cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trapping and P2-P3 Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Reanastomosis for Treatment of a Ruptured Fusiform Aneurysm: Application of Fourth-Generation Technique: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) represent the second most common posterior circulation aneurysm and commonly have complex morphology. Various bypass options exist for PICA aneurysms,1-6 depending on their location relative to brainstem perforators and the vertebral artery, and the presence of nearby donor arteries. We present a case of a man in his late 40s who presented with 3 d of severe headache. He was found to have a fusiform right P2-segment PICA aneurysm. Preoperative angiogram demonstrated the aneurysm and a redundant P3 caudal loop that came in close proximity to the healthy P2 segment proximal to the aneurysm. The risks and benefits of the procedure were discussed with the patient, and they consented for a right far lateral approach craniotomy with partial condylectomy for trapping of the aneurysm with bypass. The aneurysm was trapped proximally and distally. The P3 was transected just distal to the aneurysm and brought toward the proximal P2 segment, facilitated by a lack of perforators on this redundant distal artery. An end-to-side anastomosis was performed. Postoperative angiogram demonstrated exclusion of the aneurysm and patent bypass. The patient recovered well and remained without any neurological deficit at 6-mo follow-up. This case demonstrates the use of a "fourth-generation"5,7,8 bypass technique. These techniques represent the next innovation beyond third-generation intracranial-intracranial bypass. In this type 4B reanastomosis bypass, an unconventional orientation of the arteries was used. Whereas reanastomosis is typically performed end-to-end, the natural course of these arteries and the relatively less-mobile proximal P2 segment made end-to-side the preferred option in this case. Fourth-generation bypass techniques open up more configurations for reanastomosis, using the local anatomy to the surgeon's advantage. The patient consented to the described procedure and consented to the publication of their image.
Clustering Distances in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

The successful application of SIMS to chemical structure analysis is at present restricted by our rudimentary knowledge of two basic processes, i.e., the degree to which the detected secondary ion clusters reflect the virgin surface structure and the mechanism of cluster formation during sputtering. Some proofs have been offered for direct emanation of dimers and multimers from the surface [1]. Other works have shown that non-adjacent atoms on a surface can combine to form dimers and multimers upon sputtering [2]. Very low ion current and/or low impinging kinetic energy have been applied to avoid inducing molecular rearrangement during sputtering [3]. Our recent SIMS work shows that some molecular rearrangement occurs along with the characteristic fragmentation of the solid structure [4–7]. On the basis of these results, we propose that the bound secondary clusters are formed through potential interactions during irreversible adiabatic expansion of an activated region near the surface surrounding the impact site. The purpose of this work is to investigate the distances over which single atoms in a lattice can combine to form dimer clusters during sputtering.
Application of Fuzzy Set Theory to Economics

It has been widely recognized by economists that economic behavior generally involves both elements of stochasticness and/or fuzziness. The objects which economic theory deals with are replete with all sorts of fuzzy emotions, perceptions and processes. While a rich literature on economic behavior under a stochastic environment has developed during the past decade,1 it is notable that virtually no systematic attempt has been made to-date to investigate economic behavior under fuzziness.
PicNet: Augmenting Semantic Resources with Pictorial Representations

In this paper, the authors introduce PicNet, a Web-based system for augmenting semantic resources with illustrative images using volunteer contributions over the Web.
Biomechanics of cricopharyngeal bars

Patients with a prominent cricopharyngeal bar visible on radiography are generally considered to have spasm of the cricopharyngeus, which is the major muscle component of the upper esophageal sphincter. This condition has been termed "cricopharyngeal achalasia." The aim of this study was to determine the pathogenesis of cricopharyngeal bars. Concurrent videofluoroscopic and manometric examinations of the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter were performed in a cohort of six patients with prominent cricopharyngeal bars and in eight control volunteers. In each subject, swallows of 2-30-mL barium boluses were recorded. The patients with cricopharyngeal bars showed (a) normal peristaltic contraction in the pharynx, (b) normal axial upper esophageal sphincter pressure and relaxation, (c) normal flow rate across the upper esophageal sphincter, and (d) normal duration of upper esophageal sphincter opening for different bolus volumes. The major abnormalities in the patients with cricopharyngeal bars were (a) reduced maximal dimensions of the upper esophageal sphincter during the transsphincteric flow of barium and (b) increased intrabolus pressure upstream to the upper esophageal sphincter. Thus, the increase in intrabolus pressure preserved normal transsphincteric flow rates even though the upper esophageal sphincter did not open normally. Overall, the constellation of findings in the patients studied suggests that the underlying pathogenesis of their cricopharyngeal bar was reduced muscle compliance wherein the relaxed cricopharyngeus did not distend normally during swallowing.
An initial characterization of the mercury resistance (mer) system of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27.

The evolutionary origin of the broadly distributed mer system, which plays an important role in mercury detoxification and biogeochemistry, is presently unknown. The phylum Deinococcus/Thermus was found to be one of the deepest-branching bacterial lineage to have a homolog of merA, which specifies reduction of ionic to elemental mercury, and the mercuric reductase (MerA) of Thermus thermophilus HB27 was found to be basal to all bacterial MerA when this protein's phylogeny was constructed. A merA mutant of HB27 was fourfolds more sensitive to mercury toxicity than the wild type (wt), and lost detectable MerA-specific activities. The merA gene in HB27 was transcribed on a polycistronic message downstream from ORF encoding for homologs of O-acetyl-l-homoserine/O-acetyl-serine (OAH/OAS) sulfhydrylase and MerR, the mer operon transcription regulator, from a promoter located 69 nucleotides upstream of the sulfhydrylase translation start codon. The transcription of the putative mer operon in HB27 was induced 66.8±15.8-fold by exposure to 1 μM HgCl2. The optimal temperature for MerA-specific activity corresponded to this strain's optimal growth temperature, 70 °C. Thus, T. thermophilus is the earliest mercury-resistant bacterium identified to date, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that the mer system originated among thermophilic microorganisms from geothermal environments.
Psychosocial factors and coronary calcium in adults without clinical cardiovascular disease

cation or with greater amounts of calcium among persons with calcium. Age- and risk factor–adjusted relative prevalences of coronary calcification in men for the top fourth category versus the bottom fourth category of anger, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.01), 0.97 (CI, 0.90 to 1.04), and 0.97 (CI, 0.90 to 1.05), respectively; these values for women were 1.01 (CI, 0.90 to 1.15), 0.93 (CI, 0.83 to 1.05), and 0.92 (CI, 0.82 to 1.04), respectively. Relative prevalences for the top versus the bottom category of chronic stress burden were 1.02 (CI, 0.94 to 1.11) for men and 0.88 (CI, 0.79 to 0.99) for women. Limitations: Current measures of psychosocial factors may be a poor proxy for cumulative exposure during development of atherosclerosis.
The Ugaritic and Biblical Rephaim

In 1941 Charles Virolleaud published a small corpus of tablets commonly referred to as the Rephaim Texts because they apparently involve the Ugaritic forerunners of the Biblical rĕpāʽim. The meaning of these texts is often obscure, but at least the following seems clear: the rp’m are invited to someone's house or palace; after three days' travel by chariot they arrive at the grnt/meṭʽt, usually translated “threshing floors/plantations,” though the exact significance of the expression is not really clear; finally, the rp’m spend seven days in eating and drinking. This much is a least common denominator shared by all interpretations. When we get to more specific details, however, we find disagreement among students of these texts. Most of the disagreements arise from the differing ways in which the identity of the rp'm is understood.
Herpetofaunal Remains from Khonkho Wankane, an Urban and Ceremonial Centre in the Southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano: Unique Behavioural Correlates to Osseous Taphonomy

This research reports the herpetological (reptile and amphibian) remains from Khonkho Wankane, an urban and ceremonial centre in the southern Lake Titicaca region of the Bolivian Altiplano, which fluoresced during the Late Formative period. The total n = 1710, including a minimum of six taxa and representing a significant portion of the relatively depauperate modern herpetofauna recorded for the Lake Titicaca area. A lizard of the genus Liolaemus (Tropiduridae) was identified. Amphibians are represented by Andean toad Rhinella spinulosa (Bufonidae) and by at least four taxa of frogs: [cf. Gastrotheca marsupiata (Hylidae) and Pleurodema marmorata or P. cinerea and Telmatobius spp. (Leptodactylidae)]. The latter genus does not include members of the giant variants (T. culeus) that dwell in Lake Titicaca. The question of how these remains were incorporated into the site deposits is examined taphonomically. No indicators of human or small carnivore predation were detected. Significant spatial clustering of amphibian remains was detected, with two clusters contributing n = 1562 or 92.4% of the amphibian total (n = 1690). These concentrations also are characterised by a depressed ratio of cranial versus postcranial elements, which cannot be explained by recovery methods. These concentrations of herpetofaunal remains likely represent in-burrow deaths of species sheltering for thermoregulatory benefits away from this harsh Altiplano environment, with the lowered recovery of cranial elements hypothesised to have resulted from a lack of ossification. The bulk of herpetofaunal remains recovered therefore likely were recent intrusions into the site deposits and do not represent the residue of human exploitation during the occupation of Khonkho Wankane. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The "anomalous" 304nm extremum in the thermal perturbation of tryptophan. Absence of a fluorescence artifact.

Thermal perturbation spectra of α-chymotrypsinogen with and without the fluorescence quencher Eu(NO3)3 show that the «anomalous» 305 nm extremum (presumed to arise from tryptophan residues) is not a fluorescence artifact. A similar result was obtained for Nα-acetyltryptophan amide in 13.6 M potassium formate.
Fluid flow and convective‐radiative energy transfer in a parallel‐plate channel under free‐molecule conditions

The flow of a highly rarefied gas in a parallel-plate channel and the transfer of heat owing to simulataneous thermal radiation and free-molecule convection has been investigated analytically. The analysis is facilitated by analogies which exist between the processes. The mass throughflow has been determined as a function of the temperatures and pressures of the system and of the channel dimensions. The heat transfer analysis is first carried out in general and then specialized to the boundary conditions of uniform wall temperature, uniform wall heat flux, and the adiabatic wall. It was found that at temperature levels corresponding to room temperature and above, the results for the combined convective-radiative transport differed little from those for a purely radiative transport.
Suppression of Vertical Electromagnetic Coupling in Multilayer Packages

This paper proposes an effective approach to suppress vertical electromagnetic (EM) coupling in multilayer packages operating at GHz frequencies. In the case of packages with embedded actives where there are large apertures (die sized) in the metal planes and cavities in dielectric layers to accommodate the chips, the effect of EM field coupling is significant. The method involves EM band-gap structures for suppressing vertical coupling and the isolation band can be tuned over different frequency ranges. In addition, this paper puts forth a methodology for predicting the frequency range of the isolation band achieved by the coupling suppression technique. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through simulations and measurements.
U.S. Government Support of Programs in Higher Education in Eastern Europe: A Personal View

This report does not purport to be a detailed and comprehensive study documenting the efforts of U.S. governmental support to institutions of higher education for programs in Eastern Europe since 1...
Homogeneous Decomposition of Aryl- and Alkylimido Precursors for the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten Nitride: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study

MOCVD growth of tungsten nitride (WNx) and tungsten carbonitride (WNxCy) thin films has been reported from the complexes Cl4(CH3CN)W(NR) (1 :R ) Ph; 2 :R ) i Pr; 3 :R ) C3H5). To evaluate the role of the imido substituent in film growth, gas-phase homogeneous decomposition of precursor molecules was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Computational results and NMR kinetics of acetonitrile exchange by 2 in solution verified that dissociation of the acetonitrile ligand should be facile for 1-3 in the temperature range used for film growth (>450 °C). A computational search for transition states for cleavage of W-Cl bonds in the presence of H2 carrier gas was consistent with a U-bond metathesis pathway. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis and bond energy calculations indicated that1 has a stronger N-C(imido) bond and a slightly weaker W-N bond than 2 and 3, suggesting a greater role for W-N bond cleavage in depositions from 1. These results are consistent with mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns from 1-3 and low nitrogen content in films deposited from 1 as compared to those from 2 and 3.
Soluble HLA in saliva of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Objectives:The limited number of studies addressing the presence of soluble human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in body fluids such as tears, urine, sweat, and saliva are restricted to healthy subjects. In this study, we applied solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay to quantify soluble HLA class I (sHLA-I) and class II (sHLA-II) molecules in saliva and in selected serum samples obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Results: While saliva from normal subjects (n=35) contained levels of sHLA-I that were undetectable (n=7) or ranged from 9 ng/ml to 70 ng/ml (30±3.7 ng/ml, n=28), sHLA-I among 38 patients with moderately active RA (n=24) or SLE (n=14) were significantly elevated (222±81.4 ng/ml and 120±27.3 ng/ml, respectively, P<0.0001). Intriguingly, sHLA-I levels were even higher in patients whose disease was regarded as active. Specifically, sHLA-I averaged 683±189 ng/ml in patients with active RA (n=13) and 230±24.5 ng/ml in patients with active SLE (n=7). This was significantly higher than in patients with milder forms of these diseases (P<0.0001). All five subjects with SS had severe disease with high levels of sHLA-I (mean 486±86 ng/ml). The concentrations of saliva sHLA-II in the disease groups studied were comparable with levels found in normal controls. The sHLA-I in severe and mild states was investigated in purified serum and saliva from a patient with SS. While 44-kDa fragments of serum HLA-I were detectable in severe SS, they were undetectable in saliva HLA at any time; 35–37-kDa fragments of serum or saliva HLA-I were detected during both mild and severe disease. Interestingly, the 39-kDa fragment was detected in both body fluids during severe but not mild forms of SS. Similarly, the isoforms with the molecular masses 39 kDa and 44 kDa were mainly identified in the purified material obtained from serum of SLE patients. Conclusions: Collectively, our data suggest that the measurement of soluble HLA in body fluids can be of both diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders. The mechanism by which sHLA enters saliva is unclear, but they probably are not acquired from serum.
Evolving Socio‐economic Conditions in Central and Eastern Europe: A Myrdalian View

Summary The debate about the effects of transformation policies will continue, given the impossibility of isolating their impact while holding constant other factors responsible for performance. However, one conclusion that can be drawn is that, using comparable performance indicators, trends in China, except for inflation and political democracy, are either similar to or more positive than corresponding results in CEE (Chai, 1992; Field, 1992; Harrold, 1993; Yeh, 1992). In nearly every year since 1978 China's actual performance has exceeded that planned, while in CEE the decline in economic activity following the implementation of transformation measures has consistently exceeded the most pessimistic forecasts of policy-makers and their foreign advisers. In consequence, the social and economic costs borne by the Chinese during their transformation have been much less than in CEE. Based upon his own goals and assessment of CEE policies and their expected and actual consequences (see Tables 1 and 2). Myrdal would evaluate the performance of CEE economies as relatively poor6 Negative assessments would be accorded to social and economic equalisation, rise in productivity, rise in living standards, and social discipline and rational planning. He would find both positive and negative aspects for each of the other four criteria.7 Overall, he would evaluate the ‘tendencies’ as unfavourable because of the absence of any clear positive trends throughout the region. This evaluation, combined with the comparison with China, calls into question the efficacy of CEE policies based upon the assumption that transformation requires rapid privatisation, elimination of subsidies to state-owned enterprises, and stabilisation measures prior to institutional reforms, or that the state ought to adopt a passive role concerning supply-side responses during the transformation process. As the consummate political economist, Myrdal would criticise CEE goals and policies and suggest alternatives consistent with his value premises and his theory of development.
Protection Against Infection with Giardia muris by Milk Containing Antibody to Giardia

Mice ingesting milk from immune mothers are protected against infection with Giardia muris. In order to be protected, the infant mice must be suckling immune milk at the time of challenge with the parasite and must continue to do so for at least three to five days thereafter. Suckling immune milk does not induce sustained immunity; infants become susceptible to infection after weaning begins at 14 days of age. Immune milk contains specific IgA and IgG antibody to Giardia, which may be the mediators of the demonstrated protection. The properties of this protection are similar to those described for protection against other enteric infections by milk.
Equilibrium parity-violating current in a magnetic field

It is argued that if the Hamiltonian of a system of charged fermions does not conserve parity, then an equilibrium electric current parallel to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ can develop in such a system in an external magnetic field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$. The equilibrium current is calculated (i) for noninteracting left-handed massless fermions and (ii) for a system of massive particles with a Fermitype parity-violating interaction. In the first case a nonzero current is found, while in the second case the current vanishes in the lowest order of perturbation theory. The physical reason for the cancellation of the current in the second case is not clear and one cannot rule out the possibility that a nonzero current appears in other models.
Room-temperature ageing effects on the magnetic properties of mechanically milled SmCo5

Abstract Mechanical milling of ferromagnetic SmCo5 produces dramatic increases in coercivity or short (15 minutes to 2 hours) milling times. The milled nanostructured material is highly metastable and undergoes room-temperature recovery during the first two weeks after fabrication. Although changes in the coercivity with ageing time are significant, the diffracting crystallite size determined from x-ray diffraction remains constant. We conclude that disorder is a primary determinant of the coercivity of mechanically milled alloys.
Electrophoretic protein patterns in fast and slow muscles of the lobster, Homarus americanus

The protein arrays of the claw and abdominal muscles of the lobster Homarus americanus were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gel protein patterns revealed consistent differences in several major bands that could be correlated with the physiological properties of the muscle. Fast-type muscle, independent of innervation, showed a common protein pattern distinct from the slow muscles, which had a common pattern of their own. These results suggest that functional properties of crustacean muscle fibers are expressed in their protein composition.
A Thermodynamic Approach to Long-Term Deformation and Damage for Polymeric Materials in Hygrothermal Environment

In this paper, a thermodynamic approach is presented to model coupled fluid transport, heat transfer, long-term deformation and damage in polymeric materials. The well-known Gibbs free energy is expressed as a functional of stress, temperature and fluid concentration with damage being introduced as an internal state variable. Constitutive equations for nonlinear viscoelastic materials in hygrothermal environments are derived in memory functional forms. The kinetics of damage evolution induced by stress, temperature and fluid is described by a damage function with thermodynamic driving force. Governing equations for mass and heat transfer are obtained from transport laws relating fluid and heat fluxes to gradients of chemical potential difference and temperature. A superposition principle of time, temperature, fluid concentration, stress, and aging is proposed so that long-term property functions may be derived from momentary master curves by horizontal and vertical shifting. The approach provides a theoretical framework for evaluating longterm behavior of polymeric materials in hygrothermal environments from short-term experiments.
Intracellular delivery of saquinavir in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for HIV/AIDS

Purpose This study aims at developing poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) nanoparticulate system as an intracellular delivery vehicle for saquinavir, an anti-HIV protease inhibitor.
Parental perceptions of family and pediatrician roles in childhood weight management

Objective To characterize parental perceptions of the respective roles of families and the pediatrician in childhood weight management. Study design Structured in-person interviews (n = 69) were conducted with parents of children ages 3-12 years visiting a pediatric clinic. Interview topics included perceptions of weight and associated problems, child weight status and concerns, and the pediatrician's role in weight management. Interviews were coded qualitatively and analyzed thematically. Results Nine major themes were developed from the findings. Parents were clear about the health consequences of excess weight but were not clear about the concept of body mass index, often relying on visual cues or symptoms to identify excess weight. Parents relied on pediatricians to identify weight problems and suggest diet and exercise plans, but few recognized them as a link to additional weight-management resources. Parents were divided on the role of the pediatrician in managing child weight and were most interested in receiving tailored nutrition information. Parents preferred family behavioral change strategies over singling out an overweight child. Although parents did not always define their child as overweight, many parents of overweight children did express concerns about their child's weight. Conclusions Parents believe that pediatricians have a central role in identifying childhood weight problems by completing screening tests such as body mass index assessments, interpreting the health implications, and communicating those implications to parents. Ensuring that parents understand the health implications of excess weight is critical given gaps in parental knowledge and confidence with healthy lifestyle changes as well as parental ambivalence toward child-directed interventions.
Effect of verapamil on cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in the rabbit.

Abstract Cephaloridine produces proximal tubular necrosis in the rabbit kidney. Calcium channel blockers have ameliorated tissue injury due to toxic and ischemic insults. To determine whether renal damage caused by cephaloridine could be modified by pretreatment with verapamil, groups of rabbits were given cephaloridine, 100 mg/kg sc, 90 min after administration of verapamil, 200 μg/kg iv. Histologic scoring of the extent of proximal tubular necrosis 48 hr later demonstrated increased necrosis in the group receiving verapamil plus cephaloridine. Verapamil pretreatment increased the concentration of cephaloridine in the renal cortex at 0.5 hr, but did not alter the peak concentration (2 hr after the dose) or cortical concentrations at 1 or 3 hr. Assay of total calcium content in cortical mitochondria 2 hr after cephaloridine showed that verapamil pretreatment abolished the increased accumulation following cephaloridine administration. We conclude that verapamil does not protect renal proximal tubular cells from the toxic effect of cephaloridine, and that verapamil prevents the cephaloridine-induced uptake of calcium by cortical mitochondria.
Parent perceptions of gifted children's educational needs

A survey was conducted with parents of gifted children concerning their perceptions of their children's experiences in school. The Survey contained eight items comprised primarily of Likert style response sets. These items tapped a variety of information including parental perception of their child's scholastic needs and attitudes toward special full time schools for high ability students. Results indicated that most parents do not perceive their school's present curricula as meeting their child's intellectual needs. Further, there is substantial belief among these parents that special full time classes for high ability youngsters are needed.
Male and female roles in the lyrics of three genres of contemporary music

The lyrics of 151 songs representing Country, Soul, and Easy Listening genres are content analyzed for conformity or nonconformity to specific stereotypical sex role traits. Males conform to stereotypical male traits in all three genres more often than women conform to stereotypical female traits. The variability in female traits may be due to varying interpretations of the female role by male lyricists or to actual variation in role expectations among American subcultures.
Crystal structures in dried smears of gastric mucus.

ConclusionSeveral characteristic crystal patterns have been observed microscopically in dry smears of pure gastric mucus from canine Heidenhain pouches. Although their chemical composition has not been established, there is reason to believe that they are neither pepsinogen, pepsin, nor one of the mucins.
Photoionization of positive ions. I. Oxygen

Photoionization cross sections for all subshells occupied in the ground states of neutral oxygen and each positive ion O/sup +//sup n/ (n = 1--6) have been calculated using Hartree-Slater wave functions. The results show that removal of a 2p or 2s electron has no effect on the 1s cross section other than shifting the threshold. The systematics of the cross section as a function of stage of ionization are analyzed, and the limits of applicability of the hydrogenic model are discussed.
Simulation of dislocations imaged by moiré fringe contrast.

Transemission electron microscope (TEM) images of dislocations as produced via moire fringe contrast are simulated using many-beam diffraction theory. The effect of edge dislocations on both parallel and rotational moire fringe patterns is considered. For the parallel moire fringe pattern, images of dislocations both perpendicular to the film plane and those inclined to the film plane are produced. The effect of an inclined dislocation is shown to cause a distortion of the dislocation image. Finally, a comparison between predicted and experimentally observed images is made, with the results indicating that threating dislocations in the FeAl/GaAs system have line directions nearly perpendicular to the (001)FeAl/GaAs film plane. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An adaptive finite element methodology for 2D simulation of two-phase flow through porous media

A scheme for the accurate simulation of two-phase flow through porous media, utilizing adaptive finite element methods is presented. The theoretical equations and their approximation using Galerkin`s method is covered, followed by a discussion of a dynamically refined mesh which preserves piece wise solutions across transition elements. Finally, comparisons are made between results of computed simulations and laboratory experiments. The paper uses the processes occurring in a water coning scenario, a problem of particular interest to petroleum engineers, to illustrate the method.
THE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN K1 IN SOY BASED INFANT FORMULA USING MATRIX SOLID PHASE DISPERSION

A liquid chromatographic method is described for vitamin K1 in soy based infant formula. The vitamins are extracted from infant formula by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and quantitated by reversed phase chromatography with fluorescence detection. Vitamin K1 is converted to the fluorescent hydroquinone with a post column zinc reductive reactor. The limit of detection is 12 pg and the limit of quantitation is 38 pg on- column. Linear response ranged from 0.70 – 11.0 ng/mL (r2 = 0.998). Recoveries were determined on an analyte-fortified blank material for soy based infant formula and averaged 92.5% (n = 25) for vitamin K1. The method provides a rapid, specific, and easily controlled assay for the analysis of vitamin K1 in fortified soy based infant formula.
SU-D-134-06: Statistical Methods for Breast Mass Classification by Ultrasound Imaging

Purpose: The overall goal of this study is to develop a computer‐based image analysis system for breast ultrasound that may aid physicians in differentiating benign and malignant masses with higher confidence and thus help in reducing unnecessary biopsies. Towards this goal we describe an approach that combines two independent probabilistic classifiers to improve diagnosis of breast masses. Methods: B‐scan images of 266 patients with biopsy proven breast masses were analyzed for margin grayscale and shape features. These features were used with two statistical methods, logistic regression and naive Bayes, to classify the lesions as malignant and benign. The diagnostic performance of the ultrasound image features was evaluated by using them alone and by combining them with mammographic BI‐RADS categories and patient age. The probability predictions of the two classifiers were compared to assess consensus between them. The performances of the classifiers were evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC Receiver Operating Characteristic. Training and testing were performed using leave‐one‐out validation. Results: The results showed that combined features outperformed the individual features. Logistic regression performed slightly better than naive Bayes (AUC: 0.902 ± 0.023 vs. 0.865 ± 0.027, p < 0.03). The agreement between the two models at different decision thresholds was stable at ∼88 %. The reaming 12% were treated as the cases that needed further diagnostic investigation. Treating each algorithm as an independent observer and using the consensus between the two models as the criterion for mass differentiation demonstrated a reduction in biopsy by 48% could be achieved at the cost of missed malignancies in 2% cases. Conclusion: Computer‐based image analysis of breast ultrasound images can aid the differentiation of benign and malignant masses and help in improving biopsy yields. NIH grant R01 CA130946
The Social Context of Career Success and Course for 2,026 Scientists and Inventors

The career success and course of 2,026 eminent scientists and inventors were examined relative to the social networks in which their work took place. Career success was gauged by eminence and lifetime contributions; career course was assessed by the age at first, best, and last contributions and the career duration. Once the social relationships were grouped into 15 categories, such as mentors, collaborators, and successors, the relationships were assessed according to their number; eminence, and age gap. Controlling for potential artifacts, analysis revealed how career achievements are associated with the presence of specific proximal and distal interactions and influences across and within generations. Isaac Newton is shown to typify the overall pattern of results.
Comparison of the Results of Aortic Valve Replacement With or Without Concomitant Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≤30% Versus Patients With Ejection Fraction >30%

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that low-ejection fraction (EF), low-gradient aortic stenosis (AS) is a predictor of major morbidity after aortic valve replacement (AVR). We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from 597 consecutive patients with AS (mean age 72 +/- 11 years) who had undergone AVR or combined AVR and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) from 1998 to 2006 (EF < or =30% in 73 [12%]). The outcome measures included hospital mortality, major complications, and long-term survival. The overall hospital mortality rate was 4% (low-EF AS 5%; low-EF AS plus CABG 8%; AS controls 4%; AS plus CABG controls 3%; p = 0.42). Low-EF, low-gradient AS was not an independent risk factor for hospital mortality but predicted stroke (odds ratio [OR] 4.3), deep sternal wound infection (OR 10.0), sepsis (OR 6.8), gastrointestinal complications (OR 4.2), and respiratory failure (OR 4.4). The survival rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 69 +/- 8%, 69 +/- 8%, and 65 +/- 8% in the low-EF, low-gradient, AVR plus CABG group and 95 +/- 4%, 92 +/- 5%, and 82 +/- 7% in the low-EF, low-gradient AVR group compared to 93 +/- 2%, 88 +/- 2%, and 78 +/- 3% in the AVR plus CABG control group and 93 +/- 2%, 89 +/- 2%, and 85 +/- 3% in the AVR control group (p = 0.001), respectively. In the patients with low-EF AS who experienced major postoperative morbidity, the 1-year survival rate was significantly reduced (54 +/- 14%) compared to those who did not (95 +/- 3%, p <0.001). In conclusion, low-EF, low-gradient AS is a predictor of increased major morbidity after AVR, which nonetheless remains the treatment of choice for most patients because of the excellent early and late survival. However, patients with strong risk factors for postoperative renal and respiratory failure might derive less benefit from conventional surgical AVR.
Intraspinal transplantation of GABAergic neural progenitors attenuates neuropathic pain in rats: a pharmacologic and neurophysiological evaluation.

Abstract Dysfunctional γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory neurotransmission is hypothesized to underlie chronic neuropathic pain. Intraspinal transplantation of GABAergic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) may reduce neuropathic pain by restoring dorsal horn inhibition. Rat NPCs pre-differentiated to a GABAergic phenotype were transplanted into the dorsal horn of rats with unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. GABA signaling in antinociceptive effects of NPC grafts was tested with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC), GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348 (CGP) and GABA reuptake inhibitor SKF 89976A (SKF). NPC-treated animals showed decreased hyperalgesia and allodynia 1–3 week post-transplantation; vehicle-injected CCI rats continued displaying pain behaviors. Intrathecal application of BIC or CGP attenuated the antinociceptive effects of the NPC transplants while SKF injection induced analgesia in control rats. Electrophysiological recordings in NPC treated rats showed reduced responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons to peripheral stimulation compared to controls. A spinal application of BIC or CGP increased wind-up response and post-discharges of WDR neurons in NPC treated animals. Results suggest that transplantation of GABAergic NPCs attenuate pain behaviors and reduce exaggerated dorsal horn neuronal firing induced by CCI. The effects of GABA receptor inhibitors suggest participation of continuously released GABA in the grafted animals.
Automated flow rate calculation based on digital analysis of flow convergence proximal to regurgitant orifice

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate an automated method for calculating regurgitant flow rate using color Doppler echocardiography. Background. The proximal flow convergence method is a promising approach to quantitate valvular regurgitation noninvasively because it allows one to calculate regurgitant flow rate and regurgitant orifice area; however, defining the location of the regurgitant orifice is often difficult and can lead to significant error in the calculated flow rates. To overcome this problem we developed an automated algorithm to locate the orifice and calculate flow rate based on the digital Doppler velocity map. Methods. This algorithm compares the observed velocities with the anticipated relative velocities, cos ϑ/μt2. The orifice is localized as the point with maximal correlation between predicted and observed velocity, whereas flow rate is specified as the slope of the regression line. We validated this algorithm in an in vitro model for flow through circular orifices with planar surroundings and a porcine bioprosthesis. Results. For flow through circular orifices, flow rates calculated on individual Doppler maps and on an average of eight velocity maps showed excellent agreement with true flow, with r = 0.977 and ΔQ = −3.7 ± 15.8 cm3/s and r = 0.991 and ΔQ = −4.3 ± 8.5 cm3/s, respectively. Calculated flow rates through the bioprosthesis correlated well but underestimated true flow, with r = 0.97, ΔQ = −10.9 ± 12.5 cm3/s, suggesting flow convergence over an >2π. This systematic underestimation was corrected by assuming an effective convergence angle of 212 δ. Conclusions. This algorithm accurately locates the regurgitant orifice and calculates regurgitant flow rate for circular orifices with planar surroundings. Automated analysis of the proximal flow field is also applicable to more physiologic surfaces surrounding the regurgitant orifice; however, the convergence angle should be adjusted. This automated algorithm should make quantification of regurgitant flow rate and regurgitant orifice area more reproducible and readily available in clinical cardiology practice.
Massive haemoptysis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A 32-year-old male intravenous drug abuser was admitted to our institution with constitutional symptoms and sputum smears containing acid-fast bacilli, but no parenchymal disease on chest radiograph. He subsequently developed massive haemoptysis and required an emergency lobectomy. The pathology specimen revealed miliary tuberculosis with extensive caseation, schistosomiasis and cytomegalovirus. This is the first report of massive haemoptysis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The severe pulmonary haemorrhage was most likely due to miliary tuberculosis.
War Commemoration and the Interpretation of Judges 5:15b-17

As a prelude to a forthcoming article (“Deborah’s War Memorial”, ZAW 123), this study examines the influential interpretation of F. M. Cross and B. Halpern, according to which Jdg 5:15b-17 describes participation in battle. In identifying problems with this interpretation, the author points to suggestive comparative evidence for war commemoration in the Bible and the Aegean world.
every edit tells a story Sound and the Visual Frame: a comparative analysis of videotape editor routines in global newsrooms

The way video images are edited together to frame stories have historically evolved through news routines from linear to nonlinear (digital) editing contributing, in part, to the globalization of television news. The tape editing process, specifically in Western television newsroom cultures—such as those found in Germany, Britain, and the United States—have historically exhibited different news routines that have seldom been discussed. This research documents the distinctions in one aspect of the news routine: the practices of global newsroom videotape editors and their role in framing news stories. Across borders there were differences in story construction, the shared professional language of the newsroom, the actual story construction routines, the newsroom culture of story construction, and in the historical foundations from which each system developed. Despite the fact that the global newsrooms visited in this study have subsequently shifted to digital editing functions, differences in the routines o...
Auditory brainstem responses in the aged cat.

Abstract Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were compared in young adult and aged cats. Mean threshold for click-evoked ABRs were greater in the aged cats. Clicks normalized to 15 and 30 dB above individual thresholds at rates of 10, 20, 50 and 100/sec evoked ABRs with similar latencies and central conduction times in both groups. Background noise at equal intensity for all cats completely suppressed ABRs evoked by clicks 30 dB above threshold in 2 3 of the young but none of old cats. As rise time of a 25 msec noise burst at equal intensity for all cats increased 1, 2, 5, and 10 msec, latency of wave 4 increased more for the old cats than for the young. Summed monaural ABRs from both ears were greater than binaural ABRs for waves 4 and 5 in both groups. These data indicate peripheral auditory dysfunction in aged cats but little abnormality in auditory brainstein transmission with click intensity normalized for ABR threshold.
Population Heterogeneity and Between-Group Substitutability and Complementarity of Social Actions

This article extends a foundation for sociological theories of the micro-macro linkage in collective action. Key elements of the foundation are population heterogeneity and a model of interdependence of actions. By “population heterogeneity” I mean differences among people in the payoffs of their alternative choices. This article introduces the concepts of interpersonal substitutability and complementarity of actions between groups for analyzing their collective outcomes by extending similar concepts and methods previously introduced in the literature for interdependence of actions within a group. The article applies these theories and methods (1) to evaluate Tsebelis's theory of the relationship between crime and punishment and present distinct conclusions on the effectiveness of alternative crime control methods depending on the conditions of population heterogeneity, and (2) to clarify the role of population heterogeneity as a modifier for the effects of an increase in the gender equality of job opport...
Effects of the phenethylamine derivatives, BL-3912, fenfluramine, and Sch-12679, in rats trained with LSD as a discriminative stimulus.

Six rats were trained to discriminate the effects of LSD (100 μg/kg) and saline in a two-lever choice task. They were then tested with each of three phenethylamine derivatives, BL-3912 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-α-ethyl-phenethylamine), fenfluramine (N-ethyl-α-methyl-m-(trifluoro-methyl)phenethylamine), and Sch-12679 (N-methyl-1-phenyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2,3,4,5-tetra-hydro-3-benzazepine maleate). Fenfluramine and Sch-12679 yielded intermediate results, i.e., responding was not fully appropriate for either training condition while BL-3912 substituted completely for LSD. The LSD-like effects of each of the drugs were antagonized by pretreatment with BC-105, a serotonergic antagonist known to block the stimulus effects of indole and phenethylamine hallucinogens. The present data together with consideration of the known clinical effects of BL-3912, fenfluramine, and Sch-12679 are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) a variety of drugs may substitute in whole or in part for LSD in LSD-trained rats, and (2) even complete substitution of a drug for LSD in the rat is not necessarily associated with the production by that drug of hallucinations in man.
Distributional effects of a carbon tax in broader U.S. fiscal reform

Abstract This paper analyzes the distributional implications of an illustrative $15 carbon tax imposed in 2010 on carbon in fossil fuels. We analyze its incidence across income classes and regions, both in isolation and when combined with measures that apply the carbon tax revenue to lowering other distortionary taxes in the economy. Consistent with earlier findings, we find that a carbon tax is regressive. Using tax swap simulations, we then subtract the burden of other taxes the carbon tax revenue could displace, and compute the net effect on households under three assumptions about how capital and labor income might be distributed.
The design of an expert system for inventory control

Abstract An expert system for inventory management is presented in this paper. The focus is on the development of a simple, user-friendly tool that can be used effectively by managers to increase the cost-effectiveness of their inventory systems. The expert system is capable of analyzing input parameters by performing statistical analyses of data bases, generating plots and graphs, implementing a set of rules for the selection of inventory models, and choosing a solution procedure. The scope of this paper is limited to the single-item, single-location problems.
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the orbital bones.

Purpose: The authors report a case of an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma arising in the orbital bones. A review of the literature related to this rare orbital neoplasm identified eight well-documented cases, one of which occurred in a patient younger than that reported here, but none of which originated in bone. Methods: A 3 1/2-month-old boy had a left inferior orbital mass that had grown rapidly over a 3-day period. An emergency computed tomography scan showed a large neoplasm with significant bone destruction of the zygoma and maxilla. Initial examination suggested a rhabdomyosarcoma, and a transconjunctival biopsy was performed, which was complicated by significant blood loss. The final pathologic diagnosis was an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, or grade 2 hemangioendothelioma, of bone origin. No other sites of disease were found on metastatic survey. Subsequent treatment consisted of an en bloc tumor resection sparing the orbital soft tissues and globe. Results: The patient is free of disease and has normal visual fixation and ocular motility 20 months after surgery. Conclusion: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, a vascular malignancy of endothelial cell origin, very rarely involves the orbit. This case is notable for its early development, rapid growth, bony origin, and epithelioid histology.