cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Metabolism Session

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an insight into the metabolism of parasites. The study of the metabolism of parasites poses special challenges as the organisms one deals with are generally minute, they live in a specialized environment that is often difficult to precisely duplicate in the laboratory, and they frequently have metabolic pathways that are either very unusual or unique. The elucidation of metabolic pathways in parasites offers the possibility of developing chemotherapeutics, which take advantage of metabolic idiosyncrasies. There is also the hope that information learned about parasite metabolism will have applications to understanding the evolution and nature of metabolic sequences in man. The elucidation of these pathways as control mechanisms has also enabled parasitologists to suggest how existing drugs act.
"Cultura del terror - espacio de la muerte" . El informe putumayo de Roger Casement y la explicacion de la tortura

Este ensayo trata sobre la tortura y la cultura del terror. Dado que la mayor parte de la humanidad los conoce solo a traves del relato de otros, es importante analizar la mediacion de la cultura del terror a traves de la narracion. El autor analiza el informe que Roger Casement presento al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores britanico en 1912, sobre el abuso de los indigenas en los campos de caucho de Putumayo. A traves de esto, Taussig establecio los elementos que constituyen la cultura del terror. Estos, por ser una negacion de la civilizacion, se construyen sobre las mismas imagenes del salvajismo y el inframundo, del paraiso y la utopia, indisolublemente unidas en la cultura occidental.
Adaptation and Phylogenetic Constraints in the Antipredator Behavior of Ringtailed and Ruffed Lemurs

The antipredator responses of forest-living ringtailed (Lemur cafta) and ruffed (Varecia variegata) lemurs were documented over a three-year period at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC, Durham, NC, USA). Vocal and nonvocal responses to naturally-occurring and simulated predators are described, and their functions are considered with respect to species-specific differences in body size, ecology, and reproductive biology. Nonvocal responses of the two lemur species differed most conspicuously in propensity of predator-directed aggression: whereas ringtailed lemurs generally evaded predators, ruffed lemurs were likely to confront or attack them. Interspecific variation in vocal responses to predators included differences in call diversity, stimulus specificity, and function. Ringtailed lemur antipredator behavior (including large group size) is viewed as an adaptation to nontrivial levels of predator pressure that stem from being a relatively small-bodied, semi-terrestrial primate living in an open habitat. In contrast, the highly aggressive antipredator behavior of the ruffed lemur is seen in part as an effect of a somewhat larger body size, but also as a constraint of producing sessile offspring that do not cling to the mother. Thus, in contrast to ringtailed lemurs, ruffed lemurs with infants cannot flee predators without risking their reproductive success.
Fiction and the Transposition of Presence

It is characteristic of Husserlian phenomenology1 that it methodically retracts from the direct description of the given object back to the reflective description of the acts of consciousness that give constitution to the object. In a sense, what is hidden in the immediate intuition of the object is brought to light by the intentio obliqua of reflective intuition or of the transcendental reduction. There is a basic duality here, the duality of transcendence and immanence, of world and subject, a duality replicated within transcendental consciousness by the distinction of noema and noesis. Leaving aside very significant philosophical differences, I dare say that, topologically speaking (that is, considering only the position of the concepts in the overall system of the theory), this duality corresponds to the traditional opposition of the represented and the representation, the object and its image.2 What is hidden in the object and is brought to light by the examination of the image as such is the structure of the image and the formal constitution of the object — insofar as the object is given to the subject, that is, as phenomenon. By structure, in a wide Structuralist sense, I mean the system of rules that determine the formation of the image and the set of components articulated by these rules.
Giving a boost to atoms

Matter waves can now be amplified in the same way that a laser amplifies light. Such matter-wave amplifiers will be essential for future developments in atom optics, and may be the basis of better and brighter atom lasers.
Psychometric Properties of ADHD Symptoms in Toddlers.

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the 18 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...
Influences of the Local Climate on Loggerhead Hatchling Production in North Florida: Implications From Climate Change

The environment and climate in which sea turtle eggs incubate affects how successful and viable hatchlings are. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how local climate impacts sea turtle hatchling production as well as how potential changes in climate may impact future hatchling production. In this study, we investigated the effects of five different climate variables at different temporal scales on loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) hatchling production from North Florida, USA. Humidity, air temperature, and accumulated precipitation were the main climatic drivers of hatchling production, while sea surface temperature and wind speed did not demonstrate to have strong effects. Climate projections show air temperatures increasing at the nesting beaches throughout the 21st century, while precipitation and humidity projections vary between sites and projection scenarios. Due to the temperate nature of these nesting beaches, increases in hatching success for nests that incubate undisturbed (not affected by depredation and storm-related impacts) are projected for this region by 2100. This study demonstrates how different climate variables and their interactions can have a determining effect on an important marine species.
A functional naturalism

I provide two arguments against value-free naturalism. Both are based on considerations concerning biological teleology. Value-free naturalism is the thesis that both (1) everything is, at least in principle, under the purview of the sciences and (2) all scientific facts are purely non-evaluative. First, I advance a counterexample to any analysis on which natural selection is necessary to biological teleology. This should concern the value-free naturalist, since most value-free analyses of biological teleology appeal to natural selection. My counterexample is unique in that it is likely to actually occur. It concerns the creation of synthetic life. Recent developments in synthetic biology suggest scientists will eventually be able to develop synthetic life. Such life, however, would not have any of its traits naturally selected for. Second, I develop a simple argument that biological teleology is a scientific but value-laden notion. Consequently, value-free naturalism is false. I end with some concluding remarks on the implications for naturalism, the thesis that (1). Naturalism may be salvaged only if we reject (2). (2) is a dogma that unnecessarily constrains our conception of the sciences. Only a naturalism that recognizes value-laden notions as scientifically respectable can be true. Such a naturalism is a functional naturalism.
Energy-Aware Speculative Execution in Vehicular Edge Computing Systems

We address the problem of energy-aware optimization of speculative execution in vehicular edge computing systems, where multiple copies of a workload are executed on a number of different nodes to ensure high reliability and performance. The objective is to minimize the energy consumption over multiple time periods while minimizing the latency for each of the periods. We prove that the problem is NP-hard and propose a greedy algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm by conducting an extensive experimental analysis. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm obtains near optimal solutions within a reasonable amount of time.
Wearing two hats: managing affiliation and instruction when responding to learner-initiated experiences in the adult ESL classroom

Drawing on videotaped recordings from an Adult ESL class, this conversation-analytic paper examines how an experienced teacher responds to learner-initiated tellings of personal experiences while a...
Policymaking by the Executive: Examining the Fate of Presidential Agenda Items

Politicians routinely campaign on a large platform of new policies and policy changes they hope to pursue once in office. Presidents, however, are unique in their ability to accomplish this given t...
Nonallelic homologous recombination events responsible for copy number variation within an RNA silencing locus.

The structure of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene repeats in different alleles of the I (inhibitor) locus in soybean spawns endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) that leads to phenotypic change in seed coat color of this major agronomic crop. Here, we examined CHS gene copy number by digital PCR and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through whole genome resequencing of 15 cultivars that varied in alleles of the I locus (I, ii , ik , and i) that control the pattern distribution of pigments in the seed coats. Lines homozygous for the ii allele had the highest copy number followed by the I and ik cultivars which were more related to each other than to the lines with ii alleles. Some of the recessive i alleles were spontaneous mutations, and each revealed a loss of copy number by digital PCR relative to the parent varieties. Amplicon sequencing and whole genome resequencing determined that the breakpoints of several ii to i mutations resulted from nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events between CHS genes located in segmental duplications leading to large 138-kilobase deletions that erase the structure generating the CHS siRNAs along with eight other non-CHS genes. Functional hybrid CHS genes (designated CHS5:1) were formed in the process and represent rare examples of NAHR in higher plants that have been captured by examining spontaneous mutational events in isogenic mutant lines.
Ethanol pre-exposure does not increase delay discounting in P rats, but does impair the ability to dynamically adapt behavioral allocation to changing reinforcer contingencies.

Abstract Increased subjective discounting of delayed rewards is associated with substance abuse, and individuals tend to discount their drug of choice at a greater rate compared to monetary rewards. While there is evidence indicating that increased delay discounting (DD) is a risk factor for substance abuse, some results suggest that exposure to drugs of abuse also increases DD, but effects are mixed. The current study examined whether ethanol pre-exposure increases DD and if an ethanol reinforcer would be discounted at a greater rate than sucrose. Alcohol preferring (P) rats were pre-exposed to either ethanol or sucrose using an intermittent access protocol (IAP) for 8 weeks. Then animals completed an operant fixed choice procedure where each pre-exposure group was split into either an ethanol or sucrose reinforcer group. Afterwards, animals completed an adjusting delay DD task using the same groups as the fixed choice task. Animals that received access to ethanol in the IAP showed increased delayed reward preference in a delay and session dependent manner. Specifically, ethanol pre-exposed animals took more sessions to decrease their preference for the delayed reward at longer delays. In the adjusting delay task, no differences in mean adjusting delays were seen, but ethanol pre-exposure impaired animals' ability to reach stability criteria. The observed results are not consistent with ethanol pre-exposure causing a change in DD. Rather they indicate ethanol pre-exposure impaired animals' ability to reallocate their behavior in response to a change in reinforcer contingencies. The current findings extend prior results showing alcohol naive P rats exhibit both increased DD and decreased response inhibition (Beckwith and Czachowski 2014, 2016) by demonstrating that after alcohol exposure they exhibit a form of behavioral inflexibility. Hence, a “two-hit” genetic vulnerability/environmental acceleration of addictive behavior is supported.
Delftia acidovorans pseudo outbreak in portable reverse osmosis machines: Interventions to ensure safe and cost-effective hemodialysis.

Introduction Reverse osmosis (RO), a major advance in hemodialysis (HD) safety, effectively clears most water organisms. Delftia acidovorans is an environmental water-borne pathogen that is rarely reported to cause human infections. We report a pseudo outbreak caused by colonization of RO machines with D acidovorans with no reported human infections and interventions to improve HD safety. Methods Repeated positive RO product water cultures triggered our hospital to initiate an investigation, RO machines were examined for mechanical integrity by biomedical engineers. Cultures of product water as well as RO parts were done. Testing for bacterial relatedness after identification was performed. An investigation was conducted in a systematic fashion to determine the cause and the extent of the problem. Results Upon formal review of policies and procedures, there were minor deficiencies. Rectifying these deviations from policies did not stop the repeated positive water cultures. A 7-step investigation and correction was successfully conducted. City water testing with filtration and concentration methods was positive for D acidovorans. Major renovation of the HD unit with replacement of all RO machines and a 2-step water filtration resulted in elimination of the pseudo outbreak. Conclusion City water was the source of biofilm formation of D acidovorans in RO machines that was not possible to eradicate. Application of incoming water filters was an effective preventive strategy. Replacement of RO machines after 4 failed disinfection attempts is the most cost-effective strategy as well for persistent positive water cultures. The HD remains RO water culture negative 2 years after changes.
Multidisciplinary Tool Kit for Febrile Neutropenia: Stewardship Guidelines, Staphylococcus aureus Epidemiology, and Antibiotic Use Ratios.

PURPOSE:Inappropriate vancomycin for febrile neutropenia (FN) is an ideal antimicrobial stewardship target. To improve vancomycin prescribing, we instituted a multifaceted intervention, including a...
Policy Controversies and Political Blame Games

In modern, policy-heavy democracies, blame games about policy controversies are commonplace. Despite their ubiquity, blame games are notoriously difficult to study. This book elevates them to the place they deserve in the study of politics and public policy. Blame games are microcosms of conflictual politics that yield unique insights into democracies under pressure. Based on an original framework and the comparison of fifteen blame games in the UK, Germany, Switzerland, and the US, it exposes the institutionalized forms of conflict management that democracies have developed to manage policy controversies. Whether failed infrastructure projects, food scandals, security issues, or flawed policy reforms, democracies manage policy controversies in an idiosyncratic manner. This book is addressed not only to researchers and students interested in political conflict in the fields of political science, public policy, public administration, and political communication, but to everyone concerned about the functioning of democracy in more conflictual times. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Michigan Sustainability Case: Rural Electrification: Which Infrastructure Is Best for the Brazilian Pantanal?

Nearly one billion global citizens lack access to reliable electricity, with the majority being residents of developing countries. The absence of reliable electricity impacts a wide variety of thin...
Antibody screening using a human iPSC-based blood-brain barrier model identifies antibodies that accumulate in the CNS

Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant obstacle for the development of neurological disease therapies. The low penetration of blood-borne therapeutics into the brain can oftentimes be attributed to the restrictive nature of the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that comprise the BBB. One strategy beginning to be successfully leveraged is the use of endogenous receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) systems as a means to shuttle a targeted therapeutic into the brain. Limitations of known RMT targets and their cognate targeting reagents include brain specificity, brain uptake levels, and off-target effects, driving the search for new and potentially improved brain targeting reagent-RMT pairs. To this end, we deployed human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BMEC-like cells as a model BBB substrate on which to mine for new RMT-targeting antibody pairs. A nonimmune, human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was screened for binding, internalization, and transcytosis across iPSC-derived BMECs. Lead candidates exhibited binding and internalization into BMECs as well as binding to both human and mouse BBB in brain tissue sections. Antibodies targeted the murine BBB after intravenous administration with one particular clone, 46.1-scFv, exhibiting a 26-fold increase in brain accumulation (8.1 nM). Moreover, clone 46.1-scFv was found to associate with postvascular, parenchymal cells, indicating its successful receptor-mediated transport across the BBB. Such a new BBB targeting ligand could enhance the transport of therapeutic molecules into the brain.
The Threshold of Abstraction in Beginning Design Pedagogy

By immediately being asked to work abstractly, beginning design students are investigating architecture through a pedagogy taken-for-granted by its instructors. To abstract something is to draw it out of the concrete, and unless a student is looking for this displacement, they will become disconcerted, struggle, and become lost to the design process. Abstract operations of design, when presented out of step with student self-development, can mislead and distort experience. This essay defines a student’s encounter with abstraction as a threshold concept within the transformative journey of design student self-development. Writings about abstraction in artistic production by Sigfried Gidieon and Rudolph Arnheim define abstraction and provide a basis for critique of abstraction as a threshold concept in beginning design pedagogy. Challenges caused by abstraction for both pedagogy and beginning design students are investigated. Arnhem’s definition of abstraction as relations between part and whole implies a pedagogical approach for learning design that positions encounters with abstraction as a transformative threshold, suggesting that a gradual introduction of abstraction can build connections through embodied experience rather than disassociations. A series of architectural design exercises will be demonstrated that are structured, as result of this study, to gradually introduce abstract operations in design through a progressively transforming sequence over the first six weeks of beginning design studio. Delivered as analogous to architecture, each successive exercise initiates an abstract design operation as an individual design choice, enabling students to learn to see part in terms of whole, toward a working, conceptual understanding of abstraction in design.
Defining Pathways and Trade-Offs Toward Universal Health Coverage; Comment on 'Ethical Perspective: Five Unacceptable Trade-Offs on the Path to Universal Health Coverage'

The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) World Health Report 2010, “Health systems financing, the path to universal coverage,” promoted universal health coverage (UHC) as an aspirational objective for country health systems. Yet, in addition to the dimensions of services and coverage, distribution of coverage in the population, and financial risk protection highlighted by the report, the consideration of the budget constraint should be further strengthened in the ensuing debate on resource allocation toward UHC. Beyond the substantial financial constraints faced by low- and middle-income countries, additional considerations, such as the geographical context, the underlying country infrastructure, and the architecture of health systems, determine the feasibility, effectiveness, quality and cost of healthcare delivery. Therefore, increased production and use of local evidence tied to the criteria of health benefits, equity, financial risk protection, and costs accompanying health delivery are needed so that to highlight pathways and acceptable trade-offs toward UHC.
A mixed methods study to develop a tool to assess institutional readiness to conduct knowledge translation activities in low-income and middle-income countries.

Objective This paper describes the development of a tool for assessing organisational readiness to conduct knowledge translation (KT) among academic institutions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Design A literature review and stakeholder consultation process were conducted to identify constructs relevant for assessing KT readiness in LMICs. These were face-validated with LMIC stakeholders and organised into a Likert-scale questionnaire. Participants The questionnaire was distributed to researchers based at six LMIC academic institutions and members of a global knowledge-to-action thematic working group. Outcome measures An exploratory factor analysis was used to identify underlying dimensions for assessing institutional readiness to conduct KT. Results 111 respondents with varied KT experiences from 10 LMICs were included in the analysis. We selected 5 factors and 23 items, with factor loadings from 0.40 to 0.77. These factors include (1) institutional climate, (2) organisation change efficacy, (3) prioritisation and cosmopolitanism, (4) self-efficacy, and (5) financial resources. These factors accounted for 69% of the total variance, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.78, 0.73, 0.62, 0.68 and 0.52, respectively. Conclusions This study identifies a tool for assessing readiness of LMIC academic institutions to conduct KT and unique opportunities for building capacity. The organisational focus of these factors underscores the need for strategies that address organisational systems and structures in addition to individual skills. Future research will be conducted to understand determinants of these factors and develop a comprehensive set of capacity building strategies responsive to academic institutions in LMICs.
Multiplexed Conformationally-Selective, Localized Gas-Phase Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange of Protein Ions Enabled by Transmission-Mode Electron Capture Dissociation

In this article, we present an approach for conformationally multiplexed localized hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) of gas-phase protein ions facilitated by ion mobility (IM) followed by electron capture dissociation (ECD). A quadrupole-ion mobility-time of flight instrument previously modified to enable ECD in transmission mode (without ion trapping) immediately following a mobility separation was further modified to allow for deuterated ammonia (ND3) to be leaked in after m/z selection. Collisional activation was minimized to prevent deuterium scrambling from giving structurally irrelevant results. This arrangement was demonstrated with the extensively studied protein folding models ubiquitin and cytochrome c. Ubiquitin was ionized from conditions that stabilize the native state and conditions that stabilize the partially-folded A-state. IM of deuterated ubiquitin 6+ ions allowed the separation of more compact conformers from more extended conformers. ECD of the separated subpopulations revealed that the more extended (later arriving) conformers had significant, localized differences in the amount of HDX observed. The 5+ charge state showed greater protection against HDX than the compact 6+ conformer, and the 11+ charge state, ionized from conditions that stabilize the A-state, showed much greater deuterium incorporation. The 7+ ions of cytochrome c ionized from aqueous conditions showed greater HDX with exterior and more unstructured regions of the protein, while interior, structured regions, especially those involved in heme binding, were more protected against exchange. These results, as well as potential future methods and experiments, are discussed herein.
The Formation and Modification of Connections

The CNS must be wired correctly if it is to work properly. The wiring up of synaptic connections can be divided into three distinct phases: axon extension, synapse formation, and synapse selection (the maintenance or elimination of formed synapses). As in histogenesis, the formation and maintenance of connections in the nervous system is thought to depend upon a variety of adhesion, tropic, trophic, and recognition processes. Many of these molecular guide-ons for axonal growth are the products of astrocytes, suggesting that to a large extent, axons steer by the “stars.” Let’s examine axon growth and how these molecular factors regulate the three phases of synapse formation.
Layered thermohaline convection in hypersaline geothermal systems

Thermohaline convection occurs in hypersaline geothermal systems due to thermal and salinity effects on liquid density. Because of its importance in oceanography, thermohaline convection in viscous liquids has received more attention than thermohaline convection in porous media. The fingered and layered convection patterns observed in viscous liquid thermohaline convection have been hypothesized to occur also in porous media. However, the extension of convective dynamics from viscous liquid systems to porous media systems is complicated by the presence of the solid matrix in porous media. The solid grains cause thermal retardation, hydrodynamic dispersion, and permeability effects. We present simulations of thermohaline convection in model systems based on the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California, that serve to point out the general dynamics of porous media thermohaline convection in the diffusive regime, and the effects of porosity and permeability, in particular. We use the TOUGH2 simulator with residual formulation and fully coupled solution technique for solving the strongly coupled equations governing thermohaline convection in porous media. We incorporate a model for brine density that takes into account the effects of NaCl and CaCl2. Simulations show that in forced convection, the increased pore velocity and thermal retardation in low-porosity regions enhances brine transport relative to heat transport. In thermohaline convection, the heat and brine transport are strongly coupled and enhanced transport of brine over heat cannot occur because buoyancy caused by heat and brine together drive the flow. Random permeability heterogeneity has a limited effect if the scale of flow is much larger than the scale of permeability heterogeneity. For the system studied here, layered thermohaline convection persists for more than one million years for a variety of initial conditions. Our simulations suggest that layered thermohaline convection is possible in hypersaline geothermal systems provided the vertical permeability is smaller than the horizontal permeability, as is likely in sedimentary basins such as the Salton Trough. Layered thermohaline convection can explain many of the observations made at the Salton Sea Geothermal System over the years.
Introducing English Semantics

Introducing English Semantics, Second Edition is a practical introduction to understanding how meanings are expressed in the English language. Presenting the basic principles of the discipline of semantics, this newly revised edition explores the knowledge of language that speakers have which enables them to communicate - to express observations, opinions, intentions and the products of their imagination. The text emphasises pragmatic investigation with numerous illustrative examples of concepts and ample exercises to help students develop and improve their linguistic analysis skills. Introducing English Semantics: Discusses the nature of human language and how linguists categorise and examine it. Covers meanings expressed in English words, prefixes, suffixes and sentences. Examines such relations as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, ambiguity, implication, factivity, aspect, and modality Draws comparisons between English and other languages Illustrates the importance of 'tone of voice' and 'body language' in face-to-face exchanges and the role of context in any communication Contains a wealth of exercises and a glossary to clearly define all terminology This new edition includes expanded and updated textual exercises and a greater focus on compounds and other kinds of composite lexemes. Written in a clear and accessible style, Introducing English Semantics is an essential text for any student taking an introductory course in semantics.
A revision and extension of the prevention of escalating adolescent crisis events (PEACE) protocol

The disparity between urban and rural suicide rates is increasing. In response to thismajor public health problem, clinicians and schoolmental health researchers designed a systematic crisis intervention protocol to be used with adolescents presenting with suicidal or homicidal ideation. The prevention of escalating adolescent crisis events (PEACE) protocol is a comprehensive risk assessment designed for use by licensed clinicians working collaboratively with school personnel. A revised and extended version of the PEACE protocol was employed during 68 crisis events involving 42 high school students in 2013–14. These results and clinical implications of utilizing a systematic protocol to address potential suicidal or violence threats are discussed.
A record‐high ocean bottom pressure in the South Pacific observed by GRACE

In late 2009 to early 2010, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite pair observed a record increase in ocean bottom pressure (OBP) over a large mid-latitude region of the South East Pacific. Its magnitude is substantially larger than other oceanic events in the Southern Hemisphere found in the entire GRACE data records (2003-2010) on multi-month time scales. The OBP data help to understand the nature of a similar signal in sea surface height (SSH) anomaly observed by altimetry: the SSH increase is mainly due to mass convergence. Analysis of the barotropic vorticity equation using scatterometer data, atmospheric reanalysis product, and GRACE and altimeter an atmospheric reanalysis product observations suggests that the observed OBP/SSH signal was primarily caused by wind stress curl associated with a strong and persistent anticyclone in late 2009 in combination with effects of planetary vorticity gradient, bottom topography, and friction
Novel yeast protein kinase (YPK1 gene product) is a 40-kilodalton phosphotyrosyl protein associated with protein-tyrosine kinase activity.

Abstract Extracts of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contain protein-tyrosine kinase activity that can be detected with a synthetic Glu-Tyr copolymer as substrate (G. Schieven, J. Thorner, and G.S. Martin, Science 231:390-393, 1986). By using this assay in conjunction with ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, a soluble tyrosine kinase activity was purified over 8,000-fold from yeast extracts. The purified activity did not utilize typical substrates for mammalian protein-tyrosine kinases (enolase, casein, and histones). The level of tyrosine kinase activity at all steps of each preparation correlated with the content of a 40-kDa protein (p40). Upon incubation of the most highly purified fractions with Mn-ATP or Mg-ATP, p40 was the only protein phosphorylated on tyrosine. Immunoblotting of purified p40 or total yeast extracts with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies and phosphoamino acid analysis of 32P-labeled yeast proteins fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the 40-kDa protein is normally phosphorylated at tyrosine in vivo. 32P-labeled p40 immunoprecipitated from extracts of metabolically labeled cells by affinity-purified anti-p40 antibodies contained both phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine. The gene encoding p40 (YPK1) was cloned from a yeast genomic library by using oligonucleotide probes designed on the basis of the sequence of purified peptides. As deduced from the nucleotide sequence of YPK1, p40 is homologous to known protein kinases, with features that resemble known protein-serine kinases more than known protein-tyrosine kinases. Thus, p40 is a protein kinase which is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro at both tyrosine and serine residues; it may be a novel type of autophosphorylating tyrosine kinase, a bifunctional (serine/tyrosine-specific) protein kinase, or a serine kinase that is a substrate for an associated tyrosine kinase.
Retrospectives Animal Spirits

John Maynard Keynes argued that when the conditions for rational action are not present, people are driven by "animal spirits." This article briefly considers Keynes' argument, and the history of the term.
Response of field‐grown soybeans to lime

Abstract Studies were conducted to; (1) measure the detrimental effects of manganese toxicity on vegetative and reproductive growth of soybeans, and (2) measure the influence of liming on the availability and uptake of manganese. The data suggests that the cultivar Forrest may be more sensitive than either Bragg or Lee 68 to manganese concentrations but this is not reflected in foliar levels. Liming the soil to pH 5.5 or above significantly reduced the concentration of extractable soil manganese, decreased foliar concentrations and eliminated the toxic effects, and increased the yields. Soybean yields and foliar manganese concentrations correlated better with NH4OAc‐ or CaCl2‐extractable manganese than with water‐soluble manganese.
WristQue: A personal sensor wristband

WristQue combines environmental and inertial sensing with precise indoor localization into a wristband wearable device that serves as the user's personal control interface to networked infrastructure. WristQue enables users to take control of devices around them by pointing to select and gesturing to control. At the same time, it uniquely identifies and locates users to deliver personalized automatic control of the user's environment. In this paper, the hardware and software components of the WristQue system are introduced, and a number of applications for lighting and HVAC control are presented, using pointing and gesturing as a new human interface to these networked systems.
The effects of unidirectional versus bidirectional rating procedures on college students' judgments of response-outcome contingency

Abstract Studies of human contingency judgment often reveal substantial bias and inaccuracy in ratings of cause-effect relationship. This study examined the effects of different rating procedures on contingency judgment. In two experiments, college students responded to and rated a range of positive, negative, and zero contingencies presented in a free-operant format. Experiment 1 found that judgments made along a unidirectional 0 to 100 “control” scale were less sensitive to variations in contingency (especially negative ones) and were based on less sophisticated judgment strategies than judgments made along a bidirectional − 100 to + 100 “prevent-cause” scale. Experiment 2 found that informing subjects given the unidirectional scale that their responding may either cause or prevent the outcome eliminated the tendency to underestimate negative contingencies and improved the sophistication of strategy use but did not increase judgment sensitivity to the level of subjects given the bidirectional scale. Taken together, these results suggest that the bidirectional “prevent-cause” scale contributes to highly accurate and unbiased ratings of response-outcome contingency.
RF extraction issues in the relativistic klystron amplifiers

ABSTRACT Relativistic Klystron Amplifiers (RKAs) were successfully operated at NRL in several frequency regimes and power levels. In particular, an L-band RKA was optimized for high-power RF extraction into the atmosphere and an S-band RKA was operated, both in a two-beam and a single- beam configuration. At L-band the RF extraction at maximum power levels (  15 OW ) was hindered by pulse shortening and poor repeatability. Only when the output power level was reducedto below 6GW did the L-band RKA deliver a flat-top RF pulse. Preliminary investigation showedelectron emission in the radiating horn, due to very high voltages associated with the multi-gigawatt RF power levels. This electron current constituted an electric load in parallel with the radiating antenna, and precipitated the RF pulse collapse. At S-band the peak extracted power reached 1.7 GW with power efficiency 50%. However, pulse shortening limited the duration to 50 nanoseconds. The new triaxial RKA, currently in the final stages of construction, promises to solvemany of the existing problems and to extend the frequency domain to 10 GHz, with power outputin the 10's of GW.1. HIGH POWER OPERATION IN L-BAND.The schematic of the L-band RKA is shown in fig. 1. A high voltage diode injects an annular
THE RELATION OF MONOCYTES AND CLASMATOCYTES TO EARLY INFECTION IN RABBITS WITH BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI

1. The early reaction to intravenous tubercular infection in the various organs of the rabbit reveals a pathognomonic response in the lungs within 24 hours; the specific response in the liver, spleen, lymph glands, and bone marrow, follows from the 6th to the 14th days. 2. The development and extent of the pathologic process has been analyzed in terms of the activity of monocytes and clasmatocytes. 3. The criteria for differentiating these mononuclear phagocytic cells into two strains have been analyzed and the technics discussed. 4. The clasmatocyte phagocytizes tubercle bacilli freely and fragments them, as it does all cellular and other debris. 5. The monocyte stimulated to metamorphose into the typical epithelioid and giant cell of the Langhans type retains the tubercle bacilli intact, with power to survive and multiply, over long periods of time. 6. The normal number of monocytes or the degree to which monoblasts may be stimulated to development and maturation, together with the activity of the clasmatocytes in destroying bacilli, in any particular region, would appear to be a function of the rapidity and extent of the local tubercular involvement.
Effects of radiation on the leaching behavior of nuclear waste forms

Abstract Radiation damage can induce significant structural changes in solid materials; these changes may be more extensive in crystalline materials than in glasses, due to amorphization of the crystalline phases. Leaching tests conducted on several simulated waste glasses doped with 244 Cm show no significant change in leach rate as a function of increasing dose, even in the case of a partially devitrified waste glasses which exhibited both large volume changes (∼1%) and amorphization of a crystalline phase. Significant increases in the leaching rate of PNL 76-68, a complex simulated nuclear waste glass, were observed to occur in the presence of gamma radiation. Some of the enhanced leaching is due to the generation of nitric acid from air radiolysis in the leach vessel. Nitric acid appears to preferentially attack zinc and lanthanides, both of which normally build up on the surface of the glass when leached in nonacidic solutions. Increased rates were also found for samples irradiated while leaching, but with air excluded to eliminate nitric acid formation, indicating that water radiolysis products may also be important. Samples irradiated with gamma rays prior to leaching showed dissolution rates indistinguishable from that of unirradiated specimens.
Operant conditioning and copulation solicitation display assays reveal a stable preference for local song by female swamp sparrows Melospiza georgiana

Operant conditioning assays are increasingly being used to test mating signal preferences in female birds. Operant behavior may be seen as farther removed from mate choice behavior as compared to other methods for measuring mating signal preferences, which could limit the evolutionary interpretation of operant results. I compared the song preferences of female swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana) as measured both by a copulation solicitation display assay and by an operant preference test. Both methods revealed a strong preference for songs from the females' Conneaut Marsh breeding population over songs from a Millbrook population over 500 km distant, which remained stable after extensive exposure to Millbrook songs. Further, there was a striking congruence in results on an individual level from the two assays. These findings support the conclusion that operant methods reveal evolutionarily significant mate choice preferences, providing the opportunity to study such preferences under circumstances when the copulation solicitation assay is less practical.
Flecainide for pediatric arrhythmias: Do children behave like little adults?

Discussion sur l'interet et l'efficacite du traitement des arythmies cardiaques par le flecainide chez les enfants (âges de moins de 18 ans)
Abstract LB-55: Comparing effects of individual Ras isoforms on cell signaling and growth.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Though proteins in the Ras family signal primarily through identical effectors, each isoform displays unique preferential coupling to cancer types. Membrane localization following modification at the C-terminus is required for Ras activation and downstream signaling. This step provides an avenue for signaling diversity, as the C-terminus is the only site of significant sequence variability between Ras proteins. Differential post-transcriptional modifications at the C-terminus produce different patterns of membrane binding and trafficking between isoforms. Broken up into varied membrane domains, each isoform has unique combinatorial access to activators and repressors of signaling as well as downstream molecules in pathways critical to cancer initiation and tumor maintenance. Introducing individual Ras isoforms around endogenous levels to cells originally devoid of expression of all of the major Ras isoforms has allowed us to separate their effects on cell signaling and interrogate key differences. Expression of any of the four major Ras isoforms is sufficient to restore growth of "Rasless" cells. Our findings display that Ras isoforms are differentially activated by growth factor stimulation and act primarily through different pathways. Expression of N-Ras or K-Ras 4A alone promotes more rapid growth than H-Ras or K-Ras 4B expression alone, likely due to increased pro-apoptotic signaling from H-Ras and K-Ras 4B. H-Ras is uniquely activated by IGF-1 and insulin to signal through PI3K to pAKT. While the kinetics of MAPK activation in response to growth factors vary depending on the Ras isoform expressed, the amplitude of the response through pERK is greatest in N-Ras and K-Ras expressing cells. We are currently performing comparative expression analysis of the downstream components of these two major Ras effector pathways to begin to mechanistically explain the differences observed in signaling. We are also using mutants of the Ras isoforms at the sites that differentiate their processing to determine whether differences in localization due to protein modifications cause a shift in the PI3K/MAPK signaling balance and account for isoform-dependent differences in cells relying on Ras signaling for growth. Citation Format: Cameron L. Pitt, Frank McCormick. Comparing effects of individual Ras isoforms on cell signaling and growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-55. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-55
Orientation and stacking of parts based on internal features

Orientation and stacking of parts has been mostly based on their external features. There are a number of parts which need to be oriented and stacked based on internal features, either because internal features are of primary importance or because of lack of appropriate external features. Issues concerning the orientation and stacking of parts based on their internal features are investigated and two-dimensional axi-symmetrical parts have been classified into groups based on both internal and external features. Fundamental methodologies have been developed for orienting and stacking of parts based on internal features and experimental verification has been performed for many cases. Results indicate that parts can be oriented efficiently and at high speeds. In addition, it can be concluded from these experiments that in many cases, the widely accepted rule that orientational position of parts should be preserved does not necessarily hold.
Translation of phage f1 gene VII occurs from an inherently defective initiation site made functional by coupling

Expression of the filamentous phage f1 gene VII is shown to be translationally coupled to that of the upstream gene V. Fusions of the gene VII initiation site to the lacZ coding region were used to determine that initiation at the VII site is completely dependent on the process of translation having proceeded up to a stop codon immediately upstream from the VII site. Coupled expression from the VII site was found to be inefficient, proportional to the level of upstream translation, and very sensitive to the distance from the functional upstream stop codon. Independent expression from the VII site was not observed, even in a deletion series designed to remove potentially masking RNA structure. On the basis of the VII site's dissimilarity to ribosome binding site sequences and its properties overall, we suggest that it inherently lacks the features required for independent recognition by ribosomes, and acquires the ability to initiate synthesis of gene VII protein by virtue of the coupling process.
Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) Helix 12 Plays an Inhibitory Role in the Recruitment of the p160 Co-activators by Unliganded RXRα/Retinoic Acid Receptor α Heterodimers

Retinoid X receptor (RXR)/retinoic acid receptor (RAR) heterodimers control gene expression through recruitment of co-repressors or co-activators, depending on their hormone binding status. We show that the helix 12 of RXRα and RARα is critical for recruitment of the co-regulators and transcriptional regulation by RXRα, RARα, and RXRα/RARα. LG268, an RXR-specific agonist, was able to promote co-activator association with the heterodimers, but was unable to dissociate co-repressors. Reconstitution experiments in yeast demonstrated that LG268 was capable of activating transcription by RXRα/RARα through recruitment of the co-activator. We hypothesize that the inability to release co-repressors from RXRα/RARα is responsible for the inability of LG268 to activate RXRα/RARα heterodimers in mammalian cells. Deletion of RARα helix 12 (RXRα/RARα Δ403) abolished both hormone-dependent dissociation from co-repressors and hormone-dependent association with co-activators. Deletion of RXRα helix 12 (RXRα Δ443/RARα) resulted in a higher binding affinity for co-repressors. Unexpectedly, RXRα Δ443/RARα also gained hormone-independent co-activator binding activity. Moreover, LG268 became an antagonist to RXRα Δ443/RARα heterodimers. These data suggest that the helix 12 of RXRα plays an inhibitory role in the recruitment of co-activators by unliganded RXRα/RARα.