cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic characterization of MHC class I genes of the horse.

The availability of a contig of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones spanning the equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) made possible a detailed analysis of horse MHC class I genes. Prior to this study, only a single horse MHC class I gene had been sequenced at the genomic level. Although many (∼60) MHC class I cDNA sequences had been determined and published, from this information, it was not possible to determine how many class I loci are expressed in horses or to assign individual sequences to allelic series. In this study, 15 MHC class I genes were identified in BAC subclones and fully sequenced. Because the BAC library donor horse had been bred for homozygosity at the MHC, these 15 genomic clones represent distinct MHC class I genes and pseudogenes and not alleles at a smaller number of loci. For five of the genes, cDNA sequences from these loci had previously been identified. Two additional expressed class I genes were discovered, bringing the known total of different equine MHC class I genes (loci) expressed as mRNA to seven. Expression of all seven loci was detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction in adult, fetal, and placental tissues. The remaining eight genes were designated as pseudogenes. This work resulted in moderate expansion of the horse MHC BAC contig length, and the remaining gap was shortened. The information contained in these equine MHC class I sequences will permit comparison of MHC class I genes expressed across different horse MHC haplotypes and between horses and other mammalian species.
A note on the maximum revenue tariff

Abstract This note attempts to prove that the maximum revenue tariff when the tariff revenue is measured in units of the exportable good will be higher than the maximum revenue tariff when the tariff revenue is measured in units of the importable good.
Transgenic manipulation of plant embryo sacs tracked through cell-type-specific fluorescent markers: cell labeling, cell ablation, and adventitious embryos

Expression datasets relating to the Arabidopsis female gametophyte have enabled the creation of a tool set which allows simultaneous visual tracking of each specific cell type (egg, synergids, central cell, and antipodals). This cell-specific, fluorescent labeling tool-set functions from gametophyte cellularization through fertilization and early embryo development. Using this system, cell fates were tracked within Arabidopsis ovules following molecular manipulations, such as the ablation of the egg and/or synergids. Upon egg cell ablation, it was observed that a synergid can switch its developmental fate to become egg/embryo-like upon loss of the native egg. Also, manipulated was the fate of the somatic ovular cells, which can become egg- and embryo-like, reminiscent of adventitious embryony. These advances represent initial steps toward engineering synthetic apomixis resulting in seed derived wholly from the maternal plant. The end goal of applied apomixis research, fixing important agronomic traits such as hybrid vigor, would be a key benefit to agricultural productivity.
Vitamin A and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis by cell-free particle suspensions.

In continuation of previous work from this laboratory, a system was developed consisting of particles from colon homogenates sedimenting at 20000 × g (after removal of whole cells and debris at 1000 × g), which could effect net synthesis of mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines from glucose 6-phosphate, glutamine, ATP, UTP, DPN and Mg2+. Whereas the whole homogenate had an absolute requirement for, at least, ATP, UTP and DPN, the particles required at least glucose 6-P and Mg2+. The average of mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines formed was 2.8 μmoles/100 mg protein for whole homogenate 7.3 μmoles for the 20000 × g particle suspension, and 0.6 μmole for the cell-up and microsome fraction on incubation for 3 h at 37°. Histological examination showed the particles to be cell-free, bacteriological tests (after incubations with chloromyceetin, which gave normal mucopolysaccharide synthesis) revealed no bacterial contamination. The formation of mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines showed an approximately linear relationship with the amount of protein in the particles incubated. Mucopolysaccharide synthesis was lower with UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-acetylglucosamine as substrates in place of glucose 6-P. The level of mucopolysaccharide-bound hexosamines formed by whole homogenates of vitamin A-deficient rats was reduced to 0.27 μmole/100 mg of protein, by vitamin A-deficient particles to less than 0.1 μmole. Complete restoration of the latter to the normal level of mucopolysaccharide synthesis with added vitamin A was not possible, but could be so restored by adding a metabolite derived from vitamin A acid.
Gynecological care for adolescents with disability: physician comfort, perceived barriers, and potential solutions.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to assess the barriers to gynecologic care for adolescents with disability in this state. Design Providers of gynecologic care in Utah were surveyed to assess existing conditions, attitudes, and comfort levels regarding this population. Results The survey was completed by 136 gynecologic clinicians (50% return rate). The comfort level among surveyed clinicians in providing gynecological care to disabled adolescents was relatively low, even for routine screening. Respondents identified the following as barriers to providing this care: time, reimbursement, inadequate knowledge, and disability-related issues (office access and preference to not serve this population). Suggested solutions included: continuing education programs, consultation to practices on serving both youth and individuals with disability, and better billing mechanisms. Conclusion While many of the surveyed clinicians are comfortable providing care to adolescents with disability, a substantial number are not. Respondents perceive many barriers to providing care to this population, though the barriers appear modifiable. Potential interventions were identified which should be tested for their effectiveness in improving access to quality care for this underserved population.
Interlaminar shear strength measurement of ceramic composites by asymmetric four point bend shear test

Asymmetric four-point bend test is used for the measurement of interlaminar shear strength of ceramic composite. It is shown by finite element analysis that the method provides a reasonably good approximation to a constant shear state in the sample. The use of very small samples makes this method very attractive, especially during the material development stage, when larger samples may be impractical or impossible to fabricate. This technique is also useful when bigger samples would be prohibitively expensive or impractical.
The CCL2-CCR2 system affects the progression and clearance of intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been associated with inflammation and apoptosis. The CCL2-CCR2 chemotactic system is one of the major signaling pathways that induce inflammation and apoptosis. However, its role on ICH has not been investigated. We subjected wild-type, CCL2(-/-) , and CCR2(-/-) mice to collagenase-induced ICH, and assessed histological and behavioral outcomes. Lack of CCL2 or CCR2 decreased the hematoma volume early after collagenase-induced ICH but delayed its recovery. The hematoma size was accompanied by brain edema, neuronal death, and neurological scores. Although microglia activation/migration was attenuated in CCL2(-/-) or CCR2(-/-) mice 1 day after injury, more microglia were present at later time points, suggesting that alternative signaling pathways had been activated to recruit them. On the contrary, leukocyte and neutrophil infiltration were decreased in these mice, suggesting a tighter/recovered blood-brain barrier. In addition, we also found that FL- and K104Stop-CCL2 were able to restore the changes found in CCL2(-/-) mice, but K104A-CCL2 failed to do so. These results suggest that plasmin-mediated truncation of CCL2 may be an indispensable step to fully activate the chemokine in vivo. The data also indicate that CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway may be a molecular target for the treatment of ICH.
Enhanced photocurrent and photoluminescence spectra in MoS 2 under ionic liquid gating

We report substantial improvements and modulation in the photocurrent (PC) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of monolayer MoS2 recorded under electrostatic and ionic liquid gating conditions. The photocurrent and photoluminescence spectra show good agreement with a dominant peak at 1.85 eV. The magnitude of the photoluminescence can be increased 300% by ionic liquid gating due to the passivation of surface states and trapped charges that act as recombination centers. The photocurrent also doubles when passivated by the ionic liquid. Interestingly, a significant shift of the PL peak position is observed under electrostatic (14 meV) and ionic liquid (30 meV) gating, as a result of passivation. The ionic liquid provides significant screening without any externally applied voltage, indicating that these surface recombination centers have net charge. The acute sensitivity of monolayer MoS2 to ionic liquid gating and passivation arises because of its high surface-to-volume ratio, which makes it especially sensitive to trapped charge and surface states. These results reveal that, in order for efficient optoelectronic devices to be made from monolayer MoS2, some passivation strategy must be employed to mitigate the issues associated with surface recombination.
The Gray Lecture 2001: coming technical advances in radiation oncology.

Abstract Purpose: To review the current limits on the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) due to technical factors and to assess the potential for major improvements in technology. Methods and Materials: The method of this review was to assess the efficacy of current RT in general terms; strategies for improving RT; historical record of technological advances; rationale for further reductions of treatment volume; and importance of defining and excluding nontarget tissues from the target volume. The basis for the interest in proton beam RT is developed, and the relative dose distributions of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and intensity-modulated proton RT (IMPT) are discussed. The discovery of the proton and the first proposal that protons be used in RT is described. This is followed by a brief mention of the clinical outcome studies of proton RT. Likely technical advances to be integrated into advanced proton RT are considered, specifically, four-dimensional treatment planning and delivery. Finally, the increment in cost of some of these developments is presented. Results: For definitive RT, dose limits are set by the tolerance of normal tissues/structures adjacent or near to the target. Using imaging fusion of CT, MRI, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, and other studies will result in improved definition of the target margins. Proton beams are likely to replace photon beams because of their physical characteristics. Namely, for each beam path, the dose deep to the target is zero, across the target it is uniform, and proximal to the target it is less. Proton therapy can use as many beams, beam angles, noncoplanar, and dynamic, as well as static, intensity modulation, as can photon plans. The ability for much greater accuracy in defining the target position in space and then maintaining the target in a constant position in the radiation beam despite target movement between and during dose fractions will be possible. The cost of proton RT will be modestly higher than comparable high technology photon therapy. Conclusion: The technology of RT is clearly experiencing intense and rapid technical developments as pertains to treatment planning and dose delivery. It is predicted that radical dose RT will move to proton beam technology and that the treatment will be four dimensional (the fourth dimension is time). The impact will be higher tumor control probability and reduced frequency and severity of treatment-related morbidity.
An evaluation of different composite resin systems finished with various abrasives

When a restorative material is considered, a primary clinical requisite is that the material maintains a surface polish as smooth as possible. Plaque retention, surface discoloration, and restoration appearance have been directly related to the surface smoothness of the tooth and restoration. This study evaluates the effects of currently available polishing systems on a microfilled, a hybrid, and a small-particle composite resin system. Each of these three systems also has a material designated for anterior and posterior use. The results showed that the surface roughness of the finished composite resin is not dependent on the size of the filler particles, and that currently available polishing disk systems can create a surface finish statistically equivalent to that produced by a Mylar strip.
Modelling of two-dimensional spatial effects on the spread of forest pests and their management

This work reports the modelling of forest pests, using a recent model for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) populations in a two-dimensional, homogeneous stand of host trees. While the underlying dynamics of the model may be either periodic or chaotic, it was found that if spraying is done, the observed dynamics appear to be chaotic. In addition, it was found that in some cases, spraying with a strong pesticide can actually benefit the pest, increasing the amount of damage done to the foliage. Under some conditions it was found that a small land-owner may not be at a disadvantage if the area surrounding his/her land is not treated with a pesticide.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PENDULUM DAMPING EFFECT IN SOLID DENSITY SYSTEM

The magnetic damping structure was used in measuring the gravitational constant G by torsion balance. The main purpose is to reduce the effect of pendulum vibration modes. This effect can affect the position of torsion balance. When we use the method A mentioned in OIML R111 to measure density, the pendulum vibration modes of the hanging pan will also be found. In this paper, we will try to introduce the magnetic damping structure to be used on the hanging pan and will present the results of density measurement with the magnetic damper used.
History of far-infrared research. I. The Rubens era

The spectroscopic work of H. Rubens and his collaborators began with studies of the near infrared and progressed in steps to the far infrared. During the period from 1892 to 1922, several milestones were reached both in the development of experimental techniques and equipment and in the wide range of problems that were attacked.
Classification of Nonlinear Dynamics of Human Posture Using Support Vector Machines

Human postural control can be modeled as a complex, non-linear multi-sensory and multi actuation system. Postural control requires a balance between various sensory inputs and the corresponding response in a motor control framework. Various motor control disorders result in a propensity for fall. In this paper, a classification scheme using support vector machines (SVM) is investigated to classify individuals between healthy and those prone to balance disorders including falls. First, a computational model is described to illustrate the proposed approach. It is shown that using SVM, in conjunction with L2 Norm associated with the phase space trajectories, it is possible to classify fallers and non-fallers. This metric can then be utilized for clinical application upon further evaluation. This may benefit clinical evaluation of Parkinson’s subjects by complementing the widely used UPDRS scale.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Lattice dynamics and the high-pressure equation of state of Au

Elastic constants and zone-boundary phonon frequencies of gold are calculated by total energy electronic structure methods to twofold compression. A generalized force constant model is used to interpolate throughout the Brillouin zone and evaluate moments of the phonon distribution. The moments are used to calculate the volume dependence of the Gr\"uneisen parameter in the fcc solid. Using these results with ultrasonic and shock data, we formulate the complete free energy for solid Au. This free energy is given as a set of closed-form expressions, which are valid to compressions of at least ${V/V}_{0}=0.65$ and temperatures up to melting. Beyond this density, the Hugoniot enters the solid-liquid mixed phase region. Effects of shock melting on the Hugoniot are discussed within an approximate model. We compare with proposed standards for the equation of state to pressures of $\ensuremath{\sim}200\mathrm{GPa}.$ Our result for the room-temperature isotherm is in very good agreement with an earlier standard of Heinz and Jeanloz.
Near-exact enthalpy–entropy compensation governs the thermal unfolding of protonation states of oxidized cytochrome c

This paper reports the first quantitative analysis of the thermal transitions of all protonation states of oxidized horse heart cytochrome c at low anion concentration. Changes of secondary and tertiary structure were probed by ultraviolet (UV) as well as visible circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The temperature dependence of spectra were recorded at pH values assignable to a set of different protonation states which encompass the canonical Theorell–Akesson states and the recently discovered III* state. Our experimental data suggest a two-step process of thermal unfolding for all protonation states. The respective thermodynamic parameters were obtained from a global analysis of the temperature dependence of corresponding visible circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectra. The results of this analysis revealed a statistically significant enthalpy–entropy compensation with different apparent compensation temperatures for the two consecutive thermal transitions (319 and 357 K). This reflects the narrow distribution of the respective folding temperatures. UVCD spectra suggest that even the thermal transitions of protonation states occupied at acidic and alkaline pH cause only a very modest unfolding of the protein’s helical structure. Our data indicate the protonation-induced unfolding at room temperatures predominantly affects the Ω-loops of the protein. The two thermal transitions involve changes of two foldons, i.e. the unfolding of two short β-strand segments (associated with the yellow foldon) followed by the unfolding of the 60′ helix (green foldon) that connects the two Ω-loops of the protein. Apparently, intra-backbone hydrogen bonding is strong enough to mostly protect the terminal N- and C-helices from unfolding even at rather extreme conditions. .
The role of social support and acculturative stress in health-related quality of life among day laborers in Northern San Diego.

There is evidence to suggest that Latino day laborers experience higher levels of acculturative stress than Latinos in employment sectors in the US. Given the stress-buffering role that social support plays in minimizing the negative physical and mental health outcomes of stress, this study examined this relationship in a sample of 70 Latino Day laborers in the northern San Diego area (100% male, mean age = 27.7, SD = 9.1). Results from multivariate regression analyses showed that there was a significant interaction effect between social support and acculturative stress (P = 0.025) on physical health, indicating that higher levels of social support buffered the negative effects of acculturative stress on physical health. Acculturative stress and social support were not associated with mental health status. Overall, these findings suggest that fostering social support may be an essential strategy for promoting health among Latino male day laborers.
PSYCHOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF ROSSITER'S SHORT TEST MEASURING CHILDREN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD TV COMMERCIALS

A psychometric investigation was conducted of Rossiter's test (1977) to measure children's attitudes toward television commercials. The factor analyses conducted on different populations of test-takers suggested empirical difficulties in the number and nature of dimensions underlying the scale.
Carbon dioxide enhancement of tree growth at high elevations.

Three letters are presented that present divergent views on carbon dioxide enhancement of tree growth at high elevation.
Electroweak processes and the SAMPLE experiment

Abstract The neutral weak form factors of the nucleon provide crucial new information on the internal structure of the nucleon, such as a determination of the strange quark-antiquark contributions. The measurement of parity violation in elastic electron-nucleon scattering can be used to study these form factors. We have recently obtained the first results on the neutral weak magnetic form factor using this method in the SAMPLE experiment at the Bates Linear Accelerator Center. The status of this experiment and future experiments at other laboratories is discussed.
Seismic identification of along-axis hydrothermal flow on the East Pacific Rise

Hydrothermal circulation at the axis of mid-ocean ridges affects the chemistry of the lithosphere and overlying ocean, supports chemosynthetic biological communities and is responsible for significant heat transfer from the lithosphere to the ocean. It is commonly thought that flow in these systems is oriented across the ridge axis, with recharge occurring along off-axis faults, but the structure and scale of hydrothermal systems are usually inferred from thermal and geochemical models constrained by the geophysical setting, rather than direct observations. The presence of microearthquakes may shed light on hydrothermal pathways by revealing zones of thermal cracking where cold sea water extracts heat from hot crustal rocks, as well as regions where magmatic and tectonic stresses create fractures that increase porosity and permeability. Here we show that hypocentres beneath a well-studied hydrothermal vent field on the East Pacific Rise cluster in a vertical pipe-like zone near a small axial discontinuity, and in a band that lies directly above the axial magma chamber. The location of the shallow pipe-like cluster relative to the distribution and temperature of hydrothermal vents along this section of the ridge suggests that hydrothermal recharge may be concentrated there as a consequence of the permeability generated by tectonic fracturing. Furthermore, we interpret the band of seismicity above the magma chamber as a zone of hydrothermal cracking, which suggests that hydrothermal circulation may be strongly aligned along the ridge axis. We conclude that models that suggest that hydrothermal cells are oriented across-axis, with diffuse off-axis recharge zones, may not apply to the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise.
Strain behavior of magnetostrictive particulate composites

A new theory is presented of the nonlinear magneto-elastic behavior of magnetically dilute magnetostrictive particulate composites. The theory assumes a uniform external magnetic field is operating on a large number of well distributed, crystallographically and shape parallel ellipsoidal magnetostrictive particles encased in an elastic, nonmagnetic composite matrix. The aspect ratio of the particulates may vary between 1 to infinity and the volume fraction of the particulates may vary between zero and one. Example calculations show that the model is able to provide qualitatively correct magnetostriction curves for both homogeneous Terfenol-D rod and experimental Terfenol-D particulate actuated epoxy matrix composites.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comment on ''Valence QCD: Connecting QCD to the quark model''

The author criticize certain conclusions about the physics of hadrons drawn from a ``valence QCD'' approximation to QCD. Lattice QCD is not just useful as a technique for calculating strong interaction observables like the proton mass: it can also be used to help understand QCD. This is the goal of the work described in reference 1. Its authors present a field theory which they call valence QCD (vQCD) which they hope can be identified with the valence quark model. The key feature built into vQCD is a form of suppression of Z-graphs, i.e., of quarks propagating backward in time. The authors make sound arguments for the importance of trying to capture the essence of the quark model in a field-theoretic framework, and present some interesting results (both theoretical and numerical) on vQCD. This comment is not directed at the goals of vQCD but rather at certain conclusions about the physics of hadrons which the authors have drawn from their work which the author considers unjustified. Foremost among these is the claim highlighted in their abstract that baryon hyperfine interactions are ``largely attributed to the Goldstone boson exchanges between the quarks'' and not to standard one-gluon-exchange (OGE) forces.
Approximation for the variance of the waiting time in a GI/G/1 queue

Abstract Obtaining a computable expression for the variance of the waiting time in a GI/G/1 queue is extremely difficult. We use the concept of isomorphism in this paper to develop such an approximation. The concept of isomorphism consists of identifying a surrogate system which has some points of similarity with a given system. Such an idea may be used in the applications involving reliability, inventory, queueing and insurance systems. In this paper, we replace a GI/G/1 system with an equivalent M/G/1 system and use the expression for the variance of the waiting time in an M/G/1 system to approximate the variance in a GI/G/1 system. We present simulation results to demonstrate the quality of our approximation.
THE GROWTH OF MURINE LYMPHOMATOUS TUMOUR-CELLS AS DETERMINED BY HOST SURVIVAL-TIME.

Summary(1) A cell-dose-survival-time method of study has been developed for the LSA ascites lymphoma of C57Bl/Ka mice for the intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation of tumour-cells.(2) A growth-model using survival-time as end-point has been experimentally studied. The generation time, as determined indirectly by survival-time, conforms with estimates of this parameter by direct means and suggests that murine lymphomatous tumour-cells grow exponentially during much of their growth in vivo under a given set of conditions. The mean rate of tumour-cell growth may differ according to site of growth. Death apparently occurs at a critical tumour-cell number in the range of inocula studied.(3) Methods are described for the handling of the experimental data, for the estimation of the generation time, for the threshold number of tumour-cells which, when present in the host, may result in its death.(4) Whole-body x-irradiation given after the inoculation of the tumour-cells will prolong the survival-time by pr...
Fluid-Structure Simulations for a 2D Fire Applications

This study is on the development of numerical algorithms and models for simulation of a structure response in a fire. The flow field from the fire plume is modeled using the 2D Navier-Stokes equations supplemented with a transport equation for thermal energy and solved using a vorticity-streamfunction approach. Coupling of the fluid to the FEM based structure model is based on the use of a level set method describing the structure geometry in the fluid domain. The level set function allows for computation of normal gradients at the fluid-solid interface to enforce local boundary conditions of heat and mass transfer at prescribed fluid-structure coupling time increments. Numerical simulations of a two-dimensional composite cantilever beam subject to convection heat loading from a fire plume are presented requiring coupling of both the thermal and mass transfer processes at the fluid-structure interface. Results are presented showing the thermal response of a composite beam to a fire plume and the sensitivity of the heating to fire location.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dim nighttime illumination accelerates adjustment to timezone travel in an animal model.

Summary Jetlag reflects a mismatch between local and circadian time following rapid timezone travel [1]. Appropriately timed bright light can shift human circadian rhythms but recovery is slow (e.g., 1–2 days per timezone). Most symptoms subside after resynchronization, but chronic jetlag may have enduring negative effects [2], including even accelerated mortality in mice [3]. Melatonin, prescription drugs, and/or exercise may help shift the clock but, like bright light, require complex schedules of application [1]. Thus, there is a need for more efficient and practical treatments for addressing jetlag. In contrast to bright daytime lighting, nighttime conditions have received scant attention. By incorporating more naturalistic nighttime lighting comparable in intensity to dim moonlight, we demonstrate that recovery after simulated jetlag is accelerated when nights are dimly lit rather than completely dark.
Prediction of indentation-load dependence of fracture strengths from R-curves of toughened ceramics

Rising-crack-growth resistance or R-curves evaluated by direct measurements of crack lengths associated with indentation flaws in a sintered silicon nitride and a sintered and isostatically hot pressed (HIPed) SiC (whisker)-reinforced alumina were used to predict the corresponding indentation-load dependence of fracture strengths. Two empirical R-curve functions, a power law and an exponential function, were fitted to the R-curve data for the analysis. Fracture strengths were calculated by a combined numerical and graphical procedure that determined the point of tangency between crack-driving forces and the R-curves. The results revealed that the exponential function gave a better prediction of the measured log fracture-strength versus log indentation-load relation than the power law. The exponential function also predicted a nearly linear relation between log fracture-strength and log indentation-load, thus indicating that the apparent linearity of this plot is not adequate evidence to assume a power-law R-curve function. This study, therefore, reinforces the case for R-curve evaluations to be based on direct crack-length measurements rather than strength measurements, because the indentation-load dependence of the fracture strength is not sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between potential R-curve functions.
Preparation and characterization of diruthenium(II,III) compounds containing terminal olefin groups

Abstract 4-Vinylbenzoic acid reacted with Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)3(OAc)Cl and cis-Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)2(OAc)2Cl (D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F is N,N′-bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl)formamidinate) to yield Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)3(4-vinylbenzoate)Cl (1) and cis-Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)2(4-vinylbenzoate)2Cl (2), respectively. Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)3(OAc)Cl reacted with 5-hexenoic acid and 6-heptenoic acid to afford Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)3(5-hexenoate)Cl (3) and Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F)3(6-heptenoate)Cl (4), respectively. All new compounds were characterized using voltammetric and Vis–NIR spectroscopic techniques, and the structures of 1 and 2 were also established through X-ray single crystal diffractions.
Development of Surface Engineered Nanostructured Photoanodes for Enhanced Photo Electrochemical Processes

A number of metal oxide semiconductors based photoelectrochemical processes have been utilized in environmental and energy related application. With increased urgency in the search for alternative sources of energy, photoelectrolysis of water for generation of hydrogen using solar radiation has attracted great attention. Several metal oxide semiconductors have been considered as promising materials for photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen. They are photostable, chemically inert, and cost effective. However, most stable semiconducting electrodes have large band gaps and hence low efficiency for photo-conversion for the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Reduction of band gap by doping the bulk of the semiconductor has not been found successful since such a process introduces charge carrier traps and compromises electron conduction and material durability. Vertical and ordered nanotubular titania (TiO2) arrays were synthesized by electrochemical anodization of Ti thin foils. Plasma surface doping of TiO2 nanotubular photoanodes resulted in a significantly enhanced photocurrent density.
Flux distribution in a steel side shield

Abstract Measurement has been made of the distribution of secondary particles in a steel side shield near a tungsten alloy target illuminated by high-energy protons. Secondaries were detected using 11 C activation, and the effect of unspecified targets was cancelled by subtracting “target-out”.data. The resulting distribution does not support a uniform attenuation length. These results provide design criteria for steel side shields, particularly close-coupled shields.
Stimuli-responsive copolymer solution and surface assemblies for biomedical applications

Stimuli-responsive polymeric materials is one of the fastest growing fields of the 21st century, with the annual number of papers published more than quadrupling in the last ten years. The responsiveness of polymer solution assemblies and surfaces to biological stimuli (e.g. pH, reduction–oxidation, enzymes, glucose) and externally applied triggers (e.g. temperature, light, solvent quality) shows particular promise for various biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical diagnostics, and bioseparations. Furthermore, the integration of copolymer architectures into stimuli-responsive materials design enables exquisite control over the locations of responsive sites within self-assembled nanostructures. The combination of new synthesis techniques and well-defined copolymer self-assembly has facilitated substantial developments in stimuli-responsive materials in recent years. In this tutorial review, we discuss several methods that have been employed to synthesize self-assembling and stimuli-responsive copolymers for biomedical applications, and we identify common themes in the response mechanisms among the targeted stimuli. Additionally, we highlight parallels between the chemistries used for generating solution assemblies and those employed for creating copolymer surfaces.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF TWO PLANKTONIC DIATOMS IN STEADY STATE CULTURE1,2

SUMMARY Minimum phosphorus requirements of 2 marine diatoms, Cylindrotheca (Nitzschia) closterium and Cyclotella nana, were measured in axenic steady state chemostat culture. C. closterium and C. nana required 1.055 and 1.045 × 10−15 g-at P cell−1 generation−1, respectively, with an average cell doubling time of 0.20 divisions/day. The algae were cultured at 15.5 C and exposed to 5380 lux on a light-dark cycle of 19 hr-5 hr. The phosphorus requirement per unit of cell volume was 0.0135 and 0.0129 × 10−15 g-at P/μ3 of cell volume for C. closterium and C. nana, respectively.
Heterogeneity and function of KATP channels in canine hearts

Background The concept that pore-forming Kir6.2 and regulatory SUR2A subunits form cardiac ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels is challenged by recent reports that SUR1 is predominant in mouse atrial K ATP channels. Objective To assess SUR subunit composition of K ATP channels and consequence of K ATP activation for action potential duration (APD) in dog hearts. Methods Patch-clamp techniques were used on isolated dog cardiomyocytes to investigate K ATP channel properties. Dynamic current clamp, by injection of a linear K + conductance to simulate activation of the native current, was used to study the consequences of K ATP activation on APD. Results Metabolic inhibitor (MI)-activated current was not significantly different from pinacidil (SUR2A-specific)-activated current, and both currents were larger than diazoxide (SUR1-specific)-activated current in both the atrium and the ventricle. Mean K ATP conductance (activated by MI) did not differ significantly between chambers, although, within the ventricle, both MI-induced and pinacidil-induced currents tended to decrease from the epicardium to the endocardium. Dynamic current-clamp results indicate that myocytes with longer baseline APDs are more susceptible to injected K ATP current, a result reproduced in silico by using a canine action potential model (Hund-Rudy) to simulate epicardial and endocardial myocytes. Conclusions Even a small fraction of K ATP activation significantly shortens APD in a manner that depends on existing heterogeneity in K ATP current and APD.
Review found little difference between sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) dental implants and modified surface (SLActive) implants

Data sources Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register and OpenGREY databases were searched together with the reference lists of identified articles. Study selection Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies of at least six month duration were included. Studies/ case series in which there was only one implant surface (SLA or SLActive) and one loading protocol (immediate or early) were also considered. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers screened, selected and
The reproduction number of seasonal influenza epidemics in Brazil, 1996–2006

The transmission dynamics of influenza in tropical regions are poorly understood. Here we explore geographical variations in the reproduction number of influenza across equatorial, tropical and subtropical areas of Brazil, based on the analysis of weekly pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality time series in 27 states. The reproduction number ( R ) was low on average in Brazil (mean = 1.03 (95% CI 1.02–1.04), assuming a serial interval of 3 days). Estimates of the reproduction number were slightly lower for Brazil than for the USA or France (difference in mean R = 0.08, p < 0.01) and displayed less between-year variation ( p < 0.001). Our findings suggest a weak gradient in the reproduction number with population size, where R increases from low population in the North to high population in the South of Brazil. Our low estimates of the reproduction number suggest that influenza population immunity could be high on average in Brazil, potentially resulting in increased viral genetic diversity and rate of emergence of new variants. Additional epidemiological and genetic studies are warranted to further characterize the dynamics of influenza in the tropics and refine our understanding of the global circulation of influenza viruses.
Antioxidant potential is positively correlated with mitochondrial enzyme activity in Antarctic and non-Antarctic notothenioid fishes

Antarctic notothenioid fishes possess high oxidative capacities, large amounts of intracellular lipid combined with biological membranes enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, all of which could make these animals susceptible to oxidative injury, particularly in the form of lipid peroxidation. The central objective in this study was to examine capacities for oxidative metabolism and total antioxidant defense in Antarctic and non-Antarctic notothenioids in order to test the hypothesis that the cold-bodied Antarctic fishes possess elevated activities of citrate synthase (CS), matched by a more robust antioxidant (AOX) defense, than non-Antarctic species. CS activities and total AOX capacities were measured in brain and heart of 4 Antarctic species and 2 non-Antarctic species collected on the 2004 ICEFISH cruise. While no statistical differences are found among Antarctic and non-Antarctic fishes in either CS or AOX capacities, AOX capacity in both tissues expands with CS activity among individuals measured when all species are combined. There is also a 4.5-fold greater AOX capacity, when normalized to CS activity, in brain than in heart indicating the requirement for extra AOX defense in a tissue well known for its particularly high levels of phospholipids more prone to lipid peroxidation.
Emotion regulation related to children's future externalizing and internalizing behaviors.

PROBLEM: Emotion regulation in children is a construct with important theoretical and clinical implications for healthcare providers, yet currently there is not a reliable and valid instrument that can be easily administered to young children. METHODS: The study was based on interviews with 126 children ages 5.5–12 years from a longitudinal study conducted over 4 years. Reliability, internal construct, and discriminant and predictive validity were examined. FINDINGS: The study was able to distinguish between two types of emotions, sadness and anger, and provided evidence that outcomes may be different for each of these emotion dysregulations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical evidence that an interview with children as young as 5.5 years can provide researchers with a reliable and valid measure of emotion
Use of Piloted Simulation for Evaluation of Abrupt-Wing-Stall Characteristics

A piloted simulation architecture is presented for evaluating uncommanded wing drop due to asymmetric abrupt wing stall for a given aircraft configuration. The architecture incorporates a newly proposed aerodynamic modeling technique that characterizes the wing drop motion as being triggered by aerodynamic stall, modeled by a nonzero basic rolling moment coefficient, and sustained by reduced or propelling roll, modeled via the roll damping derivative. The determination of such derivatives/coefficients from either analytical or experimental methods is not addressed, and the successful identification of such terms, on which any piloted simulation evaluation hinges, remains a topic of research. Models with varying nonzero basic rolling moment coefficients and varying roll damping were inserted into the aerodynamic model and then evaluated by a pilot familiar with wing drop. The pilot assessed the varying models, assigning handling qualities ratings to predeveloped tasks aimed at diagnosing the severity (or absence) of any wing stall characteristics. Tasks included wind-up turns and a closed-loop tracking task in which the pilot tracked a target while flying a drop-prone simulation. The pilot was able to distinguish between satisfactory and unsatisfactory aerodynamic configurations. Pilot ratings and comments, as determined by the lateral aerodynamic model, were generally consistent with the expected handling qualities from flight test.
Topological pseudofree actions on spheres

In topology and geometry it is often instructive to consider objects with isolated singularities. Frequently such objects turn out to be relatively tractable and to provide useful insights into more general situations. For actions of finite cyclic groups on manifolds the standard notion of singularity is a point that is left fixed by some non-trivial element of the group (but not necessarily by the whole group). If the singular set is isolated the action is said to be pseudofree. Special cases of pseudofree actions have been studied in several independent contexts; in particular, previous papers of Cappell and Shaneson [4] and the authors [15] considered classes of ‘nice’ pseudofree actions on spheres. References to other works are given at the beginning of [15] (and in the meantime there has also been considerable further activity).
Global and local metric geometry of ligand binding thermodynamics.

Abstract An abstract metric representation of ligand binding thermodynamics reveals the basic connections between the classical thermodynamic theory of binding and linkage [Wyman, J. (1964) Adv. Protein Chem. 19, 223-286] and its site-specific formulation [Di Cera, E. (1990) Biophys. Chem. 37, 147-164]. These two approaches are limit cases of a general metric formulation of binding and linkage that also includes a number of intermediate "mixed" representations.
Collaborative architecture framework for the design & manufacturing of medical devices

The purpose of this project is to develop a modular architecture framework for the design and manufacture of medical devices. This modular framework aims to incorporate design variables and criteria that are unique to the medical domain to facilitate reliable operation, easier maintenance, and faster product development time. Central to this research effort is the need for inputs from range of stakeholders. The specific goals for this effort are: to determine design criteria by collaborating with users and manufacturers of medical equipment and literature search; to translate user inputs to specific design targets; to develop a preliminary modular design framework using multi criteria optimization methods; to test preliminary modular architecture using a simple medical device such as a glucometer. The importance of the research with respect to its application in the medical arena can be very significant. With the product interaction with humans, both on the manufacturing level, and the user level, the issue of safety is paramount. Some of the other significant contributions are in the improvement of the following: product quality and reliability; product life cycle issues; an enabler for the medical community.
The VMP multiprocessor: initial experience, refinements, and performance evaluation

VMP is an experimental multiprocessor being developed at Stanford University, suitable for high-performance workstations and server machines. Its primary novelty lies in the use of software management of the per-processor caches and the design decisions in the cache and bus that make this approach feasible. The design and some uniprocessor trace-driven simulations indicating its performance have been reported previously.In this paper, we present our initial experience with the VMP design based on a running prototype as well as various refinements to the design. Performance evaluation is based both on measurement of actual execution as well as trace-driven simulation of multiprocessor executions from the Mach operating system.
Fabrication and Integration of Micromachined Submillimeter-Wave Circuits

Micromachining techniques have been shown to have the necessary precision to fabricate accurate submillimeter-wave circuits and structures; however, few submillimeter-wave circuits created by these techniques have been integrated into existing systems. This article builds on previous lithographic micromachining techniques to fabricate and integrate geometrically complex submillimeter-wave waveguide circuits that cannot be fabricated by conventional machining, specifically a lowpass filter.
Exploiting the promiscuity of imatinib

The protein kinase inhibitor imatinib, also known as Gleevec, has been a notable success in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia. A recent paper in BMC Structural Biology reports a 1.75 A crystal structure of imatinib bound to the oxidoreductase NQO2 and reveals insights into the binding specificity and the off-target effects of the inhibitor.
The parallel terraced scan: an optimization for an agent-oriented architecture

A relatively new area of research concerns computer programs which operate by the action of many small agents, rather than the serial execution of an algorithm. Because they differ drastically from conventional programs, new approaches are required for developing and maintaining them. An optimization technique, the parallel terraced scan, has been applied to one such program: a letter-recognition system called the Examiner. The parallel terraced scan is the exploration of many possible paths, but with more computation devoted to paths which are identified as being more promising. Thus, it resembles pruning of search trees in some respects, but it does not completely abandon paths which are tentatively identified as less fruitful.