cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
S.A.M. and Breast Cancer—Focus on Aspirin and Other Integrative Aspirin-Like Medicines: The Real “Natural” Options

The acronym S.A.M. (statins, aspirin, metformin) is a simplistic clinician and patient method of remembering the three most important off-label “natural” products that should be primarily discussed with individuals concerned about breast cancer. And simultaneously it sends a message to patients to always consider the largest source of morbidity and mortality in the world and the need to improve overall health while still allowing the maximum potential benefit against more disease-specific issues. S.A.M. are all low-cost, generic, derived from “natural” sources and have more positive data in the area of breast cancer prevention and reducing the risk of recurrence compared to any dietary supplement I have researched over the past 30 years. S.A.M. is also a unisex name that can be applied to women or men because similar potential benefits in patients concerned about prostate cancer mirror those of breast cancer in regard to off-label or integrative medicine utilization (both diseases are hormonally manipulated as one of their primary forms of treatment). Interestingly, there are now multiple dietary supplements that appear to mimic S.A.M. that could potentially serve as current and future options for those intolerant to S.A.M. and/or those in need of even more treatment options.
The Research of Thyristor Control Way Using AC Integrated Period Regulation

This paper describes a newway in which thyristor can be used to electric power control,the approach is based on that firstly we see a zero-crossing AC voltage waveform as one control unit,take a number of units as a group,and then divide each group voltage waveform into two parts,one part continue to pass through,the other part continue to break,with the number ratio of pass to break circles change to adjust load power. Compared to the existing way of changing the conduction angle,harmonic pollution and losses from the transition deadline to conduction can be eliminated in this new way,and also reliability can be increased.
Reverse Tumble Flap with Tubed Island-Flap Urethroplasty for Hypospadias or Chordee Without Hypospadias

AbstractFrom July 1971 to April 1979, 47 children who required detachment of the meatus from more distal tissues for adequate chordee release or who needed division of the urethra underwent a 1-stage tubed island-flap procedure. In this procedure the dorsal surface of the hooded prepuce is used to form a urethral tube and the ventral surface is used for shaft skin coverage. In followup to 5 years our long-term functional and cosmetic results appear acceptable for situations requiring creation of only a moderate length of urethra. For more proximal hypospadias a high complication rate has discouraged our continued use of this 1-stage procedure.
Is the Rituximab Response in Acetylcholine Receptor Autoantibody Myasthenia Gravis Durable? (S36.009)

Objective: Assess the durability of rituximab response in patients with acetylcholine receptor autoantibody (AChR+) myasthenia gravis (MG). Background: MG is a prototypical autoimmune disorder characterized by fatigable oculobulbar and limb weakness. Treatment consists of symptomatic therapy with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immunomodulatory therapy. Despite current therapies a subset of patients are refractory or have intolerable adverse effects. Design/Methods: A retrospective study of twelve refractory AChR+ MG patients was performed. Pre-treatment and post-treatment immunotherapy regimens and exams were reviewed. The number of rituximab cycles, duration since last treatment cycle, response to treatment and durability of response was collected along with B cell antibody repertoire analysis. Results: Clinical improvement was observed in parallel to withdrawal of other immunotherapies in nine of twelve patients after initiating rituximab (75% complete responders). The remaining three patients showed clinical benefit but have been unable to completely withdraw other immunosuppressive agents. Five of the nine complete responders relapsed in an average of 36 months (range of 29-44). Of these, one patient responded to an additional cycle of rituximab, two to IVIg, one to PLEX and one patient remains on a prednisone taper. Four patients achieved clinical remission and continue to remain asymptomatic off of all other immunotherapies with follow-up period to date ranging from 28-54 months since last cycle of rituximab. B-cell repertoire changes were also observed post-treatment. Conclusion: B-cell targeted therapy appears to show a durable response from 28-54 months in patients that responded to rituximab with a relapse rate of 41.6% in our cohort typically occurring ~3 years after treatment. This continues to support that rituximab is a beneficial therapeutic option in patients with refractory AChR+ MG. A prospective trial is needed to further study this affect as well as to determine markers of responsiveness and possible relapse. Disclosure: Dr. Robeson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goldstein has received personal compensation for activities with Athena Diagnostics. Dr. O9Connor has received personal compensation for activities with EMD Serono as a speaker. Dr. O9Connor has received research support from EMD Serono. Dr. Nowak has nothing to disclose.
Synthesis of High-Load, Hybrid Silica-Immobilized Heterocyclic Benzyl Phosphate (Si–OHBP) and Triazolyl Phosphate (Si–OHTP) Alkylating Reagents

The development of new ROMP-derived silica-immobilized heterocyclic phosphate reagents and their application in purification-free protocols is reported. Grafting of norbornenyl norbornenyl-functionalized (Nb-tagged) silica particles with functionalized Nb-tagged heterocyclic phosphate monomers efficiently yield high-load, hybrid silica-immobilized oligomeric heterobenzyl phosphates (Si–OHBP) and heterotriazolyl phosphates (Si–OHTP) as efficient alkylation agents. Applications of these reagents for the diversification of N-, O-, and S-nucleophilic species, for efficient heterobenzylation and hetero(triazolyl)methylation have been validated.
Purification, characterization and reconstitution of the adenylate cyclase-coupled β-adrenergic receptor

Of all the receptor-coupled effector systems found in mammalian cells none has received more attention than the adenylate cyclase system (Lefkowitz et al., 1983; Smigel et al., 1984). Its ubiquity and the diversity of hormones and drugs which stimulate it has made it a premier model system for the study of the mechanisms whereby drugs and hormones activate their physiological effectors. Although numerous hormone receptors are coupled in a stimulatory or inhibitory fashion to the adenylate cyclase, to date only the β-adrenergic receptors, which respond to catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, have been characterized in any significant detail. They are the only adenylate cyclase-coupled receptors which have been purified (Lefkowitz et al., 1983; Stiles et al., 1984a).
Nachweis und Charakterisierung des EGF-Rezeptors in einer Korpuskarzinomzellinie (KLE)

Ergebnisse fruherer Untersuchungen aus unserem Labor haben gezeigt, das Endometriumkarzinome Rezeptoren fur Epidermal Growth Factor aufweisen. Bei der Analyse von Operationspraparaten fand sich eine Korrelation zwischen EGF-Rezeptorgehalt und histologischem Differenzierungsgrad (Reynolds et al. 1990). Da solche Versuche zum Proliferationsverhalten an frischem Tumormaterial problematisch sind, wurde versucht, ein Modellsystem in vitro zu etablieren. Hierzu wurden von der American Type Culture Collection drei Zellinien ausgewahlt, die von unterschiedlichen Primartumoren abgeleitet sind und die sich in ihrer Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit unterscheiden. KLE (Richardson et al. 1984) stammt von einer Kolonmetastase eines undifferenzierten Adenokarzinoms des Endometriums. Die Verdopplungszeit betragt 4 bis 5 Tage. HEC-I-A (Kuramoto et al. 1972) ist von einem masig differenzierten Adenokarzinom abgeleitet mit einer Verdopplungszeit von 51 Stunden. RL95–2 (Way et al. 1983) stammt von einem masig differenzierten adenosquamosen Karzinom. RL95–2-Zellen wachsen sehr schnell mit einer Verdopplungszeit von 22 bis 34 Stunden.
Continuous ambulatory adductor canal catheters for patients undergoing knee arthroplasty surgery

Abstract Study Objective To determine after knee arthroplasty surgery the feasibility of discharging patients home on postoperative day 1 with continuous adductor canal blocks. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Outpatient setting after hospital discharge. Patients Patients undergoing knee arthroplasty surgery from October 2013 to August 2014. Interventions All patients received continuous adductor canal catheters for postoperative analgesia and were discharged to home on postoperative day 1. Continuous catheters were intended to remain intact in the ambulatory setting through postoperative day 3. Measurements Data obtained included demographic information, duration of hospital stay, resting and active pain scores, opioid utilization, opioid-induced adverse effects, complications relating to the perineural catheter, and hospital readmissions. Main Results Sixty-nine of 582 patients (11.9%) were discharged to home on postoperative day 1. The median numerical pain score after discharge with a continuous adductor canal block was ≤2 at rest and ≤4 with activity. After block discontinuation on postoperative day 4, median pain scores were the same. No patients reported any unintentional catheter dislodgements, falls, or dysesthesias. There were no readmissions of any patient in this cohort within 90 days of surgery. Conclusions Ambulatory adductor canal catheters are a feasible analgesic modality after knee arthroplasty surgery as pain scores remained low and adverse events were minimal.
The What, Who, and How of Public Procurement: Job Functions Performed and Managed by Professionals

Public procurement practitioners and scholars have recently become focused on professionalism to promote standardization and a foundation for studying the job functions of the practice. The goal of this empirical study is to examine what public procurement practitioners actually do on their job and who may qualify as professionals for the field. Sensitivity analysis is utilized to determine the job tasks public procurement practitioners perform and manage, along with the job descriptions of practitioners who complete these tasks, as a starting point for examining how practitioners approach completion of their work. The political and neutral orientations of public procurement and administration are subsequently theorized for future inquiry into public procurement practices and outcomes.
The Role of UX in Government System Expansion

In order to design an expansion for an existing government system that satisfies the strategic requirements of having public value, legitimacy, and feasibility, the expanded system must create something real and substantial that the target population can make use of. Our User Experience (UX) framework helps to identify areas where public value, legitimacy, and feasibility are strong, and also need more attention. We show how we used a hybrid approach that combines usability evaluation, focus groups, and online surveys to identify the user and stakeholder experiences that drive design forward in a way that leads to the success and stability of the implemented expansion.
Pattern Recognition and Tracking in Forward Looking Infrared Imagery

In this chapter, we review the recent trends and advancements on pattern recognition and tracking in forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. In particular, we discuss several target detection and tracking algorithms for single/multiple target detection and tracking purposes. Each detection and tracking algorithm utilizes various properties of targets and image frames of a given sequence. At first we discuss a Fukunga–Kuntz Transform and template matching based algorithm for target detection and tracking. Then, we described a novel algorithm for target detection and tracking using fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation (JTC) and template matching. Finally, we discussed an invariant detection and tracking algorithm using a combination of fringe-adjusted JTC and a composited weighted reference function. The impact of sensor ego motion and possible compensation techniques as well as the role of image segmentation towards enhancing the accuracy of target detection and tracking is also described. The aforementioned techniques can detect and track small objects comprising of only a few pixels and is capable of compensating the high ego-motion of the sensor for various challenging scenarios. Test results obtained using real life FLIR image sequences are included to verify the effectiveness of the above mentioned algorithms for target detection and tracking in FLIR imagery.
Carotid endarterectomy versus carotid artery stenting: case closed...now what!?

The answer to the question “What is the optimal management of patients with carotid artery disease?” remains hotly debated and contentious. In the 1990s, the elements of this debate were focused on the relative merits of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) versus medical therapy (basically, aspirin),
Prime Time for the Drosophila JAK/STAT Pathway

The JAK/STAT pathway is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotyrosine driven pathway that has been identified in many metazoans. In Drosophila, as in mammals, this pathway is used in diverse cellular processes. Studies in Drosophila have identified a requirement for this pathway in processes as diverse as sex determination, embryonic segmentation, cell movement, planar polarity, hematopoiesis, cell differentiation and proliferation. Future studies in Drosophila have much to contribute to our overall understanding of the JAK/STAT pathway in metazoans. Many Drosophila paradigms are now available that will help in identifying the downstream targets regulated by this pathway, and how it interacts with others to regulate various biological functions. Furthermore, because of its simplicity, with only one JAK and STAT, studies of this pathway are easier in flies than in vertebrates. In this review we discuss the components, roles and future directions of studies on the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway.
Investigating the Motivating Potential of Software Development Methods: Insights from a Work Design Perspective

In this study we view Software Development Methods (SDMs) through the perspective of work design. The objective is to gain understanding into the inherent potential of the two major paradigms of software development, the Plan-driven and Agile methods, to motivate team members of software development projects. The work design perspective is relevant for investigating the motivating impacts of SDMs. The increasing popularity of people focused Agile methods over process focused Plan-driven methods in the 2000s mirror the increasing popularity of non-Taylorist work designs over Taylorist work designs in the 1980s. Work design concepts in parallel disciplines such as manufacturing evolved from the Taylorist focus on specialization and time and motion studies to adopting autonomous self-managed teams and creating employee programs like quality circles. Gleaning concepts from the widely accepted Job Characteristic Model (Hackman and Qldham, 1976) for work design, and the SelfDetermination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985), one of the most prominent theories of motivation, provided useful insights. Together they could explain and predict the differential impacts of plandriven and Agile methods of software development on team member motivation.
"Agency, Underinvestment, And The Role Of Private Equity: Evidence From Divisional Buyouts"

We examine the role of private equity firms in the market for corporate assets. We argue that private equity firms are specialized buyers, uniquely positioned to correct both agency and underinvestment problems in public corporations by implementing stronger governance. We therefore predict that private equity firms will systematically target non-core divisions of public corporations, as well as divisions of firms with weak managerial incentives and high slack, especially when the parent firm is underperforming. Results from a sample of 1734 divestments by publicly listed US manufacturing firms from 1998-2010 confirm these predictions. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the private equity phenomenon, highlighting the role of private equity firms as active owners, and examining their choice of targets in divisional buyouts.
PIMT/NCOA6IP Deletion in the Mouse Heart Causes Delayed Cardiomyopathy Attributable to Perturbation in Energy Metabolism

PIMT/NCOA6IP, a transcriptional coactivator PRIP/NCOA6 binding protein, enhances nuclear receptor transcriptional activity. Germline disruption of PIMT results in early embryonic lethality due to impairment of development around blastocyst and uterine implantation stages. We now generated mice with Cre-mediated cardiac-specific deletion of PIMT (csPIMT-/-) in adult mice. These mice manifest enlargement of heart, with nearly 100% mortality by 7.5 months of age due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Significant reductions in the expression of genes (i) pertaining to mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I to IV; (ii) calcium cycling cardiac muscle contraction (Atp2a1, Atp2a2, Ryr2); and (iii) nuclear receptor PPAR- regulated genes involved in glucose and fatty acid energy metabolism were found in csPIMT-/- mouse heart. Elevated levels of Nppa and Nppb mRNAs were noted in csPIMT-/- heart indicative of myocardial damage. These hearts revealed increased reparative fibrosis associated with enhanced expression of Tgfβ2 and Ctgf. Furthermore, cardiac-specific deletion of PIMT in adult mice, using tamoxifen-inducible Cre-approach (TmcsPIMT-/-), results in the development of cardiomyopathy. Thus, cumulative evidence suggests that PIMT functions in cardiac energy metabolism by interacting with nuclear receptor coactivators and this property could be useful in the management of heart failure.
Statistical Parametric Mapping for Geoscience Applications

Spatial fields represent a common representation of continuous geoscience and environmental variables. Examples include permeability, porosity, mineral content, contaminant levels, seismic impedance, elevation, and reflectance/absorption in satellite imagery. Identifying differences between spatial fields is often of interest as those differences may represent key indicators of change. Defining a significant difference is often problem specific, but generally includes some measure of both the magnitude and the spatial extent of the difference. This chapter demonstrates a set of techniques available for the detection of anomalies in difference maps represented as multivariate spatial fields. The multiGaussian model is used as a model of spatially distributed error and several techniques based on the Euler characteristic are employed to define the significance of the number and size of excursion sets in the truncated multiGaussian field. This review draws heavily on developments made in the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and applies them to several examples motivated by environmental and geoscience problems.
Regularity Questions for Free Convolution

Free additive convolution is a binary operation on the set M of all probability measures on the real line R. This operation was first defined in [7] for measures with finite moments of all orders (in particular for compactly supported measures). Maassen [5] extended this operation to measures with finite variance, and the extension to arbitrary measures was done in [1]. The free convolution of µ,v ∈ M is denoted µ ⊞ v. Unlike classical convolution, free convolution is a highly nonlinear operation, and therefore it is not obvious that various regularity properties of µ (like absolute continuity, differentiability, etc.) should be passed on to µ ⊞ v. In some respects however free convolution has a stronger regularizing effect than classical convolution. It is our purpose in this paper to examine a few instances in which regularity properties of µ ⊞ v can be inferred. Some of the earlier results in this direction were only proved for measures with compact support. We will extend these results to general probability measures, giving as much of the technical detail as necessary. Among the new results, we show that there may be a loss of smoothness under free convolution. We also give a complete description of the atoms of a free convolution of probability measures.
Algorithms and complexity results for pursuit-evasion problems

We study pursuit-evasion problems where a number of pursuers have to clear a given graph. We study when polynomial-time algorithms exist to determine how many pursuers are needed to clear a given graph and how a given number of pursuers should move on the graph to clear it with either a minimum sum of their travel distances or minimum task-completion time. We generalize prior work to both unit-width arbitrary-length and unit-length arbitrary-width graphs and derive both algorithms and complexity results for a variety of graph topologies. In this context, we describe a polynomial-time algorithm, called CLEARTHETREE, that is much shorter and algorithmically simpler than the state-of-the-art algorithm for the minimum pursuer problem on trees. Our theoretical research lays a firm theoretical foundation for pursuit evasion on graphs and informs practitioners about which problems are easy and which ones are hard.
Aerospace toxicology overview: aerial application and cabin air quality.

The environment extending above and beyond the surface of the planet Earth is referred to as aerospace (Blashfield and Johnson 1969). This word also symbolizes the joint fields of aeronautics and astronautics. The former is the art and science of flight through the atmosphere (Blashfield and Johnson 1969) and the latter is the art and science of space flight (Blashfield and Johnson 1968a). Another term frequently and interchangeably used with aerospace and aeronautics is aviation, which is defined as the art and science of operating powered aircraft (Chaturvedi 2010a, b; The Encyclopedia Americana 1989).
Controlling nanoemulsion surface chemistry with poly(2-oxazoline) amphiphiles

Emulsions are dynamic materials that have been extensively employed within pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. However, their use beyond conventional applications has been hindered by difficulties in surface functionalization, and an inability to selectively control physicochemical properties. Here, we employ custom poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers to overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that poly(2-oxazoline) copolymers can effectively stabilize nanoscale droplets of hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon in water. The controlled living polymerization of poly(2-oxazoline)s allows for the incorporation of chemical handles into the surfactants such that covalent modification of the emulsion surface can be performed. Through post-emulsion modification of these new surfactants, we are able to access nanoemulsions with modified surface chemistries, yet consistent sizes. By decoupling size and surface charge, we explore structure-activity relationships involving the cellular uptake of nanoemulsions in both macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines. We conclude that the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of poly(2-oxazoline)-stabilized droplets can be systematically tuned via chemical modification of emulsion surfaces.
Orbits Through Polytropes

We describe how orbital tunnels could be used to transport payloads through the Earth. If you use a brachistochrone for the tunnel, the body forces in the tunnel become overwhelmingly large for small angular distances traveled. Projectiles move along an orbital tunnel faster than they would along a brachistochrone connecting the same points but the body force components cancel. We describe how parabolic Keplerian orbits outside the object merge onto quasi-Keplerian orbits inside the object. We use models of the interior of the Earth with three values of the polytropic index (n) to calculate interior orbits that travel between surface points. The n = 3 results are also scaled to the Sun. Numerical integrations of the equations describing polytropes were used to generate the initial models. Numerical integration of the equations of motion are then used to calculate the angular distance you can travel along the surface and the traversal time as a function of the parabolic periapsis distance for each model. Trajectories through objects of low central condensation show a focussing effect that decreases as the central condensation increases. Analytic solutions for the trajectories in a homogeneous sphere are derived and compared to the numeric results. The results can be scaled to other planets, stars, or even globular clusters.
Analyzing Complex Medical Image Information: Convolution Versus Wavelets in a Neural Net

Background Deep learning neural networks have shown great promise for the automated analysis of complex medical images. Here we focus on the problem of discriminating malignant from benign lung nodules seen by computed tomography (CT). This is a major public health issue because only about 1 in 20 suspicious lung nodules that are seen on CT, many requiring invasive procedures, are actually cancerous.
A Source of Bias in Studies of E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation

Author(s): Pierce, John P; Messer, Karen; Leas, Eric C; Kealey, Sheila; White, Martha M; Benmarhnia, Tarik
The Impact of Sexual Trauma on the Sexual Health of Women Veterans: A Comprehensive Review:

Sexual trauma, particularly childhood sexual trauma, is a potent risk factor for sexual health difficulties among civilian women. Women veterans report elevated rates of sexual trauma compared to their civilian peers, including sexual trauma during military service, perhaps making women veterans even more vulnerable to sexual health difficulties. A comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature on the relationship between sexual trauma and sexual health in women veterans was conducted. Inclusion criteria were measurement of sexual trauma and sexual health (i.e., sexual function or sexual satisfaction), a U.S. veteran sample including women veterans, and written in English. This process identified 18 articles. Results indicated that similar to the pattern observed among civilian women, sexual trauma was associated with an increased risk of sexual dysfunction and low sexual satisfaction among women veterans. Sexual pain was the most common sexual dysfunction among women veterans. Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and depression were identified as correlates of sexual dysfunction. Gaps in the literature included limited use of validated measures of sexual health and inconsistencies in the assessment of sexual trauma history. Future research is needed on the interrelationships between sexual trauma, sexual health, and mental health to inform treatment recommendations for improving sexual health among women veterans.
How Important Is Word of Mouth to College Students When Considering Jobs? A Policy-Capturing Study of Organizational Attraction:

This research examines the effect of reputational word of mouth (WoM) from trusted sources on naive job applicants’ organizational attraction toward a possible employer. We used a policy-capturing ...
On spinodal-like phase decomposition in U–50Zr alloy

Abstract Finely dispersed two phase microstructures resulting from a spinodal decomposition are of interest as they are associated with enhanced mechanical properties and excessive interfaces to mitigate defect related behavior. This study reports a spinodal-like phase decomposition in a U–50Zr alloy by thermal annealing at 620 °C and ion irradiation at 550 °C, with the latter temperature too low to initiate pure thermal phase transformation. The results hold broad impact for U–Zr alloy systems and its application as advanced nuclear fuel.
Identity and Hooking up at a U.S. “Party School”

“Hooking up” encompasses an array of definitions, embodies a multitude of implications, and is an almost unavoidable part of college life. The present study applies identity theory to patterns of c...
A Joint Handoff and Offloading Decision Algorithm for Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)

The main feature of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is to push computational resources and storage to the network edges (e.g., cellular base stations (BSs)) in order to offload computation-intensive and latency-sensitive applications from mobile devices. However, the deployment of MEC with a BS adds extra traffic to the already crowded cellular network that may lead to a radio congestion. On the other hand, user mobility triggers handoffs (HOs) not only between two BSs but also between two MECs, which creates new unique challenges of performing HOs to a target BS with an MEC which must have sufficient computational resources. Unfortunately, existing HO decision algorithms for traditional cellular networks cannot ad- dress these challenges. In addition, the radio network congestion issue is being utterly ignored. In this paper, we propose a novel HO decision algorithm for MEC systems that cooperates both radio and computation offloading. The proposed HO decision algorithm cooperates with femtocells to reduce the effect of radio congestion by offloading static traffic. It also cooperates with the remote cloud to reduce the impact of congestion at the MEC by offloading delay- tolerant computation. Simulation results show that our proposed HO decision algorithm significantly improves the offloading success and the service failure rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first HO decision algorithm that addresses both radio and computation offloading issues and mobility together in MEC systems.
A note on fitting a generalized Moody diagram for wall modeled Large Eddy Simulations

Motivated by the needs of wall modeled Large Eddy Simulation (LES), we introduce fits to numerical solutions of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations in their simplest near-wall, boundary layer approximation including a mixing-length model. We formulate the problem such that independent dimensionless variables are those directly available in LES. We provide practical fits for the dependent variable, fits that encompass a smooth transition between the viscous sublayer and inertial logarithmic layer, and then progress first considering moderate pressure gradients as well as roughness effects under the assumption that the mixing-length is not affected by the pressure gradient. An alternative fit based on the empirical wall model of Nickels (J. Fluid Mech. vol.512, pp. 217-239, 2004) is also provided, taking into account possible effects of pressure gradient on turbulence near-wall structure. We then consider the case of general pressure gradients, both favorable and adverse, up to conditions of separation, for both smooth and rough surfaces. The proposed fitting functions constitute a generalized Moody chart, comply with analytical solutions valid in various asymptotic regimes, and obviate the need for numerical iterative solution methods or near-wall numerical integration of ordinary differential equations during LES.
Reconstruction of evolving nanostructures in ultrathin films with X-ray waveguide fluorescence holography

Controlled synthesis of nanostructure ultrathin films is critical for applications in nanoelectronics, photonics, and energy generation and storage. The paucity of structural probes that are sensitive to nanometer-thick films and also capable of in-operando conditions with high spatiotemporal resolutions limits the understanding of morphology and dynamics in ultrathin films. Similar to X-ray fluorescence holography for crystals, where holograms are formed through the interference between the reference and the object waves, we demonstrated that an ultrathin film, being an X-ray waveguide, can also generate fluorescence holograms as a result of the establishment of X-ray standing waves. Coupled with model-independent reconstruction algorithms based on rigorous dynamical scattering theories, the thin-film-based X-ray waveguide fluorescence holography becomes a unique in situ and time-resolved imaging probe capable of elucidating the real-time nanostructure kinetics with unprecedented resolutions. Combined with chemical sensitive spectroscopic analysis, the reconstruction can yield element-specific morphology of embedding nanostructures in ultrathin films.
DeepWiERL: Bringing Deep Reinforcement Learning to the Internet of Self-Adaptive Things

Recent work has demonstrated that cutting-edge advances in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) may be leveraged to empower wireless devices with the much-needed ability to "sense" current spectrum and network conditions and "react" in real time by either exploiting known optimal actions or exploring new actions. Yet, understanding whether real-time DRL can be at all applied in the resource-challenged embedded IoT domain, as well as designing IoT-tailored DRL systems and architectures, still remains mostly uncharted territory. This paper bridges the existing gap between the extensive theoretical research on wireless DRL and its system-level applications by presenting Deep Wireless Embedded Reinforcement Learning (DeepWiERL), a general-purpose, hybrid software/hardware DRL framework specifically tailored for embedded IoT wireless devices. DeepWiERL provides abstractions, circuits, software structures and drivers to support the training and real-time execution of state-of-the-art DRL algorithms on the device’s hardware. Moreover, DeepWiERL includes a novel supervised DRL model selection and bootstrap (S-DMSB) technique that leverages transfer learning and high-level synthesis (HLS) circuit design to orchestrate a neural network architecture that satisfies hardware and application throughput constraints and speeds up the DRL algorithm convergence. Experimental evaluation on a fully-custom software-defined radio testbed (i) proves for the first time the feasibility of real-time DRL-based algorithms on a real-world wireless platform with multiple channel conditions; (ii) shows that DeepWiERL supports 16x data rate and consumes 14x less energy than a software-based implementation, and (iii) indicates that S-DMSB may improve the DRL convergence time by 6x and increase the obtained reward by 45% if prior channel knowledge is available.
HAND GRIP STRENGTH IN SENIOR ATHLETES: NORMATIVE DATA AND COMMUNITY-DWELLING COMPARISONS.

Background Hand grip strength is supported as a valid physical capacity measure in older adults. Normative values for community-dwelling older adult hand grip strength were recently updated. With the majority of community-dwelling older adults identified as sedentary, it is likely that current norms represent a group that is relatively inactive. A sub-population of senior athletes who actively engage in exercise and competitive sport have consistently demonstrated superior performance on measures of physical capacity when compared to the general population. Normative values for hand grip strength have not been established for this unique group of aging athletes. Purpose To establish hand grip strength norms for senior athletes and to compare these outcomes to available normative data in community-dwelling older adults. Study Design Cross-Sectional Study. Methods Measures of hand grip strength were taken on 2,333 senior athletes registered to compete in the National Senior Games between 2011 and 2017. Findings were divided into age and gender categories consistent with community-dwelling norms. Student t tests were used to compare senior athlete means to community-dwelling norms. Cohen's d was calculated to estimate the effect size of each comparison. Results Normative values for senior athlete hand grip strength are reported in kilograms by age, gender and hand dominance. For each age and gender category tested, senior athletes demonstrate dominant hand grip strength that ranges from 8.6-11.1 kg higher for males and 5.5 to 8.9 kg higher for females (p values<.0001) than published community-dwelling norms. Non-dominant grip strengths were also significantly higher (p values<.0001). Effect sizes were medium to large (Cohen's ds = 0.44-1.5). Conclusion Senior athletes demonstrate hand grip strength that is significantly higher than their community-dwelling peers and more similar to a younger community-dwelling population. The population--specific norms presented here will assist health care providers in more accurately assessing this high-functioning subset of aging adults. Levels of Evidence 2b.
Thermal Pressure in the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell: A Quantitative Study and Implications for the Density Versus Mineralogy Correlation of the Mantle

Thermal pressure is an inevitable thermodynamic consequence of heating a volumetrically constrained sample in the diamond anvil cell. Its possible influences on experimentally determined density-mi...
Peer Review as an Evolving Response to Organizational Constraint: Evidence from Sociology Journals, 1952–2018

Double-blind peer review is a central feature of the editorial model of most journals in sociology and neighboring social scientific fields, yet there is little history of how and when its main features developed. Drawing from nearly 70 years of annual reports of the editors of American Sociological Association journals, this article describes the historical emergence of major elements of editorial peer review. These reports and associated descriptive statistics are used to show that blind review, ad hoc review, the formal requirement of exclusive submission, routine use of the revise and resubmit decision, and common use of desk rejection developed separately over a period of decades. The article then argues that the ongoing evolution of the review model has not been driven by intellectual considerations. Rather, the evolution of peer review is best understood as the product of continuous efforts to steward editors’ scarce attention while preserving an open submission policy that favors authors’ interests.
Is a targeted biopsy-only approach for prostate cancer diagnosis ready for the prime time?

The PRECISION trial demonstrated the ability of using multiparametric MRI to improve the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer whilst reducing over-diagnosis of clinically insignificant cancer compared with systematic biopsy. Concerns remained about patients who were not biopsied owing to negative scans. A new study applies the PRECISION strategy to a contemporary cohort to answer these concerns.
Epileptiform Abnormalities in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Impact on Clinical Management and Outcomes.

PURPOSE Studies examining seizures (Szs) and epileptiform abnormalities (EAs) using continuous EEG in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are limited. Therefore, we aimed to describe the prevalence of Sz and EA in AIS, its impact on anti-Sz drug management, and association with discharge outcomes. METHODS The study included 132 patients with AIS who underwent continuous EEG monitoring >6 hours. Continuous EEG was reviewed for background, Sz and EA (lateralized periodic discharges [LPD], generalized periodic discharges, lateralized rhythmic delta activity, and sporadic epileptiform discharges). Relevant clinical, demographic, and imaging factors were abstracted to identify risk factors for Sz and EA. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, functional outcome at discharge (good outcome as modified Rankin scale of 0-2 and poor outcome as modified Rankin scale of 3-6) and changes to anti-Sz drugs (escalation or de-escalation). RESULTS The frequency of Sz was 7.6%, and EA was 37.9%. Patients with Sz or EA were more likely to have cortical involvement (84.6% vs. 67.5% P = 0.028). Among the EAs, the presence of LPD was associated with an increased risk of Sz (25.9% in LPD vs. 2.9% without LPD, P = 0.001). Overall, 21.2% patients had anti-Sz drug changes because of continuous EEG findings, 16.7% escalation and 4.5% de-escalation. The presence of EA or Sz was not associated with in-hospital mortality or discharge functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high incidence of EA, the rate of Sz in AIS is relatively lower and is associated with the presence of LPDs. These continuous EEG findings resulted in anti-Sz drug changes in one-fifth of the cohort. Epileptiform abnormality and Sz did not affect mortality or discharge functional outcomes.
Environmental conditions, diel period, and fish size influence the horizontal and vertical movements of red snapper.

Most demersal fishes are difficult to observe and track due to methodological and analytical constraints. We used an acoustic positioning system to elucidate the horizontal and vertical movements of 44 red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) off North Carolina, USA, in 2019. Mean movement rate and distance off bottom varied by individual, with larger red snapper generally moving faster and spending more time farther off the bottom than smaller individuals. We used generalized additive mixed models that accounted for temporal autocorrelation in the data to show that mean hourly red snapper movement rate was lower during the day than at night and was negatively related to bottom water temperature. Moreover, red snapper spent more time off the bottom during the day than at night, and vertical movements were mostly related to bottom upwelling events that sporadically occurred in May–July. Our results and previous observations suggest that red snapper feed primarily on benthic organisms at night, and display diel vertical migration (i.e., thermotaxis) up to warmer waters (when present) during the day to aid digestive efficiency. Movement is a central organizing feature in ecology, and the sustainable management of fish will benefit from a better understanding of the timing and causes of fish movement.
Variation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk and Socioeconomic Disadvantage Among a Mayan-Latinx Population in Oakland, California.

US Latinx populations are disproportionally affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with higher rates of infection and associated morbidity and mortality.1 Although often treated as homogeneous, members of Latinx communities vary by national origin, immigration status, and language.2 Oakland, California, is home to many Latinx individuals and an estimated 10 000 Mayan individuals, many of whom speak Indigenous languages.3 Early in the pandemic, community-based organizations (CBOs) in Oakland, California, observed a high frequency of infections among Latinx individuals in general and even higher frequency among Mayan individuals.4 Local CBOs, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and public health authorities formed a collaborative to offer diagnostic testing in Fruitvale, a diverse neighborhood that has among the highest cumulative infection rates in Alameda County.5 Using data from the resulting SARS-CoV-2 testing event, we examined variation in infection risk and socioeconomic disadvantage within the Fruitvale community.
Nature Therapy: Part One: Evidence for the Healing Power of Contact with Nature

Human enjoyment of natural environmental settings is common to all cultures. It is a complex, evolutionary, psychophysiological response with notable potential to positively impact both physical and mental health of individuals and populations. Four decades of research have produced a large body of empirical and experimental studies demonstrating the benefits of contact with Nature. A sufficient evidence base now allows for meaningful systematic reviews and meta-analyses to begin to guide health recommendations. This is the first of three articles to review the state of the science on the potential health benefits of contact with Nature, covering Visual Nature, Forest Therapy, Gardening, Residential Greenspace, and Blue Space.
Trends in Ketamine Use, Exposures, and Seizures in the United States up to 2019

Objectives. To determine whether there have been shifts in nonmedical ketamine use, poisonings (“exposures”), and seizures. Methods. We used generalized additive models to detect trends in past-yea...
Response of Lotus (Nelumbo sp.) to Container Soil Volume

Abstract The effect of soil volume on containerized lotus (Nelumbo) production has been underreported. American lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd.) and three cultivars (‘Embolene’, ‘98 Seed’ and ‘Karizma’) of Asian lotus (N. nucifera Gaertn.) were investigated for growth response to container soil volume in this study. Electrical conductivity, pH, plant growth indices, and plant nutritional content were influenced by container soil volume. Differences in some plant growth indices were significant between treatments with ½ and higher (½ and ¾) container height soil (CHS) in 21 or 29 liter (#5 or #7) containers. However, plant growth indices were generally not different between treatments with ½ and ¾ CHS. Lotus planted in containers with ¼ CHS usually produced the greatest plant height and underground fresh weight, while the largest number of propagules often occurred in containers with ½ or ¾ CHS. The highest number of emerging leaves was observed in plants with ¼ or ½ CHS treatments, with no significant differe...
Action Evaluation in the Theory and Practice of Conflict Resolution

Questions of evaluation are important to conveners, participants and funders of conflict resolution initiatives. Yet good evaluation is tied to a number of complicated questions concerning what constitutes success and failure in projects that may be multi-dimensional or only part of an effort to settle a larger conflict. Rothman has offered Action Evaluation as a methodology that seeks to incorporate goal setting and evaluation into project designs. He argues that this will improve a project by monitoring the changing nature of goals through the life of a conflict resolution intervention, and action evaluation’s self-conscious attention to goal setting offers a mechanism for developing and committing an intervention to specific internal and external standards of evaluation. This article examines Action Evaluation as a theory of practice, considering its conceptual strengths and examining specific issues of its implementation.
The history of the psychology of learning as a rational process: Lakatos versus Kuhn.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an alternative account to the view of science, and particularly of psychology, that was introduced by Pepper and developed in the last two decades under the influence of Thomas Kuhn. It presents an alternative to the Kuhnian viewpoint by drawing on the work of Imre Lakatos. It presents Lakatos' ideas on methodology against the background of the Kuhnian position. One feature of Kuhnian orthodoxy is that it leads to quite specific expectations about the developmental pattern of a scientific discipline. A second feature of the position is the claim that no basis exists for choice among the largest units identifiable in the development of a discipline. Lakatos' model of the history of science leads to different expectations about the historical pattern of a discipline's development and it provides a mechanism for choice among large-scale units.
Subdividing the metamere: one signal, two outcomes.

Each somite of the vertebrate embryonic body axis is subdivided into a rostral and a caudal half. Using elegantly designed mouse genetic experiments, a recent paper provides insight into the mechanisms that select between these two fates. Remarkably, both states require Notch activity, but the signal is transduced by a different pathway in each half.
IPO Pricing Strategies with Deadweight and Search Costs

The model in this paper provides a complementary explanation to the well-known IPO pricing puzzle. The model allows the investor to make a decision on whether and when information should be gathered, and allows a purchase decision based on the information. With this investor's decision-making process in mind, firms price their IPOs to maximize their payoffs by trying to avoid an IPO failure and by assessing the investor's possible post-search outcomes. While the model provides implications to the general IPO puzzle, the results seem particularly relevant for explaining the pricing of REIT IPOs, MLP IPOs, and mutual fund IPOs. The model may also help explain why IPO underpricing levels change over time and suggests that underpricing levels might vary across industries.