cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density-dependent natural selection in Drosophila: Trade-offs between larval food acquisition and utilization

Natural selection at high densities has often been postulated to favour the evolution of greater efficiency of food use. Contrary to this expectation, a previous study suggested the existence of a trade-off between larval feeding rate and efficiency at using food to complete larval development in populations ofDrosophila melanogaster subjected to crowding for many generations. In this paper, we confirm the generality of such a density-dependent trade-off between food acquisition and utilization by demonstrating its occurrence in a new set ofDrosophila populations subjected to extreme larval crowding. We suggest that such trade-offs between food acquisition and food use may represent a general phenomenon in organisms exhibiting scramble competition. We test and reject the possible mechanistic explanation that decreased efficiency of food use in faster-feeding larvae may merely be a consequence of a faster passage of food through the gut, leading to incomplete assimilation of nutrients and energy.
Introduction to the Special Issue of PE Metrics

I have been the Editor-in-Chief of Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES) since 2009; however, this is my first time to handle a Special Issue. This Special Issue presents s...
The role of folding in the degradation of ballistic fibers

Research has indicated that the folding of ballistic fibers comprising soft body armor may be a factor in the performance deterioration that has been observed. To quantify the impact of this failure mechanism on body armor performance, an apparatus was designed and built to simulate the folding that may occur in the ballistic fibers while the vest is in use. This device systematically folds woven fabric and yarns of ballistic fibers to enable an assessment of the impact of folding on ballistic fiber properties. After cycling a piece of woven poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) fabric for 80,000 cycles, a 41% reduction in both the ultimate tensile strength and strain to failure of the PBO fibers was observed. These effects were also observable in data obtained from small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) where the long range order of the fiber structure is changed by the folding process. Preliminary failure analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on tested fibers also revealed changes in failure morphology. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. Published 2010 by the Society of Plastics Engineers
Chromatin remodeling in development and disease: focus on CHD7.

A central goal of developmental biology is to understand the mechanisms whereby undifferentiated, pluripotent cells differentiate into mature, organized cells and tissues. Recent advances in mouse genetics, embryonic stem cell manipulation, RNA inhibition, and genomics have now made it possible to explore these mechanisms with an unprecedented level of resolution. One major class of proteins, the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, has emerged as important regulators of cellular differentiation. CHD proteins are thought to function in the nucleus via binding to DNA and regulating gene transcription. CHD7, a member of the CHD family, encodes a protein mutated in human CHARGE syndrome, a multiple anomaly disorder that affects hearing, vision, and cardiac, craniofacial, and nervous system development [1], [2]. Previous reports have shown tissue and developmental stage specific expression of CHD7 [3], [4], and there is evidence that CHD7 binds thousands of sites in the genome [5]. It is thus a major challenge to identify specific mechanisms of CHD7 action in pluripotency versus differentiation.
A Survey of Harmonic Emissions of a Commercially Operated Wind Farm

In this paper, harmonic voltage and current measurements performed at the point of common coupling (PCC) of a commercially operated wind farm comprising 40 variable-speed wind turbines are analyzed, and their most important characteristics are presented. Important issues under consideration are the characteristics of the measured harmonic spectrum, the effect of the application of the grouping calculation method according to IEC 61000-4-7, the interharmonic problems, and the probability distribution of harmonic magnitude. In addition, an investigation of the separation of wind farm and grid contributions of the harmonic distortion at the PCC is included. Finally, the dependence of harmonic emission on wind farm output power is addressed.
A New Hematological Stain: I. Constituents and Methods of Use

The stain proposed by the author is quickly and simply prepared by mixing equal parts of the following permanent stock solutions:The mixed stain is usable, for at least eight months, and is applicable to practically all hematological purposes: blood smears, fixed sections, frozen sections, and touch preparations. In the technics utilized to produce its action on preparations treated in different ways, the only variants are the methods for treating the cells, while the stain itself remains totally unchanged for all purposes. For blood smears fixed with methyl alcohol, the technic consists merely of pouring the stain on the slide, leaving it for 5 to 7 minutes, and then washing it off. On sections, a further process of differentiation with acid acetone is rapidly carried out. The various types of granules, including megakaryocyte and platelet granules, are clearly demonstrated. For frozen sections, the technic is extremely rapid, yet yields excellent differentiation.
Long-term temporal evaluation of ground reaction forces during development of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To describe changes in vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) over 48 months in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) of the stifle joint induced by transection of a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). ANIMALS 12 clinically normal adult dogs. PROCEDURE Vertical GRF (eg, peak force and impulse) were determined prior to and 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12 months after transection of the right CCL. In 7 dogs, data were also collected 24, 32, 38, 42, and 48 months after transection. RESULTS Vertical peak force and impulse were significantly decreased in the right hind limb at all times after transection, compared with baseline values. From 10 through 48 months after transection, vertical GRF remained essentially static. Ground reaction forces in the unoperated (left) hind limb also changed significantly during the study. Left vertical impulse significantly increased 3 months after transection, whereas at 24, 38, 42, and 48 months after transection, left vertical peak force was significantly decreased, compared with the baseline value. Mean intradog coefficients of variation (CV) for peak vertical force and impulse ranged from 738 and 9.32, respectively, 1 month after transection to 1.96 and 2.76, respectively, at 42 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vertical GRF in the affected hind limb equilibrated approximately 10 months after CCL transection. Prior to this, force transmission across the affected stifle joint changed significantly over time. Intradog CV were small, indicating that GRF may be an appropriate outcome measurement for evaluation of OA development induced by CCL transection in dogs.
Evaluation of a portable hyperspectral imager for medical imaging applications

Portable hyperspectral imagers are becoming commonly available as a commercial product. A liquid crystal tunable filter based CCD imager was evaluated and characterized for spectral stray light using a tunable laser facility. The hyperspectral imager is currently being used to investigate the use of hyperspectral imaging in medical applications. This paper discusses the imager design and performance, the characterization of this system, and medical imaging as a related application. Imagers of this type may be fundamental to transferring radiometric scales using a hyperspectral image projector. The use of the hyperspectral imager for use with a hyperspectral image projector is also discussed.
Trisomy 18 with ectopia cordis, omphalocele, and ventricular septal defect: case report.

A case of thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis was diagnosed by ultrasonography at 21 week's gestation. Chromosomal analysis showed full trisomy 18. This case supports the associationl of thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis (Cantrell's pentad) with chromosomal errors, specifically trisomy 18.
The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention.

Cervical cancer remains a leading form of cancer among women living in low-resource regions of the world. Drs. Mark Schiffman and Philip Castle discuss the promising new prevention strategies.
Milk without the moo

If we could make milk the way we make beer, the environmental benefits would be huge, says bioengineer Ryan Pandya
The Assessment of Quality in Higher Education: A Critical Review of the Literature and Research.

The article discusses the elusive concept of quality and the problems involved in attempting to assess it. The article provides a comprehensive yet critical review of the literature and empirical research studies undertaken on the subject matter. Three types of studies are identified and are reviewed relative to their major findings, strengths, and weaknesses. Issues that remain to be resolved are also identified and discussed.
Improving Clinical Access and Continuity through Physician Panel Redesign

Background Population growth, an aging population and the increasing prevalence of chronic disease are projected to increase demand for primary care services in the United States.
Suppression of stimulated brillouin scattering by increased landau damping in multiple-ion-species hohlraum plasmas.

We demonstrate that multiple-ion-species plasmas greatly reduce stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in high-electron temperature inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. Landau damping is increased by adding hydrogen to a ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ gas filled hohlraum. We find that the SBS reflectivity decreases monotonically with increasing hydrogen fraction from 18% to 3% with a simultaneous increase of laser beam transmission. Detailed simulations with a 3D laser-plasma interaction code are in agreement with the experimentally observed reduction in backscattered light.
The crystal structure of cobalt orthophosphate Co3(PO4)2

Abstract The crystal structure of cobalt orthophosphate has been refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures using automatic diffractometer data to a residual R = 0.039 (Rw = 0.058). The space group is P2 l c , with a = 5.063(1), b = 8.361(2), c = 8.788(2) A, and β = 121.00(2)°. Co3(PO4)2 is isotypic with the previously reported γ-Zn3(PO4)2 and Mg3(PO4)2. Cobalt ions occupy two distinct coordination polyhedra, one five and one six-coordinated, in a ratio of two to one. The structure is described in detail.
Temperature dependence of the magnetization of superlattices with variable interlayer magnetic couplings.

A Heisenberg model is solved for the coupling of two-dimensional ferromagnetic layers separated by nonmagnetic spacer layers in a superlattice configuration. The cases of noncoupling, and ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic interlayer couplings, are solved for the temperature dependence of the magnetization at low temperature; the results yield linear, ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ and ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$ power laws, respectively. Experimental realization of the coupling cases was then sought. Three sputtered Fe/Cr superlattices with 10 \AA{} Fe layers and Cr-layer thicknesses of 100, 20, and 10 \AA{} were chosen to span the three cases, respectively. Superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometry yields linear and ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ behavior for the first two cases. M\"ossbauer spectroscopy in zero field indicates an approximately ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$ behavior for the antiferromagnetically coupled sample. The results are discussed and related to recent magnetotransport work.
SU-E-T-100: Measurement of a Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Irradiator Spectrum Using a Compton Spectrometer

Purpose: To characterize the photon spectrum from a Theratronics T1000 cobalt‐60 teletherapy unit using Compton spectrometry and compare to primary beam measurement and Monte Carlo(MC) simulation. Methods: A well‐shielded high‐purity germaniumdetector was used to measure the photon spectrum scattered at 22.5 and 70 degrees from the central axis of a 10cm×10cm beam of a cobalt‐60 teletherapy unit. The central‐axis photons were scattered using an aluminum rod (6mm diameter) positioned 100cm from the source, and the scatteredphotons were admitted to the detector through a 30cm‐long collimating aperture (2mm diameter). The measured Compton‐scattered spectra were corrected for detector response, determined using a model of the measurement apparatus in the MCNP5 MC code, and Compton relations (energy‐angle and Klein‐Nishina) to determine the central‐axis spectrum at 100cm from the source. The primary photon spectrum was measured with the collimating aperture aligned to the central axis and corrected for detector response. A MC model of the cobalt‐60 unit was developed in MCNP5 and used to generate the central‐axis spectrum for a 10cmx10cm field. Results: The primary photon peaks from the cobalt‐60 source were appropriately shifted to lower energies in the Compton‐scattered spectra. The resolution of the shifted peaks degraded with increasing scattering angle. The corrected scattered spectra compared well with the primary measurement and MC simulation for peak position, but disagreed in the lower‐energy continuum where source and collimatorscatter are present. Differences are likely due to resolution loss with scattering and incomplete measurement correction. Conclusions: The spectrum from a cobalt‐60 teletherapy unit was measured using Compton spectrometry. This spectrum was compared to direct measurement and MC simulation of the unit. Results indicate that small scattering angles should be used with this measurement technique and that further work is required to reconcile differences between measurements and simulations for source and collimatorscatter.
Cell Differentiation through Tissue Elasticity-coupled, Myosin-driven Remodeling

Cells may lack eyes to see and ears to hear, but cells do seem to have a sense of 'touch' that allows them to feel their microenvironment. This is achieved in part through contractility coupled adhesion to physically flexible 'soft' tissue. Here we summarize some of the known variations in elasticity of solid tissue and review some of the long-term effects of cells 'feeling' this elasticity, focusing on differentiation processes of both committed cell types and stem cells. We then highlight what is known of molecular remodeling in cells under stress on short time scales. Key roles for forces generated by ubiquitous and essential myosin-II motors in feedback remodeling are emphasized throughout.
Midbrain morphology reflects extent of brain damage in Krabbe disease

To study the relationships between midbrain morphology, Loes score, gross motor function, and cognitive function in infantile Krabbe disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were evaluated by two neuroradiologists blinded to clinical status and neurodevelopmental function of children with early or late infantile Krabbe disease. A simplified qualitative 3-point scoring system based on midbrain morphology on midsagittal MRI was used. A score of 0 represented normal convex morphology of the midbrain, a score of 1 represented flattening of the midbrain, and a score of 3 represented concave morphology of the midbrain (hummingbird sign). Spearman correlations were estimated between this simplified MRI scoring system and the Loes score, gross motor score, and cognitive score. Forty-two MRIs of 27 subjects were reviewed. Analysis of the 42 scans showed normal midbrain morphology in 3 (7.1 %) scans, midbrain flattening in 11 (26.2 %) scans, and concave midbrain morphology (hummingbird sign) in 28 (66.7 %) scans. Midbrain morphology scores were positively correlated with the Loes score (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with both gross motor and cognitive scores (r = −.84, p < 0.001; r = −0.87, p < 0.001, respectively). The inter-rater reliability for the midbrain morphology scale was κ = .95 (95 % CI: 0.86–1.0), and the inter-rater reliability for the Loes scale was κ = .58 (95 % CI: 0.42–0.73). Midbrain morphology scores of midsagittal MRI images correlates with cognition and gross motor function in children with Krabbe disease. This MRI scoring system represents a simple but reliable method to assess disease progression in patients with infantile Krabbe disease.
Effects of temperature and host lipid composition on the infection of cells by Newcastle disease virus.

Summary Newcastle disease virus was adsorbed to BHK21 monolayers at 4 o , the excess virus removed, and the cells incubated at various temperatures from 0–40°. Loosely associated virus was then eluted from the cells which were subsequently incubated for assay of infectivity. A critical temperature for optimal infectivity was observed at approximately 15°, a critical temperature which has been detected for a number of other surface phenomena in cultured mammalian cells. Alteration of fatty acid composition in cellular phosphoslipids changed the critical temperature for infectivity indicating that the physical state of host cell membrane lipids is a determinant of some step in the infection of cells by paramyxoviruses.
Assessment of Different Image Clutter Metrics Using Multivariate Analyses and Neurofuzzy System

Image processing is the most frequently used technique in computer vision like target detection of monitored target images to recognize background clutter and observed target images. To evaluate the performance of various image processing algorithms, image clutter metrics are very important and useful factors for the better visual conception such as increasing the probability of detection, decreasing the false alarm rate, or a relatively shorter searching time. In this paper, different image clutter metrics such as probability of detection, false alarm rate, and search time, are assessed by the statistical analysis techniques and neurofuzzy systems through applying other statistical image clutter metrics in order to improve the machine visual conception with resolving the machine cognitive constraints for the computer vision.
Purification and characterization of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis

Four antifreeze proteins (AFPs) were purified from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. The AFPs are similar in amino acid compositions, having high contents of hydrophilic amino acids (45–55 mol%) and cysteine (∼16 mol% Cys). Approximately half of the Cys residues form disulfide bridges, and both the disulfide bridges and free sulfhydryls are essential for activity. The N-terminals of the AFPs are blocked. The pH optimum of the AFPs is ∼7.8, but major loss of activity occurred only at very high pH (12.0). The detergents SDS and Triton X-100 did not inactivate the AFPs. Circular dichroism spectra indicate the presence of both α and β secondary structures in the AFPs, in addition to a large random structure component.
Action of Auxin on Protoplasmic Streaming

STUDIES on the mechanism by which auxin exerts its growth-promoting action on plant cells have indicated that, although ultimately detectable on the cell-wall, the effect is exerted in the first instance on the protoplasm. The results of Bonner1 established a close connexion between growth and respiration, although pure auxin was not found, either by him or by van Hulssen2, to increase respiration appreciably.
Revolving Roles in Drug-Related Crime: The Cost of Chronic Drug Users as Victims and Perpetrators

Numerous studies have established a strong connection between the use of illicit drugs and the commission of other illegal activities, including both predatory and property crimes. No study, however, has examined the cost of crimes associated with drug users both as victims and as perpetrators. In the present study, recent data were analyzed from a targeted sample of chronic drug users (CDUs) and a matched sample of non-drug users (NDUs) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, to estimate the incremental cost of crime associated with CDU. Two separate models were employed to estimate (1) the probability of being a victim or a perpetrator of crime and (2) the cost of crime for both situations. The cost measures were transformed to reduce the influence of extreme outliers, and a smearing technique was used to compare the cost of crime for CDUs relative to NDUs. The findings illustrate that criminal activity among CDUs is circular, extensive, and costly. Implications for law enforcement, criminal justice policy, and substance abuse treatment are discussed.
Acetalde hyde‐Induced Stimulation of Collagen Synthesis and Gene Expression Is Dependent on Conditions of Cell Culture: Studies with Rat Lipocytes and Fibroblasts

Acetaldehyde has been proposed as a mediator of fibrogenesis in alcoholic liver disease, based in part on its ability to stimulate collagen synthesis by hepatic lipocytes in late primary or passaged culture. In this study, we examined the effect of acetaldehyde on rat lipocytes and fibroblasts at various stages of culture, in an effort to determine whether culture-related events influence responsiveness to this compound. Lipocytes from normal rat liver were studied in primary culture at 3 and 7 days after plating; fibroblasts were studied in subculture, at subconfluent and confluent densities. Both cell types were incubated with 100 μM acetaldehyde for 24 hr followed by measurement of collagen synthesis and type I collagen gene expression. Acetaldehyde had no effect on lipocytes at either 3 or 7 days in primary culture. The inability of acetaldehyde to stimulate collagen synthesis in primary culture was not attributable to toxicity, because cell morphology and total protein synthesis were identical in both treated and untreated cultures. Fibroblasts exhibited a variable response to acetaldehyde that was dependent on cell density: subcon-fluent cells contained similar amounts of type I collagen mRNA in both the presence and absence of acetaldehyde, whereas confluent cells exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in collagen mRNA levels upon acetaldehyde exposure. To determine whether quiescent lipocytes would respond to acetaldehyde in a culture system that mimics the hepatic environment in vivo, lipocytes were plated in coculture with hepatocytes on a basement membrane gel and incubated with 20 mM ethanol for 72 hr. Direct communication between these two cell types did not provoke lipocyte activation, even in the setting of ethanol oxidation. We conclude from these experiments that acetaldehyde is not a primary stimulus to lipocyte activation in vivo. Acetaldehyde may enhance collagen synthesis by lipocytes, but its activity appears restricted to cells that have undergone a prior priming event in culture or in vivo. Of the many phenotypic changes that occur in lipocytes during the first week of primary culture, none sensitizes them to the fibrogenic effects of acetaldehyde.
Conversion of 13( S )-hydroperoxy-9( Z ),11( E )-octadecadienoic acid to the corresponding hydroxy fatty acid by KOH: A kinetic study

Transformation of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HPOD) to 13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HOD) under alkaline conditions (0.05 to 5 M KOH) occurred first-order with respect to 13S-HPOD concentration. Overall yield was about 80%. The energy of activation at higher concentrations (3.75 to 5 M KOH) was determined to be in the range of 15.3 to 15.6 kcal. Compared to the 13S-HPOD conversion, 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13S-HPOT) was converted at a faster rate to the corresponding hydroxy fatty acid (13S-HOT), with the reaction also being first-order. Chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that in the transformation the stereochemistry of both the 13S-HPOD and 13S-HPOT reactants was preserved. Manometric analyses of the KOH/13S-HPOD reaction showed an uptake of gas, which amounted to 11% of the mols of reactant 13S-HPOD on the assumption that the gas was O2. As there is a theoretical loss of 1 oxygen atom in the reaction, the fate of this oxygen (possiblyvia active oxygen species) may involve reaction with 13S-HPOD/13SHOD to form the 20% by-products.
Cannabinoid agonists increase the interaction between β-Arrestin 2 and ERK1/2 and upregulate β-Arrestin 2 and 5-HT2A receptors

We have recently reported that selective cannabinoid 2 (CB(2)) receptor agonists upregulate 5-HT(2A) receptors by enhancing ERK1/2 signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). Increased activity of cortical 5-HT(2A) receptors has been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Here we examine the mechanisms involved in this enhanced ERK1/2 activation in rat PFCx and in a neuronal cell model. Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a non-selective cannabinoid agonist (CP55940, 50μg/kg, 7 days, i.p.) showed enhanced co-immunoprecipitation of β-Arrestin 2 and ERK1/2, enhanced pERK protein levels, and enhanced expression of β-Arrestin 2 mRNA and protein levels in PFCx. In a neuronal cell line, we found that selective CB(2) receptor agonists upregulate β-Arrestin 2, an effect that was prevented by selective CB(2) receptor antagonist JTE-907 and CB(2) shRNA lentiviral particles. Additionally, inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, ERK1/2, and the AP-1 transcription factor also prevented the cannabinoid receptor-induced upregulation of β-Arrestin 2. Our results suggest that sustained activation of CB(2) receptors would enhance β-Arrestin 2 expression possibly contributing to its increased interaction with ERK1/2, thereby driving the upregulation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. The CB(2) receptor-mediated upregulation of β-Arrestin 2 would be mediated, at least in part, by an ERK1/2-dependent activation of AP-1. These data could provide the rationale for some of the adverse effects associated with repeated cannabinoid exposure and shed light on some CB(2) receptor agonists that could represent an alternative therapeutic because of their minimal effect on serotonergic neurotransmission.
Verification of Theory on Weak Turbulence Relating to the Sequence of Diffuse Plasma Resonances in Space

An interpretation of the sequence of diffuse plasma resonances observed by space probes (Alouette 2 and ISIS-1 satellites) is developed in terms of wave-particle nonlinear interaction in a weakly turbulent plasma including the electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave instability. The longest time duration of the center frequency of the diffuse plasma resonance is found to coincide with the most favorable condition for the electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic wave instability which is obtained by solving the dispersion equation obtained for a linear approximation of the kinetic wave equation for the warm magnetoactive plasma. The electrostatic field due to the transmission of the intense rf pulse produces plasma turbulence involving nonlinear wave-wave interaction and temperature anisotropy which leads to instability. This instability supplies energy to the turbulence. The process can be thought of as a feedback system.
Photoelastic analysis of stress concentration for beams in pure bending with a central hole

Abstract This paper presents a photoelastic study of the conditions of stress concentration about a hole in a beam subjected to pure bending. Rules for stress determination in beams of this type are suggested.
An Experimental and Modeling-Based Study Into the Ignition Delay Characteristics of Diesel Surrogate Binary Blend Fuels

This study examines the combustion characteristics of a binary mixture surrogate for possible future diesel fuels using both a single-cylinder research engine and a homogeneous reactor model using detailed chemical reaction kinetics. Binary mixtures of a normal straight-chain alkane (pure n-hexadecane, also known as n-cetane, C16 H34 ) and an alkyl aromatic (toluene, C7 H8 ) were tested in a single-cylinder research engine. Pure n-hexadecane was tested as a baseline reference, followed by 50%, 70%, and 80% toluene in hexadecane blends. Testing was conducted at fixed engine speed and constant indicated load. As references, two conventional petroleum-based fuels (commercial diesel and US Navy JP-5 jet fuel) and five synthetic Fischer-Tropsch-based fuels were also tested. The ignition delay of the binary mixture surrogate increased with increasing toluene fraction and ranged from approximately 1.3 ms (pure hexadecane) to 3.0 ms (80% toluene in hexadecane). While ignition delay changed substantially, the location of 50% mass fraction burned did not change as significantly due to a simultaneous change in the premixed combustion fraction. Detailed chemical reaction rate modeling using a constant pressure, adiabatic, homogeneous reactor model predicts a chemical ignition delay with a similar trend to the experimental results, but shorter overall magnitude. The difference between this predicted homogeneous chemical ignition delay and the experimentally observed ignition delay is defined as the physical ignition delay due to processes such as spray formation, entrainment, mixing, and vaporization. On a relative basis, the addition of 70% toluene to hexadecane causes a nearly identical relative increase in both physical and chemical ignition delay of approximately 50%. The chemical kinetic model predicts that, even though the addition of toluene delays the global onset of ignition, the initial production of reactive precursors such as HO2 and H2 O2 may be faster with toluene due to the weakly bound methyl group. However, this initial production is insufficient to lead to wide-scale chain branching and ignition. The model predicts that the straight-chain alkane component (hexadecane) ignites first, causing the aromatic component to be consumed shortly thereafter. Greater ignition delay observed with the high toluene fraction blends is due to consumption of OH radicals by toluene. Overall, the detailed kinetic model captures the experimentally observed trends well and may be able to provide insight as to the relationship between bulk properties and physical ignition delay.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiCAl2O3 coatings

Abstract The microstructure, phase distribution and hardness of TiCAl2O3 two-phase coatings prepared by high rate physical vapor deposition have been studied as functions of deposition temperature and feed composition. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction shows that the coatings consist of α-Al2O3 and TiC (cubic) phases. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been used to study the distribution of the two phases in the coatings. The growth morphology is fine grained at low temperatures and becomes a dense columnar type at high temperatures of deposition. The microhardness shows a corresponding increase with deposition temperature. Details of the relationship between the microstructure, composition and hardness of the coatings are reported.
Three-dimensional analysis of a viral RNA replication complex reveals a virus-induced mini-organelle.

Positive-strand RNA viruses are the largest genetic class of viruses and include many serious human pathogens. All positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in association with intracellular membrane rearrangements such as single- or double-membrane vesicles. However, the exact sites of RNA synthesis and crucial topological relationships between relevant membranes, vesicle interiors, surrounding lumens, and cytoplasm generally are poorly defined. We applied electron microscope tomography and complementary approaches to flock house virus (FHV)–infected Drosophila cells to provide the first 3-D analysis of such replication complexes. The sole FHV RNA replication factor, protein A, and FHV-specific 5-bromouridine 5'-triphosphate incorporation localized between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes inside ∼50-nm vesicles (spherules), which thus are FHV-induced compartments for viral RNA synthesis. All such FHV spherules were outer mitochondrial membrane invaginations with interiors connected to the cytoplasm by a necked channel of ∼10-nm diameter, which is sufficient for ribonucleotide import and product RNA export. Tomographic, biochemical, and other results imply that FHV spherules contain, on average, three RNA replication intermediates and an interior shell of ∼100 membrane-spanning, self-interacting protein As. The results identify spherules as the site of protein A and nascent RNA accumulation and define spherule topology, dimensions, and stoichiometry to reveal the nature and many details of the organization and function of the FHV RNA replication complex. The resulting insights appear relevant to many other positive-strand RNA viruses and support recently proposed structural and likely evolutionary parallels with retrovirus and double-stranded RNA virus virions.
Transdermal Nicotine During Cue Reactivity in Adult Smokers With and Without Anxiety Disorders

Transdermal nicotine almost doubles tobacco cessation rates; however, little is known about what happens to smokers during the quit process when they are wearing the nicotine patch and are confronted with high-risk smoking triggers. This is particularly important for smokers with psychological disorders who disproportionately represent today’s smokers and have more trouble quitting. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, smokers with anxiety disorders (n 61) and smokers without any current Axis I disorders (n 38) received transdermal nicotine (21 mg) or a placebo patch over two assessment days separated by 48 hr. Urge to smoke was evaluated during a 5-hr patch absorption period (reflecting general smoking deprivation) and during imaginal exposure to theoretically high-risk triggers containing smoking cues, anxiety cues, both, or neutral cues. No differences were observed between smokers with and without anxiety disorders. Significant Patch Time and Patch Cue Content interactions were found. Both patch conditions experienced an increase in urge during the deprivation period, but postabsorption urge was significantly higher in the placebo condition, suggesting that transdermal nicotine attenuated the degree to which urge to smoke increased over time. During the cue reactivity trials, when participants received the nicotine patch, they experienced significantly lower urge in response to both smoking-only and neutral cues, but not when anxiety cues were present (alone or in combination with smoking cues). These data suggest that transdermal nicotine alleviates urge only under certain circumstances and that adjunctive interventions are likely necessary to address smoking urges in response to spikes in distress among smokers trying to quit.
Recognizing and respecting claims over resources in free-ranging rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta

All socially living animals are confronted with the challenge of competing over limited resources. When resources are movable a relatively open empirical question concerns how potential competitors recognize that another individual has a claim on a resource and when such claims should be respected. Here we address these dual features of competition in free-ranging rhesus monkeys by creating a competitive foraging task involving two food options, and for each condition, manipulating different aspects of the competitor’s potential competitive advantage. Specifically, we focused on aspects of the competitor’s physical connection to the food, and his attentional state and proximity. Results show that if the competitor had a physical connection to the food, rhesus respected the competitor’s claim. Even when this connection had been temporarily relinquished, rhesus nevertheless respected the competitor’s claim so long as proximity and attention to the resource were maintained. If, however, the competitor maintained a physical connection to one food source, but attended away from the food, subjects no longer respected the competitive advantage. Lastly, if a physical connection was made to one food option, but the experimenter was proximate to the other option, subjects were at chance in their choice, suggesting that proximity and physical connection represent conflicting competitive cues. These results reveal that rhesus monkeys use a variety of cues when recognizing and respecting competitive advantages. We discuss these results in relation to recent research on the evolution and ontogeny of our concepts of property and ownership.
Funding Road Safety Programs and Projects in Bangladesh

Road is the dominant mode of transport in Bangladesh and the road accident rate in Bangladesh is much higher than those of the developed nations. Moreover, the road accident rate has been steadily increasing over the years -- even exceeding the rates in other developing nations. A study based on over 3500 police reported fatalities per year conservatively estimates that the annual economic loss resulting from road accidents is well over US $850 million or approximately two percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nearly 50% of the total road accidents occur on National and Regional Highways that have a combined length of 7893 km. The severity of accidents on those roadways is much higher than those of the city and other roadways. However, the government of Bangladesh has been failing to formulate sound policies, and implement targeted programs and projects to improve road safety mainly due to fiscal budget deficits (funding shortage) for a sustained period. The fiscal budget of Bangladesh government has two parts, namely revenue and development. The development budget, a large share of it is dedicated to infrastructure development projects, comes from the government and international development partners (e.g., World Bank, Asian Development Bank etc) sources. There has never been an adequate fund in the national budget to address the road safety issue effectively. Moreover, often road operations improvement and maintenance projects are considered as an indirect investment on road safety. However, without the establishment of a dedicated and sustainable fund, articulation of the visions and development of targeted road safety programs and projects is nearly impossible. This study highlights the road safety issues in Bangladesh and proposes that suitable revenue sources to be used to establish a dedicated fund for the road safety improvement programs and projects. It also recommends that, in conjunction with the dedicated fund, other road safety financing options/tools such as public private partnerships and debt based finance from the expatriate's remittance source need to be considered to improve road safety in general and particularly on national and regional highways. These highways are managed by the Roads and Highways Department, an entity under the road division of the Ministry of Communications.
GUN CONTROL AND POLITICAL POWER

Most of the debate over gun control policy has slighted the possible relationship between such policies and the distribution of political power. Five political functions of firearms control laws are discussed and examples are provided. Language: en
Management of pediatric laryngeal papillomatosis

It is disheartening to make the diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a young child. This disease presents in the infant or young toddler with symptoms of worsening hoarseness, stridor, and sometimes respiratory distress. Such children will undergo multiple procedures in their lifetimes to clear their airways of papillomas; it is not uncommon to see a child return as many as 60 to 100 times. Otolaryngologists have successfully developed equipment and techniques to maintain an adequate airway in almost all cases of laryngeal papilloma. Unfortunately, achieving a satisfactory voice outcome both in the short term as well as in the long run is a much more difficult problem.
Electrographic effects of diacetylmorphine (heroin) and naloxone in man

Abstract Sixty-three addicts were given heroin intravenously at a rate of 20–40 mg/2 cc/ 2 min, and 8–32 min later received 1–2 mg naloxone. The EEG was recorded in the preheroin, post-heroin and post-naloxone periods. The early response to heroin (first 4 min after the start of the injection) was an increase in alpha amplitudes, decrease of alpha frequency and an occasional increase in alpha spindling. The late response (5–32 min after the start of the injection) was a decrease in alpha abundance, an increase in theta and sometimes delta activities, and paroxysmal EEG activity. Two clinical seizures were seen. The tracings returned to the pre-heroin pattern after the administration of naloxone. These observations of heroin and naloxone are consistent with established theories of association of EEG and behavior in man after psychoactive drugs.
Neurogenesis in Human Hippocampus: Implications for Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis

Hippocampal neurogenesis, the innate capacity of stem cells in the hippocampus to generate new neurons throughout life, is attracting interest in neurodegenerative disease research as an indicator of
Semi-embeddings of Banach space

It is a most implausible fact that a one-to-one operator from c0 into a Banach space which maps the unit ball of c0 onto a closed set is necessarily an isomorphism.In this paper the term semi-embedding denotes a one-to-one operator from one Banach space into another, which maps the closed unit ball of the domain onto a closed set. In the first section we study semi-embeddings in conjunction with weak compactness; in the second section we apply our results to the case of semi-embeddings defined on C(X), X compact.
Increases in apoptosis and declines in Bcl-XL protein characterise testicular regression in American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos).

The present study investigated the cellular changes observed during testicular regression in American crows. Testes from adults caught during the early (March), progressing (April), peak (early May), transitional (late May), and post- (June) breeding season were examined. Apoptosis was assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) and Bcl-XL protein immunolabelling. Testis mass increased two-fold from March to early May (P 0.05). Testicular activity, evaluated using a spermatogenic index, increased nearly two-fold from March to early May and declined nine-fold in June (P < 0.001). Seminiferous tubule diameter declined four-fold in June compared with earlier months (P < 0.001). In all testes, TUNEL-positive germ cells were detected at low levels, with the highest levels observed in late May (P < 0.001). In contrast, TUNEL-positive Sertoli cells were maintained at low levels in March–April and increased nine-fold in early May (P < 0.001). The Bcl-XL immunostaining was detected in Sertoli cells in March–early May; however, staining was most intense in March–April and substantially weaker by early May. These data suggest that the seasonal rise in testicular competence occurs slowly in American crows; however, testis function is terminated rapidly after the breeding season. Furthermore, it is likely that Sertoli cell apoptosis followed by massive germ cell loss is responsible for the rapid reduction in testis mass.
Supervisor and Coworker Incivility: Testing the Work Frustration-Aggression Model

The purpose of this study was to test the association among situational constraints, emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and their distal outcomes in the workplace through two modified versions of the Fox-Spector (1999) work frustration-aggression model. Demographics (age, gender) and personality traits (emotional stability, thrill seeking), incivility, and two organizational outcomes (organizational commitment and employee satisfaction) were added to the original model. The paper-and-pencil survey battery, consisting of eight scales, was completed by 507 participants. Models were tested with path-analytic procedures. After controlling for the demographic and personality variables, situational constraints, frustration, and supervisor and coworker incivility predicted less organizational commitment and employee satisfaction. The frustration and incivility variables served as mediators between situational constraints and the dependent variables in the models. Human Resource Development (HRD) research...
Heterogeneity of skin-sensitizing antibodies

Abstract The skin-sensitizing antibodies to bovine milk found in a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia who had no detectable serum γA-globulin were compared after fractionation by DEAE-cellulose chromatography to the skin-sensitizing antibodies to bovine milk and ragweed found in 2 patients who had normal serum concentrations of γG-, γA-, and γM-globulins. All of the skin-sensitizing antibodies to bovine milk in the serum of the patient with no detectable serum γA-globulin could be accounted for in a chromatographic fraction in which only γG-globulin was detected. The skin-sensitizing antibodies to bovine milk and ragweed in the 2 patients with normal serum concentrations of γG-, γA-, and γM-globulins were not restricted to the chromatographic fraction in which only γG-globulin was detected and differences were observed in the elution of the skin-sensitizing antibodies in the three sera studied. Differences in the elution of skin-sensitizing antibodies to bovine milk and ragweed were also observed in the same serum. These data demonstrate that skin-sensitizing antibodies are a heterogeneous group of antibodies with regard to their separation by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and suggest that they may be associated with any one of several immunoglobulins.
Trust as dependence: a logical approach

We propose that the trust an agent places in another agent declaratively captures an architectural connector between the two agents. We formulate trust as a generic modality expressing a relationship between a truster and a trustee. Specifically, trust here is definitionally independent of, albeit constrained by, other relevant modalities such as commitments and beliefs. Trust applies to a variety of attributes of the relationship between truster and trustee. For example, an agent may trust someone to possess an important capability, exercise good judgment, or to intend to help it. Although such varieties of trust are hugely different, they respect common logical patterns. We present a logic of trust that expresses such patterns as reasoning postulates concerning the static representation of trust, its dynamics, and its relationships with teamwork and other agent interactions. In this manner, the proposed logic illustrates the general properties of trust that reflect natural intuitions, and can facilitate the engineering of multiagent systems.
Alternate Readings: Student Hermeneutics and Academic Discourse

The attentions given to textual production in composition scholarship have led to a neglect of the dynamics of textual reception. Renewed acquaintance with the discipline of hermeneutics will provide scholars and instructors with a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between interpretive processes and rhetorical strategies. Building on the work of Phelps, Mailloux, and Crusius, this article revisits Gadamer and Ricoeur, two of the more prominent scholars of modern hermeneutics, for the purpose of applying their principles to learning objectives and class assignments in college-level writing courses.
Optimal-proximity controls

This note outlines a more effective optimal-aim control scheme for a more general class of systems.
COUNTING FUNDAMENTAL PATHS IN CERTAIN GARSIDE SEMIGROUPS

For elements a, b of a monoid, define the word pk(a,b) = abab⋯ of length k. We find the number of words in a, b which are equal to pk(a,b)n in the Artin semigroup . This number is related to counting certain paths in the ℕ × ℕ lattice. These Artin groups are examples of two generator Garside groups. We also define other examples of Garside groups G on more than two generators, having fundamental word Δ, and similarly find the number of words equal in G to Δn.