cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The case for CMR.

Over the last few decades, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has evolved into a versatile imaging modality for the heart and is particularly useful for determining the underlying etiology of cardiomyopathies. In addition to accurate functional assessment, cardiac MR imaging plays a vital role in differentiating cardiomyopathies by tissue characterization as well as providing prognostic information depending upon the underlying etiology. The case being discussed is an example for which CMR would be an excellent first choice for imaging the patient as it offers a comprehensive assessment in a single study.1
Chapter 94 – All Malignancies of Older Children

Cancers in children aged 5–14 are diverse in histology, in pattern of occurrence, and undoubtedly in etiology as well. There is only a limited overlap in cell type between these malignancies and those of younger children. In addition to leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, brain malignancy, and sarcoma are all prominent among the cancers in this age group. Malignancies of older children are somewhat more common in boys, and are less common in Los Angeles County than in San Francisco or the country generally. Whites and Latinos are at higher risk and Asian-Americans at lower risk than African-Americans, and there is no consistent relation between risk and social class. Over time, incidence in boys has not changed consistently, but in girls there has been a slight increase in the county as a whole. The reasons for the gender and racial disparities in the occurrence of these malignancies are unknown, although it is suspected that gender-specific risk is becoming more equal as girls and boys adopt a more uniform behavior and lifestyle.
Response to the Position Paper of the European Interdisciplinary Society for Clinical and Sports Application (EIScsa): Muscle imbalances - fact or fiction?

The authors of Muscle Imbalances – Fact or Fiction, have correctly identified the complexities of quantifying muscle imbalances as related to predisposition to injury. It seems intuitive that significant muscle imbalance would predispose one to injury during high performance sport or strenuous activities common with laborers in industrial settings. However, scientific evidence in support of this impression requires prospective research paradigms involving pre-injury screening of large numbers of uninjured subjects. One good analogy is the clinical assumption that stretching and muscle extensibility reduces sports injury risk. Thacker et al. [1] conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature in an attempt to find evidence that stretching prevents or reduces injuries in sports. The authors found that stretching is not significantly associated with a reduction in injury risk, and concluded that the evidence for or against stretching is equivocal. The authors have also correctly pointed out that single-factor-related analysis (e.g., uniplanar strength ratios) of muscle function reflects an insufficient approach to identifying a higher risk of overuse or traumatic injury or re-injury. However, I continue to contend that open chain analysis of single muscle group performance is the best way to identify preor postinjury deficits in torque, power, and work, that can be overlooked with more functional closed chain analysis. For example, Kowalk et al. [2] evaluated bilateral joint angles, moments, powers, and work in uninjured and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient subjects during stair climbing preand 6 months post-operatively. Post-operative deficits were found for peak moment, power, and work in the injured knee, yet these reductions were compensated by increases in excursion, moment, and power in the contralateral ankle. Ernst et al. [3] conducted a video analysis of ACL reconstructed and matched uninjured subjects during vertical jump, lateral step-up, and hop activities. They found that the ACL-injured side had lower knee extension moments compared to the uninjured side and matched subjects. However, no differences in hip+knee+ankle summated moments were found, and the injured side hip was found to have compensated for the knee moment deficits. These studies provide evidence that while closed chain functional analysis is important, it alone is insufficient in identifying single muscle group deficits that can be masked with proximal or distal joint, or contralateral extremity compensations. I agree with the authors that a detailed analysis of muscle function that includes passive and active characteristics of muscle lengthening (flexibility, stiffness) and sensorimotor function parameters (e.g., stabilometry, proprioceptive aspects, reflex and electromyographic activity) would more comprehensively assess injury risk. However, this comprehensive analysis of muscle function is impractical for screening large num-
Membrane Trafficking in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts: New Avenues for Understanding and Treating Skeletal Diseases

The endocytic and exocytic/secretory pathways are two major intracellular membrane trafficking routes that regulate numerous cellular functions in a variety of cell types. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, two major bone cells responsible for bone remodeling and homeostasis, are no exceptions. During the past few years, emerging evidence has pinpointed a critical role for endocytic and secretory pathways in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function. The endosomal membrane provides a platform to integrate bone tropic signals of hormones and growth factors in osteoblasts. In osteoclasts, endocytosis, followed by transcytosis, of degraded bone matrix promotes bone resorption. Secretory pathways, especially lysosome secretion, not only participate in bone matrix deposition by osteoblasts and degradation of mineralized bone matrix by osteoclasts; they may also be involved in the coupling of bone resorption and bone formation during bone remodeling. More importantly, mutations in genes encoding regulatory factors within the endocytic and secretory pathways have been identified as causes for bone diseases. Identification of the molecular mechanisms of these genes in bone cells may provide new therapeutic targets for skeletal disorders.
Distinct tachykinin NK1 receptor function in primate nucleus tractus solitarius neurons is dysregulated after second-hand tobacco smoke exposure

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure in children increases the risk of asthma and sudden infant death syndrome. Epidemiological and experimental data have suggested SHS can alter neuroplasticity in the CNS, associated with substance P. We hypothesized that exposure to SHS in young primates changed the effect of substance P on the plasticity of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), where airway sensory information is first processed in the CNS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thirteen-month-old rhesus monkeys were exposed to filtered air (FA, n= 5) or SHS (n= 5) for >6 months from 50 days of their fetal age. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on NTS neurons in brainstem slices from these animals to record the intrinsic cell excitability in the absence or presence of the NK1 receptor antagonist, SR140333 (3 µM). KEY RESULTS Neurons were electrophysiologically classified based on their spiking onset from a hyperpolarized membrane potential into two phenotypes: rapid-onset spiking (RS) and delayed-onset spiking (DS) types. In RS neurons, SR140333 reduced the spiking response, similarly in both FA- and SHS-exposed animals. In DS neurons, SR140333 almost abolished the spiking response in FA-exposed animals, but had no effect in SHS-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The contribution of NK1 receptors to cell excitability depended on firing phenotype of primate NTS neurons and was disrupted by SHS exposure, specifically in DS neurons. Our findings reveal a novel NK1 receptor function in the primate brainstem and support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to SHS in children causes tachykinin-related neuroplastic changes in the CNS.
Particle acceleration, gamma rays and the source associated with the Ophiuchus dark cloud

The newly discovered gamma‐ray source in the Ophiuchus Complex is examined, and evidence for particle acceleration is given. Possible correlative features in the x‐ray, optical, infrared, and radio are described. Then the entire list of γ‐ray sources is studied, to search for common features and classes.
Adverse Reactions with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

Teprotide, a nonapeptide isolated from the venom of a Brazilian pit viper, Bothrops jararaca, was the first angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor to be discovered and tested. It was found to be an effective, non-toxic antihypertensive agent as well as an afterload-reducing agent for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary activity of teprotide resulted from blockade of the angiotensin I converting enzyme--the pivotal step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and consequent reductions in angiotensin II levels. There was limited clinical testing for teprotide because of: its scarcity; the need for parenteral administration; and the subsequent discovery and synthesis of captopril, the first orally active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Captopril is the prototype oral angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and has been extensively studied since the initiation of formal studies in 1976. Perhaps one of the most closely researched drugs in modern times, the experience with captopril now includes more than 12,000 patients studied in formalized trials and over 4,000,000 patients treated world-wide by physicians for hypertension and congestive heart failure. Enalapril (MK421) is the first of what appears to be a growing number of analogues which are structurally and pharmacodynamically different from captopril; yet, they possess the same capacity for inhibiting the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme. The side effect profile of enalapril (and presumably future) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors appears to be similar to captopril, though clearly more experience is needed with newer agents. The initial use of captopril was troubled by a relatively high incidence of side effects which will form the focus of this discussion. Partially the result of incomplete pharmacokinetic information, captopril was administered in early studies at dosages now recognised to be far in excess of those necessary for drug action. In addition, dosages were given without regard for deficiencies of renal function, now known to be the main excretory route of captopril. The population of those patients studied frequently had chronic, treatment-resistant hypertension, often associated with concomitant end-organ disease (especially renal disease); and many additional factors further complicating the clinical setting, e.g. a relatively high incidence of collagen vascular disease and immunosuppressive treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Gut-Pancreatic Axis AMPlified in Islets of Langerhans

Microbially derived metabolites in the intestine regulate host immunity and impact disease pathophysiology in various organs. Sun et al. (2015) suggest a direct effect of microbial metabolites on pancreatic endocrine cells in regulating type 1 diabetes pathophysiology.
Higher-Order Functions

A higher-order function is a function that accepts other functions as arguments. Rosetta functions are first-class items having labels, types, and values like any other declared item. Thus, it is possible to define a higher-order function simply by including a parameter in with a function type in a function's signature. Most applications of higher-order functions are transparent to the Rosetta user. Specification functions such as quantifiers, set operations, and map and filter operations represent applications of higher-order functions that are used without fanfare in the base language. However, the higher-order technique is available to users and represents a powerful specification technique. The core of Rosetta's built-in higher-order functions includes functions for extracting the domain (dom), range (ran), and return (ret) type from a function definition. The dom function accepts a function as its only argument and returns the domain of that function. The return type function is realized by simply examining the function definition. Unlike the return type function, the range function evaluates to the function's range by assembling the results of applying the function to each element of its domain type.
Allograft cardiectomy and biventricular assist device placement as a salvage maneuver in a heart transplant recipient.

End-stage allograft failure following cardiac transplantation is a devastating problem, and retransplantation offers the only chance for survival. We present the case of a young man with a failing cardiac allograft who underwent allograft cardiectomy, atrial pouch formation, and biventricular assist device (BiVAD) placement as a salvage maneuver. (J Card Surg 2011;26:114-116)
Estimation of Postlaunch Angular Motion for Kinetic Energy Projectiles

Aerodynamic jump is a contributor to projectile launch dispersion errors. To reduce aerodynamic jump with an active control device, a method of estimating the aerodynamic jump is needed to identify the active control that is required. A method is developed for estimating the angular motion of a kinetic energy projectile immediately following launch. The sensors required are two body-fixed accelerometers nominally mounted on the projectile longitudinal axis, the nominal sensing axes of which are orthogonal to the longitudinal axis and orthogonal to each other. This estimation method permits the use of a body-fixed control device to reduce aerodynamic jump.
1,10-Phenanthroline-cuprous ion complex, a potent inhibitor of DNA and RNA polymerases.

Abstract The inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline of E. coli DNA polymerase I has recently been attributed to the formation in the assay mixtures of a unique and effective inhibitor, the 2:1 1,10-phenanthroline-cuprous ion complex (1). We have now found that this coordination complex is also an effective inhibitor of E. coli DNA dependent RNA polymerase, Micrococcus luteus DNA dependent DNA polymerase, and T-4 DNA dependent DNA polymerase. This conclusion is based either on the requirement of a thiol for 1,10-phenanthroline inhibition or on the reversal of 1,10-phenanthroline inhibition by the non-inhibitory cuprous ion specific chelating agent 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. 2,2′,2″-Terpyridine is also very effective at relieving 1,10-phenanthroline inhibition. The reversal of 1,10-phenanthroline inhibition should be attempted before it is claimed that 1,10-phenanthroline inhibits any polymerases by coordinating a zinc ion at the active site.
Covert Elder Abuse in the Nursing Home

Elder abuse continues to be of concern in our society. State Adult Protective Agencies constantly investigate reports of elder abuse. This descriptive, exploratory study used ethnographic field techniques to assess certain interactions that took place between staff members and nursing home residents. Some subtle forms of psychological elder abuse that involved personal choice issues, isolation, labeling, and other thoughtless practices were evident. The data showed that those least able to affect the outcome of their care were particularly affected.
24th International Congress of Applied Psychology, San Francisco: A Summary Report

Cet article offre une vue d’ensemble du 24e`me Congre`s International de Psychologie Applique´e qui a eu lieu a` San Francisco en aout 1998. Il e´nume`re les sujets traite´s et rend compte des contributions des diverses sections. Ce faisant, il souligne surtout l’originalite´ du congre`s, due aux modalite´s novatrices des prestations, au grand nombre de pays repre´sente´s et a` la pre´sence de chercheurs autochtones. This article provides an overview of the 24th International Congress of Applied Psychology in San Francisco, August 1998. It delineates topics that were covered and contribution from various divisions. It also acknowledges the uniqueness of the congress due to the new innovative modes of presentations, the multi country representations, and the presence of indigenous researchers.
Genetic toxicology: can we design predictive in vivo assays?

Abstract The present analysis examines the assumptions in, the perceptions and predictivity of and the need for short-term tests (STTs) for genotoxicity in light of recent findings that most noncarcinogens from the National Toxicology Program are genotoxic (i.e., positive in one or more in vitro STTs). Reasonable assumptions about the prevalence for carcinogens (1–10% of all chemicals), the sensitivity of these STTs (ca. 90% of all carcinogens are genotoxic) and their estimated “false positive” incidence (60–75%) imply that the majority of chemicals elicit genotoxic responses and, consequently, that most in vitro genotoxins are likely to be noncarcinogenic. Thus, either the usual treatment conditions used in these in vitro STTs are producing a large proportion of artifactual and meaningless positive results or else in vitro mutagenicity is too common a property of chemicals to serve as a useful predictor of carcinogenicity or other human risk. In contrast, the limited data base on in vivo STTs suggests that the current versions of these assays may have low sensitivity which appears unlikely to improve without dropping either their ‘short-term’ aspect or the rodent carcinogenicity benchmark. It is suggested that in vivo genotoxicity protocols be modified to take into consideration both the fundamentals of toxicology as well as the lessons learned from in vitro genetic toxicology. In the meantime, while in vivo assays are undergoing rigorous validation, genetic toxicology, as currently practiced, should not be a formal aspect of chemical or drug development on the grounds that it is incapable of providing realistic and reliable information on human risk. It is urged that data generated in new, unvalidated in vivo genotoxicity assays be exempted from the normal regulatory reporting requirements in order to encourage industry to participate in the laborious and expensive development of this next phase of genetic toxicology.
Light and electron microscopic localization of a monoclonal antibody in neurons in situ in the head region of Hydra.

A mouse monoclonal antibody to Hydra attenuata was used to demonstrate immunoreactive product in neurons in situ, in both whole mount and sectioned hypostomes and tentacles of H. oligactis and H. littoralis. Immunoreactive cells were concentrated around the mouth and scattered along the length of the tentacles. In the hypostome, nerve cells sent one or more processes orally and the others aborally but the processes were more distinctly stained in H. oligactis. A thin strand of five to six perihypostomal neurons was present close to the hypostome-tentacle junction. In the tentacles, neurons with long processes contacted up to five different batteries of nematocysts. Neural processes were associated with nematocyst batteries in three ways: (1) forming a perikaryal loop to encircle a centrally located stenotele, (2) branching at a distance from the perikaryon to contact a variety of nematocysts, and (3) terminal branching by one or more neurons with contacts on one to several nematocysts within a battery. Immunocytochemical localization of neurons in Hydra by light microscopy was correlated for the first time with electron microscopy. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)-positive sensory cells were concentrated around the mouth opening. PAP-positive ganglion cells were predominant in the tentacles. Sensory cells were elongate or spindle-shaped (unipolar), triangular with two oppositely directed processes (bipolar), and multipolar (tripolar or tetrapolar) with one of the processes extending to the epidermal surface. Ganglion cells were either unipolar or bipolar or multipolar, with neurites paralleling the mesoglea and occasionally having processes abut on it.
The effect of growth hormone on the growth failure of chronic renal failure.

To investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on the reversal of growth failure in uremia, recombinant human GH (rhGH) was administered to rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). The dosage of rhGH was 3 IU/day (i.p.) for 13 days after the induction of CRF by 5/6 nephrectomy. Animals were classified into four groups: untreated nephrectomized rats (NX,n=40), GH-treated nephrectomized rats (NX+GH,n=18), sham-operated rats fed ad libitum (SHAMAL,n=27), and sham-operated rats pair-fed with 10 NX rats (SHAMPF,n=10). NX and NX+GH rats developed a similar and moderate degree of CRF, serum urea nitrogen being (mean±SEM) 49±3 and 54±4 mg/dl, respectively, compared with 16±4 and 19±0 mg/dl in SHAMAL and SHAMPF groups. Weight (56.0±3.3 g) and length (3.5±0.1 cm) gains of NX rats were lower than those of SHAMAL rats (94.2±4.0 g,P<-0.0001 and 4.1±0.2 cm,P<-0.01). Growth of the SHAMPF group and the matched NX rats was not significantly different. Weight (56.2±5.0 g) and length (3.4±0.2 cm) gains of NX+GH and NX rats were similar, the beneficial effect of GH therapy on growth being observed in only those animals with more severe degrees of uremia. This growth-promoting action resulted from greater food efficiency and not from stimulated food intake. The hypercholesterolemia seen in NX rats, 81±2 mg/dl versus 55±3 mg/dl in SHAMAL (P≤0.0001), was not increased in the NX+GH group, 87±3 mg/dl. There was a positive and significant correlation between serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen values in NX and NX+GH animals. This study suggests that growth impairment of mild CRF is mainly due to malnutrition and is refractory to GH administration. GH therapy improves the growth rate of animals with advanced CRF without aggravating their lipid abnormalities.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of mechanical disturbances in epoxy-impregnated superconducting coils. 2. Shear-stress-induced epoxy fracture as the principal source of premature quenches and training theoretical analysis

Abstract An epoxy-impregnated superconducting winding may be considered structurally as a unidirectional composite consisting of superconducting wires embedded in a matrix of epoxy resin. The epoxy, because of its low strength and brittleness at low temperatures, is susceptible to brittle fracture which occurs under stresses induced initially during the cooldown (by differential thermal contractions of epoxy and metal) and subsequently during the magnet charge-up (by the Lorentz forces). Various modes of matrix failure are discussed and analysed. For the composite winding represented by four principal characteristics - geometry; constituent material properties; winding boundary conditions; and microcracks which become stress concentration sites for the initiation of further cracking. It is demonstrated that the transverse shear stresses induced by Lorentz forces in windings with cylindrical symmetry are principally responsible for premature magnet quenches. It is further demonstrated that to minimize shear stresses and thus prevent epoxy fracture in the winding, the whole winding body must not be restrained by the coil form and must be free to take its natural shape as the magnet is energized. This unrestrained winding support design is called the floating coil concept. The conclusions of the analysis agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental results reported in the next two parts of this work.
A prospective study of macular thickness in amblyopic children with unilateral high myopia.

Purpose To compare macular thickness of the normal fellow eye to that of the amblyopic eye using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in children with unilateral high myopia. Relationships between macular thickness and magnitude of myopic anisometropia, axial length, and visual acuity (VA) were investigated. Methods Thirty-one children with a mean age of 9.56 years were recruited. Macular thickness, axial length, best-corrected VA, and refraction were measured. Paired t-test was performed to compare the macular thickness of the amblyopic eye to that of the fellow eye. Partial correlations were used to test the relationships between interocular difference in macular thickness and anisometropia, axial length, and VA. Results Average (± SD) LogMAR VA in the amblyopic eye was 0.96 ± 0.31. Mean spherical equivalent in amblyopic eyes was -10.79 ± 3.40 diopters. A statistically significant difference in macular thickness was found between amblyopic and fellow eyes, with amblyopic eyes having greater foveal thickness but reduced inner and outer macular thickness. Only the nasal outer macular thickness had a statistically significant association with the magnitude of anisometropia. Conclusions Amblyopic children with unilateral high myopia tend to have a thicker fovea and thinner inner and outer macula in the amblyopic eye compared to the normal fellow eye. The findings indicate that anatomic changes may be present in the retinas of amblyopic children with unilateral high myopia. Future study is warranted to determine whether the mechanism of the macular changes is due to high myopia, amblyopia, or a combination of the two.
On-selective electrodes for some β-adrenergic and calcium blockers

Abstract Potentiometric sensors based on dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (DNNS) were prepared for several recently developed drugs used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Thus, incorporation of DNNS along with the β-adrenergic blocker Acebutalol, or calcium-channel blockers Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nicardipine, or Lidoflazine into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane resulted in coated-wire ion-selective electrodes which displayed nearly Nernstian response in the concentration range 10−3–10−5 M and quantitatively useful responses down to 10−6 M. Selectivity behavior for each set of electrodes was accurately predicted from calculated distribution constants for the respective drugs. Application of these electrodes to pharmaceutical preparations is discussed, as is their utility in pharmacokinetic studies.
Variant Forms of α-Fetoprotein Transcripts Expressed in Human Hematopoietic Progenitors IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL TOWARDS ENDODERM

Hematopoietic stem cells have been identified as multipotent cells that give rise to all adult hematopoietic lineages. Although the hematopoietic lineage is derived from the mesodermal germ layer in the embryo, recent data suggest that bone marrow cells with an antigenic profile consistent with that of hematopoietic stem cells can also differentiate to cell types of the endodermal lineages, such as hepatocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with these events are entirely unknown. For decades, α-fetoprotein (AFP) has been used as a differentiation marker for endodermal cells, because it was thought that the transcription of AFP mRNA is tightly regulated in a developmental and tissue-specific process. In this report we describe two new variant forms of AFP transcripts in human hematopoietic progenitors that are not expressed in mature cells. The variant AFP (vAFP) cDNA sequences isolated from a multipotent hematopoietic cell line, K562, revealed that the vAFP differed from the authentic transcript, consisting of 15 exons, by replacing exon 1 of AFP with one or two exons located in the 5′-untranslated region of theAFP gene. In addition to the K562 cell line, vAFP transcripts were detected in normal bone marrow, thymus, and brain but were not detected in normal spleen, intestine, liver, or the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2. This suggests expression in normal hematopoietic progenitors. This hypothesis was confirmed by the finding that CD34+Lin− hematopoietic progenitor cells purified from cord blood by flow cytometric sorting also expressed the variant transcripts. These results suggest that some hematopoietic progenitors are in a state that permits them to express certain types of transcripts that have been considered unique to endoderm.
Restraint of inflammatory signaling by interdependent strata of negative regulatory pathways

Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and related pathways by microbial products drives inflammatory responses, host-defense pathways and adaptive immunity. The cost of excessive inflammation is cell and tissue damage, an underlying cause of many acute and chronic diseases. Coincident with activation of TLR signaling, a plethora of anti-inflammatory pathways and mechanisms begin to modulate inflammation until tissue repair is complete. Whereas most studies have focused on the signaling components immediately downstream of the TLRs, this Review summarizes the different levels of anti-inflammatory pathways that have evolved to abate TLR signaling and how they are integrated to prevent cell and tissue destruction.
Loss of in vitro metal ion binding specificity in mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutases associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract The presence of the copper ion at the active site of human wild type copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) is essential to its ability to catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide into dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Wild type CuZnSOD and several of the mutants associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) (Ala4 → Val, Gly93 → Ala, and Leu38 → Val) were expressed inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Purified metal-free (apoproteins) and various remetallated derivatives were analyzed by metal titrations monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy, histidine modification studies using diethylpyrocarbonate, and enzymatic activity measurements using pulse radiolysis. From these studies it was concluded that the FALS mutant CuZnSOD apoproteins, in direct contrast to the human wild type apoprotein, have lost their ability to partition and bind copper and zinc ions in their proper locations in vitro. Similar studies of the wild type and FALS mutant CuZnSOD holoenzymes in the “as isolated” metallation state showed abnormally low copper-to-zinc ratios, although all of the copper acquired was located at the native copper binding sites. Thus, the copper ions are properly directed to their native binding sites in vivo, presumably as a result of the action of the yeast copper chaperone Lys7p (yeast CCS). The loss of metal ion binding specificity of FALS mutant CuZnSODsin vitro may be related to their role in ALS.
The Myths of Information Needs

ever, the analysis of needs is fraught with ambiguity whether we are dealing with education or information. These ambiguities lead to misconceptions which require clarification before further useful research can be done. Five such myths are explored in this paper. Information is here considered as that which reduces uncertainty. It may exist as data in books, computers, people, files and thousands of other sources, but these sources are simply raw data until they are used to resolve uncertainties. Data does not become information until used by someone to achieve a specific purpose. In the broadest sense, every stimulus offers information potential, but a more manageable view is to consider information as symbolic representations of experience (words-spoken and written; graphics; pictures; numerals and combinations of all of these). A basic requisite of information however, is its capability to reduce uncertainty.
Cocaine alters behavioral states in fetal sheep

Abstract Intrauterine cocaine exposure causes subtle neurologic abnormalities in human newborn infants; however, the mechanism for these abnormalities is not known. To investigate whether cocaine alters fetal behavioral state, the electrocortical, electro-ocular and neck muscle electrical activity was monitored in 7 chronically instrumented fetal sheep before and during both saline and cocaine HCl infusions directly to the fetus. Saline infusion to the fetus had no effect on the percentage of time spent in rapid eye movement sleep compared to no infusion (37.5 ± 11.6% vs 46.3 ± 4.6%, mean ± SD, P > 0.1). Cocaine infusion directly to the fetus had no effect on fetal arterial p O 2 , but did increase mean arterial pressure from 53.6 ± 15 mmHg to 61.0 ± 21 mmHg ( P P P P = 0.01). Cocaine appears to alter fetal behavioral state directly and this may play a role in the abnormal behavior in newborn infants exposed to cocaine in utero.
Relative Significance of Dopamine Receptors, Beta Adrenoceptors and Norepinephrine Uptake inhibition in the Cardiovascular Actions of Dopexamine Hydrochloride

Studies in our laboratory have confirmed that dopexamine hydrochloride is a potent β 2 -adrenoceptor and DA 1 -dopamine receptor agonist. We examined the effects of dopexamine hydrochloride on both cardiac contractile force, determined by use of a Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arch sutured to the right ventricle, and heart rate in anesthetized dogs. Dopexamine hydrochloride increased cardiac contractile force and heart rate and decreased blood pressure. After administration of the ganglionic blocking agents, hexamethonium and atropine, or the selective β 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist, atenolol, the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of dopexamine hydrochloride were reduced or eliminated, demonstrating that the drug had little or no direct β 1 -adrenoceptor action and that a myocardial β 2 -adrenoceptor action was not involved in its cardiac effects. During these investigations, dopexamine hydrochloride was found to be an inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake, potentiating the cardiac effects of both exogenously administered norepinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. These results led to the following conclusions: Dopexamine hydrochloride stimulates the heart by 2 mechanisms—(1) baroreceptor-mediated release of norepinephrine resulting from hypotension produced by β 2 adrenoceptor and DA 1 dopamine receptor-mediated vasodilatation, and (2) potentiation of the released norepinephrine due to prevention of norepinephrine uptake by sympathetic nerves. The latter mechanism may be involved in the cardiac stimulation observed in patients with congestive heart failure and shock, since excessive sympathetic activity and elevated catecholamine levels are present in these conditions.
Effects of morphine anesthesia on myocardial contractility, blood flow, and metabolism

Abstract Morphine sulfate is an anesthetic that is frequently used in cardiac operations. Because the knowledge regarding the effects of this drug on the hemodynamic status and myocardium is yet to be defined, we undertook a study in which the effects of morphine sulfate and saline (control group) were compared. Fifteen dogs were anesthetized with chloralose and underwent median sternotomy. A 2 mg/kg dose of morphine sulfate was administered intravenously three times—each time at a 30-min interval (morphine group, eight dogs). In the remaining seven dogs, an equal amount of saline was administered intravenously. The following parameters were measured 10 min after each injection: arterial, central venous, left atrial, and left ventricular pressures, arterial and coronary sinus blood gases and lactates, cardiac output, myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique), and myocardial ATP, glycogen and lactate. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular dp/dt, myocardial blood flow, myocardial lactate, and lactate extraction did not change significantly in the control group. However, in the morphine group, cardiac output decreased from 103 ± 11 ml/kg/min to 43 ± 6 (P
Student Affairs and Alumni Relations.

The chapter explains the unique position that student affairs administrators have in developing good relationships with alumni and the various strategies that can be used to maintain those connections.
A new 3D FDTD multigrid technique with dielectric traverse capabilities

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique has become increasingly popular and is being used to model extremely complex and electrically large structures. These simulations are computationally demanding and often exceed available limits on computer resources. In this paper, we present an FDTD sub-gridding technique that allows for increased resolution in regions of interest without increasing the overall computational requirements beyond the available resources. Furthermore, the formulation presented here allows for traversing dielectric boundaries using any integer refinement factor and the maximum Courant number. By allowing the coarse-/fine-grid boundary to traverse dielectric boundaries, numerical simulations that were previously either extremely difficult or impossible to perform are now possible. The technique presented here uses a weighted current value from the coarse region at the boundary between the fine- and coarse-grid regions to update the fine-region tangential fields on that boundary. The weighting function depends on the material properties and the relative position of the fine-region electric field within the current contour at the boundary. The complete formulation of this new technique is described and some results of simulation cases are presented to validate the accuracy and stability of the newly developed FDTD code. Simulations include simple cases where the analytical solution exists and more complex cases, which were impossible to model using a uniform-grid FDTD code. In some simulation examples, computer memory savings as high as 70 times what would have been necessary with a uniform-grid code were achieved. It is shown that errors of less than 2% are achievable with ratios of coarse-to-fine grid sizes exceeding ten. The new technique is expected to be used in simulating many electrically large and complex structures in the biomedical microwave processing of materials and the wireless communications areas.
Visual detection of particulates in x‐ray images of processed meat products

A study was conducted to test the efficacy of detecting particulate contaminants in processed meat samples by visual observation of line-scanned x-ray images. Six hundred field-collected processedproduct samples were scanned at 230 cm2/s using 0.5 X 0.5-mm resolution and 50 kV, 13 mA excitation. The x-ray images were image corrected, digitally stored, and inspected off-line, using interactive image enhancement. Forty percent of the samples were spiked with added contaminants to establish the visual recognition of contaminants as a function of sample thickness (1 to 10 cm), texture of the x-ray image (smooth/ textured), spike composition (wood/bone/glass), size (0.1 to 0.4 cm), and shape (splinter/round). The results were analyzed using a maximum likelihood logistic regression method. In packages less than 6 cm thick, 0.2-cm-thick bone chips were easily recognized, 0.1-cm glass splinters were recognized with some difficulty, while 0.4-cm-thick wood was generally missed. Operational feasibility in a time-constrained setting was confirmed. One half percent of the samples arriving from the field contained bone slivers >1 cm long, 1/2% contained metallic material, while 4% contained particulates exceeding 0.3 cm in size. All of the latter appeared to be bone fragments.
Interpreting empirical findings

Journal of International Business Studies (2006), doi: I0. 1057/palgrave.jibs.8400217 In my role of Department Editor at JIBS, I have seen over 100 empirical manuscripts. Overall, I have been impressed with the degree to which tests match the theory and the choice of statistical technique given the nature of the data. However, there is a systematic behavior that I would encourage us as a field to remedy. We should reconsider how we interpret empirical findings in our work. The current norm for interpreting empirical results rests almost exclusively on highlighting the number of *'s next to coefficient estimates in the tables.
Prediction of potato late blight incidence from samples of blighted seed tubers

Eleven seed tuber lots at Albert Lea and Hollandale, Minnesota, were sampled for the presence of tubers with symptoms of late blight in April, 1955.
Hard selection in haploid species

Abstract The formulation of hard selection is reviwed in the context of haploid viabilities and the criteria for stability of the fixation states are given. In contrast to soft selection, both fixation states can be simultaneously stable. However, this is not possible if the migration matrix is positive definite. In the case of only two demes there is at most one polymorphic equilibrium as occurs under soft selection, but the internal equilibrium may be unstable in contrast to the soft selection case. The question of hard versus soft protection is posed in the context of haploid viabilities and the principle hard protection implies soft protection holds with a similar degree of generality as in the diploid case.
Monitoring bird movements by radar

Shortly after the development of radar some 25 years ago, it became apparent that bird movements were often discernible on radar screens. These ``radar angels'' in some cases are looked upon as clutter to be eliminated from the radar screen. However, they should be regarded as signals conveying valuable information, since birds can provide a real threat to aircraft, particularly in certain areas and at certain times of the year.
Eastern Europe: Is the Party Over?

VALERIE BUNCE It is easy to make a strong case for economic and political reforms in Eastern Europe. First, this is what Mikhail Gorbachev wants, and what a Soviet leader wants carries special weight in the bloc. Second, it is clear that socialist economics does not work, especially in Eastern Europe. It is not just that four of these states-Romania, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia'--have suffered an actual decline in their standard of living since 1980; it is also that there has been a longterm decline throughout the region in capital and labor productivity. Finally, the political future of the region is mortgaged as well. Many of these parties, most notably in Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia, can be termed mere shadows of their former Leninist selves. What is a communist party, after all, if it cannot manage the economy, agree on policies or control the public? If the pressures for reform are great, however, so are the pressures against reform, and for many of the same reasons. Faltering economies, divided parties, nervous privileged interests and angry, impatient publics are hardly the stuff out of which a reform coalition can be cobbled. This is the lesson of Poland from 1956 to the present (Bunce, 1989b). Second, even if such a coalition could somehow be constructed, there is no guarantee that reforms would solve the problems of socialism. Indeed, they could make matters worse. Market reforms would undoubtedly in the short term unleash inflation, increase unemployment and create shortages-all for the familiar promise that things would improve in the future. Political reforms would also have their costs. If the party forfeits its monopoly, the vacuum created would be filled by angry publics and possibly by the Soviets. If the party merely pretended to give up power, its clumsy reassertions of privilege would invite public outcries. Finally, it is not as though Gorbachev's pressures were all in the direction of reform. On the one hand, he is demanding emulation; on the other, he is arguing that Eastern Europe do more of its own thing (Bunce, 1989a). Eastern European leaders, therefore, are caught between the proverbial rock and a hard place. Major reforms could either save socialism or hasten its demise. How did the Eastern Europeans get into such a pickle? What does Gorbachev want them to do? Will glasnost and perestroika save Eastern Europe or function as a prelude to revolution?
Dimeric Quaternary Structure of the Prototypical Dual Specificity Phosphatase VH1

The Vaccinia virus H1 gene product, VH1, is a dual specificity phosphatase that down-regulates the cellular antiviral response by dephosphorylating STAT1. The crystal structure of VH1, determined at 1.32 A resolution, reveals a novel dimeric quaternary structure, which exposes two active sites spaced ∼39 A away from each other. VH1 forms a stable dimer via an extensive domain swap of the N-terminal helix (residues 1-20). In vitro, VH1 can dephosphorylate activated STAT1, in a reaction that is competed by the nuclear transport adapter importin α5. Interestingly, VH1 is inactive with respect to STAT1 bound to DNA, suggesting that the viral phosphatase acts predominantly on the cytoplasmic pool of activated STAT1. We propose that the dimeric quaternary structure of VH1 is essential for specific recognition of activated STAT1, which prevents its nuclear translocation, thus blocking interferon-γ signal transduction and antiviral response.
Reference states for absolute half-cell potentials.

Reasons for disagreement regarding reference states for half-cell potentials are discussed. It is suggested that the electron at rest at \ensuremath{\infty} is the best choice, and the only one that agrees with common physics practice. This reference state is the same as that just outside the electrolyte for large electrolytes. Choose this case and most disagreement disappears. It is also suggested that an electron at \ensuremath{\infty} is a good thermodynamic state, with entropy zero and a Gibbs free energy. For half-cells with different electrolytes it is necessary to refer all Fermi levels to the same reference state.
Use of Adjunct Faculty Members in Classroom Teaching in Departments of Pharmacy Practice

Objective. To determine trends among departments of pharmacy practice regarding use of adjunct faculty members for classroom-based teaching and to assess departmental support provided to these faculty members.Methods. Chairs of pharmacy practice departments in US colleges and school of pharmacy were contacted by e-mail and asked to complete an 11-item electronic survey instrument.Results. Chair respondents reported an average of 5.7 adjunct faculty members hired to teach required courses and 1.8 adjunct faculty members hired to teach elective courses. Compensation averaged $108 per lecture hour and $1,257 per 1-credit-hour course. Twenty-five percent of the respondents expected to hire more adjunct faculty members to teach required courses in the upcoming year due to curricular changes, faculty hiring freezes, and the shortage of full-time faculty members. Only 7% of respondents reported that they provided a teaching mentor and 14% offered no support to their adjunct faculty members.Conclusions. Departmen...
Infant cross-fostering in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): A procedure for the long-term management of captive populations.

Because of the constraints of captivity, captive populations are generally closed to the introduction of unrelated individuals and may eventually experience inbreeding depression and its associated problems. As a means of increasing genetic diversity in established social gropus of rhesus monkeys at the California Primate Research Center, 36 infants were used as subjects in a cross-fostering experiment in which 27 infants (75%) were successfully integrated into non-natal groups by fostering them onto unrelated females. These results have important practical implications for maintaining self-sustaining populations of captive rhesus monkeys and may eventually be extended to other captive species. Cross-fostering infants between captive social populations may be an important means of minimizing the higher mortality and morbidity and reduced fertility effects associated with inbreeding depression. Furthermore, this procedure causes a minimum of social disruption and reduces the chances that older animals introduced into new groups will be traumatized.