cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freezing kinetics and microstructure of ice cream from high-pressure-jet processing of ice cream mix

ABSTRACT The effect of high-pressure-jet (HPJ) processing (0–500 MPa) on low-fat (6% fat) ice cream was studied by evaluating physiochemical properties before freezing, during dynamic freezing, and after hardening. An HPJ treatment ≥400 MPa decreased the density, increased the apparent size of colloidal particles, and altered rheological behavior (increased non-Newtonian behavior and consistency coefficients) of low-fat ice cream mix before freezing. During dynamic freezing, the particle size and consistency coefficient decreased but remained higher in 400 MPa–treated samples vs. non-HPJ-treated controls at the conclusion of freezing. The resulting ice creams (400 and 500 MPa–treated) had similar hardness values (3,372 ± 25 and 3,825 ± 14 g) and increased melting rates (2.91 ± 0.13 and 2.61 ± 0.31 g/min) compared with a control sample containing polysorbate 80 (3,887 ± 2 and 1.62 ± 0.25 g/min). Visualization of ice cream samples using transmission electron microscopy provided evidence of casein micelle and fat droplet disruption by HPJ treatment ≥400 MPa. In the 400 MPa–treated samples, a unique microstructure consisting of dispersed protein congregated around coalesced fat globules likely contributed to the altered physiochemical properties of this ice cream. High-pressure-jet processing can alter the microstructure, rheological properties, and hardness of a low-fat ice cream, and further modification of the formulation and processing parameters may allow the development of products with enhanced properties.
Lignin–Zein Composite: Synthesis, Three-Dimensional Printing, and Microbial Degradation

Worldwide use and disposal of plastics have reached a dramatic saturation point, polluting lands, oceans, and air across the globe. Responding to such a challenge requires, among other environmental remediation measures, the manufacture of alternative sustainable plastics. Recent studies in the area have enabled the development of degradable plastics; however, the rate and conditions required for the degradation of such materials remains under scrutiny. Here, we introduce a new class of fully plant-based, rapidly degradable lignin and zein composite blend that can be transformed into macroscopic structures using extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printing. Corn-derived zein forms the polymeric solution, while insoluble lignin granules act as a binder for enhanced printability and facile degradation. The blend showcases a shear-thinning behavior that is ideal for rapid extrusion printing into desired 3D structures, from cuvette caps to circuit boards. Biodegradation studies show that common bacteria readily found in soil and compost are able to decompose structures made with the lignin–zein composite in shorter time frames compared to a known biodegradable plastic, viz., polylactic acid. The rapid biodegradability and enhanced processability highlight the potential of lignin–zein composites to decrease our dependence on petroleum oil-based plastics.
Residential moblity in the Inka sacred valley: Oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopic analysis at Patallaqta, Peru

Abstract The Inka Empire (1400–1532 CE) made common practice of relocating individuals, households and entire communities throughout their expansive realm for different reasons depending on subjects’ assigned social status. Reconstructing patterns of residential mobility and both intra- and extra-regional mobility at Inka sites, particularly in the imperial heartland, could therefore permit some estimation of the social status(es) of their constituents, and thereby provide bottom-up insights into Inka statecraft and political economy. However, this is a difficult endeavor using only archaeological lines of evidence. This study presents oxygen, strontium and lead isotopic results from archaeological human remains (N = 81) from the site of Patallaqta, near Machu Picchu in the Sacred Valley of the southern Peruvian highlands. Isotopic data are used to reconstruct patterns of immigration at the site, which are in turn used to estimate the social status of the population. The resulting 87Sr/86Sr show moderate variation, with most individuals clustering within a range higher than the estimated values for the locale, while 206,7,8Pb/204Pb results show greater variation spanning multiple Pb isotope provinces, and δ18O results cluster broadly around estimated local water values. Taken together, these results are consistent with the expected distribution of groups drawn from communities within the vicinity of the Sacred Valley and possibly the Peruvian or Bolivian altiplano. These results are in notable contrast to published isotopic results from the nearby site of Machu Picchu, and suggest distinct compositions among the resident populations of each site. This study provides further insights into the intersection of residential movement and status dynamics in the Inka Empire.
Advocacy, Hesitancy, and Equity: Exploring U.S. Race-Related Discussions of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Twitter

Background: Our study aimed to describe themes of tweets related to COVID-19 vaccines, race, and ethnicity to explore the context of the intersection of these topics on Twitter. Methods: We utilized Twitter’s Streaming Application Programming Interface (API) to collect a random 1% sample of publicly available tweets from October 2020 to January 2021. The study team conducted a qualitative content analysis from the full data set of 1110 tweets. Results: The tweets revealed vaccine support through vaccine affirmation, advocacy through reproach, a need for a vaccine, COVID-19 and racism, vaccine development and efficacy, racist vaccine humor, and news updates. Vaccine opposition was demonstrated through direct opposition, vaccine hesitancy, and adverse reactions. Conspiracy and misinformation included scientific misinformation, political misinformation, beliefs about immunity and protective behaviors, and race extermination conspiracy. Equity and access focused on overcoming history of medical racism, pointing out health disparities, and facilitators to vaccine access. Representation touted pride in development and role models, and politics discussed the role of politics in vaccines and international politics. Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrates that Twitter can provide nuances about multiple viewpoints on the vaccine related to race and ethnicity and can be beneficial in contributing to insights for public health messaging.
A fuel-based method for updating mobile source emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing lockdown of many US States resulted in rapid changes to motor vehicle traffic and their associated emissions. This presents a challenge for air quality modelling and forecasting during this period, in that transportation emission inventories need to be updated in near real-time. Here, we update the previously developed fuel-based inventory of vehicle emissions (FIVE) to account for changes due to COVID-19 lockdowns. We first construct a 2020 business-as-usual (BAU) case inventory and adjust the emissions for a COVID-19 case using monthly fuel sales information. We evaluate cellular phone-based mobility data products (Google COVID-19 Community Mobility, Apple COVID-19 Mobility Trends) in comparison to embedded traffic monitoring sites in four US cities. We find that mobility datasets tend to overestimate traffic reductions in April 2020 (i.e. lockdown period), while fuel sales adjustments are more similar to changes observed by traffic monitors;for example, mobility-based methods for scaling emissions result in an approximately two-times greater estimate of on-road nitrogen oxide (NO x ) reductions in April 2020 than we find using a fuel-based method. Overall, FIVE estimates a 20%–25% reduction in mobile source NO x emissions in April 2020 versus BAU, and a smaller 6%–7% drop by July. Reductions in April showed considerable spatial heterogeneity, ranging from 6% to 39% at the state level. Similar decreases are found for carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds. Decreases to mobile source NO x emissions are expected to lower total US anthropogenic emissions by 9%–12% and 3%–4% in April and July, respectively, with larger relative impacts in urban areas. Changes to diurnal and day-of-week patterns of light- and heavy-duty vehicular traffic are evaluated and found to be relatively minor. Beyond the applicability to modelling air quality in 2020, this work also represents a methodology for quickly updating US transportation inventories and for calibrating mobility-based estimates of emissions.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Producing Oil Rich in ɷ-3 from Catfish Processing Wastes

This work evaluated the extraction, refinement, characterization and economic analysis for producing oil rich in ɷ-3 from catfish processing wastes. All the unit operations of the extraction and refining processes were presented and the oil characterization were performed. The fatty acid profile of refined catfish oil presented, on average, fractions of 32%, 34% and 28% of the total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Regards economical aspects, the estimated net present value was positive and indicated economic feasibility for all three processing waste capacity (20, 40 and 60 tons/year). The plant with the highest capacity recorded the best profitability. In this case, the net present value of US$ 764,934.62, the internal rate of return of 102.5% the earnings before interest and taxes of US$ 309,936.83/year, the return on sales of 53.18% and the profit after tax of US$ 263,446.31/year showed that the production of oil using catfish wastes is economically attractive. The minimum length of time necessary to recover the capital investment ranged from 1.56 to 2.76 years. Sensitivity analysis showed that the net present value of cash flow after tax remains positive until the price of oil reaches a threshold value of US$ 108.80/kg (20 tons/year), US$ 96.94/kg (40 tons/year) and US$ 79.65/kg (60 tons/year).
Race, Social Class, and Child Abuse: Content and Strength of Medical Professionals’ Stereotypes

Black and poor children are over represented at every stage of the child welfare system, from suspicion of abuse to substantiation. Focusing on stereotypes as a source of bias that leads to these disparities, the current study examines the content and strength of stereotypes relating race and social class to child abuse as viewed by medical professionals. Doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals (Study 1: N = 53; Study 2: N = 40) were recruited in local hospitals and online through snowball sampling. Study 1 identified stereotype content by asking participants to list words associated with the stereotype that either (a) Black or (b) poor children are more likely to be abused by their parents, and responses were organized into construct groups. Study 2 determined stereotype strength by asking participants to rate how strongly the constructs generated in Study 1 related to either the race-abuse or social class-abuse stereotype. The content of stereotypes linking child abuse to Black or poor children are confounded, with approximately half the constructs shared by both stereotypes. Of the 10 shared constructs, only “Stressed” and “Neglect” differed in strength, with both significantly more strongly related to the social class-abuse than race-abuse stereotype, all ts(36–37) ≤ −2.23, ps ≤ .03, Cohen’s ds ≥ .71. This research documents the existence, content, and strength of stereotypes that link race and social class to child abuse. These stereotypes have the potential to lead to medical misdiagnosis of abuse for Black and poor children.
Lipids, alpha-tocopherol, and erythrocyte hemolysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationships of tocopherol requirements to the level of polyunsaturated lipids in the diet and the tissues. Although more is known about the human requirement for tocopherol than about the requirement for vitamin A, the concept of the varying nature of the requirement for tocopherol as a function of the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissue lipids and of a variety of stresses has influenced writers to state that the human requirement for tocopherol is unknown. Without implying that tocopherol acts only as a lipid antioxidant protecting a large variety of tissue enzyme systems, it is a fact that vertebrates can be raised on diets that apparently supply less tocopherol than can be measured by current techniques if other appropriate lipid antioxidants are supplied. An illustration of how much the fatty acids in the erythrocyte are affected by the fat in the diet in 21 days is given in the chapter, which deals with effects in the growing chick.
Mid-Infrared Sensors for The Rapid Analysis of Select Microbial Food Borne Pathogens

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods enable chemical discrimination of intact bacterial cells or cell components and have potential use for the rapid detection and analysis of foodborne pathogens. This article presents a review of FTIR techniques and sensors for bacterial analysis, as well as advantages, disadvantages, and challenges that remain for the development of FTIR pathogen detection methods. Keywords: FTIR; infrared sensors; pathogen detection; cell surface structure
Cross-layer design of network-coded transmission with a delay constraint

We investigate the cross-layer design of wireless networks where end-to-end data transmission is subject to delay constraint and there is no end-to-end feedback. The transmission is coded by random linear network coding (RLNC) on packet level to recover from packet erasures and by forward error-correction coding (FEC) on bit level to combat channel distortions. Based on the two-layer model developed by Adams et al. where the end-to-end coded transmission is characterized by a throughput-reliability function, we formulate the cross-layer design as a goodput optimization problem relax the integrality constraint. We show that for single-hop transmissions there exists a globally optimal operating point for the relaxed problem. For multiple-hop transmissions, the goodput function is component-wise concave with respect to the physical layer data rate over each individual link.
The Theory of Social Functions: Challenges for Multi-Agent-Based Social Simulation and Multi-Agent Learning

A basic claim of this paper is that the foundational theoretical problem of the social sciences - the possibility of unconscious, unplanned forms of cooperation and intelligence among intentional agents (the very hard issue of the ‘invisible hand’, of the ‘spontaneous social order’ but also of ‘social functions’) - will eventually be clarified thanks to the contribution of AI (and in particular of cognitive Agent modelling, learning, and MAS) and its entering the social simulation domain. After introducing Multi-Agent-Based Social Simulation and its trends, the limits of the very popular notion of ‘emergence’ are discussed; Smith’s and Hayek’s view of ‘spontaneous social order’ are critically introduced; and serious contradictions in the theory of ‘social functions’ among intentional agents are pointed out. The problem is how to reconcile the ‘external’ teleology that orients the agent’s behaviour with the ‘internal’ teleology governing it. In order to account for the functional character of intentional action, we need a somewhat sophisticated model of intention, and a different view of layered cognitive architectures combining explicit beliefs and goals with association and conditioning. On such a basis it is sketched a model of unknown functions impinging on intentional actions through a high level form of (MA)reinforcement learning. This model accounts for both eu-functions and dys-functions, autonomous and heteronomous functions. It is argued that in order to reproduce some behaviour, its effects should not necessarily be 'good' i.e. useful for the goal of the agent or of some higher macro-system.
Salesperson Mood at Work: Implications for Helping Customers

This article focuses on the importance of salesperson helping behavior directed at customers and concentrates on understanding how salespeople can be managed so that they seek to help satisfy each ...
Endoscopic biopsy of brain tumors in children: diagnostic success and utility in guiding treatment strategies

Object Endoscopic biopsy is an important minimally invasive method of diagnosis in the initial management of lesions in children with intraventricular and periventricular tumors. The procedure can be performed in conjunction with CSF-diverting procedures for obstructive hydrocephalus. The authors present their single-institution experience in a predominantly pediatric series with respect to diagnostic efficacy, utility in guiding treatment plans, and safety. Methods A retrospective review was conducted in a consecutive series of patients who underwent endoscopic biopsy of brain tumors during a 13-year period. Results There were 33 endoscopic biopsies in 31 patients (16 males and 15 females). The average age of the patients was 11.3 years, with a mean follow-up duration of 2.4 years. The majority of biopsies were performed in conjunction with CSF-diverting procedures, such as endoscopic third ventriculostomy or fenestration of the septum pellucidum. Overall, 23 (70%) of 33 biopsies were diagnostic, with re...
Parallel processing: the private creation of digital "law"

Recent scholarship-legal and otherwise-condemns traditional notions of government and adjudication as being antithetical to the "revolutionary" essence of digital technology. The viability of this position is examined, along with the characteristics of paradigms which are offered as appropriate. The paper concludes by considering what will be gained and lost if law is recast in a digital image and urges that a new dialogue should commence between those who construct the tools of data access and those charged with legal policy.
Dynamics Simulation of the Interaction Between the Novel Intercalator Diethidium Cation and B-Form DNA

Previous research has described the interaction between the novel molecule diethidium (2,7-diamino 9-[2,7 diamino 10-N-phenanthridium] 10-N-phenanthridium) (Figure 1) and B-form DNA. Our goal is the elucidation of diethidium as the first member of a novel class of drugs which are potential pharmaceutical agents. This class of potential drug molecules differs from previously known intercalators in the following ways: a) Its structure, that of two perpendicular planes, each known to have excellent intercalation properties, is novel b) Unlike known bis-intercalators, the linker region length in diethidium is zero c) The geometry of the drug matches the geometry of the space available in the major groove d) The drug is shown to cause some vectorial disruption of DNA. For this paper, we have performed a series of 200 picosecond dynamics simulations on the complex formed between diethidium in the major groove and a dodecarner of double-stranded B-form DNA, CGCGAATTCGCG, and have shown that this complex has a intricate interaction. The DNA dodecamer is found to be in an intermediate A-B state, but, even in simulations as long as 1 nanosecond, the drug does not back-out or otherwise leave the intercalation site. The drug is found to be mobile within the intercalation site on timescales longer than 1 nanoscale. The mobility of the drug within the intercalation site has been predicted by our previous energy minimization studies.
A meta-analysis of occupational trichloroethylene exposure and selected cancers

Purpose This review and meta-analysis evaluated occupational studies of TCE exposure and leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and cancers of the lung, kidney, liver, and esophagus. Methods We summarized findings among occupational cohort studies and case-control studies that attempted to specifically identify and characterize TCE exposure. We identified 25 epidemiologic studies that met our inclusion criteria (17 cohort studies, 8 case-control studies). Cohort studies were categorized into “Group 1” and “Group 2” studies by type of exposure information available. Results The meta-analysis relative risk estimates (mRR) for kidney cancer suggested homogeneity of findings across studies in the Group 1 category (p value = 0.97) with similar findings among U.S., European, and Aerospace/Aircraft studies. For liver cancer, mRR estimates varied. Aerospace/aircraft workers and Group 2 studies showed no association, whereas across European studies the mRR was slightly elevated. The findings for NHL indicated significant heterogeneity with lower mRRs among United States and aerospace/aircraft worker studies compared to a higher mRR for the European studies. Findings for esophageal cancer across studies were also heterogeneous. Similar to liver cancer and NHL, a pattern of higher mRRs was noted among European studies compared to other subgroups. Conclusion This meta-analysis of occupational TCE exposure and NHL, leukemia, and cancers of the kidney, liver, esophagus, and lung showed no associations with lung and leukemia and inconsistent associations for kidney, liver, NHL and esophageal cancers across the Group 1 cohort studies considered as more informative. Heterogeneity of findings, limitations in exposure assessment and exposure comparability, and differences in disease classification limit interpretation of the epidemiologic data.
Particle size dependence of a condensation nuclei counter

Abstract The influence of the particle size on the concentration indicated by a condensation nuclei counter (Model Rich 100, Environment One Corp.) was determined experimentally. The particle size dependence of this device was measured using fairly monodisperse silver particles and an absolute photographic condensation nuclei counter. The absolute calibration factor of the condensation nuclei counter also changed when the particle size of an aerosol containing atmospheric and Bunsen nuclei was changed.
RNA Mimics of Green Fluorescent Protein

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivatives have transformed the use and analysis of proteins for diverse applications. Like proteins, RNA has complex roles in cellular function and is increasingly used for various applications, but a comparable approach for fluorescently tagging RNA is lacking. Here, we describe the generation of RNA aptamers that bind fluorophores resembling the fluorophore in GFP. These RNA-fluorophore complexes create a palette that spans the visible spectrum. An RNA-fluorophore complex, termed Spinach, resembles enhanced GFP and emits a green fluorescence comparable in brightness with fluorescent proteins. Spinach is markedly resistant to photobleaching, and Spinach fusion RNAs can be imaged in living cells. These RNA mimics of GFP provide an approach for genetic encoding of fluorescent RNAs.
Exact Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Bands for the Quantile Function Given Censored Data

Abstract In this note we develop an exact bootstrap algorithm for generating confidence bands for a single quantile function or joint confidence bands for k independent quantile functions given censored data.The method utilizes the classic product-limit estimator [Kaplan, E. L., Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 52:457–481] in conjunction with what is now referred to as Steck's determinant [Steck, G. P. (1971). Rectangle probabilities for uniform order statistics and the probability that the empirical distribution function lies between two distribution functions. Ann. Math. Statist. 42:1–11]. The method is termed an exact bootstrap method in the sense that no resampling is required. Unlike other bootstrap methods based on censored data the exact bootstrap method presented here is consistent.
A Class of Continuous Level Neural Nets

A neural net capable of restoring continuous level library vectors from memory is considered. The vectors in the memory library are used to program the neural interconnects. Given a portion of one of the library vectors, the net extrapolates the remainder. Sufficient conditions for unique convergence are stated. An architecture for optical implementation of the network is proposed.
Stability of morphological traits conferring bird resistance to sunflower across different environments

Bird depredation is a major concern of sunflower (Helianthus anuus L.) producers wherever the crop is grown in the world. Development of bird-resitant varieties would provide and economical, environmentally safe method of contending with the problem. Morphological traits that confer resistance to depredation by birds have been identified
The utility of the single-molecule magnet Fe8 as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent over a broad range of concentration

Abstract Recent reports have compared Fe8(aq) versus Magnevist with seemingly conflicting conclusions: one claims a much greater efficiency of Fe8 for magnetic resonance imaging contrast, and the other claims a much lower efficiency. Our study shows that at concentrations below 1.5 mM Fe8(aq) had a T1 relaxivity, r1, of 5.4 s−1 mM−1 which is comparable to Magnevist. Above 1.5 mM Fe8(aq) had an r1 of 1.1 s−1 mM−1, significantly lower than Magnevist. These results agree with the previous literature over the concentrations they examined. The results for the T2 relaxivity, r2, were similar. Here, we show that the concentration dependence of the relaxivity accounts for these discrepancies. Further, the relaxivity data are correlated with frequency-dependent maxima in χ ac ″ of frozen solutions of Fe8 dissolved in deionized water over the temperature range of 1.8–4 K and the frequency range of 200–1400 Hz. The magnetic properties of the single-molecule magnet Fe8 in room temperature and frozen aqueous solution were found to be highly non-linear when examined over a wide concentration range.
Identity Search: Interpersonal Relationships and Relational Identities of Always-Single Japanese Women over Time

In recent years, an increasing number of Japanese women have remained single. This study investigated their relational identities using the communication theory of identity. The study examined follow-up interviews with 20 always-single women originally interviewed in Japan 4 years earlier. Analyses identified subthemes: a shift in family dynamics, position in the ie (family), and committed yet uncommitted relationships. These subthemes underlined an overarching theme of acceptance of various relationships and lifestyles. In turn, we argue that self-acceptance of this unconventional identity and the resulting identity gaps are associated with positive outcomes managing the dialectic challenges of this identity.
Extreme squamous metaplasia in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

The derivation of metaplastic squamous epithelium of the thyroid gland has been the subject of a number of embryologic studies. Small foci of benign squamous epithelium may be seen as an incidental finding in surgical specimens. Rarely an entire lobe, simultaneously affected by chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, may be diffusely infiltrated by metaplastic epithelium. This borderline squamous cell metaplasia of the human thyroid gland must be distinguished from malignancy.
Impact of Uranyl−Calcium−Carbonato Complexes on Uranium(VI) Adsorption to Synthetic and Natural Sediments

Adsorption on soil and sediment solids may decrease aqueous uranium concentrations and limit its propensity for migration in natural and contaminated settings. Uranium adsorption will be controlled in large part by its aqueous speciation, with a particular dependence on the presence of dissolved calcium and carbonate. Here we quantify the impact of uranyl speciation on adsorption to both goethite and sediments from the Hanford Clastic Dike and Oak Ridge Melton Branch Ridgetop formations. Hanford sediments were preconditioned with sodium acetate and acetic acid to remove carbonate grains, and Ca and carbonate were reintroduced at defined levels to provide a range of aqueous uranyl species. U(VI) adsorption is directly linked to UO22+ speciation, with the extent of retention decreasing with formation of ternary uranyl−calcium−carbonato species. Adsorption isotherms under the conditions studied are linear, and Kd values decrease from 48 to 17 L kg−1 for goethite, from 64 to 29 L kg −1 for Hanford sediments, ...
Rational choice beyond the classroom: Decision making in offenders versus college students

Abstract Purpose Tests of rational choice theory commonly utilize samples of university students. The current study examines whether these samples provide meaningful insight into real offenders’ decisions. Methods A total of 760 undergraduates from a southwestern university and 1,013 offenders incarcerated in the same state were surveyed. Both groups were given a hypothetical drunk driving scenario and completed rational choice questions. Results Results indicate that although the samples were very different in their background characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race, prior criminal history), they identified similar costs and benefits of drunk driving, gave similar ratings of the certainty/severity of these consequences, and utilized these consequences to inform their drunk driving intentions in a similar fashion. Conclusion Despite social science being largely criticized as the “study of sophomores,” in this instance it appears college student samples can provide meaningful insight into the decision calculus of known offenders. Implications and limitations of the study are presented.
ARE SPERM LIMITING IN THE SEA

The reproductive success of marine species with external fertilization depends on environmental conditions during gamete release. There is special interest presently in whether water motion causes sperm limitation under natural conditions. We investigated gamete release of Fucus vesiculosus from an exposed shore to ascertain: 1) when gametes are released during the tidal cycle, 2) when fertilization occurs, and 3) what the natural sperm:egg ratios are. Water samples were collected and concentrated over five minutes every half hour off Pemaquid Point, ME from three replicate sites within each of two locations using a pump-filter device. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that gamete release occurred only on the two calmest spring tides. Sperm became present in the water column at the same time as oogonia (30 min−1 h prior to high tide [HT]) and reached peak concentration at exactly HT. The sperm:egg ratio was 76:1 on 8 Oct 1999 and 21:1 on 8 Nov 1999 at exactly 30 min prior to HT and dropped sharply after HT. Gametes continued to be collected for several hours after HT but analysis of pronuclear position in aceto-iron-hematoxylin stained eggs revealed that all fertilization occurred at approximately HT. We modelled the total number of days when reproduction was possible using these results and wind and wave data from the National Data Buoy Center. Our research provides evidence that gamete release by F. vesiculosus occurs at slack HT on calm days and that sperm are not a limiting factor in fertilization for this species.
Marked functional improvement in a pediatric patient treated with hemodialysis for scleroderma related renal failure

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and vasculopathy of the skin and visceral organs. Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC), the most acute and life threatening complication, occurs in 10–20% of adult patients with SSc and has not been reported in children. A 10-year-old girl was diagnosed with SSc when she presented with weakness and skin thickening. She had positive ANA and anti-Scl 70. Renal function, urinalysis, and blood pressure were normal. She was treated with steroids, penicillamin and methotrexate as well as amlodipine for Raynaud's phenomenon, but her diffuse skin thickening and contractures progressed and she became wheelchair bound and had poor growth despite nutrition through a G-tube. At age 15 (weight 28 kg), when evaluated for abdominal pain, she was found to have acute renal failure (BUN 54 mg/dl, creatinine 2.2 mg/dl) and hypertension. Despite therapy with enalapril, serum creatinine continued to rise and she became oligoanuric, requiring initiation of hemodialysis. BP was controlled with enalapril and dialysis but she remained dialysis dependent. Steroid therapy was discontinued and replaced by low dose cyclosporine. Enalapril was replaced by losartan because of leukopenia and BP remained normal. Over the next 2 years, she was treated with hemodialysis and did not experience any complications. She progressively had an outstanding overall clinical improvement, marked skin softening, and was able to walk independently. Renal function did not improve. 28 months after the SRC, she received LRD renal transplant. Immunosuppression included cyclosporine, mycophenolate and prednisone. Creatinine 2 months post-transplant is 0.7 mg/dl. SRC in children may progress to end-stage renal disease but can be treated successfully with dialysis and transplantation without significant complications.
Detection of elementary particles using silicon crystal acoustic detectors with titanium transition edge phonon sensors

We are developing silicon crystal acoustic detectors (SiCADs), which operate at cryogenic temperatures and use thin-films of superconducting titanium (Tc = 435 mK) to sense phonons generated when an incident particle scatters off a nucleus or electron in pure and cold (< 1 K) silicon. Our motivation for developing SiCADs includes their many direct applications to neutrino physics (e.g. to perform neutrino oscillation experiments), particle astrophysics (e.g. to measure the solar neutrino spectrum or search for the hypothetical dark matter in the universe) and solid state physics (e.g. to study phonon dynamics and focusing effects). We have fabricated and characterized multi-channel SiCADs with phonon sensors instrumented on both sides of a Si wafer substrate, and have used these devices to detect radioactive sources of gamma and X-rays, alpha particles and neutrons with incident energies of < 6 keV to 10 MeV. We discuss our results in terms of ballistic and quasi-diffusive phonon propagation, and show evidence for ballistic phonon focusing effects in [100] silicon.
Microfluidic hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanowires over high aspect ratio microstructures

A hydrothermal synthesis of densely packed ZnO nanowires was realized in a confined space via forced circulation of the heated growth solution through microfluidic channels formed primarily by a set of high aspect ratio trenches in a Si substrate. A uniform and conformal seeding layer of ZnO was deposited to cover the entire surface of the trenches by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD). Densely packed ZnO nanowires were formed inside the trenches with particularly good coverage over the sidewalls, where they would not grow effectively through a conventional hydrothermal method. The strategy for controlled growth of densely packed ZnO nanowires over such high aspect ratio microstructures is deemed beneficial when these microstructures are employed as electrodes with high specific surface areas for devices such as supercapacitors or any other electrochemical devices.
An evaluation of alternative task allocations to two servers

The problem considered here is how to allocate n exponential tasks to two available servers. The servers may be placed in a series or parallel configuration, and arrivals are assumed to be Poisson. In general, this gives rise to a network of queues with Erlang service times. Alternative designs are examined using various approximation methods and simulation for several values of n and different utilization rates. If the workers must be placed in tandem, the rule of balancing the work of the two stations is found to be optimal for all cases considered. If it is possible to place the servers in a parallel configuration, each performing all n tasks, the average total waiting time can be substantially reduced.
Culture and branding are at the heart of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals' growth strategy

A strategic partnership required that this successful biotech company add, in just one year, nearly 50 percent more employees, including top-notch scientific talent, and then do it again just two years later. A key challenge was to preserve, in the midst of high organizational growth, the unique cultural DNA that has been part of the company's code for success. The authors describe a major employment branding initiative, which included a cultural assessment based on Jungian archetypes, that enabled the company to position its culture as the key differentiator in its recruitment strategy. They discuss the surfacing and articulation of five key cultural attributes that exemplify the culture and how they are used to attract and select new employees for a strong cultural fit; engage existing employees around the defining values and behaviors needed for success; and define the company's external brand. They also describe how HR practices have been implemented or modified to sustain these characteristics as part of the organizational fabric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A test of the Beggs' model for self-paced movements

Abstract The model of human motor control developed by Beggs, Howarth and co-workers (eg., Beggs and Howarth 1970, Howarth et al. 1971) shows that in a paced terminal control task the variance of the lateral error distribution, σ2, is a linear function of the square of the uncontrolled distance, dv 2. This formulation was tested for a self-paced path control task. Six subjects drew along tracks of four widths with the illumination removed at four different distances from the end of the path. Speeds and errors showed close correspondence to previous path control tasks. Lateral error did increase linearly with the square of the uncontrolled distance but at a lower rate for longer dark distances. Poorer control at shorter dark distances was interpreted as the subjects producing sufficient rather than optimal performance.
Electromagnetic induction in the earth when an inducing field is modulated by another field of longer period.

Geomagnetic variations of long period such as 0.5 year, 1 year and 11-years are customarily analyzed on the basis of monthly means of geomagnetic elements. As the geomagnetic field undergoes a 27-day variation which is modulated to some extent by an 11-year period variation, there is a possibility for the 11-year period variation to be contaminated by the effect of 27-day variation which may not be entirely eliminated through the procedure of taking monthly means. Such a leaking effect of shorter-period variation into longer-period ones in the geomagnetic field is discussed in this paper. The effect is small in most cases, but an appreciable effect seems likely to be seen in some cases, e. g. 30-day average of 27-day variation modulated by a semiannual variation.In actual analyses, the magnetic field electromagnetically induced in an earth model is calculated and subsequently subjected to the averaging procedure. Such a study brings out another point of interest. The relation between inducing and induced fields for a modulating field subjected to the averaging procedure becomes completely different from that when no short-period field is superposed. If one simply makes use of such a relation between inducing and induced field in estimating the electrical conductivity within the earth, a false conclusion will be reached.
Bit-rate doubling in multi-Gbps wideband ASK-modulated 60 GHz RoF links using linear feed-forward equalisation and direct conversion transceivers

Linear feed-forward equalisation is used successfully to compensate for severe electrical and optical amplitude response impairments in a 60 GHz RoF link, enabling twice the bit-rate (4.25 Gbps), through SSB operation.
Induced second-harmonic generation in planar waveguides by an externally applied periodic DC electric field: efficiency as a function of field structure

The efficiency of second-harmonic generation (SHG) induced by an externally applied periodic DC electric field was investigated. A finite element method was used to find the static electric field due to different interdigitated electrode structures. The resulting fields were used to calculate the overlap integrals which determine the SHG efficiency in an optical waveguide. The results show that there are reasonable differences in SHG efficiencies for the structures investigated.
Dark and clear laterals in Catalan and Spanish: Interaction of phonetic categories in early bilinguals

Abstract The present study reports on an acoustic analysis of alveolar laterals in two contact languages (Catalan and Spanish) as produced by two groups of Catalan–Spanish bilinguals (Catalan-dominant and Spanish-dominant) residing on Majorca. Catalan alveolar laterals have been reported to be “darker” (i.e. velarized) than Spanish ones. Recent sociophonetic research has suggested that Catalan and Spanish are gradually converging in this phonetic feature due to intensive contact and that laterals are sociolinguistically salient in Majorca. This paper examines the potential interactions between the social-indexical role of laterals in Majorca and the abilities of bilinguals to maintain two separate acoustic distributions for laterals in their two languages. First, it is shown that bilinguals tend to transfer the phonetic features of the sound categories of their native language to their non-native one even after having had early and extensive exposure to native input in their non-dominant language. Second, it is shown that while most bilinguals maintain two separate acoustic distributions for the laterals in their two languages, some participants do not. Social-indexical and cognitive factors that could explain this finding are discussed.
Extracellular vesicle–depleted fetal bovine and human sera have reduced capacity to support cell growth

Background : Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most widely used serum supplement for mammalian cell culture. It supports cell growth by providing nutrients, growth signals, and protection from stress. Attempts to develop serum-free media that support cell expansion to the same extent as serum-supplemented media have not yet succeeded, suggesting that FBS contains one or more as-yet-undefined growth factors. One potential vehicle for the delivery of growth factors from serum to cultured cells is extracellular vesicles (EVs). Methods : EV-depleted FBS and human serum were generated by 120,000 g centrifugation, and its cell growth–supporting activity was measured. Isolated EVs from FBS were quantified and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and protein assay. EV internalization into cells was quantified using fluorescent plate reader analysis and microscopy. Results : Most cell types cultured with EV-depleted FBS showed a reduced growth rate but not an increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent etoposide and the endoplasmic reticulum stress–inducing chemical tunicamycin. Supplying cells with isolated FBS-derived EVs enhanced their growth. FBS-derived EVs were internalized by mouse and human cells wherein 65±26% of them interacted with the lysosomes. EV-depleted human serum also exhibited reduced cell growth–promoting activity. Conclusions : EVs play a role in the cell growth and survival-promoting effects of FBS and human serum. Thus, it is important to take the effect of EV depletion under consideration when planning EV extraction experiments and while attempting to develop serum-free media that support rapid cell expansion. In addition, these findings suggest roles for circulating EVs in supporting cell growth and survival in vivo. Keywords: fetal bovine serum; exosomes; proliferation; cultured cells; cell death; endoplasmic reticulum stress (Published: 26 March 2015) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2015, 4: 26373 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.26373 To access the supplementary material to this article, please see Supplementary files under ‘Article Tools’.
Mycobacterium arupense Flexor Tenosynovitis: Case Report and Review of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles for 40 Clinical Isolates

We describe a case of chronic tenosynovitis in the hand of a 58-year-old cattle farmer. Surgical biopsy specimens grew Mycobacterium arupense. The patient responded to surgery and antimicrobial therapy based on in vitro susceptibility testing. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolate from this patient and 39 additional clinical isolates are presented.
Decompositions of signed-graphic matroids

We give a decomposition theorem for signed graphs whose frame matroids are binary and a decomposition theorem for signed graphs whose frame matroids are quaternary.
Conference Scene: Advances in RNA nanotechnology promise to transform medicine

The second International Conference on RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics was held on the 3–5 April in Lexington, (KY, USA). The focus of the conference was on leveraging the unique chemical and biological properties of RNA to promote transformative advances in medicine. The conference convened more than 200 researchers from 15 countries and many disciplines, roughly double the participants of the first conference. While many presentations focused on the design, assembly and characterization of RNA nanoparticles and their uses for in vivo and in vitro sensing, diagnosis and therapy, others covered a variety of relevant areas of RNA biology and chemistry.
Trade unions and labor's share in U.S. manufacturing industries

Abstract This study assesses the impact of trade unions on labor's share of income. It improves on previous tests by accounting for possible alternative explanations of an observed positive relationship between union coverage and labor's share. Using three-digit cross-sectional data on United States manufacturing industries from 1973–1975 and 1983–1985, the analysis accounts for both establishment size and worker characteristics, and conducts tests across different time periods. Union density and establishment size are found to have a positive effect on labor's share.
Effect of Mach number and Reynolds number on a normal shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction

Experimental values of wall pressure and skin friction have been obtained for Mach numbers from 1.32 to 1.48 and for Reynolds numbers from 8.5 x 10 to the 6th to 225 x 10 to the 6th. Increasing the Mach number reduces the wall shear and promotes incipient separation. Reynolds number variations have little effect except at the lowest value where the flow abruptly approaches separation. Comparisons are made with solutions to the time-dependent, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a two-equation, Wilcox-Rubesin turbulence model. The computations are in agreement with the experimental results. Additional numerical results indicated that the wind-tunnel walls constrained the flow and suppressed the formation of a separation bubble at the shock wave.
Determinants of glucose tolerance in impaired glucose tolerance at baseline in the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study

Aims/hypothesis The aim of the study was to examine the determinants of oral glucose tolerance in 602 persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who participated in the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study.