cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging role of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome biogenesis

During the past few years, we have witnessed a paradigm shift in our long-standing concept of peroxisome biogenesis. Recent biochemical and morphological studies have revealed a primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the de novo formation of peroxisomes, thus challenging the prevalent model invoking growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes. Importantly, a novel sorting process has been recently defined at the ER that segregates and assembles specific sets of peroxisomal membrane proteins into distinct pre-peroxisomal vesicular carriers (ppVs) that later undergo heterotypic fusion to form mature peroxisomes. Consequently, the emerging model has redefined the function of many peroxins (most notably Pex3, Pex19 and Pex25) and assigned them novel roles in vesicular budding and subsequent peroxisome assembly. These advances establish a novel intracellular membrane trafficking route between the ER and peroxisomes, but the components remain elusive. This review will provide a historical perspective and focus on recent developments in the emerging role of the ER in peroxisome biogenesis.
Spectroscopic and structural characterization of Na2[(VO)2(ttha)]·8H2O (ttha = triethylenetetraamine-N,N,N',N ,N''',N'''-hexaacetate): Interpreting the results with density functional theory

Abstract Na2[(VIVO)2(ttha)]·8 H2O (ttha = triethylenetetraamine–N,N,N′,N″,N′″,N′″–hexaacetate ion), prepared by treating [VO(H2O)5][(VO)2(ttha)]·4 H2O with Na6(ttha), has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and modeled by density functional theory (DFT). The X-ray structure revealed a distorted octahedral geometry around each vanadium center. The electronic absorption spectrum of [(VO)2(ttha)]2− (aq) features absorptions at ca. 200 nm (e > 13900 L mol−1 cm−1), 255 nm (e = 3480 L mol−1 cm−1), 586 nm (e = 33 L mol−1 cm−1), and 770 nm (e = 38 L mol−1 cm−1). The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculated electronic absorption spectrum was remarkably similar to the actual spectrum, and TDDFT predicts absorption peaks at 297, 330, 458, 656, and 798 nm. TDDFT assigned the peak at 798 nm to be the α spin HOMO → LUMO transition. Hence, the peak at 770 nm in the actual spectrum is most likely the α spin HOMO → LUMO transition. Moreover, the TDDFT calculations revealed that the α spin HOMO and LUMO are partly comprised of d orbitals on both vanadium centers, and the first derivative electron spin resonance spectrum also suggests that the two unpaired electrons in [(VO)2(ttha)]2− are localized near the vanadium centers.
Modified Sickledex tube test: a specific test for S hemoglobin.

Summary 1. The Sickledex test is a screening method for the detection of S hemoglobin. However, the principle of this test has never been disclosed by the developers. On the basis of analytical studies conducted in our laboratory, we have concluded that the Sickledex test is a version of the Itano Solubility test which is predicted on the extraordinary insolubility of deoxygenated hemoglobin S in phosphate buffer systems. 2. We show that certain non-S sickling hemoglobins and also unstable hemoglobins may and can give false positive Sickledex tests. We have modified the Sickledex test by the reversal of a positive test in the presence of urea when the specimen is S hemoglobin. 3. If the test specimen is a non-S sickling hemoglobin, it is expected that a positive test will remain positive in the presence of urea. This differential property of the clearance of turbidity (the disbursal of the nematic liquid crystal system of sickled S hemoglobin) with urea under the conditions of this test is shown to occur only in the presence of unique, specific hydrophobic bonds between interacting tetramers, a condition which Murayama has shown to be essential to the sickling event in S hemoglobin. 4. The modified Sickledex tube test as herein described will thus identify specifically not only S hemoglobin but should also detect non-S hemoglobin as well.
Monetary autonomy and exchange rate dynamics under currency substitution

Abstract This paper uses a two-country model to demonstrate that currency substitution is a channel for the international transmission of monetary disturbances under flexible exchange rates. In the long run, the division of world real wealth and consumption and real exchange rates depend on the growth rates of both monies, but inflation of prices denominated in a particular currency depends only on the rate of growth of that money. In the short run, currency substitution combined with perfect foresight, can be responsible for overshooting in the exchange rate, in both price levels, in real exchange rates, and in national levels of real wealth and consumption.
The impact of crude oil price fluctuations on unemployment in the United States

This study begins by asking whether fluctuations in the price of crude oil have affected employment in the United States. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between unemployment and crude oil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before measurable impacts of a percentage change in the real price of crude oil on the change in unemployment are exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in unemployment, the volatility of the price of crude oil and the percentage change in gross national product is examined.
Quantization and unitary in antisymmetric tensor gauge theories

Abstract Following the procedure of Batalin and Vilkovisky we discuss the quantization of a non-abelian antisymmetric tensor gauge theory and describe the verification of one-loop unitarity for the quantized model, using the Ward identities and the procedure of 't Hooft and Veltman. The quantization of this system is similar to that of the Witten string field theory, requiring among other things the presence of three-ghost couplings.
Backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR assignments of the tail domain of vinculin.

Vinculin is an essential protein involved in linking the actin cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Here we report the majority of the backbone 1HN, 15N, 13Cα, 13CO, and side chain 13Cβ NMR resonance assignments of the actin binding tail domain of vinculin (Vt).
Monte Carlo investigations of aspects of liquid argon calorimeters

Abstract Using the EGS3 Monte Carlo program we have examined the response of liquid argon sampling calorimeters for different absorber materials. In particular, the response to electrons (compared to muons) has been studied as a function of the width of the argon gap. Effects due to cladding of absorber plates have also been investigated.
Ion-ion waves in the auroral region: wave excitation and ion heating

The properties of the ion-ion mode which is excited in plasmas when two or more cold ion beams are streaming relative to one another are investigated assuming a warm electron distribution at rest (the model consistent with particle distributions observed in auroral plasma cavities). Numerical solutions are derived for the generalized electrostatic dispersion equation for parallel propagation and for oblique propagation of ion waves. It is shown that the relative ion temperature and concentration have significant effects on the stability of the accelerated plasma and the expected ion heating. Finally, a relationship between ion drift and thermal speed is derived using the marginal stability of ion-ion waves for nonzero ion temperature; the relationship was found to compare favorably with DE-1 ion observations at the high-altitude boundary of the auroral cavity.
Identification as a mediator of celebrity effects

Considerable research has been devoted to the effects of celebrity endorsers on consumer behavior. Most of the research has examined credibility or attractiveness as a determinant of message effectiveness, A review of Burke, Kelman, and Bandura's theories suggests that there may be another critical factor underlying celebrity effects — identification. A review of previous research results suggests that identification may be a viable explanation for the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers. A test of the identification effect was probed by examining people's personal concern, perceived risk, and sexual behaviors a year after Magic Johnson's announcement that he tested positive for HIV. The results of this study indicate that identification mediates message effects. This finding has important implications for media campaigns. It suggests that a spokesperson with whom the audience identifies insures the greatest likelihood of achieving lasting attitude or behavior change.
Radiation-induced paramagnetic defect centers in sodium fluoroborate single crystals.

Abstract Two radiation induced defect centers, F 0 and BF − 3 , have been identified in NaBF 4 single crystals. EPR data are presented for their characterization.
Enhancement of critical current density in superconducting/magnetic multilayers with slow magnetic relaxation dynamics and large magnetic susceptibility

We propose to use a superconductor-magnet multilayer structure to achieve high critical current density by invoking the polaronic mechanism of pinning. The magnetic layers should have large magnetic susceptibility to enhance the coupling between the vortices and magnetization in those layers. The relaxation of the magnetization should be slow. When the velocity of vortices is low, they are dressed by nonuniform magnetization and move as polarons. In this case, the viscosity of vortices, which is proportional to the magnetic relaxation time, is enhanced significantly. As the velocity increases, the polarons dissociate and the viscosity drops to the usual Bardeen-Stephen value, resulting in a jump in the $I$-$V$ curve. Experimentally the jump shows up as a depinning transition and the corresponding current at the jump is the depinning current. For Nb and an appropriate magnet multilayer structure, we estimate the critical current density ${J}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{9}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ at magnetic field $B\ensuremath{\approx}1$ T.
Case Report of Intestinal Tuberculosis 6 Years After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplant

Tuberculosis (TB) is often difficult to diagnose in immunocompromised patients and occurs 20 to 74 times more frequently in recipients of solid organ transplants than in the general population. We present the case of a 40-year-old female immigrant from Mexico previously treated for latent TB who underwent a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant. She experienced 3 episodes of rejection and then presented with 4 months of nonspecific abdominal pain. She was ultimately diagnosed with disseminated TB presenting with intestinal perforation and pulmonary involvement. This case illustrates the need for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for TB in transplant recipients, especially those previously treated for TB or rejection.
All-atom structural models for complexes of insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2 with their cognate receptor.

Abstract Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a membrane-spanning glycoprotein of the insulin receptor family that has been implicated in a variety of cancers. The key questions related to molecular mechanisms governing ligand recognition by IGF1R remain unanswered, partly due to the lack of testable structural models of apo or ligand-bound receptor complexes. Using a homology model of the IGF1R ectodomain IGF1RΔβ, we present the first experimentally consistent all-atom structural models of IGF1/IGF1RΔβ and IGF2/IGF1RΔβ complexes. Our explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of apo-IGF1RΔβ shows that it displays asymmetric flexibility mechanisms that result in one of two binding pockets accessible to growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, as demonstrated via an MD-assisted Monte Carlo docking procedure. Our MD-generated ensemble of structures of apo and IGF1-bound IGF1RΔβ agrees reasonably well with published small-angle X-ray scattering data. We observe simultaneous contacts of each growth factor with sites 1 and 2 of IGF1R, suggesting cross-linking of receptor subunits. Our models provide direct evidence in favor of suggested electrostatic complementarity between the C-domain (IGF1) and the cysteine-rich domain (IGF1R). Our IGF1/IGF1RΔβ model provides structural bases for the observation that a single IGF1 molecule binds to IGF1RΔβ at low concentrations in small-angle X-ray scattering studies. We also suggest new possible structural bases for differences in the affinities of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2 for their noncognate receptors.
Coming Together or Growing Apart? Western Europe and the United States

Observers on both sides of the Atlantic believe that the United States and the major countries of Western Europe are growing apart in important ways. The view adopted here is quite the opposite. Instead, the assertion here is that the New World is coming to resemble the Old World, both in regard to the behavior of their fragmented political elites and the resentment-laden attitudes of their mass publics. What was once labeled “American exceptionalism” by prominent analysts was largely a product of the peculiar conditions of the postwar era (1945–1965), conditions that no longer depict current realities.
Improving small signal stability through operating point adjustment

ModeMeter techniques for real-time small-signal stability monitoring continue to mature, and more and more phasor measurements are available in power systems. It has come to the stage to bring modal information into real-time power system operation. This paper proposes to establish a procedure for Modal Analysis for Grid Operations (MANGO). Complementary to PSS and other traditional modulation-based control, MANGO aims to provide suggestions such as redispatching generation for operators to mitigate low-frequency oscillations. Load would normally not be reduced except as a last resort. Different from modulation-based control, the MANGO procedure proactively maintains adequate damping at all times, rather than reacting to disturbances when they occur. The effect of operating points on small-signal stability is presented in this paper. Implementation with existing operating procedures is discussed. Several approaches for modal sensitivity estimation are investigated to associate modal damping and operating parameters. The effectiveness of the MANGO procedure is confirmed through simulation studies of several test systems.
Biomass production and potential ethanol yields of shrub willow hybrids and native willow accessions after a single 3-year harvest cycle on marginal lands in central Minnesota, USA

Short rotation woody crops are being developed as a sustainable source of biomass for the production of bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts. With the potential increase in demand of biomass for energy in the future, there is a need to diversify and expand its source. In the present study, we evaluated the growth performance, biomass production, energy content, and potential ethanol yields of shrub willow hybrids and native willow accessions. Shrub willow hybrids cuttings were obtained from the State University of New York through its controlled breeding program while cuttings used for native willow accessions were collected naturally. At the end of one rotation, consisting of three growing seasons, we found that shrub willow hybrids outperformed native willow accession species (P = 0.0004), with an average survival rate of 80 and 39 %, respectively. Biomass production of shrub willow hybrids and native willow accessions ranged from 7.42 to 16.0 and from 0.69 to 1.83 Mg ha−1 oven dry weight, respectively. The chemical composition (mass fraction % on dry basis) of willow hybrids and native willow accessions generally contained 39 % cellulose, 19 % hemicellulose, 25 % lignin, 1.4 % ash content, 17,500–18,500 kJ kg wood−1, and 385 L Mg−1 of theoretical ethanol yield. Energy content and potential ethanol yields on a dry weight basis did not vary between shrub willow hybrids and native willow accessions; however, the amount of biomass produced per unit land area is known to influence potential ethanol yields. Thus, we suggest that shrub willow hybrids offer promising potential as an alternative source of biomass. The results of our study suggest that four of the shrub willow hybrids evaluated have a greater potential for use as biomass energy crops on marginal lands in central Minnesota than the native willow accessions; hence, there is a need to test their potential at a larger scale.
Microstructural studies of poly(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene) derivatives prepared from selected ruthenium catalysts

The microstructures of polymers prepared from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of 7-oxanorborene (7-oxabicyclo[2.2.11 hept-2-ene) (3), endo-5-(methoxymethyl)-7-oxanorbornene (2), and exo,exo-5,6-bis(methoxymethyl)-7-oxanorbornene (1) with four metathesis catalysts were studied by ^1H and ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy. Tacticities were determined by hydrogenation of the polymers (which removed double-bond isomerism) and also by ROMP of (S)-endo-5-(methoxymethyl)-7-oxanorbornene (2S)(which related head-tail isomerism with tacticity). Polymers prepared from W(CH-t-Bu)(NAr)(OCMe(CF_3)_2)_2 (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) (6) have all cis double bonds and are highly syndiotactic, while those from RuCl_3•3H_2O (8) and [RCl(µ-Cl)(η^3:η^3-C_(10)H_(16)]_2 (C_(10)H_(16)) = 2,7-dimethyloctadienediyl) (9) have a high trans double-bond content and are highly isotactic. Polymers prepared from [Ru(H_2O_6](tosylate)_2 (7) exhibit roughly equal amounts of cis and trans double bonds that are randomly distributed in the polymer chain and are atactic. The apparent correlation between double-bond isomerism and tacticity for a classical hexacoordinated metal center is consistent with the model proposed by Ivin and co-workers.
Comparative suitability evaluation of reverse-blocking IGBTs for current-source based converter

In this paper, a Reverse Blocking IGBT is compared with various other combinations of switches and diodes keeping Current Source based Converter application in mind. The devices are tested under Reverse Voltage Commutation, Switch Overlap (turn on at non-zero current but zero voltage), Hard Switching, and Zero Current Switching condition. Test Circuits have been constructed and tested at various voltage levels with various combinations of devices. Forward Characteristics have also been compared. The main motivation of the paper is to make a fair judgment on device selection for Partial Resonant Link AC/AC Converter (soft-switched) and Isolated Dynamic Current Converter (hard switched). As for soft switched, majority of the losses are caused due to conduction loss. Therefore, RB-IGBT leads to a huge reduction of losses owing to better forward characteristics (lower conduction loss) as compared to the rest of the set. SiC-MOS and SiC-JBS Diode combination showed significant loss reduction for hard switched converter.
Managing retail channel overstock: markdown money and return policies

Abstract This paper studies a manufacturer-retailer channel facing unknown demand. When the wholesale relationship comprises only a per-unit price that exceeds the manufacturing cost, the retailer’s inventory strategy will not properly reflect the channel’s overstock and understock costs. A number of researchers have advocated manufacturer return policies to remedy this misalignment of incentives, but none explain the reality that “markdown money” is sometimes paid to retailers expressly to avoid product returns. We formulate a model that distinguishes between these practices, and determine conditions under which each will be more desirable with respect to channel coordination and individual firm performance.
Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke induces diet- and sex-dependent dyslipidemia and weight gain in adult murine offspring.

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) affects 71 million American adults and remains the leading cause of death in the United States and Europe. Despite studies that suggest that the development o...
THE ROAD TO CIVIL WAR: AN INTERACTIVE THEORY OF INTERNAL POLITICAL VIOLENCE

Opportunity structure theories of civil war onset argue that certain societal preconditions lower the costs of rebel mobilization. This approach, however, has not provided an account of how these structures transform lower level political violence into civil war because civil war is treated as a conceptually distinct category of violence. This paper proposes an internal theory of political violence based on the interactions of regimes and challengers. The escalation and de‐escalation of political violence is viewed as the product of comparative rates of adaptation. Equal rates of adaptation produce civil war, while unequal rates, termination. 1 I am grateful to Ronald Francisco, Paul Johnson, Mark Farris, Kristen Garrison, and three anonymous referees for their insightful comments and suggestions.
The inhibition of apoptosis by melatonin in VSC4.1 motoneurons exposed to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, or TNF-α toxicity involves membrane melatonin receptors

Loss of motoneurons may underlie some of the deficits in motor function associated with the central nervous system (CNS) injuries and diseases. We tested whether melatonin, a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger, would prevent motoneuron apoptosis following exposure to toxins and whether this neuroprotection is mediated by melatonin receptors. Exposure of VSC4.1 motoneurons to either 50 microm H(2)O(2), 25 microm glutamate (LGA), or 50 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 24 h caused significant increases in apoptosis, as determined by Wright staining and ApopTag assay. Analyses of mRNA and proteins showed increased expression and activities of stress kinases and cysteine proteases and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis. These insults also caused increases in intracellular free [Ca(2+)] and activities of calpain and caspases. Cells exposed to stress stimuli for 15 min were then treated with 200 nm melatonin. Post-treatment of cells with melatonin attenuated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of p38, MAPK, and JNK1, prevented cell death, and maintained whole-cell membrane potential, indicating functional neuroprotection. Melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) were upregulated following treatment with melatonin. To confirm the involvement of MT1 and MT2 in providing neuroprotection, cells were post-treated (20 min) with 10 microm luzindole (melatonin receptor antagonist). Luzindole significantly attenuated melatonin-induced neuroprotection, suggesting that melatonin worked, at least in part, via its receptors to prevent VSC4.1 motoneuron apoptosis. Results suggest that neuroprotection rendered by melatonin to motoneurons is receptor mediated and melatonin may be an effective neuroprotective agent to attenuate motoneuron death in CNS injuries and diseases.
Intracellular Uptake and Trafficking of Pluronic Micelles in Drug-Sensitive and MDR Cells: Effect on the Intracellular Drug Localization

The intracellular uptake and localization of a fluorescently labeled Pluronic P-105 in HL-60 leukemia cells and in A2780 drug-sensitive and A2780/ADR MDR ovarian carcinoma cells were characterized by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pluronic P-105 molecules were labeled with a pH-sensitive fluorescent label, 5-(and 6-)carboxy-2'7'-dichlorofluorescein. The fluorescence intensity of labeled Pluronic was about twofold higher at pH 7.4 than at pH 5.5. At Pluronic concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration (cmc), flow cytometry histograms manifested bimodal distribution of cell fluorescence for all types of cells. Cell population characterized by higher fluorescence intensity presumably resulted from Pluronic transfer from the acidic environment of cytoplasmic vesicles (endosomes or lysosomes) into the neutral environment of the cytoplasm and cell nuclei, which suggested the permeabilization of the membranes of acidic vesicle by Pluronic molecules. For the MDR cells, the bimodal distribution of cell fluorescence was already observed at very low Pluronic concentrations in the incubation medium (i.e., below the cmc). The data suggest that the membranes of acidic vesicles of MDR cells are more susceptible to the action of polymeric surfactants than those of drug-sensitive cells. Permeabilization of acidic vesicles had a dramatic effect on the intracellular trafficking of drugs: when delivered in PBS, the anthracyclin drug ruboxyl (Rb) sequestered in cytoplasmic vesicles and was excluded from cell nuclei; however, when delivered in Pluronic micelles, drug accumulated in cell nuclei. Drug uptake from/with Pluronic micelles was substantially enhanced by ultrasound. These findings suggest that the nuclear accumulation of drugs internalized via fluid-phase endocytosis can be enhanced by the application of Pluronic micelles and can be further augmented by ultrasonic irradiation.
Daily Versus Weekly Supplementation for Iron Deficiency in Female Adolescent Cross Country Runners 2

Daily Versus Weekly Supplementation for Iron Deficiency in Female Adolescent Cross Country Runners 2
Effects of in vitro amiodarone exposure on alveolar macrophage inflammatory mediator production.

ABSTRACT Administration of amiodarone, although often lifesaving, is associated with pulmonary side effects. Patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity can present with either a chronic disorder that suggests pulmonary fibrosis or a more acute process. Mechanisms of acute pulmonary injury resulting from amiodarone are unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that the drug is preferentially concentrated in alveolar macrophages. In the present study, the authors examined whether in vitro exposure to amiodarone resulted in alteration of rat alveolar macrophage superoxide, leukotriene B 4 , or fibronectin release. In addition, the authors assessed whether macrophages were ultrastructurally altered by in vitro amiodarone exposure. Twenty four hour exposure to therapeutic tissue concentrations of amiodarone resulted in enhancement of phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated macrophage superoxide release. In addition, 48 hours exposure to amiodarone caused a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous fibronectin release by macrophages. Macrophages exposed to 48 hours of 10 μ g/ml amiodarone were ultrastructurally abnormal, containing lamellar inclusions and demonstrating a large degree of vacuolization. The authors concluded that alveolar macrophages are very sensitive to therapeutic tissue concentrations of amiodarone. Alteration of macrophage mediator release by amiodarone may be one mechanism for lung damage induced by the drug.
Children's acquisition of language routines: The end-of-meal routine in Cakchiquel

In acquiring language, children must acquire not only the structure of the language, but also the rules for using language appropriately in a wide variety of situations. Routines, or rituals, which occur in language provide a special opportunity for studying children's acquisition of this aspect of language because routines emphasize the rules of use over the lexical meaning. Furthermore, routines are limited in terms of the structures which are acceptable, thus naturally controlling for this variable. With the aim of expanding our knowledge of the process of acquisition of routines, this study reports the acquisition by children of a routine used at the end of meals by Cakchiquel-speaking Indians in Guatemala. (Routines, politeness formulas, linguistic socialization, linguistic input to children; Cakchiquel.) Routines seem uniquely suited to the investigation of the social rules of language use because they invert the usual relationship between meaning and usage. Years ago Malinowski (1935) labeled such speech "phatic communion" because he found it meaningless without its full context. Gleason and others (Gleason and Weintraub 1976; Greif and Gleason I980) have suggested that routines supplement and complicate the picture of what goes on as children acquire language because the acquisition of meaning seems to follow the behavior, not precede and motivate it. However, if we take into account Austin's (1962) distinction between "performative force" and "propositional force" it is clear that we are dealing with two different kinds of meaning. Ordinary speech usually focuses on the meaning inherent in the words, whereas routines focus on meaning derived from social usage. When we describe the child's acquisition of language routines we are also describing the child's socialization into the expectations of society. This, of course, is true of all language acquisition, but is emphasized in the acquisition of routines because the meaning of the routine is in its correct use rather than its linguistic content. In looking at routines there are two dimensions which warrant investigation:
Observations on the development of Trypanosoma rangeli in the hemocoel of Rhodnius prolixus.

Abstract The development of Trypanosoma rangeli in the hemocoel of Rhodnius prolixus was studied with the idea of elucidating the function of the forms found there. When flagellates from cultures of T. rangeli that have decreased in virulence are introduced into the hemocoel of R. prolixus the salivary glands are not invaded regularly or, if invaded, the infection does not persist. However, the parasite lives and multiplies in the hemocoel. Crithidial forms enter the plasmotocytes where they roll up and divide. This hemocyte becomes greatly enlarged due to the dividing leishmania forms within its cytoplasm. Eventually the cell ruptures releasing numerous crithidias, some of which transform into trypanosomes as evidenced by the presence of metacyclic as well as long forms. These observations also help explain the pathogenic action of T. rangeli to its invertebrate host.
Amplifiers based on Cr-doped optical ceramics

Broadly tunable solid state lasers in the near infrared can be created using Cr4+ ions doped in various host lattices. Cr:forsterite and Cr:YAG span much of the spectral region between 1.2 and 1.56 micrometers . New hosts are required for powerful operation at 1.32 micrometers . Novel laser structures may be possible using optical nanocrystals embedded in refractive-index matched hosts. Waveguides with net gain are possible using Cr-doped nanocrystals.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Light and carbon balance in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum: Evaluation of current production models

The production dynamics and carbon balance of Thalassia testudinum in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, USA, were examined during the 1995 summer period based on in situ photosynthesis vs irradiance (PI) measurements and continuous measurements of underwater photon-flux density (PFD). The validity of applying the H sat model, used to calculate production for Zostera marina as the product of the maximum rate of photosynthesis (P max) and daily hours of saturating irradiance (H sat) was assessed for T. testudinum by comparison with integrated production estimates derived through numerical integration. Gross integrated production values were combined with dark-respiration measurements of photosynthetic (PS) and non-photosynthetic (NPS) tissues and areal biomass to generate daily whole-plant carbon balance. Production and whole-plant carbon balance are discussed in relation to surface and underwater PFD measurements, biomass and other physical and chemical parameters collected during a 1 yr period from January to December 1995. The H sat model significantly underestimated production during all summer months, averaging 70% of integrated production over the entire study period. Gross integrated production ranged between 11.5 mg C g−1 leaf dry wt d−1 in June (during a period of unseasonably low PFDs caused by a drift-alga mat covering the seagrass bed) to 26.7 mg C g−1 leaf dry wt d−1 in July. Modeled net carbon gain was highest in July at 454 mg C m−2 d−1 (1.4 g dry wt m−2 d−1), sufficient to account for measured rates of leaf production in the study area and representative of T. testudinum populations of low productivity. During part of the summer period, however, the population was in negative carbon balance. The relatively low productivity of this population and the periods of negative carbon balance are attributed to low net photosynthesis:dark respiration (P net:R d) ratios, sporadic low-light periods, the small fraction of PS tissue relative to whole-plant biomass (5 to 13%) and nutrient limitation. Production models are sensitive to both light availability and the proportion of PS tissue supporting NPS biomass as reflected in whole-plant P net:R d ratios.
Simple agarose-chitosan gel composite system for enhanced neuronal growth in three dimensions.

A simplified approach to increase neuronal attachment on an agarose hydrogel was proposed by blending agarose with another biocompatible polysaccharide, chitosan. The stiffness of the agarose gel w...
Effects of age on cognitive control during semantic categorization

We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study age effects of perceptual (basic-level) vs. perceptual-semantic (superordinate-level) categorization on cognitive control using the go/nogo paradigm. Twenty-two younger (11 M; 21 ± 2.2 years) and 22 older adults (9 M; 63 ± 5.8 years) completed two visual go/nogo tasks. In the single-car task (SiC) (basic), go/nogo responses were made based on single exemplars of a car (go) and a dog (nogo). In the object animal task (ObA) (superordinate), responses were based on multiple exemplars of objects (go) and animals (nogo). Each task consisted of 200 trials: 160 (80%) 'go' trials that required a response through button pressing and 40 (20%) 'nogo' trials that required inhibition/withholding of a response. ERP data revealed significantly reduced nogo-N2 and nogo-P3 amplitudes in older compared to younger adults, whereas go-N2 and go-P3 amplitudes were comparable in both groups during both categorization tasks. Although the effects of categorization levels on behavioral data and P3 measures were similar in both groups with longer response times, lower accuracy scores, longer P3 latencies, and lower P3 amplitudes in ObA compared to SiC, N2 latency revealed age group differences moderated by the task. Older adults had longer N2 latency for ObA compared to SiC, in contrast, younger adults showed no N2 latency difference between SiC and ObA. Overall, these findings suggest that age differentially affects neural processing related to cognitive control during semantic categorization. Furthermore, in older adults, unlike in younger adults, levels of categorization modulate neural processing related to cognitive control even at the early stages (N2).
A review of intraoperative monitoring for spinal surgery.

Background: Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is a technique that is helpful for assessing the nervous system during spine surgery.
Interaction of capillary waves with longer waves. Part 2. Applications to waves in two surface dimensions and to waves in shallow water

In Part 1 of this work we presented a new mathematical formulation for numerical investigation of capillary wave dynamics. This permitted calculations to be readily performed on a desktop computer. Applications given were primarily to waves in one surface dimension. In Part 2 we describe further applications to waves in two surface dimensions and also to waves in shallow water (not, however, shallow for the capillary waves). Wavenumber-frequency spectra for wind waves are calculated. As was observed in tank experiments by Hara et al., our calculations show both a frequency spread and a frequency up-shifting which suggests that capillary waves are 'dragged along' by longer waves. Fine-scale roughness near wind wave crests shows a transitory nature, changing with the wave pattern. We discuss implications of this for microwave remote sensing. The propagation of short gravity waves in shallow water is studied. As these waves develop bore-like forward faces, generation of parasitic capillary waves is observed. Generation rates for these are substantially greater than observed for waves in deep water
Two-year effects of quality improvement programs on medication management for depression.

Background Significant underuse of evidence-based treatments for depression persists in primary care. We examined the effects of 2 primary care–based quality improvement (QI) programs on medication management for depression. Methods A total of 1356 patients with depressive symptoms (60% with depressive disorders and 40% with subthreshold depression) from 46 primary care practices in 6 nonacademic managed care organizations were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of QI for depression. Clinics were randomized to usual care or to 1 of 2 QI programs that involved training of local experts who worked with patients' regular primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners) to improve care for depression. In the QI-medications program, depression nurse specialists provided patient education and assessment and followed up patients taking antidepressants for up to 12 months. In the QI-therapy program, depression nurse specialists provided patient education, assessment, and referral to study-trained psychotherapists. Results Participants enrolled in both QI programs had significantly higher rates of antidepressant use than those in the usual care group during the initial 6 months of the study (52% in the QI-medications group, 40% in the QI-therapy group, and 33% in the usual care group). Patients in the QI-medications group had higher rates of antidepressant use and a reduction in long-term use of minor tranquilizers for up to 2 years, compared with patients in the QI-therapy or usual care group. Conclusions Quality improvement programs for depression in which mental health specialists collaborate with primary care providers can substantially increase rates of antidepressant treatment. Active follow-up by a depression nurse specialist in the QI-medications program was associated with longer-term increases in antidepressant use than in the QI model without such follow-up.
National Voter Registration Reform: How It Might Be Won

Congress is once again considering the possibility of enacting national voter registration reform. The Universal Voter Registration Act—introduced by Alan Cranston (D-CA) in the Senate and by John Conyers (D-MI) in the House—would require the states to establish both day-of-election registration and mail-in registration, and it would also require “all Federal agencies and all State, county, and municipal agencies receiving grant-in-aid monies” to offer voter registration to the public. Jesse Jackson has since taken up support of the bill, and Governor Dukakis, no champion of registration reform in his own state, acceded to Jackson's demand that it be endorsed by the Democratic party platform. And then there is a second bill being shaped by Representative Al Swift (D-WA) which would require states to make voter registration an automatic part of processing people for drivers' licenses and identification cards in motor vehicle offices. This bill may also be expanded to include other federally-assisted state agencies, such as unemployment and welfare.Certainly something should be done. Just a shade more than half of Americans will go to the polls in November 1988, compared with turnout levels between 75% and 95% in other western democracies. High turnout is made easy elsewhere because citizens are placed on registration lists automatically when they come of age, or they are registered periodically by government-sponsored door-to-door canvasses. In the United States, by contrast, only 63% of those eligible are registered; more than 65 million are not, and two out of three of them are below the median income.
Nanoscale, conformal polysiloxane thin film electrolytes for three-dimensional battery architectures

We report the development of nanoscale (10–40 nm), conformal thin film electrolytes realized by doping lithium ions (Li+) into poly-(tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane) (PV4D4) films, which were synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). This is the first time nanoscale films with siloxane ring moieties, which are excellent electrical insulators, have been demonstrated as room temperature ionic conductors. The films exhibit minimal changes in morphology and thickness during lithiation and are also demonstrated to be easily scalable over large areas. We show that the conformal nature of the iCVD polymerization process realizes complete coverage of nanostructured electrodes like nanowires by a uniform, continuous, and pinhole-free thin film, making the polysiloxane films attractive as a novel class of nanoscale electrolytes for the emerging field of three-dimensional (3D) batteries.
Explicit formulas and efficient algorithm for moment computation of coupled RC trees with lumped and distributed elements

In today's deep submicron technology the coupling capacitances among individual on-chip RC trees have an essential effect on the signal delay and crosstalk, and the interconnects should be modeled as coupled RC trees. We provide simple explicit formulas for the Elmore delay and higher order voltage moments, and a linear order recursive algorithm for the voltage moment computation for lumped and distributed coupled RC trees. By using the formulas and algorithms, the moment matching method can be efficiently implemented to deal with delay and crosstalk estimation, model order reduction and optimal design of interconnects.
Ensuring Retention in Longitudinal Studies: A Practical Evaluation of an Intensive Follow-up Protocol and Suggested Adaptations.

Ensuring retention in longitudinal studies of individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) is a continual challenge for researchers. This study made several modifications to a highly intensive follow-up protocol, originally designed for adults with SUD, in order to adapt it to a group of adolescents in low intensity outpatient SUD treatment (N = 127, M age 16.7 years) and to accommodate limitations in the financial resources available for study staffing and transportation. In the present sample, adolescent participants generally found it unreasonable for study staff to request to contact people outside their immediate family in order to locate them and to attempt to schedule interviews 3–6 months in advance, as specified in the original protocol. Changes were made to accommodate these concerns and follow-up rates remained high (85–91%). Even though this study is limited by its non-experimental nature, it provides a replicable example of a scaled-down, less costly version of a highly intensive follow-up ...
Fast computation of the exact hybridization number of two phylogenetic trees

Hybridization is a reticulate evolutionary process. An established problem on hybridization is computing the minimum number of hybridization events, called the hybridization number, needed in the evolutionary history of two phylogenetic trees. This problem is known to be NP-hard. In this paper, we present a new practical method to compute the exact hybridization number. Our approach is based on an integer linear programming formulation. Simulation results on biological and simulated datasets show that our method (as implemented in program SPRDist) is more efficient and robust than an existing method.
Sexual Adjustment and Religious Training: A Sex Therapist’s Perspective

This quote from the recent writings of a Roman Catholic priest reflects a truth and a value that has many implications for a variety of audiences, including the philosopher and theologian and certainly for the clinician who treats persons concerned with sexual and religious issues.
Variation in quality of diabetes care at the levels of patient, physician, and clinic.

Study subjects were 120 primary care physicians and their 2589 eligible adult patients with diabetes seen at 18 clinics. The dependent variable was HbA1c values recorded in clinical databases. Multivariate hierarchical models were used to partition variation in HbA1c values across the levels of patient, physician, or clinic, and to identify significant predictors of HbA1c at each level. Results More than 95% of variance in HbA1c values was attributable to the patient level. Much less variance was seen at the physician and clinic level. Inclusion of patient and physician covariates did not substantially change this pattern of results. Intensification of pharmacotherapy (t = −7.40, P < .01) and patient age (t = 2.10, P < .05) were related to favorable change in HbA1c. Physician age, physician specialty, number of diabetes patients per physician, patient comorbidity, and clinic assignment did not predict change in HbA1c value. The overall model with covariates explained 11.8% of change in HbA1c value over time. Conclusion These data suggest that most variance in HbA1c values is attributable to patient factors, although physicians play a major role in some patient factors (e.g., intensification of medication). These findings may lead to more effective care-improvement strategies and accountability measures.
Bivalirudin for Anticoagulation During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Recombinant Factor VIIa for Iatrogenic Coagulopathy

Objective:To describe management of anticoagulation with a decreased dose requirement of bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and the reversal ...
Measurement of filtration rates by infaunal bivalves in a recirculating flume

A flume system and protocol for measuring the filtration rate of infaunal bivalves is described. Assemblages of multi-sized clams, at natural densities and in normal filter-feeding positions, removed phytoplankton suspended in a unidirectional flow of water. The free-stream velocity and friction velocity of the flow, and bottom roughness height were similar to those in natural estuarine waters. Continuous variations in phytoplankton (Chroomonas salinay) cell density were used to measure the filtration rate of the suspension-feeding clam Potamocorbula amurensis for periods of 2 to 28 h. Filtration rates of P. amurensis varied from 100 to 580 liters (gd)-1 over a free-stream velocity range of 9 to 25 cm s-1. Phytoplankton loss rates were usually constant throughout the experiments. Our results suggest that suspension-feeding by infaunal bivalves is sensitive to flow velocity.
Perceived Discrimination and Hypertension Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study

Objectives. Using Jackson Heart Study data, we examined whether perceived discrimination was associated with prevalent hypertension in African Americans.Methods. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, burden of discrimination, and stress from discrimination were examined among 4939 participants aged 35 to 84 years (women = 3123; men = 1816). We estimated prevalence ratios of hypertension by discrimination, and adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and risk factors.Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 64.0% in women and 59.7% in men. After adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, lifetime discrimination and burden of discrimination were associated with greater hypertension prevalence (prevalence ratios for highest vs lowest quartile were 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02, 1.15] and 1.09 [95% CI = 1.02,1.16] for lifetime discrimination and burden of discrimination, respectively). Associations were slightly weakened after adjustment for body mass index and beh...