cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Substance Abuse

Virtually every adolescent and adult in the United States today is exposed each day to the opportunity to use alcohol and tobacco. A smaller, but still significant, percentage of the population is exposed to the opportunity to use a range of illicit drugs from marijuana to heroin. Most of the members of our society have or will have some experience with a variety of psychoactive drugs. Some—but by no means all or most—will become casualties: they will become dependent on one or more drugs. A fundamental question that must be addressed in any serious theory of substance abuse is the problem of individual differences. One way of trying to understand why some individuals become dependent on or abuse drugs, whereas others do not, is to describe characteristics that are discriminative. Some of these factors have been highlighted in recent national surveys.
Anteromedian External Urethral Sphincterotomy: Technique, Rationale and Complications

AbstractExperiences are presented with bilateral (3 and 9 o’clock incisions) and anteromedian (12 o’clock incision) external urethral sphincterotomy in 84 patients with neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunctions. Hemorrhage and loss of reflexogenic erections have been notably absent in 31 patients who underwent anteromedian sphincterotomy. The rationale is discussed for the preference of anteromedian over bilateral sphincterotomy based on postoperative complications. The postoperative, radiologically aided cystosphincterometric and electromyographic studies during micturition indicated the adequacy of the surgical procedures, satisfying the urodynamic criteria, although dyssynergic myoelectric activity of the periurethral striated muscle continued to exist.
Women and Democracy after the Arab Spring: Theory, Practice, and Prospects

The collapse of authoritarian regimes in the wake of the Arab Spring initially raised hopes for the emergence of new democracies premised on robust conceptions of citizen rights, including those of women. While some countries, such as Libya, Syria, and Yemen, have descended into violent conflict, others have adopted new political and social structures. This chapter will focus on the relatively nonviolent cases of the Arab Spring—Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco—and provide a comparative analysis of women’s roles in the democratic processes since the onset of the Arab Spring. The chapter concludes with insights on the characteristics of a women-friendly democracy and on the long-term prospects for women’s rights across the The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
Structural investigation on WlaRG from Campylobacter jejuni: A sugar aminotransferase.

Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative bacterium that represents a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Of particular concern is the link between C. jejuni infections and the subsequent development of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acquired autoimmune disorder leading to paralysis. All Gram-negative bacteria contain complex glycoconjugates anchored to their outer membranes, but in most strains of C. jejuni, this lipoglycan lacks the O-antigen repeating units. Recent mass spectrometry analyses indicate that the C. jejuni 81116 (Penner serotype HS:6) lipoglycan contains two dideoxyhexosamine residues, and enzymological assay data show that this bacterial strain can synthesize both dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose and dTDP-3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose. The focus of this investigation is on WlaRG from C. jejuni, which plays a key role in the production of these unusual sugars by functioning as a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent aminotransferase. Here, we describe the first three-dimensional structures of the enzyme in various complexes determined to resolutions of 1.7 A or higher. Of particular significance are the external aldimine structures of WlaRG solved in the presence of either dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose or dTDP-3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose. These models highlight the manner in which WlaRG can accommodate sugars with differing stereochemistries about their C-4' carbon positions. In addition, we present a corrected structure of WbpE, a related sugar aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, solved to 1.3 A resolution.
Monsters and the Pleasures of Divine Justice in English Popular Print, 1560–1675

This chapter examines the role of sinister aesthetics in depictions of divine punishment in two kinds of Renaissance cheap print texts: broadside ballads and sermons. Although ballads are often seen as sensationalist entertainments opposed to the moral and religious didacticism of sermons, the two genres share important subjects, techniques, and goals. Ballads about so-called monstrous births not only present them as pleasurably fearful spectacles but they also treat them as texts written by God. Depicting God as a monster-maker has important implications for early modern English conceptions of God and his relationship to evil. The second part of the chapter analyzes seventeenth-century sermons that further explore this relationship and try to cultivate an appreciation for the monstrous and infernal forms of divine punishment.
The End of Texceptionalism: A Postmodern Metanarrative for the New Century

To understand America as it is emerging in the 21st Century, recent work regarding Texas provides an appropriate historiographical microcosm. Discrediting notions of "Texceptionalism," while repositioning the intellectual center of gravity from the state's 1836 separatist movement and 19th-century frontier to the development of modern Texas, pits a new progressive model against American exceptionalism. This new metanarrative is capable of transcending the disillusionment that has characterized postmodernism's suspicion of such grand narratives. If, as postmodernists contend, expressions of perceived realities are indeed plural and relative, we should be able to examine those expansive sweeps, not so much for the facts they convey, but for the inherent elements that support the ideas and values of their creators. Likewise, a new metanarrative that is conscious of its own socio-political purposes will be selfcritical, malleable, and projected only to a point that its proponents can confidently defend.
Antimicrobial efficacy of phytochemicals against Bacillus cereus in reconstituted infant rice cereal.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the potential use of Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and [10]-Gingerol (GI) to inhibit the growth of B. cereus in infant rice cereal reconstituted with infant formula. Samples were inoculated with either vegetative cells or spores of B. cereus (ATCC 14579), and they were treated with 500 ppm (mg/L) TC, EGCG and GI. They were stored at 7 °C, 23 °C, or 37 °C for 0, 4, 8 and 24 h to simulate advance preparation, handling and temperature abuse. At 23 °C no growth was observed with TC over 24 h. TC also showed the highest antimicrobial activity 37 °C by inhibiting the growth of B. cereus vegetative cells by 0.83 log CFU/g and B. cereus spores by 2.0 log CFU/g after 24 h. B. cereus (ATCC 14579) did not grow at 7 °C over 24 h and TC had no effect on its survival. Significant differences (P
Sensors for Individual Ability (Implicit Data)

Sensors are implicit measurements, in that they gather data automatically from the person or from the environment. This is as opposed to explicit, where the person must manually answer a question from a questionnaire or enter an observation into a diary. Implicit measurement has an advantage in being able to gather more data, however there is always the issue of to what extent the data gathered is actionable. It is technically possible to measure every step a person takes or to measure every location a person moves to. But what would be done with such data to enable useful health management? Most measurements today mimic what is most effective for acute care, while chronic care or everyday health may be radically different.
Measuring Value of Health Care: The Importance and Challenges of Measuring True Cost

Abstract With the rising cost of US health care, there is increasing emphasis on delivering high-value health care with a high quality to cost ratio. Health care analysts have come to realize that costs are not being accurately measured, which is problematic for identifying how to reduce costs. To quantify value, we must measure outcomes and measure true cost. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) can be used to assign costs accurately. The cost measurement process is broken down into seven steps, which serve as excellent starting points for doing one's own costing analysis. Opportunities to improve value will arise from TDABC, such as eliminating process variation, improving resource capacity utilization, ensuring the product is delivered at the right location, matching clinical skills to the process, and speeding up cycle time. With this technique, valid comparisons can be made between systems or care cycles, as well as between iterations of a given care cycle. Use of TDABC to estimate true cost will be increasingly important as current reimbursement patterns shift toward value-based reimbursement.
Diffusion of medication drop-boxes in North Carolina from 2007 to 2016.

Introduction: A permanent drug donation box (“drop-box”) is one strategy implemented in communities across the United States to reduce the availability of excess controlled medications, including prescription opioids, for diversion. The objective of this study was to examine correlates of the diffusion and implementation of drop-boxes in North Carolina.Methods: We assessed the number and location of drop-boxes implemented in North Carolina. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine covariates associated with drop-box implementation in NC counties (n?=?100) between 2007 and 2016.Results: There were 311 drop-boxes implemented in 91 (out of 100) counties. Most drop-boxes were in law enforcement agencies (78.8%) and a growing number were in pharmacies (14.5%). Counties with a higher percentage of whites, more educated residents, a substance abuse prevention coalition, higher rates of controlled medications dispensed and prescription opioid overdose, and that were Appalachian were more likely to be early adopters. Rural counties were less likely to have a drop-box. In the multivariate model, only higher rate of controlled medicines dispensed was significant.Conclusions: A growing number of drop-boxes are being implemented in law enforcement offices and pharmacies. Given that communities with higher rates of controlled medication dispensing likely have the highest need for disposal opportunities, it is promising that they are early adopters of drop-boxes. Future research should assess the effectiveness of drop-boxes as they become more widespread in a variety of locations.
The Influence of Ecological Factors on Mosquito Abundance and Occurrence in Galápagos

We sampled mosquitoes across 18 sites established at different elevations and stretching from the north to the south of Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos. Two commonly occurring species, Ae. taeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, were collected along with environmental variables characteristic of the trapping sites to assess their influence on mosquito abundance and occurrence in the dry season of 2015. We captured Ae. taeniorhynchus at 14 out of 18 sites and Cx. quinquefasciatus at low and high elevation sites on Santa Cruz. We utilized two generalized linear models; the first assessed the influence of environmental variables on abundances of Ae. taeniorhynchus and the second assessed the influence of these variables on the presence of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Populations of both mosquito species declined with elevation. Rainfall data were limited, as we sampled during the dry season of 2015. Distance to mangroves and maximum humidity were significant in influencing the abundance of Ae. taeniorhynchus, while maximum humidity was found to significantly influence the presence of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Both species occurred in sites where temperature, precipitation, and humidity should allow for mosquito development as well as parasitic development of the protozoan parasites that cause avian malaria. Further research involving year-round sampling of mosquitoes and accompanying meteorological data as well as experimental studies on vector competence are required to understand disease dynamics of parasites such as avian malaria in Galapagos.
Perturbation of S-Adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine Levels, Inhibition of Histamine Metabolism in the Guinea Pig, by Nicotine

Previous work from our laboratory has shown that both (R-(+)-and S-(-)-nicotine enantiomers are capable of interacting with endogenous N-methyltransferase systems both in vitro and in vivo. This present study was designed to determine whether nicotine was capable of perturbing SAH and SAM levels in vivo, in guinea pig lung and liver.
Family nonuniversal U ( 1 ) ′ gauge symmetries and b → s transitions

We present a correlated analysis for the {delta}B=1, 2 processes which occur via b{yields}s transitions within models with a family nonuniversal U(1){sup '}. We take a model-independent approach and only require family universal charges for the first and second generations and small fermion mixing angles. The results of our analysis show that within this class of models, the anomalies in B{sub s}-B{sub s} mixing and the time-dependent CP asymmetries of the penguin-dominated B{sub d}{yields}({pi},{phi},{eta}{sup '},{rho},{omega},f{sub 0})K{sub S} decays can be accommodated.
Coupling Near Source Phenomena into Surface Wave Generation

Theoretical explosion mechanisms for an all azimuth reversal of Rayleigh waves are presented. Linear code methods for modeling nonlinear source region phenomena and techniques for coupling near source phenomena into surface wave generation, such as vertical separation of source radiation, mixed path approximations, and the elastodynamic representation theorem are reviewed. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained using these algorithms, in particular source medium scaling, are discussed.
Announcing the Ninth Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chemical Education

The Board of Publication for the Division of Chemical Education is charged with appointing the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chemical Education. The current Editor-in-Chief, Norbert Pienta (University of Georgia), will complete his second five-year term in December 2019. To facilitate a seamless transition, the search for the ninth Editor-in-Chief was launched in August 2017. With the help of a dedicated search committee representing many Journal constituencies, the Board of Publication has appointed Thomas A. Holme (Iowa State University) as the ninth Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chemical Education.
Is bigger better? Twenty-year institutional experience of atypical ductal hyperplasia discovered by core needle biopsy.

Abstract Objectives The increasing accuracy of large-bore (11- or 8-gauge) vacuum-assisted core needle biopsies (VACNB) has challenged the commonly-accepted practice that surgery is needed for definitive diagnosis when atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is found on VACNB. This study seeks to demonstrate the impact of increased VACNB caliber on the pathologic upgrade rate of ADH. Methods Patients diagnosed with isolated ADH by VACNB who subsequently underwent surgical excision at our tertiary medical center were retrospectively studied. Demographics, needle gauge, number of needle passes, and pathology results were analyzed. Results From June 1996 to June 2016, approximately 3740 VACNBs were performed. 139 patients were diagnosed with isolated ADH on VACNB and underwent surgical excision. 30 patients (22%) were upgraded to ductal carcinoma in-situ or invasive cancer; 17 upgrades (21%) from 11-gauge CNB vs. 13 upgrades (23%) from 8-gauge CNB (p = 0.67). Conclusion Increasing core needle biopsy size from 11 g to 8 g does not decrease the rate of pathologic upstaging at the time of surgical excision. Surgical excision of ADH is still required for complete diagnosis.
Hybrid Nanoparticle Platform for Nanoscale Scintillation Proximity Assay

β-particle emitting radionuclides, such as 3H, 14C, 32P, 33P, and 35S, are important molecular labels due to their small size and the prevalence of these atoms in biomolecules but are challenging to selectively detect and quantify within aqueous biological samples and systems. Here, we present a core-shell nanoparticle-based scintillation proximity assay platform (nanoSPA) for the separation-free, selective detection of radiolabeled analytes. nanoSPA is prepared by incorporating scintillant fluorophores into polystyrene core particles and encapsulating the scintillant-doped cores within functionalized silica shells. The functionalized surface enables covalent attachment of specific binding moieties such as small molecules, proteins, or DNA that can be used for analyte-specific detection. nanoSPA was demonstrated for detection of 3H-labeled analytes, the most difficult biologically relevant β-emitter to measure due to the low energy β-particle emission, using three model assays that represent covalent and non-covalent binding systems that necessitate selectivity over competing 3H-labeled species. In each model, nmol quantities of target were detected directly in aqueous solution without separation from unbound 3H-labeled analyte. The nanoSPA platform facilitated measurement of 3H-labeled analytes directly in bulk aqueous samples without surfactants or other agents used to aid particle dispersal. Selectivity for bound 3H-analytes over unbound 3H analytes was enhanced up to 30-fold when the labeled species was covalently bound to nanoSPA, and 4- and 8-fold for two non-covalent binding assays using nanoSPA. The small size and enhanced selectivity of nanoSPA should enable new applications compared to the commonly used microSPA platform, including the potential for separation-free, analyte-specific cellular or intracellular detection.
Screening for Lynch Syndrome by Immunohistochemistry of Mismatch Repair Proteins: Significance of Indeterminate Result and Correlation With Mutational Studies

Context.— Immunohistochemical expression of mismatch repair (MMR) protein is a well-accepted method for routine screening for Lynch syndrome with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Occasi...
Matrix Powers Kernels for Thick-Restart Lanczos with Explicit External Deflation

Some scientific and engineering applications need to compute a large number of eigenpairs of a large Hermitian matrix. Though the Lanczos method is effective for computing a few eigenvalues, it can be expensive for computing a large number of eigenpairs (e.g., in terms of computation and communication). To improve the performance of the method, in this paper, we study an s-step variant of thick-restart Lanczos (TRLan) combined with an explicit external deflation (EED). The s-step method generates a set of s basis vectors at a time and reduces the communication costs of generating the basis vectors. We then design a specialized matrix powers kernel (MPK) that further reduces the communication and computational costs by taking advantage of the special properties of the deflation matrix. We conducted numerical experiments of the new TRLan eigensolver using synthetic matrices and matrices from electronic structure calculations. The performance results on the Cori supercomputer at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) demonstrate the potential of the specialized MPK to significantly reduce the execution time of the TRLan eigensolver. The speedups of up to 3.1× and 5.3× were obtained in our sequential and parallel runs, respectively.
Store and neighborhood differences in retailer compliance with a local staple foods ordinance

Policies to improve healthy food retail have been recognized as a potential means of reducing diet-related health disparities. The revised 2014 Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance instituted minimum stocking standards for healthy, staple foods. The objective of this study was to examine retailer compliance with the policy, and whether compliance varied by neighborhood and store characteristics. In this natural experiment, audits were conducted annually pre- and post-ordinance (2014–2017) in 155 small/nontraditional stores in Minneapolis, MN and a comparison city (St. Paul, MN). Compliance measures for 10 product categories included: (1) met requirements for ≥8 categories; (2) 10-point scale (one point for each requirement met); and (3) carried any item in each category. Store characteristics included store size and ownership status. Neighborhood characteristics included census-tract socioeconomic status and low-income/low-access status. Analyses were conducted in 2018. All compliance measures increased in both Minneapolis and St. Paul from pre- to post-policy; Minneapolis increases were greater only for carrying any item in each category (p < 0.01). In Minneapolis, corporate (vs. independent) stores were generally more compliant. No differences were found by neighborhood characteristics. Overall trends suggest broad movement among Minneapolis stores towards providing a minimum level of staple foods. Increases were greater in corporate stores. Trends do not suggest neighborhood-level disparities in compliance. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02774330, retrospectively registered May 17, 2016.
Chapter 8 – VPN

Publisher Summary When the data is sent through the Internet, there is no way one can know who owns the devices that the traffic is passing through, or who may be able to view that data. Because of this, virtual private networks (VPN) were developed. A VPN provides a means of encrypting the data such that only other authorized systems can decrypt it. Because of this, VPNs allow one to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the data across an inherently insecure medium. This chapter focuses on configuring site-to-site VPNs and the different design considerations that are involved. It describes many new features that will be discussed and demonstrated so that one may easily set up a VPN between two Check Points or even another vendor's device, such as a Cisco PIX firewall. It also explains some key VPN-related concepts and then explains and demonstrates the different methods for setting up a Check Point VPN and configuring the rulebase in order to complete the VPN solution. Troubleshooting steps one can take when working with VPNs are also explained.
Sensing Earth and environment dynamics by telecommunication fiber-optic sensors: an urban experiment in Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract. Continuous seismic monitoring of the Earth's near surface (top 100 m ), especially with improved resolution and extent of data both in space and time, would yield more accurate insights about the effect of extreme-weather events (e.g., flooding or drought) and climate change on the Earth's surface and subsurface systems. However, continuous long-term seismic monitoring, especially in urban areas, remains challenging. We describe the Fiber Optic foR Environmental SEnsEing (FORESEE) project in Pennsylvania, USA, the first continuous-monitoring distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) fiber array in the eastern USA. This array is made up of nearly 5 km of pre-existing dark telecommunication fiber underneath the Pennsylvania State University campus. A major thrust of this experiment is the study of urban geohazard and hydrological systems through near-surface seismic monitoring. Here we detail the FORESEE experiment deployment and instrument calibration, and describe multiple observations of seismic sources in the first year. We calibrate the array by comparison to earthquake data from a nearby seismometer and to active-source geophone data. We observed a wide variety of seismic signatures in our DAS recordings: natural events (earthquakes and thunderstorms) and anthropogenic events (mining blasts, vehicles, music concerts and walking steps). Preliminary analysis of these signals suggests DAS has the capability to sense broadband vibrations and discriminate between seismic signatures of different quakes and anthropogenic sources. With the success of collecting 1 year of continuous DAS recordings, we conclude that DAS along with telecommunication fiber will potentially serve the purpose of continuous near-surface seismic monitoring in populated areas.
A multisite genomic epidemiology study of Clostridioides difficile infections in the U.S. supports differential roles of healthcare versus community spread for two common strains

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea. However, it is increasingly appreciated that healthcare-associated infections derive from both community and healthcare transmission, and that the primary sites of C. difficile transmission may be strain dependent. We conducted a multisite genomic epidemiology study to assess differential genomic evidence of healthcare vs. community spread for two of the most common C. difficile strains in the U.S.: sequence type (ST) 1 (associated with Ribotype 027) and ST2 (associated with Ribotype 014/020). Isolates recovered from stool specimens collected during standard clinical care at three geographically distinct U.S. medical centers between 2010 and 2018 underwent whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. ST1 and ST2 isolates both displayed some evidence of phylogenetic clustering by study site, but clustering was stronger and more apparent in ST1, consistent with our healthcare-based study more comprehensively sampling local transmission of ST1 compared to ST2 strains. Analyses of pairwise single nucleotide variant (SNV) distance distributions were also consistent with more evidence of healthcare transmission of ST1 compared to ST2, with 44% of ST1 isolates being within 2 SNVs of another isolate from the same geographic collection site compared to 5.5% of ST2 isolates (p-value = DATA SUMMARY All whole genome sequence data was uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under Bioproject accessions PRJNA595724, PRJNA561087, and PRJNA594943. Metadata that comply with patient privacy rules are included in the Supplementary Materials.
Where Calculus and Engineering Converge: an Analysis of Curricular Change in Calculus for Engineers

Calls to increase the number of STEM graduates on a global scale have created pressure on universities to graduate higher numbers of quality engineers. In response, many engineering and mathematics departments have begun to develop variations of calculus courses specifically for engineering majors. Using a mixed methods research design, we investigated similar curricular changes in calculus that were designed to support engineering students at two large research-intensive universities in the United States. The curricular change at one university was sustained over time while the other was not, which focused our study on understanding what accounted for the curricular sustainment or termination. A finding from our study illustrates that stakeholders’ perceptions of the engineering calculus course impacted the success (or failure) of the variation over time.
UniHeap: managing persistent objects across managed runtimes for non-volatile memory

Byte-addressable, non-volatile memory (NVM) is emerging as a promising technology. To facilitate its wide adoption, employing NVM in managed runtimes like JVM has proven to be an effective approach (i.e., managed NVM). However, such an approach is runtime specific, it lacks a generic abstraction across different managed languages. Similar to the well-known filesystem primitives that allow diverse programs to access the same file via the block I/O interface, managed NVM deserves the same system-wide property for persistent objects across managed runtimes with low overhead. In this paper, we present UniHeap, a new NVM framework for managing persistent objects. It proposes a unified persistent object model that supports various managed languages, and manages NVM within a shared heap that enables cross-language persistent object sharing. UniHeap reduces the object persistence overhead by managing the shared heap in a log-structured manner and coalescing object updates during the garbage collection. We implement UniHeap as a generic framework and extend it to different managed runtimes that include HotSpot JVM, cPython, and JavaScript engine SpiderMonkey. We evaluate UniHeap with a variety of applications, such as key-value store and transactional database. Our evaluation shows that UniHeap significantly out-performs state-of-the-art object sharing approaches, while introducing negligible overhead to the managed runtimes.
Disrupting their frame of reference: teacher candidates in alternative education settings

Despite a growing population of students being served in Alternative Education Settings (AES) and a severe teacher shortage in AES, most traditional teacher preparation programs do not specifically...
Threshold stiffness of lateral bracing in systems of parallel compression members

Abstract This paper explores the stiffness requirements for bracing components used in systems of parallel compression members or sub-assemblages. While rudimentary closed form equations are available to compute the threshold brace stiffness for single column systems, determining the stiffness of bracing components in multi-member systems is more complex. With the goal of developing useful multi-member stiffness models, the presented formulation is based on an equilibrium analysis of a single arbitrary column within a braced n-member system of interest. The resulting recursive relationship associated with tie-brace deformation is expanded, together with the brace-to-column shear connections and boundary conditions representing the anchor bracing, to generate a system of brace stiffness equations. Reformulating the equations as an eigenvalue problem, the minimum eigenvalue is the basis for subsequent equations derived to compute the required tie-brace stiffness in terms of the number of parallel members, and the stiffness of the shear connectors and the components of the system anchorage. Two approximations of the theoretically exact solution are also developed, providing useful alternatives for estimating system bracing requirements. Error analysis indicates that both approximate expressions sufficiently determine threshold bracing stiffness for structural systems with multiple parallel members with one or more brace points. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the use of the approximate expressions, and subsequent results are compared with both the derived theoretical solutions and results from finite element analyses.
Lessons from the Asian Crisis for the International Financial System

One of the criticisms of the International Monetary Fund programs for the Asian crisis countries that is often heard concerns the very high interest rates the programs demand. The Asian countries complain that these high interest rates seriously depressed the regional economy. I will begin by commenting on the pros and cons of the very high interest rate policy, especially in relation to the management of the exchange rate. I will then move on to measures to overcome the dilemma between monetary policy easing and exchange rate stability.
Untoward effects of exogenous inhalants on the lung.

This collection of cases is presented for a number of reasons. In several instances no difficult diagnostic pathological problem is posed, although the interrelationship between injury or disease and subsequent litigation is such that the discussion is worthwhile. In several other instances, somewhat perplexing differential diagnostic clinical pathologic problems are presented. In at least one of these cases, the ability to render a diagnosis may have substantially affected the course of the litigation. It is not possible, within the scope of such a presentation, to present all of the medicolegal ramifications which may arise in any given section of the country, but an attempt has been made to delineate, to the practicing pathologist not devoting all of his time to the forensic subspecialty, the nature of most of the common medicolegal ramifications that may arise.
3 – Organizing and Preliminary Planning for Surgical Research

Research is one of the cornerstones of an academic surgical career. In addition to caring for patients, teaching of medical students and residents, and service to the medical community, surgical research provides the motivation, and many of the rewards, for a career in academic surgery. Investigative efforts can take many forms, including activities as diverse as molecular biology, cell biology, epidemiology, patient-based outcomes studies, and financial analysis. The research should be judged in terms of its quality, originality, and impact in shaping the care and lives of future surgical patients. Success in an academic career based on research requires careful, thoughtful planning. Most successful investigative surgeons have participated in research at some point during their training. In terms of timing, two main models have been employed. In the first model, research training has been acquired in the midst of the undergraduate general surgical residency. In the second model, research training is a component of fellowship training.
Properties of Chromatographically Purified Bovine Pancreatic Deoxyribonuclease

Abstract Preparations of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease obtained by the ammonium sulfate precipitation procedure of Kunitz can be further purified by chromatography on sulfoethyl-Sephadex at pH 4.70. The instability of earlier preparations of the enzyme has usually been attributed to the sensitivity of the protein to proteolytic digestion. This hypothesis has been confirmed; treatment of the starting product in the present experiments with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate inactivates contaminating proteases and leads to a stable preparation of the enzyme. Chromatography on sulfoethyl-Sephadex shows the presence of two active components which have almost identical properties. The major product is homogeneous by chromatography on hydroxylapatite at pH 6.7, by gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4, and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Its amino acid composition is consistent with the molecular weight of 31,000 determined by ultracentrifugation by Lindberg. The analyses also show that the enzyme contains glucosamine and mannose and establish DNase as a glycoprotein. Lindberg's results, together with the present data, show the protein to be a single chain of about 270 residues with leucine at the NH2-terminal position and two disulfide bonds. The stabilized, purified product provides a suitable starting material for structural study. DNase can also be fully stabilized against proteolytic digestion by 5 mm Ca++; the concentration of Ca++ needed to reduce the rate of inactivation by one-half is 0.1 mm. This property may permit the enzyme to remain active in the presence of the proteases concurrently excreted by the pancreas.
The influence of culture on advertising effectiveness in China and the USA

Presents findings from an empirical study which investigates the effects of different advertising appeals used across cultures. Cultural differences along the individualism‐collectivism dimension are hypothesized to affect people’s reactions to certain advertising appeals. Results indicate that appeals which emphasize individualistic benefits are more effective in the USA than in China. When appeals emphasizing collectivistic benefits are employed, they are generally more effective in China. However, such effects can be moderated by product characteristics. Different product types may serve to influence the effectiveness of culturally‐congruent advertising appeals. Discusses the implications of the findings.
Observations of Star-Forming Regions with the Hat Creek Millimeter Array

The 3-element millimeter interferometer at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory has been used to map the molecular line emission from a wide range of star-forming regions, from dark clouds such as B5 and L43B (Fuller, Welch, and Myers 1987) to the 105 MΘ circumnuclear ring in the galactic center (Gusten et al. 1987). Here we discuss the observations of two regions, HH 7–11 and Orion-KL.
Efficient broadcast on fragmented spectrum in cognitive radio networks

To improve spectrum utilization, cognitive radio (CR) is introduced to detect and exploit available spectrum resources autonomously. The flexible spectrum use imposes special challenges on broadcast because different CR devices may detect different available spectrum fragments at different locations. The sender and the receivers have to agree on spectrum fragments that will be used for broadcast. There may not exist a common spectrum fragment that is available to all receivers. Most existing work assumes that a device works only in a single channel and thus the sender has to broadcast multiple times in different channels to reach all receivers. The broadcast problem is studied as a channel rendezvous and minimum latency scheduling problem. Recent spectrum-agile designs have enabled a device to utilize partially occupied spectrum. We thus view a wideband channel as an aggregation of multiple narrow channels that can be evaluated independently. A Spectrum Fragment Agile Broadcast (SFAB) scheme is introduced in this paper to support efficient broadcast on fragmented spectrum. It aims at achieving spectrum agreement between the transmitter and the receivers efficiently and maximizing the channel width used for broadcast regardless of the spectrum availability differences at receivers. We validate the effectiveness of SFAB through implementation on the GNU Radio / USRP platform and use ns-2 simulations to evaluate the performance in large deployments.
The use of chlorpromazine in obstetrical sedation.

Abstract 1. 1. One hundred and nine patients were treated with chlorpromazine. Seconal, and scopolamine during labor. 2. 2. One hundred and nine patients treated with Demerol and scopolamine were compared to the chlorpromazine group. 3. 3. Observations were made and results recorded on such points as subjective reaction, objective reaction, anesthesia, effect on babies, nausea and vomiting, and length of labor. 4. 4. Method and procedure were outlined.
Biosynthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate II. GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFER IN THE FORMATION OF THE CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN LINKAGE REGION

Abstract The biosynthesis of the first glucuronic acid residue in the polysaccharide-protein linkage region of chondroitin sulfate has been studied in a cell-free system from embryonic chick cartilage. Transfer of glucuronic acid from uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid occurred to the galactose moiety present at the nonreducing terminal of the disaccharide, 3-O-β-d-galactosyl-d-galactose, or larger, similar fragments from the linkage region. By comparison, free d-galactose was practically inactive as a substrate. Mixed substrate experiments indicated that transfer of glucuronic acid to oligosaccharide acceptors containing N-acetylgalactosamine residues at their nonreducing ends proceeded equally well in the presence of 3-O-β-d-galactosyl-d-galactose. Under similar conditions, substrates for the transfer of the first glucuronic acid residue, such as 3-O-β-d-galactosyl-d-galactose and 3-O-β-d-galactosyl-4-O-β-d-galactosyl-d-xylose, mutually impeded product formation. An analogous effect was observed for a tri- and a pentasaccharide from chondroitin 6-sulfate containing N-acetylgalactosamine moieties as acceptors for glucuronic acid. These findings suggest that the transfer of glucuronic acid to the neutral trisaccharide of the linkage region is mediated by an enzyme distinct from that involved in the formation of the remainder of the polysaccharide chain, or at least by an independent active site on the same enzyme.
Tonoplast: the controlling site for the in vitro solute transport in developing soybean cotyledons

In vitro accumulation into developing soybean cotyledons have been shown to be energy dependent, and is an active uptake process (Lichtner and Spanswick, a and b; Thorne, 1982; Lin et al., 1984; Schmitt et al., 1984; Lin, 1985 b). Studies on the concentration dependency, interference of external pH, and effect of several metabolic inhibitors on both sugar and amino-acid uptake into excised intact cotyledons and isolated protoplasts have provided circumstantial evidences for the involvement of a proton cotransport mechanism (Lichtner and Spanswick, 1981 a and b; Thorne, 1982, Lin et al., 1984; Schmitt et al., 1984; Lin, 1985 b).
IT TAKES A RHETORICAL VILLAGE: RECONSTRUCTING THE PENN STATE STUDENT PROTESTS OF APRIL 2001

“[Penn State] is a white academy in a white town—in a white country and by God it’s going to stay that way” (Weininger, “Black Student Leader”). This statement appeared inApril of 2001 in an anonymous letter delivered to a reporter for theDaily Collegian, Penn State’s student newspaper. Of greater concern, the letter also contained a chillingly specific death threat directed at LaKeisha Wolf, who was then the president of Penn State’s Black Caucus, and a claim that the author had already murdered a black man and placed his body in a wooded area near the campus (Weininger, “Autopsy Reveals”). This letter, and the threat it presented, sparked a period of student activism at Penn State’s main campus that took place over the course of eleven days, fromApril 21 to May 1. Protesters sought to use their actions and statements—and the media covering them—to force the university to act on their proposals for addressing the threat by mitigating the problem of race relations on campus. These protests, collectively named “The Village” by those involved, represented a rhetorical struggle between university administrators and the Black Caucus for influence in shaping university policy, a struggle in which the Black Caucus was able to achieve most of its goals. My analysis reconstructs the events of The Village from a rhetorical perspective, utilizing two theories to support the argument: (1) rhetorical ecology; and (2) the importance of ritualized behavior and nonverbal rhetoric. I argue that the success of the student protesters can best be understood in light of these theories. The Village protests unfolded in three distinct phases, each set off by a catalytic event: the Blue-White spring football game, the “unity march” planned by the administration in response to the death threat, and the failed negotiations between administrators and Caucus members in the student union. My analysis of these protests is informed by reports of the events in theDaily Collegian, Penn State University’s independent student newspaper. It would be impossible to claim with any certainty that this is an absolutely accurate account of what was said and done. It is, however, a compilation of several authors’ work over several days in that paper, and one article never contradicts the account of another. This consistency is an indicator, although not a guarantee, that the reporting is at least an acceptable representation of actual events. Furthermore, several national newspapers published accounts of the events that are also consistent with those described here (see Fletcher; Marks; Schemo). The advantage of the reports from the Daily Collegian, however, is that they are detailed, day-by-day accounts rather than the broad summaries from the national sources. 1
A spectral integral method for layered media

Summary form only given. In order to solve layered-medium problems, various numerical methods have been developed. We are concerned with piecewise homogeneous objects embedded in a layered medium. As such; the surface integral equation (SIE) can be used to reduce the number of unknowns compared with the volume integral equation. The SIE is solved first with the method of moments (MoM) and then with the fast multipole method (FMM) to calculate the electromagnetic fields scattered from a homogeneous scatter with arbitrary geometry in free space. J. Liu and Q. H. Liu (see IEEE Micro. and Wire. Comp. Lett., vol.14, no.3, p.97-9, 2004) developed a spectral integral method (SIM) as an alternative way of solving the surface integral equation more efficiently than MoM for arbitrarily-shaped smooth dielectric cylinders in free space. We extend this method to arbitrarily-shaped smooth perfect electrical conductor (PEC) and dielectric cylinders in a multilayer medium. We have demonstrated the spectral accuracy of the method and the reduced computational cost from that of the MoM. This method can also be extended to three dimensions.
Tandem evolution of diet and chemosensory responses in snakes

Adaptations to foraging requirements have molded sensory capacities of animals in intriguing and sometimes spectacular ways, including evolution of echolocation by bats and infrared detection by pitvipers, as well as of location of prey using lingually sampled chemical cues by actively foraging lizards. Among snakes, specialized diets and geographic differences in diets have evolved many times. Because snakes identify prey by vomerolfactory analysis of chemicals sampled by tongue-flicking, it may be predicted that responsiveness to lingually sampled chemical cues corresponds to diet: It should be much stronger to prey included in than excluded from specialized diets and should covary with geographic dietary differences in prey generalists. Breeding studies in Thamnophis elegans showed that greater responsiveness to local prey in populations having geographically variable diets has a heritable component. Whether strong chemosensory response evolves to match current diet has not been established for snakes using the comparative method. For all paired comparisons of dietary change now available, chemosensory behavior changed so that strongest responses were limited to cues from the current prey. Because diets were specialized and snakes were ingestively naive hatchlings in almost all comparisons, the basis for observed relationships is innate rather than experiential. Snake chemosensory responses have evolved to match current diets.
Oxygen Deficiency in Spartina alterniflora Roots: Metabolic Adaptation to Anoxia

The aerenchyma (air-space) tissue in the wetland macrophyte Spartina alterniflora conveys sufficient oxygen to roots for predominately aerobic respiration in moderately, but not highly, reduced substrates. Continuously flooded plants survive by respiring anaerobically, although growth is decreased. Two metabolic adaptations to flooding are displayed in this species, depending on the degree of soil reduction.
NMR Solution Structure of Opa60: A Neisserial Membrane Protein that Mediates Host Phagocytosis

The family of Opa proteins from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis are eight-stranded β-barrel outer membrane proteins that induce human cells to engulf the bacterium by engaging three different host receptors: carcinoembryonic antigen cellular adhesion molecules (CEACAM), heparansulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), or integrins via HSPG and fibronectin or vitronectin. The receptor engaged depends on the sequence of two of the extracellular loops, hypervariable loops 1 and 2, which are highly variable between isolates. Multiple sequence alignment of the HV loops does not reveal specificity motifs among the family of Opa proteins due to the extreme variability in the amino acid sequences. To investigate the determinants of Opa-receptor interactions, the NMR solution structure of Opa60, which engages CEACAM receptors, was determined.In order to solve the structure, a suite of three dimension NMR experiments were performed to obtain an assignment, each optimized for the different regions (loops and β-barrel) of the protein. One strategy was to cleave Opa60 with trypsin to isolate the micelle-embedded barrel. Based on the lack of chemical shift perturbation observed, the β-barrel structure remained intact after cleavage. The resulting simplified spectra greatly aided the assignment of the β-barrel. Additional strategies, such as temperature variation and synthetic peptides, were required to assign the loop regions. Thus, by combining these assignment strategies, the solution NMR structure was determined and reveals that Opa60 is a canonical eight-stranded β-barrel and the HV loops are long, disordered, and highly dynamic.