cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symposium on Harrison's “Lean and Mean”: What are the questions?

contained in my recent book, Lean and Mean, and I had great respect for the scholars who were asked to contribute the critiques. But with a few exceptions, I'm afraid I learned less from these critics than I had hoped. Many of what I consider to be the most serious hypotheses and concerns about conventional wisdom that are expressed in the book (and in the five refereed journal articles whose publication proceeded it1) are all but ignored, here. In what follows, I will of course address what substantive criticisms there were, and try to ignore most of the ad hominum attacks, although, again, there are fewer of the former (and more of the latter) than I, or readers of this journal, might have wished for. If I did not do so sufficiently already, in previous writing, I will again acknowledge my debt to the work in Europe by Storey. In a few cases, notably with respect to the paper by Lerner, I appreciatively stand corrected on certain matters, and will say so. But what turns out to be my main chore in this reply is to restate the main themes of the book, and to restate certain questions about the received wisdom on small business economics. I think these
The role of the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex in telomerase- mediated lengthening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres.

Abstract Background: The Saccharomyces Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p proteins form a complex, called the MRX complex, that is required to maintain telomere length. Cells lacking any one of the three MRX proteins and Mec1p, an ATM-like protein kinase, undergo telomere shortening and ultimately die, phenotypes characteristic of cells lacking telomerase. The other ATM-like yeast kinase, Tel1p, appears to act in the same pathway as MRX: mec1 tel1 cells have telomere phenotypes similar to those of telomerase-deficient cells, whereas the phenotypes of tel1 cells are not exacerbated by the loss of a MRX protein. Results: The nuclease activity of Mre11p was found to be dispensable for the telomerase-promoting activity of the MRX complex. The association of the single-stranded TG 1–3 DNA binding protein Cdc13p with yeast telomeres occurred efficiently in the absence of Tel1p, Mre11p, Rad50p, or Xrs2p. Targeting of catalytically active telomerase to the telomere suppressed the senescence phenotype of mec1 mrx or mec1 tel1 cells. Moreover, when telomerase was targeted to telomeres, telomere lengthening was robust in mec1 mrx and mec1 tel1 cells. Conclusions: These data rule out models in which the MRX complex is necessary for Cdc13p binding to telomeres or in which the MRX complex is necessary for the catalytic activity of telomerase. Rather, the data suggest that the MRX complex is involved in recruiting telomerase activity to yeast telomeres.
In the eye of the storm: Race and genomics in research and practice

The difficulties of operationalizing race in research and practice for social, behavioral, and genetic researchers and practitioners are neither new nor related to recent genetic knowledge. For geneticists, the bases for understanding groups are clines, observed traits that gradually change in frequency between geographic regions without distinct identifiable population boundaries and population histories that carry information about the distribution of genetic variants. For psychologists, race may not exist or be a social and cultural construct associated with fluid social inferences. Because definitions of populations and race can be socially and biologically incongruent, the authors suggest that geneticists and social and behavioral scientists and clinicians attend to external validity issues by operationalizing population and racial categories and avoiding race proxies for other biological, social, and cultural constructs in research designs, data analyses, and clinical practice.
Divergent resistance at the Dirac point in graphene : Evidence for a transition in a high magnetic field

We have investigated the behavior of the resistance of graphene at the $n=0$ Landau level in an intense magnetic field $H$. Employing a low-dissipation technique (with power $Pl3\text{ }\text{fW}$), we find that at low temperature $T$, the resistance at the Dirac point ${R}_{0}(H)$ undergoes a 1000-fold increase from $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{k}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ to $40\text{ }\text{M}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ within a narrow interval of field. The abruptness of the increase suggests that a transition to an insulating ordered state occurs at the critical field ${H}_{c}$. Results from five samples show that ${H}_{c}$ depends systematically on the disorder, as measured by the offset gate voltage ${V}_{0}$. Samples with small ${V}_{0}$ display a smaller critical field ${H}_{c}$. Empirically, the steep increase in ${R}_{0}$ fits accurately a Kosterlitz-Thouless-type correlation length over three decades. The curves of ${R}_{0}$ vs $T$ at fixed $H$ approach the thermal-activation form with a gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}15\text{ }\text{K}$ as $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{H}_{c}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, consistent with a field-induced insulating state.
Simulation and prediction of vapour-liquid equilibria for chain molecules

Monte Carlo simulations of phase equilibria for Lennard-Jones chains of intermediate length are performed in the Gibbs ensemble using configurational bias sampling. Simulations of phase equilibria for square-well chains of up to 100 segments are performed using the NPT-μ method and newly proposed Monte Carlo moves. A two-reference-fluid equation of state is developed to describe the pressure-volume-temperature properties of square-well and Lennard-Jones chains. The phase envelopes predicted by such an equation are in good agreement with results of simulations. This equation is also shown to be superior to models derived from first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT1).
Simple rules that reduce hospital readmission.

To overcome system failures, health care organizations must implement a few simple rules of complex adaptive systems. I describe Transition in Care, Kaiser Permanente Southern California’s program to reduce hospital readmissions, as an example of a program design that meets the principles of complex adaptive systems and enumerate five rules, which must be followed if a health system is to create value for their stakeholders.
Content of Alpha-, Beta-Carotene, and Dietary Fiber in 18 Sweetpotato Varieties Grown in Hawaii

Abstract Eighteen commercial varieties of sweetpotato roots grown in Hawaii were harvested in spring and fall and analyzed for their nutrient compositions. The HPLC analysis of carotenoids showed lower beta-carotene content (13.1 mg/100 g fresh weight) in orange fleshed varieties than counterparts analyzed in mainland U.S.A. The beta-carotene content in light yellow and purple fleshed ones were in the range of 0.1–0.6 mg/100 g, fresh weight. Alpha-carotene was positively identified in two varieties with Hawaii origins at 0.3 and 1.5 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The enzymatic–gravimetric method for the dietary fiber analysis revealed a substantial presence of the soluble fiber. The soluble fiber content in two purple fleshed varieties was approximately half of the total fiber content. Total fiber contents were in the range of 2.01–3.87 g/100 g fresh weight, higher than previously reported.
A METHODOLOGY FOR CONSOLIDATING SYSTEMS USING OPEN ARCHITECTURES

The migration of multiple legacy systems to a single system having an open architecture is increasingly required as the Government modernizes existing capabilities. This paper presents a methodology, based upon open system standards and commercial off the shelf (COTS) products, for performing such migrations. The methodology addresses requirements, legacy system engineering analyses, architecture synthesis, component selection, migration plan development, cost, schedule, and migration plan implementation. The approach is presented in the context of the Theater Battle Management Core System project.
Race, pluralism and nationalism in the British Caribbean.

British colonialism in the West Indies bequeathed a number of racial problems to the local societies as they attained independence. The colonial policy of administration in a ‘multi-racial’ social system did little to eliminate ethnic barriers dividing the various groups. A comparison of recent political change in Trinidad and Guyana suggests that the relative size of the various ethnic groups, combined with ecological and ideological differences, have all played an important role in determining the differential degree of conflict these two nations have recently experienced. Political leaders, citizenry and social scientists alike have held diverging views over the nature and future of these 'plural' societies. Some analysts have tended to emphasize the cultural and social cleavages while others have been struck by the apparent capacity of disparate cultural traditions to merge into a unique amalgam.
Epithelial downgrowth following surgery for congenital glaucoma

Purpose To report epithelial downgrowth following goniotomy. Design Observational case report. Methods Surgical management of a child with congenital glaucoma and epithelial downgrowth. Results One year after nasal goniotomy and multiple Ahmed valve revisions an epithelial inclusion cyst was noted adjacent to the clear corneal goniotomy incision. Ab externo drainage and limbal cryotherapy were required twice for recurrent growth of the cyst. Six months after the second treatment the eye remains cyst-free. Conclusions Epithelial downgrowth is a rare complication of surgery for glaucoma, but because of its potential to threaten sight it should always be considered as a possible complication.
A graph theoretic technique to speed up floorplan area optimization

The authors present two algorithms to optimally select implementations for rectangular and L-shaped subfloorplans. The algorithms are designed specifically for the floorplan optimization algorithm given by T.-C. Wang and D.F. Wong (see Proc. 27th ACM/IEEE Des. Autom. Conf., p.180-6 (1990)), but they can also be applied to other algorithms as well. The experimental results, based on incorporating the two algorithms into Wang's algorithm, whose performance was considerably improved were very encouraging. For the test runs where Wang's algorithm failed to run, the algorithms helped to produce satisfactory solutions. >
The organization of the diencephalon and the pretectum in the cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni

Although teleost fish comprise the largest vertebrate radiation, surprisingly little is known about the structure and development of their central nervous systems. Since teleosts are being used much more frequently as model systems in neurobiological research, particularly in understanding visual function, detailed information is needed about central nervous system structures and interconnections. By using the Bodian method with Nissl counterstaining we have analyzed the major nuclei in the diencephalon and pretectum of a cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, which is dependent on vision for its survival. Although our results are broadly comparable with those from other teleost species, there are clear differences, particularly among the visual nuclei. By using animals of a range of sizes to confirm our descriptions we were able to identify possible developmental relationships among several nuclei.
Guided shared trees for efficient multicast in large networks

Data delivery to multiple recipients in networks can be achieved effectively via multicast based on a shared tree structure. This paper deals with a network-layer framework for efficient multicast through shared trees which are developed with an aid of guided information for locating nearest known on-tree nodes to connect upon receiving group join requests. Such information helps to shorten end-to-end delay over a multicast shared tree so developed, called a guided shared tree (GST). A designated node, known as guidance information node (GIN), is employed to provide guidance for a group, and the GIN is found by joining nodes through the group ID indexing into a list of candidate GINs, in a way similar to automatic core discovery for CBT. The proposed multicast framework is evaluated by simulation and is shown to be efficient, readily suitable for large networks where group members account for a fraction of total nodes and are sparsely located.
Carcinoma of the prostate with brain metastasis

Brain metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is considered rare and usually is diagnosed at postmortem examination. The authors reviewed the tumor registry of 1314 patients with proven diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma seen at Hines VA Hospital from January 1963 to December 1978 and found that 8 of the 1314 patients (0.6%) had brain metastasis. Six of eight patients (75%) were diagnosed having brain metastasis at premortem and of these, two patients presented with brain metastasis before diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma was made. Two of four patients who received palliative whole brain irradiation survived more than 1.5 years. It is our belief that patients with prostatic carcinoma who have symptoms of brain metastasis should be worked up and given palliative whole brain irradiation.
Multi-wavelength microring-based optical pulse train generator

This work extends our previous microring-based optical pulse train generator into a new design. The circuit generates a sequence of pulses with different wavelengths, and overcome the power combining limitation in the single-wavelength design.
A clinical evaluation of hydroxyapatite cement in the treatment of Class III furcation defects.

Background: Calcium hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) has been demonstrated in both animal models and human craniofacial defects to be safe, absorbable, osteoconductive, and possibly osteoinductive. This pilot study evaluated a novel technique using HAC to surgically obturate Class III mandibular molar furcation defects. Methods: Following flap reflection, affected teeth in 6 patients were root planed and etched with citric acid. Experimental sites were grafted with HAC and coronally positioned flaps (CPF), while controls were treated by CPF only. A variety of clinical parameters were recorded initially, and at re-entry surgery 9 months later. Results: At re-entry, all experimental sites exhibited granulation tissue interposed between the HAC and the alveolar bone, and clinical findings were unsatisfactory. Mean probing depth, clinical attachment loss, and recession increased by 0.8 mm, 1.9 mm, and 1.2 mm, respectively, in experimental sites. In controls, mean probing depth decreased by 0.8 mm, and clinical att...
Computer science and engineering curricula

The challenges of maintaining relevancy and currency in computer engineering curricula are examined. The emerging trend to emphasize design experience early on, the need to stress written and oral communication skills, and the need for industry-university collaboration in funding instructional laboratories are identified as the three main ingredients for success in an undergraduate computer engineering curriculum. >
In Defence of ‘Partially Clad’ Bare Particulars

In a recent article in this journal, Richard Brian Davis argues that ‘bare particulars [as defended by J. P. Moreland] face several serious shortcomings’[2003: 547]. I argue that Davis's two principal criticisms fall flat.
Impacts of Economic Adulteration on the U.S. Honey Industry

Research for this paper was funded by the National Honey Board to provide a basis for industry dialogue on the need for a quality assurance program. The paper provides a background perspective on economic adulteration, industry perspectives on the extent of economic adulteration in the U.S. honey industry, estimates of potential economic impacts, and a discussion of trends and issues relevant to economic adulteration.
The value of exhaled nitric oxide in predicting bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children.

Reduced attention span and motor skills in children limit the practicability of bronchial provocation tests. To assess exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) as a surrogate for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in children with possible reactive airway disease, FeNO was measured using the single-breath method in 169 successive outpatients 11 ± 5 years of age before lung function testing and subsequent bronchial provocation by exercise (n = 165) and methacholine (n = 134). Baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 80% of predicted and/or BHR were seen in 59%. FeNO correlated weakly with PD20 to methacholine (r = −0.24, p 0.05). The negative predictive value of FeNO less than 10 ppb for EIB was 94%, but overall accuracy for predicting BHR was low. Measurement of FeNO is not a substitute for bronchial provocation in children.
Coronary Artery Disease in Women: An Unsolved Dilemma

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, as well as an important cause of disability, although many women and their physicians underestimate the risk. The pathogenesis, presentation and diagnosis of CVDs are different in women than men, which make the women prone to under-treatment for these diseases. More gender-based research regarding the management of coronary artery disease (CAD) in women needs to be done. Exercise, hypertension treatment, smoking cessation and aspirin therapy are effective measures for the primary prevention of CAD in women. The roles of hormone replacement therapy in primary prevention are not well established. Hormone replacement therapy has not been effective in lowering the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction. Cardiologists and family physicians should emphasize the use of proven treatments, with particular attention given to underserved populations.
Has the web transformed experience goods into search goods

Klein (Journal of Business Research 41(3): 195–203, 1998) posited that the Web can transform experience goods into search goods (ES shifts). We examine her proposition in three ways. First, we critically assess the background of her proposition in light of the Web evolution in the past decade. Second, we conduct a comparison of past studies that measured the extent of search, experience, and credence (SEC) characteristics of goods. Third, we report the results of an exploratory survey on a set of commonly purchased products to benchmark possible ES shifts against the past studies. Their results indicate that SEC classification changes do not seem significant.
Room for Care: Simone Leigh's Free People's Medical Clinic

In the former home of Dr. Josephine English, the first African American woman to have an OB/GYN practice in New York and founder of the Paul Robeson Theatre in Brooklyn, the unique confluence of forces created in this space through divergent types of labor honored the architecture by adding to its historicity. Simone Leigh and organizers were constantly negotiating the overlapping issues of identity, visibility, labor, interdisciplinarity, artistic practice, and care in this clinic-installation.
Joint Inference for Competing Risks Survival Data

ABSTRACTThis article develops joint inferential methods for the cause-specific hazard function and the cumulative incidence function of a specific type of failure to assess the effects of a variable on the time to the type of failure of interest in the presence of competing risks. Joint inference for the two functions are needed in practice because (i) they describe different characteristics of a given type of failure, (ii) they do not uniquely determine each other, and (iii) the effects of a variable on the two functions can be different and one often does not know which effects are to be expected. We study both the group comparison problem and the regression problem. We also discuss joint inference for other related functions. Our simulation shows that our joint tests can be considerably more powerful than the Bonferroni method, which has important practical implications to the analysis and design of clinical studies with competing risks data. We illustrate our method using a Hodgkin disease data and a ...
Low bone mass and changes in the osteocyte network in mice lacking autophagy in the osteoblast lineage

Autophagy maintains cell function and homeostasis by recycling intracellular components. This process is also required for morphological changes associated with maturation of some cell types. Osteoblasts are bone forming cells some of which become embedded in bone and differentiate into osteocytes. This transformation includes development of long cellular projections and a reduction in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. We examined the role of autophagy in osteoblasts by deleting Atg7 using an Osterix1-Cre transgene, which causes recombination in osteoblast progenitors and their descendants. Mice lacking Atg7 in the entire osteoblast lineage had low bone mass and fractures associated with reduced numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Suppression of autophagy also reduced the amount of osteocyte cellular projections and led to retention of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in osteocytes. These results demonstrate that autophagy in osteoblasts contributes to skeletal homeostasis and to the morphological changes associated with osteocyte formation.
Mechanical and Tribological Properties of ZrC/VC Alloy Films Deposited by Sputtering and Pulsed Laser Deposition

A study has been conducted on ZrC/VC alloy thin films prepared by both pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and RF magnetron sputtering. The phase formation, wear properties, and hardness of these thin films were examined. An alloy target comprised of 36% VC and 64% ZrC (atomic %) was used to deposit films at 20°, 200°, and 400° C. The nominal film thickness was 0.6 µm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed these films were solid-solution alloys and showed a preference for (100) orientation for sputter-deposited films and a (110) orientation for laser deposition. More highly oriented films were obtained at elevated temperatures as evidenced by rocking curve measurements on the PLD films. The FWHM of the peaks ranged from 2.2° to 8.3° for films deposited at 400° C and 20° C, respectively. Using time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometry (TOFQMS), we performed plume diagnostics to measure particle energies and the thermalization effects of the background gas. In vacuum, typical ion energies ranged from ~5–100 eV while the neutral atoms had kinetic energies from ~1–5 eV. Our measurements show that the background gas can be used to selectively thermalize low mass components in the plume. From measured kinetic energies and collision effects of the gas, the changes in crystallographic structure of the alloy with pressure appear to result from collision-induced effects from condensation of the Zr atoms. This ‘heavy’ atom effect may be an important new processing parameter with which to adjust film morphology and crystal texture.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors produced by Streptomyces chromofuscus. Discovery, taxonomy and fermentation.

Culture A58365.1, NRRL 15098, identified as a new strain of Streptomyces chromofuscus, was found to produce two novel angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, A58365A and A58365B. Fermentation medium studies afforded an increase in ACE inhibitor titers from less than 1 μg/ml to greater than 20 μg/ml. Proline was the obligatory supplement for ACE inhibitor biosynthesis.
Influence of Various Doses of LH on Fetal Survival in Hypophysectomized Rats

SummaryEffect of various doses of LH on maintenance of pregnancy was examined in the rats hypophysectomized on Day 9. Daily doses of 10 and 25 μg LH were found optimal for the maintenance but doses lower or higher than these were less effective. LH did not maintain luteal function in hypophysectomized-pseudopregnant rats. These results suggest that optimal amount of LH in the presence of conceptus maintains luteal function in early pregnancy, and that high doses of LH stimulate secretion of estrogen more than that of progesterone leading to resorption of fetuses.The authors thank the Endocrinology Study Section, NIH, Bethesda, MD for the LH used in this study.
Behavior and 40-c-sec. electrical activity in the brain.

A 40-c/sec. rhythmic electrical activity occurs in various rhinencephalic structures, auditory and visual cortex of the cat with the acquisition of a behavioral response during learning.
Macroeconomics and Drug Use: A Review of the Literature and Hypotheses for Future Research

Despite more than a century of drug prohibition, problems of addiction and drug abuse continue to be major global public health and criminal justice concerns (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015). It has long been obvious that many of these problems are entwined with other economic and social issues. The editors of The Economist , in reporting evidence of a decline in drug use in the UK, speculated on the impact of the concurrent economic slowdown and commented that, â€œfew academics have studied the link between drug use and macroeconomic performance, and what work exists is inconclusiveâ€ (Drug use and abuse: The fire next time, 2011). The goal of this paper will be to examine the work that exists on this topic and to propose a set of hypotheses to be tested in future studies.
69 NOVEL THERAPIES FOR RESISTANT FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS: A PHASE I STUDY.

Background Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) accounts for 10-15% of pediatric and adult patients with end-stage renal disease. The prognosis is poor in patients who are unresponsive to corticosteroids. The NIDDK has initiated a multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of cyclosporine versus the combination of mycophenolate mofetil and oral dexamethasone pulses in this patient cohort. Some prevalent patients will be ineligible because of prior treatment with the study drugs and others will fail to respond to the test medications. Their long-term outcome may be improved by therapeutic strategies that reduce progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Objective To conduct a phase I study to assess pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, safety, and tolerance of novel agents that may reduce renal fibrosis in patients who are screen or treatment failures in the FSGS-Clinical Trial. Patients and Methods Patients, age 2-42 years, GFR $ 40 mL/min/1.73 m2, biopsy-confirmed FSGS, and who are screen or treatment failures in the FSGS-clinical Trial are eligible for inclusion. Two novel agents are being tested: (1) rosiglitazone, 3 mg/m2, daily, PO, and (2) adalimumab, 24 mg/m2, every other week, SC injection. The treatment phase is 16 weeks with PK evaluation prior to first dose and at end of treatment. DNA, plasma, serum, and urine samples will be obtained for storage in the NIDDK FSGS Biorepository. The study is being performed at sites with an NCRR-funded GCRC. Results The Manual of Operations and Clinical Report Forms have been written and are posted on the FSGS study Web site ( ). IRB and GCRC approval has been obtained at 4 sites and is pending at 8 sites. One 18-year-old male adolescent has been enrolled. The target sample is 20 patients, 10 assigned to each agent. Conclusion This phase I clinical trial represents an important step in improving the treatment of resistant FSGS. The results of this phase I studies will be incorporated into phase II clinical trials as part of a Phased Innovation Award. This project will establish an infrastructure that will facilitate the evaluation of novel agents that reduce renal fibrosis and improve the prognosis in patients with resistant primary FSGS. Support provided by grants from the NIH (DK70341) and the NSLIJ Research Institute General Clinical Research Center, Grant # M01 RR018535.
Holocene history of Skull Creek dunes, Catlow Valley, southeastern Oregon, U.S.A.

Dunes throughout western North America show recurrent Holocene activity as indicated by erosional features and buried surfaces. In Catlow Valley, Oregon, dunes formed upon pluvial lake deposits were stabilized, weathered and eroded before 7500 B.P. Shortly before the fall of Mazama volcanic ash (6800 B.P.), wind-born sand was again deposited; weathering of these dunes occurred by 3600 B.P. Another period of dune building, that began before 3400 B.P., terminated with soil formation between 1800 and 1000 B.P. Sand again accumulated in two episodes within the last 1000 years. Textural parameters, especially mean grain size and sorting, characterize past depositional processes within Skull Creek Dunes.
Contribution of the Nurses’ Health Studies to Uncovering Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: Diet, Lifestyle, Biomarkers, and Genetics

Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the NHS II to addressing hypotheses regarding risk factors for type 2 diabetes.Methods. We carried out a narrative review of 1976 to 2016 NHS and NHS II publications.Results. The NHS and NHS II have uncovered important roles in type 2 diabetes for individual nutrients, foods, dietary patterns, and physical activity independent of excess body weight. Up to 90% of type 2 diabetes cases are potentially preventable if individuals follow a healthy diet and lifestyle. The NHS investigations have also identified novel biomarkers for diabetes, including adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, nutrition metabolites, and environmental pollutants, offering new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease. Global collaborative efforts have uncovered many common genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes and improved our understanding of gene–environment interactions. Continued efforts to identify epigenetic, metagenomic, and metabolomi...
An empirical solution to the steady state magnetron space charge distribution

The space charge distribution in the steady state magnetron is an old problem. Many solutions have been proposed since its invention although none of them is entirely satisfactory. A reasonable description of the magnetron space charge cloud, we believe, must at least satisfy two conditions. First, it must be consistent with the fact that electrons can reach the anode when the anode voltage is below cut-off. Second, the drift velocity of the electron cloud must agree with the well-known starting condition. The second condition, which is often overlooked, will be explained in slide 1.
Pneumoconiosis in the Twenty-First Century

While defined pathologically, it is uncommon that the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis necessitates tissue biopsy. The approach initially used by physicians for diagnosis of asbestosis has been extrapolated to all pneumoconioses. This requires meeting criteria of (1) evidence of structural pathology consistent with dust-related disease as documented by imaging, (2) evidence of causation by dust exposure as documented by the occupational and environmental history or markers of exposure, and (3) exclusion of confounders. The first criterion for the diagnosis requires evidence of structural pathology consistent with dust-related disease, and this is most frequently met using chest X-rays interpreted by either a radiologist or a B reader. If there are abnormalities on the chest X-ray, these should be confirmed using a CT scan of the chest. The second criterion requires evidence of causation by dust demanding the physician to obtain a detailed history into all full and part jobs and potential environmental exposures from hobbies. The third and final criterion for the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis requires exclusion of confounders. The most frequent confounders for pneumoconiosis include cigarette smoking, granulomatous disease, aging, and obesity. Therefore, evaluation of the patient for pneumoconiosis must include a history (with emphasis on the history of respiratory illness, past medical history, occupational history, and smoking history), physical examination, pulmonary function tests (including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusing capacity), and a chest X-ray; a CT scan of the chest may be obtained depending on the interpretation of the posteroanterior film.
Jane Austen and the economic way of thinking

Jane Austen was an Enlightenment-era philosopher who engaged in the economic way of thinking. She shared the moral sentiments philosophy of Adam Smith, and the two authors act as a bridge to understanding the other's perspective on a changing world. Austen's economic way of thinking can be understood by analysing three major issues in her novels: poverty, human capital accumulation, and the marriage market. She also wrote extensively on trade-offs, opportunity costs, incentives, unintended consequences, and other concepts familiar to modern economists. As a student of human behaviour, Austen's novels provide readers with a new approach to the economic way of thinking.
The General Multitiered Supply Chain Model of Quality Competition with Suppliers

In this chapter, we extend the model in Chap. 9 to include quality competition among suppliers. We develop a general multitiered supply chain network equilibrium model consisting of competing suppliers and competing firms who purchase components for the assembly of their final branded products and, if capacity permits, and it enhances profits, produce their own components. The competitive behavior of each tier of decision-makers is described along with their strategic variables, which include quality of the components and, in the case of the firms, the quality of the assembly process itself. The governing equilibrium conditions of the supply chain network are formulated as a variational inequality and qualitative properties are presented. The algorithm, accompanied with convergence results, is then applied to numerical supply chain network examples, along with sensitivity analysis in which the impacts of capacity disruptions and complete supplier elimination are investigated.
Benchmarking Academic Anatomic Pathologists: The Association of Pathology Chairs Survey

The most common benchmarks for faculty productivity are derived from Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) or Vizient-AAMC Faculty Practice Solutions Center® (FPSC) databases. The Association of Pathology Chairs has also collected similar survey data for several years. We examined the Association of Pathology Chairs annual faculty productivity data and compared it with MGMA and FPSC data to understand the value, inherent flaws, and limitations of benchmarking data. We hypothesized that the variability in calculated faculty productivity is due to the type of practice model and clinical effort allocation. Data from the Association of Pathology Chairs survey on 629 surgical pathologists and/or anatomic pathologists from 51 programs were analyzed. From review of service assignments, we were able to assign each pathologist to a specific practice model: general anatomic pathologists/surgical pathologists, 1 or more subspecialties, or a hybrid of the 2 models. There were statistically significant differenc...
Prefrontal-hippocampal coupling by theta rhythm and by 2–5 Hz oscillation in the delta band: The role of the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus

Rhythmic synchronizations of hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) at theta frequencies (4–8 Hz) are thought to mediate key cognitive functions, and disruptions of HC-PFC coupling were implicated in psychiatric diseases. Theta coupling is thought to represent a HC-to-PFC drive transmitted via the well-described unidirectional HC projection to PFC. In comparison, communication in the PFC-to-HC direction is less understood, partly because no known direct anatomical connection exists. Two recent findings, i.e., reciprocal projections between the thalamic nucleus reuniens (nRE) with both PFC and HC and a unique 2–5 Hz rhythm reported in the PFC, indicate, however, that a second low-frequency oscillation may provide a synchronizing signal from PFC to HC via nRE. Thus, in this study, we recorded local field potentials in the PFC, HC, and nRE to investigate the role of nRE in PFC–HC coupling established by the two low-frequency oscillations. Using urethane-anesthetized rats and stimulation of pontine reticular formation to experimentally control the parameters of both forebrain rhythms, we found that theta and 2–5 Hz rhythm were dominant in HC and PFC, respectively, but were present and correlated in all three signals. Removal of nRE influence, either statistically (by partialization of PFC–HC correlation when controlling for the nRE signal) or pharmacologically (by lidocaine microinjection in nRE), resulted in decreased coherence between the PFC and HC 2–5-Hz oscillations, but had minimal effect on theta coupling. This study proposes a novel thalamo-cortical network by which PFC-to-HC coupling occurs via a 2–5 Hz oscillation and is mediated through the nRe.
Comparing behavioral health models for reducing risky drinking among older male veterans.

ABSTRACTBackground: Screening older veterans in Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) primary care clinics for risky drinking facilitates early identification and referral to treatment. Objective: This study compared two behavioral health models, integrated care (a standardized brief alcohol intervention co-located in primary care clinics) and enhanced referral care (referral to specialty mental health or substance abuse clinics), for reducing risky drinking among older male VAMC primary care patients. VAMC variation was also examined. Method: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for Elderly (PRISM-E) study, a multisite randomized controlled trial, was conducted with a sample of older male veterans (n = 438) who screened positive for risky drinking and were randomly assigned to integrated or enhanced referral care at five VAMCs. Results: Generalized estimating equations revealed no differences in either behavioral health model for r...
Spark and HPC for High Energy Physics Data Analyses

A full High Energy Physics (HEP) data analysis is divided into multiple data reduction phases. Processing within these phases is extremely time consuming, therefore intermediate results are stored in files held in mass storage systems and referenced as part of large datasets. This processing model limits what can be done with interactive data analytics. Growth in size and complexity of experimental datasets, along with emerging big data tools are beginning to cause changes to the traditional ways of doing data analyses. Use of big data tools for HEP analysis looks promising, mainly because extremely large HEP datasets can be represented and held in memory across a system, and accessed interactively by encoding an analysis using high- level programming abstractions. The mainstream tools, however, are not designed for scientific computing or for exploiting the available HPC platform features. We use an example from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland. The LHC is the highest energy particle collider in the world. Our use case focuses on searching for new types of elementary particles explaining Dark Matter in the universe. We use HDF5 as our input data format, and Spark to implement the use case. We show the benefits and limitations of using Spark with HDF5 on Edison at NERSC.
Postmortem Distribution and Redistribution of Morphine in Man

This study evaluated both site dependent differences and time dependent changes in postmortem morphine concentrations in man. In 32 deaths involving morphine, left ventricular blood, femoral blood, and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, were collected as soon after death as possible (T1), and collected again together with iliac blood at the time of autopsy (T2). Samples were analyzed for morphine by radioimmunoassay. No evidence was found for changes in morphine concentration with respect to time at either central or peripheral sites, or in the cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricular blood morphine concentrations were however consistently higher than those in the peripheral compartment, represented by either femoral or iliac blood. This was particularly true when the ventricular morphine concentration exceeded 0.300 mg/L. At peripheral sites, femoral and iliac blood morphine concentrations were well correlated with each other, making either an appropriate site for collection of peripheral blood for toxicological testing.
SIgA and Upper Respiratory Syndrome During a College Cross Country Season.

We examined the changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and the incidence of upper respiratory syndrome (URS) throughout a college cross-country season as well as the acute effect of a VO2max test on SIgA. Subjects were 22 cross country athletes (XC) (20.7±0.3 years) and 23 matched controls (C) (20.4±0.2 years). Saliva samples were collected pre and post VO2max and at four training time points (August – November). Weekly logs indicating S&S of URS from which a total symptom score (TSS) was calculated were collected. There was a significant decrease in SIgA F(1,43)=10.742, p
Resistance retold: historical and mythical narratives in plays by Romero, Resino, Pascual and de Paco Serrano

espanolEn este articulo veremos una muestra pequena pero coherente de obras de dramaturgas de la Espana democratica, desde los anos 80 hasta la actualidad, en las que se ve una relectura de la historia y del mito. Nos centraremos en las obras protagonizadas por mujeres que ya reconocemos de la historia o de la mitologia y veremos como estas figuras se enfrentan a las narrativas masculinas predominantes. En cada caso, la dramaturga ofrece a sus personajes una oportunidad unica para deconstruir y re-escribir estas historias, o incluso para desmitificar y luego re-escribir unos mitos. Estas escritoras enfatizan la credibilidad de sus personajes femeninos mientras piden a su publico que cuestione la legitimidad de viejos papeles patriarcales para mujeres, que mire mas alla de un punto de vista puramente masculino y que proponga una vision mas pertinente y completa de los problemas que existen en el mundo fuera del teatro. EnglishIn this article we will look at a small but cohesive sample of plays by female dramatists of democratic Spain from the 1980’s to the present, in which the dramatic retelling of history and myth has evolved in time as it accompanied the emergence of stronger female narratives. We will focus on plays that feature female protagonists whom we think we already know from history or mythology and who confront culturally predominant male narratives. In each case, the playwright offers her characters a unique opportunity to deconstruct and re-write these stories, or even to demythify and re-inscribe myth. These writers emphasize the credibility of their female characters as they urge their spectators to question the legitimacy of traditional patriarchal roles for women and to look beyond a purely masculine point of view to a more pertinent and comprehensive view of the problems that exist in the world outside the theater.
The underreporting of cost perspective in cost-analysis research: A systematic review of the plastic surgery literature

Summary Background Cost-analysis research can influence healthcare policies and practices. There is inherent bias depending on the chosen cost perspective (hospital, third-party payer, societal), and conclusions can change based on the perspective used. These perspectives may or may not be well declared or justified when performing cost-analysis research. The goal of this study was to perform a literature review of cost-analysis research in the Plastic Surgery literature to determine the prevalence of studies declaring and justifying their perspective, and to inform the reader on why such declarations are important in understanding potential bias. Methods A systematic review was completed to retrieve cost-utility and cost-effectiveness research within the scope of Plastic Surgery. The search was limited to English-language studies in North America and Europe published between 2006 and 2016. Articles were selected using predefined data fields and specific inclusion criteria. Results A total of 2304 abstracts were identified, of which 47 met inclusion criteria. Seventy-two percent of studies (n = 34) declared a cost perspective. Of the studies that identified a cost perspective, 32% incorrectly identified the cost perspective. Only 49% of all studies (n = 23) both accurately declared and justified their chosen perspective. Conclusions Only half of studies correctly declare their cost perspective and justify why the perspective was chosen. Not doing so potentially hides bias from the reader. Future efforts when performing cost-analysis studies should require a clear declaration and justification of the cost perspective taken. A table of our recommendations for reporting cost perspective is provided.
Application and evaluation of a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method for veterinary drug residues in incurred fish and imported aquaculture samples

The ability to detect chemical contaminants, including veterinary drug residues in animal products such as fish, is an important example of food safety analysis. In this paper, a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) screening method using a quadrupole-Orbitrap instrument was applied to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in incurred tissues from aquacultured channel catfish, rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon and imported aquacultured products including European eel, yellow croaker, and tilapia. Compared to traditional MS methods, the use of HRMS with nontargeted data acquisition and exact mass measurement capability greatly increased the scope of compounds that could be monitored simultaneously. The fish samples were prepared for analysis using a simple efficient procedure that consisted of an acidic acetonitrile extraction followed by solid phase extraction cleanup. Two different HRMS acquisition programs were used to analyze the fish extracts. This method detected and identified veterinary drugs including quinolones, fluoroquinolones, avermectins, dyes, and aminopenicillins at residue levels in fish that had been dosed with those compounds. A metabolite of amoxicillin, amoxicillin diketone, was also found at high levels in catfish, trout, and salmon. The method was also used to characterize drug residues in imported fish. In addition to confirming findings of fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide residues that were found by traditional targeted MS methods, several new compounds including 2-amino mebendazole in eel and ofloxacin in croaker were detected and identified. Graphical Abstract Aquacultured samples are analyzed with a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method to detect and identify unusual veterinary drug residues including ofloxacin in an imported fish.