cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the linguistic colonization of the present by the past influences the linguistic colonization of other cultures adopting English as second language

The conduit view of language that is widely taken-for-granted in the education of English speaking cultures has marginalized awareness that most of the English vocabulary are metaphors whose meanings were framed by the analogies that can be traced back to earlier thinkers. Thus, words such as “property”, “wealth”, “progress”, “individualism”, “tradition”, “woman”, and so forth, carry forward the earlier ways of understanding—including the prejudices and silences of earlier eras. This essay addresses several of the implications of this process of linguistic colonization of the present by the past within the English speaking communities, as well as how the largely unrecognized process of cultural colonization by the past may be reproduced in teaching English as a second language. One of most important implications relates to how the meaning of words framed by earlier thinkers who were unaware of environmental limits continues to perpetuate the same patterns of thinking that is now globalizing an economic system that is ecologically unsustainable. Another implication of not recognizing that the metaphorical nature of the English vocabulary has a history is that when learning English is associated with becoming modern and progressive, the process of cultural colonization continues. What is often marginalized are the intergenerational forms of knowledge, skills, and mutually supportive relationships that both English and non-English speaking cultures need to revitalize as alternatives to the consumer-oriented lifestyle that has such an ecologically destructive footprint.
Mechanism of spread of sensitization in eczematous contact dermatitis in humans

Abstract The phenomenon of the spontaneous flare-up was used in man to study the manner of spread of sensitization in dermatitis of the contact variety. It had been shown earlier that the spontaneous flare, which is the first indication of the appearance of active sensitization to a suitable sensitizing chemical agent, is dependent on the concentration of the excitant at the exposed site, regardless of the location of the site on the body or of its proximity to other reacting areas. A total of 36 subjects were employed in the study utilizing 7 variations in procedural technique. Of two adjacent sites exposed simultaneously to the same excitant, flare-up occurred earlier in the great majority of instances at the site closer to the sensitizing areas than at the site more distant to them. When skin distances between simultaneously exposed sites were increased, the time interval between their respective flare-ups tended to be shortened. The results show that a local spreading of sensitivity occurs in the skin before involvement of the deeper lymphatics.
Relaxation effects on the flow over slender bodies

The effects of heat-capacity lag on the flow over slender bodies are examined by means of an extension of Ward's (1949) generalized treatment of the slender-body problem. The results are valid for smooth bodies of arbitrary cross-sectional shape and attitude in the complete Mach number range up to, but not including, hypersonic conditions. Transonic flow can be treated owing to the presence of a dissipative mechanism in the basic differential equation, but the results in this Mach number range are probably of limited practical value.The results show that cross-wind forces are unaffected to a first approximation, but that drag forces comparable with laminar skin-friction values can arise as a result of the relaxation of the internal degrees of freedom. The magnitude and sign of these effects depend strongly on body shape and free-stream Mach number.Results are given for the surface pressure coefficient, and the variations of translational and internal mode temperature on and near the body are also found. The influence of these latter effects on heat transfer to the body is discussed.
The medial temporal lobe-conduit of parallel connectivity: a model for attention, memory, and perception.

Based on the notion that the brain is equipped with a hierarchical organization, which embodies environmental contingencies across many time scales, this paper suggests that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) – located deep in the hierarchy – serves as a bridge connecting supra to infra – MTL levels. Bridging the upper and lower regions of the hierarchy provides a parallel architecture that optimizes information flow between upper and lower regions to aid attention, encoding, and processing of quick complex visual phenomenon. Bypassing intermediate hierarchy levels, information conveyed through the MTL ‘bridge’ allows upper levels to make educated predictions about the prevailing context and accordingly select lower representations to increase the efficiency of predictive coding throughout the hierarchy. This selection or activation/deactivation is associated with endogenous attention. In the event that these ‘bridge’ predictions are inaccurate, this architecture enables the rapid encoding of novel contingencies. A review of hierarchical models in relation to memory is provided along with a new theory, Medial-temporal-lobe Conduit for Parallel Connectivity (MCPC). In this scheme, consolidation is considered as a secondary process, occurring after a MTL-bridged connection, which eventually allows upper and lower levels to access each other directly. With repeated reactivations, as contingencies become consolidated, less MTL activity is predicted. Finally, MTL bridging may aid processing transient but structured perceptual events, by allowing communication between upper and lower levels without calling on intermediate levels of representation.
Effects of housing on social preference and behaviour in male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

Abstract In this study, the behaviour of male golden hamsters was assessed in two different housing conditions, individual or group, using the dependent measures of social proximity, behaviour, weight gain, and wounding as a result of fighting. Data were collected on social proximity (within one body length) and behaviour while test hamsters lived for 2 days in a social preference apparatus with stimulus (littermate) hamsters. The results showed that hamsters spent more time in social proximity than out of proximity, especially if they had prior group housing experience. In addition, singly housed hamsters showed more agonistic behaviour with conspecifics and lower weight gains than group-housed hamsters, while group-housed hamsters showed more evidence of wounding. These data show that early housing experience can profoundly affect later social preferences and behaviour. They also strongly support the use of multiple measures in the assessment of animal wellbeing.
Land-level changes from a late Holocene earthquake in the northern Puget Lowland, Washington

An earthquake, probably generated on the southern Whidbey Island fault zone, caused 1‐2 m of ground-surface uplift on central Whidbey Island ;2800‐3200 yr ago. The cause of the uplift is a fold that grew coseismically above a blind fault that was the earthquake source. Both the fault and the fold at the fault’s tip are imaged on multichannel seismic refection profiles in Puget Sound immediately east of the central Whidbey Island site. Uplift is documented through contrasting histories of relative sea level at two coastal marshes on either side of the fault. Late Holocene shallow-crustal earthquakes of Mw 5 6.5‐7 pose substantial seismic hazard to the northern Puget Lowland.
Early Childhood Special Education: Insights from Educators and Families

Programs and services designed to meet the needs of young children with disabilities have increased substantially in recent years, often times without evaluating how effective the programs and services are at meeting the needs of children and families. This study sought to investigate how principals, teachers, and parents perceived how Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) programs across 31 schools in a large, urban city in the United States (US) meet the needs of young children and their families. Thirty principals, 45 teachers, and 301 families participated in the investigation. Overall, all stakeholders identified the programs’ structure, personnel, and home to school connections as strengths. They also believed that ECSE programs were an appropriate place for young children with disabilities. Families and teachers indicated satisfaction with the frequency of communication; however, both families and principals still wanted to see an increase in communication between home and school. Areas needing improvement included critical elements needed in ECSE programs related to human resources, increased funding, and appropriate adult-child ratios. Implications for practice are discussed.
Decreasing Forage Allowance Can Force Cattle to Graze Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia Sarothrae) as a Potential Biological Control

Abstract Broom snakeweed ( Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. & Rusby) increases and dominates rangelands following disturbances such as overgrazing, fire, and drought. However, if cattle can be forced to graze snakeweed, they can be used as a biological tool to control it. Grazing trials were conducted in May and August 2004, 2005, and 2006 on a crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum L.) seeding that had been invaded by broom snakeweed. Narrow grazing lanes were fenced with temporary electric fence and the cows were moved to a new lane each day. Forage allowance was limited to 24%–75% of the intake requirement. There were significant negative correlations ( P P = 0.03). In the 2005 experiment, one group (6 cows) received a protein/energy supplement high in bypass amino acids required for detoxification of terpenes; the second group received no supplement. There was no difference in snakeweed consumption between the supplement groups ( P = 0.63). The major difference in diets in both years occurred in grazing periods during the day. Cows grazed perennial bunchgrasses first, then turned to cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.), and grazed snakeweed only when all other forage was depleted (20% of bites in the evening grazing periods). Cattle grazed 62%–95% of snakeweed plants and utilized 50%–85% of snakeweed biomass. Cattle can be forced to graze snakeweed by confining them to small areas and limiting alternative forage. Grazing reduced the snakeweed population.
gp330 on type II pneumocytes mediates endocytosis leading to degradation of pro-urokinase, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 complex

Glycoprotein 330 (gp330) is a member of a family of receptors related to the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Although several ligands have been shown to bind gp330 in solid-phase assays, the ability of gp330 to mediate ligand endocytosis has not been demonstrated. To develop a cellular model for gp330 function we screened a variety of cultured cell lines and identified several that expressed this protein, including immortalized rat type II pneumocytes and a human and two rodent tumor cell lines. Using type II pneumocytes, endocytosis of a previously described gp330 ligand, urokinase (uPA) complexed with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (uPA:PAI-1) and two new ligands, PAI-1 and pro-uPA, was demonstrated. RAP, the 39 kDa receptor-associated protein known to antagonize ligand binding to gp330 in solid-phase binding assays, completely inhibited both internalization and degradation of the radiolabeled ligands by type II pneumocytes. This suggested that the clearance of these ligands was dependent on either gp330 or the LDLR-related protein (LRP), which shares several ligand-binding characteristics with gp330. By using polyclonal antibodies to gp330, the cellular internalization and degradation of the ligands were inhibited by 30–50%; remaining ligand internalization and degradation activity could be partially inhibited by polyclonal antibodies against LRP. These findings indicate that gp330, like other LDLR family members, mediates endocytosis of its ligands. In addition, gp330 acts in concert with LRP in type II pneumocytes to mediate clearance of a variety of proteins involved in plasminogen activation, including uPA:PAI-1 complexes PAI-1 and pro-uPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria with Elevated Fetal Hemoglobin

A persistent elevation of the fetal hemoglobin (Hgb F) level (5%-15%) was observed in a 22-yr-old white male with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Acid treatment of the peripheral smear (Betke-Kleihauer technique) demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution of Hgb F in the red cells. As expected, the lowest acetylcholinesterase activity and the most hemolysis after acid stress were found in the low-density, reticulocyte-rich cell fraction. In contrast, the highest Hgb F levels were found in the high-density, reticulocyte-poor fraction. Further evidence for the segregation of these two abnormalties was obtained from the observation that less Hgb F was present in the hemolysate obtained after acid lysis than was present in the mixed blood sample or the remaining nonhemolyzed red cells.
A Complexity Science Perspective of Organizational Behavior in Clinical Microsystems

Complexity science is increasingly being used to understand organizational behavior in health care organizations. This chapter reviews aspects of organizational behavior that are important for understanding clinical microsystems from a complexity science perspective. I begin by introducing complexity science, briefly reviewing its history in studying health care organizations and defining key terms. I then narrow our focus to the topic of organizational behavior in clinical microsystems. Although this chapter discusses organizational behavior in clinical microsystems from a complexity science perspective, it is important to note that not all of the research referenced in this chapter was approached using complexity science as a theoretical frame. Nonetheless, each of the topics discussed below are consistent with a complexity science perspective and are important to consider when thinking about the human element of health care delivery in clinical microsystems. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quality improvement interventions from a complexity science perspective.
Vibrational Excitation and Product Branching Ratios in Dissociation of the Isotopologs of H3O: Experiment and Theory

The dissociation dynamics of the Rydberg radical H3O and the deuterated isotopologs have been studied by dissociative charge exchange of H3O(+) with Cs. Center-of-mass kinetic energy release distributions were measured with a fast-beam translational spectrometer and compared with direct dynamics quasiclassical trajectory calculations with initial conditions from an ab initio potential energy surface for H3O(+). The experimental branching fractions for dissociation of each isotopolog were obtained and compared with the calculated branching fractions. The dominant dissociation channel for all species is elimination of an H/D atom, and the water product was formed with a significant vibrational inversion in stretching vibrations that varies with the mass of the leaving atom in the dissociation. Branching fractions for the mixed isotopologs show that H atom elimination is favored over D atom elimination. Given the importance of H3O(+) in plasmas, astrochemistry, and in condensed phases, the striking energy partitioning found in this neutralization process is notable.
Fecundity of Homalodisca insolita, a Leafhopper Vector of Phony Peach Virus Disease

Certain of the larger leafhoppers are capable of laying more eggs than is generally recognized. At Fort Valley, Ga., considerable oviposition data relating to females of the tribe Proconiini were obtained over a period of years in both field and insectary. However, not until 1955 were appreciable data secured on the individual fecundity of females of a given species, Homalodisca insolita (Walker). This species is new to the Southeast (Young 1958, Pollard et al. 1959) and has been incriminated as a vector of phony peach virus (Turner and Pollard 1955). This report includes results of observations of this species made from 1953–56.
Simulations Reveal Conformational Changes of Methylhydroxyl Groups During Dissolution of Cellulose Iβ in Ionic Liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate

In this work, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (abbreviated as [C2mim][OAc]) at 20 wt % loading. The interactions of [C2mim][OAc] with the Iβ cellulose structure at 120 °C were studied. The results show that both the cation and the anion of [C2mim][OAc] penetrate into the cellulose Iβ crystal structure but that the anion in particular forms strong hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Our results also show that the methylhydroxyl groups of cellulose solvated in [C2mim][OAc] are predominantly in the gauche-trans (gt) conformation, in contrast to the dominant trans-gauche (tg) conformation of cellulose Iβ in air or the gauche-gauche (gg) conformation for cellulose chains in water or after pretreatment with ammonia. Because the gt conformation is found mainly in cellulose II, these simulations suggest that regenerated cellulose under similar pretreatment conditions is composed mainly of cellulose II, and this result was confirmed by X-ray diffraction of samples processed under similar pretreatment conditions. These simulations provide new insight into the efficacy of [C2mim][OAc] pretreatment, suggesting that [C2mim][OAc] interacts with and biases the methylhydroxyl groups of cellulose toward orientations that are consistent with the experimentally observed more easily hydrolyzed cellulose II.
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Flavonol Analogues on Pollen Germination

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds required in the fertilization process in many, if not all, plants. However, the exact biological mechanism(s) and the interacting proteins are unknown. To determine the characteristics important in activating or inhibiting the pollination sequence, a structure-activity relationship analysis of natural and synthetic flavonols was conducted. Flavonol analogues were synthesized through a modified "one-pot" procedure that utilized a Baker-Venkataraman type rearrangement and a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of a halo-flavonol with an organotrifluoroborate. Of the flavonols tested, kaempferol was the only compound to act as a full agonist. The other smaller, less sterically hindered flavonols (galangin, kaempferide, and 4'-methyl flavonol) acted as partial agonists. Larger more hydrophobic flavonol analogues (3'- and 4'-benzoyl, 3'- and 4'-phenyl, and 3'- and 4'-iodo flavonols) had minimal or no agonist activity. Competition assays between kaempferol and these minimally activating flavonols showed that these analogues inhibited the action of kaempferol in a manner consistent with noncompetitive antagonism. The results suggest that steric hindrance is the most important factor in determining a good agonist. Hydrogen bonding also had a positive effect as long as the substituent did not cause any steric hindrance.
Quantifying Change During Outpatient Stroke Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Regression Analysis.

Abstract Objective To examine change and individual trajectories for balance, upper extremity motor capacity, and mobility in people poststroke during the time they received outpatient therapies. Design Retrospective analyses of an observational cohort using hierarchical linear modeling. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Persons poststroke (N=366). Interventions Usual outpatient physical and occupational therapy. Main Outcomes Measures Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and walking speed were used to assess the 3 domains. Initial scores at the start of outpatient therapy (intercepts), rate of change during outpatient therapy (slopes), and covariance between slopes and intercepts were modeled as random effects. Additional variables modeled as fixed effects were duration (months of outpatient therapy), time (days poststroke), age (y), and inpatient status (if the patient went to an inpatient rehabilitation facility [IRF]). Results A patient with average age and time started at 37 points on the BBS with a change of 1.8 points per month, at 35 points on the ARAT with a change of 2 points per month, and with a walking speed of .59m/s with a change of .09m/s per month. When controlling for other variables, patients started with lower scores on the BBS and ARAT or had slower walking speeds at admission if they started outpatient therapy later than average or went to an IRF. Conclusions Patients generally improved over the course of outpatient therapy, but there was considerable variability in individual trajectories. Average rates of change across all 3 domains were small.
The Influence of Social Welfare Policies on Health Disparities Across the Life Course

Social welfare spending consumes around 60 % of government spending at the state and federal level. Its cumulative effect on socioeconomic resources across the life course is large—especially for those with limited economic resources. Evolving from research documenting the relationship between socioeconomic position and health over the lifespan, there is a growing body of research demonstrating that social welfare policies play a large role in determining health and mortality outcomes. These two literatures, however, one focused on the health impacts of policies and the other focused on the processes shaping the evolution of health disparities across the life course, now exist in parallel streams. In this chapter I will show how a life course perspective can help inform the growing body of literature focused on the health impacts of social welfare policies, and the ways that this literature can inform scholars studying health disparities across the life course.
"Pseudostone" of the gallbladder. Ultrasound findings and case report.

The ultrasonic criteria for the diagnosis of gallbladder calculi are: (1) echo-dense structures which disturb the smooth contour of the posterior border of the gallbladder; (2) sonic shadowing, and (3) echoes from within the gallbladder. Diagnostic confidence increases greatly in cases in which internal echoes, contour irregularities, and sonic shadows have occurred simultaneously. A case is presented in which all three criteria are fulfilled, but which represents an artifact, i.e., "pseudostone." This was confirmed by varying the patient's respiration and showing that the "pseudostone" represented echoes from a loop of bowel which produced a significant impression on the posterior wall of the gallbladder during deep inspiration. The absence of cholelithiasis was confirmed by oral cholecystography.
The use of urea dilution for estimation of carcass composition of Holstein steers at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age.

Every 3 mo for a 2-yr period, two weaned Holstein steer calves (94.5 kg) were randomly assigned to each of four slaughter age groups (3, 6, 9, and 12 mo). Urea dilution was performed before slaughter, and urea space (US) was calculated as total volume and as a percentage of body weight (BW) and empty body weight (EBW). The relationships between US (kg, % EBW and % BW), BW, and EBW and carcass soft tissue composition (protein, fat, moisture, and ash) were studied. One- and two-pool models were fitted using the urea dilution data and the coefficients of those equations (zero time, A + B), and the intercepts of compartments A and B were used to estimate body volume. Body weight and EBW effectively predicted the amount of water, fat, and protein in the carcass soft tissue. Equations expressed in kilograms were more accurate than those expressed as percentages. Urea space overestimated body water, probably because of the fast rate of urea disappearance in plasma. Correlation coefficients between US and carcass soft tissue water (kg) based on the pooled data ranged from.74 at 6 min to.48 at 42 min after infusion. The biexponential models coefficients explained more of the variation of carcass soft tissue composition than US ; correlation coefficients using volume B and the soft tissue composition (in kg) with pooled data were.78 (water),.68 (fat),.69 (ash), and.76 (protein). The relationships between A and soft tissue composition were weaker (water.59, fat .51, ash.58, and protein.59). The highest correlation coefficients were obtained when A + B was used for water, fat, ash, and protein (.83,.70,.74, and.81, respectively). Equations combining BW, EBW, and two-model coefficients (A, B, A + B) explained much of the variation of soft tissue composition. No significant benefit was found in using the urea space at various times after infusion over BW or EBW alone to estimate carcass soft tissue composition in Holstein steers.
Lake Bonneville Geosites in the Urban Landscape: Potential Loss of Geological Heritage

Abstract Unique geological sites are recognized and protected worldwide through protocols implemented by interested citizens, organizations, and governments. The term geoantiquity was initially developed to denote scientifically important, natural records of Earth's surface processes, environments, and geological history formed near and around Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. These features include shorelines, moraines, salt flats, playas, and fault scarps that are typically geologically young, unconsolidated, and therefore easily removed or destroyed. As an international movement of geoheritage has taken hold over the last two decades, the name geosites is now a more broadly accepted term that encompasses geoantiquities. Geosites that occur on private land and in regions of rapid urban growth are particularly prime targets for modification by development or removal (eg, sand and gravel extraction). A geosite can occur in any place or setting, but this chapter focuses on examples from the Bonneville basin in northwestern Utah where several major Pleistocene landforms are being destroyed at alarming rates. Protection of geosites can take a number of forms, but all conservation efforts depend upon the collective involvement of city planners and land officials, landowners, private industry, nongovernmental organizations, and the scientific community. Ultimately, protection of geosites relies upon an informed and involved citizenry who speak out and work to promote best practices in sustainability and land-use management.
Clustering of smart meter data for disaggregation

This research addresses privacy concerns in smart meter data. Smart meter data is analyzed for learning normal consumer usage of electricity. Clustering technique such as Fuzzy C-Means is used to disaggregate and learn energy consumption patterns in smart meter data. Results of experimentation with real world meter data demonstrate that it is realistically possible to profile the electricity consumption behavior of consumers analyzing their usage captured by smart meters.
Defining and Predicting Pimps' Coerciveness Toward Sex Workers: Socialization Processes.

Prior research has found that pimps use both non-coercive and coercive management styles across and within market segments of the illicit sex trade. The current study is the first to examine the so...
Loss of Cardiolipin Leads to Perturbation of Acetyl-CoA Synthesis

Cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, plays an important role in mitochondrial processes and bioenergetics. CL is synthesized de novo and undergoes remodeling in the mitochondrial membranes. Perturbation of CL remodeling leads to the rare X-linked genetic disorder Barth syndrome, which shows disparities in clinical presentation. To uncover biochemical modifiers that exacerbate CL deficiency, we carried out a synthetic genetic array screen to identify synthetic lethal interactions with the yeast CL synthase mutant crd1Δ. The results indicated that crd1Δ is synthetically lethal with mutants in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA levels were decreased in the mutant. The synthesis of acetyl-CoA depends primarily on the PDH-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate in the mitochondria and on the PDH bypass in the cytosol, which synthesizes acetyl-CoA from acetate. Consistent with perturbation of the PDH bypass, crd1Δ cells grown on acetate as the sole carbon source exhibited decreased growth, decreased acetyl-CoA, and increased intracellular acetate levels resulting from decreased acetyl-CoA synthetase activity. PDH mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in crd1Δ cells, but PDH enzyme activity was not increased, indicating that PDH up-regulation did not compensate for defects in the PDH bypass. These findings demonstrate for the first time that CL is required for acetyl-CoA synthesis, which is decreased in CL-deficient cells as a result of a defective PDH bypass pathway.
CHRONIC HYDROCARBON DISCHARGES INTO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS: I -MUNICIPAL TREATMENT FACILITIES

Abstract The literature on petroleum hydrocarbon discharges from municipal wastewater treatment facilities was reviewed with emphasis on comparisons of concentrations and discharge rates, chemical nature of the hydrocarbons, sources of hydrocarbons to the plants and treatment mechanisms and rates. Although the concentrations and mass per capita discharge rates of petroleum hydrocarbons varied greatly among the various facilities, the hydrocarbon/solids ratio was similar among plant effluents. All of the studies reported that the hydrocarbons in the plant effluents were largely associated with particulate matter although the chemical nature of the hydrocarbons were variable with location. A wide variety of petroleum products have been reported in the domestic and industrial wastewater entering sewage treatment plants. Industrial sources contribute the majority of the hydrocarbons to the Providence facility. Effective treatment of hydrocarbons is largely dependent on effective treatment of solids at the plants. Biodegradation and volatilization are minor processes in removal of hydrocarbons from the wastewater. Abatement of hydrocarbons from municipal wastewater effluents can be achieved through improved treatment efficiencies for solids and through source control techniques (e.g. industrial pretreatment, waste oil recycling).
Paranthropus : Where Do Things Stand?

In 1960 John Robinson suggested that the newly defined species Zinjanthropus boisei should be transferred to the genus Paranthropus Paranthropus (Broom 1938) as Paranthropus boisei (Leakey 1959). Since then fossil evidence of two hyper-megadont early hominin taxa has come to light. One of these taxa, Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus (Arambourg and Coppens 1968), has been added to the Paranthropus genus, whereas the second taxon, Australopithecus garhi (Asfaw et al. 1999), has been included in a different taxon, Australopithecus. This contribution will tease out why different alpha-taxonomic decisions were made about the generic affinities of Paraustralopithecus aethiopicus and Australopithecus garhi. It will also review the types of data that are now available for generating and testing hypotheses about the relationships of megadont and hyper-megadont hominins. On the basis of this review, in this paper we will suggest a hypothesis, or hypotheses, that are most consistent with the current fossil and contextual data from East and southern Africa.
Do oil price changes have symmetric or asymmetric effects on the unemployment rate?: Empirical evidence from Alaska

ABSTRACTThe literature on the oil price–unemployment nexus assumes that the effects of changes in oil prices are symmetric. In this paper, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag methodology and test the symmetric versus asymmetric effects of oil price changes on unemployment in the case of Alaska. Using quarterly data over the period 1987–2014, the results show that indeed the effects are asymmetric in the short run; Alaska’s unemployment rate is more responsive to oil price increases than to oil price decreases. However, there is little evidence that the asymmetric short-run effects last into the long run.
Exploring science visually: Science and photography with pre-kindergarten children:

This paper presents initial findings from a project that explored the use of digital cameras by preschool children in classroom science investigations. Children’s science experience was viewed thro...
Fabrication Studies of a Strengthened Al/Nb-Ti Composite Conductor

Most present-day composite superconducting conductors are multifilamentary Nb-Ti embedded in an oxygen-free, highly conductive, stabilizing matrix. Copper is chosen for the matrix because of its high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical compatibility with Nb-Ti for manufacture, and favorable joining characteristics. Since copper is easily coformed with Nb-Ti, hot extrusion and wire drawing are workable fabrication techniques.
A Spherical FDTD Numerical Dispersion Relation Based on Elemental Spherical Wave Functions

The numerical dispersion relation for the finite-difference time-domain method in three-dimensional spherical coordinates is derived. Derivation is based on matching spherical wave functions and results in a relation that is equally valid in the entire spherical space. It also matches the sensitivity of the underlying method to singular solutions behavior near the origin and the z -axis. Derived relation is confirmed to converge in the far field to the corresponding relation for Cartesian space. It also converges to the appropriate continuous space limit when all discrete steps approach zero. Detailed sensitivity analysis to mesh parameters and absolute position within spherical space is also presented.
Redefining the learning curve for robotic esophagectomy.

132Background: Minimally invasive esophagectomy(MIE) has demonstrated superior outcomes compared to open approaches. The myriad of techniques has precluded the recommendation of a standard approach...
Familial diffuse polyposis of the colon and rectum: report of three pedigrees.

A study is reported of three family groups afflicted with familial polyposis of the colon and observed over periods varying from ten to 20 years. Two of the groups are related to each other.
GENEASE: real time bioinformatics tool for multi-omics and disease ontology exploration, analysis and visualization.

Motivation Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have made it possible to generate multiple omics data at an unprecedented rate and scale. The accumulation of these omics data far outpaces the rate at which biologists can mine and generate new hypothesis to test experimentally. There is an urgent need to develop a myriad of powerful tools to efficiently and effectively search and filter these resources to address specific post-GWAS functional genomics questions. However, to date, these resources are scattered across several databases and often lack a unified portal for data annotation and analytics. In addition, existing tools to analyze and visualize these databases are highly fragmented, resulting researchers to access multiple applications and manual interventions for each gene or variant in an ad hoc fashion until all the questions are answered. Results In this study, we present GENEASE, a web-based one-stop bioinformatics tool designed to not only query and explore multi-omics and phenotype databases (e.g. GTEx, ClinVar, dbGaP, GWAS Catalog, ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics, KEGG, Reactome, Gene and Phenotype Ontology) in a single web interface but also to perform seamless post genome-wide association downstream functional and overlap analysis for non-coding regulatory variants. GENEASE accesses over 50 different databases in public domain including model organism-specific databases to facilitate gene/variant and disease exploration, enrichment and overlap analysis in real time. It is a user-friendly tool with point-and-click interface containing links for support information including user manual and examples. Availability and implementation GENEASE can be accessed freely at http://research.cchmc.org/mershalab/GENEASE/login.html. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Socratic Silence in the Cleitophon

Plato’s Cleitophon is the only dialogue in which Plato presents an unanswered rebuke of Socratic philosophy by an interlocutor. Consequently, most commentators have thus rejected the dialogue as inauthentic, or have otherwise explained away the bewildering Socratic silence at the dialogue’s conclusion. In this paper I explore why Socrates chooses silence as the response to Cleitophon’s rebuke of Socrates. I argue that (and why) Socratic silence is the only way of “talking” with Cleitophon: Cleitophon’s “Socratic speech” implies notions about nomos, the soul, and philosophy that turn out to be uniquely anti-Socratic. The dramatic disjunctions between Cleitophon’s distorted image of Socrates and the real Socrates, and between Cleitophon himself and Socrates, not only make most poignant the tension between the philosopher and the city but also point to the very conditions of philosophical dialogue.
Shaping Open Source Compute ecosystem with Neo and clDNN

The Compute Library for Deep Neural Networks [1] (clDNN) is an open source performance library for Deep Learning (DL) applications intended for acceleration of DL inference on Intel® Processor Graphics.It was released in 2017 and was recently coupled with Neo [2], which is the open source OpenCL [3] driver for Intel Processor Graphics. Together they provide a complete open source software stack for Deep Learning applications.
Erratum: Sign reversal of the Hall effect in untwinned single-crystal superconducting YBa2Cu3O7- delta

For untwinned single-crystal ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ in a magnetic field H, we find that the in-plane Hall conductivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{y}}$ just below the superconducting transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the sum of two terms, ${\mathit{C}}_{1}$/H and ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$H, where ${\mathit{C}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ are field independent, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions of Dorsey et al. and Kopnin et al. ${\mathit{C}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ have opposite signs, as required by the observation that the Hall effect changes sign as the applied field is varied. ${\mathit{C}}_{1}$ is proportional to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}^{2}$, and ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ is approximately proportional to \ensuremath{\tau}, where \ensuremath{\tau}=(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-T)/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, so the crossover field ${\mathit{H}}_{0}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{y}}$=0, is proportional to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}^{1/2}$.
Time Zones: Phenomenological Reflections on Cultural Time

In this paper I want to explore the idea of a phenomenology of cultural time. I shall begin with the distinction between lived (or experienced) space and objective space, and with the idea of lived space expanding into cultural space. I shall then consider the possibility of finding parallels in the experience of time. After outlining my idea of the cultural experience of time, I shall explore certain cultural differences based on different experiences of time. I shall conclude with some reflections on the relation between such cultural differences and the contemporary world.
Teachers’ perceptions of students’ executive functions: Disparities by gender, ethnicity, and ELL status.

Teacher-report is commonly used to assess executive functions (EFs) in schools, but teachers’ perceptions of EF skills may be biased by students’ demographic characteristics. In this short-term longitudinal study, we assessed whether students’ gender, ethnicity, and English language learner (ELL) status predicted teachers’ reports of students’ EFs, beyond what would be expected based on direct assessment of EFs. In addition, we tested whether these associations changed between the fall and spring. Data were drawn from a school-based study of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students (N = 558, 33 classrooms, 8 schools) in which students’ EFs were measured using direct assessments and teacher reports in the fall and spring. Using path analysis to control for the contribution of the direct assessment of EFs, we found systematic gender, ethnic, and ELL status disparities in teachers’ reports of students’ EFs. Moreover, these disparities did not change between the fall and spring. Given increased interest in incorporating teachers’ report of students’ EF skills into student report cards and school accountability indices, researchers and practitioners should further investigate and address the potential for systematic disparities in teachers’ reports of EFs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Alternative work arrangements: Reshaping the future of nurses' workplace communication and relationships.

AIM This commentary advocates a research agenda for studying how alternative work arrangements (AWAs) affect nurse management and leadership. BACKGROUND AWAs mitigate burnout and the distributional imbalance of nurses. However, scholarship has shed limited light on how AWAs shape nurses' workplace communication and relationships. EVALUATION Peer-reviewed nursing and management scholarship. KEY ISSUE As healthcare systems in many countries move toward team-based care, communication becomes even more important for effective coordination and collaboration among healthcare team members. CONCLUSION Researchers should invest greater resources to understand the influence that AWAs have on different organizational settings as well as on the relational coordination among nurses and their managers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Because care delivery and workplace relations depend heavily upon effective collaboration, researchers must update scholarship on AWAs to inform nurses and their managers on how they may strategically and effectively adapt their communication to evolving work environments that undergo frequent changes in nursing staff and teams.
Correlates, Trends, and Short-Term Outcomes of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The incidence and overall mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the US have been increasing over the past decade. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. This study aims at examining the epidemiology, risk factors, and short-term outcomes of VTE in hospitalized patients with HCC. We utilized the National Inpatient Sample for the years 2008–2013. Using the International Classification of Diseases codes, ninth edition, we identified hospitalized adult patients with a prior diagnosis of HCC who were diagnosed with VTE. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on the occurrence of VTE, and to evaluate the impact of VTE on in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay. We identified a total of 54,275 hospitalized patients with a prior diagnosis of HCC. The prevalence of VTE in the study cohort was 2.8% (2.5% in 2008 to 3.0% in 2013, a statistically significant increase). Older age, African American ethnicity, history of metastasis, and higher Elixhauser comorbidity index were associated with higher odds of VTE. However, having a prior diagnosis of cirrhosis, hepatitis C, or diabetes mellitus were associated with lower odds of VTE in HCC patients. Furthermore, development of VTE was associated with longer hospital stay and increased in-hospital mortality. Our work highlights significant age, racial, and comorbid factors in the development of VTE in hospitalized patients with HCC in the US. These findings can help in stratification of HCC patients according to their VTE risk. Patients at higher risk of VTE may benefit from more aggressive pharmacologic prophylaxis, an area for future investigation.
The Lipemia Index: An Underutilized Tool to Detect Monoclonal Proteins.

We describe the use of the Lipemia index as a screening method to detect patients with previously undiagnosed serum monoclonal proteins. The detection of serum monoclonal proteins is straightforward when a monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS)3 or a multiple myeloma (MM) is suspected. This is done by performing a serum protein electrophoresis and a serum immunofixation test for the …
Association of glucose levels in pregnancy with use of health care services.

Abstract Aims To determine whether women with abnormal gestational diabetes (GDM) screening test results short of frank GDM have increased health-services utilization compared to women with normal results. Methods We conducted a retrospective-cohort study among 29,999 women enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northwest who completed GDM screening (two-step method: 1-h, 50-g glucose-challenge test (GCT); 3-h, 100-g oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT)). Test results were categorized as normal GCT (referent, n = 25,535), normal OGTT (n = 2246), abnormal OGTT but not GDM (n = 1477), and GDM (n = 741). Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for utilization measures and analyses were age- and BMI-adjusted. Results Compared to women with normal GCT, rates for obstetrical ultrasound, noninvasive and invasive antenatal testing, and ambulatory visits to the obstetrics department were significantly greater among women with abnormal OGTT (RRs 1.2 [95%CI 1.1, 1.4], 1.3 [1.1, 1.4], 1.7 [1.3, 2.3], and 1.1 [1.1, 1.1], respectively) and GDM (RRs 1.8, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.3, respectively). Women with abnormal OGTT results were more likely to visit a dietician than women with normal GCT; RRs ranged from 4.0 [3.3, 4.9] for women with abnormal GCT but normal OGTT to 72.1 [64, 81] for women with GDM. Conclusions Health-services utilization increased with severity of glucose result, even among women without GDM.
The Pediatric Language Specialist: An Innovative Approach to Early Language Intervention and the Role of the Speech-Language Clinician

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an innovative approach to early language intervention and discusses the role of the speech–language clinician. There are a variety of educational and treatment concepts with which pediatric language specialists should be familiar and be able to translate into effective programming. For example, intensive family participation involving counseling programs, education programs, and parent–infant stimulation programs; nonverbal communication systems for neuro-muscularly impaired or mentally retarded children; outreach programming to rural and inner-city poor; appropriate testing methodologies and the reporting of reliable and valid data, particularly as these data relate to poor children; and innovative and appropriate teaching of developmental language, and the treatment of language deficiencies in early language intervention programs such as day care and head start. This would include the ability to distinguish between deficiencies and differences in the paralinguistic and linguistic utterances of culturally different children, and the ability to utilize a bidialectal and bicultural teaching strategy in the teaching–treating program.