cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methacholine-Induced Contraction of Rabbit Pulmonary Artery: Role of Platelet-Endothelial Transcellular Thromboxane Synthesis

Arachidonic acid- and methacholine-induced contractions of rabbit pulmonary arteries are mediated by thromboxane (TX) A2. Although removal of the endothelium abolishes the contractions, endothelial cells isolated from pulmonary arteries do not synthesize TXA2. Further studies described here showed that the expression of TX synthase was evident in platelets and intact pulmonary artery but not in endothelial cells. These studies examined the role of platelet TXA2 production in the vasoconstrictor response to methacholine. Endothelial cells were incubated with platelets in the presence or absence of methacholine. Methacholine caused an increase in TXB2 production. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with aspirin (100 μmol/L) before the addition of platelets did not impair the ability of methacholine to increase TXB2 synthesis. Conversely, if platelets were pretreated with aspirin, methacholine failed to stimulate TXB2. Using endothelial cells with their cellular lipids labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, methacholine did not stimulate the production of [3H]TXB2. When the endothelial cells were incubated with methacholine and control platelets, [3H]TXB2 was detected. If aspirin-treated platelets were incubated with endothelial cells, methacholine did not increase the production of [3H]TXB2. However, pretreatment of the endothelial cells with aspirin did not affect the ability of methacholine to induce [3H]TXB2 release. This suggests that methacholine stimulated the endothelial cell to release arachidonic acid, which was transferred to the platelets and metabolized to TXA2. To test whether this cell-cell interaction is necessary for methacholine-induced contractions, rabbits were administered aspirin (20 mg/kg) for 2 days. On day 4, methacholine-induced contractions of pulmonary arteries were depressed in aspirin-treated compared with control subjects. Control arteries synthesized 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α and TXB2. Aspirin treatment inhibited both pulmonary artery and platelet TXB2 production but had no effect on vessel 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α. These studies implicate platelets as a vascular source of TXA2 and indicate that both endothelial cells and platelets may be required for methacholine-induced TXA2 synthesis and vasoconstriction.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering as a parametric interaction

In the stimulated Brillouin scattering of an intense laser beam, a forward-traveling coherent acoustic wave and a backward-traveling electromagnetic wave are produced. This interaction is studied from the coupled mode approach and shown to be describable as a parametric interaction. An inherent instability of this particular interaction is discussed. Frequencies of the interacting waves are calculated for quartz and cadmium sulfide. The non-linearity is shown to be due to the electrostrictive and photoelastic properties of the medium. By expressing the coupling coefficient as a tensor of rank four, selection rules for the interaction in isotropic and certain anisotropic media are derived. Finally the experimental approach for detection of the acoustic wave is discussed.
Epidemiology and treatment of mental health problems in juvenile delinquents

Abstract In an effort to establish the comorbidity rates of various mental health problems and juvenile delinquency and to determine the most efficacious treatments for such dually diagnosed youths, over 75 publications were reviewed. Despite a dearth of methodologically sound findings, some tentative conclusions were possible. First, in addition to conduct disorder, several other diagnosable mental disorders appear to occur frequently in the population of juvenile delinquents. These problems include personality, affective, attention deficit hyperactivity, and substance abuse disorders, and mental retardation. Most reported treatment studies were for conduct problems, although there were a few reports of interventions for sexual disorders, substance abuse prevention, and mental retardation, most of which were somewhat successful on a short-term basis. Reasons for the lack of high quality empirical studies of the mental health problems of juvenile delinquents were proposed, and the importance of increasing our knowledge base and improving service delivery for such comorbid disorders was stressed.
Selecting inocula for the biodegradation of organic compounds at low concentrations.

The inability of many organisms to degrade pollutants at low concentrations is a problem when selecting inocula for bioremediation of sites with these low concentrations. Thus, a study was conducted to determine the effect of low concentrations of p-nitrophenol (PNP) on growth of four PNP-degrading bacteria and their abilities to metabolize low concentrations of the compound in culture and samples from an oligotrophic lake. PNP did not increase the growth rates of Flavobacterium sp. M4, Pseudomonas sp. K, Flavobacterium sp. M1, and Pseudomonas sp. SP3 at concentrations of less than 2, 4, 10, and 100 ng/ml, respectively, when it was the sole added carbon source in culture, but it stimulated multiplication at higher concentrations. In liquid culture with the nitro compound as sole added carbon source, the four bacteria extensively mineralized PNP at 50 and 100 ng/ml, and three of the four degraded much of the substrate at 25 ng/ml. Pseudomonas sp. SP3 mineralized more than 20% but the two Flavobacterium strains converted less than 10% of the substrate to C02 at 10 ng/ml, and none of the three mineralized more than 5% at 1 and 5 ng PNP/ml. Under conditions where more than 99% of the radioactivity from 14C-PNP added at 1 ng/ml remained in solution, two of the isolates formed organic products. Pseudomonas sp. K had no activity at 1, 5, and 10 ng/ml. In contrast, when each of the bacteria was separately inoculated into samples of water from an oligotrophic lake and from a well in which PNP was not biodegraded, the bacteria were able to mineralize as little as 1 ng PNP/ml. The addition to a salts solution of 10 ng of glucose per ml resulted in mineralization of PNP at concentrations too low to be mineralized when the nitro compound was the sole source of added carbon. Bacteria may thus be able to mineralize substrates in natural waters at concentrations below those suggested by tests conducted in culture media, possibly because of the availability of other carbon sources for the bacteria.
Control of slow oscillations in the thalamocortical neuron: a computer model

We investigated computer models of a single thalamocortical neuron to assess the interaction of intrinsic voltage-sensitive channels and cortical synaptic input in producing the range of oscillation frequencies observed in these cells in oivo. A morphologically detailed model with HodgkinHuxley-like ion channels demonstrated that intrinsic properties would be sufficient to readily produce 3 to 6 Hz oscillations. Hyperpolarization of the model cell reduced its oscillation frequency monotonically whether through current injection or modulation of a potassium conductance, simulating the response to a neuromodulatory input. We performed detailed analysis of highly reduced models to determine the mechanism of this frequency control. The interburst interval was controlled by two different mechanisms depending on whether or not the pacemaker current, I,, was present. In the absence of I,, depolarization during the interburst interval occurred at the same rate with different current injections. The voltage difference from the nadir to threshold for the low-threshold calcium current, I,, determined the interburst interval. In contrast, with I, present, the rate of depolarization depended on injected current. With the full model, simulated repetitive cortical synaptic input entrained oscillations up to approximately double the natural frequency. Cortical input readily produced phase resetting as well. Our findings suggest that neither ascending brainstem control altering underlying hyperpolarization, nor descending drive by repetitive cortical inputs, would alone be sufficient to produce the range of oscillation frequencies seen in thalamocortical neurons. Instead, intrinsic neuronal mechanisms would dominate for generating the delta range (0.54 Hz) oscillations seen during slow wave sleep, whereas synaptic interactions with cortex and the thalamic reticular nucleus would be required for faster oscillations in the frequency range of spindling (7-14 Hz).
The Determinants of International Remittances in Developing Countries

Summary What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received.
The State of the Field of Environmental History

Absract This article reviews the state and evolution of the field of environmental history since about 1970. It focuses chiefly on the work of professional historians, but because environmental history is pursued by many varieties of scholars, it occasionally discusses the work of archeologists, geographers, and others. It offers a working definition of the field and an account of its origins, development, and institutionalization from the 1970s until 2010. It briefly surveys the literature on several world regions, concentrating most heavily on South Asia and Latin America, where environmental history at present has grown especially lively. It considers the prominence of Americanists (that is, historians of the United States, not the same thing as Americans) in the field and how that prominence is now waning. It reviews the utility of environmental history for historians, sketches some of the critiques of environmental history, and comments upon some signal findings of recent years.
B Lymphocyte derived hematopoietic growth Factors

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on B lymphocyte derived hematopoietic growth factors. Bone marrow-derived (BM) B cells and homogeneous B cell lines (lymphomas and hybridomas) were used to study the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The BM B cells required two signals for GM-CSF production: LPS and a tumor promoting phorbol ester (TPA). In the B cell lines, GM-CSF production was inducible with LPS alone. Molecular analysis of the GM-CSF gene expression revealed that steady state levels (as determined by Northern analysis) of GM-CSF mRNA could be detected only in LPS-induced cells, whereas it was found by nuclear transcription analysis that the GM-CSF gene is transcribed even in uninduced cells. However, biological activity of GM-CSF was detected only in supernatants from LPS-induced cells. These data suggest a post-transcriptional regulation of this gene.
Propagation of TE Modes in Dielectric Loaded Waveguides

The propagation of TE/sub no/ modes in rectangular wave-guides that contain two dielectric slabs parallel to the narrow wall and extending over the full height of the guide is investigated. Waveguide and dielectric are assumed to be lossless and infinitely long. Apart from these restrictions, the dielectric slabs may have arbitrary thickness, position, and dielectric constant. The analysis is restricted to TE/sub no/ modes with the E-field parallel to the narrow guidewall. The guide containing only one dielectric slab is covered by this analysis. The even modes n = 2, 4, 6, . . . of the guide with two slabs correspond to the odd modes n' = n/2 = 1, 2, 3, . . . of the guide with one slab half the width of the guide with two slabs. For six relative dielectric constants (/spl epsilon/= 2.25, 4.00, 9.00, 12.25, 16.00, 25.00) the cutoff frequencies for TE 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 modes and the normalized propagation constants for TE 10 and TE 20 modes between their respective cutoff frequencies and a frequency slightly above the second- and fourth-order mode cutoff frequency for the empty guide, respectively, have been computed for a large range of slab thicknesses and slab positions. Selected results are presented graphically. These results are discussed. The parametric dependence of field distributions, of normalized characteristic impedances, of the ratio of cutoff frequencies (fractional bandwidth), and of the ratio of magnetic field components (ellipticity) are illustrated.
CEO Involvement in the Selection of New Board Members: An Empirical Analysis

We study whether CEO involvement in the selection of new directors influences the quality of appointments to the board. When the CEO serves on the nominating committee or no nominating committee exists, firms appoint fewer independent outside directors and more gray outsiders with conflicts of interest. Stock price reactions to independent director appointments are significantly lower when the CEO is involved in director selection, and independent appointees are more likely to serve on large numbers of other boards, a practice disfavored by investor activists. Our evidence may illuminate a mechanism used by CEOs to reduce pressure from active monitoring, and we find a recent trend of companies removing CEOs from involvement in director selection.
Design thinking in gamestar mechanic: the role of gamer experience on the appropriation of the discourse practices of game designers

This paper explores the pedagogical potential of Gamestar Mechanic, a computer game where players learn the principles of game design by making, sharing and reviewing games in the context of an online community of designers. The game has been designed to foster the appropriation of complex language and literacy skills by middle school children. By relying on think aloud interviews and a discourse analytic framework, this paper explores the language practices germane to the game designer Discourse enacted by players as they tackle a game design challenge.
Treatment with 5-Azacytidine Accelerates Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Leukemogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model

A key oncogenic force in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the ability of the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARA) oncoprotein to recruit transcriptional repressors and DNA methyltransferases at retinoic acid-responsive elements. Pharmacological doses of retinoic acid relieve transcriptional repression inducing terminal differentiation/apoptosis of the leukemic blasts. APL blasts often harbor additional recurrent chromosomal abnormalities, and significantly, APL prevalence is increased in Latino populations. These observations suggest that multiple genetic and environmental/dietary factors are likely implicated in APL. We tested whether dietary or targeted chemopreventive strategies relieving PML-RARA transcriptional repression would be effective in a transgenic mouse model. Surprisingly, we found that 1) treatment with a demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, results in a striking acceleration of APL; 2) a high fat, low folate/choline-containing diet resulted in a substantial but nonsignificant APL acceleration; and 3) all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is ineffective in preventing leukemia and results in ATRA-resistant APL. Our findings have important clinical implications because ATRA is a drug of choice for APL treatment and indicate that global demethylation, whether through dietary manipulations or through the use of a pharmacologic agent such as 5-azacytidine, may have unintended and detrimental consequences in chemopreventive regimens.
Ideologies and Forms of Domination in the Organization of the Global Production and Consumption of Goods in the Emerging Postmodern Era: A Case Study of Nike Corporation and the Implications for Gender

This paper uses a case study of Nike Corporation to examine some of the contradictory gender-based ideologies involved in the two main processes of the production and consumption of athletic footwear: manufacturing and advertising. It uses the newly developing paradigm within world-system theory, a commodity chain analysis, to compare and contrast the social relations of gender within each of these two segments at both the micro- and macro-level. Noting the increasing importance of advertising and consumption patterns accompanying emerging post-industrial, postmodern trends, this paper highlights the need for political economy analyses to address more cautiously cultural, political and social factors involved in the production and consumption of goods. This study employs an exploratory approach, using gender as a variable to detect linkages between the economic and cultural realms at the individual and global level. Drawing on some of the post-Marxist literature, it points to new potential for alliances in forging social change. The main attempt is to expand upon development theory which tends to neglect the role of gender, while also expanding studies of gender by investigating gender issues within the framework of the global political economy.
From Aesthetics to Psychology: Notes on Vygotsky's Psychology of Art

Vygotsky's investigations on art in the early part of his career prepared the way for his discovery of the semiotic-historical dimension of psychological development. The Psychology of Art was a pioneer work in the field of art psychology, exploring issues such as the role of emotion in art, the nature of aesthetic experience, the semiotic nature of psychological processes, and the foundations of a Marxist psychology and a Marxist aesthetics. Central to the elaboration of Vygotsky's ideas was his dialogue with, and criticism of, Russian formalism. In this respect, his ideas on art psychology have many points of contact with the criticism of the formal method in literary studies by Bakhtin.
Arbitrary focal-field polarization control for optical microscopy

We propose a convenient method for controlling the three-dimensional polarization vector at the focus of a high-numerical-aperture lens using a linearly polarized input field. This form of polarization microscopy requires no polarization optics.
THE SUN AS AN ASTROPHYSICAL LABORATORY

We live next to a star. The variability of that star affects our life hi different ways, as it induces climate changes or subjects spacecraft to the effects of mass ejections. The variability of the Sun provides a unique opportunity to observe processes that occur throughout the universe on scales that are too vast to imagine or to study in a laboratory on Earth, and that are too complicated to simulate in computer experiments in all their detail. Time and again, the Sun has served as the foundation for our thinking about stars and other astrophysical objects; many concepts (including magnetic activity, sfarspots, eoronae. flares, asteroseismology, ...) and processes (such as nuclear processes, radiative transport, stratified turbulent convection, dynamo, magnetoconveetive coupling, magnetic reconnection, ....) spring from solar physics. The Sun continues in that role as our ability to observe the Sun has advanced dramatically in recent, years, as have our resources for numerical approximations. Our new view of the Sun is one of an intrinsically dynamic, highly structured object, in which waves and radiative transfer, chemical inhomogeneity and multi-fluid effects are unavoidable realities.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN AORTOCORONARY VEIN GRAFTS

Abstract Atherosclerotic changes were found in vein grafts of six out of eight patients who survived an aortocoronary vein-bypass operation for 6-61 months. No such lesions were found at necropsy on twenty-five patients who survived the operation for less than 6 months. All six patients with atherosclerotic changes had moderately increased plasma-lipid levels.
ankA: an Ehrlichia phagocytophila Group Gene Encoding a Cytoplasmic Protein Antigen with Ankyrin Repeats

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a potentially fatal, tick-borne disease caused by a bacterium related or identical to Ehrlichia phagocytophila. To identify and characterize E. phagocytophila group-specific protein antigen genes, we prepared and screened HGE agent and Ehrlichia equi genomic DNA expression libraries using polyclonal equine E. equi antibodies. Two clones, one each from HGE agent and E. equi, that were recognized specifically by antibodies to the E. phagocytophila group ehrlichiae had complete open reading frames of 3,693 and 3,615 nucleotides, respectively. The two clones were 96.6% identical and predicted a protein with at least 11 tandemly repeated ankyrin motifs. Thus, the gene was named ank (for ankyrin). When the encoded protein, named AnkA, was expressed in Escherichia coli, it was recognized by antibodies from rabbits and mice immunized with the HGE agent, sera from humans convalescent from HGE, and sera from horses convalescent from HGE and E. equi infection. Monospecific AnkA antibodies reacted with proteins in HGE agent immunoblots, and AnkA monoclonal antibodies detected cytoplasmic antigen in E. phagocytophila group bacteria and also detected antigen associated with chromatin in infected but not uninfected HL-60 cell cultures. These results suggest that this Ehrlichia protein may influence host cell gene expression.
Implications of Distinctive Flora on Pueblo Ruins1

M ANY cases have been noted in which the vegetation is distinctive on former American Indian habitation sites. In 1832, Charles Darwin (1958:183) distinguished the shell heaps in Tierra del Fuego at a long distance by the bright green color of plants such as wild celery and scurvy grass. Dall (1877:45) has made the same kind of observation in the Aleutian Islands. He attributed the brilliant green covering of the ancient village sites to their exceptional fertility. Among the many more recent observations of such phenomena are examples from Alaska (Hrdlikka 1937; Bank 1953), Ohio (Mosely 1931), Indiana (Zeiner 1946), Florida (Small 1927), Louisiana (Brown 1936), the Great Plains (Gilmore 1931), central California (Jepson 1909:38-39), Lower California (Meigs 1938), and Yucatan (Lundell 1939). This is a report of a study of the effects of Pueblo Indians of pre-Spanish times on the composition of the flora of their former habitation sites in the American Southwest. Fieldwork was accomplished during the summer of 1957 at Bandelier National Monument on the Pajarito Plateau of north-central New Mexico in Sandoval and Santa Fe Counties. Several additional observa-
Can internet video-on-demand be profitable?

Video-on-demand in the Internet has become an immensely popular service in recent years. But due to its high bandwidth requirements and popularity, it is also a costly service to provide. We consider the design and potential benefits of peer-assisted video-on-demand, in which participating peers assist the server in delivering VoD content. The assistance is done in such a way that it provides the same user quality experience as pure client-server distribution. We focus on the single-video approach, whereby a peer only redistributes a video that it is currently watching.Using a nine-month trace from a client-server VoD deployment for MSN Video, we assess what the 95 percentile server bandwidth costs would have been if a peer-assisted employment had been instead used. We show that peer-assistance can dramatically reduce server bandwidth costs, particularly if peers prefetch content when there is spare upload capacity in the system. We consider the impact of peer-assisted VoD on the cross-traffic among ISPs. Although this traffic is significant, if care is taken to localize the P2P traffic within the ISPs, we can eliminate the ISP cross traffic while still achieving important reductions in server bandwidth. We also develop a simple analytical model which captures many of the critical features of peer-assisted VoD, including its operational modes.
Fungal communities associated with phytoedaphic communities in the semiarid southwest

Abstract Soil fungal populations, diversity, and the community composition of fungal groups were determined among soils from 11 plant communities occurring in the semiarid Southwest. In general, soils associated with treeland plant communities had significantly higher fungal populations than the soils associated with shrub or grassland plant communities. In contrast, the diversity and evenness of fungal groups were higher in soils from the shrub and grassland plant communities than in soils from the treeland plant communities. Lower populations of fungi and higher fungal diversities in the shrub and grassland plant communities were associated with a lower soil organic matter status compared to the more organic matter‐rich treeland plant communities. A Penicillium cyclopium series isolate dominated the soils from both the tree and shrubland plant communities, while Fusarium spp. dominated the soils from the grassland plant communities. Although the tree and the shrubland plant communities contained similar...
An experimental comparison of semi-supervised ARTMAP architectures, GCS and GNG classifiers

In this paper we present an experimental comparison of four neural-based classifiers, namely growing cell structures (GCS), growing neural gas (GNG), semi-supervised fuzzy ARTMAP (ssFAM) and semi-supervised ellipsoid ARTMAP (ssEAM). The comparison is performed in terms of classification accuracy and structural complexity of the resulting classifiers. Earlier studies that had appeared in the literature showed that fuzzy ARTMAP, which utilizes fully-supervised learning, may suffer from poor generalization performance, when compared to GCS and GNG classifiers. This phenomenon typically occurs, when class distribution overlap is significant. Here, we present new results indicating that ARTMAP classifiers equipped with semi-supervised learning capabilities can improve their performance with respect to GCS and GNG classifiers, while maintaining lower structural complexity.
Timing of Initiation of Maintenance Dialysis: A Qualitative Analysis of the Electronic Medical Records of a National Cohort of Patients From the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Importance There is often considerable uncertainty about the optimal time to initiate maintenance dialysis in individual patients and little medical evidence to guide this decision. Objective To gain a better understanding of the factors influencing the timing of initiation of dialysis in clinical practice. Design, Setting, and Participants A qualitative analysis was conducted using the electronic medical records from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) of a national random sample of 1691 patients for whom the decision to initiate maintenance dialysis occurred in the VA between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009. Data analysis took place from June 1 to November 30, 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Central themes related to the timing of initiation of dialysis as documented in patients’ electronic medical records. Results Of the 1691 patients, 1264 (74.7%) initiated dialysis as inpatients and 1228 (72.6%) initiated dialysis with a hemodialysis catheter. Cohort members met with a nephrologist during an outpatient clinic visit a median of 3 times (interquartile range, 0-6) in the year prior to initiation of dialysis. The mean (SD) estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of initiation for cohort members was 10.4 (5.7) mL/min/1.73 m 2 . The timing of initiation of dialysis reflected the complex interplay of at least 3 interrelated and dynamic processes. The first was physician practices, which ranged from practices intended to prepare patients for dialysis to those intended to forestall the need for dialysis by managing the signs and symptoms of uremia with medical interventions. The second process was sources of momentum. Initiation of dialysis was often precipitated by clinical events involving acute illness or medical procedures. In these settings, the imperative to treat often seemed to override patient choice. The third process was patient-physician dynamics. Interactions between patients and physicians were sometimes adversarial, and physician recommendations to initiate dialysis sometimes seemed to conflict with patient priorities. Conclusions and Relevance The initiation of maintenance dialysis reflects the care practices of individual physicians, sources of momentum for initiation of dialysis, interactions between patients and physicians, and the complex interplay of these dynamic processes over time. Our findings suggest opportunities to improve communication between patients and physicians and to better align these processes with patients’ values, goals, and preferences.
Behavioral Plasticity in Response to Perceived Predation Risk in Breeding House Wrens

Predation is a significant cause of nest failure in passerine birds, and, thus, natural selection is expected to favor behavioral plasticity to allow birds to respond to perceived changes in predation risk. However, behavioral plasticity in response to perceived predation risk, and its potential fitness-related costs, are understudied. In a wild population of breeding house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), we tested the hypotheses that (1) birds show behavioral plasticity in response to perceived nest-predation risk to reduce self-risk or risk to offspring, but (2) this plasticity incurs fitness-related costs. We experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation by enlarging the diameter of the nestbox entrance from the standard 3.2 to 5.0 cm once incubation began. Unexpectedly, large-hole females spent significantly less time being vigilant than small-hole (control) females during late incubation. Both males and females also exhibited plasticity in their provisioning behavior. Large-hole males increased and large-hole females decreased provisioning visits with increasing brood size, whereas small-hole males and females behaved similarly and were unaffected by brood size. Females did not show plasticity in their incubation or brooding behavior. Notwithstanding this behavioral plasticity in response to increased perceived predation risk, treatment had no effect on hatching success or early hatchling survival, nor did it affect nestling body condition or fledging success. We conclude, therefore, that house wrens show behavioral plasticity in response to perceived nest-predation risk, but that any short-term fitness-related costs associated with this flexibility appear negligible.
Groups as units of functional analysis, individuals as proximate mechanisms

Whenever selection operates at a given level of a multitier hierarchy, units at that level should become the object of functional analysis, and units at lower levels should be studied as proximate mechanisms. This intuition already exists for the study of genes in individuals, when individuals are the unit of selection. It is only beginning to be applied for the study of individuals in groups, when groups are the unit of selection. Smaldino's target article is an important step in this direction with an emphasis on human cultural evolution, but the same algorithm applies to all multilevel evolutionary processes.
Manual no-fold push-in DSAEK graft insertion technique.

Purpose To describe the manual no-fold push-in technique for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) graft insertion and analyze postoperative endothelial cell loss. Methods Twenty consecutive patients underwent DSAEK surgery using the manual no-fold push-in technique. This insertion technique uses a 6-mm limbal wound, a Sheets glide, and a Sinskey hook without the need for an inserter or additional instrumentation. Results Three patients developed graft dislocation, requiring re-bubbling. No primary graft failures were encountered. With an average postoperative follow-up of 13.22 months (SD, 7.94; range, 2.23-26.87), average automated endothelial cell count was 2329.62 cells per mm (SD, 312.78; range, 1657-2928) and the average cell loss was 23.31% (SD, 11.33; range, 5.56-42.76). Conclusions This technique uses standard instrumentation and is simple to perform. This series demonstrates that manual graft insertion techniques can be effectively used in DSAEK surgery and provide patients with excellent postoperative results.
Solution 31P and 113Cd NMR Studies of Phosphine Adducts of Monomeric Cadmium (Bisphenoxide) Complexes and the Solid-State Structures of (2,6-Di-tert-butylphenoxide)2Cd(PCy3) and (2,6-Di-tert-butylphenoxide)2Cd(PMe3)2†

Monomeric phosphine derivatives of cadmium phenoxides, (phenoxide)2CdLn, where the phenoxide ligands contain sterically demanding substituents in the 2,6-positions (2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide and 2,6-diphenylphenoxide) are described. These derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of Cd[N(SiMe3)2]2 and the corresponding phenol followed by the addition of the phosphine. For the large PCy3 ligand (Tolman's cone angle (θ) = 170°) n = 1, whereas for the smaller Me3P (θ = 118°) and n-Bu3P (θ = 132°) ligands both mono- and bis(phosphine) derivatives (n = 1 and 2) were prepared. The (2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide)2Cd(PCy3) and (2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide)2Cd(PMe3)2 were characterized in the solid-state by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the monophosphine adduct of PCy3 consists of a near trigonal planar geometry about the cadmium center, where the average P−Cd−O angle of 131.4° is larger than the O−Cd−O angle of 96.72° with a Cd−P bond length of 2.5247(12) A. On the other hand, the bis(phosphine) adduc...
Sirius: A New Launch Vehicle Option for Mega-LEO Constellation Deployment

Tremendous growth in the satellite communication market is expected within the next decade. In particular, the market for services based in low earth orbit (LEO) is booming. Large constellations of satellites will soon be deployed with capabilities ranging from modest paging services to high bandwidth, data transfer systems. Constellations in the latter category are referred to as Mega-LEO constellations. Deployment of Mega-LEO constellations will place tremendous demands on international launch capabilities. Current expendable booster capability, reliability, availability, and price are all issues. This research tests the hypothesis that a new, low cost launch vehicle can be developed specifically to deploy a Mega-LEO constellation and still be economically competitive. A fictitious Mega-LEO constellation called Orion was created to set mission requirements. Aggressive launch cost goals and launch rates were established. A new two-stage system with a reusable booster was designed to meet the challenge — Sirius. This paper includes the results of the conceptual vehicle design activity including both technical and economic data. Details on the multidisciplinary design optimization methodology employed are also included. ' Graduate Research Assistant, School of Aerospace Engineering, Student member AIAA. 'Assistant Professor, School of Aerospace Engineering, Senior member AIAA. Copyright © 1997 by David W. Way and John R. Olds. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. NOMENCLATURE ACC advanced carbon-carbon APAS Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System ASDL Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory B billion dollars (1996 U.S. dollars) CABAM Cost and Business Assessment Module CAD computer aided design DoE design of experiments DSM design structure matrix GA genetic algorithm GEO geostationary orbit IRR internal rate of return LEO low earth orbit LIE liquid hydrogen L/Lref ratio of vehicle length to reference length LOX liquid oxygen M million dollars (1996 U.S. dollars) MDO multidisciplinary design optimization MR mass ratio (gross weight/burnout weight) OBD optimization-based decomposition POST Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories RSE response surface equation RSM response surface methodology SSTO single-stage-to-orbit TDS tether deployment system Ti-Al titanium-aluminide TOS transfer orbit stage TPS thermal protection system TRF technology reduction factor TSTO two-stage-to-orbit
The Evaluation on Effects of The Project:Comprehensive Interventions to Hypertension prevalence in a Rural Community of a County

Objective To explore an effective module of Comprehensive Interventions to Hypertension prevalence adaptable to rural communities.Method develop residents' healthy archives for each house in one administrative village,classify a general population into 3 types of groups by the information from healthy archives,i.e.healthy one,one at risk and patient one,and take deferent intervention measures to deferent type of groups.Numbers of Aimed-groups to manage were 600 persons for patient group,200 ones for one at risk and all ones for the village.Result On completing of the project,healthy behaviors of general population were improved to some degrees with only a fifth of the population;KAP scores of managed group was higher than non-managed one(P0.001);the proportions of benefited people were not unequal between 3 groups with lowest(30.1%)at healthy one and highest(60.3%)at patient one;the blood pressure values of cases managed and ones at risk were falling markedly to varying degrees,53.3% of cases managed reached excellent level of BP control effects and 56.5% of managed cases at risk had normal BP(130 mmHg/85 mmHg).Conclusion Comprehensive Interventions to hypertension in rural communities are compatible with costs-benefits and should be conducted as early as possible with cases at risk as key population.
The testing effect and restricted retrieval rehearsal

Four experiments examined two alternative views of retrieval events. The results of Experiment 1 were equivocal because of an apparent “ceiling effect.” The results of Experiments 2, 3, and 4, in which changes were made in basic procedures, seemed to indicate that the act of retrieval itself had an effect on the memorability of words.
Low Level Airflow in Southern Wyoming during Wintertime by Aircraft

The winds persistently blow in southern Wyoming for the same reason that the region was a popular route for early pioneers who migrated to the western United States in the 1800’s. Today it is still a popular route with truck drivers and railroad operators. The continental divide is very low in this section of the Rocky Mountain Barrier. The Great Divide Basin in southern Wyoming at ~ 2000 m MSL is the lowest region along the continental divide between Montana and New Mexico and provides a natural passageway for the low level airflow through the Rocky Mountain barrier. The rest of the Rockies in Colorado, Wyoming and Montana are above 3000 m with numerous peaks above 4500 m. During the winter and spring, pools of cold, stable air regularly collect in the extensive Great Basin of Idaho, Nevada and Utah, west of the continental divide. The cold air promotes the maintenance of a quasi-permanent anticyclone during the winter months. The anticyclone, usually in conjunction with the frequent cyclones in the lee of the central and northern Rockies, provides a strong pressure gradient force which accelerates the low level airflow over the continental divide, particularly through the narrow gap or wind corridor in southern Wyoming. The topography of southern Wyoming (Fig. 1) channels the low level airflow through the Wyoming wind corridor. The Park Range Mountains south of Rawlins (RWL) and the Medicine Bow Mountains south of Medicine Bow (MB) establish the southern boundary, while the intermittent mountains between the Wind River Mountains and Laramie Peak comprise the northern boundary of the wind channel. The northern boundary contains a number of gaps through which flows a significant amount of air from the Great Divide Basin. The terrain through the wind channel was aptly dubbed the “wind corridor” by Kolm (1977) and is generally level at 2000 m MSL except for a few ridges near RWL. Eastward from MB the terrain gradually ascends ~150 m to Wheatland Reservoir (WR). The WR area provides a natural gap in the Laramie Range. From WR, the terrain descends abruptly into the Great Plains region of eastern Wyoming.
Autonomous Sea Surface Vehicles

Capitalizing on the experience and technology developments gained with underwater autonomous vehicles, the current research frontier in the field of autonomous marine vehicles has moved from under water to the sea surface, i. e., autonomous sea surface vehicles. Current and future perspectives of these types of autonomous vehicles are given in Sect. 13.1, with particular attention paid to US navy current interests. These were initiated a decade ago and still actively drive developments in this sector. The ability to design craft specialized for particular tasks to reach the best performance at sea, going beyond size and operational/safety limitations currently imposed by manned ships, offers unique opportunities to the naval architect. In this respect, the basic naval architecture principles that drive the selection of a type of hull with respect to operational requirements are given in the Sect. 13.3. The selection of the type of hull is a preliminary essential activity for the successful design or acquisition of an autonomous surface craft. Finally, as a practical example, Sect. 13.4 summarizes the main results of extensive research done at the MIT-iShip lab to develop a new class of autonomous unmanned surface vehicles, based on a highly specialized and optimized design of an unconventional SWATH (small waterplane area twin hull) hull, able to achieve superior performance and operational capabilities in real sea state conditions.
Special Topics in Flexure

In cast-in-place reinforced concrete systems, the concrete for beams and slabs is poured at the same time. As a result, a monolithic system is obtained, that is, beams and slabs working together to carry the loads.
When "No" Is Not an Acceptable Answer for Treatment.

The focus of health care has moved toward prevention, and insurance companies are supporting preventive practices that enable their members to remain healthy. Many insurance companies have recorded healthy tips delivered by phone, employed case managers to assist patients in keeping physician appointments, created dedicated hot lines staffed by nurses, and developed resource centers. However, specific instances arise when insurance companies do not allow patients to have certain procedures because of contract language that was previously negotiated between the employer or individual and the insurance company. This was the case for my patient. .
Lower Bound: Translation Method

In this chapter we construct a lower bound PF for the quasiconvex envelope QF that is more restrictive than the convex bound CF:
Diagnostic Accuracy of FNA of Soft Tissue and Bone Lesions

The diagnosis of bone and soft tissue lesions can be obtained in a variety of ways, including FNA biopsy, core biopsy, or open biopsy. Each of these diagnostic tools has advantages and dis­advantages. When compared to open biopsy, FNA is a simple, outpatient procedure which is well tolerated by patients and has minimal risk of complications. In addition, the multiple trajectories of the FNA biopsy needle make it possible to sample different parts of large tumors, opposed to a single small core biopsy or open biopsy. However, FNA biopsies can have sampling errors attributed to low cellularity, inadequate sampling of the target, and copious cystic/bloody/necrotic material.1–3 Despite these difficulties, FNA cytologyis being used as a diagnostic modality for initial diagnoses, as well as for recurrences and metastases of soft tissue and bone lesions in numerous medical centers due to its simplicity, low ­morbidity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to issue rapid diagnoses that can facilitate clinical decision making.1
A Computational Model of Vestibular Fluid Response to Human Body Rotation

A computational model was developed to study the response of vestibular fluid to body motions, relating eye movement to vestibular displacement. The response in the semicircular canals (SCCs) and otolith organs were approximated as a torsional pendulum and a forced wave equation, respectively. The results of the math model were found to be consistent with results found in previous models. The results of the model will also be compared to those found experimentally using VALUS, a rotational platform updated to be used for vestibular testing.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Rethinking covert stuttering.

Abstract Purpose The experience of passing as fluent, also called covert stuttering, has been uncritically framed as an inherently negative pursuit. Historically passing has been understood as a repression of one’s true, authentic self in response to either psychological distress or social discrimination. The authors of this paper seek a more nuanced understanding of passing. We ask, how must a person relate to herself in order to pass as fluent? Methodology This is a qualitative research study in which the authors utilized the ethical theories of philosopher Michel Foucault to contextualize data obtained from semi-structured interviews with nine participants who pass as fluent. Results Rather than a repression of an authentic self our data suggests passing is more usefully understood as a form of resistance by people who stutter to a hostile society. Participants learned from experiences of delegitimization that their stuttering had ethical ramifications. Consequently, they used a variety of self-forming practices to pass and thereby achieve the privileges that come with perceived able-bodiedness. Conclusion Passing as fluent is not an inauthentic form of stuttering but a form of stuttering that is produced through the use of specific technologies of communication. These technologies of communication are constituted by the unique ethical relationship of the person who stutters with herself. Passing can be understood as an active form of resistance rather than a passive form of repression. By theorizing passing as fluent as an ethical relationship, we open up the possibility of changing the relationship and performing it differently.
Ten-Year Follow-Up of Metatarsal Head Resurfacing Implants for Treatment of Hallux Rigidus.

Abstract Controversy remains regarding the use of arthroplasty versus arthrodesis in the surgical treatment of late-stage hallux rigidus. The purpose of our retrospective study was to report the long-term follow-up results of the metatarsal head resurfacing implant used for hemiarthroplasty. The patient assessments were conducted using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) metatarsophalangeal clinical rating system and a satisfaction questionnaire. A total of 59 consecutive implantations were performed from January 2005 to December 2009 at our institution. Of the 59 patients, 2 had died and 12 were lost to follow-up, for a 76.3% follow-up rate (45 of 59 procedures) at a mean of 117.67 (range 96 to 143) months. The mean overall AOFAS scale score was 90.6 ± 7.6. The AOFAS pain scale score was 37.78 ± 4.71. One implant was removed, and all remaining patients were happy with their outcome and would repeat the procedure on their other foot, if needed. A subset of patients from a previous mid-term study at our institution showed no significant change in the AOFAS scale scores. Of these 32 patients, 30 (93.75%) were available for follow-up examination at a mean of 122.62 (range 96 to 143) months. We were able to obtain long-term results for 32 implants (30 patients), resulting in a 10-year follow-up rate of 93.7%. With the minimal resection required for this implant, salvage arthrodesis remains a viable option if revision is needed. The surgical treatment of late-stage hallux rigidus with metatarsal head resurfacing allows for low-risk and excellent outcomes at long-term follow-up point.
Not an Alice

I file into the theater with the rest of them as my director gestures toward labeled stacks of cold reads that sit untouched on a table beside her. The boys, far too confident and far too loud, file into each other behind the wide array of scripts that are available to them. This line of prospective Hatters and Hares and Cheshires and Caterpillars seems to grow increasingly fast as more boys file into the auditorium.