cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contraceptive Revolution in Israel: Changing Family Planning Practices among Ethnoimmigrant Groups☆☆☆

Abstract This paper uses data from the 1974–1975 Israel Fertility Survey and the 1987–1988 Study of Fertility and Family Formation to examine trends in fertility control among ethnoimmigrant groups in Israel. From 1974 to 1988, Israel underwent extremely rapid economic growth and there occurred what might be considered a contraceptive revolution in the realm of family planning. Specifically, the nonuse of family planning and reliance on less effective techniques of fertility control (withdrawal and abortion) were largely replaced by more efficient modes (e.g., pill, IUD) of family size limitation. In addition, ethnic differences in patterns of fertility control diminished. Meanwhile, socioeconomic and cultural variables such as religiosity and income maintained their importance as determinants of variation in family planning practices among Israeli women.
Using the Macintosh as an Oscilloscope in Psychology Courses

The Digital Oscilloscope (Boer, 1996) program allows most Macintosh computers to dynamically display the waveform of any sound recorded by a microphone. I describe how the program can be used to graphically illustrate the concept of timbre as well as to reinforce concepts of frequency, amplitude, and wavelength. I also indicate how the program can be obtained at no charge.
f-Type functions in the orbital basis for calculating molecular interactions involving d electrons Cr2 and Mo2

Abstract Ab initio calculations on the ground electronic states of Cr 2 and Mo 2 show that f-type polarization functions in the orbital bases contribute 0.93 and 1.4 eV to the SCF energies of these molecules at their respective R e . These contributions vary rapidly with the internuclear separation and have a strong effect on the calculated R e , 0.06 A in Cr 2 and 0.08 A in MO 2 . Previous studies have indicated that this effect can be expected to carry over to and may even be magnified considerably in correlated wavefunctions. The effects of f functions must be present, to a significant degree, in all systems involving d bonding. Results of previous theoretical calculations on Cr 2 and Mo 2 are analyzed in light of the present finding and the results of recent spectroscopic experiments.
Dielectric relaxation and electrical conduction at low field of mineral-filled epoxy

Dielectric properties and conduction of the epoxy and its composites were measured over the temperature range — 20 to 70°C and the frequency range 10−4-10−1 Hz. Dielectric properties were obtained by performing Fouriertransforms on the charging and discharging curves. The resulting isothermal frequency spectra of dielectric constants and dielectric loss factors were analysed using the Cole-Cole law to obtain the activation energy for each material. The activation energies were also obtained for isothermal d.c. current. Current density-electric field-temperature characteristics are obtained for field levels up to 60 kV cm−1, with step excitation of the applied field and currents recorded after a delay time of 10 min. Current density and electric field were computed and plotted for constant temperature. The linear (ohmic) curves were obtained for fields up to about 60 kV cm−1 for temperatures up to about 20 °C. The non-linearity at the higher fields and temperatures did not imply the occurrence of non-ionic conduction. It has been demonstrated that both electric conduction and relaxation behaviour were ionic and could be fit by the Nakajima model for the unfilled epoxy and the Taylor model for the composites.
Lithologic succession in the Path Fork coal bed (Breathitt Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian), southeastern Kentucky

Abstract The Path Fork coal bed (Breathitt Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian/Westphalian B) on the Pine Mountain thrust sheet in southeastern Kentucky and adjacent portions of Virginia exhibits a lithologic succession which is traceable for about 25 km. Lateral continuity of lithotypes within the bed can be demonstrated using organic petrography, palynology, and ash geochemistry. The lithologic continuity is a consequence of the initial levelling of the pre-peat topography and the interaction of the peat with growing anticlines and synclines.
Reconceptualizing Staff Development for Technology Diffusion

ABSTRACT As educators are increasingly required to integrate new technology into classroom practice, the complex process of staff development becomes critical to the successful implementation of new technological innovations. This paper presents a staff development model for effectively diffusing technology. The interactive model, grounded within the framework of Maslow's theory of motivation and Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain, illustrates how affective needs of individuals influence cognitive processes and transfer of skills within a psychological/social context resistant to technological change.
Stabilization of iridium(IV) by monoanionic dialkyldiarylguanidinato ligands.

Electron-rich tris(guanidinato) complexes of IrIII, [Ir{ArNC(NR2)NAr}3] (where R = Me or Et; Ar = Ph or 4-MeC6H4), were synthesized from the respective [Ir{ArNC(NR2)NAr}(C8H14)2] precursors (C8H14 = cis-cyclooctene), are air-sensitive, and can be electrochemically oxidized in two one-electron transfer steps. The first electron transfer is reversible and occurs at much lower potentials than typical for IrIII. Chemical oxidation by [FeCp2]PF6 afforded isolable, paramagnetic IrIV compounds, [Ir{ArNC(NR2)NAr}3]PF6, which were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and a single-crystal structure determination, demonstrating that IrIV is accessible in a nitrogen-donor ligand environment.
Reduction of optically observed artillery blast wave trajectories using low dimensionality models

Muzzle blast trajectories from firings of a 152 mm caliber gun howitzer were obtained with high-speed optical imagers and used to assess the fidelity with which low dimensionality models can be used for data reduction. Characteristic flow regions were defined for the blast waves. The near-field region was estimated to extend to 0.98 - 1.25 meters from the muzzle and the far-field region was estimated to begin at 2.61 - 3.31 meters. Blast wave geometries and radial trajectories were collected in the near through far-fields with visible imagers operating at 1,600 Hz. Beyond the near-field the blast waves exhibited a near-spherical geometry in which the major axis of the blast lay along the axis of the gun barrel and measured within 95% of the minor axis. Several blast wave propagation models were applied to the mid and far-field data to determine their ability to reduce the blast wave trajectories to fewer parameters while retaining the ability to distinguish amongst three munitions configurations. A total of 147 firings were observed and used to assess within-configuration variability relative to separation between configurations. Results show that all models perform well, and drag and point blast model parameters additionally provide insight into phenomenology of the blast.
Linked Recognition of Helper and Cytotoxic Antigenic Determinants for the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

These studies present a model for T-T collaboration for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The in vitro CTL response against Qa-1 alloantigens in B6 Qa-1 congenic mice requires that animals are first primed in vivo with Qa-1 together with a second (helper) antigen. Both the antigen recognized by CTL (Qa-1) and Th (H-Y) must be presented on the same APC for successful priming. This findings is consistent with a linked recognition model whereby both molecules are presented on the same APC in order to accomplish close proximity between the two T cells. To further test this model, we demonstrated that in the absence of the helper antigen, H-Y, mice could be successfully primed against Qa-1 if coinoculated with a product of a Th, IL-2. We further showed that mice treated with anti-L3T4 antibodies could not be primed to Qa-1 even though the cells used for immunization expressed the H-Y helper antigen. Taken together, these results lend further support to a model of linked recognition between Th and CTL.P where close proximity allows for the lymphokine IL-2 to bind to its receptor on the CTL allowing for the successful induction of CTL.P.
The blue one to the left: enabling expressive user interaction in a multimodal interface for object selection in virtual 3d environments

Interaction with virtual 3D environments comes with a host of challenges. For instance, because 3D objects tend to occlude one another, performing object selection by pointing gestures is problematic, and more so when there are many objects in the scene. In the real world we tend to use speech to clarify our intent, by referring to distinctive attributes of the object and/or its absolute or relative location in space. Multimodal interactive systems involving speech and gesture have generally relied on speech for commands and deictic gestures for indicating the target object. In this paper, we present a system which allows object references to be made using gestures and speech, and supports a variety of expressions inspired by real-world usage.
Chance in Guttman scaling

Abstract In their recent paper (1977, Social Science Research , 6 , 188–196), Kenny and Rubin offer an interpretation of “chance” in Guttman scaling. Their approach is based on the matrix of probabilities p ij , giving the chance that the i th respondent passes the j th item. It is shown that their interpretation of chance in fact corresponds to a stochastic model of a perfect unidimensional scale. An alternative condition for chance based on the matrix of p ij 's is proposed. This is then proved to be equivalent to the usual interpretation.
A Simple Method to Confirm and Size Deletion, Duplication, and Insertion Mutations Detected by Sequence Analysis

Characterizing heterozygous insertions or deletions in genes by PCR and Sanger sequencing can be a challenge due to overlapping sequencing traces produced by overlapping templates. This is particularly problematic for clinical diagnostic laboratories, because mutations must be precisely characterized. Although the mutation detection software used by clinical diagnostic laboratories reliably identifies small insertions and deletions, overlapping deletions and insertions on opposite chromosomes, complex rearrangements, and insertions or deletions close to the primer sites may be missed. Here we describe a rapid, simple method to confirm and precisely characterize deletions and insertions using a capillary-based gel electrophoresis system. This technique has been applied to a series of patients with deletion, duplication, or insertion mutations identified by sequencing, as well as to patients with repeat tract polymorphisms, to demonstrate the utility of this method.
Dietary treatment of children with problematic activity level.

10 children presenting problems with activity levels were matched on their pretreatment activity rates, determined by an acrometer, and placed on either Feingold's (1975) K-P diet or a diet which reduced sugar intake but did not restrict the food substances in the K-P diet. After approximately 9 weeks, posttreatment activity rates for the two groups were compared. The mean activity rate for the group placed on the K-P diet was significantly lower than that of the other diet group. Implications for future research were discussed.
Genetic diversity and distribution of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae) in the western Lake Superior basin

Restoring plant populations requires an understanding of plant morphological adaptation to site locations and population genetic diversity and relatedness. This study examined the genetic and morphological diversity of Sarracenia purpurea L. within the natural fragmentation of western Lake Superior. Populations of S. purpurea were compared among three locations: Isle Royale National Park, the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, USA, and Sleeping Giant Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Analysis of genetic and demographic data showed Canadian populations to be less robust with smaller plant sizes. Canadian populations were also slightly distinct genetically. Overall genetic diversity appears moderate (H = 0.30–0.36) and populations genetically similar. Analysis of molecular variance showed only 3.83% of variation among the three locations (p = 0.0049). Fragmentation did not have a distinguishable effect on genetic diversity and morphological characters but the limestone bedrock geology of the Canadian region may ...
ZnO nanowires for LED and field‐emission displays

— The use of ZnO nanostructures in various display applications is reported. Single-crystalline vertically oriented nanowires with typical diameters of 100 nm and a length of 1–2 μm were grown at deposition temperatures below 100°C. Homogeneous growth over areas up to 50 cm2 on Si as well as on various metallic, transparent, and flexible substrates were obtained. Visible electroluminescence in the region between 400 and 900 nm and narrow-line near-ultraviolet (UV) electroluminescence is demonstrated. The physical conditions leading to single-crystalline growth at low temperature, the role of defects, and the possibility of doping are discussed. These issues present the main challenges on the road towards high emission rates in LED operation. Under certain conditions, sharply tipped wires can be grown that hold promise for field-emission applications.
Overview of the Clinical Consult Case Review of adverse events following immunization: Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) network 2004-2009.

Abstract Background In 2004 the Clinical Consult Case Review (CCCR) working group was formed within the CDC-funded Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network to review individual cases of adverse events following immunizations (AEFI). Methods Cases were referred by practitioners, health departments, or CDC employees. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) searches and literature reviews for similar cases were performed prior to review. After CCCR discussion, AEFI were assessed for a causal relationship with vaccination and recommendations regarding future immunizations were relayed back to the referring physicians. In 2010, surveys were sent to referring physicians to determine the utility and effectiveness of the CCCR service. Results CISA investigators reviewed 76 cases during 68 conference calls between April 2004 and December 2009. Almost half of the cases (35/76) were neurological in nature. Similar AEFI for the specific vaccines received were discovered for 63 cases through VAERS searches and for 38 cases through PubMed searches. Causality assessment using the modified WHO criteria resulted in classifying 3 cases as definitely related to vaccine administration, 12 as probably related, 16 as possibly related, 18 as unlikely related, 10 as unrelated, and 17 had insufficient information to assign causality. The physician satisfaction survey was returned by 30 (57.7%) of those surveyed and a majority of respondents (93.3%) felt that the CCCR service was useful. Conclusions The CCCR provides advice about AEFI to practitioners, assigns potential causality, and contributes to an improved understanding of adverse health events following immunizations.
Immunological identification of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter

Abstract Microsomes and plasma membranes were isolated from basal and insulintreated rat adipocytes. The content of glucose transporter in these fractions, as determined by cytochalasin B binding, was 1.9 times higher in the basal microsomes than in the insulin ones and 3.3 times higher in the insulin plasma membranes than the basal ones. A 45,000 dalton polypeptide in these membrane fractions was found to react with antiserum raised against the human erythrocyte glucose transporter. This protein has been tentatively identified as the adipocyte glucose transporter because the relative amounts of it in the fractions are in approximate agreement with the values given above.
Anatomically flexible, computer-assisted reporting system for coronary angiography

A computer-assisted method for reporting coronary arteriographic findings has been developed. A videographic display with a touch input system permits finger pointing to designate arterial segments, lesion locations, graft insertion points and collateral vessels. The coronary diagram is flexible to accommodate variations in dominance and in the size and length of the left coronary system branches. Lesion severity, type and length of lesions, distal vessel anatomy, collateral circulation and coronary bypass grafts (including Y or jump grafts) are displayed pictographically. A tabular summary and graphic output provide a completed coronary report eliminating the need for narrative dictation. An edit mode provides capability for teaching and review. The computer-assisted reporting method has the advantage of automatic data encoding in formats suitable for data base storage and subsequent retrieval.
Towards an intelligent domain-specific traceability solution

State-of-the-art software trace retrieval techniques are unable to perform the complex reasoning that a human analyst follows in order to create accurate trace links between artifacts such as regulatory codes and requirements. As a result, current algorithms often generate imprecise links. To address this problem, we present the Domain-Contextualized Intelligent Traceability Solution (DoCIT), designed to mimic some of the higher level reasoning that a human trace analyst performs. We focus our efforts on the complex domain of communication and control in a transportation system. DoCIT includes rules for extracting ``action units'' from software artifacts, a domain-specific knowledge base for relating semantically similar concepts across action units, and a set of link-creation heuristics which utilize the action units to establish meaningful trace links across pairs of artifacts. Our approach significantly improves the quality of the generated trace links. We illustrate and evaluate DoCIT with examples and experiments from the control and communication sector of a transportation domain.
Surgical Considerations in the Management of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect characterized by hypoplasia of left heart structures. Over the past 3 decades, there have been advances in techniques and management in ...
The Behavior of a Simple Hurricane Model Using a Convective Scheme Based on Subcloud-Layer Entropy Equilibrium

Abstract Recent work on the interaction of convection with large-scale flows suggests that a closure based on a presumed equilibrium surface enthalpy fluxes and input of low-entropy air into the subcloud layer by convective downdrafts works well in models of the tropical atmosphere. Such a convective representation is here used in a simple numerical tropical cyclone model. This further simplifies the model, while in many respects improving its performance.
FIELD-ALIGNED FLOW OF A CONDUCTING FLUID PAST A SOURCE OF MAGNETISM.

A prescribed source of magnetism moves at constant speed through a viscous conducting incompressible fluid with an aligned uniform magnetic field. The velocity and magnetic fields induced at a distance from the source are calculated. The induced fields are also calculated for the case in which the applied field is absent. Although no special symmetry or alignment is assumed, the source is “ideal” in the sense that enclosures (wires or magnets) are infinitesimal in at least two dimensions. Dynamical interactions will occur in a viscous fluid and their effect in the far field is estimated.
The Motivation Game: Effecting Social Behavior in Small Groups

The Motivation Game, a simulation exercise designed to illustrate the effects of incentives on individual and group behavior, is described in this article. The game establishes two conditions typic...
A Two-Year Prospective Study of Cerebral Concussion in American Football

The objective of this study is to investigate rates of concussion and selected factors related to its occurrence in American football players. A prospective epidemiological study followed a national sample of high school and college players for two seasons. There were a total of 14,997 player-seasons, over 1 million Athlete-Exposures to the possibility of injury, and 595 concussions recorded. The concussion rate for high school players is 0.56 concussions per 1,000 Athlete-Exposures; for college players, 0.58 per 1,000 Athlete-Exposures, and 0.57 overall. Concussion is the second (high school) or third (college) most frequent injury, is 9 to 10 times more likely to occur in games than in practices, and more than half are the results of helmet-to-helmet contact. The risk of sustaining a concussion is six times greater for individuals with a history of concussion than for individuals with no history. Further commentary on these and other results is presented. The injury surveillance project, from which the ...
Simultaneous determination of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry--experiences on developing a highly selective method using derivatization reagent for enhancing sensitivity.

Abstract In the present work, for the first time, a liquid chromatographic method with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC–MS/MS) for the simultaneous analysis of norethindrone, and ethinyl estradiol, was developed and validated over the concentration range of 50–10000 pg/ml and 2.5–500 pg/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml of plasma sample. Norethindrone, ethinyl estradiol, and their internal standards norethindrone-13C2, and ethinyl estradiol-d4, were extracted from human plasma matrix with n-butyl chloride. After evaporation of the organic solvent, the extract was derivatized with dansyl chloride and the mixture was injected onto the LC–MS/MS system. The gradient chromatographic elution was achieved on a Genesis RP-18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, water and formic acid. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the total run time was 5.0 min. Important parameters such as sensitivity, linearity, matrix effect, reproducibility, stability, carry-over and recovery were investigated during the validation. The inter-day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples at low, medium and high concentration levels were
New formulation for the high multiplicity asymmetric traveling salesman problem with application to the Chesapeake problem

This paper presents a new model for a special type of traveling salesman problem called the High Multiplicity Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (HMATSP). The formulation adopts a flow-based subtour elimination structure and establishes its validity for this problem. Also, we present computational results to demonstrate the efficacy of our modeling approach. The model is then incorporated as a substructure in a formulation for the lot-sizing problem involving parallel machines and sequence-dependent setup costs, also known as the Chesapeake Problem, and related test problems are solved to optimality for the first time in the literature.
Reactions between 14·7-MeV neutrons and nickel-64☆

Abstract The reaction products of 64Ni and 14·7-MeV neutrons have been examined experimentally with a 150-kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator. Mass assignments are made on the basis of 64Ni (n, p)64Co and 64Ni(n, α)61Fe reactions. The 61Co daughter of 61Fe was also observed, but no evidence was found for nuclides currently ascribed to the reactions: 64Ni(n, np)63Co, 64Ni(n, p)64mCo, or 64Ni(n, p)64gCo.
What Are Parents Saying about Family Involvement in School Transitions? A Retrospective Transition Interview.

Nineteen parents whose children attended three preschools and were presently attending public school were interviewed face-to-face to find out what they perceived as major issues during their child's schoo! transition. Parents expressed both concern and satisfaction regarding their child's school transition, their role as decision-makers, and the effects of the transition on their family,
Alternative Versions of the Myosin Converter Vary Cross-Bridge Stiffness and Muscle Force Generation

The converter has been proposed to be the myosin elastic element that sets cross-bridge stiffness. According to most cross-bridge models, the elastic element's stiffness should directly influence muscle force generation. When the elastic element is stretched by the power stroke, a stiffer element should increase force generation. We tested these hypotheses by using the natural variation in converter regions found in different Drosophila muscle types. In Drosophila, myosin isoforms are generated by alternative splicing from a single myosin heavy chain gene. The converter region is encoded by five alternative versions of exon 11. We modified the gene to express alternative versions in Drosophila indirect flight muscle (IFM) fibers instead of the wild-type 11a version. Using 0.125% muscle length sinusoidal oscillations at 500 Hz, we found that two of the four alternative versions, 11b (found in larval body wall muscles) and 11c (jump muscle) significantly decreased fiber rigor stiffness by 28% and 20%, respectively, indicating a decrease in cross-bridge stiffness. The changes in rigor stiffness (elastic modulus) roughly correlated (r2 = 0.57) with force production by the fibers because 11b and 11c fibers also produced the lowest isometric tension. The correlation improved (r2 = 0.71) when it was corrected for the influence of cross-bridge duty ratio on isometric tension. Relative duty ratio was estimated from the frequency at which maximum power was generated (fmax), and the muscle apparent rate constant 2πc. Converters 11b, 11d, and 11e decreased fmax by 26%, 34% and 43%, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the converter is at least part of the elastic element that sets cross-bridge stiffness, and that this element helps set natural variation in force production between muscle types. Supported by NIH grant R01 AR055611 to D.M.S.
Political Development, Revisited:

This article reviews four decades of scholarship on political development. It contends that the theoretical ambitions of the early political development literature to frame the comparative inquiry of politics and political change in less developed countries were undermined by intellectual challenges to the paradigms of modernization and structural functionalism and that the literature’s teleological dimension was contradicted by real-world events. Nonetheless, in subsequent decades, the field made great advances in the study of political institutions, democratic stability and breakdown, state structures, civil society, and the uneven character of political development itself. The article argues that amid manifold evidence of plural forms of political development and decay at the century’s end, the field should avoid relapses into neomodernization theory and instead focus on such issues as state reform, democratic governance, political representation and accountability, and the organization of civil societ...
Cyclic nucleotide levels in regenerating liver.

Abstract Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels were measured in rat liver at various times following partial hepatectomy. Cyclic AMP levels show an initial rapid dropfollowed by a biphasic increase while cyclic GMP remains at an almost constant level throughout the time period examined.
On the reduction of turnaround time

Objective: To Reduce Delays. It is the intent of this work to permit small computing jobs to run with typical delays of minutes rather than hours, while no jobs, including the largest ones, become appreciably worse in turnaround time than at present.Background. The basic idea of multiple-break-in operation from many input/output stations is not new. Most authors, however, have proposed either dramatic advances in hardware or software, or computation complexes of conventional hardware so large as to be economically unattractive. McCarthy, for example, proposed serving some dozens of stations for simultaneous on-line debugging of as many programs, by using perhaps a million words of slow magnetic core memory with a very fast computer.Sources of Delay. "Legitimate" delays, for jobs to be run as entities in the sequence in which received, consist primarily of queue development during periods in which the average workload acquired exceeds the computation rate capacity of the facility. "Illegitimate" causes of delay result mainly from manual job stacking. Artificial delays are inserted at several places in a typical facility, including the sign-in-desk, the card-to-tape facility, the on-line input tape stack, the on-line tape units (gross operational delays from the mounting of file tapes while the computer system idles), and the printer tape stack.
Hydrodynamic and electrodynamic flow mixing in a novel total glass chip mixer with streamline herringbone pattern

Mixing is a precondition for efficient chemical and biochemical reactions, especially in limited time and space, such as in a laboratory on a chip system under various flow conditions. In this work, a novel method of preparing a total glass chip mixer with a streamline herringbone structure is presented. The main mixing channel and the embedded herringbone pattern were simultaneously generated by one-step photolithographic exposure and one-step wet etching of glass substrate. The mixing performance under typical pressure flow as well as high DC voltage-activated migration conditions, thanks to the charged and stable surface nature of the glass substrate, was investigated experimentally by microscope fluorescent imaging using charged and neutral fluorescence molecular probes, respectively. The passive chip mixer was effective for both hydrodynamic and electrodynamics migration conditions, and over 90 % mixing was achieve in 20 mm in the mixing channel of only 300 nL. The applicability of the chip was demonstrated by a chemiluminescence reaction with enhanced signal and detection power. The chemical resistive surface, integrity, transparency, and high mixing efficiency of this passive chip mixer are advantageous for microanalytical systems of various flow conditions, especially miniaturized chromatography or electrophoresis systems.
The identity intrusion effect: Attentional capture or perceptual load?

Theeuwes and Burger (1998) concluded that irrelevant colour singletons can capture attention within the context of a serial search task by showing that the identity of these singletons can intrude on target processing. However, other researchers have suggested that such distractor interference may arise from a passive, capacity-based selection mechanism that processes all display items automatically and in parallel across the visual field until attentional resources are consumed (Lavie, 1995). According to this perceptual load hypothesis, distractor interference should occur when perceptual load is low but not when perceptual load is high. The present study investigated whether the observed identity intrusion effect was due to attentional capture or perceptual load. Experiment 1 replicated the main findings reported by Theeuwes and Burger under conditions of relatively low perceptual load. Experiment 2 provided critical evidence for the perceptual load account by showing that the identity intrusion effect occurred in the context of low perceptual load, but not high perceptual load. The present findings were therefore interpreted to support the perceptual load account of the identity intrusion effect, not the attentional capture account.
Anisotropy of Ultrasonic Attenuation in Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract Anisotropic ultrasonic attenuation in nematic liquid crystals is accounted for by an intramolecular mechanism. Anisotropy calculated for n-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline (MBBA), on the basis of the proposed model, is in good agreement with experimental results.
The association between hyperoxia and patient outcomes after cardiac arrest: analysis of a high-resolution database

Purpose Previous observational studies have inconsistently associated early hyperoxia with worse outcomes after cardiac arrest, and have methodological limitations. We tested this association using a high-resolution database controlling for multiple disease-specific markers of severity of illness and care processes.
LOPLE: a dynamic library of programming language examples

A computer-based library of dynamic examples of programming language concepts has been developed. The purpose of the library is to maintain a file of examples for use in teaching programming. Examples from this library may be displayed by students on cathode ray tube (crt) computer terminals in their static form. Then, under student control the actions and results of executing the displayed code are presented In a dynamic step by step fashion: current line of execution, changing variable contents, and conditions causing branches are all indicated, clearly demonstrating the desired concepts. Students may interactively search for appropriate examples to view. Instructors are allowed easy access to the library for the purpose of adding and deleting examples. Additionally, students with hearing impairments or mobility impairments should be well-served by the system.
Should short children who are not deficient in growth hormone be treated

There are many causes of short stature during childhood and adolescence.1 About half of all children referred to pediatric endocrinologists for an evaluation of their growth show normal variants of short stature. This means that their height falls below the conventional cutoff of 2 standard deviations below the mean but they have healthy increments in growth that parallel the growth channels on standard growth charts for the general population.1,2 A deficiency in growth hormone is the main endocrinologic cause of pathologically short stature. A major objective of treatment with growth hormone in children (who typically are prepubertal at the start of treatment) is to accelerate the speed of growth to reduce discrepancies in height with peers during childhood and adolescence and to enable them to reach an adult height that is commensurate with their genetic potential.3 Because the sole source of growth hormone before 1985 was pituitary glands taken from cadavers, there was never enough growth hormone available to meet the needs of children who had a deficiency. The treatment was, therefore, restricted to those with the most severe deficiencies. The hormone became more widely available after biosynthetic growth hormone was manufactured in 1985. The availability of biosynthetic growth hormone ensures that children who are deficient can have replacement therapy, but it also has created the opportunity to treat children who are short but do not have a deficiency. As time passes, some of these newer, nontraditional applications are becoming accepted as the standard of care in the United States.4 The treatment of short children who are not deficient in growth hormone is predicated on the widespread belief that being taller improves children's psychological well being.5 Moreover, it is thought that increased height will reduce or eliminate their risk status for the development of problems as adults. The broader use of this comparatively intensive, chronic, and costly hormonal intervention is supported by complaints made by short youths of psychosocial stresses related to their height and society's beliefs about the disadvantages of being short.6 In the United States, growth hormone is more frequently prescribed to youths who are not deficient in growth hormone than to those who are.4 This aspect of clinical practice remains controversial.4, 7 Practice guidelines on the use of growth hormone in children who are short clearly state that decisions regarding “instituting or continuing therapy should be individualized... and be guided by the goal of improving the quality of life of the child and future adult.”8 Unfortunately, these recommendations, designed for pediatric endocrinologists, provide no guidance in how to conduct an evaluation of the quality of the child's life. Reviewing the assumptions that are frequently made about the quality of life of short children who are not deficient in growth hormone may help clinicians in making decisions on managing these children.
Paleomagnetism of Precambrian dike swarms in the Harohalli area, south of Bangalore, India

Abstract Seventy-two oriented core samples from twelve sites in three dike swarms in the Harohalli area, two of which have been dated radiometrically (Ikramuddin and Stueber, 1976) have been studied. Two old metadolerite dikes were completely unstable and gave no consistent results. After detailed AF and thermal demagnetization, and principal component analysis, three sites in E-W quartz dolerite dikes in the group dated at 2370±230 Ma gave consistent vectors: N=3, D=79.6, I=−82.3, k=191, α95=9.0; pole 9.5°S, 242.4°C. One N.S. dike from this group is roughly reversed to the above. The fifth dike, an olivine dolerite, gave a completely distinct vector. Two of five alkali syenite dikes, dated at 814±34 Ma gave a consistent vector: N=2, D=26.9, I=83.0, k=1910, α95=5.7, pole 24.75°N, 264.1°E. The three E-W dolerite dike vectors correlate well with results from three other published dike studies, the mean of thirteen site vectors (presumed to date from ∼ 2.4 Ga), yielding a pole at lat. 15.2°N, long. 55.6°E, α95=10.2.
Super-Resolution Imaging of Membrane Topology using Small Molecule Lipophilic Dye

Plasma membrane of any cell supports a vast array of biomolecules on its surface. These are crucial in response and adaptation to the external environmental cues of the cell. The process of determining these cues is done by a plethora of plasma membrane associated proteins including receptors, channels and pores. The spatial organization including compartmentalization of these proteins is critical for cellular function. In order to generate a high spatial resolution topological map of a plasma membrane we use wide-field fluorescence super-resolution imaging technique known as Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). STORM works on the principle of stochastic switching of single-molecule fluorophores and precise localization of the centers of these spots. Here we labeled the plasma membrane using a small molecule lipophilic carbocyanine dye, DiD, which can photoswitch under similar conditions as previously used for Cy5 photoswitching. We stained Drosophila Schneider 2 cells with DiD and imaged them under both fixed and live conditions using 3D STORM imaging and/or single-particle tracking modes. We observed plasma membrane features including clathrin coated pit-like structures. Further experiments using multicolor STORM to image DiD together with membrane proteins will shed light on how membrane protein distribution is correlated with membrane topology.
Pheromone Detection in Male Mice Depends on Signaling through the Type 3 Adenylyl Cyclase in the Main Olfactory Epithelium

Terrestrial vertebrates have evolved two anatomically and mechanistically distinct chemosensory structures: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Although it has been generally thought that pheromones are detected through the VNO, whereas other chemicals are sensed by the MOE, recent evidence suggests that some pheromones may be detected through the MOE. Odorant receptors in the MOE are coupled to the type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3), an enzyme not expressed in the VNO. Consequently, odorants and pheromones do not elicit electrophysiological responses in the MOE of AC3-/- mice, although VNO function is intact. Here we report that AC3-/- mice cannot detect mouse milk, urine, or mouse pheromones. Inter-male aggressiveness and male sexual behaviors are absent in AC3-/- mice. Furthermore, adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes prepared from the MOE of wild-type mice, but not AC3-/- mice, is stimulated by 2-heptanone, a mouse pheromone. We conclude that signaling through AC3 in the MOE is obligatory for male sexual behavior, male-male aggressiveness, and the detection of some pheromones.
Carcinoembryonic‐like antigen in the urine of patients with carcinoma of the bladder and normal controls

The urine and plasma of 16 patients with carcinoma of the bladder, and 27 normal individudls were studied for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). An attempt was made to determine whether urine CEA-like antigens are filtered by the kidney or shed directly by the bladder tumor itself. There were elevated levels of CEA in the plasma of patients with bladder tumors. The urine of patients with bladder carcinoma had significantly higher levels of CEA-like antigen than the urine of normal individuals. These same bladder tumor patients did not have a positive correlation between their plasma CEA and the urine CEA-like antigen levels. It appears from these findings that urinary carcinoembryonic-like antigen is shed directly into the urine and not filtered by the kidneys.
Adding intranasal fluticasone to cefuroxime resolved acute rhinosinusitis.

Source Citation Dolor RJ, Witsell DL, Helkamp AS, et al., for the Ceftin and Flonase for Sinusitis (CAFFS) Investigators. Comparison of cefuroxime with or without intranasal fluticasone for the tre...
Brain reward circuitry: Four circuit elements “wired” in apparent series

Activation of a variety of anatomically distinct sites in the central nervous system can produce rewarding states. Four central reward phenomena are amphetamine injections into nucleus accumbens, morphine injections into the ventral tegmental area, electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, and electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle. Current evidence suggests that these four rewarding events trigger activity in elements of a common reward circuit and that the elements are connected in series. The four partially identified elements in this circuit are (1) descending, fast-recovering, short refractory period fibers of the medial forebrain bundle, (2) separate, opioid peptide-containing afferents to the ventral tegmental area, (3) the dopaminergic cells projecting from the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, and (4) the dopaminoceptive cells of nucleus accumbens.
Site-targeted acoustic contrast agent detects molecular expression of tissue factor after balloon angioplasty

ABSTRACT Complex molecular signaling heralds the early stages of pathologies such as angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellularresponses to mechanically damaged coronary arteries after balloon angioplasty. In previous studies, we have demonstratedacoustic enhancement of blood clot morphology with the use of a nongaseous, ligand-targeted acoustic nanoparticle emulsiondelivered to areas of thrombosis both in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we characterize the early expression of tissue factorwhich contributes to subsequent arterial restenosis. Tissue factor is a 42kd glycoprotein responsible for blood coagulationbut also plays a well-described role in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, and vascular restenosis. This study was designed todetermine whether the targeted contrast agent could localize tissue factor expressed within the wall of balloon-injuredarteries. Both carotid arteries of five pigs (20kg) were injured using an 8 x 20mm angioplasty balloon. The carotids weretreated in situ with a perfluorocarbon nanoparticle emulsion covalently complexed to either specific anti-tissue factorpolyclonal F(ab) fragments (treatment) or non-specific IgG F(ab) fragments (control). Intravascular ultrasound (30 MHz)images of the arteries were obtained before and after exposure to the emulsions. Tissue-factor targeted ultrasonic contrastagent acoustically enhanced the subintima and media at the site of balloon-induced injury compared with control contrastarteries (p<O.O5). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of increased tissue factor at the sites of acousticenhancement. Binding of the targeted agent was demonstrated in vitro by scanning electron microscope images of culturedsmooth muscle cells that constitutively express tissue factor. This study demonstrates the concept of molecular imaging andlocalization of carotid arteries' tissue factor in vivo using a new, nanoparticulate emulsion. Enahncement of the visualizationof the molecular expression of tissue factor could prove to be a prognostically important predictor of subsequent restenosis.Moreover, with the incorporation of specific drug treatments into the nanoparticulate contrast agent, ultrasonic molecularimaging may yield reliable detection and quantification ofnascent pathologies and facilitate targeted drug therapy.Keywords: tissue factor, contrast agent, angioplasty, intravascular, site-targeting
Do smoking reduction interventions promote cessation in smokers not ready to quit

Background Limited treatment options exist for smokers who are not ready to make a quit attempt. Smoking reduction may be a viable treatment approach if proven to increase the rates of long-term abstinence from smoking.
Comparison of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli PhoQ sensor domains: evidence for distinct mechanisms of signal detection.

The PhoP-PhoQ two-component system is present in a number of Gram-negative bacteria where it has roles in Mg2+ homeostasis and virulence. PhoQ is a transmembrane histidine kinase that activates PhoP-mediated regulation of a set of genes when the extracellular concentration of divalent cations is low. Divalent cations are thought to interact directly with the periplasmic PhoQ sensor domain. The PhoP-PhoQ systems ofEscherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are similar in their biological response to extracellular divalent cations; however, their sensor domains display little sequence identity. Here we have begun to explore the consequences of this sequence divergence by comparing the biophysical properties of the P. aeruginosaPhoQ sensor domain with the corresponding E. coli sensor domain. Unlike the E. coli protein, the P. aeruginosa PhoQ sensor domain undergoes changes in the circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra as well as destabilization of its dimeric form in response to divalent cations. These results suggest that distinct mechanisms of signal detection are utilized by these proteins. A hybrid protein in which the E. coli sensor domain has been substituted with the corresponding P. aeruginosa sensor domain responds normally to the presence of extracellular divalent cations in vivo in E. coli. Thus, despite apparent differences in the structural response to its stimulus, the P. aeruginosa sensor domain transduces signals to the E. coli PhoQ cytoplasmic kinase domain in a manner that mimics normal E. coli PhoQ function.
TOWARD THEORIES OF FINANCIAL POLICY

MANY TEACHERS OF BUSINESS FINANCE are skeptical about the existence or possibility of theories of financial policy. To support their position, they emphasize both the wide range of influences on financial decisions and their varying importance from one situation to another. The subjectivity of many of the factors makes them dependent upon the psychological makeup of the decision-maker. Furthermore, it is well known that in the analysis of business cases, two or more solutions usually appear equally defensible. Those who hold to the skeptical position therefore assert that there can be no science of business finance since experts cannot arrive at unique answers. The arguments and illustrations in support of the position that it is not possible to have theories of financial policy are numerous. The foregoing is a small sample of the expressions of the idea. Since the view is so widely held, it is not necessary to elaborate it. To analyze this position, it is necessary, first, to inquire into the nature of theory. Applications to business finance will then be made.