cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in phenolic acid and lignin biosynthesis in response to treatment of root tissue of the Swedish Turnip (Brassica napo-brassica) with ethylene

In previous studies, Rhodes & Wooltorton (1971) the effect of ethylene treatment in stimulating the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase in storage roots of Swedish Turnip (Brassica napo-brassica) was demonstrated. In the present paper the evidence for suggesting that ethylene stimulates lignin biosynthesis in this tissue is discussed.
A Synchronous Parallel Max-Flow Algorithm for Real-World Networks

We study computing maximum flows for real-worldnetworks. In contrast to prior studies, our implementation is bulksynchronous. Our algorithm applies push and relabel operationson all active vertices in parallel, and maintains a preflow througha delayed flow update approach with handshakes between flowpushing and flow receiving.In our implementation the heuristics are no longer entangledwith the push and relabel operations as in prior implementations.We apply two heuristics well known for the sequential algorithm,that is, global relabel and gap relabel, to our parallel implementation.Experiments on networks constructed for computer visionimages show that our parallel implementation on the target 8-core machine is up to 8.6 times faster than the best sequentialimplementation.We aslo propose a new augmenting path based heuristic forsmall-world graphs. On large social networks with up to billionsof edges our implementation achieves close to 40 times parallelspeedup.
Post-Pregnancy Intrauterine Devices: Strategies for Provision of Services

The insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) immediately following an obstetric event (vaginal delivery, cesarean section, or abortion) has been shown to be safe and effective. Despite its feasibility, however, this procedure is underutilized in the United States. Immediate insertion postpartum and post-abortion removes some of the barriers women face when trying to obtain these highly effective forms of contraception.
Predicting the effectiveness of Naïve data fusion on the basis of system characteristics

Effective automation of the information retrieval task has long been an active area of research, leading to sophisticated retrieval models. With many IR schemes available, researchers have begun to investigate the benefits of combining the results of different IR schemes to improve performance, in the process called data fusion. There are many successful data fusion experiments reported in IR literature, but there are also cases in which it did not work well. Thus, if would be quite valuable to have a theory that can predict, in advance, whether fusion of two or more retrieval schemes will be worth doing. In previous study (Ng & Kantor, 1998), we identified two predictive variables for the effectiveness of fusion: (a) a list-based measure of output dissimilarity, and (b) a pair-wise measure of the similarity of performance of the two schemes. In this article we investigate the predictive power of these two variables in simple symmetrical data fusion. We use the IR systems participating in the TREC 4 routing task to train a model that predicts the effectiveness of data fusion, and use the IR systems participating in the TREC 5 routing task to test that model. The model asks, when will fusion perform better than an oracle who uses the best scheme from each pair? We explore statistical techniques for fitting the model to the training data and use the receiver operating characteristic curve of signal detection theory to represent the power of the resulting models. The trained prediction methods predict whether fusion will beat an oracle, at levels much higher than could be achieved by chance.
Clinical Studies of Dental Cements: I. Five Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cements

Five zinc oxide-eugenol cements of varying compressive strengths, similar in other qualities, were used in a blind clinical study of luting temporary restorations. On the basis of retention, ease of removal when required, and ease of cleaning the restoration, two of the cements were found to serve best.
Does Kantian mental content externalism help metaphysical realists

Standard interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism take it as a commitment to the view that the objects of cognition are structured or made by conditions imposed by the mind, and therefore to what Van Cleve calls “honest-to-God idealism”. Against this view, many more recent investigations of Kant’s theory of representation and cognitive significance have been able to show that Kant is committed to a certain form of Mental Content Externalism, and therefore to the realist view that the objects involved in experience and empirical knowledge are mind-independent particulars. Some of these recent interpreters have taken this result to demonstrate an internal incompatibility between Kant‘s transcendental idealism and his own model of cognitive content and the environmental conditions of empirical knowledge. Against this suggestion, this article argues that, while Kant’s theory of content is indeed best construed as externalist, an adequately adjusted form of transcendental idealism is not only compatible with this externalism, but in fact supports it. More generally, the article develops the position that mental content externalism cannot force the adoption of metaphysical realism.
Attachment status and salivary cortisol in a normal day and during simulated interpersonal stress in young men

Attachment insecurity, as assessed via the adult attachment interview (AAI), may be expected to relate to basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity because it is retrodictive of stressful early experiences, which may influence HPA development. In addition, because AAI insecurity may reflect limitations on concurrent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies for managing interpersonal distress, insecurity may also relate to cortisol reactivity specifically during inter-personal challenges. Nevertheless, only two studies have examined associations between AAI insecurity and cortisol, and in total only eight non-clinical men were included. To expand upon past research, the current study focused on college aged men and examined relations between attachment status (via categories and continuous scores) and cortisol levels during daily life and during interpersonal laboratory challenges, wherein subjects were asked to visualize and respond to hypothetical situations concerning loss, separation, and abandonment. Unlike prior research, salivary cortisol was measured during cognitive challenges (e.g. non-autobiographical memory tests), so as to inform questions concerning the specificity of effects. Contrary to expectations, only limited evidence suggested a relation between insecurity and basal HPA functioning. However, in keeping with expectations, associations between insecurity, and in particular dismissing idealization, and comparatively higher cortisol values following interpersonal challenges were observed.
Nursing Home Organizational Change: The “Culture Change” Movement as Viewed by Long-Term Care Specialists

A decade-long grassroots movement aims to deinstitutionalize nursing home (NH) environments and individualize care. Coined "NH Culture Change" the movement is often described by its resident-centered/directed care focus. While empirical data of "culture change's" costs and benefits are limited, it is broadly viewed as beneficial and widely promoted. Still, debate abounds regarding barriers to its adoption. We used data from a Web-based survey of 1,147 long-term care specialists (including NH and other providers, consumers/advocates, state and federal government officials, university/academic, researchers/consultants, and others) to better understand factors associated with perceived barriers. Long-term care specialists view the number-one barrier to adoption differently depending on their employment, familiarity with culture change, and their underlying policy views. To promote adoption, research and broad-based educational efforts are needed to influence views and perceptions. Fundamental changes in the regulatory process together with targeted regulatory changes and payment incentives may also be needed.
The Relationship between Camp, Ca2+, and Transport of Cftr to the Plasma Membrane

The mechanism whereby cAMP stimulates Cl(-) flux through CFTR ion channels in secretory epithelia remains controversial. It is generally accepted that phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases the open probability of the CFTR channel. A more controversial hypothesis is that cAMP triggers the translocation of CFTR from an intracellular pool to the cell surface. We have monitored membrane turnover in Calu-3 cells, a cell line derived from human airway submucosal glands that expresses high levels of CFTR using membrane capacitance and FM1-43 fluorescence measurements. Using a conventional capacitance measurement technique, we observe an apparent increase in membrane capacitance in most cells that exhibit an increase in Cl(-) current. However, after we carefully correct our recordings for changes in membrane conductance, the apparent changes in capacitance are eliminated. Measurements using the fluorescent membrane marker FM1-43 also indicate that no changes in membrane turnover accompany the activation of CFTR. Robust membrane insertion can be triggered with photorelease of caged Ca(2)+ in Calu-3 cells. However, no increase in Cl(-) current accompanies Ca(2)+-evoked membrane fusion. We conclude that neither increases in cAMP or Ca(2)+ lead to transport of CFTR to the plasma membrane in Calu-3 cells. In addition, we conclude that membrane capacitance measurements must be interpreted with caution when large changes in membrane conductance occur.
A front end for ultra-intense optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification

Ultra-intense optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) requires a highperformance front-end at 910 nm. Progress is reviewed on developing a white-light-seeded chain of noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers (NOPA's) and a cylindrical Offner stretcher.
‘Public’ Science: Hydrogen Balloons and Lavoisier's Decomposition of Water

Summary The balloon mania between 1783 and 1785 put an extraordinary strain on the Paris Academy of Sciences, threatening its status as the highest tribunal of European science. Faced with repeated royal directives and public frenzy, the Academy manoeuvred carefully to steer the research toward the hydrogen balloon and thereby to maintain its scientific superiority. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier seized this moment when the promise of ‘the empire of airs’ brought science to the centre of public attention to push his theoretical reform for chemistry. He utilized the established protocol of the Academy and the resources of the Republic of Letters to broadly publicize his first decomposition of water in April 1784. Once he attained the publicity and the balloon fever began to cool, he staged a much more elaborate experiment for the experts in February 1785. Although this second, large-scale experiment cost much expense and effort, Lavoisier never published a full account. The differential care given to the two ex...
Network model for invariant object recognition and rotation angle estimation

This paper proposes a network architecture for invariant object recognition and rotation angle estimation. The model has four stages. The first stage is a network implementation of the Radon transform, which is used to separate rotation and translation of the input object into translations on the /spl theta/-axis and s-axis, respectively. The second stage provides translation-invariant features using correlations and a maximum-pick-up network. The outputs of this stage are used both for object recognition and rotation angle estimation. The recognition stage employs a Rapid transform for rotation invariance and a multilayer feedforward network for recognition. The estimation stage consists of several feature templates obtained from exemplars. The best fit among all templates determines the rotation angle of the input object. The overall complexity of the weight connection of the network is O(N/sup 3/) for N/spl times/N pixels, which is lower than that of several established networks. We test our network using a set of printed numerical characters.
Sum-Rate Analysis of Downlink Channels with 1-Bit Feedback

The sum-rate capacity of a single-input single-output (SISO) downlink with Rayleigh flat fading channels and K users, grows as log log K when optimal scheduling is employed. However, the optimal scheduling requires that the full channel state information (CSI) for all users be available to the transmitter. In this work it is shown that the same rate growth holds even if the feedback rate from the users to the transmitter is reduced to 1-bit per fading block. A simple analysis for this setup is presented, resulting in a closed form expression for the achievable ergodic sum-rate. The mechanism of setting a sub-optimal threshold is elucidated by simple lower and upper bounds to the sum-rate. Among the insights afforded by the sum-rate expression and the bounds, is that application of the sub-optimal threshold demonstrates the same scaling law as the optimal full CSI scheme, asymptotically with the number of users K
High-efficiency 60 GHz dipole-box antennas

In this paper, a 60 GHz dipole antenna with excellent performance such as wideband impedance matching, medium gain and high efficiency (> 90%) is designed and tested. Also, the antenna is then placed inside a metal box and tested. The dipole-box antenna not only maintains good impedance matching but also demonstrates a gain of 10–11 dB and narrower H-plane radiation patterns than the standard dipole antenna. The dipolebox antenna is ideal for placement inside a laptop or a portable 60 GHz communications device since it is shielded from the environment and is not affected by nearby metals.
Engineered Human Vaccines

The limitations of human vaccines in use at present and the design requirements for a new generation of human vaccines are discussed. The progress in engineering of human vaccines for bacteria, viruses, parasites, and cancer is reviewed, and the data from human studies with the engineered vaccines are discussed, especially for cancer and AIDS vaccines. The final section of the review deals with the possible future developments in the field of engineered human vaccines and the requirement for effective new human adjuvants.
Perinatal (Congenital and Neonatal) Neoplasms: A Report of 110 Cases

One hundred ten congenital and neonatal tumors encompassing a 25-year period are described and compared with similar published cases. Forty percent are classified as histologicallly malignant, and 65% of neonates with malignancies died. The types, frequency, and clinical features of neoplasms encountered in the perinatal period are markedly different from those observed in older children and adolescents. Their biological behavior and response to therapy are also dissimilar. Leukemia was responsible for the largest number of deaths followed by neuroblastoma and brain tumors.
A performance optimized CMOS distributed LNA for UWB receivers

This paper presents the design and implementation of a performance-optimized LNA circuit targeted for UWB receivers. The systematic design of a CMOS distributed LNA circuit comprising cascode cells is illustrated. Each cascode cell employs an inductor between the common-source and common-gate devices to enhance the bandwidth, while reducing the high-frequency input-referred noise. A three-stage performance optimized LNA has been fabricated in Jazz's sbc18 0.18/spl mu/m SiGe process, while using MOS transistors only. Measurements of the LNA circuit show a 2.9-dB noise figure and a forward gain of 8dB over the 7.5GHz UWB bandwidth. The circuit exhibits an IIP3 of -3.4dBm.
Are nonlinear ventricular arrhythmia characteristics lost, as signal duration decreases?

A novel, nonlinear, phase space based method to quickly and accurately identify life-threatening arrhythmias is proposed. The accuracy of the proposed method in identifying sinus rhythm (SR), monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MVT), polymorphic VT (PVT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) for signals of at least 0.5 s duration was determined for six different ECG signal lengths. The ECG recordings were transformed into a phase space, and statistical features of the resulting attractors were learned using artificial neural networks. Classification accuracies for SR, MVT, PVT and VF were 93-96, 95-100, 79-91, and 81-88%, respectively. As expected, classification accuracy for the proposed method was essentially equivalent for ECG signals longer than 1 s. Surprisingly, classification accuracy for this new method did not degrade for 0.5 s ECG signals, indicating that even such short duration signals contain structures predictive of rhythm type. The phase space method's classification accuracy was higher for all segment durations compared to two other methods.
Antioxidants in lipid foods and their impact on food quality

Abstract This paper reviews the antioxidant properties of tocopherols and ascorbic acid in edible oils, and the impact of interfacial phenomena on their activities in emulsions and the effects of edible oil processing. Tocopherols are the most important natural antioxidants found in vegetable oil-derived foods. These antioxidants can interrupt lipid autoxidation by interfering with either the chain propagation or the decomposition processes. α-Tocopherol at high concentrations inhibits hydroperoxide decomposition but promotes hydroperoxide formation. The effect of antioxidants in inhibiting hydroperoxide decomposition may thus be critical in preserving food quality by reducing rancidity due to aldehyde formation. Ascorbic acid can regenerate α-tocopherol, inactivate metal initiators and reduce hydroperoxides. The activity of natural antioxidants is greatly affected by complex interfacial phenomena in emulsions and multi-component foods. In an oil-in-water emulsion system, the lipophilic antioxidants α-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate are more effective than in bulk oil, while the opposite trend is found for the hydrophilic antioxidants Trolox and ascorbic acid. The methodology to evaluate natural antioxidants must be carefully interpreted depending on whether oxidation is carried out in bulk oils or in emulsions, and what method is used to measure lipid oxidation.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 237

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 237. This evaluation for A = 237 supersedes the earlier one by Y.A. Akovali (1995Ak01), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 74, 461 (1995).
Automatically personalizing user interfaces

Todays computer interfaces are one-size-fits-all. Users with little programming experience have very limited opportunities to customize an interface to their task and work habits. Furthermore, the overhead induced by generic interfaces will be proportionately greater on small form-factor PDAs, embedded applications and wearable devices. Automatic personalization may greatly enhance user productivity, but it requires advances in customization (explicit, user-initiated change) and adaptation (interface-initiated change in response to routine user behavior). In order to improve customization, we must make it easier for users to direct these changes. In order to improve adaptation, we must better predict user behavior and navigate the inherent tension between the dynamism of automatic adaptation and the stability required in order for the user to predict the computers behavior and maintain control. This paper surveys a decade's work on customization and adaptation at the University of Washington, distilling the lessons we have learned.
NATURAL LANGUAGE DATABASE UPDATES

Although a great deal of research effort has been expended in support of natural language (NL) database querying, little effort has gone to NL database update . One reason for this state of affairs is that in NL querying, one can tie nouns and stative verbs in the query to database objects (relation names, attributes and domain values). In many cases this correspondence seems sufficient to interpret NL queries. NL update seems to require database counterparts for active verbs, such as "hire," "schedule" and "enroll," rather than for stative entities. There seem to be no natural candidates to fill this role.We suggest a database counterpart for active verbs, which we call verbgraphs . The verbgraphs may be used to support NL update. A verbgraph is a structure for representing the various database changes that a given verb might describe. In addition to describing the variants of a verb, they may be used to disambiguate the update command. Other possible uses of verbgraphs include, specification of defaults, prompting of the user to guide but not dictate user interaction and enforcing a variety of types of database integrity constraints.
A Chemical Interpretation of Static Fatigue

The effect of water on the growth of cracks in glass is discussed. Crack motion is believed to result from a stress-enhanced chemical reaction between water and glass and is influenced strongly by the crack-tip OH− ion concentration. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that crack-velocity data can be correlated with measurements of pH in slurries of ground glass and water. Variation of the measured pH from 5 to 12, depending on glass composition, suggests a wide pH variation at crack tips. The types of chemical reactions that establish the slurry pH are discussed, and it is noted that the slurries behave as weak acids, buffered solutions, or salts of weak acids, depending on glass composition.
The Role of Pessimistic Attributions in the Association Between Anxious Attachment and Relationship Satisfaction

Attributions—the explanations spouses give to each other's behavior—have been consistently linked to relationship satisfaction, but little is known about the origins of attributional tendencies. In this study, an actor–partner interdependence model was tested to examine the relationships among pessimistic attributions, anxious attachment, and relationship satisfaction, using married couples (N = 767) from The German Family Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam; Huinink et al., 2011). For husbands and wives, higher levels of anxious attachment predicted more pessimistic attributions 2 years later. These pessimistic attributions, in turn, predicted their own later relationship satisfaction. Husbands' pessimistic attributions also predicted lower wives' relationship satisfaction. Pessimistic attributions fully mediated the relationship between anxious attachment and relationship satisfaction within spouses. It may be beneficial when intervening with couples to facilitate improvement in their attachment security and thereby promote more optimistic attributions and higher relationship satisfaction.
Concurrent PAR and power amplifier adaptation for power efficient operation of WiMAX OFDM transmitters

High peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of OFDM signals is a major bottleneck in the implementation of power efficient transmitters since the efficiency of a linear RF power amplifier reduce drastically due to backoff requirements. In this paper, a concurrent approach that uses adaptive baseband companding/ expanding of the OFDM signal along with dynamic PA biasing to achieve significant power savings in the transmitters is proposed. While using existing channel estimation techniques to drive the dynamic PAR adaptation, the proposed approach achieves a PAR reduction as high as 7.25 dB and power savings of 5.27X when channel conditions are good.
Principles, Politics, and Humanitarian Action

The tragedies of the past decade have led to an identity crisis among humanitarians. Respecting traditional principles of neutrality and impartiality and operating procedures based on consent has created as many problems as it has solved. A debate is raging between “classicists,” who believe that humanitarian action can be insulated from politics, and various “political humanitarians,” who are attempting to use politics to improve relief and delivery in war zonesThis essay examines the pros and cons of impartial versus political humanitarianism and differing approaches across a spectrum of actors, including the classicists, led by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who believe that humanitarian action can and should be completely insulated from politics; the “minimalists,” who “aim to do no harm” in delivering relief; the “maximalists,” who have a more ambitious agenda of employing humanitarian action as part of a comprehensive strategy to transform conflict; and the “solidarists,” exemplified by Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders), who choose sides and abandon neutrality and impartiality as well as reject consent as a prerequisite for intervention. The essay argues that there is no longer any need to ask whether politics and humanitarian action intersect. The real question is how this intersection can be managed to ensure more humanized politics and more effective humanitarian action.
Nitrate and Nitrite

Nitrate and nitrite have a variety of commercial uses. The major use of nitrate is in inorganic fertilizers. It is also used in the manufacture of explosives, in glassmaking, and as a heat-transfer fluid and a heat-storage medium for solar heating applications. Both nitrate and nitrite are used in curing meats. The properties of potassium nitrate and nitrite, two commonly used compounds, are shown in Table 1 (USEPA 1985). Potassium nitrate is also known as saltpeter (Windholz 1976).
Adsorbed Tma on Dielectric Oxide Surfaces

Trimethyl aluminum vapor is found to chemisorb on the surface of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide via reaction with surface hydroxyl groupe. In addition to the chemisorbed layer, trimethyl aluminum also forms a weakly bound multilayer consisting of molecular dimers.
Unidentified organelles and vacuoles in Tilletia teliospores

The term "unidentified organelle" was initially used by Allen et al. (1) to designate an organelle in Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. teliospores which contained numerous particles on their surfaces and appeared to be associated with lipid bodies. Similar structures have been reported in teliospores of other basidiomycete fungi (12, 17). To date it has not been possible to remove the thick teliospore walls to conduct histochemical studies to determine specific functions of these organelles. These cellular structures have been identified only by freeze fracture, because dormant spores can easily be processed for freeze-fracture investigations.
Movimientos sociales emergentes y representaciones mediáticas recurrentes: Tensiones en el discurso verbo-visual construido sobre el movimiento estudiantil por la prensa de Valparaíso

Resumen es: El presente articulo categoriza la(s) representaciones dominantes en las e s- tructuras enunciativas de los discursos verbo - visuales en ...
Epidemiological monitoring of plague in Dali from 2008 to 2010

Objective To determine the epidemic dynamics and epidemiological patterns to inform the prediction,warning and countermeasure developmens to plague in Dali.Methods Monitoring of plague hosts,vectors and etiology was conducted in the state from 2008 to 2010 in accordance with the National and Yunnan Provincial Plague Monitoring Programs.Results Rodents belonging to 15 species,7 genera,3 families of 2 orders were collected.Rattus tanezumi and R.norvegicus were the dominant species both indoor and outdoor.Apodemus chevrieri and Eothenomys miletus were predominant in the field.Nine species,9 genera,4 families of 1 order of rodent-borne fleas were found.Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis were mainly seen on R.norvegicus,X.cheopis and L.segnis on R.norvegicus,Frontopsylla spadix and Neopsylla specialis specialis on A.chevrieri,and Ctenophthalmus quadratus on E.miletus.F.spadix and N.specialis specialis were the secondary vectors.A total of 17 649 animal samples,7549 vector samples and 7391 rodent serum samples were detected and found negative.Conclusion Despite stable composition of hosts,vectors,density and indices in the natural foci of plague in Dali,continuous occurrence of plague epidemics in recent years along Lijiang region warranted an intensified monitoring and sound preparation.
"Two stitch" carpal tunnel surgery. A mini-incision technique.

A new mini-incision technique with the advantage of visualizing the median nerve and carpal ligament and preserving the overlying soft (pillar) tissue is presented. With this "two stitch" technique, surgeons can be assured that the median nerve and its sensory branches are protected and the volar ligament is completely released.
Prion Biology and Diseases — Fatal Conformations of Proteins during a Journey from Heresy to Orthodoxy

Prions, once dismissed as an impossibility, have now gained wide recognition as extraordinary pathogens that cause a number of infectious, genetic and sporadic disorders. Prions are composed only of a protein which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. This protein, designated PrP, is converted from a normal benign form into a disease causing form by a change in conformation. Prions cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, scrapie in sheep, and four fatal CNS diseases in humans. Currently, there is no known treatment for prion diseases, and the fear that prions have passed from cattle to humans may be justified.
Chapter 3 - Dyes used in Photography

Color photographic image dyes are formed as a function of silver development. Silver halide developing compounds reduce light exposed silver halide grains at a much faster rate than unexposed grains. The rate-determining step in dye formation is silver ion reduction. Dyes are also used to sensitize the silver to the required wavelengths of incident radiation, filter unwanted absorption, color correct the film, and protect the film from ambient light during development of the image. The requirements of color photography have created a vast arena for the creative chemist using mechanistic insights derived from physical organic chemistry to discover a seemingly endless series of ingenious inventions to produce the perfect image. This chapter provides an overview of the functional dye chemistry developed over the years for this field. To improve the performance and stability of dyes, especially at longer wavelengths, the concept of chain-stiffened infrared sensitizing dyes is introduced.
Implications of Framing Teacher Development as Identity Construction for Science Teacher Education Research and Practice

This volume represents a comprehensive collection of the work of scholars who are leading the field in the area of science teacher identity. The focus on science teachers’ identities and identity work is relatively recent (Avraamidou, 2014) in contrast to studies of science identity and identity work in educational research more generally (e.g., Calabrese-Barton et al., 2013; Carlone & Johsnon, 2007; Roth & Tobin, 2007; Varelas, 2012). Thus, to have a collection of studies that demonstrates the multidimensional lenses (i.e., theoretical, methodological, and empirical) available for making sense of science teacher identity construction is an important contribution that lays the groundwork for subsequent consequential scholarship in this area.
Parameters affecting the efficacy of spray washes against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and fecal contamination on beef

A series of progressive experiments was conducted with a model carcass washer using tap water and 2% acetic acid sprays to determine if tissue type, inoculation menstruum, bacterial level, or spray temperature affect removal of bacteria from beef carcass tissue during spray washing. For the first experiment, prerigor (15 min postexsanguination), postrigor (24 h postexsanguination), or postrigor frozen (-20°C, 7 days), thawed, lean beef carcass tissue (BCT) was inoculated with bovine feces and subjected to spray washing (15 s, 56°C) with water or acetic acid. Spray washing with either compound resulted in bacterial populations that were similar for prerigor and postrigor BCT; however, remaining bacterial populations from spray-treated postrigor, frozen BCT were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less than for the other two tissue types. For the second experiment, prerigor, lean BCT was inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 suspended in bovine feces or physiological saline and spray washed (15 s, 56°C) with water or acetic acid. Bacterial populations were reduced to similar levels with acid sprays, regardless of menstruum. For the third experiment, E. coli O157:H7 in feces was used to contaminate prerigor lean BCT to obtain different initial bacterial levels (7, 5, 3, and 1 log CFU/cm 2 ). Spray washes (15 s, 56°C) with acetic acid reduced the level of the pathogen to 2.51 and 0.30 log CFU/cm 2 when initial bacterial levels were 7 and 5 log CFU/cm 2 , and to undetectable levels when initial bacterial levels were 3 and 1 log CFU/cm 2 . In a fourth experiment, water or acetic acid (15 s), ranging from 30 to 70°C was applied to beef tissue contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Remaining bacterial populations were not different between the water treatments or between the acid treatments at any temperature. While variables such as bacterial level and inoculation menstruum may affect the efficacy of spray washing with organic acids, these results indicate that tissue type or spray temperature do not.
Designing smoothing functions for improved worst-case competitive ratio in online optimization

Online optimization covers problems such as online resource allocation, online bipartite matching, adwords (a central problem in e-commerce and advertising), and adwords with separable concave returns. We analyze the worst case competitive ratio of two primal-dual algorithms for a class of online convex (conic) optimization problems that contains the previous examples as special cases defined on the positive orthant. We derive a sufficient condition on the objective function that guarantees a constant worst case competitive ratio (greater than or equal to $\frac{1}{2}$) for monotone objective functions. We provide new examples of online problems on the positive orthant % and the positive semidefinite cone that satisfy the sufficient condition. We show how smoothing can improve the competitive ratio of these algorithms, and in particular for separable functions, we show that the optimal smoothing can be derived by solving a convex optimization problem. This result allows us to directly optimize the competitive ratio bound over a class of smoothing functions, and hence design effective smoothing customized for a given cost function.
Structure and bulk modulus of Ln-doped UO2 (Ln = La, Nd) at high pressure

Abstract The structure of lanthanide-doped uranium dioxide, LnxU1-xO2-0.5x+y (Ln = La, Nd), was investigated at pressures up to ∼50–55 GPa. Samples were synthesized with different lanthanides at different concentrations (x ∼ 0.2 and 0.5), and all were slightly hyperstoichiometric (y ∼ 0.25–0.4). In situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to investigate their high-pressure phase behavior and determine their bulk moduli. All samples underwent a fluorite-to-cotunnite phase transformation with increasing pressure. The pressure of the phase transformation increased with increasing hyperstoichiometry, which is consistent with results from previous computational simulations. Bulk moduli are inversely proportional to both the ionic radius of the lanthanide and its concentration, as quantified using a weighted cationic radius ratio. This trend was found to be consistent with the behavior of other elastic properties measured for Ln-doped UO2, such as Young's modulus.
Three Fire Disasters

In order to better understand the conditions permitting a fire disaster to occur and to better postulate methods of fire prevention, an historic analysis of three fire disasters was performed. Journalistic accounts, official investigative studies and documents were examined concerning 3 fire disasters: (1) The General Slocum Ship Fire of 1904; (2) the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911; and (3) the Coconut Grove Nightclub Fire in Boston of 1942. Although the fires occurred on a ship, in a factory, and in a nightclub, several striking similarities were found. (1) On June 15, 1904, the ship General Slocum embarked on a voyage up New York's East River, that ended in death for 1031 people. The ship, which was constructed entirely of wood, had recently passed inspection. The ship's crew, mostly longshoremen with little sea experience, had never fought a fire at sea. The hatches and bulkheads were flammable, the fire hoses were old and rotten, the fire buckets were out of reach and empty.
Glycoprotein Enrichment Through Lectin Affinity Techniques

Posttranslational modifications (PTM) of proteins are among the key biological regulators of function, activity, localization, and interaction. The fact that no more than 30,000-50,000 proteins are encoded by the human genome underlines the importance of posttranslational modifications in modulating the activities and functions of proteins in health and disease. With approximately 50% of all proteins now considered to be glycosylated, its physiological importance in mammalian systems is imperative. Aberrant glycosylation has now been recognized as an attribute of many mammalian diseases, including hereditary disorders, immune deficiencies, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer. As many potential disease biomarkers may be glycoproteins present in only minute quantities in tissue extracts and physiological fluids, glycoprotein isolation and enrichment may be critical in a search for such biomarkers. For decades, efforts have been focused on the development of glycoprotein enrichment from complex biological samples. Logically, the great majority of these enrichment methodologies rely on the use of immobilized lectins, which permit selective enrichment of the pools of glycoproteins for proteomic/glycomic studies. In this chapter, lectin affinity chromatography in different formats are described, including tubes; packed columns, and microfluidic channels.
Stability and Genericity for Diffeomorphisms

Considering M to be a compact C ∞ -manifold without boundary and Diff r ( M ), the group of C r diffeomorphisms of M with the C r uniform topology the problem of dynamical systems for Diff r ( M ) is to describe the global orbit behavior of most diffeomorphisms f . This chapter presents a quick survey of some of these theorems with no pretense of being complete even for diffeomorphisms. Dynamical systems generally would deal with Lie group actions with or without conditions imposed, such as the one-parameter group actions arising from vector fields or Hamiltonian vector fields which are the origins of the subject. A Baire set of diffeomorphisms and a property P of diffeomorphisms which holds for all diffeomorphisms in a Baire is called generic. The interest is not only in describing a generic set but also in the changes in the orbit structure of diffeomorphisms g in a small neighborhood U of f in Diff r ( M ), which are called perturbations of f. The chapter discusses the various notions of stability.
Toxicity of acaricides to the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Acari: Acaridae)

Using a continuous exposure technique, the toxicity of 35 compounds to the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin) was examined after 48 h. Sixteen acaricides yielded an LC50 of 11.0 mg cm-2).
Only STEM Can Save Us? Examining Race, Place, and STEM Education as Property

The rhetoric about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education in urban schools reflects a desire to imagine a new city that is poised to compete in a STEM-centered future. Therefore, STEM has been positioned as a critical part of urban education reform efforts. In various US cities, schools labeled as failing are being repurposed as selective STEM-intensive academies to build a STEM education infrastructure. In Memphis, Tennessee, this process makes visible issues with educational inequity, exacerbated by school choice and gentrification processes. In this article, I use whiteness as property, a tenet of critical race theory, to examine STEM education in Memphis as a case of urban STEM-based education reform in the United States. I describe claiming STEM education as property as a 2-phase process in which middle-class Whites in urban areas participate to secure STEM education by repurposing failed Black schools and to maintain it by institutionalizing selective admissions strategies.
A 16-channel transceiver loop+dipole antennas head array for human head imaging at 10.5T

A loop+dipole transceiver antenna array was designed for 447 MHz /10.5 tesla human head imaging. This was achieved by a geometrically decoupled combination of a loop and a dipole antenna without inter-element decoupling circuitry. We made comparisons between an 8-channel loop only array, an 8-channel dipole only antenna array and a 16-channel loop+dipole combined antenna array through simulation using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and MR imaging experiments.
Thermal Stress Effect on Fracture Integrity in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

In an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), fluid is injected into pre-existing fractures to be heated up and then pumped out for the electricity generation; injected fluid is cold as compared to surrounding bedrock. The rock-fluid temperature difference induces thermal stress along the fracture wall, and the large thermal stress could damage some of the self-propping asperities and result in a change of the topography and lifespan of the fractures. Although fracture sustainability has been extensively studied, the mechanism of asperity damage due to rock-fluid temperature difference remains unknown. We have constructed a finite-element based three-dimensional model, which uses a hemisphere contact pair to resemble a single self-propping asperity, to investigate the effect of temperature difference on the asperity damage. In the model, the rock mechanical properties are coupled with temperature and stress state of the bedrock. Two trends of asperity deformation with temperature effect are identified: opening zone and closure zone. Closure squeezes asperity further and induces more element damage at bottom. Higher temperature difference damages elements on asperity top whereas has negligible impact on elements at asperity bottom. In other aspect, a higher temperature expands closure zone and degrades elements at the asperity bottom. Accordingly, two potential mechanisms of asperity damage are qualitatively characterized.
The Tortoise and the Hare

A landform is an area of any size that can be separated from surrounding land on the basis of its topography. The terms landscape , terrain , and physiographic province all mean approximately the same thing: an area of land characterized by a similar set of landforms. Chapter 1 is an introduction to landscape regions of the United States, their river systems, and the components, variables, and mechanisms of landscape evolution. The contiguous United States is divided into four landscape regions and 26 physiographic provinces, each characterized by a unique set of components and variables. Chapter 1 also presents an alternative subdivision based on river systems of the United States.
What should be implemented in future cochlear implants

Cochlear-implant performance can be improved by focusing on: 1) psychophysical studies to determine hearing limitations; 2) speech perception to suggest the most effective speech-processing strategies; 3) aural rehabilitation to effectively train patients to use the new electrical stimuli. Basic psychophysical studies have shown only weak correlations with speech perception. Perhaps more speech-like stimuli should be explored in psychophysical tasks. Studies on vowel and consonant recognition suggest enhancing all speech features, but particularly frication and place of articulation should help most patients. Probably the feature that would be the most beneficial to enhance is place of articulation, which is poorly coded even in the best patients. Empirical studies are needed to determine the ways in which these cues can be enhanced. Certain types of auditory training are likely to be beneficial, particularly when the signal is new, incomplete or distorted. However, much more research in aural rehabilitation is needed.
Athletic Groin Pain and Sports Hernia

Groin injuries are common in sports, and sports hernia or athletic pubalgia is being increasingly recognized as a cause of chronic activity limiting groin pain. The diagnosis is based on a combination of appropriate history, physical examination, imaging with MRI, and exclusion of other diagnosis. A variety of surgical approaches to this problem have been described including open primary repairs, tension-free mesh repairs, and laparoscopic mesh repair. This chapter reviews the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and surgical treatment options for sports hernia pubalgia. An integrated multidisciplinary approach that involves the sports orthopedist, athletic trainer, and hernia surgeon is fundamental to the diagnosis and patient management.
Teaching residents mental health care

Abstract Objective We tested the hypothesis that trained medical faculty can train residents effectively in a mental health care model. Methods After the authors trained medical faculty intensively for 15 months in primary care mental health, the newly trained faculty taught medical residents intensively. Residents were evaluated pre- and post-residency and compared to non-equivalent control residents in another city. Using ANOVA, the primary endpoint was residents’ use of a mental health care model with simulated patients. Secondary endpoints were residents’ skills using models for patient-centered interviewing and for informing and motivating patients. Results For the mental health care model, there was a significant interaction between study site and time (F = 33.51, p 2 = .34); mean pre-test and post-test control group scores were 8.15 and 8.79, respectively, compared to 7.44 and 15.0 for the intervention group. Findings were similarly positive for models of patient-centered interviewing and informing and motivating. Conclusions Training medical faculty to teach residents a mental health care model offers a new educational approach to the widespread problem of poor mental health care. Practice Implications While the models tested here can provide guidance in conducting mental health care, further evaluation of the train-the-trainer program for preparing residents is needed.
“I'm Kind of a Feminist”: Using Master Narratives to Analyze Gender Identity in Middle Childhood

A robust literature documents the significance of gender in children's development, but gaps remain in understanding how developing gender identities link to gender inequalities. This article uses master narratives to analyze the ways that children's gender narratives reinforce or disrupt gender inequality. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 233 Black, White, mixed- and other-race minority children (7-12 years old; Mage = 9.92; 61% girls) in racially diverse schools in the Pacific Northwest. Four narrative types were identified: two "master narratives" that reinforced gender inequality and two "alternative narratives" that disrupted it. Analyses revealed that 5th/6th-graders (vs. 2nd-4th graders) and girls (vs. boys) were more likely to tell alternative narratives. The contributions of master narratives for understanding gender identity, development, and inequality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]