cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological assessment of quality of life following liver transplantation

Administered measures of functional status, psychological distress, and quality of life to a consecutive series of 48 liver transplant recipients in follow-up clinic. Results showed that nearly total functional recovery was the norm. Thirty-six patients (75%) had a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score of 80–100. Twelve transplant recipients had KPS scores below 80; none were employed, and most had been transplanted within 1 year. In spite of their impaired financial status, eight of these 12 reported being mostly satisfied on the self-report Quality-of-Life Scale (QLS). For the posttransplant sample as a whole, 83% were mostly satisfied with their quality of life. Pre- and posttransplant patient samples were not significantly different in reporting mild emotional distress. Results for the small subgroup with significant objective or subjective problems in achieving acceptable quality of life following liver transplantation were reviewed. Higher than normal emotional distress on the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) was consistently reported by these patients. Prospective studies are needed to identify predictor variables of quality-of-life problems and to develop prevention and rehabilitation interventions.
CHANGING THE SUBJECT: FEMINIST THEOLOGY AND DISCOURSE

This essay expands the capacity of feminist theology to interpret the working of Christian traditions in the lives of non-feminist women. It disputes the narrow focus on the semantics, the assumptions that language reflects reality, and that biblical texts have fixed meanings found in much feminist theology. A poststruc turalist account of discourse is used to examine the practices of women whose explicit views are patriarchal—first generation women ministers of the Church of God, Cleveland, Tennessee. Displaying a range of signifying—the bodied, performed and oral—and the instability of biblical texts uncovers resistance in their submissive stances, interpreting them as responses to conditions of oppres sion unique to their working class marginalization. The pioneer Pentecostal women ministers of the Church of God are experts at the rhetoric of self-denigration and submission to men. 'I am nothing, nothing, nothing ... ' is a favourite refrain. The language of autonomy and independence is probably the most underdeveloped part of their vocabulary. Feminists? Not on your life! 'I always respect man ministers as my superiors' as Sister Staples puts it—that is, unless a man gets in her way when it comes to preaching the gospel. Then she stands fast, claiming God alone as her authority. Women like Sister Staples began as preachers in the early 1930's and 40's in the US. Mosdy poor and working class, they preached in the street in strange cities, founded churches, travelled all over the country to hold tent meetings.1 Sister Staple's loyalties to God (like those of many Pentecostal woman ministen like her) authorize world travel as well as resistance to any male opposition that comes her way. In striking contrast to such postures of submission and self-denigration, feminist theologians take critical aim at the religion of patriarchy and its support for female subordination. Rosemary Radford Ruether and Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, among others, speak for many of us when they employ the feminist critical principle of promotion of the full humanity of women as the litmus test for revelation. On the basis of this principle they deny the revelatory status of androcentric and sexist biblical texts, designations that © Oxford University Press 1996 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.91 on Wed, 27 Jul 2016 05:24:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 132 CHANGING THE SUBJECT have come to stand for the dominance of male agents, male imagery for the divine, and of images and practices that subordinate women in Christian
Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and Cox

Abstract: Habitat corridors have become popular in land-use plans and conservation strategies, yet few data are available to either support or refute their value. Simberloff and Cox (1987) have criticized what they consider an uncritical acceptance of corridors in conservation planning. Any reasonable conservation strategy must address the overwhelming problem of habitat fragmentation. Although Simberloff and Cox use island analogies to illustrate advantages of isolation, these analogies do not apply directly to problems in landscape planning. Genetics also does not offer unequivocal advice, but the life histories of wide-ranging animals (eg., the Florida panther) suggest that the maintenance or restoration of connectivity in the landscape is a prudent strategy. Translocation of individuals among reserves—considered by Simberloff and Cox a viable alternative to natural dispersal—is impractical for whole communities of species that are likely to suffer from problems related to fragmentation. Many of the potential disadvantages of corridors could be avoided or mitigated by enlatging cowidor width or by applying ecologically sound zoning regulations. Corridors are not the solution to all of our conservation problems, nor should they be used as a justification for small reserves. But corridors can be a cost-effective complement to the strategy of large and multiple reserves in real-life landscapes.
Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of ligand-free human glutathione S-transferase M2–2

Human glutathione-S-transferase M2–2 (hGSTM2–2) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by GSH-affinity chromatography. The recombinant enzyme and the protein isolated from human tissue were indistinguishable based on physicochemical, enzymatic and immunological criteria. The catalytically active dimeric hGSTM2–2 was crystallized without GSH or other active-site ligands in two crystal forms. Diffraction from form A crystals extends to 2.5 A and is consistent with the space group P21 (a = 53.9, b = 81.5, c = 55.6 A, β = 109.26 A) with two monomers in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction from form B crystals extends to 3 A and is consistent with a space group P212121 (a = 57.2, b = 80.7, c = 225.9 A) with two dimers in the asymmetric unit. This is the first report of ligand-free mu-class GST crystals, and a comparison with liganded complexes will provide insight into the structural consequences of substrate binding which are thought to be important for catalysis.
Photometric titrations—X: The edta titration of iron(III) in the presence of high concentrations of bismuth

Abstract In solutions containing a high concentration of ammonium chloride, bismuth is masked as the chloro complex, and iron(III) can be titrated with EDTA to a photometric end-point using sulphosalicylic acid as the indicator. Up to a mole ratio Bi:Fe of about 2,000, good results are obtained. At higher ratios slightly high results are obtained for the iron. The influence of some other metal ions on the titration has been studied.
Resistance gene signaling in plants — complex similarities to animal innate immunity

During the past year several important publications have significantly enhanced our current understanding of plant disease resistance. Among the most important discoveries are the role of SGT1 in resistance (R) gene mediated defenses, mounting support for the so-called ‘guard hypothesis’ of R gene function, and providing evidence for intramolecular interactions within R proteins as a mode of signaling control. There are many emerging parallels between the plant R genes and animal innate immunity receptor complexes. Plant SGT1 shows similarity to co-chaperones of the animal Hsp90 complex, and many receptor-like R gene products appear to interact indirectly with their pathogen-derived signal. Considering these and other similarities, researchers from both fields should be looking carefully over each other’s shoulders.
The Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cell line expresses [Met]-enkephalin and vasopressin mRNA and peptide

Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells were examined for the expression of pro-enkephalin mRNA, protein, and Met-enkephalin ([Met]-Enk) peptide. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and in situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of pro-enkephalin mRNA in these cells. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody which recognizes pro-enkephalin and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by radioimmunoassay indicated that pro-enkephalin was synthesized in these cells and processed to yield the bioactive pentapeptide, [Met]-Enk. Furthermore, release studies showed that the [Met]-Enk was secreted from these cells with high K+ stimulation. Using double labeling, in situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated that prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) mRNA is colocalized with pro-enkephalin in the same Neuro-2a cells, suggesting that this enzyme may be responsible for processing this precursor. we also showed the presence of vasopressin mRNA and arginine-vasopressin peptide in these cells using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Thus, the Neuro-2a cells are a multiple neuropeptide-producing cell line and an excellent model for studying the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, intracellular targeting and processing of endogenous pro-enkephalin and pro-vasopressin, as well as other transfected neuropeptide precursors.
Reduced free radical generation during reperfusion of hypothermically arrested hearts.

Several studies indicate the presence of hydroxyl radical (OH·) as well as its involvement in the myocardial reperfusion injury. A transition metal-like iron is necessary for the conversion of superoxide anion (O2 −) to a highly reactive and cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (OH·). In the present study, we have examined the generation of OH· and free iron in reperfused hearts following either normothermic (37°C) or hypothermic ischemia (5°C). Employing the Langendorff technique, isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia for 30 min at 37°C or 5°C and were then reperfused for 15 min at 37°C. The results of the study suggest that both the OH· generation in myocardium and free iron release into perfusate were significantly lower in hearts made ischemic at 5°C as compared to 37°C. Release of myoglobin and lactic acid dehydrogenase into perfusate also followed a similar pattern. Furthermore, in in vitro studies, chemically generated O2 − at 5°C caused a significantly lower rate of oxidation of oxymyoglobin as well as generation of OH° and free iron as compared to 37°C. These results suggest that (1) reperfusion of hypothermic ischemic heart is associated with a reduction in the generation of OH· and cellular damage compared to that of normothermic ischemic heart, and (2) myoglobin, an intracellular protein, is a source of free iron and plays a role in the reperfusion injury mediated by free radicals.
Statistics of flexible macromolecules at interfaces

The subject is of importance in a variety of colloidal and biological problems. It includes (a) adsorption on solid surfaces, (b) the equation of state of mono or multilayers on liquid interfaces, (c) surface tension of solutions. There are two aspects, namely the molecular configurations at the interface and the resulting contributions to the free energy. Assume the surface to be a regular array of adsorbing sites, each accommodating one chain segment. Unless the segment-site interaction is extremely large in comparison with kT and of long range, flexible chains will not deposit completely. H. L. Frisch and the author have previously shown for random coils that the average number v of segments adsorbed out of a total of t per chain is proportional to t1/2 and increases with chain flexibility and thus temperature in a good solvent. They also established the consequences of this for (a) and (b). The present discussion, based on work in collaboration with Frisch, includes surface tension and differs from our earlier results at low surface concentration θ. As previously, the treatment neglects fluctuations in v, which are small for large t. The isotherm in dilute solutions is essentially θ/[v(1 − θ)v] = Kc, where K is a function of v, T, depending on the properties of the bulk polymer and solvent and increasing with molecular weight. Deviations from a Langmuir isotherm are less pronounced than for rigid molecules. The second virial coefficient of the pressurearea curve depends on the ratio v/t and hence on molecular weight and flexibility differently from a completely deposited molecule, flexible or rigid. The limiting change in surface tension depends on two-opposing terms. When adsorption is sufficiently strong, a decrease proportional to K, and hence increasing with molecular weight, results. This competes with an increase proportional to v/t ∝ t−1/2, arising from the activity of the solvent.
A Bayesian method for discriminative context-dependent fusion of GPR-based detection algorithms

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a very useful technology for buried threat detection applications which is capable of identifying both metallic and non-metallic objects with moderate false alarm rates. Several pattern classication algorithms have been proposed and evaluated which enable GPR systems to achieve robust per- formance. However, comparisons of these algorithms have shown that their relative performance varies with respect to the environmental context under which the GPR is operating. Context-dependent fusion has been proposed as a technique for algorithm fusion and has been shown to improve performance by exploiting the dierences in algorithm performance under dierent environmental and operating conditions. Early approaches to context-dependent fusion clustered observations in the joint condence space of all algorithms and applied fusion rules within each cluster (i.e., discriminative learning). Later approaches exploited physics-based fea- tures extracted from the background data to leverage more environmental information, but decoupled context learning from algorithm fusion (i.e., generative learning). In this work, a Bayesian inference technique which combines the generative and discriminative approaches is proposed for physics-based context-dependent fusion of detection algorithms for GPR. The method uses a Dirichlet process (DP) mixture as a model for context, and relevance vector machines (RVMs) as models for algorithm fusion. Variational Bayes is used as an approximate inference technique for joint learning of the context and fusion models. Experimental results compare the pro- posed Bayesian discriminative technique to generative techniques developed in past work by investigating the similarities and dierences in the contexts learned as well as overall detection performance.
Endothelial cell modulation of bone marrow stromal cell osteogenic potential

In the context of bone development and regeneration, the intimate association of the vascular endothelium with osteogenic cells suggests that endothelial cells (ECs) may directly regulate the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. To investigate this question, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were cultured: in the presence of EC-conditioned medium, on EC extracellular matrix, and in EC cocultures with and without cell contact. RNA and protein were isolated from ECs and analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively, for expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). In animal studies, BMSCs and ECs were cotransplanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice on biodegradable polymer matrices, and histomorphometric analysis was performed to determine the extent of new bone and blood vessel formation. ECs significantly increased BMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro only when cultured in direct contact. ECs expressed BMP-2, and experiments employing interfering RNA inhibition confirmed its production as contributing to the increased BMSC osteogenic differentiation. In vivo, cotransplantation of ECs with BMSCs resulted in greater bone formation than did transplantation of BMSCs alone. These data suggest that ECs function not only to form the microvasculature that delivers nutrients to developing bone but also to modulate the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in vitro and in vivo.
Pediatric Ophthalmology in the Emergency Department

Examining the young child who presents to the emergency department with a visual or ocular complaint can be a challenge. This article discusses basic concepts of visual and behavioral development and methods for an accurate ocular examination in young children. Topics reviewed include conjunctivitis, orbital and periorbital cellulitis, lacrimal system infections, congenital issues, misalignment, and oncology.
Immediate in vivo target-specific cancer cell death after near infrared photoimmunotherapy

Near infrared (NIR) photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a new type of cancer treatment based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-NIR phthalocyanine dye, (IR700) conjugate. In vitro cancer-specific cell death occurs during NIR light exposure in cells previously incubated with mAb-IR700 conjugates. However, documenting rapid cell death in vivo is more difficult. A luciferase-transfected breast cancer cell (epidermal growth factor receptor+, MDA-MB-468luc cells) was produced and used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments for monitoring the cell killing effect of PIT. After validation of cytotoxicity with NIR exposure up to 8 J/cm2 in vitro, we employed an orthotopic breast cancer model of bilateral MDA-MB-468luc tumors in female athymic mice, which subsequently received a panitumumab-IR700 conjugate in vivo. One side was used as a control, while the other was treated with NIR light of dose ranging from 50 to 150 J/cm2. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed before and after PIT. Dose-dependent cell killing and regrowth was successfully monitored by the BLI signal in vitro. Although tumor sizes were unchanged, BLI signals decreased by >95% immediately after PIT in vivo when light intensity was high (>100 J/cm2), however, in mice receiving lower intensity NIR (50 J/cm2), tumors recurred with gradually increasing BLI signal. PIT induced massive cell death of targeted tumor cells immediately after exposure of NIR light that was demonstrated with BLI in vivo.
An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET.

Many genetically encoded biosensors use Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent proteins to report biochemical phenomena in living cells. Most commonly, the enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) is used as the donor fluorophore, coupled with one of several yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) variants as the acceptor. ECFP is used despite several spectroscopic disadvantages, namely a low quantum yield, a low extinction coefficient and a fluorescence lifetime that is best fit by a double exponential. To improve the characteristics of ECFP for FRET measurements, we used a site-directed mutagenesis approach to overcome these disadvantages. The resulting variant, which we named Cerulean (ECFP/S72A/Y145A/H148D), has a greatly improved quantum yield, a higher extinction coefficient and a fluorescence lifetime that is best fit by a single exponential. Cerulean is 2.5-fold brighter than ECFP and replacement of ECFP with Cerulean substantially improves the signal-to-noise ratio of a FRET-based sensor for glucokinase activation.
Spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis and cardiomyopathy in HLA-DQ8.NODAbo transgenic mice.

Abstract Most individuals have viral infections at some point in their life, however, only few develop autoreactivity to cardiac myosin following infection suggesting a genetic predisposition. Population studies have shown that among all the genetic factors linked with autoimmune disease development, MHC class II genes are the most significant genetic factors. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis resembling human Dilated cardiomyopathy can be induced in susceptible mice by infection with coxsackie virus as well as immunization with purified foreign and murine cardiac specific a-myosin. We generated transgenic mice lacking endogenous class II molecules, HLA-DR3.Abo and HLA-DQ8.Abo transgenic mice in NOD and HLA-DQ8.Abo in B10 background, to study the role of MHC in spontaneous autoimmunity. The HLA molecules in these mice are expressed on cell surface and can positively select CD4+ T cells expressing various Vb T cell receptors. NOD.DQ8 female mice spontaneously developed myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Histopathology of heart revealed mononuclear infiltrate consisting of CD4 and Mac-1+ cells and myocyte necrosis. NOD.DQ8 mice showed cellular and humoral autoreactive response to self cardiac myosin. Depletion of CD8 and CD4 + cells suggested that CD8 T cells may act as regulatory cells while CD4 cells are required as effector cells. NOD.DR3 and B10.DQ8 mice did not develop any cardiac pathology suggesting DQ8 is required for predisposition to the spontaneous autoreactivity while NOD background influences onset and progression of disease. Thus these mice provide powerful tools to understand the role of HLA class II molecules in predisposition and onset of human diseases and to develop immunotherapy.
Multihop transmission and retransmission measurement of real-time video streaming over DSRC devices

With the development of wireless communication network, Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) has received considerable attentions. US Department of Transportation (USDOT) is piloting a deployment concept to encourage embedding and retrofitting vehicles with DSRC interface to support varieties of applications for both safety and non-safety purposes. In addition to traditional data service, many real-time video streaming applications are increasingly being developed over VANET. Although it is desirable to delivery the packets directly through single hop communications, such condition is not always available in the real environment. To support real-time video applications in VANET, we have to deeply understand their performance under multihop conditions and even with others' interference. To the best of our knowledge, no work has been done on measuring the multihop video streaming transmission performance with interference over real environment. In this paper, a DSRC device based test-bed is developed to investigate the performance of multihop real-time video streaming transmission and the impact of interference. To overcome the high packet loss rate which is a main shortage of video streaming transmission over VANET, we improve the application by adding retransmission and startup caching schemes. We also evaluate the performance of different retransmission strategies and analyze how to optimize the retransmission scheme for minimizing the number of collided and late packets based on the transmission rate of interference.
An Anthropological Approach to the Study of Organizational Change: The Move to Self-Managed Work Teams

Anthropology plays a useful role in understanding work life in complex organizations. As a practicing anthropologist who works in business organizations along with specialists from other disciplines, I find that there is a particular set of skills and way of knowing that I contribute to understanding human behavior in these complex settings. In this article I plan to concentrate on three of the contributions anthropologists make: our qualitative methods, our holistic perspective and our understanding of organizational culture change. I plan to illustrate these contributions through a description of my recent work studying self-managed work teams of knowledge workers in six organizations. This work is from a three-year study conducted by a team which included specialists in anthropology, psychology, management, computer science, and engineering.
Influence of loud behavioral consequences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with aggression (H/A) and without aggression (H), and their classmates without disability were observed during play before and after watching taped interactions between a normal peer and a child with H/A. In one of the videotapes, the peer responded loudly to the aggressive behavior and in the other to the prosocial behavior of the child with H/A. The subsequent effects of this observation were assessed in a randomized control-group pretest-posttest design with three levels of group, H, H/A, and the contrast group, CG, and two levels of a video condition, loud 80 dB and normal 65 dB peer responses, to aggressive or to prosocial behavior. Prevideo group differences in activity were observed for the combined ADHD groups versus the CG, and for the H versus the H/A subgroups in the duration and positive nature of play with neutral toys. Using prevideo data as a covariate, group by condition interactions were obtained in the solitary play setting in support of predictions. Boys with ADHD differed from the contrast group with more negative behavior, and they played less with friendly toys only after observing a loud peer response to aggression. Overall implications were that loud reactions to aggressive behavior increase aggression for mildly disordered students with ADHD, while decreasing aggression for the contrast group.
Effect of natural free gossypol and gossypol-acetic acid on growth performance and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of free gossypol from glanded-cottonseed meal (G-CSM) (natural free gossypol) or gossypol-acetic acid on growth performance, body composition, haematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Soya bean meal-based diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg−1 free gossypol from G-CSM or gossypol-acetic acid were fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Neither sources nor levels of dietary gossypol significantly influenced the final weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and survival of channel catfish. Similarly, whole-body proximate composition, haematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit), serum protein concentration, macrophage chemotaxis ratio, phagocytic activity and antibody production against E. ictaluri 21-day postinfection were not significantly affected at either dietary sources or levels of gossypol. Gossypol concentrations of liver were linearly related to dietary level of gossypol but the retention rate varied dependent on sources of the dietary gossypol. At dietary gossypol levels of 400 or 800 mg kg−1, total gossypol concentrations in liver of fish fed dietary gossypol from G-CSM were significantly higher than those of fish fed the corresponding levels of gossypol from gossypol-acetic acid. The (+)-isomer of gossypol was predominantly retained in liver regardless of dietary sources of gossypol. The ratio of (+) to (−) gossypol isomers in liver decreased with increasing dietary concentrations of gossypol. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed dietary gossypol levels of 200 mg kg−1 or higher, either from G-CSM or gossypol-acetic acid, was significantly higher than that of the control. At a level of 800 mg kg−1 diet, gossypol from G-CSM stimulated significantly higher lysozyme activity than gossypol from gossypol-acetic acid. Fish fed diets containing 400 mg kg−1 gossypol or higher from G-CSM or 800 mg kg−1 gossypol from gossypol-acetic acid had significantly increased superoxide anion (O) production. However, neither the sources nor the levels of dietary free gossypol influenced the resistance of juvenile channel catfish to E. ictaluri challenge.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma in bone infarct: association with sickle cell trait and alcohol abuse

A 42-year-old black man with sickle cell trait and a history of alcohol abuse had a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the distal femur. The tumor developed in a bone infarct that had been present for at least 54 months. This is the first reported association of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and bone infarct in which the infarct was related to sickle cell trait and alcohol abuse. A detailed map of the sections from the resected femur disclosed a spectrum of cytologic changes in the sarcoma that ranged from bland fibroblasts in the center of the tumor to high-grade sarcoma at the periphery. Awareness of this spectrum has diagnostic importance regarding the potential underdiagnosis of well-differentiated malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
Soil N2O and NO emissions from an arid, urban ecosystem

[1] We measured soil nitrogen (N) cycling and fluxes of N2O and NO in three land-use types across the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Urbanization increased N2O emissions compared to native landscapes, primarily due to the expansion of fertilized and irrigated lawns. Fluxes of N2O from lawns ranged from 18 to 80 μg N m−2 h−1 and were significantly larger than managed xeric landscapes (2.5–22 μg N m−2 h−1) and remnant desert sites within the urban core (3.7–14 μg N m−2 h−1). In contrast, average NO fluxes from lawns were not significantly different from native desert when dry (6–80 μg N m−2 h−1 lawn; 5–16 μg N m−2 h−1 desert) and were lower than fluxes from deserts after wetting events. Furthermore, urbanization has significantly altered the temporal dynamics of NO emissions by replacing pulse-driven desert ecosystems with year-round irrigated, managed lawns. Short-term, pulse-driven emissions of NO from wetting of dry desert soils may reach 35% of anthropogenic emissions within a day after summer monsoon storms. If regional O3 production is NOx-limited during the monsoon season, fluxes from warm, recently wet arid soils may contribute to summer O3 episodes.
Calculation of infusion rates of vasoactive substances

We present a framework for understanding calculations of continuous infusions of vasoactive substances. Several simplified methods for establishing initial concentrations and infusion rates of drug are derived, their applicability is discussed, and examples are given.
A comparison of osmolality and specific ion concentrations in the fluid compartments of the regular sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in varying salinities

Abstract Lytechinus variegatus were exposed to four salinity treatments (20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt S) for 32 days. All compartmental fluids showed osmoconformity at all salinities. Sodium levels were slightly, but significantly, higher in the lumenal fluids of the stomach and intestine as compared to the external medium at all salinities. Chloride levels were significantly lower in the coelomic fluid in comparison to the seawater and the stomach and intestinal lumenal fluids. We hypothesize that chloride moves from the lumen of the stomach and intestine into the coelom, then into the external medium, generating an ion flux aiding in the co-transport of nutrients or other molecules. Potassium levels in the lumen of the stomach and intestine remained significantly higher and similar in all salinity treatments, while potassium levels in other compartment fluids varied directly with salinity. At low salinity, relatively high stomach and intestine lumenal fluid levels of potassium may represent a stress response and ultimately reflect physiological mechanisms leading to the death of the individual.
Ultrasonic vocalizations of preweanling rats: involvement of both α2-adrenoceptor and κ-opioid receptor systems

Stimulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and kappa-opioid receptors increases the ultrasonic vocalizations of preweanling rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and kappa-opioid receptors modulate ultrasonic vocalization production via a common mechanism. To that end, 11-day-old rats were injected with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (0, 5, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.). After 15 min, the same rats were injected with saline, the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), or the kappa-opioid receptor agonist trans-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate (U-50,488; 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Results showed that both clonidine and U-50,488 increased the ultrasonic vocalizations of preweanling rats. Not surprisingly, clonidine-induced ultrasonic vocalizations were blocked by yohimbine, while U-50,488-induced vocalizations were blocked by nor-binaltorphimine. Importantly, yohimbine also attenuated the vocalizations produced by U-50,488, whereas nor-binaltorphimine did not alter clonidine-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Thus, it appears that alpha(2)-adrenoceptor and kappa-opioid receptor stimulation increases ultrasonic vocalization production via a common mechanism. It is likely that the kappa-opioid receptors responsible for modulating ultrasonic vocalizations are located "upstream" from the alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.
Lagrangian non-oscillatory and FEM schemes for the porous media equation

Abstract Interface tracking schemes derived from a Lagrangian formulation of the equation are considered. Existence and equivalence results valid even for the non-smooth interface case are given, and non-oscillatory schemes needed in this case are discussed. Mixed Euler-Lagrange FEM discretization for mixed problems and numerical experiments are presented.
Modelling And Boundary Control Of Conductor Galloping

Abstract A distributed parameter model for wind induced "galloping" of overhead electric power lines is investigated. The partial differential equation obtained is a non-linear wave equation and numerical solutions are obtained using the method of characteristics. Galloping is observed to occur in this model only when the den Hartog criterion is satisfied. When it occurs, standing and traveling wave solutions are observed depending on the initial data, but the solution with maximum amplitude is obtained in the standing wave excited by purely sinusoidal initial data with a frequency equal to that of the fundamental mode of the linearized problem. The galloping solutions can always be damped to zero with imposition of an appropriate dissipative boundary condition at one end of the line. This may be thought of as arising from connecting a dashpot device of appropriate stiffness to the line at the pole. The stiffness required is independent of wind speed or length of the line.
Modified single crystals for high-power underwater projectors

Underwater electroacoustic projectors using single crystals based on the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMNT) composition were investigated. The large electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33 >; 0.90) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33 >; 1500 pC/N) of PMNT have been demonstrated to improve transducer bandwidth and source level relative to conventional piezoelectric ceramics. The low mechanical quality factor (QM <; 200) and low temperature stability (TRT <; 95°C) of PMNT, however, limit its utility in high-power, high-duty-cycle applications. Use of modified single crystals was shown to result in transducers which exhibit up to 5 dB improvement in source level over PMNT when operated at resonance. Compared with a PZT4 transducer, these modified crystals offer similar source level and power handling capability at resonance, but the available bandwidth is doubled and a 6 dB improvement in maximum source level is achieved when driven off resonance.
A p-th degree immersed finite element for boundary value problems with discontinuous coefficients

In this manuscript we present a p-th degree immersed finite element method for solving boundary value problems with discontinuous coefficients. In this method, interface jump conditions are employed in the finite element basis functions, and the mesh does not have to be aligned with coefficient discontinuity. We show that under h refinement the immersed finite element solution converges to the true solution at the optimal O(h^p^+^1) and O(h^p) rates in the L^2 and H^1 norms, respectively. Furthermore, numerical results suggest that the immersed finite element solution converges exponentially fast under p refinement. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate features of this immersed finite element method.
On the Goal and Method of Scholarship in the Modern Languages

Author's Summary.— The goal of research is not only to add to the store of knowledge, but to escape the atrophy which comes from relying on “authorities.” No teacher has mastered his subject until he has begun to extend its limits. The present reaction against the historical method should not be carried too far. The syntheses which are being demanded can not be undertaken by command, but will be written when the time is ripe by men sufficiently gifted to build them on the basis of ground work done by more modestly endowed researchers who have investigated their topics in an exhaustive fashion.
INTEGRATION OF THE EPDIFF EQUATION BY PARTICLE METHODS

The purpose of this paper is to apply particle methods to the numerical solution of the EPDiff equation. The weak solutions of EPDiff are contact discontinuities that carry momentum so that wavefront interactions represent collisions in which momentum is exchanged. This behavior allows for the description of many rich physical applications, but also introduces difficult numerical challenges. We present a particle method for the EPDiff equation that is well-suited for this class of solutions and for simulating collisions between wavefronts. Discretization by means of the particle method is shown to preserve the basic Hamiltonian, the weak and variational structure of the original problem, and to respect the conservation laws associated with symmetry under the Euclidean group. Numerical results illustrate that the particle method has superior features in both one and two dimensions, and can also be effectively implemented when the initial data of interest lies on a submanifold.
Behavioural abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase

In addition to its role in blood vessel and macrophage function, nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter found in high densities in emotion-regulating brain regions. Mice with targeted disruption of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) display grossly normal appearance, locomotor activity, breeding, long-term potentiation and long-term depression. The nNOS- mice are resistant to neural stroke damage following middle cerebral artery ligation. Although CO2-induced cerebral vasodilatation in wild-type mice is NO-dependent, in nNOS- mice this vasodilation is unaffected by NOS inhibitors. Establishing a behavioural role for NO has, until now, not been feasible, as NOS inhibitor drugs can only be administered acutely and because their pronounced effects on blood pressure and other body functions obfuscate behavioural interpretations. We now report a large increase in aggressive behaviour and excess, inappropriate sexual behaviour in nNOS- mice.
Ionization of Au[u78+] and electron capture by Au[u79+] at 10.8 GeV/nucleon

We have measured the cross sections for ionizating one-electron ${\mathrm{Au}}^{78+}$ and the total cross sections for electron capture by bare ${\mathrm{Au}}^{79+}$ at 10.8 GeV/nucleon in C, Al, Cu, Ag, and Au targets. We made the measurement by magnetically separating the charge states and measuring the fraction of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{78+}$ as a function of target thickness for each element. In contrast to the results reported by Westphal and He [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1160 (1993)], our ionization measurements agree with the calculation of Anholt and Becker [Phys. Rev. A 36, 4628 (1987)]. Our capture cross-section measurements are in agreement with theory for those targets where radiative electron capture is the dominant capture process.
Nucleon-nucleon interactions and quarks I: General considerations with numerical results in the 1S0 channel

Abstract In this paper, we discuss a general development of a quark-model description of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions, assuming that quarks are Dirac particles and nucleons are specified approximately by flavor SU(6) wave functions. The down (d) quark is differentiated from the up (u) quark allowing isospin symmetry violating effects. As a simple model calculation, we include effects due to one-gluon exchange (which dictates the short-range behavior of NN forces), one-pion exchange (which gives rise to the Yukawa tail in NN forces), single sigma-exchange (which mocks up to the intermediate attraction in an economical manner), and one-photon exchange (which contributes to isospin symmetry violations). To avoid introduction of additional shape parameters, we adopt a double-sphere geometry with an adjustable isolated nucleon radius. All quark-interchange effects are explicitly evaluated and Pauli blocking is incorporated. Numerical results in the 1S0p−p, n−p, and n−n channels are described and discussed. In particular, it is found that the simple one-boson exchange model (at the quark level) provides a reasonable description of the 1S0 phase shifts for 10 MeV ≤ TCM ≤ 150 MeV with TCM the center-of-mass [CM] kinetic energy. It is also found that, with the nonzero up-down quark mass difference as determined by an overall fit to the observed baryon mass splittings, isospin-symmetry violating effects arising from quark interchange are of marginal numerical importance for a nucleon radius R of 0.8 fm and become fairly sizable for R = 1.0 fm. It turns out that, for R = 0.8 fm, the predicted ann with ann the low-energy scattering lengths in the 1S0n-n channel is in good agreement with a recent experimental result of Gabioud et al. and the observed large charge dependent effect as given by |anp| − |ann| can also be understood.
Optimization of the vapor reaction growth of single crystal FeI2

Abstract We have determined that good single crystals of iron(II) iodide (FeI 2 ) up to 60 mm in area are obtained under highly restrictive initial conditions. These conditions include the high temperature end of the vapor reaction ampoule being between 550 to 575°C with an initial argon pressure of 0.6 to 1 mTorr. Previous optical data and theoretically predicted X-ray spectra are confirmed.
Preparation and properties of plutonium hexafluoride and identification of plutonium(VI) oxyfluoride

Abstract The compound plutonium hexafluoride has been identified and characterized. A method of preparation by the fluorination of plutonium tetrafluoride is outlined. The vapour pressure, which corresponds closely to that of uranium hexafluoride, has been measured between 0 and 63°C. The vapour pressure is represented by the equations: Log 10 P liquid ( mm ) = 7·6923 − 1614·3 T Log 10 P solid ( mm ) = 10·841 − 2634·3 T The boiling-point is 62·3°C. The heat of sublimation is calculated to be 12·1 kcal/mole. The melting-point is 50·7°C. The heat of vaporization is 7·4 kcal/mole. The heat of fusion is 4·7 kcal/mole, and the corresponding entropy of fusion is 14·5 cal/mole °C. A study of the equilibrium, PuF 4 + F 2 ⇌ PuF 6 has resulted in values of 11·5 kcal/mole and 7·8 e.u. for ΔH and ΔS in the temperature range from 167 to 308°C. Respective values of 6·77 and −0·3 were obtained in the range from 308 to 600°. The rates of thermal decomposition and radio-decomposition have been considered. A solid compound produced when plutonium hexafluoride was exposed to moist air was identified as plutonium(VI) oxyfluoride, PuO 2 F 2 .
Mechanical Stimulation Induced Elastogenesis in Collagenous Scaffolds Seeded With Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells

The most successful approaches to tissue engineering the urinary bladder utilize biodegradable scaffolds seeded with autologous cells. Although this technique has proven successful in increasing bladder capacity, problems remain with lack of proper tissue organization post-implantation, impairing the bladder’s ability to maintain its full function. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been utilized previously to engineer the urinary bladder wall with and without cell seeding.© 2008 ASME
The role of the proximal ligand in heme enzymes

Several new heme enzyme crystal structures have revealed similarities and differences in the local environment of the proximal heme ligand. This information, together with protein engineering studies, has provided important advances in understanding the role of the proximal ligand in heme enzyme catalysis. These advances include the ligand's role in the O–O bond cleavage reaction, stabilization of the Fe(IV)=O intermediate and control of the heme iron redox potential.
Interactions of microbial biofilms with toxic trace metals: 1. Observation and modeling of cell growth, attachment, and production of extracellular polymer.

Adsorbent surfaces in natural and engineered systems are frequently modifies by bacterial attachment, growth of a biofilm, and bacterial production of extracellular polymer. Attached cells or sorbed polymers may alter the metal-binding characteristics of the supporting substratum and influence metal partitioning. The interdependent behavior of toxic trace metal partitioning and biofilm development requires description of the interaction between cell growth with its accompanying polymer production and metal speciation. In this article, the first of a two part series, a mechanistic model is developed to describe the growth of a film-forming bacterium which adheres to a substratum through the production of extracellular biopolymers. Each bacterial cell was modeled as a two-component structure consisting of active cell mass and biopolymer. The biopolymer component was further divided into cell-associated and dissolved categories to distinguish which remained naturally bound to cell surfaces from that which did not. Use of this structured model permitted independent description of the dynamics of cell growth, and polymer production, both of which may influence trace metal behavior. Employing parameters obtained from independent experiments as well as published values, the model satisfactorily predicts experimental observations of bacterial growth, attachment and detachment, biopolymer production, and adsorption of polymer onto solid (glass) surfaces. The model stimulated transient and steady-state biofilm systems equally well. In the second article in this series, we describe how this model may be extended and utilized to make predictions of the behavior of transient and steady-state biofilm systems in the presence of a toxic transition metal(Pb). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tribes & Tribulations: Misconceptions About American Indians and Their Histories

Selects topics from the seventeenth century to the present as examples of some commonly held but erroneous views on Indian-white relationships, including stereotypes of Indians as mascots.
Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: Evaluation and Management

The clinical syndrome of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a condition where inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) induces attacks of upper and lower airway reactions, including rhinorrhea and varying degrees of bronchospasm and laryngospasm. Although the reaction is not IgE-mediated, patients can also present with anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions, including hypotension, after exposure to COX-1 inhibiting drugs. All patients with AERD have underlying nasal polyps and intractable sinus disease which may be difficult to treat with standard medical and surgical interventions. This review article focuses on the management of AERD patients with a particular emphasis on aspirin desensitization and continuous treatment with aspirin.
Ribosomal Protein S3: A Multifunctional Target of Attaching/Effacing Bacterial Pathogens

The extraribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins have drawn significant recent attention. Ribosomal Protein S3 (RPS3), a component of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit, is a multifunctional protein that regulates DNA repair, apoptosis, and the innate immune response to bacterial infection. Here we the review the latest findings about RPS3 extraribosomal functions, with special emphasis on their relation to microbial pathogenesis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC).