cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirements for Tire Models of the Lightweight Wheeled Mobile Robots

Tire models for vehicle dynamics studies have been developed for many years to suit the needs of automobiles and the automotive industry. Recently, the growing use of advanced simulation techniques in design of wheeled mobile robots calls for analysis of the possibility to use the existing automotive tire models in the wheeled mobile robots dynamics studies. This analysis is especially important in the case of the skid-steered lightweight mobile robots, which are very common type of design, but exhibit many differences in the tire–ground system as compared to a typical car. In the present work the differences between lightweight wheeled robots and automobiles are examined in the following areas: tires, environment, maneuvers, ways of control, and vehicle systems. The influence of the found differences on the tire–ground system is examined in detail. Finally, the requirements for the tire models of the lightweight wheeled mobile robots are formulated with emphasis on the requirements different than those for tire models of the automobiles.
Supraclavicular mass in a patient with chronic kidney disease

A 49-year-old man with a medical history of chronic kidney disease on dialysis, autosomal polycystic kidney disease and coronary artery bypass grafting presented with a history of 1 year of weakness, bone and muscle pain, hip pain and a growing mass in the thorax. His treatment consisted of calciu carbonate, folic acid and β-blocker. On physical examination the patient appeared healthy and was found to have a dense, non-painful 14 cm mass in the right supraclavicular region (figure 1). Extremities …
The testing effect is moderated by experimental design

Abstract A number of encoding variables are moderated by experimental design, such that an effect (e.g., the generation effect) on free recall is larger in mixed-list than pure-list designs. Experiments 1 through 4 consistently found that the testing effect is moderated by experimental design across differences in materials, list structure, list length, presence of feedback, and rates of retrieval-practice success. In these experiments, each study list was followed by its own free recall test. However, when multiple lists are followed by a single test, the testing effect was equivalent for mixed and pure lists (Experiment 5), a limiting condition on the design effect. Overall, the results represent an important similarity between the testing effect and the other encoding variables moderated by design. More specifically, the results suggest an important parallel between the mnemonic effects of retrieving information from episodic (testing effect) and semantic (generation effect) memory.
Electrical percolation in quasi-two-dimensional metal nanowire networks for transparent conductors.

We simulate the conductivity of quasi-two-dimensional mono- and polydisperse rod networks having rods of various aspect ratios (L/D $=$ 25--800) and rod densities up to 100 times the critical density and assuming contact-resistance dominated transport. We report the rod-size dependence of the percolation threshold and the density dependence of the conductivity exponent over the entire L/D range studied. Our findings clarify the range of applicability for the popular widthless-stick description for physical networks of rodlike objects with modest aspect ratios and confirm predictions for the high-density dependence of the conductivity exponent obtained from modest-density systems. We also propose a heuristic extension to the finite-width excluded area percolation model to account for arbitrary distributions in rod length and validate this solution with numerical results from our simulations. These results are relevant to nanowire films that are among the most promising candidates for high performance flexible transparent electrodes.
Saving Port Talbot: Consideration of Optimal Rescue Options

As well as illustrating how and why leading world carbon emission polluters are able to garner such influence and power that they are able to thrive at the expense of vulnerable communities – whose source of income is largely dependent on a major industry, this paper considers legal – as well as moral and ethical considerations underlying decisions which involve regional and economic interests. Further, the paper considers possible rescue options currently being undertaken to rescue the steel plant in Port Talbot – one of the steel plants currently facing threats of closure – and an alleged victim of dumping activities. From management buyouts to restructuring and nationalization initiatives, effective anti-dumping measures are also considered.
Prevention of gastrointestinal cancer--the potential role of NSAIDs in colorectal cancer.

Gastrointestinal cancers are among the leading sites of cancer and leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastrointestinal cancers are often at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, and are highly resistant to non-surgical therapy. Thus early diagnosis and prevention are approaches that are under active investigation. Screening and surveillance are considered secondary prevention. Primary prevention is the use of dietary or environmental modification or chemopreventive agents. This written review will emphasize the potential role of acetylsalicylic acid and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer, and specifically colorectal cancer. Cell culture and animal studies have shown that NSAIDs possess anti-proliferative and anti-neoplastic effects. Recent epidemiologic surveys also suggest that individuals who regularly take NSAIDs, particularly acetylsalicylic acid, have about a 50% decrease in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. However, in the only interventional trial of aspirin (and beta-carotene), a retrospective analysis had inadequate statistical power to demonstrate any protective effect against colorectal cancer. About a dozen small prospective intervention studies have been done in a total of about a hundred patients with familial adenomatous polyposis to test the efficacy of NSAIDs, particularly sulindac. All human trials have shown substantial partial and some complete regression of colorectal and perhaps also duodenal adenomatous polyps. But virtually all patients had regrowth of adenomatous polyps after sulindac was stopped. In addition, sulindac and other NSAIDs result in occasional adverse events such as gastrointestinal bleeding. Thus sulindac cannot be recommended for routine use outside of a study setting. One valid current approach to the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer, and colorectal cancer in particular, is the adoption of a healthy lifestyle and appropriate screening and surveillance. Screening and surveillance guidelines have been developed by several public agencies and their recommendations should be adopted. In addition, we should adopt a healthy lifestyle and diet, which consists of low fat ( 3 daily servings of fruits/vegetables), with the avoidance of red meats ( < 3 weekly servings) and alcohol ( < 2 drinks daily), and the absolute avoidance of tobacco smoking.
Consumer Financial Capability and Wellbeing

This chapter discusses the concepts of consumer financial capability and financial wellbeing and their relationship based on the research literature. Consumer financial capability refers to the ability of using appropriate financial knowledge and performing desirable financial behaviors to improve financial wellbeing. Financial knowledge can be measured by objective indicators such as financial quiz scores or subjective indicators such as self-perceived financial knowledge level. Financial wellbeing can be measured by both objective and subjective indicators. Objective measures of financial wellbeing include income, expenditure, debt, asset, and combinations of these indicators such as net worth and debt/income ratio. Subjective measures include financial satisfaction, income satisfaction, saving satisfaction, and satisfaction on other categories of financial resources. Research indicates consumer financial capability related factors contribute to financial wellbeing.
Shoulder Angel: An Open Platform for Reprogramming Wayward Wireless Sensors

Software bugs are a critical threat to the deployability and maintainability of low-power wireless sensors, resulting in excess power consumption, hardware misconfigurations, incorrect data, and shortened device lifetimes. Worse, these errors can prevent wireless reprogramming, resulting in longer delays and costly human interventions. This letter describes shoulder angel —an ultra-low-power, low-cost, open hardware and software platform that ensures users can always recover and reprogram wireless sensors, in spite of software errors. Shoulder angel uses a physically separate coprocessor to monitor a device’s power consumption and other behaviors, while keeping the device in a reprogrammable state. Our results show that shoulder angel is able to recover from otherwise fatal software errors while incurring an energy overhead of only 7 $ {\mu }\text{W}$ .
Critical Juncture I: The Pseudo-Humboldtian Influence

The medieval university valued truth and knowledge, but it was viewed as a philosophical domain, not a domain based in the physical world. Therefore, science had no role in the medieval university. With the organization of the University of Berlin in 1810, Wilhelm von Humboldt realized that science was going to become quite important (e.g., the Industrial Revolution), and he wanted science to be prominent in the university. He envisioned a university as a community of scholars who were focused on discovery for the sake of advancing knowledge. The community of scholars would engage in broad interaction across disciplines in order to advance knowledge through cross-fertilization of ideas. However, a key part of Humboldt’s vision that did not occur was the broad interaction across disciplines.
Conceptual framework for adaptive management of coupled human and natural systems with respect to climate change uncertainty

ABSTRACTManagers of coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) face the challenging task of managing those systems when there is uncertainty about future changes in drivers of the outcomes of management actions. To assist in meeting that challenge, a fuzzy, multiple-objective, passive adaptive management (AM) framework is developed that can be used to determine preferred management actions for multiple planning periods when there is uncertainty about one or more system drivers. The proposed framework requires: (1) selecting management actions and objectives; (2) establishing standards for objectives; (3) choosing budgets, drivers, and driver scenarios; (4) estimating management objectives; (5) identifying acceptable management actions; (6) determining preferred management actions; and (7) evaluating whether or not passive AM is advantageous. The framework is demonstrated for managing a hypothetical highway corridor in a national park based on four objectives pertaining to the corridor: (1) minimising conge...
Utilizing S-TaLiRo as an automatic test generation framework for autonomous vehicles

This paper proposes an approach to automatically generating test cases for testing motion controllers of autonomous vehicular systems. Test scenarios may consist of single or multiple vehicles under test at the same time. Tests are performed in simulation environments. The approach is based on using a robustness metric for evaluating simulation outcomes as a cost function. Initial states and inputs are updated by stochastic optimization methods between the tests for achieving smaller robustness values. The test generation framework has been implemented in the toolbox S-TaLiRo. The proposed framework's ability to generate interesting test cases is demonstrated by a case study.
Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria

Although great strides have been made in understanding the complex bacterial community inhabiting the human oral cavity, for a variety of (mainly technical) reasons the ecological contributions of oral fungi, viruses, phages, and the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) group of ultrasmall bacteria have remained understudied. Several recent reports have illustrated the diversity and importance of these organisms in the oral cavity, while TM7x and Candida albicans have served as crucial paradigms for CPR species and oral fungi, respectively. A comprehensive understanding of the oral microbiota and its influence on host health and disease will require a holistic view that emphasizes interactions among different residents within the oral community, as well as their interaction with the host.
Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Biomolecules on Surfaces and at Interfaces

Electrostatic properties play an important role in the interactions and functions of biomolecules. Electrical scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a unique tool for the study individual biomolecules. Variations of the electrostatic probe technique such as Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM), scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM), and scanning Maxwell stress microscopy (SMM), have been developed. These instruments obtain similar electrostatic images but with a different theoretical basis and electronic instrumentation. The experimental technique and substrate preparation are similar to those of other kinds of SPM but with more stringent measurement requirements, which are needed to avoid static charges in air and on the substrate. Detailed experimental techniques and specific examples using Photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers, DNA, protein microarrays on surfaces, and PSI at the air-liquid interface are discussed. The electrical SPM techniques provide a method to study biomolecules in a label-free fashion with nanometer resolution. In the future, with improved resolution, it will be possible to image the charge distribution and polarization of individual biomolecular reaction sites, which will provide insights into biological function at the molecular level.
The Intimate Archive of Patrick Chamoiseau

This chapter presents the critically and commercially successful memoirs of Patrick Chamoiseau within the context of Martinique ’s status as a French Department (departement et region d’outre-mer). Approaching the memoirs through two theoretical texts that Chamoiseau wrote concurrently with them, the essay shows how he engages in a form of memory work in his creation of intimate archives that run counter to the colonial archive. Chamoiseau establishes particular modes of life writing that openly confront memory as a political process and a commercial venture, and that foreground memory as an agency itself rather than as a transparent lens to the past.
Using a critical infrastructure game to provide realistic observation of the human in the loop by criminal justice students

Understanding human behavior is crucial in anticipating adversarial actions during cyberattacks. The Criminal Justice (CJ) discipline offers the necessary frameworks to unpack the complex facets of adversarial behavior and movement, and should therefore be leveraged for their possible contributions to the area of proactive cybersecurity. Yet the discipline remains weak at training current and future CJ workforce on these matters in a hands-on manner. This paper presents a cybersecurity training exercise where a power grid simulator is used to educate CJ students via experiential learning about concepts of cyberattacks and cybersecurity as well as exposing them to doing hands-on cybersecurity field research. The paper reports on Game use as an important opportunity to observe humans put under additional stress in operating conditions. The paper discusses what CJ students learn from multidisciplinary simulation-based exercises, the challenges and limitations they face, and how training this workforce could help contribute towards proactive cyberdefense of critical infrastructure.
Lessons from Philippines MPA Management: Social Ecological Interactions, Participation, and MPA Performance

International interest in increasing marine protected area (MPA) coverage reflects broad recognition of the MPA as a key tool for marine ecosystems and fisheries management. Nevertheless, effective management remains a significant challenge. The present study contributes to enriching an understanding of best practices for MPA management through analysis of archived community survey data collected in the Philippines by the Learning Project (LP), a collaboration with United States Coral Triangle Initiative (USCTI), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and partners. We evaluate stakeholder participation and social ecological interactions among resource users in MPA programs in the Palawan, Occidental Mindoro, and Batangas provinces in the Philippines. Analysis indicates that a complex suite of social ecological factors, including demographics, conservation beliefs, and scientifically correct knowledge influence participation, which in turn is related to perceived MPA performance. Findings indicate positive feedbacks within the system that have potential to strengthen perceptions of MPA success. The results of this evaluation provide empirical reinforcement to current inquiries concerning the role of participation in influencing MPA performance.
Toward Godunov-Type Methods for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws with Stiff Relaxation

We explore the issues involved in creating a Godonov-type method for flows with stiff source terms. We briefly survey the theory of such flows with particular emphasis on different asymptotic regimes and the solution of the Riemann problem. We then discuss practical issues, such as the choice of working variables, with particular reference to a set of eleven equations describing a non-equilibrium diatomic gas. We propose a uniformly-valid discretisation technique incorporating an approximate Riemann solver, but the details of the solver remain to be determined.
Home-Based Kidney Care, Patient Activation, and Risk Factors for CKD Progression in Zuni Indians: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background and objectives The burden of CKD is greater in ethnic and racial minorities and persons living in rural communities, where access to care is limited. Design, setting, participants, & measurements A 12-month clinical trial was performed in 98 rural adult Zuni Indians with CKD to examine the efficacy of a home-based kidney care program. Participants were randomized by household to receive usual care or home-based care. After initial lifestyle coaching, the intervention group received frequent additional reinforcement by community health representatives about adherence to medicines, diet and exercise, self-monitoring, and coping strategies for living with stress. The primary outcome was change in patient activation score, which assesses a participant’s knowledge, skill, and confidence in managing his/her own health and health care. Results Of 125 randomized individuals (63 intervention and 62 usual care), 98 (78%; 50 intervention and 48 usual care) completed the 12-month study. The average patient activation score after 12 months was 8.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 15.5) points higher in the intervention group than in the usual care group after adjusting for baseline score using linear models with generalized estimating equations. Participants randomized to the intervention had 4.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 16.7) times the odds of having a final activation level of at least three (“taking action”) than those in the usual care group. Body mass index declined by 1.1 kg/m2 (P=0.01), hemoglobin A1c declined by 0.7% (P=0.01), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein declined by 3.3-fold (P Conclusions A home-based intervention improves participants’ activation in their own health and health care, and it may reduce risk factors for CKD in a rural disadvantaged population.
The Hollowed Out Common Law

The electronic marketplace poses novel issues for contract law. Contracts created through browsewrap, clickwrap, and shrinkwrap (contracts whose embedded terms are only available after purchase) poorly fit doctrines that emerged from face-to-face offer and acceptance, the mutual execution of a common set of documents, or the rituals of mass market transactions involving physical fine print. Not surprisingly, these contracts of the new electronic marketplace require doctrinal elaboration. Our Article asks not about the specific resolution of new doctrinal challenges, but about how the common law of contracts will be elaborated. Specifically, the Article begins with empirical observations about the domain of all electronic and shrinkwrap contract cases and makes four critical findings. First, we document two shifts: One arises from a steady decline in the number of cases adjudicated in state court relative to federal courts, which by 2015 adjudicate the vast majority of cases. The other stems from a rise in class actions, which is intimately tied to the migration of cases to federal court. The result is that today the vast majority of cases are class actions brought in federal court. The increase in class actions is not surprising given the relatively small stakes of most transactions and the little incentive that creates for individual consumer litigation. The increased dominance of the federal forum is in part likely a reflection of the federalization of class action law under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA). Second, the consequence of the dominance of the federal forum is that the common law is being elaborated in federal court in suits arising under diversity jurisdiction. In turn, those federal courts are largely bereft of any state law moorings as they develop the common law of the electronic marketplace. Erie Railroad v. Tompkins notwithstanding, the common law is driven by federal court decisions, building incrementally on each other rather than state law. Third, the development of common law in federal court means that there is no apex court that can define conclusively the law of any jurisdiction. Diversity jurisdiction allows federal courts to predict how they believe state common law would develop, but binds no state courts in the affected jurisdiction, and does not even bind federal courts in the same Circuit putatively applying the law of another state. Rather than the law resolving hierarchically, we identify a “tournament effect” in which the law settles on one or a few influential decisions, regardless of the state law that the case may have arisen under. Finally, we conjecture that the use of contractual clauses compelling arbitration and forbidding claim aggregation may have affected the number of cases being adjudicated in court and, consequently, depressed the development of publicly-available law in this area.
Factors Affecting Entrustment and Autonomy in Emergency Medicine: "How much rope do I give them?"

Author(s): Santen, Sally A.; Wolff, Margaret S.; Saxon, Katie; Juneja, Nadia; Bassin, Benjamin | Abstract: Introduction: During residency, the faculty’s role is to provide supervision while granting the trainee autonomy. This concept is termed entrustment. The goal is appropriate progression from supervision to autonomy while decreasing oversight as residents train. The objective of this study was to better understand the factors affecting the degree of autonomy or supervision faculty choose to provide residents.Methods: This was a qualitative study of resident and faculty perceptions. We conducted two faculty and two resident focus groups. We then transcribed the transcripts of the audiotaped discussions and coded them using grounded theory.Results: Analysis of the transcripts yielded four major factors affecting entrustment of residents. Patient Factors included the acuity of the patient, sociomedical issues of patient/family, and complexity of risk with patient or procedure. For example, “sometimes there are families and patients who are exceedingly difficult that immediately sort of force me [to allow less autonomy].” Environmental Factors included patient volume and systems protocols (i.e., trauma). “If you’re very busy and you have a resident that you already trust, you will give them more rope because you’re trying to juggle more balls.”Resident Factors included the year of training, resident performance, clinical direct observation, and patient presentations. “But if you have a resident that you do not trust […] I tell them you’re going to do this, this, this, this, this.”Faculty Factors included confidence in his/her own practice, risk-averse attitude, degree of ownership of the patient, commitment to education, and personality (e.g., micro-manager). Significant variability in entrustment by faculty existed, from being “micromanagers” to not seeing the patients. One resident noted: “There are some attendings, no matter how much they like you and how much you’ve worked with them, they’re always going to be in your face in the trauma bay. And there’s some attendings that are going to be ghosts.”Conclusion: Multiple factors affect the amount of autonomy and entrustment given to residents and their level of supervision by faculty, leading to wide variability in entrustment. In the end, regardless of resident, patient, or environment, some faculty are more likely to entrust than others.
Precarious Futures, Precarious Pasts: Climate, Terror and Planetarity

This is a transcript of the Keynote Lecture delivered at the annual conference of the South Asian Literary Association in Chicago on January 8th, 2018. The talk, opening with the devastation caused...
Experimental pediatric stroke shows age-specific recovery of cognition and role of hippocampal Nogo-A receptor signaling:

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and clinical data suggest that children may recover from stroke better than adults; however, supporting experimental data are lacking. We used our novel mouse model of experimental juvenile ischemic stroke (MCAO) to characterize age-specific cognitive dysfunction following ischemia. Juvenile and adult mice subjected to 45-min MCAO, and extracellular field recordings of CA1 neurons were performed to assess hippocampal synaptic plasticity changes after MCAO, and contextual fear conditioning was performed to evaluate memory and biochemistry used to analyze Nogo-A expression. Juvenile mice showed impaired synaptic plasticity seven days after MCAO, followed by full recovery by 30 days. Memory behavior was consistent with synaptic impairments and recovery after juvenile MCAO. Nogo-A expression increased in ipsilateral hippocampus seven days after MCAO compared to contralateral and sham hippocampus. Further, inhibition of Nogo-A receptors reversed MCAO-induced synaptic impairment in slices obtained seven days after juvenile MCAO. Adult MCAO-induced impairment of LTP was not associated with increased Nogo-A. This study demonstrates that stroke causes functional impairment in the hippocampus and recovery of behavioral and synaptic function is more robust in the young brain. Nogo-A receptor activity may account for the impairments seen following juvenile ischemic injury.
On the zero-sum group-magicness of cartesian products

Let G=(V(G),E(G)) be a graph and let A=(A,+) be an abelian group with identity 0. Then an A-magic labeling of G is a function ϕ from E(G) into A∖{0} such that for some a∈A, ∑e∈E(v)ϕ(e)=a for every v∈V(G), where E(v) is the set of edges incident to v. If ϕ exists such that a=0, then G is zero-sum A-magic. Let G be the cartesian product of two or more graphs. We establish that G is zero-sum ℤ-magic and we introduce a graph invariant j∗(G) to explore the zero-sum integer-magic spectrum (or null space) of G. For certain G, we establish A(G), the set of nontrivial abelian groups for which G is zero-sum group-magic. Particular attention is given to A(G) for regular G, odd/even G, and G isomorphic to a product of paths.
“Ode to a Nightingale”: Poetry and the Particularity of Sense

ABSTRACTI propose that Keats’s attention to the fine workings of sensory imagery creates cognitive effects that go beyond his famed synesthesia. Focusing on the “Ode to a Nightingale,” I trace that...
Changes in health-related quality of life in older women after diagnosis with gynecologic cancer.

Abstract Purpose The impact of gynecologic cancer on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is not fully understood. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study to measure HRQOL changes from before to after gynecologic cancer diagnosis in older women. Methods Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results – Medicare Health Outcomes Survey database. Women aged 65 and older who were diagnosed with cervical, ovarian, or uterine cancer between baseline and follow-up surveys (n = 248; mean time from diagnosis = 12.54 ± 7.11 months) were propensity-matched to cancer-free controls (n = 1240). Logistic regression was used to assess risk of functional impairments and depressive symptoms at follow-up. Changes in HRQOL, as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 and Veterans RAND 12-Item Survey, were estimated with mixed effects linear models. Results Women who were within 12 months of diagnosis and women diagnosed with regional/distant disease had significantly greater odds than controls of impairment at follow-up. HRQOL declines were greatest in those with advanced disease, with the most notable changes from baseline to follow-up observed for role limitations due to emotional problems (−8.60 vs. −3.42 in controls), general health (−7.76 vs 0.10), and physical functioning (−7.70 vs. −1.67). There were significant decreases in physical functioning and role limitations due to emotional problems for all cancer patients regardless of time since diagnosis. Conclusions Gynecologic cancer has significant impacts on physical and mental aspects of HRQOL in older women. Interventions are needed to reduce pain, provide support, and prepare patients for changes in functioning and health.
Venous pressure opposing aqueous outflow in patients with and without chronic open-angle glaucoma Calculation from data obtained by indentation tonography and suction cup analysis using an electrical model of the eye

Three groups of patients (those with chronic open-angle glaucoma, glaucoma suspects, and normals) were subjected to both tonography and suction cup analysis. The data, analyzed by an electrical model of the eye, showed that (1) venous pressure opposing aqueous outflow is higher in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and in glaucoma suspects than in normal patients; and (2) lack of pressure rise during the time that a perilimbal suction cup is applied to the eye may not be the restdt of faulty technique, as has been previously assumed, but may indicate inflow less than the stress relaxation of the ocular coats. The residts confirm that (1) patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma have a decreased facility of outflow, independent of other parameters; and (2) patients on both acetazolamide and epinephrine therapy have a decreased aqueous production.
Prevalence of Dermatitis Herpetiformis Within the iCureCeliac Patient-Powered Research Network-Patient Characteristics and Dietary Counseling.

This survey study describes the frequency of dermatitis herpetiformis among patients included in the iCureCeliac network as well as the demographics of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and underlying celiac disease.
Isostasy with Love – I: elastic equilibrium

Isostasy explains why observed gravity anomalies are generally much weaker than what is expected from topography alone, and why planetary crusts can support high topography without breaking up. Classical isostasy, however, neglects internal stresses and geoid contributions to topographical support, and yields ambiguous predictions of geoid anomalies. Isostasy should instead be defined either by minimizing deviatoric elastic stresses within the elastic shell, or by studying the dynamic response of the body in the long-time limit. I implement here the first option by formulating Airy isostatic equilibrium as the response of an elastic shell to surface and internal loads. Isostatic ratios are defined in terms of deviatoric Love numbers which quantify deviations with respect to a fluid state. The Love number approach separates the physics of isostasy from the technicalities of elastic-gravitational spherical deformations, and provides flexibility in the choice of the interior structure. Since elastic isostasy is invariant under a global rescaling of the shell shear modulus, it can be defined in the fluid shell limit, which reveals a deep connection with viscous isostasy. If the shell is homogeneous, minimum stress isostasy is dual to a variant of elastic isostasy called zero deflection isostasy, which is less physical but simpler to compute. Each isostatic model is combined with general boundary conditions applied at the surface and bottom of the shell, resulting in one-parameter isostatic families. At long wavelength, the influence of boundary conditions disappears as all isostatic families members yield the same isostatic ratios. At short wavelength, topography is supported by shallow stresses so that Airy isostasy becomes similar to either pure top or bottom loading. The isostatic ratios of incompressible bodies with three homogeneous layers are implemented in freely available software.
Effect of surface stress on stress corrosion of silicate glass

Slow crack growth data, solution analysis and surface stress measurements are used to develop a model to explain the low crack velocity behavior of multicomponent silicate glasses. We show that the low crack velocity plateau previously observed for binary alkali silicate glasses also occurs in sodium borosilicate glasses. Our model for this behavior involves the generation of surface stress on the crack walls behind the crack tip and the effect of the stress to increase the crack tip stress intensity. We find that glasses that show preferential removal of alkali from the surface layer during aqueous corrosion can develop surface tensile stress. Surface stresses on the order of 30 MPa were measured in acidic conditions. Using a simple fracture mechanics formulation, we were able to use our data for leached layer formation rate and development of surface tensile stress to quantitatively predict the onset of a low velocity plateau in sodium borosilicate glasses. 12 refs., 10 figs.
Sports Participation among Academically Gifted Adolescents: Relationship to the Multidimensional Self-Concept

This study compares academically gifted students who engage in sports to academically gifted students who do not engage in sports on measures of the multidimensional self-concept. Participants include 264 gifted adolescents who had completed the 6th through 10th grade during the previous academic year. Sports participation was measured by asking participants whether or not they participated in organized sports. Multiple facets of self-concept were measured using the Self Description Questionnaire II (Marsh, 1990). Results indicate gifted adolescents who engage in sports have higher physical abilities self-concepts than those who do not engage in sports. No grade level or gender interactions were found. Conclusions and implications are discussed.
Evaluation of a PIN diode switch for power applications

This paper describes the determination of the steady state operating characteristics of an optically controlled Si p-i-n illuminated from either top or bottom for varying electrode spacings and conducting layer thicknesses. Optically controlled p-i-n diodes have previously been used in both microwave and pulsed power applications and are now being considered for use in high-power, low-frequency (60 Hz) switching application such as active filters, STATCON, and static transfer switches. >
The succinate-linked nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide reduction in submitochondrial particles: III. The reaction at low NAD+ concentration

Abstract 1. 1. Under otherwise optimal conditions the succinate-linked NAD + reduction does not reach completion in submitochondrial particles derived from beef-heart mitochondria. An amount of 0.5–1.0 mμmole NAD + per mg particle protein is not reducible by succinate and ATP. 2. 2. At low NAD + concentration the succinate-linked NAD + reduction is second order with respect to NAD + . At NAD + concentration above 10 μM a pseudo-first-order reaction is observed. NAD + must emter therefore the reaction at two sites. 3. 3. Pretreatment of the particles with sulfide, succinate, ATP and NAD + results in a decrease in the order with respect to NAD + which is also observed when the system is pretreated with NADH or a soluble mitochondrial factor which stimulates the rate of the succinate-linked NAD + reduction. 4. 4. It is concluded that one of the sites at which NAD + enters is energy-linked.
Assessment and treatment of pain with non-invasive cortical stimulation.

Purpose: There remains an unmet clinical need for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pain. Recent findings have confirmed significant changes in the pain-related neural networks among patients with chronic pain, opening novel possibilities for investigation. Two non-invasive techniques (transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)) have emerged as interesting, effective, and promising modalities for pain relief. Methods: Here we review the clinical efficacy of these techniques for the treatment of pain through an updated systematic meta-analysis on the effects of primary motor cortex stimulation on pain and we discuss potential mechanisms of action based on insights from brain stimulation studies. Our meta-analysis includes 18 studies, which together show that non-invasive brain stimulation is associated with an effect size of −0.86 (95% C.I., −1.54, −0.19) on a standardized pain scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible). Results and Conclusions: Besides its use as a therapeutic tool, non-invasive brain stimulation can also be used to measure cortical reactivity and plasticity in chronic pain. Such measurements could potentially be used as biomarkers for the dysfunctional chronic pain-related neural network and might be helpful in measuring the efficacy of interventions designed for chronic pain.
Self, Philosophical Issues about

Multiple concepts of the self present a variety of philosophical problems, including questions about ontological and epistemological status, relations between self and consciousness, self-consciousness, memory, and body. These issues are related to the question of determining the proper methodological approach to the self. Keywords: identity; first-person access; psychological continuity; bodily continuity; narrative
Structure of human rhinovirus complexed with Fab fragments from a neutralizing antibody.

Abstract We have determined the structure of a human rhinovirus (HRV)-Fab complex by using cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. This is the first view of an intact human virus complexed with a monoclonal Fab (Fab17-IA) for which both atomic structures are known. The surface area on HRV type 14 (HRV14) in contact with Fab17-IA was approximately 500 A2 (5 nm2), which is much larger than the area that constitutes the NIm-IA epitope (on viral protein VP1) defined by natural escape mutants. From modeling studies and electrostatic potential calculations, charged residues outside the neutralizing immunogenic site IA (NIm-IA) were also predicted to be involved in antibody recognition. These predictions were confirmed by site-specific mutations and analysis of the Fab17-IA-HRV14 complex, along with knowledge of the crystallographic structures of HRV14 and Fab17-IA. The bound Fab17-IA reaches across a surface depression (the canyon) and meets a related Fab at the nearest icosahedral twofold axis. By adjusting the elbow angles of the bound Fab fragments from 162 degrees to 198 degrees, an intact antibody molecule can be easily modeled. This, along with aggregation and binding stoichiometry results, supports the earlier proposal that this antibody binds bivalently to the surface of HRV14 across icosahedral twofold axes. One prediction of this model, that the intact canyon-spanning immunoglobulin G molecule would block attachment of the virus to HeLa cells, was confirmed experimentally.
Reduction of Azo Dyes During in Vitro Percutaneous Absorption

The azoreduction of phenylazo-2-naphthol (Sudan I), 5-(phenylazo)-6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid [aniline subsidiary color of FD&C Yellow No. 6 (ANSC)], and phenylazophenol [Solvent Yellow 7 (SY7)] in skin during percutaneous absorption was measured and the contributions of cytosolic and microsomal reductions were characterized. By using a series of azo dyes with a common U-14C-labeled phenylazo moiety, percutaneous absorption and metabolism were measured in vitro in flow-through diffusion cells with Sencar mouse, hairless guinea pig, and human skin. Azoreductase assays using subcellular fractions from skin of all species were used to examine intracellular rates and distribution for the series of dyes. The absorption of the lipophilic dyes Sudan I and SY7 from a finite surface dose of 5 micrograms/cm2 was extensive in all species. In mouse, 32.8 +/- 2.8% of the applied Sudan I dose and 64.1 +/- 3.3% of the applied SY7 dose were absorbed in 24 hr. In the hairless guinea pig, 57.6 +/- 5.9% of the applied Sudan I dose and 67.8 +/- 4.6% of the applied SY7 dose were absorbed in 24 hr. Human skin was least permeable, with 26.4 +/- 6.7% of the applied Sudan I dose and 36.1 +/- 4.5% of the applied SY7 dose absorbed in 24 hr. Sudan I and SY7 were extensively reduced in skin of all species during percutaneous absorption (29.5 and 26.5%, respectively, of the absorbed dose in human skin and greater than 50% of the applied dose in other species). ANSC was the least absorbed, with 5% or less penetrating. SY7 was preferentially reduced in the skin cytosol of all species, whereas Sudan I was equally reduced in the skin cytosol and microsomal fractions. The site of azoreduction in the cell may affect the metabolic fate of the liberated arylamine. The extensive azoreduction observed during percutaneous absorption may modulate the toxicities of these compounds and must be considered when effective doses are determined for quantitative risk assessments from dermal exposures.
Adoption: The importance of infant choice

The complex phenomenon of langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) adoption, the transfer of attachment by an immature from its primary caregiver the mother, to a surrogate, or from a surrogate to yet another adult, occurs in a variety of contexts. Adoptions considered here are initiated (1) by rejection, at weaning or later by an adult surrogate, and (2) experimentally, by the temporary removal of the mother from the infant's natal group. Experimental separations were undertaken before infants reached weaning age. All adoptions, whether caused by rejection or by experimental separation, are infant initiated and infant maintained. Characteristics of adoption, the basis of infant choice, and possible advantages and disadvantages for the animals involved are considered.
Discrimination of compound gratings: Spatial-frequency channels or local features?

Models based on spatial-frequency channels and local features provide alternative explanations for suprathreshold pattern discrimination. We compared psychophysical discrimination data with the predictions of the Wilson and Gelb channel model and three local-feature models. The features were peak-valley local contrast, peak-peak local contrast, and luminance gradients. We measured visual sensitivity for discriminating compound gratings (F + 3F or F + 5F, in peaks-add or peaks-subtract phases) whose component contrasts were yoked together so that a contrast increment in one component was accompanied by an equal decrement in the other. The Wilson and Gelb model accounted for the results with peaks-add gratings, but failed to predict those with peaks-subtract gratings. None of the local-feature models explained the results by themselves. Most of the data fell close to an envelope composed of the lowest thresholds of the three feature-detector models, although there were important exceptions. Our findings are consistent with the view that suprathreshold pattern discrimination is mediated by mechanisms responsive to spatially localized features and that more than one type of feature is used.
Scanning reaction microscopy of electrochemical interfaces

Etude de l'interface liquide-solide. Schema de transfert des electrons en fonction du potentiel de surface et de la barriere d'activation (energie libre)
PROTEOMICS OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID IN ASSESSMENT OF THE PLACENTA – RELEVANCE FOR PRETERM BIRTH

Proteomics is the study of expressed proteins and has emerged as a complement to genomic research. The major advantage of proteomics over DNA-RNA based technologies is that it more closely relates to phenotypes and not the source code. Proteomics thus holds the promise of providing a direct insight into the true mechanisms of human diseases. Historically, examination of the placenta has been the first modality to subclassify pathogenetic entities responsible for preterm birth. Because placenta is a key pathophysiological participant in several major obstetrical syndromes (preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction) identification of relevant biomarkers of placental function can profoundly impact on the prediction of fetal outcome and treatment efficacy. Since proteomics is a young science and studies that associate proteomic patterns with long-term outcome require follow-up of children up to school age, using placental pathological footprints of cellular injury as intermediate outcomes can be useful in the interim. Furthermore, knowledge on the identity of the dysregulated proteins may provide the needed breakthrough insight into novel pathophysiological pathways and unravel possible targets for therapeutical intervention that could not have been envisioned through hypothesis-driven approaches.
Observations of a potential Mars analog at the microscale using rover‐inspired methods: A 10‐sol observation of Fort Rock tuff ring

[1] The terrestrial geologist's hand lens is a fundamental tool for identifying and correlating rocks and minerals. We used rover-inspired methods of remote hand lens–scale data acquisition to conduct reconnaissance of a well-characterized Martian analog field site. The objective was to determine if the current methodologies associated with the use of remote hand lens–scale imagers maximizes science return. Field geologists provided with hand lens–scale images of targets in geologic context could correctly identify many important characteristics of those targets. However, they could not fully confirm or rule out any formation hypothesis using the data provided solely through rover-driven observational strategies. This was due to (1) a lack of “intermediate-scale,” or millimeter- to centimeter-scale images providing important contextual information for the targets studied and (2) the limited number of hand lens–scale images that were taken using rover-driven methodology. We conclude that the benefits of the hand lens as an effective triage tool and discriminator of microtexture are limited using current rover-driven methodology because the hand lens–type imager is not deployed frequently, and resulting data cannot be used to fully support geochemical observations. We recommend pursuing ways to increase the number of images that can reasonably be acquired at the hand lens scale. In order for hand lens–scale imaging to be fully effective, textural characteristics diagnostic of the nature of a geologic site need to be identifiable at a number of different resolutions; rover microscale observational strategies must include more contextual imaging.