cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on Fetal Monitoring: Overview of Approaches and Management of Category II Tracings

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is widely used to assess fetal status in labor. Use of intrapartum continuous EFM is associated with a lower risk of neonatal seizures but a higher risk of cesarean or operative delivery. Category II fetal heart tracings (FHTs) are indeterminate in their ability to predict fetal acidemia. Certain patterns of decelerations and variability within this category may be predictive of neonatal morbidity. Adjunct tests of fetal well-being can be used during labor to further triage patients. Intrauterine resuscitation techniques should target the suspected etiology of intrapartum fetal hypoxia. Clinical factors play a role in the interpretation of EFM.
Some new and known species of Lernanthropidae (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) parasitic on Japanese actinopterygian fishes, with a revision of two known species of the family

Six species of Lernanthropidae parasitic on the branchial lamellae of Japanese actinopterygian fishes are (re-)described. They are: Lernanthropinus maajii sp. nov. from Trachurus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) (Carangidae), L. sphyraenae (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1959) from Sphyraena pinguis Gunther, 1874 and S. japonica Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Sphyraenidae), Lernanthropsis mugilii (Shishido, 1898) from Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mugilidae), Lernanthropus seriolii Shishido, 1898 from Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 (Carangidae), Sagum brotulae sp. nov. from Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 (Ophididae), and S. epinepheli (Yamaguti & Yamasu, 1960) from Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) (Serranidae). Lernanthropinus holiulini sp. nov. and Sagum pillaisebastiani sp. nov. are herein established for Ho et al.’s (2008) Lernanthropinus sphyraenae and Pillai & Sebastian’s (1967) Sagum epinepheli , respectively.
The Shelleys and Spain

This essay builds on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of heteroglossia to examine the creative relationship of Percy and Mary Shelley with Spain through their study of Spanish and the works of Calderon de la Barca, and their knowledge of the Ibero-American historical and literary archive. Their reception of Calderon and Hispanic culture through orality as well as textuality embodies a responsive understanding that challenges the appropriation of the Spanish text as an appendage of the imperial story of British supremacy, one that authors such as Robert Southey and Walter Scott popularized. Through Calderon and Spanish, the Shelleys stage encounters with linguistic and cultural difference that enact the imagination’s ethical movement towards the other in works such as P. Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound and M. Shelley’s The Last Man.
Important Roles of ERCC1 in DNA Repair and Targeted Therapy

The ERCC1 protein (excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 1) forms a heterodimer with the Xeroderma pigmentosum group F (XPF) endonuclease (also known as ERCC4), and the heterodimeric endonuclease catalyzes the 5′ incision in the process of excising the DNA lesion. The ERCC1–XPF heterodimer has an important role in genome maintenance. While most of the DNA repair proteins function only in a specific repair pathway, ERCC1–XPF is involved in multiple DNA repair pathways and telomere maintenance, making this heterodimer not only an attractive therapeutic target, but also a biomarker to predict treatment outcome (Fig. 2.3).
Evaluation of Coregulation as a Governance Option To Manage Aflatoxin Risk in Texas Maize.

ABSTRACT Coregulation as a form of risk management relies upon a government-private partnership in regulation using government-backed codes of practice or action plans. In Texas, implementation of coregulation to manage aflatoxin risk has been practiced since 2011 and operates under the program title One Sample Strategy (OSS). Aflatoxin-contaminated cereals and oilseeds that contain greater than 20 μg/kg of the toxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) are adulterated as defined by the Texas Commercial Feed Rules and regulated by the Texas Feed and Fertilizer Control Service of the Office of the Texas State Chemist. The present study was intended to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the coregulation program for 3 years based on selected evaluation criteria aiming to improve aflatoxin risk management and thus reduce market and food safety risk in Texas. In 2013, 124 analysts qualified to participate in the program at 23 grain elevators. During the 2013 harvest, use of control samples to ensure testing accu...
Being There "Being There" - Building Productive Academic Teams across Distance and Over Time

In response to the projected shortage of physicians and the needs of traditionally underserved communities, medical schools are opening regional medical campuses (RMCs). However, faculty members on RMCs face unique professional development issues, such as lack of access to distant university resources and colleagues. At the same time, access to user-friendly technologies that support virtual communities, asynchronous and audio/visual synchronous communication, screen share features and inexpensive artifact storage has expanded. The authors explored the viability of using these technologies to establish and maintain a virtual community of practice (CoP) for medical educators. We use Tuckman’s four stages of group development to describe the evolution of our virtual community and provide tips for building virtual CoPs. Each current member of the community completed a short answer survey modeled after Brookfield’s critical incident questionnaire. We include applicable quotes from charter members, as well as members who joined the community later in the formation process, which highlight their experiences members of the community. We believe technologies can support productive virtual communities and prescribe them as viable options for addressing the unique needs of faculty at RMCs or for faculty who could benefit from establishing a cohesive, productive professional network beyond their home institution.
Subset-based genomic prediction provides insights into the genetic architecture of free amino acid levels in dry Arabidopsis thaliana seeds

Amino acids play a central role in plant growth, development, and human nutrition. A better understanding of the genetic architecture of amino acid traits will enable researchers to integrate this information for plant breeding and biological discovery. Despite a collection of successfully mapped genes, a fundamental understanding of the types of genes driving the genetic architecture of amino acid related traits in crop seeds and model systems such Arabidopsis has remained unresolved. To address this issue, we applied genomic prediction using distinct subsets of genes, including those belonging to the known amino acid biochemical pathways, to quantify their contributions to the genetic variation of free amino acid levels in dry seeds. First, we demonstrate that genomic prediction of free amino acid levels is moderately accurate in Arabidopsis seeds. Then, we explore whether specific subsets of SNPs corresponding to amino acid pathways exhibit enhanced predictability for amino acid traits. Surprisingly, for several of the traits we studied, SNPs within the amino acid pathways were no more predictive than randomly generated sets of control SNPs. This may imply a complex genetic architecture that includes other genes related to cellular processes or development. Conversely, a subset of amino acid traits did exhibit enhanced predictability based on pathway SNPs compared to control SNPs. We propose that this latter set of traits may correspond to a simpler genetic architecture. Ultimately, this study provides a potential strategy to assess the involvements of candidate genes in the genetic architecture of a traits using subset-based genomic prediction.
Reproducibility of 2D GluCEST in healthy human volunteers at 7 T.

Purpose To investigate the reproducibility of gray and white matter glutamate contrast of a brain slice among a small group of healthy volunteers by using the 2D single-slice glutamate CEST (GluCEST) imaging technique. Methods Six healthy volunteers were scanned multiple times for within-day and between-day reproducibility. One more volunteer was scanned for within-day reproducibility at 7T MRI. Glutamate CEST contrast measurements were calculated for within subjects and among the subjects and the coefficient of variations are reported. Results The GluCEST measurements were highly reproducible in the gray and white matter area of the brain slice, whether it was within-day or between-day with a coefficient of variation of less than 5%. Conclusion This preliminary study in a small group of healthy volunteers shows a high degree of reproducibility of GluCEST MRI in brain and holds promise for implementation in studying age-dependent changes in the brain.
Will and Caroline: Accounting, professional integrity and lobbying

Abstract The purpose of this case is to increase familiarity with professional integrity, as described in the AICPA’s Code of Conduct, and enhance understanding of how integrity might influence the behavior and conduct of both accountants and accounting firms. Against the backdrop of integrity, the case aims to encourage critical thinking and consideration of whether there is a potential conflict between integrity and accounting firm lobbying. Using an example that mimics the conflict minerals provision (Section 1502) within the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, this case engages students through an interaction featuring Will and Caroline, two staff auditors discussing the issue of professional integrity while taking a break from CPA Exam studying. Pre- and post-test student responses provide evidence that the case effectively enhances knowledge of the professional integrity section of the AICPA’s Code of Conduct, understanding of how integrity relates to the behavior of accountants and accounting firms and familiarity with the subject of accounting firm lobbying.
A Detour-Based Pricing Mechanism for First-Mile Ridesharing in Connection With Rail Public Transit

Rail public transit provides passengers with low cost, widely covered, environment-friendly travel service. However, many travelers do not choose the rail public transit because they are hindered by the first mile bottleneck — how to get to the train station. Ridesharing emerges as a viable transportation mode in connection with rail public transit. This paper designs a detour-based discounting mechanism for the first-mile ridesharing service to encourage more passengers to use the rail public transit. Specifically, passengers are incentivized by the mechanism to participate in the first-mile ridesharing service in connection with train stations. The mechanism accounts for passengers’ personalized requirement on the detour in determining the optimal vehicle-passenger matching, vehicle routing plan, and the pricing scheme. The New Brunswick train station (a New Jersey Transit station) is selected as the testbed to implement the proposed first-mile ridesharing mechanism. The results verify the application viability of the mechanism and demonstrate that the mechanism is effective to incentivize passengers to use the rail public transit.© 2018 ASME
Deviation from the dipole-ice model in the spinel spin-ice candidate MgEr 2 Se 4

In spin-ice research, small variations in structure or interactions drive a multitude of different behaviors, yet the collection of known materials relies heavily on the ``227'' pyrochlore structure. Here, we present thermodynamic, structural, and inelastic-neutron-scattering data on a spin-ice material, ${\mathrm{MgEr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$, which contributes to the relatively underexplored family of rare-earth spinel chalcogenides. X-ray and neutron diffraction confirm a normal spinel structure and place ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ moments on an ideal pyrochlore sublattice. Measurement of crystal electric field excitations with inelastic neutron scattering confirms that the moments have perfect Ising character, and further identifies the ground-state Kramers doublet as having dipolar-octupolar form with a significant multipolar character. Heat capacity and magnetic neutron diffuse scattering have icelike features, but are inconsistent with Monte Carlo simulations of the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor dipolar spin-ice (DSI) models. A significant remnant entropy is observed as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ K, but again falls short of the full Pauling expectation for DSI, unless significant disorder is added. We show that these observations are fully in line with what has been recently reported for ${\mathrm{CdEr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$, and point to the importance of quantum fluctuations in these materials.
Environment-Centered Representation of Spatial Layout: Available Visual Information from Texture and Perspective

This paper reviews the information for spatial layout that is made available to a stationary, monocular observer by texture and perspective, and it discusses the constraints on the validity of such information. The concept of an environment-centered representation of spatial layout is introduced, and it is shown that several forms of available information can lead directly to an environment-centered representation without having to pass first through a viewer-centered representation.
PHOSPHATE ESTERS: Glycosyl Phosphates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formation of a glycosyl phosphate. The preparation of glycosyl phosphates involves the direct fusion at moderate temperatures of fully acetylated sugars with anhydrous phosphoric acid. This procedure, thus, not only obviates the preparation of acetylated glycosyl halides but also circumvents the need to prepare salts of phosphoric acid or its diesters. The method appears to be of general applicability and has been used for the preparation of glycosyl phosphates of a number of different types of sugar such as aldoses, ketohexoses, amino sugars, methyl pentoses, and disaccharides. This formation of a glycosyl phosphate by replacement of an acetoxy group on C-1 of, for example, β - d -glucopyranose pentaacetate, where the acetoxy groups on C-1 and C-2 are in a trans relationship, proceeds presumably via a cyclic ion and the first product formed should be a derivative of β - d -glucopyranosyl phosphate.
Emerging Methods for Matching Simulation and Experimental Scales

Structures are on the scale of meters, yet the material deforms on the scale of the microstructure– micrometers or smaller. This chapter examines the experimental methods that are emerging at the different length scales that are important tools in building models for location-specific design. Current design practice is discussed to provide a baseline understanding of today’s design methodology. Many of the design decisions are based on the stress or constitutive response of the structure to loading. This has been sufficient, but the idea behind location-specific design is that the material at each location can be tailored to the design requirements. Location-specific design will request a variation of material at each location, wherein each material will have a distinct constitutive response and specific damage accumulation. While special experimental techniques are needed to probe the material at finer scales to assess the local behaviors, testing methods at all scales are discussed to demonstrate the breadth of experimental capability available at each scale of the material. The chapter concludes with the thoughts on the experimental capabilities and material understanding that are still elusive and need to be developed.
A 24–44 GHz UWB LNA for 5G Cellular Frequency Bands

This paper presents a 24–44 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA); simultaneously covering all major 5G cellular frequency bands. The LNA has been designed in 45nm CMOS SOI technology, has a maximum gain of 20 dB with more than 65% 3dB bandwidth (24-47.5 GHz), and a noise figure less than 5.5 dB (typical 4.7 dB) in the band. A narrowband 28 GHz LNA is presented for comparison and evaluation of merits of a wideband design.
Hate Crimes Hurt More, but so Do Co-Offenders: Separating the Influence of Co-Offending and Bias on Hate-Motivated Physical Injury

One of the primary motivations for hate crime laws is that hate crimes “hurt more.” But hate crimes are often committed by groups, and research indicates that crimes committed by groups are also mo...
Cancer biomarker discovery and translation: proteomics and beyond.

Introduction: Cancer is often diagnosed at late stages when the chance of cure is relatively low and although research initiatives in oncology discover many potential cancer biomarkers, few transit...
Differing Virulence of Healthy Skin Commensals in Mouse Models of Infection.

Introduction: As therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD) based on live biotherapeutic products (LBP) are developed, the potential displacement of biotherapeutic strains and species to mucosal sites where they are not naturally found is of investigative interest. However, formal assessment of the toxicity potential of healthy skin commensal organisms has not been reported in the literature. Our previous research indicates that topical application of live Roseomonas mucosa to treat AD was associated with clinical benefit on the skin, but the effects of exposure via inhalation, eye inoculation, and ingestion were unknown. Methods: Herein we report our findings from mice inoculated with commensal strains of R. mucosa, coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial isolates were collected under clinical trial NCT03018275, however these results do not represent an interventional clinical trial. Results: Our tested Gram negative isolates did not display infection or inflammation, even in neutropenic mice. However, neutropenic mice inoculated with CNS had infection without major inflammation in pulmonary models. In contrast, systemic infection generated hepatic and splenic pathology for P. aeruginosa and CNS, which was worsened by the presence of neutropenia. Discussion: Our results suggest that LBP derived from bacteria without significant infectivity histories, such as R. mucosa, may represent safer options than known pathobionts like P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp. Overall, these results suggest that topically applied LBP from select skin commensals are likely to present safe therapeutic options and reinforce our prior clinical findings.
Use of Newer Anticonvulsants for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most common neurologic emergencies. Fast progression of this neurologic emergency and lack of response to traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in most cases has challenged clinicians to use new agents. This article evaluates the efficacy and safety of AEDs released to the market after 2000 for SE, refractory status epilepticus (RSE), and super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). The PubMed database was searched for clinical trials published between January 2000 and July 2018 using the search terms status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super refractory status epilepticus, brivaracetam, clobazam, cannabidiol, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, perampanel, rufinamide, stiripentol, and zonisamide. Trials that evaluated these agents in adults with SE, RSE, and SRSE were included. Brivaracetam use was identified in two retrospective reviews with success rates of 27% and 57%. One unsuccessful case report of cannabidiol use in SE was found. Four clobazam studies were identified in SE and RSE with success rates ranging from 25-100%. No evidence for the use of eslicarbazepine and zonisamide was found. Using the search terms for lacosamide identified 38 articles: 1 systematic review, 5 prospective studies, 15 retrospective reviews, and 17 case reports. Success rates and dosing varied, but studies that included focal or partial types of SE showed higher success rates. Five articles were identified regarding perampanel use in this setting. Three were retrospective reviews with success rates ranging from 17-60%, and two were case reports. Only one case report regarding the use of rufinamide was found; rufinamide titrated up to 4.4 mg/day allowed discontinuation of barbiturate and clobazam. One case report and two case series of stiripentol were found with reported efficacy between 60% and 100% in SRSE. Evidence is currently insufficient to support the use of these agents in this setting.
Trusting Our Partners: An Essay on Resetting the Estate Planning Defaults for an Adult World

Demonstrates that there is no tax savings to be achieved by using a trust to restrict a donee's control of property and money transferred gifts during life or at death. Reviews reasons why donors wish to continue to control wealth even after death and suggests that such reasoning is fallacious. Recommends to the estate planning bar that it revise its approach to planning in order to fulfill its obligations to the principal client and other family members. Develops mathematical formulas for analysis of estate planning decisions.
Kidney Stone Removal Procedures and Emerging Therapies

Kidney stones are a prevalent condition, affecting nearly 10% of the US population over the course of a lifetime. Although most stones can be managed with observation and pass spontaneously, 10–20% of stone events require surgical intervention. The modern urologist has a variety of techniques available to treat stones that are causing intractable pain, infection, and renal impairment or are too large to pass. This chapter will discuss medical expulsive therapy (MET), shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy (URS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and how these techniques are the cornerstone of modern stone surgery.
Comparing the generalised roundness of metric spaces

Motivated by the local theory of Banach spaces, we introduce a notion of finite representability for metric spaces. This allows us to develop a new technique for comparing the generalised roundness of metric spaces. We illustrate this technique by applying it to Banach spaces and metric trees. In the realm of Banach spaces we obtain results such as the following: (1) if is any ultrafilter and is any Banach space, then the second dual and the ultrapower have the same generalised roundness as , and (2) no Banach space of positive generalised roundness is uniformly homeomorphic to or , . For metric trees, we give the first examples of metric trees of generalised roundness one that have finite diameter. In addition, we show that metric trees of generalised roundness one possess special Euclidean embedding properties that distinguish them from all other metric trees.
Terrestrial and celestial pictorial maps

During the 20th Century, the “pictorial map” gained popularity. In a sense, this term may seem redundant. Aren’t most maps pictorial, in that they display an image that conveys information about a place and the location of its various parts? True, but the term has grown to mean something more specific. Graphic artist Nigel Holmes makes the following distinction between what he calls traditional “atlas” maps and their pictorial counterparts: “Atlas maps are pure reference. You go in there and choose what you want to see. A pictorial map, however, always makes a point beyond the basic presentation of information. It concentrates the readers’ attention on some part of itself, announcing its subject clearly—and pictorially. It is therefore different from the atlas map in that it has a specific message” (Holmes, 1991, p. 13).
Nanomedicine and Nanoemulsion in Increasing the Availability of Antibiotics

There is a pressing need for the discovery of new antimicrobials and novel, antimicrobial targeting strategies. Many antimicrobials in preclinical and clinical development have poor aqueous solubility, which limits their clinical development and usage due to the low bioavailability. Enhancement of bioavailability in antimicrobials is, therefore, of great importance for achieving therapeutically effective doses and desired concentrations of drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. Nanomedicine has enormous potential for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Nanoemulsion is one type of clinically useful formulation that can provide a substantial advantage over the conventional formulation of antibiotics since the antibacterial activity of antibiotics can be significantly enhanced by dispensing them in nanoparticulate dosage form. This sustained delivery system can help to deliver antibiotics with poor solubility and pharmaceutical properties, improve the systemic or local drug bioavailability and enhance the therapeutic efficacy.
Moral Hazard in Insurance: Theory and Evidence from a Credit Reform in Ghana

Helping individuals to buy insurance coverage in developing countries, for instance by allowing them to buy insurance on credit, may not necessarily be welfare improving. Using rich administrative data on auto-insurance market in Ghana, and a policy reform that led to sizable reduction in demand by disallowing individuals to buy insurance on credit, I provide non-parametric evidence for the existence of moral hazard and recover lower bounds on the costs it imposes in this market. My estimates imply the moral hazard gains reach 12% of firm profits and may largely outweigh gains in consumer surplus from the increased insurance coverage.
High-energy Gamma Rays from Ultra-high-energy Cosmic-Ray Protons in Gamma-Ray Bursts

It has recently been proposed that ultra-high-energy (1019 eV) cosmic rays (UHECRs) are accelerated by the blast waves associated with GRBs. We calculate the observed synchrotron spectrum from protons and energetic leptons formed in the cascades initiated by photopion production, taking into account ?? attenuation at the source. Normalizing to the emission characteristics of GRB 970508, we predict ~10 MeV-100 GeV fluxes at a level that may have been observed with EGRET from bright GRBs and could be detected with the proposed GLAST experiment or with ground-based air ?erenkov telescopes having thresholds several hundred GeV. The temporal decay of the UHECR-induced high-energy ?-ray afterglows is significantly slower than that of the lower energy burst and associated synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) radiation, which provides a direct way to test the hadronic origin of a high-energy GRB afterglow. Besides testing the UHECR origin hypothesis, the short-wavelength emission and afterglows can be used to probe the level of the diffuse intergalactic infrared radiation field or constrain redshifts of GRB sources.
The Lived Experience of Covid-19.

This qualitative study examined the essence of living with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We used a phenomenological research design and interviewed 14 individuals ages 18 and older during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis using Colaizzi's method for analysis revealed 2 overarching themes-physical experiences and psychologic/emotional experiences-and 8 subthemes that identify concerns that affect quality of life. The findings provide insights for nurses and health care providers on the experiences of living with COVID-19.
Regulation of brain aging by neutral sphingomyelinase 2

Abstract We have shown that deficiency of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme generating the sphingolipid ceramide, improves memory in adult mice. Here, we performed sphingolipid and RNA-seq analyses on the cortex from 10 month-old nSMase2-deficient (fro/fro) and heterozygous (+/fro) mice. fro/fro cortex showed reduced levels of ceramide, particularly in astrocytes. Differentially abundant transcripts included several functionally related groups, with decreases in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and astrocyte activation transcripts, while axon guidance and synaptic transmission transcripts were increased, indicating a role of nSMase2 in oxidative stress, astrocyte activation, and cognition. Experimentally induced oxidative stress decreased the level of glutathione (GSH), an endogenous inhibitor of nSMase2, and increased immunolabeling for ceramide in primary +/fro astrocytes, but not in fro/fro astrocytes. β-galactosidase activity was lower in 5-weeks old fro/fro astrocytes, indicating delayed senescence due to nSMase2 deficiency. In fro/fro cortex, levels of the senescence markers C3b and p27, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α were reduced, concurrent with 2-fold decreased phosphorylation of their downstream target, protein kinase Stat3. RNA and protein levels of the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit 2b (Grin2b or NR2B) were increased by 2-fold, an effect known to enhance cognition. This was consistent with 3.5-fold reduced levels of exosomes carrying miR-223-3p, a micro-RNA downregulating Grin2b. In summary, our data show that nSMase2 deficiency prevents oxidative stress-induced elevation of ceramide and secretion of exosomes by astrocytes that suppress neuronal function, indicating a role of nSMase2 in the regulation of neuroinflammation and cognition during brain aging. Significance statement Oxidative stress is associated with brain aging and cognitive decline. The underlying mechanism how oxidative stress impairs brain function is still not clear. We provide evidence that oxidative stress increases ceramide in astrocytes, which is prevented by deficiency of nSMase2, an enzyme that is activated by oxidative stress and generates ceramide from sphingomyelin. Mass spectrometric and transciptomic (RNA-seq) analyses show that in middle aged (10-month old) mouse cortex, nSMase2 deficiency reduces ceramide and increases expression of genes important for synaptic transmission and cognition. Therefore, our data show that oxidative stress-induced activation of nSMase2 and generation of ceramide is significant for cognitive decline during aging.
“He was like, my ride or die”: Sexual and Gender Minority Emerging Adults’ Perspectives on Living With Pets During the Transition to Adulthood:

This qualitative study explores the benefits and risks associated with living with companion animals during the transition to adulthood among 117 sexual and gender minority (SGM) emerging adults li...
Attosecond and Soft X-ray Time-Resolved Dynamics

High order harmonics are used for molecular and solid-state time-resolved investigations down to attosecond timescales, based on transient absorption, transient reflectivity, four-wave mixing, and diffraction, revealing states of matter, curve crossings, and coherent superpositions.
EXERCISE TRAINING AUGMENTS EDRF (NITRIC OXIDE) SYNTHESIS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES

Recent in vivo (5,7,18) and in vitro (21,22) studies provide ample evidence for the participation of EDRF (nitric oxide) in the mediation of the action of various vasoactive substances and in the basal regulation of microvascular tone. Despite these findings however, there are only few, if any, studies suggesting a role for EDRF/NO in the various autoregulatory responses of microvessels in skeletal muscle. For example, previously we found that in rat cremasteric arterioles reactive hyperemia and flow dependent dilation are mediated by another endothelium-derived agent, namely prostaglandin(s), rather than nitric oxide (8,9,10). A contribution of prostaglandins in exercise-induced vasodilation was also reported in human forearm experiments (24). No definitive role for EDRF, however, was found in the development of functional hyperemia in the cat hind limb (19), whereas in dogs a role for EDRF was shown in phrenic nerve stimulation-induced hyperemia in the diaphragm (6) and in skeletal muscle hyperemia to acute exercise (21).
Efficient Algorithms for Image Template and Dictionary Matching

Given a large text image and a small template image, the Template Matching Problem is that of finding every location within the text which looks like the pattern. This problem, which has received attention for low-level image processing, has been formalized by defining a distance metric between arrays of pixels and finding all subarrays of the large image which are within some threshold distance of the template. These so-called metric methods tends to be too slow for many applications, since evaluating the distance function can take too much time. We present a method for quickly eliminating most positions of the text from consideration as possible matches. The remaining candidate positions are then evaluated one by one against the template for a match. We are still guaranteed to find all matching positions, and our method gives significant speed-ups. Finally, we consider the problem of matching a dictionary of templates against a text. We present methods which are much faster than matching the templates individually against the input image.
Effects of Climate Change on Decomposition in Arctic Tussock Tundra: A Modeling Synthesis

A model of litter decomposition (GENDEC; Moorhead and Reynolds, 1991) is used to examine the potential effects of changing soil climate on the decay of dead organic matter in a tussock tundra soil ...
Fine tuning the transcriptional regulation of the CXCL1 chemokine.

Constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a major role in inflammatory diseases as well as cancer by inducing the endogenous expression of many proinflammatory proteins such as chemokines, and facilitating escape from apoptosis. The constitutive expression of chemokines such as CXCL1 has been correlated with growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancers such as melanoma. The transcription of CXCL1 is regulated through interactions of NF-κB with other transcriptional regulatory molecules such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP). It has been proposed that these two proteins interact with NF-κB and other enhancers to form an enhanceosome at the promoter region of CXCL1 and modulate CXCL1 transcription. In addition to these positive cofactors, a negative regulator, CAAT displacement protein (CDP), may also be involved in the transcriptional regulation of CXCL1. It has been postulated that the elevated expression of CXCL1 in melanomas is due to altered interaction between these molecules. CDP interaction with the promoter down-regulates transcription, whereas PARP and/or CBP interactions enhance transcription. Thus, elucidation of the interplay between components of the enhanceosome of this gene is important in finding more efficient and new therapies for conditions such as cancer as well as acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Fast equatorial waves propagating at the top of the Earth's core

Since 2000, magnetic field variations originating in the core have been dominated by several pulses in the secular acceleration, leading to sharp geomagnetic “jerks” at the Earth's surface. Using models built from (i) Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data and (ii) Orsted and Swarm satellites and ground observatory data, we show that a new pulse occurred in 2012.5, immediately following two pulses in 2006 and 2009. The three pulses can be decomposed into several equatorially symmetric modes propagating eastward and westward at 550 to 1100 km/yr, and one equatorially antisymmetric mode propagating eastward at 1650 km/yr. The characteristics of these modes are compatible to some extent with equatorial magnetic Rossby waves propagating within a 140 km thick layer at the top of the core with a density contrast of 50 ppm. This interpretation, if confirmed, would provide a new explanation for geomagnetic jerks and pulses based on stable stratification of the core.
Boolean networks which learn to compute

Through a training procedure based on simulated annealing, Boolean networks can ‘learn’ to perform specific tasks. As an example, a network implementing a binary adder has been obtained after a training procedure based on a small number of examples of binary addition, thus showing a generalization capability. Depending on problem complexity, network size, and number of examples used in the training, different learning regimes occur. For small networks an exact analysis of the statistical mechanics of the system shows that learning takes place as a phase transition. The ‘simplicity’ of a problem can be related to its entropy. Simple problems are those that are thermodynamically favored.
Within‐genotype epigenetic variation enables broad niche width in a flower living yeast

Niche theory is one of the central organizing concepts in ecology. Generally, this theory defines a given species niche as all of the factors that effect the persistence of the species as well as the impact of the species in a given location (Hutchinson 1957; Chase 2011). Many studies have argued that phenotypic plasticity enhances niche width because plastic responses allow organisms to express advantageous phenotypes in a broader range of environments (Bradshaw 1965; Van Valen 1965; Sultan 2001). Further, species that exploit habitats with fine-grained variation, or that form metapopulations, are expected to develop broad niche widths through phenotypic plasticity (Sultan & Spencer 2002; Baythavong 2011). Although a long history of laboratory, greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments have provided insight into how plasticity contributes to niche width (Pigliucci 2001), recent advances in molecular approaches allow for a mechanistic understanding of plasticity at the molecular level (Nicotra et al. 2010). In particular, variation in epigenetic effects is a potential source of the within-genotype variation that underlies the phenotypic plasticity associated with broad niche widths. Epigenetic mechanisms can alter gene expression and function without altering DNA sequence (Richards 2006) and may be stably transmitted across generations (Jablonka & Raz 2009; Verhoeven et al. 2010). Also, epigenetic mechanisms may be an important component of an individual’s response to the environment (Verhoeven et al. 2010). While these ideas are intriguing, few studies have made a clear connection between genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and phenotypic plasticity (e.g. Bossdorf et al. 2010). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Herrera et al. (2012) present a study that demonstrates epigenetic changes in genome-wide DNA methylation are causally active in a species’ ability to exploit resources from a broad range of environments and are particularly important in harsh environments.
Autoimmune Myocarditis, Valvulitis, and Cardiomyopathy

Cardiac myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a model of inflammatory heart disease initiated by CD4+ T cells (Smith and Allen 1991; Li, Heuser et al. 2004). It is a paradigm of the immune-mediated cardiac damage believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of postinfectious human cardiomyopathies (Rose, Herskowitz et al. 1993). Myocarditis is induced in susceptible mice by immunization with purified cardiac myosin (Neu, Rose et al. 1987) or specific peptides derived from cardiac myosin (Donermeyer, Beisel et al. 1995; Pummerer, Luze et al. 1996) (see Basic Protocol 1), or by adoptive transfer of myosin-reactive T cells (Smith and Allen 1991) (see Alternate Protocol). Myocarditis has been induced in Lewis rats by immunization with purified rat or porcine cardiac myosin (Kodama, Matsumoto et al. 1990; Li, Heuser et al. 2004) (see Basic Protocol 2) or S2-16 peptide (Li, Heuser et al. 2004), or by adoptive transfer of T cells stimulated by specific peptides derived from cardiac myosin (Wegmann, Zhao et al. 1994). Myocarditis begins 12 to 14 days after the first immunization, and is maximal after 21 days. Other animal models commonly used to study myocarditis development include the pathogen-induced models in which disease is initiated by viral infection. The first murine model of acute viral myocarditis causes sudden death via viral damage to cardiomyocytes (Huber, Gauntt et al. 1998; Horwitz, La Cava et al. 2000; Fong 2003; Fuse, Chan et al. 2005; Fairweather and Rose 2007; Cihakova and Rose 2008) whereas the second model is based on inoculation with heart-passaged coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) that includes damaged heart proteins (Fairweather, Frisancho-Kiss et al. 2004; Fairweather D 2004; Fairweather and Rose 2007; Cihakova and Rose 2008) In addition to the protocols used to induce EAM in mice and rats, support protocols are included for preparing purified cardiac myosin using mouse or rat heart tissue (see Support Protocol 1), preparing purified cardiac myosin for injection (see Support Protocol 2), and collecting and assessing hearts by histopathological means (see Support Protocol 3).
Understanding the social relationship between humans and virtual humans

Our review surveys a range of human-human relationship models and research that might provide insights to understanding the social relationship between humans and virtual humans. This involves investigating several social constructs (expectations, communication, trust, etc.) that are identified as key variables that influence the relationship between people and how these variables should be implemented in the design for an effective and useful virtual human. This theoretical analysis contributes to the foundational theory of human computer interaction involving virtual humans.
Debug and prediction of EOS events using long duration Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) measurements

This case study demonstrates how long-duration Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) measurements can be used to debug, replicate and even predict EOS events. Knowing the EOS waveform characteristics allows easier determination of the root cause of the electrical overstress. This is critical in preventing future such occurrences.
NaCl reflection coefficients in proximal tubule apical and basolateral membrane vesicles. Measurement by induced osmosis and solvent drag

Two independent methods, induced osmosis and solvent drag, were used to determine the reflection coefficients for NaCl (sigma NaCl) in brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit proximal tubule. In the induced osmosis method, vesicles loaded with sucrose were subjected to varying inward NaCl gradients in a stopped-flow apparatus. sigma NaCl was determined from the osmolality of the NaCl solution required to cause no initial osmotic water flux as measured by light scattering (null point). By this method sigma NaCl was greater than 0.92 for both apical and basolateral membranes with best estimates of 1.0. sigma NaCl was determined by the solvent drag method using the Cl-sensitive fluorescent indicator, 6-methoxy-N-[3-sulfopropyl]quinolinium (SPQ), to detect the drag of Cl into vesicles by inward osmotic water movement caused by an outward osmotic gradient. sigma NaCl was determined by comparing experimental data with theoretical curves generated using the coupled flux equations of Kedem and Katchalsky. By this method we found that sigma NaCl was greater than 0.96 for apical and greater than 0.98 for basolateral membrane vesicles, with best estimates of 1.0 for both membranes. These results demonstrate that sigma NaCl for proximal tubule apical and basolateral membranes are near unity. Taken together with previous results, these data suggest that proximal tubule water channels are long narrow pores that exclude NaCl.
Development of a Fully Three-Dimensional Simulator for Analysis and Design of Hydraulic Fracturing

This paper describes the formulation and numerical implementation of the framework for a full three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator (3DHFRAC). Solid rock deformation is described by efficient singular integral equation techniques and fluid flow in the fracture is captured by effective viarational/finite-element methods. The choice of (local vs. global) interpolation techniques allows the same mesh to be used for both processes, and major mesh regeneration costs are greatly reduced. The computationally prohibitive problem of fluid flow near and propagation of the fracture perimeter is rendered tractable by means of a leading-edge concept, which draws on existing experience with simpler models. Testing of the model components is demonstrated by solving some crack-opening and fluid flow problems with existing solutions; then the overall model is verified with reference to simpler models, for circular, CGD and P3DH-type fracture geometries. Further, the containment role of barriers to fracture growth-specifically confining stress variations between reservoir and adjacent strata--is demonstrated; the more general potential of the model to describe the role of the many other mechanisms is emphasized, thus allowing calibration of simpler models or even direct use for treatment design.
On the choice of effectiveness measures for learning to rank

Most current machine learning methods for building search engines are based on the assumption that there is a target evaluation metric that evaluates the quality of the search engine with respect to an end user and the engine should be trained to optimize for that metric. Treating the target evaluation metric as a given, many different approaches (e.g. LambdaRank, SoftRank, RankingSVM, etc.) have been proposed to develop methods for optimizing for retrieval metrics. Target metrics used in optimization act as bottlenecks that summarize the training data and it is known that some evaluation metrics are more informative than others. In this paper, we consider the effect of the target evaluation metric on learning to rank. In particular, we question the current assumption that retrieval systems should be designed to directly optimize for a metric that is assumed to evaluate user satisfaction. We show that even if user satisfaction can be measured by a metric X, optimizing the engine on a training set for a more informative metric Y may result in a better test performance according to X (as compared to optimizing the engine directly for X on the training set). We analyze the situations as to when there is a significant difference in the two cases in terms of the amount of available training data and the number of dimensions of the feature space.
Catalytic properties of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes specified by duplicate genes in the diploid plant Stephanomeria exigua.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes induced in flooded roots of the diploid plant Stephanomeria exigua are specified by tightly linked genes comprising a complex locus, Adh1. Individuals homozygous for a complex with two active genes which specify electrophoretically different subunits have three ADH-I isozymes, two intragenic homodimers and an intergenic heterodimer. Individual isozymes were partially purified from plants homozygous for several different Adh1 complexes and apparent Km values for acetaldehyde, ethanol, NAD, and NADH and responses to temperature, pH, and two different alcohols were determined. The two homodimeric enzymes specified by a particular Adh1 complex generally differed in one or more of the properties studied, and in three of four cases, intergenic heterodimers differed significantly from intermediacy, often having lower Km values than either homodimer. None of the isozymes studied could be considered greatly divergent or defective. Constraints on evolution of duplicate genes which form intergenic heterodimers are considered.