cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed laser deposition and processing of biocompatible hydroxylapatite thin films.

Calcium phosphate-based ceramics were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V and Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The calcium phosphate phase (amorphous, α- or β-tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, or hydroxylapatite), Ca/P ratio and surface morphology of the films were related to deposition conditions. Deposition of crystalline films required both elevated substrate temperature and a reactive gas environment. At substrate temperatures < 400°C, films were amorphous. Above 400°C, the gaseous environment during deposition determined the crystalline phase of the films. In Ar or in vacuum at 500–600°C, films were amorphous. In O2, deposition of α-tricalcium phosphate was favored between 400 and 700°C and β-tricalcium phosphate was favored above 700°C. Films deposited in low pressures of O2 (<0.05 Torr) were P-deficient. The correct stoichiometry was approached as the pressure of O2 in the chamber during deposition increased. In water vapor-enriched inert gas environments, deposition of hydroxylapatite was observed at temperatures between 400 and 700°C and tetracalcium phosphate was observed at temperatures above 700°C. Adhesion of crystalline HA films deposited at 600°C in Ar/H2O was excellent, but films that were amorphous (deposited either at room temperature or in a non-reactive gas environment) and tricalcium phosphate films did not adhere well to the substrates.
Epithelioid Monophasic Synovial Sarcoma

A 47-year-old man presented with a soft tissue mass of the distal right thigh near the knee. The tumor was highly vascular with epithelioid tumor cells growing in a peritheliomatous pattern, suggesting a soft tissue glomus tumor. Yet many tumor cells contained hemosiderin pigment and formed papillary structures suggestive of pigmented villonodular synovitis. Tumor cells were cytologically bland, and there was minimal mitotic activity. The tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for cytokeratin, however, and contained true desmosomes, gland lumina, microvilli, tonofilaments, and well-developed basal lamina. These findings plus the absence perinuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments rule out malignant rhabdoid tumor and epithelioid sarcoma. Also, magnetic resonance imaging revealed no other lesions to suggest metastatic carcinoma. Thus this tumor appears to be a predominantly epithelioid form of monophasic synovial sarcoma. Recognition of this variant of synovial sarcoma is important for prognostication and therapeutic decision making because some studies indicate that this variant of synovial sarcoma follows a relatively benign clinical course.
A Multiseason Climate Forecast System at the National Meteorological Center.

Abstract The Coupled Model Project was established at the National Meteorological Center(NMC)in January l991 to develop a multiseason forecast system based on coupled ocean atmosphere general circulation models. This provided a focus to combine expertise in near real-time ocean modeling and analyses situated in the Climate Analysis Center (CAC) with expertise in atmospheric modeling and data assimilation in the Development Division. Since the inception of the project, considerable progress has been made toward establishing a coupled forecast system. A T40 version of NMC's operational global medium-range forecast model (MRF) has been modified so as to have improved response to boundary forcing from the Tropics. In extended simulations, which are forced with observed historical global sea surface temperature (SST) fields, the model reproduces much of the observed tropical Pacific and North American rainfall and temperature variability. An ocean reanalysis has been performed for the Pacific basin starting fr...
Simple way of determining the dependence of the Hamiltonian on the action variable for certain one-dimensional potentials.

By further developing an idea found in Goldstein's book Classical Mechanics together with a trivial generalization of the virial theorem, an alternative and simple perturbative procedure for obtaining H=H(J) for certain one-dimensional potentials is presented. The anharmonic oscillator and the Stark effect for hydrogen, both in one dimension, are given as examples of the method.
The question of derepression ofH-2 specificities in virus-infected cells: Failure to detect specific alloreactive T cells after systemic virus infection or alloantigens detectable by alloreactive T cells on virus-infected target cells

Cultured cells of variousH-2 haplotypes were infected acutely with vaccinia, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, or vesicular stomatitis virus and tested for the appearance of newly expressed, unexpected alloantigens or the absence of expected antigens of variousH-2 haplotypes. No repression or derepression of unexpected alloantigens could be detected when such specificities were sought by using alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. Similarly, immune virus-specific cytotoxic T cells from various strains of mice with differentH-2 haplotypes did not lyse uninfectedH-2-incompatible target cells differentially in an alloantigen-specific fashion. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the H-2-restricted specificity of cytotoxic T cells generated in these acute virus infections can be explained by their being sensitized to derepressed H-2 antigens.
Long-range repression in the Drosophila embryo

Transcriptional repressors can be characterized by their range of action on promoters and enhancers. Short-range repressors interact over distances of 50-150 bp to inhibit, or quench, either upstream activators or the basal transcription complex. In contrast, long-range repressors act over several kilobases to silence basal promoters. We describe recent progress in characterizing the functional properties of one such long-range element in the Drosophila embryo and discuss the contrasting types of gene regulation that are made possible by short- and long-range repressors.
Catalytic Oxidation of Olefin over MoO3-Cr2O3

The vapour phase oxidation of propylene and isobutylene over mixed catalyst of molybdenum oxide and chromium oxide have been investigated in relation to the activity and the structure of catalysts. The reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 380∼480°C, with 17% propylene and 15% isobutylene in air, varying GHSV. Infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction measurements were also made in order to study the structure of catalysts. The structural studies suggest existence of chemical species formed from the interaction between molybdenum oxide and chromium oxide. There were Mo-O octahedral structure in the effective catalysts for partial oxidation.The relationship between the activity and the structure of catalysts is discussed on the basis of those results.
Strategic redirection via technology commercialization: Preliminary results from defense and space contractors

Abstract Many high technology aerospace/defense contractors face declining funding, increasing competition and mandates to commercialize federally sponsored technology. This paper explored federal technology commercialization as a key strategic response by federal contractors to these environmental opportunities and threats. Rather than being driven by the perceived threat of funding cuts and dependence on federal funding, federal contractors, in intensifying their technology commercialization efforts, experienced the combined effect of decreased employment and greater competition, were larger firms with more federal contracts, and were less dependent on federal funding. Future research directions are also discussed.
Androgen-induced remissions after antiestrogen and hypophysectomy in stage IV breast cancer.

Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin), 10 mg p.o. BID, was given to 33 women with Stage IV breast cancer who had previously been treated wih the antiestrogen tamoxifen (Nolvadex) and of whom 17 had also undergone hypophysectomy. Objective remissions were obtained in 13 patients (39%) with an average duration of 11+ months. Response rate to fluoxymesterone was similar in patients who had previously responded to tamoxifen and in those who had failed. Duration of response was longer in the former group (12+ vs. 8 months), but this difference was not statistically significant. Of 17 patients who had been previously treated with tamoxifen and hypophysectomy, seven obtained further remission from fluoxymesterone for an average duration of ten months. Two patients with remissions from fluoxymesterone had previously failed to respond both to antiestrogen therapy and to the removal of the pituitary gland. Androgens appear to be an effective sequential endocrine treatment of Stage IV breast cancer after tamoxifen and hypophysectomy. The mechanism by which androgens induce tumor regression in some patients is probably not an antiestrogenic effect or an indirect effect mediated through the pituitary gland, but perhaps a direct action at the tumor level.
The effects of prior knowledge on the encoding of episodic contextual details

A positive relationship between prior knowledge and item memory is a consistent finding in the literature. In the present study, we sought to determine whether this relationship extends to episodic details that are present at the time of encoding, namely source memory. Using a novel experimental design, we were able to show both between- and within-subjects effects of prior knowledge on source memory. Specifically, the results revealed that the degree of prior knowledge positively predicted memory for source specifying contextual details. In addition, by including two conditions in which attention was divided either at encoding or retrieval, we were able to show that prior knowledge influences memory by affecting encoding processes. Overall, the data suggest that a priori knowledge within a specific domain allows attentional resources to be allocated toward the encoding of contextual details.
Overview of bladder cancer trials in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B.

The Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Genitourinary Committee has developed a broad range of clinical trials across most stages of bladder cancer. Recurrence rates of superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection range from 50-70%. Although adjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of disease recurrence or progression, only 30% of patients have long-term disease-free survival. Because the development of novel secondline agents is needed, the CALGB is evaluating the utility of intravesicle gemcitabine as well as an oral proapoptotic agent (CP-461). In patients with locally advanced disease with an increased risk of disease recurrence after cystectomy, a randomized trial of conventional chemotherapy versus sequential dose-dense therapy is under development. The gemcitabine/cisplatin combination has become a commonly used regimen for the treatment of advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The CALGB is undertaking a Phase II study that incorporates a fixed dose rate gemcitabine infusion in this regimen, together with a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Iressa (Astra Zeneca, Wilmington, DE). In patients with renal insufficiency, a regimen of carboplatin, gemcitabine, and Iressa is planned. Novel agents, including arsenic trioxide and trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA), are being evaluated as secondline therapy in patients with advanced TCC who have disease progression after frontline therapy.
Predicting users' domain knowledge from search behaviors

This study uses regression modeling to predict a user's domain knowledge level (DK) from implicit evidence provided by certain search behaviors. A user study (n=35) with recall-oriented search tasks in the genomic domain was conducted. A number of regression models of a person's DK, were generated using different behavior variable selection methods. The best model highlights three behavior variables as DK predictors: the number of documents saved, the average query length, and the average ranking position of documents opened. The model is validated using the split sampling method. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Crystallization and Melting Kinetics of Cristobalite

By measuring internal crystallization in vitreous silica, the kinetics of crystallization and melting of cristobalite were determined near the melting point. Both processes followed linear growth kinetics and could be completely represented by the equation μ=AΔT/η. Analyses of the crystallization data and observations of the crystal morphology indicate that crystallization occurs by a continuous growth mechanism. Melting was heterogeneous, occurring only at the glass-crystal interface and along grain boundaries.
Economic incentives in information- centric networking: implications for protocol design and public policy

In this article, we build a simple engineering-economic model to evaluate the incentives of various network players to deploy distributed storage nodes (content stores and caches) to support information-centric network (ICN) architectures and the implications of those incentives on protocol design, industry structure and other policy issues, such as competition and network- neutrality. We find that without some explicit monetary compensation from publishers, networks will fail to deploy the socially optimal number of caches. We also study the social welfare implications of different cache deployment scenarios and identify two deployment scenarios that maximize social welfare. Finally, we show that ICN architectures provide numerous opportunities for large eyeball networks to leverage their terminating access monopoly to extract more profits from other network players. Hence, regulators must take steps to address issues such as interconnection and the role of caching infrastructure in differential quality of service provisioning in an ICN-based network architecture, in order to ensure socially desirable outcomes from their deployment.
The effect of N-terminal acetylation and the inhibition activity of acetylated enkephalins on the aminopeptidase M-catalyzed hydrolysis of enkephalins.

High performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry were used to study the effect of N-terminal acetylation and the inhibition activity of acetylated enkephalins on the aminopeptidase M (EC 3.4.11.2)-catalyzed hydrolysis of methionine (Met-enk) and leucine enkephalins (Leu-enk). Acetylation imparts a significant enhancement in the proteolytic stability of these two peptides. After 30 min of the reaction, <10% of both acetylated enkephalins was hydrolyzed. In an 8-h incubation period, only a maximum of 54% acetylated (Ac)-Met-enk and 38% Ac-Leu-enk was hydrolyzed. Vmax and Km [infi] for the degradation of Ac-Met-enk were 1.4 nmol/min/50 ng and 2.2 mM, respectively. The corresponding values for the reaction of Ac-Leu-enk were 0.5 nmol/min/50 ng and 0.9 mM. Also, the aminopeptidase M activity on Met-enk can be inhibited in the presence of Ac-Met-enk, which acts as a mixed-type inhibitor with the inhibition constant (Ki) of 1 × 10−3 M.
Analog off-press proofing today and its probable future evolution

Essential elements of technology for analog off-press proofing are reviewed. They deal with the three steps of image capture, origin of color, and techniques to form the proof on a receptor. Silver Halide and Polymer Imaging Systems appear to be the most versatile media for image capture. Among physical imaging methods only electro-photography gained significant acceptance for analog proofing. The technologies have been combined in different ways for proofing applications resulting in a distinct pattern of performance with respect to color and density match, accuracy of registration, and dot gain. Future systems will probably evolve in the direction of higher productivity, higher resolution, and reduced environmental impact.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Postpartum Depression: A Review

: Some studies link postpartum depression with the 4-day “blues,” and with severe postpartum mental illness, while other studies show differences between these or define each distinctly. Research on possible contributors to postpartum depression has moved from psychoanalytic and hormonal theories to factors in the pregnancy, birth, and postpartum periods. Interpersonal and adaptational models are presented in detail.
Cliques that are tolerance digraphs

In this paper, we study directed graph versions of tolerance graphs, in particular, the class of totally bounded bitolerance digraphs and several subclasses. When the underlying graph is complete, we prove that the classes of totally bounded bitolerance digraphs and interval catch digraphs are equal, and this implies a polynomial-time recognition algorithm for the former class. In addition, we give examples (whose underlying graphs are complete) to separate every other pair of subclasses, and one of these provides a counterexample to a conjecture of Maehara (1984).
On projective modules

LetR be a commutative Noetherian ring with identity. The Hermite dimension ofR is defined to be the least integerr such that every stably freeR-module of rank greater thanr is free. In this paper we study ringsR obtained upon inversion of elements of a given ringA. We show that the Hermite dimension ofR does not depend on the Hermite dimension ofA, it depends on the Krull dimension ofA.
Artificial Neural Computer For Image Tracking

This paper presents an overview of a proposed machine vision system which uses artificial neural network type computing to track rapidly moving objects in space. Artificial neural networks theoretically have inherent advantages for this task such as real time computing speed and relatively small hardware size. The system is required to recognize the object in the presence of some other patterns, determine its location relative to a frame of reference and compute its velocity. Trainable ANNs are proposed to solve the computation problem.
Human homing: an elusive phenomenon

Recent experiments suggest an ability of blindfolded humans transported from home to indicate the direction of displacement. Attempts to replicate these results have been unsuccessful.
Physical Activity Patterns in Recent College Alumni

Within this sample of recent college alumni, a high proportion indicated that they enjoy exercise (66.1%) and felt confident in setting their own fitness programs (79.4%). Yet, only 34.3% reported engaging in recommended levels of moderate or vigorous PA. In contrast to previous reports, rates of participation in vigorous, moderate, and strengthening-type PA did not differ between men and women. Alumni who reported that they engaged in adequate levels of moderate or vigorous PA had gained significantly less weight in the years following graduation than those who reported being insufficiently active (3.0 kg vs. 6.1 kg). Last, we noted a strong positive association between PA patterns as college seniors and current PA behavior as recent alumni.
Lower Bounds for Sorting with Realistic Instruction Sets

?(n log n) time is required to sort n integers using comparison, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, indirect addressing, and mildly restricted truncation.
Decomposition characteristics and reaction mechanisms of methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride using metal-loaded zeolite catalysts

Abstract The catalytic activities and selectivities of four zeolite-Y catalysts (HY, CoY, NaY and Co-z.sbnd;Y/CA) for the oxidation of methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride were compared. Reactor experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor with temperatures ranging from 150 to 350°C and a space velocity of 2400 h−1, at atmospheric pressure. Other catalyst characteristics, including oxygen adsorption capacities, surface area, acidity and catalyst composition were measured and compared. The CoY catalyst showed excellent activity compared to the other catalysts with complete conversion of both feeds at temperatures as low as 200°C, and therefore was used as a model catalyst for reaction mechanistic investigations. Variable space velocity reactor runs (100 to 47000 h−1, were conducted at 350°C with this catalyst to distinguish series/parallel reaction mechanisms. It was found that CO was the predominant deep oxidation product (> 95% selectivity) and that the formations of CO and CO2 occurred by parallel reactions in the oxidation of methylene chloride. Also, during the oxidation of carbon tetrachloride, phosgene was found to be a reaction intermediate. To elucidate the surface reaction mechanisms, in situ FTIR experiments were performed using a transmission reaction cell at 300°C. The results indicated that the CVOCs adsorbed on the Bronsted acid sites of the zeolite. The FTIR results also suggested the formation of an unstable intermediate (COHCI) during the oxidation of methylene chloride. The formation of phosgene as a reaction intermediate during the formation of CO2 was observed for the oxidation of carbon tetrachloride, consistent with the variable space velocity experiments. Based on these results and the current literature, deep oxidation reaction mechanisms have been proposed for these two systems.
Mercury toxicity as compared to adrenocorticotropin-induced physiological stress in the chicken.

Broiler cockerels (Gallus domesticus) received mercury (Hg) in the form of HgCl2via drinking water from hatching through five weeks of age. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was administered IM on each of five consecutive days beginning at four weeks of age. Hg inhibited growth, increased relative adrenal weights, decreased adrenal cholesterol and corticosteroids, and decreased relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius. ACTH decreased body weight gain, increased blood cholesterol and protein levels, decreased adrenal cholesterol, and decreased relative weights of the bursa. Additionally, Hg and ACTH interacted significantly or caused numerical changes in adrenal cholesterol, relative weights of the adrenal glands and the bursa. All treatments resulted in extensive involution and histological discontinuity of the bursa. Chickens attempt to adapt to Hg toxicity by exhibiting classic physiological stress.
Children's Written Responses to Stereotypical and Non-stereotypical Story Starters

Abstract This research examined the written responses of third- and sixth-grade boys and girls to story starters with characters in either stereotypical (male mechanic and female nurse) or non-stereotypical (female mechanic and male nurse) occupational roles. The 560 stories written by 140 children were examined for frequencies of new characters added to stories, actions, aggressive/destructive events, emotional statements and options used in assigning the problem-solver role. Results suggested significant gender differences and gender stereotyping in children. Across stories, more male characters were added to stories than female characters and, often, the added male characters were the problem-solvers. Male characters were also assigned more high-intensity actions and were more often the agents for aggressive/destructive events. Boys and girls differed in the number of aggressive events and in the type of emotional statements included in their stories. These findings support previous research on gender ...
Effects of Varied Levels of Treatment Integrity on Appropriate Toy Manipulation in Children with Autism.

Abstract We assessed the effects of varying the treatment integrity of a prompting procedure on appropriate toy manipulation in two preschool-aged children with autism. Following an assessment to identify toys with high levels of inappropriate toy manipulation, each of three toys was associated with implementation of the prompting procedure at a different integrity level (10%, 50%, or 100%). For one participant, only the 100% integrity condition produced increases in appropriate toy manipulation. For the second participant, both the 50% and 100% integrity conditions produced increases in appropriate toy manipulation. These results suggest that integrity errors negatively impacted the acquisition of appropriate toy manipulation in children with autism, although the necessary level of treatment integrity varied across participants.
Nano-FeS inhibits UO2 reoxidation under varied oxic conditions

Bioreductive in situ treatment of U-contaminated groundwater can convert soluble U(VI) species to immobile reduced U(IV) solid phases such as UO2(s) to contain U movement. Once active bioremediation is halted, UO2 may be subsequently reoxidized if oxidants such as oxygen enter the reducing zone. However, iron sulfide minerals that form during bioreduction may serve as electron sources or oxygen scavengers and inhibit UO2 reoxidation upon oxygen intrusion. In this study, flow-through reactor experiments examined the abiotic kinetics of UO2 oxidative dissolution in the presence of oxygen and nanoparticulate FeS as a function of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and FeS content. The UO2 dissolution rates in the presence of FeS were over 1 order of magnitude lower than those in the absence of FeS under otherwise comparable oxic conditions. FeS effectively scavenged DO and preferentially reacted with oxygen, contributing to a largely unreacted UO2 solid phase during an “inhibition period” as determined ...
Response to intravenous iron in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and restless leg syndrome (Willis–Ekbom disease)

Abstract Objectives Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) engenders restless legs syndrome (RLS, aka Willis–Ekbom disease). Intravenous (IV) iron can rapidly reverse IDA and would be expected to similarly reverse RLS caused by IDA. This is the first consecutive case series evaluating the effects of IV iron therapy on RLS occurring with IDA (RLS–IDA). Methods RLS–IDA patients were evaluated before and 7–12 months after a 1000-mg IV infusion of low-molecular-weight iron dextran (INFeD @ ) using validated questionnaires and standardized telephone interview. Patients were classified as respondent versus nonrespondent for RLS improvement. Results Follow-up data were obtained on 42 (70%) of 60 consecutive RLS–IDA patients. The symptoms of RLS were reduced in 76% (32/42) with 47% (20/42) showing an extended response lasting >6 months. The response did not relate to age or gender, but tended to be less among African–Americans than Whites (40% (2/5) vs. 81% (30/37), p = 0.078). White respondents versus nonrespondents had higher hemoglobin levels after treatment (12.1 vs. 11.3 g/dl, p = 0.03). Conclusions RLS–IDA is reduced after administration of IV iron in most cases, but the 24% failing to respond was higher than expected. The nonrespondents all showed below-normal hemoglobin levels (
Graphitization of pitch coke: Changes in mean interlayer spacing, strain and weight

Abstract Studies of the average interlayer spacing, d 002 , strain parameter, ϵ, and fractional weight changes, Δw w , were made of a pitch coke heat treated at temperatures in the range 1250–2300°C for periods up to 25 h in inert atmosphere. Application of the superposition technique to the change in d 002 , gave an activation energy of 65 ± 5 kcal/mole between 1500°C and 2000°C and 220 ± 30 kcal/mole between 2000°C and 2300°C. The weight loss was thermally activated with an activation energy of about 100 ± 5 kcal/mole. The interlayer spacing decreases sharply at a critical value of weight loss, and this is attributed to removal of an interlayer chemical species, most likely interstitial carbon.
Scatter Compensation Techniques for SPECT

Compton scattered photons included within the photopeak pulse-height window decrease the image contrasts of lesions. Furthermore, in the absence of an effective compensation procedure, the accuracy of the SPECT measurement is reduced. In the following sections the effect of scatter on SPECT is reviewed, and the influence of scattered photons on the effective linear attenuation coefficient used with multiplicative attenuation compensation methods is described. Criteria for evaluating scatter compensation procedures are proposed, and approaches to reducing the effect of scatter on SPECT imaging are described.
Mapping protein post-translational modifications with mass spectrometry

Post-translational modifications of proteins control many biological processes, and examining their diversity is critical for understanding mechanisms of cell regulation. Mass spectrometry is a fundamental tool for detecting and mapping covalent modifications and quantifying their changes. Modern approaches have made large-scale experiments possible, screening complex mixtures of proteins for alterations in chemical modifications. By profiling protein chemistries, biologists can gain deeper insight into biological control. The aim of this review is introduce biologists to current strategies in mass spectrometry–based proteomics that are used to characterize protein post-translational modifications, noting strengths and shortcomings of various approaches.
Sedimentation history and biostratigraphy of ophiolite-related Tertiary sediments, Luzon, Philippines

Pelagic and hemipelagic sediments deposited on the Zambales Ophiolite contain a nearly continuous depositional record of the original setting and emplacement history of this large ophiolite from the late Eocene through the Miocene. Pelagic limestone with thin ash layers (the Aksitero Formation) caps the volcanic complex of the ophiolite along its east flank. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of this limestone gives sedimentation rates of 3–5 m/m.y. from the late Eocene through the early Oligocene. Rates increase to 10 m/m.y. or more in the upper Aksitero Formation, where sandy turbidites appear in the middle and upper Oligocene sections. Lower Miocene mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate of the Moriones Formation were deposited at much higher rates; this formation includes channels and debris-flow deposits characteristic of deep-sea fans. Oligocene sandstones are predominantly volcaniclastic, whereas sandstones in the lower Miocene section contain serpentine and other components derived from the ultramafic complex of the ophiolite. Sedimentary facies and sandstone composition show that the Zambales was deeply eroded by the early Miocene and probably first emerged above sea level in the middle or late Oligocene, only 10 to 15 m.y. after it formed as new ocean crust. A comparison of the Aksitero Formation with Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites in the western Pacific suggests that the Zambales Ophiolite was originally part of a marginal basin and not an island arc.
On reducing parallel circumscription

Three levels of circumscription have been proposed by McCathy to formalize common sense knowledge and non-monotonic reasoning in general-purpose database and knowledge base systems. That is, basic circumscription, parallel circumscription, and priority circumscription. Basic circumscription is a special case of parallel circumscription while parallel circumscription is a special case of priority circumscription. Lifschitz has reduced priority circumscription into parallel circumscription, i.e., represented priority circumscription as a conjunction of some parallel circumscription formulas. In this paper, we have reduced parallel circumscription into basic circumscription under some restriction, i.e., parallel circumscription of a Z-conflict free first order logic formula can be represented as a conjunction of some basic circumscription formulea.
Adoption of Open Source Software: The role of social identification

While the benefits of incorporating Open Source Software (OSS) into personal and organizational systems have been widely touted, OSS must be adopted and used by end users before these benefits can be realized. Drawing on research in information systems and sociology, this study develops and evaluates an integrated model for the acceptance of OSS. In addition to the traditional technology adoption variables the findings stress the importance of social identification as a key driver of OSS adoption. The proposed model provides a useful decision support tool for assessing and proactively designing interventions targeted at successful OSS adoption and diffusion.
Charge Pump State of the Art

This chapter discusses design techniques for implementing charge pumps in integrated circuits. Charge pumps are composed of transfer transistors and capacitors. Realistic design needs to take parasitic components such as threshold voltages of the transfer transistors and parasitic capacitance at each of both terminals into account. In order to decrease the pump area and to increase the current efficiency, some techniques such as threshold voltage canceling, stage reconfiguration, and faster clocking are presented. Since the supply current has a frequency component as high as the operating clock, noise reduction technique is another concern for pump design. In addition to design technique for individual pump, system level consideration is also important, since there are usually more than one charge pump in a chip. Area reduction can be also done for multiple charge pump system where all the pumps do not work at the same time. Wide supply voltage range operation and stand-by pump design are also discussed.
Calcium Signaling in Neuronal Development

The development of the nervous system involves the generation of a stunningly diverse array of neuronal subtypes that enable complex information processing and behavioral outputs. Deciphering how the nervous system acquires and interprets information and orchestrates behaviors will be greatly enhanced by the identification of distinct neuronal circuits and by an understanding of how these circuits are formed, changed, and/or maintained over time. Addressing these challenging questions depends in part on the ability to accurately identify and characterize the unique neuronal subtypes that comprise individual circuits. Distinguishing characteristics of neuronal subgroups include but are not limited to neurotransmitter phenotype, dendritic morphology, the identity of synaptic partners, and the expression of constellations of subgroup-specific proteins, including ion channel subtypes.
Moral Disagreement and Moral Relativism

In any society influenced by a plurality of cultures, there will be widespread, systematic differences about at least some important values, including moral values. Many of these differences look like deep disagreements, difficult to resolve objectively if that is possible at all. One common response to the suspicion that these disagreements are unsettleable has always been moral relativism. In the flurry of sympathetic treatments of this doctrine in the last two decades, attention has understandably focused on the simpler case in which one fairly self-contained and culturally homogeneous society confronts, at least in thought, the values of another; but most have taken relativism to have implications within a single pluralistic society as well. I am not among the sympathizers. That is partly because I am more optimistic than many about how many moral disagreements can be settled, but I shall say little about that here. For, even on the assumption that many disputes are unsettleable, I continue to find relativism a theoretically puzzling reaction to the problem of moral disagreement, and a troubling one in practice, especially when the practice involves regular interaction among those who disagree. This essay attempts to explain why.
Biochemical activities of highly purified, catalytically active human APOBEC3G: correlation with antiviral effect.

APOBEC3G (APO3G), a cytidine deaminase with two zinc finger domains, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in the absence of Vif. Here, we provide a comprehensive molecular analysis of the deaminase and nucleic acid binding activities of human APO3G using a pure system containing only one protein component, i.e., highly purified, catalytically active enzyme expressed in a baculovirus system. We demonstrate that APO3G deaminates cytosines in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) only, whereas it binds efficiently to ssDNA and ssRNA, about half as well to a DNA/RNA hybrid, and poorly to double-stranded DNA and RNA. In addition, the base specificities for deamination and binding of ssDNA are not correlated. The minimum length required for detection of APO3G binding to an ssDNA oligonucleotide in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay is 16 nucleotides. Interestingly, if nucleocapsid protein and APO3G are present in the same reaction, we find that they do not interfere with each other’s binding to RNA and a complex containing the RNA and both proteins is formed. Finally, we also identify the functional activities of each zinc finger domain. Thus, although both zinc finger domains have the ability to bind nucleic acids, the first zinc finger contributes more to binding and APO3G encapsidation into virions than finger two. In contrast, deamination is associated exclusively with the second zinc finger. Moreover, zinc finger two is more important than finger one for the antiviral effect, demonstrating a correlation between deaminase and antiviral activities.
Generative and developmental systems

In evolutionary computation it is common for the genotype to map directly to the phenotype such that each gene in the genotype represents a single discrete component of the phenotype. While this convention is widespread, in nature the mapping is not direct. Instead, the genotype maps to the phenotype through a process of development, which means that each gene may be activated multiple times and in multiple places in the process of constructing the phenotype. This tutorial will examine why such indirect mapping may be critical to the continuing success of evolutionary computation. Rather than just an artifact of nature, indirect mapping means that vast phenotypic spaces (e.g. the 100 trillion connection human brain) can be searched effectively in a space of far fewer genes (e.g. the 30,000 gene human genome). The tutorial will introduce this research area, called Generative and Developmental Systems (GDS), by surveying milestones in the field, exploring GDS-based representations, and introducing its most profound puzzles. Most importantly, what is the right abstraction of natural development to capture its essential advantages without introducing unnecessary overhead into the search?
Must accidents happen? Lessons from high-reliability organizations

Executive Overview In the more than 15 years since the initial publication of Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents, practitioners and academics have contemplated how plane crashes, earthendam collapses, ship collisions, nuclear disasters, and chemical-plant explosions can be prevented, mitigated, or avoided. While no one has yet learned how to make the inevitable avoidable, a literature on high-reliability organizations (HROs) has developed that gives some hope that disasters can be minimized in frequency and severity. The value of this research to practicing executives is to take the lessons learned through the research on HROs and apply them to their own organizations. This article is about how to beat the odds of having an incident or accident that one is unprepared for, regardless of the organization's purpose. Neither the sausage maker nor the chemical-plant manager is immune from errors that can have far-reaching consequences. The three major recommendations we offer are that managers should aggressive...
Type of MRI contrast, tissue gadolinium, and fibrosis.

It has been presupposed that the thermodynamic stability constant (Ktherm) of gadolinium-based MRI chelates relate to the risk of precipitating nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The present study comp...
Representation and Inference of Lexicographic Preference Models and Their Variants

The authors propose two variants of lexicographic preference rules. They obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a linear utility function represents a standard lexicographic rule, and each of the proposed variants, over a set of discrete attributes. They then: (i) characterize the measurement properties of the parameters in the representations; (ii) propose a nonmetric procedure for inferring each lexicographic rule from pairwise comparisons of multiattribute alternatives; (iii) describe a method for distinguishing among different lexicographic rules, and between lexicographic and linear preference models; and (iv) suggest how individual lexicographic rules can be combined to describe hierarchical market structures. The authors illustrate each of these aspects using data on personal-computer preferences. They find that two-thirds of the subjects in the sample use some kind of lexicographic rule. In contrast, only one in five subjects use a standard lexicographic rule. This suggests that lexicographic rules are more widely used by consumers than one might have thought in the absence of the lexicographic variants described in the paper. The authors report a simulation assessing the ability of the proposed inference procedure to distinguish among alternative lexicographic models, and between linear-compensatory and lexicographic models.
The Black-footed Ferret

The black-footed ferret depends on prairie dogs for both shelter and food, living in their underground ‘towns’ and preying on them. But the prairie dogs, regarded as pests by the ranchers and farmers, have been subjected to intensive poisoning campaigns which successfully exterminated them over most of their range and heavily reduced their numbers in the rest. This has brought the ferrets to the verge of extinction. A conservation management programme is urgently needed but difficult to devise, because so little is known about these elusive, nocturnal and now very rare underground dwellers. The author believes that computer simulation models now offer a good study method, and suggests how this should be done.
Pseudo-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in a child presenting with anemia

Pseudo-Zollinger--Ellison syndrome appears to very rarely afflict young children. Hypergastrinemia, regardless of the etiology, presents with signs and symptoms of nonhealing or multiple gastric or duodenal ulcers, or both. We present a 7-yr-old boy with fasting hypergastrinemia (serum gastrin 200-500 pg/ml) who had mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia, but was asymptomatic. Stool guaiac was positive and gastric acid secretion was almost 40-fold above normal. Endoscopy showed multiple small gastric fundal ulcerations and severe gastritis. Workup for Zollinger--Ellison syndrome was negative. Changes in serum gastrin levels after secretin injection and after ingestion of a protein meal were compatible with those noted in adults with pseudo-Zollinger--Ellison syndrome. This child may be the first case of pseudo-Zollinger--Ellison syndrome under the age of 17 yr.
Transient impacts of Little Ice Age glacier expansion on sedimentation processes at glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake, southcentral Alaska

Iceberg Lake, a glacier-dammed proglacial lake in southern Alaska, contains a 1,500+ year varve record complicated by a history of episodic lake-level changes associated with fluctuations in ice-dam thickness and position. To better understand the basinwide glaciolacustrine response to late Holocene climate variability, we collected five cores from two areas in the lake, including a previously unexamined deepwater area distal from inlet streams. Based on eight AMS 14C dates, and correlations among our cores and previously documented outcrops, we describe ~1,000 years of stratigraphy from each area. Deposition at both areas was dominated by fine-grained varves, but cores from the distal area uniquely contain coarser deposits, including rhythmites and graded sand beds, that we attribute to deposition of a subaqueous outwash fan-delta between ~1250 and 1650 AD. We attribute this event to thickening of the impounding glacier and consequent incursion of the glacier margin, and an associated lateral moraine, into the lake. This result suggests an early onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA) glacial advance in this region. Changes in basinwide circulation and sedimentation associated with this event probably caused minor thickening of varves used previously to reconstruct summer temperatures, reducing sensitivity of that record to early LIA cooling. The basinwide impact of this event illustrates the potentially significant spatial and temporal variability of lacustrine sedimentary processes in dynamic glacial landscapes.
Electromigration Voiding in Argon-Implanted Interconnects

Electromigration is a complex process consisting of the nucleation, growth, and movement of voids. While interconnect microstructure plays a major role in determining void nucleation time and location of void nucleation, recent studies have shown that this is not the only contributing factor. Thermodynamics and kinetics-based calculations by Flinn1 and Gleixner et al.2 have shown that electromigration void nucleation by vacancy condensation at both homogeneous and heterogeneous sites will not occur at a reasonable rate without a mechanism for reducing or altogether eliminating the energy barrier for nucleation. By implanting argon ions into the aluminum interconnect lines, we introduce an initial defect population (argon bubbles) of controlled size and location. Tests were performed in a high-voltage SEM (120 keV), which enables in-situ observation of the voiding process through the passivation layer.3 Images taken throughout the in-situ tests were analyzed to determine void nucleation times and locations. In the argon-implanted interconnects, ten of the 15 voids that nucleated were within implanted regions. Voids nucleated in the interior of the line within the implanted regions, as well as at the passivation/sidewall interface where voids are typically seen in conventional electromigration tests. In addition, voids in implanted regions nucleated much more quickly than those in unimplanted regions. These observations support the idea of argon bubbles reducing the nucleation barrier. TEM was used to analyze the microstructure of both control and implanted interconnect lines.
Integrating Criminology Through Adaptive Strategy and Life History Theory

Criminological theories tend to explain street crime as either a reaction to personal deficiencies or a reaction to inequality and injustice. Using adaptive strategy and life history theory, this article seeks to unite these explanations of crime under the biosocial umbrella. It incorporates the psychology of crime, tying traits implicated in low self-control, psychopathy, and mating effort to antisocial strategies and discusses how strategies based on low self-control and psychopathy may be promoted or controlled. It further applies adaptive strategy theory to nonstreet crime, with the aim of bringing critical and biosocial criminology closer together.
The cost of equality: unequal bequests and tax avoidance

Abstract For altruistic parents desiring to bequeath their wealth to their children, estate taxes can be costly in utility terms. The most straightforward way to reduce the tax burden is through inter vivos transfers. Taking full advantage of potential tax-free giving often requires that parents differentiate between children in the amounts transferred. This unequal giving contrasts sharply with the presumed desire to make equal bequests. This paper examines the extent to which wealthy parents take advantage of tax-free giving, and whether the desire to spend-down an estate is sufficient to induce unequal giving. I find that while wealthy parents do appear to make “early bequests,” they rarely do so to the extent permitted by law, and thus forego a substantial amount of tax savings.