cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canyon Creek: A Late Pleistocene Vertebrate Locality in Interior Alaska

The Canyon Creek vertebrate-fossil locality is an extensive road cut near Fairbanks that exposes sediments that range in age from early Wisconsin to late Holocene. Tanana River gravel at the base of the section evidently formed during the Delta Glaciation of the north-central Alaska Range. Younger layers and lenses of fluvial sand are interbedded with arkosic gravel from Canyon Creek that contains tephra as well as fossil bones of an interstadial fauna about 40,000 years old. Solifluction deposits containing ventifacts, wedge casts, and rodent burrows formed during a subsequent period of periglacial activity that took place during the maximum phase of Donnelly Glaciation about 25,000–17,000 years ago. Overlying sheets of eolian sand are separated by a 9500-year-old paleosol that may correlate with a phase of early Holocene spruce expansion through central Alaska. The Pleistocene fauna from Canyon Creek consists of rodents (indicated by burrows), Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth), Equus lambei (Yukon wild ass), Camelops hesternus (western camel), Bison sp. cf. B. crassicornis (large-horned bison), Ovis sp. cf.O. dalli (mountain sheep), Canis sp. cf. C. lupus (wolf), Lepus sp. cf. L. othus or L. arcticus (tundra hare), and Rangifer sp. (caribou). This assemblage suggests an open landscape in which trees and tall shrubs were either absent or confined to sheltered and moist sites. Camelops evidently was present in eastern Beringia during the middle Wisconsin interstadial interval but may have disappeared during the following glacial episode. The stratigraphic section at Canyon Creek appears to demonstrate that the Delta Glaciation of the north-central Alaska Range is at least in part of early Wisconsin age and was separated from the succeeding Donnelly Glaciation by an interstadial rather than interglacial episode.
o-Fluorophenyl radical: analysis of the n ← π vibronic spectrum and the formation kinetics in o-fluorobromobenzene photolysis

Abstract A vibronic analysis of the absorption spectrum of the o -fluorophenyl (OFP) radical revises the assignment of the electronic origin (ν oo ) to the 16 209 cm −1 band while attributing ≈ 65% of the total intensity to transitions involving only three vibrational modes. The kinetic behavior of the OFP radical in the photolysis of o -fluorobromobenzene (OFBB) also was examined at low pressure for the first time using time-resolved intracavity laser detection.
Deep subwavelength mask assist features and mask errors printability in high NA lithography

As silicon processes scale toward the 45 nm node using conventional 0.25 magnification, widths of sub-resolution assist feature (SRAF) and printable defects on photomasks drop far below the ArF laser wavelength. Adoption of polarized illumination and higher numerical aperture (NA) could invalidate the scaling relations we used in the past to determine which small mask features or errors will print on wafers. Polarization interaction with small mask features may also plays a role in mask inspection. As mask features shrink below the wavelength, differences between the optical systems used for inspection and printing become more significant, and may affect the rules for disposition of inspection results. The data presented here combines experimental results from high NA imaging of sub-wavelength SRAF and defects, with rigorous calculation of their images based on vector diffraction. The printability of these deep subwavelength mask feature determines the requirements of optical model's rigorousness for SRAF design rule and also mask defect inspection and repair capabilities.
Two-Stage and Sequential Estimation of the Scale Parameter of a Gamma Distribution with Fixed-Width Intervals

Abstract Two-stage and sequential procedures are developed for fixed-width interval estimation of the parameter β in a gamma distribution G(α, β) when α is known. Exact properties are obtained for the two-stage procedure and some asymptotics and approximations are given for the operating characteristics of the sequential procedure and some numerical computations are included.
The circulatory and ventilatory changes in chronic pulmonary disease as affected by lanatoside C.

Abstract 1. 1. Circulation and ventilatory studies before and one hour after the administration of 1.6 mg. of lanatoside C to nine patients with chronic pulmonary disease are reported. 2. 2. Clinical improvement occurred in only three cases. 3. 3. The most consistent effect of the digitalis glycoside was an increase in the work of the heart as manifested by a rise in systemic blood flow and ventricular systolic pressure. 4. 4. Deleterious effects occurring in some cases were an increase in right atrial mean and right ventricular end-diastolic pressures, an increase in functional residual capacity, and a decrease in arterial blood oxygen saturation. 5. 5. The causes of these effects and their relation to therapy are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF DRYING AND STORAGE CONDITIONS ON NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS OF HERBAGE TISSUE—A REVIEW

No one method of drying can be relied upon for all plant species, plant parts, or form (e.g., fresh v. ensiled herbage). Least changes in nonstructural carbohydrates appear to occur when fresh tissue is immersed in boiling alcohol. Freeze-drying provides results more similar to fresh tissue than heat-drying. Heat-drying at high temperatures (above 80°C) can cause thermo-cbemical degradation, while slow drying at low temperatures (below 50°C) allows time for DM losses by respiration and enzymatic conversions. The most acceptable heat-drying results have been obtained by drying for a short time at a high temperature (i.e. 100°C) and thereafter at a moderate temperature (i.e. 70°C). Changes in nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations occur during the storage of either freeze- or heat-dried tissues. Thus, analyses should be conducted as soon as possible after tissue sampling. The least changes occur during storage in alcohol, following killing of the tissue in boiling alcohol.
Using a Practice Guideline for Safely Shortening Hospital Stay for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage

Making optimal medical decisions within the constraints of a given health care system requires integrating knowledge, experience, compassion, and patient preferences with the best available clinical research. Evidence-based practice guidelines are an increasingly popular means of helping clinicians assimilate research results into practice. In this issue of JAMA , Hay and colleagues 1 describe a practice guideline developed to determine the time of discharge for patients admitted with acute, nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. In preparing this length-of-stay guideline, these investigators used observational studies from the literature and their own database to create and retrospectively validate a risk-stratification model incorporating 4 variables to predict the likelihood of further bleeding: findings at endoscopy, time elapsed from onset of bleeding, hemodynamics, and comorbidities. 2 See also p 2151. The goal of this and other practice guidelines is to influence some aspect of patient care through modification of clinician behavior. However, it has long
Clustering methods as partial solutions to the space allocation problem

The paper presents a three phase approach to the space allocation problem. The first phase is to identify the activities that can be considered as members of component groups by classification methods. Secondly to find organizational form for each of the groups and to locate the members into the layout. Thirdly to find organizational form for the whole system and to locate the groups in the system.
Enamel matrix derivative prolongs primary osteoblast growth.

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) secreted by cells of the epithelial root sheath plays an important role in cementogenesis and periodontal tissue formation. The mechanisms by which EMD influences cell function are not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of EMD on cell growth of primary mouse osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were digested from 6- to 8-day-old mouse calvaria and plated into 6-well cell culture plates at an initial density of 5000 cells/cm 2 . After 24-h incubation with Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, cells were incubated in three different groups of media: DMEM only as control, DMEM with 25 μg/ml EMD, and DMEM with 100 μg/ml EMD. At days 3, 7, 10, and 14, the total cell number per well was calculated, and cell morphology was examined. At each observation period the number of cells in the EMD groups was significantly greater (ANOVA, p
The Lifting Body Legacy...X-33

NASA has a technology program in place to enable the development of a next generation Reusable Launch Vehicle that will carry our future payloads into orbit at a much-reduced cost. The VentureStar, Lifting Body (LB) flight vehicle, is one of the potential reusable launch vehicle configurations being studied. A LB vehicle has no wings and derives its lift solely from the shape of its body, and has the unique advantages of superior volumetric efficiency, better aerodynamic efficiency at high angles-of-attack and hypersonic speeds, and reduced thermal protection system weight. Classically, in a ballistic vehicle, drag has been employed to control the level of deceleration in reentry. In the LB, lift enables the vehicle to decelerate at higher altitudes for the same velocity and defines the reentry corridor which includes a greater cross range. This paper outlines the flight stability and control aspects of our LB heritage which was utilized in the design of the VentureStar LB and its test version, the X-33. NASA and the U.S. Air Force have a rich heritage of LB vehicle design and flight experience. In the initial LB Program, eight LB's were built and over 225 LB test flights were conducted through 1975. Three LB series were most significant in the advancement of today's LB technolocy: the M2-F; the HL-10; and the X-24 series. The M2-F series was designed by NASA Ames Research Center, the HL-10 series by NASA Langley Research Center, and the X-24 series by the U. S. Air Force. LB vehicles are alive again today with the X- 33, X-38, and VentureStar.
Wing pattern diversity in Brassolini butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

This study describes and compares the diverse dorsal and ventral wing color patterns of Brassolini butterflies. Thirty-three species are illustrated, where pattern elements of the nymphalid ground plan are labeled in color. In general, a larger number of pattern elements can be identified on the ventral than on the dorsal surface of both wings, and the forewing has a larger number of discernible pattern elements than the hind wing. The dorsal elements are broad, diffuse, and more difficult to identify against the typically brown brassoline wing background color. Species with a light colored dorsal background served as a guide for our proposal that fewer pattern elements are present dorsally, particularly on the hind wing. Colorful bands or markings generally present on the dorsal surface seem to be associated with specific pattern elements and have correspondence to the ventral pattern. We refer to these as trailing bands, and they constitute a predominant feature of the brassoline dorsal coloration. We propose a subordinate groundplan for brassolines and interpret some of the ventral pattern variation in light of their phylogeny. Dorsal color pattern variation that leads to sexual dimorphism and mimetic resemblance are also discussed.
The SPE international award address—1975 polymerization by oxidative coupling—an historical review

The history of PPO®, polymers of 2,6-dimethylphenol, and Noryl® resins is described from the initial discovery through commercialization. The scope of oxidative polymerization as applied principally to phenols and acetylenes is outlined as well as the chemical reactions which can be performed on the resulting polymers.
FREEZE-FRACTURING OF NERVE GROWTH CONES AND YOUNG FIBERS : A Study of Developing Plasma Membrane

Neural and non-neural cellular processes have been studied in organotypic cultures of spinal cord and olfactory bulb by means of the freeze-fracturing technique. Identification of specific cellular elements in replicas has been achieved by comparison with thin-sectioned material in which differences in shape and contents are evident. Freeze-fracturing reveals that neural growth cones may be distinguished from glial pseudopodia by the low number of intramembranous particles within their plasma membrane; the counts of particles within the growth cone membrane average 85/µm2 (for the inner leaflet) as opposed to hundreds per square micrometer in glial pseudopodia. Whereas the intramembranous particle number in glial pseudopodia is only slightly lower than in their perikaryal plasmalemma, the number of particles in outgrowing axons increases about eightfold from the periphery towards the perikaryon. Furthermore, with prolonged time of growth in culture, the particle density in the young nerve fibers increases by about the same factor. The same phenomenon, i.e. a low intramembranous particle level at earlier stages and an increase in numbers as the nerve fiber matures, is observed in fetal nerve tissue in vivo. These findings suggest that the plasmalemma of the outgrowing nerve, and especially of the growth cone, is immature and that maturation is accompanied by the insertion of intramembranous particles. Furthermore, these data indicate that the chemistry of the growth cone membrane is distinct from that of the neuron soma which may be significant for the mechanisms of guidance and recognition in the growing nerve tip.
Social work in the press: a cross‐national study

This study examined the image of social work in newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom. Using the LEXIS-NEXIS database of full text articles, a sample of 20 constructed weeks were randomly drawn from 60 major dailies over a four-and-a-half-year period, yielding 399 articles in which reference was made to social work. Ratings of the image of social work were largely positive in the USA; in the UK more stories had negative than positive ratings. In both countries stories about child welfare practice were rated more negatively than other fields. Positive images of the profession were most likely to occur in stories in which social workers were portrayed as experts, presented programme innovations, or were described as carrying out interesting practice activities.
Evaluation of Mammalian and Intermediate Host Surveillance Methods for Detecting Schistosomiasis Reemergence in Southwest China

Author(s): Carlton, Elizabeth J; Bates, Michael N; Zhong, Bo; Seto, Edmund YW; Spear, Robert C | Abstract: BackgroundSchistosomiasis has reemerged in China, threatening schistosomiasis elimination efforts. Surveillance methods that can identify locations where schistosomiasis has reemerged are needed to prevent the further spread of infections.Methods and principal findingsWe tested humans, cows, water buffalo and the intermediate host snail, Oncomelania hupensis, for Schistosoma japonicum infection, assessed snail densities and extracted regional surveillance records in areas where schistosomiasis reemerged in Sichuan province. We then evaluated the ability of surveillance methods to identify villages where human infections were present. Human infections were detected in 35 of the 53 villages surveyed (infection prevalence: 0 to 43%), including 17 of 28 villages with no prior evidence of reemergence. Bovine infections were detected in 23 villages (infection prevalence: 0 to 65%) and snail infections in one village. Two common surveillance methods, acute schistosomiasis case reports and surveys for S. japonicum-infected snails, grossly underestimated the number of villages where human infections were present (sensitivity 1% and 3%, respectively). Screening bovines for S. japonicum and surveys for the presence of O. hupensis had modest sensitivity (59% and 69% respectively) and specificity (67% and 44%, respectively). Older adults and bovine owners were at elevated risk of infection. Testing only these high-risk human populations yielded sensitivities of 77% and 71%, respectively.ConclusionsHuman and bovine schistosomiasis were widespread in regions where schistosomiasis had reemerged but acute schistosomiasis and S. japonicum-infected snails were rare and, therefore, poor surveillance targets. Until more efficient, sensitive surveillance strategies are developed, direct, targeted parasitological testing of high-risk human populations should be considered to monitor for schistosomiasis reemergence.
Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity

Explanations for the temporal and spatial patterns of species biodiversity focus on stability–time1–3, disturbance–mosaic (biogenie microhabitat heterogeneity)4,5 and competition–predation (biotic interactions)6,7 hypotheses. The stability–time hypothesis holds that high species diversity in the deep sea and in the tropics reflects long-term climatic stability3. But the influence of climate change on deep-sea diversity has not been studied and recent evidence suggests that deep-sea environments undergo changes in climatically driven temperature8 and flux of nutrients9 and organic-carbon10 during glacial–interglacial cycles. Here we show that Pliocene (2.85–2.40 Myr) deep-sea North Atlantic benthic ostracod (Crustacea) species diversity is related to solar insolation changes caused by 41,000-yr cycles of Earth's obliquity (tilt). Temporal changes in diversity, as measured by the Shannon–Weiner index, H(S), correlate with independent climate indicators of benthic foraminiferal oxygen-isotope ratios (mainly ice volume11–13) and ostracod Mg:Ca ratios (bottom-water temperature8). During glacial periods, H(S) = 0.2–0.6, whereas during interglacials, H(S) = 1.2–1.6, which is three to four times as high. The control of deep-sea benthic diversity by cyclic climate change at timescales of 103–104 yr does not support the stability–time hypothesis because it shows that the deep sea is a temporally dynamic environment. Diversity oscillations reflect large-scale response of the benthic community to climatically driven changes in either thermohaline circulation, bottom temperature (or temperature-related factors) and food, and a coupling of benthic diversity to surface productivity.
Habitat associations of the sharpnose shiner Notropis oxyrhynchus in the upper Brazos River, Texas

Habitat associations of sharpnose shiner (Notropis oxyrhynchus) in the upper Brazos River, USA, were studied over a two-year period. We used generalized linear models with a logit link to assess the influence of individual physical and chemical habitat variables on the presence of sharpnose shiner at the microhabitat scale. Our models indicated that depth was the only habitat variable that significantly predicted sharpnose shiner presence during the first year of the study and that current velocity was the only variable that significantly predicted sharpnose shiner presence during the second year. Monthly plots of fitted regression estimates superimposed over frequency distributions for both significant variables revealed a distinct pattern of habitat use related to habitat availability. When only a narrow range of depths and current velocities was available, sharpnose shiner occurred more frequently in deeper and swifter microhabitats. In contrast, during periods with the greatest depths and current velo...
Patterns of injury and functional outcome after hanging: analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank.

Abstract Purpose Hanging has become the second most common method of attempted suicide among adolescents, but there is little relevant epidemiologic or outcome data in the trauma literature. Additionally, there are no studies examining the degree of functional disability among survivors of hanging injury. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank was queried for all patients with an E-code diagnosis of hanging injury. Demographic and injury pattern data were analyzed. Disability at discharge was assessed using the functional independence measure (FIM) scores for feeding, locomotion, and expression (range 1 = full disability to 4 = no disability). Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality and degree of functional disability at discharge. Results There were 655 patients identified (84% male) with a mean age of 30.3 years and mean injury severity score (ISS) of 9. There were 92 (14%) deaths in the emergency department (ED) and 119 (18%) deaths after admission, for an overall mortality rate of 33%. Excluding ED deaths, survivors had significantly higher Glasgow coma scores (GCS) at the scene (8 vs. 4) and in the ED (9 vs. 3), a lower ED base deficit (4 vs. 9), and lower ISS (6 vs. 15, all P Conclusions Hanging injuries are associated with a high overall mortality rate, with the admission GCS being the best independent predictor of outcome. However, the majority of survivors have little to no functional disability. The presence of severe disability at discharge is mainly attributed to intracranial and thoracic injury.
Speech-evoked activity in primary auditory cortex: effects of voice onset time

Abstract Neural encoding of temporal speech features is a key component of acoustic and phonetic analyses. We examined the temporal encoding of the syllables /da/ and /ta/, which differ along the temporally based, phonetic parameter of voice onset time (VOT), in primary auditory cortex (A1) of awake monkeys using concurrent multilaminar recordings of auditory evoked potentials (AEP), the derived current source density, and multiunit activity. A general sequence of A1 activation consisting of a lamina-specific profile of parallel and sequential excitatory and inhibitory processes is described. VOT is encoded in the temporal response patterns of phase-locked activity to the periodic speech segments and by “on” responses to stimulus and voicing onset. A transformation occurs between responses in the thalamocortical (TC) fiber input and A1 cells. TC fibers are more likely to encode VOT with “on” responses to stimulus onset followed by phase-locked responses during the voiced segment, whereas A1 responses are more likely to exhibit transient responses both to stimulus and voicing onset. Relevance to subcortical speech processing, the human AEP and speech psychoacoustics are discussed. A mechanism for categorical differentiation of voiced and unvoiced consonants is proposed.
Volumetric image-guidance: Does routine usage prompt adaptive re-planning? An institutional review

Purpose. To investigate how the use of volumetric image-guidance using an on-board cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system impacts on the frequency of adaptive re-planning. Material and methods. Treatment courses of 146 patients who have undergone a course of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using volumetric CBCT image-guidance were analyzed. Target locations included the brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, as well as prostate and non-prostate pelvis. The majority of patients (57.5%) were treated with hypo-fractionated treatment regimens (three to 15 fraction courses). The frequency of image-guidance ranged from daily (87.7%) to weekly or twice weekly. The underlying medical necessity for adaptive re-planning as well as frequency and consequences of plan adaptation to dose-volume parameters was assessed. Results. Radiation plans of 34 patients (23.3%) were adapted at least once (up to six time) during their course of EBRT as a result of image-guidance CBCT review. Most common causes for adapti...
INCORPORATION OF EXOGENOUS RNA INTO NELSON'S ASCITES CELLS IN VITRO.

Most of the RNA-32P and -3H incorporated into Nelson's ascites cells at 8 °C were found resistant to either repeated washings, or “leak out” or RNase. The length of incubation, the concentration of RNA, the concentration of cells during incubation, the age of tumors, and the temperature had effect upon the incorporation of RNA. No differences were observed between the liver, kidney and spleen RNA's as far as their incorporation into host cells was concerned. Protamine sulfate had little effect upon enhancing the RNA incorporation when the incubation period was 60 min or less, but the effect was unmistakable when the incubation period was 120 min. The percentage incorporation of RNA was relatively constant from experiment to experiment.
Estimation of Treatment Time for Microbial Preprocessing of Biomass

Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol involves size reduction, preprocessing, pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation. In recent years, microbial preprocessing has been gaining attention as a means to produce labile biomass for lessening the requirement of pretreatment severity. However, loss of sugars due to microbial consumption is a major consequence, suggesting its minimization through optimization of nutrients, temperature, and preprocessing time. In this work, we emphasized estimation of fungal preprocessing time, at which higher sugar yields can be achieved after preprocessing and enzyme hydrolysis. The estimation is based on the enzymatic activity profile obtained by treating switchgrass with Phanerochaete chrysosporium for 28 days. Enzyme assays were conducted once in every 7 days for 28 days, for activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and cellobiohydrolase. We found no activity for phenol oxidase and peroxidase, but the greatest activities for cellulases on the seventh day. We then treated switchgrass for 7 days with P. chrysosporium and observed that the preprocessed switchgrass had higher glucan (39%), xylan (17.5%), and total sugar yields (25.5%) than the unpreprocessed switchgrass (34%, 37.5%, and 20.5%, respectively, p < 0.05). This verifies the utility of using enzyme assays for initial estimation of preprocessing time to enhance sugar yields.
The effect of lattice models within the lattice Boltzmann method in the simulation of wall-bounded turbulent flows

This study investigated the effect of 3D lattice models (D3Q19 and D3Q27 lattices) on the simulation results of wall-bounded turbulent flows in a circular pipe and in a square duct. The LES with the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale (SGS) model was adopted for the turbulence simulation. To improve the credibility of our results on the lattice model effect, a comprehensive sensitivity study was performed of boundary treatment techniques and collision models, as well as grid sizes in the simulation of the turbulent pipe flows. Through the turbulent circular pipe flow simulation, it was discovered that the D3Q27 lattice model could achieve the rotational invariance in terms of long-time-averaged turbulence statistics and generated the results comparable to the DNS data, while the D3Q19 lattice model broke the rotational invariance and produced unreasonable data. In the turbulent square duct flow simulation, the rotational invariance was evaluated by comparing the results before and after rotating the geometry by 45^o about a center. As in the circular pipe flow simulation, the D3Q19 lattice model could not achieve the rotational invariance while the D3Q27 lattice model could. The D3Q19 lattice model also produced poor results compared to those from the D3Q27 lattice model. These defects of the D3Q19 lattice model could be explained by the planes consisting of 2D lattices with five velocities (called defective planes in this study) in the D3Q19 lattice model, based on White and Chong's [14] hypothesis. The defective planes had a deficiency in the momentum transfer of flow and turbulence, thus breaking the rotational invariance and causing the inaccurate results for tested problems.
Mitochondrial involvement in Atuna racemosa induced toxicity

Our group has developed a system to extract information regarding potential novel pharmaceuticals from historic herbal texts. We have shown that one of the plants identified through this technique has the purported antibacterial properties suggested by the text. Here, the toxicity of this antibacterial extract was examined. Using a Jurkat cell model, a therapeutic window between the minimal inhibitory concentration for Gram-positive bacteria and the dose-dependent toxicity of the Atuna racemosa extract was established. Using cells with a mutated caspase 8, it was shown that the toxicity does not involve caspase 8. However, by transmission electron microscopy and a potentiometric dye, the toxicity was shown to involve the mitochondria. This toxicity also resulted in DNA cleavage and activation of caspase 3. This work suggests that the extract, originally reported as an antimicrobial therapeutic in a 400-year-old Dutch herbal text, may maintain a therapeutic window as an antibiotic. Furthermore, this work shows toxicity would occur in a mitochondrial dependent fashion.
Displacement of the heptane solvent from (η5-C5H5)Re(CO)2(heptane): A flash photolysis study using infrared detection

Abstract The displacement of the heptane solvent molecule from the (η5-C5H5)Re(CO)2(heptane) complex by a variety of ligands is studied. The substitution reaction proceeds through an Id mechanism since changes in the electronic and steric properties of the incoming ligand do not influence the reaction rate significantly. Activation parameters suggest a lower limit of 57.3 ± 0.9 kJ/mol for the strength of the Re–heptane interaction.
"The race" to clone BRCA1.

The existence of BRCA1 was proven in 1990 by mapping predisposition to young-onset breast cancer in families to chromosome 17q21. Knowing that such a gene existed and approximately where it lay triggered efforts by public and private groups to clone and sequence it. The press baptized the competition "the race" and reported on it in detail for the next 4 years. BRCA1 was positionally cloned in September 1994. Twenty years later, I reflect on "the race" and its consequences for breast cancer prevention and treatment.
mGluR4-positive allosteric modulation as potential treatment for Parkinson’s disease

Although Parkinson's disease was first diagnosed nearly 200 years ago, its effective treatment still remains elusive for most of those diagnosed. The gold standard of treatment for most patients is 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. This drug works for most individuals early in the disease; however, resistant symptoms start to emerge after several years of treatment. There has been increased interest in finding novel therapies to help Parkinson's disease patients. Such strategies may have the benefit of not only treating the symptomatic issues of the disorder, but might also offer promise in protecting dopaminergic neurons from further degeneration. One such target that is now receiving much attention from the scientific community is the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR4. In this article, we briefly review Parkinson's disease and then recent work in the mGluR area, with a focus on the efforts being made toward finding and optimizing novel mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Preclinically in rodent models, mGluR4 activation has offered much promise as a novel treatment of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the specific use of PAMs, rather than direct-acting agonists at the orthosteric glutamate site, continues to be validated as a viable treatment option for this target. It is anticipated that continued progress in this area will further our understanding of the potential of mGluR4 modulation as a novel symptomatic and potentially disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson's disease.
A Population Assessment of Butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus, in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Reported landings of butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus (Peck), in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean increased from 3,209 t in 1964 to a peak of 19,454 t in 1973. Most of the catch during the period was taken by vessels from Japan, the United States, Russia, and Poland. Unreported butterfish by-catches in the long-finned squid, Loligo pealei, fisheries of several nations, particularly Spain and Italy, were probably significant additional sources of butterfish mortality. Available scientific evidence indicates that during 1968–1976, fishing mortality rates increased, while the mean weight of individuals in the exploitable population and average age at capture generally declined. Exploitation rate (E) during 1968–1975 averaged 0.31. Yield-per-recruit studies conducted under an assumed instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) of 0.8 suggest Emax (exploitation rate resulting in maximum yield per recruit) and E0.1 (exploitation rate generating a marginal increase in yield per recruit of 0.1 of that from a...
Phase matching and focussing effects in noncollinear sum frequency mixing in the near VUV region

Abstract We demonstrate that focussing effects are extremely important in determining the bandwidth in sum frequency mixing of ultrashort pulses in the near VUV region. This effect is demonstrated with noncollinear sum frequency mixing performed between the fundamental and the third harmonic subpicosecond pulses of a Ti:sapphire laser. The spectrum of the generated fourth harmonic radiation is significantly broader (by 33%) than the theoretical spectrum obtained if focussing is not taken into account. We have developed a method of calculating the output bandwidth for sum frequency mixing of broadband spectral envelopes whose bandwidths correspond to ultrashort optical pulses, including focussing. The calculated and the measured spectra show excellent agreement.
The drum is the shaman, the spear guides his voice

Kodi rituals of curing use anthropomorphized objects--the drum and the spear--as intermediaries to communicate with the spirits causing the affliction. The spear 'cuts through' to the cause of the illness at the divination, by guiding the arm and voice of the human diviner. The drum beaten during an all night ceremony has a more important role: a myth at the opening of the ceremony tells the drum's personal story or biography, which is identified with the suffering patient. In the course of the ceremony it travels on a shamanistic journey to the upperworld to seek the blessings of health and well-being. The myth of the drum's origin provides a narrative structure for the whole ritual, and defines the basis for its efficacy. The percussive sounds of the drum and gongs are said to make the patient feel better. A case study shows how 'ordered sound' is used to dissolve social tensions into a culturally structured pattern, so that consensus can be achieved in implicit accommodations in which neither party loses face. An older man's illness awakens guilty feelings among his younger relatives, whose thieving is believed to be responsible. The healing ritual creates the context for them to express contrition without confessing. Thus, although the rite re-establishes communication between persons and between the human and spirit worlds, it involves deception and silences as well as revelations. Through an analytic comment on social tensions, artistic illusions are used to overcome the airing of social differences. The healing rite is intended to restore a social consensus, produced by a combination of music, speech and actions, which allow signs to triumph over substance.
Magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers with positive ordering: a new model membrane system.

Abstract A stable smectic phospholipid bilayer phase aligned with the director parallel to the magnetic field can be generated by the addition of certain trivalent paramagnetic lanthanide ions to a bicellar solution of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) in water. Suitable lanthanide ions are those with positive anisotropy of their magnetic susceptibility, namely Eu 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , and Yb 3+ . For samples doped with Tm 3+ , this phase extends over a wide range of Tm 3+ concentrations (6–40mM) and temperatures (35–90°C) and appears to undergo a transition from a fluid nematic discotic to a fluid, but highly ordered, smectic phase at a temperature that depends on the thulium concentration. As a membrane mimetic, these new, positively ordered phospholipid phases have high potential for structural studies using a variety of techniques such as magnetic resonance (EMR and NMR), small-angle x-ray and neutron diffraction, as well as optical and infrared spectroscopy.
The Effect of Hand-Held Inside Bird Washers on Turkey Carcass Hygienic Quality

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of hand-held inside bird washers on the microbiological and hygienic quality of turkey carcasses. These washers, one per eviscerating line, are simple water wands that discharge water into the body cavity of each turkey as it moves on the eviscerating line. Total viable plate counts were made from calcium alginate swabs taken in a 10 cm2 area adjacent to the left kidney. A sterile template was used to standardize the area to be swabbed. Two hundred turkeys were sampled after washers were used, and 200 were sampled after washers were not used. Bacterial counts from the two groups were not significantly different (P>.05). Daily head counts of processed turkeys were recorded, and daily turbidity values of prechiller water were determined for 20 consecutive days of processing after hand-held washers were used and for 20 consecutive days of processing after hand-held washers were not used. No statistical difference was found between the groups for days when the washers were used or not used (P>.05). It was concluded that hand-held inside bird washers had no effect on microbiological or hygienic turkey carcass quality as determined by total bacterial counts made from the body cavity or turbidity value of the prechiller water.
Editorial Column—Quantitative Methods in Workforce Management in Service

[Excerpt] It is widely accepted that workforce management is critical to the profitability, growth and client satisfaction of companies in the service industry. Considerable amount of resources hav...
University environment as a mediator of Latino ethnic identity and persistence attitudes.

The authors examined whether the perception of the university environment mediated the relationship between ethnic identity and persistence attitudes of Latino college students. Participants were 175 Latino college students who attended a primarily White university. The results supported the hypothesized mediating role of the university environment. Higher Latino ethnic identity was associated with perceiving a more negative university environment and feeling less committed to finishing college. In turn, perception of a negative college environment was associated with feeling less committed to finishing college. When perception of the university environment was removed, no significant relationship was found between ethnic identity and persistence attitudes, indicating that it is the perceived context that influences Latino college students' persistence attitudes.
Identification of Three Subunits of the High Affinity ω-Conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive Ca2+ Channel

N-, P- and Q-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels control neurotransmitter release in the nervous system and are blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC. In this study, both a high affinity and a low affinity binding site for ω-conotoxin MVIIC were detected in rabbit brain. The low affinity binding site is shown to be present on the N-type Ca2+ channel. Using optimized conditions for specific labeling of the high affinity ω-conotoxin MVIIC receptor and a panel of subunit specific antibodies, the molecular structure of the high affinity receptor was investigated. We demonstrate for the first time that this receptor is composed of at least α1A, α2δ, and any one of the four brain β subunits. Such association of different β subunits with α1A and α2δ components may produce Ca2+ channels with distinct functional properties, such as P- and Q-type.
Macroscopic Self-Assembly and Optical Characterization of Nanoparticle–Ligand Metamaterials

A self-assembled metamaterial exhibiting a positive near-zero index of refraction at visible wavelengths is demonstrated. The metamaterial consists of thiolene-functionalized gold nanospheres self-assembled into macroscopic, crosslinked, monolayers. By measuring the real and imaginary parts of the phase shift of light transmitted through the self-assembled films the effective index of refraction is determined as a function of wavelength. These findings may pave a way to simply and efficiently self-assemble and optically characterize multifunctional, multilayer nanoparticle–ligand metamaterials.
Normally unused positional cues guide ectopic afferents in the leech CNS

Central projections from peripheral sensory neurons segregate into distinct, ventrally positioned longitudinal tracts within the segmental ganglia of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. As documented here, there is an additional tract in the neuropils of the fifth and sixth body ganglia, located at the lateral margin and formed by afferent axons (the “sex afferents”) originating from sensory neurons located in the male and female genitalia. Ablation of the genitalia results in the complete absence of this additional tract. We asked (1) whether segmental differences exist in the distribution of pathway cues available to the sex afferents, and (2) whether central pathway selection by these axons is specific. We transplanted the primordia of the male genitalia to several ectopic positions posterior to the sixth body segment and labeled the ectopic sex afferents in order to examine their paths in the CNS. In about 50% of the experimental animals, afferent axons originating in the transplanted tissue segregated into a distinct lateral fiber bundle within the neuropil of a nearby ganglion, in a position corresponding to their normal one in the sex ganglia. The sex afferents therefore find their normal pathways even in the ganglia of inappropriate segments, although these pathways are not used by any other afferents in these ganglia. We propose, therefore, that the positional cues employed by afferent axons to select appropriate pathways in the ganglionic neuropil are expressed in all segments of the leech CNS, regardless of whether such cues are normally used by afferent axons in each segment.
Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species–area relationships: unifying α‐, β‐ and γ‐diversity with sample size and habitat area

Additive partitioning of species diversity is widely applicable to different kinds of sampling regimes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In additive partitioning, the diversity within and among samples (alpha and beta) is expressed in the same units of species richness, thus allowing direct comparison of alpha and beta. Despite its broad applicability, there are few demonstrated linkages between additive partitioning and other approaches to analysing diversity. Here, we establish several connections between diversity partitions and patterns of habitat occupancy, rarefaction, and species-area relationships. We show that observed partitions of species richness are equivalent to sample-based rarefaction curves, and expected partitions from randomization tests are approximately equivalent to individual-based rarefaction. Additive partitions can also be applied to species-area relationships to determine the relative contributions of factors influencing the beta-diversity among habitat fragments.
On the energy economics of air lubrication drag reduction

Air lubrication techniques for frictional drag reduction on ships have been proposed by numerous researchers since the 19th century. However, these techniques have not been widely adopted as questions persist about their drag reduction performance beyond the laboratory, as well as energy and economic cost-benefit. This paper draws on data from the literature to consider the suitability of air lubrication for large ocean going and U.S. Great Lakes ships, by establishing the basic energy economic calculations and presenting results for a hypothetical air lubricated ship. All the assumptions made in the course of the analysis are clearly stated so that they can be refined when considering application of air lubrication to a specific ship. The analysis suggests that, if successfully implemented, both air layer and partial cavity drag reduction could lead to net energy savings of 10 to 20%, with corresponding reductions in emissions.
Benito Cereno and the Impossibility of Civility

Abstract In Benito Cereno, Melville indicts Northern moderates who thought that civil relations between Northern and Southern whites could bind together a splintering nation. Mocking the notion of benevolent white authority, he explores the danger—and the impossibility—of omitting black men and women from meaningful conceptions of sociality.
The new dunites

The New Dunites is an interdisciplinary media arts research project that investigates the archeological site where the set for Cecile B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments was buried in 1923 [1]. In particular, this multi-phase endeavor involved the gathering of geophysical and archeological data, the historical study of the dawn of cinema in California, and a series of novel interactive multimedia installations that explored new avenues in the representation of scientific and cultural data.
On the Efficient Approximability of “HARD” Problems: A Survey

By a HARD problem, we mean a problem that is PSPACE-, DEXPTIME-, NEXPTIME-hard, etc. Many basic algorithmically-solvable problems, for quantified formulas, for sequential circuits, for combinatorial games, and for problems when instances are specified hierarchically or periodically are known to be HARD. Analogous to what has occurred for NP-complete problems, it often makes sense to talk about the complexities of the approxi-mation problems associated with these HARD problems. Here, we survey our results on the complexities of such approximation problems, emphasizing our results for hierarchically-and periodically-specified problems. These results include the first collection of PTASs, for natural PSPACE-complete, DEXPTIME-complete, and NEXPTIME-complete problems in the literature. In contrast, these results also include a number of new results showing that related approximation problems are HARD.
Sustainability review of the international reverse chain for reuse and recycling of computers

We discuss an emerging issue that has as yet received scant attention: the sustainable management of international reverse supply chains. A reverse supply chain is the network of activities involving reuse, recycling and final disposal that follow after a consumer is finished with a product. International flows of products for reuse and materials for recycling are significant and increasing. We review the sustainability issues associated the international reverse supply chain for personal computers. In terms of environment impacts, the existing literature suggests that the risk of leachage of toxic materials from sanitary landfills is low. A set of scientific work analyzing informal recycling in China confirms serious emissions and exposures. From a social perspective, an international used market plays a role, though as yet poorly characterized, in increasing availability of information technology hardware to lower income groups. Reuse and recycling activities constitute an economic of significant scale and its associated employment should be considered as a factor in societal decisions pertaining to the reverse supply chain.
Signals That Regulate Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

Feeding behavior is critical for survival. In addition to providing all of the body's macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and most micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), feeding behavior is a fundamental aspect of energy homeostasis, the process by which body fuel stored in the form of adipose tissue is held constant over long intervals. For this process to occur, the amount of energy consumed must match precisely the amount of energy expended. This review focuses on the molecular signals that modulate food intake while integrating the body's immediate and long-term energy needs.