cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of poly(arylene ether)s containing quinoxaline units

Abstract Poly(arylene ether)s containing quinoxaline units were prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of novel bis(phenolquinoxaline) compounds with activated aromatic difluoro compounds. Polymers prepared from bis(phenolquinoxaline)s that had configurational isomers were amorphous with inherent viscosity ( η inh ) from 0.34 to 1.30 dl g −1 and glass transition temperature ( T g ) from 213 to 283°C. Several polymers prepared from bis(phenolquinoxaline)s that did not contain configurational isomers were semicrystalline with η inh from 0.24 to 0.83 dl g −1 , T g s from 179 to 240°C and T m s from 365 to 388. The molecular weights of the semicrystalline polymers were limited by their solubility in the reaction media.
The effects of cisapride on the quality and tolerance of colonic lavage: a double-blind randomized study

Colonic lavage is a preferred preparation for colonoscopy although this type of preparation does not always result in optimal cleansing. We postulated that cisapride, a new prokinetic agent, might improve the cleansing of the colon and ameliorate patient discomfort. Of 84 patients undergoing colonoscopy, 41 were randomized (double-blind) to Golytely plus cisapride (10 mg per OS three times during the day before the procedure and one 10-mg dose on the morning of the procedure) and 43 to Golytely plus a placebo of identical appearance. The adequacy of the preparation was scored on a five-point grading scale for each anatomic segment and for the overall impression. A questionnaire was also used to assess each patient's symptoms during lavage. The mean overall preparation score in the cisapride group was 4.0, compared with 3.7 for the placebo group ( p =.54). In the transverse colon, the mean preparation score was higher for the cisapride group (4.3 versus 3.8, p =.02). Differences in symptom scores between the two groups were not significant. In conclusion, the use of cisapride may improve visualization of the transverse colon, but it did not result in significant improvement in the overall preparation score. Changes in the dosage of cisapride should be further evaluated.
Cable snares and bushmeat markets in a central African forest

Bushmeat consumption and trade is the greatest threat to biodiversity conservation in African forest regions. In many areas cable snaring is the principal hunting method employed by subsistence and commercial hunters. Methods for studying cable snaring and bushmeat markets were compared at a single site in the Central African Republic, in order to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods. Dependence upon any single method results in incomplete information on the ecological impacts of cable snare hunting and bushmeat marketing.
Third party reimbursement for pharmacist services: why has it been so difficult to obtain and is it really the answer for pharmacy?

Objectives To describe three models of how health insurance coverage can develop for health care goods and services and apply them to pharmacist services. Also, to raise readers’ awareness of the costs/tradeoffs involved in receiving third party reimbursements of insurance coverage from a health provider perspective. Data Sources Insurance theory and literature. Summary The three models for developing health insurance coverage are the risk-pooling model, the demand model, and the cost containment model. The risk-pooling model does not apply to coverage for pharmacist services because the cost of such services is not catastrophic and unpredictable. Applying both the demand model and the cost containment model to developing coverage for pharmacist services presents some challenges, but the demand model has been used more successfully to obtain insurance coverage for other health care goods and services. Potential costs and tradeoffs to the health care provider associated with insurance coverage are higher administrative costs, lower reimbursement rates, and loss of professional autonomy. Conclusion If pharmacists want to increase third party coverage for their services, the best approach may be to increase patient demand for insurance coverage by promoting and charging for pharmacist services. However, pharmacists should seriously consider whether the benefits of such coverage for their services outweigh the costs.
Full Axial Coverage Radiography of Deformable Contact Liner Implosion Performed with 8 cm Diameter Electrode Apertures

We obtained full axial coverage radiography of a deformable contact imploding liner. This radiographic data indicates the feasibility of using a varying thickness in a long cylindrical solid liner, driven as a 12 megamp Z-pinch, to achieve factor- 16 cylindrical convergence, while using 8 cm diameter aperture electrodes. The Al liner was 30 cm long, with 9.78 cm inner diameter for its full length, 10.0 cm outer diameter for the central 18 cm of its length and outer diameter increased linearly to 10.2 cm at 1 cm from either electrode, and to 11 cm at electrode contacts. The electrode apertures allow injection of Field Reversed Configurations in proposed future experiments on magnetized target fusion.
Assessment of Hemostatic Risk Factors in Predicting Arterial Thrombotic Events

Arterial thrombosis results from endovascular injury and, to a lesser extent, alterations in hemostatic equilibrium. Although multiple hereditary and acquired hemostatic risk factors have been described in the pathophysiology of venous thrombosis, the degree and type of abnormalities that contribute to arterial thrombosis are less well understood. Endothelial cell injury with the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators stimulates the process of arterial thrombosis. Although this is most often the result of endovascular injury attributable to atherosclerotic disease, other disease states can elicit a similar response as well. Similarly, once thrombosis has been initiated, variations in the activity of coagulation proteins and endogenous anticoagulants, as well as the kinetics of platelet aggregation, may alter the effectiveness of thrombus formation. Epidemiological studies have identified several acquired or inherited states that may result in endothelial damage or altered hemostatic equilibrium, thereby predisposing patients to arterial thrombosis. These include hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated C-reactive protein, antiphospholipid antibodies, elevated fibrinogen, Factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), hereditary thrombophilias, and platelet hyper-reactivity. This review explores our present understanding of these risk factors in the development of arterial thrombotic events. At present, the literature supports a role for hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated C-reactive protein, and elevated fibrinogen as risk factors for arterial thrombosis. Similarly, the literature suggests that lupus anticoagulants and, to a lesser extent, elevated titers of cardiolipin IgG antibodies predispose to arterial vascular events. In certain subsets of patients, including those with concomitant cardiac risk factors, <55 years of age, and women, hereditary thrombophilias such as carriership of the factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations may confer a higher risk of arterial thrombosis. However, the data on Factor VII, PAI-1, and platelet receptor polymorphisms are contradictory or lacking.
Telecommunications and the future of cities

Summary This article examines the impact of new telecommunications technologies on urban growth and development. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the author argues that new technologies are str...
The Diabetic Foot

Lower extremity complications are common in patients with diabetes and include neuropathy, ulceration, infection, and peripheral arterial disease. Foot infections represent the single most common cause of hospitalization and lower extremity amputation in persons with diabetes. Foot ulceration as a result of diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy, rigid osseous deformities and soft-tissue contractures, repetitive trauma from unprotected ambulation, and peripheral vascular disease can all lead to a limb- or life-threatening infection. Antibiotic therapy for diabetic soft-tissue and osseous infections is usually inadequate as an isolated form of therapy. The mainstay of treatment involves well-planned surgical procedures, including extensive and properly placed incisions to perform adequate drainage of abscesses and debridement of necrotic soft-tissue and osseous structures from which deep cultures are obtained for specific antibiotic coverage. Initial antibiotic therapy should provide broad-spectrum coverage, and when final culture results are available the regimen should be revised to organism-specific coverage. Detailed and timely evaluation of the vascularity of the limb is paramount, followed by timely vascular reconstruction involving various endovascular and open surgical procedures to restore pulsatile flow to the full extent of the limb.
Transition from Guardrail to Concrete Bridge Rail for Low-Speed Roadways

In recent years, many state departments of transportation have had to modify their approach guardrail-to-concrete bridge rail transition systems to comply with the testing requirements of NCHRP Report 350. Generally, these transition systems are designed and tested for use on high speed roadways. Because no national transition designs have been developed and tested for lower-speed conditions, the same transition standard is typically applied to all roadways regardless of speed. The new transition designs represent a significant increase in installation cost and complexity over some previous designs that were acceptable under NCHRP Report 230. Thus, it may be cost-prohibitive to require use of the same design on all roadways. The purpose of this research was to develop a guardrail-to-concrete bridge rail transition that is suitable for use on lower-speed roadways and that is less expensive and complex than current designs for high-speed roadways. A low-cost transition was successfully evaluated under NCHRP...
Comparisons of UV synthetic spectra retrieved from the USDA UV multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer with collocated USDA reference UV spectroradiometer and NIWA UV spectroradiometer

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) UVB Radiation Monitoring and Research Program began installing the UV Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer for long-term measurements of UV radiation in 1995, and the program now has 28 sites across the U.S., as well as 2 sites in Canada. The UV-MFRSR uses 7 independent interference filter photodiode detector combinations to make total horizontal solar irradiance measurements at 300, 305.5, 311.4, 317.6, 325.4, 332.4 and 368 nm (nominal 2 nm FWHM bandwidth) through a single Lambertian detector. UV effects researchers want to apply their particular action spectrum to the measured spectra to estimate damage due to UV. The UV synthetic spectra retrieval model is used to estimate the continuous spectral distribution based on the seven UV radiometer channel measurements. In this study, we made comparisons of these synthetic spectra with the spectra measured from co-located USDA Reference UV and NIWA UV spectroradiometers at Table Mountain near Boulder, Colorado, U.S. A preliminary comparison of modeled erythemal-weighted dose with measurements performed by the two spectroradiometers is presented.
Integrated robust optimal design (IROD) of header height control system for combine harvester

This paper presents an integrated control-structure design methodology that is robust to parametric variations and its application to the design of combine header height control. Traditional design process of controlled multibody systems is sequential wherein the structural design is accomplished first followed by the control design. Such sequential process can only provide suboptimal overall design and yield a suboptimal performance. In this paper, a sensitivity based integrated robust optimal design (IROD) methodology is used to determine optimal structural parameters concurrently with a controller with an objective of improving header height control performance for a combine harvester. The problem is to control the height of the heavy header assembly at a constant distance above the rough terrain to maximize the yield and efficiency during harvesting. The design methodology is demonstrated by choosing the pivot location of the hydraulic actuator on the header as a structural design parameter concurrently with controller parameters. The design obtained with this methodology was compared with the sequential design for tracking performance and robustness. It is shown that the integrated design obtained from IROD yields better performance, lower control power, and improved robustness than the sequential method. It also allows for higher vehicle speed and lower operational cost.
Low temperature measurements of the energy loss rate in quantum wires and 2DEGs in an InAlAs/InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructure

Abstract Electron heating measurements have been carried out in etched quantum wires of various widths and in two-dimensional electron gases at low temperature in InGaAs quantum wells. The value of the temperature exponent of the energy loss rate, an indicator of the type of predominant energy loss scattering, is found to be n=3, indicative of piezoelectric scattering. At a lattice temperature
Methods used in evaluating multispectral camera resolution for land mine detection

Land mines usually appear in a wide-field airborne camera as small, low contrast objects. Factors such as the transfer function at relatively high spatial frequencies (as compared with half the pixel frequency) become critically important for detection as well as predicting performance for a notional detection system. An experimental method is described (using a general-purpose filter wheel) for obtaining better resolution and contrast values. MathcadTM documents that automate this process somewhat will also be presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ordered duplex RNA controls capsid architecture in an icosahedral animal virus.

SMALL spherical viruses are among the simplest replicating systems in biology, yet the factors affecting their assembly, stability and disassembly are still poorly understood. A molecular switch is required for the assembly of icosahedral virus particles containing more than 60 identical subunits because strict symmetry cannot be maintained in subunit packing1. All previously reported viruses with this type of structure use a portion of the capsid protein to regulate interactions between chemically equivalent but structurally distinct interfaces2–4. We have investigated the T = 3 quasiequivalent5 nodaviruses, which are small non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome that infect insects6, mice7 and fish8. They undergo a well-characterized series of steps in assembly and maturation9,10, which in some respects are similar to the picornaviruses11, despite their different capsid architecture. Here we report the X-ray structure of Flock House virus at 3.0 A resolution, which reveals an ordered RNA duplex of 20 nucleotides and a protein segment that control the subunit interactions in this animal virus. The RNA interacts with a helical protein domain of the subunit that lies inside the capsid shell. One of the helices that binds the RNA is part of a 44-amino-acid polypeptide which is autocatalytically cleaved from the initial subunit translation product after virion assembly. The structure indicates that RNA associated with the cleaved polypeptide may be important in the infection process.
ENDOR study of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium (IV) in frozen liquid crystals

Abstract An ENDOR study of vanadyl bisacetylacetonate (VO(acac) 2 ) aligned in frozen nematic liquid cystals shows enhanced ENDOR signal intensities, which may aid in the interpretation of powder ENDOR spectra obtained from transition-metal complexes in isotropic glasses. The ENDOR spectra establish that VO(acac) 2 is present in the form of an adduct with the solvent molecules. The adduct formation may affect the alignment of the solute molecules in the liquid crystal.
The SWI/SNF tumor suppressor complex: Regulation of promoter nucleosomes and beyond.

Nucleosomes, octamers of histones wrapped in 147 bp of DNA, are the basic unit of chromatin. In eukaryotic cells, the placement of nucleosomes along the genome is highly organized, and modulation of this ordered arrangement contributes to regulation of gene expression. The SWI/SNF complex utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to mobilize nucleosomes and remodel chromatin structure. Recently, the complex has also been implicated in oncogenesis as genes encoding multiple SWI/SNF subunits have been found mutated at high frequency across a wide spectrum of cancers. Given that epigenetic aberrations are now characterized as a hallmark of human cancer, hypotheses have been put forth that the SWI/SNF complex inhibits tumor formation by regulating key chromatin functions. To understand how the SWI/SNF complex contributes to nucleosome organization in vivo we performed a genome-wide study in mammalian cells. We found that inactivation of SWI/SNF subunits leads to disruptions of specific nucleosome patterning and a...
a Lumped Approach to the Inverse Problem in Ground Water Hydrology

: A solution procedure to solve the inverse problem in ground water, based on lumped approach, has been proposed. The method has the following advantages: 1) exact determination of the boundary conditions and the physical laws of flow through porous media is not required; 2) all errors of approximation in describing the boundary conditions, physical laws, and the aquifer properties are lumped into the surrogate parameters; and 3) the same mathematical model can be employed both in the identification process and in the subsequent management studies. The optimal values of the surrogate parameters are found by using a multidimensional unconstrained optimization code devised by Powell. The solution procedure and the convergence characteristics of the proposed algorithm have been illustrated by two hypothetical problems.
Raman Measurements of the High-Temperature Heats of Vaporization of HF and H2O and of the H-Bond Enthalpies of the Hydronium−Fluoride Complex in the 50 mol % HF−H2O Solution

Heats of vaporization, ΔHv, of the monomers HF and H2O from 50 mol % aqueous HF were determined to 150 °C (HF to 300 °C) under saturation pressures using Inconel and Monel cells with sapphire windows. Heats were obtained from the temperature dependences of the integrated Raman intensities, as well as the peak heights, of the 3958 and 3652 cm-1 vapor bands from HF and H2O, respectively, ratioed against the 2329 cm-1 band from the N2 internal standard. The Raman ΔHv for the HF at 20 °C, 9340 ± 220 cal/mol, agrees well with 20 °C calorimetric data, but it decreases to 6600 ± 200 cal/mol at 150 °C. The Raman ΔHv values for H2O are larger by the ≈ΔH of one H-bond; they are 11 800 ± 300 and 9350 ± 350 cal/mol at 25 and 150 °C, respectively. The H-bonded dimer, (HF)2, contributes relatively little to the gas-phase spectrum below ≈150 °C, but its Raman intensity, centered near 3931 cm-1, rises rapidly between 150 and 300 °C. (HF)2 vaporizes first, but its H-bond breaks almost instantaneously in the vapor to give ...
Implementing temporal integrity constraints using an active DBMS

The paper proposes a general architecture for implementing temporal integrity constraints by compiling them into a set of active DBMS rules. The modularity of the design allows easy adaptation to different environments. Both differences in the specification languages and in the target rule systems can be easily accommodated. The advantages of this architecture are demonstrated on a particular temporal constraint compiler. This compiler allows automatic translation of integrity constraints formulated in Past Temporal Logic into rules of an active DBMS (in the current version of the compiler two active DBMS are supported: Starburst and INGRES). During the compilation the set of constraints is checked for the safe evaluation property. The result is a set of SQL statements that includes all the necessary rules needed for enforcing the original constraints. The rules are optimized to reduce the space overhead introduced by the integrity checking mechanism. There is no need for an additional runtime constraint monitor. When the rules are activated, all updates to the database that violate any of the constraints are automatically rejected (i.e., the corresponding transaction is aborted). In addition to straightforward implementation, this approach offers a clean separation of application programs and the integrity checking code. >
Some simple explicit examples of correlated one-electron theory and density matrix functionals

Some examples are presented displaying how general spin orbitals (GSOs) and their occupation numbers uniquely determine N-electron antisymmetrized geminal power states. This provides a correlated one-electron model that generalizes the independent particle model that is universally used in picturing chemical behavior. These examples also demonstrate that one-electron models, involving GSOs and occupation numbers, and the one based on a first order density matrix are not equivalent. This difference is shown by displaying sets of different GSOs that have the same occupation numbers that correspond to the same density matrix but different N-electron states. This observation also leads to the explicit construction of a density matrix functional. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Students’ views on technology and writing: The power of personal history

Abstract As scholars, writers, and teachers, I believe that we should try harder to understand students’ perspectives on the use of computers in their academic work. This article begins to provide a sense of students’ perspectives on questions of technology, thus presenting a fuller picture of the context within which we teach. Drawing on a variety of methods, including a survey and the writings of a small group of students enrolled in a Writing and Technology course, this article expresses some of these stories generally hidden from an instructor's perspective and reveals that, despite what the media might tell us, students are not as prepared to utilize technology as we might assume. Furthermore, the student narratives suggest that English departments and writing programs can play an important role in assisting students who are unfamiliar with computer technologies, helping them to gain the computer literacy they need to succeed at the university.
Qualitative analysis of plastic worm and worm gear failures

Abstract Plastic worm and worm gear failures observed during a series of experiments with different worm-gear material combinations and various lubricants in a 30:1 ratio speed reducer are reported. A qualitative analysis is presented of the different modes of failure which include (1) wear, (2) surface fatigue, (3) plastic flow, (4) scoring and (5) fracture. In general, failures observed in plastic gears were similar to those of metal gears, but because of the differences in material properties distinct failure characteristics were found for plastic worms and gears.
Auxin Transport in Flowering and Vegetative Shoots of Coleus blumei Benth.

5. HEATH, 0. V. S. AND DAPHNE VINCE. 1962. Some nonphotosynthetic effects of light on higher plants with special reference to wavelength. Biological Receptor Systems, Symp. Soc. Exptl. Biol. XVI: 110-37. 6. HENDRICKS, S. B. AND H. A. BORTHWICK. 1959. Photocontrol of plant development by simultaneous excitation of two interconvertible pigments. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 45: 344-49. 7. HENDRICKS, S. B. AND H. A. BORTHWICK. 1964. The physiological functions of phytochrome. In: Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, Chapter 16. T. W. Goodwin ed. Academic Press, London. In press. 8. KASPERBAUER, M. J. AND H. C. LANE. 1963. Phytochrome-controlled responses of seedlings of Cuscuta indecora Chois. Plant Physiol. (Suppl.) 38: xxiv. 9. KUIPER, P. J. C. 1964. Dependence upon wavelength of stomatal movement in epidermal tissue of Senecio odoris Deft. Plant Physiol. In press. 10. MOHR, H. 1957. Der einfluss monochromatischer Straglung auf des Langenwachstum des Hypocotyls und auf die Anthocyanbildung bei Keimlingen von Sinapis alba L. (Brassica alba Boiss). Planta 49: 398-405. 11. MOHR, H. 1959. Der Lichteinfluss auf des Wachstum der Keimblatter bei Sin-apis alba L. Planta 53: 219-45. 12. MOHR, H. AND H. NOBLE. 1960. Die Steuerung der Schliessung und Offnung des Plumula-Hakens bei Keimlingen von Lactuca sativa durch sichtbare Strahlung. Planta 55: 327-42. 13. MOHR, H. AND M. WEHRUNG. Die Steuerung des Hypocotylwachstums bei den Keimlingen von Lactuca sativa L. durch sichtbare Strahlung. Planta 55: 438-50. 14. MOHR, H. 1962. Primary effects of light on growth. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 13: 465-88. 15. NORRIS, K. H. 1963. A simple spectroradiometer for the 0.4 to 1.2 micron region. Ann. Meeting Am. Soc. Agr. Eng., Paper No. 63-329. Miami Beach. 16. SIEGELMAN, H. W. AND S. B. HENDRICKS. 1957. Photocontrol of anthocyanin formation in turnip and cabbage seedlings. Plant Physiol. 32: 393-98. 17. WITHROW, R. B. 1957. An interference-filter monochromator for irradiation of biological materials. Plant Physiol. 32: 355-60. 18. ZIMMERMAN, C. E. 1962. Autotropic development of dodder (Cuscuta pentagona Englm.) in vitro. Crop Sci. 2: 449-50.
Trypanosoma duttoni: body weight gains, food consumption, and longevity of pantothenate-deficient mice given living cells, cell homogenates, and cell metabolic products.

Abstract An experimental model composed of the pantothenate-deficient Swiss mouse and Trypanosoma duttoni was used to study: (1) host body-weight gains; (2) host food consumption; and (3) host longevity in mice given living trypanosomes, a trypanosome homogenate, or metabolic products of living trypanosome cells. The host dietary groups were: (1) complete or full complement; (2) pantothenic acid-deficient; (3) pantothenate supplemental and (4) pair-fed or calorically restricted. Increase in body-weight gains in trypanosome-infected mice on a complete diet ranged up to 26% over uninfected mice. Weight gains in mice fed a pantothenic acid-deficient diet and infected with T. duttoni ranged up to 12% over uninfected controls and up to 41% in pair-fed controls. The increase in body-weight gains of mice fed a full-complement diet and supplemented with pantothenic acid showed no weight advantage over the controls. The increases in body-weight gains of mice fed a pair-fed diet and those given a pantothenate-deficient diet supplemented with pantothenic acid, ranged up to 49% and 15%, respectively, over controls (nonsupplemented). The increase in body-weight gains of mice on full-complement diet but inoculated with trypanosome homogenates ranged up to 21%. Increase in body-weight gains in mice fed pair-fed and pantothenic acid-deficient diets and inoculated with trypanosome homogenates ranged up to 40% and 13%, respectively. No weight advantage was seen in those animals inoculated with metabolic products. Increase in food consumption of infected mice over uninfected mice on a complete diet ranged up to 1.3 g/mouse. The increased food intake of infected over uninfected control pantothenate-deficient mice ranged up to 1.1 g/mouse/day. In mice given trypanosome homogenate, those on a complete diet ate up to 1.6 g/mouse/day more than uninoculated controls; those on a pantothenate-deficient diet ate up to 1.3 g/mouse/day more than controls. The food intake of mice inoculated with metabolic products did not show any significant increase over the uninoculated controls in any of the dietary groups. Mice fed a complete diet supplemented with pantothenate did not eat significantly more food than control animals. In pantothenate-deficient mice, supplementation with the vitamin increased food consumption significantly only at the terminal period (45–50 days) of the observations. On the average, infected pantothenate-deficient mice lived 69 days after initiation of the diet and 16 days longer than uninfected mice. Mice given the homogenate of T. duttoni lived approximately 68 days, or 15 days longer, than uninfected mice. Uninoculated but panthothenate-deficient control mice lived on the average of 53 days. The average survival time of mice given metabolic products of T. duttoni was 49 days.
The Affirmative Action Stigma Of Incompetence: Effects Of Performance Information Ambiguity

In two studies, 264 male and female managers reviewed information about the job performance of a person portrayed as either a man or a woman and, if a woman, as either an affirmative action hire or...
Discussion of Thermally Activated Approaches to Glass Fracture

A review of the Charles and Hillig approach to thermally activated crack growth mechanisms indicates that this theory may be applicable to cracking in vacuum at high temperatures but not to stress-corrosion cracking in aqueous solutions. For stress-corrosion mechanisms, the ramifications are 2-fold: (1) Thermal activation analysis shows that the true activation energy in soda-lime glasses is closer to 0.55 × 105 J/mol (13.2 kcal/mol) than to the 1.2×105 J/mol (29 kcal/mol) obtained using the Charles and Hillig approach; and (2) other models for slow crack growth controlled by bulk diffusion of H2, OH-, or Na+-H+ are suggested and shown to be consistent with much of the observed phenomena.
A Non-proportional Model of Growth and Administrative Intensity of Nations: A Reanalysis*

The nonproportional model of change as applied by Kasarda (1974) to explain the administrative intensity of societies is examined. In applying this theory to nations, we argue that the relationship...
A transformer-less static synchronous compensator employing a multi-level inverter

This paper examines the application of a high voltage multi-level invertor in a 13.8 kV distribution system static synchronous compensator (SSC). Equations are developed for the component MVA of the multi-level inverter. Trends in component MVA as a function of the number of inverter voltage levels and the modulation strategy are identified. Control of the DC bus capacitor voltages during phase voltage imbalance is identified as a problem. A method is described whereby the multi-level inverter's DC bus capacitor voltages are actively controlled without using additional power components. The operation of the capacitor voltage control loop is demonstrated through EMTP simulations of an SSC responding to single phase and three phase load variations in a model distribution system.
Acid Polysaccharide-Induced Amorphous Calcium Carbonate (ACC) Films : Colloidal Nanoparticle Self-Organization Process

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) plays important roles in biomineralization, and its synthesis in vitro has been of keen interest in the field of biomimetic materials. In this report, we describe the synthesis of ACC films using a novel acid polysaccharide, maleic chitosan, as an additive. We prepared the films by directly depositing them onto TEM grids and examined them using polarized optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). This enabled us to examine their formation and mesostructure without introducing artifacts. We observed that, in the presence of maleic chitosan, the ACC films are formed through a particle buildup process, with aggregation and coalescence occurring simultaneously. Nanoparticles with a size of less than 10 nm appear to be the basic units responsible for such self-organization. We suggest that the acid polysaccharide plays an important role in forming and stabilizing these nanoparticles, and we propose a colloidal nanoparticle self-organization model to explain the formation of the ACC films.
Existence of a common precursor to ACTH and endorphin in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituaitary

Extracts of rat anterior and intermediate-posterior pituitary were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assayed for immunoactive ACTH and endorphin. In both lobes the major forms of immunoactive ACTH have apparent molecular weights of 31,000 (31K), 20--21K, 14K, and 4.5K, and the major forms of immunoactive endorphin have apparent molecular weights of 31K (coincident with the peak of immunoactive ACTH), 13K (a betaLPH-like peptide), and 3.5K (a beta-endorphin-like peptide). However, the quantitative distribution of immunoactivity among the various forms differs greatly between the lobes. Assays using an extreme COOH-terminal ACTH antiserum indicate that the 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule in rat anterior and intermediate pituitary is similar to the pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule from mouse pituitary tumor cells. A radioimmunoassay that is specific for the NH2-terminal non-ACTH, nonendorphin segment (referred to as 16K fragment) of the mouse pro-ACTH/endorphin molecule was used to assay extracts of rat pituitary. In addition to detecting material at 31K and 20--21K, the 16K fragment radioimmunoassay detects significant amounts of cross-reactive material with an apparent molecular weight of 16K in extracts of both lobes. This result also suggests that the structure and processing of the rat 31K ACTH/endorphin molecule is similar to that of mouse tumor cell pro-ACTH/endorphin. Cell suspensions were prepared from the anterior and intermediate lobes of the rat pituitary and maintained in culture for a 24-h period. The isolated cells from both lobes incorporate [3H] phenylalanine into immunoprecipitable ACTH- and endorphin-containing molecules. By sequential immunoprecipitation with ACTH and endorphin antisera, it is possible to demonstrate directly that a single molecule (31K ACTH/endorphin) has antigenic determinants for both ACTH and endorphin. Significant amounts of 31K ACTH/endorphin are released into the culture medium by isolated anterior lobe and intermediate lobe cells. The isolated intermediate lobe cells synthesize and secrete relatively large amounts of a beta-endorphin-like molecule; the isolated anterior lobe cells secrete significant amounts of both a betaLPH-like molecule and a beta-endorphin-like molecule. These same quantitative differences between anterior and intermediate lobe tissue were observed in immunoassays of extracts of the separated lobes and probably reflect differences in the processing of the common precursor. The isolated anterior lobe cells can be stimulated to release increased amounts of immunoprecipitable ACTH and endorphin by incubation with a cyclic AMP analog and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
Inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease 2. Warhead SAR and optimization.

Abstract The α-ketoamide warhead (e.g., 15) was found to be a practical replacement for aliphatic aldehydes in a series of HCV NS3·4A protease inhibitors. Structure–activity relationships and prime side optimization are discussed.
THERMAL MANAGEMENT FOR A POLY(METHYL ACRYLATE) OPTICAL FIBER IN SOLAR LIGHTING

We present a 3-D thermal analysis of a poly(methyl acrylate) optical fiber to select a method to prevent thermal degradation (TD) of the fiber. Such poly(methyl acrylate)-core optical fibers have been realized in many solar lighting applications. We give the radial and axial temperature distributions on the entrance region of the optical fiber for two solar collector designs and five different preventive methods. The simulation results showed that attachment of a fused quartz rod to the fiber entrance region was an efficient low-cost way to protect the optical fiber. A temperature was predicted for the deformed fiber entrance region of the experimental results from the simulations.
Bridging writing to learn and writing in the discipline in computer science education

Writing in Computer Science education is typically writing to communicate to a professional audience--also known as "writing in the discipline." (WID) A few Computer Science educators have promoted "writing to learn" (WTL) for active learning. A gap exists between these two forms of writing that inhibits the general adoption of writing in Computer Science. We propose that "bridging" informal WTL assignments to formal disciplinary writing as a way of promoting general adoption of writing across all courses, thus improving thinking and writing skills for all Computer Science students. We include examples of assignments that bridge writing to learn and writing in the discipline.
Consumption, income and cointegration

Abstract This paper examines the long-run relationship of consumption and income in the United States. It was shown by King et al. (1991) in a version of the permanent income hypothesis that log levels of consumption and income are cointegrated with a known cointegrating vector (1,−1)′. This implies a restriction that the cointegrating vector, which eliminates the stochastic trends, also eliminates the deterministic trends arising from the drift terms of difference stationary variables. Two different methodologies are used to test this deterministic cointegration restriction in this study. The first methodology is the canonical cointegrating regression proposed by Park (1992). The second methodology is testing stationarity of the difference of log consumption and log income, by assuming the cointegrating vector to be (1,−1)′. Two test statistics for the null hypothesis of stationarity are employed. One is the G(p,q) test proposed by Park and Choi (1988) and the other is proposed by Kwiatkowski et al. (1992). The results of the study indicate that the deterministic cointegration restriction cannot be rejected. JEL: E21, C32
Hypertension after kidney transplantation: impact, pathogenesis and therapy.

ABSTRACT Hypertension (HTN) contributes to the high incidence of cardiovascular disease mortality as well as chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) and late graft failure in renal transplant recipients. The mechanisms are complex and may involve pathogenic factors attributable to the host, allograft, and immunosuppressive drugs. Calcium channel blockers should be used to ameliorate the nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors in the early years after transplantation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-2 type-1 receptor blockers are safe and effective, have antiproteinuric effects, slow the progression of CAN, and may provide survival benefits. Diuretics and/or β -adrenergic receptor blockers are frequently added in combination regimen. Appropriate adjustment of the immunosuppressive drugs should also be considered for the long-term care of kidney recipients with HTN.
Perceptual organization of complex‐tone sequences: A tradeoff between pitch and timbre?

Sequences of rapidly occurring sounds that differ from each other are often perceptually segregated into ‘‘streams’’ within which the range of differences is smaller [Bregman and Campbell, J. Exp. Psychol. 89, 244–249 (1971)]. Early research on streaming implied it to be pitch dominated, but Wessel [Comput. Music J. 3, 45–52 (1979)] demonstrated that timbre differences could also bring about segregation. In the present study, pitch and timbre attributes were put in competition in four‐tone sequences of the form: T2P1‐TmP1‐T2Pn‐TmPn, with the first pair assigned pitch P1 but different timbres T2 and Tm, and the second pair pitch Pn, and similarly contrasted timbres. Six listeners were asked to indicate whether perceived grouping of 49 such sequences was based on pitch proximity, timbre similarity, or ambiguous percepts not dominated by either cue. Results confirm that timbre can segregate sequences and imply that timbre and pitch compete in perceptually organizing complex sequences. Because timbre differen...
Guideline Confusion for the Clinician

The 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) cholesterol guideline was recently published. The overwhelming number of clinical practitioners who deliver the majority of cardiovascular (CV) care will not study this extensive document in any detail. Keeping it simple seems essential to provide a practical and clinically useful guidance for medical providers who care for the majority of patients where ‘‘the rubber meets the road.’’ It is good to provide extensive information for the highly specialized clinical or basic science investigator, but easily understood, evidencebased, and practical applied principles are essential when trying to reach overworked clinical caregivers. It is highly unlikely that, faced with a very full waiting room, many clinicians go to a computer to assess a risk equation. No specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level has been proven as established, despite the 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) recommended for diabetic and other high-risk patients in 2004. Despite 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) as a convenient target, and its acceptance by many practitioners, there was some recent controversy that targets should be abandoned in favor or tailoring. Some combination of both options appears appropriate since a patient with an LDL-C well below 100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) with an acute CV event has other factors involved. An appropriate approach may also include LDL-C lowering below the levels considered therapeutic by most clinicians. In support of this, there is evidence, as in the case of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), who have been shown to do better with an LDL-C of <40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) or in the 40 to 60 mg/dL (1.0-1.5 mmol/L) range. The purpose of this editorial is to assess and contribute to simplification of the 2013 guideline.
Interorganizational and organizational determinants of planning effectiveness for Internet-based interorganizational systems

Internet-based interorganizational systems (IIOS) planning is based on a portfolio of systems that integrate organizational and interorganizational processes and assist a firm in realizing its objectives. However, very limited empirical research has been performed to evaluate the factors that influence IIOS planning effectiveness. Research from trading partnerships, organizational theory, and the literature were used to identify two interorganizational variables (competitive pressure and trading partner readiness) and three organizational variables (top management support, organizational centralization, and technology competence) that are important in planning success. This study then examined the influence of these five variables on IIOS planning effectiveness. Data gathered from 202 CIOs in large Taiwanese organizations were employed to test the relationships between the research model constructs using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach; the study provided strong support for the hypotheses: certain factors related to interorganizational and organizational factors were found to influence IIOS planning effectiveness. The implications of this finding are discussed.
18-Electron rule inspired Zintl-like ions composed of all transition metals.

Zintl phase compounds constitute a unique class of compounds composed of metal cations and covalently bonded multiply charged cluster anions. Potential applications of these materials in solution chemistry and thermoelectric materials have given rise to renewed interest in the search for new Zintl ions. Up to now these ions have been mostly composed of group 13, 14, and 15 post-transition metal elements and no Zintl ions composed of all transition metal elements are known. Using gradient corrected density functional theory we show that the 18-electron rule can be applied to design a new class of Zintl-like ions composed of all transition metal atoms. We demonstrate this possibility by using Ti@Au122− and Ni@Au62− di-anions as examples of Zintl-like ions. Predictive capability of our approach is demonstrated by showing that FeH64− in an already synthesized complex metal hydride, Mg2FeH6, is a Zintl-like ion, satisfying the 18-electron rule. We also show that novel Zintl phase compounds can be formed by using all transition metal Zintl-like ions as building blocks. For example, a two-dimensional periodic structure of Na2[Ti@Au12] is semiconducting and nonmagnetic while a one-dimensional periodic structure of Mg[Ti@Au12] is metallic and ferromagnetic. Our results open the door to the design and synthesis of a new class of Zintl-like ions and compounds with potential for applications.
Different immunological requirements for protection against acute versus persistent Friend retrovirus infections.

Abstract The propensity of retroviruses to rapidly establish persistent infections poses a formidable problem in vaccination strategies. In the current study, we use a live attenuated vaccine to study protection against acute and persistent Friend virus infections in mice. Adoptive transfers of immune CD8+ T cells combined with passive immunizations with virus-neutralizing antibodies increased protection against acute disease compared with either treatment alone, but there was no protection against the establishment of persistent infection. In addition, the protection against acute disease elicited by the combination treatment was dependent on endogenous CD4+ T cells as no protection was achieved in CD4+ T-cell-depleted mice. Quantitative studies showed that doubling the numbers of immune lymphocytes used in adoptive transfer experiments increased protection against acute disease depending on the type of lymphocyte subset used in the transfer. CD8+ T cells were the most potent subset for the transfer of such protection. However, even high numbers of immune CD8+ T cells gave no protection against the establishment of persistent infections. The data indicate that strengthening the numbers of specific immune cell subsets may have a beneficial effect on protection against acute disease, but protection from establishment of persistence requires complex immune responses involving multiple lymphocyte subsets.
Single nanoporous gold nanowire sensors.

Chemisorption from the gas or liquid phase can result in a measurable resistance change in a metallic material when at least one dimension is smaller than the mean free path for electrons. Here we report on the fabrication of single nanoporous gold nanowires and demonstrate that adsorption of an alkanethiol can be monitored in real time. Single nanowire devices were fabricated by in situ etching of Au0.18Ag0.82 alloy nanowires in dilute nitric acid. The evolution of the porous structure was characterized by monitoring the resistance change and comparing to cross-sectional images. The feature size of about 10 nm is less than the mean free path for electrons in bulk gold, and hence the resistance is dominated by surface scattering. Adsorption of a monolayer of octadecanethiol onto the nanoporous gold nanowire results in a resistance change of about 3%. The sensitivity factor of 1.0 × 10-16 cm2 is comparable to values reported for adsorption at ultrathin films.
Binding and internalization of p1,p4-diadenosine 5'-tetraphosphate by bovine aortic endothelial cells.

p1, p4-Diadenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) has been implicated as a modulator of blood vessel tone. We have recently demonstrated that the infusion of Ap4A into swine induces vasodilation (Hilderman et al., Am. J. Hypertension 10 (1997) 94A) and that Ap4A induces the release of nitric oxide (NO) from bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) (Hilderman and Christensen, FEBS Lett. 427 (1998) 320–324). However, the interaction of Ap4A with endothelial cells is incompletely understood. Therefore, we determined the characteristics of [3H]-Ap4A binding to BAEC in normal and ATP-depleted cells. These binding studies demonstrate that the interaction of Ap4A with BAEC involves two distinct steps: an ATP independent step and a second ATP dependent step leading to internalization of Ap4A. The initial interaction of Ap4A with BAEC is not affected by either EGTA or iodoacetate; however, both agents block the second step. These data suggest that calcium ions and sulfhydryl groups are required for Ap4A internalization but not for an initial binding event.