cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Power and Politics and their Effects on Organizational Commitment of Senior Executive Service Members

This research establishes a power-based theory and a theory of politicization as explanations for variation in the commitment level of Senior Executive Service (SES) members in the federal governme...
High field electrophoresis in low conductivity liquids

Abstract An experimental study of the high field electrophoresis of glass and metallic particles of various sizes in low conductivity liquids is reported. Particle mobilities in transformer oil with and without conductivity doping under the action of various electric fields are measured. Formulas relating mobility to surface charge density are developed for different ranges of the conductivity of the liquid. The measured mobilities are fitted to these formulas in accordance with conductivity measurements and the charge densities calculated. The results are presented in graphs and tables.
Triggering Bacterial Virulence

When pathogenic bacteria invade a host, virulence genes are induced that allow the bacteria to evade the host's defense mechanisms. Two reports in this week's issue [Pettersson et al . ([p.1231][1]) and Zhang et al . ([p. 1234][2])] show that cell-cell contact between bacteria and host is a key trigger in this induction, at least in a strain of Escherichia coli and in Yersinia . In their Perspective, Cotter and Miller draw parallels between these two systems and predict that cell-cell contact may be a general mechanism for virulence gene regulation. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5279.1231 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5279.1234
Variability in function measurements of three sensory foot nerves in neuropathic diabetic patients

We have examined the variability in function measurements of three sensory foot nerves in neuropathic diabetic patients and have compared them to measurements from healthy non-diabetic subjects. Sixty-six healthy, non-diabetic subjects (30 (45%) males, mean age 56 years (range, 21–84 years)) and 61 age and sex matched diabetic patients (33 (54%) males, mean age 55 years (range, 34–78 years) Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), mean duration of DM 24 years (range, 2–48 years)) were tested. Current perception threshold (CPT) at 250 Hz was employed to test the sensory function of three nerves: superficial peroneal, sural and posterior tibial. The vibration perception threshold, (VPT) and the cutaneous perception threshold (CCPT) were also assessed at the great toe. According to the results of the neuropathy disability score (NDS), mild neuropathy was present in 8 (13%) patients, moderate in 33 (54%) and severe in 20 (33%). In both groups the CPT of the posterior tibial nerve was higher than the other two nerves (P < 0.0001) while no difference was found between the superficial peroneal and sural nerves (P = NS). CPT was different between the two feet at the superficial peroneal nerve in 39 (64%) diabetic patients and 34 (52%) controls (P = NS), at the sural nerve in 40 (65%) and 45 (68%) (P = NS), and at the posterior tibial in 36 (59%) and 33 (50%), respectively (P = NS). VPT was different by more than 10% at the great toes in 26 (43%) diabetic subjects and CCPT in 21 (34%). We conclude that although there is variation in sensory nerve function tests in diabetic patients this is similar to that noticed in healthy subjects. The great variability of all quantitative sensory testing indicates that more than one site should be tested.
The action of chelating agents and local anesthetics on the terminal stages of immune hemolysis.

The participation of metal ions between C8 and C9 during the final stages of immune hemolysis could not be verified. EA, EAC1-7, and EAC1-8 all lyse completely when tested with 40 mM or higher concentrations of phenanthroline derivatives, only some of which are metal chelators. Only those phenanthrolines that carry a nitrogen in the No. 1 position and are also uncharged are lytic. 1.7-phenanthroline, not a chelator, lyses EAC1-8 more readily than EA and EAC1-7, suggesting an influence of the C5b-8 complex on this type of lysis. Unlike C9 lysis of EAC 1-8, phenanthroline induced lysis of EAC 1-8 cannot be inhibited by incubation with anti-C8, indicating different binding sites for C9 and phenanthrolines. The phenanthrolines neither protect nor promote hypotonic lysis, as do local anesthetics which are known to perturb primarily the membrane lipid phase. Likewise, sublytic drug concentrations do not modify immune hemolysis.
Yeast has a true stringent response.

IN bacteria there is a coordinate regulation of the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein1. This is most evident from studies of the rates of synthesis of ribosomal components as a function of the growth rate of the cell2,3. Another example is the ‘stringent response’, in which cells deprived of an essential amino acid shut down the transcription of ribosomal RNA as well as that of messenger RNA for ribosomal proteins4,5, but increase the synthesis of mRNA for certain biosynthetic proteins6. Although this stringent response is at least partially due to the rc gene product and/or its synthesis of ppGpp, little is known about the detailed mechanisms involved in controlling the two types of transcription. To what degree does the stringent response exist in eukaryotic cells, which use separate polymerases for the transcription of ribosomal RNA and messenger RNA6? We7 and others8 have shown that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae deprived of an amino acid, the transcription of ribosomal RNA is severely inhibited. Ribosomal RNA transcription is also inhibited in cells treated with cycloheximide7,9, but it continues almost normally in cells in which synthesis of ribosomal proteins has specifically been inhibited through a temperature-sensitive mutation10. We demonstrate here that in cells deprived of an amino acid there is a specific depletion of messenger RNA coding for ribosomal proteins.
Spin-glass domain model for the reentrant state of Ni-Mn

Abstract A spherical sample of the disordered alloy Ni77Mn23 was studied after cooling to 4.2 K from above the ferromagnetism-to- reentrance temperature (≈60 K) in various fields (Hcool). For Hcool⩾2 kOe, the thermoremanence is saturated and the hysteresis loop is narrow and displaced, indicative of a purely unidirectional anistropy. The sample thus behaves as a single spin-glass domain with a fixed anisotropy field (HK) and a net magnetization (MS) that turns rigidly in an applied field. The narrow symmetrical loop for Hcool = 0 is shown to be attributable to a subdivision of the sample into smaller spin-glass domains of similar HK and MS, with HK randomly oriented. Moreover, the domains are weakly coupled antiferromagnetically. A very reasonable fit to the zero-Hcool loop is obtained if it is also assumed that each domain interacts predominantly with neighboring domains of oppositely oriented HK, giving rise to a spin-flop-like magnetization process.
Power grid disturbance analysis using frequency information at the distribution level

Disturbance analysis is important to the study of the power transmission system because it facilitates the modeling, operation and planning of the system. Traditionally, disturbances are described as megawatt (MW) events, but the access to data is inefficient due to the slow installation and authorization process of the monitoring device. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to disturbance analysis conducted at the distribution level by exploiting the frequency recordings from Frequency Disturbance Recorders (FDRs) of the Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET/GridEye), based on the relationship between frequency change and the power loss of disturbances, which is linearly associated by the Frequency Response. We first analyze the real disturbance records (in megawatt) of North America from the year 1992 to 2009 and confirm the power law distribution; meanwhile we discover that small disturbances are log-normal distributed. Then based on the real records from 2011 to 2013 (EI), the disturbances in megawatt and the corresponding frequency change records are studied in parallel. We prove that the frequency change of disturbances and its megawatt records share similar power law distribution when the disturbances are large; the frequency change can be delineated by a log-normal distribution with its numerically approximated coefficient when the disturbances are small. These findings have enabled the analysis of disturbances as frequency changes monitored at the distribution level with much better resolution and significantly faster access of data.
Economic Issues and Implications of a United States Milk Quota Program

Abstract Interest in adoption of a national mandatory milk quota program has grown considerably in the last 2 yr primarily due to mounting dairy surpluses and burgeoning costs of the dairy price support program. If this type of program were to be adopted, all segments of the dairy industry would be affected. This article examines the potential economic issues and implications of such programs on current and future generations of dairy farmers, milk handlers, government, and consumers. In part, it is argued that a national mandatory milk quota program would most likely raise farm milk prices, reduce milk surpluses, provide windfall gains to current producers, reduce government budgetary costs, increase retail prices for consumers of dairy products, increase costs of production, encourage the use of substitutes for dairy products, and slow adoption of new technologies by farmers. Although the political climate in Congress and the Administration is not very receptive, support for these programs has grown during the past year among farmers and the dairy lobby. At the very least, there undoubtedly will be political pressure for a national mandatory milk quota program in the near future.
The effect of hydrogen on deformation substructure, flow and fracture in a nickel-base single crystal superalloy

The room temperature flow and fracture of a nickel-base single crystal gamma/gamma-/prime superalloy in the presence and absence of hydrogen is explored. The procedure of hydrogen-charging employed in this study provides a very high and uniform hydrogen concentration of the order of 5000 at.-ppm in the material. It is shown that the most compelling hydrogen-induced changes in deformation behavior are enhanced dislocation accumulation in the gamma matrix and extensive cross-slip of super-dislocations. The explanation of these changes is proposed. Both effects contribute to the increase of flow stress and the notable work hardening that occurs prior to fracture. Hydrogen enhanced strain localization in the gamma matrix leads to the dramatic loss of ductility and premature cracking, which manifests as failure macroscopically parallel to the 100-plane-oriented faces of gamma-prime precipitates. On the microscale, cracking, while limited to the gamma matrix, occurs parallel to multiple 111-plane-oriented slip systems.
'Can you see me now?' An Objective Metric for Predicting Intelligibility of Compressed American Sign Language Video

For members of the Deaf Community in the United States, current communication tools include TTY/TTD services, video relay services, and text-based communication. With the growth of cellular technology, mobile sign language conversations are becoming a possibility. Proper coding techniques must be employed to compress American Sign Language (ASL) video for low-rate transmission while maintaining the quality of the conversation. In order to evaluate these techniques, an appropriate quality metric is needed. This paper demonstrates that traditional video quality metrics, such as PSNR, fail to predict subjective intelligibility scores. By considering the unique structure of ASL video, an appropriate objective metric is developed. Face and hand segmentation is performed using skin-color detection techniques. The distortions in the face and hand regions are optimally weighted and pooled across all frames to create an objective intelligibility score for a distorted sequence. The objective intelligibility metric performs significantly better than PSNR in terms of correlation with subjective responses.
A Reference Lottery Metric for Valuing Health

This study utilizes reference lotteries on life and death to establish a death-equivalent metric for valuing long-term health effects. We use a computer-based survey approach to elicit choices among residential locations that pose different risks of chronic disease and dying in an automobile accident. From paired choices between different locations, we infer their rates of trade-off between reducing the risks of chronic diseases and the automobile death risk. The values of reducing the risks from two diseases, a nerve disease peripheral neuropathy and lymphoma cancer of the lymph system, are measured in terms of both trade-off rates with the risk of an automobile death and with dollars. While the use of reference lotteries for monetary outcomes to establish a utility metric is well established for monetary outcomes, our results suggest that reference lotteries on life and death can also be applied with decision-makers facing realistic choices to construct a utility metric for valuing health status. The results were corroborated by a strong positive correlation between the risk-risk trade-off values and relative aversion scores for the different health outcomes, as well as by the relative values of avoiding the three diseases in our study.
A Case of Brugada Syndrome Presenting With Incessant Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Brugada syndrome, an inherited arrhythmogenic cardiac disease, manifests with ST-segment changes in the right precordial leads, right bundle block pattern, and susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and suddendeath. The only establishedtherapyfor thisdiseaseis preventionofsudden deathby implantationof a defibrillator. Herein we describe a case of a patient who presented with incessant ventricular tachycardia (VT) and syncope and who had a type 1 Brugada pattern on ECG. The patient was successfully treated with quinidine,afterwhich the classicallydescribedtype 2 and 3 patternsemerged.
Experimental study of the relationship between the base impedance and its time derivative in impedance plethysmography.

Transthoracic electrical impedanceZ consists of a constant baseline component Z 0 and the time variable component ΔZ such that Z=Z 0+ΔZ. The first time derivative of Z has a negative peak, the magnitude of which is (d Z/d t)min. Measurements of 170 volunteers show that (d Z/d t)min is a function of the constant baseline component Z 0. This implies that at least a part of the difference of the magnitudes of (d Z/d t)min on Z 0 must be taken into account in order to avoid erroneous conclusions or inaccurate calculations.
Linearized secondary-electron cascades from the surfaces of metals. II. Surface and subsurface sources

Segmentation of the linearized cascade from a metallic surface was shown in Paper I to be initiated by internal sources. Here the nature of the line shape accompanying the segmentation is related to a distinction between internal sources according to surface and subsurface distributions of their constituents. These sources are assumed to be activated during the decay processes that accompany excitation of bound electrons by passing primary electrons and derive from atomic constituents having distinguishable spatial distributions. The distributions correspond to a surface source if they exist within an inelastic mean free path ${l}_{i}(E)$ of the vacuum-solid interface, and are subsurface sources if they exist below this level in the solid. Composite distributions are considered also. Characteristic spectra in the $\frac{logj(E)}{log(E)}$ display mode are shown for nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur serving as internal sources in nickel and aluminum.
Abstract 686: Warburg effect in mammary atypia from high-risk women

Background: Aggressive cancers are known to consume glucose avidly and produce lactic acid (rather than fully metabolize glucose via the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle). This shift toward lactate production, even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is termed the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect is thought to be a late event in breast cancer, however, our studies in high-risk women provide evidence that the Warburg effect occurs during cancer initiation. This is an important observation as glucose-signaling can be readily targeted for breast cancer prevention with minimal toxicity. Here we investigated the role of the Warburg effect in breast cancer initiation in young high-risk women. Methods and Results: Similar to fluorodeoxyglucose, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) is a fluorescent glucose analog that can be used to track glucose uptake and glycolysis. 2-NBDG spectroscopy provides a means to track glucose metabolism in live mammary epithelial cells from high-risk women. We used 2-NBDG spectroscopy to measure glucose uptake in ER- breast cancer and live atypical mammary epithelial cells from high-risk premenopausal women. We observe that both triple-negative breast cancer and a subset of atypia exhibits accumulation of 2-NBDG. There is growing recognition that phosphoprotein signaling networks (rather than single genes) play a key role in breast cancer initiation and progression. Our team used Reverse Phase Proteomic Microarray (RPPM) profiling to test for activation of phosphoprotein signaling networks in atypical RPFNA cytology from high-risk premenopausal women in our cohort. RPFNA were obtained from two independent sets of 39 and 38 high-risk premenopausal women; 45% of these women were African American. The signaling network most highly expressed in precancerous cells contained activated signaling proteins associated with the Warburg effect (AKT/mTOR/PI3K), insulin signaling (pACC, IRS1) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) IL6/Stat3/vimentin. Conclusions: This is the first evidence that abnormal glucose uptake and the Warburg effect occurs during breast cancer initiation in high-risk premenopausal women. These studies demonstrate our ability to identify abnormal glucose and activated signaling networks associated with the Warbug effect in atypical mammary cells from high-risk women. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 686. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-686
Sulphide-induced polioencephalomalacia in lambs

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) was induced in four of 10 lambs by the administration of a sulphide solution into the oesophagus at 20 min intervals for a period of 40 to 120 min. Signs of neurological dysfunction occurred in all 10 lambs during that time and included stupor, visual impairment and seizures. Gross autofluorescent and microscopic lesions in cerebrocortical grey matter were present as soon as 20 h after sulphide administration and were indistinguishable from lesions in naturally occurring disease. These findings, when considered together with an earlier study that revealed an association between high ruminal concentrations of sulphide and PEM, indicate that this disease can result from sulphide toxicosis, independent of the metabolic status of thiamine.
AdS/CFT correspondence with heat conduction

Abstract We study an extension of the gravity dual to a perfect fluid model found by Janik and Peschanski. By relaxing one of the constraints, namely invariance under reflection in the longitudinal direction, we introduce a metric ansatz which includes off-diagonal terms. We also include an R -charge following Bak and Janik. We solve the Maxwell–Einstein equations and through holographic renormalization, we show that the off-diagonal components of the bulk metric give rise to heat conduction in the corresponding CFT on the boundary.
Local vs. global variables for spin glasses

We discuss a framework for understanding why spin glasses differ so remarkably from homogeneous systems like ferromagnets, in the context of the sharply divergent low temperature behavior of short- and infinite-range versions of the same model. Our analysis is grounded in understanding the distinction between two broad classes of thermodynamic variables -- those that describe the global features of a macroscopic system, and those that describe, or are sensitive to, its local features. In homogeneous systems both variables generally behave similarly, but this is not at all so in spin glasses. In much of the literature these two different classes of variables were commingled and confused. By analyzing their quite different behaviors in finite- and infinite-range spin glass models, we see the fundamental reason why the two systems possess very different types of low-temperature phases. In so doing, we also reconcile apparent discrepancies between the infinite-volume limit and the behavior of large, finite volumes, and provide tools for understanding inhomogeneous systems in a wide array of contexts. We further propose a set of `global variables' that are definable and sensible for both short-range and infinite-range spin glasses, and allow a meaningful basis for comparison of their low-temperature properties.
Child emotional maltreatment: a 2-year study of US Army cases.

Abstract Objective: Reports of childhood emotional maltreatment have increased greatly over the past decade. The objective of this research was to determine the types of emotional maltreatment substantiated in a community of US Army families residing temporarily in Germany. Such a description may help to improve the understanding of how a jurisdictional body defines emotional maltreatment in day-to-day practice. Method: Data were obtained from a review of the minutes of case review committees (CRCs) for 181 cases of child emotional abuse in 1997–1998. We determined the type, number, and severity of incidents, the substantiation rate, and the situations to which children were exposed. Results: The most frequently substantiated type of incident was witnessing domestic violence, 60% of all cases. Primary emotional abuse was found in 26% of cases, while emotional abuse in conjunction with child physical abuse or child neglect was found in 14% of cases. The more severe the case, the more likely it was to be substantiated. Conclusions: Emotional maltreatment was substantiated more as a single type than in combination with other forms of maltreatment. Seeing emotional abuse as a single entity may allow clinicians to focus on a relationship or situation (such as spouse abuse) that is potentially harmful to a child. However, recognizing the emotionally abusive aspects of child physical abuse and neglect could allow an expanded treatment plan that could include treatment of the emotionally abusive behavior tostrengthen the relationship of the caregiver to the child, in addition to the focus on the physical abuse and neglect.
The relationship between academic achievement and nonmarital teenage childbearing: evidence from the panel study of income dynamics.

CONTEXT Females who do well in school are less likely than those who do poorly to experience a nonmarital teenage birth. However, little is known about which dimensions of academic achievement are the most strongly related to teenage childbearing, or about whether the relationship between achievement and childbearing varies according to the presence of other behavioral problems. METHODS Individual-level and family-level data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, combined with information on contextual state-level economic and policy measures, were used to study nonmarital childbearing between the ages of 16 and 19 among 701 females who turned 16 between 2000 and 2007. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between the probability of nonmarital teenage childbearing and age-standardized scores on academic assessments of letter-word identification, passage comprehension and applied problem-solving ability. RESULTS Scores on the passage comprehension and applied problem-solving subtests were strongly associated with the probability of experiencing a nonmarital teenage birth among respondents who had relatively few behavioral problems. For this group, an increase of one standard deviation in the score on either assessment was associated with a reduction of about 50% in the risk of experiencing a nonmarital teenage birth. However, no evidence was found of an equivalent relationship among respondents with more pronounced behavioral problems or for the letter-word identification assessment. CONCLUSIONS Future research should continue to explore the possibility that improvements in academic achievement may help to reduce the rate of nonmarital teenage childbearing.
The Graphing Calculator: A Survey of Classroom Usage

The purpose of this study was to investigate secondary mathematics teachers' use of the graphing calculator in their classrooms, The study examined whether algebra teachers are currently using this technology in their classrooms, their perceptions toward the technology, and any changes in the curriculum or instructional practices. A survey methodology was used in this study. The findings indicated that the use of the graphing calculator is still controversial to many algebra teachers. Teachers of algebra I were using graphing calculators to a significantly lesser degree than teachers of algebra H. However, modifications of the algebra curriculum are beginning to appear in classes using graphing calculators. Finally, a majority of algebra teachers responded that the graphing calculator was a motivational tool.
Optimization of tensegrity structures

This paper concerns the design of tensegrity structures with optimal mass-to-stiffness ratio. Starting from an initial layout that defines the largest set of allowed element connections, the procedure seeks the topology, geometry and prestress of the structure that yields optimal designs for different loading scenarios. The design constraints include strength constraints for all elements of the structure, buckling constraints for bars, and shape constraints. The problem formulation accommodates different symmetry constraints for structure parameters and shape. The static response of the structure is computed by using the nonlinear large displacement model. The problem is cast in the form of a nonlinear program. Examples show layouts of 2D and 3D asymmetric and symmetric structures. The influence of the material parameters on the optimal shape of the structure is investigated.
Gender and the Public Sphere: Alternative Forms of Integration in Nineteenth-Century America*:

This paper intends to evaluate two competing models of multicultural integration in stratified societies: the “multiple publics” model of Nancy Fraser and the “fragmented public sphere” model of Jeffrey Alexander. Fraser and Alexander disagree on whether or not claims to a general “common good” or “common humanity” are democratically legitimate in light of systemic inequality. Fraser rejects the idea that cultural integration can be democratic in conditions of social inequality, while Alexander accepts it and tries to explain how it may be realized. In order to address this debate, I analyze the cultural foundations of the female-led, maternally themed social movements of nineteenth-century America. The language of these movements supports Alexander's position over Fraser's, though it also suggests that Alexander is mistaken in the specifics of his cultural theory of a general and democratic “common good.” While Alexander's model of integration is structured uniquely by what he and Philip Smith have calle...
The Utility of Retail Payments in Addressing the Financial Inclusion Gap in Developing Countries

This paper outlines the role of mobile phones in addressing the financial inclusion gap in developing countries and the value of retail payments in jump-starting mobile schemes. It then lays four key challenges in the evolution of mobile money schemes from pure payment mechanisms to vehicles for broader financial inclusion.
DYNAMIC MCDM: THE CASE OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DECISION MAKING

Many societal decisions involve complexity and conflicting objectives. Preferences in such environments can be expected to change as situations evolve. In this paper, we propose a procedure that incorporates Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) into system dynamics modeling to handle dynamic multiple criteria situations, which we name dynamic MCDM. A case of urban infrastructure is presented to illustrate the procedure. Dynamic MCDM can handle different lags in economic, social, economic and technical effects of large scale systems. Thus, it may help decision makers avoid selecting alternatives apparently effective in the short term, but detrimental in the long term.
Multiple regression as a model for human information utilization

Abstract A large experimental literature shows that statistical theory and procedures provide fruitful models for certain aspects of human behavior. However, it is sometimes difficult to see how one might use these models in applied psychological research. In this article the use of one model, multiple regression, is discussed in some detail in order to demonstrate the reasoning behind the proposed research approach.
ICEPIC Simulation of a Strapped Nonrelativistic High-Power CW UHF Magnetron With a Solid Cathode Operating in the Space-Charge Limited Regime

This paper presents the results of particle-in- cell (PIC) simulations of a strapped nonrelativistic ultrahigh- frequency (890-915 MHz) magnetron whose geometrical and operational parameters are close to the parameters of the high- power industrial heating magnetron producing 75-100 kW of continuous-wave microwave power. Simulations of the magnetron operation are performed without artificial RF priming, but rather in natural conditions, when magnetron oscillations start to grow from electromagnetic “noise.” This approach reveals many important details of the “preoscillating” phase of the magnetron operation. It is found, for example, that the start-up time of the magnetron with a solid cathode, operating in the explosive electron emission mode, is determined by the time needed for the electron cloud formed near the cathode to reach the anode, where the fringing dc electric fields of the periodic anode structure begin to perturb the electron cloud and to facilitate the magnetron oscillations to start to grow. The PIC simulations are performed at one magnetic held (0.238 T) and a range of applied voltages, allowing the magnetron to operate in the π mode characterized by five magnetron spokes and T E51-like mode of the induced electromagnetic held distribution within the resonant system of the ten-cavity magnetron.
The Cornell Lectures: Women in the Linguistics Profession

U In June 1989, a two-day conference on women in linguistics was held at Cornell University. This volume, a collection of the papers given at that conference, transmits the energy, openness, struggles, yet hope of the conference and its participants. The contributors, both female and male, have a variety of research interests and positions in academe. The papers focus on the problems and complexities faced by women and others who do not fit the model of the successful (male) academic because of such factors as socialization, cultural expectations, and personality. Also included are concrete suggestions for making changes and improving the educational setting for all persons equally, regardless of gender. The volume is divided into five parts with descriptive titles: "Introduction," "Women in Linguistics: the Numbers," "Problems and their Sources," "Finding and Giving Support," and "Places in a Woman's Career." There is a useful annotated bibliography of feminist linguistics included in the introductory article by Sally McConnell-Ginet as well as helpful references at the end of each article. Each reader will be struck by different sections of the collection and by different details and analyses. It is unimportant whether or not one views oneself as a linguist, for the papers speak to anyone in higher education-junior or senior faculty members, adjunct or part-time ESL faculty members, administrators, or graduate students. Barriers to success in academia range from overt discrimination such as sexual harassment to subtle discrimination such as lack of
Effectiveness of Animal Waste Containment in a Texas Playa

Playas on the Southern High Plains are sites of active ground-water recharge to the Ogalalla aquifer and are used in agricultural and municipal waste management systems. The effectiveness of a playa for containing effluent from a commercial dairy operation was studied. Four drill core holes, positioned in the annulus and alternating wet and dry zones of a playa, provide surface and subsurface samples where dairy surface discharge enters the playa. Chemical and physical analyses performed on the core samples include nitrate-N, ammonium-N, pH, conductivity, and soil texture. Chloride distributions on two of the core profiles were compared to nitrate. Results indicate elevated nutrient levels in the top two meters of the heavy clay floor of the alternating wet and dry playa region, but not below that depth. A comparison of nitrate-N and chloride distribution suggests that denitrification processes probably eliminate most nitrate-N in this portion of the playa. This suggests that nitrate-N, once it reaches the central region of the playa, is contained long enough to denitrify. However, movement of nitrate-N is found at the playa annulus. Another concern arises with the transport of chloride from the playa as indicated by its distribution below the playa center.
Rapid Identification of Dimorphic and Yeast-Like Fungal Pathogens Using Specific DNA Probes

Specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. Universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal DNA, were used to amplify DNA from Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, five Candida species, and Pneumocystis carinii. Specific oligonucleotide probes to identify these fungi, as well as a probe to detect all dimorphic, systemic pathogens, were developed. PCR amplicons were detected colorimetrically in an enzyme immunoassay format. The dimorphic probe hybridized with DNA from H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, C. immitis, P. brasiliensis, and P. marneffei but not with DNA from nondimorphic fungi. Specific probes for H. capsulatum, B. dermatitidis, C. immitis, P. brasiliensis, P. marneffei, S. schenckii, C. neoformans, and P. carinii hybridized with homologous but not heterologous DNA. Minor cross-reactivity was observed for the B. dermititidis probe used against C. immitis DNA and for the H. capsulatum probe used against Candida albicans DNA. However, the C. immitis probe did not cross-react with B. dermititidis DNA, nor did the dimorphic probe hybridize with C. albicans DNA. Therefore, these fungi could be differentiated by a process of elimination. In conclusion, probes developed to yeast-like pathogens were found to be highly specific and should prove to be useful in differentiating these organisms in the clinical setting.
Toll Roads, Politics, and Public—Public Partnerships

Governments have increasingly relied on market mechanisms to improve the efficiency of public services. This is especially true when it comes to financing the nation's transportation infrastructure system, where enabling legislation at the federal and state level has gradually placed greater reliance on the private sector through collaborative endeavors such as public—private partnerships (P3s). This article examines the process and structure of such collaborative endeavors in the case of the toll road along Texas State Highway (SH) 121. Initially, the state transportation agency entered into an agreement with a private consortium but later withdrew support for the agreement in favor of a public—public partnership (PPuP) with the local toll road authority. State and local politicians withdrew support for the private consortium as public sentiment waned. The article concludes that citizen input and state and local politics have a significant impact on the process and structure used for implementing public—...
Nanocomposite Mullite/Mullite Powders by Spray Pyrolysis

A mullite/mullite nanocomposite powder has been synthesized, composed of nanometer-size 3Al2O3 2SiO2 (‘3 : 2’) mullite precipitates within a matrix of the high alumina 2Al 2O3 SiO2 (‘2 : 1’) mullite. Historically, the transition from the metastable high-alumina phase to the thermodynamically stable ‘3 : 2’ phase of mullite has been thought to be a continuous process, involving a continuous solid solution between the two forms of mullite. In contradiction to this widely held view, our high resolution transmission electron microscopic characterization confirms that a first order phase transition between two distinct mullites occurs. The high degree of interface coherence between the precipitates and the matrix allows us to speculate that the mechanical properties of the matrix could be enhanced by a process similar to the precipitation hardening of metals.
Segmentation using multiscale cues

Edges at multiple scales provide complementary grouping cues for image segmentation. These cues are reliable within different ranges. The larger the scale of an edge, the longer range the grouping cues it designates, and the greater impact it has on the final segmentation. A good segmentation respects grouping cues at each scale. These intuitions are formulated in a graph-theoretic framework where multiscale edges define pairwise pixel affinity at multiple grids, each captured in one graph. A novel criterion called average cuts of normalized affinity is proposed to evaluate a simultaneous segmentation through all these graphs. Its near-global optima can be solved efficiently. With a sparse yet complete characterization of pairwise pixel affinity, this graph-cuts approach leads to a hierarchy of coarse to fine segmentations that naturally take care of textured regions and weak contours.
Heater induced quenches in SSC model dipoles

A 1-m long SSC dipole constructed at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory was subjected to a series of heater induced quenches to determine: axial quench propagation velocities, transverse quench propagation, and conductor temperature rise. Quenches were produced by 3 heaters at different locations in the magnet and at several currents. The results of these studies are described and are compared to previously published theoretical studies of quenches on the SSC dipoles. These results are shown to be in agreement with the calculations of the program "QUENCH", which includes an increase of the quench velocity during the first few milliseconds of the quench.
The predictive embedded zerotree wavelet (PEZW) coder: low complexity image coding with versatile functionality

We introduce the predictive embedded zerotree wavelet (PEZW) codec, an image coder that achieves good coding efficiency and versatile functionality with limited complexity requirement. Our complexity analysis showed that the memory requirement of this coder is less than 15 k bytes regardless of image sizes. Our simulation results also showed that the coding efficiency of this low complexity coder is competitive with the state of the art of wavelet coders that use whole image buffers. The PEZW coder described has been adopted in MPEG4 as its still texture coding tool and is currently a proposal to the evolving JPEG2000 standard.
ON THE PROPER INTERPRETATION OF RESIDUALIZED INTERACTION MEANS IN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: A REPLY TO ROSNOW AND ROSENTHAL

Summary.-According to Rosnow and Rosenthal the correct interpretation of an interaction in an analysis of variance necessarily involves examining the residual means after removing the lower order effects from the original cell means. They make two errors in their analysis of the residual means. First, they incorrectly interpret the negative residual means as literal negative values. The signs of the residual means actually indicate relative differences between the residual means. Second, since the residual interaction means of a 2 x 2 interaction always form a symmetric, crossed interaction pattern, their interpretation incorrectly suggests that all 2 x 2 interactions are symmetrically crossed. That is not the case. The crossed interaction for the residual means indicates that the change within one level of a factor is relatively less than the change within the other level of that factor. Therefore, the form of the underlying interaction cannot be inferred from the residual interaction means alone. Contrary to Rosnow and Rosenthal's suggestion, the residual interaction means have limited usefulness in interpreting interactions.
Morphometric analysis of variation in the ribs with age and sex

Rib cage morphology changes with age and sex are expected to affect thoracic injury mechanisms and tolerance, particularly for vulnerable populations such as pediatrics and the elderly. The size and shape variation of the external geometry of the ribs was characterized for males and females aged 0-100 years. Computed tomography (CT) scans from 339 subjects were analyzed to collect between 2700 and 10 400 homologous landmarks from each rib. Rib landmarks were analyzed using the geometric morphometric technique known as Procrustes superimposition. Age- and sex-specific functions of 3D rib morphology were produced representing the combined size and shape variation and the isolated shape variation. Statistically significant changes in the size and shape variation (P < 0.0001) and shape variation (P < 0.0053) of all 24 ribs were found to occur with age in males and females. Rib geometry, location, and orientation varied according to the rib level. From birth through adolescence, the rib cage experienced an increase in size, a decrease in thoracic kyphosis, and inferior rotation of the ribs relative to the spine within the sagittal plane. From young adulthood into elderly age, the rib cage experienced increased thoracic kyphosis and superior rotation of the ribs relative to the spine within the sagittal plane. The increased roundedness of the rib cage and horizontal angling of the ribs relative to the spine with age influences the biomechanical response of the thorax. With the plane of the rib oriented more horizontally, loading applied in the anterior-posterior direction will result in increased deformation within the plane of the rib and an increased risk for rib fractures. Thus, morphological changes may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of rib fractures in the elderly. The morphological functions derived in this study capture substantially more information on thoracic skeleton morphology variation with age and sex than is currently available in the literature. The developed models of rib cage anatomy can be used to study age and sex variations in thoracic injury patterns due to motor vehicle crashes or falls, and clinically relevant changes due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other diseases evidenced by structural and anatomic changes to the chest.
Partially Distributed Representations of Objects and Faces in Ventral Temporal Cortex

Object and face representations in ventral temporal (VT) cortex were investigated by combining object confusability data from a computational model of object classification with neural response confusability data from a functional neuroimaging experiment. A pattern-based classification algorithm learned to categorize individual brain maps according to the object category being viewed by the subject. An identical algorithm learned to classify an image-based, view-dependent represen- tation of the stimuli. High correlations were found between the confusability of object categories and the confusability of brain activity maps. This occurred even with the inclusion of multiple views of objects, and when the object classification model was tested with high spatial frequency "line drawings" of the stimuli. Consistent with a distributed representation of objects in VT cortex, the data indicate that object categories with shared image-based attributes have shared neural structure.
Structural and compositional control of the output wavelength of very high power 0.98 mu m GaInAs lasers for pumping fiber amplifiers

The authors report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of high-power strained-layer (SL) InGaAs single-quantum-well (SQW) lasers. The lasers emit a 0.980+or-0.002 mu m. They deliver over 100 mW CW optical power at room temperature in a stable single lateral mode with a beam divergence of 15 approximately=20 degrees . The maximum CW output power measured is 265 mW. The lasers have been successfully used as pump sources for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. >
Autonomous, Distributed Parking Lot Vacancy Management Using Intervehicle Communication

We have developed a method of managing vacancy information of a large parking lot in a distributed manner using only intervehicle communication. A group of parking spaces is defined as a cluster. Vacancy information of a cluster is managed by a vehicle in it. This vehicle is called a cluster head. The proposed method generates a communication path topology between cluster heads. The topology is a tree structure with the cluster head of the cluster nearest to the parking lot entrance as the root node. Cluster heads are ranked in order of the number of vacant spaces and the distance to the shop entrance. The vehicle entering the parking lot collects vacancy information of clusters. This information is transmitted along the tree structure from the lowest ranking cluster head. We have developed a simulation model for a parking lot that can accommodate nearly 1,000 vehicles and used it to evaluate the proposed method. We have confirmed that the proposed method generates less communication traffic and enables the vehicle entering a parking lot to collect vacancy information about the area near the shop entrance with a higher probability and in a shorter time.
Upstream-to-downstream changes in nutrient export risk

Nutrient export coefficients are estimates of the mass of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) normalized by area and time (e.g., kg/ha/yr). They have been estimated most often for watersheds ranging in size from 102 to 104 hectares, and have been recommended as measurements to inform management decisions. At this scale, watersheds are often nested upstream and downstream components of larger drainage basins, suggesting nutrient export coefficients will change from one subwatershed to the next. Nutrient export can be modeled as risk where lack of monitoring data prevents empirical estimation. We modeled N and P export risk for subwatersheds of larger drainage basins, and examined spatial changes in risk from upstream to downstream watersheds. Spatial (subwatershed) changes in N and P risk were a function of in-stream decay, subwatershed land-cover composition, and subwatershed streamlength. Risk tended to increase in a downstream direction under low rates of in-stream decay, whereas high rates of in-stream decay often reduced risk to zero (0) toward downstream subwatersheds. On average, increases in the modeled rate of in-stream decay reduced risk by 0.44 for N and 0.39 for P. Interactions between in-stream decay, land-cover composition and streamlength produced dramatic changes in risk across subwatersheds in some cases. Comparison of the null cases of no in-stream decay and homogeneously forested subwatersheds with extant conditions indicated that complete forest cover produced greater reductions in nutrient export risk than a high in-stream decay rate, especially for P. High rates of in-stream decay and complete forest cover produced approximately equivalent reductions in N export risk for downstream subwatersheds.