cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Formal Nutrition Education into a Medical School Curriculum: A Student-Initiated Lecture Series (P2.010)

Objective: A student-led nutrition lecture series established a sustainable nutrition education model at Wake Forest School of Medicine. Background: A 2013 survey of 133 US medical schools found that 71% of programs fall short in providing the minimum recommended 25 hours of nutrition education. Poor nutrition is the root cause of many common diseases and exacerbates disease progression. Without adequate training in nutrition and the skills needed to provide effective nutrition counseling to patients, graduates of medical schools are ill-equipped to assist their patients in making necessary life-style changes. With increasing rates of chronic diseases related to poor nutrition, it has become critical to address the lack of evidence-based, practical nutrition education. Design/Methods: Five 1-hour evidence-based lectures were created by students along with a faculty mentor, and surveys were conducted before and after the lectures. Results: On the basis of survey data from Wake Forest School of Medicine, 85% of the 65 participating students in their clinical years of education are not confident in their preparedness to counsel patients about nutrition topics. Likewise, the majority of respondents (86%) stated they would be interested in more practical evidence-based nutrition education. Students agreed that each lecture expanded their knowledge, that they would be able to use this information to counsel patients, and that the material was taught at their level. Conclusions: Students surveyed at Wake Forest School of Medicine felt ill-equipped to counsel patients about nutrition and expressed a desire to learn about nutrition in relation to their future clinical practice. This highlights the need for more evidence-based nutrition training within US medical schools. The students responded favorably to the peer teaching of the nutrition classes and many students reported they can use the information to counsel patients. Areas for further investigation include how formal nutrition education can be implemented into the existing medical student curriculum. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr Baute has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blackwell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wilson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cartwright has nothing to disclose.
Locked-in syndrome responding to thrombolytic therapy

Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is an exceedingly rare condition that has been described as a fate worse than death. Unfortunately, exam findings can be subtle and imaging is poorly sensitive, often leading to a delay in diagnosis. We present a case of a 70-year-old female who presented to our emergency department after developing respiratory distress followed by sudden unresponsiveness. She was diagnosed with LIS and had an immediate and remarkable improvement after administration of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Patients presenting with sudden onset altered mental status require a very careful physical exam, even if deemed comatose, and should be considered for emergent imaging for stroke. Fortunately, our patient recovered well and was discharged home in good condition.
An Empirical Assessment of Presentation Formats for Trace Evidence with a Relatively Large and Quantifiable Random Match Probability

Since the early 1970s, academics have debated the wisdom of an explicit use of statistical information concerning the probability of a coincidental match in the presentation of forensic match evidence at trial. Critics pointed to the dangers of such numbers, arguing that jurors would misunderstand the numbers and exaggerate their importance in the case, being seduced into ignoring the other unquantified evidence. Data from a pool of people called for jury service in Kane County, Illinois, support the conclusion reached in most previous empirical research: Jurors tend to undervalue the scientific evidence when measured against a Bayesian norm. More importantly, the present results indicate that a careful use of Bayesian methods in the courtroom can assist the jury in reaching more accurate verdicts, a conclusion with less support in previous studies. This study also suggests that it may be possible in some contexts to achieve comparable improvements in accuracy by giving juries less information than is conventionally given to them. The significance of this last result, however, is more ambiguous.
PATIENT-SPECIFIC BIOFIDELIC HUMAN CORONARY ARTERY SURROGATES

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one killer for both men and women in the United States. To date, unavailability of human coronary arteries due to ethical and biosafety issues has not al...
A study of ascorbic acid metabolism of adolescent children.

Published December 1947. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
Forward Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences at Continental Margins

Abstract : The goal of the Stratigraphy project of the STRATAFORM program is to understand the creation of the preserved stratigraphic record on continental shelves and slopes as the product of physical processes acting with spatial and temporal heterogeneities. I am using numerical models to provide insight into the formation and preservation of stratigraphic sequences at margins. My goal is to obtain a quantitative understanding of the interactions of environmental parameters and their influence on stratal architecture and facies distribution. I wish to be able decipher the stratigraphy on margins to read the geologic record of the past and predict future stratigraphy.
Localized Microstructural Deformation Behavior of Dynamically Deformed Pure Magnesium

Dynamic grain boundary region deformation of pure magnesium was investigated and verified by utilizing in-situ full field strain measurements obtained from Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. This method was confirmed to effectively characterize the microstructural response of an area of interest in the vicinity of multiple grain boundaries and triple junctions. The highly heterogeneous evolution of the material strain patterns was quantified, and the highest concentrations of the localized response were seen to occur primarily at the interfaces between grains, while the amount of in-grain deformation, specifically in the larger grains was minimal by comparison. Locations of suspected active slip and twinning regions were identified and conclusions about other possible modes of deformation are discussed.
Use of the MMSE in the Prediction of Driving Fitness: Relevance of Specific Subtests

Objectives To examine the association between performance on subtests of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and driving competence in people with cognitive impairment (CI) as well as those with no cognitive impairment (NCI). Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Participants referred for a DriveWise evaluation at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, were included in the study. Participants A total of 419 participants referred for a DriveWise evaluation was studied. The average age of the sample was 77.69 years. In this study, people with an MMSE score lower than 25 were included in the CI group; 41% of participants had CI. Measurements All participants underwent mental status screening with the MMSE, and all underwent a 45-minute road test modeled after the Washington University Road Test adapted for use in Boston streets. Results In both groups, poor road test performance was associated with low scores on the MMSE. In drivers with CI, MMSE total score and performance on the attention subtest were significantly lower for those who failed the road test. In drivers with NCI, the MMSE total score and orientation subtests were significantly lower for those who failed the road test. Conclusions Clinicians working with older people should know that the MMSE is an effective tool to screen for driving safety, but MMSE subtests are differentially sensitive to driving safety in people with and without CI. Poor performance on specific MMSE subtests may prompt further evaluation of driving competence with a road test. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:790-793, 2019.
Ambiguity of NRPS Structure Predictions: Four Bidentate Chelating Groups in the Siderophore Pacifibactin

Identified through a bioinformatics approach, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster in Alcanivorax pacificus encodes the biosynthesis of the new siderophore pacifibactin. The structure of pacifibactin differs markedly from the bioinformatic prediction and contains four bidentate metal chelation sites, atypical for siderophores. Genome mining and structural characterization of pacifibactin is reported herein, as well as characterization of pacifibactin variants accessible due to a lack of adenylation domain fidelity during biosynthesis. A spectrophotometric titration of pacifibactin with Fe(III) and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the Ga(III)-pacifibactin complex establish 1:1 metal:pacifibactin coordination and reveal which of the bidentate binding groups are coordinated to the metal. The photoreaction of Fe(III)-pacifibactin, resulting from Fe(III) coordination of the β-hydroxyaspartic acid ligands, is reported.
The Case of Owen Burt: Running on Empty

Burnout is a syndrome, most commonly examined within the context of a work situation, that presents with a range of mental and physical complaints and has been defined by the core features of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduction in one’s sense of personal accomplishment. The implications on the individual and the healthcare system are significant. Burnout commonly develops in situations with low perceived autonomy and high external demands. Physicians and others in the healthcare field are at high risk for burnout. Burnout may coexist, and have common features, with other psychiatric disorders, including depression. A careful assessment to differentiate between burnout and other conditions is important. Management of burnout will need to address both the organization-level and individual-level drivers of burnout. Beliefs and attitudes may impact the psychiatrist assessing another physician for burnout.
Activated protein C ameliorates chronic graft-versus-host disease by PAR1-dependent biased cell signaling on T cells

Soluble thrombomodulin plasma concentrations are elevated in steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), implying endothelial hypofunctioning for thrombomodulin-dependent generation of activated protein C’s (APC) anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic functions. Recombinant thrombomodulin or APC administration decreases acute GVHD, manifested by intense inflammation and tissue destruction. Here, we administered recombinant murine wild-type (WT) APC to mice with established chronic GVHD (cGVHD), a less-inflammatory autoimmune-like disease. WT APC normalized bronchiolitis obliterans–induced pulmonary dysfunction. Signaling-selective APC variants (3A-APC [APC with lysine 191-193 replaced with 3 alanines] or 5A-APC [APC with lysine 191-193 replaced with 3 alanines and arginine 229/230 replaced with 2 alanines]) with normal cytoprotective properties, but greatly reduced anticoagulant activity, provided similar results. Mechanistically, WT APC and signaling-selective variants reduced T follicular helper cells, germinal center formation, immunoglobulin, and collagen deposition. WT APC can potentially cleave protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) at Arg41 or Arg46, the latter causing anti-inflammatory signaling. cGVHD was reduced in recipients of T cells from WT PAR1 or mutated Gln41-PAR1 donors but not from mutated Gln46-PAR1 donors. These data implicate donor T-cell APC-induced noncanonical cleavage at Arg46-PAR1, which is known to confer cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Together, these data indicate that APC anticoagulant activity is dispensable, whereas anti-inflammatory signaling and cytoprotective cell signaling by APC are essential. Because a phase 2 ischemic stroke clinical trial did not raise any safety issues for 3A-APC treatment, our studies provide a foundational platform for testing in clinical cGVHD therapy.
Performance Analysis of Timing-Speculative Processors

We propose a framework to estimate the number of timing errors experienced by an application as it runs on a timing-speculative processor. It takes a hybrid approach combining an accurate gate-level dynamic timing analysis engine to find timing errors in the processor's control network with a fast architecture-level execution-driven simulator based on a path activation model of the datapath. We develop an instruction-level error model that estimates the likelihood of an instruction experiencing a timing error, capturing the effects of process and data variations as well as inter-instruction correlations caused by the error recovery scheme used by the processor. Finally, we utilize two well-known laws of applied statistics, the law of small numbers and the law of large numbers, to estimate, with bounded inaccuracy, the total number of timing errors experienced by a specific application. Our experiments show that the combination of running application and its input data can change performance by as much as 25 percent, demonstrating that application-specific analysis is necessary for accurate evaluation of timing-speculative processors and should be used to inform design decisions and assess the suitability of applications for timing speculation.
Absence of HIF1A leads to glycogen accumulation and an inflammatory response that enables pancreatic tumor growth.

Cancer cells respond to hypoxia by upregulating the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) transcription factor, which drives survival mechanisms that include metabolic adaptation and induction of angiogenesis by VEGF. Pancreatic tumors are poorly vascularized and severely hypoxic. To study the angiogenic role of HIF1A, and specifically probe whether tumors are able to use alternative pathways in its absence, we created a xenograft mouse tumor model of pancreatic cancer lacking HIF1A. After an initial delay of about 30 days, the HIF1A-deficient tumors grew as rapidly as the wild-type tumors and had similar vascularization. These changes were maintained in subsequent passages of tumor xenografts in vivo and in cell lines ex vivo. There were many cancer cells with a "clear-cell" phenotype in the HIF1A-deficient tumors; this was the result of accumulation of glycogen. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the tumors identified hypoxic cancer cells with inhibited glycogen breakdown, which promoted glycogen accumulation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins 1β (IL1B) and 8 (IL8). scRNA-seq of the mouse tumor stroma showed enrichment of two subsets of myeloid dendritic cells (cDC), cDC1 and cDC2, that secreted proangiogenic cytokines. These results suggest that glycogen accumulation associated with a clear-cell phenotype in hypoxic cancer cells lacking HIF1A can initiate an alternate pathway of cytokine and DC-driven angiogenesis. Inhibiting glycogen accumulation may provide a treatment for cancers with the clear-cell phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings establish a novel mechanism by which tumors support angiogenesis in an HIF1α-independent manner.
RFAL: Adversarial Learning for RF Transmitter Identification and Classification

Recent advances in wireless technologies have led to several autonomous deployments of such networks. As nodes across distributed networks must co-exist, it is important that all transmitters and receivers are aware of their radio frequency (RF) surroundings so that they can adapt their transmission and reception parameters to best suit their needs. To this end, machine learning techniques have become popular as they can learn, analyze and predict the RF signals and associated parameters that characterize the RF environment. However, in the presence of adversaries, malicious activities such as jamming and spoofing are inevitable, making most machine learning techniques ineffective in such environments. In this paper we propose the Radio Frequency Adversarial Learning (RFAL) framework for building a robust system to identify rogue RF transmitters by designing and implementing a generative adversarial net (GAN). We hope to exploit transmitter specific “signatures” like the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) imbalance (i.e., the I/Q imbalance ) present in all transmitters for this task, by learning feature representations using a deep neural network that uses the I/Q data from received signals as input. After detection and elimination of the adversarial transmitters RFAL further uses this learned feature embedding as “fingerprints” for categorizing the trusted transmitters. More specifically, we implement a generative model that learns the sample space of the I/Q values of known transmitters and uses the learned representation to generate signals that imitate the transmissions of these transmitters. We program 8 universal software radio peripheral (USRP) software defined radios (SDRs) as trusted transmitters and collect “over-the-air” raw I/Q data from them using a Realtek Software Defined Radio (RTL-SDR), in a laboratory setting. We also implement a discriminator model that discriminates between the trusted transmitters and the counterfeit ones with 99.9% accuracy and is trained in the GAN framework using data from the generator. Finally, after elimination of the adversarial transmitters, the trusted transmitters are classified using a convolutional neural network (CNN), a fully connected deep neural network (DNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) to demonstrate building of an end-to-end robust transmitter identification system with RFAL. Experimental results reveal that the CNN, DNN, and RNN are able to correctly distinguish between the 8 trusted transmitters with 81.6%, 94.6% and 97% accuracy respectively. We also show that better “trusted transmission” classification accuracy is achieved for all three types of neural networks when data from two different types of transmitters (different manufacturers) are used rather than when using the same type of transmitter (same manufacturer).
Myelofibrosis: best practices, controversies and 2019 update

Introduction: Recent advances in the prognostic scheme and treatment of primary and secondary myelofibrosis (MF) have resulted in an overwhelming amount of clinical information to assimilate. The authors believe a comprehensive review that summarizes the most recent published literature, could serve as guidelines for the practicing hematologist.Areas covered: The authors provide a summary of landmark articles regarding epidemiology, symptoms, and pathogenesis of disease. The authors conducted a systematic literature review to answer questions regarding differences between primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and secondary myelofibrosis (SMF), appropriate use and selection of the current risk-stratification models, early versus late treatment of MF and current practices in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) for MF. The authors conclude the article with their clinical opinion based on their experience and literature review. The purpose of this article is to identify current practices, address any variation, identify and investigate conflicting results and produce statements to guide decision-making.Expert opinion: In this section, the authors advocate for and provide examples of a standardized way of incorporating future discoveries in the pathogenesis and risk-stratification models of MF. They also discuss the importance of using only one risk-stratification model for PMF and one for SMF and their reasoning for early instead of late treatment of MF.
Biotic resistance to invasion is ubiquitous across ecosystems of the United States.

The biotic resistance hypothesis predicts that diverse native communities are more resistant to invasion. However, past studies vary in their support for this hypothesis due to an apparent contradiction between experimental studies, which support biotic resistance, and observational studies, which find that native and non-native species richness are positively related at broad scales (small-scale studies are more variable). Here, we present a novel analysis of the biotic resistance hypothesis using 24 456 observations of plant richness spanning four community types and seven ecoregions of the United States. Non-native plant occurrence was negatively related to native plant richness across all community types and ecoregions, although the strength of biotic resistance varied across different ecological, anthropogenic and climatic contexts. Our results strongly support the biotic resistance hypothesis, thus reconciling differences between experimental and observational studies and providing evidence for the shared benefits between invasive species management and native biodiversity conservation.
Overconfidence and (Over)Trading: The Effect of Feedback on Trading Behavior

Abstract Overconfidence is linked to higher levels of trading and lower profits in financial markets. This paper explores overconfidence and trading in a laboratory setting to determine whether overconfidence in the accuracy of one's information is a driver of this situation. In a laboratory experiment, I design an environment such that being overconfident in one's own accuracy of information creates incentives to overtrade. Across treatments, I exogenously vary the type of feedback participants receive, such that some groups receive no feedback and other groups receive varying feedback about the accuracy of information, limiting the likelihood that they remain overconfident. The results show that the accuracy of information mediates the overconfidence effects on trading, and indicate that overconfidence leads to higher trading volume and weakly damages profits.
Formation control for agents modeled with extended unicycle dynamics that includes orientation kinematics on SO(m) and speed constraints

Abstract We present a formation control algorithm for agents with extended unicycle dynamics that include orientation kinematics on SO ( m ) , first-order uncertain speed dynamics, and hard constraints on speed. The desired interagent positions are expressed in a leader-fixed coordinate frame. Thus, the desired interagent positions vary in time as the leader-fixed frame rotates. We assume that each agent has relative-position feedback of its neighbor agents, where the neighbor sets are such that the interagent communication (i.e., feedback) structure is a quasi-strongly connected directed graph. We assume that at least one agent (which is a center vertex of the graph) has access to a measurement its position relative to the leader. The main analytic results show that for almost all initial conditions, each agent converges to its desired relative position with the leader and the other agents, and each agent’s speed satisfies the speed constraints for all time. We also present an adaptive extension of the formation control algorithm that addresses uncertain speed dynamics, which are parameterized as an unknown linear combination of known basis functions. Finally, we present numerical simulations to demonstrate both the non-adaptive and adaptive formation control methods.
Dances with dogs: interspecies play and a case for sympoietic enactivism.

I argue that an enactivist framework has more explanatory power than traditional philosophical theories of cognition when it comes to understanding the mechanisms underlying human-animal relationships. In both intraspecies and interspecies exchanges, what we often find are novel forms of cognition emerging from such transactions, but these “co-cognitive” processes cannot be understood apart from the interaction itself. I focus on a specific form of human-animal interaction—play, as it occurs between humans and domestic dogs—and argue that the best theory suited to the task of explaining how these two species create unique thought processes is a “sympoietic enactivism.” Rather than the more common “autopoietic” arguments defended by many enactivists, I argue that what is more accurately occurring during bouts of human–dog play is sympoietic, or “collectively producing.” Drawing on several different disciplines that converge on similar conclusions about creativity and collaboration, I show that human–dog play is a quintessential case of cognition that cannot be readily understood by appealing to the inner workings of either individual among the dyad. Thinking, on this view, is a form of play, and in playful interaction what gets created are wholly intersubjective modes of thought.
Generating Hints for Programming Problems Without a Solution

We propose a novel way of implementing an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) to accompany coding problems without accessible solutions. Previous ITS are good at generating feedback for coding problems with known solutions, but there exists a wide variety of coding platforms that do not publish solutions for many of their problems. These platforms are hugely popular with CS students, so a hint generator that does not require a known solution would benefit a large population of students. We attempted this task using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, specifically BERT fine-tuning, to predict solution components. We selected three features that were easy to programmatically detect in solutions - lists, stacks, and queues - and labeled each statement with three booleans denoting whether their solutions contained each feature. Next, we fed the statements through BERT and fit several binary classifiers to the 12th layer to predict which statements had which feature. We were unsuccessful at predicting these features from the problem statements beyond the negative class proportion, possibly due to class imbalance or insufficient BERT pre-training. Because this is a new problem for ITS, we also propose a general benchmark to measure the efficacy of solution-less hint generators in hopes of informing future research.
A Goldilocks Principle for the Gut Microbiome: Taxonomic Resolution Matters for Microbiome-Based Classification of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a common and deadly disease in the United States accounting for over 50,000 deaths in 2020. This progressive disease is highly preventable with early detection and treatment, but many people do not comply with the recommended screening guidelines. The gut microbiome has emerged as a promising target for non-invasive detection of colorectal cancer. Most microbiome-based classification efforts utilize taxonomic abundance data from operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with the goal of increasing taxonomic resolution. However, it is unknown which taxonomic resolution is optimal for microbiome-based classification of colorectal cancer. To address this question, we used a reproducible machine learning framework to quantify classification performance of models based on data annotated to phylum, class, order, family, genus, OTU, and ASV levels. We found that model performance increased with increasing taxonomic resolution, up to the family level where performance was equal (p > 0.05) among family (mean AUC: 0.689), genus (mean AUC: 0.690), and OTU (mean AUC: 0.693) levels before decreasing at the ASV level (p < 0.05, mean AUC: 0.676). These results demonstrate a trade-off between taxonomic resolution and prediction performance, where coarse taxonomic resolution (e.g. phylum) is not distinct enough but fine resolution (e.g. ASV) is to individualized to accurately classify samples. Similar to the story of Goldilocks and the three bears, mid-range resolution (i.e. family, genus, and OTU) is just right for optimal prediction of colorectal cancer from microbiome data.
Pasteur and Modern Science

Pasteur's stunning career has attracted a host of biographies, but this book, written by a distinguished French-born microbiologist, is among the best. Dubos displays a deep appreciation for the power and enduring significance of Pasteur's scientific work. His graceful writing style allows for him to convey the excitement and signficance of even the most technical aspects of Pasteur's work. Now, updated to the present day by the distinguished microbiologist, Thomas D. Brock, the book also includes a foreword by Pasteur scholar Gerald L. Geison from Princeton University that places the book in historical context. The book contains more than forty illustrations and tables, as well as a glossary and additional text. For high school and college undergraduate students, as well as the general reader, this is the ideal introduction to the life of Louis Pasteur. Electronic only, 193 pages, illustrations, glossary, index.
Autonomy After Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity

There are considerable obstacles to reading Adorno as a serious philosopher. Not only does Adorno’s intentionally idiosyncratic style make his texts difficult to interpret, but he was a polymath, h...
Efficient, specific, developmentally appropriate cre‐mediated recombination in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes

Summary Tissue-specific expression of cre recombinase is a well-established genetic tool to analyze gene function, and it is limited only by the efficiency and specificity of available cre mouse strains. Here, we report the generation of a transgenic line containing a cre cassette with codon usage optimized for mammalian cells (iCre) under the control of a mouse glycoprotein hormone α-subunit (αGSU) regulatory sequences in a bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clone. Initial analysis of this transgenic line, Tg(αGSU-iCre), with cre reporter strains reveals onset of cre activity in the differentiating cells of the developing anterior pituitary gland at embryonic day 12.5, with a pattern characteristic of endogenous αGSU. In adult mice, αGSU-iCre was active in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and in the cells that produce αGSU (gonadotropes and thyrotropes) with high penetrance. Little or no activity was observed in other tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, lungs, testis, ovary, and liver. This αGSU-iCre line is suitable for efficient, specific, and developmentally regulated deletion of floxed alleles in anterior pituitary gonadotropes and thyrotropes. genesis 51:785–792. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond biomarkers: an opportunity to address the 'pharmacodynamic gap' in pediatric drug development

As recently denoted by Wagner, a biomarker is defined as “A characteristic that is measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention” [1]. While it is widely recognized that children are not simply small adults with regard to disease expression and its response to therapy with drugs or bio logics, the aforementioned definition of ‘biomarker’ is equally applicable to adults and children.
Prolonged nasotracheal intubation in adults versus tracheostomy.

Nasotracheal intubation has a mortality rate of zero as compared to tracheostomy, which has a mortality rate of approximately 3 per cent. Nasotracheal intubation can be safely and effectively used over prolonged periods of time for the management of an airway without the hazards of hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema.
A COMPARISON OF THE CULTURAL VALUES OF SCOT AND U.S. CHILDREN

Abstract Afin de mettre en evidence les differences qui peuvent exister dans le systeme de valeurs des Americains et des Ecossais, on a administre a 1189 enfants ecossais et 1 268 enfants americains, de 10 a 18 ans, une question a reponses libres et un questionnaire de type Likert qui comporte 27 items relatifs aux valeurs suivantes: comprehension - utilite - espace vital - liberte - egalite - absence de besoins physiques - communaute - statut social. Les reponses a ce questionnaire permettent d'ordonner les valeurs selon un ordre decroissant: comprehension - utilite - egalite - communaute - absence de besoins physiques - espace vital - statut social - liberte; l'[acaron]ge, le sexe, la culture n'entra[icaron]nent pas de differences. Avec le questionnaire a reponses libres, il appara[icaron]t que les Ecossais mentionnent plus frequemment les valeurs suivantes: bonheur - carriere - sante - besoins biologiques tandis que les enfants americains valorisent davantage l'education, la famille et la realisation d...
Psychoanalytic developmental psychology and the supervision of psychotherapy supervisor trainees

While literature on psychotherapy supervision abounds, literature on supervisor supervision (i.e., the actual supervision of a supervisor trainee who is in the process of learning to supervise) is far more scarce. How might the supervision of supervision process be best understood? What is the developmental experience of supervisor trainees? How can supervisors effectively intervene when working with supervisor trainees? Those questions have been addressed in only the most meagre fashion, and guidance on how to engage in the supervision of supervision is sorely lacking. In this paper, a psychoanalytic developmental framework is used to provide a means of conceptualising the supervisor trainee experience and to suggest a programme by which supervisors can best respond to their supervisor trainees' needs. Supervisor trainee ‘unfolding’ and ‘becoming’ are captured within a developmental progression that punctuates separation and individuation processes. The place of the supervisor – in holding and containing...
Analysis of an injection/compression liquid composite molding process

The injection/compression liquid composite molding (LCM) process is simulated by using the control/volume finite element method (CV/FEM). The flow in the runner and the fiber-free areas is simplified by using an equivalent permeability approach. Several molding experiments were conducted using a tub-shaped mold and the structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) process for a poly(urethane/isocyanurate) matrix and a glass fiber preform. Good agreement is found between the experimental results and the simulation.
Cloning of the 5' mRNA for the 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen by rapid amplification of cDNA ends.

Abstract The 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1), defined by autoantibodies in patient sera, is a hemidesmosomal plaque protein in the same gene family as the intracellular proteins desmoplakin I/II and plectin. We had previously isolated, from a λgt11 library, overlapping cDNA clones with 6921 by of mRNA sequence for BPAG1. The coding sequence encoded by these clones included the 3′ stop codon but not the 5′ coding and non-coding region of the mRNA. To obtain these sequences we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method called rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The PCR products were cloned into plasmids and sequenced. With five PCR primers we were able to obtain overlapping clones containing the 5′ region of the mRNA. An upstream stop codon in frame with the rest of the coding sequence demonstrates that the full 5′ coding sequence is obtained. Four different PCR products from two separate reactions had the same 5′ end, suggesting that this 5′ end is near, or at, the transcription start site. No alternatively spliced clones were found and no transmembrane site was predicted, confirming that BPAG1 is an intracellular hemidesmosomal plaque protein.
Enhanced retroviral gene delivery in ultrasonic standing wave fields

Enhancement of retroviral transduction efficiency has been achieved by several physical and chemical approaches. However, the application of those methods is hampered by not easily scalable configurations. In this study, instead of looking into the effect of sonoporation, the potential of ultrasonic standing wave fields (USWF) to facilitate retroviral transduction rate was explored. We reasoned that, driven by the primary acoustic radiation force, suspended cells moved to the pressure nodal planes first and formed cell bands. Nanometer-sized retroviruses, circulated between nodal planes by acoustic microstreaming, then used the preformed cell bands as the nucleating sites to attach on. As a result, the encounter opportunity between retroviruses and cells was increased and further facilitated the gene delivery efficiency. Our results showed that mega-Hertz USWF brought K562 erythroleukemia cells (10(6) cells/ml) and vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein (VSV-G) pseudotyped retroviruses (titer of 5 x 10(6) CFU/ml) into close contact at the pressure nodal planes, yielding a four-fold increment of enhanced green fluorescent protein transgene expression after 5-min USWF exposure in the presence of Polybrene. Furthermore, with a fixed titer of retrovirus, the transduction rate was augmented with the increase of cell concentration. In summary, USWF offer a feasible means to enhance retroviral transduction efficiency in large-scale settings.
Current status of adjuvant systemic therapy for primary breast cancer: Progress and controversy

Results from studies of adjuvant systemic therapy for primary breast cancer accumulated over the past 20 years have clearly established that this treatment approach improves disease-free and overall survival rates in high-risk patients. As a result, adjuvant systemic therapy has become an integral component of the modern, multimodality approach to management of primary breast cancer. However, controversies about the most effective approaches remain, and research continues. This article reviews the current status of adjuvant systemic therapy for primary breast cancer and discusses areas of persistent controversy.
Nutrient Intakes and Determine Checklist Scores of Hispanic Elderly in South Texas

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe how the DETERMINE Checklist scores of Hispanic elderly compare with their intake of 19 nutrients. The purpose of this study is to compare the nutrition-risk status of Hispanic elderly with their nutritional intake. A demographic survey, a 24-hour dietary recall and the DETERMINE Checklist (DC) were administered to 70 randomly selected Hispanic elderly, 60 years and older, who eat at a senior center. Dietary analyses were done using Food Processor software. DETERMINE Checklist Scores (DCS) of 0-2, 3-5, and ≥ 6 respectively establish elderly at no or low risk, moderate risk, or high risk for malnutrition. Of the 70 elderly, 27 ( 38.5%), 18 (25.7%) and 25 (35.7%) were assessed at low, moderate, and high risk. The 70 participants had mean intakes greater than 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin C, vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, iron, phosphorous, selenium and protein. There were no significant differences between the mean intakes of 19 nutrients for the three nutrition-risk groups. Higher percentages of elderly with DCS 0-2 compared to those with DCS ≥6 ate less than 75% of the RDA for Vitamin A (56%, 48%; DCS 0-2, ≥ 6); vitamin D (56%, 36%); thiamin (26%, 16%); riboflavin (15%, 12%); niacin (33%, 20%); iron (33%, 8%); potassium (89%, 80%); calcium (44%, 38%), zinc (82%, 72%), and fiber (82%, 72%). Higher percentages of elderly with DCS ≥ 6 compared to elderly with DCS 0-2 ate less than 75% of the RDA for vitamin C (48%, 26%; DCS≥6, 0-2); vitamin B6 (56%, 48%); vitamin B12 (16%, 11.1%) folate (32%, 26%) and magnesium (76%, 63%). Fourteen elderly (52.8% with DCS 0-2), 11 (61.1%, DCS 3-5), and 8 (32.0%, DCS ≥ 6) ate
Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum.

Normal skin fibroblasts can repair ultraviolet radiation damage to DNA by inserting new bases into DNA in the form of small patches. Cells from patients with the hereditary disease xeroderma pigmentosum carry a mutation such that repair replication of DNA is either absent or much reduced in comparison to normal fibroblasts. Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum develop fatal skin cancers when exposed to sunlight, and so the failure of DNA repair in the skin must be related to carcinogenesis.
Ocular myasthenia gravis: Predictive value of single-fiber electromyography

Extraocular muscle weakness is the most common presenting sign of myasthenia gravis (MG). More than half of patients presenting with symptoms isolated to these muscles (OMG) develop generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) over the course of their illness. No clinical, laboratory, or electrophysiological features are recognized that identify these high-risk patients. We have therefore assessed the ability of single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) to predict the development of GMG in patients presenting with OMG. Thirty-nine consecutive patients presenting with OMG underwent SFEMG of the extensor digitorum communis muscle as well as a battery of other laboratory and imaging studies at the time of diagnosis. All patients were followed prospectively for a minimum of 24 months or until they developed GMG. Two patients were excluded, leaving 37 for assessment. Twenty remained with pure OMG for the entire follow-up period (mean, 55 months). Twenty-six of the 37 had abnormal SFEMG studies at presentation. Eleven of these remained with OMG and 15 developed GMG. Fifty-eight percent of patients with an abnormal SFEMG developed GMG, whereas 82% of those with a normal study remained with OMG. Thus, a normal SFEMG was associated with MG remaining restricted to the extraocular muscles. (P = 0.036, Fisher's exact test), but an abnormal SFEMG was not predictive of subsequent development of GMG.
Polyatomic ion-molecule radiative association: theoretical framework and predictions: observations of NO+ + C6H5CN as an example

Abstract A theoretical estimation scheme is described for the radiative association of ions with polyatomic molecules. The rate estimate is based on calculation of the competing processes of redissociation and radiative stabilization of the initial collision complex. Following the definition of a standard hydrocarbon whose properties should approximate those of many real molecules, Ramsperger—Rice—Kassel—Marcus kinetics are used to estimate the redissociation rate, and the IR radiative rate is estimated using established methods. The numbers found in this way are shown to be a useful predictor of the order of magnitude of the radiative association efficiency for a number of known systems. The radiative association of NO + with benzonitrile was predicted to be reasonably efficient. This process was observed in the ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) spectrometer, and was found to have an efficiency per collision of 0.014, and a rate of photon radiation from the collision complex of 29 s −1 , in excellent agreement with the theoretical estimates.
Specificity in neurogenesis

A consideration of neurogenesis touches on several basic problems of cell differentiation and cell interactions. The great diversity of neuron types supplies us with an abundant material for the study of the origin of cell strain specificity. Cell interactions occur during neurogenesis in a great variety of situations, and in all of them, problems of specificity and selective affinity assume a major importance.
Is human herpesvirus-8 transmitted by transfusion?

Studies of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) transmission through transfusion have produced contradictory results. In North America—a region with a low prevalence of HHV-8 infection—3 studies that tested specimens from linked positive-donor/negative-recipient pairs collected before the introduction of white blood cell (WBC) reduction and the extension of red blood cell (RBC) storage found no case of transmission of HHV-8 to 151 transfusion recipients who were HHV-8–seronegative before the transfusion and received components from HHV-8–seropositive donors. In Uganda, a prospective cohort study of pediatric transfusion recipients observed a small (≤2.8%/U) increase in the risk of HHV-8 seroconversion over 6 months of follow-up among children who received HHV-8–seropositive (compared with seronegative) transfusion. This excess risk may be due either to the transfusion of non-WBC–reduced and fresh RBC units from donors experiencing a high incidence of HHV-8 primary infection or virus reactivation, or to the acquisition of HHV-8 from other background sources in such a high-prevalence geographic area. Although no adequate explanation exists for the difference, transmission routes of HHV-8 differ strikingly between high- and low-prevalence areas, so that findings of studies from Africa should not be generalized to the situation in North America. Even if fresh and non-WBC–reduced units collected from donors with unusually high viremia were capable of transmitting HHV-8 to transfusion recipients in the United States, such a transmission risk would represent a rare event that does not warrant implementation of safety measures specifically for its prevention.
Uptake of putative neurotransmitters in the organ of Corti

In vitro uptake of putative neurotransmitters into the organ of Corti of the guinea pig was studied by autoradiography. After incubation in 3H-glycine the label was heaviest over the inner hair cell, but was not confined to the synaptic region of the cell. After incubation in 3H-GABA, 3H-glutamate and 3H-aspartate, heavy labeling was seen over the fibers and terminals of the efferent olivocochlear bundle. Leucine, an amino acid not thought to be a neurotransmitter, was uniformly taken up by all cochlear structures. The fact that GABA, glutamate and aspartate are taken up into efferents, which are almost certainly cholinergic, suggests that high affinity uptake of these substances is not restricted to terminals in which these substances are released as neurotransmitters.
Tumor location predicts survival in cutaneous head and neck melanoma.

Background Prior studies documented poorer outcomes in patients with cutaneous head and neck melanoma (CHNM) relative to those with melanoma at other sites. We evaluated survival differences attributable to tumor location in patients with CHNM. Methods We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for patients undergoing surgery for CHNM from 1988 to 2006, excluding patients without biopsy-proven diagnoses, those diagnosed at autopsy, and patients with distant metastases. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, we assessed patient, tumor, and treatment-specific factors on overall survival (OS) and melanoma specific survival (MSS). Cox proportional hazards models assessed the role of tumor location (ear, eyelid, face, lip, scalp/neck) on OS and MSS, while controlling for patient age, gender, race, tumor thickness, tumor ulceration, lymph node status, histologic subtype, type of surgery, and use of radiation. Risks of overall and melanoma-specific mortality were reported as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Among 27,097 patients, 10-y rates of OS and MSS were 56.1% and 84.7%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, scalp/neck primary site was associated with an increased risk of overall (HR 1.20, CI 1.14–1.26; P P P = 0.03) but not OS (HR 1.03, CI 0.80–1.34; P = 0.80). Conclusions Patients with melanomas of the scalp/neck have poorer OS and MSS and those with lip melanomas have poorer MSS. These anatomic areas should not be overlooked when performing skin examinations.
The Emergence of Frequency Effects in Eye Movements

A visual search experiment employed strings of Landolt Cs to examine how the gap size of and frequency of exposure to distractor strings affected eye movements. Increases in gap size were associated with shorter first-fixation durations, gaze durations, and total times, as well as fewer fixations. Importantly, both the number and duration of fixations decreased with repeated exposures. The findings provide evidence for the role of cognition in guiding eye-movements, and a potential explanation for word-frequency effects observed in reading.