cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory chemistry relevant to understanding and modeling the ionosphere of Titan.

Laboratory data have a dual and critical role in interpreting information obtained from the Cassini spacecraft in its passes through the Titan ionosphere. Firstly, in situ mass spectra are obtained by Cassini and their conversion into atmospheric molecular composition requires chemical modeling to create agreement between the observed mass spectra and those determined from the models. Secondly, once agreement is obtained, then the chemical model can be considered to represent the evolution of the Titan atmosphere. As a contribution to these endeavors in the past, laboratory measurements have been made in the Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT) of the reactions of a series of ring molecules with the important ionospheric ion CH3+. These reactions showed that a dominant reaction channel is association. In the present study, this work has been extended to reactions of another important Titan ion C3H3+. These ion–molecule reactions have also been studied at room temperature using a SIFT. Reactions have been studied in detail with benzene, toluene and pyridine and show again that association is very important. The loss of ionization in the ionosphere is then controlled by electron–ion dissociative recombination of the association ions and their progeny. The recombination reactions have been studied as a function of temperature (300 to 550 K) using a flowing afterglow. These combined data have been used to develop a subset of the chemistry and test its viability. They have indicated that association of the important Titan ions with the abundant nitrogen, followed by switching of the nitrogen for the ring compounds, can build up larger species, perhaps resulting in multi-rings. Recombination of such species can affect the ionization balance and provide species which can contribute to the parallel neutral chemistry. Species are suggested that should be looked for in the in situ mass spectra.
Effects of Dietary Calorie Restriction or Exercise on the PI3K and Ras Signaling Pathways in the Skin of Mice

Weight control by exercise and dietary calorie restriction (DCR) has been associated with reduced cancer risk, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study was designed to compare the effects of weight loss by increasing physical activity or decreasing calorie intake on tumor promoter-induced Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways. SENCAR mice were randomly assigned to one of the following five groups: ad libitum-fed sedentary control, ad libitum-fed exercise (AL+Exe), exercise but pair-fed at the amount as controls (PF+Exe), 20% DCR, and 20% DCR plus exercise (DCR+Exe). After 10 weeks, body weight and body fat significantly decreased in the groups of DCR, DCR+Exe, and PF+Exe when compared with the controls. AL+Exe did not induce weight loss due to, at least in part, increased food intake. Plasma IGF-1 levels reduced significantly in DCR and DCR+Exe but not PF+Exe. The protein H-Ras and activated Ras-GTP significantly decreased in TPA-induced skin tissues of DCR-fed mice but not exercised mice. PI3K protein, phosphoserine Akt, and p42/p44-MAPK were reduced, however, in both DCR and PF+Exe groups. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the significantly reduced H-Ras occurred in subcutaneous fat cells, while the reduced PI3K and PCNA took place only in the epidermis. Plasma leptin decreased in PF+Exe, DCR, and DCR+Exe, while the caspase-3 activity increased in DCR+Exe only. Genomic microarray analysis further indicated that the expression of 34 genes relevant to PI3K and 31 genes to the MAPK pathway were significantly regulated by either DCR or PF+Exe treatments. The reduced PI3K in PF+Exe mice was partially reversed by IGF-1 treatment. The overall results of this study demonstrated that DCR abrogated both Ras and PI3K signaling, which might inhibit TPA-induced proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Selective inhibition of PI3K by PF+Exe but not AL+Exe seems more attributable to the magnitude of the caloric deficit and/or body fat loss than diet versus exercise comparison.
Autobiography and Departmentalization in Chamoiseau's Chemin d'école: Representational Strategies and the Martinican Memoir

Purportedly a childhood memoir, Chamoiseau’s Chemin-d’ecole is inscribed in a long tradition of Caribbean autobiographical writing. As such, it inherits and expands upon the themes and tensions of autobiography, both as a narrative of selfhood and as a discursive tool of identity and culture in the Caribbean context. Patrick Chamoiseau inscribes a set of writing practices in Ecrire en pays domine and Chemin-d’ecole , both aimed at illuminating the contradictory results of almost fifty years of French Caribbean overseas departmentalization. This double process of economic and cultural domination appropriates identitarian issues of ambiguity, belonging, and authenticity predicated on the departmental experience in general and its educational practices in particular, and inserts them into his re-presentation of his Martinican childhood. Ultimately, his work highlights the intrinsic paradoxes of departmental integration that, in bringing the departements d’outre-mer directly within the ambit of France, progressively erased their ethnic, linguistic, and cultural difference from the mainland.
Metabotropic NMDA receptor function is required for β-amyloid-induced synaptic depression.

The mechanisms by which β-amyloid (Aβ), a peptide fragment believed to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease, leads to synaptic deficits are not known. Here we find that elevated oligomeric Aβ requires ion flux-independent function of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) to produce synaptic depression. Aβ activates this metabotropic NMDAR function on GluN2B-containing NMDARs but not on those containing GluN2A. Furthermore, oligomeric Aβ leads to a selective loss of synaptic GluN2B responses, effecting a switch in subunit composition from GluN2B to GluN2A, a process normally observed during development. Our results suggest that conformational changes of the NMDAR, and not ion flow through its channel, are required for Aβ to produce synaptic depression and a switch in NMDAR composition. This Aβ-induced signaling mediated by alterations in GluN2B conformation may be a target for therapeutic intervention of Alzheimer’s disease.
Out-of-hospital administration of albuterol for asthma by basic life support providers.

Background: Each year, approximately 40,000 patients with acute asthma are transported by the Fire Department of New York City (NYC) Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Out-of-hospital administration of bronchodilator therapy has, however, been restricted by scope of practice to advanced life support (ALS) providers. Since the rapid availability of ALS units cannot always be assured, some individuals with acute asthma may receive only basic life support (BLS) measures in the field. Objectives: To demonstrate that basic emergency medical technicians (EMT-Bs) are able to effectively administer nebulized albuterol to asthma patients in the out-of-hospital environment. Methods: This was a prospective, observational cohort study of 9-1-1 asthma calls received by the NYC EMS system for patients between the ages of 1 and 65 years. Baseline peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and other clinical measures were obtained prior to and following BLS administration of one or two treatments with nebulized albuterol. Results: Data were available for 3,351 patients over a one-year study period. One out-of-hospital albuterol treatment was given in 60%, while 40% of the patients received two. The PEFRs increased from 40.4% predicted (SD ′21.0) to 54.8% predicted (SD ′26.1), for a posttreatment improvement of 14.4% points (95% CI = 13.8 to 15.1). Other clinical outcome measures, including dyspnea index, respiratory rate, and use of accessory muscles, also showed improvement. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that EMT-Bs can effectively administer albuterol to acute asthma patients in the out-of-hospital environment.
The antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial complicationsof measles

I T HAS been reported by several investigators 1~ that sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, penicillin of various types, and chlortetraeycline given prophylactically and/or therapeutically successfully controlled the bacterial complications of measles. The reports 4" 5 from the Willard Parker Hospital were concerned with controlled groups of infants and children of comparable ages and socioeconomic background for each antibiotic tried. The favorable results were shown to be of a high order of reliability by statistical analysis of the clinical data. The most extensive experience with antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial complications in measles stems {rom the practicing physicians who order antibiotics for fevers and who continue the drugs when the signs of measles become manifest. The low mortality from measles and the closing of most of the communicable disease
Advanced Technology Program: a new approach to U.S. competitiveness

The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) is a new extramural program managed by the Technology Administration's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The purpose of the program is to enhance U.S. competitiveness by funding industry-led precompetitive, generic technology development. While most Federal R&D programs focus either on basic research or on technology development for specific agency mission needs, the ATP is unique in that it provides a mechanism for obtaining funding for innovative, high-risk industrially oriented R&D projects that companies or consortia deem most important to their future. This paper describes the ATP, the awards that resulted from the first competition, and lessons learned. Examples of funded projects related to advanced optics and imaging include `Short Wavelength Sources for Optical Recording' (National Storage Industry Consortium), `Volume Holographic Mass Storage Subsystem' (MCC), and `Precision Optics for Soft X-ray Projection Lithography' (AT&T Bell Laboratories).
Lexical and phonological variability in preschool children with speech sound disorder.

Purpose The authors of this study examined relationships between measures of word and speech error variability and between these and other speech and language measures in preschool children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Method In this correlational study, 18 preschool children with SSD, age-appropriate receptive vocabulary, and normal oral motor functioning and hearing were assessed across 2 sessions. Experimental measures included word and speech error variability, receptive vocabulary, nonword repetition (NWR), and expressive language. Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients were calculated among the experimental measures. Results The correlation between word and speech error variability was slight and nonsignificant. The correlation between word variability and receptive vocabulary was moderate and negative, although nonsignificant. High word variability was associated with small receptive vocabularies. The correlations between speech error variability and NWR and between speech error varia...
Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format to assist acute care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and other ventilator-associated events (VAEs) and to improve outcomes for mechanically ventilated adults, children, and neonates. This document updates “Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Care Hospitals,” published in 2008. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Radiologists' acceptance of teleradiology: responses to surveys in 1990 and 1994

This paper presents the results of surveys that were performed in 1990 and 1994 to assess radiologists' use and opinions of teleradiology. In the time between the two surveys, teleradiology use increased from 30% to 42% of surveyed radiologists. Practices using teleradiology tended to have more radiologists within the group and cover more locations than practices that did not. A number of reasons were cited for not using teleradiology. In 1990, some radiologists did not use teleradiology due to the objections of hospital administrators and/or referring physicians. This reason was not given in the 1994 survey. Eighty percent of users used teleradiology for on-call exams in both years. In each year, just over 50% of users also used teleradiology for the remote, daytime interpretation of exams. Computed tomography was the most common remotely interpreted exam modality in both years. Teleradiology use for remote interpretation of ultrasound, plain film, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance images increased considerably in the time between the two surveys. By the time of the second survey, image quality was acceptable for all modalities except plain film. Use of laser film digitizers, frame-grabber boards and direct digital acquisition increased between 1990 and 1994.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of two-dimensional echocardiographic tissue harmonic imaging and gated sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomographic left ventricular ejection fraction measurements

There was good correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) measurements employing 2-dimensional echocardiography with tissue harmonic imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography using quantitative gated scintigraphy, although in most patients, echocardiographic EF was lower. There was a high degree of agreement between these 2 techniques in assignment of EF to the categories of normal, mildly, moderately, or severely decreased. However, when EF categories did differ, echocardiography always resulted in assignment to a lower category.
Acute Porphyria in a Patient with Arnold Chiari Malformation

Patient: Female, 33 Final Diagnosis: Acute porphyria Symptoms: Abdominal pain • alternating bowel habits Medication: Metronidazole • bactrim • oxybutynin Clinical Procedure: EMG • porhyria workup Specialty: Neurology Objective: Rare disease
Effect of mimosine on portal-drained visceral net flux and concentrations of amino acids and minerals in plasma of Alpine goats

This experiment was designed to investigate whether circulating mimosine imposes limitations on absorption of amino acids and minerals from the gastrointestinal tract of Alpine goats. Circulating mimosine, portal blood and plasma flow rate, and concentrations and net absorption of amino acids and minerals were measured 60 h before (PRE) and 24 h after (POST) the femoral vein infusion of mimosine (12.5 mg kg−1 BW−0.75 h−1). Mimosine infusion did not affect portal plasma flow rate. Venous and arterial plasma amino acid and mineral concentrations were depressed and the absorption of alanine (P < 0.09), serine (P < 0.04) and methionine (P < 0.03) from the gastrointestinal tract were reduced for up to 24 h after the cessation of mimosine infusion, even when normal feeding was resumed. This disruption was possibly caused by the circulating mimosine (4.88 μm 1−1 during POST) directly, via chelation or competition for absorption, or, indirectly, by gastrointestinal lesions resulting from circulating mimosine. Pivotal to this experiment was the observation that mimosine was eliminated from the goat circulatory system approximately 40 times more rapidly in a 24 h period than when similar concentrations were infused in sheep.
INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF SIOUAN LANGUAGES

N 1883 J. Owen Dorsey established the number of Siouan languages and the dialects of each language.' Today we have only to add three subsequently discovered languages to those listed by Dorsey. The complete Siouan list which follows gives important dialects in parentheses: Dakota (Santee-Yankton-Teton-Assiniboin); Dhegiha (Ponka or Omaha-KansasOsage-Quapaw); Chiwere (Iowa-Oto-Missouri [with the last dialect now extinct]); Winnebago; Mandan; Hidatsa; Crow; Tutelo [extinct]; Catawba; Biloxi [extinct]; Ofo [extinct]. Dorsey was also the first to establish the fact that two or more Siouan languages might bear an especially close relationship. He discovered that sequences of two consonants (CC) plus a following vowel (V) in Iowa-OtoMissouri correspond to sequences of the shape CVCV in Winnebago. The triliteral-quadriliteral rule, as stated by Dorsey, is not entirely restricted to the two languages mentioned, but includes corresponding sequences of the shape CCV in Dakota and Dhegiha dialects. It has none the less become customary to use the term Chiwere for a group which includes only Winnebago and Iowa-Oto-Missouri. Since 1883 practically no new Siouan groups have been postulated on the basis of linguistic evidence, although guesses have not been lacking. In 1931 Kieckers made an eclectic summary of these guesses.2 He assigned the neighboring Biloxi and Ofo near the Gulf of Mexico to a Southern Group; the neighboring Tutelo and Catawba near the Atlantic to an Eastern Group; and he placed the remaining Siouan languages in a Central Group. Such geographic arrangements are circular: Tutelo belongs to an Eastern Group because Tutelo is spoken in the East. In the last decade one of Swanton's opinions has become crystallized: Tutelo and Catawba do not in any sense belong to the same group.3 Anyone who examines the Gatschet-Swanton manuscript of 1900 cards in the Bureau of American Ethnology may see that only a minor fraction of the Catawba lexicon is patently cognate with other Siouan languages; that the personal pronoun elements in Catawba are often difficult to recognize but
The strength of B cell immunity in female rhesus macaques is controlled by CD8+ T cells under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones

To understand more clearly how mucosal and systemic immunity is regulated by ovarian steroid hormones during the menstrual cycle, we evaluated the frequency of immunoglobulin- and antibody-secreting cells (ISC, AbSC) in genital tract and systemic lymphoid tissues of normal cycling female rhesus macaques. The frequency of ISC and AbSC was significantly higher in tissues collected from animals in the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle than in tissues collected from animals at other stages of the cycle. The observed changes were not due to changes in the relative frequency of lymphocyte subsets and B cells in tissues, as these did not change during the menstrual cycle. In vitro, progesterone had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect, and oestrogen had a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on the frequency of ISC in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. The in vitro effect of progesterone and oestrogen on ISC frequency could not be produced by incubating enriched B cells alone with hormone, but required the presence of CD8+ T cells. Following oestrogen stimulation, a CD8+ enriched cell population expressed high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12. The changes in B cell Ig secretory activity that we document in the tissues of female rhesus macaques during the menstrual cycle is due apparently to the action of ovarian steroid hormones on CD8+ T cells. Thus, CD8+ T cells control B cell secretory activity in both mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Understanding, and eventually manipulating, the CD8+ regulatory cell-B cell interactions in females may produce novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune diseases and new vaccine strategies to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
A mechanism of swelling suppression in phosphorous-modified Fe-Ni-Cr alloys☆

Five simple alloys were ion irradiated at 948/sup 0/K in an experiment designed to investigate the mechanism of swelling suppression associated with phosphorous additions. One of the alloys was the simple ternary Fe-15Ni-13Cr, another had 0.05% P added and the other three had further additions of the phosphide precipitate-forming elements Ti and/or Si. Ion irradiations were carried out with heavy ions only (Ni or Fe) or with heavy ions followed by dual heavy ions and helium. The ternary with and without P swelled readily early in dose with or without helium. The other three alloys only showed swelling in the presence of helium and exhibited a long delay in dose prior to the onset of swelling. These displayed fine distributions of Fe/sub 2/P type phosphide precipitates enhanced by irradiation. The phosphide particles gave rise to very high concentrations of stable helium filled cavities at the precipitate matrix interfaces. The results were analyzed in terms of the theory of cavity swelling. The accumulation of the critical number of gas atoms in an individual cavity is required in the theory for point defect driven swelling to begin. It is concluded that the primary mechanism leading to swelling suppression is therefore the dilutionmore » of injected helium over a very large number of cavities. It is suggested that this mechanism may offer a key for alloy design for swelling resistance in high helium environments.« less
Effects of structural characterizations on fragility functions of bridges subject to seismic shaking and lateral spreading

This paper evaluates the seismic vulnerability of different classes of typical bridges in California when subjected to seismic shaking or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The detailed structural configurations in terms of superstructure type, connection, continuity at support and foundation type, etc. render different damage resistant capability. Six classes of bridges are established based on their anticipated failure mechanisms under earthquake shaking. The numerical models that are capable of simulating the complex soil-structure interaction effects, nonlinear behavior of columns and connections are developed for each bridge class. The dynamic responses are obtained using nonlinear time history analyses for a suite of 250 earthquake motions with increasing intensity. An equivalent static analysis procedure is also implemented to evaluate the vulnerability of the bridges when subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Fragility functions for each bridge class are derived and compared for both seismic shaking (based on nonlinear dynamic analyses) and lateral spreading (based on equivalent static analyses) for different performance states. The study finds that the fragility functions due to either ground shaking or lateral spreading show significant correlation with the structural characterizations, but differences emerge for ground shaking and lateral spreading conditions. Structural properties that will mostly affect the bridges’ damage resistant capacity are also identified.
Occupational airway diseases in the metalworking industry Part 1: Respiratory infections, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Abstract Occupational airway diseases are now receiving attention in industry, although study is hampered by a lack of readily-available data. The interpretation of the data that is available, and also of the root problems themselves, is itself a difficult problem. This paper has been written as a literature review which it is hoped that other researchers can take either as a starting point or as a refresher.
Reactions of molecular nitrogen and triethylamine with coordinatively unsaturated iron carbonyls: Spin effects on reactions

Abstract Rate constants for the reactions of N 2 + Fe(CO) 3 , N 2 + Fe(CO) 4 , CO + Fe(CO) 3 (N 2 ), N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 + Fe(CO) 3 , and N(C 2 H 5 ) 3 + Fe(CO) 4 are reported. The magnitudes of these rate constants are compared to rate constants for other reactions of Fe(CO) 3 and Fe(CO) 4 in the gas phase. The aforementioned reactions involving Fe(CO) 4 and Fe(CO) 3 (N 2 ) are anticipated to be formally spin disallowed. Factors that could influence the magnitude of the rate constants in these systems are discussed.
Working memory capacity among collegiate student athletes: Effects of sport-related head contacts, concussions, and working memory demands

Objective: To measure working memory capacity among a cohort of collegiate athletes and to compare results between athletes competing in head-contact-prone sports with those not subject to repeated head contacts. A secondary objective was to determine the effect of sport-related concussion on working memory capacity. Design: Ambidirectional cohort study. Setting: Athletics department at an American university. Participants: Student athletes competing in various sports. Interventions: None. Main outcome measurement: Automated operation span test scores. Results: Working memory capacity is not impaired in student athletes who participate in head-contact-prone sports or in student athletes with a history of diagnosed concussion, even those who are multiconcussed. Our results suggest that athletes competing in sports that impose significant working memory loading score higher on the automated operation span test than do other athletes. Conclusions: Further research is required to determine the value of measur...
Clonal diversity, spatial dynamics, and small genetic population size in the rare sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus

Knowledge of population size is an important step for identifying populations of immediate conservation concern. However, this task is difficult in plant species that exhibit clonal growth, since a simple “head count” may not be appropriate. Here, I determine the genetic population size and the extent of clonality in the four known populations of a rare sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus. Previous work in this species revealed high genetic diversity in all populations but significant fitness differences among them. In this study, populations exhibited high clonal diversity but consisted of far fewer genetic individuals than previously reported. Moreover, the clonal structure of populations was clumped, such that genotypes were highly clustered, which may promote selfing among genets. The results of this study are related to previously examined levels of genetic diversity and fitness, and findings are discussed in the context of the ecological and biological dynamics in clonal plant populations. Finally, the results of this study led to an upgrade in the priority status of this species for the Endangered Species List.
J wave patterns and their prognostic value in African Americans.

Examples of racial differences in physiologic measurements and disease rates abound. What is considered “normal” in one population can be interpreted as a marker of disease in another. Differences in early repolarization patterns, such as J-waves, QRS slurs and ST elevations (STE), on the electrocardiogram (ECG) in those of African compared to non-African descent are prime examples. Here we will review some of the initial observations made in the ECG in Africans, discuss the cohort studies that compare these patterns in African Americans and Caucasians, summarize some of our own observations, and speculate on the nature of these differences. From the very early days of electrocardiography, it was recognized that there were repolarization patterns frequently found in seemingly healthy Africans. In one of the first series of ECGs published in 1954 in a clinical population of 159 Africans void of any identifiable heart disease, it was claimed that 63% of the ECGs were “abnormal by accepted standards.” Twenty-five percent of these subjects were found to have STE and tall T waves in the precordial leads, or what would later be commonly called “benign early repolarization.” Although clinical evaluation was limited at the time, postmortem studies showed no microscopic or macroscopic evidence of cardiac abnormalities or differences in heart position, which left the authors puzzled. They postulated that the patterns could have been due to persistence of a juvenile pattern, perhaps related to body habitus and under-nutrition, or from a metabolic factor. Half a century later, despite great advances in imaging and non-invasive cardiac evaluation, we are still not sure what accounts for these, sometimes striking, differences. The patterns of early repolarization, initially defined as ST-segment elevation with or without other characteristics such as J-waves, were benign in young, predominantly white populations. However, terminal QRS slurring and J-point elevation, regardless of ST-segment elevation, were retro-
A rare cause of cholestatic jaundice in teenager: biliary cystadenoma

Hepatobiliary cystadenoma is a rare cystic tumor and mostly occurs in adults. The purpose of this report is to present this rare cause of cholestasis in teenager girl and review the limited literature in children.
Sources of Durability and Change in Market Classifications: A Study of the Reconstitution of Product Categories in the American Mutual Fund Industry, 1944-1985

Categories are key elements of classification systems that segregate things into groups and impose coherence. Sociologists have studied how categories shape action in a wide variety of contexts but have spent much less time investigating the sources of category durability and change. We address this gap by investigating how existing product categories are reconstituted by field-level industry media. While standard accounts of industry media suggest that existing product categories will be edited on the basis of changes in the technical features of categories, we emphasize the political nature of markets and argue that powerful producers can preserve the existing structure of categories. We test these arguments in a study of the American mutual fund industry during the period from 1945 until 1985 and outline implications for research on institutional change and the political dynamics of market classification. Categorization is an ubiquitous process that involves lumping similar things into distinct clusters, rendering them cognizable, and creating shared understandings (Carruthers & Stinchcombe 1999; Douglas 1986; Zerubavel 1997). For instance, we categorize countries into democracies and dictatorships, food into proteins and carbohydrates, and financial assets into liquid assets such as stocks and bonds and illiquid assets like real estate and venture capital (Lamont & Thevenot 2000). Such categorization simplifies thought by delimiting how we allocate attention (Simon 1947), enabling us to process vast
Some Seeding Signatures in Sierra Storms

Abstract Airborne seeding experiments were conducted over the Sierra Nevada Mountains in essentially ice-free convective clouds on two days in March 1979 as part of the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project. On 18 March towering cumuli which extended above a stratiform layer of clouds were seeded, while on 21 March individual towering cumuli were seeded as they developed and moved over the windward side of the mountains. Each cloud was seeded with a vertical curtain oriented perpendicular to the winds during a single pass through the cloud top. The seeding mode was either a low (∼0.1 g m−1) or high (∼1 g m−1) CO2 rate or AgI flares (one 20-gram flare per 250 m). The seeded curtains were penetrated a number of times by the University of Wyoming King Air. The high CO2 rate apparently overseeded the cloud in that the liquid water was depleted and the cloud dissipated in ∼35 min. Even though much of the liquid water was depleted in the other seeded clouds, they persisted and precipitated for over an hour because a...
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Avoid Success

The development of a 29-item, dichotomously scored, self-report measure of fear of success is described. The measure evidenced a KR-20 of .81 for a sample of 228 college students.
Physical disability in older adults: A physiological approach

Measures of physical function have been developed primarily to assess health status, prognosis, and service needs. They are now, increasingly, being used as outcome measures in studies seeking to determine the causes of disability. However, the extent to which these standardized measures, as they currently are constituted, are meaningful for the evaluation of underlying pathophysiology is not defined. To assess evidence for an etiologic rationale for these measures, we evaluated self-report of difficulty in physical function in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a study of 5201 men and women 65 years and older in four U.S. communities. We determined (by factor analysis) that self-reported difficulty with each of 17 tasks of daily life aggregates in four groups; i.e. difficulty in one task is associated with having difficulty in the other tasks in the group. These groups include (1) activities primarily dependent on mobility and exercise tolerance; (2) complex activities heavily dependent on cognition and sensory input; (3) selected basic self-care activities; and (4) upper extremity activities. Groups 2 and 3 are similar, but not identical, to Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL), respectively. We then tested whether these groupings were associated with different underlying impairments. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that there are constellations of physiologic and disease characteristics significantly (p < 0.01) associated with difficulty in each of these four groups of activities, among 15 chronic diseases and conditions ascertained. Some diseases are uniquely associated with difficulty in one group of tasks; some overlap, and are associated with 2, 3 or 4 groups of tasks. The associations found with difficulty in performing tasks in groups 2 and 3 were frequently stronger than those with the larger groups of ADL or IADL tasks, suggesting increased specificity of associations found with these new groupings. These results suggest that re-grouping of tasks of daily life may provide a more refined physiologically-based outcome measure for use in evaluating causes of disability. The ability to define risk factors for disability may be enhanced by choosing outcome measures with a demonstrated physiologic rationale.
The theory of dislocation-based crystal plasticity

Abstract An overview of the low-energy dislocation structure (LEDS) theory of low-temperature, that is non-creep, dislocation-based crystal plasticity is presented, as systematically developed over the past 35 years. It is ultimately based on G. I. Taylor's 1934 theory of work hardening wherein he assumed that stress application causes the essentially instantaneous athermal generation of dislocation structures which are in equilibrium with the applied stress and which on stress release and reversal are stable up to the previously highest stress magnitude. As will be shown, at least in principle even though many details are still lacking, the following phenomena of crystal plasticity are readily explained by means of the LEDS theory: (1) the four stages of work hardening; (2) the shape of the stress-strain curve; (3) the temperature dependence of work hardening; (4) the low-temperature strain rate dependence of the flow stress; (5) the difference between ‘planar’ and ‘wavy’ glide materials (as exemplified ...
Corruption in law enforcement: one consequence of "The tragedy of the commons" arising with public allocation processes

Several corruption scandals involving police, judges, or other law enforcement officials seem to surface every year in the United States. Inevitably, the official explanation is that such corruption is an individualized phenomenon involving a few “rotten apples.” Thomas Wicker, a Louisiana judge, in commenting on the large number of charges brought against judges in the last few years, claimed, for instance, that “most judges are honest and conscientious. The discipline process is taking care of a few bad apples” (Gest 1983, p. 42). Similarly, recent police corruption in Miami produced the following explanation: “Investigators say they believe that only a small percentage of Dade County’s police officers are involved in criminal activity. But authorities agree that even a few bad apples is more than enough” (emphasis added, Anderson and Prout 1985, p. 32). Yet, every detailed study of corruption in law enforcement rejects this “bad apple” theory of corruption. Thus, New York City’s Knapp Commission concluded that “police corruption was found to be an extensive, department wide phenomenon, indulged in to some degree by a sizable majority of those on the force” (1972, p. 61), despite a virtually “official Department doctrine” that “any policeman found to be corrupt must promptly be denounced as a rotten apple in an otherwise clean barrel” (1972, p. 6).’ In all likelihood, the corruption that is exposed each year reveals only a small part of the illegal activities by law enforcement officials. After all, these are only the ones who get caught. Even if a similar number of crimes by public officials were cleared by arrest as crimes in general, the total level of corruption would be substantial. But there are several reasons to believe that the crimes corrupt public officials commit are considerably less likely to be exposed than private sector crime. Indeed, corruption is a direct consequence of the incentives that law enforcement officials face. An alternative to the rotten apple theory of corruption is offered here, one that emphasizes these institutionalized incentives. Corruption by law enforcement officials is a black market for the property rights over which those officials have been given discretionary allocative power (Benson 1981a).2 This discretion arises because of the common pool characteristics of law enforcement resources. It means that rather than assigning rights in reflection of political demands, rights can be sold to the highest bidder. Police, judges, and prosecutors are not monitored closely, again because of incentives arising from common pool problems, so self-interest may dominate and corruption results.
Two species of Stereum, one old, one new

Two species ofStereum are discussed. One,S. macrocystidiatum from Java, is described as new; the other,S. illudens Berk., is redescribed from Mexico-Guatemala collections. Study of this material leads to the conclusion thatXylobolus Karst. emend. Boidin cannot be maintained as distinct fromStereum Hill ex S. F. Gray. Subgeneric distinctions between these two groups of species are also rejected.
Silencing β3 Integrin by Targeted ECO/siRNA Nanoparticles Inhibits EMT and Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Metastatic breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths amongst women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subcategory of breast cancer and currently lacks well-defined molecular targets for effective targeted therapies. Disease relapse, metastasis, and drug resistance render standard chemotherapy ineffective in the treatment of TNBC. Since previous studies coupled β3 integrin to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, we exploited β3 integrin as a therapeutic target to treat TNBC by delivering β3 integrin siRNA via lipid ECO-based nanoparticles (ECO/siβ3). Treatment of TNBC cells with ECO/siβ3 was sufficient to effectively silence β3 integrin expression, attenuate TGF-β-mediated EMT and invasion, restore TGF-β-mediated cytostasis, and inhibit 3-dimensional organoid growth. Modification of ECO/siβ3 nanoparticles with an RGD peptide via a PEG spacer enhanced siRNA uptake by post-EMT cells. Intravenous injections of RGD-targeted ECO/siβ3 nanoparticles in vivo alleviated primary tumor burden, and more importantly, significantly inhibited metastasis. Mice bearing orthotopic, TGF-β-pre-stimulated MDA-MB-231 tumors that were treated with RGD-targeted ECO/siβ3 nanoparticles were free of metastases and relapse after primary tumor resection and 4 weeks after release from the treatment, in comparison to untreated mice. Collectively, these results highlight ECO/siβ3 nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic regimen to combat TNBC.
Adenoma-derived antibody, Adnab-9 recognizes a membranebound glycoprotein in colonic tissue and effluent material from patients with colorectal neoplasia

Abstract The binding in pre-colonoscopic effluent of Adnab-9, a monoclonal antibody raised against colonic adenomas, was evaluated for specificity in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. A heterogeneous group of 58 patients was evaluated by ELISA. Effluent samples and tissue extracts were subjected to Western blotting or ELISA to confirm specificity. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the cancer tissue sections. The proportion of positive effuent binding was higher in the cancer when compared to the normal group (P = 0.036). A dominant 87 M r band was found in adenoma extracts and some effluent samples. Adnab-9 binding in effluent samples predominated in membrane-bound fractions. Immunohistochemistry showed no specific staining in the cancer cells. The antigen recognised is a glycoprotein shown by effects of N-glycanase digestion and not cross-reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen. Non-gastrointestinal tissue extracts did not bind Adnab-9. The major 87 M r adenoma-derived antigen may be found in effluent material, particularly in the membrane-bound fraction.
The Extraction of Carboxylic Acids by Oπ D(iB)CMPO

ABSTRACT The extraction of mono- and dicarboxylic acids by octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide [Oπ -D(iB)CMPO] in tetrachloroethylene (TCE) has been studied using 14C labeled acids. It has been found that CMPO primarily behaves as a monodentate ligand, although bidentate behavior may be obtained under certain conditions.
Time-dependent Numerical Modeling of Dust Halo Formation at Comets

The evolution of gas and dust distributions following a spatially and temporally localized comet outburst was calculated using a hybrid kinetic-hydrodynamic method. In the inner coma the time-dependent continuity, momentum, and energy equations of the dusty gas flow were solved simultaneously using 12 dust sizes. Beyond 300 km a three-dimensional kinetic model was used to calculate the trajectory of each individual dust grain. It was found that following the onset of the comet outburst a gas-dust blast wave propagates outward in the inner coma. About 15 minutes after the increased gas and dust production was initiated at the nucleus, a new equilibrium was reached in the inner coma. The most important feature of this new steady state was the significant increase of the dust terminal velocities. These higher terminal velocity values resulted in larger apex distances for dust particles emitted during the outburst. The dust particles spend a relatively long time near their apex points; therefore, the outburst generates long-lasting distinct dust envelopes in front of the regular dust coma.
Erosion-corrosion of carbon steel by products of coal combustion

Abstract Erosion of carbon steel by fly ash and unburned char particles was measured in the convection section of an industrial boiler firing micronized coal. The rate of erosion was enhanced by directing a small jet of nitrogen, 3 vol.% oxygen in nitrogen, or air toward the surface of a test coupon mounted on an air-cooled tube. Ash and char particles suspended in the flue gas entrained by the jet were accelerated toward the surface of the specimen. Samples were exposed for 2 h with metal temperature at 450, 550, and 650 K (350, 530, and 710°F). Changes in the surface were measured using a surface profiler. Erosion was slowest at the lowest metal temperature, regardless of the jet gas composition. Under the nitrogen jet, erosion increased with increasing temperature over the range of temperatures investigated. In the presence of 3% oxygen, erosion was most rapid at the intermediate temperature. At the highest oxygen concentration, in the air jet, the erosion rate was low at all three temperatures. The temperature and oxygen dependences of the erosion rate were consistent with a model for simultaneous erosion and oxidation. Extrapolation of the results to lower velocity, using experimentally determined coefficients for metal and oxide erosion, provided estimates of erosion of a tube, as a function of impaction angle and gas velocity. Under the conditions of metal temperature, oxygen concentration, particle size, particle loading, and particle composition investigated, erosion of carbon steel tubes is expected to be slower than 0.05 μm h −1 when the gas velocity in the convection section of the boiler is less than approximately 10 m s −1 .
Temperature-dependent, competitive 1,3-acyl shift versus decarbonylation of a cyclopropanone intermediate.

Photooxygenation of 1,1,3-trimethyl-1,2-dihydropentalene gives an unstable endoperoxide, which upon decomposition delivers a bicyclic cyclopropanone intermediate; this species either extrudes CO to give a cycloheptadienone or undergoes a 1,3-acyl shift, both processes occurring most likely in a stepwise manner via diradical intermediates. Alternatively, C3a–C4 cleavage in the dioxygen diradical derived from the endoperoxide yields a 2-cyclopropyl substituted cyclopentadienone epoxide.
Bayesian dose finding by jointly modelling toxicity and efficacy as time-to-event outcomes

Summary. In traditional phase I and II clinical trial designs, toxicity and efficacy are often modelled as binary outcomes. Such methods ignore information on when the outcome event occurs, such as experiencing toxicity or achieving cure or remission. They also have difficulty accommodating a high accrual rate under which toxicity and efficacy outcomes cannot be observed in a timely manner, and thus delay treatment assignment. To address these issues, we propose a Bayesian adaptive phase I–II design that jointly models toxicity and efficacy as time-to-event outcomes. At each decision-making time, patients who have not experienced toxicity or efficacy are naturally censored. We apply the marginal cure rate model to account explicitly for those patients who are insusceptible to efficacy owing to drug resistance. The correlation between the bivariate time-to-toxicity and time-to-efficacy outcomes is properly adjusted through the Clayton model. After screening out the excessively toxic or futile doses, we adaptively assign each new patient to the most appropriate dose on the basis of the ratio of the areas under the predicted survival curves corresponding to toxicity and efficacy. We conducted extensive simulation studies to examine the operating characteristics of the method proposed, and we illustrate the application of the method in a clinical trial in prostate cancer. Our design selects the target dose with a high probability, treats most patients at the desirable dose and potentially shortens the duration of a trial.
Some Effects of Amines on Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Antiwear Performance as Measured in 4-Ball Wear Tests

Adverse interactions of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDPs) with other required additives in an engine oil is one factor contributing to the high phosphorus content of some engine oils. Sine phosphorus poisons exhaust gas emission catalysts, ways to reduce the adverse interactions are being sought. The ZDP-amine interaction was investigated as a model of such an interaction. Above a critical concentration, amines can cancel the antiwear performance of ZDPs as measured in a 4-ball machine. At amine concentrations below the critical value, a synergistic antiwear effect was observed at higher loads. The tolerance of different ZDPs to the presence of amines was the same as the ranking of the ZDPs in terms of antiwear performance. A mechanism for the antiwear action of ZDPs involving the formation of an acid phosphate decomposition product has been proposed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference in San Francisco, California, August 18–21, 1980.