cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raphe magnus serotonergic neurons tonically modulate nociceptive transmission

Serotonin-containing neurons in the medullary raphe magnus (RM) have long been thought to be important mediators of descending nociceptive inhibition. Although pharmacologic and behavioral studies support this idea, recent physiologic evidence demonstrates that RM serotonergic cells do not respond to antinociceptive stimulation in the periaqueductal gray or analgesic doses of morphine with a change in discharge rate. Instead, serotonergic cell discharge is likely to influence the outcome of modulatory circuits by tonically modulating the effects of other synaptic connections in the dorsal horn. Because serotonergic cells discharge in relation to sleep and wake cycles, RM serotonergic cells are hypothesized to subserve the relative decrease in nociceptive responsiveness observed during waking compared to slow-wave sleep.
Specific Regulation of Procoagulant Activity on Monocytes INTRINSIC PATHWAY INHIBITION BY CHONDROITIN 4,6-DISULFATE

Hypercoagulability of blood, monocytic infiltration, and changes in pericellular and extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are observed in atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasia. In the present studies, monocyte procoagulants and different GAGs including chondroitin sulfate (CS) A, CSB, CSC, CSD, CSE, and heparan sulfate, were tested either in clotting assays with whole plasma or in chromogenic assays with purified coagulation proteases. Procoagulant activity in plasma was inhibited by three of the seven GAGs, including heparan sulfate, CSE, and CSB. In contrast, activity of purified coagulation protease was inhibited only by CSE, and the inhibition was observed with intrinsic (factor VIIIa/IXa) but not extrinsic (tissue factor/factor VII) components. Reciprocal titration experiments with enzyme and substrate and Scatchard type analyses were consistent with concentration-dependent inhibitory interactions between CSE and sites on both factor VIIIa and IXa. On purified phospholipids, CSE concentration resulting in half-maximal inhibition (Ki) was 5 ng/ml for interaction with factor IXa and > 500 ng/ml for interaction with factor VIIIa. The Ki values were lower for reactions on purified lipid than for reactions on monocyte surfaces and for reactions on resting than on endotoxin-stimulated monocytes. Experiments with CSE oligosaccharides of defined size indicated that the smallest CSE fragment capable of inhibitory activity was composed of 12-18 monosaccharide units. Collectively, these results indicate that factor X-activating reactions are inhibited by GAGs expressed on monocyte membranes. Inhibition is specific with respect to the structure of both the GAG and the activating protease. Lack of inhibition by added CSA, CSB, and CSC in contrast to CSE strongly suggests a direct role of 4,6-di-O-sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine GAG structures in the inhibition of intrinsic pathway protease. These findings also suggest potential pharmacologic use of CSE as specific anticoagulant in the management of prothrombotic states mediated by intrinsic pathway coagulation reactions.
Further studies on conceptual similarity in free-recall learning

Two experiments used a 40-word list presented for one study trial followed by free recall. The words consisted of eight instances each of five color concepts, the concepts being blocked in the list. Conceptual relatedness was minimal among the words unless appropriate color cues were provided. Both experiments showed that with appropriate cueing the recall was better the earlier the position of a word in the series of words representing the same concept. The slope of this recall curve was steeper than for control conditions (no cueing) and for consistently but inappropriately cued words. Cueing at recall had no influence. Instructions concerning the relevance of the color cue did not produce significant changes in recall. The data were inconsistent concerning the effect of appropriate cues on over-all recall.
FFLO superconducting state in CeCoIn5

Abstract We present specific heat data for the heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn 5 close to the upper critical field H c2 for magnetic fields applied along the [1 0 0] crystallographic axis. For fields above 10 T , the superconducting phase transition becomes first-order. In the same field range, we observe a second specific heat anomaly within the superconducting state, which we attribute to a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state.
Na-inhibitory sites of the Na/H exchanger are Li substrate sites

Amiloride-inhibitable Li+ influx in dog red blood cells is mediated by the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE. However, there are substantial differences between the properties of Li+ transport and Na+ transpor...
Reward learning as a potential target for pharmacological augmentation of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: a roadmap for preclinical development.

Rationale: Impaired cognitive abilities are a key characteristic of schizophrenia. Although currently approved pharmacological treatments have demonstrated efficacy for positive symptoms, to date no pharmacological treatments successfully reverse cognitive dysfunction in these patients. Cognitively-based interventions such as cognitive remediation (CR) and other psychosocial interventions however, may improve some of the cognitive and functional deficits of schizophrenia. Given that these treatments are time-consuming and labor-intensive, maximizing their effectiveness is a priority. Augmenting psychosocial interventions with pharmacological treatments may be a viable strategy for reducing the impact of cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Objective: We propose a strategy to develop pharmacological treatments that can enhance the reward-related learning processes underlying successful skill-learning in psychosocial interventions. Specifically, we review clinical and preclinical evidence and paradigms that can be utilized to develop these pharmacological augmentation strategies. Prototypes for this approach include dopamine D1 receptor and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as attractive targets to specifically enhance reward-related learning during CR. Conclusion: The approach outlined here could be used broadly to develop pharmacological augmentation strategies across a number of cognitive domains underlying successful psychosocial treatment.
Evidence for the Presence of Low Molecular Weight Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds in the Murchison Meteorite

Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones identified in the Murchison C2 chondrite include: methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, butyl alcohols, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, 3-pentanone and 2-pentanone.
Factors Associated With Discipline Counseling For Parents of Infants and Young Children

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to identify and better understand the factors associated with discipline counseling at health visits and how parents' needs for discipline counseling are being met. Methods Cross-sectional data analyses from the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health. Participants were 1216 parents of children aged between 10 and 35 months. Main outcome measures were parents' reports that their health care provider discussed discipline practices with them in the previous year, and if not, whether this would have been helpful (an unmet need). Results Discipline counseling was more common when the health care provider discussed other developmental and psychosocial topics, did a developmental assessment, received higher ratings of family centered care and provided longer visits, and when parents indicated having the opportunity to ask all their questions. However, parents who reported less support for child rearing and parents who reported greater use of spanking were less likely to receive discipline counseling. Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents and parents who reported less support were more likely to report an unmet need for discipline counseling. Higher income respondents were less likely to report an unmet need for discipline counseling. Conclusion Discipline counseling at health visits is associated with a family-centered orientation and the delivery of other developmental and psychosocial services. However, many parents who might have benefited from discipline counseling were less likely to receive it and more likely to report this as an unmet need. These data suggest that discipline counseling may be more accurately tailored to parents most likely to benefit.
A Simple Determination of the Ag2O Solubility Product by Potentiometric Determinations of Both Ag+1 and OH–1

A simple determination of the Ag2O solubility product, Ksp, suitable for introductory, analytical, or physical chemistry courses is presented. Two pH meters are required and 10-4 mol of AgNO3 or AgOAc is consumed. The concentration cell, Ag(s) | Ag+ (0.001 M) || Ag+ (0.001 M) {pH electrode} | Ag(s), is used. The cell potential and pH are monitored as standard 0.1 M NaOH is titrated into the cathode compartment, precipitating Ag2O. The cathode pOH, pAg, and pKsp are computed at each point of the titration. The results illustrate theoretical expectation and are in excellent agreement with the literature.
Developmental and growth defects in mice with combined deficiency of CK2 catalytic genes

The CK2 α and α′ catalytic gene products have overlapping biochemical activity, but in vivo, their functions are very different. Deletion of both alleles of CK2α leads to mid-gestational embryonic lethality, while deletion of both alleles of CK2α′ does not interfere with viability or development of embryos; however, adult CK2α′−/−males are infertile. To further elucidate developmental roles of CK2, and analyze functional overlap between the two catalytic genes, mice with combined knockouts were bred. Mice bearing any two CK2 catalytic alleles were phenotypically normal. However, inheritance of a single CK2α allele, without either CK2α′ allele, resulted in partial embryonic lethality. Such mice that survived through embryogenesis were smaller at birth than littermate controls, and weighed less throughout life. However, their cardiac function and lifespan were normal. Fibroblasts derived from CK2α+/−CK2α′−/− embryos grew poorly in culture. These experiments demonstrate that combined loss of one CK2α allele and both CK2α′ alleles leads to unique abnormalities of growth and development.
Ultradian rhythms in responsiveness to stimuli presented during sleep

The present study examined rhythmicity in responding to stimuli presented during sleep. Subjects were trained while awake to respond (by taking a deep breath) to an auditory stimulus that was subsequently presented after every 4 min (8 subjects) or after every 1 min (8 subjects) of continuous sleep. Visual inspection of the response data revealed, for most subjects, a tendency for response latencies to vary rhythmically with 3-5 response cycles per night. Relatively slow, "time-of-night", changes in responsiveness were also seen. Spectral analysis supported the observation of response rhythmicity. Frequency bands with centers corresponding to periods of 133, 100, and 80 min accounted for a significant proportion of the spectral variance for both the 4-min and 1-min group. Sleep was severely disrupted under the 1-min condition, but response rhythmicity was as evident as under the 4-min condition. For subjects having nearly normal sleep structure, the longer latencies in the response cycles tended to occur during nonrapid eye movement periods, while the shorter latencies tended to occur near REM. Response variability during REM often obscured cyclic tendencies. The data suggest that responsiveness during sleep
Plasma 17-ketosteroids and 17-beta hydroxysteroids in girls with premature development of sexual hair.

Plasma testosterone and 17-ketosteroids (androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone),as well as an index of the unbound testosterone concentration, were assayed in 7 girls with the appearance of sexual hair as an isolated phenomenon. Six had elevation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, accompanied by parallel but slight increases in unbound testosterone into the low adult female range. This pattern of plasma androgens differed from that seen after ACTH stimulation prepubertally and suggests that these children were undergoing premature production of pubertal adrenal 17-ketosteroids. Dexamethasone suppression was undertaken in one child; the results indicated the production of androgens to be ACTH dependent. One child had no detectable abnormality of plasma androgens.
Bilateral optic nerve infiltration in central nervous system leukemia.

Abstract Purpose To report the case of a 58-year-old man with sequential bilateral retrolaminar leukemic infiltration of the optic nerves who presented with normal-appearing optic nerves and no optic nerve enhancement. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 58-year-old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) developed progressive vision loss to no light perception in both eyes over four days. Results The patient received 14 doses of external beam irradiation and 10 cycles of intrathecal cytarabine. Despite treatment, he developed optic nerve pallor, and visual acuity remained no light perception in both eyes. Conclusions In a patient with leukemia, leukemic optic nerve infiltration may occur even with normal-appearing optic nerves and a normal magnetic resonance image. It is important to maintain a high clinical suspicion for optic nerve infiltration so that prompt local irradiation may be initiated.
Therapeutic Considerations in the Treatment of Obesity Hypertension

Obesity, now recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is closely associated with hypertension. Complex mechanisms link increasing body weight with increasing blood pressure. Treatment of the obese patient with hypertension requires consideration of physiologic changes related to obesity hypertension. Lifestyle modification, including weight reduction and increased physical activity, can directly influence blood pressure levels and improve blood pressure control in obese, hypertensive patients. Clinical trials are needed to determine the most effective antihypertensive drugs for the obese, hypertensive patient. Antiobesity drugs offer viable adjunctive pharmacotherapy for obesity hypertension, but additional long-term studies are needed to support their safety and efficacy.
Molecular characterization of voltage and cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channels in kidney.

Potassium (K + ) channels constitute a diverse group of membrane proteins that facilitate the passive movement (driven by the electrochemical gradient for K + ) of K + across cell membranes. One or more type of K + channel can be detected in virtually all mammalian cells. There are extensive data on the kinetic properties and the physiology of K + channels in kidney. More recently, the initial molecular characterization of some types of renal K channels has been reported. This paper will briefly review the potential physiologic role and the molecular biology of two types of renal K channels, namely those that are regulated by voltage and those that are regulated by cyclic nucleotide.
Condensate density in /sup 4/He II as inferred from the structure factor

Recent experiments on the structure factor in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ find a loss of spatial order below ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ Although Hyland, Rowlands, and Cummings interpret such behavior as a direct consequence of Bose-Einstein condensation, a weakly interacting Bose gas at low temperature is shown to provide a clear counterexample to their proposed form for the pair-correlation function.
Brugia malayi excreted/secreted proteins at the host/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling.

Relatively little is known about the filarial proteins that interact with the human host. Although the filarial genome has recently been completed, protein profiles have been limited to only a few recombinants or purified proteins of interest. Here, we describe a large-scale proteomic analysis using microcapillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry to identify the excretory-secretory (ES) products of the L3, L3 to L4 molting ES, adult male, adult female, and microfilarial stages of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi. The analysis of the ES products from adult male, adult female, microfilariae (Mf), L3, and molting L3 larvae identified 852 proteins. Annotation suggests that the functional and component distribution was very similar across each of the stages studied; however, the Mf contributed a higher proportion to the total number of identified proteins than the other stages. Of the 852 proteins identified in the ES, only 229 had previous confirmatory expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the available databases. Moreover, this analysis was able to confirm the presence of 274 “hypothetical” proteins inferred from gene prediction algorithms applied to the B. malayi (Bm) genome. Not surprisingly, the majority (160/274) of these “hypothetical” proteins were predicted to be secreted by Signal IP and/or SecretomeP 2.0 analysis. Of major interest is the abundance of previously characterized immunomodulatory proteins such as ES-62 (leucyl aminopeptidase), MIF-1, SERPIN, glutathione peroxidase, and galectin in the ES of microfilariae (and Mf-containing adult females) compared to the adult males. In addition, searching the ES protein spectra against the Wolbachia database resulted in the identification of 90 Wolbachia-specific proteins, most of which were metabolic enzymes that have not been shown to be immunogenic. This proteomic analysis extends our knowledge of the ES and provides insight into the host–parasite interaction.
Variations in the Gender‐Stereotyped Content of Children's Television Cartoons Across Genres

This study examined the gender-stereotyped content of children's TV network cartoons across 4 genres: traditional adventure (e.g., “Spiderman”), nontraditional adventure (e.g., “Reboot”), educational/family (e.g., “Magic School Bus”), and comedy (“Animaniacs”). Acting negatively, showing physical aggression, and being a victim were significantly less likely in the educational/family genre cartoons than any of the other three genres. Demonstrating romantic behavior was significantly more likely in the traditional adventure and the comedy genres than the other genres. Male characters were represented in cartoons significantly more than were female characters, but only in the traditional adventure and the comedy genres. Male characters were more likely than were female characters to use physical aggression, but only in the traditional adventure genre. Behaviors that were relatively more likely among female characters across genres included showing fear, acting romantic, being polite, and acting supportive. Most of the significant differences were also associated with very large effect sizes.
“Statist” Ideology, National Political Control of Education, and Youth Protest: A Comparative Analysis

This article provides a theoretical account of the sudden rise and equally sudden demise of 1960s youth protest in many parts of the world. Quantitative data from a small sample of countries (N = 17) are used to illustrate the utility of the explanation through examination of its predictions. The theory focuses on two generally neglected issues: First, what are sources of normative commitments to collective action? Second, why were youth protests political in nature and frequently directed against the state? My account focuses on the diffusion of statism as a normative system throughout the world system and its influence on the dynamics of political conflict within nations. I measure two features of this system: (a) statist ideology and (b) political incorporation of national educational systems. The theory predicts how the diffusion of each of these dimensions will influence the level of noninstitutionalized youth protest within nations.
The Effectiveness of Capital Controls and Their Implications for Monetary Autonomy in the Presence of Incomplete Market Separation

This paper demonstrates the long-run ineffectiveness of quantitative capital controls using a model in which economic agents can evade controls by incurring costs at the time that capital is transferred. Differentials between domestic and off-shore interest rates, together with expectations about future yield differentials, provide incentives for capital flows, which in turn feed back to eliminate the differentials in the long run. Consequently, under fixed exchange rates, the proportion of a change in domestic credit that is "offset" by capital flows is a function of time; quantitative capital controls can provide only some temporary autonomy for national monetary policy.
Species Diversity in Space and Time

Preface 1. The road ahead 2. Patterns in space 3. Temporal patterns 4. Dimensionless patterns 5. Speciation 6. Extinction 7. Evolution of the relationship between habitat diversity and species diversity 8. Species-area curves in ecological time 9. Species-area curves in evolutionary time 10. Paleobiological patterns 11. Other patterns with dynamic roots 12. Energy flow and diversity 13. A hierarchical dynamic puzzle References Index.
Impact of marine fouling upon corrosion of carbon steel structures

To study the influence of marine fouling upon corrosion of ASTM A36 carbon steel structures, test racks were immersed in the Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Weight loss measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to evaluate corrosion of the steel. Five-year results indicate that the attachment of marine organisms on the steel surface retards general corrosion, but localised corrosion could occur underneath the marine organisms. Equivalent circuit model is established to simulate the attachment of marine organisms upon corrosion of carbon steel.
Translational repressors in Drosophila

Translational regulation is an important aspect of gene regulation, particularly during early development of the fruit fly embryo when transcriptional mechanisms are untenable. Study of pattern formation and dosage compensation has identified several repressors that bind discrete sites in the untranslated portions of target mRNAs. These repressors do not work in isolation - each binds multiple sites in the appropriate mRNA, and the resulting RNA-protein complexes appear to recruit co-repressors by a variety of mechanisms.
Cell-autonomous heterogeneity of nutrient uptake in white adipose tissue of rhesus macaques.

Phenotypic diversity may play an adaptive role by providing graded biological responses to fluctuations in environmental stimuli. We used single-cell imaging of the metabolizable fluorescent fatty acid analog 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-C12 and fluorescent 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG) to explore cellular heterogeneity in nutrient uptake in white adipose tissue (WAT) explants of rhesus macaques. Surprisingly, WAT displayed a striking cell size-independent mosaic pattern, in that adjacent adipocytes varied with respect to insulin-stimulated BODIPY-C12 and 2-NBDG uptake. Relative free fatty acid (FFA) transport activity correlated with the cellular levels of FFA transporter protein-1 and the scavenger receptor CD36 in individual adipocytes. In vitro incubation of WAT explants for 24 hours caused partial desynchronization of cellular responses, suggesting that adipocytes may slowly alter their differential nutrient uptake activity. In vitro...
Conversation, politeness, and interruption

(1977). Conversation, politeness, and interruption. Paper in Linguistics: Vol. 10, No. 1-2, pp. 23-53.
Insight in bipolar disorder: relationship to episode subtypes and symptom dimensions

Background The study of insight in bipolar disorder has received limited attention, despite its potential impact on treatment compliance and prognosis. In the current study we compare insight levels during different phases of bipolar disorder, and consider its relationship to symptoms dimensions and epidemiologic variables.
Design and Synthesis of Bimetallic Electrocatalyst with Multilayered Pt-Skin Surfaces

Advancement in heterogeneous catalysis relies on the capability of altering material structures at the nanoscale, and that is particularly important for the development of highly active electrocatalysts with uncompromised durability. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a Pt-bimetallic catalyst with multilayered Pt-skin surface, which shows superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This novel structure was first established on thin film extended surfaces with tailored composition profiles and then implemented in nanocatalysts by organic solution synthesis. Electrochemical studies for the ORR demonstrated that after prolonged exposure to reaction conditions, the Pt-bimetallic catalyst with multilayered Pt-skin surface exhibited an improvement factor of more than 1 order of magnitude in activity versus conventional Pt catalysts. The substantially enhanced catalytic activity and durability indicate great potential for improving the material properties by fine-tunin...
Stimulation and attenuation of induced resistance by elicitors and inhibitors of chemical induction in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) foliage

Elicitors and inhibitors of chemical induction were used to manipulate the activities of several putative defense-related proteins in leaves of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. The four presumptive defenses manipulated were proteinase inhibitors, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase. The elicitors used were jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, ultraviolet light, and feeding by larvae of the noctuid, Helicoverpa zea Boddie; the inhibitors used were salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid. These chemical manipulations were combined with short-term growth assays using larvae of the generalist noctuid, Spodoptera exigua Hubner, in order to assess the relative roles of the proteins in induced resistance to S. exigua. When activities of proteinase inhibitors and/or polyphenol oxidase in leaf tissue were high (e.g., in damaged or elicited plants), growth rates of larvae of S. exigua were low; when activities of polyphenol oxidase and proteinase inhibitors were low (e.g., in undamaged or damaged, inhibited plants), growth rates of larvae were high. In contrast, high activities of peroxidase and lipoxygenase were not associated with decreases in suitability of leaf tissue for S. exigua. The association of high levels of proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase with resistance to S. exigua - irrespective of the presence or absence of damage - strongly implicates these proteins as causal agents in induced resistance to S. exigua.
Estimating the Effects of Anthropogenic Modification on Water Balance in the Aral Sea Watershed Using GRACE: 2003–12

AbstractThe decrease in size the Aral Sea in central Asia, seen as both lower water levels and reduction in areal extent, has been one of the greatest examples of anthropogenic modification of a natural system in recent history. Many studies have monitored the extent and rate of this water loss and provided estimates on the expected life span of the remaining water. However, with little data for groundwater monitoring in the post-Soviet era, it is unclear what the water balance currently is in the remainder of the watershed. Redistribution of water upstream in the watershed including damming to create reservoirs and groundwater recharge from irrigation has not only deprived the sea of water but also increased evapotranspiration and altered local climate patterns. Using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) data, rainfall trends for the Aral Sea watershed were analyzed over 10- and 30-yr periods and only minimal changes in rainfall were detected. Us...
The X -Organ of Crustacea

INTEREST in the location and identity of the X-organ of decapod crustaceans has been renewed with the discovery of its neurosecretory nature, for it is one of the major sources for the secretory material of the sinus gland1–3. The total endocrine complex formed by these two organs strikingly resembles the brain – corpora cardiaca complex of insects. The appearance of the X-organ varies in different species; but apparent homologues have been located in the nervous system of the eye-stalk of decapods by either of two methods: (a) from the original observation of Hanstrom4,5 that it is usually associated with the innervation of the sensory pore or sensory papilla; or (b) from the recent discovery1–3 that the X-organ is linked to the sinus gland by the X-organ sinus gland tract, otherwise called the sinus gland nerve.
International collaboration with China: a social work professional training programme for Civil Affairs officials

To enhance understanding of social work in China as well as international collaboration with China in the social work field, this paper reviews the history of social work in China and provides a case example of a social work training programme for Chinese Civil Affairs officials in a US social work school. The study examines the in-service training experiences of Civil Affairs officials and uncovers topics for social work professionalization in China from the officials' point of view. This paper then presents recommendations for future international collaborations with China.
Mars and Earth: Comparison of cold-climate features

On earth, glacial and periglacial features are common in areas of cold climate. On Mars, the temperature of the present-day surface is appropriate for permafrost, and the presence of water is suspected from data relating to the outgassing of the planet, from remote-sensing measurements over the polar caps and elsewhere on the Martian surface, and from recognition of fluvial morphological features such as channels. These observations and the possibility that ice could be in equilibrium with the high latitudes north and south of + or - 40 deg latitude suggest that glacial and periglacial features should exist on the planet. Morphological studies based mainly on Viking pictures indicate many features that can be attributed to the action of ice. Among these features are extensive talus aprons; debris avalanches; flows that resemble glaciers or rock glaciers; ridges that look like moraines; various types of patterned ground, scalloped scarps, and chaotically collapsed terrain that could be attributed to thermokarst processes; and landforms that may reflect the interaction of volcanism and ice.
Sequential δ-Integration for the Regulated Insertion of Cloned Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A novel delta-integration vector was developed to allow the sequential insertion of multiple cloned genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To allow repetitive integrations, the reusable URA3 Blaster selection cassette was employed; the insertions (of CUP1p-lacZ in this study) were selected using the URA3 marker which was subsequently "popped" out by recombination between flanking direct repeats. Transformants contained only one new integrated copy after the loss of the URA3 marker, and subsequent transformations were effective for the sequential insertion of a series of genes (one at a time) into dispersed chromosomal delta sequences. The structural stability of the integrations was location-dependent (ranging from 75% to 100% after 50 generations in complex medium with or without gene expression), and the integrations (at least up to five) had no significant effects on the growth of the cells. In addition, beta-galactosidase specific activity levels varied linearly with integrated copy number. The repetitive, regulated nature of integration with this vector is not possible with traditional delta-integration or other homologous recombination methods, and is promising for fine-tuning cloned gene copy number and for the insertion of metabolic pathway genes.
Stimulation of human erythrocyte Mg++-ATPase by plasma lipoproteins

Summary Human erythrocyte Mg ++ -ATPase, but not Na + -K + -ATPase or Ca ++ -ATPase, was markedly stimulated by the very low density and low density lipoproteins of plasma and by their phospholipid-apolipoprotein complexes. Their essentially lipid-free protein moieties and certain of their apolipoprotein subfractions also were stimulatory. The high density lipoproteins of plasma caused little or no stimulation of the ATPases. The results suggest a possible mechanism for modulation of cell function consequent to binding of the lipoproteins to the cells.
American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography

When expertly utilized, perioperative echocardiography can lead to improved outcome in patients requiring cardiovascular surgery and in those suffering perioperative cardiovascular instability. However, prior publications have not specified the requisite training for perioperative echocardiography. Therefore, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) appointed a joint task force to delineate guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography including the prerequisite medical knowledge and training, echocardiographic knowledge and skills, training components and duration, training environment and supervision, and equivalence requirements for postgraduate physicians already in practice. This document is the result of the task force’s deliberations and recommendations.
Work-Family Conflict in Contemporary China: Beyond an American-Based Model

Conflict between their work and family roles may occur for women and men throughout the global economy. As a result, work-family conflict has been the subject of considerable research in recent years. However, prior studies of work-family conflict have been conducted primarily on American samples. Whether the theories on which these studies have been based and the findings that they have yielded are equally powerful when applied to other highly different cultural domains (e.g. Oriental cultures) is questionable. In this article, we first derive a theoretical framework from extant American-based research and then discuss work-family conflict in an Oriental society, contemporary China. On considering the distinctive work and family contexts in Chinese society, we conclude that Chinese workers experience work-family conflict in a manner not fully captured by an American perspective. Accordingly, we extend the American-based model of work-family conflict by incorporating culture-specific factors particularly ...
Early-stage reactions in synthesis of TPA-silicalite-1: Studies by in situ calorimetry, SAXS, and pH measurements

In situ calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and pH measurements were used to investigate early stages of nanopatticle formation during early stages of synthesis of silicalite-1 in an initial...
Recent advances in the application of graph theory to networks

An in-depth account is given of a relatively small part of applied graph theory that is closely related to electric networks. Two areas are considered in this survey: graph decomposition and hybrid analysis of electrical networks, and flows in communications networks. The latter includes maximum flows with gains and minimal cost flows; multiconnectivity flows; and multiterminal flows in communications nets.
The influence of upper-crust lithology on topographic development in the central Coast Ranges of California

Abstract A fundamental geological tenet is that as landscapes evolve over graded to geologic time, geologic structures control patterns of topographic distribution in mountainous areas such that terrain underlain by competent rock will be higher than terrain underlain by incompetent rock. This paper shows that in active orogens where markedly weak and markedly strong rocks are juxtaposed along contacts that parallel regional structures, relatively high topography can form where strain is localized in the weak rock. Such a relationship is illustrated by the topography of the central Coast Ranges between the Pacific coastline and the San Andreas fault zone (SAFZ), and along the length of the Gabilan Mesa (the “Gabilan Mesa segment” of the central Coast Ranges). Within the Gabilan Mesa segment, the granitic upper crust of the Salinian terrane is in contact with the accretionary-prism melange upper crust of the Nacimiento terrane along the inactive Nacimiento fault zone. A prominent topographic lineament is present along most of this lithologic boundary, approximately 50 to 65 km southwest of the SAFZ, with the higher topography formed in the melange on the southwest side of the Nacimiento fault. This paper investigates factors influencing the pattern of topographic development in the Gabilan Mesa segment of the central Coast Ranges by correlating shortening magnitude with the upper-crust compositions of the Salinian and Nacimiento terranes. The fluvial geomorphology of two valleys in the Gabilan Mesa, which is within the Salinian terrane, and alluvial geochronology based on optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) age estimates, reveal that the magnitude of shortening accommodated by down-to-the-southwest tilting of the mesa since 400 ka is less than 1 to 2 m. Our results, combined with those of previous studies, indicate that at least 63% to 78% of late-Cenozoic, northeast–southwest directed, upper-crustal shortening across the Gabilan Mesa segment has been accommodated within the Nacimiento terrane. This is significant because perpendicular to orogenic strike the Nacimiento terrane constitutes less than ¼ of the distance between the coast and the SAFZ, and the other ¾ (or greater) of the distance between the coast and the SAFZ is underlain by the granitic upper crust of the Salinian terrane. We propose that strain and mountain building are localized within the Nacimiento terrane because it consists predominantly of the relatively weak Franciscan Complex melange, and because the upper crust of the Salinian terrane is composed of relatively strong granitic rocks. Our hypothesis is supported by the distribution of post-seismic surface uplift associated with the 2003, 6.5 M W San Simeon earthquake, which mimics the topography of the southwestern part of the Gabilan Mesa segment of the central Coast Ranges.
Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration on Rat Hepatic Metabolism Following Thermal Injury

Background Severe burns cause dramatic alterations in liver and whole-body metabolism. Recently, there has been interest in using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as a treatment for trauma patients, and enhanced survival and immune function have been reported using DHEA in animal trauma models. The specific effects of DHEA on hepatic metabolism following burn injury have not been explored. Materials and methods Male rats received either (1) a burn covering ∼20% of the total body surface area or a sham burn or (2) burn injury followed by two intraperitoneal injections of DHEA or vehicle. After 4 days, the livers were isolated and perfused in vitro, and 28 metabolite fluxes were measured. Metabolic flux analysis was used to obtain the intracellular metabolic flux distribution and provide an overview of the metabolic state of the livers in each experimental group. Results Burn injury decreased the uptake of lactate and the production of β-hydroxybutyrate and increased the deamination of glutamine to glutamate and asparagine to aspartate. DHEA, compared to vehicle treatment, decreased pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) fluxes and the uptake of several amino acids in burned rats. Furthermore, DHEA treatment restored liver metabolism in burned rats to a state that was very similar to that of the sham control group. Conclusions DHEA administration appears to normalize hepatocellular metabolism in burned rats but also decreases the PPP flux, which may impair the liver's ability to recycle endogenous antioxidants. DHEA treatment combined with exogenous antioxidants should receive further consideration in the management of burn and trauma patients.
Modulation Threshold Functions for Chronically Impaired Menière Patients: Seuils de modulation et maladie de Menière chronique

Detection thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broad-band noise were measured as a function of modulation frequency for both ears of 6 chronic Meniere patients who suffered unilateral hearing impairments. Modulation thresholds were measured with an adaptive cued-standard forced-choice psychophysical method. Better-ear modulation thresholds were similar to normative data previously reported [Formby, C: J. acoust. Soc. Am. 78: 70-77,1985], whereas 5 of the 6 patients exhibited deficits in modulation detection with their poorer ears. Modulation thresholds averaged across the patients' poorer ears were similar to the normative thresholds through 60-100 Hz; at higher modulation frequencies, sensitivity declined at approximately twice the normal attenuation rate (i.e., 6 vs. 3 dB per octave). The poorer-ear data can be described by the mathematical representation for a simple low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 60 Hz. This pattern of the Meniere modulation thresholds is consistent with broaden...
Obesity stigmatization as the status quo: Structural considerations and prevalence among young adults in the U.S.

Abstract Objective Although obesity stigmatization contributes to significant health, economic, and quality-of-life challenges for U.S. adults, the prevalence and nature of stigmatizing attitudes requires an update and clarification. The present study sought to examine the prevalence and major dimensions of negative attitudes toward obesity through assessment of young U.S. adults' responses to the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale . Method Participants were women ( n = 578) and men ( n = 233) who completed self-report questionnaires assessing obesity stigmatization and eating disorder features. Results Results indicate that at least one stigmatizing attitude was endorsed by 92.5% of respondents, with an average endorsement rate of 32.8% across items. Eating disorder features, body size, and gender were not related to one's likelihood of endorsing negative attitudes toward obesity. Distinct clusters of negative attitudes were identified involving beliefs that “obese people suffer” and “obese people are inferior.” Discussion Data suggest that large proportions of young U.S. adults harbor negative attitudes toward obese persons and these attitudes are pervasive across individuals with different characteristics. Although such negative attitudes have traditionally been conceptualized as relatively unidimensional, results suggest that future research would benefit from deconstructing negative attitudes into those related to pitying the obese and those related to perceiving the obese with harsh judgment.
A globally convergent interval method for computing and bounding real roots

In this paper, we extend the interval Newton method to the case where the interval derivative may contain zero. This extended method will isolate and bound all the real roots of a continuously differentiable function in a given interval. In particular, it will bound multiple roots. We prove that the method never fails to converge.
The conversion of leukotriene C4 to isomers of leukotriene B4 by human eosinophil peroxidase

Abstract The smooth muscle contractile and vasoactive mediator leukotriene C4 (5(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-sulfido-glutathionyl-eicosatetraenoic acid; LTC4) is converted by phorbol ester-stimulated human eosinophils to two isomers of leukotriene B4, 5(S),12(R)-6,8,10 trans-14 cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (5(S),12(R)-“all-trans”-LTB4) and 5(S),12(S)-“all-trans”-LTB4, which are leukocyte chemotactic factors lacking the humoral functions of LTC4. Optimal conversion of LTC4 to the “all-trans” isomers of LTB4 by intact eosinophils and soluble eosinophil peroxidase requires both H2O2 and halide ions. Oxidative metabolism of leukotrienes may represent an important regulatory function of eosinophils in hypersensitivity reactions.
Preparation of reduced graphene/ PVDF nanocomposites using co-solvent approach

A novel method is developed to prepare PVDF based graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites using a co-solvent approach involving water and DMF. Nanocomposite films are prepared by solution casting the GO-PVDF solution. TEM images of these nanocomposites show better dispersion of GO in the PVDF prepared using the co-solvents as compared to the films made only using DMF. Following solvent evaporation, GO/PVDF nanocomposites are hot pressed at 150 °C, well below the melting temperature of PVDF, to maintain the dispersion of GO fillers while partially reducing the GO to functionalized graphene sheets. Dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites show remarkable increase compared to values for PVDF for a low 0.005 weight fraction. The effect of the presence of GO and the hot press on the morphology of PVDF are discussed.
ATS-6 Radio Beacon Experiment: The First Year

The Radio Beacon Experiment is designed to measure the total electron content and ionospheric content between the satellite and any observer within its field of view. Since Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) is visible from about 43 percent of the Earth's surface, an international community of observers have made measurements using it. The radio parameters have to be measured to an accuracy of a few percent, which requires good system calibration and stability. The spaceborne beacon transmits signals on frequencies of 40, 140, and 360 MHz with amplitude modulations of 1 MHz and/or 0.1 MHz for the measurement of modulation phase, Faraday rotation, and amplitude. The overall system objectives and requirements are discussed along with the design of the ATS-6 transmitter and the receiver in Boulder, Colo. The role of the principal investigator in the context of the international program is considered with particular reference to the joint National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Max Planck Institute (MPI) observation program. Monthly median hourly values of total content, plasmaspheric content, and shape factor show distinct diurnal and seasonal variations. A specific event is described to illustrate the use of a spaced receiver network.
Factor structure of DSM-IV criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder in patients with binge eating disorder.

Objective: To examine the factor structure of DSM-IV criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED). Method: Two hundred and eleven consecutive out-patients with axis I diagnoses of BED were reliably assessed with semi-structured diagnostic interviews. The eight criteria for the OCPD diagnosis were examined with reliability and correlational analyses. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify potential components. Results: Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the OCPD criteria was 0.77. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed a three-factor solution (rigidity, perfectionism, and miserliness), which accounted for 65% of variance. Conclusion: The DSM-IV criteria for OCPD showed good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis, however, revealed three components that may reflect distinct interpersonal, intrapersonal (cognitive), and behavioral features.
Bit-rate characteristics of a VBR MPEG video encoder for ATM networks

The authors present the bit-rate characteristics of variable bit-rate (VBR) MPEG-1 compatible video intended for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network applications. The VBR coding mode for MPEG video is of special interest in teleconferencing and workstation multimedia applications requiring constant image quality, low delay, and/or integrated multimedia transport. Simulation data are provided for a 5-10 Mbps CCIR601 VBR MPEG encoder appropriate for standard-quality TV broadcasting or multimedia applications. The results presented include bit-rate traces and signal-to-noise ratio for typical test sequences, along with summary bit-rate statistics. The performance of frame-based peak rate control as a traffic shaping method is studied. Signal-to-noise ratio obtained with VBR and constant bit-rate coding modes operating at the same average bit-rate is also given for purposes of comparison. >