cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the correlation functions associated with polynomials of the diffusion operator

Correlation functions (CFs) associated with the inverse background-error correlations (iBECs) represented by polynomials of the diffusion operator D are obtained analytically for the binomial approximations of the Gaussian BEC and in the general case of a quadratic polynomial of D. The respective analytical expressions for one-, two- and three-dimensional cases have two tuning parameters, which provide enough freedom in adjusting the CFs' shape to experimental data. The polynomial coefficients of the corresponding iBEC operator are obtained in terms of these tuning parameters and may be useful in the design of the BEC models for variational data assimilation. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The heat of formation of the benzophenone ketyl radical by time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry

Abstract Photoacoustic calorimetry is used to determine the heat of hydrogen abstraction from benzhydrol by the triplet state of benzophenone, which yields a pair of ketyl radicals. A thermodynamic cycle using this value, experimentally determined solution heats of benzophenone and benzhydrol crystals in benzene, and tabulated formation heats of these crystals, gives the formation heat of the ketyl radical, the dissociation energy of the C(Ph)2(OH)H bond, and other thermochemical parameters. While the thermochemistry of producing radicals R1 and R2 form even-electron precursors cannot yield information about R1 or R2 separately, in the present case R1 = R2 = Ph2COH and consequently no (potentially erroneous) assumption about another radical need be made.
B-TO-B E-COMMERCE: A CONTENT ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR CARRIER WEBSITES

This study provides an overview of website content within the motor carrier industry. Content analysis was used to assess the site design, informational content, and interactive content of 152 motor carrier internet sites, and also to compare the features offered on the Top 100 motor carrier websites with those offered by smaller carrier firms.
Internal Enamel Pearls: Report of Case

The possible origin, stages, and areas of occurrence of internal enamel pearls are reported with a case of two internal pearls in one patient.
Bourdieu and organizations: the empirical challenge

Emirbayer and Johnson critique the failure to engage fully Bourdieu’s relational analysis in empirical work, but are weak in giving direction for rectifying the problem. Following their recommendation for studying organizations-in-fields and organizations-as-fields, I argue for the benefits of analogical comparison using case studies of organizations as the units of analysis. Doing so maximizes the number of Bourdieusian concepts that can be deployed in an explanation. Further, it maximizes discovery of the oft-neglected links among history, competition, resources, sites of contestation and struggle, relations of dominance and domination, and reproduction of inequality. Perhaps most important, case studies can identify the connection between macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors in the formation and shaping of habitus. To support my claims empirically, I draw from case study research (Vaughan The challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA, 1996; Signals and interpretive work: The role of culture in a theory of practical action. pp. 28–56, 2002) that verifies Bourdieu’s as the “Theory of Practical Action” that supplies the micro-level component to the new institutionalism (DiMaggio and Powell, Introduction. pp. 1–41, 1991).
High level hierarchical fault simulation techniques

This paper presents techniques for simulating directly from a hierarchical circuit description without flattening to the level of primitives. An overview of traditional fault simulation techniques is followed by details of the hierarchical techniques. The fault model is shown to be decoupled from the simulator programs through the use of a fault library. The fault library allows the user to mix both functional and technology-dependent fault models, which allows fault simulation and consequently test coverage estimation early in the design, with refinements in the fault model and test coverage as the design progresses. Thus testing problems can be detected early in the design process while they are much easier to correct. The circuit description language, SCALD, and the fault library language are described and illustrated with examples. The simulator initialization and execution phases are discussed in detail with emphasis on the unique data structures necessary for hierarchical simulation. The hierarchy provides a framework for an adaptive evaluation technique that speeds the evaluation of faulty machines. Initial performance measurements and experiences with the simulator indicate that hierarchical fault simulation is superior to traditional techniques.
A Cloud Climatology of the Southern Great Plains ARM CART

Abstract Cloud amount statistics from three different sources were processed and compared. Surface observations from a National Centers for Environmental Prediction dataset were used. The data (Edited Cloud Report; ECR) consist of synoptic weather reports that have been edited to facilitate cloud analysis. Two stations near the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (CART) in north-central Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Wichita, Kansas) were selected. The ECR data span a 10-yr period from December 1981 to November 1991. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) provided cloud amounts over the SGP CART for an 8-yr period (1983–91). Cloud amounts were also obtained from Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL) and Belfort Ceilometer (BLC) cloud-base height measurements made at the SGP CART over a 1-yr period. The annual and diurnal cycles of cloud amount as a function of cloud height and type were analyzed. The three datasets closely agree for total cloud amount. Good agreement w...
Binge eating in females: A population-based investigation†

Four hundred fifty-five females from a community-bgased, randomly sampled population were interviewed by telephone to estimate the prevalence of binge eating and to describe demographic and topographical characteristics of binge eating behaviour. Binge eaters were classified according to the DSM-111-R criteria for bulimia, excluding purging behavior. The estimate for subjects meeting criteria was 1.8%, while the percentage of females who met all but frequency criteria was estimated at 3.8%. The majority of binge eaters in this study was found to engage in behaviors typically associated with binge eating episodes. On average, this group of binge eaters was older and heavier than has been reported previously, which supported observed associations between binge eating and overweight in clinical populations [Telch, Agras, & Rossiter (1988). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 115-119]. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Induction of Arsenite Tolerance and Thermotolerance by Arsenite Occur by Different Mechanisms

Abstract Both V79 and As/R28A cells (an arsenite-resistant Chinese hamster V79 cell variant) show increased resistance to toxic concentrations of arsenite after pretreatment with a nontoxic concentration. The induced tolerance can be completely inhibited by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Pretreatment with a nontoxic heat shock (45 degrees C, 10 min) resulted in a clear increased thermotolerance in both cell lines but failed to induce arsenite tolerance in either cell line. Pretreatment with arsenite induced a thermotolerance in V79 cells but not in As/R28A cells. These results are consistent with a model whereby the signal for induction of arsenite tolerance involves binding of arsenite to a protein effector which is amplified in the As/R28A line, thereby preventing action of arsenite in the regulation of heat shock factor which induces the heat shock response.
Ortho-para conversion rate in solid hydrogen under pressure

Abstract We report new measurements of the ortho-para conversion rate in solid H 2 at 4.2 K for densities ϱ 0 ⩽ ϱ ⩽ 1.7ϱ 0 , where ϱ 0 is the density at zero pressure. The conversion rate shows evidence of two maxima, at ∼ 1.3ϱ 0 and at ∼ 1.5ϱ 0 respectively. A qualitative discussion of this behavior is presented in terms of the theory of phonon creation during the conversion, and this discussion shows the consistency between the observed maxima and the shape of the phonon spectrum.
Expression of Sumoylation Deficient Nkx2.5 Mutant in Nkx2.5 Haploinsufficient Mice Leads to Congenital Heart Defects

Nkx2.5 is a cardiac specific homeobox gene critical for normal heart development. We previously identified Nkx2.5 as a target of sumoylation, a posttranslational modification implicated in a variety of cellular activities. Sumoylation enhanced Nkx2.5 activity via covalent attachment to the lysine residue 51, the primary SUMO acceptor site. However, how sumoylation regulates the activity of Nkx2.5 in vivo remains unknown. We generated transgenic mice overexpressing sumoylation deficient mutant K51R (conversion of lysine 51 to arginine) specifically in mouse hearts under the control of cardiac α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter (K51R-Tg). Expression of the Nkx2.5 mutant transgene in the wild type murine hearts did not result in any overt cardiac phenotype. However, in the presence of Nkx2.5 haploinsufficiency, cardiomyocyte-specific expression of the Nkx2.5 K51R mutant led to congenital heart diseases (CHDs), accompanied with decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation. Also, a number of human CHDs-associated Nkx2.5 mutants exhibited aberrant sumoylation. Our work demonstrates that altered sumoylation status may underlie the development of human CHDs associated with Nkx2.5 mutants.
Synonyms for Sexual Intercourse: Evidence of Zipf's Law:

Summary.-In support of Zipf's law postulating an inverse relationship between the length of a verbal expression and its frequency of usage, the length of synonyms for sexual intercourse contributed by college undergraduates was negatively related to the number of students suggesting them. Zipf's Law posits an inverse relationship between the length of words or phrases and the frequency of their usage in verbal discourse. Zipf (1935) asserted that, as frequency of their use increases, some words undergo "abbreviator~ truncations" (e.g., "automobile" becomes "auto") or "abbreviatory substitutions" (e.g., "automobile" becomes "car"). Thus, words or phrases used frequently are expected to be shorter than less commonly used denotative alternatives. Although Zipf's Law has intuitive appeal, there is a paucity of systematic empirical support. This paper reports an example of Zipf's Law in the case of sexual vocabulary. The vocabulary generated by Terry (1983) formed the basis of this study. Terry had 238 introductory psychology students submit all the singleor multiword, polite or vulgar synonyms for "sexual intercourse" they knew. The synonyms were recorded as submitted, except that passive/active voice, the "to" of infinitives, morphemic suffixes (e.g., "ed," 'ling"), and minor variations were ignored. This resulted in 219 unique synonyms which were categorized as an obscenity (n = 4), a carpentry reference (n = 12), an aggressive reference (n = 43, an animal reference (n = 19), a technical reference (n = 20), a domestic reference (n = 13), an athletic reference (n = lo), an affective reference (n = 8), a make/do reference (n = 8), a getltake reference (n = 23), or as a miscellaneous reference (n = 55). Terry's (1983) synonyms and the number of students who submitted them were analyzed for evidence of Zipf's Law. The length of a synonym was computed as the number of letters in the individual word or multiword phrase, disregarding spaces between words. One anomalous miscellaneous phrase with 32 letters was recorded as having a length of only 20 letters (the length of the next longest synonym) so it would not unduly skew the distribution. The over-all average length of the synonyms was 7.6 letters (SD = 3.7). A dichotomous variable of length was
NCI's Physician Data Query (PDQ®) Cancer Information Summaries: History, Editorial Processes, Influence, and Reach

In the National Cancer Act of 1971, the Director of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) was given a mandate to “Collect, analyze, and disseminate all data useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, including the establishment of an International Cancer Research Data Bank (ICRDB) to collect, catalog, store, and disseminate insofar as feasible the results of cancer research undertaken in any country for the use of any person involved in cancer research in any country” (National Cancer Act of 1971, S 1828, 92nd Congress, 1st Sess (1971)). In subsequent legislation, the audience for NCI's information dissemination activities was expanded to include physicians and other healthcare professionals, patients and their families, and the general public, in addition to cancer researchers. The Institute's response to these legislative requirements was to create what is now known as the Physician Data Query (PDQ®) cancer information database. From its beginnings in 1977 as a database of NCI-sponsored cancer clinical trials, PDQ has grown to include extensive information about cancer treatment, screening, prevention, supportive and palliative care, genetics, drugs, and more. Herein, we describe the history, editorial processes, influence, and global reach of one component of the PDQ database, namely its evidence-based cancer information summaries for health professionals. These summaries are widely recognized as important cancer information and education resources, and they further serve as foundational documents for the development of other cancer information products by NCI and other organizations.
Interspecific nucleotide sequence comparisons used to identify regulatory and structural features of the Drosophila hsp82 gene.

We have sequenced the hsp82 heat shock gene and 5′-flanking DNA of four species of Drosophila in order to identify conserved features of possible regulatory significance and to determine the nature and rate of evolutionary change in various domains of the gene. All conserved sequences identified in the 5′ non-transcribed region of the hsp82 gene of melanogaster, simulans, pseudoobscura and virilis lie within 150 base-pairs of the RNA initiation site. These include a 34 base-pair imperfect but highly conserved dyad made up of three overlapping copies of the consensus heat shock regulatory sequence C-T-N-G-A-A-N-N-T-T-C-N-A-G. Several other highly conserved features are also seen. In pseudoobscura only, the region from −21 to −133 is almost exactly repeated 698 base-pairs upstream. The upstream repeat retains all of the sequences common to the four species in the −21 to −133 interval except for the T-A-T-A motif. One possibility is that this upstream sequence is involved in dosage compensation of the hsp82 gene, which in pseudoobscura is on the X chromosome. In melanogaster, simulans and virilis there is an oppositely oriented, non-heat shock gene 0·6 to 0·8 kb (kb = 103 base-pairs) upstream from the hsp82 transcription initiation site. Comparisons of the hsp82 transcription unit from the distantly related species show little or no sequence conservation in the intron and non-translated exon I sequences. In contrast, the coding regions of these species are 90% homologous at the DNA level and 97 to 99% identical at the amino acid level. Half of the amino acid changes have occurred within a 15-amino acid region that lies within an unusually polar domain of hsp82. From the sequence comparisons, we estimate the rate of silent (synonymous) site substitution in Drosophila as 1 × 10−8/nucleotide site per year, similar to that for mammals.
Occurrence and attempted transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).

Serums of 563 fledgling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) trapped during a 14 month period near Lodi, California were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the microtiter indirect hemagglutination method. Titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 were found in 4.8% of the birds. Starlings collected during May through October had a higher prevalence of antibody than those collected during November through April. Rats inoculated with individual heart and brain suspensions from 10 seropositive starlings remained seronegative for T gondii antibodies when tested at 22 and 82 days post-inoculation. Peritoneal smears made from these rats at post-inoculation day 82 were negative for T gondii.
A polynomial dual of partitions

Abstract Let P(x) = Σi=0naixi be a nonnegative integral polynomial. The polynomial P(x) is m-graphical, and a multi-graph G a realization of P(x), provided there exists a multi-graph G containing exactly P(1) points where ai of these points have degree i for 0≤i≤n. For multigraphs G, H having polynomials P(x), Q(x) and number-theoretic partitions (degree sequences) π, ϱ, the usual product P(x)Q(x) is shown to be the polynomial of the Cartesian product G × H, thus inducing a natural product πϱ which extends that of juxtaposing integral multiple copies of ϱ. Skeletal results are given on synthesizing a multi-graph G via a natural Cartesian product G1 × … × Gk having the same polynomial (partition) as G. Other results include an elementary sufficient condition for arbitrary nonnegative integral polynomials to be graphical.
SIFT, a Postprocessing Method That Increases the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Spectra Which Vary in Time

Abstract We introduce a data-processing method, SIFT, s pectral i mprovement by F ourier t hresholding, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a set of time-resolved spectra. Noise reduction is accomplished by Fourier transforming a set of spectra along the temporal (as opposed to the spectral) axis, performing a thresholding operation, and, finally, inverse Fourier transforming the thresholded data. SIFT processing is demonstrated using a set of computer-generated spectra. Additionally, SIFT processing is employed to improve the SNR of a set of in vivo phosphorus spectra.
Evaluation and Treatment of Anovulatory and Unexplained Infertility

Anovulatory disorders are a primary cause of female infertility. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the major cause of anovulation and is generally associated with obesity. Lifestyle changes to encourage weight loss are the initial therapy for overweight and obese patients, followed by clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction. For those patients who fail to ovulate on clomiphene citrate, alternatives, such as letrozole; gonadotropins; and complimentary agents to enhance clomiphene citrate, such as metformin and glucocorticoids, are reviewed. Women with unexplained infertility (no identifiable cause of infertility on a routine evaluation) may benefit from ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate, letrozole, or gonadotropins.
Are non-modulating patients with essential hypertension a distinct subgroup? Implications for therapy

In 40 to 50 percent of the essential hypertensive population, a high intake of sodium does not increase renal blood flow. These patients have been called "non-modulators" since their adrenal and renal vascular responses to angiotensin II are not modified by changes in sodium intake. To determine if these patients form a distinct subgroup, the frequency distribution of four characteristics that have been reported to be abnormal in non-modulators were analyzed: aldosterone secretory response to acute volume depletion, plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II infusion, plasma renin activity response to saline infusion, and renal blood flow response to salt loading. All four characteristics had a bimodal distribution in patients with hypertension. The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on two of these abnormalities was also reviewed. In both cases--aldosterone secretory response to angiotensin II and renal blood flow response to salt loading--converting enzyme inhibition restored the abnormal responses towards normal values in non-modulators without altering the responses in normotensives or modulators. Indeed, the correction of the abnormal renal blood flow response to salt loading through converting enzyme inhibition may explain how converting enzyme inhibitors normalize blood pressure in 50 percent of the patients in whom the renin-angiotensin system is suppressed by an unrestricted, typically high, intake of salt. In summary, non-modulators are a distinct subset of the hypertensive population. Converting enzyme inhibition corrects the abnormalities that may be responsible for their hypertensive condition and, therefore, may be a specific form of therapy for these patients.
Numerical simulations of large deformation of thin shell structures using meshfree methods

In this paper, meshfree simulations of large deformation of thin shell structures is presented. It has been shown that the window function based meshfree interpolants can be used to construct highly smoothed (high order “manifold”) shape functions for three-dimensional (3-D) meshfree discretization/interpolation, which can be used to simulate large deformation of thin shell structures while avoiding ill-conditioning as well as stiffening in numerical computations. The main advantage of such 3-D meshfree continuum approach is its simplicity in both formulation and implementation as compared to shell theory approach, or degenerated continuum approach. Moreover, it is believed that the accuracy of the computation may increase because of using 3-D exact formulation. Possible mechanism to relieve shear/volumetric locking due to the meshfree interpolation is discussed. Several examples have been computed by using a meshfree, explicit, total Lagrangian formulation. Towards to developing a self-contact algorithm, a novel meshfree contact algorithm is proposed in the end.
Automated software test data generation

An alternative approach to test-data generation based on actual execution of the program under test, function-minimization methods and dynamic data-flow analysis is presented. Test data are developed for the program using actual values of input variables. When the program is executed, the program execution flow is monitored. If during program execution an undesirable execution flow is observed then function-minimization search algorithms are used to automatically locate the values of input variables for which the selected path is traversed. In addition, dynamic data-flow analysis is used to determine those input variables responsible for the undesirable program behavior, significantly increasing the speed of the search process. The approach to generating test data is then extended to programs with dynamic data structures and a search method based on dynamic data-flow analysis and backtracking is presented. In the approach described, values of array indexes and pointers are known at each step of program execution; this information is used to overcome difficulties of array and pointer handling. >
Chemoprevention of chemically-induced mammary and colon carcinogenesis by 1α-hydroxyvitamin D5

Epidemiological data as well as experimental models yield evidence for a protective effect of vitamin D against the genesis of several types of cancers. Given its toxic properties at effective concentrations, numerous analogs of vitamin D have been developed. We synthesized an analog of vitamin D 5 , 1α-hydroxy-24-ethylcholechalciferol (1α(OH)D 5 ) and previously reported on its anti-proliferative activities against several cancer cell lines. To further examine its chemopreventive potential, experiments were conducted to investigate the in vivo effects of 1α(OH)D 5 using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis model. Results showed that 1α(OH)D 5 (25 and 50 μg/kg diet) decreased the incidence and multiplicity of mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In a subsequent study, the stage specific inhibition was investigated using the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis model. While supplementation with of 1α(OH)D 5 (40 μg/kg diet) showed no significant effects during the initiation phase, tumor incidence during the promotional stage was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 37.5%. In the colon, 1α(OH)D 5 (25 μg/kg diet) was highly effective (p<0.001) in inhibiting the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in CF-1 mice. Studies on the stage specific inhibitory effects of 1α(OH)D 5 in the colon demonstrated that animals receiving 1α(OH)D 5 (25 μg/kg diet) during the initiation, promotion, and entire period had a reduction in ACF number of 71, 80 and 82%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry studies comparing the colons of animals receiving control versus 1α(OH)D 5 supplemented diets showed that 1α(OH)D 5 partly mediates its effects by regulating members of the oncogenic β-catenin pathway. 1α(OH)D 5 inhibited expression of β-catenin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor p, a β-catenin-TCF-4 responsive gene, whereas it induced expression of VDR. Cumulatively, these studies support the chemopreventive properties of 1α(OH)D 5 against the development of breast and colon cancers.
Diaminozucker, II. Die Synthese der 2.6‐Didesoxy‐ 2.6‐diamino‐D‐galaktose

Durch Inversion des C-Atoms 4 in einem entsprechend substituierten Derivat (VI) der 2.6-Didesoxy-2.6-diamino-β-D-glucose unter Bildung eines Dihydro-oxazinrings gelang die Umwandlung in ein Derivat (X) der 2.6-Didesoxy-2.6-diamino-β-D- galaktose, die daraus in kristallisiertem Zustand gewonnen wurde.
Application of the pupil astigmatism criteria in optical design

We developed the pupil astigmatism criteria for correcting the quadratic field-dependent aberrations. These criteria provide an elegant way to determine and correct aberrations that have quadratic field dependence and arbitrary pupil dependence in the same way that the Abbe sine condition is used for aberrations with linear field dependence. Like the sine condition, the pupil astigmatism criteria involve only the properties of the rays originating from the on-axis object point, so it is convenient to implement them in optical design. We introduce an algorithm to apply the criteria in designing new well-corrected optical systems. Some example designs are presented.
A new synthetic class A amphipathic peptide analogue protects mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis

Several synthetic class A peptide analogues have been shown to mimic many of the properties of human apo A-I in vitro. A new peptide [acetyl-(AspTrpLeuLysAlaPheTyrAspLysValPheGluLysPheLysGluPhePhe)-NH2; 5F], with increased amphipathicity, was administered by intraperitoneal injection, 20 microg/day for 16 weeks, to C57BL/6J mice fed an atherogenic diet. Mouse apo A-I (MoA-I) (50 microg/day) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injections were given to other mice as controls. Total plasma cholesterol levels and lipoprotein profiles were not significantly different between the treated and control groups, except that the mice receiving 5F or MoA-I had lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when calculated as a percentage of total cholesterol. No toxicity or production of antibodies to the injected materials was observed. When HDL was isolated from high fat diet-administered mice injected with 5F and presented to human artery wall cells in vitro together with human low density lipoprotein (LDL), there were substantially fewer lipid hydroperoxides formed and substantially less LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity than with HDL from PBS-injected animals. Injection of human apo A-I produced effects similar to 5F on lipid peroxide formation and LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity, but injection of MoA-I was significantly less effective in reducing lipid hydroperoxide formation or lowering LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity. Mice receiving peptide 5F had significantly less aortic atherosclerotic lesion area compared with mice receiving PBS, whereas lesion area in mice receiving MoA-I was similar to that of the PBS-injected animals. This is the first in vivo demonstration that a model class A amphipathic helical peptide has antiatherosclerotic properties. We conclude that 5F inhibits lesion formation in high fat diet-administered mice by a mechanism that does not involve changes in the lipoprotein profile, and may have potential in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Beyond "radiologic-pathologic correlation".

imaging data with a bolus injection of a small molecular weight MR contrast agent, gadodiamide. These measurements were then correlated with two in vitro tissue analysis parameters—tumor histologic grade and immunohistologically assessed mitotic activity by using MIB-1 immunohistochemical labeling. With only four parameters in the study, there are already 12 different one-to-one correlations that can be examined. The results of these correlations are interesting but also somewhat confusing. fBV did not correlate with any of the other parameters. The strongest correlations were between k and tumor grade (r 0.73) and between k and MIB-1 index (r 0.84). On the other hand, the correlation between tumor grade and MIB-1 index was not very high (r 0.63). In addition, k was found to be more reliable than the MIB-1 labeling index in differentiating grade 2 from grade 3 tumors.
Indigenizing Invasive Species Management: Native North Americans and the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Beetle

In the 1990s, an invasive beetle called the emerald ash borer (EAB) traveled from Asia to Michigan inadvertently concealed inside wooden packing crates used for international cargo shipments. When the beetle's presence was confirmed in 2002, regional infestations were already well established. For many northeastern American Indian communities, black ash basketry is a significant component of a self-conscious cultural identity. Because EAB has the potential to decimate North America's ash trees, this activity is now in jeopardy. This article explores how Native communities are making cultural sense of EAB and its effects. As they search for ways to cope with this exotic insect, tribal artisans and natural resource managers are indigenizing modern scientific management paradigms in ways that reflect traditional understandings of the natural world and their integral relationships within it. Perceived and politicized as very different relationships with the natural world, “modernity” is now being put to strategic “traditional” uses.
Thermal modelling of integrated heat exchangers with alternating ribs

The author presents a study of the flow and thermal fields encountered in heat exchangers with alternating ribs on both walls. A numerical study is conducted to solve a laminar conjugate heat transfer problem. Velocity fields were solved assuming periodic boundary conditions. The ribs and the base were assumed to have finite conductivity. The effects of the flow Reynolds number, fin height, and fin pitch on the flow and thermal fields are examined. Results of streamline contours and local heat transfer coefficients are presented. Averaged Nusselt numbers and pressure drop were plotted to analyze the effects of the governing parameters. The penalty of increasing heat transfer by inserting the ribs is the increase of the pressure drop. Water is used as the fluid and the flow is assumed to be steady, incompressible, and two-dimensional. The governing equations are solved by a finite difference code based on the SIMPLE scheme. Convergence and accuracy of the results are discussed. >
Drug-Induced Cholestasis

Intrahepatic cholestasis, defined as arrested bile flow, mimics extrahepatic obstruction in its biochemical, clinical and morphological features. It may be due to hepatocyte lesions of which there are three types, termed canalicular, hepatocanalicular and hepatocellular, respectively; or it may be due to ductal lesions at the level of the cholangiole or portal or septal ducts. Defective bile flow due to hepatic lesions reflects abnormal modification of the ductular bile. Defective formation of canalicular bile may involve bile acid-dependent or independent flow. It appears to result most importantly from defective secretion of bile acid-dependent flow secondary to defective uptake from sinusoidal blood, defective transcellular transport and defective secretion; or from regurgitation of secreted bile via leaky tight junctions. An independent defect in bile acid-independent flow is less clear. Defective flow of bile along the canaliculus may reflect increased viscosity and impaired canalicular contractility secondary to injury of the pericanalicular microfibrillar network. Impaired flow beyond the canaliculus may result from ductal injury. Sites of lesions that contribute to cholestasis include the sinusoidal and canalicular plasma membrane, the pericanalicular network and the tight junction and, less certainly, microtubules and microfilaments and Golgi apparatus. A number of drugs that lead to cholestasis have been found to lead to injury at one or more of these sites. Other agents (alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, methylenedianiline, contaminated rapeseed oil, paraquat) lead to ductal injury resulting in cholestasis. Reports of inspissated casts in ductules (benoxaprofen jaundice) and injury to the major excretory tree (5-fluorouridine after hepatic artery infusion) have led to other forms of ductal cholestasis. Most instances of drug-induced cholestasis present as acute, transient illness, although important chronic forms also occur. The clinical features include the reflection of the cholestasis (pruritus, jaundice), systemic manifestations and extrahepatic organ involvement. While nearly all classes of medicinal agents include some that can lead to cholestasis, there are differences among the various categories. Phenothiazines and related antipsychotic and 'tranquillizer' drugs characteristically lead to cholestatic hepatic injury. The tricyclic antidepressants may lead to cholestatic or hepatocellular injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Magnetoresistance And Structural Properties Of Co Fe/Cu Multilayers

The authors report the successful use of Co/sub 90/Fe/sub 10/ as a buffer layer for the fabrication of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) films on silicon or glass. This is evidence that the GMR is not sensitive to the degree of
YneA, an SOS-Induced Inhibitor of Cell Division in Bacillus subtilis, Is Regulated Posttranslationally and Requires the Transmembrane Region for Activity

Cell viability depends on the stable transmission of genetic information to each successive generation. Therefore, in the event of intrinsic or extrinsic DNA damage, it is important that cell division be delayed until DNA repair has been completed. In Bacillus subtilis, this is accomplished in part by YneA, an inhibitor of division that is induced as part of the SOS response. We sought to gain insight into the mechanism by which YneA blocks cell division and the processes involved in shutting off YneA activity. Our data suggest that YneA is able to inhibit daughter cell separation as well as septum formation. YneA contains a LysM peptidoglycan binding domain and is predicted to be exported. We established that the YneA signal peptide is rapidly cleaved, resulting in secretion of YneA into the medium. Mutations within YneA affect both the rate of signal sequence cleavage and the activity of YneA. YneA does not stably associate with the cell wall and is rapidly degraded by extracellular proteases. Based on these results, we hypothesize that exported YneA is active prior to signal peptide cleavage and that proteolysis contributes to the inactivation of YneA. Finally, we identified mutations in the transmembrane segment of YneA that abolish the ability of YneA to inhibit cell division, while having little or no effect on YneA export or stability. These data suggest that protein-protein interactions mediated by the transmembrane region may be required for YneA activity.
FORGIVING USUALLY TAKES TIME: A LESSON LEARNED BY STUDYING INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE FORGIVENESS

Numerous accounts of research on promoting forgiveness in group settings have been published, indicating that forgiveness can be promoted successfully in varying degrees. Many have suggested that e...
Charity and Philanthropy, Economics of

Philanthropy is defined as a benevolent behavior toward others in the society, usually in the form of charitable gifts. Charitable giving accounts for a significant fraction of income in the US and other nations and is often directly encouraged through government tax policy. This article discusses the motives, causes, and influences of philanthropic behavior. Special emphasis is placed on how government policy – through the charitable deduction on income taxes and through direct grants to charities – can affect the amount of philanthropy in the economy.
Becoming 'More Better': A Study of Financial Aid Students at the University of Cape Town, South Africa

Education is a potentially powerful vehicle for socio-economic mobility in the African context. However, the efficacy of this mechanism is critically dependent on the ability of the system to accommodate students whose home environments have not facilitated acquisition of the forms of economic, social and cultural capital conventionally required for success in academic settings. Identifying the factors that contribute to the success or failure of low-income students in higher education is a particularly pressing task in the South African context, where the legacy of apartheid has been a society struggling to manage gross inequalities in income and educational attainment. This study adopts a mixed methods approach to examine the broad challenges faced by financial aid students at the University of Cape Town, employing a statistical analysis of institutional data, in combination with a qualitative study tracking the spending patterns and experiences of 40 financial aid students. I contend that thinking about aid only in terms of resource deficiencies is simplistic and overlooks many of the social complexities financial constraints impose on students as they transition from a low- to middle-income environment. Using insights from the literature on cultural capital, I explore the ways in which students navigate between social contexts.
The Fusing of “Paper-in-Screen”: Reducing Mobile Prototyping Artificiality to Increase Emotional Experience

To address difficult design issues that emerge throughout the prototyping process, interaction designers must rapidly secure user feedback that is both cost-effective and informative during the early stages of the product’s lifecycle. To do this, the authors devised a hybrid method of mobile experience prototyping referred to as “paper-in-screen.” Ten interaction designers participated in a pilot evaluation study, including a demonstration using the “paper-in-screen” method, hands-on exercise, and a semi-structured interview on the potential and drawbacks of the approach. The study yielded nine themes of qualitative data from which a reflective analysis was performed. Findings suggest considerable support for the method, but also an important contribution to mobile prototyping methodology for interaction designers.
La Integración Conceptual Como Un Programa De Investigación Para La Creatividad Computacional (Conceptual Integration As A Research Program for Computational Creativity)

Spanish Abstract: La operacion mental de la integracion conceptual, tambien conocida como “fusion”, es una fuente poderosa de creatividad en los seres humanos; indispensable para el lenguaje, el arte, la religion, la intuicion matematica, el descubrimiento cientifico, la cognicion social avanzada, la moda, la musica y el resto de las singularidades humanas (Fauconnier y Turner, 2002; Turner, 2014). La teoria de la integracion ofrece algunos analisis de patrones que ocurren durante el proceso creativo que podrian inspirar el diseno de sistemas computacionales. Este capitulo introduce el tema de la integracion y revisa las posibilidades para la aplicacion de dicha teoria en el diseno de proyectos de creatividad computacional. Asimismo, incluye algunos comentarios relacionados con los esfuerzos actuales encaminados a modelar la fusion conceptual computacionalmente.English Abstract: The mental operation of conceptual integration, also known as “blending,” is a powerful source of creativity in human beings, indispensable to language, art, religion, mathematical insight, scientific discovery, advanced social cognition, fashion, music, and all the other human singularities (Fauconnier & Turner 2002, Turner 2014). Blending theory offers some analyses of patterns of creativity that might inspire the design of computational systems. This chapter introduces blending and reviews possibilities for the application of blending theory to the design of computational creativity, including some comments on current efforts model conceptual blending computationally.
Use of 2D Similarity Metrics for 3D Object Recognition

How the brain recognizes three-dimensional objects is one of the fundamental open questions in visual neuroscience. The challenge is to determine the information the visual system uses for making recognition decisions. Itis generally accepted that shape attributes play an important role in the recognition of many object classes. However, the term 'shape attributes is loosely defined and encompasses not only the projected two-dimensional shapes of the objects, but also their three-dimensional forms. It is unclear whether, for the purpose of recognition, the visual system favors the use of projected shape over depth structure or vice-versa. We have developed an experimental paradigm that allows us to directly compare the relative efficacies of the two kinds of information in a simplified object domain, and thereby provides a rigorous method tor addressing this important question. Our results indicate that while it is possible for humans to use depth information when explicitly instructed to do so, their default recognition strategy is overwhelmingly biased towards the use of two-dimensional projected shape. We discuss possible reasons for this bias and also consider the implications of these results with regard to the issue of the nature of Internal representations for three-dimensional objects.
The value of immunotherapy with venom in children with allergy to insect stings.

Abstract Background. The treatment of patients allergic to insect stings with insect-venom injections has been shown to be 97 percent effective in reducing the risk of sting-induced anaphylaxis. However, the frequency of systemic reactions to subsequent stings in unimmunized adults with previous reactions is approximately 60 percent. To determine which factors, in addition to a history of reaction and evidence of venom-specific IgE antibody, predispose patients to future insect-sting reactions, we studied a venom-sensitive group of children who were deemed to be at relatively low risk for severe reactions; 28 percent of them received venom therapy. Methods. We studied 242 children, 2 through 16 years of age, each of whom had had a systemic allergic reaction, affecting only the skin, to an insect sting. Each child had a positive skin-test reaction to one or more of five hymenopteran venoms. Sixty-eight children received immunotherapy with insect venom and 174 did not; about half were randomly assigned to t...
Tuning Cooperativity by Controlling the Linker Length of Silica-Supported Amines in Catalysis and CO2 Capture

Cooperative interactions between aminoalkylsilanes and silanols on a silica surface can be controlled by varying the length of the alkyl linker attaching the amine to the silica surface from C1 (methyl) to C5 (pentyl). The linker length strongly affects the catalytic cooperativity of amines and silanols in aldol condensations as well as the adsorptive cooperativity for CO2 capture. The catalytic cooperativity increases with the linker length up to propyl (C3), with longer, more flexible linkers (up to C5) providing no additional benefit or hindrance. Short linkers (C1 and C2) limit the beneficial amine–silanol cooperativity in aldol condensations, resulting in lower catalytic rates than with the C3+ linkers. For the same materials, the adsorptive cooperativity exhibits similar trends for CO2 capture efficiency.
Trends in research with U.S. Military service member participants: a population-specific clinicaltrials.gov review

Abstract Background ClinicalTrials.gov reviews have evaluated research trends for specific conditions and age groups but not for specific populations of research participants. No ClinicalTrials.gov reviews have evaluated research with military service member participants. Purpose Study objectives were (a) to use ClinicalTrials.gov to identify trends in biomedical research from 2005 to 2014 in which U.S. military service members actively participated as research participants and (b) to describe a search strategy for adaptation in future ClinicalTrials.gov reviews of specific participant populations. Methods A systematic review of ClinicalTrials.gov was performed to identify studies that included U.S. service members as participants, either exclusively or with other groups of participants. Results U.S. service members were identified as participants in 512 studies. Service members participated together with other groups in 392 studies, while 120 studies included only service members. The top five conditions of interest were post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, amputations, burns, and ocular injuries/disorders. The number of studies started each year peaked in 2011 and declined from 2012 to 2014. Twenty-five percent of studies exclusive to service members aimed to enroll 500 or more participants. Research exclusive to Guard and Reserve service members during this period was limited. Conclusions U.S. military service members participate in biomedical research. To address the health needs of U.S. service members, it is important to ensure there is not a prolonged decline in research among this population. The search strategy may be adapted to ClinicalTrials.gov reviews of specific participant populations for which straightforward searches are not possible.
Risk of Mortality in Children with Febrile Seizures

Mortality after febrile seizures was studied in a large population-based cohort of children in Denmark followed from 3 months of age up to 25 years or until death, by researchers at Institute of Public Health, and National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University; and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and School of Public Health, UCLA, USA.
Management of ocular allergy.

Objective : Ocular allergy is a frequent accompaniment of systcmic allergy and in some situations ocular signs and symptoms are the most prominent features of allergic diseasc. This paper will describe an approach to ocular allergy intended to aid in the recognition, differentiation from other ocular conditions, and management of ocular allergic disease. Data Sources : Ophthalmologists and allergists have contributed to the body of knowledge concerning ocular allergy during the last several decades. Rccent investigations have provided better and more specific treatments for the safe and effective managemcnt of ocular allergy. Study Selection : The results of several review articles, investigation of certain aspects of ocular allergy, and clinical trials have contributed to the approach that ophthalmologists and allergists take in the diagnosis and management of ocular allergy. Results : In most cases, it is not difficult to recognize ocular allergy because of its association with systemic allergy. On the other hand, numerous inflammatory ocular conditions can be confused with ocular allergy. It is important to recognize infectious ocular disease and severe ocular inflammatory disease, such as uveitis, to ensure appropriate treatment. Conclusions : Allergists and ophthalmologists should be able to recognize ocular allergy and distinguish it from other ocular inflammatory conditions. Most ocular allergy is mild and easily managed. Currently available medications allow for the safe and effective management of most cases of ocular allergy. Many situations can be managed with avoidance of allergens, supportive treatment such as cold compresses, or no treatment at all. It is rare that ocular allergy requires treatment with topical corticosteroids. When such severe circumstances occur, an ophthalmologist should monitor the intraocular pressure and the overall course of the ocular disease.