cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PaPaS: A Portable, Lightweight, and Generic Framework for Parallel Parameter Studies

The current landscape of scientific research is widely based on modeling and simulation, typically with complexity in the simulation's flow of execution and parameterization properties. Execution flows are not necessarily straightforward since they may need multiple processing tasks and iterations. Furthermore, parameter and performance studies are common approaches used to characterize a simulation, often requiring traversal of a large parameter space. High-performance computers offer practical resources at the expense of users handling the setup, submission, and management of jobs. This work presents the design of PaPaS, a portable, lightweight, and generic workflow framework for conducting parallel parameter and performance studies. Workflows are defined using parameter files based on keyword-value pairs syntax, thus removing from the user the overhead of creating complex scripts to manage the workflow. A parameter set consists of any combination of environment variables, files, partial file contents, and command line arguments. PaPaS is being developed in Python 3 with support for distributed parallelization using SSH, batch systems, and C++ MPI. The PaPaS framework will run as user processes, and can be used in single/multi-node and multi-tenant computing systems. An example simulation using the BehaviorSpace tool from NetLogo and a matrix multiply using OpenMP are presented as parameter and performance studies, respectively. The results demonstrate that the PaPaS framework offers a simple method for defining and managing parameter studies, while increasing resource utilization.
A generalized Koszul theory and its application

Let $A$ be a graded algebra. In this paper we develop a generalized Koszul theory by assuming that $A_0$ is self-injective instead of semisimple and generalize many classical results. The application of this generalized theory to directed categories and finite EI categories is described.
On the structure of holomorphic isometric embeddings of complex unit balls into bounded symmetric domains

We study general properties of holomorphic isometric embeddings of complex unit balls $\mathbb B^n$ into bounded symmetric domains of rank $\ge 2$. In the first part, we study holomorphic isometries from $(\mathbb B^n,kg_{\mathbb B^n})$ to $(\Omega,g_\Omega)$ with non-minimal isometric constants $k$ for any irreducible bounded symmetric domain $\Omega$ of rank $\ge 2$, where $g_D$ denotes the canonical K\"ahler-Einstein metric on any irreducible bounded symmetric domain $D$ normalized so that minimal disks of $D$ are of constant Gaussian curvature $-2$. In particular, results concerning the upper bound of the dimension of isometrically embedded $\mathbb B^n$ in $\Omega$ and the structure of the images of such holomorphic isometries were obtained. In the second part, we study holomorphic isometries from $(\mathbb B^n,g_{\mathbb B^n})$ to $(\Omega,g_\Omega)$ for any irreducible bounded symmetric domains $\Omega\Subset \mathbb C^N$ of rank equal to $2$ with $2N>N'+1$, where $N'$ is an integer such that $\iota:X_c\hookrightarrow \mathbb P^{N'}$ is the minimal embedding (i.e., the first canonical embedding) of the compact dual Hermitian symmetric space $X_c$ of $\Omega$. We completely classify images of all holomorphic isometries from $(\mathbb B^n,g_{\mathbb B^n})$ to $(\Omega,g_\Omega)$ for $1\le n \le n_0(\Omega)$, where $n_0(\Omega):=2N-N'>1$. In particular, for $1\le n \le n_0(\Omega)-1$ we prove that any holomorphic isometry from $(\mathbb B^n,g_{\mathbb B^n})$ to $(\Omega,g_\Omega)$ extends to some holomorphic isometry from $(\mathbb B^{n_0(\Omega)},g_{\mathbb B^{n_0(\Omega)}})$ to $(\Omega,g_\Omega)$.
Optimal Private Median Estimation under Minimal Distributional Assumptions

We study the fundamental task of estimating the median of an underlying distribution from a finite number of samples, under pure differential privacy constraints. We focus on distributions satisfying the minimal assumption that they have a positive density at a small neighborhood around the median. In particular, the distribution is allowed to output unbounded values and is not required to have finite moments. We compute the exact, up-to-constant terms, statistical rate of estimation for the median by providing nearly-tight upper and lower bounds. Furthermore, we design a polynomial-time differentially private algorithm which provably achieves the optimal performance. At a technical level, our results leverage a Lipschitz Extension Lemma which allows us to design and analyze differentially private algorithms solely on appropriately defined "typical" instances of the samples.
Power of the Few: Analyzing the Impact of Influential Users in Collaborative Recommender Systems

Like other social systems, in collaborative filtering a small number of "influential" users may have a large impact on the recommendations of other users, thus affecting the overall behavior of the system. Identifying influential users and studying their impact on other users is an important problem because it provides insight into how small groups can inadvertently or intentionally affect the behavior of the system as a whole. Modeling these influences can also shed light on patterns and relationships that would otherwise be difficult to discern, hopefully leading to more transparency in how the system generates personalized content. In this work we first formalize the notion of "influence" in collaborative filtering using an Influence Discrimination Model. We then empirically identify and characterize influential users and analyze their impact on the system under different underlying recommendation algorithms and across three different recommendation domains: job, movie and book recommendations. Insights from these experiments can help in designing systems that are not only optimized for accuracy, but are also tuned to mitigate the impact of influential users when it might lead to potential imbalance or unfairness in the system's outcomes.
Extensions of CM elliptic curves and orbit counting on the projective line

There are several formulas for the number of orbits of the projective line under the action of subgroups of $$\mathrm{GL}_2$$ GL 2 . We give an interpretation of two such formulas in terms of the geometry of elliptic curves, and prove a more general formula for a large class of congruence subgroups of Bianchi groups. Our formula involves the number of walks on a certain graph called an isogeny volcano. Underlying our results is a complete description of the group of extensions of a pair of CM elliptic curves, as well as the group of extensions of a pair of lattices in a quadratic field.
Analytic continuation of eigenvalues of a quartic oscillator

We consider the Schrodinger operator on the real line with even quartic potential x 4 + α x 2 and study analytic continuation of eigenvalues, as functions of parameter α. We prove several properties of this analytic continuation conjectured by Bender, Wu, Loeffel and Martin. 1. All eigenvalues are given by branches of two multi-valued analytic functions, one for even eigenfunctions and one for odd ones. 2. The only singularities of these multi-valued functions in the complex α-plane are algebraic ramification points, and there are only finitely many singularities over each compact subset of the α-plane.
SMRT Chatbots: Improving Non-Task-Oriented Dialog with Simulated Multiple Reference Training

Non-task-oriented dialog models suffer from poor quality and non-diverse responses. To overcome limited conversational data, we apply Simulated Multiple Reference Training (SMRT; Khayrallah et al., 2020), and use a paraphraser to simulate multiple responses per training prompt. We find SMRT improves over a strong Transformer baseline as measured by human and automatic quality scores and lexical diversity. We also find SMRT is comparable to pretraining in human evaluation quality, and outperforms pretraining on automatic quality and lexical diversity, without requiring related-domain dialog data.
Correlation analysis among vorticity, Q method and Liutex

Influenced by the fact that vorticity represents rotation for rigid body, people believe this idea also works for fluid flow. However, the vortex predictions by vorticity do not match experimental results, which drove scientists to look for more appropriate methods to identify vortex. All vortex identification methods can be categorized into three generations. The vorticity-based method is classified as the first generation. Methods relying on eigenvalues of velocity gradient tensor are considered as the second generation. People still believe vorticity is vortex since vorticity theory looks correct in mathematics, but all other methods are only scalars and unable to indicate the swirl direction. Recently, a new vortex identification method called Liutex is innovated. It is regarded as the third-generation method, not only overcoming all previous methods’ drawbacks but also having a clear physical meaning. The direction of Liutex represents the swirl axis of rotation, and its strength is equal to twice the angular speed. In this paper, we did a correlation analysis between vorticity, Q, λci, λ2 methods and Liutex based on a direct numerical simulation (DNS) case of boundary layer transition. The results show that the correlation between vorticity and Liutex is very small or even negative in strong shear regions, which demonstrates that using vorticity to detect vortex lacks scientific foundation and vorticity is not appropriate to represent vortex. The correlation analysis also shows that the second generation is contaminated too by shear and thus is not accurate to identify the vortex structure.
Modeling and Assessment of IoT Supply Chain Security Risks: The Role of Structural and Parametric Uncertainties

Supply chain security threats pose new challenges to security risk modeling techniques for complex ICT systems such as the IoT. With established techniques drawn from attack trees and reliability analysis providing needed points of reference, graph-based analysis can provide a framework for considering the role of suppliers in such systems. We present such a framework here while highlighting the need for a component-centered model. Given resource limitations when applying this model to existing systems, we study various classes of uncertainties in model development, including structural uncertainties and uncertainties in the magnitude of estimated event probabilities. Using case studies, we find that structural uncertainties constitute a greater challenge to model utility and as such should receive particular attention. Best practices in the face of these uncertainties are proposed.
Polynomial-time trace reconstruction in the smoothed complexity model

In the \emph{trace reconstruction problem}, an unknown source string $x \in \{0,1\}^n$ is sent through a probabilistic \emph{deletion channel} which independently deletes each bit with probability $\delta$ and concatenates the surviving bits, yielding a \emph{trace} of $x$. The problem is to reconstruct $x$ given independent traces. This problem has received much attention in recent years both in the worst-case setting where $x$ may be an arbitrary string in $\{0,1\}^n$ \cite{DOS17,NazarovPeres17,HHP18,HL18,Chase19} and in the average-case setting where $x$ is drawn uniformly at random from $\{0,1\}^n$ \cite{PeresZhai17,HPP18,HL18,Chase19}. This paper studies trace reconstruction in the \emph{smoothed analysis} setting, in which a ``worst-case'' string $x^{\worst}$ is chosen arbitrarily from $\{0,1\}^n$, and then a perturbed version $\bx$ of $x^{\worst}$ is formed by independently replacing each coordinate by a uniform random bit with probability $\sigma$. The problem is to reconstruct $\bx$ given independent traces from it. Our main result is an algorithm which, for any constant perturbation rate $0<\sigma < 1$ and any constant deletion rate $0 < \delta < 1$, uses $\poly(n)$ running time and traces and succeeds with high probability in reconstructing the string $\bx$. This stands in contrast with the worst-case version of the problem, for which $\text{exp}(O(n^{1/3}))$ is the best known time and sample complexity \cite{DOS17,NazarovPeres17}. Our approach is based on reconstructing $\bx$ from the multiset of its short subwords and is quite different from previous algorithms for either the worst-case or average-case versions of the problem. The heart of our work is a new $\poly(n)$-time procedure for reconstructing the multiset of all $O(\log n)$-length subwords of any source string $x\in \{0,1\}^n$ given access to traces of $x$.
Three Variants of Differential Privacy: Lossless Conversion and Applications

We consider three different variants of differential privacy (DP), namely approximate DP, Renyi DP (RDP), and hypothesis test DP. In the first part, we develop a machinery for optimally relating approximate DP to RDP based on the joint range of two $f$ -divergences that underlie the approximate DP and RDP. In particular, this enables us to derive the optimal approximate DP parameters of a mechanism that satisfies a given level of RDP. As an application, we apply our result to the moments accountant framework for characterizing privacy guarantees of noisy stochastic gradient descent (SGD). When compared to the state-of-the-art, our bounds may lead to about 100 more stochastic gradient descent iterations for training deep learning models for the same privacy budget. In the second part, we establish a relationship between RDP and hypothesis test DP which allows us to translate the RDP constraint into a tradeoff between type I and type II error probabilities of a certain binary hypothesis test. We then demonstrate that for noisy SGD our result leads to tighter privacy guarantees compared to the recently proposed $f$ -DP framework for some range of parameters.
Health Care Reform: Treatment Effectiveness Information Nationwide

High-cost, low-value care permeates much of the American health care system. Congress has begun attempting to address the issue by provisions in the Affordable Care Act encouraging a shift from pay-for-volume to pay-for-performance practices, and by funding clinical effectiveness research through the new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). This short paper offers an overview of the background of PCORI’s formation, the politically-derived constraints within which it is required to operate, and the types of studies it is carrying out. The paper concludes that in addition to clinical effectiveness studies, well-designed cost-effectiveness studies are needed for the development of rationalized health care practices -- current congressional restrictions notwithstanding.
Economic Inequality and Democratic Support

Does economic inequality influence citizens’ support for democracy? Political economy theory suggests that in a country with high inequality, the majority of the population will support democracy as a potential mechanism for redistribution. Much of the survey and area-studies literature, by contrast, suggests that inequality generates political disillusion and regime dissatisfaction. To clarify this disagreement, we distinguish between prospective versus retrospective evaluations as well as between egocentric versus sociotropic evaluations. We test the resulting hypotheses in a multilevel analysis conducted in 40 democracies. We find that citizens are retrospective and sociotropic, meaning that higher levels of economic inequality reduce support for democracy amongst all social classes. We also find a small prospective egocentric effect, in that the reduction in democratic support in highly unequal countries is slightly less severe amongst the poor, suggesting they believe that democracy might increase fu...
Playing the Proof Game: Intelligent Design and the Law

Intelligent design advocates argue that excluding intelligent design from educational and scientific environments discriminates in favor of methodological naturalism and against other approaches for understanding natural phenomena. These arguments are flawed both legally and philosophically. In order to succeed ID advocates need to demonstrate that ID is science and that public school classes and scientific institutions are public fora for speech. Legal scholarship has generally ignored the most relevant arguments from philosophy of science and the relationship of those arguments to constitutional concepts. This article demonstrates that even when ID is given the benefit of the best scientific, philosophical, and legal arguments it is unequipped to take advantage. This is because, in part, ID is a response to several important cases decided under the Establishment Clause, and the form the ID movement has taken reflects a plan to avoid the legal defeats that creationism and “creation science” faced. Intelligent design is essentially a marketing plan to claim credibility in public discourse and to avoid conflict with inconvenient court decisions. At least as to the latter goal ID advocates are likely to fail.
Do Dividend Clienteles Exist? Evidence on Dividend Preferences of Retail Investors

We study stock holdings and trading behavior of more than 60,000 households and find evidence consistent with dividend clienteles. Retail investor stock holdings indicate a preference for dividend yield that increases with age and decreases with income, consistent with age and tax clienteles, respectively. Trading patterns reinforce this evidence: Older, low-income investors disproportionally purchase stocks before the exdividend day. Furthermore, among small stocks, the ex-day price drop decreases with age and increases with income, consistent with clientele effects. Finally, consistent with the behavioral “attention” hypothesis, we document that older and low-income investors purchase stocks following dividend announcements. MORE THAN 40 YEARS AGO Miller and Modigliani (1961) argued that dividend clienteles could form based on investor characteristics. According to their hypothesis, firms that pay lower (higher) dividends attract investors who dislike (like) dividend income, and this creates the potential for an optimal match between the dividend policy of a firm and the dividend preferences of its stockholders. For instance, tax-exempt institutional investors and retail investors with low marginal tax rates are likely to prefer high dividend yield (DY) stocks. Miller and Modigliani also argue that clienteles might form based on age or income preferences. They conjecture that “young ‘accumulators’ prefer low-payout shares and retired persons lean toward ‘income’ stocks” for consumption purposes (p. 431). More recently, behavioral hypotheses propose explanations for possible age and income clienteles. Shefrin and Statman (1984) argue that mental accounting may influence investors’ dividend preferences—investors who keep dividend income and capital gains in two separate “mental accounts” may not treat them equally. Such investors may prefer high DY stocks because the
Beyond Naming and Shaming: Accusations and International Law in Cybersecurity

Accusations of bad State behavior in cyberspace are proliferating, yet this increase in naming has not obviously produced much shame. Accused States uniformly deny the accusation or decline to comment, without changing behavior. For international lawyers, the problem is compounded by the absence of international law in these charges - States are not invoking international law when they complain of other States' behavior, suggesting the law is weak - or worse, irrelevant - in holding States accountable for their cyber operations. In lieu of “naming and shaming,” we introduce and examine the broader concept of “accusation” as a social, political, and legal practice with diverse uses in cyberspace and beyond. Accusers must make strategic choices about how they frame their accusations, and we unpack various elements accusers may manipulate to advantage. Accusations also have many purposes. They may seek to “name and shame” an accused into conforming to certain behavioral expectations, but they may also aim at defensive or deterrent effects on both the accused and, crucially, on third parties. Particularly important, accusations may play a constitutive role, constructing new norms, including customary international law, within the international community. In short, accusations offer States and other stakeholder a menu of strategic options beyond those identified by the extant literature on naming and shaming.
State Responsibility for Bribe Solicitation and Extortion: Obligations, Obstacles, and Opportunities

This Article explores how bribery and extortion in international business transactions and foreign direct investment may be prevented by holding States accountable under international law, improving the viability of investor-State arbitration for corruption claims, and making appropriate use of State-to-State dispute resolution mechanisms like diplomatic protection. It examines the content of States' obligations to prevent and eradicate corruption and considers the conditions and circumstances under which a State may be held responsible under international law for the solicitation and extortion of bribes from foreign investors and the denial of justice to foreign investors subjected to such corruption. It then assesses the opportunities and obstacles currently associated with invoking State responsibility through investor-State arbitration and State-to-State dispute resolution mechanisms such as diplomatic protection. Based on this analysis, it offers a series of suggested improvements that should better enable these international dispute resolution mechanisms to help prevent corruption by encouraging the disclosure of it, securing redress for foreign investors subjected to it, and holding States accountable for it.
Electric utilities and American climate policy: lobbying by expected winners and losers

When and why do individual companies lobby on environmental policies? Given the structural strength of business interests, the answer to this question is important for explaining policy. However, evidence on the strategic lobbying behaviour of individual companies remains scarce. We use data from lobbying disclosure reports on all major climate bills introduced during the 111th Congress (2009–2010). We then link the lobbying disclosure reports to detailed data on the fuel choices of all electric utilities in the United States along with socioeconomic, institutional and political data from the states where the utilities operate. The expected winners (renewable energy, natural gas users) from climate policy are much more likely to lobby individually on federal legislation than the expected losers (coal users). We find that expected winners lobby for specific provisions and rents as a private good, whereas expected losers concentrate their efforts on collective action through trade associations and committees to prevent climate legislation. The results suggest that the supporters of climate policy believed the probability of federal climate legislation to be nontrivial.
Cyberfrontier: New Guidelines for Employers Regarding Employee Social Media

After taking a brief leave of absence to grieve the loss of his mother, Robert Collins reapplied for his job with the Maryland Department of Corrections. Mr. Collins was shocked when the interviewer not only requested his private Facebook password, but also logged into the site and rummaged through his most personal photographs and messages. Mr. Collins’ Facebook page was set to the highest privacy level in an effort to protect its content from public view. When the interviewer requested access to his account, Mr. Collins felt compelled to capitulate because failure to comply might block his reinstatement. Reports of Mr. Collins’ experience caused a public outcry and prompted the Maryland State Legislature to enact a novel law forbidding an employer from requesting that an employee or job applicant provide a “user name, password, or other means for accessing a personal account.” The Maryland Department of Corrections is not the only public agency to request access to password-protected social media accounts. Various agencies responsible for staffing law enforcement and 9-1-1 emergency communications officers may routinely require applicants and current employees to divulge social
Profit Maximization and the Market Selection Hypothesis

We examine the proposition that competitive firms must behave as if they were maximizing profits; otherwise they would go bankrupt, or even fail to be financed in a competitive capital market. We investigate a model in which an entrepreneur raises funds for a risky enterprise on a competitive capital market, by offering a "dividend policy" based on the realized (stochastic) flow of earnings. We show that an entrepreneur who maximizes the expected sum of discounted dividends is sure to fail in finite time. On the other hand, many other behaviours yield positive expected profits and are able to attract investment funds, and yet result in a positive probability of surviving forever. As a consequence, if new firms have sufficiently diverse behaviours, then even if there is a constant stream of new entrants, after a long time practically all of the surviving firms will not have been maximizing profits.
THE "VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1867": THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF FEDERAL REGULATION OF SUFFRAGE DURING RECONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION 1581 I. MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION 1589 II. EQUALITY OF STATES 1595 III. FEDERAL POWER 1598 CONCLUSION 1609
CEO turnover and properties of accounting information

Abstract Multiple-performance-measure agency models predict that optimal contracts should place greater reliance on performance measures that are more precise and more sensitive to the agent's effort. We apply these predictions to CEO retention decisions. First, we develop an agency model to motivate proxies for signal and noise in firm-level performance measures. We then document that accounting information appears to receive greater weight in turnover decisions when accounting-based measures are more precise and more sensitive. We also present evidence suggesting that market-based performance measures receive less weight in turnover decisions when accounting-based measures are more sensitive or market returns are more variable.
The Rise of the End User in Patent Litigation and Attorney Fee Shifting

We usually think of two players in the patent system: the patentee and its competitor. Increasingly, however, end users – who are neither patentees nor competitors – are playing a significant role in the patent system. The attention of the press has recently turned to patent assertion entities who are suing vast numbers of customers using patented technologies in their everyday businesses. For example, one patent assertion entity has sued individual podcasters, including the Comedian Adam Carolla. End users were also principal players in some of the recent patent cases before the Supreme Court. In Bowman v. Monsanto, Monsanto sued a farmer for re-using its patented seed technology. End users also appear as patent challengers: in Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, patients and physicians sued to invalidate breast cancer gene patents. And patients and drug stores repeatedly challenge pay-for-delay agreements between patentees and competitors, claiming they undermine patients’ interests in access to generic drugs. This is only the beginning: end users are likely to become even more prevalent in patent litigation, as 3D printers become more popular, making it more likely that an individual or a small business will make an infringing item that will expose them to patent liability. All of this begs the questions what is an “end user” and how well is patent law suited to deal with this new player? In The Rise of The End User in Patent Litigation, which was published in the Boston College Law Review, I define end users as people and companies that use a patented technology for personal consumption or in their business. I emphasize that
Who's Holding Out? An Experimental Study of the Benefits and Burdens of Eminent Domain#

Abstract A substantial literature identifies seller holdout as a serious obstacle to land assembly, implying that eminent domain is an appropriate policy response. We conduct a series of laboratory experiments to test this view. We find that when there is no competition and no eminent domain, land assembly suffers from costly delay and failed assembly: participants lose 18.8% of the available surplus on average. Much of the inefficiency is due to low offers from the buyers (“buyer holdout”) rather than strategic holdout among sellers. When buyers can exercise eminent domain the participants lose 19.4% of the surplus on average. This loss comes from spending money to influence the fair market price and forcing sellers to sell even when the sellers value the property more than the buyer. Introducing weak competition in the form of a less valuable substitute parcel of land reduces delay by 35.7% and virtually eliminates assembly failure, so that only 10.1% of the surplus is lost on average.
The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries

This article presents a series of measures of the extent to which social policies in twenty-one OECD countries are oriented towards the support of elderly (over 65 or in formal retirement) and non-elderly (under 65 and not retired) population groups. Employing breakdowns by age in spending on social insurance, education and health, tax expenditures on welfare substituting goods, and housing policy outcomes, this article shows that countries tend to demonstrate a consistent age-orientation across a variety of policy areas and instruments. After correcting for the demographic structure of the population, Greece, Japan, Italy, Spain and the United States have the most elderly-oriented social policy regimes, while the Netherlands, Ireland, Canada and the Nordic countries have a more age-neutral repertoire of social policies. In identifying the age-orientation of social policy as a dimension of distributive politics that is not captured by other welfare state typologies, this article suggests the need to develop new accounts of the development of welfare states that include the dimension of age.
Optimal and time consistent exchange-rate management in an overlapping-generations economy

Abstract This paper analyzes exchange-rate management in a simple overlapping generations model. This framework is used to evaluate alternative policies in terms of their implications for the welfare of individuals in the economy and for generating seigniorage. When the chief concern is to provide a desirable store of value, a policy of fixing the exchange rate does better when shocks are primarily of domestic origin while floating becomes more desirable when foreign shocks predominate. The same is true when the government is concerned with maximizing total expected seigniorage, although more intervention is typically desirable when generating seigniorage is the major objective. When seigniorage concerns are paramount and when the monetary authority cannot establish a reputation for conducting monetary policy in a way that makes the currency a desirable store of value, a national currency may not be viable in the absence of exchange controls. Such controls may be justified in this situation.
A longitudinal study of adjustment to technological change: From mass to computer-automated batch production

Four independent sets of factors were identified from the literature as potentially influencing worker adjustment to technological change: actual job changes experienced on workers' jobs, perceived changes to the jobs, personal factors and management support. Four indices of adjustment were measured: stress/psychological problems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and perceived quality of life. A longitudinal study of 31 unskilled workers transferring from traditional mass assembly to computer-automated batch (CAB) production assessed the relationship of the factors to adjustment. The most important set of factors determining adjustment was the actual changes to individual jobs. Implications for studies that examine perceived job changes as well as for the implementation of CAB technology are discussed.
Designing an Effective Program of State-Sponsored Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research

California’s initiative to create the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), which sponsors human embryonic stem cell research within the state, has been significantly delayed by a series of political and legal battles over the structure, procedures and policies of CIRM, including its policies regarding intellectual property rights emanating from its grants. CIRM’s problems reflect the underlying political and economic environment that any state faces in implementing a successful stem-cell research program. To be efficiently implemented, all government-supported research projects that have commercial potential must overcome the danger of “pork barrel” effects and the political problem of accommodating confidential peer review. In addition, some problems associated with this program arise from its particular characteristics: its narrow scope, which is an example of “earmarking” government research expenditures; the bitter public controversy over the legitimacy of stem cell research; and unrealistic perceptions by political leaders and the public about the short-run therapeutic results and financial payoffs to this research. This essay explores these problems and discusses the extent to which the structure of CIRM is likely to lead to an effective response to them.
JUSTICE RUTLEDGE'S APPENDIX

Much disagreement and dispute have occurred since the Supreme Court inaugurated the modern era of Establishment Clause doctrine in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education. Yet rather than turn elsewhere, this article argues that the best path to clarification of this doctrine lies in a return to basics, a return to what that case put forward as the basis of the meaning of the Establishment Clause - Madison’s role in the religious liberty struggle in Virginia in the 1780’s and, above all, in his Memorial and Remonstrance. But this examination focuses on what the justices in Everson did not - the principle of equal religious liberty that underpins that document and Madison’s view of church/state relations generally.
On the complementarity of prosocial norms: The case of restaurant tipping during the holidays

Abstract The literature in economics overwhelmingly supports the hypothesis that people have (pure and impure) preferences for altruism. It has also been shown that prosocial acts or norms that dictate prosocial behavior can sometimes crowd out other prosocial behaviors. This paper tests whether a well-understood prosocial norm—generosity during the holiday season (i.e., around Christmas)—crowds out or complements tipping behavior, another prosocial norm. By examining seasonal differences in within-customer tipping behavior using two years of sales data from a busy restaurant, I find that during the holiday season tipping rates are higher, not lower. This effect appears to be driven by those who are already generous. The finding suggests that individuals do not necessarily view two prosocial norms as competing; rather, such norms can be complementary. Motives for prosocial norms like tipping are discussed.
The Private Equity Advantage: Leveraged Buyout Firms and Relationship Banking

This article examines the impact of leveraged buyout firms' bank relationships on the terms of their syndicated loans. We examine a sample of 1,590 loans financing private equity sponsored leveraged buyouts between 1993 and 2005, and find that private equity firms' bank relationships are an important factor in cross-sectional variation in the loan interest rate and covenant structure. Our results indicate that bank relationships formed through repeated interactions reduce inefficiencies from information asymmetry and allow leveraged buyouts sponsored by private equity firms to occur on favorable loan terms. A one-standard-deviation increase in bank relationship strength is associated with an 8-basis-point (3%) decrease in the spread and a 0.21-basis-point (4%) increase in the maximum debt to EBITDA covenant. We also find evidence that banks price loans to cross-sell other fee business. A one-standard-deviation increase in both bank relationship strength and cross-selling potential translates into as much as a 4-percentage-point increase in equity return to the leveraged buyout firm. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire

The economy of the early Roman Empire has been an object of study for at least the last century. The discussion has been marked by continuing debate, known sometimes as the primitivist/modern debate and at other times as the Finley debate, following his famous Sather lectures, The Ancient Economy. This paper is a contribution to this debate, written by an economist rather than an ancient historian. My purpose is to define the concept of a ‘market economy’, and to see if it fits the evidence we have for the early Roman Empire.Finley declared that, ‘ancient society did not have an economic system which was an enormous conglomeration of interdependent markets’. He drew implicitly on research by Polanyi to oppose the views of Rostovtzeff within the field of ancient history and those of Fogel and Engerman in economic history, but he did not explicitly join their conceptual apparatuses. Morris has summarized the debate fuelled by Finley's dramatic lectures in his foreword to the twenty-fifth anniversary edition and argued that the controversy is still vigorous today. I hope to clarify the issues in this debate and even resolve the debate for the period of the early Roman Empire.
Ultraviolet Imaging of the z=0.23 Cluster Abell 2246

We present deep ultraviolet observations of a field containing the cluster Abell 2246 (z = 0.225), which provide far-ultraviolet (FUV) images of some of the faintest galaxies yet observed in that bandpass. Abell 2246 lies within the field of view of Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) observations of the quasar HS 1700+64, which accumulated over 7100 s of UIT FUV exposure time during the Astro-2 mission in 1995 March. For objects found on both the far-ultraviolet (FUV) and ground-based V-band images, we obtain FUV (λ ~ 1520 A) photometry and V-band photometry, as well as mid-UV (λ ~ 2490 A) photometry from UIT Astro-1 observations and ground-based I-band photometry. We find five objects in the images that are probably galaxies at the distance of Abell 2246, with FUV magnitudes [m(FUV)] between 18.6 and 19.6 and V magnitudes between 18.4 and 19.6. We find that their absolute FUV fluxes and colors imply strongly that they are luminous galaxies with significant current star formation, as well as some relatively recent, but not current (>400 Myr ago) star formation. We interpret the colors of these five objects by comparing them with local objects, redshift-corrected template spectra, and stellar population models, finding that they are plausibly matched by 10 Gyr–old population models with decaying star formation, with decay time constants in the range 3 Gyr < τ < 5 Gyr, with an additional color component from a single burst of moderate (~400–500 Myr) age. From derived FUV luminosities we compute current star formation rates. We compare the UV properties of Abell 2246 with those of the Coma Cluster, finding that Abell 2246 has significantly more recent star formation, consistent with the Butcher-Oemler phenomenon.
Bankruptcy around the World: Explanations of Its Relative Use

The law and finance literature highlights the role of investor rights in financial development, firm corporate governance, and financing patterns. For a panel of 35 countries, we investigate how bankruptcy use relates to countries’ creditor rights and judicial efficiency. Bankruptcies are higher in countries with more creditor rights, except for a "no automatic stay on assets" provision. Higher judicial efficiency is associated with more bankruptcies and appears as a substitute with more creditor rights. Although only a first step, our findings suggest creditor rights are complex, balancing prioritization of claims, ex ante risk-taking incentives, and an efficient resolution of distressed firms.
The Role of Decision Importance and the Salience of Alternatives in Determining the Consistency between Consumers' Attitudes and Decisions

This research examines how the importance of a consumer decision influences attitude-decision consistency and choice in decision contexts that contain versus do not contain specified alternatives. Results demonstrate that decision importance moderates attitude-decision consistency when alternatives are not specified, but not when alternatives are specified. These results, in conjunction with the time participants devote to choice, suggest that importance plays a larger role in attitude-decision consistency when alternatives are unspecified versus specified because importance leads to greater effort in generation of alternatives when alternatives are unspecified (an unnecessary task when alternatives are specified in context). Implications for promotion are discussed.
Wages in the Steel Industry: Take the Money and Run?

Sharp increases occurred in the wages paid by integrated steel firms in the 1970s despite reductions in employment caused by the industry's decline. This article reviews several explanations suggested for this puzzling outcome and evaluates them using information on the size and timing of wage increases, on investment decisions, and on expectations about future inflation and demand growth. Overly optimistic expectations for demand growth and unexpected inflation appear to explain much of the data.
Well-being effects of extreme weather events in the United States

Abstract The increase in weather and climate disasters in recent years has prompted an interest in analyzing their consequences and the mitigation and adaptation measures that can help minimize their potentially large impacts on individuals’ welfare. We match thirty-one billion-dollar disasters with individual survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to estimate the effect of extreme weather events on the subjective well-being of U.S. residents. Our results indicate that natural disasters have a negative and robust impact on subjective well-being in the affected communities, and that, on average, this impact peaks 6 months after the event, and then decays over time. We then investigate the attenuating impact of health care access, flood insurance, and governmental assistance programs and find a partial compensating role for risk-transfer and relief measures. We also find that stronger emotional and social support mitigates the negative impact of natural disasters.
ROLE DEMANDS, DIFFICULTY IN MANAGING WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT, AND MINORITY ENTREPRENEURS

By exploring difficulty in managing work-family conflict for minority entrepreneurs, this study considers work-family issues for business persons who have received little attention in the literature, yet form new businesses at rates exceeding the national average. We employ a role theory perspective to examine two major research questions using a nationally representative sample of African-American, Mexican-American, Korean-American, and White business owners. Specifically, we ask: do minority business owners experience greater difficulty in managing conflicts between work and family roles when compared to White entrepreneurs? And does difficulty in managing work-family conflict negatively impact business performance? Empirical results show that Korean-American and Mexican-American entrepreneurs have greater role demands, and subsequently, higher levels of difficulty in managing work-family conflict than African-Americans and Whites. Furthermore, difficulty in managing work-family conflict negatively impacts business performance whether performance is measured through the perception of the business owner, or through more objective financial measures. We contribute to the literature on minority entrepreneurs as well as expand the work-family conflict literature by shifting the focus from employed individuals to entrepreneurs, and by emphasizing the effect of such conflict on performance rather than well-being.
Fixed exchange rate credibility with heterogeneous expectations

Abstract After disinflation has been achieved, agents who form more sophisticated forecasts have lower confidence in the sustainability of a peg compared to less sophisticated agents. Furthermore, sustained financial stability leads to a declining proportion of sophisticated agents. Thus, the credibility of a fixed exchange rate regime grows over time partly because fewer people pay attention to the workings of the monetary regime. These results are derived in a rules-versus-discretion model of a fixed exchange rate regime with heterogeneous agents. We provide unique supporting evidence using data on expectations and information about the monetary regime from Bulgaria’s currency board.
Factors Associated with the Year-End Decline in Working Capital

Working capital is an important indicator of firm operational efficiency. All else being equal, lower levels signal greater efficiency. Managers are thus likely to be motivated to report lower levels of working capital at times of greater external attention. We find that working capital levels decrease in the fourth fiscal quarter significantly more than expected, conditional on seasonal changes in economic activity. The decrease subsequently reverses in the following first fiscal quarter. Evidence indicates that firms manage down year-end working capital through transactions that increase year-end operating cash flow and that firms spread this activity over all working capital accounts. Finally, the temporary decrease in year-end working capital is correlated with compensation benchmarks and analysts’ annual cash flow forecasts. The temporary drop is also more pronounced for firms with industry dominance. This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Patents, appropriate technology, and North-South trade

In this paper, the authors discuss the possibility that the North and South may have differing technological needs. Just as the North would like to develop drugs against cancer and heart disease, and the South drugs against tropical disease, so the North's labor saving innovations are less useful in the South, where labor is cheap. Southern patents might promote the development of technologies appropriate to the South that might not have been developed if there were no patents. In this case, lower patent protection in the South would not benefit the South and increased patent protection in the South can hurt the North when the resources to go into R & D are limited. The authors develop a formal model for inteellectual property rights, emphasizing the dimension of technological choice. This model allows for a continuum of potential technologies, with a range of preferences in the North and South; free entry in the R & D sector rather than duopolistic competition; and gradations of patent protection. The report concludes by reviewing the results of the analysis.