cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DISTRIBUTION AND COSMIC DENSITY OF RELATIVISTIC IRON LINES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

X-ray observations of several active galactic nuclei (AGNs) show prominent iron K-shell fluorescence lines that are sculpted due to special and general relativistic effects. These observations are important because they probe the spacetime geometry close to distant black holes. However, the intrinsic distribution of Fe line strengths in the cosmos has never been determined. This uncertainty has contributed to the controversy surrounding the relativistic interpretation of the emission feature. Now, by making use of the latest multi-wavelength data, we show theoretical predictions of the cosmic density of relativistic Fe lines as a function of their equivalent width (EW) and line flux. We are able to show unequivocally that the most common relativistic iron lines in the universe will be produced by neutral iron fluorescence in Seyfert galaxies and have EWs <100 eV. Thus, the small number of very intense lines that have been discovered are just the bright end of a distribution of line strengths. In addition to validating the current observations, the predicted distributions can be used for planning future surveys of relativistic Fe lines. Finally, the predicted sky density of EWs indicates that the X-ray source in AGNs cannot, on average, lie on the axis of the black hole.
Sharp existence criteria for positive solutions of Hardy--Sobolev type systems

This paper examines systems of poly-harmonic equations of the Hardy--Sobolev type and the closely related weighted systems of integral equations involving Riesz potentials. Namely, it is shown that the two systems are equivalent under some appropriate conditions. Then a sharp criterion for the existence and non-existence of positive solutions is determined for both differential and integral versions of a Hardy--Sobolev type system with variable coefficients. In the constant coefficient case, Liouville type theorems for positive radial solutions are also established using radial decay estimates and Pohozaev type identities in integral form.
Linked and knotted beams of light, conservation of helicity and the flow of null electromagnetic fields

Maxwell's equations allow for some remarkable solutions consisting of pulsed beams of light which have linked and knotted field lines. The preservation of the topological structure of the field lines in these solutions has previously been ascribed to the fact that the electric and magnetic helicities, a measure of the degree of linking and knotting between field lines, are conserved. Here we show that the elegant evolution of the field is due to the stricter condition that the electric and magnetic fields be everywhere orthogonal. The field lines then satisfy a 'frozen field' condition and evolve as if they were unbreakable filaments embedded in a fluid. The preservation of the orthogonality of the electric and magnetic field lines is guaranteed for null, shear-free fields such as the ones considered here by a theorem of Robinson. We calculate the flow field of a particular solution and find it to have the form of a Hopf fibration moving at the speed of light in a direction opposite to the propagation of the pulsed light beam, a familiar structure in this type of solution. The difference between smooth evolution of individual field lines and conservation of electric and magnetic helicities is illustrated by considering a further example in which the helicities are conserved, but the field lines are not everywhere orthogonal. The field line configuration at time t = 0 corresponds to a nested family of torus knots but unravels upon evolution.
Retired A Stars and Their Companions. VIII. 15 New Planetary Signals around Subgiants and Transit Parameters for California Planet Search Planets with Subgiant Hosts

We present the discovery of 7 new planets and 8 planet candidates around subgiant stars, as additions to the known sample of planets around "retired A stars" (Johnson et al. 2006). Among these are the possible first 3-planet systems around subgiant stars, HD 163607 and HD 4917. Additionally, we present calculations of possible transit times, durations, depths, and probabilities for all known planets around subgiant (3 9%.
Numerical MHD Simulations of Solar Magnetoconvection and Oscillations in Inclined Magnetic Field Regions

The sunspot penumbra is a transition zone between the strong vertical magnetic field area (sunspot umbra) and the quiet Sun. The penumbra has a fine filamentary structure that is characterized by magnetic field lines inclined toward the surface. Numerical simulations of solar convection in inclined magnetic field regions have provided an explanation of the filamentary structure and the Evershed outflow in the penumbra. In this article, we use radiative MHD simulations to investigate the influence of the magnetic field inclination on the power spectrum of vertical velocity oscillations. The results reveal a strong shift of the resonance mode peaks to higher frequencies in the case of a highly inclined magnetic field. The frequency shift for the inclined field is significantly greater than that in vertical-field regions of similar strength. This is consistent with the behavior of fast MHD waves.
A PLATEAU IN THE PLANET POPULATION BELOW TWICE THE SIZE OF EARTH

We carry out an independent search of Kepler photometry for small transiting planets with sizes 0.5-8.0 times that of Earth and orbital periods between 5 and 50 days, with the goal of measuring the fraction of stars harboring such planets. We use a new transit search algorithm, TERRA, optimized to detect small planets around photometrically quiet stars. We restrict our stellar sample to include the 12,000 stars having the lowest photometric noise in the Kepler survey, thereby maximizing the detectability of Earth-size planets. We report 129 planet candidates having radii less than 6 R_E found in three years of Kepler photometry (quarters 1-12). Forty-seven of these candidates are not in Batalha et al., which only analyzed photometry from quarters 1-6. We gather Keck HIRES spectra for the majority of these targets leading to precise stellar radii and hence precise planet radii. We make a detailed measurement of the completeness of our planet search. We inject synthetic dimmings from mock transiting planets into the actual Kepler photometry. We then analyze that injected photometry with our TERRA pipeline to assess our detection completeness for planets of different sizes and orbital periods. We compute the occurrence of planets as a function of planet radius and period, correcting for the detection completeness as well as the geometric probability of transit, R⋆/a. The resulting distribution of planet sizes exhibits a power law rise in occurrence from 5.7 R_E down to 2 R_E, as found in Howard et al. That rise clearly ends at 2 R_E . The occurrence of planets is consistent with constant from 2 R_E toward 1 R_E . This unexpected plateau in planet occurrence at 2 R_E suggests distinct planet formation processes for planets above and below 2 R_E . We find that 15.1^(+1.8)_(-2.7)% of solar type stars—roughly one in six—has a 1-2 R_E planet with P = 5-50 days.
Convex Relaxations of Optimal Power Flow Problems: An Illustrative Example

Recently, there has been significant interest in convex relaxations of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. A semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation globally solves many OPF problems. However, there exist practical problems for which the SDP relaxation fails to yield the global solution. Conditions for the success or failure of the SDP relaxation are valuable for determining whether the relaxation is appropriate for a given OPF problem. To move beyond existing conditions, which only apply to a limited class of problems, a typical conjecture is that failure of the SDP relaxation can be related to physical characteristics of the system. By presenting an example OPF problem with two equivalent formulations, this paper demonstrates that physically based conditions cannot universally explain algorithm behavior. The SDP relaxation fails for one formulation but succeeds in finding the global solution to the other formulation. Since these formulations represent the same system, success (or otherwise) of the SDP relaxation must involve factors beyond just the network physics. The lack of universal physical conditions for success of the SDP relaxation motivates the development of tighter convex relaxations capable of solving a broader class of problems. Tools from polynomial optimization theory provide a means of developing tighter relaxations. This paper uses the example problem to illustrate relaxations from the Lasserre hierarchy for polynomial optimization and a related “mixed semidefinite/second-order cone programming” hierarchy.
The Analyticity Breakdown for Frenkel-Kontorova Models in Quasi-periodic Media: Numerical Explorations

We study numerically the “analyticity breakdown” transition in 1-dimensional quasi-periodic media. This transition corresponds physically to the transition between pinned down and sliding ground states. Mathematically, it corresponds to the solutions of a functional equation losing their analyticity properties. We implemented some recent numerical algorithms that are efficient and backed up by rigorous results so that we can compute with confidence even close to the breakdown. We have uncovered several phenomena that we believe deserve a theoretical explanation: (A) The transition happens in a smooth surface. (B) There are scaling relations near breakdown. (C) The scaling near breakdown is very anisotropic. Derivatives in different directions blow up at different rates. Similar phenomena seem to happen in other KAM problems.
Urban Mobility Swarms: A Scalable Implementation

We present a system to coordinate “urban mobility swarms” in order to promote the use and safety of lightweight, sustainable transit, while enhancing the vibrancy and community fabric of cities. This work draws from behavior exhibited by swarms of nocturnal insects, such as crickets and fireflies, whereby synchrony unifies individuals in a decentralized network. Coordination naturally emerges in these cases and provides a compelling demonstration of “strength in numbers”. Our work is applied to coordinating lightweight vehicles, such as bicycles, which are automatically inducted into ad-hoc “swarms”, united by the synchronous pulsation of light. We model individual riders as nodes in a decentralized network and synchronize their behavior via a peer-to-peer message protocol and algorithm, which preserves individual privacy. Nodes broadcast over radio with a transmission range tuned to localize swarm membership. Nodes then join or disconnect from others based on proximity, accommodating the dynamically changing topology of urban mobility networks. This paper provides a technical description of our system, including the protocol and algorithm to coordinate the swarming behavior that emerges from it. We also demonstrate its implementation in code, circuity, and hardware, with a system prototype tested on a city bike-share. In doing so, we evince the scalability of our system. Our prototype uses low-cost components, and bike-share programs, which manage bicycle fleets distributed across cities, could deploy the system at city-scale. Our flexible, decentralized design allows additional bikes to then connect with the network, enhancing its scale and impact.
On the minimal distance between elliptic fixed points for geometrically finite Fuchsian groups

Let Γ be a geometrically finite Fuchsian group acting on the upper half-plane ℍ. Let ℰ denote the set of elliptic fixed points of Γ in ℍ. We give a lower bound on the minimal hyperbolic distance between points in ℰ. Our bound depends on a universal constant and the length of the smallest closed geodesic on Γ\ℍ.
Large Deviations and Importance Sampling for Systems of Slow-Fast Motion

In this paper we develop the large deviations principle and a rigorous mathematical framework for asymptotically efficient importance sampling schemes for general, fully dependent systems of stochastic differential equations of slow and fast motion with small noise in the slow component. We assume periodicity with respect to the fast component. Depending on the interaction of the fast scale with the smallness of the noise, we get different behavior. We examine how one range of interaction differs from the other one both for the large deviations and for the importance sampling. We use the large deviations results to identify asymptotically optimal importance sampling schemes in each case. Standard Monte Carlo schemes perform poorly in the small noise limit. In the presence of multiscale aspects one faces additional difficulties and straightforward adaptation of importance sampling schemes for standard small noise diffusions will not produce efficient schemes. It turns out that one has to consider the so called cell problem from the homogenization theory for Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations in order to guarantee asymptotic optimality. We use stochastic control arguments.
Private Broadcasting: An index coding approach

Using a broadcast channel to transmit clients' data requests may impose privacy risks. In this paper, we tackle such privacy concerns in the index coding framework. We show how a curious client can infer some information about the requests and side information of other clients by learning the encoding matrix used by the server. We propose an information-theoretic metric to measure the level of privacy and show how encoding matrices can be designed to achieve specific privacy guarantees. We then consider a special scenario for which we design a transmission scheme and derive the achieved levels of privacy in closed-form. We also derive upper bounds and we compare them to the levels of privacy achieved by our scheme, highlighting that an inherent trade-off exists between protecting privacy of the request and of the side information of the clients.
Volume and topological invariants of quantum many-body systems

This paper proposes a method to extract topological invariance date from path integrals. The authors rely on a choice of space-time manifolds and quantum volume, given by a vector rather than a positive number.
Disturbance Decoupling for Gradient-Based Multi-Agent Learning With Quadratic Costs

Motivated by applications of multi-agent learning in noisy environments, this letter studies the robustness of gradient-based learning dynamics with respect to disturbances. While disturbances injected along a coordinate corresponding to any individual player's actions can always affect the overall learning dynamics, a subset of players can be disturbance decoupled-i.e., such players' actions are completely unaffected by the injected disturbance. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee this property for games with quadratic cost functions, which encompass quadratic one-shot continuous games, finite-horizon linear quadratic (LQ) dynamic games, and bilinear games. Specifically, disturbance decoupling is characterized by both algebraic and graph-theoretic conditions on the learning dynamics, the latter is obtained by constructing a game graph based on gradients of players' costs. For LQ games, we show that disturbance decoupling imposes constraints on the controllable and unobservable subspaces of players. For two player bilinear games, we show that disturbance decoupling within a player's action coordinates imposes constraints on the payoff matrices. Illustrative numerical examples are provided.
Bilinear Forms and Fierz Identities for Real Spin Representations

Given a real representation of the Clifford algebra corresponding to \({\mathbb{R}^{p+q}}\) with metric of signature (p, q), we demonstrate the existence of two natural bilinear forms on the space of spinors. With the Clifford action of k-forms on spinors, the bilinear forms allow us to relate two spinors with elements of the exterior algebra. From manipulations of a rank four spinorial tensor introduced in [1], we are able to find a general class of identities which, upon specializing from four spinors to two spinors and one spinor in signatures (1,3) and (10,1), yield some well-known Fierz identities. We will see, surprisingly, that the identities we construct are partly encoded in certain involutory real matrices that resemble the Krawtchouk matrices [2][3].
Multidimensional x-ray spectroscopy of valence and core excitations in cysteine

Several nonlinear spectroscopy experiments which employ broadband x-ray pulses to probe the coupling between localized core and delocalized valence excitation are simulated for the amino acid cysteine at the K-edges of oxygen and nitrogen and the K- and L-edges of sulfur. We focus on two-dimensional (2D) and 3D signals generated by two- and three-pulse stimulated x-ray Raman spectroscopy (SXRS) with frequency-dispersed probe. We show how the four-pulse x-ray signals kI=−k1+k2+k3 and k II =k1−k2+k3 can give new 3D insight into the SXRS signals. The coupling between valence- and core-excited states can be visualized in three-dimensional plots, revealing the origin of the polarizability that controls the simpler pump-probe SXRS signals.
SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC, COLD COLLAPSE: THE EXACT SOLUTIONS AND A COMPARISON WITH SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS

We present the exact solutions for the collapse of a spherically-symmetric, cold (i.e., pressureless) cloud under its own self-gravity, valid for arbitrary initial density profiles and not restricted to the realm of self-similarity. These solutions exhibit a number of remarkable features, including the self-consistent formation of and subsequent accretion onto a central point mass. A number of specific examples are provided, and we show that Penston's solution of pressureless, self-similar collapse is recovered for polytropic density profiles; importantly, however, we demonstrate that the time over which this solution holds is fleetingly narrow, implying that much of the collapse proceeds non-self-similarly. We show that our solutions can naturally incorporate turbulent pressure support, and we investigate the evolution of overdensities -- potentially generated by such turbulence -- as the collapse proceeds. Finally, we analyze the evolution of the angular velocity and magnetic fields in the limit that their dynamical influence is small, and we recover exact solutions for these quantities. Our results may provide important constraints on numerical models that attempt to elucidate the details of protostellar collapse when the initial conditions are far less idealized.
AN X-RAY-SELECTED SAMPLE OF CANDIDATE BLACK HOLES IN DWARF GALAXIES

We present a sample of hard X-ray-selected candidate black holes (BHs) in 19 dwarf galaxies. BH candidates are identified by cross-matching a parent sample of ?44,000 local dwarf galaxies ( , ) with the Chandra Source Catalog and subsequently analyzing the original X-ray data products for matched sources. Of the 19 dwarf galaxies in our sample, eight have X-ray detections reported here for the first time. We find a total of 43 point-like hard X-ray sources with individual luminosities erg s?1. Hard X-ray luminosities in this range can be attained by stellar-mass X-ray binaries (XRBs) and by massive BHs accreting at low Eddington ratio. We place an upper limit of 53% (10/19) on the fraction of galaxies in our sample hosting a detectable hard X-ray source consistent with the optical nucleus, although the galaxy center is poorly defined in many of our objects. We also find that 42% (8/19) of the galaxies in our sample exhibit statistically significant enhanced hard X-ray emission relative to the expected galaxy-wide contribution from low-mass and high-mass XRBs, based on the star formation rate relation defined by more massive and luminous systems. For the majority of these X-ray-enhanced dwarf galaxies, the excess emission is consistent with (but not necessarily due to) a nuclear X-ray source. Follow-up observations are necessary to distinguish between stellar-mass XRBs and active galactic nuclei powered by more massive BHs. In any case, our results support the notion that X-ray-emitting BHs in low-mass dwarf galaxies may have had an appreciable impact on reionization in the early universe.
A method for reducing the severity of epidemics by allocating vaccines according to centrality

One long-standing question in epidemiological research is how best to allocate limited amounts of vaccine or similar preventative measures in order to minimize the severity of an epidemic. Much of the literature on the problem of vaccine allocation has focused on influenza epidemics and used mathematical models of epidemic spread to determine the effectiveness of proposed methods. Our work applies computational models of epidemics to the problem of geographically allocating a limited number of vaccines within several Texas counties. We developed a graph-based, stochastic model for epidemics that is based on the SEIR model, and tested vaccine allocation methods based on multiple centrality measures. This approach provides an alternative method for addressing the vaccine allocation problem, which can be combined with more conventional approaches to yield more effective epidemic suppression strategies. We found that allocation methods based on in-degree and inverse betweenness centralities tended to be the most effective at mitigating epidemics.
Homoclinic points for convex billiards

In this paper we investigate some generic properties of a billiard system on a convex table. We show that C∞ generically, every hyperbolic periodic point admits some homoclinic orbit.
Computation of the difference-differential Galois group and differential relations among solutions for a second-order linear difference equation

We apply the difference-differential Galois theory developed by Hardouin and Singer to compute the differential-algebraic relations among the solutions to a second-order homogeneous linear difference equation y(x + 2) + a(x)y(x + 1) + b(x)y(x) = 0, where the coefficients a(x),b(x) ∈ℚ(x) are rational functions in x with coefficients in ℚ. We develop algorithms to compute the difference-differential Galois group associated to such an equation, and show how to deduce the differential-algebraic relations among the solutions from the defining equations of the Galois group.
Sensitivity Comparison of Free-Space and Waveguide Raman for Bulk Sensing

We compare the bulk sensing performance of waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) sensors and generic free-space Raman systems using ray tracing. We show that WERS sensors can yield a better signal-to-noise ratio.
Age- and sex-specific fear conditioning deficits in mice lacking Pcdh10, an Autism Associated Gene.

Abstract PCDH10 is a gene associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is involved in the growth of thalamocortical projections and dendritic spine elimination. Previously, we characterized Pcdh10 haploinsufficient mice (Pcdh10+/- mice) and found male-specific social deficits and dark phase hypoactivity. Pcdh10+/- males exhibit increased dendritic spine density of immature morphology, decreased NMDAR expression, and decreased gamma synchronization in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Here, we further characterize Pcdh10+/- mice by testing for fear memory, which relies on BLA function. We used both male and female Pcdh10+/- mice and their wild-type littermates at two ages, juvenile and adult, and in two learning paradigms, cued and contextual fear conditioning. We found that males at both ages and in both assays exhibited fear conditioning deficits, but females were only impaired as adults in the cued condition. These data are further evidence for male-specific alterations in BLA-related behaviors in Pcdh10+/- mice and suggest that these mice may be a useful model for dissecting male specific brain and behavioral phenotypes relevant to social and emotional behaviors.
Two-connected signed graphs with maximum nullity at most two

Abstract A signed graph is a pair ( G , Σ ) , where G = ( V , E ) is a graph (in which parallel edges are permitted, but loops are not) with V = { 1 , … , n } and Σ ⊆ E . The edges in Σ are called odd and the other edges of E even. By S ( G , Σ ) we denote the set of all symmetric n × n matrices A = [ a i , j ] with a i , j 0 if i and j are adjacent and connected by only even edges, a i , j > 0 if i and j are adjacent and connected by only odd edges, a i , j ∈ R if i and j are connected by both even and odd edges, a i , j = 0 if i ≠ j and i and j are non-adjacent, and a i , i ∈ R for all vertices i. The parameters M ( G , Σ ) and ξ ( G , Σ ) of a signed graph ( G , Σ ) are the largest nullity of any matrix A ∈ S ( G , Σ ) and the largest nullity of any matrix A ∈ S ( G , Σ ) that has the Strong Arnold Property, respectively. In a previous paper, we gave a characterization of signed graphs ( G , Σ ) with M ( G , Σ ) ≤ 1 and of signed graphs with ξ ( G , Σ ) ≤ 1 . In this paper, we characterize the 2-connected signed graphs ( G , Σ ) with M ( G , Σ ) ≤ 2 and the 2-connected signed graphs ( G , Σ ) with ξ ( G , Σ ) ≤ 2 .
A Bayesian State-Space Approach to Mapping Directional Brain Networks

The human brain is a directional network system of brain regions involving directional connectivity. Seizures are a directional network phenomenon as abnormal neuronal activities start from a seizu...
Mechanistic insights into volatile anesthetic modulation of K2P channels.

K2P potassium channels are known to be modulated by volatile anesthetic (VA) drugs and play important roles in clinically relevant effects that accompany general anesthesia. Here, we utilize a photoaffinity analog of the VA isoflurane to identify a VA-binding site in the TREK1 K2P channel. The functional importance of the identified site was validated by mutagenesis and biochemical modification. Molecular dynamics simulations of TREK1 in the presence of VA found multiple neighboring residues on TREK1 TM2, TM3, and TM4 that contribute to anesthetic binding. The identified VA-binding region contains residues that play roles in the mechanisms by which heat, mechanical stretch, and pharmacological modulators alter TREK1 channel activity and overlaps with positions found to modulate TASK K2P channel VA sensitivity. Our findings define molecular contacts that mediate VA binding to TREK1 channels and suggest a mechanistic basis to explain how K2P channels are modulated by VAs.
The ICLEO Mentoring Legacy of Chief Justice Randall Shepard: An Essay

Former Indiana Chief Justice Randall Shepard has had an incomparable impact on the advancement of the legal profession in the United States. This essay reflects on his role of mentoring minority and underrepresented law students from an up close and personal view. It starts by reviewing Chief Justice Shepard’s extensive accomplishments, including the creation of the Indiana Conference on Legal Education Opportunity (“ICLEO”). This essay also reviews Chief Justice Shepard’s views regarding legal professionalism and the need for the judiciary’s involvement in mentoring. This essay conclude by showing how Chief Justice Shepard’s creation, ICLEO, is a system where mentoring happens naturally, while also addressing the needs identified. I show that this system of mentoring, which starts with the ICLEO program, is passed on to others and is a benefit for all.
IPO pricing as a function of your investment banks' past mistakes: The case of Facebook☆

Abstract On May 18, 2012 Facebook held its initial public offering (IPO), raising over $16 billion making it one of the largest IPOs in history. To the surprise of many investors, there was no underpricing―the stock closed the first day of trading flat from its offer price. The Facebook IPO was described as not only disappointing but also detrimental to the broader market. We explore why one IPO should have such widespread consequences. We document that the IPO market was silent for 41 days following Facebook. When it re-opened 41 days later, the average level of underpricing increased from 11% pre-Facebook to 20% post-Facebook. The common blame was an overall increase in risk-aversion among investors. We offer an alternative explanation. We show that the entire increase in underpricing is concentrated in the IPOs of the Facebook lead underwriters. We find no statistical difference in underpricing pre- and post-Facebook for non-Facebook underwriters. We argue that investment bank loyalty to their institutional investor client based propelled the Facebook underwriters to increase underpricing to compensate for the perceived losses on Facebook.
Do mutual fund managers time market liquidity

Abstract This paper examines mutual fund managers' ability to time market-wide liquidity. Using the CRSP mutual fund database, we find strong evidence that over the 1974–2009 period, mutual fund managers demonstrate the ability to time market liquidity at both the portfolio level and the individual fund level. Liquidity timing predicts future fund performance and the difference in the risk-adjusted returns between top and bottom liquidity-timing funds is approximately 2% per year. Funds exhibiting liquidity-timing ability tend to have longer histories, higher expense ratios, and higher turnover rates.
Congressional distributive politics and state economic performance

States that were represented by very senior Democratic congressmen grew more quickly during the 1953-1990 period than states that were represented by more junior con- gressional delegations. States with a large fraction of politically competitive House districts also grew faster than average. The first finding is consistent with traditional legislator-based models of distributive politics, the second with partisan models. We cannot detect any substan- tively important association between seniority, state political competition, and the geographic distribution of federal funds, so higher district-specific federal spending does not appear to be the source of the link between state economic growth and congressional representation.
A Note on the Taxation of International Capital Income Flows

Seemingly persuasive arguments can be made to suggest that income from foreign-owned capital should be taxed by a small open economy and that it should not be taxed I show that the case for taxing foreign capital income as part of an ‘optimal’ tax scheme rests on the assumption that tax rates on other forms of income are not set optimally. In particular, if economic profit is not fully taxed, a tax on foreign capital income is desirable. If all tax rates are set optimally, foreign capital income should not be taxed by the capital-importing country.
Mental health parity legislation, cost-sharing and substance-abuse treatment admissions.

Treatment is highly cost-effective in reducing an individual's substance abuse (SA) and associated harms. However, data from Treatment Episodes (TEDS) indicate that per capita treatment admissions substantially lagged behind increases in heavy drug use from 1992 to 2007. Only 10% of individuals with clinical SA disorders receive treatment, and almost half who forgo treatment point to accessibility and cost constraints as barriers to care. This study investigates the impact of state mental health and SA parity legislation on treatment admission flows and cost-sharing. Fixed effects specifications indicate that mandating comprehensive parity for mental health and SA disorders raises the probability that a treatment admission is privately insured, lowering costs for the individual. Despite some crowd-out of charity care for private insurance, mandates reduce the uninsured probability by a net 2.4 percentage points. States mandating comprehensive parity also see an increase in treatment admissions. Thus, increasing cost-sharing and reducing financial barriers may aid the at-risk population in obtaining adequate SA treatment. Supply constraints mute effect sizes, suggesting that demand-focused interventions need to be complemented with policies supporting treatment providers. These results have implications for the effectiveness of the 2008 Federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in increasing SA treatment admissions and promoting cost-sharing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The NLRB as an Überagency for the Evolving Workplace

In addressing legal issues regarding the relationships between employers and employees, one must navigate a complex maze of rights and remedies that govern the workplace. This Essay details several recent and important workplace disputes addressed by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) pursuant to Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). Section 7 protects a worker's right to pursue an activity for mutual aid or protection regarding wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. The NLRB, a unique agency with its ultimate decisions determined by five members who primarily establish rules through adjudication rather than rulemaking, has been asked to offer an initial answer to many pressing workplace questions arising from technological and legal advances. Some of the critical issues that have been or will be addressed by the NLRB include employee use of social media, use of electronic mail communications, immigrant workers' rights and remedies, enforcement of class arbitration waivers in collective wage and hour claims, organizing of college football players, protected worker speech versus employer rights and obligations to Professor, Texas A&M University School of Law. This Essay derived from a paper presented at the National Labor Relations BoardAfter Eighty Years law review symposium at the Emoly University School of Law on April 10, 2015 as part of a panel on the "Opportunities for Improvement in Changing Times." The Emory Law Journal staff, and in particular Matthew Hayes and Benjamin Klebanoff, provided thoughtful comments that improved this final paper in immeasurable ways, and I am truly grateful to have engaged in such a valuable editing process. I would like to thank student assistants Ali Crocker, Emily Goodman, Mackenzie Lewis, Hisham Masri, and Chelsea Mikulencak for their diligent research efforts. I am also grateful for the financial support from Texas A&M University School of Law's summer research grant program. This Essay is dedicated to the memory of James E. Jones, Jr., whose passing on November 21, 2014 was a loss for all those who knew and learned from him as a labor law and race scholar. A pioneer as one of the earliest tenured, black law faculty members at the University of Wisconsin, Jones played a key role in affirmative action, labor, and employment discrimination law as a teacher, scholar, and arbitrator. He also founded the nationally recognized Hastie Fellowship in 1973 at Wisconsin Law School. See James E. Jones, Jr., LL.M. Programs as a Route to Teaching: The Haslie Program at Wisconsin, 10 ST. Louis U. PUB. L. REv. 257, 263 (1991). The Hastie Fellowship has paved the way for more than thirty lawyers of color, including me, to become full-time, tenure-track law professors. See William H. Haslie Fellowship Program, U. WIS. L. SCH., http://www law wisc edu/grad/fellow hastie html (last visited May 9, 2015).
Enduring happiness: Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic approaches

Abstract In explaining individual happiness, economists have largely emphasized the hedonic, utilitarian, material, and tangible aspects of a person's life. Another important explanation which owes much to Aristotle's thought emphasizes the eudaimonic, the realization of a person's inherent qualities, one's true potential. An interesting and pertinent development is very recent research which draws on both psychology and Buddhist thought in order to understand individual happiness. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of enduring happiness that integrates these different approaches. To do this, it is necessary to modify the happiness formula and interpret it somewhat differently than psychologists have. The modified happiness formula is: H = S + U C + E where H is an individual's enduring happiness; S is an individual's set point, one's inherited disposition to happiness; U C is the contribution to happiness made by the relatively utilitarian or hedonic aspects of an individual's circumstances; and E is the contribution to happiness made by the eudaimonic aspect of life. According to Buddhism, ordinary people typically suffer from a number of types of imbalance, and thus experience some degree of unhappiness. An important implication of the model is that people can improve their H through efforts to remedy their imbalances, thereby raising the eudaimonic component of their H . The U C and E variables reflect how much the individual (or the individual's community and society) has invested in tangible assets and intangible capital that contribute to his/her happiness.
Legal Studies Scholarship: Setting the Standard for Excellence

Excellence in scholarship is a basis for evaluation of tenure-track and tenured professors at most colleges and universities. Issues faced by many legal studies professors include: What qualifies as scholarship for the legal studies professor and what is the standard for excellence? This paper discussed these important concerns.
Solving dynamic general equilibrium models using a second-order approximation to the policy function

This paper derives a second-order approximation to the solution of a general class of discretetime rational expectations models. The main theoretical contribution is to show that for any model belonging to that class, the coe1cients on the terms linear and quadratic in the state vector in a second-order expansion of the decision rule are independent of the volatility of the exogenous shocks. In addition, the paper presents a set of MATLAB programs that implement the proposed second-order approximation method and applies it to a number of model economies.
Incomplete market dynamics and cross-sectional distributions

Abstract The size distributions of many economic variables seem to obey the double power law , that is, the power law holds in both the upper and the lower tails. I explain this emergence of the double power law—which has important economic, econometric, and social implications—using a tractable dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents subject to aggregate and idiosyncratic investment risks. I establish theoretical properties such as existence, uniqueness, and constrained efficiency of equilibrium, and provide a numerical algorithm that is guaranteed to converge. The model is widely applicable: it allows for arbitrary homothetic CRRA recursive preferences, an arbitrary Markov process governing aggregate shocks, and an arbitrary number of technologies and assets with arbitrary portfolio constraints.
Technological entanglements: Evidentiary and ethical considerations of metadata in interjurisdictional litigation

Ethical and evidentiary rules governing the disclosure of confidential information are interrelated in many respects. Nevertheless, these rules are generally developed independently through different legal channels. Different approaches to the inadvertent disclosure of confidential information have emerged, leading to uncertain results in different jurisdictions. Uncertainty persists with regard to metadata available from electronic document formats. This paper explores the tension between the competing approaches this emerging problem. It argues that ethical and evidentiary principles addressing the protection and discovery of metadata should be coordinated in order to avoid creating incentives to maximize litigation costs.
On Aumann and Serrano’s economic index of risk

We study the risk index of an additive gamble proposed in Aumann and Serrano (J Political Econ 116(5):810–836, 2008). We establish a generalized duality result for this index and use it to prove Yaari (J Econ Theory 1:315–329, 1969) alternative characterization of DARA utilities. A new characterization result for the risk index is obtained through essentially monotonic risk aversion utilities. We also extend the domain of gambles by introducing a price for gambles. We then develop a theory on the risk index for multiplicative gambles. Relative risk aversion functions for multiplicative gambles play the same role as absolute risk aversion functions for additive gambles.
Company Stock in Pension Plans: How Costly Is It?*

Abstract Employees often hold substantial levels of company stock in their defined contribution pension plans, a practice widely recognized as risky. But holding company stock is not only risky, it is costly: employees who own company stock are not fully diversified, so expected returns on their portfolios are lower than equally risky, but fully diversified, portfolios. This paper investigates the costs of holding company stock and finds that the loss in diversification reduces the value of employees’ holdings significantly. Employees who invest one‐quarter of their assets in company stock sacrifice 42 percent of the stock’s market value relative to holding a well‐diversified equity portfolio. Significant losses can occur even at levels of company stock ownership that fall within newly proposed legislative limits.
Does Government Decentralization Increase Policy Innovation

The conventional wisdom is that government decentralization promotes policy innovation because it allows for several simultaneous experiments by local governments. However, this ignores a learning externality: successful policy experiments provide useful information for all governments. Local governments will ignore this externality, but a central government should take it into account. This article uses a social learning model to compare policy innovation under centralization and decentralization. Centralization leads to more policy innovation if the local governments are relatively homogeneous or large in number. However, decentralization may induce more policy innovation if there are multiple experimental policies available.
Consideration Sets in Conjoint Analysis

The authors model product consideration as preceding choice in a segment-level conjoint model. They propose a latent-class tobit model to estimate cardinal, segment-level preference functions based on consumers’ preference ratings for product concepts considered worth adding to consumers’ self-explicated consideration sets. The probability with which the utility of a product profile exceeds an unobserved threshold corresponds to its consideration probability, which is assumed to be independent across product profiles and common to consumers in a segment. A market-share simulation compares the predictions of the proposed model with those obtained from an individual-level tobit model and from traditional ratings-based conjoint analysis. The authors also report simulations that assess the robustness of the proposed estimation procedure, which uses an E-M algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood parameter estimates.
Alchian and Allen visit the IRS: costly audits and taxpayer compliance

This article reports on the results from a small-scale investigation of the compliance effects of a costly pre-audit on tax compliance. The tax compliance game is modelled in three parts: a declaration phase, a pre-selection phase with a cost for taxpayers and an audit selection phase where all evaded income is discovered. While the theoretical predictions are ambiguous, the data from a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate that the presence of pre-audit costs leads to lower tax compliance.
Why State Consent Still Matters - Non-State Actors, Treaties, and the Changing Sources of International Law

This article explores the role authority can play in the debate over whether the sources of international law are changing. Scholars who take up the question of changing sources of international law traditionally face the dilemma that there is, as yet, no agreement on a definitive list of what sources contain the rules of international law, let alone what method or methods lead to the creation of such rules. This article argues that one way to overcome the existing stalemate is to integrate considerations of authority into sources doctrine. By going beyond traditional lines of inquiry such as what makes international law binding and where one finds it to ask who is making the law, a new perspective is presented for evaluating changes to the international legal order. To demonstrate how such an authority-based approach would operate, this article reviews non-state actor participation in treaties. Specifically, it examines whether the roles sub-state, supranational and extra-national actors play in the formation, application and interpretation of treaties has truly altered who international law authorizes to create treaty obligations. It finds that, although non-state actor treaty participation demonstrates a potential for a systemic shift, state consent still remains the operating principle of the treaty paradigm. As such, the article concludes that sources scholarship should focus more, not less, on the doctrine of consent as a source of international law, looking at who is consenting, on whose behalf, and to whom such consent is being given.
Foreword to the Symposium: Therapeutic Approaches to Conflict Resolution in Health Care Settings

As American psychologist Abraham H. Maslow once said, "[i]f the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail." This adage reflects one of the overarching themes of a symposium that was held by the Georgia State University Law Review in February 2005: that the health care and legal professions have historically not utilized a robust toolkit of approaches to resolving conflict in health care settings. Traditional litigation approaches, when coupled with the traditional hierarchical culture in health care settings that values professional control and infallibility, have resulted in entrenched and unproductive ways of handling disputes, whether they be between patients and providers or among health care professionals themselves.The purpose of this symposium was to explore how conflicts in health care settings might be resolved without any resort to litigation, or if a party files suit, how to resolve the dispute with the least amount of financial, reputational, or emotional harm to the parties involved through mediation or other means of alternative dispute resolution. New empirical research is offering strong evidence that alternative approaches produce faster, cheaper, and more satisfying resolutions of health care conflicts. Innovative and positive changes are underway within health care institutions, at legislative levels, and in professional education to improve professionals' ability to reduce disputes in the first instance and to resolve them more efficiently and empathetically when they do occur. In keeping with the goals of therapeutic jurisprudence, such developments will contribute significantly to improving the ability of the legal and health care professions to, above all, do no harm.
A View Inside Corporate Risk Management

Why do firms manage risk? According to various theories, firms hedge to mitigate credit rationing, to alleviate information asymmetry, and to reduce the risk of financial distress. However, empiric...