cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating Corrective Maintenance: Aggregating Component Level Maintenance Time Uncertainty at the System Level

Abstract The corrective maintenance process can be decomposed into failure and repair processes. Creating a model to capture the corrective maintenance process then requires an accurate estimate of the behavior of these constituent processes. For systems composed of many individual parts, information about failure and repair behavior is more likely to be available at the component level than the system level. Depending on the number of components that comprise the system, modeling each part may become computationally burdensome; in addition, some few components may account for a large portion of the overall system failures. In such a situation, one solution to the modeling burden is aggregation: the mathematical assimilation of many component distributions into a single representative distribution for the group. This paper describes how aggregation may be performed for such a system and how an algorithm may be developed to automate the process. Next, it describes how to simulate an aggregated distribution using a pseudo-random number generator and finally demonstrates these concepts for a sample problem. The first section of the paper introduces corrective maintenance modeling and aggregation; the second section describes aggregation for corrective maintenance; the third explains how to simulate the aggregated distribution; the fourth demonstrates aggregation; and the fifth discusses limitations of the method and concludes.
Interferometry of surfaces with well-defined topography in the surface force apparatus

We studied the multiple beam interferometry of surfaces with well-defined microscale features in the surface force apparatus (SFA). The structures investigated consist of hexagonal arrays of microscale cylindrical posts made out of the photoresist SU-8. The ability of the SFA to visualize the profile and topography of the interacting surfaces leads to the observation of discontinuities in primary fringes of equal chromatic order that are caused by the microscale structural features. The shift in wavelengths has been analyzed to extract the post height and compared to independent profilometry measurements. The analysis based on the shift in wavelength is shown to be viable only when the order of the fringe and the position of the discontinuity is precisely known and within the field of view. Analysis of the full profile of the interacting surface for two orthogonal 2-dimensional slices can be used to determine how the surface lattice is oriented within the point of closest approach. Finally, we discuss cases in which the structural features detrimentally affect the spatial resolution of the SFA.
Investigation and visualization of scleral channels created with femtosecond laser in enucleated human eyes using 3D optical coherence tomography images

We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) for non-invasive imaging of the anterior segment of the eye for investigating partial-thickness scleral channels created with a femtosecond laser. Glaucoma is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to reduced outflow facility in the eye. A partial-thickness aqueous humor (AH) drainage channel in the sclera was created with 1.7-mm wavelength femtosecond laser pulses to reduce IOP by increasing the outflow facility, as a solution to retard the progression of glaucoma. It is hypothesized that the precise dimensions and predetermined location of the channel would provide a controlled increase of the outflow rate resulting in IOP reduction. Therefore, it is significant to create the channel at the exact location with predefined dimensions. The aim of this research has two aspects. First, as the drainage channel is subsurface, it is a challenging task to determine its precise location, shape and dimensions, and it becomes very important to investigate the channel attributes after the laser treatment without disturbing the internal anterior structures. Second, to provide a non-invasive, image-based verification that extremely accurate and non-scarring AH drainage channel can be created with femtosecond laser. Partial-thickness scleral channels created in five human cadaver eyes were investigated non-invasively with a 1310-nm time-domain OCT imaging system. Three-dimensional (3D) OCT image stacks of the triangular cornea-sclera junction, also known as anterior chamber angle, were acquired for image-based analysis and visualization. The volumetric cutting-plane approach allowed reconstruction of images at any cross-sectional position in the entire 3D volume of tissue, making it a valuable tool for exploring and evaluating the location, shape and dimension of the channel from all directions. As a two-dimensional image-based methodology, an image-processing pipeline was implemented to enhance the channel features to augment the analysis. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrate that our image-based visualization tool is appropriate for effective investigation and evaluation of femtosecond laser-created, partial-thickness aqueous humor drainage channels in the sclera.
Supercapacitors Based on Metal Electrodes Prepared from Nanoparticle Mixtures at Room Temperature

Films comprising Au and Ag nanoparticles are transformed into porous metal electrodes by desorption of weak organic ligands followed by wet chemical etching of silver. Thus prepared electrodes provide the basis for supercapacitors whose specific capacitances approach 70 F/g. Cyclic voltammetry measurement yield “rectangular” I−V curves even at high scan rates, indicating that the supercapacitors have low internal resistance. Owing to this property, the supercapacitors have a high power density ∼12 kW/kg, comparable with that of the state-of-the-art carbon-based devices. The entire assembly protocol does not require high-temperature processing or the use of organic binders.
The Electron Sheath Around an Emissive Wire in Vacuum

An orbit-motion-limited (OML) theory is developed for the electron sheath and the virtual cathode that forms around an emissive wire in vacuum. The electron cloud above the wire surface is assumed to be described by a 2-D Maxwellian distribution function. A comparison is made with a 1-D theory having only radial velocities for the electrons. The OML theory gives a greater electron density and a more negative virtual cathode because of differences between the 1-D and 2-D distribution functions. Expressions are derived for the current from the cathode to the anode.
Congruence and negative information as determinants of answers to questions of entailment

College students attempted to answer questions based on premise information which was congruent or noncongruent with the form of the question. Three types of congruence were varied as well as whether the premise was based on positive or negative information. Attribute congruence facilitated answering questions but thematic congruence did not. Subject nominal congruence interacted with positive-negative premise. Subject nominal congruence facilitated performance only following negative premise information.
MUSLIM IMAGINARIES AND IMAGINARY MUSLIMS: Placing Islam in Conversation with A Secular Age

This essay begins by exploring the extent to which the narrative of secularization presented in Charles Taylor's A Secular Age might be complicated or otherwise challenged by taking account of parallel processes within Islamic thought and practice. It then considers whether Taylor's argument might nevertheless be applicable to, or illuminative of, contemporary struggles with modernity in the Muslim world.
Effects of Local Search Algorithms on Groundwater Remediation Optimization Using a Self-Adaptive Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

Genetic algorithms allow solution of more complex, nonlinear civil, and environmental engineering problems than traditional gradient-based approaches, but they are more computationally intensive. O...
Controlling the morphology of electrospray-generated PLGA microparticles for drug delivery

We developed a well-controlled method to generate PLGA microparticles of different morphologies using the electrospray drying route. By judiciously selecting polymer molecular weight, concentration, and solution flow rate, we can control the order in which polymer entanglements and Coulomb fission occur in the droplets and their relative importance, and subsequently govern the morphology of the resulting polymer particles. We show that spherical, monodisperse particles are generated when sufficiently strong polymer entanglements set in the evaporating droplets before they undergo any Coulomb fission. On the other hand, tailed and elongated particles are obtained if the Coulomb fission occurs first and if the droplets/particles are sufficiently evaporated to freeze in their irregular shape. Strictly spherical particles are unachievable for polymer solutions below a critical concentration, because the onset of Coulomb fission always sets in prior to the development of a sufficiently entangled polymer network. An extension of a simple model, originally used to determine the onset of electrospinning of polymer solutions, adequately predicts when non-spherical particles are produced. We conclude by demonstrating the scale-up of this approach to the synthesis of polymer particles using a compact, microfabricated, multiplexed electrospray system, which would make it suitable for practical applications.
Review of Central Asian Voles of the Genus Hyperacrius, with Comments on Zoogeography, Ecology, and Ectoparasites

Voles of the genus Hyperacrius are reviewed taxonomically. The genus, previously reported only from Kashmir but now known also from both sides of the Indus Valley in northern West Pakistan, comprises two species (wynnei and fertilis), one with two subspecies and the other with three. Two subspecies (one of each species) are described as new. Remarks on the ecology and potential epidemiological importance (as a reservoir of scrub typhus) are given, and factors influencing the zoogeography and subspeciation of the two species are discussed. Data on Siphonaptera are used to elucidate the taxonomic relationships of species and subspecies of Hyperacrius.
Onset of pulsing in two‐phase cocurrent downflow through a packed bed

In cocurrent downflow of a gas and a liquid through a packed column, a transition from trickling flow to pulsing flow is observed as one increases the flow rates. A simple macroscopic model for the two-phase flow is analyzed to examine whether this regime transition should be viewed as the loss of stability of a steady state or the loss of existence of any solution for the steady-state equations of motion. The former appears to be a more reasonable interpretation and an explicit algebraic criterion for the onset of pulsing is presented.
Coarse-Grained, Deep-Water Sedimentation Along a Border Fault Margin of Lake Malawi, Africa: Seismic Stratigraphic Analysis

Lake Malawi, Africa, serves as an important modern analog for understanding depositional processes in an active rift setting. This paper explores the depositional processes and stacking patterns of coarse-grained facies across a large fan delta and associated sub-lacustrine fan system offshore of the South Rukuru River using single-channel seismic data coupled with deep-water vibracores and gravity cores. A companion paper (Wells et al. 1999) discusses the details of the depositional processes of the system inferred from core data. Using 2900 km of single-channel seismic data, eight genetic facies were defined based on seismic reflection character, external geometry, accompanying core data, and location within the modern geomorphic system. Five sand-dominated facies include; (1) mouth-of-canyon-fan facies; (2) progradational-fan-delta facies; (3) channel-fill facies; (4) canyon-fill facies; and (5) basin-plain-fill facies. These facies occur as surficial deposits in water depths of more than 600 m, suggesting that coarse-grained sedimentation characterizes certain localities, in even the deepest parts of Lake Malawi. Climatically driven lake-level changes influenced the internal character of these facies, their thickness, and to some extent their location within the South Rukuru study area. However, climate was generally subordinate to tectonism in controlling the temporal and spatial distribution of the facies. Tectonic controls can be categorized as; (1) orientation of the first-order border fault and intrabasinal faults; (2) syndepositional footwall uplift and rotation; and (3) temporal changes in the rate and location of maximum subsidence. These controls affect the location and stacking of the mouth-of-canyon fans, and the presence and orientation of sub-lacustrine canyons and the zone of maximum sediment accumulation, and depositional gradients.
Offshore & Onshore contracts

We study the buyer-seller relationship in a supply chain from the perspective of quality. In particular, we examine situations where quality levels of the product can be observed, yet, conformance cannot be enforced unless the buyer engages in costly, legally-binding activity, which we call audit. We assume that the cost of audit is borne by the buyer. We examine three types of remedies that can be taken in case an audit conflrms the existence of quality problems, namely \Full Rebate", \Compensate" and \Repair" contracts. Under the Full Rebate regime, the seller rebates the buyer the purchase price of defective units. Under the Compensate regime (Expectation Damages), the buyer is compensated for his loss of proflt due to defects. Finally, under the Repair regime (Speciflc Performance), the seller is made to repair all the defective units at his own expense. We examine the efiects of these contracts on the performance of the supply-chain, and point out the implications for ofishore and onshore supply networks, respectively. Our results indicate conditions where the buyer is not motivated to \squeeze" all the proflts out of the supply chain, even in a setting of complete information, and even if the relationship is short-term. We extend the analysis to examine supply-chains which include more than one seller or buyer. Also, as part of the analysis, we study a problem, which we call the \Crime and Punishment" problem that is interesting in its own right.
A Review of Current Practice for Boys Undergoing Hypospadias Repair: From Pre-Operative Work up to Removal of Dressing Post-Surgery

The aim of this article was to examine an area from dinical practice, in this instance, paediatric urology and to look at the information needs of families prior to their young sons' having surgery to correct a hypospadias. Involving families and promoting informed decision-making with families prior to hypospadias repair for their child is important. To be able to facilitate real involvement the information has to be shared and parents and families given adequate support and opportunity to seek answers to questions. Providing an environment to undertake this, to then learn from the families for the future and to support the development of a National Support group, www.hypospadias.co.uk have been outcomes from setting up a pre-admission clinic. Literature in respect of after-care is very sparse. It became evident from clinical practice that the rationale for applying a dressing postoperatively needed to be explored. Furthermore limited evidence about dressing removal, coupled with the anxiety and upset this caused parents, identified the need to consider two issues (i) a better method of removal of dressings and (ii) the effects on pain scores. A blinded randomized controlled feasibility study was developed and implemented, with completion due at the end of 2001.
Effects of Soil Nitrogen Reduction on Nonnative Plants in Restored Grasslands

We studied the cumulative effects of 3 years of carbon amendments on previously disturbed mixed-grass prairie sites near Boulder, Colorado. Analysis of soil inorganic nitrogen during the third field season indicated statistically significant but short-term nitrogen reduction in response to addition of a combination of sugar and sawdust treatments. Plant foliage production was significantly reduced by these carbon amendments and averaged 377 g/m 2 /year on control plots versus 219 g/m 2 /year on treated plots. Undesirable species such as Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed) exhibited a similar biomass response. But after three years of treatment there is little evidence to suggest a relative increase in desirable, reseeded species such as Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass). We suggest that the carbon amendment treatment alone is an inadequate remediation technique in areas exposed to extensive seed rain by exotic species.
Delineating prototypical patterns of substance use initiations over time

Aims The purpose of this paper is to discover patterns of drug use initiations over time through a multiple event process survival mixture model (MEPSUM model), a novel approach for substance use and prevention research. Design The MEPSUM model combines survival analysis and mixture modeling—specifically latent class analysis—to examine individual differences in the timing of initiation and cumulative risk of substance use over time, and is applied to cross-sectional survey data on drug initiations. Setting Data are drawn from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Participants The survey includes responses from 55 772 individuals (52.05% female). Measurements The age of first use of nine different types of substances are examined, including alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and non-medical use of prescription drugs. Findings It is argued that six patterns parsimoniously describe the population's risk of initiating different substances over time, described colloquially as general abstainers; early, late and progressive soft drug users; and early and late hard drug users. Both gender and ethnicity significantly predict the patterns, with Caucasians and males having a higher risk for the hard drug-using patterns. The MEPSUM model produced stable results in this application, as the patterns are validated in a split-sample design. Conclusions The MEPSUM model provides a statistical framework from which to evaluate patterns of risk for drug initiations over time and predict substance use trajectories relevant to public health interventions. The patterns that result from the model can be used as outcomes for subsequent investigations of etiological and mediating mechanisms.
PINCH1 Plays an Essential Role in Early Murine Embryonic Development but Is Dispensable in Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

PINCH1, an adaptor protein composed of five LIM domains, mediates protein-protein interactions and functions as a component of the integrin-integrin-linked kinase (ILK) complex. The integrin-ILK signaling complex plays a pivotal role in cell motility, proliferation, and survival during embryonic development of many animal species. To elucidate the physiological function of PINCH1 in mouse embryonic development, we have deleted the mouse PINCH1 gene by homologous recombination. Mice heterozygous for PINCH1 are viable and indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. However, no viable homozygous offspring were observed from PINCH1+/− intercrosses. Histological analysis of homozygous mutant embryos revealed that they had a disorganized egg cylinder by E5.5, which degenerated by E6.5. Furthermore, E5.5 PINCH1−/− embryos exhibited decreased cell proliferation and excessive cell death. We have also generated and analyzed mice in which PINCH1 has been specifically deleted in ventricular cardiomyocytes. These mice exhibit no basal phenotype, with respect to mouse survival, cardiac histology, or cardiac function as measured by echocardiography. Altogether, these data indicate that PINCH1 plays an essential role in early murine embryonic development but is dispensable in ventricular cardiomyocytes.
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA: DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING, DISSOLUTION, AND REDEPOSITION1

The settling velocities of empty tests of planktonic foraminifera have been determined experimentally, using tests both from sediment samples and from combusted plankton samples. The modal settling velocity of the species studied was equivalent to that of a quartz sphere of diameter approximately 2.4 times less than the maximum diameter of the foraminifera. Large variations from this mode occur and result from varying test shapes and wall thicknesses. The sequence of foraminifera in graded beds corresponds closely to their settling behavior determined experimentally. The sirnificancc of this new information for the production, dissolutio,n, considered briefly. and redistribution of foraminifera1 tests is INTBODUCTION The settling velocity of shells of planktonic foraminifera is an important factor in any study of foraminifera1 productivity and scdimcntation. Settling rates yield c&mates for minimum production, provided that the concentrations of living and empty spccimens in the water column are known (Bcrgcr 1969a). Settling velocities also dctcrmine the time that empty tests spend in the water column, during which they are carried away from their place of origin (Kriimmcl 1907) and may undergo dissolution. After reaching the ocean floor the tests may bc sorted during rcdcposition according to their settling behavior. (0.7 and 0.4 mm) by visually following the fall of single spccimcns. Their results are comparable with those of Thoulet, with vclocitics a littlc greater than 2 cm/set. The purposes of this study are to investigate settling rates of whole empty tests of planktonic foraminifera of various sizes, to study the differences in settling velocitics between various species in the same size class, and to outline applications of the results to the study of productivity and scdimcntation of foraminifera. WC thank F. B. Phleger for discussion and D. L. McGeary for providing samples from core A II 31-6.
Enabling tracing Of long-running multithreaded programs via dynamic execution reduction

Debugging long running multithreaded programs is a very challenging problem when using tracing-based analyses. Since such programs are non-deterministic, reproducing the bug is non-trivial and generating and inspecting traces for long running programs can be prohibitively expensive. We propose a framework in which, to overcome the problem of bug reproducibility, a lightweight logging technique is used to log the events during the original execution. When a bug is encountered, it is reproduced using the generated log and during the replay, a fine-grained tracing technique is employed to collect control-flow/dependence traces that are then used to locate the root cause of the bug. In this paper, we address the key challenges resulting due to tracing, that is, the prohibitively high expense of collecting traces and the significant burden on the user who must examine the large amount of trace information to locate the bug in a long-running multithreaded program. These challenges are addressed through execution reduction that realizes a combination of logging and tracing such that traces collected contain only the execution information from those regions of threads that are relevant to the fault. This approach is highly effective because we observe that for long running multithreaded programs, many threads that execute are irrelevant to the fault. Hence, these threads need not be replayed and traced when trying to reproduce the bug. We develop a novel lightweight scheme that identifies such threads by observing all the interthread data dependences and removes their execution footprint in the replay run. In addition, we identify regions of thread executions that need not be replayed or, if they must be replayed, we determine if they need not be traced. Following execution reduction, the replayed execution takes lesser time to run and it produces a much smaller trace than the original execution. Thus, the cost of collecting traces and the effort of examining the traces to locate the fault are greatly reduced.
Robot ensembles for building construction

Robot intensiveness in the manufacturing industry is growing rapidly, but the construction industry has been slow to capitalise on the array of robotic technology now available. An attempt is made to indentify various robot ensembles that may prove economically viable in building construction, and to configure these in such a way that particular characteristics of robot work methods are used to maximum advantage within the constraints of the construction environment.
An Analysis of the Relationship between News Coverage of Health Topics and Public Opinion of the Most Important Health Problems in the United States

The relationship between news coverage and the most important health problems in the United States (as determined by public opinion polls from 1985–1989) was examined. Media indexes (major newspape...
Effect of alloxan on permeability and hexose transport in rat pancreatic islets.

The in vitro effect of alloxan exposure on the permeability of collagenase isolated rat pancreatic islets to sucrose, D-mannitol, and L-glucose has been investigated. Determination of changes in cell volume with a non-wash double label isotope procedure indicates that alloxan treatment exerts no measurable effect on permeability to sucrose, D-mannitol, or L-glucose as compared to nonalloxan-treated islets. In addition, neither prior exposurenor the concomitant presence of alloxan alters the rate of D-glucose or 3–0-methyl-D-glucose transport into rat pancreatic islets. It is concluded that the in vitro effect of alloxan on abolishing glucose-induced insulin release in isolated rat pancreatic islets does not appear to be the result of permeability changes to small organic molecules or alteration in the transport ofD-glucose into the beta-cell. (Endocrinology 97: 68, 1975)
Simulation of integrated surface-water/ground-water flow and salinity for a coastal wetland and adjacent estuary

The SWIFT2D surface-water flow and transport code, which solves the St Venant equations in two dimensions, was coupled with the SEAWAT variable-density ground-water code to represent hydrologic processes in coastal wetlands and adjacent estuaries. A sequentially coupled time-lagged approach was implemented, based on a variable-density form of Darcy's Law, to couple the surface and subsurface systems. The integrated code also represents the advective transport of salt mass between the surface and subsurface. The integrated code was applied to the southern Everglades of Florida to quantify flow and salinity patterns and to evaluate effects of hydrologic processes. Model results confirm several important observations about the coastal wetland: (1) the coastal embankment separating the wetland from the estuary is overtopped only during tropical storms, (2) leakage between the surface and subsurface is locally important in the wetland, but submarine ground-water discharge does not contribute large quantities of freshwater to the estuary, and (3) coastal wetland salinities increase to near seawater values during the dry season, and the wetland flushes each year with the onset of the wet season.
Partition of energy for air-fluidized grains.

The dynamics of one and two identical spheres rolling in a nearly levitating upflow of air obey the Langevin equation and the fluctuation-dissipation relation [Ojha et al. Nature (London) 427, 521 (2004); Phys. Rev. E 71, 016313 (2005)]. To probe the range of validity of this statistical mechanical description, we perturb the original experiments in four ways. First, we break the circular symmetry of the confining potential by using a stadium-shaped trap, and find that the velocity distributions remain circularly symmetric. Second, we fluidize multiple spheres of different density, and find that all have the same effective temperature. Third, we fluidize two spheres of different size, and find that the thermal analogy progressively fails according to the size ratio. Fourth, we fluidize individual grains of aspherical shape, and find that the applicability of statistical mechanics depends on whether or not the grain chatters along its length, in the direction of airflow.
Correction of Sampling Errors in Ocean Surface Cross-Sectional Estimates from Nadir-Looking Weather Radar

The return from the ocean surface has a number of uses for airborne meteorological radar. The normalized surface cross section has been used for radar system calibration, estimation of surface winds, and in algorithms for estimating the path-integrated attenuation in rain. However, meteorological radars are normally optimized for observation of distributed targets that fill the resolution volume, and so a point target such as the surface can be poorly sampled, particularly at near-nadir look angles. Sampling the nadir surface return at an insufficient rate results in a negative bias of the estimated cross section. This error is found to be as large as 4 dB using observations from a high-altitude airborne radar. An algorithm for mitigating the error is developed that is based upon the shape of the surface echo and uses the returned signal at the three range gates nearest the peak surface echo.
Glucose Toxicity Is Responsible for the Development of Impaired Regulation of Endogenous Glucose Production and Hepatic Glucokinase in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

The effect of restoration of normoglycemia by a novel sodium-dependent glucose transporter inhibitor (T-1095) on impaired hepatic glucose uptake was examined in 14-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The nontreated group exhibited persistent endogenous glucose production (EGP) despite marked hyperglycemia. Gluconeogenesis and glucose cycling (GC) were responsible for 46 and 51% of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) flux, respectively. Net incorporation of plasma glucose into hepatic glycogen was negligible. Glucokinase (GK) and its inhibitory protein, GK regulatory protein (GKRP), were colocalized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. At day 7 of drug administration, EGP was slightly reduced, but G6Pase flux and GC were markedly lower compared with the nontreated group. In this case, GK and GKRP were colocalized in the nuclei of hepatocytes. When plasma glucose and insulin levels were raised during a clamp, EGP was completely suppressed and GC, glycogen synthesis from plasma glucose, and the fractional contribution of plasma glucose to uridine diphosphoglucose flux were markedly increased. GK, but not GKRP, was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Glucotoxicity may result in the blunted response of hepatic glucose flux to elevated plasma glucose and/or insulin associated with impaired regulation of GK by GKRP in ZDF rats.
Toward Bridging Gaps: Finding Commonality between Evolutionary and Comparative Psychology

This volume brings together an eclectic and provocative body of work from some of the brightest minds in comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology. The intent of this volume is to highlight the strengths and insights of each fi eld and to bridge the gaps between them. Comparative psychology has sometimes lost the focus that evolutionary psychology wields to shed light on seminal questions in the study of human and nonhuman behavior. Although evolutionary psychology maintains an overarching framework with which to explore questions of ultimate or proximate causation—referring to mechanisms of natural selection, comparative psychologists sometimes study esoteric topics of interest, without placing these studies in a larger theoretical framework. However, the insights of comparative psychologists have often forged new ground, generating new theoretical debates and inspiring nonhuman studies in new directions. For instance, the recent explosion of work in canine cognition has been inspired to a large degree by hypotheses about the importance of domestication in sculpting canine cognitive skills, and these hypothesis have prompted much debate (Dorey, Udell, & Wynne, 2010; Hare, Brown, Williamson & Tomasello, 2002; Hare et al., 2010; Udell, Dorey & Wynne, 2008; Wynne, Udell & Lord; 2008). Bringing together comparative psychology and evolutionary psychology can strengthen the contributions of both. Rather than taking all or none approaches to scientifi c pursuits, our journey should allow the beacon of truth to guide us forward, even if the path is a middle ground. There need not be a divide between fi eld researchers and laboratory scientists, between those who study humans and nonhumans, between behaviorists and cognitivists, or between comparative psychologists and evolutionary psychologists.
Autoradiographic arsenic localization in adult and embryonic epithelium and connective tissues.

SummaryAutoradiography showed specific localization of As73 and As74 in adult mouse epidermis and skin adnexa. In tissue cultures embryonic mouse epidermis and chicken fibroblasts both absorbed the radioactive arsenic. Histochemical methods so far developed have evidently not accurately demonstrated the locations of arsenic in tissues.
The impact of lesion length and reference vessel diameter on angiographic restenosis and target vessel revascularization in treating in-stent restenosis with radiation.

OBJECTIVES The study assessed the influence of lesion length and reference vessel diameter (RVD) on recurrent restenosis after gamma intracoronary radiation therapy (ICRT) for in-stent restenosis (IRS). BACKGROUND Intracoronary radiation therapy reduces angiographic and clinical restenosis in patients with ISR. The impact of ICRT on challenging subgroups, such as long lesions and small vessels, has not been established. METHODS Six-month quantitative coronary angiography and clinical follow-up were conducted to evaluate the influence of lesion length and RVD in patients with ISR treated with ICRT who were enrolled in gamma radiation trials. Angiographic binary restenosis (>50% diameter stenosis) and clinical events were assessed in 311 patients treated with gamma ICRT and 105 patients who received placebo. RESULTS Baseline demographic, angiographic and procedural details were similar in the two treatment groups. The ICRT group had reduced binary restenosis in vessels of all sizes (30% vs. 66%, p < 0.001), with the most benefit seen in small vessels. A trend toward reduced restenosis with ICRT was found across all lesion lengths. At six months, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were reduced in the ICRT group compared to placebo (34% vs. 71%, p < 0.0001), driven by reduced target vessel revascularization (27% vs. 71%, p < 0.0001). The independent predictors of angiographic restenosis include ICRT (OR [odds ratio] 0.16; CI [confidence interval] 0.10 to 0.28, p < 0.001), lesion length (OR 1.03; CI 1.01 to 1.05, p = 0.004) and RVD (OR 0.40; CI 0.23 to 0.67, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intracoronary radiation therapy, compared to placebo, results in a significant reduction of angiographic restenosis across all vessel sizes, with a trend toward reduction of angiographic restenosis across all lesion lengths; this effect is seen predominantly in small vessels and diffuse lesions.
A New Instrument for Real-Time Ethernet Performance Measurement

Ethernet is now becoming a popular physical layer for industrial communications due to its reliability, performance, and widespread use. Its actual cutting edge is a minimum cycle time on the order of 100 mus and a jitter of 1 mus. Usually, high-cost laboratory devices are used to log network traffic, but they are still not suitable for an industrial environment. In this paper, a field-programmable-gate-array-based instrument is proposed to log 100-Mb/s Ethernet frames, assigning them a high-resolution time stamp. Full-duplex full-rate network traffic is duplicated and sent through two auxiliary Ethernet ports to a personal-computer-based monitor station for frame analysis. A prototype has been realized to verify feasibility and performance. Results show that the proposed instrument introduces a maximum delay of about 500 ns. The measurement capabilities are comparable with commercial instruments: The time-stamp assignment has a jitter of 150 ns measured on a test frame set.
Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production

Mixed ruminal bacteria (MRB) from cattle fed hay produced ammonia from protein hydrolysate twice as fast as MRB from cattle fed mostly grain, and a mathematical model indicated that cattle fed hay had approximately four-fold more hyper ammonia-producing ruminal bacteria (HAB). HAB had a high maximum velocity of ammonia production (Vmax) and low substrate affinity (high Km), but simulations indicated that only large changes in Vmax or Km would cause a large deviation in HAB numbers. Some carbohydrate-fermenting ruminal bacteria produced ammonia at a slow rate (CB-LA), but many of the isolates had almost no activity (CB-NA). The model indicated that the ratio of CB-LA to CB-NA had little impact on HAB numbers. Validations based on predicted ratios of HAB, CB-LA and CB-NA over-predicted the specific activity of ammonia production by MRB, but co-culture incubations indicated that washed MRB from cattle fed grain could inhibit HAB. Because autoclaved MRB had virtually no effect on HAB and the incubations were always carried out at pH 7.0, the inhibition was not simply a chemical effect (e.g. low pH).
Stereotype Threat and Gender Differences in Performance on a Novel Visuospatial Task

Stereotype threat research has shown that being a member of a negatively stereotyped group may result in impaired performance on tests of skills thought to be relevant to the stereotype. This study...
Assessing Flood Hazard Zones in the Absence of Digital Floodplain Maps: Comparison of Alternative Approaches

This article examines options for assessing flood hazards whenever digital floodplain maps are not available. Two floodplain- modeling approaches are assessed: USGS's stream flow model SFM 3.3 and FEMA's natural hazard loss estimation software HAZUS- MH. Both approaches are evaluated by spatially comparing their modeled outputs to existing Q3 flood data and when available, digital flood insurance rate maps DFIRMs. The study area comprises three counties in South Carolina. The accuracy of the modeled flood zones was assessed through the use of error matrices, Kappa analysis, and the percentage of overlap between modeled floodplain and the Q3 floodplain. The results showed that HAZUS-MH based on the first level of analysis and SFM 3.3 are suitable workarounds whenever digital flood data are missing. However, these results are based on a limited sample of three sites and should be viewed as a pilot study. Nevertheless, the lack of consistently comparable results to Q3 data from both models underscores the urgent need for FEMA's map modernization program, especially in those areas where digital floodplain maps are not currently available.
Cardiovascular effects of cocaine: enhancement by yohimbine and atropine.

The cardiovascular effects of cocaine, alone and in combination with yohimbine and/or atropine, were studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. All dogs were instrumented for the measurement of arterial blood pressure, left ventricular contractile force, left circumflex coronary artery blood flow, lead II ECG and heart rate. Dogs were divided into two groups; one group received no pretreatment, the other group was pretreated with atropine sulfate, 2 mg/kg. Both groups received two i.v. doses of cocaine, 1 mg/kg, approximately 3.5 hr apart. Thirty minutes before administration of the second cocaine dose, yohimbine, 0.25 mg/kg, i.v. was administered. In control animals which did not receive atropine or yohimbine, there was no difference in the cardiovascular responses to the two cocaine doses administered on this schedule. Administration of cocaine alone increased mean arterial blood pressure 9.6 +/- 2.2 mm Hg and increased the rate-pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen consumption, 12.6 +/- 4.7%. Coronary blood flow was increased 13.1 +/- 4%. Yohimbine pretreatment significantly enhanced the cardiovascular actions of cocaine and this enhancement was most pronounced in the presence of atropine. When cocaine was administered after treatment with both atropine and yohimbine, mean arterial blood pressure was increased 44.2 +/- 7.2 mm Hg, heart rate was increased 30 +/- 7.9 beats/min and the rate-pressure product was increased by 72 +/- 10.1%, whereas coronary blood flow was increased only 42.8 +/- 12%. These data suggest that presynaptic alpha adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic blockade may significantly increase the risk of cocaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity.
Panacea for International Labor Market Failures? Bilateral Labor Agreements and Labor Mobility

Do Bilateral Labor Agreements (BLAs) facilitate the cross-border mobility of low-skill workers? BLAs have been recently touted as an example of formal international cooperation that can lead to “triple-win,” in which migrants, the receiving country, and the sending country can all reap the economic benefits of higher cross-border labor mobility while avoiding the political costs. Yet, few studies have offered systematic evidence linking international agreements and higher cross-border labor mobility. Drawing on examples of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) or Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), theories of international institutions would expect BLAs to promote bilateral labor mobility by reducing market failures due to communication, commitment, and coordination problems. In contrast, I argue that BLAs are unique in which they help solve state-level market failure problems by shifting the costs to migrant workers and receiving country employers instead. As a result, the mobility of BLA-regulated labor workers, commonly the low-skilled, ironically decrease due to BLA-induced migration costs while high- skilled mobility increase due to positive BLA externalities. To test the competing hypotheses, I fit a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model with the effect of BLA conditional on worker skill level to an unique skill-level Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) dyadic flow dataset covering the period 1992 to 2009. I show that low-skill OFW mobility is on average 0.5% lower while high-skill OFW mobility is 1.2% higher when BLAs exist. The paper contributes to the sparse but emerging literature that examines how international migration is regulated under formal international cooperation.
Oxidation Kinetics of (Pb-In) Single-Phase Alloys

The solid state oxidation kinetics of Pb-In single-phase alloys were studied using AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy) combined with sputter depth profiling. Samples containing 3, 30, 64 at% In were oxidized in air from room temperature up to 275 °C. At room temperature, the oxidation behavior for all three alloys was found to obey a direct logarithmic law. As the temperature is increased, the kinetics change from logarithmic to parabolic behavior. The transition between logarithmic and parabolic kinetics occurs between 150 °C and 175 °C for Pb-3 at% In alloy, and below 100 °C for Pb-30 at% In and Pb-64 at% In alloys. Using the solidius temperature as melting temperature of an alloy, the transition temperature for Pb-In alloys was observed to be approximately 70 – 75 % of the melting temperature.
ROS-containing endosomal compartments: Implications for signaling

The endogenous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), previously perceived as a detrimental by-product of cellular processes, is now recognized as a critical component of intracellular signaling. Exploration of these biological signaling functions requires understanding the complex redox biochemistry and recognizing the compartment-specific elements of ROS generation. The endosomal compartment is increasingly recognized as a source for NADPH oxidase (NOX)-generated signaling ROS. Despite this growing understanding, there are significant limitations to the available detection and measurement systems for endogenous ROS. This chapter provides information about specific methodologies and redox-sensitive probes to guide the investigator and define the critical limitations for many of the available approaches. Although measurement continues to be challenging, the rapid growth and development of new detection systems suggests that our capacity to assign specific signaling roles to endosomal ROS will expand markedly in the next several years.
Necrotizing enterocolitis and preterm infant gut bacteria.

Summary Necrotizing enterocolitis remains an intractable consequence of preterm birth. Gut microbial communities, especially bacterial communities, have long been suspected to play a role in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. Direct-from-stool nucleic acid sequencing technology now offers insights into the make-up of these communities. Data are now converging on the roles of Gram-negative bacteria as causative agents, despite the dynamic nature of bacterial populations, the varying technologies and sampling strategies, and the overall small sample sizes in these case–control studies. Bacteria that confer protection from necrotizing enterocolitis have not been identified across studies. The beneficial effect of probiotics is not apparent in infants with birth weights
Experimental Investigation of Cooling Effects Resulting From Injecting High Pressure Liquid Or Supercritical CO2 Into a Low Pressure Gas Reservoir1

Depleted natural gas reservoirs are considered as potential sinks for carbon sequestration. The lack of industry experience in injecting large quantities of CO 2 into depleted gas reservoirs, however, contributes uncertainty regarding the viability of the concept. If Joule-Thomson cooling is significant, injectivity could be affected by formation of hydrates or freezing of connate water. The focus of this study was to evaluate phase behavior and potential impact of Joule-Thomson cooling during injection of liquid or supercritical CO 2 into pressure depleted systems. The intent was to mechanistically model conditions considered in the design of CO 2 injection operations in a pressure-depleted offshore gas reservoir. The following conceptual model is offered from experience gained in this effort. Initially, when injecting cold, high pressure CO 2 into a hot low pressure environment, heat transfer from the surrounding reservoir environment will mask or counter Joule-Thomson gas expansion cooling effects. The most significant early-time cool down effect may be the result of injecting a cold fluid into a hot reservoir. As the near-well region cools and the cool zone extends deeper into the reservoir, injected CO 2 may remain in the liquid phase for greater and greater distances into the reservoir. The worst-case scenario will occur if, when, and where CO 2 changes from liquid to vapor. This will occur with pressure and temperature below the critical point (1070 psia and 87.7 °F). A pronounced cooling effect accompanies the phase change from liquid to vapor. When and where this occurs, if the rock is still partially saturated with brine, the potential will exist for forming ice or hydrates that may significantly decrease CO 2 injectivity.
A Secondary Analysis of Sleep Quality Changes in Older Adults From a Randomized Trial of an MBSR Program

This secondary analysis examined changes in sleep quality associated with participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program among healthy older adults. Data were collected at baseline, 8-weeks post-treatment, and a 6-month follow-up from adults aged ≥ 65 ( N = 200), randomly assigned to MBSR or a waitlist control. Group differences were examined using mixed analysis of covariance with repeated measures on the total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score. A small-sized, significant effect was found on overall sleep among MBSR participants with baseline PSQI scores > 5, indicative of a sleep disturbance, F(2, 80) = 4.32, p = .02, ηp2 = .05. A medium-sized, significant effect was found for MBSR participants with baseline PSQI scores ≥ 10, F(2, 28) = 3.13, p = .04, ηp2 = .10. These findings indicate that improved sleep quality for older adults who have higher levels of sleep disturbance may be associated with participation in MBSR.