cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounded Choice: True Believers and Charismatic Cults

Heaven's Gate, a secretive group of celibate 'monks' awaiting pickup by a UFO, captured intense public attention in 1997 when its members committed collective suicide. As a way of understanding such perplexing events, many have seen those who join cults as needy, lost souls, unable to think for themselves. This book, a compelling look at the cult phenomenon written for a wide audience, dispels such simple formulations by explaining how normal, intelligent people can give up years of their lives - and sometimes their very lives - to groups and beliefs that appear bizarre and irrational. Looking closely at Heaven's Gate and at the Democratic Workers Party, a radical political group of the 1970s and 1980s, Janja Lalich gives us a rare insider's look at these two cults and advances a new theoretical framework that will reshape our understanding of those who join such groups. Lalich's fascinating discussion includes her in-depth interviews with cult devotees as well as reflections gained from her own experience as a high-ranking member of the Democratic Workers Party. Incorporating classical sociological concepts such as 'charisma' and 'commitment' with more recent work on the social psychology of influence and control, she develops a new approach for understanding how charismatic cult leaders are able to dominate their devotees. She shows how members are led into a state of 'bounded choice', in which they make seemingly irrational decisions within a context that makes perfect sense to them and is, in fact, consistent with their highest aspirations. In addition to illuminating the cult phenomenon in the United States and around the world, this important book also addresses our pressing need to know more about the mentality of those true believers who take extreme or violent measures in the name of a cause.
Effect of polymers on nucleation and crystal growth of amorphous acetaminophen

While some organic molecules readily form a glass on cooling from the melt, others undergo crystallization. In this study, the underlying reason for the good glass forming ability of acetaminophen upon cooling of the melt was investigated. The impact of polymers on the crystal nucleation and growth of supercooled acetaminophen was also probed. The good glass forming ability of acetaminophen was ascribed to a separation in temperature where rapid nucleation and rapid growth occurred. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were the most effective polymers at inhibiting crystal growth. These polymers were also observed to form hydrogen bonds with acetaminophen based on infra-red spectroscopy. However, PAA was found to increase the nucleation rates while HPMCAS, which had little effect on growth, was the most effective polymer at reducing nucleation. Thus it appears that polymers can stabilize a drug in the amorphous state either by reducing crystal nucleation and/or growth. An investigation of the mechanism of stabilization is therefore important for choosing the right polymer to produce robust amorphous systems.
Effect of stator shifting on harmonic cancellation and flux weakening performance of interior PM machines equipped with fractional-slot concentrated windings for hybrid traction applications

Electrical drive systems, which include electrical machines and power electronics, are a key enabling technology for advanced vehicle propulsion systems that reduce the petroleum dependence of the ground transportation sector. To have significant effect, electric drive technologies must be economical in terms of cost, weight, and size while meeting performance and reliability expectations. Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) with fractional-slot concentrated-windings have been shown to be good candidates for hybrid traction applications. One of the key challenges is the additional stator mmf sub- and super-harmonic components that lead to higher losses in the rotor as well as saturation effects. This paper tries to address this issue by looking into the concept of stator shifting to cancel out the harmonics in fractional slot concentrated windings, while also considering the flux weakening performance under such effects. The novel aspects of the paper will be highlighted in the introduction section. The concept of stator shifting will be explained, the effect of varying the shift angle on the various harmonic components and winding factors will be investigated. Various designs, arising out of single layer and double winding layer 10-pole, 12-slot configuration along with double winding layer 16-pole, 18-slot configuration (targeting the FreedomCAR specifications), with varied shift angles are evaluated. The comparison between these designs in terms of their power density, efficiency and torque ripple is presented.
Meno's Paradox in Context

I argue that Meno's Paradox targets the type of knowledge that Socrates has been looking for earlier in the dialogue: knowledge grounded in explanatory definitions. Socrates places strict requirements on definitions and thinks we need these definitions to acquire knowledge. Meno's challenge uses Socrates' constraints to argue that we can neither propose definitions nor recognize them. To understand Socrates' response to the challenge, we need to view Meno's challenge and Socrates' response as part of a larger disagreement about the value of inquiry.
Effects of Temperature on Spontaneous and Induced Mutations in Escherichia Coli

The frequency of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila has been shown to increase, in general, with increasing temperature, and the temperature coefficients reported range from about 2 to 5(1). These findings played an important part in the early definition of mutation as a definite molecular rearrangement(2). Very little is known of the response to post-treatment temperature of mutations induced by radiation or chemicals. Two kinds of effects could be investigated in this connection: the effect of temperature on the frequency of induced mutations, and the effect of temperature on the pattern of delayed appearance of induced mutations. In the latter category, Auerbach(3) has described an increase in the frequency of mustard-induced mosaics at low temperatures, which she ascribes to the stabilization by cold of metastable genic configurations induced by the mutagen, leading to extended delay in the shift to the stable mutant condition. Similar effects of temperature on the delayed action of mutagens in Neurospora and Aspergillis found in unpublished experiments by the authors are mentioned by McElroy and Swanson(4) in support of the concept of mutation via metastable intermediates. The hereditary change from sensitivity to resistance to bacteriophage in Escherichia coli can be followed with a degree of quantitative precision and technical ease that makes it a promising material for an investigation of temperature effects on spontaneous and induced mutation. This report is a preliminary account of such a study.
On periodic algal cyclostat populations

Abstract A number of useful relations for population growth rate, uptake of limiting nutrient, amount of intracellular growth limiting nutrient and extracellular limiting nutrient concentration are presented in terms of their period averaged functions. These period averages may provide “species specific” information. The period length is shown to be unique for a given dilution rate and amount of intracellular growth limiting nutrient. A plot of residual limiting nutrient concentration versus cell density describes a closed trajectory (or “phase” loop). The area of this loop may be evaluated in terms of certain period averages of the parameters of the cyclostat population. This area is characteristic for a species at any given dilution rate and growth limiting nutrient concentration entering the cyclostat vessel. Equations for describing multispecies cyclostats are presented. Also, some necessary conditions for stable coexistence in such a system are described.
Nonexistence of six-dimensional tangential 2-blocks

Abstract Tutte generalized some well-known coloring problems of graph theory as a single geometric problem about the existence of a tangential 2-block in PG ( n , 2) and solved the geometric problem up to the 5-dimensional case [7]. In this paper the 6-dimensional case of the problem is solved.
Lab-on-a-chip design of an immunochromatographic assay for the developing world

A lab-on-a-chip device is being developed to meet the need for improved diagnostics in the developing world. This device will have the ability to run immunochromatographic assays as a method for disease detection. The device will utilize one-way valves and pressure-activated channels to conduct the assay. The successful design of a chip that conducts immunochromatographic assays could lead to the development of future chips designed to diagnose specific diseases in the developing world.
The reliability of ear advantage in dichotic listening

Test-re-test reliability of dichotic listening performance on consonants, vowels, and music was investigated in a population of 42 right-handed subjects. Pearson product moment correlations between (R − L)/(R + L) ear scores on first and second tests were .74 for consonants, .21 for vowels, and .46 for music. Twenty nine percent of subjects reversed ear advantage for consonants on re-testing, 19% reversed for music, and 46% for vowels. Each type of stimulus reveals a significant subgroup (15% for consonants) who retain a deviant ear advantage on retest. In any sample, subjects whose ear advantage scores are on the deviant side are more likely to reverse ear advantages on re-test than subjects who score in the modal direction. These findings are interpreted and discussed in relation to the validity of dichotic listening as an index of cerebral functional asymmetry.
Microanatomy of the Posterior Communicating Artery

Fifty unfixed cerebral hemispheres were injected with polyester resin and dissected under the operating microscope to show the anatomy of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA). There was a single PCoA in every hemisphere. Eleven (22%) were of fetal origin, and 17 (34%) were hypoplastic. Infundibular dilatations were found in 5 (10%) of the arteries. The outer diameter (OD) of the PCoA at its origin was 1.5 +/- 0.8 mm on the right and 1.6 +/- 0.6 mm on the left. At the junction of the PCoA with the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery, the PCoA had an OD of 1.4 +/- 0.7 mm on the right side and 1.6 +/- 0.6 mm on the left. The total length of the PCoA was 12.7 +/- 3.2 mm on the right and 12.5 +/- 1.7 mm on the left side. PCoA branches originated from the superior (36%) or lateral (64%) surface of the PCoA and coursed superiorly, posteriorly, or laterally. These vessels supplied the paramedian perforated substance (21%), the tuber cinereum (16.8%), the sulcus between the optic tract and the tuber cinereum (14.4%), the circuminfundibular anastomosis (11.5%), the mamillary bodies (8.4%), the sulcus between the optic tract and the cerebral peduncles (7.6%), and the cerebral peduncles (5.7%). The largest and most constant branch of the PCoA was the premamillary artery. The number and size of the branches from the PCoA were independent of the size of the parent artery.
1020 THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS OF VARICELLAZOSTER VIRUS

Antigenicity and immunogenicity are important considerations in the laboratory evaluation of candidate varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines. Therefore, high titered antisera were prepared in guinea pigs and rabbits against two VZV strains: VZV-32 (a laboratory strain) and VZV-Oka (a vaccine strain). Radiolabeled proteins and glycoproteins were precipitated from VZV-infected cells with the VZV immune sera, as well as human zoster sera, and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three major glycopeptides of approximate mol. wt. 62,000, 98,000, and 118,000 were identified; two of the three glycoproteins have been found in the membranes of VZV-infected cells and in culture medium overlying VZV-infected cells. At least seven nonglycosylated antigens, which ranged in mol. wt. from ∼30,000 to 150,000, also were present in the precipitates. The prominent high mol. wt. antigen probably corresponds to the major capsid polypeptide found in herpesviruses. In summary, at least 10 polypeptides were consistently precipitated by VZV anti-sera obtained from hyperimmunized animals. Since both strains elicited the same spectra of VZV antibodies, they could not be distinguished from one another on the basis of their electrophoretic profiles.
The role of ammoniated aerosols in cirrus cloud nucleation

Recent results obtained during the SUCCESS experiment show that aerosols containing ammonium ion are commonly found in the upper troposphere and therefore it is of great importance to investigate the ice freezing properties of such aerosols. For this purpose we present mathematical expressions, derived from recent model calculations and laboratory data, for calculating the deliquescence relative humidity of (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4 and NH4NO3 under upper tropospheric conditions. Using these functions we define the temperature and relative humidity requirements for the deliquescence of dry particles in the upper troposphere. Further using a thermodynamic model of the H2SO4/HNO3/NH3/ H2O system, we calculate the variation in the supercooled aerosol composition and saturation ratios of various ionic salts in solution as a function of temperature and relative humidity. Using these values we show salt crystallization in the upper troposphere may occur in two distinct type of ammoniated aerosol solutions. First (NH4)3H(SO4)2 (letovicite) may crystallize in acidic solutions of (NH4)2SO4. Second double salts of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 may crystallize in nearly neutralized solutions of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Finally we discuss how the presence of crystalline salt surfaces in aqueous solutions may alter the mode of cirrus cloud formation from homogeneous to heterogeneous freezing nucleation.
Werner's Syndrome With Associated Malignant Neoplasms

• Werner's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by juvenile cataracts, scleroderma-like skin changes, and a high incidence of neoplasms. A 57-year-old man had Werner's syndrome associated with a fibrosarcoma of the mediastinum and multiple basal cell epitheliomas. In two of these basal cell epitheliomas, since the sclerotic skin made it difficult to assess the extent of the tumor, microscopically controlled excision (Mohs' chemosurgery technique) was employed. ( Arch Dermatol 1982;118:106-108)
Three‐Dimensional Interconnected Silica Nanotubes Templated from Hyperbranched Nanowires

Figure 1. Flowchart of the fabrication process for interconnected silica nanotubes from hyperbranched PbSe nanowires. Inorganic nanofluidic devices, such as nanopores, nanochannels, and nanotubes (NTs) have been actively studied in bioseparation, bioanalysis, fluidic transistors, power generation, and fast mass transport. Compared to biological nanopores, inorganic nanofluidic devices have been demonstrated to be robust, to have easily tuned surfaces and to be integrable into arrays. One of the most powerful nanofluidic device fabrication methods is templating against a porous membrane or chemically synthesized or lithographically patterned nanowires (NWs). NTs or nanochannels made in this way have controllable dimensions, with diameters down to several nm and lengths up to tens of mm. Herein, we exploit hyperbranched PbSe NWs as templates to produce 3D interconnected hyperbranched silicon dioxide (silica) NTs by simple coating and etching steps. The obtained NTs with a thick enough shell retain the orientation of the original hyperbranched arrays and are either parallel or perpendicular to each other. These hyperbranched NTs afford interesting opportunities for constructing new 3D nanofludic devices. The fabrication process for silica hyperbranched NTs is shown in Figure 1. Hyperbranched PbSe NWs were grown on Si (100) substrates using vapor transport growth. Each hyperbranched PbSe NW exhibits 908 orientation between branches because of the epitaxial relationship. The details of hyperbranched NW growth can be found elsewhere. The samples with hyperbranched NWs were then coated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of silica. The deposition temperature was 350 8C. The growth rate for a silicon oxide layer based on thin-film deposition on silicon (100) substrate is around 6 nm min . Silica layers with different thickness (30 nm and 80 nm) were deposited on different samples of hyperbranchedNWs to evaluate the effect of silica thickness on the morphologies of the final silica NTs.
Estimating Subglottal Pressure via Airflow Interruption with Auditory Masking

Current noninvasive measurement of subglottal pressure using airflow interruption often produces inconsistent results due to the elicitation of audio-laryngeal reflexes. Auditory feedback could be considered as a means of ensuring measurement accuracy and precision. The purpose of this study was to determine if auditory masking could be used with the airflow interruption system to improve intrasubject consistency. A prerecorded sample of subject phonation was played on a loop over headphones during the trials with auditory masking. This provided subjects with a target pitch and blocked out distracting ambient noise created by the airflow interrupter. Subglottal pressure was noninvasively measured using the airflow interruption system. Thirty subjects, divided into two equal groups, performed 10 trials without auditory masking and 10 trials with auditory masking. Group one performed the normal trials first, followed by the trials with auditory masking. Group two performed the auditory masking trials first, followed by the normal trials. Intrasubject consistency was improved by adding auditory masking, resulting in a decrease in average intrasubject standard deviation from 0.93+/-0.51 to 0.47+/-0.22 cm H(2)O (P < 0.001). Auditory masking can be used effectively to combat audio-laryngeal reflexes and aid subjects in maintaining constant glottal configuration and frequency, thereby increasing intrasubject consistency when measuring subglottal pressure. By considering auditory feedback, a more reliable method of measurement was developed. This method could be used by clinicians, as reliable, immediately available values of subglottal pressure are useful in evaluating laryngeal health and monitoring treatment progress.
Nucleoside triphosphates and hydrolysis-resistant analogues: effects on PIII responses in the isolated skate retina.

Abstract Responses to test flashes were recorded extracellularly from the aspartate-treated, isolated retina of the skate, before and after topical application to the retina of solutions containing GTP, ATP, or certain hydrolysis-resistant analogues. When applied to strongly light-adapted retinas (⩾ 87% bleached), the analogues p(CH2)ppG, p(NH)ppG and p(CH2)ppA induced sustained decreases in threshold of the PIII response. Similar treatment of light-adapted retinas with GTP or ATP also promoted decreases in threshold, but these changes appeared relatively transient. All of the test substances lacked significant activity when applied to dark-adapted (unbleached) retinas. The results are discussed in relation to other studies examining the effects of light on GTP- and ATP-dependent processes within the photoreceptors.
Rearrangement of Lipid Ordered Phases Upon Protein Adsorption Due to Multiple Site Binding

This study involves the interactions of proteins with Langmuir monolayers of a metal-chelating lipid, where adsorption is driven by a strong specific interaction between histidines on the proteins and divalent metal ions loaded into the lipid headgroups. A comparison of the structural rearrangement of the lipid film upon adsorption of myoglobin and a synthetic peptide, each of which have multiple histidines, with that upon the adsorption of lysozyme, which has only one histidine, suggests that the lipid rearrangement in the former case is due to the multiplicity of binding sites. The kinetics and manner of rearrangement change with the binding energy and film pressure.
A severe test of interpersonal theory of depression among criminal defendants

We tested Coyne’s (1976) interpersonal theory of depression using a highly specialized psychiatric sample (76 criminal defendants referred for psychiatric evaluation). We assessed whether mood-disordered participants scored lower on an index of social contact than nondepressed participants. Consistent with interpersonal theory, depressed participants obtained lower scores on the social contact measure than nondepressed participants – to our knowledge, the first results to support the diagnostic specificity component of Coyne’s theory among a clinical sample. Number of comorbid diagnoses was not significantly related to social contact. It appears that Coyne’s theory possesses explanatory power, even when subjected to a relatively severe empirical test.
Studies of the hydrogen held by solids *1XXV. The proton resonance from H2 adsorbed on alumina and molybdena-alumina catalysts

An NMR study of the low-temperature adsorption of hydrogen on alumina and molybdenaalumina catalysts has led to the detection of at least two, and on extensively reduced molybdenaalumina catalysts, three, types of adsorbed hydrogen species. A single, averaged absorption line was observed originating from fast exchange between a small amount of strongly chemisorbed gas and the majority species which was molecular and much more weakly held. On alumina and unreduced molybdena-alumina the strongly chemisorbed species is also thought to be molecular, but evidence was obtained for dissociative adsorption on extensively reduced catalysts at low coverage. The signal width for the latter was that of the alumina surface hydroxyl groups; it remained constant with increasing coverage while the signal intensity increased. About 6 × 1013 H2/cm2 were adsorbed at the knee of the curve, where averaging with the narrow band from the weakly adsorbed gas first became detectable. Interestingly, this broad signal disappeared when the extensively reduced surface was poisoned with about 3 × 1013 O(atoms)/cm2. NO also acted as a poison but was less selective. These studies provided a bridge between the present studies of the low-temperature adsorption of hydrogen and previous data for the hydrogenation of propylene around room temperature. Since both O2 and NO are known to poison the catalytic hydrogenation at 21 °C, it was concluded that the site responsible for the low-temperature adsorption and dissociation of H2 may be identified with those responsible for the catalytic process. Studies of the longitudinal relaxation process over the alumina catalyst showed that T1 decreased (at constant coverage) with increasing adsorption temperature, as expected for relaxation by translational diffusion when ωτ ⪢ 1. At the same time, T1 decreased (at constant coverage) as the extent of dehydroxylation increased, suggesting an interaction with 27Al (CUS). Intermolecular processes, e.g., collisions between adsorbate molecules, were not important in the relaxation mechanism as judged by the fact that T1 remained constant when D2 was substituted for part of the H2 at constant pressure. The signal from reduced molybdena-alumina catalysts could not be saturated. For the alumina catalysts, at constant coverage the linewidth decreased as the adsorption temperature increased, but increased with extent of dehydroxylation. For molybdena-alumina the linewidth increased with the extent of reduction. Since only ortho-H2 is detected by NMR, the kinetics of the first-order approach to equilibrium could be monitored in the adsorbed phase. Since the total adsorption was measured volumetrically, and the ortho-H2 by NMR, the separation factor could be calculated in the adsorbed phase. As expected, values obtained (~2.0) indicated an enrichment of ortho-H2 above the equilibrium value in the gas phase.
Looking into the crystal ball: future device learning using hybrid e-beam and optical lithography (Keynote Paper)

Semiconductor process development teams are faced with increasing process and integration complexity while the time between lithographic capability and volume production has remained more or less constant over the last decade. Lithography tools have often gated the volume checkpoint of a new device node on the ITRS roadmap. The processes have to be redeveloped after the tooling capability for the new groundrule is obtained since straight scaling is no longer sufficient. In certain cases the time window that the process development teams have is actually decreasing. In the extreme, some forecasts are showing that by the time the 45nm technology node is scheduled for volume production, the tooling vendors will just begin shipping the tools required for this technology node. To address this time pressure, IBM has implemented a hybrid-lithography strategy that marries the advantages of optical lithography (high throughput) with electron beam direct write lithography (high resolution and alignment capability). This hybrid-lithography scheme allows for the timely development of semiconductor processes for the 32nm node, and beyond. In this paper we will describe how hybrid lithography has enabled early process integration and device learning and how IBM applied e-beam & optical hybrid lithography to create the world's smallest working SRAM cell.
Alcohol ADME in primates studied with positron emission tomography.

Background and purpose The sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol as well as its adverse medical consequences differ markedly among individuals, which reflects in part differences in alcohol's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties. The ADME of alcohol in the body and its relationship with alcohol's brain bioavailability, however, is not well understood. Experimental approach The ADME of C-11 labeled alcohol, CH(3) (11)CH(2)OH, 1 and C-11 and deuterium dual labeled alcohol, CH(3) (11)CD(2)OH, 2 in baboons was compared based on the principle that C-D bond is stronger than C-H bond, thus the reaction is slower if C-D bond breaking occurs in a rate-determining metabolic step. The following ADME parameters in peripheral organs and brain were derived from time activity curve (TAC) of positron emission tomography (PET) scans: peak uptake (C(max)); peak uptake time (T(max)), half-life of peak uptake (T(1/2)), the area under the curve (AUC(60 min)), and the residue uptake (C(60 min)). Key results For 1 the highest uptake occurred in the kidney whereas for 2 it occurred in the liver. A deuterium isotope effect was observed in the kidneys in both animals studied and in the liver of one animal but not the other. The highest uptake for 1 and 2 in the brain was in striatum and cerebellum but 2 had higher uptake than 1 in all brain regions most evidently in thalamus and cingulate. Alcohol's brain uptake was significantly higher when given intravenously than when given orally and also when the animal was pretreated with a pharmacological dose of alcohol. Conclusion and implications The study shows that alcohol metabolism in peripheral organs had a large effect on alcohol's brain bioavailability. This study sets the stage for clinical investigation on how genetics, gender and alcohol abuse affect alcohol's ADME and its relationship to intoxication and medical consequences.
Does Capital at Home Matter More than Capital at School? The Case of Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use

Following Coleman's analysis of social capital, the norms that discourage adolescent substance use should be more successfully transmitted to young people who enjoy greater stores of social capital. We hypothesize that youth derive social capital from their families and from their schools, and test whether higher levels of capital from each context are influential in resisting substance use and abuse. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, we show that social capital in the family is helpful in protecting adolescents from using alcohol and marijuana, whereas social capital built at school has essentially no effect on the same outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on social capital as well as for policy interventions using schools as sites to discourage adolescent drug use. Language: en
Taming teams with mind changes

This paper is concerned with the algorithmic learning where the learner is allowed to make a finite but bounded number of mind changes. Briefly, in our learning paradigm, a learner is given examples from a recursive function, which the learner attempts to learn by producing programs to compute that function. We say that a team is successful if at least one member of the team learns the target function. The problem, given two teams with bounded number of mind changes whether, one team can provably learn more than the other team, was first proposed by Smith [C.H. Smith, The power of pluralism for automatic program synthesis, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 29 (1982) 1144-1165]. This problem has been open for the last twenty five years. This paper makes progress toward a complete solution of this problem. In the case of error-free learning, this paper closes the gap between the lower and the upper bounds. Finally, in the case of EX learning our result shows that there is no team with a>=0 mind changes whose learning power is exactly equal to a single learner with bounded b ( a) number of mind changes. In the case of Popperian learning (PEX) we have a positive answer.
New marine diterpenoids, including a unique hydroperoxide, from a caribbean gorgonian coral of the genus pseudopterogorgia

Abstract Three new diterpenoids related to the aglycone components of the recently described pseudopterosins and seco-pseudopterosins have been isolated from an undescribed Pseudopterogorgia species from the Caribbean Sea. The new compounds, described on the basis of their NMR properties and chemical interconversions, appear to be related illustrating some interesting rearrangements of a tertiary hydroperoxide in this series.
Improvements in total column ozone in GEOSCCM and comparisons with a new ozone‐depleting substances scenario

The evolution of ozone is examined in the latest version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOSCCM) using old and new ozone-depleting substances (ODS) scenarios. This version of GEOSCCM includes a representation of the quasi-biennial oscillation, a more realistic implementation of ozone chemistry at high solar zenith angles, an improved air/sea roughness parameterization, and an extra 5 parts per trillion of CH3Br to account for brominated very short-lived substances. Together these additions improve the representation of ozone compared to observations. This improved version of GEOSCCM was used to simulate the ozone evolution for the A1 2010 and the newStratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) 2013 ODS scenario derived using the SPARC Lifetimes Report 2013. This new ODS scenario results in a maximum Cltot increase of 65 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), decreasing slightly to 60 pptv by 2100. Approximately 72% of the increase is due to the longer lifetime of CFC-11. The quasi-global (60degS-60degN) total column ozone difference is relatively small and less than 1Dobson unit on average and consistent with the 3-4% larger 2050-2080 average Cly in the new SPARC 2013 scenario. Over high latitudes, this small change in Cly compared to the relatively large natural variabilitymakes it not possible to discern a significant impact on ozone in the second half of the 21st century in a single set of simulations.
Fractional calculus models of complex dynamics in biological tissues

Fractional (non-integer order) calculus can provide a concise model for the description of the dynamic events that occur in biological tissues. Such a description is important for gaining an understanding of the underlying multiscale processes that occur when, for example, tissues are electrically stimulated or mechanically stressed. The mathematics of fractional calculus has been applied successfully in physics, chemistry, and materials science to describe dielectrics, electrodes and viscoelastic materials over extended ranges of time and frequency. In heat and mass transfer, for example, the half-order fractional integral is the natural mathematical connection between thermal or material gradients and the diffusion of heat or ions. Since the material properties of tissue arise from the nanoscale and microscale architecture of subcellular, cellular, and extracellular networks, the challenge for the bioengineer is to develop new dynamic models that predict macroscale behavior from microscale observations and measurements. In this paper we describe three areas of bioengineering research (bioelectrodes, biomechanics, bioimaging) where fractional calculus is being applied to build these new mathematical models.
Message Framing in the Classroom: The Relationship Between Message Frames and Student Perceptions of Instructor Power

This study examined the role of message framing in the classroom and the relationship between different frames and students' perceptions of instructor power use. Requests or expectations offered by instructors may have various meanings for students, depending on the way in which these messages are framed. In turn, these frames may influence various student perceptions and behaviors. Students were presented with the same set of instructor expectations in the form of a hypothetical syllabus, but in one condition, the students' right to choose to comply with the expectations was made more explicit than in the other condition. Students' behavioral intent and their perception of the instructor's use of power bases were measured. The low-choice condition resulted in greater student perceptions of instructor coercive and legitimate power and greater reported intent to comply with one of the three instructor requests that were presented.
Redox processes in a uranium bis(1,1'-diamidoferrocene) complex.

Oxidation of a uranium(IV) bis(1,1‘-diamidoferrocene) gives a compound which is best described as a mixed-valence bisferrocene complex in which uranium mediates the electronic communication.
Computer estimation of the parameters of the sigmoidal kinetic model.

Abstract A computer program is described which fits the non-linear sigmoidal model used in enzyme kinetics. The procedure used is a modification of the Gauss-Newton method for fitting non-linear regression functions. A technique for estimation of variances and covariances of the estimators is given and examples from enzyme kinetics experiments are used to compare the sigmoidal and hyperbolic models.
The diet and digestion of allegory in Andreas

As a narrative poem, Andreas usually suffers from comparison with Beowulf. Stanley, for example, writes that the Andreas poet ‘can do the big bow-wow like any man going’, but also that the versified saint's legend is to Beowulf roughly as Cowley's Davideis is to Paradise Lost. Such comparisons are of long standing, and the reasons for them are apparent. Further, the common emphasis in both poems on the language of war and seafaring and the similarities in the larger patterns of their plots – both heroes cleanse foreign lands – imply a degree of dependence. Despite our knowledge, therefore, of Andreas's Greek and Latin sources and of the traditional character of Old English poetic diction, most readers would agree generally, I suppose, with Brodeur's observation that the Andreas poet was familiar with Beowulf and sometimes reproduced its phrasing.
Nitrogen Vibrational Population Measurements in the Plenum of a Hypersonic Wind Tunnel

Picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is used for measurement of nitrogen vibrational distribution function in the plenum of a highly nonequilibrium Mach 5 wind-tunnel incorporating a high-pressure pulser– sustainer discharge. First-level vibrational temperatures of the order of 2000K are achieved in the 300 torr non-selfsustained plasma discharge generated by a high E=n ( 300 Td) nanosecond-pulsed discharge, which provides ionization in combination with an orthogonal low E=n ( 10 Td) dc sustainer discharge, which efficiently loads the nitrogen vibrational mode. It is also shown that operation with the nanosecond-pulsed plasma alone results in significant vibrational energy loading, withTv N2 of the order of 1100K.Downstream injection ofCO2, NO, andH2 results in vibrational relaxation, demonstrating the ability to further tailor the vibrational energy content of the flow. N2-NO vibration–vibration andN2-H2 vibration–translation rates inferred from these data agreewell with previous literature results to within the uncertainty in rotational-translational temperature.
Combined systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the presence of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.

Background Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) suggests isolated diastolic dysfunction. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine if systolic and diastolic dysfunction occurred with preserved LVEF. Methods Equilibrium resting radionuclide ventriculograms from 439 patients with an LVEF ≥0.50 were used to determine LV peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) in end-diastolic volumes per second and LV end-systolic volume (ml). Patients with low-normal (n=147; range, 0.50−0.58; mean±S.D., 0.53±0.02), intermediate-normal (161, 0.59−0.64, 0.61±0.02), and high-normal (131, 0.65−0.94, 0.72±0.06) LVEF were compared. Results From low-normal to intermediate-normal to high-normal LVEF, LV end-systolic volume decreased (93±36, 71±33, 43±26, respectively, P<0.0001), PFR increased (2.31±0.74, 2.58±0.74, 3.15±0.94, P<0.0001), PER increased (−2.78±0.50, −3.13±0.47, −3.83±0.84, P<0.0001), the percentages of patients with abnormal PFR decreased (66, 56, 40, P<.0001), and the percentage with abnormal PER decreased (47, 14, 5, P<0.0001). Of 193 patients with preserved LVEF and abnormally low PFR, 65 (34%) had abnormally low PER. Conclusions The results indicate that a preserved LVEF was often associated with LV systolic dysfunction (enlarged LV end-systolic volume and low PER) and LV diastolic dysfunction (decreased PFR).
Derived direct irradiance from high resolution UV spectroradiometer uses: Langley regression radiometric calibration, ozone column, and aerosol retrievals

From direct-to-diffuse ratios from UV Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSR) we derive direct and diffuse high resolution total horizontal spectra from the collocated UV spectroradiometer of the USDA network. The direct beam spectra can be used in Langley regression that leads to spectroradiometric in situ calibration and to ozone column and aerosol optical depth retrievals. The high resolution direct spectra are used to obtain ozone column, and aerosol optical depth in the 290nm-360nm range at 0.1nm resolution.
Repair of Mitral Valve and Subaortic Mycotic Aneurysm in a Child With Endocarditis

Endocarditis requiring surgical intervention in children is uncommon. Individualized operative therapy must be fashioned to the particular pathology of each case. In this case we describe mitral anterior leaflet homograft patch augmentation valvuloplasty, subaortic homograft patch closure of a large mycotic aneurysm, and homograft aortic root replacement in a 3-year-old patient with endocarditis after remote repair of complete atrioventricular canal.
Behavioral Characterization of System xc- Mutant Mice

The slc7a11 gene encodes xCT, an essential component of 'system xc-', a plasma membrane exchanger that imports cystine and exports glutamate. Slc7a11 is expressed primarily in the brain, but its role there is not clear. We performed behavioral tests on two different strains of homozygous slc7a11 mutant mice ('sut' and 'xCT'), as well as heteroallelic offspring of these two strains ('xCT/sut') and their associated genetic backgrounds. Homozygous sut mutant males showed reduced spontaneous alternation in spontaneous alternation tasks as well as reduced movement in an open field maze, but xCT and xCT/sut strains did not show significant changes in these tasks compared to appropriate controls. Neither xCT nor sut mutants showed differences from controls in rotarod tests. Female behavioral phenotypes were independent of estrus cycle stage. To ensure that homozygous xCT, sut, and xCT/sut strains all represent protein null alleles, we measured whole brain xCT protein levels using immunoblots. xCT, sut and xCT/sut strains showed no detectable xCT protein expression, confirming them as null alleles. Previously published microdialysis experiments showed reduced striatal glutamate in xCT mutants. Using the same methods, we measured reduced interstitial glutamate levels in the striatum but not cerebellum of sut mutants. However, we detected no glutamate change in the striatum or cerebellum of sut/xCT mice. We detected no changes in whole brain EAAT-1, -2, or -3 expression. We conclude that the behavioral and chemical differences exist between slc7a11 mutant strains, but we were unable to definitively attribute any of these differences to loss of system xc-.
A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay for sensitive detection of p53 mutations

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene located on 17p, a region of the human genome frequently deleted in tumors. Mutation of the p53 gene is an important step leading to development of many forms of human cancer. To simplify the analysis of tumors for p53 point mutations, we describe a GC-clamped denaturing gradient gel assay for detecting single-base substitutions within highly conserved regions of the p53 gene. This assay alows for efficient screening of tumors for single-base substitutions within the p53 gene and can be used to facilitate sequence analysis of p53 point mutations.
The major urinary protease inhibitor: simplified purification and characterization.

Abstract The major protease inhibitor of human urine was isolated by a simple procedure consisting of perchloric acid treatment (the inhibitor is acid stable), precipitation with methanol, affinity chromatography, and preparative electrophoresis. The purified preparation had a molecular weight of 44,000 daltons and a single amino-terminal amino acid: alanine. The inhibitor probably originates due to the action of uropepsin from the larger 68,000-dalton urinary inhibitor that has been found by several investigators. The urinary inhibitor showed cross-reactivity with the serum inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) in the sense that antiserum to the urinary inhibitor reacted with ITI but antiserum to ITI did not react with urinary inhibitor. The urinary inhibitor inactivated bovine trypsin, chymotrypsin, and human granulocytic elastase.
Progesterone binding to hen oviduct genome: specific versus nonspecific binding

Data are presented to explain discrepancies in the literature involving the in vitro binding of steroid receptor complexes to isolated nuclei and chromatin. The type of binding in vitro of the progesterone-receptor complex to nuclei, chromatin, or DNA of hen organs is largely determined by the ionic strength of the medium. Low ionic conditions (0.01 to 0.05 molar potassium chloride) result in a nonspecific, nonsaturable binding, while high ionic conditions (0.15 to 0.20 molar potassium chloride) create a tissue-specific, saturable binding. Pure DNA binds the steroid receptor complex extensively in low salt but very little in the higher salt conditions.
Effects of traffic network dynamics on hierarchical community-based representations of large road networks

Efficient representation of traffic networks, including congestion states, plays an important role in the effectiveness of routing algorithms incorporating Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) data. We employ an emerging concept in analyzing complex networks called “community structure detection” to capture traffic network dynamics in the form of hierarchical community-based representations of road networks. A key strength of these community (structure) detection methods is their computational efficiency. We investigate the impact of traffic dynamics on the hierarchical community-based representations of large road networks. The resulting hierarchical community representations and their evolution over varying traffic conditions with time can aid the computational performance of real-time routing algorithms. We analyze the performance of hierarchical community detection methods on the metropolitan road networks of New York City, Detroit, and San Francisco Bay area.
Representing the King's Splendour. Communication and Reception of Symbolic Forms of Power in Viceregal Naples

Gabriel Guarino (2010) Representing the King's Splendour. Communication and Reception of Symbolic Forms of Power in Viceregal Naples (Manchester: Manchester University Press), xiv + 220 pp., ISBN: ...
Foetal nicotine exposure causes PKCε gene repression by promoter methylation in rat hearts

Aims Foetal nicotine exposure results in decreased protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe) expression and increased cardiac vulnerability to ischaemia and reperfusion injury in adult rat offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal nicotine administration causes increased promoter methylation of the PKCe gene resulting in PKCe repression in the heart. Methods and results Nicotine treatment of pregnant rats starting at day 4 of gestation increased the methylation of the Egr-1 binding site at the PKCe gene promoter and decreased PKCe protein and mRNA abundance in near-term foetal hearts. Methylation of the Egr-1 binding site reduced Egr-1 binding to the PKCe promoter in the heart. Site-specific deletion of the Egr-1 binding site significantly decreased PKCe promoter activity. The effects of nicotine were sustained in the heart of adult offspring. Ex vivo studies found no direct effect of nicotine on PKCe gene expression. However, maternal nicotine administration increased norepinephrine content in the foetal heart. Treatment of isolated foetal hearts with norepinephrine resulted in the same effects of increased methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and PKCe gene repression in the heart. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine inhibited the norepinephrine-induced increase in methylation of the Egr-1 binding site and restored Egr-1 binding and PKCe gene expression to the control levels. Conclusion This study demonstrates that prolonged nicotine exposure increases the sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the foetal heart and causes programming of PKCe gene repression through promoter methylation, linking maternal smoking to pathophysiological consequences in the offspring heart.
Inflation and financial deepening

Abstract Financial deepening is defined as increases in the ratio of a country's financial assets to its GDP. Financial asset accumulation simultaneously provides credit to finance real asset accumulation for the development process. The equilibrium long-run ratio of financial assets to GDP may be expressed as a simple relationship of a country's financial savings ratio and its growth rate. The present paper incorporates the effects of inflation on financial deepening. Inflation necessarily entails capital losses on all existing financial asset holdings. It is shown that unless more monetary saving is forthcoming to offset such inflation-induced capital losses, inflation will operate to reduce drastically the degree of financial deepening which a country can obtain. The process is illustrated with respect to the Korean economy.
Identification of hair cycle-associated genes from time-course gene expression profile using fractal analysis

Microarray technology permits one to monitor thousands of processes going on inside the cell. This tool has been used to study gene expression profiles associated with the hair-growth cycle. We provide a novel method called the fractal analysis method to identify hair-growth cycle associated genes from time course gene expression profiles. Fractal analysis is a much better method than the computational method used by Lin et al. (2004). The fractal dimension obtained by fractal analysis process also indicates the irregularity in hair-growth pattern. The computational method used by Lin et al. (2004) was unable to make any inference about the hair-growth pattern.