cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IRS 16 SW: A New Comoving Group of Young Stars in the Central Parsec of the Milky Way

One of the most perplexing problems associated with the supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy is the origin of the young stars in its close vicinity. Using proper-motion measurements and stellar number density counts based on 9 years of diffraction-limited K-band (2.2 μm) speckle imaging at the 10 m Keck I Telescope, we have identified a new comoving group of stars, which we call the IRS 16 SW comoving group, located 19 (0.08 pc, in projection) from the central black hole. Four of the five members of this comoving group have been spectroscopically identified as massive young stars, specifically, He I emission-line stars and OBN stars. This is the second young comoving group within the central parsec of the Milky Way to be recognized and is the closest, by a factor of 2, in projection to the central black hole. These comoving groups may be the surviving cores of massive infalling star clusters that are undergoing disruption in the strong tidal field of the central supermassive black hole.
Right to Internet

In this paper the issue of a right to internet access will be discussed from a supportive view. The right to internet access is defined as the ability to access the internet as if it was a public utility such as a road. The issue of government blackouts and bill discussing censorship will not be discussed. The paper is structured with an introduction, a discussion on human rights, user of the internet stake, the counter argument, the rights importance to IT, an ideal outcome, and a conclusion that summarizes. ISPs are internet service provider, which are the companies that provide internet. I will be using scholarly resources and my own experiences to further my point in this paper. Workers, citizens, and government will be referred to as different words though out this paper, but each mention refers to the definition of a worker, citizens, or government.
Assessing the Safety and Utility of Wound VAC Temporization of the Sarcoma or Benign Aggressive Tumor Bed Until Final Margins Are Achieved.

Background Local recurrence of microinvasive sarcoma or benign aggressive pathologies can be limb- and life-threatening. Although frozen pathology is reliable, tumor microinvasion can be subtle or missed, having an impact on surgical margins and postoperative radiation planning. The authors' service has begun to temporize the tumor bed after primary tumor excision with a wound vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) pending formal margin analysis, with coverage performed in the setting of final negative margins. Methods This retrospective analysis included all patients managed at a tertiary referral cancer center with VAC temporization after soft tissue sarcoma or benign aggressive tumor excision from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2019 and at least 2 years of oncologic follow-up evaluation. The primary outcome was local recurrence. The secondary outcomes were distant recurrence, unplanned return to the operating room for wound/infectious indications, thromboembolic events, and tumor-related deaths. Results For 62 patients, VAC temporization was performed. The mean age of the patients was 62.2 ± 22.3 years (median 66.5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI] 61.7-72.5 years), and the mean age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index was 5.3 ± 1.9. The most common tumor histology was myxofibrosarcoma (51.6%, 32/62). The mean volume was 124.8 ± 324.1 cm3, and 35.5% (22/62) of the cases were subfascial. Local recurrences occurred for 8.1% (5/62) of the patients. Three of these five patients had planned positive margins, and 17.7% (11/62) of the patients had an unplanned return to the operating room. No demographic or tumor factors were associated with unplanned surgery. Conclusions The findings showed that VAC-temporized management of microinvasive sarcoma and benign aggressive pathologies yields favorable local recurrence and unplanned operating room rates suggestive of oncologic and technical safety. These findings will need validation in a future randomized controlled trial.
Nitric oxide-independent, thiol-associated ADP-ribosylation inactivates aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Nitric oxide inhibits the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and stimulates NAD-dependent automodification of a cysteine (Dimmeler, S., Lottspeich, F., and Brune, B. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16771-16774). Another NAD-utilizing dehydrogenase that has a catalytic cysteine, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), was also inhibited by nitric oxide. Unlike glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ALDH was modified in a nitric oxide-independent process by ADP-ribose, but not by NAD. Modification, which proceeded to > 2 mol ADP-ribose.mol ALDH-1, was associated with an exponential decrease in enzyme activity to less than 10% of control. Two types of evidence suggested modification of the ALDH-active site: 1) ADP-ribose inhibited ALDH competitively (Ki = 0.46 mM) with respect to NAD (Km = 0.11 mM) in brief incubations and 2) the presence of substrates protected ALDH from both modification and inhibition by ADP-ribose. The ALDH-ADP-ribose bond was sensitive to base and mercuric ion and stable to acid and neutral hydroxylamine, properties shared with the ADP-ribosylcysteine linkage synthesized enzymatically by pertussis toxin. These data demonstrate a novel means of inactivation of an NAD-dependent enzyme, namely the affinity-based modification of the enzyme NAD site by ADP-ribose, and suggest that nonenzymatic ADP-ribosylation may be responsible for modification of cysteine residues.
Once Upon a Virus: AIDS Legends and Vernacular Risk Perception

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Diane Goldstein Year: 2004 Pages: 226 Publisher: Utah State University Press ISBN: 0-87421-587-0 Prices: $19.95
Construct labeling: public trust and scientific credibility.

A study's conclusions may be open to alternative interpretations, but the constructs on which the interpretations are based must be faithfully represented. This is especially true in instances where researchers, such as Kiatpongsan and Norton (2014), intend for their findings to guide “policymakers seeking to understand lay attitudes toward income inequality” (p. 592). Viewed more widely, if as a scientific community, we seek to intensify the dialog between academics and policymakers and to promote the application of rigorous empirical research to public and private sector policy and practice, the manner in which constructs in a study are connected to theory is essential for maintaining our discipline's scientific credibility. Maintaining public trust is likewise essential for securing confidence among the broader population in our capacity to recommend solutions to unresolved social challenges. Simply stated, if we wish to influence policymakers and the lay-public to use our findings, our analyses should logically represent the data on which they are based. Conflict of interest statement The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Extracting discrete event system models from hybrid control systems

The state space partitioning in the interface of the hybrid control system is modeled using covering half spaces. This formulation extends a previously introduced model. The covering half spaces are used to define a set of plant events, and a discrete event system model is generated which captures the behavior of the plant and interface of the hybrid control system. >
Iron absorption in vegetarian children is decreased at higher calcium intakes (122.7)

Vegetarian children may be at risk for poor iron (Fe) status due to either low intake or decreased bioavailability of dietary Fe. Using the stable isotope 57Fe, we measured Fe absorption in a group...
Grip strength changes over 27 yr in Japanese-American men

The aim of this study was to describe changes in grip strength over a follow-up period of ∼27 yr and to study the associations of rate of strength decline with weight change and chronic conditions....
Solution structure and dynamics of the plasminogen kringle 2-AMCHA complex: 3(1)-helix in homologous domains.

The kringle 2 (K2) module of human plasminogen (Pgn) binds L-lysine and analogous zwitterionic compounds, such as the antifibronolytic agent trans-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (AMCHA). Far-UV CD and NMR spectra reveal little conformational change in K2 upon ligand binding. However, retarded (1)H-(2)H isotope exchange kinetics induced by AMCHA indicate stabilization of the K2 conformation by the ligand. Assessment of secondary structure content from CD spectra yields approximately 26% beta-STRAND, approximately 13% beta-TURN, approximately 15% 3(1)-HELIX, and approximately 6% 3(10)-HELIX. The NMR solution conformation of the K2 domain complexed to AMCHA has been determined [heavy atom rmsd = 0.49 +/- 0.09A (BACKBONE) AND 1.02+/- 0.08 (ALL)]. The K2 molecule has overall dimensions of approximately 34.5A times approximately 33.4A times approximately 22.7A . Analogous with the polypeptide outline of homologous domains, K2 contains three short antiparallel beta-sheets (paired strands 15-16/20-21, 24-25/48-49, and 62-64/72-74) and four defined beta-turns (residues 6-9, 16-19, 53-56, AND 67-70). Consistent with the CD analysis, albeit novel in the context of kringle folding, the NMR structure reveals an unpaired beta-strand structured by residues 30-32, a turn of 3(10)-helix compromising residues 38-41, and a 3(1)-helix for residues 21-24 and 74-79. We also identify alignable 3(1)-helices in previously reported homologous kringle structures. Rather high order parameter S(2) values ( = approximately 0.85 +/- 0.04) characterize the K2 backbone dynamics. The lowest flexibility is observed for the two inner loop segments of residues 51-63 AND 63-75 ( = approximately 0.86-0.87 +/- 0.03). Overhauser connectivities reveal close hydrophobic contacts of the ligand ring with side chains of Tyr(36), Trp(62), Phe(64), Trp(72), AND Leu(74). In most K2 structures, the N atom of AMCHA places itself approximately 3.9 and 4.4A from the anionic groups of Glu(57) and Asp(55), respectively, while its carboxylate group, H-bonded to the Tyr(36) side chain OH(eta), ion-pairs the Arg(71) guanidinium group. Consistent with the preference of K2 for binding 5-aminopentanoic acid over 6-aminohexanoic acid, the positions of the ionic centers within the K2 binding site approach each other approximately 1A closer relative to what is observed in lysine binding sites of homologous Pgn modules.
Spectroscopic Properties of Nd3+ in CaF2

A spectroscopic investigation of Nd3+ in calcium fluoride host is performed to assess its feasibility for laser action. The Judd-Ofeit theory is applied to measured values of absorption line strengths to obtain the intensity parameters: Ω2 = 0.87 × 10−20 cm2, Ω4 = 3.44 × 10−20 cm2, and Ω6 = 9.47 × 10−20 cm2. These intensity parameters are used to calculate the line strengths for excited-state emission from the metastable 4F3/2 state to the 4IJ′ manifolds. The calculated line strengths are then used to predict the radiative decay rates and branching ratios. The radiative lifetime of the metastable state is predicted to be 190 μs. Finally, the important working parameter X = Ω4/Ω6, known as spectroscopic quality factor, for this sample is calculated and compared with those of other Nd3+ -based laser crystals.
Autotransfusion in the emergency department

Autotransfusion conserves blood, obviates problems of homologous blood, such as transmission of disease, and provides a ready source of blood when a blood bank is not available. Three techniques of collecting and reinfusing autologous blood used in the Ben Taub General Hospital Emergency Department are described. In 50 patients, an average of 1700 cc of blood per patient has been salvaged, principally in patients with traumatic injuries to the chest. Minor alterations have been seen in platelet and clotting factors. No deaths were attributable to autotransfusion. Forty percent of these patients required homologous bank blood during their hospitalization. Methods of preventing thrombosis in the reservoir and filtering systems include the use of citrate and heparin. These methods have been limited to trauma victims and are not yet adaptable to patients with contaminated abdominal injuries or massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
A survey: How pediatricians manage food-induced anaphylaxis

Abstract Rationale Food-induced anaphylaxis is the most common cause of outpatient anaphylaxis. Peak prevalence of food allergy occurs in childhood and therefore pediatricians are likely to treat food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA). Methods An anonymous survey was administered to participants of a pediatric grand round conference. The following case was presented: A 12-year-old boy with peanut allergy and asthma developed hives and cough within 30 minutes of ingesting a candy. He received antihistamine and bronchodilator at home. Upon arrival to the emergency department he had urticaria, tachypnea, and poor air movement. Questions regarding treatment, duration of observation, discharge medications and risk factors for FIA were posed. Results Sixty-one pediatricians participated in the survey (response rate 50%). Epinephrine was indicated as the initial treatment by 91%; 48% selected 0.3 ml of 1:1,000 intramuscularly and 43% selected 0.3 ml of 1:10,000 subcutaneously. Observation for 4 hours prior to discharge home was chosen by 44%; 38% decided to discharge within 2 hours and 18% chose to admit the patient to the hospital. Eighty-five percent chose to prescribe EpiPen® upon discharge. Sixteen responders correctly identified the risk factors for fatal FIA (asthma, previous severe reactions, and peanut allergy). Conclusions Most pediatricians recognized FIA and chose epinephrine as initial treatment, although many selected the incorrect dose and route of administration. More than one-third indicated an inadequate observation period. Participants are from a teaching institution with a strong allergy program and our results may overestimate the knowledge of pediatricians in the community. Efforts to educate pediatricians on treatment of FIA are needed.
Structure of the female reproductive tract of the apple snail. II: Scanning electron microscopy

The albumen gland of Pomacea paludosa, a prosobranch gastropod, contains two main ducts. The albumen gland duct consists of a single layer of secretory and non-secretory cells. The surface of the non-secretory cells is covered with cilia. Microvilli are associated with the luminal edges of the secretory cells. Globules of secretory products appear at the cell surfaces. The capsule gland duct coils through the albumen gland and is composed of two opposing faces each of two layers of cells. The upper layer consists of ciliated non-secretory cells and the microvilli covered necks of the goblet-shaped secretory cells. The bases of the secretory cells comprises the lower layer of cells. Differences in the arrangement of cellular processes and number exists between the duct epithelia.
Acute Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Dogs: The Inflammatory Response

Acute cigarette smoke causes polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil, PMN) recruitment to the lung followed by loss of elastase from the recruited cells. Dogs were exposed to cigarette smoke with different oxidant content, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and the cell distribution in the recovered alveolar lining fluid was analyzed. Exposures were 1, 3, or 6 cigarettes on one or multiple days with a maximum dose of 42 cigarettes. The mean percent PMN present in control lavage was 2.01%, while the mean percent PMN recovered in BAL after a dose of 42 1R1 cigarettes was 13.05%. Recoverable PMN, after a single exposure to three 1R1 cigarettes, also increased from 1.7 to 10.4% by 15 h after cessation of smoke exposure. The cell response for multiple (2 and 7) day exposures was similar. The elastase content per BAL neutrophil decreased relative to peripheral blood PMN from the same animals. No free elastolytic activity was found in BAL, but PMN elastase antigen was present. Increased frequency of cig...
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements with Centrifuges: A Review

Conducting drainage or imbibition experiments in a centrifugal force field has long been recognized as a valid and efficient way to determine capillary pressure–saturation and relative permeability–saturation relationships. Experiments involving multiphase flow of immiscible fluids in porous media are sped up because the centrifugal acceleration is many times greater than Earth's gravitational acceleration. In addition, the fact that centrifugal force is a body force and that experiments can be performed under well-controlled conditions are considered advantages over other techniques. During the past few decades, transient-flow centrifuge methods have been developed and applied in petroleum geosciences, while in the soil and environmental sciences the focus has been on steady-state centrifuge methods. To inform both groups of each others' work, the different instrumental approaches used are described. The theoretical background for modeling multiphase fluid flow of immiscible fluids through porous media in a centrifugal force field is then reviewed. This background forms the basis for understanding analytical and numerical formulations to interpret both steady-state and transient-flow centrifuge experiments. Research on the effects of compaction, menisci deformation, boundary conditions, corrections for early-time production data, the selection of measurable variables, and nonuniqueness of the data interpretation is discussed. A numerical example application of the transient-flow centrifuge method is presented. Finally, the major conclusions that can be drawn from the literature are discussed and potential areas for future research are identified.
Chaotic dynamics in a multiple species fishery: a model of community predation

Abstract This paper summarizes a dynamic model of a multiple species fishery that incorporates a community level phenomenon — community predation or the tendency of big fish of almost any species to eat little fish of almost any species. The model is used to explore the conditions under which the dynamic behavior of a multiple species complex characterized by community predation qualitatively conforms with the observed dynamic processes of real fisheries systems. The specifications necessary to replicate qualitatively the dynamic behavior of such system lead to the chaotic behavior of individual populations but stability of the entire system. The presence of chaos may explain why the dynamic path of individual populations in real fisheries has been so resistant to prediction, but more important, indicates that predictable order, the basis of management control of these kinds of multiple species systems, may be found at the system rather than at the individual population level.
Evidence for the functional coupling of cyclic AMP in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumour cells.

Abstract A number of studies have indicated that increased production of steroids can be obtained with doses of tropic hormone which do not result in detectable increases in intracellular cAMP. It has been suggested that this may be a result of compartmentalization or functional coupling of cAMP generated by hormone-receptor interactions to specific steroid producing pathways in the cell. In the present study we have stimulated the MA-10 mouse Leydig tumour cell with hCG, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and forskolin to determine if functional coupling of cAMP occurs. Treatment with hCG, dbcAMP and forskolin all resulted in significant increases in the production of progesterone, the major steroid produced in these cells. Stimulation with hCG followed by 2D-PAGE analysis of the proteins resulted in the appearance of two proteins in the 30,000 molecular weight range (pI 6.8 and 6.6) and two in the 25,000–27,000 region (pI 5.9–6.0). Stimulation with dbcAMP or forskolin resulted in the appearance of the same proteins seen with hCG, but also in the appearance of two additional proteins, also having molecular weights of approximately 30,000 (pI 6.3 and 6.1). These data indicate that cAMP generated via hCG stimulation, whilst able to generate similar amounts of progesterone, does not stimulate the synthesis of the same proteins as does cAMP added exogenously or generated through indiscriminate activation of adenylate cyclase activity. Thus, it would appear that the gonadotropin activated pathway generates cAMP which remains functionally compartmentalized within the cell.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 27Al in Topaz, Al2SiO4(F, OH)2

The Al-27 nuclear quadrupolar coupling constant and asymmetry parameter (eta) in topaz have been determined to be 1.67 (plus or minus 0.03) MHz and 0.38 plus or minus 0.05, respectively. These values and the orientations of the principal axes are consistent with the Fe(3+) paramagnetic resonance data and with the symmetry of the AlO4F2 octahedron.
Cortical Language Mapping in Epilepsy: A Critical Review

One challenge in dominant hemisphere epilepsy surgery is to remove sufficient epileptogenic tissue to achieve seizure freedom without compromising postoperative language function. Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) of language was developed specifically to identify essential language cortex in pharmacologically intractable epilepsy patients undergoing left hemisphere resection of epileptogenic cortex. Surprisingly, the procedure remains unstandardized, and limited data support its clinical validity. Nevertheless, ESM for language mapping has likely minimized postoperative language decline in numerous patients, and has generated a wealth of data elucidating brain–language relations. This article reviews the literature on topographical patterns of language organization inferred from ESM, and the influence of patient characteristics on these patterns, including baseline ability level, age, gender, pathology, degree of language lateralization and bilingualism. Questions regarding clinical validity and limitations of ESM are discussed. Finally, recommendations for clinical practice are presented, and theoretical questions regarding ESM and the findings it has generated are considered.
Information merging technology and its application in robot path planning

For solving the problems that random objects are feature point and obstacles, this paper presents an efficient approach for Path Planning of Robot based on Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm. Low-cost ultrasonic sensors as the design scheme of distance measuring is adopted. Aiming to obtain the probability of grid map update effectively, an improved Bayesian formula is proposed. To realize synchronous positioning and map construction, dynamic random objects are related to the map with NN (nearest neighbor) data correlation method. Then the motion of the next step of robot is planned by improved particle swarm algorithm. The result of the numerical simulation shows that the novel particle swarm optimization is effective and can find the more optimal global solutions with high efficiency compared to the basic particle swarm optimization (PSO). The validity and reliability of this method are tested via the simulation. The result of the simulation shows that the method can solve the SLAM problem of robot in dynamic obstacles environment and realize real-time dynamic collision avoidance planning.
Protection against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart.

BACKGROUNDPreconditioning (5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of recovery) renders the heart very resistant to infarction from subsequent ischemia. This study tests whether adenosine receptors might mediate preconditioning protection.METHODS AND RESULTSWe examined the effect on infarct size of pretreatment with either of two adenosine receptor antagonists in both control and preconditioned in situ rabbit hearts. Hearts underwent 30 minutes of regional ischemia plus 3 hours of reperfusion, and infarct size was measured with tetrazolium. Infarct size averaged 39% of the zone at risk in controls but only 8% in preconditioned hearts. Preconditioned and nonpreconditioned hearts receiving either blocker had infarcts not different in size from the controls. A 5-minute intracoronary infusion of adenosine was as effective as 5 minutes of ischemia in protecting parabiotically perfused isolated hearts against infarction from a 45-minute ischemic insult. Similarly, intracoronary infusion of N6-1-(phenyl-2R-...
Removal of Syngamus Trachea, Gapeworm, from Pheasants with Subcutaneously Injected Disophenol

Abstract Gallinaceous game birds are apparently more susceptible to infection with Syngamus trachea than chickens. A Nebraska game bird farm recently discovered that S. trachea was killing many of their birds and impairing the health of the entire flock. The treatment usually recommended for gapeworm is barium antimony tartrate. This drug is not commercially available, so a newly developed anthelmintic, Disophenol 2 was administered. S. trachea is a hookworm-like nematode which lives securely attached to the wall of the trachea feeding on blood of the host. Anthelmintics which act in the intestinal tract have no action against S. trachea. Disophenol was chosen because of its specific action against hookworms. It was injected subcutaneously into nearly 800 adult pheasants and its toxicity and efficacy were evaluated. ANTHELMINTIC TESTS WITH DISOPHENOL Toxicity of Disophenol for pheasants was determined. D.N.P. 2 , a proprietary formulation containing 35 mg. Disophenol per ml. was the source of medicament. The …
Keratopathy in a Family with the Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-clefting Syndrome

Four members of a family with the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome and associated keratopathy are presented. The main features of this syndrome include lobster-claw deformities of the hands and feet, abnormalities of the hair and teeth, cleft lip and palate, nasolacrimal abnormalities, and a progressive keratopathy ranging in severity from an asymptomatic pannus to bilateral dense corneal scarring and neovascularization. Despite congenital limb abnormalities, the major functional disability of three of these patients stems from severe photophobia and decreased visual acuity secondary to the corneal disease. Treatment with cycloplegics, topical steroids, and bandage soft contact lenses was unsuccessful. The EEC syndrome is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. The spectrum of keratopathy demonstrated in this family can be explained by the different ages of the patients, by variation in gene penetrance and expressivity and by differing durations and severity of dacryocystitis and related keratoconjunctivitis. The etiology of the keratopathy appears to be primarily a manifestation of the underlying ectodermal dysplasia with probable contributions from associated tearfilm abnormalities and external ocular infection.
On Titan’s Xanadu region

Abstract A large, circular marking ∼1800 km across is seen in near-infrared images of Titan. The feature is centered at 10°S, 120°W on Titan, encompasses much of Titan’s western Xanadu region, and has an off-center, quasi-circular, inner margin about 700 km across, with lobate outer margins extending 200–500 km from the inner margin. On the feature’s southern flank is Tui Regio, an area that has very high reflectivity at 5 μm, and is hypothesized to exhibit geologically recent cryovolcanic flows (Barnes, J.W. et al. [2006]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33), similar to flows seen in Hotei Regio, a cryovolcanic area whose morphology may be controlled by pre-existing, crustal fractures resulting from an ancient impact (Soderblom, L.A. et al. [2009]. Icarus, 204). The spectral reflectivity of the large, circular feature is quite different than that of its surroundings, making it compositionally distinct, and radar measurements of its topography, brightness temperature and volume scattering also suggest that the feature is quite distinct from its surroundings. These and several other lines of evidence, in addition to the feature’s morphology, suggest that it may occupy the site of an ancient impact.
NON-LINEAR FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-PHASE MATERIALS

Abstract In the present paper a composite model is proposed to study the non-linear fracture response observed in a multi-phase material such as concrete. Mechanisms involved during crack propagation are discussed first. Effects of these mechanisms and their implications on the fracture behavior of multi-phase materials, are then examined. The proposed model shows that spurious energy induced by the ‘forced compliance’ composite action is the main contributor to the observed size-effect on fracture energy. Due to this spurious energy, higher values of fracture energy will be observed for larger specimens. Effects of specimen size on other fracture parameters are presented; comparisons of model predictions with available experimental results are also discussed.
On noise properties of transistors and amplifiers a critical review

It has been previously shown that the allowed values of minimum noise temperature T min and N=R opt g n (Lange noise parameter) for any transistor have to satisfy inequality 1≤4NT 0 /T min ≤2. Furthermore, it has been shown that in the useful frequency range for all transistors 4NT 0 /T min ≈2. Experimental confirmations have been published for III-V FETs, HEMTs, HBTs (in several different technologies including GaN HEMTs), and CMOS devices. This paper examines the consequences of this fact for widely held and widely published assumptions in the treatment of noise in transistors and amplifiers, amongst those CMOS “gate induced noise” concept and CMOS “noise cancelling” amplifiers. It is shown that some long held concepts need to be reexamined. The discussion is illustrated with experimental data.
Enhanced two-photon absorption using entangled states and small mode volumes

We calculate the rate of two-photon absorption for frequency-entangled photons in a tapered optical fiber whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. The confinement of the electric field in the transverse direction increases the intensity associated with a single photon, while the two-photon absorption rate is further enhanced by the fact that the sum of the frequencies of the two photons is on resonance with the upper atomic state, even though each photon has a relatively broad linewidth. As a result, the photons are effectively confined in all three dimensions and the two-photon absorption rate for frequency-entangled photons in a tapered fiber was found to be comparable to that for unentangled photons in a microcavity with a small mode volume.
Electrically driven photonic crystal nanocavity devices

We demonstrate electrically driven photonic crystal cavity lasers and LEDs with record low control energies. Our lateral injection platform opens the door to new opportunities in active control of photonic crystal devices.
Conjugation in Polytomella agilis Araga˜o (Volvocida, Polyblepharidae)*

SYNOPSIS. The occurrence of conjugation in the flagellate, Polytomella agilis Aragao, as first reported in 1910, is confirmed. The gametes made contact with each other in a variety of positions. Our observations differ in minor ways from those reported for P. agilis and are in considerable disagreement with others published on sexual reproduction in Polytomella caeca.
Study of Specific Binding of Maltose Binding Protein to Pyrrole-Derived Bipyridinium Film by Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The affinity of the maltose binding protein−nitro reductase fusion (MBP−NR) to electropolymerized films of N-(3-pyrrol-1-ylpropyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium (PPB) has been studied in aqueous medium by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. It was found that the MBP domain of MBP−NR exhibits specific binding toward PPB films through the maltose binding site and that the immobilized MBP−NR retains its enzymatic activity toward trinitrotoluene (TNT) reduction. Although some MBP−NR was nonspecifically adsorbed onto a maltose-covered PPB film as well as to a bare Au electrode, in both cases the adsorbed enzyme exhibited no catalytic activity. Nitro reductase (NR) also appeared to adsorb onto the PPB films but did not exhibit any enzymatic activity. The electropolymerization of N-(3-pyrrol-1-ylpropyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium (PPB) onto a Au electrode in acetonitrile solution was studied by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). It was found that the extent of polymerization upon pyrrole-centered oxidat...
Prediction of Vocational Success among Emotionally Impaired and Learning-Disabled Persons.

Successful predictors of vocational success among psychiatric populations include (a) having been married, (b) having held full-time work, and (c) not having been diagnosed as learning disabled.
Periportal Lymphadenopathy in Patients Without Identifiable Pancreatobiliary or Hepatic Malignancy

Background & Aims Enlarged periportal lymph nodes often are noticed during imaging of the upper abdomen. Malignant infiltration and enlargement of periportal nodes occur in patients with cancers of the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas and lymphoma. However, there are no published data on the significance and differential diagnosis of enlarged periportal lymph nodes in patients without the above mentioned cancers. Methods We searched our database for patients who (1) underwent endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of enlarged periportal nodes or (2) were found to have enlarged periportal lymph nodes (≥10 mm) during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examination. Patients with identifiable pancreatic, biliary, gallbladder, or liver cancers were excluded. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of one or more nodes was performed. Results Sixty-four patients with periportal lymph nodes 10–40 mm in size met the inclusion criteria. In 24 patients, enlarged periportal nodes were noted in the computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans. Fifty-one patients had multiple enlarged periportal nodes. Concomitantly, enlargement was seen in peripancreatic nodes (n = 14), celiac nodes (n = 14), and mediastinal nodes (n = 11). Twelve of the 64 patients (18.8%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2%–28.4%) had a malignant cause of enlarged periportal lymph nodes: 5 with metastatic carcinoma and 7 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Significant cytologic findings in benign nodes included granulomas (n = 4) and lipogranulomatosis (n = 8). Conclusions A significant number of patients with enlarged periportal lymph nodes without identifiable pancreatobiliary and liver cancer harbor malignancy and other identifiable pathologic processes. We recommend that these nodes be sampled with fine-needle aspiration at the time of EUS examination.
Fiberized laser ultrasonic source for process monitoring and biomedical applications

A new design for a fiberized laser ultrasonic source for process monitoring and bio-medical applications is proposed. The laser ultrasonic source consists of a pulsed laser, a fiber-optic cable, and a generation head. The generation head is a miniature hermetically sealed chamber, which can be embedded into solid structures or immersed in liquid media. The face of the chamber acts as a target for the laser irradiation. Bulk ultrasonic waves generated inside of the target are transmitted into the surrounding liquid media or solid structure. It is shown that ultrasonic pulses of 1 microsecond(s) to 30 ns duration can be generated. Sources with different radiation patterns with respect to the optical axis of the fiber, such as normal, angular, and focused, have been devised. An example use of these sources combined with a fiber optic ultrasonic sensor for inspection of small tubes is presented.
Experimental measurement of tilt correlation with higher-order modes in the time domain for turbulence-induced phase aberrations: implications to airborne laser beam steering

Theoretical analysis of the temporal cross-correlation properties of turbulence-induced phase aberrations predict that while tilt is uncorrelated with most higher-order modes at zero time delay, the magnitude of the cross-correlation increases through some maximum value before going to zero at long time delays. To test this theoretical prediction, we employ laboratory measurements of phase induced on a laser beam propagating through a channeled flow of turbulent gas. From these measurements, the temporal cross-correlation of various aberration modes was estimated. Theoretical expressions were derived for these cross-correlations, and the results of these calculations agree well with experimental measurements. Both the experimental and the theoretical results demonstrate that the magnitude of cross- correlation between tilt and higher-order modes is non-zero over a range of temporal delay. Thus, higher-order model measurements may be incorporated into an optimal estimator for tilt, enhancing estimator performance.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Design and Rolling Locomotion of a Magnetically Actuated Soft Capsule Endoscope

This paper proposes a magnetically actuated soft capsule endoscope (MASCE) as a tetherless miniature mobile robot platform for diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications inside the stomach. Two embedded internal permanent magnets and a large external magnet are used to actuate the robot remotely. The proposed MASCE has three novel features. First, its outside body is made of soft elastomer-based compliant structures. Such compliant structures can deform passively during the robot-tissue contact interactions, which makes the device safer and less invasive. Next, it can be actively deformed in the axial direction by using external magnetic actuation, which provides an extra degree of freedom that enables various advanced functions such as axial position control, drug releasing, drug injection, or biopsy. Finally, it navigates in three dimensions by rolling on the stomach surface as a new surface locomotion method inside the stomach. Here, the external attractive magnetic force is used to anchor the robot on a desired location, and the external magnetic torque is used to roll it to another location, which provides a stable, continuous, and controllable motion. The paper presents design and fabrication methods for the compliant structures of the robot with its axial deformation and position control capability. Rolling-based surface locomotion of the robot using external magnetic torques is modeled, and its feasibility is tested and verified on a synthetic stomach surface by using a magnetically actuated capsule endoscope prototype.
Covariant quantization of chiral bosons and OSp(1, 1|2) symmetry

The covariant quantization of a chiral boson is carried out on an extended phase space. To convert the second-class constraint ∂+φ(σ, τ) = 0 into first-class ones, a la Faddeev and Shatashvili, infinitely many auxiliary scalars are introduced. We have explored the OSp(1, 1|2) symmetry, which is a group theoretical extension of the BRST symmetry, to prove the no-ghost theorem and the chirality of the physical subspace. The infinite product of determinants from the ghosts and auxiliary scalars in path integral are regularized in an OSp invariant way, leading to the desired partition function. The formulation holds good in the presence of static background gauge fields.
Student Views of "Ethical" Issues: A Situational Analysis

This paper reports on selected attitudes of a sample of third-year undergraduate business students in a major urban university. The focus of the research is on respondent perceptions of certain aspects of the employee-employer relationship. Such issues as use of the company car for a personal trip, use of the company copy machine for personal copies, calling in sick when some personal time is needed, eating at the very best restaurant on a business trip and others are explored. Half of the students surveyed were asked to respond as though they were employees of the company. The other half were asked to respond as though they were the President of the company. Both groups seemed to reflect a certain amount of “flexibility” in their responses to the issues presented. The assumed position of the respondent, the “situation,” did influence the responses given.
Time-variable aliasing effects of ocean tides, atmosphere, and continental water mass on monthly mean GRACE gravity field

[1] The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission will provide new measurements of Earth's static and time-variable gravity fields with monthly resolution. The temporal effects due to ocean tides and atmospheric mass redistribution are assumed known and could be removed using current models. In this study we quantify the aliasing effects on monthly mean GRACE gravity estimates due to errors in models for ocean tides and atmosphere and due to ground surface water mass variation. Our results are based on simulations of GRACE recovery of monthly gravity solution complete to degree and order 120 in the presence of the respective model errors and temporal aliasing effects. For ocean tides we find that a model error in S2 causes errors 3 times larger than the measurement noise at n < 15 in the monthly gravity solution. Errors in K1, O1, and M2 can be reduced to below the measurement noise level by monthly averaging. For the atmosphere, model errors alias the solution at the measurement noise level. The errors corrupt recovered coefficients and introduce 30% more error in the global monthly geoid estimates up to maximum degree 120. Assuming daily CDAS-1 data for continental surface water mass redistribution, the analysis indicates that the daily soil moisture and snow depth variations with respect to their monthly mean produce a systematic error as large as the measurement noise over the continental regions.
Peculiar bias properties of the ols estimator when applied to a dynamic model with autocorrelated disturbances

This study reveals that contrary to the conventional wisdom among econometricians, the bias of the OLS estimator can be quite small when the estimator is applied to a geometrically distributed lag model, yt α + βx t+ λy t-1. + ut, with autocorrelated disturbances, be they AR(1), MA(1), MA(2), AR(2), and ARMA(1,1). This happens when λ is large and xtis smoothly trended (e.g., a real GNP series). In fact, the bias of the OLS estimator becomes zero at one parameter combination, and the OLS estimator performs well over a wide range around this parameter combination. By decomposing the disturbance term into two parts, the paper also explains why OLS shows such an unexpected property. These findings have both pedagogical and practical significance.
Resonance absorption measurements of atom concentrations in reacting gas mixtures 5. Pyrolysis of C3H8 and C3D8 behind shock waves

Dilute mixtures (5–100 ppm) of C3H8 and of C3D8 in argon were pyrolyzed behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1200–1450 K and total pressures of 2–3 atmospheres. Progress of the reaction was followed by analysis for H or D atoms using resonance absorption spectroscopy. For the reaction C3H8→CH3+C2H5 we obtained the first-order rate constant k1=6.7×1016 exp (−90,200/RT) s−1, where the activation energy is in calories. Within experimental error, rate constants for the dissociation of C3D8 were the same. Taking other data into consideration, we recommend k1=2.5×1016 exp(−87,500/RT)s−1, with an estimated uncertainty of a factor of 2 in k1.
The renormalization of the energy-momentum tensor for an effective initial state

An effective description of an initial state is a method for representing the signatures of new physics in the short-distance structure of a quantum state. The expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor for a field in such a state contains new divergences that arise when summing over this new structure. These divergences occur only at the initial time at which the state is defined and therefore can be cancelled by including a set of purely geometric counterterms that also are confined to this initial surface. We describe this gravitational renormalization of the divergences in the energy-momentum tensor for a free scalar field in an isotropically expanding inflationary background. We also show that the backreaction from these new short-distance features of the state is small when compared with the leading vacuum energy contained in the field.
Perioperative Nursing Considerations in Burn Care

The American Burn Association estimates that approximately 3000 people will die every year as a result of residential fires, and another 500 will die from other burn sources including motor vehicle and aircraft crashes and contact with electricity, chemicals, or hot liquids and substances. About 55% of the estimated 45,000 US acute hospitalizations for burn injury in recent years were admitted to 125 hospitals with specialized facilities for burn care. Patients with severe burns require specialized care because of their susceptibility to infection and potential complications from inhalation injury and/or shock. Certain wound treatments and specialized operative interventions have been shown to reduce patient length of stay. These treatments, including skin grafting surgeries and highly specialized wound care, are best delivered in burn centers and are important in increasing the likelihood of survival and reducing complications and adverse outcomes. Criteria for admission to a specialized burn center are as follows: • Partial-thickness burns of greater than 10% of the total body surface area (TBSA). • Burns that involve the face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major joints. • Third-degree burns in any age group. • Electrical burns, including lightning injury. • Chemical burns. • Inhalation injury. • Burn injury in patients with preexisting medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality. • Any patient with burns and concomitant trauma (such as fractures) in which the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity or mortality. In such cases, if the trauma poses the greater immediate risk, the patient’s condition may be stabilized initially in a trauma center before transfer to a burn center. Physician judgment is necessary in such situations and should be in concert with the regional medical control plan and triage protocols. • Burned children in hospitals without qualified personnel or equipment for the care of children.
Crystal structure of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase: insights into catalysis and the molecular basis for hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) lyase is a key enzyme in the ketogenic pathway that supplies metabolic fuel to extrahepatic tissues. Enzyme deficiency may be due to a variety of human mutations and can be fatal. Diminished activity has been explained based on analyses of recombinant human mutant proteins or, more recently, in the context of structural models for the enzyme. We report the experimental determination of a crystal structure at 2.1 A resolution of the recombinant human mitochondrial HMG-CoA lyase containing a bound activator cation and the dicarboxylic acid 3-hydroxyglutarate. The enzyme adopts a (βα)8 barrel fold, and the N-terminal barrel end is occluded. The structure of a physiologically relevant dimer suggests that substrate access to the active site involves binding across the cavity located at the C-terminal end of the barrel. An alternative hypothesis that involves substrate insertion through a pore proposed to extend through the barrel is not compatible with the observed structure. The activator cation ligands included Asn275, Asp42,His233, and His235; the latter three residues had been implicated previously as contributing to metal binding or enzyme activity. Arg41, previously shown to have a major effect on catalytic efficiency, is also located at the active site. In the observed structure, this residue interacts with a carboxyl group of 3-hydroxyglutarate, the hydrolysis product of the competitive inhibitor 3-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA required for crystallization of human enzyme. The structure provides a rationale for the decrease in enzyme activity due to clinical mutations, including H233R, R41Q, D42H, and D204N, that compromise active site function or enzyme stability.