cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future Interstate Highway System Demands: Predictions Based on Population Projections.

Abstract The Interstate Highway System (IHS) used to be a symbol of American growth and its economic machine, but the IHS has not been expanded much since its inception. Recently there are both executive and legislative desires to restore and upgrade the IHS to its role as a premier system that can meet the growing and changing demands of the twenty-first century. Demographic forecasting is a precursor to rational transportation planning and decision activities. This paper provides population projections into 2060 at the county level for the entire US using cohort-component methods. We found that the US is projected to experience population growth across all age groups over the next 50 years. The projected growth, however, varies across the entire US. Population growth areas are in the west/south/east border states and the Atlanta-NC-Nashville triangle. Population decline areas include many counties from the northeast corner to the Appalachian region, counties bordering the five Great Lakes, counties along the Mississippi River, the Deep South states, and Alaska. We also identified the counties that may need additional or less transport capacity based on projected population change and proximities to IHS. We further identified the counties with high population density but without the IHS network that are projected to experience rapid population growth. IHS demands will be affected by the aging population, the young population, baby boomers, millennials, immigrants, telecommuting, and autonomous vehicles. This study provides the necessary demographic forecasting for decision and policy makers in better deciding whether and where to expand or invest in the IHS when the resources become available.
Classes of reaction diffusion equations where a parameter influences the equation as well as the boundary condition

Abstract We study positive solutions to steady state reaction diffusion equations of the form: { − Δ u = λ f ( u ) ; Ω , ∂ u ∂ η + μ ( λ ) u = 0 ; ∂ Ω , where λ > 0 , Ω is a bounded domain in R N ; N ≥ 1 with smooth boundary ∂Ω, ∂ u ∂ η is the outward normal derivative of u, μ ∈ C ( [ 0 , ∞ ) ) is strictly increasing such that μ ( 0 ) ≥ 0 and f ∈ C 2 ( [ 0 , r 0 ) ) with 0 r 0 ≤ ∞ . If r 0 ∞ we assume f ∈ C 2 ( [ 0 , r 0 ] ) with f ( r 0 ) = 0 and f ( s ) ≤ 0 for s ∈ ( r 0 , ∞ ) , and if r 0 = ∞ we assume lim s → ∞ ⁡ f ( s ) > 0 and lim s → ∞ ⁡ f ( s ) s = 0 (sublinear at ∞). Note here that the parameter λ influences both the equation and the boundary condition. We discuss existence, nonexistence, multiplicity and uniqueness results for the cases when (A) f ( 0 ) = 0 , (B) f ( 0 ) 0 , and (C) f ( 0 ) > 0 . We obtain existence and multiplicity results by the method of sub-super solutions and uniqueness results by comparison principles and a priori estimates.
Excited state electron transfer in A2 and A2B2 functionalized zinc porphyrins carrying rigid and flexible β-pyrrole π-extended substituents

Optical absorption and emission, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of peripherally functionalized with flexible and rigid π-extended substituents on A2 and A2B2 type zinc porphyrins is ...
Comparison of chemigation versus foliar insecticide use: management of lepidopteran larvae and stink bugs in North Carolina field tomatoes with environmental and farmworker benefits.

Background Commercial vegetable production in the United States of America (USA) often relies on foliar insecticide sprays for managing key insect pests. However, foliar applications of insecticides have a number of drawbacks to the health of consumers, farmworkers, and the environment. Drip chemigation is the application of pesticides to the soil through trickle (drip) irrigation systems, and can overcome a number of the drawbacks typical of foliar insecticide applications. Results We conducted a two-year study in five commercial fields of staked tomatoes in western North Carolina to compare the efficacy, economics, and environmental impact of drip chemigation versus foliar sprays. Drip chemigation significantly reduced insecticide inputs, utilized more selective and environmentally compatible insecticides, and reduced the time lost to reentry intervals, while maintaining comparable efficacy and economic returns. Conclusions Drip chemigation was an effective tool for managing key insect pests, provided a broad range of human and environmental health benefits, and will likely become increasingly cost effective in the future as insecticide patents expire and more insecticide options become available. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Adipocyte Microenvironment: Everybody in the Neighborhood Talks about the Temperature

Adipose tissue is composed of a variety of cells distributed in different depots and playing various metabolic roles. In a recent issue of Nature, Sun et al. (2020) use snRNA-seq and functional studies to identify a population of adipocytes that can suppress the thermogenic activity of neighboring adipocytes by secretion of acetate.
Torsional Stiffness of Extended and Plectonemic DNA.

DNA torsional elastic properties play a crucial role in DNA structure, topology, and the regulation of motor protein progression. However, direct measurements of these parameters are experimentally challenging. Here, we present a constant-extension method integrated into an angular optical trap to directly measure torque during DNA supercoiling. We measured the twist persistence length of extended DNA to be 22 nm under an extremely low force (â¼0.02 pN) and the twist persistence length of plectonemic DNA to be 24 nm. In addition, we implemented a rigorous data analysis scheme that bridged our measurements with existing theoretical models of DNA torsional behavior. This comprehensive set of torsional parameters demonstrates that at least 20% of DNA supercoiling is partitioned into twist for both extended DNA and plectonemic DNA. This work provides a new experimental methodology, as well as an analytical and interpretational framework, which will enable, expand, and enhance future studies of DNA torsional properties.
Improving learning outcomes through choice-based course delivery: The Choice Model

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, faculty and administrators have been called to engage in pilot studies of new educational delivery models. A pilot study was conducted during the Fall 2020 semester at a midwestern liberal arts college involving 49 undergraduate students using a new alternative course delivery format called the “Choice Model.” The Choice Model featured courses taught simultaneously in-person and broadcast in Zoom. A key feature was that each student could choose each day the mode they would attend (in-person or Zoom), and both modes) used in-class quizzes through a learning platform to keep students engaged. The results of the Choice Model included a 7.17-point increase in performance on the final exam from Marketing students, class attendance of 92.2% during a pandemic, and students reported increased engagement during class sessions. While students expressed a strong preference for the Choice Model over alternative course delivery models (in-person only, Zoom-only, a 50-50 model), a limitation found the Choice Model was that some students made suboptimal choices for their own learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Education for Business is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Chapter 9 Actin Gelation in Sea Urchin Egg Extracts

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of actin gelation in sea urchin egg extracts. Sea urchin eggs are not usually considered to be highly motile cells, and they do display a striking extension of microvilli following fertilization and classical material for studying cell division. Eggs were obtained from the Hawaiian sea urchin Tripneustes grutillu by injection of isotonic KCI into the body cavity. The jelly coat was removed by rapidly titrating a 10% egg suspension to pH 5 with HCl, then washing the eggs several times with Millipore-filtered seawater. The eggs were sedimented by hand centrifugation and the packed egg volume estimated. The formation of a structured actin gel consisting of linear aggregates of actin filaments can be induced by warming the cytoplasmic extracts. Actin has been isolated from acetone powders of sea urchin eggs and partially characterized. The procedure depends on the ability of this invertebrate actin to form large bundles in the presence of high salt and appears to be generally applicable to echinoderms. It is suggested that fascin functions in sea urchin eggs and other cells to organize actin filaments into the bundles that form the cores of filopodia and microvilli. A type of phagocytic coelomocyte from sea urchins was used to study the role of this actin-cross-linking protein.
Liquidity Shocks, Systemic Risk, and Market Collapse: Theory and Application to the Market for Perps *

Traditional explanations of market crashes rely on the collapse of an asset price bubble or the exacerbation of an information asymmetry sufficient to cause less-informed participants to withdraw from the market. We show that markets can crash even though asset prices have not deviated from fundamental values and information is shared symmetrically among all market participants. We present a model in which markets crash when investors shift their beliefs about the liquidity of the secondary market. While such shifts in liquidity may be a factor in explaining many market crashes, the collapse of the market for perpetual floating-rate notes (perps) provides an especially clear illustration of the theory because a shift in liquidity beliefs appears to have been the sole determinant of the market crash. Such a shift can be precipitated by a systemic liquidity shock that is transitory or permanent. The latter proved to be the case with perps because perceptions of the liquidity of the secondary market were permanently altered. In addition to providing new insights into why markets crash, our findings are particularly relevant for unseasoned financial products that are often priced and marketed on the assumption that liquid secondary markets will develop. The perp episode also highlights the importance of broad placement of securities. Since market liquidity arises endogenously from the diversity of liquidity needs across the investor base, the broader the investor base, the lower the probability of a systemic liquidity shock. We also show how simple modifications in security design can mitigate the impact of such a shock should it occur.
Pharmaceutical market dynamics and strategic planning: a system dynamics perspective†

Competitive pressures are forcing pharmaceutical companies to develop even more effective product-based strategic plans, which have traditionally been derived from unarticulated mental models about the individual diseases and the role of various decision-makers within them. The industry is blessed with a wealth of patient- and physician-level data, but often this information is not leveraged to its full extent. System dynamics provides an operational framework for understanding and analyzing how the interaction of patient flow dynamics, physician prescribing/product adoption behavior, and the evaluation of therapy options drive marketplace behavior. By evaluating the response of such an integrated model to possible marketing initiatives, pharmaceutical firms can develop and ultimately execute more cost-effective strategic plans for their products. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Protein adsorption on polymeric biomaterials: II. Adsorption kinetics

Abstract The adsorption kinetics of seven human proteins on four polymer surfaces were studied under a wide range of solution concentrations. The proteins were albumin (HSA), transferrin (TF), a2-macroglobulin (a2-), three immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies (IgG), and fibrinogen (FGN). The polymers were a polyurethaneurea (PEUU), plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone rubber (SR), and polyethylene (PE). The susceptibility of these proteins toward denaturation was estimated by determining the amount of ethanol required to precipitate the proteins from aqueous solution. The results showed that, in general, the intrinsic adsorption rates and the amount adsorbed increased in the order TF, a2-M, HSA, IgGs, and FGN. With the exception of HSA, this is the same order in which the tendency toward precipitation by ethanol increased. At dilute solution concentrations, the measured adsorption rates of HSA, FGN, and one IgG were diffusion-controlled at short adsorption times on SR and PE. In non-diffusion-controlled adsorption, the adsorption rates from dilute solutions were faster on the more hydrophobic SR and PE surfaces, although FGN was an exception to this trend. At higher solution concentrations, multilayer protein adsorption was observed for some protein-surface combinations. Multilayer adsorption was more extensive when the protein or surface involved was HSA, SR, or PEUU.
Built-Up and Composite Members

To make efficient use of materials, built-up and composite members of wood are common. Plywood and lumber can be used in an all wood assembly to form a plywood-lumber box beam or a stressed-skin panel. Wood can also be used in combination with other materials, such as steel or honeycombed paper, to form structural components.
Inherited Defects of Vitamin D Metabolism

The absence of biologic effects of vitamin D, resulting from deficient synthesis, dietary intake, or lack of activation of vitamin D (or to resistance to the biologic effects of the active metabolite), presents primarily with signs and symptoms that reflect impaired intestinal calcium absorption. These include signs and symptoms of neuromuscular irritability, including tetany and seizures, which are a direct result of the hypocalcemia. Long-standing deficiency of, or resistance to vitamin D metabolites leads to impaired bone mineralization as a result of calcium and phosphate deficiency. In the growing skeleton, growth plate abnormalities known as rickets are also observed (see Chapter 18). Secondary hyperparathyroidism is also observed, due to the hypocalcemia and the lack of antiproliferative and antitranscriptional effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on the parathyroid glands (see Chapter 13).
A Method of Determining End Fixity

O of the important factors in the design of a compression member is its end fixity, for, as long as the slenderness ratio of a member is reasonably large, the load-carrying ability of the member is directly proportional to its end fixity. I t is unfortunate that the few cases in which the end fixity is definitely known (theoretically) seldom occur in practice. The commonly known theoretical cases are: pin-ended columns where the end-fixity coefficient is 1.0, built-in ends where the end fixity is 4.0, and the case of one fixed end and the other pin ended which has an end fixity of 2.04. These three cases never actually occur in practice, since in pinended columns there is always some friction present, and built-in ends are not infinitely rigid. In a few cases of elastically built-in columns, the end fixity can be calculated theoretically, but in general the designer of an airplane does not know the conditions of the ends of his members accurately enough to be able to use these means. Until the present time the designer has had to estimate the end fixity of various panels or columns because he could not take into account the effect of clips, eccentric loading, flexibility of ribs, bulkheads, or edge restraints. I t is the object of this paper to present a method whereby the actual end fixity of a member on an airplane or in a test assembly can be determined experimentally without failing the member. Engesser's modified Euler equation for both long and short columns is
Adjusting wavelet‐based multiresolution analysis boundary conditions for long‐term streamflow forecasting

We propose a novel technique for improving a long-term multi-step-ahead streamflow forecast. A model based on wavelet decomposition and a multivariate Bayesian machine learning approach is developed for forecasting the streamflow 3, 6, 9, and 12 months ahead simultaneously. The inputs of the model utilize only the past monthly streamflow records. They are decomposed into components formulated in terms of wavelet multiresolution analysis. It is shown that the model accuracy can be increased by using the wavelet boundary rule introduced in this study. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the effects of different wavelet boundary rules using synthetic and real streamflow data from the Yellowstone River in the Uinta Basin in Utah. The model based on the combination of wavelet and Bayesian machine learning regression techniques is compared with that of the wavelet and artificial neural networks-based model. The robustness of the models is evaluated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compositional dependence of lower crustal viscosity

We calculate the viscosity structure of the lower continental crust as a function of its bulk composition using multiphase mixing theory. We use the Gibbs free-energy minimization routine Perple_X to calculate mineral assemblages for different crustal compositions under pressure and temperature conditions appropriate for the lower continental crust. The effective aggregate viscosities are then calculated using a rheologic mixing model and flow laws for the major crust-forming minerals. We investigate the viscosity of two lower crustal compositions: (i) basaltic (53 wt % SiO2) and (ii) andesitic (64 wt % SiO2). The andesitic model predicts aggregate viscosities similar to feldspar and approximately 1 order of magnitude greater than that of wet quartz. The viscosity range calculated for the andesitic crustal composition (particularly when hydrous phases are stable) is most similar to independent estimates of lower crust viscosity in actively deforming regions based on postglacial isostatic rebound, postseismic relaxation, and paleolake shoreline deflection.
APS boundary conditions, eta invariants and adiabatic limits

We prove an adiabatic limit formula for the eta invariant of a manifold with boundary. The eta invariant is defined using the Atiyah-PatodiSinger boundary condition and the underlying manifold is fibered over a manifold with boundary. Our result extends the work of Bismut-Cheeger to manifolds with boundary.
Precessionally forced productivity variations across the equatorial Pacific

[1] Measurements of combustion oxygen demand (COD) in two sediment cores provide a record of paleoproductivity driven by surface-ocean dynamics in the equatorial eastern and western Pacific for the past 400,000 years. The COD time series are well correlated with each other over this time span and show pronounced precessionally forced peaks of higher productivity during globally colder periods. The phase of this signal in the two cores is identical, to within chronological uncertainties, suggesting a common insolation forcing mechanism for the upper ocean across the equatorial Pacific. COD is also in phase with the precessionally forced component of global ice volume, as indicated by oxygen isotopes, and with atmospheric methane in the Vostok ice core. These relationships imply that the COD relative paleoproductivity index provides an important diagnostic measure of the mechanisms of tropical ocean dynamics and climate change.
Communal feeding of nestlings in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina): Interflock comparisons

Abstract Observations were made on the individuals that fed the nestlings at six nests in four colourbanded flocks of the Mexican jay in Arizona. Communal feeding of the nestlings was found in one flock for the second successive year. Data collected over the entire nestling period show that helpers accounted for 46 to 68 per cent of the feedings at the five nests most intensively studied. At some nests certain individuals brought food to the nestlings more frequently than did the parents.
A direct effect of dibutyryl cycluc AMP on the duration of narcosis induced by sedative, hypnotic, tranquiliser and anaesthetic drugs in the rat☆

Abstract The ability of exogenously administered N6, O2′-dibutyryl analogue of cyclic AMP to shorten, in a dose-related manner, the duration of narcosis of eight structurally different agents (chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, diazepam, amobarbital, halothane, ketamine, ethanol and methanol) has been demonstrated in the rat. No other nucleotide, neurotransmitter, biogenic amine or hormone tested, shortened, in a dose-related manner the sleeping time induced by the anaesthetic agents.
N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine.

The structure of the title compound, C11H13NO3, is characterized by a two-dimensional infinite network of intermolecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Photoconductivity of some cyanine dyes

An examination of the properties of pinacyanole, dicyanine-A, kryptocyanine, and neocyanine indicates that the cyanine dyes constitute a distinct class of photoconductive dyes which differ from those previously studied in being without a high density of monoenergetic traps. In consequence, their responses are fast and relatively independent of temperature. The characteristics of cells depend very sensitively on details of preparation, and the level of photoconductivity of a given cell depends more on the homogeneity of the dye film than on the properties of the dye. Evidence is given that the polymer form of pinacyanole is present in some films, and that a rate-modifying process is associated with light absorbed by it. It is concluded that the properties of these dyes are such as not to preclude the charge carrier transfer mechanism of optical sensitization.
Packaging of a Unit-Length Viral Genome: The Role of Nucleotides and the gpD Decoration Protein in Stable Nucleocapsid Assembly in Bacteriophage λ

Abstract The developmental pathways for a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses include packaging of viral DNA into a preformed procapsid structure, catalyzed by terminase enzymes and fueled by ATP hydrolysis. In most instances, a capsid expansion process accompanies DNA packaging, which significantly increases the volume of the capsid to accommodate the full-length viral genome. “Decoration” proteins add to the surface of the expanded capsid lattice, and the terminase motors tightly package DNA, generating up to ∼ 20 atm of internal capsid pressure. Herein we describe biochemical studies on genome packaging using bacteriophage λ as a model system. Kinetic analysis suggests that the packaging motor possesses at least four ATPase catalytic sites that act cooperatively to effect DNA translocation, and that the motor is highly processive. While not required for DNA translocation into the capsid, the phage λ capsid decoration protein gpD is essential for the packaging of the penultimate 8–10 kb (15–20%) of the viral genome; virtually no DNA is packaged in the absence of gpD when large DNA substrates are used, most likely due to a loss of capsid structural integrity. Finally, we show that ATP hydrolysis is required to retain the genome in a packaged state subsequent to condensation within the capsid. Presumably, the packaging motor continues to “idle” at the genome end and to maintain a positive pressure towards the packaged state. Surprisingly, ADP, guanosine triphosphate, and the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog 5'-adenylyl-beta,gamma-imidodiphosphate (AMP–PNP) similarly stabilize the packaged viral genome despite the fact that they fail to support genome packaging. In contrast, the poorly hydrolyzed ATP analog ATP-γS only partially stabilizes the nucleocapsid, and a DNA is released in “quantized” steps. We interpret the ensemble of data to indicate that (i) the viral procapsid possesses a degree of plasticity that is required to accommodate the packaging of large DNA substrates; (ii) the gpD decoration protein is required to stabilize the fully expanded capsid; and (iii) nucleotides regulate high-affinity DNA binding interactions that are required to maintain DNA in the packaged state.
Effect of bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide and immunoglobulin G on neonatal chicken B-lymphocyte proliferation

In attempts to identify antibodies for Bursal Anti-Steroidogenic Peptide (BASP), rabbit serum was observed to reduce phorbol ester-stimulated chicken B-lymphocyte proliferation comparable to BASP. These experiments investigated the effects of IgG on B-lymphocyte proliferation. In Experiment 1, 3% rabbit serum decreased B-lymphocyte proliferation. In Experiment 2, 2 mg/ml of intact rabbit IgG or 0.65 mg/ml of IgG papain digest products, Fab and Fc, decreased B-lymphocyte proliferation. The combination of BASP and either Fab or Fc was observed to have at least an additive anti-proliferative effect. In Experiment 3, 0.01 mg/ml of either rabbit or chicken IgG, or 1.0 mg/ml of rabbit or 0.01 mg/ml of chicken Fab, Fc, and the pepsin digestion product F(ab')(2) was observed to have an anti-proliferative effect. No combined effects of BASP and IgG or IgG digest products were observed for this experiment. In Experiment 4, 12 mg/ml of chicken egg yolk IgG or 1.2 mg/ml Fab was found to suppress B-lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, an additive effect of 12 mg/ml of IgG with BASP was again observed. The present studies suggest that IgG and its digestion products reduce phorbol-stimulated B-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and combined treatment with IgG and BASP may have at least an additive anti-proliferative effect on B-lymphocyte proliferation.
Rural Credit Markets and Aggregate Shocks: The Experience of Nuits St. Georges, 1756–1776

Using a complete enumeration of credit contracts for a rural area in Burgundy, this article examines how credit markets functioned and what role they served. Credit markets distributed funds to a large fraction of the population, and they were organized to mediate problems of asymmetric information. A central constraint on credit markets, however, was the threat of government intervention. Because of this threat, capital markets remained relatively isolated from one another.
An Examination of the Effects of Situational Constraints on Appraised Performance

Most workers are subject to factors in the work place that are beyond their power to control and that act to restrict their performances. Despite the uncontrollable nature of these ‘“situational constraints,” there is evidence that appraisals of work performance tend lo unfairly blame the worker for the shortfalls in performance that these constraints cause. The magnitude of this tendency may be unclear due to the ways in which constraints have been assessed in previous research. A lab study was conducted to obtain a better estimate of the magnitude of situational constraint “bias” using a relativistic rating method that factors out the influence of constraints from performance appraisals. The results indicated that this bias is considerably stronger than previous reports had indicated and may be the dominant source of unfairness in performance appraisals.
Monte Carlo experiments with robust estimation of aquifer model parameters

Abstract Automatic calibration procedures for fitting groundwater models to measured data have almost exclusively used L 2 error norms for estimation criteria. Quadratic estimation criteria result from applying the method of maximum likelihood under the assumption of jointly normal errors in the measured head data which, for the case of uncorrelated errors with constant variance, results in the ordinary least squares criterion. Quadratic estimation criteria are extremely sensitive to errors which violate the Gaussian assumption and pose an additional source of instability for the inverse problem. We consider the use of statistically robust estimation procedures to reduce these destabilizing effects. In particular, we test the robust M-estimator of Huber with a series of Monte Carlo experiments, compute the sample mean squared error, squared bias and variance of the estimated log-hydraulic conductivities for realizations of head measurements contaminated with mixed normal noise and compare these measures to their counterparts for the OLS estimator. We show that Huber's M-estimator achieves the same estimation variance as the OLS estimator with reduced need for prior information to regularize the problem.
Control of the production of two protein hormones by rat pituitary cells in culture.

A clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3) has continued to produce the pituitary protein hormones growth hormone (GH) and prolactin during 5 years of continued growth in monolayer culture. Studies of the effects of external stimuli have indicated that, in spite of the physical similarity of these protein hormones (each is a single polypeptide of molecular weight ≈23,000), their production is controlled by different mechanisms. Addition of hydrocortisone (HC) (3×10−6 m) to the growth medium leads, after a lag of 12 to 24 hr, to an increased relative rate (rate in experimental cells divided by rate in control cells) of GH production. The relative rate reaches a maximum of 5 to 8 at 30 to 100 hr. Stimulation by HC of GH production is observed in cells growing in either the stationary or the exponential phase of growth. Indirect estimates indicate that, in exponentially growing cells, GH represents about 2% and 14% of the total protein synthesized by control and fully stimulated cells, respectively. Maintenance of the stimulated state requires HC. HC decreases both the growth rate of GH3 cells and their incorporation of amino acids into acid-insoluble material. At the same time that HC stimulates GH production it decreases the relative rate of prolactin production to about 0.2 to 0.3. On the other hand, addition of acid extracts of bovine hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, kidney, or liver (0.3 to 1.0 mg of protein per ml) to the medium leads to an increase of the relative rate of prolactin production to 6 to 9, while decreasing the relative rate of GH production to about 0.5. Chromatographic fractionation of simple extracts of bovine liver has yielded a macromolecular, heatlabile fraction exhibiting these effects at a concentration as low as 20 μg per ml. GH3 cells which have been adapted to growth in suspension culture produce both GH and prolactin. HC is observed to stimulate GH production and suppress prolactin production by cells growing in this state, without affecting the growth rate of the cells.
Gender identity and the self: II. Femininity, homosexuality, and the theory of the self.

In the previous article in this journal issue (Meissner, S.J., 2005), I reviewed some of the elements contributing to the formation of gender identity and gender-related differentiations and masculine attributes in males. In the present article, I pursue the same objective for females in the development of feminine gender identity and associated differential feminine attributes and behaviors. I also briefly comment on similar issues in homosexuality. I conclude with an attempt to integrate these findings with the theory of the self-as-person.
A practical approach to operating survivable WDM networks

Several methods have been developed for joint working and spare capacity planning in survivable wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. These methods have considered a static traffic demand and optimized the network cost assuming various cost models and survivability paradigms. Our interest primarily lies in network operation under dynamic traffic. We formulate various operational phases in survivable WDM networks as a single integer linear programming (ILP) optimization problem. This common framework avoids service disruption to the existing connections. However, the complexity of the optimization problem makes the formulation applicable only for network provisioning and offline reconfiguration. The direct use of this method for online reconfiguration remains limited to small networks with few tens of wavelengths. Our goal in this paper is to develop an algorithm for fast online reconfiguration. We propose a heuristic algorithm based on LP relaxation technique to solve this problem. Since the ILP variables are relaxed, we provide a way to derive a feasible solution from the relaxed problem. The algorithm consists of two steps. In the first step, the network topology is processed based on the demand set to be provisioned. This preprocessing step is done to ensure that the LP yields a feasible solution. The preprocessing step in our algorithm is based on: (a) the assumption that in a network, two routes between any given node pair are sufficient to provide effective fault tolerance and (b) an observation on the working of the ILP for such networks. In the second step, using the processed topology as input, we formulate and solve the LP problem. Interestingly, the LP relaxation heuristic yielded a feasible solution to the ILP in all our experiments. We provide insights into why the LP formulation yields a feasible solution to the ILP We demonstrate the use of our algorithm on practical size backbone networks with hundreds of wavelengths per link. The results indicate that the run time of our heuristic algorithm is fast enough (in order of seconds) to be used for online reconfiguration.
Stimulation of ovarian and oviducal growth and ovulation in female lizards by reptilian (turtle) gonadotropins.

Abstract Both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from a reptile, the snapping turtle, have gonadotropic effects in intact and hypophysectomized female lizards. While both hormones stimulate estrogen secretion, as indicated by oviducal growth, and ovulation of ripe follicles, FSH appears to be the more potent of the two in all regards. Only FSH clearly stimulated vitellogenesis. No synergism was observed between the two molecules. Antisera against LH were used to verify that the broad spectrum of activities of the turtle FSH are intrinsic to the molecule and not due to contamination with LH.
Performance Characterization and Call Reliability Diagnosis Support for Voice over LTE

To understand VoLTE performance in a commercial deployment, in this paper we conduct the first comprehensive performance characterization of commercially deployed VoLTE, and compare with legacy call and over-the-top (OTT) VoIP call. We confirm that VoLTE excels in most metrics such as audio quality, but its call reliability still lags behind legacy call for all the three major U.S. operators. We propose an on-device VoLTE problem detection tool, which can capture new types of problems concerning audio quality with high accuracy and minimum overhead, and perform stress testing on VoLTE call's reliability. We discover 3 instances of problems in the early deployment of VoLTE lying in the protocol design and implementation. Although the identified problems are all concerned with the immature LTE coverage in the current deployment, we find that they can cause serious impairment on user experience and are urgent to be solved in the developing stage. For example, one such instance can lead to up to 50-second-long muting problem during a VoLTE call! We perform in-depth cross-layer analysis and find that the causes are rooted in the lack of coordination among protocols designed for different purposes, and invalid assumptions made by protocols used in existing infrastructure when integrated with VoLTE. We summarize learnt lessons and suggest solutions.
Use of a tangential-flow torch with a microwave-induced plasma emission detector for gas chromatography

Abstract The microwave-induced plasma (MIP) can be easily interfaced to a gas chromatograph to provide a sensitive, element-selective emission detector. The performance of the GC-MIP is improved substantially when the commonly used capillary torch is replaced with a tangential-flow torch (TFT). This torch provides a self-centered plasma, increased emission, and improved stability. The plasma in the TFT loses relatively little energy to the walls, thus, atom formation and excitation appear to be enhanced compared with the capillary torch. The design and construction of a TFT is presented. The limits of detection are 30 pg s for carbon, 150 pg s−1 for iodine and 300 pg s−1 for phosphorus. Calibration plots are linear over 3–4 decades. The type of chemical structure or bonding exerts little effect on the emission signal.
An efficient reagent for the phosphorylation of deoxyribonucleosides, DNA oligonucleotides, and their thermolytic analogues.

The phosphoramidite 11 was prepared in three steps from methyl 2-mercaptoacetate and demonstrated efficiency in the synthesis of conventional 5‘-/3‘-phosphate/thiophosphate monoester derivatives of 2‘-deoxyribonucleosides and DNA oligonucleotides. Moreover, the use of 11 has enabled the preparation of the dinucleoside phosphorothioate analogue 26 in high yields (>95%) with minimal cleavage (<2%) of the thermolytic thiophosphate protecting group.
Mitral valve dysplasia syndrome: a unique form of left-sided heart disease.

Background Mitral valve dysplasia syndrome is a unique form of left-sided heart disease characterized by aortic outflow hypoplasia, dilated left ventricle, dysplastic/incompetent mitral valve, and a restrictive/intact atrial septum. Patients with this constellation of abnormalities have been managed in a variety of ways with overall poor outcomes. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with mitral valve dysplasia syndrome to identify fetal echocardiographic markers predictive of outcomes. Results Mitral valve dysplasia syndrome was identified in 10 fetuses. Fetal left heart dilation and abnormal pulmonary venous flow were associated with increased mortality. Seven fetuses had abnormal pulmonary venous Doppler patterns; 3 had a unique "double-reversal" flow pattern. Severe fetal left heart dilation (left heart/right heart area ratio > 1.5) was present in 5. Prenatal intervention was performed on 3 fetuses: balloon aortic valvuloplasty (n = 2) and balloon atrial septostomy (n = 1). Of the 3, one died in utero and neither survivor underwent a 2-ventricle repair. Five patients required an immediate postnatal intervention to open the atrial septum. The overall mortality was 50%. Conclusions Mitral valve dysplasia syndrome is a unique form of congenital heart disease with severe aortic stenosis but normal or enlarged left ventricle secondary to primary mitral valve disease. Increased left heart size and pulmonary vein Doppler patterns are predictive of postnatal outcome. Despite the presence of a dilated left ventricle, postnatal management with staged single ventricle palliation may be the most effective strategy.
A new chromatographic sugar autoanalyzer with a sensitivity of 10-10 moles.

Abstract Construction of a new automatic sugar analyzer is described. The system is: ( 1 ) rapid—monosaccharide mixtures are fully resolved in 3 to 4 hr; ( 2 ) highly sensitive, 10 −10 to 10 −11 mole sugar is detected; ( 3 ) capable of excellent reproducibility; and ( 4 ) capable of yielding high resolution. Sugars are separated by pumping 89% ethanol under pressure (400 psi) through a long narrow column (110×.28 cm) packed with a finegrained strongly anionic resin in the sulfate form. The eluted sugars are stained during reaction with an alkaline solution of tetrazolium blue. This dye is considerably more sensitive and less corrosive than dyes used by other investigators. Until now it had not been employed in analytical systems for sugars because of the precipitation of diformazan, which clogs capillary tubing. However, extensive laboratory experimentation by the authors have succeeded in rendering tetrazolium blue applicable.
Enhancing responsiveness in mother-infant interaction

Thirty mothers of female newborn infants were assigned to one of three treatment groups to assess the effects on maternal and infant responsiveness of an early intervention designed to familiarize mothers with the capabilities and individual characteristics of their infants. In one treatment group, each mother observed the administration of the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale to her infant and was provided with an explanation of each item on the scale and her infant's responses. The mothers in a second group were provided with the same individualized explanation about the scale items and their infant's responses, but did not observe these events. A third group of mothers, which served as the control group, was given individual instruction on infant furnishings. Changes in maternal-infant interaction, as measured on the AMIS scale, were assessed in all three groups. Maternal responsiveness was enhanced significantly in the “show and tell” group, but not in the “tell only” group, although infant responsiveness was enhanced significantly in both treatment groups.
Reconstitution of Listeria motility: implications for the mechanism of force transduction.

Listeria monocytogenes and some other infectious bacteria polymerize their host cell’s actin into tails that propel the bacteria through the cytoplasm. Here we show that reconstitution of this behavior in simpler media resolves two aspects of the mechanism of force transduction. First, since dilute reconstitution media have no cytoskeleton, we consider what keeps the tail from being pushed backward rather than the bacterium being propelled forward. The dependence of the partitioning of motion on the friction coefficient of the tail is derived. Consistent with experiments, we find that the resistance of the tail to motion is sensitive to its length. That even small tails are stationary in intact cells is attributed to anchoring to the cytoskeleton. Second, the comparatively low viscosity of some reconstitution media magnifies the effects of diffusion, such that a large gap will develop between the bacterium and its tail if they are unattached. At the viscosities of diluted platelet extracts, steady-state gaps of several bacterium lengths are predicted. Since such gaps are not observed, we conclude that Listeria must be attached to their tails. We consider what purposes such attachments might serve under physiological conditions. The implications for related pathogens and amoeboid locomotion are also discussed.
Nuclear basic protein acetylation during early sea urchin development.

Abstract The acetylation of nuclear basic proteins was studied during early Strongylocentrotus purpuratus development (32–64 cell stage to pluteus formation). 1. 1. There are basic nuclear proteins present at the 32–64 cell stage that coelectrophorese with all of the histone fractions of a more advanced stage. The most highly acetylated proteins at this early cleavage stage are those that migrate in position of the F3 and F2a1 arginine-rich histones. 2. 2. At the early blastula, mesenchyme blastula, gastrula, prism and pluteus stages, the lysine-rich histone F1 is minimally acetylated. The extent of acetylation of the F2b-F2a2 slightly lysine-rich histones varies somewhat during development and is highest at the mesenchyme blastula and gastrula stages. F2a1 acetylation is slightly lower at prism stage. 3. 3. 10−3 M puromycin inhibits prism stage protein synthesis completely, but total protein acetylation continues at grater than two-thirds the normal rate. 4. 4. Late gastrula stage embryos were pulse-labeled for 1 h with [14C]acetate and [3H]thymidine. During a 1-h cold chase period, the [14C]acetyl groups of fractions F2a1 and F2b-F2a2 decayed twice as fast as the labeled DNA, indicating rapid turnover of the histone acetyl groups. The above results suggest that the acetylation of invertebrate histone fractions is very similar to mammalian histone acetylation.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism maps and the concept of graphical genotypes.

With the advent of high density restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) maps, it has become possible to determine the genotype of an individual at many genetic loci simultaneously. Often, such RFLP data are expressed as long strings of numbers or letters indicating the genotype for each locus analyzed. In this form, RFLP data can be difficult to interpret or utilize without complex statistical analysis. By contrast, numerical genotype data can also be expressed in a more useful, graphical form, known as a “graphical genotype”, which is described in detail in this paper. Ideally, a graphical genotype portrays the parental origin and allelic composition throughout the entire genome, yet is simple to comprehend and utilize. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of this concept, graphical genotypes for individuals from backcross and F2 populations in tomato are described. The concept can also be utilized in more complex mating schemes involving two or more parents. A model that predicts the accuracy of graphical genotypes is presented for hypothetical RFLP maps of varying marker spacing. This model indicates that graphical genotypes can be more than 99% correct in describing a genome of total size, 1000 cM, with RFLP markers located every 10 cM. In order to facilitate the application of graphical genotypes to genetics and breeding, we have developed computer software that generates and manipulates graphical genotypes. The concept of graphical genotypes should be useful in whole genome selection for polygenic traits in plant and animal breeding programs and in the diagnosis of heterogenously based genetic diseases in humans.
Watching Twin Bracelets in China: The Role of Spectatorship and Identification in an Ethnographic Analysis of Film Reception

Six of us, all women in our twenties and thirties, sat in a semicircle watching the movie Shuang zhuo (Twin Bracelets) on the brand new television set in Lei'a's home.' The film is a coming-of-age tale of two young women in a community that is much like the viewers' own village, and its focus on the tensions between marital commitments and same-sex bonds inspired them to reflect aloud on their own efforts in negotiating arranged marriages and existing patterns of same-sex intimacy. An older participant, who had entered the room shortly after the film began, soon joined in with her own commentary, but her tale quickly diverged from the cinematic plot and grew into a sustained monologue on female modesty and the lack of familiarity between husbands and wives in her day. As I listened to this older woman speak, I began to see striking parallels between her commentary and other accounts I had heard from women in eastern Hui'an when I asked them
Reporting diagnostic scores in educational testing: Temptations, pitfalls, and some solutions.

Diagnostic scores are of increasing interest in educational testing due to their potential remedial and instructional benefit. Naturally, the number of educational tests that report diagnostic scores is on the rise, as are the number of research publications on such scores. This article provides a critical evaluation of diagnostic score reporting in educational testing. The existing methods for diagnostic score reporting are discussed. A recent method ( Haberman, 2008a ) that examines if diagnostic scores are worth reporting is reviewed. It is demonstrated, using results from operational and simulated data, that diagnostic scores have to be based on a sufficient number of items and have to be sufficiently distinct from each other to be worth reporting and that several operationally reported subscores are actually not worth reporting. Several recommendations are made for those interested to report diagnostic scores for educational tests.