cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphoarginine-adenosine triphosphate exchange detected in vivo in a microscopic nematode parasite by flow 31P FT-NMR spectroscopy.

In vivo flow 31P NMR spectroscopy of a microscopic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, is described. Long-term viability was maintained during analysis by continuous circulation of an oxygenated suspension of the parasite through an NMR spectrometer. Saturation transfer and inversion recovery were employed under flowing conditions to investigate the kinetics of phosphoarginine ⇌ adenosine triphosphate exchange. The kinetic constants for the forward and reverse reactions were 0.37/s and 1.45/s, respectively. This report is the first to demonstrate a functional phosphagen kinase in the metabolism of a parasitic helminth.© 1992 Academic Press,Inc.
Thermal biology and temperature-based habitat selection in a large aquatic ectotherm, the alligator snapping turtle, Macroclemys temminckii

Ectotherms in water experience rates of heat transfer at least two orders of magnitude greater than in air, seriously constraining their thermoregulatory capabilities. Yet, even in water, individuals may exert control over body temperature (Tb) via behaviors such as selecting thermally favorable microhabitats. The interactions among body size, physiology, and behavior on the thermal biology of large, entirely aquatic, ectotherms is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that alligator snapping turtles (Macroclemmys temminckii) selected microhabitats based on temperature by comparing temperatures at sites used by turtles to temperatures at randomly selected sites. These large turtles selected a narrow range of microhabitats that were significantly warmer and less variable in temperature than random sites. Cooling trials in the laboratory indicated larger turtles equilibrated more slowly to ambient temperature (Ta) than smaller turtles. We recorded Ta and body temperature (Tb) of turtles in the field
STRONTIA AND ITS PROPERTIES IN GLAZES

Strontia has proved to be a strong flux and a desirable glaze ingredient when it is used to replace PbO, ZnO, and CaO in a typical dinnerware glaze. By including it in the frit, the fluidity of the glaze was increased to a marked degree when it was substituted for ZnO and CaO and it also lowered the deformation temperature in the replacement of the latter oxide. Thermal-expansion tests indicate that strontia has practically the same effect as lime on glaze expansion. Glazes of excellent visual and physical properties were obtained in a series of low-lead and leadless compositions containing strontia.
Water‐stress‐induced xylem embolism in three species of conifers

Abstract. The mechanism of water-stress-induced xylem embolism was studied in three species of conifers: Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Picca rubens Sarg, and Juniperus virginiana L. Each species showed a characteristic relationship between xylem tension and the loss of hydraulic conductivity by air embolism. Abics balsamea and Picca rubens began to embolize at tensions between 2 and 3 MPa and were completely non-conducting between 3 and 4 MPa. Juniperus virginiana was least vulnerable, beginning to embolize at 4 and still retaining approximately 10% conductivity at 10 MPa. As with a previous study of the vessel-bearing Accr saccharum Marsh., a brief perfusion of branch segments with an oxalic acid and calcium solution (10 and 0.1 mol m−3. respectively) increased the vulnerability of the xylem to embolism; this was especially pronounced in Abies balsamea. In order to test whether embolism was caused by aspiration of air into functional tracheids from neighbouring embolized, ones (the ‘air-seeding’hypothesis), hydrated branch segments were injected with air at various pressures and measured for embolism. Results supported the air-seeding hypothesis because the relationship between injection pressure and embolism for both native and oxalic-calcium-treated segments was essentially the same as for embolism induced by xylem tension. Structural and experimental evidence suggested the air seeding occurred through inter-tracheid pit membranes when the thickened torus region of the membrane became displaced from its normal sealing position over the pit aperture. Thus, the embolism-inducing tension may be a function of pit membrane flexibility. This tension is of ecological significance because it reflects to some extent the range of xylem tensions to which a species is adapted.
Fatal intragroup kidnapping in yellow baboons

The fatal kidnapping of a 5-day-old baboon (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, is described. Although pulling and rough handling of primate infants by nonmothers are frequently observed, records of fatal intragroup kidnappings are rare. In the instance described here, the mother, a healthy, primiparous female, did not retrieve the infant from the kidnapper, a higher-ranking juvenile female of the same group, until he died 3 days later, presumably from starvation or dehydration. This incident is compared with other fatal intragroup kidnappings in nonhuman primates and related to adaptive interpretations.
Radiotherapy after subtotally resected or recurrent ganglioglioma.

Purpose: Gangliogliomas can recur after subtotal resection (STR). The role of postoperative radiation therapy (RT) is undefined. Methods and Materials: Eight consecutive patients with low-grade gangliogliomas ( n = 7) or anaplastic gangliogliomas ( n = 1) were treated with RT between 1987 and 2004. Median age was 17 years. Five patients received adjuvant RT after STR at a median time of 6 weeks after surgery. Three patients received salvage RT at a median time of 17 months after surgery. The median dose of RT was 54 Gy. Control was defined as no progressive disease on serial imaging. Median follow-up was 8.8 years. Results: Of the 7 patients with low-grade gangliogliomas, 3 were controlled after RT and 4 recurred locally. Recurrences were controlled with further surgery ( n = 2), chemotherapy ( n = 1), or re-irradiation ( n = 1) (median follow-up, 9 years after salvage therapy). Patients who received adjuvant RT after STR of their low-grade gangliogliomas had an overall local control rate of 75%. All 3 patients who were treated with salvage RT had recurrences in the treated area alone ( n = 2) or in the treated area with leptomeningeal spread ( n = 1). The patient with an anaplastic ganglioglioma was treated with adjuvant RT, and had recurrence in the radiation field after 4 months, then died 1 month later. Conclusions: Adjuvant RT may be indicated to treat select patients with subtotally resected gangliogliomas. Salvage RT for recurrence is probably less effective for long-term control; however, patients who recur may still be candidates for effective salvage therapies in the absence of malignant transformation.
Prediction of Mixer Intermodulation Levels as Function of Local Oscillator Power

During intermodulation testing with diode mixers an increase of intermodulation interference was observed due to an increase of LO power incident to the mixer. This phenomenon conflicted with the theory that increase of LO power reduces intermodulation output of the diode mixer. In these tests the intermodulation decreased as expected when the LO power was further increased. Results of a theoretical and experimental study of how the level of incident LO power affects the intermodulation output levels emanating from the mixer are presented. The predicted results lead to the following experimentally verified conclusions. 1) A drop in power at some intermodulation frequencies occurs for an increase of LO power, depending on LO operating point and order of intermodulation. 2) Power at each intermodulation frequency will repeatedly increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease as power in LO signal increases, where the number of repetitions follows the orders of intermodulation. 3) The maximum intermodulation power at low-order intermodulation frequencies occurs for higher LO power than higher order intermodulation frequencies. LO power operating point is shown to be a significant factor in mixer intermodulation consideration. Application of these results to receiver intermodulation improvement is discussed.
PneUI: pneumatically actuated soft composite materials for shape changing interfaces

This paper presents PneUI, an enabling technology to build shape-changing interfaces through pneumatically-actuated soft composite materials. The composite materials integrate the capabilities of both input sensing and active shape output. This is enabled by the composites' multi-layer structures with different mechanical or electrical properties. The shape changing states are computationally controllable through pneumatics and pre-defined structure. We explore the design space of PneUI through four applications: height changing tangible phicons, a shape changing mobile, a transformable tablet case and a shape shifting lamp.
Soil water in relation to irrigation, water uptake and potato yield in a humid climate §

Efficiently controlling soil water content with irrigation is essential for water conservation and often improves potato yield. Volumetric soil water content (?v) in relation to irrigation, plant uptake, and yield in potato hills and replicated plots was studied to evaluate four water management options. Measurements of ?v using a hammer driven probe were used to derive a ?v index representing the relative ?v status of replicated plots positioned along a hill slope. Time series for ?v were determined using time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes at 5 and 15 cm depths at the center, shoulder, and furrow locations in potato hills. Sap flow was determined using flow collars in replicated field plots for four treatments: un-irrigated, sprinkler, surface drip, and sub-surface drip irrigation (40 cm depth). Irrigated yields were high/low as the ?v index was low/high suggesting ?v excess was a production problem in the wetter portions of the study area. The diurnal pattern of sap flow was reflected in the ?v fluctuation it induces at hill locations with appreciable uptake. Hill locations with higher plant uptake were drier as was the case for the 5 cm (dry) depth relative to the 15 cm (wet) depth and for locations in the hill (dry) relative to the furrow (wet). The surface drip system had the lowest water use requirement because it delivers water directly to the hill locations where uptake is greatest. The sub-surface drip system wetted the hill gradually (1�2 days). Measurement of the ?v index prior to experimental establishment could improve future experimental design for treatment comparisons
Effects of Horse-Race Coverage on Campaign Coffers: Strategic Contributing in Presidential Primaries

The quantity of "horse-race" coverage of political campaigns has been amply documented, but its consequences for the dynamics of campaigns are less well understood. This study examines the effects of media portrayals of public support for candidates on the behavior of potential campaign contributors. This relationship is tested in the context of the four leading Democratic presidential primary candidates in 1988. A time-series analysis of contributor behavior suggests that horse-race spin--that is, the extent of media coverage suggesting a candidate is gaining or losing political support--helps determine the frequency of campaign contributions. Consistent with previous research, some contributors are motivated to donate by coverage suggesting that their strongly favored candidate is losing ground, while other candidacies benefit from coverage suggesting increased viability. Overall, findings suggest that strategic considerations weigh heavily in decisions to donate money to political candidates.
A Two-Stage Sensing Technique for Dynamic Spectrum Access

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is a promising approach for mitigating spectrum scarcity. Underlying DSA is the need for fast and reliable spectrum sensing over a potentially large band. In N.M. Neihart, et al., (May 2007), the concept of two-stage sensing scheme was introduced. In this work, we develop models for performance analysis based on mean time to detect an idle channel. Simulation results show that two-stage sensing leads to faster detection than conventional single-stage random search. System-level issues such as the impact of bandwidth of coarse sensing block and sensing duration of energy detector on mean detection time are also explored.
Optical technologies for quantum information science

A number of optical technologies remain to be developed and optimized for various applications in quantum information processing, especially quantum communication. We will give an overview of our approach to some of these, including periodic heralded single-photon sources based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion, ultrabright sources of tunable entangled photons, near unit efficiency single- and multi-photon detectors based on an atomic vapor interaction, quantum state transducers based on high efficiency frequency up-conversion, and low-loss optical quantum memories.
Microbial genesis, life and death in glacial ice.

Arguments are given that terrestrial RNA and DNA may have originated in a frozen environment more than 4 billion years ago. Scenarios are developed for atmospheric transport of microbes onto glacial ice, their adaptation to subzero temperatures in the ice, and their incorporation into one of three habitats — liquid veins, mineral grain surfaces, or isolated inside 1 of the crystals that make up polycrystalline ice. The Arrhenius dependence of microbial metabolic rate on temperature is shown to match that required to repair damage owing to spontaneous DNA depurination and amino acid racemization. Even for the oldest glacial ice, microbial lifetime is shown not to be shortened by radiation damage from 238U, 232Th, or 40K in mineral dust in ice, by phage-induced lysis, or by penetrating cosmic radiation. Instead, death of those cells adapted to the hostile conditions in glacial ice is probably due to exhaustion of available nutrients. By contrast, in permafrost microbial death is more likely due to α-particl...
The control of nonlinear systems: Part IV. Quasilinearization as a numerical method

Five different variations on the basic quasilinearization algorithm for optional control are applied to a six-variable nonlinear gas absorber system. Convergence of the algorithms to the optimal trajectory with better than 1% accuracy is achieved in less than ten iterations. The region of initial starting points which yield convergence is quite large. The main difficulty encountered is due to instabilities of the maximum principle equations. This limitation is, however, not severe and it is possible to predict a priori when the difficulty will occur. It is concluded that quasilinearization is a feasible algorithm for the optimization of nonlinear unconstrained systems.
Academics, Self-Esteem, and Race: A Look at the Underlying Assumptions of the Disidentification Hypothesis:

Theorists have argued that global self-esteem should be related to performance in academics. However, studies have reported lower academic achievement among African American students than among White students but have failed to find lower global self-esteem among African American students. Steele has attempted to explain this paradox by proposing that African American children detach their self-esteem from academic outcomes, thus protecting them from failure. The present study tested empirical hypotheses derived from Steele's theoretical framework. Data were taken from a nationally representative longitudinal study of American students. Analyses revealed a pattern of weakening correlations between self-esteem and academic outcomes from 8th to 10th grade for African American students particularly African American male students, whereas the correlations for White students remained stable or increased. These results show general support for Steele's model in the context of a nationally representative sample.
Universal hepatitis B immunization.

Objective. To determine the practices of US nurseries, neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and pediatricians regarding universal hepatitis B vaccination. Design. Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Participants. One hundred forty term nurseries, 152 NICUs, and 157 pediatricians. Selection procedure. Nurseries and NICUs were systematically sampled from the 1992 American Hospital Association Guide to provide equal sampling from each region of the country. Pediatricians were systematically sampled from a national list of practicing pediatricians supplied by Ross Laboratories to provide equal sampling from each state. Results. The response rates were 95% (n = 133) for term nurseries, 95% (n = 144) for NICUs, and 83% (n = 131) for pediatricians. Sixty-two nurseries (47%) provide routine hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) to their infants. Eighty-five NICUs (59%) routinely vaccinate their preterm infants; 62 (73%) initiate the series just before discharge; and 11 (13%) do so at birth. Principal reasons for not vaccinating include cost and a preference to allow the primary-care physician to initiate the series. One hundred ten (85%) pediatricians provide universal hepatitis B vaccination. Principal reasons for not vaccinating include cost and parents opting against vaccination. Conclusions. More than half of NICUs provide HBV routinely to their preterm infants, predominantly just before hospital discharge. A minority of NICUs are initiating vaccination at birth, which may provide suboptimal seroconversion. Although less than half of participating term nurseries are routinely vaccinating before discharge, 85% of pediatricians do initiate HBV by two months of age. The principal reasons for not providing vaccine are financial.
Sources of insulator charging and the induced electric field enhancement in gas insulated substations

Insulators used in electricity transmission equipment are generally assumed to bear no electric charges when they are designed. However, generation and migration of electric charges onto insulators do take place. It has been found that trapped charges are frequently left inside gas insulated substations (GIS) after de-energisation of an isolated section of busbar. The understanding of the sources of charging is important for taking measures to avoid insulator charging, or for adopting appropriate designs to contend with the charging process when it is difficult to avoid. The knowledge can enable one to deduce the locations and maximum values of insulator borne charges. Nonuniform bulk conduction mainly results in charge build-up inside the insulator whereas charges coming from outside of insulators deposit charges on the surface of insulators. Such information is vital for modelling the effect the insulator charging. This paper formulates some theoretical models of insulator charging and analyses data gathered from real systems to evaluate the likelihood of possible sources of insulator charging. A real example is given on how to incorporate the conclusions reached in electric field calculations using the finite element method.
The statistical mechanics of quadratic response functions of classical plasmas

Equilibrium nonlinear fluctuation-dissipation theorems are derived from second-order statistical mechanical perturbation theory for a nonrelativistic classical electron plasma in a constant external magnetic field. The time-dependent external perturbation is specified to contain both longitudinal (with respect to the wave vector) and transverse field components.
Real-time damage localization by means of MEMS sensors and use of wireless data transmission

When lifeline systems such as water delivery networks are damaged, it is critical to pinpoint the location of the damage, to assess the extent of the damage, and to mitigate the damage in real-time. We propose a wireless sensor network consisting of densely populated, optimally located MEMS sensors that monitor pipe pressure and transmitting data wirelessly. Transient analysis of water pressure in the networked pipes showed that the damage sustained by the pipe creates a state of transient in the pipe pressure, which is detectable by MEMS sensors for damage localization and estimation. This is critical information to enhance post-event disaster mitigation.
Justice for Children, Adults with Disabilities and the Elderly: Reflections from 15 Years as an Attorney with the Office of the Public Guardian of Cook County, Illinois

* Deputy with the Office of the Public Guardian of Cook County, Illinois, where he has practiced law since 1991 in the Juvenile Court Trial Division, the Impact Litigation Division, the Appellate Division and the Adult Guardianship Division. B.A., Northwestern University, 1987; J.D., Northwestern University School of Law, 1990. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Public Guardian’s Office. This article is dedicated to the tireless, passionate and tenacious professionals I have had the privilege of working with over the past 15 years at the Public Guardian’s Office. 1 NAT’L PARK SERV., U.S. DEP’T OF THE INTERIOR, GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER NATIONAL MONUMENT 7 (2007).
Revisiting the Law of Moses' Rod: The Case of Inversions

This article revisits Marty Ginsburg’s "Law of Moses’ Rod in the Context of Inversions", in particular how proposed revisions to the anti-inversion rules could be used to justify new, or even more aggressive, expatriation strategies. While not advocating that any taxpayer or other party pursue specific strategies or that they are "good" from a tax policy standpoint, the goal in examining potential inversion strategies even in the face of anti-inversion rules is to help find ways to incorporate anti-abuse provisions into the larger structural goals of the income tax.
Bovine Foot Anatomy: A Functional and Practical Perspective

Summary The subsequent discussion is not intended to be a comprehensive review of feet and leg anatomy. It is, however, an attempt to bring about an awareness of the various parts of the cow’s foot not usually visualized to help illustrate their function and vulnerability to injury and disease. Each digit is composed of three primary (distal, middle, and proximal phalanxes) and three secondary (navicular, and two sesmoids) bones. Ligaments are composed of elastic connective tissue that bind bone to bones. The cruciates are major ligaments binding together the two digits of the foot. Several flexor and extensor tendons (attach muscles to bones) coordinate the movement of the foot. The corium is a sensitive vascular layer of tissue which serves to nourish and connect the internal aspects of the foot to the hard keratinized protective outer wall. It can be realized that with so many moving parts, there are innumerable opportunities for injuries with resulting lameness to occur. Just because external signs of lameness such as cracks or abscesses may be absent from a lame cow’s foot does not mean there are no other reasons for lameness.
Electronic structure and chemical nature of oxygen dopant states in carbon nanotubes.

We performed low temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies on individual oxygen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and correlated our observations to electronic structure simulations. Our experiment reveals multiple sharp asymmetric emission peaks at energies 50–300 meV red-shifted from that of the E11 bright exciton peak. Our simulation suggests an association of these peaks with deep trap states tied to different specific chemical adducts. In addition, oxygen doping is also observed to split the E11 exciton into two or more states with an energy splitting <40 meV. We attribute these states to dark states that are brightened through defect-induced symmetry breaking. While the wave functions of these brightened states are delocalized, those of the deep-trap states are strongly localized and pinned to the dopants. These findings are consistent with our experimental observation of asymmetric broadening of the deep trap emission peaks, which can result from interaction between pinned excitons and...
Preemergence Orientation of Medetera aldrichii (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Larvae of the Scolytidae predator Medetera aldrichii Wheeler pupate in the spring in silk-lined cells constructed in bark galleries of the prey (Bedard 1933[2][1]). Unlike larvae of the associated predator Enoclerus sphegus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), or adults of the parasite Cocloides brunneri Viereck (Hymcnoptera: Braconidae), which bore through the bark to emerge (Cowan and Nagel 1965, Ryan and Rudinsky 1962), M. aldrichii lacks structures enabling bark penetration and escapes from prey galleries only through preformed gallery exits (Johnsey 1964[3][2]). [1]: #fn-2 [2]: #fn-3
Inhibition of HSV-1 Replication by Gene Editing Strategy

HSV-1 induced illness affects greater than 85% of adults worldwide with no permanent curative therapy. We used RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to specifically target for deletion of DNA sequences of the HSV-1 genome that span the region directing expression of ICP0, a key viral protein that stimulates HSV-1 gene expression and replication. We found that CRISPR/Cas9 introduced InDel mutations into exon 2 of the ICP0 gene profoundly reduced HSV-1 infectivity in permissive human cell culture models and protected permissive cells against HSV-1 infection. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated targeting ICP0 prevented HSV-1-induced disintegration of promonocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, an intracellular event critical to productive HSV-1 infection that is initiated by interaction of the ICP0 N-terminus with PML. Combined treatment of cells with CRISPR targeting ICP0 plus the immediate early viral proteins, ICP4 or ICP27, completely abrogated HSV-1 infection. We conclude that RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to develop a novel, specific and efficacious therapeutic and prophylactic platform for targeted viral genomic ablation to treat HSV-1 diseases.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Terpene Ozonolysis. 2. Effect of NOx Concentration

We report secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields from the ozonolysis of alpha-pinene in the presence of NO and NO2. Experimental conditions are characterized by the [VOC]0/ [NOx]0 ratio (ppbC/ppb), which varies from approximately 1 to approximately 300. SOA yield is constant for [VOC]0/[NOx]0 > approximately 15 and decreases dramatically (by more than a factor of 4) as [VOC]0/[NOx]0 decreases. Aerosol production is completely suppressed in the presence of NO for [VOC]0/[NOx]0 < or = 4.5. Fouriertransform IR analysis of filter samples reveals that nitrate-containing species contribute significantly to the total aerosol mass at low [VOC]0/[NOx]0. Yield reduction is a result of the formation of a more volatile product distribution as [VOC]0/[NOx]0 decreases; we propose that the change in the product distribution is driven by changes in the gas-phase chemistry as NOx concentration increases. We also present two-product model parameters to describe aerosol production from the alpha-pinene/0/NOx system under both high- and low-NOx conditions.
Research of Simulation Model Framework and Simulation Platform for Armament Support

Firstly, the simulation models of the armament support were researched from the four aspects of mission modeling, system modeling, maintenance resources modeling and maintenance actions modeling. Combined with the two simulation platforms of opus10 and simlox, the characteristics and applies of the advanced simulation platform abroad were analyzed. Based on this, the primary assumption of simulation platform was described.
Cost-effectiveness of Injectable Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in South Africa

BACKGROUND: Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals such as rilpivirine (RPV) could promote adherence to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. However the cost-effectiveness of injectable PrEP is unclear. METHODS: We constructed a dynamic model of the heterosexual HIV epidemic in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa and analyzed scenarios of RPV PrEP scale-up for combination HIV prevention in comparison with a reference scenario without PrEP. We estimated new HIV infections life-years and costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) over 10-year and lifetime horizons assuming a societal perspective. RESULTS: Compared with no PrEP unprioritized scale-up of RVP PrEP covering 2.5%-15% of adults prevented up to 9% of new infections over 10 years. HIV prevention doubled (17%) when the same coverage was prioritized to 20- to 29-year-old women costing $10 880-$19 213 per infection prevented. Prioritization of PrEP to 80% of individuals at highest behavioral risk achieved comparable prevention (4%-8%) at <1% overall coverage costing $298-$1242 per infection prevented. Over lifetime PrEP scale-up among 20- to 29-year-old women was very cost-effective (<$1600 per life-year gained) dominating unprioritized PrEP while risk prioritization was cost-saving. PrEPs 10-year impact decreased by almost 50% with increases in ICERs (up to 4.2-fold) in conservative base-case analysis. Sensitivity analysis identified PrEPs costs efficacy and reliability of delivery as the principal drivers of uncertainty in PrEPs cost-effectiveness and PrEP remained cost-effective under the assumption of universal access to second-line antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with no PrEP prioritized scale-up of RPV PrEP in KwaZulu-Natal could be very cost-effective or cost-saving but suboptimal PrEP would erode benefits and increase costs. (c) The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.
Effects of Mutations on the Reconfiguration Rate of α-Synuclein

It is still poorly understood why α-synuclein, the intrinsically disordered protein involved in Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, is so prone to aggregation. Recent work has shown a correlation between the aggregation rate and the rate of diffusional reconfiguration by varying temperature and pH. Here we examine the effects of several point mutations in the sequence on the conformational ensemble and reconfiguration rate. We find that at lower temperatures the PD causing aggregation enhancing mutations slow down and aggregation reducing mutations drastically speed up intramolecular diffusion, as compared to the wild type sequence. However, at higher temperatures, one of three familial mutations that enhance aggregation slows intramolecular diffusion while non-natural mutations that inhibit aggregation speed up intramolecular diffusion. These results support the hypothesis that the first step of aggregation is kinetically controlled by reconfiguration in which the protein chain cannot recon...
Prognosis of Primary Myelofibrosis in the Genomic Era

Currently, prognostication in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) relies on the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), dynamic IPSS (DIPSS), and DIPSS-plus, which incorporate age, blood counts, constitutional symptoms, circulating blasts, red cell transfusion need, and karyotype. Although the JAK2 V617F mutation was discovered a decade ago and MPL mutations shortly thereafter, it was the recent discovery of CALR mutations in the vast majority of JAK2/MPL-unmutated patients and recognition of the powerful impact of CALR mutations and triple-negative (JAK2/MPL/CALR-negative) status on outcome that set the stage for revision of traditional prognostic models to include molecular information. Additionally, the advent of next-generation sequencing has identified a host of previously unrecognized somatic mutations across hematologic malignancies. As in the myelodysplastic syndromes, the majority of common and prognostically informative mutations in PMF affect epigenetic regulation and mRNA splicing. Thus, a need has arisen to incorporate mutational information on genes such as ASXL1 and SRSF2 into risk stratification systems. Mutations in yet other genes appear to be important players in leukemic transformation, and new insights into disease pathogenesis are emerging. Finally, the number of prognostically detrimental mutations may affect both survival and response to ruxolitinib, which has significant implications for clinical decision making. In this review, we briefly summarize the prognostic models in use today and discuss in detail the somatic mutations commonly encountered in patients with PMF, along with their prognostic implications and role in leukemic transformation. Emerging prognostic models that incorporate new molecular information into existing systems or exclude clinical variables are also presented.
Leadership Styles of College and University Athletic Directors and the Presence of NCAA Transgender Policy

In September 2011, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) announced the Policy on Transgender Inclusion . It provides guidelines for transgender student athletes to participate in sex-separated athletic teams according to their gender identity. The 2012 LGBTQ National College Athlete Report , the first of its kind, provided information to help serve gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (GLBTQ) students. Although the Policy on Transgender Inclusion has been around since 2011 and the 2012 Report provided insights, the extent by which best practices have been implemented has not been adequately explored. This study examined the relationship of athletic directors’ leadership frames to transgender inclusion policies at institutions with NCAA athletics. Athletic directors from active member NCAA schools were contacted: 340 in Division I; 290 in Division II; and 436 in Division III. Leadership was examined according to the Multi-frame Model for Organizations in addition to Intersectionality Theory. The human resource frame was the most common and the political frame was the least. There were no statistically significant differences among NCAA Divisions or between private and public institutions. Although athletic directors acknowledged transgender policies and were aware of the legal parameters, lack of policy presence was prevalent on campuses.
Social signals as design interventions for enhancing citizen science contributions

ABSTRACTDespite the scientific potential and increasing popularity of web-based citizen science, low contribution from volunteers is often a major hurdle. Studies have shown that individual behavior could be altered through targeted design interventions, but little is known about the specific factors that modulate volunteers’ contributions. A particularly elusive question entails the role of social feedback, in the form of targeted notifications about the contribution of other volunteers. Based on social comparison theory, we hypothesized that (1) volunteers increase contribution when presented with information about a high-performing peer or group, and (2) volunteers conform more strongly to a group rather than to a single peer. To test whether volunteers’ contributions change due to the exposure to the contribution of a peer or group norm, we systematically varied the information presented to participants in an environmental monitoring citizen science project. Volunteers increased their contributions wh...
HSP90 expression and early recurrence in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Potential for novel therapeutic targets.

235Background: Heat shock protein (HSP) 90 promotes tumor growth and is overexpressed in many malignancies. HSP90 expression profile and its potential as a therapeutic target in primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are not known. Methods: HSP90 cytoplasmic expression and Ki-67 index were re-reviewed and scored by a pathologist blinded to all other clinicopathologic variables using tissue microarray (TMA) blocks created in triplicate for patients who underwent resection of primary and metastatic gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors at a single institution from 2000-2013. Primary outcome was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results: Of 278 tumors reviewed, 194 (68%) were primary GEP NETs, and 31 (11%) were NET liver metastases. Of the primary GEP NETs, mean age was 56yrs, 42% were male; 103 (53%) were pancreas and 44 (23%) were small bowel. HSP90 expression was high in 66 (34%) and low in 128 (66%). Compared to low expression, high HSP90 was associated with lymphovascular invasio...
Multiplexed Lipid Bilayers on Silica Microspheres for Analytical Screening Applications.

Most druggable targets are membrane components, including membrane proteins and soluble proteins that interact with ligands or receptors embedded in membranes. Current target-based screening and intermolecular interaction assays generally do not include the lipid membrane environment in presenting these targets, possibly altering their native structure and leading to misleading or incorrect results. To address this issue, an ideal assay involving membrane components would (1) mimic the natural membrane environment, (2) be amenable to high-throughput implementation, and (3) be easily multiplexed. In a step toward developing such an ideal target-based analytical assay for membrane components, we present fluorescently indexed multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays amenable to high-throughput flow cytometric detection. We build fluorescently multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays by using varying amounts of a fluorescently labeled lipid, NBD-DOPE [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3...
Evaluation of brain injury related behavioral disturbances in community mental health centers

As a result of improved emergency trauma services, more individuals suffering a traumatic brain injury are surviving. Unfortunately, most of these survivors suffer chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae related to both the brain damage and the psychosocial impact of the injury on self-esteem, self-image, primary role, and vocational function. Current community supports are often inadequate to deal with the complex array of neurologic and psychiatric difficulties. This article outlines common features of brain injury, explores the link between these features and the common neuropsychiatric sequelae of brain injury, and suggests some principles helpful in the evaluation of the behaviorally challenged brain injured patient.
Systematic Review of the Association Between Physical Fitness and Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: Part 3-Flexibility, Power, Speed, Balance, and Agility

We performed a systematic review and evaluation of the existing scientific literature on the association between flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility, and musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I) risk in military and civilian populations. MEDLINE, EBSCO, EMBASE, and the Defense Technical Information Center were searched for original studies published from 1970 to 2015 that examined associations between these physical fitness measures (flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility) and MSK-I. Methodological quality and strength of the evidence were determined after criteria adapted from previously published systematic reviews. Twenty-seven of 4,229 citations met our inclusion criteria. Primary findings indicate that there is (a) moderate evidence that hamstring flexibility, as measured by performance on a sit-and-reach test or active straight leg raise test assessed with goniometry, and ankle flexibility, assessed with goniometry, are associated with MSK-I risk; (b) moderate evidence that lower body power, as measured by performance on a standing broad jump or vertical jump with no countermovement, is associated with MSK-I risk; (c) moderate evidence that slow sprint speed is associated with MSK-I risk; (d) moderate evidence that poor performance on a single-leg balance test is associated with increased risk for ankle sprain; and (e) insufficient evidence that agility is associated with MSK-I risk. Several measures of flexibility, power, speed, and balance are risk factors for training-related MSK-I in military and civilian athletic populations. Importantly, these findings can be useful for military, first responder, and athletic communities who are seeking evidence-based metrics for assessing or stratifying populations for risk of MSK-I.
Cylindroporella sugdeni Elliott, 1957, an Early Cretaceous Middle Eastern Dasycladalean alga – a revision

Abstract. The type material of Cylindroporella sugdeni Elliott, 1957, is revised. The total lack of sterile laterals and consequently the absence of the diagnostic feature of the genus Cylindroporella, i.e., the alternation of sterile and fertile laterals within the same whorl, leads to its exclusion from the genus Cylindroporella Johnson, 1954, and to its ascription to the genus Holosporella Pia, 1930. Recent stratigraphic investigations suggest that the stratum typicum originally reported as Early Cretaceous in age is more precisely Hauterivian or possibly Early Barremian in age.
Lateral Supraorbital Craniotomy for Tuberculum Sella Meningioma Resection

Tuberculum sella meningioma can be approached by either open or endoscopic approaches. The aim of this video case presentation is to highlight the nuances of the lateral supraorbital craniotomy for tuberculum sella meningioma resection. The authors present a 34-year-old female patient who presented with decreased right eye visual acuity (20/60), afferent pupillary defect, and nasal field cut due to a tuberculum sella meningioma. The tumor was partially encasing the left A1 artery, severely displacing the optic apparatus, and minimally invading the right optic canal. The lateral supraorbital craniotomy was considered the most suitable approach to this tumor. The operative nuances and pitfalls of this approach are detailed in the video. Gross total resection of the tumor was achieved and confirmed with postoperative MRI. The patient's vision gradually improved and she was discharged on the fourth postoperative day. The minimally invasive lateral supraorbital craniotomy for tuberculum sella meningioma is a suitable approach in selected cases. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/yG8q6YH2D9k .
Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome

With the widespread use of advanced technology for organ support, patients rarely die from their presenting disease but rather from its pathophysiological consequences; namely, the sequential dysfunction and failure of several organ systems. This syndrome has been called multisystem organ failure, multiple organ system failure, and more recently, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). MODS has an extraordinarily high mortality, and, for many patients, the support of this syndrome does not improve survival but rather prolongs the dying process. MODS is not an “all-or-nothing” condition but rather a continuum of dynamically changing organ failure.
Prenatal Steroids and Metabolic Dysfunction: Lessons from Sheep.

Prenatal exposure to excess steroids or steroid mimics can disrupt the normal developmental trajectory of organ systems, culminating in adult disease. The metabolic system is particularly susceptib...
Unstable Pelvic Ring Injuries: How Soon Can Patients Safely Bear Weight?

Objective To determine if time to weight bearing (WB) is associated with complications in operatively treated pelvic ring injuries. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic Level I trauma hospital. Patients Two hundred eighty-six patients with pelvic ring injuries treated operatively over a 10-year period [OTA/AO 61-B1-3, 61-C1-3; Young-Burgess lateral compression (LC) 1-3, anterior-posterior compression (APC) 1-3, and vertical shear] were included. Intervention Patients were stratified into early (≤8 weeks) and late (>8 weeks) time to full WB groups. Main outcome measure Composite outcome of implant failure [broken screw(s)/plate(s), screw(s) loosening], revision surgery, and malunion. Results We identified 286 patients with a mean age of 39.9 years (range: 18-81 years) and an average follow-up of 1.2 years (1.0-9 years). There were 132 and 154 patients in the early and late WB groups, respectively. A total of 142 Young-Burgess LC-1, 48 LC-2, 23 LC-3, 10 APC-1, 45 APC-2, 8 APC-3, and 8 vertical shear injuries were noted. Complications were noted in 47 patients (16%). Complications included 18 implant failures, 16 malunions, and 13 patients who required revision operations for loss of reduction. Time to WB was not associated with composite complication rates (P = 0.24). APC-2, LC-3, and injuries with bilateral rami fractures were noted to have a higher complication rates independent of time to WB (P = 0.005, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions No difference in implant failure, malunion, or early loss of reduction between operatively treated pelvic ring injuries allowed to WB as tolerated before 8 weeks compared with those who remained on protected WB protocol for any time greater than 8 weeks was noted. These data may provide information to support early WB protocols. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Land cover transitions in the United States South: 2007–2013

Abstract The southern United States (the South) has been managed extensively by humans since the onset of European colonization in the 1600s. The study represents a change detection analysis where the locations of 15,000 image sample points were distributed randomly across 12 southern states, and Google Earth imagery for the years 2007–2013 was consulted to determine which of 13 major land classes and associated subclasses were evident at these points. Standard image interpretation principles were employed, approximately 15% of the sample points were re-examined during the survey, and approximately 4.4% of the sample points were examined as part of an accuracy assessment after the survey was conducted. In addition to an assessment of land area occupied by the 13 major land classes and their subclasses, confidence intervals for these estimates were developed, and annual rates of management activity were estimated. Increases in the human living and commerce space of the southern landscape were observed to be mainly at the expense of tree covered ecosystems (generally exclusive of woodlands in Texas and Oklahoma), cropland, and pasture areas. Developed areas represented nearly 1.5% of the South in 2013, and transportation areas represented about 1.6%. Each gained land from the other land use classes over the study period. Estimates of tree cover, about 42%, were consistent with previous reports that estimated it to range from about 41 to 46% over the last six decades. Short-term general transitions associated with the tree cover, cropland, pasture and grass areas illustrated the dynamic nature of the surface of the earth in the South, mainly as influenced by opportunistic human activity. For example, expansion of developed areas through new homes, driveways, parking lots, sidewalks, and other built features are likely due to decisions made at the local level by an expanding human population without reference to a broader coordinated plan.
A Current Transformer (CT) Saturation Detection Method for Bus Differential Protection

The performance of various bus differential protection schemes depends on fast and accurate detection of Current Transformer (CT) saturation during external faults. This paper presents a CT saturation detection method using alienation coefficient of two instantaneous current signals found from the two-terminal equivalent model of the busbar. A simulation study is also presented to validate the performance of the proposed CT saturation detection method. Documented results show that the proposed method detects CT saturation accurately irrespective of saturation severity and saturation starting time (i.e. late or fast CT saturation).