cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristic Mechanisms and Outcome of Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Congestive Heart Failure Patients

Recent studies suggest the mechanism of sudden death in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients is less frequently VT/VF than previously believed. In order to further understand the characteristics and mechanisms of death in CHF patients, we evaluated 146 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation during hospitalization for congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and noncardiac causes. Clinical characteristics and outcomes are described below: CHF/Cardiac nonCHF/Cardiac noncardiac N 30 26 90 Age 63 (49.71) 67 (60.72) 63 (29.71) Sex (% male) 37 58 60 Initial Rhythm N(%) VT/VF 7 (25) 11 (44) 24 (27) Asystole 6 (21.4) 6 (24) 33 (37.5) Bradycardia 5 (17.9) 2 (8) 6 (6.8) EMD 6 (21.4) 1 (4) 13 (148) Other 4 (14.3) 5 (20) 12 (136) ROSC 21 (70) 13 (50) 51 (56.7) Survival to D/C 1 (3.3) 4 (15.4) 2 (2.2) Patients with nonCHF/Cardiac disease had a higher ROSC than patients with CHF and noncardiac diseases (p = 0.016). In summary, patients with CHF often experience cardiopulmonary arrest with bradycardic or EMD arrests. Although patients with CHF are resuscitated with a high degree of success their in-hospital survival was low. Furthermore, the high rate of bradycardic and EMD arrests may explain the low in-hospital survival rates.
Alternating grain orientation and weld solidification cracking

A new mechanism for reducing weld solidification cracking was proposed, based on the concept of the crack path and resistance to crack propagation, and its effectiveness was verified in magnetically oscillated GTA welds of a rather crack susceptible material 2014 aluminum alloy. This mechanism,i.e., alternating grain orientation, was most pronounced in welds made with transverse arc oscillation of low frequency and high amplitude, and solidification cracking was dramatically reduced in these welds. The effect of the arc oscillation pattern, amplitude, and frequency on the formation of alternating columnar grains and the reduction of solidification cracking in GTA welds of 2014 aluminum alloy was examined and explained. The present study demonstrated for the first time that columnar grains can, in fact, be very effective in reducing solidification cracking, provided that they are oriented favorably.
Organometallic polymers. XXIV. Radical‐initiated copolymerization of ferrocenylmethyl acrylate and methacrylate with acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, and N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone

Ferrocenylmethyl acrylate (I) and ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (II) have been readily copolymerized with maleic anhydride in benzene–ethyl acetate solutions. Similarly, II has been copolymerized with both acrylonitrile and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in benzene solutions to give higher molecular weight copolymers in high yields. In all cases azobisisobutyronitrile has been the initiator. Based on e values obtained, the metal carbonyl substituent acts as an electron-withdrawing group. Over a wide range of comonomers (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, styrene, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride) I and II exhibit r1 values lower than (and r2 values higher than) similar copolymerizations with methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate. Further more, the Q values found for I (0.03–0.11) and II (0.08–0.18) are smaller than those for methyl acrylate (0.46) and methyl methacrylate (0.74). Thus, I and II are less reactive than expected, presumably due to steric effects.
Infants' Learning about Words and Sounds in Relation to Objects

In acquiring language, babies learn not only that people can communicate about objects and events, but also that they typically use a particular kind of act as the communicative signal. The current studies asked whether 1-year-olds' learning of names during joint attention is guided by the expectation that names will be in the form of spoken words. In the first study, 13-month-olds were introduced to either a novel word or a novel sound-producing action (using a small noisemaker). Both the word and the sound were produced by a researcher as she showed the baby a new toy during a joint attention episode. The baby's memory for the link between the word or sound and the object was tested in a multiple choice procedure. Thirteen-month-olds learned both the word-object and sound-object correspondences, as evidenced by their choosing the target reliably in response to hearing the word or sound on test trials, but not on control trials when no word or sound was present. In the second study, 13-month-olds, but not 20-month-olds, learned a new sound-object correspondence. These results indicate that infants initially accept a broad range of signals in communicative contexts and narrow the range with development.
Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

The glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), is believed to have an important function in modulating nutrient ingestion and metabolism. Recent evidence described in this review suggests that the effects of this adrenal hormone are mediated through two steroid receptor subtypes, the type I mineralocorticoid receptor and the type II glucocorticoid receptor. These receptors, which have different affinities for CORT, respond to different levels of circulating hormone. They mediate distinct effects of the steroid, which can be distinguished by the specific nutrient ingested and by the particular period of the circadian cycle. Under normal physiological conditions, the type I receptor is tonically activated, either by low basal levels of circulating CORT (0.5-2 microgram %) normally available across the circadian cycle or possibly by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. This type I activation is required for the maintenance of fat ingestion and fat deposition that occurs during most meals of the feeding cycle. In contrast, the type II receptor is phasically activated by moderate levels of CORT (2-10 micrograms %) normally reached during the circadian peak. Activation of this receptor is required for the natural surge in carbohydrate ingestion and metabolism that is essential at the onset of the active feeding cycle when the body's glycogen stores are at their nadir, and gluconeogenesis is needed to maintain blood glucose levels. This receptor is also activated during periods of increased energy requirements, such as, after exercise and food restriction, when CORT levels rise further (> 10 micrograms %) and when its catabolic effects on fat and protein stores predominate to provide additional substrates for glucose homeostasis. These functions of CORT on fat and carbohydrate balance are mediated, in part, by type I and type II receptors located within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which is known to have key functions in controlling nutrient intake and metabolism, as well as circulating CORT levels. Moreover, the type II receptors within this nucleus, in addition to the arcuate nucleus, may interact positively with the peptide, neuropeptide Y, and the catecholamine, norepinephrine, both of which act to enhance natural carbohydrate feeding and CORT release at the onset of the natural feeding cycle. Thus, under normal conditions, endogenous CORT has a primary function in controlling nutrient ingestion and metabolism over the natural circadian cycle, through the coordinated action of the type I and type II steroid receptor systems. Through this action, CORT has impact on total caloric intake and body weight gain over the long term.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Numerical Simulations of Bubble Pumps

A bubble pump is a key component for diffusion-absorption refrigeration systems operating at a single pressure. Nevertheless, research focusing on bubble pumps is not widely found in the literature. In this study, a bubble pump model with a shape of vertical tube subjected to a uniform heat flux from the tube outer surface is numerically simulated. A saturated ammonia-water solution enters the bubble pump inlet and receives heat from the pump wall along the entire pump length. During the process, most of the ammonia in the solution vaporizes, and the remaining solution is lifted by the buoyant force created by the ammonia vapor. A numerical model was implemented by employing a commercial CFD code. The applicability of the numerical model implemented in the code to the present numerical simulations was validated through a comparative study referring to experimental data of a boiling phase change flow of water in a vertical pipe being subjected to a uniform heat flux. To investigate the influence of the bubble pump’s geometrical dimension and the heat input on the operating status and performance, numerical simulations were performed for four bubble pumps with different diameters subjected to five amounts of heat flux. Simulation results are provided in terms of the flow parameters including void fraction, and vapor and liquid velocities. The simulated spatial distributions of the flow parameters were found to have steep gradients in the radial direction near the pump wall due to the heating from the pump wall. In addition, simulated flow parameters were compared to those in previous one-dimensional (1-D) work for the same problem. It was found that the void fraction profiles along the pump length simulated in this study seem to be similar to those in 1-D models, but somewhat different quantitatively. Based on the results, the present numerical simulation model of the bubble pump is considered to be useful for certain industrial applications.© 2012 ASME
Synthesis and characterization of Cu(2)(I,I), Cu(2)(I,II), and Cu(2)(II,II) compounds supported by two phthalazine-based ligands: influence of a hydrophobic pocket.

The copper coordination chemistry of two phthalazine-based ligands of differing steric bulk was investigated. A family of dinuclear complexes were prepared from reactions of [Cu2(bdptz)(MeCN)2](OTf...
LENS DESIGN DOING MORE WITH LESS

Some might think that writing an article about lens design would result in the generation of an historical document. Not true; activity in the field is greater than ever, and the field is accessible to a wider audience than ever before. The traditional view of lens design as a subject carried out by a few unusual individuals has changed. Anyone with interest and a few bucks can get access to the latest and greatest software, on their own personal computer.
Omission of Critical Reynolds Number for Open Channel Flows in Many Textbooks.

During the analysis of an open channel flow experiment, students were asked to determine whether the flow was laminar or turbulent. The array of answers highlighted the different information carried in fluid mechanics textbooks. It was noted that approximately 50% of the books did not mention the fact that the critical Reynolds number would be different in open channels as compared to circular pipes flowing full.
A window into Richard M. Zaner's clinical ethics.

This essay introduces a thematic issue focused on the contributions to clinical ethics and the philosophy of medicine by Richard M. Zaner. We consider the apparent divorce of Zaner’s philosophical roots from his recent narrative immersions into the blooming, buzzing confusions of clinical-moral lifeworlds. Our considerations of the Zanerian context and origins of the clinical encounter introduce the fundamental questions faced by Zaner and his commentators in this issue, questions about the role of ethics consultants, moral authority, and clinical truths.
Millstone Hill Thomson scatter results for 1966 and 1967

Abstract Thomson (incoherent) scatter radar measurements of F -region electron densities and temperatures were made approximately twice per month throughout 1966 and 1967 at Millstone Hill for periods of 24 hr. Owing to the increase in sunspot activity the results display a rich variety of different types of behaviour. Geomagnetically quiet days tended to follow patterns observed near sunspot minimum. Thus in winter there is typically a marked diurnal variation in electron density with a peak near noon and often a smaller secondary maximum between 02 and 04 EST. In summer there is less day-to-night variation and the peak density is encountered near ground sunset. Usually h max F 2 is higher in summer than winter and the layer thickness is larger also. Some magnetically disturbed days follow a distinct pattern in which N max and h max are normal during the first day of the storm until afternoon when they both increase to very high values. There is then a corresponding decrease in electron temperature. During the night the electron temperature often reaches abnormally high values, providing evidence of nocturnal heating. On the following day N max and h max are abnormally low. During 1967 instances in which the trough of low electron density moved south to occupy a position over Millstone became frequent. The electron temperature rose to particularly high values on these occasions. These morphological features are discussed in terms of current theoretical ideas. The results are also employed to derive seasonal variations of electron temperature and protonospheric heat flux. It is shown that since 1964 the protonospheric heat flux has been larger in winter than summer and displays a clear sunspot cycle variation.
Inflammation-mediated genetic and epigenetic alterations drive cancer development in the neighboring epithelium upon stromal abrogation of TGF-β signaling.

Deletion of tumor suppressor genes in stromal fibroblasts induces epithelial cancer development, suggesting an important role of stroma in epithelial homoeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here we report that deletion of the gene encoding TGFβ receptor 2 (Tgfbr2) in the stromal fibroblasts (Tgfbr2fspKO) induces inflammation and significant DNA damage in the neighboring epithelia of the forestomach. This results in loss or down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15, p16, and p21, which contribute to the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Anti-inflammation treatment restored p21 expression, delayed tumorigenesis, and increased survival of Tgfbr2fspKO mice. Our data demonstrate for the first time that inflammation is a critical player in the epigenetic silencing of p21 in tumor progression. Examination of human esophageal SCC showed a down-regulation of TGFβ receptor 2 (TβRII) in the stromal fibroblasts, as well as increased inflammation, DNA damage, and loss or decreased p15/p16 expression. Our study suggests anti-inflammation may be a new therapeutic option in treating human SCCs with down-regulation of TβRII in the stroma.
Impaired growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia patients: evidence for augmented hypothalamic somatostatin tone.

Objective To determine whether female fibromyalgia (FM) patients exhibit a normal growth hormone (GH) response to an acute exercise stressor, and to assess the importance of somatostatin tone in the generation of this GH response. Methods Twenty female FM patients were compared with 10 healthy female controls. All subjects exercised to volitional exhaustion on a treadmill. A standard metabolic cart was used to monitor pulse, blood pressure, electrocardiography, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, anaerobic threshold, and maximal workload. Blood was drawn for GH and cortisol measurements 1 hour before exercise, immediately before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour after exercise. One month later, testing that was exactly similar was performed, except all subjects were given pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon; 30 mg orally) 1 hour before exercise. Results Compared with controls, FM patients failed to exhibit a GH or cortisol response to acute exercise (P = 0.003). After administration of pyridostigmine, 1 hour before exercise, the GH levels of FM patients increased 8-fold (P = 0.001), to a value comparable with that of controls. Pyridostigmine did not increase the cortisol response to exercise in FM patients. Pyridostigmine alone did not stimulate GH secretion in FM patients, nor did it improve exercise-induced GH secretion in controls. FM patients with normal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels had an impaired GH response to exercise. Conclusion Three new findings are reported: 1) FM patients have a reduced GH response to exercise, 2) pyridostigmine reverses this impaired response, and 3) defective GH secretion in FM can occur in patients with normal IGF-1 levels. Because pyridostigmine is known to reduce somatostatin tone, it is surmised that the defective GH response to exercise in FM patients probably results from increased levels of somatostatin, a hypothalamic hormone that inhibits GH secretion.
Comparison of Exposure Controls, Item Pool Characteristics, and Population Distributions for CAT Using the Partial Credit Model:

This study investigated item exposure control procedures under various combinations of item pool characteristics and ability distributions in computerized adaptive testing based on the partial credit model. Three variables were manipulated: item pool characteristics (120 items for each of easy, medium, and hard item pools), two ability distributions (normally distributed and negatively skewed data), and three exposure control procedures (randomesque procedure, progressive–restricted procedure, and maximum information procedure). A number of measurement precision indexes such as descriptive statistics, correlations between known and estimated ability levels, bias, root mean squared error, and average absolute difference, exposure rates, item usage, and item overlap were computed to assess the impact of matched or nonmatched item pool and ability distributions on the accuracy of ability estimation and the performance of exposure control procedures. As expected, the medium item pool produced better precision...
Structural Organization of the Stratum Corneum in Certain Scaling Disorders of the Skin

The structural organization of the stratum corneum in several scaling disorders of the skin has been studied in alkali swollen frozen sections with the light microscope, and in tape stripped specimens with the scanning electron microscope. In psoriasis, lichenification, and lamellar ichthyosis, which are characterized by high epidermal mitotic activity, the stratum corneum lacks the neatly stacked cellular arrangement typical of normal stratum corneum. In direct contrast the stratum corneum of patients with ichthyosis vulgaris appears nearly normal in this respect. Of the scaling disorders studied, ichthyosis vulgaris is also unique in having normal, or even subnormal epidermal mitotic activity. This suggests that the columned stacking pattern of the normal stratum corneum is incompatible with a high mitotic activity.
THE EFFECTS OF INFORMATION ORDER AND HYPOTHESIS-TESTING STRATEGIES ON AUDITORS' JUDGMENTS.

Abstract This research examined the effects of information order and hypothesis-testing strategies on audit judgements. Auditors started with high or low prior beliefs about an internal control system and then reviewed both positive and negative evidence. The results suggest that, unless specifically requested to do so, auditors do not generally seek confirming evidence. We also found that prior beliefs have an effect on the importance of information order: with high prior beliefs, subjects' judgements were unaffected by information order, while low prior beliefs were associated with a recency effect.
Alignment of physical and genetic maps of human 8q23-qter using somatic cell hybrid mapping panel

We describe a mapping panel for the 8q23-qter region composed of human-hamster hybrid cell lines carrying deletion and translocation derivatives of human chromosome 8. The panel divides this region of the chromosome into nine intervals and has been used to map 40 loci by Southern blot hybridization and PCR. Use of this mapping panel has allowed us to align the terminal portions of two different genetic maps of chromosome 8 with each other and with the physical map of the chromosome.
The immunological reactivity of 30s ribosomal proteins in 70s ribosomes from Escherichia coli.

Summary Mouse antisera to purified E. coli 30S ribosomal proteins S2, S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S12, and S20 were produced in mice and found to react with these proteins in the intact 30S ribosome. They were also reactive with the same proteins in the 70S particle, suggesting that at least some of their antigenic determinants remain exposed after formation of a complete ribosome. Some implications of these findings for models of ribosome structure are briefly discussed.
On slip transmission across grain boundaries and the brittle to ductile transition in Ni3Al and other L12 alloys

We began research on polycrystalline Ni3AI about a decade ago. At the time Aoki and Izumi (1) had already discovered that the addition of a small amount of boron effects a brittle-to-ductile (B/D) transition accompanied by a change from inletgranular to transgranular fracture, and Liu, White and Hortcm (2) were about to confirm the effect and to establish both that it does not occur on the Al-side of stoichiometry and that boron segregates to grain boundaries. Our objective was to produce a similar transition by refining the grains to below a critical ~ as one of us had done in NiAI (3). This was unsuccessful. Of the undoped stoichioruetric material we were studying, even 3 Rm grain-sized aggregates were brittle at room temperature (4). What we discovered, however, was something interesting about the yield stress. Grain boundaries, it turned out, contribute less to this property when the alloy contains boron (5). This result was int~wsting because, when combined with the attendant improvement in ductility, albeit less than in boron-doI~ Ni-rich alloys, it allowed a different interpretation of the B/D transition. Specificaliy, we raised the pouibility that the transition, instead of arising from an kupmvement in boundary cohesion (2), may arise fzom an improvement in the uansmission of slip across grain boundaries (5). In other words, instead of boron aiding the spread of plasticity throughout the aggregate primarily as the result of the boundaries becoming mote capable of supporting tensile stresses greater than the yield stress, we suggested that plasticity spreads because, in a way then undefined, boron retards the development of slip-induced stress concenu'ations which nucleate grain boundary cracks. This suggestion raised a number of questions. F~ instance: does localized plasticity precede fracture of the brittle alloys? Is slip sufficiently planar to allow stress concentrat~'s in the form of dislocation pile-ups to develop at grain boundaries? Does boron reduce the grain boundary contribution to the yield sltess of Hi-rich but not A1rich Ni3Al? How is slip transmitted, and how does boron facilitate this process? We have considered some of these questions and are currently exploring others. Here, we summarize our results to date, but leave most of the details to the literature cited. Our work was performed on six compositions of fully recrystaliized material prodoced by hot extrusion of powders, which resulted in chemically homogeneous, equlaxed microstmctm~s. The compositions (in aL%) were Ni-rich (24 Al), stoichiommric (25 AI)
Phenolic-nitrogen interactions in eelgrass, Zostera marina L.: possible implications for disease resistance.

Abstract Experiments with eelgrass, Zostera marina L., transplanted into running seawater mesocosms with either a mud or sand substratum indicated that leaf nitrogen and phenolic contents were inversely related. A caffeic acid ester accounted for ∼ 50% of the phenolic content; sulfated flavones made up most of the remainder. Plants with a low phenolic content grown in mud suffered complete mortality from wasting disease, while plants with a high phenolic content in sand were still growing well when the experiment was terminated.
Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements of rodent cerebral blood flow with simultaneous arterial spin labeling MRI; towards MRI-optical continuous cerebral metabolic monitoring

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) during stepped hypercapnia was measured simultaneously in the rat brain using near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and arterial spin labeling MRI (ASL). DCS and ASL CBF values agree very well, with high correlation (R=0.86, p< 10-9), even when physiological instability perturbed the vascular response. A partial volume effect was evident in the smaller magnitude of the optical CBF response compared to the MRI values (averaged over the cortical area), primarily due to the inclusion of white matter in the optically sampled volume. The 8.2 and 11.7 mm mid-separation channels of the multi-distance optical probe had the lowest partial volume impact, reflecting ~75 % of the MR signal change. Using a multiplicative correction factor, the ASL CBF could be predicted with no more than 10% relative error, affording an opportunity for real-time relative cerebral metabolism monitoring in conjunction with MR measurement of cerebral blood volume using super paramagnetic contrast agents.
Ratings of physical attractiveness as a function of age.

Abstract Holmes and Hatch (1938) theorized that physical attractiveness is related to erotic desirability and to biological superiority with the result that through selective breeding, the species, Homo sapiens, is improved. Elaborating this theory, Symons (1979) suggested that over the life span of a single individual, the correlation between physical attractiveness, erotic desirability, and biological superiority would ensure that the individual would have children only during periods of superior fitness. He also suggested that physical attractiveness is more important to males in selecting sex partners than it is to females. To test the theorizing of Holmes, Hatch, and Symons, it was hypothesized that following puberty a negative relationship would be found between an individual's age and ratings of physical attractiveness by judges of the opposite sex. Furthermore, the relationship would be more negative for ratings of women by men than for ratings of men by women. The negative relationship was found ...
Determination of animal skeletal maturity by image processing

Color image features were computed to characterize the skeletal maturity of beef carcasses based on cartilage ossification in the thoracic vertebrae. A trained neural network was tested for predicting USDA beef maturity grades from image features of ossification. A feature curve was defined to characterize the color variations of an isolated cartilage-bone object. Both RGB and HSL color systems were used to derive image features. The maturity grades were assigned by an official USDA grader. Two sets of samples were obtained from two different meat-processing plants. The first set contained samples of only A and B maturity grades whereas the second set had all five maturity classifications (A through E). The hue value was the most useful color feature. The mean hue values of cartilage differed (P<0.05) among the maturity grades and the feature curve based on the hue value was used as neural network input for maturity prediction. The accuracy of prediction was 75% for the first set of samples and 65.9% for the second set of samples. The results data show the potential of computer vision techniques for beef maturity assessment.
Physical Studies of Homologous trans-4-ethoxy-4′-n-alkanoyloxyazobenzenes: Birefringence

Abstract The birefringence of a homologous series of nematogenic trans-4-ethoxy-4′-n-alkanoyloxyazobenzenes has been measured and observed trends correlated with the change in molecular structure represented by the increasing length of the terminal alkane chain. Order parameters calculated from the birefringence and density data on the basis of the isotropic and anisotropic internal field models are compared and discussed. Also the theory fitting the birefringence data to a power series in temperature is discussed. Fractional volume changes calculated for the nematic-isotropic transition using refractive index data are compared to experimentally observed values.
Molecular Markers and Selection for Complex Traits in Plants: Learning from the Last 20 Years

In the mid-1980s, the development of abundant molecular markers, appropriate statistical pro- cedures, and user-friendly computer software that implemented these statistical procedures permitted the detection of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for complex traits. Marker-assisted selection was then proposed as a means of exploiting mark- ers linked to QTL to develop improved cultivars. But while thousands of marker-trait associations have been reported for many traits in different plant species, far fewer examples of success- fully exploiting mapped QTL have been reported in the literature. Key lessons learned from apply- ing markers in plant breeding include the follow- ing: (i) the purpose of detecting QTL should be clearly defi ned before embarking on QTL map- ping; (ii) procedures for marker-based selection depend on the number of QTL; (iii) estimates of QTL effects for complex traits are often incon- sistent; and (iv) gain per unit cost and time rather than gain per cycle should be considered. Future applications for complex traits will likely focus on predictive methodologies for marker-based selection before phenotyping and for marker- based selection without QTL mapping. These applications will take advantage of cheaper costs of genotyping than of phenotyping.
Role of tubular secretion and carbonic anhydrase in vertebrate renal sulfate excretion

The renal proximal tubule of vertebrates performs an essential role in controlling plasma SO42− concentration ([SO42−]). Although net tubular SO42− reabsorption is the predominate control process i...
The generalized linear model for spatial data: assessing the effects of environmental covariates on population density in the field

With interest in spatial ecology growing, correlational field studies are likely to become increasingly important. Unfortunately, ecological field data often do not follow the assumptions of classical statistics, so techniques like the popular and powerful multiple linear regression and its variants are often unreliable, and results can be misleading. The generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible extension of linear regression that has proved especially useful for discrete data. In this paper, the technique is adapted to accommodate spatially correlated, discrete data. Specifically, to demonstrate the approach, Japanese beetle grub [Popiliia japonica Newman (Coleoptera, scarabaeidae)] population density in the field is modeled as a function of soil organic matter content. The response variable (grub counts in small soil samples) was a spatially autocorrelated, discrete random variable. Three classes of GLMs of the association between soil organic matter content and grub density were compared: (i) regression (assuming normally distributed response variable), (ii) GLM assuming negative binomial counts, and (iii) GLM based on the assumption that the counts conformed to Taylor's power law (TPL). Because the grubs were distributed in patches rather than at random, models that explicitly accounted for the spatial autocorrelation of grub counts were constructed, and compared with models that assumed independent observations. The fitted values for the discrete GLMs [viz., (ii) and (iii)] differed noticeably from the fitted values from multiple regression; but fitted values among the negative binomial and TPL GLMs were virtually identical, regardless of whether the spatial covariance was incorporated into a model, whether a spherical or exponential variogram model was used, or whether variance function parameters were estimated over a large or small scale. However, P-values for the overall significance of the models depended heavily on whether the GLM assumed a discrete or continuous response variable, and whether or not spatial autocorrelation in the response variable was accounted for. On average, P-values were 45-fold higher in the spatial GLMs than in the non-spatial and 23-fold higher in the discrete GLMs than in the continuous.
CURRENT ALGEBRAS APPLIED TO MESON STATES.

Abstract The matrix elements between meson states of commutators of charges, as obtained from a quark model are considered. It is shown, employing a covariant, dispersive sum rule approach that a consistent solution to all the commutation relations is obtained by assuming that a pseudoscalar meson nonet and a vector meson nonet saturate the sum rules. Predictions of the rates of electromagnetic and strong decays of vector mesons, some of which follow from SU (3) alone, are given and comparison with experiment is made. The relation of the matrix elements of the charges with the matrix elements of the group SU (6) W is shown.
The effect of redundancy and tension on microvascular vein grafts

Variation in length and tension occurs with microvascular vein grafts in clinical practice. The length and tension of a vein-grafted segment was varied in 50 Sprague-Dawley rats. This enabled a full range of redundancy and tension across the 1 mm diameter vein grafts. The initial patency rate was 100%. Wounds were reexplored 2 weeks after operation. A linear increase in microaneurysm formation was found with increasing tension. There was a mild but not statistically significant observed effect on patency. Increasing tension in rat vein graft anastomosis has an adverse effect with an increased incidence of microaneurysm formation and should be avoided.
Analysis of the tetranucleotide polymorphic HUMTH01 microsatellite

Abstract The major aim of this practical class in molecular biology is to familiarize students with some common manipulations of DNA (extraction from buccal swabs, electrophoresis, etc.) and to allow them to carry out the polymerase chain reaction, on their own DNA, in order to amplify a sequence containing a tetranucleotide microsatellite (HUMTH01). This class is also providing experience in DNA finger printing by comparing the size of the sequences amplified from each student's DNA. These sequences correspond to tetranucleotide microsatellite polymorphisms.
Efficient Transition Fault ATPG Algorithms Based on Stuck-At Test Vectors

This paper proposes novel algorithms for computing test patterns for transition faults in combinational circuits and fully scanned sequential circuits. The algorithms are based on the principle that [email protected] vectors can be effectively used to construct good quality transition test sets. Several algorithms are discussed. Experimental results obtained using the new algorithms show that there is a 20% reduction in test set size, test data volume and test application time compared to a state-of-the-art native transition test ATPG tool, without any reduction in fault coverage. Other benefits of our approach, viz. productivity improvement, constraint handling and design data compression are highlighted.
N2O Oxidation Kinetics of Ultra Thin Thermally Grown Silicon Nitride: An Angle Resolved X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

The oxidation kinetics of ultra thin thermally NH3-nitrided Si3N4 films in N2O ambient has been extensively studied using angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). Ultra thin (7A) Si3N4 films formed by RTP nitridation of Si in NH3 were annealed in N2O at various temperatures (700 °C - 1000 °C) for 30 sec. ARXPS showed that Si substrate at the Si-Si3N4 interface was oxidized when annealed at 1000 °C for 30 sec, and was accompanied by the oxidation of the top Si3N4 surface. The total film thickness increases 4-5 times of that of the original Si3N4 layer. However, the oxide formed on the top Si3N4 surface is twice as thick as that formed at the Si3N4/Si interface. No interfacial oxide was found when annealing below 900°C, although the formation of the silicon oxide and oxynitride above the Si3N4 layer was still observed.
Glutamate Decreases Mitochondrial Size and Movement in Primary Forebrain Neurons

Mitochondria are essential to maintain neuronal viability. In addition to the generation of ATP and maintenance of calcium homeostasis, the effective delivery of mitochondria to the appropriate location within neurons is also likely to influence their function. In this study we examined mitochondrial movement and morphology in primary cultures of rat forebrain using a mitochondrially targeted enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (mt-eYFP). Mt-eYFP-labeled mitochondria display a characteristic elongated phenotype and also move extensively. Application of glutamate to cultures results in a rapid diminution of movement and also an alteration from elongated to rounded morphology. This effect required the entry of calcium and was mediated by activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor. Treatment of cultures with an uncoupler or blocking ATP synthesis with oligomycin also stopped movement but did not alter morphology. Interestingly, application of glutamate together with the uncoupler did not prevent the changes in movement or shape but facilitated recovery after washout of the stimuli. This suggests that the critical target for calcium in this paradigm is cytosolic. These studies demonstrate that in addition to altering the bioenergetic properties of mitochondria, neurotoxins can also alter mitochondrial movement and morphology. We speculate that neurotoxin-mediated impairment of mitochondrial delivery may contribute to the injurious effects of neurotoxins.
Manifestations of chronic selenium deficiency in a child receiving total parenteral nutrition

A child receiving total parenteral nutrition for about 1 1/2 yr developed intermittent leg muscle pain and tenderness and elevation in serum activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and creatine kinase. Approximately 6 months later he developed white fingernail beds. Detailed cardiological evaluation revealed no evidence of cardiac muscle cell damage despite markedly elevated serum activities of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase. Retrospective analyses of serum and 24 hr urine samples collected during this period demonstrated very low serum Se concentration (0.003 to 0.007 micrograms/g) and urine excretion (0.0 to 8.9 micrograms/day) Se. Intravenous Se supplementation (42 micrograms/day elemental Se as H2SeO3) and a prospective study of biochemical Se status were begun 33.5 months after initiation of total parenteral nutrition. Serum Se concentration and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity and Se concentration were respectively 0.020 mu/g, 3.5 EU/g Hb, and 0.018 microgram/g, 1 month after intravenous Se therapy was started. These very low values increased after further Se therapy. Serum enzyme activities markedly improved and the fingernail bed abnormalities resolved after therapy.
PIM lite: a multithreaded processor-in-memory prototype

PIM Lite is a processor-in-memory prototype implemented in a 0.18 micron logic process. PIM Lite provides a complete working demonstration of a minimal-state, lightweight multithreaded processor with low-overhead thread swapping. Minimizing processor state by keeping thread state in memory and using a regular, tiled and memory-centric design greatly simplified VLSI development and testing.
BEHAVIORAL TEST OF THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF COMMITMENT

The study attempted to test the social judgment approach to the measurement of commitment by developing behavioral measures of commitment on two issues. The behavioral measures were used as criteria against which three social judgment measures were compared. The results provided a measure of support for Sherif and Hovland's social judgment approach. Although one issue yielded no significant relationships, two of the three relationships examined in the second issue, cigarette smoking, were positive and significant (p = .05). The need for further testing of the approach by different means and with various issues was stressed.
A CONTINUOUS MIXTURE OF TENSORS MODEL FOR DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED MR SIGNAL RECONSTRUCTION

Diffusion MRI is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows the measurement of water molecular diffusion through tissue in vivo. In this paper, we present a novel statistical model which describes the diffusion-attenuated MR signal by the Laplace transform of a probability distribution over symmetric positive definite matrices. Using this new model, we analytically derive a Rigaut-type asymptotic fractal law for the MR signal decay which has been phenomenologically used before. We also develop an efficient scheme for reconstructing the multiple fiber bundles from the DW-MRI measurements. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data sets are presented to show the robustness and accuracy of the proposed algorithms.
The response of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum to long-term increases in nitrogen supply.

The inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi was examined in a 16 y long nitrogen fertiliza- tion experiment maintained in a temperate oak sa- vanna. To measure EM fungal inoculum, bur oak seedlings were grown in three types of bioassays: (i) intact soil cores that measure inoculum such as spores, mycelia and mycorrhizal roots; (ii) resistant propagule bioassays that measure inoculum types re- sistant to soil drying; and (iii) previously mycorrhizal root bioassays that measure the ability of EM fungi to colonize new roots from mycorrhizal roots. Colo- nization of bur oak seedlings was characterized by morphotyping and where necessary by restriction analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) se- quencing. Fourteen morphotypes were found in in- tact soil core bioassays with species of Cortinarius, Cenococcum and Russula abundant. Five morphotypes were found in resistant propagule bioassays with Cen- ococcum, a thelephoroid morphotype and a Wilcoxi- na-like ascomycete abundant and frequent. In intact soil core bioassays total percent root colonization and number of morphotypes were not affected by N sup- ply in 2000 and 2001. However the composition of EM fungi colonizing oak seedling roots was different with increased N supply such that Russula spp. (pri- marily Russula aff. amoenolens) were most abundant at the highest level of N supply. Dominant Russula spp. did not colonize any roots in resistant propagule bioassays but did colonize oak seedling roots from previously mycorrhizal roots. Results suggest that in this savanna N supply can influence the kinds of in- oculum propagules present and thereby might affect the dynamics of ectomycorrhizal communities by dif- ferentially influencing reproductive and colonization strategies.
Transillumination imaging performance: Spatial resolution simulation studies

Monte Carlo calculations were used to simulate the propagation of visible and near‐infrared light through homogenous tissue in order to quantitate the potential spatial resolution performance for transilluminationimaging. Specifically, the relative effectiveness of coaxial collimation and time of flight (TOF) detection for improving spatial resolution was investigated. The results demonstrate that significant improvements in spatial resolution can be achieved through these techniques, with TOF methods offering superior performance for a given level of detected signal intensity.
Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of bladder tumors.

A 56-year-old white male underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors that presented 7 years after radical retropubic prostatectomy. A 25Fr resectoscope sheath was used with a wire loop electrode set at a cutting current of 120 watts (pure cut) and a coagulating current of 80 watts. Sterile water was used as the irrigating fluid. Multiple areas of tumor within the bladder were resected and the chips were removed with simple irrigation. On final inspection a small papillary lesion at the dome was identified within the air bubble and was removed with cold cup biopsy forceps. Cauterization of the area was attempted by applying suprapubic pressure to the lower abdomen to force the dome of the bladder down into the water filled bladder. On initiation of the cautery a loud pop was heard and a jolt was felt at the lower abdomen. Inspection revealed a hole in the dome of the bladder with loops of small bowel visible. The patient was repositioned so that a low midline incision could be made, and the intraperitoneal bladder rupture was repaired. An approximately 3 cm hole near the dome of the bladder was closed in 2 layers, and the abdominal cavity was irrigated with copious amounts of sterile water. A catheter was left to drain the bladder. Postoperative course was uncomplicated and the catheter was removed after 10 days. DISCUSSION
Biomechanical comparison of glycomer 631 and glycomer 631 knotless for use in canine incisional gastropexy.

Objective To compare the load to failure of incisional gastropexy performed with standard glycomer 631 (G) and with knotless glycomer 631 (GV) in ex vivo model of gastropexy. Study Design Cadaveric study. Sample Population Cadaveric canine stomach and body wall (n = 24). Methods Specimens were divided into 4 groups based on suture type (G, GV) and size (3 metric, 2 metric). An incisional gastropexy was performed on all samples, and load to failure evaluated. Results Gastropexy with GV had significantly higher load to failure than gastropexy performed with G (P = .0006). Suture size had no significant effect on maximum load to failure (P = .36). The interaction between size of the suture and suture materials had a significant effect on the load to failure of the gastropexy (P = .0474). Knotless glycomer 631, 3 metric had significantly greater load to failure than G 3 metric (P = .0016) and G 2 metric (P = .0107). Conclusion A knotless suture appears to have comparable, if not greater load to failure than a standard suture of similar composition when used in canine incisional gastropexy in an acute ex vivo model.
A Brief History of the Strong Szegö Limit Theorem

The strong Szego limit theorem describes the asymptotic behavior of determinants of finite Toeplitz matrices. This article is a survey that describes a simple proof of the strong Szego limit theorem using some observations and results of Bill Helton. A proof of an exact identity for the determinants is also given along with some applications of the theorem and generalizations to other classes of operators.
Thermal properties of ethylene octene copolymer (Engage)/ dimethyldioctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride-modified montmorillonite clay nanocomposites

The nanocomposites of ethylene octene copolymer (Engage®) with an organically modified (dimethyldioctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride) montmorillonite (M-MMT) clay were synthesized by using a solution intercalation technique. The intercalation of M-MMT layers for M-MMT loading of 2.5–7.5% was verified by the shift of X-ray diffraction peak to a lower angle, showing change in basal d-spacing from 1.26 for M-MMT to 1.35 nm. Internal structure and the dispersion state of M-MMT in the nanocomposites were observed by transmission electron microscope, which confirmed the clay in the intercalated state. Thermomechanical analysis results showed improved dimensional stability under compression at 30 °C for nanocomposites with increasing M-MMT. By DMA, the storage moduli of nanocomposites below glass transition temperature were higher than the neat Engage and increased with increasing M-MMT content. The glass transition temperature was lowest for the nanocomposite containing 2.5% M-MMT (E-2.5M-MMT), suggesting the optimal concentration of M-MMT in nanocomposite being 2.5% or higher from the viewpoint of thermal properties. The oxidation induction time (OIT) of the nanocomposites was obtained by using pressure-differential scanning calorimeter. The Engage/M-MMT nanocomposites were superior in thermal oxidation resistance as compared to the neat Engage, with E-5.0M-MMT yielding highest OITtime value.