cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of assay conditions on the magnesium requirement of the transfer reaction catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from bakers' yeast.

Abstract Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase exhibits an absolute requirement for magnesium ion in its transfer reaction when assayed in 10 mM Tris-acetate buffer at pH 7.2. This magnesium requirement can be largely eliminated by the use of 50 mM sodium cacodylate, citrate or succinate buffers at pH 6. It is thus demonstrated that, depending upon the assay conditions which are employed, an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase can exhibit ambivalence with respect to the magnesium requirement of its transfer reaction.
Attachment to Feline Companions

A sample of 100 adult cat owners participated in a mail survey designed to investigate various aspects of attachment to feline companions. 54 respondents were members of a nationwide computer cat club and 46 were attenders at a cat show in Anaheim, California. 92% of respondents reported preferring cats to all other pets citing ease of care, affection and companionship, and personality as the main reasons. A mean self-rated attachment score of 9.3 on a 10-point scale was obtained. Positive characteristics of the cat were associated with attachment, and the presence of certain problem behaviors did not affect that attachment. Comparisons of the benefits of feline and human companionship showed that affection and unconditional love were the primary benefits of the human-cat relationship, and verbal communication was the primary benefit of the human-human relationship. The findings indicate that, although not a replacement for human contact, feline companions can be a very important source of pleasure and em...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Launch Site Winds at Kennedy Space Center

This paper develops an easily implemented model for simulating random horizontal wind profiles over the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The model is intended for use in Monte Carlo launch vehicle simulations of the type employed in mission planning. In this type of simulation, the large number of profiles needed for statistical fidelity of such simulation experiments makes the use of actual wind measurements impractical. The model is based on measurements made at KSC and represents vertical correlations by a decaying exponential model that is parameterized via least-squares parameter fit to the sample data. The model is demonstrated by comparing two open-loop Monte Carlo simulations of an asymmetric, heavy-lift launch vehicle. In the first simulation, measured wind profiles are used, whereas in the second, the wind profiles are generated using the stochastic model. The simulations indicate that the use of either the measured or simulated wind field results in similar launch vehicle performance. Although the model documented here is based on winter data, it can easily be adapted to other seasons.
MODELLING OF STRUCTURAL ACCELERATIONS AND APPLICATION TO CONTROLLER DESIGN

In this paper a method for the identification of simplified linear models for building structures is applied to the case when acceleration, rather than displacement, is measured. A frame from benchmark structural controller studies is simulated, and from the input-output data of these simulations, simplified models for the acceleration response of the frame are obtained that have far fewer degrees of freedom. One of these simplified models is used to design a controller, which is tested using an evaluation model from the benchmark controller studies and found to be effective.
Tectonic Relations of South Georgia Island to the Southernmost Andes

Rocks on South Georgia Island at the eastern end of the North Scotia Ridge are no older than late Mesozoic. The Cumberland Bay and Sandebugten graywacke and mudstone sequences there are comparable in general lithology and structural style to the Lower Cretaceous Yahgan Formation of the Beagle Channel area in southernmost South America. The Cumberland Bay rocks, which form most of South Georgia Island, were thrust northeastward over the Sandebugten sequence. The Cumberland Bay and Yahgan sequences contain Cretaceous fossils, whereas the Sandebugten rocks are unfossiliferous. The dominant dispersal of Cumberland Bay detritus was toward the northwest. The Sandebugten dispersal pattern was more complex but was dominated by a south-directed component. In Early Cretaceous time, however, the South Georgia microcontinent apparently was attached to South America along the present southern margin of the Burdwood Bank. The Cumberland Bay, Sandebugten, and farther westward along strike, the Yahgan, apparently were deposited in a marginal small ocean basin between a calc-alkalic volcanic arc built on a sliver of old South American continental crust and the main part of the South American continent from which the sliver moved away. According to this interpretation, deformation of the sediments occurred when the arc moved back toward the continent in middle Cretaceous time, and the basin was closed and uplifted with the arc.
Hydrocephalus and viral infections.

SUMMARY In the study of virus-induced hydrocephalus in experimental animals, a surprising finding has been that while a number of viruses do not cause acute clinical disease, they do affect ependymal cells and this results later in non-inflammatory aqueductal stenosis. This finding supports the hypothesis that aqueductal stenosis results from injury to a normally developed structure and suggests that viral infections are a potential cause of this ‘developmental’ defect. RESUME Hydrocephalic et infection virale Dans l'etude de l'hydrocephalie induite par virus chez l'animal d'experience, un point surprenant a ete la decouverte que nombre de virus qui ne provoquent pas d'affections cliniques aigues alterent les cellules ependymales avec comme consequence ulterieure une stenose non inflammatoire de l'aqueduc. Ce fait renforce l'hypothese que la stenose de l'aqueduc provient d'une agression sur une structure normalement developpee et suggere que les infections virales sont une cause potentielle de ce defaut de ‘developpement’. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Hydrocephalus und virale Infektionen Bei der tierexperimentellen Studie uber virusinduzierten Hydrocephalus ergab sich ein uberraschender Befund: Wahrend eine Anzahl Viren zwar keine akute klinische Erkrankung verursachen, betreffen sie doch die ependymalen Zellen; das resultiert spater in einer nichtentzundlichen Aquaduktstenose. Dieser Befund stutzt die Hypothese, das die Aquaduktstenose durch die Schadigung einer normal entwickelten Struktur entsteht, und last vermuten, das virale Infektionen eine mogliche Usache dieses ‘Entwicklungs’-Defekts sind. RESUMEN Hidrocefalia e infecciones virales En el estudio de la hidrocefalia inducida por virus en animales, un hallazgo sorprendente ha sido que mientras un numero de virus no causa ninguna enfermedad clinica aguda, en cambio afectan las ce1ulas ependimarias, con el resultado posterior de una estenosis no inflamatoria del acueducto. Estos hallazgos apoyan la hipotesis de que la estenosis de acueducto resulta de una accion nociva sobre una estructura desarrollada normalmente y sugiere que las infecciones virales son una causa potencial de este defecto de ‘desarrollo’.
Energy Harvesting From Impulsive Loads Using Intentional Essential Nonlinearities

Energy harvesting devices designed with intentional nonlinearities offer the possibility of increased performance under broadband excitations and realistic environmental conditions. This work considers an energy harvesting system based on the response of an attachment with strong nonlinear behavior. The electromechanical coupling is achieved with a piezoelectric element across a resistive load. When the system is subject to harmonic excitation, the harvested power from the nonlinear system exhibits a wider interval of frequencies over which the harvested power is significant, although an equivalent linear device offers greater efficiency at its design frequency. However, for impulsive excitation, the performance of the nonlinear harvesting system exceeds the corresponding linear system in terms of both magnitude of power harvested and the frequency interval over which significant power can be drawn from the mechanical vibrations.
Synthesis of Extracellular Polysaccharide by Suspensions of Acer Pseudoplatanus Cells.

Plant wall polysaccharides are intimately connected with maintenance of cellular form and control of cell growth (6). Many pathogenic fungi and bacteria attack plants with enzymes that degrade the wall polysaccharides. Yet little is known about the structure and synthesis of the noncellulosic polysaccharides, which constitute as much as 75 % of the cell wall (10). Study of wall polysaccharide has been hindered by the use of heterogeneous wall extracts. For example, pectin is solubilized with boiling water, protopectin with versene or dilute acid, and hemicellulose with alkali. These extraction procedures reduce the degree of polymerization of the polysaccharides and also alter the structure in various ways. It would be advantageous to isolate and characterize plant wall polysaccharides without the necessity of extraction. Sycamore cambial cells grown in suspension possess many desirable attributes for the study of polysaccharide structure and synthesis. Thornber and Northcote have published data on the composition of cambium cells in the intact sycamore (27) and Lamport has studied a wall-specific hydroxyprolinerich protein in sycamore cell suspensions (15). One of the chief assets of this system is its friability; the cells in suspensions can be handled almost like bacterial systems. The sycamore cells grow rapidly in large amounts and can be plated or transferred by pipette. Another advantage is that by continuous transfer one selects for rapidly growing cells so that the population in the logarithmic phase of growth is more uniform than cells of plant tissues. Furthermore the supply of metabolites is readily controlled, and every cell has direct access to the external medium containing these metabolites. When desirable the cells can be grown on a defined medium. Although various wall polysaccharides may turn out to be important in controlling cell growth, we have concentrated on the galacturonic acid containing polymers, since it is known that the carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid possess the ability to control cell growth (6). This paper reports the presence of external uronide containing polysaccharides in the culture fluid of sycamore cambial cells growing in suspension. The composition of these polysaccharides is described, as well as studies on the incorporation of glucose-C14 and various methyl donors into the methyl galacturonate residues. These polysaccharides are compared to normal wall polysaccharides.
Physical and Sensory Characteristics and Microbiological Quality of Beef from a Partial Hot Fabrication Procedure

Vacuum storage, retail display, microbial content, and palatability were evaluated for beef which had excess fat and muscles from the thin cuts and chuck removed after longissimus pH reached 5.8. Some hot processed cuts were darker in lean color. Deep pectorals and ribeye rolls had minor shape distortions but the physical appearance of these and other cuts was little affected. The partial hot fabrication procedure did not adversely affect sensory attributes including tenderness of the final product.
Management of the chronic irreducible patellar dislocation in total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Neglected dislocation of the patella with gonarthrosis, genu valgum, flexion, and external rotation deformity is rarely encountered. Experience with five total knee arthroplasties in three patients with chronic patellar dislocation and gonarthrosis is reported. All knees had a modified proximal patellar realignment and arthroplasty with a constrained prosthesis. Preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores averaged 55. Average follow-up period was 40 months. At latest follow-up examination, the average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score was 83, the Knee Society knee score was 95, and the functional score averaged 50. There was one complication: a full-thickness lateral skin necrosis requiring flap coverage. The patellar score was zero in all knees. Four knees had mild quadriceps weakness. Three knees rated as excellent and two as good on both The Hospital for Special Surgery and Knee Society rating systems. Radiographic analysis revealed no radiolucent lines or osteolysis. The patellas were well centralized in the trochlear groove in all patients. Patellar height averaged 14 mm (range, 12–17 mm). In conclusion, satisfactory results were obtained by restoring axial alignment with a constrained implant and realigning the patella with an extensive proximal realignment.
Naval METOC needs and hyperspectral sensing

Naval operations, including day-to-day activities as well as warfighting, depend upon the environment and are planned and executed based upon environmental knowledge. Hyperspectral sensing provides environmental information and characterization for some of these operational Naval activities. It is useful to separate these information types into "oceanographic" and "meteorological" categories as follows: (1) Coastal and shallow water operations, (2) Beach, wetland and near shore operations, (3) Self defense, and (4) Precision strike.
Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication in human teratocarcinoma cells by organochlorine pesticides.

Abstract Inhibition of intercellular communication, as measured by metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine-sensitive and 6-thioguanine-resistant Chinese hamster V79 cells, has been previously shown to be correlated with a large variety of known tumor promoters, including some of the organochlorine pesticides. Since further evidence concerning the effects of those known or suspected animal tumor promoters on human cells is needed, three organochlorine pesticides, dieldrin, aldrin, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), were tested for their ability to inhibit metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine-sensitive (6TGs, HTP3–4) and 6-thoguanine-resistant (6TGr, HTXTG-1) human teratocarcinoma cells. Similar to the effect of the known mouse skin tumor promoter 12-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), all three pesticides inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication within a noncytotoxic dose range. The dose-response curves of these chemicals were similar to those of other known tumor promoters on Chinese hamster V79 cells. In addition, the trasfer of [ 3 H ] uridine between teratocarcinoma cells in contact was reduced after pesticide treatment.
Are Bad Experiences Stronger than Good Ones in Mentoring Relationships? Evidence from the Protege and Mentor Perspective.

Abstract Two studies examined the relative importance of good versus bad mentoring experiences in predicting subjective states associated with the mentoring relationship. Study 1 examined the protege perspective and found general support for the proposition that, on average, bad is stronger than good in predicting protege outcomes. Study 2 adopted the mentor perspective and found mixed support for the prediction that, on average, bad is stronger than good. The results are discussed in terms of advancing research and theory on the relational processes associated with mentoring in the workplace and the need to consider the relational context to more fully understand the relative predictive power of good and bad mentoring experiences.
Design techniques for forming 488-nm holographic lenses with reconstruction at 633 nm

A new design technique is presented for designing holographic lenses based on a K-vector closure principle. The technique enables closed and open loop ray tracing for design optimization and image analysis. A set of APL computer programs has been written for implementation. They are described in detail along with experimental results from holograms constructed at 488 nm and read out at 633 nm.
Topology of the Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter: the N-terminus and hydrophilic loop 4 are located intracellularly

Abstract The current secondary structure model of the Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1, contains 11 transmembrane domains. The model is based on hydropathy analysis and the extracellular location of the carboxy terminus, which contains an N-glycosylation site. In this study, the model was further tested using indirect immunofluorescence of COS-7 cells. The Flag epitope tag (DYKDDDDK) was fused to the amino terminus of NaDC-1 (Flag-NaDC-1), and a monoclonal antibody against the Flag epitope was used to determine the location of the N-terminus. Hydrophilic loop 4 of NaDC-1 was identified using polyclonal antibodies raised against a fusion protein containing amino acids 164–233 of NaDC-1. The expression of NaDC-1 and Flag-NaDC-1 in COS-7 cells was confirmed by functional assays of succinate transport and by Western blots of cell surface biotinylated proteins. Immunofluorescent labeling of cells expressing both NaDC-1 and Flag-NaDC-1 required permeabilization of the plasma membranes with digitonin whereas no immunofluorescence was visible in intact cells. The results of this study show that both the N-terminus and hydrophilic loop 4 of NaDC-1 are located intracellularly, which supports the current model of NaDC-1 structure.
Fracture analysis of cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide composites

Specimens of WC-Co were indented to measure the resulting crack size and unindented samples were fractured in three-point flexure to obtain strength and to measure characteristic features on the fracture surface. Fracture toughness was determined using indentation techniques and compared to those determined using fractography. We show that principles of fracture mechanics can be applied to WC-Co composites and can be used to analyse the fracture process. The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Characteristic features observed in glasses, single crystals and polycrystalline materials known as mirror, mist, hackle and crack branching were identified for these composites. We discuss the importance of fracture surface analysis in determining the fracture origins and in the failure analysis of WC-Co composites.
Antibody-Directed Urokinase: A Specific Fibrinolytic Agent

A specific fibrinolytic agent was synthesized by covalently coupling urokinase to a monoclonal antibody that was fibrin-specific and did not cross-react with fibrinogen. The antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide representing the seven amino-terminal residues of the beta chain of human fibrin. The urokinase-antifibrin conjugate retained the original binding specificity of the antibody and showed 100-fold increased fibrinolysis in vitro when compared to unmodified urokinase. The presence of human fibrinogen at plasma concentration did not influence these properties.
High-temperature crystal chemistry of sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP)

High-temperature crystal structures of NZP (Na1+xZr2P3−xSixO12) have been determined by x-ray measurements made on single crystals. Thermal expansion of NZP (x = 0.11) parallel to the hexagonal c axis is positive (about 22.4 ⊠ 10−6°C−1 between 25° and 700°C), whereas expansion perpendicular to c is slightly negative (about 5.4 ⊠ 10−6°C−1), resulting in an average volume thermal expansion of 11.8 ⊠ 10−6°C−1. A proposed structural model to interpret this anisotropic thermal expansion of NZP is tested to prove the model’s validity. In this model the rotation of the phosphate tetrahedron is coupled to the rotation of the zirconium octahedron. The observed thermal expansions of sodium, zirconium, and phosphorus cation coordination polyhedra are 10.8, 0.00, and −0.23 (all × 10−6°C−1), respectively. The large thermal expansion of the sodium site is offset by rotations in the Zr–P polyhedral framework, thus yielding the low net expansion of NZP.
Supplier Commitment and Production Decisions Under a Forecast-Commitment Contract

Manufacturing firms in capital-intensive industries face inherent demand volatility for their products and the inability to change their capacity quickly. To cope with these challenges, manufacturers often enter into contracts with their customers that offer greater certainty of supply in return for more predictable orders. In this paper, we study a forecast-commitment contract in which the customer provides a forecast, the supplier makes a production commitment to the customer based on the forecast, and the customers minimum order quantity is a function of the forecast and committed quantities. We provide a complete analysis of the suppliers decisions when there is a single customer facing uncertain demand. We first show that the supplier has two dominant commitment strategies: committing to the forecast or committing to the production quantity. We then characterize the jointly optimal commitment and production strategy for the supplier and extend the results to consider a capacity constraint. We show that the proposed contract can moderate the suppliers motivation to underproduce, and due to the structure of the contract and the form of the suppliers optimal strategy, also limits the customers incentive to overforecast. We also provide results for a capacitated two-customer example, which show that the suppliers choice of production quantity for each customer is not necessarily nondecreasing in the total available capacity.
Sensitivity analysis in composite system reliability using weighted shadow prices

This paper introduces a new method for performing sensitivity analysis in composite system reliability. This method is based on the calculation of shadow prices of various system components or areas. Compared to other measures, shadow price based-technique does not require either repair duration time or failure rate in the assessment. Moreover, it can be performed for one load scenario or multiple loading scenarios. The method is used to determine the sensitivities of unserved energy to system constraints. The method is demonstrated on the IEEE Reliability Test System.
Proof of a Conjecture of 1881 on Permanents

The conjecture made in 1881 by R. F. Scott on permanents is proved. Two new trigonometric identities are also stated and proved.
Reduced interference distributions: biological applications and interpretations

Time-frequency (TF) signal analysis has recently experienced a slow awakening followed by an accelerating development of interest. This paper discusses a specific concept applied to TF signal analysis, the reduced interference distribution (RID) approach. The RID approach is aimed at achieving high-resolution TF distributions within Cohen's class with much reduced cross term or interference activity which often disappoints users of the well-known Wigner distribution (WD). The RID concept is briefly developed and then a number of examples from biomedical and biological settings are discussed. These discussions attempt to accomplish the dual task of illustrating the usefulness of the approach in investigating these problems and to teach one how to interpret the results obtained as well-the art of using the approach. RID results are contrasted with the WD and the spectrogram, another well-known tool. Some of the new and exciting TF approaches that deviate from the RID concept, but provide good results and interesting theoretical frameworks, are also brought in as appropriate.
The influence of ionization loss on the shape of the differential primary cosmic ray energy-spectrum

The effect of ionization loss on a primary cosmic ray spectrum of the formN A, Z (e)=K(A, Z)γ/eγ+1 is calculated for1H,9Be,12C,19F,27Al,40Ca and56Fe as representative of the charge spectrum of primary cosmic rays. The calculation is carried out for passage through 2, 4, 6 and 10 g/cm2 of hydrogen and also for a model in which the amount of material traversed is inversely proportional to the momentum. The observable effects obtained,i.e. the shift of the maximum towards higher velocity with increasingZ and the relative enrichment of the lighter nuclei/energy interval at low energies are compared with the experimental data obtainable. Some discussion of the implications for aspects of the origin of cosmic rays is given.
Process And Product Innovations In An International Trade Context

The Neo-Technology-Approach of International Trade Theory explains imports and exports as determined by technological factors. As this approach lacks to compare analytically different kinds of technical change, i.e. product innovations/imitations and process innovations, in a single formal model our paper wants to close this gap. First, we are able to integrate formally the phenomenons of product innovation and imitation. Second, using comparative statics we investigate and compare the respective impact different kinds of technical progress do have on the trade pattern and welfare of trading countries. Here it can be shown that the analytical results are dependent (a) on the kind of progress considered, (b) on the country–advanced or less advanced — which performs such progress, and (c) on whether an endogenous change of specialisation is allowed for or not.
Acetogenesis from CO2 in an anoxic marine sediment

A combination of radiotracer and pore-water concentration measurements provide evidence for the occurrence of acetogenesis from CO2 in anoxic marine sediments that are ordinarily dominated by sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. In a month-long incubation experiment using sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, we measured H2 and acetate concentrations and monitored the incorporation of 14 CO2 into 14 CH4 and 14 C-acetate. Depletion of pore-water sulfate resulted in a period of elevated H 2 concentrations that made acetogenic CO2 reduction thermodynamically favorable. During this period, 14 C-acetate was produced from 14 CO2 at rates comparable to those of methanogenesis or sulfate reduction during their respective periods of dominance in the incubation. Maintenance of elevated but constant H2 concentrations immediately following sulfate depletion likely reflects control by acetogenic bacteria, suggesting they were the dominant consumers of H2 during this period.
Phosphoproteomic Analyses Reveal Early Signaling Events in the Osmotic Stress Response

Elucidating how plants sense and respond to water loss is important for identifying genetic and chemical interventions that may help sustain crop yields in water-limiting environments. Currently, the molecular mechanisms involved in the initial perception and response to dehydration are not well understood. Modern mass spectrometric methods for quantifying changes in the phosphoproteome provide an opportunity to identify key phosphorylation events involved in this process. Here, we have used both untargeted and targeted isotope-assisted mass spectrometric methods of phosphopeptide quantitation to characterize proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) whose degree of phosphorylation is rapidly altered by hyperosmotic treatment. Thus, protein phosphorylation events responsive to 5 min of 0.3 m mannitol treatment were first identified using 15N metabolic labeling and untargeted mass spectrometry with a high-resolution ion-trap instrument. The results from these discovery experiments were then validated using targeted Selected Reaction Monitoring mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole. Targeted Selected Reaction Monitoring experiments were conducted with plants treated under nine different environmental perturbations to determine whether the phosphorylation changes were specific for osmosignaling or involved cross talk with other signaling pathways. The results indicate that regulatory proteins such as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family are specifically phosphorylated in response to osmotic stress. Proteins involved in 5′ messenger RNA decapping and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate synthesis were also identified as targets of dehydration-induced phosphoregulation. The results of these experiments demonstrate the utility of targeted phosphoproteomic analysis in understanding protein regulation networks and provide new insight into cellular processes involved in the osmotic stress response.
Extraordinary Tertiary Constrictions of Tripsacum dactyloides Chromosomes: Implications for Karyotype Evolution of Polyploids Driven by Segmental Chromosome Losses

Tripsacum dactyloides (2n = 2x = 36) is an ancient tetraploid species. Here we report that T. dactyloides chromosomes contain an extraordinary tertiary constriction, which causes a radical and distant separation of a terminal segment from the chromosome. The relationships between extraordinary tertiary constriction and segmental chromosome loss as well as karyotype evolution of polyploid species are discussed.
Einleitende Bemerkungen zur englischen Ausgabe der „Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre”

Seit der Antike ist die Frage nach dem Wesen der Geometrie ein entscheidendes Problem fur die Erkenntnistheorie gewesen. Die Prinzipien der Geometrie, z. B. die euklidischen Axiome, scheinen zwei Eigenschaften zu besitzen, die nicht leicht miteinander vereinbar sind. Auf der einen Seite scheinen sie direkt einsichtig, und deshalb notwendig zu sein, auf der anderen Seite sind sie nicht rein logisch, sondern faktisch gultig. Terminologisch ausgedruckt heist das, das sie nicht analytisch, sondern synthetisch sind. Das geht aus der Tatsache hervor, das auf Grund von gewissen Winkel- und Langenmessungen physikalischer Korper Resultate anderer Messungen vorhergesagt werden konnen. Kant nahm die Verknupfung dieser beiden Eigenschaften einfach hin: Er schlos aus der scheinbar notwendigen Gultigkeit der geometrischen Prinzipien, das ihre Erkenntnis a priori (d.h. unabhangig von der Erfahrung) sei, obgleich sie synthetisch sind. Als Mathematiker vor ungefahr hundert Jahren nichteuklidische Geometrien konstruierten, erhob sich eine Meinungsverschiedenheit uber die Methode, mit der man feststellen soll, welches der Systeme — namlich des einen euklidischen und der unendlich vielen nichteuklidischen — den physikalischen Raum beschreibt. Als erster schlug Gaus vor, diese Bestimmung mit Hilfe von physikalischen Messungen zu machen. Aber die uberwaltigende Mehrheit der Philosophen des vergangenen Jahrhunderts behielt die kantische Lehre bei, nach der die Geometrie unabhangig von der Erfahrung ist.
Processing and Characterization of BaTi4O9

BaTi4O9 powder prepared by calcining BaCO3 and TiO2 powders was sintered to over 97% of theoretical density. Less than 5% Ba2Ti9O20 occurred as a second phase in “pure” BaTi4O9, and Al2O3 impurities from processing formed isolated hollandite (∼BaAl2Ti6O16) grains, which were identified by fringes in bright-field TEM images. For pure BaTi4O9 at 1 MHz, a dielectric loss (tan δ) of 5 × 10−4 and dielectric constant of 39 were recorded. Hollandite impurities were found to increase tan δ by 2 orders of magnitude, whereas firing in oxygen decreased tan δ by an order of magnitude.
Rounded dynamic programming for tree-structured stochastic network design

We develop a fast approximation algorithm called rounded dynamic programming (RDP) for stochastic network design problems on directed trees. The underlying model describes phenomena that spread away from the root of a tree, for example, the spread of influence in a hierarchical organization or fish in a river network. Actions can be taken to intervene in the network--for some cost--to increase the probability of propagation along an edge. Our algorithm selects a set of actions to maximize the overall spread in the network under a limited budget. We prove that the algorithm is a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS), that is, it finds (1-e)-optimal solutions in time polynomial in the input size and 1/e. We apply the algorithm to the problem of allocating funds efficiently to remove barriers in a river network so fish can reach greater portions of their native range. Our experiments show that the algorithm is able to produce near-optimal solutions much faster than an existing technique.
Expanding the Chemistry of Actinide Metallocene Bromides. Synthesis, Properties and Molecular Structures of the Tetravalent and Trivalent Uranium Bromide Complexes: (C5Me4R)2UBr2, (C5Me4R)2U(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)(Br), and [K(THF)][(C5Me4R)2UBr2] (R = Me, Et)

The organometallic uranium species (C5Me4R)2UBr2 (R = Me, Et) were obtained by treating their chloride analogues (C5Me4R)2UCl2 (R = Me, Et) with Me3SiBr. Treatment of (C5Me4R)2UCl2 and (C5Me4R)2UBr2 (R = Me, Et) with K(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3) afforded the halide aryloxide mixed-ligand complexes (C5Me4R)2U(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)(X) (R = Me, Et; X = Cl, Br). Complexes (C5Me4R)2U(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)(Br) (R = Me, Et) can also be synthesized by treating (C5Me4R)2U(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)(Cl) (R = Me, Et) with Me3SiBr, respectively. Reduction of (C5Me4R)2UCl2 and (C5Me4R)2UBr2 (R = Me, Et) with KC8 led to isolation of uranium(III) “ate” species [K(THF)][(C5Me5)2UX2] (X = Cl, Br) and [K(THF)0.5][(C5Me4Et)2UX2] (X = Cl, Br), which can be converted to the neutral complexes (C5Me4R)2U[N(SiMe3)2] (R = Me, Et). Analyses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis are also presented.
Structural distortions in the low-temperature phase of NbO 2

At about 810\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C niobium dioxide undergoes an apparently second-order transition between a high-temperature (HT) rutile structure and a low-temperature (LT) phase whose structure is slightly distorted from rutile. The primary order parameters of the transition are the amplitudes of sinusoidal displacement waves with wave vectors ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{p}\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{1}{4},\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2})$. These waves give rise to a series of superlattice reflections in diffraction patterns obtained with the LT phase. Additional superlattice reflections occur at wave vectors which are related by the rutile point group to ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{m}\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},0)$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{x}\ensuremath{\equiv}(\frac{1}{2},0,0)$. The latter reflections may be diffraction harmonics or they may represent the presence of secondary distortions in the LT phase. A detailed neutron diffraction study at room temperature has allowed the LT structure to be determined and has demonstrated that both primary and secondary distortions are required for an adequate description of this phase. The general symmetry properties of the primary distortion are discussed and this distortion is discribed in terms of a simple model involving dimerization of $c$-axis chains of Nb atoms.
Transport Theory-Based Multi-Spectral Imaging of Tissue Chromophores Concentrations

We introduce a transport-theory multi-spectral inverse method for direct recovery of the chromphores concentrations inside tissues. Numerical and experimental results show that the direct method produces more accurate results than the conventional approach.
Global uptake of the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership over its first ten years.

Introduction Accountability in the delivery of humanitarian aid has become increasingly important and emphasized by the humanitarian community. The Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) was created in 2003 in order to improve accountability in the humanitarian sector. HAP acts as a self-regulatory body to the humanitarian system. One of the main goals of HAP is the promotion of accountability through self-regulation by members. Humanitarian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can become members by meeting standards of accountability and quality management set by HAP. This report describes the growth of HAP membership by the humanitarian community from its inception until present. Hypothesis/Problem The hypothesis for this study was that HAP membership has grown substantially since inception, both in terms of number of member organizations and annual budgets of member organizations, but that near universal membership has not yet been achieved. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to determine the total number and percentage of humanitarian NGOs that are members of HAP. Total expenditures of HAP members in 2010 also was measured and compared with the total humanitarian expenditure by all humanitarian NGOs for the same year. The reference year of 2010 was chosen in order to be able to compile accurate budgets for the largest possible number of HAP members. The total number of HAP members for the years 2005 through 2012 was divided by the estimated number of humanitarian NGOs active in 2010. The total budgets for HAP members in 2010 were divided by the estimated total humanitarian expenditure of all NGOs for 2010. Results As of the beginning of 2012, the percentage of humanitarian NGOs that were members of HAP was 1.6% (68 members out of 4400 organizations). The combined budgets of the member organizations of HAP in 2010 made up 62.9% of the total humanitarian expenditure for the year 2010 (US $4.65 billion/7.4 billion). Conclusion A very small proportion of humanitarian NGOs have adopted HAP membership. However, HAP members account for almost two-thirds of all humanitarian expenditures. The humanitarian sector, therefore, remains without a universal regulatory and accountability structure, although progress has been made. Efforts should be made to increase the membership within HAP of more small to medium sized organizations. Foran MP , Williams AR . Global Uptake of the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership Over Its First Ten Years. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-4 .
Adoption of Technology to Improve Medication Safety: Perspectives of Pharmacy Directors

Objective: To explore perspectives about issues surrounding organizational decisions to adopt and implement medication safety technologies. Methods: Three focus groups and 5 telephone interviews with US hospital pharmacy directors were conducted, representing 25 hospitals. A written survey provided supplemental information about adoption of the technologies. We used one component of Rogers’ diffusion of innovation model to guide our study. Results: Pharmacy directors reported different adoption rates for medication safety technologies, with 100% adoption of automated dispensing systems, 36% of electronic medication administration records, 27% of bar code medication administration technology, and 18% of computerized prescriber order entry systems. We explored 6 major themes within our study, with 4 themes suggested by Rogers’ model: (1) agenda-setting, (2) matching, (3) redefining, and (4) clarifying. These themes were characterized from discussions on issues such as the importance of patient safety as a motivator for technology adoption; prioritizing implementation of medication safety technologies; choosing a vendor for safety innovations; the need for technology customization; and the need to clarify an innovation’s role in addressing patient safety at an institution. Two emergent themes included (5) participants’ roles in the innovation process and (6) perspectives about future adoption of medication safety technologies. Conclusion: Understanding the applicability of Rogers’ innovation process model can help institutions interested in promoting the adoption of medication safety technologies. Recognizing the variability of different stakeholders’ perspectives and appreciating the insight of pharmacy directors may be important for organizations hoping to expand the use of information technology to improve patient safety.
Mercury and selenium in fish of Fountain Creek, Colorado (USA): possible sources and implications

Fountain Creek in Colorado USA is a major tributary that confluences with the Arkansas River at Pueblo, Colorado, the result being the tributary’s influence on Arkansas River water quality affecting down-stream users. In a previous study, we found that bryophytes (aquatic plants) accumulated selenium in Fountain Creek watershed and this finding prompted us to investigate the extent of the metalloid in the whole-body tissues of fish. One hundred 11 fish (six species) were collected and analyzed for Se by inductively-coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry. Analysis of all analytical data also showed mercury in all of the fish whole bodies and selected tissues. There was a general increase in selenium but a decrease in mercury in fish with downstream travel-distance. The highest whole-body selenium was in Pueblo, Colorado (3393 µg/kg, dry weight; 906 µg/kg, wet weight); the highest mercury in fish was in the Monument Creek tributary north of Colorado Springs, Colorado (71 µg/kg, dry weight; 19 µg/kg, wet weight). In four tissues of 11 female fish captured, selenium was highest in the livers at eight sites but highest in the ovaries at three sites. Mercury was highest in the epaxial muscle at all sites. Selenium availability could be due to the watershed lithology and land uses; however, mercury could be carried by atmospheric deposition from coal-fired power plants and historic mining activities. Selenium in fish tissues and water samples were compared to U.S. national water quality criteria.
The Mechanism of Activated Microglia in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Objective To explore the role of microglia in the pathogenesis and lesion progress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) by SD rat.Methods The animal model were induced by injecting isogenic immunogen in Freud's complete adjuvant and bordetella pertussis vaccine(BPV),and examine microglia reactions to EAE lesions at various stages with the method of immunohistochemistry and ELISA,and the expression of TNF-α with immunohistochemistry and ELISA.Results Microglia was activated before onset and in close association with the development of the lesions: Morphological change could be observed from normal to amebocyte or round.And most of TNF-α positive cells were microglia with short process,little cell body and ovate,ellipse or triangle shape.The number of brain microglia and TNF-α positive cells,and the expression of TNF-α in peripheral blood had increased before onset of EAE(P0.05).Conclusions Microglia cell activation played an important role in initiating impairment of central nervous system in MS/EAE.Activated microglia might synthesis and secrete all kinds of inflammatory factors and cytokines including TNF-α,and then react each other,finally cause demyelination.
Problems and Solutions of Central Heat Supply Network Insulation

The insulation state of heating pipeline of a heating company is tested in Daqing City,and there are some problems are found. The selection of insulation material and design of insulation layer thickness is unreasonable. Some heating pipes insulating layer thickness are optimized and transformed,and compared the heat loss of the pipeline before and after transformation by testing . The results show that the heat loss decreased by 90% per unit area after transformation.
Overcoming the fear factor: How perceptions of supervisor openness lead employees to speak up when fearing external threat

Abstract While fear is generally assumed to powerfully limit employee voice, a functional view of emotions suggests that responses to fear vary. Instead of assuming that fear is negatively associated with voice, I argue that this relationship may be more complex. Adopting a functional view of emotions, I hypothesize that fears from external sources focus attention on shared threat to the organization and may be positively associated with employee voice. This effect is likely contingent: when employees perceive their supervisors as open to input, they are motivated to speak up. Thus, perceptions of supervisor openness can help transform other-focused motives resulting from fearing external threat into information-sharing. Results from two studies suggest that fear of external threat positively relates to voice when employees perceive their supervisor as open to input. Additionally, results suggest that this interactive effect is mediated by prosocial motivation spurring employees to speak up when fearing external threat.
Robert K. Josephson (1934–2016)

![Graphic][1] Professor Robert K. Josephson died at his home in Laguna Beach, California, on 6 February 2016 following a 3 month fight with lymphoma. Over a career spanning more than half a century, and numerous venues world-wide, he became widely known and venerated as a mentor, teacher,
Effects of oral propranolol in normal subjects

The effects of oral propranolol were evaluated in 10 normal volunteers. The resting heart rate decreased from the mean control value of 68 plus or minus 3.3 (SE) to 56 plus or minus 2.8 beats per minute (bpm) on propranolol (p smaller than 0.001, paired test). Mean systolic blood pressur also decreased from 125 plus or minus 5.0 to 114 plus or minus 4.2 mm Hg (p smaller than 0.03). Resting systolic time intervals were unaffected by propranolol. Mean maximal treadmill exercise tolerance time was not significantly altered by propranolol although the mean heart rate systolic blood pressure product a maximal exertion was markedly decreased (1.91 plus or minus 0.17 vs 2.62 plus or minus 0.17 times 10-4, p smaller than 0.004) . The nonsignificant effect of oral propranolol on resting systolic time intervals and maximum exercise tolerance despite significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure at rest and duringexercise stand in contrast to the reported effects of intravenous propranolol. Explantations for this difference between the effects of oral and intravenous propranolol in normal subjects are examined.
Communication and Behavioral Change Tools: A Primer for Lifestyle Medicine Counseling

Effective provider–patient communication is essential for fostering behavior change—the key component of lifestyle medicine. The principles of communication and behavior change are skill based and grounded in scientific theories and models. Communication and counseling must be contextualized to the patients’ economic situation, access to care, social support, culture, and health literacy. Motivational interviewing and shared decision-making—a collaboration process between patients and their providers to reach agreement about a health decision—is an important process in counseling. The five As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange) can also be used as an organizational construct for the clinical encounter. The behavioral principles—stages of change, self-determination, health belief model, social cognitive model, theory of planned behavior, and cognitive behavioral therapy—are used in the counseling process.
Perceptions of instability and choice across sexual orientation groups

Some have described gay and lesbian people as making a “lifestyle choice” while others assert that bisexuality is not a stable or valid identity. This paper examines the possibility that perceived instability and perceived choice, and their associations with prejudice, differ depending on both the sexual orientation of the participant and the target group. Participants varying in sexual orientation were randomly assigned to evaluate heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual targets. Results indicated that negative evaluation of the various target groups was more closely associated with perceived instability than it was with perceived choice. This relationship was moderated by both participant and target sexual orientation; for example, it was weaker for bisexual targets, whose sexual orientations were rated as unstable even among nonbisexual participants who evaluated them positively. A more nuanced understanding of the beliefs underlying prejudice against sexual minorities can be developed by considering tar...