cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shortcut Models and Feasibility Considerations for Emerging Batch Distillation Columns

The transient nature and flexibility of batch distillation allow for configuring the column in a number of different ways. Some of the new configurations are an inverted column, a middle vessel column, and a multivessel column. These new column configurations have also provided new ways of operation. The preliminary analysis of these emerging columns has shown promising behavior, because of the added flexibility. This added flexibility is especially interesting for a chemical industry where the quantity and lifetime of the products are uncertain, but it has also made the analysis of the system more difficult. Shortcut procedures provide an easy way of understanding the global behavior of complex systems. In this paper the authors are presenting shortcut procedures for the newly described batch distillation column configurations. The transient profiles obtained by the proposed shortcut procedures and rigorous models are compared using extensive test cases. Global qualitative properties and feasibility criteria are derived for these new designs, and a detailed analysis of these configurations is also presented.
Ventricular Reconstruction Results in Improved Left Ventricular Function and Amelioration of Mitral Insufficiency

Myocardial ischemia resulting in ischemic cardiomyopathy remains a perplexing surgical problem to treat. Cardiomyopathy resulting from ischemia of the left anterior descending coronary artery resulting in ventricular scarring represents a unique challenge for the cardiovascular surgeon. Ischemic cardiomyopathy results in a ventricle that is scarred or dilated, resulting in an inefficient pumping chamber. 1 Various surgical modalities have been utilized in the treatment of the ischemic cardiomyopathy. Coronary artery bypass grafting 2 with or without valve replacement 3 and, in severe cases, heart transplantation 4 have been utilized for dilated cardiomyopathy. Surgical remodeling of the ventricle has been utilized in the past decade. One technique of surgical remodeling consisted of left ventriculectomy, during which a portion of the dilated left ventricle is removed. 5 This technique proposed by Batista has since fallen out of favor because of the poor long-term outcome. 6 Surgical restoration of left ventricular wall has been proposed as a technique for the treatment of left ventricular aneurysms. A endoventricular patch technique for left ventricular aneurysms was proposed by Vincent Dor for the surgical restoration of the left ventricular anatomy. 7 The Dor procedure has since been proposed as an alternative treatment for ischemic cardiomyopathy even in the absence of left ventricular aneurysm. The procedure entails the placement of an endoventricular patch to exclude the dilated area of the left ventricle. We hypothesized that the Dor procedure will result in improved left ventricular function in patients with ischemia cardiomyopathy an enlarged left ventricle. We also believe that the alteration in ventricular geometry secondary to the Dor procedure will result in reduced degree of mitral regurgitation.
The feedback interconnection of lumped linear time-invariant systems☆

Abstract This paper considers the feedback interconnection of two multi-input multi-output subsystems characterized by rational transfer functions Ĝ1 and Ĝ functions are not assumed to be proper nor exponentially stableThe effect of output disturbances on stability is taken into account. Ten examples are given to show that instabilities may appear anywhere around the loop. Next, under a sequence of successively more restrictive assumptions, we prove four sets of necessary and sufficient conditions for the exponential stability of the system. Using coprime factorizations, we obtain four equivalent expressions for the system characteristic polynomial. Two stability tests are derived, the first one is based exclusively on transfer functions, the second is based on the characteristic polynomial. The paper ends by providing translation rules for reformulating all definitions and theorems for the discrete-time case (i.e. instead of Laplace transforms use Z-transforms, etc.).
Differential equations in the spectral parameter, Darboux transformations and a hierarchy of master symmetries for KdV

We study a certain family of Schrodinger operators whose eigenfunctions ϕ(χ, λ) satisfy a differential equation in the spectral parameter λ of the formB(λ,∂λ)ϕ=Θ(x)ϕ. We show that the flows of a hierarchy of master symmetries for KdV are tangent to the manifolds that compose the strata of this class ofbispectral potentials. This extends and complements a result of Duistermaat and Grunbaum concerning a similar property for the Adler and Moser potentials and the flows of the KdV hierarchy.
Tetraspanin: red blood cells and beyond

Comment on Karamatic Crew et al, page [2217][1] Blood groups have always thrown up surprises that far transcend their function in blood. Karamatic Crew and colleagues present a remarkable new example. Tetraspanins are a distinct and fascinating family of proteins, so named because they span the
Neuropeptides and gastrointestinal immunity

Abstract Several peptides originally described as neurotransmitters or gut hormones have recently been shown to modulate the immune response. Three of these peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and somatostatin, regulate the function of immune effector cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Vasoactive intestinal peptide modulates lymphocyte migration and natural killer cell activity by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent mechanism, whereas substance P induces mediator release by a cAMP-independent mechanism. Somatostatin antagonizes the effects of both vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P by a mechanism that appears to involve inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Neuropeptide regulation of immune cells in gutassociated lymphoid tissue may thus play an important role in gastrointestinal physiology.
Degradation of thermal barrier coated superalloy component during service

The time dependent degradation of first-stage blades for gas turbine was investigated. First, Two used blades were prepared from the operating facilities, and their operating hours were 25,000 and 52,000 hrs, respectively. Microstructural comparison of coating surfaces showed that exposure to the environment increased thickness of TGO (Thermally Grown Oxide) and β depletion region, and then debonding and spallation of TBC (Thermal Barrier Coating) occurred finally. In the case of substrate, Ni-based superalloy, the shape and size of γ' were changed with increasing operating time. Especially, in the leading and trailing edges of blades, the size of γ' was bigger and the shape was more elliptic than other region. It can be thought that the leading and trailing edges of blades can be the starting point of degradation in first-stage blades. Second, TBC failed blade used for 22,000 hrs was prepared and compared with other two blades. Large interfacial cracks were formed between top and bond coat, and TGO was not uniform and continuous. The chemical composition analysis on bond coat showed that low chromium content is responsible for the formation not only of Al oxide but also of Co, Cr, Ni oxides.
Association of p72syk with the src homology-2 (SH2) domains of PLC gamma 1 in B lymphocytes.

Phospholipase Cγ-catalyzed inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, a critical step in B cell antigen receptor signaling leading to second messenger generation and proliferation, depends upon tyrosine kinase activation. The B cell antigen receptor-associated tyrosine kinases p53/56lyn, p59fyn, p55blk, and p72syk are assumed to participate in receptor-initiated signaling. It is unknown, however, which of these kinases is involved in the tyrosine phosphorylation and resulting activation of phospholipase Cγ in response to antigen receptor cross-linking. We have used a fusion protein containing the tandem src homology-2 (SH2) domains of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) to identify B cell kinases which associate with PLCγ1. Using an in vitro kinase assay, we demonstrate SH2-dependent association of tyrosine kinase activity from anti-μ-stimulated B cells. The PLCγ1 SH2 domains associate with a prominent 70-72-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein from anti-μ-stimulated, but not resting, B cells. Immunoblotting and secondary immunoprecipitation studies definitively identify this protein as p72syk. These results imply a physical interaction between PLCγ1 and p72syk in antigen receptor-stimulated B cells. This conclusion is confirmed by our ability to co-immunoprecipitate p72syk and PLCγ1 from lysates of anti-μ-stimulated B cells. These results implicate p72syk in the activation of phospholipase Cγ1 during B cell antigen receptor signaling.
Six hundred fifty-six consecutive explorations for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Objective To review the outcomes of 656 consecutive parathyroid explorations performed by a single surgeon and to compare the results of conventional and minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) techniques. Background Data Traditional surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) involves bilateral cervical exploration, which is usually accomplished under general endotracheal anesthesia. The MIP technique involves preoperative localization with sestamibi scans, surgeon-administered cervical block anesthesia, directed exploration through a small incision, intraoperative rapid parathyroid hormone assay, and discharge within 2 to 3 hours of surgery. Methods Six hundred fifty-six consecutive patients with primary HPTH underwent exploration between January 1990 and March 2001. Results MIP was used with ever-increasing frequency beginning in March 1998. Four hundred one procedures (61 %) were performed using the standard technique and 255 patients (39%) were selected for MIP. The success rate for the entire series was 98%, with no significant differences comparing traditional and MIP techniques. The overall complication rate of 2.3% reflects 3.0% and 1.2% rates in the standard and MIP groups, respectively. MIP was associated with approximately a 50% reduction in operating time, a sevenfold reduction in length of hospital stay, and a mean cost savings of $2,693 per procedure, which represents nearly a 50% reduction in total hospital charges. Conclusions A dramatic and sustained shift has occurred in the surgical treatment of primary HPTH: MIP has replaced traditional exploration for most patients.
Phosphorus doping of silicon at substrate temperatures above 600 °C

Abstract Phosphorus doping of silicon during growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been investigated in the temperature regime 700 °C to 870 °C. By designing a growth sequence that fully accounts for the P deposited in a delta-doped layer, and then tracks the P as it segregates into the undoped Si and traps the surface P in a low temperature Si cap, it was determined that the onset of significant P evaporation during growth occurred at a substrate temperature of 663 °C ± 10 °C. The P sublimation process had an activation energy of 199 kJ/mol ± 22 kJ/mol.
Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a usually lethal dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 125 mg/kg i.p. in corn oil) or with vehicle alone. Two, 4, and 8 days after treatment the temperature of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) was monitored during venous infusion of norepinephrine (480 ng/min) for 60 min. The temperature response was about 1.0–1.5°C within l h in vehicle-treated, pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. In TCDD-treated animals, the response of IBAT decreased with time after TCDD dosage, amounting to only 0.3 ± 0.1 °C at 8 days after dosing (differences significant with respect to both controls, P < 0.05). GDP binding to IBAT mitochondria (a measure of thermogenic capacity) was unchanged in all groups, indicating that the reduced thermogenic response was probably not caused by an impairment of the mitochondrial uncoupling process by TCDD.
Use of maternal flecainide concentration in management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia: A step in the right direction

It has been a little more than 30 years since initial reports of successful transplacental treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) first appeared. However, anyone who treats fetal SVT knows this is still a complicated and challenging endeavor, and the ultimate goal—delivery of a nonhydropic term infant in sinus rhythm—can be difficult to achieve. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Vigneswaran et al make a significant contribution to fetal SVT management in their study of the relationship between maternal serum flecainide concentrations and conversion of fetal SVT to sinus rhythm. SVT is a common abnormality of heart rhythm in fetuses, infants, and children, and in the past 60 years we have learned a great deal about the mechanisms of SVT or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia as it was also known. Based on electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic features of SVT mechanisms, it is now known that the term SVT is frequently a misnomer. For example, in SVT using an accessory atrioventricular (AV) connection, participation of both atria and ventricles is essential for the continuation of tachycardia. In contrast, in tachycardia thought to result from reentry within the AV node, the precise role of the atria and ventricles in maintaining tachycardia is unclear. Finally, there are types of SVT, for example, ectopic atrial tachycardia, that are supraventricular, as the atria are the principal site of the electrophysiologic disturbance. These types of SVT have been termed atrial or primary atrial tachycardias. Based on electrophysiologic and magnetocardiographic findings, the most common mechanism of fetal SVT is an AV reentrant tachycardia using an accessory AV connection, in which both the atrium and the ventricles participate. We know that accessory AV connections used in fetal SVT are developmental cardiac malformations, and we have learned that postnatal changes in the AV connection reduce susceptibility to SVT. This finding is relevant to the natural history of fetal SVT and can provide reassurance when counseling parents when their fetus appears to have medically refractory SVT.
The electromagnetic fields of moving dipoles

Recent papers by J. R. Ellis and the author contain formulae for the fields of moving dipoles which are expressed in rather different forms in the two papers, and it appears that the author's results are more general than Ellis's. Here, the results are re-derived from a consideration of the Hertzian six-vector potential for a distribution of moving dipoles, and a comparison is made with the previous forms. It is found that Ellis's results are essentially as general as the author's. The expressions for the potentials and the field tensors are treated as weak functions in Temple's sense, and very few restrictions have to be imposed on the dipole moments and velocities, which may be expressed either as functions of coordinate time or as functions of proper-time.
Quantitative studies of cell types in rat hypophysis following administration of antigonadotropic serum.

SummaryTreatment with antigonadotropic serum resulted in extreme basophilism of the hypophysis of young female rats. When the treatment was discontinued the percentage of basophiles gradually returned to normal with a corresponding increase in the percentage of chromophobes, and marked increase in the size of the ovaries over that of littermate controls.
Antibiotic modification of native grafts: improving upon nature's scaffolds.

Infection associated with inert implants is complicated by bacterial biofilm formation that renders the infection antibiotic insensitive. The goal of this investigation was to synthesize and characterize a vancomycin (VAN)-modified bone allograft that could render the tissue inhospitable to bacterial colonization and the establishment of infection. We found that the numbers of primary amines, which could serve as anchors for chemical synthesis, increased with limited demineralization. Using these amines, we coupled two linkers and VAN to bone using Fmoc chemistry. By immunohistochemistry, VAN was abundant on the surface of the allograft; based on elution and measurement of bound antibody, this coupling yielded at least ∼26 ng VAN/mg bone. The coupled VAN appeared to be permanently bound to the allograft, as it showed no elution in a disk diffusion assay, and, importantly, resisted colonization by Staphylococcus aureus challenges. We suggest that this chimeric construct represents a new generation of antib...
Digital Image Halftoning Using Neural Networks

A novel technique for digital image halftoning is presented, performing nonstandard quantization subject to a fidelity criterion. Massively parallel artificial symmetric neural networks are used for this purpose, minimizing a frequency weighted mean squared error between the continuous-tone input and the bilevel output image. The weights of these networks can be selected, so that the generated halftoned images are of good quality. A symmetric formulation of the error diffusion halftoning technique is also presented in the form of a massively parallel network. This network contains a nonmonotonic nonlinearity in lieu of the sigmoid function and is shown to be appropriate for effective halftoning of images.
Incremental cost effectiveness of prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus disease in patients with AIDS.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, an opportunistic complication in patients with AIDS, causes substantial morbidity and has high treatment costs. Although prevention of this disease is highly desirable, incremental cost-effectiveness estimates for proposed prophylactic strategies in the era prior to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were unfavourable relative to other specific antimicrobial prophylactic strategies in patients with AIDS. With the availability of HAART, several inputs upon which previous estimates of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for anti-CMV prophylaxis were based have probably changed substantially. To assess the incremental cost effectiveness of prophylaxis in the HAART era, data are needed on visual outcomes and utility for patients with CMV retinitis and AIDS, on better strategies for identifying subpopulations at high risk for CMV disease and on the prophylactic efficacy of valganciclovir. Cost-effectiveness analysis could potentially contribute by exploring thresholds of population risk, prophylactic effectiveness, and drug pricing in order to identify conditions under which prophylaxis for CMV disease in patients with AIDS could potentially become cost effective.
Frequency Analysis of Flood Damage

Determination of flood damage frequencies constitutes a fundamental component of any comprehensive flood-risk methodology. A time series of flood damage may contain zero values. Therefore, the probability distribution of damage should be derived taking into consideration these zero values. This distribution was derived using the total probability theorem (in conjunction with gamma, log-normal and Weibull distributions), order statistics, kinematic diffusion (KD) model, and the Box-Cox transformation. Flood damage frequencies determined using these methods were compared with those determined empirically for Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in the United States. For the four southern states studied, it is found that of all three different analysis methods, the method based on the total probability theorem gave the best results for the flood damage analysis containing zero-damage, and the KD model method is not suitable for the flood damage analysis.
Cation solutions in crystalline MgO of the type Mg1 − x(R+, Rn+)xO

Abstract Four types of cation solid solutions in MgO are considered: I, Mg 2+ ⇌ R 2+ ; II, 2 Mg 2+ ⇌ R + + R 3+ ; III, 3 Mg 2+ ⇌ 2 R + + R 4+ ; IV, 4 Mg 2+ ⇌ 3 R + + R 5+ . In solutions of Types II, III and IV, Li + is the only monovalent ion found to enter the periclase structure. Type II solutions were obtained with R 3+ = Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mn 3+ , Fe 3+ and In 3+ , Type III solutions with R 4+ = Ti 4+ , and Type IV solutions with R 5+ = Nb 5+ . Solutions were not obtained with NaAlO 2 , CuAlO 2 , CuFeO 2 , nor with the ions V 5+ , Ta 5+ and Sb 5+ . Ionic size of the cations is clearly not the sole criterion governing solid solution in the periclase structure. The composition Mg 6 LiMnO 8 was found to exhibit order/disorder effects.
“Cuando cualquiera escribe. Procesos democratizadores de la cultura escrita en la crisis de la Cultura de la Transición española” por Luis Moreno-Caballud

This article was downloaded by: [University of California, Berkeley] On: 07 August 2014, At: 16:06 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjsc20 “Cuando cualquiera escribe. Procesos democratizadores de la cultura escrita en la crisis de la Cultura de la Transicion espanola” por Luis Moreno- Caballud Alexandra Saum-Pascual a a Department of Spanish & Portuguese, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Published online: 04 Aug 2014. To cite this article: Alexandra Saum-Pascual (2014): “Cuando cualquiera escribe. Procesos democratizadores de la cultura escrita en la crisis de la Cultura de la Transicion espanola” por Luis Moreno-Caballud, Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14636204.2014.938459 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2014.938459 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
College students' conceptualizations of nature: An interpretive world view analysis

The research reported in this article addressed the fundamental question, What do students believe about the nature of the world around them? The research specifically addressed college students' fundamental beliefs about nature, that is, the natural world. Data were collected via semistructured interviews involving a set of elicitation devices used to encourage students to talk about the natural world. The analysis of interview transcripts yielded inferences about student fundamental beliefs based on logicostructural world view theory. These beliefs are presented in the form of a concept map and characterized by a set of bipolar descriptive codes: naturalism and religion; chaos and order; mystery and knowledge; function and purpose; mundane and special; science/no science. Perhaps the most intriguing observation of the study was science's apparent lack of influence on students' beliefs about nature even though these students had been successful in college level science courses.
Identification of a metallothionein-like, heavy metal binding protein in the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea

1. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, possesses a heat stable, heavy metal binding protein (HMBP) with an apparent molecular weight similar to that of rat liver metallothionein (MT). 2. Significant increases (1.2–1.6-fold) in the concentrations of HMBP were observed following 30-day exposures to either temperature extremes (4° or 30°C), Cl (0.29 mg/l total residual Cl), or dissolved Zn (0.50 mg/l). 3. Exposure to dissolved Cd (0.10 mg/l) for 30 days in two separate studies resulted in 1.8- and 2.8-fold increases in HMBP levels. Exposure to dissolved Cd (< 0.01, 0.10, 0.59 and 0.99 mg/l) for 42 days resulted in the greatest increases m HMBP occurring at 0.10 mg/l. 4. Together these results revealed that relative concentrations of MT-like HMBP in tissues of the freshwater Asiatic clam were differentially influenced by the type, concentration and duration of exposure to a Stressor.
Analysis of Persistent Motion Patterns Using the 3D Structure Tensor

Surveillance applications often capture video over long time periods; interpretation of this data is facilitated by background models that effectively represent the typical behavior in the scene. Capturing statistics of the spatio-temporal derivatives at each pixel can efficiently model surprisingly complicated motion patterns. Considering the video as a function of space and time, the mean 3D structure tensor at each pixel characterizes local image variation, the most common local motion, and whether that motion is consistent or ambiguous. Furthermore, this structure tensor field - the structure tensor at each pixel - is interpretable as a constrained Gaussian probability density function over the derivatives measured across the entire image. In scenes with multiple global motion patterns, a mixture model (of these global distributions) automatically factors background motion into a set of flow fields corresponding to the different motions. The models are developed online in real time and can adapt to changes in background motion. We demonstrate the ability to automatically discover the different motion patterns in an intersection.
On scale and magnitude of pressure build-up induced by large-scale geologic storage of CO2

On Scale and Magnitude of Pr essur e Buildup Induced by Lar ge-Scale Geologic Stor age of CO 2 Quanlin Zhou * and Jens T. Birkholzer Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 *Corresponding Author, Tel: 1-510-486-5748, Fax: 1-510-486-5686; Email: qzhou@lbl.gov, Mail Address: One Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116 Abstr act The scale and magnitude of pressure perturbation and brine migration induced by geologic carbon sequestration is discussed assuming a full-scale deployment scenario in which enough CO 2 is captured and stored to make relevant contributions to global climate change mitigation. In this scenario, the volumetric rates and cumulative volumes of CO 2 injection would be comparable to or higher than those related to existing deep- subsurface injection and extraction activities, such as oil production. Large-scale pressure buildup in response to the injection may limit the dynamic storage capacity of suitable formations, because over-pressurization may fracture the caprock, may drive CO 2 /brine leakage through localized pathways, and may cause induced seismicity. On the other hand, laterally extensive sedimentary basins may be less affected by such limitations because (1) local pressure effects are moderated by pressure propagation and brine displacement into regions far away from the CO 2 storage domain, and (2) diffuse and/or localized brine migration into overlying and underlying formations allows for pressure bleed-off in the vertical direction. A quick analytical estimate of the extent of pressure buildup induced by industrial-scale CO 2 projects is presented. Also discussed are pressure perturbation and attenuation effects simulated for two representative sedimentary basins in the U.S.: the laterally extensive Illinois Basin and the partially compartmentalized southern San Joaquin Basin, California. These studies show that the limiting effect of pressure buildup on dynamic storage capacity is not as significant as suggested by Ehlig- Economides and Economides 1 , who considered closed systems without any attenuation effects. Keywords: climate change, geologic sequestration, storage capacity, pressure buildup, numerical modeling, pressure attenuation
INTEGRATING GENDER AND ETHNICITY INTO PSYCHOLOGY COURSES

In this introduction to the special issue on teaching about gender and ethnicity in psychology, we consider the assumptions underlying an inclusive curriculum that pays attention to gender and ethnicity and address why such a curriculum has merit. We review empirical studies, assessing whether existing curricula are inclusive, and present an overview of the articles and the recurrent themes. These themes include the complexity of the interaction between ethnicity and gender; the difficulty of deciding which of the many possible ethnic groups to include in course material; the dominance of evaluative comparison in discussions of differences among groups; the interdisciplinary nature of research on ethnicity; and the tendency in psychology to ignore the importance of the power differences that confound analyses of the effect of ethnicity and gender.
The development of complex sentence interpretation in typically developing children compared with children with specific language impairments or early unilateral focal lesions

This study compared sentence comprehension skills in typically developing children 5‐17 years of age, children with language impairment (LI) and children with focal brain injuries (FL) acquired in the pre/perinatal period. Participants were asked to process sentences ‘on-line’, choosing the agent in sentences that varied in syntactic complexity (actives, passives, subject clefts and object clefts), and in the presence or absence of a subject-verb agreement contrast. Results revealed that accuracy and processing speeds vary with syntactic complexity in all groups, reflecting the frequency and regularity of sentence types. Developmental changes continued throughout childhood, as children became faster and more accurate at processing more complex sentence structures. Children with LI and children with FL were quite profoundly delayed, displaying profiles similar to, or more impaired than those of younger children, but there was no evidence in the FL group for a disadvantage in left- vs. right-hemisphere-damaged children. Children with LI showed one unique pattern: higher than normal costs (reflected in reaction times) in using converging information from subject-verb agreement, in line with studies suggesting special vulnerabilities in grammatical morphology in this group. Results are discussed in terms of the Competition Model, a theory of language processing designed to account for the statistical changes in performance that are observed during development, and the probabilistic deficits in children with language impairments.
Effects of Blood Flow on Radiofrequency Ablation of Tumors: Finite Elements and In Vitro Models

The efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatments depends on the ability to ablate tumors completely while minimizing the damage to healthy tissue. Tissue cooling due to blood flow is an important factor affecting the size and shape of the ablation lesion. In this paper a new methodology for finite element modeling of the coupled electrical-thermal-flow process during RFA is presented. Our formulation treats heat losses due to blood flow explicitly rather than approximating the collective effects of blood vessles as a heat sink. Numerical models were compared to in vitro models using egg whites to simulate human tissue and a straight cylinder filled with a saline solution to simulate blood. Asymmetric burns were obtained close to the simulated blood vessels. Numerical results closely match the in vitro models.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Apomorphine and amphetamine produce differential effects on the speed and success of reaction time responding in the rat

Apomorphine, a nonselective, direct-acting dopamine agonist, and amphetamine, a nonselective indirect-acting dopamine agonist, were compared for their effects on the reaction time response in rats. Animals were shaped to release a lever in response to an auditory/visual stimulus to avoid mild foot shock. The characteristics of the reaction time response of primary interest were percent successful avoidance and response latency. Apomorphine (0, 1, and 5 mg/kg, IP) significantly decreased successful avoidance, but had no effect on response latencies. Thus, the decrease in successful avoidance was not a direct result of longer latencies. Amphetamine (0, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, IP) produced a different pattern of effects on the reaction time response. Successful avoidance was not affected by amphetamine treatment. However, response latencies were dose-dependently decreased in response to amphetamine. These results demonstrate that dopamine receptor stimulation by different dopamine agonists produces a different pattern of effects on the characteristics of the reaction time response. In addition, these results demonstrate that successful avoidance can be modulated independently of response latencies.
Effects of Quantum and Thermal Fluctuations on the Stability of Mutual Phase-Locking in Long Josephson Junction Stacks

We report the effects of quantum and thermal fluctuations on the stability of phase-locking in one-dimensional long Josephson junction (LJJ) devices, involving high temperature superconductors. Accounting for both the magnetic induction effect and the charging effect, we determine the zero temperature (T = 0) stability phase diagram using renormalization group (RG) analysis. This phase diagram shows that the in-phase mode is stable but some out-of-phase modes are unstable against quantum fluctuations. At finite T, all stable phase-locked modes (at T = 0) are unstable, but its stability is maintained within the decoherence length which decreases inversely with T.
Carcinoma of the lung.

T HE great concern regarding carcinoma of the lung has centered about the increased incidence and the various agents which may be involved in the etiology of the disease. Our friends, the trial lawyers, are heIping us to straighten out part of our confusion as to the exact nature of the role of certain agents in the etiology of the disease. The propaganda by both the medical and lay press to the public about early symptoms of cancer, has, at times, become a form of scaremongery and has encouraged the deveIopment of hypochondriac fears in a good many people. Yet, what better way is there to focus attention on a dreadful disease? From the surgica1 point of view this literature might be more justifiable if the earIy symptoms were not vague and IiabIe to be produced by other diseases, or if we had good treatment to offer. As we a11 know, there has been very little change in the survival statistics or the rates OJ cure within recent years. However, regardless of whether or not the increased incidence is real or disproportionate to all other cancers, or whether it is still continuing, the present level is sufficiently high to make Iung cancer a major problem for concern and investigation in the proper circles. Thus, the battle must go on. In prevention, if this were possible, sureIy lies the cure. At present, we must use the tooIs avaiIable to treat that which we, as yet, cannot prevent. The over-all end results of the treated and untreated cases of bronchogenic carcinoma are poor. However, there are reports in the literature which are encouraging [I-?]. To get a firsthand look at the home front, a study was undertaken to review a series of consecutive cases observed at the King County Hospital during a twenty-year period, rg4o to 1959. It must be remembered that the cases being presented are selected under adverse circum<tames, and the end results must be viewed as an outcome due to that selection and not to any serious deviation from the current methods of treatment. The County Hospital serves onI?indigents and, therefore, the patients are older, predominantly male and are in relatively poorer general physica condition than those presenting to private care. Also, there has been no elimination of terminal cases as may occut automatically at the prereferral level in private care.
On the stability of the ordered Pd8V phase in a proton-irradiated Pd-15at.%V alloy

Abstract The maximum temperature at which the ordered Pd 8 V phase forms in a Pd-15at.%V alloy irradiated by 400 keV protons was determined to lie between 350 and 420 °C. Post-irradiation annealing experiments have established that Pd 8 V is most probably a thermodynamically stable equilibrium phase with a critical ordering temperature slightly below 400 °C. Pd 8 V is not expected to nucleate and grow under conditions of normal isothermal annealing (because of the low temperature range of its stability) unless diffusion is accelerated, in this case by charged particle irradiation. Interstitial dislocation loops are prevalent in the microstructure of samples irradiated at low temperatures (200 °C), whereas more widely extended stacking fault ribbons are commonly observed at higher irradiation temperatures (420 °C). The segregation of undersized vanadium atoms to these defects causes the preferential formation of Pd 8 V in regions between them.
The Promotion of Abscission by Auxin

Though some scientific studies on the abscission of plant organs had started as early as 1860 (10), the role of the growth hormone in this process was first suggested by the work of Laibach in 1933 (6). He observed that orchid pollinia inserted in the split ends of petioles of debladed Coleus delayed abscission 11 to 20 days beyond that of untreated petioles. Soon after, La Rue (7) found that indoleacetic acid, pollen extracts or urine delayed petiole fall for a few days when they were applied to debladed petioles. He suggested that abscission resulted when the development of the abscission layer was not inhibited by growth substances produced in the leaf blades. Since then many practical uses have been made of the delaying action of auxin on abscission. Myers (11, 12, 13) and Gardner and Cooper (4) by their deblading experiments in Coleus have essentially proved that auxin is responsible for the prevention of leaf drop. They concluded that the leaf blade was the source of the phytohormone naturally serving this function. A new contribution was made when Shoji et al (15) proposed the auxin gradient theory of abscission. They made auxin determinations in bean leaves at various intervals preceding abscission, and found that although the auxin concentration in the blade started falling just before abscission, the concentration in the petiole itself remained unchanged. From this they deduced that a critical auxin concentration gradient across the abscission zone may be necessary to prevent the leaf from abscissing rather than the auxin concentration itself. Addicott and Lynch (1) further observed that whereas distal applications of auxin to debladed petioles prevented abscission, proximal ones induced it. This finding corroborated the gradient theory. Auxin is generally considered to be an abscission inhibiting material, although no convincing quantitative studies to this effect have been carried out. In view of the fact that most growth functions, inhibited by higher concentrations, are also promoted by lower ones, it would seem worthwhile to investigate the quantitative aspects of auxin effects on abscission.
A Study of Union Ability to Secure the First Contract in Foreign-Owned Firms in the USA

The ability of American labor unions to obtain collective bargaining contracts in foreign-owned firms after winning the right to represent the workers is examined. Elections held and agreements reached during the period 1980–1988 in firms from sixteen different countries indicate that a union is likely to secure the first contract in only about half the cases, and even fewer in German- and Japanese-owned firms.
Methylene Blue for Vasopressor-Resistant Vasoplegia Syndrome During Liver Transplantation

HE NUMBER OF liver transplant procedures is increasing worldwide. The ischemia-reperfusion syndrome seen during liver transplant surgery can manifest as a state of vasoplegia that frequently requires vasopressor support to maintain stable hemodynamics. Occasionally, the conventional treatment for vasoplegic syndrome (VS) (eg, phenylephrine, norepinephrine, or vasopressin) does not suffice to restore adequate systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and support systemic pressures. The first utilization of methylene blue (MB) as a last resort pharmacologic agent to treat vasopressor-refractory vasoplegic syndrome during liver transplantation surgery is reported. CASE REPORT A 61-year-old black male in fulminant hepatorenal failure secondary to autoimmune hepatitis presented for orthotopic liver and kidney transplantation. His past medical history was significant for previous liver transplantation 6 years before current hospitalization and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient had been hospitalized for 2 weeks before this transplant for esophageal variceal hemorrhage and ascites. A preoperative cardiac workup placed the patient at low risk for myocardial ischemia. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed aortic sclerosis and normal biventricular size and function (left ventricular ejection fraction, 0.75). Preoperative laboratory values included a white cell count of 3.3 103/mm3, hemoglobin of 11.0 g/dL, hematocrit of
Computer-based training for failure analysis

The amount of information necessary to perform failure analysis (FA) is beginning to overwhelm the analyst. Methods for managing and locating FA information must be developed if we are to continue to be effective in solving problems that occur during design, fab, packaging, and field use. To this end, Sandia National Laboratories has developed a computer-based training tool for FA known as FASTAdvice. FASTAdvice is a hypertext-based, multimedia tool that simulates the thinking process of a number of failure analysis experts and contains a substantial portion of the knowledge necessary to successfully perform FA.
A review of hate violence in the united states from 1992 to 2002 and its implications for emergency physicians

Study objectives: Hate violence is a criminal offense that is motivated by bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Many hate violence victims have great psychologic sequelae for as long as 5 years after the incident has occurred. Victims of hate violence commonly present to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation of their injuries. If emergency physicians fail to evaluate the events surrounding the assault, hate violence victims may be overlooked and improperly treated. Only scant information on hate violence is available in the medical literature. This study is designed to analyze the prevalence and affected groups of hate violence in the United States during an 11-year period. Methods: This study is a descriptive epidemiologic 11-year analysis of hate violence derived from the Federal B ureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports from 1992 to 2002. The yearly data were aggregated, allowing the analysis and review of hate violence offenses according to year, bias motivation group, subgroup, and offense type for crimes against persons during an 11-year period. This study focused only on crimes against people and does not include crimes against property or society. Results: During 11 years, 71,185 acts of hate violence were reported to the Uniform Crime Reports. Intimidation (54%) and assaults (46%) accounted for the bulk of reported hate violence offenses. The analysis showed that 62% of reported hate violence was motivated by race, with antiblack bias accounting for 40% of all hate violence offenses. The next largest bias motivation was sexual orientation, encompassing 15% of the total, predominantly against male homosexuals. Hate violence offenses toward ethnicity accounted for an additional 14%, with Hispanics being the primary target. Although acts of hate violence against religion composed 9%, 78% of this amount was due to anti-Semitism. Also, an alarming trend emerged after September 11, 2001, with anti-Islamic violence growing by 2,061% from 2000 to 2001. Although 156 homicides and 93 sexual assaults composed a smaller amount of the total, the heinous nature of these hate violence offenses should not be disregarded. Conclusion: Hate violence permeates every facet of society, with only a fraction of offenses being reported (estimated 1 in 9). Many of these victims present to the ED; thus emergency physicians are likely to serve as the initial foundation of safety and advocacy for hate violence victims. The scope of the problem and psychologic sequelae caused by hate victimization must be understood to effectively manage care in the ED.
Component mode synthesis of a vehicle structural-acoustic system model

This paper describes the application of the component mode synthesis technique to develop an analytical structural-acoustic system model of the automotive vehicle. The system model combines an acoustic finite element model of the automobile passenger compartment cavity with finite element and modal models of the vehicle structural system. The model can be solved for frequency, random, and transient response to predict the low-frequency interior noise that occurs during actual operating conditions of the vehicle. The theoretical formulation of the model is described, as well as an experimental verification for random road input. The paper presents analytical capabilities for calculating the modal and substructure participation factors to the interior noise response and illustrates the use of the participation factors in identifying modifications for interior noise reduction. Finally, the application of the model in a computer-aided procedure for the structural-acoustic design of the vehicle is described.
Acute effects of pulsed microwaves and 3‐nitropropionic acid on neuronal ultrastructure in the rat caudate‐putamen

Ultrastructure of the medium sized “spiny” neuron in rat dorsal-lateral caudate-putamen was assessed after administration of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) and exposure to pulsed microwaves. Sprague–Dawley male rats were given two daily intraperitoneal doses of 0 or 10 mg/kg 3-NP and 1.5 h after each dose were exposed to microwave radiation at a whole body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0 (sham exposure), 0.6, or 6 W/kg for 30 min. Microwave exposure consisted of 1.25 GHz radiation delivered as 5.9 μs pulses with repetition frequency 10 Hz. Tissue samples taken 2–3 h after the second sham or microwave exposure showed no injury with light microscope methods. Blinded qualitative assessment of ultrastructure of randomly selected neurons from the same samples did reveal differences. Subsequent detailed, quantitative measurements showed that, when followed by sham exposure, administration of 3-NP significantly increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) intracisternal width, ER area density, and nuclear envelope thickness. Microwave exposure at 6 W/kg alone also significantly increased these measures. Exposure of 3-NP treated animals at 6 W/kg significantly increased effects of 3-NP on ultrastructure. Although exposure at 0.6 W/kg alone did not affect ultrastructure measures, exposure of 3-NP treated animals at 0.6 W/kg reduced the effects of 3-NP. We concluded that 3-NP changed neuronal ultrastructure and that the microwave exposures used here changed neuronal ultrastructure in ways that depended on microwave SAR and neuron metabolic status. The apparent cancellation of 3-NP induced changes by exposure to pulsed microwaves at 0.6 W/kg indicated the possibility that such exposure can protect against the effects of mitochondrial toxins on the nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics 26:82–101, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.