cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the portability and extensibility of XML schema generated web applications

This project explores the portability and extensibility of XML schema generated web applications, by implementing an application that can generate web applications in different technologies combinations, using a single XML document to define data structures and actions. This document can be shared with other users who wish to implement the web application on their software and hardware configuration. New technologies can be easily supported due to the modular architecture of the code generating application.
On the indeterminacy of Keynes's monetary theory of value

In this article I propose to reconsider Hugh Townshend's contribution in terms of the assessment made by George Shackle that Townshend proved the indeterminacy and nihilism inherent in the General theory. What I shall show, however, is that Townshend did not conclude that asset prices were indeterminate, but rather that they fell within a range of determinacy depending upon the relative magnitude of certain conventional criteria. And whilst it is true that Keynes clearly felt that an econonmy would be unpredictably unstable when these conventions broke down his motivation was to focus on the conditions by which the instiutional and conventional generative mechanisms could explain the relative stability of an economy when the prospective yield of assets were uncertain.
School-Based Approaches to Affect Adolescents’ Diets: Results From the TEENS Study:

This article reports on the outcomes of the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School (TEENS) study, a 2-year intervention study conducted in 16 middle schools with a goal of increasing students’ intakes of fruits, vegetables, and lower fat foods. Despite positive interim results for students randomized to intervention schools, the positive effects of the intervention were not seen for the primary outcomes at the end of the 2nd year. Positive effects were seen only for a food choice score (suggesting that the students usually choose lower versus higher fat foods) and not for measures of food intake. Future studies may need to take a step back toward more controlled efficacy studies in working with this age-group. In addition, future work may consider the use of peer leaders, more intensive teacher training, ongoing formative assessment, and the testing of more powerful environmental change intervention strategies.
Using classic problems to teach Java framework design

Abstract All programmers should understand the concept of software families and know the techniques for constructing them. This paper suggests that classic problems, such as well-known algorithms and data structures, are good sources for examples to use in a study of software family design. The paper describes two case studies that can be used to introduce students in a Java software design course to the construction of software families using software frameworks. The first is the family of programs that use the well-known divide and conquer algorithmic strategy. The second is the family of programs that carry out traversals of binary trees.
Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management of Industrial Plants

Twenty-five years ago a group of ergonomics scientists predicted the future of the profession and the needed professional response to the anticipated conditions. One of the major conclusions was that organizational design and management factors would be increasingly important. Industry is one domain in which this need has materialized. This article reviews the fundamental concepts having to do with organizational design and management in ergonomics. Specifically, models and methods related to structure and process are described for the analysis and design of complex work systems. Finally, case studies are briefly presented to help validate and illustrate the perspective and methods recommended.
2-Dimethylaminopyridine N-oxide complexes from various Cu(II) salts

Complexes derived from CuX2 (X  BF4−, NO3−, Cl− and Br−) and 2-dimethylaminopyridine N-oxide (L) using 6:1, 2:1 and 1:1 ligand to copper(II) mole ratios have been prepared. Six unique solids having the formulas Cu2L5(BF4)4, CuL2(BF4)2, Cu2L3(NO3)4, CuL(NO3)2, CuLCl2 and CuLBr2 were isolated. IR, electronic and ESR spectra used to characterize the complexes indicate that bidentate coordination of the ligand occurs in each of the complexes. The Cu2L5(BF4)4 appears to be a binuclear complex while Cu2L3(NO3)4 does not. CuL(NO3)2 appears to be 6-coordinate while CuLCl2 and CuLBr2 are 4-coordinate. The complexes undergo a change in color upon dissolution in many organic solvents limiting the characterization to solid-state techniques.
The Relationship of Attitudes and Normative Beliefs to Cheating in College

Current research on cheating in American colleges is concerned primarilywith demonstrating the importance of certain biographical variables in deter-mining cheating behavior. Thus, Hetherington and Feldman (5), and Bowers(1) have shown that, as might be expected, grade-point average (GPA) isinversely related to amount of cheating. Similarly, a positive correlation hasbeen found between religiosity (as measured by church attendance) and fre-quency of cheating (5). These investigators also found that men tended tocheat more than women. Finally, Bowers (1) found a small positive correla-tion between the number of years in school and amount of cheating.However, it has also become evident (1, 7, 8) that the amount of cheatingdisplayed by a given individual will depend on the particular kind of cheatingbehavior under consideration. Thus, previous studies have indicated, for exam-ple, that a person who looks at another student's paper during a test may notuse a book or notes during a closed book test.Considering the number of studies that have been reported on cheating incollege, it is surprising to realize how little attention has been given to cogni-tive aspects of cheating behavior. Clearly, we may expect that an individual'sattitude toward cheating, as well as his perception of social norms governingsuch behavior in college, should be predictive of cheating behavior.Of particular interest in this context is a theoretical model recently pro-posed by Fishbein (3) for the prediction of behavioral intentions and corre-sponding overt behavior. The model is essentially an adaptation of Dulany's(2) "theory of propositional control" to social behavior. Its immediate con-cern, like that of the original formulation, is the prediction of specific behav-ioral intentions which are assumed to mediate overt behavior. In its simplestform the model holds that a person's behavioral intentions in any given situa-
Polymeric Materials: Current Status of Biocompatibility*

An overview of the current status of biocompatible materials is presented. Selected natural and synthetic macromolecular systems are discussed in relationship to thrombosis and their biocompatibili...
Generating code for a hypothetical computer using a production assembler

Production assemblers are often thought of as being useful only for generating machine code from a symbolic assembly language delivered with the system. Most production assemblers that have a macro capability can be used to create an assembler for an arbitrary target machine through the use of the technique discussed in this short communication. This approach has the advantages of quick construction, easy modification and a resulting assembler for the target machine that is nearly as powerful as the original production assembler.
Hydraulic resistance of flow in channels with cylindrical roughness

A laboratory study on the hydraulics of flow in an open channel with circular cylindrical roughness is presented. The laboratory study consists of an extensive set of flume experiments for flows with emergent and submerged cylindrical stems of various sizes and concentrations. The results show that the flow resistance varies with flow depth, stem concentration, stem length, and stem diameter. The stem resistance experienced by the flow through the vegetation is best expressed in terms of the maximum depth-averaged velocity between the stems. Physically based formulas for flow resistance, the apparent channel velocity, and flow velocities in the roughness and surface layers are developed. The formulas are validated with the flume data from the present study as well as those from past studies. A method for calculating channel hydraulic conditions using these formulas is presented.
Benzene toxicokinetics in humans: Exposure of bone marrow to metabolites

A three compartment physiologically based toxicokinetic model was fitted to human data on benzene disposition. Two separate groups of model parameter derivations were obtained, depending on which data sets were being fitted. The model was then used to simulate five environmental or occupational exposures. Predicted values of the total bone marrow exposure to benzene and cumulative quantity of metabolites produced by the bone marrow were generated for each scenario. The relation between cumulative quantity of metabolites produced by the bone marrow and continuous benzene exposure was also investigated in detail for simulated inhalation exposure concentrations ranging from 0.0039 ppm to 150 ppm. At the level of environmental exposures, no dose rate effect was found for either model. The occupational exposures led to only slight dose rate effects. A 32 ppm exposure for 15 minutes predicted consistently higher values than a 1 ppm exposure for eight hours for the total exposure of bone marrow to benzene and the cumulative quantity of metabolites produced by the bone marrow. The general relation between the cumulative quantity of metabolites produced by the bone marrow and the inhalation concentration of benzene is not linear. An inflection point exists in some cases leading to a slightly S shaped curve. At environmental levels (0.0039-10 ppm) the curve bends upward, and it saturates at high experimental exposures (greater than 100 ppm).
Root development: signaling down and around.

Because of its elegant simplicity, the Arabidopsis root has become a model for studying plant organogenesis. In this review we focus on recent results indicating the importance of signaling in root development. A role for positional information in root cell specification has been demonstrated by ablation analyses. Through mutational analysis, genes have been identified that play a role in radial pattern formation. The embryonic phenotypes of these mutants raised the possibility that division patterns in post-embryonic roots are dependent on signaling that originates during embryonic development. Analysis of expression of the SCARECROW gene indicates that it may play a role in this ‘top-down’ signaling process. Characterization of root epidermis development has led to the identification of negative regulators of root-hair formation. These appear to set up a prepattern which is reinforced by signaling by plant hormones.
MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF MIGRATION RATES AND EFFECTIVE POPULATION NUMBERS IN TWO POPULATIONS USING A COALESCENT APPROACH

A new method for the estimation of migration rates and effective population sizes is described. It uses a maximum-likelihood framework based on coalescence theory. The parameters are estimated by Metropolis-Hastings importance sampling. In a two-population model this method estimates four parameters: the effective population size and the immigration rate for each population relative to the mutation rate. Summarizing over loci can be done by assuming either that the mutation rate is the same for all loci or that the mutation rates are gamma distributed among loci but the same for all sites of a locus. The estimates are as good as or better than those from an optimized F ST -based measure. The program is available on the World Wide Web at http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/lamarc.html/.
Impact of Heterogeneity, Bed Forms, and Stream Curvature on Subchannel Hyporheic Exchange

[1] Advection through hyporheic zones (HZ) consisting of heterogeneous channel bend streambed deposits and their equivalent homogenous medium was investigated using finite difference groundwater flow and transport simulations and forward particle tracking. The top prescribed head boundary was varied in order to mimic various stream channel head distributions resulting from the presence of bed forms and channel curvature. Flux calculations show that heterogeneity causes significant additional HZ flux compared to an equivalent homogenous medium. However, the major cause of HZ flux is a spatially periodic (sinusoidal) head distribution along the boundary, representing the effect of bed forms. The additional influence of heterogeneity on the total channel-bed exchange and the overall HZ geometry are increased when boundary head sinusoidal fluctuation is more subdued. We present dimensionless numbers that summarize these relationships. Heterogeneity's influence is further magnified by considering the effect of channel curvature on boundary heads. The simulations illustrate the dynamic influence of heterogeneity on the hyporheic zone since the various head boundaries employed in our modeling efforts are a proxy for different surface water conditions and bed form states that may occur during a single flood. Furthermore, we show that residence times (total tracking times) of particles originating from the streambed follow a lognormal distribution. In the presence of heterogeneity, residence times can decrease or they can increase compared to residence times for homogeneous conditions depending on the relative positions of the heterogeneities and the bed forms. Hence streambed heterogeneity and stream curvature, factors often neglected in previous modeling efforts, combine with bed form configuration to dynamically determine HZ geometry, fluxes, and residence time distributions.
Mercury capture by an activated carbon in a fixed‐bed bench‐scale system

The control of mercury emissions for utility power plants may become important because of the Clean Air Act Amendments requirement that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assess the health risks associated with these emissions [1]. One approach for mercury removal, whichmay be relatively simple to retrofit (compared to other methods [2–4]), is the injection of sorbents, such as activated carbon, upstream of existing particulate control devices. A study, sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is being conducted at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) to develop a sorbent-screening test protocol, screen potential mercury sorbents in a bench-scale fixed-bed system, and provide data to support efforts to model mercury capture mechanisms. A proper protocol is required to establish repeatability of the results and ensure reproducibility of results between different labs. To date, elemental mercury tests have been completed with several sorbents and under various flue gas conditions. The carbon-based sorbent used in this study was a lignite-based activated carbon (LAC), commercially available from American Norit Co., Inc. This paper presents results from the more recent tests with the LAC sorbent and elemental mercury. The LAC sorbent has also been used by others as a baseline sorbent [5–7].
Evaluating GUESS and non-forwarding peer-to-peer search

Current search techniques over unstructured peer-to-peer networks rely on intelligent forwarding-based techniques to propagate queries to other peers in the network. Forwarding techniques are attractive because they typically require little state and offer robustness to peer failures; however they have inherent performance drawbacks due to the overhead of forwarding and lack of central control. We study GUESS, a nonforwarding search mechanism, as a viable alternative to currently popular forwarding-based mechanisms. We show how non-forwarding mechanisms can be over an order of magnitude more efficient than forwarding mechanisms; however, they must be deployed with care, as a naive implementation can result in highly suboptimal performance, and make them susceptible to hotspots and misbehaving peers.
Tetraploid Wheats: Seed Protein Electrophoretic Patterns of the Emmer and Timopheevi Groups

Crude protein extracts were subjected to disk electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The pattern obtained showed a fast and slow series of bands. In the fast series, the eight species of wheat of the Emmer group gave virtually identical eight-band patterns, and the four species of the Timopheevi group gave nearly identical six- or seven-band patterns. The groups consistently differed with respect to four bands. Two of these differences were attributable to the A genome.
Native North American Interaction Patterns.

Native North American Interaction Patterns Regna Darnell Michael K. Foster eds. Quebec: National Museums of Canada, 1988. 229 pp. n.p. (paper)
“Can We still Use ‘Separate Spheres’? British History 25 Years After Family Fortunes”

Historians of Britain often call the period between 1780 and 1850 the age of ‘separate spheres’ or ‘domestic ideology’ for men and women, and when they do, they are likely to reference Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall’s Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Working Class, 1780–1850 (1987). This essay takes the 25th anniversary of Family Fortunes as an occasion on which to assess the book and its treatment of the ideology of separate spheres. Careful reading reveals that while Family Fortunes is often remembered as championing an historical focus on the emergence of separate spheres ideology, it is in fact an account of the formation of the English middle class that interprets separate spheres ideology in complex and nuanced ways. The principal contribution of Family Fortunes is its demonstration that notions of gender were central to class as it was constructed and as it was experienced and lived out. Gender was not merely an aspect of social life; rather, gender and class were mutually constitutive.
An Investigation of Process Variables in Feminist Group Clinical Supervision

Using a qualitative research design, this study investigated how three supervision groups, each led by a counseling supervisor with a feminist theoretical orientation, understood process variables of feminist group supervision. Participants each completed one semi-structured individual interview and engaged in one of three respective focus groups to talk about their experiences in group supervision. Data from these interviews were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory; standards of trustworthiness were accounted for using multiple tools. A supervision model emerged from the data, representing various clusters of process variables that affected how the participants understood the process and outcome of their supervision experiences. Implications of the model on theory, research, practice, and advocacy are discussed.
Characterization of antibody aggregation: Role of buried, unpaired cysteines in particle formation

Proteins are susceptible to degradation upon exposure to a variety of stresses during product manufacturing, transportation and storage. In this study, we investigated the aggregation properties of a monoclonal antibody during agitation stress. Agitation exclusively led to insoluble aggregates, or particle formation. Removal or modification of the air–liquid interface with a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate) abrogated particle formation. The supernatant postagitation was analyzed using SE-HPLC, FTIR, and AUC analyses and revealed no changes in conformation and aggregation profile when compared to the nonagitated antibody sample. The antibody particles were comprised of a combination of nonnative intermolecular disulfide-linked covalent as well as noncovalent interactions. Analysis of the antibody's unpaired cysteines revealed that the nonnative intermolecular disulfide bonds were formed through buried cysteines, which suggested at least partial unfolding of the antibody domains. FTIR analysis indicated that the particulated antibody maintained significant native-like secondary structure suggesting that particle formation led to minimal structure changes, but capable of exposing free cysteines to solvent to form the nonnative intermolecular disulfide bonds. The results presented in this study indicate the importance of the interactions between the antibody and the air–liquid interface during agitation in the formation of particles and suggests that reduced disulfide bonds may play a significant role in the particulation reaction. This phenomenon can be applicable to other proteins with similar free cysteine and structural characteristics. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:764–781, 2010
Martian global dust storms: Zonally symmetric numerical simulations including size‐dependent particle transport

A zonally symmetric primitive-equation grid-point model of the Martian atmosphere is coupled with an aerosol transport/microphysical model in order to numerically investigate the size-dependent transport of dust particles in the Martian atmosphere. The coupled model accounts for diabatic heating due to a radiatively active evolving dust field, but neglects feedbacks between atmosphere-surface interactions and surface dust lifting. The differing suspension lifetimes of dust particles of various sizes (radius = 1-80 microns), in conjunction with spatially varying atmospheric dynamics, result in latitudinal differences in several measurements of the column integrated particle concentration. This work indicates the importance of considering the full range of particle sizes (and shapes) of the suspended dust during Martian global dust storms and their impact upon the spatial extent and wavelength-dependent radiative influence of such storms.
Individual and community predictors of preterm birth and low birthweight along the rural-urban continuum in central Pennsylvania.

Context: Preterm birth and low birthweight remain high priority public health problems and are associated with increased risk of infant mortality as well as long-term health impairments. Although 20% of all births nationally are to rural women, relatively little attention has been paid to pregnancy outcomes in rural areas relative to more urbanized areas. Purpose: This study examines the relationship of individual- and community-level socioeconomic, health care, and health status-related characteristics to preterm birth and low birthweight outcomes among women living in urban and various types of rural communities. Methods: Vital record data on singleton fi rst births to residents of a 28-county region in central Pennsylvania in 2002 (N = 11,546) were merged with zip code-level information from the census and residence in a primary care health professional shortage area. Rural-urban commuting area codes were also appended. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to model risks of preterm birth and low birthweight using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering within zip code. Findings: Women residing in large rural city - focused areas had lower adjusted odds of both preterm birth and low birthweight as compared to urban women, controlling for individual risk factors including maternal demographic characteristics, health conditions, and prenatal care use. In contrast, risks of these adverse birth outcomes were not signifi cantly lower among women living in more rural areas relative to those in urban communities. Conclusions: Reduced risks of preterm birth and low birthweight risk are associated with some, but not all types of rural as compared to urban communities.
Missouri’s 2005 Medicaid Cuts: How Did They Affect Enrollees And Providers?

In 2005, Missouri adopted sweeping Medicaid cutbacks. More than 100,000 people lost coverage, and many more faced reduced benefits and higher cost sharing. Using a range of data sources, we show that the cutbacks were followed by a major increase in the numbers of uninsured people, greater uncompensated care burden on hospitals, and revenue shortfalls that forced community health centers to obtain larger state grants and charge patients more. Competing demands on state budgets and the need to balance budgets even during recessions could result in policies that disadvantage those with great needs as well as the providers who serve them.
Prevention of perioperative vascular prosthetic infection with a novel triple antimicrobial-bonded arterial graft

Objective Previously, we investigated a locally developed technique of bonding arterial grafts with three antimicrobials to protect against early (within 2 weeks) perioperative bacterial contamination encountered occasionally during aortic graft prosthetic reconstruction. Vascular graft infections are classified by their appearance time (early [ 4 months] after graft implantation), degree of incorporation into the surrounding vessel wall, connectivity to the postoperative wound, and extent of graft involvement. In the current phase of testing, we evaluated the ability of our novel triple antimicrobial-bonded graft to prevent infection in the first 8 weeks after implantation. Methods In nine Sinclair miniature pigs, we surgically implanted a 6-mm vascular Dacron patch graft in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Five pigs received grafts chemically bonded with a 60-mg/mL solution of rifampin, minocycline, and chlorhexidine, and four pigs received unbonded grafts. Before implantation, the five bonded grafts and three of the unbonded grafts were immersed for 15 minutes in a 2-mL solution containing 1-2 × 10 7 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213); the fourth unbonded graft served as a control. Results At week 9, all of the grafts were explanted. All S aureus -inoculated bonded grafts (n = 5) showed no bacterial growth. The unbonded, uninoculated graft (n = 1) showed low-level bacterial growth ( 3 CFUs); S cohnii spp urealyticus , but not S aureus , was isolated, which suggested accidental direct perioperative contamination. Two pigs that received S aureus -inoculated, unbonded grafts were euthanized because of severe S aureus infection ( 8 CFUs per graft). Results of histopathologic analysis were concordant with the microbiologic findings. Most intergroup differences were observed in the inflammatory infiltrate in the aortic wall at the site of graft implantation. In all pigs that received bonded grafts, Gram staining showed no bacteria. Conclusions Our triple-bonded aortic graft prevented perioperative aortic graft infection for at least 8 weeks in a porcine model. The synergistic antimicrobial activity of this graft was sufficient to prevent and/or eradicate infection during that period. Further studies are needed to assess the graft's ability to combat early-onset vascular graft infection for up to 4 months.
An early intermediate in the biosynthesis of biotin: Incorporation studies with [1,7-14C2]pimelic acid

1. An unknown biotin vitamer was obtained in high yields in culture filtrates of Penicillium chrysogenum. 2. Production of this vitamer and desthiobiotin is controlled by the biotin concentration in the medium. 3. The unknown vitamer becomes labelled when the organism is grown in the presence of radioactive pimelic acid. 4. Chromatographic procedures were developed for the purification of the radioactive vitamer. 5. The vitamer is extremely stable in concentrated acid but gives rise to new vitamers under certain conditions. 6. The intermediate role of this vitamer in the synthesis of biotin is discussed.
The Sun, Sun Myths, and Sun Worship

Most of us take the sun for granted. We know it to be a heavenly body subject to the same laws of physics that govern events on earth. For example, we know that the earth’s axis is not vertical to the earth’s orbit around the sun; that the resultant oblique angles at which the sun’s rays strike the earth cause seasonal variation in radiation (as Figure 1:1 shows); and that the quantity is greatest when the days are longest. We have confidence that the sun will rise each morning and set each evening. We know, as Figure 1:2 demonstrates, that the length of the day will vary regularly; that in the Northern Hemisphere it is maximal at the summer solstice (June 21) and minimal at the winter solstice (December 22); and that the length of day is equal to the length of night at the vernal equinox (March 21) and the autumnal equinox (September 22). The sun presents us with our major cues to time and season, and figures prominently in agricultural practices as well.
Tomato peeling by ohmic heating: Effects of lye-salt combinations and post-treatments on weight loss, peeling quality and firmness

Ohmic heating without lye has shown promise in tomato peeling; however the use of lye is known to yield high peeled-product quality. This investigation was aimed at determining whether a combination of ohmic heating and low lye concentrations could be synergistic. The results indicated that 0.01/0.5% NaCl/KOH at 2020 V/m was the best condition for tomato peeling in terms of quality, weight loss, and peel cracking time. Further, the treatment showed weight loss that was not significantly different from conventional lye peeling at 7% NaOH and 7% KOH (p < 0.05). NaCl/NaOH mixtures also showed good results, but the quality of products was lower than that using the same concentration, but a higher field strength with NaCl/KOH mixtures. However, no improvement was found using NaCl/CaCl2 and NaCl/NaOH/CaCl2 mixtures which were also found difficult to use due to turbidity and cleaning difficulties. A post-peeling treatment by ohmic heating was investigated to improve firmness of ohmically peeled tomatoes. It was found that the best conditions were 2% CaCl2 solution at a field strength of 403 V/m for 1 and 5 min, and 484 V/m for 5 min. Industrial Relevance Our earlier work had shown that ohmic heating resulted in peeling of tomatoes that were immersed in salt solutions. The current work details the impact of using small concentrations of lye (either sodium or potassium hydroxide) on peeling loss and quality. Also, we investigate the potential use of calcium chloride, both as peeling solution or as a post-peeling infusion as it impacts firmness of tomatoes. We show that there are ranges of operating conditions which provide yield and quality comparable to conventional lye peeling at far lower lye concentrations, resulting in potentially significant environmental benefit to companies currently using lye peeling.
Cyberbullies on Campus

A new challenge facing educators is how to deal with the high-tech incivility that has crept onto our campuses. One problem concerns cyberbullies: individuals who exploit technology to control and intimidate others on campus. This article, which was published in the Dean's Symposium of the Toledo Law Review (2005) introduces the law-school community to the problem of cyberbullies and the risks associated with this form of bullying so that the problem can be acknowledged and addressed; describes common characteristics of bullies and cyberbullies, how bullying affects victims, and how bystanders fit into the equation; addresses bullies and cyberbullies on college and law-school campuses; and presents solutions law schools can adopt to reclaim our campuses and classrooms from high-tech tormentors.
Alcoholism-Treatment-Center-Based Projects

This chapter has three main objectives. First, it seeks to identify a variety of alcoholism-treatment settings, medical and nonmedical, in which anthropologists have conducted or could profitably conduct anthropological research. Hospital inpatient settings, nonmedical inpatient facilities, counseling-rehabilitation centers, public and private institutional service sectors (e.g., law enforcement, occupations, education), and “folk” or untested spontaneous strategies are discussed. Second, it attempts to point out some of the problems anthropologists have had or might expect to have in gaining access to these settings. Some of the reasons are structural, others have to do with overcoming anthropology’s traditional biases for research, while still others involve the resolution of certain ethical dilemmas if alcohol research is to be carried out with anthropology’s conventional strategies. The third objective is to provide a strong stimulus of encouragement for anthropologists to do “field work” in these varied treatment settings.
Improved Surveillance of Maternal Deaths

This reports objective is to categorize the types of maternal deaths identified by the traditional and expanded surveillance methods used in New Jersey and to define more accurately the problem of maternal mortality in New Jersey. The tables presented were intentionally not combined in order to show the results of the expanded surveillance method for each year. The use of the expanded surveillance method will result in more careful assessment and comparison of trends in the causes of maternal deaths in future years. The traditional method compiled data from death certificates submitted to the State Vital Statistics Office. The expanded method found additional deaths by reviewing the Annual Maternity Services Reports from hospitals and by close follow-up of individual reports of maternal deaths from medical examiners physicians and hospitals. The New Jersey resident maternal mortality rate increased from 1.7/10000 live births by the states traditional method to 3.1/10000 live births by the new method of surveillance instituted in 1974. In 1975 the maternal mortality rate by the traditional method was 1.5/10000 and by the expanded method 3.0/10000. The tables presented show the following: a line listing of 29 resident maternal deaths for 1974; a line listing of the 27 resident maternal deaths for 1975 and includes 14 deaths enumerated by the traditional method and 3 additional cases which would have been expected to be included; maternal mortality ratios by age and race for 1974 and 1975; maternal deaths by age and the existence of medical problems prior to pregnancy; and the maternal deaths in 1974 and 1975 by the method of reporting. Traditional reporting showed a predominance of direct maternal deaths; there were 19 direct to 11 indirect deaths for the 2 year period. It is generally accepted that in the last several years maternal deaths have decreased nationwide. This study shows that reliance on death certificates alone as a source of reporting of maternal deaths is incomplete and that other methods of discovering maternal deaths will uncover additional deaths both direct and indirect. A problem of the expanded surveillance technique is the difficulty in obtaining information on quality and quantity of prenatal care.
The Kansas Wildlife Scales: Development, Reliability, and Validity

Summary.-The Kansas Wildlife Scales were developed to assess the attitudes of Kansans toward the preservation of wildlife and their habitats. 550 computer-assisted telephone interviews were analyzed to estimate the internal consistency of the scales. Cronbach alphas for the Threats to Wildlife and Balancing Human and Wildlife Needs scales were both 0.77. Evidence for the face and construct validity were included. The public's attitudes about the wildlife resources in the United States have changed greatly in the past century. Utilization valuations of wildlife (valuing wildlife exclusively for its utility) have declined significantly and fear, hostility, and indifference toward wildlife also have decreased (Kellert, 1987). Although Carmines and Zeller (1979) recommended an alpha level of 0.80, Nunnally (1978) characterized an alpha level of 0.50 as minimal. Poresky (1989) reviewed these recommendations in the context of human-animal relationship measures and found 0.70 to 0.80 to be a reasonable expectation. Method.-The wildlife scales were devised for telephone interviews from a series of questions developed by the authors and Ken Brunson and Mary Mae Hardt of the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. The Computer Assisted Telephone Interview programming was performed bv the first author, using Ci2 software (Sawtooth Software, 1986). Most, but not all, respondents g.lve their views for all the items on the two 4-point scales which ranged from strongly agree to st~ongly disagree on the first and strongly support to strongly oppose on the second scale. Results.-Analysis for internal consistency showed acceptable internal reliability for the eight-item Threats to Wildlife scale (a = 0.77) and the presence of two separate factors. The first factor involved five items that reflect threats associated with direct chemical damage or loss of habitat, and the second factor involved threats associated with hunting, fishing, and trapping. Cronbach a for the Balancing Human and Wildhfe Needs scale was 0.77. Table 1 shows the scale items, Cronbach alphas, the percent supporting each statement, and the factor loadings on two factors. The face validity of the scales is apparent from the content of the items. For both scales, the items are directly relevant to the scales' constructs. The construct validity of the scale derives from the pattern of agreement and support for the scale items shown in Table 1. On the Threats to Wildlife scale, over 80% agreed that chemical damage or loss of habitat posed threats to wildlife, and fewer respondents agreed that hunting and fishng posed threats to wildlife. On the Balancing Human and Wildlife Needs scale, support for developments that might threaten wildlife progressively decreased and the corresponding opposition progressively increased as the importance for human use decreased. The progressive decrease in support suggests the scale has adequate construct validity.
Catalytic Ring Opening of Cycloalkanes on Ir Clusters: Alkyl Substitution Effects on the Structure and Stability of C–C Bond Cleavage Transition States

Rates and locations of C–C cleavage during the hydrogenolysis of alkyl-cyclohexanes determine the isomeric products of ring opening and the yield losses from dealkylation. Kinetically relevant transition states for C–C rupture form by sequential quasi-equilibrated dehydrogenation steps that break C–H bonds, form C–metal bonds, and desorb chemisorbed H atoms (H*) from H*-covered surfaces. Activation enthalpies (ΔH⧧), entropies (ΔS⧧), and the number of H2(g) formed with transition states are larger for 3C–xC rupture than for 2C–2C or 2C–1C cleavage for all cycloalkane reactants and Ir cluster sizes. 3C–xC rupture transition states bind to surfaces through three or more C atoms, whereas those for less-substituted 2C–2C bonds cleave via α,β species bound by two C atoms. 3C–xC rupture involves larger ΔH⧧ than 2C–2C and 2C–1C because the former requires that more C–H bonds cleave and H* desorb than for the latter two. These endothermic steps are partially compensated by C–metal bond formation, whereas the forma...
Confounded Experimental Designs and Human Factors Research

The use of confounded factorial designs has been seriously neglected in the human factors literature. A confounded factorial is constructed by systematically confounding blocking variables with one or more interactions which are believed to be statistically insignificant or inconsequential to the researcher. These designs offer the advantages of increased economy and power. These designs are especially useful when research is being conducted on military personnel and subjects must be selected from different military facilities, which may result in heterogeneous subject populations. A concrete example illustrates how confounding of this type can be used to the researcher's advantage through the tailored construction of a confounded design.
Attractants for Synanthropic Flies. 2. Response Patterns of House Flies to Attractive Baits on Poultry Ranches

A proteinaceous attractant, prepared by freeze-drying fermented whole egg solids, was found to attract Musca domestica L. and other synanthropic Diptera. In field experiments, a mixture of 2 g of the attractant and 2 g of dichlorvos sugar-bait increased fly collection two-fold on manure substrate in trays set on the ground and three-fold in suspended bait units over the sugar-toxicant bait alone. This increase was due primarily to the increased response of nulliparous and parous females in which vitellogenesis was about to occur. Attractancy of the bait declined sharply after 48 hours of field exposure. The location of bait stations significantly affected the number, sex ratio, and female age structure of the flies collected. Stations collecting the greatest number of flies were generally situated at the ends of the cage rows in sunlight-shade border areas. Fly collections from areas of greatest fly activity were characterized by a high proportion of hoth nulliparous and parous protein-searching females, and the sex ratio in these high-activity zones approached 1. East-west and north-south preferences of certain female age groups were manifested in the collections.
Financial complexity: Regulating regulation.

In their Policy Forum “Complexity theory and financial regulation” (19 February, p. [818][1]), S. Battiston et al. present a compelling case that complexity theory—the science of complex adaptive systems—offers insights into how the interconnected economic and financial macrosystem works and
Pathways toward high-performance perovskite solar cells: review of recent advances in organo-metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications

Organo-metal halide perovskite–based solar cells have been the focus of intense research over the past five years, and power conversion efficiencies have rapidly been improved from 3.8 to >21%. This article reviews major advances in perovskite solar cells that have contributed to the recent efficiency enhancements, including the evolution of device architecture, the development of material deposition processes, and the advanced device engineering techniques aiming to improve control over morphology, crystallinity, composition, and the interface properties of the perovskite thin films. The challenges and future directions for perovskite solar cell research and development are also discussed.
53 QUANTIFICATION AND LOCALIZATION OF SRC TYROSINE KINASES IN AORTIC MYOCYTES.

Src tyrosine kinases are important players in cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration; however, a new signaling role in vasoconstriction has been recently discovered. Because of the possibly differing roles of the nine known Src kinases, we hypothesized that protein expression and/or localization would be distinct for each kinase. Here we sought to quantify and localize four Src tyrosine kinases, that is, c-Src, Lck, Fyn, and Yes in rat aortic myocytes. Quantitative immunoblots were done to determine protein levels in rat aortic lysates. Using recombinant Src proteins and specific antibodies, we generated standard curves from which Src family protein concentrations were intrapolated. We found c-Src to be the most abundant kinase in aorta (0.181 ± 0.02 ng/μg lysate protein, n = 3), followed by Yes (0.047 ± 0.02 ng/μg lysate protein, n = 3), whereas Lck and Fyn were practically nondetectable. Using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, localization of Src family proteins was compared in freshly dissociated rat aorta myocytes and in human cultured aortic cells. c-Src localized nicely on both the cell membrane and intracellularly in rat aorta, whereas it was found mostly intracellularly in human cultured cells. Although Lck was nondetectable in our immunoblot experiments, we were able to detect it in immunocytochemistry using a higher concentration of antibody (sixfold). Lck appeared to be a membrane protein in rat aorta but resembled cytoskeletal structures in cultured cells. Lastly, Yes localized in the cytoplasm in both rat aorta and human cultures. In conclusion, the abundance and localization of c-Src in rat and human support its signaling role in vasoconstriction.
ID: 108: DEUBIQUITINATING ENZYME 11 STABILIZES TGFβ RECEPTOR II AND REGULATES TGFβ1 SIGNALING IN PULMONARY FIBROBLAST

Background Protein stability is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. The ubiquitin-deubiquitination system contributes to the regulation of tumor growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) signaling. TGFβ1 mediates its signaling and pro-fibrotic effects through binding to its receptors, TGFβ receptor I (TβRI) and TβRII. Here we reveal that deubiquitinating enzyme USP11 regulates TGFβ1 signaling through stabilization of TβRII. Methods and Results Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a wildly used murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Analysis of murine lung tissue lysates from 3 weeks of bleomycin challenge revealed that USP11 levels were elevated in lung tissues from bleomycin-challenged mice. TGFβ1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. TGFβ1 treatment of human lung fibroblast cells (HLF) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of USP11. To investigate the effect of USP11 in the TGFβ1 signaling, HLF cells were transfected with USP11 shRNA. USP11 shRNA reduced USP11 levels as well as TβRII expression in HLF. Overexpression of HA tagged USP11 (USP11-HA) enhanced TβRII lifespan. Co-immunostaining revealed that V5 tagged TβRII (TβRII-V5) and USP11-HA colocalized at plasma membrane and cytoplasm. TβRII ubiquitination was promoted by USP11 shRNA, while it was reduced by USP11-HA. Further, we investigated the role of USP11 in TGFβ1-mediated signaling, such as phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3. USP11-HA facilitated TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3, which was attenuated in USP11 shRNA transfected HLF cells. Conclusion This study indicates that USP11 contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating targeting TβRII for its deubiquitination and stabilization. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01HL091916 and R01HL112791 to Y.Z, R01GM115389 to J.Z.), American Heart Association 12SDG9050005 (J.Z.), American Lung Association Biomedical Research Grant RG350146 (J.Z.).
Analysis of anesthetic utilization of the hospitalized children in our hospital

Objective: To investigate the anesthetic utilization in our hospital. Methods: The anesthetic utilization of hos-pitalized children in our hospital from March 2007 to February 2008 were collected in order to analyze. Results: 6 kinds of anesthetic commonly used, the DDDs of Fentanyl was higher, the DUI of all the 6 kinds of anesthetic were below 1. Conclusion: Analysis of the survey show that the anesthetic utilization in our hospitalized drugstore is reasonable.
Effectiveness of Newborn Screening Programs For Congenital Hypothyroidism: Prevalence of Missed Cases

The author reviews the background information and technical developments leading to newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism as well as the effectiveness and problems of the programs during the past decade. The success of the programs in terms of prevention of mental retardation now is clear. It is also clear, however, that a significant number of affected infants, perhaps 8 to 10 per cent of the total, can be missed in the best of screening programs. Physicians must be aware of the possibility and alert to early clinical evidence of congenital hypothyroidism.