cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypermentalizing in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Model and Data

Interpersonal difficulties are a widely accepted characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, the results of empirical findings of deficits in social-cognitive abilities that may underlie interpersonal difficulties in this population have been mixed. In this paper, we review the literature on social-cognitive impairment in BPD by organizing studies based on patterns of positive and negative of findings. We provide a new model of mentalizing impairment in BPD by integrating findings into one framework that suggests hypermentalizing as the core feature of social-cognitive impairment in BPD. We review data in support of a hypermentalizing model of BPD and situate this data in the broader context of current work on hypermentalizing.
Retardation of Water Drop Evaporation with Monomolecular Surface Films

Abstract The influence of a variety of water-insoluble monomolecular films on the evaporation rate of 50 to 500 μ diameter water drops was determined at 25C and 50% relative humidity. The results indicate that only linear polar molecules capable of close packing can form monomolecular films which inhibit the gas transport of water molecules across an air–water interface. Slight deviations from straight-chain linearity due to substituents on the hydrocarbon backbone of the surface-active molecule prevent molecular adlineation, alter the physical state of the monolayer, and sharply reduce its ability to retard evaporation. The influence of impurities which do not affect evaporation was evaluated by studying mixed films which contained both linear and nonlinear molecules. For each of the chemical systems studied, the rate of evaporation decreased to a constant value as the surface film was compacted on the shrinking drop surface. Evaporation rates were decreased up to 17-fold by the most effective fatty alco...
Simultaneous separation and determination of 16 testosterone and nandrolone esters in equine plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping control.

Abstract The potential for using testosterone and nandrolone esters in racehorses to boost the biological concentrations of these steroids and enhance athletic performance is very compelling and should be seriously considered in formulating regulatory policies for doping control. In order to regulate the use of these esters in racehorses, a sensitive and validated method is needed. In this paper, we report such a method for simultaneous separation, screening, quantification and confirmation of 16 testosterone and nandrolone esters in equine plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Analytes were extracted from equine plasma by liquid–liquid extraction using a mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl acetate (50:50, v/v) and separated on a sub-2 micron C18 column. Detection of analytes was achieved on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer by positive electrospray ionization mode with selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Mobile phase comprised 2 mM ammonium formate and methanol. Deuterium-labeled testosterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate were used as dual-internal standards for quantification. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 25–100 pg/mL and 100–200 pg/mL, respectively. The linear dynamic range of quantification was 100–10,000 pg/mL. For confirmation of the presence of these analytes in equine plasma, matching of the retention time with mass spectrometric ion ratios from MS/MS product ions was used. The limit of confirmation (LOC) was 100–500 pg/mL. The method is sensitive, robust, selective and reliably reproducible.
The enigma of hyperparathyroidism in hypophosphatemic rickets

Familial hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) is caused by inactivating mutations of the cell surface metalloproteinase PHEX. It is characterized by low-normal serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], normocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia. Hyperparathyroidism is regularly seen in patients treated with phosphate supplements, although circulating serum phosphate levels do not reach the normal range. The mechanism is unknown. Decreased serum concentrations of ionized calcium following phosphate supplements might contribute to the development of hyperparathyroidism. Secondary and even tertiary hyperparathyroidism can, however, be observed in patients who have never received phosphate treatment. This points to an abnormal regulation of production and/or degradation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Recently, the expression of the PHEX gene in hypertrophied parathyroid glands of a patient with XLH has been reported. It is unclear whether the mutant PHEX gene can induce hyperparathyroidism by abnormal regulation of peptidases.
Cytokine Modulation of LDL Oxidation by Activated Human Monocytes

There is considerable evidence to suggest that cytokines modulate the pathological cellular events that occur in human atherosclerosis. We sought to determine the effects of T-helper-lymphocyte (TH)-1- and TH2-type cytokines on the ability of human monocytes to oxidize LDL, one of the pathological processes believed to occur in atherosclerosis. The ability of opsonized zymosan (ZOP)-activated human monocytes to oxidize LDL in a 24-hour period was significantly enhanced by pretreatment of the monocytes with the TH2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, or IL-13 compared with untreated monocytes. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-gamma, a TH1 cytokine, inhibited LDL oxidation by activated monocytes. Treatment with IFN-gamma also prevented the IL-4- and IL-13-mediated enhancement of LDL oxidation by ZOP-activated monocytes. Untreated or cytokine-treated unactivated monocytes did not oxidize LDL. The enhancement of LDL oxidation mediated by IL-4 or IL-13 treatment was not due to a mitogenic effect of the cytokines on the monocytes, nor to modulation of superoxide anion (O2-) production. The cytokine regulation of 15-lipoxygenase (LO) in the monocytes was also examined. IL-4 and IL-13 induction of 15-LO mRNA and 15-LO activity in the monocytes was confirmed, as was the previously reported inhibition of induction by IFN-gamma. In summary, IL-4 and IL-13 enhance the ability of activated human monocytes to oxidize LDL, whereas IFN-gamma inhibits the cell-mediated oxidation. The up- and downregulation of activated monocyte-mediated LDL oxidation by these cytokines correlates with the expression of 15-LO activity. Considerable evidence suggests that the progression of atherosclerosis includes events that are immunologically mediated, lending potential physiological relevance to these in vitro observations.
Phytophthora syringae Fruit Rot of Apples

SUMMARY Apples affected by Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. fruit rot show a firm brown rot which spreads through the fruit and may later be masked by secondary rotting organisms. Occurrence of the disease in commercial apple crops in Kent and Sussex was extremely variable during the four fruit storage seasons 1973–77. Following initial infection in the orchard, the disease spread to adjacent healthy fruit during refrigerated storage. Post-harvest treatment with benomyl in water had no consistent effect on the spread or development of the disease in fruit in the laboratory or in commercial crops. It is suggested that soil contamination of fruit and rain splash from soil are the means of infection in the orchard, and that the recent prevalence of the disease may be a result of the maintenance of bare soil in orchards and the increased use of dwarfing rootstocks and pruning systems so that fruit are grown nearer to the ground.
Spine surgeons survey on attitudes regarding osteoporosis and osteomalacia screening and treatment for fractures, fusion surgery, and pseudoarthrosis

COMMENTARY ON: Dipaola CP, Bible JE, Biswas D, et al. Survey of spine surgeons on attitudes regarding osteoporosis and osteomalacia screening and treatment for fractures, fusion surgery, and pseudoarthrosis. Spine J 2009;9:537–44 (this issue) .
Crime and Punishment: Psycho-Myth and the Making of a Hero

Avec son heros de Crime et Châtiment, Dostoevskij recapitule un âge passe et les structures recurrentes de l'activite humaine telles qu'elles sont repertoriees dans la mythologie universelle et dans les theories psychologiques modernes du developpement de la personnalite.
Aldosterone-Induced Protein in Toad Urinary Bladder

Simultaneous electrophysiological and biochemical experiments demonstrated a specific aldosterone-induced protein in paired urinary hemibladders isolated from the toad Bufo marinus. Whenever aldosterone stinlmulated short-circuit current, aldosterone specifically increased [ 35 S] methionine incorporation into a low-molecular-weight protein (about 12,000). Comparative studies with dexamethasone and insulin and inhibitory studies with spironolactone and actinomycin D suggest mineralocorticoid specificity.
Professional integrity in the age of managed care: views of physicians

At the end of 1997, one quarter of the American public used health maintenance organizations. This paper reports findings on physicians’ perspectives on the role of managed care in their professional practices. The research data come from mailed surveys to physicians who are selected from the Cigna Directory of Physicians practicing in the State of Ohio. Subjects were asked to explain what managed care meant to them, and how long they have been practicing medicine. Questions also focused on professional autonomy, quality of care and career aspirations for the future. The results from the study suggest that managed care has had a negative impact on how physicians practice medicine. Several of our respondents reported that they are playing the role of a “double agent” and feel a sense of frustration in doing so. The degree of antipathy toward managed care differs between primary care physicians and specialists.
An economic appraisal of using source separation of human urine to contain and treat endocrine disrupters in the USA.

Elevated concentrations of estrogens in natural waters pose a significant threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems. Both natural (estrone, 17β-estradiol and estriol) and synthetic (17α ethynylestradiol) estrogens, ubiquitous in wastewater effluents and receiving waters, have been shown to affect the endocrine system of human and aquatic life. The effects vary from cancer to sex reversals at levels as low as parts per trillion in sensitive organisms. Separation of urine, which constitutes only about 1% of domestic sewage and contains nearly all of the excreted estrogens, potentially offers an energy-efficient way to contain and then treat these chemicals. With a capital expense of $2100 and operation and maintenance costs of $69 per year for a urine diverting toilet system, a family in the USA can realize estimated savings of $101 per year in energy, water, and nutrients and a decrease of 100 kg in greenhouse gas emissions. To remove 99% of estrogenicity in discharged waters would require approximately 12 kW h per year using continuous electrodialysis followed by ozonation (O3) of source separated urine. To achieve the same results by adding O3 treatment after activated sludge at existing municipal wastewater treatment plants would require 23 kW h per year. From an energy standpoint it makes sense to practice source separation and treatment of urine to limit estrogen discharges into the environment.
Jet spectroscopy of anthracene-alkane complexes

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectra are reported for complexes of anthracene with n-alkanes. The spectra have only weak low-frequency mode structure, which indicates that the complexation geometries are stable with respect to excitation of the anthracene host. At the 2:1 complexation level, the spectra indicate that the complexation geometry changes over from trans, which is favoured for short alkanes, to the cis form for alkanes longer than heptane. This behaviour is attributed to increased guest-guest interaction, which favours the formation of alkane dimers on the anthracene surface.
Hypocretin stimulates [35S]GTPγS binding in Hcrtr 2-transfected cell lines and in brain homogenate

Abstract In vitro functional analyses of hypocretin/orexin receptor systems were performed using [125I]hypocretin radioreceptor and hypocretin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding assay in cell lines expressing human or canine (wild-type and narcoleptic-mutation) hypocretin receptor 2 (Hcrtr 2). Hypocretin-2 stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in human and canine Hcrtr 2 expressing cell lines, while cell lines expressing the mutated canine Hcrtr 2 did not exhibit specific binding for [125I]hypocretin or hypocretin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS. In rat brain homogenates, regional specific hypocretin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was also observed. Hypocretin-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, may thus be a useful functional assay for hypocretin receptors in both cell lines and brain tissue homogenates.
Economic dispatch with non-monotonically increasing incremental cost units and transmission system losses

Economic dispatch problems, in the presence of nonmonotonically increasing incremental cost generating units, is solved by use of the Newton approach. A linear transmission loss model, which is based on load flow solutions, is established and incorporated into the economic dispatch problem. Test results show that a fast convergence can be achieved by using this approach. >
Metabolomic analysis of Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus , hemolymph following oxidative stress

The Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, is an economically, ecologically, and recreationally valuable decapod crustacean that inhabits estuaries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In their natural environment, blue crabs are exposed to many stressors including anthropogenic contaminants, viruses and bacteria. Bacterial infection results in the depression of oxygen uptake, and impairs normal metabolic function in a manner that has not yet been fully elucidated. Our laboratory is developing NMR-based metabolomic tools for environmental research to discover metabolomic biomarkers of stress in marine organisms. We have used NMR spectroscopy to compare the response of the crab metabolome to depression of aerobic metabolism by injection of the bacterium Vibrio campbellii, versus elevation of aerobic metabolism by treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a known uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. The corresponding NMR spectral variations between treatments were evaluated using chemometric tools for pattern recognition and biomarker identification, including principal components analysis and partial least-squares analysis. Metabolic changes were identified in crab hemolymph 30 min after injection with V. campbellii and DNP. Glucose, considered a reliable indicator for biological stress in crustaceans, and lactate, a metabolite indicating anaerobic respiration, provided the largest variations in the metabolomes, respectively. While biological variability and/or tight regulation of the hemolymph masked subtle metabolic changes at individual time-points, metabolic trajectory analysis revealed clear differences between the two modes of oxidative stress, providing insight into the biochemical pathways involved.
Isolation of type II alveolar epithelial cells using low protease concentrations.

The proteolytic digestion of lung tissue is a necessary prerequisite for the isolation of relatively pure populations of type II alveolar cells. The choice of digestion conditions can have a profound effect on the yield and metabolic integrity of such cells. The specific effects of various proteases on isolation of type II cells from adult rabbits were investigated in a systematic way; maximal numbers of cells were obtained using a mixture of purified elastase (0.3 mg/ml), purified trypsin (0.025 mg/ml) and inflation of intact lung with the protease mixture. Under such conditions, the average yield of cells from an adult rabbit was 10±2.1×107, of which 80–90% were type II cells. Lower yields were obtained by exposing lung tissue to protease after mincing, even if protease concentrations were increased 2–4 fold. By virtue of the lowered protease concentrations, cellular damage as measured by effects on cellular enzyme activities was minimal. NADPH cytochromec reductase activity was not reduced by isolation conditions. In addition, no significant enhanced release of activity into the 150,000 supernatant was observed. The isolated cells were enriched 2–3 fold for the enzymes of phospholipid synthesis compared to whole lung and alveolar macrophages.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CARPEL IN THE ROSACEAE IX. SPIRAEOIDEAE: QUILLAJEAE, SORBARIEAE

A B S T R A C T A comparative study of carpellary structure in the spiraeoid subtribes Quillajeae and Sorbarieae has shown that morphological inter-relationships are similar to those of other Rosaceae. When the suture is closed the carpels tend to be coherent and the ovular and wing bundles tend to be fused. These relationships are statistically significant in the Spiraeo deae as a whole. The construction of the gynoecium in Lindleya and in most species of Vauquelinia resembles that of a pomoid. Other features of a pomoid-spiraeoid affinity have been discussed. sub-tribes of the Spiraeoideae: Holodisceae, Neillieae, Spiraeeae, and Ulmarieae. The present study deals with the two remaining sub-tribes of this group: Quillajeae and Sorbarieae. Both Maximowicz (1879) and Jue (1918) regarded the Quillajeae as the most primitive sub-tribe of the Spiraeoideae. On the basis of the vascular structure of the pedicels and carpels, Bonne (1928) agreed with this view and declared that the other groups in the Rosaceae could be considered to diverge from the
Utility of the Transnasal Esophagoscope in the Management of Chemoradiation-Induced Esophageal Stenosis

Objective:This study aimed to describe management of esophageal stenosis after chemoradiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with particular emphasis on techniques and o...
THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS WITH INSOLUBLE INSULIN COMPOUNDS1

In 1935 Bischoff and Maxwell (1) reported that tannic acid was an effective precipitant of hormones of protein character and that the resulting salt was biologically more effective than the uncombined hormone. When commercial insulin was combined with tannic acid a salt formed which was absorbed more slowly and had a more prolonged effect upon the blood sugar of experimental animals than did the insulin alone. The effect was so striking that the question of its application to the treatment of diabetes in human patients immediately arose. To date 13 patients have been treated, under controlled conditions, with insulin tannate either alone or in combination with commercial insulin. Sporadic observations are available on 5 additional patients.
Motives for social Influence after social change: Are new majorities power hungry?

Although much research has investigated different motives for accepting social influence, few studies have examined motives for exerting social influence to achieve the majority position. Among several possible motives for exerting influence, the present research examined the instrumentality motive: seeking majority agreement so that one has more control over group outcomes. Participants attempted to influence five confederates to agree with his or her positions in a mock political campaign. Feedback from the confederates and experimenter manipulated each participant's faction size (majority vs minority), faction stability (stable vs reversed positions), and the power of the majority faction. Analyses confirmed that instrumental motives for seeking majority agreement were predicted by the interaction of these three variables. When groups underwent a reversal in factional size, powerful new majorities reported stronger instrumental motivation than powerless new minorities. These differences did not occur f...
A model to design a national high-speed rail network for freight distribution

Abstract High-speed rail is often touted as a means to reduce congestion on the United States’ highways by removing passenger car traffic. But highway congestion can also be reduced by reducing the amount of freight traffic. So, given the advances in high-speed rail, the potential exists for developing a national high-speed network for freight distribution. To design such a network considering highway traffic and transit times, we present an uncapacitated network design model with a post-processing step for the capacity constraint. To illustrate how our modeling approach could be used by policy makers to evaluate the impacts of a high-speed rail network, we apply our models with preliminary data on high-speed rail operating parameters for freight applications and from current data on shipments from a major truckload carrier and the US Census Bureau.
Presymptomatic Testing for Genetic Disease: Ethical Considerations.• 155

A by-product of the Human Genome Project is the development of a wide array of genetic tests for treatable and untreatable inheritable conditions. The ethical implications of testing for children are especially difficult as parents' presumed right to know may be in direct conflict with the child's privacy, and family interests may appear to conflict with the best interests of the child. As part of a larger project on the ethical implications of the human genome project, we are developing a curriculum to assist primary care pediatricians to respond to families' questions about genetic testing. Here we analyzed arguments for and against genetic testing as presented in the pediatric, human genetics and health policy literature. The following criteria were selected as most important in determining whether a particular test is justifiable: age of patient, age of onset of disease, reliability of test, availability of treatment, benefits and burdens of treatment to patient and family.
Catastrophe theory: Application to the Permian mass extinction

Catastrophe theory, the recent development of Rene Thorn, permits mathematical descriptions to be obtained for physical processes in which the dependent parameter has abrupt changes in value and, over some range of values of the independent parameters, assumes one of several values for a given value of the independent parameters. Catastrophe theory is briefly discussed and potential applications to geologic processes are mentioned. The theory is applied to the Permian extinction of marine invertebrates; our conclusion is that a reduction in oceanic salinity was a more significant factor in the extinction of marine invertebrates than was a reduction in the area of shallow seas.
Effects of growth hormone and low dose estrogen on bone growth and turnover in long bones of hypophysectomized rats

Pituitary hormones are recognized as critical to longitudinal growth, but their role in the radial growth of bone and in maintaining cancellous bone balance are less clear. This investigation examines the histomorphometric effects of hypophysectomy (Hx) and ovariectomy (OVX) and the subsequent replacement of growth hormone (GH) and estrogen (E), in order to determine the effects and possible interactions between these two hormones on cortical and cancellous bone growth and turnover. The replacement of estrogen is of interest since Hx results in both pituitary and gonadal hormone insufficiencies, with the latter being caused by the Hx-associated reduction in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). All hypophysectomized animals received daily supplements of hydrocortisone (500 microg/kg) and L-thyroxine (10 microg/kg), whereas intact animals received daily saline injections. One week following surgery, hypophysectomized animals received either daily injections of low-dose 17 beta-estradiol (4.8 microg/kg s.c.), 3 X/d recombinant human GH (2 U/kg s.c.), both, or saline for a period of two weeks. Flurochromes were administered at weekly intervals to label bone matrix undergoing mineralization. Whereas Hx resulted in reductions in body weight, uterine weight, and tibial length, OVX significantly increased body weight and tibial length, while reducing uterine weight. The combination of OVX and Hx resulted in values similar to Hx alone. Treatment with GH normalized body weight and bone length, while not affecting uterine weight in hypophysectomized animals. Estrogen increased uterine weight, while not impacting longitudinal bone growth and reduced body weight. Hypophysectomy diminished tibial cortical bone area through reductions in both mineral appositional rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR). While E had no effect, GH increased both MAR and BFR, though not to sham-operated (control) levels. Hypophysectomy reduced proximal tibial trabecular number and cancellous bone area, and increased trabecular separation. Both GH and E reduced cancellous osteopenia, although employing different mechanisms. GH reduced the decrease in trabecular thickness, whereas E reduced the decrease in trabecular number and the increase in trabecular separation. Hypophysectomy reduced both Tb.MAR and Tb.BFR while treatment with GH enhanced them. This investigation has shown that Hx and GH have a dramatic impact on selected static and dynamic indices of rat cortical and cancellous histomorphometry. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of GH and E differ, and suggest that some of the skeletal changes associated with Hx are caused by deficiencies in estrogen as well as deficiencies in growth hormone.
A note on fault reactivation

Reactivation of existing faults whose normal lies in the σ1′σ3′ plane of a stress field with effective principal compressive stresses σ1′ >σ2′ >σ3′ is considered for the simplest frictional failure criterion, τ = μσn′ = μ(σn − P), where τ and σn are respectively the shear and normal stresses to the existing fault, P is the fluid pressure and μ is the static friction. For a plane oriented at θ to σ1′, the stress ratio for reactivation is (σ1′/σ3′) = (1 + μ cot θ)/(1 − μ tan θ). This ratio has a minimum positive value at the optimum angle for reactivation given by θ∗ = 12tan−1 (1/μ) but reaches infinity when θ = 2θ∗, beyond which σ3′ < 0 is a necessary condition for reactivation. An important consequence is that for typical rock friction coefficients, it is unlikely that normal faults will be reactivated as high-angle reverse faults or thrusts as low-angle normal faults, unless the effective least principal stress is tensile.
Pigment epithelial dystrophy in the dog

Abstract Central progressive retinal atrophy is a pigment epithelial dystrophy of dogs, apparently inherited as dominant with variable penetrance. Initially, the pigment epithelial cells become hypertrophied in a small region in the posterior pole of the eye. As the disease progresses, the lesion enlarges until the entire pigment epithelial cell layer is involved. In addition to a lateral spread, the disease also undergoes progression within a given region. What is at first a lesion only of the pigment epithelium, at the end stage involves the entire retina as well. A classification based on the extent and degree of retinal involvement is put forth. In addition, the accumulation of autofluorescent pigment within the pigment epithelium is noted and some possible relationships of the pigment accumulation to photoreceptor degeneration are discussed.
Court battle over badge rules at Jet Propulsion Lab

A group of 28 scientists, engineers, and administrative support staff, who are contract workers associated with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., has mounted a court battle over a requirement that all NASA employees and contractors must complete a questionnaire with a waiver authorizing NASA to conduct broad background investigations into professional and personal areas of their lives. Workers need to complete this document (Standard Form 85 for low-risk positions) in order to receive new identification badges that provide access to JPL. This requirement to complete the document applies to the JPL workforce of 5000, most of whom are contract workers whose positions NASA has designated as nonsensitive or low risk. The plaintiffs (also referred to as appellants), who are employees of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) working at JPL on NASA projects, consider the waiver in particular as allowing an invasion of privacy that also could adversely affect the retention and hiring of contractors and an open scientific environment.
Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation

Single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) results from the extreme temperatures and pressures achieved during bubble compression; calculations have predicted the existence of a hot, optically opaque plasma core with consequent bremsstrahlung radiation. Recent controversial reports claim the observation of neutrons from deuterium-deuterium fusion during acoustic cavitation. However, there has been previously no strong experimental evidence for the existence of a plasma during single- or multi-bubble sonoluminescence. SBSL typically produces featureless emission spectra that reveal little about the intra-cavity physical conditions or chemical processes. Here we report observations of atomic (Ar) emission and extensive molecular (SO) and ionic (O2+) progressions in SBSL spectra from concentrated aqueous H2SO4 solutions. Both the Ar and SO emission permit spectroscopic temperature determinations, as accomplished for multi-bubble sonoluminescence with other emitters. The emissive excited states observed from both Ar and O2+ are inconsistent with any thermal process. The Ar excited states involved are extremely high in energy (>13 eV) and cannot be thermally populated at the measured Ar emission temperatures (4,000-15,000 K); the ionization energy of O2 is more than twice its bond dissociation energy, so O2+ likewise cannot be thermally produced. We therefore conclude that these emitting species must originate from collisions with high-energy electrons, ions or particles from a hot plasma core.
Treatment of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to standard therapy

SELECTED CASE AT THE age of 23 years, following a pregnancy, a woman developed severe fatigue, morning stiffness, and marked swelling and tenderness of multiple peripheral joints. On presentation to her physician, she was found to have serum rheumatoid factor in a high titer, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and an elevated level of C-reactive protein. Roentgenographic studies revealed diffuse periarticular demineralization without bony erosions. A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was made. During the next three years, the woman, in addition to undergoing physical therapy, was treated without significant or sustained improvement with several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, gold salts, and penicillamine. In addition, treatment with low-dose prednisone was begun at a dosage of 5 to 10 mg orally per day. Moreover, she received many intra-articular injections of corticosteroids in many of her most troublesome joints to provide transient disease suppression in those joints. Progressive disease and disability were
Issues in Helping People Come Out

Abstract All gay people, to one degree or another, travel down the road of “coming out” to themselves and others about their sexual orientation. The journey lasts a lifetime and is profoundly affected by societally inculcated homophobia. Gay people who are able to affirmatively acknowledge their sexual orientation to self and others tend to be happier, healthier and better able to bond and develop a social network than their closeted counterparts. Typically, the journey is in stages. A therapist can smooth the transition through these stages, helping the patient to avoid some of the pitfalls of coming out such as: “reparative therapy,” “catastrophizing” the perceived risks, “crashing out” (with increased risk of STD's), and premature bonding. For those patients for whom coming out is risky or imprudent, the therapist can help the patient balance the benefits of each degree of disclosure against the risks (which are often exaggerated by the patient). Education-combating myths about gay lifestyles and foste...
A comparison of the trail making test, symbol digit modalities test, and the Hooper visual organization test in an inpatient substance abuse population

Ninety inpatients from a substance abuse treatment facility each completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Trail Making Test and a novel, group-administered form of the Hooper Visual Organization Test. Patients exhibited varying degrees of impairment on all three instruments compared to available norms. The correlations among the tests were all statistically significant. The lowest inter-test correlations were obtained on the Hooper Visual Organization Test. The utility of global neuropsychological screening instruments with inpatient substance abusers' is discussed in light of these findings.
Understanding the Nature of Scientific Enterprise (NOSE) through a Discourse with Its History: The Influence of an Undergraduate ?History of Science? Course

An appropriate understanding of the nature of the scientific enterprise (NOSE) is a key element of scientific literacy and can arguably be influenced through an exploration of the history of science. An elective, undergraduate History of Science course was organized in the form of small-group discussion-based inquiries into the history of science from ancient to modern times. Group discussions focused on STATEMENTS OF CRITICAL SIGNIFICANCE (SOCS) prepared by individual students on assigned readings prior to each class meeting. Small-group discussions were followed by a synthesis, facilitated by the instructor, of points raised in SOCS and other ideas central to the reading. The overarching goal of these activities was to help students see the multifaceted nature of the scientific enterprise in the context of social, political, cultural, and religious milieu of the time period and the geographic setting within which specific scientific activities and developments took place. The impact of this course on student understanding of the NOSE was assessed through the use of VIEWS ON SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-SOCIETY (VOSTS) instrument administered as pre- and post-test. Qualitative data regarding student understanding of the NOSE were furnished by the final exam on the NOSE written in the form of SOCS at the end of semester. Results based on four semesters of the course offering indicate modest gains in student understanding of specific aspects of the NOSE. They are discussed, along with the usefulness of small-group, discussion-based inquiries into the history of science as a way of enhancing scientific literacy during undergraduate science education.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with severe Peyronie's disease.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the severity of penile deformity and penile blood flow variables in men with Peyronie’s disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), and those with no risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Men with PD and DM (59 men, group 1) and those with no risk factors (109, group 2) were compared for penile blood flow variables, severity of penile deformity, patient’s age, duration of PD, the presence of pain on erection, and the degree of erectile dysfunction (ED). The men were evaluated with penile duplex Doppler ultrasonography and were categorized into specific vascular groups, using established criteria. Penile curvature was objectively measured and stratified according to the Kelâmi classification. Results were compared using Student’s t-test. RESULTS Men with PD and DM (group 1) were significantly older than those in group 2. The duration of disease was significantly longer in group 1 than in group 2 (median 24 vs 12 months). The mean degree of penile deformity in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 (45.2° vs 30.2°). The rate of severe penile curvature (>60°) was more frequent in group 1 (27.1% vs 5.5%). Pain on erection was significantly higher in group 2 (39.7% vs 25.5%), whereas the rate of ED was more common in group 1 (81% vs 47%). Group 1 had poorer peak-systolic velocity values and significantly higher rates of arterial insufficiency and mixed vascular disease. Nonvascular causes were twice as common in group 2 than in group 1. CONCLUSIONS This comparative clinical study suggests that the presence of DM as the only risk factor significantly increases the severity of PD. Furthermore, DM as a risk factor is associated with significantly worse vascular status, as shown by penile duplex Doppler ultrasonography, in men with PD.
The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background Having an infant hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a highly stressful event for parents. Researchers have proposed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a model to explain the psychological reaction of parents to their NICU experience. Objective The authors sought to examine the prevalence of PTSD in parents 4 months after the birth of their premature or sick infants and the relationship of PTSD and symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) immediately after their infant's birth. Method Eighteen parents completed a self-report measure of ASD at baseline in addition to self-report measures of PTSD and depression at a 4-month follow-up assessment. Results In the sample, 33% of fathers and 9% of mothers met criteria for PTSD. ASD symptoms were significantly correlated with both PTSD and depression. Fathers showed a more delayed onset in their PTSD symptoms, but, by 4 months, were at even greater risk than mothers. Discussion The relatively high levels of psychological distress experienced by parents coupled with the potential negative outcomes on the parent and infant suggest that it is important to try to prepare parents for the expected psychological reactions that may occur in the event of a NICU hospitalization and also to support parents during the transition to home care.
A kinetic analysis of spore inactivation in a composite heat and gamma radiation environment

This paper presents the analysis of a combined environment of dry heat and gamma radiation when applied for the purpose of spacecraft sterilization. The nature of the synergistic inactivation effect of dry heat and radiation on bacterial spores is explained using a semiempirical mathematical model, and the dependence of the inactivation rate upon a temperature dependent, nonlinear function of radiation dose rate is presented. An analysis of the temperature required for a defined population reduction with a defined upper limit on radiation dose and time is described. Also discussed is the dependency of the dose required for a defined population reduction on the radiation dose rate at any selected temperature.
Low-temperature magnetoresistivity of Kondo systems: Comparison with experiments on Ce impurities in LaB6 and LaAl2.

The T-0 magnetoresistance due to a S-(3/2) Coqblin-Schrieffer impurity is obtained from the Bethe-Ansatz solution of the model. The results are compared with experimental data for Ce impurities in ${\mathrm{LaB}}_{6}$ at low T. Also the low-T magnetoresistance of Ce in ${\mathrm{LaAl}}_{2}$ is compared with the S-(1/2) Kondo theory.
The most precise atomic mass measurements in Penning traps

Abstract A perspective is given of the motivations, methods and status of Penning trap atomic mass measurements of long-lived isotopes, with fractional uncertainties near and below 10−10.
Thermomechanical behavior and microstructural evolution in tantalum thin films

Ta films were prepared in the metastable β phase using an ultra-high vacuum sputter deposition system. The stresses that arose during thermal cycles to 750°C were measured using an in situ substrate curvature measurement system, allowing oxygen content in the films to be minimized. A phase transformation from β to the stable α phase takes place in conjunction with distinct “jumps” in stress in the tensile direction during heating at approximately 400°C and 650°C. X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses were used to determine grain sizes, along with crystal phase and orientation information. These results indicate a significant amount of grain growth accompanying the phase transformation. It is found that the measured total stress change is in reasonable agreement with that predicted by the combination of grain growth, crystal densification associated with the phase transformation, and stress relaxation.
The kinetics of oxidation of low molecular weight aldehydes by potassium ferrate

Oxidation of simple aldehydes is shown to follow a mixed order rate equation(1), which contains three terms: the first, first order in the concentration of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4); the second, second order in K2FeO4; and the third contains the conditional rate constants which are substrate (aldehyde) concentration dependent. The third term is first order dependent on (K2FeO4). Aldehydes studied included chloral, acetaldehyde, and trimethylacetaldehyde.
Numerical solution of problems in unbounded regions: Coordinate transforms

Abstract We investigate the utility of mappings to solve numerically problems in infinite regions. it is demonstrated by six examples that mappings are very useful if the solution being sought behaves in a simple way at infinity; otherwise, they are not particularly helpful. Solutions that vanish rapidly or approach a constant at infinity are readily treated by mapping, but solutions that oscillate out to infinity are not so amenable to these techniques. The examples investigated in detail include a one-dimensional diffusion equation, the anharmonic oscillator eigenvalue problem, the Orr~Sommerfeld eigenvalue problem for the Blasius boundary layer flow, the Falkner-Skan equation, the one-dimensional wave equation, and Burgers' equation. For these examples, it is found that an algebraic mapping of the infinite region into a finite one is best.
A molecular structure matching problem

Abstract We study how to optimize a measure of similarity between two molecules A and B: each with the same number of atoms. The similarity measures are based upon the norm of the difference between the interatomic distance matrices DA and DB. We seek to find a permutation of the row and column indices of DB so that the normed difference of DA and the permuted matrix DB is as small as possible. The performance of two heuristics—simulated annealing and tabu search—are reported for 20 atom test cases. A novel method for generating initial permutations is shown to work well when the (x,y,z) coordinates of the atoms of A and of B are related.
Studies related to the use of fused bipyranoses for synthesis of polypropionate arrays

Abstract A carbohydrate-based approach to the synthesis of polypropionate arrays (termed pyranosidic homologation) ultimately requires that the anomeric ( aldehydo ) group be liberated and then reduced to CH 3 . The bipyranose 4a has been examined in this context. Standard mercaptolysis reactions were ineffective due, in part, to the ease with which acid-catalyzed rearrangements occur. Even when the bicyclic system could be cleaved, hemiacetals [ e.g. , 1,5-di- O -acetyl-3- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-4- C -methyl-2- C -( l - lyxo -2,3,4-triacetoxy-1-benzyloxybutyl)-α,β- l -arabinofuranose or 2- C -( d - threo -2-acetoxy-1-benzyloxybutyl)-3,4-di- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-4- C -methyl- l -xylopyranose ( 10b )] were resistant to mercaptolysis and were decomposed under the conditions for hydride reduction. The successful route developed in this report involved oxidation of 10b to a pyranolactone [ e.g. , 2- C -( d - threo -2-acetoxy-1-benzyloxybutyl)-3,4-di- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-4- C -methyl- l -xylono-1,5-lactone], which yielded the N,N -dimethylamide. The latter was then reduced to an aldehyde, which in turn was deoxygenated by the Wolff-Kishner reaction, in modest yield.
In a quasi-simultaneous assessment, imprecise cholesterol monitoring and screening tests were improved.

Objective: To calibrate Reflotron-measured capillary total cholesterol (cTC) relative to a laboratory-measured venous total cholesterol (vTC) criterion standard for monitoring and screening hypercholesterolemia. Study Design and Setting: Quasi-simultaneous assessment in 1999–2002 of Reflotron cTC and laboratory vTC in a random sample of 4,269 adult residents of Geneva, Switzerland (calibration development subsample n 3,067; validation subsample n 1,172), by means of bias, precision, correlation, sensitivity, and false positive percentage (calculated as 100 specificity) analyses of Reflotron cTC vs. laboratory vTC measures for predicting hypercholesterolemia. Results: Total bias was small (0.26 mmol/L), but there was substantial negative drift in Reflotron cTC (annual biases 0.08, 0.17, 0.27, and 0.60 mmol/L in 1999–2002). Overall, 57% of Reflotron cTC measurements for 894 hypercholesterolemic patients underestimated laboratory vTC (2%, 57%, 71%, and 98% in 1999–2002). Prior to calibration, sensitivity was 73% for the development and 35% for the validation subsample, with false positive at 4% (development) and 0.1% (validation). After calibration, sensitivity was 78% for the development and 37% for the validation subsample, with false positive at 5% (development) and 0.2% (validation). Using 95% upper prediction limits (UPL) for individual vTC values increased sensitivity to 99% and 83% and false positive percentage to 30% and 7% for the development and validation subsamples, respectively. Conclusion: Crude results of Reflotron-measured cTC have poor sensitivity. Instead, 95% UPL can be used for monitoring and screening. Simply adding 0.8 mmol/L to a patient’s observed Reflotron cTC value provides a very good approximation to the 95%
Bubble generation in microfluidic devices

AbstractMicrofluidics has provided a rapid and inexpensive prototyping tool for the exploration and manipulation of multiphase flow at low Reynolds numbers. This has opened up a new realm of possibilities regarding the compartmentalisation of fluids via the generation of monodispersed drops and bubbles. Bubble formation is an area of growing interest in the microfluidic community and the aim of this article is to review the latest advances in bubble generation in microfluidic devices. The review starts with a full description of axisymmetric and asymmetric flow focusing devices. Details on the mechanism of bubble formation and the dependence of bubble size as a function of gas and liquid flow rates are provided. T junction and parallel channel bubble generators are also discussed and compared to the other flow focusing configurations. The last section provides an overview of different applications of bubbles in microfluidic channels.
Fourier series and estimation: An application to optical phase tracking

Methods of Fourier analysis and an assumed folded normal density approximation are applied to a nonlinear estimation problem in which the observation consists of a doubly stochastic Poisson process. A particular application to optical phase tracking is discussed. The performance, as computed by Monte Carlo simulation, of the resulting suboptimal estimator compares favorably to that of the "quasi-optimum" estimator of Snyder.