cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restrained Dendritic Growth of Adult-Born Granule Cells Innervated by Transplanted Fetal GABAergic Interneurons in Mice with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

The dentate gyrus (DG) is a region of the adult rodent brain that undergoes continuous neurogenesis. Seizures and loss or dysfunction of GABAergic synapses onto adult-born dentate granule cells (GCs) alter their dendritic growth and migration, resulting in dysmorphic and hyperexcitable GCs. Additionally, transplants of fetal GABAergic interneurons in the DG of mice with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) result in seizure suppression, but it is unknown whether increasing interneurons with these transplants restores GABAergic innervation to adult-born GCs. Here, we address this question by birth-dating GCs with retrovirus at different times up to 12 weeks after pilocarpine-induced TLE in adult mice. Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-expressing medial-ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived GABAergic interneurons from embryonic day (E)13.5 mouse embryos were transplanted into the DG of the TLE mice and GCs with transplant-derived inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) were identified by patch-clamp electrophysiology and optogenetic interrogation. Putative synaptic sites between GCs and GABAergic transplants were also confirmed by intracellular biocytin staining, immunohistochemistry, and confocal imaging. 3D reconstructions of dendritic arbors and quantitative morphometric analyses were carried out in >150 adult-born GCs. GABAergic inputs from transplanted interneurons correlated with markedly shorter GC dendrites, compared to GCs that were not innervated by the transplants. Moreover, these effects were confined to distal dendritic branches and a short time window of six to eight weeks. The effects were independent of seizures as they were also observed in naive mice with MGE transplants. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that increased inhibitory currents over a smaller dendritic arbor in adult-born GCs may reduce their excitability and lead to seizure suppression.
P-190 Transforming palliative day services to improve access and quality for patients, carers and staff

Background Pressures on hospice resources are ever increasing and innovative approaches to service provision are needed to meet demand in a timely manner while maintaining a quality service (National Palliative and End of Life Care Partnership, 2015; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2017). Following service feedback and literature review we reconfigured day services to run a closed self-management group for patients with fatigue, anxiety and breathlessness, to create capacity and enhance patient experience (Galdas, Fell, Bower et al., 2015; Bradley, Frizelle & Johnson, 2011; Low, Perry & Wilkinson, 2005). We are evaluating the effect of this on patient satisfaction and service delivery. Aims Evaluate effectiveness of service transformation from individual breathlessness management clinics to the delivery of closed, interdisciplinary, mixed diagnosis, self-management groups for patients and carers. Methods October to December 2016: Literature review, feedback analysis, service review, model design, internal consultation, marketing and recruitment, patient information pack created. January 2017: Pilot group. February 2017: Commenced delivery of FAB group. IPOS was used as an outcome measure alongside a non-standardised patient feedback form. Early 2018: Results were analysed after one year of repeated programmes. Results Increase in patient contact hours from 80 to 441 hours annually, 220.5 hours per staff member, a 176% increase. Broadened service provision to address more diverse conditions, with a 125% increase in contact time per patient. Interdisciplinary working enabled staff up-skilling and multi-professional support for patients. Qualitative feedback (non-standardised form): 100% positive from patients, carers and partner organisations/referrers. Quantitative feedback (IPOS): limited and biased due to attrition and response shift. ‘Views on care’ was added following one year analysis, as a further evaluation tool. Conclusions Interdisciplinary groupwork offers many benefits to service users and palliative care providers in terms of expanding service provision and enhancing patient experience within limited resources. Quantitative outcome measurement in educative palliative care programmes is problematic and evaluation of tools from the OACC suite is ongoing.
Indiana Civil Legal Needs Study and Legal Aid System Scan

This project was a partnership between the Indiana Coalition for Court Access and the Indiana University Public Policy Institute and Indiana University Maurer School of Law's Center for Law, Society & Culture. Additional support was provided by the Indiana Bar Foundation.
A Phase I Study of Binimetinib (MEK162) Combined with Pexidartinib (PLX3397) in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Lessons learned The combination of pexidartinib and binimetinib was safe and tolerable and demonstrated encouraging signs of efficacy in two patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) refractory to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).Molecular profiling of GISTs at diagnosis and upon progression may provide insight into the mechanisms of response or resistance to targeted therapies.Additional trials are needed to further explore combined KIT and MEK inhibition in treatment-naive and TKI-refractory patients with advanced GIST. Background Nearly all patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) develop resistance to imatinib, and subsequent treatments have limited efficacy. Dual inhibition of KIT and MAPK pathways has synergistic antitumor activity in preclinical GIST models. Methods This was an investigator-initiated, phase I, dose escalation study of the MEK inhibitor binimetinib combined with pexidartinib, a potent inhibitor of CSF1R, KIT, and FLT3, in patients with advanced or metastatic GIST who progressed on imatinib. The primary endpoint was phase II dose determination; secondary endpoints included safety, tolerability, and efficacy. An expansion cohort to further evaluate safety and efficacy was planned. Results Two patients were treated at dose level one (binimetinib 30 mg b.i.d. and pexidartinib 400 mg every morning and 200 mg every evening), after which the study was terminated by the manufacturer. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were reported, and treatment was well tolerated. The only grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was asymptomatic elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Both patients had a best response of stable disease (SD) by RECIST. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.1 and 14.6 months, respectively, in one patient with five prior lines of therapy. The second patient with NF1-mutant GIST had a 27% decrease in tumor burden by RECIST and remains on study after 19 months of treatment. Conclusion Pexidartinib combined with binimetinib was tolerable, and meaningful clinical activity was observed in two imatinib-refractory patients.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices relevant to zoonotic disease reporting and infection prevention practices among veterinarians - Arizona, 2015.

Abstract Veterinarians play a crucial role in zoonotic disease detection in animals and prevention of disease transmission; reporting these zoonoses to public health officials is an important first step to protect human and animal health. Evidence suggests veterinarians and their staff are at higher risk for exposure to zoonoses because of possible interactions with infected animals. We examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinarians regarding zoonotic disease reporting to public health agencies and associated infection prevention (IP) practices such as personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and the need for targeted education and outreach for veterinarians in Arizona. An online questionnaire was developed and distributed by email in September 2015 and was available through November 2015 to all 1,100 members of the Arizona Veterinary Medical Association. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed. In total, 298 (27%) veterinarians from all 15 Arizona counties completed the survey; the majority (70%) were female, practiced small animal medicine (84%), and reported practicing veterinary medicine for ≥10 years (75%). Only 57% reported they knew when to report a suspected zoonotic disease and 60% reported they knew how to make that type of report. The majority said they would report rabies (97%), plague (96%), and highly pathogenic avian influenza (91%) to a state agency. Most respondents reported using PPE (e.g., masks, face shields, and gloves) when performing a surgical procedure (96%) or necropsy (94%), although fewer reported using PPE for handling clinically ill animals (37%) or healthy animals (17%). Approximately 70% reported always using PPE when in contact with animal birthing fluids, urine, or feces, and 47% for contact with animal blood, saliva, or other body fluids. Veterinarians who agreed that they knew the appropriate actions to protect themselves from zoonotic disease exposures were more likely to report always washing their hands before eating or drinking at work (OR = 3.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.97–7.35], P P
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Primary Infection and Dissemination: A Critical Role for Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Globally, tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, despite the use of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and intensive attempts to improve upon BCG or develop new vaccines. Two lacunae in our understanding of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)-host pathogenesis have mitigated the vaccine efforts; the bacterial-host interaction that enables successful establishment of primary infection and the correlates of protection against TB. The vast majority of vaccine efforts are based on the premise that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is the predominating mode of protection against TB. However, studies in animal models and in humans demonstrate that post-infection, a period of several weeks precedes the initiation of CMI during which the few inhaled bacteria replicate dramatically and disseminate systemically. The "Trojan Horse" mechanism, wherein M. tb is phagocytosed and transported across the alveolar barrier by infected alveolar macrophages has been long postulated as the sole, primary M. tb:host interaction. In the current review, we present evidence from our studies of transcriptional profiles of M. tb in sputum as it emerges from infectious patients where the bacteria are in a quiescent state, to its adaptations in alveolar epithelial cells where the bacteria transform to a highly replicative and invasive phenotype, to its maintenance of the invasive phenotype in whole blood to the downregulation of invasiveness upon infection of epithelial cells at an extrapulmonary site. Evidence for this alternative mode of infection and dissemination during primary infection is supported by in vivo, in vitro cell-based, and transcriptional studies from multiple investigators in recent years. The proposed alternative mechanism of primary infection and dissemination across the alveolar barrier parallels our understanding of infection and dissemination of other Gram-positive pathogens across their relevant mucosal barriers in that barrier-specific adhesins, toxins, and enzymes synergize to facilitate systemic establishment of infection prior to the emergence of CMI. Further exploration of this M. tb:non-phagocytic cell interaction can provide alternative approaches to vaccine design to prevent infection with M. tb and not only decrease clinical disease but also decrease the overwhelming reservoir of latent TB infection.
Cultural Issues in Response to Young Children’s Illnesses, Chronic Conditions, Malformations, and Their Management

Disease and illness, whether acute or chronic, is an inherent process to existence. From the very post-conceptional stage, the developing human being is necessarily at risk for disease. Hence, both in utero and ex utero (pre- and postnatal) life carries a risk for disease and ever-growing evidence of communicable and noncommunicable illnesses. As such, the existence of identical conditions across cultures provides insight into a varied perception and interpretation of their presence as conditioned by individual social and cultural factors. These variations in the interpretations and response to illness display wide variability in both their quantity (or intensity) and their quality—what is tolerable and intolerable. Some conditions induce guilt or lead to spiritual/religious attributions, powers or are seen as a punishment, among others. This chapter explores the cultural factors involved and implications of global conditions and the contrast between traditional and Westernized responses malformations and other chronic health conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the response to complex chronic and genetic conditions vis-a-vis the ever-growing availability of prenatal diagnosis across cultural settings.
δ-Related Biomarkers Attenuate Multiple Alzheimer's Disease Conversion Risks and Offer Targets for Intervention.

BACKGROUND We tested certain serum proteins' ability to mediate the effects of demographic variables on prospective 5-year conversion to clinical "Alzheimer's disease" from non-demented states (i.e. normal control and mild cognitive impairment). The proteins were rationally selected from previously published mediators of those same variables' (plural posessive) association with the latent variable "δ," a novel omnibus dementia severity metric. METHODS Each protein's attenuation of its risk factor's independent association with conversion was performed using logistic regression, adjusted for education, ethnicity, self-reported diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, among initially non-demented Mexican American and non-Hispanic white (N = 772) participants in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium. RESULTS A total of 70 (9.1%) non-demented participants at baseline converted to "Alzheimer's disease", with a mean follow-up of 5.4 years. Age >80 years (odds ratio = 3.1), 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale >10/30 (odds ratio = 2.3), female gender (odds ratio = 2.2), and the presence of an apolipoprotein E e4 allele (odds ratio = 2.4) were independently associated with prospective conversion. These effects were fully attenuated by five serum proteins: age: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor 1; depression: resistin; gender: thrombopoietin; and apolipoprotein E: C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Clinical dementia arises from the sum of independent δ-related processes. This analysis provides proof of concept for the rational selection of antidementia targets and offers a foundation for precision antidementia therapy.
Predicting cardiac arrest in the emergency department

In-hospital cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of death: roughly 300,000 in-hospital cardiac arrests occur each year in the United States, ≈10% of which occur in the emergency department. ED-based cardiac arrest may represent a subset of in-hospital cardiac arrest with a higher proportion of reversible etiologies and a higher potential for neurologically intact survival. Patients presenting to the ED have become increasingly complex, have a high burden of critical illness, and face crowded departments with thinly stretched resources. As a result, patients in the ED are vulnerable to unrecognized clinical deterioration that may lead to ED-based cardiac arrest. Efforts to identify patients who may progress to ED-based cardiac arrest have traditionally been approached through identification of critically ill patients at triage and the identification of patients who unexpectedly deteriorate during their stay in the ED. Interventions to facilitate appropriate triage and resource allocation, as well as earlier identification of patients at risk of deterioration in the ED, could potentially allow for both prevention of cardiac arrest and optimization of outcomes from ED-based cardiac arrest. This review will discuss the epidemiology of ED-based cardiac arrest, as well as commonly used approaches to predict ED-based cardiac arrest and highlight areas that require further research to improve outcomes for this population.
UNCERTAINTY TOLERANCE IN THE PROCESS OF COMMANDER’S DECISION-MAKING

The uncertainty tolerance is an example of a phenomenon, the value of which is increasing in all spheres of modern life. In the article, uncertainty tolerance is interpreted through the prism of the concept of authoritarian individuality, dispositional models and algorithms for managerial decision-making. Semantically, uncertainty tolerance and intolerance are decoded by the authors as a personality trait, socio-psychological setting, cognitive-perceptual formation, and as a potential source of threat. It was found that uncertainty tolerance is a multiplicity of complex reactions that have a situation-specific variable. With this approach, the future of the individual is perceived as a source of discomfort, potential danger, and causes feelings of fear, anxiety, and uncertainty. On the contrary, a person with a high level of uncertainty tolerance understands the future as an opportunity to get new experience. 85 officers-trainees of Ivan Chernyakhovsky National Defense University of Ukraine participated in our study. It was defined that the subjects of uncertainty, which is mainly caused by the complexity of the situation, are experiencing negative emotions and stress. We identified two types of coping strategies among the ways of overcoming uncertainty: problem-oriented and emotionally-oriented. Uncertainty factors that have a significant influence on the commander’s decision-making process and basic behavioural strategies to reduce the impact of uncertainty on the decision-making were investigated. It was found out that it is important for the decision-maker to develop the ability to regulate the course of his mental states. The article concludes that uncertainty enables a commander to obtain, find and implement a solution, which does not come from his life experience, but, in turn, unlocks his potential. On the contrary, a constant desire for certainty often leads, at the same time, to static, stagnant, "vicious circle" past mistakes.
The Missing Female Homunculus

The somatosensory homunculus shows a deformed human figure that illustrates the proportion of the brain devoted to the sense of touch in each part of the body. Originally based on Penfield’s brain ...
COMPARISON OF RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR DISPERSED PULSE DETECTION

Impulsive radio-frequency signals from astronomical sources are dispersed by the frequency-dependent index of refraction of the interstellar media and so appear as chirped signals when they reach Earth. Searches for dispersed impulses have been limited by false detections due to radio-frequency interference (RFI) and, in some cases, artifacts of the instrumentation. Many authors have discussed techniques to excise or mitigate RFI in searches for fast transients, but comparisons between different approaches are lacking. This work develops RFI mitigation techniques for use in searches for dispersed pulses, employing data recorded in a "Fly's Eye" mode of the Allen Telescope Array as a test case. We gauge the performance of several RFI mitigation techniques by adding dispersed signals to data containing RFI and comparing false alarm rates at the observed signal-to-noise ratios of the added signals. We find that Huber filtering is most effective at removing broadband interferers, while frequency centering is most effective at removing narrow frequency interferers. Neither of these methods is effective over a broad range of interferers. A method that combines Huber filtering and adaptive interference cancelation provides the lowest number of false positives over the interferers considered here. The methods developed here have application to other searches for dispersed pulses in incoherent spectra, especially those involving multiple beam systems.
China's Peaceful Development and Global Climate Change: A Legal Perspective

At the beginning of the new century, China's President, Mr. Hu Jintao, presented the strategy of 'peaceful development'. Based on an objective analysis of the evolution of China and a summary of the experiences and lessons of great powers around the world, as well as more general international trends, he clarified the direction of China's development. 'Peaceful development' is a significant choice for China's development strategy in the context of globalisation and a serious Chinese commitment in response to doubts and concerns with its rise in the international arena.
IL-10 receptor blockade delivered simultaneous with BCG vaccination sustains long term protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice

Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization still remains the best vaccination strategy available to control the development of active tuberculosis (TB). Protection afforded by BCG vaccination gradually wanes over time and while booster strategies have promise, they remain under development. An alternative approach is to improve BCG efficacy through host-directed therapy. Building upon prior knowledge that blockade of interleukin-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection improves and extends control of M.tb infection in mice, we employed a combined anti-IL-10R1/BCG vaccine strategy. A subcutaneous, single vaccination of BCG/αIL10-R1 increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells, and reduced TH1 and TH17 cytokine levels in the lung for up to 7 weeks post vaccination. Subsequent M.tb challenge in mice showed both an early (4 week) and sustained long-term (47 week) control of infection, which was associated with increased survival. In contrast, protection of BCG/saline vaccinated mice waned 8 weeks post M.tb infection. Our findings demonstrate that a single and simultaneous vaccination with BCG/αIL10-R1 sustains long-term protection, identifying a promising approach to enhance and extend the current BCG mediated protection against TB.
Radical versus partial nephrectomy and survival from stage T1 renal cell carcinoma in three prospective cohorts

Background: Whether or not a survival difference exists between radical and partial nephrectomy for stage T1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is controversial. We therefore aimed to evaluate cancer-specific, other cause, and overall survival among patients undergoing radical or partial nephrectomy for stage pT1 RCC. Materials and methods: We identified 330 participants with pT1a-b RCC diagnosed between 2000-2015 in three prospective cohort studies and compared treatment with radical nephrectomy (N=196) versus partial nephrectomy (N=134). The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were other-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to visualize overall survival for the two treatment groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was utilized to compare outcomes between groups, and Fine and Gray competing risks regression was used to compare cancer-specific and other cause mortality between groups. Multivariable models adjusted for age, tumor size, sex, year of diagnosis, body mass index, history of smoking, history of hypertension, surgical technique, and pathological differentiation. Results: During a median follow-up of eight years, overall survival was 84%. We did not detect a statistically significant difference in overall survival between partial and radical nephrectomy (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.84, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.40-1.78). There was no significant difference in cause-specific or other cause mortality between groups. This study had 80% power to detect an HR ≥2.20. Conclusions: These results did not suggest a difference in long-term survival outcomes between radical and partial nephrectomy.
Family History Is Not Useful in Screening Children for Dyslexia

Accurate and efficient early screening is important for providing effective early intervention for dyslexic readers. While family history is often considered a contributing risk factor for dyslexia, some have suggested that it could serve as a proxy for identification of dyslexia. We examined the classification accuracy of family history as a screening measure for dyslexia using an epidemiologic sample of 398 children followed from age 5 through adulthood. Sensitivity of family history for predicting dyslexia was unacceptably low for all family member groups. Moreover, results from receiver operating characteristic curves indicate that predicting dyslexia using family history does not improve the value of using an evidence-based early screening measure alone. Together, these analyses indicate that family history is inadequate as a screening measure for dyslexia; and thus, the use of positive family history as a proxy for dyslexia is unwarranted.
Hybrid Systems to Boost EEG-Based Real-Time Action Decoding in Car Driving Scenarios

The complexity of concurrent cerebral processes underlying driving makes such human behaviour one of the most studied real-world activities in neuroergonomics. Several attempts have been made to decode, both offline and online, cerebral activity during car driving with the ultimate goal to develop brain-based systems for assistive devices. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the cornerstone of these studies providing the highest temporal resolution to track those cerebral processes underlying overt behaviour. Particularly when investigating real-world scenarios as driving, EEG is constrained by factors such as robustness, comfortability, and high data variability affecting the decoding performance. Hence, additional peripheral signals can be combined with EEG for increasing replicability and the overall performance of the brain-based action decoder. In this regard, hybrid systems have been proposed for the detection of braking and steering actions in driving scenarios to improve the predictive power of the single neurophysiological measurement. These recent results represent a proof of concept of the level of technological maturity. They may pave the way for increasing the predictive power of peripheral signals, such as electroculogram and electromyography, collected in real-world scenarios when informed by EEG measurements, even if collected only offline in standard laboratory settings. The promising usability of such hybrid systems should be further investigated in other domains of neuroergonomics.
Cubic Carbon (Diamond)

Publisher Summary Diamond is essentially classified into four types depending on its optical and electrical properties. Common to each type is an absorption band in the 2 to 6 μm infrared region, which is because of a multiphonon absorption. Most natural diamonds are of type Ia. The ultraviolet absorption edge of type Ia diamonds is at about 291 nm. Synthetic diamonds are type Ib and contain nitrogen as an impurity in a dispersed form. Type IIa diamonds are effectively free of nitrogen and exhibit only the intrinsic 2 to 6 μm absorption. The ultraviolet absorption edge is at about 222 nm. Therefore, type IIa diamonds exhibit the optical properties best suited for infrared optical components. Optical components with flat surfaces can be produced to specification from diamond. It is also possible to produce diamond Fresnel lenses, diffraction gratings, and other components with flat surface patterns. The index of refraction of diamond sensitively depends on the properties of the crystal. The crystal internal structure, defects, impurities, and mechanical inclusions can also alter the index.
Multirate Identification; A Multiple Model Parameterization

Unlike parameterisations of single rate systems, we note that every multirate system cannot be parameterized using a single model. Using a lifting strategy, a parameterized set of models can be developed for SISO and MIMO systems. We develop an algorithm to calculate the number of models required for the SISO and MIMO multi-rate systems. Using the multiple model result, a least squares identification procedure provides the required model parameters.
Performance analysis of a frame sync algorithm for uncoded PSK telemetry

The optimum procedure for locating a frame sync word periodically inserted in uncoded binary data received over a binary symmetric channel is based on the Hamming distance metric. In this paper, a practical frame sync acquisition and maintenance algorithm is described, and its performance is analyzed. Specifically, with respect to this algorithm, an upper bound on the probability of false sync acquisition, the mean time to sync acquisition, and the subsequent mean time to loss of sync are computed for arbitrary bit error rates, frame lengths, sync word lengths, and algorithm parameters.
Research on photosynthetic reaction centers from 1932 to 1987.

The history of research on photosynthetic reaction centers is outlined, starting with the implication of their existence through the discovery of the photosynthetic unit, as reported by R. Emerson and W. Arnold in 1932, and culminating in the crystallization and X-ray analysis of the anoxygenic bacterial reaction centers, reported by J. Deisenhofer, H. Michel, and coworkers, over the period 1982–1987. Reaction centers of purple photosynthetic bacteria have received the most attention because they have been well purified and characterized. Structures of cyanobacterial reaction centers of Photosystems I and II are now available from the laboratories of H. Witt and W. Saenger.
Distribution of Cytochrome c Peroxidase Activity in Wild-Type and Petite Cells of Bakers' Yeast Grown Aerobically and Anaerobically

Studies of mitochondrial biogenesis in yeast have been hampered by a lack of suitable membrane markers in anaerobically grown cells subsequently grown in air. Cytochrome c peroxidase activity and subcellular location was studied to determine whether it would be a useful marker for an analysis of mitochondrial formation. Cytochemical tests revealed enzyme reaction product on all mitochondrial membranes in aerobically grown wild-type cells. Anaerobically grown wild-type and all petite cultures contained cytochrome c peroxidase cytochemical reaction deposits on abundant cytoplasmic membranes and on the few mitochondrial profiles which also were seen in the electron photomicrographs. Biochemical studies corroborated the cytochemistry because mitochondrial fractions were greatly enriched in cytochrome c peroxidase activity for aerobically grown wild-type cultures, but petite and anaerobically grown wild-type cultures showed higher enzyme activities in supernatant fractions than was present in the corresponding particulate fractions after differential centrifugation. Evidence from low-temperature microspectroscopy, spectrophotometric assays of mitochondrial enzyme activities, and electron microscopy showed mitochondrial formation during the time required for preparation and lysis of spheroplasts from anaerobically grown cultures. The data were interpreted as indicating that cytochrome c peroxidase was an oxygen-inducible enzyme, and that there was a developmental relationship between enzyme-reactive membranes of mitochondria and cytoplasm during the period of respiratory adaptation.
To live and die in L.A. County: neighborhood economic and social context and premature age-specific mortality rates among Latinos.

Abstract This ecological study compares the utility of neighborhood economic, social, and co-ethnic concentration characteristics in explaining mortality among Latinos aged 25–64 due to all causes and heart disease in Los Angeles County from 2000 to 2004. Results indicate that local economic well-being and social resources are beneficial for both outcomes to varying degrees. Economic well-being is the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality rates among Latinos aged 25–64 and was the only characteristic that significantly predicted heart disease mortality among those aged 45–64. Among social resources, results indicate collective efficacy is comparatively more important for mortality in younger adults. Social interaction was associated with lower mortality but the effect was not significant for any outcome. Co-ethnic concentration was consistently associated with increased mortality, but only achieved significance for all-cause mortality in younger adults. This effect was mediated by neighborhood income. Though social resources appear to be beneficial to a lesser extent, results suggest policy should first aim to address income disparities across local communities.
Potassium exchangeability, potassium permeability, and membrane potential: some observations in relation to protein synthesis in the early echinoderm embryo.

Abstract In the sea urchin embryo the membrane potential undergoes a large hyperpolarization within 30–40 min after fertilization (from approximately −10 to −70 mV, inside negative). This is due to an increase in potassium permeability. Parallel to this is an increase in the exchangeability of internal K with the external medium, indicating an alteration in the internal compartmentalization of K. The ability of the embryos to incorporate labeled amino acid precursor into protein also increases during this period. It has been suggested that the membrane potential may regulate synthetic events within the cell. We have approached this question in the sea urchin embryo by investigating the relationships between membrane potential, membrane permeability, K compartmentalization, and protein synthesis. We have observed the following. Inhibition of the change in membrane potential by high K does not alter the ability of preloaded or pulse-labeled cells to incorporate labeled amino acid precursor. This suggests that the increase in membrane potential, per se, is not a direct regulatory factor for protein synthesis in these cells. Inhibition of the membrane potential change also does not block the decompartmentalization of intracellular K nor the increase in permeability to K. Furthermore, decompartmentalization of K is not an immediate event upon fertilization, and its gradual increase correlates in time with the increased ability to incorporate labeled precursor into protein.
Sleeping dogs of the genome

Retrotransposons have a way of staying under the radar. These mobile DNA elements are well-known agents of genome instability and evolution but are mostly thought of as oddities occasionally associated with an interesting phenotype or worse, because of their high copy number, confound the analysis of genome sequences. However, as much as two-thirds or more of the human genome is derived from repetitive sequences ( 1 ). Most of these are retrotransposon sequences that were active in the distant evolutionary past and are now present as fossils that litter our genomes. But this image belies the damage that can be wreaked by evolutionarily recent transposable elements.
The number of convex topologies on a finite totally ordered set

We give an algorithm to find the number Tcvx(n) of convex topologies on a totally ordered set X with n elements, and present these numbers for n ≤ 10. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A10, 54F05, 06F30, 05A15.
TRANSITION OF TYPE-I SUPERCONDUCTING THIN FILMS IN A PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC FIELD: A MICROWAVE STUDY.

Microwave resistance measurements which were undertaken to seek direct evidence for the existence of the mixed state in thin type-I films are described. The measurements were for the most part confined to indium films. The observed change in the microwave resistance of the films as a function of magnetic field applied perpendicular to the surface is, in detail, similar to reported surface resistance measurements on bulk type-II superconductors. This includes the intrinsic hysteresis observed below ${H}_{c2}$ and the existence of a superconducting surface layer at the edge of the film which presists to ${H}_{c3}$.
Doppler-free saturation fluorescence spectroscopy of Na atoms for atmospheric application.

The well-known theory of absorption and fluorescence is briefly reviewed in a systematic manner for the Na D transitions. The resulting formalism is applied to simulation of Doppler-free saturation fluorescence spectra. With only one adjusting parameter, the nonradiative rate chosen to represent the time a thermal atom takes to move across the laser beams, the simulated Doppler-free spectra match the measured ones well for both D1 and D2 transitions over one decade of excitation intensities. Relative to the weighted center of the six D2 hyperfine transition lines, the frequencies of the dominant Doppler-free features have been determined from a simulated spectrum to within ±0.1 MHz to be −651.4, 187.8, and 1068.0 MHz, respectively, for D2a, crossover, and D2b resonances. These features may be used as accurate frequency references for atmospheric spectroscopy. They are essential for the operation of the newly developed narrow-band Na fluorescence lidar for wind and temperature measurements in the mesopause region.
On Rhetoric as Gift/Giving

In this essay, I explore the possibilities of rhetoric as gift. I begin with the Ho meric gift economy and the rhetorical resources of this economy.1 My use of "economy" here is not reducible to a monetary exchange system, but rather a more general system of practices orchestrating cultural identity and relations. As Georges Bataille suggests, studying a general economy may hold the key to all the problems posed by every discipline (1991, 10). For Bataille everything from geophysics to political economy, by way of sociology, history, and biology, to psychology, philosophy, art, literature, and poetry has an essential connec tion with economy. So, too, rhetoric. Henry Johnstone once defined rhetoric as the art of getting attention (1990, 334). We cannot attend to everything at once, so something must call our attention, invite our focus, and this something is rhetoric. Rhetoric's desire to dispose its audience to invest in the object of attention connects rhetoric to economy. Rhetoric can be said to enact a disposi tion to invest, or a cathexis, a certain kind of savings. As such it is subject to economic movements and displacements, a dimension seen as well through Lyotard's figure of the dispositif (1993, x). My use of "gift" here draws broadly from work in anthropology and philosophy on "the gift" starting with Marcel Mauss's groundbreaking anthro pological work on archaic gift cultures. Mauss argues that as far back as we can go in the history of human civilizations, the major transfer of goods has been by cycles of gift-exchange. Each gift is part of a system of reciprocity in which the honor of the giver and recipient are engaged. That every gift must be met with a return gift, even if delayed, sets up a perpetual cycle of exchanges within and between cultures. In'some cycles the return is equal to the gift, producing stable systems. However, in some cycles the return exceeds the gift. Such excess creates a competitive generosity, an escalating contest for honor. Mauss's work shows there are no free gifts: a gift economy creates for members permanent commitments that articulate the dominant institutions of law, politics, culture, and interpersonal relations. The theory of the gift is a theory of human solidarity.
Photocurrent of 1 eV GaInNAs lattice-matched to GaAs

Abstract The spectral photocurrent response, or quantum efficiency, of GaInNAs lattice-matched to GaAs with a bandgap of 1 eV has been measured in an electrochemical cell in order to optimize material quality for use in a multijunction solar cell lattice-matched to GaAs or Ge. GaInNAs with about 3% nitrogen grown by MOVPE using dimethylhydrazine as a nitrogen source was found to be p-type with hole concentrations of about 1×10 17 cm −3 , possibly due to unintentional carbon doping as observed by SIMS. This unintentionally doped material typically had up to 20% internal quantum efficiencies and an absorption coefficient of about 10 000 cm −1 , 200 meV above the bandedge. By doping the material with Si, Se, or Zn, we find that the quantum efficiency is strongly correlated with the carrier concentration because the quantum efficiency is limited by the junction depletion width rather than the bulk minority carrier diffusion length. Low minority carrier lifetimes and mobilities both appear to contribute to these short diffusion lengths. We have observed significant increases in temperature dependent Hall mobilities and photoluminescence intensities due to changes in growth conditions and post-growth anneals.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear Volterra integral equations

In Section 2 we establish the existence of solutions to (1.1) and to related equations (Theorems 2.1 and 2.3). In contrast with previous papers (e.g., [7]) we do not assume that A is m-accretive. Instead we require A to satisfy a weaker cone condition. Certain other facts are also included in this section. Throughout this paper we also assume that b is completely positive [6]. In the third section we present two mean ergodic theorems for the solutions of (1.1) in Hilbert space. The first theorem (Theorem 3.1) deals with weak almost convergence and the second (Theorem 3.4) with strong almost convergence. These results improve upon those of [ 1 ] and include the known results for nonlinear semigroups [ 191. It is important to establish almost convergence because it then follows that the solution is summed by every strongly regular kernel (Corollaries 3.3 and 3.5). A weak convergence criterion (Corollary 3.2) is also obtained. If the Banach space X is reflexive and strictly convex, and 0 E R(A), then
Substitution and Intramolecular Rearrangement of trans‐[ReO(X)(acac2en/pn)]0/+ (X = OH2 or Cl−) to Yield Asymmetric cis‐[ReO(Y)(acac2en/pn)] Complexes with Cyanide and Thiocyanate

Asymmetric Re(V) oxo complexes of the type cis‐[ReO(Y)(acac2en/pn)] (Y = CN−, NCS−) were generated from the symmetric precursors trans‐[ReO(X)(acac2en/pn)]0/+ (X = H2O, Cl−) by reaction with cyanide and thiocyanate. The products were characterized using standard spectroscopic methods, elemental analyses and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystallographic data for the structures reported are as follows: cis‐[ReO(NCS)(acac2pn)] (H20C14N3O3SRe), 1, monoclinic (P21/n), a = 8.0047(6) A, b = 13.6118(10) A, c = 30.597(2) A, β = 96.571(1)°, V = 3311.9(4) A3, Z = 8; cis‐[ReO(CN)(acac2pn)] (H20C14N3O3Re), 2, monoclinic (P21/n), a = 9.5139(12) A, b = 14.0625(18) A, c = 12.2343(3) A, = 107.286(2)°, V = 1562.9(3) A3, Z = 4; cis‐[ReO(NCS)(acac2en)] (H18C13N3O3SRe), 3, monoclinic (P21/c), a = 17.1965(19) A, b = 12.7416(14) A, c = 15.7270(17) A, = 110.589(2)°, V = 3225.9(6) A3, Z = 8. The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge financial support from DOE grants DE‐FG02‐93ER61661 (JLG) and DE‐FG2‐01ER63192 (HP...
Virtual media (Vmedia) access protocol and its application in interactive image browsing

In this work, we propose a virtual media (Vmedia) access protocol for interactive image browsing over the Internet. Vmedia is a multimedia communication protocol in a server-client environment. It enables the access and delivery of segments of media, and manages the delivered media segments with a local Vmedia cache. An interactive JPEG 2000 image browser is implemented with Vmedia. The image is compressed with JPEG 2000 into one single bitstream and put on the server. In the interactive browsing process, the user specifies a region of interest (ROI) with a certain spatial and resolution constraint. The Vmedia browser only downloads the media segments covering the current ROI, and the download is performed in a progressive fashion so that a coarse view of the ROI can be rendered very quickly and then gradually refined as more and more bits arrive. In the case of switch of ROI, e.g., zooming in/out or panning around, the Vmedia browser will use existing media segments in cache to quickly render a coarse view of the new ROI, and in the same time, request a new set of media segments corresponding to the updated ROI. Vmedia greatly improves the browsing experience of large images over slow networks.
Detrital zircons from fluvial Jurassic strata of the Michigan basin: Implications for the transcontinental Jurassic paleoriver hypothesis: COMMENT

[Dickinson et al. (2010)][1] call attention to an interesting problem in Michigan's geologic history, as well as that of North America during the Mesozoic. Their new detrital zircon age data represent a significant stepping stone toward the unraveling of provenance for the sedimentary rocks found as
Resistivity of Body Tissues at Low Frequencies

The resistivity of tissues of the thorax of dogs has been measured in situ under nearly normal conditions. Additional data have been obtained from humans. Approximate values of tissue resistivity found are 160 ohm-cm for blood, 2,000 ohm-cm for lung, 2,500 ohm-cm for fat, 700 ohm-cm for liver, 250 and 550 ohm-cm (anisotropic) for heart muscle and 150 and 2,500 ohm-cm (anisotropic) for skeletal muscle. Reasons for the differences between these and previously reported values have been found, and in some cases, verified experimentally. Predictions of whole trunk resistivity based on anatomical data and these measurements are within 8% of actual trunk measurements.
Immune Tolerance Induction against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Using A New PLP-B7AP Conjugate that Simultaneously Targets B7/CD28 Costimulatory Signal and TCR/MHC-II Signal.

Most of the current therapies used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are either ineffective or have adverse side effects. As such, there is a need to develop better therapies that specifically target myelin-specific aberrant immune cells involved in CNS inflammation without compromising the general immune system. In the present study, we developed a new bifunctional peptide inhibitor (BPI) that is effective and specific. Our BPI (PLP-B7AP) is composed of an antigenic peptide from myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) and a B7 antisense peptide (B7AP) derived from CD28 receptor. The main hypothesis is that PLP-B7AP simultaneously targets MHC-II and B7-costimulatory molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) and possibly alters the differentiation of naive T cells from inflammatory to regulatory phenotypes. Results showed that PLP-B7AP was very effective in suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) compared to various controls in a mouse model. PLP-B7AP was effective when administered both before and after disease induction. Secreted cytokines from splenocytes isolated during periods of high disease severity and remission indicated that PLP-B7AP treatment induced an increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, analysis of cortical brain tissue sections showed that PLP-B7AP treated mice had significantly lower demyelination compared to the control group. All these taken together indicate that the T cell receptor (TCR) and the CD28 receptor can be targeted simultaneously to improve efficacy and specificity of potential MS therapeutics.
Absolute rate constants for reactions of tributylstannyl radicals with bromoalkanes, episulfides, and alpha-halomethyl-episulfides, -cyclopropanes, and -oxiranes: new rate expressions for sulfur and bromine atom abstraction.

Arrhenius rate expressions were determined for the abstraction of bromine atom from 2-phenethyl bromide by tri-n-butylstannyl radical (Bu3Sn•) in benzene using transient absorption spectroscopy, (log(kabs,Br/M-1 s-1) = (9.21 ± 0.20) − (2.23 ± 0.28)/θ, θ = 2.3RT kcal/mol, errors are 2σ) and for the abstraction of sulfur atom from propylene sulfide to form propylene, (log(ks/M-1 s-1) = (8.75 ± 0.91) − (2.35 ±1.33)/θ). Rate constants for reactions of organic bromides, RBr, with Bu3Sn• were found to vary as R = benzyl (15.6) > thiiranylmethyl (6.2) > oxiranylmethyl (3.1) > cyclopropylmethyl (1.3) > 2-phenethyl (1.0), with kabs,Br = 6.8 × 107 M-1 s-1 at 353 K for 2-phenethyl bromide. Bromine abstraction from α-bromomethylthiirane is about 7-fold faster than sulfur atom abstraction and is comparable to the reactivity of a secondary alkyl bromide. The potential surface for the vinylthiomethyl → allylthiyl radical rearrangement at UB3LYP/6-31G(d) and UB3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p) levels of theory suggests that the thiira...