cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicians and the terminal patient: some selected attitudes and behavior.

This study examined the attitudes and reported behaviors of one hundred and fifty one physicians in ten medical specialties toward terminally ill patients. Most feel the patient must be told of ter...
Bandstructure modulation for carbon nanotubes in a uniform electric field

A method to electronically modulate the energy gap and bandstructure of semiconducting carbon nanotubes is proposed. We investigate this bandstructure modulation mechanism using tight-binding and density functional theory(DFT). Results show that the energy gap of a semiconducting nanotube can be narrowed, when the tube is placed in an electric field perpendicular to the tube axis. In contrast, Metallic tubes were found to exhibit a screening behavior, whereby free charge redistributes about the tube circumference as a result of the external field. In this case, the bandstructure shows little perturbation in response to an applied electric field.
Lattice structure for multifilters derived from complex-valued scalar filter banks

Multiwavelet-based filter banks, unlike filter banks based on scalar wavelets, are able to provide simultaneously orthogonality, linear phase, and short support. However, a general lattice structure for multifilters, analogous to that available for scalar filter banks has yet to be determined.. Such lattice structures have considerable advantages for both theory and design. This paper derives a complete and minimal lattice structure for a class of 2- wavelet multifilters which are based on complex-valued orthogonal scalar filter banks. An example derived from the Daubechies D6 wavelet is presented, along with considerations of how requiring symmetry and higher approximation order restricts the lattice coefficients.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elasticity of diopside

The thirteen single-crystal elastic moduli for diopside as determined by the acoustic technique based on Brillouin scattering are: c11=2.23, c22=1.71, c33=2.35, c44=0.74, c55=0.67, c66=0.66, c12=0.77, c13=0.81, c15=0.17, c23=0.57, c25=0.07, c35=0.43, c46=0.073. The Reuss bound of the adiabatic bulk and shear moduli calculated from these data are K s=1.08 Mbar and G=0.651 Mbar. The room-pressure isothermal bulk modulus, K T , and the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K′ T have also been determined on a four-circle diffractometer, from a single crystal mounted in a gasketed opposed-anvil diamond cell, giving values of K T =1.13 Mbar and K′ T =4.8. The principal axes of the strain ellipsoid, calculated from the elastic moduli and observed in the static compression data, are identical, and the linear compressibilities are in reasonable agreement. The single-crystal elastic moduli can be correlated with the structural features of diopside.
Aqueous Humor in Glaucomatous Eyes Contains an Increased Level of TGF-β2

By using the highly sensitive and specific technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we investigated the presence and amount of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) in samples of aqueous humor obtained from 15 patients who had a clinically established diagnosis of advanced primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), as well as from ten age-matched normal human subjects undergoing cataract surgery. The total amount of TGF-beta 2 in the samples of normal aqueous humor ranged from 0.41 to 2.24 ng ml-1 (mean +/- S.D.: 1.48 +/- 0.68 ng ml-1) of which 4.88 to 37.05% (11.99 +/- 9.95%) was intrinsically active. Compared with normal subjects, the aqueous humor from POAG patients had a statistically significantly greater amount of total TGF-beta 2 (2.70 +/- 0.76 ng ml-1, P < 0.01), as well as a higher level of intrinsically active TGF-beta 2 (0.45 +/- 0.28 ng ml-1, P < 0.05) which corresponded to 1.09 to 60.84% (18.33 +/- 15.50%) of the total amount. No linear correlation was found between the age of the subjects and the protein concentration of the aqueous humor from either normal or glaucomatous eyes, nor between the age of the patient and the total amount of TGF-beta 2. The negligible amount of TGF-beta 2 present in serum argues against its influx into the aqueous humor after breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier that is known to occur in glaucomatous eyes; rather, our present findings support the concept of the intraocular derivation of this cytokine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extending the Role of Associative Learning Processes in Nicotine Addiction

Compulsive smoking is a worldwide public health problem. Although research has confirmed the importance of associative learning processes in nicotine addiction, therapies targeting nicotine-associated cues still have a high relapse rate. Most theories conceptualize nicotine as an 'outcome' that reinforces behaviors and/or changes the affective value of stimuli. Albeit important, this view does not capture the complexity of associative processes involved in nicotine addiction. For example, nicotine serves as a conditional stimulus acquiring new appetitive/affective properties when paired with a non-drug reward. Also, nicotine functions as an occasion setter that participates in higher-order associative processes that likely permit a more pervasive influence of conditioned cues that are resistant to typically cue-exposure therapy techniques. Finally, nicotine appears to amplify the salience of other stimuli that have some incentive value resulting in enhanced nicotine self-administration and conditioned reinforcement processes. Future smoking intervention strategies should take into consideration these additional associative learning processes.
Low Energy Ion Beam Modification of High Performance Polymer

Ion beam modification of polyimide (PI) by low energy and surface analysis were performed using XPS. The surface chemistry was monitored as a function of ion dose. The results indicate that even low energy ion beam (LEIB) induces a drastic change in chemical compositions on the PI surface, and the modification begins to occur at the onset of beam treatment, contrary to previous observations. Damage level is severely restricted to surface region. It is also proven that LEIB modification is a direct way to control interface chemistry.
The Duty to Monitor: Emerging Obligations of Outside Lawyers and Auditors to Detect and Report Corporate Wrongdoing Beyond the Securities Laws

Recent legislation - Section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for auditors and Section 307 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for lawyers - has imposed on corporate outsiders certain duties to monitor unlawful activity within a corporation, and to report that activity to designated corporate actors. It is generally understood that the monitoring obligations of lawyers and auditors extend to corporate activity which might constitute a violation of federal securities law and state fiduciary duty standards. But do the monitoring and reporting obligations extend to unlawful activities beyond the securities laws - for example to violations of the laws prohibiting racial, religious, ethnic, age and sex discrimination? This article suggests that a strong set of arguments exist to support the answer - yes. The article first demonstrates that the monitoring rules create a broad obligation to detect and report that extends to any violation of law that could have a direct or indirect material effect on the financial condition of the corporation. The article then suggests that the nature of the detection and reporting obligation is active - requiring auditors and lawyers to implement procedures for detecting violations. The failure to comply with the detect and report obligations can contribute, under certain circumstances, to auditor or lawyer liability as a principal under the securities laws, to liability as a principal under the discrimination laws, and to greater exposure to discovery from private plaintiffs. The article ends with an extended hypothetical, involving outside counsel, auditors and a client corporation engaging in potentially discriminatory conduct, in which the insights developed in the article are applied.
Experimental Study of Feasibility in Kinetically-Controlled Reactive Distillation

Bifurcation studies predict limited ranges of feasibility for products in certain reactive distillations. These are closely related to the bifurcations in the singular points of dynamic models for simple reactive distillation (isobaric open evaporation with liquid phase reaction). A new dynamic model is described with constant vapor rate together with an experimental study for the reactive distillation of acetic acid with isopropanol to produce isopropyl acetate, catalyzed by Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin. An experimental apparatus with real-time measurement of liquid compositions based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is described, and used to follow the composition dynamics at several initial conditions and Damkohler numbers (Da). The experimental results match model predictions that show four regions of behavior. For Da ≈ 1, these show a stable node at acetic acid and several other fixed points as saddles. However, near Da ≈ 2, both isopropanol and acetic acid are stable nodes and a quaternary singular point appears. The presence of two stable nodes requires the presence of a distillation boundary and, therefore, a limited feasibility for the bottom product compositions from continuous reactive distillation. For the reaction rates studied, the model predictions are closely consistent with the experimental findings, and are robust to variations in the vapor rate. These experiments are among the first to analyze the dynamics and feasibility in a kinetically-controlled reactive distillation and are consistent with previous studies for the reaction equilibrium limit, indicating the formation of a reactive azeotrope. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 464–479, 2005
Managing software productivity and reuse

Your organization can choose from three main strategies for improving its software productivity. You can work faster, using tools that automate or speed up previously labor-intensive tasks. You can work smarter, primarily through process improvements that avoid or reduce non-value-adding tasks. Or you can avoid unnecessary work by reusing software artifacts instead of custom developing each project. Which strategy will produce the highest payoff? The author performed an extensive analysis that addressed this question for the US Department of Defense. The result of this analysis showed that work avoidance via software reuse produced the highest improvement in software productivity. The article gives advice on how to manage software reuse and the pitfalls to avoid.
Instability in saturated full-field compensation for thermal blooming

I show analytically that compensation for thermal blooming by full-field conjugation with perfect phase reproduction but with a saturable laser amplifier exhibits instability, which leads to strong scintillation on small spatial scales. I support this analysis with output from molly, a computer simulation of adaptively compensated high-energy laser-beam propagation. In the simulation, compensation for thermal blooming is effective in spite of manifest instability. I derive lower bounds on compensation performance that highlight aspects of the simulation that are responsible for good performance.
The role of oxidative stress and innate immunity in O3 and endotoxin‐induced human allergic airway disease

Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked phenotyping studies of volunteers exposed to O(3) and endotoxin were used to identify the response characteristics of volunteers to these pollutants. New studies support the hypotheses that similar innate immune and oxidant processes modulate response to these agents. These include TLR4 and inflammasome-mediated signaling and cytokine production. Innate immune responses are also impacted by oxidative stress. It is likely that continued discovery of common molecular processes which modulate response to these pollutants will occur. Understanding the pathways that modulate response to pollutants will also allow for discovery of genetic and epigenetic factors that regulate response to these pollutants and determine risk of disease exacerbation. Additionally, defining the mechanisms of response will allow rational selection of interventions to examine. Interventions focused on inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasome represent promising new approaches to preventing pollutant-induced asthma exacerbations. Such interventions include specific inhibitors of innate immunity and antioxidant therapies designed to counter the effects of pollutants on cell signaling.
RF power limiter using capacitively-coupled contacts III-nitride varactor

Reported is a low-loss RF power limiter built using a voltage-controlled capacitor formed by two planar Schottky contacts deposited over an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. The symmetrical structure of the varactor enables dual-polarity voltage clamping. Small electrode size and electrode spacing of 2 μm ensures a low impedance and low loss. Varying the varactor width in the range 0.25 - 1 mm allows tuning of the limiting powers in the range 17 - 40 dBm, also dependent on the operating frequency. The small-signal loss at 10 GHz is 0.2 - 0.67 dB. The varactor structure fabrication does not require gate alignment or annealing; the device is robust and fully compatible with MMICs; it also provides the DC block with around 95 V breakdown. The PL operation in the temperature range 25 - 200°C without significant parameter degradation was demonstrated. Power limiter CW stress during 100 hat 24 dBm revealed no performance degradation.
Magnetic properties and the structure of impurities in simple metals

The Knight shifts and susceptibility changes caused by additions of Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Ag, and Si to liquid Al are reported, together with the susceptibilities of the pure liquids Zn, Ga, Ge, and As. The data are compared with models of impurity structure in simple-metal solvents. Es werden die Knight-Verschiebungen und Suszeptibilitatsanderungen, die durch Zusatz von Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Ag und Si in flussigem Al hervorgerufen werden, sowie die Suszeptibilitaten von reinem flussigem Zn, Ga, Ge und As gemessen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Modellen der Storstellenstruktur fur einfache flussige Metalle verglichen.
Digital photography quantifies plumage variation and salt marsh melanism among Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) subspecies of the San Francisco Bay

ABSTRACT Local adaptation is often implicated as a driver of speciation and diversity, but measuring local variation within a species can be difficult. Many taxa endemic to salt marshes exhibit a phenotypic trait called salt marsh melanism, in which salt marsh endemics have a darker or grayer integument than their freshwater congeners. The repeated occurrence of salt marsh melanism across distantly related taxa in similar environments suggests a role for local selection in maintaining this trait. We quantitatively explored variation in plumage characteristics for four subspecies of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) in the San Francisco Bay area. These subspecies are restricted to habitats of varying salinity and climate, and are considered a classic example of ecologically based variation on a local scale. To analyze plumage color, we employed a digital photographic technique which was quantitative, able to deal with pattern variation, and independent of a particular visual system. Although no single p...
Four Questions on Birkhoff Polytope

We ask several questions on the structure of the polytope P n of doubly stochastic n×n matrices, known as a Birkhoff polytope. We discuss the volume of P n , the work of the simplex method, and the mixing of random walks on P n .
Process Groups: a mechanism for the coordination of and communication among processes in the Venus collective communication library

In programming massively parallel computers, it is often necessary to have sets of processes cooperate in performing certain computations and communications. Most run-time libraries require that such sets of processes be explicitly specified in the program. In the Venus run-time communication library however, a Process Group abstraction is used to enable implicit coordination of and communication over dynamically determined sets of processes. The Process Groups mechanism in Venus offers an object-oriented approach for handling sets of processes and enhances the debugging and monitoring of programs. The authors describe the Process Groups mechanism in Venus, illustrate its use on the class of N-body problems, and outline some of the data structures and algorithms used to implement this mechanism in Venus. >
Enhanced target tracking through infrared-visible image fusion

Video surveillance is an important tool for force protection and law enforcement, and visible and infrared video cameras are the most common imaging sensors used for these purposes. A feasibility study on fusing concurrent visible and infrared imageries using 13 spatial domain and pyramid-based pixel-level fusion algorithms to improve the tracking performance of an existing video surveillance system was performed. Some of the decomposition methods were designed to increase the contrast, whereas some wavelet methods offered shift invariance. The effects of these fusion algorithms on the detection and tracking performance of the given target tracker were examined and compared. Fusion method based on the ratio of low-pass pyramids was shown to offer a superior detection performance at a relatively low computational cost.
Changes in Hepatic Glycogen, Protein, and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis, and Some Effects of Cortisol, During Q Fever

Liver glycogen is depleted in guinea pigs infected with Coxiella burneti. Syntheses of the glycogen precursors uridine triphosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose are unaffected during Q fever, but glycogen synthetase activity is inhibited. Exogenous cortisol relieves this inhibition in infected animals. Orotate and amino acids are more rapidly incorporated into ribonucleic acid and protein during infection. It is proposed that the biochemical defect in the synthesis of glycogen lies in the inactivation of glycogen synthetase.
Vascular injury during anterior exposure of the spine.

Objectives Fusion of the spine is often performed from an anterior approach requiring mobilization of aorta, iliac artery, and vein. This study describes the preferred techniques and incidence of vascular complications at a spine center. Methods Information and operative notes on all consecutive patients undergoing anterior exposure were entered into a database that was retrospectively reviewed. Four hundred eighty-two procedures performed on 480 patients at one spine center between January of 1997 and December of 2002 were analyzed. Demographics, technique, levels of exposure, and history of prior spine surgery were recorded. Primary outcomes measured included intraoperative vascular complications, estimated operative blood loss, and operative mortality. Vascular injury was defined as any case in which a suture was required to control bleeding. Major vascular injuries were defined as those requiring transfusion, vascular reconstruction, or blood loss greater than 300 cc. Results An intraoperative vascular injury occurred in 11% (54/480) of patients. The majority of these (45/54) were minor injuries treated with simple suture repair. Nine (1.9%) major vascular injuries did occur; the majority identified and treated during the exposure and not the spinal fusion. One patient required a return to the operating room 24 hours after the initial procedure for removal of packs placed to control severe bleeding from an avulsed branch of the internal iliac vein. Median estimated blood loss (EBL) was 150 cc and there were no mortalities. Eighty-three percent of overall injuries involved exposure of L4-5, and this was statistically significant odds ratio (OR) 2.73, P = .005. The lowest incidence of injury occurred when L5-S1 alone was exposed (5.1% of injuries) OR .34, P = .01. Prior spine procedures did not significantly increase the risk of injury, P = .67. Other factors that did not significantly increase risk included gender, multiple levels vs single levels and technique of exposure. Conclusion Exposure to the lumbar spine can be readily accomplished via a retroperitoneal approach. Minor vascular injuries during exposure, mostly venous, are not uncommon and are easily repaired. They are increased when L4-5 is part of the exposure and are lowest when L5-S1 alone is exposed. Major injuries occur in less than 2% of patients.
Lattice damage during ion implantation of semiconductors

The temperature dependence of the lattice damage created during ion implantation of Si, Ge, Si-Ge alloys, and various III-V compounds is reviewed and interpreted in terms of a transition between two different damage formation mechanisms. The implications of this transition for control of damage, annealing, and electrical activation are discussed, particularly in GaAs.
Quantifying demonstrated equivalence

Recent debates about measurement equivalence would have been simplified by a satisfactory quantification of equivalence. We present a rigorous, simple method of using measurement comparisons to quantify equivalence statements in one parameter. It is able to treat all aspects of the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement as they apply to measurement comparisons. We compare this method to the common usage of the normalized error.
The Use Of Decentralized Control On The Vibration Supression In Large Flexible Dynamic Systems

In the present paper the problem of vibration suppression in large flexible dynamic systems is considered. The decentralized control law discussed is based on model reference adaptive control theory. Conditions for global stability are derived based on stability properties of the local subsystems and the coupling among them.
Application of Functional Genomics for Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnostics

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common economically important disease affecting cattle. For developing accurate diagnostics that can predict disease susceptibility/resistance and stratification, it is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms that underlie BRD. To study the complex interactions among the bovine host and the multitude of viral and bacterial pathogens, as well as the environmental factors associated with BRD etiology, genome-scale high-throughput functional genomics methods such as microarrays, RNA-seq, and proteomics are helpful. In this review, we summarize the progress made in our understanding of BRD using functional genomics approaches. We also discuss some of the available bioinformatics resources for analyzing high-throughput data, in the context of biological pathways and molecular interactions. Although resources for studying host response to infection are avail-able, the corresponding information is lacking for majority of BRD pathogens, impeding progress in identifying diagnostic signatures for BRD using functional genomics approaches.
Protein Farnesylation–Dependent Raf/Extracellular Signal–Related Kinase Signaling Links to Cytoskeletal Remodeling to Facilitate Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells

OBJECTIVE Posttranslational prenylation (e.g., farnesylation) of small G-proteins is felt to be requisite for cytoskeletal remodeling and fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated roles of protein farnesylation in the signaling steps involved in Raf-1/extracellular signal–related kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cell. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS These studies were carried out in INS 832/13 cells and normal rat islets. Molecular biological (e.g., overexpression or small interfering RNA [siRNA]–mediated knockdown) and pharmacologic approaches were used to determine roles for farnesylation in glucose-mediated activation of ERK1/2, Rac1, and insulin secretion. Activation of ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting. Rac1 activation (i.e., Rac1.GTP) was quantitated by p21-activated kinase pull-down assay. Insulin release was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Coprovision of structure-specific inhibitors of farnesyl transferase (FTase; e.g., FTI-277 or FTI-2628) or siRNA-mediated knockdown of FTase β-subunit resulted in a significant inhibition of glucose-stimulated ERK1/2 and Rac1 activation and insulin secretion. Pharmacologic inhibition of Raf-1 kinase using GW-5074 markedly reduced the stimulatory effects of glucose on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Rac1 activation, and insulin secretion, suggesting that Raf-1 kinase activation may be upstream to ERK1/2 and Rac1 activation leading to glucose-induced insulin release. Lastly, siRNA-mediated silencing of endogenous expression of ERK1/2 markedly attenuated glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings provide the first evidence of a role for protein farnesylation in glucose-mediated regulation of the Raf/ERK signaling pathway culminating in the activation of Rac1, which has been shown to be necessary for cytoskeletal reorganization and exocytotic secretion of insulin.
Case report: Neuropathic arthropathy of the hip as a sequela of undiagnosed tertiary syphilis.

Background Neuropathic arthropathy is characterized by rapidly progressive bone destruction in the setting of impaired nociceptive and proprioceptive innervation to the involved joint. It is seen most commonly in the foot and ankle, secondary to peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Other less common sites of involvement may include the knee, hip, shoulder, and spine, depending on the underlying etiology. Neuropathic arthropathy can be associated with tabes dorsalis, a unique manifestation of late, tertiary neurosyphilis that may arise in individuals with untreated syphilis many years after initial infection, and usually involves the knee, or less commonly, the hip.
Model order selection of damped sinusoids by predictive densities

Investigates the problem of model order selection of damped sinusoids from a Bayesian perspective. The authors derive a maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion through a combination of Bayesian inference and predictive densities. The MAP criterion is more appropriate for damped sinusoidal models (and transient data models in general) than are the SVD based information theoretic criteria in V. Umpathy Reddy and L.S. Biradar (1993). Simulation results are provided that display the breakdown of the AIC and MDL when the data record length is not properly coupled with the information bearing portion of the data model. This deterioration in performance is related to both the underlying asymptotics upon which the AIC and MDL rules were originally based, and to their invalid penalty terms. Conversely, the MAP criterion is not based on asymptotics, and proves to be more reliable and consistent when the observation length is varied.
Imperfect mimicry and the limits of natural selection.

AbstractMimicry—when one organism (the mimic) evolves a phenotypic resemblance to another (the model) due to selective benefits—is widely used to illustrate natural selection's power to generate adaptations. However, many putative mimics resemble their models imprecisely, and such imperfect mimicry represents a specific challenge to mimicry theory and a general one to evolutionary theory. Here, we discuss 11 nonmutually exclusive hypotheses for imperfect mimicry. We group these hypotheses according to whether imperfect mimicry reflects: an artifact of human perception, which is not shared by any naturally occurring predators and therefore is not truly an instance of imperfect mimicry; genetic, developmental, or time-lag constraints, which (temporarily) prevent a response to selection for perfect mimicry; relaxed selection, where imperfect mimicry is as adaptive as perfect mimicry; or tradeoffs, where imperfect mimicry is (locally) more adaptive than perfect mimicry. We find that the relaxed selection hypo...
Analysis of Symmetrically Loaded Slab on Elastic Solid

The purpose of this note is to present a finite element method for analyzing a symmetrically loaded slab on an elastic solid. Results are given comparing data from one-quarter of a slab versus data generated using a whole slab. Results show that both methods check closely. However, the method involving a one-quarter slab uses substantially less computer time and storage while providing as good a solution as the whole slab method.
Ca2+ channel blockade by verapamil inhibits GMCs and diarrhea during small intestinal inflammation

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the blockade of L-type Ca2+ channels with verapamil suppresses giant migrating contractions (GMCs) and therefore diarrhea during small intestinal in...
New Reverse Transfer: A case study analysis of implementation between a community college and a four-year institution

The new reverse transfer has emerged in recent years as an innovative pathway for degree completion. The term, once used to refer to students who transferred to a community college from a four-year institution, has undergone a contextual change (Hagedorn & Castro, 1999; Townsend & Dever, 1999; Yang, 2006). The term today has a new application and references a different pathway, which refers to students who transfer credits from a community college to a four-year institution and retroactively earn a two-year degree with their newly earned four-year college credits (Bragg, Cullen, Bennett, & Rudd, 2011; Friedel & Wilson, 2015; Marling, 2012). The reverse transfer pathway has emerged as community colleges pursue innovative opportunities to serve students and improve completion rates. President Obama’s Completion Agenda and state accountability measures are also contributing to the need for innovative completion programs. To explore the growth and implementation of reverse transfer programs, a case study analysis was conducted in a Pacific Northwest state with an urban, multi-campus community college, a public liberal arts university, and their respective state higher education agencies. The case study analysis sought to understand the factors that influence the implementation process of the new reverse transfer and the challenges and support mechanisms that influence the implementation of the new reverse transfer program in the Pacific Northwest state. The data were coded, analyzed, and arranged into four emerging themes: (1) measures of success, (2) influence and stability, (3) responding to something new, and (4) benefits outweigh the cost. The findings revealed that strong working relationships between colleagues at each institution were a cornerstone to the successful implementation. Campus administrators and state higher education agencies support are important contributors to the implementation and future stability of the program.
Measurements with a Spectral Pyranometer at Tucson after the Eruption of El chichó Volcano

Abstract Spectral values of the downward hemispheric diffuse and total flux densities at eight wavelengths were measured in Tucson, Arizona following the 1982 eruption of the El Chichon volcano. Characteristics of the volcanic dust (including optical depth, the Junge shaping constant of the size distribution, and the range of the imaginary index) were derived from these data.
Antifungal compounds (killer factors) produced by Kluyveromyces species and their detection on an improved medium containing glycerol

(1987). Antifungal Compounds (“Killer Factors”) Produced by Kluyveromyces Species and their Detection on an Improved Medium Containing Glycerol. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 790-794.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cole Crops in Southern California: Granular Systemic Insecticides in Soil Indicate Lack of Promise

Nine systemic insecticides applied as granules in the soil were evaluated for control of larvae of Trichoplusiani (Hubner) on broccoli and cabbage. Only four of the systemic insecticides, Bayer 65258 ( O -ethyl S -methylphos-phoramidothoate), carbofuran, dimethoate, and methomyl, provided a satisfactory degree of control for an appreciable length of time in more than one experiment. However, all the materials were extremely variable in effectiveness. They effective control in one test for up to 21 days but were ineffective after only 7 days when applied to the soil in another experiment. Overall, the most consistent control appears to be 7 days with the most effective materials.
Fluoroscopic tubal recanalization in tubal factor related infertility.

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse, a definition that is based on a monthly fecundity rate of 15 to 25%. Approximately 10 to 20% of couples may experience problems conceiving, and infertility can result from a wide variety of etiologies. Female factors account for 40% of infertility.1 When investigating infertility, evaluation of both the male and female partner is warranted, as the likelihood of both partners having impaired fertility is relatively high.1 Dysfunction of the female reproductive process can occur at any of the following steps to cause infertility: Ovarian factor: the ovaries need to produce a mature oocyte. Cervical factor: the cervix needs to capture and transport sperm into the uterus and fallopian tubes. Uterine factor: the uterus needs to allow the embryo to implant. Tubal factor: the fallopian tubes need to capture the ovulated oocyte and transport sperm and embryo. Tubal factor fertility accounts for the most common cause of female infertility (Fig. 1). Tubal adhesive or occlusive disease and peritoneal adhesions are typically due to either prior pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis. Another less common cause of proximal tubal occlusion is salpingitis isthmica nodosa.1 2 Figure 1 Causes of infertility.
The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations.

The contribution of spiritual support (perceived support from God) to well-being, especially under conditions of high versus low life stress, has received little empirical study. In the present research, the relationship of spiritual support to well-being for several high and low life-stress samples was examined. With demographic variables controlled, regression analyses indicated that spiritual support: 1) was inversely related to depression and positively related to self-esteem for high life-stress (recently bereaved) parents; and 2) in a prospective (longitudinal) analysis with pre-college depression controlled, spiritual support was positively related to personal-emotional adjustment to college for high life-stress (three or more life events), first-semester college freshmen. Spiritual support was not significantly related to well-being for low life-stress subsamples. The implications of the findings for future research and intervention are discussed.
Effects of Hypoxia with Different Time on Regulations of ERRαBinding to the PDK4 Promoter in Skeletal Muscle of Mice

Objective:Different time hypoxic exposure inducing ERRαbinding to the PDK4promoter and PDK4mRNA expression was investigated,which is to discuss the possible mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism and regulations among signal molecules under hypoxic conditions.Methods:Wild-type C57BL/6Jmice were subjected to either normoxia or hypoxia.Mice in the hypoxia groups were exposed to a hypobaric chamber that replicated the hypobaric hypoxia conditions found at 4 500maltitude for 8hours a day.And then each group with 10mice is also randomly based on the different days(0,7,14,28).Mice of the normoxic and hypoxic groups in the same days were sacrificed.Performing CHIP assay to confirm the hypoxia treated regulation of ERRαon PDK4promoter.PDK4mRNA was measured by Real Time-PCR.Results:1)When hypoxia exposed for 14days and 28days,ERRαrecruitment on PDK4promoter trends to elevate but has no significance;2)Comparing with 0day groups and normoxia 28 days group,hypoxia 28days group's PDK4mRNA was significantly increased(P0.05).Conclusion:Under 28days' exposure of hypoxia,PDK4mRNA was significantly increased in mice skeletal;muscles,but the ERRαrecruitment on PDK4promoter has no significant augment.So,we conjecture ERRαas a compensatory transcription control mechanism to PDK4.
Starch Accumulation in Leaves of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during the First 18 Days of Photoperiod Treatment

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were grown under long days (LD) of 18 h before a subset of the plants was transferred to 10-h photosynthetic periods with either a dark night (SD) or an 8-h dim photoperiod extension with incandescent lamps (DE). Temperature was constant at 21 degrees C. Leaves were sampled at the beginning and end of the high density light period for starch analyses. Potato leaves accumulated starch more rapidly under SD than under LD; and this difference continued after a second major sink, the tuber, began to develop. Starch accumulation over 10 h in SD leaves was three times higher than in LD leaves, even after 17 d of treatment. By this time SD gave higher whole plant relative growth rates than LD, and the tuber mass of SD plants exceeded 30% of their total plant biomass. The DE treatment resulted in starch accumulation intermediate to the LD and SD treatments. Genotypes likewise differed: the earlier genotype, more strongly induced to tuberize, had higher leaf starch accumulation than the later genotype. The effects of photoperiod and genotype were also present when potatoes were grown at 27 degrees C, a temperature unfavourable for tuberization under LD. Thus the formation of a strong tuber sink was consistently associated with more rapid leaf starch accumulation.
Trail guide self-perception and domain-expert identity at an environmental reserve

Non-formal education programs in outdoor settings are common methods to impart land management messages and promote environmental stewardship (Ham, 1992; Widner & Roggenbuck, 2000). For many of these programs, with low budgets and limited staffing, their ability to recruit and retain volunteer guides and educators has a direct impact on the quantity and quality of programs available to the general public. This study sought to find out why volunteers choose to become involved with a guided educational hike program and how their perceptions and past experiences shaped their interest in guiding and in the Reserve.
In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation

Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
The millipede type specimens in the Collections of the Field Museum of Natural History (Arthropoda: Diplopoda)

Sarcopromusca Townsend, 1927 is a Neotropical genus with two species distributed from Mexico southward to northern Argentina and southern Brazil. In the present paper, the genus Sarcopromusca is diagnosed, an identification key to species is provided, S. sarcophagina (Wulp, 1896) is redescribed and illustrated, and lectotypes are designated for this species and for the type species S. arcuata Townsend, 1927 [= S. pruna (Shannon & Del Ponte, 1926)]. A discussion is presented to clarify the geographic distributions of S. pruna and S. sarcophagina.
Imagery-based modeling of social, economic, and governance indicators in sub-Saharan Africa

Many policy and national security challenges require understanding the social, cultural, and economic characteristics of a country or region. Addressing failing states, insurgencies, terrorist threats, societal change, and support for military operations require a detailed understanding of the local population. Information about the state of the economy, levels of community support and involvement, and attitudes toward government authorities can guide decision makers in developing and implementing policies or operations. However, such information is difficult to gather in remote, inaccessible, or denied areas. Draper's previous work demonstrating the application of remote sensing to specific issues, such as population estimation, agricultural analysis, and environmental monitoring, has been very promising. In recent papers, we extended these concepts to imagery-based prediction models for governance, well-being, and social capital. Social science theory indicates the relationships among physical structures, institutional features, and social structures. Based on these relationships, we developed models for rural Afghanistan and validated the relationships using survey data. In this paper we explore the adaptation of those models to sub-Saharan Africa. Our analysis indicates that, as in Afghanistan, certain attributes of the society are predictable from imagery-derived features. The automated extraction of relevant indicators, however, depends on both spatial and spectral information. Deriving useful measures from only panchromatic imagery poses some methodological challenges and additional research is needed.
The Kallikrein-Kinin System: A Novel Mediator of IL-17-Driven Anti-Candida Immunity in the Kidney

The incidence of life-threatening disseminated Candida albicans infections is increasing in hospitalized patients, with fatalities as high as 60%. Death from disseminated candidiasis in a significant percentage of cases is due to fungal invasion of the kidney, leading to renal failure. Treatment of candidiasis is hampered by drug toxicity, the emergence of antifungal drug resistance and lack of vaccines against fungal pathogens. IL-17 is a key mediator of defense against candidiasis. The underlying mechanisms of IL-17-mediated renal immunity have so far been assumed to occur solely through the regulation of antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly activation of neutrophils. Here, we identify an unexpected role for IL-17 in inducing the Kallikrein (Klk)-Kinin System (KKS) in C. albicans-infected kidney, and we show that the KKS provides significant renal protection in candidiasis. Microarray data indicated that Klk1 was upregulated in infected kidney in an IL-17-dependent manner. Overexpression of Klk1 or treatment with bradykinin rescued IL-17RA-/- mice from candidiasis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-17-KKS pathways restored renal function and prolonged survival by preventing apoptosis of renal cells following C. albicans infection. Furthermore, combining a minimally effective dose of fluconazole with bradykinin markedly improved survival compared to either drug alone. These results indicate that IL-17 not only limits fungal growth in the kidney, but also prevents renal tissue damage and preserves kidney function during disseminated candidiasis through the KKS. Since drugs targeting the KKS are approved clinically, these findings offer potential avenues for the treatment of this fatal nosocomial infection.
Videotape Review: Celluloid Legal Ethics: Discipline Redux

A recent addition to the field of video legal ethics is The Rest of the Story: Interviews with Two Disciplined Attorneys. Produced by Gerald Sternberg and Dyann Hafner, the film focuses on two attorneys who have been through the disciplinary process, covering how these attorneys got into trouble, what the disciplinary authorities did, and what advice the attorneys would give to other lawyers. As an exercise in legal ethics “storytelling,” The Rest of the Story is a partial success. The second attorney on the film—who was disciplined for alcohol-related neglect of post-conviction criminal representation—is animated, engaging, and believable. He is a man with personality, and he has the ability not only to maintain audience attention, but to persuade viewers that he is not so very different from them.In contrast, the first attorney in The Rest of the Story is not a person with whom it is easy to empathize and not a persuasive source of advice. To be sure, his story has instructional potential: it tells of how the attorney’s misappropriation of client funds led to a decision to commit suicide, and to marital breakup, criminal prosecution, disbarment, and, ultimately, employment as a substitute school teacher. Still, in the end, one is left with a nagging suspicion that film audience members would be unable to identify with the attorney. His story is more pathetic than gripping or memorable.The simple, sequential structure of the tape affords the option of omitting the first attorney’s story from classroom use. In this respect, Sternberg and Hafner’s film has an advantage—severability. The segment involving the second attorney runs a mere twenty minutes, and there may not be a better way than this for a class to focus sharply on the human dimensions of the disciplinary process.
Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on the EEG

The focus of this chapter is on the common clinical situation where a patient who is suffering from a chronic psychiatric disorder (and at times multiple co-morbid psychiatric and medical conditions), and is receiving a number of CNS active medications begins to exhibit signs of clinical deterioration. In such conditions, it is crucially important to determine the possible factors contributing to the worsening clinical condition.
Comparison of friction measurements using the atomic force microscope and the surface forces apparatus: the issue of scale

Results are presented of lateral force measurements using the atomic force microscope (AFM) and the surface forces apparatus (SFA). Two different probes are used in the AFM measurements; a sharp silicon nitride tip (radius R≈20 nm) and a glass ball (R≈15 μm). The lateral force is measured between the (silicon nitride or glass) probe and a mica surface which has been coated by a thin lubricant film. In the SFA, a thin lubricant film separates two molecularly smooth mica surfaces (R≈1 cm) which are slid relative to each other. Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used as the lubricant films. In the SFA where the contact diameter is largest, the PFPE film shows much lower friction than PDMS. As the size of the probe decreases, the difference in the measured friction decreases. For sharp AFM tips, no clear distinction between the tribological properties of the films can be made. Hence, the measured coefficient of friction varies according to the length scale probed, at least for small dimensions.
Plane Constructions for Graphs, Networks, and Maps Measurements of Planarity

Consider a mining project where four substances sand, turf, coal, and earth are being extracted at five different sources. One also has four locations where the different materials will be collected, labelled S, T, C, and E respectively.
Predicting PT transitions and protected points in 2D periodic materials using an antiunitary group theory

This work shows how an extension of group theory capable of representing antiunitary operators can be used for comprehensive understanding of parity-time transitions and protected degeneracies in two-dimensional periodic systems with parity-time symmetry. The technique should prove useful for device design in the areas of photonic bandgap materials and metasurfaces.