cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive divergence within and between ecotypes of the terrestrial garter snake, Thamnophis elegans, assessed with FST-QST comparisons

Populations of the terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) around Eagle Lake in California exhibit dramatic ecotypic differentiation in life history, colouration and morphology across distances as small as a few kilometres. We assayed the role of selection in ecotypic differentiation in T. elegans using FSTQST analysis and identified selective agents using direct and indirect observations. We extended the conventional implementation of the FST-QST approach by using three-level analyses of genetic and phenotypic variance to assess the role of selection in differentiating populations both within and between ecotypes. These results suggest that selection has driven differentiation between as well as within ecotypes, and in the presence of moderate to high gene flow. Our findings are discussed in the context of previous correlational selection analyses which revealed stabilizing and correlational selection for some of the traits examined.
Thermal, High Pressure, and Electric Field Processing Effects on Plant Cell Membrane Integrity and Relevance to Fruit and Vegetable Quality

Advanced food processing methods that accomplish inactivation of microorganisms but minimize adverse thermal exposure are of great interest to the food industry. High pressure (HP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) processing are commercially applied to produce high quality fruit and vegetable products in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Both microbial and plant cell membranes are significantly altered following exposure to heat, HP, or PEF. Our research group sought to quantify the degree of damage to plant cell membranes that occurs as a result of exposure to heat, HP, or PEF, using the same analytical methods. In order to evaluate whether new advanced processing methods are superior to traditional thermal processing methods, it is necessary to compare them. In this review, we describe the existing state of knowledge related to effects of heat, HP, and PEF on both microbial and plant cells. The importance and relevance of compartmentalization in plant cells as it relates to fruit and vegetable quality is described and various methods for quantification of plant cell membrane integrity are discussed. These include electrolyte leakage, cell viability, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR).
Real-time computer network performance analysis based on ISO/OSI transport service definition

A unified approach focuses on estimation of statistical parameters at the transport service access points from the states and transitions of the service endpoints in the transport layer. Unlike previous methods, this approach emphasizes simplicity, efficiency, and the possibility of real-time analysis. Other possible applications of this concept are discussed, e.g. timer value assignment, end-to-end global rate or throughput control. On the basis of the proposed concept, much more sophisticated real implementations, in end-to-end bases, could be considered for existing computer networks and for future open systems and integrated services. >
The influence of stimulus familiarity-novelty on children's expressed preferences.

Five-year-old children, fairly familiar with letters, greatly preferred letters to letter-like shapes. Ten-year-old children, all fluent readers, also preferred letters, but less markedly so. It is concluded that favourability is a function of exposure, but that additional exposure does not necessarily increase favourability and may even reduce it.
Desulfovibrio sp. genes involved in the respiration of sulfate during metabolism of hydrogen and lactate.

To develop a better understanding of respiration by sulfate-reducing bacteria, we examined transcriptional control of respiratory genes during growth with lactate or hydrogen as an electron donor. RNA extracts of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii were analyzed by using random arbitrarily primed PCR. RNA was reverse transcribed under low-stringency conditions with a set of random primers, and candidate cDNAs were cloned, sequenced, and characterized by BLAST analysis. Putative differentially expressed transcripts were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Interestingly, dissimilatory bisulfite reductase was upregulated in the presence of hydrogen. To link these transcriptional changes to the physiology of sulfate-reducing bacteria, sulfide was measured during growth of several strains of Desulfovibrio on hydrogen or lactate, and this revealed that hydrogen-grown cells produced more sulfide per unit of cell mass than lactate-grown cells. Transcription of other redox proteins was characterized by Northern blotting to determine whether or not they were also transcribed to higher levels in hydrogen-grown cells. Growth on lactate produced greater transcription of [NiFe] hydrogenase. H2-grown cells transcribed the adenylylsulfate reductase b subunit and HmcA to higher levels. The results we describe here provide new insight into the continuing debate over how Desulfovibrio species utilize redox components to generate membrane potential and to channel electrons to sulfate, the final electron acceptor.
Observers' Impressions of Unethical Persons and Whistleblowers

Since there have been many recent occurrences of alleged wrongdoing by business persons and other professionals, it seems additional ethics research is needed to obtain knowledge that will impact real-world behavior. An empirical study assessed business students’ impressions of hypothetical wrongdoers and whistleblowers. To some extent, impressions of an unethical executive and a whistleblower were influenced by the same variables and in opposite directions. Female respondents judged the unethical executive less favorably and the whistleblower more favorably than did males. The executive was rated less favorably and the whistleblower more favorably when the executive sought a small gain than when the goal was a large gain or prevention of a loss of either magnitude. Some manipulations, however, impacted impressions of one actor, but not the other. Perhaps ethics training can make students aware that issue␣framing and moral intensity components may bias decisions.
Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes membrane.

Abstract The antigenic composition and molecular structure of the plasma membrane of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A; M type 6) were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIE) and other related quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques. After establishment of a reference pattern of 29 immunoprecipitates, the relative differences in amounts of individual antigens contained in membranes isolated from cells that were harvested during the exponential or stationary phase of growth were examined. Relative increases and decreases in amounts of individual antigens were estimated from the areas subtended by immunoprecipitates after XIE of Triton X-100 extracts. The asymmetric distribution of antigens on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane was established in absorption experiments with intact, stable protoplasts. Of the 29 immunoprecipitates, 8 appeared to contain antigens exposed on the outer surface of the membrane, whereas 11 appeared to contain antigens either located on the inner surface or unexposed. Six antigens appeared to have limited exposure on the outer surface, and four others remain to be assigned. Certain immunoprecipitates were characterized with respect to enzymatic activity or interaction with the lectin concanavalin A. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3), adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3), and polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.3.7.8) were demonstrated by zymogram techniques. The latter two activities were present within the same immunoprecipitate, suggesting the occurrence of a multienzyme complex. In addition, the areas under the immunoprecipitates containing the three enzymatic activities were not affected by absorption of antimembrane immunoglobulin with intact protoplasts and thus appeared to be located on the inner surface of the membrane. The results from absorption experiments also suggested that the exposure of outer protoplast surface antigens was greater on protoplasts from exponential-phase cells than on those from stationary-phase cells, even when found in increased amounts in the latter.
Optimizing UMTS link layer parameters for a TCP connection

The last few years have witnessed the overwhelming growth of the Internet as well as the huge emergence of mobile devices. The current trend leads to the convergence of these two worlds. The transmission control protocol (TCP), the dominant protocol for end-to-end reliable data transmission will naturally be broadly used in mobile wireless systems and especially over UMTS. However UMTS also implements its own retransmission mechanism via the radio link control (RLC) protocol that is likely to compete with TCP's. The influence of different RLC parameters has been investigated in order to assess the benefits of the link layer ARQ scheme for different situations. The conducted simulations aim at finding the ideal RLC set of parameters for a TCP based application. They lead to the conclusion that using the RLC acknowledged mode is highly recommended since results show that TCP and RLC retransmission mechanisms hardly ever compete.
Science, democracy, and the right to research.

Debates over the politicization of science have led some to claim that scientists have or should have a “right to research.” This article examines the political meaning and implications of the right to research with respect to different historical conceptions of rights. The more common “liberal” view sees rights as protections against social and political interference. The “republican” view, in contrast, conceives rights as claims to civic membership. Building on the republican view of rights, this article conceives the right to research as embedding science more firmly and explicitly within society, rather than sheltering science from society. From this perspective, all citizens should enjoy a general right to free inquiry, but this right to inquiry does not necessarily encompass all scientific research. Because rights are most reliably protected when embedded within democratic culture and institutions, claims for a right to research should be considered in light of how the research in question contributes to democracy. By putting both research and rights in a social context, this article shows that the claim for a right to research is best understood, not as a guarantee for public support of science, but as a way to initiate public deliberation and debate about which sorts of inquiry deserve public support.
Adaptive Sampling for Multi-Robot Wide-Area Exploration

The exploration problem is a central issue in mobile robotics. A complete coverage is not practical if the environment is large with a few small hotspots, and the sampling cost is high. So, it is desirable to build robot teams that can coordinate to maximize sampling at these hotspots while minimizing resource costs, and consequently learn more accurately about properties of such environmental phenomena. An important issue in designing such teams is the exploration strategy. The contribution of this paper is in the evaluation of an adaptive exploration strategy called adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), which is demonstrated to reduce the resource costs (i.e., mission time and energy consumption) of a robot team, and yield more information about the environment by directing robot exploration towards hotspots. Due to the adaptive nature of the strategy, it is not obvious how the sampled data can be used to provide unbiased, low-variance estimates of the properties. This paper therefore discusses how estimators that are Rao-Blackwellized can be used to achieve low error. This paper also presents the first analysis of the characteristics of the environmental phenomena that favor the ACS strategy and estimators. Quantitative experimental results in a mineral prospecting task simulation show that our approach is more efficient in exploration by yielding more minerals and information with fewer resources and providing more precise mineral density estimates than previous methods.
Difficult Days: President Obama's Domestic Policy

From healthcare reform to energy policy, Barack Obama has struggled to push through his domestic agenda. David McKay reflects on a testing first 18 months in office. Domestic issues dominated the 2008 US presidential campaign: the economy, healthcare, energy all featured prominently. But since entering the White House, Barack Obama has seen many of his proposed reforms blocked. David McKay looks back at a testing first 18 months for the new president.
Mesh models of knowledge in distributed systems

Theoretical aspects of knowledge in distributed systems are investigated. A nonmonotonic multi-modal variant of logic S5, deductively complete with respect to a Kripke-style minimal-knowledge semantics, is introduced. It allows for formal verification and analysis of information and its flow within a distributed system, either by proof-theoretic methods or by computing models of a system's knowledge. The introduced system is applied to "Mr. Sum and Mr. Product Puzzle", a non-trivial example which has not been properly handled by existing methods of modal logic. >
International Internet Retail Marketing: Do Product Characteristics Rally Matter?

Many practitioners and academic researchers are engaged in the evaluation and study of the impact of the Internet on global retail marketing. Findings have generally focused on the unique attributes of the Internet marketplace and many have discussed product attributes or characteristics which seem important to market success. However, a 2003 Irish retail study claims there are no correlations between the types of product purchased on the Internet and challenges the validity of product characteristics as an important consideration for Internet marketing (Golden, Hughes and Gallagher, 2003). This article reviews the development of product characteristic marketing theory and discusses the findings of recent studies which investigate product characteristics and their importance to Internet based international retail marketing plans.
Hand-skin temperature and dexterity

This research study examined the dexterity performance of both male and female subjects at ambient temperatures of 35°, 55° and 75°F. Subjects wore typical industrial worker apparel without gloves. Four dexterity measurement methods were used. These were 1) Purdue Pegboard, 2) pencil point tapping, 3) an assembly task, and 4) a fine manipulative task. The subject's performance scores at the various tasks were correlated with the ambient temperature and the hand-skin temperature. Results indicate that females scored better than males on the Purdue Pegboard and a fine manipulative task at all temperatures, while males scored better in pencil point tapping and an assembly task. Language: en
Repeat Conjunctival Biopsy after Immunomodulatory Therapy for Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

ABSTRACTPurpose: To evaluate whether conjunctival biopsy findings in patients with ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) persist as positive or revert to negative following treatment with immunomodulatory therapy (IMT).Methods: Patients with biopsy-proven MMP were treated with IMT for at least 2 years before undergoing repeat conjunctival biopsy for immunofluorescence microscopy. Their records were reviewed and findings evaluated to ascertain which patients’ biopsies showed antibody deposition on the conjunctival basement membrane.Results: Following 2 years of IMT, conjunctival biopsies showed persistent antibody deposition in two patients, and were negative in four patients.Conclusions: Conjunctival biopsies in patients with ocular MMP may show reversion to inactive disease following IMT. Post-treatment biopsy might be clinically useful as a means of evaluating the efficacy of therapy in this chronic disease.
Analyzing Consistency Issues in HMC Atomics

As 3D stacked technology gets popular, Processing-in-memory (PIM) is gaining momentum. HMC 2.0 specification offers a fine-grained, instruction granularity offloading capability to the host processor. The current work studies the potential consistency issues which arise from offloading the atomic instructions from CPU to HMC as present in the current specification.
Disruptive innovation, labor markets, and Big Valley STEM School: network analysis in STEM education

A defining characteristic of contemporary trends in global education policy is the promotion of STEM learning in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of education as a means to generate innovation and prosperity in the economy. Intertwined with common sensical assumptions about future labor markets and the transformative potential of technology in education, STEM has become a hegemonic discourse informing policy formation and educational practice. In Gramscian terms, the struggle over STEM as a discursive practice, between proponents of instrumental learning of marketable economic skills and those of education towards humanistic goals, reveals insights about the ideological characteristics of the push for STEM learning. This article explores the power dynamics behind the push for STEM learning as an ideological discourse propagated by global networks of elite policy actors and enacted by non-elite policy actors at the school level. The findings point toward a disjuncture between the discourse of elite policy actors in the US, the realities of STEM labor markets, and the actualization of this policy discourse into classroom practice. The implications of this study indicate that analyses of vertical power relations in network governance in STEM education should attend to the semiotics, materiality, and mutability of networked spaces.
Poor Nutrition Status and Lumbar Spine Fusion Surgery in the Elderly: Readmissions, Complications, and Mortality

Study design Retrospective database review. Objective To quantify the medical and surgical risks associated with elective lumbar spine fusion surgery in patients with poor preoperative nutritional status and to assess how nutritional status alters length of stay and readmission rates. Summary of background data There has been recent interest in quantifying the increased risk of complications caused by frailty, an important consideration in elderly patients that is directly related to comorbidity burden. Preoperative nutritional status is an important contributor to both sarcopenia and frailty and is poorly studied in the elderly spine surgery population. Methods The full 100% sample of Medicare data from 2005 to 2012 were utilized to select all patients 65 to 84 years old who underwent elective 1 to 2 level posterior lumbar fusion for degenerative pathology. Patients with diagnoses of poor nutritional status within the 3 months preceding surgery were selected and compared with a control cohort. Outcomes that were assessed included major medical complications, infection, wound dehiscence, and mortality. In addition, readmission rates and length of stay were evaluated. Results When adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, malnutrition was determined to result in significantly increased odds of both 90-day major medical complications (adjusted odds ratio, OR: 4.24) and 1-year mortality (adjusted OR: 6.16). Multivariate analysis also demonstrated that malnutrition was a significant predictor of increased infection (adjusted OR: 2.27) and wound dehiscence (adjusted OR: 2.52) risk. Length of stay was higher in malnourished patients, though 30-day readmission rates were similar to controls. Conclusion Malnutrition significantly increases complication and mortality rates, whereas also significantly increasing length of stay. Nutritional supplementation before surgery should be considered to optimize postoperative outcomes in malnourished individuals. Level of evidence 3.
Distinct GATA1 Point Mutations in Monozygotic Twins With Down Syndrome and Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis From a Triplet Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Objectives: Down syndrome (DS)–associated transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) or acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) in monozygotic twins is exceedingly rare and has not been well characterized. Methods: We describe a unique case of monozygotic twins with simultaneous TAM from a triplet pregnancy at 34 weeks’ gestation. Previously reported cases of TAM and DS-AMKL in monozygotic twins have been reviewed to compare with our cases. The current concept of a sequential multistep process in leukemogenesis and disease evolution of TAM into DS-AMKL through the collaboration among trisomy 21, GATA1, and other gene mutations is also reviewed. Results: Distinct GATA1 mutations are identified in our neonate twins with TAM from a triplet pregnancy, whereas precisely identical GATA1 mutations have been detected in all three monozygotic DS twins reported in the literature. Conclusions: Identical GATA1 mutations in cases of monozygotic twins are likely derived from twin-twin transmission. Distinct GATA1 mutations identified in our neonate twins with TAM provide unequivocal evidence of independent intra-utero GATA1 mutations, a completely different mechanism of development of TAM in monozygotic twins from previously reported cases. Interaction of trisomy 21 and GATA1 mutation produces TAM, but additional gene mutations are required for TAM to transform into DS-AMKL.
Using flash photography and image-based rendering to document cultural heritage artifacts

A novel image-based rendering system is proposed for documenting cultural heritage artifacts. The system utilizes backscattering photography to acquire the initial pictures and derives estimates for the object's diffuse albedo, surface normals, and the specular reflectivity from the images. A projective texture mapping technique is used to create a novel view of the artifact by blending the original photographs and projecting them onto a mesh that is also derived from the photos. By weighting the images according to how they best depict the manner in which a virtual light source illuminates the artifact's surface, object relighting is also achieved.
Secrecy Constrained Distributed Detection in Sensor Networks

The data collected by sensor networks often contain sensitive information and care must be taken to prevent that information from being leaked to malicious third parties, e.g., eavesdroppers. Under both the Neyman–Pearson and Bayesian frameworks, we investigate the strategy of defending against an informed and greedy eavesdropper who has access to all the sensors’ outputs via imperfect communication channels. Meanwhile, the legitimate user, e.g., fusion center, is guaranteed to achieve its desired detection performance. Under the Neyman–Pearson framework, we propose a novel approach for analyzing the performance tradeoff, using the maximum achievable detection performance ratio between the fusion center and eavesdropper. Under the Bayesian framework, we derive the asymptotic error exponent, and show that the detectability of a given eavesdropper (Eve) can be limited to her prior information, in other words, Eve's observations do not improve her decision-making ability. Furthermore, we show that as the number of sensors goes to infinity, both asymptotic perfect secrecy and asymptotic perfect detection can be achieved under both frameworks, given noiseless communication channels to the fusion center.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Caused by Lipoprotein Accumulation Suppresses Immunity against Bacterial Pathogens and Contributes to Immunosenescence.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response pathway that is activated upon increased unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and enhanced ER stress response prolongs life span and improves immunity. However, the mechanism by which ER stress affects immunity remains poorly understood. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that mutations in the lipoproteins vitellogenins, which are homologs of human apolipoprotein B-100, resulted in upregulation of the UPR. Lipoprotein accumulation in the intestine adversely affects the immune response and the life span of the organism, suggesting that it could be a contributing factor to immunosenescence. We show that lipoprotein accumulation inhibited the expression of several immune genes encoding proteins secreted by the intestinal cells in an IRE-1-independent manner. Our studies provide a mechanistic explanation for adverse effects caused by protein aggregation and ER stress on immunity and highlight the role of an IRE-1-independent pathway in the suppression of the expression of genes encoding secreted proteins.IMPORTANCE Increased accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to enhanced ER stress. However, the mechanism(s) by which ER stress affects immunity remain understudied. Using the nematode C. elegans, we showed that mutations in lipoproteins lead to their accumulation in the intestine, causing ER stress and adversely affecting the life span of the organisms and their resistance to pathogen infection. Our results indicate that the ER stress caused by lipoprotein accumulation significantly reduced the levels of expression of genes encoding secreted immune effectors, contributing to immunosenescence. It is known that ER stress may suppress gene expression via IRE-1, which is a sensor of ER stress. The novel mechanism uncovered in our study is IRE-1 independent, which highlights the role of a novel process by which ER stress suppresses innate immunity.
A Pilot Study Examining the Effectiveness of the PEERS Program on Social Skills and Anxiety in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Program for the Evaluation of the Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS), a social skills intervention for high functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been proven efficacious in randomized control trials. However, the effectiveness of the PEERS program in community settings has not been studied. The present small-scale pilot study examined the effectiveness of the PEERS program in a community setting. Five adolescents and their caregivers participated in the PEERS intervention. Results indicated that the adolescents showed significant improvement in their social engagement, social cognition, social communication, social motivation, and knowledge of PEERS skills and concepts from pre- to post-intervention. Furthermore, adolescents showed significant reductions in their internalizing and autistic symptoms from pre- to post-intervention. The findings from this small-scale pilot study support the effectiveness of the PEERS program in community-based settings.
Visualizing uncertainty in areal data with bivariate choropleth maps, map pixelation and glyph rotation

In statistics, we quantify uncertainty to help determine the accuracy of estimates, yet this crucial piece of information is rarely included on maps visualizing areal data estimates. We develop and present three approaches to include uncertainty on maps: (1) the bivariate choropleth map repurposed to visualize uncertainty; (2) the pixelation of counties to include values within an estimate's margin of error; and (3) the rotation of a glyph, located at a county's centroid, to represent an estimate's uncertainty. The second method is presented as both a static map and visuanimation. We use American Community Survey estimates and their corresponding margins of error to demonstrate the methods and highlight the importance of visualizing uncertainty in areal data. An extensive online supplement provides the R code necessary to produce the maps presented in this article as well as alternative versions of them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete Water Splitting with Multi-Component Catalysts: Proposed Mechanism of Charge Transport in NiOx Loaded SrTiO3 Photocatalyst for Complete Water Splitting

SrTiO3 (STO) is a large band gap (direct = 3.75 eV, indirect = 3.2 eV) perovskite semiconductor photocatalyst. Attachment of NiOx (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) cocatalyst is known to activate STO for complete water splitting in neutral solution under UV light; however, little is known about the mechanism. STO powder was synthesized (100 nm–1 μm) and phase verified with powder XRD. This material was then modified with nickel and/or nickel oxide via pre-synthesized 10 nm nickel nanoparticles (Ni(add)-STO), reduction/oxidation of 2–30 nm Ni particles on the surface of STO (R500-O130-NiOx-STO), and by photodeposition of Ni2+ to 2–4 nm Ni particles (Ni(hν)-STO) and cocatalyst attachment was verified with HRTEM/HRSTEM. These materials were dispersed in pure water under UV/Vis illumination to measure H2/O2 gas generation rates: Ni(add)-STO = 5.3 μmol g−1 h−1, Ni(hν)-STO = 22.5 μmol g−1 h−1, R500-O130-NiOx-STO = 28 μmol g−1 h−1). Photogenerated charge transport in thin films of these catalysts was probed with surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements to reveal that Ni0 serves as an electron trap (site for water reduction) and p-type NiOx forms a p/n junction with STO to trap holes (site for water oxidation). Photo-labeling further confirmed this photo-exciton pathway. The most active materials were found to contain both nickel and nickel oxide sites. Band gap energies and absorbance were measured with UV/Vis diffuse reflectance, and photoelectrochemistry was used to measure the band edges of STO and Ni/NiO-STO and their overpotentials for water reduction and oxidation.
Yorkie Functions at the Cell Cortex to Promote Myosin Activation in a Non-transcriptional Manner.

Summary The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that controls organ size in animals. Yorkie is well known as a transcriptional co-activator that functions downstream of the Hippo pathway to positively regulate transcription of genes that promote tissue growth. Recent studies have shown that increased myosin activity activates both Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologue YAP, resulting in increased nuclear localization and tissue growth. Here we show that Yorkie also can accumulate at the cell cortex in the apical junctional region. Moreover, Yorkie functions at the cortex to promote activation of myosin through a myosin regulatory light chain kinase, Stretchin-Mlck. This Yorkie function is not dependent on its transcriptional activity and is required for larval and adult tissues to achieve appropriate size. Based on these results, we suggest that Yorkie functions in a feedforward “amplifier” loop that promotes myosin activation, and thereby greater Yorkie activity, in response to tension.
Contaminated Intentions: Tradition and the Individual Talent

This chapter examines Eliot’s “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” demonstrating how Eliot formulated the role and behavior of what Badiou would term “mastery” in relation to the void. Concretizing Badiou’s notions as presented in “A Poetic Dialectic,” Eliot’s classic essay demonstrates the principles at play in Badiou’s thought, positing and dialectically emptying the notion of the masterful critic. In doing so, Eliot exposes the void of critical discourse, and then incorporates that void back into the discourse itself in order to sustain and further it. “Tradition and the Individual Talent” not only predicts Badiou, but offers a daring example of the key tenets that occupy his thought.
Are intensive parental alienation treatments effective and safe for children and adolescents

AbstractStrong claims have been made for the possibility of diagnostic discrimination between children who refuse contact with a nonpreferred divorced parent due to parental alienation (PA) created...
Lens differentiation is characterized by stage-specific changes in chromatin accessibility correlating with differentiation state-specific gene expression.

Abstract Changes in chromatin accessibility regulate the expression of multiple genes by controlling transcription factor access to key gene regulatory sequences. Here, we sought to establish a potential function for altered chromatin accessibility in control of key gene expression events during lens cell differentiation by establishing genome-wide chromatin accessibility maps specific for four distinct stages of lens cell differentiation and correlating specific changes in chromatin accessibility with genome-wide changes in gene expression. ATAC sequencing was employed to generate chromatin accessibility profiles that were correlated with the expression profiles of over 10,000 lens genes obtained by high-throughput RNA sequencing at the same stages of lens cell differentiation. Approximately 90,000 regions of the lens genome exhibited distinct changes in chromatin accessibility at one or more stages of lens differentiation. Over 1000 genes exhibited high Pearson correlation coefficients (r ​> ​0.7) between altered expression levels at specific stages of lens cell differentiation and changes in chromatin accessibility in potential promoter (−7.5kbp/+2.5kbp of the transcriptional start site) and/or other potential cis-regulatory regions ( ±10 ​kb of the gene body). Analysis of these regions identified consensus binding sequences for multiple transcription factors including members of the TEAD, FOX, and NFAT families of transcription factors as well as HIF1a, RBPJ and IRF1. Functional mapping of genes with high correlations between altered chromatin accessibility and differentiation state-specific gene expression changes identified multiple families of proteins whose expression could be regulated through changes in chromatin accessibility including those governing lens structure (BFSP1,BFSP2), gene expression (Pax-6, Sox 2), translation (TDRD7), cell-cell communication (GJA1), autophagy (FYCO1), signal transduction (SMAD3, EPHA2), and lens transparency (CRYBB1, CRYBA4). These data provide a novel relationship between altered chromatin accessibility and lens differentiation and they identify a wide-variety of lens genes and functions that could be regulated through altered chromatin accessibility. The data also point to a large number of potential DNA regulatory sequences and transcription factors whose functional analysis is likely to provide insight into novel regulatory mechanisms governing the lens differentiation program.
Computational bases for RTk and BDMk on triangles

In this article, we derive computational bases for Raviart-Thomas (RT) and Brezzi-Douglas-Marini (BDM) (vector) approximation spaces on a triangulation of a domain in R^2. The basis functions, defined on the reference triangle, have a Lagrangian property. The continuity of the normal component of the approximation across the edges in the triangulation is satisfied by the use of the Piola transformation and the Lagrangian property of the basis functions. A numerical example is given demonstrating the approximation property of the bases.
Graphite to diamond transformation under shock compression: Role of orientational order

To gain insight into the role of orientational order on the shock-induced graphite to diamond phase transformation, three pyrolytic graphite types having different orientational orders were shock-compressed along the average c-axis to peak stresses between 35 and 69 GPa. The materials studied were ZYB-grade highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), ZYH-grade HOPG, and as-deposited pyrolytic graphite (PG) having mosaic spreads of 0.8° ± 0.2°, 3.5° ± 1.5°, and ∼45°, respectively. Wave profiles, obtained using laser interferometry, show a multiple-wave structure with a distinct, rapid (<10 ns) rise to the high-pressure phase for each graphite type. Multiple-wave profiles, first observed in this study for the less ordered ZYH-grade HOPG and PG samples, show that somewhat poorly oriented pyrolytic graphites also undergo a well-defined phase transformation. Previously, rapid transformation was reported for ZYB-grade but not ZYH-grade HOPG. The measured wave profiles for both HOPG grades are very similar and both grades show a ∼22 GPa transformation stress. In contrast, the PG wave profiles are quite different and show a ∼46 GPa transformation stress. The continuum results (stress-density states) presented here cannot distinguish between the different high-pressure phases [hexagonal diamond (HD) or cubic diamond] reported in recent x-ray studies. Because ZYB-grade HOPG was recently shown to transform to HD and due to the similar peak states for both HOPG grades, it seems likely that ZYH-grade also transforms into HD. The very different shock responses of PG and HOPG suggest different transformation mechanisms for PG and HOPG, but the high-pressure PG phase remains unclear in the present work.To gain insight into the role of orientational order on the shock-induced graphite to diamond phase transformation, three pyrolytic graphite types having different orientational orders were shock-compressed along the average c-axis to peak stresses between 35 and 69 GPa. The materials studied were ZYB-grade highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), ZYH-grade HOPG, and as-deposited pyrolytic graphite (PG) having mosaic spreads of 0.8° ± 0.2°, 3.5° ± 1.5°, and ∼45°, respectively. Wave profiles, obtained using laser interferometry, show a multiple-wave structure with a distinct, rapid (<10 ns) rise to the high-pressure phase for each graphite type. Multiple-wave profiles, first observed in this study for the less ordered ZYH-grade HOPG and PG samples, show that somewhat poorly oriented pyrolytic graphites also undergo a well-defined phase transformation. Previously, rapid transformation was reported for ZYB-grade but not ZYH-grade HOPG. The measured wave profiles for both HOPG grades are very similar and bo...
Cell-Type-Specific, Ketohexokinase-Dependent Induction by Fructose of Lipogenic Gene Expression in Mouse Small Intestine.

BACKGROUND High intakes of fructose are associated with metabolic diseases, including hypertriglyceridemia and intestinal tumor growth. Although small intestinal epithelia consist of many different cell types, express lipogenic genes, and convert dietary fructose to fatty acids, there is no information on the identity of the cell type(s) mediating this conversion and on the effects of fructose on lipogenic gene expression. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that fructose regulates the intestinal expression of genes involved in lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis, that regulation depends on the fructose transporter solute carrier family 2 member a5 [Slc2a5 (glucose transporter 5)] and on ketohexokinase (Khk), and that regulation occurs only in enterocytes. METHODS We compared lipogenic gene expression among different organs from wild-type adult male C57BL mice consuming a standard vivarium nonpurified diet. We then gavaged twice daily for 2.5 d fructose or glucose solutions (15%, 0.3 mL per mouse) into wild-type, Slc2a5-knockout (KO), and Khk-KO mice with free access to the nonpurified diet and determined expression of representative lipogenic genes. Finally, from mice fed the nonpurified diet, we made organoids highly enriched in enterocyte, goblet, Paneth, or stem cells and then incubated them overnight in 10 mM fructose or glucose. RESULTS Most lipogenic genes were significantly expressed in the intestine relative to the kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In vivo expression of Srebf1, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Dgat1, Gk, Apoa4, and Apob mRNA and of Scd1 protein increased (P < 0.05) by 3- to 20-fold in wild-type, but not in Slc2a5-KO and Khk-KO, mice gavaged with fructose. In vitro, Slc2a5- and Khk-dependent, fructose-induced increases, which ranged from 1.5- to 4-fold (P < 0.05), in mRNA concentrations of all these genes were observed only in organoids enriched in enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS Fructose specifically stimulates expression of mouse small intestinal genes for lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis. Secretory and stem cells seem incapable of transport- and metabolism-dependent lipogenesis, occurring only in absorptive enterocytes.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Two-Dimensional Materials: Meticulous Control on the Nanoscale

Summary Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, MXenes, and transition-metal dichalcogenides have recently gained substantial attention for their superlative physicochemical properties. Assembling 2D materials into functional composites is of great importance, which could be the key to breakthroughs in emerging technologies and applications. The layer-by-layer assembly technique is a powerful, versatile, facile, and potentially highly scalable processing tool that has successfully been demonstrated to bring unique materials system advantages to various fields such as energy storage, chemical sensors, nanofiltration membranes, and solar cells. The wide range of precursors (e.g., polyelectrolytes) and tuning parameters that facilitate the incorporation of nanostructured materials makes this technique particularly compelling for creating 2D-material-based composites with ordered structure and tunable material properties. In this review, we highlight the exciting works in the field that utilize 2D materials implemented in layer-by-layer assembled composites. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities toward industrialization of layer-by-layer assembled composites with perspectives on future research directions.
Infectious Encephalitis in the Neurocritical Care Unit

Infectious encephalitis is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy caused by a variety of pathogens, most commonly viruses. It is associated with significant mortality and morbidity, often requiring evaluation and treatment in the intensive care unit. This review article discusses the diagnosis of the infectious etiologies, the assessment for differential diagnoses, and the initiation of therapies, and most importantly, it entails the rapid and efficient management of the associated complications. Novel emerging technologies (e.g., metagenomic next-generation sequencing) have the potential to assist in the diagnosis, etiology identification, and treatment of encephalitis. Interventions such as ketogenic diet therapies have been promising in their potential to treat patients with refractory status epilepticus in the setting of infectious encephalitides. Early recognition of encephalitis and appropriate treatment of the primary infection and its complications are essential to increase survival and reduce sequelae. Intensivists are crucial given the high mortality rate of infectious encephalitis in the ICU setting, and their role may significantly impact patients’ outcomes.
Pancreatitis kills cysts: A phenomenon that illustrates the potential role of immune activation in premalignant cyst ablation

Background and study aims Pancreatic cystic lesions are being increasingly recognized on cross-sectional imaging and mucinous premalignant cysts represent one of the most prevalent types. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided chemoablation offers a safe and minimally invasive ablation approach yet with limited efficacy. Patients who develop acute pancreatitis as a complication of chemoablation with alcohol however experience ablation rates up to 100 %. This evidence suggests that recruitment of the body’s immune system may represent an avenue to significantly increase the efficacy of EUS-guided chemoablation. Here we illustrate this immune-mediated tumor killing phenomenon through a case presentation at our institution.
Sexual Health Education and Life Satisfaction for People With Congenital Neurological Disabilities

People with disabilities are sexual beings, yet there is little research on sexuality in this population. The present study explored the impact of sex education for people with congenital neurologi...
Black Women Speak: Examining Power, Privilege, and Identity in CS Education

Despite the increasing number of women receiving bachelor’s degrees in computing (i.e., Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, etc.), a closer look reveals that the percent...
Sleep complaints are associated with anxiety symptoms and poorer quality of life in Huntington’s Disease (5511)

Objective: The current study was designed to investigate sleep quality and its association with clinical symptoms in Huntington’s disease. Background: Notwithstanding the high prevalence and the availability of clinical tools, sleep disorders are still not routinely evaluated in patients with HD. Sleep disturbances can seriously affect the quality of life of the patient, caregiver and family. In addition, sleep dysfunction can exacerbate cognitive impairment and mood disorders. Design/Methods: Fifteen patients with HD (51.15±12.66 years, 10F/5M) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires about sleep quality and pattern [Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)], daytime sleepiness [Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)], cognitive function (NeuroQOLv2.0 Cognition Function), quality of life [HD Quality of Life Questionnaire (HDQoL)] and depressive and anxious symptoms [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. Spearman correlation analyses were performed to ascertain the association between sleep quality and severity of self-perceived clinical symptoms. Results: The primary sleep complaints reported by the patients were related to waking up in the middle of the night or early in the morning; and increased sleep latency. Nine out of the 15 patients (60%) reported the use of sleep medications at least once a week. We did not find any significant association between sleep quality and self-perceived cognitive function or depressive symptoms. Worse sleep quality was associated with greater severity of anxiety symptoms, as observed by the significant correlations between HADS-anxiety score and PSQI global score (rho=0.561, p=0.046) and PSQI components: subjective sleep quality (rho=0.577, p=0.039); sleep latency (rho=0.675, p=0.011); sleep duration (rho=0.586, p=0.035); sleep disturbances (rho=0.733, p=0.004). Importantly, greater severity of sleep latency and sleep disturbances were associated with worse quality of life (rho=0.673, p=0.012; and rho=0.679, p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions: In our experience, sleep dysfunction in patients with HD is associated with increased anxiety and worse quality of life. Identifying sleep dysfunction in HD is essential as this could significantly impact the optimal management of individuals with Huntington’s disease. Disclosure: Dr. Furr-Stimming has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Amneal, Medscape. Dr. Furr-Stimming has received research support from Roche/Genetech Pharmaceuticals, Vaccinex, Uniqure.Dr. Tanigaki has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rossetti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tallavajhula has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pessoa Rocha has nothing to disclose.
Suicide Prevention in an Educational Context: Broad and Narrow Foci

This paper reviews the needs and conceptual bases of school-based youth suicide prevention programs, summarizes their current status, and recommends objectives, processes, and evaluation strategies for focused educational programs in this area. In addition, a broad systemic approach is called for that reorganizes the school context to increase students' contributions, to and involvement with the educational process. Such approaches appear to have been effective with a variety of youth deviant behaviors such as dropout and delinquency, and seem to be particularly appropriate to suicidal behavior that is characterized by alienation and withdrawal from social supports. A combination of these broad and narrow foci may be necessary to address suicidal behavior in the educational context.
Facial and Palatal Growth

It is not the author’s intent to write a definitive treatise on facial growth and its control processes because there are better sources for such information. However, because the history of cleft palate treatment has been influenced by what clinicians think is the correct facial growth process, it behooves the author to support or refute the various facial–palatal growth concepts based on his own clinical findings.