cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augsburg, Zurich, and the Transfer of Preachers during the Schmalkaldic War

In summer 1546, armed conflict erupted in the Holy Roman Empire. The war pitted the Catholic Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant imperial estates led by Landgrave Philip of Hesse and Prince-Elector John Frederick of Saxony. While the conflict's most famous and final battle took place in Thuringia at Muhlberg, the Schmalkaldic War's first military action occurred in southern Germany in the Danube River basin. This area housed numerous evangelical imperial cities, several of which sat south of the Danube in eastern Swabia. When hostilities began in July 1546, magistrates throughout the region ordered their forces to occupy the local countryside. With their soldiers came the Reformation, as city councils sent preachers to reform the seized parishes. For councilors in Augsburg, Ulm, and elsewhere, evangelization complemented the general war effort, since true believers must “first and foremost consider God's word and honor … and let God's word be preached. … Such a thing should not be delayed until after the war, for if one undertakes the Christian work of improving the corrupted churches of these poor subjects now, God will grant us victory more quickly and allow the newly won Christians to remain with us.” Closely tied to the religious goals of this wartime program of reform, therefore, was the concrete political objective of spreading urban jurisdiction to areas formerly controlled by Catholic lords.
Insulin-Stimulated Phosphorylation of a 195K Protein from Muscle and Liver in the Presence of Poly-L-Lysine*

Substrates of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase have not been identified in skeletal muscle, a major target organ of insulin action. We observed the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of a 195K protein (pp195) in extracts prepared from rat skeletal muscle and liver. pp195 copurifies with the insulin receptor on wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography. pp195 is not related to the insulin receptor, as assessed by lack of recognition by antinsulin receptor antibodies and by phosphopeptide mapping. Reduction of sulfhydryl bonds does not affect its apparent mol wt. Phosphorylation of pp195 has an absolute requirement in vitro for Mn2+ or Mg2+ and for certain basic poly-amino acids, i.e. poly-L-lysine or poly-L-ornithine. In the presence of 1 microM poly-L-lysine insulin stimulates pp195 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner (k0.5, approximately 5 x 10(-10) M; maximum approximately 10(-8) M insulin); pp195 phosphorylation by insulin-like growth factor-I requires about 100-fold higher doses. By phosphoamino acid analysis, pp195 is predominantly phosphorylated on tyrosine, and it is recognized by antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. Insulin receptors isolated from rat muscles 5 min after insulin injection induce about 2-fold greater phosphorylation of pp195 in vitro than receptors isolated from saline-injected controls. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes results in marked diminution of insulin-stimulated pp195 phosphorylation in extracts of muscle and liver (approximately 50% when normalized to protein content of wheat germ agglutinin eluates or approximately 80% reduction when normalized to equal receptor number). The defect is reversible by insulin therapy in vivo.
Biology of the Collembola Xenylla grisea Axelson and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus f. cinereus Folsom

1 Xenylla grisea Axelson and Lepidocyrtus cyaneus f. cinereus Folsom were reared on brown whole wheat flour in culture jars containing a base of plaster of paris and charcoal. 2 Sexes in X.grisea may be differentiated by the combination of three characters: length, colour and body shape. No parthenogenesis was observed in either species. 3 At room temperature (25–27°C), females of X.grisea began laying eggs after the fourth moult and required 10–15 days (mean of 12.6) to reach sexual maturity from the day of hatching. With L.cyaneus f. cinereus, average periods from hatching to maturity were 16.8, 27.4 and 43.2 days at temperatures of 26.5, 22 and 15°C, respectively.
Implications of Success and Persistence for Public Sector Performance

Public sector organizations collect vast amounts of information that often goes unused. Information may serve a symbolic role to imply that decision makers are using rational decision processes, or it may be collected to rationalize a preconceived decision and develop or maintain public support. Over-collection of irrelevant information or under-analysis of existing information for decision implications leads to excessive public information costs with limited public benefit. The study discusses the role systematic information misalignment plays in the public sector and considers its implications for public agency performance. The concept is evaluated using examples from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
MAXIMUM POWER ESTIMATION OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES ACCOUNTING FOR THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL CONSTRAINTS

Enforcement of constraints on the maximum deliverable power is essential to protect lithium-ion batteries from over-charge/discharge and overheating. This paper develops an algorithm to address the often overlooked temperature constraint in determining the power capability of battery systems. A prior knowledge of power capability provides dynamic constraints on currents and affords an additional control authority on the temperature of batteries. Power capability is estimated using a lumped electro-thermal model for cylindrical cells that has been validated over a wide range of operating conditions. The time scale separation between electrical and thermal systems is exploited in addressing the temperature constraint independent of voltage and state-of-charge (SOC) limits. Limiting currents and hence power capability are determined by a model-inversion technique, termed Algebraic Propagation (AP). Simulations are performed using realistic depleting currents to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Boceprevir and Telaprevir in the Management of Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Patients

Recent approval of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) offers a major advance in the management of HCV infection. These DAAs, boceprevir and telaprevir, when given with pegylated interferon alfa (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), result in a much higher sustained virologic response rate compared with Peg-IFN and RBV. The DAA-containing regimens are approved for HCV genotype 1 infection in HCV treatment–naive and HCV treatment–experienced patients. In this review, we present an overview of pharmacology, efficacy, adverse events, and emergence of resistance-associated variants with the use of these agents. As with all drugs, especially newly approved drugs, clinicians must consult the package insert for detailed prescribing information, list of all reported adverse events, contraindications, and drug interactions. Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a prevalent and expensive condition affecting more than 1.3% of the US population at a cost of .$5.5 billion annually. Available data show that successful antiviral treatment slows liver disease progression and improves survival. However, despite the wide availability of antiviral treatments, the proportion of HCV-infected patients eligible for treatment and the rates of treatment initiation and completion is very low [ 1 , 2 ]. Response to treatment is measured by achievement of sustained virologic response (SVR), defined as absence of demonstrable viral replication 6 months after completion of a full course of treatment. With the current standard of care regimen using pegylated interferon alfa (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), only 54%–56% of subjects achieve an SVR, with lower rates reported for those infected with HCV genotypes 1a nd 4( 40%) [ 3 – 5 ]. Thus, a significant proportion of infected patients remains at risk for progression to advanced liver disease or cirrhosis. Treatment for HCV infection reduces the risk of complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma and improves overall survival. Risk reduction is greatest among those who achieve an SVR or complete a full course of treatment, but benefit is seen in most treated patients [ 6 , 7 ]. HCV is also associated with a higher risk of diabetes, with a reduction in risk seen among treated persons who achieve SVR [8].
THE LINEAGE MODEL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA IN LATE CLASSIC NORTHWESTERN BELIZE

Central topics of anthropological study from the 1940s through the 1970s, kinship and lineage became largely discredited during the 1980s. Recent scholarship, however, has indicated that kinship and lineage, when considered as the products of social activity, can make important contributions to studies of living and past populations. This paper explores lineage as a model of social organization distinguished by specific activities practiced by members of Late Classic Maya social groups. This model is derived from cross-cultural literature on lineages, but practices associated with lineage organization are historically and culturally specific. A suite of archaeological correlates, based on practices endemic to the Late Classic Maya, is evaluated against a test case from northwestern Belize. The implications of a landscape populated by lineages during the Classic period argue that archaeological investigations of hinterland areas are an important complement to more traditional studies focused on nucleated site centers.
Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) Process: Use of an Explicit Adaptive Meshing Scheme

This paper presents on-going finite element modeling efforts of friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process by an explicit finite element code. Adaptive meshing and advection schemes, which makes it possible to maintain mesh quality under large deformations, is utilized to simulate the material flow and temperature distribution in FSSW process. The predicted overall deformation shape of the weld joint resembles that experimentally observed. Temperature and stress graphs in the radial direction as well as temperature-deformation distribution plots are presented. However, refinements of several modeling aspects are needed for more realistic prediction of the FSSW process.
Turnover of cholesteryl esters of plasma lipoproteins in the rat.

Turnover of individual classes of cholesteryl esters (classified on the basis of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid moiety) in rat plasma lipoproteins and liver was studied after the administration of mevalonic acid-5-3H and mevalonic acid-2-14C. The relative turnover rate was greatest in the d saturated = dienes > tetraenes. In the d > 1.063 lipoproteins, all cholesteryl esters had slower turnover rates, but tetraenes = pentaenes > dienes > monoenes = saturated. Comparisons of specific activities of individual cholesteryl ester classes of liver subcellular fractions and lipoproteins suggest that the d In the adrenal, relative rates of synthesis of cholesteryl esters are monoenes = dienes > tetraenes > trienes = pentaenes > saturated. It is concluded that cholesteryl ester turnover in the rat, as opposed to man, is determined not only by the particular lipoprotein class but also by the fatty acid moiety of the ester.
Stents in the management of aortic coarctation in young children.

Stents were initially used in adult subjects for treatment of obstructive lesions of iliac, coronary, and renal arteries. This was then followed by application of stent technology to the pediatric population ([1,2][1]). The technique was initially used to treat branch pulmonary artery and systemic
The Roman Emperors in the Marble Business: Capitalists, Middlemen or Philanthropists?

Long-distance trade in stone is an improbable phenomenon. Stone is dense, voluminous, and very expensive to transport. Most kinds of stone were distributed locally; the frequency of finds drops off sharply with distance from the source, as light intensity falls off with the square of the distance. Hence the point of Cicero’s snide rejoinder to the Chians who were proudly showing off their walls of Chian marble: “I would be more impressed if you had made them of travertine” (lapis Tiburtinus).(1) As the value of the stone increases, so does the incentive for broader distribution. Nonetheless, before the Roman period, marble obeys the general rule, and exceptions are the more noteworthy therefore.
On the number of integral graphs

Abstract We show that at most a 2 − c n 3 / 2 proportion of graphs on n vertices have integral spectrum. This improves on previous results of Ahmadi, Alon, Blake, and Shparlinski (2009), who showed that the proportion of such graphs was exponentially small.
Three-dimensional simulation strategy to determine the effects of turbulent mixing on inertial-confinement-fusion capsule performance.

The authors present an improved strategy for performing simulations of inertial confinement fusion. The commonly used strategy of beginning the simulation in two dimensions and later mapping it to three dimensions has significant shortcomings. The authors demonstrate that introducing suitable nonuniform perturbations at the time of the mapping produces results in good agreement with purely three-dimensional simulations and with available experimental data.
Association Between Chitin Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in the Shrimp Penaeus Vannamei

ABSTRACT The synthesis of chitin, the major structural polysaccharide of the arthropod cuticle, has been examined in postlarval stages of the commercial shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Analysis of the cuticle revealed 73% (by weight) amino acids and 27% N-acetylglucosamine. Major amino acids in the cuticle are Asx (aspartic acid and asparagine), Glx (glutamic acid and glutamine), Thr, Ala, His, and Leu. Metabolic labeling studies were carried out with a variety of radiolabeled amino acids. The kinetics of amino acid incorporation into the cuticle reveal a burst of incorporation at 30 min of incubation followed by a decrease in 60 min, and finally a linear increase of incorporation up to 120 min. Incorporation of 'H glucosamine into the cuticle is linear over the 3 h period. Incubation of postlarval Penaeus with puromycin decreases synthesis of soluble proteins 90% as measured by incorporation of several labeled amino acids. Incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into the insoluble cuticle residue is blocked 90% by puromycin. Incorporation of 3H D-glucosamine into the cuticle is also blocked 90% by puromycin. These data support the hypothesis that crustacean chitin is secreted as a glycoprotein complex and that concurrent protein synthesis is required for chitin deposition to continue.
Oral History and the Story of America and World War II

Although oral history has struggled for legitimacy in the historical profession, it has always been central to telling the story of World War II. During the war years, historians and journalists began using oral history to celebrate the role of the United States in the conflict and to unravel the complex military and political events of the period. Three decades later, a new generation of social historians started employing oral history to question the heroic picture of the war years and to document the experiences of minorities, women, and working people in wartime. Throughout this half century of scholarship, there are many cases in which oral history has been used brilliantly to illuminate dimensions of the war experience inaccessible through printed sources. However, only occasionally has the full potential of oral history to enrich understanding of the war's effect on America been reached. Surprisingly undeveloped in the literature on World War II is the use of oral narrative as a source to uncover the process of constructing a past, where the selection and distortions of memory serve as evidence of how particular- but not necessarily accurate - versions of what has happened inform the present. Rarely have interviews been examined as texts in which the language of an interviewee, along with his or her silences and omissions, can provide unique insights as well. In particular, it is striking how infrequently oral history has been used to reflect on patriotism and the imprint of the war on American culture. Political and military historians, who generally assumed the patriotism of their interviewees, rarely saw a need to interrogate what it meant to their subjects. Most social historians of World War II, whose interview methodology was driven by concerns about class, gender, and race, largely eschewed investigation of how participation in the war effort stimulated patriotic attitudes. Ironically, debate among these scholars over whether World War II really was a "good war" has focused on facts and experiences and only incidentally on meaning and memory. In this short essay I will examine selectively how oral history has been used to tell the story of America and World War II. I will highlight some of the many contributions historians have made through use of this technique and identify the Roger Horowitz is associate director of the Center for the History of Business, Technology, and Society at the
Laboratory analysis of cytogenetic effect in older pregnant women

Objective: To study fetal cytogenetics in older prenatal women and its clinical effects.Methods: Amniotic fluid cell culture was chosen in this study.G,C and Nor bands were used to determine the karyotype and the detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities.Results: 157 cases were found fetal chromosome abnormal karyotype from 2624 elderly(age≥35) pregnant women,with the incidence of 5.98%(157/2624),in which 48 cases were in group with clinical significance,1.87%(48/2624),while 109 were in group without clinical significance,4.11%(109/2624).39 trisomy cases were found with 28 cases in group aged 35 to 40(1.16%) and 11 cases in group over 40 years old(5.29%),the statistical analysis of the difference between the two groups was significant(χ2=40.86,P0.01).Conclusion: The elderly pregnant women had the highest chromosome abnormal rate,especially pregnant women over 40 years old.Elderly pregnant women should be strengthened the awareness of prenatal diagnosis.
Reaction of Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Cardoxylate with 2-Bromo Cardoxylic Acid: Synthesis by Coupling of Steroid to Spacer Group of Polyglutamic Acid Derivatives

Poly (tetrabutylammonium glutamate) was prepared by the reaction of poly-glutamic acid with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The reaction of poly (tetrabutyl-ammouium glutamate) with 2-bromoalkyl acid was carried out at room temperature.Poly (alkylacid-glutamate) was charactererized by means of IR and elementaryanalysis, and then reacted with cortisol-21-acetate-3-oxime, in which the couplingreaction was successful when used DCC as the catalyst.
Social determinants of inadequate sleep in US children and adolescents

Abstract Background and objectives Despite recognised disparities in child health outcomes associated with sleep, the majority of research has been based on small, homogeneous samples. Using a nationally-representative sample of US children and adolescents, we examined trends and social determinants of inadequate sleep across age groups. Study design Comparison of cross-sectional studies. Methods Our study used the 2003 ( n = 68,418), 2007 ( n = 63,442), and 2011/2012 ( n = 65,130) waves of the National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally-representative survey of 6–17-year-olds. Parents reported whether the child had inadequate sleep (0–6 days of not getting enough sleep vs 7 days). Results From 2003 through 2011/12, inadequate sleep increased from 23 to 36% among 6–9-year-olds, 30 to 41% among 10–13-year-olds, and 41 to 49% among 14–17-year-olds. Among 10–17-year-olds, those from households with more than a high school degree were more likely to have inadequate sleep (adjusted ORs 1.2). Although for 10–13-year-olds there was a gradient in inadequate sleep across income (aORs 1.2–1.3), for 14–17-year-olds, only those from the two highest income levels were more likely to have inadequate sleep (aORs 1.3–1.4). Parents' reports that neighbours did not watch out for other's children was associated with an increased risk for inadequate sleep across all ages (aORs 1.1–1.3). Conclusions Inadequate sleep occurred as young as age six years and increased with age, became more prevalent, and was socially patterned. In order to prevent inadequate sleep across the life course, surveillance and monitoring are needed across all age groups to identify critical periods for intervention.
Nearly Asymptomatic Eight-Month Thoracic Aortic Dissection

Thoracic aortic dissection is a rare, but lethal, medical condition that is either misdiagnosed as a myocardial infarction or overlooked completely. Though thoracic aortic dissections are commonly diagnosed in patients exhibiting sharp chest pain, there are some notable cases where patients do not report the expected severity of pain. We report a unique case of a patient with a thoracic aortic dissection who was initially nearly asymptomatic for eight months, in order to heighten awareness, highlight diagnosis protocol, and improve prognosis for this commonly misdiagnosed, but fatal, condition.
STUDENTS IN ACTION—CONTROL AND REBELLION

All student revolt that eschews means of protest provided by the institution represents a threat to social control and authority. Student attempts to change the institutional structure very often become bound up with demands for changes in the society of which they must all too soon become members; and societal political movements usually enter the arena of institutional politics. In this, the university represents a very special cyclone or low-pressure area, which encourages dissidence and creates limited hurricane areas. The chapter investigates the relationship between social changes, institutional changes, and human input, which operate in a complex kaleidoscope of ways to produce certain outcomes. The evidence shows the variety of institutional structures, generational values, and decision-making machinery. The chapter takes a largely organizational approach to student unrest. An analysis with the nature of university organizations or the university as a particular kind of organization in a changing society is presented. The chapter discusses the mechanisms of internal controls which respond or fail to respond to changing external social conditions. The chapter also presents some remarks on the internal controls of universities and the definition of the problem of student discipline or control by the institution or its acknowledged authorities of student behavior.
Virginal Status and Adolescent Delinquency: The Birds and the Bees, Deviance, and Teens

ABSTRACTMuch of society deems pre-marital adolescent sexual activity to be deviant. Current research seeks to determine if losing one’s virginity has an impact on participation in delinquent acts. It is hypothesized that youth who are more socially bonded to conventional people and activities, with higher levels of self-control, will not have participated in sexual intercourse and will have lower rates of delinquency. Data from Add Health are analyzed. Results do not indicate a significant effect of virginal status on delinquency. However, various social bonds were found to differentially effect delinquency for virgins and non-virgins, which may be important to consider.
The Lyric Speaker Goes to Jail: British Poetry and Radical Prisoners

Chapter 4 focuses on the prison, a surprisingly important site for the circulation of radical print culture, in order to show how radicals repurposed not only Romantic-era texts, but also dominant tropes from that literary period. Poems written by political prisoners – and subsequently published in the radical press – take the tropes of Romantic lyric and remix them, transforming idealized lyric solitude into calls for community and connection. The analysis of these poems, with their complex negotiations of community and isolation, uncovers an expanded vision of the “solitary” lyric speaker of early nineteenth-century poetry.
Applications of First-Order Equations

In this chapter we will look at several applications of first-order differential equations. There are many of these that could be studied, but we will concentrate on those that can be described by linear differential equations or by separable differential equations. There are applications whose differential equations are first-order and which fall into each of the classifications that we saw in the last chapter. These two kinds of applications are chosen because the applications are interesting and useful, and the differential equations can usually be solved with a minimum of difficulty, especially since we have Mathematica to do the rather complicated integrations that may be necessary.
Dietary Fiber Is Beneficial for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to review previously published meta-analyses on the effectiveness of dietary fiber on cardiovascular disease. Methods An umbrella review of all published meta-analyses was performed. A PubMed search from January 1, 1980, to January 31, 2017, was conducted using the following search strategy: (fiber OR glucan OR psyllium OR fructans) AND (meta-analysis OR systematic review). Only English-language publications that provided quantitative statistical analysis on cardiovascular disease, lipid concentrations, or blood pressure were retrieved. Results Thirty-one meta-analyses were retrieved for inclusion in this umbrella review, and all meta-analyses comparing highest versus lowest dietary fiber intake reported statistically significant reductions in the relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular disease mortality (RR = 0.77-0.83), as well as the incidences of cardiovascular disease (RR = 0.72-0.91), coronary heart disease (RR = 0.76-0.93), and stroke (RR = 0.83-0.93). Meta-analyses on supplementation studies using β-glucan or psyllium fibers also reported statistically significant reductions in both total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Conclusion This review suggests that individuals consuming the highest amounts of dietary fiber intake can significantly reduce their incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Mechanistically, these beneficial effects may be due to dietary fibers' actions on reducing total serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations between 9.3 to 14.7 mg/dL and 10.8 to 13.5 mg/dL, respectively.
Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of PlexinA1 and PlexinA2 at conserved tyrosines is essential for zebrafish eye development

Plexins (Plxns) are semaphorin (Sema) receptors that play important signaling roles, particularly in the developing nervous system and vasculature. Sema-Plxn signaling regulates cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the receptor-proximal signaling mechanisms driving Sema-Plxn signal transduction are only partially understood. Plxn tyrosine phosphorylation is thought to play an important role in these signaling events as receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to interact with Plxn receptors. The Src family kinase Fyn can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of PlxnA1 and PlxnA2. However, the Fyn-dependent phosphorylation sites on these receptors have not been identified. Here, using mass spectrometry-based approaches, we have identified highly conserved, Fyn-induced PlexinA (PlxnA) tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Mutation of these sites to phenylalanine results in significantly decreased Fyn-dependent PlxnA tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type human PLXNA2 mRNA, mRNA harboring these point mutations cannot rescue eye developmental defects when coinjected with a plxnA2 morpholino in zebrafish embryos. Together these data suggest that Fyn-dependent phosphorylation at two critical tyrosines is a key feature of vertebrate PlxnA1 and PlxnA2 signal transduction.
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of amorphous cellulose to ethanol by recombinant Klebsiella oxytoca SZ21 without supplemental cellulase

A derivative of Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 containing chromosomally integrated genes for ethanol production from Zymomonas mobilis (pdc, adhB) and endoglucanase genes from Erwinia chrysanthemi (celY, celZ) produced over 20 000 U endoglucanase l−1 activity during fermentation. In combination with the native ability to metabolize cellobiose and cellotriose, this strain was able to ferment amorphous cellulose to ethanol (58–76% of theoretical yield) without the addition of cellulase enzymes from other organisms.
A tale of two LAMS: a report of benign tissue ingrowth resulting in recurrent gastric outlet obstruction.

Background and study aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gastroenterostomy is a novel, off-label, procedure that has been facilitated by availability of a novel lumen apposing metal stent (LAMS) (Axios, Boston Scientific, Marlbourough Massachusetts, United States). The literature suggests its efficacy to be comparable to surgical gastrojejunostomy. In theory, this procedure overcomes the issues associated with woven enteral stents, which are subject to continuous, straightening, axial forces. We report the adverse event of tissue ingrowth in an Axios stent placed as an EUS-guided gastroduodenostomy, resulting in recurrence of gastric outlet obstruction, treated by a stent-inside-stent technique.
Sustainability, Catholic Institutions of Higher Learning, and The Natural Step

Sustainability at Catholic colleges and universities involves elements of physical plant operations, food services, curricular design, and a host of other concerns. The imperative for Catholic higher education to engage with issues of sustainability is both practical and ethical, and is well supported by Catholic Social Teaching. The article addresses the tools provided by a variety of organizations, focusing on The Natural Step, which is based on four simple system conditions that incorporate an ethical dimension as central to sustainability. A discussion of Catholic Social Teaching and sustainability, as well as case study material and evidence about the present condition of sustainability in Catholic higher education are included.
Thermal decomposition and mechanical characterization of poly (lactic acid) and potato starch blend reinforced with biowaste SiO2

In this study, SiO2 nanoparticles were infused into BIOPLAST GF 106/02 using melt extrusion process to study the effect of biowaste derived crystalline SiO2 as a filler material. The Swagelok autog...
Hydrophobic and Bulk Polymerizable Protein-Based Elastomers Compatibilized with Surfactants

Proteins have great potential as biomass-derived feedstocks for material synthesis and can form strong materials due to their highly hydrogen-bonded nature. Elastomers comprised of proteins and a synthetic rubbery polymer were prepared by copolymerizing a methacrylated protein and a vinyl monomer, where proteins function as macro-cross-linkers and reinforcing fillers. Selecting a hydrophobic synthetic polymer block partially mitigates the moisture absorption of protein-based materials while maintaining desirable levels of mechanical properties. The use of a hydrophobic monomer is enabled by the use of surfactants that function as compatibilizers, since proteins are generally insoluble in organic solvents and vinyl monomers. Surfactants also lower the softening temperature of proteins, allowing materials to be fabricated solvent free using thermoplastic processing techniques. The preparation of a polyacrylate network toughened through incorporation of protein cross-linking domains is demonstrated using whe...
Just Do It: The When and How of IUD Insertion

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are safe and highly effective methods of long-acting reversible contraception. While increased use of these methods has been associated with decreased rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion in adolescents and young adults, these methods require provider visits for method initiation (and often for discontinuation) that can be significant rate-limiting steps for method use. When adolescents and young adults choose an IUD for their contraceptive method, it is crucial that providers work to remove barriers to both initiation and discontinuation of these methods. For IUD insertions, proposing clinic and medical system policies that support same-day insertion of IUDs, immediate postpartum insertion, and immediate postabortion insertion can help reduce these barriers. Importantly, at time of insertion, and throughout use, it is essential to ensure that patients can choose to discontinue the method at any time—without question—in order to fully support their bodily and reproductive autonomy. This chapter will discuss the timing of IUD insertion, including insertion at any time during the menstrual cycle as long as pregnancy can be reasonably excluded—and insertion following vaginal delivery, cesarean section, and abortion. We will also review use of the copper IUD as a highly effective form of emergency contraception. Lastly, this chapter will address the importance of framing these conversations using reproductive justice principles of non-coercive counseling methods, and creating clinical spaces for shared decision-making with IUDs in order to ensure contraception free of reproductive coercion.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Exposure in the Veterans Health Administration and Association With Military-Related Risk Factors.

Background & Aims Military veterans have been reported to have higher odds of hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure after adjustment for demographic factors, family income, and birthplace. It is not clear whether military-related exposures are associated with risk of HBV exposure in veterans. Methods A random sample of veterans receiving care from 1998 through 2000 in the national Veterans’ Health Administration system completed a risk factor survey and underwent phlebotomy analysis (N = 1146). Stored serum samples were reanalyzed to determine prevalence of HBV exposure (core antibody positive), infection (surface antigen or DNA positive), and immunity (surface antibody positive, surface antigen negative, and core antibody negative). Associations between military-related risk factors and HBV exposure were assessed using logistic regression. Results The prevalence values for infection, exposure, and immunity were 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3–1.5), 13.6% (95% CI, 11.5–16.1), and 6.2% (95% CI, 4.7–8.2), respectively. Evidence of HBV exposure was highest among respondents with traditional risk factors (such as drug use or high-risk sexual practices). More than half the individuals with HBV exposure (53%) reported no history of traditional risk factors; of these, 59.5% reported a history of combat exposure. After adjustment for demographic and traditional risk factors, service in a combat zone (adjusted odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01–2.41) and being wounded in combat (adjusted odds ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.04–3.08) were associated independently with exposure to HBV. Conclusions In an analysis of US military veterans, we found the prevalence of exposure to HBV to be highest among veterans with traditional risk factors but also independently related to military combat or being wounded in combat. Studies are needed to determine whether veterans with combat exposure before the era of universal vaccination should be screened for HBV exposure.
Testosterone and Men's Health

Abstract Hypogonadism (HG), defined as the presence of hypogonadal symptoms along with low serum testosterone levels, is an important consideration in men's health. The symptoms of HG result in significant decreases in patient quality of life and may even lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Although there is a wide variety in the diagnosis of HG, its treatment with testosterone therapy (TTh) can result in significant improvements in erectile function, lower urinary tract symptoms, libido, anemia, bone density, lean body mass, and mood and may be linked to improvements in several components of the metabolic syndrome. TTh is generally considered safe, although controversy remains on potential cardiovascular risks, making counseling a central component of care. More prospective studies are needed to shed further light on the safety and efficacy of TTh for the treatment of HG.
Navigating Two Worlds: Exploring Home-School Dissonance in the College-Going Process of Immigrant Families

This article examines how sub-Saharan African families in the United States engage with high schools and the college-going process. Using qualitative methods and the concept of home-school dissonan...
Experiments and CFD modelling for two phase flow in a vertical annulus

Abstract Simulations of two-phase (air and water) flow in a pipe are among the widely discussed topics; however, with the increased understanding of multiphase flow in pipes, the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in other complex flow geometries involved in oilfield operations is becoming more common. This study is aimed to investigate and better understand two-phase flow characteristics in the annulus using computational fluid dynamics and experimental approaches. The experimental study included two sets of five tests with increasing superficial gas velocity (9.2–47.2 m/s) at a constant liquid flow rate. Experiments were conducted in concentric annulus test Section (35 mm × 82.5 mm) that had an overall length of 5.5 m. Two flow patterns (churn and annular) were observed during the experiment. Using CFD simulation, pressure drop, void fraction, and flow regime are determined. The VOF multiphase model and two turbulence models (realizable k-e and SST k-ω models) were implemented, and comparative study was conducted to understand the relevance of each method in high gas velocity scenarios for flow in the annulus. The simulated macroscopic behavior of the flow shows consistent pressure gradient patterns and mimics the void fraction behavior. Probability density functions were implemented on time series evolution of void fraction to identify the flow regime for the CFD results. The simulation results show a reasonable agreement with the experimental data within a mean error of 20%.
Intraovarian regulation of folliculogenesis in the dog: A review

Dog reproductive cycle is unique among other mammals in that females experience long and variable periods of ovarian inactivity. Neuroendocrine controls of the reproductive cycle have been thoroughly studied in the dog. However, there is little information regarding endocrine, paracrine and autocrine controls of dog ovarian folliculogenesis. Advancements in the understanding of mechanisms regulating dog ovarian follicle development will be helpful in the establishment of an approach to control cyclicity in this species. Furthermore, such information will likely be useful for the establishment of an in vitro follicle culture system to preserve fertility of genetically valuable disease models or endangered canids. This review highlights current knowledge on dog folliculogenesis with emphasis on endocrine, paracrine and autocrine controls of follicular development.
The Influence of Personalized Knowledge at the Supreme Court: How (Some) Former Law Clerks Have the Inside Track

When arguing at the U.S. Supreme Court, former High Court law clerks enjoy significant influence over their former justices. Our analysis of forty years of judicial votes reveals that an attorney w...
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Responses in COVID-19 Patients and Convalescent Plasma Donors.

BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma therapy is a leading treatment for conferring temporary immunity to COVID-19-susceptible individuals or for use as post-exposure prophylaxis. However, not all recovered patients develop adequate antibody titers for donation and the relationship between avidity and neutralizing titers is currently not well understood. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG titers and avidity were measured in a longitudinal cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients (nâ =â 16 individuals) and a cross-sectional sample of convalescent plasma donors (nâ =â 130). Epidemiologic correlates of avidity were examined in donors by linear regression. The association of avidity and a high neutralizing titer (NT) were also assessed in donors using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Antibody avidity increased over duration of infection and remained elevated. In convalescent plasma donors, higher levels of anti-spike avidity were associated with older age, male sex, and hospitalization. Higher NTs had a stronger positive correlation with anti-spike IgG avidity (Spearman ρ = 0.386; Pâ <â .001) than with anti-nucleocapsid IgG avidity (Spearman ρ = 0.211; Pâ =â .026). Increasing levels of anti-spike IgG avidity were associated with high NT (≥160) (adjusted prevalence ratioâ =â 1.58 [95% confidence intervalâ =â 1.19-2.12]), independent of age, sex, and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 antibody avidity correlated with duration of infection and higher neutralizing titers, suggesting a potential alternative screening parameter for identifying optimal convalescent plasma donors.
A provider-focused, point-of-care technology to improve clinical trial accrual.

309Background: Low accrual to clinical trials is a significant burden to advancing research efforts, particularly detrimental to patients who may benefit clinically from enrollment in a promising t...
The Mark of Cain: Human Hunters and Animal Predators

Predator-prey stories serve a variety of purposes. They speak to our deep-seated fears, reminding us of our own bodies’ vulnerabilities and fragility. Our bodies also tear, break and bleed like those of hunted animals, and we too know what it is to be constantly wary of mortal dangers. At the same time, such stories reveal our capacity for violence, often in unsettling ways. Whereas animals kill other animals for food or in self-defence, humans often kill animals for reasons other than survival. Humans kill for sport. They kill to excess. They are wasteful. For this reason, stories about hunters and the hunted not only give expression to our own susceptibilities, but often stimulate ethical reflection.
Abstract 12902: Aerobic Exercise Adherence Among Older People Living With HIV

Introduction: HIV+ persons are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) than non-HIV infected persons. CVD is now a major cause of morbidity and mortality in OPLWH. AHA guidelines re...
Ideal Solution, Regular Solution, and Athermal Solution Behaviors, and Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 9 in T&M. First, we will discuss ideal-solution behavior, including presenting a molecular interpretation of ideality, followed by discussing regular-solution and athermal-solution behaviors. Second, we will introduce the concept of fugacity of component i in a non ideal gas mixture, including showing that when the pressure approaches zero, the fugacity of component i approaches the partial pressure of component i. We will also define the ratio of the mixture fugacity of component i and the partial pressure of component i as the fugacity coefficient of component i. Clearly, in an ideal gas mixture, the fugacity of component i is equal to the partial pressure of component i, and the fugacity coefficient of component i is equal to unity. For a one-component gas, the fugacity is equal to the pressure, and their ratio is equal to the fugacity coefficient of the one-component gas, which is equal to unity when the one-component gas is ideal. Second, we will derive expressions for the variations of the fugacity with pressure and temperature, both for a pure-component gas and for a gas mixture. These expressions will be used when we discuss the differential approach to phase equilibria. Third, we will discuss how to calculate fugacities using an EOS approach, both for a pure-component gas and for a gas mixture. Fourth, we will derive the Generalized Gibbs-Duhem Relation for the fugacities, which is particularly useful when T and P are constant, and allows us to calculate an unknown fugacity if we know the remaining (n-1) independent fugacities. Finally, we will derive the Lewis and Randal Rule, which relates the fugacity of component i in an ideal solution to the product of the fugacity of pure-component i, at the same T and P as those in the ideal solution, and the mole fraction of component i in the ideal solution.
Deep learning models in detection of dietary supplement adverse event signals from Twitter.

Objective The objective of this study is to develop a deep learning pipeline to detect signals on dietary supplement-related adverse events (DS AEs) from Twitter. Materials and methods We obtained 247 807 tweets ranging from 2012 to 2018 that mentioned both DS and AE. We designed a tailor-made annotation guideline for DS AEs and annotated biomedical entities and relations on 2000 tweets. For the concept extraction task, we fine-tuned and compared the performance of BioClinical-BERT, PubMedBERT, ELECTRA, RoBERTa, and DeBERTa models with a CRF classifier. For the relation extraction task, we fine-tuned and compared BERT models to BioClinical-BERT, PubMedBERT, RoBERTa, and DeBERTa models. We chose the best-performing models in each task to assemble an end-to-end deep learning pipeline to detect DS AE signals and compared the results to the known DS AEs from a DS knowledge base (ie, iDISK). Results DeBERTa-CRF model outperformed other models in the concept extraction task, scoring a lenient microaveraged F1 score of 0.866. RoBERTa model outperformed other models in the relation extraction task, scoring a lenient microaveraged F1 score of 0.788. The end-to-end pipeline built on these 2 models was able to extract DS indication and DS AEs with a lenient microaveraged F1 score of 0.666. Conclusion We have developed a deep learning pipeline that can detect DS AE signals from Twitter. We have found DS AEs that were not recorded in an existing knowledge base (iDISK) and our proposed pipeline can as sist DS AE pharmacovigilance.
Structural Determinants of CtBP Function

The structural characteristics of the CtBP family of transcriptional corepressors suggest an additional role for coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide in the repression of gene expression. Remarkably, CtBP orthologues are unique among transcriptional regulators in that they display striking primary sequence and structural similarity to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase class of enzymes. Recent structural studies of rat CtBP/BARS and human CtBPl provide insight into the role of pyridine dinucleotide binding in regulation of CtBP quaternary structure, and corepression activity through association with -PXDLS-containing targets.
One Thousand Shades of Gray: The Effectiveness of Torture

This Essay attempts to add a bit of realism to the theoretical debate on torture by urging that we take a shrewd look at the quality of information brutal interrogations produce. Looking at popular discourse about torture, this Essay recognizes widespread belief in what it calls the torture myth - the idea that torture is the most effective interrogation practice. In reality, this Essay argues, in addition to moral and legal problems, the use of torture carries with it a host of practical problems which seriously blunt its effectiveness. This Essay maintains that contrary to the myth, torture doesn't always produce the desired information and, in the cases in which it does, it may not produce it in a timely fashion. In the end the Essay concludes, that any marginal benefit of torture is low because traditional techniques of interrogation may be as good, and possibly even better at producing valuable intelligence without torture's tremendous costs.