cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pedagogy of Visibility: Constructs and Contests of Iranianness in a Community-Organized School in a Large Southern U.S. City

This article highlights how a community-organized language school that teaches Persian serves as a site of diasporic cultural production. Specifically, I examine how the school serves as a site to teach the Persian language, delimit cultural meanings, and facilitate a sense of belonging and community membership among a diverse group of parents and children. This study also endeavors to situate the views of parents, teachers, and students in this exploratory case study within a larger history of diasporic Iranian experience in the United States. In doing so, the analysis shows that community education efforts remain vital to the understanding and exploration of notions of identity and culture that may be socially contested and produced within diasporic communities.
Characteristics of softwater streams in Rhode Island. III. Distribution of macrophytic vegetation in a small drainage basin

The Wood River watershed, a small well-defined drainage basin in Rhode Island was monitored seasonally for all macrophytic vegetation and various physical variables. Twenty-four segments, 20 m in length were sampled. Mean stream depth, width and current velocity increased by 3 to 8 fold from 1st- to 4th-order segments. Light penetration was positively correlated with the above variables (p < 0.05) and increased by 11 fold from the headwaters to the mouth during September when the riparian canopy was maximum. 74 subgeneric taxa of macrophytes were collected in the Wood River basin, 36% algae, 13% bryophytes, 4% vascular cryptograms and 45% angiosperms. The highest diversity occurred in the 4th-order segments throughout the year. Species numbers were positively correlated with depth, width and light penetration (p < 0.05). Vascular plants dominated all orders, but their proportion doubled from 1st- to 4th-order streams. Macrophyte cover was twice as high in the 4th-order segments in June and September as in the other orders. Macrophyte abundance was positively correlated to light penetration and negatively correlated to the ratio of nonvascular: vascular plants (p < 0.05). Two distinct clusters were found for the predominant species. The first cluster contained mostly large angiosperms, which were rooted in sediments, while the second cluster was composed of small epilithic algae and bryophytes. The moss, Fontinalis antipyretica, was the most frequent species, occurring in 51% of the samples and in all 4 orders throughout the year.
Financial Constraints and Farm Investment

This study contributes to the q-based empirical investment literature by using a Bayesian approach to analyze the impact of internal financial variables on a q-based investment model, accounting specifically for variable selection and incorporating outliers explicitly within the advocated modeling framework. For the balanced panel analyzed, a farm's liquidity situation is found to affect its investment significantly. Incorporation of an outlier detection component changes the results drastically, in both the variables chosen and the parameter estimates. The results and the nature of most investment data suggest that not accounting for outliers may lead to inaccurate inference.
Why Measuring Security Is Hard

For many years, we've been trying to measure "security" so that we can increase accountability, demonstrate compliance, and determine whether and by how much our investments in products and processes are making our systems more secure. This article investigates why security measurement is difficult and what strategies might help address our needs.
Impaired transactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor cloned from the Guyanese squirrel monkey

Squirrel monkeys are among a diverse group of New World primates that demonstrate unusually high levels of circulating corticosteroids and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) insensitivity. Recent evidence suggests that overexpression of an immunophilin impairs dexamethasone binding to GR in the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis). Here we describe the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of GR from the closely related Guyanese squirrel monkey (S. sciureus). The cloned Guyanese squirrel monkey GR (gsmGR) cDNA closely resembles human GR (hGR) cDNA, and yields a high affinity dexamethasone binding receptor when expressed in COS-1 cells. Transactivation analysis of hGR and gsmGR expressed in CV-1 cells and cultured squirrel monkey kidney (SMK) cells indicates that: (1) SMK cells elaborate a functional high activity GR from human GR cDNA; (2) gsmGR is an order of magnitude less efficient than hGR at transactivation in CV-1 and SMK cells; and (3) maximal transactivation by gsmGR is attenuated in both cell lines. Glucocorticoid resistance in S. sciureus is at least partly attributable to a naturally occurring mutation in the GR gene that results in impaired GR transactivation.
An object-oriented approach to general purpose fluid dynamics software☆

Abstract Our objective is to demonstrate the efficacy of object-oriented programming for the development of scientific and engineering analysis software. We illustrate this through discussion of our application of object-oriented programming to computational fluid dynamics. We have written an object-oriented code in C++ employing the finite element method for the solution of transportphenomena problems. Our emphasis is chemical engineering applications. The code solves the continuum equations of fluid dynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer with chemical reactions. In principle, the number of chemical reactions is limited only by the computing facilities that are available. New reactions are easily added to the system via the input data to the code. To demonstrte the code, we present original research simulating electroplating into a small pit with a fluid jet traversing the top, as occurs in circuit-board manufacture. We used a fully coupled transient model of the fluid dynamics and electrochemistry, and tracked the growth of the electroplated surface. We describe how this work was facilitated by the use of object-oriented programming.
Backward walking simulation of humans using optimization

The objective of this study is to formulate, simulate and study the backward walking motion of a full-body skeletal digital human model using an optimization approach. Predictive dynamics is used to simulate the task in which joint angle profiles are treated as primary unknowns in the formulation. The joint torques are treated as dependent variables that are evaluated directly from the equations of motion. For the performance measure, the normalized dynamic effort represented by the integral of the squares of all the normalized joint torques is minimized subject to the associated physical constraints. Backward walking at different speeds is simulated and analyzed. The backward walking is validated with motion capture data and the available data in the literature. The results of the backward walking motion are compared to those of the forward walking motion in order to study the differences between the two walking patterns. It is seen that the joint torque profiles for hip and knee of backward walk are quite similar to those of forward walk with reverse sequence, but with different time duration of flexion and extension activations. These findings can impact many fields, such as improvement of human performance, rehabilitation from injuries, and others.
Secretion of Sulfonamides in Milk Following Intramammary Oral and Parenteral Administrations

Summary Commercial preparations of sulfonamides were administered to lactating dairy cows by one or more routes to determine the duration of their secretion in milk. Neoprontosil injected intramuscularly at the rate of 240 gr/cow was not detected in milk during the first 24-hr post-injection. Intravenous injection of sulfabrom (0.25 gr/lb of body wt), suljex (772 gr/cow), and sulfamerazine (0.5 and 1.0 gr/lb of body wt) resulted in detectable levels of drug residues for maximum periods of 21, 38, 54, and 54 hr, respectively. After intrauterine infusion of sulfaurea (77 gr of sulfonamides), the drug was detected in milk a maximum of 45 hr. Orally administered sulfonamides, dose in grains/pound body weight, and the maximum period the drugs were detected in milk were: (a) sulfanilamide, 1.0 gr, 86 hr; (b) sulfadiazine, 0.5 gr, 62 hr; and (c) sulfamerazine, 0.5 gr, 60 hr. Following intramammary infusion of suljex at the rate of 77 gr/quarter, the drug was detected in milk a maximum of 7 hr. Chromatographic determinations indicated that the concentration of sulfamerazine (from suljex) in milk was 4.86 times greater than that of sulfapyridine. After infusion of sulfamerazine as a single drug at the rate of 80 gr/quarter, it was detected in milk for a maximum of 24 hr.
The Effect of Thalamic Lesions on Primate Taste Preference

Taste preferences and aversions were examined before and after the placement of bilateral, electrophysiologically guided electrolytic lesions of the thalamic taste area in five Old World monkeys. The only consistent changes shown by all lesioned monkeys on the 30-min, single-bottle intake test were a significantly attenuated consumption of 0.003 M quinine hydrochloride and a significantly elevated intake of 0.1 M sodium chloride. These specific taste deficits are contrary to the global hypogeusia predicted on the basis of previous research. A revised definition of the boundaries of the gustatory thalamus is suggested and the merits of the thalamic monkey preparation are compared with those of the decerebrate rat model.
Integrated farm management to prevent Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of eggs

Abstract Salmonella Enteritidis in contaminated eggs is a public health hazard that may cause hospitalization or death in the elderly, infants, and individuals with impaired immune systems. Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis infection of laying hens is an essential first step in reducing Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks in humans. Multiple interventions at several stages during egg production can combine to reduce numbers of infected chickens and keep egg contamination to low levels. Every effort should be made to exclude Salmonella Enteritidis from egg production premises by implementing effective biosecurity measures, stocking the farm with Salmonella Enteritidis-free replacement pullets, controlling rodent and insect vectors, and denying wild birds and pets access to chicken houses. Diligent cleaning and disinfection of chicken houses before introduction of a new flock will minimize environmental exposure and indirect horizontal transmission of multiple pathogens, including Salmonella Enteritidis. Increased resistance of chickens to intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis can be attained by the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Laying hens should be immunized with live and killed vaccines to stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity and reduce the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis-contaminated eggs. Shell eggs should be refrigerated as soon as possible after laying to keep Salmonella Enteritidis cells at low levels in any contaminated eggs. Comprehensive Salmonella Enteritidis-control programs have proven to be successful in reducing the incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in both egg-laying flocks and humans.
Decentralized adaptive routing for virtual circuit networks using stochastic learning automata

The problem of routing virtual circuits according to dynamical probabilities in virtual-circuit packet-switched networks is considered. Queueing network models are introduced and performance measures are defined. A decentralized asynchronous adaptive routing methodology based on learning automata theory is presented. Every node in the network has a stochastic learning automaton as a router for every destination node. The routing probabilities that are assigned to the network paths are updated asynchronously on the basis of current network conditions. A learning algorithm suitable for routing is used. Some initial simulation experiments, for a simple network, show convergence to optimal routing. >
Government Takings: Determinants of Eminent Domain

There is a well-documented link between institutions of secure property rights and economic development. The increasing use of eminent domain to transfer property from one private owner to another for private benefit, upheld in the Supreme Court's controversial Kelo decision, undermines the security of property rights. While previous research examines the effect of eminent domain use, this paper explores which factors explain varying levels of eminent domain use for private benefit across states. The author finds that corruption, election of state Supreme Courts, federalism, and economic freedom are important determinants of eminent domain use for private benefit.
Individual and Household Values of Mortality Reductions with Intrahousehold Bargaining

I derive alternative measures of maximum willingness to pay (WTP) and value of statistical life (VSL) for selfish members of two-person households who bargain efficiently over consumption of individual and household goods. There is then no systematic bias in letting one member conduct the valuation on behalf of the household. Public-good VSL may exceed private-good VSL when each member attaches (selfish) preferences to survival of the spouse, and to any income from a surviving spouse in period 2. When period 2 is a retirement period and household members’ incomes are fixed, interview surveys tend to overvalue VSL due to ignored negative effects of own survival on private of public pension budgets.
Distributed adaptive attribute-based image retrieval

In this paper, we describe a prototype system, named DAIRS, for distributed image retrieval. DAIRS features adaptive query reformulation mechanism for improving the retrieval effectiveness. The query reformulation mechanism is based on the calculation of the functional dependency between each image attribute and the user's relevance feedback. The importance (or weight) of each attribute is modified in the reformulated query based on the degree of such functional dependency. Since image servers are dynamically evolving in a distributed environment, DAIRS has been designed to deal with image databases in various domains distributed in the Internet. The DAIRS communication protocol is designed to cooperate with http and ftp, so that the client can easily access the distributed image repositories. Experimental results show that the query reformulation mechanism significantly improves the retrieval effectiveness.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Environmental Justice and the Role of Criminology: An Analytical Review of 33 Years of Environmental Justice Research

An increasing number of scholars and activists have begun to tackle a variety of issues relevant to environmental justice studies. This study attempts to address the role of criminologists in this ...
A Hox Regulatory Network Establishes Motor Neuron Pool Identity and Target-Muscle Connectivity

Spinal motor neurons acquire specialized "pool" identities that determine their ability to form selective connections with target muscles in the limb, but the molecular basis of this striking example of neuronal specificity has remained unclear. We show here that a Hox transcriptional regulatory network specifies motor neuron pool identity and connectivity. Two interdependent sets of Hox regulatory interactions operate within motor neurons, one assigning rostrocaudal motor pool position and a second directing motor pool diversity at a single segmental level. This Hox regulatory network directs the downstream transcriptional identity of motor neuron pools and defines the pattern of target-muscle connectivity.
Clinical trials of vitamin and mineral supplements for cancer prevention

Approximately 20-30% of Americans consume multivitamin supplements daily, indicating high public interest in the prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases through a nutrition-based approach. Although several bioactive food components, including vitamins and minerals, have been investigated for their ability to affect cancer risk, few large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of multivitamins with cancer as the primary endpoint have been performed. The results of most large-scale trials of multivitamin supplements (combinations of > or = 2 vitamins and minerals) to prevent cancer have been mixed. The Linxian General Population and Dysplasia trials found a decreased risk of cancer, particularly stomach cancer, for participants taking a multivitamin supplement, but this was in a borderline-deficient population in China. Two trials, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study and the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, found an increased risk of lung cancer among male cigarette smokers or asbestos-exposed persons taking beta-carotene-a surprising result, considering that most epidemiologic studies have suggested that consumption of fruit and vegetables appears to lower cancer risk. To clarify the effects of multivitamin supplements, several large randomized clinical trials are underway, including the Physicians' Health Study II, the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial, and a European study, Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants (SU.VI. MAX). Because epidemiologic studies generally evaluate foods rather than specific bioactive food components, a systematic approach to determining how combinations of vitamins and minerals may interact to ameliorate cancer risk is necessary to further our understanding of the potential benefits and risks of supplement use.
Effect of Spatial Variation on Zooplankton Community Assessment in Fishery Studies

Abstract Many fishery researchers studying zooplankton abundance and size structure fail to implement a sampling protocol that addresses the horizontal distribution of zooplankton. Therefore, we assessed the horizontal and seasonal differences in the abundance and size structure of zooplankton in a small (43 ha) South Dakota impoundment. We collected zooplankton samples from vegetated, edge, and non-vegetated areas using a 1.5-m integrated tube sampler in May, June, and July 2001. Overall, Cyclopoida and Daphnia were more abundant in the vegetated area, but Calanoida were more abundant in the non-vegetated areas. Size differences were also found, but differences were inconsistent among months and habitat classifications. We also quantified the number of samples required to obtain a 20% coefficient of variation of the mean abundance of zooplankton species among months and habitat categories. The results of our study illustrate the importance of implementing a sampling design that accounts for the spatial v...
INTELLECTUAL VERSUS WISDOM-RELATED KNOWLEDGE: THE CASE FOR A DIFFERENT KIND OF LEARNING IN THE LATER YEARS OF LIFE

Lifelong learning and continued education are essential for older people who want to stay involved in a rapidly changing world. However, in the later years of life, it may be even more important to acquire the timeless and universal knowledge of wisdom. Whereas intellectual knowledge enables elderly people to stay involved in worldly affairs, wisdom-related knowledge helps them to prepare for the physical and social decline of old age and ultimately their own death. Moreover, while intellectual knowledge tends to decrease with advancing age, the relationship between wisdom and aging is potentially positive, provided that cognitive deterioration does not become pathological. By illustrating the difference between intellectual and wisdom-related knowledge in the areas of goals, approach, range, acquisition, effects on the knower, and relation to aging, it is argued that wisdom rather than intellectual knowledge is crucial for aging well.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Corneal Infections in Seriously Ill Children

Bacterial corneal ulcers can destroy vision if not treated early. Two seriously ill patients developed corneal infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa while in the pediatric intensive care unit. In one patient the eye was destroyed. The other patient was treated successfully, but early intervention was crucial.
Development of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Moraxella macacae associated with bloody nose syndrome in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques

Background Moraxella macacae is a recently described bacterial pathogen that causes epistaxis or so-called bloody nose syndrome in captive macaques. The aim of this study was to develop specific molecular diagnostic assays for M. macacae and to determine their performance characteristics. Methods We developed six real-time PCR assays on the Roche LightCycler. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD) were determined for each assay, in addition to further validation by testing nasal swabs from macaques presenting with epistaxis at the Tulane National Primate Research Center. Results All assays exhibited 100% specificity and were highly sensitive with an LOD of 10 fg for chromosomal assays and 1 fg for the plasmid assay. Testing of nasal swabs from 10 symptomatic macaques confirmed the presence of M. macacae in these animals. Conclusions We developed several accurate, sensitive, and species-specific real-time PCR assays for the detection of M. macacae in captive macaques.
Representational Plasticity in Cortical Area 3b Paralleling Tactual-motor Skill Acquisition in Adult Monkeys

The representations of the surfaces of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortical field, area 3b, were reconstructed in detail in seven owl monkeys and two squirrel monkeys trained to pick up food pellets from five wells of different sizes. From an early clumsy performance in which several to many retrieval attempts were required for each successful pellet retrieval, the monkeys exhibited a gradual improvement in digital dexterity as shown by significant decreases in mean numbers of grasp attempts/successful retrieval and corresponding standard deviations (e.g. 5.8 +/- 4.5 and 4.8 +/- 3.1 respectively, for the smallest well) between the first and last training sessions. All monkeys commonly used alternative, specific retrieval strategies involving various combinations of digits for significant time epochs before developing a highly successful strategy, which, once achieved, was rapidly stereotyped. For example, the numbers of digit combinations used during the first five versus the last five training sessions decreased from 3.3 +/- 0.7 to 1.8 +/- 0.6 for the smallest well. In both owl and squirrel monkeys, as the behavior came to be stereotyped, monkeys reliably engaged limited surfaces of the glabrous tips of two digits (in eight monkeys), or of three digits (in one monkey) in the palpation and manipulation of these small pellets for their location, capture, and transportation to the mouth. In cortical area 3b, the magnification of representation of these differentially engaged glabrous fingertip surfaces was nearly 2x larger than for the corresponding surfaces of other hand digits, or for the contralateral cortical representations of the same digit surfaces on the opposite hand. In parallel, cutaneous receptive field for area 3b neurons representing crucial digital tip surfaces were less than half as large as were those representing the corresponding surfaces of control digits. Receptive field overlaps were smaller on the trained fingertips than on control fingers. Moreover, the proportion of small overlaps was greater for the trained digits (76 +/- 7%) than for the other digits of the same hand (49 +/- 5.4%). There was still a simple, single--but apparently topologically expanded--representation of these differentially engaged skin surfaces in these monkeys. Thus, with very limited manual exercise over a total period of a few hours of practice at a skill played out in brief daily sessions over a several week long training period, the representations of skin surfaces providing information crucial for successfully performing a small-object retrieval behavior appeared to be substantially remodeled in the most 'primary' of the SI somatosensory cortical fields, cortical area 3b. By that remodeling, behaviorally important skin surfaces were represented in a much finer representational grain than normal. Some implications of these findings for motor skill acquisition are discussed.
Macaca fascicularis as a model in which to assess the safety and efficacy of a vaccine for periodontitis

We have assessed Macaca fascicularis as a potential model in which to test the efficacy and safety of a vaccine for periodontitis. Twenty-eight animals were surveyed and 20 studied in more detail. Clinical periodontal status was assessed, the subgingival microflora analyzed especially for the presence and proportions of Porphyromonas gingivalis and titers and avidities of serum antibodies reactive with P. gingivalis measured. Probing depths ranged from 0.90 mm to 3.80 mm, Gingival Index scores from 0.00 to 4.00 and Plaque Index scores from 0.00 to 3.00. About 40% of sites bled on probing. The animals manifested a subgingival flora characteristic of the anaerobic gram-negative bacteria found in human periodontal pockets, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. P. gingivalis was detected in 70 of 80 samples studied, ranging from 0.01% to 20% of the total flora. Serum antibody reactive with antigens of P. gingivalis was observed in all animals, with titers ranging from 1.0 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) unit to 25 ELISA units and avidities from 0.10 M to 2.20 M. Antibody titer and maximum percentage of P. gingivalis were inversely correlated, indicating that a humoral immune response may be effective in reducing P. gingivalis overgrowth. M. fascicularis appears to be an excellent model for use in vaccine development.
Fatty acid composition of cerebrosides in microsomes and myelin of mouse brain.

— The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides isolated from myelin and from light and heavy microsomes of adult mouse brain was determined. 2-Hydroxy fatty acids represented 80 per cent of the fatty acids in myelin cerebrosides and approximately 55 per cent of the fatty acids in both light and heavy microsomes. In myelin, the majority of the fatty acids, both normal and hydroxy, were of chain length > C-20; in microsomes, shorter chain acids (C-16 to C-20) predominated.
Acquisition of a time-memory in forager honey bees

Forager honey bees can associate the time of day with the presence of food at locations outside the hive. It is thought that this time-memory enables the bee to make a spatio-temporal match between its behavior and floral nectar secretion rhythms. Despite a long tradition of research, the mechanisms by which the time-memory becomes established are unknown. We investigated the influences of two experiential factors on the acquisition of time-memory: (1) the number of collecting visits made by the forager within a feeding bout during a restricted time of day and (2) the number of days of exposure to the restricted feeding time. Our results indicate that these two factors control different processes. The number of days of experience influences the temporal accuracy of reconnaissance behavior to the food source. The cumulative number of collecting visits within the feeding bouts has no apparent effect on time-accuracy but, instead, determines the probability of exhibiting food-anticipatory behavior and, if that overt behavior is performed, the intensity of its expression.
FGFR3 Heterodimerization in Achondroplasia, the Most Common Form of Human Dwarfism

The G380R mutation in the transmembrane domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) causes achondroplasia, the most common form of human dwarfism. Achondroplasia is a heterozygous disorder, and thus the affected individuals express both wild-type and mutant FGFR3. Yet heterodimerization in achondroplasia has not been characterized thus far. To investigate the formation of FGFR3 heterodimers in cellular membranes, we designed an FGFR3 construct that lacks the kinase domain, and we monitored the formation of inactive heterodimers between this construct and wild-type and mutant FGFR3. The formation of the inactive heterodimers depleted the pool of full-length receptors capable of forming active homodimers and ultimately reduced their phosphorylation. By analyzing the effect of the truncated FGFR3 on full-length receptor phosphorylation, we demonstrated that FGFR3 WT/G380R heterodimers form with lower probability than wild-type FGFR3 homodimers at low ligand concentration. These results further our knowledge of FGFR3-associated bone disorders.
In Vivo Hemoglobin and Water Concentrations, Oxygen Saturation, and Scattering Estimates From Near-Infrared Breast Tomography Using Spectral Reconstruction1

Materials and Methods. A new spectral reconstruction method that is considered to provide the most accurate estimates of hemoglobin level, oxygen saturation, water fraction, scattering power, and amplitude was used to assess healthy breast tissue imaged in vivo by means of NIR tomography. The approach directly recovers functional parameters with inherent inclusion of spectral behavior enforced through the incorporation of a priori model assumptions. Sixty subjects were imaged by using a frequency-domain instrument followed by spectral image reconstruction and statistical analysis for significant correlations. Results. The new analysis shows statistically significant inverse correlations between body mass index and breast total hemoglobin and water fractions. Water fraction also correlated inversely with age and separated certain categories of breast density. Average scatter power was indicative of breast radiographic density composition, whereas scatter amplitude varied inversely with breast diameter. Total hemoglobin correlated with water fraction, whereas water correlated with scatter power. Conclusion. The changes observed here are attributable to volume fraction alterations and provide some of the most comprehensive data on breast composition variations with demographic factors.
Rat Bite Fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis

Rat bite fever, caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis, is a systemic illness classically characterized by fever, rigors, and polyarthralgias. If left untreated, it carries a mortality rate of 10%. Unfortunately, its nonspecific initial presentation combined with difficulties in culturing its causative organism produces a significant risk of delay or failure in diagnosis. The increasing popularity of rats and other rodents as pets, together with the risk of invasive or fatal disease, demands increased attention to rat bite fever as a potential diagnosis. The clinical and biological features of rat bite fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis are reviewed, providing some distinguishing features to assist the clinician and microbiologist in diagnosis.
Englishized Korean: structure, status, and attitudes

ABSTRACT: English as a world language in Korea has played an important role in changing the Korean language. Among the most noticeable changes are that the Koreal lexis is undergoing a shift from the previous dependence on Chinese-character words to English loanwords; Korean phonology has acquired new phonemes and phonological rules associated with the pronunciation of English loanwords; and extensive English code-mixing and switching can be found in both formal and informal discourse in Korean. These changes are reflections of the increased importance and utility of English in Korea, favorable attitudes of Koreans toward the use of English, and above all, an increase in the number of Korean-English bilinguals in Korea. In addition to the fact that English has gained power in Korea, a factor that contributes to increased use of English is the relative decrease in the use of Chinese-character words that were once the symbol of education and sophistication. Moreover, linguists, educators and the mass media all seem to work together to propagate the use of English in everyday speech.
Gadolinium blocks rat Kupffer cell calcium channels: relevance to calcium-dependent prostaglandin E2 synthesis and septic mortality.

Hepatic Kupffer cells (KC), the major tissue macrophage population, produce the septic response mediators, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and have been shown to internalize gadolinium chloride (GD), a rare earth metal of the lanthanide series. Because GD pretreatment of rats has been shown to inhibit the mortality of sepsis, we studied the secretory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by KC isolated from rats injected with either saline or GD (7 mg/kg, intravenously) on the 2 days before KC isolation. Using culture conditions modified to reflect the intrasinusoidal milieu of arginine (RPMI-1640 media with 10 or 100 μmol/L arginine), KC from GD-treated rats responded to LPS (0.0025 μg/mL) with significantly (P < .01) reduced PGE2 release. In contrast, TNF-α release by treated KC was significantly (P < .05) enhanced, consistent with the loss of PGE2 autocoid inhibition of TNF-α. Calcium flux is an early signaling event in eicosanoid synthesis, and GD is known to block calcium channels. Therefore, KC were loaded with fura-2-AM to study the effect of GD on KC calcium flux. GD prevented ionomycin and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated [Ca++]i increase and calcium-dependent PGE2 synthesis, while GD did not affect PGE2 synthesis when protein kinase C (PKC) was directly activated with tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA). The inhibition of calcium flux and calcium-dependent PGE2 synthesis in the major cell of the monocytic phagocytic system by GD may explain the previously reported ability of this lanthanide to prevent the mortality of endotoxemia.
Transport and error sensitivity in a heavy-ion recirculator

An envelope code has been developed to facilitate the design of a recirculating accelerator for a heavy-ion fusion reactor. A novel feature of the model is the treatment of the beam charge density as a Lagrangian fluid in the axial direction. Transport results for a preliminary recirculator design are presented, and sensitivity of the transport to errors in the magnet strength is discussed. >
Revision and Phylogenetic Assessment of Afroquedius gen. nov. from South Africa: Toward New Concepts of the Genus Quedius, Subtribe Quediina and Reclassification of the Tribe Staphylinini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)

Abstract Study of the South African endemic Quedius sexpunctatus Bernhauer, 1917 revealed a complex of four very similar species, here referred to as the Q. sexpunctatus group, three of them described as new. Although superficially similar to Quedius, members of the Q. sexpunctatus group differ significantly, in some morphological characters, from all other members of that genus, but they do not display any other affiliation within the tribe Staphylinini. To assess the position of these “Quedius” within the system of the tribe, a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 63 morphological characters for a taxon sample, including 10 species representing the genus Quedius, 24 species of other genera of the subtribe Quediina, 11 species from other subtribes of the tribe Staphylinini, and one species each of the tribes Maorothiini, Platyprosopini, and Arrowinini (altogether 48 terminal taxa). It showed that the Q. sexpunctatus group is a relatively basal lineage of Staphylinini, rather remote f...
How voice call technology poses security threats in 4G LTE networks

To support voice calls vital to mobile users and carriers, 4G LTE cellular networks adopt two solutions: VoLTE (Voice Over LTE) and CSFB (Circuit-Switched FallBack). In this paper, we disclose that both schemes are harmful to mobile users from a security perspective. The adoption of the latest VoLTE allows an attacker to manipulate the radio resource states of the victim's device in a silent call attack, thereby draining the victim's battery 5–8 times faster. CSFB exhibits two vulnerabilities of exposing 4G↔3G network switch to adversaries. This can be further exploited to launch ping-pong attacks where mobile users may suffer from up to 91.5% performance downgrade, or 4G denial-of-service (DoS) attacks where mobile users are deprived of 4G LTE connectivity without their consent. We devise two proof-of-concept attacks as showcases, and demonstrate their viability over operational LTE networks. We analyze their root causes and uncover that the problems lie in seemingly sound design decisions for functional correctness but such choices bear unexpected and intriguing implications for security design. We finally propose remedies to mitigate the attack damage.
Molecular Aspects of Cell Membranes as Substrates for Interaction with Electromagnetic Fields

Important new questions have arisen concerning the role of the cell membrane in sensing the electrochemical environment which bathes it, and about ways in which these signals in surrounding fluid may be conveyed from the cell surface to its interior. For more than one hundred years, models of cell membranes have focused on the lipid bilayer or plasma membrane as the essential structural element separating intracellular contents from surrounding fluid. Although this original concept remains valid, there is a new awareness that cell membranes are far more complex. They must detect a wide variety of cell surface stimuli that inlcude neurotransmitter molecules, antibodies and most hormones. From these first events, signals passing to the cell interior initiate a vast spectrum of processes, many associated with release of metabolic energy. In this transductive coupling across the cell membrane, intracellular responses are triggered at energy levels far higher than in the initial cell surface event.
Ecology of Conus on Seychelles reefs at mid-twentieth century: comparative habitat use and trophic roles of co-occurring congeners

This comparative ecological study of 33 species of the predatory gastropod Conus in coral reef-associated habitats in Seychelles emphasizes variation in species composition, diversity, and population density with environmental attributes, and use of food and space resources by co-occurring congeners. Topographically simple but physically harsh intertidal benches supported eight or nine species of generally small body size [mean shell length (SL) 22 mm] but relatively high population density (0.2 m−2). Structurally more complex, physically benign, subtidal coral reef platforms supported more species (7–19, mean = 12) of much broader size range and larger mean SL (41 mm), but at lower population densities (0.02–0.14 m−2). Most species (85 %) preyed on polychaete worms. One preyed exclusively on a hemichordate worm, two on fishes, and three on gastropods. In general, species specialized more on different prey taxa than different microhabitats. These results are generally consistent with those previously reported for Conus spp. assemblages in similar habitats elsewhere in the tropical Indo-Pacific. They support the hypotheses that (1) resource partitioning, especially of food resources but also of microhabitats, facilitates assemblages of numerous co-occurring Conus spp. and their avoidance of interspecific competition, and (2) ecological differentiation has contributed importantly to the striking Cenozoic adaptive radiation of Conus. The fieldwork, in 1957–1958, also provides baseline data for future studies of how changing marine environmental conditions affect coral reef-associated biotas.
Advanced Supply Chain Models

In Chap. 12, three, main models were developed for the planning and design of supply chains. The first model supported the selection of the transportation process for a single origin–destination link in the supply chain. Because of its focused scope the model could be highly detailed. The second model supported tactical planning. It accommodated multiple products with a bill of materials structure, multiple echelons, and multiple periods. The third major model supported strategic supply chain decisions. It accommodated multiple echelons and multiple periods, but not bill of material relationships. In general, the models became more aggregate when their scope and time horizon expanded. In this chapter, more advanced models are introduced that accommodate specific complicating features of the supply chain. The model used in the decision support for a specific supply chain instance may include some, but most likely not all, of these expansions. Increasing the complexity of the model requires more detailed data, more sophisticated algorithms, and longer computation times.
Aspects of Metacognitive Self-Awareness in Maryland Virtual Patient

This paper describes Maryland Virtual Patient (MVP), a simulation and tutoring environment developed to support training cognitive decision making in clinical medicine. MVP is implemented as a society of agents, with one role – that of the trainee – played by a human and other roles played by artificial intelligent agents. In order to make the trainee’s experience as similar as possible to the traditional medical training environment, MVP is implemented as a collection of knowledge-based models of simulated human-like perception, reasoning and action processes. MVP operation involves metacognition: for example, the MVP virtual patient is aware of the physiological state of its body, of its physiological and character traits as well as of lacunae in its knowledge about the world and about language. This self-awareness influences the virtual patient’s reasoning and actions. In this paper we illustrate the role of metacognitive self-awareness in the overall operation of MVP.
Pirimiphos-methyl as a Protectant for Stored Rough Rice: Small Bin Tests

Control of stored-product insects with pirimiphosmethyl applied at rates of 5, 10 or 15 ppm to rough rice was compared directly with the control obtained with 14 ppm malathion when the treated rice was stored in fiberboard drums and subjected to constant, heavy infestation pressure for 12 months. Malathion was ineffective in protecting the grain from a malathion-resistant strain of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). Pirimiphos-methyl at 10 and 15 ppm protected the rice from all insect infestation for 12 months. Chemical residues in the rough rice and in all milling fractions were determined.
The influence of iron on the physical and mechanical properties of β -NiAl.

The influence of iron on the the microstructure and properties of B2 NiAl has been investigated using electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, microhardness and transmission electron microscopy. The resistivity data suggest that quenched-in vacancies (1) enhance iron rearrangement at low temperatures (600-800 K) and (2) annihilate above 800 K. These effects depend strongly on Ni/Al ratio and are greatest for Ni/Al=1. It is also shown that these data correlate directly with the results obtained using the other experimental techniques.
Standing Crop and Drift of Stream Bottom Organisms

Bridwell, J. C. 1919. Some additional Notes on Bruchidae and Their Parasites in the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 4: 15-20. . 1920. Notes on the Bruchidae (Coleoptera) and Their Parasites in the Hawaiian Islands, 3rd Paper. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 4: 403-409. Cushman, R. A. 1911. Notes on the Host Plants and Parasites of Some North American Bruchidae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 4: 489-510. Ford, E. J. Jr. and L. M. Chilson. 1955. Notes and Exhibitions. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc 15: 376. Hinckley, A. D. 1960. The Kiu Beetle, Mimosestes sallaei (Sharp), in Hawaii. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 17: 260-269. Sherman, M. and M. Tamashiro. 1956. Biology and Control of Araecerus levipennis Jordan. (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 16: 138-148.
A free radical scavenger reduces hematoma-induced flap necrosis in Fischer rats.

Free radicals have been shown to play an important role in hematoma-induced flap necrosis. The present study investigated the effect of deferoxamine, a free radical scavenger and iron chelator, on flap necrosis. A 4×2 cm dorsal flap was raised in Fischer inbred rats, and 3 cc of blood from inbred donors was instilled beneath the flap. Saline-treated control animals (Group 1) were compared with two experimental groups. In Group 2, deferoxamine 150 mg/kg was administered 15 minutes before surgery and every 8 hours for 5 days. In Group 3, deferoxamine was given every 8 hours for 3 days before surgery and every 8 hours for 5 days postoperatively. Flap necrosis was assessed on postoperative day 5. Group 2 had significantly less necrosis, 18.6%, than the control group, 64.0% (p <0.001). Group 3, with 36.0% necrosis, also showed improvement (p <0.05). Group 2 and Group 3 were not significantly different. Deferoxamine, a safe and well-tolerated free radical scavenger, greatly enhanced flap survival, presumably by...
Abstract PR01: Long noncoding RNA PVT1 potentiates MYC in human cancers with 8q24 gain

Copy number gain of the 8q24.21 chromosomal region have been a prominent mutation in many human cancers and are associated with poor prognosis. The well-characterized MYC oncogene, which resides in the 8q24.21 region, has been, conventionally, the attractive candidate driving these cancers. However, MYC is often co-gained with an adjacent ”gene desert” region. This “gene desert” often encompasses the long non-coding RNA gene PVT1, the CCDC26 gene candidate, and the GSDMC gene. Whether low copy number gain of one or more of these genes drives neoplasia is not known. We used chromosome engineering in mice to develop strains containing an extra copy of 1) Myc, 2) Pvt1, Ccdc26, Gsdmc, and 3) Myc, Pvt1, Ccdc26, Gsdmc. When rat Neu was introduced into these three strains to test for changes in latency and penetrance in mammary tumor development, only the mice with an extra copy of Myc, Pvt1, Ccdc26, Gsdmc, (but not those with an extra copy of Myc or Pvt1,Ccdc26,Gsdmc), developed adenocarcinomas with reduced latency, suggesting that while an additional copy of the Myc gene failed to measurably advance cancer, it may co-operate with Pvt1, Ccdc26 or Gsdmc to promote cancer. Si-RNA mediated knockdown of Pvt1/PVT1 reduced the proliferation rates in the mouse mammary tumors, as well as in two human breast cell lines with 8q24 amplification (SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231). Silencing of PVT1 markedly decreased MYC protein levels, while no effect was seen in MYC transcript levels, suggesting a PVT1-dependence of MYC protein even in high MYC- amplification cancer cells. Analysis of the TCGA and Progenetix databases suggested that 18% of 45,922 human tumors queried harbor MYC copy number increases, and in >99% of MYC-copy-increase cancers, copy number of PVT1 was co-increased .Tissue microarray analysis using in situ hybridization for PVT1 and immunohistochemistry for MYC revealed that PVT1 RNA and MYC protein expression correlated in primary human tumors. These data together suggested that PVT1 can potentiate MYC in human cancer. CRISPR mediated deletion of PVT1 in colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 either partially or fully ablated tumor formation in xenografts and significantly reduced MYC protein levels by ~50%. We propose that the dependence of high MYC protein levels on PVT1 lncRNA provides a much-needed therapeutic target against MYC protein, which has been refractory to small molecule inhibition. Citation Format: Yuen-Yi Tseng, Anindya Bagchi. Long noncoding RNA PVT1 potentiates MYC in human cancers with 8q24 gain. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Myc: From Biology to Therapy; Jan 7-10, 2015; La Jolla, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2015;13(10 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.