cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPERANTIGENS: THEIR ROLE IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

In the last 10 years many of the superantigens of the microbial world have been defined and the mechanisms of cellular interaction between lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells has been elucidated in great detail. The consequences of superantigen stimulation of the immune system, though less well defined, can be considered in three separate stages: T-cell proliferation, apoptosis, and recovery. Understanding these stages may explain why diverse superantigens may cause markedly different clinical processes ranging from acute shock to chronic arthritis and may form the basis for novel treatments of these diverse diseases.
Monitoring gold nanoparticle conjugation and analysis of biomolecular binding with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)

Protein-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively explored for the development of many novel protein assays. In this article, we demonstrate that nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) can be used as a rapid and simple analytical tool to monitor bioconjugation and to study protein-protein interactions. The adsorption of protein A onto gold nanoparticles was analyzed using NTA. The conjugation resulted in a measurable increase in hydrodynamic radius that correlated with protein A concentration, allowing conditions for complete conjugation to be elucidated. NTA was then used to investigate the binding of mouse IgG to protein A-conjugated AuNPs and the K(a) was measured as 2.00 × 10(7) M(-1). Furthermore, an assay for the detection of mouse IgG was developed using NTA to detect the binding to antibody-AuNP conjugates. This assay provided a detection limit of 3.2 ng mL(-1); however, the formation of aggregates resulting from the use of a polyclonal antibody and multiple binding sites on the antigen prevented the determination of binding affinity for this antibody-antigen system. To measure the binding affinity for this antibody-antigen system the IgG antigen was conjugated to the AuNPs and NTA was used to monitor the binding of the antibody. In this configuration aggregation of conjugates was not detected and a binding affinity constant of 2.80 × 10(8) M(-1) was measured. NTA results obtained in this work were validated by comparison to DLS. This work represents the first evaluation of NTA as an analytical tool for characterizing AuNP bioconjugates, investigating protein-protein binding, and detecting low levels of antigen in a bioassay.
Modest deontologism in epistemology

Deontologism in epistemology holds that epistemic justification may be understood in terms of "deontological" sentences about what one ought to believe or is permitted to believe, or what one deserves praise for believing, or in some similar way. If deonotologism is true, and people have justified beliefs, then the deontological sentences can be true. However, some say, these deontological sentences can be true only if people have a kind of freedom or control over their beliefs that they do not in fact have. Thus, deontologism in epistemology, combined with anti-skepticism, has implausible implications. I first describe one sort of control that people typically have over ordinary actions but do not have over typical beliefs. I then argue that there is a paradigmatic type of epistemic evaluation that does properly apply to beliefs even though we lack this sort of control over them. Finally, I argue that these paradigmatic epistemic evaluations are sufficient to make true some of the deontological sentences.
Polysilicon gate NMOS project for undergraduate laboratory

Several new processing capabilities have recently been commissioned in the RIT (Rochester Institute of Technology) microelectronic engineering laboratory. These include: (1) ion implantation; (2) LPCVD (low-pressure chemical vapor deposition) polysilicon; and (3) dry (plasma) etching. The development of these processes is part of a long-range goal to include CMOS technology in the undergraduate laboratory program. The object of this work was to develop a four-level NMOS process sequence utilizing these available processes in a way which would be suitable for an undergraduate laboratory project. The implementation of the project for a typical class is described, and some of the results and experiences are presented. A class of twenty students completed the project, including device design, wafer fabrication, and testing, in a period of six weeks, working six hours per week. Working devices were obtained, indicating that a base-line process is now available which can be optimized with further process development. The threshold voltage increased with increased implant dose, as expected. >
Handling infeasible specifications of cryptographic protocols

In the verification of cryptographic protocols using the authentication logic of Burrows, Abadi, and Needham (1989) it is possible to write a specification which does not faithfully represent the real world situation. Such a specification, though impossible or unreasonable to implement, can go undetected and be verified to be correct. It can also lead to logical statements that do not preserve causality which in turn can have undesirable consequences. Such a specification, called an infeasible specification, can be subtle and hard to locate. The article shows how the logic of cryptographic protocols of Gong, Needham, and Yahalom (1990) can be enhanced with a notion of eligibility to preserve causality of beliefs and detect infeasible specifications. It is conceivable that this technique can be adopted in other similar logics. >
1H and 13C NMR study of some (E)‐3′‐and 4′substituted stilben‐4‐ols

A series of ten (E) -stilben-4-ols, HOPhCH=CHPhX, with X=H, 4'-Cl, 4'-F, 4'-Me, 4'-OMe, 3'-Me, 3'-OMe, 3'-OH, 3'-F and 3',4-diOMe, were studied using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. Interpretation of these spectra led to definitive assignments of all carbon and hydrogen chemical shifts. 1 H chemical shift increments were quantitatively determined for the five substituents studied, and the para A i value of the styryl group was found to be more deshielding than those recorded in previous reports
Remnants of an ancient forest provide ecological context for Early Miocene fossil apes

The lineage of apes and humans (Hominoidea) evolved and radiated across Afro-Arabia in the early Neogene during a time of global climatic changes and ongoing tectonic processes that formed the East African Rift. These changes probably created highly variable environments and introduced selective pressures influencing the diversification of early apes. However, interpreting the connection between environmental dynamics and adaptive evolution is hampered by difficulties in locating taxa within specific ecological contexts: time-averaged or reworked deposits may not faithfully represent individual palaeohabitats. Here we present multiproxy evidence from Early Miocene deposits on Rusinga Island, Kenya, which directly ties the early ape Proconsul to a widespread, dense, multistoried, closed-canopy tropical seasonal forest set in a warm and relatively wet, local climate. These results underscore the importance of forested environments in the evolution of early apes.
Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XIX. New species of Palicourea (Psychotrieae) from Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela

Abstract Eight new South American species of Palicourea are described and illustrated: P. crystallina from north-central Peru differs from P. loxensis from Ecuador, also described herein, by its longer calyx limbs, 1.2–2.5 mm long, with the lobes often unequal in length; P. cutucuana from southern Ecuador differs from P. angustifolia in its broader leaves and inflorescences and larger corollas; P. gelsemiiflora of northern Peru is distinguished by its pedicels 11–20 mm long, calyx limbs 7–11 mm long, relatively large yellow corollas with tubes 32–33 mm long, relatively large fruits 12–13 mm long, and pyrenes with an unusual spongy wall; P. gemmiflora of southern Ecuador and northern Peru differs from P. subtomentosa by its longer corollas with horn-like projections on the abaxial surfaces of the lobes; P. lemoniana of southwestern Venezuela differs from P. nitidella by its corolla tubes 17–18 mm long with the lobes pubescent abaxially and from P. grandiflora by its secondary leaf veins only 7–10 pairs and...
The Practice: When States Limit Class Action Litigation

Commentary and analysis of the underlying litigation in Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates P.A. v. Allstate Insurance Co., on appeal to the United States Supreme court from a decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, which dismissed the class action from federal court. This piece also canvasses the arguments presented by the plaintiff/petitioner Shady Grove, asking the Court to hold that there is good federal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23, as well as Allstate’s (the defendant/respondent) arguments that Rule 23 must give way to the more restrictive New York state class action rule and therefore federal dismissal was appropriate. The commentary discusses the New York Civil Law and Practice Rule 901(b) involved in the underlying litigation, which proscribes class actions for statutory penalties and therefore is more restrictive than Fed. R. Civ. P. 23, which does not. The defendant Allstate, in a federal district court diversity action, argued that section 901(b) of the New York procedural rules applied and precluded the federal court from maintaining the Shady Grove case as a class action in federal court. Both the district court and the Second Circuit agreed, and dismissed the class action litigation. Construing the issue as an Erie problem, the Second Circuit concluded that there was no conflict between 901(b), prohibiting class actions in statutory penalty cases, and Fed. R. Civ. P. 23, authorizing class action litigation. Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938) (federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law). The Court also concluded that the analysis mandated by its decision in Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460 (1965) ― which applies when a federal rule conflicts with a state rule of procedure ― did not apply to determine the Erie problem in the circumstances of this litigation. Instead, applying Erie doctrine, the Second Circuit concluded that 901(b) was "substantive" because its application would affect the outcome of the litigation and, therefore, the federal court must apply state substantive law. In addition, the Court held that a failure to apply 901(b) would encourage forum-shopping, in violation of Erie. The Supreme Court will hear the Shady Grove appeal to sort out the competing Erie contentions raised by the parties in this case, which decision will impact all federal courts in jurisdictions with divergent state class action rules.
Cavitation in Rubber: A Cautionary Tale

Abstract What can we conclude from this brief history of cavitation in rubber-like solids? At first, the condition for internal cracking appeared to be particularly simple. Whenever a stress was se...
The Drosophila Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LAR Is Required for Development of Circadian Pacemaker Neuron Processes That Support Rhythmic Activity in Constant Darkness But Not during Light/Dark Cycles.

In Drosophila , a transcriptional feedback loop that is activated by CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) complexes and repressed by PERIOD-TIMELESS (PER-TIM) complexes keeps circadian time. The timing of CLK-CYC activation and PER-TIM repression is regulated post-translationally, in part through rhythmic phosphorylation of CLK, PER, and TIM. Although kinases that control PER, TIM, and CLK levels, activity, and/or subcellular localization have been identified, less is known about phosphatases that control clock protein dephosphorylation. To identify clock-relevant phosphatases, clock-cell-specific RNAi knockdowns of Drosophila phosphatases were screened for altered activity rhythms. One phosphatase that was identified, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase leukocyte-antigen-related (LAR), abolished activity rhythms in constant darkness (DD) without disrupting the timekeeping mechanism in brain pacemaker neurons. However, expression of the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), which mediates pacemaker neuron synchrony and output, is eliminated in the dorsal projections from small ventral lateral (sLN v ) pacemaker neurons when Lar expression is knocked down during development, but not in adults. Loss of Lar function eliminates sLN v dorsal projections, but PDF expression persists in sLN v and large ventral lateral neuron cell bodies and their remaining projections. In contrast to the defects in lights-on and lights-off anticipatory activity seen in flies that lack PDF, Lar RNAi knockdown flies anticipate the lights-on and lights-off transition normally. Our results demonstrate that Lar is required for sLN v dorsal projection development and suggest that PDF expression in LN v cell bodies and their remaining projections mediate anticipation of the lights-on and lights-off transitions during a light/dark cycle. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In animals, circadian clocks drive daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior via transcriptional feedback loops. Because key circadian transcriptional activators and repressors are regulated by phosphorylation, we screened for phosphatases that alter activity rhythms when their expression was reduced. One such phosphatase, leukocyte-antigen-related (LAR), abolishes activity rhythms, but does not disrupt feedback loop function. Rather, Lar disrupts clock output by eliminating axonal processes from clock neurons that release pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide into the dorsal brain, but PDF expression persists in their cell bodies and remaining projections. In contrast to flies that lack PDF, flies that lack Lar anticipate lights-on and lights-off transitions normally, which suggests that the remaining PDF expression mediates activity during light/dark cycles.
Gd-DTPA enhancement of the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve on MR imaging.

PURPOSE To describe a radiographic finding--enhancement of the cisternal portion of the third cranial nerve on postcontrast MR--and to correlate it with patients9 clinical symptoms and ultimate diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen consecutive patients with enhancement of the cisternal portion of the third cranial nerve on postcontrast MR were retrospectively identified; 50 control patients referred for pituitary microadenomas were also retrospectively reviewed. FINDINGS The enhancement was bilateral in six patients and unilateral in seven patients. Four of the six patients with bilateral enhancement had unilateral oculomotor nerve palsies; none had bilateral third cranial nerve palsy. Five of the seven patients with unilateral enhancement had ipsilateral third nerve palsies. Of the nine patients with third nerve palsies, the pupil was involved in four patients. Follow-up studies were available in six patients, four of whom had third nerve palsy. Resolution of the enhancement correlated with resolution of the symptoms in two patients. The patients9 underlying diagnoses were lymphoma (four), leukemia (one), viral meningitis (one), neurofibromatosis (two), inflammatory polyneuropathy-HIV related (one), ophthalmoplegic migraine (one), Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (one), coccidioidomycosis (one), and diabetes (one). No enhancement was seen in any of the controls. CONCLUSION Enhancement of the cisternal segment of the third cranial nerve is always abnormal, revealing an underlying inflammatory or neoplastic process. However, it is not always associated with clinically apparent oculomotor nerve dysfunction.
Where We are Going in the Biological Sciences

The information presented in the previous papers describes the development of night vision equipment and current application to problems in agriculture and forestry. Such equipment has so far been utilized to only a limited extent in agriculture and forestry, but it will probably be much more used in the next several years.
Orientation of a monolayer of dipolar molecules on graphene from X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Recently, single-walled carbon nanotubes as well as graphene functionalized with azobenzene chromophores have drawn attention for applications in optoelectronics due to their ability to undergo cis–trans isomerization when exposed to light. The electronic properties of the nanocarbon materials at these unconventional interfaces can be tailored by gaining structural insight into the organic monolayers at the molecular level. In this work, we use polarization-dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy to probe the orientation of three chromophores on graphene, all identical except for their terminal groups. All three terminal groups (methyl, nitro, and nitrile) are well-oriented, with a tilt angle of about 30° from the substrate for the shared azobenzene group. Density functional theory calculations are in good agreement with experimental results and give two similar, stable configurations for the orientation of these molecules on graphene.
Pricing Policy and Risk Management Strategy for Wind Power Considering Wind Integration

The pricing policy and risk management strategy for wind power are researched.Firstly,the pricing policies of wind power and its risk share modes under overseas market condition are analyzed and compared;then based on national conditions of China,the problems existing in connecting wind farms to power grids under current setup of domestic electric power industry are researched,and then the possible solutions are put forward from the aspects of establishing reasonable risk sharing mechanism,reducing the risk due to connecting wind farms to power grids by technological manners,building auxiliary service market to ensure the supply of balancing resource and carrying out peak and valley stake price policy.
Diabetes and Physical Activity

Diabetes has been on the rise globally. Although many factors contribute to the increasing risk and manifestation of this disease lack and decreased physical activity/ exercise stands out as one of the major factors. Treatment interventions for prediabetic and diabetic patients include diet and lifestyle changes with enhanced physical activity/ exercise. Several types of physical activity are available for these patients but, recommendations have to be made on an individual basis after giving due consideration to the co morbidities and other risks and barriers. Implementation of progressive resistance therapy may be successful in maintaining glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients.
Specificity, Size, and Frequency of Spaces That Characterize the Mechanism of Bulk Transepithelial Transport of Prions in the Nasal Cavities of Hamsters and Mice

UNLABELLED Inhalation of infected brain homogenate results in transepithelial transport of prions across the nasal mucosa of hamsters, some of which occurs rapidly in relatively large amounts between cells (A. E. Kincaid, K. F. Hudson, M. W. Richey, and J. C. Bartz, J. Virol 86:12731-12740, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01930-12). Bulk transepithelial transport in the nasal cavity has not been studied to date. In the present study, we characterized the frequency, size, and specificity of the intercellular spaces that mediate the bulk transport of inhaled prions between cells of mice or hamsters following extranasal inoculation with mock-infected brain homogenate, different strains of prion-infected brain homogenate, or brain homogenate mixed with India ink. Infected or mock-infected inoculum was identified within lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria and in spaces of >5 μm between a small number of cells of the nasal mucosa in >90% of animals from 5 to 60 min after inhalation. The width of the spaces between cells, the amount of the inoculum within the lumen of lymphatic vessels, and the timing of the transport indicate that this type of transport was taking place through preexisting spaces in the nasal cavity that were orders of magnitude wider than what is normally reported for paracellular transport. The indiscriminate rapid bulk transport of brain homogenate in the nasal cavity results in immediate entry into nasal cavity lymphatics following inhalation. This novel mechanism may underlie the recent report of the early detection of prions in blood following inhalation and has implications for horizontal prion transmission. IMPORTANCE The results of these studies demonstrate that the nasal mucosa of mice and hamsters is not an absolute anatomical barrier to inhaled prion-infected or uninfected brain homogenate. Relatively large amounts of infected and uninfected brain homogenate rapidly cross the nasal mucosa and enter the lumen of lymphatic vessels following inhalation. These bulk transepithelial transport events were relatively rare but present in >90% of animals 5 to 60 min following inhalation. This novel mechanism of bulk transepithelial transport was seen in experimental and control hamsters and mice, indicating that it was not species specific or in response to prion exposure. The indiscriminate bulk intercellular transport of inhaled pathogens across the nasal mucosa followed by entry into the lymphatic system may be a mechanism that underlies the entry and spread of other toxins and pathogens in olfactory system-driven animals.
Closure and Exposure: Mechanisms in the Intergenerational Transmission of Self-employment

Insights into the origins of entrepreneurial activity are gained through a study of alternative mechanisms implicated in the tendency for children of the self-employed to be substantially more likely than other children to enter into self-employment themselves. I use unique life history data to examine the impact of parental self-employment on the transition to self-employment in Denmark and assess the different mechanisms identified in the literature. The results suggest that parental role modeling is an important source of the transmission of self-employment. However, there is little evidence to suggest that children of the self-employed enter self-employment because they have privileged access to their parent's financial or social capital, or because their parents’ self-employment allows them to develop superior entrepreneurial abilities.
Teachers’ Literal and Inferential Questions and Children’s Responses: A Study of Teacher–Child Linguistic Interactions During Whole-Group Instruction in Hong Kong Kindergarten Classrooms

This study investigated the extent to which preschool teachers and children (ages 4–6) used literal and inferential language within the context of whole-group instruction in four kindergarten classrooms in Hong Kong. A total of 20 sessions of videotaped classroom observations of linguistic interactions between teachers and children were transcribed and then analyzed using a coding scheme to determine the cognitive complexity of teacher questions and child responses with reference to four levels of abstraction, representing a literal-to-inferential continuum. The results indicated that the teachers’ questions were predominantly literal in nature (83 %), and similarly the majority of the children’s responses (77 %) were also literal. Furthermore, it was revealed that in an average instructional session: (a) teachers produced significantly more utterances than children; (b) the difference in the quantity of teachers’ questions between literal and inferential levels was statistically significant; (c) similarly, the difference in the quantity of children’s responses between literal and inferential levels was also statistically significant; and (d) children produced a significantly larger quantity of shorter than longer utterances. As there is distinct value in whole-group instruction as a salient context for teacher–child interactive, linguistic engagement in kindergarten classrooms in Hong Kong, it is particularly vital that early childhood educators understand what types of linguistic interactions are occurring there and how to target professional development for teachers to better support language learning in young children.
High performance In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As FinFETs fabricated on 300 mm Si substrate

In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As FinFETs are fabricated on 300 mm Si substrate. High device performance with good uniformity across the wafer are demonstrated (SS=78 mV/dec., I on /I off ∼105, DIBL=48 mV/V, g m =1510 µS/µm, and I on =301 µA/µm at V ds =0.5V with L g =120 nm device). The extrinsic field effect mobility of 1731 cm2/V-s with EOT∼0.9nm is extracted by split-CV. Devices fabricated on 300mm Si have shown similar performances in SS and I on when benchmarked with device fabricated on lattice-matched InP substrate. In addition, an I on of 44.1 µA per fin is observed on the fin-height of 70 nm and the fin-width of 25nm, which is among the highest values reported for In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As FinFETs to the best of our knowledge.
Up the Africanist: the possibilities and problems of ‘studying up’ in Africa

The original call to ‘study up’ asked anthropologists to study the powerful within their own societies, presumed to be American or European. In this special issue on power in 21st-century Africa, we reflect on methodological and theoretical issues inherent in the project of studying up anywhere. Contributors show that a careful understanding of emic perspectives on upward mobility and maintenance of the upper hand is critical to analysis: authors included here show the complexity of power hierarchies that go beyond obvious and durable routes to power (such as whiteness in ‘mobile’ humanitarian projects), to more unstable and contingent ones (such as party politics in Mozambique), and to those that can both empower and endanger (such as queer activist identities in Malawi). In addition, we find that the position of the ethnographer is unstable in many of these power hierarchies. Rather than introducing unique ethical concerns, we argue, this aspect of studying up reveals ethical concerns that affect all et...
Active object detection on graphs via locally informative trees

Active object detection refers to the problem of determining the existence and location of objects in an image by actively selecting which regions of the image to explore. Herein, an object detection algorithm is proposed that models image regions as vertices and overlap relationships as edges in a directed weighted graph. Information is propagated from labeled vertices through graph edges that operate as noisy channels via message passing over locally informative trees that are extracted from the original graph using an information-theoretic criterion. Influential vertices are determined by an appropriate centrality index. Our algorithm can be applied on top of any state-of-the-art region proposal method as it treats it as a black box. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated on different scenarios, where in some cases only 0.45% of the total regions is evaluated.
Promoting Mental Health Recovery and Improving Clinical Assessment Using Video Technology

TOPIC Although individuals with medical problems (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) can monitor their symptoms using objective measures (e.g., blood glucose, blood pressure), objective measures are not typically used by individuals with psychotic disorders to monitor symptoms of mental illness. PURPOSE To examine the benefits and limitations of the use of video self-observation for treatment of individuals with psychotic disorders. SOURCES USED The authors reviewed studies examining video self-observation among individuals with severe mental illnesses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Individuals with psychotic disorders who viewed videos of themselves while symptomatic reported some benefit to this approach, with 1 study showing sustained improvement in understanding of mental illness. Still, some individuals reported negative feelings about the process, and also attributed symptoms to stress or drug abuse rather than their psychotic disorder. The authors found no studies examining the potential for video self-observation as a strategy to improve clinical decision-making in the context of mental health care. Implications of this approach for mental health recovery and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract 3954: Single-cell misregulation of NRF2 in basal-like breast cancer

Cancer is driven by a complex and heterogeneous combination of genes and pathways, many of which are not explicitly oncogenic on their own. These so-called non-oncogenes are required for maintenance of the tumorigenic state, but they are not mutated themselves. One way to identify “non-oncogene” pathways is to evaluate how proliferating cells adjust to variable and evolving environments. By examining heterogeneous transcriptional regulatory states of single cells in a 3D culture model of breast epithelial organization, we uncovered NRF2 as a candidate transcription factor upstream of an important regulatory state for morphogenesis. NRF2 is a known oncogene in lung cancer, but mutations in the transcription factor are uncommon in breast cancer. To examine the functional impact of NRF2 signaling, we engineered several triple-negative breast cancer cell lines with inducible short hairpin RNA to knock down NRF2. In claudin-low MDA-MB-231 cells, knockdown of NRF2 caused dramatic reduction in stellate invasion compared with shGFP control. In basal-like HCC-1806 cells, knockdown of NRF2 caused a reduction in “ruptured” tumorspheres, in which cells disseminate from their originating site. In a non-transformed breast epithelial cell line, overexpression of a non-degradable form of NRF2 caused greater variation in the size of acini, while knockdown of NRF2 narrowed the size distribution of acini. Therefore, knockdown of NRF2 substantially normalizes the size and shape of both non-transformed and cancerous 3D structures. We also analyzed expression levels of the genes in the provisional NRF2-regulated cluster after NRF2 knockdown or overexpression. Upon NRF2 knockdown, the p53-regulated transcripts CDKN1A (p21) and RPS27L were strongly induced, suggesting that p53 may be activated after NRF2 loss. Our results suggest a functional importance for NRF2 in multiple breast-epithelial and TNBC contexts, and raise the possibility of interplay between NRF2 and p53. A detailed understanding of NRF2 regulation and dynamics could enable new strategies to disrupt this non-oncogene addiction and re-sensitize cancer cells to their environment and to chemotherapy. Citation Format: Elizabeth Pereira, Kevin Janes. Single-cell misregulation of NRF2 in basal-like breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3954. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3954
Evidenced Based Education Interventions to Preserve Upper Limb Function Among Full Time Manual Wheelchair Users

Full time manual wheelchair users are at high risk for developing upper limb injuries and pain due to their reliance on the upper limbs to perform a wide variety of functional activities of daily living. Critical to survival and living well with a disability, even small decrements in functional mobility can lead to depression, social isolation and reduced quality of life. Treatment strategies to manage pain and injury are often not successful therefore engagement in preventative measures is critical to prevent the disruption of normal activities and performance of necessary social roles. This narrative review highlights key evidenced based training interventions and educational protocols focused on preventing and managing upper limb pain and injury among full time manual wheelchair users.
Perspectives of future health in self and others: The moderating role of culture.

People tend to perceive themselves more favourably than others, but the degree to which individuals exhibit this bias may be influenced by cultural upbringing. Korean (n = 271) and American (n = 50...
Spin-Orbit Torques and Spin Dynamics

This chapter is devoted to spin-orbit torques and their interplay with the magnetization of magnetically ordered materials. We will introduce basic concepts of spin dynamics and mechanisms to manipulate magnetization by spin torques. Besides that, we will review recent theoretical and experimental progress in this field. The scope of this chapter is to provide an elementary discussion of important aspects of the physics of spin torques as it relates to switching or dynamically exciting magnetization in ferromagnets.
Structure and Function of Hepatic Parenchymal Cells

The liver is considered as the second largest organ of the human body, the first being the skin. However, in terms of ‘in the human body’, the liver is the largest organ. It consists of four lobes and receives dual blood supply via the hepatic portal vein (portal circulation) and the hepatic artery (systemic circulation). The structural organization of the liver is described in terms of the classical lobule and liver acinus. The classical lobule is roughly hexagonal in shape, in which a small efferent vein is central (the central vein) and terminal afferent portal veins are peripheral. The liver acinus describes concentric layers of hepatic parenchymal cells along terminal portal vein branches. The liver acinus is divided into three different zones. Liver serves as a filter of blood, removing nutrients, anabolic and catabolic products, and toxicants. Liver cells known as hepatic parenchymal cells perform numerous important functions such as protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, detoxification, and others. Organelles in hepatic parenchymal cells that carry out these several hepatic functions are similar to those found in the cells of other body tissues/organs. In hepatic parenchymal cells, however, all the cytosomal organelles (ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria) assume many more roles, and are prominently present. This chapter describes the present understanding of structure and functions of various organelles in hepatic parenchymal cells.
The Moderator Effects of Taskload on the Interplay Between En Route Intra-Sector Team Communications, Situation Awareness, and Mental Workload

Recently, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) began a program of research to investigate the role that intra-team communication plays in helping radar air traffic control teams coordinate their individual efforts. Based on the literature of controller and pilot communications, it was hypothesized that as taskload increased, communications would increase in order to maintain situational awareness. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that there would be an inverse relationship between taskload and situational awareness. METHOD. Using a high-fidelity air traffic control (ATC) simulator, ten 2-person teams, consisting of certified ATC specialists, performed routine ATC tasks within a single factor (low and high workload) repeated measure design. Performance was videotaped and the frequency of intra-team communications was counted. Post scenario perceptions of taskload and situational awareness were assessed using a version of the NASA Taskload Index (TLX) and a 4-item scale developed at the William J. Hughes Technical Center, respectively. RESULTS. Bivariate correlations of intra-team communications (c), taskload (t) and situational awareness (s) were separately analyzed for low and high workload. Because the sign of the correlations were established a priori, a one tailed test of significance was used with p < .10 as a test of significance. Results for the low workload condition were r sub c,t = -.14 (ns), r sub c,s = .38 (ns), and r sub t,s = -.62**. Correlations for the high workload conditions were r sub c,t = .51*, r sub c,s = .63*, r sub t,s = -.30 (ns). CONCLUSIONS. Under high workload conditions, as perceptions of taskload increased, there was a corresponding increase in the frequency of intra-team communications. The data suggest that the increase in communications is used to maintain situational awareness. This conclusion supports the a priori hypotheses. However, under low workload conditions, the data fail to support the hypotheses, with the exception that perceptions of situational awareness decreased as taskload increased.
Optical-Magnetostatic Wave Interactions

It is fortunate that the garnet films that support magnetostatic wave propagation are also transparent to infrared light in the range of wavelengths between 1 and 5 μm. This includes wavelengths of 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm, which are of particular interest for optical fiber communications systems. Since a single film can be used simultaneously as a waveguide for optical and magnetostatic modes, interactions between these modes can be exploited for devices such as microwave spectrum analyzers, optical frequency shifters, tunable optical filters, and optical beam deflectors.
EFFECT OF NOISE ON BIFURCATIONS AND PATTERNS IN DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS

Bifurcations and the evolution and nature of patterns in nonlinear dissipative systems are usually discussed in terms of deterministic equations of motion for the macroscopic variables 1 which neglect the “microscopic” degrees of freedom of the system. There are circumstances, however, under which the neglected degrees of freedom play an important role. Usually their influence can then be included in some average sense by the addition of a stochastic force to the deterministic equations,2 for instance to the Navier-Stokes equation for Rayleigh-Benard convection1 (RBC) or to the hydrodynamic equations for electro-convection (EC) in a thin layer of a nematic liquid crystal3 to which a voltage is applied. Simplified models with limited ranges of applicability usually have to be derived from these stochastic equations to make specific predictions feasible.4–7
Identification of Genetic Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer: Analytic Approaches Using Hereditary Prostate Cancer Families

In 2009, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 192,280 new cases, and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with an estimated 27,360 related deaths (Jemal et al. 2008). Increasing age, positive family history, and African ancestry are established major risk factors for prostate cancer (Bostwick et al. 2004).
François Dubet, Valérie Caillet, Régis Cortéséro, David Mélo, Françoise Rault, Injustices : expérience des inégalités au travail, Le Seuil, Paris, 2006, (490 p.)

Injustices : experience des inegalites au travail est une contribution essentielle a l’analyse des cadres interpretatifs a travers lesquels les individus font sens des realites qui les entourent. L’objet de ce livre est l’ensemble des principes qui structurent la perception de l’injustice dans le milieu du travail. Francois Dubet et ses collaborateurs/etudiants identifient trois principes dominants et complementaires, lesquels concernent l’egalite, le merite et l’autonomie (ou la dignite et l...
One percent of human circulating B lymphocytes are capable of producing the natural anti-Gal antibody

The natural anti-Gal antibody constitutes 1% of circulating IgG in humans and interacts specifically with the carbohydrate epitope Gal alpha 1–3Gal beta 1–4GlcNAc-R (the alpha-galactosyl epitope). In view of the unusually large amounts of this antibody in the serum, it was of interest to determine the proportion of circulating B lymphocytes capable of synthesizing anti-Gal. For this purpose, blood B lymphocytes were incubated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and plated in microtiter wells. Proliferation of the EBV transformed B lymphocytes was readily visible after 3 weeks of incubation. The supernatants from wells containing proliferating B-lymphoid clones were assayed for anti-Gal by an agglutination assay with rabbit red blood cells and the specificity of the agglutinating antibodies was further confirmed by their interaction with synthetic oligosaccharides and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with glycoproteins. Approximately 5% of the wells contained anti-Gal antibodies. Limiting dilution studies and IgH gene rearrangement patterns suggested that each well contained an average of five proliferating B-lymphoid clones. Thus, it is concluded that approximately 1% of circulating B lymphocytes are capable of producing anti-Gal. The proportion of anti-Gal--producing lymphoid clones exceeds by fourfold that of clones producing anti-blood group A or anti-blood group B antibodies. Individual anti-Gal clones display fine variations in their combining site, as indicated by their differential interaction with alpha-galactosyl epitopes on glycolipids and on N-linked carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins. The high frequency of precursor B lymphocytes capable of producing anti-Gal, found in every individual and the restricted specificity of this antibody to alpha-galactosyl epitopes, potentially makes anti-Gal--producing lymphocytes an effective system for studying human Ig genes involved in the natural immune response to structurally defined haptens.
Chapter 104 Preference Reversals

Publisher Summary Study of preference reversals originated with cognitive psychologists and has spread to experimental economics because it is directly relevant to the empirical validity of economic theories of decision-making under uncertainty. A preference reversal experiment involves paired choice and valuation responses, usually over simple two-outcome gambles. Subjects are asked to choose which of a pair of gambles they want to play. They are also asked to place minimum selling prices on the gambles in an experimental context in which telling the truth is a dominant strategy. A preference reversal occurs when a subject places a lower selling price on the gamble that he/she chooses than on the other gamble in a pair. Preference reversals call into question the empirical validity of economic theory because they provide support for the conclusion that the preferences that subjects reveal vary with the response mode (choice or valuation) that is used to elicit the preferences.
Category learning in Poor Comprehenders.

Poor comprehenders (PCs) are characterized by poor reading comprehension despite intact decoding and general cognitive ability. Poor word meaning knowledge is one of the earliest deficits associate...
Longitudinal Outcomes of Women Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

ObjectiveRecent data have suggested that women have a survival benefit at 1-year follow-up. However, long-term gender-based TAVR outcomes are lacking.MethodsAll patients undergoing isolated TAVR from 2011 to 2017 were included. Patients were stratified by gender. The primary outcomes of the study were 3-year mortality and 3-year hospital readmissions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk-adjusted impact of gender on TAVR outcomes.ResultsA total of 1,036 patients were divided into male (n = 518) and female (n = 518) cohorts. Women had a borderline significantly increased STS PROM (8.3% ± 5 vs. 7.7% ± 4.4; P = 0.05). The majority of procedures were performed under conscious sedation (male: 89% vs. female: 88%; P = 0.62) and via transfemoral access (male: 81.8% vs. female: 81.4%; P = 0.46). There was no difference in operative (30-day) mortality (male: 15 [3.3%] vs. female: 17 [3.7%]; P = 0.77) or 30-day readmissions (male: 40 [10.8%] vs. female: 44 [12.2%]; P = 0.56). Per...
Rethinking Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Aspirin's routine use for primary prevention has been the subject of controversy because of questionable benefits and increased bleeding risk. Aspirin therapy may reduce the relative risk of a first heart attack or stroke, but this benefit could be outweighed by the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Improving human cortical sulcal curve labeling in large scale cross-sectional MRI using deep neural networks

Abstract Background : Human cortical primary sulci are relatively stable landmarks and commonly observed across the population. Despite their stability, the primary sulci exhibit phenotypic variability. New Method : We propose a fully automated pipeline that integrates both sulcal curve extraction and labeling. In this study, we use a large normal control population (n = 1424) to train neural networks for accurately labeling the primary sulci. Briefly, we use sulcal curve distance map, surface parcellation, mean curvature and spectral features to delineate their sulcal labels. We evaluate the proposed method with 8 primary sulcal curves in the left and right hemispheres compared to an established multi-atlas curve labeling method. Results : Sulcal labels by the proposed method reasonably well agree with manual labeling. The proposed method outperforms the existing multi-atlas curve labeling method. Comparison with Existing Method : Significantly improved sulcal labeling results are achieved with over 12.5 and 20.6 percent improvement on labeling accuracy in the left and right hemispheres, respectively compared to that of a multi-atlas curve labeling method in eight curves (p≪0.001, two-sample t-test). Conclusion : The proposed method offers a computationally efficient and robust labeling of major sulci.
A.R.T. Ancient Rome Tour 2.0 Upgraded How Nero Saved Rome

[IT] La presentazione di Altair4 ad Arquelogica 2.0 consiste essenzialmente nella presentazione delle ultime produzioni su Roma Antica, attraverso la proiezione di alcune animazioni tratte da "How Nero Saved Rome" film in HD per National Geographic Channel e Il Foro Romano e i Fori Imperiali per la trasmissione RAI Ulisse. Queste produzioni si inquadrano nell'ambito del progetto pluriennale A.R.T. (Ancient Rome Tour). Il progetto nasce nel 1998 con il proposito di creare nuovi strumenti di comunicazione per la conoscenza della storia della costruzione della citta di Roma e degli eventi ad essa collegati. Dopo dieci anni dalla prima pubblicazione si e deciso di operare un significativo aggiornamento dei contenuti della parte piu monumentale della citta, il palatino, il foro romano, i fori imperiali e la valle del colosseo, area un tempo in gran parte occupata dalla fastosa residenza dell'imperatore Nerone: La Domus Aurea. In questi dieci anni infatti si sono raccolti e analizzati i risultati di alcune importanti attivita di scavo e ricerca svolte da diverse istituzioni e istituti di ricerca concretizzati in un impegnativo lavoro di sintesi visuale con gli strumenti della computer grafica 3D cercando di restituire una unita spaziale ad un'area che risulta oggi estremamente frammentata e di difficile lettura.
On block Gaussian sketching for the Kaczmarz method

The Kaczmarz algorithm is one of the most popular methods for solving large-scale over-determined linear systems due to its simplicity and computational efficiency. This method can be viewed as a special instance of a more general class of sketch and project methods. Recently, a block Gaussian version was proposed that uses a block Gaussian sketch, enjoying the regularization properties of Gaussian sketching, combined with the acceleration of the block variants. Theoretical analysis was only provided for the non-block version of the Gaussian sketch method. Here, we provide theoretical guarantees for the block Gaussian Kaczmarz method, proving a number of convergence results showing convergence to the solution exponentially fast in expectation. On the flip side, with this theory and extensive experimental support, we observe that the numerical complexity of each iteration typically makes this method inferior to other iterative projection methods. We highlight only one setting in which it may be advantageous, namely when the regularizing effect is used to reduce variance in the iterates under certain noise models and convergence for some particular matrix constructions.