cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-modal pattern classification framework for hyperspectral image analysis

Dimensionality reduction is a crucial preprocessing step for effective analysis of high dimensional hyperspectral imagery (HSI). Currently popular dimensionality reduction techniques (such as Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis and their many variants) assume that the data are Gaussian distributed. The quadratic maximum likelihood classifier commonly employed for HSI analysis also assumes Gaussian class-conditional distributions. In this paper, we propose a classification paradigm that is designed to exploit the rich statistical structure of hyperspectral data. It does not make the Gaussian assumption, and performs effective dimensionality reduction and classification of highly non-Gaussian, multi-modal HSI data. The framework employs Local Fisher's Discriminant Analysis (LFDA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data while preserving its multi-modal structure. This is followed by a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classifier for effective classification of the reduced dimensional multi-modal data. Experimental results on a multi-class HSI classification task show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms conventional approaches.
Observation of intensity oscillations in RHEED during the epitaxial growth of Cu and fcc Fe on Cu(100)

Oscillations in the intensity of the specular beam in reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) have been observed during the epitaxial growth of Cu on Cu(100) and face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe on fcc Fe. These oscillations are not observed in the initial stages of growth of Fe on Cu(100). Thus it is inferred that the homo-epitaxial growth of both metals is by a Frank-van der Merwe (layer-by-layer) mechanism but that the hetero-epitaxial growth of fcc Fe on Cu(100) is accompanied by strong agglomeration of the first Fe monolayer followed by gradual burying of the Cu substrate. This burying is complete after approximately 5 ML at 255 K. In addition to facilitating the determination of the active growth mechanism, these experimental results allow for a simple, effective means for calibrating the incident metal flux from the MBE vapor sources.
Positron annihilation in high critical temperature superconductors

Abstract Two dimensional angular correlation of electron-positron annihilation radiation (2D ACAR) experiments are discussed in terms of calculated positron wavefunctions and ACAR spectra for high critical temperature superconductors. It is emphasized that positron wavefunction effects are larger in these materials than, for example, the previous class of A15 superconductors. Calculations indicate that the chain derived ridge section and the S centered hole pocket may be observable in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , in agreement with recent experiments. The plane derived Fermi surfaces are expected to be extremely difficult to observe in this material. On the other hand, calculations show that positrons are a good probe of the Cu-O layers in Tl 2 CaCu 2 O 2 .
Are There Similar Sources of Environmental Concern? Comparing Industrialized Countries*

Objectives. Despite the emergence of environmental concern worldwide, the social forces underlying its expression are not well understood. This research extends previous cross-national studies by employing multi-item indicators of environmental concern in order to more accurately portray concern for the environment as a multifaceted concept and to determine whether the sources of environmental concern are similar among industrialized countries. Methods. Survey data from the ISSP 2000 Environment data set are analyzed for 19 countries. Results. The findings are threefold. First, there are some remarkably consistent influences on both measures of concern for the environment. Second, some differences remain, which are linked with measuring environmental concern. Third, these results suggest that models explaining environmental concerns appear to operate similarly in this sample of industrialized countries. Conclusions. This investigation provides a baseline for future research to introduce additional cases and correlates to empirically test explanations regarding environmental concern's global reach.
Chinese women's symptoms: relation to menopause, age and related attitudes.

Objectives The China Study of Midlife Women (CSMW) aimed to determine in mid-life Chinese women, first, the frequency of various symptoms often included in studies of menopause or the climacteric, ...
Differential effects on morphine analgesia and naloxone antagonism by biogenic amine modifiers

Abstract The stimulation of dopaminergic receptors, inhibition of serotonin synthesis or blockade of muscurinic receptors by various modifiers led to inhibition of morphine analgesia in mice. Blockade of dopaminergic receptors or the increase in serotonergic or cholinergic activity resulted in the enhancement of morphine analgesia. Serotonergic and cholinergic systems are proposed as positive and the dopaminergic system as negative modulators of morphine analgesia. The modulation of naloxone antagonism was much more complicated than that of morphine analgesia and often the effect of biogenic amine-modifiers on antagonism differed from that on analgesia. The fact that biogenic amine-modifiers do not affect morphine analgesia and naloxone antagonism by a similar pattern suggest that interaction of narcotics and narcotic antagonists with analgesic receptors may not be exactly the same.
Comments on SMP

Some time ago, a student here at UC Berkeley was interested in trying the pattern matching program in the computer algebra system, SMP. Before he could really get started, a letter from friends at another university, detailing a number of fairly astonishing bugs in SMP, arrived. After confirming that the bugs existed in the SMP (version 1.3.7, July 1984) system we were using at Lawrence Livermore National Lab, we felt that SMP had lost a fair amount of credibility, and we were hesitant to poke at it very much. Nevertheless it seemed important to bring to light some of the more striking observations so they could be fixed or explained.
Statistics of Legal Infrastructures: A Review of the Law and Finance Literature

Two books on law and development and the law-and-finance literature have produced a major opening for the field of international statistical comparisons of legal systems. This review provides some background from microstructure to help the understanding of the effects the statistical comparisons demonstrate and points out opportunities for further research.
A linear response, coupled‐cluster theory for excitation energy

Expressions for static and dynamic properties in coupled-cluster (CC) theory are derived. In the static case, using diagrammatic techniques, it is shown how consideration of orbital relaxation effects in the theory introduces higher-order correlation effects. For the dynamic case, excitation energy expressions are obtained without consideration of orbital relaxation effects and shown to be equivalent to an equation of motion (EOM) approach subject to a coupled-cluster ground-state wave function and an excitation operator consisting of single and double excitations. Illustrative applications for excited states of ethylene are reported.
Tetrasomic segregation in the naturally occurring autotetraploid Allium nevii (Alliaceae)

Allozyme markers were used to test for tetrasomic inheritance (versus monogenic-disomic or digenic-disomic inheritance) in a naturally occurring autotetraploid population of Allium nevii (Alliaceae). Twenty progenies representing both di-allelic and tri-allelic plants were studied for segregation at three loci (Adh1. Fe2. and Idh2). All the progenies segregated according to the expected ratios for tetrasomic inheritance of codominant genes, assuming chromosomal segregation. The monogenic-disomic model of inheritance was easily rejected by x2 tests. However, only by pooling progeny arrays from di-allelic symmetric heterozygous parents was it possible to statistically reject the digenic-disomic model of inheritance for the three loci analyzed. The present study therefore provides further evidence for an autotetraploid origin of tetraploid A. nevii and is an important addition to a growing body of literature suggesting autopolyploidy and polysomic inheritance may be more frequent in natural plant populations than has previously been hypothesized.
Surface Strain Variation in Human Patellar Tendon and Knee Cruciate Ligaments

Local surface strains in bone-fascicle-bone subunits from human patellar tendon and anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments were measured between markers using low-speed photography during low rate subfailure testing. A simple stress-strain relationship of the power form was found to describe the bone-to-bone responses up to four percent strain for all three tissue types examined. The regional material behavior were best fit using an inverted strain-stress relationship, however. The power model, fitted to the experimental data, conformed to the expected stress-strain relationship better than either the quadratic or cubic models. With few exceptions, for a given stress, the strains near the proximal and distal bone ends were not significantly different from each other, but were significantly higher than the strains in the tissue midregions. Local strain patterns generally varied among subunits from the same tissue.
Influence of Protonation on Internal Rotation of Dimethyl Ether

A model is proposed for the influence of protonation on ether potential surfaces. The model invokes the quantum-mechanical effect of protonation on the oxygen lone pair and its consequence on the internal rotation barriers and associated torsional rotation energy levels. The barrier reduction and lowered torsional energy gaps lead to possible conformational changes at ambient temperatures. The model is applied to dimethyl ether. In this case, the torsional fundamental energies become comparable to, or below, the room-temperature Boltzmann energy (depending on the proton position relative to the dimethyl ether lone pair), so that the geometry distribution in the protonated species is driven toward the asymmetric staggered−eclipsed conformer, rather than the highly preferred symmetric (C2v) eclipsed−eclipsed conformer in dimethyl ether.
Primary ovarian insufficiency : a more accurate term for premature ovarian failure

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a disorder with a complicated clinical presentation and course that is poorly defined by its name. A more scientifically accurate term for the disorder is primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), a term that can be appropriately modified to describe the state of ovarian function. In recent years, the known aetiologies of POI have expanded, although the cause of POI in a majority of clinical cases remains undefined. The most common aetiologies should be ruled out clinically including chromosomal abnormalities, fragile X premutations and autoimmune causes. Management should be directed at symptom resolution and bone protection, but most importantly should include psychosocial support for women facing this devastating diagnosis.
On forests, trees, elephants, and classrooms: a brief for the study of learning ecologies

The classroom intervention studies in this volume, ranging from the study of gestures to that of systemic implementation, are at very different grain sizes. A challenge is to see the forest for the trees – to see how these studies, focusing on different aspects of mathematical activity at different grain sizes, can be seen as aspects of a coherent whole. I propose an ecological metaphor for the study of mathematical activity. In ecological terms, the biosphere is comprised of interconnected and interrelated ecosystems. I argue that, analogously, there are nested and interrelated mathematical activity systems and structures in which “mathematical sense-making” plays the role of “health” in ecosystems. Moreover, what happens in the classroom environment shapes and is shaped by what happens in sub-ecologies of the classroom (e.g., sociomathematical norms, participation structures, communicational forms such as gesture, and representational tools and their use) and the larger social and organizational ecologies of which it is a part (building culture, support structures for teachers and teaching, external pressures such as testing and accountability systems etc).
nolC, a Rhizobium fredii gene involved in cultivar‐specific nodulation of soybean, shares homology with a heat‐shock gene

Summary Rhizobium fredii strain USDA257 does not nodulate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar McCall. Mutant 257DH5, which contains a Tn5 insert in the bacterial chromosome, forms nodules on this cultivar, but acetylene-reduction activity is absent. We have sequenced the region corresponding to the site of Tn5 insertion in this mutant and find that it lies within a 1176 bp open reading frame that we designate nolC. nolC encodes a protein of deduced molecular weight 43564. Nucleotide sequences homologous to nolC are present in several other Rhizobium strains, as well as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, but not in Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea. nolC lacks significant sequence homology with known genes that function in nodulation, but is 61% homologous to dnaJ, an Escherichia coli gene that encodes a 41 kDa heat-shock protein. Both R. fredii USDA257 and mutant 257DH5 produce heat-shock proteins of 78, 70, 22, and 16kDa. A 4.3kb EcoRI–HindIII subclone containing nolC expresses a single 43 kDa polypeptide in mini-cells. A longer, 9.4kb Eco RI fragment expresses both the 43kDa polypeptide and a 78kDa polypeptide that corresponds in size to that of the largest heat-shock protein. Thus, although nolC has strong sequence homology to dnaJ and appears to be linked to another heat-shock gene, it does not directly function in the heat-shock response.
Differential Susceptibility of Yeast S and M Phase CDK Complexes to Inhibitory Tyrosine Phosphorylation

Summary Background Several checkpoint pathways employ Wee1-mediated inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to restrain cell-cycle progression. Whereas in vertebrates this strategy can delay both DNA replication and mitosis, in yeast cells only mitosis is delayed. This is particularly surprising because yeasts, unlike vertebrates, employ a single family of cyclins (B type) and the same CDK to promote both S phase and mitosis. The G2-specific arrest could be explained in two fundamentally different ways: tyrosine phosphorylation of cyclin/CDK complexes could leave sufficient residual activity to promote S phase, or S phase-promoting cyclin/CDK complexes could somehow be protected from checkpoint-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Results We demonstrate that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , several cyclin/CDK complexes are protected from inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation, allowing Clb5,6p to promote DNA replication and Clb3,4p to promote spindle assembly, even under checkpoint-inducing conditions that block nuclear division. In vivo, S phase-promoting Clb5p/Cdc28p complexes were phosphorylated more slowly and dephosphorylated more effectively than were mitosis-promoting Clb2p/Cdc28p complexes. Moreover, we show that the CDK inhibitor (CKI) Sic1p protects bound Clb5p/Cdc28p complexes from tyrosine phosphorylation, allowing the accumulation of unphosphorylated complexes that are unleashed when Sic1p is degraded to promote S phase. The vertebrate CKI p27 Kip1 similarly protects Cyclin A/Cdk2 complexes from Wee1, suggesting that the antagonism between CKIs and Wee1 is evolutionarily conserved. Conclusions In yeast cells, the combination of CKI binding and preferential phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of different B cyclin/CDK complexes renders S phase progression immune from checkpoints acting via CDK tyrosine phosphorylation.
The boiling crisis in nuclear reactor safety and performance

Abstract A state-of-the art review of Boiling Crisis is presented with particular reference to applications in Nuclear Reactor Safety and Performance. Fundamental understanding and associated needs are emphasized rather than parametric effects and quantitative aspects of empirical methods. Directions for future progress are suggested.
Unusual Etiology of Cough in a Woman With Asthma

A case of multiple symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung's disease) acquired through chronic use of corticosteroids is reported. Presumed symptoms of asthma, which consisted of a barking cough, were treated with escalating doses of steroids. We postulate that excessive use of steroids led to extensive mediastinal fatty infiltration with narrowing of the trachea and mainstem bronchi as noted both radiographically and bronchoscopically. When the steroids were tapered, there was marked improvement of the patient's symptoms and resolution of the upper airway intrathoracic obstruction. When patients with asthma are receiving optimal therapy and fail to improve, other causes for their symptoms should be considered.
Endometrial adenocarcinoma: In estrogen, oral contraceptive and nonhormone users

Abstract Forty-four patients younger than age 50 were treated for endometrial adenocarcinoma between July 1966 and June 1976. Nine of these patients had consumed oral contraceptives, 14 had consumed estrogens, and 19 patients had no history of hormonal usage. The results of this study show no differences comparing the ages, presenting symptoms, stages of the disease, and any relation of this disease to metabolic abnormalities.
Comparison of reentry-vehicle dynamic models for the estimation of nonsymmetrical aerodynamic coefficients

Two different mathematical models are used to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients for a reentry vehicle. One model assumes that the aerodynamic coefficients are symmetric and the other does not. An actual reentry vehicle develops an asymmetric shape as the heatshield and nosetip ablate. A comparison of the two models is made as a function of the aerodynamic asymmetry to illustrate the errors made in using the symmetric model when the aerodynamics are asymmetric. The asymmetric model is shown to always be capable of correctly estimating the asymmetric aerodynamic coefficients for the simulations considered in this paper.
Serotonergic involvement in the backward tumbling response of the parlor tumbler pigeon

Abstract The parlor tumbler is a breed of domestic pigeon which displays a hereditary movement disorder resulting in backward somersaulting upon attempting to fly. A neurochemical abnormality has been suggested to underlie this behavior. The effect on tumbling of several drugs with serotonergic actions was studied. Increasing available serotonin with 5-hydroxytryptamine (50 mg/kg) plus fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) as well as using amitriptyline (10–20 mg/kg) significantly suppressed tumbling without sedation. This suggests that serotonin mechanisms may be involved in the tumbling response.
In vitro antagonism of Escherichia coli by piglet small intestinal bacteria isolated by selective enrichment in media containing sow colostrum, piglet feed or brain heart infusion.

The effect of media composition on the selection of different components of a mixed microbial population during serial transfer was examined. The initial microbial populations were from the small intestinal contents of 3- and 8-day-old piglets. Selection in brain-heart infusion broth was compared with selection in media based on piglet diets, either piglet feed infusion or sow colostrum. Clostridium and Lactobacillus were the predominant organisms isolated from media prepared from sow colostrum and piglet feed, although the microflora from piglet feed infusion broth was more varied and complex. Lactobacillus and non-hemolytic Escherichia coli were the predominant organisms identified from brain-heart infusion broth. Nearly half (48%) of the microflora from brain-heart infusion broth originally inoculated with intestinal fluid from an 8-day-old piglet consisted of non-hemolytic E. coli. E. coli were not detected after serial transfer in either sow colostrum or piglet feed infusion broths. Absence of E. coil was attributed in part to the presence of inhibitory substance(s) in sow colostrum and piglet feed infusion broths and in part to the presence of organisms antagonistic to E. coli. Bifidobacterium A, Clostridium F, and Lactobacillus F, which comprised 24% of the isolates obtained after serial transfer in sow colostrum broth, were antagonistic toward E. coil as well as were Bifidobacterium C, Lactobacillus G, and Leptotrichia A, which accounted for 38% of the isolates obtained after serial transfer in piglet feed infusion broth.
The challenges of improving emergency obstetric care in two rural districts in Mali

Abstract Objective We describe a collaboration between Save the Children USA, the Averting Maternal Death and Disability (AMDD) program and the Ministry of Health of Mali, to improve the availability, quality and utilization of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) in Yanfolila and Bougouni rural districts in Sikasso Region of Mali. Methods Project planning, interventions and strategies between 2001 and 2004 were aimed at improving the capacity of 2 district hospitals to provide quality EmOC, sensitizing the community as partners to use services and to influence changes in policy at a national level through advocacy efforts. Results By the end of 2004, despite many health systems’ challenges, the 2 hospitals were providing comprehensive EmOC. Providing 24-hour service proved difficult and, though not effectively institutionalized in the 2 hospitals, the UN Process Indicators showed modest improvements in quality and utilization of EmOC. Met need for EmOC increased from 9% in 2001 to 15% in 2004 in Bougouni and from 6% in 2001 to 15% in 2004 in Yanfolila. Case fatality rates declined by 69% (from 7% in 2001 to 2% in 2004) and by 38% (from 8% in 2001 to 5% in 2004) in Bougouni and Yanfolila, respectively. Discussion Although useful policy changes were achieved at the national level, more are needed if UN Guidelines are to be met. Availability of more obstetric functions at the community level, and fewer staff transfers are among policy changes needed. Conclusion Save the Children's project experience showed that it is possible to improve the quality and use of EmOC in hospitals despite challenges; we drew national attention to EmOC as a key strategy in maternal mortality reduction, and raised awareness of the need for improved EmOC services at clinics that are more accessible to the community.
Multimodal Approach to Low-Cost Improvements Addressing Freight Mobility Constraints

Freight mobility is constrained not only by physical infrastructure inadequacies but also by operational, regulatory, policy, technological, and financial limitations. The capacity of the existing freight transportation system can be increased through innovative operational strategies, performance-improving regulatory and policy changes, and low-cost capital improvements. This paper defines freight mobility constraints in a multimodal context, identifies the primary causes of the constraints, develops criteria for low-cost improvements that can be quickly implemented, and presents examples of practical, low-cost improvements to address mobility constraints encountered in moving freight by highway, by rail, and through deepwater ports and inland waterways. The paper also presents the framework for a methodology that can be used by public-sector agencies to evaluate mobility constraints and select low-cost improvements derived from implemented projects.
Elevated temperature microstructural stability of heavily cold-worked in situ composites

Le but de cet article est de presenter les decouvertes preliminaires actuelles de la mise en evidence que la suppression de recristallisation apparait egalement pour la microstructure fibreuse des fils composites Cu−Fe aux espacements fins de fibres
COTTON SEEDLING MORPHOGENIC RESPONSES TO FR/R RATIO REFLECTED FROM DIFFERENT COLORED SOILS AND SOIL COVERS

— Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings were morphologically responsive to red (R) and far-red (FR) light (low and high FR/R photon ratios, respectively) from time of emergence. Controlled environment R and FR treatments confirmed phytochrome involvement in biomass allocation among new leaf, stem and root growth. Seedlings that received the high FR/R photon ratio developed longer and heavier stems, leaves with lower specific weights, less massive roots and higher shoot/root biomass ratios. Other cotton seedlings were grown in sunlight over different colored soils or painted panels to measure morphological effects of FR/R photon ratio in upwardly reflected light. Morphological responses to a given FR/R ratio were the same whether the reflection was from natural soil or from a painted surface. Seedlings that received the higher FR/R photon ratios in upwardly reflected light developed longer stems, leaves with lower specific weights, less massive roots and higher shoot/root biomass ratios. The potential use of colored mulches in agriculture was discussed.
Designing Effective Projects: Decision Options for Maximizing Learning and Project Success:

In recent years, more and more business schools have introduced team-based projects into their curricula as a means of addressing corporate, small business, and community-service issues while teaching students a variety of project management skills (technical and sociocultural). In designing a project-oriented course, an instructor has a number of options available with respect to project identification, project focus and scope, team size, composition and leadership, course content, content delivery, and student project evaluation. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these various options, as well as the factors that are most likely to moderate an instructor’s choices in seeking to maximize student learning and project success.
Coherent spatial filtering with simulated input

A disadvantage of a well-tuned matched filter is partly overcome in recognizing biological species, i.e., algae. A simplified input pattern is prepared which simulates a given species. The matched spatial filter for this pattern can identify various diatoms in the species with considerably less size and orientation dependence. In addition, the filter still retains a high degree of pattern discrimination against other species.
Induction chemotherapy increases perioperative complications in patients undergoing resection for non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background . Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before resection is the standard of care for stage IIIA non–small cell lung cancer in many institutions. Further, neoadjuvant therapy is being studied in earlier stage lung cancer and may be applied more broadly in the future. There is little information about the effect of preoperative chemotherapy on the perioperative complications and mortality after lung resection. Methods . All patients undergoing anatomic resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy by a single surgeon at a single institution were compared with patients undergoing similar resections without preoperative chemotherapy. Complications were analyzed as life-threatening (pneumonia, emergency surgery, transfer to the intensive care unit, or intubation), major (prolonging hospital stay but not necessarily dangerous), and minor. The incidence of life-threatening complications, major complications, reintubation, tracheostomy, and mortality were analyzed to determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy might have an effect on these complications. Mortality was defined as hospital mortality. Two-tailed Student's t test was used to analyze differences in means and χ 2 to determine differences in proportions. Differences less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results . Thirty-four patients underwent resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 67 patients underwent resection without preoperative therapy. No differences between the two groups in age, pulmonary function, or comorbid diseases were found. The patients receiving chemotherapy did have a more advanced stage (2.52 versus 1.55, p p = 0.0036), major complications (19.4% versus 47.1%, p = 0.0037), reintubation (3.0% versus 17.6%, p = 0.0093), and tracheostomy (0% versus 11.8%, p = 0.0042) in those patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. There was no hospital mortality. However, 2 (neoadjuvant) patients died within 90 days after discharge from the hospital of pneumonia and pulmonary embolus. This difference was also significant (0% versus 5.89%, p = 0.045). Conclusions . Neoadjuvant carboplatin and Taxol increased the perioperative life-threatening complications in this cohort of patients compared with a similar cohort undergoing operations by the same surgeon in the same institution. The most common life-threatening complication in patients receiving induction chemotherapy was the failure to respond to antibiotics given for pneumonia. Strategies to prevent these complications will be important, especially if chemotherapy before resection becomes the standard for earlier stages of non–small cell lung cancer.
Biphotonic photodissociation of phenylalanine in aqueous solution at 20°C

Abstract The photophysical processes leading to the photochemical changes in the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine were examined as a function of pH in aqueous solutions at 20°C, using the technique of flash photolysis. The photodissociation reaction to form the benzyl (φCH 2 ) radical was found to occur via a biphotonic process at pH 5.9 and pH 0.45, and via a monophotonic process at pH 11.0. Using characteristics quenches, the precursor of the photodissociation of phenylalanine at all pH values was shown to be a long-lived (triplet) excited state.
Educational Goal Advancement of Foster Youth and the Independent Living Program

This study looked at one county-administered Independent Living Program (ILP) through the interdisciplinary lens of child welfare and economics. Human capital as a theoretical framework is introduced and utilized as an ILP outcome measure and logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship of youths' educational goals and ILP attendance. The study found that foster youths' self-reported goals for education had a statistical relationship to their attending ILP sessions related to education and employment. One recommendation is that to develop human capital, foster youths must invest in higher levels of education. Second, ILP record keeping must improve and standardized outcomes must be developed to accurately measure the intervention effectiveness.
Glucocorticoid- and Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Changes in Chromogranin A Expression Define Two Different Neuronal Phenotypes in PC12 Cells

The regulation of chromogranin A mRNA was examined in PC12 cells after treatment with nerve growth factor, dexamethasone, or a combination of the two agents. PC12 cells have low levels of chromogranin A mRNA, and this does not change upon treatment with nerve growth factor. Dexamethasone treatment of these cells results in a 4-fold increase in the amount of chromogranin A mRNA. The dexamethasone-stimulated increase in chromogranin A mRNA is not apparent until at least 16 h after the addition of the drug and is maintained only with continuous culture in the presence of the drug. Dexamethasone and nerve growth factor together increase chromogranin A mRNA to the level seen with dexamethasone alone. Immunohistochemistry shows a similar pattern of protein accumulation within individual cells. Chromogranin B mRNA levels are unaltered by any of the drug treatments described. Treatment with dexamethasone plus NGF seems to be required for full expression of the adrenergic, neuronal phenotype in PC12 cells. Measurement of chromogranin A mRNA provides more specific delineation of neural differentiation and how it is influenced by hormones and growth factors.
Visualization of nitric oxide in living cells by a copper-based fluorescent probe

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a messenger for cellular signaling. To visualize NO in living cells, we synthesized a turn-on fluorescent probe for use in combination with microscopy. Unlike existing fluorescent sensors, the construct--a Cu(II) complex of a fluorescein modified with an appended metal-chelating ligand (FL)--directly and immediately images NO rather than a derivative reactive nitrogen species. Using spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods, we established that the mechanism of the reaction responsible for the NO-induced fluorescence involves reduction of the complex to Cu(I) with release of the nitrosated ligand, which occurs irreversibly. We detected NO produced by both constitutive and inducible NO synthases (cNOS and iNOS, respectively) in live neurons and macrophages in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by using the Cu(II)-based imaging agent. Both the sensitivity to nanomolar concentrations of NO and the spatiotemporal information provided by this complex demonstrate its value for numerous biological applications.
First observations of electron-beam microbunching in the deep ultraviolet at 265-nm using COTR in a SASE FEL

Abstract We have recently extended our microbunching experiments in a self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser using coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) to the deep ultraviolet wavelengths (265 nm) for the first time. These experiments were performed as a complement to the Advanced Photon Source SASE FEL project's thrust to shorter wavelengths. In order to do this, the optical diagnostics have been modified to include UV-sensitive cameras, and an optical transport has been installed that involves sets of mirrors and UV–visible lens pairs after each undulator. These optics provide transport to the in-tunnel Oriel UV–visible spectrometer. Since this is an imaging spectrometer, both spectral and x/y-plane spatial information are simultaneously available by performing the projections of the images on the x- and y-axis. The initial angular distribution data and beam size data have been obtained in a z-dependent manner by sampling after every other undulator, or every 4.8 m at four z locations. Experiments with sampling of the COTR angular distribution and spectra after each of eight undulators are planned.
Influence of soil oxygen and soil water on the accumulation of nutrients in avocado seedlings (Persea Americana mill.)

This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the influence of 2 soil-oxygen levels and 4 irrigation levels on the plant response, root decay, concentrations of 12 nutrients, as well as on total amounts of nutrients per avocado seedling (Persea americana Mill.).
Mandelstam Representation and Regge Poles with Absorptive Energy-Dependent Potentials

The Mandelstam representation in potential theory is proved for superpositions of absorptive, energy-dependent Yukawa potentials. The dependence of the potential $V(r, s)$ on the energy $s$ is such that $V(r, s)$ is analytic in the $s$ plane cut from ${s}_{0}$ to infinity, where ${s}_{0}$ is a threshold for inelastic processes. Such a potential is implied by the causality condition that the scattered wave cannot precede the incident wave. Further, it is shown that certain interactions nonlocal in both space and time can also be reduced to the above type of local, energy-dependent potential. The postulate of absorptivity [$\mathrm{Im}V(r, s)\ensuremath{\leqq}0$] is crucial for the existence of the usual Mandelstam representation. The relationship of the absorptive potentials in the Schr\"odinger equation and in dispersion theory to unitarity is discussed. An analysis of partial waves with complex angular momenta is given from the point of view of the Green's function, and it is shown that absorptive energy-dependent causal potentials behave qualitatively like real energy-independent potentials, so far as Regge pole trajectories are concerned. Regge poles for emissive potentials can behave anomalously. Absorptive potentials may, however, give rise to new singularities in unphysical regions.
Reaction Mechanisms in the Li3AlH6/LiBH4 and Al/LiBH4 Systems for Reversible Hydrogen Storage. Part 1: H Capacity and Role of Al

Lithium-based complex hydrides, including lithium aluminum hydrides (LiAlH4, Li3AlH6) and lithium borohydride (LiBH4), are some of the most attractive materials for hydrogen storage due to their hi...
Glucocorticoid Receptors: Documentation in the Rat Uterus

AbstractThe question of the presence of specific glucocorticoid receptors in the rat uterus was reassessed. A high speed supernatant obtained from uteri of ovariectomized or intact 45-day old rats was incubated 18 h at 4 C in the presence of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide ([3H]TA) with or without excess dexamethasone, followed by a 10 min exposure to dextran-coated charcoal. A specific uterine glucocorticoid receptor was detected with a Kd=5.1 nM and the number of binding sites equal to 1.1 pmol/uterus. [3H]dexamethasone was observed to underestimate the number of specific receptor sites, probably due to the instability of the dexamethasone-receptor complex during treatment with charcoal. In addition, unlabeled TA was unsatisfactory for determining nonspecific binding because of the cross-reactivity with the progesterone receptor also present in uterine cytosol. The uterine glucocorticoid receptor exhibited the appropriate steroid specificity. Sucrose density gradient analysis of uterine cytosol revealed pea...
Lunar Mare Color Provinces as Observed on Apollo 17

Four major and several minor mare color provinces exist between longs 20° W. and 90° E. on the Moon. These provinces were clearly visible to the unaided eye during the Apollo 17 mission when viewed from distances up to a few thousand kilometers. It is probable that the mare color provinces correlate with rather specific compositional differences between mare surfaces.
Kinetics of lysozyme-substrate interactions.

Abstract Presteady state kinetics of the interaction of lysozyme with the hexamer and trimer of N-acetylglucosamine have been investigated by stopped-flow and relaxation methods. Two processes were observed with hexamer, and only one with trimer. The processes for hexamer were observed either as two consecutive proton uptake signals or as a fast increase followed by a slower decrease in fluorescence intensity. The faster of the two processes is identical to the process observed when trimer binds to the unproductive ABC sites of lysozyme. The slower of the two processes is presumably associated with the productive binding of hexamer with the enzyme.
Mucinous carcinoma of the skin

Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin is a rare adnexal neoplasm with sweat gland differentiation. We describe a case of primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin and characterize its clinical and histologic features. Mucinous carcinoma can occur in noncutaneous visceral sites and may metastasize to the skin. Thus it is important to exclude the possibility of a non-cutaneous visceral primary tumor before diagnosing primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin.
An Overview on Wafer Pre-Aligner

Wafer pre-aligner plays an important role in wafer manufacture. Wafer pre-aligner positions wafers accurately before they are transferred onto exposure platform, and the positioning accuracy greatly affects the exposure accuracy of wafer and the work efficiency of the whole manufacture system. The paper makes an overview on wafer pre-aligner from the following aspects: working principle, mechanical structure, machine vision and the algorithm on the detection of wafer edge.
A multicomponent cognitive-behavioural intervention for breast cancer survivors with insomnia improved perceived sleep.

D R Epstein Dr D R Epstein, Carl T Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; dana.epstein@va.gov Is a multicomponent cognitive–behavioural intervention effective for chronic insomnia in breast cancer survivors? ### Design: randomised controlled trial. ### Allocation: {concealed}.* ### Blinding: {unblinded}.* ### Follow-up period: 2 weeks after intervention. ### Setting: a university and a medical centre {in Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona, USA}.* ### Patients: 81 women 29–86 years of age who completed surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy for stage 1–3 breast cancer ⩾3 months before study entry and had sleep onset latency or time awake after sleep onset ⩾30 minutes for ⩾3 nights/wk for 2 weeks. Exclusion criteria included cognitive impairment and suspected sleep apnoea, restless legs syndrome, or periodic limb movement disorder; or Brief Symptom Inventory global severity index T score >70. ### Intervention: multicomponent intervention (stimulus control instructions, sleep restriction, and sleep education and hygiene [SEH]) (n = 40) or SEH only (control) (n = 41). Stimulus control instructions associated the bed and …
Determination of Tellurium-Tellurium Force Constant in Potassium Tritelluride by Raman Spectroscopy in Liquid Ammonia and N,N-Dimethylformamide Solutions

ABSTRACT Raman spectroscopy has been utilized to study solutions of potassium tritelluride in liquid ammonia and of potassium tellurides of several theoretical stoichiometries that have been prepared in N,N-dimethylformamide and sealed in glass tubes. A common spectral feature of the polytellurides, which is absent in the monotelluride, is the presence of a peak at about 162 cm−1, which is attributed to a Te-Te stretch of with a force constant of 0.99 N/cm.
Mixed pollutant degradation by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing either soluble or particulate methane monooxygenase: can the tortoise beat the hare?

Methanotrophs have been widely investigated for in situ bioremediation due to their ubiquity and their ability to degrade halogenated hydrocarbons through the activity of methane monooxygenase (MMO). It has been speculated that cells expressing the soluble form of MMO (sMMO) are more efficient in cleaning up sites polluted with halogenated hydrocarbons due to its broader substrate range and relatively fast degradation rates compared cells expressing the other form of MMO, the particulate MMO (pMMO). To examine this issue, the biodegradation of mixtures of chlorinated solvents, i.e., trichloroethylene (TCE), trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC), by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b in the presence of methane using either form of MMO was investigated over longer time frames than those commonly used, i.e., days instead of hours. Growth of M. trichosporium OB3b along with pollutant degradation were monitored and analyzed using a simple comparative model developed from the Ω model created for analysis of the competitive binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. From these findings, it appears that at concentrations of VC, t-DCE, and TCE greater than 10 μM each, methanotrophs expressing pMMO have a competitive advantage over cells expressing sMMO due to higher growth rates. Despite such an apparent growth advantage, pMMO-expressing cells degraded less of these substrates at these concentrations than sMMO-expressing cells during active growth. If the concentrations were increased to 100 μM, however, not only did pMMO-expressing cells grow faster, they degraded more of these pollutants and did so in a shorter amount of time. These findings suggest that the relative rates of growth substrate and pollutant degradation are important factors in determining which form of MMO should be considered for pollutant degradation.
Expanding roles of hospital epidemiology: severity of illness indicators.

In recent years we have all been distressed by reports in the popular press of inaccurate hospital mortality data. We have been concerned when quality assurance programs attempt to compare infection rates among surgeons without adjusting for the differences in underlying illnesses of their patients. A similar concern arises when infection rates are compared among hospitals. And university hospital administrators have been concerned by the inadequate reimbursement given to referral hospitals compared with community hospitals.Congress has mandated that the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) adopt a severity adjuster for DRGs (Diagnosis Related Groups), the basis of Medicare's prospective payment system. A number of states are close to mandating the use of severity adjusters. These states include New Jersey, Colorado, Pennsylvania, Iowa and Washington. Finally, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) is developing severity-adjusted clinical indicators to assess the quality of care.Dr. William Scheckler, when he was the president of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (SHEA), had the foresight to set up a task force so that SHEA could develop a position on the severity of illness indicators. The findings of the task force have been published previously in this journal (see volume 9, number 7, pp 309–316).
ADAPTLOAD: effective balancing in clustered web servers under transient load conditions

We focus on adaptive policies for load balancing in clustered web servers, based on the size distribution of the requested documents. The proposed scheduling policy, ADAPTLOAD, adapts its balancing parameters on-the-fly, according to changes in the behavior of the customer population such as fluctuations in the intensity of arrivals or document popularity. Detailed performance comparisons via simulation using traces from the 1998 World Cup show that ADAPTLOAD is robust as it consistently outperforms traditional load balancing policies, especially under conditions of transient overload.
Muscularis mucosae contraction evokes colonic secretion via prostaglandin synthesis and nerve stimulation

This in vitro study tested the hypothesis that muscularis mucosae contractile activity contributes to rabbit colonic mucosal function by mechanisms other than simple mechanical deformation of the e...
Reaction of a diallel cross of maize to Meloidogyne incognita under field conditions

Abstract Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood is an important pathogen of maize (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the southeastern USA. Maize has been used, but not always successfully, in rotation with the other two crops to reduce nematode populations. The use of hybrids that support only low rates of M. Incognita reproduction should not only limit damage to the maize crop, but also to the other crops. Unfortunately, maize hybrids with resistance to M. incognita are not commercially available. A diallel cross of inbred lines with varying levels of resistance to M. incognita reproduction was previously evaluated in the greenhouse. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate F1 hybrids of the diallel cross for nematode reproduction in field naturally infested with M. incognita in 1989 and 1990. Egg counts were analyzed using Griffing's Method 4, Model I. General combining ability was a significant source of variation in egg production, but specific combining ability was not. Estimates of general combining-ability effects for Mp307 were significantly and negative, indicating that hybrids with this inbred line as a parent tended to be most resistant. The results of the field evaluations were consistent with the earlier evaluation of M. incognita reproduction on these F1 hybrids. The results further suggest that maize hybrids with resistance to M. incognita reproduction can be developed.
The μ−d capture rate in effective field theory

Abstract Muon capture on the deuteron is studied in a framework that essentially incorporates heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBχPT). It is found that by far the dominant contribution to μd capture comes from a region of the final three-body phase-space in which the energy of the two neutrons is sufficiently small for HBχPT to be applicable. The single unknown low-energy constant having been fixed from the tritium beta decay rate, our calculation contains no free parameter. Our estimate of the μd capture rate is consistent with the existing data. The relation between μd capture and the νd reactions, which are important for the SNO experiments, is briefly discussed.