cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Form of Theophylline Responsible for Positive Inotropic Activity

A comparison of the responses of the dog heart-lung, cat papillary muscle and perfused turtle heart preparations to equimolar doses of theophylline and 8-chlorotheophylline indicates that theophylline is a considerably more potent cardiac inotropic agent. This difference in activity has been related to the ionization characteristics of the two drugs. Studies performed on the isolated turtle heart over a pH range of 7.5 to 9.5, in which the ratio of ionized to nonionized theophylline is varied greatly, indicate that positive inotropic activity is determined by the concentration of nonionized theophylline presented to the heart in the perfusion medium. Similar studies with caffeine, which does not ionize to any appreciable degree over this pH range and thus exists almost exclusively in the nonionized form, indicate that positive inotropic activity is also determined by the concentration of nonionized caffeine presented to the heart in the perfusion medium. No significant difference in the positive inotropic activity of these two agents is discernible when they are compared on the basis of equimolar doses of nonionized drug at pH 7.5 and 8.5. No correlation was observed between the concentration of theophylline anion or cation in the extracellular or intracellular aqueous phase and positive isotropic activity over a wide range of drug concentration in the perfused turtle heart. The positive inotropic activity of theophylline and caffeine is influenced by the pH of the perfusion medium when the pH of this solution is less than 7.5. 8-Chlorotheophylline has been shown to be a potent positive inotropic agent, equivalent to theophylline in pharmacological response, when the concentration of nonionized drug is only one-fifteenth that required for an equivalent response from theophylline. The thesis is presented that the nonionized form of theophylline is the active form of the drug at its final site of action as a positive inotropic agent in the perfused turtle heart. It is suggested that a similar conclusion for the activity of this drug in mammalian cardiac tissue should be considered on the basis of the results obtained in the turtle heart and the indirect evidence obtained in mammalian tissues.
Traumatic bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms: A case report

A case of bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysm of traumatic origin is discussed. The patient presented with progressive loss of vision, memory deficit, and expressive aphasia. A computed tomographic scan revealed enhancing lesions near the region of the optic chiasm. The diagnosis of cerebral aneurysm was confirmed by cerebral angiography. At operation, bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms were successfully clipped.
Anisotropic grain growth in α-Fe2O3-doped alumina

Abstract Addition of α-Fe2O3 seed particles to alkoxide-derived boehmite sols results in the development of a highly uniform and dense microstructure at 1300 °C. Higher temperature treatments promote anisotropic grain growth of lath-like α-Al2O3 grains. The fundamental explanation for this is basically attributed to the presence of Fe2+ significantly improving the mass transport. By controlling time, sintering temperature and atmosphere conditions, it is possible to obtain an appropriate microstructural development that may lead to a new class of tough ceramic materials.
Selenite–selenate sorption in surface coal mine environment

Abstract Information is limited on the sorption characteristics of selenite (SeO 3 2− ) and selenate (SeO 4 2− ) in reclaimed coalmine environments. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the adsorption of both Se species using various isotherm models, and to quantify the relationship between sorption parameters and different soil properties. Ten coalmine soils were studied using Se treatments ranging from 0 to 2.5 mg/l. The results indicated that the percent sorption varied from 48 to 99% for SeO 3 2− , and 44 to 95% for SeO 4 2− ; however, for all soil samples, percent SeO 3 2− sorption was always greater than SeO 4 2− , indicating SeO 3 2− was the stronger adsorbate. The Langmuir model described SeO 3 2− sorption in eight samples, whereas adsorption of SeO 4 2− was described in only one sample by this model. The Freundlich model resulted in better statistical fitting of the data compared to the Langmuir model for both Se species; 10 and six samples conformed to adsorption of SeO 3 2− and SeO 4 2− , respectively. Adsorption of SeO 3 2− in nine soils and SeO 4 2− in six soils were described by the Temkin model. The best fitting of SeO 3 2− and SeO 4 2− adsorption (for all 10 soils) occurred with the Initial Mass isotherm. Higher K i values for SeO 3 2− in comparison to SeO 4 2− suggested that SeO 3 2− had a greater adsorption affinity for the coal mine soils. Difference in sorption strength of SeO 3 2− and SeO 4 2− was attributed to the structural difference of the two species based on the concepts of valence shell electron pair repulsion model and hybridization. Different adsorption indices, including Langmuir ( B l , K l B l ), Freundlich ( n f ), Temkin ( K t1 K t2 ), and Initial Mass ( K i ) model parameters, were linearly related (at P of 0.05) to various soil properties. Phosphate extractable Se and total soil Se were correlated to mainly SeO 3 2− adsorption parameters including K l B l , K t1 K t2 , and K i . Extractable Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations were correlated to B l and n f , indicating the presence of oxides or oxyhydroxides of the metals could result in greater Se retention in the mine soils. Correlations of n f with electrical conductivity, clay content, and specific surface area also suggested a possible dependence of Se adsorption on other soil properties.
Political Views from Below: A Survey of Beijing Residents

With the death of Deng Xiaoping, China's political future is once again in the spotlight. Debate over the viability of the current political regime in China started immediately after the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown when the prospects for reform in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the fate of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) projected by China watchers were then overwhelmingly pessimistic (Ditmer 1989; Swaine 1989). Eight years after the Tiananmen Square events, the survival of the CCP against all odds (including the aftermath of the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union) is in itself no small miracle. The post- Tiananmen political regime in China has by and large been stable. Not only has the CCP survived, it has made impressive economic progress in recent years. This new development has caused a major reassessment of the situation in the PRC among China watchers. Nicholas Kristoff, in the New York Times (1993), called the phenomenon of China's rapid economic growth in an authoritarian environment the "riddle of China." One China specialist even posed the question whether China is where Samuel Huntington's "third wave" stopped and whether the PRC would be an exception to the fall of communism worldwide (Nathan 1993).
Conjectured upper bounds on transient mean total waiting times in queuing networks

In this paper, we give conjectured upper bounds on transient total mean waiting times for jobs in initially idle single source open Jackson networks. If true, these upper bounds provide lower bounds on the time required for the transient mean to approach its steady-state value. We compute the bounds by a weighted sum of transient means from a network de- composition, and we graphically display bound performance for five and fifty node networks.
Low THz spectroscopy of some widely used explosives

We investigated resonance spectroscopic features from several widely used explosives materials including RDX and PETN in the low THz range with the goal of understanding the mechanism of interaction between radiation and material in the form of solid films, gels and dilute solutions (suspensions). FTIR spectroscopy was used to measure spectra in transmission and reflection modes. We demonstrated that very small amount of material with a simple sample preparation technique can be used still providing very accurate results. Spectral features are specific not only for main ingredients but for modifications with different plasticizers. The consistency of results for different amount of material was observed. Computational modeling confirmed the lowest frequency modes.
Shear Stress Effects on the Inflammation and Thrombogenic State of Baboon Endothelial Outgrowth Cells

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are believed to play an important role in the injury response of the human vasculature. Sudies have shown how EPCs are activated and play roles in tumor and hindlimb ischemia nevascularization[1,2]. Furthermore, EPCs are increased after surgical procedures and localized to vascular grafts and denuded arteries[2,3]. EPCs have also garnered immense interest in the field of tissue engineering due to their ease of isolation and their high prolifierative rate[2].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Improved seating of ceramic inlays with a silicone fit-checking medium

This study investigated the use of a silicone fit-checking medium as an indicator for internal adjustments to improve the seating of ceramic inlays. The fit-checking medium helped reduce the marginal opening by 290 microns, accounting for a 70% improvement in marginal seating.
Comparative Candlepower Distribution Analysis for Compact Fluorescent Table Lamp Systems

(1997). Comparative Candlepower Distribution Analysis for Compact Fluorescent Table Lamp Systems. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Using the Forest to See the Trees: A Graphical Model Relating Features, Objects, and Scenes

Standard approaches to object detection focus on local patches of the image, and try to classify them as background or not. We propose to use the scene context (image as a whole) as an extra source of (global) information, to help resolve local ambiguities. We present a conditional random field for jointly solving the tasks of object detection and scene classification.
Unsatisfiability based efficient design for testability solution for register-transfer level circuits

In this paper, we present a novel and accurate method for identifying design for testability (DFT) solutions for register-transfer level (RTL) circuits. In this technique, clauses are generated using a satisfiability (SAT) based automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) tool to represent the control and data flow for a module under test in the given RTL circuit. RTL test generation makes use of the concept of pre-computed test sets for different RTL modules. The generated clauses corresponding to different pre-computed test vectors are then resolved by a SAT solver to obtain the test sequences for that module. In case of an unsatisfiable (UNSAT) solution, recent advances in the field of satisfiability enable us to accurately and efficiently identify clauses that are responsible for unsatisfiability (also known as the unsatisfiable segment). We show that adding DFT elements is equivalent to modifying clauses such that the unsatisfiable segment becomes satisfiable. In order to minimize the number of DFT elements added to a circuit, a greedy algorithm is used to select circuit variables for DFT such that all the unsatisfiable segments become satisfiable. Unlike existing DFT techniques that are either inefficient in terms of the amount of test hardware added or take significant time to identify an efficient solution, the proposed DFT technique is both fast and accurate as it is applicable to RTL and mixed gate-level/RTL circuits and uses UNSAT to identify the DFT solutions. Experimental results on benchmarks show that for RTL circuits, the CPU time required to identify pre-computed test vectors for which the SAT ATPG fails to generate test sequences and to select DFT solutions for such cases is two orders of magnitude smaller than the time required for a single run of a gate-level sequential test generator. The DFT solution has very low area overhead (an average of 1.7%) and results in near-100% fault coverage.
A Social-Psychological Analysis of Modernization in the Philippines:

Four field studies of aspects of modernization in the Philippines are summarized: transitory ownership of space in a city, the development of the fishing industry in a provincial town, the practices of market vendors, and the development of modern attitudes. Processes of change and resistance are interpreted with reference to laboratory studies of cross-situational consistency, gaming strategies, avoidance learning, and operant conditioning.
Consequences of Magnocellular Dysfunction on Processing Attended Information in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is associated with perceptual and cognitive dysfunction including impairments in visual attention. These impairments may be related to deficits in early stages of sensory/perceptual processing, particularly within the magnocellular/dorsal visual pathway. In the present study, subjects viewed high and low spatial frequency (SF) gratings designed to test functioning of the parvocellular/magnocellular pathways, respectively. Schizophrenia patients and healthy controls attended to either the low SF (magnocellularly biased) or high SF (parvocellularly biased) gratings. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) were carried out during task performance. Patients were impaired at detecting low-frequency targets. ERP amplitudes to low-frequency gratings were diminished, both for the early sensory-evoked components and for the attend minus unattend difference component (the selection negativity), which is regarded as a neural index of feature-selective attention. Similarly, fMRI revealed that activity in extrastriate visual cortex was reduced in patients during attention to low, but not high, SF. In contrast, activity in frontal and parietal areas, previously implicated in the control of attention, did not differ between patients and controls. These findings suggest that impaired sensory processing of magnocellularly biased stimuli lead to impairments in the effective processing of attended stimuli, even when the attention control systems themselves are intact.
Hindered transport of spherical macromolecules in fibrous membranes and gels

Methods are described for calculating the effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the hindered transport of solid spherical macromolecules in ordered or disordered fibrous media. These methods are applied to a medium made up of a square lattice of straight, bead-and-string-type fibers. Hydraulic permeabilities and coefficients governing hindered diffusion and convection are obtained from a detailed hydrodynamic model, and the hindered transport coefficients are shown to be in very good agreement with an effective medium approach based on Brinkman's equation. The use of Brinkman's equation for the calculation of hindered transport rates in fibrous membranes and gels is validated further by comparing with experimental data from the literature.
Alternative models for the development of the pattern of spaced heterocysts in Anabaena ( Cyanophyta )

At least two plausible but very different mechanisms may underlie the de novo development of the pattern of spaced heterocysts inAnabaena. An experimental strategy is presented that should be able to determine whether one or the other of these mechanisms is incorrect.
EFFECTS UPON HEALTH OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MICROWAVE RADIATION (RADAR)

The effects of occupational experience with microwave radiation (radar) on the health of US enlisted Naval personnel were studied in cohorts of approximately 20,000 men with maximum opportunity for exposure (electronic equipment repair) and 208000 with minimum potential for exposure (equipment operation) who served during the Korean War period. Potential exposure was assessed in terms of occupational duties, length of time in occupation and power of equipment at the time of exposure. Actual exposure to members of each cohort could not be established. Mortality by cause of death, hospitalization during military service, later hospitalization in Veterans Administration (VA) facilities, and VA disability compensation were the health indexes studied, largely through the use of automated record systems. No adverse effects were detected in these indexes that could be attributed to potential microwave radiation exposures during the period 1950-1954. Functional and behavioral changes and ill-defined conditions, such as have been reported as microwave effects, could not be investigated in this study but subgroups of the living study population can be identified for expanded follow-up.
Delivery of an introduction Power Systems course

An introductory course in Power Systems was conceived at the University of North Florida (UNF) because power companies have power-generating plants in Jacksonville, the location of UNF. The course, Introduction to Power Systems is offered for the third year as an elective for students in the Systems Design track. In order to satisfy the design component requirement of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), students are required to write a computer program to implement the power flow of a sample power system. This paper presents the delivery and students' perception of the course.
Velocity-tunable magneto-optical-trap-based cold Cs atomic beam

We report our observation and investigation of a magneto-optical-trap- (MOT)-based low-velocity Cs atomic beam for atomic clock applications. We generated a continuous Cs atomic beam from a vapor-cell MOT of Cs atoms by forming a leak tunnel along one of the trapping laser beams. The mean velocity of the cold Cs beam is measured by the time-of-flight technique to be 7.3 m/s with a velocity spread of 1 m/s under nominal experimental conditions. By adjusting the MOT parameters, we are able to tune the Cs beam velocity from 5 to 8.5 m/s while the velocity spread remains at 1 m/s. The Cs beam has an instantaneous atomic flux of 3.6× 1010 atoms/s when operated in pulsed mode and an estimated continuous beam flux of 2×108 atoms/s. The acceleration kinetics of the Cs beam in the acceleration region is analyzed and simulated. Our theoretical model reveals that the MOT inhomogeneous magnetic field and the varying Doppler shift along the atomic beam propagation play an important role in the determination of the final velocity of the Cs atomic beam. Our numerical results of the atomic beam velocity on MOT parameters agree well with the measurements.
Foraminifera in Samples Taken Mainly from Eniwetok Atoll in 1956

SYNOPSIS. The foraminiferal distribution in samples from the Western Pacific collected in the summer of 1956 is presented, particularly those of the islets comprising Eniwetok Atoll. Some information is based upon samples taken shortly after atomic tests had been conducted. The distribution of foraminifera from northern islets where the tests were conducted is compared with that from the southern islets of Eniwetok Atoll. Collections from Eniwetok Atoll are compared with those made the same summer from other locations in the Southern and Western Pacific. A comparison is also made with the survey made by Cushman et al. of the Marshall Islands prior to bomb testing.
The Impact of Sustainability Information on Consumer Decision Making

This article presents an empirical analysis of the impact of sustainability information on consumer purchase intentions and how this influence varies by issue (health, environment, and social responsibility), product category, type of consumer, and type of information. We assess over 40,000 online purchase interactions on the website GoodGuide.com and find a significant impact of certain types of sustainability information on purchase intentions, varying across different types of consumers, issues, and product categories. Health ratings in particular showed the strongest effects. Direct users—those who intentionally sought out sustainability information—were most strongly influenced by sustainability information, with an average purchase intention rate increase of 1.15 percentage points for each point increase in overall product score, reported on a zero to ten scale. However, sustainability information had, on average, no impact on nondirect users, demonstrating that simply providing more or better information on sustainability issues will likely have limited impact on changing mainstream consumer behavior unless it is designed to connect into existing decision-making processes.
The socio-monetary incentives of online social network malware campaigns

Online social networks (OSNs) offer a rich medium of malware propagation. Unlike other forms of malware, OSN malware campaigns direct users to malicious websites that hijack their accounts, posting malicious messages on their behalf with the intent of luring their friends to the malicious website, thus triggering word-of-mouth infections that cascade through the network compromising thousands of accounts. But how are OSN users lured to click on the malicious links? In this work, we monitor 3.5 million Facebook accounts and explore the role of pure monetary, social, and combined socio-monetary psychological incentives in OSN malware campaigns. Among other findings we see that the majority of the malware campaigns rely on pure social incentives. However, we also observe that malware campaigns using socio-monetary incentives infect more accounts and last longer than campaigns with pure monetary or social incentives. The latter suggests the efficiency of an epidemic tactic surprisingly similar to the mechanism used by biological pathogens to cope with diverse gene pools.
Perioperative Management of a Patient With Failed Fontan Physiology

Andrew D. Pitkin, MBBS, MRCP, FRCA, is a cardiac anesthesiologist at the University of Florida. His interests include pediatric cardiac anesthesia, single ventricle physiology, and medical education. Mark C. Wesley, MD, is an assistant professor in cardiac anesthesia at Boston Children’s Hospital. He is board certified in pediatrics and anesthesiology. His clinical interests include pediatric anesthesia and cardiac anesthesia for children and adults with congenital heart disease. Kristine J. Guleserian, MD, is an associate professor of pediatric cardiothoracic surgery and the surgical director of Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery at Children’s Medical Center Dallas/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Her research interest, among others, includes clinical applications of endothelial progenitor cells. Victor C. Baum, MD, is Frederic A. Berry Professor of Pediatric Anesthesiology and director of cardiac anesthesia at the University of Virginia. In addition to anesthesiology, he is board certified in pediatric cardiology. Thomas M. Burch, MD, is an assistant professor in cardiac anesthesia at Boston Children’s Hospital and is board certified in anesthesiology. His interests include adult and pediatric cardiothoracic anesthesiology and echocardiography as well as e-learning for board review.
Correlation effects of fractal compression

This paper summarizes an experimental evaluation of the impact that fractal compression has on signal processing algorithms which rely on cross correlation. This was done by evaluating errors in the amplitude and location of peaks in the correlation function. The results were obtained by simulating an algorithm designed to locate sources in a rapidly fading propagation environment. >
Preliminary development and validation of the Supervisee Attachment Strategies Scale (SASS).

The influence of counselor trainees' adult attachment orientations in the context of supervision has the potential to inform both training and supervision practice. However, the pursuit of such research requires the availability of appropriate assessment tools. The present study describes the development and validation of the Supervisee Attachment Strategies Scale (SASS), a theory-based measure of counseling trainees' attachment orientations toward their clinical supervisors. Participants were recruited online through their training directors at Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers member programs. Data were nationally collected from 352 trainees representing programs in the United States and Canada. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 interpretable factors along the adult attachment dimensions of avoidance vs. engagement and rejection concern vs. security. These 2 factors accounted for 55.85% of the interitem variance in the rotated solution of the 22-item SASS scale. SASS subscale scores were negatively correlated with the supervisory working alliance and predicted greater endorsement of role conflict and role ambiguity in the current supervisory relationship. Higher avoidance (but not rejection concern) predicted diminished perceptions of satisfaction with the overall training experience. Findings from this study suggest that trainees who engaged in adaptive attachment strategies may be more likely to address conflict, negotiate additional explorative opportunities in training, and seek out their supervisors in times of uncertainty.
On Rational Triangles

(1976). On Rational Triangles. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 7, pp. 517-521.
Multicomponent diffusion in solute-containing micelle and microemulsion solutions.

Holographic interferometry was used to obtain new results for the four coefficients that determine rates of multicomponent diffusion of hydrophobic solutes and surfactants in microemulsions. The three solutes pentanol, octanol, and heptane were examined in microemulsions formed from decaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E10) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). These coefficients are compared with relevant binary and effective binary diffusion coefficients, and also with ternary diffusion coefficients reported in the literature. It is shown that a strong coupling exists between the diffusion of hydrophobic solutes and surfactant in solute-containing microemulsions. In particular, the presence of a gradient in the concentration of the solute can induce a surprisingly large flux of surfactant either up or down the solute gradient. Within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, these results indicate that hydrophobic solute molecules significantly alter the chemical potential of the surfactant in micr...
Clinical analysis of rapid treatment for acute severe hypokalemia

Obiective To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of rapid treatment for acute severe hypokalemia children.Methods Severe hypokalemia children(K+2.5 mmol/L) were treated intravenously with micro-perfusion pump in the concentration of 0.5%～1.5%,(0.4～0.5) mmol/(kg·h) constant speed,changed to regular administration if K+3.0 mmol/L.The original kalium chloride solution was diluted with sterile water for injection or 5% glucose.Investigate ECG,serum K+,blood gas before and after treatment(serum K+,per 0.5 h).Mornitored cardiac function and transcutaneous oxygen saturation through the procedure.Results 18 cases were given rapid treatment method,no arrhythmia was observed through the cardiac mornitoring.Conclution Rapid treatment method of potassium solution was safe and effective.
Study on relationship between estrogen receptor β gene polymorphism of precocious girls and environmental endocrine disruptors

Objective To study the relationship between estrogen receptor β gene polymorphism of precocious girls and environmental endocrine disruptors, as well as, to clarify the molecular mechanisms of body's susceptibility differences to environmental endocrine disruptors. Methods The blood samples were collected from 123 cases of precocious girls and 102 cases of normal girls.The concentrations of 4- NP, DBP, DEHP and P, P-DDE in serum samples were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), the volume of the uterus and ovary, the bone density, the content of estradiol(E2) were determined at the same time. The contents of 4- NP, DBP, DEHP and P, P-DDE in blood serum of precocious girls and the indices of the target organs were analyzed by using correlation. Further, estrogen receptor β(ERβ) gene polymorphisms were analyzed by using PCR-RFLP between the precocious girl who could be detected 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE in serum and normal controls who could not detected the above four kinds EEDs respectively and the effect relationships between them were observed. Results In normal control group, 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, p'-DDE were detected in blood serum for 58%, 37%, 31% and 38.4% respectively, whereas, in precocious girl group, the four kinds EEDs respectively were detected in blood serum for 89.7%, 63.3%, 64.8% and 100%. The levels of 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, p'-DDE in blood serum in precocious girl group were notably increased than that in control group(P0.01). In precocious girl group, there was a positive correlations between the 4-NP in volume of uterus and the volume of ovary and the density of bone; P, P'-DDE and volume of uterus also showed a the positive correlation. Compared girls with preco-cious puberty who could be detected 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE in serum and normal controls who could not detected the above four kinds EEDs respectively, there were significant differences in genotype distribution for the RsaⅠ polymorphism. Compared RR with wild-type rr, the susceptibility to 4-NP, DEHP, DBP and P, P'-DDE was respectively 7.36, 9.61, 8.67 and 6.77fold. Conclusion Precocious girls are contaminated more severely than normal girls. Different kinds of EEDs might have different influencing extents to the target organs. Children exposed to EEDs haven't necessary occurrence of precocity. One reason may be different genotypes expressed in different individuals. RR is susceptible genotype to EEDs.
Application of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography in Children with Intracranial Infection

Objective To observe the changes of cerebral blood flow velocity in children with intracranial infection by transcranial Doppler(TCD),and to study the correlation between cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure. Methods The blood flow velocity changes of the right middle cerebral artery(MCA) were monitored by TCD in 64 children patients.All patients were divided into intracranial infection group(n=34) and control group(n=30).Peak velocity(Vp),diastolic velocity(Vd),mean velocity(Vm),resistant index(RI) and pulsatility index(PI) of MCA were monitored before and after lumbar puncture or mannitol bolus administration. Results Vp,Vm,PI and RI of MCA in the intracranial infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group.Vp,Vm,RI and PI of MCA in the intracranial infection group before lumbar puncture were all higher than those after.Vp,Vm, RI and PI of MCA in the intracranial infection group after mannitol bolus administration were all lower than those before. Conclusions The cerebral blood flow velocity is abnormal in most intracranial infection children patients.The results of TCD ultrasound may reflex cerebral blood perfusion and the changes of intracranial pressure,therefore,TCD is helpful to the judge of the patient's condition,the guidance of the treatment and the prediction of the prognosis.
A new statistical approach for interpreting oceanic fCO2 data

Abstract Surface ocean CO2 fugacity (fCO2) often exhibits large fluctuations and heterogeneity because of multiple controlling factors that pose a challenge for trend analysis, especially in the ocean margins. We propose a new statistical approach, Generalized Additive Mixed Modeling (GAMM), to interpret oceanic fCO2 data in two ocean margins (Japan and Europe) and two open ocean areas. The latter included areas near the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) and the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series (BATS). This method utilizes day of year, sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), and sampling date as predictors. Using this method, we were able to derive multidecadal fCO2 trends with both improved precision and greater robustness to data gaps compared to an existing deseasonalization method used in the open ocean. The fCO2 trend derived by our method for the Japanese margin (1992–2013), the European margin (1989–2014), and the open ocean near HOT (1983–2013) were 2.1 ± 0.6, 1.9 ± 0.7, and 2.0 ± 0.5 μatm year− 1 (mean ± standard deviation of multiple 1° × 1° grids in margins and 5° × 5° grids in open ocean), respectively, and the fCO2 trends were all close to the atmosphere CO2 trend (1.7–1.9 μatm year− 1). Our analysis produced generally smaller standard errors (paired t-test, p ≪ 0.001) than those obtained using the existing method based on the same dataset. In addition, our method was less sensitive to data gaps compared to this existing method. However, for regularly spaced fCO2 times-series data, for example, discrete bottle data collected in the BATS station in 1991–2011, this method was not advantageous over the existing method (1.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 μatm year− 1). To test the broader applicability of this method, we compared fCO2 trends in the Southern Ocean derived using our method with those from a recently reported Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and found no significant difference between the two sets of values. Therefore, we recommend the application of our method in interpreting fCO2 data in different oceanic environments.
The anthelmintic activity of diamphenethide against immature Fasciola hepatica in goats and the course of experimental infections as demonstrated by plasma enzyme changes.

The anthelmintic efficacy of diamphenethide given at 100 mg per kg against one and 3-week-old Fasciola hepatica injections, produced in goats by the administration of 200 cysts was found to be 84% and 97% respectively. Anthelmintic activity could be detected 2 weeks after dosing by a lowering of the sorbitol and glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the plasma compared with control groups. The progressive increase seen in the plasma enzyme activity during the course of infection appeared to be associated with the migration of the living parasite through the liver parenchyma because this increase stopped abruptly and returned to normal when a 3-week-old infection was terminated. The progressive liver damage seen in an infection could be monitored in individual goats by measuring plasma enzyme concentrations. The effect of a more severe infection on the plasma enzyme activity, blood picture, weight gain and faecal egg count was examined by using a group of goats infected with 1000 cysts.
The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight.

Objectives. To investigate the effects of state minimum wage laws on low birth weight and infant mortality in the United States.Methods. We estimated the effects of state-level minimum wage laws using a difference-in-differences approach on rates of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and postneonatal mortality (28–364 days) by state and month from 1980 through 2011. All models included state and year fixed effects as well as state-specific covariates.Results. Across all models, a dollar increase in the minimum wage above the federal level was associated with a 1% to 2% decrease in low birth weight births and a 4% decrease in postneonatal mortality.Conclusions. If all states in 2014 had increased their minimum wages by 1 dollar, there would likely have been 2790 fewer low birth weight births and 518 fewer postneonatal deaths for the year.
Child welfare supervised children's participation in center-based early care and education

Abstract Research suggests that early care and education (ECE) services, particularly center-based ECE, may help prevent child maltreatment and also mitigate some of the negative developmental outcomes associated with child maltreatment. There is also preliminary evidence to suggest that ECE could reduce the likelihood that maltreatment allegations will be substantiated by child welfare authorities and/or result in children being placed in out-of-home care. However, little is known about rates of ECE participation among children receiving child welfare services, nor the factors that determine ECE participation for this population. Data from the first wave of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing II, a nationally representative sample of children referred to the United States (U.S.) child welfare system (CWS) for suspected maltreatment, were used to measure the frequency with which 0–5 year olds participate in center-based ECE. Additionally, logistic regression analyses explored the effects of maltreatment type, substantiation, and children's living arrangements (i.e., with parents, relatives, or foster parents) on this outcome, controlling for a range of child and family covariates associated with ECE participation in the general population. Results indicate that less than a third of 0–5 year olds receiving child welfare services in the U.S. are participating in center-based ECE. Among the various categories of maltreatment type measured, being reported to the CWS for suspected physical abuse was associated with decreased odds of center-based ECE participation; however, other types of maltreatment, substantiation, and living arrangement were unrelated to center-based ECE participation. These findings suggest that, despite recent efforts by the U.S. federal government to promote ECE participation for CWS-supervised children, the vast majority of young children in the U.S. CWS are not receiving center-based ECE, and physically abused children are particularly disadvantaged when it comes to accessing these services.
Channels for Conciliation

In order to make a conciliatory gesture to an adversary and to send some kind of recognisable signal, an appropriate channel of communication is necessary. The nature and efficiency of this channel will have a major effect upon whether a conciliatory gesture is successful in starting an accommodative sequence, or helping to continue the latter once successfully begun. This chapter considers the nature and effectiveness of various communication channels which can be employed in situations of conflict, and completes the discussion of the five sets of influences, outlined in Figure 13.1, that help to determine the relative success of individual conciliatory gestures, accommodative sequences and overall peace processes.
Tissue selective toxicity: Introduction

Chemically reactive metabolites have been implicated as mediators of the hepatic necrosis produced in animals by such commonly administered drugs as acetaminophen (paracetamol), phenacetin, acetanilide, furosemide, cephaloridine, iproniazid and isoniazid-acetylisoniazid (Gillette et al., 1974; Mitchell & Jollow, 1975; Mitchell et al., 1975). When these hepatotoxic drugs are appropriately radiolabelled and administered to animals over a wide dose range, they can be shown to bind covalently to hepatic macromolecules. Since they are chemically stable compounds, the finding of a covalent linkage with macromolecules of their target tissue, the liver, demonstrates that they are converted in the body into reactive alkylating, arylating or acylating agents. Pretreatment of the animals with inducers of metabolism, such as phenobarbitone, or with inhibitors of metabolism, such as piperonyl butoxide and CoCl2, similarly alters the rate of drug metabolism, the severity of hepatic necrosis and the extent of hepatic binding of radiolabelled metabolites.
Reduction in cerebral antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), in patients with ALS: A preliminary study (P6.105)

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether glutathione (GSH), a major brain antioxidant, is lower in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) compared to matched controls. BACKGROUND: A reduction in GSH is noted in brain tissue samples undergoing cellular oxidative stress, which commonly accompanies many neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesize that cerebral GSH loss may occur in ALS, where oxidative stress and associated cell death have been implicated. Moreover, GSH may serve as an in vivo biomarker linked to the underlying pathophysiology of ALS. DESIGN/METHODS: In this preliminary study, we studied 7 ALS patients who are relatively early in the disease course and 7 age/sex-matched controls between the ages of 52 and 72 in a cross-sectional study design. The patient enrollment criteria include El Escorial laboratory-supported possible or definite ALS, a vital capacity > 75[percnt], and symptom duration less than 2 years since disease onset. The neuroimaging protocol consisted of a novel MR chemical shift imaging of GSH at 3 Tesla. The concentrations of GSH were measured from an axial slice positioned in the frontal region superior to the lateral ventricles at the level of the motor cortex. We compared the two groups using two-tailed two-sample T-test. RESULTS: The mean frontal GSH concentration was 22[percnt] lower for ALS patients than healthy controls in the frontal region, mainly motor cortex areas (p=0.0005, n=7 for each group). Our finding of lower GSH in ALS is consistent with previous observation by Weiduschat and colleagues (Neurosci Lett. 2014) using the J-editing method. CONCLUSIONS: The lower brain GSH concentrations in ALS patients suggests ongoing oxidative stress and compromised endogenous antioxidant defenses. This oxidative process could be at least partially responsible for neuronal injury and functional decline in ALS. Study Supported by: The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association and the National Institutes of Health (S10RR29577, UL1TR000001) Disclosure: Dr. Choi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Statland has nothing to disclose. Dr. McVey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dimachkie has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Depomed, Merck, CSL Behring, NuFACTOR, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Baxter International, Inc., and Catalyst Pharmaceuticals as a consultant, speaker, and/or advisory board member. Dr. Brooks has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barohn has received personal compensation from Grifols, Genzyme, and NuFactor. Dr. Barohn has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology Clinics of North America. Dr. Barohn has received research support from Cytokenetics.
Risk (Mis)Perception: When Greater Risk Reduces Risk Valuation

The authors show that the value of a risky option decreases upon addition of risky prospects of the same valence. For instance, a medical drug with a potential side effect of seizures is viewed as less threatening when it also has smaller potential side effects, such as congestion and fatigue; travel insurance covering serious injury is viewed as less attractive when it also covers minor ailments; a lottery offering a chance to win an iPad is viewed as less attractive when it also offers a chance to win smaller prizes. As a result, consumers can perceive normatively more dangerous (beneficial) options to be less dangerous (beneficial) and normatively less dangerous (beneficial) options to be more dangerous (beneficial). This effect arises because people believe that larger prospects (e.g., seizures) are less likely than smaller prospects (e.g., congestion). Therefore, inclusion of smaller prospects by contrast makes a larger prospect appear less likely, which in turn reduces the perceived value of the risky option. Thus, this effect arises only when smaller prospects are added to a larger prospect, and only when the prospects are probabilistic. Cognitive load and feelings of personal control also moderate the effect.
Seasonal patterns in δ2H values of multiple tissues from Andean birds provide insights into elevational migration

Elevational migration is a widespread phenomenon in tropical avifauna but it is difficult to identify using traditional approaches. Hydrogen isotope (δ2H) values of precipitation decrease with elevation so δ2H analysis of multiple bird tissues with different isotopic incorporation rates may be a reliable method for characterizing seasonal elevational migration. Here we compare δ2H values in metabolically inert (feathers and claws) and metabolically active (whole blood) tissues to examine whether an upslope migration occurs prior to the breeding season in the Yungas Manakin (Chiroxiphia boliviana). We compare results from C. boliviana with data from a known elevational migrant, the Streak-necked Flycatcher (Mionectes striaticollis). Opposite to our expectations, tissue δ2H values increased over time, largely reflecting seasonal patterns in precipitation δ2H rather than elevational effects; linear mixed-effects models with strongest support included ordinal date, tissue type and elevation. This seasonal increase in precipitation δ2H is a general phenomenon in both tropical and temperate mountain ranges. We use these data to propose a hypothetical framework that predicts different patterns in tissue δ2H values collected in different seasons from residents and elevational migrants. This framework can serve as a reference for future studies that assess elevational migration in birds and other animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Wealth Effects of Quantitative Easing

The Federal Reserve employed aggressive measures over the past eight years to stimulate a sluggish economy. These included Operation Twist and quantitative easing rounds one (QEI), two (QEII), and three (QEIII) with an emphasis on the purchase of mortgage-backed securities. Chairman Ben Bernanke made it clear that the Fed’s policies should work not only through low interest rates alone, but also through wealth creation. This paper explores the effectiveness of the Fed’s actions to increase asset prices and thus enable the wealth effect. We find that increases in monetary aggregates, such as the monetary base, excess reserves and M2, increased equity prices. This was particularly evident in Operation Twist and the purchase of mortgage-backed securities. The purchase of mortgage-backed securities was also seen as increasing housing prices.
Body Weight Can Change How Your Emotions Are Perceived

Accurately interpreting other’s emotions through facial expressions has important adaptive values for social interactions. However, due to the stereotypical social perception of overweight individuals as carefree, humorous, and light-hearted, the body weight of those with whom we interact may have a systematic influence on our emotion judgment even though it has no relevance to the expressed emotion itself. In this experimental study, we examined the role of body weight in faces on the affective perception of facial expressions. We hypothesized that the weight perceived in a face would bias the assessment of an emotional expression, with overweight faces generally more likely to be perceived as having more positive and less negative expressions than healthy weight faces. Using two-alternative forced-choice perceptual decision tasks, participants were asked to sort the emotional expressions of overweight and healthy weight facial stimuli that had been gradually morphed across six emotional intensity levels into one of two categories—“neutral vs. happy” (Experiment 1) and “neutral vs. sad” (Experiment 2). As predicted, our results demonstrated that overweight faces were more likely to be categorized as happy (i.e., lower happy decision threshold) and less likely to be categorized as sad (i.e., higher sad decision threshold) compared to healthy weight faces that had the same levels of emotional intensity. The neutral-sad decision threshold shift was negatively correlated with participant’s own fear of becoming fat, that is, those without a fear of becoming fat more strongly perceived overweight faces as sad relative to those with a higher fear. These findings demonstrate that the weight of the face systematically influences how its emotional expression is interpreted, suggesting that being overweight may make emotional expressions appear more happy and less sad than they really are.