cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Sizing of Planar Thermal Spreaders

Two-dimensional cylindrical and three-dimensional Cartesian thermal spreaders are studied. One of the surfaces is convectively coupled to a uniform environmental temperature while the opposite surface is subjected to a uniform heat flux distribution over a portion of its boundary. The problem is generalized through the introduction of appropriate dimensionless variables, and analytical solutions for the temperature field are presented for each coordinate system. The solutions depend on the usual geometric and heat transfer groups. It is found that, for a range of realistic Biot numbers and a given ratio of the spreader to heater dimensions, a dimensionless spreader thickness exists for which the temperature of the heater reaches a minimum value
Influences of diabetes (db/db), obese (ob/ob) and dystrophic (dy/dy) genotype mutations on hind limb bone maturation: a morphometric, radiological and cytochemical indices analysis

The influences of single-gene missense mutations expressing diabetes (db/db), obese (ob/ob) or dystrophia (dy/dy) dysregulated metabolic syndromes on hind limb bone maturation and cytodevelopment in C57BL/KsJ mice were evaluated by radiological, macro- and cytomorphometric analysis of the resulting variances in os coxae, femur and tibia osteodevelopment indices relative to control parameters between 8 and 16 weeks of age. Associated with obesity and hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic states, both db/db and ob/ob mutants demonstrated significant suppression of hind limb maturation (length) and cytodensity indices relative to control growth parameters. By contrast, skeletal growth suppression induced by dy/dy mutation expression was associated with lean body mass and normoglycaemic/hypoinsulinaemic systemic endometabolic indices. In both db/db and ob/ob mutation syndromes, osteovascular, -interstitial and -cytolipidaemia were prominent cytochemical aberrations of the osteopaenic states relative to the dyslipidaemia/fibrodysplasia characteristic of dy/dy osteomaturation. Between 8 and 16 weeks of age, both ob/ob and db/db groups demonstrated extensive cortical interstitial (laminal) osteolipidaemia and suppressed cytodensities compared to control indices. These data demonstrate that the abnormal hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic endometabolic states associated with the expression of db/db and ob/ob genomutations promote extensive lipidaemia-induced osteopaenia, compromising hind limb osteomaturation and cytodensity indices, as compared to the hyperfibritic osteopaenia characteristic of dy/dy mutation syndromes. Recognized therapeutic modulation of the hypercytolipidaemic component of diabetes-obesity syndromes may prove to be effective towards amelioration of the deleterious influences of these expressed hyperglycaemic, dysregulated lipometabolic conditions on osteomaturation and cytodevelopment.
A Nonproliferation Network at Los Alamos

The birthplace of the Bomb doesn’t have an accessible database on all the processes involved in nuclear weapons manufacturing. To bolster nonproliferation efforts, it should.
Lessons learned from family-centred models of treatment for children living with HIV: current approaches and future directions

Background Despite strong global interest in family-centred HIV care models, no reviews exist that detail the current approaches to family-centred care and their impact on the health of children with HIV. A systematic review of family-centred HIV care programmes was conducted in order to describe both programme components and paediatric cohort characteristics.
Expression of a protein in rat kidney and distal colon that is related to the gastric H,K-ATPase

Recent studies indicate that a gastric-like HK-ATPase activity could account for electroneutral H-K exchange in both kidney and colon. To determine the molecular mechanism responsible for this activit
Symbiosis and the social network of higher plants.

In the Internet era, communicating with friends and colleagues via social networks constitutes a significant proportion of our daily activities. Similarly animals and plants also interact with many organisms, some of which are pathogens and do no good for the plant, while others are beneficial symbionts. Almost all plants indulge in developing social networks with microbes, in particular with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and emerging evidence indicates that most employ an ancient and widespread central ‘social media’ pathway made of signaling molecules within what is called the SYM pathway. Some plants, like legumes, are particularly active recruiters of friends, as they have established very sophisticated and beneficial interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, also via the SYM pathway. Interestingly, many members of the Brassicaceae, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seem to have removed themselves from this ancestral social network and lost the ability to engage in mutually favorable interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Despite these generalizations, recent studies exploring the root microbiota of A. thaliana have found that in natural conditions, A. thaliana roots are colonized by many different bacterial species and therefore may be using different and probably more recent ‘social media’ for these interactions. In general, recent advances in the understanding of such molecular machinery required for plant–symbiont associations are being obtained using high throughput genomic profiling strategies including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The crucial mechanistic understanding that such data reveal may provide the infrastructure for future efforts to genetically manipulate crop social networks for our own food and fiber needs.
Aggressive conduct disorder of children. The clinical picture.

Aggressive conduct disorder, defined broadly on the basis of fighting, disobedience, destructiveness, and meanness, was diagnosed in 65 out of 136 boys and 17 of 43 girls consecutively admitted to a psychiatric clinic. Psychotic, brain damaged, and seriously retarded children were excluded from the
ACCNET: a corporate computer network

The installation of a Digital Equipment Corporation DEC 10, in close proximity to an existing IBM 370/165, initiated an investigation into the techniques of supporting communication between the two machines. The method chosen, use a mini-computer as an interface, suggested the possibility of broadening the investigation into a study of computer networks---the linking of several large computer systems by means of interconnected mini-computers. This paper explains the concept of a network and gives examples of existing networks. It discusses the justifications for a corporate computer network, outlines a proposed stage by stage development, and analyzes and proposes solutions for several of the problems inherent in such a network. These include: software and hardware interfaces, movement of files between dissimilar machines, and file security.
"Nanosized voltmeter" enables cellular-wide electric field mapping.

Previously, all biological measurements of intracellular electric fields (E fields), using voltage dyes or patch/voltage clamps, were confined to cellular membranes, which account for <0.1% of the total cellular volume. These membrane-dependent techniques also frequently require lengthy calibration steps for each cell or cell type measured. A new 30-nm “photonic voltmeter”, 1000-fold smaller than existing voltmeters, enables, to our knowledge, the first complete three-dimensional E field profiling throughout the entire volume of living cells. These nanodevices are calibrated externally and then applied for E field determinations inside any live cell or cellular compartment, with no further calibration steps. The results indicate that the E fields from the mitochondrial membranes penetrate much deeper into the cytosol than previously estimated, indicating that, electrically, the cytoplasm cannot be described as a simple homogeneous solution, as often approximated, but should rather be thought of as a complex, heterogeneous hydrogel, with distinct microdomains.
A Second-Site Suppressor Significantly Improves the Defective Phenotype Imposed by Mutation of an Aromatic Residue in the N-terminal Domain of the HIV-1 Capsid Protein

The HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein plays an important role in virus assembly and infectivity. Previously, we showed that Ala substitutions in the N-terminal residues Trp23 and Phe40 cause a severely defective phenotype. In searching for mutations at these positions that result in a non-lethal phenotype, we identified one candidate, W23F. Mutant virions contained aberrant cores, but unlike W23A, also displayed some infectivity in a single-round replication assay and delayed replication kinetics in MT-4 cells. Following long-term passage in MT-4 cells, two second-site mutations were isolated. In particular, the W23F/V26I mutation partially restored the wild-type phenotype, including production of particles with conical cores and wild-type replication kinetics in MT-4 cells. A structural model is proposed to explain the suppressor phenotype. These findings describe a novel occurrence, namely suppression of a mutation in a hydrophobic residue that is critical for maintaining the structural integrity of CA and proper core assembly.
On the possible observation of real Pomerons

Abstract Recent experimental (UA8) and phenomenological developments in Pomeron-exchange processes (diffraction) indicate that the Pomeron behaves like a quasi-real state(s) within the proton. Observed cross sections in proton-proton collisions are a product of a Pomeron flux factor in the proton and a Pomeron-proton cross section. We compare this situation with the well-known One-Pion-Exchange (OPE) processes, where a virtual (exchanged) pion becomes a real pion in the laboratory. In that case, observed cross sections can also be expressed as a product of a flux factor for a pion within the proton and a pion-proton cross section. In analogy with OPE, we suggest that it may be possible to produce real Pomerons in the laboratory. We suggest a number of reactions which may be used experimentally for this purpose, and discuss selection procedures and strategies.
Ultrashort-pulsed FSO communication system with wavelet fractal modulation

Wireless Free Space Optics (FSO) is one of the most promising candidates for future broadband communications, offering transmission rates far beyond possible by RF technology. However, free space wireless optical channel presents far more challenging conditions for signals than typical RF channels, making system availability and throughput a critical issue. A novel design for an FSO system based on integration of ultra-short pulse lasers and advanced signal processing techniques is presented. Simulations indicate that the novel design promises considerably improved availability and throughput compared to traditional FSO systems.
Genome dynamics in a natural archaeal population.

Evolutionary processes that give rise to, and limit, diversification within strain populations can be deduced from the form and distribution of genomic heterogeneity. The extent of genomic change that distinguishes the acidophilic archaeon Ferroplasma acidarmanus fer1 from an environmental population of the same species from the same site, fer1(env), was determined by comparing the 1.94-megabase (Mb) genome sequence of the isolate with that reconstructed from 8 Mb of environmental sequence data. The fer1(env) composite sequence sampled ≈92% of the isolate genome. Environmental sequence data were also analyzed to reveal genomic heterogeneity within the coexisting, coevolving fer1(env) population. Analyses revealed that transposase movement and the insertion and loss of blocks of novel genes of probable phage origin occur rapidly enough to give rise to heterogeneity in gene content within the local population. Because the environmental DNA was derived from many closely related individuals, it was possible to quantify gene sequence variability within the population. All but a few gene variants show evidence of strong purifying selection. Based on the small number of distinct sequence types and their distribution, we infer that the population is undergoing frequent genetic recombination, resulting in a mosaic genome pool that is shaped by selection. The larger genetic potential of the population relative to individuals within it and the combinatorial process that results in many closely related genome types may provide the basis for adaptation to environmental fluctuations.
The smallest graph of girth 6 and valency 7

With the aid of a computer. we give a regular graph of girth 6 and valency 7, which has 90 vertices and show that this is the unique smallest graph with these properties.
Catabolic regulation of blood cortisol in premature and term baboon neonates.

The metabolism of I.V. administered 4-[14C]-cortisol (F) was examined in 3 premature (cesarean section at 160, 167, and 174 days gestation, term = 184 days) and 8 spontaneously delivered term (184 ± 2 days) baboon neonates (Papio papio). Three premature (Group 1) and 4 spontaneously delivered animals (Group 2) were studied 2–18 h after delivery and, the remainder on the 5th (N = 2) or 12th (N = 2) day of life (Group 3). [14C]-Metabolites were isolated by ehromatography and crystallization. More than 10% of 14C was in liver, 3–9% in intestine and brain, ≤ 2% in lung, kidney, heart, spleen, and urine, and < 0.2%/g in blood and muscle 30 min. after injection. Most 14C (77.5 ± 1.6%) in all tissues was unconjugated. Extrahepatic tissues were primarily responsible for oxidation of F to cortisone. Formation of tetrahydrocortisol (THF), tetrahydrocortisone (THE), two hydroxylated metabolites and glucuronoside conjugates was restricted to liver. Alterations in F metabolism (decreased hydroxylated metabolites, increased THF and THE glucuronides) were not evident until 5–12 days after delivery. It is concluded that extrahepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is important in achieving a low F:E ratio in fetal blood. The similarity in F catabolic patterns of premature and day 1 term newborns makes it unlikely that changes in metabolism can account for the increased fetal blood F concentrations prior to parturition.
Theoretical Study of the Spin Trapping of Hydroxyl Radical by Cyclic Nitrones: A Density Functional Theory Approach

The hydroxyl radical (•OH) is an important mediator of biological oxidative stress, and this has stimulated interest in its detection. 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and its alkoxycarbonyl and alkoxyphosphoryl analogues have been employed as spin traps for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic radical detection. Energies of optimized geometries of nitrones and their corresponding •OH adducts were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31+G**//B3LYP/6-31G* level. Calculations predict that the trans adduct formation is favored in alkoxycarbonyl nitrones, while cis adducts with intramolecular H-bonding is favored for alkoxyphosphoryl nitrones. Addition of •OH to a phosphoryl-substituted nitrone is more exoergic than the carbonylated nitrones. Charge and spin densities on the nitrone spin traps were correlated with their rates of addition with •OH, and results show that the charge density on the nitronyl C, the site of •OH addition, is more positive in phosphory...
Age, Growth, and Reproduction of the Eastern Mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea) at the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey

Abstract Umbra pygmaea DeKay (Eastern Mudminnow) is one of four species of Umbridae in North America. There is little published life-history information on the species within its native range, particularly on age, growth, and reproduction. This study focuses on these aspects of the life history of this fish at the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge in Morris County, NJ. A total of 336 fish of seven species was collected from June 1978 through May 1979, with the Eastern Mudminnow comprising 74% of the total. The average annual growth increment in total length for the Eastern Mudminnow was 15.3 ∓ 2.06 mm, with age-1 fish averaging 40 mm total length and age-5 fish, the oldest collected, averaging 107 mm total length. The length-weight relationship was log10W = -5.291 + 3.182 log10TL mm for males and log10W = -4.999 + 3.032 log10TL mm for females. We observed no statistically significant sexually dimorphic differences in length-weight relationships in this population. The ratio of females to males increase...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELL CYCLE AND LIGHT‐LIMITED GROWTH RATE IN OCEANIC PROCHLOROCOCCUS (MIT9312) AND SYNECHOCOCCUS (WH8103) (CYANOBACTERIA)1

The relationships between growth rate, cell-cycle parameters, and cell size were examined in two unicellular cyanobacteria representative of open-ocean environments: Prochlorococcus (strain MIT9312) and Synechococcus (strain WH8103). Chromosome replication time, C, was constrained to a fairly narrow range of values (∼4–6 h) in both species and did not appear to vary with growth rate. In contrast, the pre- and post-DNA replication periods, B and D, respectively, decreased with increasing growth rate from maxima of ∼30 and 10–20 h to minima of ∼4–6 and 2–3 h, respectively. The combined duration of the chromosome replication and postreplication periods (C+D), a quantity often used in the estimation of Prochlorococcus in situ growth rates, varied ∼2.4-fold over the range of growth rates examined. This finding suggests that assumptions of invariant C+D may adversely influence Prochlorococcus growth rate estimates. In both strains, cell mass was the greatest in slowly growing cells and decreased 2- to 3-fold over the range of growth rates examined here. Estimated cell mass at the start of replication appeared to decrease with increasing growth rate, indicating that the initiation of chromosome replication in Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus is not a simple function of cell biomass, as suggested previously. Taken together, our results reflect a notable degree of similarity between oceanic Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus strains with respect to their growth-rate-specific cell-cycle characteristics.
Correlates of delayed neuronal damage and neuroprotection in a rat model of cardiac-arrest-induced cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Numerous studies over the past three decades have used rodent models of cerebral ischemia. To measure the postischemic outcome, the majority of these studies used histopathology as the method of choice both quantitatively and qualitatively. No functional measure of postischemic outcome has been proved to correlate well with the histopathological one. The rat chest compression model of cardiac-arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia was used in the present study. Two separate measures of neuronal damage at 7 days postischemia were performed: (a) histologically, by counting normal pyramidal cell bodies in the mid-CA1 hippocampal region of the rat brain, in hematoxylin–eosin-stained, paraffin-embedded 6-μm sections, and (b) electrophysiologically, by counting the number of 400 μm hippocampal slices in which it was possible to evoke a normal (≥10 mV) CA1 population spike by orthodromic stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals. The correlation between these two measures was tested in the following groups of rats: (a) control, untreated group, (b) MK-801-treated groups (0.03 to 1.0 mg/kg given i.p. shortly after ischemia), (c) diltiazem-treated (DILT) groups 1.0 to 30 mg/kg, given i.p. shortly after ischemia, and (d) a group treated with a combination of the two drugs together (0.1 mg/kg MK-801+3.0 mg/kg DILT given i.p. shortly after ischemia). The two measures of postischemic outcome were highly correlated in all groups studied. Both MK-801 and DILT exhibited a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect. When administered together, a synergy between the neuroprotective effect of MK-801 and DILT was observed. At the doses used, minimal or no side effects of either MK-801 or DILT were observed.
"Cafe´-Au-Lait Spots" Caused by Vitiligo in McCune-Albright Syndrome

Cafe-au-lait spots, fibrous dysplasia of bone, and endocrine gland hyperactivity are the principal features of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). Cafe-au-lait spots appear at, or soon after, birth. We illustrate “cafe-au-lait spots” acquired during middle age in a patient with MAS that are an illusion caused by vitiligo. This 64-year-old woman is the oldest patient reported with this disorder.
Applying the Risk Principle to Sex Offenders Can Treatment Make Some Sex Offenders Worse

The risk principle states that higher risk offenders should receive more intensiv e services, whereas lower risk offenders should receive less intensive services. However, the criminal justice system routinely ignores the risk principle for sex offenders and treats them all the same with little regard for level of risk. This article explores the effects of different levels of treatment intensity on 238 sexual offenders who are on parole. The findings suggest that the risk principle does, in fact, apply to sexual offenders.
Factors affecting retention of early pregnancy in dairy cattle

Potential factors affecting retention of pregnancy during weeks 5-9 of gestation were studied in dairy cows and heifers (N = 211) on two farms. Cows were examined by ultrasonography for presence of a viable embryo, and sizes of the corpus luteum (CL) and of follicles > or = 5mm were recorded. Blood samples were taken at each examination and assayed for progesterone and estradiol. Overall pregnancy loss was 11.4%. Cows with two CL did not have greater concentrations of progesterone than cows with one CL and they retained fewer pregnancies (P < 0.01; 73% versus 91%). Pregnancy retention was associated positively with concentrations of progesterone and estradiol during week 5 (P < 0.05). Embryos that were lost apparently died before CL regression. Retention of pregnancy declined in cows with high body condition and as age of the cow increased. Pregnancy retention was lower in cows bred to one of four frequently-used service sires (P < 0.05). Days postpartum, milk production, parity, service number, inseminator, synchronization of estrus, diameter of follicles and size of CL did not affect pregnancy retention. In conclusion, retention of pregnancy during placentation varied with concentrations of progesterone and estradiol, age of cow, body condition and service sire.
Comment on "New exact solutions of the classical sine-Gordon equation in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions"

A critical discussion of Leibbrandt's recent solutions of the sine-Gordon equation in higher dimensions is given. Also it is shown that his transformation is not a B\"acklund transformation.
Avian influenza virus

Avian influenza viruses do not typically replicate efficiently in humans, indicating direct transmission of avian influenza virus to humans is unlikely. However, since 1997, several cases of human infections with different subtypes (H5N1, H7N7, and H9N2) of avian influenza viruses have been identified and raised the pandemic potential of avian influenza virus in humans. Although circumstantial evidence of human to human transmission exists, the novel avian-origin influenza viruses isolated from humans lack the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person. However, the on-going human infection with avian-origin H5N1 viruses increases the likelihood of the generation of human-adapted avian influenza virus with pandemic potential. Thus, a better understanding of the biological and genetic basis of host restriction of influenza viruses is a critical factor in determining whether the introduction of a novel influenza virus into the human population will result in a pandemic. In this article, we review current knowledge of type A influenza virus in which all avian influenza viruses are categorized.
Temperature Rise Induced by Wire and Planar Antennas in a High-Resolution Human Head Model

The peak temperature rise in a high-resolution heterogeneous head model due to the electromagnetic energy absorption from wire and planar antennas are investigated within the frequency range of 900-6000 MHz. Electrically small nonresonant antennas, resonant antennas, and planar directive antennas are considered both radiating toward the direction of the head as well as away from the head. It is observed that the maximum temperature rise due to dipole antennas are between 0.17 and 4.07°C for 1 W of input power for antenna to head separation distances between 5 and 20 mm. Planar antennas, e.g., planar inverted-F antennas and microstrip patches induce a peak temperature rise of 0.04-2.28°C for 1 W depending on their orientations and distances from the head. Based on the directly simulated maximum temperature rise data an empirical formula is developed, which estimates the maximum temperature rise in the head as functions of antenna to head separation distance, operating frequency, and antenna free-space bandwidth.
Use of myocardial performance index in pediatric patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Background The myocardial performance index (MPI) correlates with clinical status in adults with idiopathic pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (IPAH). This pediatric study used MPI to assess response to bosentan therapy. Methods The study included 12 children with IPAH and 12 healthy control subjects. MPI was correlated with catheterization data at initiation of bosentan and at a median follow-up of 9 months. Therapy responders were defined by a greater than 20% decrease in mean PA pressure. Results Right ventricular MPI for patients with IPAH was 0.64 ± 0.30 versus 0.28 ± 0.03 in control subjects ( P R = 0.94; P Conclusions Right ventricular MPI in pediatric IPAH correlates with mean PA pressure and response to therapy. This study suggests that this noninvasive Doppler index may be useful to follow up children with IPAH, particularly when tricuspid regurgitation data are insufficient.
PERCEPTUAL DELAYS AND SPEED OF READING AND TAPPING.

Simultaneous presentation of two stimuli from different modalities often produces an experience of apparent sequence. There are stable individual differences in the direction and degree of this temporal displacement. Comparing the relative latency of perception of visual and tactile stimuli by the above procedure, it was hypothesized that intermodal differences in perceptual latencies will produce a corresponding hierarchy in speeds of reading and tapping. The results were in accord with this hypothesis. The relationship between perceptual latency and behavior was most evident, however, only among the older and less educated Ss.
M BAND PROTEIN Two Components Isolated from Chicken Breast Muscle

M band protein can be specifically extracted from fresh chicken breast muscle myofibrils suspended in 5 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0. During discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the isolated protein separates into three bands which can be identified as two separate components (A, B) and a complex of the two. When partially purified fractions of the separated components are combined, an increase in the intensity of the band containing the complex can be shown. The polypeptide chain weights of the two components are 100,000 (A) and 40,000 (B) daltons as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate- (SDS-) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibody prepared against total M band protein stains only the M band of the myofibril and is completely absorbed by M band protein. M band protein also absorbs the M band staining specifically from antibody which stains both I and M bands. Immunodiffusion data indicate that anti-M band is a mixture of two specific antibodies, one against each component.
The Ultrasound Brain Helmet: Feasibility Study of Multiple Simultaneous 3D Scans of Cerebral Vasculature

Abtract We describe early stage experiments to test the feasibility of an ultrasound brain helmet to produce multiple simultaneous real-time three-dimensional (3D) scans of the cerebral vasculature from temporal and suboccipital acoustic windows of the skull. The transducer hardware and software of the Volumetrics Medical Imaging (Durham, NC, USA) real-time 3D scanner were modified to support dual 2.5 MHz matrix arrays of 256 transmit elements and 128 receive elements which produce two simultaneous 64° pyramidal scans. The real-time display format consists of two coronal B-mode images merged into a 128° sector, two simultaneous parasagittal images merged into a 128° x 64° C-mode plane and a simultaneous 64° axial image. Real-time 3D color Doppler scans from a skull phantom with latex blood vessel were obtained after contrast agent injection as a proof of concept. The long-term goal is to produce real-time 3D ultrasound images of the cerebral vasculature from a portable unit capable of internet transmission thus enabling interactive 3D imaging, remote diagnosis and earlier therapeutic intervention. We are motivated by the urgency for rapid diagnosis of stroke due to the short time window of effective therapeutic intervention. (E-mail: ssmith@duke.edu )
Out-of-hospital transfer of trauma patients.

This study examined a large number of demographic, hospital, and medical factors that may influence out-of-hospital transfer for trauma patients. Data from the 1977 and 1978 National Hospital Discharge Survey were used to assemble a case-control data set of injuries (n=4576); cases were defined as transfers out of hospital and controls were discharges to home. Controls were frequency matched to cases base on overall severity, site of the most severe anatomic injury, and age. The analysis estimated the relative risk of transfer associated with different levels of the risk factors by the odds ratio. The analysis was performed twice, once for the full case-control data set and a second time for patients with severe injuries. Of the risk factors examined the only strong, consistent relationships with patient transfer were found for marital status and region of country. Individuals who were not married were at nearly twice the risk of transfer compared with married individuals; likewise patients hospitalized i...
The geometry of the partial realization problem

In this paper we show that the space of sequences of length n which have an extrapolation of McMillan degree k, and no extrapolations of lower Millan degree can be given the structure of a differentiable manifold. Our approach makes the proof of certain known results on the partial realization problem quite straightforward and allows us to establish some important new results as well. A key tool is the fact, proven here, that the set of n by n real Hankel matrices of rank r is a manifold with r+1 connected components.
Treatment of hypercholesterolemia by precipitation of lipoproteins with dextran sulfate.

An on-line continuous system for the selective precipitation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) has been devised and tested. This system conserves high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and other plasma macromolecules. LDL and VLDL are precipitated from plasma using 10–35 mg/dl dextran sulfate (Mr 5,000) in the presence of 55 mM calcium with a reduced concentration of monovalent cations. The plasma is obtained by membrane filtration of whole Wood using the COBE Gentryr TPE System (Cobe Laboratories Inc, Lakewood, Co.). The precipitated LDL plus VLDL is removed by filtration, and the electrolytes are restored by dialysis. The plasma minus LDL plus VLDL is then returned to the patient. Four patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (type II) were treated 70 times. The mean pretreatment serum cholesterol was 383 mg/dl. The mean reductions in plasma components were: LDL plus VLDL 63%; HDL 27%; fibrinogen 19%; albumin 15%; IgG 20%; IgA 19%; IgM 25%; C3 30%; and C4 27%. The cholesterol returned to near normal values in approximately 2 weeks after each treatment. Four normal volunteers were each treated one time. These individuals had a mean pretreatment serum cholesterol of 201 mg/dl. The mean reduction in plasma components were: LDL plus VLDL 70%; HDL 27%; fibrinogen 24%; albumin 14%; IgG 18%; IgA 17%; IgM 20%; C3 27%; C4 22%; C3 proactivator 12%; alpha1-antitrypsin 17%; ceruloplasma 17%; transferin 18%; alpha2-macroglobulin 17%; and orosomucoid 13%. It is our conclusion that dextran sulfate precipitation is an effective on-line means of selectively removing LDL plus VLDL from plasma while conserving HDL and other plasma macromolecules. The capacity of the system is limited only to the size of the filter (currently estimated at over 30 gm of cholesterol). The reduction of LDL plus VLDL is limited only by the quantity of plasma processed while the reduction in the other plasma components is virtually independent of plasma volume processed.
MnSe: Rocksalt versus zinc-blende structure

MnSe epilayers are grown on (001) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which exhibit NaCl structure as shown by x-ray diffraction. Their zone-center transverse optic (TO) and longitudinal optic (LO) phonons have been observed as minima in infrared transmission with oblique incidence, i.e., in the Berreman geometry, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In contrast, they are absent in the Raman spectrum, consistent with the rule of mutual exclusion. The TO and LO frequencies thus deduced, 139 and $239 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ respectively, differ significantly from the corresponding values of 219.5 and $257 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ obtained for zinc-blende MnSe. The latter were deduced from the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{x}1$ values of the TO and LO frequencies from a Raman study of MBE-grown ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}$ epilayers. A similar study of ZnTe/MnSe multiple quantum well structure also yielded the LO at $249 {\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1},$ compatible with the zinc-blende character of MnSe in such structures, combined with the strain experienced by them.
Differential effects of μ and κ opioid antagonists on Fos-like immunoreactivity in extended amygdala

It was previously reported that systemic administration of the nonselective opioid antagonist, naltrexone, induces Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (lateral-dorsal division; BSTLD), nucleus accumbens shell (NACshell) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of free-feeding rats. These findings suggest that cellular activity in these brain regions is subject to opioid-mediated inhibitory control under basal conditions. Considering the involvement of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons and components of the 'extended amygdala' in motivated behavior and reward, it was hypothesized that the induction of c-Fos by naltrexone accounts for the motivational-affective consequences of opioid antagonism. In Experiment 1, naltrexone was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.; 100 microg) to determine whether results obtained in the prior immunohistochemical studies could be attributed to blockade of opioid receptors in brain as opposed to peripheral tissues that convey visceral sensory inputs to the CeA and BSTLD. Naltrexone produced a marked increase in FLI within the CeA and BSTLD, and a moderate increase in NACshell. In Experiment 2, the kappa opioid antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI; 20.0 microg, i.c.v.) reproduced the effect of naltrexone in BSTLD and CeA, suggesting that the induction of c-Fos in these two structures is a consequence of kappa receptor blockade. The selective mu antagonist, CTAP (2.0 microg, i.c.v.), reproduced the effect of naltrexone in NACshell, suggesting that the induction of c-Fos in this structure is a consequence of mu receptor blockade. The functional implications of these results are discussed in terms of the known functions of these brain regions and opioid receptor types, and the prior observation that chronic food restriction eliminates the FLI induced by naltrexone in CeA and BSTLD. It is suggested that tonic mu opioid-mediated inhibition in NACshell has a predisposing effect on goal-approach behavior in general while kappa opioid-mediated inhibition in CeA and BSTLD has a predisposing effect on palatability-driven feeding in particular. Finally, a possible relationship between food restriction-induced suppression of the kappa opioid mechanism in CeA/BSTLD, local CRH function, and sensitization of the neural substrate for incentive-motivating effects of abused drugs is discussed.
Solutions of the FPK equation for time-delayed dynamical systems with the continuous time approximation method

Abstract This paper presents a method of finite-dimensional Markov process (FDMP) approximation for stochastic dynamical systems with time delay and numerical solutions of probability density functions of the systems. Solutions of probability density functions of time-delayed systems are rare in the literature. The FDMP method preserves the standard state space format of the system, and allows us to apply all the existing methods and theories for analysis and control of stochastic dynamical systems and to compute the probability density functions efficiently. The solutions of the FPK equation for a linear time-delayed stochastic system are presented. The effects of different spectral differentiation schemes for the FDMP method on the probability density functions are compared.
Therapeutic radiology—the modalities and their effects on oral tissues

Commonly applied methods of irradiation and their effects on the oral tissues are discussed. In recent years, therapeutic radiology has been used extensively in the management of head and neck malignancies. An increasing number of the population who have been exposed to such therapy are being seen by the dentist for dental treatment. It is recognized that radiation therapy may cause temporary and permanent alterations in tissue a discussion of the various therapeutic modalities and their side effects on the oral tissues has been presented to aid the dental practitioner in understanding the problems and care of such patients.
Parasitism of a Hawaiian Endemic Moth by Invasive and Purposely Introduced Hymenoptera Species

The impact of invasive alien species on native organisms is a cause for serious concern. This concern is especially relevant in the Hawaiian archipelago because of its high level of endemicity, severe impacts of accidental introductions of invasive species, and long history of purposeful biological control introductions. Results from a previous study showed that the parasitoid assemblage associated with an endemic moth Udea stellata (Butler) comprised seven species: three adventive species, two purposely introduced species, and two of unknown origin. The objectives of this study were to assess the parasitism levels of alien wasps on populations of U. stellata at different sites and to determine the specific stages that were used by the spectrum of parasitoid species that attack U. stellata. Standardized collections of wild larvae were conducted at eight sites located on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, and Hawaii. In total, 3,531 larvae were collected in a 2-yr survey. Of these, 8.0% were collected as first instar, 23.0% as second instar, 39.0% as third instar, 21.0% as fourth instar, 7.1% as fifth instar, and 1.8% as sixth instar. Of the larvae that survived laboratory rearing, 43.0% were parasitized. Information collected in the surveys was complemented with data from life-table studies to determine stage-specific parasitism. All larval stages were susceptible to parasitism by at least one parasitoid species; second and third instars were susceptible to attack by all seven parasitoid species. Adventive parasitoids rather than purposely introduced ones were responsible for the greater part of the apparent mortality observed. At low and low-medium elevations, the parasitoid assemblage was dominated by adventive species. The two purposely introduced parasitoids were present in remote relatively undisturbed sites on the islands Kauai and Hawaii. The sometimes high parasitism rates by adventive species found in this study were shown to have minimal effect at the population level in our life table study; therefore, care should be taken when interpreting field parasitism data. Carefully addressing current ecological impacts of alien parasitoids on native species is of particular importance for developing more efficient means to quantify the risks of future biological control introductions.
Mutant RBL Mast Cells Defective in FceRI Signaling and Lipid Raft Biosynthesis Are Reconstituted by Activated Rho-family GTPases

Characterization of defects in a variant subline of RBL mast cells has revealed a biochemical event proximal to IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI)-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation that is required for multiple functional responses. This cell line, designated B6A4C1, is deficient in both Fc epsilon RI-mediated degranulation and biosynthesis of several lipid raft components. Agents that bypass receptor-mediated Ca(2+) influx stimulate strong degranulation responses in these variant cells. Cross-linking of IgE-Fc epsilon RI on these cells stimulates robust tyrosine phosphorylation but fails to mobilize a sustained Ca(2+) response. Fc epsilon RI-mediated inositol phosphate production is not detectable in these cells, and failure of adenosine receptors to mobilize Ca(2+) suggests a general deficiency in stimulated phospholipase C activity. Antigen stimulation of phospholipases A(2) and D is also defective. Infection of B6A4C1 cells with vaccinia virus constructs expressing constitutively active Rho family members Cdc42 and Rac restores antigen-stimulated degranulation, and active Cdc42 (but not active Rac) restores ganglioside and GPI expression. The results support the hypothesis that activation of Cdc42 and/or Rac is critical for Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling that leads to Ca(2+) mobilization and degranulation. Furthermore, they suggest that Cdc42 plays an important role in the biosynthesis and expression of certain components of lipid rafts.
Aging Is Associated With Reduced Prostacyclin-Mediated Dilation in the Human Forearm

Aging is associated with reduced endothelial function. There is indirect evidence for reduced prostacyclin (PGI 2 )-mediated vasodilation with aging, but it is unknown whether this is because of reduced dilation to PGI 2 or altered production. In addition, the contribution of endothelial NO to PGI 2 -mediated dilation is unknown. Using plethysmography to determine forearm blood flow, we studied the effect of PGI 2 in 10 older (61 to 73 years) and 10 younger (19 to 45 years) subjects using 3 escalating intra-arterial doses of PGI 2 (epoprostenol). PGI 2 was also administered after NO synthase inhibition with N G -monomethyl-l-arginine acetate. The percent of change in forearm vascular conductance (mean±SEM) from baseline after PGI 2 was significantly lower ( P =0.002) in the aging individuals (52±11%, 164±23%, and 221±27% versus 115±20%, 249±19%, and 370±35%). In addition, the group-by-dose interaction was also significant ( P =0.018). After NO synthase inhibition, the dose-response curve to PGI 2 was blunted in the young subjects but unchanged in the older subjects; the difference between the groups was no longer significant. Our data suggest that the reduced dilator effects of PGI 2 in older individuals are attributable to a reduction in the contribution of endothelial-derived NO versus alterations in the direct effects of PGI 2 on vascular smooth muscle.
Role of Ammonium Ion in the Biosynthesis of β-Nitropropionic Acid

The metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds was studied in extracts of Penicillium atrovenetum which had been grown under conditions in which β-nitropropionic acid (BNP) synthesis varied from 0 to 12.5 μmoles per ml. None of the extracts was able to oxidize ammonium ion or nitrite. An enzyme was detected which catalyzed the oxidation of hydroxylamine with cytochrome c as the electron acceptor. The activity of this enzyme was not related to the ability of the organism to produce BNP. Nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were detected only in P. atrovenetum cultures grown on nitrate as a nitrogen source. These results indicated that BNP synthesis is probably not directly associated with the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds and that an organic pathway for the formation of the nitro group is more likely. The activities of certain enzymes related to the metabolism of aspartic acid were investigated. Aspartate ammonia-lyase activity could not be detected in P. atrovenetum extracts. Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were found in the extracts but were highest in the cultures which did not produce BNP. β-Nitroacrylic acid reductase activity was highest in extracts of cultures which were actively synthesizing BNP.
Taxonomic categories and proactive interference in short-term memory

The Ss were given four successive short-term memory trials with word triads. The retention interval was either 5 sec for all four trials or 15 sec for all four trials. When the word triads on each trial were drawn from different taxonomic classes, proactive interference was not found to develop across trials for either the 5-sec or 15-sec retention intervals. Furthermore, when the word triads on Trials 1-3 were from the same taxonomic class and the word triad on Trial 4 was from another taxonomic class, a release from proactive interference was obtained in both the 5-sec and 15-sec retention interval conditions. The results suggest that proactive interference in short-term memory is relatively class-specific and that release from proactive interference is best explained by an interference interpretation rather than a novelty interpretation.
Do the American College of Surgeons’ “Major Resuscitation” Trauma Triage Criteria Predict Emergency Operative Management?

Study objective We wish to assess whether individual or collective American College of Surgeons' "major resuscitation" criteria accurately identify injured patients who receive emergency operative treatment. Methods In this observational secondary registry analysis of 8,289 consecutive trauma team activations during a 7.5-year period, we evaluated the test performance of 5 American College of Surgeons' major criteria in predicting emergency (within 1 hour) operative management by general (for adults) or pediatric (for children) surgeons. Results In adults, the individual major resuscitation criteria each predicted emergency operative management as follows (sorted from highest to lowest test performance): gunshot wounds to the neck or torso (likelihood ratio positive [LR+] 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2 to 9.1); confirmed hypotension (LR+ 5.3; 95% CI 4.0 to 7.1); interhospital transfers requiring blood transfusions (LR+ 4.6; 95% CI 2.6 to 8.2); respiratory compromise (LR+ 2.9; 95% CI 2.2 to 3.7), and Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 8 (LR+ 2.1; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.7). The collective strategy of using any of these 5 criteria exhibited a LR+ of 3.5 (95% CI 3.2 to 3.8), sensitivity 82% (95% CI 75% to 87%), and specificity 76% (95% CI 75% to 77%). Our findings in children were similar, but their precision was limited by the low baseline prevalence of emergency operative intervention. Conclusion These 5 American College of Surgeons–mandated major resuscitation criteria vary several-fold in their individual ability to predict emergency operative management and collectively exhibit modest test characteristics for this purpose. Selective use of these criteria or revisions thereof could result in more efficient secondary trauma triage. Our results do not support the existing obligatory use of these criteria to maintain American College of Surgeons trauma center certification.
Stabilization of uncertain systems with norm bounded uncertainty using control Lyapunov functions

A robust stabilization problem in a state-space setting is treated. It is assumed that the states are available for feedback. Using a fixed-Lyapunov-function approach (quadratic stability) it is shown that an open-loop stabilizability condition is equivalent to the existence of a stabilizing memoryless linear time-invariant state-feedback controller. As a consequence, it is shown that the existence of a quadratically stabilizing nonlinear time-varying dynamic state-feedback controller implies the existence of a quadratically stabilizing memoryless linear time-invariant state-feedback compensator. >