cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the biased choice model and multidimensional decision bound models of identification

Abstract The biased choice model (BCM) of Luce (1963) and general recognition theory (GRT) of Ashby and Townsend (1986) are compared with respect to their ability to account for data from identification experiments. Specifically, by using GRT we investigate the ability of the BCM to account for data characterized by violations of perceptual independence and perceptual and decisional separability, and by homoscedasticity of the perceptual distributions. The effects of varying the dimensionality of the perceptual space are also studied. It is shown that the BCM has extreme difficulty accounting for data from experiments in which: (1) the stimuli are constructed from two physical components; (2) the perceptual means are positioned unevenly in the perceptual space; and (3) different stimuli are characterized by different amounts of perceptual variability or perceptual dependence. In general, however, the BCM has no difficulty with violations of perceptual or decisional separability. It is shown that GRT is not a special case of the BCM but that the two models do intersect. The BCM is shown to be closely tied to a number of different forms of symmetry that can be found in identification data and these are used to construct specific GRT models that are compatible with the BCM.
Circulation Research Launches a Clinical Track for Studies in Humans

Although Circulation Research has a long-standing, venerable reputation as a major repository of cutting-edge basic and translational research, a review of its content reveals a striking paucity of clinical research. For example, only ≈8% of all articles published in the period from 2009 to 2012 were focused primarily on work performed with humans or human specimens. The editors are determined to change this situation. The general perception of the cardiovascular research community is that Circulation Research is not an appropriate venue for disseminating clinical research. Such a view seems odd, considering that the fundamental mission of the journal is to advance our understanding of human disease and that the ultimate purpose of basic research (which constitutes the bulk of the current content of the journal) is to improve our understanding and management of cardiovascular disease in humans. So, the natural question is: why? Why are human investigations generally excluded from the perceived purview of Circulation Research ? Is a bias against publishing clinical research rooted in our mission? Certainly not. As indicated, the primary mission of Circulation Research is to illuminate the mechanisms of human disease. This is clearly stated in the Instructions to Authors on our website (http://circres.ahajournals.org/site/misc/ifora.xhtml): “The journal … encourages the submission of work that uses state-of-the-art approaches to illuminate mechanisms of human disease. A special welcome is extended to translational research and to clinical research that yields fundamental insights; studies in humans or human tissues that advance our understanding of the basis of disease and the mechanism of therapies are an area of particular emphasis.” Thus, publishing clinical research is not only entirely compatible with, but also fundamentally important to, the journal’s mission. Does our editorial policy result in a bias against publishing clinical research? Certainly not. In the statement cited, the current editors not only …
Comparative cytotoxicity of naphthalene and its monomethyl‐ and mononitro‐derivatives in the mouse lung

Male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to naphthalene, 1-methyl-, 2-methyl-, 1-nitro- and 2-nitronaphthalene by intraperitoneal injection of peanut oil solutions over a dose range of 0.5-3.0 mmol kg-1 body weight. Treated mice were killed at times from 6 hours to 14 days post-treatment. Tissues were analyzed for cytotoxic effects by optical and electron microscopy, and for cell proliferation by autoradiography following in vitro labeling of lung slices with 3H-thymidine. The naphthalene derivatives varied widely in their cytotoxic effects. The most toxic was 1-nitronaphthalene with no mice surviving doses greater than 1 mmol kg-1. Naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene were about equally toxic, followed by 2-nitro- and 1-methylnaphthalene, in decreasing order of toxicity. In all cases the first evidence of cytotoxic effects was seen in the Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium, and, at the highest doses, toxic effects were found in the adjacent ciliated cells. Changes could be detected at the ultrastructural level at all doses, and within 6 hours after treatment. Only slight effects were seen in other cell types. Increased cell proliferation following chemical treatment was seen only in the bronchiolar epithelium, among cells tentatively identified as Clara cells or their precursors. Cytotoxic effects of naphthalene and its 1- and 2-methyl derivatives were confined to the lung, with minimal evidence of toxicity in the liver and kidney. The mononitronaphthalenes both produce small areas of centrizonal necrosis in the liver, but no discernible effects in the kidney. The experiments demonstrate the effect of small structural differences on the cytotoxicity of this group of environmental pollutants and also illustrate the sensitivity of the Clara cell as a target for xenobiotics.
Effect of intravenous iron on outcomes of acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND Little is known about benefit versus risk in treating iron deficiency anemia with intravenous (IV) iron in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Concerns about adverse outcomes may dissuade use and could contribute to greater use of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control study of patients with AKI who received IV iron (cases) compared to those with AKI without IV iron (controls). RESULTS We identified 67 cases and 67 controls matched for age, stage of chronic kidney disease, and severity of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb], 7.7 ± 0.1 mg/dL vs. 7.5 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p = 0.47). Cases tended to be sicker with longer length of stay (27 + 4 days vs. 15 + 1.3 days; p = 0.003) and more intensive care unit days (13 + 2 days vs. 5 + 1 days; p = 0.003), more often with diagnosis of sepsis and greater number of antibiotics used (2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2; p = 0.02). Sepsis and AKI preceded use of IV iron. Despite greater illness severity, there was no difference in dialysis (38.8% vs. 34.3%; p = 0.59), mortality (24% vs. 21%; p = 0.679), or severity and/or recovery of AKI. Discharge Hb was similar (9.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL vs. 9.1 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p = 0.47). IV iron was used later in the stay and hence the cases also had more RBC transfusions. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to find any adverse consequences of use of IV iron when used to treat anemia in patients with AKI in regard to recovery of AKI or mortality even in patients with a diagnosis of sepsis. Consideration of preemptive use of IV iron in AKI with severe anemia is warranted to determine if this would reduce RBC transfusion.
Synergy of Penicillin and Gentamicin against Enterococci

Because combinations of penicillin plus streptomycin and penicillin plus kanamycin do not produce synergism against all strains of enterococci, the effect of penicillin plus gentamicin against enterococci was examined. A very high level of resistance to gentamicin was absent in 172 strains of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens. Penicillin plus gentamicin was synergistic against all of 30 strains tested. The size of the inoculum had a significant effect when low concentrations of gentamicin were tested against certain of the strains. Nonetheless, the combination of penicillin plus gentamicin produced enhanced killing of all enterococci tested when used in clinically achievable concentrations.
Modeling Slip at Triple Contact Point in a Two Phase Flow

Contact line motion has been a topic of interest for the past few decades. With the help of molecular dynamics simulations it is shown that Navier and Maxwell slip boundary conditions is incomplete in the case of flow near triple contact point and corner flow. Using the concept of Maxwell’s theory for slip in a single phase flow, a modified slip model is established that demonstrates the dependence of slip velocity on the velocity gradient tensor at the wall. The model shows that in addition to shear strain rate, slip velocity is also dependent on the linear strain rate and vorticity of the fluid flow. In the vicinity of the triple contact point the magnitude of linear strain rate is of the same order as that of vorticity and shear strain rate, hence it can not be neglected. Studying the behavior of these components of the velocity gradient tensor, along the wall, showed a sharp increase in their magnitude close to the triple contact point. The sharp increase in vorticity suggests the generation of vorticity at the triple contact point. This is of particular interest as vorticity is related to circulation and circulation plays an important role in various droplet based applications. In this paper non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid near the triple contact point is also demonstrated, as viscosity varies from the bulk value in the vicinity of the triple contact point.
Mexico and the R2P Challenge: The Commitment Trap

In recent years, Mexico has presented mostly favourable views of the R2P concept. This is a radical change, since historically it had been a strong advocate of non-intervention norms. This essay argues that Mexico’s R2P position has been shaped and constrained by two incoherent domestic narratives: democratization and the war on drugs. These two narratives have led to an inconsistent and ambiguous record of compliance with human rights norms and R2P principles. Mexican authorities, who had been championing for the implementation of R2P, have now become victims of their own international commitments. This Latin American country thus needs to reconcile its two distinct domestic agendas if it aims to be seen as an R2P advocate. The goal of this study is to explore the inherent complex and at times contradictory relationship between domestic demands for democratization and securitization and R2P commitments, using Mexico as a critical case study.
The impact of serious illness on the family system

Serious illness often precipitates a crisis within the family, throwing the highly organized family system into disequilibrium. Established roles and rules must change to meet the crisis, and the family needs to reorganize to gain a new equilibrium. The way in which they carry out this process can dramatically affect the sick person and the outcome of his illness. At times the reorganization can be disruptive functionally and emotionally to other family members.
Spotlight: Directed by Tom McCarthy. Produced by Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Nicole Rocklin, and Blye Pagon Faust. Universal Studios Home Entertainment, 2016, DVD, 129 minutes.Reviewed March 2016

After the first time I saw the Academy Award's “Best Picture” feature film Spotlight, I needed a few minutes to calm down. A gentleman sitting near me in the otherwise-empty weeknight theater asked...
Cardiovascular Disease, Mortality Risk, and Healthcare Costs by Lipoprotein(a) Levels According to Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Older High-risk Adults.

Background The value of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) across low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is uncertain. Hypothesis In older high-risk adults, higher LDL and Lp(a) combined would be associated with higher CVD risk and more healthcare costs. Methods We included 3251 high-risk subjects (prior CVD, diabetes, or 10-year Framingham CVD risk >20%) age ≥65 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study and examined the relation of Lp(a) tertiles with incident CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and all-cause mortality within LDL-C strata (spanning <70 mg/dL to ≥160 mg/dL). We also examined 1-year all-cause and CVD healthcare costs from Medicare claims. Results Over a 22.5-year follow-up, higher Lp(a) levels predicted CVD and total mortality (both standardized hazard ratio [HR]: 1.06, P < 0.01), whereas higher LDL-C levels predicted higher CHD (standardized HR: 1.09, P < 0.01) but lower total mortality (standardized HR: 0.94, P < 0.001). Adjusted HRs in the highest (vs lowest) tertile of Lp(a) level were 1.95 (P = 0.06) for CVD events and 2.68 (P = 0.03) for CHD events when LDL-C was <70 mg/dL. One-year all-cause healthcare costs were increased for Lp(a) ($771 per SD of 56 µg/mL [P = 0.03], $1976 for Lp(a) 25–64 µg/mL vs <25 µg/mL [P = 0.02], and $1648 for Lp(a) ≥65 µg/mL vs <25 µg/mL [P = 0.054]) but not LDL-C. Conclusions In older high-risk adults, increased Lp(a) levels were associated with higher CVD risk, especially in those with LDL-C <70 mg/dL, and with higher healthcare costs.
Wrong but useful

A quick tour of the Internet reveals some very strong feelings on the subject of climate models. Unsurprisingly, on climate contrarian sites, such models are described in all sorts of unflattering terms and dismissed out of hand as fundamentally useless. However, in more rational forums, and sometimes even among scientists themselves, one occasionally comes across a basic ignorance of whether climate models are any good, and, even more importantly, what they are good for. By the time one gets to policymakers, climate models are seen at best as black boxes, and at worst as simply irrelevant to their detailed concerns. However, climate models – appropriately used – might have a vitally important part to play in breaking through some of the log jams now hampering policymakers.
Kleptomania as Risk-taking Behavior in Response to Depression

The psycho dynamic etiology of kleptomania has historically been linked to “ungratified sexual instinct.” This paper is the first report of kleptomanie behavior associated with masturbation during ...
Expansion of Tabulated Scattering Matrices in Generalized Spherical Functions

An efficient way to solve the vector radiative transfer equation for plane-parallel turbid media is to Fourier-decompose it in azimuth. This methodology is typically based on the analytical computation of the Fourier components of the phase matrix and is predicated on the knowledge of the coefficients appearing in the expansion of the normalized scattering matrix in generalized spherical functions. Quite often the expansion coefficients have to be determined from tabulated values of the scattering matrix obtained from measurements or calculated by solving the Maxwell equations. In such cases one needs an efficient and accurate computer procedure converting a tabulated scattering matrix into the corresponding set of expansion coefficients. This short communication summarizes the theoretical basis of this procedure and serves as the user guide to a simple public-domain FORTRAN program.
Disposition of fenbendazole in the rabbit.

The disposition of fenbendazole was studied in rabbits following either oral or intravenous administration. The major metabolites appearing in plasma were fenbendazole sulphoxide (oxfendazole) and fenbendazole sulphone. Calculation of the total urinary and faecal elimination of the drug and of its known metabolites showed that only 40 per cent of the dose was recovered after oral dosing; 29·7 per cent after an intravenous dose. The sulphoxide and sulphone were minor elimination products. The major excretory metabolite was p-hydroxyfenbendazole.
Effects of MF59 Adjuvant on Induction of Isotype-Switched IgG Antibodies and Protection after Immunization with T-Dependent Influenza Virus Vaccine in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells.

ABSTRACT CD4 + T cells play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. To better understand the roles of CD4 + T cells in the effects of adjuvants, we investigated the efficacy of a T-dependent influenza virus split vaccine with MF59 or alum in CD4 knockout (CD4KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. CD4 + T cells were required for the induction of IgG antibody responses to the split vaccine and the effects of alum adjuvant. In contrast, MF59 was found to be highly effective in raising isotype-switched IgG antibodies to a T-dependent influenza virus split vaccine in CD4KO mice or CD4-depleted WT mice equivalent to those in intact WT mice, thus overcoming the deficiency of CD4 + T cells in helping B cells and inducing immunity against influenza virus. Vaccination with the MF59-adjuvanted influenza virus vaccine was able to induce protective CD8 + T cells and long-lived antibody-secreting cells in CD4KO mice. The effects of MF59 adjuvant in CD4KO mice might be associated with uric acid, inflammatory cytokines, and the recruitment of multiple immune cells at the injection site, but their cellularity and phenotypes were different from those in WT mice. These findings suggest a new paradigm of CD4-independent adjuvant mechanisms, providing the rationales to improve vaccine efficacy in infants, the elderly, immunocompromised patients, as well as healthy adults. IMPORTANCE MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines were licensed for human vaccination, but the detailed mechanisms are not fully elucidated. CD4 + T cells are required to induce antibody isotype switching and long-term memory responses. In contrast, we discovered that MF59 was highly effective in inducing isotype-switched IgG antibodies and long-term protective immune responses to a T-dependent influenza vaccine independent of CD4 + T cells. These findings are highly significant for the following reasons: (i) MF59 can overcome a defect of CD4 + T cells in inducing protective immunity to vaccination with a T-dependent influenza virus vaccine; (ii) a CD4-independent pathway can be an alternative mechanism for certain adjuvants such as MF59; and (iii) this study has significant implications for improving vaccine efficacies in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised populations.
Thumb Injuries in Athletes

Thumb injuries are common in athletes and present a challenging opportunity for upper extremity physicians. Common injuries include metacarpal base fractures (Bennett and Rolando types), ulnar and radial collateral ligament injuries, dislocation of the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints, and phalanx fractures. This review, although not exhaustive, highlights some of the most common thumb injuries in athletes. The treating physician must balance pressure from athletes, parents, coaches, and executives to expedite return to play with the long-term well-being of the athlete. Operative treatment may expedite return to play; however, one must carefully weigh the added risks involved with surgical intervention.
Maxwell's demon: from physics outlaw to potent teachers

Over a hundred years ago James Clerk Maxwell, to illustrate the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics, devised one of the most important thought experiments in scientific history. Maxwell conceived of a "being whose faculties are so sharpened that he can follow every molecule in its course". Such a being, by separating fast molecules from slow molecules, could produce a temperature difference between two containers of gas without expenditure of work, in violation of the second law. Maxwell's "demon", so dubbed by William Thomson, has been both a celebrity and a conundrum for succeeding generations of physicists. Maxwell himself came to view his demon as nothing more than a one-way valve, but early work in "demonology" showed that a one-way valve does not work, because it heats up to ambient temperature and ceases to function.
Completeness and Decidability of General First-Order Logic (with a Detour Through the Guarded Fragment)

This paper investigates the “general” semantics for first-order logic introduced to Antonelli (Review of Symbolic Logic 6(4), 637–58, 2013): a sound and complete axiom system is given, and the satisfiability problem for the general semantics is reduced to the satisfiability of formulas in the Guarded Fragment of Andreka et al. (Journal of Philosophical Logic 27(3):217–274, 1998), thereby showing the former decidable. A truth-tree method is presented in the Appendix.
Cyberspace Attacks and Social Media Momentum: Building Blocks from Syria to Ukraine

During the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine, a new pattern of social engagement has emerged. Civil society pigeons hiding behind a common group name endure as an active actor in the ongoing affairs by initiating cyber-attacks against institutions and symbols of public power. By analyzing this new trend, the chapter seeks to answer the global questions of how digital tools expand the context of motivation for social engagement, and what participating in a global civil society looks like in the digital era.
Women, Credit, and Debt in Early Modern Scotland: Spence, Cathryn, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press 216 pp., £70.00, ISBN 978-1-7849-9253-8 Publication Date: February 2016

Cathryn Spence, professor of history at Vancouver Island University, has produced a fine addition to our knowledge about the economic activities of women in early modern towns. Focusing primarily o...
Relationships between experimental and theoretical parameters in unresolved resonance theory

The usual derived relations between the orbital angular momentum and the spin dependence of the unresolved resonance parameters are investigated and the basic underlying assumptions are compared to...
Mediatized Populisms| Broadcasting the Dharna: Mediating "Contained" Populism in Contemporary Pakistan

In late 2014, a political protest of unprecedented scale and duration took hold of the capital city of Pakistan. Local television news channels devoted much of their airtime to the four-month-long spectacle, showcasing how the effects of an independent media still negotiating the boundaries drawn by an authoritative military shapes the ways in which mediated populism can manifest itself. In analyzing the media discourse surrounding the protest, this article focuses on how the Pakistani liberal narrative on the transformation of the political mediascape turns most anxiously on the specter of populist politics, particularly on the illiberal nature of such figurations. In a time of increasing academic inquiry into the emergence of non-Western models of democracy, this article examines how the mass mediation of political imaginaries in Muslim-majority Pakistan is both constitutive of and produced by the growing economic might of nonliberal new middle classes.
A computational thermodynamic and kinetic study of chlorine binding to the Zr(0001) surface

Abstract The investigation of chlorine adsorption and binding to metallic surfaces is important for enhancing our understanding of corrosion and ultimately designing corrosion resistant materials. In this work, the stability and binding of atomic chlorine to various sites on the Zr(0001) surface has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations for different surface coverages. The effect of the bound chlorine on the adsorption energy, workfunction, and charge redistribution was recorded and the induced dipole moments were calculated for the different cases. Next, the energy barriers for the chlorine hopping on the surface were investigated via a nudged elastic band calculation. This information was included in a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation which was used to explore the surface mobility. Finally, the surface diffusion coefficient was calculated for two cases; one which included next-nearest neighbor lateral interactions between the adsorbates and one that did not. The differences in the results were analyzed and discussed.
On the Stochastic Stability of a Neural Network Model of Somatosensory Information Processing

This work extends an effort to model and understand the relationship between the modular organization of the specific somatosensory cortex, and it’s information processing abilities. In particular, we explore the hypothesis that the primary somatosensory cortical response to a stimulus is to reach a stationary spatial pattern of neural activity, in spite of the noisy dynamics of the constituent neurons.
Reliabilism, scepticism, and evidentia in Ockham

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to challenge the reliabilist interpretation of William Ockham (ca. 1287–1347)'s epistemology. The discussion proceeds as follows. First, I analyse the reliabilist interpretation into two theses: (1) a negative thesis I call the Anti-Internalism Thesis, according to which, for Ockham, epistemic justification does not depend on any internal factors that are accessible by reflection; (2) a positive thesis I call the Reliability Thesis, according to which epistemic justification in Ockham depends on the reliability of a causal process through which a given judgment is produced. Secondly, I argue that the Anti-Internalism Thesis fails since Ockham's notion of evidentness (evidentia), which is at the heart of his theory of justification, strongly suggests that he posits an indispensable, internalist element of justification. Lastly, I argue that the Reliability Thesis also fails since not only can there be a reliable but inevident judgment in Ockham's framework, his emphasis on ...
What Can We Learn From Losses

This may very well be the first cybersecurity writing to connect thoughts from a Greek classic, the Bible, a Nobel Prize winner, and a pop star. The common thread through such diverse sources, however, is a very simple point–there has long been recognition of the benefit, perhaps need, for experiential learning, particularly when the underlying experiences are negative.
Better Kernels and Coding Schemes Lead to Improvements in SVM-Based Secondary Structure Prediction

Abstract : The accurate prediction of a protein's secondary structure plays an increasingly critical role in predicting its function and tertiary structure, as it is utilized by many of the current state-of-the-art methods for remote homology, fold recognition, and ab initio structure prediction. Methods: We developed a new secondary structure prediction algorithm called YASSPP that uses a pair of cascaded models constructed from two sets of binary SVM-based models. YASSPP uses an input coding scheme that combines both position-specific and nonposition specific information, utilizes a kernel function designed to capture the sequence conservation signals around the local window of each residue, and constructs a second-level model by incorporating both the three-state predictions produced by the first-level model and information about the original sequence. Experiments on three standard datasets (RS126, PB513, and EVA common subset 4) show that YASSPP is capable of producing the highest Q3 and SOV scores than that achieved by existing widely used schemes such as PSIPRED, SSPro 4.0, SAM-T99sec, as well as previously developed SVM-based schemes. On the EVA dataset it achieves a Q3 and SOV score of 79.34% and 78.65%, which are considerably higher than the best reported scores of 77.64% and 76.05%, respectively.
Stochastically symplectic maps and their applications to the Navier–Stokes equation

Abstract Poincare's invariance principle for Hamiltonian flows implies Kelvin's principle for solution to Incompressible Euler equation. Constantin–Iyer Circulation Theorem offers a stochastic analog of Kelvin's principle for Navier–Stokes equation. Weakly symplectic diffusions are defined to produce stochastically symplectic flows in a systematic way. With the aid of symplectic diffusions, we produce a family of martigales associated with solutions to Navier–Stokes equation that in turn can be used to prove Constantin–Iyer Circulation Theorem. We also review some basic facts in symplectic and contact geometry and their applications to Euler equation.
Professional Responsibility: An Open-Source Casebook

We wanted this casebook to be as easy to use and understand as possible. Accordingly, we included not only cases, but also the text of the rules and restatements, as well as concise explanations of the relevant law. Each chapter of the book addresses a different issue, in the following format. First, it clearly and concisely explains the relevant law governing that issue. Then provides the relevant text of any statutes, Model Rules, sections of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers, or other sources, with a link to an open-source versions of the full text, when available. It provides one or more heavily edited cases intended to illustrate the application of the law at issue, with a link to an open-source version of the full text of the case. Each case is preceded by a brief summary of its facts, reasoning, and holding, and followed by questions intended to indicate subjects for further investigation or discussion. And finally, it includes citations to law review articles and other materials relevant to the law at issue, with links to open-source versions of those materials, when available. This casebook covers a wide range of different subjects related to the professional responsibility of attorneys. While it is possible to cover all of this material in a three credit-hour course, you may wish to omit some subjects. You may also wish to supplement the materials in this casebook with additional materials. We encourage you to use this casebook in any way that you like. This casebook is licensed “Creative Commons 0 / No Rights Reserved.” That means that we explicitly disclaim any copyright claim in all of the original elements that we created in writing this casebook and have intentionally placed the casebook in the public domain. Because this casebook is in the public domain, you can use the materials in it in any way that you like, with or without attribution. Of course, the casebook contains many copyrighted elements that belong to other people and that we used pursuant to fair use. Those elements are still protected by copyright. We hope that this free casebook helps show that it is possible to create teaching materials for legal education in an open-source format. And we hope it makes access to the law governing legal practice more accessible to law students, attorneys, and anyone interested in the regulation of the legal profession.
The Rabbis and Their Torah

around the year 200 ce, rabbi judah the patriarch changed forever the character of rabbinic teaching and learning by compiling the Mishnah , the oldest book of rabbinic teaching that survives to modern times. This text, divided into six Orders and subdivided into a total of sixty-three tractates , is half again as big as the Jewish Bible (see “The Contents of the Mishnah”). Each tractate contains a collection of rabbinic teachings on a specific theme, usually a topic of Jewish law. Some of these topics are obviously religious, as modern readers use that term (prayer, festival observances, sacrificial rituals, etc.), others concern ordinary material life (property and damage law, rules of testimony, etc.), and some straddle the boundary between these two realms (marriage, divorce, oaths and vows). The Mishnah did not quite embrace every imaginable aspect of Jewish life, but anyone who had mastered its contents was ready to become a teacher of Torah. The Mishnah is overwhelmingly concerned with details of Jewish law, but it cannot easily be viewed as a legal code. As “the First Chapter of the Mishnah” shows, there is too much material that a code should not contain: unresolved disputes that give no clear indication of the actual law, stories and interpretations of scripture that have no clear legal point, and so on. It is more likely that the Mishnah was intended to accomplish what it accomplished in fact: the Mishnah became the first known standard training text for rabbinic disciples.
Perceived Market Risk in New Ventures: A Study of Early-Phase Business Angel Investment Screening:

Business angels are vital sources of funding for new ventures. Yet, acquiring business angel support is difficult. Typically organized in professional networks, business angels collectively evaluat...
Pre-Morbid IQ Moderates the Relationship between Cognitive Performance and Performance-Based Functional Status in Older Adults.

The current study sought to evaluate the relationship between cognitive performance and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) performance in a population of community dwelling older adults...
Waiting in Rooms: Discussion of Paper by Christopher Bonovitz

The author builds on Bonovitz’s fascinating study of the waiting room (this issue). He elaborates the complex function of waiting in analysis particularly with patients who are quite dissociated. W...
A Deep Learning Approach to Estimating Fill Probabilities in a Limit Order Book

Deciding between the use of market orders and limit orders is an important question in practical optimal trading problems. A key ingredient in making this decision is understanding the uncertainty of the execution of a limit order, that is, the fill probability or the probability that an order will be executed within a certain time horizon. Equivalently, one can estimate the distribution of the time-to-fill. We propose a data-driven approach based on a recurrent neural network to estimate the distribution of time-to-fill for a limit order conditional on the current market conditions. Using a historical data set, we demonstrate the superiority of this approach to several benchmark techniques. This approach also leads to significant cost reductions while implementing a trading strategy in a prototypical trading problem.
Wound Complications Following Wide Resection and Intraoperative Radiation Therapy for Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Extremities.

Purpose/Objective(s) In cases where wide margins are not readily achievable during limb-sparing surgery (LSS) for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremity, intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) may be used either alone or in conjunction with post-operative radiation (PORT) to improve local control with potentially decreased toxicities. The aim of this study is to describe wound healing issues following IORT for extremity STS. Materials/Methods Retrospective analysis was performed for 92 patients treated with LSS and IORT for definitive management of extremity STS between 2012 and 2020 at a single institution. No patients received pre-operative RT. Major wound complications were classified as follows: secondary operation for wound repair requiring general/regional anesthesia, other invasive procedure for wound management, readmission for wound care, or persistent deep packing over 120 days. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with development of major wound complications. Results Median age at IORT was 58 years (IQR 35-71). Tumor distribution was 25% upper extremity and 75% lower extremity. The most common histologies were undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (27%), synovial sarcoma (24%), and liposarcoma (18%). Tumors were grade 1 (14%), grade 2 (34%), and grade 3 (52%). 37% had received pre-operative chemotherapy. Median tumor size at resection was 7 cm (IQR 5-11), and 28% of patients had tumors over 10 cm in maximum dimension. The majority of patients received a prescribed IORT dose of 12 Gy (27%) or 15 Gy (66%). 30% of patients underwent complex surgical closure, as defined by use of a muscle flap (11%, n = 10), fasciocutaneous flap (5%, n = 5), and/or skin graft (16%, n = 15). 90% of patients were discharged in less than 1 week from LSS with IORT. 72% subsequently received PORT at a median time of 7 weeks from LSS (IQR 5-11). Overall, the rate of major wound complications was 18% (n = 17), of which 4 events occurred prior to PORT and 9 events occurred within 4 months from IORT. In total, 10% (n = 9) required a secondary operation for wound repair, 5% (n = 5) required an invasive procedure (commonly drainage of a seroma/hematoma), and 3% (n = 3) required readmission for wound care. None required persistent deep packing. On univariate analysis, factors predicting for development of a major wound complication included current smoking status (HR 15.86, P = 0.02) and complex wound closure (HR 3.32, P = 0.03), both of which remained significant on multivariate analysis. Factors that were not associated with wound complications included age, tumor size, IORT dose, pre-operative chemotherapy, and PORT. Conclusion Despite the bias of selective use of IORT for more challenging surgical cases, IORT was not associated with increased rates of wound complications as compared to historical reports, and patients were able to transition to the next phase of therapy in a timely manner as part of optimal interdisciplinary management of STS.
Lotteries and Public Policy in American Law

The significance of public participation in playing lotteries in modern American life led to Congress’s creation of the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC) in 1996. Many state constitutions and statutes are silent concerning lotteries, however the author argues that in the context of applying public policy to gambling per se, American common law has remained stable. This Article discusses the common law principles of public policy applicable to lotteries in America. Part I introduces the principles and Part II examines how public policy is created. Part III explores the origins of public policy with respect to lotteries in America and presents the history and development of lotteries over a discreet time span of American law. Part IV follows the evolution from past to present of public policy applicable to lotteries in America. Part V assesses the legal impact on public policy of legislative changes in state lottery laws. Part VI reflects upon the current and possible future public policy landscape with respect to lotteries in America and ruminates on whether or not the present era represents any departure or critical turning points in American judicial philosophy in the context of lotteries. The author concludes by examining the judiciary’s prowess in adapting and applying public policy to lotteries as they have been raised throughout American law.
Thanks for the memory

I am very lucky to have had the opportunity to work with excellent colleagues both at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in La Jolla, California, and more recently at the Trudeau Institute in Saranac Lake, New York. This talk is dedicated to all of my present and former colleagues. ![
System design and performance for the recent DIII-D neutral beam computer upgrade

This operating year marks an upgrade to the computer system charged with control and data acquisition for neutral beam injection system's heating at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and operated by General Atomics (GA), This upgrade represents the third and latest major revision to a system which has been in service over twenty years. The first control and data acquisition computers were four 16 bit "mini" computers running a proprietary operating system. Each of the four controlled two ion source over dedicated CAMAC highway. In a 1995 upgrade, the system evolved to be two 32 bit Motorola mini-computers running a version of UNIX. Each computer controlled four ion sources with two CAMAC highways per CPU. This latest upgrade builds on this same logical organization, but makes significant advances in cost, maintainability, and the degree to which the system is open to future modification. The new control and data acquisition system is formed of two 2 GHz Intel Pentium 4 based PC's, running the LINUX operating system. Each PC drives two CAMAC serial highways using a combination of kinetic systems PCI standard CAMAC hardware drivers and a low-level software driver written in-house expressly for this device. This paper discusses the overall system design and implementation detail, describing actual operating experience for the initial six months of operation.
2‐(Pyridin‐2′‐yldisulfanyl)ethoxycarbonyl Chloride

[892402-96-9] C8H8ClNO2S2 (MW 249.74) InChI = 1S/C8H8ClNO2S2/c9-8(11)12-5-6-13-14-7-3-1-2-4-10-7/h1-4H,5-6H2 InChIKey = LDKUPCIUFTUUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent, self-immolative linker)1-3 Alternate Name: carbonochloridic acid, 2-(2-pyridinyldithio)ethyl ester. Solubility: soluble in DMF, DMSO, dichloromethane, MeCN, and THF. Preparative Method: the reagent has been prepared by reaction of 2-(pyridin-2′-yldisulfanyl)ethanol with diphosgene or triphosgene.1, 2, 4 The crude reaction mixture is commonly concentrated under reduced pressure and then reconstituted and used immediately without purification.
Some Importin News About Spindle Assembly

The cellular events that direct the polymerization of microtubules and assembly of the spindle apparatus during cell division are slowly being unraveled. In a Perspective, [Kahana and Cleveland][1] discuss new findings showing that the importins, which are nuclear transport proteins, block the stabilization and organization of microtubules by binding to NuMA and TPX2, nuclear proteins that are required for organizing the spindle poles. The small guanosine triphosphatase Ran regulates this binding by associating with the importins, inducing them to release NuMA and TPX2. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5509/1718
Autoreactive natural killer T cells: promoting immune protection and immune tolerance through varied interactions with myeloid antigen-presenting cells

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate T lymphocytes that are restricted by CD1d antigen-presenting molecules and recognize lipids and glycolipids as antigens. NKT cells have attracted attention for their potent immunoregulatory effects. Like other types of regulatory lymphocytes, a high proportion of NKT cells appear to be autoreactive to self antigens. Thus, as myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitutively express CD1d, NKT cells are able to interact with these APCs not only during times of immune activation but also in immunologically quiescent periods. The interactions of NKT cells with myeloid APCs can have either pro-inflammatory or tolerizing outcomes, and a central question is how the ensuing response is determined. Here we bring together published results from a variety of model systems to highlight three critical factors that influence the outcome of the NKT-APC interaction: (i) the strength of the antigenic signal delivered to the NKT cell, as determined by antigen abundance and/or T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity; (ii) the presence or absence of cytokines that costimulate NKT cells [e.g. interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and interferon (IFN)-alpha]; (iii) APC intrinsic factors such as differentiation state (e.g. monocyte versus DC) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Together with recent findings that demonstrate new links between NKT cell activation and endogenous lipid metabolism, these results outline a picture in which the functions of NKT cells are closely attuned to the existing biological context. Thus, NKT cells may actively promote tolerance until a critical level of danger signals arises, at which point they switch to activating pro-inflammatory immune responses.
Inguinal Hernia Repair During Extraperitoneal Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Introduction: One third of men undergoing radical prostatectomy have a comorbid inguinal hernia (IH). Previous studies have shown that adding total extraperitoneal (TEP) IH repair to extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) lacks adverse effects. However, outcomes of extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) and TEP are unknown. We compared RALP+TEP with LRP+TEP and also with RALP alone. Methods: Eleven RALP+TEP cases were retrospectively compared with 26 LRP+TEP cases and 22 control RALP without TEP. Outcomes compared between groups included operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), discharge hematocrit (hct), time to diet advancement, length of hospital stay (LOS), postoperative complications, and hernia recurrence. Results: Unilateral TEP added 32 minutes to RALP and 31 minutes to LRP, whereas bilateral TEP added 80 minutes to RALP and 36 minutes to LRP. There were no differences between RALP+TEP and LRP+TEP or RALP without TEP controls in regar...
Jim Gray: his contribution to industry

Jim Gray was successful in many aspects of his life. Not only did he have a profound influence on the computer industry, but also on all of the people that he interacted with along the way. It is this balance contribution to society that makes Jim truly unique.
Framing Languages and Literacies: Socially Situated Views and Perspectives, by Hawkins, M. R. (Ed.)

As Margaret R. Hawkins notes in the introduction to her edited volume, the movement away from purely psychological, cognitive, or as she calls them “in-the-head” explanations of language use (p. 2)...
Reasons to worry about the human environment

Abstract Seeing solutions for them, I do not much worry about climate change and loss of biodiversity. Unsure of solutions, I worry deeply about behavioral poisons, loss of libido, implosion of population, diminution of working time, rejection of science, and, finally, the decline of the West.
Sustainability and peace building: a key challenge

The overarching challenge facing the growing number of international peace-building interventions is to achieve sustainable peace. This paper illustrates this proposition through a brief investigation of the situation in Timor-Leste as the UN mission withdraws at the five-year state-building mark, and in Haiti as a ninth UN mission is established. Adopting the view that participatory democratic governance will best ensure long-term peace, the paper maintains that to build sustainable peace requires transformation on three interrelated fronts: (a) transformation of the society from one that resorts to violence to one that resorts to political means to resolve conflict, requiring that the elite negotiate and that there should be widespread social dialogue and reconciliation; (b) reform of the governance framework to seek to ensure both that a negotiated governance arrangement between parties prevents future conflict and the adoption of basic democratic governance; and (c) the creation of meaningful institut...
JITTER ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION FOR PHASE LOCKED LOOPS UTILIZING FERROELECTRIC CAPACITORS

ABSTRACT The non-linear nature of charge versus polarization in ferroelectric capacitors offers the unique opportunity to minimize jitter in phase locked loops (PLL). During the low effective capacitance state, the clock generation signal within the PLL has a high slew rate offering excellent timing characteristics. During the rest of the clock period, the high effective capacitance state is used to average inherent PLL noise. In this paper, we present the improved jitter that results when a PLL is implemented utilizing a strontium bismuth tantalate niobate based ferroelectric capacitor compared to conventional linear capacitor. In addition, we present the analysis of jitter in terms of capacitance characteristics of ferroelectric capacitor. When integrated on CMOS technology, PLLs based on ferroelectric capacitors have great potential for producing reduced jitter clock sources usable in future clock recovery and communication circuits.