cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Dual Disease” TgAD/GSS mice exhibit enhanced Alzheimer’s disease pathology and reveal PrP C -dependent secretion of Aβ

To address the question of cross-talk between prion protein (PrP) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we generated TgAD/GSS mice that develop amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques of AD and PrP (specifically mutated PrPA116V) plaques of Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and compared plaque-related features in these mice to AD mice that express normal (TgAD), high (TgAD/HuPrP), or no (TgAD/PrP−/−) PrPC. In contrast to PrPC, PrPA116V weakly co-localized to Aβ plaques, did not co-immunoprecipitate with Aβ, and poorly bound to Aβ in an ELISA-based binding assay. Despite the reduced association of PrPA116V with Aβ, TgAD/GSS and TgAD/HuPrP mice that express comparable levels of PrPA116V and PrPC respectively, displayed similar increases in Aβ plaque burden and steady state levels of Aβ and its precursor APP compared with TgAD mice. Our Tg mouse lines also revealed a predominance of intracellular Aβ plaques in mice lacking PrPC (TgAD/PrP−/−, TgAD/GSS) compared with an extracellular predominance in PrPC-expressing mice (TgAD, TgAD/HuPrP). Parallel studies in N2aAPPswe cells revealed a direct dependence on PrPC but not PrPA116V for exosome-related secretion of Aβ. Overall, our findings are two-fold; they suggest that PrP expression augments Aβ plaque production, at least in part by an indirect mechanism, perhaps by increasing steady state levels of APP, while they also provide support for a fundamental role of PrPC to bind to and deliver intraneuronal Aβ to exosomes for secretion.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease.

Adult survivors of congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk of arrhythmia. The goal of this review is to outline diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to arrhythmia in adult CHD patients. Macro-reentrant atrial tachyarrhythmia is the most common arrhythmia encountered in adults with CHD. Approximately 25% of hospitalizations associated with arrhythmia. The risk of ventricular arrhythmia is estimated as high as 25–100 times that for the general population and increased after two decades. Routine ambulatory monitoring is important for arrhythmia risk assessment in adults with CHD. There are limitations, potential adverse effects, and risk of recurrence with antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation, and surgical approaches. Adults with CHD suffer various forms of arrhythmia, are at increased risk of sudden death, and require special consideration for medical and interventional therapy.
Oncolytic HSV infected glioma cells activate NOTCH in adjacent tumor cells sensitizing tumors to gamma secretase inhibition.

Purpose: To examine the effect of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) on NOTCH signaling in central nervous system tumors. Experimental Design: Bioluminescence imaging, reverse phase protein array proteomics, fluorescence microscopy, reporter assays, and molecular biology approaches were used to evaluate NOTCH signaling. Orthotopic glioma-mouse models were utilized to evaluate effects in vivo. Results: We have identified that herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1; oncolytic and wild-type)-infected glioma cells induce NOTCH signaling, from inside of infected cells into adjacent tumor cells (inside out signaling). This was canonical NOTCH signaling, which resulted in activation of RBPJ-dependent transcriptional activity that could be rescued with dnMAML. High-throughput screening of HSV-1–encoded cDNA and miRNA libraries further uncovered that HSV-1 miR-H16 induced NOTCH signaling. We further identified that factor inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1) is a direct target of miR-H16, and that FIH-1 downregulation by virus encoded miR-H16 induces NOTCH activity. FIH-1 binding to Mib1 has been reported, but this is the first report that shows FIH-1 sequester Mib1 to suppress NOTCH activation. We observed that FIH-1 degradation induced NOTCH ligand ubiquitination and NOTCH activity. REMBRANDT and The Cancer Genome Atlas data analysis also uncovered a significant negative regulation between FIH-1 and NOTCH. Furthermore, combination of oHSV with NOTCH-blocking gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) had a therapeutic advantage in two different intracranial glioma models treated with oncolytic HSV, without affecting safety profile of the virus in vivo. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report to identify impact of HSV-1 on NOTCH signaling and highlights the significance of combining oHSV and GSI for glioblastoma therapy.
Tests of Optimal Foraging Using an Operant Analogue

Given the extensive literature which has developed relating to optimal foraging theory (OFT) in the twenty years since Emlen’s (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka’s (1966) papers on prey choice, and the ten years since Charnov’s (1976) publication of the marginal value theorem, one might expect that rigorous tests of OFT would abound. Purported tests do abound; unfortunately, rigorous tests are less abundant (Krebs, Stephens & Sutherland 1983, Krebs & McCleery 1984, Pyke 1984). Many, if not most, extant tests do lend qualitative support to OFT, but often these tests have been constrained by their design from providing quantitative support for OFT. In general, this failure to provide quantitative support has been a result of violating the simplifying assumptions of OFT. In fact, to the extent that the assumptions have been violated we can only regard the qualitative support as suggestive.
Hierarchical Relevance Determination based on Information Criterion Minimization

This paper addresses the issue of hierarchical relevance determination (HRD), which boils down to determining all degrees of freedom in a supervised mixture distribution automatically. Such relevance determination is useful for wide range of machine learning applications. However, it is difficult to solve the HRD task because its objective function includes $$L_{0}$$ norm such as the number of models in the mixture and the optimal features to use. Our contribution is twofold. As the main contribution, we formally defined the HRD problem and subsequently proposed a solution strategy, the SICM (sequential in formation criterion minimization) algorithm. The SICM algorithm enables us to continuously minimize an information criterion such as AIC or BIC, both of which includes the number of parameters, and therefore it enables us to determine all the degrees of freedom automatically. As another contribution, we realized a concrete implementation of the ideas, and tested this on actual data. Experiments using a hierarchical model which is constructed using the SICM algorithm have revealed that SICM has capability of constructing interpretable and highly accurate model.
First formed dislocations in microcompressed c-oriented GaN micropillars and their subsequent interactions

c-oriented GaN micropillars created from single crystals containing ∼103 or ∼106 dislocations/cm2 and a thick heteroepitaxially grown film containing ∼109 were compressed to study methods to accommodate strain during heteroepitaxial growth. The yield stress in the 103 samples was found to be the highest, and it was the lowest in the 109 samples. The 103 and 106 pillars often failed catastrophically but the 109 pillars almost never did. This was linked to the high stresses required to generate sufficient pyramidal dislocations to accommodate plastic strain and dislocation interactions, which precipitated axial fracture. Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows categorically that the first formed dislocations are ⅓ ⟨ 11 23 _ ⟩{1122} dislocations, and that a few ⅓ ⟨ 11 23 _ ⟩{0111} dislocations found were formed by a cross slip in the vicinity of where the former dislocations interacted. When compared with the similar stress patterns created in the heteroepitaxial growth of AlGaN films on GaN substrates, the analysis suggests that there is no pathway for creating basal plane dislocations during growth from the pyramidal dislocations, which require high applied stresses; the basal plane dislocations would provide relief for the mismatch strain while not penetrating the region where active devices are fabricated in the film. Rather, it will be necessary to find a method for creating shear stress in the basal plane during growth to form them directly.
A trilevel model against false gas-supply information attacks in electricity systems

Abstract The interdependence between natural gas and electricity systems is increasing rapidly due to the growing reliance on natural gas-fired generating units. Availability of natural gas for gas-fired generating units can impact the secure operation of electricity systems. Fuel supply shortage for gas-fired units can be caused by uncertain interruptible supply contracts and incorrect supply information. This article proposes a trilevel min-max-min defender-attacker-operator optimization problem to provide the power system operator a screening methodology that allocates a limited budget for best protecting critical fuel supply information, and also the strategies to sign firm supply contract to reduce natural gas supply uncertainties. We employ a column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm to solve the proposed problem. We illustrate the effectiveness of this trilevel formulation using a case study based on IEEE 24-node test system.
Experimental and numerical investigation into mechanical degradation of polymers

Abstract Polymers have myriad uses in the modern world, but their advantageous properties can be compromised by degradation induced via moisture absorption. This work presents a novel reduced order numerical model for the mechanical behavior and degradation of polymers, along with experimental results, illustrating the influence of water absorption on 3D printed and injection molded nylon 6. The nylon 6 specimens are immersed in water at 21 ∘ C and 70 ∘ C , temperatures above and below the glass transition temperature. Both the water absorption behavior and the influence of the absorbed water on thermomechanical and tensile properties are investigated. The hygroscopic nylon 6 absorbs up to 10 % water when immersed at 21 ∘ C . The rate of absorption for the 3D printed specimens is higher than that of the injection molded specimens at both temperatures. This absorbed water enhances polymer chain mobility and results in significantly lower storage modulus and glass transition temperatures after only 1 day of immersion. Consequently, as much as 30 % reduced modulus and strength are observed during this period. The constitutive model capably captures the degradation of polymer mechanical behavior as a function of water concentration for both materials and temperatures investigated.
Gender representation in pediatric ophthalmology: an analysis of trends over a decade.

Purpose To assess trends in gender representation in pediatric ophthalmology. Methods In this retrospective study, the names of oral and poster presenters at the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) annual meetings and the first and last authors of articles published in Journal of AAPOS (J AAPOS) from 2011 to 2019 were recorded. The gender of presenters and authors was determined with the aid of an online gender tool in conjunction with a comprehensive internet search. Results A total of 2,633 presentations, and 2,777 authors were included. Over the study period, female representation in both conferences and journal authorship increased (P > 0.01 and P = 0.01 resp.). Overall, women comprised 44% of oral presentations and 57% of poster presentations at the annual meetings. Of publications in J AAPOS, women comprised 47% of first authors and 38% of last authors. The gender of the first author did not correlate with the gender of the last author (P = 0.9). Conference roles that had the greatest gender disparities were named lecture speakers (27% female vs 73% male [P = 0.01]) and program committee members (34% female vs 66% male [P > 0.01]). Conclusions Over the last decade, there has been an increase in representation of women at both AAPOS conferences and authorship in J AAPOS. Gender disparities persist in higher-visibility positions.
The generalized Frobenius problem via restricted partition functions

Given relatively prime positive integers, $a_1,\ldots,a_n$, the Frobenius number is the largest integer with no representations of the form $a_1x_1+\cdots+a_nx_n$ with nonnegative integers $x_i$. This classical value has recently been generalized: given a nonnegative integer $k$, what is the largest integer with at most $k$ such representations? Other classical values can be generalized too: for example, how many nonnegative integers are representable in at most $k$ ways? For sufficiently large $k$, we give a complete answer to these questions by understanding how the output of the restricted partition function (the function $f(t)$ giving the number of representations of $t$) "interlaces" with itself. Furthermore, we give the full asymptotics of all of these values, as well as reprove formulas for some special cases (such as the $n=2$ case and a certain extremal family from the literature). Finally, we obtain the first two leading terms of the restricted partition function as a so-called quasi-polynomial.
Dependence of the impurity transport on the dominant turbulent regime in ELM-y H-mode discharges on the DIII-D tokamak

Laser blow-off injections of aluminum and tungsten have been performed on the DIII-D tokamak to investigate the variation of impurity transport in a set of dedicated ion and electron heating scans with a fixed value of the external torque. The particle transport is quantified via the Bayesian inference method, which, constrained by a combination of a charge exchange recombination spectroscopy, soft x-ray measurements, and vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy provides a detailed uncertainty quantification of transport coefficients. Contrasting discharge phases with a dominant electron and ion heating reveal a threefold drop in the impurity confinement time and order of magnitude increase in midradius impurity diffusion, when additional electron heating is applied. Furthermore, the calculated stationary aluminum density profiles reverse from peaked in electron heated to hollow in the ion heated case, following a similar trend to electron and carbon density. Comparable values of a core diffusion have been observed for W and Al ions, while differences in the propagation dynamics of these impurities are attributed to pedestal and edge transport. Modeling of the core transport with non-linear gyrokinetics code CGYRO [J. Candy and E. Belly, J. Comput. Phys. 324, 73 (2016)], significantly underpredicts the magnitude of the variation in Al transport. Diffusion increases three-times steeper with additional electron heat flux, and 10-times lower diffusion is observed in ion heated case than predicted by the modeling. The CGYRO model quantitatively matches the increase in the Al diffusion when approaching the linear threshold for the transition from the ion temperature gradient to trapped electron mode.
Does fluctuating asymmetry of wing traits capture relative environmental stress in a lepidopteran

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is hypothesized to be a useful predictor of population canalization, especially for organisms at risk from environmental change.Identification of traits that meet statistical criteria as FA measures remains a challenge.Here, a laboratory experiment subjected immature butterflies (Vanessa cardui) to diet and temperature conditions of varying stress levels. Variation in dietary macronutrient ratio (protein: carbohydrate) and rearing temperature (optimal: 25°C; elevated: 32°C) was introduced as stressors. Temperature and nutrition are key variables influencing ectotherm growth and fitness and so are likely to be important stressors that influence FA.Individuals subjected to stressful conditions were predicted to show elevated FA of three wing size traits, as well as increased mortality and decreased adult body size.Trait FA did not vary across treatments. Instead, treatment levels impacted viability: The combined incidence of pupal death and expression of significant wing malformations increased in treatment levels designated as stressful. Variation in adult dry mass also reflected predicted stress levels. Results suggest that individuals predicted to display increased FA either died or displayed gross developmental aberrations.This experiment illustrates important constraints on the investigation of FA, including selection of appropriate traits and identification of appropriate levels of stressors to avoid elevated mortality. The latter concern brings into question the utility of FA as an indicator of stress in vulnerable, natural populations, where stress levels cannot be controlled, and mortality and fitness effects are often not quantifiable.
Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.
Minimal two-body quantum absorption refrigerator

We study the phenomenon of absorption refrigeration, where refrigeration is achieved by heating instead of work, in two different setups: a minimal set up based on coupled qubits and two nonlinearly coupled resonators. Considering $ZZ$ interaction between the two qubits, we outline the basic ingredients required to achieve cooling. Using local as well as global master equations, we observe that inclusion of an $XX$ type term in the qubit-qubit coupling is detrimental to cooling. We compare the cooling effect obtained in the qubit case with that of nonlinearly coupled resonators (multilevel system) where the $ZZ$ interaction translates to a Kerr-type nonlinearity. For small to intermediate strengths of nonlinearity, we observe that multilevel quantum systems, for example qutrits, give better cooling effect compared to the qubits. Using Keldysh nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, we go beyond first order sequential tunneling processes and study the effect of higher order processes on refrigeration. We find a reduced cooling effect compared to the master equation calculations.
Against the Grain

This study explored the question “What roles does rurality play in the professional lives of teachers in northern Wisconsin?” Using narrative analysis of four participants’ interviews about their lives working in rural schools, this paper compares participants’ stories with dominant narratives about rural schools and communities. Common depictions of rural people, places, and work often oversimplify the complex relationships among school, community, staff, and students. This study found that participants a.) feel a sense of belonging in rural places despite the challenges of living and working there, b.) create and maintain a strong professional family in order to mitigate rural school recruitment and retention difficulties, and c.) experience school and community partnerships that are both supportive and challenging. This study calls for a more critical and complex representation of rural people and places, especially schools, in order to work against the dominant narratives about rurality that exist in popular imagination.
Bridging Radiotherapy to Immunotherapy: The IFN-JAK-STAT Axis.

The unprecedented successes of immunotherapies (IOs) including immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) and adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) in patients with late-stage cancer provide proof-of-principle evidence that harnessing the immune system, in particular T cells, can be an effective approach to eradicate cancer. This instills strong interests in understanding the immunomodulatory effects of radiotherapy (RT), an area that was actually investigated more than a century ago but had been largely ignored for many decades. With the “newly” discovered immunogenic responses from RT, numerous endeavors have been undertaken to combine RT with IOs, in order to bolster anti-tumor immunity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined, which is a subject of much investigation. We therefore conducted a systematic literature search on the molecular underpinnings of RT-induced immunomodulation and IOs, which identified the IFN–JAK–STAT pathway as a major regulator. Our further analysis of relevant studies revealed that the signaling strength and duration of this pathway in response to RT and IOs may determine eventual immunological outcomes. We propose that strategic targeting of this axis can boost the immunostimulatory effects of RT and radiosensitizing effects of IOs, thereby promoting the efficacy of combination therapy of RT and IOs.
The Medicalization of Misspelling: DSM and the Management of Life

Some years ago when I was talking with a university president, the conversation turned to students who do poorly in foreign language courses. “We’re just going to have to declare it a learning disorder,” he said, and not being bashful about the use of power, he meant his words. He seemed to think declaring a disorder was as straightforward as designating a state flower. In contrast to my interlocutor, the provost, later president, of Boston University (BU), Jon Westling, stated in a speech in 1995, “We need to be cautious in applying the label, ‘learning disabled.’ Finding a subject difficult is not, in itself, evidence of a disability.” A year later BU was sued by a group of learning-disabled (LD) and other students alleging that university policy and practice, including the enforcement of foreign language requirements, violated the Americans with Disabilities Act and theMassachusetts constitution. In 1997 and 1998 Federal District Judge Patti Saris issued the Guckenberger v. Boston University decision, which reproached President Westling for his “reliance on discriminatory stereotypes” of LD students, invalidated a number of BU’s efforts to tighten up the certification of learning disabilities, but ultimately upheld BU’s decision not to allow substitutions for required foreign language coursework—upheld it because it was clearly based on “reasoned deliberation” and a principled vision of the importance of foreign language study to a liberal Acad. Quest. (2015) 28:322–333 DOI 10.1007/s12129-015-9511-2
Altering Cell Population Levels by Gamma Irradiation

To produce viable hydra with few or no interstitial cells and interstitial cell derivatives (Fradkin et al., 1977).
The reticulo-endothelial cells of the uterus: An experimental study

Abstract In this study three series of rabbits received intravenous injections of an intravital dye to determine the occurrence of macrophages in the connective tissues of the uterus under normal conditions, in aseptic inflammation, and during pregnancy. Normally macrophages are present in the tissues of the rabbit's uterus and vagina in comparatively small numbers. In aseptic inflammation they occur at the site of the lesion in the same manner that has been described for similar processes in other connective tissues of the body. There is in addition, however, a widespread response in the cornua, the fallopian tubes, and the lateral ligaments, where countless numbers of macrophages showing increased activity are to be seen. There is a similar tremendous increase in the number of these cells and an increase in their activity during gestation. This persists for a long time during the puerperium. The function of the macrophages is to act as scavengers in removing tissue debris and to assist in the healing of tissue injury. They are of great importance in local tissue immunity. Their appearance, especially during the gestation period, may possibly represent a general reaction of the whole reticulo-endothelial system rather than merely a local change. The occurrence of macrophages in the human uterus under normal conditions is not fully determined, and their implication in inflammatory lesions is variable. Their presence in large numbers during pregnancy has been clearly established.
Magnetic resonance and radiographic diagnosis of osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the horse.

Reasons for performing study: Osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx of the horse has been identified previously using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; however, little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of this lesion. Objectives: To establish the MR prevalence of resorptive lesions in the flexor surface of the distal phalanx and identify concurrent lesions associated with this finding and associations between the MR and radiographic findings. Methods: Horses with distal extremity MR and radiographs performed within 2 weeks of each other were included in the study. The flexor surface of the distal phalanx was graded independently on both modalities for the presence of osseous resorption. The sensitivity and specificity of radiography for identifying osseous resorption was calculated using MR as the gold standard. Results: Eighty-two MR studies met the inclusion criteria, 8 of which included osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx. Concurrent injury to the deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bone was a common finding. An association between MR and radiographic grades was identified. Radiography had a high specificity (0.96) but lower sensitivity (0.45-0.55) for detecting osseous resorption. Conclusions: Osseous resorption of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx can be observed both on MR and radiographic examinations of horses with lameness localised to the foot. This lesion is most often associated with other pathological changes in the podotrochlear apparatus. Potential relevance: Focal radiolucency of the flexor surface of the distal phalanx is a newly recognised radiographic sign associated with pathological changes of the podotrochlear apparatus.
The Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 v-Cyclin Gene Is an Oncogene That Promotes Cell Cycle Progression in Primary Lymphocytes

Several gammaherpesviruses contain open reading frames encoding proteins homologous to mammalian D-type cyclins. In this study, we analyzed the expression and function of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) viral cyclin (v-cyclin). The γHV68 v-cyclin gene was expressed in lytically infected fibroblasts as a leaky-late mRNA of approximately 0.9 kb encoding a protein of approximately 25 kDa. To evaluate the effect of the γHV68 v-cyclin on cell cycle progression in primary lymphocytes and to determine if the γHV68 v-cyclin gene is an oncogene, we generated transgenic mice by using the lck proximal promoter to express the γHV68 v-cyclin in early T cells. Expression of the γHV68 v-cyclin significantly increased the number of thymocytes in cell culture, as determined by measuring both DNA content and incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine following in vivo pulse-labeling. Expression of the γHV68 v-cyclin interfered with normal thymocyte maturation, as shown by increased numbers of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocytes and decreased numbers of CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive and T-cell-receptor-bright thymocytes and splenocytes in transgenic mice. Despite increased numbers of cycling thymocytes, γHV68–v-cyclin–transgenic mice did not have proportionately increased thymocyte numbers, and staining by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling demonstrated increased apoptosis in the thymi of v-cyclin-transgenic mice. Fifteen of 38 γHV68–v-cyclin–transgenic mice developed high-grade lymphoblastic lymphoma between 3 and 12 months of age. We conclude that (i) the γHV68 v-cyclin is expressed as a leaky-late gene in lytically infected cells, (ii) expression of the γHV68 v-cyclin in thymocytes promotes cell cycle progression and inhibits normal T-cell differentiation, and (iii) the γHV68 v-cyclin gene is an oncogene.
Magnetic ordering in Cu ( N O 3 ) 2 ·2.5 D 2 O

The magnetic properties of Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2.5 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O are dominated by the presence of antiferromagnetically coupled pairs of Cu ions with a singlet ground state separated by about 5.2 K from an excited triplet. Neutron-diffraction studies have been performed on a crystal of Cu${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2.5 ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$O between 0.08 and 0.25 K in fields of up to 60 kOe applied along the monoclinic $b$ axis. At 0.125 K and between 28 and 44 kOe, weak magnetic scattering appears at some of the nuclear peak positions. The magnetic structure consists of alternating antiferromagnetic chains approximately in the $a\ensuremath{-}c$ plane which are antiferromagnetically coupled to neighboring chains in the same plane. The antiferromagnetic axis is perpendicular to the field direction, lying roughly halfway between the $a$ and $c$ axes, and the moment attains a maximum of about ${0.45}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{B}}$ per Cu atom at 38 kOe, falling off sharply close to the upper and lower critical fields. Magnetic scattering also appears at a different set of nuclear peak positions above 28 kOe, reaching a saturation value at about 46 kOe. This results from an induced ferromagnetic component along the $b$ axis with a saturation moment of roughly ${0.9}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{B}}$ per Cu atom. The results are in accordance with numerous previous studies, and in particular allow a choice between two antiferromagnetic structures proposed by Diederix et al. from proton resonance measurements.
Collective model description of transitional odd-A nuclei: (II). Comparison with unique parity states of nuclei in the A = 135 and A = 190 mass regions☆

Recent experimental data on unique-parity spectra of odd-$alpha$ nuclei in the A = 135 and A = 190 mass regions are compared in a systematic way with calculated energies and transition probabilities of a quasiparticle coupled to a rotating triaxial core. The comparison yields detailed evidence for triaxial shapes. Complex spectra of strongly coupled structure as well as decoupled structure and various intermediate types are reproduced by the model with core parameters $beta$ and $gamma$ determined from neighboring even nuclei. The coexistence of $delta$I = 1 band structures, seen in some of the experimental spectra, is explained as a consequence of the shape asymmetry. In the A = 190 region, the odd-A spectra confirm the existence of a gradual shape transition from prolate-type shapes ($sup 186$Os, $gamma$ = 16$sup 0$) to oblate-type shapes ($sup 198$Hg, $gamma$ = 37$sup 0$). Energies and lifetimes in A approximately 135 nuclei reveal prolate triaxial shapes with $gamma$-values in the range 20$sup 0$ less than $gamma$ less than 30$sup 0$. Contrary to the expectation of very $gamma$-soft, fluctuating shapes which is based on calculated potentials, the present work seems to indicate that a number of transitional nuclei may have rather stable triaxial shapes. (NL)
Potential Role of the Gut/Liver/Lung Axis in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Pathology

Both Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) and alcohol-related susceptibility to acute lung injury are estimated to account for the highest morbidity and mortality related to chronic alcohol abuse and, thus, represent a focus of intense investigation. In general, alcohol-induced derangements to both organs are considered to be independent and are often evaluated separately. However, the liver and lung share many general responses to damage, and specific responses to alcohol exposure. For example, both organs possess resident macrophages that play key roles in mediating the immune/inflammatory response. Additionally, alcohol-induced damage to both organs appears to involve oxidative stress that favors tissue injury. Another mechanism that appears to be shared between the organs is that inflammatory injury to both organs is enhanced by alcohol exposure. Lastly, altered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition appears to be a key step in disease progression in both organs. Indeed, recent studies suggest that early subtle changes in the ECM may predispose the target organ to an inflammatory insult. The purpose of this chapter is to review the parallel mechanisms of liver and lung injury in response to alcohol consumption. This chapter will also explore the potential that these mechanisms are interdependent, as part of a gut-liver-lung axis.
Tramadol extended-release in the management of chronic pain

Chronic, noncancer pain such as that associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee is typically managed according to American College of Rheumatology guidelines. Patients unresponsive to first-line treatment with acetaminophen receive nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. However, many patients may have chronic pain that is refractory to these agents, or they may be at risk for the gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular complications associated with their use. Tramadol, a mild opioid agonist and norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is recommended by current guidelines for the treatment of moderate to moderately severe pain in patients who have not responded to previous oral therapy, or in patients who have contraindications to COX-2 inhibitors and nonselective NSAIDs. An extended-release (ER) formulation of tramadol was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2005. In contrast with immediate-release (IR) tramadol, this ER formulation allows once-daily dosing, providing around-the-clock analgesia. In clinical studies, tramadol ER has demonstrated a lower incidence of adverse events than that reported for IR tramadol. Unlike nonselective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors, tramadol ER is not associated with gastrointestinal, renal, or cardiovascular complications. Although tramadol is an opioid agonist, significant abuse has not been demonstrated after long-term therapy. It is concluded that tramadol ER has an efficacy and safety profile that warrants its early use for the management of chronic pain, either alone or in conjunction with nonselective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors.
The effects on spindles of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy

Abstract The effects of decreased and increased use on the morphology, histochemistry and discharge of spindles in the cat's medial gastrocnemius muscle were studied in chronic preparations in which one leg either had been immobilized in a cast or the synergist muscles had been denervated. Comparisons were also made of histochemically typed populations of extrafusal fibers in the experimental and the contralateral muscles. The cross-sectional areas of both nuclear bag and chain IF fibers were found to be reduced in the immobilized muscles and increased in the synergists-denervated series relative to the areas in contralateral muscles. Proportionately, however, the changes in IF fibers were less than those found among extrafusal fibers. In the immobilized series the bilateral difference in bag fiber areas was greater than that of the chain fibers, while among extrafusal fibers slow-twitch fibers were affected more than fast-twitch fibers. The discharge of spindle units monitored from dorsal root filaments at resting muscle length was elevated in the immobilized muscles, as was also the stretch sensitivity, i.e., increase in pulse rate per increment of gross muscle stretch. In muscles of the synergists-denervated series the background discharge was increased also, but the effect on stretch sensitivity was not clearly defined.
EXAMINING FAMILY‐OF‐ORIGIN INFLUENCES IN LIFE AT WORK*

Patterns of interaction to which people became accustomed in their families of origin often play largely unacknowledged roles in their lives at work and can contribute to unwanted pressures and stress on the job. This article describes a method that can be used by family therapists to assist people in identifying and examining the ways in which family-of-origin dynamics affect their lives at work. A rationale for this work is described, relevant literature is cited, and professional and ethical issues involved in conducting family-of-origin workshops in the work setting are discussed.
The Structure of Creative Design: What Problem Maps Can Tell Us About Problem Formulation and Creative Designers

Problem formulation is an important part of the design process that has been largely underexplored. Similarly, the relationship between how designers formulate problems and creative outcome is not well understood. To shed light on what the process of problem formulation can tell us about creativity in design, we use the problem map model ‐ a flexible, domainindependent ontology for modeling the design formulation process ‐ to analyze protocols from eight expert designers. In this paper, we discuss the effectiveness of using problem maps for coding design protocols and what the problem map model can tell us about the protocols of designers. In this exploratory study, we use the problem map model to code and analyze the problem formulation stage of the design process.
Heterogeneous Structure of Granular Aggregates with Capillary Interactions

We investigate the spatial structure of cohesive granular matter with spheres floating at an air-liquid interface that form disordered close packings with pores in between. The interface is slowly lowered in a conical container to uniformly compress and study the system as a function of area fraction $\ensuremath{\phi}$. We find that the free area distributions associated with Voronoi cells show significant exponential tails indicating greater heterogeneity compared with random distributions at low $\ensuremath{\phi}$ with a crossover towards a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ distribution as $\ensuremath{\phi}$ is increased. Further, we find significant short range order as measured by the radial correlation function and the orientational order parameter even at low and intermediate $\ensuremath{\phi}$, which is absent when particles interact only sterically.
Lobster Fishery Management under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act

Abstract The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (PL 94-265) created a new era in fishery management, featuring development of comprehensive fishery management plans by regional fishery management councils and management for “optimum yield.” In this paper we discuss the main features of the Act, consider the development of fishery management plans in general, and briefly describe management plans for lobsters.
Stressors and Well-Being Among Caregivers to Older Adults with Dementia: The In-Home Versus Nursing Home Experience

We examined differences in stressors and well-being for caregivers who care for a relative with dementia at home and those who had placed their relative in a nursing home. The groups did not differ in depression or somatic complaints, but nursing home caregivers had fewer social and interpersonal disruptions. Controlling for caregiving problems, nursing home caregivers reported more stressors due to ADL (activities of daily living) assistance, their relatives' behavioral and cognitive functioning, and lack of caregiving support from family and friends.
An inventory of topographic surface changes: the value of multi-temporal elevation data for change analysis and monitoring

Landscape change resulting from human activities continues to be a primary topic in geographic research. Many studies have focused upon human-induced changes in two dimensions, namely in land cover. However, those changes may include a corresponding transformation of the third dimension, or vertical component, of the landscape as expressed in the local surface topography. Some previous studies have estimated the total effects of human activity on the landforms and shape of the Earth’s surface, but these studies have not emphasized the spatial component of the changes. The primary issue addressed by the research reported here is the need for more comprehensive information on the nature and extent of recent human geomorphic activity. The elevation information from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) paired with the historical topographic data in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Elevation Dataset (NED) allow for mapping and assessment of significant changes to the shape of the land surface across the conterminous United States. The NED supplied the historical elevation information that was subtracted from the more recently collected SRTM data to create an elevation difference grid that provided information about where topographic changes have taken place. The elevation difference information was filtered and refined to complete a national inventory of vertical landscape changes, and it represents a first ever accounting of topographic change across the United States. The inventory serves as a useful foundation for ongoing monitoring of topographic changes using recently collected high-resolution elevation data, including current work with airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar data.
Heterogeneous ozone decomposition on sulfuric acid surfaces at stratospheric temperatures

Abstract In this investigation, methods of forming sulfuric acid aerosols at stratospheric temperatures were studied, and the rate constant for the heterogeneous decomposition of ozone on sulfuric acid surfaces was determined over the temperature range 217–263 K. The ozone decomposition rate was observed to be first order in ozone concentration and frozen sulfuric acid surface area, and was found to be decreased by the presence of H 2 O. The measured ozone first order decay efficiencies were found to be on the order of 10 −8 and 10 −9 reactions per collision for pure frozen H 2 SO 4 and 0.045 mole fraction H 2 SO 4 in H 2 O respectively. The addition of A1 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 to the H 2 SO 4 did not substantially increase the O 3 decomposition rate. Based on these results it is concluded that the heterogeneous decomposition of ozone on frozen stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosol particles is of little significance in establishing stratospheric ozone concentrations.
Can you hear me now? Learning from customer stories

Abstract A large business generally knows its customers through quantitative analyses and summary reports, which are staples of market research and corporate reporting. Too often, the voices of individual customers are muffled by a torrent of numbers, and the stories they would tell are garbled. Few managers and even fewer executives hear customers speak, in their own words and ways, about the company's products and services. Yet, as we discuss, these stories may suggest enhanced customer service, better products, and organizational innovation; indeed, a number of companies have shown that the value of attentiveness to customer stories can be great. Herein, we describe a controlled, exploratory approach a company might take to develop its own engagement with customer storytelling—one that encompasses not only its interactions with customers along the front line, but also conversations ongoing in social media. Our proposal demands sustained commitment from senior management. We counsel senior executives to lead by example, to listen to customer stories, to learn from them, and to share them with others in the executive suite. By truly caring about storytelling, business leaders can better serve their customers and their companies.
The pharmacoeconomics of biologic therapy for IBD

The past decade has been marked by the introduction and expanding use of biologic therapies for the induction and maintenance of response in patients with IBD. Although widely heralded for their efficacy, these agents have also stirred controversy over the potential economic impact that they will have upon the world's health-care systems. Traditional cost analyses had shown that IBD medication costs contributed minimally towards the overall costs associated with the disease; however, these studies were all conducted before the introduction of biologic therapies. At that time, a small minority of patients accounted for a disproportionately large percentage of the overall costs, suggesting that cost-savings could be realized if interventions decreased the utilization of health-care resources and associated costs. More recent studies have been heterogeneous in their design and findings-some have suggested that cost-savings realized due to a decrease in the utilization of health-care services may offset the higher costs of biologic agents. Incorporation of data on indirect cost-savings and quality of life improvements into ongoing and future analyses is required to allow for more accurate analyses of overall costs and cost-savings.
Characterization of RF front-ends by long-tail pulse response

The recognition of unauthorized communications devices at the entry-point of a secure location is one way to guard against the compromise of sensitive information by wireless transmission. Such recognition may be achieved by backscatter x-ray and millimeter-wave imaging; however, implementation of these systems is expensive, and the ability to image the contours of the human body has raised privacy concerns. In this paper, we present a cheaper and less-invasive radio-frequency (RF) alternative for recognizing wireless communications devices. Characterization of the device-under-test (DUT) is accomplished using a stepped-frequency radar waveform. Single-frequency pulses excite resonance in the device's RF front-end. Microsecond periods of zero-signal are placed between each frequency transition to listen for the resonance. The stepped-frequency transmission is swept through known communications bands. Reception of a long-tail decay response between active pulses indicates the presence of a narrowband filter and implies the presence of a front-end circuit. The frequency of the received resonance identifies its communications band. In this work, cellular-band and handheld-radio filters are characterized.
The activity coefficients of HCl in HCl-Na2SO4 solutions from 0 to 50°C and ionic strengths up to 6 molal

The electromotive force of HCl–Na2SO4 solutions has been determined from 5 to 50°C and ionic strengths from 0.5 to 6m with a Harned type cell \({\text{Pt; H}}_{\text{2}} ({\text{g, 1 atm}})|{\text{HCl(}}m_1 {\text{) + Na}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SO}}_{\text{4}} {\text{(}}m_2 {\text{)}}|{\text{AgCl, Ag}}\) The results have been used to determine the activity coefficient of HCl in the mixtures. The activity coefficients have been analyzed with the Pitzer equations to account for the ionic interactions. The measurements were used to determine interaction coefficients (β0, β1) for NaHSO4 solutions from 5 to 50°C. The model represents the mean activity coefficients of HCl in the mixtures to ±0.005 over the entire temperature and concentration range of the measurements. The results have been combined with literature data to provide parameters that are valid from 0 to 250°C for NaHSO4 solutions.
Gaugain-Helmholtz (?) Coils for Uniform Magnetic Fields

THE use of two equal and co-axial circular coils of wire, separated by a distance equal to their common radius and traversed by the same electric current in the same sense, has long been the standard practice for producing a nearly uniform magnetic field throughout an appreciable volume. The question which seems unsettled is whether Helmholtz improved upon a device invented by Gaugain or invented the whole device by himself at an earlier date.