cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To Punish or to Treat: Substance Abuse Within the Context of Oscillating Attitudes Toward Correctional Rehabilitation

Abstract Although its remote origins can be traced to the end of prohibition with the repeal of the Volstead Act in 1933, the nation's “war on drugs” gathered massive strength in the early days of the Reagan administration. During the 1980s and 1990s, the decision of the nation, expressed through its legislators, seemed to be to “criminalize” drug use or abuse through imposition of harsh penalties for what had earlier been statutorily defined as relatively minor offenses and by eliminating judicial discretion in sentencing, so that mandatory incarceration was required for many offenses. Yet by 2000, the voters of California, the Governor and criminal court judges of New York, and even the nation's “drug czar” had decided that they would rather, as described by the New York Times, “treat than fight.” This paper situates that sea change in posture within a context of oscillation toward the goals of corrections generally during an era in which “therapeutic nihilism” and “just deserts” appeared to have carrie...
Quark induced three body forces

The effects of three body forces induced in the 3He, 4He systems by the requirements of quark antisymmetry are estimated in the context of a QCD-inspired non-relativistic potential model. The results are found to be sensitive to both the short distance structure of the spin independent quark potential and poorly known short distance features of the nuclear wavefunction, but suggest that quark induced effects are likely to play a non-trivial role in understanding binding discrepancies in the three nucleon system unless nucleon quark cores are anomalously small relative to the physical nucleon size.
Appearance normalization of histology slides

This paper presents a method for automatic color and intensity normalization of digitized histology slides stained with two different agents. In comparison to previous approaches, prior information on the stain vectors is used in the estimation process, resulting in improved stability of the estimates. Due to the prevalence of hematoxylin and eosin staining for histology slides, the proposed method has significant practical utility. In particular, it can be used as a first step to standardize appearances across slides, that is very effective at countering effects due to differing stain amounts and protocols, and to slide fading. The approach is validated using synthetic experiments and 13 real datasets.
Why Men Earn More on Average than Women—And Always Will1

The subject of this chapter—the relative pay of men and women in the workplace—fits well in this section of the book. Many readers might think that the wage gap between men and women in the workplaces of the world can be attributable totally to political, social, and economic forces that, when corrected, will cause the wage gap to evaporate. We dare to be contrarian, not on the facts of the wage gap, but on its eventual elimination. This is not to say that the wages of women and men will not converge somewhat over coming decades, but only that some gap will remain—mainly for evolutionary reasons that have not be widely considered but that the gender divide in today’s labor markets.
Vaccination with soluble Aβ oligomers generates toxicity-neutralizing antibodies

In recent studies of transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it has been reported that antibodies to aged beta amyloid peptide 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)) solutions (mixtures of Abeta monomers, oligomers and amyloid fibrils) cause conspicuous reduction of amyloid plaques and neurological improvement. In some cases, however, neurological improvement has been independent of obvious plaque reduction, and it has been suggested that immunization might neutralize soluble, non-fibrillar forms of Abeta. It is now known that Abeta toxicity resides not only in fibrils, but also in soluble protofibrils and oligomers. The current study has investigated the immune response to low doses of Abeta(1-42) oligomers and the characteristics of the antibodies they induce. Rabbits that were injected with Abeta(1-42) solutions containing only monomers and oligomers produced antibodies that preferentially bound to assembled forms of Abeta in immunoblots and in physiological solutions. The antibodies have proven useful for assays that can detect inhibitors of oligomer formation, for immunofluorescence localization of cell-attached oligomers to receptor-like puncta, and for immunoblots that show the presence of SDS-stable oligomers in Alzheimer's brain tissue. The antibodies, moreover, were found to neutralize the toxicity of soluble oligomers in cell culture. Results support the hypothesis that immunizations of transgenic mice derive therapeutic benefit from the immuno-neutralization of soluble Abeta-derived toxins. Analogous immuno-neutralization of oligomers in humans may be a key in AD vaccines.
Geometric adjustment of pools to changes in slope and discharge: a flume experiment

Abstract To characterize the factors controlling pool shape, 30 different forced pools were created utilizing a 50% triangular constriction in a 0.5-m wide, 6-m long recirculating flume. Pools were scoured from an initial plane bed of sand with a d50 of 0.25 mm. Pool depth and length were measured and used as dependent variables in least-squares, multiple-regression analyses. Discharge, channel-bed gradient and energy slope were the independent variables. Additional linear-regression analyses were conducted with either pool depth or length and stream power. Results indicate that both pool depth and length are primarily a function of discharge. Channel-bed and energy slopes are also significantly related to pool length but are not significantly related to pool depth. Stream power is significantly related to both pool depth and length, but R2 values for pool depth versus discharge indicate stronger relations than those between pool depth and stream power. Observations on the type of geometric adjustment indicate that pools may minimize their rate of energy expenditure primarily through elongation. In contrast, pool depth appears to be more sensitive to the characteristics of the constrictions that create the forced pools. The results suggest that many field studies may suffer from cross-correlation problems. In particular, channel erodibility may exert a more dominant influence on pool geometry than hydraulic controls in many constriction-influenced channels.
Frequent detection of herpes simplex virus antigen in skin and peripheral blood CD34+ mononuclear cells from patients with graft-versus-host disease.

Abstract Viruses are implicated in the initiation or flare of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by virtue of their ability to activate antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infects circulating CD34+ stem cell progenitors, favoring their differentiation into skin homing DC (CD1a+ Langerhans cells) that contribute to the development of an inflammatory skin rash known as HSV-associated erythema multiforme (HAEM). Following on these findings, we conducted a prospective study to examine whether HSV is also associated with GVHD. Skin biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 37 consecutive patients on admission before and after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and examined for HSV antigen (Pol) expression and the presence of Pol+CD34+ and Pol+CD1a+ cells. Sixteen patients developed a skin rash that was histopathologically consistent with GVHD (group I), 3 patients had a rash that was not GVHD (group II, EM-like) and 18 patients did not develop any rash after HSCT (group III). Skin biopsies from the group I patients were Pol negative pre-HSCT (baseline) but became Pol+ after the diagnosis of GVHD. The GVHD biopsies also contained Pol+CD34+ and Pol+CD1a+ cells, and these patients had a significant percentage of circulating Pol+CD34+ and Pol+CD1a+ PBMC. By contrast, the group II patients had Pol+ skin cells and Pol+CD34+ circulating PBMC at baseline that decreased post-HSCT. The group III patients had Pol negative skin and very few circulating Pol+CD34+ and Pol+CD1a+ PBMC at baseline that were not significantly changed post-HSCT. The data associate skin GVHD with HSV reactivation during conditioning and its propensity for nonreplicative infection of CD34+ PBMC that induces DC activation. Further studies are needed to better elucidate this association.
Higher Order Numerical Discretization Methods with Sobolev Norm Minimization

Abstract This paper presents a method of producing higher order discretization weights for linear differential and integral operators using the Minimum Sobolev Norm idea[1][2] in arbitrary geometry and grid configurations. The weight computation involves solving a severely ill-conditioned weighted least-squares system. A method of solving this system to very high-accuracy is also presented, based on the theory of Vavasis et al [3]. An end-to-end planar partial differential equation solver is developed based on the described method and results are presented. Results presented include the solution error, discretization error, condition number and time taken to solve several classes of equations on various geometries. These results are then compared with those obtained using the Matlab's FEM based PDE Solver as well as Dealii[4].
Localization of intracerebral electrodes.

Abstract The electrical resistance between a roving electrode and a remote, fixed point was measured during exploration. Observed changes were analyzed statistically and correlated with brain structures histologically. It was found that entry of the electrode into various structures and regions can be determined from observed changes in impedance and that this information can be used to locate directly and indirectly a wide variety of subcortical structures. The accuracy of this method is better than that of the conventional stereotactic approach because placements are made in accordance with neural rather than cranial landmarks, the distance of the electrode from known points is therefore much shortened, cumulative or consistent stereotactic errors as well as errors resulting from distortions are negated, and resolution and sensitivity can be extended to their theoretical limits. The method has been used to locate precisely subcortical structures during explorations, to reconstruct tracks of roving electrodes, to compensate for various types of distortions, to hit targets, and to recognize errors in placements. It may also be useful as an adjunct to stereotactic mapping, and in placing electrodes in brains distorted before implantation. The method should be readily adaptable to intracerebral cannulae, thermodes, and, possibly, microelectrodes.
Determining transcript number using the polymerase chain reaction: Pgk-2, mP2, and PGK-2 transgene mRNA levels during spermatogenesis

We describe a technique that uses reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to rapidly quantitate numbers of specific mRNA transcripts from nanogram quantities of total cellular RNA. Linearity of input molecules to output signal was maintained by limiting the cycle number and the amount of input RNA and by minimizing the number of manipulations. Absolute levels of specific transcripts were determined by the inclusion of a separate standard curve composed of serially diluted in vitro transcribed RNA run alongside the experimental samples. This allowed rapid quantitation of many samples simultaneously. We applied this technique to measuring the expression of phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (Pgk-2) transgenes in the mouse testis during development. A human PGK-2 transgene, a PGK-2/CAT transgene, and the endogenous mPgk-2 gene all displayed similar patterns and levels of expression, consistent with the conclusion that peak RNA accumulation occurs in pachytene spermatocytes. Mouse protamine 2 (mP2) is expressed at a level approximately tenfold higher than Pgk-2 and displays a different pattern of expression consistent with initiation of transcription occurring in haploid round spermatids.
Prototype holographic atmospheric scanner for environmental remote sensing

A ground-based atmospheric lidar system that utilizes a holographic optical telescope and scanner has been developed and successfully operated to obtain atmospheric backscatter profiles. The Prototype Holographic Atmospheric Scanner for Environmental Remote Sensing is built around a volume phase reflection holographic optical element (HOE). This single optical element both directs and collimates the outgoing laser beam as well as collects, focuses, and filters the atmospheric laser backscatter while offering significant weight savings over existing telescope mirror technology. Conical scanning is accomplished as the HOE rotates on a turntable sweeping the 1.2 mrad field of view around a 42° cone. During this technology demonstration, atmospheric aerosol and cloud return signals have been received in both stationary and scanning modes. The success of this program has led to the further development of this technology for integration into airborne and eventually satellite Earth-observing scanning lidar telescopes.
Open strings on AdS2 branes

We study the spectrum of open strings on AdS_2 branes in AdS_3 in an NS-NS background, using the SL(2,R) WZW model. When the brane carries no fundamental string charge, the open string spectrum is the holomorphic square root of the spectrum of closed strings in AdS_3. It contains short and long strings, and is invariant under spectral flow. When the brane carries fundamental string charge, the open string spectrum again contains short and long strings in all winding sectors. However, branes with fundamental string charge break half the spectral flow symmetry. This has different implications for short and long strings. As the fundamental string charge increases, the brane approaches the boundary of AdS_3. In this limit, the induced electric field on the worldvolume reaches its critical value, producing noncommutative open string theory on AdS_2.
Discharge characteristics and rapid resetting of autoactive aortic baroreceptors in rats.

1. An in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation was used to characterize the pressure-discharge properties of aortic ‘autoactive’ baroreceptors (aBRs), a functionally unique group of baroreceptors that discharge continuously below pressure threshold (Pth). These units contrast to more familiar ‘quiescent’ BRs (qBRs) that are silent below Pth. This study also examined whether aBRs rapidly reset to sustained changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), and whether they respond to local vasoconstriction, as found in qBRs. 2. Pressure-discharge curves were constructed using slow pressure ramps (2 mmHg s-1) in a total of fifty-four aBRs and sixty-four qBRs from fifty-three Wistar-Kyoto rats. Rapid resetting was tested by comparing the curves before and 15 min after adjusting MAP to selected levels between 40 and 180 mmHg. Response curves were also compared before and after constricting the arch with 10(-8) M angiotensin II. 3. Compared to qBRs, aBRs had significantly lower Pth values (83 +/- 2 versus 91 +/- 2 mmHg, mean +/- S.E.M., P < 0.05) but similar threshold frequencies (13 +/- 1 versus 16 +/- 2 Hz), higher saturation pressures (138 +/- 4 versus 123 +/- 2 mmHg) but similar saturation frequencies (55 +/- 3 versus 55 +/- 3 Hz), and lower suprathreshold sensitivities (slope of linear region: 1.1 +/- 0.1 versus 1.4 +/- 0.1 Hz mmHg-1) but wider operating ranges (57 +/- 4 versus 35 +/- 3 mmHg). 4. The aBRs rapidly reset to changes in MAP (n = 16), and the extent of resetting (delta Pth/delta MAP = 0.26) was similar to that in qBRs (0.23). 5. Vasoconstriction had no effect on aBR subthreshold discharge (n = 5), but inhibited suprathreshold responses to pressure much like that in qBRs. 6. These results suggest that aortic aBRs may extend the range of the baroreflex, but probably do not improve its sensitivity to transient fluctuations in pressure or its ability to correct changes in mean pressure over extended periods. 7. Subthreshold discharge in aBRs appears to be an intrinsic property of these units, which was not affected by resetting or changes in vascular tone. At suprathreshold pressures, contraction of local smooth muscle modulates the aBRs and qBRs in a similar fashion by mechanically unloading the sensory endings.
Physicochemical effects of radiation. I. Effect of X-rays on fibrinogen as revealed by the ultracentrifuge and viscosity

Bovine fibrinogen irradiated in the dry state and dissolved in 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2HPO4 has been studied on the ultracentrifuge at various concentrations. Significant differences in the ultracentrifugal behavior were observed for different amounts of radiation. Significant differences in viscosity behavior of irradiated fibrinogen dissolved in 0.1 M Na2HPO4 from the control unirradiated fibrinogen were observed. Fibrinogen irradiated in the presence of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium were studied on the ultracentrifuge. Fibrinogen irradiated in the presence of helium showed greater alteration than in either oxygen or nitrogen. Fibrinogen irradiated when dissolved in 0.1 M Na2HPO4 showed alteration. When the radiation was increased a heavier second component appeared on the ultracentrifuge diagram. Less radiation is required in the dissolved state than in the dry state to produce comparable changes. At least 1 × 106 r is necessary in the dry state to produce a significant change in the fibrinogen. In the dissolved state 5 × 106 r is sufficient to produce a significant change. Emphasis is placed on the fact that when the dry protein is irradiated, the amount of insoluble material increases with radiation. One consequently reaches a limit as to what the ultracentrifuge as well as viscosity can tell. Solubility studies are contemplated in order to tell quantitatively the extent radiation affects this property.
Resident spiders as predators of the recently introduced light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana

The invasive light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has notreacheddamaginglevelsoncropsinCalifornia(USA),suggestingthatitspopulationsandimpact are limited by generalist natural enemies. In a series of laboratoryexperiments, we examined resident spiders as predators of E. postvittana larvae on two host plants, the ornamental Australian tea tree, Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell (Myrtaceae), and the weed French broom, Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson (Fabaceae). Of three abundant spider species in Australian tea tree,twohuntingspidersmeasurablyreducedthenumbersofE. postvittanalarvaeandplantdamage, whereas a web-weaving spider had no detectable impact. The adult stage of the dominant hunting spider Anyphaena aperta Banks (Anyphaenidae) consumed E. postvittana larvae, but neither large nor small juveniles had statistically detectable effects on numbers of larvae. However, plant damage was reduced in the presence of large juvenile A. aperta, suggesting that A. aperta may also have nonconsumptive effects on the feeding behavior of E. postvittana larvae. Anyphaena aperta consumed larvae only when larval densities exceeded a low threshold in a functional response experiment, leading to a type III functional response. Adult A. aperta showed no preference for different E. postvittana instars, whereas Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch (Miturgidae), an abundant hunting spider on French broom, showed a partial preference for late-instar larvae. The generalist feeding habits of the spidersmayhaveprecludedstrongpreypreferences.Resultsshowthathuntingspidersmayhelplimit E. postvittana populations in California, and that they may in turn reduce the impact of E. postvittanaonits hostplants.
Triamcinolone Acetonide 21-Oic Acid Methyl Ester: A Potent Local Antiinflammatory Steroid without Detectable Systemic Effects*

There have been many previous attempts to prepare glucocorticoid analogs that would have high antiinflammatory activity at the site of application but minimal systemic side effects. In principle, esters of cortoic acids could fulfill these criteria, if they had sufficient affinity for the glucocorticoid receptors but were rapidly hydrolyzed to the inactive acids in the circulation. With this rationale, we have synthesized esters of the 21-oic acid of triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 16 alpha, 17 alpha, 21-tetrahydroxy-pregna-1, 4-diene-3,20-dione 16,17-acetonide), a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, in both tritiated and unlabeled forms. The synthesis involves 1) oxidation to the 21-dehydro compound with methanolic cupric acetate, 2) further oxidation to the acid with methylene blue in the presence of KCN at pH 6.5, 3) esterification with diazomethane in the presence of methanol or ethanol, to produce the methyl ester of TA (TAme) or ethyl ester, respectively, and 4) purification of the products by TLC and HPLC. The molecular weights and structures of the esters were established by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The binding of [3H]TAme to steroid receptors or serum steroid-binding proteins and the in vitro hydrolysis of the ester were evaluated simultaneously, by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 columns in aqueous buffer. [3H]TAme is bound with high affinity by receptors from human leukemic cells and rat liver. The pattern of competition for this binding is characteristic of glucocorticoid receptors: TA approximately equal to TAme greater than R5020 (a synthetic progestin) approximately equal to aldosterone greater than 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. [3H]TAme is not bound detectably by serum steroid-binding proteins and is rapidly hydrolyzed during incubation with serum at 37 C. The acidic product has a very low affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. Complexes of [3H]TAme with human and rat receptors have sedimentation coefficients of 9-10S in hypotonic buffer containing 20 mM Na2MoO4 and approximately 4S in hypertonic, molybdate-free buffer. These values of s20,w are similar to those of the oligomeric and monomeric forms, respectively, of the same receptors labeled with [3H]TA, and of mammalian steroid receptors, in general. The antiinflammatory activity of TAme in rats is comparable to that of prednisolone, but the ester is devoid of the side effects associated with prednisolone treatment (suppression of thymic weight and of serum corticosterone concentration). These bioassay data and the high affinity of the ester for human glucocorticoid receptors suggest that TAme may eventually be useful clinically, as a loc
The back-buffer algorithm: An extension of the radiosity method to dynamic environments

An efficient algorithm is introduced for the production of realistic image sequences of dynamic environments. The practicality of the radiosity method, which computes the interreflection of light within complex diffuse environments independent of viewpoint, is extended to dynamic environments where the paths of moving objects have been predefined. The algorithm takes advantage of the object coherence between static portions of an environment. A preprocessing stage executes once for a given image sequence and precalculates constant geometrical relationships in the environment. When the environment geometry changes, an update stage determines the global illumination using information provided by the preprocessor and the current positions of all moving objects. Test environments show speedups of at least twenty-five times over previous radiosity methods.
SERVICE PROVIDER HOSTILITY AND SERVICE QUALITY

Previous research on interpersonal interactions has found inconsistent effects of hostile interpersonal behaviors on organizational outcomes. This study found that technical performance by service ...
Sleep quality, BDNF genotype and gene expression in individuals with chronic abdominal pain

Sleep quality and genetics may contribute to the etiology of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Individuals with impaired sleep often have a number of associated symptoms including chronic abdominal pain (CAP). The current study examined the interactions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype with sleep quality in persons with CAP and healthy controls. In addition, associations among sleep quality, BDNF genotype, and gene expression were explored in the participants. Data were collected on 59 participants (46% male, 61% White, 26.9 ± 6.6 years; CAP (n=19) and healthy controls (n=40)). Participants with CAP reported poorer sleep quality compared to healthy controls. BDNF genotype, categorized as Val/Val homozygotes versus the Met carriers. Microarray analysis found twenty-four differentially expressed genes by a two-fold magnitude in participants with poor sleep quality compared to good sleep quality, and seven differentially expressed genes comparing CAP to healthy control. Three specific genes in the pain group overlap with sleep quality, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), spermatogenesis associated serine-rich 2-like (SPATS2L), and immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 or mu (IGHG1/// IGHM). BDNF was shown to have an interaction effect with GI and sleep symptoms. Participants with CAP reported poor sleep quality compared to healthy controls. The role of the BDNF Met allele on differential gene expression was not distinct as main factor, but impacted interactions with sleep quality and CAP. Down-regulation of IGF1, SPATS2L, and IGHG1 expression may be related to the etiology of poor sleep quality and CAP. Clinicaltrial.gov # NCT00824941
Spatial distribution and extent of electroporation by strong internal shock in intact structurally normal and chronically infarcted rabbit hearts.

Introduction: Although life-saving, a strong internal defibrillation shock may temporarily or permanently damage the heart via disruption of cell membranes (electroporation). Spatial extent of electroporation in intact, normal, or infarcted hearts has not been investigated. In this study, shock-induced electroporation in intact rabbit hearts with and without chronic (>4 weeks) left ventricular myocardial infarction (MI) was characterized. Methods and Results: A coil shock electrode was inserted in the right ventricle of Langendorff-perfused hearts. One truncated exponential monophasic shock (+300 V, 8 ms) was delivered by a 150 μF capacitor clinical defibrillator while the heart was perfused with membrane-impermeant dye propidium iodide (PI). The heart was sectioned transversely, and uptake of PI into ventricular myocardium through electropores was quantified. Histological evaluation was performed via Masson's trichrome staining. PI accumulation was minimal in the control (n = 3) and MI (n = 3) hearts without shock. Following shock delivery, (1) in control (n = 5) and MI (n = 5) hearts, electroporation mostly occurred near the shock electrode and was longitudinally distributed along the active region of the shock electrode; (2) in MI group, electroporation was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the surviving anterior epicardial layers of the infarcted region; and (3) between the control and MI groups, the overall extent of electroporation was similar. Conclusion: Shock-induced electroporation was spatially dependent on the location and dimension of the active region of the shock electrode. The overall extent of electroporation in the MI heart was comparable with the control heart, but the surviving anterior epicardial layers in the infarcted region were more susceptible to electroporation.
Reconstructing Evolutionary Graphs: 3D Parsimony

The increasing recognition that symbioses have greatly altered evolution through genome fusions is creating a need for algorithms that can reliably detect and reconstruct fusions. Here, we generalize the bootstrappers gambit algorithm (a quartet method) in order to permit it to analyze both bifurcations and fusions under a single mathematical model, and thereby detect past genomic branchings and endosymbioses. This new method, 3-dimensional parsimony, can be applied to aligned sequences, such as gene, indel, or other genomic presence/absence sequences. It also provides a statistical measure of support for each possible graph. The usefulness of this method is demonstrated by applying it to the ring of life.
Editors and author resource centers actively used by attendees

At the 2011 Fall Meeting, as in previous years, the Editors Resource Center located on the second floor of Moscone West was buzzing with activity: editors talking with other editors, collaborating with associate editors, speaking with authors, and meeting with students. In addition, several editors took part in “Meet the Editor” informal sessions, a new feature introduced for the 2011 meeting to strengthen the partnership between authors and editors. The map “Where are you from?” (see photo), outside the Editors Resource Center, drew the attention of many attendees who were eager to place their colored dots on the map. The Author Resource Center, located in the AGU Marketplace, became a hub for AGU veteran authors and potential authors alike. Staff were there to answer both editorial and technical questions, especially the most frequent one: What happens after my paper is accepted? The running slideshow that described all aspects of the AGU publications program sparked a myriad of questions, which AGU staff were happy to answer.
A test of the X-linked genetic hypothesis for sex differences on Piaget's water-level task

Abstract Data from seven studies involving 849 high school and college students were used to test the recessive X-linked genetic model prediction that the square of the proportion of men who perform accurately on the water-level task is equal to the proportion of women who perform accurately. Goodness-of-fit tests showed that this prediction was confirmed for each sample. A model with a single estimate of gene frequency accounted for all the data when a classification error parameter was incorporated into the X-linked model. In both models the gene frequency parameter was about 2 3 .
Blood dyscrasias from a dental point of view

T HE essential hematologic features of this disease are a low platelet count, prolonged bleeding time, evidence of normal regeneration of blood, delayed retractility of the clot, normal coagulation time, and the absence of changes in morphology of the formed elements of the blood that are distinctive of other hemorrhagic diseases. In the absence of poisoning, particularly from arsenical preparations and acute infections, the disclosure of these conditions in a hematologic examination of a patient presenting petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding from one or more mucous membranes, and anemia of varying degree, leaves no question as to the nature of the disease. Pemberton29 feels that many of the patients with chronic purpura hemorrhagica of mild severity, after removal of foci of infection, improve and remain in excellent health under adequate medical supervision. In those cases, however, in which the hemorrhagic tendencies persist in the form of recurring crops of petechiae, and perhaps an occasional slight nosebleed, and in which, in addition, a condition exists for which a major surgical operation is indicated, the spleen should be removed first as a precautionary measure, lest uncontrollable bleeding complicate the operation performed for the principal complaint. Nygaard3” in studying seventeen cases of thrombocytopenic purpura found the data given in Table III.
Adjuvant radiotherapy for completely resected stage 2 thymoma

BACKGROUND: The clinical benefit of postoperative mediastinal radiation for completely resected Masaoka stage 2 thymoma remains controversial. Due to its indolent nature and infrequent recurrences, no study has definitively determined the optimal approach. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 175 consecutive patients who underwent thymic resection from January 1990 to July 2008 at the University of Pennsylvania. The primary endpoint was local recurrence, defined as recurrence within the surgical bed, treated by resection alone versus resection plus radiation. Patients with high recurrence risk were referred for adjuvant radiotherapy. RESULTS: Seventy-four Masaoka stage 2 patients were resected; 62 underwent complete resections with adequate postsurgical follow-up. Thirty-seven patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and 25 patients were observed. The median radiation dose was 5040 cGy. The median follow-up for all patients was 52 months. The local recurrence rate was 3.2%. The proportion of recurrences in patients observed after surgery was 8% versus 0% in those who received adjuvant radiotherapy (P = .15). Size was not an independent predictor of recurrence (P = .81). The tumor-related death rate was 0%, and overall death rate was 3.2%. One death occurred in each group, observation, and radiation. There were no grade 3 or 4 complications with radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence rates were low following resection of stage 2 thymoma either with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy, although well-tolerated, did not significantly decrease the local relapse rate. Differences may be observed in future studies of patients who are at higher risk for local recurrence, based on completeness of resection, World Health Organization histology, and tumor size. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Effects of morphine on visual evoked responses recorded in five brain sites.

Abstract The effects of morphine on averaged evoked responses to visual stimulation were examined in specific brain structures relevant to pain, analgesia, tolerance and motor disturbances. Permanent electrodes (60 μ in diameter) were implanted stereotaxically in the central gray, mesencephalic reticular formation, caudate nucleus, parafasicular-centromedian complex and the lateral geniculate body as a control site. Visual evoked responses were obtained in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats prior to and following the administration of morphine in successive doses of 1, 5, 10 and 30 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg of naloxone (a morphine antagonist). The parafasicular-centromedian complex and the reticular formation exibited a progressive increase in response amplitude to increased dose of morphine. These effects were reversed by naloxone. In this study the parafasicular-centromedian complex was found to be the most sensitive structure to morphine, displaying the largest changes in response amplitude as a result of morphine administration.
6MAP, a Fluorescent Adenine Analogue, Is a Probe of Base Flipping by DNA Photolyase

Cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are formed between adjacent pyrimidines in DNA when it absorbs ultraviolet light. CPDs can be directly repaired by DNA photolyase (PL) in the presence of visible light. How PL recognizes and binds its substrate is still not well understood. Fluorescent nucleic acid base analogues are powerful probes of DNA structure. We have used the fluorescent adenine analogue 6MAP, a pteridone, to probe the local double helical structure of the CPD substrate when bound by photolyase. Duplex melting temperatures were obtained by both UV−vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies to ascertain the effect of the probe and the CPD on DNA stability. Steady-state fluorescence measurements of 6MAP-containing single-stranded and doubled-stranded oligos with and without protein show that the local region around the CPD is significantly disrupted. 6MAP shows a different quenching pattern compared to 2-aminopurine, another important adenine analogue, although both probes show that the structu...
A characterization of bivariegated trees

A graph is bivariegated if its vertex set can be partitioned into two equal sets such that each vertex is adjacent to one and only one vertex in the set not containing it. A tree with 2 n vertices is bivariegated if and only if the largest independent subset of the vertex set has cardinal n. A constructive description of such trees as well as a listing of all those with 12 or fewer vertices is given.
Acceptability and feasibility of a virtual counselor (VICKY) to collect family health histories

To overcome literacy-related barriers in the collection of electronic family health histories, we developed an animated Virtual Counselor for Knowing your Family History, or VICKY. This study examined the acceptability and accuracy of using VICKY to collect family histories from underserved patients as compared with My Family Health Portrait (MFHP). Participants were recruited from a patient registry at a safety net hospital and randomized to use either VICKY or MFHP. Accuracy was determined by comparing tool-collected histories with those obtained by a genetic counselor. A total of 70 participants completed this study. Participants rated VICKY as easy to use (91%) and easy to follow (92%), would recommend VICKY to others (83%), and were highly satisfied (77%). VICKY identified 86% of first-degree relatives and 42% of second-degree relatives; combined accuracy was 55%. As compared with MFHP, VICKY identified a greater number of health conditions overall (49% with VICKY vs. 31% with MFHP; incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.59; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.13–2.25; P = 0.008), in particular, hypertension (47 vs. 15%; IRR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.66–6.10; P = 0.001) and type 2 diabetes (54 vs. 22%; IRR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.33–4.60; P = 0.004). These results demonstrate that technological support for documenting family history risks can be highly accepted, feasible, and effective. Genet Med 17 10, 822–830.
Delinquency and peer acceptance in adolescence: a within-person test of Moffitt's hypotheses

We tested 2 hypotheses derived from Moffitt's (1993) taxonomic theory of antisocial behavior, both of which are central to her explanation for the rise in delinquency during adolescence. We tested whether persistently delinquent individuals become more accepted by their peers during adolescence and whether individuals who abstain from delinquent behavior become less accepted. Participants were 4,359 adolescents from 14 communities in the PROSPER study, which assessed friendship networks and delinquency from 6th (M = 11.8 years) to 9th (M = 15.3 years) grade. We operationalized peer acceptance as number of nominations received (indegree centrality), attractiveness as a friend (adjusted indegree centrality), and network bridging potential (betweenness centrality) and tested the hypotheses with multilevel modeling. Contrary to Moffitt's hypothesis, persistently delinquent youths did not become more accepted between early and middle adolescence, and although abstainers were less accepted in early adolescence, they became more accepted over time. Results were similar for boys and girls; when differences occurred, they provided no support for Moffitt's hypotheses for boys and were opposite of her hypotheses for girls. Sensitivity analyses in which alternative strategies and additional data were used to identify persistently delinquent adolescents produced similar results. We explore the implications of these results for Moffitt's assertions that social mimicry of persistently antisocial adolescents leads to increases in delinquency and that social isolation leads to abstention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
What is a lefthander

Attributes of lefthanders and lefthandedness were examined and 3 etiologies of lefthandedness were proposed.
The struggle over media literacy

The goal of media literacy is to help people become sophisticated citizens rather than sophisticated consumers. The authors argue against a purely ‘text-centred’ approach in which media texts can be deconstructed and analyzed so we can choose among them. Instead, media literacy should integrate a textual analysis with questions of production and reception. An analysis of the structure of media institutions is particularly important if Americans are able to appreciate and argue for alternatives to a lightly regulated commercial media system. Media literacy is, therefore, a way of extending democracy to the place where democracy is increasingly scripted and defined.
Alkaloids of Alstonia Muelleriana

Abstract Four indole alkaloids have been isolated and characterized from the tree bark of Alstonia muelleriana Domin. One of these is the previously known dimeric indole alkaloid, villalstonine (I). A second probably dimeric indole alkaloid, alstonisidine (II), and two monomeric indole alkaloids, alstonisine (III) and alstonerine (IV) are also described.
Sonographically guided sternoclavicular joint injection: description of technique and validation.

Objectives The primary purpose of this investigation was to describe and validate a sonographically guided technique for injecting the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) using a cadaveric model. Methods A single experienced operator (J.S.) completed 13 sonographically guided SCJ injections on 7 unembalmed cadaveric specimens (4 male and 3 female) using an out-of-plane, caudad-to-cephalad technique to place 1 mL of diluted blue latex into the joint. Within 72 hours, study coinvestigators dissected each specimen to determine the injectate location. Results All 13 injections accurately placed latex into the SCJ with a predilection for the clavicular side (accuracy, 100%; 95% confidence interval, 73%-100%). Three injections (23%) placed all latex on the clavicular side of the SCJ in the presence of a complete intra-articular disk. Dissection revealed incomplete degenerated disks in the remaining 10 joints. Seven of these injections (54%) clearly placed more than 80% of the latex on the clavicular side, whereas the remaining 3 injections (23%) showed nearly equal latex distribution between the clavicular and sternal sides. No injection resulted in neurovascular injury or extracapsular flow. Conclusions Sonographically guided SCJ injections can be considered in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with medial shoulder pain syndromes and, using the technique described herein, have a predilection to target the clavicular portion of the joint. In younger patients with possible complete intra-articular disks or in patients with sternal-side conditions, practitioners should consider confirming sternal-side flow after injection or attempt to specifically target the sternal side of the joint.
The use of geometrical models as a stereological aid exemplified by the solidification geometry of ferrous metals

SUMMARY In the present paper, model geometry is used to describe the three-dimensional nature of some structural constituents of ferrous metals, such as cells, grains, dendrites, networks etc. in the course of their solidification process. Based on micrographs of eutectic cells, highly magnified model structures were built. By cutting the models, all the features found in real micrographs (cell boundaries, groupings, phosphide figures etc.) could be simulated. Using the known geometrical properties of the models, parameters such as the porosity due to phosphides, can be calculated; this allowed precautionary casting techniques to be derived. Further, conclusions could be drawn about processes occurring during structure formation, i.e. during cooling and solidification of the metal. A geometrical derivation of various equations for internal surfaces, hydraulic diameters during the last moments of crystallization etc., and the technological applications of this knowledge are possible. As structural constituents of metals are sometimes complicated bodies, our more intuitive geometrical approach using models often provides more reliable information about their appearance than very elegant but abstract arithmetical methods.
Variation in IRF6 contributes to nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate.

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common craniofacial birth defect which results in lifelong medical and social consequences. While there have been a number of attempts to identify the genes responsible for this disorder, the results have not been consistent among populations and no single gene has been identified as playing a major susceptibility role. Van der Woude syndrome, a disorder characterized by lower-lip pits with or without cleft lip/palate, results in many cases from mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene. Recently, Zucchero et al. [2004: N Engl J Med 351:769–780] detected an association between SNPs in IRF6 and NSCLP in a number of different populations. A subsequent study by Scapoli et al. [2005: Am J Hum Genet 76:180–183] confirmed this association in an Italian population. We examined the same SNPs as Scapoli et al. [2005] in our large, well-characterized sample of NSCLP families and trios, and also detected an altered transmission of IRF6 alleles. This additional confirmation further strengthens the IRF6 association and suggests that IRF6 plays a role in NSCLP susceptibility. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Pain

This article considers the evaluation and treatment of chronic pain conditions in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The emergence of significant pain problems in cases of TBI is quite common [1–3]. This high co-occurrence rate stems in large part from the nature of accident-related events and forces (eg, causing multi-trauma) as well as changes in brain functioning that affect sensory and motoric functioning and, perhaps, perception of pain stimuli. While affecting the emergence and course of pain, these trauma-related biologic factors are often not sufficient to account for the persistence of pain into chronic states in all cases. Often psychologic (eg, cognitive, emotional) and social factors also need to be considered to understand the persistence of pain complaints, prompting the need for use of a biopsychosocial approach in the evaluation and treatment of chronic pain conditions in patients with TBI. Although widely cited in the literature as a distinct factor affecting management and outcome [4], the co-existence of TBI and pain has not actually received much well-controlled, systematic study in terms of its epidemiology, course, evaluation, treatment, or effects on functional outcome. However, what is well known in the clinical setting is that the co-occurrence of pain and TBI offers unique conceptual, diagnostic, and treatment challenges for the practitioner. This article focuses on chronic pain in patients with TBI, with the following aims: (1) to provide an overview of the extent and nature of the co-morbid problem; (2) to highlight the clinical challenges that are unique; and (3) to discuss specific evaluation and treatment approaches for two of the more frequent pain conditions in patients with TBI, namely headache and pain arising from spasticity.
Economic Systems, Child Rearing Practices and Personality Development

. Traditional Weberian theory posits that the values inherent in particular religious ideologies give rise, at least in some societies, to attitudes predisposing individuals towards a particular type of economic organization. In conjunction with this, McClelland postulates that socialization practices mediate and inculcate religious values in such a way that certain economic attitudes and behavior patterns emerge in adulthood; certain practices result in a motivational predisposition such as need achievement. However, recent research indicates that, in evolving societies, the economic-ecological variables strongly influence the types of child rearing practices used and the parentally-instilled values and ideology. Thus, personality predispositions and personal values depend, to a large extent, upon the economic structure and occupational roles of the society. As society increases in social-structural and technological complexity, the relationship between personal values and the economic institution becomes reciprocal.
Revision abdominoplasty: Complications and their management

As in all surgical procedures, complications following abdominoplasty occur. The following article focuses on the complications that may arise during and following abdominoplasty procedures, their recognition, treatment, and prevention.
Optimal deadlock resolutions in edge-disjoint reducible wait-for graphs

We consider the wait-for graphs that are edge-disjoint reducible. We show that the problem of finding minimum abort set is polynomial-time solvable for such wait-for graphs.