cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated birth defects in racial or ethnic minority children of women living near hazardous waste sites.

Abstract This case-control study evaluated the relationship between birth defects in racial or ethnic minority children born during 1983 – 1988 and the potential exposure of their mothers to contaminants at hazardous waste sites in California. Four categories of race or ethnicity were used: black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/ Pacific Islander. Case subjects were 13,938 minority infants with major structural birth defects (identified by the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program) whose mothers resided in selected counties at the time of delivery. The control group was composed of 14,463 minority infants without birth defects who were randomly selected from the same birth cohort as the case subjects. The potential for exposure was determined by whether the mother resided at the time of delivery in the same census tract as a hazardous waste site that was on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List (NPL). Racial/ethnic minority infants whose mothers had been potentially exposed to hazardous waste were at slightly increased risk for birth defects (odds ratio [OR]=1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.98 – 1.27) than were racial/ethnic minority infants whose mothers had not been potentially exposed. The greatest association was between potential exposure and neural tube defects (OR=1.54, 95% CI=0.93 – 2.55), particularly anencephaly (OR=1.85, 95% CI=0.91 – 3.75). The strongest association between birth defects and potential exposure was among American Indians/Alaska Natives (OR=1.19, 95% CI=0.62 – 2.27). Despite the limitations of this study, the consistency of these findings with previous studies suggests an association between environmental risk factors and birth defects. This is particularly relevant to minority populations. We recommend further investigation of birth defects among minority communities, particularly among American Indians/Alaska Natives. Special attention should also be paid to those defects and contaminants that consistently are associated with exposure to hazardous waste.
Energy sources for Triton's geyser-like plumes

Four geyser-like plumes were discovered near Triton's south pole in areas now in permanent sunlight. Because Triton's southern hemisphere is nearing a maximum summer solstice, insolation as a driver or a trigger for Triton's geyser-like plumes is an attractive hypothesis. Trapping of solar radiation in a translucent, low-conductivity surface layer (in a solid-state greenhouse), which is subsequently released in the form of latent heat of sublimation, could provide the required energy. Both the classical solid-state greenhouse consisting of exponentially absorbed insolation in a gray, translucent layer of solid nitrogen, and the 'super' greenhouse consisting of a relatively transparent solid-nitrogen layer over an opaque, absorbing layer are plausible candidates. Geothermal heat may also play a part if assisted by the added energy input of seasonal cycles of insolation.
The Impact of Family Caregivers on Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Noninstitutionalized Older Adults With Dementia

Abstract Background The risk of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM), both prescription and over-the-counter, use in dementia patients is high. Informal caregivers often facilitate patients' use of medications, but the effect of caregiver factors on PIM use has not been a focus of previous research. Objective The aim of this study was to examine PIM use in dementia patients and caregivers and identify caregiver risk factors for PIM use in dementia patients. Methods We conducted a secondary data analysis of the baseline wave of the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver's Health study. The sample comprised 566 persons with dementia aged 65 and older and their coresiding family caregiver. PIM was defined using the 2003 Beers criteria and was examined in both dementia patients and their caregivers. Caregiver and patient risk factors included a range of sociodemographic and health variables. Results In dementia patients, 33% were taking at least 1 PIM, and 39% of their caregivers were also taking a PIM. In fully adjusted models, the following caregiver factors were associated with an increased risk of dementia patient PIM use: caregiver's own PIM use, spouse caregivers, Hispanic caregivers, and greater number of years that the caregiver has lived in the United States. Increased caregiver age was associated with a decreased risk of PIM use in patients. Conclusions PIM use may be higher in dementia patients and their informal caregivers compared with the general older adult population. Further, patterns of medication use in 1 member of the dyad may influence PIM risk in the other dyad member. These results suggest that interventions to increase appropriate medication use in dementia patients and their caregivers should target both members of the dyad and target over-the-counter agents along with prescription medications.
Gabapentin and gabapentin monohydrate.

Gabapentin [1-(amino­methyl)­cyclo­hexane­acetic acid, C9H17NO2] is a zwitterion in the solid state. Its crystal structure involves extensive hydrogen bonding between the NH3+ and COO− groups of neighboring mol­ecules. The structure of gabapentin monohydrate [1-(amino­methyl)­cyclo­hexane­acetic acid monohydrate, C9H17NO2·H2O] also involves such hydrogen bonding and, in addition, has a hydrogen-bonding network comprising the water mol­ecules and both the NH3+ and COO− groups.
Dual modulation of a potassium channel by the m1 muscarinic and β2-adrenergic receptors

Abstract Neurotransmitter receptors alter membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy by generating intracellular signals that ultimately change the properties of ion channels. Given their critical role in controlling cell membrane potential, potassium channels are frequently the targets of modulatory signals from many different G protein-coupled receptors. However, due to the heterogeneity of potassium channel expression in vivo, it has been difficult to determine the molecular mechanisms governing the regulation of molecularly defined potassium channels. Through expression studies in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells, we found that the m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) potently suppresses a cloned delayed rectifier potassium channel, termed RAK, through a pathway involving phospholipase C activation and direct tyrosine phosphorylation of the RAK protein. In contrast, we found that RAK channel activity is strongly enhanced following agonist activation of β2-adrenergic receptors; this effect requires a single PKA consensus phosphorylation site located near the amino terminus of the channel protein. These results demonstrate that a specific type of potassium channel that is widely expressed in the mammalian brain and heart is subject to both positive and negative regulation by G protein-dependent pathways.
Disambiguating Dependency and Attachment Among Conjugally Bereaved Adults

This study aims to investigate the effects of dependency and attachment in adjusting to the loss of a loved one by directly comparing the relative contribution of each to bereavement outcomes among midlife adults. Comparisons among attachment and dependency are made using models that control for attachment among three groups of bereaved adults (N = 102): prolonged grievers (n = 25), resolved grievers (n = 41), and a married comparison group (n = 36). Prolonged grievers displayed higher marginal means of dysfunctional detachment dependency and lower marginal means of healthy dependency compared to resolved grievers and married adults, even when controlling for attachment style. Findings suggest that attachment and dependency predict unique domains of grief outcome.
Evaluation of the i‐STAT hand‐held chemical analyser during treadmill and endurance exercise

This study examined the accuracy and precision of a hand-held, chemical analyser, i-STAT, in measuring selected blood constituents which may be of use in the diagnosis and management of metabolic disorders found in exercising horses. Venous blood samples were taken from 3 Thoroughbred geldings, fit and trained to exercise on a treadmill, both before and after exercise at a speed sufficient to elicit VO2max. The samples were analysed both with the i-STAT and with in-house analysers to compare the values of pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), lactate and base excess (BE). The i-STAT demonstrated acceptable accuracy and precision for determination of pH, PO2 and PCO2, and lactate. We concluded that these parameters could be reliably evaluated by the i-STAT. The i-STAT was further evaluated at veterinary checkpoints during a 60 and 100 mile endurance ride. Because a built-in thermostat prevents function when the temperature of the analyser is outside the optimum range (16-30 degrees C), it was necessary to insulate the i-STAT from extreme ambient temperatures. As this portion of the study was conducted in warm temperatures, the appropriate insulation was to maintain the i-STAT in an ice-cooled container except during actual blood analyses. Further investigation into the feasibility of using hand-held chemical analysers at the veterinary checkpoints during endurance rides is recommended.
Axion bremsstrahlung by an electron beam

Compact expressions for energy-angle distribution and energy distribution for axion from electron scattering on an atomic target are derived using the generalized Weizsacker-Williams method. The axion flux from an electron beam dump is estimated. It is also shown that even in a proton beam dump, the mechanism of producing axions is still predominantly due to electrons in the dump.
Requisites to consider when choosing low volatility pressroom solvents for lithographic printing operations

Abstract Low volatile organic compound solvents for use with low volatility soy based lithographic printing inks are evaluated for several criteria related to performance and environmental health and safety (EHS) impact. Solvents encompassed the chemical categories of hydrocarbon alcohol mixtures, fatty acid derivatives, hydrocarbon distillates including fatty acids and alkyl benzene sulfonate mixtures, hydrocarbon distillate mixtures (long-chain), and hydrocarbon distillates including alkoxylated alcohols and proplyene glycol ethers. Five different captive printing operations served as on-press evaluation sites and one University teaching laboratory, all running small-frame sheet fed lithographic presses. A two-color negative was used with a standard image, allowing for testing with both red and black soy ink. Solvents were randomly assigned to each of the six presses. On-press evaluations included the Likert ranking of ease of cleaning and wipeability.. Wipeability was evaluated for the black ink only. A total of 120 data measures were evaluated via a Likert scale ranking process, with solvents serving as their own controls. Frequency distributions were calculated on the performance scales. While individual solvents varied somewhat in performance ranking, an analysis of all solvents indicated that 88% of solvents performed at a 3 (scale of 1–5) or better ranking for cleaning effort and 87% of the samples performed at a 3 or better level in terms of wipeability. Subsequent analysis for significance using the Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance on Ranks underscored the overall good performance of the solvents as significant differences were not found for cleaning effort ( p =0.6) and wipeability ( p =0.2). Performance findings with the on-press evaluations underscored the importance of the subjective health and safety evaluations. These were based on current state of knowledge, were conducted on each of the ten different solvent formulations, and resulted in the categorization of these solvents according to risk to employee health. This ranking was performed according to what is known concerning the major chemical constituents of the solvent mixtures and their health effects. Results from these evaluations are presented in concert with the performance data to provide a final EHS ranking for the solvents. This work will aide technical assistance providers and small scale press operators in reducing dissipative losses to the environment through intelligent product substitution choices.
Image information content and patient exposure.

Presently, patient exposure and x‐ray tube kilovoltage are determined by imagevisibility requirements on x‐ray film. With the employment of image‐processing techniques, imagevisibility may be manipulated and the exposure may be determined only by the desired information content, i.e., by the required degree of tissue‐density discrimination and spatial resolution. This work gives quantitative relationships between the image information content and the patient exposure, give estimates of the minimum exposures required for the detection of image signals associated with particular radiological exams. Also, for subject thickness larger than approximately 5 cm, the results show that the maximum information content may be obtained at a single kilovoltage and filtration with the simultaneous employment of image‐enhancement and antiscatter techniques. This optimization may be used either to reduce the patient exposure or to increase the retrieved information.
Landscape evolution at the margin of the Basin and Range

Streams erode new basins in extensional mountain ranges where tectonic asymmetry facilitates divide migration. Ranges in the northern Basin and Range of the United States form a space-for-time series that illustrates stream incision and divide migration following footwall uplift, accelerating basin growth, and changes in the amount and direction of volume loss. During basin expansion, stream erosion exceeds hillslope retreat, which elevates summit plateaus.
Simple Systems and Phylogenetic Diversity

The simple systems methodology is a powerful reductionistic research strategy. It has problems as implemented in developmental genetics because the organisms studied are few and unrepresentative. Stronger inferences require independent arguments that key traits are widely distributed phylogenetically. Evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of generative entrenchment and self-organization provide possible support, and are also necessary components of a developmental systems approach.
Kaluza-Klein states versus winding states: Can both be above the string scale?

Closed strings in extra compactified dimensions give rise to both Kaluza-Klein states and winding states. Since the masses of these states play a reciprocal role, it is often believed that either the lightest Kaluza-Klein states or the lightest winding states must be at or below the string scale. In this Letter, we demonstrate the contrary, showing that there exist toroidal compactifications for which all Kaluza-Klein states as well as all winding states are heavier than the string scale. Within the context of low-scale string theories, this implies that it may be possible to cross the string scale without detecting any states associated with spacetime compactification.
Is primary care providers' trust in socially marginalized patients affected by race?

BACKGROUND Interpersonal trust plays an important role in the clinic visit. Clinician trust in the patient may be especially important when prescribing opioid analgesics because of concerns about misuse. Previous studies have found that non-white patients are perceived negatively by clinicians.
Performance Goal-Based Seismic Design Standards for Critical Facilities in the United States

For more than the last fifteen years, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) has been using a probabilistic performance goal-based seismic design method for structures, systems, and components (SSCs) in its nuclear and hazardous facilities. Using a graded approach, the method permits the selection of probabilistic performance goals or acceptable failure rates for SSCs based on the severity level of SSC failure consequences. The method uses a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard curve as the basic seismic input motion definition, but utilizes the existing national industry consensus design codes for specifying load combination and design acceptance criteria in such a way that the target probabilistic performance goals are met. Recently, the American Nuclear Society (ANS) and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) have undertaken the development of a number of national consensus standards that will utilize the performance goal-based seismic design experience base in the DOE complex. These standards are presently in various stages of development, some nearing completion. Once completed, these standards are likely to be adopted by various agencies and organizations in the United States. In addition to the graded approach of DOE’s method, these standards incorporate design provisions that permit seismic design of SSCs to several levels of functional performance. This flexibility of choosing a functional performance level in the design process results in an optimum, but risk-consistent design. The paper will provide an outline of two of these standards-in-progress and will present the author’s understanding of their basic philosophies and technical bases. Even though the author is an active member of the development committees for these two standards, the technical opinions expressed in this paper are author’s own, and does not reflect the views of any of the committees or the views of the organizations with which any member of the committees are affiliated.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cause and timing of death in massively transfused trauma patients.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize the cause of death in severely injured trauma patients to define potential responses to resuscitation. METHODS Prospective analysis of 190 critically injured patients who underwent massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation or received massive transfusion (>10 U of packed red blood cells [RBC] per 24 hours). Cause of death was adjudicated into one of four categories as follows: (1) exsanguination, (2) early physiologic collapse, (3) late physiologic collapse, and (4) nonsurvivable injury. RESULTS A total 190 patients underwent massive transfusion or MTP with 76 deaths (40% mortality), of whom 72 deaths were adjudicated to one of four categories: 33.3% died of exsanguination, 16.6% died of early physiologic collapse, 11.1% died of late physiologic collapse, while 38.8% died of nonsurvivable injuries. Patients who died of exsanguination were younger and had the highest RBC/fresh frozen plasma ratio (2.97 [2.24]), although the early physiologic collapse group survived long enough to use the most blood products (p < 0.001). The late physiologic collapse group had significantly fewer penetrating injuries, was older, and had significantly more crystalloid use but received a lower RBC/fresh frozen plasma ratio (1.50 [0.42]). Those who were determined to have a nonsurvivable injury had a lower presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, fewer penetrating injuries, and higher initial blood pressure reflecting a preponderance of nonsurvivable traumatic brain injury. The average survival time for patients with potentially survivable injuries was 2.4 hours versus 18.4 hours for nonsurvivable injuries (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Severely injured patients requiring MTP have a high mortality rate. However, no studies to date have addressed the cause of death after MTP. Characterization of cause of death will allow targeting of surgical and resuscitative conduct to allow extension of the physiologic reserve time, therefore rendering previously nonsurvivable injury potentially survivable.
Stable sulfur isotopic distributions and sulfate reduction in lake sediments of the Adirondack Mountains, New York

Cores from five lakes of the Adirondack Mountains, New York, were analyzed for sedimentary sulfur concentrations and stable sulfur isotopic compositions. Isotopic values of total sedimentary sulfur were as much as 6 to 8‰ lower than isotopic values of sulfur sources (soils, tree leaves and lake water sulfate) which showed little isotopic variation in the Adirondacks. The low isotopic values of recent sediments indicate increased sulfate reduction, probably in response to increased sulfate loading and acid deposition. Detailed historical reconstruction of sulfate loading histories from sedimentary sulfur profiles is premature, however, since model calculations indicate that sulfur can be added to deeper older sediments by ongoing, contemporary sulfate reduction.
Predicting muscle forces of individuals with hemiparesis following stroke

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been used to improve function in individuals with hemiparesis following stroke. An ideal functional electrical stimulation (FES) system needs an accurate mathematical model capable of designing subject and task-specific stimulation patterns. Such a model was previously developed in our laboratory and shown to predict the isometric forces produced by the quadriceps femoris muscles of able-bodied individuals and individuals with spinal cord injury in response to a wide range of clinically relevant stimulation frequencies and patterns. The aim of this study was to test our isometric muscle force model on the quadriceps femoris, ankle dorsiflexor, and ankle plantar-flexor muscles of individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis. Subjects were seated on a force dynamometer and isometric forces were measured in response to a range of stimulation frequencies (10 to 80-Hz) and 3 different patterns. Subject-specific model parameter values were obtained by fitting the measured force responses from 2 stimulation trains. The model parameters thus obtained were then used to obtain predicted forces for a range of frequencies and patterns. Predicted and measured forces were compared using intra-class correlation coefficients, r2 values, and model error relative to the physiological error (variability of measured forces). Results showed excellent agreement between measured and predicted force-time responses (r2 >0.80), peak forces (ICCs>0.84), and force-time integrals (ICCs>0.82) for the quadriceps, dorsiflexor, and plantar-fexor muscles. The model error was within or below the +95% confidence interval of the physiological error for >88% comparisons between measured and predicted forces. Our results show that the model has potential to be incorporated as a feed-forward controller for predicting subject-specific stimulation patterns during FES.
An investigation of caldera-forming magma chambers using the timing of ignimbrite eruptions and pluton emplacement at the Mt. Aetna caldera complex

Abstract The temporal and chemical relationships of volcanic and plutonic rocks exposed at the Mt. Aetna caldera complex, central Colorado, provide insight into the emplacement history of pre-, syn-, and postcaldera plutons and the origin of caldera-related silicic magmas. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar sanidine ages indicate the rhyolitic Wall Mountain Tuff erupted at 37.3 Ma. LA-ICP-MS U/Pb zircon ages of the compositionally zoned Mt. Princeton batholith, which has been interpreted by several previous studies to be the nonerupted, less-fractionated residuum of the Wall Mountain Tuff magma chamber, indicate that it was emplaced between 35.9 and 35.2 Ma during postcaldera magmatism. Nested within the Mt. Princeton batholith is the Mt. Aetna caldera. The dacitic Badger Creek Tuff erupted at 34.3 Ma during Mt. Aetna caldera collapse. The Badger Creek Tuff is deposited on some of the Mt. Princeton intrusive units, demonstrating that the Wall Mountain Tuff caldera was obliterated during exhumation and erosion prior to 34.3 Ma. Shortly after the Mt. Aetna caldera collapse, the intracaldera ignimbrite and caldera ring faults were intruded by magma that is compositionally and temporally similar to the Badger Creek Tuff, suggesting that these intrusions represent a nonerupted, geochemically equivalent portion of the magma chamber. Emplacement of postcaldera luecogranites at ~ 31 Ma caused localized thermal resetting of biotite and K-feldspar in older, adjacent intrusions. Most samples contain antecrystic zircon. Antecrystic zircon populations range from 38.8 to 33.6 Ma, indicating that open system magmatic processes operated throughout the history of the caldera complex. The temporal, chemical, and spatial relationships of plutonic and volcanic rocks at the Mt. Aetna caldera complex indicate that the majority of the exposed plutons were emplaced during pre- and/or postcaldera magmatism. None of the exposed plutons represent the less-fractionated, mafic residuum of either caldera-forming magma ignimbrite. This suggests that either the mafic roots of each caldera-forming magma chamber are not exposed or upper crustal in situ fractionation did not generate the caldera-forming silicic magmas.
Generalizing neural branch prediction

Improved branch prediction accuracy is essential to sustaining instruction throughput with today's deep pipelines. Traditional branch predictors exploit correlations between pattern history and branch outcome to predict branches, but there is a stronger and more natural correlation between path history and branch outcome. We explore the potential for exploiting this correlation. We introduce piecewise linear branch prediction, an idealized branch predictor that develops a set of linear functions, one for each program path to the branch to be predicted, that separate predicted taken from predicted not taken branches. Taken together, all of these linear functions form a piecewise linear decision surface. We present a limit study of this predictor showing its potential to greatly improve predictor accuracy.We then introduce a practical implementable branch predictor based on piecewise linear branch prediction. In making our predictor practical, we show how a parameterized version of it unifies the previously distinct concepts of perceptron prediction and path-based neural prediction. Our new branch predictor has implementation costs comparable to current prominent predictors in the literature while significantly improving accuracy. For a deeply pipelined simulated microarchitecture our predictor with a 256-KB hardware budget improves the harmonic mean normalized instructions-per-cycle rate by 8p over both the original path-based neural predictor and 2Bc-gskew. The average misprediction rate is decreased by 16p over the path-based neural predictor and by 22p over 2Bc-gskew.
Happy Me a Story

Current research on the foundations of emotional well-being reveals how significant adults can establish roots of happiness in children. Carter (2005) suggests that these roots can be nourished through positive thoughts and emotions; flow and fulfillment; and relating to others, especially through the use of emotional intelligence. Twenty-five literature choices are reviewed and recommended to help adults nurture children’s happiness in these ways.
Atmospheric Water Vapor Characteristics at 70°N

Abstract Using an extensive rawinsonde archive, characteristics of Arctic water vapor and its transports at 70°N are examined for the period 1974–1991. Monthly-mean profiles and vertically integrated values of specific humidity and meridional vapor fluxes are computed for land stations north of 65°N for the surface up to 300 mb using once to twice daily soundings. Mean values at 70°N for these and other variables, including temperature and meridional winds, are obtained through an objective analysis of the monthly station means. The annual zonal mean specific humidity at 70°N ranges from 2.4 g kg−1 at the surface to 0.02 g kg−1 at 300 mb. Zonal-mean precipitable water ranges from 2.9 mm in February and March to 16.2 mm in July. For all months, over 95% of water vapor is found below 500 mb. Although mean winds are equatorward up to about 400 mb, the tendency for poleward winds to transport more water vapor results in a poleward annual-mean flux at all levels except at the surface, peaking at 1.5 g kg−1 m s...
Effects of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycan on the in vitro assembly and thermal stability of collagen fibrils

The effects of three glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronate) and a proteoglycan on the kinetics of fibril formation and on the thermal stability of the in vitro assembled collagen fibrils, under physiological conditions of ionic strength and pH, have been examined. The glycosaminoglycans were found to influence the kinetics of collagen precipitation but not the thermal stability of the in vitro assembled fibrils. The proteoglycan was found to influence the kinetics of collagen precipitation and to reduce the thermal stability of the in vitro assembled fibrils. Comparison of the interaction occurring between chondroitin 6-sulfate and collagen under acidic conditions (0.05M acetic acid) and that occurring under physiological conditions showed that markedly different interaction products were formed under the different conditions.
Accelerated convergence in the inverse kinematics via multilayer feedforward networks

A hybrid approach to the iterative solution of robotic manipulators is presented. In this method a multiplayer feedforward network (MFN) is trained to provide an approximate solution to the inverse kinematic problem of a robot. This approximate solution is then utilized as the initial guess to the iterative procedure which provides the solution within some specified tolerance. Examples involving the PUMA 560 robot are given. Since the time taken by the MFN to provide the initial estimate is only a fraction of the time taken by the iterative procedure taken to reach a solution, this combination can be usefully employed in order to decrease the time for obtaining the solution to the inverse kinematic problem in robotics. >
Democlocycline improves hyponatremia in chronic schizophrenics

Serum sodium concentration increased significantly in eight hyponatremic schizophrenic subjects treated with demeclocycline. The incidence of severe hyponatremic episodes was significantly reduced. The authors argue that mild impairments in urinary dilution contribute to water intoxication in most chronic psychotics who develop this syndrome. Demeclocycline may help these patients.
The Permanent Income Hypothesis under Rational Expectations

It is unfortunately true that the most noticeable legacy of the permanent income hypothesis for applied economic research has been to provide a convenient justification for the appendage of a lagged dependent variable to multiple regression equations. Even apart from the fact that a significant coefficient on the lagged dependent variable may reflect serial correlation in the regression errors or the presence of a partial adjustment mechanism instead of the permanent income-forecasting mechanism, the procedure is not a valid test of the permanent income hypothesis because the probable size of the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable is not defined from a prior analysis of the time-series process generating the actual income series. As Muth (1960) demonstrated, the adaptive expectations approach will only provide optimal forecasts of permanent income if the actual income series is generated by a first-order, moving-average process. If this is the case, then the permanent income hypothesis implies a direct cross-equation restriction between the value of the parameter in the time-series process and the value of the coefficient on the lagged dependent variable.
A comparison of SuperLEAR with existing or possible facilities

Abstract A comparison is made between the proposed SuperLEAR project and other existing or conceptualized sources of antiprotons. In making the comparison, the experimental requirements dictated by the types of experiments discussed at the Courmayeur conference are matched to the capabilities of the different facilities. Conclusions are presented in terms of an “overlap matrix” that expresses how much of this program can be achieved at each of the facilities.
Observation of the thermal Casimir force

A thermal Casimir force—an attraction between two metal surfaces caused by thermal, rather than quantum, fluctuations in the electromagnetic field—has now been identified experimentally between a flat and a spherical gold plate.
A Biomechanical Comparison of the EndoButton CL Using Transtibial Drilling and EndoButton Direct Using Anteromedial Arthroscopic Drilling

Purpose To compare the biomechanical properties of the EndoButton Direct (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) with the EndoButton CL (Smith & Nephew) using 2 different drilling techniques. Only the femoral side (and not the tibial side) of the graft fixation complex (bone–fixation device–anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] graft) was examined in this study. Methods ACL reconstructions were performed on 20 cadaveric knees (10 matched pairs), with an age range from 73 to 89 years, by use of a doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft. Ten knees underwent femoral tunnel drilling from a standard anteromedial arthroscopic portal, and the EndoButton Direct was used for fixation. Ten knees underwent femoral drilling through a medial transtibial approach, and the EndoButton CL was used for fixation. All graft fixation complexes were subjected to 1,000 loading cycles. Graft elongation after 1,000 cycles, stiffness, ultimate load, and mode of failure were determined for each specimen. Results The mean failure load was significantly higher for the EndoButton CL (959.9 ± 190.4 N) compared with the EndoButton Direct (697.7 ± 341.8 N) ( P = .05). There was no significant difference in overall stiffness or graft elongation after 1,000 cycles between the 2 fixation devices. Conclusions The maximum load during ultimate failure testing was higher for the EndoButton CL with transtibial drilling when compared with the EndoButton Direct with anteromedial drilling. There were no differences found between the EndoButton Direct and EndoButton CL with regard to overall stiffness or elongation after cyclic loading. Clinical Relevance Reduced ultimate failure strength has implications in reconstructed patients if forces imparted on the ACL exceed the strength of graft fixation.
Evolution and Function in Serotonergic Systems

Serotonergic systems of invertebrate and vertebrate central nervous systems (CNS) are functionally similar in multiple characters. Serotonin (5-HT) neurons dispersed throughout the CNS of lophotrochozoan invertebrates (molluscs and leeches) are analogous to vertebrate 5-HT neurons concentrated in the raphe nuclei of mid- and hindbrain: they innervate specific central pattern generators and other circuits of the CNS, receive feedback from them, and support general behavioral arousal. In both groups 5-HT regulates excitatory gain of CNS circuitry and uses similarly diverse 5-HT receptors. Marked contrast, however, exists for roles of 5-HT in regulation of appetite. Where invertebrate 5-HT neurons promote an appetitive state, this role is supplanted in the vertebrates by a peptidergic network centered around orexins/hypocretins, to which the role of 5-HT in arousal is subordinate. In the vertebrates, 5-HT has appetite-suppressant properties. This is paralleled by differing complexities of mechanisms that bring about satiety. Lophotrozoans appear to rely on simple stretching of the gut, with no obvious feedback from true nutrient stores. In contrast, vertebrate appetite is regulated by hypothalamic sensitivity to hormonal signals reporting separately on the status of fat cells and digestive activity, and to blood glucose, in addition to gut stretch. The simple satiety mechanism of a mollusc can be used in value-based foraging decisions that integrate hunger state, taste, and experience (Gillette and others 2000). For vertebrates, where appetite and arousal are regulated by signals from long-lived nutrient stores, decisions can be based on resource need going far beyond simple gut content, enabling value estimation and risk assessment in the longer-term. Thus, connection of nutrient storage depots to CNS circuitry mediating appetite may supply critical substrate for evolving complexity in brain and behavior. This hypothesis may be tested in expanded comparative studies of 5-HT and peptidergic functions in appetite and arousal.
A Qualitative Evaluation of Fire Safety Education Programs for Older Adults

This article presents a qualitative evaluation of six fire safety education programs for older adults delivered by public fire educators. Our main aims were to explore how these programs are implem...
Social comparison and risk judgment: recent work and new directions

When people attempt to evaluate their personal standing on a variety of dimensions, they often compare themselves with others. This assertion was central to the development of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954), and has stimulated nearly 50 years of research â€“ primarily in the areas of social psychology, clinical psychology, organizational behavior, and sociology. Social comparison processes have been explored in a broad range of domains including coping, negotiation, academic and work performance, happiness, emotion, and motivation. Numerous volumes have appeared on extensions and applications of the theory, including a recent handbook edited by Suls and Wheeler (2000).
Framing African American Students' Success and Failure in Urban Settings: A Typology for Change

Grounded in critical race theory, this article seeks to frame the ideological positions of success and failure for African American students in urban school settings. First, we revisit national data and research literature that illustrate the ongoing urban Black—White achievement gap. Second, the Matrix of Achievement Paradigms is shared in an attempt to advance the conversation on African American students' achievement. It provides a serviceable organizational tool for framing African American students' success and failure. Finally, we bridge rhetoric with practical ideas for stakeholders by providing recommendations for closing the achievement gap in urban settings.
How Managers Really Communicate

In contrast to other studies of managerial communication, this investigation combined direct observation of managers in the natural setting with self-report measures to try to determine how managers really communicate. More specifically, the canonical correlation technique was used to analyze the relationships between communication behavior and managerial activities. A two dimensional managerial communicator model emerged. The first dimension represents a continuum from Humanistic Interactor (who interacts more frequently both upward and downward and exhibits more staffing and training/developing activities) to Mechanistic Isolate (who communicates very little but frequently engages in conflict management activities). The second relationship reveals a continuum from Informal Developer (who communicates spontaneously and is involved in training/developing activities) to Formal Controller (who uses scheduled communication interaction and exhibits monitoring/controlling activities). This model provides an em...
ATP binding to the first nucleotide-binding domain of multidrug resistance protein MRP1 increases binding and hydrolysis of ATP and trapping of ADP at the second domain

Abstract Multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) utilizes two non-equivalent nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) to bind and hydrolyze ATP. ATP hydrolysis by either one or both NBDs is essential to drive transport of solute. Mutations of either NBD1 or NBD2 reduce solute transport, but do not abolish it completely. How events at these two domains are coordinated during the transport cycle have not been fully elucidated. Earlier reports (Gao, M., Cui, H. R., Loe, D. W., Grant, C. E., Almquist, K. C., Cole, S. P., and Deeley, R. G. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13098–13108; Hou, Y., Cui, L., Riordan, J. R., and Chang, X. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 20280–20287) indicate that intact ATP is observed bound at NBD1, whereas trapping of the ATP hydrolysis product, ADP, occurs predominantly at NBD2 and that trapping of ADP at NBD2 enhances ATP binding at NBD1 severalfold. This suggested transmission of a positive allosteric interaction from NBD2 to NBD1. To assess whether ATP binding at NBD1 can enhance the trapping of ADP at NBD2, photoaffinity labeling experiments with [α-32P]8-N3ADP were performed and revealed that when presented with this compound labeling of MRP1 occurred at both NBDs. However, upon addition of ATP, this labeling was enhanced 4-fold mainly at NBD2. Furthermore, the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), bound preferentially to NBD1, but upon addition of a low concentration of 8-N3ATP, the binding at NBD2 increased severalfold. This suggested that the positive allosteric stimulation from NBD1 actually involves an increase in ATP binding at NBD2 and hydrolysis there leading to the trapping of ADP. Mutations of Walker A or B motifs in either NBD greatly reduced their ability to be labeled by [α-32P]8-N3ADP as well as by either [α-32P]- or [γ-32P]8-N3ATP (Hou et al.(2000), see above). These mutations also strongly diminished the enhancement by ATP of [α-32P]8-N3ADP labeling and the transport activity of the protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate directly that events at NBD1 positively influence those at NBD2. The interactions between the two asymmetric NBDs of MRP1 protein may enhance the catalytic efficiency of the MRP1 protein and hence of its ATP-dependent transport of conjugated anions out of cells.
Phylogenetically and spatially conserved word pairs associated with gene expression changes in yeasts

Background. Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes is often multifactorial, involving multiple transcription factors binding to the same transcription control region (e.g., upstream activating sequences and enhancers), and to understand the regulatory content of eukaryotic genomes it is necessary to consider the co-occurrence and spatial relationships of individual binding sites. The identification of sequences conserved among related species (often known as phylogenetic footprinting) has been successfully used to identify individual transcription factor binding sites. Here, we extend this concept of functional conservation to higher-order features of transcription control regions involved in the multifactorial control of gene expression.Results. We used the genome sequences of four yeast species of the genus Saccharomyces to identify sequences potentially involved in multifactorial control of gene expression. We found 1,117 potential regulatory "templates": pairs of hexameric sequences that are jointly conserved in transcription regulatory regions and also exhibit non-random relative spacing. Many of the individual sequences in these templates correspond to known transcription factor binding sites, and the sets of genes containing a particular template in their transcription control regions tend to be differentially expressed in conditions where the corresponding transcription factors are known to be active.Conclusions. The incorporation of both joint conservation and spacing constraints of sequence pairs predicts groups of target genes that were specific for common patterns of gene expression. Our work suggests that positional information, especially the relative spacing between transcription factor binding sites, may represent a common organizing principle of transcription control regions.
Tangled up in views: Beliefs in the nature of science and responses to socioscientific dilemmas

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between stu- dents' conceptions of the nature of science and their reactions to evidence that challenged their beliefs about socioscientific issues. This study involved 41 pairs of students repre- senting "critical cases" of contrasting ethical viewpoints. These 82 students were identified from a larger sample of 248 students from 9th and 10th grade general science classes, 11th and 12th grade honors biology, honors science, and physics classes, and upper-level college preservice science education classes. Students responded to questions aimed at re- vealing their epistemological views of the nature of science and their belief convictions on a selected socioscientific issue. The smaller subset of students was selected based on varying degrees of belief convictions about the socioscientific issues and the selected stu- dents were then paired to discuss their reasoning related to the issue while being exposed to anomalous data and information from each other and in response to epistemological probes of an interviewer. Taxonomic categories of students' conceptions of the nature of science were derived from the researchers' analysis of student responses to interviews and ques- tionnaires. In some instances, students' conceptions of the nature of science were reflected in their reasoning on a moral and ethical issue. This study stimulated students to reflect on their own beliefs and defend their opinions. The findings suggest that the reactions of students to anomalous socioscientific data are varied and complex, with notable differences in the reasoning processes of high school students compared to college students. A deeper understanding of how students reason about the moral and ethical context of controversial socioscientific issues will allow science educators to incorporate teaching strategies aimed at developing students' reasoning skills in these crucial areas. C
Late, Late Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity

Cardiac toxicity is a major complication which limits the use of adriamycin as a chemotherapeutic agent Cardiomyopathy is frequent when the total dose exceeds 600 mg/m 2 and occurs within one to six months after cessation of therapy. A patient is reported who developed progressive cardiomyopathy two and one-half years after receiving 580 mg/m 2 which apparently represents late, late cardiotoxicity.
Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Agricultural Workers

Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been proposed as mechanisms linking pesticide exposure to health effects such as cancer and neurological diseases. A pilot study of pesticide applicators and farm workers working in the fruit orchards of Oregon (i.e., apples, pears) was conducted to examine the relationship between organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure and oxidative stress and DNA damage. Urine samples were analyzed for OP metabolites and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Lymphocytes were analyzed for oxidative DNA repair activity and DNA damage (Comet assay) and serum analyzed for lipid peroxides (i.e., malondialdehyde [MDA]). Cellular DNA damage in agricultural workers was validated using lymphocyte cell cultures. Urinary OP metabolites were significantly higher in farm workers and applicators (p < .001) when compared to controls. 8-OH-dG levels were 8.5 times and 2.3 times higher in farm workers and applicators, respectively, than in controls. Serum MDA levels were 4.9 times and 24 times higher in farm workers and applicators, respectively, than in controls. DNA damage and oxidative DNA repair were significantly greater in lymphocytes from applicators and farm workers when compared with controls. A separate field study showed that DNA damage was also significantly greater (p < .001) in buccal cells (i.e., leukocytes) collected from migrant farm workers working with fungicides in the berry crops in Oregon. Markers of oxidative stress (i.e., reactive oxygen species, reduced levels of glutathione) and oxidative DNA damage were also observed in lymphocyte cell cultures treated with an OP. The findings from these in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that pesticides induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers. These biomarkers may be useful for increasing our understanding of the link between pesticides and cancer.