cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recombinational Repair of DNA Damage in Escherichia coli and Bacteriophage λ

Although homologous recombination and DNA repair phenomena in bacteria were initially extensively studied without regard to any relationship between the two, it is now appreciated that DNA repair and homologous recombination are related through DNA replication. In Escherichia coli, two-strand DNA damage, generated mostly during replication on a template DNA containing one-strand damage, is repaired by recombination with a homologous intact duplex, usually the sister chromosome. The two major types of two-strand DNA lesions are channeled into two distinct pathways of recombinational repair: daughter-strand gaps are closed by the RecF pathway, while disintegrated replication forks are reestablished by the RecBCD pathway. The phage λ recombination system is simpler in that its major reaction is to link two double-stranded DNA ends by using overlapping homologous sequences. The remarkable progress in understanding the mechanisms of recombinational repair in E. coli over the last decade is due to the in vitro characterization of the activities of individual recombination proteins. Putting our knowledge about recombinational repair in the broader context of DNA replication will guide future experimentation.
Diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis in utero using ultrasound

Detection of fetal hydronephrosis in utero, subsequent investigation, and surgical treatment is described. With the increasing use of ultrasound for obstetrical problems and greater experience with fetal sonography, more urologic abnormalities will be diagnosed prenatally.
Ascorbic Acid Effects on Bovine Muscle Pigments in the Presence of Radiant Energy

Untreated and treated (dipped in ascorbic acid solutions of 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0%) raw psoas major muscle samples were exposed to radiant energy in a model system (500W Hg lamp, 577 nm, 2°± 1°C, 20% 02) with spectral reflectance measured every 30 min. Results varied with reflectance ratios or differences at 572/525, 630-582, 630/582, or 630-614 nm. Differences between 0 and 4 hr exposure indicated that ascorbic acid retarded pigment oxidation. The K/S ratio at 572/525 nm indicated that 5% ascorbic acid solution retarded pigment oxidation and protected muscle color most. Ascorbic acid retarded lipid oxidation (TBA values) in muscle stored at −26°C from 3–10 wk; a 5% solution gave the least protection of the solutions tested.
CCR5 Is Essential for NK Cell Trafficking and Host Survival following Toxoplasma gondii Infection

The host response to intracellular pathogens requires the coordinated action of both the innate and acquired immune systems. Chemokines play a critical role in the trafficking of immune cells and transitioning an innate immune response into an acquired response. We analyzed the host response of mice deficient in the chemokine receptor CCR5 following infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We found that CCR5 controls recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells into infected tissues. Without this influx of NK cells, tissues from CCR5-deficient (CCR5−/−) mice were less able to generate an inflammatory response, had decreased chemokine and interferon γ production, and had higher parasite burden. As a result, CCR5−/− mice were more susceptible to infection with T. gondii but were less susceptible to the immune-mediated tissue injury seen in certain inbred strains. Adoptive transfer of CCR5+/+ NK cells into CCR5−/− mice restored their ability to survive lethal T. gondii infection and demonstrated that CCR5 is required for NK cell homing into infected liver and spleen. This study establishes CCR5 as a critical receptor guiding NK cell trafficking in host defense.
HIV/AIDS, Undernutrition, and Food Insecurity

Despite tremendous advances in care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and increased funding for treatment, morbidity and mortality due to HIV/AIDS in developing countries remains unacceptably high. A major contributing factor is that >800 million people remain chronically undernourished globally, and the HIV epidemic largely overlaps with populations already experiencing low diet quality and quantity. Here, we present an updated review of the relationship between HIV infection, nutritional deficiencies, and food insecurity and consider efforts to interrupt this cycle at a programmatic level. As HIV infection progresses, it causes a catabolic state and increased susceptibility to other infections, which are compounded by a lack of caloric and other nutrient intake, leading to progressive worsening of malnutrition. Despite calls from national and international organizations to integrate HIV and nutritional programs, data are lacking on how such programs can be effectively implemented in resource-poor settings, on the optimum content and duration of nutritional support, and on ideal target recipients.
Evaluating Transient Error Effects in Digital Nanometer Circuits

Radiation-induced transient errors have become a great threat to the reliability of nanometer circuits. The need for cost-effective robust circuit design mandates the development of efficient reliability metrics. We present a novel ldquonoise impact analysisrdquo methodology to evaluate the transient error effects in static CMOS digital circuits. With both the circuit, and the transient noise abstracted in the format of matrices, the circuit-noise interaction is modeled by a series of matrix transformations. During the transformation, factors that potentially affect the propagation & capture of transient errors are modeled as matrix operations. Finally, a ldquonoise capture ratiordquo is computed as the probability of a sequential element capturing transient noise inside the combinational logics, It is used as a measure of the transient noise effects in the circuit. Comparison with SPICE simulation demonstrates that our technique can accurately, yet quickly estimate the probability of transient errors causing observable error effects. The proposed methodology will greatly facilitate the economic design of robust nanometer circuits.
Prolonged Infusion Antibiotics for Suspected Gram-Negative Infections in the ICU: A Before-After Study

BACKGROUND:β-Lactam antibiotics demonstrate time-dependent killing. Prolonged infusion of these agents is commonly performed to optimize the time the unbound concentration of an antibiotic remains greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration and decrease costs, despite limited evidence suggesting improved clinical results.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether prolonged infusion of β-lactam antibiotics improves outcomes in critically ill patients with suspected gram-negative infection.METHODS:We conducted a single-center, before-after, comparative effectiveness trial between January 2010 and January 2011 in the intensive care units at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, an urban teaching hospital affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO. Outcomes were compared between patients who received standardized dosing of meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, or cefepime as an intermittent infusion over 30 minutes (January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2010) and patients who received prolonged infusion o...
Complying With the National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy to Facilitate Science Availability for All

Social work researchers are making significant advances in science funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to improve the health of underserved and marginalized populations throughout the world. Unfortunately, research results are often only available to other scientists at academic institutions, limiting their impact. To facilitate the dissemination of science to the public who paid for it, NIH has implemented a mandatory Public Access Policy that requires articles supported by NIH funds to be deposited in the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed Central within 12 months of publication. Funding for investigators who do not adhere to this policy is being actively delayed and withheld until they are in compliance. This article describes how to comply with the new Public Access Policy for social work researchers funded by NIH, with an emphasis on articles accepted and published in Research on Social Work Practice.
The budget crisis and emergency medicine: a view from Los Angeles.

Abstract [Whelan GP: The budget crisis and emergency medicine: A view from Los Angeles. Ann Emerg Med February 1996;27:229-230.] See related editorial, Health Care Reform and the Safety Net
Biochemical Recurrence–free Survival After Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic vs Open Radical Prostatectomy for Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer

Objective To compare biochemical recurrence (BCR)–free survival and predictors of BCR in intermediate-risk (IR) and high-risk (HR) patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) vs open radical prostatectomy (ORP). Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective study on 1336 men with D'Amico IR or HR prostate cancer who underwent RALP or ORP between 2003 and 2009. Exclusion criteria were use of neoadjuvant therapy, Results A total of 979 IR and HR patients (237 ORP and 742 RALP patients) met inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was shorter for RALP (43 vs 63 months; P P Conclusion Among IR and HR prostate cancer patients, the oncologic outcomes are similar between RALP and ORP. Not surprisingly, adverse pathologic features are harbingers of BCR.
Grid Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters

The rectifier and inverter characteristics of the grid controlled mercury arc rectifier o the 6-phase and 12-phase types are considered in this paper. The analysis of rectifier circuits has been extended to cover the effect of grid control on the output voltage, power factor, eficiency, wave forms, and other characteristics; and the characteristics of the grid controlled rectifier operating as an inverter have been determined. Several schemes for applying these rectifiers to railway electrification requiring regeneration are considered.
Smoother Univariate Density Estimation

The simple density estimators of Chapter 2 are informative, but they suffer from two serious drawbacks: they are not smooth, and they are not sensitive enough to local properties of f. It is easy to solve both of these problems.
Do asset pricing anomalies have a common link? An empirical analysis of interactions among failure risk proxies, external financing, and stock returns*

Assuming that failure risk is the sole determinant of risk premiums, we develop and test a hypothesis that the following six asset pricing anomalies share a common link via a mispricing relationship involving operating profit and external financing: (1) The raw profitability anomaly; (2) The failure-risk anomaly; (3) post-earnings announcement drift; (4) The external financing anomaly; (5) The book-to-market anomaly; and (6) The accruals anomaly. Using average cross-sectional data on 314 portfolios U.S. firms (1980-2007) that are developed by sorting and cross-sorting on risk-proxy, cash flow, and past return variables, we find a common link among the first five anomalies, while evidence related to accruals is mixed. We are also able to find a general positive relationship between failure risk and future short- and long-term returns, but only after adjusting for this 'common link' source of mispricing. Stock price 'hyping' in advance of external financing issues is a plausible partial explanation for common link mispricing.
Prostaglandin E2 production during neonatal respiratory infection with mouse adenovirus type 1

Neonatal mice are more susceptible than adults to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV1) respiratory infection. In adult mice, MAV-1 respiratory infection induces production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a lipid mediator that exerts suppressive effects on a variety of host immune functions. We tested the hypothesis that exaggerated PGE2 production in neonatal mice contributes to increased susceptibility to MAV-1. PGE2 concentrations were lower in lungs of uninfected neonatal mice than in adults. PGE2 production was induced by both MAV-1 and a nonspecific stimulus to a greater degree in neonatal mice than in adults, but only in adults was PGE2 induced in a virus-specific manner. Lung viral loads were equivalent in PGE2-deficient neonatal mice and wild type controls, as was virus-induced expression of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and CCL5 in the lungs. PGE2 deficiency had minimal effect on production of virus-specific IgG or establishment of protective immunity in neonatal mice. Collectively, our data indicate that lung PGE2 production is exaggerated early in life, but this effect does not mediate increased susceptibility to MAV-1 infection.
SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF AUDIO FINGERPRINTING SCHEMES FOR MOBILE QUERY-BY-EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS

We survey and evaluate popular audio fingerprinting schemes in a common framework with short query probes captured from cell phones. We report and discuss results important for mobile applications: Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) performance, size of fingerprints generated compared to size of audio probe, and transmission delay if the fingerprint data were to be transmitted over a wireless link. We hope that the evaluation in this work will guide work towards reducing latency in practical mobile audio retrieval applications.
Microbial decomposition of corn residue in two Iowa Mollisols

x CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 References 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 Requate decomposition agent 10 Microbial cell carbon partitioning 16 References 22 CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF REQUATE DECOMPOSTION AGENT 28 Abstract 28 Introduction 28 Materials and methods 33 Results and discussion 36 Conclusions 41 References 42 CHAPTER 4 PARTITIONING OF MICROBIAL CELL CARBON AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THREE BACILLI AS AFFECTED BY PH 45 Abstract 48 Introduction 46 Materials and methods 48 Results and discussion 58 48 Introduction 46 Materials and methods 48 Results and discussion 58
Electrochemical preparation of semiconducting CdTe films from ammonia-chloride solutions containing 2,2'-bipyridine

An ammonia-chloride electrolyte containing 2,2′-bipyridine for preparing CdTe deposits on a glassy carbon electrode with a particle size of 3–5 nm was developed. The joint electroreduction of Cd(II) and Te(IV) ions was studied by voltammetry.
Thyrotoxicosis: an under-recognised aetiology

A 53-year-old woman presented for evaluation of dizziness, shortness of breath and chest pain. She was found to be in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response that was determined to be caused by iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis (from a CT scan with intravenous contrast 2 months prior to presentation). Jod-Basedow syndrome (iodine-induced hyperthyroidism) is infrequently considered as a cause of thyrotoxicosis, even when typical risk factors are present. However, this patient did not have typical risk factors: she did not reside in an iodine deficient area, did not have a prior diagnosis of thyroid disorder or goitre, had never been treated with thyroid medications or medications known to cause thyroid dysfunction and she presented later than is typical with this syndrome (2 months after receiving iodinated contrast). She had complete resolution of hyperthyroidism and atrial fibrillation 2 weeks later with no recurrence over the following 7 months.
Studies in the Resistance of Tomatoes to Mites

Selected plant introduction lines of tomato species were Screened for resistance to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, by mite-injury ratings and by counting mites and eggs found on disks 12.5-mm diam cut from randomly selected leaves of greenhouse-grown plants. Highly resistant PI 251303 and moderately resistant ‘Floralou’ were tested further by confining 10 teneral females in areas 12.5-mm diam circled with Tanglefoot® and by counting progeny after 24, 48, and 72 hr. The effect of leaf surface and leaf age was tested. After 72 hr Floralou had fewer mites dead or entrapped in Tanglefoot on both leaf surfaces than did PI 251303, indicating more resistance and nonpreference in the latter line. In both lines, the lower leaf surface appeared to have a more detrimental effect on mite survival. Differences in leaf age were not apparent in Floralou, but in PI 251303, fewer mites survived on the upper new leaves than on the upper old leaves. Data indicate that the nature of resistance PI 251303 is more complex than mere non preference.
Mobile slaughter facilities

Mobile slaughter is commonly discussed as alternative method to slaughter avoiding transportation stress in slaughter animals. In 1994 mobile slaughter became part of the coalition-contract between the two major parties, SPD and GRUNE, in the Department HESSEN. In the article the actual principles, problems to cope with EU-legislation and hygiene-standards, chances and risks of mobile slaughter are discussed. Assuming that some of the major problems concerning hygiene, workers security and waste-deposit can be solved, mobile slaughter seems to bring an improvement in animal welfare and advantages in related meet quality. The slightly higher costs may be acceptable in welfare-interested, high-quality market sections.
Nova activation experiments

Recent experiments conducted on the Nova laser facility are discussed. The nonlinear optical phenomena encountered during Nova’s activation period are also discussed.
Latino' Education in Mormon Utah, 1910–1960

Looking at the history of education of Latinos in Utah, I suggest that the lack of educational opportunities has been the most effective mechanism to keep Latinos from achieving equal representation and from gaining cultural and historical identity. In comparison to other Latinos in the rest of the nation, the predominant factor that shapes the education of Latinos in Utah is religion, that is, Mormonism. As a set of beliefs, and as set of practices, Mormonism is embedded with racial underpinnings, theological premises, and social class undertones which undermine the Latinos’ educational efforts and place them in a system of socio-religious apartness. The idiosyncratic characteristics of Utah's educational system allows for the reinterpretation of national educational policies, such as the Americanization Programs, within cultural-religious parameters that produces different levels of educational discrimination within the Latino population. Nonetheless, Latinos challenged the educational practices of the state by creating their own schools, by proposing alternative methods of education, and by unraveling the intrinsic connections between religion, race, and socio-economic class. As a consequence, Latinos in Utah have proposed educational alternatives that are more holistic and inclusive.
Conclusion: What Is Linguistic Exhibitionism Good For?

Sebba (2012) in his essay, “Researching and Theorizing Multilingual Texts”, urges applied linguists to engage in longer book-length projects on the workings of modern multilingualism. The current book is a small step in this direction. He also notes a “lack of a coherent framework” (2), and “no independent, theoretically informed field for written [as opposed to oral] multilingual discourse studies (2). As opposed to prior-produced static frameworks, the detailed, scalar, and causal cline of the workings of modern multilingualism, as outlined in this book, is an attempt to answer such a call. As noted in previous chapters, accounts of code-switching have, to date, been atheoretically and somewhat randomly approached from several disciplines whether l inguistics-based (Sebba 2012), or l iterature-based (Bertacco 2014; Cordingley 2013).
Halide Perovskites—An Emerging Class of Optoelectronic Materials

Solution-processed halide perovskites have shown their promises in a variety of optoelectronic applications, from solar cells, light emitting diodes, to photodetectors. This new class of optoelectronic materials exhibit superb optical and electrical properties such as long diffusion length, high carrier mobility, strong optical absorption, and tunable bandgap. Despite the successful demonstrations reported so far, perovskite-based devices with high performance and stability still remain challenging. Our work has been focused on creating halide perovskites for electrically-driven LEDs. We found that the morphology of the materials, either nanostructured or microcrystalline, plays important role in both optical and electrical properties. With optimized morphology, perovskite-based LEDs with high brightness and external quantum efficiencies have been achieved. The approaches to control and manipulate crystallization of halide perovskite may also be applicable to the development of other optoelectronic applications such as solar cells.
Retinal Color Mechanisms

Color vision depends on cone photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities. Human, macaque, and goldfish each have three. These connect to bipolar and then to ganglion cells, with horizontal and amacrine cells making lateral inhibitory connections to form opponent color cells. Ganglion and bipolar cells in goldfish are double opponent, for both color and space, but this is not true for macaque. The red/green system in human and macaque is the midget system, with high acuity. The yellow/blue system has lower acuity, and there are fewer blue photoreceptors. Color blindness is due to the absence of one class of photoreceptors.
Canonical and alternative transcript expression of PAX6 and CXCR4 in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with a propensity for invading and metastasizing into the surrounding tissues, including the liver and intestines. A number of factors are aberrantly overexpressed in this tumor type and actively promote cancer progression and metastasis. The present study demonstrates that paired box transcription factor 6 (PAX6) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) are frequently co-expressed in primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumors and established cell lines. Expression analysis methods used in the present study included evaluation of protein expression by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, transcript expression levels by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and luciferase assays utilizing regulatory elements from the CXCR4 gene locus. Canonical PAX6 and alternative splice variant PAX6(5a) proteins are expressed in pancreatic cancer and can drive gene expression through a conserved enhancer element within the first intron of the CXCR4 gene. As demonstrated by the introduction of an exogenous reporter construct with or without the intronic enhancer, loss of this element inhibited gene expression within numerous pancreatic cancer cell lines including Panc1, MIA-PaCa2 and BxPC3. All of the pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed the canonical CXCR4B transcript in addition to the alternatively spliced variant CXCR4A as determined by RT-qPCR experiments. The discovery of variant transcripts in pancreatic cancer cells may provide new candidates for future targeted therapies.
A Culture of Greed at Chesapeake Energy

Together, the founders of Chesapeake Energy Corporation – CEO Aubrey McClendon and President Tom Ward – built the company through hard work and vision. Their initial style of ‘growth through the drill bit’ identified an industry niche in unconventional methods for extracting gas. In our case study, we reflect on McClendon’s style of leadership and his decisions even as Chesapeake’s Board of Directors was trying to reign in his drive to grow via leveraging and acquisition. Unfortunately, McClendon took the company into a tailspin with enormous debt before the Board could act and remove him as CEO. At the time of this writing, Chesapeake still has their head above water as their new CEO attempts to change the financial status of the company. The future does not look bright as employees and shareholders are fleeing. The financial woes brought on by McClendon via an unchecked and unsustainable leveraging position is likely too much to bear.
Developing an Attitudinal Model of Collaborative Consumption: Moderating Effects of Consumer Traits and Situational Factors

Collaborative consumption (CC) is a timely approach to consumer behavior. It includes consumption through sharing, borrowing, lending, and exchanging skills for goods. The objective of this concept abstract was to propose an attitudinal model for CC as it relates to fashion retail apps to illustrate the moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors on the relationship of social media usage and gratification. The model incorporates Self-Determination Theory, which posits that motivations can be distinguished as intrinsic or in this case enjoyment and sustainability or extrinsic out comes, such as economic benefits and reputation. These motivations lead to attitude and ultimately CC. This model helps investigators: (1) understand if fashion is particularly amenable to CC; (2) research usage patterns more accurately; and (3) examine whether fashion consumers indeed show different behavior patterns that match the altruistic (sustainability) versus individualistic (economic benefits) motivations.
The Role of NRG1 in the Predisposition to Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Context Previous genome-wide association studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2439302 in chromosome 8p12 is significantly associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) risk and dysregulated NRG1 expression. The underlying mechanisms remain to be discovered. Objective To evaluate the expression of NRG1 isoforms, candidate functional variants, and potential genes downstream of NRG1 in thyroid tissue. Methods Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied for gene expression analysis. SNaPshot assay, haplotype, and computer analyses were performed to evaluate candidate functional variants. Other functional assays [chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, luciferase assay, small interfering RNA knockdown, and RNA sequencing] were performed. Results Three NRG1 isoforms (NM_004495, NM_013958, and NM_001160008) tested were highly expressed in thyroid tissue. The expression levels of the three isoforms were significantly correlated with the genotypes of rs2439302. A DNA block of ~32 kb containing the risk G allele of rs2439302 was revealed, harboring multiple candidate functional variants. ChIP assay for active chromatin markers indicated at least nine regions in the DNA block showing strong H3Kme1 and H3K27Ac signals in thyroid tissue. Luciferase reporter assays revealed differential allelic activities associated with seven SNPs. Knocking down NRG1 in primary thyroid cells revealed downstream or interacting genes related to NRG1. Conclusions Our data suggest a role for transcriptional regulation of NRG1 in the predisposition to PTC.
Loneliness and social isolation among young and late middle-age adults: Associations with personal networks and social participation

ABSTRACTObjective: Associations between social networks and loneliness or social isolation are well established among older adults. Yet, limited research examines personal networks and participatio...
Evidence for telehealth group-based treatment: A systematic review.

BackgroundInterest in the use of telehealth interventions to increase access to healthcare services is growing. Group-based interventions have the potential to increase patient access to highly nee...
The Play Within a Play’s the Thing

The play within a play has long been understood as Hamlet’s attempt to catch the conscience of the King. But is that all it is? Perhaps there’s more to the Murder of Gonzago than either Hamlet or e...
Conceptualizing Data Security Threats and Countermeasures in the E-Discovery Process with Misuse Cases

During a lawsuit, an organization is required to discover and produce relevant electronic data. In many cases, relevant data includes confidential data, such as personal information or trade secrets. During the course of a lawsuit, the discovered data may exchange many hands. This study analyzes data security threats and corresponding countermeasures within the eDiscovery process by constructing a misuse case diagram. The analysis revealed seven data security threats, the agents who may carry out such threats, and twelve countermeasures. Of the twelve countermeasures identified, two require advanced planning and investment, while the remaining ten are inexpensive procedural controls. Thus, organizations can significantly improve data security during e-Discovery at relatively low cost. Misuse case diagrams used for visual conceptualization of information security can be used as a means to brainstorm and communicate security risk and controls with stakeholders of an e-Discovery process.
Economic decision making of renewable power producers under uncertainty

The recent booming development of renewable power generation and government subsidies are constantly under scrutiny and various opinions exist regarding whether subsidies should be continued or not. Motivated by the controversies and debates, this dissertation attempted to address the investment decision making problem under uncertainties in the renewable power industry from the perspective of an individual power producer. Given that independent power producers still dominate the renewable power production and that majority of their output are sold through long-term power purchase agreements, this study focused on two types of uncertainties that could represent most of their kinds: the operations & maintenance (O&M) cost and governmental subsidy’s renewal/expiration. Three types of investment activities that covers the major part of any renewable power plant’s economic life are thoroughly investigated in a chronological order: an initial entry, exit when the plant reaches its economic life, and repowering. A real-options approach was adopted and improved to model the value of a power plant considering its future activities, while both cost and policy changes modeled as some stochastic processes. Significant policy implications and managerial insights were obtained as a result of extensive analytical modeling and statistical study of empirical evidence.
Arousal: Ontology, Functional Anatomy, Methodology, and Consequences

An arousal is considered a discrete event occurring within the context of sleep. The spectrum of arousal ranges from autonomic activation to complete awakening. Arousal is a graded phenomenon that may be associated with any combination of abrupt electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations (frequency and amplitude), blood pressure elevation, sympathetic activation, tachypnea, tachycardia, and movement. Though arousals may alleviate gas exchange abnormalities and normalize respiratory effort, they may do so with the untoward sequelae of sleep fragmentation. Thus, arousal must be viewed as both an essential protective mechanism and as an epiphenomenon adversely affecting sleep quality. This chapter will focus primarily on the role of arousal as a protective reflex, restoring airway patency in response to increased upper airway resistance.
Optogenetic interrogation of neurovascular coupling in the cerebral cortex of transgenic mice.

Objective: We introduce an engineering approach to study spatiotemporal correlations between vasodynamics and the nearby neural activity in open-loop and closed-loop paradigms. &#13; &#13; Approach: We integrated optogenetic technology with optical coherence tomography to apply spatiotemporal patterns of optical neurostimulation to the cortex of transgenic optogenetic mice and measure blood flow-rate, velocity, and diameter changes of selected middle cerebral artery branches.&#13; &#13; Main results: The spatiotemporal characteristics of blood flow-rate, velocity, and vessel diameter responses to localized neurostimulation light pulses were measured. It was observed that the location of stimulation relative to the surrounding vascular topology had notable effects on temporal patterns of vasodynamic responses. This effect was studied by creating velocity, flow-rate, and diameter sensitivity maps for selected arteries. Generally, neural stimulation in the vicinity of downstream capillaries of an artery evoked a fast transient increase in the blood flow-rate, velocity, and vessel diameter which was followed by a long-lasting secondary peak-response. The temporal span of the flow-rate response was quasi-linearly proportional to the length of stimulation. When neural stimulation was delivered to the area in the vicinity of one daughter branch of an artery, in other branches, we observed some drop in blood velocity and/or flow-rate and concurring increase of the vessel diameter. To examine the reliability of the coupling between neural activity and regional blood flow, a closed-loop feedback controller was implemented which is capable of maintaining blood flow-rate at any desired level for relatively longer periods by continuously adjusting the width of stimulation pulses.&#13; &#13; Significance: The proposed approach opens new lines of research with potential applications in understanding the role of different cell types in the cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms and the study of the adaptive process of angiogenesis in the cerebral cortex. The observation of incoherent responses of vessel diameter, blood flow-rate, and velocity suggests that such detailed information is necessary to obtain an accurate interpretation of the data acquired via hemodynamic based functional imaging techniques.
CluSim: a Python package for the comparison of clusterings and dendrograms

Quantifying the similarity of clusterings is a fundamental step in data analysis. Clustering similarity is the basis for method evaluation, consensus clustering, and tracking the temporal evolution of clusters, among many other tasks. Here we provide CluSim, a comprehensive Python package for the comparison of partitions, overlapping clusterings, and hierarchical clusterings (dendrograms) with more than 20 similarity measures. TheCluSim package provides both analytic and empirical methods for assessing the similarity of clusterings in the context of a random model, and provides the novel element-centric approaches for clustering similarity measure that we introduced recently. We illustrate the use of the package through two examples: an evaluation of the clustering of Gene Expression data in the context of different random models, and detailed analysis of model incongruence using element-centric comparisons between a set of phylogentic trees (dendrograms).
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AVERAGE STANDARD PLATE COUNT RATIOS TO EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY IN PLATING DAIRY PRODUCTS

A study of the conditions under which 32,546 samples of dairy products were plated and 2,264 ratios occurred emphasizes the role of the individual worker and effective supervision in attaining maximum accuracy when making standard plate counts. It appears that the average ratio varies directly with the accuracy with which the procedure, particularly pipetting, is performed. Consequently, the average is an index to the quality of work being done.
2124-P: The Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)/Plasmin System Reduces Amyloid Formation by Cleaving Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (hIAPP)

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by islet amyloid deposition, which is associated with β-cell loss. hIAPP is the unique peptide component of these deposits. We previously found that expression of tPA, the initiator of fibrinolysis, is upregulated in islets by amyloid formation in vitro. As plasmin, the proteolytic product of tPA activity, cleaves Aβ and attenuates amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease, we hypothesized that the increase in islet tPA by amyloid deposition serves a protective function by generating plasmin to limit further accumulation of hIAPP. We therefore sought to determine whether the tPA/plasmin system reduces amyloid formation by hIAPP and, if so, what islet cell type produces tPA. Using a thioflavin T assay, we found 4 µM plasmin abrogated 20 µM hIAPP fibril formation by 91.6±0.9% (n=5; p In summary, plasmin rapidly degrades hIAPP, curbing its aggregation into amyloid. As tPA is expressed in macrophages, enhancing its activity or its production by islet macrophages may represent a novel strategy to generate plasmin, cleave hIAPP and thus reduce islet amyloid formation and β-cell loss. Disclosure N. Esser: None. M.F. Hogan: None. A. Aplin: None. A.T. Templin: None. S. El-Osta: None. D. Raleigh: None. J.S. Edgar: None. S. Zraika: Research Support; Self; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. R.L. Hull: Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. S.E. Kahn: Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Neurimmune. Other Relationship; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX001060); National Institutes of Health (GM078114); Belgian American Educational Foundation; Societe Francophone du Diabete
The undecidability of the elementary theory of lattices of all equational theories of large signature

The lattice $${\mathcal {L}}_{\Delta }$$ of all equational theories of signature $$\Delta $$ has an undecidable elementary theory, according to a theorem of Burris and Sankappanavar from 1975, provided $$\Delta $$ is large in the sense of providing at least one operation symbol of rank at least two or at least two operation symbols of rank one. On the other hand, Burris also noted in 1971 that the equational theory of $${\mathcal {L}}_{\Delta }$$ is decidable. We use the work of Jaroslav Ježek in a effort to find the point along the spectrum from the equational theory to the elementary theory where undecidability enters. We provide four additional proofs that $${\mathcal {L}}_{\Delta }$$ has an undecidable elementary theory. Our sharpest result is that the $$\forall ^*\exists ^*\forall ^*$$ theory of $${\mathcal {L}}_{\Delta }$$ is hereditarily undecidable.
ABL Tyrosine Kinase Plays an Important Role in Mechanisms Involved in Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma

Abstract Homologous recombination (HR) is a DNA repair mechanism that uses extensive sequence homology in the participating DNA molecules for an accurate repair. In a normal cellular environment, HR is the most precise DNA repair mechanism and therefore has a unique role in the maintenance of genomic integrity and stability. Normally HR is tightly regulated, however, as it involves incision and recombination of genomic DNA fragments, if dysregulated or dysfunctional, it can also be deleterious. Consistent with this view, we have shown that elevated HR activity mediates genomic instability and development of drug resistance in MM. Here we have now investigated the mechanism that may contribute to dysregulation of HR and genomic instability in MM, as well as evaluated an agent able to decrease acquisition of new genomic changes. It has been shown that Abl kinase regulates recombinase RAD51 by affecting its expression, stability as well as phosphorylation at Y315. Phosphorylation of RAD51 (at Y315) mediates its dissociation from BCR-ABL1 kinase and migration to the nucleus to form nuclear foci, one of the initial steps in HR. We have evaluated nilotinib, a small molecule inhibitor of Abl kinase and observed that it inhibited HR activity in all MM cell lines tested, in a dose-dependent manner. At 5 µM, nilotinib inhibited HR activity in MM1S, RPMI 8226 and U266 MM cells by 64%, 78% and 80%, respectively. Nilotinib led to reduced phosphorylation of RAD51 at Y315, the phosphorylation which affects RAD51 migration. Nilotinib-mediated inhibition of RAD51 and HR activity was also associated with reduced DNA breaks, as indicated by reduced levels of g-H2AX. To determine the impact of nilotinib on genome stability, MM (RPMI 8226) cells were cultured in the presence of nilotinib for three weeks and the impact of this treatment on appearance of new copy number changes was evaluated using SNP arrays. Using day 0 cells as baseline to identify new copy number events at 3 weeks, the acquisition of new genomic changes was inhibited by 50% in the presence of nilotinib. As we have previously reported that induction of HR helps develop dexamethasone resistance in a short period of time, we investigated whether inhibition of HR by nilotinib may improve efficacy of melphalan and dexamethasone in MM. Nilotinib (at 2.5 µM) significantly increased the efficacy of melphalan (10 µM); and dexamethasone (10 nM) in RPMI 8226 cells. The relation between these observed effects and inhibition of HR is being investigated. In conclusion, we have observed that Abl tyrosine kinase plays an important role in genomic instability in myeloma and its inhibition using nilotinib, suppresses the underlying mechanism of genomic instability and reduces acquisition of new genomic changes with potential for clinical application. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A nutrition-focused quality improvement program to improve rate of documented nutrition plan at a safety-net hospital gastrointestinal (GI) oncology clinic.

289Background: Patients with GI cancer have amongst the highest rates of malnutrition, which contributes to decreased quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality, as well as higher healthcar...
Geeks vs grandees: A transnational comparison of dress codes in American and British federal technology agencies:

This comparative transnational history informed by discourse analysis examines the US and UK news coverage of two new ‘federal startups’ created in the early 2010s: The United States Digital Servic...
Talking to Patients about the Influenza Vaccine

Influenza is a significant cause of hospitalization and death in late fall and early spring, especially in our most vulnerable populations. Despite high mortality and morbidity of influenza infection, patients are still hesitant about getting the flu vaccine each year. This article offers advice on educating our patients to address misconceptions and help them embrace this important seasonal vaccination.
Clinical applications of feminist music therapy: An overview of the literature

Feminist work in music therapy includes a diversity of frameworks, and researchers have explored the theoretical, descriptive, and clinical work rooted in feminism. Music therapists incorporate fem...
Statistical Formulas for F Measures.

We provide analytic formulas for the standard error and confidence intervals for the F measures, based on a property of asymptotic normality in the large sample limit. The formula can be applied for sample size planning in order to achieve accurate enough estimation of these F measures.
Places We Play: Ireland's Sporting Heritage

How many of us ever take the time to think about the history of Ireland's sporting sites? This book urges us to do just that. From national stadia to local pitches, from exclusive golf courses to derelict sites of former sporting glory, it explores the spaces where ordinary people have congregated and community identities have been formed; why sporting sites are located in particular places and how they have changed over time; what kinds of men and women have gathered together in these venues to compete, spectate or place a bet. Tracing the history of sport in modern Ireland, the authors explain the impact of railways, the military, landed wealth, local tradesmen and national politics on the development of the built sporting landscape. The story of Ireland's sporting heritage is told through the history of sites ranging from the familiar to the less well known; from the fishing estate in Ballynahinch, County Galway, developed by the record-breaking cricketer Ranji, or the racecourse at Down Royal where a winning horse in 1690 went on to serve the Williamites in the Battle of the Boyne. From Grand Prix to lawn tennis, Places we Play delves into all aspects of Ireland's sporting sites. The site of the first All-Ireland hurling final in Offaly is now home to a supermarket while the site in Belfast's Ormeau Park where North of Ireland Cricket Club played is now a housing estate. The heritage of Ireland is usually thought of in terms of landscape, big houses, battlefields, language and civic buildings. However, while Ireland is often termed 'sports mad', there has been no recording or celebration of the heritage built around Ireland's sporting activities. This book explores how Ireland developed a sporting infrastructure, celebrates significant sites across the country, and highlights why such spaces are important to the history of Ireland. From the Aviva stadium to the smallest GAA club, from exclusive golf clubs to derelict sites of former sporting glory, Ireland is dotted with sporting spaces. With the emergence of teams and seasons, sports clubs had to think about where they would play. Grounds and tracks were purchased, stands erected and facilities built. These places form a central part of Ireland's heritage with their richness of history, architecture and sporting endeavour.
State of the Art: Management of Barrett’s Esophagus Related Dysplasia and Neoplasia—Which Patient and What Therapy?:

Endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) is safe and effective in the management of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) related dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma. EET includes endoscopic resection of the visible...
A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Blood Flow and Solute Transport in One-Dimensional Vessel Networks

This paper formulates an efficient numerical method for solving the convection diffusion solute transport equations coupled to blood flow equations in vessel networks. The reduced coupled model describes the variations of vessel cross-sectional area, radially averaged blood momentum and solute concentration in large vessel networks. For the discretization of the reduced transport equation, we combine an interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method in space with a novel locally implicit time stepping scheme. The stability and the convergence are proved. Numerical results show the impact of the choice for the steady-state axial velocity profile on the numerical solutions in a fifty-five vessel network with physiological boundary data.
Recurrent Unprovoked Deep Vein Thromboses in the Setting of Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is described as a state of immune-mediated chronic systemic inflammatory disease that is typically characterized by non-caseating granulomas. It involves multiple organs like the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, skin, and liver. Besides the solid organ involvement, it is also known to be associated with various pro-thrombotic states leading to pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Mechanical factors causing the venous stasis were considered the major contributing factors. However, based on recent studies, chronic inflammation from macrophages and activated leukocytes are also hypothesized to further activate thrombin and fibrin formation. Regardless of the etiology, the management focuses on life-long anticoagulation to prevent further episodes of thrombosis. Herein we present a case of a 38-year-old male with a history of sarcoidosis who was admitted after having recurrent deep vein thromboses. Further investigations revealed a negative hypercoagulable workup or other auto-immune processes and the absence of any granulomas causing mechanical compression on large vessel venous vasculature. He was adequately managed with anticoagulation therapy and followed up outpatient with no further similar episodes. This case adds to the growing understanding that the mechanisms by which sarcoidosis induces thromboembolism is primarily pro-inflammatory rather than mechanical in nature.
An Outline of the Foundations of Modern Semiotic: Charles Peirce and Charles Morris

Contemporary semiotic has been greatly influenced by the philosophy of Charles Morris. Morris undertook to synthesize some of the principal philosophical movements of his time in a new “science of science” based upon the study of scientific method as a sign system. The branches of this metascience were to be “syntactics,” “semantics,” and “pragmatics;” or the study of science as a language, as a knowledge of objects, and as a type of activity. The first two of these branches were drawn from the interests of the logical positivists and the third from the pragmatists.