cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum pain on visual analog scales in spinal disorders

Abstract Background Context Determining pain intensity is largely dependent on the patient's report. Purpose The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients initially reporting a pain score of 10 out of 10 on the visual analog scale (VAS) would experience symptom improvement to a degree similar to patients reporting milder pain. Study Design This study is a retrospective chart review. Patient Sample A total of 6,779 patients seeking care for spinal disorders were included in the study. Outcome Measures The outcome measures used in the study were pain scores on the VAS pain scale, smoking status, morbid depression, gender, and the presence of known secondary gain. Materials and Methods Patients with lumbar degenerative disk disease with or without spinal stenosis who reported a VAS pain score of 10 out of 10 were identified. Changes in reported VAS pain, patient age, smoking status, morbid depression, gender, and the presence of known secondary gain were examined. Results A total of 160 individuals (2.9%) reported a maximum pain score of 10 out of 10 on a VAS at their initial presentation. The patients had a median improvement of 3 points in reported VAS pain between the first visit and the last follow-up appointment. The odds to improve by at least 40% on the VAS were 1.500 (95% confidence interval 1.090–2.065) compared with patients reporting submaximal pain. The proportion of patients with identifiable secondary gain was higher (p=.001) than that of patients with submaximal pain. Patients whose pain scores improved dramatically (ie, at least 4 points on the VAS) tended to be older (p=.001), to less often have secondary gain from their disease (p=.007), and to have a negative current smoking status (p=.002). Patients whose pain remained 10 out of 10 during the course of treatment smoked more frequently (p=.016). Conclusions Our analysis supports the need to consider the influence of secondary gain on the patients' reported VAS pain scores. Maximum pain seems to be a more acute phenomenon with some likelihood to significantly improve.
Mechanism of the Association Pathways for a Pair of Fast and Slow Binding Ligands of HIV-1 Protease.

Equilibrium constants, together with kinetic rate constants of binding, are key factors in the efficacy and safety of drug compounds, informing drug design. However, the association pathways of protein–ligand binding, which contribute to their kinetic behaviors, are little understood. In this work, we used unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with an explicit solvent model to study the association processes of protein–ligand binding. Using the HIV protease (HIVp)–xk263 and HIVp–ritonavir protein–ligand systems as cases, we observed that ligand association is a multistep process involving diffusion, localization, and conformational rearrangements of the protein, ligand, and water molecules. Moreover, these two ligands preferred different routes of binding, which reflect two well-known binding mechanisms: induced-fit and conformation selection models. Our study shows that xk263 has a stronger capacity for desolvating surrounding water molecules, thereby inducing a semiopen conformation of t...
Native joint Propionibacterium septic arthritis

Propionibacterium species are associated with normal skin flora and cultures may be dismissed as contaminants. They are increasingly recognized as a cause of septic arthritis following shoulder arthroplasty and arthrotomy. We identified three cases of Propionibacterium septic arthritis in native joints mimicking atypical osteoarthritis and review the literature, clinical course, and treatment of 18 cases. Two cases of Propionibacterium acne in native knee joints and one in a sternoclavicular joint are described. A literature search for Propionibacterium septic arthritis was performed. Clinical course, treatment, and outcome are reviewed for all cases. Our three cases were combined with 15 cases from the literature. Fourteen cases showed few signs of acute infection, slow culture growth, and delayed diagnosis. In 3 cases an early culture was dismissed as a contaminant. Six cases were reported as caused by recent arthrocentesis. Fifteen cases were cured with antibiotics, although 5 of these 15 also required surgical intervention. Two patients were diagnosed while undergoing surgery for osteoarthritis. Four patients required arthroplasty and two of our patients will require arthroplasty for good functional results. Propionibacterium as a cause of septic arthritis in native joints demonstrates few signs of acute infection, presents with prolonged course, and is often misdiagnosed or unsuspected. Anaerobic growth may be delayed or missed altogether, and outcomes are consequently poor. Consider Propionibacterium septic arthritis in atypical osteoarthritis prior to arthroplasty.
Retrospective review of metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease treated with intrathecal interleukin-2

Objectives Metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD) have an extremely poor prognosis, with a median survival measured in weeks, and few treatment options. Outcomes of a retrospective cohort of patients with LMD that were treated with intrathecal interleukin-2 (IT IL-2) were reviewed to assess the long-term efficacy of this therapy. Methods The records of metastatic melanoma patients with LMD who were treated with IT IL-2 from 2006 to 2014 in a Compassionate Investigational New Drug study were reviewed. IL-2 (1.2 mIU) was administered intrathecally via Ommaya reservoir up to five times per week in the inpatient setting for 4 weeks; patients with good tolerance and clinical benefit received maintenance IT IL-2 every 1–3 months thereafter. Results The cohort included 43 patients. The median age of the patients was 47 years (range 18–71), and 32 (74%) were male. 23 patients (53%) had positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and radiographic evidence of LMD, 8 (19%) had positive CSF cytology only, 9 (21%) had radiographic evidence only and 3 (7%) were diagnosed based on pathology review after craniotomy. The median overall survival (OS) from initiation of IT IL-2 was 7.8 months (range, 0.4–90.8 months), with 1-year, 2-year and 5-year OS rates of 36%, 26% and 13%. The presence of neurological symptoms (HR 2.1, P=0.03), positive baseline CSF cytology (HR 4.1, P=0.001) and concomitant use of targeted therapy (HR 3.0, P=0.02) was associated with shorter OS on univariate analysis. All patients developed symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure which was managed with supportive medications and/or CSF removal, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Conclusion These results demonstrate that despite their historically dismal prognosis a subset of metastatic melanoma patients with LMD treated with IT IL-2 can achieve long-term survival, but these data need to be verified in a prospective trial setting.
54 – Colorectal Disease in Women and Men

This chapter discusses issues pertinent to the female gender in colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the case of colorectal carcinoma, there appears to be a slight disparity in incidence and site distribution in the colon between men and women. Although hormonal factors appear to have some effect on the development of colorectal neoplasms, the influence is weak. Women tend to have limited knowledge regarding their own risks of cancer. The treatment of IBD in the face of pregnancy can be difficult. Fertility is preserved in patients with quiescent IBD, but active disease diminishes fertility and increases fetal complication rates. Disease activity itself does not seem to be influenced by the hormonal changes of pregnancy. Medications for IBD are generally safe during pregnancy and nursing (with a few exceptions) and may need to be used judiciously during pregnancy. Fertility is diminished after restorative proctocolectomy, although pregnancy in patients with an ileal pouch is safe. This chapter discusses anatomy and physiology of fetal incontinence, its causes, history and examination, appropriate tests, its medical management, the concept of biofeedback, and consideration of surgery. Fecal incontinence tends to occur more commonly in the female gender. Obstetric trauma is an important cause of fecal incontinence that uniquely affects women. The overlapping sphincteroplasty is the procedure of choice, but functional improvements after surgery may be modest and continence may worsen over time.
Evaluating the sensitivity of dendritic connectivity to fish pass efficiency for the Sesan, Srepok and Sekong tributaries of the Lower Mekong

Abstract Hydropower dam development in the Mekong River Basin is threatening both biodiversity and the output of the world’s largest inland fishery. Fragmentation of the river system by dams blocking the free movement of riverine species can have a direct impact on migratory fish species, which constitute a significant portion of the basins wild fishery. Fish passes, which allow fish to bypass dams, are often proposed as potential solutions to these problems. However, there is uncertainty around the effectiveness of fish passes in the species-rich environment of the Lower Mekong, and this has real consequences for the region and its development strategies. As a first step to evaluate the effects of dams in the region, we used the Dendritic Connectivity Index (DCI) to examine the impact on connectivity by providing fish passage on as many as 105 current, under construction and planned dams on the Sesan, Srepok and Sekong tributaries of the Mekong River. Our results indicate that, at the current stage of development, overall connectivity of the river system is sensitive to the efficiency of fish passes – and with highly efficient fish passes, connectivity comparable to a natural network is possible. However, as the number of dams on each tributary increase, even highly efficient fish passes are unable to improve connectivity significantly. While this paper does not explicitly focus on the functioning and limitation of fish passes, this broader analysis clearly establishes that, if constructed, robust monitoring for the newly-designed fish pass on the Lower Sesan II dam would be critical for evaluating and informing future development strategies.
Layered Catalysts for Low Temperature Size Selective Reforming of Hydrocarbons

To simplify a variety of terminologies, layered catalysts are exemplified as multicomponent catalysts that possess important structural features spatially resolved at different length scales. The purpose of this contribution is to describe and translate recently developed accomplishments of a versatile procedure that coats a zeolite shell around a catalyst core to achieve size selective steam reforming of various size hydrocarbons (i.e., methane and toluene) to the low temperature reforming regime. Previous results on the role of layer thickness and shell acidity are reviewed and augmented by spectroscopic adsorption of pyridine as a probe molecule. The results demonstrate that methane reforming also occurs more readily due to regulation of transport rates at low temperature through the shell despite toluene reforming being thermodynamically favored. Thus, this study provides a key step toward enabling layered catalysts for intensified methane conversion processes.
Crystalline inclusions in embryonic and maternal cells

A variety of cell types in early mammalian embryos and associated organs of the female genital tract contain inclusion bodies which are crystalline in nature. Although many of these structures were first seen by light microscopy, some have been further analyzed and others seen for the first time in more recent ultrastructural studies. Here, we will review structural aspects of such inclusions in several mammalian species. Evidence is scarce as to the chemical identity of most crystalline inclusions. A comparative look at structural features may allow us to come to tentative conclusions as to their functional importance and/or identity. Hopefully, such a review might stimulate new investigation on certain of these inclusions.
INDICES AND MODELS FOR AGGREGATION IN SPATIAL PATTERNS

Recent work on aggregation in spatial patterns, different statistical models and behaviour of currently used aggregation indices is unified and reviewed. Two new families of distributions are proposed. These are “close” to the Poisson distribution but with mean not necessarily equal to the variance. They can be said to account for the overall aggregation attributable to the inequality between the mean and variance. Keywords: Poisson, aggregation, variance-mean ratio.
The Origins of the Service State: On the Ironies of Intervention

This essay discusses the growth of the interventionist "service state" in the United States since the 1890s. It indicates how the exhaustion of the national entrepreneurial capitalist model necessitated state management of the economy, society and culture in order to consolidate the emergence of a transnational monopoly capitalist mode of economic growth. These bureaucratic interventions, however, from the 1930s through the 1970s dangerously eroded the continuing reproduction of civil society. Hence, the new social movements of the 1960s and 1970s are discussed as popular efforts to countervail the bureaucratic logic of monopoly capital and the service state. The new social movements' focus on popular participation, community-building and political empowerment, in turn, might provide the organizational basis for creating new democratic economic, political and social alternatives to the over-administered consumer society constructed by the service state and transnational capital during the
Ionic Liquid-Containing Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Graphene Oxide-Based Surfactants.

Emulsions stabilized by particles (i.e., Pickering emulsions) are complementary to those stabilized by small molecules or polymers and most commonly consist of oil droplets dispersed in a continuous water phase, with particles assembled at the fluid–fluid interface. New particle surfactants and different fluid–fluid interfaces are critical for developing next-generation systems for a number of advanced applications. Herein we report the preparation of IL-containing emulsions stabilized by graphene oxide (GO)-based nanoparticles using the IL [Bmim][PF6]: GO nanosheets stabilize IL-in-water emulsions, and alkylated GO nanosheets (C18-GO) stabilize IL-in-oil emulsions. The impact of particle concentration, fluid–fluid ratio, and addition of acid or base on emulsion formation and stability is studied, with distinct effects for the water and oil systems observed. We then illustrate the broad applicability of GO-based particle surfactants by preparing emulsions with different ILs and preparing inverted emulsion...
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) Is Safe for Extended Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer

The American College of Chest Physicians and American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association recommend using low-molecular-weight heparin for 28 days postoperatively for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after cancer surgery. Dabigatran is a once daily oral anticoagulant that is FDA approved for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after orthopedic surgery, uses fixed dosing, and has an antidote. Patients undergoing surgery for malignant pancreatic tumors (neuroendocrine excluded) from January 2017 to January 2018 were converted to dabigatran 220 mg daily on discharge until postoperative day 28; patients with medical or insurance contraindications were converted to enoxaparin or another direct oral anticoagulant. The primary endpoint was bleeding complications through 90 days. A total of 134 patients were considered for this study (median age 67 ± 10; 58.9% male). Eighty-seven (82.9%) patients received dabigatran and 18 (17.1%) received another form of anticoagulation. There were 19 (4.2%) patients not prescribed dabigatran due to medical or inpatient contraindications. Four patients experienced bleeding complications after discharge while on dabigatran. Two (2%) were major bleeds (Clavien-Dindo IV and V), and 2 (2%) were minor (Clavien-Dindo I). Patient compliance was excellent, with 93% of prescribed patients fully completing their prophylaxis. There were 2 patients that developed symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. The use of a direct oral anticoagulant as extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after major gastrointestinal surgery has not been studied to date. These results show dabigatran to be a safe alternative to low-molecular-weight heparin for extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with regard to bleeding complications.
Anatomy of the human orbit

The contents of the human orbit develop from all embryonic germinal layers to form diverse and specialized interconnected structures, whose unified function is that of providing sight. A thorough knowledge of these structures and their inter-relationships is imperative for the head and neck surgeon. This article will discuss the structures contained within the orbit from a surgical perspective in the hope of expanding the head and neck surgeon's knowledge and comfort when treatment indication necessitates entry into this space.
Running the Prophetic Point: Basketball, Black Lives Matter, and Prophetic Imagination

This chapter investigates the intersections of race, religion, and prophetic articulations of basketball athletes related to the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States. By using Walter Brueggemann’s framework of prophetic imagination, I argue that sports activism shares many of the characteristics of prophetic activity in the modern world. This form of prophetic activity is in a civil religious mode that attempts to call attention to the transgressions of the American society. By locating the social activism of basketball players in the NBA, WNBA, and college, a form of secular resistance emerges revealing an important value of sport within America. In the end, the article offers some reasons why sport might be a principal arena for contemporary, prophetic activity.
Policy Evaluation: Taxation

Models of the sort developed in this volume have several important, potential, applications. On the one hand, they are normative in nature and may serve as the basis of planning models for individual decision-making entities. On the other hand, they may be descriptive of the general reaction of typical or “average” individual decision-making entities to exogeneous parametric changes. As descriptions of “average” decision-making entities (i.e., firms) and of their sensitivity to parametric manipulation, the models become potential instruments for the evaluation of governmental policies that influence parameters of firms’ decision making. For purposes of discussion, three types of governmental activities will be considered here, namely: taxation, regulation, and locational incentives.
Solid-To-Solid Adhesion

The term solid-to-solid adhesion means different things to different people. Although there is no hope of satisfying everybody, it will be attempted to tell as much about it as is possible. We will start with an experiment, using as a solid a piece of chalk. When one just pulls at the piece of chalk, it is relatively strong, and cannot be broken in tension. If one applies a moment, it can be broken, but when the two ends are put together, they don't fit at all.
Teresa, Descartes, and de Sales: the art of Augustinian meditation

There are longstanding debates regarding the extent to which Descartes’s Meditations can be connected to the genre of devotional meditations popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In t...
Prolonged Electro-muscular Incapacitation in a Porcine Model Causes Spinal Injury.

Conducted electrical weapons are designed to cause temporary electro-muscular incapacitation (EMI) without significant injury. The objective of this study was to assess the risk and cause of spinal injury due to exposure to a benchtop EMI device. Porcine subjects were exposed to 19 and 40 Hz electrical stimuli for a prolonged duration of 30 sec. X-ray imaging, necropsy, and accelerometry found that lumbosacral spinal fractures occurred in at least 89% of all subjects, regardless of the stimulus group, and were likely caused by musculoskeletal fatigue-related stress in the lumbosacral spine. Spinal fractures occurred in the porcine model at an unusually high rate compared to human. This may be due to both the prolonged duration of electrical stimulation and significant musculoskeletal differences between humans and pigs, which suggests that the porcine model is not a good model of EMI-induced spinal fracture in humans.
Surgical outcome differences between the 3D subtypes of right thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

The current classifications of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) aim to guide surgical decision making. However, variance exists within treatment recommendations and suboptimal outcomes have been observed while following these guidelines based on two-dimensional images. We used previously developed 3D classification for right thoracic AIS patients and aimed to determine the variation in surgical decision making and the risk of suboptimal outcomes in each subtype according to our classification. Seventy-six right thoracic AIS patients with 2-year follow-up were included retrospectively. Five 3D preoperative subgroups were determined based on a previous classification system. The upper and lower instrumented vertebrae (UIV and LIV) and the radiographic surgical outcomes at 2-year [frontal balance (FB), proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK), and adding on] were compared between the subtypes. The fusion length and the rate of radiographic suboptimal outcomes were statistically different between the five groups. LIV at T12 in Type 1 and UIV at T2 in Type 2 were associated with improved FB and lower PJK, respectively. Type 3 had the highest rate of suboptimal FB and developing PJK. Type 4 had the longest fusion, and suboptimal FB was observed in 42% of the patients independent from the LIV level. Type 5 had the lowest rate of unsatisfactory radiographic outcomes at 2 years. Following the preoperative 3D classification of the AIS patients, we showed that the UIV and LIV selection has a different impact on the surgical outcomes in each of the five subtypes. The proposed 3D classification has the potential for risk stratification following a posterior spinal surgery in right thoracic AIS. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
An integrated socio-technical approach for post-earthquake recovery of interdependent healthcare system

Abstract The premise of community resilience hinges on preventing extreme events from becoming disasters through minimizing initial disruptions and ensuring quick recovery of the various community sectors. Recovery of critical facilities and public assemblies, such as the healthcare systems, is particularly important since they are vital for short-term and long-term functioning of communities. This article outlines a new framework for estimating full functionality and recovery of healthcare systems in a community following earthquake occurrence. The presented framework includes estimation of both quantity and quality components of the offered healthcare service overtime and quantification of patient demand on each healthcare facility while accounting for their interdependence as well as their interaction with other community infrastructure. When estimating the recovery of healthcare services, stochastic modeling and dynamic optimization are utilized to account for limited repair resources, repair sequences, and change in demand over time. The presented approach is applied to Centerville, a virtual testbed community, to highlight the capabilities of the proposed framework and the impact of decisions made on the recovery trajectory. It is observed that high level of interaction between the healthcare system components is essential to reduce patient demands on hospitals. It is also shown that proper allocation and distribution of repair resources are key to achieving the desired level of functionality for the hospitals.
Summary and Future Directions of ADCs

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have recently become an important class of oncology therapeutics, offering potent antitumor activity along with reduced side effects to the patients. Although there are only two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs, the field has the potential for rapid growth with more than 40 candidates in clinical trials. In this chapter, a detailed overview of ADCs currently in the clinics is presented. The main challenges, as well as new technologies and approaches in improving ADCs, are also discussed.
Where the Glass Ceiling Cracks: Features of U.S. Organizations Where Women Rise to the Top

We track 30 firms that had 20 percent or greater representation of women in top executive roles from the year 2000 through 2015. We find that these once exceptional firms continued to have a higher...
Crimes of Omission: State Action Doctrine and Anti-Lynching Legislation in the Jim Crow Era

After more than a century of failure, Congress now stands closer than ever to making lynching a federal crime. As the pending legislation acknowledges, at least 4,742 people were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, but Congress continually declined to pass any of the nearly 200 bills introduced during those decades. Although Black Americans had faced lethal racial terror before, during, and immediately following emancipation, the rate of lynching rose significantly in the 1890s as Redemption and Jim Crow segregation took hold. States had the authority to prosecute violent crimes, but many had made clear that they had no will to prevent or punish lynch mobs. Activists worked to expose the savagery of lynching as an apparatus of racial violence and to revive the public and legislative concern for Black lives that seemingly died during the retreat from Reconstruction. Proponents of anti-lynching legislation faced the challenge of convincing Congress that it had the authority under Section5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to prosecute individuals when a state brazenly neglected to enforce the promises of equal protection and due process. This Note centers on one particularly promising proposal: the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. Introduced in 1917, the ambitious Dyer Bill was the first to clear the House, and it soon incited controversy in the Senate and heated debate in the public press. Many Americans— Black and white, Northern and Southern, Democrat and Republican—had something to say about the Dyer Bill. Scholars, however, have since said relatively little. Few treatments of the anti-lynching movement capture the enduring constitutional significance of the legislative campaign. Likewise, legal commentary on the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment too often omits this period, skipping from the Reconstruction era to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. This Note offers a novel reading of the Dyer Bill’s development and demise, challenging standard assumptions about how members of Congress and their constituents regarded the Fourteenth Amendment in the Jim Crow era and about Black citizens’ fidelity to the Republican Party. Upending the assumption that Americans in the first half of the twentieth century considered the Fourteenth Amendment a dead letter for achieving racial justice, this Note reveals a country actively concerned with the Amendment’s promise and possibilities. Long before the 1964 Civil Rights Act or even the New Deal, the Dyer Bill debates prompted politicians and the public to consider the scope of state action and of Congress’s unique prerogatives under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Enforcement Clause. The Dyer Bill’s history holds lasting lessons for assessing Congress’s obligations and political parties’ incentives to address ongoing issues of racial injustice.
Characterization of RNase X25 and Lamp1 in Drosophila melanogaster

RNases T2 have been shown to be evolutionarily conserved in plants, deutrostomes and protostomes indicating that this ancient enzyme may be playing a conserved housekeeping role in diverse organisms. Indeed, evidence from studies in Arabidopsis, zebrafish and human suggests that RNases T2 are involved in rRNA recycling under normal conditions. In order to further elucidate the function of these enzymes in animals, we characterized RNase X25, the only member of the RNase T2 family present in Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we have shown that RNase X25 is ubiquitously expressed throughout the life cycle, is a major contributor of ribonuclease activity in Drosophila and is upregulated under conditions of nutritional stress accompanied by a concomitant upregulation of Atg5, an autophagy marker. These findings suggest that RNase X25 has functions similar to those of RNase T2 in other organisms. In order to further clarify the mechanism of rRNA uptake by lysosomes for degradation by RNase X25 in Drosophila melanogaster, we characterized the lysosomal associated membrane glycoprotein, Lamp1. Although it has been used extensively as a lysosomal marker in Drosophila, the actual function of this protein within the lysosomal membrane remains elusive in flies. LAMP2, an ortholog of Lamp1 in humans and mice has three splice variants with conserved luminal regions but different cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains. DmelLamp1 shows the strongest homology with LAMP2C among the three splice variants. Recently, the Cterminal regions of DmelLamp1 and LAMP2C were shown to have very high affinity for RNA isolated from mouse brain. LAMP2A has been implicated in chaperone-mediated autophagy, and LAMP2B deficiency has been shown to cause Danon disease, characterized by cardiomyopathy
Investigating Valence and Autonomy in Children's Relationships with Imaginary Companions

Little research has explored valence and autonomy in children’s imaginary relationships. In the present study, a new interview (modeled after an existing measure for real relationships) was designed to elicit descriptions of both positive and negative interactions with imaginary companions and to provide a measure of relationship valence and autonomy. Children (n = 107) aged 3 to 8 were interviewed about their relationships with real or imaginary friends. Results indicated that (1) the valence of imaginary relationships falls along a continuum, (2) children sometimes view their imaginary companions as autonomous and in control of the imaginary relationship (especially when this relationship is not positively valenced), and (3) young children and those in less positive relationships (real or imaginary) were more likely to report that they could make their friend be
A performance analysis on the application of commercial standards for IP SATCOM modems

The role of satellite communications (SATCOM) in support of the deployed warfighter has increased in recent years. With this increased reliance on SATCOM, the importance for a Department of Defense (DoD) wide strategy to efficiently procure and utilize the limited set of commercial DoD space assets has been emphasized. A step in the migration towards this strategy will be the development of a standard, multi-access, packet-based protocol that provides bandwidth on demand to the Joint warfighter. The digital video broadcast (DVB) standard chosen for this waveform leverages existing commercial modem technologies and offers a mature standard base which minimizes the development burden on the DoD. Of key interest for the tactical warfighter is the ability of the DVB family of standards to support certain functional capabilities: 1) to support robust communications while on-the-move (COTM), 2) to support a full mesh architecture, 3) to support a mix of non-real time, and real time traffic, and, 4) a capability to scale to large number of users and very efficiently share bandwidth. This paper provides a summary of a set of analyses that was performed to quantify the performance of the DVB standards to meet the four capabilities highlighted above. The analysis also inherently provides some insight on the challenges of applying commercial modem technologies to the battlefield
Balance of Payments Stabilization Policies in the Dependent Economy and Their Short-Run Impact on Economic Activity

This paper reviews financial programming in "dependent economies" with unemployed resources and nonmarket clearing conditions regarding domestic bank credit. Devaluation may increase domestic activity, even if the immediate export supply response is limited and devaluation tends directly to increase savings. When domestic credit markets are rationed, interest rate policy has nonstandard implications. An increase in interest rates becomes potentially expansionary to prevent a worsening of the external disequilibrium. Policy mixes to stabilize the balance of payments without inducing a domestic contraction are derived. There may also be room to accommodate the domestic counterpart of additional external project financing.
File storage management for TFTR physics data

The desire to maintain ready access to data files covering the entire history of Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) has created a need for more economical methods of mass storage. This need was addressed through a combined hardware and software approach. This involved the purchase of a SONY optical disk subsystem with an auto changer (the 'Jukebox') which provides 160 Gbytes of online storage. The software constitutes a transparent layer integrating the Jukebox into the existing data file access methods. The system caches files on magnetic disks, which are managed automatically, so that they never exceed capacity. Newly created files are copied to the Jukebox for long-term storage and to magnetic tapes for backup purposes. The data remain on magnetic disks until a need for more space causes them to be skimmed according to frequency of use. Users can access any skimmed file just as though it were still on the magnetic cache. The system restores the file transparently within seconds, without need for manual intervention. >
A Review of: “International Handbook of Personal Construct Psychology”

THE TOWER OF BABEL: DIFFERENT TONGUES TOWARD A COMMON VISION The Bible tells the tale of the ancient Babylonians and their collective struggle to build a monumental tower at a time in which all the...
Policy Frames and Ethical Traditions

Discussions of the framing of policy issues have developed in the policy process and policy analysis literatures. This article uses a concept of “ethical traditions” derived from ideology theory to analyze the framing of programs promoting homeownership for the poor. It argues that the rhetoric surrounding the legislation of these programs was drawn from a tradition of agrarian republicanism, and concludes with some comments about the implications of this finding for designing antipoverty policy.
Performance simulation of brushless doubly-fed adjustable speed drives

The authors use a digital simulation model to investigate several steady-state and dynamic behavioral modes of the brushless doubly fed motor (BDFM) drive, including operation as an induction machine, free acceleration, frequency separation between the different stator windings, and response to changes in operating conditions. For these modes, predictions are compared with test results obtained from an experimental laboratory machine. The drive system simulation is established, by the correlation of test and predictions, to be the logical first step in the development of design techniques for the BDFM. >
Editorial â€” Ejournals Today: Forerunners of the Unrealized Potential of the Digital Medium

This study uses the foreign language classroom to examine students' beliefs about learning, perceptions of goal attainment, and motivation to continue language study. Survey and interview results indicated students’ attributions for success and failure and their expectations for certain subjects’ learnability played a role in the relationship between goal attainment and volition. It appears that over-effaciousness negatively affected student motivation. For other students who felt they were "bad at languages," their negative beliefs increased their motivation to study. Suggestions for how these results apply to other disciplines and interventions for increasing student motivation are offered.
Are the basins of Titan's Hotei Regio and Tui Regio sites of former low latitude seas?

[1] Features observed in the low-latitude basins of Hotei Regio and Tui Regio on Titan have attracted the attention of the Cassini-era investigators. At both locations, Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observed isolated 5-μm bright ∼500 km wide features described as lobate in shape. Several studies have proposed that these materials are cryo-volcanic flows. We propose an alternative explanation. Recently published topographic profiles across Hotei Regio and Tui Regio indicate these features appear to occur in large regional basins, at least along the direction of the profiles. Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images show that the terrains surrounding both topographically low-lying 5-μm bright features exhibit fluvial networks that appear to converge into the probable basins. The 5-μm bright features themselves correspond to fields of discrete radar-bright depressions whose bounding edges are commonly rounded and cumulate in planform in SAR images. These fields of discrete radar-bright depressions strongly resemble fields of features seen at Titan's high latitudes identified as dry lakes. Thus the combination of (1) the resemblance to high-latitude dry lakes, (2) location in the centers of regional depressions, and (3) convergence of fluvial networks are inferred by us to best explain the features of Hotei Regio and Tui Regio as sites of paleolake clusters (and perhaps former, now dry seas). These low-latitude paleolake clusters or former seas, if real, may be evidence of substantially larger inventories of liquid alkanes in Titan's past.
Theories of the Policy Process: State of the Research and Emerging Trends

Over the last two decades many alternate theories of the policy process have been developed. This essay covers recent scholarship (from 2008 to 2010) regarding the major policy process theories. In addition, several recent trends in research are discussed including; the use of narrative in policy theory, issues that cross multiple subsystems, bureaucracy in the policy process, and synthesizing multiple theories and frameworks.
Collagenase Production by Rheumatoid Synovial Cells: Stimulation by a Human Lymphocyte Factor

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated in culture for 1 to 3 days at 37 degree C, but not at 4 degree C, release a soluble factor which can stimulate, up to 400-fold, collagenase production by isolated, adherent, rheumatoid synovial cells. Production of lymphocyte factor is enhanced by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. By gel filtration the factor has an apparent molecular weight of about 12,000.
From Individual to Citizen: Enhancing the Bonds of Citizenship Through Religion in Locke’s Political Theory

This paper examines how Locke employed the notion of religion to answer two questions: What binds citizens together into a community? How are individuals transformed into citizens? In the Two Treatises, Locke creates, through a political contract, a community that proves fragile. The bonds necessary for a civil society are unnatural; they go against the very self-interest that gave rise to a civil society. According to Locke, for a political community to simultaneously appeal to and overcome self-interest, the state must provide an institutional place for religion. To be sure, Locke defends extensive liberty of conscience in A Letter Concerning Toleration. He nonetheless retains a clear role for religion within the state and, furthermore, requires that all citizens in political society belong to some religious society. Locke’s carefully designed argument merges community interest with self-interest, while being built on individual consent.
A Physical Model for Predicting Annular Film Flow Droplet Entrainment in Heat Transfer Systems

The ability to accurately predict droplet entrainment in annular two-phase flow is required to effectively calculate the interfacial mass, momentum, and energy transfer, which characterizes nuclear reactor safety, system design, analysis, and performance. Most annular flow entrainment models in the open literature are formulated in terms of dimensionless groups, which do not directly account for interfacial instabilities. However, many researchers agree that there is a clear presence of interfacial instability phenomena having a direct impact on droplet entrainment. The present study proposes a model for droplet entrainment, based on the underlying physics of droplet entrainment from co-current upward annular film flow that is characteristic to Light Water Reactor (LWR) safety analysis. The model is developed based on force balance and a stability analysis that can be implemented into a transient three-field (continuous liquid, droplet, and vapor) two-phase heat transfer and fluid flow analysis computer code.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
α,α-Difluorophosphonomethyl azobenzene derivatives as photo-regulated phosphoamino acid analogs. 1. Design and synthesis

Abstract A series of novel, photoregulated phosphoamino acid analogs based on an azobenzene core bearing an α,α-difluoromethylphosphonate as a hydrolytically stable phosphate isostere have been prepared with N-Fmoc protection for use in peptide synthesis. Classes of reagents analogous to both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine/threonine were prepared by a common route employing a nitrosoarene/aniline condensation to form the azo linkage and the Cu(I)-promoted coupling of an iodoarene with (diethylphosphono)difluoromethyl cadmium bromide (Burton's method) to introduce the phosphonate moiety.
The “Bitter Waters” of Numbers 5:11-31

AbstractThe phrase in Num 5:18, 19, 23, and 24 has been interpreted variously. This article contends that the common translation “bitter waters” is preferable to proposed alternatives.
Inhibition of Tyrosine Phosphorylation Prevents Delayed Neuronal Death following Cerebral Ischemia

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal function. We examined the effects of inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation on ischemic neuronal damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In the gerbil hippocampus, genistein and lavendustin A, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were administered 30 min before initiation of 5-min ischemia and reperfusion. Both genistein and lavendustin A blocked tyrosine phosphorylation and prevented delayed neuronal death (DND). However, genistin, an inactive analogue of genistein, did not block DND. Genistein was dose-dependent in the inhibition of DND after ischemia and reperfusion. Administration of genistein 5 to 10 min after ischemia and reperfusion was ineffective in blocking DND in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors selectively blocked the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 kinase following ischemia and reperfusion injury. These results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation in t...
Pulsed second-harmonic generation in nonlinear, one-dimensional, periodic structures

We present a numerical study of second-harmonic (SH) generation in a one-dimensional, generic, photonic band-gap material that is doped with a nonlinear ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ medium. We show that a 20-period, 12-\ensuremath{\mu}m structure can generate short SH pulses (similar in duration to pump pulses) whose energy and power levels may be 2--3 orders of magnitude larger than the energy and power levels produced by an equivalent length of a phase-matched, bulk medium. This phenomenon comes about as a result of the combination of high electromagnetic mode density of states, low group velocity, and spatial phase locking of the fields near the photonic band edge. The structure is designed so that the pump pulse is tuned near the first-order photonic band edge, and the SH signal is generated near the band edge of the second-order gap. This maximizes the density of available field modes for both the pump and SH field. Our results show that the ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ response is effectively enhanced by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, mm- or cm-long, quasi-phase-matched devices could be replaced by these simple layered structures of only a few micrometers in length. This has important applications to high-energy lasers, Raman-type sources, and frequency up- and down-conversion schemes.
Toward ending segregation in the 1980s

The conflict concerning desegregation in the 1970s has roots and implications that extend beyond schooling to all aspects of life in metropolitan America. The issue is whether the ghettoization of blacks in areas distinct and separate from protected white enclaves will continue as the vehicle for imposing caste inequality. The challenge for the 1980s is to develop constructive policies and practices in education and training, jobs and housing, and urban development and taxation that will work to end the mutually destructive process of racial segregation across the national landscape. This article explores a number of control, incentive, market, and cooperative approaches to breaching the color line of racial ghettoization.
GFSR pseudorandom number generation using APL

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of APL for implementing the generalized feedback shift register (GFSR) approach to producing a random number stream. Various approaches to generating streams of pseudorandom numbers computationally have been devised, dating at least as far back as Norbert Wiener. These are normally discussed in the context of a course in modeling and simulation, since there may be practical implications to consider when building simulation models in APL or any other high level language. This is particularly the case for those circumstances when a (pseudo) random number sequence needs to be repeated, or when multiple streams are needed. In such cases a pseudorandom number generator other than that supplied in the programming language command set needs to be implemented. The linear congruential method for pseudorandom number generation is still commonly used, and is easily implemented in APL or any other high level language; however, it is known to have undesirable n-space uniformity characteristics. Moreover, the period length of its random number stream is limited by the underlying machine's word size. This is a serious issue, since at present day computer speeds, a simulation run could exhaust such a random number stream in a few hours. Very long period (VLP) pseudorandom number generators remedy this deficiency.One class of these, generalized feedback shift register (GFSR) pseudorandom number generators, is based on algebraic manipulation of irreducible trinomials of high order. The manner in which this is accomplished particularly lends itself to elegant APL implementation.
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF BROILERS AS INFLUENCED BY VACUUM AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN BULK SHIPPING PACKS

Bulk vacuum-gas packs of broilers were examined microbiologically and organoleptically in tests to determine effects of storage temperature, film permeability, carbon dioxide level and vacuum level on acceptability and shelf-life of fresh-processed poultry. Total aerobic bacterial counts and off-odor development were determined after 5–18 days of storage in bulk packs and again after 2–7 more days of storage in a retail case. Significantly lower microbial counts and extended shelf-life were found when storage was at 2°C instead of 5°C, after 12 days storage when low permeable packaging film was used instead of high permeable film and after 15 days of storage when 65% CO2 was used instead of 20% CO2. No significant difference in microbial counts was found when a pinhole was made to simulate leaking or torn bulk packs. Gram stains of bacteria from total plate counts and type of off-odor observed indicate spoilage of vacuum-gas packaged broilers was caused by different bacteria than spoilage of ice-packed broilers.