cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship of microstructure to mechanical properties of Al-, Si-, K-doped tungsten wire

Tungsten wire, commercially doped with aluminium, silicon, and potassium, was obtained from six different manufacturers with a diameter of 0.0063 cm. The tensile strength at 1620 °C, a measurement of the quality of the wire used by the General Electric Company, was determined and found to be different for each wire. Additional samples of wire were annealed at 1620 °C under the same conditions employed for the tensile test. To determine the microstructure, these samples were thinned for transmission electron microscopy along with the wires in the as-drawn condition. The widths of from 75 to 125 subgrains were measured for each sample. In addition, in the annealed samples, the spacing of the strings of potassium bubbles was also determined. It was found that the 1620 °C tensile strength was related to the increase in width of the subgrains during the 1620 °C anneal and that the amount of subgrain widening was determined by the spacing of the strings of bubbles. Hence, the 1620 °C tensile strength was related to the bubble string spacing; the closer together were the strings, the higher was the 1620 °C tensile strength. It was also shown that the grain morphology of the wire, as measured by the stretch or “sag” of a filament during a stress test, is also determined by the spacing of the strings of potassium bubbles.
A Collaborative University Model for Employee Wellness

Abstract Universities are taking a more active approach in understanding and monitoring employees’ modifiable health risk factors and chronic care conditions by developing strategies to encourage employees to start and sustain healthy behaviors. WellBama, the University of Alabama's signature health and wellness program, utilizes a collaborative model in partnership with select colleges and departments to implement strategies to improve employees’ health status. The program provides onsite health screenings and assessments, timely health advising sessions, assistance in setting and monitoring individual health goals to promote improved health, and preventive examination referrals.
Hospice research: Challenges, opportunities and rewards

Hospice and research have had a long-standing and, at times, strained relationship. Early studies, most notably the National Hospice Study, were instrumental in the passage and ongoing support of the hospice Medicare benefit and the growth and development of the hospice movement in the United States. Increasingly, hospices are involved in research as a result of managed care and other demands for outcome measures. Yet, it is often difficult to define and measure much of what hospice is about—quality of life, social support, interdisciplinary intervention. This article discusses some of the ethical, organizational, psychosocial, and physical challenges inherent in hospice research; identifies research opportunities through collaborative efforts with team members, other hospices, and university researchers; and illustrates some of the rewards associated with hospice research.
Nurses' and resident physicians' perceptions of the process of collaboration in an MICU

Ten intensive care unit nurses and 10 medical resident physicians were interviewed to compare their perceptions of the process of nurse-physician collaboration. The grounded theory method for concept development recommended by Strauss and Corbin (1990) was used. The core of the process of collaboration for both groups was working together. Two major antecedent conditions were found: being available, which included being in the right place, having time, and having appropriate knowledge; and being receptive, which included being interested in collaboration and having respect and trust for the other profession. The major outcomes of working together were described as improving patient care, feeling better in the job, and controlling costs. The findings of the study pull together disparate concepts associated with collaborative practice and provide direction for future research.
Facile Synthesis of Effcient and Selective Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts with Sulfonate and Phosphate Ligands

A series of novel, air-stable ruthenium NHC catalysts with sulfonate and phosphate anions have been prepared easily in one pot at high yields using commercially available precursors. The catalysts were found to be effective for ring-opening metathesis polymerization, ring-closing metathesis, and cross-metathesis. The catalysts showed higher cis-selectivity in olefin cross-metathesis reactions as compared to earlier known ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts, with allylbenzene and cis-1,4-diacetoxybutene as substrates.
Development of a Course in Complementary and Alternative Healing Practices Within University-Based Pharmacy Education

"A Survey of Complementary/Alternative Healing Practices" has been offered for the last five years at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences as an elective course. The objective of this course is to expose pharmacy students to medical practices other than conventional Western medicine, such as: chiroprac tic, traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy, mind-body practices, and shamanic medicine. For each of the disciplines, the course covers their beliefs concerning health, how therapy is administered and monitored and various socioeconomic issues. This is accomplished through lectures and experiential presentations from complementary/alternative healing practitioners. This article describes how the course has evolved since its inception.
Influence of nonhistone chromatin protein HMG-1 on the enzymatic digestion of purified DNA

The effect of chicken erythrocyte High Mobility Group protein 1 (HMG-1) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of purified double-stranded and single-stranded bacteriophage lambda DNA was studied. HMG-1 was found to inhibit the digestion of single- and double-stranded DNA by S1 nuclease and DNase I, respectively. HMG-I increased the rate of hydrolysis of double-stranded DNA by micrococcal nuclease, particularly at low HMG-1/DNA ratios, and had little effect on the hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA by micrococcal nucleases, even at high HMG-1 DNA ratios. We also present a semi-quantitative estimate that HMG-1 and HMG-2 occur in chromatin from rapidly dividing, cultured rat hepatoma cells at about 8 times the level that they occur in adult rat liver chromatin.
Influential Factors on Choice of Home Economics as a Major for Black and White Women Attending Land‐Grant Colleges in the Southern Region

The relative importance of selected significant other, social origin, and curricular-related educational and work experience variables on choice of major was determined. A stepwise form of discriminant analysis was used to distinguish black women (N= 1198) majoring in home economics at predominantly black land-grant colleges from white women (N= 1005) majoring in home economics at predominantly white institutions in the Southern region. The most important discriminating social origin variables were parents' income, father's occupa tion, and father's political preference. Mothers were the most important significant other variable to differentiate the two groups. For the curriculum-related variables, prior home economics experience, high school course, and participation in Future Homemakers of America manifested some discriminating power between the two groups. The results of the combined discriminant analysis for all variables indicated that social origin variables, i.e., father's education and parents' income, were the most important variables separating the two populations. The most important curriculum-related experience and significant other factors to differentiate the two groups were high school home economics course and high school counselor, respectively. Each of the variables was more important for black home economics students' choices of a major than for their white counterparts.
Secular Trends in the Rates of Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, and Gestational Hypertension, United States, 1987–2004

Background Few studies have reported on population-level incidence of or trends in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and none report on data through 2004. We describe population trends in the incidence rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in the United States for 1987-2004. Methods We analyzed public-use data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), which has been conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics since 1965. We calculated crude and age-adjusted incidence rates and estimated the risk associated with available demographic variables using Cox regression modeling. Results Rates of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension increased significantly (by 25 and 184%, respectively) over the study period; in contrast, the rate of eclampsia decreased by 22% (nonsignificant). Women under the age of 20 were at significantly greater risk for all three outcomes. Women in the south of the country were at significantly greater risk for preeclampsia and gestational hypertension when compared to those in the Northeast. Conclusions The increase in gestational hypertension may be exaggerated because of the revised clinical guidelines published in the 1990s; these same revisions would likely have reduced diagnoses of preeclampsia. Therefore, our observation of a small but consistent increase in preeclampsia is a conservative indication of a true population-level change.
Origin of trace fossils in Polish Carpathian flysch

Fifteen features of trace fossils on flysch sandstone soles have been found useful in distinguishing between pre-depositional traces of mud-inhabiting animals and post-depositional traces of sand-dwellers. The Polish Carpathian flysch ichnofauna of 55 genera and 145 species, including 41 ichno-genera that occur at least in part on sandstone soles, is dominated both in number of taxa and number of specimens by traces of mud inhabitants, and most traces, both of mud- and sand-dwellers, were produced by infaunal deposit-feeders. Because mud was the temporally dominant substrate, the mud-dwellers were much more abundant over long periods of time, but the fauna of turbidites and similar sands may have been nearly as diverse and abundant at any given moment as the mud fauna at another. The currents depositing these sands eroded surficial layers of mud and excavated any burrow fillings in almost every case. The flysch ichnofauna differs from observed trace assemblages of modern deep-sea substrates in that the former consists almost exclusively of burrows, while surface traces dominate the latter.
Role of intrarenal dopamine on renal phosphate regulation

Dopamine excretion primarily reflects the tubular synthesis of dopamine. Renal dopamine synthesis occurs primarily in the proximal convoluted and straight tubules. Recent studies suggest that increased phosphate intake increases tubular dopamine synthesis. The infusion of dopamine is phosphaturic and enhances the phosphaturic effect of PTH in diverse conditions of phosphate conservation such as phosphate deprivation or acute respiratory alkalosis. Exogenous dopamine specifically inhibits phosphate transport as illustrated by studies of isolated renal brush border membranes. Inhibition of endogenous dopamine synthesis in normal rats with carbidopa has been demonstrated to increase phosphate reabsorption. Dopamine has been suggested to modulate the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on phosphate excretion in normal rats and in rats with a remnant kidney. The enhanced phosphate excretion in rats with a remnant kidney is associated with increased dopamine synthesis per nephron. Studies performed in the opossum kidney cells which are analogous to proximal tubule cells indicate that these cells synthesize dopamine, increase cAMP levels and decrease phosphate transport by the same cells suggesting an autocrine/paracrine role for dopamine on phosphate transport by proximal tubules.
A “Virtual Fieldtrip”: Service Learning in Distance Education Technical Writing Courses:

This mixed-methods experimental study examined the effect of service learning in a distance education technical writing course. Quantitative analysis of data found evidence for a positive relationship between participation in service learning and technical writing learning outcomes. Additionally, qualitative analysis suggests that service learning in online technical writing courses helps students to make connections to the “real world,” encourages students to connect with their audience(s) and develop a sense of purpose for writing tasks, connects students to future employment, and develops deep learning with course materials. It is hypothesized that these factors support the development of learning outcomes in distance education students.
Time course of the attenuation of sympathetic nervous activity during active heat acclimation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of the attenuation in sympathetic nervous activity during active heat acclimation (HA) in healthy humans. Eight volunteers completed a maximal graded exercise test followed by 8 days of active HA. Heat acclimation consisted of 90 min of walking at 40% of maximal oxygen uptake in a heated environmental chamber at 35 °C. The mean (± SD) ending core temperature during exercise was significantly reduced during the 8 days of HA. Specifically, it decreased from 38.3 ± 0.4 °C on day 1 to 37.9 ± 0.3 °C on day 8. In addition, ending HR during exercise was also significantly reduced from 152 ± 18 bpm on day 1 to 135 ± 15 bpm on day 8 of HA. The most important new finding was that plasma norepinephrine concentration following the first day of exercise in the heat was 1.58 ± 0.22 ng/ml. It significantly decreased to 1.01 ± 0.20, 0.98 ± 0.15, and 0.89 ± 0.11 on days 3, 5, and 8, respectively. The results of the current study show that active HA causes a rapid and significant reduction in NE during exercise in the heat. Such a result suggests that SNA was likewise reduced during HA and may be partially responsible for the reductions in HR that occur with HA since end-exercise HR and NE were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.79).
Actinobacillus suis septicaemia in two foals

A 24-hour-old Hackney ony filly developed signs of weakness, depression and a poor suck reflex, with harsh lung sounds over both fields, and a 48-hour-old Arabian colt from a normal birth which had sucked vigorously developed loose stools and became depressed, weak and anorectic. Both foals had serum IgG concentrations greater than 800 mg/dl, but each had a severe neutropenia with a left shift, and blood cultures from both of them yielded Actinobacillus suis. The A suis isolates had different antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and, in the case of the Arabian, the isolate was resistant to commonly used broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY

Physicians and other healthcare professionals are regularly confronted by patients with numerous signs and symptoms related to the upper and lower respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. After frustration with multiple medication courses or with the patient's or parent's initiative, the question may arise as to whether food allergies are contributing to the problems. Confusion over what constitutes food allergy exists in the medical community as well as in the public. This article clarifies terminology and discusses common presentations, diagnosis, and practical management of food allergy. The term food allergy is often used loosely and incorrectly by physicians, the public, and the media. An accurate general term to describe any abnormal reaction to a food or food additive is adverse food reaction . 14 Adverse food reactions can be the result of food intolerance or food hypersensitivity. 2 Food intolerance accounts for a majority of adverse food reactions and is not immune-mediated. Examples include toxic food poisoning (vomiting and diarrhea from ingestion of staphylococcal or salmonella toxins), pharmacologic effects (jitteriness from caffeine in a cola beverage), and metabolic disorders (bloating and flatus from lactase deficiency). The terms food allergy or food hypersensitivity should be reserved to define an immunologically mediated adverse food reaction. The classic food hypersensitivity reaction is mediated via food-specific IgE-antibodies and, in the most dramatic case, can lead to food-induced anaphylaxis. The other group of food hypersensitivity reactions are non-IgE mediated but involve other immunologic reactions and primarily manifest gastrointestinally. Examples include food-induced enteropathies, such as celiac disease with its characteristic elevated IgA anti-gliadin antibodies. 19
Foreseeing the big scientific questions: a special gift of Wagley's

In this paper I review my experience as Charles Wagley's Ph.D. student and later as a faculty colleague at the University of Indiana. In addition to his deep humanism and personal warmth, Wagley also had an uncanny ability to foresee important emerging issues in social sciences, especially within Latin American and Brazilian Studies. With his flexible, personable style he found ways to direct students and colleagues towards the issues he considered important, and which later became truly major issues for these fields. For example, he helped to create the interdisciplinary field of Latin American Studies while in New York, focused on Latin American race relations while at Columbia University, and created the Amazonian Studies program at University of Florida with its focus on impacts of development and infrastructure projects. He helped create scholarship programs for such studies through the Title VI mechanism. Through all of his scholarly contributions, Wagley led by inspiring with a rare social consciousness and a deep concern for the human costs of social and economic change
Effects of oxygen on Bismuth-type oxide superconductors

Abstract The superconductivity transition temperature T c of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 (designated as 2212) decreased from 90 to 75 K at 400°C under 176 bar of oxygen pressure, P ( O 2 ). Above 500°C, this cuprate dissociated to 2201 and other nonsuperconducting oxides. The (Bi, Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 -type superconductor (2223) was less influenced by oxygen than the 2212 cuprate; its T c shifted from 110 to 106 K at 500°C and P ( O 2 ) = 165 bar. At 700 and 800°C, 2223 decomposed to 2201 and other nonsuperconducting oxides. The 2201 cuprate was the most stable cuprate, since it existed at 800°C under high P ( O 2 ). The standard Gibbs energy change for the dissolution of oxygen was determined as ΔG °( J / mol of O ) = 86,500−67.5 T (in K) and compared with ΔG° for other types of cuprate superconductors in which T c increases with P ( O 2 ).
Adaptive Units for Conservation: Population Distinction and Historic Extinctions in the Island Scrub‐Jay

The Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis )i sf ound on Santa Cruz Island, California, and is the only insular bird species in the continental United States. We typed seven microsatellite loci and sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region of Island Scrub-Jays and their closest mainland relative, the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica), to assess levels of variability and effective population size and to examine the evolutionary relationship between the two species. The estimated female effective population size, Nef ,o fthe Island Scrub-Jay was 1603 (90% confidence interval: 1481-1738) and was about 7.5% of the size of the mainland species. Island and Western Scrub-Jays have highly divergent control-region sequences, and the value of 3.14 ± 0.09% sequence divergence between the two species suggests a divergence time of approximately 151,000 years ago. Because the four northern Channel Islands were joined as one large island as recently as 11,000 years ago, extinctions must have occurred on the three other northern Channel islands, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and Anacapa, highlighting the vulnerability of the remaining population. We assessed the evolutionary significance of four island endemics, including the Island Scrub-Jay, based on both genetic and adaptive divergence. Our results show that the Island Scrub-Jay is a distinct species of high conservation value whose history and adaptive potential is not well predicted by study of other island vertebrates.
Inherently nonfinitely based lattices

We give a general method for constructing lattices L whose equational theories are inherently nonfinitely based. This means that the equational class (that is, the variety) generated by L is locally finite and that L belongs to no locally finite finitely axiomatizable equational class. We also provide an example of a lattice which fails to be inherently nonfinitely based but whose equational theory is not finitely axiomatizable.
PPARGC1A variation associated with DNA damage, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.

OBJECTIVE— Individuals with type 2 diabetes exhibit higher DNA damage and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, mechanisms underlying the association between DNA damage and development of type 2 diabetes and CVD are not understood. We sought to link peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 α ( PPARGC1A ), a master transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy metabolism, with DNA damage, type 2 diabetes, and CVD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We measured DNA damage as urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration and examined the relationship between nine PPARGC1A genetic variants, DNA damage, type 2 diabetes, and self-reported CVD in 959 participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. RESULTS— With respect to urinary 8-OHdG, PPARGC1A variants showed significant association, and PPARGC1A haplotypes exhibited significant association after correction for multiple testing. Two independent PPARGC1A variants associated significantly with type 2 diabetes (odds ratios [ORs] 1.35 and 2.46; P = 0.045 and PPARGC1A variants, both in strong linkage disequilibrium and associated with lower DNA damage, showed lower prevalence of CVD (ORs 0.53 and 0.65; P = 0.030 and 0.175). Moreover, we found that physical activity correlated negatively with DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS— It is plausible that low physical activity combined with risk haplotyes contribute to the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this population. We propose that PPARGC1A influences development of type 2 diabetes and CVD via DNA damage. Increasing physical activity, which induces PPARGC1A expression, is a potential strategy to slow DNA damage, thereby decreasing the risk of CVD for individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Causal argumentation schemes to support sense-making in clinical genetics and law

With some sense-making software, investigators can use causal networks to visualize possible stories explaining the evidence. Despite the different domains, there are interesting correspondences between that type of application and a proposed intelligent learning environment (ILE) in which science students could visualize and debate causal scenarios accounting for clinical findings. The proposed ILE will extend the design of the GenIE Assistant, a system to generate first-draft genetic counseling letters. This paper compares the underlying computational models of sense-making software and the GenIE Assistant. Then it discusses refinements of the Assistant's causal argumentation schemes to support debate in the ILE. The refinements are at a level of abstraction that seem applicable to computational models for sense-making and evidential reasoning in law.
Total cross-section measurements for the production of nuclear gamma rays from light nuclei by low-energy deuterons

Abstract The thick target yields of the reactions 6Li, 9Be, 10B(d, nγ) for specific final nucleus γ-rays have been measured between deuteron bombarding energies of 48 and 170 keV. The measured thick target yields are used, together with recently published values of the stopping power of low-energy deuterons in matter, to infer the total reaction cross sections for the production of the specific γ-rays between deuteron energies of 65 and 160 keV. The cross sections are compared to appropriate Coulomb barrier penetration probabilities and the astrophysical functions S(E) are deduced.
Transrepression of the estrogen receptor promoter by calcitriol in human breast cancer cells via two negative vitamin D response elements

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D, exerts its anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer (BCa) cells by multiple mechanisms including the downregulation of the expression of estrogen receptor a (ER). We analyzed an w3.5 kb ER promoter sequence and demonstrated the presence of two potential negative vitamin D response elements (nVDREs), a newly identified putative nVDRE upstream at K2488 to K2473 bp (distal nVDRE) and a previously published sequence (proximal nVDRE) at K94 to K70 bp proximal to the P1 start site. Transactivation analysis using ER promoter deletion constructs and heterologous promoter–reporter constructs revealed that both nVDREs functioned to mediate calcitriol transrepression. In the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) showed strong binding to both nVDREs in the presence of calcitriol, and the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated the recruitment of the VDR to the distal nVDRE site. Mutations in the 5 0 hexameric DNA sequence of the distal nVDRE resulted in the loss of calcitriol-mediated transrepression and the inhibition of protein–DNA complex formation, demonstrating the importance of these nucleotides in VDR DNA binding and transrepression. A putative nuclear factor-Y (NFY) binding site, identified within the distal nVDRE, led to the findings that NFY bound to the distal nVDRE site interfered with the binding of the VDR at the site and reduced calcitriolmediated transrepression. In conclusion, the ER promoter region contains two negative VDREs that act in concert to bind to the VDR and both nVDREs are required for the maximal inhibition of ER expression by calcitriol. The suppression of ER expression and estrogen-mediated signaling by calcitriol in BCa cells suggests that vitamin D may be useful in the treatment of ERC BCa.
Transcriptional control of floral anthocyanin pigmentation in monkeyflowers (Mimulus)

Summary � A molecular description of the control of floral pigmentation in a multi-species group displaying various flower color patterns is of great interest for understanding the molecular bases of phenotypic diversification and pollinator-mediated speciation. � Through transcriptome profiling, mutant analyses and transgenic experiments, we aim to establish a ‘baseline’ floral anthocyanin regulation model in Mimulus lewisii and to examine the different ways of tinkering with this model in generating the diversity of floral anthocyanin patterns in other Mimulus species. � We find one WD40 and one bHLH gene controlling anthocyanin pigmentation in the entire corolla of M. lewisii and two R2R3-MYB genes, PELAN and NEGAN, controlling anthocyanin production in the petal lobe and nectar guide, respectively. The autoregulation of NEGAN might be a critical property to generate anthocyanin spots. Independent losses of PELAN expression (via different mechanisms) explain two natural yellow-flowered populations of M. cardinalis (typically red-flowered). The NEGAN ortholog is the only anthocyanin-activating MYB expressed in the M. guttatus flowers. � The mutant lines and transgenic tools available for M. lewisii will enable gene-by-gene replacement experiments to dissect the genetic and developmental bases of more complex floral color patterns, and to test hypotheses on phenotypic evolution in general.
Posterior Segment Trauma

Ocular trauma is a major cause of vision loss, particularly among younger patient populations. This article describes the clinical and ultrasonographic features of several commonly encountered trauma-associated diagnoses that involve the posterior segment in which ocular ultrasound can provide useful information.
The Strength-Based Model for Counseling At-Risk Youths

In her strength-based model to train counseling psychologists, Smith (2006 [this issue]) criticizes deficit models of counseling. Rather than focusing on at-risk adolescents’ victim status, she argues that counseling psychologists should concentrate on identifying at-risk youths’ cultural and individual strengths. One can infer from her new paradigm that within the field of counseling psychology, the first step for social growth is accepting the reality of racial, gender, and social class discriminations. Smith provides a bold model that will challenge counseling psychologists to test its propositions and hypotheses; however, much of what Smith emphasizes can be found within traditional and nontraditional approaches to counseling psychology, especially in Adlerian psychotherapy or individual psychology. For example, her propositions parallel the four-stage model of Adlerian counseling. Finally, the stages of her model are very similar to those of Cormier and Nurius (2003). Smith (2006) challenges counseling psychologists to discuss and research her strength-based model for counseling at-risk adolescents. My reactions to her article are divided into the following sections: Philosophy of the Strength-Based Model, Academically At-Risk Students, and Summary and Conclusions.
Assessment of the efficacy of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) immobilized on glass slides to inhibit factor Xa under flow conditions

The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) immobilized on glass slides to inhibit factor Xa (FXa) under well defined flow conditions. Employing a parallel plate flow chamber, FXa was perfused over TFPI coated or uncoated glass slides. Wall shear rates of 50, 100, 400, and 1200 s/sup -1/ were tested and the effluent was collected and assayed for FXa. Experiments were also carried out to determine the retention of adsorbed TFPI on the glass surfaces. FXa flux was calculated for the various shear rates used during the apparent steady state regime. There was a significant difference between these flux values in the untreated versus TFPI treated glass slides at all the shear rates (p<0.05). Increasing, the mass of adsorbed TFPI also significantly increased this inhibition. There was no measurable loss of adsorbed TFPI from the glass slides for all the conditions studied.
Practical considerations in developing an instrument-maintenance plan

The author develops a general set of considerations to explain how a consistent, well-organized, prioritized, and adequate time-allowance program plan for routine maintenance can be constructed. The analysis is supplemented with experience from the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR) at US Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). After the preventive maintenance (PM) problem was defined, the instruments on the schedule were selected based on the manufacturer's design specifications, quality-assurance requirements, prior classifications, experiences with the incidence of breakdowns or calibration, and dependencies among instruments. The effects of repair error in PM should also be studied. The HFIR requires three full-time technicians to perform both PM and unscheduled maintenance. A review is presented of concepts from queuing theory to determine anticipated breakdown patterns. In practice, the pneumatic instruments have a much longer lifetime than the electric/electronic instruments on various reactors at ORNL. Some special considerations and risk aversion in choosing a maintenance schedule are discussed. >
An interferometric method for the determination of the absorption coefficients of metals, with results for silver and aluminum

An interferometric method is described for determining the absorption coefficients of metals from the change in phase accompanying the reflection of light at normal incidence. The reflecting layers in an interference filter are made of the metal being studied. From the optical thickness of the dielectric between the reflecting layers and the wavelength of the light transmitted, the phase change can be calculated. A monocromatic light source is not required, and with photographic methods it is possible to extend the measurements beyond the visible region. Results are given for silver and aluminum in the wavelength range of 3600A to 8100A. For aluminum the index of refraction is also given for this range. It was found that the dispersion of evaporated films of MgF2 increased with thickness. An interferometric method is described for studying the rate of growth of corrosion layers on films which have been exposed to air. Silver films could be exposed without any apparent corrosion. The oxide layer on aluminum films reached a maximum thickness of about 45A.
Automata on Multisets of Communicating Objects

Inspired by P systems initiated by Gheorghe Paun, we study a computation model over a multiset of communicating objects. The objects in our model are instances of finite automata. They interact with each other by firing external transitions between two objects. Our model, called service automata, is intended to specify, at a high level, a service provided on top of network devices abstracted as communicating objects. We formalize the concept of processes, running over a multiset of objects, of a service automaton and study the computing power of both single-process and multiprocess service automata. In particular, in the multiprocess case, regular maximal parallelism is defined for inter-process synchronization. It turns out that single-process service automata are equivalent to vector addition systems and hence can define nonregular processes. Among other results, we also show that Presburger reachability problem for single-process service automata is decidable, while it becomes undecidable in the multiprocess case. Hence, multiprocess service automata are strictly more powerful than single-process service automata.
Getting to the Guts of HIV Pathogenesis

Two groups have shown that, as in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), intestinal CD4+ T cells are selectively and rapidly depleted in the intestine of HIV-infected patients. Depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells occurred at all stages of infection regardless of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Here we discuss the important implications of these papers for our understanding of HIV pathogenesis, treatment, and vaccine design.
Decline and recovery of Jordanian vegetable exports

Summary An econometric approach to estimate the impact of a disruptive event on the development of economic variables has been applied to an analysis of Jordanian vegetable exports after the Six Days War of 1967. The approach is based on dummy trend variables to represent the impact of decline and recovery. The demand equations for three vegetables have been estimated with a maximum likelihood procedure in conjunction with seemingly unrelated regressions. The latter has been used to take account of the common impact of random events on the exports of the various variables and proved to improve considerably the statistical reliability of the estimated parameters. A number of alternative linear and nonlinear specifications of the equations and of alternative time lengths of the decline and recovery periods have been considered and evaluated.
Itinerary of Field Trip for Fifth National Clay Conference, October 8, 1956

A road log of a 37-mile field trip is presented. The route passed over a group of Early Tazewell moraines and the till plains in between. Stops were made at Flanagan, Drummer and Elliot soil profiles and the type Fithian illite locality. The soil profiles and Fithian cyclothem are described.
Correlation between Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets and Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Response in Hepatitis B Vaccine Recipients

Peripheral lymphocyte subsets of 14 heterosexual recipients of hepatitis B vaccine were measured by indirect immunofluorescence using specific monoclonal antibodies. 12/14 vaccine recipients developed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen after the second injection of vaccine; however, 2 recipients remained seronegative. Prior to the vaccination, these two vaccine non-responders had been found to have a significantly reduced ratio of peripheral helper-inducer T cells to suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (1.15±0.02 vs. 1.79±0.12), and an increase in the proportion of natural killer/killer cells (25.6±1.5% vs. 13.8±1.6%) as compared to the 12 responders. Enumeration of peripheral lymphocyte subsets prior to vaccination may be useful in predicting the immune response of hepatitis B vaccine recipients.
Patient-centered caries prevention in children may be more cost-effective in the long term than traditional dental care.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Cost-effectiveness of an experimental caries-control regimen in a 3.4-yr randomized clinical trial among 11-12-yr-old Finnish schoolchildren. Hietasalo P, Seppa L, Lahti S, Niinimaa A, Kallio J, Aronen P, et al. Eur J Oral Sci 2009;117:728-33. Reviewer Jonathan D. Shenkin, DDS, MPH Purpose/Question To determine if an experimental patient-centered prevention regimen was more cost-effective than standard dental care. Source of Funding Foundation support from a number of Finnish organizations Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
On being a doctor again.

My life changed in an instant. I was in my second week of internal medicine residency at University of California, Davis, School of Medicine. I don't remember the car that hit me.
Ecomorphological selectivity among marine teleost fishes during the end-Cretaceous extinction

Despite the attention focused on mass extinction events in the fossil record, patterns of extinction in the dominant group of marine vertebrates—fishes—remain largely unexplored. Here, I demonstrate ecomorphological selectivity among marine teleost fishes during the end-Cretaceous extinction, based on a genus-level dataset that accounts for lineages predicted on the basis of phylogeny but not yet sampled in the fossil record. Two ecologically relevant anatomical features are considered: body size and jaw-closing lever ratio. Extinction intensity is higher for taxa with large body sizes and jaws consistent with speed (rather than force) transmission; resampling tests indicate that victims represent a nonrandom subset of taxa present in the final stage of the Cretaceous. Logistic regressions of the raw data reveal that this nonrandom distribution stems primarily from the larger body sizes of victims relative to survivors. Jaw mechanics are also a significant factor for most dataset partitions but are always less important than body size. When data are corrected for phylogenetic nonindependence, jaw mechanics show a significant correlation with extinction risk, but body size does not. Many modern large-bodied, predatory taxa currently suffering from overexploitation, such billfishes and tunas, first occur in the Paleocene, when they appear to have filled the functional space vacated by some extinction victims.
Has northern Indian Ocean Cloud cover changed due to increasing anthropogenic aerosol

The recent Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) observed high aerosol concentrations with a sizeable soot fraction over the northern Indian Ocean. This aerosol mix substantially absorbs solar radiation, and recent modeling studies have proposed that the resulting atmospheric heating reduces daytime cloud cover. The present study tests this hypothesis by investigating whether low-level cloud cover has decreased over the northern Indian Ocean between 1952 and 1996, a time period when south Asian anthropogenic emissions have greatly increased. The observed slight increase in cloud cover indicates that other processes must compensate soot solar heating. A similar increase in cloud cover observed over the relatively clean southern Indian Ocean suggests the increase over the northern Indian Ocean does not have a special regional anthropogenic aerosol origin.
Effectiveness of yield-estimation and reliability-prediction based on wafer test-chip measurements

Studies suggest the use of "dropped in" test chips as an instrument for monitoring the quality of each manufacturing step of VLSI chips, and as a cost-effective procedure for eliminating potentially "bad" wafers. Here, the yield and long-term reliability are estimated on the basis of the test chips manufactured on the same wafer as the fully functional chips. Only wafers accepted based on this preliminary characterization are subjected to a complete MIL-38510 (or equivalent) characterization of all packaged chips. Successful application of this principle, however, depends on several things, such as degree of similarity between the structures on the test chip versus the structures on the fully functional chips, on the number of test chips, their location within the wafer and so on. In particular, it has been found necessary to take into account that the distribution of defects is not purely random, for example there may be a tendency that the defect density varies between the center and the edge of the wafer, and adjacent chips are often found to be statistically dependent. The study presented in this paper seeks to determine the effectiveness of estimating the wafer quality, in particular in terms of wafer yield. A Monte Carlo simulation model has been developed, that allows us to compare yield estimates with "actual" wafer yields, under various scenarios of defect density variation, test structure scaling factor, and test chip sample size and location within the wafer.
Modeling Response of Target and Nontarget Dolphins to Biopsy Darting

Abstract Remote biopsy sampling is a valuable technique to collect data on free-ranging cetaceans. Numerous researchers have evaluated effects of biopsy darting on the target animal, but biopsy sampling may also have unintentional effects on nearby nontarget animals. We evaluated reactions of target and nontarget animals during remote biopsy sampling conducted on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in August 2004 off Folly Beach, South Carolina, and Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA, and in February–March and July–August 2005 off Hilton Head, South Carolina. We examined external factors that might influence response of the target animal as well as other individuals in the group. Target animals reacted to biopsy attempts 90.9% (n = 475) of the time. Of these, 97.5% (n = 432) of reactions were to biopsy hits, and 84.4% (n = 320) of all hits had reactions recorded as low. Nontarget animals reacted 21.9% (n = 1,158) of the time; interanimal distance from target animal, season, sea state, and depth affected rea...
Multi-Organ Exchange: The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of its Parts

Kidney exchange, where candidates with organ failure trade incompatible but willing donors, is a life-saving alternative to the deceased donor waitlist, which has inadequate supply to meet demand. While fielded kidney exchanges see huge benefit from altruistic kidney donors (who give an organ without a paired needy candidate), a significantly higher medical risk to the donor deters similar altruism with livers. In this paper, we begin by proposing the idea of liver exchange, and show on demographically accurate data that vetted kidney exchange algorithms can be adapted to clear such an exchange at the nationwide level. We then explore cross-organ donation where kidneys and livers can be bartered for each other. We show theoretically that this multi-organ exchange provides linearly more transplants than running separate kidney and liver exchanges; this linear gain is a product of altruistic kidney donors creating chains that thread through the liver pool. We support this result experimentally on demographically accurate multi-organ exchanges. We conclude with thoughts regarding the fielding of a nationwide liver or joint liver-kidney exchange from a legal and computational point of view.
What Every Academic Advisor Should Know About Advising Student Athletes

Academic advisors may find particular challenges surrounding the needs of college-level student athletes. A number of important issues facing college advisors and athletes, including the campus cli...
The Effects of Sapphire Surface Treatments and Nitridation on GaN Nucleation Grown using Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

We have studied the effects of sapphire surface treatments and nitridation on GaN nucleation grown using the hydride vapor phase epitaxy technique. The surface treatments used were airannealing at 1400°C, etching in pure H2SO4 at 250°C, and etching in a 3:1 mixture of H2SO4:H3PO4 solution at 250°C. A nitridation step was carried out using 20% NH3 in N2 gas mixture at 1100°C. GaN nucleation and the early stage s of growth was investigated by short time growth and quench experiments. Atomic force microscopy and double crystal x-ray diffraction were used to examine the sapphire surface morphology, GaN island density, and GaN island structure. A lower density of GaN islands was grown on the air-annealed sapphire compared to the H2SO4-etched and 3:1 H2SO4:H3PO4-etched sapphire. GaN islands grown on the 3:1 H2SO4:H3PO4-etched sapphire had a broad mosaic spread due to preferential growth on surface pits. Sapphire nitridation resulted in a higher GaN island density with a smaller mosaic spread. A high density and uniform nucleation of GaN islands is critical in producing high quality thick GaN films. The H2SO4-etched sapphire and nitridation resulted in a high density of uniform GaN islands.
Clinical Immunology in Ophthalmology: The 1975 Bedell Lecture Irving

Immunology has played a recognizable role in ophthalmology for many years. The old immunology concerned itself with antibodies, skin tests, complement, agglutinins, precipitants, and lysins. The old immunology was responsible for the remarkable development of vaccines, vaccinations, antisera, and the prophylactic use of toxins. The new immunology cannot display such achievements as yet. However, continued study in this area could lead to significant improvements in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of effective immunoregulants in inflammatory and neoplastic disease.
Turbulent flow over a 747/747 generator/follower configuration and its dynamic response

The multidisciplinary interaction of the aerodynamics and rigid-body dynamics between a single tip vortex (representing a 747 generator wing) and a trailing wing (representing a 747 follower wing) is computationally investigated. The three-dimensional computational model consists of a tip vortex with prescribed location and flow profiles at the inlet boundary of the computational domain, and a 747 follower wing with prescribed location relative to the generator tip vortex and prescribed mass-moment of inertia around the wing axis of symmetry. Keeping the follower wing stationary, the problem is solved for the flowfield using the Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes (NS) equations. With this solution sewing as initial conditions, the follower wing is released to roll under the effect of the rolling moment induced by the generator tip vortex. At each time step, the NS equations and the dynamics equation for rolling motion are solved sequentially for the flowfield, the rolling moment and the follower-wing rolling motion. The computational grid is allowed to roll according to the wing rolling motion. The problem is solved for laminar and turbulent Rows using coarse and fine grids. -
The Dean's Message

(1959). The Dean's Message. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 26, New York University-Bellevue Medical Center, pp. 571-571.
Beyond cardiac surgery: the expanded education of a false god.

Medicine speaks a universal language. Commonalities of health and disease defined by the human genome transcend acquired cultural differences, produce predictable consequences, and permit the restoration of balance and harmony with the application of evidence-based restorative or curative techniques. Unique to this process is the gratification and sense of well-being enjoyed by the practitioner as well as the patient.