cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Spectrally Bounded Graphs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses spectrally bounded graphs. Two vertices are adjacent if they are joined by an edge. The valence of a vertex is the number of vertices adjacent to it. The set of vertices of G (graph) is denoted by V(G) and the set of edges by E(G). If G is a graph, G is the graph with V(G) = V(G), and two distinct vertices are adjacent in G if and only if they are not adjacent in G. The chapter focuses on large cliques in G and explains an equivalence relation on large cliques. The equivalence classes of large cliques are shown to have several properties and explained that if additional edges are added, the equivalence classes would be cliques.
Yield characterization of high-current ion implantation particles on 65 nm CMOS transistors

A high quantity of implant sourced surface particles do not correlate to high end-of-line missing implant yield loss. This contradiction is due to the defect metrology operations being located after the Resist Ash and Wet-Clean processes. Because the post-implant clean steps either add particles and/or detach/reattach particles; accurate defect-to-yield correlation is prevented. This paper prescribes a radical shift away from controlling implant particle quantity as the primary driver to control yield and tool availability. Instead, we detail the use of implant surface particle size as the primary driver towards increasing both yield and the interval between preventative maintenance.
Impact of Post-Transplant Response and Minimal Residual Disease on Survival in Myeloma with High-Risk Cytogenetics.

Abstract The impact of depth of response and minimal residual disease (MRD) status on survival is not well defined in multiple myeloma (MM) with high-risk (HR) cytogenetics because of the low representation of such patients in clinical trials. We have evaluated the impact of post-transplant stringent complete response (sCR) and MRD status on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in 185 consecutive MM patients with HR fluorescence in situ hybridization cytogenetics undergoing upfront autologous stem cell transplantation between 2007 and 2015 in our institution. The median age at transplant was 61 years. Post-transplant sCR was achieved by 42 patients (23%). Patients achieving sCR had a superior PFS (median, 38 versus 21 months) compared with those who did not (P = .002). One hundred three patients (56%) were MRD negative on day 100 by 6- or 7-color flow cytometry. Patients achieving MRD negativity had a superior PFS (median, 26 versus 17 months; P
Modelling stochastic skew of FX options using SLV models with stochastic spot/vol correlation and correlated jumps

It is known that the implied volatility skew of Forex (FX) options demonstrates a stochastic behaviour which is called stochastic skew. In this paper, we create stochastic skew by assuming the spot/instantaneous variance (InV) correlation to be stochastic. Accordingly, we consider a class of Stochastic Local Volatility (SLV) models with stochastic correlation where all drivers – the spot, InV and their correlation – are modelled by processes. We assume all diffusion components to be fully correlated, as well as all jump components. A new fully implicit splitting finite-difference scheme is proposed for solving forward PIDE which is used when calibrating the model to market prices of the FX options with different strikes and maturities. The scheme is unconditionally stable, of second order of approximation in time and space, and achieves a linear complexity in each spatial direction. The results of simulation obtained by using this model demonstrate the capacity of the presented approach in modelli...
Arabic on the Macintosh: Overview and Review

The Golden age of printing for Islamicists surely was the 19th century, when skilled European and occasionally Middle Eastern and Indian typesetters, could compose in as many fonts as an author could write. One reads Goldziher’s Die Zāhiriten with envy, not only for the meticulous transliterated Arabic and generous footnotes at the bottom of the page, but for the extensive Arabic quotations inserted into the text and notes. Since few of the Arabic texts he cited had been published, Goldziher provided his readers with his evidence in the original. Those were the days; and a new golden age for Islamicists may be upon us. With computers, not only footnotes on the page but transliteration and multiscript publishing are suddenly feasible and even simple. The items discussed below take advantage of the flexibility of the Macintosh system to let even casual computer users produce Arabic. These programs make it possible for anyone easily to produce text in Islamic script (Arabic, Persian, Ottoman, Urdu, etc.) in camera-ready form.
Bilirubin metabolism. Review and discussion of inborn errors

Three human syndromes that qualify as inborn errors of bilirubin disposition are reviewed. The Crigler-Najjar syndrome is of great concern to the neonatologist, whereas the other two, Gilbert and Dubin-Johnson, either do not cause symptoms or are not recognized in the neonatal period. Although inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism are the least common among the causes of jaundice in the newborn, they are important as their study has contributed significantly to our understanding of bilirubin metabolism and of bilirubin encephalopathy.
Nano-Pulse Stimulation Ablates Orthotopic Rat Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Induces Innate and Adaptive Memory Immune Mechanisms that Prevent Recurrence.

Nano-pulse stimulation (NPS), previously called nsPEFs, induced a vaccine-like effect after ablation of orthotopic N1-S1 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), protecting rats from subsequent challenges with N1-S1 cells. To determine immunity, immune cell phenotypes were analyzed in naive, treated and protected rats. NPS provides a positive, post-ablation immuno-therapeutic outcome by alleviating immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Treg) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), allowing dendritic cell influx and inducing dynamic changes in natural killer cells (NKs), NKT-cells and T-lymphocytes in blood, spleen and liver. NPS induced specific increases in NKs and NKT-cells expressing CD8 and activation receptors CD314-NKG2D and CD161 (NK1.1) in the TME after treatment, as well as some variable changes in CD4+ and CD8+ effector (Tem) and central memory (Tem) lymphocytes in blood and spleen. After orthotopic challenge, CD8+ T-cells were cytotoxic, inducing apoptosis in N1-S1 cells; additionally, in contrast to post-treatment immune responses, CD4+ and CD8+ memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) and short-lived effector cells (SLECs) were present, while still including CD8+ CD161 NK cells, but not involving CD8+ CD314-NKG2D+ NKs. This immunity was N1-S1-specific and was sustained for at least 8 months. NPS vaccinates rats in vivo against HCC by activating innate and adaptive immune memory mechanisms that prevent HCC recurrence.
Trade Policy and the Macroeconomy

This Mundell-Fleming Lecture focuses on the connections between trade policy and the macroeconomy. Part I considers the evidence on tariffs and growth from an historic vantage point. Part 2 then reviews what we know about trade policy and macroeconomic fluctuations. Although the first part is about growth and the second part is about fluctuations, similar issues and policy implications arise in the two contexts.
Geographic distribution of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus in the United States.

Abstract Sampling for livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA) in the United States is haphazard. The diversity of LA-S. aureus in the U.S. appears to be greater than in other countries. We review the epidemiology of LA-S. aureus in U.S. pigs, occupationally-exposed individuals, and environmental samples to assess the diversity and abundance of U.S. LA-S. aureus.
Modulation of Induced Quantitative Mammalian Cell Transformation

Cell strains can be used in a sensitive method for studying the process of carcinogenesis and are useful for identifying environmental agents that may be carcinogenic to humans. A wide range of organic and inorganic carcinogens are capable of inducing transformation. The inorganic metal salts include arsenic which is a known human carcinogen, although demonstration of its carcinogenicity in animals is lacking. The degree to which any agent-- a chemical, a virus, or irradiation-- transforms Syrian hamster cells and the extent to which one agent interacts with another from the same or a different category of carcinogens can be analyzed. Sequential treatment involving chemicals, viruses, and radiation are important, since combinations of various agents are probably responsible for an increased risk of cancer in human populations. The enhancement of chemical and viral transformation by chemicals is related to the length of chemical treatment and the interval between treatments. In chemical carcinogenesis, the mechanism of transformation enhancement by various agents is not associated with the rate of excision or post-replication repair in DNA, whereas the enhanced viral transformation by chemicals is related to additional sites for viral DNA attachment into cell DNA during repair of damaged DNA. Carcinogens affect a number of molecular processes of modify existing DNA and thus provide an explanation for carcinogenesis; in fact, in some systems some of these agents may also show mutagenic activity, and produce SCE and chromosomal aberrations. Quantitative approaches permit the study of dose-response relationships. The ability of the transformed cells to form tumors in animals makes mammalian cell models relevant to in vivo cancer studies. The in vitro results correlate well with results from life-time studies in mice and rats.
Drag coefficient and flow structure downstream of mangrove root-type models through PIV and direct force measurements

The drag coefficient of mangrove roots reveals a dependency on porosity and Reynolds number. By introducing the effective diameter via streamwise velocity and vortex shedding frequency, the effective drag coefficient of the root model can be predicted from a universal curve fit.
Femur Fracture Associated with Knee Brace Wear in the Motocross Athlete: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

The sport of motocross entails off-road motorcycle racing and is associated with a high incidence of traumatic injury. While prophylactic knee braces are routinely worn, there has been anecdotal concern that brace use is linked to femoral shaft fractures. While this risk remains unreported in the medical literature, preventing this complication has played a role in new commercial knee brace designs. We present two cases in which two motocross riders sustained transverse femoral shaft fractures at the proximal portion of each respective knee brace. The fracture locations measured on anterior-posterior radiograph were 22 and 21.1 cm proximal to the center of the knee, which is also the recommended proximal extent of motocross knee braces. We propose that the rigid knee brace protects the ligamentous knee structures but may focus undue force on the proximal aspect of the brace. New knee brace designs have incorporated features to dissipate the potentially injurious force to prevent femur fracture. While knee braces undoubtedly help prevent ligamentous knee injury, these cases question the safety of standard brace design and highlight the need for further brace development to better protect the patient’s bony structures, in addition to the knee joint.
Facing Up to Uncertainty: Using Probabilistic Approaches in Valuation

In valuation practice, it is common to use point estimates for input variables to arrive at a point estimate of value. This practice has its roots in the twentieth century, where data was difficult or expensive to access, and practitioners had weak tools. As data becomes more accessible and models more powerful, it is worth examining whether we can make our valuations of projects and businesses richer and more informative, by drawing on established statistical tools and we introduce three in this paper. The first is scenario analysis, where you lay out a broad range of scenarios, and estimate a value under each one. If the scenarios represent the complete spectrum of outcomes, you could even derive an expected value. The second is decision trees, suited for projects or businesses that have to deal with sequential risk, where you have to make it through one step to get to the next. The third and most comprehensive approach is simulations, where you replace point estimates of one or more input variables with probability distributions, and estimate a value distribution for an asset/business, rather than a single value. We look at the why you may pick one approach over the other and pitfalls to avoid along the way.
Noncanonical DNA modification revealed in glioblastoma

ALKBH1 promotes glioblastoma by controlling the N6-methyladenine DNA modification on hypoxia response genes.
Modeling a bivariate residential‐workplace neighborhood effect when estimating the effect of proximity to fast‐food establishments on body mass index

Hierarchical modeling is the preferred approach of modeling neighborhood effects. When both residential and workplace neighborhoods are known, a bivariate (residential-workplace) neighborhood random effect that quantifies the extent that a neighborhood's residential and workplace effects are correlated may be modeled. However, standard statistical software for hierarchical models does not easily allow correlations between the random effects of distinct clustering variables to be incorporated. To overcome this challenge, we develop a Bayesian model and an accompanying estimation procedure that allows for correlated bivariate neighborhood effects and allows individuals to reside or work in multiple neighborhoods, cross-sectional and longitudinal heterogeneity between individuals, and serial correlation between repeated observations over time. Simulation studies that vary key model parameters evaluate how well each aspect of the model is identified by the data. We apply the model to the motivating Framingham Heart Study linked food establishment data to examine whether (i) proximity to fast-food establishments is associated with body mass index, (ii) workplace neighborhood exposure associations are larger than those for residential neighborhood exposure, and (iii) residential neighborhood exposure associations correlate with workplace neighborhood exposure. Comparisons of the full model to models with restricted versions of the covariance structure illustrate the impact of including each feature of the covariance structure.
Ocular phenotypic consequences of a single copy deletion of the Yap1 gene (Yap1+/-) in mice.

Purpose To identify the effects of a single copy deletion of Yap1 (Yap1 +/-) in the mouse eye, the ocular phenotypic consequences of Yap1 +/- were determined in detail. Methods Complete ophthalmic examinations, as well as corneal esthesiometry, the phenol red thread test, intraocular pressure, and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography were performed on Yap1 +/- and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice between eyelid opening (2 weeks after birth) and adulthood (2 months and 1 year after birth). Following euthanasia, enucleated eyes were characterized histologically. Results Microphthalmia with small palpebral fissures, corneal fibrosis, and reduced corneal sensation were common findings in the Yap1 +/- mice. Generalized corneal fibrosis precluded clinical examination of the posterior structures. Histologically, thinning and keratinization of the corneal epithelium were observed in the Yap1 +/- mice in comparison with the WT mice. Distorted collagen fiber arrangement and hypercellularity of keratocytes were observed in the stroma. Descemet's membrane was extremely thin and lacked an endothelial layer in the Yap1 +/- mice. The iris was adherent to the posterior cornea along most of its surface creating a distorted contour. Most of the Yap1 +/- eyes were microphakic with swollen fibers and bladder cells. The retinas of the Yap1 +/- mice were normal at 2 weeks and 2 months of age, but the presence of retinal abnormalities, including retinoschisis and detachment, was markedly increased in the Yap1 +/- mice at 1 year of age. Conclusions The results show that the heterozygous deletion of the Yap1 gene in mice leads to complex ocular abnormalities, including microphthalmia, corneal fibrosis, anterior segment dysgenesis, and cataract.
Social learning with questions

In social networks, agents use information from (a) private signals (knowledge) they have, (b) learning past agents actions (observations), and (c) comments from contactable experienced agents (experts) to guide their own decisions. With fully observable history and bounded likelihood ratio of signal, Information Cascade occurs almost surely when it is optimal for agents to ignore their private signals for decision making after observing the history. Though individually optimal, this may lead to a socially sub-optimal outcome. Literature studying social learning, i.e., making socially optimal decisions, is mainly focused on using channels (a) and (b) above for Bayes-rational agents by either relaxing the assumption of bounded signal strength or allowing the distortion of the history. In this work, we enable a limited communication capacity to let Bayes-rational agents querying their predecessors, motivated by the real-world behavior that people usually consult several friends before making decisions. We allow each Bayes-rational agent to ask a single, private and finite-capacity (for response) question of each among a subset of predecessors. Note that the Maximum Aposteriori Probability (MAP) rule is still individually optimally and will be used by each agent for her decision. With an endowed communication capacity, we want to answer the following two questions: 1) What is the suitable framework to model the help that questions provide on information aggregation? 2) Can we construct a set of questions that will achieve learning by querying the minimum set of agents with the minimum capacity requirements (in terms of bits)?
The Hydrogen Bond: A Hundred Years and Counting

Since its original inception, a great deal has been learned about the nature, properties, and applications of the H-bond. This review summarizes some of the unexpected paths that inquiry into this phenomenon has taken researchers. The transfer of the bridging proton from one molecule to another can occur not only in the ground electronic state, but also in various excited states. Study of the latter process has developed insights into the relationships between the nature of the state, the strength of the H-bond, and the height of the transfer barrier. The enormous broadening of the range of atoms that can act as both proton donor and acceptor has led to the concept of the CH···O HB, whose properties are of immense importance in biomolecular structure and function. The idea that the central bridging proton can be replaced by any of various electronegative atoms has fostered the rapidly growing exploration of related noncovalent bonds that include halogen, chalcogen, pnicogen, and tetrel bonds.
The Low AGE Diet

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a large and heterogeneous group of compounds that are biologically important because they have significant prooxidant and pro-inflammatory effects. AGEs form in the body at a constant physiologic rate, which is markedly increased in the presence of hyperglycemia and/or increased oxidative stress. Food cooked with high heat is a major source of exogenous AGEs, which once absorbed have the same biological actions as their endogenous counterparts. These food-derived AGEs have been shown to be associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and atherosclerosis in mice. More importantly, data from several clinical trials support an important role for the high dietary intake of exogenous AGEs in generating an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory state, which over time may lead to the pathogenesis of noninfectious chronic human disease. These trials have also shown that reducing dietary AGE content by simple modifications in culinary techniques is a safe and easily applicable intervention that decreases the high oxidative stress characteristic of many chronic diseases and therefore raising a significant potential therapeutic intervention to prevent and/or treat these chronic conditions. Practical low AGE interventions include limiting animal protein and fat intake, cooking slowly without desiccation, marinating food to lower pH, and use of herbs and spices.
Non-ventilator health care-associated pneumonia (NV-HAP): Pediatrics

There is a paucity of data on the prevalence, risk factors or prevention of nonventilator health care-associated pneumonia (NV-HAP) in children. As with adults, viral, fungal and bacterial infections can lead to NV-HAP, but surveillance definitions and case ascertainment remain a challenge. This section will review the known epidemiology of NV-HAP in the pediatric population, risk factors, surveillance, and prevention practices. Prevention strategies specific to pediatrics, aimed at reducing risk of viral transmission to hospitalized children will be discussed.
re)Producing mtEve.

In their 1987 Nature publication, "Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution," Rebecca Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan C. Wilson gave a new reconstruction of human evolution on the basis of differences in mitochondrial DNA among contemporary human populations. This phylogeny included an African common ancestor for all human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, and Cann et al.'s reconstruction became known as the "Out of Africa" hypothesis. Since mtDNA is inherited exclusively through the maternal line, the common ancestor who was first branded African Eve later became known as Mitochondrial Eve (mtEve, for short). In this paper, I show that mtEve was not a single, successful, or purely scientific discovery. Instead, she was produced many times and in many ways, each of which informed the next. Importantly, though Wilson and colleagues heralded mitochondrial DNA as a source of certainty, objectivity, and consensus for evolutionary inference, their productions of Mitochondrial Eve depended as much on popular assumptions about the certainty of maternal inheritance as they did on new molecular and computational tools. This recognition lets us reevaluate the complex consequences of these productions, which, like mtEve herself, could not be confined to a purely social, material, or scientific dimension.
Poisonings After a Hurricane: Lessons From the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES) During and Following Hurricane Sandy.

OBJECTIVE Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012, resulting in widespread power outages and gasoline shortages. These events led to potentially toxic exposures and the need for information related to poisons/toxins in the environment. This report characterizes the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES) call patterns in the days immediately preceding, during, and after Hurricane Sandy to identify areas in need of public health education and prevention. METHODS We examined NJPIES case data from October through December 2012. Most Sandy-related calls had been coded as such by NJPIES staff. Additional Sandy-related cases were identified by performing a case narrative review. Descriptive analyses were performed for timing, case frequencies, exposure substances, gender, caller site, type of information requests, and other data. RESULTS The most frequent Sandy-related exposures were gasoline and carbon monoxide (CO). Gasoline exposure cases were predominantly males and CO exposure cases, females (P < 0.0001). Other leading reasons for Sandy-related calls were poison information, food poisoning/spoilage information, and water contamination. CONCLUSIONS This analysis identified the need for enhanced public health education and intervention to improve the handling of gasoline and encourage the proper use of gasoline-powered generators and cleaning and cooking equipment, thus reducing toxic exposures.
“To Look on Your Incestuous Eyes”: Knowledge, Matter, and Desire in Richard Brome’s The Queen’s Exchange and The New Academy, or the New Exchange

Richard Brome’s The Queen’s Exchange (c. 1634–1635) and The New Academy, or the New Exchange (1636) engage with intertwined economic and epistemological questions invoked by the commercial buildings named in their titles (the Queen’s Exchange and the New Exchange). Both invite consideration of these questions by presenting their marriageable characters as international market-commodities. The characters’ desire for the commodity form, in turn, parallels the audience’s desire for theatrical experience as commodity. However, the possibility of incest creates a tension in both plays between a distinctive material existence and existence in the commodity form. Their finales preserve an ambivalence, suggesting at once an optimism that exchange can overcome material limits on desire, and desire’s own dependence on the ultimate unknowability of the material object of desire.
The impact of the nitrogen-to-oxygen ratio on ionized nebulae diagnostics based on [NII] emission lines

We study the relation between nitrogen and oxygen abundances as a function of metallicity for a sample of emission-line objects for which a direct measurement of the metallicity has been possible. This sample is representative of the very different conditions in ionization and chemical enrichement that we can find in the Universe. We first construct the N/O vs. O/H diagram and we discuss its large dispersion at all metallicity regimes. Using the same sample and a large grid of photoionization models covering very different values of the N/O ratio, we then study the most widely used strong-line calibrators of metallicity based on [NII] emission lines, such as N2 and O3N2. We demonstrate that these parameters underestimate the metallicity at low N/O ratios and viceversa. We investigate also the effect of the N/O ratio on different diagnostic diagrams used to discriminate narrow-line AGNs from star forming regions, such as the [OIII]/Hbeta vs. [NII}]/Halpha, and we show that a large fraction of the galaxies catalogued as composite in this diagram can be, in fact, star forming galaxies with a high value of the N/O ratio. Finally, using strong-line methods sensitive to the N/O abundance ratio, like N2O2 and N2S2, we investigate the relation between this ratio and the stellar mass for the galaxies of the SDSS. We find, as in the case of the mass-metallicity relation, a correlation between these two quantities and a flattening of the relation for the most massive galaxies, which could be a consequence of the enhancement of the dispersion of N/O in the high metallicity regime.
In vitro antioxidant activity and gastroprotective effect of ethanolic extract from Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus fruit on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

The aim of this study was to estimate the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins and to evaluate the antioxidant property and the antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract of melon (Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus) pulp on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Ferric reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging tests were applied to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity. The polyphenolic and flavonoids contents of melon extract were found to be 56.5 ± 2.49 mg GAE/g of dry extract and 0.43 ± 0.09 mg QE/ g of dry extract, respectively. Whereas the tannins content was 48. 30 ± 0. 9 mg ETA/ g of dry extract. Melon pulp extract exhibited a good reducing potential with an EC50 of 4.23 ± 0.08 mg/ml and high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 1.83± 0.09 mg/ml. Oral administration of the melon pulp extract at doses of 200 and 600 mg/kg to rats reduced gastric mucosal lesions dose-dependently with percentage protection of 56.56 and 93.79% compared to omeprazole (95.92 %) as reference drug. These results showed that the melon pulp extract had a good antioxidant activity and gastroprotective potential suggesting it use as an adjuvant in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Keywords: Cucumis melo var. inodorus, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Tannins, Ulcer, Rat.
Why Can't/Don't My Students Read?

The interrogative mode of the title indicates the burden and commitment of all well-meaning English language teachers at the tertiary level toward their students who are not able to read anything worthwhile in English either extensively or intensively. The study highlights the need for teachers to be reflective and proactive, rather than complaining and reactive, to the way learners acquire four macro-skills of language. One of the prominent features of the English classroom in India is that learners don’t engage in reading and the lack of reading habit results in poor acquisition of writing skills too. The present article is a research report of a small classroom research (Action Research) on the reasons for English language learners’ inherent inability to cope with reading materials prescribed or take-home reading lists suggested by teachers from time to time at the tertiary level. This observation-based action research discusses not only the causes of poor reading practices but also remedial measures for students to overcome them. The structure of the paper is based on the IMRAD (Introduction, Method, Result, and Discussion) pattern. An important finding is that poor reading skills of English language learners are not insurmountable and that teachers devise appropriate classroom strategies to facilitate learners’ reading.
Understanding the Purpose of Disclosure Within Securities Regulation: A Pathway to Reform in Mongolia

This article will provide an overview of the role of disclosure within the context of securities regulation. Part I will begin by providing an introduction to securities regulation and its international influences. Part II will examine how why a system of corporate disclosure is necessary to achieve the goals of market fairness by providing accurate reflections of price levels and preventing market abuses that hinder corporate accountability and delude market confidence. This will show how the goals of market fairness and efficiency are met through the use of disclosure as a means achieve wealth maximization and improve market welfare. After understanding these basic concepts, Part III will present the situation within Mongolia surrounding corporate disclosures within the context of their laws and regulatory systems. Part IV serves to vindicate into how a lack of mandated disclosures within Mongolia can limit market participation by foreign investors and result in a lack of trust as shown by perceptions of corruption in those industries. Part V, will quickly give some ideas of reform and present some questions for thoughtful consideration of how disclosure can be reformed within Mongolia to address these growing challenges. This article does not seek to solve all of the issues presented in an extremely dense and difficult area of law. It will simply serve as an introduction to present general ideas of understanding, articulate the current regulatory climate in Mongolia, and present some ideas for future reforms in the area of securities disclosure.
Back to the Basics of Antipollution Law

What did Congress intend the modern era of antipollution regulation to accomplish? Did Congress want to be humble and incrementally improve environmental quality? Or did Congress seek to fundamentally reform our relationship with the environment? This Article shows that Congress, when launching the modern era of antipollution regulation, displayed a can-do attitude and adopted an aggressive agenda for reform. Part I discusses the “macro,” or overall, goals set by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. Part II reviews the Clean Air Act’s goals, as reflected in that Act’s legislative history. Part III attempts to reconcile the Article’s recitation of Clean Air Act goals with the more modest vision of the Act that the U.S. Supreme Court expressed in Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA (UARG). Part IV discusses three examples of areas in which EPA implementation of the Act falls short of congressional goals. Section IV.A shows that EPA watered down the requirement that new and modified sources install state-of-the-art technology. Section IV.B demonstrates that the agency’s limitation of the “criteria pollutant” program to only six pollutants is not consistent with congressional intent. And Section IV.C establishes that EPA weakened environmental protection by defining “safety” in a manner that takes cost considerations into account through a back-door mechanism, allowing continued public exposure to significant risks from hazardous air pollutants. Next, Part V of the Article reviews the Act’s “cooperative federalist” framework to show that Congress intended EPA to actively supervise state implementation. Finally, Part VI points out that the Act’s legislative history and plain language foreclose interpretations that sidestep the problem of climate change. The Article concludes that a reference to “the basics” cannot justify rolling back environmental protections or letting states decide the extent to which air pollution will meet federal standards. Rather than stretching past the Clean Air Act’s “basics,” EPA and the courts have failed to implement them fully.
Pristine, Irradiated and Nanocomposite Polystyrene: Recent Experimental and Theoretical Developments

This article reviews the advanced progress and research on various properties of polystyrene and its organic–inorganic nanocomposites. Polystyrene is less explored highly commercial and stable organic polymer. It has excellent optical properties and much suitable for UV-shielding applications. The PS nanocomposite films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and UV–Vis analysis etc. The changes in dielectric, electrical, mechanical, optical, structural and thermal properties were observed by various groups of researchers by ion irradiating (i.e. gamma, laser, proton beam) and by making its nanocomposites with different concentration of nanofillers. These polystyrene nanocomposites have advanced applications in packaging of electrical instruments, laboratory equipments, optoelectronic, microelectronics and electrical materials. The discussion of the different properties in this study concluded that the addition of nanoparticles would be beneficial for improving the materials performance of polystyrene nanocomposites for industrial and sensor like applications.
Stocks and Flows of Materials

The first step in understanding the economic metabolism is to account for the flow of materials through the economy and the exchange of materials with the biosphere. In this chapter, we develop a framework for accounting material flows and accumulation within economies. We begin by considering accounting in everyday life and continue with concepts from thermodynamics, such as system boundaries, control volumes, and the First Law of Thermodynamics, to develop a rigorous accounting framework. The framework is applied first to a one-sector then two-sector model of the economy as we construct a general framework for material accounting. We then apply the framework to the real-world example of the US auto industry.
Low density Hubbard model in two and three dimensions

We consider two- and three-dimensional repulsive Hubbard models at low density, using the gas approximation. The large-U three-dimensional model is shown to behave as a Fermi liquid and the corresponding two-particle scattering length is found. In the two-dimensional case we find that the gas approximation is inconsistent, as indicated by an isolated pole of the two-particle Green function below the occupied states in the upper half-plane. This behaviour is specific to the lattice system as opposed to the continuum two-dimensional Fermi gas with short-range repulsion.
Targeted antigen delivery to antigen–presenting cells including dendritic cells by engineered Fas-mediated apoptosis

Immunity to tumors as well as to viral and bacterial pathogens is often mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Thus, the ability to induce a strong cell-mediated immune response is an important requirement of novel immunotherapies. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), are specialized in initiating T-cell immunity. Harnessing this innate ability of these cells to acquire and present antigens, we sought to improve antigen presentation by targeting antigens directly to DCs in vivo through apoptosis. We engineered Fas-mediated apoptotic death of antigen-bearing cells in vivo by co-expressing the immunogen and Fas in the same cell. We then observed that the death of antigen-bearing cells results in increased antigen acquisition by APCs including DCs. This in vivo strategy led to enhanced antigen-specific CTLs, and the elaboration of T helper-1 (Th1) type cytokines and chemokines. This adjuvant approach has important implications for viral and nonviral delivery strategies for vaccines or gene therapies.
The somatomedin B domain of vitronectin. Structural requirements for the binding and stabilization of active type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor.

We recently localized the high affinity binding site for activated type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) to the somatomedin B domain (i.e. amino acid (aa) 1-51) of vitronectin (Vn). In this study to further define this site, N-terminal Vn fragments of various lengths were expressed in Escherichia coli and tested for PAI-1 binding activity. Vn polypeptides containing aa 1-52 and 1-40 retained PAI-1 binding activity and stabilized PAI-1 to a similar extent as intact Vn, but polypeptides containing aa 1-30 did not bind to PAI-1 nor stabilize its activity. The effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to Vn on PAI-1 binding was also determined. One mAb bound to Vn and blocked its ability to bind to PAI-1. It also dissociated pre-existing PAI-1.Vn complexes, and prevented the incorporation of PAI-1 into extracellular matrix of HT 1080 cells. This mAb bound to the recombinant peptide containing aa 1-40, but not to the peptide consisting of aa 1-30. A second randomly chosen mAb with similar affinity for Vn was inactive in these assays and bound to the region between aa 52 and 239. These results indicate that the high affinity binding site for active PAI-1 in Vn is between aa 1 and 40, and that this domain may also stabilize active PAI-1.
Cytochrome P450: progress and predictions.

The cytochrome P450 gene superfamily encodes many isoforms that are unusual in the variety of chemical reactions catalyzed and the number of substrates attacked. The latter include physiologically important substances such as steroids, eicosanoids, fatty acids, lipid hydroperoxides, retinoids, and other lipid metabolites, and xenobiotics such as drugs, alcohols, procarcinogens, antioxidants, organic solvents, anesthetics, dyes, pesticides, odorants, and flavorants. Accordingly, it is not surprising that these catalysts have come under intensive study in recent years in fields as diverse as biochemistry and molecular biology, endocrinology, pharmacology, toxicology, anesthesiology, nutrition, pathology, and oncology. In this review, recent advances in our knowledge of the catalytic properties, reaction mechanisms, and regulation of expression and activity of the P450 enzymes are briefly summarized. In addition, the prospects for research in this field are considered, and advances are predicted in four broa...
Major and Minor Element Distribution in Fly Ash from a Coal-Fired Utility Boiler in Kentucky

Study of the combustion of a multiseam blend of southeastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous medium sulfur coal in a 220-MW wall-fired utility boiler demonstrated that there is significant asymmetry in the distribution of major elements and oxides, including sulfur and carbon, and minor elements in the ash collection system. Partitioning of volatile elements, such as Zn and As, according to flue gas temperature is a well-known phenomenon. Hg distribution is related to both the flue gas temperature and the amount of carbon in the fly ash. In addition, many elements show a distinct lateral asymmetry within individual rows of the ash-collection system. Certain aspects of the element distribution appear to be related to the carbon distribution. Hg is an example of an element with a lateral distribution tied to carbon. Other elements, such as Mo, As, Mn, and Cr, may be incidental relationships, tied to the relative increase in glassy fly ash constituents in the absence of carbon.
Association of His117 in the D2 protein of photosystem II with a chlorophyll that affects excitation-energy transfer efficiency to the reaction center.

His117 of the D2 protein of photosystem II (PS II) is a conserved residue in the second transmembrane region of the protein and has been suggested to bind chlorophyll. Nine site-directed mutations were introduced at residue 117, using both photosystem I (PS I)-containing and PS I-less background strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Of these nine, four (H117C, H117M, H117N, and H117T) were photoautotrophic in the PS I-containing background. The other mutants (H117F, H117L, H117P, H117R, and H117Y) did not accumulate appreciable amounts of PS II in their thylakoids. The type of residues that can functionally replace His117 support the notion of His117 serving as a chlorophyll ligand. The properties of the H117N and H117T mutants were characterized in more detail. Whereas the properties of the H117N mutant were close to those of wild type, in the H117T mutant the 77-K fluorescence emission spectrum shows a much smaller amplitude at 695 nm than expected on the basis of the amount of PS II that is present. Moreover, in H117T, the amount of light needed to half-saturate O2-evolution rates was twofold higher than in the control strain, and the variable fluorescence yield was quenched. However, O2 evolution rates at saturating light intensity and electron-transport kinetics were normal in the mutant. Also, the radical accessory chlorophyll (Chl.es+.rb.eiZ.rb) formed by donation of an electron to the PS-II reaction center could be generated normally by illumination at low temperature in the H117T mutant. We conclude that the chlorophyll associated with residue 117 of the D2 protein is important for efficient excitation transfer between the proximal antenna and the PS II reaction center. A possible mechanism involving a chlorophyll cation to explain the quenching in the H117T mutant is discussed.
Riding in Cars Between Men

Through an analysis of public discourse surrounding two different controversies featuring professional race car driver, Deborah Renshaw, this article foregrounds contemporary relationships between gender and (auto)mobility. It draws on both theories of gender performativity and media ecology to outline the ways in which the automobile as a technology influences gender performance and the ways in which the automobile is understood through cultural discourses that are already largely gendered. The essay uses the discourse surrounding the Renshaw case to problematize both contemporary gender norms and understandings of the relationship between prosthetic media and the body.
The role of perceived autonomy support in principals’ affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction

The purpose of this study is to examine the relations between principals’ perceived autonomy support from superintendents, affective commitment to their school districts, and job satisfaction. We also explore possible moderation effects of principals’ career experiences on these relations. Data were collected from K-12 public school principals in the United States ( $$N =$$ 1,501) who completed an online survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicate that principals are more likely to be affectively committed to their school districts and more satisfied with their jobs when they perceive their superintendents as more autonomy supportive. In addition, we found a significant interaction between perceived autonomy support and years of employment by current school districts indicating that the relation between autonomy support and affective commitment is particularly important for principals with fewer years of experience in their current school districts. The results of the present study suggest that superintendents should work to ensure that principals perceive a sense of encouragement, understanding, and decision-making support, especially principals with less experience in the school district.
Le corporatisme canadien-français comme « système total ». Quatre concepts pour comprendre la popularité d’une doctrine

Le corporatisme, entendu comme programme social, economique et politique, a recu une attention relativement mince de la part des sociologues en comparaison d’autres mouvements de la meme epoque. Il manque encore de comprendre de maniere synthetique la popularite de cette doctrine une fois qu’a ete souligne le caractere catholique du Canada francais, les bouleversements crees par le Crash boursier de 1929 et une certaine derive des ideologies de cette epoque vers les « soleils fascistes ». Pour ce faire, dans cet article, quatre concepts centraux serviront de base a l’analyse, soit la cooperation, le bien commun, la planification ainsi que la subsidiarite. Ils permettront de faire sens d’une doctrine complexe et dont le caractere fascisant, de meme que le metissage avec des valeurs xenophobes, a fait oublier trop longtemps l’aspect a la fois critique et la dimension democratique. En une formule sommaire, on dira que le corporatisme voulait enrayer le desordre social en accordant la primaute a la solidarite nationale grâce a une planification economique decentralisee.
Biomineralization and matrix vesicles in biology and pathology

In normal healthy individuals, mineral formation is restricted to specialized tissues which form the skeleton and the dentition. Within these tissues, mineral formation is tightly controlled both in growth and development and in normal adult life. The mechanism of calcification in skeletal and dental tissues has been under investigation for a considerable period. One feature common to almost all of these normal mineralization mechanisms is the elaboration of matrix vesicles, small (20–200 nm) membrane particles, which bud off from the plasma membrane of mineralizing cells and are released into the pre-mineralized organic matrix. The first crystals which form on this organic matrix are seen in and around matrix vesicles. Pathologic ectopic mineralization is seen in a number of human genetic and acquired diseases, including calcification of joint cartilage resulting in osteoarthritis and mineralization of the cardiovasculature resulting in exacerbation of atherosclerosis and blockage of blood vessels. Surprisingly, increasing evidence supports the contention that the mechanisms of soft tissue calcification are similar to those seen in normal skeletal development. In particular, matrix vesicle-like membranes are observed in a number of ectopic calcifications. The purpose of this review is to describe how matrix vesicles function in normal mineral formation and review the evidence for their participation in pathologic calcification.