cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of thruster dynamics on underwater vehicle behavior and their incorporation into control system design

A nonlinear parametric model of a torque-controlled thruster is developed and experimentally confirmed. The model shows that the thruster behaves like a sluggish nonlinear filter, where the speed of response depends on the commanded thrust level. A quasi-linear analysis which utilizes describing functions shows that the dynamics of the thruster produce a strong bandwidth constraint and a limit cycle, which are both commonly seen in practice. Three forms of compensation are tested, utilizing a hybrid simulation combining an instrumented thruster with a real-time mathematical vehicle model. The first compensator, a linear lead network, is easy to implement and greatly improves performance over the uncompensated system, but does not perform uniformly over the entire operating range. The second compensator, which attempts to cancel the nonlinear effect of the thruster, is effective over the entire operating range but depends on an accurate thruster model. The final compensator, an adaptive sliding controller, is effective over the entire operating range and can compensate for uncertainties or the degradation of the thruster. >
Alkali unwinding kinetics of mammalian DNA in a simulated viscoelastometry experiment.

Abstract When rat 9L brain tumor cells were lysed in test tubes under alkaline conditions identical to those used by Uhlenhopp to measure the viscoelastic properties of high-molecular-weight mammalian DNA (2), it took 4–6 hrs of alkaline lysis for the DNA to unwind so that it was completely susceptible to digestion by the single-strand-specific S1 nuclease. This time period corresponds exactly to the period during which the relative viscosity and the viscoelastic retardation time increased to a maximum in Uhlenhopp's experiments.
Altered expression of HLA antigens and CD16 Fc receptors on leukocytes of alcoholic subjects and uremic patients.

The possible influences of ethanol and its metabolic product acetate on the surface expression of HLA class I and class II antigens and CD 16 Fc receptors were examined. Fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were used to measure these antigens on leukocytes from reference controls, subjects admitted for alcohol detoxification, uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis using Cuprophan dialyzers and fluids containing 4 to 37 mm acetate, and uremic patients that were not hemodialyzed. In comparison to the controls, the mean intensity of staining for class I antigens was not changed significantly on lymphocytes or monocytes from alcoholics but was depressed on cells from eight of 12 uremic patients. Interferon-γ above 5 units/ml was detected in less than 15% of plasma samples from controls, uremic patients or alcoholics on admission but was detected in four of eight samples from alcoholics at discharge (2-4 days after admission). The intensity of staining for class II antigens was depressed by more than 50% on lymphocytes from alcoholics and uremic patients. The expression of HLA class I and class II antigens was depressed whether uremic patients were hemodialyzed or not. The percentage of lymphocytes expressing CD16 was depressed in three of seven alcoholics and five of seven hemodialyzed patients. In contrast, the percentage of monocytes expressing CD 16 was increased in six of seven hemodialyzed patients and three of five uremic patients not undergoing hemodialysis suggesting activation of monocytes in these patients. Plasma levels of beta 2-microglobulin were elevated by 61% in alcoholics, 50-fold in hemodialyzed patients, and 26-fold in nonhemodialyzed uremic patients. Although alcoholics and hemodialyzed patients exhibited similar alterations in some of the parameters measured, the results did not indicate a significant role for acetate or hemodialysis with Cuprophan membranes in the alterations of membrane antigen expression.
Radiography-based treatment planning compared with computed tomography (CT)-based treatment planning for intracavitary brachytherapy in cancer of the cervix: analysis of dose-volume histograms.

Abstract Purpose To analyze the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of the tumor volume and organs at risk by CT-based treatment planning compared with conventional radiography-based treatment planning for intracavitary brachytherapy in cancer of the cervix. Methods and materials Fifteen consecutive patients with cancer of the cervix (1 IB1, 3 IB2, 7 IIB, 4 IIIB) were treated with plastic CT-compatible HDR intracavitary applicators and underwent postimplant pelvic CT scans with applicators in place. CT-images were transferred to the PLATO treatment planning system. The gross tumor volume (GTV) and organs at risk were digitized. Dwell positions in the uterine tandem and colpostats were identified and registered for each patient. All patients were treated with 6 Gy per fraction to Point A using radiography-based planning. For the CT-based planning, DVHs were performed for the GTV, bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon, and small bowel in the pelvis. The dose delivered to 3% volume of the organs at risk (D3%) was compared with the respective ICRU reference doses. Results For stage IBI, IB2, IIB, and IIIB disease the mean GTV was 20.5 cc, 56.6 cc (54.2–57.2), 63.7 cc (55.4–118.9), and 77.6 cc (49.4–102.9), respectively. The 6 Gy pear-shaped volume (PSV) encompassed an average GTV of 98.5%, 89.5%, 79.5%, and 59.5% for stages IBI, IB2, IIB, and IIIB, respectively. The mean dose for the ICRU bladder point and D3% was 3.72 Gy (1.51–5.53) and 4.74 Gy (1.70–10.10), respectively. The mean dose for the ICRU rectal point and D3% was 3.97 Gy (2.09–5.37) and 3.52 Gy (2.05–4.08), respectively. The D3% for the sigmoid colon was highest (3.88 Gy), followed by the rectum (3.52 Gy), and the small bowel (3.36 Gy). Conclusion Radiography-based conventional treatment planning overestimates tumor dose, especially those with more advanced tumors. To correlate DVHs for tumor control, improved tumor imaging is necessary.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A NONISOTHERMAL CATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTOR

Abstract A two-dimensional nonisothermal mathematical model has been developed to simulate a tube-and-shell configuration, catalytic membrane reactor. The three-layer membrane consists of an inert large-pore support, an o2 semipermeable dense perovskite layer and a porous catalytic layer. The model is applied to the simulation of the partial oxidation or methane to syngas (oxyreforming). The membrane reactor simultaneously supplies oxygen to the catalytic reaction along the reactor length, and separates oxygen from the air feed, using a dense perovskite layer which is a mixed conductor, thus allowing rapid oxygen permeation without the use of an external circuit. Two configurations of catalytic membrane reactors are simulated, for both bench-scale and industrial-scale conditions. Comparisons are made to the conventional fixed-bed reactor, and to membrane reactors which are isothermal, adiabatic or wall-cooled. The simulation results imply that the temperature rise in exothermic partial oxidation reactions...
Synthesis of size-controlled monodisperse manganese carbonate microparticles as templates for uniform polyelectrolyte microcapsule formation

Inorganic colloids are usually prepared via precipitation reactions, which involve two sequential steps: nucleation and growth of the nuclei. On the basis of this theory, preformed manganese carbonate nanoseeds were prepared by mixing diluted ammonium hydrogen carbonate with manganese sulfate solution to serve as nuclei for production of monodisperse manganese carbonate microparticles. It was found that the average particle diameter can be finely tuned from 1 to 10 μm by adding a different volume of nanoseed solution. It was further verified that the manganese carbonate microparticles can be used as templates for efficient formation of uniform, smooth multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules, which are promising systems for biomedical and other applications, such as biosensors, bioreactors, and drug-delivery devices.
Tooth loss and skeletal bone density in healthy postmenopausal women

Associations between dental status and skeletal bone density were investigated in a group of 329 healthy postmenopausal women with normal bone density. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and distal radius were measured by dual-or single-photon absorptiometry. Number of teeth remaining were counted and presence of complete dentures noted by a nurse practitioner. Forty-eight women (15%) wore a complete maxillary and/or mandibular denture: 22 (7%) were completely edentulous and an additional 26 (8%) had one edentulous ridge. Among women without complete dentures (n=281), significant positive linear relationships were observed between number of teeth and BMD at the spine (p<0.05) and radius (p<0.01), controlling for years since menopause, pack-years of smoking, education and body mass index. BMD did not differ between the groups with and without dentures. However, women who acquired dentures after the age of 40 years had significantly lower mean spinal and radial BMD than women who acquired dentures at age 40 years or earlier (at the radius, 0.584±0.015 v 0.630±0.017 g/cm2,p<0.05; at the spine, 1.043±0.031 v 1.124±0.029 g/cm2,p=0.05). In linear regression analysis, significant independent correlations were found among all women (n=329) between number of teeth and age (partialr=−0.19,p<0.001), pack-years of cigarette use (partialr=−0.23,p<0.001) and years of education (partialr=+0.11,p<0.05). These associations between dental status and BMD support the hypothesis that systemic bone loss may contribute to tooth loss.
A novel Sta glycophorin produced via gene conversion of pseudoexon III from glycophorin E to glycophorin A gene

Stone (St(a)) is a variant antigen carried on human erythrocyte MNSs glycophorins (GPSt(a)) that are genetically associated with splicing mutations in GPA genes or with hybrid formation between GPA and GPB genes. Here we identify the first and rare gene conversion event in which GPE, the third member of the family, recombined with GPA, giving rise to a GPA-E-A hybrid gene encoding the St(a) antigen. Western blot detected expression in the proband of both GPA and GPSt(a) on the plasma membrane. Southern blot showed a new restriction fragment from the GPSt(a) gene, indicating an altered exon III-intron 3 junction. Sequencing of RT-PCR products identified one full-length and two shortened glycophorin cDNAs. The shortened forms were derived from GPSt(a) lacking one (exon III) and two exons (exon III and IV), respectively. To define the molecular basis for exon skipping, the genomic region spanning exon III of the GPSt(a) gene was amplified and sequenced. This revealed transfer from GPE to GPA of a DNA segment containing the pseudoexon III and its silent donor splice site. Thus, the inactivation of GPA exon III by conversion of a silent GPE donor splice site portrays a new molecular mechanism for St(a) antigen expression in human erythrocytes.
Impact of a walking intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical function, and pain in patients undergoing treatment for solid tumors†

Background Cancer treatment is associated with decline in measured and self-reported physical function and increased pain. In the current study, the authors evaluated the impact of a walking intervention on these outcomes during chemotherapy/radiation. Methods Patients with breast, prostate, and other cancers (N=126) were randomized to a home-based walking intervention (exercise) or usual care (control). Exercise dose during the intervention was assessed using a 5-item Physical Activity Questionnaire. Outcome measures were cardiorespiratory fitness, expressed as peak oxygen uptake (VO2) measured during treadmill testing (n=85) or estimated by 12-minute walk (n=27), and self-reported physical function, role limitations, and pain derived from Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36. Linear regression was used to evaluate pre-to-post intervention change outcomes between groups. Results The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients was 60.2 (10.6) years. Diagnoses included prostate (55.6%) and breast (32.5%) cancer. Treatment included external beam radiotherapy (52.3%) and chemotherapy (34.9%). Exercise patients reported worsening Medical Outcomes Study physical function role limitations by the end of cancer treatment (P=.037). Younger age was associated with improved Medical Outcomes Study physical function (P=.048). In all patients, increased exercise dose was associated with decreased Medical Outcomes Study pain (P=.046), regardless of diagnosis. The percent change of VO2 between prostate and nonprostate cancer patients when adjusted for baseline VO2 and Physical Activity Questionnaire values was 17.45% (P=.008), with better VO2 maintenance in the prostate group. Conclusions Exercise during cancer treatment improves cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported physical function in prostate cancer patients and in younger patients, regardless of diagnosis, and may attenuate loss of those capacities in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Exercise also reduces the pain experience.
Catechins as germination and growth inhibitors in Lespedeza seeds

Abstract The germination and growth inhibiting compounds found in Lespedeza bicolor, L. cuneata and L. stipulacea seeds have been shown to be catechin and epicatechin. Differences in time of germination and amount of early seedling growth (L. stip. >L. cun. = L. bic.) were inversely related to the quantities of these polyphenols found in the seeds.
SU-E-T-394: The Use of Jaw Tracking in Intensity Modulated and Volumetric Modulated Arc Radiotherapy for Spine Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: To evaluate the potential advantages of jaw tracking for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in spine radiosurgery. Methods: VMAT and IMRT plans were retrospectively generated for ten patients. Six plans for each patient were created in the Eclipse treatment planning system for a Varian Truebeam equipped with a Millennium 120 MLC. Plans were created to study IMRT and VMAT plans with and without jaw tracking, as well as IMRT plans of different flattening filter free (FFF) energies. Plans were prescribed to the 90% isodose line to 16 or 18 Gy in one fraction to cover 95% of the target. Planning target volume (PTV) coverage, conformity index (CI), dose to spinal cord, distance to fall off from the 90% to 50% isodose line (DTF), as well as delivery time were evaluated. Ion chamber and film measurements were performed to verify calculated and measured dose distributions. Results: Jaw tracking decreased the spinal cord dose for both IMRT and VMAT plans, but a larger decrease was seen with the IMRT plans (p=0.004 vs p=0.04). The average D10% for the spinal cord was least for the 6MV FFF IMRT plan with jaw tracking and was greatest for the 10MV FFF plan without jaw tracking. Treatment times between IMRT and VMAT plans with or without jaw tracking were not significantly different. Measured plans showed greater than 98.5% agreement for planar dose gamma analysis (3%/2 mm) and less than 2.5% for point dose analysis compared to calculated plans. Conclusion: Jaw tracking can be used to help decrease spinal cord dose without any change in treatment delivery or calculation accuracy. Lower dose to the spinal cord was achieved using 6 MV beams compared to 10 MV beams, though 10 MV may be justified in some cases to decrease skin dose.
PS2-38: VDW Data Sources: Harvard Pilgrim Health Care

Background The Virtual Data Warehouse (VDW) was created as a mechanism for producing comparable data across sites for purposes of proposing and conducting research. It is “virtual” in the sense that the data remain at the local sites; there is no multi-site physical database at a centralized coordinating center. At the core of the VDW are a series of standardized file definitions. Content areas and data elements that are commonly required for research studies are identified, and data dictionaries are created for each content area, specifying a common format for each of the elements— variable name, label, description, code values, and value labels. Local site programmers have mapped the data elements from their HMO’s data systems into this standardized set of variable definitions, names, and codes, as well as onto standardized SAS file formats. This common structure of the VDW files enables a SAS analyst at one site to write one program to extract and/or analyze data at all participating sites.
Assessment of regional myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography in a canine model of varying degrees of coronary stenosis

Abstract Previous studies showed that myocardial contrast echocardiography can be used to detect relative regional underperfusion in a canine model of critical coronary stenoses. The aim of this study was to determine if myocardial contrast echocardiography performed with a sterile sonicated human serum albumin preparation (Albunex, Molecular Biosystems, San Diego, Calif.) could detect the presence of coronary stenoses of variable degrees of severity. The results were compared with myocardial blood flow as assessed by radiolabeled microspheres in 16 open-chest dogs during baseline, following the creation of a coronary stenosis of variable severity and at the peak of dipyridamole-induced hyperemia. When flow ratios (that is, flow in the control area/ischemic area) were examined, a good correlation was observed between the area under the time-intensity curve and radioactive microsphere blood flow ( r = 0.94, p
Um estudo exploratório sobre a satisfação de clientes em um ambiente de serviços de fisioterapia

This article approaches the relation of the satisfaction with the retention and the possible customers loyalty in an environment of services. Such relation is based by means the conceptual rescue of the satisfaction, having inserted the perceived quality as one of its antecedents, foreseeing the retention and the customers loyalty as waited result. The work presents an exploratory study by means of a qualitative boarding next to physiotherapy services users of a Health Care Plan. Initially, a revision of the literature is presented that consolidates the importance of the customer satisfaction, identifying probable benefits and components for the decision taking. To follow, the applied study is presented, that allows to deepen the agreement regarding the types of patient that they use the physiotherapy services of the Health Care Plan in analysis and which the aspects related to the service quality that more they influence its degree of satisfaction.
The validation of four ultrametric clustering algorithms

Abstract The present simulation study examined the ability of four hierarchical clustering algorithms to recover the true structure in data sets which satisfied both the ultrametric inequality and the structural model of the clustering procedures. The results indicated that the rank order performance of the four methods differed markedly from the rank order generally found in multivariate normal mixture model studies. The differing rank orders demonstrates a lack of robustness of the algorithms over alternative conceptualizations of cluster structure.
Measurement of agglomerate strength distributions in agglomerated powders

Strength distributions of particle agglomerates in six different yttria powders were measured using a calibrated ultrasonic sound field. The density of sintered pellets was directly related to the agglomerate strength of each powder. No systematic relation to the sintered density was observed for bulk densities or pressure-density compaction data for the loose powders, or for pore size distributions or green densities for the pressed compacts.
Defensive driving and the external costs of accidents and travel delays

A unified model of accident and travel-delay costs describes the role that defensive driving effort plays in balancing these costs, and the costs of effort itself. This motivates a simple method for jointly estimating risk, effort, and travel-delay externalities, which exploits ordinary travel-demand modeling to directly value the congestion that generates these costs. A unique empirical setting also allows for decomposing the joint externality into its travel-delay and accident-related components, with results suggesting that together risk and effort externalities are nearly on par with travel-delay externalities. It is also demonstrated that traditional value-of-time estimates substantially reflect risk and effort costs.
Synthesis and polymerizations of methyl 3,3-difluorocyclobutene-1-carboxylate and methyl 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene-1-carboxylate

Two new monomers, methyl 3,3-difluorocyclobutene-1-carboxylate (MDFC) and methyl 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutene-1-carboxylate (MTFC), were synthesized. Under free radical conditions, MDFC gave homopolymer; MTFC did not. Copolymerizations of these monomers showed them to behave as very electron-deficient monomers, MTFC more so than MDFC. MDFC copolymerized with various vinyl ethers and styrenes to give high yields of almost 1:1 copolymers. Acrylonitrile copolymerized in lower yield with less incorporation of MDFC; trimethylethylenetricarboxylate did not copolymerize. Bicyclobutane-1-carbonitrile copolymerized well. MTFC copolymerized with the very electron-rich monomers t-butyl vinyl ether and p-methoxystyrene, leading to alternating and nearly alternating copolymers, respectively, and even styrene tended to give almost 1:1 copolymers. Acrylonitrile gave only polyacrylonitrile, and trimethylethylenetricarboxylate did not react with MTFC under free radical conditions. The reaction of MTFC with the electron-rich monomers t-butyl vinyl ether and p-methoxystyrene occurred spontaneously via charge transfer complexes. Thermally, the copolymers were rather stable, those of MTFC more so than those of MDFC.
Liquidated Damages: An Approach to Addressing Performance Breaches in Contracts

This paper will define and explain liquidated damages, a contractually correct method of assuring enforceability and damage recovery in the event of a contract breach. This paper will further point out that failure to use liquidated damage clauses could result in litigation — with litigation’s attendant costs, delays, and sometimes unexpected results.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Differential signaling of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes.

We have used SV40-transformed hepatocytes from insulin receptor-deficient mice (−/−) and normal mice (WT) to investigate the different abilities of insulin and IGF-1 receptors to stimulate glycogen synthesis. We report that insulin receptors are more potent than IGF-1 receptors in stimulating glycogen synthesis. Both receptors stimulate glycogen synthesis in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner, but only the effect of insulin receptors is partially rapamycin-dependent. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors activate Akt to a similar extent, whereas GSK-3 inactivation in response to IGF-1 is considerably lower in both −/− and WT cells, compared to the effect of insulin in WT cells. The findings indicate that (i) the potency of insulin and IGF-1 receptors in stimulating glycogen synthesis correlates with their ability to inactivate GSK-3, (ii) the extent of GSK-3 inactivation does not correlate with the extent of Akt activation mediated by insulin or IGF-1 receptors, indicating that the effect of insulin on GSK-3 requires a...
Optimization of Plasma Fluorogenic Thrombin-Generation Assays

We optimized fluorogenic thrombin-generation assays with regard to sample volume, calibration, analytic corrections, and activation reagents. Lower sample volumes (40 vs 80 microL) were associated with better recovery of thrombin activity, lower interference due to absorbance of light, and higher total thrombin generation (area under the curve), even using internal standards to calibrate plasma samples. With lower sample volumes, there was no advantage to internal calibration of samples without obvious interference (hemolysis). Previously developed corrections for measured vs expected fluorescence units, residual thrombin-alpha(2)-macroglobulin activity, and hemolysis improved the analytic accuracy of the assay. An optimized assay with a 40-microL sample volume, analytic corrections, and a corn trypsin inhibitor to block contact activation showed that 0.6 pmol/L tissue factor activator was better than 5 pmol/L at differentiating healthy subjects from patients with sepsis while demonstrating good reproducibility (area under the curve, 4% within-run and 7% between-run coefficient of variation).
ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF TEST LENGTH AND TEST TIME ON PARAMETER ESTIMATION USING THE HYBRID MODEL

When individuals perform tasks, they differ from each other not only in their ability to perform the tasks correctly, but also in their speed. Even though the traditional indicator of test speededness, missing responses, clearly indicates a lack of time to respond (thereby indicating the speededness of the test), it is inadequate for evaluating speededness in a multiple-choice test scored as number correct and underestimates test speededness. Conventional IRT parameter estimation ignores the mixture of random responses during calibration; consequently, estimated parameters are biased. The HYBRID model (Yamamoto, 1989) was extended (Yamamoto, 1990) to characterize when each examinee switches from an ability-based response strategy to a strategy of responding randomly. The model has allowed us to evaluate test speededness by estimating the proportions of examinees who switch strategies at any possible point in the test. The estimated IRT parameters based on the HYBRID model were more accurate than the ordinary IRT-only analysis. With the extended HYBRID model applied to the data taken from an experimental form of TOEFL®, we found that 1) the test length had a small impact on the proportion of the examinees affected by the speededness of the test, 2) a greater proportion of examinees were affected by speededness of a test with a 50-minute time limit than a test with a 55- or 60-minute time limit, and 3) the difference in the proportions of examinees affected by speededness of tests under 55- and 60-minute time limits was small. However, nearly 20 percent of the examinees were affected by speededness after completing 80 percent of the test. In other words, the last 20 percent of the responses of 20 percent of the examinees did not represent their true ability.
On the growth of cracks at the fatigue threshold following compression overloads: Role of load ratio

Abstract Studies have been performed on the effect of single compression overload cycles on the role of crack closure during near-threshold fatigue crack growth in ingot metallurgy aluminum alloy 7150-T7, specifically with respect to the role of mean stress or load ratio R (= K min /K max ). It was found that large compression or simple unloading cycles, applied to cracks arrested at the fatigue threshold at R = 0.75, had no detectable effect on crack closure or crack growth behavior. This is in contrast with previous studies at R = 0.10 where arrested threshold cracks subjected to such compression cycles (of magnitude five times the maximum tensile load) were seen to recommence growth immediately, consistent with a measured reduction in closure. Such results are discussed in terms of the major origins of crack closure in this alloy.
Novel regional and developmental NMDA receptor expression patterns uncovered in NR2C subunit-β-galactosidase knock-in mice

NMDA receptor "knock-in" mice were generated by inserting the nuclear beta-galactosidase reporter at the NR2C subunit translation initiation site. Novel cell types and dynamic patterns of NR2C expression were identified using these mice, which were unnoticed before because reagents that specifically recognize NR2C-containing receptors are non-existent. We identified a transition zone from NR2C-expressing neurons to astrocytes in an area connecting the retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus. We demonstrate that NR2C is expressed in a subset of S100beta-positive/GFAP-negative glial cells in the striatum, olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex. We also demonstrate novel areas of neuronal expression such as retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, pontine and vestibular nuclei. In addition, we show that during cerebellar development NR2C is expressed in transient caudal-rostral gradients and parasagittal bands in subsets of granule cells residing in the internal granular layer, further demonstrating heterogeneity of granule neurons. These results point to novel functions of NR2C-containing NMDA receptors.
Spin polarized photoemission studies of surfaces and thin-films

Spin polarized photoemission is used to study the magnetic states associated with the clean iron (001) surface. These studies reveal evidence for a minority spin surface state in agreement with a first principles calculation. Studies of the same surface with silver and chromium epitaxial overlayers reveal evidence for interface states derived from this state found on the clean surface. In the case of the silver overlayer the binding energy of the new state is found to be dependent on the layer by layer thickness of the overlayer. With chromium overlayers the binding energy for the same interface state does not show the same thickness dependence. However a second interface state is observed immediately below the Fermi level. These changes in the interfacial electronic structure have implications for any modelling of magnetic coupling in multilayers dependent on the magnetic properties of the interface.
Esr Studies in Amorphous Insulators

Some applications of electron spin resonance to the study of amorphous insulators are briefly described. Specific topics addressed include radiation-induced defect centers, redox equilibria, phase separation, photochromics, and ferromagnetic precipitates.
An empirical comparison of methods of communality estimation

This paper shows the formulation of nine methods of estimating the unknown communalities. Each of these methods has been used on experimental data and the results tabulated for comparison. The results show that the most accurate approximations are obtained from the Centroid No. 1 and theGraphical methods.
The Role of Compensatory and Retributive Justice in Determining Damages in Employment Disputes

This study draws on theories of compensatory and retributive justice to examine how jurors and employment arbitrators reach decisions regarding awards and damages in cases involving allegations or wrongful discharge. The authors hypothesized that the decision to provide compensatory justice would be determined by both employee and employer attributes, whereas the decision to provide both compensatory and punitive justice would be determined by employer attributes. These hypotheses were tested using a policy-capturing exercise in which the decision makers were asked to make an award and damages determination in cases in which an employee was challenging his or her termination. Results generally support the hypotheses. Findings suggest that within the context of employment disputes, both jurors and employment arbitrators are influenced by a justice-providing motive that involves both compensating the victim and exacting retribution.
fabryq: using phones as gateways to prototype internet of things applications using web scripting

Ubiquitous computing devices are often size- and power-constrained, which prevents them from directly connecting to the Internet. An increasingly common pattern is therefore to interpose a smart phone as a network gateway, and to deliver GUIs for such devices. Implementing the pipeline from embedded device through a phone application to the Internet requires a complex and disjoint set of languages and APIs. We present fabryq, a platform that simplifies the prototyping and deployment of such applications. fabryq uses smartphones as bridges that connect devices using the short range wireless technology, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), to the Internet. Developers only write code in one language (Javascript) and one location (a server) to communicate with their device. We introduce a protocol proxy programming model to control remote devices; and a capability-based hardware abstraction approach that supports scaling from a single prototype device to a deployment of multiple devices. To illustrate the utility of our platform, we show example applications implemented by authors and users, and describe μfabryq, a BLE prototyping API similar to Arduino, built with fabryq.
Towards identifying potential liver toxicity genomic biomarkers

Drug-induced liver toxicity is the primary reason for the withdrawal of drugs from the market and a frequent reason for the failure of drug candidates in the clinical phases of drug devel
A Process Model of Organizational Turnover: The Relationship with Job Security as a Case in Point

A turnover process model applies Barnard's participation and contribution decisions to various organizational career stages. Job security effects are traced through the model, revealing the need for more complex research approaches. Organizations are affected because, given job insecurity, better workers shy away during recruitment or are predominant quitters.
Cleavage of CDK Inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1 by Caspases Is an Early Event during DNA Damage-induced Apoptosis

Activation of the p53-mediated DNA damage response induces either G1 cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The G1 cell cycle arrest is in part caused by the p53-dependent transcriptional activation of the CDK inhibitor, p21(Cip1/Waf1). We report here that human p21 protein is rapidly induced but selectively cleaved during the apoptotic response to gamma-irradiation. Such an event occurred early, well before the morphological appearance of apoptosis. Ectopical expression of p53 in tumor cells alone could induce p21 expression, followed by p21 cleavage and apoptosis. The cleavage of p21 could be reproduced in extracts prepared from irradiated cells or by recombinant caspase-3, suggesting that a caspase-like activity is responsible for this cleavage. p21 binds independently to both CDK2 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Our studies indicated that p21 cleavage by the caspase-like activity specifically abolished its interaction with PCNA, suggesting that p21 cleavage may interfere with normal PCNA-dependent repair. Our data suggest that p21 may serve as a critical checkpoint regulator for both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis during the p53-mediated DNA damage response. Manipulation of the checkpoint regulators involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis may thus provide a novel strategy to cancer therapy.
Predominant surface distribution of neurokinin-3 receptors in non-dopaminergic dendrites in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

Abstract Neurokinin-3 (NK 3 ) receptors are prevalent within the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), where their activation can affect motor and motivational behaviors as well as cardiovascular function and stress responses. These actions are mediated, in part, by dopaminergic neurons in each region. To determine the relevant sites for activation of these receptors, we examined the electron microscopic localization of NK 3 receptors and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme in dopaminergic neurons in the SN and VTA of rat brain. In each region, immunogold–silver labeling for NK 3 receptors was detected in many somatodendritic profiles, some of which contained TH-immunoreactivity. NK 3 -immunogold particles were largely associated with endomembranes resembling smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and only occasionally located on the plasma membrane in TH-labeled dendrites. In comparison with these dendrites, non-TH immunoreactive dendrites contained significantly more total (VTA) and more plasmalemmal (VTA and SN) NK 3 -immunogold particles. In each region, NK 3 gold particles also were seen in axonal as well as glial profiles, some of which contacted TH-immunoreactive dendrites. The NK 3 -labeled axon terminals formed either symmetric or asymmetric, excitatory-type synapses, the latter of which were significantly more prevalent in the VTA, compared with SN. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence indicating that NK 3 receptors are available in cytoplasmic reserve in dopaminergic neurons, but more immediately accessible at the plasmalemmal surface of non-dopaminergic dendrites in both the SN and VTA. The activation of these receptors, together with the NK 3 receptors in either the presynaptic axon terminals or glia may contribute to the diverse physiological effects of tachykinins in each region, and most prominently involving excitatory inputs to the VTA.
Contradictory tendencies in the perception of life conflicts in persons with cardiovascular disease and persons with cancer

A key source of tension for people today is fitting together different areas of life—career, home, family, marriage, community, recreation. This research is designed to test the hypothesis that a struggling attitude among persons with cardiovascular disease and an emotionally repressive attitude among persons with cancer would be reflected in the experience of such tensions. In a discriminant function analysis with a group of 294 professional women in their fifties and sixties, those who were suffering serious cardiovascular disease had significantly higher Career-Life Balance Inventory (CLBI) tension scores than those who have developed cancer (P < 0.004), and those having neither disease were at a middle position which could also be significantly discriminated from the disease groups (nondisease vs cardiovascular, P < 0.017; nondisease vs cancer, P < 0.016). These group differences were partially accounted for by heavy career engagement of the cardiovascular group, and low career engagement of the cancer group, but even after this difference was given precedence in the discriminant model, the CLBI still played a dominating role in discriminating the groups.
Symposium 8: Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Development

Oligodendrocyte precursors arise in restricted regions of the developing neuroepithelium due to local signals that include sonic hedgehog. In the spinal cord the founder cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage develop in a specific domain of the ventral ventricular zone. These cells or their progeny subsequently migrate long distances to populate the entire spinal cord and myelinate axons in the peripheral presumptive white matter. The majority of migration in the oligodendrocyte lineage is accomplished by immature precursors, which then stop, proliferate and differentiate in the appropriate location. Several distinct mechanisms appear to regulate this migration. The initial dispersal of cells from the ventral ventricular zone is guided by chemorepellent cues including netrin-1 present in the ventral ventricular domain. Migratory precursors are arrested in particular locations within the developing spinal cord as the result of the localized expression of the chemokine, CXCL1 by astrocytes. This chemokine, signalling through the CXCR2 receptor combines with PDGF to inhibit cell migration and enhance cell proliferation thereby facilitating the local expansion of the oligodendrocyte lineage and myelination of all relevant axons.
A Mechanical Means to Produce Intense Beams of Slow Molecules

The flow velocity of gas emerging from a supersonic nozzle mounted on a high-speed rotor can be largely canceled by the rotor velocity, thereby producing an intense beam of molecules traveling in a...
Forward smolder of polyurethane foam in a forced air flow

An experimental study is conducted of forward smolder of polyurethane foam. Air is used as oxidizer, and is forced in the direction of smolder propagation under conditions that produce approximately one-dimensional forward smolder propagation. The objective of the study is to provide further understanding of the mechanisms controlling forward smolder and verification of theoretical models of the problem. Upward and downward forward smolder are compared to also observe the effect of buoyancy on the process. Measurements of the temperature histories at several locations throughout the foam sample are used to infer the characteristics of the smolder process, and to calculate the smolder propagation velocity along the sample length as a function of the air flow velocity and gravitational orientation. It is found that as the flow velocity is increased, there is a transition in the smolder characteristics from a smolder process that is characterized by the propagation of a single exothermic oxidation (smolder) reaction to one characterized by the propagation of two reactions, an oxidative smolder reaction preceded by an endothermic pyrolysis reaction. Buoyancy is observed to affect this mode of smolder at very low air velocities, or when the smolder front approaches the sample end. The smolder velocity data are correlated well in terms of a nondimensional smolder velocity derived from previously developed theoretical models of forward smolder. The good agreement between theory and experiments verifies that the smolder controlling mechanisms and simplifying assumptions implicit in the models are appropriate at least for the present experimental conditions.
Optimum maneuvers of a skip vehicle with bounded lift constraints.

This paper presents the analytical solutions of the problem of optimum maneuvering of a glide vehicle flying in the hypervelocity regime. The investigation is based on the approximation of Allen and Eggers; namely, that along the fundamental part of a reentry or ascent trajectory, the aerodynamic forces greatly exceed the components of the gravitational force in the directions tangent and normal to the flight path. The problem consists of finding an optimal control law for the lift such that the final velocity or the final altitude is maximized. This problem can be viewed as bringing the vehicle to the best condition for interception, penetration, or making an evasive maneuver. If the range is free, the optimal lift control is obtained in closed form. If the lift control is bounded, then bounded control is optimal whenever it is reached. The switching sequences for different cases are discussed, and it is shown that there are at most two switchings. Bounded lift control is always at the ends of the optimal trajectory; for the case of two switchings, the optimal trajectory has an inflection point.
Cyberspaces: Familiar Territory or Lawless Frontiers

This article is a general overview of the present state of the law with respect to new online communication services, comparing the views of pioneer users that there is something new and distinctly different about communication via computer and modem from other forms of communication with those of lawyers and law enforcement officials who are attempting to apply existing statutes and case law to abusive behavior and controversies that arise online. The differences between the two approaches will be compared with the successes and failures concluding with some suggestions of what approaches might be taken in the future.
The Balance Between Secondary Air System Pressure Head Requirements, Cooling Effectiveness and Turbine Efficiency: A Parametric Study

The advantage of higher turbine inlet temperatures as a way to increase cycle efficiency is potentially outweighed by the efficiency losses caused by the increased secondary air extracted from the compressor discharge to cool turbine components. Higher cooling effectiveness schemes could be used, but pressure head required to drive the coolant flow through the hot section components may be higher than those available due to combustor pressure losses. This paper looks to determine the potential effects on the overall cycle efficiency caused by an intentional pressure drop across the combustor, allowing more aggressive cooling schemes with a lower amount of cooling air, based on data of state of the art cooling schemes (coolant flow ratio, pressure head and cooling effectiveness) and a parametric analysis of a simple cycle turbine. Results suggest that coolant flow reduction can actually result in a lower pressure drop across the cooling passages, given the decreased flow velocity ending up in higher efficiency and specific work. Enhanced cooling schemes can also allow higher turbine inlet temperatures for a given coolant flow, resulting in improved performance.© 2012 ASME
Membrane proteomic signatures of karyotypically normal and abnormal human embryonic stem cell lines and derivatives

Cultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived derivatives contain heterogeneous cell populations with varying degrees of differentiation and karyotypic stability. The inability to isolate homogenous population presents a challenge toward cell-based applications and therapies. A proteomics approach was utilized to discover novel membrane proteins able to distinguish between the hESC lines BG01, WA09, and abBG02 (trisomy 12, 14, 17 and an extra copy of the X chromosome), along with WA09-derived human neural progenitor (hNP) cells. Membrane protein signatures were developed using sucrose-gradient isolation, 1-D gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel digestion and analysis by reverse phase chromatography coupled to ion trap-FT-ICR. At a ≤1.0% false discovery rate, 1918 proteins were identified; 775 were annotated as membrane proteins and 720 predicted to contain transmembrane spanning regions. Flow cytometry was used to validate cell surface expression of selected proteins. Junctional adhesion molecule 1 expression was shared by BG01, BG02 and abBG02 hESC lines. Dysferlin expression was specific to the WA09 hESC line and not the derived neural or mesenchymal progenitors. Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor distinguished WA09-derived human neural progenitor cells from the parent hESC population, and WA09-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. This study expands the current membrane protein data set for hESCs.
Volumetric properties of sulfur hexafluoride + pentane and sulfur hexafluoride + toluene at high pressures

The volumetric properties of sulfur hexafluoride + pentane and sulfur hexafluoride + toluene mixtures have been determined at 323, 348, 373, 398, and 423 K at pressures up to 70 MPa using a variable-volume view cell. Densities for pure components and mixtures containing 90, 80, 70, 50, 40, and 30% by mass sulfur hexafluoride are reported as a function of pressure at each temperature.
Effect of Stock Size, Climate, Predation, and Trophic Status on Recruitment of Alewives in Lake Ontario, 1978–2000

Abstract The population of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake Ontario is of great concern to fishery managers because alewives are the principal prey of introduced salmonines and because alewives negatively influence many endemic fishes. We used spring bottom trawl catches of alewives to investigate the roles of stock size, climate, predation, and lake trophic status on recruitment of alewives to age 2 in Lake Ontario during 1978–2000. Climate was indexed from the temperature of water entering a south-shore municipal treatment plant, lake trophic status was indexed by the mean concentration of total phosphorus (TP) in surface water in spring, and predation was indexed by the product of the number of salmonines stocked and relative, first-year survival of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A Ricker-type parent–progeny model suggested that peak production of age-1 alewives could occur over a broad range of spawning stock sizes, and the fit of the model was improved most by the addition of terms for...