cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appropriateness of Aufwuchs as a monitor of bioaccumulation.

Abstract Aufwuchs , procedurally defined as material accumulating on submerged surfaces, is being used increasingly to monitor trace element bioaccumulation in aquatic biota. Procedurally-defined aufwuchs is a complex mixture of biotic and abiotic components. Both biotic and abiotic components can be avid concentrators of trace elements. Consequently, bioaccumulation data generated from poorly-characterized, procedurally-defined aufwuchs may not accurately reflect accumulation by biota. Further, total concentrations of trace elements in procedurally-defined aufwuchs may not be indicative fo the amount of contaminant available for trophic tansfer. Methods of minimizing abiotic component contribution to trace element accumulation and means of assessing the bioavailability of associated trace elements are discussed in this review.
Nutritional requirements for sexual reproduction in Mesotaenium kramstai (Chlorophyta)

Optimum conditions for conjugation in the heterothallic saccoderm desmid Mesotaenium kramstai Lemmer-mann have been determined. In culture, cells acquired the ability to form gamete pairs just prior to the onset of stationary phase after sufficient nitrate had been depleted from the medium. The appearance of potential gametes was delayed by increasing the concentration of KNO3 When cells of both mating types were harvested from 15 to 18 day old cultures, washed, resuspended in fresh medium, and mixed, approximately 50 percent of the cells paired (measured three days after mixing) in a medium containing 0.13 mM or less KNO3. At greater concentrations, fewer pairs formed; no pairs formed in medium containing 0.5 mM KNO3. Conjugation was not inhibited by other macronutrients. Calcium and magnesium were essential for maximum conjugation. Although Ca2+ and Mg2+ contentrations of 0.05 mM and 0. I mM, respectively, were sufficient for optimum growth, maximum conjugation required more than 10 times these values. Few gamete pairs formed when either Ca2+ or Mg2+ was omitted from the medium, no pairing occurred when both Ca2+ and Mg2+ were omitted.
In Situ Images of the Thoracic Paravertebral Space

Background and objectives In situ knowledge about the anatomic structures and the path of a needle percutaneously placed into the paravertebral space is an area that continues to be investigated. We describe an endoscopic technique that permits imaging of the contents and boundaries of the thoracic paravertebral space in cadavers. Technique A 43-year-old, 157-cm, 45-kg unembalmed female cadaver was placed in the prone position. Using a 2.3-mm diameter, 0° optical angle, fiberoptic ankle arthroscopy scope, trocar, introducer, and light source, thoracic paravertebral blocks were performed. To produce quality images, the trocar was advanced the length of the shaft, approximately 8 cm. The arthroscopy scope was then exchanged with the introducer. The trocar and arthroscopy scope were then gradually withdrawn posterior. Results Representative images that show the anatomic pathway of a needle as it would be directed into the paravertebral space as well as the boundaries of the thoracic paravertebral space were obtained. These included the costotransverse ligament, the spinal nerve, and the parietal and visceral pleura. Conclusions The images help show the relationship of structures that are encountered during a paravertebral block. This new technique may be helpful in examining the spread of local anesthetic using dye or imaging the location of continuous catheters without having to dissect the insertion area.
Historical perspectives on ion implantation

Abstract I have been asked by the Program Committee to give some personal reminiscences on the field of ion implantation, with special emphasis on the development of range and damage theory. I will use as historical sources the Proceedings of nine International Conferences on the subject, the first of which was in 1965; and I will use range and damage calculations as one means of tracking progress from then until now. I will also follow the Program Committee's suggestions that I comment on my initial expectations for the field and give my personal view as to when it became clear that there were going to be useful applications of the process for device fabrication.
Jupiter's rings

Voyager 2 observations of the jovian ring system discovered by Voyager 1 are presented. The rings were observed both above and below the jovian equatorial plane and at extremely low and high phase angles. This ring system seems to represent a steady state configuration for small particles that are slowly moving in toward Jupiter. It must be resupplied from sources well outside Roche's limit.
High speed sliding of axonemal microtubules produced by outer arm dynein

To study dynein arm activity at high temporal resolution, axonemal sliding was measured field by field for wild type and dynein arm mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila. For wt SB255 cells, when the rate of data acquisition was 60 fps, about 5× greater than previously published observations, sliding was observed to be discontinuous with very high velocity sliding (average 196 μm/sec) for a few msec (1 or 2 fields) followed by a pause of several fields. The sliding velocities measured were an order of magnitude greater than rates previously measured by video analysis. However, when the data were analyzed at 12 fps for the same axonemes, consistent with previous observations, sliding was linear as the axonemes extended several times their original length with an average velocity of ≈10 μm/sec. The pauses or stops occurred at approximately 200 and 300% of the initial length, suggesting that dynein arms on one axonemal doublet were initially active to the limit of extension, and then the arms on the next doublet became activated. In contrast, in a mutant where OADs are missing, sliding observed at 60 fps was continuous and slow (5 μm/sec), as opposed to the discontinuous high-velocity sliding of SB255 and of the mutant at the permissive temperature where OADs are present. High-velocity step-wise sliding was also present in axonemes from an inner arm dynein mutant (KO6). These results indicate that the high-speed discontinuous pattern of sliding is produced by the mechanochemical activity of outer arm dynein. The rate of sliding is consistent with a low duty ratio of the outer arm dynein and with the operation of each arm along a doublet once per beat. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 60:96–103, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Volatile Content and Sensory Attributes of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Cooked Chicken Fat

Volatile and sensory profiles were generated for extracts of cooked chicken fat obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide at 10.3 MPa, 20.7 MPa, and 31.0 MPa at 40°C. Volatiles (318 total) were quantitated and 77 were identified. Concentrations of total volatiles, 7 compound classes, and 63 individual compounds were affected by treatments, generally increasing with decreasing extraction pressure. All extracts had higher concentrations than unextracted control. Total volatiles were concentrated 12-fold. Six sensory notes differed by treatment. Chicken fat aroma and flavor intensities were greater for all extracts than control and increased as pressure decreased. Total volatiles, 5 classes, and 42 individual compounds correlated with chicken fat aroma and/or flavor.
Sensitization to jute

Abstract Jute, a vegetable fiber grown in India, is widely used in the form of burlap for packing and transporting articles of merchandise. Because it is cheap, it is used also in place of more expensive and durable fibers in inexpensive upholstered furniture and in the cheaper domestic rugs and carpets. Inasmuch as it is used so ubiquitously, contact with jute is almost universal. Five case histories are given demonstrating conclusively the allergenic propertics of jute.
Bridging the Clinician/Researcher Gap with Systemic Research: The Case for Process Research, Dyadic, and Sequential Analysis.

In Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), as in many clinical disciplines, concern surfaces about the clinician/researcher gap. This gap includes a lack of accessible, practical research for clinicians. MFT clinical research often borrows from the medical tradition of randomized control trials, which typically use linear methods, or follow procedures distanced from “real-world” therapy. We review traditional research methods and their use in MFT and propose increased use of methods that are more systemic in nature and more applicable to MFTs: process research, dyadic data analysis, and sequential analysis. We will review current research employing these methods, as well as suggestions and directions for further research.
Hydromechanics of low-Reynolds-number flow. Part 1. Rotation of axisymmetric prolate bodies

The present series of studies is concerned with low-Reynolds-number flow in general; the main objective is to develop an effective method of solution for arbitrary body shapes. In this first part, consideration is given to the viscous flow generated by pure rotation of an axisymmetric body having an arbitrary prolate form, the inertia forces being assumed to have a negligible effect on the flow. The method of solution explored here is based on a spatial distribution of singular torques, called rotlets, by which the rotational motion of a given body can be represented. Exact solutions are determined in closed form for a number of body shapes, including the dumbbell profile, elongated rods and some prolate forms. In the special case of prolate spheroids, the present exact solution agrees with that of Jeffery (1922), this being one of very few cases where previous exact solutions are available for comparison. The velocity field and the total torque are derived, and their salient features discussed for several representative and limiting cases. The moment coefficient C[sub]M = M/(8[pi][mu][omega sub 0]ab^2) (M being the torque of an axisymmetric body of length 2a and maximum radius b rotating at angular velocity [omega], about its axis in a fluid of viscosity [mu]) of various body shapes so far investigated is found to lie between 2/3 and 1, usually very near unity for not extremely slender bodies. For slender bodies, an asymptotic relationship is found between the nose curvature and the rotlet strength near the end of its axial distribution. It is also found that the theory, when applied to slender bodies, remains valid at higher Reynolds numbers than was originally intended, so long as they are small compared with the (large) aspect ratio of the body, before the inertia effects become significant.
Characterization of summertime microwave emissivities from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager over the conterminous United States

[1] Retrievals of microwave land emissivity have been performed for three summer seasons (June–August) over the conterminous United States for the years of 2000, 2001, and 2002. These retrievals use observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to construct a database from which means and channel correlations of land emissivity can be computed, needed for variational retrievals of atmospheric parameters. In addition, the study establishes a range of values that must be reproducible by forward emissivity models. Embedded in the retrieval is an infrared-based cloud-clearing algorithm and land surface temperature retrieval. The land surface temperature retrieval employs vegetation and soil databases to index infrared spectral reflectance measurements to a given location. Analysis reveals that the land surface temperature dominates the total error in microwave emissivity, with the largest contribution coming from impacts of subpixel and undetected clouds, and interpolation error of 3-hourly land surface temperature to the time of the satellite overpass. A practical microwave emissivity error estimate is 2% for all frequencies less than 85 GHz, within a natural summertime variability of 5%. A clearly polarized signature from the surface is present in the 19 GHz frequencies over terrain characterized as predominantly bare ground, with the scattering by vegetation and small-scale roughness effects reducing this polarized signal at higher frequencies and over more densely vegetated areas.
Contrasting channel response to floods on the middle Gila River, Arizona

Floods of January and February 1993 in Arizona resulted in the most dramatic channel widening on the middle Gila River since 1905. An earlier flood in October 1983 had a larger instantaneous discharge but resulted in little channel change. The 1993 flood was of greater volume and duration, factors important in destabilizing flood-plain vegetation and eroding bank material. The 1983 flood was produced by a dissipating eastern Pacific tropical storm, whereas the 1993 flood was produced by a series of cold fronts from the northern Pacific Ocean supplied with subtropical moisture from a split jet stream. Meridional global circulation patterns enhance the frequency of winter storms that produce sustained flooding in Arizona and are more likely to result in channel widening and flood-plain instability on main trunk streams like the Gila River.
Direct suppression of antibody responses by chlorinated dibenzodioxins in cultured spleen cells from (C57BL/6 × C3H)F1 and DBA/2 mice

Abstract Direct addition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 5–20 nM) to culture of spleen cells from (C57BL/6 × C3H)F1 (B6C3F1) mice produced a suppression of the number of antibody-producing cells which developed in response to lipopolysaccharide, dinitrophenyl-Ficoll and sheep erythrocytes. The suppression of all three parameters was dose-related and parallel. This parallelism and the observation that the magnitude of the suppression was comparable in all three models suggested that the B-lymphocyte was the primary target. The defect was attributed to an effect on early activation or impaired differentiation because direct addition of TCDD had no effect on mitogen-induced proliferation. Temporal studies showed that TCDD produced the greatest suppression of the polyclonal antibody response to lipopolysaccharide when added at the beginning of the culture and that there was no suppression when TCDD was added as soon as 3 h after 200 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. The observation that TCDD could directly suppress the antibody response by spleen cells from DBA/2 mice, at concentrations comparable to those required to suppress the B6C3F1 mice, suggested that the effect on the B-lymphocyte was atypical of the profile of activity (i.e., dependence on the Ah locus) previously reported to characterize the effects of dioxin in other systems. Similar results were demonstrated with congenic mice, as Ahd/d homozygotes were suppressed comparably to Ahb/d heterozygotes. The direct suppression by 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a congener previously demonstrated to be devoid of affinity for the Ah locus, further suggests a dissociation from the traditional profile of activity.
Genome sequence of strain HIMB624, a cultured representative from the OM43 clade of marine Betaproteobacteria

Strain HIMB624 is a planktonic marine bacterium within the family Methylophilaceae of the class Betaproteobacteria isolated from coastal seawater of Oahu, Hawaii. This strain is of interest because it is one of few known isolates from an abundant clade of Betaproteobacteria found in cultivation-independent studies of coastal seawater and freshwater environments around the globe, known as OM43. Here we describe some preliminary features of the organism, draft genome sequence and annotation, and comparative genomic analysis with one other sequenced member of this clade (strain HTCC2181). The 1,333,209 bp genome of strain HIMB624 is arranged in a single scaffold containing four contigs, and contains 1,381 protein encoding genes and 39 RNA genes.
Terminology and nomenclature for standardization in quantitative fluorescence cytometry.

Terminology in any field is a complex mix of established conventions, accepted usages, disputed terms, and occasional misnomers. The terminology that has evolved for quantitative fluorescence cytometry (QFCM) is especially multifarious, in part because QFCM encompasses a range from subjective visual assessments to objective photon counts. Thus, while descriptive terms such as “dim” and “bright” are still quite useful, quantitative terms such as “binding capacity” should be used with collective understanding of their exact meanings. This article reviews current usage and proposes definitions that, with refinement from suppliers and users of QFCM technology, can provide the required clarity. Cytometry 33:97–105, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
The Coefficient of Viscosity of Helium and the Coefficients of Slip of Helium and Oxygen by the Constant Deflection Method

Coefficient of viscosity of helium by the constant deflection method.---Using carefully purified He, which showed only a spectroscopic trace of H, six series of measurements at about 23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C gave ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{23}=1962.3 {(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. This is about 2 per cent less than values obtained by the capillary method, but is believed correct to within 0.1 per cent.Coefficients of slip of helium and oxygen for polished and unpolished silver oxide surfaces.---The values obtained for ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{76}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{(10)}^{7}$ are: for the unpolished surface, 123 (He), 61.1 (O); for the polished surface, 160 (He), 64.5 (O). These are probably accurate to one per cent. From Maxwell's equation, the values for complete diffuse reflection, which are the minimum values, are computed to be 191 (He) and 70 (O). The low experimental values suggest a "reverse-specular" reflection or perhaps the abnormal momentum transfer at the surface may be attributed to an excess of molecules leaving the cylinders due to the release of oxygen at low pressures. The change of the slip with time, observed in previous work, is shown to be due to the release of occluded gases, chiefly oxygen in the case of a silver oxide surface.Increase in the stiffness of the steel suspension wire, noted by Van Dyke, continues.
Spectral gamma logging in crystalline basement rocks

Spectral gamma logging in the crystalline basement rocks of two deep holes of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory9s Dry Hot Rock Geothermal Project indicates that this type of log is useful for determining rock types, detecting fracture zones, and examining mobility of the heat-producing elements U, Th, and K.
Heat capacity and entropy of nonstoichiometric magnetite Fe 3 ( 1 − δ ) O 4 : The thermodynamic nature of the Verwey transition

The heat capacity of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}})}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, was systematically measured for nine samples in the composition range 00.012 and for temperatures between 5 and 200 K. The character of the heat-capacity anomaly at the Verwey transition changed at \ensuremath{\delta}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.004: for \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ or \ensuremath{\delta}g${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ the transformation was of first or second order, respectively. The transition disappears altogether for \ensuremath{\delta}g3${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}0.012. From these measurements the entropy of the transition and the temperature dependence of the entropy have been calculated. The entropy change at the transition is R ln2 for \ensuremath{\delta}=0 and decreases steadily with increasing \ensuremath{\delta}. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a mean-field model that includes the Coulomb interactions among electrons located on neighboring octahedral sites. The charge carriers resonate between the two equivalent octahedral positions above the Verwey transition, and freeze out well below the transition. The model predicts a molar entropy change of R ln2 for discontinuous transitions and 2R ln2 for continuous transitions.
Ultrastructural localization of G-protein Gs in the organ of Corti

Abstract Immunocytochemical localization of a stimulatory GTP-binding protein G s in the organ of Corti in the inner ear was examined with a post-embedding immunogold technique, using antibodies raised against a synthetic decapeptide (RMHLRQYELL) of the C-terminus of the α subunit of G s . Immunoreactivity was strong on the membranes of supporting cells in the reticular lamina, including inner and outer pillar cells and the phalangeal process of Deiters' cells. Immunolabeling also was seen on the membranes of cell bodies of those cells which surround nerve fibers, basilar fibers, outer spiral fibers and afferent nerve endings at outer hair cells. Gold particles also labeled the membrane of inner phalangeal cells and border cells. In contrast, outer and inner hair cells were not labeled. Possible roles of G s in the organ of Corti are discussed.
Phosphorylation of viral movement proteins – regulation of cell-to-cell trafficking

In plants, proteins and nucleoprotein complexes can traffic from cell to cell, via plasmodesmata. Studies based on viral movement proteins (MP) have revealed that such trafficking events are likely to be regulated at the level of protein phosphorylation. Plasmodesmal-associated protein kinases could play a central role in plant defense, in addition to regulating the translatability of endogenous MP-mRNA complexes that function at a supracellular level.
Effect of convection vortices on the ionosphere

Abstract Traveling convection vortices are spatially localized, transient structures embedded in a large-scale convection pattern. They are typically aligned in the east-west direction, have a horizontal extent of 500–1000 km, appear in either the dawn or dusk sectors at about 70° latitude, and then propagate toward midnight at a speed of from 0.5–15 km/s. Associated with the convection vortices are a field-aligned current pair, particle precipitation and enhanced electric fields. In order to determine their effect on the polar ionosphere, the USU ionospheric model was used to calculate the ionospheric response to traveling twin vortices. Simulations were conducted for both summer and winter conditions and for different vortex characteristics, including both decaying and non-decaying vortices, slow and fast moving vortices, and a series of traveling vortices. The simulations indicate that there is an appreciable ionospheric response, but it varies markedly with altitude and the magnitude of the response depends on the vortex characteristics.
Students’ Perceptions of Testing Accommodations: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why It Matters

Students with disabilities are often given tests under accommodated conditions to reduce the effect of their disability on their scores. Students’ perceptions of their own accommodations are important for several reasons and have been the topic of a number of research studies. Some studies have tested students under multiple conditions and asked for their reactions; other studies have given general attitude surveys about accommodations. Research has shown that accommodations generally reduce anxiety and discomfort during testing, but students’ opinions about the practice of providing accommodations are often conflicted and depend on the particular accommodation under discussion. This review describes the current research on students’ perceptions of accommodations, derives implications for practicing school psychologists, and offers further questions to guide future research.
Total Synthesis and Anti-Tubulin Activity of Epi-C3 Analogues of Cryptophycin-24

Epi-C3-cryptophycin-24, epi-C3-m-chlorobenzyl-cryptophycin-24, and the corresponding styrenes were synthesized and tested in vitro against the MCF-7 and multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cell lines and in an in vitro tubulin assembly assay. The results demonstrate that the S configuration at the C3 stereocenter is not required to induce potent cytotoxicity and the m-Cl substituent present on the C10 side chain did not induce any large change in activity.
Partial Identification of the Distribution of Treatment Effects in Switching Regime Models and its Confidence Sets

In this paper, we establish sharp bounds on the joint distribution of potential outcomes and the distribution of treatment effects in parametric switching regime models with normal mean-variance mixture errors and in the semi-parametric switching regime models of Heckman (1990) . Our results for parametric switching regime models with normal mean-variance mixture errors extend some existing results for the Gaussian switching regime model and our results for semi-parametric switching regime models supplement the point identification results of Heckman (1990) . Compared with the corresponding sharp bounds when selection is random, we observe that self-selection tightens the bounds on the joint distribution of the potential outcomes and the distribution of treatment effects. These bounds depend on the identified model parameters only and can be easily estimated once the identified model parameters are estimated. The important issue of inference is briefly discussed. Copyright , Wiley-Blackwell.
Differential fiber-specific block of nerve conduction in mammalian peripheral nerves using kilohertz electrical stimulation

Kilohertz electrical stimulation (KES) has been shown to induce repeatable and reversible nerve conduction block in animal models. In this study, we characterized the ability of KES stimuli to selectively block specific components of stimulated nerve activity using in vivo preparations of the rat sciatic and vagus nerves. KES stimuli in the frequency range of 5–70 kHz and amplitudes of 0.1–3.0 mA were applied. Compound action potentials were evoked using either electrical or sensory stimulation, and block of components was assessed through direct nerve recordings and muscle force measurements. Distinct observable components of the compound action potential had unique conduction block thresholds as a function of frequency of KES. The fast component, which includes motor activity, had a monotonically increasing block threshold as a function of the KES frequency. The slow component, which includes sensory activity, showed a nonmonotonic block threshold relationship with increasing KES frequency. The distinct trends with frequency of the two components enabled selective block of one component with an appropriate choice of frequency and amplitude. These trends in threshold of the two components were similar when studying electrical stimulation and responses of the sciatic nerve, electrical stimulation and responses of the vagus nerve, and sensorimotor stimulation and responses of the sciatic nerve. This differential blocking effect of KES on specific fibers can extend the applications of KES conduction block to selective block and stimulation of neural signals for neuromodulation as well as selective control of neural circuits underlying sensorimotor function.
Apparent effects of operational variables on the continuous culture of Corynebacterium lactofermentum

Abstract The apparent effects of operational variables, aeration, agitation, dissolved oxygen, and dilution rate on the l -lysine fermentation by Corynebacterium lactofermentum (ATCC 21799) were investigated in a continuous culture. The results of the present study show that l -lysine production strongly depends on the dissolved oxygen (DO) level and it may become limited at values below 30% saturation. It was also shown that the specific rates of growth, substrate consumption, product formation and oxygen uptake depend on the dissolved oxygen. Therefore, the oxygen transfer effect should be incorporated in a deterministic model.
Effect of Inbreeding on Production in Holsteins

Summary Data collected over a 25-yr. period from the Iowa State College Holstein herd were used to study the effect of inbreeding on production. The inbreeding ranged from zero to 34% and averaged 7.4%. Records used were standardized to a 305-day-2×-M.E. base. The number of cows used in each analysis varied but, at the most, 534 were available. Intra-sire regressions, using the average of each cow's records, were −1.74 ± 0.57 lb. of butterfat, −54 ± 17 lb. of milk, and +0.003 ± 0.003% of butterfat for each increase of 1% in inbreeding. There was no evidence of curvilinearity in the effect of inbreeding on fat production. Differences among the individual sires’ regressions were not significant. Inbreeding affects production mostly through channels other than reducing general size. This was shown by comparing the regression of production on inbreeding with and without holding heart girth constant. The partial regression was still about three-fourths as large as the simple regression. Partial regression of production on inbreeding, with the dam's production held constant, did not differ appreciably from the regression obtained when the dam's record was disregarded.
The Benefits of Continuous and Digital Air Leak Assessment After Elective Pulmonary Resection: A Prospective Study

Background Air leaks remain the most common pulmonary complication after elective pulmonary resection, yet their assessment, unlike other clinical bedside indicators, remains analogue and not digital. Methods This prospective randomized study compared a digital air leak system with the current analogue air leak system in 100 patients that underwent elective pulmonary resection. Results The digital and analogue patient groups each had 50 patients. Pulmonary function, types of pulmonary resection, number of chest tubes, and pathology were not statistically different between the groups. The digital system confirmed the air leak status in 5 patients that were equivocal on the analogue system. The ability to assess the air leak status continuously afforded quicker chest tube removal in the digital group (mean, 3.1 vs 3.9 days, p = 0.034) and reduced hospital stay (mean, 3.3 vs 4.0 days, p = 0.055). Three patients were discharged home with the device, without complications. Conclusions The digital and continuous measurement of air leaks instead of the currently used static analogue systems reduces hospital length of stay by more accurately and reproducibly measuring air leaks. This leads to quicker chest tube management decisions because the average size of an air leak during the last several hours can be determined. Intrapleural pressure curves may also help predict the optimal chest tube setting for each patient's air leak and eliminate the need for chest roentgenograms. Further studies on the pleural pressure curves and this device are needed.
Early Intermediates in Spermidine-Induced DNA Condensation on the Surface of Mica

The folding pathway of spermidine-induced DNA condensation on the surface of mica was examined by varying the concentration of spermidine in a dilute DNA solution and visualizing intermediates by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Images reveal that spermidine-induced DNA condensation on mica involves multiple well-defined structural intermediates. At 1.5−3 μM spermidine there are no interesting morphologies of the DNA, although there is a reduction of the apparent persistence length. At 7.5−15 μM spermidine, intramolecular loops (mean diameter 40 ± 15 nm) form. Loops initially appear to form independently of each other, but individual molecules with multiple loops tend to crossover at the same point producing “flower”-shaped structures. At 30 μM spermidine, the tendency to form single crossover points increases and multimolecular flowers form. After initial flower formation disklike condensates appear, sometimes as apparent outgrowths from flowers. The resolvable strands in the disks are thicker than double-...
Characterization and radiation testing of the Harris HS9008RH flash analogue to digital converter

Abstract Results from tests characterizing the performance and radiation hardness of the HS9008RH flash analog to digital convertor (FADC) are presented. These tests were performed primarily to evaluate the suitability of this device for use in the GEM Central Tracker at the SSC experiment. Basic performance characteristics and susceptibility of these characteristics to radiation were examined. Performance test results indicate that the device integral nonlinearity is sampling rate dependent and worsens rapidly above a sampling rate of 15 megasamples per second (MSPS). No degradation in performance of the device was observed after its exposure of up to 81 Mrad of 1.25 MeV γ radiation from a 60 Co source. Exposure of the device to a reactor fast neutron fluence ( E > 100 keV) of 5 × 10 14 /cm 2 resulted in no significant observed performance degradation as well.
Measuring simultaneously linear and angular acceleration during a crash

The new translational/angular accelerometer presented in this paper consists of a pair of identical preloaded quartz shear elements inside a metal housing. Integrated impedance converters transform the piezoelectric signals to low impedance voltages. The rugged sensor is mounted on the surface of the structure under test by fixing it with four screws. It allows the simultaneous measurement of translational and angular acceleration. Due to its construction, the small and light weight sensor is suited for shock application, e.g. during crashes. An example of linear and angular acceleration acting on a dummy head during a crash is presented.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-mediated reciprocal regulation loop between FGF8 and FGF10 is essential for limb induction.

FGFR2 is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase that serves as a high affinity receptor for several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. To explore functions of FGF/FGFR2 signals in development, we have mutated FGFR2 by deleting the entire immunoglobin-like domain III of the receptor. We showed that murine FGFR2 is essential for chorioallantoic fusion and placenta trophoblast cell proliferation. Fgfr2 ΔIgIII/ΔIgIII embryos displayed two distinct defects that resulted in failures in formation of a functional placenta. About one third of the mutants failed to form the chorioallantoic fusion junction and the remaining mutants did not have the labyrinthine portion of the placenta. Consequently, all mutants died at 10-11 days of gestation. Interestingly, Fgfr2 ΔIgIII/ΔIgIII embryos do not form limb buds. Consistent with this defect, the expression of Fgf8, an apical ectodermal factor, is absent in the mutant presumptive limb ectoderm, and the expression of Fgf10, a mesenchymally expressed limb bud initiator, is down regulated in the underlying mesoderm. These findings provide direct genetic evidence that FGF/FGFR2 signals are absolutely required for vertebrate limb induction and that an FGFR2 signal is essential for the reciprocal regulation loop between FGF8 and FGF10 during limb induction. SUMMARY
Stability Analysis of Higher Order Linear Matrix Systems

The problem of stability and instability of a multivariable system is studied in this paper by analyzing the solvability of its Lyapunov equation. The specific features of block Schwartz matrix are well exploited and used for checking stability of a multivariable system.
A dual-tone reference digital demodulator for mobile digital communication

A demodulator applicable to the dual-pilot tone modulation technique is presented. Examination of orthogonal and ISI (intersymbol interference) free pulse shapes leads to the novel demodulator structure. This demodulator is advantageous because the processing is strictly linear, the pilot channel and data channel ideally do not interfere or create self-noise, no differential encoding is required since no phase ambiguity is created with the pilot tone processing, and near ideal bit error probability performance is achieved. This demodulator offers an alternative to the transmitted tone-in-band and the pilot symbol assisted modulation techniques. The author considers pi /4-QPSK modulation with 33% excess bandwidth in the isotropic time-varying fading channel as a design example. >
Echocardiographic assessment of wall motion in ST-segment alternans during coronary angioplasty

ST alternans occurs in the setting of severe and extensive myocardial ischemia. In this particular case, ST alternans occurred well after the onset of ischemia-induced left ventricular dysfunction. There is no echocardiographic evidence of beat-to-beat variation in contractility to correspond to this ST-segment phenomenon. Further studies of left ventricular function during ST alternans in patients are needed to determine whether this finding applies to all patients with ischemic heart disease.
Termination analysis of OPS5 expert systems

Bounded response time is an important requirement when rule-based expert systems are used in real-time applications. In the case the rule-based system cannot terminate in bounded time, we should detect the "culprit" conditions causing the non-termination to assist programmers in debugging. This paper describes a novel tool which analyzes OPS5 programs to achieve this goal. The first step is to verify that an OPS5 program can terminate in bounded time. A graphical representation of an OPS5 program is defined and evaluated. Once the termination of the OPS5 program is not expected, the "culprit" conditions are detected. These conditions are then used to correct the problem by adding extra rules to the original program.
The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: A report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project

Background Reported incidences of anaphylaxis range from 3.2 to 20 per 100,000 population. The incidence and trend over time has meaningful public health implications but has not been well characterized because of a lack of a standard definition and deficiencies in reporting of events. Objective We sought to determine the incidence and cause of anaphylaxis over a 10-year period. Methods We performed a population-based incidence study that was conducted in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1990 through 2000. Anaphylaxis episodes were identified on the basis of symptoms and signs of mast cell and basophil mediator release plus mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, or cardiovascular system involvement. Results Two hundred eleven cases of anaphylaxis were identified (55.9% in female subjects). The mean age was 29.3 years (SD, 18.2 years; range, 0.8-78.2 years). The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 49.8 (95% CI, 45.0-54.5) per 100,000 person-years. Age-specific rates were highest for ages 0 to 19 years (70 per 100,000 person-years). Ingested foods accounted for 33.2% (70 cases), insect stings accounted for 18.5% (39 cases), medication accounted for 13.7% (29 cases), radiologic contrast agent accounted for 0.5% (1 case), "other" causes accounted for 9% (19 cases), and "unknown" causes accounted for 25.1% (53 cases). The "other" group included cats, latex, cleaning agents, environmental allergens, and exercise. There was an increase in the annual incidence rate during the study period from 46.9 per 100,000 persons in 1990 to 58.9 per 100,000 persons in 2000 ( P = .03). Conclusion The overall incidence rate is 49.8 per 100,000 person-years, which is higher than previously reported. The annual incidence rate is also increasing. Food and insect stings continue to be major inciting agents for anaphylaxis.
Characterizing Geomorphic Change from Anthropogenic Disturbances to Inform Restoration in the Upper Cache River, Illinois

Over the past century, channelization, agricultural tiling, and land use changes have resulted in significant stream channel degradation of the Cache River in southern Illinois. With the increasing interest in restoration of the watershed's bottomland forests and swamps, we sought to characterize geomorphic change over the past 110 years to inform restoration and management. A previously surveyed stretch of river was resurveyed in the fall of 2011, following a record flood in the spring of that year. Results suggest that the slope of the channel in this section of the river has increased 345% between 1903 and 1972 (p < 0.01), but has not changed significantly since (p = 0.12). Within that same time period, bank heights increased between 1 and 7 m and bed elevation decreased between 1 and 5 m. Changes in resurveyed cross sections appear to be primarily due to recent flood scour. It appears as though early 20th Century stream channel modifications had immediate effects on the geomorphology of the channel; however, channel geometry is now at or near equilibrium. This case study of the Cache River watershed demonstrates how and why successful restoration will require integration of geomorphic processes of the system.
Modeling of reinitiation ability of polymer brushes grown by surface‐initiated photoiniferter‐mediated photopolymerization

A kinetic model developed to investigate surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated photopolymerization (SI-PMP) and parameterized using experimental thickness data from SI-PMP of methyl methacrylate is used to examine chain extension by reinitiation. Specifically, the effects of light intensity, concentration of an added deactivator, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TED), and initial photoiniferter (PI) concentration on the reinitiation ability of surface-tethered PMMA layers is examined in detail. The simulations show that while increases in [TED] and decreases in light intensity affect overall rates of PMMA layer growth in a similar fashion, their effect on reinitiation ability of PMMA layers is significantly different: reinitiation ability increases with increasing [TED] but it is not improved by decreases in light intensity. Simulations also suggest that polymer layers synthesized in the presence of TED have a greater tendency to form surface-tethered block copolymers upon reinitiation compared with polymer layers synthesized without TED and at lower light intensity. While both [PI] and [TED] affect the reinitiation ability, the effect of [TED] on reinitiation ability is identical at a given [TED]/[PI] ratio for all PI and TED concentrations tested. These findings obtained from the rate-based model are instrumental in delineating strategies for creating tethered block copolymer layers or mixed brushes by SI-PMP.
Starvation Effects on DDT Residues in Chick Tissues

Abstract CONTAMINATION of animal feeds with extremely low levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides results in significant residues of these materials in the tissues. Liska et al. (1964) showed that feeding diets containing 0.1 p.p.m. DDT to 4 week-old chicks for a period of 4 weeks caused concentrations of DDT as high as 2.8 p.p.m. in abdominal fat. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are fat-soluble and accumulate in the various fatty deposits of the body (Olney et al., 1962). Wesley et al. (1966a) showed that hens still exhibited detectable DDT residues 22 weeks after dosing. Wesley et al. (1966b) presented data which suggested that starvation increased the depletion rate of DDT from the tissues. The apparent rate of depletion of DDT in animal tissues after exposure is a function of 1) rate of deposition of new tissue which dilutes the DDT already present and 2) rate of elimination of DDT from the body. Starvation results . . .
Power system disturbance monitoring using spectrum analysis

The advent of new and emerging technologies for monitoring and control of power networks opens possibilities for implementation of new algorithms. Spectrum analysis is one of the techniques which has a potential for real-time control. This paper proposes a new and computationally non-demanding algorithm for spectrum analysis of the sampled instantaneous frequency data, based on recursive least squares tracking. The algorithm, which has remarkably low computational requirements, is illustrated by simulation on a 16-machine test system.
A Framework to Bridge the Gaps Between Evidence-Based Medicine, Health Outcomes, and Improvement and Implementation Science

Enhancing application of evidence-based medicine along with rigorous monitoring of quality of care is the key to improvement of the current unsatisfactory situation. However, calls to improve use of evidence-based interventions remain unheeded.
To Picture or Not to Picture: Levels of Erotophobia and Breast Self‐Examination Brochure Techniques1

People's level of erotophobia influences their acceptance of sexually related situations, including the likelihood of engaging in sexually related health care such as breast self-examinations (BSE). Female college students (n= 61) completed a measure of erotophobia and read a BSE brochure that either did or did not contain instructional photographs showing a woman's breasts. As hypothesized when the brochure contained photographs, women high in erotophobia felt less competent in giving themselves BSE and were less likely to claim that they did things to improve their health. When the brochure contained no photographs, women low in erotophobia thought that the information was easier to understand and that BSE was more important.
Pilot Study of a New Model for Managing Hypertension in an Uninsured Population

For millions of uninsured Americans who have hypertension, quality medical care is too expensive to access with any regularity. The Community-based Chronic Disease Management (CCDM) Clinic was created to deliver clinical care for medically uninsured patients in a setting of low resources and high need. CCDM's model melds nurse-led teams with the chronic disease model and uses evidence-based clinical decision protocols. This new model of care differs from traditional models. CCDM conducted a nonrandomized prospective trial of the effectiveness of this new model of care. The intervention included free education, medications, and laboratory investigations. For hypertensives treated for 6 months and 1 year, national benchmark goals were reached for 45% (50/110, P < .00005) and 56% (43/77, P < .00005) of patients, respectively, compared with 18% and 22% being at goal at initial presentation. The CCDM model may have implications for health service delivery in insured populations as well. Further study is warranted.
Modeling corewood–outerwood transition in loblolly pine using wood specific gravity

A modified logistic function was used for modeling specific-gravity profiles obtained from X-ray densitometry analysis in 675 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in four regeneration trials. Trees were 21 or 22 years old at the time of the study. The function was used for demarcating corewood, transitional, and outerwood zones. Site and silvicultural ef- fects were incorporated into the model. Heteroscedasticity and within-group correlation were accounted for by specifying the variance and serial-correlation structure, respectively. The estimated transition zone was located between rings 5 and 15, and the outerwood demarcation point varied from rings 12 to 15. No effects of treatments on the demarcation points were observed; however, site preparation and fertilization affected the lower asymptotes of the curves in all sites. A geo- graphical trend for the demarcation point was observed, with the northern site requiring more time to reach a plateau in specific gravity compared with the southern sites. The diameter of the juvenile core was increased as a result of the treat- ments. However, the amount of corewood was not statistically affected, ranging from 55% in the north to 75% in the south, except at one site where fertilization decreased the percentage of corewood.