cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adventure Tales, Colonialism, and Alexander Montgomery's Australian Perspective

In her paper, "Adventure Tales, Colonialism, and Alexander Montgomery's Australian Perspective," Christine Doran discusses an early nineteenth-century example of Australian literature dealing with Southeast Asia. The text analysed is about Borneo, in a collection of short stories by Alexander Montgomery entitled Five-Skull Island and Other Tales of the Malay Archipelago, published in Melbourne in 1897. In the paper, Doran's focus is on Montgomery's adventure tales and she situates the texts within their literary and cultural contexts. Montgomery's writing is then analyzed in the light of postcolonial scholarship. Doran argues that in several important ways this author's work runs counter to the assertions made by some scholars of postcolonial studies concerning the nature of late nineteenth-century colonial fiction. In particular, Doran's analysis suggests that a close-text interpretation -- executed within a cultural context -- of Montgomery's text allows several commonly accepted generalizations concerning racism and masculinism within colonial literary discourse to be questioned. A minor Australian writer, of Irish descent and with marked working-class sympathies, Alexander Montgomery was able to adopt a perspective on colonial Southeast Asia from "down under." As Doran shows, Montgomery wrote from the point of view of those, whether of European or Asian ancestry, who struggled for survival in the colonized territories. Montgomery's texts thus present a challenging view of the colonial context from the margins of the British-European empire.
Postfreeze survival and muscle function in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the wood frog (Rana sylvatica)

Abstract 1. 1. Organismal survival and function of isolated muscle were assessed in the frogs Rana pipiens and R. sylvatica after freezing for various durations at 2°C. Maximal twitch and tetanic contractions were measured on gastrocnemius preparations made 3 h (both species) and 24 h ( R. sylvatica ) after the onset of thawing at 3°C. 2. 2. Rana pipiens died from freezes lasting longer than 8 h. Muscle contaction strength was unimpaired when frogs were frozen for 6 h, whereas muscles generated only 10% of normal contraction strength when frogs were frozen for 24 h. 3. 3. Rana sylvatica survived freezing episodes lasting up to 48 h; howver, most frogs died when they were frozen for 96 h. Muscle contraction strength was an inverse function of freeze duration when frogs were thawed for 3 h but contractility was normal by 24 h. 4. 4. Despite surviving the initiation of internal ice formation, most vertebrates, including R. pipiens , seem best described as freeze intolerant since this ability is not a reliable means of protection from injury during natural freezes. In contrast, a few vertebrates, such as R. sylvatica , survive extensive internal freezing in a fashion that is consistent with their ecological needs.
Transient photovoltages in purple membrane multilayers. Charge displacement in bacteriorhodopsin and its photointermediates.

Abstract The photovoltaic properties of bacteriorhodopsin molecules and their photochemical intermediates have been investigated in an experimental cell consisting of multilayered films of highly oriented, dry fragments of purple membrane and lipid sandwiched between two metal (Pd) electrodes. The electrical time constant of these sandwich cells containing between 5 and 30 layers is
Endogenous factor in rat liver that converts tyrosine aminotransferase form III to form I: a rapid assay of this converting factor.

Abstract After induction by cortisol, tyrosine aminotransferase ( l -tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5) present in rat liver homogenates can be resolved into three peaks of activity by CM-Sephadex chromatography. Based on differential elution of these forms by a linear KCl gradient, a three-tube assay was developed that quantitates the amount of form III relative to total enzyme. The assay was used to determine the presence of a factor in the liver that converts tyrosine aminotransferase form III to form I. Definitive evidence for the liberation of such a factor is presented.
Tropomyosin and Troponin-T Isoform Differences in Jaw-Closing Muscles of Rodentia and Carnivora that Express Masticatory Myosin

We recently reported that, contrary to prevailing dogma, masticatory (“superfast”) myosin is expressed in jaw-closing muscles of some members of Rodentia (Reiser et al., J. Exp. Biol. 212:2511-2519, 2009). Whereas virtually all mammalian limb muscle fibers express tropomyosin-β (Tm-β), along with fast-type or slow-type Tm-α, jaw-closing muscle fibers that express masticatory myosin in members of Carnivora express a unique isoform of Tm-α and do not express Tm-β (Rowlerson et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 113:519-525, 1983; Hoh et al., Proc. Aust. Physiol. Pharmacol. Soc. 20:192P, 1989). The goal of this study was to examine thin filament protein isoform composition in jaw-closing muscles of rodents that express masticatory myosin and compare the results to those from members of Carnivora. Tm or troponin-T (TnT) specific antibodies and immunoblotting were used to probe homogenates of limb and jaw-closing muscles of six species of Rodentia and three species of Carnivora. The results verify the almost exclusive expression of Tm-α, presumably the unique isoform reported earlier, in the jaw-closing muscles of Carnivora and reveal that members of Rodentia express both Tm-α and Tm-β in jaw-closing muscles, similar to limb muscles in the same species. The results also indicate that the same complement of TnT isoforms are expressed in jaw-closing and limb muscles of Carnivora, but differ markedly between the two muscle groups in Rodentia. Fast-type TnC and TnI appear to be expressed in jaw-closing muscles of both orders. It is postulated that the differences in Tm and TnT isoform expression patterns between Carnivora and Rodentia may impart fundamental differences in calcium-sensitivity of force generation to accommodate markedly different feeding styles, with shared expression of masticatory myosin, between these two animal orders. Supported by the National Science Foundation.
Getting from “Is” to “Ought” in Legal Ethics: Mann's Defending White‐Collar Crime

The law enforcement initiative that erupted in the 1970s against business crime produced a flow of prosecutors who were at home with the accounting and legal complexities of cases involving tax fraud, mail fraud, securities fraud, bribery, and extortion. The wealthy targets and defendants in such cases were eventually able to channel many of those prosecutors into defense work. And so, while white-collar criminal defendants in the past were usually represented by civil trial lawyers, today's more numerous defendants are apt to retain lawyers who are white-collar defense specialists. These lawyers and their work are the subject of a valuable new study by Kenneth Mann. Mann is both a sociologist and a lawyer, and he uses his interdisciplinary background to good advantage. One sees this first in his choice of research methods. While Mann relies heavily on conventional social science research tools-surveying all the lawyers who defended white-collar cases in the southern district of New York in the mid-1970s and interviewing in depth 29 of the 60 most notable white-collar defense specialists in New York City'-he also draws on his own brief experience as a white-collar defense lawyer. The insider's perspective gives Mann's book a more authoritative ring than many sociological studies of the legal profession. At the same time, because Mann has taken the trouble to examine the
CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic

Abstract The correspondence between atmospheric CO2 concentrations and globally averaged surface temperatures in the recent past suggests that this coupling may be of great antiquity. Here, I compare 490 published proxy records of CO2 spanning the Ordovician to Neogene with records of global cool events to evaluate the strength of CO2-temperature coupling over the Phanerozoic (last 542 my). For periods with sufficient CO2 coverage, all cool events are associated with CO2 levels below 1000 ppm. A CO2 threshold of below ∼500 ppm is suggested for the initiation of widespread, continental glaciations, although this threshold was likely higher during the Paleozoic due to a lower solar luminosity at that time. Also, based on data from the Jurassic and Cretaceous, a CO2 threshold of below ∼1000 ppm is proposed for the initiation of cool non-glacial conditions. A pervasive, tight correlation between CO2 and temperature is found both at coarse (10 my timescales) and fine resolutions up to the temporal limits of the data set (million-year timescales), indicating that CO2, operating in combination with many other factors such as solar luminosity and paleogeography, has imparted strong control over global temperatures for much of the Phanerozoic.
Minimizing random disorder in a kagome lattice of superconducting resonators

To ultimately study phase transitions of light, arrays of superconducting resonators must be made with low disorder in individual resonator frequencies. We fabricate and measure such arrays, minimizing disorder to a few parts in 104.
Role of Endothelin-1 in Blood Pressure Regulation in a Rat Model of Visceral Obesity and Hypertension

Endothelial dysfunction has been suggested to play an important role in the development of obesity-induced hypertension. Because endothelin release increases in response to endothelial damage, we examined whether endothelin-1 contributes to increased arterial pressure in a model of visceral obesity produced by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats a high-fat (HF) diet (40% fat w/w, n=6) for 12 months. Arterial and venous catheters were implanted for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) 24 hours per day and intravenous infusions. After a 5-day control period, rats were infused with the selective endothelin-1 type A receptor (ET-A) blocker ABT-627 (2.5 mg/kg per day, IV) for 9 days, followed by a recovery period. Rats fed a standard chow (normal fat, or NF, group: n=6) for 12 months were also infused with ET-A blocker and were used as controls. Compared with NF rats, HF rats had higher MAP (113±4 versus 98±2 mm Hg), increased visceral fat (18.7±2.0 versus 10.8±1.4 g), and 3.2-fold increase in plasma leptin despite similar total body weight gain. Long-term ET-A blockade markedly reduced MAP in HF (−14±3 mm Hg) and NF (−14±2 mm Hg), but it had no effect on HR, GFR, or PRA. These results indicate that a long-term HF diet may cause visceral obesity and increased MAP, even in the absence of major changes in total body weight. Endothelin-1 appears to play an important role in the maintenance of arterial pressure in rats fed HF and NF diets, but it does not appear to contribute to increased MAP in this model of diet-induced hypertension.
Simple criteria for controller performance monitoring

This paper presents some simple criteria to monitor the performance of multivariable controllers. Their derivation is based on the small gain theorem using estimates of the uncertainty in the process model. Large values of such estimates indicate the need for controller retiming. Encouraging preliminary results have been obtained from applications to simulated data. Although adequate excitation is necessary to allow conclusive statements, the excitation requirement is quite modest compared to system identification.
Solid-state Forensic Finger sensor for integrated sampling and detection of gunshot residue and explosives: towards ‘Lab-on-a-finger’

Increasing security needs require field-deployable, on-the-spot detection tools for the rapid and reliable identification of gunshot residue (GSR) and nitroaromatic explosive compounds. This manuscript presents a simple, all-solid-state, wearable fingertip sensor for the rapid on-site voltammetric screening of GSR and explosive surface residues. To fabricate the new Forensic Fingers, we screen-print a three-electrode setup onto a nitrile finger cot, and coat another finger cot with an ionogel electrolyte layer. The new integrated sampling/detection methodology relies on 'voltammetry of microparticles' (VMP) and involves an initial mechanical transfer of trace amounts of surface-confined analytes directly onto the fingertip-based electrode contingent. Voltammetric measurements of the sample residues are carried out upon bringing the working electrode (printed on the index finger cot) in direct contact with a second finger cot coated with an ionogel electrolyte (worn on the thumb), thus completing the solid-state electrochemical cell. Sampling and screening are performed in less than four minutes and generate distinct voltammetric fingerprints which are specific to both GSR and explosives. The use of the solid, flexible ionogel electrolyte eliminates any liquid handling which can resolve problems associated with leakage, portability and contamination. A detailed study reveals that the fingertip detection system can rapidly identify residues of GSR and nitroaromatic compounds with high specificity, without compromising its attractive behavior even after undergoing repeated mechanical stress. This new integrated sampling/detection fingertip strategy holds considerable promise as a rapid, effective and low-cost approach for on-site crime scene investigations in various forensic scenarios.
Actinomycin D Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Minus-Strand Transfer in In Vitro and Endogenous Reverse Transcriptase Assays

In this report we demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) minus-strand transfer, assayed in vitro and in endogenous reactions, is greatly inhibited by actinomycin D. Previously we showed that HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein (a nucleic acid chaperone catalyzing nucleic acid rearrangements which lead to more thermodynamically stable conformations) dramatically stimulates HIV-1 minus-strand transfer by preventing TAR-dependent self-priming from minus-strand strong-stop DNA [(-) SSDNA]. Despite this potent activity, the addition of NC to in vitro reactions with actinomycin D results in only a modest increase in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the drug. PCR analysis of HIV-1 endogenous reactions indicates that minus-strand transfer is inhibited by the drug with an IC50 similar to that observed when NC is present in the in vitro system. Taken together, these results demonstrate that NC cannot overcome the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D on minus-strand transfer. Other experiments reveal that at actinomycin D concentrations which severely curtail minus-strand transfer, neither the synthesis of (-) SSDNA nor RNase H degradation of donor RNA is affected; however, the annealing of (-) SSDNA to acceptor RNA is significantly reduced. Thus, inhibition of the annealing reaction is responsible for actinomycin D-mediated inhibition of strand transfer. Since NC (but not reverse transcriptase) is required for efficient annealing, we conclude that actinomycin D inhibits minus-strand transfer by blocking the nucleic acid chaperone activity of NC. Our findings also suggest that actinomycin D, already approved for treatment of certain tumors, might be useful in combination therapy for AIDS.
CNTRICS Final Biomarker Selection: Control of Attention

Attention is widely believed to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) group previously concluded that the processes involved in the top-down control of attention are particularly impaired in schizophrenia and should be the focus of future research. These processes determine which sources of input should be attended, linking goal representations in prefrontal cortex with more posterior regions that implement the actual selection of attended information. A more recent meeting of the CNTRICS group assessed several paradigms that might be useful for identifying biomarkers of attentional control and that could be used for treatment development and assessment. Two types of paradigms were identified as being particularly promising. In one approach, neural activity is measured (using electroencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging) during the period between an attention-directing cue and a target. In a second approach, neural activity is measured under low- and high-distraction conditions. These approaches make it possible to identify the goal representations that guide attention and the interactions between these goal representations and the implementation of selection. Although more basic science research with healthy volunteers and preclinical research with schizophrenia patients is needed before these paradigms will be ready to provide clinically useful biomarkers, they hold substantial promise for aiding in the development and assessment of new treatments.
The influence of puberty on stress reactivity and forebrain glucocorticoid receptor levels in inbred and outbred strains of male and female mice

Summary Objective To examine stress-induced corticosterone responses and forebrain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in prepubertal and adult, male and female mice of three commonly used inbred (C57BL/6, BALB/c) and outbred (Swiss Webster) strains. Methods Prepubertal (30 days of age) and adult (75 days of age), male and female C57BL/6, BALB/c, and Swiss Webster mice were exposed to a 30 min session of restraint stress. Plasma corticosterone was measured before (basal), or 0, 30, or 60 min after termination of the stressor. GR protein levels of the medial prefrontal cortex, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and hippocampus were also measured via tissue punches and western blots in the prepubertal and adult males and females at the basal time point. Results In response to acute stress, prepubertal males of both inbred strains showed greater hormonal responsiveness than their adult counterparts, while females of these strains displayed similar stress-induced corticosterone responses, independent of age. Conversely, only the females of the outbred Swiss Webster strain showed pubertal-related changes, with adult females showing greater hormonal reactivity compared to prepubertal females. Despite these significant differences in hormonal reactivity, we found little difference in GR protein levels in the brain regions examined. Conclusions These data indicate that pubertal-dependent differences in stress reactivity can be significantly influenced by sex and genetic background. Moreover, these data provide points of departure for future studies investigating how puberty, sex, and genetic background interact to shape both short- and long-term effects of stress on mental and physical health.
Differential regulation by retinoic acid and calcium of transglutaminases in cultured neoplastic and normal human keratinocytes

In five lines of cultured human squamous carcinoma cells, transglutaminase activity and envelope competence were highly sensitive to retinoic acid and calcium levels in the growth medium. In cells grown in low calcium medium, these measures of keratinocyte differentiation were reduced. Retinoic acid suppressed envelope competence but total transglutaminase activity was markedly reduced, slightly affected, or greatly stimulated depending upon the cell line and whether the cells were grown in low calcium or 1.8 mM calcium-containing medium. Examination by anion exchange chromatography of the transglutaminase activity in SCC-12B2 cultures showed that expression of the particulate form (type I) of the enzyme was greatly stimulated by calcium. The increase in this activity to high levels that occurs at confluence could be almost completely suppressed by retinoic acid in the medium. The soluble form (type II) in the SCC-12B2 cells was induced in growing or confluent cultures by retinoic acid independent of the calcium concentration in the medium, but the 50% effective concentration (100 nM) for its stimulation was approximately 50-fold higher than the 50% effective concentration for suppression of the type I enzyme (2 nM). Thus, these enzymes appear to be distinct and independently regulated. This conclusion is supported by the finding that SCC-4 and SCC-9 almost exclusively expressed types II and I forms, respectively. In contrast to the results with neoplastic cells, in cultured normal epidermal cells type I enzyme comprised the overwhelming majority of activity and was only partially (75-90%) suppressible by retinoic acid, while type II enzyme seemed poorly if at all stimulable. Thus, the SCC lines appear appropriate for studying biochemical mechanisms of action of certain physiological agents, the molecular basis for altered regulation of differentiated function in neoplastic cells, and the origin of diversity within tumors.
Effects of Maryland's law banning Saturday night special handguns on crime guns.

Objectives—To determine the effects of a 1988 Maryland law that banned "Saturday night special" handguns on the types of guns used in crime. To determine if controls on the lawful market for handguns affect the illegal market as well. Setting—Baltimore, Maryland, and 15 other US cities participating in a crime gun tracing project. Methods—Cross sectional comparison of the proportion of crime guns that are banned by the Maryland law, comparing Baltimore, MD with 15 other cities outside of Maryland. Multivariate linear regression analysis to determine if observed differences between Baltimore and 15 other cities are explained by demographic or regional differences among the cities rather than Maryland's law. Results—Among crime guns, a gun banned by Maryland's law is more than twice as likely (relative risk (RR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0 to 2.5) to be the subject of a crime gun trace request in 15 other cities combined, than in Baltimore. Among homicide guns, a crime especially relevant for public safety, a comparable difference (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.2) was observed. The proportion of Baltimore's crime guns that are banned is 12 percentage points lower than would be expected based on its demographic and regional characteristics alone. Among crime guns purchased after 1990, a much smaller proportion in Baltimore are banned models than in 15 other cities. Conclusions—Maryland's law has reduced the use of banned Saturday night specials by criminals in Baltimore. Contrary to the claims of some opponents of gun control laws, regulation of the lawful market for firearms can also affect criminals.
Silicon nano-photonics: where the photons meet the electrons

It has become apparent that silicon technology can provide many of the requirements for nanophotonic integration, including many of the common discrete optoelectronic components. Some of these components are based on photonic crystal designs, but generally electromagnetic design becomes the main research requirement in nano-photonics. The question has always been what is the exact structure that should be fabricated? The era of purely intuitive design may be obsolete. We must now concentrate more on design software, rational design, and the numerical solution of inverse problems. There are a number of inverse algorithms, including genetic algorithms, the error-propagation method, and simulated annealing that can contribute to future progress in nanophotonic design.
“Why Am I Out of the Loop?” Attributions Influence Responses to Information Exclusion:

Studies show the importance of information sharing in decision making. However, information sharing also affects intrapersonal perceptions and group dynamics. Three experiments demonstrated that out-of-the-loop individuals experienced thwarted needs (e.g., belonging) and decreased trust and liking of group members. Experiment 1 showed these deleterious effects only occurred when information exclusion appeared intentional. Experiment 2 established that constructive motives could mitigate negative effects of intentional information exclusion. Experiment 3 showed that unintentional information exclusion deflated participants only when perceived as preventable. These experiments also provided evidence for a mediating process. Information exclusion, particularly when ill intentioned or preventable, signals poor group standing, leading to deleterious psychological effects.
Developing Supplier Capabilities: Market and Non-market Approaches

We explore the ways that component suppliers in a traditional US manufacturing region (Cleveland) have responded to their customers' demands for improved quality, cost, and delivery. We find that a surprising number (almost a third) have not responded by attempting systematic improvements in their production capabilities. However, two-thirds of suppliers have worked to improve their capabilities in these areas, adopting such policies as just-in-time and total quality management. Although many of the policies are inspired by Japanese management practices, the method of transfer makes far more use of market mechanisms (such as purchase of consulting services and hiring of employees who have experience implementing such practices), than in Japan. We examine the advantages and disadvantages of such market-based diffusion mechanisms.
Michael Rushton (Ed.), Creative Communities: Art Works in Economic Development (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013).

What is the impact of the arts on urban economic development? Certainly most regional arts expenditures have a consumptive multiplier effect in a regional economy. In this sense, arts activities re...
Security in networks: A game-theoretic approach

This paper explores network security as a game between attacker and defender. In this game, the attacker and defender both anticipate each other?s best strategy. Thus, instead of focusing on the best response to an attack, the paper analyzes the Nash equilibrium for the joint strategies. The paper studies two types of problem. The first type concerns networks where the data can be modified by an intruder. Given the probability that such an intruder exists, the network user decides whether to trust the data he observes. When present, the intruder chooses how to corrupt the data. The second type models virus attacks. The virus designer decides how aggressive the virus should be and the defender chooses a mechanism to detect the virus. If the virus is too aggressive, it is easy to detect. Accordingly, there is an optimum level of aggressiveness.
Unseen Fearful Faces Promote Amygdala Guidance of Attention

Little is known about the network of brain regions activated prior to explicit awareness of emotionally salient social stimuli. We investigated this in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a technique that combined elements of binocular rivalry and motion flash suppression in order to prevent awareness of fearful faces and houses. We found increased left amygdala and fusiform gyrus activation for fearful faces compared to houses, despite suppression from awareness. Psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that amygdala activation was associated with task-specific (fearful faces greater than houses) modulation of an attention network, including bilateral pulvinar, bilateral insula, left frontal eye fields, left intraparietal sulcus and early visual cortex. Furthermore, we report an unexpected main effect of increased left parietal cortex activation associated with suppressed fearful faces compared to suppressed houses. This parietal finding is the first report of increased dorsal stream activation for a social object despite suppression, which suggests that information can reach parietal cortex for a class of emotionally salient social objects, even in the absence of awareness.
A few strong connections: optimizing information retention in neuronal avalanches

How living neural networks retain information is still incompletely understood. Two prominent ideas on this topic have developed in parallel, but have remained somewhat unconnected. The first of these, the "synaptic hypothesis," holds that information can be retained in synaptic connection strengths, or weights, between neurons. Recent work inspired by statistical mechanics has suggested that networks will retain the most information when their weights are distributed in a skewed manner, with many weak weights and only a few strong ones. The second of these ideas is that information can be represented by stable activity patterns. Multineuron recordings have shown that sequences of neural activity distributed over many neurons are repeated above chance levels when animals perform well-learned tasks. Although these two ideas are compelling, no one to our knowledge has yet linked the predicted optimum distribution of weights to stable activity patterns actually observed in living neural networks. Here, we explore this link by comparing stable activity patterns from cortical slice networks recorded with multielectrode arrays to stable patterns produced by a model with a tunable weight distribution. This model was previously shown to capture central features of the dynamics in these slice networks, including neuronal avalanche cascades. We find that when the model weight distribution is appropriately skewed, it correctly matches the distribution of repeating patterns observed in the data. In addition, this same distribution of weights maximizes the capacity of the network model to retain stable activity patterns. Thus, the distribution that best fits the data is also the distribution that maximizes the number of stable patterns. We conclude that local cortical networks are very likely to use a highly skewed weight distribution to optimize information retention, as predicted by theory. Fixed distributions impose constraints on learning, however. The network must have mechanisms for preserving the overall weight distribution while allowing individual connection strengths to change with learning.
Computerized measurement of cognitive impairment and associated neuropsychiatric dimensions

Abstract This study aimed to cross-validate the capacity of a computer software program to detect and measure, using a measurement method applied to the content and form analysis of 5-minute speech samples, cognitive impairment and associated comorbid neuropsychiatric psychobiological dimensions in drug-abusing patients. At the University of California-Irvine (UCI) Neuropsychiatric Center, 28 drug-abusing inpatients using illegal drugs were clinically evaluated. Their scores for cognitive impairment derived by the computerized content analysis method were compared with scores derived from selected tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, the computerized Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric Battery (ANAM), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Portion, the Stroop Color and Word Test, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. The statistical significance ( P value) of the correlations of scores from these different measures with scores obtained from the computerized content analysis measures was less than .05 to .001. The comparative “hit rate,” detecting cognitive impairment above the norms for each measure administered to these drug-abusing patients, for the computerized content analysis measures and some of the ANAM neuropsychological measures was 75% to 89%, and for the other neuropsychological measures, 25% to 64%. In conclusion, the computerized content analysis methodology applied to 5-minute verbal samples is a valid, rapid, easily administered measurement instrument for assessing the magnitude of cognitive impairment and comorbid neuropsychiatric dimensions.
Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocarcinogenesis is a slow process during which genomic changes progressively alter the hepatocellular phenotype to produce cellular intermediates that evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma. During the long preneoplastic stage, in which the liver is often the site of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or both, hepatocyte cycling is accelerated by upregulation of mitogenic pathways, in part through epigenetic mechanisms. This leads to the production of monoclonal populations of aberrant and dysplastic hepatocytes that have telomere erosion and telomerase re-expression, sometimes microsatellite instability, and occasionally structural aberrations in genes and chromosomes. Development of dysplastic hepatocytes in foci and nodules and emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma are associated with the accumulation of irreversible structural alterations in genes and chromosomes, but the genomic basis of the malignant phenotype is heterogeneous. The malignant hepatocyte phenotype may be produced by the disruption of a number of genes that function in different regulatory pathways, producing several molecular variants of hepatocellular carcinoma. New strategies should enable these variants to be characterized.
Teaching Dance for Access, Inclusion, and Equity

This issue provides readers with strategies, program examples, and personal perspectives on how to present a meaningful dance learning experience for students with a range of disabilities. Dance fo...
The Breakfast of Champions: Can General Mills Make the Dough with Pillsbury (B)

Despite all the uncertainty mergers and acquisitions create for buyers and sellers, a solid, well-planned post acquisition integration strategy can create opportunity. During the fall of 2001, following a lengthy U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) antitrust review, General Mills Inc. acquired the Pillsbury subsidiary from Diageo PLC with an eye towards enhancing their revenue. Although General Mills financial advisors seemed to think that the balance sheets and products of the two corporations complimented each other and made a perfect match, the organizations were very different. Any shift in corporate control meant things were going to change. Kevin Wilde, the vice president and chief learning officer for General Mills was part of the transition team responsible for helping the post acquisition integration go smoothly. While spending most of the summer working on the acquisition planning stage, Wilde and the team tried to envision what employees fundamental concerns would be and how the team could help ease anxieties in both organizations. How should the Pillsbury integration process proceed? Despite the extensive planning process, were there any surprises that would affect integration efforts? Could General Mills and Pillsbury be integrated in a way that would generate more value than the companies were generating separately? And which changes should be the teams top priorities? The B case identifies several issues relevant to managing the integration and includes: human resource and organizational information, marketing initiatives, strategy statements, plant closings, and operational changes.
Listening to Capoeira: Phenomenology, Embodiment, and the Materiality of Music

L'A. examine comment, chez les praticiens de la capoeira - une forme artistique afro-bresilienne melant des elements de danse et d'arts martiaux -, se realise un apprentissage de l'ecoute/de l'audition. A travers une exploration phenomenologique de l'audition, il demontre que la culture faconne l'ecoute, mais egalement que la perception sensible est un phenomene intrinsequement social et culturel. Il soutient que les influences sociales et culturelles jouent un role important non seulement dans l'interpretation linguistique et symbolique de la musique, mais particulierement dans son apprehension sensible. A la question rituelle : Comment sonne la musique ? ont peut alors substituer l'interrogation formulee par C. Geertz : Qu'est-ce que les praticiens-musiciens percoivent avec - ou au moyen de ou a travers ? Selon l'A., les praticiens percoivent la musique non seulement a travers un ensemble de categories cognitives et d'associations symboliques, mais avec un corps entraine et reactif, a travers des habitudes copiees des autres et renforcees socialement, et au moyen de competences musicales personnelles, acquises par soi-meme et engagees de facon active dans l'ecoute.
Age-specific reproductive characteristics in fishers

We studied the age-specific reproductive characteristics of 29 male and 43 female captive fishers ( Martes pennanti ) during 1991–1993. Length of baculum was shorter in yearlings than adults, but changed little in length after the first 15 months of life. Adult (>18 months old) and yearling (6–18 months) males were nonreproductive June-January based on low concentration of testosterone and regressed testes. Testes were smaller in yearlings than adults, but there was no difference between age classes in level of testosterone in blood, number of sperm, and concentration of sperm. Concentration of testosterone began to increase in December for adults and in January for yearlings, followed by an increase in testicular size that reached a maximum in March and April for adults and yearlings, respectively. Maximum production of sperm for both age classes occurred March-May. Concentration of testosterone began to decrease in April and testes were fully regressed and production of sperm ceased by June. Adult and yearling females were anestrus June-March. Size of vulva was different among yearlings, nonpregnant adults, and pregnant adults. Vaginal cornification was lower in yearlings and concentration of progesterone in blood was higher in pregnant adults than the other groups of females. Cornification of adults was >90% by 7 days postpartum and remained >90% for 3–5 weeks. Only three of 16 yearlings exhibited cornification >90%. Mean postimplantation development was 36 days. Concentration of progesterone peaked in pregnant females during February corresponding with implantation.
Doppler optical coherence microscopy and tomography applied to inner ear mechanics

While it is clear that cochlear traveling waves underlie the extraordinary sensitivity, frequency selectivity, and dynamic range of mammalian hearing, the underlying micromechanical mechanisms remain unresolved. Recent advances in low coherence measurement techniques show promise over traditional laser Doppler vibrometry and video microscopy, which are limited by low reflectivities of cochlear structures and restricted optical access. Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) and Doppler optical coherence microscopy (DOCM) both utilize a broadband source to limit constructive interference of scattered light to a small axial depth called a coherence gate. The coherence gate can be swept axially to image and measure sub-nanometer motions of cochlear structures throughout the cochlear partition. The coherence gate of DOCT is generally narrower than the confocal gate of the focusing optics, enabling increased axial resolution (typically 15 μm) within optical sections of the cochlear partition. DOCM, frequently implemented in the time domain, centers the coherence gate on the focal plane, achieving enhanced lateral and axial resolution when the confocal gate is narrower than the coherence gate. We compare these two complementary systems and demonstrate their utility in studying cellular and micromechanical mechanisms involved in mammalian hearing.
Sinus wall reconstruction for sigmoid sinus diverticulum and dehiscence: a standardized surgical procedure for a range of radiographic findings.

Objective:To describe the radiographic presentation, surgical treatment, and complications of pulse-synchronous tinnitus (PST) due to sigmoid sinus diverticulum and dehiscence.Study Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:Tertiary care, academic medical center.Patients:Thirteen patients (14 ears) s
Corrections to “Irregular Integers”

(1979). Corrections to “Irregular Integers”. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 199-199.
Implementation and Operation of a Robotic Telescope on Skynet

We describe the implementation of a remotely operated telescope on the Skynet Robotic Telescope Network, a system developed and run by the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Our telescope, operated by Appalachian State University at its Dark Sky Observatory, runs robotically on this queue-scheduled system, automatically taking calibration images and acquiring program images, and responding to Internet commands to image the afterglow of accessible Gamma-Ray Burst events. We describe the process of implementing a Skynet-run telescope from our client-side view, and offer advice for others who might consider putting telescopes on Skynet. The implementation has proven very successful, obtaining over a hundred thousand images over the past six years, of various targets for research and educational purposes, and has responded to several GRB observation requests with several afterglow detections.
The Ethical Values in the U.S. Agricultural and Food System

Many segments of society have systems of values arising from collective beliefs and motivations. For agriculture, and our food system, increasing production to feed the growing human population clearly is a core value. However, a survey we conducted, together with a previously reported survey, showed that the curricula of most U.S. colleges of agriculture do not offer ethics courses that examine the basis of this core value or include discussion of agriculture’s ethical dilemmas such as misuse of pesticides, not progressing rapidly enough toward sustainability goals, relative lack of involvement in addressing diet-related health issues, and lack of commitment to reducing agriculture’s role as a contributor to global climate change. These surveys provide strong evidence that few students have an opportunity to learn ethical concepts and apply them to issues of importance to the agriculture/food system. We suggest that such issues are both growing societal concerns and serious ethical problems that demand attention if our agricultural/food system is not see its relationship with the public further imperiled. Further, we suggest that there is a need for, indeed an obligation of, the faculty of colleges of agriculture to embrace a thorough analysis and discussion of agriculture’s values and their ethical foundation. We offer our thoughts on why curricula of colleges of agriculture do not provide such opportunities and on the importance of agricultural faculties providing leadership in ethical analysis and discussion.
“This Wondrous Death”: Power, Sex and Death in the Science Fiction of James Tiptree, Jr.

James Tiptree, Jr. is surely one of the most controversial figures in the field of science fiction. The controversy surrounding Tiptree begins with the very question of his identity.1 In his introduction to Tiptree’s 1975 short story collection Warm Worlds and Otherwise, science fiction author and critic Robert Silverberg asked the questions that were on the minds of many in the science fiction community: “Who Is Tiptree? What Is He?” Silverberg infamously concluded that “there is to me something ineluctably masculine about Tiptree’s writing” (1975: xii). But during the winter of 1976–1977, the SF world learned that “James Tiptree, Jr.” was in fact a pseudonym of Dr. Alice Sheldon. The extraordinary Dr. Sheldon had served as a photo-intelligence officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War Two, eventually rising to the rank of major. Her early biography was actually not too different from that of William Marston’s fictional WAC intelligence officer, Diana Prince. Alice Sheldon had gone on to work for the newly created Central Intelligence Agency after the war. Dissatisfied with her work at the C.I.A., she had re-invented herself at least twice: first as an experimental psychologist, then (perhaps more radically) as a “male” author of science fiction stories.
Heparin-based hydrogels with tunable sulfation & degradation for anti-inflammatory small molecule delivery

Sustained release of anti-inflammatory agents remains challenging for small molecule drugs due to their low molecular weight and hydrophobicity. Therefore, the goal of this study was to control the release of a small molecule anti-inflammatory agent, crystal violet (CV), from hydrogels fabricated with heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan capable of binding positively-charged molecules such as CV. In this system, both electrostatic interactions between heparin and CV and hydrogel degradation were tuned simultaneously by varying the level of heparin sulfation and varying the amount of dithiothreitol within hydrogels, respectively. It was found that heparin sulfation significantly affected CV release, whereby more sulfated heparin hydrogels (Hep and Hep(-N)) released CV with near zero-order release kinetics (R-squared values between 0.96-0.99). Furthermore, CV was released more quickly from fast-degrading hydrogels than slow-degrading hydrogels, providing a method to tune total CV release between 5-15 days while maintaining linear release kinetics. In particular, N-desulfated heparin hydrogels exhibited efficient CV loading (∼90% of originally included CV), near zero-order CV release kinetics, and maintenance of CV bioactivity after release, making this hydrogel formulation a promising CV delivery vehicle for a wide range of inflammatory diseases.
Doing Business Research in Vietnam: A Story

Doing business research in Third World nations is never easy and Vietnam is no exception. This article highlights some of the trials and tribulations of the authors firsthand experiences in Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City). Time and patience maybe the two primary requirements for success.
Trivelpiece-Gould modes in a uniform unbounded plasma

Trivelpiece-Gould (TG) modes originally described electrostatic surface waves on an axially magnetized cylindrical plasma column. Subsequent studies of electromagnetic waves in such plasma columns revealed two modes, a predominantly magnetic helicon mode (H) and the mixed magnetic and electrostatic Trivelpiece-Gould modes (TG). The latter are similar to whistler modes near the oblique cyclotron resonance in unbounded plasmas. The wave propagation in cylindrical geometry is assumed to be paraxial while the modes exhibit radial standing waves. The present work shows that TG modes also arise in a uniform plasma without radial standing waves. It is shown experimentally that oblique cyclotron resonance arises in large mode number helicons. Their azimuthal wave number far exceeds the axial wave number which creates whistlers near the oblique cyclotron resonance. Cyclotron damping absorbs the TG mode and can energize electrons in the center of a plasma column rather than the edge of conventional TG modes. The angular orbital field momentum can produce new perpendicular wave-particle interactions.
Angered: Black and Non-Black Girls of Color at the Intersections of Violence and School Discipline in the United States.

AbstractWhile most research examining school discipline policies have focused on the experiences of boys of color, this article explores the relationship between violence and school discipline as they shape the lives of girls of color and their disciplinary records. Using in-depth interviews, this article re-narrates the experiences of Black and non-Black girls of color who have discipline records to explore their experiences. The author found that in addition to being subject to multiple, intersecting forms of violence outside of school, girls of color – particularly Black girls – are also subject to schools as sites of control that elicit their anger and resistance. This author contends that faculty should establish new ways of understanding Black and non-Black girls of color by accounting for the ways that intersectional violence shapes the girls’ lives and supports their ‘anger’, agency and resistance to violence.