cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mountain sheep Ovis canadensis and helicopter surveys: Ramifications for the conservation of large mammals

Abstract Mountain sheep Ovis canadensis respond dramatically to helicopter disturbance. Significantly more animals abandoned sampling blocks and moved farther during helicopter surveys than on nonsurvey days throughout the year. Likewise, mountain sheep changed the vegetation type they occurred in more often after than before helicopter surveys; however, this difference was only significant during spring. Mountain sheep did not habituate or become sensitized to repeated helicopter overflights: time since capture was not related to their movements. The negative influence of the helicopter was extreme and may override variables that might otherwise be correlated with movement patterns of mountain sheep: this outcome also may hold for other ungulates. Further, sampling with helicopters may result in the violation of fundamental assumptions of population estimators routinely employed in conservation efforts for large mammals. The consequences of disturbing mountain sheep, such as altering use of habitat, increasing susceptibility to predation, or increasing nutritional stress, need additional study. These factors all have ramifications for the conservation of mountain sheep and other large mammals disturbed by helicopter sampling.
Competency assessment: It's time to expect more from our simulator

Computer colonoscopy simulators were introduced a little more han a decade ago with a great amount of hype and hope as to hat they could accomplish. As a result of research efforts, it is ow generally accepted that these simulators do indeed have an mpact as a training tool, although limited to the initial stages of olonoscopy training. Educators however, have had far less luck n demonstrating any usefulness of these commercially available imulators as assessment tools. It is not mutually inclusive that a useful teaching tool is necssarily a useful assessment tool. This holds true for colonoscopy omputer simulators as well. The use of these devices has been hown to accelerate the acquisition of certain endoscopic skills esulting in greater caecal intubation rates, superior haemostasis esults, and greater patient comfort [1,2]. These effects however re generally limited to the first 20–50 procedures and any benet beyond this range has yet to be shown. These limited training enefits are likely the result of the reasonable haptic and visual ealism they provide allowing for the transfer of some rudimentary ands-on skills. However, the fidelity of the simulation scenarios is empered by the excessive ease of the cases currently available. In contrast, the ability of these simulators to be used in assessng skills relies very little on the simulation realism but instead on he accuracy of the computer measured metrics of skill. These metics examine factors such as the degree of scope looping, amount f air used, time to reach the caecum, time spent in “red-out” gainst the wall, and even a metric of patient discomfort during the imulated procedure. A number of studies have been done to “valdate” these simulators [1,3]. While most simulators have shown ome degree of simulation realism, none have found the computer easured metrics of skill to be able to meaningfully discriminate etween users based on level of experience except for a few time elated metrics, and only between users of markedly different skill evel. The article by Elvevi et al. in the current issue of Digestive nd Liver Disease specifically examines the assessment abilities of computer simulator with similar results [4]. In this study, the uthors examine the performance metrics generated by the GI entor colonoscopy simulator (Simbionix Ltd., Lod, Israel) durng procedures completed by trainees at two stages of training
Burden‐sharing in the Persian Gulf: Lessons learned and implications for the future

(1993). Burden‐sharing in the Persian Gulf: Lessons learned and implications for the future. Defense Analysis: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 171-195.
A rule-based system for estimating clay distribution, morphology, and formation damage in reservoir rocks

A rule-based system has been developed that combines a knowledge base of known facts and heuristics with an inference engine to extract relevant information on clay composition, distribution, and morphology in a rock sample. The expert system uses the data to calculate a set of formation indices for the reservoir; i.e., it measures the reservoir's susceptibility to damage caused by clay swelling and migration. The rule-based system is presented. It uses data from thin-sections, clay mixture properties, and/or scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) analysis of core samples. Other possible information sources are the depositional/diagenetic history of the reservoir and commonly available clay properties. The authors use a minimization procedure to calculate the proportions of various clay minerals and properties. A data base is provided to fill the gaps in user data.
Computational and experimental studies of the interaction between phospho-peptides and the C-terminal domain of BRCA1

The C-terminal domain of BRCA1(BRCT) is involved in the DNA repair pathway by recognizing the pSXXF motif in interacting proteins. It has been reported that short peptides containing this motif bind to BRCA1(BRCT) in the micromolar range with high specificity. In this work, the binding of pSXXF peptides has been studied computationally and experimentally in order to characterize their interaction with BRCA1(BRCT). Elucidation of the contacts that drive the protein-ligand interaction is critical for the development of high affinity small-molecule BRCA1 inhibitors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the key role of threonine at the peptide P+2 position in providing structural rigidity to the ligand in the bound state. The mutation at P+1 had minor effects. Peptide extension at the N-terminal position with the naphthyl amino acid exhibited a modest increase in binding affinity, what could be explained by the dispersion interaction of the naphthyl side-chain with a hydrophobic patch. Three in silico end-point methods were considered for the calculation of binding free energy. The Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area and the Solvated Interaction Energy methods gave reasonable agreement with experimental data, exhibiting a Pearlman predictive index of 0.71 and 0.78, respectively. The MM-quantum mechanics-surface area method yielded improved results, which was characterized by a Pearlman index of 0.78. The correlation coefficients were 0.59, 0.61 and 0.69, respectively. The ability to apply a QM level of theory within an end-point binding free energy protocol may provide a way for a consistent improvement of accuracy in computer-aided drug design.
Three-generation family conflict

Abstract Under what circumstances will a vertebrate grandparent be selected to ‘spoil’ its grandchild in defiance of the wishes of the child's parent? To answer this question (the ‘doting grandparent problem’) a mathematical model of conflict and coalition in an animal society, some or all of whose members may possess imperfect information about potential costs and benefits of acts affecting themselves and their kin, is applied to interactions within extended families in diploid, outbreeding species. The model predicts that natural selection will not favour grandparent-grandchild alliances against the parent unless direct costs and benefits of behavioural acts over which conflict may occur are sufficiently broad in impact to affect at least three different kin categories simultaneously.
Differences in treatment outcome among marijuana-dependent young adults with and without antisocial personality disorder.

Background: Few studies have addressed comorbid antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and marijuana dependence in young adults, and results from previous studies are inconsistent. Objectives: This study evaluated differences in pretreatment characteristics and treatment outcomes between marijuana-dependent young adults with and without ASPD. Methods: Data for this study were derived from a randomized trial, in which marijuana-dependent young adults (n = 136) between 18 and 25 years of age were randomized to four behavioral conditions: (1) MET/CBT with CM, (2) MET/CBT without CM, (3) DC with CM, and (4) DC without CM. Results: Forty-four percent of the participants met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ASPD. ASPD clients had significantly more lifetime alcohol dependence disorders, marijuana use in the 28 days pretreatment, arrests, and assault and weapon charges compared to those without ASPD. ASPD clients did not differ in retention or substance use outcomes at 8 weeks posttreatment or the 6-month follow-up. In ge...
Preschool Children's Self-Reports of Fruit and Vegetable Knowledge, Preference, and Messages Encouraging Consumption

BACKGROUND Fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Only one third of children aged 4-8years consume the recommended 5 servings a day. Studies involving school-aged children (6-11 years) demonstrate that positive outcome expectancies can mediate FVC. There is a lack of similar studies involving preschool-aged (<5 years) children. The purpose of this study was to assess preschool children's knowledge and preference of fruits and vegetables, messages they recall hearing related to FVC, and how they perceive these messages. METHODS Children (N = 192) were individually interviewed with a play-based picture card game followed by a mealtime environment reenactment open-ended interview. Fruit and vegetable messages were operationalized using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Descriptive statistics and associations are reported. RESULTS Each child recalled an average of 2.27 messages associated with FVC. Positive outcome expectancies, negative outcome expectancies, and prompts were most frequently recalled. Statistically significant differences in knowledge, preference, and messages were observed based on income. CONCLUSIONS Children as young as age 4 years understand positive outcome expectancies. Experimental trials are warranted to determine if tailored expectancy messages mediate FVC among preschool children.
A program to increase breast and cervical cancer screening for Cambodian women in a midwestern community.

Objective To determine local screening rates for breast and cervical cancer screening among Cambodian women older than 50 years of age who had used the health-care system, to compare these rates with those for non-Cambodian women, to identify barriers to screening among Cambodians, and to implement community screening. Material and Methods From review of medical records, cancer screening rates for 1 year among Cambodians (N x 57) were compared with rates for a matched non-Cambodian sample (N x 57). Southeast Asian focus groups identified barriers to screening as a basis for intervention. The intervention included community informational programs in the Cambodian language, group screening appointments, provision of transportation, use of female physicians and interpreters, and an informal clinic setting. Cancer screening rates were compared before and after the intervention. Results Initial screening rates for Cambodians were significantly lower than for the non-Cambodians. Expressed barriers included lack of knowledge about cancer, shyness at physical examination, lack of transportation, fear of a large, technical medical center, and individual appointments. After the intervention, community screening rates were almost 5 times higher than at baseline. Conclusion The intervention was successful in overcoming organizational, economic, and cultural barriers to cancer screening among older Cambodian women in this setting.
Ultramorphology of Carbonate and Silicate Phases Associated With Deep-Sea Chert: ABSTRACT

Deep-sea diagenesis resulting in chert-nodule formation has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis of core material recovered by the Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Nodules in Tertiary chalk are generally cristobalite-rich, except where metastable silica has converted to quartz. At high magnification, fractures through nodules appear smooth, with little indication of intergranular pore space. Several transition zones may separate chert nodules from unsilicified host rock. For example, in DSDP sample 7/64.1/11/CC, a nodule is surrounded by a weakly silicified chalk zone several centimeters wide, in which interstices are partly filled with 10-micron-diameter cristobalite microspherulites (lepisph res). In a high-silica zone directly adjacent to the nodule, lepispheres are more numerous and exhibit hollow centers. At the chalk-chert boundary, the chalk groundmass has been largely replaced by isotrophic silica, which occludes pore openings but not the hollow centers of the lepispheres. These can be traced for several millimeters into the nodule. Chalcedony within foraminiferal chambers is present in cherts and silicified chalks, but is more common toward the centers of nodules. Fracture surfaces, however, reveal no differences in ultramorphology between ground-masses composed of isotropic silica and those of chalcedonic quartz. Growth of chert nodules causes dissolution and displacement of most (but not all) of the organic calcite which forms the chalk. Some displaced carbonate in reprecipitated as ultra-fine, euhedral calcite grains within chalk interstices adjacent to nodules. These are probably the supposed calcium-silicate intermediary mineral grains, which some investigators have reported at chert-chalk boundaries. Calcite also may be precipitated as secondary overgrowths on radial prisms of some planktonic foraminiferal tests. This produces characteristic euhedral terminations on inner and outer chamber surfaces. End_of_Article - Last_Page 811------------
Land use and hydrologic flowpaths interact to affect dissolved organic matter and nitrate dynamics

The transport and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) through the soil profile impact down-gradient ecosystems and are increasingly recognized as important factors affecting the balance between accumulation and mineralization of subsoil organic matter. Using zero tension and tension lysimeters at three soil depths (20, 40, 60 cm) in paired forest and maize/soybean land uses, we compared dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved organic N (DON) and DIN concentrations as well as DOM properties including hydrophilic-C (HPI-C), UV absorption (SUVA254), humification index and C/N ratio. Soil moisture data collected at lysimeter locations suggest zero tension lysimeters sampled relatively rapid hydrologic flowpaths that included downward saturated flow through the soil matrix and/or rapid macropore flow that is not in equilibrium with bulk soil solution whereas tension lysimeters sampled relatively immobile soil matrix solution during unsaturated conditions. The effect of land use on DOC and DON concentrations was largely limited to the most shallow (20 cm) sampling depth where DOC concentrations were greater in the forest (only zero tension lysimeters) and DON concentrations were greater in the cropland (both lysimeter types). In contrast to DOC and DON concentrations, the effect of land use on DOM properties persisted to the deepest sampling depth (60 cm), suggesting that DOM in the cropland was more decomposed regardless of lysimeter type. DOC concentrations and DOM properties differed between lysimeter types only in the forest at 20 cm where soil solutions collected with zero tension lysimeters had greater DOC concentrations, greater SUVA254, greater humification index and lower HPI-C. Our data highlight the importance of considering DOM quality in addition to DOC quantity, and indicate long-term cultivation reduced the delivery of relatively less decomposed DOM to all soil depths.
From voter ID to party ID: How political parties affect perceptions of election fraud in the U.S.

This paper uses a survey experiment to assess what individuals understand about election fraud and under what circumstances they see it as a problem. I argue that political parties are central to answering both these questions. Results from the 2011 CCES survey suggest respondents are able to differentiate between the relative incentives of Democrats and Republicans where fraud tactics are concerned, but whether voters see these tactics as problematic is heavily influenced by partisan bias. The results show little support for the notion that partisan ideology drives fraud assessments, and suggest support for the idea that individual concerns for fraud are shaped a desire for their preferred candidate to win. These results offer insights that might be applied more broadly to questions of perceptions of electoral integrity and procedural fairness in democracies.
[D81] Hapkit: An open-hardware haptic device for online education

Summary form only given. Courses involving a laboratory component are conspicuously missing from the recent upsurge in online courses, limiting student access to hands-on educational experiences. We present a low-cost, open-hardware haptic device, called Hapkit, designed to provide a hands-on laboratory experience in an introductory online haptics course. Hapkit is a one-degree-of-freedom kinesthetic haptic device that allows users to input motions and feel programmed forces. Based on previous haptic paddle designs, Hapkit consists of a motor, magneto-resistive sensor and rotating magnet, laser-cut acrylic structure, friction drive, force-sensitive resistor, and custom Arduino-based controller board. The CAD files, parts list and costs, assembly instructions, and sample software are posted at http://hapkit.stanford.edu so the public can both recreate Hapkit and modify its design. The corresponding online haptics course, piloted in Autumn 2013, will be available as a self-paced course at http://hapticsonline.stanford.edu. In this demonstration, conference attendees will be able to assemble and program Hapkits.
Respiratory response of guinea pigs to low levels of sulfuric acid

Abstract Sulfuric acid at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 mg/m 3 produces an increase in pulmonary flow resistance and a decrease in pulmonary compliance in guinea pigs exposed for 1 hour. These changes are not rapidly reversible following termination of exposure. Sulfuric acid of 0.3 μm (MMD) was more irritant than a larger size of 1 μm.
Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from carbon nanomaterials in water.

Abstract Desorption behavior of pyrene, phenanthrene and naphthalene from fullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was examined. Available adsorption space of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was found to be the cylindrical external surface, neither the inner cavities nor inter-wall spaces due to impurities in the CNTs and restricted spaces (0.335 nm) of the MWCNTs, respectively. Desorption hysteresis was observed for fullerene but not for CNTs. Deformation-rearrangement was proposed to explain the hysteresis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for fullerene, due to the formation of closed interstitial spaces in spherical fullerene aggregates. However, long, cylindrical carbon nanotubes could not form such closed interstitial spaces in their aggregates due to their length, thus showing no significant hysteresis. High adsorption capacity and reversible adsorption of PAHs on CNTs imply the potential release of PAHs if PAH-adsorbed CNTs are inhaled by animals and humans, leading to a high environmental and public health risk.
Caste determination in honey bees. I. The significance of moisture in larval food

Honey bee larval growth is markedly influenced by the moisture content of the larval food. A gradual increase in the moisture content of the larval food (royal jelly) resulted in a large percentage of queens. An apparent linear relationship of royal jelly moisture content to time of larval development was used in the feeding trials. Since the larval food tested was one and one-half or two and one-half years old, it is probable that a highly labile queen determining substance, or substances, if present in larval food, is not responsible for caste determination. Results of this study suggest that nurse bees may initiate the mechanism of queen differentiation simply by increasing the moisture content of the food of growing larvae and, thereby, controlling the intake of essential nutrients. The secretions of the mandibular glands are presumably responsible for the change in consistency of the food of either queen or worker larvae.
Join-prime elements in semidistributive lattices

In this paper we shall discuss some aspects of the relation between the structure of a finite semidistributive lattice L and the set P(L) of its join-prime elements. These investigations were motivated in part by the results of the first author in [2] and [3], wherein finite sublattices of a free lattice which are generated by both their join-prime and meet-prime elements are described. It is well-known that the set of join-prime elements of a finite distributive lattice (which coincides with the set of join-irreducible elements) completely determines the lattice. On the other hand, a finite nondistributive lattice (e.g., M3) may well "have P(L) empty. In a nontrivial finite semidistributive lattice, though, P(L) is never empty (see w and in the presence of Whitman's condition or L being a bounded homomorphic image of a free lattice, we can establish at least some explicit connection between P(L) and the structure of L (w and w For finite lattices in general, we make the following simple observation.
Turbulent Ion Flow Tube Study of the Cluster-Mediated Reactions of SF6- with H2O, CH3OH, and C2H5OH from 50 to 500 Torr

Reactions of SF6- with H2O, CH3OH, and C2H5OH were studied at 298 K from 50 to 500 Torr in a newly constructed turbulent ion flow tube (TIFT). These reactions were found to be cluster-mediated reac...
A phase I study of the biomodulation of capecitabine by docetaxel and gemcitabine (mGTX) in previously untreated patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Background Pancreas cancer remains a formidable challenge. We report the first prospective analysis of the 3-drug combination of gemcitabine (G), docetaxel (T) and capecitabine (X) (mGTX) with schedule modification to maximize biomodulation of X.
Gradual development of the interferon-γ response of swine to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection or vaccination

Infection of swine with virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus induced a rapid, robust antibody response that comprised predominantly nonneutralizing antibodies and waned after approximately 3 months. In contrast, the initial onset of virus-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma-secreting cells (SC) in the pig lymphocyte population remained at a fairly low level during this period and then increased gradually in frequency, plateauing at 6 months postinfection. A similar polarization of the host humoral and cellular immune responses was also observed in pigs immunized with a PRRS-modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. Even coadministration of an adjuvant that enhanced the immune response to a pseudorabies (PR) MLV vaccine failed to alter the induction of PRRS virus-specific IFN-gamma SC (comprising predominantly CD4/CD8 alpha double positive memory T cells with a minority being typical CD4(-)/CD8 alpha beta(+) T cells) and the generation of neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, unlike inactivated PR virus, nonviable PRRS virus did not elicit virus-neutralizing antibody production. Presumably, an intrinsic property of this pathogen delays the development of the host IFN-gamma response and preferentially stimulates the synthesis of antibodies incapable of neutralization.
Composition and distribution of carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins of human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract The M-, N-, and MN-glycoproteins obtained from human erythrocytes by phenol-water extraction were purified by gel filtration and digested with Pronase and trypsin. The products of degradation were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and the fractions were examined by poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sodium sulfate, analyzed for carbohydrate and amino acid contents, and tested for M and N blood-group activity. From the results, it is suggested that the glycoprotein chains are composed of a hydrophobic moiety devoid of carbohydrate chains and a hydrophilic moiety containing carbohydrate chains of different compositions, irregularly distributed along the protein chains and linked to L -asparagine, L -serine, or L -threonine residues. The M and N activity typical for the undegraded glycoproteins, and the “basic” or “precursor-type” N activity, were found in different glycopeptide fractions.
Terabit optical Ethernet for avionics

Avionics platforms can benefit enormously by using standard communications protocols like Ethernet, in terms of cost and power efficiency. The performance of future aviation communications networks will be required to handle aircraft functions as well as potentially massive data collection, storage, retrieval and processing. The bisectional bandwidth of future avionics platforms could easily exceed Petabytes with video based applications and possibly reach the capacity of small data centers. The performance requirements for these systems will be latency and throughout. since avionics platforms have the potential to advance on a different standards track than terrestrial systems, Terabit Ethernet could become a reality before the terrestrial standards bodies move from 400 Gigabit per second Ethernet to Terabit. Another potentially powerful driver for Terabit Ethernet is that the reach on airframes is relatively short and Terabit transmission impairments not as critical.
Staphylococcus aureus infections: transmission within households and the community

Staphylococcus aureus, both methicillin susceptible and resistant, are now major community-based pathogens worldwide. The basis for this is multifactorial and includes the emergence of epidemic clones with enhanced virulence, antibiotic resistance, colonization potential, or transmissibility. Household reservoirs of these unique strains are crucial to their success as community-based pathogens. Staphylococci become resident in households, either as colonizers or environmental contaminants, increasing the risk for recurrent infections. Interactions of household members with others in different households or at community sites, including schools and daycare facilities, have a critical role in the ability of these strains to become endemic. Colonization density at these sites appears to have an important role in facilitating transmission. The integration of research tools, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), mathematical modeling, and social network analysis, has provided additional insight into the transmission dynamics of these strains. Thus far, interventions designed to reduce recurrent infections among household members have had limited success, likely due to the multiplicity of potential sources for recolonization. The development of better strategies to reduce the number of household-based infections will depend on greater insight into the different factors that contribute to the success of these uniquely successful epidemic clones of S. aureus.
Suspended Self-Assembled Opal Membranes

Suspended self-assembled opal membranes have been prepared from 440- or 170-nm-diameter silica spheres by evaporation of their colloidal solutions over vertically oriented 0.3-mm-thick silicon wafers containing frustum-shaped openings. Robust 0.5 x 0.5 mm(2) membranes with a thickness of ca. 300 mum have been reproducibly prepared using 170 nm silica spheres. The membranes show regular fcc packing with an exposed (111) orientation and are formed in a process that involves drawing silica spheres into the opening with the solvent meniscus.
Body build satisfaction and the congruency of body build perceptions

Female subjects were classified as satisfied ( n = 15) or dissatisfied ( n = 15) with their body build and were administered the Somatotype Rating Scale. The SRS allowed subjects to rate their own body build, their wished-for body build, the typical female body build, and the body build of a same-sex best friend and a dating partner. Compared with dissatisfied subjects, satisfied subjects showed greater congruency between their own and wished-for body build, and greater congruency between their own and friend/date body builds, but less congruency between their own body build and the female body build stereotype.
Estimation of Survival Functions and Failure Rate

The BAYESian estimation of the survival function and failure rate in the uncensored case has been treated in PROSCHAN and SINGPURWALLA [5]. In this paper the extension of estimation to randomly censored data is considered. The time interval is partitioned into fixed class intervals. Assuming constant failure rate on these intervals and using a DIRICHLET distribution as the prior, the resulting estimates of survival function and failure rate have nice and simple forms. If instead of the fixed time intervals, one uses the “natural” intervals formed by the observed failure times, this gives essentially the same result as in FERGUSON and PHADIA [3], SUSARLA and VAN RYSIN [7], but in a much simpler form. In this situation the limiting estimates are the KAPLAN-MEIER analog for the discrete situation (not the KAPLAN-MEIER product limit estimator (KAPLAN and MEIER [4]).
SPECIFIC COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGENS IN POLYOMA TUMORS AND TRANSFORMED CELLS.

Abstract One or more new specific antigens are present in “virus-free” polyoma tumors, as demonstrated by their complement fixation reaction with serum from animals carrying transplantable tumors. These antigens cannot be found in normal animal tissues or in tumors induced by other viruses or by methylcholanthrene. Mouse and hamster cell tissue cultures after exposure to polyoma virus are positive for the antigen and corresponding control cultures are negative. The presence of the antigen in these tissue culture cells is not related to the presence or absence of infectious virus in a carrier culture relationship or to the ability of the culture cells to produce tumors in isologous animals. Sera from tumor-bearing animals having high titers of CF antibody against tumor antigen are negative for antiviral antibody activity. Some sera from virus immunized animals are negative against the tumor antigen but have high anti-viral antibody titers. The presence of demonstrable anti-tumor CF antibodies is not necessary for virus-immunized animals to resist challenge with an isologous polyoma tumor.
A comparison of the SSW and language test results

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the SSW and a battery of auditory-language tests in a group of children suspected of auditory processing problems. Thirty-one children between the ages of 6.2 and 10.4 were referred by their classroom teachers. All children were administered a pure tone and an acoustic immitance battery, the SSW test, selected subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions, the Goldman-Fristoe-Woodcock Auditory Skills Battery, an elicited language sample, and the Observational Profile of Classroom Communication. No significant correlations were found between the SSW right competing and left competing conditions and the auditory-language test battery. The findings suggest that these two test approaches measure different aspects of auditory processing abilities in children, and both are required to adequately describe auditory processing abilities at all levels.
Human visual search: a two state process

In searching a field of view for an object of interest, observers appear to alternate between two states: wandering (rapid saccades) and examining (focusing on an attractive region). This observation is made based on eye tracker measurements and is consistent with the model proposed by J. F. Nicoll, which describes search as a competition between points of interest for the observer's attention. In this paper search is represented as a random process -- a random walk in which the observers exist in one of two states until they quit: they are either searching or wandering around looking for a point of interest. When wandering, the observers skip rapidly from point to point. When examining, they move more slowly, because detection discrimination requires additional or different thought processes. An interesting consequence of the two state approach is that the random walk must have two time constants -- the time constant for fast (wandering) movements and a different time constant for slow (examining) movements. We describe a technique which can be used to separate raw eye tracker data collected in a search experiment into the wandering and examining states. Then we postulate the relationship of the probability of wandering (or examining) to the attractiveness of the image. We use a clutter metric to estimate the relative attractiveness of the target and the competing clutter. We find that the clutter metric predicts fairly well the time spent in the two states.
Balloon dilatation of congenital mitral stenosis in a critically ill infant.

We report a case of a 14-month-old-infant with severe congenital mitral stenosis who presented with pulmonary oedema, acute renal failure and haemodynamic instability. Balloon dilatation was successfully performed under fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:191-193, 1999.
Cross-frequency phase coupling of brain rhythms during the orienting response

A critical function of the brain's orienting response is to evaluate novel environmental events in order to prepare for potential behavioral action. Here, measures of synchronization (power, coherence) and nonlinear cross-frequency phase coupling (m:n phase locking measured with bicoherence and cross-bicoherence) were computed on 62-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) data during a paradigm in which unexpected, highly-deviant, novel sounds were randomly intermixed with frequent standard and infrequent target tones. Low frequency resolution analyses showed no significant changes in phase coupling for any stimulus type, though significant changes in power and synchrony did occur. High frequency resolution analyses, on the other hand, showed significant differences in phase coupling, but only for novel sounds compared to standard tones. Novel sounds elicited increased power and coherence in the delta band together with m:n phase locking (bicoherence) of delta:theta (1:3) and delta:alpha (1:4) rhythms in widespread fronto-central, right parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. Cross-bicoherence revealed that globally synchronized delta oscillations were phase coupled to theta oscillations in central regions and to alpha oscillations in right parietal and posterior regions. These results suggest that globally synchronized low frequency oscillations with phase coupling to more localized higher frequency oscillations provide a neural mechanism for the orienting response.
An adaptive cut‐cell method for environmental fluid mechanics

In this work we present a numerical method for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in an environmental fluid mechanics context. The method is designed for the study of environmental flows that are multiscale, incompressible, variable-density, and within arbitrarily complex and possibly anisotropic domains. The method is new because in this context we couple the embedded-boundary (or cut-cell) method for complex geometry with block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) while maintaining conservation and second-order accuracy. The accurate simulation of variable-density fluids necessitates special care in formulating projection methods. This variable-density formulation is well known for incompressible flows in unit-aspect ratio domains, without AMR, and without complex geometry, but here we carefully present a new method that addresses the intersection of these issues. The methodology is based on a second-order-accurate projection method with high-order-accurate Godunov finite-differencing, including slope limiting and a stable differencing of the nonlinear convection terms. The finite-volume AMR discretizations are based on two-way flux matching at refinement boundaries to obtain a conservative method that is second-order accurate in solution error. The control volumes are formed by the intersection of the irregular embedded boundary with Cartesian grid cells. Unlike typical discretization methods, these control volumes naturally fit within parallelizable, disjoint-block data structures, and permit dynamic AMR coarsening and refinement as the simulation progresses. We present two- and three-dimensional numerical examples to illustrate the accuracy of the method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Methylation Analysis by MethyLight Technology

MethyLight is a sensitive, fluorescence-based real-time PCR technique that is capable of quantitating DNA methylation at a particular locus by using DNA oligonucleotides that anneal differentially to bisulfite-converted DNA according to the methylation status in the original genomic DNA. The use of three oligonucleotides (forward and reverse primers, and interpositioned probe) in MethyLight, any one or more of which can be used for methylation discrimination, allows for a high degree of specificity, sensitivity, and flexibility in methylation detection.
Population-dynamic instability as a cause of patch structure

Abstract Understanding how ocean ecosystem dynamics are driven by the coupling of trophodynamic interactions and physical factors and how these affect recruitment is one of the critical problems in biological oceanography. This paper attempts to contribute insights into these interactions by defining a population-dynamic/physical-forcing space in which it may be possible to begin unification of historical work on trophic webs, functional responses, and patch structure. We use more or less traditional reaction-diffusion equations to facilitate exploration of prey-predator relative motion effects on spatial distributions. As a particular example, reparameterization of a nondimensionalized version of the model applied to two kinds of trophodynamic interactions allows concentration upon the role of diffusion-driven instability in generating spatial patch structures of prey and predator abundance.
The ovarian tumor protein isoforms of Drosophila melanogaster exhibit differences in function, expression, and localization.

Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster ovarian tumor (otu gene, required for normal proliferation and differentiation of the female germ-line, encodes two cytoplasmic protein isoforms, 98 and 104 kDa. Mutants with defects in this gene are typically grouped into one of three phenotypic classes: quiescent (germ cells do not proliferate), oncogenic or tumorous (germ-line cells proliferate uncontrollably), and differentiated (germ-line cells initiate but do not complete differentiation). Analysis of transformants expressing only one of the otu isoforms showed that the 104-kDa isoform (otu-104) can rescue all classes of otu mutants, whereas only differentiated mutants are rescued to a significant extent by the 98-kDa isoform (otu-98). Western analysis of protein extracts prepared from ovaries of various developmental stages indicated that otu-104 predominates in predifferentiated stages, while otu-98 is prevalent in differentiated egg chambers. Immunolocalization experiments demonstrated that otu protein is present in the cytoplasm of oogonial stem cells that populate third instar larvae and in all germ-line-derived cells until late in oogenesis. In stage 10 egg chambers, otu protein shifts to the subcortical region of nurse cells. This type of analysis also showed that upon formation of a 16-cell syncytium otu-104, but not otu-98, preferentially accumulates in the developing oocyte cytoplasm. The otu11 mutant protein does not show this pattern of enhanced accumulation, nor does it occur in ovaries of egalitarian and Bicaudal-D mutants, which are defective in oocyte determination. Thus, these studies indicate that the 104-kDa isoform is required for normal proliferation of female germ-line cells and perhaps for oocyte differentiation. The 98-kDa isoform appears to be dispensable but can provide an otu function needed for the completion of oocyte maturation.
Maternal swine trait genetic parameter estimates measured on Landrace females with known porcine stress syndrome genotypes

Summary Reproductive genetic parameter estimates from American Landrace sows were evaluated when two different methods of accounting for various environmental effects (parity, number after transfer, etc.) were used to pre-adjust data prior to analyses. Additionally, the environmental effects were included in the models used for analysis and their solutions obtained directly. Data utilized in this study were obtained on American Landrace females with known porcine stress syndrome genotypes. Use of the Landrace breed specific adjustments (Brubaker et al. 1994) generally increase heritability and their use may more accurately reflect the true impact of each environmental factor and thus should result in a faster improvement of the trait through traditional selection methods. Additionally, applying environmental adjustments to the data prior to their evaluation reduces the model complexity and may be particularly useful to reduce the time and computer hardware requirements to analyse large data sets. Service sire and permanent environment-repeated record accounted for small amounts of total variance and thus their inclusion in future analysis is questionable. More research needs to be conducted to compare general and breed-specific environmental adjustments factors to achieve more accurate genetic evaluations of other pure breeds and synthetic lines of swine. Zusammenfassung Schatzungen genetischer Parameter fur maternale Merkmale von Landrassesauen mit bekannten Porcinen Stress-Genotypen Genetische Parameterschatzungen fur Reproducktionsmerkmale amerikanischer Landrassesauen wurden unter Vergleich zweier verschiedener Methoden von Korrekturen fur Umwelteinflusse (Wurffolge, Zahl nach Ferkeltransfer, etc) verglichen. Daruber hinaus wurden Umwelteinflusse in analytischen Modellen berucksichtigt und ihre Schatzwerte direkt berechnet. Die Daten stammten von Sauen mit bekannten Stressgenotypen. Landrasse-spezifische Korrekturen (Brubaker 1994) fuhrten zu hoheren Heritabilitatswerten und durften die tatsachlichen Umwelteinflusse besser wiedergeben. Dies sollte zu rascherem genetischen Fortschritt mittels traditionellet Zuchtmethoden fuhren. Korrekturen vor der Auswertung reduzieren Komplexitat der Modelle und fuhren damit zur Reduktion von Zeit- und Computerbedarf bei umfangreichen Daten. Einflusse von Besamungseber und permanente Umweltwirkung bei wiederholten Leistungen verursachen wenig Variabilitat, sodas ihre Berucksichtigung fraglich sein sollte. Die Bewertung allgemeiner und rassenspezifischer Korrekturfaktoren bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies of Latimeria chalumnae

Recent radiologic imaging techniques (CT[Computed Tomography] and MRI[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]) were used to investigate the cranial anatomy of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. The non-invasive CT and MRI techniques were performed successfully on a 1.45 m female specimen. This specimen had been frozen a year earlier for future research; the CT was conducted on the frozen animal, whereas the MRI method was performed immediately after thawing. The CT technique provides information about differential density of the organism (especially informative with respect to hard tissues, bone and cartilage), whereas three different types of MRI (proton resonance T1, T2 and ‘flash’) distinguish cartilage, muscles, and different connective tissues. A total of 381 CT cross sections (2 mm thick with 1 mm of overlap) through the head region were used in a computerized three-dimensional reconstruction program to address questions concerning cranial morphology. The results obtained from these radiologie imaging techniques confirmed most of the basic anatomy known from traditional dissections. However, the morphology of complex structures, such as the cartilaginous processes of the neurocranium, and the integration of the branchial arches and palate can only now be described more accurately.
Stable Isotope-Based Paleoaltimetry: Theory and Validation

Paleoaltimetry is the quantitative estimate of the surface height above mean sea level of ancient landforms. Atmospheric thermodynamic modeling of the behavior of 18O relative to 16O during condensation from water vapor establish the systematic relationship that exists between Δ(δ 18O p ) and elevation, where Δ (δ18O p ) is the difference between a low altitude, preferably sea level δ18O p and a potentially high elevation sample. Comparison of model predictions with observations suggests that the model captures the first-order behavior of δ18O p during condensation and precipitation in orographic settings. The actual relationship between Δ(δ 18O p ) and elevation depends sensitively on climate, and specifically starting temperature and to a lesser degree relative humidity. Thermodynamic modeling allows the Δ(δ18O p ) and elevation relationship to be explicitly calculated for any given starting climate state. This makes the theoretical approach significantly more appropriate than empirically calibrated approaches based typically on quite limited samples presently available in most orographic settings today. Paleoaltimetry archives derive their isotopic compositions from surface and or ground water, and hence it is important to understand the systematic differences between these reservoirs and precipitation. Surface waters and ground waters integrate not just the change in isotopic composition with altitude, but also variations in hypsometry within the drainage basin and precipitation amount as functions of elevation. Thus these archives should reflect the precipitation amount weighted hypsometric mean elevation of the (paleo)-drainage basin from which they derive their waters. Analysis of modern data from the Himalayan region supports this expectation. Foreland basin rivers are such integrators and it is shown, using an example from the Siwaliks that the rivers draining the front of the Himalayas in the past had isotopic compositions comparable with modern rivers draining the Himalayan front suggesting little net change in Himalayan hypsometry over the past 11 million years.
Social Rank, Residential Effects and Community Satisfaction

Building on the work of Robert Park, Eshref Shevky, Scott Greer and studies of contextual effects, this article inquires into the impact of residence in neighborhoods of varying social rank on peoples' satisfaction with their communities. An aggregate-survey data file on four cities is used to test three hypotheses. Earlier studies have reported little interactive relationship between individual and contextual characteristics on community evaluations. The findings reported here suggest that self-selection factors are at work producing the spurious appearance of a zero relationship. However, even with the effects of neighborhood change controlled, no support is found for the hypothesis that individuals who inhabit neighborhoods of comparable social rank would be more satisfied with their community than those in dissimilar neighborhoods. In addition, the evidence fails to demonstrate an interactive relationship between individual and city social rank characteristics on community feelings. Finally, limited support is found for a predicition that community feelings would be a multiplicative function of relative economic stake and frequency of neighborhood contacts.