cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does weather trigger urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome flares? A case-crossover analysis in the multidisciplinary approach to the study of the chronic pelvic pain research network.

Background To investigate whether meteorological factors (temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, ultraviolet index [UVI], and seasons) trigger flares in male and female urologic chronic pelvic pain patients. Methods We assessed flare status every 2 weeks in our case-crossover study of flare triggers in the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain 1-year longitudinal study. Flare symptoms, flare start date, and exposures in the 3 days preceding a flare or the date of questionnaire completion were assessed for the first three flares and at three randomly selected nonflare times. We linked these data to daily temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and UVI values by participants' first 3 zip code digits. Values in the 3 days before and the day of a flare, as well as changes in these values, were compared to nonflare values by conditional logistic regression. Differences in flare rates by astronomical and growing seasons were investigated by Poisson regression in the full study population. Results A total of 574 flare and 792 nonflare assessments (290 participants) were included in the case-crossover analysis, and 966 flare and 5389 nonflare (409 participants) were included in the full study analysis. Overall, no statistically significant associations were observed for daily weather, no patterns of associations were observed for weather changes, and no differences in flare rates were observed by season. Conclusions We found minimal evidence to suggest that weather triggers flares, although we cannot rule out the possibility that a small subset of patients is susceptible.
Minimax Pareto Fairness: A Multi Objective Perspective

In this work we formulate and formally characterize group fairness as a multi-objective optimization problem, where each sensitive group risk is a separate objective. We propose a fairness criterion where a classifier achieves minimax risk and is Pareto-efficient w.r.t. all groups, avoiding unnecessary harm, and can lead to the best zero-gap model if policy dictates so. We provide a simple optimization algorithm compatible with deep neural networks to satisfy these constraints. Since our method does not require test-time access to sensitive attributes, it can be applied to reduce worst-case classification errors between outcomes in unbalanced classification problems. We test the proposed methodology on real case-studies of predicting income, ICU patient mortality, skin lesions classification, and assessing credit risk, demonstrating how our framework compares favorably to other approaches.
Development of ultrastretchable and skin attachable nanocomposites for human motion monitoring via embedded 3D printing

Abstract Accurate monitoring of human motion holds enormous promise for broad applications, such as athlete training, rehabilitation, health monitoring, and gaming. Wearable sensors are required to have intimate contact with the skin, wide sensing range, high sensitivity, and outstanding durability. In this paper, we report ultrastretchable and wearable strain sensors that are fabricated using embedded 3D printing technology. Piezoresistive sensitivity of the 3D printed sensors is optimized by tailoring the loading of carbon nanotubes, curing temperature, and 3D printing parameters to impart beneficial alignment of nanoparticles in the strain sensing direction. The optimized sensors demonstrate an average gauge factor in a wide strain range as high as 3.4, a low elastic modulus of 83.4 kPa, and a 535% maximum tensile strain before fracture, allowing long-lasting, comfortable, and reliable contact with the human skin. The 3D printed sensors are used to detect skin elongation during limb movement, showing excellent dynamic and step sensing functionalities with negligible strain rate dependence and superb durability.
Abstract B09: Selective depletion of YAP1 with next-generation (constrained ethyl-cEt) antisense oligonucleotides results in tumor regression in mouse models of HCC with YAP1 activation

The Hippo pathway plays important roles in tissue homeostasis. When dysregulated in adult tissues, however, it contributes to the development of a variety of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). YAP1 is the final regulator of the Hippo pathway and is associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients, and more recently has been suggested to be involved in tumor immune evasion. Here, we employed next-generation constrained ethyl (cEt) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to selectively target YAP1 in the genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of HCC (Salvador KO mice) as well as in a spontaneous carcinogen-induced model of HCC (diethylnitrosamine, DEN-induced HCC). In YAP1-activated Salvador KO mice with established HCC tumors, systemic treatment with YAP1 ASO at 25 mg/kg resulted in a marked reduction in YAP1 protein level in tumor (>90%) and regression of existing tumors, in contrast to the tumors in vehicle or control ASO-treated animals that significantly increased in size. In the DEN-induced HCC model, YAP1 was strongly activated in tumors as demonstrated by nuclear localization of YAP1 protein and the gene signature we previously identified (SOH). YAP1 ASOs produced either complete tumor stasis when DEN tumors were grown in immune-deficient mice, or complete regressions when tumors were grown in immune-competent animals. In accordance with this, YAP1 ASO treatment resulted in significant infiltration of T cells and myeloid lineage cells in the tumors in immune-competent mice. Importantly, when tumor-bearing animals were taken off the treatment after tumor regression was observed with YAP1 ASO, the antitumor response was sustained for more than 1 year, with 4 out of 16 animals remaining tumor-free in YAP1 ASO group. Furthermore, YAP1 ASO in combination with anti-PD1 antibody led to enhanced antitumor activity in the same tumor model. Collectively, these results suggest a potential therapeutic use of YAP1 ASO in the treatment of HCC with YAP1 activation as a single agent or in combination with immuno-oncology drugs. Broad screens have identified the human YAP1 ASO clinical development compound YAP1RX. Citation Format: Youngsoo Kim, Joanna Schmidt, Minji Jo, Jing Yi, Xiaolin Luo, Rachel Fleming, Sun Young Yim, Ju-Seog Lee, Brett P. Mornia, Randy L. Johnson, Gordon Mills, A. Robert MacLeod. Selective depletion of YAP1 with next-generation (constrained ethyl-cEt) antisense oligonucleotides results in tumor regression in mouse models of HCC with YAP1 activation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B09.
Case of HER2neu+ Invasive Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma With Response to Conventional Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Viable Option for an Exceedingly Rare Breast Cancer Type.

Invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (IPLC) is an extremely rare form of breast cancer that accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Due to this rarity, currently, there is a lack of an established standard of care for patients diagnosed with this form of breast cancer. In this case report, we present a 57-year-old female with a complex oncologic history diagnosed with clinical prognostic Stage IIA (ER 5%, PR 0%, HER2neu 3+) invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the left breast treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab-based therapy (TCHP) followed by surgery. Surgical pathology revealed treatment-related changes with a definite response to neoadjuvant therapy. We report this case to highlight the response of this rare pathological entity to a standard neoadjuvant regimen such as docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab.
The impact of surgical approach on short- and long-term outcomes after rectal cancer resection in elderly patients: a national cancer database propensity score matched comparison of robotic, laparoscopic, and open approaches

Elderly patients are underrepresented in studies demonstrating the advantages of laparoscopy for the management of colorectal diseases. Moreover, few studies have examined the robotic approach in this population. In this retrospective analysis, we compare outcomes for open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches in elderly patients with nonmetastatic rectal cancer. The U.S. National Cancer Database was queried for patients aged ≥ 65 with nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the rectum who underwent surgical resection from 2010 to 2016. Groups were separated based on approach (open, laparoscopic, robotic). One–to-one nearest neighbor propensity score matching (PSM) ± 1% caliper was performed across surgical approach cohorts to balance potential confounding covariates. Kaplan–Meier estimation and Cox-proportional hazards regression were used to analyze the primary outcome of survival. Secondary outcomes were analyzed by way of logistic regression. Inclusion criteria and PSM identified 1891 patients per approach (n = 5673). PSM provided adequate discrimination between cohorts (0.6 0.05). After PSM, robotic and laparoscopic approaches were associated with decreased odds of 90 day mortality compared to the open approach (P < 0.05). Compared to laparoscopy, a robotic approach was associated with increased odds of ≥ 12 regional lymph nodes examined and negative circumferential resection margin (P < 0.05). No differences were seen in 30 day or 90 day mortality between robotic and laparoscopic approaches. Cox proportional hazards regression showed that both robotic and laparoscopic approaches were significantly associated with decreased mortality hazards relative to open. Our study demonstrates that in elderly patients, minimally invasive surgery for rectal adenocarcinoma was associated with equivalent or improved short- and long-term mortality over open surgery. Compared to laparoscopy, the robotic approach showed no survival disadvantage and greater odds of an appropriate oncological resection. Our study adds evidence to the conclusion that robotic rectal surgery can be safely performed in patients regardless of age.
Welfare Analysis Incorporating a Structural Entry-Exit Model: A Case Study of Medicare HMOs

Should the government subsidize entry to promote competition? In theory, free entry does not guarantee the socially optimum number of entrants. In differentiated product markets, free entry can result either in excessive or insufficient entry. In this paper I propose an empirical framework to address this issue with a case study of the Medicare HMO market for 2003 and 2004. I perform counterfactual welfare simulations with different entry conditions and with different government payment rates to HMOs. The results indicate that uniformly raising the payment rate lowers national welfare, which supports the government's efforts to contain the payment rate in my sample years. A comparison of the cases with and without entry and/or market power indicates that this welfare loss does not come from additional entry, but instead the oligopolistic market structure and market distortion from the payment rate subsidy. The number of entrants is likely to be insufficient.
Microbial colonization and decomposition of carex litter in an arctic lake.

The decomposition and microbial colonization of Carex leaf litter were examined in an arctic lake in Alaska during the summer of 1978. Dried leaf segments in screen bags were placed at various locations and depths for 13 and 26 days. Weight loss varied from 24.15 to 33.56% and from 27.69 to 65.01% after 13 and 26 days, respectively. Abiotic controls lost approximately 19.5% with no subsequent change. Weight loss significantly correlated with microbial colonization as measured by alkaline phosphatase activity (r = 0.780), cellulase activity (r = 0.613), heterotrophic CO2 fixation (r = 0.835), and acetate incorporation into microbial lipids (r = 0.618). Alkaline phosphatase activity correlated with cellulase activity (r = 0.889), and heterotrophic CO2 fixation correlated with acetate incorporation into lipids (r = 0.712). Weight loss after 26 days inversely correlated with the logarithm of the depth of incubation regardless of whether incubation occurred on the sediment surface or in the water column. These findings suggest that a rapid initial period of microbial colonization is driven by nutrients derived from the litter and that the rate of these processes is controlled by a factor(s) inversely related to the logarithm of depth, such as light intensity, primary production, or turbulence.
Accelerated in-vitro release testing methods for extended-release parenteral dosage forms.

Objectives This review highlights current methods and strategies for accelerated in-vitro drug release testing of extended-release parenteral dosage forms such as polymeric microparticulate systems, lipid microparticulate systems, in-situ depot-forming systems and implants. Key findings Extended-release parenteral dosage forms are typically designed to maintain the effective drug concentration over periods of weeks, months or even years. Consequently, ‘real-time’ in-vitro release tests for these dosage forms are often run over a long time period. Accelerated in-vitro release methods can provide rapid evaluation and therefore are desirable for quality control purposes. To this end, different accelerated in-vitro release methods using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus have been developed. Different mechanisms of accelerating drug release from extended-release parenteral dosage forms, along with the accelerated in-vitro release testing methods currently employed are discussed. Summary Accelerated in-vitro release testing methods with good discriminatory ability are critical for quality control of extended-release parenteral products. Methods that can be used in the development of in-vitro–in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) are desirable; however, for complex parenteral products this may not always be achievable.
Plasma Anti-Serotonin and Serotonin Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies Are Elevated in Panic Disorder

The psychoneuroimmunology of panic disorder is relatively unexplored. Alterations within brain stress systems that secondarily influence the immune system have been documented. A recent report indicated elevations of serotonin (5-HT) and ganglioside antibodies in patients with primary fibromyalgia, a condition with documented associations with panic disorder. In line with our interest in dysregulated 5-HT systems in panic disorder (PD), we wished to assess if antibodies directed at the 5-HT system were elevated in patients with PD in comparison to healthy volunteers. Sixty-three patients with panic disorder and 26 healthy volunteers were diagnosed by the SCID. Employing ELISA, we measured anti-5-HT and 5-HT anti-idiotypic antibodies (which are directed at 5-HT receptors). To include all subjects in one experiment, three different batches were run during the ELISA. Plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies: there was a significant group effect [patients > controls (p = .007)] and batch effect but no interaction. The mean effect size for the three batches was .76. Following Z-score transformation of each separate batch and then combining all scores, patients demonstrated significantly elevated levels of plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies. Neither sex nor age as covariates affected the significance of the results. There was a strong correlation between anti-serotonin antibody and serotonin anti-idiotypic antibody measures. Plasma anti-serotonin antibodies: there was a significant diagnosis effect [patients > controls (p = .037)]. Mean effect size for the three batches was .52. Upon Z-score transformation, there was a diagnosis effect with antibody elevations in patients. Covaried for sex and age, the result falls below significance to trend levels. The data raise the possibility that psychoimmune dysfunction, specifically related to the 5-HT system, may be present in PD. Potential interruption of 5-HT neurotransmission through autoimmune mechanisms may be of pathophysiologic significance in certain patients with panic disorder. It remains to be demonstrated if the peripheral autoimmunity is representative of CNS 5-HT neuronal alterations. Replication appears warranted.
Impact of offshore outsourcing on CS/IS curricula

Reflection on the year 2003, historians might refer to the offshore outsourcing of information technology jobs as the megatrend of the year. As the IT industry matures, software is coming to be viewed as a commodity and computing as a utility. With custom software failing to deliver strategic advantage, the industry is rushing to seek the lowest labor costs for implementation, maintenance, support, and operations. This paper explores possible changes to computer science and information systems curriculum as a result of the outsourcing phenomenon.
(Re)Scaling Gender and Globalization: Livelihood Strategies in Accra, Ghana

Feminist analyses of globalization provide important perspectives on the increasing integration of global political, economic, and social processes. This paper focuses on several themes in feminist scholarship that inform our understanding of globalization as a dynamic and contested process in contemporary society. The discussion encompasses an analysis of scale that incorporates the intersection of diverse economic processes from the level of the body to the global arena. This paper also offers feminist insight on spaces of resistance that have formed alongside neoliberal globalization. The empirical component of this analysis draws from research conducted in the West African nation of Ghana, where externally-driven neoliberal reforms have been instituted for decades with significant implications for livelihood strategies. Specifically, the study focuses on how gender shapes the connections between these global processes and local economic strategies. The conclusion outlines the possibilities for collective resistance to neoliberal globalization that engages social networks, utilizes household resources, and reframes the market-based parameters of capitalist production.
Fe2+‐Induced Lysis and Lipid Peroxidation of Chromaffin Granules

Chromaffin granules, the catecholaminergic storage granules from adrenal chromaffin cells, lysed in 10(-9)-10(-7) M Fe2+. Lysis was accompanied by the production of malondialdehyde which results from lipid peroxidation. Both chromaffin granule lysis and malondialdehyde production were inhibited by the free radical trapping agent butylated hydroxytoluene but not by catalase and/or superoxide dismutase. The results suggest that lysis resulted from a direct transfer of electrons from Fe2+ to a component of the chromaffin granule membrane without the participation of either superoxide or hydrogen peroxide and may have resulted from lipid peroxidation. In some experiments, ascorbate alone induced chromaffin granule lysis which was inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, or deferoxamine. The lysis was probably caused by trace amounts of reducible polyvalent cation. Lysis sometimes occurred when Ca2+ was added with EGTA (10 microM free Ca2+ concentration) and was consistently observed together with malondialdehyde production in the presence of Ca2+, EGTA, and 10 microM Fe2+ (total concentration). The apparent Ca2+ dependency for chromaffin granule lysis and malondialdehyde production was probably caused by a trace reducible polyvalent ion displaced by Ca2+ from EGTA and not by a Ca2+-dependent reaction involving the chromaffin granule.
Measurement of infant visual acuity from pattern reversal evoked potentials

Abstract Visually evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded from infants between the ages of 2 and 6 months using a pattern reversal checker-board stimulus. Measurement of the amplitude of the VEP as a function of check size showed a peak at 30′ of arc for 2, 3 and 4 month old infants and at 15′ of arc for 5 and 6 month old infants. Furthermore, extrapolation of a regression line from the peak VEP check size to zero μV to estimate VEP acuity showed that VEP acuity improves from 20/150 at 2 months to 20/20 by 6 months.
Impaired synthesis of immunoglobulin in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The cause of hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is unknown. Experiments were performed to determine if sera, monocytes, or non-T cells from patients with CLL suppress the proliferative response and synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) following incubation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in cocultures with lymphocytes from normal individuals. The data indicate that sera and monocytes from patients with CLL did not suppress the proliferative response or synthesis of Ig by normal non-T cells. When various numbers of normal non-T cells and CLL non-T cells were cocultured with a constant number of normal T cells, the proliferative response and the concentration of supernatant Ig decreased as the proportion of CLL non-T cells increased. Since similar results were obtained when irradiated non-T cells from normal individuals were substituted for non-T cells from patients with CLL, we believe that the decrease in proliferative response and diminished synthesis of Ig is not the result of the suppressor non-T cells but is related to the dilution of normal B cells by inert non- T cells. We conclude that these experiments serve as an in vitro model for patients with CLL and suggest that the hypogammaglobulinemia observed in this disease is related to the diluting out of normal B cells by the accumulation of neoplastic B cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue of these patients.
Learning algorithms and probability distributions in feed-forward and feed-back networks

Learning algorithms have been used both on feed-forward deterministic networks and on feed-back statistical networks to capture input-output relations and do pattern classification. These learning algorithms are examined for a class of problems characterized by noisy or statistical data, in which the networks learn the relation between input data and probability distributions of answers. In simple but nontrivial networks the two learning rules are closely related. Under some circumstances the learning problem for the statistical networks can be solved without Monte Carlo procedures. The usual arbitrary learning goals of feed-forward networks can be given useful probabilistic meaning.
Photon-mass bound destroyed by vortices.

The Particle Data Group gives an upper bound on the photon mass $ml2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ from a laboratory experiment and lists, but does not adopt, an astronomical bound $ml3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, both of which are based on the plausible assumption of large galactic vector potential. We argue that the interpretations of these experiments should be changed, which alters significantly the bounds on $m$. If $m$ arises from a Higgs effect, both limits are invalid because the Proca vector potential of the galactic magnetic field may be neutralized by vortices giving a large-scale magnetic field that is effectively Maxwellian. If, on the other hand, the galactic magnetic field is in the Proca regime, the very existence of the observed large-scale magnetic field gives ${m}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kpc}$, or $m\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$.
Alteration of glycerolipid and sphingolipid-derived second messenger kinetics in ras transformed 3T3 cells

The effect of ras transformation (rasB fibroblasts) on basal and serum-stimulated diacylglycerol (DAG) composition and mass was examined over time with respect to changes in membrane phospholipid composition and ceramide mass. RasB cells vs. nontransformed control cells (rasD and NR6) had chronically elevated DAG levels (up to 240 min) following serum stimulation, indicating a defect in the recovery phase of the intracellular DAG pulse. Ras transformation also had a dramatic effect on DAG composition. Molecular species analysis revealed that DAG from unstimulated rasB cells was enriched in the delta 9 desaturase fatty acyl species (monoenoate 18:1(n - 7) and 18:1(n - 9)), and depleted in arachidonic acid (20:4(n - 6)). With the exception of glycerophosphoinositol (GPI), DAG remodeling paralleled the compositional alterations in individual phospholipid classes. Importantly, ras transformation altered the fatty acyl composition of sphingomyelin, a precursor to the ceramide second messenger. With the addition of serum, control cells (rasD) had a progressive increase in ceramide mass with levels approximately 5-fold higher by 240 min. In contrast, ceramide levels did not increase in rasB cells at either 4 or 240 min. These results demonstrate that ras-oncogene, in addition to its effects on DAG metabolism, can also abolish the cellular increase in ceramide mass in response to serum stimulation. Since DAG and ceramide may have opposing biological functions, the prolonged elevation of DAG and the suppression of ceramide levels would be consistent with an enhanced proliferative capacity.
The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986

Abstract This paper studies the short-run incidence of personal income taxation in the US by examining how the wage structure shifted after the Tax Reform Act of 1986. I calculate the marginal tax rate for the median worker of each occupation during the 1980s to determine the professions whose workers were most affected by the tax change. When controlling for trends over time in the wage structure by occupation, I find that individuals in occupations that experienced large decreases in their median marginal tax rates received lower pre-tax wages after 1986 as the number of workers and the hours worked in those professions increased. The results suggest that consideration of the wage effects of tax reforms is important when using these reforms to identify behavioral parameters and evaluating their distributional consequences.
Rotation of Coronal Mass Ejections during Eruption

Understanding the connection between coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their interplanetary counterparts (ICMEs) is one of the most important problems in solar-terrestrial physics. We calculate the rotation of erupting field structures predicted by numerical simulations of CME initiation via the magnetic breakout model. In this model, the initial potential magnetic field has a multipolar topology and the system is driven by imposing a shear flow at the photospheric boundary. Our results yield insight on how to connect solar observations of the orientation of the filament or polarity inversion line (PIL) in the CME source region, the orientation of the CME axis as inferred from coronagraph images, and the ICME flux rope orientation obtained from in situ measurements. We present the results of two numerical simulations that differ only in the direction of the applied shearing motions (i.e., the handedness of the sheared-arcade systems and their resulting CME fields). In both simulations, eruptive flare reconnection occurs underneath the rapidly expanding sheared fields transforming the ejecta fields into three-dimensional flux rope structures. As the erupting flux ropes propagate through the low corona (from 2 to 4 R ☉) the right-handed breakout flux rope rotates clockwise and the left-handed breakout flux rope rotates counterclockwise, in agreement with recent observations of the rotation of erupting filaments. We find that by 3.5 R ☉ the average rotation angle between the flux rope axes and the active region PIL is approximately 50°. We discuss the implications of these results for predicting, from the observed chirality of the pre-eruption filament and/or other properties of the CME source region, the direction and amount of rotation that magnetic flux rope structures will experience during eruption. We also discuss the implications of our results for CME initiation models.
Cryogenic tunnel measurement of total temperature and pressure

A newly developed, 3-mm-diam, dual hot-wire aspirating probe was used to measure the time-resolved stagnation temperature and pressure in a transonic cryogenic wind tunnel. Measurements were taken in the freestream of the settling chamber and test section. Data were also obtained in the unsteady wake shed from an airfoil oscillating at 5 Hz. The investigation revealed the presence of large fluctuations in the settling chamber occuring at the blade passing frequency of the driving fan of the tunnel. These fluctuations decrease at the test section. The rms value of the fluctuating stagnation pressure decreased from 17.5 percent in the settling chamber to 3.7 percent in the test section. Fluctuating stagnation temperature decreased from 12.3 percent to 8.4 percent. Measurements in the wake of the oscillating airfoil showed a fluctuating stagnation temperature of as much as 42 K in rms value.
The stability of a-Sn grown on CdTe by molecular beam epitaxy

We have examined the effect of the substrate orientation, thickness, growth rate, substrate temperature and inclusion of small amounts of Ge on the transition temperature of α-Sn films grown on CdTe. The transition temperature from α-Sn to β-Sn was determined by optical microscopy to be as high as 132° C. CdTe(ll0) is a somewhat better orientation than CdTe(100), and CdTe(lll)B appears to be totally unacceptable. The transition temperature from α-Sn to β-Sn depends on the film thickness; thinner films have a somewhat higher transition temperature than thicker films. The film quality can be increased by lowering the growth rate and raising the growth temperature to about 75° C. Since the transition from α-Sn to β-Sn starts at defects in the film, improving the film quality by lowering the growth rate and raising the growth temperature raises the transition temperature. Also by adding small amounts of Ge (∼2%) the transition temperature of films grown on CdTe can be significantly increased.
Computing the angular dependence of the radiation of a planetary atmosphere

Abstract The numerical methods used for solving the transfer equation for a planetary atmosphere often give the specific intensity at a predetermined set of zenith angles, often the Gauss quadrature points. Since these ordinates are not always the ones at which the intensities are needed, some form of interpolation is needed. First, we show that the intensities computed from the moments derived from the spherical harmonics method are identical to those computed from the discrete ordinates method at the Gauss quadrature points. After a discussion of the various contributions to the errors, we compare three interpolation schemes. By far the most accurate way to interpolate the intensity curve is to use the integration of the source function method. We show how this method can be used with a minimum of computational effort. Although less accurate, interpolations are much faster. Not surprisingly, we find that Lagrange interpolation can produce very inaccurate values of the intensities and should not be used. Spline interpolation, on the other hand, always produces reasonable intensities. The accuracy of the spline interpolation can be improved greatly by supplementing the intensities at the Gauss points with values computed by the integration of the source function method at a few key ordinates.
Discovery of Currently Active Extraterrestrial Volcanism

Two volcanic plumes were discovered on an image of Io taken as part of the Voyager optical navigation effort. This is the first evidence of active volcanism on any body in the solar system other than Earth.
The excretory efficiency of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.

Abstract The efficiency of the excretory system of the American cockroach was measured using a dye clearance test. Indigo carmine in aqueous solution was injected into the blood and the rate of its removal was checked by densitometric measurements of blood spots on filter paper strips. The results show that the rate of excretion is significantly changed by changes in temperature and that certain biologically active chemicals inhibit the rate of excretion.
Enhanced capacitive performance of TiO2 nanotubes with molybdenum oxide coating

Abstract Alpha-phase MoO 3 is electrochemically deposited on well-aligned TiO 2 nanotubes which are synthesized by anodic oxidation. The morphology, composition and electrochemical behaviors of MoO 3 -coated and bare TiO 2 nanotubes are studied. The former deliver greatly higher capacitance than the latter and their performance can be readily optimized by varying MoO 3 deposition cycles. The large areal capacitance of 209.6 mF cm −2 at a scan rate of 5 mV s −1 is firstly achieved for TiO 2 nanotube array electrode. In addition, the coated TiO 2 nanotubes show significantly more capacitance than a dense MoO 3 film. For example, they exhibit a capacitance up to 74.9 F g −1 at 5 mV s −1 in 1 M KCl solution, while the dense film only shows a capacitance of 32.3 F g −1 under same conditions. Such improvement is found ascribed to MoO 3 with high pseudocapacity and TiO 2 nanotubes with large surface area allowing efficient MoO 3 nanoparticle loading and rapid charge transfer. This nanostructured electrode with features of facile synthesis and excellent performance is believed as a potential candidate for supercapacitor applications.
How Could Trade Affect Conflict

A common argument is that international trade prevents conflict because the possible loss of trade reduces the willingness of both sides to fight. I examine the logic of this argument in the light of game theoretic models of conflict. In such models, crises are contests of relative resolve. Neither side, however, can observe the other side's resolve in totality; resolve has observable and unobservable components. Instead both sides try to judge the other's unobservable resolve from their actions in the crisis. Costly signals play a critical role in the communication of unobservable resolve in these models. If higher trade flows reduce both sides' resolve for war, then the effect of trade on the likelihood of conflict is indeterminate. Trade flows are observable ex ante, and a state contemplating conflict considers its effect on both sides' actions before beginning a dispute. The initiator is less willing to fight, reducing the chance that it initiates a dispute. At the same time, the target is also less w...
Identification of potato ( solarium tuberosum L.) haploid x wild species hybrids with the capacity to cold-chip

Cold sweetening, the accumulation of reducing sugars in potatoes stored at low temperatures, results in dark chips unacceptable to the consumer. Developing potato cultivars that can chip directly from cooler temperatures (i.e., 3 to 4 C) requires the identification and use of new germplasm with cold-chipping resistance. Individuals from 16 haploid x wild species hybrid families were grown at two sites and their harvested tubers stored at 3 C for 15 wk. Following storage, individuals were evaluated for cold-chipping ability by (1) direct chipping, and (2) reconditioning for 2 wk at 18 C prior to chipping. At both sites, approximately 1% of progeny had good chip color (<2.0 rating using the Snack Food Association scale). Germplasm representing haploid x wild species hybrid families was evaluated for cold-chipping ability following storage of tubers at 3 C for 15 wk, and after storage at 18 C for 2 wk. The two cold-chipping clones identified with chip color means <2.0 were AH 66-1 and H 28-6, hybrids derived fromS. raphanifolium accessions 296126 and 310998, respectively.S. raphanifolium PI 296126 was exceptional in that chip color means of its progeny were 2.5 and 2.7 at McLeod (North Dakota) and Crookston (Minnesota), respectively. All clones with chip color means <2.6 involvedS. raphanifolium PIs 296126, 310998, and 458384 in their parentage. Following reconditioning, the number of progeny in the good and medium chipping categories improved from direct chipping with 14.1% of the progeny at McLeod and 3.8% at Crookston in the good chipping category.S. raphanifolium PIs 210048 and 310998 together accounted for 100% and 50% of the clones with chip scores <2.0 at McLeod and Crookston, respectively. Clones ranking high for chip color following direct chipping generally chipped well following reconditioning.
Vocal access to a newspaper archive: design issues and preliminary investigations

This paper presents the design and the current prototype implementation of an interactive vocal information retrieval system that can be used to access articles of a large newspaper archive using a telephone. The results of preliminary investigation into the feasibility of such a system are also presented.
Termites: Pest or producer?

Subterranean termites are one of the most destructive but also one of the most beneficial insect groups in the world! There is no denying that termites are a powerful force when structures are infested with a large colony with many mouths to feed. Yet, in nature, without that powerful force you would find yourself knee deep in wood and cellulose debris from fallen trees. So, the trick is in keeping termites in the forests where they can perform the beneficial work they are intended to do while keeping them away from our homes where they can cause damage.
Conditioned flavor avoidance, preference, and indifference produced by intragastric infusions of galactose, glucose, and fructose in rats.

The postingestive reinforcing and satiating effects of intragastric (i.g.) infusions of 16% galactose, glucose, and fructose were compared in adult female rats. In Experiment 1, food-restricted rats were trained to drink (30 min/day) flavored solutions (the CS+Gal and CS+Glu) paired with intragastric (i.g.) infusions of galactose and glucose; other flavors (the CS-) were paired with IG water infusions. In subsequent choice tests, the rats strongly preferred (91%) the CS+Glu to the CS-, but avoided the CS+Gal (21%) in favor of the CS-. In Experiment 2, the rats were trained with a CS+Fru paired with i.g. fructose infusions and a CS- paired with i.g. water. In the choice test they consumed similar amounts of CS+Fru and CS- (CS+Fru preference = 51%). In other choice tests they preferred the CS+Glu (>80%) to CS+Fru and CS+Gal, and the CS+Fru (81%) to CS+Gal. Satiation tests were performed in Experiment 3 by adapting the rats to drink a 3% sugar + 0.2% saccharin solution paired with i.g. water infusions (30 min/day). On different test days 16% sugar instead of water was infused. IG galactose, glucose, and fructose produced comparable reductions in sugar+saccharin intake in the first test session. These findings demonstrate that, while the three sugars had similar satiating effects, they differed substantially in their postingestive flavor conditioning effects. The glucose and fructose results confirm prior data indicating that only glucose generates potent postingestive reinforcing stimuli. The galactose-induced flavor avoidance indicates that this sugar has a negative postingestive consequence. This may be due to the slow and incomplete hepatic metabolism of this sugar in adult rats. Conceivably, galactose intolerance may contribute to the lactose avoidance in adult animals.
Mental Health Clinical Nurse Specialist in Home Care for the 90s

The role of the mental health clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in home care is explored in light of the changing emphasis on health care reform. Home care is a field that will continue to expand in the future, and the role of the CNS takes on new definition by addressing the physical and mental health needs of the chronically mentally ill in the community as well as those of the population of clients and families dealing with psychosocial crises, where early discharge leaves them particularly vulnerable. The emphasis is seeing the CNS in home care as a key point of entry and intervention in the mental health delivery system with a focus on prevention and wellness care. Collaborative aspects of care with health care providers and consumers are discussed through case examples. Reimbursement issues are framed within current health regulations with continued changes evolving within the health care reform movement.
Interaction of Photochromic Nucleotide Analogue with Nucleotide Required Bio-Molecular Machines

Previously, we have synthesized photochromic ATP analogue Phenylazobenzoyl-iminoethyl-Tri-Phosphate (PABITP) that change its structure reversibly by light irradiation in order to photo-regulate the function of myosin II. PABITP was hydrolyzed by skeletal muscle myosin and induced dissociation of acto-myosin. X-ray small angle solution scattering analysis of myosin interacting with PABITP showed that the radius of gyration values of S1•PABITP(trans) and S1•PABITP(cis) are identical to those of S1•ATP and S1•ADP respectively. The results suggested that the photo-isomerization of the PABITP induce conformational change of myosin head, which may reflect energy transduction. In this study, we examined the possible application of PABITP as a nucleotide analogue to other nucleotide required bio-molecular machines, smooth muscle myosin, myosin V, conventional kinesin, Kif18A, Eg5, tubulin and small G-protein Ras. PABITP was hydrolyzed by these kinesin and myosin ATPase. PABITP induced microtubule gliding on conventional kinesin but not induced actin gliding on skeletal muscle myosin. PABITP induced polymerization of tubulin to microtubules. We also examined the effect of reversible photo-isomerization of PABITP for Ras and actin.
Frequency and time&#8212;National standards

The design and performance of the national standards of time and frequency are outlined for countries which maintain primary cesium beam devices. Typical accuracies now attainable are of the order of 10-13, and new developments may improve these significantly within the next few years. Current work is directed toward optical pumping techniques of state selection and to studies of different atoms as the atomic reference.
Twin-Screw Extrusion Cooking of Small White Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Dry small white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were ground and processed through a twin-screw extruder using three screw configurations of increasing energy intensity. Products were made over a moisture range of 150-250 g/kg, and barrel temperatures of 56-184°C. Results were examined by means of response surface methodology. Extrudate properties were significantly dependent (P < 0.10) on both the screw configuration and extrusion conditions used. In general, as the energy intensity of the configuration increased, expansion ratio, starting viscosity and hot viscosity increased, while bulk density, ending viscosity, and trypsin inhibitor activity decreased. All properties could be mathematically described as a function of the feed moisture content, the die temperature, and the specific mechanical energy consumption (SME) in Wh/kg, as determined on an 'as is' basis. R2 and overall P values ranged from 0.708-0.999 and 0.001-0.40, respectively. Residual trypsin inhibitor activity in the extruded products was low (<15%), and values below 10% were easily obtained. Trace amounts of ungelatinized starch granules could be found in all samples.
Sur l’origine des ions chlorure dans les eaux salines des massifs granitiques

Abstract Chemical and isotopic data are used together with thermodynamic calculations to determine the origin of the chloride ions in saline waters from crystalline rocks. Although the saline waters probably have a sedimentary origin, it appears that a significant amount of chloride in these waters may come from an exchange reaction between chloride (Cl–) ions contained in the crystal lattice of biotites and hydroxyl (OH–) ions from the saline waters. Such an exchange reaction would maintain the pH sufficiently low, thereby favoring extensive water-rock interactions between the saline waters and the crystalline rocks.
Membrane-lipid exchange: exchange of cholesterol between porcine serum lipoproteins and erythrocytes

Summary Some features of the cholesterol exchange reaction between erythrocytes and serum lipoproteins are reported. It was found that unesterified 3 H-cholesterol exchanged in vitro between swine erythrocytes and isolated high density (d 1.063-1.21) and low density (d 1.006-1.063) lipoproteins and that 98% of the cholesterol exchanged to the erythrocytes was associated with the membrane. Based on minimal exchange rate calculations, the availability of unesterified cholesterol of both lipoproteins for exchange to membrane appears to be similar. A temperature co-efficient (Q 10 )
Case studies in the classroom

We and others have created case studies to engage students in the process of designing solutions to complex programming problems. Case studies involve learners in activities of expert programmers such as identifying decisions, justifying choices among alternatives, and evaluating the consequences of these choices. Case studies improve computer programming courses by emphasizing the process rather than the product of problem solving. This paper describes specific uses of case studies in freshman and sophomore-level courses.
Research on Hispanics benefits the field of management

Purpose – The papers published in this special issue demonstrate that the field of management can make important contributions to the knowledge about Hispanics and Latin Americans (HLAs) in the workplace. The purpose of this paper is to offer an alternative yet complementary perspective that conducting research on HLAs will make important contributions to the field of management. Design/methodology/approach – Conceptual paper. Findings – Research on HLAs provides opportunities to develop and use innovative research design and measurement approaches (including qualitative and hybrid methods), leads to innovative solutions and protocols for addressing ethical challenges and Institutional Review Board regulations, and creates opportunities to access large secondary databases, sources of data collection, and research funding. Research limitations/implications – Additional research is needed to realize the benefits that result from conducting research on HLAs in the workplace. Practical implications – Because ...
Classifying Offenders: An Application of Latent Class Analysis to Needs Assessment in Juvenile Justice

Structured needs assessment instruments aid in-service planning in the juvenile justice system. This article uses latent class analysis to classify juvenile offenders into categories or types based...
Fragrance material review on cedrol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cedrol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.