cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Porelasticity: A Unified Theory With the Squirt And Biot Mechanisms

.4 unified dynamic poroelasticity theory is developed for the propagation of P-waves in a porous elastic solid containing a compressible viscous fluid. The theory takes into account two of the most important mechanisms of fluid/solid interaction: (1) the Idiot mechanism where the fluid is forced to participate in the solid’s motiou by viscous friction and inertia1 coupling; a,~<] (2) the squirt mechanism where the fluid is being squeezed out of thin porn perpendicular to the solid’s compression. The dynamic poroelastic behavior of a saturated rock depends on traditional poroelnstic constants, porosity, permeability, fluid compressibility and viscosity. and a newly introduced parameter which is associated with a characteristic squirt flow length. This parameter ran be identified as an average pore length. Wave equations are derived for the rasp of one-dimensional compressional wave propagation. We find velocities and attenuation fol both slow and fast P-waves. We show that these characteristics are strongly afferted by the squirt flow. The theory allows one to derive rock and fluid properties from velocity aud at.tenuation. As an example of such transformation, we relate permeability to attenuation and achieve good correlation with experimental data.
Alkylating Agents Stronger than Alkyl Triflates

A new class of potent electrophilic "R(+)" alkylating agents has been developed using weakly nucleophilic carborane anions as leaving groups. These reagents, R(CHB(11)Me(5)X(6)) (R = Me, Et, and i-Pr; X = Cl, Br), are prepared via metathesis reactions with conventional alkylating agents such as alkyl triflates, using the high oxophilicity of silylium ion-like species, Et(3)Si(carborane), as the driving force to obtain increased alkyl electrophilicity. The crystal structure of the isopropyl reagent, i-Pr(CHB(11)Me(5)Br(6)), has been determined, revealing covalence in the alkyl-carborane bonding. This contrasts with the free i-Pr(+) carbocation observed when the anion is less coordinating (e.g. Sb(2)F(11)(-)) or with tertiary alkyl centers, as in [tert-butyl][carborane] salts. In solution, the reagents exist as equilibrating isomers with the alkyl group at the 7-11 or 12 halide positions of the CB(11) icosahedral carborane anion. These alkylating agents are so electrophilic that they (a) react with alkanes at or below room temperature via hydride extraction to produce carbenium ions, (b) alkylate benzene without a Friedel-Crafts catalyst to give arenium ions, and (c) alkylate electron-deficient phosphorus compounds that are otherwise inert to conventional alkylating agents such as methyl triflate.
Electron Affinity of Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Atoms

The electron affinity of boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms has been calculated by the method of Bacher and Goudsmit which enables the energy of a state in an $n$-electron configuration to be calculated in terms of the spectroscopic values of the energies of states of the $(n\ensuremath{-}1)\ensuremath{-}, (n\ensuremath{-}2)\ensuremath{-}, \dots{}$, 1-electron ions. The negative ions of boron and nitrogen are found to be unstable, the electron affinity being $\mathrm{ca}$ - 0.14 and - 0.72 ev, respectively. The electron affinities of carbon and oxygen atoms are 1.75 and 1.13 ev, respectively. The last value is in fair agreement with the recently observed values, 1.48 ev found by Branscomb and Smith, and 1.05 found by Sch\"uler and Bingel.
Potential targets for pancreatic cancer immunotherapeutics

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death with an overall 5-year survival of less than 5%. As there is ample evidence that pancreatic adenocarcinomas elicit antitumor immune responses, identification of pancreatic cancer-associated antigens has spurred the development of vaccination-based strategies for treatment. While promising results have been observed in animal tumor models, most clinical studies have found only limited success. As most trials were performed in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the contribution of immune suppressor mechanisms should be taken into account. In this article, we detail recent work in tumor antigen vaccination and the recently identified mechanisms of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer. We offer our perspective on how to increase the clinical efficacy of vaccines for pancreatic cancer.
Churchill and Roosevelt in Africa: Performing and Writing Landscapes of Race, Empire, and Nation

During the months from October 1907 through March 1910, first Winston Churchill and then Theodore Roosevelt traveled through British East Africa on nearly identical routes. Both published a series of magazine articles and widely read books from their travels. At that time both were not only politicians but also popular authors who wrote and spoke on race, nation, and empire, and their travel accounts reflect these interests. This article analyzes the materials (visual, textual, published, and archival) produced from these travels to achieve two overarching objectives. One goal is to use these materials to understand how embodied encounters with and representations of imperial landscapes interact in mediating the performance of national and racial subjectivities. A second, more explicitly theoretical, purpose is to engage with the current “landscape debate” regarding representational and nonrepresentational approaches. Landscape's dual meaning as domain and scenery creates tension that can be productively ...
Convective scheme and resolution impacts on seasonal precipitation forecasts

[1] An investigation is carried out to assess the role of different convective schemes and resolutions in seasonal quantitative forecasts of precipitation. The model performances are evaluated by changing convective schemes and the resolution impacts are examined by increasing the model horizontal resolution from T63 to T170 and finally T255. The predicted rainfall amounts are compared against the TRMM satellite estimate. Every forecast captures prominent rainfall features reasonably well. However, there are pros and cons in each of the forecasts. Predicted seasonal rainfall patterns and intensities from changing convective schemes exhibit larger variability and higher impact on predictability than those from increasing resolution. The impact of higher resolution with any currently implemented cumulus parameterization turns out to be smaller in seasonal precipitation forecasts than in short- to medium-range forecasts.
General factors of graphs

Abstract Consider a graph G = (N, E) and, for each node i ϵ N, let Bi be a subset of {0, 1, …, dG(i)}, where dG(i) denotes the degree of node i in G. The general factor problem asks whether there exists a subgraph of G, say H = (N, F), where F ⊆ E, such that dH(i) ϵ Bi for every i ϵ N. This problem is NP-complete. A set Bi is said to have a gap of length p ≥ 1 if there exists an integer k ϵ Bi such that k + 1, …, k + p ∉ Bi and k + p + 1 ϵ Bi. Lovasz conjectured that the general factor problem can be solved in polynomial time when, in each Bi, all the gaps (if any) have length one. We prove this conjecture. In cubic graphs, the result is obtained via a reduction to the edge-and-triangle partitioning problem. In general graphs, the proof uses an augmenting path theorem.
Flexible endoscopic deflectability: changes in deflectability using a variety of working instruments and laser fibers

The purpose of this study is to measure the effects of different working instruments (EHL probes, baskets, and graspers) and holmium laser fibers on deflectability in a variety of actively deflectable flexible endoscopes. A bench top study was performed to determine the effects of working instruments and laser fibers on a variety of actively deflectable flexible endoscopes. Baseline deflection was measured with and without working instruments in the working channel and compared between various flexible endoscopes. In ureteroscopes, 1.6 F and 1.9 F EHL probes decreased deflection minimally (0 - 34 degrees). Working instruments larger than 1.9 F had a greater effect upon deflection (33 to 90 degrees). Improved deflectability was noted with the 200 micron holmium laser fiber compared to the 365 micron fiber. The diameter of the working instruments did not affect deflectability as severely in cystoscopes compared to ureteroscopes. No significant differences in deflection existed between the 365 micron and 200 micron holmium laser fibers in the flexible nephroscopes tested. In summary, working instruments less than 1.9 F and the 200 micron holmium laser fiber have little effect on deflectability. This may result in improved access to lower pole and dependent calyces. Flexible cystoscopes with their larger working channels and stronger deflection cables are less affected by working instrument diameter compared to flexible ureteroscopes.
Bank lending and initial public offerings

Abstract In this paper we test the hypothesis that banking relations are a signal about firm value. We argue that bank processing of asymmetric information and external monitoring of corporate activities reduce the ex ante uncertainty of investors about firm value. We demonstrate that the existence of bank debt and/or lines of credit lowers the expected initial return associated with initial public offerings. The empirical results are robust with respect to the inclusion of variables which reflect other mechanisms that can ameliorate ex ante uncertainty. Our work adds to the body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that intermediaries provide valuable asset services to corporate borrowers.
Pilot study of an oral care protocol on poststroke survivors.

Purpose The pilot study purpose was to determine the effects of a new standardized oral care protocol (intervention) to usual care practices (control) in poststroke patients. Design This study is a randomized controlled clinical trial. Method Fifty-one subjects were enrolled. Subjects in the intervention group received oral care twice a day including tooth brushing, tongue brushing, flossing, mouth rinse, and lip care while control patients received usual oral care. Findings Subjects in the control and intervention groups showed improvement in their oral health assessments, swallowing abilities and oral intake. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Although not statistically significant, overall prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus colonization in the control group almost doubled (from 4.8% to 9.5%), while colonization in the intervention group decreased (from 20.8% to 16.7%). Conclusions/Clinical Relevance These findings demonstrate the importance of oral care in the poststroke patient with dysphagia.
Perceptual learning in motion discrimination that generalizes across motion directions

When human subjects discriminate motion directions of two visual stimuli, their discrimination improves with practice. This improved performance has been found to be specific to the practiced directions and does not transfer to new motion directions. Indeed, such stimulus-specific learning has become a trademark finding in almost all perceptual learning studies and has been used to infer the loci of learning in the brain. For example, learning in motion discrimination has been inferred to occur in the visual area MT (medial temporal cortex) of primates, where neurons are selectively tuned to motion directions. However, such motion discrimination task is extremely difficult, as is typical of most perceptual learning tasks. When the difficulty is moderately reduced, learning transfers to new motion directions. This result challenges the idea of using simple visual stimuli to infer the locus of learning in low-level visual processes and suggests that higher-level processing is essential even in “simple” perceptual learning tasks.
Race and the Recall: Racial and Ethnic Polarization in the California Recall Election

In the 2003 recall election in California, Lt. Gov. Cruz Bustamante received more than 1.25 million fewer votes in the replacement election than votes cast against the recall of Gray Davis. A much smaller group voted “yes” on the recall but voted for Bustamante. The principal underlying explanation is racial and ethnic polarization. Using L.A. Times exit poll data, we compare the characteristics of voters who displayed the two unusual behavioral patterns with those who voted in more conventional ways. We find that Latinos and African Americans are far less likely than non-Hispanic whites and Asian Americans to have defected from Bustamante given a “no” vote on the recall, and far more likely to have voted for Bustamante given a potentially strategic “yes” vote on the recall. The patterns of defection are consistent with racial polarization on Proposition 54, lending further credence to our claim that race and ethnicity persists as an important factor in vote choice, even in environments with a history of minority electoral success.
The enthalpy of formation of uranium hexafluoride

Abstract The energy of combustion of high-purity uranium in fluorine to form uranium hexafluoride was measured in a bomb calorimeter. The standard enthalpies of formation of crystalline and gaseous UF 6 , ΔH f o (UF 6 , c, 298.15 K) = −(2197.7 ± 1.8) kJ mol −1 and ΔH f o (UF 6 , g, 298.15 K) = −(2148.1 ± 1.8) kJ mol −1 , were derived. These values are approximately 11 kJ mol −1 more negative than previous measurements based on fluorine calorimetry.
High coercivity in melt-spun Dy-Fe-B and Tb-Fe-B alloys

Abstract Intrinsic coercivities of up to 64 kOe at room temperature are reported for Tb 0.135 Fe 0.813 B 0.052 and Dy 0.135 Fe 0.813 B 0.052 alloys magnetically hardened by rapid solidification. These enormous coercivities are more than three times larger than the highest coercivity obtained in the Nd-Fe-B alloy system, and reflect the large anisotropy fields of the R 2 Fe 14 B compounds (R = Tb, Dy) which principally comprise the samples. The Tb-Fe-B alloy could not be saturated by the pulsed magnetizing field of 110 kOe, and hence the observed coercivity of this alloy represents only a lower limit to the true reversal field. The remanent moments are low (roughly one-third that of Nd-Fe-B alloys). The peak coercivity is obtained only within a narrow range of substrate velocities, and is associated with a microstructure consisting of small particles of R 2 Fe 14 B with a size distribution from 30 to 600 nm. Comparison with Nd-Fe-B alloys indicates that this size range is below the estimated single-domain particle size.
Thyroid gland formation from inocula of monodispersed cells: early results on quantitation, function, neoplasia and radiation effects.

Abstract Procedures are described by which (a) suspensions of monodispersed rat thyroid cells may be prepared and irradiated or otherwise manipulated in vitro , (b) known numbers of morphologically ‘viable‘ cells can be inoculated into untreated or hormonally manipulated histocompatible recipients, and (c) the morphological, functional and neoplastic potential of the inoculated thyroid cells can be quantitatively assessed. The development of glandular structures at the site of thyroid cell inoculation is quantitatively related to the number of cells injected. These glandular structures concentrate radioiodide, support body growth of thyroidectomized hosts, and are susceptible to neoplastic change.
High performance liquid chromatographic measurement of iothalamate in human serum and urine for evaluation of glomerular filtration rate.

Abstract A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV assay was developed for the measurement of iothalamate (IOT) in human serum and urine. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an embedded-carbamate-group bonded RP18 column and mobile phase consisting of 50 mM monobasic sodium phosphate and methanol (90:10, v/v) without the addition of ion-pair reagents. The assay demonstrated a high analytical reliability within the IOT concentration range of 1–150 μg/ml in serum and 25–1500 μg/ml in urine. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day analysis were less than 5.1% in all cases. This method has been used for the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in subjects participating in a phase I clinical trial of a novel antimalarial medicine. The average baseline GFR was 100.41 ± 19.99 ml/min/1.73 m 2 in 119 healthy volunteers. The assay may also allow the simultaneous measurements of p -aminohippuric acid (PAH), N -acetyl PAH (aPAH), and IOT with some modification. PAH, IOT, aPAH, and β-hydroxyethyl-theophylline internal standard peaks appeared approximately at 2.5, 3.7, 5.9, and 11.8 min, respectively, in an isocratic run.
Culture Training: Validation Evidence for the Culture Assimilator

Abstract L'assimilateur de culture consiste en une approche auto-instructive et programmee en vue de l'initiation a une culture etrangere. Une serie d'experiences en laboratoire et d'etudes sur les lieux, entreprises pour la validation de cet assimilateur de culture, sont ici passees en revue. Les resultats montrent que, par rapport aux autres formes traditionnelles d'initiation culturelle ou par rapport a l'absence d'initiation, l'assimilateur de culture permet d'obtenir, entre groupes heteroculturels, des ameliorations au niveau de l'aju tement personnel et des relations interpersonnelles. Les mesures de productivite sont moins affectees quoique il semble probable que l'assimilateur ameliore egalement la productivite.
Radiofrequency ablation in bone neoplasia

Purpose of reviewIn the past 15 years, radiofrequency ablation has emerged as one the most exciting new technologies in the field of orthopaedic oncology. Combined with major improvements in cross-sectional imaging (i.e. computed tomography), radiofrequency ablation has developed into an important t
Diabatic Initialization of Stratiform Precipitation for a Mesoscale Model

Abstract A technique is described that adds diabatic forcing from stratiform precipitation to a vertical normal-mode initialization of a mesoscale model. The technique uses observed precipitation amounts and cloud-top height estimations with analyzed thermodynamic and kinematic fields to vertically distribute diabatic heating that arises from stratiform precipitation. Simulation experiments reveal the importance of incorporating this heating into the initialization. An adiabatic initialization recovered about 65%75% of the maximum upward vertical motions, whereas a diabatic initialization, with respect to stratiform precipitation, recovered nearly all the original vertical motions. A real-data case study is presented using combined rain gauge-satellite precipitation analyses with cloud-top heights estimated from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite infrared brightness temperatures. The short-term precipitation forecasts from a diabatically initialized model, with respect to stratiform precip...
Limb Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Heart and Lung Injury After an Open Heart Operation in Infants

Open heart surgery supported by cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with heart and lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Limb remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in multiple distant organs. We conducted a prospective clinical trial (randomized and controlled) to test the feasibility and safety of limb RIPC, as well as its protective effects against myocardial and pulmonary IRI for infants undergoing repair of simple congenital heart defects. Infants undergoing repair of ventricular septal defects were enrolled in our study and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: limb RIPC or control. RIPC was induced twice (24 h and 1 h preoperatively) via three 5-min cycles of ischemia and reperfusion on the left upper arm using a blood pressure cuff. Lung compliance, respiratory index (RI), and cardiac inotropic score (IS) were calculated for each patient. Serum concentrations of the following factors were measured perioperatively: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and its isoenzyme (CK-MB), and troponin I (TnI); malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) in cardiomyocytes was analyzed by Western blot. Surgical outcomes, including limb movement and sensory function, were recorded in detail. Sixty infants weighting less than 7 kg were studied, with 30 patients in the RIPC group and 30 in the control group. Within 6 months of discharge from the hospital, no limb disability, sensory disturbance, or other surgical complications were found in any patient. Compared with the control group, patients in the RIPC group had higher Cs and Cd, along with lower RI and IS at various postoperative phases. At the beginning of the operation, serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, LDH, CK, and TnI were higher in the RIPC group than the control group. Postoperatively, release of cytokines and leakage of heart enzymes were attenuated in the RIPC group; serum concentrations of cytokines and heart enzymes were lower in the RIPC group at some, but not all, postoperative time points. Furthermore, the RIPC group had lower coronary sinus venous concentrations of MDA and higher concentrations of SOD. Similarly, the expression of HSP 70 was upregulated in cardiomyocytes from the RIPC group. Limb RIPC can be applied safely and easily in infants, can attenuate systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and can increase systemic tolerance to IRI, imparting a protective effect against myocardial and pulmonary IRI. The expression of HSP 70 has an important role in the mechanism of action for RIPC.
Cell surface modification in the treatment of experimental cancer. Neuraminidase or concanavalin a.

Firmly established tumors in syngeneic mice will regress if the host is challenged with living tumor cells which have been exposed to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) or Concanavalin A (ConA) in vitro. The effect is totally immunospecific and can be induced only with VCN- or ConA-treated tumor cells identical in type with the growing tumor. The degree of immunoregression is similar when using optimal concentrations of ConA and VCN. The fact that two such different substances can alter the cell surface to increase the immunogenicity of tumor antigens may shed some light on the mechanisms involved.
On the dynamic response of a firm to an employment subsidy with a fmd threshold

Abstract During the last two decades, policy-makers have included employment subsidies among the tools of stabilization policy. Employment subsidy programs have been introduced in Japan, Great Britain, Europe and the United States. There has been some concern, however, about the effectiveness of such programs. In this paper, we analyze how a profit-maximizing firm will respond to a marginal subsidy program with a fixed threshold, focusing on the role of inventories. We show that, in some cases, the firm may have an incentive to manipulate inventories in a way that increases its profits but lowers the cost effectiveness of the program.
Organizational Restructuring, Equity Valuation, and Limited Partnerships

This research investigates common equity price reactions to announcements of limited partnerships (LPs) in which parent firms retain general partnership interests. On average, prices react positively to these announcements, which suggests that creating LPs is a marginally effective method of separately financing investment projects. This study provides evidence that the systematic variation in prediction errors across announcements is positively related to the percent ownership retained in the LP by the parent, which suggests that ownership retention signals information about the value of the LP, the costs of controlling the LP, and the amount of external financing needed for the LP.
Real-Time Trajectory Generation for Target Localization Using Micro Air Vehicles

This thesis presents an approach to near-optimal target localization for small and micro unmanned aerial vehicles using a family of pre-computed parameterized trajectories. These trajectories are pre-computed for a set of nominal target locations uniformly distributed over the sensor field of view and stored offline in a non-dimensionalized form. In the first part of this research, the trajectories are parameterized and stored as a sequence of turn-rate commands. In the second part of this research, the trajectories are parameterized and stored as a sequence of non-dimensional waypoints. Upon target detection, a trajectory corresponding to the nearest nominal target location is selected and dimensionalized. An onboard navigation controller follows the dimensionalized trajectory. Thus, trajectory generation occurs in near-constant time, which allows for fast adaptation as the target state estimate is refined. Non-dimensionalization of the trajectories with respect to relative vehicle speed, sensor range, and sensor update rate allows the same table to be used for various combinations of sensor package and vehicle or vehicle operating conditions.
Incorporating Ancillary Data into a Logical Filter for Classified Satellite Imagery

Classified imagery is commonly post-processed before integration into a geographic information system (GIS). Post-processing often consists of a rectangular majority filter (e.g., 3 x 3 mode filter) being applied to the classified imagery. An alternate type of filter, the polygon mode or object filter, is also occasionally used in post-processing. The polygon mode filter is similar to the rectangular mode filter, except that rather than using a kernel of fixed size, the regions are determined a priori. The filter is then applied to the regions as a whole, assigning a whole region to be equal to the dominant land cover in that region. The rectangular and polygon filters both reduce the speckle and polygon count in the resulting data. The objectives of this research were to test a polygon mode filter using agricultural field boundaries that were known a priori and to compare the effects of this filter to the more commonly used rectangular filters. The polygon and rectangular mode filters all increased the land cover accuracy and reduced the polygon count. The overall classification accuracies were improved by the filters: 4% for the 3 x 3 rectangular filter, 5% for the 5 x 5 rectangular filter, and 15% for the polygon filter.
The Geolocation of Web Logs from Textual Clues

Understanding the spatial distribution of people who author social media content is of growing interest for researchers and commerce. Blogging platforms depend on authors reporting their own location. However, not all authors report or reveal their location on their blog’s home page. Automated geolocation strategies using IP address and domain name are not adequate for determining an author’s location because most blogs are not self-hosted. In this paper we describe a method that uses the place name mentions in a blog to determine an author’s location. We achieved an accuracy of 63% on a collection of 844 blogs with known locations.
Interfacial polymerized polyaniline/graphite oxide nanocomposites toward electrochemical energy storage

Abstract Polyaniline nanofibers (PANI-NFs)/graphite oxide (GO) nanocomposites with excellent interfacial interaction and elongated fiber structure were synthesized via a facile interfacial polymerization method. This polymerization method efficiently exfoliated the expanded layer structure of GO into individual sheets and thus significantly enhanced the specific surface area. Direct evidence of a strong interaction between PANI-NFs and GO was observed from TEM results. The reduced diameter of PANI-NFs in PANI-NF/GO than that of pure PANI-NFs could shorten the diffusion distance and enhance the electro-active sites. The PANI-NFs/GO hybrid materials showed orders of magnitude enhancement in capacitance and energy density than that of individual GO and PANI-NF components. The higher PANI-NFs fraction in composites generated an energy density of 7.1 W h/kg at a power density of 80 W/kg. The enlarged electrochemical capacitance of the PANI-NFs/GO nanocomposites was attributed to the increased specific surface area, which improved the accessibility of ions from electrodes to electroactive materials as well as the improved conductivity due to the excellent interfacial interaction. PANI nanoparticles were observed in the nanocomposites when surface initiated polymerization method was used to prepare the polymer nanocomposites. At the same weight loading of PANI in the composites, fibrous PANI demonstrated higher energy density and long term stability than that of particle-shaped PANI at higher power density.
Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus Predictive Equations for Southeastern United States Asphalt Mixtures

Mechanistic-empirical pavement design has recently come to the forefront of design, with many states looking to the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) as their future primary design method. Central to any flexible pavement mechanistic-empirical design framework is the characterization of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) through the use of dynamic modulus E*. Because expensive and specialized equipment is required to measure E* in the laboratory, predictive E* equations that use binder and mixture properties to estimate E* at various frequencies and temperatures must be evaluated. There are currently three global E* predictive equations, two of which are used at Levels 2 and 3 in the MEPDG. These three models (Witczak 1-37A, Witczak 1-40D, and Hirsch) were evaluated with the use of 18 HMA plant-produced, lab-compacted mixtures (representative of general-use mixtures used in the southeastern United States) that were placed at the 2006 National Center for Asphalt Testing test track. E* predictions were...
The Newborn Rat Ingests Fluids Through a Surrogate Nipple: A New Technique for the Study of Early Suckling Behavior

In this report we describe an apparatus and procedure that permits a newborn rat pup to ingest test fluids including milk through a surrogate nipple. The surrogate nipple represents a new testing situation for the experimental study of sensory and neurochemical controls of suckling behavior immediately after birth.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Mild and Moderate Reduction in Kidney Function Determined Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cystatin C: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with chronic kidney disease, but the association of LVH with a mild decrease in kidney function is not known. We hypothesized that mild and moderate decreases in kidney function, reflected in greater serum cystatin C concentrations, would be linearly associated with a greater prevalence of LVH. Study Design Cross-sectional observational study. Settings & Participants Participants in baseline examinations in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a population-based study with several sites in the United States. Predictors Cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR cysC ) and creatinine-based eGFR. Outcomes LVH and LV mass index. Measurements Serum cystatin C and creatinine, LV mass obtained by using magnetic resonance imaging. LVH cutoff values for men and women were defined by the upper 95th percentile of LV mass index of all MESA participants without hypertension. Results Of the 4,971 participants analyzed, mean creatinine-based eGFR was 81 ± 17 (SD) mL/min/1.73 m 2 and mean eGFR cysC was 94 ± 32 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . LVH was distinctly more prevalent (>12%) in only the lowest 2 deciles of eGFR cysC ( 2 ). When 435 participants (9%) with stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease (creatinine-based eGFR 2 ) were excluded, the odds for LVH increased for each lower category of eGFR cysC less than 75 mL/min/1.73 m 2 : odds ratio 1.6 for LVH with eGFR cysC of 60 to 75 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 2.07; P = 0.001), and odds ratio 2.0 for eGFR cysC less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 3.75; P = 0.04) after adjustment for demographic factors, study site, diabetes, and smoking. The association of lower eGFR cysC with LVH was attenuated after further adjustment for hypertension. Limitations Cross-sectional rather than longitudinal design, lack of participants with more advanced kidney disease, lack of a direct measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions In participants without chronic kidney disease, eGFR cysC of 75 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or less was associated with a greater odds of LVH.
Mechanisms for Induction of L-Selectin Loss from T Lymphocytes by a Cryptococcal Polysaccharide, Glucuronoxylomannan

Disseminated cryptococcosis is accompanied by cryptococcal polysaccharides in the serum and the lack of cellular infiltrates in infected tissues. Cryptococcal polysaccharides given intravenously to mice inhibit the influx of T lymphocytes into the sites of cell-mediated immune response. The focus here was to determine whether cryptococcal polysaccharides modulate the expression of molecules, such as L-selectin, that are important in extravasation of T cells. Cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), but not galactoxylomannan or mannoprotein, was found to cause loss of L-selectin from freshly isolated human T cells of both CD4 and CD8 subsets and from Jurkat cells. With the signaling-pathway inhibitors staurosporine (which inhibits protein kinase C) and herbimycin A (which inhibits protein tyrosine kinases), we showed that GXM or the cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen CneF directly induces L-selectin loss from CD4 + and CD8 + T cells via a herbimycin A-sensitive pathway(s) presumably involving one or more protein tyrosine kinases but not via a pathway involving protein kinase C. Loss of L-selectin from the T cells before the T cells have a chance to bind to L-selectin ligands on endothelial cells would be expected to prevent T-cell migration into inflamed tissues and/or lymph organs.
Application of MODIS-derived active fire radiative energy to fire disaster and smoke pollution monitoring

The radiative energy emitted by large fires and the corresponding smoke aerosol loading are simultaneously measured from the MODIS sensor from both the Terra and Aqua satellites. Quantitative relationships between the rates of emission of fire radiative energy and smoke are being developed for different fire-prone regions of the globe. Preliminary results are presented. When fully developed, the system will enable the use of MODIS direct broadcast fire data for near real-time monitoring of fire strength and smoke emission as well as forecasting of fire progression and smoke dispersion, several hours to a few days in advance
Hemodynamic Changes in Fetal Lamb in Utero in Response to Asphyxia, Hypoxia, and Hypercapnia

The effects of hypoxia (administration of 10 per cent O 2 in N 2 and constriction of the uterine arteries), of hypercapnia (administration of 8 per cent CO 2 in air), and of asphyxia (obstruction of the umbilical circulation) were studied on the fetus in utero in near-term pregnant ewes under spinal anesthesia. Hypoxia and hypercapnia produced increases in the maternal arterial pressure, maternal heart rate, and uterine blood flow. Fetal arterial pressure and carotid and umbilical blood flows increased, while the fetal heart rate decreased. Fetal femoral flow decreased during hypoxia and increased during hypercapnia. There was a delay of five to six minutes between the initiation of hypoxia or hypercapnia and the appearance of fetal circulatory changes. Transient reduction of uterine blood flow evoked insignificant hemodynamic alterations in the mother and fetus. A reduction of flow greater than 50 per cent of control values produced a fetal bradycardia along with increases in fetal arterial pressure, carotid and umbilical flows. Constriction of the umbilical veins with the umbilical arteries intact produced a prompt bradycardia together with a decrease in fetal arterial pressure and regional blood flows. Constriction of the umbilical arteries alone also produced a bradycardia with an initial rise in arterial pressure and carotid flow. Similar changes were observed after cutting the umbilical cord. Elimination of the low resistance of the placenta played a major role in these changes. Placing the lamb in the head-down position caused a marked increase in carotid blood flow without greatly modifying arterial pressure.
Major Depressive Disorder and Public School Teachers: Evaluating Occupational and Health Predictors and Outcomes

This study aimed to examine workplace depression among public teachers. Up to 3,003 teachers completed an occupational health survey and Patient Health Questionnaire, which provided provisional diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD). Analyses explored key factors linked to MDD among teachers. Teachers more likely to meet MDD criteria were Hispanic, divorced, had less experience, taught at elementary level, reported low job satisfaction and control, and had higher absenteeism and increased likelihood of leaving the profession. Teachers with MDD had higher levels of perceived stress, anxiety, panic and somatization disorder, and lower quality of life. Workplace depression is associated with several variables, including job control, satisfaction, and mental and physical health. Future studies should address workplace interventions for educators.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Sugars and Mannitol in Cabbage and Fermenting Sauerkraut

High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure concentrations of fructose, glucose and sucrose in several cultivars of cabbage as well as residual sugars and mannitol in sauerkraut. Cabbage cultivars contained from about 3.0-6.0% total sugars, and glucose was the most abundant sugar in entire cabbage heads. All sugars in a selected commercial tank of fermenting sauerkraut were depleted after 4 wk. However, total sugar concentrations to 0.8% were found in a variety of commercial sauerkraut samples. Mannitol accumulated early in fermentations, but concentrations in sauerkraut decreased during latter stages of holding (through 18 wk) before processing.
Toward a Unique/Useful Concept of Values for Interpersonal Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature on Value:

The concept of values has been defined differently within each discipline in the social sciences and many different methods have been proposed to measure individual values. For the purpose of deriv...
DNA Analysis of Hair and Scat Collected Along Snow Tracks to Document the Presence of Canada Lynx

Snow tracking is often used to inventory carnivore communities, but species identification using this method can produce ambiguous and misleading results. DNA can be extracted from hair and scat samples collected from tracks made in snow. Using DNA analysis could allow positive track identification across a broad range of snow conditions, thus increasing survey accuracy and efficiency. We investigated the efficacy of DNA identification using hairs and scats collected during the winter along putative Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) snow tracks and compared our findings to those obtained using hair-snaring techniques during the summer. We were able to positively identify 81% and 98% of the hair and scat samples, respectively, that were collected in or near snow tracks. Samples containing amplifiable lynx DNA were collected at rates of 1.2–1.3 per km of lynx tracks followed. These amplification rates and encounter frequencies validate the collection and use of DNA samples from snow tracks as a feasible technique for identifying Canada lynx and possibly other rare carnivores. We recommend that biologists include the collection of hairs and scats for DNA analysis as part of snow-tracking surveys whenever species identification is a high priority.
Influences of Reproducible Reporting on Work Flow

The aspect of reproducible research that has most influenced my own work is the reproducible (or dynamic) report, where a report is a research product such as a journal article, a conference talk, ...
Staining sections of peripheral nerves for axis cylinders and for myelin sheaths.

Pieces of mammalian nerves 1 to 2 cm. long were placed under moderate tension and fixed 24–48 hours in: picric acid, saturated aqueous, 90 ml.; formalin, 10 ml.; and trichloracetic acid, 25% aqueous, 2 ml. They were washed in water, cut in two and one end stained with 0.04–0.06% osmic acid solution, while the other was dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and mounted sections from it stained with protargol. The fixing solution used was selected from a number of combinations of acidified picro-formalin as the one most likely to give satisfactory results when followed by both silver and osmic acid. The use of osmic acid solutions of less than 0.1% concentration avoided the overstaining of myelin sheaths seen frequently when stronger solutions were used with material that had been fixed previously. Protargol, 0.5% solution with fast green FCF added to make 0.05% dye in the final concentration, was used to impregnate sections for axis cylinders. Reduction and toning were done as in Bodian's method.
Impact of medium and ambient environment on the photodegradation of carmine in solution and paints

Abstract The fundamental chemistry underlying the photo-induced degradation of cochineal (carmine), a red dye extracted from South American scale insects and used as an artist colorant, and its stability in solution and as a lake pigment in different paint media exposed to light in various ambient environments is examined. The influence of oxygen on the photodegradation was examined for dye solutions and for solid paint samples containing the lake pigment, and the effect of ambient humidity was assessed for the paint samples. The degradation was followed using absorbance spectroscopy, and characterized using IR and LC-MS. Results indicate lower reaction rates of the carminic acid chromophore in solution and in oil paints during light exposure in anoxic conditions; whereas watercolor paints demonstrated a stronger dependence of the rates on the ambient humidity. A ring opening of the anthraquinone core is suggested in the breakdown of the dye and pigment. This study illustrates that solution phase systems may serve as simple models to assess the kinetics and mechanism of photochemical breakdown of organic-based pigments in solid samples.
Study Abroad in Africa: A Personal Memoir

In talks on study abroad given over the last 20 years, I have frequently alluded to my own experiences as an undergraduate in Nigeria in 1964–1965. I have drawn on personal example to make the following points, among others, to the students in my audiences: • You do not need to know beforehand all the benefits of studying abroad. • You will make a great many mistakes, and that is both unavoidable and expected. • You will learn and grow in spite of the mistakes you make. • To be a minority is difficult. • You can learn much about yourself and your home country by studying abroad.
THE DETERMINATION OF PRE-OPERATIVE INDICATIONS FOR CORRECTION OF BONE DEFORMITIES

The correction of fixed angular and curved deformities of the long bones almost invariably requires a solution of continuity. Osteoclasis has been supplanted by open reduction, which makes it possible to approach these problems by methods of precision. The method described emphasizes that decisions made at the operating table relative to the level and shape of section to be made for the correction of a given deformity are not reliable. This is true because it has been graphically demonstrated that there is only one level and section of given shape which will result in the maximum correction of a given deformity. By this method the possibility of inducing other deformities is avoided.
Warning: Lawyer Advertising May Be Hazardous to Your Health! A Call to Fairly Balance Commercial Solicitation of Clients in Pharmaceutical Litigation

Most Americans need not be anywhere near a doctor’s office to face a deluge of information about pharmaceutical products. A source of significant debate, pharmaceutical companies spend millions of dollars a year on direct-to- consumer advertising aimed at promoting drug products and the diseases they are approved to treat. Just as prevalent, though seemingly less controversial, is a different sort of consumertargeted advertising involving the delivery of commercial information about prescription drugs — advertising by law firms seeking clients in cases alleging the liability of those drug products. While watching television, listening to the radio, and surfing the Internet, the average consumer must make a conscious effort to avoid the ongoing stream of advertisements for legal services. A great number of these advertisements caution and encourage users of prescription drugs to explore possible lawsuits against the companies that make and sell prescription drugs. Designed to shock the conscience, they employ a common pattern, hurling urgently toned and prominently positioned sound bites across the media spectrum in a manner that touts the harmful side effects and scientific data undisclosed by profit-hungry drug companies. The intended effect is to drive the consumer to contact the advertising lawyer about a potential claim arising from the prescription drug. In many cases, however, the impact of the authoritative — but unqualified — message of the lawyer can be much more: the consumer, already generally more susceptible by virtue of age or medical condition, loses confidence in, or simply stops taking, a medication prescribed by his or her physician. This article contends that lawyer advertising intended to recruit prescription drug litigants poses a significant risk to the public’s health and should therefore be regulated in a narrowly-tailored manner that protects both the consumer and the recognized right of attorneys to engage in commercial free speech. Ultimately, it is proposed that lawyer advertising for pharmaceutical mass tort claimants should be fairly balanced in a manner akin to that required of pharmaceutical advertisers. Among other components, lawyers soliciting pharmaceutical litigants should make a series of clear and prominent disclosures regarding the nature of the commercial speech as advertising; should refer the consumer to neutral, third-party sources from which more information can be obtained; and should offer clear instruction to consult with a physician before making any decisions regarding the use of the subject medication after seeing the advertisement.
Abstract T P346: ‘Expedite For Thrombolytic’ Patient Designation and Early Ordering for Improved Door-to-Needle Times in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Purpose: The American Heart Association’s ‘Target: Stroke Phase 2’ (TS2) ‘door-to-needle’ time sets a goal for IV tPA administration of 50% of eligible patients. In order to meet this goal we delineated a set of patient characteristics which would trigger an expedited pathway for IV tPA administration. These characteristics included a well documented time of onset, obvious and significant stroke and no history of anticoagulant use. We then used this patient group to implement processes to decrease door to needle time. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 35 IV tPA, ED-administered cases from 5/2013-2/2014 were reviewed. DTN <60 minutes was achieved in 22 cases (62.9%, mean 62.0 min, median 45.0 min). EMS, field-initiated stroke codes expedited evaluation in 65.7% of patients. Turn-around-times (TAT) in Stroke Code processes (non-contrast head CT and laboratory results) demonstrated 95.7% compliance with benchmark times. The time of presentation to orders received for IV tPA revealed a mean o...