cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blackface Behind Barbed Wire: Gender and Racial Triangulation in the Japanese American Internment Camps

In a dark footnote to a dark chapter in US history, Japanese Americans interned by their own government during World War II performed in blackface behind barbed wire. Exploring blackface performance in the camps raises questions regarding the potential resistance of racial impersonation and blackface's potential for triangulating race.
Evidence for multiple inducible cytochrome P450 isozymes in SENCAR mouse skin by pyridine

Pyridine, an amphipathic solvent, is widely used in industry and is also a constituent of tobacco and its smoke. Since, in addition to inhalation and ingestion, pyridine is also readily absorbed through skin, we assessed the effect of skin application of pyridine on monooxygenase activities and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes and CYP mRNA levels in the skin of SENCAR mice. Compared to controls, a single topical application of pyridine (30 or 50 mg/100 g body weight) resulted in induction of cutaneous 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, 7-pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase, and erythromycin N-demethylase activities. Pyridine treatment also resulted in an increase in reactivity with monoclonal antibodies directed against CYP 1A1, 2B1 and 3A. In Northern blot analysis, treatment of pyridine also showed a significant increase in mRNA for Cyp1a-1 in the skin. These data indicate that murine skin contains multiple inducible CYP isozymes, and that pyridine results in the induction of at least three families of CYP in murine skin.
Epitaxial lift-off process for gallium arsenide substrate reuse and flexible electronics

Epitaxial lift-off process enables the separation of III-V device layers from gallium arsenide substrates and has been extensively explored to avoid the high cost of III-V devices by reusing the substrates. Conventional epitaxial lift-off processes require several post-processing steps to restore the substrate to an epi-ready condition. Here we present an epitaxial lift-off scheme that minimizes the amount of post-etching residues and keeps the surface smooth, leading to direct reuse of the gallium arsenide substrate. The successful direct substrate reuse is confirmed by the performance comparison of solar cells grown on the original and the reused substrates. Following the features of our epitaxial lift-off process, a high-throughput technique called surface tension-assisted epitaxial lift-off was developed. In addition to showing full wafer gallium arsenide thin film transfer onto both rigid and flexible substrates, we also demonstrate devices, including light-emitting diode and metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor, first built on thin active layers and then transferred to secondary substrates.
The effect of simulation on skill performance: a need for change in pediatric nursing education.

Background: This study sought to determine if student's performance of safety skills improved following a simulated educational experience. Methods Further analysis of data from a quasi-experimental design ( n =73) was examined to identify if student's skill performance improved following a simulated educational intervention. Results Students did show an improvement in skill performance, but even after the intervention over half the students did not assess patient identification, over half did not administer medications safely, and students struggled with communicating nursing recommendations. Conclusion Further research needs to focus on skill performance and assessing students' ability to provide safe nursing care.
Language access services for Latinos with limited English proficiency: lessons learned from Hablamos Juntos.

BACKGROUND The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funded Hablamos Juntos (HJ), a $10-million multiyear demonstration to improve access to health care for Latinos with limited English proficiency and to explore cost-effective ways for health care organizations to provide language access services.
An analysis of (h,k,l)-shellsort

One classical sorting algorithm, whose performance in many cases remains unanalyzed, is Shellsort. Let $\vec{h} be a t-component vector of positive integers. An $\vec{h}$-Shellsort will sort any given n elements in t passes, by means of comparisons and exchanges of elements. Let $S_j$($\vec{h}$;n) denote the average number of element exchanges in the j-th pass, assuming that all the n! initial orderings are equally likely. In this paper we derive asymptotic formulas of $S_j$($\vec{h}$;n) for any fixed $\vec{h}$ = (h,k,l), making use of a new combinatorial interpretation of $S_3$. For the special case $\vec{h}$ = (3,2,1), the analysis if further sharpened to yield exact expressions.
Contextos de crianza del niño. Problemas y prospectiva

RESUMENLa idea de este articulo es hacer una integracion teorica del conocimiento existente sobre los contextos de crianza del nino. A la luz de las investigaciones existentes el autor hace varias propuestas: la distincion entre contexto de desarrollo primario (bajo guia de otras personas) y secundario (sin esta intervencion); la importancia de terceras partes en el desarrollo potencial de un escenario; el desarrollo potencial se ve incrementado en virtud de las interrelaciones entre ese escenario y otros contextos en los que se inserta el nino. La escuela se ha separado progresivamente del hogar y se ha convertido en uno de los focos de alienacion para los ninos y jovenes, con importantes consecuencias en su conducta y en el desarrollo. Con la incorporacion de la mujer al mundo laboral, tambien se ha modificado el contexto de crianza.
The Effect of Colored Light on Pigment Synthesis in Cultured Fern Leaf Primordia

The effect of white, blue, yellow, red and far-red light on the quantitative synthesis of the primary and auxilliary photosynthetic pigments in cultured leaf primordia of Osmunda cinnamomea L. is reported. The P660 form of the now classical photoreceptor pigment system, phytochrome, has been demonstrated to be active in chlorophyll synthesis in cultured cinnamon fern leaf primordia as shown by red/far-red reversibility of chlorophyll synthesis. Also, it is apparent from the data presented that a blue absorbing pigment (P420) is responsible for the extensive accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in these cultured leaves.
Cell cycle studies of murine leukemia cell L5l78Y by polarization effects of light scattering

The structural changes during the life cycle of a synchronized population of mouse leukemia cell line L5l78Y have been described by polarized light scattering measurements. Exponentially growing cells were synchronized by an automatic excess thymidine-colcemid treatment technique. Samples were removed from the suspension culture and fixed with glutaraldehyde at hourly intervals throughout the life cycle. The effect these cell samples had in changing right-hand circularly polarized light to 45° linearly polarized light during the scattering process was measured at angles 6–l60° to the incident beam. The reproducibility of the light scattering signals for each time interval was statistically evaluated and found to have good intertrial correlation for each time period in the angular range 6–60° to the incident beam. Statistically significant changes were seen between cell samples during the synchronous life cycle. Therefore, the system developed has applications as an extremely sensitive measure of cell structure, and of structural changes caused by low-level chemical, physical or biological agents.
Insulin-like growth factor I action on rat anterior pituitary cells: suppression of growth hormone secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid levels.

Somatomedin preparations have previously been shown to suppress GH release. The effects of a synthetic recombinant human insulin-like growth factor analog (IGF-I; Thr 59) were, therefore, tested on long term GH secretion by male rat pituitary monolayer cell cultures grown in serum-free defined medium. IGF-I (3.25 nm) maximally suppressed basal GH secretion for up to 72 h by 66%, with an ED50 of 0.1 nm. Human pancreatic GRF-(l–44) (GHRH; 1 nm) stimulated GH secretion by 230% during 72 h. IGF-I (0.13 nm) suppressed GHRHstimulated GH secretion by 30% (P < 0.005). IGF-I (0.625 nm) completely abolished stimulation of GH by GHRH (1 nm), while higher doses of IGF-I (up to 6.5 nm) actually suppressed GH secretion even in the presence of GHRH (up to 1 nm). The depletion of intracellular GH levels in GHRH-treated cells was reversed by IGF-I (3.25 nm). PRL secretion was not altered in the same cells by IGF-I. Equivalent doses of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor did not alter basal or GHRHstimulat...
Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction: Treatment with thrombolytic therapy

Summary Patients with cocaine-induced AMI may be added to the expanding list of eligible candidates for thrombolytic therapy. ED nurses are in key positions to identify patients for thrombolysis, evaluate patients' responses, and minimize complications. With the rising use of cocaine, increased consideration should be given to any relatively young patient with unexplained cardiovascular symptoms and history of cocaine use.1
Forty-eight hours hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of canine hearts before transplantation☆

Abstract Canine hearts preserved for 24 hr under hypothermic pulsatile perfusion had a good function after transplantation. The perfusate consisted of cryoprecipitated plasma that was modified by the addition of salt poor albumin, potassium chloride and glucose; the final osmolarity was 340 mOsm/L. Fresh allografts without perfusion survived for an average of two weeks after transplantation, and the 24 hr perfused hearts survived for more than 19 days after transplantation. When the perfusion was extended to 48 hr, the survival was decreased to 11 days. These data indicate that hypothermic pulsatile perfusion is completely safe and feasible for 24 hr without significant functional or histological impairment. The survival response of the hearts perfused for 48 hr was significantly decreased when compared to the hearts perfused for 24 hr.
Coencapsulation of large and small hydrocarbons.

Combinations of small, gaseous hydrocarbons and sizable aromatics, e.g. methane and anthracene, are directly observed in a cylindrical capsule by NMR.
A coupled finite element method for the numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing with a condensation technique

Computation cost is a key issue for finite element methods to simulate hydraulic fracturing. In this paper a coupled finite element method combined with a condensation technique is proposed to address this issue. Removing the node displacements that have no contribution to fracture widths from the coupled equations, the condensation technique reduces the size of the coupled equations in the proposed method. The numerical method with the condensation technique is verified. Simulations show that the condensation technique can reduce the computation cost effectively, in particular when the fracture propagation regime is viscosity-dominated or the simulation is on the early stage. The effects of the condensation technique on the simulation accuracy, stability, and convergence of the numerical method are discussed. The condensation technique is applicable to other finite element methods that are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Indicative planning: A direction for theory

Abstract This paper provides a brief discussion of some existing rationales for indicative planning and a simple model for analyzing potential benefits of indicative planning and points to some directions for theory. In the model, agents' output decisions depend on their expectations of aggregate production. With multiple equilibria and coordination failure there is room for indicative planning to coordinate expectations toward a desirable equilibrium.
Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of color-vision mechanisms*

Spatio-temporal sine-wave response functions are inferred for the red-, green-, and blue-sensitive receptor mechanisms of the visual process, by selective chromatic-adaptation experiments and Weber-law calculations. The complete spatio-temporal threshold surface for each cone mechanisms is abbreviated to four critical profiles: two contrast-sensitivity curves measured at the temporal frequencies of minimum and maximum sensitivity, and two flicker-sensitivity curves measured at the spatial frequencies of minimum and maximum sensitivity. Throughout most of the spatio-temporal frequency domain, the green sensitivity is greatest, the red is less, and the blue is least of all. The curve shapes can be qualitatively explained in terms of antagonistic interactions in the early visual pathways.
One bad apple spoils the bunch? An exploration of broad consumption changes in response to food recalls

While it is widely known that food recalls can have large, negative financial and reputational impacts, we know relatively little related to what factors increase consumers’ propensity towards broad consumption changes during food recalls. Consequently, we designed a survey instrument to better understand consumer reaction to food recalls, and in particular, uncover the driving influences behind these broad consumption changes. Results were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. We find that recall concern, propensity to reduce consumption beyond the recall parameters in the situation of both specific branded and unbranded products, and media reliance hold strong, direct effects on broad consumption changes. Further, recall awareness exhibited a minimal role as a moderating influence, but held a strong, direct relationship with the broad consumption changes dependent measure. In addition, using chi-square tests of differences, we find two distinct points of divergence between Millennials and Non-Millennials. First, Millennials have much lower recall awareness. Secondly, Millennials are more likely to react in ways unwarranted by the recall than older generations for the peanut butter recall scenario. These findings are extremely important as policymakers, commodity processors, food manufacturers, and food retailers develop strategies for minimizing the negative impacts from food recalls.
Changes in Decorin Expression with Hyperoxic Injury to Developing Rat Lung

Proteoglycans are extracellular matrix components that appear to play important roles in lung development and in the response to injury. Decorin, a small extracellular matrix-associated proteoglycan, is known to be involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and is a likely participant in the pathogenesis of lung injury. We hypothesized that chronic exposure of the developing lung to hyperoxia would result in temporal and spatial changes in decorin expression. To determine the expression of decorin in normal and oxygen-injured lung, newborn rats were exposed to hyperoxia for 6 wk. Decorin mRNA abundance was determined using Northern hybridization analyses, and decorin expression was localized by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Decorin mRNA expression in type II pneumocytes was studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Oxygen exposure is associated with a 77% reduction in decorin mRNA in whole lung and a decrease in decorin immunoreactivity in connective tissues surrounding large airways and blood vessels, but an increase in decorin mRNA and protein expression at the tips of alveolar septa. Studies using isolated cells indicate that macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils contain decorin core protein but not decorin mRNA. Type II pneumocytes do not contain either decorin mRNA or core protein. These findings demonstrate that hyperoxic lung injury is associated with localized changes in decorin expression, changes that are not reflected in whole lung RNA studies. It is likely that regional changes in lung decorin expression are influenced by factors produced and acting locally, and that such changes may contribute to the morphologic alterations characteristic of oxygen-induced lung injury.
Twin engineering for high critical current densities in bulk YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract We have exploited the positive entropy of the twin boundary energy to refine twin structure in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (Y123) which is the matrix phase in melt-textured grown (MTG) Y–Ba–Cu–O (YBCO) pellets. Refinement of twin microstructure in MTG pellets is achieved by annealing at higher temperatures. Decrease of twin spacing with increasing temperature is confirmed by electron microscopy. The critical current density ( J c ), the pinning force and the magnetic field at maximum pinning-force all increase with increasing annealing temperature of oxygenation. This thermal method provides a viable way to improve these superconducting properties that are evidently extrinsic and strong functions of the microstructure. For the MTG YBCO samples with initial composition of 28.6 wt% Y 2 BaCuO 5 /71.4 wt% Y123/0.5 wt% PtO 2 , twin spacing reduces from 1900 to 540 A as the oxygenation temperature increases from 450 to 680 °C. Concomitantly, the J c (77 K, 1 T) is improved by 22,120–31,920 A/cm 2 and the maximum flux-pinning force nearly triples from 1.2 × 10 8 to 3.4 × 10 8 N/m 3 .
Variability of the Al 26 production rate in ordinary chondrites

Fifteen ordinary chondrites for which unusually high spallogenic Ne-22/Ne-21 or He-3/Ne-21 ratios had been reported and one meteorite with marked shock characteristics were selected in order to investigate the relations between Ne-22/Ne-21 ratios, Al-26 contents and depth. We report Al-26 and K contents of 13 samples from 11 of these and noble gas contents of 30 samples from all of these stones.
Chronopolitics: The Impact of Time Perspectives on the Dynamics of Change

This paper indicates how certain views toward time and toward the nature of change lead to a form of "chronopolitics," a term descriptive of the relation of time-perspectives to political decision-making. The present as a "time of transition" can be seen as a time during which epoch-making decisions which will lead a society to one of several altemate futures can be made. If the crucial power in transition periods is the power to decide which of the alternate futures to seek, the crucial skill in coping with social trends will be social engineering. But if the significant decisions have already been made, as suggested by the term social trend, the problems of politics and the skills demanded will be quite different. Perspectives on the future are articulated with current belief systems concerning the nature of society and of social change. Since the struggle of intrasocietal groups to change and to resist change comprises much of the history of any society, a knowledge of prevailing conceptualizations of change and of ideologies concerning it is an important part of the study of social change itself. More specifically, beliefs concerning the future and roads to it will have significant influence upon current political behavior. One significant aspect of beliefs is related to the manner in which certain views and attitudes toward time and toward the nature of change leads to a form of chronopolitics. The term chronopolitics is used here to emphasize the relationship between the political behavior of individuals and groups and their time-perspectives. * Presented at the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, San Francisco, California, 1967. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 06:05:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Liver damage induced in rats by malathion impurities

Administration of a single oral dose of the malathion impurity, O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-Me) or O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSS-Me), to the rat resulted in hemostatic disorders, e.g. prolongation of blood clotting, prothrombin and thrombin time. Deficiency of coagulation Factors II, V and VII was also observed. OOS-Me and OSS-Me also caused dose-dependent increases of beta-glucuronidase in the blood with a maximum of 15- and 31-fold observed following treatment with 60 mg/kg OOS-Me and 40 mg/kg OSS-Me, respectively. Analysis of serum beta-glucuronidase by isoelectrofocusing electrophoresis showed that the liver endoplasmic reticulum was the source of this enzyme released into the blood. Co-treatment of OOS-Me with 5% O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOO-Me), a potent antagonist of OOS-Me-induced delayed toxicity, prevented hemostatic disorders but had no effect in reducing beta-glucuronidase levels. However, pretreatment of rats with piperonyl butoxide reduced the amount of beta-glucuronidase released into the blood. Of other O,O,S-trialkyl phosphorothioates examined, the O,O-diethyl S-alkyl phosphorothioates showed the highest activity in increasing beta-glucuronidase levels.
Multi-route query processing and optimization

A modern query optimizer typically picks a single query plan for all data based on overall data statistics. However, many have observed that real-life datasets tend to have non-uniform distributions. Selecting a single query plan may result in ineffective query execution for possibly large portions of the actual data. In addition most stream query processing systems, given the volume of data, cannot precisely model the system state much less account for uncertainty due to continuous variations. Such systems select a single query plan based upon imprecise statistics. In this paper, we present ''Query Mesh'' (or QM), a practical alternative to state-of-the-art data stream processing approaches. The main idea of QM is to compute multiple routes (i.e., query plans), each designed for a particular subset of the data with distinct statistical properties. We use terms ''plans'' and ''routes'' interchangeably in our work. A classifier model is induced and used to assign the best route to process incoming tuples based upon their data characteristics. We formulate the QM search space and analyze its complexity. Due to the substantial search space, we propose several cost-based query optimization heuristics designed to effectively find nearly optimal QMs. We propose the Self-Routing Fabric (SRF) infrastructure that supports query execution with multiple plans without physically constructing their topologies nor using a central router like Eddy. We also consider how to support uncertain route specification and execution in QM which can occur when imprecise statistics lead to more than one optimal route for a subset of data. Our experimental results indicate that QM consistently provides better query execution performance and incurs negligible overhead compared to the alternative state-of-the-art data stream approaches.
Finite-element analysis of frictionless contact problem for a laminated medium

A finite-element method is developed to study interlaminar stress effects for the multilayered isotropic medium subjected to in-plane loads. Unilateral boundary value problem formulation is presented. Variational finite difference equations obtained from the finite-element discretization are derived for boundary as well as transmission conditions. This permits to analyze interlaminar normal and tangential stress distributions. An influence of geometrical and physical parameters of the multilaered media lo the interlaminar stresses is discussed.
Understanding the accuracy of Nanbu's numerical Coulomb collision operator

We investigate the accuracy of and assumptions underlying the numerical binary Monte Carlo collision operator due to Nanbu [K. Nanbu, Phys. Rev. E 55 (1997) 4642]. The numerical experiments that resulted in the parameterization of the collision kernel used in Nanbu's operator are argued to be an approximate realization of the Coulomb-Lorentz pitch-angle scattering process, for which an analytical solution for the collision kernel is available. It is demonstrated empirically that Nanbu's collision operator quite accurately recovers the effects of Coulomb-Lorentz pitch-angle collisions, or processes that approximate these (such interspecies Coulomb collisions with very small mass ratio) even for very large values of the collisional time step. An investigation of the analytical solution shows that Nanbu's parameterized kernel is highly accurate for small values of the normalized collision time step, but loses some of its accuracy for larger values of the time step. Careful numerical and analytical investigations are presented, which show that the time dependence of the relaxation of a temperature anisotropy by Coulomb-Lorentz collisions has a richer structure than previously thought, and is not accurately represented by an exponential decay with a single decay rate. Finally, a practical collision algorithm is proposed that for small-mass-ratio interspecies Coulomb collisions improves on the accuracy of Nanbu's algorithm.
A mathematical approach to predict the affinity of estrogen receptors α and β binding to DNA

Abstract Estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) bind to specific DNA sequences, estrogen response elements (EREs), usually located in the promoters of estrogen-regulated genes. The consensus ERE contains two inverted repeats of the 5′-AGGTCA-3′ half-site (1/2 ERE) separated by three base pairs (bp). Many estrogen-responsive gene promoters contain one or more direct repeats (DR) of 1/2 ERE. Here, we examined the affinity of ERα and ERβ binding and estradiol (E2)-induced transactivation from select EREs and DRs. The affinity of ERα and ERβ binding to imperfect EREs in vitro can be predicted from equations using the number of 1/2 EREs and the number of (AT)–(GC) bp substitutions within the 15-bp candidate ERE sequence as independent variables. Transactivation by ERα and ERβ correlates with the affinity of ER–ERE binding with the exception of ERα from two low-affinity EREs. The equations developed here can be used to screen the promoters of estrogen-responsive genes for candidate ERE sequences.
Internal Mammary–Anomalous Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Graft in 16-Month-Old Infant with Tetralogy of Fallot: 30-Month Follow-up

Abstract Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries can occur in conjunction with tetralogy of Fallot. We describe a case of unsuspected anomalous origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery that was discovered at the time of operation in a 16-month-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot. Successful direct vascular repair of the intracardiac anomalies was performed, including left internal mammary–coronary artery anastomosis. The patient, whom we believe to be the youngest to undergo this technique, underwent cardiac catheterization 21 months after operation. The successful results were confirmed at that time.
Characterization of Alkylmethoxypyrazines Contributing to Earthy/Bell Pepper Flavor in Farmstead Cheddar Cheese

: Farmstead Cheddar cheeses with natural bandage wrappings have a distinctive flavor profile that is appealing to many consumers. An earthy/bell pepper (EBP) flavor has been previously recognized in some of these cheeses. This study characterized the alkylmethoxypyrazine compounds causing EBP flavor in Farmstead Cheddar cheeses. Eight cheeses were divided into inner, outer, rind, and wrapper sections, and tested for descriptive sensory and instrumental analyses. To assess reproducibility of EBP flavor, cheeses from the same facilities were purchased and tested after 6 and 12 mo. EBP flavor was detected in four out of 8 Farmstead Cheddar cheeses by a trained sensory panel. 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine were identified as the main sources of EBP flavor in these cheeses by GC/O and GC/MS. In general, those alkylmethoxypyrazines were prevalent in the wrapper (106 to 730 ppb) and rind (39 to 444 ppb) sections of the cheeses. They were either not detected in inner and outer sections of the cheeses or were present at low concentrations. These results suggest that 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine are formed near the surface of the cheeses and migrate into the cheese during ripening. Threshold values in water and whole milk were 1 and 16 ppt for 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine, and 0.4 and 2.3 ppt for 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, respectively. Sensory analysis of mild Cheddar cheese model systems confirmed that direct addition of those individual alkylmethoxypyrazines (0.4 to 20 ppb) resulted in EBP flavor.
Frost damage in Poplar on the Prairies

Frost cankers in poplar are freeze-killed areas of bark and wood around which woody calluses develop and form burls and frost ribs. Frost dieback is a freeze-killed segment of the stem at the base, tip, or mid-portion of a branch or leader. It may or may not enhance natural pruning of poplar branches depending on whether the basal parts are damaged or alive and able to form abscission layers. In addition to abscission, low temperature affects increment, growth patterns, and vigor of poplar. Tree become stunted from persistent leader dieback. Suckers, crooks, and sweeps also characterize many stands of poplar. These characteristics of frost damage in mature forest stands are valuable in assessing the hazard of frost if the stands are to be clear-cut and reforested. The effects of frost damage are controlled somewhat in amenity, parks, and recreational areas because pruning is necessary to prevent wind breakage of staghead and frost-cankered trees.
A vibrational bias mechanism for diatomic dissociation: Induction times and steady rates for O2, H2 and D2 dilute in Ar

Abstract Exact numerical calculations of induction times and steady rates for the dissociation of O 2 , H 2 , and D 2 dilute in Ar are presented using a semi-phenomenological, vibrational bias mechanism. Three models of the level-to-level rates, all tied to the measured relaxation time, are used: Landau—Teller rates with truncated harmonic levels, Landau—Teller rates with anharmonic levels, and exponential gap (statistical) rates for the same anharmonic levels. A very satisfactory fit to the measurements is obtained with all three models, and the optimum choice of bias parameter for the O 2 Ar steady rates is found to be very near that for the induction times. The gap rates give a better description of the O 2 Ar induction times suggesting that the increase of vibrational deactivation cross-section with vibrational level is much weaker than Landau—Teller. The optimum vibrational bias is found to be “small” resulting in serious depletion of the upper levels, and a significant reduction in activation energy.
Millennial-scale instability of the antarctic ice sheet during the last glaciation

Records of ice-rafted detritus (IRD) concentration in deep-sea cores from the southeast Atlantic Ocean reveal millennial-scale pulses of IRD delivery between 20,000 and 74,000 years ago. Prominent IRD layers correlate across the Polar Frontal Zone, suggesting episodes of Antarctic Ice Sheet instability. Carbon isotopes (δ 13 C) of benthic foraminifers, a proxy of deepwater circulation, reveal that South Atlantic IRD events coincided with strong increases in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production and inferred warming (interstadials) in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Sea level rise or increased NADW production associated with strong interstadials may have resulted in destabilization of grounded ice shelves and possible surging in the Weddell Sea region of West Antarctica.
Salicylsalicylic acid causes less gastroduodenal mucosal damage than enteric-coated aspirin. An endoscopic comparison.

The gastroduodenal mucosal damage caused by aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs is a common clinical problem. We compared two medications designed to diminish mucosal damage: enteric-coated aspirin and salicylsalicylic acid (salsalate). Ten healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either 1.5 g salsalate twice a day or 650 mg enteric-coated aspirin four times a day for six days and were then crossed over to the other drug after a one-week medication-free period. Endoscopic inspection of gastroduodenal mucosa was performed at entry and again after six days of drug therapy for each medicine. Mean serum salicylate concentrations taken before the morning drug dose were 11.2 mg/dl for enteric-coated aspirin and 18.1 mg/dl for salsalate. Only one of 10 subjects receiving salsalate developed mild (grade 1) mucosal damage while six of 10 receiving enteric-coated aspirin developed moderate to severe damage (grade 2–3) (P=0.01).Symptoms were mild in both groups. We conclude that salsalate causes less gastroduodenal mucosal damage than enteric-coated aspirin.
Ideal chemical potential contribution in molecular dynamics simulations of the grand canonical ensemble

An extended system Hamiltonian for the grand canonical ensemble that includes the number dependence of the ideal chemical potential is investigated. Use of the ideal contribution explicitly in the equations of motion provides simpler and more stable equations of motion than previous grand molecular dynamics methods. We find the equations of motion remain quite stable even in gaseous conditions where mean field treatments of the ideal contribution provide a trivial result. The equations of motion are solved in real variable space as opposed to using virtual variables. Application of this simulation method with a Lennard-Jones fluid in the gas, fluid and solid phases is demonstrated.
Quasi-collinear and partially degenerate four-wave mixing: An alternative explanation of the phase-conjugation property of backward stimulated scattering

A quasi-collinear and partially degenerate four-wave mixing model is proposed to explain the optical phase-conjugation property of various types of stimulated backscattering. According to this model, after passing through a phase-disturbed medium or an aberration plate, the input pump beam can be resolved into two portions: a stronger undisturbed regular portion and a weaker phase-disturbed irregular portion. These two portions interfere with each other and create a volume holographic grating in the pumped region of the scattering medium. Only the stronger undisturbed portion of the pump field can excite an initial backward stimulated scattering beam with a regular wavefront. When the latter (as a reading beam) passes through the induced holographic grating, a diffracted wave will be created and then amplified together with the reading beam. A rigorous mathematical analysis shows that under certain conditions the combination of these two portions (the reading wave and the diffracted wave) of the backward stimulated scattering can be an approximate phase-conjugate field of the input pump field. The major theoretical conclusions are basically supported by the experimental results based on a specially designed two-beam interference setup.
Differential requirement of PKC-θ in the development and function of natural regulatory T cells

CD4+CD25+ natural Treg cells, which are developed in the thymus, migrate to the periphery to actively maintain self-tolerance. Similar to conventional T cells, TCR signals are critical for the development and activation of Treg cell inhibitory function. While PKC-theta-mediated TCR signals are required for the activation of peripheral naive T cells, they are dispensable for their thymic development. Here, we show that mice deficient in PKC-theta had a greatly reduced number of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells, which was independent of PKC-theta-regulated survival, as transgenic Bcl-x(L) could not restore the Treg cell population in PKC-theta(-/-) mice. Active and WT PKC-theta markedly stimulated, whereas inactive PKC-theta and dominant negative NFAT inhibited Foxp3 promoter activity. In addition, mice-deficient in calcineurin Abeta had a decreased Treg cell population, similar to that observed in PKC-theta deficient mice. It is likely that PKC-theta promoted the development of Treg cells by enhancing Foxp3 expression via activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Finally, Treg cells deficient in PKC-theta were as potent as WT Treg cells in inhibiting T cell activation, indicating that PKC-theta was not required for Treg cell-mediated inhibitory function. Our data highlight the contrasting roles PKC-theta plays in conventional T cell and natural Treg cell function.
INITIAL ATTITUDES OF LOCAL OFFICIALS TO PRESIDENT REAGAN'S NEW FEDERALISM

The study examines the attitudes of local officials to President Reagan's “New Federalism” proposals–proposals which would dramatically alter the mechanisms by which federal funds are made available to local governments, would significantly shift program responsibilities among the various levels of government, and would reduce the total amount of money made available by the federal government to localities. Examining especially the three factors of regionalism, metropolitan type, and partisan orientations, it is found that partisan orientations are most strongly related to local officials' evaluations of the President s proposals. Those officials identified as having a Republican partisan orientation are consistently more positive toward the various elements of the New Federalism. But, it is found that regionalism and whether officials are from large central cities or smaller suburbs are factors most strongly related to implications and possible responses to the program. Officials from larger, central frostbelt cities expect much more severe fiscal and policy implications than do officials from the sunbelt region.
2-Oxo-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridines as selective inhibitors of malarial protein farnesyltransferase and as anti-malarials.

A new class of 2-oxo-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridine-based protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors were synthesized and found to inhibit protein farnesyl transferase from the malaria parasite with potencies in the low nanomolar range. The compounds were much less potent on mammalian protein prenyltransferases. Two of the compounds block the growth of malaria growth in culture with potencies in the sub-micromolar range. Some of the compounds also were found to be much more metabolically stable than previously described tetrahydroquinoline-based protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors.
Prospective motion correction for functional MRI using sparsity and Kalman filtering

We propose a novel algorithm to adaptively correct head motion during functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Our method combines a Kalman-filter-like motion tracker and a registration cost function based on a sparse residual image model. Using simulated data, we compare a time series correlation analysis of our prospectively corrected reconstruction against the same analysis using post-scan motion correction provided by standard software. Our experiments demonstrate our prospective correction method is capable of mitigating motion effects and improving the sensitivity and specificity of the correlation analysis, without relying on costly external tracking hardware or separate navigational data that would take extra time to acquire during each time frame.
The Influence of Degradation Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels on In Vitro Neocartilage Formation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a viable cell source for cartilage repair hinges on the development of engineered scaffolds that support adequate cartilage tissue formation. Evolving networks (hydrogels with mesh sizes that change over time due to crosslink degradation) may provide the control needed to enhance overall tissue formation when compared to static scaffolds. In this study, MSCs were photoencapsulated in combinations of hydrolytically and enzymatically degradable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels to investigate the tunability of these hydrogels and the influence of network evolution on neocartilage formation. In MSC-laden HA hydrogels, compressive mechanical properties increased when degradation complemented extracellular matrix deposition and decreased when degradation was too rapid. In addition, dynamic hydrogels that started at a higher wt% and decreased to a lower wt% were not equivalent to static hydrogels that started at the higher or lower wt%. Specifically, evolving 2 wt% hydrogels (2 wt% degrading to 1 wt%) expressed up-regulation of type II collagen and aggrecan, and exhibited increased glycosaminoglycan content over non-evolving 2 and 1 wt% hydrogels. Likewise, mechanical properties and size maintenance were superior in the dynamic system compared to the static 2 wt% and 1 wt% hydrogels, respectively. Thus, hydrogels with dynamic properties may improve engineered tissues and help translate tissue engineering technology to clinical application.
Hispanics and Higher Education: An Overview of Research, Theory, and Practice

Substantial gaps exist in our knowledge base relative to understanding and serving the unique needs of Latina/Latino students in all areas of postsecondary education. More specifically, a deeper understanding of the issues surrounding both access and persistence of Hispanic students is needed. As such, the present article reviews and synthesizes the literature relative to the barriers and limitations impacting college access and choice. Next, the article reviews existing literature and theory specific to the impact of academic, social, noncognitive, perceptual, and behavior factors impacting Hispanic students’ persistence decisions. An overview of state and federal policy impacting Hispanic college students is then provided in preface to best practices and policy recommendations for serving Hispanic students throughout the educational pipeline.
Some flowers in ophthalmology.

Two men in the annals of ophthalmology are probably better known to gardeners than to ophthalmologists, namely, Leonard Fuchs (1501-1566) and Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759), whose names were given to flowers. Their interest in flowers and plants arose from the fact that botany used to be an integral part of the basic curriculum of medicine, next to anatomy and physiology, given that almost the entire pharmacopeia consisted of plants and their extracts.
The importance of comparative phylogeography in diagnosing introduced species: a lesson from the seal salamander, Desmognathus monticola

In most regions of the world human influences on the distribution of flora and fauna predate complete biotic surveys. In some cases this challenges our ability to discriminate native from introduced species. This distinction is particularly critical for isolated populations, because relicts of native species may need to be conserved, whereas introduced species may require immediate eradication. Recently an isolated population of seal salamanders, Desmognathus monticola, was discovered on the Ozark Plateau, ~700 km west of its broad continuous distribution in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Using Nested Clade Analysis (NCA) we test whether the Ozark isolate results from population fragmentation (a natural relict) or long distance dispersal (a human-mediated introduction). Despite its broad distribution in the Appalachian Mountains, the primary haplotype diversity of D. monticola is restricted to less than 2.5% of the distribution in the extreme southern Appalachians, where genetic diversity is high for other co-distributed species. By intensively sampling this genetically diverse region we located haplotypes identical to the Ozark isolate. Nested Clade Analysis supports the hypothesis that the Ozark population was introduced, but it was necessary to include haplotypes that are less than or equal to 0.733% divergent from the Ozark population in order to arrive at this conclusion. These critical haplotypes only occur in < 1.2% of the native distribution and NCA excluding them suggest that the Ozark population is a natural relict. Our analyses suggest that the isolated population of D. monticola from the Ozarks is not native to the region and may need to be extirpated rather than conserved, particularly because of its potential negative impacts on endemic Ozark stream salamander communities. Diagnosing a species as introduced may require locating nearly identical haplotypes in the known native distribution, which may be a major undertaking. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering comparative phylogeographic information for locating critical haplotypes when distinguishing native from introduced species.
Plan estratégico gerencial para empresas rentales en universidades públicas. Caso: REUNELLEZ

La empresa procesadora de granos REUNELLEZ-San Carlos, es una organizacion orientada a la obtencion de recursos financieros destinados a suplir las deficiencias presupuestarias de la Universidad Ezequiel Zamora, mediante la prestacion de servicios. Durante los ultimos nueve anos, la empresa ha presentado un flujo financiero deficiente, asi como la falta de negocios alternativos que dinamicen sus actividades lucrativas. Es asi como se diseno una estructura metodologica, bajo los principios de Fred David (2005) y las perspectivas del cuadro de mando integral, para la mejora de la rentabilidad de la organizacion, soportado en un concepto estrategico y un diagnostico interno, aplicando el instrumento FIM-Productividad (2004). Como resultado se obtuvo un 31% de cumplimiento de la normativa, indicando un desempeno deficiente en la evaluacion interna. Respecto a los factores externos, se evidencio la posicion fragil de la organizacion, con un total ponderado de 1,37 puntos. En la formulacion de las estrategias, resultaron cuatro lineamientos tendentes a la diversificacion concentrica de las actividades y al mejoramiento de productos enfocados a la mejora de la rentabilidad.
Closed‐form solution of the finite torsion problem by use of the λ form of the strain‐energy function

A closed-form solution for the stress distribution in a cylindrical elastic rod under finite torsion is given involving use of the logarithmic λ form of the strain-energy function proposed by Valanis and Landel. Experimental torque data on natural rubber which give support to the present solution over a large range of angles of twist are shown. It is also shown how torsion data may be used to determine the λ form for deformations that lie outside the range of applicability of the logarithmic function if certain conditions apply. A solution, also in closed form, is given by using another λ form proposed by Dickie and Smith on the basis of experiments on styrene—butadiene rubber.
Abnormal interventricular septal motion following cardiac surgery: clinical, surgical, echocardiographic and radionuclide correlates.

Abstract Interventricular septal motion was studied prospectively by echocardiography in 45 patients examined before and after cardiac surgery. In addition, nine of the patients underwent pre- and postoperative gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy. All had normal septal motion preoperatively. Of the 40 patients whose surgery included cardiopulmonary bypass, 31 had abnormal and 9 had normal postoperative septal motion. All five patients without cardiopulmonary bypass had normal postoperative septal motion (p
Pioneering and pathfinding by an identified neuron in the embryonic leech

SUMMARY Numerous investigations of pathfinding by embryonic neurons, including many leech neurons, have demonstrated that pathfinding is precise. Neurons project the correct number of growth cones which grow to their target areas by making specific choices along the way. However, one leech mechanosensory neuron, the dorsal P (PD) neuron, is unusual in the sense that it initially projects an excessive number of growth cones. One of the growth cones will form the peripheral axon while the others are eliminated. This suggests that PD is one of the earliest neurons to project a peripheral axon, i.e., it may pioneer a peripheral nerve, and that it searches with its multiple growth cones for an external cue which can guide it to its target area. Examination of the early PD axon with light and electon microscopy reveals that it indeed is the first growth cone in its nerve and that it grows in contact with a large non-neuronal (DV) cell until it reaches its target area. The DV cell has a unique morphology and location: a large cell body with thin fiat processes extending from the edge of the ganglion to the target area of the PD. It is also present with its unique morphology prior to axonal outgrowth by the PD neuron. These features suggest that the DV cell may be an attractive substrate and/or axonal guidance cue for the PD peripheral axon and therefore for the entire peripheral nerve.