cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous optical and incoherent scatter observations of two low-latitude auroras

Abstract During the last sunspot maximum, major auroras occurred over Boston, MA (L = 3.1) on 23/24 March 1969 and 8/9 March 1970, during which optical and incoherent scatter radar measurements were made simultaneously from the Blue Hill Observatory and Millstone Field Station, respectively. The paper presents the results of these measurements and attempts a self-consistent interpretation of them. It is found that a major increase (5–10 times) in the abundance of molecular species (O2 and N2) at F-region heights must have occurred; this was not accompanied by any appreciable increase in the major neutral species, atomic oxygen. From the radar data, the energy input to the F-region can be separated into direct heating by secondary electrons, downward heat flow from the magnetosphere and a low-energy non-ionizing electron flux. The total observed intensity of the predominant optical emission from atomic oxygen at 6300 A can then be predicted satisfactorily by summing the contributions to this emission from impact excitation by ambient electrons, from the low-energy precipitating electrons and from dissociative recombination.
Cardiovascular toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Introduction: Small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the management of many malignancies. However, they also have been shown to be associated with a certain degree of cardiovascular side effects that are often reversible. Areas covered: As the number of new TKIs continues to grow, it is expected that clinicians will be facing the challenge of early detection and 10 management of these side effects while balancing the risk–benefit ratios of continuing with life-saving cancer therapy medications. This review will present the current knowledge related to incidence and proposed mechanisms of cardiovascular side effects of TKIs and also discuss treatment recommendations when available Expert opinion: We will present and discuss available data and suggest recommendations related to patient monitoring and early identification of TKIs related cardiovascular toxities.
Assigning new product projects to multiple-project managers: What market leaders do

Abstract One of the most important questions in project management is how to assign new projects to project managers. This question is especially challenging when a project manager already leads multiple, concurrent projects, e.g., a multiple-project manager of new product development projects in typical high-tech industries. To address this question, we explored the project assignment process of six market-leader companies in these industries. We found that in effective project assigning, management assigns projects first by prioritizing projects based on their contribution to the organization's strategic elements such as organizational mission and goals; second, by matching projects to multiple-project managers by using project requirements and the competencies of multiple-project managers; and third, by recognizing any organizational or personal limitations. Such effective project assignments likely lead to better performance of the project and of the organization.
Teaching Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials

Thermal analysis and polymers are two subjects in the field of chemistry and materials sciences that have not developed to the level commensurate with their importance. In this paper the reasons for this deficiency are traced to the history of the development of these subjects which led to only limited availability of courses of instruction. A first remedy to this problem is suggested, teaching via the internet. The attempt by the author to generate such a course is described in this paper. The course contains an up-to-date store of basic information. It is divided into 36 ‘lectures’ and displayed in about 3000 computer screens filled with graphs, text, and hypertext. All lectures are downloadable. Including presentation software, each lecture requires only 1–3 Mbyte of computer memory. The inclusion of color,movies, and sound would exceed the capacity of most presently available personal computers,but might point the way to future of teaching the ever increasing number of subjects.
Clock Genes Control Cortical Critical Period Timing

Circadian rhythms control a variety of physiological processes, but whether they may also time brain development remains largely unknown. Here, we show that circadian clock genes control the onset of critical period plasticity in the neocortex. Within visual cortex of Clock-deficient mice, the emergence of circadian gene expression was dampened, and the maturation of inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) cell networks slowed. Loss of visual acuity in response to brief monocular deprivation was concomitantly delayed and rescued by direct enhancement of GABAergic transmission. Conditional deletion of Clock or Bmal1 only within PV cells recapitulated the results of total Clock-deficient mice. Unique downstream gene sets controlling synaptic events and cellular homeostasis for proper maturation and maintenance were found to be mis-regulated by Clock deletion specifically within PV cells. These data demonstrate a developmental role for circadian clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which may contribute mis-timed brain plasticity in associated mental disorders.
Uncoupled Wave Systems and Dispersion in an Infinite Solid Cylinder

In this study, it is shown that there exist uncoupled wave systems for general non-axisymmetric wave propagation in an infinite isotropic cylinder. Two cylindrical surface conditions corresponding to the uncoupled wave systems are discussed. The solutions of the uncoupled wave systems are shown to provide proper bounds of Pochhammer’s equation for a free cylindrical surface. The bounds, which are easy to construct for any Fourier number in the circumferential direction, can be used to trace the branches of Pochhammer’s equation. They also give insight into the modal composition of the branches of Pochhammer’s equation at and between the intersections of the bounds. More refined dispersion relations of Pochhammer’s equation are possible through an asymptotic analysis of the itersections of the branches of Pochhammer’s equation with one family of the bounds. The asymptotic nature of wave motion corresponding to large wave numbers, imaginary or complex, for Pochhammer’s equation is studied. The wave motion is asymptotically equivoluminal for large imaginary wave numbers, and is characterized by coupled dilatation and shear for large complex wave numbers.
Bayesian variable selection for logistic mixed model with nonparametric random effects

In analyzing correlated data or clustered data with linear or logistic mixed effects model, one commonly assumes that the random effects follow a normal distribution with mean zero. However, this assumption might not be appropriate in many cases. In particular, substantial violation of normality assumption might potentially impact the subset selection of variables in these models. In this article, we address the problem of joint selection of both fixed and random effects and bias control for random effects in nonparametric settings. An efficient Bayesian variable selection is implemented using a stochastic search Gibbs sampler to allow both fixed and random effects to be dropped effectively out of the model. The approach is illustrated using a simulation study and a real data example.
Technique for mechanical measurements using optical scattering from a micropipette [cells application]

The authors propose an optical method using forward light scattering to measure the deflection of a micropipette from a normal contact force with a small elastic solid, and the damping coefficient of a small fluid sample through a dynamic interaction with the pipette. An analytical and experimental study of this sensor is performed and described for each property. Topics covered include: (1) forward light scattering technique for determining the diameter of a micropipette (using exact and simplified geometric interference theories); (2) deflection measurement and analysis on the pipette-sample system using the finite element method; and (3) equivalent damping coefficient and resonant frequency measurement of the pipette-fluid system and its numerical solution derived from the finite element model. A comparison of the experimental results and the analytical results is included to provide the means for analyzing the potential of this new method. >
Special issue paper. Doped-deposited-silica fibres for communications

The manufacture and performance of high-silica fibres made by the doped-deposited-silica technique are briefly reviewed. A general picture of the present degree of development is attempted, including examples of exceptional and typical transmission and mechanical properties.
Convective Building of a Pycnocline: A Two-Dimensional Nonhydrostatic Numerical Model

Abstract The convective building of a pycnocline is examined using a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model forced by a balanced salinity dipole (source and sink). Although the forcing fields are steady, the model develops oscillations that renew the model’s analog of “deep waters” only intermittently. The oscillation cycle consists of a freshwater layer that advects along the surface, capping off the water column under the dense source and preventing sinking; after a time, continuing densification forms a plume that breaks through the salinity barrier and convects beneath the dense source, ventilating the deep water. Increasing the viscosity reduces but does not eliminate this cycle. When the hydrostatic assumption is added, the model evolves systematically different salinity distributions than the nonhydrostatic model due to the isolation of part of the tank by a persistent convective column. The deep flow is also different in this case because of differences between the entrainment/detrainment ...
Oscillating sample holder for XAS studies of single-crystal samples

Abstract We have designed and built a unique magnetically driven sample oscillator. Its effectiveness in enabling X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of single-crystal samples is demonstrated.
Even- to uneven-aged: the challenges of conversion

Changing philosophies of management have encouraged some landowners to consider converting existing even-aged stands to an uneven-aged arrangement. This will require an extended time as managers partition the cut of original trees in periodically establishing new age classes and maintaining the vigor of ones that develop. Strategies might include forms of uniform partial cutting, or patch cutting combined with thinning. The approach depends upon the shade tolerance and regeneration potential of the component species. Also, the limited growth potential of original trees that occupied poor crown positions will force landowners to rely on the dominants and co-dominants as residual growing stock during the conversion of most even-aged stands. Stratified mixed-species stands would allow a different approach. While experience suggests some clear options for the first entry towards conversion, later cuttings are more difficult to envision at present.
Zbigniew Herbert: Creating poetry from the ruins

The Polish poet Zbigniew Herbert (1924–1998) survived wartime trauma and the devastation of his city and country, secret police scrutiny, post-war Communist oppression, and poverty, while suffering from severe chronic pulmonary disease and severe mood swings. His poetry, however, is filled with elegy, tenderness, faithfulness, wit, dignity, catharsis, and the renewal of tradition as a profound bow to everyday humanity. Herbert responded to trauma and loss by emphasizing that the poet lives “in the treasure house of all misfortunes,” confronting the past and confronting lies, remembering individuals and particular details, writing from the ruins. He instructs us in an essential link between suffering and imagination.
Doping dependence of minority carrier lifetime in long-wave Sb-based type II superlattice infrared detector materials

Theoretical modeling and experimental evidence show that the dark currents of antimonide (Sb)-based Type-II Superlattice (T2SL) detectors sensitive to long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation are limited by the minority carrier lifetimes associated with the Shockley Read-Hall (SRH) generation-recombination process. Despite the low minority carrier lifetimes, the present photodiode dark current performance is achieved by increasing the background doping density of the absorber layers to NA ∼ 2×1016 cm−3. This paper will discuss the measured minority carrier lifetimes of T2SL LWIR detectors with various background doping densities. To make comparisons, we designed several T2SL absorber layers sensitive in the LWIR range and p-type doped up to various densities. We find the minority carrier lifetimes are dominated by the SRH generation-recombination process. By analyzing minority carrier lifetime data as a function of excess carrier densities, we estimate SRH lifetimes and actual ionized acceptor densities of the absorber layers. The data are compared with the measured impurity doping densities of the detectors. In addition, we predict the type of flaws responsible for the SRH recombination process and narrow down the flaw energy level relative to the Fermi energy.
Understanding buyer information acquisition for the purchase of logistics services

During the last several decades, logistics has increasingly emerged as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. This article incorporates recent work in services marketing on customer information acquisition, with research on industrial buying behavior to help logistics service providers understand and manage their customers’ information acquisition and purchase activities for logistics services.
Effects of resistance and endurance training in persons with paraplegia.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:The specific effects of resistance and endurance training on upper extremity work capacity, muscular strength, and anaerobic power in chronic survivors of paraplegia have not been previously determined.Purpose:This study compared the effects of 12 wk of endurance training (ET) w
Lubrication Analysis of a Rolling Piston Rotary Compressor: Part 2: Experimental Validation and Results:

In this paper the experiments conducted for the measurement of oil flow in the rotary compressor are described. The experimental data are compared against the theoretical prediction from the mathem...
DNA Sequence Context and Protein Composition Modulate HMG-Domain Protein Recognition of Cisplatin-Modified DNA†

Proteins containing the high mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain form specific complexes with cisplatin-modified DNA which shield the major intrastrand d(GpG) and d(ApG) cross-links from excision repair. The molecular basis for the specificity of binding was investigated for the two isolated domains of HMG1 with a series of 15-bp oligonucleotides, d(CCTCTCN1G*G*N2TCTTC)· (GAAGAN3CCN4GAGAGG), where asterisks denote N7-modification of guanosine with cisplatin. Alteration of the nucleotides flanking the platinum lesion modulated HMG1domA recognition in this series by over 2 orders of magnitude and revealed an unprecedented preference for N2 = dA > T > dC. The flanking nucleotide preference for HMG1domB interaction with this oligonucleotide series was less pronounced and had only a 20-fold range of binding affinities. For the N1 = N2 = dA 15-bp probe, 100-fold stronger binding occurred with HMG1domA (Kd = 1.6 ± 0.2 nM) compared to HMG1domB (Kd = 134 ± 18 nM). The platinum-dependent recognition of the N1 =...
Spinal progenitor cell differentiation in collagen-based hydrogels: Directing oligodendrocyte differentiation using ECM signals

Over 11,000 people sustain spinal cord injury (SCI) each year in the United States [1]. Researchers have examined spinal progenitor cell implantation into the injury area to encourage axonal regeneration and found functional improvement with this treatment [2]. However, transplanted cell viability was low and there was no scaffold for axonal growth within the injured area. By providing a scaffold, cell viability should increase and axonal growth through the injury area should be supported. Further, the implanted spinal progenitor cells differentiated into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte progenitors are promising in promoting functional recovery [3]. Oligodendrocytes mature during neonatal development; therefore, cells are expected to respond favorably to mechanical properties similar to the neonatal environment. The mechanical and extracellular matrix properties of the scaffolds described here have been tuned to direct spinal progenitor cell differentiation toward oligodendrocytes. Thermally gelling systems were developed in 4 combinations: collagen alone, collagen and laminin, collagen and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (hHA), and collagen, hHA, and laminin. All of these gel types have the same concentration of collagen (1.5 mg/mL), and compressive moduli below 2 kPa, which is within range of neural tissue (between 0.5-8 kPa) [4]. Multi-component hydrogels mimic mechanical properties of neonatal neural tissue most closely. After 5 days in culture, hydrogels provided an environment that allowed for spinal progenitor differentiation into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Collagen-based hydrogels are viable thermally gelling systems to direct progenitor differentiation. These gels may promote regeneration after SCI in vivo by directing cell differentiation toward oligodendrocytes.
Applications of Morphological Stability Theory

Recent applications of morphological stability theory are reviewed. For growth of a binary alloy from the melt, the temperature-dependence of the solute diffusivity can have a significant effect on the critical wavelength at the onset of instability. The response of the interface velocity to an electrical current pulse has been calculated by a linear perturbation analysis. The effect of a parallel shear flow and anisotropic interface kinetics on the onset of instability during growth from a supersaturated solution has been analyzed. The kinetic anisotropy arises from a model of step motion in which the morphological instability corresponds to step bunching. Kinetic anisotropy causes traveling waves along the crystal-solution interface and an enhancement of morphological stability. A shear flow in the direction of the step motion promotes morphological instability, while flow in the opposite direction is stabilizing. Oscillatory (in time) shear flows can be studied by Floquet theory.
Suppression of wheat take-all and ophiobolus patch by fluorescent pseudomonads from a fusarium-suppressive soil

Abstract Fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from a soil suppressing Fusarium wilt significantly reduced take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in wheat and Ophiobolus patch (G. graminis var. avenae) in Agrostis turfgrass. The bacteria were mixed into a conducive soil at a concentration of 107 colony-forming units (cfu)g−1 soil at sowing. There were significantly fewer (P ⩽ 0.05) diseased wheat roots in the treatments with the bacteria and pathogen than in those with the pathogen alone. Dry weights of the tops of wheat and Agrostis turfgrass were significantly greater (P ⩽ 0.01) in treatments inoculated with the bacteria in the presence of the pathogens compared to controls with the pathogens alone. Dry weights of the tops of plants from treatments inoculated with the bacteria alone were not significantly different to those of healthy wheat non-inoculated with the bacteria, showing that the fluorescent pseudomonads did not stimulate plant growth. At the end of the experiments, the bacterial isolates (genetically-marked with rifampicin resistance) were recovered from wheat roots and rhizosphere soil at concentrations of 105–107cfu g−1 fresh weight of roots or oven-dried rhizosphere soil. Many of the fluorescent pseudomonads and some non-fluorescent pseudomonads showed in vitro antibiosis on quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (QPDA) against the pathogens. However, there was no correlation between in vitro antibiosis on agar plates and suppression of disease in pot experiments. Further, while some isolates of G. graminis var. tritici and var. avenae were inhibited by certain bacterial isolates, other isolates of the same fungus were not similarly inhibited by the same isolates of bacteria. Most of the fluorescent pseudomonads that produced inhibition zones (>5mm) against G. graminis var. tritici on QPDA did not do so on King's medium B, where fluorescent siderophores were formed. In vitro antibiosis is, therefore, a poor criterion for selecting effective bacterial antagonists of the wheat take-all fungus. All of the fluorescent pseudomonads tested produced siderophores in low-Fe media while a non-fluorescent pseudomonad and the fungal pathogens did not produce siderophores of comparable activity. The addition of 500 μg FeEDTA g−1 with a lower stability constant did not. The evidence suggests that iron competition at the rhizoplane or in the rhizosphere is one mechanism of suppression.
Can export-led growth continue indefinitely? An Asia-Pacific perspective

In this paper first I outline some of the most important features of Japanese and “new Japanese” development. In scholarly conferences over these many years, there are different perspectives suggested by experts. Some stress dualism, clever currency management, monetary policy, wage flexibility, and even Confucianism. I am not going to quarrel with these various interpretations of successful development, but I focus on specific aspects that have caught my attention over the past 30 years of watching and studying the Japanese and other Asian economies: (1) quantity manufacturing, (2) quality manufacturing, and (3) Export-led growth in quality manufacturing. Japan and other Asian countries that have achieved economic success did not do so through a concentration on large-scale production of basic materials and exporting the surplus to industrial nations round the world. Japan could not, in fact, have found the basic materials to produce and export. Japan is a large-scale importer of fuels, cotton, wool, grains, and many other basic commodities for its industrial machine. Taiwan relied on land reform, food production, exportation of sugar, pineapple, and other primary commodities, but did not achieve its phenomenal success until they shifted to large quantity manufacturing. My line of argument does not draw only upon Asia-Pacific experience. Brazil used to rely heavily on exports of coffee and other basic materials for economic
Marketing the International Studies Major: Claims and Content of Programs at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions in the Midwest

What are the purposes and benefits of majoring in International Studies (IS)? We investigate how IS major programs at primarily undergraduate colleges and universities in the Midwest market themselves and compare the “advertised” benefits with the program requirements. Knowledge, career preparation, and foreign language study are the most frequently cited benefits. A lack of correlation between advertised program benefits and actual course requirements is noted. The paper concludes with the suggestion that IS major programs may wish to review how well their claims match their program content.
A review of journal clubs in postgraduate medical education

OBJECTIVE: To review the goals, organization, and teaching methods of journal clubs, summarize elements of successful clubs, and evaluate their effect on reading habits, and effectiveness in meeting teaching goals. Examples of clubs that utilize principles of adult learning are reviewed.
The Effect of Light Quality on 5-Hydroxyindole Metabolism in Leaves of Sedum morganianum (Crassulaceae)

Summary Exposure of Sedum morganianum to various colors of light caused changes in tissue levels of tryptophan (Trp), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyinrlole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), anrl the enzymatic conversion of Trp to 5-HT and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to 5-HIAA. These changes imply a role of light quality on indole metabolism and suggest that 5-HT and 5-HIAA may be of physiological significance.
Lens proteins are substrates for the reticulocyte ubiquitin conjugation system

In the aged lens Dostsynthetically altered molecules comprise the majority of lens proteins. Many proteolytic activities have been observed in lens suoernatants. Since damaged or altered proteins are usually selectively and rapidly degraded in other cells and tissues, the accumulation of these soecies in the lens seemed enigmatic. Initiation of Droteolysis has been studied most extensively in reticulocytes and ts 35 cells. In these systems proteolysis is absolutely ATP dependent, occurs effectively on high molecular weight substrates and, at least for a majority of proteolytic reactions, requires conjugation of ubiquitin to putative substrates. It seemed plausible that the accumulation of high molecular weight protein aggregates in older lenses might be due to the attenuated function of these ubiquitin- and ATP-dependent components in the initial committing processes of proteolysis. This research shows that: 1) ubiquitin is Dresent in_the lens; 2) lens Droteins are conjugated to I-ubiquitin using reticulo...
The Variation of the Residual Ionization in Air with Pressure, for a Range of 57 Atmospheres

Residual Ionization in a Closed Spherical Steel Vessel One Foot in Diameter, for Pressures up to 58 Atmospheres.\char22{}The present work is an extension of previous experiments in which a linear relation was found between rate of ionization and pressure up to 22 atmospheres. Essentially the same method and apparatus was used as before. Results for air from 9 to 17 days old are given in curves. From 2 to 27 atmospheres, the rate of ionization increased linearly with the pressure at the rate of about 1.25 pairs of ions per c.c. per second per atmosphere change of pressure. Between 27 and 47 atmospheres the curves differ somewhat, the slope seeming to decrease with age, but above 47 atmospheres all curves are approximately horizontal, that is, the ionization was found to be practically independent of the pressure from 47 atmospheres up to the highest pressure tried. In view of the theoretical conclusions already established by Professor Swann this result clearly proves that the ionization due directly or indirectly to the action on the air of a penetrating cosmical or other radiation is extremely small, less than 0.1 pair of ions per c.c. per second at any pressure. Of the ionization produced at atmospheric pressure, about 1.25 pairs per c.c. per second must be due to radiations, either primary or secondary, coming from the walls of the vessel and having penetrations of from 28 to 47 ft. in air at atmospheric pressure; the rest must be due chiefly to much softer radiation, also from the walls. In the previous experiments performed outdoors over water instead of in the laboratory, the change of the rate of ionization with pressure was 1.56 instead of 1.25. The difference may be due to screening action by the laboratory building.
The evolution and putative function of phosducin-like proteins in the malaria parasite Plasmodium

Ubiquitous to the proteomes of all living species is the presence of proteins containing the thioredoxin (Trx)-domain. The best characterized Trx-domain containing proteins include the enzymes involved in cellular redox metabolism facilitated by their cysteine-containing active site. But not all members of the Trx-fold superfamily exhibit this catalytic motif, e.g., the phosducin-like (PhLP) family of proteins. Genome sequencing efforts have uncovered new Trx-domain containing proteins, and their redox activity and cellular functions have yet to be determined. The genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium contains multiple thioredoxins and thioredoxin-like proteins which are of considerable interest given their role in the parasite's antioxidant defense. While adaptations within the Trx-domain have been studied, primarily with respect to redox active structures, PhLP proteins have not been examined. Using the uncharacterized phosducin-like protein from Plasmodium berghei PhLP-1, we investigated the evolution of PhLP proteins across all branches of the tree of life. As a result of our analysis, we have discovered the presence of two additional PhLP proteins in Plasmodium, PhLP-2 and PhLP-3. Sequence homology with annotated PhLP proteins in other species confirms that the Plasmodium PhLP-2 and PhLP-3 belong to the PhLP family of proteins. Furthermore, as a result of our analysis we hypothesize that the PhLP-2 thioredoxin was lost over time given its absence from higher-order eukaryotes. Probing deeper into the putative function of these proteins, inspection of the active sites indicate that PbPhLP-1 and PbPhLP-2 may be redox active while PbPhLP-3 is very likely not. The results of this phylogenetic study provide insight into the emergence of this family of Trx-domain containing proteins.
System-Generated Electromagnetic Pulse and Spacecraft Charging Effects: A Review of the Technology as Applied to System Hardening Problems

Investigations of several phenomenological issues remain to be completed. Specifically, for SCC there are the issues of discharge and blowoff from dielectric surfaces, and discharge within PC boards. These subjects are being studied intensely; miscellaneous other issues are also being addressed. At present, SGEMP and SCC phenomena are sufficiently well understood to allow high confidence conservative hardened system designs. These are designs which ulitize extra quantities of rf shielding and other protection techniques to accommodate lack of full understanding of some phenomenological and system coupling/response details. In this regard, additional work is needed in the area of environment/response parameter tradeoff studies to identify hardened system designs that are optomized for minimal weight. Full-scale tests of complex systems very often produce surprise results which reveal flaws in engineering designs or errors in implementation of adequate designs. Closer coordination between hardening technologists and system designers is needed in the future to help minimize such errors. More work is needed on selected hardness assurance and hardness maintainence (HA/HM) issues. It must be determined to what degree the requirement exists that box-level current injection testing for HA/HM be carried out with simultaneous ionizing radiation. In general, greater efforts should be expended in the future to integrate HA/HM testing considerations into system designs. Future trends toward more complex and sophisticated systems will require increasing care in development and implementation of hardened system designs.
Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World

Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World offers engaging observations on a dozen diseases to serve 2 goals. The opening chapters meet the title’s promise by tracing the impact of hereditary blood disorders porphyria and hemophilia on the succession of European monarchs in the 16th through 18th centuries. Also presented is a riveting account of the consequences of a potato blight in 1840s Ireland, which forced migration of millions to England and North America. Thereafter, the book turns to the topic of infectious diseases and the lessons learned from earlier responses to “unanticipated outbreaks of disease” to inform preparedness for future outbreaks. Specifically, the chapters are devoted to the study of cholera, smallpox, bubonic plaque, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, fever, influenza, and AIDS. These topics are familiar territory for Dr. Sherman, who recently authored The Power of Plagues, in which he also examines 7 of these infections; his command of the subject matter is evident. Each chapter is packed with information ranging from pathogenesis and clinical manifestations to epidemiologic calculations and antimicrobial drug resistance. A limited number of references are provided in the concluding book notes, grouped by chapter and page number, which offer additional resources for readers seeking more information. Of particular interest is the book’s accounting of 19th-century pioneers in epidemiology and infectious diseases. John Snow’s use of early epidemiologic tools to associate cholera deaths with water from the Broad Street pump, Louis Pasteur’s development of vaccines, and Robert Koch’s discovery of tubercle bacillus and the cholera vibro all get their deserved attention; Florence Nightingale’s use of numerical data to demonstrate improvements in patient hygiene comes as a pleasant surprise. A concise volume written for the general reader, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World provides an excellent foundation for the study of public health and infection control.
Modeling of planar quasi-TEM superconducting transmission lines

Design oriented modeling of high-temperature superconducting thin-film microwave circuits is difficult when film thickness is on the order of the penetration depth of the fields. Involved formulas for loss, phase velocity and characteristic impedance can be derived from the Bardeen-Cooper Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity. The parameters required by these formulas do not correspond to readily measurable observables that depend on the manufacturing process of the superconductor. An application of the phenomenological loss equivalence method in modeling the microwave behavior of planar quasi-TEM superconducting transmission lines is presented. Measured and modeled S-parameters of a superconducting coplanar waveguide lowpass filter agree to within 0.3 dB in magnitude and 0.5 radians in phase. Extracted values for the penetration depth and the real part of the conductivity of the superconducting film are within 10% of the findings of other researchers. >
Advanced double-gate fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (DG-FDSOI) device and device impact on circuit design & power management

Power consumption including leakage current is becoming one of the most important limiting factors in VLSI, especially in the sub-65nm technologies. While technologies are facing multiple challenges in scaling, there have been successful developments on reduction of power consumption and leakage current in circuit and system design techniques based on the cooperation between two traditionally separated technical fields - technology and design. The benefits of separate gate access capability of DG-FDSOI technology on supporting these kinds of cooperation techniques have been addressed together with the impact on circuit designs which take advantages of this technology.
The Stamboul Alphabet Of Shemseddin Sami Bey: Precursor To Turkish Script Reform

Comparative studies of writing systems and script conversion tend to emphasize the extent of cultural re-orientation and the rapidity of implementation of Turkey's shift from the Arabic to the Roman script, but they rarely mention the period that led up to this change. As early as 1863, the Azeri playwright Ahunzade Mirza Fethali presented a proposal for a Latin orthography for Turkish, before the Cemiyet-i ilmiye-i Osmaniye (Ottoman Society of Science) in Istanbul. A second event in Ottoman script reform, though less well known than Ahunzade's proposal, was the adoption by many former members of the Cemiyet-i ilmiye-i Arnavudiye (Albanian Society of Science), in Istanbul, in 1879, of a Latin-based alphabet for Albanian. This “Stamboul Alphabet” was designed by Shemseddin Sami Bey and, unlike Ahunzade's proposal, was immediately acted upon and subsequently adopted by the new Albanian presses in Bucharest and Sofia, from which it spread through southern and central Albanian lands, all still under Ottoman rule.
The Disappearance of Cyathura Polita from the Ashepoo River, South Carolina, After Hurricane "Gracie" in 1959

The Ashepoo River in the state of South Carolina is a dark water river (Figure 1) which flows into the Atlantic Ocean about 30 miles south of Charleston. It is unusual in that it is quite short, being around 35 miles in length. The river is free of industrial wastes and, except for the extreme upper reaches of its headwaters, it is under tidal influence. Although the lower two-thirds of the river meanders, there is a strong current that sweeps the clay-marl sides of the river free of most debris. Dredging, however, showed an accumulation of soft, organic material in the bottom of the central channel.
Molecular dynamics simulation of thin film nucleation through molecular cluster beam deposition: Effect of incident angle

Abstract Deposition of organic cluster beams on solid substrates leads to the creation of thin films through rapid chemical reactions, which makes the process suitable for study by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work, angular effects of molecular organic beam deposition are studied extensively through classical MD simulations. The reactive empirical bond potential parameterized by Brenner is used. The specific system that is examined consists of an ethylene molecular cluster beam that is deposited on a hydrogen-terminated diamond (1 1 1) substrate at room temperature. The beam impacts the substrate along two crystallographic orientations at incident angles of 0°, 15°, 45° and 60° from the surface normal. Two sets of conditions are considered: one where the total incident energy is constant and one where the momentum normal to the surface is constant. The results are seen to depend on the total energy and incident angle and to be independent of crystallographic orientation.
The Effect of Immobilization on the Types of Collagen Synthesized in Periarticular Connective Tissue

The distribution of collagen types was studied in control and immobilized periarticular connective tissue to test the hypothesis that inflammatory tissue is the basis of the contracture process. The hypothesis derives from the fact that Type III collagen is prominent in inflammatory processes. The content of Type I and Type III collagen was determined by standard differential salt precipitation of the pepsin solubilized collagen, followed by resolution of the subunits on CM-cellulose. Analysis of the peptide fragments produced by cyanogen bromide was performed and their distribution determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The collagen of control and immobilized periarticular connective tissue proved to be entirely Type I. Type III was not present. The periarticular connective tissue contracture process, therefore, is different from the intraarticular process in which fibrofatty connective tissue proliferation is prominent.
Spatial Variability of Hydraulic Properties and Sediment Characteristics in a Deep Alluvial Unsaturated Zone

StaƟ sƟ cal analysis and interpretaƟ on of heterogeneous sediment hydraulic properƟ es is important to produce reliable forecasts of water and solute transport dynamics in the unsaturated zone. Most fi eld characterizaƟ ons to date have focused on the shallow 2-m root zone. We characterized the geologic and hydraulic properƟ es of a 16-m-deep, alluvial vadose zone consisƟ ng of unconsolidated sediments typical of the alluvial fans of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, California. The thickness of individual beds varies from 2.5 m for large sandy deposits associated with buried stream channels. Eight major geologic units (lithofacies) have been idenƟ fi ed at the site. Unsaturated hydraulic properƟ es were obtained from mulƟ step ouƞ low experiments on nearly 100 sediment cores. MulƟ variate analysis of variance and post hoc tesƟ ng show that lithofacies and other visual- and texture-based sediment classifi caƟ ons explain a signifi cant amount of the spaƟ al variability of hydraulic properƟ es within the unsaturated zone. GeostaƟ sƟ cal analysis of hydraulic parameters show spaƟ al conƟ nuity of within-lithofacies variability in the horizontal direcƟ on in the range of 5 to 8 m, which is approximately an order of magnitude larger than spaƟ al conƟ nuity in the verƟ cal direcƟ on. Low nugget/sill raƟ os suggest that 1- to 10-m sampling intervals are adequate for detecƟ on of horizontal spaƟ al structure. The existence of thin clay or silt layers within lithofacies units results in only moderate spaƟ al conƟ nuity in the verƟ cal direcƟ on, however, suggesƟ ng inadequate sampling frequency for hydraulic parameter variogram development in that direcƟ on.
Discrete-time wavelet transforms and their generalizations

Based on the continuous-time wavelet transforms, transforms for the expansion of discrete-time signals are derived. Biorthogonal discrete wavelet expansions are exactly implemented in critically sampled quadrature mirror filter banks. Scale-variant pseudowavelet transforms are defined as a natural generalization. Lattice parametrization of both finite- and infinite-response quadrature mirror filters leads to efficient implementations of orthogonal discrete wavelet transforms and allows for optimization techniques for the choice of basis. >
Cellular Organization and Substructure Measured Using Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry

We measure the organization and substructure of HT29 epithelial cells in a monolayer using angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry. This new technique probes cellular structure by measuring scattered light, as in flow cytometry, but offers an advantage in that the structure can be examined in situ, avoiding the need to disrupt the cell monolayer. We determine the size distribution of the cell nuclei by fitting measured light-scattering spectra to the predictions of Mie theory. In addition, we obtain information about the cellular organization and substructure by examining the spatial correlations within the monolayer. A remarkable finding is that the spatial correlations over small length scales take the form of an inverse power law, indicating the fractal nature of the packing of the subcellular structures. We also identify spatial correlations on a scale large compared with the size of a cell, indicating an overlying order within the monolayer.
When and What if Microcomputers Invaded School Health Education

Microcomputers could potentially represent the most exciting technological innovation in school health education. Both the technical capabilities and current constraints of microcomputer-based health education programs were reviewed. Based on this review the relatively economical, convenient, and educationally dynamic features of microcomputers were related to potential health education applications. However, current shortages in appropriate health education software limit the widespread utilization of microcomputers in the health education classroom. When microcomputer-based health education programs become more extensively available, the teaching of health can be revolutionized. Customized health education involving microcomputer-generated visual and auditory simulations and the dramatization of students' responses were envisioned. Furthermore, microcomputer-based health education programs that could be electronically transmitted to the 80% of American homes that will have microcomputers in 1990 will facilitate the provision of life-long and pervasive health education.
Vaginal Delivery of a Second, Nonvertex Twin by High Vacuum After Failed Breech Extraction and Successful External Version

Several options exist to effect vaginal delivery of a second, nonvertex twin. In the case presented, breech extraction and external version with subsequent labor were both inadequate to achieve timely delivery before the onset of fetal distress. A case of vacuum extraction of an unengaged second twin converted to vertex is described and discussed.
Analysis of Corporate Disclosures on Relative Performance Evaluation

The relative performance evaluation (RPE) hypothesis states that firms benefit from comparing their own performance to that of a peer group when evaluating the CEO's performance. Although in theory firms should be employing relative performance to evaluate the CEO, indirect empirical tests in the 1980s and 1990s generally fail to support the RPE hypothesis. This paper examines RPE‐related disclosures found in the compensation committee reports provided in proxy statements to determine whether firms actually employ RPE, and to offer insight into why indirect tests generally fail to support the RPE hypothesis. We find that firms do use RPE in determining executive compensation, thus supporting the RPE hypothesis, although RPE usage is not widespread. We also find that several key assumptions underlying prior indirect tests are misspecified for many firms, helping to explain the difficulty in detecting RPE in random samples of firms and suggesting improvements to methodologies employing indirect tests for RP...
Context-free slicing of UML class models

The concept of model slicing is introduced as a means to support maintenance through the understanding, querying, and analysis of large UML models. The specific models being examined are class models as defined in the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Model slicing is analogous to classical program slicing. Since UML class models do not explicitly embody any behavioral aspect by themselves, models slices are computed in a context-free manner. The paper defines and formalizes the concept of context-free model slicing. A concrete application of model slicing in software maintenance is presented to support the usefulness and validity of the method.
Simulation-based optimization and its application in multi-echelon network stochastic inventory system

For a three-echelon network stochastic inventory system, it is difficult for the analytical method to get the optimal inventory control policy. The simulation model, in which the customer arrival time follows a Poisson process, all of the customer demand, the customer purchasing behavior and the lead time is stochastic and the manufacture production capacity is limited, is built on the basis of the discrete event system simulation theory. Then the simulation-based optimization method is used to solve the problem by combining the simulation model and the particle swarm optimization algorithm together. The simulation sample not only demonstrates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the simulation-based optimization method by comparisons and analyses but also shows its applicability in the supply chain management.
The Dissemination of Research in Special Education

Through the dissemination of research findings, scholarship and practice may be informed, and policy and society may be influenced. This article reviews various purposes of and audiences for research information, and discusses dissemination strategies in terms of the seven factors that account for most of the spread and utilization of knowledge, as identified by Havelock (1372) in his review of research and literature on dis- semination, which remains among the classic papers in this discipline.
Stratified planar chiral shields

The problem of time-harmonic radiation from sources in the presence of a horizontally stratified chiral slab has been developed by formulating the relevant dyadic Green's functions. These Green's functions characterize the reflection and transmission properties of a horizontally stratified (i.e., vertically piecewise constant) chiral slab of finite thickness and infinite lateral extent. Once these Green's functions are known, shielding calculations can be made for arbitrary sources. This problem is of interest for the purpose of electromagnetic shielding by artificial chiral materials active at microwave frequencies. >