cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrumental electrodermal conditioning in the monkey (Cebus albifrons): acquisition and long-term retention.

EightCebus albifrons monkeys received 25 sessions of discriminative operant conditioning of the skin conductance response (SCR), with colored lights as discriminative stimuli and with Sidman avoidance (SS-40 sec, RS-40 sec) scheduled during one light and response-contingent shock during the other, Discriminative stimulus segments were separated by 30-sec periods of time-out from shocks and lights, Two extinction sessions were run 3 months after training, Almost from the beginning of conditioning, the monkeys made significantly more unelicited skin conductance responses in the avoidance periods than in punishment, The monkeys’ heart rates also increased significantly, but there was no difference between avoidance and punishment, SCR frequency during extinction continued to differentiate significantly between avoidance and punishment, and there was a significant increase in this differentiation from the last conditioning session to the first extinction session, but the difference then reduced in the second session, The results indicated that monkey’s SCRs are influenced by instrumental reinforcement contingencies somewhat in the same fashion as those of humans.
A Lagrangian-Eulerian Mapping Solver for Direct Numerical Simulation of Bubble-Laden Turbulent Shear Flows Using the Two-Fluid Formulation

In a recent study we showed that the two-fluid (TF) formulation can be used in the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of bubble- (or particle-) laden decaying isotropic turbulence with considerable saving in CPU-time and memory as compared to the trajectory approach employed by many researchers. In the present paper, we develop a Lagrangian?Eulerian mapping (LEM) solver for DNS of bubble-laden turbulent shear flows using TF. The purpose of LEM is to resolve the large gradients of bubble velocity and concentration which result from the absence of the diffusion terms in the equations of bubble-phase motion and the preferential accumulation of bubbles. A standard finite-difference scheme (FDS) fails to resolve these gradients. We examine the performance of the new method in DNS of a bubble-laden Taylor?Green vortex, spatially developing plane mixing layer, and homogeneous shear turbulent flow.
Durable Improvements in Efficiency, Safety, and Satisfaction in the Operating Room

Background Enhanced productivity and efficiency in the operating room must be balanced with patient safety and staff satisfaction. In December 2004, transition to an expanded replacement hospital resulted in mandatory overtime, unpredictable work hours, and poor morale among operating room (OR) staff. A staff-retention crisis resulted, which threatened the viability of the OR and the institution. We report the changes implemented to efficiently deliver safe patient care in a supportive environment for surgeons and OR staff. Study Design University of Alabama at Birmingham University Hospital OR data were evaluated for fiscal year 2004 and compared with fiscal years 2005 and 2006. Case volumes, number of operational ORs, and on-time case starts were evaluated. OR adverse events were tabulated. Percentage of registered nurse hires and staff departures served as a proxy for staff satisfaction. Results Short, intermediate, and longterm strategies were implemented by an engaged OR management committee with the guidance of surgical, anesthesia, and hospital leadership. These included new block time release policies; use of traveling nurses until new staff could be hired and trained; and incentive-based, voluntary, employee-scheduled overtime. Mandatory nursing education time was blocked weekly. Enforcement of the National Patient Safety Goals were implemented and adjudicated with a "surgeon-of-the-day" system providing backup for nurse management. We demonstrated an increase in operations per year, on-time starts, and registered nurse hires in fiscal years 2005 and 2006. During this same time, we were able to markedly decrease the number of adverse events, admitting delays, and staff departures. Conclusions Change is difficult to accept but essential when vital clinical activities are impaired and at risk. To maintain important clinical environments like the OR in an academic center, we developed and implemented effective, data-driven changes. This allowed us to retain critical human resources and restore a supportive environment for the patients, the doctors, and the staff.
A close look at trachoma control and the challenges that district programs pose

Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness, is caused by repeated episodes of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, requiring an environment that facilitates transmission [1]. Trachoma affects an estimated 40 million people worldwide, with 7.6 million blind or severely visually impaired [1]. The productivity loss from visual impairment due to trachoma is estimated at US$5.3 billion [2]. The community pool of active trachoma and infection resides in children. Multiple infections are followed by scarring of the conjunctiva, which may progress to cause entropion and trichiasis, or inturned eyelashes that, if not surgically corrected, lead to corneal damage and vision loss in older ages. There is currently no treatment for corneal opacification, nor interventions to halt the scarring process. The WHO recommends a multifaceted ‘SAFE’ strategy for trachoma control: Surgery for trichiasis (S); Antibiotics to treat the community pool of infection (A); Face washing (F); and Environmental change to sustain reduction in transmission (E). The WHO recommends mass drug administration (MDA) with antibiotics, preferably azithromycin, when the prevalence of follicular trachoma is more than 10% in children aged 1–9 years at the district level [3]. The SAFE strategy is implemented on a district-wide basis. The Ultimate Intervention Goal for trichiasis is district prevalence of <1/1000 population, and for active trachoma, a prevalence of follicular trachoma <5% in children aged 1–9 years [3]. WHO guidelines suggest that annual MDA be provided for all communities in a district for at least 3–5 years before any expectation of significant change [3]. The district is the implementation unit of the control strategy, and this poses unique challenges for a disease program because it is largely not based on ‘case finding’ but implementation of an intervention at a population level. While this approach is not unique to trachoma, there are lessons from the experience with trachoma programs for other programs. This editorial describes some challenges and experiences.
On the mechanism of pressure-induced environmental stress cracking in polystyrene

Fluids conventionally classified as “inert” exert a strong stress crazing and cracking effect on certain amorphous polymers when they are deformed in tension under pressure. Fourier transform infra-red difference spectroscopy has been utilized to measure the concentration of trace amounts of fluid penetrating the polymer during deformation. Measurable fluid penetration was found to take place only in dilated structures as large as crazes. The penetration level depended upon craze density and structure, viscosity of the fluid and the time or rate of the experiment. At atmospheric pressure, the penetrating fluid front lagged behind the dry growing craze tip. Radial concentration distributions were successfully described by a semiquantitative porous transport model which yielded a specific penetration coefficient. This coefficient was a strong function of the hydrostatic pressure and the viscosity of the penetrating fluid. It is suggested that the hydrostatic pressure decreases the “void” content in the polymeric solid, yet due to the pressure gradient, concurrently enhances the dynamics of fluid transport. At a critical pressure, the polymer undergoes the brittle-to-ductile transition. Here irreversible deformation by shear is preferred over the void forming craze or cracking mechanism.
Measurements of dendrite tip growth and sidebranching in succinonitrile–acetone alloys

Abstract Experiments are carried to investigate free dendritic growth of succinonitrile–acetone alloys in an undercooled melt. The measurements include the steady dendrite tip velocity and radius, the non-axisymmetric amplitude coefficient of the fins near the tip, and the envelope width, projection area, and contour length of the sidebranch structure far from the tip. It is found that the measured dendrite tip growth Peclet numbers agree well with the predictions from a stagnant film model that accounts for thermosolutal convection in the melt. The measured tip selection parameter, σ ⁎ , is verified to be independent of the alloy composition, but shows a strong dependence on the imposed undercooling. The universal amplitude coefficient, A 4 , is measured to be equal to 0.004, independent of the undercooling, but the early onset of sidebranching prevents its accurate determination for more concentrated alloys. For the self-similar sidebranch structure far from the tip, scaling laws are obtained for the measured geometrical parameters. While melt convection causes some widening of the sidebranch envelope, and the early onset of sidebranching for alloy dendrites results in a 25% upward shift of the envelope width, the projection area and, hence, the mean width of a sidebranching dendrite, as well as its contour length in the sidebranch plane, obey universal power laws that are independent of the convection intensity and the alloy composition.
Rates and cycles of oxygen consumption during pupal diapause in Sarcophaga flesh flies

The rate of oxygen consumption in non-diapausing flesh flies during the pupal and pharate adult stages follows a U-shaped curve with a minimum of 140 to 150 mm3/g. per hr at 25°C. In diapausing pupae the mean QO2 falls to 10 to 20 mm3/g. per hr. Continuous measurements with single diapausing pupae show that the QO2 is not constant; cycles of high oxygen consumption occur with a periodicity of several days. The cycle periodicity differs with species and temperature. The time between QO2 peaks in Sarcophaga crassipalpis is twice as great at 18°C as it is at 25°C. The cycles of high oxygen consumption are close together in early diapause; in mid-diapause the cycles become farther apart, and as the end of diapause is approached the cycles again become closer together. The time of diapause termination appears unrelated to the phase of the QO2 cycles. Injury produces an increase in the metabolic rate, but an acceleration of diapause termination was not observed.
Change of the frontier electronic orbitals due to substitutional impurities in large chemical or biological molecules

A molecule whose electronic structures are poorly understood, in some cases, can be thought of as another perhaps well-understood “host chemical molecule” with substitutional “impurities.” From this point of view, the Green's function technique in solid state physics can be extended to investigate the change due to substitutional impurities in large chemical or biological molecules of the frontier electronic orbitals—the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO). These orbitals are the ones most active in chemical reactions, and are conceptually very similar to the valence band and conduction band states of semiconductors. Substitutional impurities will often introduce new “deep” electronic states into the gap between the HOMO and LUMO states of the original molecule and these states will have the following properties. (i) The likelihood that an impurity will produce a state in the gap depends on the site of the impurity. (ii) For impurities on a particular site, the wavefunction of the gap state will be relatively independent of the impurity. (iii) Only a small fraction of the deep level wavefunction (typically 10%) will lie within the impurity's cell and the largest part (about 40–50%) will be on the impurity's nearest-neighbor atoms. (iv) The derivative of the energy of the impurity state with respect to the central-cell impurity potential dE/dV is approximately equal to the probability of the gap-state electron being found on the impurity's site.
Estimation of discontinuous elliptic coefficients

The regularized output least squares estimation technique is considered as a procedure to detect regions in which material properties are markedly different than those in the surrounding area. The problem of estimating the elliptic coefficient is studied in detail. Conditions for the uniqueness and sensitivity with respect to data of optimal interior estimators are established for finite element approximating problems. Having detected a discontinuous region, an algorithm is presented to isolate the region by alternately applying the regularized output least squares technique and a method that explicitly searches for a discontinuous parameter function.
Surface modification of pure titanium and Ti6A14V by intensified plasma ion nitriding

In the present work, ion nitriding of pure titanium and Ti6A14V was conducted at low pressure by intensifying the glow discharge. Plasma intensification was produced by thermionic emission in conjunction with a triode glow discharge system. It was shown that, under the present intensified glow discharge conditions, effective nitriding can be achieved at relatively low temperatures (480 °C) and with significantly enhanced compound layer growth kinetics compared with the conventional techniques. Processed titanium and Ti6A14V developed a surface layer of TiN followed by a Ti2N layer and an interstitial nitrogen diffusion zone. Processed specimens showed a threefold increase in surface hardness. Surface roughness was found to be a function of the degree of plasma intensification. Processing of Ti6A14V resulted in a higher wear, corrosion and wear-corrosion resistance. The present results show that ion nitriding with intensified glow discharge has a great potential as a surface modification method for titanium and titanium alloys.
‘Find out what it means to me’: Aretha Franklin's gendered re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’

In her re-authoring of Otis Redding's ‘Respect’, Aretha Franklin's seminal 1967 recording features striking changes to melodic content, vocal delivery, lyrics and form. Musical analysis and transcription reveal Franklin's re-authoring techniques, which relate to rhetorical strategies of motivated rewriting, talking texts and call-and-response introduced by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. The extent of her re-authoring grants her status as owner of the song and results in a new sonic experience that can be clearly related to the cultural work the song has performed over the past 45 years. Multiple social movements claimed Franklin's ‘Respect’ as their anthem, and her version more generally functioned as a song of empowerment for those who have been marginalised, resulting in the song's complex relationship with feminism. Franklin's ‘Respect’ speaks dialogically with Redding's version as an answer song that gives agency to a female perspective speaking within the language of soul music, which appealed to many audiences.
Solubility of Anthracene in Binary Alkane + 2-Ethoxyethanol Solvent Mixtures at 298.2 K

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in six binary alkane + 2-ethoxyethanol solvent mixtures at 25°C. the alkane cosolvents studied were hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS)/Redlich-Kister and Modified Wilson equations. for the six systems studied, the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS)/Redlich-Kister equation provided the better mathematical representation of the experimental data, with an overall average absolute deviation between measured and calculated values being approximately 0.4%. Slightly larger deviations were noted in the case of the Modified Wilson equation.
ADULT EDUCATION, LANGUAGE CHANGE, AND ISSUES OF IDENTITY AND AUTHENTICITY IN KWARA'AE (SOLOMON ISLANDS)

Less endangered than other languages discussed in this issue, Kwara'ae provides a useful illustration of the early stages of language erosion and the importance of language to cultural survival. We argue that the foundation of a people's identity and cultural authenticity is their culturally shared indigenous epistemology, embodied in and expressed through their heritage language. We examine these points in nonformal adult education workshops aimed at rural villagers.
Activation of Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release Attenuates Delayed Afterdepolarizations in Ventricular Myocytes

Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels are upregulated in ventricular myocytes from human patients and animal models of heart failure (HF). However, their activation mechanism and function in ventricular myocytes remain elusive. We overexpressed SK2 channels in adult rat ventricular myocytes using adenovirus gene transfer to test the hypotheses that activation of SK channels in ventricular myocytes requires calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and that upregulation of SK currents contributes to reducing triggered activity. Simultaneous voltage clamp and confocal calcium imaging experiments in SK2-overexpressing cells demonstrated that depolarizing voltage steps resulted in transient outward currents sensitive to the specific SK channel inhibitor apamin. SR calcium release induced by rapid application of 10 mM caffeine evoked repolarizing SK currents, whereas complete exhaustion of SR calcium stores eliminated SK currents in response to depolarizing voltage steps, despite intact calcium influx through L-type calcium channels. Furthermore, apamin-sensitive SK currents were activated by pro-arrhythmic global spontaneous SR calcium release events (calcium waves, SCWs). Current-clamp experiments demonstrated that SK overexpression reduced the amplitude of delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) resulting from SCWs and shortened action potential duration (APD). Immuno-localization studies revealed that overexpressed SK channels were distributed both at external sarcolemmal membranes and along the Z-lines, resembling the distribution of endogenous SK channels. In summary, SR calcium release is both necessary and sufficient for the activation of SK channels in rat ventricular myocytes. SK currents contribute to repolarization during action potentials and attenuate DADs driven by SCWs. Thus, SK upregulation in HF may have an anti-arrhythmic effect by shortening APD and reducing triggered activity.
Alpha-Galactosyl trisaccharide epitope: Modification of the 6-primary positions and recognition by human anti-αGal antibody

Galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9, GAO) was used to convert the C-6' OH of Galbeta(1 --> 4)Glcbeta-OBn (5) to the corresponding hydrated aldehyde (7). Chemical modification, through dehydratative coupling and reductive amination, gave rise to a small library of Galbeta(1 --> 4)Glcbeta-OBn analogues (9a-f, 10, 11). UDP-[6-(3)H]Gal studies indicated that alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase recognized the C-6' modified Galbeta(1 --> 4)Glcbeta-OBn analogues (9a-f, 10, 11). Preparative scale reactions ensued, utilizing a single enzyme UDP-Gal conversion as well as a dual enzymatic system (GalE and alpha1,3GalT), taking full advantage of the more economical UDP-Glc, giving rise to compounds 6, 15-22. Galalpha(1 --> 3)Galbeta(1 --> 4)Glcbeta-OBn trisaccharide (6) was produced on a large scale (2 g) and subjected to the same chemoenzymatic modification as stated above to produce C-6" modified derivatives (23-30). An ELISA bioassay was performed utilizing human anti-alphaGal antibodies to study the binding affinity of the derivatized epitopes (6, 15-30). Modifications made at the C-6' position did not alter the IgG antibody's ability to recognize the unnatural epitopes. Modifications made at the C-6" position resulted in significant or complete abrogation of recognition. The results indicate that the C-6' OH of the alphaGal trisaccharide epitope is not mandatory for antibody recognition.
Chemical Analysis of USGS Manganese Nodule Reference Samples

Chemical analyses for major and minor constituents are reported for two standard manganese nodule samples available from the U.S. Geological Survey. Description is given of the analytical methods used in the analyses, including gravimetric, titrimetric, and instrumental techniques.
Asynchronous relaxation algorithms

Abstract An analysis is presented of the dynamic responses of nonlinear asynchronous iterations in multiprocessors in terms of the delays and the relaxation parameters. The actual distributed implementation is simulated, for analytical purposes, by means of systems of nonlinear difference equations. Local and global stability analyses of these systems are used to reveal the rich dynamical behavior of chaotic relaxations in the presence of nonlinearities and nonconvexities. We show the effect of the delays and relaxation parameters in the topology of the basins of attraction of different equilibrium points by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions. The occurrence of bifurcation phenomena leading to chaotic behavior is shown. Finally, we study the phenomenon of the appearance of metastable equilibrium points, as functions of the communicational delays among the different processors.
Deformation and flow of membrane into tethers extracted from neuronal growth cones.

Membrane tethers are extracted at constant velocity from neuronal growth cones using a force generated by a laser tweezers trap. A thermodynamic analysis shows that as the tether is extended, energy is stored in the tether as bending and adhesion energies and in the cell body as "nonlocal" bending. It is postulated that energy is dissipated by three viscous mechanisms including membrane flow, slip between the two monolayers that form the bilayer, and slip between membrane and cytoskeleton. The analysis predicts and the experiments show a linear relation between tether force and tether velocity. Calculations based on the analytical results and the experimental measurements of a tether radius of approximately 0.2 micron and a tether force at zero velocity of approximately 8 pN give a bending modulus for the tether of 2.7 x 10(-19) N.m and an extraordinarily small "apparent surface tension" in the growth cone of 0.003 mN/m, where the apparent surface tension is the sum of the far-field, in-plane tension and the energy of adhesion. Treatments with cytochalasin B and D, ethanol, and nocodazole affect the apparent surface tension but not bending. ATP depletion affects neither, whereas large concentrations of DMSO affect both. Under conditions of flow, data are presented to show that the dominant viscous mechanism comes from the slip that occurs when the membrane flows over the cytoskeleton. ATP depletion and the treatment with DMSO cause a dramatic drop in the effective viscosity. If it is postulated that the slip between membrane and cytoskeleton occurs in a film of water, then this water film has a mean thickness of only approximately 10 A.
Prefertilization stimulation of sea urchin eggs can cure radiation-induced mitotic delay

Abstract Mitotic delay resulting from γ-radiation damage to sea urchin sperm can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated, if the eggs are stimulated before fertilization with a dye or a detergent. This ‘cure’ for radiation-induced mitotic delay may be a consequence of an enhanced synthesis of proteins required for the recovery from the radiation damage and/or for normal mitosis.
Printability of extreme ultraviolet lithography mask pattern defects for 22-40 nm half-pitch features

Assessing the printability of EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography mask pattern defects is critical for determining EUV mask patterning, defect metrology, and repair technology requirements. Printability of mask defects at the wafer level depends on defect size, defect shape, defect location, and the line width and pitch of the structure being printed. Earlier reports showed the relationship between the defect size on the mask and the printed critical dimension for 40-70 nm dense lines. Improvements in the EUVL process now enable assessment of mask pattern defect printability for 22-40 nm half-pitch features. We report here the smallest mask pattern defects that printed at different locations in 22-40 nm structures using the Intel Micro-Exposure Tool (MET). Various types of defects such as indentations or protrusions were purposely incorporated into features on an EUV mask. The sizes of the patterned defects on the mask were drawn between 10-250 nm (= 2-50 nm on the wafer). The minimum printable defect size varied by over 100 nm, depending on the defect shape and location.
Polaroids: A new tool in non‐convex and in integer programming

Abstract : The paper presents a generalization, called polaroid, of the concept of polar sets. A list of properties satisfied by polaroids is established indicating that the new concept may be fruitfully used in an area of non-convex (called here polar) programming as well as in integer programming, by means of polaroid cuts; this class of new cuts contains the ones defined by Tuy for concave programming (a special case of polar programming) and by Balas for integer programming; it furthermore provides for new degrees of freedom in the construction of algorithms in the above-mentioned areas of mathematical programming.
Magnetic Susceptibility of Oxygen Adsorbed on Graphite

The susceptibility of oxygen adsorbed on graphite indicates that magnetic transitions are present even in films of submonolayer thickness. This result contrasts with previous work on amorphous oxygen films and strongly supports the supposition that antiferromagnetic order can only be present simultaneously with configurational order.
A NOTE ON WEIGHTED CRITERIA METHODS FOR COMPROMISE SOLUTIONS IN MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

A common multi-objective optimization approach forms the objective function from linearly weighted criteria. It is known that the method can fail to capture Pareto optimal points in a non-convex attainable region. This note considers generalized weighted criteria methods that retain the advantages of the linear method without suffering from this limitation. Compromise programming and a new method with exponentially weighted criteria are evaluated. Demonstration on design problems is included.
Coordinate expression of the PI3-kinase downstream effectors serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK-1) and Akt-1 in human breast cancer

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) signalling pathway has been implicated in breast cancer development and resistance to therapy. Akt-1 and serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK-1) are homologous kinases which are important downstream effectors of PI3-K signalling. We sought to determine the individual expression patterns of these two kinases in order to better understand their respective roles in PI3-K signalling in breast cancer. To this end, we examined the expression of both p-Akt-1 and SGK-1 in 40 breast cancers. p-Akt-1 expression was seen in 58% of tumour samples, while SGK-1 overexpression was detected in 48%. Interestingly, a highly significant association was found between the expression of p-Akt-1 and SGK-1 (P=0.002), suggesting complementary physiological functions in PI3-K signalling. This finding is consistent with recent genetic data from Caenorhabditis elegans suggesting that both SGK-1 and Akt-1 are required for signalling downstream of insulin receptor activation.
Book review essays

Derek Roger and Peter Bull (Eds.), Conversation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 1989. Kathryn Woolard, Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989. Patricia Noller and Mary Anne Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Perspectives on Marital Interaction. Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1988. David Crookall and Danny Saunders (Eds.)? Communication and Simulation: From Two Fields to One Theme. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1988.
Biometric assessment of prostate cancer's metastatic potential

Currently, no protocol exists that can assess the metastatic potential of prostate adenocarcinoma. The reason for this is partly due to the lack of information on cellular changes that result in a tumor cell's becoming metastatic. In this investigation, attempts were made to devise a method that correlated with the metastatic potential of AT-1, Mat-Lu, and Mat-LyLu cell lines of the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system. To accomplish this, we applied BioQuant biometric parameters, i.e., area, shape factor, and cell motility. AT-1 had a lower shape factor and a greater area as compared with the more highly metastatic Mat-Lu subline. No significant difference in area or shape factor was detected between the AT-1 cell line and the highly metastatic Mat-LyLu line. However, the lowly metastatic AT-1 line had less motility as compared with the Mat-Lu and Mat-LyLu lines. This study revealed that metastatic potential could be partially predicted via area and shape factor and accurately predicted via cell motility.
Echocardiographic frequency and severity of aortic regurgitation after ultrasonic aortic valve debridement for aortic stenosis in persons aged > 65 Years

Mechanical debridement of stenotic aortic valves was performed before the availability of prosthetic valves, but was limited by recurrent stenosis.1,2 However, aortic valve debridement remains useful for patients with small aortic annulae unsuitable for a prosthetic valve or with contraindications to anticoagulation. Recently, the use of ultrasonic energy to decalcify the aortic valve successfully relieved obstruction, but aortic regurgitation (AR) developed during short-term follow-up.3–7 This study evaluates the long-term results of ultrasonic aortic valve decalcification for aortic stenosis.
Links between α-catenin, NF-κB, and squamous cell carcinoma in skin

Cancers display a diverse set of cellular defects, which are thought to be elicited by multiple genetic mutations. In this study, we show that when a single adherens junction protein, α-catenin, is removed by conditional targeting, the entire skin epidermis systematically transforms to a hyperproliferative, invasive tissue replete with inflammation. Transcriptional profiling and biochemical analyses reveal that α-catenin ablation is accompanied by activation of NF-κB and its proinflammatory target genes, along with genes involved in proliferation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Many of these alterations occur in vitro and in the embryo, and thus seem at least partly to be intrinsic to the loss of α-catenin. We show that reductions in α-catenin, activation of NF-κB, and inflammation are common features of human squamous cell carcinomas of the skin.
3WNews: who, where, and when in news video

We describe 3WNews as a novel system for browsing news video by the people (who) and locations (where) appearing in the footage as well as the time (when) of news events. The people names, locations, and time expressions are recognized from video transcript and their ambiguous references are resolved. As a key advantage, 3WNews distinguishes the people and locations that actually appear in the video from those merely mentioned in the transcript, and uses them as (better) indexes for browsing. It also supports browsing of news video by event time instead of broadcasting time.
Hepcidin and the Global Burden of Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide. It primarily affects women and children and is particularly prevalent in regions where their diet contains little meat, malaria and intestinal parasites are common, women have many closely spaced pregnancies, and children suffer from diarrheal illnesses (1). Iron deficiency alone or in combination with other forms of malnutrition may impair cognitive development and decrease initiative and physical stamina. On the other hand, iron deficiency may be protective against malaria. Indiscriminate iron supplementation may increase the risk of mortality from malaria and other infections, by mechanisms that are not well understood. Although the optimal strategy for iron supplementation in such settings is not yet established, it makes sense that iron supplementation should be directed only to those children who are known to be iron deficient, will absorb the supplemental iron, and will utilize it to increase their hemoglobin concentrations. Finding a simple, field-friendly diagnostic test that would sensitively and specifically identify children who are most likely to benefit from iron supplementation (and ideally also are least likely to be harmed) has become the Holy Grail of iron-related diagnostics in the global setting. Pasricha et al. (2) have made an important advance in this quest by testing the ability of serum hepcidin measurements to identify iron deficiency in well-characterized blood sample collections from children in areas of the Gambia and Tanzania where malaria is endemic. In addition to conventional diagnostics (serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and soluble transferrin receptor/log serum ferritin) used to define iron deficiency in all children, …
Discovering distal regulatory elements by integrating multiple types of chromatin state maps

While the annotation of human protein-coding sequences is now fairly comprehensive, the identification of regulatory sequences remains difficult. With higher resolution, fewer artifacts and greater coverage, short-read-sequencing-based technologies have made striking impact on genome research. Given the rapid accumulation of genome-wide chromatin state data, there is a pressing need for computational methods to analyze these data. In this paper, we developed a Multiple Layer Perceptron (MLP) framework to predict transcriptional enhancers by integrating multiple types of chromatin state maps, including histone modifications, DNase I cleavage, and DNA methylation. Comparisons with previous work using known enhancers from three cell types suggest that our algorithm is more robust and has higher precision and sensitivity. We anticipate that the new method will be a valuable tool for genome-wide mapping of various DNA regulatory elements in a wide variety of cell types, tissues and growth conditions.
Standard states for the activities of mineral surface sites and species

A standard state commonly used for the activities of surface sites and surface species is the hypothetical 1.0 Molar standard state, which is implied by the use of molarity-based equilibrium constants. An undesirable practical consequence is that the magnitudes of such equilibrium constants are directly dependent on properties of the solid sorbent such as the site density and surface area. For reactions forming binuclear complexes, the magnitudes of the equilibrium constants even depend on the amount of solid. Although widely used, such equilibrium constants cannot be directly compared with each other without correction for differences in the properties or the amount of the solid. In the present study, new more general and useful standard states are proposed, leading to equilibrium constants independent of the surface area, site density, and the amount of the solid sorbent. Analytical relationships between the old and the new standard states enable conversion of equilibrium constants from one standard state to the other. These results have implications for several different types of surface complexation studies, including studies that correlate and compare equilibrium adsorption constants for different solids, sensitivity-analysis studies of the fitting of surface charge data as functions of pH and ionic strength, and studies employing correlations involving aqueous equilibrium constants for the purpose of predicting equilibrium constants for surface reactions.
Effect of Structures on Rheology in a Model Magnetorheological Fluid

The structure dependence of rheology on a model magnetorheological fluid is investigated experimentally. We find that the column-dominated structure formed under slow ramping of the magnetic field has higher dynamic yield stress than the "bent-wall" dominated structure formed under the fast ramping field. The measurement of the shear rate loop under fast ramping shows an abnormal rheological hysteresis. It indicates a shear assisted structural transition from the "bent-wall" dominated structure to a more stable structure. A possible shear-induced structure with circular stripes is suggested.
Pavlovian fear memory circuits and phenotype models of PTSD

Abstract Pavlovian fear conditioning, also known as classical fear conditioning is an important model in the study of the neurobiology of normal and pathological fear. Progress in the neurobiology of Pavlovian fear also enhances our understanding of disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with developing effective treatment strategies. Here we describe how Pavlovian fear conditioning is a key tool for understanding both the neurobiology of fear and the mechanisms underlying variations in fear memory strength observed across different phenotypes. First we discuss how Pavlovian fear models aspects of PTSD. Second, we describe the neural circuits of Pavlovian fear and the molecular mechanisms within these circuits that regulate fear memory. Finally, we show how fear memory strength is heritable; and describe genes which are specifically linked to both changes in Pavlovian fear behavior and to its underlying neural circuitry. These emerging data begin to define the essential genes, cells and circuits that contribute to normal and pathological fear. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’.
Derivations of the Reliability of Components

This paper attempts to resolve the disagreement between Cliff (1988) and Kaiser (e.g., 1991) concerning the reliability of components as estimated by the Kaiser-Guttman rule. It is suggested that the differences result from starting with a definitional formula for reliability in the former as opposed to substituting in a concluding formula in the latter. The length of time during which the formula a was not challenged is remarked
Palladium–gold bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts prepared by “controlled release” from metal-loaded interfacially cross-linked reverse micelles

Interfacially cross-linked reverse micelles (ICRMs) readily accommodated anionic gold and palladium metal salts in their ammonium-lined hydrophilic cores and allowed facile control of the metallic composition, as well as the metal oxides in the vicinity of the metals. Deposition onto a solid support (P25 TiO2) followed by thermal treatment of Pd–Au-containing ICRMs yielded bimetallic nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysts through the controlled release of metals from the ICRMs. The catalysts allowed efficient oxidation of benzyl alcohol under relatively mild conditions with minimal amounts of oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) in water without any organic solvent.
Healthy bodies, social bodies: Men's and women's concepts and practices of health in everyday life

Using interview data from white, middle-class men and women, ages 35-55, the research explores the phenomenological, embodied aspects of health. Health is found to be grounded in a sense of self and a sense of body, both of which are tied to conceptions of past and future actions. Gender is a leitmotif. The body, as the focal point of self-construction as well as health construction, implicates gender in the everyday experience of health. The interplay between health, self, body, and gender at the individual level is linked to the creation of a sense of healthiness in the body politic of society. If social psychological theories of health are to reflect adequately the everyday experience of health, they must begin to take into account the body as individually and socially problematic.
Aging, Resistance Training, and Diabetes Prevention

With the aging of the baby-boom generation and increases in life expectancy, the American population is growing older. Aging is associated with adverse changes in glucose tolerance and increased risk of diabetes; the increasing prevalence of diabetes among older adults suggests a clear need for effective diabetes prevention approaches for this population. The purpose of paper is to review what is known about changes in glucose tolerance with advancing age and the potential utility of resistance training (RT) as an intervention to prevent diabetes among middle-aged and older adults. Age-related factors contributing to glucose intolerance, which may be improved with RT, include improvements in insulin signaling defects, reductions in tumor necrosis factor-α, increases in adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, and reductions in total and abdominal visceral fat. Current RT recommendations and future areas for investigation are presented.
Measurement of an autoionizing triplet state in D2 by photoexcitation of a neutralized ion beam

Abstract Neutralized ion beam techniques have been extended to observe the laser ionization spectrum of the c 3Πu state of D2. The autoionizing triplet→nd Rydberg series has been observed. From the break in the continuous ionization signal the ionization energy of the c 3Πu state is found to be 3.675±0.020 eV.
Core Values vs. Common Sense:Managers Who Highlight Consequences Do Not Appear to Moralize (WITHDRAWN)

An important factor in audiences’ reactions to a manager’s decision is whether she seems to be basing her decision on ethical (as opposed to more prosaic) concerns. This paper identifies the type o...
Ultrafast dynamics of nematic liquid crystals in the isotropic phase

Measurements of orientational relaxation over 6 decades in time have been made on the liquid crystal Methoxy Benzylidene butyl aniline (MBBA) using a Transient Grating Optical Kerr effect experiment (TG-OKE). The Slower dynamics have been shown to fit to Landau-de Gennes modified Debye Stoke Einstein Hydrodynamic equation. The faster dynamics show a power law behavior that is temperature independent for 43 degree(s) above the nematic-isotropic phase transition. The slower dynamics deviate from Landau-de Gennes behavior at the same temperature that the faster dynamics become temperature dependent. This is attributed to the domain size, the factor controlling the slow decay, becoming small enough that the local structure is disturbed. Two possible sets of processes are proposed for the power law dependence of the faster dynamics. A parallel process, the Forster direct transfer model, where there is a distribution of potential surfaces for the system to propagate along and the serial process (or Hierarchically constrained dynamics model) where some degrees of freedom are suppressed unless other degrees of freedom are in particular states. These results are compared to earlier work on pentylcyanobiphenyl(5CB). The same behavior is seen in both 5CB and MBBA.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A direct approach to the determination of the rotational barriers of the acetylcholine and choline molecules

Abstract The temperature dependence of the N.M.R. spectra of choline and acetylcholine as well as those of their β-dideutero analogs was investigated. While broadening of the β-methylene signals was observed at −90°, the coalescence temperature was still not reached at −110°. From this information an upper limit of the rotational barriers around the central methylene carbons of 7.9 kcal could be calculated.
Mazzola's response to Wiggins' position paper

This text contains Mazzola's comments on Geraint A. Wiggins’ position paper Music, mind and mathematics: Theory, reality and formality.
A self-trained classification technique for producing 30 m percent-water maps from Landsat data

Small bodies of water can be mapped with moderate-resolution satellite data using methods where water is mapped as subpixel fractions using field measurements or high-resolution images as training datasets. A new method, developed from a regression-tree technique, uses a 30 m Landsat image for training the regression tree that, in turn, is applied to the same image to map subpixel water. The self-trained method was evaluated by comparing the percent-water map with three other maps generated from established percent-water mapping methods: (1) a regression-tree model trained with a 5 m SPOT 5 image, (2) a regression-tree model based on endmembers and (3) a linear unmixing classification technique. The results suggest that subpixel water fractions can be accurately estimated when high-resolution satellite data or intensively interpreted training datasets are not available, which increases our ability to map small water bodies or small changes in lake size at a regional scale.
The Cumulative Effect of Unemployment on Risks for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background Employment instability is a major source of strain affecting an increasing number of adults in the United States. Little is known about the cumulative effect of multiple job losses and unemployment on the risks for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods We investigated the associations between different dimensions of unemployment and the risks for AMI in US adults in a prospective cohort study of adults (N = 13 451) aged 51 to 75 years in the Health and Retirement Study with biennial follow-up interviews from 1992 to 2010. Unadjusted rates of age-specific AMI were used to demonstrate observed differences by employment status, cumulative number of job losses, and cumulative time unemployed. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the multivariate effects of cumulative work histories on AMI while adjusting for sociodemographic background and confounding risk factors. Results The median age of the study cohort was 62 years, and 1061 AMI events (7.9%) occurred during the 165 169 person-years of observation. Among the sample, 14.0% of subjects were unemployed at baseline, 69.7% had 1 or more cumulative job losses, and 35.1% had spent time unemployed. Unadjusted plots showed that age-specific rates of AMI differed significantly for each dimension of work history. Multivariate models showed that AMI risks were significantly higher among the unemployed (hazard ratio, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.10-1.66]) and that risks increased incrementally from 1 job loss (1.22 [1.04-1.42]) to 4 or more cumulative job losses (1.63 [1.29-2.07]) compared with no job loss. Risks for AMI were particularly elevated within the first year of unemployment (hazard ratio, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.01-1.60]) but not thereafter. Results were robust after adjustments for multiple clinical, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors. Conclusions Unemployment status, multiple job losses, and short periods without work are all significant risk factors for acute cardiovascular events.
Pharmacological aspects of selected herbs employed in hispanic folk medicine in the san luis valley of colorado, USA: II. Asclepias asperula (inmortal) and Achillea lanulosa (plumajillo)

Interviews with Hispanic families in the San Luis Valley of Colorado revealed that several herbs, including Asclepias asperula (inmortal) and Achillea lanulosa (plumajillo), are popular ingredients in Hispanic folk medicine preparations. A review of the scientific literature indicates that related species of Asclepias asperula and Achillea lanulosa contain pharmacologically active compounds; these data serve as the focal point for continuing ethnopharmacologic investigation at the University of Colorado School of Pharmacy.