cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method of Developing more Realistic Predictive Models

This study demonstrates a better method of regression analysis than Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method under certain conditions. Ridge Regression, as it is called is useful in situations where there are strong intercorrelations among regressor variables – a condition called multicollinearity. When OLS regression is used to model the relationship between the response variable and the regressor variables the model may exhibit some undesirable properties. Using ergonomics data exhibiting multicollinearity the use of the Ridge technique is demonstrated. An OLS model for the same data is also presented and compared with the Ridge models. The Ridge model was superior to the latter. It exhibited more realistic properties and predicted more accurately. It is therefore proposed as a valuable tool to the Human Factors/Ergonomics researcher in the development of regression models with highly intercorrelated regressor variables.
The Female of Aeshna Rufipennis (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

In these Annals, June, 1941, pages 397-403, I described the male of Aeshna rufipennis , n. sp. from Satipo, in the Urubamba Valley of Peru. Shortly after its publication a female and seven more males were received from the collector, Pedro Paprzycki. The female was dated May 23, 1940. One male was undated; six bore the dates May 24, 29, June 3 (2 specimens), 9 and 20, 1940.
Precision Medicine in Gastrointestinal Pathology.

Context.—Precision medicine is the promise of individualized therapy and management of patients based on their personal biology. There are now multiple global initiatives to perform whole-genome se...
After Cruzan. The U. S. Supreme Court's decision settles the case but raises new questions.

In its Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, decision the U.S. Supreme Court addressed only states' authority in the refusal of medical treatment. But the case itself drew national attention to the issue, and physicians and healthcare facilities should expect to see living wills and durable powers of attorney increase as a result. Legal concerns will also arise as a result of misconceptions regarding the law. The Court was careful to qualify and limit its support of the Missouri Supreme Court's decision. As opposed to the latter's nearly outright denial of an individual's right to refuse medical treatment, the U.S. Supreme Court's majority opinion asserted that a competent person has a "constitutionally protected liberty interest in refusing unwanted medical treatment." And although the Court upheld Missouri's requirement that there be "clear and convincing evidence" of an incompetent patient's previously expressed wishes before treatment can be discontinued, it did not make such evidence mandatory for states with different law. Finally, in a separate concurring opinion Justice Sandra Day O'Connor asserted that a patient-designated proxy could be an acceptable "source of evidence" of a patient's intent. If the proxy does in fact have some constitutional status, this status should motivate state courts and legislatures to recognize the practice.
Phases and Phase Transitions in Two Dimensional Systems with Competing Interactions

We summarize the results of synchrotron X-ray studies of the phases and phase transitions in two prototypical two-dimensional systems where competing interactions play an essential role. The first, stage–4 bromine intercalated graphite, C28Br2, exhibits a transition from a centered \(\sqrt 3 \times 7\) commensurate phase to a stripe domain incommensurate phase where technically there are no Bragg peaks but only power law singularities with exponents nn =2n2/49 where n is the harmonic number. The second, monolayer krypton on graphite, is one of the most extensively studied surface overlayer systems. This system exhibits a \(\sqrt 3 \times \sqrt 3 \) commensurate phase, a modulated hexatic reentrant fluid phase and both nonrotated and rotated incommensurate triangular solid phases. These phases and the transitions between them have been studied in detail. Finally, we discuss briefly perspectives for the future.
Early Special Exchange Procedures

Incident to the imposition of exchange control in Germany there developed certain special exchange procedures. These techniques of trade seem to have been developed at both private and governmental initiative as the need for them arose. The apparent pattern of the following discussion does not indicate the more or less haphazard growth of special exchange devices. As individual problems appeared they were met and solved pragmatically. By the end of 1932, however, patterns of procedure are evident. The problem to be faced in most every case was that of alleviating the restrictive effects of depression in general and exchange control in particular on the volume of German export trade. Considerable effort was also directed toward securing the release of German funds which were blocked by other exchange controlling countries.
Can optical diagnosis of small colon polyps be accurate? Comparing standard scope without narrow banding to high definition scope with narrow banding.

Can optical diagnosis of small colon polyps be accurate? Comparing standard scope without narrow banding to high definition scope with narrow banding
Intentions to receive a potentially available Lyme disease vaccine in an urban sample.

Objectives:The only human Lyme disease vaccine of LYMErix was voluntarily removed from the market in the United States in 2002 for a number of reasons. A new human Lyme disease vaccine is currently...
The Full Right to Self-Preservation and Sovereign Duties

Individuals in Hobbes’s theory start out with the broadest possible set of rights or freedoms: the right to anything that may help us to preserve ourselves that comprises the aggregate right of nature. Then we conform to the second law of nature and go through the process of transferring and laying down those rights that we would not want others to hold against us. Where does this leave the Hobbesian individual with regard to her rights? She now has a residual set of rights. These remaining rights consist in those freedoms that have not been transferred or renounced. They are what remain of the right of nature which was of course the right to preserve ourselves that forms the starting point of the theory. The right to self-preservation is what drives Hobbes’s argument for government and it is never given up but is retained and carried into the commonwealth. Under the second law of nature only those rights or freedoms that were found to be counterproductive to our preservation have been given up. When we allow total freedom to any and every action that may be seen as conducive to our preservation including the freedom to invade one another’s bodies [‘every man has a Right to every thing; even to one anothers body’ (Leviathan p. 190)], then we are in a constant and unending war of each against each.
Dietary Enrichment with 20% Fish Oil Decreases Mucus Production and the Inflammatory Response in Mice with Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Lung Inflammation.

The prevalence of asthma has increased in recent decades, which may be related to higher dietary intake of (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower intake of (n-3) PUFA, e.g., those contained in fish oil. The objective of this study was to determine if dietary PUFA enrichment decreases mucus production or the inflammatory response associated with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic lung inflammation. Mice (n = 10/group) were fed control, 20% fish oil, or 20% corn oil enriched diets for a total of 12 weeks. At 8 and 10 weeks, mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (10 control-fed mice) or OVA (30 remaining mice). Once at 10 weeks and on 3 consecutive days during week 12, mice were challenged by nebulizing with saline or OVA. Mice were euthanized 24 hours after the last challenge and blood was collected for plasma FA analysis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected to determine cell composition and Th2-type cytokine (IL-4, IL-13) concentrations. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) + mucus-producing cells and CD45+ inflammatory cell infiltrates in lung tissue were quantified using morphometric analysis. Relative abundance of mRNA for mucin (Muc4, Muc5ac, and Muc5b) and Th2-type cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) genes were compared with s-actin by qPCR. Supplementation with either corn oil or fish oil effectively altered plasma FA profiles towards more (n-6) FA or (n-3) FA, respectively (P < 0.0001). Sensitization and challenge with OVA increased the proportion of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, and decreased the proportion of macrophages and concentrations of IL-13 in BAL fluid; increased the percentage of PAS+ mucus-producing cells and CD45+ inflammatory cell infiltrates in lung tissue; and increased gene expression of mucins (Muc4, Muc5ac, and Muc5b) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) in lung tissue of control-fed mice. Dietary PUFA reversed the increase in PAS+ mucus-producing cells (P = 0.003). In addition, dietary enrichment with fish oil attenuated the percentage of CD45+ inflammatory cell infiltrates in lung tissue, and increased Muc4 and Muc 5b gene expression compared with OVA-sensitized and challenged control mice. In conclusion, dietary enrichment with either (n-3) or (n-6) PUFA decreased mucus production in lung tissues of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. More specifically, enrichment with dietary (n-3) PUFA decreased CD45+ inflammatory cell infiltrates, thus inducing potentially beneficial changes in lung tissue of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice.
Improving electrical properties of sol-gel derived zinc oxide thin films by plasma treatment

Being a direct and wide bandgap semiconductor, zinc oxide is a suitable material for various optoelectronic applications. These applications require tuning and controlling over the electrical and optical properties of zinc oxide films. In this work, zinc oxide thin films were prepared by a solution method that led to oriented crystal growth along (002) plane. The zinc oxide thin films were treated with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen plasmas. The films were characterized to reveal the effects of plasma treatments on transmittance, crystallinity, carrier density, carrier mobility, and electrical resistivity. Oxygen plasma treatment improved the crystallinity of the zinc oxide thin film without affecting the film's transmittance. Hydrogen plasma treatments were found very effective in improving the electrical conductivity sacrificing the film's transmittance. Nitrogen plasma treatment led to improved electrical conductivity without compromising the crystallinity and optical transmittance. Sequential oxygen, ...
Differentiating lipedema and Dercum's disease.

People with lipedema or Dercum’s disease (DD) can have a similar distribution of excess painful nodular subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), making them difficult to differentiate. Case series of 94 patients with DD, 160 with lipedema and 18 with both diagnoses (Lip+DD) from a single clinic in an academic medical center to improve identification and differentiation of these disorders by comparison of clinical findings, prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2), hypermobility by the Beighton score and assessment of a marker of inflammation, Total complement activity (CH50). Differences between groups were by Student’s t-test with α of 0.05. The Lipedema Group had significantly greater weight, body mass index (BMI), gynoid distributed nodular SAT and fibrotic and heavy tissue than the DD Group. Hypermobility was significantly higher in the Lipedema (58±0.5%) than DD Group (23±0.4%; P<0.0001). DM2 was significantly greater in the DD (16±0.2%; P=0.0007) than the Lipedema Group (6±0.2%). Average pain by an analog scale was significantly higher in the DD (6±2.5%) than the Lipedema Group (4±2.1%; P<0.0001). Fatigue and swelling were common in both groups. Easy bruising was more common in the Lipedema Group, whereas abdominal pain, shortness of breath, fibromyalgia, migraines and lipomas were more prevalent in the DD Group. The percentage of patients with elevated CH50 was significantly positive in both groups. The significantly lower prevalence of DM2 in people with lipedema compared with DD may be due to the greater amount of gynoid fat known to be protective against metabolic disorders. The high percentage of hypermobility in lipedema patients indicates that it may be a comorbid condition. The location of fat, high average daily pain, presence of lipomas and comorbid painful disorders in DD patients may help differentiate from lipedema.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Amino‐Substituted Carbocycles by Pd‐Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions

Amino-substituted alkylidenecyclopentanes were synthesized through a stereoselective intermolecular Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reaction between alkenyl triflates bearing a pendant alkene and exogenous amine nucleophiles. The reactions are effective with a range of different substrate combinations, and proceed with generally high diastereoselectivity. Use of (S)-tBuPhox as the ligand in reactions of achiral substrates provides enantioenriched products with up to 98.5:1.5 e.r.
IMPLANTED CARDIAC DEFIBRILLATOR AND PACEMAKER LEAD FUNCTION IN PATIENT WITH CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

Introduction: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) results from myocardial infiltration of amyloid proteins that leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and conduction abnormalities. Low QRS voltage on surface electrocardiography is characteristic of CA, raising concern for poor R-wave sensing and
Phenolation to Improve Lignin Reactivity toward Thermosets Application

Phenolation can be used to improve the reactivity and decrease the molecular weight of lignin, thereby making it more useful for various applications. We report an effective phenolation process with only a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and using phenol as solvent. The optimum phenolation conditions for pine kraft lignin and sweetgum biorefinery lignin were determined to be lignin/phenol (L/P, wt/wt) of 3/5, 5% acid charge at 90 °C for 2 h and L/P of 2/5, 5% acid charge at 110 °C for 2 h, respectively. Phenolation resulted in introducing 30 wt % of phenol onto pine kraft lignin and 60 wt % of phenol onto sweetgum biorefinery lignin and significantly decreasing in the molecular weight of lignin. Phenol was incorporated onto both the side chains and aromatic nuclei of lignin. All lignin substructures of β-O-4′, β-5′/α-O-4′, β–β′, α-carbonyl, etc. were reacted, resulting in a significant decrease in aliphatic hydroxyl groups and increase in the phenolic hydroxyl groups. The comprehensive characterization ...
ON THE PLYOMETRIC NATURE OF OLYMPIC WEIGHTLIFTING BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING FOR SPORT

Olympic-style weightlifting exercises have found their place in the training of speed and power athletes. A systematic review of the most accredited academic literature provides kinetic and kinematic data to define the relationship between change in vertical ground reaction force (GRF), peak vertical bar velocity, average joint angular displacement and average joint angular velocity during the snatch, clean and jerk. Important similarities between jumping mechanics - the paradigm of power development in sport - and the pull in Olympic weightlifting have provided insight on the plyometric nature of these explosive movements, supporting the use of full lifts - snatch, clean and jerk - in the training of elite level athletes. Article visualizations:
MEASUREMENT OF STRESS USING ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES BASED ON A NEW ACOUSTOELASTIC THEORY

ABSTRACT We have recently developed the rudiments of an acoustoelastic theory (Man & Lu, 1987), which can serve as the basis of new experimental techniques for the measurement of stress in textured and plastically deformed bodies. Our starting point is the general theory of linear elasticity with initial stress. The guiding idea is to exploit material symmetry and seek universal relations that directly relate wave-speeds to stress and density at the as-received configuration of the prestressed body in question and to make full use of such universal relations in the evaluation of stress. Since our theory makes no assumption on the origin of the stress in the given body, it will be applicable to plastically deformed bodies for which the superimposed ultrasonic waves can be taken as hyperelastic. In the present paper we shall review the experiments of King & Fortunko (1983), Thompson & co-workers (1986), and Lu & Man (1987), which can all be taken as having corroborated our acoustoelastic theory. To interpret the experiments of Thompson & co-workers, we derive here a new universal relation for a class of monoclinic media that are almost transversely-isotropic.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648–1695)

Admired in Mexico for her talents and the brilliance of her mind and internationally assessed as philosopher now, for centuries Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz had been assigned to oblivion.1 Current investigation of Sor Juana’s feminism and her notions of such traditional philosophical concepts as the Great Chain of Being is yielding new awareness of the complexity of her thought. While we are acquiring a fuller understanding of what she contributed to the canon of philosophy, inquiry into her life itself confirms her place as scholar and feminist forerunner.
Controls in Solar Energy Systems

The characteristics of bang-bang, proportional, integral, derivative, and PID controllers, and their applications to solar energy systems, are presented. Also included is a determination of the effects of temperature settings on cycling rates in systems using bang-bang controllers. A phase-plane representation is developed and an analytical representation for the number of cycles as a function of temperature settings, solar radiation, and physical parameters is presented.
Government Cattle: Anti-Wildlife Politics in East and Central Africa

This chapter explores multiple iterations of “anti-wildlife” politics and critiques offered by African subjects and others of colonial conservation regimes. These critiques began as efforts to reform, as when Nyasaland farmers and missionaries petitioned against the game laws, but embraced forms of civil disobedience and criticism of colonial intermediaries, as when Northern Rhodesian hunters flouted the game laws and attacked its enforcers. In colonial representative councils, African members openly associated wildlife protection with colonialism, offering an outright nationalist critique. Conservationists responded by developing forms of community conservation to blunt these critiques and walling off some protected areas as national parks.
N-acetyl-L-tryptophan delays disease onset and extends survival in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mouse model

Abstract Background Whether l -NAT, a cytochrome c release inhibitor and an antagonist of NK-1R, provides protection in ALS is not known. Results l -NAT delays disease onset and mortality in mSOD1G93A ALS mice by inhibiting mitochondrial cell death pathways, inflammation, and NK-1R downregulation. Conclusion l -NAT offers protection in a mouse model of ALS. Significance Data suggest the potential of l -NAT as a novel therapeutic strategy for ALS and provide insight into its action mechanisms. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron loss, while inflammation has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Both inhibitors of cytochrome c release and antagonists of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) have been reported to provide neuroprotection in ALS and/or other neurodegenerative diseases by us and other researchers. However, whether N-acetyl- l -tryptophan ( l -NAT), an inhibitor of cytochrome c release and an antagonist of NK-1R, provides neuroprotection in ALS remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that the administration of l -NAT delayed disease onset, extended survival, and ameliorated deteriorations in motor performance in mSOD1G93A ALS transgenic mice. Our data showed that l -NAT reached the spinal cord, skeletal muscle, and brain. In addition, we demonstrate that l -NAT reduced the release of cytochrome c/smac/AIF, increased Bcl-xL levels, and inhibited the activation of caspase-3. l -NAT also ameliorated motor neuron loss and gross atrophy, and suppressed inflammation, as shown by decreased GFAP and Iba1 levels. Furthermore, we found gradually reduced NK-1R levels in the spinal cords of mSOD1G93A mice, while l -NAT treatment restored NK-1R levels. We propose the use of l -NAT as a potential therapeutic invention against ALS.
Capacity Constraints and Service Quality: Do Airport Slot Controls Reduce Flight Delays?

Slot controls (restrictions on the number of departing and arriving flights) are implemented at over 200 capacity constrained airports worldwide to mitigate persistent congestion and delays. However, evidence is limited regarding the effectiveness of these policies. This paper uses a quasi-experiment to evaluate whether the introduction of slot controls at John F. Kennedy (JFK) and Newark (EWR) in 2008 reduced the incidence and severity of flight delays. No evidence is found of a reduction in delays at both airports. In the months after slot controls were introduced, the average arrival delay at EWR actually increased by 7 minutes. Further, the length of Delta's departure banks (high-volume periods of departing flights) decreased by about 2 minutes at JFK while the scheduled time of EWR flights decreased by 1.52-2.24 minutes. These findings are consistent with Ater (2012), who suggested that policies aimed at reducing congestion at highly concentrated airports will only have a limited impact because dominant airlines already internalize congestion. The results highlight the need for policymakers to carefully consider how the allocation of airport slots will impact flight scheduling decisions when implementing similar policies in the future.
Orientation Relationships of Pure Tin on Single Crystal Germanium Substrates

The limited number of independent β-Sn grain orientations resulting from the difficulty in nucleating β-Sn during solidification of Sn-based solders has a large effect on the resulting β-Sn grain size and, hence, on overall solder joint performance and reliability. This study analyzes the efficacy of Ge as a heterogeneous nucleation agent for β-Sn by observing the morphologies and orientation relationships of as-deposited, solid-state annealed, and liquid-state annealed pure Sn films on single crystal Ge (100), (110), and (111) substrates. Results from scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction showed that the as-deposited Sn films all deposited with a Sn (001)|| z-axis texture, regardless of the underlying Ge substrate orientation. Solid-state annealing at 150 °C for 5 min did not result in significant dewetting of the Sn films, and the films maintained their as-deposited texture of Sn (001)|| z-axis, regardless of the underlying Ge substrate orientation. Liquid-state annealing at 235 °C for 1 min resulted is large-scale dewetting of the Sn films and re-orientation of the Sn films on the various Ge substrates. After solidification, the Ge (100) and (110) single crystal substrates produced patches of dewetted grains of the same orientation but there were no consistent Sn grain textures after liquid-state annealing, suggesting no single orientation relationship. In contrast, solidification on Ge (111) single crystal substrates resulted in isolated grains with a single Sn film texture and an orientation relationship of $$ \left( {100} \right)_{\rm{Sn}} \parallel \left( {111} \right)_{\rm{Ge}} {\hbox{and}} \left[ {100} \right]_{\rm{Sn}} \parallel \left[ {110} \right]_{\rm{Ge}} $$. Density Functional Theory simulations of the experimentally observed Ge (111) sample orientation relationship and the Ge/Sn cube-on-cube orientation relationship suggest favorable relative interfacial binding energies for both interface orientations.
14 – One-Way Analysis of Variance

Publisher Summary This chapter presents one-way analysis of variance. In statistics, one-way analysis of variance is a technique used to compare means of two or more samples, using the F distribution. This technique can be used only for numerical data. The chapter explains that one measure for determining the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is ɛ, known as epsilon.
The Design of the SISE Approach

Chapter 3 delivers the details of enacting the Structural Inquiry of Stigmatized Englishes (SISE) approach, including a review of the curricular content and major activities and assignments. Also included is a brief introduction to the varieties that have been used as the central sources of linguistic data in the approach—African American English, Chicano English, and Appalachian English—and several illustrations of the types of linguistic analyses students conduct through the SISE approach, which highlight features of the varieties at different levels of analysis.
“I Have Called You Friends”: Toward a Pedagogy of Friendship in the Classroom:

Aelred of Rievaulx, a 12th-century Cistercian abbot, penned a powerful dialogue about the complexity of friendship titled Spiritual Friendship. Aelred’s central claim is that friendship is the prim...
Co 25 Fe 75 Thin Films with Ultralow Total Damping of Ferromagnetic Resonance

High-efficiency magnetic materials are important for a wide variety of applications, including digital memory and data storage technology, and microwave devices. Obtaining low loss in ferromagnetic metals is especially challenging, due to electron-magnon coupling and nonlocal relaxation channels in the multilayered stacks required for technology integration. This study reveals that scalable, industry-standard deposition techniques can be employed to achieve significant reduction in the loss of Co-Fe alloy by varying the growth conditions and multilayer design. This result paves the way to next-generation devices coupling magnon propagation with spin-dependent transport.
Linking changes in ejido land tenure to changes in landscape patterns over 30 years across Yucatán, México

Mexico’s ejidos are shifting away from community-managed, and toward individually managed lands. Shifting land tenure is a mechanism for modern agricultural development that drives changes to landscape patterns, and loss of mature forestland. Such forest conversion is conspicuous across Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. Thus, Mexico’s federal government recently identified the peninsula as a high priority region for landscape conservation. However, few studies have examined the link between changes in ejido land tenure and changes in landscape patterns. We examined spatial-temporal relationships between shifting ejido land tenure and subsequent changes to landscape patterns among 710 ejidos (2.5 million ha) across the State of Yucatan. Our analysis focused on a series of years preceding and a series of years following the changes to Mexico’s constitution that legalized parcelization of ejido lands. Our research questions were (1) how have land cover patterns changed over time and (2) after two decades of legal parcelization, did land cover patterns differ between individually managed and community-managed ejido lands? To investigate these questions, we used recent and historic remotely sensed satellite images to map and analyze changes to land cover patterns over 30 years, and related them to changes in land tenure arrangement, particularly among ejidos pre- and post-parcelization. We show that changes in ejido land tenure contributed to changes in land cover patterns, and that individually managed areas and highly parcelized ejidos exhibited a much greater increase in crop and grassland cover, and therefore a much greater increase in deforested lands, than common areas and community-managed ejidos. Moreover, we show that individually managed areas and highly parcelized ejidos exhibited higher annual deforestation rates than common areas and community-managed ejidos. Therefore, our research demonstrates that even in dry tropical forested regions, common property protects forests. We conclude that individually managed and privatized lands, especially for agricultural development, can threaten the conservation potential of community-managed landscapes in Yucatan and beyond.
Multifractal Analysis of a Seismic Moment Distribution Obtained From InSAR Inversion

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) interferograms contain valuable information about the fault systems hidden beneath the surface of the Earth. In a new approach, we aim to fit InSAR ground deformation data using a distribution of multiple seismic point sources whose parameters are found by a genetic algorithm. The resulting source distribution could provide another useful tool in solving the difficult problem of accurately mapping earthquake faults. We apply the algorithm to an ALOS-2 InSAR interferogram and perform a multifractal analysis on the resulting distribution, finding that it exhibits multifractal properties. We report first results and discuss advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
Quantifying Cause-Effect Relations Between Walking Speed, Propulsive Force, and Metabolic Cost

Walking speed is a useful surrogate for health status across the population. Walking speed appears to be governed in part by propulsive force (FP) generated during push-off and simultaneously optimized to minimize metabolic cost. However, no study to our knowledge has established empirical cause-effect relations between FP, walking speed, and metabolic cost, even in young adults. To overcome the potential linkage between these factors, we used a self-paced treadmill controller and real-time biofeedback to independently prescribe walking speed or FP across a range of condition intensities. Walking with larger and smaller FP led to instinctively faster and slower walking speeds, respectively, with about 80% of variance explained between those outcomes. We also found that comparable changes in either FP or walking speed elicited predictable and relatively uniform changes in metabolic cost, each explaining about [~]53% of the variance in net metabolic power and [~]15% of the variance in cost of transport, respectively. These findings build confidence that interventions designed to increase FP will translate to improved walking speed. Repeating this protocol in other populations may identify additional cause-effect relations that could inform the time course of gait decline due to age and disease.
Data-adaptive filtering and the state of the art in image processing (Presentation Video)

The most effective recent approaches to processing and restoration of images and video are ones that flexibly adapt themselves to the content of these signals. These high performance methods have come about through the convergence of several powerful ideas from different science and engineering disciplines. Examples include Moving Least Square (from computer graphics), the Bilateral Filter and Anisotropic Diffusion (from computer vision), Boosting and Spectral Methods (from Machine Learning), Non-local Means and Bregman Iterations (from Applied Math), Kernel Regression and Iterative Scaling (from Statistics). These approaches are deeply connected; and in this talk, I will present a framework for understanding many common underpinnings of these ideas. This has led us to new insights and algorithms, yielding both deeper theoretical analysis, and state of the art results in practice.
Chiral anomaly and gamma 3 pi.

Measurement of the {gamma}3{pi} process has revealed a possible conflict with what should be a solid prediction generated by the chiral anomaly. We show that inclusion of appropriate energy-momentum dependence in the matrix element reduces the discrepancy. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Tool capabilities needed for designing 100 MHz interconnects

Printed circuit board design complexity increases greatly as bus speeds exceed 100 MHz. This increased complexity is due more to the large number of simulations a designer must complete rather than simulation or modeling accuracy. This paper presents the case for these increased numbers of simulations, and presents techniques for managing this complexity.
THE POTENTIAL TROPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CALLIANASSA MAJOR FECAL PELLETS1

The trophic significance of the fecal pellets of Callianassa major was investigated by measuring 1) the rates at which fecal material was produced, 2) its organic carbon and nitrogen content, and 3) its ingestion by other animals. Our results indicate that 456 ± 118 fecal pellets are produced per burrow per day and from 175 ± 46 to 2,600 ± 670 pellets m−2 day−1, depending on population density, and that an entire C. major population occupying an area of about 200,000 m2 produces about 280 × 106 pellets/day. The carbon and nitrogen contents of the pellets were 3 and 0.3% of their dry weight. Aging the pellets had no effect on their carbon content but halved the nitrogen content in 48 hr. Ingestion experiments indicated that fecal pellets were eaten by hermit crabs, probably by blue crabs, and possibly by several other beach inhabitants. The results were used to calculate the rate at which organic carbon is made available in fecal pellets, and this rate was compared to production rate measurements for local primary producers. The potential quantitative significance of fecal pellets as a food source is discussed.
Bacterial utilization of total in situ dissolved carbohydrate in offshore waters1

Total dissolved carbohydrate declined steadily at rates of 1.5 and 2.6 µg C liter−1 h−1 during 12–24-h dark in situ incubations in the Sargasso Sea and Gulf of Maine, indicating rapid bacterial metabolism. The source of this carbohydrate appears to be the extracellular release of phytoplankton photosynthate fixed during the most recent photoperiod. Observed rates require substantially greater primary production than indicated by the 14C method.
A universal entrance nusselt number for internal slip flow

Abstract A universal finite Nusselt number is found for laminar slip flow heat transfer at the entrance of a conduit. The Nusselt number expression is valid for both isothermal and isoflux thermal boundary conditions and for any conduit geometry. The value of the entrance Nusselt number is found to be dependent on two nondimensional parameters that include effects of rarefaction, fluid properties, and the fluid/wall interaction.
Big Structures and Contentious Events: Two of Charles Tilly's Recent Writings'

We are happy to present here Sidney Tarrow's searching examination of two recent works by Charles Tilly. We felt that it would be a disservice to our readers to fail to review these important and no doubt controversial works, but we could not very well call upon the author to choose the reviewer. The problem was solved by persuading Professor Tarrow to prepare this review essay in deepest secrecy to ensure that its contents would remain unknown to the Editor of our Book Re-
Hot-exciton luminescence in ZnTe/MnTe quantum wells.

Hot-exciton luminescence phenomena are investigated in a ZnTe/MnTe single-quantum-well structure where tunneling through thin MnTe barriers suppresses the formation of thermalized luminescence. The longitudinal-optical-phonon-modulated recombination spectra are excitonic in nature and show strong resonance enhancement at energies that lie within localized states below the n=1 exciton.
HAEMOPTYSIS FOLLOWING INSERTION OF A SWAN-GANZ CATHETER

Haemoptysis occurred in a patient in whom a Swan—Ganz catheter was inserted for the induction of anaesthesia for hemicolectomy. It is suggested that acute pulmonary hypertension, superimposed on existing chronic pulmonary hypertension associated with mitral stenosis, was an important aetiological factor in the haemoptysis.
Breast cancer outcomes in a population with high prevalence of obesity.

Abstract Background Obesity has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, most previous studies examined populations with relatively low proportions of obese patients. Given that forecasts predict obesity rates to exceed 50% by 2030, it is important to examine breast cancer outcomes in populations with higher rates of obesity. We hypothesized that obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI), is associated with decreased overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with invasive breast cancer in a population with a high prevalence of obesity. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was conducted on patients treated for invasive breast cancer at an academic medical center between 1997 and 2013. BMI was calculated from each patient's height and weight at the time of diagnosis. Patients were categorized as normal (BMI 2 ), overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m 2 ), or obese (BMI >30 kg/m 2 ), as per the definitions established by the World Health Organization. The end points of overall survival and disease-free survival were analyzed. Results A total of 523 patients with invasive breast cancer were included for analysis. Based on BMI, 87 (16%) were categorized as normal, 150 (29%) were overweight, and 286 (55%) were obese. The median follow-up was 49 mo. There were 16 deaths (18.4%) in normal patients, 25 (16.7 %) in overweight patients, and 45 (15.7%) in obese patients ( P = 0.84). By Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, there were no differences in overall survival ( P = 0.49) or in disease-free survival ( P = 0.33) among the three groups. Conclusions Obesity is not associated with decreased overall or disease-free survival in a patient population with a high prevalence of obesity. These findings suggest that there may be other factors that contribute to the poor prognosis of obese breast cancer patients observed in populations with lower rates of obesity.
Some comparative aspects of renal adaptation to unilateral nephrectomy in white rats and kangaroo rats.

1. 1. White rats (Rattus norvegicus var. alb.) and kangaroo rats (Dipodomys hermanii) were unilaterally nephrectomized and changes in renal weight, water consumption, renal mitotic activity, urine sodium, urine osmolality and urine volume were determined daily for up to a month following surgery. 2. 2. Unilateral nephrectomy in white rats resulted in significant increases in the wet weight of surviving kidney tissue, decreased water consumption, decreased urine osmolality and decreased urine sodium concentration when averaged over a 30 day post-operative period. 3. 3. Unilaterally nephrectomized kangaroo rats showed significant increases in the wet weight of the surviving kidney along with decreased uring volume, increased water consumption and decreased daily sodium excretion over a 30 day post-operative period. 4. 4. Both groups of animals showed short-term increases in cortical renal mitotic activity and cell size which were in agreement with significant increases in the wet weight of the surviving kidney.
Parathyroid hormone: a coronary artery vasodilator

Injection of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone (the amino terminal peptide containing the first 34 amino acids) to the coronary circulation of the dog resulted in a marked coronary vasodilation. The vasodilatory response was dose-dependent and amounted to a 161 percent increase over the resting flow rate at a concentration of 1.0 unit per kilogram.
Differential Behavioral Responses to Dopaminergic Stimulation of Nucleus Accumbens Subregions in the Rat

The following experiments investigated the behavioral response to local microinfusion of dopamine (DA) and selective DA agonists into the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Rats were implanted with chronic indwelling cannulae aimed at these subregions. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, the response to DA (0, 2, 5, 10 μg/0.5 μl/side), the D-1 agonist SKF-82598 (0, 0.1, 1.0 μg), the D-2/3 agonist quinpirole (0, 1, 5, 15 μg) and the D-3 preferring agonist pramipexole (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 μg) was examined in photocell activity cages. Locomotor (horizontal) and rearing (vertical) activities were measured. DA and SKF-82958 induced relatively greater increases in activity following stimulation of the shell as compared with the core. Quinpirole induced a dose-dependent suppression of activity after infusion into both sites, although the core was more sensitive to the suppressive effect than the shell. Pramipexole induced time-dependent, biphasic effects that were small in magnitude and did not differentiate between site. In experiment 2, an observation procedure was used to record behaviors (locomotion, rearing, feeding, drinking). Dopamine (0, 2, 10 μg) elicited greater increases in rearing and feeding behavior in the shell than in the core. SKF-82958 (0, 0.75 μg) enhanced locomotion and rearing to a similar extent in both subregions in this test, whereas a mixture of a low dose (0.25 μg) of the D-1 and D-2 agonists selectively induced behavioral activation in the shell. In contrast to the results in the activity cage test, quinpirole (0, 1, 5 μg) increased motor activity at the lower dose when infused into the shell but not into the core. No alterations in feeding were observed following infusion of selective agonists, and no changes in drinking were found with any of the treatments. In summary, the shell appears to be relatively more sensitive to the motor activating effects of DA agonists than the core. Moreover, circuits associated with shell may be preferentially involved in feeding.
Factors Related to Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes towards Inclusion: A Case for Zambia.

Inclusive education has become a global trend in the provision of services for students with disabilities. In Zambia and other developing nations, international initiatives from UNESCO and other nongovernmental organisations have contributed to the consensus that all children have a right to a free and appropriate education and that all students with disabilities should be educated in inclusive settings. This study examined Zambian university students' attitudes towards including students with disabilities in general education classrooms. While attitudes towards inclusion have been studied widely in some countries, little research in this area has been conducted in Zambia. Questionnaires were distributed to 497 Zambian university students. Four hundred and eighty-four questionnaires were included in the analysis, resulting in a response rate of 97%. Results of the study indicated that, overall, Zambian university students hold positive attitudes towards inclusion. Several factors were found to be related ...
Dimensions of interpersonal events: Reward value and information value

Abstract A review of major theoretical approaches to social interactions suggests that reward value and information value are two of the most prominent characteristics of such events. To demonstrate the salience of these characteristics for one domain of interpersonal events, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was conducted for interpersonal influence events. Personal descriptions of such events were gathered from 96 college students. Similarity judgments for the descriptions were provided by 31 participants who sorted the descriptions into categories according to perceived similarity. The dimensions identified by the MDS were interpreted through a multiple regression analysis of ratings made for a subset of the descriptions on 20 attribute scales. Ninety students participated in the attribute rating task. The two-dimensional model emerging from this investigation indicates that the most salient cognitive dimensions of interpersonal influence events are (a) the valence of outcomes for the target of influence, or reward value, and (b) the intentions and expectations of the agent, or information value. The utility of these dimensions in integrating previous research and theory is discussed.
Noise and Vibration Risk Prevention Virtual Web for Ubiquitous Training

This paper describes a new Web portal offering experimental labs for ubiquitous training of university engineering students in work-related risk prevention. The Web-accessible computer program simulates the noise and machine vibrations met in the work environment, in a series of virtual laboratories that mimic an actual laboratory and provide the corresponding calculations and plots. The main goal of this work is to provide new learning strategies and methodologies to motivate students and challenge them to learn risk prevention strategies for the workplace. Students can perform the virtual experiments before taking their actual laboratory classes and repeat them whenever and as often as they want. Evaluation results show the system was considered very satisfactory, with an average student rating of 8.95 out of a maximum of 10. As well as being used for educational purposes, the program can be used in industry as a decision tool for factory workers and technicians.
Online load balancing and network flow

In this paper we study two problems that can be viewed as on-line games on a dynamic bipartite graph. The first problem is on-line load balancing with preemption. A centralized scheduler must assign tasks to servers, processing on-line a sequence of task arrivals and departures. Each task is restricted to run on some subset of the servers. The scheduler attempts to keep the load well-balanced. If preemptive reassignments are disallowed, Azar et al. [3] proved a lower bound of Ω(n1/2) on the ratio between the maximum load achieved by an on-line algorithm and the optimum off-line maximum load. We show that this ratio can be greatly reduced by an efficient scheduler using only a small amount of rescheduling.
Genetic differences in ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion after ethanol preexposure

The present studies examined the development of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion in C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice with a history of ethanol preexposure. In Experiment 1, adult male B6 and D2 mice received four preexposure injections of either saline or 4 g/kg ethanol over an 8-day period. After preexposure, all mice were given five conditioning trials consisting of 1-h access to 0.15% w/v saccharin solution followed immediately by ethanol injections (4 g/kg, IP) on all but the last trial. Drug-naive D2 mice showed greater reductions in saccharin intake. Ethanol preexposure reduced the development of ethanol-induced taste aversion in each strain. However, B6 mice showed little taste aversion overall, hindering the characterization of genetic differences in ethanol's preexposure effect. To address this problem, the parameters for taste conditioning were changed in Experiment 2 to more closely match degree of taste aversion in drug-naive mice across both strains. B6 and D2 mice received four preexposure injections of either saline, 2 g/kg ethanol, or 4 g/kg ethanol, or 4 g/kg ethanol. Subsequently, mice received five conditioning trials consisting of 1-h access to 0.2 M NaCl flavor followed by 4 g/kg ethanol (B6 mice) or 2 g/kg ethanol (D2 mice) on trials 1-4. Ethanol-naive mice of each strain developed similar levels of conditioned taste aversion. Ethanol preexposure produced greater retardation of conditioned aversion in B6 mice than in D2 mice. These results demonstrate genetic differences in the ability of ethanol preexposure to reduce the development of ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion.