cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional distribution of bone density in the proximal humerus

Bone quality of the proximal humerus is important for the surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures and rotator cuff tears. However, very few studies have evaluated the areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal humerus. The aim of this study was to analyze the volumetric BMD (vBMD) using peripheral-quantitative-computed-tomography. Total, trabecular and cortical vBMD were determined separately for the proximal and distal half of the humeral head, the surgical neck and seven specific regions of interest. The greater tuberosity (GT) was divided into three regions, and the lesser tuberosity (LT) and articular surface (AS) were each divided into two regions. The proximal head showed a significantly higher trabecular (+ 46%) and cortical vBMD (+ 15%) than the distal one. The mean trabecular vBMD of AS was significantly higher (+ 80%), and the cortical vBMD was significantly lower (- 11%) than that of the tuberosities. In the proximal half of GT, trabecular vBMD was higher in the posterior than in the middle and anterior regions. Cortical vBMD was higher in middle region than in the anterior and posterior ones. In the distal half of GT, trabecular vBMD was significantly higher in the posterior than in the middle region, and cortical vBMD was significantly higher in the anterior than in the middle region. In one. These results point to bone sites that may provide stronger fixation for implants, reduce the risk of implant loosening, and therefore improve patient outcome.
The Relation Between Epistemology and Psychology

In the wake of Frege’s attack on psychologism and the subsequent influence of Logical Positivism, psychological considerations in philosophy came to be viewed with suspicion. Philosophical questions, especially epistemological ones, were viewed as ‘logical’ questions, and logic was sharply separated from psychology. Various efforts have been made of late to reconnect epistemology with psychology. But there is little agreement about how such connections should be made, and doubts about the place of psychology within epistemology are still much in evidence. It therefore remains to be clarified just how such links should be established, and what impact they would have on the direction of epistemology.
Cognitive Analysis of Neuropharmacological Treatments

This summary paper provides the outline of a framework for the analysis of the kinds of changes in specific cognitive processes that are apparent in various psychiatric syndromes and in response to different types of drug treatments. Some of these cognitive changes in higher mental functions are direct consequences of alterations of those brain systems that are directly involved in cognitive processing while others are non–specific or a secondary result of other central nervous system changes. The primary purpose of the framework is to invite inquiry and characterization of the subprocesses that are part of those cognitive operations required in 1) using and manipulating previously acquired knowledge and procedures; 2) the processes involved in attending to and acquiring new information; 3) and retention and retrieval of recently acquired information.
Image Reconstruction from Fourier Data Using Sparsity of Edges

Data of piecewise smooth images are sometimes acquired as Fourier samples. Standard reconstruction techniques yield the Gibbs phenomenon, causing spurious oscillations at jump discontinuities and an overall reduced rate of convergence to first order away from the jumps. Filtering is an inexpensive way to improve the rate of convergence away from the discontinuities, but it has the adverse side effect of blurring the approximation at the jump locations. On the flip side, high resolution post processing algorithms are often computationally cost prohibitive and also require explicit knowledge of all jump locations. Recent convex optimization algorithms using $$l^1$$l1 regularization exploit the expected sparsity of some features of the image. Wavelets or finite differences are often used to generate the corresponding sparsifying transform and work well for piecewise constant images. They are less useful when there is more variation in the image, however. In this paper we develop a convex optimization algorithm that exploits the sparsity in the edges of the underlying image. We use the polynomial annihilation edge detection method to generate the corresponding sparsifying transform. Our method successfully reduces the Gibbs phenomenon with only minimal blurring at the discontinuities while retaining a high rate of convergence in smooth regions.
A survey of polar and non-polar lipids of mouse organs.

1. 1. Total lipid was extracted from mouse (Mus musculus) heart, kidney, lung, liver, intestine, brain, stomach, dermis and epidermis and analyzed by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. 2. 2. All of the tissues contained phospholipids, triglycerides, sterols and free fatty acids. All tissues except brain contained small amounts of steryl esters, and all except stomach contained some glycosylceramides. 3. 3. Wax diesters were found in both the dermis and epidermis. 4. 4. Only epidermis contained a high proportion of ceramides. 5. 5. Acylglucosylceramides were uniquely present in epidermis.
The reaction of 2′(3′)-0-bromoacetyluridine with ribonuclease A

Abstract Reaction of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A with 2′(3′)-0-bromoacetyluridine at pH 5.5, 25°C, leads to a rapid and stereospecific inactivation of the enzyme with formation of 3-carboxymethylhistidine-12 RNase A and 1-carboxymethylhistidine-119 RNase A in the ratio of 7:1. The product distribution is the reverse of that obtained for the reaction of bromoacetate with RNase A. The results suggest that the imidazole group of histidine-12 is favorably disposed to interact with the phosphate residues of cyclic nucleotide substrates and 2′- and 3′-nucleotide inhibitors.
Ultrastructure and morphology of midgut visceral muscle in early pupal Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

These studies focus on the pupal Aedes aegypti midgut muscularis for the first 26 h following larval–pupal transition. The midgut muscularis of Ae. aegypti pupae during this first half of the pupal stadium is a grid of both circularly and longitudinally oriented muscle bands, arranged in a manner resembling that of the larvae. While many muscle bands exhibit signs of degeneration during the time period studied, not all bands degrade, nor is this degradation simultaneous. Band deterioration involves destruction of internal elements while the muscle fiber plasma membrane remains intact. Deterioration of contractile elements may involve proteosome-like structures and associated enzymes. Many features of the larval muscularis including cruciform cells, bifurcating circular bands, and bifurcating longitudinal bands of muscle are retained during the time period investigated. Neuromuscular junctions along some muscle bands are retained through at least 16 h into the pupal stadium. The selective nature of muscle fiber degradation, coupled with the retention of larval features and neural input, may allow for limited functionality of the muscularis during metamorphosis. Evidence of sexual dimorphism in the midgut muscularis of male and female Ae. aegypti pupae was not observed during the time period studied.
Cometary emissions induced by scattering and fluorescence of solar X-rays

To establish the nature of cometary X-ray emissions above 1 keV, detailed modeling of scattering and fluorescence of solar X-rays by a cometary atmosphere is carried out over the 0.3−3.0 keV photon energy range. Computations of the X-ray emissions are performed for different distributions of the cometary neutral gas, dust, and ice grains, with an emphasis placed on nano-sized particles. The calculated emission spectra of energetic photons above 1 keV are compared to cometary observations performed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and emission contributions solely from cometary neutral gas are found to be an insufficient X-ray production mechanism. Further comparison between the developed model and observational data also establishes an upper limit on dust and ice nanoparticle density distributions in cometary atmospheres. In addition, similarities in spectral shape above 1 keV observed between cometary emissions, Jovian disk emissions, and scattered solar X-ray spectra during solar flare events are discussed in detail.
Interactive detection of network anomalies via coordinated multiple views

This paper presents a new approach to intrusion detection that supports the identification and analysis of network anomalies using an interactive coordinated multiple views (CMV) mechanism. A CMV visualization consisting of a node-link diagram, scatterplot, and time histogram is described that allows interactive analysis from different perspectives, as some network anomalies can only be identified through joint features in the provided spaces. Spectral analysis methods are integrated to provide visual cues that allow identification of malicious nodes. An adjacency-based method is developed to generate the time histogram, which allows users to select time ranges in which suspicious activity occurs. Data from Sybil attacks in simulated wireless networks is used as the test bed for the system. The results and discussions demonstrate that intrusion detection can be achieved with a few iterations of CMV exploration. Quantitative results are collected on the accuracy of our approach and comparisons are made to single domain exploration and other high-dimensional projection methods. We believe that this approach can be extended to anomaly detection in general networks, particularly to Internet networks and social networks.
Excess crustal calcium problem.

RONOV and YAROSHEVSKY (1969) observed the abnormally high calcium content of the earth crust and LOWENGART (1975) explained it as resulting from exchange between oceanic magnesium and mantle calcium. An alternate explanation is presented, namely, that the excess calcium results from the conversion of plagioclase feldspars into carbonates.
The Federal Government’s Role in Enabling the Nuclear Renaissance and a Low-Carbon Energy Future

The electric power industry in the United States will face a number of great challenges in the next two decades, including increasing electricity demand and the aging of the current fleet of power plants. These challenges present a major test for the industry, which must invest between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion by 2030 to meet the increased demand. In addition to these challenges, the potential for climate legislation, controversy over hydraulic fracturing, and post-Fukushima safety concerns have all resulted in significant uncertainty regarding the economics of all major sources of base-load electricity.Currently nuclear power produces 22% of the nation’s electricity, and over 70% of the nation’s low-carbon electricity, even though unfavorable economic conditions have stalled construction of new reactors for over 30 years. The economics are changing, however, as evidenced by the recent construction and operating licenses (COLs) awarded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to Southern Company and SCANA Corporation to build two new units each. The successful construction of these units could lead to more favorable financing for future plants. This improved financing, especially if combined with appropriate additional government support, could provide serious momentum for the resurgence of nuclear power in the United States.The most important way in which government support could benefit nuclear power is by increasing the amount of loan guarantees provided to the first wave of new nuclear power plants. This will help encourage additional new builds, which will help reduce the financing risk premium for new nuclear and improve interest rates for future plants. Instead of simply increasing loan guarantees for nuclear energy, a permanent federal financing structure should be established to provide loan guarantees for “clean energy” technologies in general, a category in which nuclear energy should be included. Most importantly, any changes should be made as part of a coherent, long-term energy policy, which would provide utilities with the correct tools to make the necessary investments, and the confidence that will allow them to undertake large-scale projects.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Simultaneous targeted immobilization of anti-human IgG-coated nanotubes and anti-mouse IgG-coated nanotubes on the complementary antigen-patterned surfaces via biological molecular recognition.

Introduction of self-assembly in nanometer-sized building blocks is expected to accomplish bottom-up fabrications in a more reproducible, efficient, and economic manner; however, it is necessary to selectively place multiple types of nano-building blocks (e.g., metal nanotubes and semiconductor nanotubes) at specific locations on surfaces with high precision and reproducibility for more complex nanometer-scale device assemblies. Biological molecular recognition such as antibody−antigen bindings may be suitable to use in the building-block assembly since nature always assembles materials with complex functions and structures at room temperature reproducibly. Our approach is to immobilize antibody-coated nanotubes at specific complementary binding positions patterned on surfaces. To demonstrate this hypothesis, two types of nanotubes coated with different antibodies were anchored selectively onto their complementary antigen areas, patterned by tips of atomic force microscope (AFM). Because those nanotubes c...
Patterns, Predictors, and Consequences of Initial Regimen Type among HIV-Infected Women Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. It is important to elucidate differences among initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen types in comparative studies of therapy effectiveness. We aimed to identify predictors of initiation with different HAART regimen types and the effect of initial regimen type on switching and immunologic response to therapy-controlling for those predictors-among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in the United States. Methods. Participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study underwent semiannual interview, venipuncture, and clinical examination. Those beginning with protease inhibitor-based, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based, or triple-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-based HAART during April 1996-March 2005 were eligible for analysis. Predictors of initial regimen type were assessed with polytomous logistic regression. Correlates of switching were assessed with discrete-time proportional hazards models, and immunologic response to therapy was assessed with linear regression. Results. Among 1555 HAART initiators, CD4 + lymphocyte count and HIV load were significant predictors of initial regimen type during 1996-2002; only sociodemographic predictors were significant during 2002-2005. Initial regimen type was not a significant predictor of subsequent regimen switching. Compared with those whose initial treatment was protease inhibitor-based HAART, those who began with triple-NRTI-based regimens had significantly lower CD4 + cell counts at 1 year (P = .006) and 2 years (P = .004) after initiation; NNRTI initiators had lower CD4 + cell counts after 2 years (P = .05). Conclusions. We demonstrate that predictors of initial regimen type among women in the United States have been changing over time. Protease inhibitor initiators had significantly higher CD4 + cell counts than did NNRTI or triple-NRTI initiators up to 2 years after HAART initiation. Adjustment for biological predictors of initial regimen is important to avoid confounding in the study of treatment effectiveness.
The diversity of TPMs and its effects on development: a case study of integrating the TPM into OpenSolaris

Broad adoption of secure programming primitives such as the TPM can be hurt by programmer confusion regarding the nature and representation of failures when using a primitive. Conversely, a clear understanding of the primitive's failure modes is essential for both debugging and reducing the attack surface in the mechanisms built on it. In particular, differences in error processing and reporting logic significantly detract from such understanding.We present a case study of diversity in TPM behaviors and its effects on a TSS implementation, which emerged from the Sun/Dartmouth TCG/OpenSolaris project, one of the goals of which was instrumenting TPM support on Solaris. At the start of the project, both parties believed the instrumentation to be well-defined and, although time-consuming, relatively straightforward. In the course of the project we had to reexamine our assumptions concerning the state of the hardware and the software involved and the view of the system as presented to someone unfamiliar with its internals. We describe some failure modes we encountered and suggest directions for remediation.
Three basic types of foveal involvement in choroidal melanomas

Three cases are used to demonstrate the main types of cystoid macular edema, which have been seen to occur in association with choroidal melanomas: 1) direct involvement in cases, where the neoplasm is located under the foveal retina, 2) indirect involvement due to a subfoveal exudate in choroidal melanomas distant to the fovea and 3) indirect foveolar involvement without associated subfoveal tumor or exudate. A recording of the pathology of these three basic reaction patterns of the central retina in choroidal melanomas is considered important. It is emphasized, that combinations of the reactions are common and may result in more complex situations.
In‐service education mediated through curriculum development: an issues‐based study of language learning and teaching

This article outlines the results of an issues‐based study conducted over a 12‐month period that investigated how the systematic inclusion of teachers within the design, operationalization and implementation of an online curriculum development project in Florida led simultaneously to teachers’ own professionalizing in areas of education they were previously unknowledgeable. Specifically, this study charts how reflective, iterative curriculum development practices acts as a mechanism for in‐servicing, leading to more informed teacher practices in the classroom. The investigation revealed that while the project was ambitious in its scope, it achieved its primary objectives through the implementation of deliverables outlined for the first year of the project. Research outcomes indicated that within the ‘situated’ process of socialization into a community of practice, teachers’ cognitive growth can be prompted by an individual’s receptiveness, sensitivity towards and ability to manage mediational means placed...
A one-component, magnetic support-and-balance system for wind tunnel models.

Wind tunnel model one component magnetic support and balance system for sphere drag investigation at subsonic Mach numbers
Oscillatory population growth in periodic environments

Abstract A general first-order nonlinear differential equation is derived for the dynamics of a population in such a way that the inherent growth rate r and the equilibrium “carrying capacity” K appear explicitly as parameters. By means of standard regular perturbation techniques, properties of the periodic asymptotic state of the population are studied under the assumption that r and K suffer periodic perturbations of small amplitude. Specific examples are studied analytically and numerically.
Thermal-stress resistance and fracture toughness of two tool ceramics

The thermal-stress resistance and fracture strength behaviour of two oxide ceramics (a hot-pressed pure Al2O3 and a composite ceramic NTK-HC2) subjected to severe thermal shocks have been investigated. The damage resistance parameter (K IC/σ f)2 for both ceramics is also determined for a wide range of temperatures (25° to 800° C) and cross-head rates (10−2 cm min−1 ∼ 2.5 m sec−1). Fracture strength behaviour of these two oxide ceramics is shown to follow Hasselman's model where the instantaneous strength loss at the critical quenching temperature may be calculated using appropriate (K IC/σ f)2 values to give good agreement with experimental results. Repeated shocks show some further degradation in the retained strength for both ceramics so that these materials are susceptible to thermal fatigue. It is found that both materials possess similar resistance to crack initiation (i.e. similar ΔT c and retained strength after shocking through ΔT c) but the pure oxide ceramic has higher resistance to crack propagation.
Electrodynamics of quadrupolar media

Abstract The electromagnetic field equations are derived for a moving quadrupolar medium starting with a simple model which is later generalized. The (nonrelativistic) power flow, energy density, force density, and stress tensor are obtained, first from a model and then, by the application of the principle of virtual work for a general quadrupolar medium using a reasonable “thermodynamic” expression for the internal energy density. Finally, it is shown what the preceding expressions become when both dipole and quadrupole effects are present concurrently.
Surface soil physical and hydrological characteristics in Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) versus Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (big sagebrush) habitat

Limited information exists of the differences in soil physical and hydrologic properties in invasive Bromus tectorum L. (BT) (cheatgrass) habitats versus native Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (AT) (big sagebrush) habitats. Our objective was to assess differences in soil physical and hydrological properties by comparing measures of soil particle size; aggregate stability; hydrophobicity; bulk density; penetration resistance; surface roughness; and infiltration (double-ring and mini-disk tension infiltrometer) between habitats. BT sites were sampled following AT stand replacing fires that resulted in near continuous BT establishment. Sites characterized by AT, and not burned, were sampled as controls. Significantly lower infiltration rates and surface roughness ratios in conjunction with statistically significant higher aggregate stability and penetration resistance suggest that BT sites have different surface physical characteristics from AT sites. Lower surface roughness and higher penetration resistance on BT sites may yield greater runoff, subsequently providing less available water for plant growth. However, higher aggregate stability and plant cover on BT sites may negate this effect. Higher percentage coarse sand fractions and lower percentage fine fractions, in conjunction with smoother, less permeable surfaces on BT sites, suggest the potential for soil erosion on BT sites. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms responsible for the differences seen between AT and BT sites and whether post fire BT occupation, fire, or landscape differences are responsible.
An experimental study of three-phase flow regimes

Abstract Three-phase flow regimes for an air/water/oil system flowing in a horizontal pipe line were observed and flow regime maps were constructed. Superficial velocities, ranging from 15 to 5000 cm/s for air ( j a ) and from 0.4 to 66 cm/s for water ( j w ), were investigated. The superficial velocity of the immiscible oil “phase” ( j o ) was kept constant at three discrete values, 4.3, 9 and 24 cm/s. Water- and oil-based wavy, plug, slug and stratifying-annular flow regimes were observed. Many interesting new flow regime configurations not seen in two-phase flow were found.
Topologies for linear lightwave networks

Simple topologies are proposed for linear lightwave networks (LLN). Tree-based networks which preclude the possibility of certain violations are compared to networks that allow violations to occur but achieve better load distribution within the network. The performance of each topology, from the point of view of blocking probability, is compared by a simulator using a call routing algorithm based on the K-shortest path algorithm. It is found that general topologies that allow for better load distribution perform better than tree-based topologies.
Efimov's theorem in dimension greater than two.

Brian Smyth and Frederico Xavier Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA It is a classical theorem of Hilbert that the hyperbolic plane cannot be realized isometrically in ~3. In 1968 there appeared Efimov's celebrated generalization of this result [2] :
Advanced Cervical Dilatation: The Role of Cervical Cerclage

The patient who presents with advanced cervical dilatation and herniating membranes without clear signs of preterm labor prior to the time of fetal viability represents an obstetric dilemma. Nonintervention can be expected to result in inevitable preterm delivery and 20% fetal survival. This study represents the use of a McDonald cerclage in patients with advanced dilatation and herniation of membranes. The study population comprised 14 singleton pregnancies between 17 and 25 weeks gestation at 4 cm dilatation or greater. The operative technique included Foley catheter membrane retraction and McDonald cerclage with 5 mm mersilene tape. Results: The cervix was successfully closed in 13/14 patients (93%). Perioperative complication rate was 21%. Ten of 13 patients in whom the cerclage was successfully placed were delivered of healthy neonates who are alive and well (fetal survival rate 77%). The average duration of pregnancy after successful cerclage placement was 9.3 weeks (range 2 days-17 weeks). Conclusi...
Temperature and conditioning in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris☆

Abstract With light as the UCS, groups of warm and cold earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, were conditioned to perform a withdrawal response to a vibratory CS. The results of the study confirm those of previous investigations utilizing similar conditions. In addition, the following findings are reported. 1. 1. Both the warm and cold conditioning groups evidenced increments in the percentage of conditioned responses over the 50 conditioning trials. The increase for the warm group was significant while that for the cold group was not, suggesting that reduction in responsiveness results from lowered body temperature. 2. 2. Neither the cold nor the warm sentization or pseudo-conditioning control groups gave evidence of increased responsiveness. All 4 groups continued to respond at a low irregular level throughout the CS presentations. The cold sensitization group gave significantly fewer responses than did the warm group, further supporting the temperature-reduced responsiveness hypothesis. 3. 3. In extinction, after the cold conditioning group had warmed to room temperature, the two conditioning groups did not differ in the number of responses given. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of reduced body temperature on conditioning and on neural transmission.
Initial characterization of a position-sensitive photodiode/BGO detector for PET

The authors present initial results for a position-sensitive photodiode/BGO (bismuth germanate) detector for high-resolution, multilayer positron emission tomography (PET). Position sensitivity is achieved by dividing the 3 mm*20 mm rectangular photosensitive area along the diagonal to form two triangular segments. Each segment is individually connected to a low-noise charge amplifier. The photodiodes and crystals are cooled to -100 degrees C to reduce dark current and increase the BGO signal. With an amplifier peaking time of 17 mu s, the sum of the signals (511-keV photopeak) was 3200 electrons with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 750 electrons. The ratio of one signal to the sum determined the depth of interaction with a resolution of 11 mm FWHM. >
A Comparison of Boltzmann and Multigroup Flux-limited Diffusion Neutrino Transport during the Postbounce Shock Reheating Phase in Core-Collapse Supernovae

We compare Newtonian three-flavor multigroup Boltzmann (MGBT) and (Bruenn's) multigroup flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) neutrino transport in postbounce core-collapse supernova environments. We focus our study on quantities central to the postbounce neutrino heating mechanism for reviving the stalled shock. Stationary-state three-flavor neutrino distributions are developed in thermally and hydrodynamically frozen time slices obtained from core collapse and bounce simulations that implement Lagrangian hydrodynamics and MGFLD neutrino transport. We obtain distributions for time slices at 106 and 233 ms after core bounce for the core of a 15 M☉ progenitor, and at 156 ms after core bounce for a 25 M☉ progenitor. For both transport methods, the electron neutrino and antineutrino luminosities, rms energies, and mean inverse flux factors, all of which enter the neutrino heating rates, are computed as functions of radius and compared. The net neutrino heating rates are also computed as functions of radius and compared. Notably, we find significant differences in neutrino luminosities and mean inverse flux factors between the two transport methods for both precollapse models and for all three time slices. In each case, the luminosities for each transport method begin to diverge above the neutrinospheres, where the MGBT luminosities become larger than their MGFLD counterparts, finally settling to a constant difference maintained to the edge of the core. We find that the mean inverse flux factors, which describe the degree of forward peaking in the neutrino radiation field, also differ significantly between the two transport methods, with MGBT providing more isotropic radiation fields in the gain region. Most important, for a region above the gain radius we find net heating rates for MGBT that are as much as ~2 times the corresponding MGFLD rates, and we find net cooling rates below the gain radius that are typically ~0.8 times the MGFLD rates. These differences stem from differences in the neutrino luminosities and mean inverse flux factors, which can be as much as 11% and 24%, respectively. They are greatest at earlier postbounce times for a given progenitor mass and, for a given postbounce time, greater for greater progenitor mass. We discuss the ramifications that these new results have for the supernova mechanism.
Hormonal and splanchnic hemodynamic alterations following hepatic resection.

Abstract Reported hemodynamic changes after partial hepatectomy (PH) include elevations in portal blood flow and pressure ( P pv ). The etiology of these changes is unknown. We studied degree of portosystemic shunt (PSS), splanchnic artery blood flow and resistance ( Q spl , R spl) as well as prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), glucagon, and insulin response in rats undergoing 75% hepatectomy. The results showed that following an immediate threefold rise in portal PGI 2 , a hemody namically significant PSS developed at 48 hr. The PGI 2 changes paralleled the increase in portal flow ( Q pv ), pressure ( P pv ), PSS, and the decrease in R spl . Glucagon levels also rose immediately postresection, but fell to normal prior to resolution of both PSS and hyperemia. There was no significant change in insulin or glucose levels after resection. This implies a relationship between PSS and the release of a prostanoid effecting Q pv , Q spl , and R spl which relates to, and possibly mediates, the hemodynamic changes following liver resection. We conclude that PH is a model of acute PHT, and that the altered splanchnic hemodynamics could relate to hepatic regeneration.
Visualization and analysis of mural thrombogenesis on collagen, polyurethane and nylon.

Abstract Visualization and analysis of mural thrombogenesis on collagen-coated glass, polyurethane and nylon was discussed. Epi-fluorescent video microscopy was used to visualize thrombotic events at a protein or polymer surface in contact with flowing whole blood. Digital image processing was used to analyse the real-time microscopic images obtained, resulting in measurements of morphological features and the number of platelets that compose each thrombus. The three-dimensional structures of the thrombi were also estimated. A photodiode was used to measure integrated end-point platelet accumulation at different axial positions along the surface. Additionally, the convection-diffusion equations were solved to estimate the concentrations of adenosine diphosphate, thromboxane A z , and thrombin generated by activated platelets at the blood-contacting surface.
Quantitative risk analysis of medical devices: an endoscopic imaging example

The performance of trained human observers in diagnosing a medical situation through an endoscope can be represented by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. When the ROC plot is related to a plot of signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the endoscope system display versus system resolution, the operator performance for a given size target object can be determined from the ROC. The ROC curve gives probability statistics associated with detection. When the costs of errors are assigned, this method would quantify the risks associated with the use of the device. It is proposed as a method which would allow a regulatory agency to judge imaging devices based on quantified cost/benefits.
Importance of Teaching The International Aspects of Criminal Justice

National studies suggest that our college students do not have sufficient awareness or knowledge of international affairs, and this appears to be true of criminal justice students as well. A survey of programs in criminology-criminal justice indicates that we have not been giving sufficient attention to the international field in our curricula. This paper discusses the need for international courses in criminal justice, citing the vast increase in international crime and criminal activity, the increasing internationalization of crime, and the recent, rapid development of international agencies of crime control and prevention. The paper also suggests an outline and sketch of what should be covered in international courses of the field, and indicates suitable reference sources.
Two-domain motif for IgG-binding activity by group A streptococcal emm gene products

A biological role for the non-immune binding of human IgG by group A streptococci is evidenced by its strong association with a subpopulation of strains giving rise to tissue-specific infection. IgG-binding activity lies within many of the M and M-like surface proteins (encoded by emm genes), and several structurally distinct IgG-binding sites are known to exist. In this report, two adjacent IgG-binding domains, differing in their specificity for human IgG subclasses, are localized within the M-like protein, protein H. The putative coding regions for the two IgG-binding domains were mapped for 82 epidemiologically unrelated strains. Both coding regions are associated with phylogenetically distant emm genes, supporting a role for horizontal transfer and intergenomic recombination in the evolution of emm genes. In most instances, the two coding regions are tightly linked, suggesting that there exist strong selective pressures to maintain a two-domain binding motif. Both coding regions are found among all strains bearing emm gene markers associated with impetigo lesions as the principal tissue reservoir, but are absent from most strains that exhibit markers for a predominant nasopharyngeal reservoir. The data support the hypothesis that the pathogenic potential of an isolate is dictated, at least in part, by its unique array of multifunctional emm gene products.
Host defence factors and prognosis in hairy cell leukemia

Abstract Host defence parameters were characterized in 20 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and were related to hematological, clinical and prognostic variables. The diagnosis was confirmed by examination on the bone marrow by light and electron microscopy, and by staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. The major findings were markedly impaired delayed type hypersensitivity to recall antigens (mean skin test diameter in mm, HCL: 4.5, acute myelogenous leukemia: 17.4, normal: 14.8); low lymphocyte blastogenic responses to pokeweed mitogen (patients: 2.33 × 10 3 counts per min per culture, normals: 15.1) and concanavalin A (patients: 5.3 × 10 3 counts per min, normals: 31.9); low peripheral blood adherent monocytes (patients: 2.7 × 10 4 /ml, normals: 14.8), low serum lysozyme (patients: 1.8 μg/ml, normals: 5.8) and virtually absent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity ADCC to human erythrocytes (patients: 1.6% target cell lysis, normals: 8.7). In vitro addition of allogeneic monocytes restored the pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A responses in 10 cases. There were significant negative correlations between the extent of bone marrow involvement with leukemia and several host defence parameters including ADCC to chicken erythrocytes ( p = 0.002), delayed type hypersensitivity ( p = 0.005), ADCC to the human leukemia CEM cell line ( p = 0.3) and concanavalin A response ( p = 0.03). Variables predicting prognosis included serum lysozyme ( p = 0.008), ADCC to CEM ( p = 0.009), delayed type hypersensitivity ( p = 0.03), adherent monocytes ( p = 0.04), concanavalin A response ( p = 0.05) and platelet count ( p = 0.05). These data indicate the important role of host defence parameters in the course of HCL and indicate the important role of host defence parameters in the course of HCL and indicate pathways for the study of the fundamental nature of the disease and its management.
Enhanced accuracy GPS navigation using the Interacting Multiple Model Estimator

This paper presents an Interacting Multiple-Model (IMM) estimator based approach to navigation using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The “soft-switching” IMM estimator obtains its estimate as a weighted sum of the individual estimates from a number of parallel filters matched to different motion modes of the platform, e.g., nearly constant velocity and maneuvering. The goal is to obtain the maximum navigation accuracy from an inexpensive and light GPS-based system, without the need for an inertial navigation unit, which would add both cost and weight. In the case of navigation with maneuvering, for example, with accelerations and decelerations, the IMM estimators can substantially improve navigation accuracy during maneuvers as well as during constant velocity motion over a conventional (extended) Kalman Filter (KF), which is, by necessity, a compromise filter. This paper relies on a detailed modeling of GPS and presents the design of a navigation solution using the IMM estimator. Two different IMM estimator designs are presented and a simulated navigation scenario is used for comparison with two baseline KF estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are used to show that the best IMM estimator significantly outperforms the KF, with about 40-50% improvement in RMS position, speed and course errors.
Tryptophanase from Aeromonas liquefaciens. Purification molecular weight and some chemical, catalytic and immunochemical properties

Abstract Tryptophanase from Aeromonas liquefaciens has been purified to homogeniety by employing a heat treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionations and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The enzyme binds four moles of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate per mole of enzyme, has s02-,w value of 9.78 S and a mol. wt of 216 000. These properties and the general catalytic properties of the enzyme are similar to other tryptophanase molecules. The enzyme requires pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (Km 2.09·10−6 M), NH4+ or K+ for catalytic activity and besides using tryptophan (Km 2.21·10−4 M), the enzyme can also utilize l -serine, l -cysteine and S- methyl- l -cysteine in catalyzing α,β-elimination and β-replacement reactions. Anthranilic acid (Ki 3.0·10−4 M) alanine (Ki 1.31·10−3 M), and phenylalanine (Ki 7.79·10−3 M) are competitive inhibitors of the tryptophanase reaction. Immunochemical studies indicate that the A. liquefaciens enzyme has some common antigenic determinant sites with the tryptophanases from Escherichia coli, Bacillus alvei, a marine vibrio (K-7), Paracolobactrum coliforme, Micrococcus aerogenes, and Sphaerophorus funduliformis. Each tryptophanase studied has a distinct amino acid composition, but as a group they are characterized by a fairly high content (50–56%) of non-polar amino acids and a very similar total basic amino acid content. The A. liquefaciens enzyme has the highest non-polar and lowest acidic amino acid content of the group, and may be expected to have an electrophoretic mobility significantly different from the other molecules.
Nonlinear model reduction for dynamic analysis of cell population models

Transient cell population balance models consist of nonlinear partial differential-integro equations. An accurate discretized approximation typically requires a large number of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are not well suited for dynamic analysis and model based controller design. In this paper, proper orthogonal decomposition (also known as the method of empirical orthogonal eigenfunctions and Karhunen Loeve expansion) is used to construct nonlinear reduced-order models from spatiotemporal data sets obtained via simulations of an accurate discretized yeast cell population model. The short-term and long-term behavior of the reduced-order models are evaluated by comparison to the full-order model. Dynamic simulation and bifurcation analysis results demonstrate that reduced-order models with a comparatively small number of differential equations yield accurate predictions over a wide range of operating conditions.
pH-Gated Porosity Transitions of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Confined Geometries and Their Application as Tunable Bragg Reflectors

Polyelectrolyte multilayers with alternating porous and fully dense regions have been assembled from poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (SPS) in appropriate combinations. The porous zones were developed postassembly via immersion of the heterostructure film into an aqueous acidic medium followed by rinsing in deionized water. Properly assembled PAH/PAA regions exhibit a reversible, pH-gated nanoporosity transition while PAH/SPS regions remain unchanged upon treatment at low pH. The application of these structures as one-dimensional dielectric mirrors and vapor sensors has been investigated. Organic liquid crystal molecules were also successfully loaded selectively into the nanoporous regions via a capillary force driven wicking action. Potential applications for drug delivery and as Bragg stacks with tunable refractive index layers are also discussed.
Power controlled coded-sequence self-encoded spread spectrum communications

In this paper, we propose to apply power control to coded-sequence self-encoded spread spectrum (CS-SESS) communications in dynamic fading channels. We determine the statistical characteristics of the power enhancement in the transmitter due to power control and show that the proposed approach improves the power efficiency in mobile cellular systems. In addition, we propose to mitigate self interference in CS-SESS by exploiting the information that the transmitter obtains, through feedback training sequences, about the de-spreading code in the receiver. The results show that the mitigation is significant even with only selective training chips from the de-spreading sequence. Similar improvement can be achieved with feed-forward training sequences to the receiver about the spreading code in the transmitter.
Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Academic Outcomes of Mexican Immigrant Children: The Importance of School Context

This study examined ethnic identity, perceptions of discrimination, and academic attitudes and performance of primarily first- and second-generation Mexican immigrant children living in a predominantly White community (N = 204, 19 schools, mean age = 9 years). The study also examined schools’ promotion of multiculturalism and teachers’ attitudes about the value of diversity in predicting immigrant youth’s attitudes and experiences. Results indicated that Latino immigrant children in this White community held positive and important ethnic identities and perceived low overall rates of discrimination. As expected, however, school and teacher characteristics were important in predicting children’s perceptions of discrimination and ethnic identity, and moderated whether perceptions of discrimination and ethnic identity were related to attitudes about school and academic performance.
Tracking Dynamic Water-borne Outbreaks with Temporal Consistency Constraints

We describe a novel graph-based event detection approach which can accurately identify and track dynamic outbreaks (where the affected region changes over time). Our approach enforces soft constraints on temporal consistency, allowing detected regions to grow, shrink, or move while penalizing implausible region dynamics. Using simulated contaminant plumes diffusing through a water distribution system, we demonstrate that our method improves both detection time and spatial-temporal accuracy when tracking dynamic water-borne outbreaks.
Computational challenges in high angle of attack flow prediction

Abstract Aircraft aerodynamics have been predicted using computational fluid dynamics for a number of years. While viscous flow computations for cruise conditions have become commonplace, the non-linear effects that take place at high angles of attack are much more difficult to predict. A variety of difficulties arise when performing these computations, including challenges in properly modeling turbulence and transition for vortical and massively separated flows, the need to use appropriate numerical algorithms if flow asymmetry is possible, and the difficulties in creating grids that allow for accurate simulation of the flowfield. These issues are addressed and recommendations are made for further improvements in high angle of attack flow prediction. Current predictive capabilities for high angle of attack flows are reviewed, and solutions based on hybrid turbulence models are presented.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EQUINE NIGROPALLIDAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA

Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) was used to make a diagnosis of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia in a horse. Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia is a neurodegenerative disease that has many characteristics with Parkinson-like diseases in humans. Historically, horses were euthanized based on clinical signs and exposure to the toxic weed, yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Previously, the disease has only been confirmed on necropsy. MR imaging can provide accurate and sensitive visualization of typical lesions seen in the brain of horses affected with equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia. Lesions were seen on T1-weighted, T2-weighted and proton density images. There was no contrast enhancement following Gd-DTPA administration. Lesions seen on MR were confirmed at necropsy. Using MR to confirm a diagnosis of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia will prevent unnecessary suffering of horses and expense to owners that would otherwise incur, while further diagnostics are performed.
Vascular permeability in cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Purpose of reviewRegulation of endothelial barrier function is critical for vascular homeostasis, as dynamic and local control of vascular permeability permits macromolecular transport, immune surveillance, and deposition of a fibrin barrier to contain infection at sites of inflammation. Many of the
An analytical delay model for BiCMOS inverters

A new analytical delay model for the BiCMOS inverter is presented. The model is valid in both the low-level and high-level injection regimes, and includes capacitances neglected by other models. The model describes accurately the bipolar transistor in all regions of operation, as well as properly accounts for the nonlinear characteristics of the pMOS in the linear region of operation. The model can be used to estimate both the pull-up and pull-down times and is therefore valid to estimate the 50% rise time as well as the 90% rise and/or the 10% fall time. >