cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fire disturbance effects on land surface albedo in Alaskan tundra

The study uses satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer albedo products (MCD43A3) to assess changes in albedo at two sites in the treeless tundra region of Alaska, both within the foothills region of the Brooks Range, the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire (ARF) and 2012 Kucher Creek Fire (KCF). Results are compared to each other and other studies to assess the magnitude of albedo change and the longevity of impact of fire on land surface albedo. In both sites there was a marked decrease of albedo in the year following the fire. In the ARF, albedo slowly increased until 4 years after the fire, when it returned to albedo values prior to the fire. For the year immediately after the fire, a threefold difference in the shortwave albedo decrease was found between the two sites. ARF showed a 45.3% decrease, while the KCF showed a 14.1% decrease in shortwave albedo, and albedo is more variable in the KCF site than ARF site 1 year after the fire. These differences are possibly the result of differences in burn severity of the two fires, wherein the ARF burned more completely with more contiguous patches of complete burn than KCF. The impact of fire on average growing season (April–September) surface shortwave forcing in the year following fire is estimated to be 13.24 ± 6.52 W m−2 at the ARF site, a forcing comparable to studies in other treeless ecosystems. Comparison to boreal studies and the implications to energy flux are discussed in the context of future increases in fire occurrence and severity in a warming climate.
Indexed PCR Primers Induce Template-Specific Bias in Large-Scale DNA Sequencing Studies

Massively parallel sequencing is rapidly emerging as an efficient way to quantify biodiversity at all levels, from genetic variation and expression to ecological community assemblage. However, the number of reads produced per sequencing run far exceeds the number required per sample for many applications, compelling researchers to sequence multiple samples per run in order to maximize efficiency. For studies that include a PCR step, this can be accomplished using primers that include an index sequence allowing sample origin to be determined after sequencing. The use of indexed primers assumes they behave no differently than standard primers; however, we found that indexed primers cause substantial template sequence-specific bias, resulting in radically different profiles of the same environmental sample. Likely the outcome of differential amplification efficiency due to primer-template mismatch, two indexed primer sets spuriously change the inferred sequence abundance from the same DNA extraction by up to 77.1%. We demonstrate that a double PCR approach alleviates these effects in applications where indexed primers are necessary.
Reinventing the Workplace: How Business and Employees Can Both Win

The article reviews the book “Reinventing the Workplace: How Business and Employees Can Both Win,” by David I. Levine.
94 IS THERE A ROLE FOR GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONISTS IN MALE HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the hypothalamic decapeptide that stimulates LH and FSH secretion from the pituitary and thereby controls reproduction. GnRH antagonists potently suppress gonadotropin production at the pituitary within hours of administration and have the potential to improve the degree and/or rapidity of sperm suppression in male hormonal contraceptive regimens. The long-acting GnRH antagonist Acyline suppresses gonadotropin levels for 2 weeks after a single dose. We are currently conducting a trial to determine the suppressive effects of 12 weeks of acyline on spermatogenesis and pituitary gonadotropin secretion when administered in combination with testosterone (T) in a transdermal gel form and the progestin depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Forty-four men, ages 18-55, in good health and with normal spermatogenesis and hormonal status have been randomized to T gel (100 mg daily) + DMPA (300 mg IM q 3 months) or T gel + DMPA + acyline (300 μg/kg SQ q 2 weeks × 12 weeks). Six men did not complete the drug exposure period. To date, 37 men have completed the 24-week treatment protocol with the following sperm concentrations: The T/DMPA/Acyline combination exhibited a trend towards more rapid suppression of sperm concentrations to less than 1 million sperm/mL (the primary end point) after 12 weeks of administration compared with T gel + DMPA alone. There were no significant differences in sperm concentrations between groups after 24 weeks of treatment. There were no serious adverse effects of treatment. Acyline induced transient itching in most subjects that lasted for less than 24 hours. The addition of 12 weeks of the potent GnRH antagonist Acyline may accelerate and enhance the suppression of spermatogenesis by testosterone-progestogen male hormonal contraceptive regimens in men.
Steady-State and Perturbed Steady-State Nonlinear Dynamics of Hingeless Rotating Blades

The finite difference solution presented in Chap. 5 can provide the full dynamic (transient and steady-state) response of a rotating blade. However, one may only be interested in finding the steady-state response. In this chapter, finding an alternative solution method with this capability is in order. Such an alternative solution can also provide a means for verifying the steady-state results obtained by using the method presented in Chap. 5.
THE TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEVASCULARIZING INJURIES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

SUMMARY The most complex aspect of managing major devascularizing injuries is decision making. The decision to amputate or revascularize is not difficult in injuries that have extremely favorable or unfavorable outcomes. In less obvious cases, however, decision making can be extremely complex, and many factors influence the surgeon’s decision. In borderline cases, the optimal decision may never become clear, even in hindsight, much less at the time of the initial surgery. Nor are the ramifications of these decisions trivial. The decision whether to attempt revascularization or perform a revision amputation can have a profound influence on the course of a patient’s life. Despite the critical nature of these decisions, there are few firm data to guide the decision-making process in complex cases. In addition, there are a virtually infinite number of possible injury presentations, and each factor to be considered has shades and gradations of its own. Ultimately, the decision comes down to the surgeon’s knowledge, experience, and ability to project the expected risk–benefit ratios of the various options and, at the same time, attempt to account for all the factors that may influence outcome. Where more than one reasonable option exists, the patient’s or family’s wishes can be a critical factor as well.
Southwestern Blotting Assay

Southwestern blotting is a technique used to study DNA-protein interactions. This method detects specific DNA-binding proteins by incubating radiolabeled DNA with a gel blot, washing, and visualizing through autoradiography. A blot resulting from 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE reveals the molecular weight of the binding proteins. To increase separation and determine isoelectric point a 2-dimensional gel can be blotted. Additional dimensions of electrophoresis, such as a gel shift (EMSA), can precede isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE to further improve separation. Combined with other techniques, such as mass spectrometry, the DNA-binding protein can be identified.
An Educational Model for the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner

As new opportunities for acute care nurse practitioners (ACNP) evolve, there is increasing recognition of the need to distinguish between the knowledge base and the role functions generic to all advanced practice nurses, and the knowledge base specific to different areas of clinical specialization. This necessitates differentiating between converging core curriculum elements and merging the roles of advanced practice nurses. This article presents an educational model for the ACNP.
The Bone Marrow

This chapter discusses those aspects of the bone marrow that are related to the immune system, especially lymphocytes and other leukocytes. The bone marrow has received renewed interest in immunology since the early 1960s, when its importance in immunity was discovered after combined experiments with the thymus. The bone marrow is the source of stem cells from which all blood cells arise. Except for erythrocytes and platelets, the rest of the blood cells are leukocytes, important to immunity. The leukocytes consist of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The B lymphocyte of mammals is derived almost exclusively from bone marrow; thus, with regard to B-cell genesis, it is like the avian bursa of Fabricius. Monocytes formed in marrow end up in the blood from which they later exit to enter the tissues to become macrophages; both are phagocytic.
Local Administration and Exploitation, 1941–44

For most of the local population the German occupation was experienced primarily in terms of economic exploitation. Hopes of land redistribution were frustrated and instead the peasants faced burdensome requisitions. Compulsory labour registration and mass deportations for work in Germany signified the direct control of labour resources. Economic conditions deteriorated further from the poor situation under Soviet rule; the urban population became impoverished as real wages fell and the peasantry reverted to producing only for their own needs. Not only was the German state squeezing the last drops from an economy already dislocated by war damage, Soviet evacuation and scorched earth, but within the economic administration itself German officials and their collaborators enriched themselves through corruption and the abuse of their power.
A two-scale generalized finite element method for interaction and coalescence of multiple crack surfaces

Abstract This paper presents the application of a two-scale generalized finite element method (GFEM) which allows for static fracture analyses as well as fatigue crack propagation simulations involving the interaction of multiple crack surfaces on fixed, coarse finite element (FE) meshes. The approach is based on the use of numerically-generated enrichment functions computed on-the-fly through the use of locally-defined boundary value problems (BVPs) in the regions of existing mechanically-short cracks. The two-scale GFEM approach is verified against analytical reference solutions as well as alternative numerical approaches for crack interaction problems, including the coalescence of multiple crack surfaces. The numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed approach to deliver accurate results even in scenarios involving multiple, interacting discontinuities contained within a single computational element. The proposed approach is also applied to a crack shielding/crack arrest problem involving two propagating crack surfaces in a representative panel model similar in complexity to that which may be of interest to the aerospace community.
Retail Appearance, Odor and Microbiological Characteristics of Pork Loin Chops Packaged in Different Oxygen-Barrier Films as Affected by Loin Storage Treatment

Pork loins were fabricated immediately (fresh) or stored in parchment paper for 6 d or stored in vacuum packages for 8 d. Chops were packaged in either a high oxygen-permeable (PVC) film or a high oxygen-barrier film (vacuum) to be displayed 4 d or 2, 6 and 10 d, respectively. High oxygen-barrier (HOB) film was superior to PVC film in maintaining desirable visual properties of chops. Chops had less off-odor in HOB film when they were held no longer than 3 or 4 d in HOB packages compared to extended periods of display. Pork loin chops packaged in high oxygen-barrier film can be displayed up to 6 d if chops are from fresh pork loins. Although visual scores for vacuum-packaged chops were acceptable for 10 d for all storage treatments, chops from the parchment paper and vacuum-packaged storage treatments had off-odors which were limiting factors in achieving long shelf life.
Seeing Is Believing: Religious Media Consumption and Public Opinion toward Same-sex Relationships:

An extensive literature demonstrates that religion is a key determinant of Americans’ social and political attitudes. This literature, however, has neglected an important measure of everyday religi...
The Evolution From Traditional to Online Professional Development: A Review

AbstractOnline professional development offers opportunities for growth to teachers who may not be able to participate otherwise due to constraints. These constraints include, but are not limited to, time and travel distance. This document is a narrative review of relevant literature as it relates to the evolution of teacher professional development. This evolution goes from the historical aspects of professional development through online professional development and its various modes of delivery. This discussion includes research-based perspectives of qualities found in effective professional development, specifically online professional development. Literature relating to some legislation and other guiding factors in the evolution of professional development is also discussed.
Optimal Control of Superheated Steam Temperature in Steam Turbine Power Plants

Abstract The article presents a synthesis of optimal control of superheated steam temperature in main propulsion boilers of steam turbine power plants. Asteam superheater installed on board t/t GIEWONT has been used for this study. A mathematical model of the superheater has been defined accounting for manoeuvring states and sea passage. The paper also presents a method of correcting nonlinearities, the compensation of measurable disturbances based on the total invariance condition and the compensation of nonmeasurable disturbances based on the internal model principle. Furthermore, an optimal control law has been determined for a properly chosen quadratic performance functional on the basis of an equivalent Smith's predictor. The predictor, combined with a full rank observer, generates the superheated steam temperature control. Finally, the optimal system was verified by a digital simulation method using the program MATLAB (The Math Works 1994).
THE LEDGER OF ANN DEWITT BEVIER (1762–1834), EARLY AMERICAN ESTATE MANAGER AND MOTHER

The ledger that Ann DeWitt Bevier kept from 1802 until 1813 represents a rich primary source that provides perspective on how a rural agriculturalist and household head interacted with the social and cultural environment in the young American nation. Her accounting records expand the gendered history of economic life by illustrating the life and work of a woman who managed a farm, family household, brick kiln, rental property, and investments in financial instruments. The costs of educating her children were also detailed in the ledger, helping to inform us about the educational opportunities for females in early America.
Sex Discrimination and the Anti-Stereotyping Principle: Anuj Garg vs. Hotel Association of India

In this paper, I will examine sex discrimination under the Indian Constitution, through the lens of the judgment of the Supreme Court in Anuj Garg vs Hotel Association (2008). I will begin by excavating the sparse text of Article 15(1) of the Constitution, and highlighting the many potential meanings attributable to words such as “discriminate”, “grounds”, “only”, and “sex” (I). I will then examine the history of Indian sex discrimination jurisprudence in the six decades leading up to Anuj Garg. This history, I will argue, can broadly be divided into two intellectual traditions. I will call the first the “formal reading.” The formal reading justifies differential treatment of men and women on the basis of presumed “natural differences” between the sexes, and also holds that discrimination results only from conscious, hostile intentions of lawmakers. Set against this approach is what I call the “transformative reading”. The transformative reading rejects the notion of “natural difference”, and understands discrimination as a product of social, economic, and cultural structures and institutions that create “patterns of... exclusion”, rather than of individual hostile intentions. The judgment in Anuj Garg – which applied what I will define as “the anti-stereotyping principle” to sex discrimination claims – is the culmination of this second tradition (II). In the third section, I will trace the roots of this anti-stereotyping principle to the American suffrage movement, and the rejection of a social and political consensus that divided the world into two “separate spheres” – a public sphere to be occupied by men, and a private sphere that was the domain of women (III). I will then argue that this idea of separate spheres – with a few important differences – was prevalent in the colonial Indian polity as well (IV), and was itself challenged by the political movement for women’s right to vote, a movement whose vision triumphed with the framing of the Constitution (V). Consequently, Anuj Garg was correct in making anti-stereotyping, and a rejection of the conception of “natural differences”, the basis of its judgment. I will conclude by discussing the transformative potential of the reasoning in Anuj Garg for sex discrimination jurisprudence in the years to come (VI).
“On-the-fly” Parameter Identification for Dynamic Systems Control, Using Interval Computations and Reduced-Order Modeling

Computer simulations of dynamic systems are really important to better understand some processes or phenomena without having to physically execute them, and/or to make offline decisions, or decisions that do not need immediate, “on-the-fly” answers in general. However, given a set of equations describing a dynamic phenomenon, wouldn’t it be nice to be able to exploit them more? Instead of simulating a situation, could we gear it or even veer it to a predefined performance? This paper is concerned with the identification of parameters of dynamic systems that ensure a specific performance or behavior. We propose to carry such computations using intervals and constraint solving techniques. However, realistically, aiming to enable such identification and decision on an on-going process or phenomena requires being able to conduct very fast computations on possibly very large systems of equations. We further propose to combine interval and constraint solving techniques with reduced-order modeling techniques to guarantee results in a practical amount of time.
Ketamine Infusion for Adjunct Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Adults

Background Many critically ill patients receive ketamine for adjunct sedation despite a paucity of evidence on its use, dosing, and monitoring in this setting. Objective To describe the dosing and safety considerations of ketamine for adjunct sedation in a population of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients targeting light sedation. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of mechanically ventilated patients receiving continuous ketamine infusion between January 2012 and April 2016. Data included dosing, effect of ketamine on other sedatives, total sedative use, Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) scores, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and hemodynamic variables. Results Ninety-one patients were included in the analysis. Ketamine was infused at a median dosage of 0.41 mg/kg/hour (range 0.04-2.5 mg/kg/hr) for up to 14.7 days (median 2.8 days). Concomitant sedatives were reduced or discontinued, without the initiation of an additional sedative, in 57 patients (63%) within 24 hours of initiating ketamine. Propofol was most commonly discontinued (16 patients, 36%), followed by benzodiazepines (12 patients, 27%). There was an increase in the number of SAS scores documented in goal in the 24-hour period after ketamine initiation compared with the immediate 24 hours before (61% vs 55%, p=0.001). Patients were less frequently agitated, defined as SAS >4, after the initiation of ketamine (27% vs 33%, p=0.005). Seven patients (7.7%) required discontinuation of ketamine infusion for an ADR. There were no significant changes in hemodynamic variables after the initiation of ketamine. Conclusions Continuous ketamine infusion for adjunct light sedation was well tolerated in a cohort of critically ill adults, with an acceptable safety profile. Prospective studies of ketamine infusion are warranted to further establish its efficacy as a sedative in this population.
Delegitimizing wilderness as the man cave: The role of social media in female wilderness empowerment:

Historically, American wilderness has been conceived as a profoundly masculine landscape and a threat to femininity. Early wilderness discourse stressed landscapes of risk and danger, certainly no ...
The Use of Airborne Laser Swath Mapping on Fans and Cones: An Example from the Colorado Front Range

Debris fan systems are common features of mountainous environments, particularly in formerly glaciated valleys in the Arctic, Antarctic, and high mountains of the lower latitudes (Rapp 1960a, b; Albjar et al. 1979; Church et al. 1979; White 1981; Caine 1983; Perez 1993). The prevalence of these landforms in these physiographic settings is attributed to rapid weathering associated with the presence of oversteepened valley sides, stress unloading of rock walls following deglaciation, and the severity of the climate (Matsuoka and Sakai 1999; Ballantyne 2002; Curry and Morris 2004). These factors are conducive to the development of fan deposits by rockfall, debris-flow and avalanche activity, each of which represent a significant hazards to fan areas.
A perioperative multidisciplinary care bundle reduces surgical site infections in patients undergoing synchronous colorectal and liver resection.

Abstract Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, and patients undergoing simultaneous colorectal/liver resections are at an especially high SSI risk. Methods Data were collected on all patients undergoing synchronous colorectal/liver resection from 2011 to 2016 (n = 424). The intervention, implemented in 2013, included 13 multidisciplinary perioperative components. The primary endpoints were superficial/deep and organ space SSIs. Secondary endpoints were hospital length of stay (LOS) and 30-day readmission rate. To control for changes in SSI rates independent of the intervention, interrupted time series analysis was conducted. Results Overall, superficial/deep, and organ space SSIs decreased by 60.5% (p Conclusion In combined colorectal/liver resection patients, implementation of a multidisciplinary care bundle was associated with a 61% reduction in SSIs, with the greatest impact on superficial/deep SSI, and modest reduction in LOS. The absence of trends within each time period indicated that the intervention was likely responsible for SSI reduction. Future efforts should target further reduction in organ space SSI.
A Framework for Automated Cellular Network Tuning With Reinforcement Learning

Tuning cellular network performance against always occurring wireless impairments can dramatically improve reliability to end users. In this paper, we formulate cellular network performance tuning as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem and provide a solution to improve the performance for indoor and outdoor environments. By leveraging the ability of $Q$ -learning to estimate future performance improvement rewards, we propose two algorithms: 1) closed loop power control (PC) for downlink voice over LTE (VoLTE) and 2) self-organizing network (SON) fault management. The VoLTE PC algorithm uses RL to adjust the indoor base station transmit power so that the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of a user equipment (UE) meets the target SINR. It does so without the UE having to send power control requests. The SON fault management algorithm uses RL to improve the performance of an outdoor base station cluster by resolving faults in the network through configuration management. Both algorithms exploit measurements from the connected users, wireless impairments, and relevant configuration parameters to solve a non-convex performance optimization problem using RL. Simulation results show that our proposed RL-based algorithms outperform the industry standards today in realistic cellular communication environments.
Measuring Treatment Response in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Applications of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.

This study aims to determine the validity and reliability of applying the coding strategy from the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change, a newly validated treatment outcome measure, to videotaped segments of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Results indicate strong reliability and validity of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change ratings using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule segments in detecting changes in social communication over the course of treatment in young, minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder. Results also suggest that the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change, when applied to Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule segments, may be more sensitive in detecting subtle changes in social communication compared to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Calibrated Severity Scores. These results may support the application of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change to pre-existing datasets of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule videos to examine treatment responses.
SDSS-IV MaNGA PyMorph Photometric and Deep Learning Morphological Catalogues and implications for bulge properties and stellar angular momentum

We describe the SDSS-IV MaNGA PyMorph Photometric (MPP-VAC) and MaNGA Deep Learning Morphology (MDLM-VAC) Value Added Catalogs. The MPP-VAC provides photometric parameters from Sersic and Sersic+Exponential fits to the 2D surface brightness profiles of the MaNGA DR15 galaxy sample. Compared to previous PyMorph analyses of SDSS imaging, our analysis of the MaNGA DR15 incorporates three improvements: the most recent SDSS images; modified criteria for determining bulge-to-disk decompositions; and the fits in MPP-VAC have been eye-balled, and re-fit if necessary, for additional reliability. A companion catalog, the MDLM-VAC, provides Deep Learning-based morphological classifications for the same galaxies. The MDLM-VAC includes a number of morphological properties (e.g., a TType, and a finer separation between elliptical and S0 galaxies). Combining the MPP- and MDLM-VACs allows to show that the MDLM morphological classifications are more reliable than previous work. It also shows that single-Sersic fits to late- and early-type galaxies are likely to return Sersic indices of $n \le 2$ and $\ge 4$, respectively, and this correlation between $n$ and morphology extends to the bulge component as well. While the former is well-known, the latter contradicts some recent work suggesting little correlation between $n$-bulge and morphology. Combining both VACs with MaNGA's spatially resolved spectroscopy allows us to study how the stellar angular momentum depends on morphological type. We find correlations between stellar kinematics, photometric properties, and morphological type even though the spectroscopic data played no role in the construction of the MPP- and MDLM-VACs.
Carpenter v. United States Begs for Action

For too long the United States has struggled with how to provide protection for data privacy in our digital world. The recent Supreme Court decision, with its 5-4 majority opinion and four dissents, clearly indicates that we need change. This essay discusses the various issues raised in the five opinions and makes three specific suggestions for such change: 1. the decoupling of data privacy and the Fourth Amendment, 2. the reconsideration of Katz v. United States, and 3. the adoption of legislation that clearly defines data privacy protection.
Human spermatogonial stem cells scrutinized under the single-cell magnifying glass

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for adult spermatogenesis. Recently, Wang et al. (2018), Guo et al. (2018), and Hermann et al. (2018) used single-cell RNA sequencing to define and molecularly characterize human testicular cell populations, including spermatogonial subsets with characteristics of human SSCs.
Impact of Surface Carbonyl- and Hydroxyl-Group Concentrations on Electrode Kinetics in an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

This study investigates the effect of thermal activation of all-vanadium redox flow battery (RFB) carbon-felt electrodes on their electrode kinetics. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal...
Persistent epigenetic changes in adult daughters of older mothers.

Women of advanced maternal age account for an increasing proportion of live births in many developed countries across the globe. Offspring of older mothers are at an increased risk for a variety of...
GROUP THERAPY WITH PARENTS OF HEMOPHILIACS

Pediatricians and psychiatrists long have recognized many special emotional problems facing children with chronic diseases and have contributed numerous reports on ways to promote a good psychosocial adaptation of the chronically ill child. Less information is available as to the problems faced by the parents of these children and their methods of mental adaptation. This paper reports observations made during group therapy with parents of young hemophiliacs. Hemophilia is a lifelong, serious illness, almost exclusively of males, characterized primarily by bleeding into the soft tissues and joints. The bleeding tendency is due to clotting defects that are transmitted as sex-linked recessive traits by carrier mother to recipient son. Most patients with hemophilia show an onset of symptoms in early childhood and are subjected to repeated bleeding episodes. These hemorrhages often cause severe pain and require immobilization, has· pital admission, and various treatment procedures. Thus a constant threat of fresh bleeding looms over the hemophilic child. Our experience with a group of parents of hemophilic boys reo
A Retrospective Review of a Bed-mounted Projection System for Managing Pediatric Preoperative Anxiety.

Introduction Most children undergoing anesthesia experience significant preoperative anxiety. We developed a bedside entertainment and relaxation theater (BERT) as an alternative to midazolam for appropriate patients undergoing anesthesia. The primary aim of this study was to determine if BERT was as effective as midazolam in producing cooperative patients at anesthesia induction. Secondary aims reviewed patient emotion and timeliness of BERT utilization. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford between February 1, 2016, and October 1, 2016. Logistic regression compared induction cooperation between groups. Multinomial logistic regression compared patients' emotion at induction. Ordinary least squares regression compared preoperative time. Results Of the 686 eligible patients, 163 were in the BERT group and 150 in the midazolam. Ninety-three percentage of study patients (290/313) were cooperative at induction, and the BERT group were less likely to be cooperative (P = 0.04). The BERT group was more likely to be "playful" compared with "sedated" (P < 0.001). There was a reduction of 14.7 minutes in preoperative patient readiness associated with BERT (P = 0.001). Conclusions Although most patients were cooperative for induction in both groups, the midazolam group was more cooperative. The BERT reduced the preinduction time and was associated with an increase in patients feeling "playful."
Analysis and Design of the IONA (Innovative Optics for a Novel Adaptive) Telescope

The IONA telescope is a trailer-mounted 0.8m system, which allows for adaptivity and mobility. The project will use parts of the existing system to provide a unique high-quality test-bed for a range of observational projects.
Extended Abstract: Valuating National Parks and the Aesthetics of Reclamation

This research examines technical reports issued regarding potential dam deconstruction to better understand what role the perception of natural beauty plays in technical communication regarding wilderness restoration and dam efficacy. Using discourse analysis methods, the research focuses on the O’Shaughnessy Dam located within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park in the western Sierra Nevada of Central California, U.S.A. This case study provides a framework to better understand the role aesthetics play when technical writers discuss the implications of dam removal, resource allocation, and irreparability.
Neurochemical Profile of a Novel Allosteric Potentiator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor

DETQ is a potent and selective dopamine D1 receptor potentiator that is active in several behavioral models (see abstracts by Heinz et al and Svensson et al at this meeting). We wished to explore t...
Development and Analysis of Al7075 Alloy Materials Using Press and Sinter Processing

Al7075 alloy composition powders of ready to press Alumix 431/D and gas atomized pre-alloyed Al7075 were consolidated using press and sinter processing for structural application. Both powders exhibit similar overall compositions except for a small Sn content in Alumix 431/D and are very compressible using admixed and die wall lubricants. Green compacts were delubed and sintered in N2 (g) for 60 min. at temperatures guided by thermal analysis of powders. Sintering results show that Alumix 431/D increases from green density to near theoretical density due to a low melting temperature transient liquid phase that forms at the majority of powder particle interfaces. Alternatively, pre-alloyed Al7075 does not increases in density during sintering from green density due to the formation of only a supersolidus transient liquid at the melting temperature of the powder. The supersolidus liquid phase that forms during sintering of Al7075 powder does so at a minority of powder particle interfaces thus not facilitating sintering density increase. These results indicate that development of Al7075 materials for net or near shape processing using press and sinter methods should technically work towards near theoretical density materials exhibiting homogeneous microstructures and compositions to maximize structural properties.
The Role of Beliefs in Driving Gender Discrimination

Although there is ample evidence of discrimination against women in the workplace, it can be difficult to understand what factors contribute to discriminatory behavior. We use an experiment to both...
Multi-level considerations in executive organizational transfer

Abstract Although executive mobility has been the subject of considerable scholarly attention, its drivers and outcomes remain conspicuously under-explored and under-theorized, despite anecdotal evidence that board members, employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers, policy-makers, and media pundits all closely track and critically assess the movement of executives. Cognizant of the disconnect between the perceived importance of executives by stakeholders and the relative lack of explanatory frameworks, this paper takes important steps to identify and define the challenges associated with executive organizational transfer (EOT). Our multi-level analysis of EOT enhances and extends human-capital theory by building an explanatory model for the manner in which stakeholders' beliefs about the transferability of individual-level and firm-level reputation, attractiveness, and power impact the inter-organizational movement of executives. Critical to this process is the moderating effect of political skill, which executives can employ to manage the complex web of stakeholder relationships. Our framework offers a much-needed integration of the varied mechanisms that influence successful or unsuccessful EOT and offers a roadmap for future research.
Performance of heterodyne mixers using arrays of SIS junctions

The SIS quasiparticle tunnel junction has been demonstrated to be the most sensitive mixing element for millimeter wave receivers [1,2]. Conversion gain greater than 1 and noise temperature approaching the quantum limit [3,4] has been observed. The required local oscillator power, which can be as small as 10−8 W, leads to a low saturation threshold for these mixers [5,6]. The practical benefits, including higher saturation power, of using series arrays are sufficiently important that a substantial number of experiments using arrays have been reported [2,6,7,8,9]. It has not been clear, however, whether there has been any sacrifice in mixer conversion efficiency (gain) or noise. We present a systematic experimental investigation of mixing performance in series arrays of N junctions, where N = 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50.
Psychometric properties of the Food Environment Assessment Survey Tool (FEAST) in people with mobility impairment

Objective: Approximately one in ten adults under the age of 65 in the USA has a mobility impairing disability. People with mobility impairment generally have poorer dietary habits contributing to obesity and related negative health outcomes. This article presents the psychometric properties of the Food Environment Assessment Survey Tool (FEAST) instrument that measures barriers to accessing healthy food from the perspective of people with mobility impairment (PMI). Design: The current study presents cross-sectional data from two sequential independent surveys. Setting: Surveys were administered online to a national sample of PMI. Participants: Participants represented PMI living throughout the USA. The pilot FEAST survey involved 681 participants and was used to shape the final instrument; 25 % completed a retest survey. After following empirically and theoretically guided item reduction strategies, the final FEAST instrument was administered to a separate sample of 304 PMI. Results: The final twenty-seven-item FEAST instrument includes items measuring Neighbourhood Environment, Home Environment, Personal Control and Access to Support (Having Help, Food Delivery Services, Parking/Transportation). The final four scales had acceptable intra-class correlations, indicating that the scales could be used as reliable measures of the hypothesised constructs in future studies. Conclusions: The FEAST instrument is the first of its kind developed to assess the food environment from the perspective of PMI themselves. Future studies would benefit from using this measure in research and practice to help guide the development of policy aimed at improving access to healthy food and promoting healthy eating in community-dwelling PMI.
Fatty acid synthase mediates high glucose-induced EGFR activation in oral dysplastic keratinocytes.

Background Recent studies point to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a critical mediator of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced renal, cardiac and ocular complications. T2DM is considered a systemic contributing factor in oral carcinogenesis. Similarly, increased EGFR gene copy number and protein expression strongly predict tumor progression. Yet, the impact of hyperglycemia on EGFR activity in oral potentially malignant disorders remains unclear. We recently reported that fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key de novo lipogenic enzyme, mediates EGFR activation in nicotine-treated oral dysplastic keratinocytes. While in non-malignant tissues FASN expression is extremely low, it is frequently upregulated in several cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. The present study was carried out to investigate whether high glucose conditions trigger pro-oncogenic responses in oral dysplastic keratinocytes via FASN-mediated EGFR activation. Methods Cell viability and migration of oral dysplastic keratinocytes were evaluated when exposed to normal (5 mM) or high (20 mM) glucose conditions in the presence of FASN and EGFR inhibitors. Western blotting was also performed to assess changes in FASN protein expression and EGFR activation. Results Oral dysplastic keratinocytes exposed to high glucose led to EGFR activation in a FASN-dependent manner. Likewise, high glucose significantly enhanced cell viability and migration in a FASN/EGFR-mediated fashion. Notably, EGFR inhibition by the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab significantly reduced the proliferation of FASN-overexpressing oral dysplastic keratinocytes. Conclusion These novel findings suggest that FASN may act as a key targetable metabolic regulator of glucose-induced EGFR oncogenic signaling in oral potentially malignant disorders.
A network analysis of two conceptual approaches to the etiology of PTSD.

Abstract Two prominent conceptual models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the cognitive model, associated with cognitive processing therapy (CPT; Resick & Schnicke, 1992), and the functional contextualist model, underlying acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 1999). Network analysis was used to examine dynamic interactions among cognitive (relating to CPT) and functional contextualistic (relating to ACT) variables and PTSD symptoms in a sample of 722 trauma-exposed adults. Results from the cognitive networks highlighted the importance of maladaptive beliefs about threat in maintaining the co-occurrence of PTSD symptoms and cognitive variables. Additionally, PTSD symptoms were more likely to lead to cognitive variables, rather than the reverse direction. Results from the functional contextualist networks identified numerous associations amongst variables that contribute to the co-occurrence of PTSD symptoms and psychological inflexibility. Findings from this study may help generate causal hypotheses that can be tested further using a longitudinal study design.
Microstructural Aspects of Fracture Toughness

For most technical materials the dominant mechanism resisting crack extension is plastic deformation. Continuum mechanics analysis shows that fracture toughness, in addition to depending on Young's modulus, flow stress, strain hardening exponent, and yield strain, should be nearly proportional to the effective fracture ductility obtained for the stress state characteristic for the region ahead of the crack; plane stress or plane strain. The original equation for plane-strain fracture toughness-equibiaxial ductility is refined to include the effects of strain hardening. Such a correlation has been experimentally confirmed for steels; K I c was found to be proportional to the effective equibiaxial ductility. A model for the thickness effect on K c has been developed on the basis of these observations and is in fair agreement with experimental results. The dominant microstructural events that control ductility, and therefore fracture toughness, are void nucleation, void growth, and void coalescence. Void nucleation at an inclusion-matrix interface is governed by the value of the interface strength-flow stress difference and is, consequently, temperature sensitive. Models for void growth mechanisms show the void coalesence strain to be a strong function of the nuclei density but rather insensitive to temperature. Qualitative relationships are presented which give some insight into the microstructural causes for ductility and fracture toughness transitions (or their absence in face-centered-cubic materials) with temperature, and can serve for the development of new high-toughness materials.
A Methodology for Managing Information-Based Risk

Organizations often think of information security as a technological issue best left to technical specialists. While many security strategies undoubtedly rely on hardware and software solutions, the management processes surrounding security and the ongoing commitment of business and operations managers to security issues are no less important. In this paper we discuss a three-phase methodology for managing information-based risks, and present results of how a large money center bank implemented the methodology at numerous locations around the world. Our discussion focuses on the methodology, the implementation process, the results, and how similar efforts can be used in designing management processes to improve the security of information assets.
Information from Seismic Noise

Contrary to intuition, noise can contain useful information. In his Perspective, [Weaver][1] highlights the report by [ Shapiro et al .][2], who show that noisy seismic wave fields can be used to extract information about the Earth's crust. Despite their random appearance, the wave fields retain a residual coherence, which distributes their energy in characteristic and non-intuitive ways and generates correlations that reveal information on Earth's internal structure. Such residual coherence in multiply scattered wave fields is also observed, and finds application, in electronics, ultrasonics, and optics. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5715/1568 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/307/5715/1615
Cell Cycle Sensitivity of HL-60 Cells to the Differentiation-inducing Effects of 1-α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

A recently described system for monocyte-like differentiation of HL-60 cells was utilized to determine if the initiation of this pathway can be linked to a set of replicative cellular events. The standard induction system consisted of a 4-h exposure to 100 nM 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] followed by determination of nonspecific esterase and phagocytic activity 24 h later. The cell cycle status was ascertained by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and autoradiography. Studies in which cell cycle block in the G1/S phase boundary region was produced by a partial inhibition of DNA synthesis with thymidine, or sodium butyrate, showed that the exposure of such semisynchronous cultures to 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in an increased proportion of differentiated cells. Conversely, blocking the cell cycle with vinblastine (G2/M block) or theobromine (mid-G1 block) inhibited the initiation of differentiation by 1,25(OH)2D3. Experiments in which the differentiated cells were examined for the cell cycle position at the time of the exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 by [3H]thymidine labeling and autoradiography confirmed that the late G1 and early S phase cells are those which predominate in the differentiated fraction of 1,25(OH)2D3-treated HL-60 cultures. These results link pre- and early replicative cellular events to the induction of monocytic differentiation by 1,25(OH)2D3.
Comparison of DSV, BSV and TSV spin valves in CPP geometry

Summary form only given. Spin valves in the current perpendicular to plane (CPP) configuration are believed to offer increased reader sensitivity for higher areal density magnetic recording. The performance of different types of conventional spin valves in the CPP geometry has been investigated. Dual spin valves (DSVs), top spin valves (TSVs) and bottom spin valves (BSVs) have been built using PtMn as a pinning layer and CoFe as the free layer. Measurements were carried out on the spin valves of different sizes sandwiched between two copper electrodes. The bottom electrode was planarised by chemical mechanical polishing.
Methylation of the Cellular Lipid of Methionine-requiring Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens requiring methionine for growth on a solid basal medium were induced by the use of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In addition to the difference of mutant strains, the extent of methionine dependency differed in a liquid basal medium and in the presence of aspartate or fumarate. When (14C-methyl)-methionine was added to strain WM-11 growing in a prescribed basal medium, incorporation of 14C into the cellular “residue” fraction and polar “N-methylated” lipid fraction depended strictly on cellular growth and on external methionine concentration. However, a net synthesis of the “cyclopropane” fatty acid fraction occurred even during the maximal stationary phase if excess methionine was present.