cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Light and Electron Microscopic Autoradiography to the Study of Cytogenesis of the Forebrain

In the early stages of ontogeny, the wall of the prosencephalon, later developing into highly specialized structures is still made up of relatively simple medullary epithelium, as are the other portions of the neural tube. No neuroblast appears yet in this stage. Recent investigations (21) have elucidated in detail the functional and morphological characteristics of the matrix cell that constitutes the medullary epithelium.
Data Richness Trade-Offs Between Face-to-Face, Online Audiovisual, and Online Text-Only Focus Groups

This study offers an examination of data richness (i.e., topic-related data, topic unrelated data, researcher ratings of data richness, word count, and linguistic characteristics of data richness) trade-offs between face-to-face (FTF), online text-only and online audiovisual focus group mediums. Two focus group sessions were held for each type of medium. Data were analyzed using systematic content analysis and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Findings showed that although online audiovisual focus groups show potential for producing data similar in richness to FTF focus groups, researchers should carefully consider the potential distractions that manifested in this study as a result of the medium itself, likely due to its novelty as a group communication medium. Online text-only groups did not facilitate rich data, as operationalized in this study, and also had a lower amount of data related to the topic of the groups due to more socializing and off-topic discussion. As the first study to empirically examine the potential of data from focus groups facilitated via webcam (online audiovisual), it concludes, the technology offers similar data richness to FTF focus groups.
A comparison of American and Nepalese children's concepts of freedom of choice and social constraint.

Recent work has shown that preschool-aged children and adults understand freedom of choice regardless of culture, but that adults across cultures differ in perceiving social obligations as constraints on action. To investigate the development of these cultural differences and universalities, we interviewed school-aged children (4–11) in Nepal and the United States regarding beliefs about people’s freedom of choice and constraint to follow preferences, perform impossible acts, and break social obligations. Children across cultures and ages universally endorsed the choice to follow preferences but not to perform impossible acts. Age and culture effects also emerged: Young children in both cultures viewed social obligations as constraints on action, but American children did so less as they aged. These findings suggest that while basic notions of free choice are universal, recognitions of social obligations as constraints on action may be culturally learned.
Imaging Criteria for the Quantification of Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review.

Low back pain affects >54 million patients annually in the United States alone1. Many patients initially consult general practitioners or orthopaedic surgeons who do not specialize in spine care1. Therefore, knowledge of diagnostic methods for low back pain, including their limitations, may serve as an invaluable tool for all physicians. Imaging is routinely used for the diagnosis of low back pain, with radiographs reportedly being used for 12% (n = 16,567)2 to 31% (n = 17,148)3 of patients and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being used for 16% (n = 17,148)3 to 21% (n = 13,760)4 of patients. For the diagnosis of disorders associated with disc degeneration, a variety of grading systems involving both radiographs and MRI have been developed. Different grading systems have been proposed for research and clinical purposes. However, rather than quantifying disc degeneration, these measurements are often combined with subjective clinical symptoms for the purpose of making treatment decisions. The major limitation of spinal imaging is the poor correlation between …
Teaching Statistics with Scenarios to Foster Critical Thinking

The knowledge economy and the digital age have changed the nature of work and management. More people than ever before need to master critical thinking skills. This paper proposes a set of 15 scenarios and where they may be used in the context of a one-semester course in statistics. Scenarios are chosen for their relevance, are from the fields of medicine, school admissions, institutional rankings, criminology, business, quality control and pharmaceutical research. Individuals who wish to sharpen their critical thinking skills may benefit from this paper.
Response cost and confirming behavior

Some operant behavior does not have immediately obvious consequences. If S can make another response which makes these consequences apparent. he will frequently do so. We here show that the incidence of such confirming responses is an inverse function of the amount of work required to execute them.
Ovipositional Response of Musca sorbens Wiedemann (Diptera: Muscidae) to Residues of Digested Ground Corn in Feces of Dairy Cows

Feces that contained residues of digested dairy feed supplements were offered as ovipositional substrates to caged Musca sorbens Wiedemann to determine preference. Results showed preference for residues of digested ground corn. Ovipositional preference for residues of digested ground corn over those from coarser rolled corn suggested a relationship between surface areas exposed to digestive fluids and intensity of ovipositional preference. Feces of cows that were fed complete rations formulated without corn were ovipositionally unattractive to caged M. sorbens .
TPC2 controls pigmentation by regulating melanosome pH and size

Melanin is responsible for pigmentation of skin and hair and is synthesized in a specialized organelle, the melanosome, in melanocytes. A genome-wide association study revealed that the two pore segment channel 2 (TPCN2) gene is strongly linked to pigmentation variations. TPCN2 encodes the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) protein, a cation channel. Nevertheless, how TPC2 regulates pigmentation remains unknown. Here, we show that TPC2 is expressed in melanocytes and localizes to the melanosome-limiting membrane and, to a lesser extent, to endolysosomal compartments by confocal fluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. Immunomagnetic isolation of TPC2-containing organelles confirmed its coresidence with melanosomal markers. TPCN2 knockout by means of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated 9 gene editing elicited a dramatic increase in pigment content in MNT-1 melanocytic cells. This effect was rescued by transient expression of TPC2-GFP. Consistently, siRNA-mediated knockdown of TPC2 also caused a substantial increase in melanin content in both MNT-1 cells and primary human melanocytes. Using a newly developed genetically encoded pH sensor targeted to melanosomes, we determined that the melanosome lumen in TPC2-KO MNT-1 cells and primary melanocytes subjected to TPC2 knockdown is less acidic than in control cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy analysis revealed that TPC2-KO MNT-1 cells have significantly larger melanosomes than control cells, but the number of organelles is unchanged. TPC2 likely regulates melanosomes pH and size by mediating Ca2+ release from the organelle, which is decreased in TPC2-KO MNT-1 cells, as determined with the Ca2+ sensor tyrosinase-GCaMP6. Thus, our data show that TPC2 regulates pigmentation through two fundamental determinants of melanosome function: pH and size.
Regulatory phosphorylation of the secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter: modulation by cytoplasmic Cl

The effect of cytoplasmic Cl concentration ([Cl]i) on the activation state ([3H]benzmetanide binding rate) and phosphorylation state (32P incorporation) of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter was evaluated i...
Centrosymmetric Materials: Cubic

One of the novel properties of the augmented theory of elastic dielectrics is its accomodation of an electromechanical interaction even for materials with centrosymmetric physical properties. This may be seen by inspection of the energy density WL as given in (4.8). For centrosymmetry, fijk = jijk = 0, since there are no centrosymmetric tensors of odd rank. However, this still leaves dijkl which is the coefficient of an electromechanical coupling term in the augmented theory but does not appear in the classical theory.
Questions of Editorial Responsibility

In May 1991 I was asked to participate in a Symposium, to be held at the American Chemical Society national meeting in August 1991. Although I could not be present at that time, it was agreed that I would contribute a paper to the proceedings of the Symposium, to be published by the ACS. Grace Borowitz, who organized and chaired the Symposium, wrote me on 1 July 1991 to this effect: Thank you for agreeing to submit an article to the Proceedings resulting from the Symposium, “Whistle-blowers, Advocates, and the Law” sponsored by the Division of Professional Relations of the American Chemical Society. This letter also confirms our formal invitation to you to publish in the above-mentioned symposium monograph. We hope you can formally accept. The paper itself is due as soon as possible after the symposium date of August 27. The cooperation of all of you in this program and Proceedings makes it a very exciting and relevant event, which we hope will shed some light on the problem of scientific misconduct and its consequences.
Assessing user decision behaviors for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and pricing models

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing is an emerging spectrum access model for increasing access to RF spectrum by commercial, government, and military systems. Rather than accessing spectrum based on pre-determined frequency assignments, dynamic spectrum sharing allows users to autonomously identify and dynamically access available spectrum based on sets of pre-determined rules. While various spectrum sharing architectures are being pursued, no analysis is published regarding the expected decision behaviors that dynamic spectrum users would make regarding those models. In particular, it is not known how uncertainty created by spectrum usage volatility or pricing volatility will influence spectrum access decisions. Reducing uncertainty through information fusion and probabilistic reasoning can provide reduced volatility and understanding the relationships between situational awareness uncertainty and volatility is vital in determining the technologies, algorithms, and business models needed by spectrum providers and dynamic spectrum users. This paper identifies the fundamental elements for assessing dynamic spectrum user uncertainty and behaviors and identifies decision trades that impact secondary spectrum providers. A spectrum utility model using multi-attribute utility theory forms the users' decision model, allowing trades analyses to be conducted among preferences for key attributes such as channel capacity, monetary cost, and interference potential. The model is used here to demonstrate the impact of spectrum usage volatility on preferences between free spectrum access without access guarantees and fee-based spectrum access with access guarantees. Analysis also defines decision trades between fee-based and auction-based spectrum pricing, where auction pricing volatility is a primary factor in trades between expected spectrum cost and capacity.
Hypoglycemic Seizures and Cognitive Function

The effect of hypoglycemic seizures on cognitive function was evaluated in 16 children treated for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
Ulcerative Colitis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that starts in the rectum and extends proximally. Typical presenting symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, urgency, and tenesmus. In some cases, extraintestinal manifestations may be present as well. In the right clinical setting, the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is based primarily on endoscopy, which typically reveals evidence of continuous colonic inflammation, with confirmatory biopsy specimens having signs of chronic colitis. The goals of therapy are to induce and maintain remission, decrease the risk of complications, and improve quality of life. Treatment is determined on the basis of the severity of symptoms and is classically a step-up approach. 5-Aminosalycilates are the mainstay of treatment for mild to moderate disease. Patients with failed 5-aminosalycilate therapy or who present with more moderate to severe disease are typically treated with corticosteroids followed by transition to a steroid-sparing agent with a thiopurine, anti-tumor necrosis factor agent, or adhesion molecule inhibitor. Despite medical therapies, approximately 15% of patients still require proctocolectomy. In addition, given the potential risks of complications from the disease itself and the medications used to treat the disease, primary care physicians play a key role in optimizing the preventive care to reduce the risk of complications.
Introduction: Visual Uncertainty, Categorization, Objectivity and Practices and Values of Imprecision

Visual perception and depiction involve the experience of fuzzy images. In this book I aim to understand this rich phenomenon, so pervasive in different cognitive situations and with a long history of pictorial practices, some more practical, others more creative. My strategy is to adopt a broad perspective to examine the phenomenon in relation to philosophical problems and scientific and technological practices; in this matter, imaging philosophy and imaging sciences provide each other with challenges and resources. Philosophical accounts of language and scientific models of image processing leave us with a shared conceptual space in which to raise the questions, how is vagueness in images possible? How is it unavoidable or at least effective? What values, meanings or uses does it have? In this book I seek to provide answers to these questions that touch on five connected issues: empiricism, vagueness, representation, application of mathematics and the relation between philosophy and science. In the process I provide a non-technical conceptual discussion of the issues, concluding with a few challenges and suggestions for the mathematical modeling, application and manipulation of fuzzy images.
Task and motion policy synthesis as liveness games

We present a novel and scalable policy synthesis approach for robots. Rather than producing single-path plans for a static environment, we consider changing environments with uncontrollable agents, where the robot needs a policy to respond correctly over the infinite-horizon interaction with the environment. Our approach operates on task and motion domains, and combines actions over discrete states with continuous, collision-free paths. We synthesize a task and motion policy by iteratively generating a candidate policy and verifying its correctness. For efficient policy generation, we use grammars for potential policies to limit the search space and apply domain-specific heuristics to generalize verification failures, providing stricter constraints on policy candidates. For efficient policy verification, we construct compact, symbolic constraints for valid policies and employ a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver to check the validity of these constraints. Furthermore, the SMT solver enables quantitative specifications such as energy limits. The results show that our approach offers better scalability compared to a state-of-the-art policy synthesis tool in the tested benchmarks and demonstrate an order-of-magnitude speedup from our heuristics for the tested mobile manipulation domain.
From in the Class or in the Wild?: Peers Provide Better Design Feedback Than External Crowds

As demand for design education increases, instructors are struggling to provide timely, personalized feedback for student projects. Gathering feedback from classroom peers and external crowds offer scalable approaches, but there is little evidence of how they compare. We report on a study in which students (n=127) created early- and late-stage prototypes as part of nine-week projects. At each stage, students received feedback from peers and external crowds: their own social networks, online communities, and a task market. We measured the quality, quantity and valence of the feedback and the actions taken on it, and categorized its content using a taxonomy of critique discourse. The study found that peers produced feedback that was of higher perceived quality, acted upon more, and longer compared to the crowds. However, crowd feedback was found to be a viable supplement to peer feedback and students preferred it for projects targeting specialized audiences. Feedback from all sources spanned only a subset of the critique categories. Instructors may fill this gap by further scaffolding feedback generation. The study contributes insights for how to best utilize different feedback sources in project-based courses.
Stochastic post-disaster functionality recovery of community building portfolios I: Modeling

Abstract Understanding the process of post-disaster recovery is a critical step toward assessing and achieving community resilience. However, the recovery process of a community building portfolio as a spatially distributed system is intrinsically complex and highly uncertain, and is conditional on the resourcefulness and social-economic characteristics of the community as well as the various decisions made by numerous community stakeholders and building owners at different phases of the recovery. We propose a simulation-based building portfolio recovery model (BPRM) to predict the functionality recovery time and recovery trajectory of a community building portfolio following natural scenario hazard events, in two steps: (1) modeling individual building-level restoration as a discrete state, continuous time Markov Chain (CTMC); and (2) modeling building portfolio-level recovery through aggregating the CTMC restoration processes of individual buildings across the domain of the community and over the entire recovery time horizon. We propagate uncertainties associated with the recovery process in a consistent manner in order to quantify portfolio recovery metrics probabilistically. The proposed building portfolio recovery model is intended to support risk-informed community resilience planning and hazard mitigation.
No evidence for a negative effect of conspecific brood parasitism on annual survival of female Prothonotary Warblers

Species that provide intensive parental care could suffer fitness costs associated with conspecific brood parasitism. Here we evaluate the effect of conspecific brood parasitism on apparent annual survival probability of female Prothonotary Warblers Protonotaria citrea using a multistate model with imperfect state assignment analysed in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. We found no difference in annual survival probability between host and non-host females. These findings agree with previous work in that there seems to be little apparent cost of conspecific brood parasitism to female warblers in this system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Co-targeting aurora kinase with PD-L1 and PI3K abrogates immune checkpoint mediated proliferation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a novel therapeutic strategy.

// Shariful Islam 1, * , Eric Vick 2, * , Bryan Huber 2 , Carla Morales 2 , Catherine Spier 3 , Laurence Cooke 4 , Eric Weterings 5 and Daruka Mahadevan 4 1 Cancer Biology GIDP, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA 2 West Cancer Center and University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA 3 Department of Hematopathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA 4 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Daruka Mahadevan, email: dmahadevan@uacc.arizona.edu Keywords: T-cell lymphoma; immune checkpoint; aurora kinases; anti-PD-L1; PI3K isoforms Received: June 27, 2017 Accepted: October 13, 2017 Published: November 01, 2017 ABSTRACT Peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PTCL) are heterogeneous, rare, and aggressive diseases mostly incurable with current cell cycle therapies. Aurora kinases (AKs) are key regulators of mitosis that drive PTCL proliferation. Alisertib (AK inhibitor) has a response rate ~30% in relapsed and refractory PTCL (SWOG1108). Since PTCL are derived from CD4 + /CD8 + cells, we hypothesized that Program Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is essential for uncontrolled proliferation. Combination of alisertib with PI3Kα (MLN1117) or pan-PI3K inhibition (PF-04691502) or vincristine (VCR) was highly synergistic in PTCL cells. Expression of PD-L1 relative to PD-1 is high in PTCL biopsies (~9-fold higher) and cell lines. Combination of alisertib with pan-PI3K inhibition or VCR significantly reduced PD-L1, NF-κB expression and inhibited phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 and AK with enhanced apoptosis. In a SCID PTCL xenograft mouse model, alisertib displayed high synergism with MLN1117. In a syngeneic PTCL mouse xenograft model alisertib demonstrated tumor growth inhibition (TGI) ~30%, whilst anti-PD-L1 therapy alone was ineffective. Alisertib + anti-PD-L1 resulted in TGI >90% indicative of a synthetic lethal interaction. PF-04691502 + alisertib + anti-PD-L1 + VCR resulted in TGI 100%. Overall, mice tolerated the treatments well. Co-targeting AK, PI3K and PD-L1 is a rational and novel therapeutic strategy for PTCL.
Case 5: A Spinal Anesthetic that Wears Off Before Surgery Ends – What to Do?

A 68-year-old woman, previously healthy, is scheduled for a large inguinal hernia repair. She has a class 3 Mallampati score and weighs 230 lbs and is 5 feet 5 inches. She tells you that a previous general anesthetic, not long ago, was complicated by great difficulty in securing the airway with an endotracheal tube. She was advised to tell any future anesthesiologist about this potential problem. She is nervous about a general anesthetic and requests a spinal anesthetic. You place an uneventful spinal at L3-4 with 1.4 ml bupivacaine 0.5%. The spinal works well and the legs are placed in lithotomy position and the surgery begins. Operative problems, mainly with lack of proper equipment, are encountered, and the procedure that should have taken 30 min. is now 2 h and still ongoing. The patient begins to complain of pain. You give some sedation with midazolam up to 2 mg and fentanyl up to 75 mg, while the surgeon injects into the surgical site and around with 50 ml of lidocaine 1%. Neither has much effect, as the patient still complains of pain and looks irritated by the whole proceedings. You consider an awake fiber-optic intubation, followed by a general anesthetic. Unfortunately, you are now told that all fiber-optic intubation equipments are being serviced and would not be back before tomorrow. You dismiss the idea of more sedation and inducing general anesthesia via a face mask as being potentially too dangerous. The surgeon, who is a friend of yours and usually very reliable with his estimated surgical time, tells you that he will be only 10–15 min. You believe him, but what are you to do?
The Relationship between Multicultural Service-Learning and Self-Reported Multicultural Competencies in Undergraduate Students: A Qualitative Participatory Action Study

AbstractIn order to explore the link between multicultural service-learning (MSL) and the development of multicultural competence, a participatory action research paradigm and constructivist grounded theory were used to qualitatively explore the perceptions of multicultural competence development in 30 recreation and leisure studies majors. Major themes focused on student development as a result of MSL and the process by which this development occurred. Students reported increased awareness of their own culture and the cultural background of others, recognized privileges they hold on a variety of cultural factors, and developed an understanding of the process of MSL and the role it plays in developing multicultural competence.
Price Discovery in the Corporate Bond Market: The Informational Role of Short Interest

This paper identifies a precursory role of short sellers in conveying adverse information to the corporate bond market. We study this in two ways, by examining subsequent calendar month excess (risk-adjusted) bond returns for portfolios formed on the basis of high short interest in a prior month, and by analyzing abnormal short interest and daily bond returns around earnings announcements. A zero-investment hedge portfolio of bonds based on the most and least extreme high short interest positions generates a statistically significant annualized excess return of 3.84 percent. Our findings are consistent with the view that short interest plays an informational role in setting bond prices. In the context of earnings announcements, this occurs because short traders benefit from useful information prior to a news announcement, possibly from leakage or private access, and perform a more rigorous analysis of the announcement itself, where such analysis is reflected in prices with delay. Taken together, these findings support the theoretical prediction of Diamond and Verrecchia (1987) that higher-levels of short interest convey unpublicized adverse information, thereby contributing to price discovery in securities markets.
All-soft material system for strong soft actuators

In this paper, we present an improvement to a recently developed thermally responsive silicone-based actuator. The actuator is made of silicone with dispersed solvent droplets and expands when the droplets undergo a liquidgas phase transition, which is achieved at low voltages using an embedded Joule heater. In previous work, the embedded heater was a nickel-chromium spiral-shaped Joule heating wire. In the present work, we replace the wire with a silicone-based conductive composite to create a fully soft actuator. We characterize the thermal response of the conductive composite for Joule heating the actuator and the blocked force of the actuator when implemented as a McKibben-like muscle. From this, we show that the conductive composite performs as well as the original wire heater, with improved material compatibility. Finally, we demonstrate a 20 g silicone actuator embedded with the conductive composite lifting its 4.3 kg DC power source.
Genetic Variation in the Maternal Defensive Behavior of the Lace Bug Gargaphia solani

The evolution of parental care is an extraordinary breakthrough in the adaptation of organisms to their environment. The step from simple deposition of offspring to parent-offspring interactions requires an array of intricate behavioral patterns and forms the central core of more complex social systems. Because it is so fundamental, we need to understand the genetic basis of parental behavior in order to gain insight into its sensitivity to selection and thus the potential rate of its evolution. Furthermore, before the interrelationships between parental behavior, life history and natural selection can be better understood, it is necessary to assess the natural variation in parental responses and the effects of such variation on other life history traits. For these reasons we undertook an empirical analysis of the variation in parental behavior, including its ontogenetic, environmental and genetic components.
RNA-DEPENDENT AMPLIFICATION OF MAMMALIAN mRNA ENCODING EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS: IDENTIFICATION OF CHIMERIC RNA INTERMEDIATES FOR alpha1, beta1, AND gamma1 CHAINS OF LAMININ.

The aim of the present study was to test for the occurrence of RNA-dependent mRNA amplification in a tissue producing massive amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. At the core of mammalian RNA-dependent mRNA amplification, until now only described in one mammalian system, is the self-priming of an antisense strand and extension of its 3-terminus into a sense-oriented RNA containing the protein-coding information of a conventional mRNA. The resulting molecule is chimeric in that it contains covalently connected antisense and sense sequences in a hairpin configuration. Cleavage of this chimeric intermediate in the loop region of a hairpin structure releases mRNA which contains an antisense segment in its 5-UTR. The occurrence of such composite chimeric molecules is unique for the mRNA amplification process. Therefore, the chimeric junction between antisense and sense components represents a conclusive identifier of mRNA amplification. We report here the detection, by next generation sequencing, of such definitive identifiers of RNA-dependent amplification of mRNAs encoding alpha1, beta1, and gamma1 chains of laminin in cells of the extracellular matrix-generating Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse tumor, best known for producing Matrigel.
Neural Correlates of Sensory Abnormalities Across Developmental Disabilities

Abnormalities in sensory processing are a common feature of many developmental disabilities (DDs). Sensory dysfunction can contribute to deficits in brain maturation, as well as many vital functions. Unfortunately, while some patients with DD benefit from the currently available treatments for sensory dysfunction, many do not. Deficiencies in clinical practice surrounding sensory dysfunction may be related to lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie sensory abnormalities. Evidence of overlap in sensory symptoms between diagnoses suggests that there may be common neural mechanisms that mediate many aspects of sensory dysfunction. Thus, the current manuscript aims to review the extant literature regarding the neural correlates of sensory dysfunction across DD in order to identify patterns of abnormality that span diagnostic categories. Such anomalies in brain structure, function, and connectivity may eventually serve as targets for treatment.
Does Prior Hip Arthroscopy Affect Outcomes of Subsequent Hip Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review.

Purpose To compare outcomes of hip arthroplasty in patients with and without a history of hip arthroscopy through a systematic review. Methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed (MEDLINE) and Cochrane Central databases was performed using combinations of the keywords “hip,” “arthroscopy,” “arthroscopic,” “arthroplasty,” “replacement,” and “conversion” in December 2017. Level I through III studies directly comparing outcomes of total or resurfacing hip arthroplasty between patients with and without a history of hip arthroscopy were included in this review if they reported at least 1 outcome measure. Results Seven retrospective case-control studies collectively evaluating arthroplasty outcomes of 235 patients (104 male and 131 female patients) with a history of hip arthroscopy and 374 matched controls met the inclusion criteria. The mean age in the arthroscopy and control groups was 47.2 years and 49.1 years, respectively. The mean follow-up period after arthroplasty was 3.2 years in the hip arthroscopy group and 3.3 years in the control group. The mean time between arthroscopy and arthroplasty was 1.8 years. A posterior approach was used in 83.6% of arthroplasties. No statistically significant differences were noted in intraoperative measures, postoperative complications, or revision rates, with the exception of 1 study that reported an increased operative time among controls. Most studies reported similar subjective outcomes between groups, with a single study noting worse postoperative findings for the Harris Hip Score, Forgotten Joint Score-12, visual analog scale pain score, and patient satisfaction in the prior hip arthroscopy group. Conclusions The current literature suggests that short-term and midterm outcomes of hip arthroplasty are comparable in patients with and without a history of hip arthroscopy. However, the available literature is limited given the small sample sizes and therefore greater potential for β error. Nevertheless, our findings may be useful for surgeons evaluating risks and prognoses in this patient population. Level of Evidence Level III, systematic review of Level III studies.
Montmorency cherry supplement does not affect aerobic exercise performance in healthy men.

Abstract. Aim: To determine the effects of short-term Montmorency cherry (MC) supplementation upon exercise performance, total blood nitrate levels, muscle oxygenation, and slow-component O2 kineti...
Seasonal and spatial variation in the potential for iron reduction in soils of the Southeastern Piedmont of the US

Abstract Soil iron reduction influences ecosystem function by altering the cycling of carbon, nutrients, and trace elements in both the aqueous and solid phases. Most of our understanding of soil iron reduction comes from work on saturated soils. However, recent research indicates that iron reduction can be a pivotal process in upland soils that experience dynamic redox conditions. We hypothesized that in upland soils, iron reduction intensity and prevalence could be predicted by temporal and spatial variations in soil conditions. We tested this by delineating the spatial and temporal distribution of the potential for iron reduction using Steel IRIS probes to 70 cm depth in well-drained, highly weathered soils of the Southeastern US Piedmont. Measurements were taken under three soil moisture conditions over the course of a year bracketing the seasonal wet period: (a) after an extreme rainfall event in October 2015; (b) during the end-of-winter warming in March 2016; (c) and during a period of high evapotranspirational demand in June 2016. Results indicate that the potential for iron reduction varied with depth and moisture conditions over the year. Iron reduction was greatest in the subsurface (20–60+ cm) following a rainfall event that generated prolonged subsurface soil saturation [fraction of FeIII removed from the rods (XFe-removed of 0.14 ± 0.003 at 50–60+ cm in October 2015)]; whereas the potential for iron reduction was distributed throughout the soil profile in late winter/early spring (average XFe-removed across depths of 0.104 ± 0.007) when biological oxygen demand was likely high due to high soil moisture, labile carbon availability, and soil warming. In June 2016, the potential for Fe reduction was low (XFe-removed
Making a Slave State: Political Development in Early South Carolina: by Ryan A. Quintana, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018, Pp. 254, $90.00 (hbk), $29.95 (pbk), $22.99 (e-book), ISBN 9781469641065, ISBN 9781469642222, ISBN 9781469641072

Ryan Quintana has made an original and welcome contribution to two very active fields, one the history of slavery and capitalism, the other the history of the state in early America. Making a Slave...
Comparison of multiple single-use, pulse-dose trace mineral products provided as injectable, oral drench, oral paste, or bolus on circulating and liver trace mineral concentrations of beef steers

ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to determine effects of various trace mineral products on steer plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations. Materials and Methods Fifty-six trace mineral adequate Angus-cross steers (303 ± 15.2 kg; n = 8 per treatment) were sorted by BW and administered treatments on d 0: injectable saline (CON), injectable Multimin90 (ITM), Mineral Max Drench (MMD), Mineral Max Paste (MMP), Starting Fluid Drench (SFD), Se365 bolus (Se365), or Reloader250 bolus (Rel250). Steers received a common diet (silage-based diet d 0–49; corn-based diet d 50–122), and individual feed disappearance was recorded. Plasma (0, 8, 24, and 48 h) and liver (−7, 2, 15, 29, 49, 65, 91, and 120 d) were analyzed for Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn. Results and Discussion Plasma Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were affected by treatment × time (P = 0.001); steers given ITM had greater concentrations through 8 h for Zn and 24 h for Mn and Se versus other treatments. Liver Se concentration was greater in ITM versus other treatments through d 15, but Rel250 was greater than ITM and MMP on d 91 and greater than CON, MMD, MMP, and SFD on d 120 (treatment × time; P ≤ 0.001). Liver Mn, Zn, and Cu were affected by time (P ≤ 0.001), where liver Mn concentrations were least on d 2 and increased over time but liver Zn concentrations were greatest on d 2 and least on d 29 to 120. Implications and Applications Single-use, pulse-dose products increased circulating trace minerals most quickly as an injection (increasing plasma Mn, Se, Zn) compared with other treatments, whereas liver Se concentrations were increased by injection (through d 29) and Rel250 (by d 91).
A Method for Obtaining Liquid-Solid Adsorption Rates from Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Applied to Methanol on Pt(111) in H2O

Adsorption is an important step in heterogeneous catalysis, as it predetermines how many reactant molecules can participate in a surface reaction per unit time. While the rate of adsorption process...
Discovering a rotational barrier within a charge-transfer state of a photoexcited chromophore in solution.

Methylation occurs in a myriad of systems with protective and regulatory functions. 8-methoxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (MPTS), a methoxy derivative of a photoacid, serves as a model system to study effects of methylation on the excited state potential energy landscape. A suite of spectroscopic techniques including transient absorption, wavelength-tunable femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), and fluorescence quantum yield measurements via steady-state electronic spectroscopy reveal the energy dissipation pathways of MPTS following photoexcitation. Various solvents enable a systematic characterization of the H-bonding interaction, viscosity, and dynamic solvation that influence the ensuing relaxation pathways. The formation of a charge-transfer state out of the Franck–Condon region occurs on the femtosecond-to-picosecond solvation timescale before encountering a rotational barrier. The rotational relaxation correlates with the H-bond donating strength of solvent, while the rotational time constant lengthens as solvent viscosity increases. Time-resolved excited-state FSRS, aided by quantum calculations, provides crucial structural dynamics knowledge and reveals the sulfonate groups playing a dominant role during solvation. Several prominent vibrational motions of the pyrene ring backbone help maneuver the population toward the more fluorescent state. These ultrafast correlated electronic and nuclear motions ultimately govern the fate of the photoexcited chromophore in solution. Overall, MPTS in water displays the highest probability to fluoresce, while the aprotic and more viscous dimethyl sulfoxide enhances the nonradiative pathways. These mechanistic insights may apply robustly to other photoexcited chromophores that do not undergo excited-state proton transfer or remain trapped in a broad electronic state and also provide design principles to control molecular optical responses with site-specific atomic substitution.
The Hole in the Carpet: Henry James's The Bostonians

“The Hole in the Carpet” examines the ways in which Henry James deflates and nullifies value in The Bostonians. The essay raises a question of whether a novel that has no stable repository for valu...
Risk Mitigation in Newsvendor Networks: Resource Diversification, Flexibility, Sharing, and Hedging

This paper studies how judicious resource allocation in networks mitigates risk. Theory is presented for general utility functions and mean-variance formulations and is illustrated with networks featuring resource diversification, flexibility (e.g., inventory substitution), and sharing (commonality). In contrast to single-resource settings, risk-averse newsvendors may invest more in networks than risk-neutral newsvendors: some resources and even total spending may exceed risk-neutral levels. With normally distributed demand, risk-averse newsvendors change resource levels roughly proportionally to demand variance, while risk-neutral agents adjust only proportionally to standard deviation. Two effects explain this operational hedge and suggest rules of thumb for strategic placement of safety capacity and inventory in networks: (1) Risk pooling suggests rebalancing capacity toward inexpensive resources that serve lower-profit variance markets. This highlights the role of profit variance (instead of demand variance) in risk-averse network investment. (2) Ex post revenue maximization suggests rebalancing capacity toward substitutable flexible but away from shared capacity when markets differ in profitability. Capacity imbalance and allocation flexibility thus mitigate profit risk and truly are operational hedges.
Cefepime-Induced Encephalopathy With Seizures in a Pediatric Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease Rapidly Reversed by High-Efficiency Hemodialysis.

Cefepime-induced encephalopathy with associated complications is a relatively rare but known adverse reaction that appears to occur more commonly in the elderly population with concomitant renal dysfunction or pre-existing central nervous system disease. The description of neurological features in pediatric patients secondary to cefepime-induced encephalopathy has rarely been reported, often delaying diagnosis and treatment. We report a 13-year-old female with end-stage renal disease, maintained on hemodialysis, who developed acute neurological symptoms of aphasia, myoclonus, hallucinations, seizures, and altered mental status after two days of cefepime treatment. After prompt discontinuation of cefepime and urgent hemodialysis, the neurological symptoms were resolved. Our patient had complete neurological recovery within 24 hours of the initial presentation of neurological symptoms. Recognizing the possibility of encephalopathy related to cefepime administration in high-risk pediatric patients should prompt close neurological monitoring when under treatment. Hemodialysis may help rapidly reverse the symptoms of cefepime-induced encephalopathy.
Improving Patient\Population Health: Using 'Why' to Develop a Transformative Research Center.

IntroductionNovel approaches to address the most vexing problems facing patients and vulnerable populations are needed. The purpose of this project was to establish an innovative research Center ba...
Cigarette smoke exposure increases ace-2 expression and sars-cov-2 infection severity in human and ferret airways and induces apoptotic cell injury in vitro

RATIONALE: Cigarette smoking is associated with COVID-19 prevalence and severity, but the mechanistic basis for how smoking alters SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is unknown. A potential explanation is that smoking could alter expression of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which functions as the cellular receptor and point of entry. Here we investigated the severity of SARS CoV-2 infection ex vivo and in vitro and using tissue samples and primary ferret and human airway epithelial cells with and without antecedent exposure to cigarette smoke. Methods: ACE2 expression measured by Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) of ferret lungs exposed to 6 months of cigarette smoke, and findings validated by immunofluorescence (IF). Primary airway cells isolated from airways of ferrets or human non-smokers or COPD subjects were grown until terminally differentiated at air liquid interface. Cells were then exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or vehicle control, then infected with SARS CoV-2 (3 MOI) or mock control. Viral copy was measured by Q-PCR. Viral infection was quantified by foci forming assay (FFU/mL) using VeroE6 cells. Results: Ferret lungs following 6 months of smoke exposure had increased ACE2 as compared to air controls by Q-PCR (>1.5 fold, P 1.5 fold, P 2 fold, P 2 fold, P 2 fold (P<0.01, N=5). Likewise, CSE exposed (105-107 copy/μL, P<0.0001, N=4) and COPD (106-108 copy/μL, P<0.0001, N=4) HBE had increased viral load as compared to controls (103-104 copy/μL, P <0.001, N=4), and 2 to 3-fold increase in viral infection, respectively. TUNEL staining was increased in infected cells, indicating apoptosis. Transcript analysis of HBE cells with and without SARS-CoV-2 by RNASeq to identify differentially expressed genes in CSE exposed cells as compared to controls is in progress. Conclusion: Cigarette smoke and CSE increased ACE2 expression in ferrets, and ferret and human cells respectively. CSE-induction increased viral replication and infection severity, resulting in increased apoptosis. Cigarette smoking likely influences the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by altering expression of ACE2, inducing airway cell apoptosis upon infection.
Lessons learned: Reflections from a minority collection development librarian

Abstract This column shares the experience of one minority Collection Development Librarian throughout their career and their lessons learned. Also sharing practical and pragmatic experiences including listening and engaging the user community in a positive and openminded way.
Advanced Glycation End Products Associated With Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Background Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continue to be at increased risk of cardiometabolic complications compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the development and progression of cardiometabolic complications in the general population. Their role in HIV remains unclear. Methods ACTG A5260s is a prospective open-label randomized trial in which ART-naive people living with HIV were randomized to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate /emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir over 96 weeks. Changes in circulating AGEs with ART initiation were assessed, and linear regression was used to examine the associations between serum AGEs with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, total fat, lean mass, body mass index, insulin resistance, leptin, and adiponectin. Results Overall, 214 participants were included. Ninety percent were male, 48% were White, the median age was 36 years, median HIV-1 RNA was 4.58 log10 copies/mL, and median CD4 count was 338 cells/µL. Most AGEs remained relatively unchanged following 96 weeks of ART initiation, except for methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1), which increased following 96 weeks of ART (mean fold change, 1.15 [95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.30]). No differences were detected across ART regimens. Increases in AGE levels over time were associated with worsening body fat composition measures, insulin resistance, and cIMT, even after adjusting for clinically relevant factors. Conclusions AGE levels did not decrease following ART initiation. Most AGE levels remained stable, except for MG-H1, which increased. In people with HIV on ART, the accumulation of circulating AGEs over time appears to be independently associated with worsening cardiometabolic biomarkers.Summary: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not appear to be effective in reducing advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels. On the contrary, AGE levels seem to increase following ART initiation. Accumulation of AGEs was found to be independently associated with cardiometabolic complications in treated people living with HIV.
Crème de la Créature: Dietary Influences on Behavior in Animal Models.

In humans, alterations in cognitive, motivated, and affective behaviors have been described with consumption of processed diets high in refined sugars and saturated fats and with high body mass index, but the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of these changes remain poorly understood. Animal models have provided an opportunity to answer these questions and illuminate the ways in which diet composition, especially high levels of added sugar and saturated fats, contribute to brain physiology, plasticity, and behavior. Here we review findings from invertebrate (flies) and vertebrate models (rodents, zebrafish) that implicate these diets with changes in multiple behaviors, including eating, learning and memory, and motivation, and discuss limitations, open questions, and future opportunities.