cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between sleep duration and body size differs among three Hispanic groups.

Objectives: Although numerous studies have reported negative associations between sleep duration and body size, no studies of this association have focused on Hispanic groups, which was the goal of this work. Methods: Data are from adults in the 1982–1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), which enrolled Cuban-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Puerto Ricans. HHANES included self-reported sleep duration and several anthropometric measures. Principle component analysis extracted a single variable to represent body size. Linear regression models stratified by Hispanic group predicted body size from sleep duration adjusting for age, sex, education, income, marital status, household size, and acculturation. Results: Average age was 36–44 years and 52–64% were women. Average sleep duration was 7.3–7.7 h. Shorter sleep duration was associated with larger body size in Mexican-Americans only. The regression coefficient indicated that on average a Mexican-American adult who reported sleeping for 4 h would have a body size that was larger by 0.12 times the standard deviation for body size than a Mexican-American adult reporting 8 h of sleep (all other covariates being equal). This effect was similar to the effect of 10 years of age, which would be associated with an increase in body size by 0.10 times the standard deviation of body size. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of examining factors associated with obesity in different ethnic groups. It may be inappropriate to combine different Hispanic ethnicities together. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Delayed placement: An analysis of the interstate compact for the placement of children in West Virginia

Abstract The Interstate Compact for the Placement of Children (ICPC) is designed to facilitate interjurisdictional placement of children into foster care or adoptive homes. Despite the intentions of its design, the ICPC has long been criticized as a barrier to the timely placement of children into waiting homes. This paper fills a gap in the literature by empirically examining reasons for delay in the ICPC process that were identified in a statewide assessment in West Virginia. The analysis finds that delays are both common and structural in nature, suggesting that they are largely beyond the control of the child welfare agency tasked with completing the home studies. Implications for policy are identified and discussed.
Algorithmic search in management decision systems

Research on computer-based management decision systems has analyzed such factors as cognitive style, organizational influences, and format of output. This paper contributes to that set of research by proposing a combination of human (trial-and-error) search with algorithmic search. The combination, called guided search, is described together with an experimental setting for testing the usefulness of guided search. Phase I of the experiment involved decision making in the context of four decision variables. In this phase, there was no significant difference in achieved objective function value between those with human search and those with guided search. Phase II took place with 11 decision variables. The subjects with guided search obtained significantly better decisions than did the subjects with human search. Although the subjects with guided search required more central processor time than did their counterparts, they used no more elapsed time and did not enter more user input. The experimental results support the belief that in complex situations guided search can be an effective aid in decision making.
Vocational Guidance Stressed in Victory Corps Program

Counselors eager to make the most effective contribution to the Victory Corps program will welcome this very practical article, with its announcement of the forthcoming Guidance Manual.
The Corneal Endothelium: Normal and Pathologic Structure and Function

A summary of normal and abnormal endothelial structure and function is presented. Endothelium originates from neural crest and it elaborates a banded basement membrane in utero. It is involved in mesenchymal dysgenesis of the anterior segment, like the central defect of Peters' anomaly. Cytoplasmic organelles include mitochondria that provide energy for the metabolic pump, rough endoplasmic reticulum that participate in secretion of extracellular matrix, and a terminal web that may participate in cell migration. The endothelium's main function is to control corneal hydration and nutrition with a leaky barrier formed by the apical gap and macula occludens junctions that keep some water out of the stroma but allow nutrients to pass, and with an ATPase-dependent metabolic pump that is located in the lateral plasma membranes. Endothelial wound healing involves flattening and enlargement of cells to maintain an intact monolayer as well as production of abnormal collagenous material posterior to Descemet's membrane. HLA antigens located in the plasma membrane may participate in corneal endothelial graft rejection. Clinical assessment of the endothelium involves three modalities: specular microscopy to study endothelial morphology, fluorophotometry to measure barrier function, and pachymetry to measure corneal thickness.
Critical Roles for Transcription Factor GATA-3 in Thymocyte Development

The transcription factor GATA-3 is expressed at every stage of thymic development, but its role in thymocyte differentiation is unknown. The fact that RAG chimeric animals lacking GATA-3 cannot generate early thymocytes from common lymphoid progenitors has thus far precluded investigation of the function of GATA-3 in the thymus. To address this, we generated mice deficient in GATA-3 at early and late stages of thymic differentiation. Our studies revealed that GATA-3 is involved in β selection and is indispensable for single-positive CD4 thymocyte development. Thus, our data demonstrate that the coordinated and regulated expression of GATA-3 at each stage of thymic development is critical for the generation of mature T cells.
Marked mitochondrial DNA sequence heterogeneity in single CD34+ cell clones from normal adult bone marrow.

Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations accumulate with age in postmitotic tissues but have been postulated to be diluted and lost in continually proliferating tissues such as bone marrow (BM). Having observed marked sequence variation among healthy adult individuals9 total BM cell mtDNA, we undertook analysis of the mtDNA control region in a total of 611 individual CD34 + clones from 6 adult BM donors and comparison of these results with the sequences from 580 CD34 + clones from 5 umbilical cord blood (CB) samples. On average, 25% (range, 11% to 50%) of individual CD34 + clones from adult BM showed mtDNA heterogeneity, or sequence differences from the aggregate mtDNA sequence of total BM cells of the same individual. In contrast, only 1.6% of single CD34 + clones from CB showed mtDNA sequence variation from the aggregate pattern. Thus, age-dependent accumulation of mtDNA mutations appears relatively common in a mitotically active human tissue and may provide a method to approximate the mutation rate in mammalian cells, to assess the contribution of reactive oxygen species to genomic instability, and for natural “marking” of hematopoietic stem cells; our data also have important implications for the aging process, forensic identifications, and anthropologic conclusions dependent on the mtDNA sequence.
Hurdle Rates and Project Development Efforts

ABSTRACT: We examine the optimal choice of hurdle rates in a capital budgeting setting in which a manager receives superior information regarding the profitability of an investment project. Unlike the prior capital budgeting literature that treats the distribution of investment returns as exogenous, we consider a scenario in which the manager can engage in upfront project development activities to improve the quality of investment opportunity. To motivate the project development effort while ensuring truthful information flow, the optimal hurdle rate is always lower than what it would be if the manager's project development effort were directly observable. We show that the optimal hurdle rate can even be below the firm's cost of capital under plausible circumstances. We also examine how the optimal hurdle rate varies with the ex ante quality of the firm's investment opportunities, and find that optimal hurdle rates will be higher in firms whose investment opportunities are relatively good or relatively po...
Paraphilia as a sexual disability: Outcome study in a female with a history of the Kaspar Hauser dwarfism syndrome

A longitudinal case study exemplifies paraphilic masochism as the sexological outcome in a female with a childhood history of the Kaspar Hauser syndrome of psychosocial or abuse dwarfism. The case is theoretically important with respect to the origins of paraphilia, and to case management.
Olfactory Sensitivity during Parr and Smolt Developmental Stages of Coho Salmon

Abstract The avoidance response of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to L-serine and D,L-alanine was measured in a two-choice Y-trough. Threshold concentration for olfactory detection and avoidance of L-serine was 10−8 M for zero-age parr, 10−7 M for yearling parr, 10−5 M for smolts in late April-early May, and 10−6 M for smolts in June. Threshold for the avoidance of D,L-alanine was 10−7 M for yearling parr, 10−6 M for smolts in late April-early May, and 10−5 M for smolts in June. These data suggest that (1) heightened olfactory sensitivity may not occur during smoltification or (2) smolts may be less disposed than parr to show avoidance behavior.
Nesidioblastosis associated with hyperglycemia in two squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

: Nesidioblastosis associated with progressive weight loss and hyperglycemia was diagnosed in two mid-adult, wild-caught, male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and abnormal glucose tolerance test results were found when the monkeys were presented for clinical evaluation for chronic weight loss, episodic dehydration, hypothermia, and lethargy. Immunohistochemical studies of the pancreatic tissue demonstrated that the proliferating endocrine cells stained predominantly glucagon-positive in the most severely affected monkey.
Values and creativity

ABSTRACT Does extrinsic motivation inhibit or foster creativity? Whereas previous researchers examined the effects of externally controlled extrinsic motivation on creativity, we focus on the effects of self-determined extrinsic motivation arising from one's personally held core values. In this study, we present a theoretical argument which predicts that (a) creative behavior is fostered by certain value types, inhibited by other value types, and holistically related to the total integrative-dynamic pattern of value types identified by Schwartz (1994), and (b) creative performance is synergistically promoted by the interaction between the Self-Direction value type and intrinsic motivational orientation. These hypotheses were tested in a study of 248 undergraduates whose value priorities and intrinsic motivational orientation were measured by self-report and whose creative performance was assessed across multiple tasks in the verbal, artistic, and mathematical domains. All predictions were supported.
Delayed Progesterone Treatment Reduces Brain Infarction and Improves Functional Outcomes after Ischemic Stroke: A Time-Window Study in Middle-Aged Rats

We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of delayed progesterone (PROG) treatment against ischemic stroke-induced neuronal death, inflammation, and functional deficits. We induced transient focal cerebral ischemia in male rats and administered PROG (8 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally at 3, 6, or 24 hours post occlusion, subcutaneously 5 hours later and then every 24 hours for 7 days. Behavioral outcomes were evaluated over 22 days. Infarct size and other biomarkers of injury were evaluated by cresyl violet staining, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by immunofluorescence. Progesterone treatment started at 3 and 6 hours post occlusion significantly (P<0.05) improved behavioral performance at all time points (74.01%) and reduced infarction volume (61.68%) compared with vehicle. No significant difference was observed between the 3 and 6 hour PROG treatment groups. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and VEGF were upregulated in the PROG groups compared with vehicle. Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was increased in the vehicle group but markedly lower in the PROG groups. Treatment delayed for 24 hours did not significantly improve functional outcomes or reduce infarction volume. We conclude that, under the right treatment conditions, PROG treatment delayed up to 6 hours can improve functional deficits and reduce brain infarction, possibly by modulating GFAP, VEGF, and MMP-9 expression.
Ligand-induced, p38-dependent Apoptosis in Cells Expressing High Levels of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and ErbB-2

Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and ErbB-2 is implicated into the development and progression of breast cancer. Constant ligand-induced activation of EGFR and ErbB-2 receptor-tyrosine kinases is thought to be involved in the transformation of fibroblasts and mammary epithelial cells. Data herein show that ligand stimulation of cells that express both the EGFR and the ErbB-2 may result either in cell proliferation or apoptosis depending on the expression levels of EGFR and ErbB-2. Mammary tumor cells that express low levels of both receptors or high levels of ErbB-2 and low levels of EGFR survive and proliferate in the presence of EGF. In contrast, fibroblastic cells or mammary tumor cells, which co-express high levels of EGFR and ErbB-2 invariably undergo apoptosis in response to EGF. In these cells persistent activation of p38 MAPK is an essential element of the apoptotic mechanism. Also, the data implicate a p38-dependent change in mitochondrial membrane permeability as a downstream effector of apoptosis. Ligand-dependent apoptosis in cells co-expressing high levels of EGFR and ErbB-2 could be a natural mechanism that protects tissues from unrestricted proliferation in response to the sustained activation of receptor-tyrosine kinases.
Combined In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry for Automated Detection of Cytomegalovirus and p53

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been shown to be associated with p53 overexpression in coronary artery restenosis. We investigated the occurance of this association in other forms of CMV infection using an automated in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Methods and Results: We performed ISH for CMV using digoxigenin-labeled or biotinylated probes followed by avidin-alkaline phosphatase and nitroblue tetrazolium color substrate. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was then performed using an anti-p53 antibody utilizing streptavidin-immunoperoxidase and 3,3;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as a chromogen. Sixteen cases with characteristic cytomegalic inclusions from a variety of body sites were examined. All 16 cases were positive for CMV by ISH. Nine of sixteen expressed nuclear p53. Six of these nine cases showed viral cytopathic effect in the cells with p53 expression. In an illustrative case, double colocalized staining for CMV and p53 protein was demonstrated in individual cytopathic cells. When microwave antigen retrieval was necessary, ISH was performed before IHC, and our standard microwaving time was reduced by two-thirds. Conclusions: The colocalization of p53 protein overexpression with CMV within single cells adds further evidence that this overexpression is a viral-induced phenomenon. The combined ISH and IHC assay can be carried out in a rapid automated mode, increasing the ease of investigating relationships between message and protein expression within single cells in a wide variety of settings.
The X-ray molecular weight of hemerythrin from Phascolosoma gouldi and some notes on the oxygenation reaction☆

Abstract 1. 1. The molecular weight of hemerythrin from Phascolosoma gouldi is probably 120,000. There are 8 oxygen molecules and 19 iron atoms in each molecule of this size. 2. 2. The change in optical density at 800 mμ which occurs on oxygenation of the protein is not proportional to the degree of saturation.
Sensitive mutants of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract Mutants of bacteriophage λ have been isolated whose plaque-forming ability is more sensitive than that of wild-type λ to high temperature, to extreme pH, or to the presence of suppressor genes in the bacterial host. A single mutation can determine sensitivity to one or more of these unfavorable conditions. Such mutations can occur within eighteen distinct genetic loci; mutations imparting different degrees and types of sensitivities are found within the same locus. Different suppressor mutations in bacterial genes are allele specific rather than locus specific. One of the phage loci has been identified as controlling the production of the lytic enzyme. It is suggested that all the sensitive mutants synthesize abnormal proteins, which are less stable or less active under extreme conditions than are the proteins of wild-type λ.
Mechanismus der Reduktion von Tosylhydrazonen mit komplexen Metallhydriden

Durch Reduktion von Tosylhydrazonen mit LiAlD4 oder NaBD4 lassen sich monodeuterierte Kohlenwasserstoffe herstellen. Mechanismus und stereochemischer Verlauf der Tosylhydrazonreduktion werden mit Hilfe von deuterierten Reagenzien aufgeklart. Auserdem wird die Abhangigkeit der konkurrierenden Olefinbildung von α-standigen Substituenten und von den Reaktionsbedingungen untersucht.
Adaptive gain control

Communications and radar receivers of advanced design may utilize real time computers for signal processing. In such instances an adaptive learning scheme can be employed to optimize use of the receiver's dynamic range. An adaptive algorithm for statistically optimum AGC is derived in which the receiver gain is adjusted during the learning process so that the average cost of excluding the received signal from the receiver's dynamic range is minimized. Application of the approach to the frequently occurring situation of Rayleigh distributed signals of unknown strength yields a recursive algorithm which can be easily implemented.
Aging and Decision Making: Driving-Related Problem Solving:

We examined age-related effects on decision making in a task environment familiar to most younger and older adults. Participants made route-selection decisions in real time. Participants received information about traffic density and expected speed limits of main and alternative routes, from which they determined the optimality of their present route versus alternative routes. The experiment evaluated the effects of information type, amount of congestion, alternative route speed limit, and age on speed and quality of decision making. Measures of optimal route selection revealed main effects of alternative route speed limit, congestion level, and message type, but there was not a main effect of age, and age did not interact with any variable. In terms of decision speed (but not quality of decision making), older participants were slower, and age interacted with alternative route speed and with message type. The data are interpreted in relation to previous data examining everyday problem solving and aging.
Increased substance P content in nerve fibers associated with mesenteric veins from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats.

Abstract This study examined sensory nerves associated with mesenteric arteries and veins in sham and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Reactivity of arteries and veins to substances released from sensory nerves was also studied in vitro using computer-assisted video microscopy. Co-localization of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (ir) was used to evaluate perivascular sensory nerves. Radioimmunoassay was used to quantify SP-and CGRP-ir content. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a plexus of SP/CGRP-ir nerves associated with arteries and veins. The intensity of SP-ir, but not CGRP-ir labeling was greater in arteries and veins from DOCA-salt compared to sham rats. RIA measurements revealed that the CGRP-ir content of arteries and veins was higher than the SP-ir content but there was a significant increase in SP-ir, but not CGRP-ir, content in arteries and veins from DOCA-salt rats. SP (0.03–1 μM) contracted veins and the NK-3 receptor agonist, senktide, mimicked this effect. There were no differences in SP or senktide reactivity of veins from sham or DOCA-salt rats. SP, but not senktide, relaxed KCl (40 mM) preconstricted arteries. CGRP (0.3 μM), acetylcholine (10 μM) and capsaicin (1 μM) relaxed KCl-preconstricted arteries and veins. The NK-1 receptor agonist, substance P methyl ester relaxed arteries but not veins. These data indicate that DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with upregulation of SP content in perivascular nerves. NK-3 receptors mediate venoconstriction which is unchanged in DOCA-salt hypertension. Increased release of SP from perivenous nerves might contribute to the increased venomotor tone in DOCA-salt hypertension.
Priority queueing in RAID disk arrays with an NVS cache

We consider a cached RAID5 disk array which partially consists of non-volatile storage (NVS) providing a fast-write capability. Blocks written in this manner are destaged from the NVS cache onto disk asynchronously and at a lower priority than disk read requests. We consider three queueing disciplines to prioritize read misses with respect to destages: (i) Non-preemptive priorities. (ii) Preemptions only after completion of a seek (split-seek option). (iii) Preemption during the latency phase (split-latency option). It can be concluded from the simulation results for two workloads that unlike the FCFS policy, the increase in read response time for all three disciplines is quite moderate up to the point of full disk utilization. This improvement in read response time is at the cost of some wasted processing, but it is shown by applying the vacationing server model to the split-seek option that the reduction in the maximum throughput with respect to the FCFS policy is negligibly small. >
Preparation of Equine Luteinizing Hormone1

A method is described for the preparation of purified equine luteinizing hormone having a specific activity essentially equal to the NIH-LH-Sl when measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay. Purification was achieved by extraction of whole glands with potassium chloride, fractionation of the extract with ethanol and trichloroacetic acid, and tandem chromatography on the anion exchanger DEAE-cellulose, and the cation exchanger IRC-50. FSH and TSH contamination was low, and the yield of the purified LH fraction was 367 mg/kg whole glands. (Endocrinology 76: 762, 1965)
MemGuard: a low cost and energy efficient design to support and enhance memory system reliability

Memory system reliability is increasingly a concern as memory cell density and capacity continue to grow. The conventional approach is to use redundant memory bits for error detection and correction, with significant storage, cost and power overheads. In this paper, we propose a novel, system-level scheme called MemGuard for memory error detection. With OS-based checkpointing, it is also able to recover program execution from memory errors. The memory error detection of MemGuard is motivated by memory integrity verification using log hashes. It is much stronger than SECDED in error detection, incurs negligible hardware cost and energy overhead and no storage overhead, and is compatible with various memory organizations. It may play the role of ECC memory in consumer-level computers and mobile devices, without the shortcomings of ECC memory. In server computers, it may complement SECDED ECC or Chipkill Correct by providing even stronger error detectioWe have comprehensively investigated and evaluated the feasibility and reliability of MemGuard. We show that using an incremental multiset hash function and a non-cryptographic hash function, the performance and energy overheads of Mem- Guard are negligible. We use the mathematical deduction and synthetic simulation to prove that MemGuard is robust and reliable.
Model averaging strategies for structure learning in Bayesian networks with limited data

Considerable progress has been made on algorithms for learning the structure of Bayesian networks from data. Model averaging by using bootstrap replicates with feature selection by thresholding is a widely used solution for learning features with high confidence. Yet, in the context of limited data many questions remain unanswered. What scoring functions are most effective for model averaging? Does the bias arising from the discreteness of the bootstrap significantly affect learning performance? Is it better to pick the single best network or to average multiple networks learnt from each bootstrap resample? How should thresholds for learning statistically significant features be selected? The best scoring functions are Dirichlet Prior Scoring Metric with small λ and the Bayesian Dirichlet metric. Correcting the bias arising from the discreteness of the bootstrap worsens learning performance. It is better to pick the single best network learnt from each bootstrap resample. We describe a permutation based method for determining significance thresholds for feature selection in bagged models. We show that in contexts with limited data, Bayesian bagging using the Dirichlet Prior Scoring Metric (DPSM) is the most effective learning strategy, and that modifying the scoring function to penalize complex networks hampers model averaging. We establish these results using a systematic study of two well-known benchmarks, specifically ALARM and INSURANCE. We also apply our network construction method to gene expression data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Glioblastoma multiforme dataset and show that survival is related to clinical covariates age and gender and clusters for interferon induced genes and growth inhibition genes. For small data sets, our approach performs significantly better than previously published methods.
Variational derivation of the pairing equation in a finite nucleus

Abstract For nonsingular two nucleon forces, we have derived from the variational principle the equation of a pair of nucleons embedded in a finite nucleus, assuming other nucleons to be in the well-defined single particle orbitals. The total wave functions of the system are completely antisymmetrized with respect to the interchange of particles, and the boundary condition of the square integrability of the stationary state wave functions is incorporated in the treatment. In Model I which corresponds to the independent pair model the extrapair nucleons are in the well-defined preassigned single particle orbitals of any type, e.g., Fermi or Shell model or Hartree-Fock orbitals; the effect of the pair on these single particle orbitals is neglected. In Model II we consider the effect of the pair on the single particle orbitals by extremizing the total energy with respect to the pair as well as the single particle orbitals. The final equation of the pair in both cases is similar and unlike the usual Bethe-Goldstone equation has hermitian operators, which means that this equation defines an eigenvalue problem. In the pair equation of motion of two nucleons additional to a closed shell, the term describing the interaction of these two particles, as derived from the variational analysis, is the full two nucleon potential.
Biosocial criminology and modern crime prevention

Abstract Objective In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, criminological efforts to prevent or reduce crime were centered on addressing presumed biological causes of crime. Most of these strategies involved calls for eugenics—proposals that today are considered unethical and morally reprehensible. Biologically-oriented criminology and crime control policies have re-emerged with new sophistication and attention to the importance of social context. Additionally, developmental crime prevention, with a special focus on biological/physiological risk factors in the early life course, has become influential in criminology. This paper examines the relevance of biology to modern day crime prevention. Materials and methods Narrative review of the theoretical and empirical literature of biology and developmental crime prevention. Results There are a growing number of developmental crime prevention programs that address biological risk factors for delinquency and later criminal offending. These programs are found in the family, school, and community domains. Evidence suggests that these programs can reduce crime. Conclusions While “biological crime prevention” as a separate field has not yet emerged, findings show that crime prevention programs can and do address biology in a sociologically sensitive manner—and these programs have shown significant impacts on crime.
Time, actuality and omniscience

Many traditional theists have said that(i) God is propositionally omniscient,i.e. knows all truths. Many traditional theists also hold that(2) God is timeless.That is, these theists hold that though God exists, there is no time at which He exists, and He does not exist earlier or later than anything. Some recent philosophers, among them Arthor Prior, Robert Coburn, Norman Kretz mann, Nicholas Wolterstorfl Richard Gale and Patrick Grim, have argued that(3) There are truths to whose expression ‘now’ is essential, and that (1)–(3) compose an inconsistent set of propositions. These writers argue that due to the semantics of ‘now’, a timeless God cannot know truths to whose expression ‘now’ is essential. To know a truth, it is claimed, one must be able to mentally token a proposition expressing what one knows. To token a truth to whose expression ‘now’ is essential, one must token ‘now’. ‘Now’ and relevantly similar terms (such as tensed verbs) inter alia locate those who use them in time: if one says truly that it is now 3 p.m., it follows that one exists at 3 p.m. So a timeless being cannot use ‘now’ and relevantly similar terms, and so (it is claimed) cannot know truths for whose expression ‘now’ and its ilk are required.
Calorimetric Changes During Development of Rigor Mortis

Postmortem thermal behavior of tilapia dorsal muscle was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and postmortem biochemical changes were determined by pH and ATP/IMP ratio. A large exothermic DSC peak near 50°C, observed soon after sacrificing, was the most striking difference between thermograms of pre-rigor muscle compared to that of post-rigor muscle. This exothermic peak was attributed to ATP hydrolysis based on the observed effects of added ATP, EGTA, and CaCl2.
CORNICLE LENGTH AS A CRITERION FOR SEPARATING FIELD-COLLECTED NYMPHAL INSTARS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

La longueur des cornicules chez des larves d'A. p. elevees au laboratoire est caracteristique du stade et n'est pas affectee par la temperature d'elevage. Une analyse multimodale de la longueur des cornicules chez des individus provenant du terrain a revele des distributions presentant clairement 4 pics (les stades) chez 5 populations differentes et peu de chevauchement est apparu entre les distributions des differents stades
Long-Term Monitoring of Tribolium castaneum Populations in Two Flour Mills: Rebound After Fumigation

Structural fumigations of food processing plants to manage stored-product insects has been a major component of pest management programs, but limited information on field efficacy is available. Efficacy, based on pheromone trapping data, consists of initial reduction in captures after treatment and rebound in trap captures over time. Pattern of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) rebound was evaluated after 21 fumigations in two flour mills. Rebound in mean number of beetles captured and the probability of a trap capturing one or more beetles was evaluated. Rebound to a threshold mean beetle capture of 2.5 beetles per trap per 2-wk period took 174 ± 33 d and rebound took longer after fall (248 ± 50 d) than spring (104 ± 21 d) fumigations. Rebound to the probability of capture threshold of 0.50 was 120 ± 21 d, but there was no significant effect of season. Improvement in integrated pest management (IPM) practices in one of the mills was associated with an increase in time to reach mean beetle capture threshold (49 ± 15 d before and 246 ± 71 d after) but not in time to reach the probability of capture threshold (38 ± 14 d before and 165 ± 46 d after). There was a negative correlation between number captured after fumigation and time to rebound to threshold. After improved IPM there was a significant reduction in the number of beetles per trap immediately after fumigation. Above these two thresholds the degree of change in trap captures is significantly greater than below, which suggests they might be useful in evaluating risk in a pest management program.
Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Introduction The development of incipient caries, or white spot lesions (WSLs), is a significant clinical problem in orthodontics. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively determine the incidence and severity of WSLs by examining pretreatment and posttreatment digital photographs. Methods A total of 332 consecutive finished patients from a university graduate orthodontic clinic were evaluated. Initial and final digital images were compared to assess WSLs. The facial surfaces of the anterior 8 maxillary teeth were analyzed. The percentage area of WSL per total facial tooth surface was calculated to control for magnification differences. Reliability of the method was assessed by comparison with direct clinical examination data. Patient and operator factors, and treatment complexity and outcomes were evaluated as predictors of WSL incidence and severity. Results Agreement between direct clinical examination and digital photo data was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient 0.88 and a 0.3% average difference between methods. The incidence of at least 1 WSL on the labial surface of the anterior 8 maxillary teeth was 36%. The order of incidence was lateral incisor (34%), canine (31%), premolar (28%), and central incisor (17%). Conclusions Risk factors for the development of incipient caries during orthodontic treatment were young age (preadolescent) at the start of treatment, number of poor hygiene citations during treatment, unfavorable clinical outcome score, white ethnic group, and inadequate oral hygiene at the initial pretreatment examination. The use of computer software to evaluate digital photos retrospectively is a valid method for assessing the incidence and severity of WSLs on the maxillary anterior incisors, canines, and premolars.
Deposition of Compositionally Graded Mullite/Alumina Coatings from Mixtures of SiCl4, AlCl3, CO2 and H2†

Using CVD, compositionally graded coatings of mullite (3 Al 2 0 3 .2 Si0 2 ) and alumina (Al 2 0 3 ) were deposited on Si-coated substrates from mixtures of silicon tetrachloride, aluminum trichloride, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The coatings were compositionally graded, with the Al/Si ratio increasing towards the outer layer of the coatings. The preparation of the coatings was carried out in a vertical, hot-wall CVD reactor. The results of previous experimental studies on the deposition of aluminosilicate species have been used to identify operating conditions where deposition of coatings with alumina content equal to, or greater than, that corresponding to stoichiometric mullite was possible. The scheme for the preparation of the graded mullitelalumina coatings was based on utilizing the positive effect of decreasing the residence time of the reactive mixture in the reactor, and of increasing the Al/Si ratio in the feed on the incorporation of Al 2 0 3 in the deposit.
Phase Transition in Weberite-Type Gd3NbO7

Gd3NbO7 has an orthorhombic weberite-type crystal structure and undergoes a phase transition at about 340 K. The phase transition was confirmed by second harmonic generation, heat capacity measurement, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Above 340 K, Gd3NbO7 has a centrosymmetric weberite-type structure with space group Cmcm (No. 63) and transforms at about 340 K into a non-centrosymmetric structure with space group Cm2m (No. 38). The phase transition is mainly due to off-center shifts of Nb5+ ions within NbO6 octahedra, as well as off-center shifts of one-third of the Gd3+ ions within GdO8 polyhedra.
Damage mechanisms in impact-ionization-induced mixed-mode reliability degradation of SiGe HBTs

A robust, time-dependent methodology is used to investigate impact-ionization-induced mixed-mode reliability stress (the simultaneous application of high J/sub E/ and high V/sub CB/) in advanced SiGe HBTs. We present comprehensive stress data on second-generation 120-GHz SiGe HBTs, and use specially designed test structures with variable emitter-to-shallow trench spacing to shed light on the resultant damage mechanisms. We also explore the impact of mixed-mode stress on low frequency noise, ac performance, high-temperature device characteristics, and employ two-dimensional calibrated MEDICI simulations using the hot carrier injection current technique to better understand the physical damage locations.
Standardizing Yields on Mortgages and other Securities

The existence of a difference between the yield to maturity of a coupon bond and the expected holding period return on a coupon bond, referred to as coupon bias, is well recognized. This paper discusses the nature of coupon bias for mortgages, estimates the magnitude of the bias under different assumptions about the characteristics of the mortgage security and the term structure, and compares the magnitude of the coupon biases on mortgages and comparable coupon bonds. For a moderately upward sloping term structure at current levels of interest rates, coupon bias for a thirty-year mortgage can be on the order of 75 basis points.
Toxicity of fluridone to aquatic invertebrates and fish

The acute and chronic toxicities of the herbicide fluridone to aquatic invertebrates and fish were evaluated. The acute median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of fluridone were 4.3 ± 3.7 mg/L (x±SD) for invertebrates (n = 15) and 10.4±3.9 mg/L for fish (n = 28). In chronic studies, no effects were detected when daphnids (Daphnia magna) were continuously exposed to fluridone concentrations of 0.2 mg/L or less for 32 d, amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) to 0.6 mg/L or less for 60 d or midge larvae (Chironomus plumosus) to 0.6 mg/L or less for 30 d. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were not affected by continuous exposure to fluridone concentrations of 0.48 mg/L or less over their life cycle. The growth and survival of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were not adversely affected by continuous exposure to fluridone concentrations of 0.5 mg/L or less for 60 d after hatching. The channel catfish accumulated fluridone concentrations two to nine times greater than that in the water. The recommended application rate of 1 lb/acre of fluridone to a pond with an average depth of 3 ft provides a theoretical concentration of 0.1 mg/L. Thus, an initial fluridone concentration of 0.1 mg/L or less is recommended to control weeds in ponds. Consequently, fluridone is not expected to have adverse effects on the species tested or on similar nontarget aquatic organisms.
ASIS&T annual meeting plenary speaker: Edward chang: Mobile opportunities

Editor's Summary At a plenary session of the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, Edward Chang touched on recent information technology developments and explored emerging innovations. Vice president of research at hTC Corporation and past research director at Google in China, Chang recalled Google's page ranking for Web 1.0 and subsequent efforts to support mobile access, user-generated content and pushing information for Web 2.0. Advances in human computer interaction, especially sensors in cellphones, enable a higher level of location-based computation. Natural language processing backed by massive data and computation power supports interpretation and even translation of spoken queries to yield semantically and situationally relevant returns. Advances in location-based services permit highly precise data delivery. Cellphone sensors can even monitor stress, detect health changes and provide security alerts. Though privacy is a critical outstanding issue, the combined capabilities of cloud computing, infrastructure, big data, social networks and cellphone sensors are leading to evolutionary and revolutionary changes.
Approaches to Single-Nanoparticle Catalysis

Nanoparticles are among the most important industrial catalysts, with applications ranging from chemical manufacturing to energy conversion and storage. Heterogeneity is a general feature among these nanoparticles, with their individual differences in size, shape, and surface sites leading to variable, particle-specific catalytic activity. Assessing the activity of individual nanoparticles, preferably with subparticle resolution, is thus desired and vital to the development of efficient catalysts. It is challenging to measure the activity of single-nanoparticle catalysts, however. Several experimental approaches have been developed to monitor catalysis on single nanoparticles, including electrochemical methods, single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, X-ray microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This review focuses on these experimental approaches, the associated methods and strategies, and selected applications in studying single-nanoparticle catalysis with chemical selectivity, sensitivity, or subparticle spatial resolution.
Hypervelocity impact: Ejecta velocity, angle, and composition

The low projectile component in tektites in contrast to the high projectile component in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary clay has prompted a study of hypervelocity target-projectile mixing processes. Results from a 6.4-km/sec impact of a Fe-Ni-PGE alloy projectile (90% Fe) into a Mo target indicate that high-angle (55° to 75°), high-velocity (< 6 km/sec) melted ejecta is relatively projectile-rich, whereas low-angle (10° to 40°), low-velocity ejecta (< 1 km/sec) contains less projectile material and is more enriched in the target component. These results support theoretical predictions. Not predicted by theoretical calculation, but observed here, is a break in the compositional trend such that at angles of ejection between 50° and 70°, the projectile/target ratio in the melted ejecta decreases suddenly with increasing angle, only to rise to very high values at higher angles. It appears that for large-body terrestrial impacts, the composition of the high-angle, high-speed ejecta which reaches stratospheric heights will be critical to sudden changes in global climate and the induced environmental stresses. Application of these results to large impacts such as the K-T boundary event, are expected to provide new data pertinent to physical theories of extinction mechanisms.
Email Use among International Students in a U.S. University

This study examined the characteristics of email use among international students studying in a U.S. institution of higher learning. 130 international students were interviewed, and interview data were analyzed by taking the thematic analytical approach. Email has become the most frequently used interpersonal communication medium among international students studying in U.S. colleges. Email is more likely to be used to communicate with professors, classmates, and general friends, while phone calls and particularly free Internet phone calls or instant messaging APPs are more likely to be used in communications with parents, close friends, and important others.
Elucidating the role of the host genome in shaping microbiome composition

A major goal of microbiome research is to identify the factors that determine bacterial composition within and upon a host. Environmental factors are thought to play a large role, such as diet in determining gut microbiome composition and moisture in determining skin microbiome composition. The role of host genetics, however, has been a source of debate in the literature. Recently, we examined the association of host genetics with human gut microbiome composition in the Hutterites, a population that lives and eats communally. We identified heritable bacterial taxa and host genetic loci associated with their abundances. In this addendum, I put these results into a broader context along with other recent studies of microbiome heritability, and synthesize common themes that appear across organisms and tissues, such as the relatively small extent genetics plays compared to environment and the role of host genetic variation in immune response and barrier integrity.
Innovative Education? A Test of Specialist Mimicry or Generalist Assimilation in Trends in Charter School Specialization Over Time

By most media accounts, charter schools are innovative schools. But little empirical work interrogates this idea. We examine the growth and decline of specialist charter school mission statements a...
Stokes flow through a zig-zag channel

Stokes flow through a zig-zag channel is studied by the efficient method of eigenfunction expansion and collocation. The mixed boundary conditions are determined using symmetry considerations. Streamlines, velocity and pressure distributions are found. The effect of a single corner is extrapolated. In comparison with a straight channel, locally the corners increase flow, both in longitudinal and transverse directions of the corrugations.
How Adult Attachment Styles Relate to Perceived Psychological Contract Breach and Affective Organizational Commitment

The current study examines the relationship between adult attachment style and both perceived psychological contract breach and affective organizational commitment in a sample of college students with employment experience. Attachment style is argued to be an individual difference factor that affects how an individual perceives organizational events based on theory and existing empirical research related to adult attachment style. Individuals with insecure attachment styles were predicted to perceive more psychological contract breach and have lower levels of affective organizational commitment. The results reveal that individuals with higher levels of preoccupied and dismissive attachment styles perceived higher levels of psychological contract breach, and preoccupied attachment style significantly and negatively relates to affective organizational commitment. The relationship between attachment style and psychological contract dimensions was stronger for relational than transactional contract dimensions. Evidence is also found that perceived psychological contract breach mediates the relationship between preoccupied attachment style and affective commitment. Future potential research directions are described. The implications of these findings for managerial practice is discussed.
Selective block of synaptic transmission in ciliary ganglion by type A botulinus toxin in rabbits.

Summary1. It has been demonstrated that retrobulbar injection of type A botulinus toxin in rabbits followed in 15 minutes by systemic administration of type A botulinus antitoxin produces a dilated fixed pupil in the eye on the injected side. 2. The dilated fixed pupil results from a block of the parasympathetic efferent nerves synapsing in the ciliary ganglion. This block is produced by the botulinus toxin. 3. Such a block persists in the intact animal at least 6 months without interference to nerve transmission of sympathetic or somatic pathways elsewhere in the animal.