cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating Seasonal PR–TMI Calibration Differences

Abstract Seasonal differences in the calibration of overland passive microwave rain retrieval are investigated using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and precipitation radar (PR). Four geographic regions from southern Africa, South Asia, the Amazon basin, and the southeastern United States are selected. Three seasons are compared for each region. Two scenarios of algorithm calibration are considered. In the first, the parameter sets are derived by calibrating the TMI algorithm with PR in each season. In the second scenario, common parameter sets are derived from the combined dataset of all three seasons. The parameter sets from both scenarios are then applied to the validation dataset of each season to determine the effect of seasonal calibration. Furthermore, calibration parameters from one season are also applied to another season, and results are compared against those derived using the season’s own parameters. Appreciable seasonal differences are observed for the U.S. ...
Imaging With Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) In A 0.12 T Resistive Magnet

Images of the head, torso, and limbs have been obtained using the nuclear magnetic reso-nance (NMR) of hydrogen. Images are presented and the imaging technique and apparatus are described. The mode of imaging, a spin warp 2-D Fourier transform technique with T1 discrimi-nation through partial saturation, is discussed and shown to be less demanding of field homogeneity than other techniques. The radio-frequency (RF) magnetic fields and pulsed field gradients are shown to be below the recommended limits for power deposition and induced electric fields.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Critical remarks and an open question in the present theory of the electromagnetic self-force

It is asked whether the presently accepted theory of the classical EM self-force, the Lorentz-Dirac-Rohrlich theory, is “effectively analytic” in the classical radiusrc, that is, when solutions are modified by the suppression of terms αet/r0,r0≡;2/3rc, which leads to practically unobservable noncausal behavior in proper time intervals Δτ≈10−23 sec, whether they are analytic inr0 atr0=0 and do agree with perturbation theory. Perturbation theory-assumed power series inr0 — is known to give a good account of experimentally observed motion. After this open question is made precise, a tentative negative answer is given. A real disagreement with perturbation theory would cast considerable doubt on a theory of the EM self-force.
Cocaine's time action profile on regional cerebral blood flow in the rat

Cocaine is a powerful psychostimulant the high abuse liability of which in man appears to be linked, at least in part, to its pharmacokinetic properties. For example, intravenous and inhalation routes of administration result in appreciably higher level of dependence than either the oral or intranasal route, while cocaine's behavioral and physiologic profile is both route- and time-dependent. Therefore, to determine if various aspects of the drug's profile of effects are due to alterations in regional neuronal activity, we measured the effects of cocaine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) 1, 2, 5, 15 and 45 min after a single 1.0 mg/kg i.v. cocaine injection. rCBF is known to directly reflect the state of local neuronal activity and, when measured autoradiographically using the method of Sakurada et al., can be resolved with a very high temporal resolution (30 s). A heterogeneous pattern of cerebral activation was seen. Of those regions which responded to cocaine, all but three did so with a threshold to effect of less than 1 min. Several groups of structures were evident: (1) those regions where blood flow returned to baseline prior to the 5 min measurement group (including several amygdaloid nuclei and lateral septum); (2) those returning to baseline prior to the 15 min sacrifice point (including limbic cortex); (3) regions activated for at least 15 but less than 45 min (including such motor-related regions as the caudate, substantia nigra and globus pallidus); and (4) those demonstrating persistent rCBF alterations for the entire 45 min observation period (including nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, various thalamic nuclei and medial prefrontal cortex). It thus appears that cocaine's duration of action varies heterogenously across both time and brain structure, with many limbic regions displaying either very brief or prolonged duration of action while many motor-related structures display intermediate times of action. This regionally distinct time-course may reflect the diverse behavioral profile seen after cocaine administration in the rat.
PIRACY BY LAUGHING GULLS LARUS ATRICILLA: AN EXAMPLE OF THE SELFISH GROUP

Summary In 1969, 1500 pairs of terns Sterna spp. and 50 pairs of Laughing Gulls Larus atricilla nested on Petit Manan Island, Maine, U.S.A. The gulls formed groups of up to eleven individuals to steal fish from the terns. The start of piracy coincided with hatching of the gull's eggs. Larger groups more often succeeded in stealing fish than smaller groups. Group formation cannot be ascribed to rarity of terns to chase, and is not due to shared advantage in fish seized or time spent chasing (hence energy expended). A sufficient explanation is the individual advantage to some gulls that join a small group at the expense of the initiator. Individual gulls are likely to follow different strategies. Chasing appeared to be more readily elicited by a chase in progress than by a tern carrying a fish.
The Vineland Guide to Contemporary Rebellion

This essay argues that a shift occurs in Thomas Pynchon’s oeuvre with the novel Vineland , specifically with respect to power systems and resistance. Previous novels by Pynchon represented power structures as abstract, nearly supernatural systems that the characters could hardly conceive of, much less oppose. Vineland , on the other hand, brings power structures down to earth, representing them as a network of national governments, multinational corporations, and supragovernmental agencies. This is very much in line with what Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri define as Empire. In response to these power structures, Pynchon constructs a resistance movement that arises spontaneously, much in the same fashion as what Karl Polanyi describes in The Great Transformation as a double movement or countermovement. Tracing both the power structure as it is presented in the novel and the movement of resistance to it elucidates a political philosophy that Pynchon continues through his four most recent novels. This outline appears in Vineland first by presenting Empire as engaged in a series of civil wars as a means of restricting civil rights, second by examining the multitude’s complicity in perpetuating Empire, third by analyzing the failure of violent revolution, and finally, by providing a positive site for resistance.
Crystallization of diamond from the gas phase; Part 1

Abstract The paper discusses growth mechanisms of diamond from the gas phase taking into account previously presented theory and experimental data. A chemical kinetics model for the deposition of diamond and graphite from hydrocarbon gases is presented, based on the work of Derjaguin, Fedoseev and coworkers. The mechanism proposed by Derjaguin et al. is expanded to consider the relationship between temperature dependence of the growth rate and the atomic reconstruction of the diamond surface. A diamond growth process is proposed which integrates chemical factors (thermodynamics, kinetics, chemisorption) and physical factors (thermal vibrations, surface transformation surface diffusion).
Nonlinear unmixing of hyperspectral data using BDRF and maximum likelihood algorithm

In this paper, we proposed a nonlinear unmixing matching algorithm using bidirectional reflectance function (BDRF) and maximum liklihood estimation (MLE). Spectral unmixing algorithms are used to determine the contribution of multiple substances in a single pixel of a hyperspectral image. For any kind of unmixing model basic approach is to describe how different substances are combined in a composite spectrum. When a linear reationship exists between the fractional abundance of the substances, linear unmixing algorithms can determine the endmembers present in that particular pixel. When the relationship is not linear rather each substance is randomly distributed in a homogeneous way the mixing is called nonlinear. Though there are plenty of unmixing algorithms based on linear mixing models (LMM) but very few algorithms have developed to to unmix nonlinear data. We proposed a nonlinear unmixing technique using BDRF and MLE and tested our algorithm using both synthetic and real hyperspectral data.
Pure Culture of Anabaena flos-aquae A-37

SEVERAL methods have been proposed for the isolation of bacteria-free cultures of algae1–6. Methods reported to provide some measure of success, using antibiotics, ultraviolet light, chlorine compounds, etc., are fairly drastic and, in some cases, mutagenic. The problem of separating algae from bacteria may be related to a binomial distribution function in which the probability of choosing a bacteria-free algal colony in any trial varies in an unknown fashion from one trial to another. Successful, practical use of the proposed method may be expected only when the chance of choosing a bacteria-free algal colony exceeds about one in twenty.
IUE observations of E1405-451 - A new AM Herculis type cataclysmic variable

International Ultraviolet Explorer observations of the recently discovered AM Herculis type cataclysmic variable E1405-451 reveal a UV spectrum (1000-3000 A) similar to the other members of the type. The continuum flux distribution rises steeply at short wavelength and shows the effects of interstellar extinction. Best fit parameters for a blackbody spectrum are T = 25,500 + or - 2300 K with E(B-V) = 0.13 + or - 0.05. Many strong emission lines appear in the spectrum with similar intensities to those in AM Her. C IV 1550 and He II 1640 show some sign of a P Cygni profile. If these profiles are truly P Cygni, they indicate the intriguing possibility of a magnetically confined, radiatively driven wind present in all AM Her systems but only observable in a subset with an orientation like E1405-451.
Localization of NOS-like protein in guard cells of Vicia faba L. and its possible function

Using the immuno-fluorescence and immuno-gold electron microscope technology, localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like proteins was determined in guard cells of Vicia faba L. NOS is mainly localized in nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast, mitochondria and the cell wall of guard cells. Scorch and exogenous JA can enhance the level of nitric oxide (NO) and increase NOS activity in both leaf and epidermis, and the changing pattern of NOS activity was consistent with the change of NO. NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, inhibited JA-induced NO generation. From the results, we presumed that NO generation from NOS pathway is the main pathway in the stress and JA responses. The pharmacological experiment showed that increasing the Ca2+ at a suitable concentration promoted leaf NOS activity and the NO level, indicating that NOS activity together with the distribution of NO is Ca2+-dependent. NOS and NO are possibly involved in the regulation of stomatal movement thus playing an important role in plant stress responses.
Spatial and vertical variability of dissolved carbohydrate species in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 2010–2011

Abstract Seawater samples were collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico during October 2010 and October 2011 to examine the abundance, spatial and vertical distributions, and partitioning of carbohydrates (CHO) among monosaccharides (MCHO), HCl-hydrolysable polysaccharides (HCl-PCHO), and dilute-HCl-resistant polysaccharides (HR-PCHO). Concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrates (TCHO) and other CHO species in surface waters decreased in general from shelf to basin regions, ranging from 4 to 27 μM-C for MCHO, 4 to 34 μM-C for HCl-PCHO, and from undetectable (
Pushing the Sensitivity Limit of CARS Microscopy

CARS Microscopy is a powerful technique capable of rapid chemically-selective imaging in vivo. In this report, we will show recent work on Frequency Modulated CARS (FM-CARS) to push the sensitivity limit of CARS imaging.
Born To Be a Teacher: What Am I Doing in a College of Education?

Abstract This study examined the beliefs about teaching by pre-interns entering a college of education's holistic teaching and learning program. Of interest were the students' beliefs about the concepts of teaching and learning and the sources of those beliefs. Qualitative interviews were conducted during the students' first year of enrollment in curriculum-related coursework. Students discussed how they chose education as a career, how they thought of themselves as teachers, and what they believed were the sources of their knowledge about teaching. All of the participants were interested in teaching in public school primary grades. Data analysis revealed a belief in a “special calling” or “gift” that would make them more successful than other individuals for this career. They indicated that this “gift” alone was enough to allow them to be successful in teaching. Most of their beliefs developed from their own experiences as students, and from the comments of others (primarily teachers) who stated a belief...
Recognizing splicing languages: Syntactic monoids and simultaneous pumping

We use syntactic monoid methods, together with an enhanced pumping lemma, to investigate the structure of splicing languages. We obtain an algorithm for deciding whether a regular language is a reflexive splicing language, but the general question remains open.
Multimodal Therapy: An Integrating Model for Behavioral Medicine

Summmy.-Behavioral medicine has shown promise in managing and treating a wide range of medical conditions. Most research has concerned changing the external environments or the physiological responses. There are indications that a more holistic model is needed. Two cases, one a hypertensive and the other a migraine headache sufferer, are presented to illustrate Lazarus' Multimodal Behavior Therapy Model, which is proposed to integrate clinical research and practice. Meichenbaum (1976) observes that traditionally behavior therapy, especially biofeedback, has focused primarily on changing the physical response, and little attention has been given other factors which precede or accompany the implementation of a particular procedure. This notion that "something else is needed" is mentioned with increased frequency in clinical settings and in the literature, both explicitly and implicitly. For instance, Budzynski ( 1973) in discussing biofeedback procedures in clinics notes that biofeedback "may be made more effective when used in conjunction with other therapy proceduies." Legalos (1973) describes two cases, one involving migraine headaches and the other insomnia, in which he combined biofeedback training with psychotherapy. Birk (1973) in discussing biofeedback and treatment of tension headaches highlights the need for concomitant psychotherapy. He singles out the need for insight and unraveling the cognitive dimensions of anger, combined with training in assertion. And finally, to substantiate the contention that "something else is needed," Meichenbaum (1976) explicitly states that, when a client states a physical ailment (s) such as headaches, hypertension, his (the therapist's) attention is usually focused on the client's physiological responses. Consequently, the questions he asks, the assessment devices he employs. and the homework assignments he gives usually fail to give consideration to the chain of thoughts, images, feelings, and behaviors that precede, accompany, and follow the physiological response. Biofeedback therapists have often failed to appreciate that their clients' maladaptive behaviors represent sets of complex responses, including affective, cognitive, and motoric, as well as physiological components (p. 203). Thus it appears that some therapists are abandoning their narrow focus on only the physiological responses and now attend to other modalities as well. Although these are encouraging signs, it is the writer's opinion that they do not go far enough. The writer is proposing Lazarus' (1976) Multimodal Therapy Model as one that systematically integrates various behavioral interventions,
Sidewalk informality: : an examination of street vending regulation in China

AbstractStreet vending represents a vital and growing aspect of the urban informal economy that is often the subject of municipal regulatory efforts that seek to control, confine or extinguish it. In the People's Republic of China, recent developments and discussions on vendor rights and regulation underscore important socio-political and economic changes and concerns around the role of the informal economy in this country. As more of China's rural poor enter urban areas and turn to the streets to survive, the number of unlicensed vendors has risen and municipal efforts at increased regulation and enforcement of street vending licensure have been enacted. These developments within the context of China's ‘state-capitalist economy’ provide a fertile field for research into the informal economy, use and re-appropriation of public space, and regulation of a previously marginalized commercial activity. This paper draws from primary and secondary sources to provide an overview of street vending in China and con...
Paraneoplastic gastrointestinal motor dysfunction: clinical and laboratory characteristics

Abstract OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, manometric, and serological characteristics of 12 patients with paraneoplastic GI motor dysfunction and to assess the contributory role of diagnostic tests. METHODS: Twelve patients diagnosed with malignant tumors and GI motor dysfunction were identified at the Mayo Clinic from 1985 to 1996. RESULTS: Cancers identified were: nine small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), one anaplastic lung adenocarcinoma, one retroperitoneal lymphoma, and one ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma. GI symptoms preceded the tumor diagnosis in all cases of SCLC (mean, −8.7 months, range, −1 to −24 months, n = 9). The diagnosis of a malignant tumor preceded the onset of GI symptoms in the three patients with other neoplasms (6, 12, and 24 months). Five of the nine patients found to have SCLC had no evidence of tumor on initial chest x-ray. One or more paraneoplastic autoantibodies were found in 10 of the 11 patients tested by autoimmune serology. Type 1 antineuronal nuclear antibody (ANNA-1 or anti-Hu) was detected in eight of the nine patients with SCLC (one patient was not tested). The patient with ovarian carcinoma had type 1 Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody (PCA-1 or anti-Yo). N-type calcium channel antibodies were found in one patient with SCLC, one with a retroperitoneal B cell lymphoma, and one with ovarian carcinoma. Gastric emptying was delayed in 89% (eight of nine tested) and 80% (four of five tested) had esophageal dysmotility. Autonomic reflex tests were abnormal in the seven patients tested. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of paraneoplastic GI motor dysfunction requires a high index of clinical suspicion. A panel of serological tests for paraneoplastic autoantibodies, scintigraphic gastric emptying, and esophageal manometry are useful as first-line screening tests. Seropositivity for ANNA-1, PCA-1, or N-type calcium channel-binding antibodies should prompt further evaluation for an underlying malignancy even when routine imaging studies are negative.
Reading "On Denoting" on its Centenary

My project is primarily expository and context setting. I also want to correct a few misunderstandings that Russell or I or others may have had. Although I flag a few issues in my own voice, I am trying, on the whole, to present my discussion and analysis in a way that is recognizably Russellian. Part I sets out the logical/semantical background to “On Denoting”, including an exposition of Russell’s views in Principles of Mathematics and speculation about how the search for a solution to the contradiction Russell had discovered in Frege’s logic might have motivated a new treatment of denoting. I try to locate Russell’s earlier views in relation to Frege’s, and to frame the new treatment of denoting in opposition to these earlier views. In Part II, I begin my examination of “On Denoting” itself, the logical, semantical, and epistemological theses it proposes. I start with an analysis of Russell’s use of “denoting phrase” and follow with an extended discussion of Russell’s views on knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. I try to show that the discomfiture between Russell’s semantical and epistemological commitments begins as far back as 1903. Part II completes my review of the first two paragraphs of “On Denoting”. I hope to write a sequel.
What would Don Draper do? Rules for restoring the contemporary agency mojo

Abstract What are the timeless truths of advertising? How can agency leaders manage their teams, their creative talent, and clients? To answer these and other questions, the mythology of the ‘Golden Age of Advertising’ is examined and analyzed herein. Specifically, using ad man Don Draper—protagonist of the fictional, but already culturally iconic, television series Mad Men —as a mythic archetype, lessons are extracted for contemporary advertising practitioners. Ten timeless rules are proposed and explicated in the areas of (1) managing intra-agency leadership processes, (2) managing creative processes, and (3) managing client relationships.
Customer satisfaction and its measurement in hospitality enterprises

Reviews and discusses the topic of customer satisfaction and its application to the hospitality and tourism industries. Defines the concept and analyzes its importance to services in general and to hospitality/tourism services in particular. Following a discussion on the dimensions and attributes of satisfaction, lists the main methods of measuring satisfaction and concludes with a review of global and cross‐cultural issues that affect satisfaction.
Relaying Strategies for Cooperative Networks with Minimal Node Communications

Distributed space-time-block-coding (Dis-STBC) achieves diversity through cooperative transmission among geographically dispersed nodes. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of several decentralized Dis-STBC schemes in a selective decode-and-forward two-stage relaying network. In particular, we consider schemes without a central control unit or inter-node communications. These include a pre-assignment strategy and two randomized transmission techniques. The average diversity order of these techniques is considered, and the outage performance is presented under realistic channel conditions. It is found that although the randomized Dis-STBC has the best average diversity order, the performance difference of these schemes is negligible under more realistic scenarios. In addition, the effect of the power distribution between stages and between nodes is evaluated.
A high-precision method for measurement of paleoatmospheric CO2 in small polar ice samples

We describe a high-precision method, now in use in our laboratory, for measuring the CO 2 mixing ratio of ancient air trapped in polar ice cores. Occluded air in ice samples weighing ~8-15 g is liberated by crushing with steel pins at-35°C and trapped at-263°C in a cryogenic cold trap. CO 2 in the extracted air is analyzed using gas chromatography. Replicate measurements for several samples of high-quality ice from the Siple Dome and Taylor Dome Antarctic ice cores have pooled standard deviations of <0.9 ppm. This high-precision technique is directly applicable to high-temporal-resolution studies for detection of small CO 2 variations, for example CO 2 variations of a few parts per million on millennial to decadal scales.
The ash bark beetles Leperisinus fraxini and Hylesinus oleiperda: stridulatory organs, acoustic signals, and pheromone production

Abstract Both Leperisinus fraxini and Hylesinus oleiperda possess the elytral-abdominal type of stridulatory apparatus with the pars stridens on the posterior medial undersurface of the elytra and the plectrum in two conical processes on the 7th tergite, similar to species of Dendroctonus, Pseudohylesinus, and Hylurgops. The stress and revalry chirps of L. fraxini are single multi-pulse chirps similar in toothstrike number, duration, and rate, but the attraction chirps are double and significantly different in number and duration. Both stress and attraction chirps of Hylesinus oleiperda are double chirps and differ significantly from those of L. fraxini in several parameters. L. fraxini is a bigamous species, one male with two females, and each female occupies one arm of the biramous gallery. The female L. fraxini produces the aggregative pheromone. Zusammenfassung Die Eschenbastkafer Leperisinus fraxini und Hylesinus oleiperda: Der Lauterzeugungsapparat, akkustische Signale und die Produktion des Anlockungsstoffes Beide Borkenkaferarten, Leperisinus fraxini und Hylesinus oleiperda, besitzen den elytral-abdominal-Typ des Lauterzeugungsapparates. Die pars stridens befindet sich an der apikalen Unterseite des linken Elytron, das plektrum (in Form von zwei Kegeln) liegt, ahnlich wie auch bei den Gattungen Dendroctonus, Pseudohylesinus, Hylurgops und Polygraphus, am mittleren Rand des 7. Tergites. Die Mannchen von L. fraxini produzieren einzelne Stres- und Rivalitats-Zirplaute, die nach Anzahl, Dauer und Rate ahnlich sind. Die Anlockungs-Zirplaute dagegen sind Doppel-Laute und unterscheiden sich von den anderen Lauten. Die Stres- und Anlockungs-Zirplaute von H. oleiperda sind Doppel-Zirplaute, die sich von denen von L. fraxini in mehreren Parametern unterscheiden. L. fraxini ist eine bigame Art (ein Mannchen lebt mit zwei Weibchen, von denen jede einen Arm des Frasbildes bewohnt). Das Anlockungspheromon wird durch die Weibchen produziert.
Population genetics in the forensic DNA debate

The use of matching variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) profiles to link suspects with crimes is potentially very powerful, but it has been quite controversial. Initial debate over laboratory procedures has largely given way to debate over the statistical and population genetic issues involved in calculating the frequency of a profile for a random member of a population. This frequency is used to weight the evidence of a match between suspect and crime scene material when the suspect denies responsibility for that material. A recent report from the National Research Council, intended to put to rest some of the issues, has instead raised further debate by advocating a procedure based on maximum frequencies of profile components over several different populations.
The effects of acute and chronic administration of morphine on norepinephrine turnover in rat brain regions.

The effects of acute and chronic administration of morphine on norepinephrine turnover in rat brain regions were assessed by measuring changes in the levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-glycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4), the major metabolite of norepinephrine (NE) in rat brain. Acute administration of morphine sulfate (25 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased levels of MHPG-SO4 in hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem and “rest of brain” but not in cortex or corpus striatum. After chronic administration of increasing doses of morphine, tolerance developed to this effect of morphine on MHPG-SO4 levels in cerebellum, brainstem and “rest of brain”, but tolerance to the morphine-induced increase in MHPG-SO4 levels was not observed in hypothalamus. Sixteen hr after the cessation of chronic morphine administration, levels of MHPG-SO4 were significantly reduced in hypothalamus. cerebellum and “rest of brain”. These findings are discussed in relation to the regional specificity of the action of morphine on NE turnover, and the possible role of noradrenergic neurons in the reinforcing properties of morphine.
Discovery of 4-(5-Methyloxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (CP-810,123), a Novel α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Cognitive Disorders in Schizophrenia: Synthesis, SAR Development, and in Vivo Efficacy in Cognition Models

A novel α7 nAChR agonist, 4-(5-methyloxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (24, CP-810,123), has been identified as a potential treatment for cognitive deficits associated with psychiatric or neurological conditions including schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Compound 24 is a potent and selective compound with excellent pharmaceutical properties. In rodent, the compound displays high oral bioavailability and excellent brain penetration affording high levels of receptor occupancy and in vivo efficacy in auditory sensory gating and novel object recognition. The structural diversity of this compound and its preclinical in vitro and in vivo package support the hypothesis that α7 nAChR agonists may have potential as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Client Record Guidelines

Although the need to keep client records is clear, there is little information available as to how to construct a client record. This article presents guidelines for what data should be contained in intake summaries, along with assessments, treatment plans, case notes, and other supplemental materials.
Influence of clinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive performance of Jersey cows.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of clinical mastitis on reproductive performance of high producing Jersey cows. Cows (n = 102) with clinical mastitis during the first 150 d of lactation were evaluated. Groups were balanced according to lactation number and days of lactation and subdivided as follows: group 1, clinical mastitis before first artificial insemination (AI) (n = 48); group 2, clinical mastitis between first AI and pregnancy (n = 14); group 3, clinical mastitis after confirmed pregnancy (n = 40); and group 4, control cows (n = 103) with no clinical mastitis. No differences in reproductive performance were detected because of milk production or mastitis caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative pathogens. The number of days to first AI was significantly greater for cows with clinical mastitis before first AI (93.6 d) than for all other groups (71.0 d). Artificial inseminations per conception were significantly greater for cows with clinical mastitis after first AI (2.9) than for cows with clinical mastitis before first AI (1.6), cows with no clinical mastitis, or cows with clinical mastitis after confirmed pregnancy (1.7). The number of days to conception for cows with clinical mastitis after first AI (136.6 d) was significantly greater than that for control cows and that for cows that developed clinical mastitis after confirmed pregnancy (92.1 d). Clinical mastitis during early lactation markedly influenced reproductive performance of Jersey cows.
Where Do the Peacekeepers Go

What determines where and when the United Nations (UN) sends peacekeepers in civil wars? This is an important topic for at least two normative reasons. First, it is a necessary prerequisite for judging the extent to which the organization lives up to its aspirations for being a truly global body, capable of working to preserve international security and relieve suffering without preference to a state's choice of government, location, resources, or historical connection to the great powers. Second, given various attempts to suggest criteria or benchmarks for humanitarian intervention, it is important to know which cases are selected for intervention in the absence of such criteria. The procedures and standards of the UN provide little guidance as to the actual decisions of the Security Council regarding when and where peacekeepers will be deployed. Peacekeepers are deployed with reference to Chapters 6 or 7 of the UN Charter. Although these chapters differ with regard to the use of force or pacific means to resolve disputes, they agree that the prerequisite for their enactment is a threat to or an endangerment of "the maintenance of international peace and security." The question remains, why does the Security Council consider some civil wars threats to international security? The charter is silent on what constitutes a threat to international security, and the Security Council has shown enormous flexibility in invoking the language of threat to justify the deployment of peacekeepers. If previous deployments provide any indication, then one must wrestle with why civil wars in Mozambique, Somalia, Guatemala, and Sierra Leone were deemed essential for the promotion of international security, whereas civil wars in Kashmir, Sudan, Chechnya, and Algeria were judged as peripheral to security. Despite the importance of the issue, the amount of systematic research on the topic is extremely small in comparison with dozens of other topics that come under the heading of international cooperation. Partly as a consequence, unsupported claims by journalists, policymakers, and even some academics about where the UN sends peacekeepers have proliferated over the years. A common assertion is that peacekeepers go where the permanent members of the Security Council (or in some versions where the United States) have important national interests. Alternatively, it is claimed that peacekeeping is imperialism in disguise and, therefore, peacekeepers are sent where great powers have an economic interest in access to raw materials and primary commodities. A different version holds that peacekeeping since the 1990s embodies an ethos of democracy-building and that the great powers, who have an interest in increasing the number of democracies in the world, choose cases in which democracy is in short supply yet has the potential to take root.
Small-Scale Variability in Warm Continental Cumulus Clouds

Abstract We have analyzed small-scale fluctuations in microphysical, dynamical and thermodynamical parameters measured in two warm cumulus clouds during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) project (1981) in light of predictions of several recent models. The measurements show the existence at all levels throughout the sampling period of two statistically distinct kinds of cloudy regions, termed “variable” and “steady,” often separated by transition zones of less than ten meters. There is some evidence for microphysical variability induced by local fluctuations in thermodynamic and dynamic parameters; however, the predominant variations are of a nature consistent with laboratory evidence suggesting that mixing is dominated by large structures. Entrainment appears to occur largely near cloud top but the data presented here do not permit identification of a mechanism for transport of the entrained air throughout the cloud.
Communication us Complement in Development

This article is a revised version of a paper produced as part of a review of Agency for International Development policy in communication undertaken by Stanford University's Institute for Communication Research for which Edwin Parker and the author were co-principal investigators. Others contributed heavily to earlier drafts of this paper and the background papers on which it was based (see 7, 8, 13, 14, 18). They include (in alphabetical order) Ronny Adhikarya, Eduardo Contreras-Budge, Dennis Foote, Douglas Goldschmidt, John Mayo, Emile McAnany, Jeanne Moulton, Jeremiah O'Sullivan, Edwin Parker, Everett Rogers, and Douglas Solomon. The "we" used in the text is neither royal nor editorial, but refers to some subset of the author and this list of contributors. The work was performed under contract ta-C-1472 with the Development Support Bureau (Office of Education and Human Resources) of USAID, and benefited from advice from Clifford Block, Anthony Meyer, and David Sprague of that office.
Methods for Collecting Postschool Outcomes Data on Young Adults With Disabilities: A Literature Synthesis

The current U.S. federal mandate for educational accountability requires state departments of education to collect data on the postschool employment and postsecondary school and/or training enrollm...
Lax---Friedrichs Multigrid Fast Sweeping Methods for Steady State Problems for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Fast sweeping methods are efficient Gauss---Seidel iterative numerical schemes originally designed for solving static Hamilton---Jacobi equations. Recently, these methods have been applied to solve hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms. In this paper, we propose Lax---Friedrichs fast sweeping multigrid methods which allow even more efficient calculations of viscosity solutions of stationary hyperbolic problems. Due to the choice of Lax---Friedrichs numerical fluxes, general problems can be solved without difficult inversion. High order discretization, e.g., WENO finite difference method, can be incorporated to achieve high order accuracy. On the other hand, multigrid methods, which have been widely used to solve elliptic equations, can speed up the computation by smoothing errors of low frequencies on coarse meshes. We modify the classical multigrid method with regard to properties of viscous solutions to hyperbolic conservation equations by introducing WENO interpolation between levels of mesh grids. Extensive numerical examples in both scalar and system test problems in one and two dimensions demonstrate the efficiency, high order accuracy and the capability of resolving singularities of the viscosity solutions.
Abstract 66: Genetic predictors of DNA repair capacity in melanoma patients: A genome-wide approach.

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most serious form of skin cancer. DNA repair has been implicated in the etiology of CM in patients of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of DNA repair. We have reported that reduced cellular DNA repair capacity (DRC, as assessed by an in vitro lymphocyte-based assay) for removing UV-induced DNA damage is an independent risk factor for sporadic CM and may contribute to susceptibility to sunlight-induced CM in the general population. Recently, we completed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of melanoma and we also have data on DRC phenotype measured as luciferase activity in the in vitro host-cell reactivation assay using study subjects' lymphocytes for 1042 CM patients. The life-style questionnaire data are also available for these patients included in the GWAS. This is a unique study population and opportunity for us to identify genetic predictors of DRC in CM patients using a genome-wide approach. We found that the DRC varies 6 folds among 1042 CM patients and that the history of sunburn modified the DRC levels. However, we did not find the significant difference within categories of other demographic, exposure and clinical factors including age, sex, smoking and drinking status, the presence of moles and dysplastic nevi, family history of any cancer in first-degree relatives, eye color, hair color, skin color, freckling in the sun as a child, tanning ability, tumor stage, thickness, clark level, ulceration and anatomic site. We applied a generalized linear model with SNPs as predictors and DRC (a continuous variable) as the outcome. The covariates of age, sex, DRC assay-related variables were adjusted in the model. Several suggestive loci contributing to the DRC phenotype have been identified at the significance level of 10−5, including rs1799787 (intron) and rs1799793 (codon 312) in ERCC2/XPD in all CM patients, and rs12342322 near RASEF in 931 CM patients with stage I – IV. The results indicate that DRC phenotype is genetically determined by the genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair pathway and that newly identified SNPs may help understand the underlying mechanism in DRC's role in CM initiation and progression [This work was supported by National Institute of Health grants R01CA100264 (Q. Wei), P50CA093459 (E. Grimm), and P30 CA016672 (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center)]. Citation Format: Li-E Wang, Hongliang Liu, Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, Victor G. Prieto, Elizabeth A. Grimm, Jeffery E. Lee, Christopher I. Amos, Qingyi Wei. Genetic predictors of DNA repair capacity in melanoma patients: A genome-wide approach. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr 66.
An energy harvesting AWGN channel with a finite battery

In energy harvesting communication systems, the transmitter is adapted to harvest energy per time slot. The harvested energy is either used right away or is stored in a battery to facilitate future transmissions. We consider the problem of determining the Shannon capacity of an energy harvesting transmitter communicating over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, where the amount of energy harvested per time slot is a constant ρ and the battery has capacity σ. This imposes a new kind of power constraint on the transmitted codewords, and we call the resulting constrained channel a (σ, ρ) power constrained AWGN channel. When σ is 0 or ∞, the capacity of this channel is known. For the finite battery case, we obtain an expression for the channel capacity. We obtain bounds on capacity by considering the volume of Sn(σ, ρ) ⊆ R, which is the set of all length n sequences satisfying the (σ, ρ) constraints.
Structures of uranyl peroxide hydrates: a first-principles study of studtite and metastudtite.

The structures of the only known minerals containing peroxide, namely studtite [(UO2)O2(H2O)4] and metastudtite [(UO2)O2(H2O)2], have been investigated using density functional theory. The structure of metastudtite crystallizing in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (Z = 4) is reported for the first time at the atomic level and the computed lattice parameters, a = 8.45, b = 8.72, c = 6.75 A, demonstrate that the unit cell of metastudtite is larger than previously reported dimensions (Z = 2) derived from experimental X-ray powder diffraction data.
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in Infant Rats after Intranasal Inoculation

An animal model permitting study of bacterial meningitis has been developed in infant rats by the intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae b. Seventythree percent (29 of 40) of five-day-old animals were bacteremic 48 hr after inoculation with 107 H. influenzae b; of those with bacteremia, 79% had documented meningitis. Studies with fluorescein-labeled specific antiserum suggested that bacteria were dispersed in the upper respiratory tract, penetrated the nasal mucosa, entered the systemic circulation, and spread to the meninges from the dorsal longitudinal and lateral dural sinuses. The histologic appearance of the meningitis in infant rats was similar to that reported from specimens taken at human autopsy.
Accumulation and metabolism of pipecolic acid in the developing brain of the mouse

In newborn mice, following i.p. injections of D,L-[3H]PA (pipecolic acid, 28 micrograms/kg), accumulation of radioactivity continues to increase up to 24 h. In adults, radioactivity peaks at 5 min and remains approximately constant up to 5 h, and then declines slowly to 24 h. Fifteen-day-old mice follow the newborn pattern, while 30-day-old mice show the same trend as the adult. Radioactivity in plasma shows essentially the same pattern of accumulation in adult and newborn animals with some quantitative differences. Secretion of radioactivity in the urine is significantly higher in the adult than in the newborn during the interval between 10 min and 5 h. Accumulation of radioactivity at 24 h in the newborn brain shows a preferential localization to the olfactory bulb, the anterior telencephalon and the diencephalon. Two hours after the i.p. injection, approximately 70% of the radioactivity recovered in brain is due to PA. This percentage increases to 75% and 87% at 5 and 24 h respectively. Alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-Aaa) a major metabolite of PA was identified in brain extracts at 5 h. The maximal formation of alpha-Aaa in relation to PA occurs approximately at 5 h. No other brain metabolites of PA could be identified with this chromatographic system. The present results show that access of PA to the brain is easier in the newborn mouse than in the adult. In addition, our results demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of PA metabolism in the newborn mouse.
Modulation of Host PGE2 Secretion as a Determinant of Periodontal Disease Expression

An increasing body of evidence supports the concept that host-produced PGE2 mediates much of the tissue destruction that occurs in periodontal disease. PGE2 levels within the crevicular fluid can serve as a static assessment of ongoing disease activity; i.e., rate of attachment loss and bone resorption. New insights into the mechanisms that regulate PGE2 synthesis provide an altered paradigm of periodontal disease which places the emphasis on host response, rather than the bacterial etiology, as the principal determinant of disease expression. We describe a PGE2 host response model as a hypothetical framework to discuss new, possible explanations for host susceptibility to periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1993;64:432–444.
Separating the One From the Many-Microfabricated Arrays for Cell Separations

The separation of single or small groups of cells from within a heterogeneous population is a fundamental need in almost all areas of biomedical research. This effort is required in order to obtain unique cells possessing a desired characteristic for genetic studies, cloning, or other applications. Despite recent technological advances, selection and isolation of individual or small groups of live cells from a population remains a signicant challenge. Most live-cell separation methods require that cells be dispersed into a single-cell suspension, but removal of adherent cells from their growth surface may at times be undesirable. A microfabricated cell array platform composed of releasable elements in combination with either a pulsed laser or needle-based punch system has been developed for analyzing, sorting and collecting viable cells from a mixed population while the cells remain adherent to their growth surface. Both noadherent and adherent cells cultured on the array can be analyzed and selected using standard imaging methods. Target cells can then be collected with high viability and efficiently cloned by releasing the polymeric base or cup in which the cell resides. Benefits of this new approach include high cell viability, small sample size requirements, and broad cell selection criteria. Separation properties include fluorescence signals, morphology, and uniquely, time-dependent variables such as the transmission of properties to daughter cells, growth rate or signaling behavior. Mating the microarrays with image cytometry provides a high-throughput tool for selection and isolation of cells for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
'Riddled' with Guilt: The Mysteries of Transgression, the Sealed Vision, and the Art of Interpretation in 4Q300 and Related Texts

This essay investigates the language of 4Q300, one of the manuscripts of the 'Mysteries' composition from caves 1 and 4 (1Q27, 4Q299–300[1]), for the way in which it participates in the 'prophetic-sapiential' dynamic of Qumran apocalypticism. Though 4Q300 may not have been authored by a member of the Qumran community, it expresses ideas and assumes social categories very much at home within a sectarian context. It presumes a dualistic framework in which the in-group possesses knowledge of 'mysteries' that derives from having access to a 'vision.' This vision is sealed to the opponents, the 'magicians' whose failed interpretations render them 'guilty' of not understanding the true 'root of wisdom.' The essay argues that this 'vision' is best understood to be a written source that is considered by the author/audience of 4Q300 to have prophetic implications.
The structure of an authentic spore photoproduct lesion in DNA suggests a basis for recognition. Corrigendum

In the article by Singh et al. (2014 ▶) the name of one of the authors was given incorrectly. The correct name is Yajun Jian as given above.