cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TAXATION AND THE INCIDENCE OF HOMEOWNERSHIP ACROSS INCOME GROUPS

THE TAX TREATMENT of homeowners has been and continues to be an emotionally and politically charged issue. This paper analyzes how alternative tax treatments of homeowners affect the incidence of homeownership across income groups and the relationship between rents and housing prices. The paper is divided into five sections. Section II introduces the conceptual framework of our study. Sections III and IV examine the incidence of homeownership across income groups and the relationship between rents and housing prices-first under the present system and then under alternative tax treatments of homeowners. The alternatives examined include: taxing imputed rent, eliminating mortgage interest deductions, limiting the size of the interest deduction allowed on all consumer loans, and substituting a tax credit or subsidy for mortgage interest and property tax deductions. The final section discusses the implications of our study. The conclusions of most previous studies concerning the choice between rental and purchased housing [Aaron, Goode, Laidler, Tinney, White] are either explicitly or implicitly based upon the comparison of the cost of shelter to two individuals in the same marginal tax bracket under two alternative regimes. In the first regime both .own their own homes, while in the second each acts as the landlord for the other. These studies conclude that under the current tax system, the tax-sheltered component of the imputed return on housing exceeds that obtainable from investing in rental units. Hence, each individual would prefer to own his home rather than paying a rent sufficiently high to induce the other individual to invest in rental units. These authors seem to imply that this highly simplified example illustrates that renters have an inequitably high tax burden relative to homeowners and that
Nursery performance of American and Chinese chestnuts and backcross generations in commercial tree nurseries

The American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.] was decimated by an exotic fungus [Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr] in the early 1900s. Breeding efforts with American and Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima Blume) produced putatively blight-resistant progeny (BC3F3) in 2007. We compared two nut size classes for differences in seedling quality of bare-root stock grown in commercial nurseries. We compared the BC3F3 generation to parental species and other generations. Nuts in the large size class produced taller trees than nuts in the small size class, but sizing nuts prior to sowing did not reduce variability in nursery seedling size. Results indicate that overall seedling quality could be improved by culling small nuts, but seedling uniformity would only be improved by culling seedlings before planting. We recommend refinement of restoration efforts to match seedling size to site type and planting goals. BC3F3 chestnuts differed from Chinese chestnuts in 67% of tests, and were different than American chestnuts in half the tests, indicating not all American traits were recovered in this early phase of seedling development. Family differences within the BC3F3 generation were most apparent for mean nut weight, and only one BC3F3 family differed from other BC3F3 families in seedling growth characteristics.
Hepatobiliary inflammation, neoplasia, and argyrophilic bacteria in a ferret colony.

Hepatobiliary disease was diagnosed in eight of 34 genetically unrelated cohabitating pet ferrets (Mustela putorios furo) during a 7-year period. The eight ferrets ranged in age from 5 to 8 years and exhibited chronic cholangiohepatitis coupled with cellular proliferation ranging from hyperplasia to frank neoplasia. Spi- ral-shaped argyrophilic bacteria were demonstrated in livers of three ferrets, including two with carcinoma. Sequence analysis of a 400-base pair polymerase chain reaction product amplified from DNA derived from fecal bacteria from one ferret demonstrated 98% and 97% similarity to Helicobacter cholecystus and Helico- bacter sp. strain 266-11, respectively. The clustering of severe hepatic disease in these cohabitating ferrets suggests a possible infectious etiology. The role of Helicobacter species and other bacteria in hepatitis and/or neoplasia in ferrets requires further study.
THE SPIRIT AND FORM OF AN ETHICAL POLITY: A MEDITATION ON AUROBINDO'S THOUGHT

This article elucidates the meaning of Indian nationalism and its connection to religious universalism as a problem of ethics. It engages in that exercise of elucidation by interpreting a few of the key texts by Aurobindo Ghose on the relationship between ethics and politics in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Both secularist and subalternist histories have contributed to misunderstandings of Aurobindo's political thought and shown an inability to comprehend its ethical moorings. The specific failures in fathoming the depths of Aurobindo's thought are related to more general infirmities afflicting the history of political and economic ideas in colonial India. In exploring how best to achieve Indian unity, Aurobindo had shown that Indian nationalism was not condemned to pirating from the gallery of models of states crafted by the West. By reconceptualizing the link between religion and politics, this essay suggests a new way forward in Indian intellectual history.
The Social Cost of Bad Debt

The problem and the data, 477.—Organic vs. inorganic changes, 479.—Bankruptcy liabilities, 1900–21, 479.—Bankruptcy liabilities, 1922–29, 481.—The economic setting of the period, 482.—Comparison between debt and trends of other economic factors, 483.—Difficulties facing creditors, 483.—Conclusions, 485.
The legacy of cancer: the importance of passing on beliefs, values and positive health behaviors for women with cancer.

Abstract This article describes results from a qualitative study that explored the role and function of legacy in the lives of women cancer survivors. Legacy emerged as the passing on of values and beliefs. The results were derived from information gathered from in-depth interviews with 14 women aged 31–81 years, diagnosed with cancer. The interviews collected information related to what the women wanted their legacy to be, and how and to whom they hope to transmit it. Analysis of the interviews was guided by a typology of three distinct but overlapping categories of legacy: Legacy of Belongings, Legacy of Body, and a Legacy of Being (Hunter & Rowles, 2005). One recurring theme from the interviews was the hope that family members would learn from the experiences of the participants and would adopt positive health behaviors and cancer screening. The findings suggest that addressing legacy interests and opportunities may be an important tool for addressing needs of cancer survivors.
Flow through Trapezoidal and Rectangular Channels with Rigid Cylinders

A physical model study was performed in which wood dowels were used to model rigid vegetation. The dowel configurations used in the flume were intended to simulate the effects of willow post systems (i.e., collections of rigid cylinders placed along a streambank to reduce streambank erosion). In addition, an analytical model is presented for predicting depth-averaged velocity distributions in straight trapezoidal or rectangular channels with newly constructed willow post systems. The analytical model is founded on wake theory and is applicable to channels with submerged and unsubmerged rigid cylinders. Data from three independent physical model studies were used to validate the analytical model. Depth-averaged velocities predicted using the analytical model, Upred , were compared to velocities observed in the physical models, Uobsd , and yielded discrepancy ratios, Upred ∕ Uobsd , that were typically between 0.80 and 1.20. Results from this study are that significant variables for reducing local velocitie...
Virtual reality, art, and entertainment

Most existing research on virtual reality concerns issues close to the interface, primarily how to present an underlying simulated world in a convincing fashion. However, for virtual reality to achieve its promise as a rich and popular artistic form, as have the novel, cinema, and television, we believe it will be necessary to explore well beyond the interface, to those issues of content and style that have made traditional media so powerful. We present a case for the importance of this research, then outline several topics we believe are central to the inquiry: developing computational theories for cognitive-emotional agents, presentation style, and drama.
Mitral valve cleft without cardiac septal defect causing severe mitral regurgitation but allowing long survival.

Abstract Partial atrioventricular “defect” includes a spectrum of 5 anatomic anomalies. Some patients have all 5 and others have only 1 or 2. The 5 are the following: (1) defect in the lower portion of the atrial septum, so-called primum atrial septal defect; (2) defect in, or absence of, the posterobasal portion of ventricular septum; (3) cleft, anterior mitral leaflet; (4) anomalous chordae tendineae from the anterior mitral leaflet to the crest of the ventricular septum; and (5) partial or complete absence of the septal tricuspid valve leaflet. There are at least 4 potential functional consequences of these 5 anatomic anomalies: (1) shunt at the atrial level, (2) shunt at the ventricular level, (3) mitral regurgitation (MR), and (4) obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Well over 95% of patients with partial atrioventricular defect have a primum type atrial septal defect, and most of those without a primum defect have a shunt at the ventricular level. The occurrence of MR from a cleft in the anterior mitral leaflet unassociated with a defect in either atrial or ventricular septa is extremely rare. Such was the case, however, in the patient to be described herein.
Are Your Papers in Order? Developing and Enforcing Multi-tenancy and Migration Policies in the Cloud

As cloud usage continues to increase, new issues with respect to managing and securing resources in the cloud are becoming more apparent. While some people may believe that security and privacy in the cloud can be addressed without the consumer considering the physical location and internal structure of the cloud, we show that this is clearly not the case. Furthermore, we describe a mechanism by which cloud consumers can inform cloud providers of their requirements in a manner that still allows the cloud to remain dynamic and flexible. Specifically, this paper explores the analogy between human migration in the real world and virtual machine migration in an IaaS cloud environment. It addresses issues such as jurisdictional control, zone evolution, migration, and instantiation based on an examination of these analogous real-world scenarios and their applicability to the cloud.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DIABETES : SERIES I. PRODUCTION AND CONTROL OF DIABETES IN THE DOG. 1. GROSS ANATOMIC RELATIONS OF THE PANCREAS AND DIABETES.

1. The injurious effects of excessive carbohydrate diet are demon strable in partially depancreatized dogs, in the same manner as in human patients. With severe diabetes there is rapid progress of emaciation and weakness and early death. 2. With milder diabetes, there is frequently a transitional state following operation, when the fate depends on the diet. If the tolerance is spared for a time, recovery sometimes occurs to such extent that diabetes cannot be produced by any kind or quantity of feeding, but only by removal of a small additional fragment of pancreatic tissue. The proper degree of carbohydrate overfeeding is important in this early period for producing the most useful type of diabetic animals; namely, those having good digestion and general health combined with a permanent lowering of assimilative power, like the condition of human patients. 3. In the early stage, glucose is more powerful than starch in producing diabetes, and animals which are progressing toward complete recovery on starch diet can be sent into hopeless diabetes by admix ture of glucose. The difference seems to be merely of the rate of absorption, and indicates that a rapid flood of carbohydrate is more injurious to the pancreatic function than a slow absorption. When ever permanent diabetes is present, so that complete recovery is impossible, starch brings on glycosuria more slowly than sugar, but just as surely. The difference in time in different cases amounts to days, weeks, or months. The clinical lesson from such experiments is that even if a patient becomes free from glycosuria on withdrawal of sugar only, nevertheless other foods should also be limited. 4. No significant differences were observed between the assimilation of different starches, or any extreme lowering of the carbohydrate tolerance by proteins, such as alleged by certain writers in connection with the "oatmeal cure." 5. Repair of traumatic inflammation and hypertrophy of the pancreas remnant have been mentioned incidentally as the basis of the early tendency to recovery, and also hydropic degeneration of Lang erhans islands as an accompaniment of the lowering of tolerance by excessive diet. These are believed to have their parallels in human cases, and are to be described more fully hereafter.
Familial Wilms' Tumor with Neural Elements: Characterization by Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and Genetic Analysis

Wilms' tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy of children. While most occur sporadically, a small percentage are familial or occur as part of a developmental syndrome. Classic WTs exhibit a triphasic histologic pattern composed of blastema, epithelium, and stroma. Occasionally, heterologous elements may also be observed. In this study we investigated a series of four WTs that occurred within a single familial aggregate and contained focal areas of neural differentiation. The tumors were evaluated histologically for the presence of neural elements and immunohistochemically for expression of neural-related markers. Genetic linkage analysis was performed on 3 of the 4 WTs. In addition to the classic triphasic histology, the WTs contained tumor rosettes (4/4), ganglion cells (2/4), foci of ganglioneuromatous differentiation (2/4), and anaplasia (1/4). Staining for chromogranin, S-100, synaptophysin, vimentin, and neuron-specific enolase was positive in all 4 tumors within the areas of neural differentiation whereas staining for CD99 (013) and glial fibrillary acidic protein was negative. Linkage analysis studies suggest that the familial predisposition gene segregating in this family is at 19q13.4. To our knowledge, this is the first reported series of WTs with neural differentiation that occurred within a single family aggregate. Genetic linkage analysis of this family is consistent with linkage to the FWT2 WT predisposition gene at 19q13.4. We propose that these tumors may represent a unique manifestation of tumor susceptibility in this family.
Seasonal residency of adult weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) in a small temperate estuary based on acoustic telemetry: a local perspective of a coast wide phenomenon

Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis ,B loch and Schneider), an economically important species, enter estuaries during migration along inner-continental shelf habitatforuseasnursery,feeding,andspawninghabitat. The residency and therefore seasonal turnover of indi- viduals in estuarine habitat is unknown. Aspects of seasonal residency in the relatively unaltered Mullica River-Great Bay estuary in southern New Jersey were evaluated during 2007 and 2008. Acoustic telemetry revealed estuarine residency of adult weakfish (273- 864 mm TL) on the scale of days to several months (mean: 55 days). Egress from the estuary occurred throughout the study period but was lowest during July and highest during the final month of detection in November corresponding to seasonally declining water temperatures. Individuals maintained a constrained dis- tribution within the estuary relative to the available range of water quality parameters with average encoun- tered temperature (22.8 °C), salinity (30.1), dissolved oxygen (6.9 mg/L), and pH (7.8) all being higher than the annual estuary-wide mean value. The long residence time indicated the importance of the estuary as a sea- sonaldestination,ratherthanintermittentrestingareafor some individuals and points to a diversity of individual migration patterns typical of other species from this region. Given that weakfish used small estuarine habi- tats for extended periods in both years of this study, estuaries such as this one may serve as important sites for spawning, feeding and other functions.
The Fifth Column: Why Maintenance Is Different or Why It's More Important to Talk to Your Employees Than Your Equals

A decade or so ago, a prominent airline consul tant was hired by the executive committee of a nameless international airline to do a "management audit" of the vice presidents in terms of job and project allocation. I am always amused about manage ment audits because the people who want one done usually don't think it will affect them. Also, because everybody knows who the consultant is, it is easy to clean up the mess when he or she is seen coming. However, this consultant believed in doing his homework. He informed the airline that it would be about a month before he would have room on his calendar to answer its needs. Happily this was satis factory to the airline, and all proceeded as it should. Without informing the airline, his first move was to seek out a number of people who had just retired from the various vice presidential organizations. Once he had found them, he offered to "buy a few hours of their time" so they could tell him what they thought was right and wrong with their particular vice presi dential organizations. After four weeks, he was down a few thousand but had a solid bottom-up view of the airline. He then took a week to do a (very visi ble) walk through the organizations. He notified the executive committee that he was ready to present and they had him in forthwith. He went through them, vice presidency by vice presidency, and the listeners were delighted to hear that, in his expert opinion, by and large everything in virtually all the vice presidencies was running pretty much as it should be. Now, naturally, a few very minor glitches were discovered, and the consultant had ready possible ways to ameliorate them, so all went swimmingly. At this point, the consultant dropped his bomb on one particular subject. Three years earlier the airline had acquired a new CEO who had some strong feel ings about intermanagement communication. A head quarters building had been quickly erected to house the vice presidents, and all of them were given plush quarters there. All the vice presidents were happy there with one exception?the maintenance vice pres ident. This gentleman had worked his way up from the lowest level position in the maintenance hangar to his present vice presidency. For many years his "office" was a desk in the middle of the largest hangar without even half-glass partitions to separate him from his unwashed minions (who, by the way, adored him). He was the perfect example of managing by walking around, and the hangars hummed with effi ciency because you never knew when he was going to show up. When the new CEO took over, he noticed that all the vice presidents but one were to be found ensconced in the downtown headquarters building. In one of his first memos, he decreed a stately pleasure dome of an office in the new building for the maintenance vice president, as he clearly deserved. What puzzled the CEO was that the maintenance vice president fought the move in every way he could, but lost.
GLUTAMINE METABOLISM OF THE BEET.

Although glutamine has long been known as a plant constituent (10), the relationship of this amide to the nitrogen metabolism of the plant has seldom been subjected to direct test. The close analogy in chemical structure with asparagine and the similarity of the conditions under which the respective amides are found have led to the view, early expressed by Schulze (6), that glutamine replaces asparagine as the chief amide in many species and fulfills the same functions. This view is shared by Prianischnikow (4) . Schulze regarded the asparagine, which accumulated in the etiolated seedlings of many species, as a secondary product of protein digestion (7, 8, 9), ammonia being the intermediate product. This idea was supported by the experiments of Suzuki (11), who had found that young plants cultured upon solutions that supply nitrogen in the form of ammonium salts greatly increase their store of asparagine. Prianischnikow (5) has shown that asparagine is synthesized in seedlings in response to the advent of ammonia derived from the decomposition of the protein of the cotyledons, the synthesis occurring both in light and in dark in the presence of carbohydrates, but only in light in their absence. He regards the reaction as a provision against the toxic effect of ammonia, the neutral amide being stored in readiness for subsequent syntheses in which nitrogen in readily available form is required. Mothes (3) has found that asparagine fulfills a similar function in mature plants, and the experiments of Vickery, Pucher, Wakeman, and Leavenworth (15) have also shown that amide nitrogen rapidly accumulates in the leaf of the tobacco plant when cultured in water in the dark. In this case the definite correlation that was observed between the dis-
Detection of Serum IgG Antibodies Specific for Wolbachia Surface Protein in Rhesus Monkeys Infected with Brugia malayi

The mechanism of lymphedema development in individuals with lymphatic filariasis is presently poorly understood. To investigate whether Wolbachia, symbiotic bacteria living within filarial nematodes, may be involved in disease progression, Wolbachia-specific immune responses were assayed in a group of Brugia malayi-infected rhesus monkeys. Serum IgG antibodies specific for a major Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) were detected in 2 of 12 infected monkeys. It is interesting that both of these monkeys developed lymphedema after becoming amicrofilaremic. WSP-specific antibody responses were temporally associated with increases in antifilarial IgG1 antibodies as well as lymphedema development. These findings suggest that Wolbachia may be important in understanding disease caused by filarial worms.
Preparation of ternary alloy libraries by means of thick film deposition and interdiffusion: structure and mechanical properties

A method of preparing ternary alloy libraries for combinatorial materials development based on thick film deposition and interdiffusion was studied, using the Ni-Fe-Cr ternary system. Specimens were prepared by depositing films onto sapphire substrates with an e-beam evaporation system followed by annealing in a vacuum for interdiffusion. The specimens were examined using cross sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning Auger microanalysis (SAM), angular resolved x-ray fluorescence (AR-XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation. The method proved an effective way to make the alloy libraries for screening mechanical properties by means of nanoindentation.
Regional Rainfall Frequency Analysis for the State of Michigan

Effective storm water management plans depend on reliable rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships. Due to the perception of high-intensity rainfall events as occurring more frequently than expected, the Michigan Dept. of Transportation (MDOT) commissioned a study to update rainfall IDF estimates for each of seven durations (1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) and six recurrence intervals (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years). In contrast to a traditional at-site frequency analysis using method of moments estimators, this study applied a regional frequency analysis approach based on L -moments. Data were compiled from 76 hourly recording stations and 152 daily recording stations, and trend and outlier analyses were conducted on both annual maximum series (AMS) and partial duration series (PDS) data. With the entire state considered a homogeneous region, two regional index flood models were applied: a generalized Pareto distribution fit to PDS data (PDS/GPA model), and a generalized extreme value di...
Solar-powered electrochemical energy storage: an alternative to solar fuels

Because of the intermittent nature of solar radiation, being able to simultaneously convert and store solar energy is a significant advance for efficiently harnessing solar energy. Solar fuels have already been recognized as a promising method towards this goal and have attracted tremendous research interest recently. Alternatively, this goal can also be achieved by using the solar-powered electrochemical energy storage (SPEES) strategy, which integrates a photoelectrochemical cell and an electrochemical cell into a single device. The integrated device is able to harvest solar energy and store it in situ within the device via a photocharging process and also distribute the energy as electric power when needed. This essay reviews the past SPEES research and analyzes its future prospects with a special emphasis on chemical design and material choices. We hope that the article will help draw more research attention to this field and stimulate additional exciting investigations toward more efficient solar energy utilization.
Perimenstrual flare of adult acne.

Acne is a chronic skin disease characterized by comedones, pustules, and papules and affects more than 85 percent of adolescents at some point in their lifetime.1 Although acne has traditionally been thought of as a disorder of adolescence, a significant body of literature suggests a postadolescent or adult form of the disease.2 Acne frequently continues into adulthood, the mean age of presentation for treatment being 24 years of age with 10 percent of visits occurring between the ages of 35 and 44 years.1 Recent studies have reported that 50 percent of female patients with acne are over the age of 20.3-5 The prevalence varies between sexes and age groups; studies report that adolescent acne predominantly affects males while postadolescent acne has a female predominance.6 There is a common medical and lay belief that women experience perimenstrual acne flares. However, the exact prevalence of premenstrual acne is unknown. Stoll et al7 found that there is an overall premenstrual flare rate of 44 percent, while Lucky et al8 found that 63 percent of women had an increase in the number of inflammatory acne lesions in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.7,8 The pathophysiology of acne is largely influenced by hormonal regulation. Androgens, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), stimulate androgen receptors found in sebaceous glands and the outer root sheath of hair follicles. This results in the accumulation of sebum and keratin in follicles resulting in open and closed comedones and providing a growth medium for Propionibacterium acnes.10 In the prepubertal period, a normal rise in serum androgens and an increased sensitivity of sebaceous glands to circulating androgens may contribute to the development of acne. Thus, hormonal therapy including spironolactone, an androgen receptor inhibitor, as well as oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), which inhibit androgen production by the ovaries, are frequently cited therapies to control acne in women.11 While premenstrual acne flare is a commonly reported phenomenon, there is little documentation of its true prevalence in adult women. This study aims to establish a pattern of perimenstrual acne flare in women of child-bearing potential in order to better characterize the disorder.
The Effect of Apartheid's 'Tribal Authorities' on Chieftaincy and the Zulu People: Separate Development in Mtunzini District 195'21970

The 1951 “Bantu” Authorities Act and the 1959 Promotion of “Bantu” Self-Government Act interfered with the structures of ubukhosi transferring power from traditional leaders to the state. Through the creation of tribal, regional, and territorial authorities, the BAA provided the National Party with a network into the vast rural areas. The protection of Afrikaner racial purity, to preserve the status of di volk as the chosen people underpinned apartheid policy. Secondary, I contend was the need for accessible black migrant labour. Under the rhetoric of separate development, the National Party initiated forced removals euphemistically called “resettlements”. Africans were removed to their ethnic homeland to develop along their own lines. Separate Development was apartheid’s answer to assimilation which Hendrik Verwoerd called impractical in his “New Vision” Speech to the House of Assembly in 1959. The BAA created “homelands” out of the reserves so that the National Party exercised power in local rural matters. Initially, ubukhosi resisted “Tribal Authorities,” but as more apartheid legislation was passed amakhosi saw no avenue open to resist “Tribal Authorities” without destruction. The Mtunzini District in the uThungulu District Municipality is the lens to trace the path of distortion of ubukhosi by ubandlululo between 195'2197'3
Dimensionality reduction and filtering on time series sensor streams

This chapter surveys fundamental tools for dimensionality reduction and filtering of time series streams, illustrating what it takes to apply them efficiently and effectively to numerous problems. In particular, we show how least-squares based techniques (auto-regression and principal component analysis) can be successfully used to discover correlations both across streams, as well as across time. We also broadly overview work in the area of pattern discovery on time series streams, with applications in pattern discovery, dimensionality reduction, compression.
Long-term therapy with paricalcitol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients

PURPOSE The efficacy of the vitamin D analog paricalcitol has mainly been shown in short-term studies. There are limited data regarding long-term treatment with this agent. This purpose of this study was to determine long-term effects of paricalcitol therapy on parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product (Ca x P). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who received paricalcitol for > or = 3 months had the following data collected: demographics, drug dosage, serum PTH, corrected serum calcium concentration, serum phosphorus concentrations and serum Ca x P values. RESULTS Sixteen patients received paricalcitol for a mean of 18 months. The mean +/- SD dose of paricalcitol was 0.13 +/- 0.12 mcg/kg. The mean +/- SD pre-paricalcitol serum PTH concentration was 705 +/- 423 pg/mL. PTH concentration did not change significantly over the duration of treatment (mean +/- SD: 821 +/- 480 pg/mL). The number of patients who had at least one corrected serum calcium concentration > or = 11.5 mg/dL, one serum phosphorus concentration > or = 6.5 mg/dL, or one Ca x P level > or = 70 were 75%, 94% and 82%, respectively. Hypercalcemia and elevated Ca x P value resulted in a mean of 17% of doses being withheld during therapy. CONCLUSION During the study, PTH was not adequately suppressed by paricalcitol. This was primarily attributed to withholding paricalcitol doses due to elevated serum calcium and Ca x P levels.
“A Curious Thing in the Medical Line”: In regional newspapers, a Boston physician first referred modestly to Jenner's vaccine to prevent smallpox but then zealously promoted its use

In 1799, a Boston newspaper, the Columbian Centinel, published a letter from a local physician, Benjamin Waterhouse (1754–1846), commenting on a British smallpox pamphlet. That letter, “A Curious Thing in the Medical Line,” introduced Centinel readers to the newly developed cowpox-based vaccine and also helped to launch a major program to control smallpox in the United States. During the next decade, Waterhouse zealously chronicled the pathogenesis of the cowpox infectious agent and its ability to induce immunity in humans to smallpox in the Centinel and dozens of similar newspapers throughout New England.
Vulval Carcinoma: Philosophy of Treatment

Radical vulvectomy with bilateral en bloc lymph node dissection results in an absolute cure rate of more than 50 percent among patients with vulval carcinoma. Although opinions differ as to the necessary extent of the operative procedure, the less extensive approach gives a satisfactory cure rate and a lower incidence of severe postoperative morbidity or mortality.
Direct Optical Visualization of Graphene and Its Nanoscale Defects on Transparent Substrates

The discovery and rise of graphene were historically enabled by its ∼10% optical contrast on specialized substrates like oxide-capped silicon. However, substantially lower contrast is obtained on transparent substrates. Moreover, it remains difficult to visualize nanoscale defects in graphene, including voids, cracks, wrinkles, and multilayers, on most device substrates. We report the use of interference reflection microscopy (IRM), a facile, label-free optical microscopy method originated in cell biology, to directly visualize graphene on transparent inorganic and polymer substrates at 30–40% image contrast per graphene layer. Our noninvasive approach overcomes typical challenges associated with transparent substrates, including insulating and rough surfaces, enables unambiguous identification of local graphene layer numbers and reveals nanoscale structures and defects with outstanding contrast and throughput. We thus demonstrate in situ monitoring of nanoscale defects in graphene, including the generati...
Women Faculty Distressed: Descriptions and Consequences of Academic Contrapower Harassment.

Academic contrapower harassment (ACPH) occurs when someone with seemingly less power in an educational setting (e.g., a student) harasses someone more powerful (e.g., a professor). A representative sample of 289 professors from U.S. institutions of higher education described their worst incident with ACPH. Open-ended responses were coded using a keyword text analysis. Compared to the experiences of men faculty, women faculty reported that students were more likely to challenge their authority, argue or refuse to follow course policies, and exhibit disrespectful or disruptive behaviors. Although sexual harassment was uncommon, men faculty were more likely than women faculty to recount such incidents. Women faculty reported significantly more negative outcomes as a result of ACPH (e.g., anxiety, stress-related illness, difficulty concentrating, wanting to quit) than men faculty, and negative outcomes were most likely to result from ACPH involving intimidation, threats, or bullying from students. Implication...
Gender trends in authorship of spine-related academic literature-a 39-year perspective.

Abstract Background Context Despite recent advances in gender equity in medicine, the representation of women in orthopedic and neurosurgery remains particularly low. Furthermore, compared with their male colleagues, female faculty members are less likely to publish research, limiting opportunities in the academic promotion process. Understanding disparities in research productivity provides insight into the “gender gap” in the spine surgeon workforce. Purpose This study aims to determine the representation and longevity of female physician-investigators among the authors of five spine-related research journals from 1978 to 2016. Study Design This is a retrospective bibliometric review. Methods The authors of original research articles from five prominent spine-related journals ( European Spine Journal , The Spine Journal , Spine , Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques , and Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine ) were extracted from PubMed. For authors with a complete first name listed, gender was determined by matching first name using an online database containing 216,286 distinct names across 79 countries and 89 languages. The proportion of female first and senior authors was determined during the time periods 1978 to 1994, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004, 2005 to 2009, and 2010 to 2016. The authors who had their first paper published between 2000 and 2009 were included in additional analyses for publication count and longevity (whether additional articles were published 5 years after first publication). Student t test, chi-square analysis, and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to determine significance between groups. Results From 1978 to 2016, 28,882 original research articles were published in the five spine-related journals. A total of 24,334 abstracts (90.9%) had first names listed, identifying 120,723 authors, in total of which 100,286 were successfully matched to a gender. A total of 33,480 unique authors were identified (female authors: 31.8%). Female representation increased for first and senior authors from 6.5% and 4.7% (1978–1994) to 18.5% and 13.6% (2010–2016, p Of 15,304 authors who first published during 2000 to 2009, 3,478 authors (22.7%) continued to publish 5 years after their first publication. Female authors were less likely to continue publishing after their first article (15.3% of female authors vs. 24.8%, p Conclusions Female representation in academic spine research has doubled over the past 4 decades, although the growth of female representation as senior author has plateaued. Female physician-investigators are half as likely to continue participating in spine-related research longer than 5 years and on average publish half as many articles as senior author. In addition to recruiting more women into research, efforts should be made to identify and address barriers in research advancement and promotion for female physician-investigators.
Measurement of sin2θw in Semileptonic ν Fe and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% WG2baaaaaa!3700!$$\overline v $$ Fe Interactions

We report results from neutral current scattering of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos on iron nuclei by the CCFRR experiment at Fermilab. Our objective is the measurement of sin2θw from inclusive semileptonic neutrino-nucleon interactions. Such a measurement, even though it is subject to more corrections than the analogous measurement in neutrino-electron scattering (e.g. due to the presence of a strange quark sea in the nucleon), has a high degree of statistical accuracy and may afford the most precise test of the standard model of electro-weak interactions. Furthermore, the recent observations1 of the Z0 and W± in proton-antiproton collisions give such a measurement added topical interest. The comparison of sin 2θw determined from the masses of the Z0 and W± and from neutrino interactions, i.e. from different processes and energy regions, may hold some surprises. Finally, the grand-unified theories make definite predictions2 about the value of sin2θw and the lifetime of the proton; sin2θw measurements test the validity of these theories.
Computing as Writing

In Computing as Writing, English scholar Daniel Punday offers a book-length exploration of the most persistent and “mundane” metaphor shaping our understanding of and interaction with modern comput...
Relationship between perceived fatigue and performance fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Perceived fatigue (i.e., subjective perception of reduced capacity) is one of the most common and disabling symptoms for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Perceived fatigue may also be related to performance fatigability (i.e., decline in physical performance over time), although study findings have been inconsistent. Objective To locate all studies reporting the relationship between perceived fatigue and fatigability in people with MS, determine the population correlation, and examine moderating variables of the correlation size. Methods In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches were completed in Medline, PsychInfo, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published between March 1983 and August 2016. Included articles measured perceived fatigue and performance fatigability in people with MS and provided a correlation between measures. Moderator variables expected to influence the relationship were also coded. Searches located 19 studies of 848 people with MS and a random-effects model was used to pool correlations. Results The mean correlation between fatigue and fatigability was positive, “medium” in magnitude, and statistically significant, r = 0.31 (95% CI = 0.21, 0.42), p I 2 = 46%) no statistically significant moderators were found, perhaps due to the small number of studies per moderator category. Conclusion There is a significant relationship between perceived fatigue and fatigability in MS, such that people reporting elevated fatigue also are highly fatigable. The size of the relationship is not large enough to suggest fatigue and fatigability are the same construct, and both should continue to be assessed independently.
Depth Stratification Leads to Distinct Zones of Manganese and Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater.

Providing access to safe drinking water is a global challenge, for which groundwater is increasingly being used throughout the world. However, geogenic contaminants limit the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes over large geographic areas across most continents. Geogenic contaminants in groundwater are often evaluated individually, but here we demonstrate the need to evaluate multiple contaminants to ensure that groundwater is safe for human consumption and agricultural usage. We compiled groundwater chemical data from three aquifer regions across the world that have been reported to have widespread As and Mn contamination including the Glacial Aquifer in the U.S., the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Mehta Basin within Bangladesh, and the Mekong Delta in Cambodia, along with newly sampled wells in the Yangtze River Basin of China. The proportion of contaminated wells increase by up to 40% in some cases when both As and Mn contaminants are considered. Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis indicates that Mn contaminat...
Heavy metal nephropathy: considerations for exposure analysis

Epidemiologic studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the role of heavy metal exposure in recent epidemics of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this issue of Kidney International , Tsai et al. examined the combined effects of chromium, lead, and cadmium on kidney function using data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan. We add this report to our growing understanding of contemporary epidemics of CKD and highlight considerations for exposure analysis in CKD epidemiologic studies.
Excluding deer increases the proportion of beech saplings originating from seed versus those of root sprout origin1

Abstract American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) regenerates both from seed and also clonally via root sprouts. Regenerating beech saplings often form dense and depauperate understories that cast deep shade and displace co-occurring species. The relative proportion of saplings that originate from seed versus root sprouts varies widely throughout the range of beech. Although the cause for that variation remains unclear, it may be linked to canopy or soil disturbances, the spread of beech bark disease (BBD), or overabundant deer. Here, we asked whether the long-term exclusion of deer and the absence of BBD would favor the regeneration of saplings (20–150 cm tall) of seed origin versus those of sprout origin. We addressed this question using deer exclosures (16 and 60+ yr old) and paired controls in one forest in Pennsylvania where BBD had caused major adult mortality and another where BBD was not present. We found that excluding deer significantly decreased the relative proportion of root sprouts from appr...
Richer Than Reduction

There are numerous routes for scientific discovery, many of which involve the use of information from other scientific theories. In particular, searching for possible reductions is widely recognized as one guiding principle for scientific discovery or innovation. However, reduction is only one kind of intertheoretic relation; scientific theories, claims, and proposals can be related in more, and more complex, ways. This chapter proposes that much scientific discovery proceeds through the use of constraints implied by those intertheoretic relationships. The resulting framework is significantly more general than the common reduction-centric focus. As a result, it can explain more prosaic, everyday cases of scientific discovery, as well as scientists’ opportunistic use of many different kinds of scientific information. I illustrate the framework using three case studies from cognitive science, and conclude by exploring the potential limits of analyses of scientific discovery via constraints.
The impact of HIV diagnosis on length of hospital stay in New York City, NY, USA.

ABSTRACTWhile hospitalizations among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) have been elevated in the past compared to their uninfected counterparts, the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in great strides in controlling symptomatic infection. However, research largely overlooks important differences among HIV-infected individuals, primarily PLWH who are symptomatic versus those who are asymptomatic. We conducted a retrospective study assessing the length of hospital stay among 717,237 admissions from three hospitals in the New York City area. Using zero-truncated negative binomial regression we documented trends in length of hospital stay among individuals who are HIV positive (with symptoms versus those without symptoms) compared to HIV-negative patients over nine consecutive years, from 2006 to 2014. Approximately 0.85% of the admissions were infected with asymptomatic HIV (n = 6,131), while 1.43% of admissions were infected with symptomatic HIV (n = 10,271). The ...
NATIONAL TRENDS IN SURVEILLANCE IMAGING AFTER PROXIMAL AORTIC SURGERY: ARE WE FOLLOWING THE GUIDELINES?

Current ACC guidelines on surveillance imaging after proximal aortic surgery are based on level C evidence. The goal of this analysis was to describe current surveillance imaging practices in the US. All fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older from 2005 - 2010 (n=163,810,697) were
Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) involved in the regulation of pAkt1 (Ser473) on the release of mouse oocytes from diplotene arrest.

Defects in meiotic maturation may lead to chromosome segregation errors and genomic instability. Previous reports indicated that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) may interact with microtubule organizing center-associated protein to play a role on meiotic spindle organization of mammalian oocytes. In this study, we explored the potential role of protein kinase B alpha (PKBα/Akt1), PKCδ, and their relationship on meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. We examined the expression and localization of pAkt1 (Ser473) and/or pPKCδ (Thr505) under the treatment of SH-6 or Sotrastaurin. With the increasing of SH-6 concentrations, we observed that the protein levels of pAkt1 (Ser473) and the percentages of GVBD were decreased gradually. And the distribution of pAkt1 (Ser473), Cdc25B, pCdc2 (Tyr15), and α-tubulin around nucleus was also highly disordered under the treatment of 10-μM SH-6, a special inhibitor of pAkt1 (Ser473). In addition, the levels of pAkt1 (Ser473) were decreased with the treatment of Sotrastaurin, an inhibitor of PKCδ, suggesting that Akt1 may be one of the downstream targets of PKCδ. So, we deduced that PKCδ may be involved in regulating the release from diplotene arrest of mouse oocytes by controlling the levels of pAkt1 Ser473. Significance of the study As a drug target, Akt is still the focus of research in somatic and fertilized eggs. Here, our data depicted a series of molecular events of pAkt1 (Ser473) and PKCδ via their special inhibitor and antibody in order to analyse their role and relationship on the release of mouse oocytes from diplotene arrest. Our results may offer important data for clinic research scientist to recognize the target role of pAkt1 (Ser473) via PKCδ in cell cycle regulation.