cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity in River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Breeds of Central India using Heterologous Bovine Microsatellite Markers

Abstract Mishra, B.P., Kataria, R.S., Bulandi, S.S., Kumar, V. and Mukesh, M. 2008. Genetic diversity in river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) breeds of central India using heterologous bovine microsatellite markers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 33: 159–163. A panel of 25 bovine specific heterologous microsatellite markers was employed for evaluating both within and between breed genetic variability estimates in Pandharpuri and Nagpuri buffaloes, two prominent breeds of Central India. A total of 148 alleles were detected across the two breeds with mean number of 5.92 alleles. The mean allelic diversity and heterozygosity reflected the existence of relatively higher genetic variability in Nagpuri buffalo. The F-statistics estimates were significantly different from zero (P<0.05) with F (F IT) = 0.349 ± 0.051, f(F IS) = 0.254 ± 0.039, θ(FST) = 0.126 ± 0.042. Most of the genetic variations correspond to differences among individuals (87.4%). Various genetic differentiation estimates indicated moderate differentiation betw...
Effect of Differential Adaptation of the Eyes upon Threshold Sensitivity

Experimental determination was made of the effect of intense light adaptation (6.20 log Trolands) of one eye upon the dark-adapted threshold of the other eye. A psychophysical method derived from Bekesy and analogous to the “up and down” method of Dixon and Mood was used. Three subjects showed a slight increase in sensitivity; one showed no change. The change was not statistically significant for the group. The finding is consistent with the accepted view that the states of adaptation of the eyes are independent and in contradiction to studies which have found an averaging effect.
Cicero's Prosecution of Gaius Verres: A Roman View of the Ethics of Acquisition of Art

Cicero's speeches and essays—especially the Verrines—were widely read in France and England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when they were used in public debates about the fate of art in wartime. The early development of the concept of “cultural property” owed much to careful readings and citations of Cicero's views. The main charge brought against Verres in 70 B.C. was extortion during his term as governor of Sicily, but in the course of his prosecution Cicero depicts Verres as a rapacious collector of art who even took cult statues from temples for his private collection. This portrait of a “collector” who felt entitled to anything he could get and who abused his official authority to acquire works of art was recalled and used in debates about “collecting” many centuries later. This paper examines how Ciceronian views contributed to the development of the concept of art as cultural property.
Photoinduced fluorescence enhancement and energy transfer effects of quantum dots porous silicon

We investigate photoinduced fluorescence enhancement (PFE) and energy transfer effects of surfactant capped Cd/Se core and CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QD) that emit at 630-650 nm adsorbed in and onto porous silicon (PSi) single layer films and microcavity devices. Evidence is presented for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the QD (emitter) to mesoPSi nanostructures (acceptor) that photoluminess between 650-850 nm. We also observe a strong PFE of QD emission adsorbed into meso porous silicon (mesoPSi) under continuous irradiation with 532 nm excitation light. New insight into the mechanism of PFE is gleaned from studies of PSi pore size and surface chemistry including native, H2O2, UV-ozone, and thermal oxides, and aminosilane coated thermal oxide mesoPSi. These treatments alter the photoluminescent characteristics of the mesoPSi and QD. The PFE effect on QD PL is largest on thermally oxidized microcavities. PFE is considerably weaker for CdSe QD adsorbed onto macroPSi, silicon wafer surfaces and especially for ZnS capped QD suggesting the PFE effect requires a close interaction of the QD core with oxidized substrate. It is plausible that mesoPSi (10-20 nm dia) mediates a more intimate contact compared to macro or planar Si wafer. The PFE effect dynamically increases the QD PL by passivating nonradiative state through oxidation and possibly through increasing the lifetime of nonradiative trapped state by coupling to surface vibrations. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Class and classics: The social basis of ancient bilingualism

Abstract Increasingly sophisticated developments in the examination of language use from a sociological perspective are valuable for illuminating not only present but also past linguistic behavior. A sociolinguistic analysis of classicism—the conviction that archaic language preserved in writing is the arbiter of contemporary usage—offers the key to the development of second languages among the ancient Greek and Roman aristocracies. For the Greeks, the two languages were literary Attic and the Koine. For the Romans, they were at first Greek and Latin but ultimately literary and non-literary Latin. Examination of the social historical context in which theterm ‘classic’ was first used reveals the class interests that gave rise to the concept. The inaccessibility of literary languages to those who are not wealthy enough to be able to afford an extensive literary—and therefore unpractical—education makes of the literary language a reliable index of socio-economic status. Rigid adherence to such a language consequently operates as a powerful means of social discrimination. Finally, analysis of the past clarifies the value of a current linguistic concept-style—which turns out to be chiefly a label for this discrimination.
Reports of female initiation of sexual contact: Male and female differences

Women's reports of initiating sexual contact and men's reports of experiencing female initiation were compared. 128 male and 212 female college students were recruited from sexuality classes at three institutions. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant difference between women's reports of initiating sexual contact and men's reports of experiencing female initiation. A chi-square test of significance at the p <0.05 level with an alpha rate adjustment (p <0.002) using the Bonferroni technique was implemented. Of 26 questionnaire items, 15 registered significant differences between male and female reports (p <0.002). Overall, males reported experiencing female initiation more frequently than females reported initiating. Traditional gender roles may influence male and female perceptions of female initiation of sexual contact in a way that contributes to significant differences in reporting.
Cluster Synthesis. 46. New Mixed-Metal Complexes of the Layer-Segregated Cluster Pt3Ru6(CO)21(μ3-H)(μ-H)3

The reaction of the dianion [Pt3Ru6(CO)21(μ-H)2]2-, generated in situ by the deprotonation of [Pt3Ru6(CO)21(μ-H)3(μ3-H)], 1, with [Cp*Ir(NCMe)3]2+ and HgI2, has yielded two new higher nuclearity cluster complexes Pt3Ru6(CO)21(μ3-IrCp*)(μ3-H)2, 5, and [NBu4][Pt3Ru6(CO)21(μ3-HgI)(μ3-H)2], 6, in the yields 15% and 35%, respectively. Both compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. They both contain layer segregated triangular Pt3 and Ru3 groupings stacked one upon the other with the Pt3 group in the center. The heterometal atom occupies a triply bridging position across one of the Ru2Pt triangles. The hydride ligands have adopted triply bridging positions on the two Ru3 triangles.
Calcium dependence of prostaglandin release from the guinea pig Taenia coli.

We studied the calcium dependency of the stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis which occurs when perfusing strips of guinea pig Taenia coli with potassium-free media. Stimulation was rapidly reversed by removal of extracellular Ca from the bathing solution. The Ca ionophore A23187 markedly stimulated prostaglandin E2 synthesis, an effect that is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca. Prostaglandin E2 production in strips in potassiumdeficient media was also sensitive to increases in extracellular Ca, and was augmented at concentrations of 7–15 mM. In strips which had been incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid, exposure to potassium-free media caused an increased release of [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E2. Release of these labeled compounds with the strips in potassium-free media was further augmented by increasing extracellular [Ca2+] from 2.5 to 10 mM. Treatment with the Ca antagonist agent verapamil did not influence activation of prostaglandin synthesis by potassium-deficient media. The presence of Mn2+ or Ba2+ had similar effects on prostaglandin synthesis, although they had opposite effects on mechanical activity. We conclude that a plasma membrane associated Ca pool is involved in activation of phospholipid metabolism which results in release of esterified arachidonic acid and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis. This Ca pool is in rapid equilibrium with extracellular Ca, is. not influenced by cytoplasmic Ca, and is not related to Ca involved in Ca gating in the surface membrane. These data also indicate dissociation between processes involved in muscle contraction and activation of prostaglandin synthesis.
Pulse sequence generated oblique magnetic resonance imaging: Applications to cardiac imaging

A pulse sequence procedure for producing oblique magnetic resonance images is described. Using this procedure we present a new, accurate method to obtain true short-axis views and true long-axis views (both parallel and perpendicular to the septal plane) of the heart. The method is accurate regardless of the orientation of patient's heart. The method does not require the patient to be rotated, nor otherwise moved, and does not require any additional hardware. The method is experimentally verified with both human and phantom studies. The phantom study indicates accuracy of approximately 1 degree with a commercial scanner that reports angular measurements to a precision of 1 degree. Application of the short-axis views to measurement of left ventricular volume, and possible advantages of Gauss-Legendre integration for this measurement are discussed. Finally, multiphase oblique cardiac images are presented.
Maximum-likelihood multispectral pixel-level fusion using a linear-quadratic detector

Past work in multispectral data fusion has focused on either ad-hoc techniques or conventional variants of the multivariate Gaussian model. This work develops a generalized likelihood ratio for pixel-level fusion that utilizes an unconventional region of support for the unknown target signature. The intent is to demonstrate that partial knowledge of target signature or clutter characteristics can be effectively captured and utilized in a fusion algorithm based on this likelihood ratio. The choice of model was motivated by the need to account for the variability of the multispectral target signatures; in essence, the target signature is modeled to be known within a band of spectral intensities. The resulting estimators were determined initially to be computationally complex, growing in complexity at an exponential rate with the number of bands to be fused. One result of the work was that an algorithm was created that kept the complexity cubic with respect to the number of spectral bands. Another intriguing result was that classic linear and quadrati detectors are special cases of the generalized likelihood ratio; the optimum detector structure for orthant support sets is a linear-quadratic detector, where the subsets of bands to be processed in each mode are in effect chosen on-the-fly. Additional results and examples will be presented.
Mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM infects a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM is a coronavirus that causes encephalitis and demyelination in susceptible rodents. The known receptors for MHV are all members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family. Although human forms of the MHV receptor can function as MHV receptors in some assays, no human cell line has been identified that can support wild-type MHV infection. Here we describe the infection of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HuH-7, with MHV. HuH-7 cells were susceptible to strains JHM-DL and JHM-DS, yielding virus titers nearly identical to those seen in mouse DBT cells. In contrast, HuH-7 cells were only marginally susceptible or completely resistant to infection by other MHV strains, including A59. JHM produced a strong cytopathic effect in HuH-7 cells with the formation of round plaques. Studies of various recombinant viruses between JHM and A59 strains suggested that the ability of JHM to infect HuH-7 cells was determined by multiple viral genetic elements. Blocking the viral spike (S) protein with a neutralizing antibody or a soluble form of the MHV receptor inhibited infection of HuH-7 cells, suggesting that infection is mediated through the S protein. Transfection with the prototype mouse receptor, biliary glycoprotein, rendered HuH-7 cells susceptible to infection by other MHV strains as well, suggesting that JHM uses a receptor distinct from the classical MHV receptor to infect HuH-7 cells. Possible implications for human disease are discussed.
Variable region sequence and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to a N,N′,N″-trisubstituted guanidine high potency sweetener

A library of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was made against a trisubstituted guanidinium sweetener (N-(p-cyanophenyl)-N′-(diphenylmethyl)guanidine acetic acid) that is 200,000 times sweeter than sucrose on a molar basis. The mAb were characterized in terms of their ligand affinities, H- and L-chain isotypes and V-region amino acid sequences. Nine of these mAb were found to have dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. The H-chain V-regions were cloned, sequenced and found to be derived from five different families (Q52, X24, J558, 7183 and 36–60). L-chain V-regions were found to be derived from three κ families (Vκ-45, Vκ-1928and Vκ-1) and one lambda family (Vλ-1). Amino acid homologies with these family sequences ranged from 51–91% for heavy chains and 69–97% for light chains. Sequence comparisons with Ig structures solved by X-ray diffraction were made in order to identify canonical structures. Identification and localization of combining region tryptophans (L:96W and H:33W) for two mAb (NC10.8 and NC6.8) supported previous ligand-induced tryptophan fluorescence quenching observations.
A preliminary study of depth filtration at a constant rate

The constant-rate operation of a system utilizing asbestos filter-pads for the cold sterilization of a tissue culture medium is described. Filtration theory is briefly reviewed with regard to the constant-rate process, and the results of several data treatment methods are reported. The standard law of Hermans and Bredee4, 5 best describes the constant-rate data. Computation of the data, when plotted by the standard-law method, results in two straight lines divided by a transition zone. The second region is characterized by a slower plugging rate and a plot of the standard-law slopes versus the initial filtration pressures shows a linear relation. The constant-rate method is compared with the constant-pressure method and is found to yield equivalent overall filtrate rates at lower operating pressures. The observed filtration behaviour is discussed, and available data are presented to indicate the sterilization capability of the filter.
Automated high resolution mass spectrometry for the synthetic chemist

Exact mass measurement at high resolution is an important tool alongside other spectroscopic methods to help confirm the structure of a novel compound prepared by the synthetic chemist. Exact mass measurement is used in the pharmaceutical industry to confirm the expected empirical formula of a product when problems have been experienced using elemental analysis. Because of the amount of manual intervention necessary when acquiring exact mass measurements, especially when using probe ionization techniques such as fast atom bombardment ionization or electron ionization, this method has been seen to be time consuming and labor intensive for the mass spectrometrist. An automated high resolution mass spectrometric method has been developed at Pfizer Central Research which has streamlined exact mass measurement. The method, which uses electrospray ionization on a double focusing mass spectrometer, is described. The samples are analyzed using a flow injection technique, with sodiated polyethylene glycol present in the mobile phase to provide mass reference peaks. The data are acquired and processed using a macro developed “in house.” This automated technique can process 15–20 samples an hour including data processing and report generation, using very small amounts of compound (∼25 µg), but more importantly it can be left to run unattended overnight. This allows the instrument to be used for more complex experiments during the day when it is important to have a mass spectrometrist present. The results presented here demonstrate that this method gives exact mass measurements within an acceptable limit of 5 ppm, and the variation on one sample, injected 10 times, is not excessively high (−1.8 to +1.6 mDa).
Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet.

Abstract Objective Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake. Methods Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car. Results Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners. Conclusions Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.
Cholas, Mexican-American girls, and gangs

Based on interviews with twenty-one present and former female gang members, this study focuses on Mexican-American gang girls as they operate within the Mexican-American gang milieu in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. The violence demanded of gang members is described within the context of the gang subculture. Gang structure, activities, attachment to the group and internalization of the norms of that group, reasons for joining the gang, the group as a source of motivation and support, and sanctions applied to maintain group cohesion are described from the point of view of the gang member herself, providing an internal understanding of her world.
A Rotating Disk Electrode Apparatus for the Study of Fuel Cell Reactions at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

A rotating disk electrode apparatus for studying fuel cell reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures was described. Preliminary data for oxygen reduction in 89.5 percent H3PO4 at temperatures up to 205 C and pressures up to 7.6 A were provided. The Tafel slope was approximately 120 mV/decade and invariant with temperature up to 175 C and pressures near atmospheric. Increasing the pressure to 3 A at 175 C caused the Tafel slope to decrease to a value of approximately RT/F. Above 3 A, the current was proportional to the oxygen pressure. A first order dependence with respect to oxygen pressure was suggested, as well as a mechanism change with increasing oxygen coverage of the platinum. 10 references.
Comprehensive investigation of connectivity map data-towards a drug mode of action network for personalized thnerapy

This work aims at addressing the problems existed in the original cMap algorithm and proposed a new drug Mode-of Action Network construction scheme including data pre-processing, signature gene extraction, network construction and query prediction. Multiple analyses were conducted to investigate the structure of constructed drug mode-of-action network and the cMap based Mode-of-Action network is tested on the independent drug treatment datasets. All result shows our cMap based drug Mode-of-Action network is both statistically and biologically significant and out-perform the original cMap project.
Enhancing sensitivity of the white-light speckle method in terrestrial applications

Noncoherent-light speckle interferometry techniques have been used for terrestrial motion measurements. The long imaging distances typical of these applications limit sensitivity and accuracy because of atmospheric turbidity. Experiments show that the performance of camera systems used to record glacier surface speckle agrees with the predictions of theory developed for astronomical work. Several methods to enhance the technique are suggested.
Work in progress — Application of Mastery Learning in an introductory mathematical physics course

A Mastery approach for learning Engineering Circuit Analysis at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMA) has been successfully implemented, with more than 200 students experiencing the approach. It has yet to be demonstrated if the Mastery Learning approach can be successfully implemented in a different field of study. At the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), many students enter their first year underprepared for both physics and calculus. Therefore, we have created a one-semester course to help students develop the skills needed to succeed in these courses. In this Work-in-Progress, we will summarize the Mastery approach as well as the circumstances that led the Department of Physics and Astronomy to offer this course. We will describe the course and its first implementation during Fall 2009, and we will look at some preliminary results, including students' performance in and attitudes toward the course. Finally, we will make a case for implementing this course for all engineering and science majors, specifically, everyone who plans on taking physics as part of their college major.
Expression of an active proteinase inhibitor, α1-antichymotrypsin, by human breast epithelial cells

Abstract The synthesis of an active proteinase inhibitor, gp 66, by human breast epithelial cells is reported. This glycoprotein is identical to serum α 1 -antichymotrypsin, which inhibits proteinases that cleave at hydrophobic residues. Immunohistological studies show the in vivo expression on normal secretory and ductal epithelial cells and on primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Immunoaffinity-purified gp 66 from MCF-7 culture supernatants is an active inhibitor of chymotrypsin as determined in a fluorogenic enzyme assay and can form stable 88 kDa enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The synthesis of a functional inhibitor may represent the epithelial cell's attempt to stabilize its extracellular milieu.
FLUID MECHANICS APPROACH TO MACHINING AT HIGH SPEEDS: PART I: JUSTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL FLOW MODELS

The need throughout the machining industry for cost reduction and increases in productivity has contributed to new interest in high-speed machining. Even though many models for machining exist, most of them are for low-speed machining, where momentum is negligible and material behavior is well approximated by quasi-static constitutive laws. In machining at high speeds, momentum can be important, and the strain rate can be exceedingly high. For these reasons, a fluid mechanics approach to understanding high-speed, very high-speed, and ultra-high-speed machining is attempted here. It is carefully argued that the potential flow solution is relevant and can be used as a first approximation to model the behavior of a metal during high-speed, very high-speed, or ultra-high-speed machining events. At a minimum, the potential flow solution is qualitatively useful in understanding mechanics of machining at high speeds.
Treatment and Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Disasters and Terrorism: What Is the Evidence?

Youth who are exposed to devastating natural disasters or terrorist attacks report high levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article summarizes evidence on the treatment of PTS reactions in these youth and describes interventions developed for the immediate aftermath of the event, the short-term recovery and rebuilding phase, or the long-term recovery phase. Psychological first aid and evidence-based psychoeducational materials show promise for the early phases of postdisaster recovery. For youth with persistent PTSD, cognitive-behavioral interventions appear promising but require further study. Children and adolescents exposed to disasters and acts of terrorism may need multicomponent interventions because their reactions are often multifaceted and often include other psychological problems.
In-cell NMR spectroscopy.

Interactions between biological macromolecules give rise to and regulate biological activity. This activity is manifest through structural dynamics and changes in the macromolecular structures that comprise these interactions [1-3]. Until recently, mostly in vitro techniques have been used to study macromolecular interactions that govern biological processes under conditions remote from those existing in the cell [4]. With the advent of in-cell Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [4], these processes can now be studied within a cellular environment. In-cell NMR spectroscopy provides atomic level resolution of molecular structures under physiological conditions. NMR-active nuclei in biological macromolecules are extremely sensitive to changes in the chemical environment resulting from specific and non-specific binding interactions with ions, small effector ligands and macromolecules as well as from changes due to biochemical modifications. These interactions alter molecular surfaces and may result in tertiary and quaternary conformational changes, all of which are reflected by changes in the chemical shifts of these nuclei. Thus, by performing NMR spectroscopy on living cells, we can begin to understand the structural underpinning of biological activity. As the field of in-cell NMR spectroscopy has progressed, the severity of early concerns regarding the validity of in-cell NMR for studying biological macromolecules has abated. Chemical shift differences between the resonance peaks of proteins measured in-cell versus those measured in vitro are small, reflecting the effect of the intracellular environment on the protein structure. Potential pitfalls in the technique are the need for abnormally high, non-physiological concentrations of the labeled target because of low signal intensity, the effects of molecular crowding inherent to the cytosol, the relevance of studying prokaryotic proteins in a eukaryotic intracellular milieux, the viability of cells during data acquisition and the ability to expand in-cell methodology to eukaryotic cells. These potential problems have proven to be more tractable than expected [15, 48]. The results have reaffirmed the power of in-cell NMR spectroscopy to measure changes in structure, resulting from post-translational biochemical modification, interactions with other biological molecules and/or allosteric changes resulting from binding interactions under physiological or near physiological conditions and in determining three-dimensional (3D) structures de novo.
Editorial comment on: EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

[45] Herr H, Dalbagni G. Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumours. J Urol 2003;169: 1706–8. [46] Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden A, Witjes JA, et al. High grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology 2005;66(6 Suppl 1):90–107. [47] Solsona E, Iborra I, Dumont R, Rubio-Briones J, Casanova J, Almenar S. The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 2000;164: 685–9.
Epizootiology of Heterotylenchus Autumnalis (Nematoda) Among Face Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Central Iowa, USA

The prevalence of the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis in female Musca autumnalis populations was studied during 1978, 1979, and 1980. Adult face flies swept from cattle dung demonstrated a seasonal nematode prevalence of 9.4% in 1978, 7.4% in 1979, and 19.3% in 1980. A seasonal prevalence of 2.9% was observed among flies swept from fences and cattle in 1978. The comparable 1980 estimate was 4.7%. Most flies having ovaries invaded by nematode larvae were collected primarily on cattle droppings. Host castration usually occurred after the 1st oviposition. Adult nematodes were not independently randomly distributed among their hosts. The hypothetical net reproductive rate of a uniformly nematode-infected face fly population was estimated to be 27% of that of an uninfected but otherwise similar population. The impact of Heterotylenchus parasitism on its host populations was calculated.
Visualizing Functional Group Distribution in Solid-Support Beads by Using Optical Analysis

By using optical analysis to visually slice through fluorescently la- beled ArgoPore, glass, polystyrene, and Tentagel beads, it is possible to establish where the interior functionalization sites occur within these four resins. By de- tecting the fluorescence emission of the fluorophore functionalized beads on cross sections of each bead, the position of the dye moieties, and hence the functional-group distribution, are ob- served. This powerful technique is useful not only in evaluating the polymeriza- tion and amino-functionalization pro- cesses, processes that are relevant to the reactivity of resins during solid-phase synthesis, it also examines the effective concentration of the functional groups throughout the bead. Thus, this tech- nique will provide information that is useful when predicting resin reactivity and behavior during solid-phase synthe- sis reactions.
Oxidation kinetics and mechanisms of Ti-Ta alloys

The oxidation kinetics of alloys containing nominally 5, 40, and 60 weight percent Ta, as well as pure Ti and Ta, were measured for 16 hr in argon-20% oxygen or pure oxygen at 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400°C. These three alloys were chosen as representative of low, intermediate and high-Ta content for comparison to previous studies. In addition to TGA, specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of Ta on the oxidation of Ti is explained by an increase in the compositional range of the oxygen-stabilized α-phase while apparently reducing the solubility of oxygen and the diffusivity of Ti in both the α- and β-phases. The composition which exhibits the minimum oxidation rate varies depending on the temperature and atmosphere, but is governed by the solubility of Ta in oxygen-stabilized α-Ti.
Organizational Size and Work-Family Issues:

Although the number of small businesses has grown significantly, and the majority of American workers are employed by smaller companies, very little attention has been given to conducting research studies about work-family issues in these companies. This article presents information about other business studies that have focused on organizational size, and it highlights several research traditions that can be used to develop future studies of company size and work-family issues: organizational theories, and studies of community and school size. Studies that explore organizational and employee perspectives on work-family issues in smaller businesses are presented. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies to explore the relationship between organizational size and work family issues, including the suggestion that multilevel studies be conducted that combine both organizational and employee perspectives.
An Automated Multiple Response Alternative Training Program for Use with Aphasics

Multiple responses to a configurational sample stimulus were obtained from five male aphasic patients. Through this technique, it was possible to obtain a stop-motion view of perceptual skills and ...
Role of the Acidic Carboxyl-terminal Domain of the Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein of Bacteriophage T7 in Specific Protein-Protein Interactions

The gene 2.5 single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein of bacteriophage T7 is essential for T7 DNA replication and recombination. Earlier studies have shown that the COOH-terminal 21 amino acids of the gene 2.5 protein are essential for specific protein-protein interaction with T7 DNA polymerase and T7 DNA helicase/primase. A truncated gene 2.5 protein, in which the acidic COOH-terminal 21 amino acid residues are deleted no longer supports T7 growth, forms dimers, or interacts with either T7 DNA polymerase or T7 helicase/primase in vitro. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein encoded by Escherichia coli (SSB protein) and phage T4 (gene 32 protein) also have acidic COOH-terminal domains, but neither protein can substitute for T7 gene 2.5 protein in vivo. To determine if the specificity for the protein-protein interaction involving gene 2.5 protein resides in its COOH terminus, we replaced the COOH-terminal region of the gene 2.5 protein with the COOH-terminal region from either E. coli SSB protein or T4 gene 32 protein. Both of the two chimeric proteins can substitute for T7 gene 2.5 protein to support the growth of phage T7. The two chimeric proteins, like gene 2.5 protein, form dimers and interact with T7 DNA polymerase and helicase/primase to stimulate their activities. In contrast, chimeric proteins in which the COOH terminus of T7 gene 2.5 protein replaced the COOH terminus of E. coli SSB protein or T4 gene 32 protein cannot support the growth of phage T7. We conclude that an acidic COOH terminus of the gene 2.5 protein is essential for protein-protein interaction, but it alone cannot account for the specificity of the interaction.
Multi-market contact and competition: evidence from the Depression-era portland cement industry

Abstract Theoretical work has suggested that contact between firms in different markets can facilitate tacit collusion. Empirical work on this link has been limited. We address the paucity of empirical evidence with a novel plant-level dataset for the cement industry during the Great Depression. We find that multi-market contact fosters tacit collusion and higher prices based on a new measure of contact that accounts for capacity utilization. A one standard deviation increase in our measure of contact increases prices by around 4.3%. We then examine the effect of the National Industrial Recovery Act's “Codes of Fair Conduct,” introduced in 1933 to stem deflation through cooperative behavior within industries. We find that the effects of the codes were most strongly felt in markets with the highest level of multi-market contact. This suggests that multi-market contact can be a useful ‘tool’ for firms to support collusive outcomes, tacit or otherwise.
Surgical septal myectomy decreases the risk for appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Aims To determine the impact of surgical myectomy on ventricular arrhythmias in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) correlates with adverse outcomes, including sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with HCM. Surgical myectomy is the primary treatment strategy for relief of symptoms owing to LVOTO and has been hypothesized to decrease the potential for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Methods and results We reviewed the Mayo Clinic HCM database for those patients with HCM who had received implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and grouped the patients into myectomy and non-myectomy groups. Retrospective analysis of the incidence of SCD and appropriate ICD discharge was performed in addition to the analysis of ICD interrogation records. A total of 125 patients defined by these parameters were followed at the Mayo Clinic between 1992 and 2005. New York Heart Association functional class, anti-arrhythmic drug usage, wall thickness, and reasons for ICD implantation were similar between the groups; 118 patients underwent ICD implantation for primary prevention and seven for secondary prevention after sustained ventricular arrhythmias. There were no SCDs during this follow-up period in either group, whereas 12 (17%) patients in the non-myectomy group and only one (2%) patient in the myectomy group sustained appropriate ICD discharges. The average annualized event rate was 4.3% per year in the non-myectomy group, compared with 0.24% per year following myectomy ( P = 0.004). Conclusion These data suggest that surgical myectomy, primarily performed to relieve outflow tract obstruction and severe symptoms in HCM, is associated with a marked reduction in the incidence of appropriate ICD discharge and risk for SCD.
Photoelectrochemistry on RuII-2,2‘-bipyridine-phosphonate-Derivatized TiO2 with the I3-/I- and Quinone/Hydroquinone Relays. Design of Photoelectrochemical Synthesis Cells

Photocurrent measurements have been made on nanocrystalline TiO2 surfaces derivatized by adsorption of a catalyst precursor, [Ru(tpy)(bpy(PO3H2)2)(OH2)]2+, or chromophore, [Ru(bpy)2(bpy(PO3H2)2)]2+ (tpy is 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine, bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine, and bpy(PO3H2)2 is 2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4‘-diphosphonic acid), and on surfaces containing both complexes. This is an extension of earlier work on an adsorbed assembly containing both catalyst and chromophore. The experiments were carried out with the I3-/I- or quinone/hydroquinone (Q/H2Q) relays in propylene carbonate, propylene carbonate−water mixtures, and acetonitrile−water mixtures. Electrochemical measurements show that oxidation of surface-bound RuIII−OH23+ to RuIVO2+ is catalyzed by the bpy complex. Addition of aqueous 0.1 M HClO4 greatly decreases photocurrent efficiencies for adsorbed [Ru(tpy)(bpy(PO3H2)2)(OH2)]2+ with the I3-/I- relay, but efficiencies are enhanced for the Q/H2Q relay in both propylene carbonate−HClO4 and acetonitrile−HClO4 mixture...
Allocation of ATP to synthesis of cells and hydrolytic enzymes in cellulolytic fermentative microorganisms: bioenergetics, kinetics, and bioprocessing.

Under anaerobic, carbon limited conditions, celluloytic fermentative microorganisms face a metabolic choice with respect to the allocation of relatively scarce ATP: to invest it in cells or in hydrolytic enzymes. A model is proposed that defines an allocation parameter reflecting the fractional expenditure of ATP on cell synthesis relative to the total ATP available (gross ATP synthesized less maintenance). This parameter is then incorporated into an ATP-centered model of anaerobic cellulose fermentation based on the ethanol fermentation of yeast and the cellulase system of Trichoderma reesei. Results indicate that high processing rates are possible via a consolidated bioprocessing strategy, especially at high cellulase specific activities, and that cell/cellulase allocation represents an interesting system in which to study, and perhaps exploit, microbial evolution and metabolic control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:316–320, 1998.
Is the Association of “Cup-like” Nuclei With Mutation of the NPM1 Gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Clinically Useful?

Cup-like nuclear invaginations (NIs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts have been associated with NPM1 mutations. Precision for enumeration of NI blasts has not been previously studied. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity for the morphologic prediction of NPM1 mutations have been variously reported. By using 66 AML specimens (17 with NPM1 mutations and 49 without), we found that interobserver reproducibility for enumeration of NI blasts was high (r = 0.98) and that identification of this feature was teachable (r = 0.96). No NPM1 mutation-negative case had greater than 7% NI blasts. The fraction of NI blasts was highly variable among 17 NPM1 mutation-positive cases, ranging from 0% to greater than 40%. These data indicate that an NI blast fraction of more than 10% is highly specific for NPM1 mutation-positive cases but with a sensitivity of about 30%. Therefore, although NI blasts can be reliably identified in routine smears and although they are a specific marker of NPM1 mutation-positive cases, the majority of NPM1 mutation-positive cases lack this distinctive finding.
Estrogen metabolism in the male dog. Uptake and disappearance of specific radioactive estrogens in tissues and plasma following estrone-6,7-3H administration. Identification of estriol-16-alpha, 17-alpha in tissues and urine.

Estrone-6,7-3H was administered to a group of male dogs, which were then sacrificed at 10, 30 and 120 min. Samples of plasma, liver, kidney, heart, omentum and (in a separate experiment) urine were obtained and analyzed for specific radioactive estrogens. Identification was carried out by column partition chromatography and by co-crystallization with authentic nonradioactive estrogen standards. Estrone and estradiol-17β were found in all tissues, plasma and urine. Preferential concentration of estrone was observed in omentum. There was no preferential concentration of estradiol-17β in any tissue. No 2-methoxyestrone was found in any tissue, plasma or urine. There was some evidence for estradiol-17α in liver, but identification was incomplete. Estriol-16α, 17α was found in all urines in relatively high yield. Only traces of estriol were found in 2 of 4 urines. Small amounts of estriol-16α,17α were found in liver and kidney, but not in other tissues or plasma. No other estriol epimers were found in any tiss...
The Effect of Tension on the Electrical Resistance of Single Tetragonal Tin Crystals

The adiabatic tension coefficient of resistance of single tetragonal tin crystals has been determined for various orientations. Bridgman's theory, as modified by Cookson, has been extended to the tetragonal case and the experimental points found to lie within experimental error on the curves computed according to this theory. As measured directly, the tension coefficients depend both on the primary and secondary orientations of the crystal; for $\ensuremath{\theta}={90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ they depend on the secondary orientation which is contrary to what has been found in the case of the trigonal crystals studied. The tension coefficients for specific resistance are found by allowing for the change in resistance which necessarily arises from the change in dimensions and these are found to be independent of the secondary orientation whatever the primary orientation, again contrary to what holds for trigonal crystals.
Ripening and growth of zinc oxide nanorods from nanoparticles in 1,4 butanediol solvent

Zinc oxide nanorod formation in 1,4-butanediol was studied as a function of time and temperature using TEM and UV–Vis absorption spectra. Nanorod morphologies are formed by annealing of dilute nanodots, initially formed by sol–gel reaction in 1,4-butanediol. The nanorod morphology is unusual in the termination of the c-axis facets, with one end perpendicular to the a facets (flat) and the other faceted into a six-sided point. Ripening of nanodots proceeds via the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner model of diffusion limited coarsening, and annealing at elevated temperature leads a transition to nanorod morphologies. Nanoparticle dissolution and shape development affect the axial ratio of the growing nanorods. Evidence of oriented attachment was not observed in the ripening study. The use of 1,4-butanediol allows for higher temperature reaction than in alcohols, without the use of pressure vessels.
The Butterfly Effect: The Impact of Citizenship Education

This article tells the story of a classroom teacher's journey with her elementary students as they attempt to understand and define citizenship. The narrative highlights the process of using an emergent curriculum, creating a democratic classroom, and facilitating an active citizenship project led by students. The authors provide steps to help classroom teachers implement a social action curriculum, and they also include children's literature connections.
Trypanosoma cruzi: recognition of a 43-kDa muscle glycoprotein by autoantibodies present during murine infection.

Abstract The production of autoimmune antibodies during infection with the hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has been previously reported by this and other laboratories. The present investigation indicates a potential target in normal heart tissue that may be the binding site for the autoimmune antibodies. Using Western blot analysis, sera obtained from chronically infected C57 B1/6 mice was examined for its ability to recognize normal tissue antigens from uninfected syngeneic animals. Antibodies from chronic sera recognized an antigen in normal mouse heart and skeletal muscle tissue at a molecular weight between 43 and 45 kilodaltons (kDa). This proposed target antigen was found in cytoplasmic extracts from normal heart antigen preparations. The autoantibody recognition of the normal tissue in Western blots was inhibited by periodate oxidation of the antigen sample. This suggests that the binding of the autoantibodies may be dependent upon a glycosylation present on the antigen targets. Isotype analysis indicated that the autoreactive antibodies are of the IgM and IgG2b isotypes. These results suggest that a target for autoantibodies in Chagas" disease may be a 43- to 45-kDa glycoprotein found in normal heart and skeletal muscle tissue. Exposure of the immune system to this antigen may follow the damaging effects of the parasite itself, or of the immune response toward the parasite. In either scenario the identification of a target in the ongoing autoimmunity may help to define the autoimmune process in American Trypanosomiasis.
Metamodel based model transformation language

The Model Driven Architecture (MDA) can have a greater impact by expanding its scope to Domain Specific MDA (DSMDA). DSMDA is the use of MDA for a particular domain. This helps developers to represent their systems using familiar domain concepts. For each DSMDA, a transformer is needed to convert Domain Specific Platform Independent Models (DSPIM -s) to Domain Specific Platform Specific Models (DSPDM-s). Such model transformers are time consuming and error prone to develop and maintain. Hence, a high-level specification language to formally specify the behavior of model transformers is required. The language must also have an execution framework, which can be used to execute the specifications in the language. This research proposes to develop such a language and execution framework that will help to considerably speed-up the development time for model transformers.