure viewpoint. We shall compare censoring to the more classical binary-transmission framework work and observe its considerable decrease in communication needs. Finally, we shall explore the use of feedback to achieve optimal probability of error at a fraction of the bandwidth.
Attachment of Metal-chelating Functional Groups to Hen Egg White Lysozyme AN APPROACH TO INTRODUCING HEAVY ATOMS INTO PROTEIN CRYSTALS

Abstract A possible approach to the preparation of heavy atom-containing protein crystals through covalent attachment of a metal-chelating group to the protein is described. The reactions of lysozyme and guanidinated lysozyme with methyl picolinimidate are shown to introduce 6.6 to 7 and 1.1 to 1.3 picolinimidinyl groups, respectively, into the protein molecule by reaction of the reagent with the amino groups converting them to picolinamidine functions. Studies with model picolinamidines reported here and by others show that the picolinamidine group strongly chelates d orbital transition metal ions. Both of the derivatives of lysozyme can be induced to form large crystals under suitable conditions, and both possess considerable lytic activity.
The impact of multiple measures of leader experience on leader effectiveness ☆: New insights for leader selection

Abstract Previous research has failed to demonstrate a consistent relationship between a leader's prior experience and his/her effectiveness. In this study, the relevance of a leader's experience, as well as several novel measures of experience, were examined. Two measures of previous leadership experience, experience in the subordinate's job and experience in high stress conditions, were examined as predictors of leader effectiveness. The participants, via archival data, were 29 head coaches in the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the 1996–1997 season. The results indicate that previous leadership experience significantly predicted leader effectiveness after controlling for team member ability and that highly relevant experience was a significantly better predictor than less relevant experience. In addition, experience in the subordinate's job and experience under high stress conditions were significantly related to leader effectiveness and added incremental validity over traditional tenure measures of leadership.
A new transponder architecture for long-range telemetry applications

We present a transponder architecture for long range, remotely powered, sensor telemetry applications. Power and a reference clock are recovered from a 450 MHz incident RF signal, and data is modulated on a 900 MHz carrier. A high efficiency RF-DC converter generates a 3 V/sub DC/ supply from a -123 dBm incident RF signal. An LC oscillator, injection locked to this incident RF signal, generates a high purity clock for high data rate transmission. A wireless operation range of more than 18 meters is indicated by anechoic chamber testing. Two versions, one with BPSK modulation, and another with on-off keying modulation, are implemented in a 5-metal 0.25/spl mu/m CMOS process. These devices also incorporate an ADC and a temperature sensor. The total die is less than 1.1 mm/sup 2/.
Ca2+-dependent and cAMP-dependent control of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor phosphorylation in muscle cells.

Abstract Mouse BC3H1 myocytes were incubated with 32Pi before acetylcholine receptors were solubilized, immunoprecipitated, and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. More than 90% of the 32P found in the receptor was bound to the delta subunit. Two phosphorylation sites in this subunit were resolved by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography after exhaustive proteolysis of the protein with trypsin. Sites 1 and 2 were phosphorylated to approximately the same level in control cells. The divalent cation ionophore, A23187, increased 32P in site 1 by 40%, but did not affect the 32P content of site 2. In contrast, isoproterenol increased 32P in site 2 by more than 60%, while increasing 32P in site 1 by only 20%. When dephosphorylated receptor was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, the delta subunit was phosphorylated to a maximal level of 1.6 phosphates/subunit. Approximately half of the phosphate went into site 2, with the remainder going into a site not phosphorylated in cells. The alpha subunit was phosphorylated more slowly, but phosphorylation of both alpha and delta subunits was blocked by the heat-stable protein inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of the receptor was also observed with preparations of phosphorylase kinase. In this case phosphorylation occurred in the beta subunit and site 1 of the delta subunit, neither of which were phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The rate of receptor phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase was slow relative to that catalyzed by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Therefore, it can not yet be concluded that phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates the beta subunit and the delta subunit site 1 in cells. However, the results strongly support the hypothesis that phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase accounts for phosphorylation of the alpha subunit and the delta subunit site 2 in response to elevations in cAMP.
How Old Is That Star

Despite being fundamental in determining its physical state, a star's age cannot be measured directly, and estimation methods are imprecise.
To Build a House

Gazing at May's blossoms, imagining bounty of Mclntosh, I praise old lilacs rising in woods beside cellarholes; I praise toads. I predict the telephone call that reports the friend from childhood cold on a staircase. I praise children, grandchildren, and just-baked bread. I praise fried Spam and onions on slices of Wonder Bread; I praise your skin. I predict the next twenty years, days of mourning, long walks growing slow and painful. I reject twenty years of mid-life; I reject rejections. The one day stands unmoving in sun and shadow.
Does vitamin C have a pro-oxidant effect?

The conclusions of the Scientific Correspondence by Podmore et al.1 are undermined by some unaddressed scientific issues. Podmore et al. gave vitamin C supplements of 500 milligrams to healthy volunteers, and measured levels of vitamin C in plasma and of oxidative DNA adducts in lymphocytes before, during and after supplementation.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Feminist Approaches to Social Media Research: History, Activism, and Values

Research involving Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, YouTube, MySpace, and other online social media sites crosses disciplines, methods, topics, and theories. Within this research, a growing nu...
Computer Productivity Initiative

Over the last three decades computer science has evolved into a mature and experimentally oriented discipline with a well defined curriculum. Only recently have we come to realize that as a discipline computer science must reach beyond its own subject area to applications in other disciplines in order to stay relevant. Most computer science curricula teach principles and programming skills in isolation from an application perspective, provide limited laboratory experience, and introduce inadequate integration with non-CS components. The Computer Productivity Initiative, described in this paper, proposes to alleviate these problems by integrating a multi-year project into the curriculum. The project involves courses normally taken in three different years of the curriculum. It includes hardware and software issues and also addresses engineering, business, and other non-CS issues. The initiative uses prototyping and simulations in the development of specifications for an integrated television communication and display computer system. The students apply principles of productivity and make extensive use of leading-edge technologies both in the process of the project development and the product being developed. They hone essential career-oriented skills in the areas of management, formal presentations, and group problem solving. This paper is a report of work in progress. It emphasizes the implementation issues we are facing and the integration of evaluation into our curriculum development. It describes our preparation for the dissemination of a model curriculum when we are able to demonstrate that the approach is adaptable to CS departments across the country.
The Knowledge Gradient Policy Using A Sparse Additive Belief Model

We propose a sequential learning policy for noisy discrete global optimization and ranking and selection (R\&S) problems with high dimensional sparse belief functions, where there are hundreds or even thousands of features, but only a small portion of these features contain explanatory power. We aim to identify the sparsity pattern and select the best alternative before the finite budget is exhausted. We derive a knowledge gradient policy for sparse linear models (KGSpLin) with group Lasso penalty. This policy is a unique and novel hybrid of Bayesian R\&S with frequentist learning. Particularly, our method naturally combines B-spline basis expansion and generalizes to the nonparametric additive model (KGSpAM) and functional ANOVA model. Theoretically, we provide the estimation error bounds of the posterior mean estimate and the functional estimate. Controlled experiments show that the algorithm efficiently learns the correct set of nonzero parameters even when the model is imbedded with hundreds of dummy parameters. Also it outperforms the knowledge gradient for a linear model.
Expression and secretion of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D by myeloid cell lines

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) is abundant in mammalian plasma. It could potentially regulate the surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins, but it remains to be established which tissue(s) or cell type(s) are the principal sources of the circulating enzyme. Here we report that all the myeloid cell lines tested, including K562 (multipotential blast), KG-1 (human myeloblast), HL-60, NB4, PLB-985 (human promyelocyte), U937 (human promonocyte), THP-1 (human monocyte) and J774, RAW264.7 (mouse monocyte/macrophage), contained GPI-degrading activity. T.l.c. analysis of reaction products confirmed the activity as a phospholipase D. These cells also exhibited positive immunofluorescent staining with an anti-GPI-PLD monoclonal antibody. The expression of GPI-PLD activity was not substantially reduced when the cells were cultured in either serum-free medium or GPI-PLD-depleted regular medium. Both granulocytic and monocytic differentiation of myelomonoblastic lines (e.g. HL-60) induced by dimethyl sulphoxide or phorbol diester respectively was accompanied by a 2-3-fold increase in GPI-PLD activity. J774 and HL-60 cells secreted GPI-PLD into the medium constitutively. Taken together, these data suggest that myeloid cells are a potential contributor to the circulating GPI-PLD pool. As leucocytes express many important GPI-anchored surface antigens, these cells may prove to be a valuable model system for studying the physiological functions of GPI-PLD.
Copper-64-labeled antibodies for PET imaging

In the imaging of tumors using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies, the use of PET gives increased sensitivity over conventional gamma camera imaging techniques. Copper-64, a positron-emitting radionuclide, has been labeled to 1A3, an anticolorectal carcinoma monoclonal antibody, and its fragments 1A3-F(ab')2 utilizing the bifunctional chelate Br-benzyl-TETA. The 64Cu-labeled intact 1A3 and 1A3-F(ab')2 have been evaluated as potential imaging agents for PET. Biodistribution studies of 64Cu-benzyl-TETA-1A3 and 64Cu-benzyl-TETA-1A3-F(ab')2 in tumor-bearing hamsters were compared with those of 111In-Br phi HBED-1A3, 111In-Br phi HBED-1A3-F(ab')2 and 125I-labeled intact 1A3 and 1A3-F(ab')2. Tumor uptake of 64Cu-labeled intact 1A3 and fragments in the hamster model was superior to both 111In- and 125I-labeled intact 1A3 and fragments. Human dosimetry data for 64Cu- and 123I-labeled 1A3 and 1A3-F(ab')2 were calculated from biodistribution data in rats. High kidney uptake of 64Cu-benzyl-TETA-1A3-F(ab')2 precludes clinical study at this time; however, the data shows that 64Cu-benzyl-TETA-1A3 would be suitable for positron tomography imaging of colorectal cancer in patients.
Free radical-mediated vinyl amination: access to N,N-dialkyl enamines and their beta-stannyl and beta-thio derivatives.

The first examples of free radical-mediated vinyl amination are described by nonconventional vinyl radical addition to azomethine nitrogen. This new vinyl amination protocol is mild and provides convenient synthetic access to nonstabilized N,N-dialkyl enamines and tandem bond-forming processes.
Undergrading of prostate cancer biopsies : A paradox inherent in all biologic bivariate distributions

A number of authors have noted that the histologic grade or score of the cancer in a resected prostate is often higher than the score of the cancer in the original needle biopsy.lm3 This is commonly interpreted as “undergrading” of the biopsy Nevertheless, those authors usually conclude that the histologic score in the biopsy is clinically useful in directing further studies and treatment. Others believe that because of those recurrent discrepancies, grading of prostate needle biopsies is not sufficiently reliable to merit grading them at a11.4 Substantial random variation is inevitable in any biologic data, but I wish to point out that this undergrading is not a failure of histologic grading itself. The finding of higher scores in resected specimens with low biopsy scores3 is the unavoidable, predictable result of a paradoxical, systematic deviation from the expected correlation in this type of data. It will always prevail in any bivariate distribution with less than perfect correlation between the x and y values, that is, all biologic bivariate distributions. The problem is not a mysterious discordance between two samples of the same tumor but the mistaken anticipation of perfect correlation between two samples. The slope constant for predicting y values from x values is rarely the simple reciprocal of the slope constant for predicting x values from y values. Given random variation, both slope constants will deviate systematically away from each other and from the mistakenly expected one-to-one correlation. The size of these systematic deviations will be inversely proportional to the size of the correlation coefficient Y, which measures how strongly the x and y values are correlated in that set of data.
Brachymeria lasus: Culture in vitro of a chalcid insect parasite

Abstract The composition and formulation of an artificial medium and handling techniques are described for rearing the chalcid insect endoparasite, Brachymeria lasus (Walker) from the egg to adult stage under in vitro conditions. The medium was devoid of host materials, prepared aseptically, and contained 15% ( w v ) albumin, 1% amino acids, 4% glucose, and approximately 2.5% lipids, 0.3% inorganic salts, 0.01% B vitamins, and 0.2% lipogenic growth factors. Eggs were obtained by host dissection and developing larvae were reared in tissue culture plates. Adults were fecund.
GM-CSF promotes differentiation of human dendritic cells and T lymphocytes toward a predominantly type 1 proinflammatory response.

Objective We recently demonstrated that patients with high levels of circulating dendritic cells (DC) and interleukin (IL)-12 are associated with reduced cancer relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Identifying a growth factor that can promote these immune functions may have beneficial anti-tumor effects. We investigated the hypothesis that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces IL-12 production and polarizes T lymphocytes toward a proinflammatory response. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (APC) were cultured with GM-CSF and compared with no growth factors (control), G-CSF, or both GM-CSF and G-CSF. Cells were matured with either lipopolysaccharide or lectin (phytohemagglutinin). Type 1 and type 2 cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Induction of allogeneic T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by GM-CSF–stimulated APC was measured by mixed lymphocyte reaction. DC were measured by flow cytometry. Results Levels of type 1 (IL-12, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α) cytokines increased while type 2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokines decreased after stimulation of PBMC, T lymphocytes, and APC with GM-CSF. APC treated with GM-CSF induced higher proliferation of allogeneic T cells. CD11c and CD123-positive DC proliferated after exposure to GM-CSF. Both subtypes of DC (DC1 and DC2) were increased by GM-CSF. Conclusions GM-CSF induces production of type 1 proinflammatory cytokines by human PBMC, T lymphocytes, and APC. Type 2 cytokines are downregulated by GM-CSF and proliferation of allogeneic T cells is increased. These results demonstrate the potential for GM-CSF as a clinical agent for immune stimulation.
Aortohepatic conduits: A personal commentary

Initially, they were placed in the retroperitoneum,between the infrarenal aorta and the hilum of the livergraft, usually tunneled in front of the inferior vena cava(short route) or less frequently to the left of the superiormesenteric artery (long route).The anterior (antepancreatic) route was introducedlater,
Interaction of magnetoexcitons and two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall regime.

We have investigated the influence of a two-dimensional electron gas on interband optical transitions in an (In,GaAs) modulation doped single quantum well under conditions where the Fermi level is very near the n=2 conduction subband and a many-body exciton is observed from this subband. Strong variations occur in external magnetic fields in both the exciton spectrum and its amplitude of which the latter correlates with the longitudinal Hall resistance in the quantum Hall regime.
Acute hemodynamic effects of adult renal allografts on neonatal puppies.

Abstract Adult dog kidneys were transplanted to neonatal puppies with survival of the recipients and function of the transplant. The acute changes in cardiac output, blood volume, central venous, and systemic arterial pressures were neither significant nor consistent. The large tissue volume of the transplant appeared to have no serious adverse effect on the puppy's cardiovascular system. These experiments support the feasibility of transplanting adult kidneys to neonates with inadequate renal function.
The origins of barriers to orbital symmetry/topology-allowed pericyclic reactions: Conjugate addition of methylene to s-cis-1,3-butadiene

The barriers on the MINDO/3 reaction paths for π and σ approaches to concerted cycloaddition of methylene to s-cis-1,3-butadiene are analyzed by a new energy decomposition scheme and compared to the results of published extended Huckel calculations. The relatively small (6 kcal) preference for the σ approach is essentially based on next-nearest-neighbor (1,3) resonance interactions, which are stabilizing in the σ but destabilizing in the π approach. Both routes are characterized by large distortion energies (mainly disrotation at the diene termini in the case of the π approach) and nonbonded repulsions. The excessive magnitude of both of these effects ultimately derives from the weak pericyclic binding which prevails at initial diene geometries, especially the pericyclic topology involving the methylene LUMO. Although previous work has emphasized the contribution of closed-shell repulsions to the barrier, no such effect is explicitly included in MINDO. The closed-shell repulsions to which the extended Huckel barrier has been solely attributed are shown to involve next-nearest-neighbor (antiaromatic) resonance interactions.
The Liquid Metal Fuel Reactor Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant

A nuclear power plant is proposed which combines the advantages of a liquid metal fueled reactor with those inherent in a closed cycle gas turbine. The reactor fuel is a solution of uranium in molten bismuth which allows for unlimited burn-up with continuous fuel make-up and processing. The fuel can either be contained in a graphite core structure or circulated through an external heat exchanger. The cycle working fluid is an inert gas which is heated by the reactor fuel before entering the turbine. A 15 MW closed cycle gas turbine system is shown to illustrate the application of this reactor.Copyright © 1956 by ASME
Generation of test requirements from aspectual use cases

To effectively uncover aspect defects, system (or subsystem) testing is of importance because aspects crosscut multiple system components. This paper presents an approach for generating system test requirements from aspect-oriented use cases. Central to this approach is the formalization of a testable system model from aspect-oriented use cases. We explicitly capture various constraints among base and aspectual use cases. Specifically, we transform aspect-oriented use case diagrams and descriptions into aspect-oriented Petri nets. This makes it possible to generate meaningful use case sequences with respect to various coverage criteria (such as use case coverage, transition coverage and state coverage). When scenario tests for individual use cases are available, they can be composed into system tests according to the generated use case sequences.
Polymer transcrystallinity induced by carbon nanotubes

Abstract In this work, we provide the evidence of polymer transcrystallinity in the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The interfacial morphology of carbon nanotube fiber–polypropylene matrix is investigated by means of polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The supramolecular microstructures of polypropylene transcrystals induced by the nanotube fiber are observed in the range of isothermal crystallization temperatures from 118 °C to 132 °C. The dynamic process of transcrystallization is analyzed by using the theory of heterogeneous nucleation. Microstructure analysis shows that the nanotubes can nucleate the growth of both α- and γ-transcrystal, and α-transcrystals dominate the overall interfacial morphology. Close to the nanotube fiber surface, a cross-hatched lamellar microstructure composed of mother lamellae and daughter lamellae is observed.
Thrombocytosis in neonates and young infants: a report of 25 patients with platelet counts of > or = 1000000 microl(-1).

Thrombocytosis has been reported in neonates and young infants, but little is known of its prevalence, timing of onset, associated conditions, sequelae and outcomes. To better understand this condition, we used the data repositories of a multi-hospital health-care system to identify all individuals ⩽140 days old (20 weeks) who, during the past 6 years, had a platelet count of ⩾1 000 000 μl−1. We identified all infants with extreme thrombocytosis (using the Sutor definition of a platelet count of ⩾1 000 000 μl−1) during the period of January 2003 through December 2008 in any Intermountain Healthcare facility. We obtained the information provided in this report from electronic and paper records. Among 40 471 infants who had one or more platelet counts performed in this period, 25 had extreme thrombocytosis. No cases were identified in the first week after birth, 40% were recognized between the second and fourth weeks and 40% between the fifth and eighth week. The prevalence of thrombocytosis had no relationship with birth weight or gestational age but a slight predominance of female patients (15/25) was noted. In all, 26 episodes were found among the 25 infants: 12 episodes involved an antecedent infectious disease, 8 had an antecedent surgical procedure, 4 had the anemia of prematurity and 1 each had congenital adrenal hyperplasia and opiate withdrawal syndrome. No pathological thromboses or hemorrhages or other sequelae were detected and all episodes resolved with no deaths. The thrombocytosis cases that we report were all consistent with reactive thrombocytosis (also known as secondary thrombocytosis); none seemed to be essential (primary) thrombocytosis. We speculate that the pathogenesis involves increased platelet production due to megakaryopoietic stimulators induced by an infectious or inflammatory condition. From this series and previous reports, young infants with platelet counts up to 1 300 000 μl−1 do not seem to have a significant risk of thrombotic or hemorrhagic problems, and do not generally require anti-platelet or cytoreductive treatment.
Use of the wings in manipulative and suspensory behaviors during feeding by frugivorous bats

Frugivory evolved independently in Old and New World fruit bats (Families Pteropodidae and Phyllostomidae, respectively) and anecdotal reports state that these bats use their wings in different ways for manipulating food items and postural support during feeding. However, these often-cited behavioral differences have not been documented systematically. Here we report observations of manipulative and suspensory behavior collected from 41 individuals representing five phyllostomid and six pteropodid species. During feeding, phyllostomids used both feet to suspend themselves and invariably manipulated food with the wrists and thumbs of both wings. Most pteropodids in our sample used their thumbs for suspension during feeding and none manipulated fruit with their wings. The suspensory and feeding behaviors of pteropodids varied widely and there were significant differences between species. Discrepancies between phyllostomids and pteropodids in the use of the wings during feeding are associated with previously reported differences in wrist morphology. Based on examination of manipulative and suspensory behaviors in a phylogenetic context, we suggest that differences between pteropodids and phyllostomids reflect the distinct ancestral conditions from which these bats evolved.
Field measurements in the wake of a model wind turbine

As a first step to study the dynamics of a wind farm' we experimentally explored the flow field behind a single wind turbine of diameter 1.17 m at a hub height of 6.25 m. A 10 m tower upstream of the wind farm characterizes the atmospheric conditions and its influence on the wake evolution. A vertical rake of sonic anemometers is clustered around the hub height on a second tower' 6D downstream of the turbine. We present preliminary observations from a 1- hour block of data recorded in near-neutral atmospheric conditions. The ratio of the standard deviation of power to the inflow velocity is greater than three' revealing adverse effects of inflow turbulence on the power and load fluctuations. Furthermore' the wake defect and Reynolds stress and its gradient are pronounced at 6D. The flux of energy due to Reynolds stresses is similar to that reported in wind tunnel studies. The swirl and mixing produces a constant temperature wake which results in a density jump across the wake interface. Further field measurements will explore the dynamics of a model wind farm' including the effects of atmospheric variability.
Alcohol stimulates Na+/Ca2+ exchange in brain mitochondria.

Abstract Ethanol, at low concentrations, specifically stimulates the Na + -dependent Ca 2+ -efflux in brain mitochondria. In addition, at higher concentrations, ethanol inhibits the Na + -independent Ca 2+ -efflux. The electrogenic Ca 2+ -uptake system is not affected by ethanol. The specific stimulation of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange reaches a maximum of 60% stimulation, with half-maximal stimulation at 130 mM ethanol. The inhibition of the Na + -independent efflux is proportional to the ethanol concentration, becoming significant only above 200 mM, with 50% inhibition at 0.5 M. The inhibition of the Na + -independent efflux is, in large part, due to an inhibition of the activation of the Cyclosporin-sensitive pore. Long-term ethanol-feeding had no effect on the Ca 2+ transport systems and their sensitivity to acute ethanol treatment. It is suggested that the stimulation of the Na + -dependent Ca 2+ -efflux, which is the dominant Ca 2+ efflux pathway in brain mitochondria, contributes to the intoxicating effects of ethanol.
Maladaptive Coping as a Mediator of Family Stress

Family members of women substance users might be at risk for stress-related problems. Family coping responses can affect outcomes for both families and women in treatment. Eighty-two women in treatment for substance use disorders (56 with comorbid psychiatric conditions) and 82 family members were interviewed. Stressors related to women's disorders were significantly related to increased family member burden. Women's behavioral problems predicted greater family member worry, displeasure, and impact. Extent of women's drug or alcohol use predicted greater family member stigma and impact. Family member maladaptive coping partially mediated relationships between family member stressors and family member displeasure and impact. Family member maladaptive coping also functioned as a moderator between the stressors and impact.
Optimization of Ti-Al-V beta phase for dispersed phase transformation toughening of gamma titanium aluminides

Abstract The most important factors affecting the dispersed-phase transformation toughening in the gamma- TiAl intermetallic by a dispersion of the beta phase are the stability of the dispersion, the transformation volume change and the β/γ chemical compatibility. A thermodynamics-based, computer-aided analysis was used to design an optimum composition of the β-phase dispersion for the crack-tip transformation toughening. It is found that such an optimum composition exists in the ternary Ti - Al - V system.
New directions for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2: Supramolecular, scCO2 or biphasic ionic liquid-ScCO2 systems

There is an urgent need for the discovery of carbon-neutral sources of energy to avoid the consequences of global warming caused by ever-increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. An attractive possibility is to use CO2 captured from industrial emissions as a feedstock for the production of useful fuels and precursors such as carbon monoxide and methanol. An active field of research to achieve this goal is the development of catalysts capable of harnessing solar energy for use in artificial photosynthetic processes for CO2 reduction. Transition-metal complexes are excellent candidates, and it has already been shown that they can be used to reduce CO2 with high quantum efficiency. However, they generally suffer from poor visible light absorption, short catalyst lifetimes, and poor reaction rates. In this Perspective, the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction is introduced, and recent developments that seek to improve the efficiency of such catalytic processes are highlighted, especially CO2 reduction with supramol...
Nurse-midwifery management of preeclampsia. Two case studies.

Two nurse-midwifery case studies of preeclamptic patients are presented along with a discussion of their management.
Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Bone Health

Interactions between the environment, the gut microbiome, and host characteristics that influence bone health are beginning to be explored. This is the first area where functional benefits from diet-induced changes in the gut microbiome have been reported for healthy people. Several prebiotics that reach the lower intestine have resulted in an altered gut microbiome that is thought to enhance fermentation of the fibers to produce short-chain fatty acids. These changes are positively correlated with increases in fractional calcium absorption in adolescents and with increases in measures of bone density and strength in animal models. New methodologies are available to explore mechanisms and to refine intervention strategies.
Balanced equilibrium in a consumption loans model

Abstract In a consumption loans model with many generations, Gale's theorem on the existence of balanced equilibrium is generalized, allowing more general preferences. The new theorem shows that there are plausible conditions under which there exists a Pareto optimal (non-optimal) balanced equilibrium whenever there exists (does not exist) a monetary golden rule equilibrium.
Novel Antithrombotic Strategies for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Thrombosis: A Critical Appraisal.

Large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina with antithrombotic agents significantly improves outcome. Despite the proven benefit of current therapies, there is a widespread perception that outcome could be enhanced further with novel antithrombotic agents. Enthusiasm for novel antithrombotic strategies has been stimulated by recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for coronary artery thrombosis, which has led to the development of diverse inhibitors of platelet function and coagulation factors. In experimental models of coronary artery thrombosis, aspirin and heparin have been ineffective in preventing recurrent thrombosis after coronary thrombolysis and in preventing the progression of thrombosis in response to strong thrombogenic stimuli. In contrast, inhibitors of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, direct-acting thrombin inhibitors, and inhibitors of coagulation factors that promote elaboration of thrombin have been shown to be effective in attenuating arterial thrombosis in a variety of experimental preparations. Initial clinical trials with these agents have also documented efficacy in attenuating thrombotic events in patients treated with coronary thrombolysis and in those with unstable angina. However, optimal doses of novel antithrombotic agents, the degree to which combination antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies are needed, and the risk/benefit ratio associated with specific novel antithrombotic drugs are still relatively undefined. With regard to the latter, it is possible that the large-scale clinical trials now in progress may show an increase in bleeding complications with novel anticoagulants compared with conventional therapy. Nonetheless, there are considerable data that suggest that treatment with aspirin and heparin is not completely effective in preventing the progression of thrombosis or its recurrence after interventions in high-risk subgroups of patients with coronary artery thrombosis and unstable coronary artery disease. Accordingly, continued investigation of a large variety of antithrombotic agents, both currently available and in development, should improve the treatment of highrisk patients with coronary disease if regimens with appropriate efficacy but without serious hemorrhagic effects can be designed.
On the figure of the planet Mercury

The figure of Mercury is estimated in terms of an isostatic form of equilibrium which tends to be controlled by the situation near perihelion passage at the 3∶2 resonance spin rate. The ratios of the principal moments of inertia for Mercury are: (1)(C−A)/C≥7×10−5; (2)(C−B)/C≥5×10−5 and (3)(B−A)/C≥2×10−5. The thermal effect on Mercury's figure during solidification forces Mercury's rotation to be trapped in the 3∶2 resonance lock as its spin rate is being slowed by tidal effects. It is shown that the process of trapping of Mercury has been naturally affected by the instantaneous solidification of Mercury into a shape with two thermal bulges, and that the two permanent thermal bulges stabilize the planet's rotation.
Some psychological and social characteristics of patients hospitalized for rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, and duodenal ulcer.

Abstract This study has compared male patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital with rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, duodenal ulcer, and certain surgical conditions with their brothers and brothers-in-law. With regard to achievement, desire for change and impulsive behavior, the ulcer patients were high and the rheumatoid arthritics were low. With regard to perception of parents the rheumatoids reported themselves similar to their fathers but more influenced by their mothers while the surgical patients were more influenced by their fathers. In the area of happiness the ulcer patients appear to have led quite happylives, possibly even happier than the non-hospitalized controls while the hypertensives are most unhappy. The perception discrepancy measure suggested that the rheumatoids communicate poorly with their relatives about their hurt feelings. And finally, the measures of aggressive and impulsive behavior separated the four groups of patients from their brothers and brothers-in-law and from each other in a way that is both striking and replicable.
Gender Differences in Officers' Perceptions and Decisions About Domestic Violence Cases

Abstract Some scholars argue that a greater number of women police officers may improve the plight of battered women through increased arrest rates and referrals to battered shelters. We examine how women (N = 40) and men police officers (N = 214) perceive and respond to a hypothetical realistic domestic violence situation, and three manipulated features of the situation: wife's conduct (normal, hallucinating, drunken); presence of visible injuries on the wife; and antagonism between wife and husband. Women and men did not differ on arrest rates; however, women were more likely to recommend battered shelters and less likely to recommend marriage counseling. These gender differences occurred only for experienced women. Women also assigned more importance to the victim's willingness to settle the argument in their arrest decisions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
pigs, party secretaries, and private lives in Hungary

Studies of the agricultural second economy in Hungary have focused on the role of recent state policies. It will be argued here that the specific character of socialist planning and practice cannot be understood without exploring changes in the form of social value over the last hundred years. This process, the commodification of social life, is also analyzed as the basis of anthropological theories of meaning. An alternative view of social process and nonreferential meaning is offered. [meaning, commodification, work, agriculture, socialism, Hungary]