cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2.

The current rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration is thought to be mitigated in part by carbon sequestration within forest ecosystems1,2, where carbon can be stored in vegetation or soils. The storage of carbon in soils is determined by the fraction that is sequestered in persistent organic materials, such as humus. In experimental forest plots of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) exposed to high CO2 concentrations3,4, nearly half of the carbon uptake is allocated to short-lived tissues, largely foliage. These tissues fall to the ground and decompose, normally contributing only a small portion of their carbon content to refractory soil humic materials5. Such findings call into question the role of soils as long-term carbon sinks, and show the need for a better understanding of carbon cycling in forest soils. Here we report a significant accumulation of carbon in the litter layer of experimental forest plots after three years of growth at increased CO2 concentrations (565 µl l-1). But fast turnover times of organic carbon in the litter layer (of about three years) appear to constrain the potential size of this carbon sink. Given the observation that carbon accumulation in the deeper mineral soil layers was absent, we suggest that significant, long-term net carbon sequestration in forest soils is unlikely.
Apologies in Diverse Religious and Cultural Traditions

We can trace much of the meaning attributed to apologies in modern life to archaic religious and cultural practices associated with repentance. Consider Jeffrie Murphy's definition of repentance as the “remorseful acceptance of responsibility for one's wrongful and harmful actions, the repudiation of the aspects of one's character that generated the actions, the resolve to do one's best to extirpate those aspects of one's character, and the resolve to atone or make amends for the harm that one has done.” Indeed, this might well serve as an abbreviated definition of a robust apology. I can thankfully leave the detailed work of analyzing these traditions to others, but we can notice here how the broad contours of several of the major traditions of repentance share features with each other and how contemporary secular notions of apologies map onto these beliefs. We can also observe where these conventions resist translation into pluralistic discourse and create dissonance between those operating with opposing belief systems. The dilution of repentance into apology may partially account for our sense of the weakness of so many gestures of contrition. Before discussing the specific traditions, several general observations seem noteworthy. First, religious rituals of repentance are explicitly moral acts. We commonly understand repentance not as a mere social necessity, but rather as an act of faith and form of communion with one's god. Within religious traditions, repentance affirms the sinner's ultimate values and invokes her basic understanding of the meaning and purpose of life.
Technological Advances In Grass And Legume Seed Production And Testing

Publisher Summary Recent advances in grass and legume seed technology have contributed extensively to the expanded grassland acreages in the United States. Seed of over 200 grass and legume species are being produced and distributed for hay, pasture, range, silage, soil-improving and conservation corps, and turf. In addition to supplying domestic requirements, seed of some species is exported in large quantities. Seed is produced when the forage supplies are adequate and when the weather conditions are favorable for seed set and harvest. Unlike the cereal, oil, and fiber crops, seed of many improved grass and legume varieties is grown great distances from areas of use where climatic conditions are conducive to seed set, curing, and harvesting.
Extremal Theorems for Degree Sequence Packing and the Two-Color Discrete Tomography Problem

A sequence $\pi=(d_1,\ldots,d_n)$ is graphic if there is a simple graph $G$ with vertex set $\{v_1,\ldots,v_n\}$ such that the degree of $v_i$ is $d_i$. We say that graphic sequences $\pi_1=(d_1^{(1)},\ldots,d_n^{(1)})$ and $\pi_2=(d_1^{(2)},\ldots,d_n^{(2)})$ pack if there exist edge-disjoint $n$-vertex graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ such that for $j\in\{1,2\}$, $d_{G_j}(v_i)=d_i^{(j)}$ for all $i\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$. Here, we prove several extremal degree sequence packing theorems that parallel central results and open problems from the graph packing literature. Specifically, the main result of this paper implies degree sequence packing analogues to the Bollobas--Eldridge--Catlin graph packing conjecture and the classical graph packing theorem of Sauer and Spencer. In discrete tomography, a branch of discrete imaging science, the goal is to reconstruct discrete objects using data acquired from low-dimensional projections. Specifically, in the $k$-color discrete tomography problem the goal is to color the entries ...
Total thyroid ablation: a prerequisite to orbital decompression for Graves disease ophthalmopathy.

The fundamental cause of the ophthalmopathy of Graves disease is not known. This has precluded a specific means of prevention. Surgical, medical and radiation means of palliation are presented. Our data indicates that total ablation of all active thyroid tissue prevents initiation of ophthalmopathy as well as accomplishing permanent control of progression of already present ophthalmopathy in Graves disease. Improved surgical techniques of orbital decompression are described and recognized as giving excellent palliation of the ophthalmopathy. These extensive procedures do not take into consideration, have no influence on the underlying cause of, nor do they have any effect upon the progression of the ophthalmopathy. Presented are patients with Graves disease ophthalmopathy subjected to orbital decompression who experienced only temporary relief of their ophthalmopathy. Subsequent to the decompression there was progression of the ophthalmopathy with increasing chemosis, diplopia, and exophthalmos. Thyroid scans demonstrated residual active disease in all instances. The temporary benefits of orbital decompression in Graves disease ophthalmopathy are indisputable. It may be vision saving, but also must be considered palliative. A plea is made that all active thyroid tissue be totally ablated before consideration is given to orbital decompression as a therapeutic or palliative procedure, except as an emergency vision saving procedure as in “impending blindness” in Graves disease ophthalmopathy.
Isolation of a functional lac regulatory region

A DNA fragment containing the lac regulatory region has been isolated by digestion of λ plac 5 DNA with restriction endonuclease from Hemophilus influenzae Rd followed by gel electrophoresis. This DNA fragment, which is approximately 660 base pairs, is identified by its ability to bind purified lac repressor, and has been shown to be functional in a coupled transcription-translation system. A smaller repressor binding fragment of approximately 174 base pairs has been derived from the larger fragment utilizing a secondary digestion with restriction endonuclease from Hemophilus aegyptius.
Insertion of chloral into linear and cyclic acetals

Contrary to the known difficulties of synthesizing dialkyl-acetals of chloral, it was found that the latter can be quantitatively inserted into the COC bonds of cyclic, linear, substituted, or unsubstituted acetals at low temperatures in substantially anhydrous, acidic media, providing a variety of novel co-acetals, including a 1,3,5,8-tetraoxecane. The reaction was not applicable to ketals, where an aldol condensation was observed, nor to aldehydes other than chloral. A mechanism which avoids unstable chloral carbonium ion intermediates is discussed. In cases of substituted cyclic acetals or when two chloral units were added, often pure structural isomers were isolated, selectively formed by different Lewis acid catalysts.
Transverse to longitudinal emittance exchange

A scheme is proposed to exchange the transverse and longitudinal emittances of an electron bunch. A general analysis is presented and a specific beamline is used as an example where the emittance exchange is achieved by placing a transverse deflecting mode radio-frequency cavity in a magnetic chicane. In addition to reducing the transverse emittance, the bunch length is also simultaneously compressed. The scheme has the potential to introduce an added flexibility to the control of electron beams and to provide some contingency for the achievement of emittance and peak-current goals in free-electron lasers.
Impact of magnetic resonance on staging of renal carcinoma.

Abstract Computerized tomography (CT), ultrasound, and angiography have been used for staging renal cell carcinoma. CT has proven to be the most reliable and sensitive of these techniques. Magnetic resonance (MR) has emerged recently as a viable alternative imaging modality. Five patients with renal cell carcinoma and suspected Caval involvement were evaluated by CT, ultrasound, and MR. Caval extension and the differentiation of intra- versus retrocaval tumor was seen with greater clarity on MR scans; perinephric extension was seen equally well with both modalities. The primary tumor itself was better defined with CT. In patients with equivocal findings regarding the renal veins or inferior vena cava, MR is a valuable adjunct in preoperative evaluation. In patients at high risk for contrast administration, MR is the staging modality of choice.
Short-Circuiting Memory Traffic in Handheld Platforms

Handheld devices are ubiquitous in today's world. With their advent, we also see a tremendous increase in device-user interactivity and real-time data processing needs. Media (audio/video/camera) and gaming use-cases are gaining substantial user attention and are defining product successes. The combination of increasing demand from these use-cases and having to run them at low power (from a battery) means that architects have to carefully study the applications and optimize the hardware and software stack together to gain significant optimizations. In this work, we study workloads from these domains and identify the memory subsystem (system agent) to be a critical bottleneck to performance scaling. We characterize the lifetime of the "frame-based" data used in these workloads through the system and show that, by communicating at frame granularity, we miss significant performance optimization opportunities, caused by large IP-to-IP data reuse distances. By carefully breaking these frames into sub-frames, while maintaining correctness, we demonstrate substantial gains with limited hardware requirements. Specifically, we evaluate two techniques, flow-buffering and IP-IP short-circuiting, and show that these techniques bring both power-performance benefits and enhanced user experience.
Political alienation as a social indicator: Attitudes and action

This paper presents a conceptualization of political alienation as an evaluative orientation toward the political system at the regime level. It then reviews the conceptual status of the most widely used measures of alienation, and concludes that the distinctions among them reflect differences in the attitude object and in the format of the survey questions which make them up. Next the paper reviews trends in attitudes toward American political institutions between 1964 and 1974, demonstrating that the decline in confidence in national leaders was only rarely accompanied by a repudiation of systemic values and processes. These findings are based upon national opinion surveys. The main body of the paper reports on evidence about the relationship between political alienation and political action, drawn from surveys in the San Francisco Bay Area conducted by Berkeley's Survey Research Center in 1972 and 1973. A new Political Alienation Index is used as the attitude measure, and a model is developed to account for alienation's causal influence on participation in unconventional political protest. By the use of multiple regression analysis involving multiplicative terms, it is shown that political alienation interacts with the individual's cognitive and political skills, age, attitudes toward the protest act, and structural opportunities for action to promote protest behavior. Thus the political relevance of rising disaffection from the ongoing order can only be assessed when other characteristics of the alienated and their political context have been established. The Inter University Consortium for Political Research provided access to the University of Michigan's national election surveys. I am grateful to Rober Kahn for permission to reproduce findings from the Bureaucratic Encounter Survey.
Jet-impingement heat transfer for a circular jet impinging in crossflow on a cylinder

Mesure des coefficients quasi-locaux de transfert de chaleur sur un cylindre frappe normalement par un jet d'air cylindrique en faisant varier parametriquement le diametre du jet, la distance entre le depart du jet et la surface du cylindre et le nombre de Reynolds. Etablissement de correlations entre le nombre de Musselt maximal et les parametres geometriques et le nombre de Reynolds
Analytical solution for the voltage distribution in one-dimensional porous electrode subjected to cyclic voltammetric (CV) conditions

Abstract An analytical solution for the voltage distribution in one-dimensional porous electrode subjected to cyclic voltammetric (CV) conditions was developed by considering the resistivity of both electrode and electrolyte. Voltage distribution inside the electrode as a function of dimensionless distance was generated at different electrode phase resistances. The analytical solution of voltage distribution for cyclic voltammetric conditions was employed in deriving the charging currents. Capacitance studies were conducted on carbons derived from catechol-formaldehyde gels prepared at pH conditions of 3, 6, and 7.5 in 30 wt.% H 2 SO 4 electrolyte using CV and constant current charge/discharge studies. Charging currents derived from voltage distribution were fitted with experimental anodic part of CV curves and equivalent series resistance (ESR) was generated. Thus, generated ESR values were compared with that obtained using constant current charge–discharge curves. The model fitted resistance values matched closely with resistance values obtained from galvanostatic constant current charge–discharge method.
Asymmetry of a circular jet observed in near and far fields

Turbulence intensity measurements were made in three different-size jets at various Mach numbers and the aerodynamic jet axis, defined as the locus of points in the flow at which the turbulence intensity is minimum, was determined. The deviations from the geometrical jet axis were on the order of 2-4% of the nozzle diameter, and the pure jet axis had the form of a helical wave. A similar asymmetry in the radiated noise was also noted. The measured circumferential distribution of rms fluctuating velocity signals confirmed the asymmetry of even a circular jet.
Management of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura with Autoantibodies to ADAMTS-13 and Concurrent Preeclampsia in Pregnancy: Multidisciplinary Team Approach

Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) can present with many laboratory features of preeclampsia, which can make an accurate diagnosis difficult in late pregnancy. Because the treatments of TTP and preeclampsia are different and the clinical sequelae of delayed therapy potentially lethal, a rapid and accurate diagnosis is important. Case Report We present a case of an acute episode of TTP secondary to acquired autoantibodies complicated by severe preeclampsia with headache and treated with corticosteroids, plasma exchange therapy, magnesium sulfate, and delivery. The postpartum course was complicated and resulted in a prolonged hospital stay. A multidisciplinary team was recruited as consultants. Conclusion Concurrent TTP and severe preeclampsia can result in life-threatening complications. To ensure the best possible clinical outcome, an awareness of the medical systems' resources is required.
Public Products/Public Processes: Zoellner's Praxis and the Contemporary Composition Classroom

Over twenty years ago, Robert Zoellner argued that our post hoc, artifactual approach to writing instruction, our teaching students by commenting on final drafts, is an especially inefficient system. In his College English monograph, Zoellner notes that in directing both our and our students' attention to characteristics of their written artifacts rather than to characteristics of the scribal act which produced those artifacts, we are dealing with effects only and thus "adroitly avoiding the problem of cause altogether" (272). In trying to teach writing by commenting on student papers, we are, he says, confusing texts with people, written words with the act of writing, the lever with the laboratory rat (280), history with behavior, the past with the present (283). In our confusion we end up trying to teach the page rather than the person, the product rather than the process, which, he notes, is "a patently hopeless endeavor" (280). In other words, Zoellner implies, we are confusing declarative knowledge with procedural knowledge and thus teaching the "what" of writing rather than the "how" of writing. Four years ago in a lecture at Colorado State University, Zoellner was still voicing this same critique. In a telling analogy, he said:
Modeling individual tree growth for juvenile loblolly pine plantations

Abstract Modeling juvenile growth of loblolly pine plantations is important for a better understanding of the whole process of stand development and helping to schedule appropriate silvicultural treatments for young stands. This paper evaluates spacing treatment effects on young loblolly pine trees and presents individual tree growth models for loblolly pine plantations. Using data from spacing trials (plot size ranging from 1.22 × 1.22 to 3.66 × 3.66 m2) for loblolly pine plantations, a generalized randomized block design (GRBD) analysis was conducted to test spacing treatment and site quality effects on young tree growth. It is shown that planting density and site quality have significant influence, and spacing rectangularity is negligible. Based on the Bertalanffy differential equation and biologically reasonable assumptions regarding density and site quality effects on tree growth, a general projection model for individual tree diameter and height was developed. A stochastic model for generalizing tree height predictions within each diameter class was proposed. Models for crown ratio, and initial diameter distribution were also developed. The models were estimated with spacing trial data from young loblolly pine plantations. Validation results for these models showed that they are appropriate for predicting the juvenile growth of loblolly pine plantations where competing vegetation has been controlled in a similar manner to these spacing trials.
The propionate of heme binds N4O2 Schiff base antimalarial drug complexes.

Schiff base N4O2 complexes offer a flexible template on which to develop novel antimalarial drug complexes that inhibit the aggregation of hemozoin, a detoxification product of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The efficacies of these complexes are dependent on the charges of the complexes. Further evidence suggests that these complexes inhibit hemozoin formation via a specific drug/heme propionate salt that prevents the formation of the requisite axial propionato linkage in the repeating dimeric unit of the hemozoin aggregate.
Examining the Impact of the Engineering Successful/Unsuccessful Grading (SUG) Program on Student Retention: A Propensity Score Analysis

In this study, we analyzed the Successful/Unsuccessful Grading (SUG) program, an intervention that was founded at a large public university to support students during their transition into the first year of undergraduate engineering (EG) coursework. To understand how the SUG program impacts student retention of EG majors, we conducted an analysis guided by the following research questions: (a) Does participation in the SUG program have a positive impact on a student’s likelihood of being retained within the College of Engineering? and (b) Does the SUG program have a differential impact for students who are underrepresented, female and minority students, in the College of Engineering? To address these inquiries, we leverage Bean and Eaton’s (2000, 2001–2002) Psychological Model of College Student Retention as our theoretical framework and Propensity Score Analysis as our methodological tool. Findings provide insight for EG educational practices and future research trajectories regarding retention.
Membrane Binding and Lipid Extraction Studies of Gm2 Activator Protein (GM2AP)

GM2AP is an accessory protein that solubilizes the ganglioside GM2 from intralysosomal vesicles for hydrolytic cleavage by HexA to form GM3. The precise molecular interactions and method of extraction of GM2 from lipid vesicles are unknown. GM2AP also functions as a lipid transfer protein. This non-enzymatic protein contains three tryptophan residues (W5, W63, W131) with two of these (W63, W131) located in putative membrane binding loops. In order to investigate the possible role of the tryptophan (TRP) residues in membrane binding and lipid extraction, gel filtration and resorcinol absorption assays were used to investigate the extraction efficiency of GM2 by GM2AP in a series of TRP to ALA substituted constructs. GM2AP is shown to have two distinct substrate binding modes, one for the GM2 ganglioside and another for phospholipids. Fluorescence experiments were used to determine the orientation of dansyl-DHPE in the binding pocket of GM2AP. Quenching results suggest that dansyl-DHPE is oriented such that the head group of the lipid is located in the hydrophobic pocket of the protein, consistent with the binding mode of other phospholipids which were previously studied. Dansyl-labeled lipids were used to monitor the changes in the rates of lipid extraction and transfer by GM2AP from liposomes as a function of both pH and the TRP to ALA substituted constructs. The ability of GM2AP to bind and/or extract dansyl-labeled lipids from liposomes was affected with increased pH of the lipid environment. Additionally, removal of TRP from the putative membrane binding loops resulted in slower lipid extraction rates, suggesting that these residues are relevant for membrane binding and/or extraction of GM2AP.
Role of Local Context in Automatic Deidentification of Ungrammatical, Fragmented Text

Deidentification of clinical records is a crucial step before these records can be distributed to non-hospital researchers. Most approaches to deidentification rely heavily on dictionaries and heuristic rules; these approaches fail to remove most personal health information (PHI) that cannot be found in dictionaries. They also can fail to remove PHI that is ambiguous between PHI and non-PHI.Named entity recognition (NER) technologies can be used for deidentification. Some of these technologies exploit both local and global context of a word to identify its entity type. When documents are grammatically written, global context can improve NER.In this paper, we show that we can deidentify medical discharge summaries using support vector machines that rely on a statistical representation of local context. We compare our approach with three different systems. Comparison with a rule-based approach shows that a statistical representation of local context contributes more to deidentification than dictionaries and hand-tailored heuristics. Comparison with two well-known systems, SNoW and IdentiFinder, shows that when the language of documents is fragmented, local context contributes more to deidentification than global context.
Workshop recommendations for the preconception cohort of the National Children's Study.

Summary This paper summarises discussions on incorporating preconception recruitment in the National Chidren’s Study (NCS); these were part of the workshop on Expanding Methodologies for Capturing Day-Specific Probabilities of Conception. Four key issues were discussed in relation to the NCS: (1) differences between pregnancy ‘planners’ and ‘non-planners’; (2) a tiered approach to preconception data collection; (3) data gaps in preconception studies; and (4) assessment of early pregnancy in subsequent pregnancies for women with a child already in the study. Practical recommendations were developed for each theme, which have relevance for other prospective studies of conception, pregnancy and human development.
Velocity measurements of airframe effects on a rotor in a low-speed forward flight

Aerodynamic interactions between the rotor and the airframe of a rotorcraft can have severe effects and are difficult to predict analytically. To attack this problem, the velocity field of a two-bladed rotor has been measured in a wind tunnel with and without an airframe model in proximity. The periodic and time-averged velocity fields were measured using a laser velocimeter in planes both parallel to and above and below the rotor tip path plane at an advance ratio of 0.1 and a rotor tip Mach number of 0.29. The data were shown to be free of tunnel wall effects. The effect of including the cylindrical airframe model were measured. For the geometry studied, airframe influence on the rotor flowfield was mostly confined to the front half of the rotor disc. Hub effects were noticeable, even with the minimal-sized hub used. Strong vortex interaction effects were observed using strobed laser sheet flow visualization and measured using laser velocimetry.
Powerlessness, Social-Political Action, Social-Political Views: Their Interrelation Among College Students.

Powerlessness, as measured by externality on the I-E Scale, was investigated as an individual difference between college students who take social-political action and those who do not. Questionnaires, including Rotter's I-E Scale, measures of social-political activity, and measures of social-political views were administered to UCLA undergraduates. For males, externality was positively correlated with social-political activity, particularly protest activity, and with left-wing views. These correlations primarily reflected the externality of left-wing activists and the internality of non-left-wing nonactivists. For females, I-E scores were unrelated to views or to action. Implications for the meaning of the I-E Scale and the nature of student activism were discussed.
Explosion of a Water Droplet by Pulsed Laser Heating

The explosive vaporization of a single aerosol droplet by pulsed laser radiation is investigated. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy govern the hydrodynamic response of the system. These are solved for the case of instantaneous, uniform heating. Some regions of the flow manifest shock waves with associated shock heating. The shock heating has implications regarding aerosol-enhanced breakdown of air. Other regions of the flow undergo rapid expansion and cooling. Strong cooling allows the possibility of condensation. To investigate this, nucleation rates based on classical nucleation theory have been computed. The computed nucleation rates are quite high in some regions of the flow. This means that condensation can have a significant impact on both the hydrodynamics and the electrodynamics of the system. The power density required for “inertially locked heating” and its implications are discussed.
Efficient Computation of Transient Tm Scattering From a Cylinder Above an Infinite Periodic Surface

The transient electromagnetic field scattered by a perfectly conducting cylinder located above an infinite, perfectly conducting, periodic surface is computed for TM polarization. A decomposition technique is used to form a set of coupled electric field integral equations for the current on the cylinder and that portion of the surface most strongly interacting with the cylinder. Use of this technique for studying the transient multipath phenomenon of a target located above a sinusoidal surface is discussed.
Effects of pentobarbital on proopiomelanocortin opioid products of neonatal piglets during normoxia and hypoxia.

Abstract Endogenous opioids have been shown to suppress physiological functions in the neonate. It has been suggested that anesthesia with barbiturates might enhance this suppression by influencing opioid systems directly. To explore this possibility, naive piglets, 2.2+/-0.8 (X+/-SD) days old, underwent one of five protocols: 1) normoxia (control); 2) 10% 0(2)/90% N(2) (hypoxia); 3) saline injection ip during normoxia (sham anesthesia); 4) pentobarbital sodium, 25 mg/kg ip, during normoxia (barbiturate anesthesia); and 5) pentobarbital sodium, 25 mg/kg ip, during hypoxia (combined hypoxia and barbiturate anesthesia). Following the inhalation of either gas mixture for at least 30 min, and precisely 30 min after an injection, blood, cerebrospinal fluid and a dorsal medullary slice containing the nucleus tractus solitarii were collected and processed for measurement by radioimmunoassay of opioid proopiomelanocortin products. These comprised beta-lipotropin (the precursor), beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (containing the active peptide beta-endorphin) and N-acetyl beta-endorphin (a deactivated peptide). The most striking result was seen in the cerebrospinal fluid: As compared to barbiturate anesthesia, peptide levels with all other treatments, including combined hypoxia and barbiturate anesthesia, were consistently higher. In the plasma, peptide levels after either combined hypoxia and barbiturate anesthesia or hypoxia alone were generally higher than those of their respective controls (sham anesthesia, control). Plasma levels of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity and estimated beta-endorphin with combined hypoxia and barbiturate anesthesia were also higher than those with barbiturate anesthesia. The latter pattern was reversed in the nucleus tractus solitarii, in which beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity and estimated beta-endorphin levels were lower with combined hypoxia and barbiturate anesthesia than with barbiturate anesthesia alone, although no significant differences were achieved. These results suggest that pentobarbital may decrease the central neuronal release of active endorphins, and thus decrease the quantity of these ligands available for interaction with opioid receptors. Hypoxia, on the other hand, appears to increase such release even in the presence of pentobarbital. Thus, during a hypoxic insult, the suppressive influence of opioids on physiological functions would be enhanced regardless of the presence of barbiturate anesthesia.
Helium diffusion in the Sun

We calculate improved standard solar models using the new Livermore (OPAL) opacity tables, an accurate (exportable) nuclear energy generation routine which takes account of recent measurements and analyses, and the recent Anders-Grevesse determination of heavy element abundances. We also evaluate directly the effect of the diffusion of helium with respect to hydrogen on the calculated neutrino fluxes, on the primordial solar helium abundance, and on the depth of the convective zone. Helium diffusion increases the predicted event rates by about 0.8 SNU, or 11 percent of the total rate, in the chlorine solar neutrino experiment, by about 3.5 SNU, or 3 percent, in the gallium solar neutrino experiments, and by about 12 percent in the Kamiokande and SNO solar neutrino experiments. The best standard solar model including helium diffusion and the most accurate nuclear parameters, element abundances, and radiative opacity predicts a value of 8.0 SNU +/- 3.0 SNU for the C1-37 experiment and 132 +21/-17 SNU for the Ga - 71 experiment, where the uncertainties include 3 sigma errors for all measured input parameters.
In vitro and in vivo release of metoclopramide from a subdermal diffusion matrix with potential in preventing fescue toxicosis in cattle

An auricular implant (0.5 × 3.7 cm) containing metoclopramide was developed for use in cattle as a therapeutic aid in antagonizing the harmful effects associated with grazing of endophyte-infected fescue pastures. The implant matrix was prepared from the biodegradable polymer, polyhydroxybutyrate and its copolymer polyhydroxyvalerate using compression-melt and solvent-evaporation compression techniques. Fabrication variables evaluated in in vitro dissolution studies included concentration of copolymer, drug payload, salt form vs. free base form of drug, and degree of compression. The optimal system consisted of a matrix containing 24% copolymer with a 50% drug payload that was prepared with the compression-melt technique. An in vivo study in cattle was conducted to assess biocompatibility and verify the dissolution rate in the whole animal. No adverse reactions occurred. The metoclopramide implant had a dissolution rate of 12 mg/day and was vascularized by the surrounding connective tissue. The matrix sham had no observable vascularization. An additional study used twelve pairs (one implanted, the other control) of steers placed on four different endophyte/nitrogen grazing treatments. The total ergot content (0.2–2.2 μg/g) of the twelve fescue paddocks was measured by HPLC, and fraction of Acremonium endophyte infection (23–67%) was determined by aniline stain. The implant resulted in an improvement in suppressed tail temperature (P < 0.01) among all endophyte/nitrogen treatments, and cholesterol (P < 0.01) among the high endophyte/nitrogen treatments.
Automated Design of Aerospace Structures

The current state-of-the-art in structural analysis of aerospace vehicles is characterized, automated design technology is discussed, and an indication is given of the future direction of research in analysis and automated design. Representative computer programs for analysis typical of those in routine use in vehicle design activities are described, and results are shown for some selected analysis problems. Recent and planned advances in analysis capability are indicated. Techniques used to automate the more routine aspects of structural design are discussed, and some recently developed automated design computer programs are described. Finally, discussion is presented of early accomplishments in interdisciplinary automated design systems, and some indication of the future thrust of research in this field is given.
Kinetics of Combustion Synthesis in the Ti‐C and Ti‐C‐Ni Systems

The kinetics and mechanisms of combustion reactions in the Ti-C and Ti-C-Ni systems were studied. Samples were produced by igniting compacts of elemental Ti, C, and Ni powders with a tungsten heating coil under an inert argon atmosphere. Using an elementary model of the process, the “apparent” activation energies of these highly exothermic reactions were determined by measuring combustion wave velocities and combustion temperatures. For the Ti + C ⇒ TiC reaction, two different combustion regimes were found. The first, for combustion temperatures greater than 2711 K, was postulated to be controlled by the dissolution of carbon into a titanium melt with an apparent activation energy of 124 ± 31 kJ · mol−1. The second, for combustion temperatures less than 2711 K, was postulated to be controlled by the diffusion of carbon through a solid TiC layer with an apparent activation energy of 364 ± 25 kJ · mol−1. For the reaction Ti + C + 25 wt% Ni ⇒ TiC + 25 wt% Ni the apparent activation energy was measured to be 133 ± 50 kJ · mol−1, corresponding to the dissolution of carbon into a Ti-Ni melt. Temperature profile and microstructural information are also presented.
Plant Quality and Conspecific Density Effects on Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Wing Diphenism and Population Ecology

Factors that influence thysanopteran wing diphenism are not well known. In these studies, the impact of food quality, mediated through nitrogen addition, and conspecific density was explored on the wing diphenism of an herbivorous thrips species (Anaphothrips obscurus Muller) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the first study, nitrogen was added to timothy grass (Phleum pretense L.) (Poales: Poaceae) transplants, and naturally occurring thrips populations were caged on the plants. Thrips abundance and foliar nutrients were assessed every 2 wk. A separate factorial experiment in growth chambers explored the impact of both plant nitrogen addition and thrips abundance on wing diphenism. Thrips density was manipulated by adding either 3 or 40 thrips to potted and caged timothy. Thrips abundance and foliar nutrients were measured 58 d after treatment placement. Plant quality directly affected thrips wing diphenism independent of thrips density in both experiments. Near the end of the field cage experiment, density may have indirectly impacted wing diphenism. In both experiments, plant quality and thrips density interacted to affect thrips population abundance. Plant quality alone can affect thrips wing diphenism, but it remains unclear whether density alone can affect thrips wing diphenism. This is a unique and understudied system that will be useful to examine generalized theories on the negative interaction between reproduction and dispersal.
Monoclonal antibodies to nonhistone proteins associated with human colon cancer nuclear matrix

Abstract 1. 1. Hybridoma technology was applied in an effort to create highly specific probes for nonhistone proteins associated with human colon cancer nuclear matrix. Three stable monoclonal antibodies producing cloned cells No. 39, 54 and 58 are described here. 2. 2. All these antibodies showed high reactivity with human colon tumor nuclear matrix. Both antibodies No. 39 and 58 showed an extensive cross reactivity at high concentration of normal colon nuclear matrix. 3. 3. The antigens were determined to be a heterogeneous group of proteins with a major antigen of molecular weight of 140,000 for antibody No. 54 subclone 54-c-5–6 and two major antigens of molecular weight for 105,000 and 116,000 for antibody No. 39 subclone 39-d-11–12. 4. 4. Immunohistochemical localization of the antigens by the horseradish peroxidase bridge method demonstrated their presence in the nuclei.
A solid state fixed wavelength colorimeter for continuous-flow analyses.

Abstract A completely solid state colorimeter has been built using a subminiature light emitting diode (LED) as the fixed wavelength light source and a PIN silicon photodiode as the photodetector. An LED has a very stable, narrow bandwidth light emission, thereby eliminating the need for a reference circuit and a monochromator. The LED used has an estimated useful life greater than 30 years, is not fragile, consumes little power, emits scant heat and is of low cost. The photodetector is a photodiode whose output current drives an FET input operational amplifier coupled to a logarithmic operator whose output voltage is rectilinear with sample absorbance. The output can drive a three lead (Technicon) or a two lead (Heathkit) strip chart recorder. The sample cuvette can be either a now cell for continuous flow methods or a discrete sample cuvette. The application of this colorimeter to automated serum uric acid analyses exemplifies the proof of principle. With currently available LED wavelengths it should be also possible to measure phosphate, hemoglobin, urea, carbon dioxide, cholesterol, total protein, calcium, amylase and triglycerides.
Development of an interactive spectral analysis system. Application to NMR spectroscopy

Abstract A data analysis center for a multi-user spectroscopic laboratory is described. The design and development of software for the center is discussed as is the philosophy of software design. Problems in the development of large interactive programs are noted and remedies suggested. Finally, specific examples of features found in the data center are illustrated.
Afferent influences on brainstem auditory nuclei of the chick: nucleus magnocellularis neuronal activity following cochlea removal.

Abstract Elimination of presynaptic elements often results in marked changes, such as astrophy and death, in postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system. These transneuronal changes are particularly rapid and profound in young animals. In order to understand the cellular events underlying transneuronal regulation it is necessary to explore changes in the local environment of neurons following manipulations of their afferents. In previous investigations we have documented a variety of rapid and marked cellular changes in neurons of the cochlear nucleus of neonatal chicks (n. magnocellularis) following cochlea removal. In adult chickens, however, these transneuronal changes are either absent or minor. The goals of the studies presented here were to examine changes in the electrical activity of nucleus magnocellularis cells and their afferents following removal of the cochlea and to determine if these changes were similar in adult and neonatal animals. Two measures of electrical activity were used; multiunit recording with microelectrodes and incorporation of radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). Microelectrode recordings revealed high levels of spontaneous activity in n. magnocellularis and n. laminaris, the binaural target of n. magnocellularis neurons. Neither puncturing of the tympanic membrane nor removal of the columella causes significant changes in spontaneous activity, although the latter results in a profound hearing loss (40–50 dB). Removal of the cochlea, on the other hand, results in immediate cessation of all extracellular electrical activity in the ipsilateral n. magnocellularis. Recordings from the same location for up to 6 h failed to reveal any return of spontaneous activity. When the electrode tip was placed in n. laminaris, unilateral cochlea removal had no discernible effect on extracellularly recorded spontaneous activity, probably due to the high levels of excitatory input from the intact ear. Bilateral cochlea removal, however, completely eliminated activity in n. laminaris. 2-DG studies conducted 1 h to 8 days following unilateral cochlea removal revealed marked decreases in 2-DG incorporation in the ipsilateral n. magnocellularis and bilaterally in the n. laminaris target of the ablated cochlea. No compensatory return of 2-DG incorporation was observed for up to 8 days. Comparisons of adult and neonatal chicks failed to reveal significant differences in the effects of cochlea removal on multiunit activity or 2-DG incorporation, suggesting that age differences in transneuronal regulation are due to intrinsic biochemical differences in young and adult neurons rather than differences in the proportion of synaptic input that has been abolished.
Numerical study of the two-dimensional Hubbard model for various band fillings

Quantum Monte Carlo methods are used to study the physical properties of the two-dimensional Hubbard model for various band fillings. Results for the energy, magnetic moment, magnetic structure factor, and integrated optical spectral weight are presented. A comparison of the half-filled (〈n〉=1) and quarter-filled (〈n〉=0.5) bands is made using results for the momentum distribution 〈${n}_{k}$〉, the compressibility K, and the one-electron self-energy \ensuremath{\Sigma}(k,i${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{n}$), which shows that a gap exists in the one-electron excitations at half-filling but is absent for the one-quarter-filled case. At a filling of 〈n〉=0.87, the locus of k values for which 〈${n}_{k}$〉=0.5 is found to be close to the free Fermi surface for this filling.
Microstructure of Co-doped TiO2(110) rutile by ion implantation

Co-doped rutile TiO2 was synthesized by injecting Co ions into single crystal rutile TiO2 using high energy ion implantation. Microstructures of the implanted specimens were studied in detail using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and HRTEM image simulations. The spatial distribution and conglomeration behavior of the implanted Co ions, as well as the point defect distributions induced by ion implantation, show strong dependences on implantation conditions. Uniform distribution of Co ions in the rutile TiO2 lattice was obtained by implanting at 1075K with a Co ion fluence of 1.25×1016Co∕cm2. Implanting at 875K leads to the formation of Co metal clusters. The precipitated Co metal clusters and surrounding TiO2 matrix exhibit the orientation relationships Co⟨110⟩‖TiO2[001] and Co{111}‖TiO2(110). A structural model representing the interface between Co metal clusters and TiO2 is developed based on HRTEM imaging and image sim...
Differential Display Cloning of a Novel Human Histone Deacetylase (HDAC3) cDNA from PHA-Activated Immune Cells

The nucleosomal histones can be modified through reversible acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs). HATs induce nucleosomal relaxation and allow DNA-binding by transcriptional activators. HDACs from corepressor complexes which negatively regulate cell growth. However, the HDAC inhibitors butyrate and Trichostatin A block T cell proliferation, suggesting that not all effects of HDACs lead to repression. Using mRNA differential display and 5'RACE we isolated human HDAC3, a novel gene that is upregulated in PHA-activated T cell clones. HDAC3 is homologous to other human HDACs and yeast RPD3. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), activation by PHA, PMA and alpha-CD3 increased HDAC mRNA but no effect was seen with IFN-gamma, LPS, or IL-4. In contrast, GMCSF downregulated PBMC levels of HDAC3 mRNA. All HDACs were found to be ubiquitously expressed in immune and non-immune tissues. In human myeloid leukemia THP-1 cells, HDAC3 transfection resulted in increased size, aberrant nuclear morphology and cell cycle G2/M cell accumulation. Functional activity of the expressed HDAC3 protein was confirmed in alpha-HDAC3 antibody immunoprecipitates by a histone deacetylase assay. Our study suggests the participation of HDACs in cell cycle progression and activation.
Micromachined three-dimensional tunable Fabry-Perot etalons

We report on novel 3D tunable Fabry-Perot etalons fabricated by surface micromachining technique. The Fabry-Perot etalons are tuned by rotation or translation movements. For the Fabry-Perot etalon tuned by rotational movement, the Fabry-Perot etalon is integrated with a rotational stage and the effective light path distance is adjusted by rotating the stage. The transmission peak wavelength shift (Delta) (lambda) p of 32 nm has been observed for tuning angle (Delta) (Theta) equal to 70 degrees. For the Fabry-Perot etalon tuned by linear translation, two mirrors consitituting the etalon are integrated with translational stages. The stage consists of a slider constrained by flanges along the two edges so that only translational movement along the optical axis is allowed. By changing the distance between two mirrors for 2.25 micrometers , a transmission peak wavelength shift (Delta) (lambda) p of 103 nm has been achieved. The 3D Fabry-Perot etalons can be easily extended to integrate with other micro- optical elements fabricated in a similar way. Furthermore, fiber-to-fiber coupling will be easy with this 3D approach. The 3D tunable Fabry-Perot etalon is another successful demonstration of the free-space micro-optical bench (FS-MOB) technology we have proposed previously.