cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and mode of copper enrichment in biotite from rocks associated with porphyry copper deposits; a transmission electron microscopy investigation

This paper presents results of a systematic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of biotites from a suite of core samples from the Cyprus Casa Grande porphyry copper deposit, Arizona. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the mode and timing of copper enrichment in biotite and to compare the results to TEM observations of biotites from other porphyry copper deposits. The core samples represent both oxidized and unoxidized rock. Biotites and chlorites from unoxidized protore contain less than 200 ppm copper as measured by electron microprobe and are free of copper-enriched expanded interlayers and the native copper inclusions described by Ilton and Veblen (1988); biotites and chlorites from oxidized ore are commonly copper enriched. The mode of copper incorporation in biotites and chlorites in oxidized rock is complex and varies with depth. Biotites from the goethite zone contain submicroscopic native copper inclusions and both copper-enriched expanded interlayers and submicroscopic iron oxide inclusions. Biotites and chlorites from the chrysocolla zone contain copper-enriched expanded interlayers, amorphous Al-Si intergrowths with dense arrays of copper- and iron-rich inclusions, and copper-rich inclusions that rapidly evaporate under the electron beam and hence have yet to be identified. It is possible that copper is incorporated into the brucite layer in chlorite. Biotites from the native copper zone contain native copper inclusions, as expected, but they also contain copper-rich expanded interlayers. Biotites associated with atacamite mineralization contain high concentrations of copper that are associated with expanded interlayers. In the chalcocite zone, biotites appear relatively unweathered and contain minor concentrations of copper that are associated with infrequent expanded interlayers.A comparison of observations from oxidized and unoxidized rock indicates that the occurrence of copper-rich biotites and both copper-enriched expanded interlayers and native copper inclusions in biotite are restricted to oxidized rock. We conclude that the native copper inclusions and copper-rich expanded interlayers in biotite from Cyprus Casa Grande formed during weathering and not during the hydrothermal event.Native copper inclusions and copper-rich expanded interlayers in biotites have been documented from a variety of porphyry copper deposits. Earlier studies of the same samples have suggested that copper in copper-rich biotites was representative of magmatic hydrothermal events and that the difference between mineralizing and barren intrusions was recorded by differences in copper concentrations in biotite. The present study, together with previous experimental work, suggests that the copper-rich biotites became copper enriched during weathering and that copper concentrations in copper-rich biotites do not reflect magmatic hydrothermal processes.
What Emotion Does the "Facial Expression of Disgust" Express?

The emotion attributed to the prototypical "facial expression of disgust" (a nose scrunch) depended on what facial expressions preceded it. In two studies, the majority of 120 children (5-14 years) and 135 adults (16-58 years) judged the nose scrunch as expressing disgust when the preceding set included an anger scowl, but as angry when the anger scowl was omitted. An even greater proportion of observers judged the nose scrunch as angry when the preceding set also included a facial expression of someone about to be sick. The emotion attributed to the nose scrunch therefore varies with experimental context.
Nonspecific endothelin-receptor antagonist blunts monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats

Hill, Nicholas S., Rod R. Warburton, Linda Pietras, and James R. Klinger. Nonspecific endothelin-receptor antagonist blunts monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats.J. Appl. Physiol. 83...
Allelopathy as an Emergent, Exploitable Public Good in the Bloom-Forming Microalga Prymnesium parvum

Many microbes cooperatively secrete extracellular products that favorably modify their environment. Consistent with social evolution theory, structured habitats play a role in maintaining these traits in microbial model systems, by localizing the benefits and separating strains that invest in these products from 'cheater' strains that benefit without paying the cost. It is thus surprising that many unicellular, well-mixed microalgal populations invest in extracellular toxins that confer ecological benefits upon the entire population, for example, by eliminating nutrient competitors (allelopathy). Here we test the hypotheses that microalgal exotoxins are (1) exploitable public goods that benefit all cells, regardless of investment, or (2) nonexploitable private goods involved in cell-level functions. We test these hypotheses with high-toxicity (TOX+) and low-toxicity (TOX-) strains of the damaging, mixotrophic microalga Prymnesium parvum and two common competitors: green algae and diatoms. TOX+ actually benefits from dense populations of competing green algae, which can also be prey for P. parvum, yielding a relative fitness advantage over coexisting TOX-. However, with nonprey competitors (diatoms), TOX- increases in frequency over TOX+, despite benefiting from the exclusion of diatoms by TOX+. An evolutionary unstable, ecologically devastating public good may emerge from traits selected at lower levels expressed in novel environments.
Localized weighted prediction for video coding

The paper describes a new compression method for handling local brightness variations in video sequences. The method does not explicitly code and transmit the weighting parameters used to predict the current block. Instead, the weighting parameters are estimated by considering the correlation of the current block with its spatial neighbors and temporal predictors. Since the information for deriving these parameters is available in both encoder and decoder, no additional bits are required to be coded and transmitted. Compared to the weighted prediction method in the H.264 standard, our approach can further improve performance up to 15% in terms of bitrate reduction, while adding only minor complexity at the decoder.
Randomized trial of a video headset vs. a conventional video monitor during colonoscopy.

Background Head-mounted video displays recently became available for endoscopy. This study compared a video headset with a conventional monitor during colonoscopy. Methods Five endoscopists were randomized to headset or to monitor use during colonoscopy. They completed a questionnaire that assessed image quality, procedure characteristics, and comfort. Medication use and length of procedure were recorded. Results A total of 96 colonoscopies were performed. Image quality and comfort were rated as poorer during headset use ( p p =0.055). Conclusions In this randomized study, comparing a video headset and a conventional monitor for colonoscopy, image quality and comfort were inferior with the headset, although neck strain was improved. Further improvements in technology are needed before headsets can be considered an acceptable alternative to the conventional video monitor for GI endoscopy.
A Lean Approach To Manage A Capstone Senior Project Course

The senior project course (IT461) in the Industrial Technology program at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) is a quarter long capstone course that complements the "learn-by-doing" educational approach at Cal Poly. Our short time frame, an 11-week academic quarter, poses a challenge for both students and faculty. This paper provides details of a new design for the IT461 course. A lean, paperless approach to course management is presented. Using this approach, little or no paper is exchanged between students and faculty. The reduction in waste can be significant in engineering or technology senior project courses. Evaluation of the results shows that students see paperless course management as an effective approach to improving the value of the course in short time available. Examples of industry-based projects that were completed under the modified program are presented.
An M-ary KMP classifier for multi-aspect target classification

The kernel matching pursuit (KMP) algorithm is re-formulated in the framework of the theory of optimal experiments, using a weighted sum of squared errors as the loss function, and it is extended to the case of M-ary target classification and kernel optimization. The M-ary KMP classifier is applied to the multi-aspect classification of moving targets based on high-range resolution (HRR) radar signatures, for which the target-sensor orientations are assumed approximately known. A multi-aspect processing method is presented based on the use of the estimates of target-sensor orientation angles. The KMP classification results for ten MSTAR targets are presented, with a comparison to corresponding results using the relevance vector machine (RVM).
Use of pharmacogenetics in clinical medicine: hype or hope?

The dawn of the new millennium saw numerous articles (particularly in the lay and financial press) on the promise of pharmacogenetics and personalized drug therapy. These articles promised that genetic information would be used regularly to help guide drug therapy decisions in the near future. Simultaneously, a number of small biotechnology companies focused their energies on making this promise a reality. So where are we, now that 5 years have passed, and we are at the point in time when such advances were promised to be in regular use? We are clearly not where these articles had predicted. The number of pharmacogenetic tests being used in clinical practice has increased since that time, but the number of available tests remains limited to a handful, and their use in practice remains a rare event. In addition, many of the companies focused on pharmacogenetics in 2000 are either no longer in existence, or have refocused their attention on other problems. So what happened? Has pharmacogenetics failed to meet the promise? Will we ever see the day when genetic information is used on a regular basis to guide drug therapy selection and dosing? Certainly, pharmacogenetics has failed to deliver the promise of regular use in clinical practice by the mid-2000s. This is probably explained by several factors, the first of which being an unrealistic timeline for the accomplishment of such goals, particularly among the lay media. Additionally, the task has proved to be more challenging than many expected. This is explained in part by the dramatic advances prior to 2000 in genetics and pharmacogenetics, which stemmed from examples of single genes in which polymorphisms resulted in dramatic phenotypic differences. However, understanding the genetic basis for common, complex diseases and most drug responses has been more challenging due to the involvement of multiple genes, each of which may contribute in small ways to the phenotype. Nonetheless, there
A modular pipelined implementation of a delayed LMS transversal adaptive filter

The problem of efficiently realizing a delayed least-mean-squares (DLMS) transversal adaptive filter is investigated. A time-shifted version of the DLMS algorithm is derived. Due to its order recursive nature, the restructured algorithm is well suited to parallel implementation. In addition, a pipelined systolic-type architecture which implements the algorithm is presented. The performance of the pipelined system is analyzed, and equations for speedup are derived. The pipelined system is capable of much greater throughput than existing conventional least-mean-square (LMS) implementations, making it a good candidate for real-time applications where high sampling rates are required. Also, due to its high modular nature, the system is easily expandable. >
Assessing Dialog System User Simulation Evaluation Measures Using Human Judges

Previous studies evaluate simulated dialog corpora using evaluation measures which can be automatically extracted from the dialog systems’ logs. However, the validity of these automatic measures has not been fully proven. In this study, we first recruit human judges to assess the quality of three simulated dialog corpora and then use human judgments as the gold standard to validate the conclusions drawn from the automatic measures. We observe that it is hard for the human judges to reach good agreement when asked to rate the quality of the dialogs from given perspectives. However, the human ratings give consistent ranking of the quality of simulated corpora generated by different simulation models. When building prediction models of human judgments using previously proposed automatic measures, we find that we cannot reliably predict human ratings using a regression model, but we can predict human rankings by a ranking model.
Case 49: A Case of Anisocoria Following General Anesthesia

A 12-year-old boy (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II [ASA 2]) (62 kg and 5′) is scheduled for a repair of a pectus excavatum (funnel chest). His preoperative laboratory values and chest X-ray are normal. After adequate sedation with oral midazolam (0.07 mg/kg), you take him to the operating room where an intravenous (IV) line is placed. Routine general anesthesia is induced using propofol, fentanyl, and vecuronium. The airway is secured and anesthesia maintenance is with N2O/O2 with sevoflurane. Another IV is placed together with a right radial arterial line. Attempts to cannulate the right internal jugular vein (IJV) prove difficult, as the ultrasound machine intermittently stops working. A new ultrasound machine is brought in and the IJV is successfully cannulated.
The synthesis of taurine from sulfate. IV. An alternate pathway for taurine synthesis by the rat.

SummaryThe rat is capable of synthesizing taurine from sulfate. The enzymatic pathway appears to be similar to that in chick liver which utilizes l-serine and activated sulfate (PAPS). The enzymes which catalyze this reaction sequence appear to be the same as those for the chick liver system, serine dehydrase, PAPS-sulfotransferase, and cysteic acid decarboxylase.
Relation between structure of sulfonylurea compounds and their effect on frog muscle metabolism.

SummaryThe effect of sulfonylbutylurea derivatives on frog muscle metabolism depends upon the molecular group substituted on the benzene ring para to the main chain of the molecule. Substitution of an amino group produces an inhibitory compound; absence of any group or substitution of either a methoxy or a carboxyl radical produces a compound with little or no effect. Substitution of a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or tertiary butyl radical produces compounds that are increasingly effective in stimulating glycolysis and oxygen consumption. These effects are similar to those caused in frog muscle by caffeine although, unlike caffeine, the sulfonylbutylurea derivatives apparently exert their effects without causing contracture.
Dementia care in nursing homes: a golden opportunity.

The paper by Kleijer and colleagues (2014) in this issue of International Psychogeriatrics describes factors that may influence antipsychotic drug (APD) prescribing rates in nursing homes in several countries. The authors conclude that the large variability is only partly explained by differences in resident characteristics, and that it is associated with certain facility characteristics such as bed size and urban/rural location. They also identify the likelihood that differences in physician prescribing patterns or facility prescribing culture may influence APD prescribing rates, as has been found in previous studies (Briesacher et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2010).
Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Substituted Fe–Pt

We have calculated the electronic structures of FePt and Fe0.9375Mn0.0625Pt using first principle calculations based on density functional theory within the local-spin-density approximation (LSDA). The Curie temperature ( $T_{c})$ was calculated by a simple model based on the mean field approximation. A supercell structure, containing eight unit cells, was used to calculate the density of states. The saturation magnetization ( $M_{s})$ and magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant ( $K$ ) at 0 K, and $T_{c}$ for Fe0.9375Mn0.0625Pt were calculated to be 942 emu/cm3, $8.24 \times 10^{6}$ J/ $\text{m}^{3}$ , and 590 K, respectively. The temperature-dependent $M(T)$ and $K(T)$ of Fe0.9375Mn0.0625Pt were calculated using the Brillouin function and Callen–Callen experimental relation, respectively, to obtain an $M_{s}$ and a $K$ of 822 emu/cm3 and $6.29 \times 10^{6}$ J/ $\text{m}^{3}$ at 300 K, respectively. These values meet the required $M_{s}$ and $K$ of 800 emu/cm3 and $5.00 \times 10^{6}$ J/ $\text{m}^{3}$ for achieving 4 Tb/in2 heat-assisted magnetic recording media (HAMR).
Important medical faunae and control measures in Haerbaling

Objective To investigate the important medical faunae from Haerbaling Dunhua city of Jinlin province in China,and work out control measures.Methods Rats were caught by the trap.Blood-sucking Diptera insects were collected by bed-curtain,light trap and insect net.Ticks were collected by dragging a blanket over the vegetation on the ground.Results 11 804 specimens belonging 8 family 20 genera 59 species were recorded from Haerbaling Dunhua city,including 9 species,7 genera and 3 family of rodents,1 species,1 family and 1 genus of Soricidae,10 species and 3 genera of Culicidae,7 species and 1 genus of Ceratopogonidae,28 species and 5 genera of Tabanidae,4 species and 3 genera of Ixodidae.The dominant species were Apodemus agrarius(37.2%),Cricetulust triton(32.7%);Aedes vexans(81.0%);Culicoides newsteadi(47.3%),Culicoides punctatus(23.6%);Hybomitra distinguenda(28.5%),Hybomitra stenopselaphas(12.8%);Haemaphysalis concinna(69.5%),Ixodes persulcatus(17.4%).The species composition of important medical faunae varied with monthes.Conclusion The control measures of important medical faunae were suggested.Basis on control measures and species composition of important medical faunae in Haerbaling Dunhua city were provided.
Determination of component content in NEPE binder with NIR spectroscopy

The method to determine the contents of NG,BTTN and PEG in NEPE binder was studied with NIR,based on the correlation coefficient,salience variety analysis,interval partial least square(iPLS) or genetic algorithm(GA) to select wavelength.The related experiment conditions and effect factors were studied as well.The experiment results show that spectral data shift transform can improve the correlation between absorbance and concentration of samples.The GA was better than both of the correlation coefficient method and the iPLS method for selecting wavelength,and the salience variety analysis was not suitable for this purpose.The results of component content in NEPE binder obtained with NIR method is in accord with that with standard method.The difference between these two methods is less than 1%.The water contents and normal heating process have no obvious effect on determination results.
Scattering of long-period Rayleigh waves in Western North America and the interpretation of coda Q measurements

Abstract The codas of long-period Rayleigh waves recorded at WWSSN and Canadian network stations in Western North America from eight underground explosions at NTS are examined in an effort to separate scattering and anelastic attenuation effects. Coda behavior of 0.1 and 0.2 hz Rayleigh waves follows coda characteristics seen in studies of short-period S waves. Coda decay rate is seen to be a stable observation over most stations in Western North America and is consistent with the hypothesis that backscattered surface waves from heterogeneities contained within the western half of the continent form the Rayleigh wave coda. The basic data observables of coda level and decay are interpreted using several plausible models. The single scattering model yields a coda Q consistent with previously determined Rayleigh anelastic attenuation coefficients. Separation of anelastic and scattering Q is possible using an energy flux model and shows that scattering Q is one to two orders of magnitude higher than anelastic Q . However, an energy flux model that incorporates a layer of scatterers over a homogeneous half-space shows that all Rayleigh-wave attenuation can be explained purely by scattering effects which include Rayleigh- to body-wave conversion. Coda can be fit equally well by these mutually incompatible models. It is not likely that the mechanisms of scattering or anelastic attenuation can be addressed by coda observations of a single homogeneous data set.
Formal Verification for Mode Confusion in the Flight Deck Using Intent-Based Abstraction

As the flight deck has become highly automated, mode confusion between the pilot and the automation has emerged as an important issue for aviation safety. This paper presents a formal verification framework that can be used to efficiently detect a wide range of mode-confusion problems in the pilot–automation system and provide safety guarantees. To facilitate this, a novel formal modeling of the automation and pilot is proposed to efficiently verify the pilot–automation system. The automation of the aircraft is modeled as a deterministic hybrid system, and the pilot is modeled as an intent-based finite state machine. Due to the high dimension of the aircraft’s continuous states and the large number of flight-mode combinations, formal verification of the hybrid system is computationally formidable, leading to the state-space explosion problem. To tackle this problem, a computationally efficient abstraction method for the hybrid model is proposed using intent inference, from which an intent-based finite sta...
The structure of the catechin-binding site of human sulfotransferase 1A1

We are just beginning to understand the allosteric regulation of the human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULTs) family-13 disease-relevant enzymes that regulate the activities of hundreds, if not thousands, of signaling small molecules. SULT1A1, the predominant isoform in adult liver, harbors two noninteracting allosteric sites, each of which binds a different molecular family: the catechins (naturally occurring flavonols) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Here, we present the structure of an SULT allosteric binding site-the catechin-binding site of SULT1A1 bound to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The allosteric pocket resides in a dynamic region of the protein that enables EGCG to control opening and closure of the enzyme's active-site cap. Furthermore, the structure offers a molecular explanation for the isozyme specificity of EGCG, which is corroborated experimentally. The binding-site structure was obtained without X-ray crystallography or multidimensional NMR. Instead, a SULT1A1 apoprotein structure was used to guide positioning of a small number of spin-labeled single-Cys mutants that coat the entire enzyme surface with a paramagnetic field of sufficient strength to determine its contribution to the bound ligand's transverse (T2) relaxation from its 1D solution spectrum. EGCG protons were mapped to the protein surface by triangulation using the T2 values to calculate their distances to a trio of spin-labeled Cys mutants. The final structure was obtained using distance-constrained molecular dynamics docking. This approach, which is readily extensible to other systems, is applicable over a wide range of ligand affinities, requires little protein, avoids the need for isotopically labeled protein, and has no protein molecular weight limitations.
Reflection and reflexivity during life-design interventions: Comments on Career Construction Counseling

Abstract The 8 articles in the Symposium advanced understanding of “Reflexivity in Life-Design Interventions”. This discussion highlights distinctions between reflection and reflexivity, as well as their relation to first-order and second-order change. Then the contributions of the Symposium authors are organized using four phases of narrative counseling: symbolic representation, reflective self-examination, reflexive new realizations, and revisioning career identity. The discussion concludes by organizing the diverse terms the authors used to name these four phases into a uniform format.
Large Contribution of Coarse Mode to Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties: Evidence from Ground-Based Observations of a Transpacific Dust Outbreak at a High-Elevation North American Site

AbstractThis work is motivated by previous studies of transatlantic transport of Saharan dust and the observed quasi-static nature of coarse mode aerosol with a volume median diameter (VMD) of approximately 3.5 μm. The authors examine coarse mode contributions from transpacific transport of dust to North American aerosol properties using a dataset collected at the high-elevation Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) and the nearby Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility. Collected ground-based data are complemented by quasi-global model simulations and satellite and ground-based observations. The authors identify a major dust event associated mostly with a transpacific plume (about 65% of near-surface aerosol mass) in which the coarse mode with moderate (~3 μm) VMD is distinct and contributes substantially to total aerosol volume (up to 70%) and scattering (up to 40%). The results demonstrate that the identified plume at the SPL site has a considerable fraction of supermicron particles (VMD ~3 μm) a...
Synchrophasor-assisted visualization and protection of power systems

Traditional visualization of power system is performed through supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and state estimator algorithm. Though decades of development and implementation efforts coupled with modern computing resources have resulted in a robust and dependable visualization tool, the measurements fed to the SCADA system are scalar values and are not synchronized at a precise timestamp. Typically, a new set of measurements is available every 2-4 s, which is sufficient for steady-state analysis. With recent advances in sensing, it is possible to get measurements of better quality at a faster rate. Recent generation of phasor measurement units measure and transmit synchronized phasor values of voltages and currents at 60 fps. The purpose of this chapter is not to show how to assimilate these measurements with the current SCADA system, but to explore the possibility of creating another visualization layer independent of SCADA that can provide more insight in to real-time dynamic events taking place in power systems. A concept of supervisory protection is also explored to increase security of protection schemes by detecting relay misoperations. Results are presented from published research papers to facilitate critical evaluation of the feasibility of these concepts.
Does Government Spending Influence Charitable Contributions or Vice Versa

We exploit the time series properties of charitable giving data to provide additional insights into the relationship between charitable contributions and government spending. Cointegration tests reveal a significant long-run relationship between several categories of charitable giving and government spending. Granger causality tests are designed to capture any short-run giving and spending relationship, and provide the opportunity to examine whether changes in fundraising efforts by charities influence government spending. Evidence suggests that charitable contributions to education responds quite differently to state and local government education expenditures versus federal government expenditures. We argue that the government spending and charitable giving relationship is dependent upon the source of government revenue and how this revenue is used by institutions of learning.
High pathologic misdiagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ.

Objective The objectives of this research were to evaluate cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and early invasive adenocarcinoma (AC) of the uterine cervix in order to: (1) calculate the pathologic discordance between initial biopsies and final surgical excision specimens and (2) describe the clinical and pathologic factors associated with discordance. Materials and methods The University of California, Irvine and Long Beach Memorial tumor registries were used to identify 105 women with AIS and early AC treated between 1990 and 2008. The primary endpoint measured was change in diagnosis when comparing pathology from the initial biopsy to specimens from a large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), cold knife cone (CKC), or hysterectomy. The variables studied were: age, endocervical curettage (ECC), co-existing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), race, and insurance type, as surrogates for socioeconomic status. Results Initial biopsies were diagnosed as AIS and AC in 44% and 56% of patients, respectively. Of the patients with a biopsy diagnosis ofAIS, 29% had a final diagnosis of AC after excisional procedure, and this discordance was not associated with any of the factors studied. Conclusions A concerning high rate of discordance between colposcopic-guided punch biopsy and final pathology reinforces the current guidelines to always perform an excisional biopsy following diagnosis of AIS on punch biopsy.
Complaint as a persuasion attempt: Front line employees’ perceptions of complaint legitimacy

Abstract Given the rising number of fraudulent returns and illegitimate complaints both in merchandise and service settings, the purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of such behavior by examining employees’ perceptions of complaint legitimacy. Determining complaint authenticity is a crucial step towards detecting fraudulent claims since employees must judge legitimacy of the complaint according to the rationale offered by the customer. This research conceptualizes complaints as an attempt at persuasion by the customer and empirically tests whether persuasion models work in reverse, i.e. where a customer plays no longer a role of a target but rather acts as a message source. The proposed model draws on source, context and receiver factors and findings indicate that the fundamentals of persuasion research are also applicable to complaining episodes. Using survey data collected from the front line hotel employees, customer (customer trustworthiness and attractiveness), situational (severity of service failure), and employee (customer orientation and conflict avoidance) characteristics were found to have an impact on the target's perceptions concerning the cognitive legitimacy of the message itself. In essence, the present study suggests that the employee perception on whether the voiced complaint is legitimate or not go far beyond the actual message itself; rather, employees make their conclusions on complaint legitimacy based on peripheral cues and internal characteristics.
Classification and Incidence of Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

I was the first to describe the clinical entity of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) in 1981 [1], based on my studies on the blood supply of the optic nerve (see Chap. 3) and clinical studies of ischemic optic neuropathies. It is very distinct from anterior ischemic optic neuropathy pathogenetically and clinically (see Chaps. 14 and 16). Since then, an extensive literature has accumulated on PION. More recently, I [2] published a detailed account of its clinical features, pathogenesis, and management, based on a detailed study of 53 consecutive eyes with PION seen in my clinic.
Editorial Commentary: Already "Stealth" Organism Propionibacterium acnes Goes Covert by Changing Its Name to Cutibacterium acnes: Shoulder Bacterial Contamination.

Propionibacterium acnes, now Cutibacterium acnes, is found on skin and subcutaneous tissue and is thus hard to eradicate. Infection can result in shoulder pain but be indolent and hard to diagnose; in addition, the organism is difficult to identify requiring long-hold cultures. Despite skin preparation, and second preparation before conversion of arthroscopy to mini-open surgery, we do not yet have a way to effectively eradicate C acnes from deeper dermal layers.
Identification of a protein profile predicting tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer: employing nanoLC-FTICR to analyze laser microdissected tumor cells

592 The anti-estrogen tamoxifen has been widely used as therapy in breast cancer. However, only half of the patients with recurrent tumors show an objective response (OR) to tamoxifen therapy, while the remaining half continues in progressive disease (PD). Eventually, even responsive tumors become resistant, which is a major cause of death and therefore a problem that needs to be tackled. Identification of proteins that associate with tamoxifen-resistance is a first step towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved. This information can be used to better predict therapy response, thereby reducing over-treatment of patients, and to identify new targets for therapy that may lead to tailored treatment strategies. To identify protein biomarkers indicative of tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer, a comparative proteomics analysis was performed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (nanoLC-FTICR MS). Two independently processed datasets (n=27 and n=28) of both OR and PD tumors were subjected to laser capture microdissection (LCM), ~ 4000 tumor cells were collected and subsequently pooled into groups of seven. Tryptic digests were prepared and analyzed in triplicate; ~550 ng of peptides per analysis were separated on a 50 μm x 80 cm reversed phase nanoLC column prior to FTICR MS analysis. Peptide mass and elution time features were matched to information in previously generated accurate mass and time (AMT) tag reference databases to identify peptide sequences and proteins, and the MS peak intensities were used to determine relative peptide abundances. More than 20,000 unique peptides were identified that corresponded to a total of 2309 non-redundant proteins identified with two or more peptides. From this total, 1713 (74%) proteins that overlapped between the two datasets were used for further statistical analysis. The two datasets were separated into a ‘training’ and ‘validation’ set and analyzed for differential protein abundance between OR and PD groups, using a univariate t-test from BRB array-tools software package, followed by a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. In both datasets, 100 differentially abundant proteins were identified (p In summary, an 8-protein profile observed to predict tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer was revealed by ultra-sensitive nanoLC-FTICR technology for comprehensive proteome analyses of LCM cells. This profile may harbor biomarkers that are useful in the clinic.
Cannabinoids and Pain Management: an Insight into Recent Advancements

This review discusses the recent advancements in research on Cannabinoids’ role in pain, including its use in cancer pain, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, headache, visceral pain, postoperative and failed back pain management, and concurrent use with opioids. Current research suggests that a potential role exists for medical cannabis in pain management, although research shows varied effectiveness by the type of pain. Moreover, its coadministration with opioids may result in reduced opioid requirements. Patients with neuropathic pain, cancer pain, and migraine headache may benefit from the analgesic effects of a cannabis-based medicine (CBM), but not necessarily patients with chronic abdominal pain. Equivocal results were shown in fibromyalgia and postoperative orthopedic pain. Interestingly, the opioid-sparing properties of CBM make it an attractive option for pain management. However, the scale and quality of studies conducted are limited. Further research is necessary to establish recommendation guidelines for medical cannabis in pain management.
The Middle East is Violence: On the Limits of Comparative Approaches to the Study of Armed Conflict

For years, there has been debate as to whether or not the Middle East experiences more armed conflict – and for different reasons – than other regions in the world. Absent is any consideration of t...
Torsion is Tolerated in Arterial End to Venous Side Anastomoses in the Rat Model.

Background End-to-side (ETS) anastomoses are necessary for many procedures in microvascular surgery, such as free flap transfers. In training courses that use the rat model, the arterial end to venous side (AEVS) anastomosis is a common training exercise for ETS anastomoses. Surgeons-in-training often inadvertently twist the artery when completing the AEVS anastomosis; however, in the clinical setting, torsion is a reported risk factor for ETS anastomosis failure. The purpose of this study was to determine if torsion in an AEVS anastomosis would have a negative effect on patency in the rat model, accurately simulating the clinical scenario. Methods All AEVS anastomoses were completed in 15 Sprague–Dawley rats divided into three torsion cohorts: 0, 90, and 180 degrees. Torsion was created in the AEVS anastomosis by mismatching the first two sutures placed between the free femoral artery end and the venotomy. Patency was verified at 0, 2, and 4 hours postoperation via the oxygenated–deoxygenated test and transit-time ultrasound blood flow measurements. Results All AEVS anastomoses were patent 0, 2, and 4 hours postoperation according to both the oxygenated–deoxygenated test and transit-time ultrasound blood flow measurements. For the average blood flow measurements at 4 hours postoperation, the proximal measurements for 0, 90, and 180 degrees were −34.3, −18.7, and −13.8 mL/min respectively, and the distal measurements were 4.48, 3.46, and 2.90 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion Torsion of 180 degrees does not affect early AEVS anastomosis patency in the rat model. This contrasts with the clinical setting, where torsion is reported to cause ETS anastomosis failure. Since AEVS anastomosis torsion is often difficult to appreciate visually, we suggested that microvascular surgery training instructors include a method to both detect and prevent AEVS anastomosis torsion, such as by marking the free femoral artery end with a marking pen or suture before beginning the anastomosis.
Peace and Nonviolence: Anthropological Aspects

The accumulating scientific evidence proves beyond any doubt that nonviolent and peaceful societies not only exist, but are actually the norm throughout human prehistory and history. This article demonstrates and elucidates this scientific fact through a historical inventory of the most important empirical documentation and a summary of the most seminal cases. Next it reveals the significance for anthropology of the provocative new perspective and possibilities of the conceptual framework of nonkilling and of the transformation toward that ideal. Finally, it briefly discusses the obstacles to further advancing this fertile and crucial research frontier while refuting the spurious assertions of opponents.
Primary cutaneous cryptococcal infection due to fingolimod - Induced lymphopenia with literature review.

Cryptococcus. Neoformans (C. neoformans) is an encapsulated heterobasidiomycetous fungus responsible for opportunistic infections worldwide in immunocompromised patients. Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic respiratory tract colonization to disseminated infection in any human body part. The central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary diseases garner most of the clinical attention. Secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis is an uncommon manifestation seen as a sentinel sign commonly in disseminated cryptococcal infection. Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis (PCC) is a rare manifestation seen in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. It is a discrete infection with different epidemiological trends. Immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, tacrolimus) predisposes a patient to acquire this clinical entity. We present a case of an elderly Caucasian male on fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with nonhealing scalp lesions for four years. He was a referral to our healthcare center for the presence of fungal elements seen on a scalp biopsy fungal stains. Final cultures returned positive for C. neoformans susceptible to fluconazole (MIC = 8 μg/mL). The CD4 count was 13 cells/uL, and workup for CNS and disseminated cryptococcal infection were negative. Fingolimod is an immunomodulator that acts on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, affecting the lymphocytes. Pubmed literature review revealed few case reports (< 5) with PCC in patients on fingolimod. To our knowledge, ours is the first case with scalp cryptococcosis, with the lowest CD4 count while being on fingolimod. No randomized controlled trial data exist for the treatment of PCC. Therapy initiated with oral luconazole for six months with significant improvement at three months.
An Oak Tree Bearing International Fruit: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been a subject of increased interest to social scientists and other intellectuals since Thomas O’Dea published his famous 1957 work, The Mormons. Prominent scholar Rodney Stark invited the research community in the field of the sociology of religion to pay particular attention to this religious denomination, arguing that the rapid international emergence of Mormonism in the twentieth century offered a unique opportunity to empirically study the development of a new world religion, something that is no longer possible to do with the long established worldwide faiths of, say, Islam or Roman Catholicism.
Validity of the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire for adolescents treated in a weight management clinic

The Child and Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaires (CEBQ, AEBQ) are established measures of eating behaviors. However, no similar measure is available for adolescents. Prior research has validated the AEBQ in adult samples, and one study has explored using the measure with adolescents. However, no studies to date have examined the validity of the AEBQ in adolescent clinical populations. Furthermore, no studies have examined associations between the AEBQ and indicators of health status in adolescents. A total of 280 adolescents (12–17 years old, 60% female) seen in a pediatric weight management clinic completed the AEBQ at intake. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with AEBQ items to evaluate the model fit of one-, two-, seven-, and eight-factor structures. Intercorrelations between scale scores from AEBQ Food Approach and Food Avoidance domains were calculated. Associations of AEBQ scales with body mass index (BMI) and binge-eating behaviors were examined using Spearman Rho correlations and independent t-tests. CFAs revealed that the best fitting model was a seven-factor structure excluding the Hunger scale, although overall model fit was only marginally acceptable (X2 = 980.94, CFI = 0.925, TLI = 0.915, RMSEA = 0.074). Intercorrelation analyses indicated that all Food Approach scales were significantly associated with one another (r = 0.243–0.654); Food Avoidance scales were inconsistently correlated (r = 0.034–0.439). No AEBQ scales were correlated with BMI (r = −0.101–0.082). Stronger links were found with binge eating; higher frequency binge-related behaviors were associated with higher Food Approach scores. The seven-factor structure of AEBQ demonstrates a marginally acceptable fit for treatment-seeking adolescents with obesity. The Food Approach scales demonstrated more convergent validity than the Food Avoidance scales. The Food Approach scales also exhibited some clinical utility for identifying patients with increased risk for binge eating, which is a common target for behavioral intervention. Implications for maximizing the AEBQ’s potential for assessing eating behaviors in adolescents with obesity are discussed.
Preliminary Evidence for Cannabis and Nicotine Urinary Metabolites as Predictors of Verbal Memory Performance and Learning Among Young Adults.

Objective: Verbal memory deficits are linked to cannabis use. However, self-reported episodic use does not allow for assessment of variance from other factors (e.g., cannabis potency, route of consumption) that are important for assessing brain-behavior relationships. Further, co-occurring nicotine use may moderate the influence of cannabis on cognition. Here we utilized objective urinary measurements to assess the relationship between metabolites of cannabis, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH), and nicotine (cotinine) on verbal memory in young adults. Method: Adolescents and young adults (n = 103) aged 16–22 completed urinary drug testing and verbal memory assessment (RAVLT). Linear regressions examined the influence of THCCOOH and cotinine quantitative concentrations, and their interaction, on RAVLT scores, controlling for demographics and alcohol. Cannabis intake frequency was also investigated. Secondary analyses examined whether past month or recency of use related to performance, while controlling for THCCOOH and cotinine concentrations. Results: THCCOOH concentration related to both poorer total learning and long delay recall. Cotinine concentration related to poorer short delay recall. Higher frequency cannabis use status was associated with poorer initial learning and poorer short delay. When comparing to self-report, THCCOOH and cotinine concentrations were negatively related to learning and memory performance, while self-report was not. Conclusions: Results confirm the negative relationship between verbal memory and cannabis use, extending findings with objective urinary THCCOOH, and cotinine concentration measurements. No moderating relationship with nicotine was found, though cotinine concentration independently associated with negative short delay performance. Findings support the use of both urinary and self-report metrics as complementary methods in substance use research.