cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the direct repeat in qut-controlled antitermination in phage λ

Abstract For antitermination of transcription from the late p′R promoter of phage λ, a cis-acting qut sequence, which overlaps with p′R is required, together with the product of λ gene Q. Using our BspMl-mediated multicycle technique for generation of precise deletions, we have confirmed that deletions removing DNA downstream of +18 by (counted from the p′R-controlled transcriptional start point s′R = +1) do not affect the efficiency of qut antitermination; at the same time we found that deleting one more by (shifting the right-hand boundary to by +17) reduces antitermination by only 20%. Deleting another 5 or 6 by (+11 or +12 by right-hand qut boundary), decreases antitermination by about 80%. These deletions reduce the 9/10-bp-direct repeat (5′-TGGGTTAATT)2 in qutto only the five italicized bp. Similar strong reduction in antitermination (by about 68%) was obtained with +16 by qut boundaries, in constructs which also contained 2-or 3-bp insertions between by +11 and +12 or between +12 and +13. Since the latter deletions retain only 5/10 by of the direct repeat, it appears that antitermination is dependent on the length and intactness of the direct repeat.
Power dependence and division of family work

This paper reviews six explanations persistently used in the literature for the existent division of family work between spouses. These include role differentiation, socialization—ideology, relative resources, time available, economic efficiency, and the interdependence of institutions. Some difficulties with these approaches are noted, and the overall power-dependence structure of the relationship is suggested as a predictor of the extent to which spouses will share household and child care responsibility. A comprehensive model which integrates present explanations within a power-dependence framework is offered.
Using Isocrates to Teach Technical Communication and Civic Engagement

Building on work by Dubinsky, Haskins, and Simmons and Grabill, this article explains how a technical communication instructor used Isocrates and informal usability testing to help guide a service-learning project involving the One Laptop Per Child XO-1 notebook. For the project, engineering students received feedback from peers and elementary school teachers to determine the feasibility of using the XO-1 with at-risk children aged 6 to 9. Despite initial positive impressions, the service-learning students discovered that the XO-1 was not suitable in this situation. This article discusses Isocratean theory and how his ideas can inform a pedagogy of civic engagement in technical communication.
Parasites and the behavior of biting flies.

Biting fly behavior involved in parasite transmission is reviewed. Except for the areas of activity and probing, few investigations have addressed ways in which parasites might alter vector behavior. Given the manner in which parasites alter behavior in other arthropods (e.g., habitat choice, color preference), it is reasonable to expect infected hematophagous flies to behave differently from uninfected conspecifics. This could have important epidemiological consequences.
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate combined with polyethylene glycol 400 and water; and embedding medium for routine 1-2 micron sectioning.

Pieces of tissue, with the largest dimension not exceeding 7 mm, are fixed and dehydrated by the procedures of choice. Two stock solutions: A, for infiltration; and B, the accelerator, are used in embedding. Formulas: A, 80 ml of glycol methacrylate (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate—Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) is mixed well with 12 ml of polyethylene glycol (Carbowax) 400 and 8 ml of water; then 0.27 gm of benzoyl peroxide added, heated to dissolve the peroxide, and allowed to cool to room temperature. B, polyethylene 200 or 400, 15 parts, and N,N-dimethylaniline, 1 part, mixed thoroughly. Tissues are first infiltrated completely with solution A, then cast in a mixture consisting of 42 parts of A mixed with 1 part of B. Polymerization occurs in 45 min to 3 hr, depending on the temperature. In a water bath at 20 C, the time required was found to be about 3 hr; at 25 C, 1.5 hr; and at 30 C, 45 min. The plastic block can be trimmed easily, and sections 1–2 μ thick readily cut. Sections can be attached t...
A Trotting Horse Model

A new control strategy is used to stabilize numerical simulations of a horse model in the trotting quadrupedal gait. Several well-established experimental findings are predicted by the model, including how stride frequency and stride length change with forward running speed. Mass is distributed throughout the model's legs, trunk, and head in a realistic manner. Leg and trunk flexion is modeled using four flexible legs, a back joint, and a neck joint. In the control model, pitch stabilization is achieved without directly controlling body pitch, but rather by controlling both the aerial time and the foot speed of each stance leg. The legs behave as ideal springs while in contact with the ground, enabling the model to rebound from the ground with each trotting step. Numerical experiments are conducted to test the model's capacity to overcome a change in ground impedance. Model stability is maximized and the metabolic cost of trotting is minimized within a narrow range of leg stiffness where trotting horses o...
An 18.5 kDa protein from the amebocyte of Limulus polyphemus, homologous to the previously described amebocyte aggregation factor, expresses alternative phospholipase A2 activity.

Abstract A protein expressing phospholipase A2 activity was purified from the granular amebocyte of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus by cation-exchange, size-exclusion chromatography and semi-preparative reverse-phase–high pressure liquid chromatography (RP–HPLC). The protein had an apparent mass of 17.7 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), but a more accurate estimate of 18.5 kDa was assigned by electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). A partial sequence of this protein demonstrated total sequence homology with an 18.5 kDa protein with cell aggregating properties from Limulus reported by Fujii et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 267:22452.]. In these studies, the Limulus protein demonstrated a positive cross-reaction to polyclonal anti-human recombinant phospholipase A2 (group II, 14 kDa). The protein did not display a significant loss of biological activity after boiling, but all enzymatic activity was lost after boiling in the presence of the reducing agent betamercaptoethanol (s-mercaptoethanol). The Limulus protein was inhibited by manoalide, a covalent irreversible phospholipase A2 inhibitor, in a dose-dependent fashion with 50% inhibition occurring at a concentration of 0.48 μM. The Limulus protein displayed no activity in a triglyceride lipase assay. These studies characterize an alternative phospholipase A2 activity for the previously described 18.5 kDa protein from the L. polyphemus amebocyte.
Target of rapamycin (TOR)-based therapy for cardiomyopathy: evidence from zebrafish and human studies.

Rapamycin is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved drug for the prevention of immunorejection following organ transplantation. Pharmacological studies suggest a potential new application of rapamycin in attenuating cardiomyopathy, but the potential for this application is not yet supported by genetic studies of genes in target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling in rodents. Recently, supporting genetic evidence was presented in zebrafish using two adult cardiomyopathy models. By characterizing a heterozygous zebrafish target of rapamycin (ztor) mutant, the therapeutic effect of long-term TOR signaling inhibition was demonstrated. Dose- and stage-dependent functions of TOR signaling provide an explanation for the seemingly contradictory results obtained in genetic studies of TOR components in rodents. The results from the zebrafish studies, together with the supporting preliminary clinical studies, suggested that TOR signaling inhibition should be further pursued as a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiomyopathy. Future directions for developing TOR-based therapy include assessing the long-term benefits of rapamycin as a candidate drug for heart failure patients, defining the dynamic activity of TOR, exploring the impacts of TOR signaling manipulation in different models of cardiomyopathies, and elucidating the downstream signaling branches that confer the therapeutic effects of TOR signaling inhibition.
Field induced resistivity in crystalline YBa2Cu3O7-δ: evidence for nano-scale junction structures

Abstract We have carried out a series of measurements of the resistivity of a high quality single crystal of Y-Ba-Cu-O, near the superconducting transition temperature, as a function of field varying to a maximum of 5 T applied in the a-b plane of the crystal. The results of the measurements are described accurately in terms of a model for phase-slip resistivity given by Tinkham which features phase-slip dissipation in small Josephson junctions. Since this is a crystal, the junctions are not present as a consequence of grain boundaries, but are believed to be a consequence of defects in oxygen (vacancy) ordering in the charge reservoir layers. As a result, the junctions are believed to be intrinsic to the material. The defects which give rise to the junctions are likely candidates for intrinsic pinning centers. This model is compared to a vortex-liquid state model discussed by Chien et al.
Going Beyond the Eye: The Visual and Oral Aesthetics of Michael Jackson from an African Perspective

Michael Jackson's celebrated career and infamous scandals shaped his life, yet one type of African viewpoint can reveal what many people may fail to see. Africans often are able to concentrate on Jackson's art and see an ideal life, all accomplished by the age of 50. Everything in life, per this African viewpoint, is connected to music, and a person that masters this art in full, using music and dance, responds to a vital call in life. The following article compares Jackson's life and career with themes seen in African communication styles, theory, and history. The oral and visual aesthetics discussed provide a fresh context in which to examine Jackson's custodianship as the “King of Pop.”
The synthesis and purification of pentachloro‐phenol−14C6

Pentachlorophenol−14C6 was synthesized by chlorinating phenol−14C6 using aluminum chloride as a catalyst. Purification of the labeled pentachlorophenol involved the precipitation of the labeled product from an aqueous alkali solution with hydrochloric acid and two sublimations. Proof of radiochemical purity was determined using thick layer chromatography and autoradiography. Internal liquid scintillation counting techniques were used to determine the specific activity of the compound.
Individual Differences in Distinct Components of Attention are Linked to Anatomical Variations in Distinct White Matter Tracts

Inter-subject variations in white matter tract properties are known to correlate with individual differences in cognitive performance in domains such as attention, yet the specificity of such linkages is unknown, both at level of specific component operations and their association with anatomically distinct networks. This study examines individual performance variation within three specific functional components of attention-- alterting, orienting, and conflict processing – identified by the Attention Network Task (ANT), and relates each to inter-subject variation in a distinct set of white matter tract regions. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data collected via 55 diffusion-encoding directions in a 3 Tesla MRI scan, and average fractional anisotropy (FA) was assessed within a set of individualized, a priori defined regions of interest, via the Reliable Objective Quantification Scheme (ROQS) (Niogi & McCandliss, 2006, Niogi et al., 2007). Results demonstrate three functionally distinct components of attention that each correlate specifically and distinctly with three white matter tract regions. Structure-function correlations were found between alerting and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), orienting and the splenium of the corpus callosum, and, conflict and the anterior corona radiata (ACR). A multiple regression/dissociation analysis demonstrated a triple dissociation between these three structure-function relationships, providing evidence of three functional and anatomically separable networks. These results extend previous findings from functional imaging and lesion studies that suggest these three components of attention are sub-served by dissociable networks, and suggest that variations in white matter tract microstructure may modulate the efficacy of these cognitive processes in highly specific ways.
The Role of Epigenetics in Evolution: The Extended Synthesis

Evolutionary biology is currently experiencing an emergence of several research topics that transcend the boundaries of the Modern Synthesis, which was the last major conceptual integration in evolutionary biology [1]. The Modern Synthesis used the concepts of population genetics to integrate Mendelian genetics with evolution by natural selection [2]. Pigliucci [3, and citations within] identified several major areas of innovation that transcend the Modern Synthesis: epigenetics, evolvability, phenotypic plasticity, evolution on adaptive landscapes, evolutionary developmental biology, and systems biology. Integrating these new ideas with the Modern Synthesis will form a new conceptual framework of evolution, which they termed the Extended Synthesis, as it will extend, rather than refute, the Modern Synthesis [3]. This subject has been the focus of much recent work, and an excellent description is provided in the book Evolution—The Extended Synthesis [2].
Elevated microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1 in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background The proinflammatory prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) fluctuates over time in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the cerebral distribution and expression patterns of microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase (mPGES)–1 have not been compared with those of normal human brains. Methods Middle frontal gyrus tissue from AD and age-matched control brains was analyzed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry with mPGES-1–specific antibodies. Results Western blotting revealed that mPGES-1 expression was significantly elevated in AD tissue. Furthermore, immunofluorescence of mPGES-1 was observed in neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells of control and AD tissue. Although mPGES-1 was consistently present in astrocytes of control tissue, it was present in only some astrocytes of AD tissue. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that mPGES-1 was elevated in pyramidal neurons of AD tissue when compared with controls. Conclusions The results suggest that mPGES-1 is normally expressed constitutively in human neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells but is up-regulated in AD.
Human hand modeling from surface anatomy

The human hand is an important interface with complex shape and movement. In virtual reality and gaming applications the use of an individualized rather than generic hand representation can increase the sense of immersion and in some cases may lead to more effortless and accurate interaction with the virtual world. We present a method for constructing a person-specific model from a single canonically posed palm image of the hand without human guidance. Tensor voting is employed to extract the principal creases on the palmar surface. Joint locations are estimated using extracted features and analysis of surface anatomy. The skin geometry of a generic 3D hand model is deformed using radial basis functions guided by correspondences to the extracted surface anatomy and hand contours. The result is a 3D model of an individual's hand, with similar joint locations, contours, and skin texture.
Long-Term Manure Impacts on Soil Aggregates and Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Nitrogen

Long-term studies document that soil properties influenced by management practices occur slowly. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 70 yr of manure (M) and commercial fertilizer (F) additions and moldboard plowing on soil organic C (SOC), soil total N (STN), water-stable aggregates (WSA), and aggregate-associated C and N. The Knorr–Holden plots have been in furrow irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) since 1912 on a Tripp sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustoll). Soil samples were collected from the 0- to 5-, 5- to 10-, 10- to 15-, and 15- to 30-cm depths in 2011. Soils were fractionated by wet sieving into four aggregate-size classes (>1000, 500–1000, 250–500, and 53–250 μm). Continuous M amendment increased the SOC in the 0- to 30-cm depth approximately 1.7-fold compared with the F treatment. The combination of F + M further increased SOC in the 0- to 15-cm depth by approximately 36% for the M treatment receiving 90 kg N ha⁻¹ of F (90 + M) and by 16% for the M treatment receiving 180 kg N ha⁻¹ of F (180 + M) compared with the 15- to 30-cm depth. Macroaggregates increased with M and F + M when compared with F with the corresponding increase in microaggregate quantities associated with the F and no-N treatment. In the 0- to 30-cm depth, microaggregates were approximately 1.8 to 4.9 times greater than the macroaggregates. Aggregate-associated C masses were greater in microaggregates than in macroaggregates, which reflects greater amounts of microaggregates present in the soil. A significant, positive correlation was observed between SOC and aggregate-associated C. Overall, the addition of manure-based amendments, with or without F, increased SOC and enhanced aggregate stability.
Information on stress conditions in the oceanic crust from oval fractures in a deep borehole

Oval images etched into the wall of a deep borehole were detected in DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) Hole 504B, eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, from analysis of an acoustic televiewer log. Initial speculation as to the origin of these remarkable features considered the intersection of pillow basalts with the wellbore. However, a systematic inspection of these ovals has identified intriguing consistencies in appearance that cannot be explained satisfactorily by a random, coincidental distribution of pillow lavas. As an alternative hypothesis, Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used to account for the generation and orientation of similarly curved, stress-induced fractures. Consequently, these oval features can be interpreted as fractures and related directly to stress conditions in the oceanic crust at this site. The azimuth of the oval center corresponds to the orientation of maximum horizontal principal stress (S{sub H}), and the oval width, which spans approximately 180{degree} of the borehole, is aligned with the azimuth of minimum horizontal principal stress (S{sub h}). The oval height is controlled by the fracture angle and thus is a function of the coefficient of internal friction of the rock.
Dosimetry of effective wedge fields produced by an internal wedge.

A procedure is described to calculate the monitor unit ratios required to produce effective wedge fields having a desired wedge angle by combining an internal 60° wedge with an open field. Complementary procedures are derived and demonstrated for calculating the effective wedge dose distributions with wedge angles of 15°, 30°, and 45° using the central axis depth dose data and off‐axis ratios of the open field and the 60° wedged field. Measurements at five points on and off the central axis within each field and measurements of the effective wedge factor demonstrated that the calculated wedge distributions were correctly delivered to within 2% in all cases.
Stability criteria via S-parameters

This paper presents a fresh look at applications of S-parameters to stability analysis. In particular, we present a simple example that proves that, contrary to the popular belief, the stability criterion SrSn > 1 is, in general, not true. We go back to Nyquist stability criterion to assure the proper interpretation of the product SrSn which is readily available in various CAE tools.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence from Ba and Ca Excited by a Pulsed Tunable Dye Laser

We have observed the oscillatory magnetic-field and time dependence of the fluorescence from the $^{1}P_{1}$ levels of Ba and Ca excited by a pulsed tunable dye laser. We have observed level-crossing signals narrowed by the technique of time-delayed observation.
Long‐term follow‐up of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)

ASCUS is the most common epithelial abnormality diagnosed in cytology laboratories in the US. Recently, the clinical importance of this diagnosis has been seriously questioned, with some investigators advocating elimination of this diagnostic category. This might be inappropriate if the ASCUS designation does define a population that is at significant risk for the development of dysplasia. Cytology and surgical pathology reports for all patients diagnosed as ASCUS in our laboratory during 1990 were reviewed. Patients with previous dysplasia or carcinoma were excluded from analysis. The pathology reports for the subsequent 9.1 yr were obtained and follow-up data collected. In 1990, 15,860 cervical cytology cases were examined in our laboratory. A diagnosis of ASCUS was made in 1,117 cases (7.0%). After excluding 345 patients with previous dysplasia or human papillomavirus-related diagnoses and 129 patients with no follow-up specimens, 643 study patients remained. Among these, the mean number of subsequent cervical smears was 4.3 (range, 1-18). Subsequent histologic material was available for 134 (20.8%) patients and the mean number of surgical specimens was 1.5 (range, 1-10). Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or dysplasia was subsequently diagnosed in 197 patients (30.6%). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or at least moderate dysplasia was diagnosed in 64 patients (10.0%). In 21 cases (3.3%) the high-grade dysplasia developed more than 2 yr after the first ASCUS diagnosis. Follow-up disclosed no cases of invasive carcinoma. Among ASCUS patients followed for up to 9 yr, 20% develop only low-grade SIL or mild dysplasia and 10% develop HSIL or moderate or severe dysplasia. ASCUS should be retained as a diagnostic category since it identifies a significant percentage of patients who are at an increased risk for the development of cervical dysplasia.
A quartz microbalance study of the electrosynthesis of polypyrrole

Abstract An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been used to study the anodic electropolymerization of pyrrole and concurrent deposition of polypyrrole onto gold in acetonitrile and propylene carbonate using tetraethylammonium tosylate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, and lithium perchlorate. Simultaneous dynamic measurements of charge and mass have been used to monitor the efficiency of the polymerization/deposition process as a function of film thickness and electrodeposition rate. This work demonstrates that the early stages of film formation are affected by the solubility of the oligomers formed and that the ultimate efficiency is electrolyte dependent. Additionally, it is shown that the polymerization process exhibits second-order reaction kinetics with respect to monomer concentration.
Treatment of a ruptured saphenous vein graft pseudoaneurysm using a vascular plug

Saphenous vein graft pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon complication of coronary bypass grafting. Hemoptysis associated with diffuse bleeding into the lung tissue may be the initial manifestation of this condition. We report a case of a saphenous vein graft pseudoaneurysm that presented with hemoptysis and was successfully treated with a proximal vascular plug. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The δ18O record of phanerozoic abiotic marine calcite cements

Monomineralic, abiotic marine cements formed in low-latitude Phanerozoic reefs provide the direction and amplitude of secular variation of {delta}{sup 13}C and {delta}{sup 18}O in marine calcite and defines two end member compositions - 580 to 360 my ({minus}7 to {minus}5{per thousand}{delta}{sup 18}O{sub PDB}) and 360 to present ({minus}3 to 0{per thousand}{delta}{sup 18}O{sub PDB}). Sampling of the Devono-Carboniferous transition (375-320 my) at several global sites reveals a rapid change in carbonate isotopic compositions. Bracketed within Fammenian to Early Visean-aged strata, a 7 to 15 my time interval, this shift corresponds to a 2% offset in mean {delta}{sup 13}C and 3-4% offset in {delta}{sup 18}O. The abruptness of such change, and its overall correlation with variations in {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr, {delta}{sup 34}S, {delta}{sup 13}C, and Li/Al ratios in marine sediments suggests a primary offset in marine water composition.
Glyoxal retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

Abstract. We present an algorithm for the retrieval of glyoxal from backscattered solar radiation, and apply it to spectra measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The algorithm is based on direct spectrum fitting, and adopts a two-step fitting routine to account for liquid water absorption. Previous studies have shown that glyoxal retrieval algorithms are highly sensitive to the position of the spectral fit window. This dependence was systematically tested on real and simulated OMI spectra. We find that a combination of errors resulting from uncertainties in reference cross sections and spectral features associated with the Ring effect are consistent with the fit-window dependence observed in real spectra. This implies an optimal fitting window of 435–461 nm, consistent with previous satellite glyoxal retrievals. The results from the retrieval of simulated spectra also support previous findings that have suggested that glyoxal is sensitive to NO2 cross-section temperature. The retrieval window limits of the liquid water retrieval are also tested. A retrieval window 385–470 nm reduces interference with strong spectral features associated with sand. We show that cross-track dependent offsets (stripes) present in OMI can be corrected using offsets derived from retrieved slant columns over the Sahara, and apply the correction to OMI data. Average glyoxal columns are on average lower than those of previous studies likely owing to the choice of reference sector for offset correction. OMI VCDs (vertical column densities)are lower compared to other satellites over the tropics and Asia during the monsoon season, suggesting that the new retrieval is less sensitive to water vapour abundance. Consequently we do not see significant glyoxal enhancements over tropical oceans. OMI-derived glyoxal-to-formaldehyde ratios over biogenic and anthropogenic source regions are consistent with surface observations.
Role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system in the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

The mechanism of the blood pressure-lowering action of chronic administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is still controversial. We investigated the effects of the ACE inhibitors, captopril and perindopril, on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in plasma and tissues (adrenal gland and kidney) in the rat. Captopril or perindopril was infused intraperitoneally into rats via a mini-osmotic pump for 6 days at a rate of 0.5 or 0.25 mg/kg/hr, respectively. Perindopril markedly increased plasma renin concentration (PRC) from 12.7 +/- 1.1 to 867 +/- 59 ng Ang I/ml/hr and significantly inhibited plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) from 17.5 +/- 3.5 to 7.8 +/- 0.6 pg/ml and plasma ACE activity from 31.6 +/- 1.7 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 U/liter. Captopril also increased PRC from 12.1 +/- 2.1 to 147 +/- 17 ng Ang I/ml/hr. However, it did not inhibit plasma Ang II (20.6 +/- 1.9 vs 22.0 +/- 2.1 pg/ml, N.S.) and increased plasma ACE activity from 35.9 +/- 1.8 to 65.0 +/- 4.8 U/liter. Perindopril increased kidney renin from 625.3 +/- 84.6 to 2152.3 +/- 233.4 micrograms/g/hr, while captopril produced a modest but insignificant rise in kidney renin (708.0 +/- 107.1 vs 1083.3 +/- 155.5 micrograms Ang I/g/hr, N.S.). On the other hand, both captopril and perindopril decreased adrenal Ang II significantly (from 21.1 +/- 2.7 to 9.2 +/- 0.5 pg/capsule and from 15.5 +/- 2.9 to 2.0 +/- 0.6 pg/capsule, respectively). Adrenal renin was not altered by either treatment. In spite of no inhibition of plasma Ang II, the pressor response to intravenous Ang I was still suppressed after captopril treatment. Both captopril and perindopril lowered the blood pressure of the rats significantly. Our results support the hypothesis that inhibition of tissue RAS is important for the hypotensive action of ACE inhibition.
How toddlers begin to learn verbs

Any theory of language must account for how children learn verbs, the gateway to grammar. Yet verbs can be difficult to learn. Building on Gentner's ‘natural partitions hypothesis' we suggest that, to learn a verb, infants must conceptualize components of events and map verbs in the ambient language onto those components. Although toddlers detect and categorize at least some of the conceptual underpinnings of verb categories, the mapping of verbs onto these representations is not transparent. Mapping is a difficult problem in its own right. The Emergentist Coalition Model that has been used to explain noun learning also begins to explain how children move from perceptual to social and then to linguistic information to link verbs to actions and events.
Conditional Posterior Cramér-Rao lower bounds for nonlinear recursive filtering

Posterior Cramer Rao lower bounds (PCRLBs) [1] for sequential Bayesian estimators provide performance bounds for general nonlinear filtering problems and have been used widely for sensor management in tracking and fusion systems. However, the unconditional PCRLB [1] is an off-line bound that is obtained by taking the expectation of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) with respect to the measurement and the state to be estimated. In this paper, we introduce a new concept of conditional PCRLB, which is dependent on the observation data up to the current time, and adaptive to a particular realization of the system state. Therefore, it is expected to provide a more accurate and effective performance evaluation than the conventional unconditional PCRLB. However, analytical computation of this new bound is, in general, intractable except when the system is linear and Gaussian. In this paper, we present a sequential Monte Carlo solution to compute the conditional PCRLB for nonlinear non-Gaussian sequential Bayesian estimation problems.
Branding and a child’s brain: an fMRI study of neural responses to logos

Branding and advertising have a powerful effect on both familiarity and preference for products, yet no neuroimaging studies have examined neural response to logos in children. Food advertising is particularly pervasive and effective in manipulating choices in children. The purpose of this study was to examine how healthy children’s brains respond to common food and other logos. A pilot validation study was first conducted with 32 children to select the most culturally familiar logos, and to match food and non-food logos on valence and intensity. A new sample of 17 healthy weight children were then scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Food logos compared to baseline were associated with increased activation in orbitofrontal cortex and inferior prefrontal cortex. Compared to non-food logos, food logos elicited increased activation in posterior cingulate cortex. Results confirmed that food logos activate some brain regions in children known to be associated with motivation. This marks the first study in children to examine brain responses to culturally familiar logos. Considering the pervasiveness of advertising, research should further investigate how children respond at the neural level to marketing.
Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances: Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations

Hybrid organizational arrangements, in which two or more sovereign organizations combine to pursue common interests, raise significant questions for both scholars and managers. A review of previous research yields four key issues—breadth of purpose, boundary determination, value creation, and stability mechanisms—that form the core of a theory of hybrid arrangements. This theory is then used to generate researchable propositions that explore differences among types of hybrids and to offer insights for managers of hybrid organizations.
The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Last Stand at the University of Alabama

On June 11, 1963, in a dramatic gesture that caught the nation's attention, Governor George Wallace physically blocked the entrance to Foster Auditorium on the University of Alabama's campus. His intent was to defy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, sent on behalf of the Kennedy administration to force Alabama to accept court-ordered desegregation. After a tense confrontation, President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard and Wallace backed down, allowing Vivian Malone and James Hood to become the first African Americans to enroll successfully at their state's flagship university. That night, John F. Kennedy went on television to declare civil rights a "moral issue" and to commit his administration to this cause. That same night, Medgar Evers was shot dead. In The Schoolhouse Door, E. Culpepper Clark provides a riveting account of the events that led to Wallace's historic stand, tracing a tangle of intrigue and resistance that stretched from the 1940s, when the university rejected black applicants outright, to the post-Brown v. Board of Education era. In these pages, full of courageous black applicants, fist-shaking demonstrators, and powerful politicians, Clark captures the dramatic confrontations that transformed the University of Alabama into a proving ground for the civil rights movement and gave the nation unforgettable symbols for its struggle to achieve racial justice.
Intracranial pressure, middle cerebral artery flow velocity, and plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations in neurosurgical patients receiving sevoflurane or isoflurane.

UNLABELLED This study examined the concentration-related effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on cerebral physiology and plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations. Middle cerebral artery flow velocity (Vmca), intracranial pressure (ICP), electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation were measured, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and estimated cerebral vascular resistance (CVRe) were calculated at baseline and at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) sevoflurane (n = 8) or isoflurane (n = 6). Mannitol 0.5-0.75 g/kg was given before dural incision, and blood was sampled for plasma inorganic fluoride during surgery and for up to 72 h postoperatively. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane decreased Vmca (to 31 +/- 12 - 36 +/- 14 cm/s, mean +/- SD), did not significantly alter ICP (13 +/- 9 - 15 +/- 11 mm Hg), and did not cause epileptiform EEG activity. With sevoflurane, decreased Vmca was accompanied by decreased CPP and unchanged CVRe at 0.5 MAC, and unchanged CPP and increased CVRe at 1.0 and 1.5 MAC. Plasma inorganic fluoride was 39.0 +/- 12.9 microM at the end of anesthesia (3.2 +/- 2.0 MAC hours) with sevoflurane, similar to the value (36.2 +/- 3.9 microM) for 3.7 +/- 0.1 MAC hours sevoflurane in patients not receiving mannitol. Decreased Vmca during sevoflurane presumably results from decreased cerebral metabolic rate, with CVRe changing secondarily in accord with CPP. Plasma inorganic fluoride does not seem to be altered by mannitol-induced diuresis. IMPLICATIONS In neurosurgical patients, sevoflurane decreased middle cerebral artery flow velocity and caused no epileptiform electroencephalogram activity and no increase of intracranial pressure or plasma inorganic fluoride. These effects are suitable for neurosurgery. Two other possible effects of sevoflurane, i.e., increased cerebrospinal fluid volume and/or intracranial elastance, may not be suitable for neurosurgery and warrant further study.
Tobacco Sampling, Public Policy, and the Law

Cigarette and snuff sampling is a rapidly growing form of tobacco promotion. This article advocates prohibiting tobacco sampling in view of the unique public health risk provoked by sampling. Smokers begin their smoking careers as children, and children are recipients of tobacco samples. Sampling encourages tobacco experimentation, which often produces an addiction similar to morphine and cocaine; the public is generally unaware of the extreme risk of addiction. A recent Supreme Court opinion (Posadas) makes it clear that cigarette advertising can be outlawed. Furthermore, Congress, through the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act and Smokeless Tobacco Education Act, has not preempted or removed the power of states to ban sampling.
Electrophilic Aromatic Functionalization of Phenolic Photoresist Polymers

Functionalization of both linear poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) and branched poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS-B) was accomplished via a Reimer-Tiemann electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Linear and branched poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-5-vinylsalicylaldehyde) (pHS/5VSA and pHS-B/5VSA) copolymers were observed to undergo acid-catalyzed, novolac type self-crosslinking. Both the pHS/5VSA and pHS-B/5VSA copolymer systems possessed a lower deep ultra violet microlithographic sensitivity compared to linear PHS when formulated in negative photoresists. The sluggishness of the negative photoresists containing 5-vinylsalicylaldehyde functionalized copolymers was attributed to a combination of resonance stabilization and steric hindrance effects.
Reproductive Health Care of Adolescent Women

Reproductive health care of adolescent women is focused on prevention of disease. Adolescents are at higher risk for pelvic inflammatory disease than adult women; therefore, screening regularly for sexually transmitted infections is important. Immunization for human papillomavirus is the primary means of cervical cancer prevention because new guidelines recommend not initiating Papanicolaou smears until the age of 21. Contraception for adolescents is a challenge, and clinicians should focus on long-acting, reversible contraception in this group. The treatment of pelvic pain and menstrual disorders in adolescent women is distinct from adult women and is related to differing prevalence of conditions. Lastly, this article discusses the importance of confidential care when treating adolescent women.
Photoelectron Angular Distributions of Pyridinide: A Benchmark Application of the Mixed s–p Model to a Truly Polyatomic Anion

We report a photoelectron imaging study of the pyridinide anion, C5H4N–, obtained by deprotonation of pyridine at the C4 position. The photoelectron angular distributions are used to test the theoretical formalism for photodetachment from mixed-character s–p states, demonstrating its first application to a truly polyatomic system. The mixed s–p model describes the initial state of the anion in terms of a superposition of one s orbital and one p orbital centered on the deprotonated carbon. Using the model parameter values determined from ab initio calculations, without any fits to the experimental data, the theory yields good quantitative agreement to the experiment. The agreement is demonstrated using either the canonical Hartree–Fock highest-occupied molecular orbital of the anion or the corresponding Dyson orbital. The results confirm the predictive power of the mixed s–p model and suggest that despite its approximate nature it captures the essential physics of the photoemission process.
Graphene quantum-dot-supported platinum nanoparticles: defect-mediated electrocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction.

Graphene quantum dot (GQD)-supported platinum (Pt/G) nanoparticles were prepared by a simple hydrothermal procedure at controlled temperatures. Transmission electron microscopic measurements showed that the platinum nanoparticles exhibited a rather consistent core size within the narrow range of 2.5–3.5 nm in diameter (average core diameters slightly lower than 3.0 nm) when the hydrothermal temperatures were varied between 140 and 180 °C, whereas at higher temperatures (200 °C) the nanoparticle core size was markedly larger, as a result of weakened anchoring and passivation of the metal nanoparticles by the diminishment of the GQD structural defects. Spectroscopic measurements based on Fourier-transformed infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirmed the formation of various oxygenated structural defects on GQDs and the variation of their concentrations with the hydrothermal conditions. Interestingly, electrochemical studies showed that the electrocatalytic activity of the series exhib...
Religion and psychological well-being and distress in Israeli Jews: findings from the Gallup World Poll.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates religious predictors of psychological well-being and psychological distress in a five-year national probability sample of Israeli Jews (N = 4,073). Data were taken from the 2006-2010 annual surveys of Israel as a part of the multinational Gallup World Poll. METHODS: Analyses identified religious predictors of five-item scales of well-being and distress, adjusting for effects of several covariates, including health satisfaction. Additional analyses examined differences in religion, well-being and distress, and their interrelationships by categories of Jewish religious identity and observance (hiloni, masorti, dati, and haredi). RESULTS: Levels of religiousness and of well-being increase as one moves "rightward" across Jewish observance. Self-ratings of importance of religion and religious attendance are significantly associated with well-being, overall, and a religious harmony scale is associated with both wellbeing (positively) and distress (inversely), and with these measures' respective items, overall and across Jewish observance. CONCLUSIONS: Religious indicators are significant predictors of both psychological well-being and psychological distress in Israeli Jews, regardless of Jewish religious observance.
Developmental and hormonal regulation of SP-A gene expression in baboon fetal lung

In the present study, we found that surfactant protein A (SP-A) mRNA levels, which are barely detectable in baboon fetal lung at midgestation (92 days), are increased approximately four fold betwee...
Blackbird Singing: Paul McCartney’s Romance of Racial Harmony and Post-Racial America

This chapter explores one of Paul McCartney’s most rhetorically effective appeals to United States audiences—his Romantic vision of racial harmony readily available in his mega-hit with Stevie Wonder, “Ebony and Ivory” (1982), as well as his collaboration with Michael Jackson in “Say, Say, Say” (1983). The idealism of those duets echoes into twenty-first-century music videos such as “Early Days” (2014) and live performances in which McCartney positions the Beatles’ “Blackbird” as a song about solidarity with civil rights (2002–present). These songs, videos, and stories offer sentimental visions of racial equality as something that has been achieved or is easy to realize. This optimistic outlook is definitional to the concept of “post-racial” attitudes in America and is especially problematic because it obscures recognition of ongoing political, social, and economic inequalities and injustice experienced by people of color. Tracing this particular thematic trajectory exposes the persistence of post-racial attitudes in United States audiences, white Baby Boomers in particular, who want to believe the gains of the civil rights movement have been successful. What is noteworthy, however, is that McCartney’s most recent collaboration with another popular black musician, Kanye West, may offer opportunities to deconstruct the master narrative of racial harmony that has been so appealing to McCartney’s fanbase.
CHAPTER 236 – Cellular Roles of the Ran GTPase

Ran is an abundant nuclear GTPase that has been extensively characterized for its role in nuclear transport. The Ran pathway is involved in spindle assembly and postmitotic nuclear assembly, independent of its role in nuclear transport. The distribution of Ran's nucleotide exchange factor (RCC1) and GTPase activating protein (RanGAP1) leads to the formation of gradients of Ran-GTP within the cell. These gradients provide spatial cues that direct Ran-dependent processes. These cues are monitored through a common set of Ran-GTP binding effector proteins that were originally characterized as nuclear transport receptors. The past year has seen a considerable deepening in our understanding of the molecular features of this pathway and of how gradients of Ran-GTP are built and utilized. This chapter relates these new developments to Ran's role in cellular processes.
Contagion and Anarchy: Matthew Arnold and the Disease of Modern Life

This chapter theorizes how Matthew Arnold’s mid-to-late writings on culture facilitated the endemicity of thinking of cultural contagion as a threat to social order in biological terms. It argues that Arnold saw cultural forms, like literature, as both a threat and antidote for the diseased state of Victorian England. Reading Arnold within the context of the period’s sociological theories of contagious crowd behaviors and the advent of germ theory reveal how culture became a way to understand and attempt to control the vivification and spread of potentially dangerous ideas and affects: from unrestrained liberty and revolution to infectious and pernicious literature. Ultimately, this understanding leads to a new way to think about the roots of cultural study and its links to biomedical history.
Abstract #2868: Thymidine Kinase 1, a molecular target for immunotherapy is overexpressed in the plasma membrane of lymphoma cells

Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1), an important nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme, has been shown to be upregulated in most malignant cancers. Recent studies have shown this essential enzyme not only has diagnostic and prognostic value, but TK1 could also be used as a molecular target for therapeutic treatments. TK1 has been shown to be a possible molecular target for neutron capture therapy in brain tumors. Other studies have explored the potential of TK1 as a therapeutic target in many solid tumors, including breast, colon, and prostate. This particular study provides insight on the reality of TK1 as a therapeutic target in lymphoma. This insight was provided by analyzing the localization of TK1 in lymphoblastoid cells derived from Burkitt\#8217;s lymphoma (Raji cells). The cells were lysed and the membranes were separated by centrifugation. The membranes were then fractionated further, using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, in order to discriminate the inner membranes from the plasma membranes. Healthy, normal lymphocytes were lysed and fractionated simultaneously as a negative control. The plasma membranes and inner membranes of each specimen were collected and the samples were assayed for TK1 activity using the TK radioassay. This assay was run with both ATP and CTP in order to calculate relative percentage values of both human isoforms: TK1 and TK2. The preliminary results showed TK1 99% of enzyme activity expressed in the plasma membrane of healthy lymphocytes. In contrast, results from the plasma membrane of the Raji cells showed TK1>60% and TK2 Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2868.