cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presence of diamond in the pyrope peridotite, Dreikeesh area, tartous province, NW Syria: a new theory on the origin of diamond

Abstract The diatreme facies of a pipe was found partly exposed approximately 15 km northeast of Dreikeesh, NW Syria. Petrographic, chemical, and microprobe analyses revealed the presence of a mixture of asthenospheric kimberlite–pyrope peridotite–basanite, with some lithospheric-lower crust xenoliths and xenocrysts. Microprobed black inclusions, 30–35 vol.% in one olivine grain, were found to be graphite. A second microprobed clean octahedral grain showed 19.26 wt.% carbon, in addition to the presence of olivine or pyroxene, and a trace of S. The C/SiO 2 molecular ratio in these inclusions was found to be 3/1 in favor of carbon, which could be diamond. The Cr 2 O 3 (pyrope)/Cr 2 O 3 (augite) was 0.86, indicating an asthenospheric origin for the two minerals. It was found that the temperature–pressure conditions for the Ni–Cr association with pyrope, and consequently for the formation of diamond, were approximately 1460 °C and 207 km depth. The compatible association of diamond with silicate phases, chromite, and sulfides suggest that diamond could originate from a silicate-oxide–sulfide–carbon melt deep in the asthenosphere. It is proposed that diamonds can be formed from carbon dioxide released from partially melted olivine grains under appropriate high temperature–pressure conditions. Carbon could be released from the reaction of CO 2 with Fe 2+ in fractured olivines and pyroxenes, or from the reaction of CO 2 with CH 4 (assuming that CH 4 was present). The liberated carbon could then covalently bond to form diamond.
Immunopathophysiology of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome

There is increasing recognition of the non–IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy known as food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), with several recent publications summarizing the clinical experience with FPIES in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia. Our understanding of the mechanisms linking food exposure to typical symptoms of vomiting, hypotension, and diarrhea has lagged far behind our understanding of the immune mechanisms of IgE-mediated food allergy. The goal of this overview is to summarize and critique the current state of knowledge of the immunology of FPIES and to identify major gaps in our knowledge that need to be addressed to make significant gains in developing therapies and prevention strategies for FPIES.
Velocity Interferometer System For Any Reflector (VISAR): Studies Of Wave Growth In Granular Explosives

VISAR instrumentation has been used to examine how compressive waves grow towards detonation in granular explosives. In the experiments, a variety of initial waveforms have been generated in explosive samples using planar impact techniques and carefully designed projectile and target assemblies. Despite limitations due to window interfaces, VISAR measurements have provided important insights into initiation processes, and have contributed to a useful data base for the evaluation of predictive models.
MOOCs: Hope and Hype in Viral Technologies and Policies

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have emerged in the last couple of years as Internet-based vehicles providinglow cost global access to quality education. They come in two basic forms: expert and self-organizing. Thedominant expert model provides access to expertise through centralized software platforms with expert-designedshort lecture videos, free online reading materials, discussion forums and a strong emphasis on measurable assessments.Self-organizing models focus on problems that may be too new for well-developed expertise, but are tooimportant to ignore. Their rapid (viral) growth has resulted in related “viral policies” created by administrators andothers who feel under competitive pressure to act quickly. MOOC interest is growing in many countries, openingnew opportunities for international education partnerships. Backlashes have taken the form of: (a) unresolvedproblems with course perseverance, (b) assessment procedures to reduce cheating and improve peer review, and (c)faculty resistance to viral governance. While low course completion rates remains problematic, rapidly developingtechnologies and competitive networks are likely to influence higher education institutional policy for some timeto come.
Maximizing Vietnamese Parent Involvement in Schools.

The Vietnamese community in the United States today has unique and special needs. If Vietnamese young sters are to succeed in school, princi pals must learn to meet these needs.
Genetic-based therapies to select nonpathogenic variants of HIV-1.

Lentiviral-based genetic therapies offer a valuable addition to the current anti-HIV arsenal and allow for a rational directed approach to evolve HIV-1 to a less pathogenic state. Many lentiviral vector systems have been described that can be either replication incompetent, self-inactivating or conditionally replicating. Importantly, lentiviral vectors can be engineered to deliver anti-HIV-1 genes such as antisense RNAs, aptamers and siRNAs to those cells involved in HIV-1 infection: T-cells, hematopoietic stem cells and dendritic cells. Furthermore, the use of HIV-2-based vectors that can be mobilized by wild-type HIV-1 in vivo and spread to those cells targeted by the virus, as well as compete with HIV-1 viral RNA for packaging and access to viral proteins such as Tat and Rev required for viral replication, are of special interest. This review will focus on the rational design of therapeutic lentiviral vectors that can be used in combination with current antiretroviral therapies to essentially direct th...
Phenomenologically plausible parsing

This is a description of research in developing a natural language processing system with modular knowledge sources but strongly interactive processing. The system offers insights into a variety of linguistic phenomena and allows easy testing of a variety of hypotheses. Language interpretation takes place on a activation network which is dynamically created from input, recent context, and long-term knowledge. Initially ambiguous and unstable, the network settles on a single interpretation, using a parallel, analog relaxation process. We also describe a parallel model for the representation of context and priming of concepts. Examples illustrating contextual influence on meaning interpretation and "semantic garden path" sentence processing are included.
A paleomagnetic reinvestigation of the Upper Devonian Perry Formation: evidence for Late Paleozoic remagnetization

America, we undertook a reinvestigation of the Upper Devonian Perry Formation of coastal Maine and adjacent New Brunswick. Thermal demagnetization of samples from the redbeds yielded a characteristic direction (D = 166 ° l = 4 °) that fails a fold test. Comparison of the corresponding paleopole (312 ° E, 41°S) with previously published Paleozoic poles for North America suggests that the sediments were remagnetized in the Late Carboniferous. After the removal of a steep, northerly component, the volcanics also reveal a shallow and southerly direction (D = 171 ° , 1 = 25° without tilt correction). No stability test is available to date the magnetization of the volcanics; however, similarity of several of the directions to those seen in the sediments raises the suspicion that the volcanics are also remagnetized. Although the paleopole without tilt correction (303 °E, 32°S) could be taken to indicate an early Carboniferous age for the remagnetization, scatter in the data suggests that the directions are contaminated by the incomplete removal of a steeper component due to present-day field. Thus, it is more likely that the volcanics were remagnetized at the same time as the sediments. Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves, blocking temperatures, coercivities and reflected light microscopy indicate that the magnetization is carried by hematite in the sediments and by both magnetite and hematite in the volcanics. It is therefore likely that the remagnetization of the Perry Formation involved both thermal and chemical processes related to the Variscan/Alleghe nian orogeny. Our results indicate that previously published directions for the Perry Formation were based on the incomplete resolution of two magnetic components. These earlier results can no longer be considered as representative of the Devonian geomagnetic field.
An evaluation of the Lyapunov characteristic exponent of chaotic continuous systems

A procedure to calculate the Lyapunov characteristic exponent of the response of structural continuous systems, discretized using finite element methods, is proposed. The Lyapunov characteristic exponent can be used to characterize the asymptotic stability of the system dynamic response, and it is frequently employed to identify a chaotic behaviour. The proposed procedure can also be used in the stability characterization of fluid–structure interaction systems in which the focus of the analysis is on the behaviour of the structural part. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paralinear Oxidation of CVD SiC in Water Vapor

The oxidation kinetics of CVD SiC were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a 50% H2O/50% O2 gas mixture flowing at 4.4 cm/s for temperatures between 1200 and 1400 C. Paralinear weight change kinetics were observed as the water vapor oxidized the SiC and simultaneously volatilized the silica scale. The long-term degradation rate of SiC is determined by the volatility of the silica scale. Rapid SiC surface recession rates were estimated from these data for actual aircraft engine combustor conditions.
Dynamic esophageal stents.

Summary Esophageal stenting represents a new strategy in the treatment of resistant or recurrent stenosis that obviates the need for multiple dilations. Our custom dynamic stent (DS) improves esophageal motility unlike the widespread self-expandable plastic or metallic esophageal stents. The DS allows food and secretions to pass in the space between the esophageal wall and the stent wall. This contrasts with the other types of stent, in which food passes into the stent that presses into the esophageal wall. Until the stent patent is complete, we use slices of silicon drains overlapped with each other to fashion the stent to the desired length and diameter (7-, 9-, or 12.7-mm external diameter). It is built coaxially on a nasogastric tube that guarantees the correct position. The two ends are tailored to allow an easy introduction and food passage between stent and esophageal wall. The stent is inserted after stricture dilations (Savary-Gilliard dilators) under fluoroscopic guidance. All patients who underwent stenting were treated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg/day) for 3 days and proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole or lansoprazole, 1–2 mg/kg/day). From 1992 to 2012, 387 patients (mean age 38.6 months; range 3–125 months) with post-surgical esophageal stricture because of esophageal atresia correction were enrolled in this study. Twenty-six of 387 patients (6.7%) underwent custom DS placement for recurrent stricture instead of a program of serial dilations. The stent was left in place for at least 40 days and was effective in 21 (80.7%) of 26 patients. There were two stent-related major complications (subclavian-esophageal fistula). Our custom stent represents an effective and safe option in the treatment of severe and recurrent post-surgical esophageal strictures. Surgery with stricture resection, and reanastomosis or jeunoplasty represents the rescue strategy.
Murine and Human Model Systems for the Study of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology

Dendritic cells are a population of innate immune cells that possess their own effector functions as well as numerous regulatory properties that shape the activity of other innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. Following their development from either lymphoid or myeloid progenitors, the function of dendritic cells is tightly linked to their maturation and activation status. Differentiation into specialized subsets of dendritic cells also contributes to the diverse immunologic functions of these cells. Because of the key role played by dendritic cells in the regulation of both immune tolerance and activation, significant efforts have been focused on understanding dendritic cell biology. This review highlights the model systems currently available to study dendritic cell immunobiology and emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages to each system in both murine and human settings. In particular, in vitro cell culture systems involving immortalized dendritic cell lines, ex vivo systems for differentiating and expanding dendritic cells from their precursor populations, and systems for expanding, ablating, and manipulating dendritic cells in vivo are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of these systems to our current understanding of the development, function, and immunotherapeutic applications of dendritic cells, and insights into how these models might be extended in the future to answer remaining questions in the field are discussed.
Foot and Syllable Structure in Modern Icelandic

As is well known, vowel length in Modern Icelandic is in general predictable on the basis of syllable structure such that, in polysyllabic words, stressed vowels in open syllables are long, other vowels are short; in stressed monosyllables, however, vowels are long whether the syllable is open or closed by a single consonant, and short only when the syllable is closed by a consonant cluster. In contrast to the ‘final maximalistic’ strategy of Arnason (1980) and other unlikely syllabification schemes designed to unify these two patterns, we invoke Giegerich's (1985) characterization of foot structure as applied to German and English, according to which stressed monosyllables categorize metrically as disyllabic feet whose rightmost member is null. Thus, CVC structures are metrically /CV.CO/, with the result that the generalization regarding vowel length in words of all types is simply that stressed vowels in open syllables are long, others short.
Corporate Reputation and Performance in Germany

This paper explores the reputations of 63 German firms over the period 1988 to 1998. It considers what factors may affect firm reputations and how and why reputations change. The reputation data come from the survey by Manager Magazin that is similar to the one compiled annually by Fortune magazine in the USA. The results show that firm reputations fluctuate reflecting:
Domestic Political Institutions and Exchange Rate Commitments in the Developing World

Policymakers use a fixed exchange rate regime to signal their commitment to low inflation and to exchange rate stability. Increasing economic integration and the rise of democratic institutions make it more difficult for policymakers to maintain the credibility of this commitment. We use binary probit (with a variety of corrections for autocorrelated and heteroscedastic disturbances) to test hypotheses relating democratic institutions to exchange rate regime choice on a sample of 76 developing countries over the period 1973‐1994. The empirical analysis indicates that domestic political preferences—as measured by the structure of domestic political institutions and the fractionalization of the party system—influence exchange rate regime choice. We find that floating exchange rate regimes are more likely in democratic than in nondemocratic polities and that democratic polities with majoritarian electoral systems are more likely to fix their exchange rates than those with systems of proportional representation. The growth of international capital markets is truly extraordinary. Cross-border capital flows dwarf those of international trade: recent estimates suggest that foreign exchange trading alone now exceeds one trillion dollars a day. The magnitude and volatile nature of international capital flows has led some political economists to suggest that increased economic integration and capital mobility has become so pervasive that it now acts as a “structural characteristic of the international system, similar to anarchy” (Keohane and Milner, 1996:257). These scholars point to globalization as a crucial factor leading to a convergence of economic policy in the industrialized world. While a wave of economic liberalization has swept OECD economies, governments in developing countries still use a variety of traditional economic tools to protect the relative autonomy of their domestic policies. Vital in this process is exchange rate policy for it is the exchange rate that serves as a buffer between international and domestic markets. Even after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rates, most developing countries continue to fix the value of their currency to that of their major trading partner. The logic is clear: by fixing the domestic currency’s value to that of a trading partner, exchange rate volatility is minimized. As a result, bilateral flows of capital and goods are not disrupted by exchange rate uncertainty and
Methodology for Evaluating Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions: Transportation Project Alternatives

With the final update to its on-road mobile source emission factor model, MOBILE6.2, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) added capabilities for predicting emissions factors for a select group of mobile source air toxics (MSATs), commonly referred to as the six priority MSATs. These are acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, 1, 3-butadiene, diesel particulate matter, and formaldehyde. This paper describes a methodology for computing and evaluating emissions of MSATs among a group of transportation project alternatives. When the future options for upgrading a transportation corridor are evaluated, the major mitigating factor in reducing MSAT emissions is the implementation of EPA's new motor vehicle emission control standards. Substantial decreases in MSAT emissions will be realized from a current base year through an estimated time of completion for a planned upgrading project and its design year some 25 years in the future. Even when anticipated increases in vehicle miles of travel and varying degree...
The asymptotic distribution of a likelihood ratio test statistic for the homogeneity of poisson distribution

Brown and Zhao (2012) (Sankhyā, Series A, Volume 64, pp 611–625) developed a new test for the Poisson distribution and compared it with the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and some other tests. They claimed that under the null hypothesis, the asymptotic distribution of the LRT statistic was \(\chi_{n-1}^{2}\). In this paper we derive the asymptotic distribution of the LRT statistic reported in Brown and Zhao (2012). Our results show that Brown and Zhao’s claim is wrong. We discuss the reason for their mistake.
Re-entrant cavity heat sinks formed by anisotropic etching and silicon direct wafer bonding

A silicon re-entrant cavity heat sink for enhanced liquid cooling of silicon multichip packages can be fabricated using a two-step anisotropic etching process, followed by silicon direct wafer bonding. The authors report a novel method of formation of such re-entrant cavities using silicon integrated circuit processing. Cavity mouth openings ranging from 500 to 7.5 mu m have been batch fabricated with the two-step process. The re-entrant cavities suppress the temperature overshoot normally associated with the transition between the free convection and nucleate boiling regimes of liquid immersion cooling. It was observed that boiling occurs at heat fluxes below 2 W/cm/sup 2/. >
Knowing Left from Right: Ideological Identification in Brazil, 2002-2006

Ideology, typically defined on a left-right spectrum, should provide a means of communication between elites and masses. After years of leftist party rule, have Brazilian voters internalized ideological divisions? Longitudinal surveys conducted from 2002 to 2006 reveal high nonresponse and instability in ideological self-identification. We find that the capacity to think ideologically is in part a function of political and social context. This capacity has real political consequences. A Heckman selection model reveals that those who refuse to take an ideological position or who exhibit high instability in self-identification tend to be latent rightists and to choose rightist presidential candidates. Moreover, they interpret the ideological spectrum differently from those who are more consistent in ideological self-placement. We thus make two contributions, showing how contextual factors influence ideological thinking and how low levels of ideological thinking affect the measurement of Brazilian public opinion.
Expression of ICAM-1 in airway epithelium after acute ozone exposure in the mouse.

We investigated the time course and regional distribution of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on airway epithelial cells and the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) inflam...
Integrative Review of Nurse-delivered Community-Based Physical Activity Promotion.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to 1) describe intervention attributes, 2) describe the role of nurses in community PA promotion, and 3) describe the efficacy of the interventions in terms of PA behavior change. Methods Computerized database and ancestry search strategies located distinct intervention trials between 1990 and 2015. Results Thirteen national and international studies with 2,353 participants were reviewed. Multi-dose, face-to-face, group-based interventions with or without individual-based contacts for 6months or less were the most common intervention delivery modes. Only 40% (n=5) of the studies integrated health behavior theory into intervention design. Less than half of the studies demonstrated efficacy in increasing PA. Conclusions Results suggest that group-based community interventions, such as exercise classes, group walking and group education/counseling, may be more effective in increasing PA compared to individual-based education. Additional rigorously designed studies are warranted to explore the indicators for successful community-based PA promotion.
Medium Effects Are as Important as Catalyst Design for Selectivity in Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction by Iron–Porphyrin Complexes

Several substituted iron–porphyrin complexes were evaluated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis in different homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The selectivity for four-electron reduction to H2O versus two-electron reduction to H2O2 varies substantially from one medium to another for a given catalyst. In many cases, the influence of the medium in which the catalyst is evaluated has a larger effect on the observed selectivity than the factors attributable to chemical modification of the catalyst. For instance, introduction of potential proton relays has variable effects depending on the catalyst medium. Thus, comparisons of selectivity results from supported and soluble molecular ORR electrocatalysts must be interpreted with caution, as selectivity is a property not only of the catalyst, but also of the larger mesoscale environment beyond the catalyst. Still, in all the direct pairwise comparisons in the same medium, the catalysts with potential proton relays have similar or better selec...
Economic Transformations in Chile: The Formation of the Chicago Boys

Who were the Chicago Boys and what was their path into Pinochet's dictatorship? Speculation abounds about the motives of these Chilean born, U.S. educated economists who came to play a pivotal role...
The Impacts of Bias Flow and Geometric Variables on Acoustic Damping Attributes of Perforated Liners

The impact of geometric and flow parameters which are practical to modify and have the most influence on the energy dissipation performance of perforated acoustic liners with bias flow are numerically investigated. Such parameters include orifice bias flow velocity, thickness to radius ratio and radius to orifice spacing ratio (square root of porosity). In this paper the results of multiple simulation studies performed on various configurations are presented and used to observe and discuss how these parameters affect the liner acoustic impedance. These results indicate that for different aperture thicknesses and different aperture radii, higher resistive properties are to be expected at lower Strouhal numbers. Also, the increase in liner porosity results in an increase in both inertia and resistive attributes of the impedance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Lower Extremity Arterial Reconstruction in Octogenarians and Older

Background Despite previous single-institution studies showing that lower extremity arterial reconstruction (LEAR) in octogenarians and older patients may be undertaken with acceptable postoperative morbidity and mortality, there continues to be significant reluctance, in the vascular surgical community, to undertaking these complex revascularization procedures in this very elderly population. We undertook this study in an effort to determine the outcomes of LEAR in octogenarians and older patients on a national level. Methods The American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify all patients who underwent LEAR between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. Patient demographics and presenting comorbidities were recorded, and multivariate analyses were performed to compare outcomes in patients 80 and older to those in younger patients. Results There were 19,028 patients who underwent open infrainguinal LEAR during this time period. Patients ≥80 comprised 18% (3,486 patients), and patients Conclusions LEAR in octogenarians is associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality but no increased risk of wound infection, amputation, or graft failure.
Bloedow on Schliemann's Accusers

In the first volume of Tyche Edmund F. Bloedow attempts to rescue Schliemann from his detractors. In particular, he seeks to refute the charge that in his accounts of the discovery of 'Priam's Treasure' Schliemann falsified the evidence. While considering Easton's responses to my articles 'in large measure, effective', Bloedow does not wholly agree with Easton either.
Decomposition Characteristics of SF_6 Under Partial Discharge at Different Gas Pressures

In order to obtain the decomposition characteristics of SF6 under partial discharge(PD) at different gas pressures and their changing pattern, we established an experiment platform and carried out PD decomposition experiments of SF6 at different gas pressures. In the experiments, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were adopted to quantitatively determine the characteristic components of decomposition. Then we analyzed the variation of these characteristic components at different gas pressure and the role of gas pressure in this process on the basis of experiment results. It is concluded that, with increasing pressure, the generation rate of some characteristic components'(such as CO2, SO2, SOF2) significantly declines, while SOF2 has the most significant change, but the generation rate of another characteristic component, SO2F2, only reduces slightly. This troubles the diagnoses based on the signal characteristic ratio φ(SOF2+SO2)/φ(SO2F2). Therefore, we proposed to use a characteristic ratio, φ(SO2F2+SOF2+SO2)/φ(CO2), which is not obviously affected by pressure, as a new feature quantity for troubleshooting of SF6 devices.
Injury to apples and peaches at harvest from feeding by Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs early and late in the season

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species that has become an important orchard pest in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. Adults and nymphs feed on tree fruit. Feeding injury from adults has been characterized but the injury from nymphs has not been examined systematically. Since the four plant-feeding instars of H. halys (second through fifth) differ substantially in size, it is plausible that the effects of their feeding on fruit injury and injury expression may differ among them. We compared feeding injury at harvest from young nymphs (second plus third instars), older nymphs (fourth plus fifth instars), and adults that were caged on ‘Smoothee Golden’ apples and ‘Redhaven’ peaches in early June (peach and apple), late July (peach), and late August (apple). Individual apples and peaches were caged at fruit set and assigned to the following treatments (n = 28/treatment): 1) control (no H. halys), 2) young nymphs or 3) adults early in the season, and 4) young nymphs, 5) older nymphs or 6) adults later in the season. Fruit in each treatment were exposed to 3–4 young nymphs, two older nymphs or 1–2 adults placed in the cages for 96 h and evaluated for external and internal feeding injury within 36 h after harvest. No injury was recorded from unexposed peaches or apples. The percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit varied significantly among the exposed treatments. Early season feeding by young nymphs yielded the least injury to peaches and apples. In apples, the highest percentage of injured fruit and number of injuries per fruit were caused by late season feeding by adults. In peaches, early season adult feeding produced the highest percentage of injured fruit and injuries per fruit. More internal than external injury was recorded on peach and no such difference was observed on apple. The implications of these findings on H. halys management in fruit orchards are discussed.
Retrograde nephrostomy and percutaneous calculus removal in 30 patients.

Abstract We used a new technique, retrograde nephrostomy, to provide intrarenal access for percutaneous calculus removal in 30 consecutive patients. Under fluoroscopic control, we maneuvered cystoscopically a 5F and 9F coaxial catheter pair over a guide wire into the calix selected for nephrostomy. Then, a sheathed 20 to 21 gauge needle was passed through the 9F catheter into the flank to create the nephrostomy. Eight patients were given general and 22 intravenous sedation and local anesthesia for nephrostomy placement and calculus removal. Retrograde nephrostomy and subsequent calculus removal were completed successfully in 90 and 83 per cent of the 30 patients, respectively. There were 6 complications and 3 failures among the first few patients due to inferior equipment and inexperience with the technique. Over-all, we found that retrograde nephrostomy provided reliable, precise intrarenal access and we believe that it could become an alternative technique to aid in percutaneous calculus removal procedures.
Hunger, Satiety, and Food Preferences: Effects of the Brain and the Body on the Self-control of Eating

Publisher Summary Many individuals in developed countries must constantly choose between an energy intake that is not so pleasurable in the short term but is healthy in the long term (self-control) and energy intake that is pleasurable in the short term but is unhealthy in the long term (impulsiveness). They must choose between eating full-fat ice cream and sitting on the couch now versus having clear arteries and normal insulin levels 30 years from now. In what ways do our bodies influence these choices? This chapter describes some of the ways in which our physiology affects the self-control of eating. The influence of our physiology on impulsive eating has much more than a theoretical effect. In comprehending the effects of different factors on self-control, it is helpful first to understand self-control's constituent components, reinforcer amount and reinforcer delay. Choices of certain combinations of relatively smaller and larger reinforcer amounts, and of relatively smaller and larger reinforcer delays, constitute self-control and impulsiveness. Much research indicates that reinforcer amounts are valued less—are discounted—if they are delayed. Further, that discounting occurs according to a hyperbolic function. It then follows that, under certain conditions, if someone is choosing between two reinforcers of different amounts and different delays, the value functions for the two reinforcers will cross.
Temperature dependence of thermopower in molecular junctions

The thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions are of considerable interest due to their promise for efficient energy conversion. While the dependence of thermoelectric properties of junctions on molecular structure has been recently studied, their temperature dependence remains unexplored. Using a custom built variable temperature scanning tunneling microscope, we measured the thermopower and electrical conductance of individual benzenedithiol junctions over a range of temperatures (100 K–300 K). We find that while the electrical conductance is independent of temperature, the thermopower increases linearly with temperature, confirming the predictions of the Landauer theory.
Perinatal Asphyxia in the Delivery Room: Initial Management and Current Cooling Guidelines

This review will summarize the guidelines for initiating and delivering therapeutic hypothermia for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the related new recommendations from the Neonatal Resuscitation Program in the first few hours after birth. The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia (33.0°C−34.0°C), when initiated before 6 hours of age and continued for 72 hours, in reducing death and disability will be summarized. New studies attempting to optimize neuroprotection by providing deeper and longer cooling will be discussed. Potential problems regarding initiating cooling upon transport, as well as cooling in low-resource setting will be reviewed. Therapeutic hypothermia is safe and effective only with strict adherence to published protocols.
28-day repeated dose response study of diglycolic acid: Renal and hepatic effects

The acute oral toxicity of diglycolic acid (DGA) was evaluated. Groups of female rats (n = 8 rats/group) received 28 consecutive daily single doses of 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, 100.0 or 300.0 mg DGA/kg body weight by gastric intubation. One group of animals served as vehicle control. Tissues and blood serum were collected at necropsy on day 29. Select organs were weighed and fixed in formalin for histopathological analysis. Animals from the 300 mg/kg bw dose group were removed from the study after 5 consecutive days of treatment as a consequence of adverse treatment related effects. The animals in the remaining treatment groups survived the exposure period. No adverse clinical signs were observed throughout the exposure period in the surviving animals. No significant differences from controls were observed for feed and fluid consumption or body weight gain in the surviving animals. Lesions were observed in the kidneys, liver, stomach, intestine, thymus, spleen and bone marrow in rats from the 300 mg/kg dose group and signs of renal tubular regeneration were observed only in the 100 mg/kg dose group. These results suggest that high levels of pure DGA would need to be consumed before renal and other forms of organ toxicity are observed.
The Problem of Mop Heads in the Era of Apps: Toward More Rigorous Standards of Value Apportionment in Contemporary Patent Law

In 1884, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a damage claim on a patented mop head improvement for failure to apportion profits attributable to the patented feature against the entire mop. 130 years later, jurists deal with the same core challenge of damage apportionment except with much more complicated products. Given the fact that as many as 250,000 patents impact the average consumer smart phone, can anyone say confidently that any single one of these patents drives consumer demand for the whole product or even for any particular feature of the product? And if not, how much worth does any one patent have in relation to the value of the entire product? For example, what portion of the sales price of an iPhone is attributable to a particular individual feature of that phone, such as the ability to use FaceTime?
Pediatric airway foreign body

Foreign body aspiration in the pediatric population is a potentially life-threatening emergency that carries both diagnostic and management challenges. Children often present after a witnessed aspiration or choking event. For those children who are asymptomatic or have nonspecific findings, clinical symptoms, chest radiography and a thorough physical examination are critical for diagnosis. A reasonable suspicion of foreign body aspiration warrants a bronchoscopy. This article focuses on the management of pediatric airway foreign bodies, including the initial evaluation, preparation, and treatment approach.
From classroom to career: the unique role of communal processes in predicting interest in STEM careers

The current studies investigated how interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers is predicted both by academic motivation as well as by beliefs that STEM careers allow the fulfillment of communal goals (i.e., communal affordances). This research also examines whether past course experiences of being exposed to communal information about STEM predicts increased beliefs that STEM careers afford communal goals. As anticipated, STEM communal affordances predicted increased STEM career interest, above and beyond the benefits of academic motivation/attitudes (e.g., positivity toward courses, intention to persist). Classroom exposure to communal opportunities in math and science predicted increased beliefs that STEM careers afford communal goals, and in turn predicted increased STEM career interest (Studies 2 and 3). Taken together, these studies suggest that focusing only on fostering STEM academic motivation may be insufficient to foster interest in STEM careers. Instead, focusing on both student academic motivation and student beliefs about whether STEM careers provide opportunities to pursue valued communal goals may provide a more holistic approach to fostering STEM career interest.
City of Gold: An Apology for Global Capitalism in a Time of Discontent

Acknowledgments Introduction Part One: Desire's Constitution I. Conception II. Money as Communication III. Finance and the War Against Time IV. Urban Renewal V. Governance Part Two: Constitutional Critique VI. Alienation VII. Inauthenticity VIII. Identity, Tense Part Three: Exhausted Philosophies IX. The Reformation of Economics X. After Economic Justice XI. The Disenchantment of Liberalism Part Four: Towards a Metropolitan Political Economy XII. True Markets XIII. Orderly Markets XIV. Beyond the Market: Authority and Identity Conclusion: The Possibility of Affection
Density and Pond Habitat Affect Survival and Growth Rates in Larval Columbia Spotted Frogs (Rana luteiventris)

Abstract. Juvenile survival and growth are critical determinants of evolutionary fitness in most organisms. However, specific effects of population density and habitat quality on survival and growth of larvae vary widely among amphibian species. The Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris), like many amphibians in the arid western United States, is a species of conservation concern, especially in the southern part of its range. To determine how density and habitat affect vital rates of Columbia spotted frog during the larval period, we performed a controlled experiment. Larval growth and survival in the Columbia spotted frog are determined by density of conspecifics and pond habitat. Density of conspecifics is the most important determinant of larval growth, and pond habitat type is the most important determinant of larval survival. Recommendations for repatriation efforts include starting populations with intermediate densities of larvae to optimize the size-versus-number trade-off.
Radiographic muscle invasion not a recurrence predictor in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective To determine whether muscle invasion evident on pretreatment imaging in p16 + oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) correlates with recurrence. Study design Retrospective review. Methods Two-hundred and seventy-six patients with p16 + OPSCC treated at a tertiary referral center from 2003 to 2015 were analyzed. All scans were reviewed by a dedicated neuroradiologist with subspecialty expertise in head and neck imaging. Radiographic evidence of muscle invasion to the genioglossus, hyoglossus, medial pterygoid, and prevertebral muscles was analyzed. Local and regional recurrence rates were compared between the muscle invasion and no muscle invasion groups. Results One hundred and ninety patients met inclusion criteria with adequate follow-up data and pretreatment imaging. Patients were predominantly male (87.5% male) and smokers (65.6% smokers) with a mean age of 56.7 (standard deviation: 9.0 years). Most commonly invaded muscles in the muscle invasion group were hyoglossus (57.8%) and genioglossus (56.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in primary site or nodal recurrence between the combined group, including definite or possible muscle invasion and the group without muscle invasion (P = 0.205 and P = 0.569, respectively). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was present in recurrence-free and disease-specific survival between the two groups at 3- and 5-year follow-up (P > 0.05). Conclusion Radiographic evidence of muscle invasion does not appear to be a predictor of human papilloma virus (+) OPSCC recurrence. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 129:871-876, 2019.
Waiting in motion: mapping postcolonial fiction, new mobilities, and migration through Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West

ABSTRACTWhile mobilities studies have often drawn on postcolonial theory, few studies draw on the unique contributions of postcolonial literature. This article charts new directions for mobilities ...
Relative Efficacy of Sensor Modalities for Estimating Post-Stroke Motor Impairment

Wearable inertial sensing has been beneficial in the development of measures of motor impairment after stroke. While most early work focused on the use of accelerometry, recent work has increasingly shown that rate gyroscopes may provide complementary information. Differences in performance of accelerometers and gyroscopes in activity recognition may be due to the nature of the impairment. The current approach seeks to investigate the relative sensitivity of these sensor modalities to impairment by evaluating their classification accuracy for tasks adapted from the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. Our findings indicated that, for upper-extremity motion, classifiers trained using a combination of accelerometer and rate gyroscope data performed the best (accuracy of 73.1%). Classifiers trained using accelerometer data alone and rate gyroscope data alone performed slightly worse than the combined data classifier (70.2% and 65.7%, respectively).
(331) Impact of Primary Dysmenorrhea on Self-Image in Adolescents and Young Adults

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD), or menstrual pain that is not associated with underlying pathology, is a common condition known to affect 45-95% of menstruating women. Although highly prevalent, a lack of knowledge exists in regards to how girls and young women conceive of their menstrual pain and the ways in which their menstrual pain affects their perceptions and views of themselves and their bodies (self-image). The goal of this qualitative study was to determine impact of menstrual pain on self-image in adolescents and young adults (AYA). Subjects included 39 females ages 16-24 with self-reported menstrual pain ≥ 4/10 on a 0-10 (0= none, 10= worst pain possible) numeric rating scale (M=7.1, SD=1.7). Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide and the research team then conducted deductive, iterative thematic analysis. Any discrepancies were resolved with group consensus discussion. Three sets of themes emerged: 1. Harmful impact of PD on self-image, including self-frustration, concerns about others’ views, and negative body image; 2. Beneficial impact on self-image, including strength and empowerment and femininity/womanhood; and 3. No impact on self-image. The diverging themes raise questions about the ways in which underlying factors (such as resiliency, PD normalization, and coping mechanisms) may give rise to a spectrum of self-image responses to PD. This study contributes to an understanding of AYA self-image related to menstrual pain, which may aid in the development of future interventions and treatments. Further research should explore how targeting self-image in therapy could impact pain and functioning in AYA with PD. Acknowledgements and Disclosures: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health NICHD grant K23HD077042 (PI: Laura A. Payne) and NCATS University of California Los Angeles Clinical and Translational Science Institute grant KL2TR000122 (PI: Laura A. Payne).
Expanded Analysis of Secondary Germline Findings From Matched Tumor/Normal Sequencing Identifies Additional Clinically Significant Mutations

PurposeNext-generation sequencing (NGS) for tumor molecular profiling can reveal secondary germline likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants (LPV/PV). The American College of Medical Genetics and ...
OT and interprofessional collaborative practice in low-vision service delivery in rural, micropolitan, and urban practice settings

Date Presented 04/06/19 Collaboration during provision of low-vision services is paramount to comprehensive service delivery. Despite rural practitioners having decreased access to other members of the rehabilitation team, professional collaboration occurred similarly among OTs working in rural, micropolitan, and urban settings. Methods of collaboration, including online technology, should be explored as a means of increasing interprofessional collaboration to foster improved client outcomes. Primary Author and Speaker: Whitney Lucas Molitor Additional Authors and Speakers: Diana Feldhacker
Cytologic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Adoptive Cell Therapy.

Objectives Novel immunotherapeutic options for refractory metastatic cancer patients include adoptive cell therapies such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This study characterizes the clinicopathologic findings in a cohort of TIL specimens. Methods Patients with metastatic malignancy who were eligible had TILs from their metastases grown and expanded and then sent to pathology. Results A total of 11 TIL specimens (10 melanoma, 1 adenocarcinoma) from patients enrolled in an experimental clinical trial were reviewed. All specimens showed more than 200 lymphoid cells, stained positive for lymphoid markers confirming an activated cytotoxic T-cell immunophenotype, and morphologically showed an intermediate-sized population with immature chromatin and frequent mitoses. Six cases (55%) showed large cells with nucleomegaly and prominent nucleoli. Conclusions This report is the first describing cytopathologic findings of autologous TIL therapy including adequacy guidelines and expected cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic findings. To meet this novel clinical demand, a predefined cytology protocol to rapidly process and interpret these specimens needs to be established.
How Exceptional Is India? A Test of Situational Action Theory

This study explores the generalizability of Situational Action Theory (SAT) in India by testing hypotheses related to the person–environment interaction in explaining offending. Drawing on data from a sample of 872 students between the ages of 14 and 17 from an Indian city collected as part of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD3), we tested the hypothesis that Indian youths will report more delinquent acts if they have a higher propensity to commit crime combined with a greater exposure to criminogenic activities. Our findings show unequivocal support for the applicability of SAT in India where youths reported a slight increase in offending behavior if they exercised low self-control or if they were less moralistic (i.e., they were more crime-prone), or when exposed to criminal activities or peers. Consistent with tests of SAT in other contexts, we find that exposure to criminogenic environments increases offending for youth with higher levels of criminal propensity but does not impact youth with lower levels of criminal propensity. We speculate that the overall low rate of delinquent offending coupled with the cultural milieu of Indian youths may explain why criminogenic exposure may be less relevant in light of young people’s strong avoidance of rule-breaking.