cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for greenhouse gas emissions from soil carbon stock following biofuel cultivation on degraded lands

Consequent to the interest in converting degraded lands for cultivation of biofuel crops, concerns have been expressed about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from changes in soil-carbon (C) stock following land conversions. A literature-based study was undertaken for estimating the magnitude of emission of GHGs, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), following an assessment of the extent and causes of land degradation and the nature of CO2 emission from soils. The study estimated the potential for CO2 emission resulting from changes in soil-carbon stock following land conversions, using oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a case study. The analysis indicated that, overall, the magnitude of CO2 emission resulting from changes in soil C stock per se following opening up of degraded land would be low compared with other potential sources of CO2 emission. However, lack of data on critical aspects such as baseline soil C status was a limitation of the study. Soil respiration is the single best measure of GHG emission from soils. Fixation of C in additional biomass will compensate, over time, for C loss through soil respiration following a change in land use or land management, unless such changes involve conversion of existing large C stocks. Therefore, any net CO2 emission from soils resulting from changes in soil C stock following opening up of degraded land is likely to be a short-term phenomenon. The estimations used in the study are based on various assumptions, which need to be validated by experimental field data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The middle finger flexion test to locate the thenar motor branch of the median nerve.

Purpose To assess the accuracy of a physical examination maneuver, the middle finger flexion test, in locating the thenar branch of the median nerve (TBMN). Methods Forty-one cadaveric hands were studied. The TBMN was dissected and identified as it emerged from the median nerve. The middle finger was then passively flexed to 90° at both the metacarpophalangeal and the proximal interphalangeal joints with the distal interphalangeal joint at neutral, which allowed the fingertip to contact the thenar eminence. The distance of the TBMN in millimeters with respect to the position of the center of the tip of the middle finger was measured. Two measurements were obtained from each specimen: the distance from the origin of the TBMN to the tip of the finger (+ distal to fingertip, - proximal to fingertip), and the radioulnar distance from the center of the middle fingertip (+ radial, - ulnar). Results The average location of the TBMN was 1.9 mm ulnar and 0.9 mm proximal to the tip of the flexed middle finger. There were 2 transligamentous median nerve thenar branches. Conclusions This physical examination method accurately located the TBMN. This method is simple to perform, does not require secondary landmarks to derive vectors, and may more closely approximate the position of the TBMN than the previously described methods. Clinical relevance Understanding the location of the TBMN in the palm will aid in accurate identification of this structure and prevent damage to it during surgery.
Intensive versus long-term sampling to assess lepidopteran diversity in a southern mixed mesophytic forest

As biodiversity loss increases through species extinction and habitat degradation, the need to catalog what remains becomes ever more important. The time and monetary limitations of long-term biodiversity surveys become a concern as demand for biodiversity studies rises. This study was initiated to compare the efficiency of an intensive sampling scheme with a relatively long-term sampling scheme. Richness and abundance of selected moth taxa were measured in a mixed mesophytic forest habitat during a period of 8 mo for the long-term collection. An equal number of samples was taken from the same habitat during 1 mo for the intensive collection. A total of 3,155 specimens representing 314 species of moths was collected in the long-term study compared with 4,198 specimens representing 261 species in the intensive study. Sorenson's index indicated 76% species overlap between the 2 studies. Based on total species richness for this habitat, the intensive collection recovered 15% less than the long-term collection and took about half the time. The total number of species identified from both collections was 362. Because many biodiversity assessments are currently conducted on a short-term basis, studies such as this can provide entomologists with rough estimates of the percentage of biodiversity collected using relatively rapid sampling schemes.
Capillary gas chromatography of pyrimidines and purines: N,O-peralkyl and trifluoroacetyl-N,O-alkyl derivatives.

Abstract Preparation and capillary gas chromatographic properties of volatile derivatives of eighteen pyrimidine and purine nucleic acid bases are described. N,O-peralkylation using methylsulfinyl carbanion, methyl or ethyl iodide reagent, and alkylation preceded by N-trifluoroacetylation produced derivatives having minimal adsorption and tailing compared with trimethylsilyl derivatives. Relative retention times and linearity of flame ionization or nitrogen—phosphorus detector response were measured using polar (Superox-FA) and apolar (SE-30) liquid phases. Application of gas chromatography—mass spectrometry to derivatives of DNA hydrolysates using mass chromatography is demonstrated.
Processor Tile Shapes and Interconnect Topologies for Dense On-Chip Networks

We propose two eight-neighbor, two five-nearest-neighbor, and three six-nearest-neighbor interconnection topologies for many-core processor arrays—three of which use five-sided or hexagonal processor tiles—which typically reduce application communication distance and result in an overall application processor that requires fewer cores and lower power consumption. A 16-bit processor with the appropriate number of input and output ports is implemented in all topologies and tile shapes. The hexagonal and five-sided processor tiles and arrays of tiles are laid out with industry standard automatic place and route design flow and Manhattan-style wires without full-custom layout. A 1080p H.264/AVC residual video encoder and a 54 Mb/s 802.11a/g OFDM wireless local area network baseband receiver are mapped onto all topologies. The six-neighbor hexagonal tile incurs a 2.9% area increase per tile compared with the four-neighbor 2-D mesh, but its much more effective interprocessor interconnect yields an average total application area reduction of 22% and an average application power savings of 17%.
The use of radioreceptor assay for the detection of pregnancy in the mare.

Abstract Jugular blood samples were collected between 42–45 days from the last breeding for measurement of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and progesterone in 46 pregnant mares. A radioreceptor assay (RRA) was developed to measure human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and subsequently modified to measure PMSG. Highly purified hCG was iodinated using a lactoperoxidase enzymatic procedure and served as the labeled antigen for both the hCG and PMSG RRA. Standard curves were generated using purified hCG or PMSG. Bovine corpora lutea served as the receptor source. The assay was conducted at 37° C for one hour with a total elapsed time from preparation of the luteal cell homogenate until final results were calculated of 2.5 hours. Twelve of the 46 mares failed to maintain their pregnancy, returned to estrus and reovulated after 45 days post-breeding (non-foaling mares). Thirty-four of the 46 mares delivered foals following a gestation of normal length. Mean concentrations of PMSG in the foaling mares was higher than in non-foaling mares. A concentration of 6.9 I.U. of PMSG/ml was used as the lowest concentration necessary for the confirmation of pregnancy. Five of the mares delivering foals had low concentrations of PMSG and were called non-pregnant. Thus, the incidence of false negatives by RRA was 14.7%. All of the non-foaling mares were correctly diagnosed non-pregnant for an error rate (false positive) of 0.0. Mare Immunological Pregnancy (MIP) tests on the 12 non-foaling mares indicated three false positives — an error rate of 25%. Of the 34 foaling mares, the MIP test indicated 8 inconclusive or false negatives, an error rate of 23.5%. At day 42–45, there was no significant difference in progesterone concentrations (determined by RIA) between foaling and non-foaling mares. RRA is a quick, accurate and quantitative method for measuring PMSG in the mare and can be used to diagnose pregnancy at 42–45 days post-ovulation. Plasma progesterone concentrations at this time were not associated with subsequent pregnancy maintenance as were plasma PMSG concentrations.
Effect of surgical stress on the distribution of placental blood flows.

Abstract The distribution of the uterine and umbilical blood flows over the surface of the placenta was measured in 9 near-term sheep in an effort to assess the effects of surgical stress. The blood flows were observed to be relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta. It was determined that the heterogeneity of distributions observed in the study could have caused the transplacental clearance of a very diffusible molecule to decrease by no more than 2%. It is concluded that at the macroscopic level, in both the acute and chronic conditions, the uterine and umbilical blood flows of the near-term sheep are relatively evenly distributed over the surface of the placenta and that this distribution per se does not significantly contribute to transplacental concentration gradients.
Oschillations of an impinging turbulent jet: Coherence characterization via conditional sampling

By using zero crossing statistics, in conjunction with recursive digital filtering, to determine self- and cross-probability densities of velocity and pressure, the degree of phase fluctuation of organized oscillations of turbulent jet flow through a cavity is characterized as a function of mean phase deviation from the “lock-on” condition; “lock-on”, producing maximum pressure amplitude, corresponds to a time-averaged phase difference between organized velocities at the exit and entrance of the cavity of 2 nπ . As a frequency jump is approached, there is mean phase deviation from this 2 nπ condition, and the degree of phase (or period) fluctuation increases; at the jump, cross-probability densities show no discernible coherence. Concerning the evolution of the jet in the streamwise direction, growth of the time-averaged organized wave amplitude, obtained by using a wave-education method, is shown to be associated with a decrease in phase fluctuation of the velocity. However, self-probabilities of pressure, and crossprobabilities between pressure and exit velocity, are essentially invariant between cavity exit and inlet, reflecting dominance of the acoustic contribution to the unsteady pressure field at separation.
Three enzymes involved in the N-methylation and incorporation of the pradimicin sugar moieties

Pradimicins are antifungal and antiviral natural products from Actinomadura hibisca P157-2. The sugar moieties play a critical role in the biological activities of these compounds. There are two glycosyltransferase genes in the pradimicin biosynthetic gene cluster, pdmS and pdmQ, which are putatively responsible for the introduction of the sugar moieties during pradimicin biosynthesis. In this study, we disrupted these two genes using a double crossover approach. Disruption of pdmS led to the production of pradimicinone I, the aglycon of pradimicin A, which confirmed that PdmS is the O-glycosyltransferase responsible for the first glycosylation step and attaching the 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-amino-d-galactose or 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-methylamino-d-galactose moiety to the 5-OH. Disruption of pdmQ resulted in the production of pradimicin B, indicating that this enzyme is the second glycosyltransferase that introduces the d-xylose moiety to the 3'-OH of the first sugar moiety. Insertion of an integrative plasmid before pdmO might have interfered with the dedicated promoter, yielding a mutant that produces pradimicin C as the major metabolite, which suggested that PdmO is the enzyme that specifically methylates the 4'-NH2 of the 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-amino-d-galactose moiety. Functional characterization of these sugar-decorating and -incorporating enzymes thus facilitates the understanding of the pradimicin biosynthetic pathway.
A two-year clinical dental evaluation of 200 cases of chronic headache: the craniocervical-mandibular syndrome

The diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in 200 patients referred from a headache unit are described. The procedure of diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in 200 patients referred from a headache unit is detailed. The condition is viewed as an orthopedic imbalance, and occlusal therapy and the administration of muscle relaxants are used in treatment.
Sustainable agriculture and free market economics: Finding common ground in Adam Smith

There are two competing approaches to sustainability in agriculture. One stresses a strict economic approach in which market forces should guide the activities of agricultural producers. The other advocates the need to balance economic with environmental and social objectives, even to the point of reducing profitability. The writings of the eighteenth century moral philosopher Adam Smith could bridge the debate. Smith certainly promoted profit-seeking, private property, and free market exchange consistent with the strict economic perspective. However, his writings are also consistent with many aspects of sustainable agriculture. For example, Smith argued that people ought to exercise restraint in their pursuit of self-interest, and he believed in balancing economic with environmental and social considerations. If both sides of the debate more fully regard the work of Adam Smith, then proponents of the strict economic perspective might be more appreciative of the concerns raised within the sustainable agriculture community, while advocates of sustainability might be more effective in achieving the objective of a sustainable agriculture.
Pitfalls of hierarchical fault simulation

Certain circuit structures, such as self-loop, asynchronous reset, and clock division, may not be visible in a hierarchical (mixed) simulation system. Since the simulator does not know about their existence, it cannot cope with them like it normally would in a flat circuit. If this leads to a logic-simulation problem, users can usually discover them easily during the validation process. However, if it only causes fault-simulation inaccuracy, it is hard to find the problem. In this paper, we show examples illustrating their existence. The examples negate an assumption that has been used in many papers on mixed-mode simulation. The examples have been abstracted from real industrial designs of microprocessors.
Operating experience with a liquid-hydrogen fueled buick and refueling system

Abstract An investigation of liquid-hydrogen storage and refueling systems for vehicular applications was made in a recently completed project. The vehicle used in the project was a 1979 Buick Century sedan with a 3.8.1, displacement turbocharged V6 engine and an automatic transmission. The vehicle had a fuel economy for driving in the high altitude Los Alamos area that was equivalent to 2.4 km/l of liquid hydrogen or 8.9 km/l of gasoline on an equivalent energy basis. About 22% less energy was required using hydrogen rather than gasoline to go a given distance based on the Environmental Protection Agency estimate of 7.2 km/l of gasoline for this vehicle. At the end of the project the engine had been operated for 138 h and the car driven 3633 km during the 17 months that the vehicle was operated on hydrogen. Two types of onboard liquid-hydrogen storage tanks were tested in the vehicle; the first was an aluminium Dewar with a liquid-hydrogen capacity of 1101.; the second was a Dewar with an aluminium outer vessel, two copper vapor-cooled thermal radiation shields, and a stainless steel inner vessel with a liquid-hydrogen capacity of 1551. The Buick had an unrefueled range of about 274 km with the first liquid-hydrogen tank and about 362 km with the second. The Buick was fueled at least 65 times involving a minimum of 8.1 kl of liquid hydrogen using various liquid-hydrogen storage Dewars at Los Alamos and a semiautomatic refueling station. A refueling time of 9 min was achieved, and liquid-hydrogen losses during refueling were measured. The project has demonstrated that liquid-hydrogen storage onboard a vehicle, and its refueling, can be accomplished over an extended period without any major difficulties; nevertheless, appropriate testing is still needed to quantitatively address the question of safety for liquid-hydrogen storage onboard a vehicle.
Microstructure of heavily deformed magnesium-lithium composites containing steel fibers

The microstructure of deformation-processed metal-metal composites (DMMC) of Mg-Li alloys containing steel reinforcing fibers was characterized to correlate the fiber size to the deformation strain and mechanical properties of the composite material. Micrographs taken using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques revealed fiber sizes larger than predicted from the deformation applied to the bulk composite. Deformation strain in the fibers, therefore, was less than in the bulk material. Measurements from SEM and TEM micrographs were used to calculate the actual deformation strain present in the fibers. This strain was then used to adjust rule-of-mixture (ROM) predictions of the strength of the composite material. However, the experimental strengths of these materials were still less than the adjusted ROM values, potentially due to the presence of fibers considerably larger than the average size measured stereologically. Of the many models used to describe the strengthening observed in DMMC materials, the Hall-Petch relationship best describes the experimental data. Details of the strengthening models are discussed in relation to these composite materials.
Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum: Effect of Pteridine Inhibitor

A known inhibitor of pteridine utilization (4-phenoxy,2,6-diamino pyridine) blocks the synthesis of colored carotenoids in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. In many ways the effect is similar to the inhibition of the synthesis of colored carotenoids by diphenylamine. This inhibition is probably independent of other effects of pteridine on photosynthetic electron transport since it is not as readily reversible as the total inhibition of photosynthetic activity by pteridine analogs.
Multisample parallel array fraction collector: Application in DNA alkaline elution studies

A fraction collector designed specifically to be compatible with the analytical techniques of alkaline and neutral elution of DNA from carcinogen-treated cells is described. This apparatus, which is operated by microchip controls, permits simultaneous collection of as many as 20 eluted samples directly into standard- or small-size scintillation vials contained in manufacturer's shipping cartons. This instrument saves operator time, offers considerable flexibility, and has several fail-safe features.
A motivational correlate of Viet Nam protest group members.

Abstract : Ninety-nine Ss were given a projective test of Hostile Press motivation (Birney, Burdick, and Teevan, 1964). Thirty-nine of the Ss (both male and female) were members of groups actively protesting the United States military policy in Viet Nam while sixty Ss were non-protest group members. The protest group Ss had significantly higher Hostile Press scores than the non-protest group members. Some speculative interpretation of the results was attempted. (Author)
On the use of bipolar montages for time-series analysis of intracranial electroencephalograms

Abstract Objective Bipolar montages are routinely employed for the interpretation of scalp and intracranial EEGs (icEEGs). In this manuscript we consider the assumptions that support the use of a bipolar montage and question the universal appropriateness of bipolar representation of icEEGs for the time-series analysis of these signals. Bipolar montages introduce an element of spatial processing into the observed time-series. In the case of icEEGs, we argue ambiguity may be introduced in some settings through this operation because of a lack of certifiability of local differentiability and continuity of the spatial structure of icEEGs, and their suboptimal spatial sampling. Methods Example icEEGs were collected from three patients being studied for possible resective epilepsy surgery. Referential and bipolar representations of these signals were subjected to different visual and time-series analysis. The time-series measures calculated were the power spectral density and magnitude squared coherence. Results Visual analysis and time-series measures revealed that the icEEG time-series was altered by the use of a bipolar montage. The changes resulted from either the introduction of unrelated information from the two referential time-series into the bipolar time-series, or from the removal or alteration of information common to the two referential time-series in the bipolar time-series. The changes could not be predicted without prior knowledge of the relationship between measurement sites that form the bipolar montage. Conclusions In certain settings, bipolar montages alter icEEGs and can confound the time-series analysis of these signals. In such settings, bipolar montages should be used with caution in the time-series analysis of icEEGs. Significance This manuscript addresses the representation of the intracranial EEG for time-series analysis. There may be contexts where the assumptions underpinning correct application of the bipolar montage to the intracranial EEG are not satisfied.
Resistance Welding of Graphite Polyetheretherketone Composites: An Experimental Investigation

Resistance welding of preconsolidated unidirectional graphite (AS4) rein forced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite laminates (I.C.I. APC-2) is investigated experimentally. An apparatus is developed to conduct experiments to identify important process variables governing the efficiency of the welding process. Experiments were con ducted under displacement control and prescribed initial consolidation pressure. Heating elements consisted of a single ply of APC-2 with adjacent layers of neat film to minimize current leakage into the laminates to be welded. Temperature at the weld interface and consolidation pressure versus time were monitored and provided insight into the welding process. A strong correlation between the extent of welded surface area and process parameters such as power, energy and time in the melt were demonstrated. The quality and extent of the welded surface is quantified using ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation techniques. Experimental results indicate that superior welds exhibiting ...
DRIP: A Dynamic VoRonoi RegIons-Based Publish/Subscribe Protocol in Mobile Networks

The publish/subscribe (pub/sub for short) paradigm is used to deliver events from a source to interested clients in an asynchronous way. Recently, extending a pub/sub system in wireless networks has become a promising topic. However, most existing works focus on pub/sub systems in infrastructured wireless networks. To adapt pub/sub systems to mobile ad hoc networks, we propose DRIP, a dynamic Voronoi region-based pub/sub protocol. In our design, the network is dynamically divided into several Voronoi regions after choosing proper nodes as broker nodes. Each broker node is used to collect subscriptions and detected events, as well as efficiently notify subscribers with matched events in its Voronoi region. Other nodes join their nearest broker nodes to submit subscriptions, publish events, and wait for notifications of their requested events. Broker nodes cooperate with each other for sharing subscriptions and useful events. Our proposal includes two major components: a Voronoi regions construction protocol, and a delivery mechanism that implements the pub/sub paradigm. The effectiveness of DRIP is demonstrated through comprehensive simulation studies.
3-D modeling of spatial referencing language for human-robot interaction

One of the key components for natural interaction between humans and robots is the ability to understand the spatial relationships that exist in the natural world. Previous research has shown that modeling the 2D spatial relationships of FRONT, BEHIND, LEFT, RIGHT, and BETWEEN can be accomplished with results consistent with that of a human being. Upcoming research will involve a human subject study to investigate the use of spatial relationships in 3D space. This will be the first step in extending previous research of the 2D spatial relations into a 3D representation through the use of 3D object point clouds generated by the SIFT algorithm and stereo vision. This will allow for the enrichment of our human-robot dialog to include phrases such as "Bring me the coffee cup on top of the desk and to the right of the computer.
A computationally efficient superresolution image reconstruction algorithm

Superresolution reconstruction produces a high-resolution image from a set of low-resolution images. Previous iterative methods for superresolution had not adequately addressed the computational and numerical issues for this ill-conditioned and typically underdetermined large scale problem. We propose efficient block circulant preconditioners for solving the Tikhonov-regularized superresolution problem by the conjugate gradient method. We also extend to underdetermined systems the derivation of the generalized cross-validation method for automatic calculation of regularization parameters. The effectiveness of our preconditioners and regularization techniques is demonstrated with superresolution results for a simulated sequence and a forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera image sequence.
Fully programmable high speed polarization multiplexed optical scanner

We present a 3-D optical beamformer called polarization multiplexed optical scanner or P-MOS that is made by cascading electrically driven pixel-free 90* polarization rotators and birefringent plates. Earlier, we proposed and demonstrated the use of a high impedance thin film intermeshed with the array electrode structure of an nematic liquid crystal (NLC) beamformer device to produce smooth optical phase modulation between electrodes.
Drag force acting on a neuromast in the fish lateral line trunk canal. II. Analytical modelling of parameter dependencies.

In Part I of this two-part study, the coupled flows external and internal to the fish lateral line trunk canal were consecutively calculated by solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations numerically in each domain. With the external flow known, the solution for the internal flow was obtained using a parallelepiped to simulate the neuromast cupula present between a pair of consecutive pores, allowing the calculation of the drag force acting on the neuromast cupula. While physically rigorous and accurate, the numerical approach is tedious and inefficient since it does not readily reveal the parameter dependencies of the drag force. In Part II of this work we present an analytically based physical–mathematical model for rapidly calculating the drag force acting on a neuromast cupula. The cupula is well approximated as an immobile sphere located inside a tube-shaped canal segment of circular cross section containing a constant property fluid in a steady-periodic oscillating state of motion. The analytical expression derived for the dimensionless drag force is of the form |FN|/(|PL−PR|π(D/2)2)=f(d/D,Lt/D,ωD*), where |FN| is the amplitude of the drag force; |PL−PR| is the amplitude of the pressure difference driving the flow in the interpore tube segment; d/D is the ratio of sphere diameter to tube diameter; Lt/D is the ratio of interpore tube segment length to tube diameter; and ωD*=ω(D/2)2/ν is the oscillating flow kinetic Reynolds number (a dimensionless frequency). Present results show that the dimensionless drag force amplitude increases with decreasing Lt/D and maximizes in the range 0.65≤d/D≤0.85, depending on the values of Lt/D and ωD*. It is also found that in the biologically relevant range of dimensionless frequencies 1≤ωD*≤20 and segment lengths 4≤Lt/D≤16, the sphere tube (neuromast–canal) system acts as a low-pass filter for values d/D≤0.75, approximately. For larger values of d/D the system is equally sensitive to all frequencies, but the drag force is significantly decreased. Comparisons with N–S calculations of the drag force show good agreement with the analytical model results. By revealing the parameter dependencies of the drag force, the model serves to guide biological understanding and the optimized design of corresponding bioinspired artificial sensors.
Current Diagnostic Trends in Coagulation Disorders Among Dogs and Cats

The diagnostic workup to differentiate hemorrhage caused by vascular injury from a systemic hemostatic imbalance typically involves a combination of broad screening tests and specific assays. The characterization of 3 overlapping phases of primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis provides a simple diagnostic framework for evaluating patients with clinical signs of hemorrhage. New techniques such as flow cytometry, thrombin-generation assays, thrombelastography, and anticoagulant drug monitoring are under investigation for veterinary patients; however, their ability to improve diagnosis or treatment requires further study in clinical trials.
Ionization-excitation magnetic sublevel cross sections for He + (2p) 2 P 0 states following fast electron and proton impact

The first experimental magnetic substate scattering-angle-integrated cross sections following ionization–excitation of He(1s 2 ) 1 St o He þ (2p) 2 P 0 in the e � þ He collision system have been determined using a combination of total cross sections and polarization fraction measurements in the extreme ultraviolet range. The derived magnetic sublevel cross sections, r0 and r1,for ML ¼ 0, � 1 have been studied over a wide range of electron velocities (2–8.5 a.u.). These results are compared with previous cross sections for equi-velocity proton impact. In addition,our experimental data are compared with earlier theoretical predictions,our recent second-Born calculations fully including off-energy shell terms, and new R-matrix results. We have extended our polarization measurements for H þ þ He collisions and found excellent agreement between theory and experiment at nearly all impact energies. However,the present second-Born and Rmatrix results deviate slightly from the experimental electron data. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of Particle Size on Velocity Correlations in Turbulent Channel Flow

The response of glass beads was examined in a fully developed turbulent channel flow of air with Reynolds number Reh=4500 where h is the channel half width. Five sets of monodisperse particles were tested with integral Stokes numbers in the range 0.2-10 at the channel centerplane. Particle-to-air mass loadings were of order 10%. Laser sheets were aligned in streamwise-spanwise flow planes, and seeded, particle-laden flow was imaged with a dual-frame camera. A separation algorithm was used to obtain simultaneous gas and particle velocity measurements of homogeneous flow planes over a range of wall-normal distances. Profiles of single-point velocity statistics including mean and rms slip velocity, particle drift velocity, and gas-particle correlation were computed. In addition, two-point gas-particle and particleparticle velocity correlations were obtained. Near the wall, the gas-gas correlations yielded long, narrow patterns related to near-wall low-speed streaks. At the centerplane, the correlations were broader in the spanwise direction. Gasparticle and particle-particle correlations resembled the gas correlations in shape and size, but the values were smaller. The gas-particle covariance tended toward zero for St = 10. Particle-particle correlations were still significant for St = 4.
Bacterial isolates from plaque and from blood during and after routine dental procedures in dogs

Objective— This study evaluates the association between dental procedures and bacteremia in dogs, including a comparison of bacteria isolated from plaque and blood, severity of the bacteremia versus the severity of dental disease, and the longevity of bacteremia. Study Design— Bacteria cultured from the blood over time were compared with those isolated from the plaque and crevicular fluid and in relation to severity of dental disease. Animals or Sample Population— Twenty adult greyhounds. Methods— Blood samples were collected for culture before induction of general anesthesia, immediately after intubation, 20 minutes after initiation of the dental procedure, and at 10-minute intervals until 10 minutes after the dental procedure was completed. Samples of plaque were taken for microbiological culture. Results— Sixty to ninety percent of the bacterial genera isolated from the plaque were present in the blood. Dogs classified according to severity of dental disease showed no difference in the total number of different species or number of different Gram-negative, Gram-positive, or anaerobic bacteria isolated from plaque or blood (P <.05). Bacteremia was present in all of the dogs studied, within 40 minutes from the initiation of the dental procedure, regardless of the severity of oral disease. Conclusions— Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and anaerobic bacteria are present in blood during dental procedures; the bacteremia can persist beyond the dental procedure, and is not associated with the severity of dental disease. Clinical Relevance— The nature and extent of bacteremia occuring during routine dental procedures is important in understanding a potential risk to dogs.
Psychological Resilience After Disaster New York City in the Aftermath of the September 11th Terrorist Attack

Research on adult reactions to potentially traumatic events has focused almost exclusively on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although there has been relatively little research on the absence of trauma symptoms, the available evidence suggests that resilience following such events may be more prevalent than previously believed. This study examined the prevalence of resilience, defined as having either no PTSD symptoms or one symptom, among a large (n = 2,752) probability sample of New York area residents during the 6 months following the September 11th terrorist attack. Although many respondents met criteria for PTSD, particularly when exposure was high, resilience was observed in 65.1% of the sample. Resilience was less prevalent among more highly exposed individuals, but the frequency of resilience never fell below one third even among the exposure groups with the most dramatic elevations in PTSD.
Incorporating geologic information into reflection tomography

In areas of complex geology, prestack depth migration is often necessary if we are to produce an accurate image of the subsurface. Prestack depth migration requires an accurate interval velocity model. With few exceptions, the subsurface velocities are not known beforehand and should be estimated. When the velocity structure is complex, with significant lateral variations, reflection-tomography methods are often an effective tool for improving the velocity estimate. Unfortunately, reflection tomography often converges slowly, to a model that is geologically unreasonable, or it does not converge at all. The large null space of reflection-tomography problems often forces us to add a sparse parameterization of the model and/or regularization criteria to the estimation. Standard tomography schemes tend to create isotropic features in velocity models that are inconsistent with geology. These isotropic features result, in large part, from using symmetric regularization operators or from choosing a poor model parameterization. If we replace the symmetric operators with nonstationary operators that tend to spread information along structural dips, the tomography will produce velocity models that are geologically more reasonable. In addition, by forming the operators in helical 1D space and performing polynomial division, we apply the inverse of these space-varying anisotropic operators. The inverse operators can be used as a preconditioner to a standard tomography problem, thereby significantly improving the speed of convergence compared with the typical regularized inversion problem. Results from 2D synthetic and 2D field data are shown. In each case, the velocity obtained improves the focusing of the migrated image.
Self-Leading Work Teams: Moving Beyond Self-Management Myths

Recent challenges raised in the literature suggest that the application of employee self-managing teams can create more of a illusion or myth of employee self-influence than a reality. The amount of self-influence allowed self-managing employees is frequently subject to many limitations stemming from management practice and organizational constraints. In order to more fully develop and utilize organizational human resources a movement beyond self-managing teams toward self-leading teams is proposed. This perspective suggests that employees are empowered to influence strategic issues concerning what they do and why, in addition to the issue of how they do their work. The role of several contingency factors is also considered.
Molecular mechanisms in tumor-cell killing by activated macrophages

Macrophages kill tumor cells with and without the aid of antibody and evidence suggests that secreted cytotoxic substances are at work in each system. Here Dolph Adams and Carl Nathan discuss the likely involvement in both pathways of several such substances including cytolytic protease and hydrogen peroxide.
Dynamics and nonlinear adaptive control of an autonomous unicycle: theory and experiment

Equations of motion for an autonomous unicycle are given as derived using Kane's formalism, and the unstable nonminimum-phase behavior of the linearized system is illustrated. Lateral and longitudinal dynamics nominally decouple for low yaw rates but couple nonlinearly for large yaw rates and yaw accelerations. Time scale separation is employed to reduce the model order for inner loop controller design, where an unusual LQG (linear quadratic Gaussian) structure is proposed. Strong dependence of the lateral dynamics on wheel speed necessitates continuous gain scheduling of the lateral controller. A significant nonlinearity exists due to dry friction in yaw between the wheel and floor. Bang-bang control is employed to overcome this. The proposed unicycle has been built and the implemented controller structures and test results are indicated in the paper. >
Exploring the nature and variants of relevance feedback

We analyze the nature of the relevance feedback problem in a continuous representation space in the context of multimedia information retrieval. Emphasis is put on exploring the uniqueness of the problem and comparing the assumptions, implementations, and merits of various solutions in the literature. An attempt is made to compile a list of critical issues to consider when designing a relevance feedback algorithm. With a state-of-the-art review as the main portion, the paper also offers some novel solutions and perspectives throughout the discussion.
Natriuretic peptide system in human heart failure.

BACKGROUNDAtrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are a family of structurally related peptides that participate in the integrated control of renal and cardiovascular function. Previous studies suggest a functional role for these hormonal peptides in cardiorenal regulation in congestive heart failure (CHF).METHODS AND RESULTSThe present studies were performed in normal subjects (n = 6) and in patients with mild (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class I to II, n = 20) and severe (NYHA class III to IV, n = 20) CHF by use of radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical staining (IHCS). Plasma ANP was significantly increased in both mild and severe CHF compared with normal subjects. In contrast, plasma BNP was only moderately increased in the severe CHF group, and plasma CNP concentration was unchanged in CHF compared with normal subjects. Atrial tissue concentrations of the natriuretic peptides did not parallel circulating concentrations. ANP predo...
Relative Prices in the Nineteenth Century

Never in history has man successfully invented a device, an instrument, a machine, or a structure without creating a demand for performance far beyond the capacity of the original design. The acceptance of an innovation starts a continuous stream of improvements in the product or in its manufacture that leads to larger, more powerful, or more efficient models; and the widespread diffusion of a product almost automatically implies the evolution of a broad range in the dimensions of serviceability. The increase in the size of the product is an important aspect of industrial growth. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, very few sailing vessels of 300 tons were produced in American shipyards. When the clipper ships were finally outmoded, the largest were at least ten times that size. The first American-made steam engines before 1810 included some that were large for the time, around 100 horsepower. By 1865, engines of 1,000 horsepower were in use, and by 1880 the size had been increased to 4,000 horsepower.
Assessing USAID's Assistance for Democratic Development : Is it Quantity Versus Quality?

The focus of this article is on efforts undertaken within the United States government, especially the US Agency for International Development, to develop a coherent approach to determining the effectiveness of its democracy support programming. The main four priority areas are to support: civil society development; competitive political processes; the rule of law; and governance.The article begins by asking the question of why this issue is important. It then provides context, and briefly assesses varying perspectives and motivations of different stakeholders. It examines and critiques current approaches being taken to ‘measure performance’ and concludes by suggesting some potentially useful policy and research directions. These include instituting structural reforms to enhance the independence of the evaluation process, disaggregating approaches to assessing the impact of programming, focussing on priority countries, and expanding use of integrative methodologies.
A Housing Affordability Standard for the UK

Since 1990 there has been extensive exploration of the meaning of housing affordability by members of the academic, professional and advocacy communities in Britain. These debates have revealed weaknesses in the traditional ratio standard of affordability and led to arguments in support of an alternative, residual income concept of affordability. However, so far there has been only limited success in operationalising and applying the residual income approach in the UK. In the US, by contrast, arguments in support of a residual income approach to housing affordability emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s, culminating in the formulation of operational standards utilising normative family budgets. This paper draws upon the US experience to formulate a residual income housing affordability standard for the UK that utilises the non-shelter components of the Family Budget Unit (FBU) 'Low Cost but Acceptable' budgets as the normative standard for minimum adequate residual income. The paper concludes by suggesting how use of such a 'shelter' poverty standard to assess housing affordability problems and needs in the UK might yield results that differ from those based on the ratio standard.
'Practically Binding': General Policy Statements and Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking

Over the last two decades, lower courts have repeatedly held that agencies must use notice-and-comment procedures before they issue purported policy statements that are “practically binding,” in the sense that they are fixed and firm. As a matter of policy, this requirement has both desirable and undesirable consequences. It increases the likelihood that agencies will benefit from public comments, but it also creates a strong incentive for agencies to speak vaguely or not to issue policy statements at all. The requirement therefore has epistemic advantages while also encouraging open-ended standards rather than clear rules. As a matter of law, the practically binding test is an unjustified departure from the best reading of the APA. The Supreme Court’s decision in Vermont Yankee rules that departure out of bounds. It is true that Vermont Yankee suggests an approach that would revolutionize a large number of existing doctrines and that for good reasons, the Court has declined to endorse the full Vermont Yankee-ization of administrative law. But the practically binding test is beyond the pale.Over the last two decades, lower courts have repeatedly held that agencies must use notice-and-comment procedures before they issue purported policy statements that are “practically binding,” in the sense that they are fixed and firm. As a matter of policy, this requirement has both desirable and undesirable consequences. It increases the likelihood that agencies will benefit from public comments, but it also creates a strong incentive for agencies to speak vaguely or not to issue policy statements at all. The requirement therefore has epistemic advantages while also encouraging open-ended standards rather than clear rules. As a matter of law, the practically binding test is an unjustified departure from the best reading of the APA. The Supreme Court’s decision in Vermont Yankee rules that departure out of bounds. It is true that Vermont Yankee suggests an approach that would revolutionize a large number of existing doctrines and that for good reasons, the Court has declined to endorse the full Vermont Yankee-ization of administrative law. But the practically binding test is beyond the pale.
MicroRNA regulation in mantle cell lymphoma

8056 Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) represents only 5–10% of all non-Hodgkins lymphomas, making it an uncommon but difficult form of lymphoma to treat. It has the worst prognosis among the B cell lymph...
El Patrimonio Cultural Y Religioso En El Sur De España: Un Estudio De Caso La Romería De Linares. (The Cultural and Religious Heritage in the South of Spain: A Case Study on the Linares Pilgrimage)

Spanish Abstract: Desde el siglo XIII la Virgen de Linares se encuentra ubicada en Cordoba. Ano tras ano se celebra la tradicional Romeria de Linares, cuyo recorrido va desde el centro de la ciudad hasta su Santuario a 9 Km., y donde miles de romeros-peregrinos participan. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el perfil del participante en dicha romeria con el objetivo de conocer sus motivaciones, valoraciones y elementos negativos que se desarrollan a lo largo de la Romeria con la finalidad de mejorarlos y poder ofertarla como un nuevo producto dentro del segmento del turismo religioso de esta ciudad.English Abstract: Since the XIII century the Linares Virgin is located in Cordoba. Year after year it is celebrated the traditional Linares pilgrimage whose route goes from the city center as far as nine kilometer to its sanctuary, where thousands of pilgrims take part in. In this work a study on the participants´ profile on the pilgrimage is made whose objective is to know their motivations, values and negative elements that are developed along the pilgrimage with the aim of improving and be able to offer as a new product within the religious tourist segment of this city.