cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covariational Reasoning – Theoretical Background

Covariational reasoning surfaced in the first chapters of the book, however, it needs more elaboration as it will dominate the case studies included in Part III. This chapter presents a current perspective on covariational reasoning and its fit to the proposed modeling discourse. It delves deeper into mathematical representations that can be used during modeling enterprises to reach this goal. Research proved that modeling supported by empirical-mathematical thinking is an effective way of organizing learning environments in the physics classroom. Observing lab processes and concluding general patterns reflects on physicists’ scientific inquiry methods. A mathematical structural domain consisting of algebraic functions is the leading mathematical apparatus used during physics labs quantitative analyses. Thus the techniques of blending scientific thought processes with algebraic apparatus called for more elaboration. This chapter attempts to demystify formulas algebraic structures and extract covariational sense that is stored in these structures. Initiated from contrasting functions and formulas, this chapter zooms deeper into the elementary blocks of these representations; parameters, and variables. An attempt to categorize physics formulas by their complexity of covariate entanglement will conclude this chapter.
Security design without verifiable retention

Abstract This paper studies security design with adverse selection when verifiable retention is impossible due to market segmentation and price opacity across market segments. Rather than signaling through retention, sellers in the model signal quality through posted prices, which is feasible because the posted price affects buyers' search behavior and the equilibrium probability of selling. The optimal security design, in this case, is to break up the cash flow of an asset into several debt securities of increasing seniority. The size of senior relative to subordinated debts is affected by the equilibrium markup. Search frictions, as determinants of the markup, shape the endogenous creation of financial securities.
The Advantages of the Customer Value/Mission Matrix for Strategic Nonprofit Marketing Analysis

Application of traditional portfolio methods to nonprofit marketing situations is difficult, to say the least. For the most part, they require detailed market share, market strength, market growth, market attractiveness, and/or cost and profit accounting information that many nonprofits do not have and may not be able to acquire given the nature of products typically offered by nonprofits, e.g., services and/or social behavior programs. We suggest use of a recently proposed product portfolio model, the customer value/mission (CV/M) matrix as a method that can help nonprofits in their product planning endeavors. The CV/M matrix better serves the needs of marketing strategists not only in for-profit organizations but in nonprofit ones as well. This is because it reflects on customer value and differential advantage in the eyes of an organization’s consumers. This paper directly compares the use of an older portfolio matrix that has been suggested for use in nonprofit organizations with use of the new matrix and discusses some advantages and disadvantages of each.
Who's Afraid of Ludwig Hilberseimer?

The metropolis as imagined by Ludwig Hilberseimer has long served as the quintessential example of the urban dystopia. In reconsidering Hilberseimer's Groszstadt the vacant, haunted qualities of his city that are so often criticized will instead become a point of departure for exploring the “spectral” potentials of the metropolis. This reading will demonstrate the irrational qualities of this rationalist project, and how it reveals a deeply ambivalent and critical attitude towards utopian urbanism and the role of the city in capitalism.
Dahl’s feminism?

This tribute to the life work of Robert A. Dahl briefly analyzes the place of women, and issues raised by the status and treatment of women, in the sweep of his iconic contributions to democratic theory. The article traces his inclusion of women from the beginning to the end of his writings on politics in democracies and, in a more critical vein, casts light on some central concepts in his work that the insights and information of feminist scholarship would deepen, modify, or question.
Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing

Welcome to the inaugural ACM Symposium of Cloud Computing. This symposium is co-sponsored by the ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD) and the ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems (SIGOPS). Both these communities share a common interest in the rapidly developing field of Cloud Computing, i.e., large scale distributed systems that can manage massive volumes of data and yet deliver reliable and efficient service. Although traditionally these two communities have had close interactions on various topics, to the best of our knowledge this is the first time that they are co-sponsoring a symposium with active participation and shared responsibilities from both the communities. This year, SOCC is being held in conjunction with ACM SIGMOD, the flagship conference of the database community. Next year, SOCC will be held in conjunction with ACM SOSP, the premier conference for operating systems. The goal for such co-location is to facilitate more effective networking across the two communities. The conferences of both the systems and database communities have always encouraged participation of both academic researchers and industrial participants, and SOCC is no exception. In our Call for Papers, we sought not only full-length research papers, but also position papers and industrial papers. We had a strong response to our call and were pleasantly surprised to get 119 submissions. Each paper was reviewed by at least two members of the Program Committee. Given the limited duration of the symposium we were able to accept only 23 papers (18 research papers, 4 position papers, and 1 industrial paper) for presentation at this symposium. Thus, the acceptance ratio was slightly below 20%. Our technical program also consists of three distinguished speakers from the industry to provide us with insights from their experience in the field, to ground and inspire our thinking on future directions.
Metal Tolerance in Plants: The Roles of Thiol‐Containing Peptides

Chelation and compartmentalization are important mechanisms for metal tolerance in plants. Thiol-containing peptides, i.e., glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), and metallothioneins (MTs), are metal ligands and play important roles in metal tolerance in plants. This article summarizes the present knowledge about the functions of these thiol-containing peptides in plant heavy metal tolerance, especially for Cd, As, and Cu. GSH participates in the amelioration of metal-induced oxidative stress. Metal-GSH complexes are the substrate for PC synthesis. Thus, enhanced GSH synthesis can increase metal tolerance in plants. PCs, a set of thiol-rich peptides with the general structure (γ-GluCys)n-Gly, play an essential role in constitutive Cd and tolerance, whereas PCs are not involved in adaptive Cd tolerance. In contrast, PCs are required for both constitutive and adaptive As tolerance in plants. PCs may play a role in constitutive Cu tolerance in some plants, but they are not involved in Ni or Zn tolerance. MTs may play an important role in constitutive Cu tolerance, and may be involved, to some extent, in Cd tolerance in plants. Keywords: chelation; glutathione; phytochelatins; metallothioneins; metal tolerence; peptides
Orchids and their conservation at Natural History Museum, Kathmandu, Nepal

Though small in area, Nepal is considered to be rich in orchid flora. It has been realized that archid flora in Nepal has not been fully explored. Orchid in gardens, green houses and even in home decoration is not fully well appreciated due to difficulty in its assemblage, lack of knowledge in culture and garden varieties. Natural History Museum, Kathmandu has tried to accumulate some orchid species in its garden and in herbarium, attempting to create awareness for its conservation. In the present paper orchid of less attraction for garden development has been described from its collection. Some of such species are Eulophia dabia , Gastrochilus acutifolius , Coelogyne flavida , Cleisostoma filiforme , Vanda testacea , Dendrobium bicameratum and so on. If a well-established method is developed for their survival in the garden, it can be said that such orchid species can well be popularized and can be conserved forever. Key words: Orchids, Natural History Museum; conservation J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol.22, 2005 p.57-63
Intradural spinal arteriovenous malformation in a 13-month-old female: A case report

PURPOSE: Describe the case of a spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM), which represents a rare cause for tetraplegia in the infant population. TREATMENT:This patient underwent treatment withsurgical clipping of an intradural AVM, intravenous steroids, and inpatient rehabilitation. DISCUSSION: Although AVMs are a congenital vascular malformation, spinal AVMs are extremely rare with only a few case reports published in the pediatric literature. Generally AVMs are diagnosed intracranially which would lead to cerebral infarction; however, in this case, the AVM was in the cervical spinal cord leading to tetraplegia. With medical and rehabilitation interventions, the patient’s function improved significantly; however, long-term prognostication remained difficult given the lack of standardized assessments and the inaccuracy of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) examination for this age group. CONCLUSION: Spinal AVMs are extremely rare in the pediatric population; however, with this case the use of surgical intervention helped prevent further loss of neurologic impairment, and inpatient rehabilitation served to increase the patient’s function. She continued to participate in outpatient rehabilitation to improve developmental milestones, mobility, posture, positioning, and upper limb function.
Miscellaneous Chest Conditions

The following radiographs show examples of entities with diagnostic radiographic presentations. By seeing the “classic” examples of these entities, you will hopefully gain enough familiarity to make the diagnosis should you encounter them clinically.
Endogenous respiration of Bacillus cereus.

Clifton, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.), and J. M. Sobek. Endogenous respiration of Bacillus cereus . J. Bacteriol. 82: 252–256. 1961.—The endogenous respiration of washed cells of Bacillus cereus varies with the nature of the growth medium and with time. The respiratory quotient of cells harvested from nutrient agar remained quite constant around 1.00 over a 2-hr period of respiration, whereas that of cells grown on glucose-nutrient agar decreased from 0.97 for the first hour to 0.87 for the second hour. Considerable amounts of ammonia were formed, the number of moles per mole of oxygen consumed decreasing with time for agar-grown cells and increasing for glucose-grown ones. C 14 -labeled, agar-grown cells utilized materials insoluble in cold or hot 5% trichloroacetic acid, ethanol, or chloroform as their endogenous substrate, the same behavior being noted with glucose-grown cells except that they utilized both hot trichloroacetic-soluble and -insoluble materials. These results indicate that the bulk of the endogenous substrates are chemically complex and, at least in part, are nitrogenous in character.
Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest compromised by p21 deficiency

THE protein p21 is a dual inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases1a¤-3 and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)4, both of which are required for passage through the cell cycle. The p21 gene is under the transcriptional control of p53 (ref. 5), suggesting that p21 might promote p53-dependent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. p21 has also been implicated in cell senescence6 and in cell-cycle withdrawal upon terminal differentiation7a¤-9. Here we investigate the role of p21 in these processes using chimaeric mice composed partly of p21-/- and partly of p21+/+ cells. Immunohistochemical studies of the p21+/+ and p21-/- components of adult small intestine indicated that deletion of p21 had no detectable effect on the migration-associated differentiation of the four principal intestinal epithelial cell lineages or on p53-dependent apoptosis following irradiation. However, p21-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts are impaired in their ability to undergo Gl arrest following DNA damage.
Screening the Child for Sports Participation

Sports physicals probably do not differ appreciably from routine physicals in actual practice. The sports examination is a unique assessment requiring the careful attention of the health care provider to specific data that contribute to a more complete assessment of the child's readiness to participate in and compatability with a given sport. The tool designed herein is presented to assist each health care provider in making such assessments and to document pertinent findings.
Sequential modular and simultaneous modular strategies for process flowsheet optimization

Abstract The sequential modular and two-tier simultaneous modular approaches to solving the process flowsheet optimization problem are described. Results from implementation of both of these strategies in an existing sequential modular simulator are presented and an analysis of the benefits and deficiencies of each method is given. For the sequential modular approach, a new method, called infeasible path hybrid (IPH), is shown to be superior to existing infeasible path and feasible path methods. For the two-tier simultaneous modular approach, the requirements for good reduced models are discussed in detail and a new reduced model for plug flow reactors is presented. It is shown that, with good reduced models, the two-tier simultaneous modular approach should out-perform the sequential modular approach.
Distrust in Leaders: Dimensions, Patterns, and Emotional Intensity

Without prompting, stratified randomly selected employees addressed communication improvements at their manufacturing facility. More than one quarter expressed distrust in their leaders. Responses ...
Thoracotomy elevates the defibrillation threshold and modifies the defibrillation dose-response curve.

Thoracotomy Elevates the Defibrillation Threshold. Introduction: Despite innovations in nonthoracotomy defibrillation systems, thoracotomies are still required in some clinical settings and are utilized in many animal-based research protocols. The effect of a thoracotomy on defibrillation energy, however, has not been well characterized. Methods and Results: Ten dogs in the immediate testing; group underwent defibrillation testing immediately following a thoracotomy: another ten dogs in the delayed testing group were given 48 to 72 hours of recovery before defibrillation testing. A right ventricular endocardial coil to cutaneous thoracic patch biphasic system was used. At the time of defibrillation testing, the immediate testing group had a faster mean heart rate (144.7 ± 30.2 vs 105.8 ± 17.5 beats/min, P < 0.01), higher mean pulmonary artery pressures (systolic: 18.14 ± 9.48 vs 11.28 ± 6.46 mmHg. P = 0.1; diastolic: 6.59 ± 2.88 vs 3.89 ± 1.75 mmHg, P <0.051, and higher mean defibrillation shock impedance (89.0 ± 11.6 vs 70.9 ± 7.3 ω, P < 0.002) than the delayed group. The mean ED50 (energy with a 50% success rate) was significantly higher in the immediate group than in the delayed group (26.9 ± 14.9 vs 14.2 ± 6.9 J, P < 0.05), and the slopes of the dose-response curves were significantly different (P = 0.03). Conclusion: In a right ventricular endocardial to cutaneous patch system, thoracotomy significantly and transiently increased the defibrillation threshold and modified the defibrillation dose-response curve.
Bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction

The management of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by bundle branch block is a significant clinical problem and represents 8% to 13% of patients with acute infarction. This study reviews the records of 606 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to our coronary care unit. Forty-seven (8%) had complete bundle branch block. The risk of developing high-degree AV block in these 47 patients was reviewed. There are no established therapeutic guidelines for patients with pre-existing bundle branch block and left bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction. We found a high risk of progression in patients with pre-existing bifascicular block in the presence of anterior wall infarction (25%) as well as in patients with left bundle branch block with acute anterior wall infarction (100%). On the basis of our data and careful review of the literature, we recommend prophylactic pacemaker insertion in these high-risk groups.
Inguinal and Scrotal Lesion

A man in his 60s presented for further evaluation of a right inguinal and scrotal lesion (Figure 1). The rash initially started4years prior as adime-sized, pink, scaly area in the right inguinal crease andwas pruritic. Results of a biopsy at the timewere consistentwith lichen simplex chronicus, and treatment with topical steroids was initiated. Since then, the rash had failed to resolve and theaffectedareahad increased in size to itspresent dimensions. The patient had a history of prostate cancer treatedwithprostatectomy4yearspreviouslywithoutevidenceof recurrenceandmelanoma of the posterior neck treated with wide local excision, in addition to non–insulindependentdiabetesmellitus andhyperlipidemia controlledwithoralmedications.Hedoes not smoke and has been in amonogamousmarriage for more than 30 years. Examination revealedamultifocal scaly, pink-redbeefyplaque in the right inguinal creaseextending from the superior aspect of the scrotumto thegluteal creasemeasuring approximately6 × 7 cm in total areawith someareasof excoriationandsuperficial openwounds.Anadditional area ofmacular erythemaextendedsuperiorly along the inguinal crease toward themedial thigh. No lymphadenopathy of the inguinal region was noted. Quiz at jamaoncology.com Figure 1. Clinical photograph of a right inguinal and scrotal lesion.
A systematic review of NSAIDs withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity: lessons learned from the bromfenac experience

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the US and the most common adverse event causing drug non-approval and drug withdrawal by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Three different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been withdrawn in the UK and/or the US due to hepatotoxicity (bromfenac, ibufenac, and benoxaprofen). A systematic review of clinical trials data for these drugs was performed in an effort to identify possible early signals that could have predicted post-marketing serious hepatoxicity. There were very limited published data on benoxaprofen and none on ibufenac or bromfenac. The publicly accessible archives of the FDA provided information on bromfenac. Flu-like symptoms associated with hepatic enzyme elevation and a case of possible drug-related hepatocellular jaundice may in retrospect have been signals for serious hepatotoxicity in the database of 1195 subjects reviewed by the FDA. Following approval, rates of acute liver failure for bromfenac were estimated to be in the range of 1:10 000. In addition, the safety databases of several drugs also accessed through FDA archives have been reviewed (simvastatin, tacrine, troglitazone, and ximelagatran). These data suggest that while ALT elevations alone do not reliably signal serious hepatotoxicity, elevated transaminases in association with symptomatic hepatitis or jaundice may be predictors of an increased risk of ALF. At present, however, pre-approval databases are generally not large enough to rule out low rates of serious hepatotoxicity. Therefore, it remains critical that clinicians report such cases to the FDA through the MEDWATCH system and that active post-marketing monitoring studies be used to identify potential rare cases of hepatotoxicity.
Mutational analysis of the estrogen-receptor gene in endometrial carcinoma.

Objective To determine whether mutation in the DNA of the estrogen-receptor gene occurs in endometrial cancer. Methods Polymerase chain reaction amplification and single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of the entire coding region (exons 1–8) of the human estrogen-receptor gene, as well as an untranslated region (exon I*) in the gene, were performed on genomic DNA extracted from 56 snap-frozen endometrial cancers. All cancers demonstrating mobility shifts on single-stranded conformation polymorphism suggestive of DNA sequence alteration were subjected to definitive DNA sequencing of the relevant portion of the estrogen-receptor gene. Results In addition to detecting a frequent, previously described polymorphism in exon 1, single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of the 56 endometrial cancers identified seven cancers with mobility shifts. Three cancers shifted in exon 3, one cancer each shifted in exons 4 and 7, and two shifted in exon 8. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing revealed sequence alterations in all seven cases demonstrating mobility shifts. In six of these seven cases, these alterations were consistent with infrequent silent polymorphisms; in the seventh cancer, the sequence alteration proved to be a somatic missense mutation at codon 537 in the region of the estrogen-receptor gene encoding the hormonebinding domain of the receptor protein. Conclusion The infrequent DNA mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene is unlikely to account for the variation in estrogen-receptor expression observed in endometrial cancer.
Modulation of neuronal differentiation by CD40 isoforms

Neuron differentiation is a complex process involving various cell-cell interactions, and multiple signaling pathways. We showed previously that CD40 is expressed and functional on mouse and human neurons. In neurons, ligation of CD40 protects against serum withdrawal-induced injury and plays a role in survival and differentiation. CD40 deficient mice display neuron dysfunction, aberrant neuron morphologic changes, and associated gross brain abnormalities. Previous studies by Tone and colleagues suggested that five isoforms of CD40 exist with two predominant isoforms expressed in humans: signal-transducible CD40 type I and a C-terminal truncated, non-signal-transducible CD40 type II. We hypothesized that differential expression of CD40 isoform type I and type II in neurons may modulate neuron differentiation. Results show that adult wild-type, and CD40{sup -/-} deficient mice predominantly express CD40 type I and II isoforms. Whereas adult wild-type mice express mostly CD40 type I in cerebral tissues at relatively high levels, in age and gender-matched CD40{sup -/-} mice CD40 type I expression was almost completely absent; suggesting a predominance of the non-signal-transducible CD40 type II isoform. Younger, 1 day old wild-type mice displayed less CD40 type I, and more CD40 type II, as well as, greater expression of soluble CD40 (CD40L/CD40 signal inhibitor), compared withmore » 1 month old mice. Neuron-like N2a cells express CD40 type I and type II isoforms while in an undifferentiated state, however once induced to differentiate, CD40 type I predominates. Further, differentiated N2a cells treated with CD40 ligand express high levels of neuron specific nuclear protein (NeuN); an effect reduced by anti-CD40 type I siRNA, but not by control (non-targeting) siRNA. Altogether these data suggest that CD40 isoforms may act in a temporal fashion to modulate neuron differentiation during brain development. Thus, modulation of neuronal CD40 isoforms and CD40 signaling may represent important therapeutic modalities for neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as, for enhancement of neurogenesis.« less
Physicochemical studies of biologically active peptides by low-temperature reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of biologically active peptides containing 1-prolyl residues is demonstrated. Rapid isomer interconversion between cis- and trans-isomeric forms at the prolyl peptide bond is shown to produce classical secondary equilibrium effects in the peak shapes. By operating the column at temperatures in the range -15 degrees C to 5 degrees C it is possible to obtain normal separations of the various isomeric forms. The use of low column temperatures makes physicochemical studies possible, e.g., the effect of pH on isomer composition in free solution as reported here for morphiceptin.
The One Day per Week Nursing Program: A web-assisted (hybrid) Associate Degree Nursing Program

Ocean County College received a New Jersey Health Initiatives grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop a web-assisted (hybrid) education model. By creating New Jersey's first web-assisted Associate Degree Nursing Program, the model seeks to address shortages of RNs in the hospital setting. This program allows those currently employed in the health care field to complete an RN program by attending class only 1 day per week (primarily on-site in host health care institutions) supplemented by online instruction. The initial results demonstrate a higher level of performance in the One Day per Week Nursing Program when compared with a group of students in the traditional nursing program who had nearly identical results on the entrance test (Test of Essential Academic Skills). Despite the influence of factors outside the program, the results do indicate early success and the likelihood that the program will meet its primary objectives.
Statistical criteria in fMRI studies of multisensory integration

Inferences drawn from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are dependent on the statistical criteria used to define different brain regions as “active” or “inactive” under the experimental manipulation. In fMRI studies of multisensory integration, additional criteria are used to classify a subset of the active brain regions as “multisensory.” Because there is no general agreement in the literature on the optimal criteria for performing this classification, we investigated the effects of seven different multisensory stat-istical criteria on a single test dataset collected as human subjects performed auditory, visual, and auditory-visual object recognition. Activation maps created using the different criteria differed dramatically. The classification of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) was used as a performance measure, because a large body of converging evidence demonstrates that the STS is important for auditory-visual integration. A commonly proposed criterion, “supra-additivity” or “super-additivity”, which requires the multisensory response to be larger than the summed unisensory responses, did not classify STS as multisensory. Alternative criteria, such as requiring the multisensory response to be larger than the maximum or the mean of the unisensory responses, successfully classified STS as multisensory. This practical demonstration strengthens theoretical arguments that the super-additivity is not an appropriate criterion for all studies of multisensory integration. Moreover, the importance of examining evoked fMRI responses, whole brain activation maps, maps from multiple individual subjects, and mixed-effect group maps are discussed in the context of selecting statistical criteria.
New-Type Cable Accessories for Power Distribution

This paper describes new types of cable accessories for improving the reliability of power distribution cable systems. The practical development of a 25kV-class cable termination, and a waterproof sleeve for cable joints based on heat-shrinkable components made of irradiated polyolefine is discussed. Furthermore, the theoretical and practical data are given.
PRACTICING WHAT WE PREACH: THE POSSIBILITIES OF PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH WITH FAITH‐BASED ORGANIZATIONS

This article examines the role and methodologies of the anthropologist as practitioner working in faith-based development initiatives. In particular, the author discusses attempts to use a participatory action research (PAR) model to examine the current programs, congregational participation, and future community development activities of Saint Andrew African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. The article examines how the FBO's traditional model of community development interfaced with the university research team's participatory approach and shaped the way that research was carried out. Additionally, the author discusses the varying ways that she, as an anthropologist, and her methods were positioned and the process of negotiating a mutually acceptable methodology. This FBO-university partnership revealed several key issues that have relevance for anthropologists engaged in work with FBOs and beyond. First, the model of faith-based community development shapes the possibilities of the work. Second, it shows how the anthropologist, and university partners more generally, are positioned by the organization, informs how and by whom the data is collected, what data is collected, and how it is used. Finally, there is no longer room for anthropologists to work alone; community issues and agency demands are complex and require interdisciplinary collaborative responses.
Characteristics of steam hydrogasification of wood using a micro-batch reactor

Abstract Hydrogasification of pinewood was studied in the presence of steam using a micro-batch reactor. A series of reaction experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from 873 to 1043 K, and pressures ranging from 5 to 35 bar. It was found that steam significantly increases not only the rate of the hydrogasification reaction but also the conversion of carbon into product gases. The enhancement of the formation of total carbon-containing gases (CH 4 , CO, CO 2 and C 2 +) by adding steam is estimated to be as high as 30 times greater compared to dry hydrogasification at 1043 K. Increased hydrogen pressure also enhanced methane formation in the product gas.
Competing risks after coronary bypass surgeryThe influence of death on reintervention

Abstract Objective: For groups of patients at high risk of death, such as older patients, the actual probability of experiencing a nonfatal event, such as reintervention, must be far smaller than the potential probability were there no attrition by death. Competing risks analysis quantifies the difference. Methods: Multivariable analyses were performed for the competing events death before reintervention, reoperation, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 2001 patients after bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting and in 8123 after single internal thoracic artery grafting. Follow-up was 9.7 ± 3.0 years and 10.8 ± 5.2 years in bilateral and single internal thoracic artery groups, respectively. Results: Patients receiving single grafts experienced shorter survival and more reinterventions ( P old age ( P young age ( P simulation confirmed that young age was a true risk factor for reintervention, excluding the explanation that it reflected simply passive attrition by death as patients age. Conclusions: Even after accounting for attrition by interim deaths, bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery grafting and older age are associated with fewer reinterventions. However, in high-risk patients, its benefit on freedom from reintervention is eroded considerably by death. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1221-32)
Electric Dipole Moments of Alkali Atoms. A Limit to the Electric Dipole Moment of the Free Electron

The observation of an electric dipole moment (EDM) in an atomic system of well-defined angular momentum would be direct evidence for violations of both parity and time-reversal invariances. A search has been made for an EDM in the cesium atom, using an atomic-beam magnetic-resonance technique. A large 25-cps voltage is applied across two parallel metal plates situated between the loops of a Ramsey double-hairpin structure, in an atomic-beam apparatus adjusted to observe "flop-in" transitions. A beam of cesium atoms passes between the plates and is there subject to an electric field of about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$V/cm. The "flop-in" transition (4, -3) \ensuremath{\leftrightarrow} (4, -4) is observed for a low magnetic field with the rf oscillator adjusted so that the signal at the detector corresponds to the point of maximum slope on either side of the central peak of the Ramsey pattern. If the atom possessed an EDM, it would produce a 25-cps component in the signal at the detector when 25-cps ac voltage alone is applied to the electric field plates. Using phase-sensitive detection techniques, it is possible to separate out such a component from the expected 50-cps component due to the quadratic Stark interaction. The width at half-intensity of the central Ramsey peak is about 2 kc/sec, and shifts of the order of a few parts in ${10}^{5}$ of this are easily detected. A 25-cps component of the detector signal is observed. However, it is likely that this signal is caused by one or more instrumental effects which can simulate an EDM signal. Such instrumental effects are discussed in detail. Also, measurements are performed on other alkali atoms, and comparisons are made between their signals. The results of these comparisons show that the interaction between the atom's magnetic dipole moment and the magnetic field [$(\frac{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}}{c})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}$] due to the atom's motion through the electric field is responsible for most of the linear signals. On the basis of these comparisons and subject to the limitations discussed in the text, our limit to the EDM of the Cs atom is $(5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}e$ cm. This result can be used: (1) to set a limit to the EDM of the free electron. If the electron possesses an EDM, then from a relativistic argument it can be shown that the EDM of the Cs atom would be approximately 133 times larger. Using this enhancement factor, our limit to the EDM of the free electron is $(3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}e$ cm. (2) to set a limit to the purity of the Cs ground state. Writing the Cs ground state as $|s〉+a|p〉$, we find $\mathrm{Re}a\ensuremath{\le}1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$, which is of the order of magnitude expected from a parity violation in the weak interactions.
The Effects of ROTC Program Participation on Socioeconomic Status and Life Satisfaction

Using mail survey data based on a stratified systematic sample [N = 686] of 1983–1988 graduates of a medium-sized state university, this research evaluates whether ROTC program participation constitutes an independent source of human capital in civilian labor markets by comparing postgraduate earnings (annual income), prestige and authority, and life satisfaction of ROTC program participants with those of nonparticipants. The results revealed no statistically significant ROTC program participation effects, independent of subsequent military status. ROTC program participation paid off in terms of occupational prestige and authority for those on active duty, but not for those in national guard or reserve units. Neither ROTC participation nor current military status affected income or life satisfaction levels.
Cardiac responses of alligator mississippiensis to diving

Abstract Alligators subjected to a simulated dive show a profound bradycardia. The heart rate returns to normal within 3 sec after returning to the surface. The onset of bradycardia is evident 4.3 ± 0.98 min after submersion. The lowest heart rate observed during a dive was 1 beat per min. The P–R interval was unchanged. The alligator thus responds to diving in the same way as do the seal, duck and certain snakes and lizards.
Predictors of attitudes toward carbon capture and storage using data on world views and CCS-specific attitudes

Despite the potential environmental and economic benefits of carbon capture and storage (CCS), many factors limit its prospects for implementation, including economic feasibility, geologic and legal constraints, risk uncertainties, and public acceptance. This study focuses on the challenge of public acceptance and support by analyzing survey data on publis attitudes toward CCS implementation in the coal-intensive state of Indiana. It was determined that specific information that defined individuals’ general world views can be used to predict support or opposition for CCS implementation. However, additional analysis found that specific attitudes about potential CCS risks and benefits are also significantly correlated with support or opposition to CCS implementation. These variables include: the respondents’ impressions of the potential dangers associated with CCS; attitudes about the potential for CCS implementation to bring jobs to the local economy; and the amount of fear of a CCS facility near their home or community.
The Compatibility of Friedmann Cosmological Models with Observed Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts and a Large Hubble Constant

The distance scale to cosmic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is still uncertain by many orders of magnitude; however, one viable scenario places GRBs at cosmological distances, thereby permitting them to be used as tracers of the cosmological expansion over a significant range of redshifts z. Also, several recent measurements of the Hubble constant H0 appearing in the referred literature report values of 70H − 80 km s−1 Mpc−1. Although there is significant debate regarding these measurements, we proceed here under the assumption that they are evidence of a large value for H0. This is done in order to investigate the additional constraints on cosmological models that can be obtained under this hypothesis when combined with the age of the universe and the brightness distribution of cosmological gamma-ray bursts. We show that the range of cosmological models that can be consistent with the GRB brightness distribution, a Hubble constant of 70 − 80 km s−1 >Mpc−1, and a minimum age of the universe of 13–15 Gyr is constrained significantly, largely independent of a wide range of assumptions regarding the evolutionary nature of the burst population. Low-density, Λ q0 < 0 and density parameter σ0 in the range ≈ 0.10 − 0.25 (Ω0 ≈ 0.2 − 0.5) are strongly favored.
Negative Regulation of T Cell Antigen Receptor-mediated Crk-L-C3G Signaling and Cell Adhesion by Cbl-b

It was previously reported that Cbl-b associates with Crk-L in Jurkat T cells. However, the physiological significance of such association remains unclear. Here we examined a regulatory role of Cbl-b in Crk-L-C3G signaling pathway. We found that Cbl-b associates with, and induces, ubiquitin conjugation to Crk-L, which requires a functional RING finger. Cbl-b deficiency does not affect Crk-L stability, but its association with C3G. In Cbl-b–/– T cells, the interaction between Crk-L and C3G, and the activity of the small GTPase Rap1, are increased. Cbl-b–/– T cells also display increased adhesion and cell surface binding to ICAM-1, a finding that is supported by the enhanced clustering of LFA-1 in Cbl-b–/– T cells in response to TCR stimulation. Thus, Cbl-b plays a negative role in Crk-L-C3G-mediated Rap1 and LFA-1 activation in T cells.
Qualitative Research and Intersectionality

Much of the extant criminological literature on the relationships between race, class, gender, and crime has treated these demographic characteristics as isolated, independent variables. More recent theorizing has called our attention to fact that these constructs are not autonomous. Instead, people’s identity lies at the intersection of race, class, and gender and it is the combination of these constructs that often shapes people’s experiences with the criminal justice system and other social structures. It is well-documented, however, that purely quantitative methodologies are not well suited to studying intersecionality. The findings of qualitative research have lent a greater understanding to the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime. The appropriateness of certain methodological frameworks and the thematic contributions of qualitative research to intersectionality are discussed.
Hydroxylation of macrolactones YC-17 and narbomycin is mediated by the pikC-encoded cytochrome P450 in Streptomyces venezuelae

Abstract Background: Streptomyces venezuelae produces two groups of antibiotics that include the 12-membered ring macrolides methymycin and neomethymycin, and the 14-membered ring macrolide pikromycin. Methymycin and pikromycin are derived from the corresponding precursors, YC-17 and narbomycin, respectively, by hydroxylation of the tertiary carbon position (C-10 in YC-17 or C-22 in narbomycin) on the macrolactone ring. In contrast, neomethymycin is derived from YC-17 by hydroxylation of the secondary carbon (C-12) of the propionyl starter unit sidechain. Results: Using a genetic and biochemical approach we have characterized a single P450 hydroxylase (PikC) in the methymycin/pikromycin biosynthetic gene cluster ( pik ) from S. venezuelae . Inactivation of pikC abolished production of all hydroxylated macrolides, with corresponding accumulation of YC-17 and narbomycin in the culture medium. The enzyme was produced efficiently and purified as a His-tagged protein from recombinant Escherichia coli cells. Purified PikC effectively converts YC-17 into methymycin and neomethymycin and narbomycin into pikromycin in vitro . Conclusions: These results demonstrate that PikC is responsible for the conversion of YC-17 to methymycin and neomethymycin, and narbomycin to pikromycin in S. venezuelae . This substrate flexibility is unique and represents the first example of a P450 hydroxylase that can accept 12- and 14-membered ring macrolides as substrates, as well as functionalize at two positions on the macrolactone system. The broad substrate specificity of PikC provides a potentially valuable entry into the construction of novel macrolide- and kelolide-based antibiotics.
Human-animal teams as an analog for future human-robot teams:

Current military robotics research aims to transition the robot from tool to teammate, one that is more autonomous and acts with limited supervision within a highly complex and demanding environment. Investigating likely analogs to the human-robot team can provide guidance an inspiration into the simultaneous development of robot design and human training. Human-animal teams are one such metaphor that can provide insight into the capabilities of near-future robotic teammates. This paper explores the human-animal team metaphor, and describes a continuum of relevant human–animal team capabilities that can inform and guide the design of next-generation human–robot teams.
Academia, Archaeology, CRM, and Tribal Historic Preservation

In this paper, I explore linkages and dis-linkages between academia, Cultural Resource Management, and Tribal Historic Preservation programs. The vast majority of archaeological field work in North America involves recording and interpreting Indigenous material culture, ceremonial sites, sacred sites, community sites, and burial sites. Over the last century, millions of American Indian, First Nations, and Hawaiian cultural artifacts, and thousands of human remains were collected by Western academies, museums, and governmental institutions. These human remains and cultural artifacts have been used to interpret and define Indigenous histories and peoples, most often without any input from Indigenous peoples or communities. There are a few exceptions to this notably in the Southwest; however, the vast majority of American archaeologists have not traditionally consulted Indigenous communities regarding their ancestral sites. Indigenous people who were included in discussions or archaeological field work were treated as native informants: the power to define and interpret the past was not shared. Tribal Historic Preservation offices and archaeological projects have risen to challenge non-Native control of heritage and interpretations of the past and present. Although archaeology has grown and changed since the implementation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 1990, core issues negatively affecting the field remain undiscussed. In this article, I discuss problematic issues within Cultural Resource Management field work. I argue that some of these issues require changes to current academic programs in American anthropology.
The Strategic Universality of trans/formation , 1950-1952

Expressionists during their formative years.” See Robert C. Hobbs, “Re-Review: Possibilities,” Art Criticism 1, no. 2 (1979): 96. Martin James asserts that Holtzman was against the “subjectivism”
A Chemically Defined Medium Supports in Vitro Proliferation and Maintains the Osteochondral Potential of Rat Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract Among the stromal elements in mammalian and avian bone marrow there exists a pluripotent subset of cells which we refer to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells can be isolated and will proliferate in culture. When such subcultured cells are introduced into porous tricalcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite ceramic cubes and implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic or immunocompromised hosts, the passaged MSCs are observed to differentiate into bone and cartilage. Heretofore, those assays have been conducted with MSCs which had been maintained in vitro in serum-containing medium. A serum-free medium (RDM-F), which consists of insulin, 5 μg/ml, linoleic acid-bovine serum albumin, 0.1%, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, 10 ng/ml, and basic fibroblast growth factor, 1 ng/ml in a base medium of 60% Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with low glucose and 40% MCDB-201, has been developed for rat marrow-derived MSCs. Proliferation rates of MSCs maintained in RDM-F equal those of cells maintained in serum-containing medium through Day 4 following subculturing and continue at up to 80% of the rate of the latter through Day 8 of subculture. When tested in the in vivo ceramic cube assay, MSCs cultured in RDM-F retain their osteochondral potential and differentiate into bone and cartilage in a manner indistinguishable from those cultivated in serum-containing medium. Utilization of this serum-free medium will facilitate analysis of the effects of other growth factors and cytokines on the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs, without the complexity of exogenous serum.
Racial Diversity on ACORN's Organizing Staff, 1970-2003

Abstract Using historical and case study methods, this paper analyzes how the organizing staff of the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) went from 10% organizers of color in 1970s and 1980s to 64% organizers of color in 2003. Keys to this transformation included experimenting with different organizing models, job descriptions, and recruitment methods; aging and lifestyle changes of senior management; developing a “critical mass” of organizers of color; and an internally organized Caucus of Color. Many of the steps ACORN took to diversify support findings from the business literature on diversity management. With the racial composition of staff now congruent with its membership, ACORN has more than doubled in size, and its organizing seems stronger today than ever before.