cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological impairments. Two pervasive and disabling symptoms experienced by TBI survivors, memory deficits and a reduction in seizure threshold, are thought to be mediated by TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction. In order to demonstrate how altered hippocampal circuit function adversely affects behavior after TBI in mice, we employ lateral fluid percussion injury, a commonly used animal model of TBI that recreates many features of human TBI including neuronal cell loss, gliosis, and ionic perturbation. Here we demonstrate a combinatorial method for investigating TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction. Our approach incorporates multiple ex vivo physiological techniques together with animal behavior and biochemical analysis, in order to analyze post-TBI changes in the hippocampus. We begin with the experimental injury paradigm along with behavioral analysis to assess cognitive disability following TBI. Next, we feature three distinct ex vivo recording techniques: extracellular field potential recording, visualized whole-cell patch-clamping, and voltage sensitive dye recording. Finally, we demonstrate a method for regionally dissecting subregions of the hippocampus that can be useful for detailed analysis of neurochemical and metabolic alterations post-TBI. These methods have been used to examine the alterations in hippocampal circuitry following TBI and to probe the opposing changes in network circuit function that occur in the dentate gyrus and CA1 subregions of the hippocampus (see Figure 1). The ability to analyze the post-TBI changes in each subregion is essential to understanding the underlying mechanisms contributing to TBI-induced behavioral and cognitive deficits. The multi-faceted system outlined here allows investigators to push past characterization of phenomenology induced by a disease state (in this case TBI) and determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed pathology associated with TBI.
Characterization and transcript analysis of the major phycobiliprotein subunit genes from Aglaothamnion neglectum (rhodophyta)

The genes encoding the α and β subunits of allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin from the red alga Aglaothamnion neglectum were isolated and characterized. While the operons containing the different phycobiliprotein genes are dispersed on the plastid genome, the genes encoding the α and β subunits for each phycobiliprotein are contiguous. The β subunit gene is 5′ for both the phycocyanin and phycoerythrin operons, while the α subunit gene is 5′ for the allophycocyanin operon. The amino acid sequences of A. neglectum phycobiliproteins, as deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the genes, are 65–85% identical to analogous proteins from other red algae and cyanobacteria. The conserved nature of the plastid-encoded red algal and cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein genes supports the proposed origin of red algal plastids from cyanobacterial endosymbionts.
Effect of 25-hydroxyl group orientation on biological activity and binding to the 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 receptor

Abstract The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25D), generates many biological actions by interactions with its nuclear receptor (VDR). The presence of a carbon-25 hydroxyl group is necessary for optimizing binding to the VDR. To examine the effect of spatial orientation of the 25-hydroxyl, two pairs of 22,23-allene sidechain analogs were studied. The 22R orientation in analogs HR (52 ± 2%) and LA (154 ± 19%) resulted in higher affinity binding than the 22S orientation of analogs HQ (21 ± 3%) and LB (3.5 ± 1.3%; 1,25D = 100%). Limited trypsin proteolysis showed that 22R analogs induced VDR conformational changes better able to protect VDR from digestion than 22S analogs. 22R analogs were also able to induce gene transcription at 10–100-fold lower concentrations than 1,25D; 22S analogs were less effective. Analog LA was at least 10-fold more potent than 1,25D at inducing differentiation, while the other analogs were less potent. None of the analogs were as potent as 1,25D in promoting in vivo intestinal calcium absorption or bone calcium mobilization. LA was the most potent of the analogs but required 20–30-fold higher doses than 1,25D. The 25-hydroxyl orientation combined with the 16,17-ene functionality of analog LA enhances its ability to interact with VDR and induce biological actions.
On Laguerre expansions and systolic arrays

Discrete-time Laguerre sequences are effective for representing sequences in the form of orthogonal expansions. The main objective of this communication is to propose a systolic-array implementation for finite-duration Laguerre expansions.
Reactions to AIDS and other illnesses: reported interactions in the workplace.

ABSTRACT Previous research on the public's response to AIDS has been concerned with attitudes and knowledge in relation to the disease itself. The present study investigated American students' willingness to interact in the workplace with AIDS patients and compared this with their reactions to cancer and hepatitis patients. The effects of perceived control over the cause of the disease were also examined. Exposure to the diseases was manipulated with written scenarios. Results demonstrated that the type of illness affected a willingness to interact with individuals—AIDS patients were reacted to least positively, followed by hepatitis, and cancer patients. Perceived control over the cause of the disease did not affect reactions.
Model and analysis for combined package and on-chip power grid simulation

We present new modeling and simulation techniques to improve the accuracy and efficiency of transient analysis of large power distribution grids. These include an accurate model for the inherent decoupling capacitance of non-switching devices, as well as a statistical switching current model for the switching devices. Moreover, three new simulation techniques are presented for problem size-reduction and speed-up. Results of application of these techniques on three PowerPC/sup TM/ microprocessors are also presented.
Thermal and solutal conditions at the tips of a directional dendritic growth front

The line-of-sight averaged, time-dependent dendrite tip concentrations for the diffusion dominated vertical directional solidification of a metal model (ammonium chloride and water) were obtained by extrapolating exponentially fit diffusion layer profiles measured using a laser interferometer. The tip concentrations were shown to increase linearly with time throughout the diffusion dominated growth process for an initially stagnant dendritic array. The process was terminated for the cases chosen by convective breakdown suffered when the conditionally stable diffusion layer exceeded the critical Rayleigh criteria. The transient tip concentrations were determined to significantly exceed the values predicted for steady state, thus producing much larger constitutional undercoolings. This has ramifications for growth speeds, arm spacings and the dendritic structure itself.
Perceptual Organization and Attention.

It is widely assumed that the grouping of the visual field first described by the Gestalt psychologists and the related phenomenon of texture segregation occur very early in the processing of visual information and involve preattentive processes. All the recent evidence supporting this assumption comes from visual search experiments in which the subject is actively looking for a target and attending to the stimulus. The question at issue is whether these kinds of patterns are perceived under conditions of inattention, i.e., when observers are not searching for them. We performed six experiments to determine whether texture segregation and grouping by similarity or proximity are perceived under conditions of inattention. On the first two trials subjects were asked to report the longer arm of a briefly presented cross which was surrounded by a pattern of ungrouped small elements. On the third trial and subsequent control trials these elements were configured into grouping patterns and subjects queried about them immediately following their line length reports. The results establish that neither texture segregation nor grouping by similarity of lightness or proximity are perceived under conditions of inattention. They support the conclusion that there is an earlier stage of processing than that referred to as preattentive.
A prototype functional language implementation for hierarchical-memory architectures

Programming languages are the most important tool at a programmer's disposal. All other tools correct, visualize, or evaluate the product crafted by this tool. The advent of multiprocessor computer systems has greatly complicated the programmer's task and increased his need for high-level languages capable of automatically taming these architectures. The authors describe a prototype implementation of Sisal for multiprocessor, hierarchical-memory systems. The implementation includes elicit compiler and runtime control that effectively exploits the different levels of memory and manages interprocess communications (IPC). They give preliminary performance results for this system on the BBN TC2000. >
Methotrexate binds in a non-productive orientation to human dihydrofolate reductase in solution, based on NMR spectroscopy.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an intracellular target enzyme for folate antagonist drugs, including methotrexatte. In order to compare the binding of methotrexate to human DHFR in solution with that observed in the crystalline state, NMR spectroscopy has been used to determine the conformation of the drug bound to human DHFR in solution. In agreement with what has been observed in the crystalline state, NOE's identified protein and methotrexate protons indicate that methotrexate binds in a non-productive orientation. In contrast to what has been reported for E. coli DHFR in solution, only one bound conformation of methotrexate is observed.
Women's family power and gender preference in Minya, Egypt

Structural and ideational theories are adapted to explore the influence of women’s resources and ideational exposures on their family power and gender preferences in Minya Egypt. Data from a household survey of 2226 married women aged 15–54 years show that residence with marital kin decreases women’s family power. Women in endogamous marriages have greater family power than women in nonendogamous marriages but still tend to prefer sons. Educated women report weaker son preference and greater influence in decisions but still tend to prefer sons. The positive association of women’s education paid work and urban residence with a variable measuring girl or equal preference and family power suggests that selected resources and ideational exposures may improve girls’ well-being in Minya. (authors)
IS GREATER FEMALE LONGEVITY A GENERAL FINDING AMONG ANIMALS

(A) There are data showing beyond question a gender gap, with women living longer than men, especially in economically developed societies. There is greater male vulnerability to the major causes of human death. (B) In lower animals there are data suggesting a female survival advantage to adult life in many species, but the observations do not consider longevity or survival to an advanced age. (C) In laboratory rodents kept under controlled conditions the relationship of sex to longevity is variable, with males sometimes showing greater longevity than females and with life span being dependent on factors like breeding and diet. (D) Similar genetic and hormonal processes operate in humans and in non-human mammals including the genetic mechanism of sex determination, the hormonal consequences of sex determination, and the effects of hormones on processes which affect longevity such as cholesterol levels and immune functions. (E) Causes of death in humans and animals are different, and it seems unlikely, therefore, that the same mechanisms could be determinants of longevity in all mammalian species. (F) Human male and female longevity continue to change, and it is likely that the gender gap will narrow, with societal and medical changes in post-industrial societies reducing the male disadvantages in behaviour and in the handling of cholesterol. (G) It remains an important question whether part of the gender gap seen in humans is based on other differences in the basic biology of males and females.
MF-TCP : Design and evaluation of TCP for message ferry delay tolerant networks

In message ferry delay tolerant network, certain dedicated mobile nodes (message ferries) facilitate data transfer between disconnected regions of network. Message ferries travel around partitions of network, collecting data from nodes and delivering it to others. Due to high mobility of nodes and network partitioning, such a data transfer can be highly unreliable and it becomes really challenging to meet transport layer communication objectives. As we show, standard TCP performs poorly in such network because of frequent disconnections and longer propagation delays. In this paper, we present a variant of TCP (called MF-TCP) for message ferry delay tolerant networks which is designed to deal with high communication delays and significantly longer periods of disconnections. MF-TCP performs well even when intermediate nodes of TCP connections are highly mobile and round trip latency is unpredictable. Simulation results of MF-TCP show performance improvements over standard TCP in message ferry delay tolerant networks.
A robust torque controller for induction motors without rotor position sensors: analysis and experimental results

A robust controller, which tracks flux and torque commands is designed for an induction motor. It is based on a transformation to the estimate of the rotor flux. The speed of the rotor is estimated from the stator currents using a high-gain observer. The controller is robust with respect to variations of the rotor resistance. Analysis of the controller shows that the system is asymptotically stable in the motoring and braking regions and in the generating region for large enough torque reference. Simulations and experimental results show agreement with the analysis.
Cavity control of a single-electron quantum cyclotron: Measuring the electron magnetic moment

Measurements with a one-electron quantum cyclotron determine the electron magnetic moment, given by $g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73(28)[0.28\mathrm{ppt}]$, and the fine structure constant, $\ensuremath{\alpha}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=137.035 999 084(51)[0.37\mathrm{ppb}]$. Announcements of these measurements [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030801 (2006); 100, 120801 (2008)] are supplemented here with a more complete description of the one-electron quantum cyclotron and the measurement methods, a discussion of the cavity control of the radiation field, a summary of the analysis of the measurements, and a fuller discussion of the uncertainties.
Influence of dietary status and diabetes on aortic acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Abstract We have postulated that the accelerated synthesis of cholesteryl ester in atherosclerotic microsomes may result in part from decreased acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in arterial tissue, because acyl-CoA is a common substrate for both reactions. We have now investigated the influence of nutritional status, type of diet, and diabetes on the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity of otherwise normal aortic microsomes. Fasting rabbits for 16 hr diminished the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity approximately 30%. The activity of this aortic microsomel enzyme in rats maintained on a high-carbohydrate diet for 5 weeks was comparable to the activity observed on a high-fat (olive oil) diet. The type of fat in the diet influences the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity: oils containing 77% oleic acid (higholeic safflower oil) and containing 70% linoleic acid (conventional safflower oil) lowered the aortic microsomel acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in comparison to a more saturated fat (cocoa butter). Aortic preparations of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin exhibited higher acyl-CoA hydrolase activity than the normal. The results show that conditions associated with human atherogenesis (diabetes and saturated fat diet) increase rather than suppress the activity of this arterial enzyme in normal arterial tissues of the rat.
Assessing gene-level translational control from ribosome profiling

Motivation: The translational landscape of diverse cellular systems remains largely uncharacterized. A detailed understanding of the control of gene expression at the level of messenger RNA translation is vital to elucidating a systems-level view of complex molecular programs in the cell. Establishing the degree to which such post-transcriptional regulation can mediate specific phenotypes is similarly critical to elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer. Recently, methods for massively parallel sequencing of ribosome-bound fragments of messenger RNA have begun to uncover genome-wide translational control at codon resolution. Despite its promise for deeply characterizing mammalian proteomes, few analytical methods exist for the comprehensive analysis of this paired RNA and ribosome data. Results: We describe the Babel framework, an analytical methodology for assessing the significance of changes in translational regulation within cells and between conditions. This approach facilitates the analysis of translation genome-wide while allowing statistically principled gene-level inference. Babel is based on an errorsin-variables regression model that uses the negative binomial distribution and draws inference using a parametric bootstrap approach. We demonstrate the operating characteristics of Babel on simulated data and use its gene-level inference to extend prior analyses significantly, discovering new translationally regulated modules under mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signaling control. Availability: The Babel framework is freely available as source code at
THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY MORAL SUPPORT AND PERSONAL PROBLEMS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF KOREAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS

Less than one-fifth of all entrepreneurs are women in Korea (Xavier et al., 2012). We investigate the determinants of Korean women entrepreneurs’ firm performance. Specifically, we examine the impact of personal problems and family support and their interaction effects on firm performance. We find empirical support for the negative effects of personal problems on firm performance and positive moderation effects of family support on this link. Implications and future studies are discussed.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities in hispanic and anglo postmenopausal women: associations with total and regional body fat.

Reverse cholesterol transport is one process by which high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been hypothesized to play a role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. This study was designed to examine cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities, 2 modulators of reverse cholesterol transport, in Hispanic and Anglo postmenopausal women. The associations between plasma CETP and LCAT activities and body composition were also examined. Of the 199 subjects, 33% were of Hispanic origin and 47% were undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry. Plasma CETP activity was higher in Hispanic compared to Anglo women, although the difference was eliminated when data were adjusted for abdominal fat. Hispanic women had lower plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations, higher total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratios and triglyceride concentrations, and greater susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles to oxidation. Hispanic women also had a significantly greater relative deposition of body fat on the trunk and intra-abdominally than did Anglo women, even after adjusting for total body fat. There were no significant ethnic differences in LCAT activity. Plasma CETP and LCAT activities were negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol and positively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as total and regional body composition variables. In conclusion, results suggest a greater risk for coronary heart disease in Hispanic women compared to Anglo women.
Ocean observing technology and public-private partnerships

The development and implementation of ocean observatories has primarily been driven by the research community and academic institutions. National governments have begun to take an increasingly more active role both in terms of fostering the development of individual observatories (the National Science Foundationpsilas Ocean Observatory Initiative) as well as the consideration of linking these individual observatories together into a national network (the Ocean.US Integrated Ocean Observing System). The role to be played by the private sector, both large and small companies, is also beginning to emerge. This paper explores some of the activities already undertaken by industry in ocean observing initiatives in the U.S. and other international initiatives.
The Justice Model in the Juvenile Justice System: Washington State's Experience

In 1977, the Washington State Legislature enacted radical modifications of its juvenile justice code. Explicitly abandoning the parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile justice system, a “justice” philosophy was adopted. Provisions of the law include a determinate sentencing structure, the divestiture of status offenses, greater due process rights for juveniles, and a formalized diversion process which emphasizes accountability rather than treatment. This paper brings together the available research on the implementation of the law to assess how the introduction of a justice approach has influenced equality, fairness, and punishment levels in Washington State's juvenile justice system.
5-Fluorouracil-induced coronary thrombosis: A case report and review of the literature

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a key component in the treatment of many gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Despite its proven therapeutic efficacy, this chemotherapeutic agent also possesses several associated cardiac toxicities, including coronary vasospasm and coronary thrombosis. We report a case of acute coronary syndrome with thrombotic subtotal coronary artery occlusion in the setting of home 5-FU infusion highlighting the importance of careful pre-administration cardiac evaluation and close monitoring during drug administration.
Computation of Unsteady Separation Using Lagrangian Procedures

The interaction between increased knowledge of unsteady separation processes and computational techniques is examined, emphasizing the use of Lagrangian coordinates. Examples include boundary layer solutions of two dimensional unsteady flows, and separation from rotating and translating spheres. Advances in Lagrangian techniques for the Navier-Stokes equations are illustrated by means of high resolution random-walk computations of the impulsively started circular cylinder.
Nanosecond cw Visible-IR All-Optical Switching and Nonlinear Transmission with a Nonlinear Organic Optical Liquid in Bulk and Guided Wave Geometry

In this presentation, we describe another promising organic material that enables all-optical switching in an extremely wide time scales spanning sub-nanoseconds to cw regime - a nonlinear neat organic liquid (L34) in bulk or wave-guided [fiber core] structure. In the visible spectrum [400-700 nm], quantitative z-scan and pump-probe techniques have shown that in the sub-nanosecond time scales, the dominant nonlinear absorption processes are two-photon coupled to excited state absorption processes characterized by an intrinsic two photon absorption coefficient of ~5 cm/GW, and an intensity dependent effective two-photon absorption coefficient that can be over 200 cm/GW. For longer time scales, the transparency of the liquid allows doping with appropriate absorbers to generate efficient thermal/density and nonlinear scattering effects [as well as guided mode extinction in fiber geometry] for all-optical switching operations. Accordingly, one may envision single material constituent device capable of all-time scale optical switching applications.
Sustained elevation of neutrophils in rats induced by lentivirus-mediated G-CSF delivery.

Background Patients with severe chronic and cyclic neutropenia, characterized by neutrophil numbers <500 cells/µl, are treated daily with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). As an alternative delivery approach we investigated the ability of lentivirus vectors to provide sustained G-CSF expression. Methods Fischer rats were injected intramuscularly (IM) with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped lentivirus pRRL-CMV-G-CSF-SIN that encoded rat G-CSF cDNA regulated by the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and incorporated a self-inactivating (SIN) construct in the 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR). Control rats received normal saline or lentivirus encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Rats were serially monitored for blood cell production and tissues assayed for provirus distribution. Results Rats receiving a single IM injection of lentivirus exhibited elevated neutrophil counts for 14 months. Virus administration of 6 × 107 infectious units induced sustained levels of neutrophil production having a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 5650 ± 900 cells/µl and rats that received a 10-fold lower dose of virus showed mean neutrophil counts of 3340 ± 740 cells/µl. These were significantly higher than the mean of control animals receiving saline or control lentivirus (1, 760 ± 540 cells/µl, P 0.3), lymphocytes (P > 0.2) and platelets (P > 0.1) were not significantly different between control and treated animals. Genomic DNA from muscle at the injection sites was positive for provirus, whereas lung, spleen, liver, kidney and non-injected muscle samples were all negative, suggesting lack of virus spread. Conclusions These studies indicate that lentivirus vectors administered IM provide sustained, therapeutic levels of neutrophils and suggest this approach to treat patients with severe and cyclic neutropenia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using mixed integer programming to schedule it change requests

Change management is viewed as one of the most important processes in IT management with the main challenge of scheduling the change requests. That is, given a set of change requests for different parts of an IT system, how one should schedule changes to minimize the costs and risks of service delivery. In this paper, we approach the change request scheduling problem using a simple optimization model and consider both deterministic and stochastic cases. We show that these models can be converted to the Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) framework for which promising solution techniques exist. We conclude the work with an illustrative example as an instance of our model.
Missed adenomas in patients with inadequate bowel preparation

Ihab I. El Hajj, MD, MPH Leticia Luz, MD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Rosen Dimitrov, MD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Mohammad Al-Haddad, MD Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Protection of Wild-Type and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice against an Intranasal Challenge by Passive Immunization with Monoclonal Antibodies to the Chlamydia trachomatis Mouse Pneumonitis Major Outer Membrane Protein

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP) were characterized for their ability to neutralize the infectivity of this organism in vitro and in vivo. One of the MAbs (MoPn-23) recognizes a nonlinear epitope in the MOMP, MAb MoPn-40 binds to a linear epitope in the variable domain 1 (VD1), and MAb MoPn-32 recognizes the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. MAb MoPn-23 neutralized 50% of the infectivity of Chlamydia, as measured in vitro by using HAK (FcIII) and HeLa-229 (FcIII) cells at a concentration 100 times lower than MAb MoPn-40. MAb MoPn-32 had no neutralizing ability. In comparison to the control normal mouse immunoglobulin G, passive immunization of BALB/c mice with MAb MoPn-23 resulted in a highly significant protection against an intranasal (i.n.) challenge as determined by the change in body weight, the weight of the lungs, and the yield of Chlamydia inclusion-forming units (IFU) from the lungs. Passive immunization with MAb MoPn-40 resulted in a lower degree of protection, and MAb MoPn-32 afforded no protection. MAb MoPn-23 was also tested for its ability to protect wild-type (WT) and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) C.B-17 mice against an i.n. challenge. Protection based on total body weight, lung weight, and yield of Chlamydia IFU was as effective in SCID as in WT C.B-17 mice. In conclusion, antibodies to MOMP can protect mice against a chlamydial infection in the presence or absence of T and B cells.
Stationary stochastic asymmetric control

Abstract : This document describes a one-dimensional problem which deals with the minimization of a cost function. Generalizations to a multi-dimensional case are mentioned.
The fundamental solution of the time-dependent system of crystal optics

We set up the electromagnetic system and its plane-wave solutions with the associated slowness and wave surfaces. We treat the Cauchy initial-value problem for the electric vector and make explicit the quantities necessary for numerical evaluation. We use the Herglotz-Petrovskii representation as an integral around loops which, for each position and time form the intersection of a plane in the space of slownesses with the slowness surface. The field and especially its singularities are strongly dependent on the varying geometry of these loops; we use a level set numerical technique to compute those real loops which essentially give us second order accuracy. We give the static term corresponding to the mode with zero wave speed. Numerical evaluation of the solution is presented graphically followed by some concluding remarks.
Advise and Consent: On the Americanization of Body Worlds

Judging from attendance records worldwide, Gunther von Hagens’ Body Worlds: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies is perhaps the most successful exhibition ever. But while it has been the subject of intense legal, ethical and cultural controversy in Europe, the exhibition has been hailed by the American press, museum curators, theologians and medical professionals as a homage to the wonders of the human body, a wonderful educational vehicle and an admonition to healthful living. The article explores this affirmative American response to Body Worlds, considering changes in the exhibition venue and presentation, as well as discourses surrounding it, that have conferred a new respectability on Body Worlds and suppressed a critical engagement with its ethical, aesthetic, ideological and economic implications.
Injection-Molding Systems

Although considered by some to be a batch process, injection molding is really a semicontinuous process. Further, it is also a cyclic process in which plastic granules are heated until melted or thermally softened, forced into a mold and then cooled to a desired shape.
Thirty-Day Postoperative Mortality Risk Estimates and 1-Year Survival in Veterans Health Administration Surgery Patients

Importance For more than 2 decades, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has relied on risk-adjusted, postoperative, 30-day mortality data as a measure of surgical quality of care. Recently, the use of 30-day mortality data has been criticized based on a theory that health care professionals manage patient care to meet the metric and that other outcome metrics are available. Objectives To determine whether postoperative mortality data identify a delay in care to meet a 30-day mortality metric and to evaluate whether 30-day mortality risk score groups stratify survival patterns up to 365 days after surgery in surgical procedures assessed by the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP). Design, Setting, and Participants Patients undergoing VASQIP-assessed surgical procedures within the VHA from October 1, 2011, to September 30, 2013, were evaluated. Data on 365-day survival follow-up of 212 733 surgical cases using VHA Vital Status and admission records were obtained with 10 947 mortality events. Data analysis was conducted from September 3, 2014, to November 9, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Survival up to 365 days after surgery for the overall cohort divided into 10 equal groups (deciles). Results There were 10 947 mortality events identified in a cohort of 212 733 surgical patients. The mean probability of death was 1.03% (95% CI, 1.01%-1.04%). Risk estimate groups in the 212 733 surgical cases analyzed showed significantly different postoperative survival, with consistency beyond the time frame for which they were developed. The lowest risk decile had the highest 365-day survival probability (99.74%; 95% CI, 99.66%-99.80%); the highest risk decile had the lowest 365-day survival probability (72.04%; 95% CI, 71.43%-72.64%). The 9 lowest risk deciles had linear survival curves from 0 to 365 postoperative days, with the highest risk decile having early survival risk and becoming more linear after the first 180 days. Survival curves between 25 and 35 days were consistent for all risk deciles and showed no evidence that mortality rates were affected in the immediate period beyond day 30. The setting of mortality varied by postoperative day ranges, with index hospitalization events declining and deaths outside of the hospital increasing up to 365 days. Conclusions and Relevance Deciles of 30-day mortality estimates are associated with significantly different survival outcomes at 365 days even after removing patients who died within the first 30 postoperative days. No evidence of delays in patient care and treatment to meet a 30-day metric were identified. These findings reinforce the usefulness of 30-day mortality risk stratification as a surrogate for long-term outcomes.
Gender and Learning Outcomes in United States Government Courses

This paper compares learning outcomes for males and females using a pretest-posttest design for a one semester United States government course. Males and females improve their knowledge at similar rates, although males start out with more knowledge.
Somnogenic effects of rabbit and recombinant human interferons in rabbits

Interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that possess several central nervous system activities. IFN therapy is associated with sleepiness, and the IFNs expressed during viral infection may be involved in the excess sleep associated with these infections. Most viruses stimulate the production of both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Although large doses of human IFN-alpha 2 are somnogenic in rabbits, the effects of species-specific IFNs on sleep in the rabbit have not been documented. We compared the somnogenic and antiviral effects of IFNs derived from rabbits to the effects of recombinant human (rh) IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. When injected intracerebroventricularly, rhIFN-alpha A/D, rabbit IFN-alpha/beta, and rabbit reference IFN induced non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and fever in a dose-dependent manner. However, the doses of rabbit IFNs required to induce sleep were much lower than those of human IFNs. Heat treatment of both rabbit IFNs and human IFNs greatly reduced their in vitro antiviral effects. The in vivo activities of rabbit IFNs and rhIFN-alpha A/D were significantly attenuated after heat treatment. However, rhIFN-beta retained its sleep-promoting action after heat treatment, suggesting that microbial contaminants were responsible for its somnogenic and pyrogenic activities. We conclude that IFN-alpha is somnogenic.
The Potential for Economic Recovery of Metals from the Sillamäe Site

The Sillamae tailings pond contains some 12 million tons of waste material from various industrial activities over the past 50 years. These activities included the production of electricity from local oil shales, the extraction of uranium from local and imported uranium ores, and the extraction of rare earth metals and chlorides from imported loparite ores.’ The process wastes were initially deposited on an unprepared surface, and later behind a wall constructed of this early deposited material, creating a sandy/muddy mass partially covered by a solution whose pH varies between 6 and 10. This formation is typically called a tailings dam or tailings pond. From the data in Ehdwall et al. [3], it appears that the Sillamae tailings pond, which has a solids volume of 8 million m3 and covers an area of 330,000 m2, consists of a lower layer of oil shale ash, a middle layer of uranium tails, and an upper layer of loparite tails mixed with oil shale ash, corresponding to the chronological sequence of industrial activity at Sillamae. The tailings dam wall consists mainly of uranium tails, but includes some oil shale ash. According to [3], the total solids content of the tailings pond weighs some 12 million tons, although Silmet reports that the pond contains only 4 million tons of uranium tails, 1.5 million tons of oil shale ash, and 140,000 tons of loparite tails. Thus, there is some discrepancy as to the quantity of material within the pond.
The Divergence of a Wandering Court: Socio-Economic Rights in the Indonesian Constitutional Court

Constitutional convergence theory, which holds that there is a general trend on upward trajectory of the adoption of universal rights, has been disputed because it tends to neglect the complexities involved in constitutional convergence. This article focuses on decisions of the Indonesian Constitutional Court on socio-economic rights that were handed down in its first ten years of operation. The inclusion of socio-economic rights in the Indonesian Constitution is a fitting illustration of the global trend toward the adoption of socio-economic rights across the world. Yet this trend does not necessarily indicate a clear constitutional convergence. This article argues that the Court’s rulings on socio-economic rights indicate that convergence have, in fact, never taken place, rather, divergence has occurred. The Court has indeed borrowed the notion of socio-economic rights but it has interpreted them in a totally different way to the notion of individual private rights, which allow the rights holder to demand the enjoyment of the right. Rather, the Court has interpreted socio economic provisions as the state’s obligation to ensure citizens enjoy their rights. Moreover, instead of defining socio-economic rights as individual rights, the Court has consistently granted privileges to the State to control natural resources.
Telehealth-Based Therapy Connecting Rural Mandarin-Speaking Traumatized Clients With a Mandarin-Speaking Therapist

Although empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have been available for some time, many Mandarin-speaking Chinese immigrants who seek treatment do ...
A Computer-Aided-Design Approach to Align Sources and Detectors on Arbitrary Tissue Surface for Noncontact Diffuse Correlation Tomography

We used computer-aided-design (CAD) to create the solid mesh of breast and align the sources and detectors on the surface of the solid mesh for finite element method (FEM) based noncontact diffuse correlation tomography (DCT).
The Adolescent Dream-World of the Two Gentlemen of Verona

from "true", which properly should have it, as in the first line of the song;8 "true-ue" is lamentable to the ear; "With" is an uninteresting preposition, the best choice of a poor lot. Some actresses half sing, half speak the line, a compromising rendition, as if there were an error in it. What is needed is a stressed syllable to precede "With". But "go / All with" and the like are weak; "go / Down with" is hilarious. The twelfth line is short a beat in the first foot; the eleventh has one too many in the last. Although the last quatrain is the only one in which the first and third lines rhyme, the rhyme really is a plausible justification for the established line division. It is also a plausible justification for an error in the line division.9
LIFE-CYCLE COMPONENTS OF SELECTION IN ERIGERON ANNUUS: I. PHENOTYPIC SELECTION.

The magnitude and direction of phenotypic selection on emergence date and seedling size in Erigeron annuus was measured to determine the heterogeneity of selection among sites and the proportion of fitness variance explained by seedling size and emergence date. Three disturbance treatments (open, annual vegetation, perennial vegetation) were imposed to test the hypothesis of stronger selection on seedlings in competitive environments. Selection was most heterogeneous early in the life cycle, with significant spatial heterogeneity in the magnitude of selection on a local scale. The disturbance treatments affected only fecundity selection gradients and selection was strongest in open plots. Significant variation in the sign of selection differentials on emergence date was observed for establishment and fall viability selection episodes; at later stages selection varied in magnitude but not direction. Seedlings in the earliest cohort experienced high mortality during establishment, but increased size and fecundity later in the life cycle. Both stabilizing and disruptive selection on emergence date were observed during establishment, but in general selection was purely directional. At Stony Brook most selection on emergence date operated indirectly through seedling size, whereas at the Weld Preserve direct selection was stronger. There were persistent effects of both seedling emergence date and rosette diameter on adult fitness components, and October rosette diameter explained 18% of the total phenotypic variance in fecundity. Overall, viability fitness components were much more important than fecundity selection. Winter survivorship was the single most important episode of selection.
In-Store Video Advertising Effectiveness: Three New Studies Provide In-Market Field Data

ABSTRACT The current study explores the impact of in-store video advertising, which has been developing quickly but has been little researched. The study consists of three field studies that examine the effectiveness of this medium. Study 1 utilized a head-mounted mini-camera to identify the extent to which in-store video advertising appeared in consumers9 field of view. Study 2 evaluated recall and recognition of in-store video advertising. Finally, Study 3 manipulated the format of in-store video advertising to identify factors that might enhance recognition. Data reveal that, despite relatively brief exposure, in-store video advertising can be effective in generating increased recall, recognition, brand familiarity, and purchase intention.
Galvanic Compatibilities of Spacecraft Dissimilar Materials Under the Thin-layer Electrolytes

A test method, based on the three-electrode system under a thin-layer electrolyte, for determining the galvanic compatibilities of spacecraft dissimilar materials is proposed,to fulfill the needs of corrosion evaluation of the spacecraft launched from Wenchang Satellite Launch Center. A threeelectrode system under a thin-layer electrolyte was designed,and galvanic corrosion tests on five types of spacecraft materials were conducted under a temperature and humidity controlled thin-layer electrolyte.Results show that owing to the ohmic resistance and the polarization extent of anodic and cathodic metals,thin-layer electrolytes are more favored environmental conditions for assessing the galvanic compatibilities of spacecraft dissimilar materials than aqueous solutions,and there is a strong correlation between galvanic current densities and environmental conditions. This work suggests that the three-electrode system under a temperature and humidity controlled thin-layer electrolyte and the criteria of galvanic current density should be used to assess the galvanic compatibilities of spacecraft dissimilar materials.
Automated Routing for VLSI: Kuh's Group Contributions

EDA (Electronic Design Automation) industry is now a multibillion dollar business and numerous commercial and university tools exist to automatically solve various sub-problems of the IC (integrated circuit) design process. Many of the underlying ideas of the algorithms implemented in those programs originated in Professor Ernest Kuh's research group at UC Berkeley. The objective of this paper is to trace Kuh's group contributions to EDA , to bring attention to this group's many accomplishments in physical design area and to show the effects that the ideas which originated in Kuh's group have had on researchers throughout the years. We limit our attention to routing problems only.
Complementarity and Space-Time Description

For a scientific realist the central philosophical problem posed by the Bell phenomena concerns the relation between physical systems and the space-time descriptions we give of their behavior. Here I argue that, although it is not generally seen in this light, Niels Bohr’s framework of complementarity presents an “epistemological lesson” designed to change how we view this relation between a system and what Bohr called “space-time co-ordination” or “description.” This lesson is not derivative from wave-particle dualism, but is intended account for that dualism, and was central to Bohr’s thinking early in his struggle to understand the nature of atomic systems. I will conclude by considering its significance for understanding the Bell phenomena.
Salmonella Serogroup C: Current Status of Vaccines and Why They Are Needed

Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS; i.e., Salmonella enterica organisms that do not cause typhoid or paratyphoid) are responsible for 94 million infections and 155,000 deaths worldwide annually, 86% of which are estimated to be foodborne. Although more than 50 serogroups and 2,600 serovars have been described, not all Salmonella serovars cause disease in humans and animals. Efforts are being made to develop NTS vaccines, with most approaches eliciting protection against serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis (serogroups B [O:4] and D [O:9], respectively), as they are widely considered the most prevalent. Here, we show that serogroup C (O:6,7, O:6,8, or O:8 epitopes) is the most common serogroup in the United States, and the prevalence of serovars from this serogroup has been increasing in Europe and the United States over the last decade. They are also the most commonly isolated serovars from healthy cattle and poultry, indicating the underlying importance of surveillance in animals. Four out of the 10 most lethal serovars in the United States are serogroup C, and reports from African countries suggest that strains within this serogroup are highly antibiotic resistant. Serogroup C consists of highly diverse organisms among which 37 serovars account for the majority of human cases, compared to 17 and 11 serovars for serogroups B and D, respectively. Despite these concerning data, no human vaccines targeting serogroup C NTS are available, and animal vaccines are in limited use. Here, we describe the underestimated burden represented by serogroup C NTS, as well as a discussion of vaccines that target these pathogens.
Changes in soluble sugars in various tissues of cultivated mushrooms,Agaricus bisporus, during postharvest storage*

Abstract Soluble sugar contents in various tissues of two hybrid strains (U1 and U3) of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus , were determined during 10 days of storage at 12°C. No significant differences in mannitol, trehalose and ribose contents were observed between these two hybrid strains at harvest. Mannitol content decreased in the cap and lower stipe throughout the storage period, while it remained steady in gills and increased slightly in upper stipes. No significant changes in trehalose contents were observed. Ribose was continuously accumulated in all tissues of the two hybrid strains during postharvest storage.