cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Nonconscious and Conscious Goals on Performance

The social loafing paradigm (Harkins & Szymanski, 1987) was used to examine how nonconscious motivation combines with the effects of the potential for self- and external evaluation to affect task performance. Before generating uses for a common object, participants were primed with an achievement goal or not, given one of three conscious goal instructions, and told that their outputs would be evaluated by the experimenter or not. Results suggest that the effects of the nonconscious prime are shaped by the way that the task is defined and the manner in which the participants consciously respond to these instructions.
Regulation of acid proteases during growth, quiescence and starvation in normal and transformed cells.

CELL protein exists in a continual but variable state of turnover and the total protein content is the net result of the relative rates of synthesis and degradation. Cell growth is the net accumulation of protein, and although the relative contribution of each process is still uncertain the cessation of cell growth could be the result of a decrease in synthesis1 and/or an increase in degradation2. We report here that cessation of growth and starvation in normal cells is accompanied by a large increase in acid protease activity; however, transformed cells which fail to stop growing also fail to elevate the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of the great majority of peptide bonds.
Aircrew Performance as a Function of Automation and Crew Composition: A Simulator Study

In an experiment designed to examine the effect of crew composition and automation level on flight performance, fifty pilot-copilot crews flew a simulated instrument flight mission between three Michigan cities. Half of the crews were of homogeneous composition (both low or both high time), while half were heterogeneous consisting of one senior high time member and one junior low time member. Within each group, roughly half flew xxx with automated flight control and the other half flew manually. The flight was disrupted by periodic instrument failures. Results indicated that automation improved flight performance and lowered workload. While there was no overall difference in performance between homogeneous and heterogeneous crews, the latter group appeared to benefit more from the advantages that automation had to offer. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of automation on cockpit authority gradients, the role of flight experience, and of crew communications.
Percolation of Chains and Jamming Coverage in Two Dimensions by Computer Simulation

A computer simulation model is used to study the percolation of random chains with a self-avoiding constraint. The percolation threshold is found to decay with the chain lengthLc with a power lawLc−0.1, while the jamming coverage varies asLc−1/3.
Adapting Visual‐Analytical Tools for the Exploration of Structural and Dynamical Features of Polymer Conformations

Conformational analysis of macromolecular structures reveals interesting higher-order spatial arrangements. Analyzing these features as a function of time provides insights into the dynamical behavior of these systems and the identification of relevant subdomains. We present some visual-analytic methods that we devised to explore the spatial-temporal properties from molecular dynamics simulation data. These methods automatically detect common features and connect them to properties of interest. These methods yield physical insights that are not easily obtainable with existing methods for particle simulation data, as illustrated for polyacetylene interacting with a carbon nanotube.
Sorption of heavy metal ions by a hydrous manganese oxide

Sorption of Co, Zn, Ca and Na by δ-MnO2 was studied at 24.0 ± 0.5°C and pH 4. During the sorption of Co and Zn, Mn was released to the solution phase; however, Mn release was not detected during the sorption of Ca and Na. On the basis of crystal field theory, it is proposed that Zn may interchange with Mn2+ in the δ-MnO2 structure, whereas Co may interchange with both Mn2+ and Mn3+. It is suggested that the interchangeable Mn2+ and Mn3+ sites were in the disordered layers in the δ-MnO2 structure. Sorption of Co, Zn and Ca at pH 4 fitted single-site Langmuir isotherm expressions at all Ca concentrations, but only at concentrations greater than 10−4 M for Co and Zn. Mn release by δ-MnO2 at pH 4 during Co and Zn sorption also fitted single-site Langmuir isotherms. An expression for the case of multisite Langmuir sorption was derived and applied to the cases of Co and Zn sorption and to the case of Mn release during Co sorption. The data of these cases were used to calculate statistically the coefficients of multiple regression equations from which the sum of the capacities of all sites in each case were obtained. From all of these derived capacities, it is proposed that there was only one site where Ca interchanged with surface bound H. Zn was postulated to interchange not only with these bound H sites, but also with another site where it interchanged with structural Mn2+. Co was postulated to interchange with both of these sites, and additionally, with a third site where it interchanged with structural Mn3+. Using a pH-stat set at pH 4, it was determined that approximately 2 moles of H were released per mole of Co or Zn sorbed at bound H sites.
Differential Snowpack Accumulation and Water Dynamics in Aspen and Conifer Communities: Implications for Water Yield and Ecosystem Function

Early succession aspen and late succession conifer forests have different architecture and physiology affecting hydrologic transfer processes. An evaluation of water pools and fluxes was used to determine differences in the hydrologic dynamics between stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and associated stands of mixed conifer consisting of white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). In 2005 and 2006, measurements of snow water accumulation, snow ablation (melt), soil water content, snowpack sublimation, and evapotranspiration (ET) were measured in adjacent aspen and conifer stands. Peak snow water equivalent (SWE) averaged 34–44% higher in aspen in 2005 (average snow fall) and 2006 (above average snow fall), respectively, whereas snow ablation rates were greater in aspen stands (21 mm day−1) compared to conifer stands (11 mm day−1). When changes in soil water content (due to over-winter snowmelt) were combined with peak snow accumulation in 2006, aspen had greater potential (42–83%) water yield for runoff and groundwater recharge. Snowpack sublimation during the ablation period was not significantly different between meadow, aspen, and conifer sites and comprised less than 5% of the winter precipitation. Extended conifer transpiration in spring and fall did not contribute to large differences in water yield (<28 mm y−1). Summertime ET rates were higher in aspen plots (3.6 mm day−1) than in conifer plots (2.7 mm day−1), and differences in net ET largely reflected soil column porosity. This study shows that the largest differences in annual water yield between aspen and conifer stands result from differences in SWE and net summertime ET. Although SWE and accumulation of water in soil was greater in aspen, it was partly offset by greater net annual ET losses in aspen.
Structure-based design and synthesis of pyrazinones containing novel P1 'side pocket' moieties as inhibitors of TF/VIIa.

Abstract We describe the structure-based design, synthesis, and enzymatic activity of a series of substituted pyrazinones as inhibitors of the TF/VIIa complex. These inhibitors contain substituents meta to the P1 amidine designed to explore additional interactions with the VIIa residues in the so-called ‘S1 side pocket’. A crystal structure of the designed inhibitors demonstrates the ability of the P1 side pocket moiety to engage Lys192 and main chain of Gly216 via hydrogen bond interactions, thus, providing additional possibility for chemical modification to improve selectivity and/or physical properties of inhibitors.
Further characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in C57BL/6 mice: role of 5-HT2A serotonergic and α1 adrenergic antagonism

The discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic drug (APD) clozapine (CLZ) have recently been studied in C57BL/6 mice, a common background strain for genetic alterations. However, further evaluation is needed to fully characterize CLZ’s discriminative cue in this strain of mice. The objectives of the study were to confirm the previous findings using a shorter pretreatment time and to further characterize the receptor mechanisms mediating the discriminative stimulus properties of CLZ by testing APDs, selective ligands, and N-desmethylclozapine (CLZ’s major metabolite) in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice were trained to discriminate 2.5 mg/kg CLZ (s.c.) from vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination task. Generalization testing with CLZ yielded an ED50 = 1.19 mg/kg. Substitution testing with APDs showed that the atypical APDs quetiapine, sertindole, zotepine, iloperidone, and melperone fully substituted for CLZ (≥80% CLZ-appropriate responding), but aripiprazole did not. The typical APDs chlorpromazine and thioridazine substituted for CLZ (fluphenazine and perphenazine did not). The serotonin (5-HT) 2A antagonist M100907 and the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin fully substituted for CLZ. The H1 histaminergic antagonist pyrilamine, dopamine agonist amphetamine, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine did not substitute for CLZ. While N-desmethylclozapine did not substitute for CLZ when tested alone, N-desmethylclozapine plus a low dose of CLZ combined in an additive manner produced full substitution. CLZ’s discriminative cue in C57BL/6 mice is a “compound” cue mediated in part by antagonism of 5-HT2A and α1 receptors.
Top exterior powers over commutative rings

We recall that the class of FGC rings arc those rings for which every finitely generated R-module may be written as a direct sum of cyclic R-modules and demonstrate that it is coincident with a new class of rings. When the top exterior power of an R module M is cyclic, we define the non-negative integer p = crank(M), and show that under the hypothesis that the annihilator of the top exterior power is contained in the Jacobson radical, it counts the maximum number of times that the top exterior power can appear as a direct summand of M. If P is finitely generated projective of constant rank n, then an isomorphism is set up. Finally, a unimodular condition is shown to be a consequence whenever right multiplication is a split map onto the top exterior power of P.
Watching the ISO Watchman

The economic model of independent system operators needs to be tempered, and ISOs should be more modest and qualified in their claims regarding the consumer benefits that flow from the markets they administer. ISO governance structure needs to be re-thought and made more responsive to the general public interest. ISOs should also become more transparent. All these steps will not only facilitate the work of ISOs and serve their interests but, more important, will also better serve the public's interest.
Rare male advantages and sexual isolation inDrosophila immigrans

Strains of the near-cosmopolitan speciesDrosophila immigrans, descended from progenitors collected in Asia, America, and Oceania, have been tested by means of direct observation for frequency-dependent mating advantages and for the existence of sexual isolation between them. Occasional but statistically significant rare male advantages in the presence of weak sexual isolation were recorded.
Vision-based effective dispersion of miniature robots by using local sensing

This paper introduces a vision-based algorithm for effectively dispersing multiple robots to accomplish search or surveillance missions by using local sensing information. A marsupial system can deliver several small robots, and small robots are useful for strategically placing themselves in areas of interest. The issue in this marsupial system approach is how to effectively deploy multiple robots to cover the whole task area. To accomplish this goal a marsupial system equipped with multiple miniature robots first drives into the center of the task area, and unloads them in order. Several experimental results will be presented from using the Loper, Adelopod, Saddlepack, and Explorer robotic platforms developed at the University of Minnesota.
Sacral nerve stimulation during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature.

Background The use of sacral nerve stimulation during pregnancy is not recommended because of the unknown effects on the offspring. There is a paucity of literature on the subject. Case A 25-year-old woman who had a sacral nerve stimulator for severe interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome had 2 successful pregnancies. Against medical advice, she kept the stimulator activated for symptom control during the pregnancies. The first child was later diagnosed with chronic motor tic disorder, and the second had a pilonidal sinus at birth. Whether this outcome is related to the neurostimulator is unknown. The efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation decreased after each pregnancy. Conclusion The safety of sacral nerve stimulation in pregnancy has not been well established. Until further research is done, we recommend that women of reproductive age with a sacral nerve stimulator be advised about contraception and that the device should be deactivated before or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed.
Trends in applications for thoracic fellowship in comparison with other subspecialties.

Background Length of training (LOT), lifestyle, and decreasing reimbursement have been credited with contributing to the decline in applications to thoracic surgery (TS). Other surgical specialties share similarities in LOT and lifestyle; however, trends in applications for these specialties have not been compared. One cannot look at applications to TS without examining concurrent changes in the pool of residents finishing general surgery. To clarify the relative impact of LOT, lifestyle, applicant pool, and reimbursement on applications to TS, we analyzed these trends concurrently. Methods National Resident Matching Program residency and fellowship match placement data (1997 to 2012) for general, TS, pediatric, transplant, and vascular surgery, including integrated TS and vascular surgery, were analyzed. Corresponding trends in reimbursement were analyzed from Medical Group Management Association data (1996 to 2010). Results During the study period, percentage of medical students matching into general surgery has remained relatively constant (4.9% to 5.5%). Applications for TS have declined since 1997. Applications for pediatric and transplant surgery have increased. Vascular surgery has remained relatively constant, with an applicant to position ratio approximately 1:1. Integrated programs (thoracic and vascular) have been popular; 3 to 7.4 applicants per position and 2 to 3.47 applicants per position, respectively. Cardiovascular surgery median salaries have remained largely the same; salaries for general thoracic, pediatric, transplant, and vascular surgery have increased (1.95% to 7.13% per year) although cardiovascular surgeons continue to have the highest median salary. Conclusions Given the above data, it does not appear that LOT is the critical issue associated with the decline in fellowship applications for TS. The increased demand for integrated training programs may be reflective of other factors rather than LOT. The success of abbreviated programs in training competent thoracic surgeons has not yet been determined. Given that LOT does not appear to affect applications to surgical specialty, we may be able to maintain applications to the specialty without compromising LOT.
Reactive-electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization for characterization of peptides and proteins.

Electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) is a soft ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS) and combines features of both electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization to generate ESI-like multiply charged molecules. The ELDI process is based on merging ESI-generated, charged droplets with particles UV laser desorbed from dried or wet sample deposits. We previously reported that ELDI is amenable for MS-based protein identification of large peptides and small proteins using top-down and bottom-up techniques (Peng, I. X.; Shiea, J.; Ogorzalek Loo, R. R.; Loo, J. A. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 2541−2546). We have extended our studies by applying collisionally activated dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation MSn to protein analysis and show that ELDI is capable of multistage MS to MS4 for top-down characterization of large proteins such as 29 kDa carbonic anhydrase. Multiply charged proteins generated by the ELDI mechanism can be shifted ...
A comparison of three methods of fitting the normal ogive

The Mueller-Urban method of fitting the normal ogive is derived, and the inadequacies of its inherent assumptions are discussed. This and the unweighted least squares method are compared to the maximum likelihood solution which is shown to be very close to the “ideal” least squares solution. As an empirical demonstration of the superiority of the maximum likelihood solution, random ogives are fitted by all three methods and they are compared on the basis of the expected values and the standard errors of the estimates. It is concluded that the maximum likelihood solution is uniformly superior to the others in all respects.
Interaction analysis in GDSS research: description of an experience and some recommendations

Abstract An emerging body of research in group decision support systems (GDSS) provides evidence that computer technology impacts the quality of decision making in groups. Most GDSS research focuses on the effects of computer support on outcomes, such as decision quality, commitment, or consensus. This article discusses the analysis of group process, rather than outcomes, via the technique of interaction analysis. Interaction analysis provides a micro-level examination of group behavior by the use of coding schemes for verbal interaction. The application and extension of interaction analysis in GDSS research is reviewed and illustrated.
The Effect of Globalization of Drug Manufacturing, Production, and Sourcing and Challenges for American Drug Safety

Americans benefit from one of the safest drug supplies and one of the highest standards of consumer protection in the world. Over the past decade, though, a general trend toward globalization of the supply chains for finished pharmaceutical products and active pharmaceutical ingredients has created new challenges for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in ensuring the safety and quality of the drug supply. Explosive growth in pharmaceutical manufacturing for the US market is particularly evident in the developing regions of Asia. Manufacturing sites in China and India now comprise approximately 40% of all FDA-registered foreign sites, having increased from 30% in 2002. (In 2001, when legislation first went into effect requiring registration of all foreign drug manufacturing sites, 140 registered sites in China listed 797 drug items for potential importation; as of 1 October 2007, that number had grown to 815 registered sites and well over 3,000 listed items.) In total in 2006, the United States received >145,000 line entries of imported drug products from >160 countries, up from only 1,300 line entries in 2000. FDA regulatory oversight resources (e.g., those allocated to inspection and testing of imports) are being challenged to keep up with the explosive growth of imported drugs. (In 2006, the FDA performed inspections at 212 foreign drug firms. This number has remained relatively consistent over the past 6 years, starting at 249 in 2001 and ranging from 190 to 260 on an annual basis.)
Primary prevention of emotional disorders of children: Mirage or reality

The concept of primary prevention of mental and emotional problems has existed since the 1950s. It has been discussed, espoused, and critiqued. At the same time very few programs of primary prevention of emotional disorders of children have been developed, tested, and evaluated. This paper addresses the issue as to whether large-scale programs of primary prevention are feasible within the state of our current knowledge. A typology of three major approaches to primary prevention is presented. Examples from past and current theory, practice, and research are described as well as recommendations to lead to more rapid implementation of preventive programming for children and families.
Interassociates of the Free Commutative Semigroup on n Generators

The interassociates of the free commutative semigroup on n generators, for n > 1, are identified. For fixed n, let (S, ·) denote this semigroup. We show that every interassociate can be written in the form \((S, \ast_{\bar{k}})\), depending only on a n-tuple \(\bar{k}=( k_1, \ldots, k_n)\). Next, if \((S, \ast_{\bar{k}})\) and \((S, \ast_{\bar{\ell}})\) are isomorphic interassociates of (S, ·) such that \(\phi(x_i) = x_j\), for xii and xj in the generating set of S, then \(k_i = \ell_j\). Moreover, \((S, \ast_{\bar{k}})\cong(S,\ast_{\bar{\ell}})\) if and only if \({\{k_i\}_{i = 1}^n}\) is a permutation of \({\{\ell_i\}_{i = 1}^n}\).
Integrating Sampling Methods for Trace Metal Analysis of Natural Water Systems: Ion Exchange Membrane Targets for Proton-Excited X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Abstract An initial investigation of ion-exchange membranes as trace metal concentrating devices in natural water systems and their suitability as targets for proton-excited x-ray flurorescence (PEXF) is reported. Element maps (Z=19 to Z=85) for various locations along a river were obtained with acceptable sensitivity in an irradiation period of 300 sec. The membrane used is mechanically stable in situ and is not destroyed by the 3 Mev (50 na) proton beam used in the study.
Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307 correlates with JNK activity in atrophic skeletal muscle

c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) has been shown to negatively regulate insulin signaling through serine phosphorylation of residue 307 within the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in adipose and liver tissue. Using a rat hindlimb suspension model for muscle disuse atrophy, we found that JNK activity was significantly elevated in atrophic soleus muscle and that IRS-1 was phosphorylated on Ser(307) prior to the degradation of the IRS-1 protein. Moreover, we observed a corresponding reduction in Akt activity, providing biochemical evidence for the development of insulin resistance in atrophic skeletal muscle.
Crystal structure at 1.9A of E. coli ClpP with a peptide covalently bound at the active site.

Abstract ClpP, the proteolytic component of the ATP-dependent ClpAP and ClpXP chaperone/protease complexes, has 14 identical subunits organized in two stacked heptameric rings. The active sites are in an interior aqueous chamber accessible through axial channels. We have determined a 1.9 A crystal structure of Escherichia coli ClpP with benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyltyrosine chloromethyl ketone (Z-LY-CMK) bound at each active site. The complex mimics a tetrahedral intermediate during peptide cleavage, with the inhibitor covalently linked to the active site residues, Ser97 and His122. Binding is further stabilized by six hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms of the peptide and ClpP as well as by hydrophobic binding of the phenolic ring of tyrosine in the S1 pocket. The peptide portion of Z-LY-CMK displaces three water molecules in the native enzyme resulting in little change in the conformation of the peptide binding groove. The heptameric rings of ClpP-CMK are slightly more compact than in native ClpP, but overall structural changes were minimal (rmsd ∼ 0.5 A). The side chain of Ser97 is rotated ∼90° in forming the covalent adduct with Z-LY-CMK, indicating that rearrangement of the active site residues to a active configuration occurs upon substrate binding. The N-terminal peptide of ClpP-CMK is stabilized in a β-hairpin conformation with the proximal N-terminal residues lining the axial channel and the loop extending beyond the apical surface of the heptameric ring. The lack of major substrate-induced conformational changes suggests that changes in ClpP structure needed to facilitate substrate entry or product release must be limited to rigid body motions affecting subunit packing or contacts between ClpP rings.
The problem of self-analytically choosing the set of support

This article is the seventh of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. Here we focus on self-analysis and the set of support strategy. The problem proposed for research asks for one to find a means for an automated reasoning program to self-analytically determine which clauses to be in the set of support at various points during the program's attempt to complete a given assignment. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we include suggestions concerning possible test problems.
Two-photon excitations of higher 5d states in Ce3+:CaF2

Abstract The investigations of 4f→5d two-photon transitions of Ce3+ in CaF2 from 33 900 to 50 500 cm-1 is presented. At the low-energy end, the observed two-photon excitation spectrum for a 0.003% sample consists of a broad vibronic band arising from transitions to the second 5d orbital of the C4v cerium center, a transition which is dipole allowed but not observed in one-photon absorption. At higher cerium concentrations, the band shows a contribution from Oh centers. Two-photon transitions to two other higher 5d orbitals constitute the high-energy end of the spectra.
A Screening Method of Bacteriat Reduction of Diacetyl

Abstract A qualitative method for screening bacteria for diacetyl-reducing activity is reported. This method is based on the color reaction of diacetyl, acctioin, and 2,3 butylene-glycol with a-naphthol and creatine.
The theory of travel demand

The paper briefly reviews in 'conceptual order' developments in methods of estimating demand functions that have occurred in the last 15 years. Advances have taken place both in modelling the economic theory and in the measurement of parameters involved in the actual estimation. The most fundamental change was the recognition that travel decisions emerge from individuals' optimising behaviour. Travel services can also be characterised by their attributes. The traveller is more concerned with the quality of services offered rather than their number. The author describes methods of deriving the utility function giving a theoretical basis for the 'value of time' vital to the analysis of questions of modal split. Methods of determining the probability of a particular travel choice given several alternatives are based on stochastic ability functions from which forecasts of travel demand may be made from disaggregated household survey data. Advantages of the methods are discussed; areas requiring further research are indicated. /TRRL/
Overview of Recent Trends in the Management of Metastatic Anal Cancer.

Anal cancer is a relatively rare gastrointestinal tumor with roughly 7,000 new cases per year. Metastatic anal cancer as an initial presentation occurs in 10-20% of the patients. Treatment for localized disease is well established with concurrent chemoradiation (CCR) therapy as the standard of care; however, metastatic anal cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend systemic chemotherapy as the initial choice of treatment for metastatic anal disease. NCCN also recognizes the fact that there are limited data to influence the management of metastatic anal cancer but that some evidence suggests flouropyrimidine and cisplatin as the initial choice of treatment outside the setting of clinical trial. If the patient fails this regimen, options become limited with no strong level I evidence available to guide the treatment. We present two cases of metastatic anal cancer and discuss the potential treatment strategies after failing the initial systemic chemotherapy. World J Oncol. 2015;6(1):311-315 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjon866w
Self-organizing maps for geoscientific data analysis: geological interpretation of multidimensional geophysical data

Data interpretation is a common task in geoscientific disciplines. Interpretation difficulties occur especially if the data that have to be interpreted are of arbitrary dimension. This paper describes the application of a statistical method, called self-organizing mapping (SOM), to interpret multidimensional, non-linear, and highly noised geophysical data for purposes of geological prediction. The underlying theory is explained, and the method is applied to a six-dimensional seismic data set. Results of SOM classifications can be represented as two-dimensional images, called feature maps. Feature maps illustrate the complexity and demonstrate interrelations between single features or clusters of the complete feature space. SOM images can be visually described and easily interpreted. The advantage is that the SOM method considers interdependencies between all geophysical features at each instance. An application example of an automated geological interpretation based on the geophysical data is shown.
The Short Message Service: Standards, infrastructure and innovation

Abstract The Short Message Service (SMS) is a teleservice developed by the Global System for Mobile Communication in the mid-1980s for second-generation mobile networks. SMS is made up of standards, protocols and infrastructure that make text messaging the most popular data service on mobile networks. The teleservice has been used in all subsequent generations of mobile telephony. This article discusses the development of the SMS teleservice standards (GSM 03.40), how it has influenced mobile telephony infrastructure, and how it remains a lasting communication innovation today. It historicizes text messaging standards and their technical realization by describing the network architecture and elements required for SMS transmission. This article illustrates how SMS standards and infrastructure represent a significant innovation to mobile telephony in the late twentieth century.
Graphical adjustment of statistical forecasts

Abstract Twelve subjects made judgmental adjustments to graphs of statistical forecasts. The data were artificial ARIMA series with known optimal forecasts. When statistical forecasts were nearly optimal, adjustment had little effect. When the forecasts were less accurate, adjustment improved accuracy. These results suggest the value of graphical review and adjustment of statistical forecasts.
3D left ventricular extracellular volume fraction by low-radiation dose cardiac CT: Assessment of interstitial myocardial fibrosis

Abstract Background Myocardial fibrosis leads to impaired cardiac function and events. Extracellular volume fraction (ECV) assessed with an iodinated contrast agent and measured by cardiac CT may be a useful noninvasive marker of fibrosis. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a 3-dimensional (3D) ECV calculation toolkit (ECVTK) for ECV determination by cardiac CT. Methods Twenty-four subjects (10 systolic heart failure, age, 60 ± 17 years; 5 diastolic failure, age 56 ± 20 years; 9 matched healthy subjects, age 59 ± 7 years) were evaluated. Cardiac CT examinations were done on a 320-multidetector CT scanner before and after 130 mL of iopamidol (Isovue-370; Bracco Diagnostics, Plainsboro, NJ, USA) was administered. A calcium score type sequence was performed before and 7 minutes after contrast with single gantry rotation during 1 breath hold and single cardiac phase acquisition. ECV was calculated as (ΔHU myocardium /ΔHU blood ) × (1 − Hct) where Hct is the hematocrit, and ΔHU is the change in Hounsfield unit attenuation = HU after iodine − HU before iodine . Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess myocardial structure and function. Results Mean 3D ECV values were significantly higher in the subjects with systolic heart failure than in healthy subjects and subjects with diastolic heart failure (mean, 41% ± 6%, 33% ± 2%, and 35% ± 5%, respectively; P = 0.02). Interobserver and intraobserver agreements were excellent for myocardial, blood pool, and ECV (intraclass correlation coefficient, >0.90 for all). Higher 3D ECV by cardiac CT was associated with reduced systolic circumferential strain, greater end-diastolic and -systolic volumes, and lower ejection fraction ( r = 0.70, r = 0.60, r = 0.73, and r = −0.68, respectively; all P Conclusion 3D ECV by cardiac CT can be performed with ECVTK. We demonstrated increased ECV in subjects with systolic heart failure compared with healthy subjects. Cardiac CT results also showed good correlation with important functional heart biomarkers, suggesting the potential for myocardial tissue characterization with the use of 3D ECV by cardiac CT. This trial is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01160471 .
On pressure fluctuations

Abstract The old problem of pressure fluctuations is analyzed in terms of three characteristic times: (1) the duration of a molecular collision with the wall, (2) the time between successive collisions by a specific molecule, and (3) the integrating time of the pressure-measuring instrument. A spectrum of fluctuation formulas emerges, dependent on the length of the integrating time relative to the other times. The spectrum notion affords some reconciliation among the disparate views of what constitutes the correct fluctuation formula.
A reassessment of the time-sharing paradigm with ANCOVA.

Abstract The purpose of this note is to follow up on the suggestion by Willis and Goodwin (1987) ( Neuropsychologia , 25, 719–724) that analysis of covariance is the proper statistical control to eliminate the confound provided by the “initial values problem” inherent in the time-sharing paradigm. The discrepancy between baseline tapping speed of the dominant versus nondominant hand can affect concurrent tapping disruption rates independently of laterality factors. A reanalysis of previous time-sharing data showed that significant laterality main effects and interactions as shown by ANOVA are eliminated with ANCOVA procedures. Thus, when the initial-values problem is statistically controlled, the laterality effect of asymmetrical hand disruption disappears. This result seriously questions the continued use of the time-sharing paradigm as a behavioral index of language lateralization.
Three conceptions of action in moral theory

Mesurant la valeur de l'action a son impact sur le monde, l'A. distingue trois conceptions morales de l'action comme production, affirmation et participation, qui s'inscrivent respectivement dans le cadre de l'utilitarisme, de l'intuitionnisme rationnel et du constructivisme kantien.
Marketing harm reduction: a historical narrative of the International Harm Reduction Development Program ☆

Abstract The International Harm Reduction Development Program (IHRD) was established to develop syringe exchange, methadone maintenance and peer outreach for HIV prevention and health promotion among drug users in Central and Eastern Europe, the Former Soviet Union and Central Asia. This narrative describes the process of program development, since establishment in 1995, through interviews with the three program directors, focusing on the identification of development strategies and obstacles to successful implementation. The goal of IHRD was to establish independent organizations capable of beginning further initiatives in their own and other regions. Few projects were funded in the first 3 years, as IHRD focused on developing a dialogue and network of harm reduction providers. Since 1998, the number of projects funded expanded greatly. It is not possible to evaluate the impact on drug users’ health, but evidence exists to suggest that IHRD played a substantial role in establishing harm reduction as a viable intervention, in attracting other agencies to support harm reduction and in improving the lives of project participants. Although IHRD was originally scheduled to close at the end of 2001, it was granted 3 years of continued operation and continues to expand the number and breadth of programs it funds.
Properties of blebbistatin for cardiac optical mapping and other imaging applications

Blebbistatin is a recently discovered myosin II inhibitor. It is rapidly becoming a compound of choice to reduce motion artifacts during cardiac optical mapping, as well as to study cell motility and cell invasion. Although blebbistatin has a number of advantages over other electromechanical uncouplers, many of its properties have yet to be addressed. Here we describe several methodological issues associated with the use of blebbistatin, including its spectral properties, reversibility, and its effect on tissue metabolic state. We show that if precautions are not taken, perfusion with blebbistatin may result in blebbistatin precipitate that accumulates in the vasculature. Although such precipitate is fluorescent, it is not detectable within wavelength bands that are typically used for transmembrane voltage fluorescence imaging (i.e., emission wavelengths >600 nm). Therefore, blockage of the microcirculation by blebbistatin may cause data misinterpretation in studies that use voltage-sensitive dyes. Blebbistatin may also impact imaging of green fluorophores due to the spectral shift it causes in endogenous tissue fluorescence. 3D excitation–emission matrices of blebbistatin in precipitate form and in various solutions (DMSO, water, and 1 % aqueous albumin) revealed significant changes in the fluorescence of this molecule in different environments. Finally, we examined the reversibility of blebbistatin's uncoupling effect on cardiac contraction. Our findings provide important new information about the properties of this myosin II inhibitor, which will aid in the proper design and interpretation of studies that use this compound.
Characteristics of women who use perineal powders

Abstract Objective: To examine demographic and behavioral factors related to perineal application of powders. Methods: Controls from three case-control studies ( N = 1206) were asked identical questions about the use of genital powders by direct perineal application. The relationship of perineal powder application with demographic factors, reproductive factors, body mass index (BMI), douching, and alcohol and tobacco use was assessed. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Women who douched (prevalence odds ratio [prevalence OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0, 3.9), drank alcohol (prevalence OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2, 2.8), smoked cigarettes (prevalence OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0, 1.8), or were in the highest BMI quartile were more likely to engage in perineal use of powder (prevalence OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1, 2.6). There appeared to be a close response relationship between the number of perineal applications of powder and BMI ( P Conclusion: Body mass index might confound the relationship between perineal powder application and the development of ovarian cancer. Other factors, such as alcohol and tobacco use and douching, are related to perineal use of powder and may represent similar behavioral characteristics.
Cellular basis of allograft rejection

In summary, we currently hypothesize that systemic immunization within the lymphoid tissue is amplified by a sequence of specific and non-specific immunological interactions which lead to enrichment of specifically sensitized T-cells at the graft site. Nascent sensitized cells enter the graft via non-specific attractants generated by the healing response. The interaction of alloantigen with responder T-cells bearing specific alloantigen receptor results in production of lymphokines which increase blood flow and vascular permeability, and which are chemotactic for circulating lymphocytes. These events and other non-specific events recruit circulating cells regardless of the specificity of their sensitization. The state of activation of these cells may control their presence within the circulation. Cells which are more activated are released more readily from the lymphoid depots into the circulation so that relatively more specifically sensitized (though not necessarily mature cytotoxic cells) cells would enter the circulation and be recruited to the graft. At the allograft, there is an escalating sequence of lymphokine production and non-specific recruitment. II-1 has been demonstrated to be capable of mediating such recruitment. A second phase of amplication occurs at the graft site where precytotoxic (x-ray-sensitive) cells mature and expand into cytotoxic (x-ray-resistant) cells. These cells may be important effector cells of allograft rejection in concert with many unsensitized cells which can participate in non-specific attacks on graft viability. The essential point made from the studies summarized here is the consideration that trafficking patterns of lymphocytes and recruitment of lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells are in essential component to the local mechanism of graft rejection. The relative importance of specificity of response has not been defined.
Signature Evaluation for Thermal Infrared Countermine and IED Detection Systems

A high-resolution, computational suite has been constructed to produce synthetic thermal imagery of vegetated soil surfaces with landmines or other targets. The imagery is created by coupling models for the ground, vegetation, ray casting, and sensor characteristics to produce realistic thermal infrared simulated imagery. These simulations provide information ranging from simple temperature contrasts to high-resolution images comparable to actual sensor images that can be used to evaluate or train automatic target recognition (ATR) systems. Analyses of the ATR results allow development of recommendations for optimal sensing strategies and additional training to improve ATR performance. The modeling and characterization occurs at the centimeter scale, which requires massively parallel computational resources to meet the demands of the simulation. The models run simultaneously on a single, parallel, or serial computer and communicate using sockets or files. The soil model is a three-dimensional, spatially adaptive, continuous Galerkin, finite element model that simulates partially-saturated flow and heat transport, coupled to two-dimensional surface water flow. The vegetation model simulates infrared absorption, reflection, and transmission by discretized plant leaves and stems. Ray casting provides boundary conditions for the soil and vegetation thermal models, and produces multi-spectral images of energy reflected and emitted from the synthetic scene. Subsurface phase change, distributed root zone moisture uptake and transpiration, and flow through macro pores and cracks are processes under construction. The parallelization of the individual testbed components is relatively straight-forward. The central difficulty in achieving acceptable performance for the computational testbed in a parallel computing environment is the sequencing of data transfers between components. Example calculations to be presented include a multi-million element simulation for an arid test site that is only a few meters in its longest dimension. The models are driven with meteorological data and are built using material property data collected at the field site. Synthetic images produced are compared against those from thermal cameras. A long-term goal of this work is to help build parameter estimation software to infer ground state information (soil moisture and physical property distributions) from airborne imagery.
Dislocations in crystals of silver halides

Mitchell, J . W. Born New Zealand 1913. Lecturer, University of Bristol 1945- 59. Professor, University of Virginia, from 1959. First to observe dislocations through technique of ‘decoration’. Many published papers on defects in solids and photographic latent image.
Using Monte Carlo simulation to assess the value of combination vaccines for pediatric immunization

Research by vaccine manufacturers in the USA has resulted in the development of new vaccines that protect against a number of diseases. This has created a dilemma for how to introduce such new vaccines into an already crowded US Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule and prompted the development of vaccine products that combine several individual vaccines into a single injection. Such combination vaccines permit new vaccines to be inserted into the immunization schedule without exposing children to an unacceptable number of injections during a single clinic visit. The paper describes a Monte Carlo simulation with an integer programming model to assess and quantify the distributions around inclusion prices which reflect the economic premium of these new combinations. Each new vaccine competed against existing. vaccines for six childhood diseases (hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and polio) at their March 2000 Federal contract discount prices.
Secondary Classification for GMM Based Speaker Recognition

This paper discusses the use of a secondary classifier to re-weight the frame-based scores of a speaker recognition system according to which region in feature space they belong. The score mapping function is constructed to perform a likelihood ratio (LR) correction of the original LR scores. This approach has the ability to limit the effect of rogue model components and regions of feature space that may not be robust to different audio environments, handset types or speakers. Prior information available from tests on a development data set can be used to determine a log-likelihood-ratio mapping function that more appropriately weights each speech frame. The computational overhead for this approach in online mode is close to negligible for significant performance gains shown for the NIST 2004 Speaker Recognition Evaluation data.
Comparison of Symptoms of Younger and Older Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Little is known about the symptom experience throughout the trajectory of recovery for patients after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS). This study investigates the preoperative and postoperative symptoms experienced by younger (< 65 years) and older (= 65 years) patients (N= 102) who had undergone CABS. Reported preoperative symptoms were angina, shortness of breath, dizziness, and sweating. At 1 week post-CABS, symptoms were incisional pain, wound drainage, chest congestion, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, swollen feet, and loss of appetite; incisional pain and swollen feet were reported by a few patients at 6 weeks after CABS. The incidence and frequency of postoperative symptoms declined over time. There were several age-related differences in symptom reports prior to and at 1 and 6 weeks after the procedure. Such information can be used to plan the care of patients undergoing CABS, to prepare them for normal recovery, and to determine the need for symptom management by health care provi...