cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the “process” of psychiatric evaluation

Abstract Both of these examples illustrate some of the essential ingredients inherent in and shaping the process that unfolds in an evaluation interview. There are shared "givens" that both the subject and the evaluator bring to interview situation. These "givens" are inherent in the species and include: similar physiological and psychological structures, pathways, and functions; cognitive, affective and drive sytems; shared and similar past experiences. These "givens" are supplemented and influenced by the unique and individual psychic apparatuses of each individual shaped by the interplay between the external demands of reality, and by intrapsychic forces. This interplay in turn, is influenced by the subtle and most often illusive, differences in constitutional make-up. It is hoped that this paper adds to the further delineation of the process that evolves during a psychiatric evaluation. The implications for a conceptual formulation in teaching psychiatric evaluation has been lucidly elaborated on by Ornstein 4,11 and others. The effect of the experimenter and evaluator in behavioral research has been the subject of some significant studies by Rosenthal, 8 Friedman 9 and other behavioral scientists. The practical importance of the study of this process is not so much to illustrate the unreliability of the tools of evaluation but rather to suggest the possibility that what is being sampled in microcosm 11 in a diagnostic interview is the patient's capacity to adapt as shaped by the uniqueness of his psychic apparatus and what went into its making. For the evaluation to have significance, both subject and evaluator must be studied. In clinical practice the doctor must have built in via training, personal experience and/or personal therapy, the capacity for self scrutiny and analysis. In clinical research the diagnostic interview may be of additional value when viewed from the perspective of studying the evaluator effect on the process.
A new model for calculating specific resistance of aggregated colloidal cake layers in membrane filtration processes

Abstract A simple model to evaluate hydrodynamic cake resistance due to filtered aggregates is developed in this study. An aggregate is treated as a hydrodynamically as well as geometrically equivalent solid core with a porous shell. Creeping flow past a swarm of the composite spheres is solved using Stokes’ equation and Brinkman's extension of Darcy's law. The dimensionless drag force (Ω) exerted on the composite sphere is analytically determined by four parameters: radius of the solid core, thickness of the porous shell, permeability of the aggregate, and occupancy fraction as defined in this paper. In certain limiting cases, Ω converges to pre-existing analytical solutions for (i) an isolated impermeable sphere, (ii) an isolated uniformly porous sphere, (iii) an isolated composite sphere, (iv) a swarm of impermeable spheres, and (v) a swarm of uniformly porous spheres. This expression is then used to predict the specific resistance of aggregate cake formed on membrane surfaces.
Unusual consequence of a fetal atrial septal aneurysm

We describe the case of a significant fetal atrial septal aneurysm causing left ventricular inflow obstruction. Serial fetal echocardiograms demonstrated potential left heart hypoplasia. The fetal cardiologist guided the perinatal team to electively deliver the infant early and modify the course of developing hypoplastic left heart.
The heats of formation of cyclic and linear C3H+2

The hydrogen atom abstraction reaction of C3H+ with H2 is shown by gas-phase ion—molecule bracketing reactions to be exothermic, with a small (about 1 kcal mol−1 barrier. The heats of formation of the cyclic and linear isomers of C3H+2 are determined to be 322 ± 4 kcal mol−1 and 334 ± 4 kcal mol−1 respectively. Ab initio calculations confirm that the cyclic isomer is the more stable form by 12 kcal mol−1. The results are compared with the thermochemistry determined by other workers.
Time-resolved photoacoustic spectroscopy in the picosecond regime

Abstract Photoacoustic detection has been applied, for the first time, to detect and study excited molecules and reactive intermediates on the picosecond timescale. Dilute and weakly-absorbing transients are readily observed under conditions which render them inaccessible to conventional methods.
A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation

Background Skin cancer and photoaging changes result from ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative stress. Topical antioxidants may protect skin from these effects. Objective We sought to determine whether a stable topical formulation of 15% L-ascorbic acid, 1% alpha-tocopherol, and 0.5% ferulic acid (CEFer) could protect human skin in vivo from substantial amounts of solar-simulated UV radiation. Methods CEFer and its vehicle were applied to separate patches of normal-appearing human skin for 4 days. Each patch was irradiated with solar-simulated UV, 2 to 10 minimal erythema doses, at 2-minimal erythema dose intervals. One day later, skin was evaluated for erythema and sunburn cells, and immunohistochemically for thymine dimers and p53. UV-induced cytokine formation, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results CEFer provided significant and meaningful photoprotection for skin by all methods of evaluation. Limitations The number of patients evaluated was relatively small. Conclusion CEFer provided substantial UV photoprotection for skin. It is particularly effective for reducing thymine dimer mutations known to be associated with skin cancer. Its mechanism of action is different from sunscreens and would be expected to supplement the sun protection provided by sunscreens.
Response to open peer commentaries on "Justice between age groups: an objection to the prudential lifespan approach".

I thank the open peer commentators for their thoughtful suggestions and criticisms of my target article, “Justice Between Age Groups: An Objection to the Prudential Lifespan Approach” (2013). In th...
Screening of aerosol filter samples for PAHs and nitro-PAHs by laser desorption ionization TOF mass spectrometry

Direct and selective screening of aerosol particulate matter for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) is achieved using laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (LDI TOF) mass spectrometry. Desorption and ionization of collected aerosol particulate matter was accomplished using pulsed UV radiation at 266 nm. PAHs were detected in positive ion spectra, while nitro-PAHs were selectively detected in negative ion spectra. Direct laser desorption ionization circumvents extraction procedures necessary for HPLC or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses, and such screening offers potential cost saving by identifying samples which contain too little PAH for GC/MS analyses to be productive. Applicability of the LDI TOF method was demonstrated by collecting aerosol particles of less than 2.5 mu m aerodynamic diameter (PM 2 . 5) on Teflon filters from inside an urban bus terminal. Sampling of small air volumes (0.32-0.98 m3) was sufficient...
Food for thought: On appraising nutrition programs

Although the dimensions, causes, and cures of malnutrition are still in dispute, there are accepted methods for resolving these controversies, and important advances in knowledge about nutrition have occurred in recent years. No such methodological resources exist for developing usable knowledge from the vast policy experience countries have had in dealing with problems of nutrition on a mass scale, however. The paper suggests three approaches to identifying patterns of policy, describing national experiences in terms that can be studied, compared, and accumulated. Evidence of these patterns is still essentially anecdotal, but standard policy histories can test and enrich the hypothesized relationships among policy variables. Drawing on experiences in the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Chile, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia, Jamaica, and Colombia, the paper analyzes sequences of decision making and the coalitions of actors involved in setting nutrition policy; the impact of “target group” identification on program operations; and the three major sub-systems of decisions that have to be made in designing and implementing programs aimed at improving the nutritional status of the poor. The paper concludes with a description of the functions a policy analysis unit might perform in converting such findings to a basis for decision-making.
TH-E-217BCD-02: Defining Performance-Based, Size-Specific, Optimized Protocols for Pediatric CT

Purpose: In pediatric chest CT, the detection of subtle lung nodules represents a challenging clinical task, especially with dose reduction. Our purpose was to correlate the diagnostic performance of this task with radiation estimates to develop a framework for the definition of size‐specific optimized protocols. Methods: The relationships between diagnostic performance and radiation estimates were derived for nine pediatric age groups (mean age: 0.2, 0.7, 1.4, 2.5, 4.1, 6.2, 8.2, 11.3, 14.7 years) using a 4‐mm nodule as the representative task. First, diagnostic performance (area under ROC) was related to contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) based on an earlier observer study. CNR was then related to patient diameter and imaging parameters using phantom data. Diameter, age, and imaging parameters were further used to obtain radiation estimates (CTDIvol, SSDE, effective dose, risk index) using Monte Carlo data. Clinical operating points were selected for the nine age groups as equal‐slope points on the plots of AUC versus radiation estimates. Results: AUC initially increased rapidly with radiation estimate, and then approached a plateau. To achieve the same AUC, more dose (and greater risk) was needed to scan a larger child. When a dose estimate (CTDIvol, SSDE, effective dose) was used for optimization, the equal‐slope points generally corresponded to equal‐risk points, resulting in an AUC decrease of ∼0.14 from the youngest to the oldest age group. When risk index was used for optimization, the equal‐slope points resulted in CTDIvol ratio of 1:6, SSDE ratio of 1:4, effective dose ratio of 1:4, and risk index ratio of 1:2 between the youngest and the oldest, corresponding to a moderate AUC difference of 0.08. Conclusions: We developed an integrated framework for performance‐based, size‐specific, protocol optimization in pediatric CT. By accounting for the risk difference between age groups, the concept of risk index has innovative applications in pediatric protocol optimization.
Destruction of acid- and non-adapted Listeria monocytogenes during drying and storage of beef jerky

Abstract Presence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products is not desired and strictly regulated in the US. Inactivation of acid- and non-adapted L. monocytogenes inoculated on beef slices was studied during drying and storage of jerky formulated with modified marinades. The inoculated (five-strain composite, c. 6·2 log cfu cm−2) slices were subjected to marinades (4°C, 24 h) prior to drying (60°C for 10 h) and aerobic storage (25°C for 60 days). The predrying marinade treatments tested were, first, no treatment, control (C); second, traditional marinade (TM); third, double amount of TM modified with 1·2% sodium lactate, 9% acetic acid, and 68% soy sauce containing 5% ethanol (MM); fourth, dipping into 5% acetic acid for 10 min and then applying the TM (AATM); and fifth dipping into 1% Tween 20 for 15 min and then into 5% acetic acid for 10 min followed by the TM (TWTM). Bacterial survivors on beef slices were determined during drying and storage using tryptic soy agar with 0·1% pyruvate (TSAP), and PALCAM agar. Results indicated that drying reduced bacterial populations in the order of pre-drying treatments TWTM (5·9–6·3 log cfucm−2 in 10 h)≥AATM≥MM>TM≥C (3·8−4·6 log cfucm−2 in 10 h). No significant (P≥0·05) difference was found in inactivation of acid-adapted and non-adapted inocula within individual treatments. Bacterial populations dropped below the detection limit (−0·4 log cfucm−2) as early as 4 h during drying or remained detectable even after 60 days of storage depending on acid-adaptation, predrying treatment, and agar media. These results indicated that acid-adaptation may not increase resistance to microbial hurdles involved in jerky processing and that use of modified marinades may improve the effectiveness of drying in inactivating L. monocytogenes.
Probing the Effect of Conformational Constraint on Phosphorylated Ligand Binding to an SH2 Domain using Polarizable Force Field Simulations

Preorganizing a ligand in the conformation it adopts upon binding to a protein has long been considered to be an effective way to improve affinity by making the binding entropy more favorable. However, recent thermodynamic studies of a series of complexes of the Grb2 SH2 domain with peptide analogues having constrained and flexible replacements for a phosphotyrosine residue revealed that less favorable binding entropies may result from constraining ligands in their biologically active conformations. Toward probing the origin of this unexpected finding, we examined the complexes of four phosphotyrosine-derived analogues with the Grb2 SH2 domain using molecular dynamics simulations with a polarizable force field. Significantly, the computed values for the relative binding free energies, entropies, and enthalpies of two pairs of constrained and unconstrained ligands reproduced the trends that were determined experimentally, although the relative differences were overestimated. These calculations also revealed that a large fraction of the ligands lacking the constraining element exist in solution as compact, macrocyclic-like structures that are stabilized by interactions between the phosphate groups and the amide moieties of the C-terminal pY+2 residues. In contrast, the three-membered ring in the constrained ligands prevents the formation of such macrocyclic structures, leading instead to globally extended, less ordered conformations. Quasiharmonic analysis of these conformational ensembles suggests that the unconstrained ligands possess significantly lower entropies in solution, a finding that is consistent with the experimental observation that the binding entropies for the unconstrained ligands are more favorable than for their constrained counterparts. This study suggests that introducing local constraints in flexible molecules may have unexpected consequences, and a detailed understanding of the conformational preferences of ligands in their unbound states is a critical prerequisite to correlating changes in their chemical structure with protein binding entropies and enthalpies.
Real-Time Process Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor-Embedded Rotary Tools for Fastening Operations

Fastening operations are extensively used in the aerospace industry and constitute for more than a quarter of the total cost. Inspection of fasteners is another factor that adds cost and complexity to the overall process. Inspection is usually carried out on a sampling-basis as a stand-alone process after the fastening process is completed. Lack of capability to inspect all fasteners in a cost effective manner and the need to remove non-value added activities, such as inspection by itself, in order to reduce the manufacturing lead time have been the motivation behind this study. This paper presents a novel diagnostics scheme based on Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS) for monitoring the quality of rotary-type fastening operations in real-time. This approach encompasses (1) integrating a torque sensor, a pressure sensor, and an optical encoder on a hand-held rotary-type fastening tool; (2) obtaining process parameters via the embedded sensors and generating process signatures in real-time; and (3) detecting anomalies on the tool using a wireless mote that communicates the decision with a base station. The anomalies investigated in this study are the grip length variations as under grip and normal grip, and presence of re-used fasteners. The proposed scheme has been implemented on prototype rotary tool for bolt-nut type of fasteners and tested under a variety of experimental settings. The experimental results have shown that the proposed approach is successful, with an accuracy of over 95% in detecting grip lengths of fasteners in real-time during the process.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Selenium in thick spike wheatgrass and yellow sweet clover grown on sludge‐amended alkaline mine backfill

Abstract Plant uptake of selenium (Se) on western United States mine lands is a concern in reclamation efforts due to the potential growth of vegetation that may be considered toxic to wildlife and domestic animals if consumed over time. A study was designed to determine if sewage sludge from Rock Springs and Kemmerer/Evanston, Wyoming, at rates of 25, 50, and 100 Mg/ha, would enhance or decrease Se uptake by yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and thick spike wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum) grown on mine backfill material (i.e., overburden material that has been displaced). Results indicated that increased sludge amendments significantly decreased plant Se levels. Changes in backfill chemical and physical characteristics were believed to have caused a reduction in Se bioavailability (as determined by AB‐DTPA extraction), even though total Se concentrations of the sludge‐amended backfill treatments were greater with increasing sewage sludge additions. Land application of sewage sludge is there...
Coalescence filtration performance of blended microglass and electrospun polypropylene fiber filter media

Abstract Submicron polypropylene (PP) fibers of three different sizes (300 nm, 600 nm, and 900 nm) were prepared via electrospinning. The fibers were blended with microglass (MG) fibers to form composite media in varying fiber concentrations to obtain PP to MG fiber surface area ratios ( AR ) of 0.5, 1 and 2. The effects of fiber size and amount of electrospun PP fibers on wettability and filtration performance of the blended PP + MG media were measured. The wettability of the filter media were characterized by a modified Washburn test and expressed as the lipophilic to hydrophilic ( L / H ) ratio. The wettability characterization shows that hydrophobicity of filter media increases with the amount and size of electrospun PP fibers. In liquid–liquid coalescence experiments the amount and fiber diameter of the electrospun PP fibers significantly affected the separation efficiency and the pressure drop as compare to MG fiber only media. The separation efficiency was greatest for the smallest fibers (300 nm) and the intermediate AR of 1.0. The pressure drop tended to increase with the amount of PP fiber and with fiber diameter.
A study of absorption spectra from synchrotron radiation measurements

Abstract Absorption spectra from measurements using synchrotron radiation are known to contain valuable information about electronic transitions from the core states of alkali halides. In an effort to help identify the interband transitions to the conduction band, we used a photoemission technique to locate the regions of high densities of states above the vacuum level. Additionally the threshold for valence band emission and valence band spectrum were determined. Combining the results obtained from these measurements with a knowledge of the core-band thresholds from X-ray photoemission studies, we were able to find the energy difference between the core level and the conduction band structure. A comparison of such values with the transition energies of prominent features in the high energy absorption spectra of LiBr was found to be useful in identifying certain features as interband transitions.
Constant-pressure equations of motion

Some of the differences among several alternative formulations of constant-pressure molecular dynamics are described. The formulations all agree in the large-system limit, but differ for small systems.
An Aerosol Chamber for Instrument Evaluation and Calibration

An aerosol test chamber has been developed for the purpose of providing an environment for the evaluation of several aerosol measuring instruments and samplers at one time. Evaluations of the chamber have shown that the aerosol concentration is uniform throughout the area of the test section, which is 1.1 m2 in size, with good temporal stability. To ensure further that all instruments obtain the same aerosol exposure, the floor of the chamber's test section has been designed as a turntable. The turntable can be rotated for the duration of a test, continuously moving the instruments in the test section. The design of the chamber, the controls, and operating procedures are described, as well as the results of spatial uniformity and temporal stability evaluations using monodisperse liquid aerosols from 2.5-µm to 15-µm diameter and polydisperse dust particles.
Curcumin blocks HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir-induced vascular dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries.

Background HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV) is associated with many cardiovascular complications and causes vascular dysfunction through oxidative stress. In the present study, we determined the effects of RTV and curcumin (a pigment derived from turmeric) on porcine coronary arteries. Study design Artery rings were incubated with 15 μM concentration of RTV and curcumin (5 or 10 μM) for 24 hours. Vasomotor function was studied with a myograph tension system. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels were studied using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Nitric oxide was measured using Griess assay. Superoxide anion levels were determined by lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence. Results RTV considerably reduced vessel contraction by 71%, endothelium-dependent relaxation by 59%, and endothelium-independent relaxation by 52%, as compared with controls. Curcumin effectively blocked RTV-induced vasomotor dysfunction. RTV-treated arteries showed substantial reductions of eNOS mRNA by 77%, eNOS protein by 72%, and nitric oxide release by 37% as compared with controls. The RTV plus curcumin-treated vessels showed substantial increases of eNOS and nitric oxide levels as compared with the RTV-treated vessels. Finally, there was a 47% increase of superoxide anion production in the RTV-treated vessels as compared with controls. Again, curcumin effectively reversed this effect of RTV. Conclusions HIV protease inhibitor RTV impairs vasomotor functions, reduces eNOS expression and nitric oxide release, and increases oxidative stress in porcine coronary arteries. Curcumin effectively blocks these detrimental effects of RTV.
Covariation among health-related behaviors

Abstract There is substantial covariation in the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and hard drugs and it has been suggested that different types of drug use are part of a “syndrome” of behavior that may include other health-related and “problem” behaviors. A critical challenge is the determination of the behaviors included within this syndrome and the mapping of the perimeter. In this study, six health-related behaviors (meal regularity, hard drug use, alcohol use, cigarette use, exercise, hours of sleep) were intercorrelated and factor analyzed in both a high school and a college sample. Consistent with previous research, alcohol use, cigarette use, and hard drug use were significantly associated in each of four subsamples (sex by sample) and formed a cohesive drug use factor. The measures of meal regularity, exercise, and hours of sleep were found to lie outside the perimeter of the drug use behaviors, with meal regularity consistently residing closest to the perimeter.
Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in n-type inversion layers on (110) and (111) surfaces of Si

Abstract Oscillatory magnetocunductance of electrons on (110) and (111) surfaces of Si have been observed. The ground-state degeneracies were determined and possible energy level schemes are proposed.
Penetration of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin into skin blister fluid: a comparative study.

The penetration of multiple-dose concentrations of oral fleroxacin (400 mg every 24 h) and ciprofloxacin (500 mg every 12 h) into skin blister fluid in 12 healthy volunteers was determined in a randomized crossover study. Serum, blister fluid, and paper disk samples were analyzed by large-plate microbiologic assay. The mean areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for serum were 88.6 and 18.2 micrograms.h/ml/70 kg for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The mean AUC for blister fluid and paper disks were 71.2 and 15.0 micrograms.h/ml/70 kg and 77.8 and 15.4 micrograms.h/ml/70 kg for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Calculated penetration into interstitial fluid ranged from 74 to 92% for fleroxacin and 56 to 96% for ciprofloxacin; penetration was calculated by using the ratio of maximum drug concentration or AUC in blister fluid and paper disks to maximum drug concentration or AUC in serum. There was no significant difference between fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin in the percent penetration into skin blister fluid.
The infrared spectrum of the ν1 band of SiD3H

Abstract High-resolution spectra of the ν 1 stretching band of SiD 3 H were recorded and analyzed, yielding values for ground- and upper-state constants and the band center. For 28 SiD 3 H, B 0 = 1.777482(14) and ν 1 = 2187.2070(17) cm −1 . Similar analyses were performed on the less abundant species 29 SiD 3 H and 30 SiD 3 H.
Papilin, a novel component of basement membranes, in relation to ADAMTS metalloproteases and ECM development

Papilins are homologous, secreted extracellular matrix proteins which share a common order of protein domains. They occur widely, from nematodes to man, and can differ in the number of repeats of a given type of domain. Within one species the number of repeats can vary by differential RNA splicing. A distinctly conserved cassette of domains at the amino-end of papilins is homologous with a cassette of protein domains at the carboxyl-end of the ADAMTS subgroup of secreted, matrix-associated metalloproteases. Papilins primarily occur in basement membranes. Papilins interact with several extracellular matrix components and ADAMTS enzymes. Papilins are essential for embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans.
INDICATIONS AND LIMITS OF THE EXERCISE TEST IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Abstract Assessment of exercise capacity has been widely used in the evaluation of chronic heart failure (CHF), both to define the severity of the syndrome and to assess the changes induced by therapy. Various exercise tests and protocols can be used. The simple stress test using the exercise bicycle or the treadmill can give useful indications only in patients with severe or lower functional reductions. Maximum exercise duration usually depends on the patient's and the physician's motivation. The addition of respiratory gas exchange measurements, maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) or anaerobic threshold, increases the exactness of the assessment of the exercise limitation in CHF. VO 2 maximum provides an objective marker of aerobic capacity and it is biased by neither the patient nor the physician. This technique, however, requires the patient to exercise to exhaustion, and it is somewhat subjective and not indicative of normal daily exercise routine. The anaerobic threshold is a useful way of evaluating adaptability to submaximal efforts and the impact of the therapy on the daily performance. Nevertheless, it is significantly influenced by the fitness level and it has a reduced prognostic capability compared to VO 2 maximum. Submaximal exercise tests discriminate particularly between patients with severe CHF. The major limits are the influence of the patient's motivation and its limited validation in terms of reproducibility and prediction in controlled surveys.
Strong, Stable, and Reliable Fitness Pressure in XCS due to Tournament Selection

Recent analysis of the XCS classifier system have shown that successful genetic learning strongly depends on the amount of fitness pressure towards accurate classifiers. Since the traditionally used proportionate selection is dependent on fitness scaling and fitness distribution, the resulting evolutionary fitness pressure may be neither stable nor sufficiently strong. Thus, we apply tournament selection to XCS. In particular, we exhibit the weakness of proportionate selection and suggest tournament selection as a more reliable alternative. We show that tournament selection results in a learning classifier system that is more parameter independent, noise independent, and more efficient in exploiting fitness guidance in single-step problems as well as multistep problems. The evolving population is more focused on promising subregions of the problem space and thus finds the desired accurate, maximally general representation faster and more reliably.
More Bang for the Buck: Campaign Spending and Fundraising Success

Can candidates spend their way into financial success? We propose that the 2007 presidential money primary offers unprecedented leverage to evaluate spending’s influence since it allows for sharper...
The Identification of Novel Potential Injury Mechanisms and Candidate Biomarkers in Renal Allograft Rejection by Quantitative Proteomics

Early transplant dysfunction and failure because of immunological and nonimmunological factors still presents a significant clinical problem for transplant recipients. A critical unmet need is the noninvasive detection and prediction of immune injury such that acute injury can be reversed by proactive immunosuppression titration. In this study, we used iTRAQ -based proteomic discovery and targeted ELISA validation to discover and validate candidate urine protein biomarkers from 262 renal allograft recipients with biopsy-confirmed allograft injury. Urine samples were randomly split into a training set of 108 patients and an independent validation set of 154 patients, which comprised the clinical biopsy-confirmed phenotypes of acute rejection (AR) (n = 74), stable graft (STA) (n = 74), chronic allograft injury (CAI) (n = 58), BK virus nephritis (BKVN) (n = 38), nephrotic syndrome (NS) (n = 8), and healthy, normal control (HC) (n = 10). A total of 389 proteins were measured that displayed differential abundances across urine specimens of the injury types (p 1.5) from all other transplant categories (HLA class II protein HLA-DRB1, KRT14, HIST1H4B, FGG, ACTB, FGB, FGA, KRT7, DPP4). Increased levels of three of these proteins, fibrinogen beta (FGB; p = 0.04), fibrinogen gamma (FGG; p = 0.03), and HLA DRB1 (p = 0.003) were validated by ELISA in AR using an independent sample set. The fibrinogen proteins further segregated AR from BK virus nephritis (FGB p = 0.03, FGG p = 0.02), a finding that supports the utility of monitoring these urinary proteins for the specific and sensitive noninvasive diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection.
Soldier-based defences dynamically track resource availability and quality in ants

Specialized defence traits and strategies are crucial in surviving enemy attacks and in resource acquisition. In numerous social insect lineages, soldiers function as specialized defence traits of the colony, but associated defence strategies are poorly known. The turtle ant Cephalotes rohweri is an obligate cavitynesting ant with highly specialized soldiers. To maximize growth and reproduction, colonies must use their limited availability of soldiers to defend multiple cavities. Using laboratory experiments informed by field data, we addressed how soldier ‘deployment’ across cavities adjusts to changes in cavity availability and quality. From initial field-like conditions, soldier deployment to newly available cavities was rapid, stabilized quickly, and at least doubled the number of cavities defended by each colony. New cavities were defended by fewer soldiers than original cavities still in use. Nevertheless, when new cavities differed in size, an important quality metric, large cavities were used more often and defended by more soldiers than small cavities. Despite these dynamic responses, total soldier deployment to new cavities was limited to an approximately constant proportion (0.4) of overall soldier availability across colonies and resource contexts. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between total soldier deployment to new cavities (greater for larger colonies) and both the number of newly defended cavities and their average level of defence. These results demonstrate that colony-wide soldier deployment is dynamic, predictable and context sensitive but ultimately constrained by the availability of soldiers in the colony. Furthermore, the consistently lower number of soldiers in new cavities, which always limits the potential losses to enemies, is concordant with a ‘conservative bet-hedging’ life history strategy. Broadly, our findings show that a specialized soldier caste can be associated with a far more sophisticated defence strategy than previously recognized. This provides a more complete perspective on the evolution of soldier-based defences in insect societies.
A parallel parsing algorithm for natural language using tree adjoining grammar

Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a powerful grammatical formalism for large-scale natural language processing. However, the computational complexity of parsing algorithms for TAG is high. We introduce a new parallel TAG parsing algorithm for MIMD hypercube multicomputers, using large-granularity grammar partitioning, asynchronous communication, and distributed termination detection. We describe our implementation on the nCUBE/2 parallel computer, and provide experimental results on both random and English grammars. Our algorithm delivers the best performance of any TAG parsing algorithm to date, yielding an almost two order-of-magnitude speedup and good efficiency on up to 256 processors. TAG parsing is a highly unstructured problem. Based on our experience developing a parallel TAG parser, we draw some general conclusions for solving other unstructured problems. >
Spontaneous Colon Bacillus Bacteremia in Laennec's Cirrhosis

Summary Four cases have been described that illustrate the coincidence of Laennec's cirrhosis and spontaneous or "primary" Escherichia coli bacteremia. In 3 patients the clinical onset of bacteremia was acute, with chills, fever, and impaired mental function; in a fourth, the illness was subacute. Although 1 patient died with vasomotor collapse and diffuse gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 3 recovered after appropriate antibiotic therapy. In no case was a localized E. coli tissue infection demonstrated. Clinically inapparent local sites of bacterial growth, impaired hepatic blood flow and reticuloendothelial cell function, and defective humoral defenses against infection, all potential consequences of chronic liver disease, may account for the frequency of spontaneous coliform bacteremia in cirrhosis.
A Short Course in Family Therapy: Translating Research Into Practice:

This article outlines a graduate-level, one-time-only family therapy course that prepares counseling trainees to be competent at entry-level family therapy in the United States. The approach outlin...
Membrane fluidity and adenylate cyclase activity in the lacrimal glands of rats fed diets containing trans fatty acids.

The effects of feeding a diet containing trans fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of plasma membrane phospholipids, fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and adenylate cyclase activity in the exorbital lacrimal glands of rats were studied. Three groups of male, weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 20% corn oil (CO), 20% partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) (a source of trans fatty acids) and 19% PHSBO + 1% CO. Plasma membranes of the lacrimal glands from rats fed 20% PHSBO showed higher adenylate cyclase activity and lower fluidity as shown by a lower double bond index of the fatty acids of their phospholipids and higher fluorescence polarization of DPH. When 1% CO was included with the diet containing PHSBO, the adenylate cyclase activity and membrane fluidity tended to be normal. The results suggest that feeding of a diet containing trans fatty acids in the absence of sufficient linoleic acid (18:2) can result in a decrease in membrane fluidity and an increas...
The effects of elevated water temperature on native juvenile mussels: implications for climate change

AbstractNative freshwater mussels are a diverse but imperiled fauna and may be especially sensitive to increasing water temperatures because many species already may be living near their upper thermal limits. We tested the hypothesis that elevated water temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35°C) adversely affected the survival and physiology of 2-mo-old juvenile mussels (Lampsilis abrupta, Lampsilis siliquoidea, and Megalonaias nervosa) in 28-d laboratory experiments. The 28-d LT50s (lethal temperature affecting 50% of the population) ranged from 25.3 to 30.3°C across species, and were lowest for L. abrupta and L. siliquoidea. Heart rate of L. siliquoidea was not affected by temperature, but heart rate declined at higher temperatures in L. abrupta and M. nervosa. However, for both of these species, heart rate also declined steadily during the experiment and a strong temperature × time interaction was detected. Juvenile growth was low for all species in all treatments and did not respond directly to temperature, ...
Silica nanosphere-supported shaped Pd nanoparticles encapsulated with nanoporous silica shell: Efficient and recyclable nanocatalysts

A synthetic method to a highly efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst, consisting of silica nanosphere (SiO2) decorated with palladium nanoparticles (Pd–NP) that are further encapsulated within a nanoporous silica shell (Porous-SiO2), is reported. First, monodisperse, 5 nm and 20 nm Pd nanoparticles are synthesized and anchored onto silica nanospheres of ∼250 nm in diameter. These core-shell nanospheres are then coated with a secondary silica shell by the sol–gel process. This is followed by controlled etching of the outer silica shell to yield nanoporous silica shell around the Pd–NP. The thickness of the nanoporous silica shell and its pore structures are controlled by changing the synthetic conditions. The resulting nanoporous silica shell is proved to permit reactants to reach the Pd–NP while at the same time protect them from aggregation. These new nanomaterials, dubbed SiO2/Pd Nanoparticles/Nanoporous SiO2 (or SiO2/Pd–NP/Porous-SiO2) core-shell-shell nanospheres behave as heterogeneous nanocatalyst exhibiting high catalytic activity and turn-over-numbers (TONs) in hydrogenation reaction of various substrates at room temperature and 20 bar hydrogen pressure. The core-shell-shell nanospheres are proven to be versatile catalysts as they are also able to catalyze C–C coupling reactions effectively. Moreover, these heterogeneous nanocatalysts are stable showing negligible Pd leaching and aggregation, and can be recycled multiple times without loss of catalytic activity.
Influencing public opinion from corn syrup to obesity: A longitudinal analysis of the references for nutritional entries on Wikipedia

The collaboratively edited online encyclopedia Wikipedia has continuously increased its reliability through a revised editing and referencing process. As the public increasingly turns to online resources for health information, this study analyzed the development of the referencing as the basis for Wikipedia content on nutritional health topics over five years. The study found that Wikipedia articles on nine selected nutrition topics do not only consistently rank among the top search results in major search engines, but have also been heavily edited and revised over time. A longitudinal content analysis of more than 3,000 references showed that the articles are greatly relying on academic publications as the sources for their information on nutrition, stressing the improved reliability of Wikipedia content.
NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND GEOPHYSICS WITH A DEEP OCEAN ANTINEUTRINO OBSERVATORY

This paper presents the science potential of a deep ocean antineutrino observatory being developed at Hawaii. The observatory design allows for relocation from one site to another. Positioning the observatory 60 km distant from a nuclear reactor complex enables precision measurement of neutrino mixing parameters, leading to a determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and θ13. At a mid-Pacific location the observatory measures the flux and ratio of uranium and thorium neutrinos from earth's mantle and performs a sensitive search for a hypothetical natural fission reactor in earth's core. A subsequent deployment at another mid-ocean location would test lateral heterogeneity of uranium and thorium in earth's mantle.
A major QTL for common bacterial blight resistance derives from the common bean great northern landrace cultivar Montana No.5

Knowledge of the evolutionary origin and sources of pest resistance genes will facilitate gene deployment and development of crop cultivars with durable resistance. Our objective was to determine the source of common bacterial blight (CBB) resistance in the common bean Great Northern Nebraska #1 (GN#1) and GN#1 Selection 27 (GN#1 Sel 27). Several great northern cultivars including GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, and Montana No.5 (the female parent of the common x tepary bean interspecific population from which GN #1 and GN # 1 Sel 27 were derived) and known susceptible checks were evaluated for CBB reaction in field and greenhouse environments. These genotypes and CBB resistant and susceptible tepary bean including Tepary #4, the male parent and presumed contributor of CBB resistance toGN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27, were assayed for presence or absence of three SCAR markers tightly linked with independent QTLs conditioning CBB resistance. The parents and F2 of Montana No. 5/GN #1 Sel 27 and Montana No.5/Othello(CBB susceptible) were screened for CBB reaction and SCAR markers. CBB resistance in Montana No.5 was comparable to that of GN#1 and GN#1 Sel27. The SAP6 SCAR marker present in GN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27 was also present in Montana No.5, and it co-segregated (R 2 =35%) with the CBB resistance in the Montana No.5/Othello F2 population. Although a few CBB resistant and susceptible transgressive segregants were found in the F2 of MontanaNo.5/GN #1 Sel 27 and later confirmed by F3 progeny tests, SAP6 SCAR marker was present in all progenies. None of the tepary bean specific CBB resistance-linked SCAR markers were present in GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, or Montana No.5. A cluster analysis of 169 polymorphic PCR-based markers across three common bean and Tepary #4 indicated that GN#1, GN#1 Sel 27, and Montana No.5 were closely related, and not related at all with Tepary #4.Thus, these results clearly indicate Montana No.5, not Tepary #4, as the source of CBB resistance in GN#1 and GN#1 Sel 27.
Perceptions of paternal resemblance predict family violence

Fifty-five men participating in a domestic violence treatment program agreed to complete a questionnaire and rate the degree to which their children looked like them. Ratings of paternal resemblance were positively correlated with the self-reported quality of the men's relationships with their children and inversely proportional to the severity of injuries suffered by their spouses. Analogous results were also found for the men's experience with their parents. We suggest that these results reflect men's use of paternal resemblance to assess paternity.
Upton Sinclair Studies Foreign Languages

UPTON BEALL SINCLAIR has enjoyed a prolific literary career that has arched its way across the twentieth century. In its course it has encompassed a galaxy of topics. The Jungle, his most famous work, is best remembered as a shattering expose of meat packing practices in Chicago that led to the enactment of the Pure Food and Drug laws. Undoubtedly the most sensational of the "Muckrakers," Sinclair's career continued on and developed into a series of continuous crusades which were intended to better the life of the common man. At the beginning of this career, Sinclair sharply criticized the public schools and institutions of higher learning. Many other articles followed directed at various aspects of American education, but his first comments were critical of the teaching of foreign languages. Educated in the public schools of New York City, and later at Columbia University, Sinclair elaborated upon his personal experiences and used them as the themes of several articles.
Does the DOG scale measure dogmatism? Another look at construct validity.

The author addressed the construct validity of B. Altemeyer's (1996) Dogmatism (DOG) scale. Confirmatory factor analyses of the scale provided evidence of uni-dimensionality, despite apparent method effects related to item wording. DOG scale scores correlated strongly and positively with the belief that knowledge is certain, providing convergent validity evidence for the measure. Scores on the DOG scale appeared empirically distinguishable from measures of need for cognition, need for structure, and need to evaluate. Criterion-related validity evidence came in the form of theoretically predictable relationships between the DOG scale and measures of religious fundamentalism, quest orientation, national identification, conservative ideology, dangerous world beliefs, and reactions to individuals and groups who hold worldview-incongruent beliefs and values.
Magnetic Field Dependence of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida Exchange Interaction

The interaction between two spins interacting with a gas of independent electrons by a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function interaction in the presence of a uniform magnetic field has been calculated in the effective-mass approximation. The interaction has both steady and oscillatory dependence on the magnetic field, and is such as to contribute a field dependence to the nuclear magnetic line shape in metals having low-mass carriers.
Identity Integration and Innovation

Three studies examined the psychological antecedents and processes related to individual-level innovation. We propose that individuals who can integrate multiple social identities are better at combining knowledge systems associated with each identity, and thus exhibit higher levels of innovation. Three studies, each probing different types of social identities, provide evidence for this proposition. Study 1 showed that Asian American biculturals with high identity integration between their Asian and American identities exhibited higher levels of innovation in creating Asian-American fusion cuisine compared to biculturals with low identity integration. Study 2 showed that women engineers with high identity integration between their gender and professional identities were more innovative than those with low identity integration. Finally, Study 3 showed that innovation among faculty members with two disciplinary affiliations is similarly related to individual differences in identity integration between their disciplinary affiliations. These findings suggest that the psychological management of multiple identities affects individual innovation.
The A-Polynomial has Ones in the Corners

The A-polynomial was introduced in [3] (see also [5]), and we present an alternative definition here. Let M be a compact 3-manifold with boundary a torus T. Pick a basis λ,μ of π " T, which we shall refer to as the longitude and meridian. Consider the subset R U of the affine algebraic variety R Hom(π " M, SL # #) having the property that ρ(λ) and ρ(μ) are upper triangular. This is an algebraic subset of R, since one just adds equations stating that the bottom-left entries in certain matrices are zero. There is a well-defined eigenvalue map