cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Fields I

This chapter discusses magnetism, which refers to a group of phenomena that result from forces acting on charges because of the motion of those charges. These magnetic forces exerted on moving charges are usually described in terms of magnetic fields in a way that is similar to that of describing forces exerted on static charges in terms of electric fields. Thus, electric fields have their origins in static charges, and magnetic fields originate within moving charges. Increasing the charge or speed of the particle or increasing the magnitude of the magnetic field causes a proportionate increase in the magnitude of the magnetic force on the particle. The simple name, magnetic field, is sometimes called by more impressive names such as magnetic induction, magnetic flux density, and magnetic field induction. This frequency, which is independent of the speed of the particle, is sometimes called the cyclotron frequency.
Aircraft contaminant and leak detection sensor system for condition based maintenance

Environmental and chemical contamination has been a serious concern among military and commercial aircraft maintainers. Ingress of contaminants into the structure, occluded areas, and crevices can breakdown protective coatings, initiate localized corrosion, and eventually compromises the functionality or structural integrity of the system, component, or airframe. Leaking or weeping fluid lines or storage tanks within an aircraft can cause standard fluids such as aircraft fuels, hydraulic fluids, or component lubricants to come into contact with sensitive systems or structures. These liquids may cause issues ranging from degradation of polymers and coatings, leaching of corrosion inhibitors from coatings, supporting corrosion, or damaging sensitive electrical and mechanical equipment due to their presence or composition. This paper will discuss an approach for monitoring and evaluating contaminants and leaks that occur within aircraft, in order to address the issue of corrosion related maintenance. A monitoring system is being developed to detect contaminants that may degrade aircraft systems. The contaminant detection system can be mounted within the airframe at low positions, collection points, near critical systems, or sources of concern to detect both the presence and type of contaminants. The monitoring system measures and records environmental parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, surface contaminants, and corrosion rate. The contaminant detection system also measures concentrations of target gases such as SO2, NO2, and hydrocarbons (JP-8 fuel) indicative of the presence of leaks or corrosion inducing conditions within the airframe. The monitoring system has the capability of wirelessly transmitting data to a point maintenance corrosion tool (ICARR-3D) that maps findings and conditions onto three dimensional models of the aircraft. The ICARR-3D maintenance tool was created by Mercer Engineering Research Center (MERC). Sensor node data for a given location within the airframe is sent to the ICARR-3D system along with contaminant severity classification for aircraft maintainers to use in determining the need for inspection or maintenance actions. The ability to identify contaminant exposure within airframes and inform maintenance personnel of leaks, corrosive environments, and chemical contaminants in difficult to access areas will enable condition based maintenance to optimize costs, maintenance man hours, and aircraft availability.
Combating Inequalities in Two-Way Language Immersion Programs: Toward Critical Consciousness in Bilingual Education Spaces.

This chapter reviews critical areas of research on issues of equity/equality in the highly proclaimed and exponentially growing model of bilingual education: two-way immersion (TWI). There is incre...
Nanoscale Science and Technology at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Research in the emerging field of nanoscale science and technology has grown steadily at Los Alamos National Laboratory since 1990. This article summarizes some of this work, examining research highlights within the seven key categories of nanoscience in which Los Alamos has ongoing projects, capabilities, and facilities: (1) Materials and chemistry, (2) Theory and modeling, (3) Bioscience, (4) Investigative tools and facilities, (5) Sensors and devices, (6) Synthesis and fabrication, and (7) Education and outreach. Future research horizons are indicated throughout while institutional strategies for advancing nanoscale science are summarized at the end.
Undergraduate Students Seek Librarian Assistance Only After They Have Searched Independently Without Success

A Review of: Vinyard, M., Mullally, C., & Colvin, J.B. (2017). Why do students seek help in an age of DIY? Using a qualitative approach to look beyond statistics. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 56(4), 257-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56.4.257 Abstract Objective – To explore how undergraduate students look for information and the reasons these students seek assistance from a librarian. Design – Qualitative research. Setting – A university in Southern California. Subjects – 10 students were interviewed: 1 freshman, 1 sophomore, 5 juniors, and 3 seniors. Methods – Students who met with a librarian for longer than 20 minutes were invited to participate in the study, and interviews were conducted within six weeks of this interaction. Semi-structured interviews were scheduled for one hour blocks and were audio-recorded and transcribed afterward. Interview data was analyzed using applied thematic analysis. The researchers used NVivo to assist with the process of coding data. Main Results – Once all transcripts were coded, the researchers identified the following six themes related to how students look for information and the reasons they asked for assistance: how students research, personal perceptions of research skills, assumptions (students’ misperceptions about library services), motivation for asking for help, path to the librarian (how students contacted librarians and their reason for selecting a particular librarian), and experience working with a librarian. Conclusion – Overall, the research results demonstrate that students prefer to conduct research independently but will consult a librarian if they are not able to find what they need, if they find the research question especially challenging, or if they have spent an unreasonable amount of time conducting research. In-class library instruction, along with professor referrals are the most effective methods for encouraging students to seek out library assistance.
Evaluating success of alternative restoration methods for riparian willows: seeding and ungulate exclosures.

Riparian willows provide important ecosystem functions, however, in some locations they have been degraded due to over-browsing by wild and domestic ungulates. Fires can also have a detrimental effect on riparian vegetation, but have positive effects by creating bare soil necessary for willow seed germination. Both active and passive methods of restoration are common, but questions related to willow seed production are not well studied. We examined two questions: 1) Are bare soil patches created by wildfire suitable for willow seedling establishment? and 2) How has aerial seed rain changed since the establishment of exclosures to limit access of ungulates to willow stands? Working in montane riparian areas in Rocky Mountain National Park (USA), we seeded 1 m2 plots on bare soil patches created by a wildfire and monitored germination and survival. Seeds germinated in 46% of the plots and the number of seedlings ranged from 1 to 591. Plots with higher average growing season soil moisture had greater numbers of seedlings and seedling survival rates. In a nearby unburned valley, we assessed aerial seed rain biweekly using traps established at the same locations as a previous study in 2000. Five years after the establishment of exclosures, aerial seed rain was lower than in the pre-fence year 2000. We conclude that fire could trigger willow seeding establishment and controlled burns used as a viable option for restoration. In addition, five years of fencing is insufficient to reestablish willow seed rain after a period of heavy browsing.
Regulation of Hematopoiesis by CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling

CXCL12 (stromal-derived factor 1, SDF-1) is a chemokine that is constitutively expressed at high levels in the bone marrow and is a key component of the stem cell niche. Its major receptor CXCR4 is broadly expressed on hematopoietic cells, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a key role in regulating many aspects of hematopoiesis. It is essential for normal B-cell lymphopoiesis and is a key determinant of neutrophil release from the bone marrow. Activating mutations of CXCR4 are causative of the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, which is characterized by abnormal neutrophil retention in the bone marrow and impaired B-cell development. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis also plays an essential role in HSC maintenance and trafficking, and pharmaceuticals that inhibit CXCR4 signaling result in rapid mobilization.
Emergency management of the adult female rape victim.

Estimates are that one in every six women is raped during her lifetime. The family physician must be able to evaluate and treat the rape victim in the emergency setting. A detailed history, careful physical examination, collection of medical specimens for legal purposes, assessment of the patient's psychologic state, prophylaxis of venereal disease and pregnancy counseling are required. Language: en
Specification and Verification of Object-Oriented Software

The specification of object-oriented and other pointer-based programs must be able to describe the structure of the program’s dynamically allocated data as well as some abstract view of what the code implements. The verification of such programs can be done by generating logical verification conditions from the program and its specifications and then analyzing the verification conditions by a mechanical theorem prover. In these lecture notes, I present an object-based language, Dafny, whose specifications use the style of dynamic frames. I show how to write and specify programs in Dafny. Most of the material is devoted to how to build a first-order automatic program verifier for Dafny programs, generating the verification conditions as input to an automatic satisfiability-modulo-theories solver.
Modeling the Chiral Imprinting Response of Oriented Dipole Moments on Metal Nanostructures

Chiral plasmonics is a growing field because of its potential to produce high-performance biomolecule sensors and negative refractive index materials. Understanding and controlling molecular properties and their effect on the chiroptical coupling between chiral molecular films and metal nanostructures is thus vital for the future design of devices. Here we develop and apply a theoretical method to study that coupling. We first extend the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method to include chiral molecular layers with arbitrarily oriented induced dipole moments relative to the nanostructure’s surface. We then use the methodology to investigate the chiral imprinting response from molecularly coated nanospheres as a test of the method. Finally we study a gold nanocross array to understand how long- and short-range interactions between the chiral molecular layer and the nanoparticles affect their optical response.
The Role of Poverty and Income in the Differential Etiology of Violence: An Empirical Test

ABSTRACTPoverty has been linked with criminal behavior in theory and empirical research. The authors test the differential etiology of violence thesis using a sample of teenagers from the Add Healt...
How do different cooling temperatures affect the characteristics of set-type yoghurt gel?

Abstract The impact of cooling temperatures on gel characteristics of set-type yoghurts was investigated through 28 days of storage. Yoghurt samples were cooled at four different temperatures (−10 °C, −5 °C, 0 °C, 4 °C) after incubation until the central temperature of yoghurt cups reached 4 °C. Cooling temperature and storage period were determined as significant factors affecting the yoghurt gel characteristics (p
Effects of message objectivity and focus on green CSR communication: The strategy development for a hotel’s green CSR message

Corporate social responsibility communication increases the visibility of a company’s pro-social efforts. However, the more a company communicates, the more likely negative consumer reactions such ...
The Southern Oscillation and Northern Hemisphere Temperature Variability

Abstract The Southern Oscillation (SO) is the best defined and understood mode of interannual climate variability. The extreme phases of the SO have been identified with global-scale variations in the atmosphere/ocean circulation system and with the modulation of monsoon precipitation on the global scale. While SO-related precipitation has been the subject of several studies, the magnitude of the SO-related temperature variability on the global scale has not been well documented. In this paper we provide an estimate of the SO-related temperature variability in the context of monitoring global wanning related to the increase in greenhouse gases. This analysis suggested that traditional time series of hemispheric and global temperature anomalies for the calendar year may confuse interannual temperature variability associated with the SO and perceived “climate trend.” Analyses based on calendar-year data are likely to split the effects of the SO-related temperature variability over two years. The Northern Hemisphere cold season (October through March) time series may be more appropriate to separate the SO-related effects on the hemispheric temperature from other modes of variability. Mean interannual temperature anomaly differences associated with the extremes of the SO are estimated to be 0.2°C for the October-to-March season in the Northern Hemisphere. In areas directly linked to the SO, the mean interannual differences amount to over 0.5°C. The SO cannot account for all the variability in the hemispheric times series of surface temperature estimates, but the SO signal must be properly accounted for if these time series are to be understood.
What Care Models Have Generalists Implemented to Address Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care?: a Qualitative Study.

The transition from pediatric to adult care is a critical period for young adults with childhood-onset conditions. General internists are tasked with participating in the care of this vulnerable population. Existing guidelines regarding transition do not fully address structural or organizational characteristics of practices that facilitate transition. Moreover, literature regarding transition has focused on pediatric subspecialty settings, leaving internists with little guidance after transfer. To better understand post-transfer transitional care by describing care models that primary care providers have implemented, and examining common features of generalist physicians’ experiences providing transitional care. Qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews. Nineteen generalist-trained physicians from across the USA, engaged in transition-focused and/or ongoing care of adolescents and young adults with childhood-onset conditions. Content and grounded theory analyses. Participants included nineteen physicians from seventeen institutions. Most (89%) were from academic medical centers. About 80% had completed a combined internal medicine-pediatrics residency. About 70% worked with clinic staff who were dedicated to transition. Practice structures fell into four main care models: (1) primary care in adult settings; (2) transition support and primary care in pediatric settings; (3) a blend of pediatric and adult care elements forming a bridge during transition; and (4) a transition consultative service. Most provided primary care for adults with childhood-onset conditions within larger adult-oriented primary care practices. Common features across interviews included taking extra time with patients both during and between visits and an interdisciplinary team-based approach. Shared practice strategies and philosophies emphasized care coordination, focus on the whole patient beyond immediate health concerns, and willingness to learn from practice and from families. Participants used disparate care models. Common features and strategies among interviews highlight key functions and attributes of transitional care across settings, suggest important elements of care post-transfer, and clarify the role of generalists.
Numerical Methods for Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors

Electrification of agricultural machinery offers substantial benefits and has drawn attentions from manufacturers, so different types of hybrid electric agricultural tractors (HEATs) have been conceptually designed. In HEATs, energy management strategies play an important role to improve the performance of fuel economy. The previous studies are dominated by rule-based strategies. This work proposes optimization-based energy management strategies for HEATs to minimize the fuel consumption in typical working cycles. Based on the optimal control principles, dynamic programming, indirect method, and direct method are used to solve the formulated optimal control problem (OCP) and obtain three different optimal energy management strategies. All the three strategies achieve good performance in solving the OCP. Moreover, compared with the typical rule-based benchmarking strategy, these optimal EMSs show significant improvements in fuel efficiency (up to 5%). At last, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are illustrated and discussed by numerical simulations.
Duplex Criteria for Grading of External Carotid Stenosis

Background External carotid artery (ECA) stenosis is an independent mortality predictor. Additionally, concomitant ECA and internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis progression has been associated with an increased risk of ipsilateral ischemic events in asymptomatic patients. Universally accepted ECA duplex velocity criteria, for the prediction of stenosis, do not exist. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing angiography and carotid duplex assessments were compared (n = 140). ICA, common carotid artery (CCA), and ECA peak systolic velocities (PSVs) were recorded. ECA/CCA PSV ratio was calculated. These parameters were compared with angiographic ECA measurements. Receiver–operator curve analysis was used to determine optimal criteria in identifying ECA stenosis of >50%. Results In patients with little ipsilateral ICA disease, for the detection of ECA stenosis of ≥50%, an ECA PSV >148 cm/sec provided a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 76.2%, and an overall accuracy of 77.1%. An ECA/CCA PSV ratio of 1.45 demonstrated a sensitivity of 73.7%, specificity of 66.7%, and an accuracy of 68.2%.In patients with ICA stenosis ≥50%, for the detection of ECA stenosis of ≥50%, an ECA PSV >179 cm/sec provided a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 79.6%, and overall accuracy of 71.3%. An ECA/CCA PSV ratio of ≥1.89 provided a sensitivity of 71.9%, specificity of 72.7%, and overall accuracy of 72.5%. Conclusions ECA PSV and ECA/CCA PSV ratios appear as useful metrics for the prediction of unilateral high-grade ECA stenosis.
Field-in-field breast planning for a jawless, double-stack MLC LINAC using flattening-filter-free beams.

Background This study intends to develop an efficient field-in-field (FiF) planning technique with the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) to determine the feasibility of using the Halcyon treatment delivery system for 3D treatment of breast cancer. Methods Ten treatment plans were prepared on the Halcyon treatment planning system and compared to the same patients' clinically delivered TrueBeam plans which used flattened 6 MV and 10 MV beams. Patients selected for this study were treated via simple, tangential breast irradiation and did not receive radiotherapy of the supraclavicular or internal mammary lymph nodes. Planning target volumes (PTV) volumes ranged from 519 cc to 1211 cc with a mean target volume of 877 cc. Several planning techniques involving collimator, gantry rotation, and number of FiF segments were investigated as well as the use of the dynamically flattened beam (DFB) - a predefined MLC pattern that is designed to provide a flattened beam profile at 10 cm depth on a standard water phantom. For comparison, the clinically delivered TrueBeam plans remained unaltered except for normalization of the target coverage to more readily compare the two treatment delivery techniques. Results Using the physician defined PTV, normalized such that 98% of the volume was covered by 95% of the prescribed dose, the Halcyon plans were deemed clinically acceptable and comparable to the TrueBeam plans by the radiation oncologist. Resulting average global maximum doses in the test patients were identical between the TrueBeam and Halcyon plans (108% of Rx) and a mean PTV dose of 102.5% vs 101.6%, respectively. Conclusions From this study a practical and efficient planning method for delivering 3D conformal breast radiotherapy using the Halcyon linear accelerator has been developed. When normalized to the clinically desired coverage, hot spots were maintained to acceptable levels and overall plan quality was comparable to plans delivered on conventional C-arm LINACs.
Utilizing Intersectional Pedagogy in a Campus Sexual Assault Course

It is of critical importance that clinicians are trained in sexual assault prevention through an intersectional lens. In this article, I describe a campus sexual assault curriculum that interrogate...
Bariatric Surgery is Associated With Decreased Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Cirrhosis: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

Objective This study sought to compare trends in the development of cirrhosis between patients with NAFLD who underwent bariatric surgery and a well-matched group of nonsurgical controls. Summary of background data Patients with NAFLD who undergo bariatric surgery generally have improvements in liver histology. However, the long-term effect of bariatric surgery on clinically relevant liver outcomes has not been investigated. Methods From a large insurance database, patients with a new NAFLD diagnosis and at least 2 years of continuous enrollment before and after diagnosis were identified. Patients with traditional contraindications to bariatric surgery were excluded. Patients who underwent bariatric surgery were identified and matched 1:2 with patients who did not undergo bariatric surgery based on age, sex, and comorbid conditions. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to evaluate differences in progression from NAFLD to cirrhosis. Results A total of 2942 NAFLD patients who underwent bariatric surgery were identified and matched with 5884 NAFLD patients who did not undergo surgery. Cox proportional hazards modeling found that bariatric surgery was independently associated with a decreased risk of developing cirrhosis (hazard ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.52). Male gender was associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis (hazard ratio 2.07, 95% confidence interval 1.31-3.27). Conclusions Patients with NAFLD who undergo bariatric surgery are at a decreased risk for progression to cirrhosis compared to well-matched controls. Bariatric surgery should be considered as a treatment strategy for otherwise eligible patients with NAFLD. Future bariatric surgery guidelines should include NAFLD as a comorbid indication when determining eligibility.
Impact of surgical volume and resident involvement on patency rates after vasectomy reversal-A 14-year experience in an open access system.

Abstract Objective Evaluate the influence of fellowship training, resident participation, reconstruction type, and patient factors on outcomes after vasectomy reversals in a high volume, open access system. Methods Retrospective review of all vasectomy reversals performed at a single institution from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2016 was conducted. Patient and spouse demographics, patient tobacco use and comorbidities, surgeon training and case volume, resident participation, reconstruction type, and postoperative patency were collected and analyzed. Results Five hundred and twenty-six vasectomy reversals were performed during the study period. Follow-up was available in 80.6% of the cohort and overall patency, regardless of reconstruction type was 88.7%. The mean time to reversal was 7.87 years (range of 0–34 years). The majority of cases included resident participation. Case volume was high with faculty and residents logging a mean of 37.0 and 38.7 (median 18 and 37) cases respectively. Bilateral vasovasostomy was the most common reconstruction type (83%) and demonstrated a significantly better patency rate (89%) than all other reconstructions (p=0.0008). Overall patency and patency by reconstruction type were not statistically different among faculty surgeons and were not impacted by fertility fellowship training, resident participation or post-graduate year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that increased time to reversal and repeat reconstructions had a negative impact on patency (p=0.0023 and p=0.043, respectively). Conclusions Surgeons with a high volume of vasectomy reversals have outcomes consistent with contemporary series regardless of fellowship training in fertility. Patency was better for bilateral vasovasostomies. Patency was not negatively impacted by tobacco use, comorbidities, resident participation, or post-graduate year.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Potato-Associated Alternaria Species in Wisconsin

Potato early blight caused by Alternaria solani and potato brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are two common potato foliar diseases. Fungicide applications in Wisconsin target early blight with the expectation of managing brown spot simultaneously. However, distributions of the two pathogens over time and space have not been previously reported in Wisconsin. In this study, six potato fields in Wisconsin were systematically sampled during 2014 to 2017 to investigate the incidences of both pathogens; incidences of the pathogens were compared by location, timing, and year. Incidence of A. alternata had been recorded starting in late June in every field every year, whereas incidence of A. solani started later in some of the fields. At the end of each growing season throughout the four years, the highest incidence (100% most of the years) of A. solani was observed in a field in Plover, located in a concentrated potato production area of central Wisconsin, and a field in Arena, located in an isolated potato production area in southern Wisconsin. The highest incidence (100% every year) of A. alternata was observed in a field in Madison, an isolated potato field that was managed organically. Such distribution patterns could be a result of the different host ranges of the pathogens and abundance of inoculum in different geographic locations. In 2016, disease severity was correlated with the incidence of both pathogens (P < 0.0001 to P = 0.0299), but in 2017, disease severity was correlated with the incidence of A. solani in most of the fields (P < 0.0001 to P = 0.0799). These findings suggest that both Alternaria spp. are important for considering disease management strategies in central and southern Wisconsin.
Orbital Angular Momentum Reversal and Asymmetry in Acoustic Vortex Beam Reflection

We present acoustic modeling, measurements, and interpretation of the angular momentum carried in an ultrasonic vortex beam that is obliquely reflected off a flat water-air interface. The experimental measurements observe the theoretically predicted reversals of phase rotation, topological charge, and orbital angular momentum in a reflected vortex beam in direct analogy to optical phenomena. The spatial and temporal evolution of the linear and angular momentum during the reflection are determined by calculating the velocity field from two-dimensional scanned pressure fields. A conversion of the angular momentum indicates a radiation torque along the oblique reflecting surface. We understand this radiation torque originates from the break of rotational symmetry with respect to the incident plane for normal components of the energy flux and linear momentum density at the reflecting surface. Our study provides mechanical evidence on the effect of a flat surface on the reflection of vortex beams and gains insight into the underlying physics, impacting non-contact manipulation of objects and communication.
Chemoprevention agents to reduce mammographic breast density in premenopausal women: A systematic review of clinical trials

Background Higher mammographic breast density (MBD) is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer when compared with lower MBD, especially in premenopausal women. However, little is known about the effectiveness of chemoprevention agents in reducing MBD in premenopausal women without a history of breast cancer. Findings from this review should provide insight on how to target MBD in breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with dense breasts. Methods We searched 9 electronic databases for clinical trials in English, Spanish, French, or German published until January 2020. Articles evaluating the association of pharmacological agents and MBD were included. Data were extracted on methods, type and dose of intervention, outcomes, side effects, and follow up. Quality of the studies was assessed using the US Preventive Services Task Force criteria. Results We identified 7 clinical trials evaluating the associations of 6 chemoprevention agents with changes in MBD in premenopausal women without history of breast cancer. The studies evaluated selective estrogen-receptor modulators (n = 1); gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (n = 2); isoflavones (n = 1); vitamin D (n = 1); and Boswellia, betaine, and mayo-inositol compound (n = 1). Hormonal interventions were associated with net reductions in percent density (tamoxifen [13.4%], leuprolide acetate [8.9%], and goserelin [2.7%]), whereas nonhormonal (vitamin D and isoflavone) interventions were not. However, MBD returned to preintervention baseline levels after cessation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Conclusions A limited number of chemoprevention agents have been shown to reduce MBD in premenopausal women. Identification of new and well-tolerated chemoprevention agents targeting MBD and larger studies to confirm agents that have been studied in small trials are urgent priorities for primary breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with dense breasts.
Exploring the role of botulinum toxin in critical care.

INTRODUCTION Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most potent and extensively studied neurotoxins with clinical applications across several different medical specialties. This review article explores the latest evidence for therapeutic applications of BoNT in patients receiving critical management in an intensive care unit (ICU). AREAS COVERED The authors did a literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Texas Medical Center Library database for studies describing the use of BoNT in a critical care setting. They extracted information on study design, patient selection, methodology, and results of relevant studies. Based on initial identification of 85 studies and after conducting screening, the authors identified 61 studies to be included in this review. In an ICU setting, BoNT has been used for several neurological and non-neurological indications. However, the supporting evidence is mostly limited to small observational studies. EXPERT OPINION The use of BoNT in this setting is largely underutilized due to paucity of well-designed clinical trials and financial barriers. Further research is needed to provide evidence for the safety and efficacy of BoNT and to optimize the dosing and injection techniques for various conditions encountered in this setting.
Sexual violence victimization among American college students studying abroad.

OBJECTIVE Research has just begun to identify American college students who study abroad as a group at-risk for sexual violence victimization. The purpose of the current study was to examine the context of these incidents. Participants: We utilized a large longitudinal sample of 2,428 United States college students studying abroad for between 4 and 21 weeks in 12 different foreign countries. Methods: We estimated descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to assess prevalence and correlates of sexual victimization abroad, as well as effect size comparisons to quantify changes in drinking abroad. Results: Over one-fifth of students experienced sexual violence while abroad, including sexual assault and verbal coercion. Women, younger students, those who experienced sexual violence prior, and heavier drinkers had the greatest odds of sexual violence victimization abroad. Conclusions: Findings point to the need for evidence-based programming to reduce sexual violence risk among American college students studying in foreign countries.
Do boards pay attention when institutional investor activists “just vote no”?

Abstract We examine “just vote no” campaigns, a recent innovation in low-cost shareholder activist tools whereby activists encourage their fellow shareholders to withhold votes toward a director's election to express dissatisfaction with management performance or the firm's corporate governance structure. Grundfest [1993. Just vote no: a minimalist strategy for dealing with barbarians inside the gates. Stanford Law Review 45, 857–937] argues that a substantial withheld vote motivates directors to take immediate action to avoid further embarrassment. We find a variety of supportive evidence, including operating performance improvements and abnormal disciplinary chief executive officer (CEO) turnover, indicating that such campaigns induce boards to take actions in shareholders’ interests. Furthermore, abnormal turnover is robust to controlling for concurrent events and firm- and CEO-specific controls.
Thin Epitaxial CaF 2 Films On Silicon

Growth of epitaxial dielectrics of II-A fluorides on Si and compound semiconductors has generated considerable research interest in recent years. In general, MBE and vacuum deposition techniques are being employed for the epitaxial growth of II-A fluorides on semiconductor substrate maintained between about 400 and 900°C during the deposition of dielectric material. With the typical deposition rate of about 1-2 A/s, 8-10 minutes are required to deposit 1000 A of dielectric material. This type of prolonged heating may not be suitable for future submicron and three-dimensional Si integrated circuits, as well as for compound semiconductor devices. We have developed a new reduced thermal budget (product of processing temperature and time) processing technique for the deposition of epitaxial dielectric films on Si and compound semiconductors. In this process, epitaxial dielectric is deposited in the e-beam system at room temperature and subsequently subjected to in-situ rapid isothermal processing by using incoherent light sources incorporated in the e-beam system. In this paper, electrical and structural characteristics of thin epitaxial dielectric films on Si are described.
Lysosomal mTORC2/PHLPP1/Akt regulate chaperone-mediated autophagy

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective form of degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes, contributes to maintenance of proteostasis and to the cellular adaptation to stress. CMA substrates are delivered by a cytosolic chaperone to the lysosomal surface, where, upon unfolding, they are internalized through a membrane translocation complex. The molecular components that participate in CMA substrate targeting and translocation are well characterized, but those involved in CMA regulation remain mostly unknown. In this study, we have identified that CMA is under the positive control of the phosphatase PHLPP1 that associates with the lysosomal membrane and counteracts the inhibitory effect of mTORC2 on CMA. Lysosomal Akt, a target of the mTORC2/PHLPP1 kinase-phosphatase pair, modulates CMA activity by controlling the dynamics of assembly and disassembly of the CMA translocation complex at the lysosomal membrane. The lysosomal mTORC2/PHLPP1/Akt axis could become a target to restore CMA dysfunction in aging and disease.
d-Galactosamine hepatotoxicity

Abstract The role of free fatty acids (FFA) in the pathogenesis of fatty liver was investigated in female rats who received a single ip injection of d -galactosamine-HCl, (GalN), 750 mg/kg body weight. Groups of rats were either fasted for 14 hr prior to GalN injection and then fasted for the duration of the experiment or were fed ad libitum prior to and after GalN administration. Plasma FFA were determined in groups of fasting or fed rats sacrificed at intervals between 0 and 24 hr after GalN administration. The results revealed a progressive increase in plasma FFA in GalN-injected fasted rats (0 hr, 0.40 μmol/ml; 24 hr, 1.09 μmol/ml) whereas in fed animals only a modest increase in plasma FFA concentrations occurred. Hepatic triglyceride content was determined in groups of fasted and fed rats at 6 and 24 hr after GalN administration. Hepatic triglycerides, in fasted rats, were increased 7-fold at 6 hr (22.4 ± 8.5 mg/g) and were markedly increased at 24 hr (114.8 ± 18.4 mg/g). In contrast, feeding protected the rats from the development of fatty liver since hepatic triglycerides were only twice controls at 6 hr and 4-fold increased 24 hr after GalN. Ultrastructural studies were performed at 15, 24, and 48 hr after GalN in fed and fasted rats. Electron microscopy disclosed hepatocellular necrosis and profound fat accumulation in the fasted animals; however, feeding afforded marked protection against the development of fatty liver and hepatic injury. The results of these studies indicate that the GalN-induced fatty liver is associated with a sustained elevation of plasma FFA. The increase in plasma FFA can be prevented by feeding the animals prior to and after GalN administration suggesting that a stimulus for FFA elevation may be the alterations in carbohydrate metabolism known to be induced by GalN in rat liver.
Dynamics of Cytoplasmic Incompatability with MultipleWolbachiaInfections

Abstract Wolbachia infections occur in many arthropods. These matrilineally inherited bacteria cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, in which a cross produces no offspring when between an infected male and an uninfected female. Some populations harbour multiple Wolbachia strains. Females fail to produce offspring when crossed to a male with a strain that the female lacks. Prior theoretical work showed that a panmictic population cannot maintain polymorphism for different strains when each female carries only a single strain. A few authors suggested that doubly infected females can stabilize multistrain polymorphism, but conditions for invasion and location of stable equilibrium were not analysed in detail. For two strains, I describe the conditions under which a multiply infected class can spread. Spread of the doubly infected type stabilizes polymorphism of the singly infected classes. This analysis also suggests an interesting extension to higher multiplicity of infection. For an arbitrary number of strains, N , a panmictic population cannot maintain different classes with N –1 infections unless the class with N infections is also present. This pyramid of polymorphism may explain the puzzling diversity of incompatibility types observed in some Culex mosquitos. Multiple infection also has interesting consequences for the dynamics of spatial variation and reproductive isolation.
New host cell system for regulated simian virus 40 DNA replication.

Abstract Transformed monkey cell lines (CMT and BMT) that inducible express simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen from the metallothionein promoter have been isolated and characterized. Immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled T antigen demonstrates a 5- to 12-fold increase in the rate of synthesis on addition of heavy-metal inducers to the culture medium. Radioimmunoassay of cell extracts indicates the accumulation of three- to fourfold more total T antigen after 2 days of induction by comparison with uninduced controls. A direct correlation was found between the level of T-antigen synthesis and the extent of SV40 DNA replication in inducible cells. Inducible BMT cells expressing a low basal level of T antigen were efficiently transformed by a vector carrying the neomycin resistance marker and an SV40 origin of replication. These vector sequences were maintained in an episomal form in most G418-resistant cell lines examined and persisted even in the absence of biochemical selection. Extensive rearrangements were observed only if the vector contained bacterial plasmid sequences. Expression of a protein product under the control of the SV40 late promoter in such vectors was increased after heavy-metal-dependent amplification of the template. These results demonstrate the ability of BMT cells to maintain a cloned eucaryotic gene in an amplifiable episomal state.
Managing the maturity structure of government debt

Abstract It is known that a government can implement the optimal complete-market Ramsey allocations by issuing non-contingent bonds of different maturities. The implied optimal maturity structure is time- and state-invariant—i.e. it is not actively managed. I construct a model where the Ramsey allocations can be implemented with active management of the maturity structure. In a numerical example that reflects the time-series properties of the British government's expenditure during the 18th century, its historic pattern of maturity management is replicated.
A novel TSV topology for many-tier 3D power-delivery networks

3D integration has the potential to increase performance and decrease energy consumption. However, there are many unsolved issues in the design of these systems. In this work we study the design of many-tier (more than 4 tiers stacked) 3D power-supply networks and demonstrate a technique specific to 3D systems that improves IR-drop over a straightforward extension of traditional design techniques. Previous work in 3D power delivery network design has simply extended 2D techniques by treating through-silicon vias (TSVs) as extensions of the C4 bumps. By exploiting the smaller size and much higher interconnect density possible with TSVs we demonstrate significant reduction of nearly 50% in the IR-drop of our 3D design. Simulations also show that a 3-tier stack with the distributed TSV topology actually lowers IR-drop by 20% over a non-3D system with less power dissipation. Finally, we analyze the power distribution network of an envisioned 1000-core processor with 30 stacked dies and show scaling trends related to both increased stacking and power distribution TSVs. Our 3D analysis technique is validated using commercial-grade sign-off IR-drop software from a major EDA vendor.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 90*

Abstract The 1961 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A=90and the 1970 Midstream Evaluation, A=90+J. B. Ball, M. W. Johns, and K. Way, Nuclear Data Tables8, 407 (1970)+, have been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to May 1, 1975. Results from approximately 225 papers and communications chosen from the extensive literature for this A-chain have been included in the present evaluation. Numerous additional references dealing with reaction mechanism studies and nuclear structure theory are not included in this compilation, but are available upon request from the Nuclear Data Project. Data on nine A=90 nuclei are presented. The decay of 90Br has been observed, but the decay scheme has not been established. Recent unpublished results on 90Kr and 90Rb decays are presented. These results are not yet comlete, but appear to be considerably more extensive than previously published work. The particularly simple decay schemes for 90Sr and 90Y are wellk known. A few spin assignments have been proposed for levels in 90Sr, but additional reaction studies would be useful. Many spin assignments have been made for levels in 90Y, 90Zr, 90Nb, and 90Mo from a variety of decay and reaction studies. The results for 90Zr are particularly extensive. The decay schemes for 90Nb and 90Mo appear reasonably well established. Recent results on the decay of two 90Tc isomers are presented, but the decay schemes have not been established and the energy ordering of the two isomers is not known.
Hydrothermal Kaolinization (Endellitization) of Volcanic Glassy Rock

A vitreous, perlitic rock near Etzatlân, west of Guadalajara, Mexico, has been argillized by hot spring activity. A continuous outcrop from fresh rock to relatively pure clay (halloysite) is exposed, and samples were collected along it to trace the progressive alteration. Alkali metals and silica were leached during argillation, as was shown by analyses of the solid samples and solutions from laboratory hydrolysis of the rock. The interpretation that the original clay mineral was endellite is supported by experiments treating the clay with K-acetate and ethylene glycol. The random arrangement of Si-O-Al in the glass is thought to have favored development of disordered stacking in the clay mineral formed, hence endellite, and random distribution of very fine-grained clay crystals in the mass of clay.
Androgen Biosynthesis in Leydig Cells after Testicular Desensitization by Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing ormone and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

LHRH-induced elevation of endogenous LH in adult male rats was followed by dose-dependent loss of testicular LH receptors and cAMP responses to hCG stimulation in vitro. Leydig cells from animals treated with 10-100 jtxg LHRH to induce over 50% receptor loss showed reduced testosterone responses to hCG, dibutyryl cAMP, and choleragen. However, prognenolone formation (measured in the presence of 17β-hydroxy- 4,4,17-trimethyl-3-oxoandrost-5-ene-2a-carbonitrile and spironolactone) was normal or increased after LHRH treatment. When LHRH-desensitized cells were stimulated with hCG in vitro, the marked decrease in testosterone production was accompanied by accumulation of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, either alone or with progesterone. These findings localized the major steroidogenic block in LHRH-desensitized cells at the site of conversion of the 17a-hydroxylated steroid to androgen, similar to the lesion observed in Leydig cells from animals treated with iv hCG. In the latter, the steroidogenic defects were more ...
A generalization of two inequalities involving means

ABSIRACT. Fan has proven an inequality relating the arithmetic and geometric means of (xI, * *, x,?) and (1-x1, * *, 1-xn), where O<x. _, i=1, ., n. Levinson has generalized Fan's inequality; his result involves functions with positive third derivatives on (0, 1). In this paper, the above condition that requires O<x, -4 has been replaced by a condition which only weights the x, to the left side of (0, 1) in pairs, and Levinson's differentiability requirement has been replaced by the analogous condition on third differences.