cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical migration and distribution of mesopelagic fishes off Oregon

Abstract Using an Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl with an opening and closing cod-end device, we collected samples of mesopelagic fishes from depths of 0–150 m, 150–500 m and 500–1000 m during periods of daylight and darkness. The observed day catches per unit volume of all mesopelagic fishes, as well as those of each of the four dominant species, were larger than the night catches at intermediate depths (150–500 m), whereas the opposite was true in the surface layer (0–150 m). These reversed trends in the upper 500 m indicated daily vertical migration, but in all cases the night-time increase in surface waters exceeded the daytime increase at mid-depths. Moreover, the number of fishes in a column of water 1000-m deep was always higher for night than day tows. There was no evidence for day-night differences in catches from the 500–1000 m stratum where catches were uniformly low. The relative importance of avoidance and vertical migration was assessed by assuming (1) that the day-night difference per m2 is a measure of the increased visual avoidance of the trawl in the upper 500 m during daylight periods, and (2) that the daytime increase at mid-depths is the best extimate of vertical migration. Calculations based on these assumptions showed that nearly all the night-time increase in surface water was attributable to vertical migration for one lanternfish. Avoidance alone, however, could explain most of the night-time increase in surface catches for three other common species. The average number of mesopelagic fishes collected in a 0–1000 m column was 1·1/m2 during the day and 1·5/m2 during the night; wet-weight averaged 2·4 and 3·6 g/m2 for day and night collections, respectively.
The economics of enforcement: The case of OSHA

Abstract A model of enforcement is developed that determines the impacts of OSHA actions on regulated parties. This model analyzes the effect of decision procedures developed by OSHA to enforce the law and their effect on resource allocation within the firm. It is concluded that the impacts from both the initial inspection and reinspection programs on the resource allocations of firms have likely been insignificantly different from zero. If OSHA is to increase the allocation of injury control resources of firms through its enforcement program, it must increase the costs of noncompliance that it imposes on firms.
Changes in Evaluative Beliefs as a Function of Behavioral Commitment

Research on post-decisional changes in beliefs has been criticized for its inconsistent and sometimes inappropriate choice of dependent measures (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). An experiment was conducted utilizing Fishbein's (1963) operationalization of beliefs; in accord with dissonance theory, subjects who were committed to one of two choice alternatives reported more positive beliefs about the chosen alternative and more negative beliefs about the nonchosen alternative than did subjects not yet committed.
Loneliness and Adjustment to Old Age

Among two samples of older adults, loneliness (measured by the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale) was related to poor psychological adjustment, generally, and to dissatisfaction with family and social relationships. It was also related, however, to fears, expectations, and personality characteristics likely to inhibit the restoration of personal support networks after a stressful life event such as widowhood. Finally, loneliness was associated with maladaptive behavior patterns such as failure to: a) plan for old age, b) engage in rehearsal for widowhood, c) engage in social comparison, or d) learn about available community health and social services.
Pulse-wave propagation in straight-geometry vessels for stiffness estimation: theory, simulations, phantoms and in vitro findings.

Pulse wave imaging (PWI) is an ultrasound-based method for noninvasive characterization of arterial stiffness based on pulse wave propagation. Reliable numerical models of pulse wave propagation in normal and pathological aortas could serve as powerful tools for local pulse wave analysis and a guideline for PWI measurements in vivo. The objectives of this paper are to (1) apply a fluidstructure interaction (FSI) simulation of a straight-geometry aorta to confirm the Moens-Korteweg relationship between the pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the wall modulus, and (2) validate the simulation findings against phantom and in vitro results. PWI depicted and tracked the pulse wave propagation along the abdominal wall of canine aorta in vitro in sequential Radio-Frequency (RF) ultrasound frames and estimates the PWV in the imaged wall. The same system was also used to image multiple polyacrylamide phantoms, mimicking the canine measurements as well as modeling softer and stiffer walls. Finally, the model parameters from the canine and phantom studies were used to perform 3D two-way coupled FSI simulations of pulse wave propagation and estimate the PWV. The simulation results were found to correlate well with the corresponding Moens-Korteweg equation. A high linear correlation was also established between PWV 2 and E measurements using the combined simulation and experimental findings (R 2 ¼0.98) confirming the relationship established by the aforementioned equation. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007747]
Characterization of Molecular Defects in Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase in Patients with Isovaleric Acidemia†

Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) is a homotetrameric mitochondrial flavoenzyme which catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl-CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. PCR of IVD genomic and complementary DNA was used to identify mutations occurring in patients with deficiencies in IVD activity. Western blotting, in vitro mitochondrial import, prokaryotic expression, and kinetic studies of IVD mutants were conducted to characterize the molecular defects caused by the amino acid replacements. Mutations leading to Arg21Pro, Asp40Asn, Ala282Val, Cys328Arg, Val342Ala, Arg363Cys, and Arg382Leu replacements were identified. Western blotting of fibroblast extracts and/or in vitro mitochondrial import experiments indicate that the seven precursor IVD mutant peptides, and a previously identified IVD Leu13Pro mutant, are synthesized and imported into mitochondria. While the IVD Leu13Pro, Arg21Pro, and Cys328Arg mutant peptides are rapidly degraded following mitochondrial import, the other mutant peptides exhibit greater mitocho...
Synthesis of Short-Range FM Radars with General Modulations

A closed-form relationship is developed relating the range response, FM modulation, and demodulation functions for short-range FM radars such that, given two of the functions, the third may be determined. Synthesis and analysis techniques using the relation apply to a class of FM radars including both single- and dual-channel (directionalDoppler) systems with either deterministic or stochastis modulations. It is shown that any band-limited (BL) response may be obtained with few qualifications. Sample computations and simulation examples are included.
Domain wall pinning sites in Sm(CoFeCuZr)x magnets

Abstract The magnetic domain structure of Sm(CoFeCuZr) x magnets was studied along various crystallographic zone axes with high resolution Focault mode Lorentz microscopy. The domain wall has been observed to be pinned at (1) 60° hexagonal (H) SmCo 5 cell boundaries, (2) features parallel to RSm 2 Co 17 c -axis, (3) features parallel to the RSm 2 Co 17 basal plane, and (4) linear features with no specific crystallographic direction. The wall pinning features which are parallel to the c -axis were determined to be RSm 2 Co 17 antiphase boundaries (APB) and possibly vertical section of HSmCo 5 cell boundaries. Both these microstructure features were found to have a higher Cu content than the RSm 2 Co 17 matrix. This chemical inhomogeneity leads to local variations in magnetocrystalline anisotropy assists domain wall pinning, similar to the role of HSmCo 5 suggested previously. Since not all the domain wall pinning features observed are in a strained state, this suggested that chemical segregation to nanostructural features such as HSmCo 5 cell boundaries and APB play a more important role than coherency strain in determining H ci .
Precision cycling and coulombic efficiency measurements on Li/MoS2 and Li,Al/FeS cells

Abstract The use of a high precision cell and battery cycler to enhance the information obtained from constant current cycling is described. Using prototype Li/MoS2 cells provided by Moli Energy Limited, it is shown that coulombic efficiencies measured to ±0.03% can be used to predict the cell's cycle life. Other measurements were used to test a percolation theory of the cell's capacity fade. Measurements of voltage relaxations during current interrupts of Li,Al/FeS cells produced by Electrofuel Inc. are described briefly.
Delayed HPAM Gelation via Transient Sequestration of Chromium in Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles

Heterogeneity of oil reservoirs often leads to unproductive cycling of injected oil recovery chemicals, resulting in the loss of significant quantities of reserves. To maximize recovery efficiency, a blocking agent may be placed deep into high-permeability channels so that the subsequently injected chemicals can be redirected into previously unswept regions. Cr(III)-polyacrylamide gels have been used extensively in field applications as blocking agents for sweep improvement; however, the gelation time of the current state-of-the-art is too short to achieve in-depth placement. This paper describes a novel approach of using polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles to entrap and control the release Cr(III) to effectively extend gelation time. Self-assembly of polyethylenimine (PEI) and dextran sulfate (DS) resulted in the formation of ∼100-200 nm particles that efficiently entrapped chromium while maintaining colloidal stability in water or gelant. Although the addition of chromium chloride to HPAM typically produced gels in minutes, chromium was efficiently sequestered in nanosuspensions of polyelectrolyte complexes, resulting in a significant delay in gel formation that was dependent on pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The gel formation kinetics of PEI, polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) of PEI and DS, and PECs loaded with chromium were compared. PEI, a known cross-linker of HPAM, produced a steady increase in gelant viscosity over time. PECs without chromium demonstrated a delayed gel formation compared to PEI but possessed a similar creeping increase in viscosity. In contrast, PECs loaded with chromium typically showed minimal viscosity increase over time followed by an abrupt viscosity increase, resulting in gel formation. This study suggests that PECs offer a flexible nanotechnology platform that may enable novel chemical delivery schemes in the oil and gas industry.
Radiation stability test on multiphase glass ceramic and crystalline ceramic waste forms

A radiation stability study was performed on glass ceramic and crystalline ceramic waste forms. These materials are candidate host materials for immobilizing alkali/alkaline earth (Cs/Sr-CS) + lanthanide (LN) + transition metal (TM) fission product waste streams from nuclear fuel reprocessing. In this study, glass ceramics were fabricated using a borosilicate glass as a matrix in which to incorporate CS/LN/TM combined waste streams. The major phases in these multiphase materials are powellite, oxyaptite, pollucite, celsian, and durable residual glass phases. Al2O3 and TiO2 were combined with these waste components to produce multiphase crystalline ceramics containing hollandite-type phases, perovskites, pyrochlores and other minor metal titanate phases. For the radiation stability test, selected glass ceramic and crystalline ceramic samples were exposed to different irradiation environments including low fluxes of high-energy (~1–5 MeV) protons and alpha particles generated by an ion accelerator, high fluxes of low-energy (hundreds of keV) krypton particles generated by an ion implanter, and in-situ electron irradiations in a transmission electron microscope. These irradiation experiments were performed to simulate self-radiation effects in a waste form. Ion irradiation-induced microstructural modifications were examined using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Our preliminary results reveal different radiation tolerance in different crystalline phases under variousmore » radiation damage environments. However, their stability may be rate dependent which may limit the waste loading that can be achieved.« less
Bifurcation structure and the Eckhaus instability

The bifurcation diagram corresponding to the Eckhaus stability curve has been constructed for the one-dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation in a finite domain. Finite-amplitude solutions with particular spatial wavelength recover linear stability, as predicted by the Eckhaus curve, after a sequence of secondary bifurcations from the branch of solutions with this wavelength. No connectivity between the primary-solution branches is admissible if the stability predicted by this bifurcation diagram is to correspond to the prediction of the Eckhaus analysis. The Eckhaus curve does not exist if nonlinear couplings destroy this pattern. This is demonstrated by analysis of a coupled pair of Swift-Hohenberg equations.
Testosterone Supplementation Versus Clomiphene Citrate for Hypogonadism: An Age Matched Comparison of Satisfaction and Efficacy

Purpose: We compared satisfaction and treatment efficacy in men with symptomatic hypogonadism who received clomiphene citrate or testosterone supplementation therapy.Materials and Methods: Men treated with clomiphene citrate, or testosterone injections or gels for symptomatic hypogonadism (total testosterone less than 300 ng/dl) reported satisfaction with the current treatment regimen using the qADAM questionnaire.Results: A total of 93 men on testosterone injections (31) or gels (31), or clomiphene citrate (31) were age matched from a retrospective cohort of 1,150 on testosterone supplementation therapy. We compared men who received testosterone supplementation therapy to 31 not on such therapy, who served as controls. Median serum testosterone increased from pretreatment levels in all men regardless of therapy with clomiphene citrate, and testosterone injections and gels (from 247 to 504, 224 to 1,104 and 230 to 412 ng/dl, respectively, p <0.05). Final median serum total testosterone in men on clomiphen...
Non-World Indices and Assessment-Sensitivity

Abstract I argue that sentence contents should be assigned truth-values relative to parameters other than a possible world only if those parameters are fixed by the context of assessment rather than the context of use. Standard counterexamples, including tense, de se attitudes, and knowledge ascriptions, all admit of alternative analyses which do not make use of such parameters. Moreover, allowing such indices greatly complicates the task of defining disagreement, and forces an odd separation between what is true, and what someone has truthfully said. If non-world indices are always fixed by the context of assessment, a characterization of semantic theories as ‘relativist’ in terms of assessment-sensitivity converges with a characterization in terms of sensitivity to non-world indices. More tentatively, I suggest that even a possible world index, when used in the assignment of truth-values to sentence contents, should be fixed by the context of assessment, not the context of use. This eliminates MacFarlan...
Hecke operators on line bundles over modular curves

Abstract Given a principal congruence subgroup Γ = Γ ( N ) ⊆ SL 2 ( Z ) , Connes and Moscovici have introduced a modular Hecke algebra A ( Γ ) that incorporates both the pointwise multiplicative structure of modular forms and the action of the classical Hecke operators. It is well known that a Γ-modular form g of weight k may be described as a global section of the k-th tensor power of a certain line bundle p ( Γ ) : L ( Γ ) → Γ \ H . The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of modular Hecke algebras for Hecke correspondences between the line bundles L ( Γ ) that lift the classical Hecke correspondences between modular curves Γ \ H .
Free electron laser scaling with emittance and energy spread

Abstract Emittance and energy spread provide limitations in the scaling of free-electron lasers to short wavelengths or low voltages. We have investigated this scaling in a gain-focused free-electron laser. The variation in the growth rate, radius of curvature of wavefronts, filling factor and efficiency with emittance and energy spread has been calculated. For small increases in emittance or energy spread we obtain the unusual result that the efficiency can increase with emittance or energy spread. We find that the rule of thumb λ = πϵ overestimates the emittance by 1–2 orders of magnitude. In the cold beam limit the filling factor is small compared to unity.
THE REACTIONS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND ANIMAL TISSUES UNDER CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION III. THE ACTION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES ON TISSUE CULTURES IN VITRO.

These results seem to indicate that many bacteria may be utilized by tissue cells as food for growth or may contain a substance or substances stimulating cell growth or multiplication. This substance is stable and is not destroyed by heating to 100 degrees C. or by long standing. With Micrococcus aureus this action is often neutralized or overcome by a substance inhibitory to growth. The nature of these substances has not yet been determined, though several attempts along this line were made by endeavoring to split the typhoid bacterial substance according to the method of Vaughan See PDF for Structure and testing the poisonous and non-poisonous residues separately. However, at the time too little bacterial substance was used to obtain enough end-products to be of much use, and the products so obtained prevented the plasma from coagulating. Even in the uncoagulated plasma there appeared to be an increase of cells in the cultures with the non-poisonous residue. The author hopes to be able to repeat these tests with split products at a later time when more bacterial substance is available, with the hope of obtaining more definite results.
Vitrification and Crystallization of Organic Liquids Confined to Nanoscale Pores

The effect of finite size on the solidification of o-terphenyl and benzyl alcohol confined in model controlled pore glass (CPG) materials is described. These two organic liquids form either amorphous glasses or crystalline solids in the bulk upon cooling, depending on the rate of cooling and other factors. The solidification behavior of the liquid in the pores was studied as a function of pore diameter (4−73 nm), chemical surface treatment of the CPG and the degree of pore filling, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We observe that the glass transition, Tg, shifts to a lower temperature as pore size decreases. This shift is independent of the degree of pore filling for both o-terphenyl and benzyl alcohol, suggesting that a reduction in bulk density or a negative pressure effect is not the cause of the observed shift. The crystallization behavior of o-terphenyl and benzyl alcohol is also altered by confinement and strongly depends on the pore size and degree of pore filling.
Modulation of pancreatic somatostatin by adrenergic and cholinergic agonism and by hyper- and hypoglycemic sulfonamides

Abstract It has not been previously established whether the pancreatic D cell is subject to autonomic modulation, as are the A and B cells; nor has there been any evidence that endogenous secretion of pancreatic somatostatin influences A and B cells. Therefore, the effect of autonomic agonists, on pancreatic insular A, B, and D cells, and of sulfonamide pharmacologic agents postulated as acting via paracrine 1 or adrenergic 2 stimulation, were studied using the truly isolated canine pancreas. Unlike other canine preparations 3, 4 , which are in reality pancreaticoduodenal perfusion systems, our model totally excluded the gut 1 . A gut-free pancreas was obviously important in that one of the aims of the study was a search for paracrine insular events. Interpretation of changes in hormone concentrations in pancreaticoduodenal efflux would have been difficult as both duodenum and pancreatic islets contain somatostatin, glucagon, and probably gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Chronic Kidney Disease in the Neonate

An increased emphasis has been placed on the early identification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the neonatal population, given the long-term health consequences that can accompany this diagnosis. The definition of CKD in neonates and young infants differs from that of children older than 2 years and, if severe, treatment may mandate dialysis with appropriate ethical considerations. Special attention must also be directed to optimal nutrition because of its impact on height, weight, and brain development in the young child experiencing impaired kidney function. There has been steady improvement in patient survival over the last decade.
Intravenous self-administration of cocaine and norcocaine by dogs.

The potency of cocaine, relative to d-amphetamine, to initiate and maintain intravenous self-administration behavior by dogs (n=5) was determined. Response-contingent infusions of cocaine (at unit doses of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg/kg/infusion) and d-amphetamine (at unit doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg/infusion) were available during daily 4-h sessions on a FR1 reinforcement schedule. By comparing the dose-response curves of the two drugs, it was found that 1 mg of amphetamine is equivalent to 5.3 mg of cocaine (95% confidence limits=3.8–9.1 mg). In a second experiment, pretreatment with the α-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine (in doses ranging from 0.125–2.0 mg/kg, IV) did not produce any appreciable changes in responding for cocaine (0.2 mg/kg/infusion) by dogs (n=9). In contrast, when the same animals were pretreated with the dopaminergic antagonist pimozide (in doses ranging from 5–40 mg/kg, IV), subsequent responding for cocaine was increased in a dose-dependent manner. In a third experiment it was determined that norcocaine, the N-demethylated metabolite of cocaine, would maintain self-administration behavior by dogs (n=4) when it was substituted for cocaine. As expected, when saline was substituted for cocaine, responding was not maintained.
Minding the Gap: Detachment and Understanding in Aleksej Losev's Dialektika mifa

Aleksej Losev's definition of myth centres onthe concept of detachment. In modern timesdetachment has most often figured in thecontext of philosophical aesthetics, where itis a cognitive category akin to Kant's``disinterestedness'' or the Russian formalists'``estrangement.'' However Losev's usage alsomakes reference to the ontological sense ofdetachment as contemplativeascent (cf. Meister Eckhardt'sAbgeschiedenheit). Thus, Losev's concept ofmyth combines both senses of detachment,binding perceptual attitude and being togetherin a double movement of resignation from theworld and union with meaning; this movementliterally makes sense out of reality. Ittherefore bears comparison to the treatment ofdistanciation in contemporary hermeneutics,where detachment is a key condition ofunderstanding. By investigating Losev'sconnections to other Russian thinkers, theauthor makes a case for a distinct Russiantradition of hermeneutic philosophy (V. Ivanov,G. Shpet, A. Bakshy, A. Losev).
Simulation study and initial test of the SNS ring RF system

The rfsimulator code was developed for the study of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) dual-harmonic ring RF control. It uses time-domain solvers to compute beam- cavity interactions and FFT methods to simulate the time responses of the linear RF system. The important elements of the system considered in the model include beam loading, dynamic cavity detuning, circuit bandwidth, loop delay, proportional-integral controller for feedback and adaptive feed forward, stochastic noise, width-in-turn loop parameter change, beam current fluctuation, and bunch leakage. As the beam power increases, beam loss in the ring goes up and thus precise control of the bunching RF phase and amplitude is required to limit beam loss. The code will help in the development of a functional RF control and in achieving the goal of minimizing beam loss in the accumulator ring.
Surface tension in situ in flooded alveolus unaltered by albumin

In the acute respiratory distress syndrome, plasma proteins in alveolar edema liquid are thought to inactivate lung surfactant and raise surface tension, T. However, plasma protein-surfactant inter...
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia in the General Population

Abstract Objectives. We sought to determine the epidemiology and clinical significance of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in the general population. Background. Current knowledge of PSVT has been derived primarily from otherwise healthy patients referred to specialized centers. Methods. We used the resources of the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area, a region covering practically all medical care received by its 50,000 residents. A review of 1,763 records identified prevalent cases as of July 1, 1991 and all new cases of PSVT diagnosed from that day until June 30, 1993. A mean follow-up period of 2 years was completed in all incident patients. Patients without other cardiovascular disease were labeled as having “lone PSVT.” Results. The prevalence was 2.25/1,000 persons and the incidence was 35/100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 23 to 47/100,000). Other cardiovascular disease was present in 90% of males and 48% of females (p = 0.0495). Compared with patients with other cardiovascular disease, those with lone PSVT were younger (mean 37 vs. 69 years, p = 0.0002), had a faster PSVT heart rate (mean 186 vs. 155 beats/min, p = 0.0006) and were more likely to have their condition first documented in the emergency room (69% vs. 30%, p = 0.0377). The onset of symptoms occurred during the childbearing years in 58% of females with lone PSVT versus 9% of females with other cardiovascular disease (p = 0.0272). Conclusions. There are ∼89,000 new cases/year and 570,000 persons with PSVT in the United States. In the general population, there are two distinct subsets of patients with PSVT: those with other cardiovascular disease and those with lone PSVT. Our data suggest etiologic heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of PSVT and the need for more population-based research on this common condition.
MOSSIM: A Switch-Level Simulator for MOS LSI

The logic simulator MOSSIM is designed specifically to serve the needs of the MOS LSI designer. It models a MOS circuit as a network of field-effect transistor "switches", with node states 0, 1, and X (unknown) and transistor states "open", "closed", and "unknown". MOSSIM has proved quite versatile and accurate in simulating a variety of MOS designs including ones for which the network was extracted automatically from the mask specifications. Because it models the network at a logical level, it has a performance comparable to conventional logic gate simulators.
Advances in methods for surveillance of rejection.

Transplantation is an effective treatment modality for infants1 and children2 with end-stage cardiac diseases. Rejection remains a major complication (Figure 1), even in newborn infants.3 Acute rejection can best be operationally defined by clinical findings, histopathology, and/or abnormalities of ventricular function of new origin that require, and respond to, intensified immunosuppression. Mechanistically, the ability to detect acute rejection is critically dependent on the detection of significant new myocytic injury, damage, and/or death. Surveillance for rejection is critically important in determining both long and short-term outcomes following cardiac transplantation. The ideal strategy for surveillance should have a high negative predictive value, correctly identifying the absence of myocytic injury, with high specificity, such that it does not falsely predict such injury.4
Features and objects: the fourteenth Bartlett memorial lecture.

(1988). Features and objects: The fourteenth bartlett memorial lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 201-237.
Objectivism and relational good

In his critique of egoism as a doctrine of ends, G. E. Moore famously challenges the idea that something can be “good for” someone. Donald Regan has recently revived and developed the Moorean challenge, making explicit its implications for the very idea of individual welfare. If the Moorean is right, there is no distinct, normative property good for, and so no plausible objectivism about ethics could be welfarist. In this essay, I undertake to address the Moorean challenge, clarifying our theoretical alternatives so that we may better decide what to admit into our moral ontology and better assess what may be at stake in whether objectivists treat good or good for (or neither) as fundamental. I compare the Moorean and welfarist pictures of value, providing an account of the form and function of good for. According to this account “good for” expresses a distinct relational value that has its source in the value of persons. Good for value is thus a form of extrinsic value that provides agent-neutral reasons for action, and it plays a pervasive normative role in regulating child rearing, guiding individual life choices, and shaping social policy formation.
The Ideology of Authority and the Power of the Pot

Ramey Incised pots appear to have been manufactured at and dispersed from centers of chiefly authority during the 11th-12th centuries A.D. in a portion of the Mississippi Valley. Based on an analysis of motif design, meaning, and the archeological context of vessels, an elite ideology appears indicated in which chiefly lords were the mediators of the cosmos. This archeological perspective in political ideology begins to address the larger questions of the long-term dynamics of pre-state polities.
Ionizing radiation damage near CMOS transistor channel edges

Enhanced radiation damage near channel edges of n- and p-channel MOS transistors has been observed from measurements of channel resistance and gate-induced drain leakage current. Good correlation between these two types of measurements has been established. The degree of such edge effects has been found to depend strongly on the process technology. In some cases, the radiation damage near the edge plays a major role in the total device degradation, and it becomes more important as the device size reduces. A comparison has been made among transistors fabricated with standard, fluorinated, and radiation-hardened oxides. The results suggest that it is possible to minimize the radiation-induced edge effects by the use of appropriate process conditions. >
Heel skin hyperaemia: direct compression versus vascular occlusion

Vulnerability of the heel to ulceration in bed-bound persons is related to direct pressure-induced blood flow decreases. Periodic pressure reduction is a clinical strategy to help prevent ulcers by allowing flow-repayment hyperaemia that has a magnitude and duration thought to be related to the duration of the prior interval of ischaemia. However, there are reasons to question whether effects of flow stoppages caused by direct tissue loading are similar to those because of ischaemia without superimposed direct pressure. This question was investigated by comparing posterior heel skin blood flow responses via laser-Doppler perfusion monitoring of 27 supine-lying subjects in whom blood flow was reduced by 5-min of direct heel loading on a support surface and by 5-min of ankle-cuff compression. Results showed that blood flow reductions were the same for both methods but the hyperaemia was significantly greater when flow reduction was produced by direct heel loading. This was true for ratio of peak hyperaemic flow to baseline (8.20 +/- 1.32 s versus 4.68 +/- 0.80 s, P< or =0.001), hyperaemic to baseline 3-min flow-time area ratios (4.70 +/- 0.65 s versus 1.95 +/- 0.29 s, P< or =0.001) and for total hyperaemia durations (352 +/- 39 s versus 181 +/- 14 s, P<0.001). These findings raise new questions regarding the precise physiological effects of heel and tissue loading in general, the factors that contribute to the hyperaemic response and their clinical impact and interpretation. Possible sources of the observed greater post-loading hyperaemia responses are discussed.
Immobilization: Effects and Side Effects on Stereotyped Behavior in Children

Self-stimulatory responses of four retarded/autistic children were reduced using brief immobilization. A reversal design was employed such that immobilization was systematically applied and withdra...
River Otter Latrine Site Selection in Arid Habitats of Western Colorado, USA

River otters (Lontra canadensis) select specific habitat features when establishing latrines, but no studies have described latrine features in arid and semiarid environments. We developed a model describing those habitat features that influence otter latrine site selection on rivers in arid and semiarid watersheds of western Colorado, USA. River otters selected latrine sites with the presence of beaver (Castor canadensis) activity, large prominent rocks, adjacent to deeper water, with shading over the site, and rock or cliff overstory. Our model provides a robust predictive tool for identifying river otter latrine sites in arid environments of southwestern North America.
NEW SCHOLARSHIP ON VICTORIAN INDIA

A plethora of fine books on Victorian India have been published in the last decade or so, a number of them in the past three years. These works cover a wide range of postcolonial thought: histories of Indian sub-cultures (Bhavani Raman's Document Raj , on scribal culture in the Madras East India company and Davesh Soneji's study of the devadāsī of South India in Unfinished Gestures ); histories of English dissident subcultures (late Victorian homosexuals and vegetarians, among those documented in Leela Gandhi's Affective Communities ); Andrea Major's epic Slavery, Abolitionism, and Empire in India, 1772–1843 , and the erudite and comprehensive Oxford edition, India and the British Empire , edited by Douglas Peers and Nandini Gooptu, a magisterial work that begins with recognition of the “remarkable efflorescence over the past generation” (1) in historical studies of colonial India.
Multi‐Scale Study of Sintering: A Review

An integrated approach, combining the continuum theory of sintering with a kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) model-based mesostructure evolution simulation is reviewed. The effective sintering stress and the normalized bulk viscosity are derived from mesoscale simulations. A KMC model is presented to simulate microstructural evolution during sintering of complex microstructures taking into consideration grain growth, pore migration, and densification. The results of these simulations are used to generate sintering stress and normalized bulk viscosity for use in continuum level simulation of sintering. The advantage of these simulations is that they can be employed to generate more accurate constitutive parameters based on most general assumptions regarding mesostructure geometry and transport mechanisms of sintering. These constitutive parameters are used as input data for the continuum simulation of the sintering of powder bilayers. Two types of bilayered structures are considered: layers of the same particle material but with different initial porosity, and layers of two different materials. The simulation results are verified by comparing them with shrinkage and warping during the sintering of bilayer ZnO powder compacts.
Learning Disability Documentation in Higher Education: What Are Students Submitting?.

This study examined the supporting documentation submitted by students with learning disability (LD) diagnoses. The participants were 210 students who were enrolled in a college support program for students with disabilities at a private liberal arts college. Findings showed that although most students submitted a psychoeducational evaluation, fewer than half submitted a complete evaluation that included an IQ test and a complete achievement battery that contained full cluster or composite scores and reported standard scores. Public school evaluators had completed larger numbers of incomplete evaluations than private clinicians. Above 20% of the evaluations had been completed more than 3 to 5 years earlier, and 12% were more than 5 years old. The findings from this study extend conclusions from other investigations to specialized support programs for students with LD, suggesting that the quality of documentation for LD submitted to these programs is often poor.
Traditional methods of organizing and storing information

The library science of precomputer days developed or accepted the fundamental concepts and processes that are the heart of the library science of the future. The methods used were so time consuming and the technical orientation so limited, however, that inefficiencies of method and of scale rendered the system almost self-destroying. The ramifications of this situation are described in regard to the processes of acquisition, classification, descriptive and subject cataloging, and circulation.
Dichromatic color representations for complex display systems

New display technologies have begun to provide more innovative and potentially powerful methods to present information to a viewer. However, many of these techniques struggle to deliver accurate full color. In this paper, we address this difficulty by employing the dichromatic theory of color reflection, which implies that many objects can be rendered accurately using only two primaries. Complex display systems with two primaries can be produced with significantly less work than is required for the traditional three primaries. We discuss methods for selecting objects that can be rendered accurately on two-color displays, and we present our experiments with a two-color display using monochromatic primaries. >
Basis Risk and the Welfare Gains from Index Insurance: Evidence from Northern Kenya

Index insurance products circumvent many of the transaction costs and asymmetric information problems that obstruct provision of low value conventional insurance policies in developing countries. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in index insurance pilots in developing countries, but there has been little progress in our understanding of the quality of those products. Basis risk, or remaining uninsured risk, is a widely recognized, but rarely measured drawback of index insurance that carries significant implications for the quality of any such product. This research uses a rich longitudinal household dataset to examine basis risk associated with an index based livestock insurance (IBLI) product available to pastoralists in northern Kenya since 2010. We find that IBLI coverage reduces downside risk for most households when purchased at actuarially fair premium rates and has net utility benefits for most even at commercial rates. Examining the components of basis risk, we find that IBLI reduces exposure to covariate risk due to high loss events by an average of 62.8%. The benefits of reduced covariate risk exposure are relatively small, however, due to high exposure to seemingly mostly random idiosyncratic risk, even in this population often thought to suffer largely from covariate shocks. Depending on covariate region, IBLI policy holders are left with an average of between 62.3% and 76.7% of their original risk due to high loss events. This research underscores the need for caution when promoting index insurance as a tool for reducing exposure to risk and the importance of ex post product evaluation.
A three‐allele model for heterogeneity of juvenile onset insulin‐dependent diabetes

Summary A three-allele model is presented for the inheritance of ‘juvenile’ insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDJI). The model postulates a susceptibility locus S tightly linked to the HLA complex. The model incorporates relative-risk and HLA-association data from the literature which suggest genetic heterogeneity within IDDM, together with population prevalence, twin and sib concordance rates, and distortions in HLA haplotype concordance values for affected sib pairs. The model appears to provide a reasonable fit to existing data. It predicts low penetrances for some, but not all, genotypes and a strong association between HLA B8 and one of the S alleles. The model makes additional specific predictions about how different forms of IDDX are distributed in sporadic and familial cases. These predictions can be tested in future genetic-epidemiologic studies.
Power enhancement via multivariate outlier testing with gene expression arrays

Motivation: As the use of microarrays in human studies continues to increase, stringent quality assurance is necessary to ensure accurate experimental interpretation. We present a formal approach for microarray quality assessment that is based on dimension reduction of established measures of signal and noise components of expression followed by parametric multivariate outlier testing. Results: We applied our approach to several data resources. First, as a negative control, we found that the Affymetrix and Illumina contributions to MAQC data were free from outliers at a nominal outlier flagging rate of α=0.01. Second, we created a tunable framework for artificially corrupting intensity data from the Affymetrix Latin Square spike-in experiment to allow investigation of sensitivity and specificity of quality assurance (QA) criteria. Third, we applied the procedure to 507 Affymetrix microarray GeneChips processed with RNA from human peripheral blood samples. We show that exclusion of arrays by this approach substantially increases inferential power, or the ability to detect differential expression, in large clinical studies. Availability: http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.3/bioc/html/arrayMvout.html and http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.3/bioc/html/affyContam.html affyContam (credentials: readonly/readonly) Contact:aasare@immunetolerance.org; stvjc@channing.harvard.edu
Illustrations of Technology Integration in the Unified Elementary Proteach Program

The Unified Elementary ProTeach (Professional Teacher; http://www.coe.ufl.edu/school/proteach/index.html) program at the University of Florida (UF) prepares teachers with a dual emphasis in elementary education and mild disabilities. All graduates are also prepared to work with students who are English speakers of other languages (ESOL). The program is designed to ensure that teacher education students accept responsibility for the learning of all children and requires that they develop appropriate inclusive pedagogy to facilitate student learning and master content knowledge needed for instruction.
A coupled fluid-, structural-heating analysis method for metallic thermal protection panels

Metallic thermal protection systems are being considered for next-generation Access to Space vehicles. Experiments in conjunction with numerical simulation show that heated metallic panels expand from the structure, create a quilt-like flow surface, and alter the expected heating distribution. Towards an effort in modeling the c oupled thermoelastic response of a metallic panel, this paper presents a boundary element procedure to solve two-dimensional steady-state and transient heat conduction. The conduction code is loosely coupled to a hypersonic computational fluid dynamic algorithm to compute the in-depth heat conduction of a ceramic wing leading edge. Steady-state results are consistent with previous calculations using finite-difference and finite-element procedures. Transient computations show the peak temperature to occur in the steady-state and not in the transient. Also, the flow over convexly and concavely deformed metallic panels is computed. It is demonstrated that the transient conduction solution of the deformed metallic panel may be approximated by imposing the flow solution generated with the surface deformation onto an undeformed panel. (Author)
Hysteria—Conversion Reaction in the Histrionic Personality

Conversion reactions do occur in men, but they are seen most often in women and girls who have a hysterical or histrionic personality.Environmental factors are probably paramount in this condition, but genetic influences also may be partially responsible. Becoming apparent in young girls, the hysterical personality is manifested by an amazing variety of symptoms. Emotional immaturity is a constant feature.The chronic, fixed, medically oriented patient with hysteria presents one of the most difficult therapeutic problems in medicine. Prophylactic psychotherapy offers the greatest hope.
A Case of Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy Mimicking Brain Death and Review of the Literature.

We describe a case report of fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome mimicking brain death. A previously healthy 60-year-old male was admitted to the neurointensive care unit after developing rapidly progressive weakness and respiratory failure. On presentation, the patient was found to have absent brainstem and spinal cord reflexes resembling that of brain death. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a subtype of Guillain-Barre syndrome, was diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid and nerve conduction velocity testing. An electroencephalogram showed that the patient had normal, appropriately reactive brain function. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound showed appropriate blood flow to the brain. Guillain-Barre syndrome rarely presents with weakness so severe as to mimic brain death. This article provides a review of similar literature. This case demonstrates the importance of performing a proper brain death examination, which includes evaluation for irreversible cerebral injury, exclusion of any confounding conditions, and performance of tests such as electroencephalography and transcranial dopplers when uncertainty exists about the reliability of the clinical exam.
A study on the role of surfactant on the layered growth of SnSe2 for electrical applications

Nano powder of SnSe2 was synthesized using two different surfactants, such as poly-ethelene glycol (PEG) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) through a simple hydrothermal method. The as-prepared nano powders were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). The XRD analysis reveals that the synthesized material belongs to hexagonal structure. FTIR confirms the presence of various vibrational frequencies. The elemental weight percentage of the material was calculated from EDS analysis. The title compound was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and dielectric analysis. The surface morphology of SnSe2 particles with PEG shows the clustered layers of flake-liked structures and SDS shows the flower like structures. Low dielectric constant confirms the suitability of the material for microelectronic device fabrication.