cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurocutaneous melanosis and Dandy-Walker syndrome in an infant

An 18-week-old boy was referred by the pediatric service for evaluation of a large congenital nevus. The baby was a term infant who was noted to have extensive pigmented skin lesions at birth that extended from the scalp to the feet. Apgar scores and physical examination (including neuromuscular examination) were within normal limits. Electroencephalographic tracings were normal and unenhanced cranial computerized tomography (CT) was reported as showing a subarachnoid cyst with atrophic changes, involving predominantly the inferior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres bilaterally. Hydrocephalus or signs thereof were not present. Lumbar spine films were normal. The patient was next evaluated at age 3 months, where he was reported to roll over, reach for objects, and smile. At age 17 weeks, the baby had dermabrasion of an abdominal portion of his congenital nevus, followed by autologous epidermal cell autograft. The baby was subsequently hospitalized at the University of California Irvine Medical Center for complications from this procedure. Upon initial dermatologic evaluation, the baby was noted to have uniformly brown pigmented bathing-trunk verrucous lesions covering his buttocks, scrotum, two-thirds of his trunk, and proximal portions of his extremities. Multiple similar but smaller lesions were noted on the face, scalp, and distal extremities (Fig. 1). Tense anterior fontanelles, frontal bossing, Babinski reflexes bilaterally, and possible “setting-sun” sign (downward gaze of the eyes secondary to pressure from the midbrain) were apparent. Although the length (size) percentile for the baby was normal, the plot of head circumference was noted to deviate above the normal range by age 3 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed. The midline sagittal T1 weighted image (Fig. 2a) demonstrated an enlarged posterior fossa with vermin hypoplasia and hydrocephalus. An axial image through the dilated sylvian aqueduct revealed a hyperintense focus, characteristic of melanocytes, adjacent to the dilated left temporal horn (Fig. 2b). More superiorly, enhancing leptomeningeal deposits were identified (not shown). Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained after subsequent placement of a right ventricular-peritoneal shunt. The fluid was bloody, but sterile, and without malignant cells. Staining for melanin of the few nucleated cells in this limited cerebrospinal fluid sample was negative. Several excisional biopsies of a nevus from locations on the feet, wrist, back, and buttock showed the picture of either congenital melanocytic nevus or congenital melanocytic nevus with atypical melanocytic hyperplasia; however, no significant atypia was identified in the specimens containing foci of atypical melanocytic hyperplasia.
The case of ‘losses in any event’: a question of duty, cause or damages?

This paper considers the relevance of a finding that, even absent the defendant's unlawfulness, the private law claimant would have suffered the losses claimed. It provides a principled framework for considering the issues raised by such a finding of ‘losses in any event’, arguing that it should be distinguished both from causation of injury and from the scope of the defendant's duty of care, and that it should be treated as raising a question of damages. It highlights the need, particularly in pure economic loss cases, for a careful comparison of the real and the hypothetical losses so as to determine whether the latter would indeed have been losses in any event. In this regard, the decision of the Court of Appeal in Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd is subjected to close scrutiny. A more general argument advanced is that tort and contract both do and should adopt similar approaches in this field.
Hepatic resection for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era.

BACKGROUND: Before the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), surgical resection was the primary treatment for hepatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) metastases. Although TKIs have improved survival in the metastatic setting, outcomes after multimodal therapy comprised of hepatectomy and TKIs for GIST are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether combination therapy for hepatic GIST metastases is associated with improved overall survival compared with reported outcomes from surgery or TKI therapy alone. METHODS: Demographics, clinicopathologic tumor characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients who underwent hepatic resection at 3 high-volume centers from 1995 to 2010 were reviewed. RESULTS: In total, 39 patients underwent hepatectomy for metastatic GISTs, and 27 patients received postoperative TKI therapy. At a median follow-up of 39.7 months, 23 patients (59%) experienced recurrence at a median of 18 months. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year overall survival rates were 96.7%, 76.8%, and 67.9%, respectively. Median survival was not reached at 5 years. The rates of severe complication and mortality were 10.2% (4 patients) and 2.5% (1 patient), respectively. When controlling for confounders, postoperative TKI therapy was associated with improved survival (hazard ratio, 0.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.50; P = .006), and extrahepatic disease was associated with worse survival (hazard ratio, 9.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.63-55.7; P = .012). CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival after combination therapy exceeded previous reports for the treatment of metastatic GIST with hepatic resection or TKI therapy alone and was significantly enhanced by postoperative TKI therapy. The results from this study support findings that combination therapy for GIST liver metastases comprised of surgical resection and TKI therapy is more effective than surgery or TKI therapy alone. Cancer 2012;3571–3578. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Studies on the female-sterile mutant rudimentary of Drosophila melanogaster,: I. An analysis of the rudimentary wing phenotype

Abstract The rudimentary wing phenotype was examined in detail, using six different alleles of rudimentary , and a number of points about the genesis of the r phenotype were made. (1) All of the r alleles in which the wings are defective produce wings in which the area of individual hair cells is reduced. The more severely affected the allele, the greater is the reduction in wing cell area. This reduction in area is probably uniform throughout the wing rather than localized to specific wing regions. (2) The total number of cells per wing is also greatly reduced in phenotypically r wings. As with cell area, the more severely affected the allele, the greater the reduction in cell number. However, the reduction in cell number is not uniform throughout the wing. In the less severely affected alleles, the cell number reduction is much greater in those regions of the wing which are drastically altered in shape (truncated), while those wing regions which show only slight size reductions but no overall shape changes have near normal numbers of cells. In the most deformed wings, there is a reduction in cell number throughout the wing, but again those regions with are severely truncated are the most drastically reduced in cell number. Measurements of the amount of chitin per wing indicated that the three most severely affected alleles had as much or more chitin than the wild type. It is suggested that overproduction of chitin in these alleles prevents normal expansion of the wing cells, thus increasing the severity of the wing defect. Finally, the validity and limitations of a quantitative measure of the r phenotype were defined. This measure was utilized to demonstrate a clear-cut effect of nutrition on the expression of the r phenotype.
Archaeological typology and practical reality: The determinants of types: variables and attributes

As we saw in Chapter 4, any classification is basically a set of categories. In scientific classifications, the key to formulating such categories is selectivity. That is, scientific classifications are always based on a consideration of some features but not of others, a selection of certain variables and attributes from a wider field of possibilities. What is involved, as Foucault (1973: 132–3) observes, is a deliberate narrowing of the scientist's field of vision, so that certain kinds or domains of information are systematically excluded; for example, color in the case of most stone tool types. It was the introduction of this factor of selectivity which made possible the pioneering classifications of Linnaeus (1735) and other natural scientists of the eighteenth century, whereas their predecessors had aimed at all-inclusive and non-selective descriptions of each biological species that in effect made classification impossible (cf. Foucault 1973: 125–65). In the last chapter we saw how different purposes affect the choice of features to be considered and not to be considered in making typologies (cf. also Whallon 1982). Here we want to take a closer look at the features themselves. We will categorize them under three headings: invariants, variables, and attributes. Throughout this chapter it is important to bear in mind our distinction between type concepts and type members (see Chapter 3), and to realize that we are talking about the attributes of types (i.e. concepts), and not necessarily about the attributes of individual objects.
Abstract 4125: The retinoid-induced G0S2 protein undergoes ISG15ylation and destabilization.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The interferon stimulated protein ISG15 was one of the first ubiquitin-like modifiers discovered. Similar to ubiquitin, ISG15 is conjugated to cellular proteins through a three-step enzymatic cascade involving an activating enzyme E1 (UBE1L), a conjugating enzyme E2 and a ligase E3. Conjugated ISG15 is removed from substrate proteins by the UBE1L-ISG15 deconjugase Usp18 (UBP43). To date, few direct target proteins of the ISG15 system were found and the biologic implications of their ISG15ylation are actively under study. We previously reported that the G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) was a direct target of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) treatment in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Prior work by others found that G0S2 was able to regulate lipolysis by inhibiting adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). The current study extends prior work by reporting that G0S2 was induced in APL cells by RA-treatment coordinately with UBE1L, ISG15 and the deconjugase Usp18. G0S2 was also shown to be a previously unrecognized target of ISG15ylation. G0S2 species were co-immunoprecipitated with ISG15. The functional consequence of this modification was confirmed by finding that G0S2 protein stability was directly affected by the ISG15 deconjugase Usp18. Loss of Usp18 expression by transfection of individual siRNAs into studied cells led to G0S2 protein destabilization. In contrast, engineered gain of Usp18 expression in the same cells stabilized G0S2 protein. Agents that can inhibit specific protein degradation pathways were also examined. Findings revealed that G0S2 protein was stabilized by treatment with proteasome or caspase inhibitors, but was not affected by lysosome or aggresome inhibitors. Thus, these findings indicate that G0S2 is a novel ISG15 substrate and that this modification substantially reduces G0S2 protein stability. Taken together, these results provide a mechanistic basis for cross-talk between interferon and retinoid signaling at the level of the G0S2 protein that undergoes ISG15ylation. This provides evidence for a role of lipolysis regulation in both interferon and retinoid signaling. The functional consequences of this are under study in mouse models. Citation Format: Yun Lu, Lisa Maria Mustachio, Fadzai Chinyengetere, Wei Yang, Tian Ma, Jessica Dong, David J. Sekula, Sarah J. Freemantle, Ethan Dmitrovsky. The retinoid-induced G0S2 protein undergoes ISG15ylation and destabilization. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4125
Cyclic 3',5' AMP relay in Dictyostelium discoideum. I. A technique to monitor responses to controlled stimuli.

A perfusion technique was developed to deliver [14C]adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) stimuli of well-defined magnitude and duration to tritium-labeled Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae and simultaneously monitor the elicited secretion of [3H]cAMP (i.e., the relay response). The tritiated compounds secreted in response to [14C]cAMP stimuli were highly enriched in [3H]cAMP and reflected an increase in intracellular cAMP accompanying stimulation rather than the release of a preexisting store or bulk cellular contents. The secretory response (per 10(6) cells) to 2-min stimuli increased during differentiation from about 0.2 pmol at 0.5 h to approximately 5 pmol of cAMP at 7 h. Without adequate perfusion, amoebae altered the level of cAMP in their environment in two ways: phosphodiesterases destroyed cAMP stimuli under some conditions so as to attenuate the relay response; under other circumstances, secreted cAMP magnified minimal exogenous stimuli into maximal responses. Amoebae, furthermore, would respond to their basal secretion of cAMP autocatalytically if its removal or destruction were interrupted. The perfusion system minimized these cell-induced modifications, allowing control of the level of the stimulus and response in quantitative studies.
Diagnostic dilemmas in the delivery suite: myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery disease versus HELLP syndrome-related coronary artery spasm.

I herein present the first reported case of an advanced maternal age (AMA) pregnant patient with underlying pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and the HELLP syndrome who developed peripartum chest pain and transient ST-segment changes raising the diagnostic dilemma between coronary artery disease (CAD) versus HELLP syndrome-associated coronary artery spasm. Caring for the AMA pregnant patient is a new and challenging aspect of practice of many obstetricians and obstetric anesthesiologists worldwide. Although some non-pregnancy-specific (e.g. CAD) and/or pregnancyspecific (e.g. PIH) complications may occur more frequently in older mothers [1], there is no universal consensus that older maternal age per se complicates either gestation and/or parturition [2, 3]. The HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy-specific disorder defined by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelet count encountered in parturients with underlying PIH [4]. Vascular reactivity is enhanced in patients with this condition, and the increased sensitivity to vasopressor agents, such as angiotensin II and catecholamines, is well documented [5]. Systemic vascular resistance may be increased and uteroplacental and crucial organ (e.g., the heart) blood flow compromised [4]. Indeed, in our Labor and Delivery we recently encountered a 41-year-old otherwise healthy parturient who required induction of labor at 37 weeks gestation for worsening PIH (which has by then progressed to the HELLP syndrome). Peripartum (in the second stage of labor) the patient developed chest pain and transient STsegment changes (elevation) initially thought to resemble CAD-related myocardial ischemia, however, cardiology consultation and pertinent laboratory studies ruled out any underlying heart disease. Because of the transient nature of her symptoms and ECG changes, no treatment was required and an uneventful vaginal delivery of a healthy newborn was accomplished shortly thereafter. The most likely etiology of her symptoms was attributed to the HELLP syndrome-associated coronary artery spasm.
Improvement of the physicochemical properties of pale soft and exudative (PSE) pork meat products with an extract from mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM)

Loss of protein functionality of pale soft and exudative (PSE) meat and a surplus of mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) has negative economic impacts on the meat industry. The objective of this research was to add functional proteins from an extract of MDTM to PSE meat to create a value-added pork sausage product. Sausages manufactured from PSE incorporating an MDTM extract exhibited a 30% increase in rigidity (P 0.05), and reductions of 4.1 and 3.1% in cooking loss (P<0.05), respectively, compared to sausages made employing brine alone. Introducing functional proteins derived from MDTM to processed meat made with PSE pork has the potential to enhance the economic value to both of these low value raw materials.
Comparison of ethylene gassing methods for tomatoes

Abstract Tomato fruit were gassed with either ethylene from a pressurized gas cylinder or ethylene containing effluent from a catalytic generator. The liquid used in the catalytic generator contained ethanol and several other compounds. The gaseous effluent emitted by the generator contained a variety of compounds besides ethylene, probably ethers and alcohols. Tomato colour changes during ripening showed more variation after treatment with generator effluent than cylinder ethylene in two out of three experiments. However, the mean colour rating was not significantly different between the two treatments. The combined results of two taste panels, showed that the panelists could distinguish a treatment difference. Comments from the panelists indicated no preference for one treatment over the other.
Polymer solubility in mixed solvents

Modeling results indicate that polymer chains in mixtures of a good with a bad solvent exhibit preferential adsorption of the good solvent. That phenomenon is found to be strongly dependent on molecular weight and it increases with a decrease in chain length. These results have important consequences on polymer solubility. Thus, a low molecular weight chain in a solvent mixture behaves as if it were dissolved in the pure good solvent component, whereas the solubility of a longer chain is controlled by the average mixture composition. As a result, quenching a polydisperse system below the cloud point may induce molecular weight segregation between the two phases: the longer chains, which precipitate out first, tend to populate the polymer rich phase whereas the shorter chains, having greater solubility, remain in the solvent phase. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2782–2787, 1999
Historical effects of stimulus exposure: Readiness to eat and object exploration

Abstract Two tasks were used to detemine if brief periods of novel stimulus exposure produce enduring changes in reactivity to such stimuli. In a readiness-to-eat task, relevant situational familiarization produced shorter eating latencies and longer eating times, up to 9 days later. An object exploration task indicated relatively decreased exploration of previously familiarized objects, 9 days after initial exposure. This effect did not rely on odors left by the S on the stimulus objects. These results were interpreted as indicating that stimulus familiarization produces long-term historical effects congruent with an hypothesis of specific information storage.
Changes in rat parotid salivary proteins associated with liquid diet-induced gland atrophy and isoproterenol-induced gland enlargement

Abstract The composition of secretory proteins in the parotid saliva of untreated rats, fed a stock pelleted diet (CON), was compared to that of rats maintained on a liquefied diet (LIQ), so as to reduce gland secretory activity, and to rats treated chronically with isoproterenol (ISO), so as to enhance activity. Each experimental treatment resulted in marked changes in protein composition. In CON rats, the basic and acidic proline-rich proteins accounted for 25 per cent of all secretory protein. In LIQ rats, the proportion was 13 per cent. Several basic proline-rich proteins were absent and the major acidic proline-rich protein was markedly reduced. Amylase was reduced whereas DNase and a leucine-rich protein (fraction I) were increased. The proportion of cystine-rich protein (fraction V) was not different from CON rats. The changes observed in the saliva of ISO rats were in marked contrast to these findings. Basic and acidic proline-rich proteins were increased and accounted for 90 per cent of all secretory protein, amylase was responsible for the remaining 10 per cent. Thus the composition of secretory proteins in the parotid saliva of rats can be altered by experimental conditions which affect gland secretory activity. The mechanisms by which these changes occur is not known.
A novel retrograde-viewing auxiliary imaging device (Third Eye Retroscope) improves the detection of simulated polyps in anatomic models of the colon

Background Colonoscopy is the "gold standard" for colorectal polyp and cancer detection, but important lesions may be missed on the proximal aspect of haustral folds, rectal valves, or flexures. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate a prototype auxiliary imaging device that extends beyond the colonoscope's tip, providing a continuous retrograde view to detect lesions missed by the forward-viewing colonoscope. Design Three anatomic models of the colon were prepared with simulated polyps, 32% in obvious locations and 68% on the proximal aspect of folds. Six endoscopists examined each model with two methods. Method A used a standard video colonoscope. Method B involved an identical colonoscope with a retrograde-viewing auxiliary device positioned within its instrument channel. Order of testing was randomized and blinded. Setting Laboratory bench. Main Outcome Measurements Detection rates for simulated polyps. Results Of 78 "obvious" polyps, 69 (88%) and 70 (90%) were detected by methods A and B, respectively ( P > .9). In contrast, of 162 polyps on proximal aspects of folds, 20 (12%) and 131 (81%) were detected by methods A and B, respectively ( P Limitations Limitations resulted from (1) use of commercially available anatomic models in which haustral folds are less prominent and more rigid than in humans and (2) evaluation of a prototype device that had larger size and narrower angle of view than the planned production model and that was fixed in relation to the colonoscope. Conclusions In simulated testing, a retrograde-viewing auxiliary imaging device used with a standard video colonoscope significantly improves detection rates of simulated polyps and promises to enhance the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy in humans.
AN ENZYMIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MICRO QUANTITIES OF GLYCOGEN.

Abstract In an earlier report (1), we described an enzymic method for the quantitative determination of glycogen. Our previous report describes the application of our method to relatively large amounts of glycogen: 6, 12, and 18 μg/ml test solution in a final volume of 3.5 ml. Since the method is easy to apply and involves a minimum number of mechanical operations, we have been able to adapt it to micro volumetric procedures with no loss in accuracy. The purpose of the present report is to describe the results of these experiments.
DYNAMICS OF AGGLOMERATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN LINEAR SHEAR FLOW FIELDS

ABSTRACT A dispersive mixing model was developed and analyzed for the case when separation of the fragments following rupture of agglomerates primarily determines the dynamics of the mixing process. The model incorporates the effects of van der Waals forces within agglomerates and hydrodynamic interactions between fragments as they are convected apart from each other by the applied shear field. The essential features of the model are illustrated by examining the effect of shear on the breakage of parent agglomerates and their first five generations of fragments for a particular test case. In addition, the dynamics of the agglomerate size distribution produced by linear shear flow fields in gaps of various aspect ratios was analyzed for two types of initial conditions. These results provide insight to the design of the high shear zones in actual mixing equipment.
Supraomohyoid neck dissection

Background Supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND) has assumed increasing importance as a staging lymphadenectomy in patients with N 0 oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), as well as a potentially curative procedure in selected patients with limited metastatic disease in the neck. Methods Retrospective chart review of 287 patients who had a total of 320 SOHND for SCC between 1986 and 1993 as a follow-up to an earlier report that covered our experience between 1980 and 1985. After excluding 24 patients who also had local recurrence, or a new primary, the remaining 296 SOHND were assessed for the effectiveness of tumor control in the neck. Results Of 248 elective SOHND, clinically negative nodes proved histologically positive in 60 patients (25%), only 4 of whom failed in the neck (7%). A total of 48 patients (16%) had a therapeutic SOHND for limited N+ disease, confirmed pathologically in 31, with neck recurrence documented in 2 (6%). N 0 des proved negative histologically in 205 patients, 10 of whom failed in the neck (5%). Nine of the 16 patients with neck recurrence had received postoperative radiation therapy and 9 recurred within the field of the SOHND. Conclusions SOHND is a reliable staging procedure in patients with N 0 oral or oropharyngeal SCC. Therapeutic SOHND, in conjunction with postoperative radiation therapy, was highly effective in controlling neck metastases in carefully selected patients with limited disease in the upper neck.
Hubris and Nemesis in heads of government.

By couching the discussion of Blair and Bush in terms of hubris and nemesis, Lord Owen1 has avoided the pitfall of diagnosis from afar while still highlighting serious problems with the two world leaders (JRSM November 2006). He does dip his toe into psychodynamics citing Freud and Justin Frank, but, by and large, he sticks to discussing behaviour and its relation to hubris and power. As a politician, Lord Owen is qualified to discuss the political leaders he has encountered. As a physician, should he be making medical judgments on political leaders? Simon Wessely has questions about this and about whether or not psychiatrists should venture beyond the consulting room.2 Should psychiatrists limit their judgments to patients they have examined? The American Psychiatric Association says ‘yes’ and Dr Wessely cites data to support that view. But the question remains, can psychiatrists and neuroscientists, with the help of philosophers, provide useful insights that contribute to the understanding of leaders and their followers? I believe that we should try. We should bring whatever scientific data there may be to counter ideology, blind faith and the intoxicating effects of power. It is true hubris often comes with power. Even though we do not have a psychiatric diagnosis for hubris, it is a psychological entity and as such should potentially be understood by science, as are other psychological phenomena. We do not diagnose those that we have not personally examined and we cannot diagnose an entire population, but perhaps we can bring clinical and scientific insights to help understand destructive behaviour As scientists and clinicians, we too must guard against hubris. Hopefully our colleagues will help us with that. JRMS should be applauded for exploring the issue.
The structure and function of the cytochrome c2: reaction center electron transfer complex from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

In the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the mobile electron carrier, cytochrome c2 (cyt c2) transfers an electron from reduced heme to the photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll dimer in the membrane bound reaction center (RC) as part of the light induced cyclic electron transfer chain. A complex between these two proteins that is active in electron transfer has been crystallized and its structure determined by X-ray diffraction. The structure of the cyt:RC complex shows the cyt c2 (cyt c2) positioned at the center of the periplasmic surface of the RC. The exposed heme edge from cyt c2 is in close tunneling contact with the electron acceptor through an intervening bridging residue, Tyr L162 located on the RC surface directly above the bacteriochlorophyll dimer. The binding interface between the two proteins can be divided into two regions: a short-range interaction domain and a long-range interaction domain. The short-range domain includes residues immediately surrounding the tunneling contact region around the heme and Tyr L162 that display close intermolecular contacts optimized for electron transfer. These include a small number of hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and a pi-cation interaction. The long-range interaction domain consists of solvated complementary charged residues; positively charged residues from the cyt and negatively charged residues from the RC that provide long range electrostatic interactions that can steer the two proteins into position for rapid association.
Grievances do matter in mobilization

This article proposes that by studying grievances as not only materially but also ideationally constituted claims, scholars can gain analytical leverage on puzzles of social movement emergence and development. This meaning-laden approach to grievances recognizes that the ideas with which some claims are imbued might be more conducive to motivating political resistance than others. The approach is inherently grounded in context—scholars begin by understanding the meanings that grievances take on in particular times and places. But it is also potentially generalizable; as scholars uncover the ways in which apparently different grievances may index similar ideas across time and place, those grievances can be categorized similarly and their potential relationship to social mobilization explored. Drawing on evidence from the 2000 Bolivian water wars, the article proposes that market driven threats to subsistence resources offer one such potential categorization.
Running Inhibits the Reversal of Atrophic Changes in Canine Knee Cartilage After Removal of a Leg Cast

The effect of vigorous exercise on the reversibility of canine knee cartilage atrophy produced by immobilization of the leg was studied. In comparison to cartilage from the contralateral control knees, cartilage from knees which had been immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks showed an increase in water content and decreases in thickness, Safranin O staining of the matrix, uronic acid content, and net proteoglycan synthesis. In addition, the ability of both newly synthesized (35S) and total tissue proteoglycans to interact with hyaluronic acid to form aggregates was diminished; this was apparently due to an abnormality in the hyaluronate-binding region of the core proteins. If the casts were removed and the animals were then allowed to ambulate ad libitum for 3 weeks, all of these changes were reversed. However, knee cartilage from 3 dogs which had been run daily on a treadmill (6 miles/day) for 3 weeks after removal of the casts exhibited continuing decreases in thickness, Safranin O staining, and uronic acid content (mean 31%), even though net proteoglycan synthesis was increased (mean 16%) in comparison to that in control cartilage from the contralateral (nonimmobilized) knee. Furthermore, the abnormality in both 35S- and total tissue proteoglycans which precluded their interaction with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid persisted. In this respect, the proteoglycans were indistinguishable from those obtained from knee cartilage immediately following 6 weeks in a cast.
The current for a two-electron reaction is not necessarily twice that of a one-electron reaction

Abstract Two-setp oxidation or reduction of a molecule is considered for the case where removal (or addition) of the second electron is more difficult than that of the first. In such cases, the comproportionation reaction between the final product and the original reactant to give two molecules of the one-electron intermediate is favored and can occur in the diffusion-reaction layer. When the diffusion coefficients of the three species differ, the current seen at potentials where the two-electron reaction occurs will not be twice that seen at potentials where the one-electron reaction occurs, i.e. napp does not equal 2. For chronoamperometry, digital simulations have been employed to predict the dependence of napp on the relative diffusion coefficients. It has been shown that equality of the diffusion coefficients of the reactant and the one-electron product is sufficient to guarantee that napp will be 2. Diffusion coefficients of neutral tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), its radical anion and the dianion have been meaured in acetonitrile. It is predicted that napp will be 1.98 for reduction of neutral TCNQ and 2.18 for oxidation of TCNQ2−. Within experimental error, these values were found experimentally using normal pulse voltammetry. The effect of unequal diffusion coefficients was also observed in cyclic voltammetry and confirmed by simulation.
Catch-up growth in autosomal dominant isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD type II)

OBJECTIVE: Data on the GH-induced catch-up growth of severely GH-deficient children affected by monogenetic defects are missing. PATIENTS: Catch-up growth of 21 prepubertal children (6 females, 15 males) affected with IGHD type II was analyzed in a retrospective chart review. At start of therapy, mean age was 6.2 years (range, 1.6-15.0), mean height SDS was -4.7 (-7.6 to -2.2), mean IGF-I SDS was -6.2 (-10.1 to -2.2). GH was substituted using a mean dose of 30.5microg/kg*d. RESULTS: Catch-up growth was characterized by a mean height gain of +0.92, +0.82, and +0.61 SDS after 1, 2, and 3 years of GH therapy, respectively. Mean height velocities were 10.7, 9.2 and 7.7cm/year during the first three years. Mean duration of complete catch-up growth was 6 years (3-9). Mean height SDS reached was -0.97 (-2.3 to +1.1), which was within the range of the estimated target height of -0.60 SDS (-1.20 to -0.15). The younger and shorter the children were at start of therapy the better they grew during the first year independent of the dose. Mean bone age was delayed at start by 2.1 years and progressed by 2.5 years during the first two years of therapy. Incomplete catch-up growth was caused by late initiation or irregular administration of GH in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that GH-treated children with severe IGHD show a sustained catch-up growth over 6 years (mean) and reach their target height range. This response to GH is considered to be characteristic for young children with severe growth retardation due to IGHD.
Three-dimensional digital image correlation technique using single high-speed camera for measuring large out-of-plane displacements at high framing rates

We are concerned with the development of a three-dimensional (3D) full-field high-speed digital image correlation (DIC) measurement system using a single camera, specifically aimed at measuring large out-of-plane displacements. A system has been devised to record images at ultrahigh speeds using a single camera and a series of mirrors. These mirrors effectively converted a single camera into two virtual cameras that view a specimen surface from different angles and capture two images simultaneously. This pair of images enables one to perform DIC measurements to obtain 3D displacement fields at high framing rates. Bench testing along with results obtained using a shock wave blast test facility are used to show the validity of the method.
Laboratory Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles

The use of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) as a partial replacement for petroleum-based virgin asphalt binder has received considerable attention in recent years. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing RAS, including stone mastic asphalt. Mixes were designed to meet Superpave® design criteria. A suite of laboratory tests was conducted to capture the mechanistic behavior of the mixtures against major distresses. Laboratory testing evaluated rutting performance, moisture resistance, and fracture resistance of laboratory produced mixtures by using the Hamburg loaded wheel-tracking test, semicircular bending test, and thermal stress restrained specimen tensile strength test. Results of the experimental program indicated that the draft revision of AASHTO PP 53, Standard Practice for Design Considerations When Using Reclaimed Asphalt Shingles (RAS) in New Hot-Mix Asphalt, over-estimated the shingle asphalt binder availability factor. In ad...
Electronic structure and magnetic and hyperfine properties of Fe/V sandwiches and interfaces

The electronic, magnetic, and hyperfine properties of 15-atom clusters of Fe/V superstructures are calculated using the first-principles discrete-variational X-italic..cap alpha.. method (DV-X-italic..cap alpha..). The superstructures include a monolayer of Fe sandwiched between two thick V layers, an Fe/V interface, and a single layer of Fe on bulk V. The numbers of V atoms in the first and second shells surrounding the central Fe atom (N-italic and M-italic, respectively) were varied and the trends exhibited by the electronic magnetic moments, ..mu.., hyperfine fields, H-italic/sub c-italic/, isomer shifts, IS, and the electric quadrupole splitting, ..delta../sub EQ/, were investigated. The results show that the magnetic moment on the central Fe atom does not decrease with increasing N-italic contrary to previous interpretations of experimental results. The dependence of the central atom magnetic moment on M-italic is minor. The magnetic hyperfine field decreases in magnitude with increasing N-italic and almost vanishes when N-italic = 8. The 3d-italic partial electronic density of states reflects asymmetry in the bonding between the spin-up and the spin-down states of Fe and V and the asymmetry becomes more pronounced with increasing N-italic. The isomer shift of Fe/V systems relative to ..cap alpha..-Fe becomes more negative as N-italic increases. A linearmore » correlation of the average H-italic/sub c-italic/ and IS is found and its slope determined. It is indicated that this slope could be used to determine ..cap alpha.., the isomer-shift calibration constant. The electric quadrupole splitting ..delta../sub EQ/ shows no regular trends. A model is proposed to explain the above trends.« less
Patterns of salivary cortisol secretion in pregnancy and implications for assessment protocols

Cortisol is used in research as a biomarker of psychological stress. Logistical considerations argue for collecting as few samples as possible, balanced against diurnal rhythms and intra-individual variations. 100 pregnant women gave five saliva samples a day for 3 days, at waking, 30 min after waking, and 11:00 a.m., 5:00 p.m., and 9:00 p.m. Timing of collection was confirmed by monitors. Another sample was taken during a clinic visit. Using the 15 measures as the gold standard, correlations and mean area under the curve (AUC) were compared with subsets and the single clinic sample to evaluate alternate collection protocols. Five samples in 1 day, or protocols involving morning and night samples, had the highest correlations with mean AUC (correlation coefficient ranging from 0.82 to 0.88). Standardizing the clinic measurement to a single time of day did not substantially improve correlations with mean AUC. Correlations with measures of reported stress were also not strong.
The use of tracheal implants in toxicology and carcinogenesis research

Tracheal implants have served as an important experimental pathology tool with which to study the toxic and/or carcinogenic effects of chemicals upon upper respiratory tract epithelium. Initial studies with this method utilized heterotopic rat tracheal transplants which were exposed to compounds of interest, and assessed for toxic and/or carcinogenic endpoints. Grafts containing rodent tissue have proved useful for studying the cellular and biochemical features of neoplastic progression at different time intervals following in vivo exposure to carcinogens. More recent studies have utilized epithelial denuded tracheal implants inoculated with respiratory cell populations, and xenografted into immunodeficient nu/nu mice. This technique permits the study of airway epithelium from a variety of species, including man. The advent of molecular pathology techniques such as in situ hybridization will further expand the uses of tracheal implant technology for studies with xenografted human tissues. Such implants should prove useful for the examination of species- and tissue-specific characteristics of growth and differentiation by providing a bridge between cell culture and whole animal studies.
NMR spectroscopy in distinguishing between 3‐piperidyl‐ and 2‐pyrrolidylmethyl alcohols, amines, esters, and amides

Nmr analysis was found to be superior to an older ir technique for assigning structures in a study involving ring contraction-expansion of 3-hydroxypiperidine ⇌ 2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidine systems and their ester derivatives. Nmr was not useful in studies of 3-aminopiperidines and 2-aminomethylpyrrolidines, but it could be applied to certain of their N-acyl derivatives. The nmr method was used to determine that esterification reactions of 1-methyl-3-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-piperidine and the sodium or potassium salts of some highly substituted carboxylic acids gave the ring-contracted pyrrolidine esters. In contrast, 1-methyl-3-aminopiperidine formed an amide with benzilic acid in which the piperidine ring remained unchanged. Aminolysis of methyl benzilate with 1-methyl-3-aminopiperidine resulted in a novel decarbonylation of the ester and isolation of benzophenone and l-methyl-3-formylamidopiperidine.
A tale of two cultures: Revisiting journal editors' views of replication research

Abstract While replications are an important and integral component of the scientific method, and are common in the natural science literature, the usefulness of replication research is not as widely practiced in the social sciences. The authors previously (1995, 2000) investigated the prevalence of replication research by soliciting journal editors' perceptions of their disciplines' attitudes toward such work. Originally, two studies questioned editors — first in the natural and social sciences and, later, editors in advertising, communications, and marketing journals. Findings included that natural science editors have generally endorsed replication as a necessary part of research, while social science editors have been less than enthusiastic about its adoption. Marketing communications and advertising editors responded consistently with that of most other social science editors. This paper revisits journal editors' views of replication research and updates the state of research in the social sciences.
EURATOM: A Study in Coalition Politics

The two industrial nuclear-power blocs in Western Europe, EURATOM (European Atomic Community—the Common Market) and ENEA (European Nuclear Energy Agency, organized under the auspices of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation), represent a significant political cleavage in Europe. Both supranational groups are consortiums for the generation of industrial nuclear power, including fuel production, reprocessing, and isotope separation. EURATOM represents the Continental Six under French-West German leadership; ENEA, a more loosely organized bloc under British sponsorship.
Sixty Mb/s transversal equalizer

A model of a linear digital communication system is introduced and adaptive equalization in general is explained. A five-tap transversal equalizer is designed, breadboarded and tested in a 60 Mb/s burst mode modem in a quasi-linear and a non-linear channel under the following configurations: 1Parabolic, linear and combination of parabolic and linear delay distortions were inserted after the non-linearity (TWTA). 2Case 1 was repeated with distortions inserted before the non-linearity. When parabolic distortion is added before the non-linearity improvements in the BER are significant.
Evidence of unconscious motor adaptation to cognitive and auditory distraction

Using a simulated driving station, 36 participants applied the brake as quickly as possible following the activation of a red light under each of six conditions including (1) the control (braking only), (2) 72 dBA music stimulus, (3) 86 dBA music stimulus, (4) cell phone conversation, (5) cell phone conversation and 72dBA music, and (6) cell phone conversation and 86dBA music. Participants were distracted by the cell phone conversation, as demonstrated by slower response time and reaction time (RT). The addition of the music stimulus, even at 86 dBA, did not exacerbate the deficits. Braking movement time was faster, and peak braking force greater when the cell phone conversation was present than when it was absent. Participants appear to have anticipated impaired RT and adapted unconsciously by executing a more rapid movement to the brake pedal. Also, participants appear to have compensated for slower RT by applying greater braking force. The adaptive behavior observed in the experiment is discussed in the context of unconscious goal pursuit and neuromotor noise theory.
DNA sequence of the E. coli gyrB gene: application of a new sequencing strategy

Abstract We have determined the sequence of the E. coli gyrB gene, using a new sequencing approach in which transposition from a mini-Mu plasmid into the DNA provides random start points for dideoxynucleotide sequence analysis. The gyrB sequence corresponds to a protein 804 amino acids long; a previously isolated protein fragment with partial enzymatic activity has been identified as the C-terminal half-molecule. A plausible terminator of gyrB transcription is located just beyond the structural gene.
Sources of health information in a multiethnic, underserved, urban community: does ethnicity matter?

The Latino population is the fastest growing minority in the country, and is expected to reach about 30% of the total U.S. population by 2050. Historically, primary care practitioners are not the preferred source of health information for Latinos living in the United States. Latinos are known to rely more on media, family, and friends to get answers to health-related questions. Choosing the appropriate information source is an important component of health information–seeking behavior; it also represents a major challenge for health communicators trying to deliver information to their target audience. This study explores how ethnicity influences health information source selection among Latinos and White non-Latinos living together in an underserved, multiethnic urban community with poor health status and underlying socioeconomic characteristics. The results suggest that this community manifests a high degree of homogeneity in their usage of health information sources. Nevertheless, there are significant ...
Effect of iNOS and NF-κB gene silencing on β-cell survival and function

Purpose: Type I diabetes results from β-cell death and dysfunction, induced by infiltration of immune cells and local production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we investigated the effect of iNOS and NF-κB gene silencing on β-cell survival and function.Methods: Rat insulinoma INS-1E cells were transfected with chemically synthesized siRNA after complex formation with Lipofectamine 2000. Cells were then treated with a cocktail of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β+ TNF-α+ IFN-α), and glucose stimulated-insulin response and viability were determined. iNOS and NF-κB gene expression was assessed at mRNA level by real time RT-PCR. The effect of gene silencing was also correlated with cytokine-induced NO production and apoptosis.Results: Transfection of INS-1E cells with siRNAs silenced iNOS and NF-κB gene expression and reduced NO production in a sequence-specific manner without causing significant loss of cell viability and function. However, the abrogation of NO production did not prevent INS-1E cells from ...