cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aesthetic Dimension of Wittgenstein’s Later Writings

In this essay I argue the extent to which meaning and judgment in aesthetics figures in Wittgenstein’s later conception of language, particularly in his conception of how philosophy might go about explaining the ordinary functioning of language. Following a review of some biographical and textual matters concerning Wittgenstein’s life with music, I outline the connection among (1) Wittgenstein’s discussions of philosophical clarity or perspicuity, (2) our attempts to give clarity to our aesthetic experiences by wording them, and (3) the clarifying experience of the dawning of an aspect, which Wittgenstein pictures as the perception of an internal relation. By examining Wittgenstein’s use of “internal relation” from the Tractatus to his later writings, I come to challenge the still prevalent understanding of Wittgenstein’s appeals to grammar as an appeal to something given (e.g., to a set of grammatical rules). Instead, as I argue, Wittgensteinian appeals to grammatical criteria should be understood as modeled by the form of justification found in our conversations about art.
Fatty acid and lipid profiles in primary human trophoblast over 90 h in culture

Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the preferential transport of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to the fetus by the syncytiotrophoblast and the role of cytotrophoblasts in placental lipid metabolism and transport. We studied primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells cultured for 90h to determine the fatty acid and lipid composition of cytotrophoblast (18h culture) and syncytiotrophoblast (90h culture) cells. In cultured PHT total lipid fatty acids were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at 90h compared to 18h in culture including lower levels of palmitic acid (PA, 16:0, -37%), palmitoleic acid (POA, 16:1n-7, -30%), oleic acid (OA, 18:1n-9, -31%), LCPUFA arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6, -28%) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3, -55%). In major lipid classes, OA and most of the n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA were markedly lower at 90h in TG (-57 to -76%; p < 0.05). In the cellular NEFA, n-6 LCPUFA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and AA were both reduced by -51% and DHA was -55% lower (p < 0.05) at 90h. In contrast, phospholipid FA content did not change between cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast except for OA, which decreased by -62% (p < 0.05). Decreasing PHT TG and NEFA lipid content at 90h in culture is likely due to processes related to differentiation such as alterations in lipase activity that occur as cytotrophoblast cells differentiate. We speculate that syncytiotrophoblast prioritizes PL containing AA and DHA for transfer to the fetus by mobilizing FA from storage lipids.
Evaluating the kinetic basis of plant growth from organs to ecosystems.

Contents Summary 37 I. Introduction 37 II. Predictions for metabolic kinetics 38 III. Kinetics of net photosynthesis 38 IV. Kinetics of plant growth 40 V. Hypotheses for higher-level kinetic decoupling 41 VI. Conclusions 42 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 SUMMARY: Understanding how temperature influences the scaling of physiological rates through levels of biological organization is critical for predicting plant responses to climate. Metabolic theory predicts that many rates increase exponentially with temperature following an activation energy (E) of 0.32 eV for photosynthesis. Here, I evaluate this prediction for net photosynthesis and organ, individual, and ecosystem growth. Observed E for photosynthesis varied widely but was not statistically different from predictions, while E for organs was greater than predicted, and E for individuals and ecosystems only weakly characterized temperature responses. I review several hypotheses that may underlie these results. Understanding how multiple rate-limiting processes coalesce into a single E that characterizes metabolic responses to temperature, and how to best estimate E from unimodal data, remain important challenges.
Not in Harm’s Way. Or are They? War, Social Justice, and Young Children in the United States

This chapter presents a peace and justice framework that considers direct and structural violence, and examines the effects of war on young children in the United States. All young children in the United States have lived their lives during a time that their country has been at war. Widely acknowledged is the impact of war on more than 800,000 children whose parents have been deployed—often multiple times—in armed combat. First, researchers report that preschool children with deployed parents are more likely to act out and be aggressive. Second are effects on all young children who hear accounts of war, and casualties, from the media as well as adults and peers. Third, during the past decade of war, budget priorities to finance war have competed with priorities to finance programs for young children. The wellbeing of young children and their families has been undermined by the structural violence of war. We conclude this chapter by suggesting that early childhood educators can respond at multiple levels, from their work with children in classrooms to the level of national policy.
Rheological properties and effects of aging on acrylated epoxidised soybean oil monomer-modified asphalt binder

This investigation examines the rheological properties and effects of aging on laboratory produced acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (AESO) monomer (LabAESO) and commercially available AESO (ComAESO...
Analysis of Ribosomal RNA Sequences by Combinatorial Clustering

We present an analysis of multi-aligned eukaryotic and procaryotic small subunit rRNA sequences using a novel segmentation and clustering procedure capable of extracting subsets of sequences that share common sequence features. This procedure consists of: i) segmentation of aligned sequences using a dynamic programming procedure, and subsequent identification of likely conserved segments; ii) for each putative conserved segment, extraction of a locall homogeneous cluster using a novel polynomial procedure; and iii) intersection of clusters associated with each conserved segment. Aside from their utilit in processing large gap-filled multi-alignments, these algorithms can be applied to a broad spectrum of rRNA analysis functions such as subalignment, phylogenetic subtree extraction and construction, and organism tree-placement, and can serve as a framework to organize sequence data in an efficient and easily searchable manner. The sequence classification we obtained using the method presented here shows a remarkable consistency with the independently constructed eukaryotic phylogenetic tree.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychological Trauma

Community and clinical epidemiologic studies indicate that adults and adolescents with ­substance use disorders (SUD; especially involving opiates or cocaine) are highly likely (as high as 90% prevalence in treatment-seeking samples) to have experienced psychological trauma at some time in their lives and as much as 11 times more likely than persons who do not have a SUD to meet diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Adults and adolescents with PTSD are as much as 14 times more likely to meet criteria for SUD (including alcohol or other drugs) than those without PTSD. SUD and PTSD may occur prior to the other, but research indicates that it is more likely that SUD develop or are worsened as a result of attempts to cope with PTSD than the reverse. PTSD and SUD also exacerbate and sustain each other over time. An evidence-based screening measure and promising treatments have been developed and preliminarily validated for PTSD in SUD treatment populations, including integrated approaches to simultaneous SUD/PTSD treatment rather than sequential or compartmentalized treatments. Implications for clinical identification and treatment of SUD/PTSD are presented.
Impact of Pressure on Magnetic Order in Jarosite

Jarosite, a mineral with a kagome lattice, displays magnetic frustration yet orders magnetically below 65 K. As magnetic frustration can engender exotic physical properties, understanding the complex magnetism of jarosite comprises a multidecade interdisciplinary challenge. Unraveling the nature of the disparate magnetic coupling interactions that lead to magnetic order in jarosite remains an open question. Specifically, there is no observed trend in the interlayer spacing with magnetic order. Similarly, the relationship between metal–ligand bond distance and magnetic order remains uninvestigated. Here, we use applied pressure to smoothly vary jarosite’s structure without manipulating the chemical composition, enabling a chemically invariant structure–function study. Using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, we show that high applied pressures alter both the interlayer spacing and the metal–ligand bond distances. By harnessing a suite of magnetic techniques under pressure, including SQUID-based m...
Attributable failure and costs associated with continued smoking by cancer patients.

1559Background: Smoking by cancer patients causes adverse outcomes including increased cancer specific mortality, but there are no estimates of the effects of continued smoking in cancer patients o...
Improved models for predicting bubble velocity, bubble frequency and bed expansion in a bubbling fluidized bed

Abstract An efficient design and operational control of a fluidized bed reactor relies on accurate prediction of bubble properties. This paper employs measurement of bed void fraction in determining the bubble velocity in a given bed. An analytical model is developed for bubble rise velocity, which shows that the rise velocity of a single bubble is proportional to the rate of change of the bubble-projected area. Based on the model for bubble rise velocity, a correlation for bubble velocity is obtained as given by u b = φ N ( U 0 − U mf ) + 12.51 φ D ( U 0 − U mf ) 0.362 d b 0.52 . Bubble frequency is also modelled and presented as f b = ( 0.52 ( d b D ) 1.48 + m u b n d b ) − 1 , and bed expansion due to bubble flow in a larger particle bed (Ar ≥ 400) is modelled by Δ e = 1 − 0.0873 U 0 − U mf − 0.362 U 0 D 0.66 1 − γ U 0 U mf β − 1 0.66 − 1 − 1 . The three models have been validated against experimental data and the results show that the bubble velocity model has a better prediction accuracy than the existing models for Geldart B and D particles with prediction errors of 15.5% and 12.0%, respectively. The results also show that the proposed bed expansion model predicts better than the existing models in the literature.
Transmission lines are an under-acknowledged conservation threat to the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract The environmental impacts of energy generation plants, especially those with large dams, have been widely discussed in the Amazon region, but little attention has been paid to the impacts of the associated transmission lines. These impacts are likely to be substantial given the wide geographic extent of the lines and the relatively high forest cover in the traversed areas. Publicly available information about the location and extent of the transmission line network in the Amazon is neither accurate nor current, and its environmental impacts on terrestrial ecosystems have not been assessed on a large scale. This study estimates the scale of the impact of the current and planned transmission and distribution line network using a hand-digitized dataset and the predicted impact area determined from Environmental Impact Assessments. The Legal Amazon region contains 39,625 km of verified transmission and distribution lines, estimated to directly impact 23,467 km2 of land. We find that the transmission line network directly impacts double the area flooded by hydroelectric reservoirs in the Legal Amazon. Of the direct impact area, 5.1% is within protected areas and 10.3% overlaps with intact forest. By 2026, the transmission line network is estimated to grow by 37% in the Legal Amazon, increasing the direct impact to forests by 70% and to protected lands by 29%. Transmission lines are impacting enough land to be considered a serious conservation threat and should be treated as such in research and environmental planning in the Amazon region.
The False-negative Phenotype.

Ethical controversies may arise when genome sequencing reveals a genetic variant that is thought to be pathogenic, but the patient has no symptoms. This could be due to variable penetrance or expressivity. It could also result from a misclassification of the gene as pathogenic. In this article, I analyze 2 possibilities when such a situation occurs. The first is straightforward. We could conclude that the sequencing results should be considered a “false-positive” test result. The second is a bit more counterintuitive. In some cases, we could consider the test result to be a true-positive but in way that has not yet led to phenotypic findings. Somewhat playfully, we imagine that, in such cases, we could consider the patient’s phenotype to be falsely negative. Sometimes, as odd as it seems, we act is if that is what we believe.
Output Capacitance Loss Characterization of Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes

In high-frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VHF) rectifiers, silicon carbide (SiC) Schottky diodes exhibit higher losses compared to what is reported in manufacturer-provided simulation models, with additional power loss stemming from energy dissipation during the charging and discharging of the junction output capacitance ( $C_{J}$ ). Because these losses are not included in manufacturer simulation models and have not been well-studied for commercially available SiC Schottky diodes, we have experimentally measured them using the Sawyer–Tower circuit. From these measurements, we compare the losses across manufacturers, current rating, generation, voltage rating, and packaging. We then demonstrate the performance of these devices on a 20-MHz class-DE rectifier and compare their power dissipation from the simulation and experimental measurements. Finally, by incorporating these losses in device power dissipation calculations in various rectifier topologies, we propose suggestions on device selection to optimize converter efficiencies.
Behavioral And Other Chronic Conditions Among Adult Medicaid Enrollees: Implications For Work Requirements

Work requirements condition Medicaid eligibility on completing a specified number of hours of employment, work search, job training, or community service. Little is known about how behavioral healt...
Truth, History Revision, and South Korea’s Mnemonic Representation of the Past

The production of collective memory and history is embedded in transitional justice processes of truth-seeking, reparations, prosecutions, and other legislative reforms that address a state’s past abuses. This study builds on the growing interest in memory initiatives by bringing to light the integral role memory practices play in truth-seeking and reparations policies. Particularly, it focuses on memory initiatives as part of a broader set of symbolic reparations integrated in truth commission work. Drawing from observations of a state which is a relative latecomer to transitional justice processes, this chapter examines South Korea’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission and its relationship with the production of collective memory, focusing on symbolic reparations of history revision via the national history textbook. Using political discourse analysis, this study compares the historical truth from the truth commission to the national history textbook, focusing on the portrayal of the truth and narrative about human rights abuses in recent Korean history. Through this analysis, the research finds that human rights language in history revisions discursively contests the truth commissions’ conclusions. The collective memory from the textbook points for the need to reevaluate the politics behind the creation of memory even in a state that transitioned to a democracy, instituted over ten truth commissions, and held two former heads of state criminally accountable.
Computational Mechanisms for Perceptual Stability using Disparity and Motion Parallax

Walking and other forms of self-motion create global motion patterns across our eyes. With the resulting stream of visual signals, how do we perceive ourselves as moving through a stable world? Although the neural mechanisms are largely unknown, human studies (Warren and Rushton, 2009) provide strong evidence that the visual system is capable of parsing the global motion into two components: one due to self-motion and the other due to independently moving objects. In the present study, we use computational modeling to investigate potential neural mechanisms for stabilizing visual perception during self-motion that build on neurophysiology of the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. One such mechanism leverages direction, speed, and disparity tuning of cells in dorsal MST (MSTd) to estimate the combined motion parallax and disparity signals attributed to the observer's self-motion. Feedback from the most active MSTd cell subpopulations suppresses motion signals in MT that locally match the preference of the MSTd cell in both parallax and disparity. This mechanism combined with local surround inhibition in MT allows the model to estimate self-motion while maintaining a sparse motion representation that is compatible with perceptual stability. A key consequence is that after signals compatible with the observer's self-motion are suppressed, the direction of independently moving objects is represented in a world-relative rather than observer-relative reference frame. Our analysis explicates how temporal dynamics and joint motion parallax-disparity tuning resolve the world-relative motion of moving objects and establish perceptual stability. Together, these mechanisms capture findings on the perception of object motion during self-motion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The image integrated by our eyes as we move through our environment undergoes constant flux as trees, buildings, and other surroundings stream by us. If our view can change so radically from one moment to the next, how do we perceive a stable world? Although progress has been made in understanding how this works, little is known about the underlying brain mechanisms. We propose a computational solution whereby multiple brain areas communicate to suppress the motion attributed to our movement relative to the stationary world, which is often responsible for a large proportion of the flux across the visual field. We simulated the proposed neural mechanisms and tested model estimates using data from human perceptual studies.
Considering the Need for Organizational Resilience at Hispanic Serving Institutions: A Study of How Administrators Navigate Institutional Accreditation in Southern States.

Prior literature on resilience in the Latina and Latino community focuses on student resilience. In this paper we argue that it is also important to consider organizational resilience among the col...
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Children with Neurodevelopmental Concerns

Purpose: A vast body of research demonstrates the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and poorer physical and behavioral health outcomes across the lifespan. Though it is estimated that 46% of children experience one or more ACEs, a great deal is still unknown regarding the prevalence and impact of ACEs on children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. This study aims to examine the prevalence and correlates of ACEs among children referred for assessment of developmental or behavioral concerns. It was hypothesized that rates of ACEs would be higher among children who …
Structures from the Mesophase: MicroED Targets Crystals Extracted from LCP.

The determination of protein structures from nanocrystals grown in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) is a promising crystallographic approach. In this issue of Structure, Zhu et al. (2020) extract crystals from the dense matrix of monoolein LCP for interrogation by micro electron diffraction (MicroED) and yield a 2 A structure of Proteinase K.
A ‘New’ Lease on Life

Chapter 3, “A New Lease on Life,” reviews the concept of rentier capitalism and connects it with the ever-expanding reach of commercial technologies into contemporary geographies of youth. The circuitous, rationalizing, and objectifying logics of proprietary ecologies are theorized to explain how private interests seek to format developing bodies, at scale, as sites of extraction and accumulation. In doing so, this chapter grounds the enclosure and monetization of young people’s digital engagements—and its resultant data—in a historical geography of attritional privatization already at work in the restructuring of cities, schools, and homes. Considered in this context, young people’s interactions with and through digital media are discussed as a neoliberal means of leasing relations of (re)production previously considered outside the realm of direct commodification.
Russellian Monism and Structuralism About Physics

It is often claimed that Russellian monism carries a commitment to a structuralist conception of physics, on which physics describes the world only in terms of its spatiotemporal structure and dynamics. We argue that this claim is mistaken. On Russellian monism, there is more to consciousness, and to the rest of concrete reality, than spatiotemporal structure and dynamics. But the latter claim supports only a conditional claim about physics: if structuralism about physics is true, then there is more to consciousness and to the rest of concrete reality than physics describes. Given the fundamental nature of their position, Russellian monists can, we argue, deny the antecedent without inconsistency. We also draw out two significant consequences of that result. One is that it provides a response to some recent objections to Russellian monism, by Alyssa Ney and Eric Hiddleston. The other consequence concerns a line of reasoning known as the structure and dynamics argument—reasoning that is thought to motivate Russellian monism. In David J. Chalmers’s version, which is regarded as canonical, structuralism about physics is implied by a premise. If our main thesis is true, then that version is problematic, at least from the perspective of Russellian monists who take the argument to motivate their theory. However, we argue, the argument can be reformulated without relying on structuralism about physics.
Dural arteriovenous shunts in children

Dural arteriovenous shunts (dAVF) in children can be classified as dural sinus malformations, infantile dural arteriovenous shunts, and adult-type dural arteriovenous shunts. All subtypes can result in neurologic morbidity as a result of venous or intracranial hypertension and its sequelae. Prognostication and appropriate management is incumbent depends upon understanding both the subtype of dural arteriovenous shunt and its relevant anatomy. When treatment is indicated, endovascular embolization is the mainstay. Surgical treatment may be used adjunctively, though its primary indication is for adult-type dAVF with direct leptomeningeal venous drainage, which cannot be easily accessed by endovascular means. Although radiosurgery has been used successfully in adults with dAVF, its utility for pediatric patients remains largely unexplored.
Advanced analysis of a cryptochrome mutation's effects on the robustness and phase of molecular cycles in isolated peripheral tissues of Drosophila.

Background Previously, we reported effects of the cryb mutation on circadian rhythms in period and timeless gene expression within isolated peripheral Drosophila tissues. We relied on luciferase activity driven by the respective regulatory genomic elements to provide real-time reporting of cycling gene expression. Subsequently, we developed a tool kit for the analysis of behavioral and molecular cycles. Here, we use these tools to analyze our earlier results as well as additional data obtained using the same experimental designs.
Benzylacyclouridine: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biochemical effects in mice☆

Abstract The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and urinary excretion of the uridine (Urd) phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3) inhibitor 5-benzylacyclouridine (BAU) were studied in C57BL/6 female mice by reverse-phase HPLC. The plasma clearance of BAU after i.v. administration followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of approximately 36 min. Other pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution (17 ml), clearance rate (0.3 ml/min) and the elimination rate constant (0.019hr−1) were relatively constant over a dose range of 5 to 240 mg/kg when based on a first-order clearance model. Following oral administration, BAU was rapidly absorbed from the gut; peak plasma concentrations occurred within 30 min and were approximately 60% of equivalent i.v. doses. The distribution of BAU between plasma and most major organs was rapid and efficient, the exceptions being spleen and brain, which maintained only 40% and 10%, respectively, of the plasma BAU concentration. Approximately 41% of the injected dose of BAU was recovered intact in urine within 24 hr. Another 27% appeared as a more polar metabolite which, at a concentration of 50 μM, did not inhibit murine Urd phosphorylase. A near linear relationship was observed between the injected dose of BAU and its ability to increase the plasma concentration of Urd; i.v. injections of 30, 120 and 240 mg/kg increased plasma Urd 3-, 7- and 15-fold respectively. The utility of these data in the design of combination chemotherapy regimens containing BAU and related compounds is discussed.
Quantitative modeling of growth and dispersal in population models

In this presentation we discuss methods for inverse or parameter estimation problems which can be employed as quantitative modeling techniques in models for distributed (spatially, age, size, etc.) biological systems. In this context they may be useful in attempts to understand, elaborate on, or further refine details of specific mechanisms for dispersal, growth, interaction, etc. in wide classes of models. We have also used these techniques in a number of biologically related problems [1] such as bioturbation [12], [14], [15] and climatology [19]. In addition to an overview of ideas underlying these techniques, we shall present here brief discussions and some findings on two specific biological problems for which we are currently using them successfully.
Too Maternal and Not Womanly Enough

SUMMARY The paper discusses the unique challenges Asian-American women face in defining their gender identity. The variations between the views of Asian immigrant mothers and their daughters on their identity and roles as women reflect their respective socialization. Whereas the mothers have been socialized in traditional Confucian, gender-specific cultures wherein women are afforded fewer economic and social opportunities to develop as individuals, their daughters are immersed in American culture conducive to the development of gender ideals of personal autonomy, self-definition, and egalitarianism. The daughters' life experience and exposure to two distinct and often conflicting cultural orientations of female gender ideals enable them to broadly exercise their discretion in redefining and creating their own identity as a distinct group of women in the United States. Complications arising out of the daughters' inability to breach their Eastern heritage with mainstream ideals are discussed in the context...
Variation in Penile Hemodynamics by Anatomic Location of Cavernosal Artery Imaging in Penile Duplex Doppler Ultrasound

Abstract Introduction Standard operating procedures (SOP) for penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) were published in 2013 to promote uniform vascular assessment for erectile dysfunction (ED). However, SOPs do not specify a standard anatomic location for cavernosal artery (CA) imaging. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the effects of CA imaging location on measured penile hemodynamics assessed by PDDU. Methods PDDU was performed in men with ED and/or Peyronie's disease. CA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were measured at three points: the origin of the CA within the penile crus, the proximal CA, and mid‐CA. Differences in PSV and EDV were assessed by Friedman test and categorical vascular outcomes by Fisher's exact test. Data were analyzed for the main cohort, the subgroup with maximal smooth muscle relaxation (SMR) as defined by negative EDV, and the subgroup with valid‐for‐intromission erections. Main Outcome Measures Mean PSV and EDV at three specified CA locations and the vascular diagnoses resulting from these measurements. Results One hundred four CAs were imaged in 52 men. Mean PSVs at the crus, proximal, and mid‐CA were 52.9 ± 20.2, 29.5 ± 15.1, and 21.6 ± 10.6 cm/s, respectively ( P P = 0.1225). The distribution of arteriogenic ( P P P P = 0.007) and in those with valid‐for‐intromission erections (n = 68, arteriogenic P P = 0.0002). Conclusion There is large variability in measured PSV and EDV on PDDU depending on the site of Doppler imaging, which can often sway clinical diagnosis. Future guidelines should attempt to incorporate standard locations of CA imaging, and new normative values may be necessary for each location. Pagano MJ and Stahl PJ. Variation in penile hemodynamics by anatomic location of cavarnosal artery imaging in penile duplex Doppler ultrasound. J Sex Med 2015;12:1911–1919.
Does psychopathy manifest divergent relations with components of its nomological network depending on gender

Abstract Despite a great deal of empirical research on psychopathy there are fewer data on psychopathy in female samples, especially non-institutionalized samples, and it is unclear whether psychopathy manifests in similar ways across gender. In a large undergraduate sample, we explored psychopathy in relation to gender in a two-fold manner. First, we examined whether there were significant gender differences in self-report psychopathy scores; there were (men scored higher). Second, we tested whether psychopathy’s relations with important constructs from its nomological network differ depending on gender. Psychopathy largely manifested a pattern of relations that did not vary across gender, with a few important exceptions (e.g., traits related to impulsivity and Openness). Ultimately, these results suggest that, despite mean-level differences between men and women, psychopathy operates in a relatively consistent manner across gender.
Cytokinetic properties of asynchronous and cytosine arabinoside perturbed murine tumors measured by simultaneous bromodeoxyuridine/DNA analyses

This paper describes the determination of cytokinetic properties of asynchronous and cytosine arabinoside- (Ara-C) treated KHT tumors growing in vivo using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)/DNA analysis technique. The cytokinetic properties of asynchronously growing tumors were estimated by computer analysis of sequential BrdUrd/DNA distributions measured at 2- to 3-h intervals after administration of a single i.p. injection of BrdUrd. The cytokinetic properties of the Ara-C-treated tumors were estimated by computer analysis of BrdUrd/DNA distributions measured at 2- to 3-h intervals after Ara-C treatment. BrdUrd was injected 30 min prior to tumor harvest. The cytokinetic properties of the cells rendered nonclonogenic by Ara-C were followed in BrdUrd/DNA distributions measured at 2- to 3-h intervals after Ara-C treatment of tumors that were labeled with BrdUrd 30 min prior to Ara C injection. The G1-, S-, and G2M-phase durations were estimated to be 7.6, 10.9, and 2.0 h prior to Ara-C; decreasing to 1.2, 4.1, and 1.4 after Ara-C. The growth fraction was estimated to be 0.8 prior to Ara-C. Complete recruitment of the normally noncycling subpopulation was observed after Ara-C treatment. Ara-C-killed cells were removed from the tumor within 24 h following Ara-C injection. These cytokinetic properties were similar to those reported in other studies.
YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films deposited by an ultrasonic nebulization and pyrolysis method

High Tc superconducting films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ were deposited by a novel chemical vapor deposition procedure. 1-butanol solutions of the volatile yttrium, barium and copper derivatives of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione were ultrasonically nebulized and pyrolyzed onto MgO substrates at 430 °C. The solutions were nebulized with “soft spray” ultrasonic nozzles operating at 60 and 120 kHz giving median droplet sizes of 19 and 10 μm respectively. Experimentally parameters affecting film composition are discussed. The as-deposited films were poorly crystalline. Annealing the films in flowing argon at 830 °C, was followed by a short anneal in O2 at 880 °C and slow cooling in O2. The films were metallic with Tc values as high as 80–81 K (R=0). Films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy, elastic backscattering and transport measurements.
Mechanical and sensorimotor implications with ankle osteoarthritis.

Abstract Hubbard TJ, Hicks-Little C, Cordova M. Mechanical and sensorimotor implications with ankle osteoarthritis. Objective To understand the mechanical and sensorimotor adaptations that may occur with ankle osteoarthritis (OA). Design Case-control. Setting Biodynamics research laboratory. Participants Subjects with ankle OA (n=8; 4 males, 4 females) were matched to healthy controls (n=8; 4 males, 4 females). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Mechanical joint stability was assessed with an instrumented ankle arthrometer. Static balance was measured using a force platform during a double-legged stance. Isometric ankle/foot complex strength in the sagittal and frontal plane was assessed with a handheld dynamometer. Last, subjective level of function was assessed using the foot and ankle disability index. Results There were significant group × side interactions for anterior displacement, inversion rotation, eversion rotation, ankle isometric strength, and the foot and ankle disability index ( P P Conclusions These limitations observed in joint laxity, postural control, muscle strength, and perceived function provide evidence that patients with ankle OA display a number of characteristics that affect joint stability and overall function. These identified impairments necessitate the need for rehabilitation and exercise programs to be developed to help improve joint stability and function in patients with ankle OA.
Components, formulations, solutions, evaluation, and application of comprehensive combustion models

Abstract Development and application of comprehensive, multidimensional, computational combustion models are increasing at a significant pace across the world. While once confined to specialized research computer codes, these combustion models are becoming more readily accessible as features in commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer codes. Simulations made with such computer codes offer great potential for use in analyzing, designing, retrofitting, and optimizing the performance of fossil-fuel combustion and conversion systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of comprehensive combustion modeling technology as applied to fossil-fuel combustion processes. This overview is divided into three main parts. First, a brief review of the state-of-the-art of the various components or submodels that are required in a comprehensive combustion model is presented. These submodels embody mathematical and numerical representations of the fundamental principles that characterize the physico-chemical phenomena of interest. The submodel review is limited to those required for characterizing non-premixed, gaseous and pulverized coal gasification and combustion processes. A summary of the submodels that are available in representative computer codes is also presented. Second, the kinds of data required to evaluate and validate the predictions of comprehensive combustion codes are considered. To be viewed with confidence, code simulations must have been rigorously evaluated and validated by comparison with appropriate experimental data, preferably from a variety of combustor geometries at various geometric scales. Three sets of validation data are discussed in detail. Two sets are from the highly instrumented, pilot-scale combustor called the controlled profile reactor (CPR) (one natural gas-fired and one coal-fired), and the other set is for a full-scale, corner-fired 85 MWe utility boiler. Third, representative applications of comprehensive combustion models are summarized, and three sets of model simulations are compared with experimental data. The model simulations for the three test cases were made using two commonly used, CFD-based computer codes with comprehensive combustion model features, PCGC-3 and FLUENT 4.4. In addition to the standard version of FLUENT, predictions were also made with a version of FLUENT incorporating advanced submodels for coal reactions and NO pollutant formation.
Evaluation of acute scrotum in the emergency department

A 2-year retrospective review of 238 cases of acute scrotal pain encountered in a children's hospital emergency department is presented. The incidences of testicular torsion, torsion of a testicular appendage, and epididymitis were 16%, 46%, and 35%, respectively. Testicular salvage was critically dependent on the interval between onset of pain and surgical intervention. No testis likely to have been viable at the time of presentation was "lost." The diagnostic error rate on first encounter was 7%, resulting in 10 negative scrotal explorations. With the exception of cases of far-advanced necrotic testes, both color Doppler ultrasound and radioisotope imaging were highly specific diagnostic modalities. Thirty-nine percent of the children with epididymitis who underwent investigation were found to have either structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities. Noninvasive urodynamic studies appear to be useful screening modalities in older children with epididymitis.
Risk factors for obesity in young adults: Hispanics, African Americans and Whites in the transition years, age 16-28 years.

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that late adolescence may represent a critical period in the development of lifelong obesity, but representative prospective studies in this age group are lacking. The analytic cohort consisted of a representative sample from the United States of 11,591 Hispanic, African American, and white youths interviewed as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Significant differences in obesity measures were observed among the six race-sex groups. Compared to whites of the same sex, the prevalence of obesity in 1981 was significantly higher among Hispanic males (12.0 vs 8.6%, P vs 7.3%. P > 0.001) and lower among African American males (6.4% vs 8.6%, P > 0.005). Five-year cumulative incidence of obesity (1981–1986) was highest in Hispanic males, Hispanic females and African American females. Among those ages studied both in 1981 and in 1986, a secular trend towards increased prevalence of obesity was observed over the five-year period (10.6% in 1981, 13.6% in 1986, P > 0.0001). Multivariate analyses failed to identify behavioral or sociodemographic factors that operated similarly in all race-sex groups.
Numerical procedures for three-dimensional computational surface thermochemistry

Models and equations for surface thermochemistry and near-surface thermophysics of aerodynamically-heated thermal protection materials are reviewed, with particular emphasis on computational boundary conditions for surface mass and energy transfer. The surface energy and mass balances, coupled with an appropriate ablation or surface catalysis model, provide complete thermochemical boundary conditions for a true multidisciplinary solution of the fully coupled fluid-dynamics/solid mechanics problem. Practical approximate solutions can be obtained by using a detailed model with full thermophysics for either the solid or fluid phase amd a semianalytic method for the other half of the problem. A significant increase in the state-of-the-art in aerothermal computational fluid dynamics is possible by uniting CFD methodology with surface thermochemistry boundary conditions and the heat-balance-integral method.
Investigation of Field Amplified Sample Stacking With Particle Image Velocimetry

This paper presents an experimental investigation of field amplified sample stacking (FASS) with micron resolution particle image velocimetry (μPIV). The preliminary experiments reported in this work show particle velocity fields in electrokinetic flow in a glass microchannel with a single buffer-buffer interface. The buffer-to-buffer conductivity ratio is 10. Stacking of latex microspheres (i.e., increases in their number density) in the presence of a background electroosmotic flow is demonstrated. The generation of an internal pressure gradient is quantified using μPIV. This work is part of an ongoing study of the spatial and temporal development of the velocity and concentration profiles of FASS systems.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Single high-dose oral vitamin D3 (stoss) therapy — A solution to vitamin D deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis?

Abstract Objectives To determine the safety and efficacy of stoss therapy on vitamin D levels over a 12month period in children with cystic fibrosis and vitamin D deficiency ( Study design Retrospective chart review of 142 paediatric CF patients from 2007 till 2011. Results Thirty eight children received stoss therapy and 37 children with vitamin D deficiency were not treated and served as a control group. The stoss treated group had a significant and sustained increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels measured at 1, 3, 6 and 12months post treatment compared to controls (94.82±41.0nmol/L, p=0.001; 81.54±24.6nmol/L, p=0.001; 92.18±36.5nmol/L, p=0.008 and 64.6±20.0nmol/L, p=0.006 respectively). At 12months post intervention, the mean difference in vitamin D levels from baseline between the stoss treated group and controls was significant at 15nmol/L compared to 5nmol/L (p=0.038). Conclusion Stoss therapy effectively achieves and maintains levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D greater than 75nmol/L over 12months.
Utilization of next-generation sequencing platforms in plant genomics and genetic variant discovery

Genome-wide variant detection within a species is the primary initial step towards linking genotypic variation and phenotypes. The conversion of these genetic variants (the most prevalent of these being single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) into genetic markers is particularly important in agronomically valuable crop species to allow for cost-effective marker-assisted selection strategies, whole-genome fingerprinting, association studies, map-based gene cloning and population-based analyses. Towards these goals, an increasing number of large-scale genetic variant discovery initiatives are being undertaken in conjunction with next-generation sequencing platforms, allowing for drastically quicker and cheaper variant discovery, and leading towards a far more comprehensive view of the genome or transcriptome. This review will summarize the current status of these initiatives and will discuss the expanding role of next-generation sequencing technologies in facilitating crop improvement.
Novel tensor transform-based method of image reconstruction from limited-angle projection data

The tensor representation is an effective way to reconstruct the image from a finite number of projections, especially, when projections are limited in a small range of angles. The image is considered in the image plane and reconstruction is in the Cartesian lattice. This paper introduces a new approach for calculating the splittingsignals of the tensor transform of the discrete image f(x i , yj ) from a fine number of ray-integrals of the real image f(x, y). The properties of the tensor transform allows for calculating a large part of the 2-D discrete Fourier transform in the Cartesian lattice and obtain high quality reconstructions, even when using a small range of projections, such as [0°, 30°) and down to [0°, 20°). The experimental results show that the proposed method reconstructs images more accurately than the known method of convex projections and filtered backprojection.
TRANSMISSION LIGHT MICROSCOPY OF STRUCTURALLY COLORED SEMITHIN CARTILAGE SECTIONS

Conversion of osmified tracheal cartilage constituents into an array of laminar interference gratings has been attained by three tandem reactions. Oxidation of semithin, LR white-embedded cartilage sections by acetic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide is the first step in the conversion process. Subsequent addition reactions of oxidized cartilage pyranoses and furanoses with thiocarbohydrazide constitutes the second step. Reduction of silver proteinate by thiocarbohydrazones and the concomitant coating of cartilage constituents with silver gratings completes the conversion of cartilage sections into a system of layered interference filters. In transmitted light, all components of converted cartilage display vivid structural colors, which allow detailed microscopic analysis of structurally colored cellular and extracellular cartilage constituents.
A dislocation array in a displacement dependent stress field

Abstract Consideration is given to the model of a planar dislocation array where the resistance stress to dislocation motion is displacement dependent, and therefore only indirectly a function of position. In view of its importance with respect to crack nucleation problems, the stress intensification at the array tip is determined, particular attention being given to the situation where the resistance stress is directly proportional to the displacement. There is close mathematical similarity between this type of problem and that which arises in lifting-line theory in aerodynamics.
Dynamic Spatial Distribution of RNA Polymerase in Live E. coli

Escherichia coli is one of the few model systems that has been extensively studied in biology. Because of their small size, bacterial cells have always been difficult to study with light microscopy. Electron microscopy can give spectacular images of the static structure of fixed bacterial cells, but fluorescence microscopy provides quantitative information about subcellular structure and dynamics in living cells.One of these quantitative methods is fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). FRAP can be used to study dynamic redistribution of fluorescent tracer particles in cells. Of interest to our lab is E. coli RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. FRAP provides information on the diffusion of polymerase on the ∼1 μm length scale. We have measured the fluorescence distribution recovery in live E. coli held at 30°C in flowing aerated growth media. Preliminary results indicate that there is a population of fluorescently tagged RNAP that recovers on the time scale of seconds. This leads to a rough estimate of Dapparent ∼0.2 μm2-s−1. As a comparison, the mean in vitro 1D sliding diffusion constant of T7 RNAP as reported by Kim and Larson in 2007 was 0.12 μm2-s−1. Somewhat surprisingly, it appears as if RNAP can diffuse as quickly inside the cell with its hop and slide method as it can outside the cell with 1D sliding. Actively transcribing polymerases should appear stationary over this time scale. This allows us to estimate the fraction of actively transcribing RNA polymerase, or otherwise immobile, to be about 0.6.
Probabilistic Approach to Digital Simulation of Chromatographic Processes

Abstract A unique system has been developed for the digital simulation of chromatographic processes. This system is based on a probabilistic approach to the discrete events of adsorption and desorption rather than using a continuous solution of the differential equations used to describe the rates of adsorption and desorption. The simulation system has been developed using a threaded code technique of programming which allows the user to interact with the high speed, microcoded internal portions of the system through a very high level specific language. The utility of the system for studying both linear and nonlinear chromatographic processes is demonstrated.