cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extractive Economies, Growth, and the Poor

There is mixed evidence regarding the relationship between the extractive intensity of economic activity and the level of human development. Some studies find that mineral- and energy-intensive economies have higher levels of development than economies without a substantial extractive sector, whereas others find that they have lower development levels. Those that find the negative relationship commonly infer that there are ongoing, dynamic effects at work, such as an erosive effect of resource wealth on institutional quality, or a structural shift that reduces manufacturing employment and, with this, manufacturing’s special development-enhancing impacts. These studies also infer that the lower development levels equate to negative impacts on the poor. Even in growing extractive economies, the poor are thought to be made worse off as a result of the extractive activities. None of these studies, however, specifically examines how growth spells in extractive economies affect the poor in those economies. This chapter examines this relationship via a simple comparison of a series of growth spells in extractive and non-extractive economies. It shows that the poor in growing extractive economies are as likely or more likely to benefit from that growth than are the poor in growing non-extractive economies. Thus, there is no evidence that positive growth in extractive economies is any worse for the poor than positive growth in non-extractive economies. What hurts the poor in any economy is negative growth, and resource extraction is bad for the poor only if it increases, for whatever reason, the frequency of negative growth in an economy.
Clipping of Arbitrary Polygons with Degeneracies

Polygon clipping is a frequent operation in Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods, Computer Graphics, GIS, and CAD. In fact, clipping algorithms are said to be one of the most important operations in computer graphics. Thus, efficient and general polygon clipping algorithms are of great importance. Greiner et al. developed a time efficient algorithm which could clip arbitrary polygons, including concave and self intersecting polygons. However, the Greiner-Hormann algorithm does not properly handle degenerate cases, without the undesirable need for perturbing vertices. We present an extension to the Greiner-Hormann polygon clipping algorithm which properly deals with degenerate cases. We combine the method proposed by Kim et al. and the method mentioned by Liu et al. to remove or properly label degenerate cases. Additionally, the algorithm presented avoids the need for calculating midpoints, doesn't require additional entry/exit flags, and avoids changing the vertex data structure used in the original Greiner-Hormann algorithm, which was required by the extension presented by Kim et al.
Nanoscale processing for thin film recording heads

In this article, we present an overview of recording head processing, highlighting work being done to extend these techniques to the dimensions that will be required for areal densities greater than 200 Gbit/in/sup 2/.
Mercury lamp studies in support of trapped ion frequency standards

The mercury linear ion trap frequency standard (LITS) [1] at JPL continues to advance with multiple applications. In particular, the outstanding long-term stability [2] and practicality of the ground-based clock have attracted significant interests for time-keeping and metrology. However, the mercury RF discharge lamp used for optical pumping and state detection may limit the ultimate stability performance of the clock [3–4], constraining even broader application. For mercury ion frequency standards, the operational lamp behavior is described by the ratio of useful light at 194nm and unwanted background light at 254nm (194/254). This ratio has been observed to depend on several factors Increasing the 194nm output decreases optical pumping times and an increase of the 194/254 ratio improves the clock signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These improvements lead to an improvement in clock short-term stability and enable the use of an even broader range of local oscillators. We have carried out several experiments to unfold the relationship between the 194/254 and the fabrication factors: buffer gas pressure, lamp ID, and the quantity of mercury. The quantitative results may be used to improve the process of lamp fabrication for mercury ion frequency standards. The research here may also shed light on other lamp-based applications.
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Internet Business Models

With the advent of the World Wide Web, some existing business models were revised and other, new models were invented. Some business models were revised by simply adding a new sales channel—the Internet. Others models were revised by adding value that could only be provided by the Internet itself, such as huge volume coupled with around-the-clock operation. Still others redefine a traditional business model in the virtual world. An example of this is the broadcast model, where the public gains free access and revenue is earned elsewhere (e.g., through advertising). The World Wide Web has also provided the catalyst for completely new models, which would not exist without the Internet, and which exist for the purpose of helping people to effectively access the Net. Examples of these new models include search engines and Internet service providers. Keywords: auction model; Internet business model; Internet service providers (ISPs); Internet strategy; portals
The Challenge of Hardware-Software Co-verification

Building verified computing systems such as a verified compiler or operating system will require both software and hardware verification. How can we decompose such verification efforts into mostly separate tasks, one involving hardware and the other software? What theorems should we prove? What specification languages should we use? What tools should we build? To what extent can the process be automated? We address these issues, using as a running example our recent and on-going work on refinement-based pipelined machine verification.
A 1200 year record of hydrologic variability in the Sierra Nevada from sediments in Walker Lake, Nevada

[1] Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of the total inorganic carbon (TIC) fraction from cored sediments of Walker Lake, Nevada, were conducted at an average resolution of ∼3 years per sample over the last 1200 years. On the basis of radiocarbon analysis on the total organic carbon (TOC) fraction, a δ18O time series was created to reconstruct changes in hydrologic conditions back to AD 800. The timings of variations in the TIC δ18O record are generally consistent with the tree ring-based Sacramento River flow record spanning AD 869 to 1977, indicating that Walker Lake δ18O contains information about past changes in at least regional hydrologic conditions. Comparison with the δ18O record from Pyramid Lake sediments indicates that both basins have recorded five century-scale oscillations in regional hydrologic conditions since AD 800. Several of these changes in hydrologic conditions appear synchronous with century-scale California Current water temperature changes derived from analysis of sediment cores from the Santa Barbara Basin also attesting to the regional extent of these climatic fluctuations. Nearly synchronous oscillations in the Sierra wetness and the California Current suggest that regional changes in atmospheric circulation may have played an important role in century-scale climate variability over the last millennium.
Empirical Comparison of Input‐Output Methods for Life Cycle Assessment

This article empirically evaluates the results from input-output (I-O) life cycle assessment (LCA) models of the United States for 2002, based on different sources of data: demand-side survey data; supply-side data with homogeneous prices; and supply-side data with heterogeneous prices. These I-O-based results are also compared with those from process LCA databases. The underlying approach is based on the theoretical insight previously developed. The results show significant differences and offer useful heuristic insight: The survey-based data set seems better for sectors that use a large amount of resources and have large intrasectoral transactions. But, it exhibits many missing values. Homogeneous price-based calculation with supply-side data is easiest because of minimal data needs and simplifying assumption on prices. The result shows relatively complete coverage and obeys mass and energy balances. The heterogeneous price-based data set overcomes the price homogeneity assumption, but the result is sensitive to price accuracy. Overall, it is not possible to declare any currently available data sets to be the best, although survey- and heterogeneous price-based data sets may be improved with more information. This insight is based on comparing direct consumption of fossil resources. Comparison of cumulative consumption reduces the disparities among data sets from error cancellation. Further comparison of process- and I-O-based inventories shows that the former values are often larger than the latter, with the two supply-side data sets being closer to process-based data. These results should be useful for choosing between available data to build the best possible I-O and hybrid LCA models and for further research on enhancing their quality.
Primary culture of neonatal rat olfactory neurons

We have prepared primary cultures of purified neonatal rat olfactory neurons. Dissociated olfactory epithelial cells are maintained in modified Eagle's medium with D-valine, cytosine arabinoside, and NGF. NGF is required for neuronal survival. Immunohistochemical staining is positive for the neuronal markers vimentin, olfactory marker protein, and neuron-specific enolase, but negative for the glial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S-100 protein. Physiologic concentrations of odorants stimulate cAMP accumulation in the cells. Because of their morphology, biochemical composition, and responsiveness to odorants, these cells should enhance olfactory investigations.
Sex-limited variability mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr.

Variation in wing pattern was measured in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes, a Batesian mimic of the butterfly Battus philenor. Males and females differed in the number of yellow spots comprising the proximal spot band on the dorsal surfaces of the wings, with females having fewer spots than do males. This difference results in females being more similar to B. philenor than are males. However, females were also more variable in spot number than were males. Full sib analysis of variance of females and regression of daughters on mothers indicates that variation in spot number is heritable. The ventral surfaces of the wings of males and females showed little variability and were similar to those of B. philenor, suggesting that the adaptive significance of the dorsal surface wing pattern differs in males and females. Possible reasons for such a difference are discussed and a model based on the genetics of mimicry in P. polyxenes and developmental studies of wing pattern formation in butterflies is proposed to account for the suppression of variability in male wing pattern.
Unlearning adultism at Green Shoots: a reflexive ethnographic analysis of age inequality within an environmental education programme

In 2010, I volunteered at Green Shoots, a service-learning educational non-profit school focused around environmental justice. While the school claimed to operate under an egalitarian, empowering ‘community of practice’ framework, the experiences of youth and myself revealed a hierarchal power dynamic that put unequal demands on youth and left them feeling disrespected. Blending ethnographic and reflexive statements, I examine this age inequality, called adultism, and how it affected the community of practice at Green Shoots as well as myself. Findings reveal that adultist expectations were placed on youth in conversations and in work demands. Adultism also intersected with other social locations such as race/gender/class and led youth to engage in resistance strategies against me, an adult they could control. Finally, I conclude that adultism must be addressed within educational settings and we as educators must reflect on our own adultism to truly educate for social and environmental justice.
Gender, Empathy, and the Choice of the Psychology Major:

We compared male and female psychology majors to psychology minors and nonmajors to understand the trends in a growing major in which women outnumber men. A total of 451 psychology majors, minors, and nonmajors from 4 institutions completed a questionnaire measuring empathy, career goals, and perceptions of the importance of empathy for therapy. Perspective taking and a desire to enter a helping profession mediated the relation between gender and major, suggesting that personality contributes to the choice of a psychology major. Highly empathic students may choose psychology because they believe that empathy is important for success in clinical and counseling psychology.
Crew Exploration Vehicle Launch Abort System Flight Test Overview

The Constellation program is an organization within NASA whose mission is to create the new generation of spacecraft that will replace the Space Shuttle after its planned retirement in 2010. In the event of a catastrophic failure on the launch pad or launch vehicle during ascent, the successful use of the launch abort system will allow crew members to escape harm. The Flight Test Office is the organization within the Constellation project that will flight-test the launch abort system on the Orion crew exploration vehicle. The Flight Test Office has proposed six tests that will demonstrate the use of the launch abort system. These flight tests will be performed at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and are similar in nature to the Apollo Little Joe II tests performed in the 1960s. An overview of the launch abort system flight tests for the Orion crew exploration vehicle is given. Details on the configuration of the first pad abort flight test are discussed. Sample flight trajectories for two of the six flight tests are shown.
Effects of specimen load-bearing and free surface layers on the compressive mechanical properties of cellular materials

The influence of load-bearing surface layers on Young's modulus was determined for cancellous bone and polyurethane foam specimens of three different heights cut from each material: 16, 9, and 5 mm for bone specimens (cross-sectional area A = 81 mm2) ranging in density from 0.04 to 0.32 g cm−3; 20, 10, and 5 mm for foam specimens (A = 100 mm2) ranging in density from 0.064 to 0.64 g cm−3. The compressive elastic modulus of the 5 mm bone specimens was significantly smaller (42%) than that of the 16 mm bone specimens. A similar change in elastic modulus was also observed for the foam specimens, but the height effect diminished in a relatively linear manner as the foam density increased. For a height change from 20 to 5 mm, the foam modulus difference ranged from a 41% decrease for the lowest density specimens (ϱ = 0.064 g cm−3) to an insignificant change (<1.8%) for the highest foam density specimens (ϱ = 0.64 g cm−3). The specimen height effect on elastic modulus was hypothesized to result from a higher deformation (compliance) of the cellular materials in the load-bearing or contacting surface layer than in the bulk. A mathematical formula was derived to predict the variation in measured elastic modulus (E) caused by the contacting surface layer modulus (Ecs) to bulk modulus (Eb) ratio (Y = EcsEb) and contacting surface layer height (hcs) to sample height (h) ratio (t = hcsh): EEb = Y[Y(1−t)+t]. Predicted differences in the measured modulus associated with graduated specimen heights were verified experimentally by regional strain measurements of the foam and bone samples using an optical microscope. The influence of free-surface layers was also determined for the foam specimens with cross-sectional areas 1.21 and 10 times the load-bearing area of a load platen, but the measured differences were small (< 10%) compared to that of the load-bearing surface layer influence. In future compressive mechanical testing of cellular materials, specimens < 10 mm in height should be avoided, particularly specimens with low bulk density or high porosity.
Shaly sand induced‐polarization modeling by double embedding

The problem of modeling complex conductivity in shaly sands is addressed. A modeling technique is proposed that assumes a typical shaly sand to be a three-phase porous mixture: water, quartz, and clay. The complex conductivity of such a mixture can be modeled with an equation containing only the complex conductivity of each constituent and the geometry of the pore structure. The effective medium theory provides such a model (Bruggeman! 1935, Bussian, 1983). The model typically handles two phases at a time but one of the phases can be considered a sub-mixture and the model is simply applied again after the first inversion to determine the properties of the submixture. In the first inversion the two phases are water and matrix. For the second inversion, the matrix conductivities are fit to a mixture of quartz and clay. where
Dual-Preceptorship as a Method to Providing Consistent Clinical Clerkships in Community Pharmacy:

In order to provide consistent clinical clerkships in community pharmacy, the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy uses a dual, or shared, preceptorship between site pharmacists and community pharmacy-based clinical faculty. Teams are developed with an assigned faculty member preceptor, then students are assigned to the individual team and clerkship site. Site preceptors provide students with daily activities and guidance while faculty preceptors enhance the experience with additional off-site clinical activities and team projects. This approach develops a strong partnership between the university and community pharmacies with the common goal of providing quality patient care services in the community.
Short-term fairness and long-term QoS

We consider connection-level models of resource allocation in the Internet, where files arrive into the network according to a Poisson process and the size of each file is exponentially distributed. The link capacities in the network are assumed to be shared among the files in the network using a proportionally-fair resource allocation scheme. In this paper, we are interested in the impact of this resource allocation on the file transfer delay experienced by the users of the network. Towards this end, we derive a simple upper bound on the expected number of files in the network using Lyapunov techniques.
Striatal metabolic alterations in non-psychotic adolescent offspring at risk for schizophrenia: A 1H spectroscopy study

Abstract In vivo proton ( 1 H) Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) has shown abnormalities in young first-episode patients with schizophrenia. It is unclear whether these abnormalities reflect trait related vs. state related alterations in schizophrenia. We compared young first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using 1 H MRS. We hypothesized alterations in the 1 H MRS metabolites N -acetyl aspartate (NAA) and glutamate in corticostriatal and thalamic brain regions. We obtained multi-voxel, short-TE 1 H MRS measurements at 1.5 Tesla in 40 consenting adolescent offspring at risk for schizophrenia (HR), and 48 age matched healthy controls (HC). Absolute levels of NAA, phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr + Cr), choline-containing compounds (GPC + PC), myo-inositol and glutamate plus glutamine (Glu + Gln) were obtained from the seven different anatomical brain areas (nominal voxel size of 4.5 cm 3 each) and corrected for tissue voxel composition. HR subjects showed NAA ( p = .0049), PCr + Cr ( p = 0.028) and GPC + PC ( p = 0.0086) reductions in the caudate compared with HC subjects. Male HR subjects had significant Glu + Gln reductions compared to male HC subjects ( p = .0022). HR subjects had increased NAA in prefrontal white matter. NAA levels in the prefrontal white matter and Glu + Gln levels in the inferior parietal/occipital region were both increased in HR without psychopathology compared with HC subjects. Lower NAA, PCr + Cr and GPC + PC levels may reflect an overall reduction in cellular processes in the caudate of HC subjects, perhaps related to decreases in cell density, or synaptic overpruning. Further studies are needed to examine the pathophysiologic significance of these observations, and their potential predictive value for schizophrenia related psychopathology that may emerge in these at risk relatives during adolescence and early adulthood.
Can periodic limb movement disorder be diagnosed without polysomnography? A case-control study.

Objectives: (1) To determine whether clinical information can predict the presence of periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). (2) To examine whether clinical data correlate with PLMD severity Methods: Sixty-one adult patients (48 males and 13 females, aged 55.1±14.1 years) with PLMD (without a clinical diagnosis of restless legs syndrome) were compared with 61 control patients without PLMD (43 males and 18 females, aged 49.6±16.1 years) in this case-control study. All patients completed a detailed questionnaire which included (1) demographics, (2) sleep complaints, (3) medical disorders, (4) use of medication, nicotine, and caffeine, and (5) history of nocturnal motor/sensory leg symptoms. All patients underwent standard polysomnography. Results: The PLMD and control groups were similar in the prevalence of insomnia, hypersomnia, diabetes, peripheral neurologic disorders, anemia, spinal disease, antidepressant medication use, smoking, caffeine intake, and leg pain. Compared with the control group, the PLMD group reported more leg kicks (28% vs. 5%, P<0.001) and more crawling or aching sensations in legs (28% vs. 11%, P=0.023). The logistic regression analysis showed that only age (P=0.044), leg kicks (odds ratio (OR) 12.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.80–57.63, P=0.001), and crawling or aching in legs (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.16–23.44, P=0.029) were significantly related to the presence of PLMD. The positive predictive value of leg kicks in the diagnosis of PLMD was 85% and the negative predictive value was 57%. Within the PLMD group, only age correlated positively with the PLM-index (r=0.47, P<0.001). Both the PLM-index and the PLM arousal-index were negatively correlated with sleep efficiency on polysomnography (P=0.005 and P=0.006, respectively). Conclusions: Clinical data are not sufficiently predictive of the presence of PLMD to rule in or rule out the diagnosis. Polysomnography is required for establishing the diagnosis of PLMD in patients with insomnia or hypersomnia.
Synthesis and X-ray Crystal Structure of [(C5Ph5)CrCl(μ-Cl)2Tl]2: An Example of the Rare M−X−TlI Linkage (X = Halide)

Reaction of solid TlCl with [(C5Ph5)CrCl(μ-Cl)]2 in CH2Cl2 solvent yields the dimeric complex [(C5Ph5)CrCl(μ-Cl)2Tl]2 in 80% isolated yield. The C5H5 and C5Me5 analogues do not react with TlCl, suggesting a steric basis for the reaction of the C5Ph5 material.
An unusual presentation of enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis

Enterocolic lymphocytic phlebitis (ELP) is a recently described disease characterized by phlebitis in the wall and mesentery of the colon and small bowel. Unlike other systemic or localized vasculitic diseases that can have similar gastrointestinal manifestations, there is no involvement of the arterial system or evidence of systemic vasculitis. The lymphocytic phlebitis affects not only the grossly involved intestinal segment but also the apparently healthy bowel. The diagnosis of ELP is histologic, and other systemic vasculitis must be ruled out. Surgical resection of the bowel not only provides the diagnostic tissue but also leads to resolution of the symptoms. In the literature, ELP has most commonly been reported to present as an acute abdomen. We describe a case of ELP presenting as a large abdominal mass, without evidence of an acute abdomen. This mass was actually diffusely thickened colonic serosa, caused by extensive organizing fat necrosis and marked edema of the serosa and bowel wall.
Compressibility of the Arterial Wall

The assumption of incompressibility has often been applied to the analysis of arterial-wall elasticity; however, the supporting evidence has been incomplete. The present study was designed to explo...
Novel mode scrambler for use in optical-fiber bandwidth measurements

A new type of mode scrambler is described that significantly reduces bandwidth-measurement variation due to source launch-condition changes. The simplicity of its design affords device repeatability not characteristic of other types previously reported. Several such devices have been fabricated, tested, and shown to be effective in promoting close agreement among different measurement systems. A standardized input modal distribution may thus be obtained approximating a steady-state distribution.
Enhanced silver cationization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing bay regions in molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry

The relative abundances of silver cationized molecules [Ag + M]+ relative to molecular ions (M+.) in the secondary ion mass spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are directly related to the structures of the PAHs. Compounds containing a ‘bay region’, a concave area at the periphery of the molecule, give [Ag + M]+: M+. abundance ratios which exceed 0.62, whereas this ratio is less than 0.18 for the molecules that lack this structural feature. This allows the recognition of PAHs containing bay regions and the distinction of certain isomeric PAHs, such as phenanthrene and anthracene. Other metals, including copper and nickel, show similar behavior.
Preoperative thiamine deficiency in obese population undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Nutritional deficiencies are a recognized complication of bariatric surgery. Thiamine deficiency has been reported as a possible consequence of both restrictive and malabsorptive bariatric procedures. Most of the reported cases occurred after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery; fewer were described after biliopancreatic diversion, vertical banded gastroplasty, or duodenal switch. Adults who have a high carbohydrate intake derived mainly from refined sugars and milled rice are at greater risk of developing thiamine deficiency, because thiamine is absent from fats, oils, and refined sugars. Currently, no reports have evaluated the preoperative thiamine status of bariatric patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of thiamine deficiency in obese patients before bariatric surgery at our institution. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding at our institution between March 2003 and February 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were selected for this study on the basis of predetermined criteria. Preoperative thiamine levels were retrospectively recorded. Excluded from this study were patients who had been taking multivitamins or other nutritional supplements before surgical intervention, had a history of frequent alcohol consumption, any malabsorptive diseases, or previous restrictive-malabsorptive surgical interventions, such as RYGB, biliopancreatic diversion, or adjustable gastric banding, according to the initial evaluation and questionnaire. Results Of 437 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, 303 were included in the study. Forty-seven patients (15.5%) presented with low preoperative thiamine levels. The mean age and body mass index of these patients was 46 years and 60 kg/m 2 , respectively. Male patients presented with greater mean preoperative thiamine levels (3.2 μg/dL) than female patients (2.4 μg/dL). Conclusion Obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery may have significant thiamine deficiency before surgery.
Double Asymmetric Synthesis and a New Strategy for Stereochemical Control in Organic Synthesis

This account examines double asymmetric induction from theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the context of four major organic reactions-the aldol, Diels-Alder, catalytic hydrogenation, and epoxidation-it is shown that a double asymmetric induction can be analyzed in terms of the single asymmetric reactions of each of the two chiral reactants. A rule which qualitatively relates the results of these single asymmetric reactions with the outcome of the double asymmetric reaction is proposed. A powerful new strategy based on this rule for the predictable creation of new chiral centers is discussed and the use of this strategy for the synthesis of sugars and macrolides is presented.
Benefits and Risks of Reverse Inclusion for Preschoolers with and without Disabilities: Parents' Perspectives.

In this article, we compare the perceived benefits and risks of inclusion among 244 parents whose preschoolers with and without disabilities attended a community-based reverse inclusion program. Pa...
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINUOUS CASTING IN THE U. S. STEEL INDUSTRY: COMMENT

In a recent article, Professor Ault has stated that: studies of the steel industry during the fifties and early sixties have indicated that the major cause of the deterioration of the ability of the U.S. industry to compete was the failure of increases in the productivity of US. steel workers to keep pace with increases in the wages and benefits paid to those workers. One of the principal causes for this lag in productivity was the failure of major U.S. producers to adopt the Basic Oxygen Furnace as rapidly as major foreign producers…despite the fact that the Oxygen converter proved to be capable of producing basic steel products at lower unit cost than any other production technique.
Potassium Accumulation and Sodium Efflux by Porphyra perforata Tissues in Lithium and Magnesium Sea Water

Cells of Porphyra perforata, a red marine alga, accumulate K in the absence of concomitant Na or Li extrusion while immersed in Li- or Mg-sea waters lacking Na. This suggests that the coupling observed between K and Na transport is facultative. No evidence is obtained for net extrusion of Li. Na efflux, with the concentration gradient, is facilitated by K and is proportional to the cellular Na content. Either Na efflux does not involve an ion carrier or the number of Na sites is large. Because K accumulation has been observed in the absence of Na extrusion, but not vice versa, it seems that K uptake is the primary secretory event, with Na extrusion a secondary process dependent upon K accumulation.
Concluding remarks: Thirty years of neutron interferometry

Abstract The quantum interference of neutron deBroglie waves extending over macroscopic distances is one of the most startling and fundamental realizations of the predictions of quantum mechanics. Because the neutron experiences all four basic forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational), neutron interferometry has proven to be a broad and fertile testing ground for theory. Since the earliest experiments in Vienna, Ann Arbor and Grenoble, there have been at least 50 neutron interferometry experiments which can be said to test and elucidate the fundamental fabric of physics. It has been a great pleasure for me to have been a part of this field for the past three decades, and to have had so many wonderful students and collaborators around the world. Indeed, it is an honor to thank them all at this conference.
Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review ☆

A review of experimental/computational studies to enhance the thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM) that were conducted over many decades is presented. Thermal management of electronics for aeronautics and space exploration appears to be the original intended application, with later extension to storage of thermal energy for solar thermal applications. The present review will focus on studies that concern with positioning of fixed, stationary high conductivity inserts/structures. Copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and carbon fiber in various forms (fins, honeycomb, wool, brush, etc.) were generally utilized as the materials of the thermal conductivity promoters. The reviewed research studies covered a variety of PCM, operating conditions, heat exchange and thermal energy storage arrangements. The energy storage vessels included isolated thermal storage units (rectangular boxes, cylindrical and annular tubes and spheres) and containers that transferred heat to a moving fluid medium passing through it. A few studies have focused on the marked role of flow regimes that are formed due to the presence of thermally unstable fluid layers that in turn give rise to greater convective mixing and thus expedited melting of PCM. In general, it can be stated that due to utilization of fixed high conductivity inserts/structures, the conducting pathways linking the hot and cold ends must be minimized.
An Analysis of Early Renal Transplant Protocol Biopsies – the High Incidence of Subclinical Tubulitis

To investigate the possibility that we have been underestimating the true incidence of acute rejection, we began to perform protocol biopsies after kidney transplantation. This analysis looks at the one-week biopsies. Between March 1 and October 1, 1999, 100 adult patients undergoing cadaveric kidney or kidney/pancreas transplantation, or living donor kidney transplantation, underwent 277 biopsies. We focused on the subset of biopsies in patients without delayed graft function (DGF) and with stable or improving renal function, who underwent a biopsy 8.2+/-2.6 d (range 3-18 d) after transplantation (n = 28). Six (21%) patients with no DGF and with stable or improving renal function had borderline histopathology, and 7 (25%) had acute tubulitis on the one-week biopsy. Of the 277 kidney biopsies, there was one (0.4%) serious hemorrhagic complication, in a patient receiving low molecular weight heparin; she ultimately recovered and has normal renal function. Her biopsy showed Banff 1B tubulitis. In patients with stable or improving renal allograft function early after transplantation, subclinical tubulitis may be present in a substantial number of patients. This suggests that the true incidence of rejection may be higher than is clinically appreciated.
Vacancy relaxation in cubic crystals

Abstract The configuration of the atoms surrounding a vacancy in four face-centered cubic and three body-centered cubic metals has been computed, using a pairwise, central-force model in which the energy of interaction between two atoms was taken to have the form of a Morse function. Only radial relaxations were considered. The first and second nearest-neighbor relaxations for the face-centered systems were found to be: Pb (1.42,−0.43), Ni (2.14,−0.39), Cu(2.24,−0.40) and Ca (2.73,−0.41, expressed in percentages of normal distances. For the body-centered systems the relaxations out to the fourth nearest neighbors to the vacancy were: Fe (6.07,−2.12, −0.25, −), Ba (7.85, −2.70, 0.70, −0.33) and Na (10.80, −3.14, 3.43, −0.20). The positive signs indicate relaxation toward the vacancy and the negative signs indicate relaxation away from the vacancy. The energies of relaxation (eV) are: Pb (0.162), Ni (0.626), Cu (0.560), Ca (0.400), Fe (1.410), Ba (0.950) and Na (0.172). An estimate of the ease of motion of the atoms surrounding a vacancy in sodium was made, and it was concluded that N achtrieb 's relaxion concept is probably valid in sodium.
Abstract A65: Identification of inflammation-associated plasma markers as response indicators in human colorectal cancer patients consuming freeze-dried black raspberries

A65 Background Inflammatory cytokines have been reported as biomarkers of colorectal adenoma risk in humans, however, little is known of biomarkers of response to interventions that may be useful as preventive or therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer. Freeze-dried black raspberries given to colorectal cancer patients were previously shown to be efficacious in altering cellular parameters associated with colorectal tumor development (i.e. apoptosis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis). We hypothesized that berry-induced changes in these cellular responses would be associated with changes in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines that may serve as measures of efficacy of a 2-4 week dietary intervention of berries in colorectal cancer patients. Methods 26 patients who had not received prior therapy consumed a slurry of black raspberries (20g in 100 ml drinking water) 3 times a day for 2-4 weeks. Plasma was collected before and after berry treatment and was analyzed for 9 inflammation-associated proteins. Results 2 of 9 inflammation-associated plasma proteins were increased (i.e. IL-1β, GM-CSF) with berry treatment. Whether these diet-induced plasma changes correlate with changes in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis is being determined. Conclusion In summary, IL-1β and GM-CSF emerged as plasma proteins that were increased in colorectal cancer patients upon berry treatment. Changes in a subset of inflammation-associated plasma proteins may serve as response indicators to berry treatment under efficacious conditions and thus may be useful as a short term assay to monitor response to berry-based interventions for treatment of colorectal cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A65.
Cell surface interaction is sufficient for the biological activity of a bovine sialoglycopeptide inhibitor.

A sialoglycopeptide inhibitor, isolated from bovine cerebral cortex cells, that reversibly inhibits protein and DNA synthesis, was coupled to either Sepharose or polyacrylamide beads. Whereas over I ng of the inhibitor was released from Sepharose beads after 30 min at 37°C, less than 0.2 ng of the sialoglycopeptide was released from the polyacrylamide beads. When added to 3T3 cells, the immobilized sialoglycopeptide efficiently inhibited protein synthesis. No detectable sialoglycopeptide inhibitor was released into the assay medium in the presence or absence of 3T3 cells. Addition of [125I]sialoglycopeptide, coupled to acrylamide P100 beads, to 3T3 cells also demonstrated that the sialoglycopeptide was not internalized by the cells. Thus we conclude that an interaction of the sialoglycopeptide at the cell surface is sufficient for biological inhibitory activity.
Low Vision in the Geriatric Population: Rehabilitation and Management

Older persons represent the fastest growing segment of individuals with visual impairments in industrialized countries. This population is expected to grow dramatically in the coming years. This article discusses the common age-related changes in vision and the most prevalent visual impairments associated with aging, and the resulting functional implications. It includes information for health care professionals about preparing an older person to benefit from low-vision rehabilitation services, environmental evaluations and modifications, and orientation to the environment. The importance of functional assessment and instruction in the use of visual skills and vision devices is stressed. The article also emphasizes the need for teamwork to provide a full scope of rehabilitation services to older adults with low vision, and the importance of support by family members and caregivers to maximize coping, adjustment, independence and quality of life.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is associated with coronary artery calcium in Type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Background Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This association may not be independent of factors related to insulin resistance (IR). Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus have increased CAD and an increase in sub-clinical CAD which develops earlier in life. It is not known if PAI-1 is associated with sub-clinical CAD in Type 1 diabetes or if this association is independent of IR. Methods and Results Type 1 diabetes patients ( n =560) and participants without diabetes ( n =693) were assessed for coronary artery calcium (CAC), a surrogate for subclinical CAD, by electron-beam computed tomography. PAI-1 was associated with CAC in both Type 1 diabetes (OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.12-1.58) and non-diabetes (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.13–1.58), after controlling for traditional risk factors not associated with IR. In Type 1 diabetes, the relationship between PAI-1 and CAC was strongest for younger participants ( P =.02 for PAI-1-by-age interaction) after controlling for factors related to IR. PAI-1 was positively associated with CAC for Type 1 diabetes participants younger than 45 years of age. Conclusion PAI-1 levels are independently related to CAC in younger Type 1 diabetes participants. PAI-1 levels were not independently related to CAC in non-diabetes participants.
Life Expectancy and Treatment Choice for Men with High-risk Prostate Cancer

Numerous groups have recently published data reinforcing the importance of life expectancy—vis-a ` -vis its primary predictors, age and comorbidity—in treatment decisionmaking for men with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Because prostate cancer primarily affects elderly men and the tumors are often indolent, many older men are at risk of overtreatment because they may die from competing causes before experiencing significant morbidity or mortality from their prostate cancer. National guidelines account for this by recommending that men with 65 yr diagnosed with prostate cancer in the USA have life expectancy of 25%) from highrisk disease within 10 yr of diagnosis [5], so the stakes for accurate determination of life expectancy are higher and the threshold for committing to aggressive treatment should be lower. Healthier elderly men with high-risk disease who have life expectancy of >10 yr should be identified and counseled in favor of aggressive treatment, given the high risk of cancer morbidity and mortality without treatment. Even men with life expectancy of <10 yr may wish to pursue aggressive treatment after being informed of the competing risks of cancer mortality and other-cause mortality and the side effects of treatment.
Evaluation of modern pathological criteria for positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens and their use for predicting biochemical recurrence

OBJECTIVES To assess the interpretation of modern criteria for evaluating surgical margins (SMs), by examining the incidence of positive SMs (PSMs) and subsequent biochemical recurrence in a single-surgeon series of radical prostatectomy (RP) at two institutions, as the criteria for determining PSMs after RP are subject to individual interpretation, and this might explain some of the variability in biochemical recurrence rates with different rates of PSMs. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed 301 consecutive perineal RPs by one surgeon (T.K.) at Emory University Hospital (EUH) and the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), with each pathology department using modern criteria to evaluate the SMs. The SM status and biochemical recurrence (BCR) were analysed, the latter defined as a prostate-specific antigen level of ≥0.2 ng/mL. RESULTS There were 158 perineal RPs at EUH followed by 143 at MUSC. PSMs were reported in 39 patients (24.7%) at EUH, whereas six (4.2%) were positive at MUSC. The overall BCR rates were similar between the groups, but BCR within margin-positive cases was 100% at MUSC vs 25.6% at EUH (P < 0.01). The presence of tumour at <1 mm from the margin did not increase the rate of BCR compared to those with obvious negative SMs (P = 0.731). CONCLUSION In this single-surgeon series, using the same criteria to evaluate the SMs resulted in significantly different PSM rates and margin-positive BCR rates between the institutions. Although the reason for these differences is difficult to determine, the study shows clearly that tumour within 1 mm of the margin should not be classified as margin-positive.
Dyadic green's functions for a two-layer biaxially anisotropic medium

The dyadic Green's functions (DGF's) of a two-layer biaxially anisotropic medium are derived. The principal coordinate system of the anisotropic medium is allowed to have arbitrary orientation with respect to the layer geometry. First, the unbounded DGF is derived using the Fourier transform method. Hence the DGF's for the two-layer medium in the spectral domain are formulated. Using a matrix method the coefficients of the two-layer DGF's are expressed in terms of half-space Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients. To complete this procedure the various relevant half-space Fresnel coefficients are derived. The form in which the results are presented has a physically meaningful and compact structure. A numerical example is provided where we have computed the reflectivities.
Structural NMR of Protein Oligomers using Hybrid Methods

Solving structures of native oligomeric protein complexes using traditional high-resolution NMR techniques remains challenging. However, increased utilization of computational platforms, and integration of information from less traditional NMR techniques with data from other complementary biophysical methods, promises to extend the boundary of NMR-applicable targets. This article reviews several of the techniques capable of providing less traditional and complementary structural information. In particular, the use of orientational constraints coming from residual dipolar couplings and residual chemical shift anisotropy offsets are shown to simplify the construction of models for oligomeric complexes, especially in cases of weak homo-dimers. Combining this orientational information with interaction site information supplied by computation, chemical shift perturbation, paramagnetic surface perturbation, cross-saturation and mass spectrometry allows high resolution models of the complexes to be constructed with relative ease. Non-NMR techniques, such as mass spectrometry, EPR and small angle X-ray scattering, are also expected to play increasingly important roles by offering alternative methods of probing the overall shape of the complex. Computational platforms capable of integrating information from multiple sources in the modeling process are also discussed in the article. And finally a new, detailed example on the determination of a chemokine tetramer structure will be used to illustrate how a non-traditional approach to oligomeric structure determination works in practice.
What is the appropriate “dress code” for the cardiac catheterization laboratory?

In order to determine the effect of the manner of dress by personnel and observers on cardiac catheterization-related infections, a retrospective survey was undertaken of 107,203 catheterization procedures done during the calendar year prior to this survey. An analysis of 55,976 cutdowns and 53,578 percutaneous procedures was performed (some subjects had both procedures performed). A total of 379 infections in 109,554 entrance sites were reported for an overall incidence of infection of 0.35%. There were 33 infections at the percutaneous site (incidence = 0.06%) and 346 at the cutdown site (incidence = 0.62%). The manner of dress of personnel not involved with catheter manipulation and of the observers had no relationship to the incidence of infection when the percutaneous technique was used. When cutdowns were performed, there was a lower incidence of infection in those laboratories where all personnel and observers were required to wear a mask, cap, and gown (17,311 cutdowns, 83 infections, 0.48% infection rate) than in those laboratories where none of these was required (15,170 cutdowns, 109 infections, 0.72% infection rate) (P less than 0.025). Laboratories which did 150 or less cutdowns/year had more infections than those laboratories performing more than 150/year (P less than 0.0001). Our data suggest that the risk of infection from cardiac catheterization is more closely correlated with the volume of studies done in the laboratory than in the manner of dress of the laboratory personnel and visitors in the laboratory. However, the wearing of full "sanitary clothing" will help decrease the infection rate in cutdowns.