cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiometric calibration of spacecraft using small lunar images

The Moon is the only object that is accessible to Earth- orbiting imaging systems, whose brightness is within the dynamic range of most such systems, and whose spectral radiance is potentially knowable to a fraction of a percent. As such, it is a desirable target for radiometric calibration. Several spacecraft teams have begun using or are planning to use lunar observations as part of their calibration process. We examine the data reduction steps that can be used to extract the lunar irradiance from low resolution images of the Moon and qualitatively assess the attendant uncertainties. Images of the Moon provide a precise measure of scattered- light sensitivity. The response integrated over an image is compared to a lunar irradiance model being developed from terrestrial multi-band photometric observations over the 350 - 2500 nm range. For SeaWiFS images, wherein the Moon is about 6 by 20 pixels, the uncertainty in extracting the total lunar signal from the image is about 1% for most bands. A significant source of uncertainty is knowledge of the spacecraft inertial pitch rate, which is currently derived form image analysis. The very low noise in some of the detectors limits knowledge of the zero radiance level to 1/2 of a Data Number. A program is underway to accurately determine at several wavelengths the brightness variations of the Moon associated with Sun-Moon-observer Geometry. Comparisons with Earth-based lunar radiometric observations for relative responsivity (changes of spacecraft instrument gain with time) are consistent to about 1/2 the formal uncertainty. At present, the largest errors in using these data for absolute radiometric calibration are in the lunar radiance model.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Integration of algae cultivation as biodiesel production feedstock with municipal wastewater treatment: strains screening and significance evaluation of environmental factors.

Abstract The objectives of this study are to find the robust strains for the centrate cultivation system and to evaluate the effect of environmental factors including light intensity, light–dark cycle, and exogenous CO 2 concentration on biomass accumulation, wastewater nutrient removal and biodiesel production. The results showed that all 14 algae strains from the genus of Chlorella , Haematococcus , Scenedesmus , Chlamydomonas , and Chloroccum were able to grow on centrate. The highest net biomass accumulation (2.01 g/L) was observed with Chlorella kessleri followed by Chlorella protothecoides (1.31 g/L), and both of them were proved to be capable of mixotrophic growth when cultivated on centrate. Environmental factors had significant effect on algal biomass accumulation, wastewater nutrients removal and biodiesel production. Higher light intensity and exogenous CO 2 concentration with longer lighting period promote biomass accumulation, biodiesel production, as well as the removal of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen, while, lower exogenous CO 2 concentration promotes phosphorus removal.
Ideas and State Capacity, or Business Dominance? A Historical Analysis of Grazing on the Public Grasslands

State-centered theorists have forwarded the argument that the role of ideas and state capacity in the formulation of public policies is evidence of an autonomous polity. These theorists hold that state capacity and ideas have an autonomous and independent role in determining state behavior and public policy development. 1. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Theda Skocpol, “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research,” in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Christopher McGrory Klyza, “Ideas, Institutions, and Policy Patterns: Hardrock Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policy on United States Public Lands, 1870–1985,” Studies in American Political Development 8 (1994): 341–74; Who Controls the Public Lands? Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policy, 1870–1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); and Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skocpol, State and Party in America's New Deal (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995). Reflective of this, statist Christopher Klyza posits ideas and state capacity as the primary factors in the development of the policy regime that manages grazing on the public grasslands. 2. Klyza, “Ideas, Institutions, and Policy Patterns,” 363–70; Who Controls the Public Lands?, chap. 5. I contend, however, that the history of the federal grazing policy regime is indicative of a business dominance perspective, a society-centered approach. 3. Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969); Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 (New York: Free Press, 1977); Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1977); John F. Manley, “Neo-Pluralism: a Class Analysis of Pluralism I and Pluralism II,” American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 368–83; G. William Domhoff, The Power Elite and the State (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990), and Who Rules America? Power and Politics, 4th ed. Specifically, the livestock industry, a producer group, is the most powerful explanatory factor in the development of this regime, not ideas or state capacity. Furthermore, utilizing the cases of the grazing agencies (the U.S. Grazing Service and later the Bureau of Land Management [BLM]), the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, and the Environmental Protection Agency I assail the autonomy that state-centric theorists ascribe to the state's capacity.
Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice.

Background & Aims Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites in the intestine, activate cells via G-protein−coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR41 and GPR43. We studied regulation of the immune response by SCFAs and their receptors in the intestines of mice. Methods Inflammatory responses were induced in GPR41 −/− , GPR43 −/− , and C57BL6 (control) mice by administration of ethanol; 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid (TNBS); or infection with Citrobacter rodentium . We examined the effects of C rodentium infection on control mice fed SCFAs and/or given injections of antibodies that delay the immune response. We also studied the kinetics of cytokine and chemokine production, leukocyte recruitment, intestinal permeability, and T-cell responses. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated from GPR41 −/− , GPR43 −/− , and control mice; signaling pathways regulated by SCFAs were identified using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry analyses. Results GPR41 −/− and GPR43 −/− mice had reduced inflammatory responses after administration of ethanol or TNBS compared with control mice, and had a slower immune response against C rodentium infection, clearing the bacteria more slowly. SCFAs activated intestinal epithelial cells to produce chemokines and cytokines in culture and mice after administration of ethanol, TNBS, or C rodentium . These processes required GPR41 and GPR43 and were required to recruit leukocytes and activate effector T cells in the intestine. GPR41 and GPR43 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells to induce production of chemokines and cytokines during immune responses. Conclusions SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. These pathways mediate protective immunity and tissue inflammation in mice.
Effects of U.V. radiation on the lifespan of the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli.

Groups of rotifers of the species Asplanchna brightwelli were exposed to U.V. irradiation at dosages ranging from 50 to 4800 J/m2. The lifespan of the rotifers was significantly reduced by exposure to U.V. in the range of 200 to 4800 J/m2. A logarithmic decline in lifespan was seen as the U.V. dose increased. Rotifers were most sensitive to U.V. exposure during the prereproductive stage at the beginning of their lifecycle. Exposure of rotifers to visible light following U.V. radiation provided no evidence that photoreactivation could influence lifespan in this species.
The use of drug-eluting stents versus bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease.

EXCEL Evaluation of Xience Prime Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization MAINCOMPARE Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Versus Surgical Revascularization PRECOMBAT Bypass Surgery Versus Angioplasty Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease SYNTAX-LM Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery
Synthesis and structures of zirconium amide-iodide complexes

Zirconium amide-iodide complexes were synthesized for possible use as chemical vapor deposition precursors to zirconium nitride films. The series of six complexes Zr(NR(2))(4-n)I(n)(R = Me or Et; n = 1-3) was prepared by reacting ZrI(4) and Zr(NR(2))(4) in hot toluene. X-ray crystallographic analyses were performed for Zr(NMe(2))(3)I, Zr(NEt(2))(2)I(2), and Zr(NEt(2))I(3). In the solid state, Zr(NMe(2))(3)I and Zr(NEt(2))(2)I(2) are the discrete dimers [Zr(NMe(2))(2)I(mu-NMe(2))](2) and [Zr(NEt(2))(2)I(mu-I)](2), and Zr(NEt(2))I(3) is the polymer of dimers ([Zr(NEt(2))I(2)(mu-I)](2))(n). In solution, Zr(NEt(2))(3)I is proposed to be monomeric on the basis of NMR data and a molecular weight determination. The complex Zr(NEt(2))(3)I is the most promising precursor candidate because of its physical properties.
Structural interventions to improve opiate maintenance

Abstract Public health interventions targeting drug users can focus on changing individual risk behaviors or on changing the social and environmental contexts which facilitate individual risk taking. In this article, we focus on the latter interventions, creating a framework for understanding which structural interventions might be useful in reducing risk. We apply the framework to the example of opiate maintenance therapy in the United States to supply examples of structural barriers to maintenance therapy and describe how structural interventions can be useful in reducing these barriers.
Democracies: Forms, performance, and constitutional engineering

Abstract. The conventional wisdom concerning the choice between majoritarian electoral systems and proportional representation (PR) – and, more broadly, between majoritarian and consensus forms of democracy – is that there is a trade-off: PR and consensus democracy provide more accurate representation and better minority representation, but majoritarianism provides more effective government. A comparative analysis of 18 older and well-established democracies, most of which are European democracies, shows that PR and consensus democracy indeed give superior political representation, but that majoritarian systems do not perform better in maintaining public order and managing the economy, and hence that the over-all performance of consensus democracy is superior. This conclusion should also be tested among the growing number of slightly newer non-European democracies, which are already old enough to have proved their viability and can be studied over an extended period of time. If its validity is confirmed – and the evidence so far is very promising – it can have great practical significance for the future of democracy in the world.
10-year results of the pravastatin randomized trial in heart transplant recipients

Background: This trial’s first year data demonstrated significant benefit in heart transplant patients treated with pravastatin in cholesterol levels, survival, rejection with hemodynamic compromise, the development of transplant coronary artery disease, and decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Other heart transplant studies have shown similar benefit. We now report on the 10-year follow-up of this study. Methods: 97 heart transplants were randomized to pravastatin or no pravastatin within two weeks after surgery. Specific protocol as previously published. Results: 42% of the control patients crossed-over to pravastatin treatment during the second year of the study. During the 10-year follow-up 81% of the control group crossed-over to pravastatin or other statin therapy. As a group, the control patients had subsequent low and comparable cholesterol levels compared to the patients originally randomized to pravastatin in years 2–8 of the study. The pravastatin treated patients compared to control had significantly increased 10-year survival (68% versus 48%, p 0.026) and a trend to more freedom from angiographic cardiac allograft vasculopathy (45% vs. 24%, p 0.079). Conclusion: The 10-year follow-up of this study suggests that the early benefits of pravastatin in heart transplant patients persists in greater 10-year survival and a trend for a lower incidence of angiographic cardiac allograft vasculopathy. 219
Using data mining to investigate interaction between channel characteristics and hydraulic geometry channel types

Data was mined for the purpose of extracting data from an online source to compute and classify hydraulic geometry as well as providing additional data (channel stability, material, and evenness) for pattern discovery. Hydraulic geometry, the relationships between a stream's geometry (width and depth) and flow (velocity and discharge), is applicable to flood prediction, water resources management, and modeling point sources of pollution. Although data to compute hydraulic geometry and additional channel data are freely available online, a systematic data mining approach is seldom if ever used for classification of hydraulic geometry and discernment of regional trends encompassing multi-state areas. In this paper, a method for computing and classifying hydraulic geometry from mined channel flow and geometry data from several states was introduced. Additional channel characteristics (stability, evenness, and material) were also mined. Channels were mapped by stability and a scatterplot matrix revealed no anomalies in the hydraulic geometry of individual channel sections. To assess the quality of data output, statistical analyses were conducted to show that our mined data were comparable to data from the literature as indicated by Euclidean distances between multivariate means, histograms of frequency distributions of hydraulic exponents, and Spearman's rank order correlation applied to channel types. Channels exhibited significant interaction between stability and material, between stability and evenness, but not between material and evenness. Boundary lines through the classification diagram were effective in discriminating stability and material but not evenness.
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND 5-HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID EXCRETION

Abstract Schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics do not differ in urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid on either a concentration or 24 h basis, nor do they differ in variability of excretion. Although a pattern was observed of decreasing psychopathology with increasing 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion, this pattern may be related to alterations in physical state accompanying psychopathology rather than to psychopathology per se.
Preference for counseling and psychotherapy as related to preoedipal fixation

Preference for a particular mode of psychotherapy was hypothesized to relate to psychoanalytically derived characterological attributes of the potential client. Specifically, psychoanalysis was see...
Dietary fat content and flavor reinforcement by intragastric sucrose and corn oil in rats.

The influence of dietary fat level on the relative reinforcing potency of intragastric (IG) corn oil and sucrose was tested with flavor preference conditioning. Rats were given ad libitum access to a low-fat chow (LF; 12% fat kcal) or a high-fat chow (HF; 48% fat kcal) maintenance diet. They were given four 22-h/day one-bottle training sessions each with CS+F, CS+C, and CS− flavors paired with IG 7.1% oil emulsion, 16% sucrose solution and water, respectively. During training the LF and HF rats consumed equal amounts of CS+F and CS− and less of the CS+C. Overall, the training nutrient intakes of the LF group averaged 18% protein/55% carbohydrate/27% fat, whereas the HF group averaged 12/37/51%. In two-bottle choice tests the groups showed equally strong preference for the CS+F over the CS− (82–86%). They also preferred the CS+C over the CS−, but the LF rats had a stronger preference (93%) than did the HF rats (77%). The CS+C was preferred to the CS+F; the LF group's 72% preference did not differ significantly from HF group's 60% CS+C preference. The results extend prior work showing IG fat is less reinforcing than IG carbohydrate. Relative to the LF diet, the primary effect of HF diet was attenuation of carbohydrate-based flavor preference, perhaps due to greater satiation effects by carbohydrates when they comprise less of the overall diet. Supported by DK031135.
Multiple myeloma with concomitant JAK2-positive essential thrombocythemia post-successful autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Multiple myeloma with concomitant JAK2-positive essential thrombocythemia post-successful autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Temperature-dependent activation of differential apoptotic pathways during cryoablation in a human prostate cancer model.

Temperature-dependent activation of differential apoptotic pathways during cryoablation in a human prostate cancer model
Negotiation Moves and Recasts in Relation to Error Types and Learner Repair in the Foreign Language Classroom

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the provision and use of Implicit Negative Feedback in the interactional context of adult beginning learners of Spanish working in dyads (NNS–NNS) in the foreign language (L2) classroom. The relationships among error types, feedback types, and immediate learner repair were also examined. A total of 42 beginning FL learners of Spanish enrolled in two different sections of Beginning Spanish participated in the study. During regular class time, learners formed pairs and worked on the same jigsaw task. The collaborative work of all pairs was tape-recorded, transcribed, and later coded for types of error (syntactic/lexical), types of NF (explicit/recasts/negotiation moves), and repair. Findings indicated that learners did not provide explicit negative feedback. Learners did provide and did use INF (recasts and negotiation moves) when working in NNS–NNS dyads. In addition, lexical errors favored the negotiation of form; syntactic errors invited recasts, but differential effects were found in terms of learner repair. Negotiation moves proved more effective in immediately repairing errors than did recasts.
Chemical characterization of two extracts used in the determination of available soil nitrogen

Two soil extracts used for chemical indexes for N availability, 0.01M NaHCO3 and boiling 0.01M CaCl2, were analyzed in effort to learn more about the nature of the extracted organic matter (O.M.). The two extracts appeared to remove different fractions of the soil O.M. A study of five soils showed that the C/N value of the NaHCO3 extract (following decarbonation) was significantly higher than that of the total soil O.M.; while the C/N value in the boiling CaCl2 extract was not significantly different from that in the soil O.M. There was also significant variation in C/N values among soils for the boiling CaCl2 extract. The extracts of three soils were analyzed for apparent molecular weight distribution using gel filtration and the results compared to those for base-extracted humic substances. Almost all the molecules in the extracts had apparent molecular weights less than 21,000 daltons while 21 to 47% of the humic substances from the same soils (extracted with 0.5M NaOH) had molecular weights greater than 21,000 daltons. In the boiling CaCl2 extract, 78 to 87% of the humic substances had apparent molecular weights less than 1,000 daltons, whereas with the NaHCO3 extract, 42 to 83% of the humic substances were in the 1,000 to 21,000 dalton range. Forty-three to 92% of the N extracted by the NaHCO3 was in protein form, and 8 to 30% was ninhydrin-detectable. In the boiling CaCl2 extract 25 to 30% of the extracted N was ninhydrin-detectable. For the same 10 soils, ninhydrin-detectable N values of the boiling CaCl2 extract appeared closely related to greenhouse and field relative N uptake, while the ninhydrin-detectable N values of the NaHCO3 extract appeared unrelated to both. The protein N and protein in plus ninhydrin-detectable N values of the NaHCO3 extract were closely related to greenhouse relative N uptake only. The results of this study indicated that specific fractions of the soil O.M. were being extracted by the two solutions and that significant differences existed in the chemical nature of the two extracts.
Calpain-mediated proteolysis of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) is inhibited by phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

The effects of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation on the calpain-mediated degradation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) were studied. Both cAMP-PK and CaMKII readily phosphorylated MAP-2. However, cAMP-PK phosphorylated MAP-2 to a significantly greater extent than did CaMKII (4.5 mol 32P/mol MAP-2 and 1.4 mol 32P/mol MAP-2, respectively). Phosphorylation of MAP-2 by cAMP-PK, but not by CaMKII, significantly inhibited the calpain-induced hydrolysis of MAP-2. These results demonstrate that the phosphorylation of sites on the MAP-2 molecule accessible to cAMP-PK, but not to CaMKII, result in increased resistance to calpain proteolysis.
Characterisation of murine monoclonal antibodies recognising opsonic, mouse-protective, chaining and mucosally relevant epitopes on the M protein of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

Abstract Six hybridomas secreting murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the M protein of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi were characterised. The mAbs recognised the major 41 and 46 kDa fragments of M protein in an acid extract of S equi and the 56 and 58 kDa dimer of the native molecule in a mutanolysin extract, but did not react with recombinant M-like protein of S equi subspecies zooepidemicus. One mAb (2A10) showed strong opsonic activity for S equi and protected mice against an experimental challenge with virulent S equi. Two other mAbs were mouse-protective but not opsonic. All the mAbs elicited a strong chaining response from S equi, but had only a weak chaining effect on a strain of S equi (19) that expressed only 4 per cent of the normal amount of M protein. Antibodies in nasopharyngeal mucus of horses recently recovered from strangles were inhibited to different extents by each mAb. These different functional behaviours and the result of inhibition elisa s suggest that the M protein of S equi carries multiple epitopes.
Collective Security Reexamined.

From one standpoint it is a truism to say that collective security is something new under the sun. In past eras and especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, war was conceived of as a duel in which contestants should be isolated and restrained by the rest of international society. When nations engaged in armed conflict their neighbors sought to localize the struggle and alleviate its poisonous effects. However short-sighted their actions in not meeting the conflict directly and turning back aggression at its source, the nations pursuing these policies were sometimes successful for varying periods of time in preserving islands of peace in a warring world. On August 8, 1932, however, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson proclaimed the revolutionary fact that the modern state system was entering a new era in which warring powers were no longer entitled to the same equally impartial and neutral treatment by the rest of society. He announced to the New York Council of Foreign Relations that in future conflicts one or more of the combatants must be designated as wrong-doer and added: "We no longer draw a circle about them and treat them with the punctilios of the duelist's code. Instead we denounce them as lawbreakers."' This is the cornerstone of the universally recognized theory of collective security to which most Western statesmen profess loyalty today. It is said that Mr. Stimson's memoirs, On Active Service, have become the "bible" of the Department of State, and in Britain we have the word of The Times (London) in a recent editorial that collective security" . . indeed, is the view to which this country, like most others, is committed by its membership in the United Nations. . .2 How are we to account for this new form of international relations? Perhaps there are three keys to the radical transformation of Western thought and the more modest shift in Western practice. Approached in imaginary and figurative terms, collective security may be said to have found its soul in the revolution in beliefs, its body in the revolution in techniques, and its mind in the revolution in contemporary international institutions taking place in the last threequarters of a century. The soul of collective security has been formed by the growth of practical morality. The chief characteristic of social behavior in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century has been the increasing attention paid to all forms of humanitarian projects. In medieval society the thought of eliminating war or poverty was rarely given serious attention. War and poverty were conceived of as abiding moral problems and defects and flaws in a universal moral order. So long as man continued in his present state and society
Effect of High Pressure Microfluidization on Microstructure of Mozzarella Cheese

Abstract Microstructure was compared in low-fat and full-fat mozzarella cheeses prepared from milk homogenized by microfluidization at various temperatures and pressures. Milk heated to 10, 43, or 54°C and containing 1.0 or 3.2 g fat/100 g fluid milk was homogenized at 34, 103, or 172 MPa prior to cheesemaking. Scanning electron microscopy was performed after 1 d and 6 wk of storage at 4°C. The micrographs showed that relatively large fat globules were dispersed throughout the casein matrix in each of the cheeses made from milk homogenized at 10°C, and in each of the nonhomogenized controls. As expected, fat globules were much smaller in the cheeses made from milk homogenized at the higher pressures. Increasing the milk temperature also caused the globule size to decrease since the fat became liquid and more easily fragmented. The results indicate that both homogenization temperature and pressure affect development of microstructure in mozzarella cheese.
ONTOGRATE: TOWARDS AUTOMATIC INTEGRATION FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES AND THE SEMANTIC WEB THROUGH AN ONTOLOGY-BASED FRAMEWORK

Integrating existing relational databases with ontology-based systems is among the important research problems for the Semantic Web. We have designed a comprehensive framework called OntoGrate which combines a highly automatic mapping system, a logic inference engine, and several syntax wrappers that inter-operate with consistent semantics to answer ontology-based queries using the data from heterogeneous databases. There are several major contributions of our OntoGrate research: (i) we designed an ontology-based framework that provides a unified semantics for mapping discovery and query translation by transforming database schemas to Semantic Web ontologies; (ii) we developed a highly automatic ontology mapping system which leverages object reconciliation and multi-relational data mining techniques; (iii) we developed an inference-based query translation algorithm and several syntax wrappers which can translate queries and answers between relational databases and the Semantic Web. The testing results of our implemented OntoGrate system in different domains show that the large amount of data in relational databases can be directly utilized for answering Semantic Web queries rather than first converting all relational data into RDF or OWL.
SmartMobile-AD: An Intelligent Mobile Advertising System

The wide deployment of wireless networks and mobile technologies and the significant increase in the number of mobile device users have created a very strong demand for emerging mobile commerce applications and services. Wireless advertising is one of the important and hot subjects in m-commerce and wireless application. This paper reports a wireless advertising system (SmartMobile-AD) in terms of its supporting business process, functions, system architecture, and built-in technical solutions. The system supports the wireless advertising workflow for wireless service companies and publishers (or portals) to manage and deliver multimedia mobile ads to mobile users over the wireless Internet. The paper provides the insights on mobile ad targeting, delivery, tracking, and performance measurement. Furthermore, the paper presents the application examples of the system.
Bilateral posterior optic neuropathy after bilateral radical neck dissection and hypotension

A 67-year-old man became totally blind after bilateral neck dissection complicated by postoperative hypotension. Histopathological study revealed extensive bilateral infarction of the orbital portion of the optic nerves.
Relaxation Oscillations in Aircraft Cruise-Dash Optimization

Abstract : Periodic solutions in energy approximation are sought for aircraft optimal cruise-dash problems. The cost functional is the weighted sum of the time taken and the fuel used average over the cycle. It is known from previous work that in energy-state approximation, relaxed-steady-state control gives lower costs than the steady-state solution. However, this control is not implementable. Higher approximations to this are sought via averaging oscillations. The 'fast' dynamics (path-angle/altitude/throttle/lift- coefficient) is modeled in terms of periodic solutions in a boundary-layer-like motion which does not die out but moves along with the progression of the 'slow' state energy. This is shown not to help the situation. A better approximation in terms of relaxation oscillations is proposed. Unlike earlier models, the energy is allowed to vary. However, the net change in energy per cycle is zero. Fast, constant-energy climbs and descents and slow energy transitions are 'spliced' together in zeroth order approximation to obtain the periodic solutions. The energies in question are determined as part of the problem. This technique is shown to produce a more practical solution, but still needs improvement for practical application. Keywords: Flight path optimization; Cost effectiveness.
Photonic Crystal Multiple Diffraction Observed by Angular-Resolved Reflection Measurements

Angular-resolved reflection measurements suggest that higher-order Miller-index crystal planes of a fcc photonic crystal reflect specularly about the normal to the (111) planes. We suggest that this phenomenon results from a two-step diffraction process where light is first Bragg diffracted by higher-order Miller-index crystal planes and is then two-dimensionally diffracted by periodicities within the (111) planes to produce the specularly diffracted light. This phenomenon is a three-dimensional analog of the well-known Wood's anomaly. © 2009 The American Physical Society.
Effect of selected marine and freshwater microalgae on development and survival of the mosquito Aedes aegypti

We isolated and identified strains of marine and freshwater planktonic and benthic microalgae from the vicinity of Indian River County, Florida (≈27.5°N, 80.34°W), cultivated them in batch culture, and examined their allelopathic activity against mosquito larvae. Additional algal material was obtained from Syracuse University and the University of Texas—Austin Algal Culture Collection. Mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti (L.)) from colonies maintained at the Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory were challenged with the microalgae using log-growth phase and senescent-phase cultures. Appropriate controls (no algae) were used for each treatment. There were no significant differences in development time between treatments across all trials and a few significant treatment effects on development times, mortality, or mosquito size in the individual trials; however, there was a tendency for treatments with senescent microalgae to develop faster than controls with no algae. Effects consistent with algal toxicity included the two trials with Microcystis aeruginosa, where the larvae exposed to the strain-producing microcystin had significantly longer development times than the controls or those grown with the non-microcystin-producing strain, and the trial with the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea, where larvae exposed to this species had significantly higher mortality than the controls. No consistent patterns or differences between experimental and control treatments in the value of λ′, an estimate of the population finite rate of increase, were discernible from the data.
Effect of restenosis after an earlier angioplasty at another coronary site on the frequency of restenosis after a subsequent coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Restenosis remains a major problem in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A number of constitutional factors such as male gender,1 diabetes mellitus,1,2 cigarette smoking2 and unstable angina,1,2 as well as local arterial factors including initial total occlusion,3 severe residual stenosis4 and elevated translesional final gradient1 have been associated with an increased frequency of restenosis. However, these factors are not necessarily causal, and the exact stimulus and mechanism of the cellular response resulting in restenosis remain unknown. In addition, the relative importance of constitutional and local arterial factors on the development of restenosis is unclear. Patients are often referred for angioplasty of atherosclerotic coronary narrowings having previously undergone angioplasty of a different site in the coronary circulation. However, it is not known whether patients in whom restenosis developed after the earlier angioplasty are at increased risk of developing restenosis following angioplasty of a new lesion. The answer to this question could shed some light on the relative contribution of constitutional versus local arterial factors on restenosis. Accordingly, to determine whether restenosis occurs more frequently among patients with a history of restenosis, we performed a retrospective databank analysis of patients at our institution who had undergone angioplasty and identified a select group of patients who had had a successful angioplasty and who subsequently had another angiopla'ty performed at a different coronary site.
p-aminohippurate transport in the proximal straight tubule: development and substrate stimulation.

Summary: p-Aminohippurate transport by the developing kidney has previously been shown to increase as a function of age and to be enhanced by pretreatment with penicillin. The relative contribution of increases in intrinsic cellular transport capacity and in tubular length was assessed in isolated perfused proximal straight tubules obtained from developing rabbits. The intrinsic capacity for transport (10-15 M/min · mm) increased 4.8-fold (y = −315 + 62.0x, r = 0.69, P 0.4). Speculation: Most of the increase in absolute transport (intrinsic capacity × tubular length) seen with age is the result of the increment in the intrinsic transport capacity, while 33% is a consequence of the rise in the surface area of the transport membrane. Substrate stimulation augments the rate of maturation of the intrinsic transport mechanism without altering the age-related change in the length of the proximal straight tubule.
On the gradient-dependent theory of plasticity and shear banding

After a brief review of a recently developed gradient-dependent theory of plasticity various questions related to the yield function and the loading-unloading condition in the presence of higher order strain gradients and the determination of the corresponding phenomenological coefficients are addressed. For rate-independent materials, we construct as before an analytical solution for the strain profile in the postlocalization regime providing the shear band thickness and strain within it but we now compare these results to recently obtained experimental data by assigning appropriate values to the gradient coefficients. We also address some questions recently raised in the literature regarding our nonlinear shear band analysis. For rate-dependent materials, the resulting spatio-temporal differential equation for the strain is solved numerically using the finite difference method. It is shown that the band width does not depend on the grid size, as long as the the grid size is smaller than a certain characteristic length. Various initial imperfections of different amplitudes and sizes are examined, and the possibility of simultaneous development of two shear bands and their interaction is investigated.
Electrode array for reversing the recruitment order of peripheral nerve stimulation: Experimental studies

One of the most challenging problems in peripheral nerve stimulation is the ability to activate selectively small axons without large ones. Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve activates large diameter fibers before small ones. Currently available techniques for selective activation of small axons without large ones require long-duration stimulation pulses (>500 micros) and large stimulation amplitude, which shorten battery life of the implanted stimulator and could lead to electrode corrosion. In the current study, the hypothesis that small axons can be recruited before large ones with narrow pulse width (50 micros) using an electrode array was tested in both simulations simulation and experiments in the cat lateral gastrocnemius (LG) model. The LG nerve innervates both LG and soleus muscle groups with axons within 10-13 and 8-12 microm diameter ranges, respectively. A finite element model of LG nerve was constructed and simulations showed that, when activating 40% of LG, a conventional tripolar electrode activated only 9% of soleus whereas the electrode arrays of 5, 7, and 11 contacts activated 39, 46, and 60% of soleus respectively, suggesting that the arrays could activate small axons before fully recruiting large axons. In animal experiments, peak twitch force of LG and soleus were plotted as a function of stimulation amplitude to indicate the recruitment curve. At 40% activation of LG, a conventional tripolar electrode activated only 7% of soleus whereas the electrode arrays of 5, 7, and 11 contacts activated 43, 48, and 72% of soleus respectively. The electrode arrays also decreased significantly the recruitment curve slopes to only 10-20% of the value obtained for the tripolar electrode in both computer simulations and experiments. In conclusion, the 5-, 7-, and 11-contact arrays can be used to reverse the recruitment order of peripheral nerve stimulation with a narrow pulse.
Pre- and post-diagnosis body mass index, weight change, and ovarian cancer mortality

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the association between BMI self-reported at three time points (during their 20s, 5years before diagnosis, and post-diagnosis) and mortality among 388 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and (2) weight change between these 3 time points and mortality. Methods Women completed interview-administered questionnaires on average 9months post-diagnosis. Women were followed 5years after diagnosis or until death, whichever came first. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate associations between BMI during the 20s, BMI 5years prior to diagnosis, BMI post-diagnosis (i.e., at the time of interview) and weight changes between these time points and mortality. Results The 5-year survival rate was 54% (178 deaths, 146 from ovarian cancer). BMI measured continuously at all three time points was associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer mortality ( P ≤0.05). The strongest association was observed with BMI in the 20s and all-cause mortality comparing women with BMI≥25kg/m 2 to BMI 2 (HR=1.82; 95% CI, 1.02–3.27; P for trend=0.045). For weight change from the 20s to 5years prior to diagnosis and ovarian cancer specific mortality, we observed a 68% higher risk of ovarian cancer mortality (HR=1.68; 95% CI, 1.11–2.55; P for trend=0.015, comparing women with Conclusion BMI prior to and after diagnosis and weight gain throughout adulthood is associated with ovarian cancer mortality.
Thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten

The thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten have been measured up to an enthalpy ofH = 1.4 MJ · kg−1 using an isobaric expansion technique. These measurements give the pressure, temperature, volume, enthalpy, electrical resistivity, and sound velocity as fundamental quantities. From these, other properties may be calculated, such as specific heat at constant volume and pressure, heat of fusion, isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli and compressibilities, and thermodynamicγ. Results of these calculations are presented for liquid tungsten and compared with literature values where such data exist. These data will help in understanding liquid-metal phenomenology theoretically and in the design and modeling of exploding wires, foils, and fuses.
Identification and Origin of N-Linked β-d-N-Acetylglucosamine Monosaccharide Modifications on Arabidopsis Proteins

Many plant proteins are modified with N-linked oligosaccharides at asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites during transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. We have identified a number of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins with modifications consisting of an N-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine monosaccharide (N-GlcNAc). Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analysis of peptides bearing this modification mapped the modification to asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites on proteins that are predicted to transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. A mass labeling method was developed and used to study N-GlcNAc modification of two thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases), TGG1 and TGG2 (for thioglucoside glucohydrolase). These myrosinases are also modified with high-mannose (Man)-type glycans. We found that N-GlcNAc and high-Man-type glycans can occur at the same site. It has been hypothesized that N-GlcNAc modifications are generated when endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) cleaves N-linked glycans. We examined the effects of mutations affecting the two known Arabidopsis ENGases on N-GlcNAc modification of myrosinase and found that modification of TGG2 was greatly reduced in one of the single mutants and absent in the double mutant. Surprisingly, N-GlcNAc modification of TGG1 was not affected in any of the mutants. These data support the hypothesis that ENGases hydrolyze high-Man glycans to produce some of the N-GlcNAc modifications but also suggest that some N-GlcNAc modifications are generated by another mechanism. Since N-GlcNAc modification was detected at only one site on each myrosinase, the production of the N-GlcNAc modification may be regulated.
A Theoretical Analysis of Breakaway Friction Measurement

The transient response of an I-beam friction measurement system to a constant disk acceleration is theoretically analyzed. The friction measurement system is modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system. It is found that the the breakaway friction is different from the measured breakaway friction, and that the the breakaway time is also different from the measured breakaway time. The system measurement error is evaluated as a function of the acceleration, the effective mass, the spring stiffness, as well as the static and kinetic coefficients of friction
Prevention of Intracellular Oxidative Stress to Lens by Pyruvate and Its Ester

Pyruvate is a well-known scavenger of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, it scavenges superoxide radical (O2.-). However, evidence on its intracellular antioxidant function is meager at present. Hence, we have examined the effectiveness of this metabolite and its ethyl ester against intracellular oxidative damage to the lens under organ culture. Menadione, a redoxcycling quinone, was used to generate the reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was found to inhibit lens metabolism as evidenced by a decrease of ATP. Additionally, tissue oxidation was apparent by loss of glutathione (GSH), and increase in the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), coupled with increase of the urea soluble proteins (water insoluble). The overall physiological damage was apparent by the inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase dependent cation pump, as evidenced by a decreased rubidium transport. These deleterious effects were attenuated by pyruvate and ethyl-pyruvate. The later was found to be more effective.
Bereavement and Companion Animals.

Loss of a companion animal accompanied by intense grief and mourning is seldom recognized as an important and authentic occasion for bereavement. While pet ownership is praised and its virtues celebrated, corresponding grief is often trivialized and not recognized as truly significant. The author established a bereavement counseling program at a humane society and reports findings that confirm parallels between human and animal bonding and bereavements. The act of consenting to euthanasia was particularly disturbing, as if the owner had betrayed a trust by opting for death over life. Most of the bereaved owners reported depths of feeling that were unique and in most cases beyond those experienced in other deaths.
Congenital heart disease reminiscent of partial trisomy 2p syndrome in mice transgenic for the transcription factor Lbh

Partial trisomy 2p syndrome includes a spectrum of congenital heart disease (CHD) that is characterized by complex malformations of the outflow and inflow tracts, defects in cardiac septation, heart position, as well as abnormal ventricular development. Lbh (limb-bud and heart) is a novel, highly conserved putative transcriptional regulatory protein, which displays a unique spatiotemporal gene expression pattern during early mouse heart development. Here we show that human LBH maps to chromosome 2p23, a genomic region related to CHD in partial trisomy 2p syndrome. Remarkably, transgenic overexpression of Lbh in mice throughout the embryonic myocardium from a cardiomyocyte-specific promoter of the cardiac ankyrin repeat protein gene (Carp/Ankrd1) models CHD reported in humans with partial trisomy 2p syndrome. The malformations in Carp-Lbh transgenic mice reflect impaired pulmonary outflow tract valvulogenesis, cardiac septation, inflow tract morphogenesis, as well as abnormalities in ventricular cardiomyocyte growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that overexpression of Lbh in cultured mammalian cells represses the synergistic activity of key cardiac transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5, leading to reduced activation of the common target gene, Anf (Nppa). Strikingly, reduced levels of Anf expression were also observed in embryonic day 9.5 Carp-Lbh transgenic mice. Thus, repression of Nkx2.5 and Tbx5-mediated gene expression by deregulated Lbh may account in part for the cardiac anomalies observed in these mice. Our findings implicate LBH as a candidate gene for CHD associated with partial trisomy 2p syndrome and suggest an important role of Lbh in transcriptional control during normal cardiogenesis.