cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulated engineering of nanostructures

Results are reported from two molecular-dynamics simulations designed to yield insight into the engineering of nanometre-scale structures. The first is the initial stages of the indentation of a silicon substrate by an atomically-sharp diamond tip. Up to an indentation depth of approximately 0.6 nm the substrate responds elastically and the profile of the disturbed region of the substrate normal to the surface reflects the shape of the tip apex. The disturbed region in the plane of the surface, however, reflects the symmetry of the substrate rather than that of the tip. As indentation progresses the damage to the substrate becomes irreversible, and the profile of the damage normal to the substrate surface approximately matches that of the tip, while the in-plane profile appears roughly circular rather than displaying the symmetry of either the tip or substrate. The tip maintains its integrity throughout the simulation, which had a maximum indentation depth of 1.2 nm. The second study demonstrates patterning of a diamond substrate using a group of ethynyl radicals attached to a diamond tip. The tip is designed so that the terrace containing the radicals has an atomically-sharp protrusion that can protect the radicals during a tip crash. At contact between the tip and substrate the protrusion is elastically deformed, and five of six chemisorbed radicals abstract hydrogen atoms during the 1.25 ps the tip is in contact with the surface. Displacement of the tip an additional 2.5 A, however, results in permanent damage to the protrusion with little deformation of the substrate.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE LYSINE IN STUDIES OF PROTEIN METABOLISM SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS

Racemic lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position was fed to dogs. The distribution of C14 in blood and tissue fractions is recorded. In normal dogs sacrificed at 24 hours, approximately one-third of the C14 was found in the urine, one-third in expired air, and one-third in the body, mostly in protein, predomantly as lysine residues. The rate of C14 excretion as CO2, hour by hour, paralleled closely the amount of non-protein C14 in the blood plasma. The liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen all have high values for C14 in 24 hour and 17 day experiments. The gastrointestinal tract is significantly high in the 24 hour experiments. Plasma protein from animals previously fed C14 containing lysine and thus in turn labeled, was transfused into other dogs and the rate of disappearance of albumin and globulin fractions from the circulation of the recipient dog followed. The results lead to the conclusion that as a whole, plasma proteins are utilized and replaced at a rate of at least 10 per cent per 24 hours. This minimum rate is substantially faster than turnover rates commonly accepted and emphasizes the role played by the plasma proteins in the protein economy of the body. The exact rate determination is made uncertain by the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the amount of protein in solution in extracellular and lymph spaces and its rate of equilibrium with circulating plasma proteins. Evidence from these transfusion studies indicates that plasma globulin is metabolized at a significantly faster rate than plasma albumin. This is confirmed by the observation that following the feeding of labeled lysine to dogs, C14 is first incorporated in globulin in high concentration but that later it also disappears more rapidly from the globulin fraction. These data suggest that the period of bone marrow maturation of the red cell during which time its related hemoglobin is synthesized does not exceed 3 to 5 days.
Strontium as an Indicator of Rumen By-Pass Efficacy

Abstract A procedure has been developed for determination of the efficacy of rumen by-pass in calves. The procedure utilizes strontium as a tracer of bottle fed liquids. The concentration of strontium in the rumen after bottle feeding is a measure of the proportion of bottle fed liquid that failed to by-pass the rumen. Strontium dosage required for detection of 10% by-pass failure was 5mg/kg body weight. The optimum time for rumen sampling after dosing was 30min. Strontium in the rumen was determined on stomach tube samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The procedure was readily accomplished with typical laboratory supplies and possibly could be used to determine rumen liquid volume.
Use of Small-Scale Electro-osmotic Systems in Controlling Groundwater Movement Around Structures

Small-scale electro-osmotic systems for use around commercial and residential structures are becoming increasingly common as a method of controlling the water seeping through concrete foundations or seeping into basements and other underground structures. These systems are designed for continuous use in moving water out of the soil adjacent to the structures. There is little engineering guidance on the selection and installation of the components for these small-scale systems. Features such as soil conditions, positioning of electrodes, operating voltages, operating patterns for decreasing polarization problems, and selecting the types of electrodes are critical in assuring efficient operation and a long service life. By screening sites to make sure that the geological conditions are appropriate and tailoring the system to fit the site, electro-osmotic dewatering can be applied safely and effectively, giving a property owner a method other than conventional drains for controlling groundwater problems on a building site.
Quantitation of the Pool of Cholesterol Associated with Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase in Human Fibroblasts

The esterification of cholesterol in homogenates of human fibroblasts was explored as a means of estimating the size of the pool of cholesterol associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in vivo. The rationale was that the acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in homogenates should have access only to cholesterol associated with the (rough) ER membrane fragments in which it resides. Reacting whole homogenates to completion with an excess of [14C]oleoyl-CoA converted approximately 0.1-2% of total cell-free cholesterol to [14C]cholesteryl esters. Control studies indicated that membranes not associated with ACAT did not contribute cholesterol to this reaction. The extent of in vitro cholesterol esterification varied with pretreatment of the cells. Exposing intact cells to serum lipoproteins, oxysterols, or sphingomyelinase increased cholesterol esterification in homogenates severalfold; exposing the cells to mevinolin or cholesterol oxidase had the opposite effect. The variation in cholesterol esterification did not correlate with either the total cellular cholesterol or the intrinsic activity of ACAT, neither of which was changed significantly by the pretreatments. Rather, the total amount of cholesterol esterified in homogenates paralleled the rate of cholesterol esterification in the corresponding intact cells. The pool of cholesterol esterified in vitro therefore appears to reflect that associated with the ER in vivo. Since several of the mechanisms keeping cell cholesterol under tight feedback control are themselves located in the ER, this pool might not only be regulated physiologically, but could, in turn, help to regulate homeostatic effector pathways.
A functional integration approach to the theory of the one-dimensional bag

Abstract A functional integration in the euclidean domain is used to define and to evaluate the Green functions in the theory of the one-dimensional relativistic bag. It is shown that the Green functions so defined have factorized poles corresponding to the quantum states of excitation of the system. An analysis is presented of the main properties of the on-mass-shell amplitudes, of the two current vacuum correlation function and of the form factors.
An Exclusive Right Thoracic Approach for Cancer of the Middle Third of the Esophagus

Abstract During the 25-year period 1945 to 1970, 198 patients with cancer of the midesophagus were seen, of whom 170 (85%) underwent exploratory operations; in only 19 (11%) were the lesions not resected. One hundred forty patients underwent esophagogastrectomy using an exclusive right thoracic approach entailing mobilization of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus. Of these 140, 101 (72%) survived operation; 63 (46%) lived 6 months or longer, 19 (14%) lived 18 months, and 4 (3%) have survived from 5 to 17 years. Without resection the average survival period was 2.3 months. Life expectancy after resection appeared to be independent of the duration of symptoms, the surgeon's expectations, or the pathologist's assessment of nodes and resection margins.
Simultaneous LTP of non-NMDA- and LTD of NMDA-receptor-mediated responses in the nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (NA), a ventral extension of the striatum, plays a role in several complex behaviour patterns and also is a major site of action of drugs of abuse such as cocaine. Intrinsic NA cells are predominantly quiescent and their activity depends on excitatory input from cortical and subcortical limbic afferents. Here we examine the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity at the synapse between prelimbic cortical afferents and cells in the core region of the NA. Manipulations that induce a Ca(2+)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-receptor-mediated responses also produce a simultaneous long-term depression (LTD) of NMDA-receptor-mediated responses. These results indicate that in a single cell the same change in postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration can have opposite effects on non-NMDA- and NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses. This may be particularly important in the NA, where NMDA receptors are critical for mediating the behavioural actions of drugs of abuse.
THE ORIGIN OF THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN

The need for a "model" of the development of the head and the nervous system is examined. The purpose of such a model is to facilitate the testing of the probability of the correctness of anatomic and developmental ideas from a number of areas. Without such a model this information presents only a jumble of discordant facts. The proposed model suggests the following: 1. The nervous system of amphioxus tells us little, or nothing, about the ancestral vertebrate system. 2. The gap between the neural tube stage, established in the chordate, and the complex central nervous system typical of the vertebrate is partly closed by the identification of two stages. 3. The first of these stages assumes that the original anterior end of the nervous system corresponded with the anterior end of the notochord: thus it was at the anterior end of the present mesencephalon. Outgrowth of the anterior mesencephalic wall, totally sensory in nature, moved the neuropore anteriorly. This outgrowth is correlated with the gradual conversion of a velar mouth to a biting mouth by forward and downward extension of the head. 4. As a result of the anterior and downward expansion of the anterior wall of the mesencephalon, the cephalic flexure and infundibulum were produced. The primitive eye changed its relationship to the brain from attaching anterolateral to laterally; its point of attachment shifted from dorsal to the neuropore to ventral to the neuropore. 5. The nasohypophyseal field in the neural tube ancestor was closely associated with the anterior wall of the brain below the neuropore, and nerve fibers growing from this epithelium extended to the brain below (posterior?) to the optic stalk. With outgrowth, the fibers now entered the brain substance anterior to the optic stalk and dorsal (?) to the neuropore. 6. The second stage, which is well known from the literature, is the outgrowth of the telencephalic lobes from the dorsolateral and anterior wall of the "diencephalon." 7. Among the vertebrates further elaboration of the system can be documented.
Cellular neural networks for associative memories

A synthesis procedure for designing nonsymmetric cellular neural networks (CNN) with a predetermined local interconnection structure that will store a set of desired bipolar vectors as memory points is presented. A specific case of constructing Chinese characters is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the results. Simulation results show that all the vectors corresponding to 50 commonly used Chinese characters are reachable memory vectors of the synthesized CNN. >
Endocrinologic, biochemical and histologic characterization of an ectopic ACTH producing carcinoma in childhood

We studied a 10 yr old boy with Cushing's syndrome due to an ACTH secreting islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. He had rapid weight gain, abdominal distention, proximal weakness but no hirsutism or striae. Height was -1 SD, weight was +2 SD and BP 130/90. Serum cortisol was 50-95 μg/dl without diurnal variation. Urinary free cortisol was 840 μg/24 hrs and not suppressed by dexamethasone. Plasma ACTH was strikingly elevated and secreted episodically at 900-1600 pg/ml with similarly elevated βLPH. Plasma calcitonin, LDH and α-fetoprotein concentrations were elevated. Hypokalemic alkalosis was present with normal plasma aldosterone but elevated renin and DOC. Plasma insulin to glucose ratio was normal. CT scan showed areas of punctate calcification in tail of pancreas. A tumor in the tail of the pancreas with extensive tumor nodules over the serosa was found. Tumor and both hyperplastic adrenals were removed to ameliorate Cushing's syndrome. An islet cell carcinoma was diagnosed histologically. Immunohistochemistry localized ACTH and insulin throughout the tumor. Tumor contained large amounts of BLPH by RIA. SDS gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated cell free translation products coded by tumor mRNA indicated that ACTH and BLPH arose from a common precursor molecule of 35000 daltons. A second patient, a 10 yr old girl with the same type of ACTH secreting islet cell CA was studied in 1957.
Formation of mountains on Io: Variable volcanism and thermal stresses

Abstract Thermal stresses are potentially important drivers of Io's tectonics and mountain building. It has been hypothesized that sustained local or regional shut down of heat-pipe volcanism on Io could lead to deep crustal heating and large compressive stresses [McKinnon, W.B., Schenk, P.M., Dombard, A.J., 2001. Geology 29, 103–106]. Such large stresses would then be relieved by thrust faulting and uplifting of crustal blocks, producing mountains like those observed on Io. Here we analyze the tectonic consequences of the heat-pipe model in detail, considering both the initial thermal stress state of a basalt or peridotite crust created by heat-pipe volcanism, and relative roles of subsidence stresses (due to burial of preexisting layers) and thermal stresses arising from variable volcanism and changes in crustal (∼lithosphere) thickness. We limit the magnitude of the potential subsidence stresses in our study, because the magnitude of subsidence stresses can be quite large, if not dominant. Results indicate that for a fixed crustal thickness, the region of failure and faulting moves closer to the surface as eruption rate decreases and time increases. When the crust melts at its base as volcanism decreases (as might occur under steady state tidal heating), resulting in crustal thinning, the region of failure is brought even closer to the surface. Naturally, when compressive, subsidence stresses are included, the vertical extent of crust in brittle failure thickens to include most of the lithosphere. In contrast, increases in eruption rate cause the extent of the region in compressional failure to decrease and be driven very deep in the crust (in the absence of sufficient subsidence stress). Therefore, regions of declining volcanism are more likely to produce mountains, whereas regions of extensive or increasing volcanism are less likely to do so. This is consistent with the observation of a global anticorrelation between mountains and volcanic centers on Io. Finally, we find that the choice of crustal composition/rheology (dry basalt vs. dry peridotite) has little effect on our results implying that basalt, peridotite and komatiite are all similarly “stiff” in the Io environment.
Topographic distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cristae of a turtle

Abstract The neurochemical basis of cholinergic efferent modulation of afferent function in the vestibular periphery remains incompletely understood; however, there is cellular, biochemical and molecular biological evidence for both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) in this system. This study examined the topographic distribution of α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) nAChRs in the cristae of a turtle species. Cristae were perfusion-fixed, cut at 20 μm on a cryostat and incubated with α-BTX or polyclonal antibodies raised against Torpedo nAChR. Light microscopy showed abundant specific labeling of nAChR in the central zone of each hemicrista on the calyx-bearing afferents surrounding type I hair cells and on the base of the type II hair cells. Within the peripheral zone, dense labeling of type II hair cells near the torus and sparse or no label was observed on type II hair cells near the planum. The α-BTX binding showed a similar pattern within the cristae. The similarity between the topographic distribution of α-BTX binding nAChR and of efferent inhibition of afferents supports the notion that the inhibitory effect of afferents is mediated by nAChR.
Distribution of long chain polyenoic acids among phospholipids of mouse testis

Fatty acid composition of phospholipid (PL) classes was measured in mouse testis. Among the long-chain polyenoic acids (LCPA), 22∶6 was found in highest concentration in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), whereas percentages of 20∶4 and 22∶5 were not different in PE than in phosphatidylcholine. Each PL class had a unique fatty acid composition which was also different from that of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. Differential metabolisms of 22∶5 and 22∶6 suggest different roles for these fatty acids in mouse testis. Tissue-specific functions of LCPA in mouse spermatogenesis may be divided between 22∶5 and 22∶6.
Mid-IR transition metal lasers

Transition metal ions have been of great interest from the beginning of laser development because of their broadband emission. The first demonstration of a transition metal laser used Ni 2+ as the active ion in 1963. Other transition metal ions such as Co 2+ have also been developed as lasers but low cross sections and the need for cryogenic cooling to achieve high efficiency hindered their transition from discovery to applications. The 1995 innovation of pairing Cr 2+ with a host that has tetrahedral symmetry substitution sites led to demonstration of broadly tunable, room temperature, mid-IR lasers. Progress in advancing this class of transition metal laser to output power of 18 W, tuning range to several hundred nanometers, and modelocked operation down to 100 fsec will be reviewed. Plans for future development in the areas of femtosecond pulse operation, high speed frequency tuning, fiber format, and direct electronic pumping will be discussed.
Calcite-twinning constraints on stress-strain fields along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland

Calcite veins and amygdule fillings within basalts (older than 0.7 Ma) are mechanically twinned and preserve a subhorizontal shortening strain that resulted from compression and shortening normal to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on both sides of the plate boundary. Our sample suite includes 19 specimens, 7 from the North American plate (4 veins, 3 amygdule fillings) and 12 from the European plate (9 veins, 3 amygdule fillings), 18 of which record ridge-normal subhorizontal shortening. Five of the strain analyses, two from the North American plate and three from the European plate, have a high percentage of negative expected values, and these secondary strain results record a ridge-parallel shortening strain with plunges that vary parallel to the ridge axis. Averaged shortening strain magnitudes for the twinned calcite (−2.5%, European plate; −6.02%, North American plate) and inferred differential stresses (−48 MPa) that caused the twinning are modest and are thought to represent regional tectonic conditions (i.e., ridge push), not local (e.g., hotspot or glacial loading) phenomena.
The LRLTRAN compiler

Extensive software problems confront an organization which possesses a number of different computers and which frequently acquire new ones. To maintain cohesion, a system must be developed, written in a high level language, which minimizes machine dependencies and isolates those which are necessary. A language and a compiler for that language are discussed here.The language, called LRLTRAN, is a heavily augmented FORTRAN. The three-pass compiler makes use internally of a postfix Polish notation (pass I to pass II) and a free representation referred to as a “composite blocking table” (pass I to pass III). Machine-independent optimization occurs in pass II and DO-loop and machine-dependent optimization in pass III.
Lithium-mediated disruptions of latent inhibition: Overshadowing by the unconditioned stimulus in flavor conditioning

Abstract In a series of experiments, the ability of a single lithium preexposure to disrupt CS effectiveness was assessed using a latent inhibition procedure. Lithium preexposure administered proximal (90 min) to a saccharin familiarization trial reduced latent inhibition whereas a similar administration more distal (360 min) to flavor familiarization failed to do so. Additional experiments demonstrated that this socalled “US overshadowing” effect was not attributable to sensitization (Experiment 2), excitatory backward conditioning (Experiment 3), or state dependency (Experiment 4). The implications of US overshadowing for proximal US-preexposure effects are discussed.
Bovine liver dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase: Purification, properties, and characterization as a zinc metalloenzyme

Abstract Beef liver dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase has been purified to homogeneity using both an electrophoretic and a hydrophobic chromatographic method. The enzyme is a tetramer with a molecular weight of 226,000 g mol −1 , a subunit molecular weight of 56,500 g mol −1 , and contains 4 mol of tightly bound ( K s ⩾ 1.33 × 10 9 M −1 ) Zn 2+ per mole of active enzyme. The enzyme appears to be a true Zn 2+ metalloenzyme because there exists a direct proportionality between enrichment of Zn 2+ and active enzyme during purification, there is an almost quantitative relationship between the loss of both enzyme activity and Zn 2+ during 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid treatment to form apoenzyme, Zn 2+ and Co 2+ reactivate dipicolinic acid-inhibited enzyme and saturating concentrations of a substrate, dihydrothymine, protect against 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid inhibition. EDTA does not inhibit the enzyme; however, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, o -phenanthroline and 2,6-dipicolinic acid cause a time-dependent loss in activity which follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Analysis of the resulting kinetic data for these three chelators indicates that the reaction pathway involves the formation of an enzyme-Zn 2+ -chelator ternary complex which then dissociates to form apoenzyme and a Zn 2+ -chelator complex. Like other Zn 2+ metalloenzymes, the enzyme is inhibited by a number of substituted sulfonamides. In the case of p -nitrobenzenesulfonamide, this inhibition is competitive in nature. Using the purified enzyme, kinetic constants were determined for a variety of dihydropyrimidines, ureidocarboxylic acids and hydantoin substrates. Normal hyperbolic kinetics were observed for the hydrolysis of the cyclic compounds, but the cyclization of the ureidoacids showed biphasic kinetics and different values of K m can be estimated at either high or low concentrations of these substrates.
Citrus in West Africa, with special reference to Liberia

Although ample evidence has been gathered to show that citrus can be grown in many parts of West Africa, relatively little of it is cultivated there at present because of difficulties in transportation and communication. Shifting agriculture is still characteristic of the region, and tradition makes the growing of any introduced tree crop difficult.
Cultivar and cultivar x environment effects on the development of callus and polyhaploid plants from anther cultures of wheat.

Plants of three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars and one randomly selected doubled-haploid line derived by anther culture from each of the three cultivars were each grown in three environments, a field environment, a greenhouse environment, and a growth chamber environment. Anthers containing largely miduninucleate to late uninucleate microspores were cultured and calli were induced to regenerate plants in order to assess the effects of cultivar, cultivar family (cultivar and corresponding doubled-haploid derivative), anther-donor plant environment, and cultivar X environment interaction on androgenic responses. Large differences in response were observed among cultivars as well as between cultivars and doubled-haploids. Differences between cultivar and doubled-haploid within cultivar family usually resulted from higher frequency of response in the cultivar, contrary to the hypothesis that anther culture per se constitutes a general selective device for superior androgenic responses. Also, in a second experiment, anther callusing frequency was greater in the cultivar ‘Kitt’ than in any of five unique doubled-haploid lines derived from ‘Kitt’. Significant effects were also observed in the first experiment for the interactions of cultivar family X environment as well as doubled-haploid vs. cultivar X environment, although the effect of environment itself was less significant than these interactions.
Hapten-specific respiratory hypersensitivity in guinea pigs.

Respiratory hypersensitivity to small chemical determinants (haptens) was produced in guinea pigs by repeatedly exposing the animals to aerosols of hapten-ovalbumin conjugates. In this way, reactivity toward p-azobenzenearsonate and p-tolyl isocyanate was induced. Carrier (ovalbumin)-specific respiratory reactions were not produced. Hapten-specific respiratory hypersensitivity was accompanied by the production of hapten-specif ic antibodies. The method for inducing hapten-specific hypersensitivity can be applied to screen various industrial chemicals for their sensitizing abilities toward the respiratory tract.
Learned Food Aversions in the Progression of Cancer and Its Treatment

The studies included in this chapter examine the learned food aversions that develop as a result of cancer and cancer treatment. Clinical studies have shown that cancer patients can develop learned aversions to a novel ice cream flavor when it is consumed before drug treatments that produce nausea and vomiting. They also provided evidence that patients can acquire aversions to food in their usual diets when these foods are eaten before similar drug treatments. Observations in the clinic, supported by complementary studies with animal models, suggest that learned aversions are more likely to arise to protein foods than to other nutrient sources and that the presentation of a novel food in association with drug treatments may act as a "scapegoat" in blocking the development of aversions to foods in the normal diet. Laboratory studies using transplantable tumors in rats have shown that tumor growth can be associated with the development of strong aversions to the available diet. These aversions are specific to the diet eaten during tumor growth and they appear to play a causal role in the development of tumor-induced anorexia. The food aversions apparent in animals with certain experimental tumors point to physiological consequences of tumor growth that act as unconditioned stimuli in taste aversion conditioning. The identification of these changes and development of methods for correcting them are the current goals of our research in this area.
Analog High-Bandwidth Single-Shot Data Link Using Integrated Optical Modulators And A High Fidelity Optical Streak Camera

We present preliminary data on the fidelity of an analog optical data link operating at 830 nm. This data link encodes an electrical signal on an optical carrier by the action of a commercially available integrated-optic modulator, a 2x2 switch, from Crystal Technology, Inc. (CTI). An optical streak camera is used to record the modulated optical carrier. With this single-shot system a precision of 2--5% is realized. The dynamic range of the system is approximately 30 dB (power). The present system bandwidth is limited to 3 Ghz by the CTI modulator. New modulator designs using travelling wave structures will soon extend the system bandwidth to around 10 Ghz. We discuss the potential for development of a high-fidelity multichannel analog link based upon this technology and the potential impact on instrumentation for the measurement of ultra-fast single-transient phenomena. 5 refs., 10 figs.
Differentially Expressed Soluble Proteins in Aortic Cells from Atherosclerosis-Susceptible and Resistant Pigeons

Abstract Soluble proteins in aortic smooth muscle cells cultured from atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons were extracted and separated on 2-dimensional electrophoresis gels. Spots were analyzed with Phoretix software and compared between the 2 breeds. Proteins differentially expressed were arrayed on a map, plotting molecular weight against isoelectric point. Eight discrete zones were identified, 5 that included only proteins unique to susceptible cells and 3 that included proteins unique to resistant cells. Of the 88 differentially expressed proteins from susceptible cells, 41 were located in unique zones, whereas 29 of 82 differentially expressed proteins from resistant cells were in unique zones. Selected proteins from susceptibility, and resistance zones were annotated by peptide mass fragments, molecular weights, isoelectric points, and correspondence with genes differentially expressed between cells from the 2 breeds. Some of the annotated proteins (such as smooth muscle myosin phosphatase, myosin heavy chain, fatty acid-binding protein, ribophorin, heat shock protein, and tumor necrosis factor α-inducing factor) corresponded to the current hypotheses to explain atherogenesis. In addition, the unique electrophoretic migration zones of proteins associated with susceptibility or resistance should prove useful as a diagnostic tool in clinical settings where species or phenotypes, or both, susceptible or resistant to atherosclerosis can be identified.
Must It Be This Way? Ten Rules for Keeping Your Audience Awake During Conferences

Your data mean more to you than to your audience. This means just what it says. You have been immersed in your data for months; you know their shape and feel— the exact words of your respondents, the nuances in them, and the chart you slaved over. Such labors of love are difficult to translate into a 15-minute talk. Choose your data selectively. And if you choose to read quotes, use ellipses (those three little dots) liberally. In a spoken talk, it’s okay to clean up your respondent’s words. Eliminate the instances of “you know” and “well, as I was saying” to make it easier on your audience. There are liberties you can take with an oral talk that you can’t in print.
Vascular repair after balloon overstretch injury in porcine model effects of intracoronary radiation.

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of IR on thrombus formation and dissection repair following overstretch balloon injury in porcine coronary arteries.BACKGROUND...
Pressure dependence of Tc in strongly underdoped YBa2Cu3O6.41 as a function of pressure–temperature history

Abstract The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature T c ( P ) of strongly underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.41 [ T c (1 bar)≃14 K] on hydrostatic pressure is determined to 7 GPa in an ac susceptibility measurement in a diamond-anvil-cell loaded with dense helium as pressure medium. T c ( P ) is found to depend markedly on the temperature–pressure history due to the importance of relaxation processes in the oxygen sublattice. The relaxation time τ increases exponentially with pressure, corresponding to an activation volume of +4.2 cm 3 /mol. The `intrinsic' T c ( P )-dependence (that devoid of relaxation effects) is determined whereby T c initially increases with pressure, passes through a maximum near 17 K at 2 GPa, and falls below 1.6 K above 7 GPa.
The Concept of "Military Economies of Scale"

Abstract Military economies of scale exist if an increase of x% in all inputs increases an army′s destructive capability by more than x%. Economies of scale did not exist in ancient and medieval warfare. Perceived instances of military scale economies are actually the expected outcome of the application of a superior weapon system. With the development of firearms, combat came to involve more than the front ranks alone. When every soldier is able to fire on every other soldier, an army′s capability increases by the square of its size. By 1700, scale economies were available to all modern armies.
Effect of cryotherapy on muscle recovery and inflammation following a bout of damaging exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cryotherapy on the inflammatory response to muscle-damaging exercise using a randomized trial. Twenty recreationally active males completed a 40-min run at a −10 % grade to induce muscle damage. Ten of the subjects were immersed in a 5 °C ice bath for 20 min and the other ten served as controls. Knee extensor peak torque, soreness rating, and thigh circumference were obtained pre- and post-run, and 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post-run. Blood samples were obtained pre- and post-run, and 1, 6 and 24 h post-run for assay of plasma chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Peak torque decreased from 270 ± 57 Nm at baseline to 253 ± 65 Nm post-run and increased to 295 ± 68 Nm by 72 h post-run with no differences between groups (p = 0.491). Soreness rating increased from 3.6 ± 6.0 mm out of 100 mm at baseline to 47.4 ± 28.2 mm post-run and remained elevated at all time points with no differences between groups (p = 0.696). CCL2 concentrations increased from 116 ± 31 pg mL−1 at baseline to 293 ± 109 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run (control) and from 100 ± 27 pg mL−1 at baseline to 208 ± 71 pg mL−1 at 6 h post-run (cryotherapy). The difference between groups was not significant (p = 0.116), but there was a trend for lower CCL2 in the cryotherapy group at 6 h (p = 0.102), though this measure was highly variable. In conclusion, 20 min of cryotherapy was ineffective in attenuating the strength decrement and soreness seen after muscle-damaging exercise, but may have mitigated the rise in plasma CCL2 concentration. These results do not support the use of cryotherapy during recovery.
Can a neutron star be a giant MIT bag

Abstract We show, on the basis of the M.I.T. bag model of hadrons, that a neutron matter-quark phase transition is energetically favorable at densities around ten to twenty times nuclear matter density. It is unlikely, however, that quark matter can be found within stable neutron stars, or that it may form a third family of dense stellar objects.
Pinhole formation and weight loss during oxidation of industrial graphite and carbon

The performance of graphite or carbon above 400°C depends to a large degree on its resistance to oxidation. In this work oxidation data of graphite and carbon was analyzed using the number of created pinholes for short-term oxidation and weight loss for long-term oxidation. The effect of grain size, purification, and the amount of inorganic impurities was investigated. The migration of vanadium, the formation and morphology of pinholes, and the weight loss were followed in different samples. Short-term oxidation is diminished by the presence of calcium salts and enhanced by the presence of V2O5, but the latter effect is diminished by the presence of Ca3V2O8. Both calcium salts and V2O5 enhance the long-term oxidation.
DEGRADATION METHODS AND DEGRADATION KINETICS OF POLYMER FILMS

Abstract Two accelerated degradation systems are described for the marine and soil exposures of polymer films. The systems were designed to provide controlled environments in which rates of degradation could be accelerated. The goal in developing these systems was to provide a standardized basis for comparing degradation kinetics of the films. Polymer film degradation kinetics are illustrated with two bacterial polyester copolymers (8% valerate and 24% valerate in butyrate-co-valerate polyester polymers) and cellophane. Initial data on weight loss per surface area, changes in molecular weight, and changes in mechanical properties of the films are described. The long-term goals are to correlate this type of data to environmental exposure conditions and to polymer morphology and chemistry.
Stochastic shape functions and stochastic strain-displacement matrix for a stochastic finite element stiffness matrix

For conventional finite element problems, element geometry is adequate to determine shape functions. However, to account for secondary effects due to material randomness, conventional shape functions need to be modified according to the spatial fluctuation of constitutive variables in each Monte Carlo sample. This paper develops a method to compute stochastic shape functions based on local equilibrium criteria when each simulated sample complies with the same order of accuracy as designated for the associated deterministic problem. The resulting stochastic stiffness matrix is then calculated via the stochastic strain–displacement matrix based on those stochastic shape functions. In order to attain high accuracy, which is the characteristic of the boundary element method, rational polynomial shape functions are used in this paper. The proposed formulation is indispensable when secondary effects (due to nano size and time scale in modern technology, fiber randomness in composites, thermodynamic interactions in biological tissues, to name a few) demand a high accuracy finite element formulation. The elasto-plastic deformation that introduces concavity motivated the numerical example elaborated here. An example of a concave quadrilateral element with spatial randomness for the modulus of elasticity is illustrated. Since isoparametric shape functions for concave quadrilaterals do not exist, the Wachspress rational polynomial shape functions with irrational terms are used. The computer algebra environment Mathematica is employed here.
An evaluating of the Sniffer global optimization algorithm using standard test functions

Abstract The performance of Sniffer—a new global optimization algorithm—is compared with that of Simulated Annealing. Using the number of function evaluations as a measure of efficiency, the new algorithm is shown to be significantly better at finding the global minimum of seven standard test functions. Several of the test functions used have many local minima and very steep walls surrounding the global minimum. Such functions are intended to thwart global minimization algorithms.
Advanced remote-sensing imaging emission spectrometer (ARIES): system-level design tradeoffs

Development of a next-generation imager/sounder requires advances in optics, focal planes, mechanical systems and electronics. Technologies exist today to meet the requirements of next generation imager/sounders, but they allow a wide range of configurations. On one hand, the instrument aperture can be as small as diffraction will allow, but this will require a very large field of view of the optical system and a large focal plane assembly. On the other hand, the aperture can be large, minimizing the field of view and number of detectors. In this paper, we examine the relationship between aperture size, field of view of the optical system and focal plane assembly size and the number of detector elements needed to meet the requirements of a next generation imager/sounder system.
Meningioma of the Frontal Sinus

Meningioma of the frontal sinus is a rare entity. Only nine cases of primary frontal sinus meningioma are reported in the literature. Two cases of frontal sinus meningioma, one primary and one seco...
Speculations on structural relationships between the hypothalamic releasing factors of pituitary hormones.

RECENTLY, hypothalamic releasing factors have been isolated from two different species (porcine and ovine) and their structures elucidated1–5. These factors stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones and have been shown to be small polypeptides. Thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) for both species is the tripeptide pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide (pGlu-His-Pro-amide)1,2. TRF acts on pituitary thyrotrophs to stimulate the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The structure of a hypothalamic factor which stimulates the secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) has been determined. This gonadotropin releasing factor, referred to as LRF, is a decapeptide and, like TRF, has both terminals blocked; in both species its primary sequence is pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-amide3–5.
Investigation of the Electrocatalytic Activity of Rhodium Sulfide for Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation

Abstract We report the synthesis of unsupported and carbon-supported, mixed phase, rhodium sulfide, using both a hydrogen sulfide source and a solid sulfur source. Samples with several different distributions of rhodium sulfide phases (Rh2S3, Rh17S15, RhS2 and metallic Rh) were obtained by varying the temperature and exposure time to H2S or sulfur to rhodium ratio when using solid sulfur. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the unsupported rhodium sulfide compounds studied using Raman spectroscopy to link Raman spectra to catalyst phases. The electrocatalytic activity of the rhodium sulfide compounds for hydrogen evolution and oxidation was measured using rotating disk electrode measurements in acidic conditions to simulate use in a flow cell. The most active phases for hydrogen evolution were found to be Rh3S4 and Rh17S15 (−0.34 V vs. Ag/AgCl required for 20 mA/cm2), while Rh2S3 and RhS2 phases were relatively inactive (−0.46 V vs. Ag/AgCl required for 20 mA/cm2 using RhS2/C). The hydrogen oxidation activity of all rhodium sulfide phases is significantly lower than the hydrogen evolution activity and is not associated with conductivity limitations.
Comparison of the jamming avoidance responses in gymnotoid and gymnarchid electric fish a case of convergent evolution of behavior and its sensory basis

1. A behavioral response conforming to defining features of the jamming avoidance response (JAR) previously reported inEigenmannia andApteronotus of the Cypriniformes is found inGymnarchus of the Mormyriformes. 2. Other parallel specializations of these groups are noted, of which the most relevant is the character of the electric organ discharge (EOD); it is quasisinusoidal, high in repetition rate and highly regular in each of the genera. The same features are found inSternopygus but it lacks a JAR. 3. The EOD is compared inGymnarchus, Eigenmannia, Apteronotus andSternopygus, in respect to power spectrum and regularity. 4. Other special features of the EOD inGymnarchus are described, including “singing” and a miniature EOD of a different frequency from the main EOD. 5. The JAR inGymnarchus, compared toEigenmannia andApteronotus is longer in latency, slower in reaching plateau, smaller in maximum frequency shift and best excited by a stimulus frequency closer to its own. The voltage gradient threshold (≪2.5μV/cm) is higher and the dynamic range smaller. Some correlations with habit of life are suggested. 6. Two types of electroreceptors seem particularly relevant to the JAR. They are similar to the T and P units already reported inEigenmannia but substantial differences require separate designations; we call them Type S and Type O units. 7. Type S units are like T units but spontaneous at high rates and phase coding over a limited intensity range near threshold. Over a wide range of intensity, including much of the physiological range normally encountered the S unit cannot encode intensity. 8. Type O units are like P units but usefully coding in a narrow intensity range; they are often unable to reach 1∶1 following. The threshold is usually about 20 db higher than in S units. 9. The filter properties of both types are those of a bandpass filter. Whereas the O units are sharply tuned to the EOD frequency, the S units have a flat passband over a range of about 150 Hz, and sharp cutoffs (about 50 db/octave) on both the high and low frequency sides.
Distributed parameter model for computing energy dissipation in brush-type electrostatic discharges

Abstract A distributed parameter model has been developed for estimating energy dissipation and charge transfer in electrostatic discharges from thin insulating sheets backed by a ground plane. The sheets are represented as an array of discretized elements; each assigned a capacitance and an initial surface charge. Simulations were performed by means of an equivalent two-dimensional network of resistors, capacitors, and spark gaps. Time evolution of the system was determined by ordinary circuit equations and the physics governing the breakdown of air in the gaps. The model also generates “simulated Lichtenberg figures”, providing insight into the mechanism governing the complex breakdown patterns that form across insulating surfaces when these discharges occur. Experiments to assess the validity of the model are discussed. Simulation results provided by the model were found to be in good agreement with those obtained experimentally.
Discrete roles for histone acetylation in human T helper 1 cell-specific gene expression

To better understand the control of T helper (TH) 1-expressed genes, we compared and contrasted acetylation and expression for three key genes, IFNG, TBET, and IL18RAP and found them to be distinctly regulated. The TBET and the IFNG genes, but not the IL18RAP gene, showed preferential acetylation of histones H3 and H4 during TH1 differentiation. Analysis of acetylation of specific histone residues revealed that H3(Lys-9), H4(Lys-8), and H4(Lys-12) were preferentially modified in TH1 cells, suggesting a possible contribution of acetylation of these residues for induction of these genes. On the other hand, the acetylation of IL18RAP gene occurred both in TH1 and TH2 cells the similar kinetics and on the same with residues, demonstrating that selective histone acetylation was not universally the case for all TH1-expressed genes. Histone H3 acetylation of IFNG and TBET genes occurred with different kinetics, however, and was distinctively regulated by cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 enhanced the histone acetylation of the IFNG gene. By contrast, histone acetylation of the TBET gene was markedly suppressed by IL-4, whereas IL-12 and IL-18 had only modest effects suggesting that histone acetylation during TH1 differentiation is a process that is regulated by various factors at multiple levels. By treating Th2 cells with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, we restored histone acetylation of the IFNG and TBET genes, but it did not fully restore their expression in TH2 cells, again suggesting that histone acetylation explains one but not all the aspects of TH1-specific gene expression.