cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Abundance of Thallium in the Earth's Crust

lipids, the acetone fraction had a marked inactivating action as well as a low surface tension; the ether and hot alcohol-ether fractions were only moderately active, irrespective of surface tension. The inactivation of neurotropic viruses by serum lipids is now being investigated in connection with (a) the mechanism, including influence of the degree of dispersion, and closer identification of the active agent; (b) the bearing of the results on the neutralization test as it is now carried out; and (c) its possibilities as the basis for chemotherapy of experimental infections.
Experimental modification of the mitogenic effect of methyl sterculate on rat liver.

Methyl sterculate, a cyclopropenoid fatty acid ester capable of stimulating hepatocytes in the rat to divide, was modified chemically by hydrogenation, halogenation and polymerization. These compounds were administered to rats and tested for their mitogenic effect. Dihydrosterculate and sterculate polymer were devoid of mitogenic activity whereas the halogenated isomers were as effective as methyl sterculate. Pretreatment of animals with mercaptoethylamine augmented the mitogenic effect of methyl sterculate.
Learning relations by pathfinding

First-order learning systems (e.g., FOIL, FOCL, FORTE) generally rely on hill-climbing heuristics in order to avoid the combinatorial explosion inherent in learning first-order concepts. However, hill-climbing leaves these systems vulnerable to local maxima and local plateaus. We present a method, called relational pathfinding, which has proven highly effective in escaping local maxima and crossing local plateaus. We present our algorithm and provide learning results in two domains: family relationships and qualitative model building.
CROSS-DIFFUSION INDUCED INSTABILITY AND STABILITY IN REACTION-DIFFUSION SYSTEMS ⁄

In a reaction-difiusion system, difiusion can induce the instability of a uniform equilibrium which is stable with respect to a constant perturba- tion, as shown by Turing in 1950s. We show that cross-difiusion can destabilize a uniform equilibrium which is stable for the kinetic and self-difiusion reac- tion systems; on the other hand, cross-difiusion can also stabilize a uniform equilibrium which is stable for the kinetic system but unstable for the self- difiusion reaction system. Application is given to predator-prey system with preytaxis and vegetation pattern formation in a water-limited ecosystem.
Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment.

OBJECTIVE.Our goal was to test the hypothesis that breastfeeding is associated with enhanced infant-mother attachment and its antecedent maternal sensitivity. METHODS.Breastfeeding intent and practice were assessed by questionnaires administered to 152 mothers between 32 weeks of gestation and 12 months postpartum. Early maternal sensitivity was measured by the Sensitivity to Cues subscale of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Feeding Scale at 3 months, and quality of the mother-infant interaction was measured by the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Feeding Scale at 6 months. Security of attachment was evaluated by the Ainsworth Strange Situation at 12 months. RESULTS.A direct relationship between attachment security and breastfeeding practice was not identified. The quality of the mother-infant interaction at 6 months, rather than the type of feeding, predicted security of attachment. However, mothers who chose to breastfeed displayed greater sensitivity in dyadic interactions with their infants 3 months postnatally than those who chose to bottle feed, and intended breastfeeding duration prenatally correlated with sensitivity 3 months postpartum. Although a path analysis failed to demonstrate contributions of early breastfeeding duration to either sensitivity or security, it did substantiate a significant path between prenatal breastfeeding intent and attachment security mediated by sensitivity. In addition, multivariate analyses revealed that early sensitivity among breastfeeding mothers was an independent predictor of the duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding during the first year. CONCLUSIONS.Although the quality of the dyadic interaction in infancy, rather than feeding type, is predictive of attachment security, mothers who choose to breastfeed display enhanced sensitivity during early infancy that, in turn, may foster secure attachment. Among breastfeeding mothers, higher sensitivity is associated with longer duration of breastfeeding during the first postpartum year. These findings suggest a link between attachment security and breastfeeding.
Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA in the brain and reproductive tissues of the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius.

Incubation temperature during embryonic development determines gonadal sex in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. In addition, both incubation temperature and gonadal sex influence behavioral responses to androgen and estrogen treatments in adulthood. Although these findings suggest that temperature and sex steroids act upon a common neural substrate to influence behavior, it is unclear where temperature and hormone effects are integrated. To begin to address this question, we identified areas of the leopard gecko brain that express androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA. We gonadectomized adult female and male geckos from an incubation temperature that produces a female-biased sex ratio and another temperature that produces a male-biased sex ratio. Females and males from both temperatures were then treated with equivalent levels of various sex steroids. Region-specific patterns of AR mRNA expression and ER mRNA expression were observed upon hybridization of radiolabeled (35S) cRNA probes to thin sections of reproductive tissues (male hemipenes and female oviduct) and brain. Labeling for AR mRNA was very intense in the epithelium, but not within the body, of the male hemipenes. In contrast, expression of ER mRNA was prominent in most of the oviduct but not in the luminal epithelium. Within the brain, labeling for AR mRNA was conspicuous in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the lateral septum, the medial preoptic area, the periventricular preoptic area, the external nucleus of the amygdala, the anterior hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, the premammillary nucleus, and the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Expression of ER mRNA was sparse in the septum and was prominent in the ventromedial hypothalamus, the caudal portion of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and a group of cells near the torus semicircularis. Many of these brain regions have been implicated in the regulation of hormone-dependent, sex-typical reproductive and agonistic behaviors in other vertebrates. Consequently, these nuclei are likely to control such behaviors in the leopard gecko and also are candidate neural substrates for mediating temperature effects on behavior.
23-GHz and 123-GHz soliton pulse generation using two CW lasers and standard single-mode fiber

Theoretical and experimental results for 23-GHz and 123-GHz near-transform-limited soliton pulse generation at 1.55 /spl mu/m is presented. The technique uses soliton compression of the beat signal between two CW lasers in standard commercially available single-mode optical fiber and does not require longitudinal variation of the fiber dispersion. >
Forecasting effects of Miso actions: an ABM methodology

Agent-based models (ABM) have been used successfully in the field of generative social science to discover parsimonious sets of factors that generate social behavior. This methodology provides an avenue to explore the spread of anti-government sentiment in populations and to compare the effects of potential Military Information Support Operations (MISO) actions. We develop an ABM to investigate factors that affect the growth of rebel uprisings in a notional population. Our ABM expands the civil violence model developed by Epstein by enabling communication between agents through a genetic algorithm and by adding the ability of agents to form friendships based on shared beliefs. We examine the distribution of opinion and size of sub-populations of rebel and imprisoned civilians, and compare two counter-propaganda strategies. Analysis identifies several factors with effects that can explain some real-world observations, and provides a methodology for MISO operators to compare the effectiveness of potential actions.
Dominant negative retinoic acid receptor initiates tumor formation in mice.

Background Retinoic acid suppresses cell growth and promotes cell differentiation, and pharmacological retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activation is anti-tumorigenic. This begs the question of whether chronic physiological RAR activation by endogenous retinoids is likewise anti-tumorigenic.
Relationship Development and Workplace Integration: An Evolutionary Perspective

In this article, the authors argue that recent scholarship emanating from the field of evolutionary psychology (EP) promises to further current understanding of relationship development processes in organizations. To this end, they briefly review EP’s core assumptions about human nature and behavior and then examine three adaptive mechanisms that underlie close relational functioning in the workplace. Specifically, the authors describe how reciprocal altruism and preference for similarity, coupled with sensitivity toward prestige hierarchies, underscore the exchange and coordination activities of employees’ relationships at work. The proposed model of relationship development is discussed in terms of employee adjustment and integration processes. In conclusion, the authors highlight the potential of EP as both (a) a metatheoretic framework through which seemingly disparate areas of scholarship can be unified, and (b) a vehicle for theoretical development, a catalyst of novel predictions about communication in organizations, grounded in ultimate, rather than proximate, causation.
Membranous Nephropathy as a Manifestation of Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Association With HLA Antigen Typing, Phospholipase A2 Receptor, and C4d

Glomerulopathy is an uncommon but increasingly recognized complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation. It typically manifests as membranous nephropathy, less commonly as minimal change disease, and rarely as proliferative glomerulonephritis. There is evidence to suggest that these glomerulopathies might represent manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease. In this report, we focus on membranous nephropathy as the most common form of glomerulopathy after hematopoietic cell transplantation. We present a case of membranous nephropathy that developed 483 days post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with a history of acute graft-versus-host disease. We also share our experience with 4 other cases of membranous nephropathy occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinicopathologic correlates, including the association with graft-versus-host-disease, HLA antigen typing, glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, subepithelial colocalization of IgG deposits with phospholipase A2 receptor staining, C4d deposition along the peritubular capillaries, and treatment, are discussed with references to the literature.
JBEAM: multiscale curve coding via beamlets

A multiscale coder for curves and boundaries is presented. It utilizes a multiscale structure-beamlets-that is designed primarily for linear and curvilinear features. The coder is composed of three main components: 1) a rate-distortion optimized beamlet-based representation, 2) a tree-based coding from a beamlet representation to a symbol stream, and 3) an entropy coder. This coder is named "JBEAM". Taking advantage of its multiscale property, we utilized tree-based coding to make it progressive. The derived coder has a low order of computational complexity. Simulations demonstrate an advantage over the state-of-the-art industrial standard: JBIG 2. A software package, which includes an implementation of JBEAM, is made available. Variations and potential improvements of this method will be discussed. This work may inspire more activities in this line of research, improving curve coding.
CVD Precursors Containing Hydropyridine Ligands

Hydropyridine is introduced as a new ligand for use in constructing precursors for chemical vapor deposition. Detachment of hydropyridine occurs by a low-temperature reaction leaving hydrogen in place of the hydropyridine, and a very stable byproduct, pyridine vapor. Hydropyridine ligands can be attached to a variety of elements, including main group metals, such as aluminum and antimony, transition metals, such as titanium and tantalum, semiconductors such as silicon, and non- metals such as phosphorus and arsenic.
Digital "bullet scratches" for images

The problem investigated in this paper is identification of sensor that was used to obtain a given digital image. We show that the high-medium frequency component of the sensor pattern noise is an equivalent of "bullet scratches" for digital images and can be used for reliable forensic identification. For each sensor, we first calculate its reference pattern (an estimate of the sensor pattern noise) by averaging the noise component from multiple images. This pattern serves as a unique identification fingerprint whose presence in a given image is established using a correlation detector. The proposed identification technique was tested on several thousand images obtained by nine digital cameras. In all cases, we were able to correctly identify the camera that took the image. We also show that it is possible to identify the camera from images subjected to combined processing, including lossy JPEG compression, gamma correction, recoloring, and resizing.
Diffuse X-ray scattering from doublet defects in martensite and ferrite

Abstract Using recent calculations of the doublet-force displacement field about a carbon interstitial in α-iron, we have calculated the X-ray diffuse scattering in the vicinity of the reciprocal lattice points in iron-carbon martensite and in ferrite. Contours of the diffuse scattering in electron units per iron atom divided by p (l − p ), where p is the fraction of carbon atoms are given for both martensite and ferrite. Martensite is characterized by the alignment of the doublet displacements along [001] due to the preferred occupation of one of the three interstitial octahedral sites by carbon. In martensite the contours are of a complicated shape, often quite different from those for defects with spherical symmetry. Reflections of the type (00L) and (HK0) always show nodal planes perpendicular to the vector from (000) to (HKL). The diffuse scattering at (000), the small angle scattering shows the cylindrical doublet symmetry. In ferrite the three octahedral sites are equally populated, and the doublet displacements are equally distributed amongst [100], [010] and [001]. The contours are even more complicated, some displaying no nodal surfaces. Reflections of the type (H00), (0K0), or (00L) show nodal planes perpendicular to the vector from (000) to (HKL). The results for martensite and ferrite reveal that the origin scattering exhibits the orientation and symmetry of a defect in a more direct manner than the diffuse scattering about any other point in reciprocal space.
Rat brain and serum lithium concentrations after acute injections of lithium carbonate and orotate

Eight hours after intraperitoneal injections of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0m equiv Li kg-1, the serum and brain lithium concentrations of rats were significantly greater after lithium orotate than after lithium carbonate. While little serum lithium remained at 24 h after injection of 2.0 m equiv kg-1 lithium carbonate, two-thirds of the 2 h serum lithium concentration was present 24h after lithium orotate. Furthermore, the 24 h brain concentration of lithium after lithium orotate was approximately three times greater than that after lithium carbonate. These data suggest the possibility that lower doses of lithium orotate than lithium carbonate may achieve therapeutic brain lithium concentrations and relatively stable serum concentrations.
Self-assessment of practice performance: Development of the ABIM Practice Improvement Module (PIMSM)

AbstractBackground:Quality measurement and improvement in practice are requirements for Maintenance of Certification by the American Board of Medical Specialties boards and a component of many pay for performance programs.Objective:To describe the development of the American Board of Internal Medici
Early biochemical events in insulin-stimulated fluid phase endocytosis

We examined the initial molecular mechanisms by which cells nonselectively internalize extracellular solutes in response to insulin. Insulin-stimulated fluid phase endocytosis (FPE) was examined in...
THE PRESS AND KHRUSHCHEV'S ‘WITHDRAWAL’ FROM THE MOON RACE

The obligations of the press are enormous. News must be reported accurately, rapidly, objectively-and dramatically. This article describes the press handling of an incident in which the author believes accuracy and objectivity were sacrificed to speed and drama, with serious consequences. Joseph G. Whelan is a Specialist in Soviet and East European Affairs in the Foreign Affairs Division of the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress. The views expressed in this article are the author's and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of the Legislative Service or the Library of Congress.
United States - Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe From Korea Not for Attribution*

This dispute concerns the imposition of a definitive safeguard measure by the United States on imports of circular welded carbon quality line pipe (“line pipe”) from Korea (WTO DOC. WTO/DS 202/AB/R). The measure was imposed following an investigation conducted by the US International Trade Commission (USITC). The USITC determined in a safeguard investigation initiated on 29 July 1999 that “circular welded carbon quality line pipe . . . is being imported into the United States in such increased quantities as to be a substantial cause of serious injury or the threat of serious injury.” In its investigation, the USITC identified a number of factors apart from increased imports that might have caused serious injury or threat of serious injury to the domestic line pipe industry. The Commission concluded that increased imports were “a cause which is important and not less than any other cause” and that, therefore, the statutory requirement of “substantial cause” had been met.
Employee Perceptions of Their Organization's Level of Emergency Preparedness Following a Brief Workplace Emergency Planning Educational Presentation

A brief emergency planning educational presentation was taught during work hours to a convenience sample of employees of various workplaces in Northern Missouri, USA. Participants were familiarized with details about how an emergency plan is prepared by management and implemented by management-employee crisis management teams - focusing on both employee and management roles. They then applied the presentation information to assess their own organization's emergency preparedness level. Participants possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher perceptions of their organization's level of emergency preparedness than non-participants. It is recommended that an assessment of organizational preparedness level supplement emergency planning educational presentations in order to immediately apply the material covered and encourage employees to become more involved in their organization's emergency planning and response. Educational strategies that involve management-employee collaboration in activities tailored to each workplace's operations and risk level for emergencies should be implemented.
A Justification of Compensation to the Descendants of Wronged Parties: An Intended Analogy

Claims to compensation for injustices committed against one’s ancestors are not favored, either by law or morality, for defensible reasons. First, claims to compensation generally should relate to a specifiable injury suffered by the claimant. Second, when claims to compensation are derived from specifiable injuries suffered by someone other than the claimant, there are issues of intervening causation. This complicates a determination of how and to what extent the injury sustained by the wronged party affected the injury of the party claiming compensation. Third, as a matter of public policy, the passage of time should be appropriate grounds to cut off theories of liability except in extraordinary circumstances. In the context of a hypothetical situation, this paper discusses when society should assume a role in compensating the present day claimants for a past wrong suffered by an ancestor despite the concerns that disfavor delayed compensation.
The Disk and Shell Method

(1984). The Disk and Shell Method. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 139-139.
Studies on Genotyping Analysis on S Gene Segment of Hantavirus from Rodent Lung Tissue in Tianjin

Objective: To investigate the hantavirus genotype infected among host rodents in Tianjin area. Methods: The total RNA extracted directly from rodent lung tissues which was determined to be hantavirus antigen positive by IFA methos and the hantavirus S gene segment was amplified by RT-PCR methods and the product was purified and cloned into T vector, then the sequence was analyzed. Results: The RT-PCR product rodent results of six specimens were all positive. The sequence analysis indicates that J16 was HTN type. B11,BC3,D17,H4 and J37 were SEO type and they were all the same subtypes. Conclusion: Hantavirus infecting among rodents mainly were HTN type and SEO type in Tianjin.
RESEARCH ON PREDICTING FREQUENCY-HOPPING SIGNALS BASED ON THE RBF NEURAL NETWORK

A solving plan of prediction of frequency-hopping signals -the RBF neural network is presented. It makes a comparison of the performance differences of the BP neural network and the RBF neural network in predicting frequency-hopping signals. Simulation is carried out to a signal with random noise through the application of MATLAB, which verifies the practicability and the superiority of the theory.
Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord

To restore function after injury to the CNS, axons must be stimulated to extend into denervated territory and, critically, must form functional synapses with appropriate targets. We showed previously that forced overexpression of the transcription factor Sox11 increases axon growth by corticospinal tract (CST) neurons after spinal injury. However, behavioral outcomes were not improved, raising the question of whether the newly sprouted axons are able to form functional synapses. Here we developed an optogenetic strategy, paired with single-unit extracellular recordings, to assess the ability of Sox11-stimulated CST axons to functionally integrate in the circuitry of the cervical spinal cord. Initial time course experiments established the expression and function of virally expressed Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in CST cell bodies and in axon terminals in cervical spinal cord. Pyramidotomies were performed in adult mice to deprive the left side of the spinal cord of CST input, and the right CST was treated with adeno-associated virus (AAV)–Sox11 or AAV–EBFP control, along with AAV–ChR2. As expected, Sox11 treatment caused robust midline crossing of CST axons into previously denervated left spinal cord. Clear postsynaptic responses resulted from optogenetic activation of CST terminals, demonstrating the ability of Sox11-stimulated axons to form functional synapses. Mapping of the distribution of CST-evoked spinal activity revealed overall similarity between intact and newly innervated spinal tissue. These data demonstrate the formation of functional synapses by Sox11-stimulated CST axons without significant behavioral benefit, suggesting that new synapses may be mistargeted or otherwise impaired in the ability to coordinate functional output. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As continued progress is made in promoting the regeneration of CNS axons, questions of synaptic integration are increasingly prominent. Demonstrating direct synaptic integration by regenerated axons and distinguishing its function from indirect relay circuits and target field plasticity have presented technical challenges. Here we force the overexpression of Sox11 to stimulate the growth of corticospinal tract axons in the cervical spinal cord and then use specific optogenetic activation to assess their ability to directly drive postsynaptic activity in spinal cord neurons. By confirming successful synaptic integration, these data illustrate a novel optogenetic-based strategy to monitor and optimize functional reconnection by newly sprouted axons in the injured CNS.
Physiological comparisons of steelhead kelts emigrating from the Situk River, AK and Clearwater River, ID

The physiological status of migrating steelhead kelts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Situk River, Alaska, and two tributaries of the Clearwater River, Idaho, was evaluated to explore potential differences in post-spawning survival related to energy reserves. Blood plasma samples were analyzed for metrics related to nutritional and osmotic status, and samples of white muscle tissue collected from recent mortalities at weirs were analyzed for proximate constituents. Female kelts from the Situk River had significantly higher plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and calcium concentrations, all of which suggested higher lipid and energy stores. Additional support for energy limitation in kelts was provided by evaluating the presence of detectable proteins in the plasma. Most all kelts sampled from the Situk River populations had detectable plasma proteins, in contrast to kelts sampled from the Clearwater River tributary populations where 27 % of kelts from one tributary, and 68 % of the second tributary were below the limits of detection. We found proximate constituents of kelt mortalities were similar between the Situk and Clearwater River populations, and the lipid fraction of white muscle averaged 0.1 and 0.2 %. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that energetic limitations likely affect post-spawn survival in the Clearwater River kelts.
Neurologic Disease Masquerading as Genitourinary Abnormality—The Role of Urodynamics in Diagnosis

AbstractWhile the great majority of patients with neurogenic bladder and sphincter dysfunction have identifiable neurologic disease a small group will present with obvious genitourinary problems caused by not so obvious neurologic conditions. Thirteen such patients are presented, with a discussion of the ability of various urodynamic tests to predict the presence of significant neurologic disease.
Precancerous Lesions of Ovarian Clear Cell and Endometrioid Carcinomas

Precancers are lesions that precede the development of invasive cancers. Nowadays, based on clinical, histopathological, and genetic evidence that will be reviewed herein, endometriosis is identified as the most likely precursor lesion for endometrioid or clear cell ovarian lesions. A strong epidemiological link with endometriosis has been reported in up to 40 % of endometrioid cancers and 50–90 % ovarian clear cell carcinoma; an association with adenofibromatous lesions is also known for both cancers. In this chapter, the author will attempt a comprehensive review of the precancerous lesions of ovarian clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas and review new advances including an attempt to explain most ovarian cancers with an origin outside the ovary, in particular the fallopian tube.
Macroeconomic Policy: Some International Lessors for Australia

Abstract This paper reviews recent macroeconomic experience outside Australia, especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and continental Europe, and compares it with Australian experience. It discusses booms and recessions, inflation (especially the 'credibility' issue), unemployment (cyclical and structural), and exchange rate policy. Lt also discusses implications for monetarism and rational expectations theories. Two conclusions are that the big remaining problem in Europe and in Australia is structural unemployment, and that Australia was wise to float the dollar and abandon the crisis-prone 'fixed-but-adjustable' exchange rate regime.
The Polemics of Exile in Jeremiah 26–45: The Fall of Judah, the Descent into Egypt, and Baruch ben Neriah: Jeremiah 37–45

while jeremiah 26–36 constitute a compilation of diverse mate -rial, Jeremiah 37–44 are almost exclusively narrative in nature (though oracles have been incorporated into these narratives). This has led a number of scholars to argue that they derive from a different compositional circle or author than Jeremiah 26–36, but in addition to the elements already discussed, several considerations weigh in against this conclusion. Like the earlier literary unit, this second unit provides an historical background for a number of Jeremiah's oracles (poetry and prose) contained in Jeremiah 1–25. We also encounter indications throughout Jeremiah 37–44 of the fissure between the royal officers (scribes and otherwise) that surfaced in Jeremiah 26–36, with the prophet clearly identified as an ally to some and an enemy to others, contributing to the sense of political and sociological chaos in the twilight years of Judah. This not only would have lent immediacy and authenticity to the narrative for an exilic audience that had experienced a devastating break in the continuity of their own lives via the exile, but it also developed issues that were already present in Jeremiah 1–25, with the prophet's critique of the infallibility of the Davidic dynasty finding fruition in the depiction of the reign of the last king to rule from Jerusalem (this same element surfaces in Jeremiah 34–36, as observed earlier).
Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Cancer Metabolism

Obesity is a risk factor for cancer development and is associated with poor prognosis in multiple tumor types. The positive energy balance linked with obesity induces a variety of systemic changes including altered levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, adiponectin, steroid hormones, and cytokines. Each of these factors alters the nutritional milieu and has the potential to create an environment that favors tumor initiation and progression. Although the complete ramifications of obesity as it relates to cancer are still unclear, there is convincing evidence that reducing the magnitude of the systemic hormonal and inflammatory changes has significant clinical benefits. This review will examine the changes that occur in the obese state and review the biologic mechanisms that connect these changes to increased cancer risk. Understanding the metabolic changes that occur in obese individuals may also help to elucidate more effective treatment options for these patients when they develop cancer. Moving forward, targeted clinical trials examining the effects of behavioral modifications such as reduced carbohydrate intake, caloric restriction, structured exercise, and/or pharmacologic interventions such as the use of metformin, in obese populations may help to reduce their cancer risk.
Intersectionality and Perceptions About Sexual Assault Education and Reporting on College Campuses

A mixed-methods design with an intersectional feminist framework was used with 1,899 students at a large Southern university to critically examine (a) how students view the issue of sexual assault on their own campus, (b) how they perceive the status of reporting sexual assault to campus officials, and (c) how they are responding overall to a campus-wide sexual assault education program. Some privileged groups, especially heterosexual men, were less informed than others about sexual assault and less supportive of campus sexual assault education. In contrast, some marginalized groups, including lesbian, gay, and bisexual students, perceived campus sexual assault to be a more serious issue than did other groups, but they were also most critical of heteronormative biases in most campus programing. Non-White students were most supportive of sexual assault education. Empirically driven implications for campus sexual assault programs are provided.
Automated detection and characterization of harmonic tremor in continuous seismic data

Harmonic tremor is a common feature of volcanic, hydrothermal, and ice-sheet seismicity, and is thus an important proxy for monitoring changes in these systems. However, no automated methods for detecting harmonic tremor currently exist. Because harmonic tremor shares characteristics with speech and music, digital signal processing techniques for analyzing these signals can be adapted. I develop a novel pitch-detection-based algorithm to automatically identify occurrences of harmonic tremor and characterize their frequency content. The algorithm is applied to seismic data from Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico, and benchmarked against a month-long manually-detected catalog of harmonic tremor events. During a period of heightened eruptive activity from December 2014-May 2015, the algorithm detects 1465 minutes of harmonic tremor, which generally precede periods of heightened explosive activity. These results demonstrate the algorithm's ability to accurately characterize harmonic tremor while highlighting the need for additional work to understand its causes and implications at restless volcanoes.
Habitual sleep and kidney function in chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study.

Summary Physiological evidence suggests that sleep modulates kidney function. Our objective was to examine the cross-sectional association between kidney function and objectively-estimated habitual sleep duration, quality and timing in a cohort of patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. This study involved two US clinical centers of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, including 432 participants in a CRIC ancillary sleep study. Habitual sleep duration, quality and timing were measured using wrist actigraphy for 5–7 days. Validated sleep questionnaires assessed subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and risk of sleep apnea. Kidney function was assessed with the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, and the urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate was associated with shorter sleep duration (−1.1 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per hour less sleep, P = 0.03), greater sleep fragmentation (−2.6 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per 10% higher fragmentation, P < 0.001) and later timing of sleep (−0.9 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per hour later, P = 0.05). Higher protein to creatinine ratio was also associated with greater sleep fragmentation (approximately 28% higher per 10% higher fragmentation, P < 0.001). Subjective sleep quality, sleepiness and persistent snoring were not associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate or protein to creatinine ratio. Thus, worse objective sleep quality was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher protein to creatinine ratio. Shorter sleep duration and later sleep timing were also associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. Physicians treating patients with chronic kidney disease should consider inquiring about sleep and possibly sending for clinical sleep assessment. Longitudinal and interventional trials are needed to understand causal direction.
Nonlinear Fluid Damping Models for Hydraulic Bushing Under Sinusoidal or Transient Excitation

Hydraulic bushings are typically characterized in terms of sinusoidal dynamic stiffness at lower frequencies over a range of excitation amplitudes. However, in practice they are also exposed to sev...
Updating Neurology® authorship criteria: Ensuring inclusion of those making valuable intellectual contributions.

In an effort to offer readers the most information about trials, biomedical journals have improved reporting standards (e.g., trial registration, the use of checklists), including defining authorship. Standards have improved markedly over the last couple of decades; the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has provided suggestions, but the requirements for Neurology have generally favored greater transparency. For example, professional writers must be listed as authors in articles published in the green journal. However, a persisting difficulty has been how to handle authorship with large research groups. How substantive should a contribution be, in the interests of transparency and fairness?
Operation of Jukebox Optical Disk over a Local Area Network

RCA’s Argon Laser Jukebox programs are reviewed, including technical development and equipment manufacturing status. The oral presentation of this paper includes a video tape of the jukebox operation. The paper’s focus is on RCA’s recent work in coupling their first delivered jukebox via a 50-Mbps baseband Local Area Network (LAN) to a VAX/VMS host. The LAN interface was chosen because of the ease of interfacing with various host computers at data rates exceeding commercial data channel rates. Future work will use advanced LAN technology to interface higher data rate (>200 Mbps) optical disk memory systems to multiple and various users. These networks will include fiber-optic bus LAN technology.
Boron Carbides: Unconventional High-Temperature Thermoelectrics

Boron carbides are exceptional materials with distinctive structures and unconventional bonding. Each of boron carbides’ unit cells contains a hollow, cage-like structure whose twelve atoms occupy the vertices of an icosahedron. Strong covalent bonds link icosahedra to one another. As a result, boron carbides are very stiff, hard solids whose melting temperatures exceed 2600K. Boron carbides have long been used in applications such as lightweight ceramic armor that capitalize on these properties.
Io: The Volcanic Moon

Io, the innermost of Jupiter's four Galilean satellites, is the only body outside the Earth so far known to have large-scale active volcanism. Io's heat flow is much higher than that of the Earth's and its interior is thought to contain a magma ocean. Io's lavas may be hotter than any that has erupted on the Earth today.
Quanten, Relativität und Rhetorik

Rhetorik in der Wissenschaft? Fur einen Wissenschaftler hat dieser Satz alle Eigenschaften eines Oxymorons. Seit dem Altertum war die Rhetorik im wesentlichen die Kunst der Uberzeugung, im Gegensatz zur Kunst des Beweises. Unter all den Anspruchen, die die moderne Wissenschaft erhebt, ist wahrscheinlich der ausgepragteste jener, in einem schwierigen Kampf wahrend der letzten vier Jahrhunderte eine „objektive“ Methode gefunden zu haben, mit der demonstriert werden kann, wie die Natur funktioniert, mit der man Fakten finden und berichten kann, welche man, ungeachtet der individuellen, personlichen Eigenschaften jener, die sie vorschlagen, oder des Publikums, an die sie gerichtet sind, glauben kann. Diese Unterscheidung der Rollen von Objektivitat und Subjektivitat erscheint klar in Aristoteles’ Rhetorica:1 Unter den drei Typen der „Uberzeugungsarten“, die dem Redner, der auf die Rhetorik zuruckgreift, zur Verfugung stehen, „hangt“ nur der dritte „vom Beweis, oder dem offensichtlichen Beweis, ab, den die Worte der Rede selbst erzeugen“, wahrend „der erste Typ vom personlichen Charakter des Redners abhangt und der zweite davon, die Zuhorer in eine bestimmte [richtige] Stimmung zu versetzen“. Tatsachlich ist das Hauptwerkzeug der Rhetorik der Charakter des Redners:
Whither Fanfic

Fan fiction-fanfic for short-has perhaps undergone the most dramatic, IT-driven change. The next fanfic frontier, the author predicts, will be in computer animation.
Energetics of defect production in fluorite-structured CeO 2 induced by highly ionizing radiation

Understanding the energetics of radiation-induced defects is critical to the development of next-generation materials for nuclear and other energy systems and for aerospace applications. However, it remains a challenge to experimentally characterize defect morphologies and energies, especially in regard to anion defects in irradiated oxides. Here, using a combination of advanced structural and calorimetric characterization techniques, we show that the energetic response of defects in ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$ is strongly coupled to atomic disordering on the oxygen sublattice induced by energetic heavy ions. Fitting of calorimetric data yields an estimate of stored energy in the form of defects and microstrain. These results provide a means to calculate the efficiency of structural destabilization and aid in a better understanding of defect formation and annealing mechanisms in fluorite-structured materials subject to extreme conditions.
Introduction to the Audiological Evaluation: Case-Based Applications to Patients with Skull Base Disease.

Objectives To provide an introduction to the role of audiological evaluations with special reference to patients with skull base disease. Design Review article with case-based overview of the current state of the practice of diagnostic audiology through highlighting the multifaceted clinical toolbox and the value of mechanism-based audiological evaluations that contribute to otologic differential diagnosis. Setting Current state of the practice of diagnostic audiology. Main Outcome Measures Understanding of audiological evaluation results in clinical practice and value of contributions to interdisciplinary teams to identify and quantify dysfunction along the auditory pathway and its subsequent effects. Results Accurate auditory information is best captured with a test battery that consists of various assessment crosschecks and mechanism-driven assessments. Conclusion Audiologists utilize a comprehensive clinical toolbox to gather information for assessment, diagnosis, and management of numerous pathologies. This information, in conjunction with thorough medical review, provides mechanism-specific contributions to the otologic and lateral skull base differential diagnosis.
Bridge inspection practices using non-destructive testing methods

AbstractNon-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods have been developed and employed as a means of rapid and effective structural inspection. Despite the various kinds of NDT methods developed for bridge inspection, not much study has been performed on their usage and effectiveness at a practical level. This paper presents an evaluation of NDT methods to identify how they are implemented in state agencies in the U.S. The findings and analysis presented herein were based on the results obtained from a survey questionnaire, targeted at Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in all U.S. states and territories. The survey questionnaire was initiated to clarify multiple issues regarding NDT implementation, such as identifying the types of inspection that involve NDT methods, bridge components that are most likely to be inspected with NDT, effective methods of inspecting concrete or steel structures, and so on. A total of 40 state agencies participated in the survey processing, and the major findings obtained from the ...
Detection of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone in archaeological human hair from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt

Abstract Hair has become an invaluable resource in forensic, clinical, and bioarchaeological research. The unique interaction between the growing hair fiber, the hair follicle, and the endocrine system inundates the growing hair fiber with an incremental record of many of the discreet physiological processes of the body. A novel study by Webb et al. (2010) demonstrated that endogenous records of cortisol, the “stress hormone”, are capable of being extracted from archaeological human hair through a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, thus providing insight into the “invisible” stress experiences of an individual that would otherwise not be detectable through skeletal analysis. This study seeks to apply this technique to archaeological hair from 10 individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt to evaluate patterns of cortisol production and to determine whether endogenous patterns of secretion are detectable for the steroid reproductive hormones estradiol and testosterone. All three hormones were identified in each individual within the sample, and analyses revealed that preservation was favorable. Incremental patterning of each hormone appears to reflect endogenous hormone secretion in life. Values for cortisol, estradiol in pre-menopausal females, and testosterone extracted from samples fall within reference values taken from archaeological and clinical research, though estradiol values for males and postmenopausal females exceeded projected reference values. The results of this study demonstrate that steroid reproductive hormones can be preserved in archaeological human hair, and that these hormones can be analyzed to create additional lines of inquiry into bioarcheological studies of ancient health and fertility.
Bonus Plan Choices During an Economic Downturn

We use survey data to estimate the effect of the 2008-2009 recession on three fundamental bonus plan choices. We find robust evidence that the recession (i) reduced incentive strength, (ii) increas...
Inflated density ratio and its variation and generalization for computing marginal likelihoods

In the Bayesian framework, the marginal likelihood plays an important role in variable selection and model comparison. The marginal likelihood is the marginal density of the data after integrating out the parameters over the parameter space. However, this quantity is often analytically intractable due to the complexity of the model. In this paper, we first examine the properties of the inflated density ratio (IDR) method, which is a Monte Carlo method for computing the marginal likelihood using a single MC or Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sample. We then develop a variation of the IDR estimator, called the dimension reduced inflated density ratio (Dr.IDR) estimator. We further propose a more general identity and then obtain a general dimension reduced (GDr) estimator. Simulation studies are conducted to examine empirical performance of the IDR estimator as well as the Dr.IDR and GDr estimators. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the GDr estimator for computing the normalizing constants in a case study on the inequality-constrained analysis of variance.
3D-Hyper-FleX-LION: A Flat and Reconfigurable Hyper-X Network for Datacenters

We propose a flat datacenter network using silicon photonic switches. Simulations show up to 2× improvement in throughput-per-watt over a non-oversubscribed Fat-Tree while providing > 2× reduction in the number of switching ASICs and transceivers.
The Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 isolectin. A probe for alpha-D-galactosyl end groups.

Lectins are a heterogeneous group of proteins with the common property of recognizing carbohydrate molecules, often in a very specific manner. Although first discovered in plant seeds, they also have been found in other vegetative tissues of the plant world (leaves, stems, bark, roots, tubers, etc.). In recent years, lectins have been isolated from microorganisms, insects, Crustacea, rodents, and most recently from various tissues of primates where they appear to be involved in cellular adhesion, clearance of glycoproteins from the circulating system, cell-cell recognition, etc.
Market Efficiency in Specialist Markets Before and After Automation

Using nonparametric statistical analysis, we measure the degree of market efficiency before and after automation at the New York and Toronto Stock Exchanges. Overall, the results show that the level of informational efficiency remains effectively unchanged during the automation period. Despite several deviations from a random walk process, the returns for stocks on these exchanges do not appear to exhibit consistent patterns that investors can exploit to generate abnormal returns. Automation also coincides with an improvement in market efficiency at the Toronto Stock Exchange when compared to the New York Stock Exchange.