cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States

Invading alien species in the United States cause major environmental damages and losses adding up to almost $120 billion per year. There are approximately 50,000 foreign species and the number is increasing. About 42% of the species on the Threatened or Endangered species lists are at risk primarily because of alien-invasive species. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Gravitational waves and the (quantum) nature of the primordial seed

At first glance, the (indirect) measurement of primordial tensor modes by the BICEP2 Collaboration supports an inflationary paradigm for early universe cosmology together with quantum vacuum fluctuations (aka gravitons) as the origin of the spectrum. In this paper, we argue the observed signal may instead be a signature of semiclassical sources of perturbations during inflation. In this scenario, despite a large tensor-to-scalar ratio r ≃ 0.2, it may be possible to write an effective field theory (EFT) of a rolling scalar field without super-Planckian excursions. If the results from BICEP2 withstand further scrutiny, measurements of primordial non-Gaussianity with large scale structure surveys, and direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs) with the new generation of observatories, will be of paramount importance to elucidate the (quantum) origin of structure in the universe.
What Customer Orders Really Cost

Manufacturing companies facing significant pricing competition need customer cost informations systems (CCISs) that reliably measure the resource costs of serving individual customers. Prices are often set by the market and competition, particularly from foreign imports, and severely restricts marketing’s ability to adjust prices to cover costs. It is important that marketing personnel have access to accurate product and customer cost information. With such information, marketing personnel can make better pricing decisions, identify unprofitable customers, analyze lost bids, educate customers on ways to lower costs, and determine the best mix of products and customers. This article reports the results of a field study conducted at a medium‐sized Midwestern electronics manufacturing plant. The field study supports a useful example of a CCIS that can reliably measure the resource costs of serving individual customers and that can help marketing employees carry out their responsibilities more effectively. Th...
Autonomy as a Source of Pro-social Influence Among Incarcerated Adolescents1

Previous research has found that greater autonomy for incarcerated adolescents is associated with pro-social outcomes. The present paper interprets the pro-social impact of autonomy in terms of three established lines of research in social psychology: leadership style, coercive social control, and reactance. In addition, it attempts to clarify whether autonomy in this setting has a direct influence on residents' values or an indirect influence resulting from an increase in residents' acceptance of the treatment goals. Data were collected by questionnaires administered to 434 residents and 156 staff members at four residential institutions for adjudicated adolescents. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model with unobserved variables (LISREL). A model positing both direct and indirect influences of autonomy fit the data very well. Autonomy contributed to pro-social values both through greater acceptance of the treatment goals as well as through a direct influence on values.
Determining Annealing Temperatures for Polymerase Chain Reaction

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a common technique used in high school and undergraduate science teaching. Students often do not fully comprehend the underlying principles of the technique and how optimization of the protocol affects the outcome and analysis. In this molecular biology laboratory, students learn the steps of PCR with an emphasis on primer composition and annealing temperature, which they manipulate to test the effect on successful DNA amplification. Students design experiments to test their hypotheses, promoting a discovery-based approach to laboratory teaching and development of critical-thinking and reasoning skills.
Estimation and statistical analysis for exponential polynomial signals

In this paper we approximate arbitrary complex signals by modeling both the logarithm of the amplitude and the phase of the complex signal as finite-order polynomials in time. We refer to a signal of this type as an exponential polynomial signal (EPS). We propose an algorithm to estimate any desired coefficient for this signal model. We also show how the mean-squared error of the estimate can be determined by using a first-order perturbation analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to verify the validity of the perturbation analysis. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by comparing the mean-squared error of the estimate to the Cramer-Rao bound for a particular example.
Oblique convergence and the lobate mountain belts of western Pakistan

The thin-skinned structures of the Pakistani convergent margin have formed as a consequence of the relative motion between India and Eurasia. Most of the resultant motion is being accommodated along or near the current edge of the Eurasian plate: the southwest-northeast striking Chaman fault zone. It has been observed at oblique margins that the total plate motion is resolved into a component parallel to the margin, accommodated through strike-slip faulting, and a component normal to the margin taken up as contraction. However, the orientations of structures along the Pakistani convergent margin in and around the Sulaiman lobe and Sulaiman Range cannot be explained simply by resolving the plate motion vector into components normal and parallel to the plate boundary. Our modeling suggests that the complex juxtaposition of strike-slip faults with thrust faults of various orientations can be explained by the presence of a block centered upon the Katawaz basin that translates along the southwest-northeast structural barrier of the Chaman fault zone, moving with respect to both Eurasia and India. As this relatively rigid block moves northeastward relative to Asia, it causes deformation of the sedimentary cover and is responsible for much of the structural complexity in the Pakistani foreland. Our simple model explains several first-order features of this oblique margin, such as the eastward-facing Sulaiman Range, the strike-slip Kingri fault (located between the Sulaiman lobe and Sulaiman Range), and the reentrant at Sibi. This leads us to conclude that very complex structural and geometric relationships at oblique convergent plate boundaries can result from the accommodation of strain with simple initial geometric constraints.
Studying Protein and Gold Nanoparticle Interaction Using Organothiols as Molecular Probes

The protein and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) interfacial interaction has broad implications for biological and biomedical applications of AuNPs. In situ characterization of the morphology and structural evolution of protein on AuNPs is difficult. We have found that the protein coating layer formed by bovine serum albumin (BSA) on AuNP is highly permeable to further organothiol adsorption. Using mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) as a molecular probe, it is found that BSA interaction with AuNP is an exceedingly lengthy process. Structural modification of BSA coating layer on AuNP continues even after 2 days’ aging of the (AuNP/BSA) mixture. While BSA is in a near full monolayer packing on the AuNPs, it passivates only up to 30% of the AuNP surfaces against MBI adsorption. Aging reduces the kinetics of the MBI adsorption. However, even in the most aged BSA-coated AuNP (3 days), 80% of the MBI adsorption occurs within the first 5 min of the MBI addition to the (AuNP/BSA) mixture. The possibility of MBI displacing the a...
Indestructibility under adding Cohen subsets and level by level equivalence

We construct a model for the level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness in which the least supercompact cardinalhas its strong compactness indestructible under adding arbitrarily many Cohen subsets. There are no restrictions on the large cardinal structure of our model.
Pigmentation associated with oogenesis in the biting fly Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): light and electron microscopy.

Females of Culicoides variipennis produce externally visible pigment granules that accumulate in their abdomens during oogenesis. Such granules are useful to categorize females as nulliparous or parous. Electron- and light-microscopy studies showed that the pigment granules are located primarily in large epidermal cells underlying the cuticle and 1st layer of squamous epidermal cells of blood-fed females and also are abundant in the tissues beneath the outer epidermis. Pigment granules also were observed along basement membranes. In non-blood-fed females some pigment granules were present, but they were widely scattered, usually were not present in the cells beneath the cuticle and squamous epidermal cells, and seldom were observed in the tissues beneath the outer epidermis. More endoplasmic reticulum was observed near pigment granules in blood-fed than in non-blood-fed females. Granules were present in the gut tissues of male flies and appeared to be similar to those observed in female flies. The density of granules in male flies was similar to that observed in non-bloodfed females.
Routine Opt-Out HIV Testing: Rationale for the Consensus Conference and This Supplement

This supplement was developed from a national meeting entitled "Opportunities for Improving HIV Diagnosis, Prevention & Access to Care in the U.S.," held 29-30 November 2006 in Washington, D.C. Leaders in the fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were recruited from areas of government, academia, clinical medicine, patient advocacy, and private industry to discuss the following ambitious topics: (1) strategies to significantly reduce overall HIV transmission rates in the United States, (2) methods to identify the estimated 250,000 individuals in the United States who remain unaware of their positive HIV serostatus, so they can be offered treatment earlier in the course of their disease, and (3) obstacles associated with opt-out HIV testing, including limits on resources for treatment of HIV infection. We served as cochairs for the meeting and, in conjunction with a scientific planning committee we appointed, oversaw the selection of the articles published in this supplement. Cumulatively, the articles address the stated topics by identifying methods to ensure the success of more-aggressive HIV testing measures, such as those described in the September 2006 recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; examining the success of current measures to prevent HIV infection such that future strategies can be improved; identifying the methods that will foster earlier diagnosis and access to treatment for individuals with HIV infection; and determining the limitations in human and financial resources to adequately care for a surge in the number of individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection.
Elevated Temperature Fatigue Crack Propagation of a Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be Bulk Metallic Glass

The sub-T g elevated temperature fatigue propagation behavior of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass was examined. Fatigue crack-growth rates as a function of the applied stress intensity range, ΔK, are reported. Increased testing temperature was found to increase ΔK TH . Examination of crack surfaces at near-threshold growth rates revealed the presence of elongated ridges perpendicular to the crack front at higher temperatures; these ridges were absent in specimens tested at lower temperatures. The size of the features was found to increase with temperature and applied ΔK, finally breaking up at higher growth rates. Mechanisms responsible for the ridge formation are described, and modeled in terms of fluid meniscus instabilities that occur at the fatigue crack tip.
Splenic Erythroid Response to Friend Polycythemia Virus: Time Course In Vitro After Infection In Vivo

When spleen cells removed from plethoric BALB/c mice shortly after infection with Friend polycythemia virus were cultured, they subsequently increased their rate of hemoglobin synthesis in vitro without the addition of the hormone erythropoietin. The increased 59Fe incorporation into hemoglobin in vitro was part of a well-defined single wave unlike the progressive increase in hemoglobin synthesis that occurs in vivo. The peak occurred within the same total time (85-105 hr after infection), irrespective of either the virus dose or time after infection when the cells were removed from the animal and cultured. However, the magnitude of the peak increased with an increase in either of these two variables. Medium change experiments indicated that the time during which the peak occurred was not artificially determined by depletion of some medium component or the accumulation of an inhibitor. This system may be useful in separating the early events of Friend virus infection from the late effects on erythroid differentiation.
Electrodynamic interactions of nanodroplets in plasmas

The interactions of nanosize droplet jets with a plasma beam are important in electrosprays and has similarities with dusty plasmas.
Examining the true effectiveness of loading a reverberation chamber: How to get your chamber consistently loaded

In this paper we explore how placing the same amount of absorber in different locations within a reverberation chamber can have different loading effects. This difference can have a significant impact on measurement reproducibility, both for measurements in the same chamber and measurements between chambers (i.e., round robin style testing). We begin by discussing some of the theories behind this and show some experimental results from different absorber placements in a reverberation chamber. We conclude with some suggestions to ensure absorber is placed consistently.
Thromboembolism and thrombophilia in pregnancy

Summary Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide and is also the cause of significant maternal morbidity. This article discusses the risk factors for VTE in pregnancy, the management of the pregnant woman at risk both antenatally and post-partum, and the acute management of VTE when it occurs during pregnancy. The thrombophilias, both heritable and acquired, are becoming increasingly recognised as a cause of morbidity and mortality both within and outside pregnancy. There has been a recent increased interest in the thrombophilias and their link with recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, abruption and intrauterine growth restriction. The relationship between the thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome is addressed in detail, with reference to the current literature available on this evolving subject.
The Subalar Graft and Its Role in Nasal Tip Medialization and Improved Nostril Symmetry

ObjectivesRelationships between nasal axis deviation and lower midfacial asymmetry or hypoplasia have been established in prior studies. We describe our experience with the subalar grafting technique in addressing nasal tip deviation associated with facial asymmetry. Indications in using this graft in isolation or in conjunction with other tip modification techniques are also investigated.Study DesignRetrospective case series.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsThirty-seven consecutive patients from a single surgeon (R.W.W.) treated using subalar grafting are evaluated for correction. Various measurements from preoperative and postoperative photographs are analyzed to determine the effectiveness of this intervention.ResultsStatistically significant correlations between improvement in nasal axis and alar-facial angle on base view (AFAB) (P < .001) and between alar-facial angle on frontal view (AFAF) (P = .017) were observed. In addition, a significant correlation between AFAB improvement and...
COPs and POPs: Modulators of Inflammasome Activity

Inflammasomes represent molecular platforms for the activation of inflammatory caspases and are essential for processing and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Multiple key proteins of inflammasomes contain caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) or pyrin domains (PYDs). Dissecting CARD- and PYD-mediated interactions substantially improved our understanding of the mechanisms by which these protein platforms are activated and emphasized their essential role during the inflammatory cytokine response. However, their precise regulation is still poorly understood. A family of small proteins that are composed of either a CARD or a PYD only emerged as important inflammasome regulators. These CARD-only proteins (COPs) and PYD-only proteins (POPs) function as endogenous dominant negative proteins that modulate the activity of inflammasomes in response to pathogen infection and tissue destruction. In this review we will summarize the most recent advances in the regulation of inflammasomes and highlight their importance for immunity and inflammatory disease.
Predicting soybean yield loss in giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) communities

Abstract Widespread use of crop yield loss models based on weed density has been limited on account of spatial and temporal variability. Furthermore, research characterizing crop yield loss associated with two or more weed species is lacking for many cropping systems. Therefore, research was conducted to characterize giant foxtail and common lambsquarters leaf area, height, and shoot volume in soybean, to quantify the relative competitive ability of giant foxtail and common lambsquarters in a mixed–weed species environment, and to assess weed density, weed relative leaf area, and weed relative volume as predictors of soybean yield loss. Based on weed density, coefficient estimates of percent soybean yield loss as giant foxtail or common lambsquarters densities approached zero differed between years. In contrast, coefficient estimates of maximum soybean yield loss were similar between years. Based on weed relative leaf area, estimates of giant foxtail or common lambsquarters damage coefficients differed be...
Ethics On The Run

Alice Goffman’s widely acclaimed On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City has drawn more positive attention than almost any sociology book in recent years. The success of the book led to a lecture tour of at least twenty sociology departments and conferences. Her TED talk, which was often interrupted by applause, has had nearly 700,000 views. A careful reading of On the Run, however, leaves me with vexing questions about the author’s accuracy and reliability. There are just too many incidents that strike me as unlikely to have occurred as she describes them. One must try to keep an open mind about such things – especially regarding someone as obviously brilliant and dedicated as Goffman – so readers may disagree with me about the extent of her embellishments. In any event, there is a bigger problem. As I will explain below, Goffman appears to have participated in a serious felony in the course of her field work – a circumstance that seems to have escaped the notice of her teachers, her mentors, her publishers, her admirers, and even her critics.
MRI of Cartilage: Standard Techniques

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only imaging technique that allows direct visualization of cartilage with sufficient contrast. However, cartilage imaging is challenging and MRI needs to be tailored to best visualize cartilage morphology, which includes using scanners with adequate field strength, coils which allow high spatial resolution imaging, and optimized imaging sequences. Also MRI should not only allow to assess cartilage morphology but also abnormalities of tissues which are affected by cartilage damage or which may cause accelerated cartilage loss including abnormalities of the menisci, ligaments, and bone marrow. Among these tissues cartilage clearly has an outstanding role in joint degeneration and osteoarthritis; imaging is also most challenging in terms of required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spatial resolution, and contrast. Requirements for cartilage imaging therefore dictate overall requirements in terms of hardware and sequence profiles in degenerative joint disease, injury, and inflammatory arthropathies.
Relevance Auras: Macro Patterns and Micro Scatter

Empirical analysis of relevance assessments can illuminate how different groups of readers perceive the relationship between bibliographic records and index terms. This experiment harvested relevance assessments from two groups: engineering students (here after "engineers") and library school students ("librarians"). These groups assessed the relevance relationships between bibliographic records and index terms for three literatures: engineering, psychology and education. Assessment included the indexer-selected term (the topically relevant term) as well as broader, narrower and related terms. Figures 1 - 8 show these terms arranged as twodimensional term domains. Positive relevance assessments plotted across the twodimensional term domains revealed regular patterns, here called "relevance auras." A relevance aura is a penumbra ofpositive relevance, emanating from a bibliographic records across a term domain ofbroader, narrower and related index terms. This experiment attempted to compare the relevance auras produced by engineers and librarians at both a macro and micro level of aggregation.
Development of a New Construction Research Model for Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Arabian construction industry has had poor performance for the past thirty years. There have been many publications identifying the problem and potential causes. There have been no publications identifying what the source of the problem is, how to mitigate the problem, and actual testing to validate the proposed solution. This paper discusses why this problem exists, what is a potential solution, and an action plan that mirrors the most successful (construction management, risk management, project management and procurement delivery) research and development program in the world (22 years, $16M, +1750 tests, six different countries, 31 states in the U.S. and 98% customer satisfaction). The solution proposed in this paper is unique to the strengths and weaknesses of the research and development programs at universities in the Saudi Arabian kingdom.
Effect of season and interval of prescribed burn on ponderosa pine butterfly defoliation patterns

Current knowledge concerning the interactions between forest disturbances such as fire and insect defoliation is limited. Wildfires and prescribed burns may influence the intensity and severity of insect outbreaks by affecting the vigor of residual trees, altering aspects of stand structure and abundance of preferred hosts, and by changing the physical environment within forest stands. Prescribed burn timing and frequency are particularly important aspects of the fire regime to consider because they can alter numerous aspects of tree vigor, stand structure, and environmental conditions, and can be manipulated by managers. We evaluated ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. Lawson & C. Lawson) defoliation patterns in relation to season (fall and spring) and interval (5 or 15 years) of prescribed burn in the southern Blue Mountains of Oregon. Beginning in 2008 a pine butterfly (Neophasia menapia C. Felder & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) outbreak coincided with a long-term experimental study, providing a unique opportunity to address this question. Defoliation patterns were measured in 2012. The 5 year interval plots had burned three times with five growing seasons of recovery and the 15 year interval plots had burned once with 15 growing seasons of recovery. Mean pine butterfly defoliation across the study area was about 71%. We found a significant interaction between season of burn and interval of burn on defoliation. Areas burned in the fall every 5 years had marginally less (about 5%) defoliation compared with areas that were burned in the fall 15 years previous. Regression tree analysis revealed that defoliation patterns varied based on stand location, percent mortality since the start of the experiment, and tree height. Our results show that (i) season of burn and interval of burn did not predispose these stands to increased defoliation during a pine butterfly outbreak and (ii) repeat burning may actually lead to lower defoliation. However, the effect we document is small and only marginally significant.
Graves' disease in children: long-term outcomes of medical therapy.

Background and objectives Management options are limited for the treatment of Graves' disease, and there is controversy regarding optimal treatment. We describe the demographic and biochemical characteristics of children with Graves' disease and the outcomes of its management. Methods This is a retrospective study reviewing medical records from 2001 to 2011 at a tertiary-care paediatric hospital. Diagnostic criteria included elevated free T4 and total T3, suppressed TSH, and either positive thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin or thyroid receptor antibodies or clinical signs suggestive of Graves' disease, for example exophthalmos. Patients were treated with antithyroid drugs (ATD), radioactive iodine, or thyroidectomy. The main outcome measures were remission after medical therapy for at least 6 months and subsequent relapse. Results A total of 291 children met diagnostic criteria. A total of 62 were male (21%); 117 (40%) were Hispanic, 90 (31%) Caucasian, and 59 (20%) African American. Mean age (±standard deviation) at diagnosis was 12·3 ± 3·8 (range 3-18·5) years. At diagnosis, 268 patients were started on an antithyroid drug and 23 underwent thyroid ablation or thyroidectomy. Fifty-seven (21%) children achieved remission and 16 (28%) of these patients relapsed, almost all within 16 months. Gender and ethnicity did not affect rates of remission or relapse. Of 251 patients treated with methimazole, 53 (21%) had an adverse reaction, including rash, arthralgias, elevated transaminases, or neutropenia. Conclusions Most children with Graves' disease treated with ATD do not experience remission, but most remissions do not end in relapse. Adverse reactions to methimazole are common but generally mild.
Document vector space model construction based on ontology in military training

In order to solve the problem of semantic revelance in military training document,this paper proposed a method to construct vector space model based on ontology in military training.It mainly introduced to construct index based on ontology in military training and construct vector space model in base of index constructed before,in which the process of constructing vector space model mainly included feature extraction,weight calculation and dimensionality reduction.Experimental results show that the text representation of vector space model based on ontology in military training can solve the problem of semantic revelance.
Study on community screening management mode about early diagnosis of childhood autism spectrum disorder

Objective To explore the network screening procedure and management process of early detection of autism spectrum disorder(ASD),study the community screening and management mode of early detection of ASD,and provide advantages for early intervention of ASD children. Methods Management center of early diagnosis of ASD was established,community screening network and management process were set up,then guidance and training of community screening and management techniques were performed and combined secondary and tertiary screening and diagnosis. Results 1)The primary screening rate of ASD of community level network increased from 20.19%(2013)to 33.68%(2014)with increasing trend year by year.Positive rate reminded between 4‰ to 6‰;Diagnosis rate rose from 0.41 ‰ to 0.95 ‰.2)38suspected children were intervened in early diagnostic center of ASD within two years. Conclusions The establishment of early diagnosis and management center of ASD improves the primary screening rate of pediatric doctors in communities to ASD and the referral rate,which is beneficial for early detection of ASD children,and it provides an optimal opportunity for early intervention of ASD children.It is a practical and feasible management mode.
Magnesium is a cerebrovasodilator in newborn piglets

We tested the hypothesis that, in newborn piglets, magnesium results in a dose-dependent prostanoid-mediated cerebrovasodilation. Pial arterioles (50-200 microns in diameter) were serially measured, and cortical subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected for radioimmunoassay of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha, hydrolysis product of prostacyclin) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2, metabolite of thromboxane A2) before and after CSF containing 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 mM MgCl2 was suffused over the parietal cortex under a closed cranial window in twelve 2- to 4-day-old piglets. Magnesium suffusion resulted (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent pial arteriolar vasodilation. The increase in vessel diameter was greater (P < 0.001) with 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 mM than with 1.2 mM concentration of magnesium. The increase in vessel diameter with 9.6 mM was also greater (P < 0.001) than with the 2.4 mM concentration of magnesium. Magnesium suffusion did not result in changes in cortical CSF prostanoid concentrations. The effect of intravenous indomethacin (5 mg/kg) on cyclooxygenase inhibition in the pial arterioles was confirmed by a 24 +/- 3% decrease in vessel diameter at the baseline (1.2 mM) magnesium concentration. In contrast, cyclooxygenase inhibition with intravenous indomethacin did not attenuate the magnesium-induced cerebrovasodilation. We conclude that in new born piglets magnesium suffusion over the parietal cortex results in a dose-dependent cerebrovasodilation that is most likely not mediated by prostanoids.
Therapy with the "senile" geriatric patient.

(1972). Therapy with the “Senile” Geriatric Patient. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 250-257.
Antipsychotic Medications in Children and Adolescents

Antipsychotic medications are commonly prescribed to children and adolescents. These medications, however, are not only prescribed for young patients with psychosis, but are often prescribed for youths with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Despite the fact that psychiatric illness in the pre-adult era is not rare, few controlled clinical trials have examined the short-term safety and efficacy of these agents in youths with psychosis. There are even fewer data regarding the long-term safety and efficacy of these agents in psychotic children and adolescents. As new antipsychotics become available, the study of these agents in youngsters with a variety of psychiatric illnesses may become an exciting new avenue for research.
Screening for RBC antibodies-what should we expect from antibody detection RBCs.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration mandates that red blood cells (RBCs) for antibody detection possess the following antigens: C,D, E, c, e, M,N, S, s,P1, Lea, Leb,K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, and Jkb. Although not required, it is generally agreed that homozygosity for C,D, E, c, e, Fya, and Jka is also preferable. There is no requirement for low-frequency antigens to be present.However, manufacturers of antibody detection RBCs receive requests for these RBCs to possess Cw,Kpa,and Wra. There are no data to support the considerable expense and effort involved in providing RBCs that possess low-frequency antigens such as Cw, Kpa, and Wra. The risk of clinically-significant hemolytic transfusion reactions occurring when such antibodies are not detected because antibody detection RBCs lack such antigens is about 1 in 500,000 to 1 in 1 million transfusions.
Seeded Magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability driven by a 1-MA Linear Transformer Driver

Experimental, theoretical and simulation research investigations are underway on the Magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability driven by the Mega Ampere Linear Transformer Driver at the University of Michigan. Since the Linear Transformer Driver operates at 100- kV output, inductance minimization was crucial in design of the coaxial and radial magnetically insulated transmission line that transmits power to the load. Experiments ablate a 400 nm-thick, 1 cm wide, planar, aluminum foil located between two parallel-plate anodes. The initial position of the foil relative to the anodes controls the foil-plasma acceleration. Laser-micromachined, periodic hole patterns on foils are utilized to seed the wavelength of Magneto Rayleigh-Taylor growth. Sub-ns laser shadowgraphy diagnoses the instability growth at the edges of the ablation plasma. Early instability is believed to originate from the Electro-Thermal instability. Later exponential growth rates have been measured whose trends are consistent with Magneto Rayleigh Taylor theory. As expected, the fastest Magneto Rayleigh-Taylor growth rate corresponds to the largest foil-plasma acceleration. Effects of magnetic shear on Magneto Rayleigh-Taylor growth have been predicted theoretically.
Fuzzy approximate reasoning: Logic, intuition or comparison?

From the early beginnings of approximate reasoning to its present use, numerous research have investigated the appropriateness of compositional rule of inference (CRI) for generalized modus ponens. Other approximate reasoning methods such as compatibility-modification, extensional inference, and analogical inference have been proposed as a means of performing deductive reasoning on fuzzy rules, i.e., “If u is A, then v is B” then given A' produce B'. A detailed presentation and comparison of several of these investigations are provided. A connection between the results of CRI and the use of comparison indices between fuzzy sets A and B is synthesized from numerous examples in the research literature and with additional examples. CRI is shown to satisfy extensional inference when a fuzzy extension of the logical definition of equivalence is used for the comparison index C. C(A', A) is always less than or equal to C(B', B) where B' is the result of CRI with the rule relation R(A(u),B(v)). Requirements for the rule relation R are discussed. Comparison indices are reviewed and examined to determine under what conditions extensional inference might apply to them. A recent proposal to generalize a standard compatibility-modification inference pattern based on Zadeh's consistency index is critiqued.
Ontogeny: Toward a General Theoretical Framework for Ethology

This is the foundation for a truly general ethological framework. It provides for both summarizing empirical findings and stating testable hypotheses in operational terms. Behavioral problems are parsed into those concerning the individual and the population. The former concern first characterizes patterns of dynamic control (“causation”) and then characterizes changes in control during the individual’s life (patterns of ontogenetic development).
Self-Healing Hydrogel Pore-Filled Water Filtration Membranes

Damages to water filtration membranes during installation and operation are known to cause detrimental loss of the product water quality. Membranes that have the ability to self-heal would recover their original rejection levels autonomously, bypassing the need for costly integrity monitoring and membrane replacement practices. Herein, we fabricated hydrogel pore-filled membranes via in situ graft polymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) onto microporous poly(ether sulfone) (PES) substrates and successfully demonstrated their self-healing ability. Covalent attachment of the hydrogel to the substrate was essential for stable membrane performance. The membranes autonomously restore their particle rejection up to 99% from rejection levels as low as 30% after being physically damaged. We attribute the observed self-healing property to swelling of the pore-filling hydrogel into the damage site, strong hydrogen bonding, and molecular interdiffusion. The results of this study show that hydrogel pore-filled membranes are a promising new class of materials for fabricating self-healing membranes.
Secondary metabolites from the leaves of the medicinal plant goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

The study presented herein constitutes an extensive investigation of constituents in Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae) leaves. It describes the isolation and identification of two previously unknown compounds, 3,4-dimethoxy-2-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoic acid (1) and 3,5,3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-6,8-C-dimethyl-flavone (2), along with the known compounds (±)-chilenine (3), (2R)-5,4'-dihydroxy-6-C-methyl-7-methoxy-flavanone (4), 5,4'-dihydroxy-6,8-di-C-methyl-7-methoxy-flavanone (5), noroxyhydrastinine (6), oxyhydrastinine (7) and 4',5'-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3'-oxo-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1,3-dioxolo-[4',5':4,5]-benzo[1,2-e]-1,2-oxazocin)-2-spiro-1'-phtalan (8). Compounds 3-8 have been reported from other sources, but this is the first report of their presence in H. canadensis extracts. A mass spectrometry based assay was employed to demonstrate bacterial efflux pump inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus for 2, with an IC50 value of 180 ± 6 μM. This activity in addition to that of other bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids, may explain the purported efficacy of H. canadensis for treatment of bacterial infections. Finally, this report includes high mass accuracy fragmentation spectra for all compounds investigated herein which were uploaded into the Global Natural Products Social molecular networking library and can be used to facilitate their future identification in H. canadensis or other botanicals.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor neddylation is regulated by a desmosomal-COP9 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome complex.

The outer layer of skin – the epidermis – forms a critical barrier against a range of stresses from the environment. The epidermis itself consists of multiple layers of cells that are constantly being renewed. New cells are made in the deepest layer and move upwards until they eventually reach the skin’s surface. During this journey, the cells change the molecules they make in a process called epidermal differentiation. To maintain an effective barrier, the epidermis must balance the division of cells in the deepest layer with the differentiation of cells in the layers above. When activated, a protein called the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (or EGFR for short) encourages cells in the deepest layer to divide. However, it remains poorly understood how the balance between cells dividing and cells differentiating is achieved. The desmosome is a structure that can link together cells within the epidermis. Najor et al. now report a new interaction between the desmosome and a very large protein complex called the COP9- signalosome known to remove protein-based tags from other proteins. The experiments show that the COP9-signalosome results in the removal of these tags from EGFR. The status of the tags on EGFR regulates whether or not it is found at the cell surface. Najor et al. propose that that the desmosome acts as a scaffold and holds the COP9 signalosome close to EGFR. The enzyme in the COP9 signalosome then removes protein-based tags from EGFR, which triggers a series of events that remove EGFR from the cell surface. This dampens down the signals EGFR would normally send to make cells divide, and allows differentiation to proceed. The balance between cell division and differentiation is a fundamental process that is affected in many skin conditions, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. EGFR is also commonly overactive in cancers. As such, understanding how epidermal differentiation and cell division are controlled will shed light on a variety of disorders, allowing for the potential development of new treatments for these diseases.
Daydreams and Nightmares: A Sociological Essay on the American Environment. By William R. Burch, Jr.

(1972). Daydreams and Nightmares: A Sociological Essay on the American Environment. By William R. Burch, Jr. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 77-78.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTY OF TRANSVERSE DEFORMATION OF SHAPE SLAB FOR HOT BENDING SHAPE STEEL

ABSTRACT The processes of hot bending and its study is introduced in the paper. The processes and the property of transverse deformation of shape slab are studied by means of imitating hot rolling of shape slab. Based on above results, the optimum forming condition and the method of determining shape slab are pointed out.
Protein denaturation. C. Theoretical models for the mechanism of denaturation.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews theoretical models that may be constructed and equations that may be derived from them to understand the process of protein denaturation. Given that the native state is stable under physiological conditions, the question arises whether the effects of environmental changes on the equilibrium between native and denatured states can be predicted, so as to account for the loss of stability of the native state and the appearance of different denatured states under specified conditions. This question involves not the absolute values for the free energies and other thermodynamic parameters for denaturation processes, but the changes in these parameters, along with changes in environmental variables. These changes can be predicted semiquantitatively. Furthermore, one can account both for the products formed under different conditions and for the character of the transitions from native to denatured state, at least for the simple proteins that have been studied in detail.
Thoracic and Abdominal Injuries

Injuries to the thorax and the abdomen—the torso—contribute significantly to trauma-related mortality and morbidity. While the vulnerability of the closely organized vital organs to injury in this region plays an important role in morbidity and mortality, the noncompressible nature of hemorrhage in this area also contributes immensely to otherwise preventable trauma deaths. While it is estimated that one fourth of trauma deaths is secondary to chest trauma alone and claims about 16,000 lives per year [1], hemorrhage in the torso (thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) also results in a mortality of as much as 70–80 % after otherwise survivable noncerebral and noncardiac injuries in both civilian and military populations [2]. The overall mortality from exsanguination, which remains second to central nervous system (CNS) injury as a cause of death, primarily originates from injuries of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; there has been a reduction in death from extremity bleeding because of effective control with tourniquets or topical hemostatic agents, but not from torso bleeding. With increasing use of anticoagulant agents for prophylaxis and management of cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, bleeding-related mortality from truncal injuries is probably more frequent. For example, the predominant injury site in patients with cardiovascular disease who died after trauma in one study was chest in 15 % and abdomen in 3 % of instances; head and neck was the injury site in 69 % of patients [3].
Hypersynchronous delta sleep EEG activity and sudden arousals from slow-wave sleep in adults without a history of parasomnias: clinical and forensic implications.

Study objectives To determine the frequency of classical markers of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias--hypersynchronous delta sleep (HSD) electroencephalogram waves and sudden arousals from slow-wave sleep (SWS)--in patients without histories of somnambulism or other NREM parasomnias. Design Retrospective review. Setting Sleep disorders center laboratory. Patients 82 consecutive patients without a history of parasomnias who underwent diagnostic polysomnograms; 57 men and 25 women, mean age 48+/-13.3 years, were included without regard to diagnosis or findings. All patients had at least 30 seconds of stage 3 or 4 sleep during the polysomnogram. Measurements and results The primary diagnosis of all but 4 patients was obstructive sleep apnea (mean respiratory disturbance index, 30 +/- 23.6 [range, 2.7-117] per hour of sleep). Polysomnograms were then reviewed for the presence of HSD and SWS arousals. A total of 235 arousals (mean, 2.9 +/- 2.7; range, 0-14) from stage 3 or 4 sleep were noted. Eight-five percent of all patients had at least 1 SWS arousal and 45% had 3 or more SWS arousals; 85.1% of all arousals from SWS were secondary to sleep-disordered breathing, and 5.9% were secondary to leg movements. At least 1 episode of HSD (mean, 1.4 +/- 1.6; range, 0-9) was noted in 65.8% of patients. Conclusions HSD and SWS arousals were a common finding in patients without clinical histories of sleepwalking or other parasomnias but who were found to have frequent respiratory-related arousals during sleep. HSD and SWS arousals thus have a low specificity for NREM parasomnias and, without further research, are not useful for the objective confirmation of parasomnias in clinical evaluations and in the forensic evaluation of sleepwalking as a legal defense.
Induction of fgr proto-oncogene mRNA in B lymphocytes as a consequence of Epstein-Barr virus infection.

The discovery that the v-sis oncogene was derived from a normal growth factor gene represented the first link between a transforming gene and a known cellular function. More recently, two additional retrovirus onc genes have been shown to be altered versions of normal cellular genes encoding cell surface receptors for other growth factors, namely epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Downward et al., 1984; Ullrich et al., 1984) and very likely colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-l) (Sherr et al., 1985).
Patterned low-frequency deep brain stimulation induces motor deficits and modulates cortex-basal ganglia neural activity in healthy rats

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is a promising therapy for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Several groups reported correlation between suppression of abnormal oscillatory...
Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke: Predictors of Thrombolysis Utilization from a National Database (S21.001)

Objective: This study seeks to evaluate predictors of thrombolysis utilization in patients with IS. Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is a highly prevalent condition associated with high rates of death and disability. Thrombolytic treatment is one of the few FDA approved treatments for this devastating condition. Design/Methods: Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data (2003–2013) showed a total of 1,168,847 patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of IS, ICD-9 Code 433.xx and 434.xx. Thrombolytic infusion was ascertained by ICD-9 procedure code 99.10. Independent predictors of thrombolytic treatment were studied using binary logistic regression. The predictors included in the model were age, sex, race, teaching status, and insurance type. Results: 3.2% of patients with IS received thrombolytic treatment. Mean age of patients receiving thrombolysis was 69.21 years. Using binary logistic regression, the statistically significant independent predictors were Age (OR= 0.996, p=0.000), Female gender (OR=1.036, p=0.041), Insurance type as compared to Medicare (Medicaid OR =1.128 p=0.002, private insurance OR=1.216 p=0.000, and self-pay OR=1.162 p=0.001). As compared to Caucasians, African Americans were less likely to receive treatment (OR=0.884 p=0.000). Also, teaching hospitals were found to be more likely to administer thrombolysis as compared to a non-teaching hospitals (OR = 1.685, p=0.000). Conclusions: In this representative national sample, African-American race, advanced age, male gender and Medicare insurance status were associated with lower odds of receiving thrombolysis for acute IS. Patients presenting to teaching hospitals, as compared to those treated at non-teaching hospitals, were more likely to receive thrombolytic therapy. Further prospective studies are warranted to better understand the disparities in treatment utilization for these patient cohorts. Disclosure: Dr. Benesh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lobbous has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hays Shapshak has nothing to disclose.