cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide. The Formation of C1 Hydrocarbons

Abstract Both the production of methane and methanol from CO and H2 are important processes in chemical technology. They also have a distinguished history as the formation of methane was first reported by Sabatier and Senderens [1] in 1902. Methanol synthesis from CO and H2 was first reported by Patart [2] in 1921, and in 1923 Badische Anilin and Soda Fabrik (BASF) announced the synthesis of CH3OH to the exclusion of other products [3]. The catalytic reactions that produced these two molecules, however, have been subjected to molecular scale studies only recently. We shall review here what is known about the kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions, about the catalytically active surface, and the nature of the surface chemical bond of CO, H2, and the reaction intermediates.
Ultra-narrow ferromagnetic resonance in organic-based thin films grown via low temperature chemical vapor deposition

We present the growth of thin films of the organic-based ferrimagnetic semiconductor V[TCNE]x (x ∼ 2, TCNE: tetracyanoethylene) via chemical vapor deposition. Under optimized growth conditions, we observe a significant increase in magnetic homogeneity, as evidenced by a Curie temperature above 600 K and sharp magnetization switching. Further, ferromagnetic resonance studies reveal a single resonance with full width at half maximum linewidth of 1.4 G, comparable to the narrowest lines measured in inorganic magnetic materials and in contrast to previous studies that showed multiple resonance features. These characteristics are promising for the development of high frequency electronic devices that take advantage of the unique properties of this organic-based material, such as the potential for low cost synthesis combined with low temperature and conformal deposition on a wide variety of substrates.
The Planetary Nebula Distance to M101

We report the results of an [O III] λ5007 survey for planetary nebulae (PNs) in the giant Sc galaxy M101 (NGC 5457). By comparing on-band/off-band [O III] λ5007 images with images taken in Hα and the R-band filter, we identify 65 PN candidates in the interarm and outer regions of the galaxy. From these data and the empirical planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF), we derive a distance to the galaxy of 7.7 ± 0.5 Mpc, in excellent agreement with the distance of 7.4 ± 0.7 Mpc measured using Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheids (Kelson and coworkers). This observation demonstrates that the PNLF technique can be successfully applied to late-type galaxies, and provides an important overlap between the Population I and Population II distance scales. It also places a strong limit on the possible variation of the PNLF with population age.
A Multilevel Analysis of Interracial Relationship Characteristics Among Young Adults

Using retrospective data on relationship histories from Wave 3 (2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), I examined differences between interracial and same-race relationships within a multilevel framework (i.e., relationship histories nested within individuals). The results of this analysis generally supported patterns previously established in the literature through non-hierarchical regression analysis, and additionally provided estimates for the associations of interracial relationship involvement with sexual intercourse and partner age difference (two variables that have received little consideration in the past literature on interracial relationship characteristics). Results indicated that, while controlling for individual-level factors that have been shown to significantly impact interracial relationship formation, interracial relationships have significantly higher odds than do same-race relationships of also being same-sex relationships and of involving sexual intercourse. In addition, compared to same-race relationships, interracial relationship involvement is associated with a greater age difference between partners. Finally, interracial relationships have significantly lower odds than do their same-race counterparts of lasting 3 months or longer in duration, or of progressing to a marital or cohabiting status.
Soluble Problems in the Scattering from Compound Systems

The problem of making an exact theory of the scattering of particles from composite targets is attacked by introducing elementary particles to represent the composite systems. It is shown that if the only couplings are those between the particle representing the compound and its constituents, soluble linear integral equations, reducible to the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, can be written for the scattering of one of the constituents of the composite system. As examples, an exactly soluble three-dimensional three-body problem based on nucleon-deuteron scattering and an exactly soluble three-dimensional model of deuteron stripping are presented. Each can be reduced to exact optical models. It is proven that these equations have solutions even when the singular limit which corresponds to an exact resemblance between the elementary and composite system is taken. The method for extending the equations to three-body problems with local interactions and the relation of the equations presented here to high-energy diffraction properties of amplitudes is discussed. (auth)
Minimizing maximum lateness with job families

Abstract This paper examines an optimal solution procedure for scheduling jobs on a single machine to minimize the maximum lateness in the presence of setup times between different job families. We exploit special structure to compress the effective problem size by creating composite jobs; then we accelerate the enumeration with dominance properties and lower bounds. Our computational evaluation highlights the size of setup times and the variation in due dates.
Advanced Morphological — Behavioral Test Platform Reveals Neurodevelopmental Defects in Embryonic Zebrafish Exposed to Comprehensive Suite of Halogenated and Organophosphate Flame Retardants

The increased use of flammable plastics and electronic devices along with stricter fire safety standards has led to the heavy use of flame retardant chemicals in many consumer, commercial, and industrial products. Although flame retardant use has increased, a great deal of uncertainty surrounds their safety with some evidence showing toxicity and risk to human and environmental health. Recent efforts have focused on designing high-throughput biological platforms with nonmammalian models to evaluate and prioritize chemicals with limited hazard information. To complement these efforts, this study used a new morphological and behavioral testing platform with embryonic zebrafish to characterize the developmental toxicity of 44 halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants, including several of their known metabolites. Zebrafish were exposed to flame retardants from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) across concentrations spanning 4 orders of magnitude (eg, 6.4 nM to 64 µM). Flame retardant effects on survival and development were evaluated at 24 and 120 hpf, and neurobehavioral changes were measured using 2 photomotor response (PMR) assays. Compared to controls, 93% (41/44) of flame retardants studied elicited adverse effects among one or more of the bioassays and concentrations tested with the aryl phosphate ester (APE)-based mono-isopropylated triaryl phosphate and the brominated-bisphenol-A analog tetrabromobisphenol-A producing the greatest array of malformations. Hierarchical clustering showed that APE flame retardants with isopropyl, butyl, and cresyl substituents on phenyl rings clustered tightly and were particularly potent. Both PMR assays were highly predictive of morphological defects supporting their use as nonlethal means of evaluating teratogenicity that could allow for additional evaluations of long-term or delayed effects in older animals. Taken together, evidence presented here indicates that zebrafish neurodevelopment is highly sensitive to many flame retardants currently in use and can be used to understand potential vulnerabilities to human health.
COP9 signalosome subunit Csn8 is involved in maintaining proper duration of the G1 phase.

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved protein complex known to be involved in developmental processes of eukaryotic organisms. Genetic disruption of a CSN gene causes arrest during early embryonic development in mice. The Csn8 subunit is the smallest and the least conserved subunit, being absent from the CSN complex of several fungal species. Nevertheless, Csn8 is an integral component of the CSN complex in higher eukaryotes, where it is essential for life. By characterizing the mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that express Csn8 at a low level, we found that Csn8 plays an important role in maintaining the proper duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A decreased level of Csn8, either in Csn8 hypomorphic MEFs or following siRNA-mediated knockdown in HeLa cells, accelerated cell growth rate. Csn8 hypomorphic MEFs exhibited a shortened G1 duration and affected expression of G1 regulators. In contrast to Csn8, down-regulation of Csn5 impaired cell proliferation. Csn5 proteins were found both as a component of the CSN complex and outside of CSN (Csn5-f), and the amount of Csn5-f relative to CSN was increased in the Csn8 hypomorphic cells. We conclude that CSN harbors both positive and negative regulators of the cell cycle and therefore is poised to influence the fate of a cell at the crossroad of cell division, differentiation, and senescence. Background: Among the eight subunits of the COP9 signalosome (CSN), Csn8 is only present in higher eukaryotes. Results: Decreases in Csn8 accelerate cell growth and shorten G1 duration, whereas decreases in Csn5 impair cell proliferation. Conclusion: Although Csn5 promotes cell proliferation, Csn8 negatively regulates G1 progression. Significance: The dynamics of CSN are an important factor influencing cell division and differentiation.
Beat the Bourgeoisie: A Social Class Inequality and Mobility Simulation Game

Simulation games can help overcome student resistance to thinking structurally about social class inequality, meritocracy, and mobility. Most inequality simulations focus solely on economic inequality and omit social and cultural capital, both of which contribute to social class reproduction. Using a pretest/posttest design, the current study evaluates a simulation game that incorporates economic, social, and cultural capital and is meant for introductory sociology classes containing between 15 and 70 students. Data come from a state research university and a liberal arts college. Results show that the simulation increased students’ conceptual understanding of structural explanations for restricted mobility; cultural and social capital; and conceptual connections between stratification concepts. The simulation did not lead to changes in students’ feelings about poor people. Results support the idea of using simulation games to overcome student resistance to the sociological perspective on stratification and suggest that some simulation games may be effective across institutional contexts.
Realizability and general dynamical systems

Abstract The realizability problem in the dynamical systems theory is concerned with the existence of a family of state transition functions for a given response function (e.g., weighting pattern for the case of linear systems) meaning that the latter can be realized by a dynamical system. The results giving realizability conditions are well known for the continuous differential equations systems [see, e.g., 1, 2]. The objective of this paper is to present a general realization theory which will cover not only nonlinear systems but also those systems that are not necessarily continuous or even defined on the topological spaces. Actually, the results reported represent yet another step in the development of a mathematical theory of general systems following a program outlined earlier [3–5 ]. Consistent with that program the concept of a general dynamical system is introduced using minimal mathematical structure and the realizability theory is developed as such on a general level.
Paper: Modeling by shortest data description

The number of digits it takes to write down an observed sequence x"1, ..., x"N of a time series depends on the model with its parameters that one assumes to have generated the observed data. Accordingly, by finding the model which minimizes the description length one obtains estimates of both the integer-valued structure parameters and the real-valued system parameters.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURE BREAKDOWN OF FOODS FROM THEIR FLOW PROPERTIES

Advances in the characterization of the complex time-dependent flow properties of liquids and semisolids are reviewed, with special emphasis placed on recent developments in elucidating the behavior of food systems when sheared. Time dependency is discussed in terms of viscoelasticity and structural changes. Systems as diverse as mineral oils, lotions and creams, egg custards, and mayonnaise are shown to exhibit a similar stress decay over time when sheared at a constant rate. Various mathematical descriptions, both theoretical and empirical, are used to characterize the stress decay, which is due to structural changes (e.g. thixotropy) that occur within the system as it is sheared. Evidence is provided that the stress decay varies with product formulation and experimental conditions, such as temperature, shear rate, and viscometer gap width. A discussion of the uses and disadvantages of steady shear measurements is included.
Isotopic Constitution of Tellurium, Silicon, Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Bromine

The relative abundances of the isotopes of tellurium, silicon, tungsten, molybdenum, and bromine have been redetermined by means of a mass spectrograph of the Nier type. The results are as follows: Tellurium. Samples in the form of tellurium hexafluoride were employed and the ions Te${\mathrm{F}}_{5}^{+}$ and Te${\mathrm{F}}_{3}^{+}$ were used in measuring relative abundances. The existence of isotope 120 was confirmed. With the assumption of a packing fraction of -4, the above values for relative abundance lead to a value of 127.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 for the chemical atomic weight. Silicon. Samples in the form of silicon tetrafluoride were employed and the ions Si${\mathrm{F}}_{4}^{+}$ and Si${\mathrm{F}}_{3}^{+}$ were used. The results are as follows: With Aston's values for the isotopic weights, the above values for isotopic abundances give 28.086 for the chemical atomic weight. Tungsten. The isotopic constitution of tungsten has been re-investigated with a view to obtaining more exact data on relative abundance. Relative isotopic abundances were measured for the ${\mathrm{W}}^{+}$ ion obtained by electronic bombardment of tungsten hexacarbonyl vapor. The existence of isotope 180 has been confirmed. The estimates of isotopic abundances obtained by electrometrical methods are: On the basis of a packing fraction of +2, these estimates lead to a value of 183.88 for the chemical atomic weight. Molybdenum. The isotopic constitution of molybdenum has been re-investigated. The values for isotopic abundance as determined electro-metrically from ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{++}$ ions produced by electronic bombardment of molybdenum hexacarbonyl are: These values are in closer agreement with values reported by Valley than with values obtained by Aston or Mattauch. Bromine. Values for the relative abundance of the bromine isotopes have been obtained from measurements on ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Br}}^{++}$ ions formed by electronic bombardment of bromine vapor. The relative abundances are in essential agreement with the values reported by Blewett: No new isotopes of bromine were observed.
Rapid Assessment for Conservation Education (RACE)

Abstract Rapid Assessment for Conservation Education (RACE) provides guidelines and tools useful to a range of audiences for identifying immediate and long-term conservation education needs in a community or region and for recommending subsequent actions. Interviews, written and oral surveys, participatory workshops, public meetings, and other methods of qualitative and quantitative data collection are used to gather information quickly and inexpensively from people and institutions with a wide range of backgrounds, interests, and expertise. In the Bay Islands, Honduras, RACE led to the implementation of conservation education activities, such as the development of a teacher's manual, workshops for teachers, publication of an ecology guidebook, dissemination of environmental signs and brochures for tourists and residents, and establishment of environmental resource centers. Evaluation and monitoring will provide feedback for program modification and design of future initiatives based on the RACE approach.
Collected Research on Phytonutrients: Alkaloids

Alkaloids are a very diverse group of compounds occurring naturally in plants. In general, they are basic in nature, are nitrogen containing, and act on the central nervous system. They have been used throughout history for medicinal purposes as well as feeding deterrents to animals. Some examples of alkaloids include poisons, neurotoxins, social drugs (such as nicotine and caffeine), and psychedelic drugs. This article will focus specifically on three phytonutrients: caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline from the methylxanthine family also known as “purine alkaloids.” They are readily available to consumers in foods and have many benefits when not taken in excess.
The salt that was

The extensive uppermost Miocene (Messinian) evaporitic deposits of the Apennines are composed almost entirely of gypsum and currently contain no halite. The gypsum displays some unusual primary textures that, by analogy to gypsum that is now forming in modern solar works (salinas), indicate the former presence of halite laminae intercalated in the original sedimentary section. This implies that the Apennine basin during latest Miocene time was sufficiently arid to have permitted halite deposition.
Action of carbamoylating agents on the uptake of metabolites in hepatomas and liver.

Abstract The effects of 2-chloroethylisocyanate, ethylisocyanate and sodium cyanate on the uptake of isotope-labeled thymidine, leucine and H2O were compared in rat liver and hepatomas. The data suggested that carbamoylating agents may have a common property of inhibiting uptake of compounds in hepatomas under conditions in which there is a smaller effect or no action in the liver of tumorbearing rats. The distinction between tissues may have been mediated, in part, through effects on tumor circulation and was less apparent when isolated cells were studied in vitro. Preferential inhibitory effects of carbamoylating agents on the uptake of leucine and H2O were also observed with a murine hepatoma, but they were not as great as with rat hepatomas.
Electron stimulated desorption: A critical review

A critical review of the literature in the field of electron stimulated desorption is presented. The material is covered through December 1976. The literature on electron-induced ion desorption using bombarding electrons with energy <200 eV has been reviewed in detail several times. This review, therefore, concentrates on electron-induced desorption of ground state and excited state neutrals and the effect of electron bombarding energy in the energy range above several hundred eV. There is general agreement that ESD involves the direct interaction of the bombarding electron with the adsorbed species. Electronic transitions to anti-bonding modes result in the desorption of neutrals, excited state and ionic species. The cross sections are atomic in nature and vary from 10-15 cm2 to <10-20 cm2. The interactions and cross sections are relatively independent of the substrate material. The largest cross sections occur for weakly bound molecular species. Although there is agreement on the qualitative character of the interaction, there is very poor agreement on the quantitative cross section values. Very little information exists at all on direct measurements of neutral desorption and the effect of bombarding electron energy in the energy range above 500 eV. The material on neutral desorption is divided into three parts, namely experiments involving total pressure measurements, partial pressure measurements, and detection of desorbing excited state neutrals. The following section considers high energy data, independent of type of desorbing particle. Finally, new data concerning ion angular distributions in ESD is discussed.
Von Kármán's Work: The Later Years (1952 to 1963) and Legacy

In view of the earlier publication in this journal of a biography of Theodore von Karman by Sears & Sears (1979), which referred to his years in Germany at Gottingen (1908 to 1912) and Aachen (1912 to 1930) and at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) from 1930 to 1952, we restrict our review here to his later years (from 1952 until his death in 1963). We also comment on his scientific legacy and identify representative institutions and outstanding workers whose research continues the von Karman style of work in the general areas of aerothermochemistry and allied fields.
The Study of Shape Transformation after D'Arcy Thompson

The boundary represents the shape, but it is not the boundary which grows. A rubber band released from tension happens to return to its elongate resting shape. In the course of release, the band is active, having its own preferred curvatures. There may exist biological situations in which an analogous determination occurs, but in the vast majority of shape changes the boundary is passive. It is pushed out or pulled in, pressured hither and thither by the changes everywhere inside of the shape. The inside, in growing, carries the boundary along with it, embedded in whatever distortions are wreaked about it. Intuitively we know what the distortions have to be like: smooth correspondences with no tears or folds, no suddenly disappearing or appearing tissues.
Primary vaginal stones.

Abstract A case report of primary struvite vaginal stone found in a twelve-year-old female with meningomyelocele is presented. The etiology, diagnosis, and management are described.
Parental influence on pregnant adolescents

Certain aspects of the mother-daughter relationship among 48 adolescent girls who registered for prenatal care at the Adolescent Guidance Clinic of Mount Sinai Medical Center from January to June 1973 were explored including: 1) plans for the adolescents living arrangements during and after pregnancy 2) plans for the adolescents education 3) plans for the babys living arrangements 4) plans for the babys care and 5) knowledge of and attitudes toward conception and the use of contraceptives. Information was obtained through separate interviews with the adolescent and her mother at the time of her initial contact with the clinic and an interview with the adolescent during the postpartum period. In all 5 areas the mother was found to have a significant influence on her daughter. The postpartum interview did show a large increase in the number of girls accepting the idea of contraception from 49% at the time of the initial interview to 94%. Given the influential role mothers play with their daughters it is concluded that much of the attention in counseling should be focused on the parents as well as on the adolescents. The mothers need concrete community support in their efforts to help their daughters.
Advanced POC model-based Java instruction folding mechanism

Ever since Java was introduced world wide, the execution performance has always been a problem. As one of the solutions, a bytecode instruction folding process for Java processors was developed in a PicoJava model and a Producer, Operator and Consumer (POC) model, but it could not handle certain types of instruction sequences. In this paper, a new instruction folding scheme based on a new, advanced POC model is proposed and demonstrates improvement in bytecode execution. The proposed POC model is able to detect and fold all possible instruction sequence types dynamically in hardware, including a sequence that is separated by other bytecode instructions. SPEC JMV98 benchmark results show that the proposed POC model-based folder can save more than 90% of folding operations. In addition, a design of the proposed POC model-based folding process in hardware is much smaller and more efficient than traditional folding mechanisms.
Perilipin and adipophilin expression in sebaceous carcinoma and mimics

Although adipophilin has been reported to be a sensitive marker for sebaceous carcinoma, others have noted its expression in squamous cell carcinoma and a variety of noncutaneous tumors, suggesting that lipid droplet accumulation is a frequent feature of neoplastic cells. We investigated the expression of adipophilin and perilipin in 101 cutaneous carcinomas. They included 30 cases of sebaceous carcinoma, 28 squamous cell carcinoma with clear cell change (18 invasive and 10 in situ tumors), 8 hidradenocarcinomas, 1 spiradenocarcinoma, 10 porocarcinomas, 4 malignant chondroid syringomas, 1 malignant cylindroma, 7 apocrine carcinomas, 6 eccrine carcinomas, 5 aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinomas, and 1 pilomatrical carcinoma. Adipophilin stained the rim of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in various tumor types, including sebaceous carcinomas (30/30, 100%), squamous cell carcinoma with clear cell change (21/28, 75%), and eccrine-apocrine carcinomas (25/43, 58%). On the other hand, perilipin expression was seen in 13 (43%) of 30 sebaceous carcinoma and only 1 hidradenocarcinoma. The remaining 28 squamous cell carcinomas with clear cell change and 42 eccrine-apocrine carcinomas were negative. Although specific for invasive sebaceous carcinoma, perilipin expression was not helpful in distinguishing sebaceous carcinoma in situ from squamous cell carcinoma in situ with clear cell change. The expression of adipophilin seen in variety of cutaneous tumors suggests that the biosynthesis of lipid is altered in these neoplasms.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates Cellular Activation by the B Subunits of Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxins

The type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-IIa and LT-IIb) of Escherichia coli have an AB5 subunit structure similar to that of cholera toxin (CT) and other type I enterotoxins, despite significant differences in the amino acid sequences of their B subunits and different ganglioside receptor specificities. LT-II holotoxins and their nontoxic B subunits display unique properties as immunological adjuvants distinct from those of CT and its B subunits. In contrast to type II holotoxins, the corresponding pentameric B subunits, LT-IIaB and LT-IIbB, stimulated cytokine release in both human and mouse cells dependent upon Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Induction of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, or tumor necrosis factor alpha in human THP-1 cells by LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB was inhibited by anti-TLR2 but not by anti-TLR4 antibody. Furthermore, transient expression of TLR1 and TLR2 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in activation of a nuclear factor-κB-dependent luciferase gene in response to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from TLR2-deficient mice failed to respond to LT-IIaB or LT-IIbB, in contrast to wild-type or TLR4-deficient cells. These results demonstrate that besides their established binding to gangliosides, the B subunits of type II enterotoxins also interact with TLR2. Although a ganglioside-nonbinding mutant (T34I) of LT-IIaB effectively induced cytokine release, a phenotypically similar point mutation (T13I) in LT-IIbB abrogated cytokine induction, suggesting a variable requirement for gangliosides as coreceptors in TLR2 agonist activity. TLR2-dependent activation of mononuclear cells by type II enterotoxin B subunits appears to be a novel mechanism whereby these molecules may exert their immunomodulatory and adjuvant activities.
Tonsillectomies and Adenotonsillectomies—Will the Debate Never Be Over?

To the Editor .— The article by Doctors Paradise, Bluestone, and colleagues,1 which discourages tonsillectomies and adenotonsillectomies (T&As) yet again, is commendable for making readers think about criteria and outcome. But insufficient data and loose criteria make it difficult to evaluate pre- versus postsurgery study groups, or versus control patients. As a concatenation of partial sets of observation and data, versus controls, the clinical trials studied: 1. otitis media in children 2. “obstructing adenoids” (and persistent mouth-breathing?) 3. group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection in children with obstructing adenoids, or with “recurrent or persistent otitis media” 4. culture-positive β streptococcal pharyngitis in children postoperative T&A or tonsillectomy alone 5. tonsil, adenoid, or pharyngeal infection, and maybe cervical lymphadenopathy, regardless of etiologic agent, in all enrollees. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 above are contained within the “2-way trial.” Readers would learn more if enrollment culture data and postoperative surveillance regarding otitis media and nasal passage obstruction were provided. Number 4 is incomplete, lacking enrollment incidence of culture-positive β streptococcal infection for the 3-way trial. With …
Alpha Particle Radiobiology for Radium-223 (“Alpharadin”): The Fortuitous “Goldilocks” Effect Observed for Hormone-resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Purpose/Objectives: The ALSYMPCA Trial of 223 Ra (“Alpharadin”) for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer was a Phase III randomized trial comparing 223 Ra plus SOC vs best SOC. This trial was stopped early after 921 patients enrolled at over 100 centers achieved highly significant improvements in primary (overall survival) and all secondary endpoints.These extremely positive results prompted us to review some of the unique aspects of alpha particle radiobiology and ultra-short range molecular targeting capabilities resulting from endosteal surface new bone localization. The anatomic relationships between endosteal surfaces where isotope localization occurs and the positions of metastatic target cells and nearby marrow reserves were especially considered. Materials and Methods: Literature analysis and review of published radium autoradiographs Results: Highly energetic alpha particles such as those released during decay of 223 Ra (T 1/2 = 11.4 days) display unique radiobiologic and dosimetric aspects which may make them ideal for treating bony metastatic disease. The nuclear dose required in vitro for approximately 90% target cell kill by alpha particles is estimated to be less than 1 Gy and electron micrographs of various cell types obtained shortly after exposure confirm bizarre blebbing and condensation of chromosomal material characteristic of apoptosis. These radiobiologic effects may depend heavily on cell culture condition with more nonuniform DNA strand break damage observed in isolated detached cells. The 20-100 micron alpha particle path length (2-10 cells) appears to allow specific target cell populations to be killed within bony stroma without excessive damage to nearby sensitive hematopoietic cells. There may also be advantageous secondary cytokine signals produced as bystander effects. Calculated dosimetry models suggest bone surface to nearby marrow dose ratios of >10:1. 223 Ra treatment in rodent models showed that this family of Ca ++ analogs delivers extremely high doses to stromal elements such as bone-resorbing osteoclasts and this selectivity may aid in decreasing SREs and in pain relief. Conclusions: We highlight the fact that some basic radiobiologic and cell compartment-specific stromal localization principles known to be important in alpha particle radiopharmaceutical therapy may contribute to the very positive clinical outcomes observed while allowing minimal damage accumulation to nontarget cell groups. The highly localized cytotoxicity and fortuitous endosteal uptake patterns oberved (close enough to target cells and destructive osteoclasts for treatment efficacy but far enough away from marrow reserves to limit hemotoxicity) may serve to produce a salubrious "Goldilocks" effect and thereby aid in the observed treatment success. #3304
INTRODUCTION TO “THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BOOKER T. WASHINGTON” By W. E. B. DU BOIS

The Du Bois Review is pleased to publish, for the first time, this significant reflection on “the meaning of Booker T. Washington to America,” and in so doing highlight Du Bois's desire to see courage, rather than sacrifice, prevail in the face of injustice. This previously unpublished essay is among the W. E. B. Du Bois Papers housed in the Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. It was brought to our attention by Robert Brown, who provides an introductory essay including an analysis of the likely date the essay was penned. We present it to our readers with the permission of The David Graham Du Bois Trust.
Who Are We? The Social Construction of Organizational Identity Through Sense-Exchanging

Using Pennsylvania State University’s responses to an identity threat, this article discusses the social construction of organizational identity as a negotiated outcome between various stakeholders. The authors propose four main characteristics of the social construction of organizational identity—intentional, temporal, relational, and external—that extend Ran and Duimering’s demarcation of two identity construction processes: the linguistic and the social construction. The authors also provide some guidance for public institutions, universities, or nonprofit organizations as they construct, maintain, and negotiate a positive identity in the context of threatening changes.
Monitoring a freeway network in real time using single-loop detectors

With the widespread adoption of automated traffic sensors, the increase of computer processing power, and the evolution and growth of the global Internet, our ability to monitor traffic and convey traffic information in real-time has been dramatically advanced. To the authors' knowledge, most of the current traffic information systems mainly provide general traffic flow information. Vehicle classification data, such as truck volumes that should be key inputs for good transportation planning, freight mobility analysis, roadway geometric and structural design and traffic control and operation, are often excluded or only roughly estimated. To address this problem, this paper describes the design and implementation of a traffic monitoring and information system recently developed at the University of Washington that visually conveys speed and vehicle classification information, obtained by processing real-time single-loop measurements, to the general public through the client/server computer architecture. The development of this system makes real-time monitoring of truck volume data on a freeway network possible.
UNIYAC-LARC High-Speed Circuitry: Case History in Circuit Optimization

In recent years, the design of computer circuits has become a thorough and complex job. Factors such as logical design, behavior of components, manufacturing techniques, and life tests are playing an even more important role in the design of an efficient circuit. This paper will discuss how circuit optimization techniques and use of the UNIVAC® I computing system aided in reducing cost and avoiding many of the pitfalls in the design and production of efficient high-speed circuitry for UNIVAC-LARC.
A Rapid Method for Localization of Tissue Structures or Lesions for Electron Microscopy

microscopy. This method offers several advantages. It enables rapid localization of desired lesions whilc sectioning. It ensures that the lesion is in that portion of the block trimmed for thin sections. The small area of the sections ultimately used reduces the time spent with the electron microscope hunting for the lesion and it also facilitates cutting the thinnest sections. In addition, the method allows determination of the depth and adequacy of the zone of optimal fixation in the original block. Examination of such sections by light microscopy often reveals details not seen in usual paraffin sections. Enhancement of detail may be obtained wit h phase microscopy, as others have observed. Various staining procedures have been adapted by others for osmium-fixed tissues embedded in methacrylate (1 4). These do not seem to have both the rapidity and clarity of the method described here. Some more time-consuming special stains may be necessary to identify specific substances or lesions. The facility with which toluidine blue can be removed from the section allows the same slide, if necessary, to be used for other more complex stains.
T7 RNA polymerase produces 5′ end heterogeneity during in vitro transcription from certain templates

The use of T7 RNA polymerase to prepare large quantities of RNA of a particular sequence has greatly facilitated the study of both the structure and function of RNA. Generally, it has been believed that the products of this technique are highly homogeneous in sequence, with only a few noted exceptions. We have carefully examined the transcriptional products of several tRNAs that vary in their 5' end sequence and found that, for those molecules that begin with multiple, consecutive guanosines, the transcriptional products are far from homogenous. Although a template beginning with GCG showed no detectable 5' end heterogeneity, two tRNA templates designed to have either four or five consecutive guanosines at their 5' ends had more than 30% of their total transcriptional products extended by at least one untemplated nucleotide at their 5' end. By simply reducing the number of consecutive guanosines, the heterogeneity was reduced significantly. The presence of this 5' end heterogeneity in combination with the 3' end heterogeneity common to T7 transcriptions results in a mixture of RNA molecules even after rigorous size purification.
The UN and Civil Society: 3 years after the Cardoso Report1

The United Nations (UN) stands at a crossroads. The litany of global challenges and the dangerous schisms that confront the world make the organization more important than ever, yet in powerful pol...
Engineered Multilayer Thermal Barrier Coatings for Enhanced Durability and Functional Performance

The durability of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has been of significant interest ever since their introduction in gas turbine engine components. Of particular importance is the role of coating processing, microstructure and ensuing properties on their thermal cycle life. Among the coating properties of the ceramic top coat that have shown strong correlations with durability include the elastic modulus (i.e., compliance) and the fracture toughness, both of which are influenced by processing as well as thermal aging during service. In this article, we have systematically investigated furnace cycle durability of plasma sprayed TBCs produced from controlled processing conditions, yielding differences in both modulus and toughness. Following performance assessment and mechanistic insights obtained from single layer ceramic coatings, novel bilayer architectures have been proposed and fabricated, in an effort to improve furnace cycle durability. The bilayer approach targets coating properties based on location, by providing dense, high toughness coating at regions prone to delamination failure (near-interface), while allowing for the majority of the coating to contain high porosity, resulting in reduced overall modulus. Such improved bilayers simultaneously display both high durability and low thermal conductivity enabling a promising approach for functionally optimized coatings. The plasma spray process together with its ability to dynamically change process parameters enables the fabrication of these novel architectures.
A Monte Carlo sampling plan for estimating reliability parameters and related functions

Consider an undirected network G with node set V and arc set E = {1, …, n} where arcs fail randomly and independently. Let T be a subset of V and let Mk denote the number of ways that all the nodes of T are connected (T-connectivity) with exactly k operating arcs and n - k failed arcs. This paper describes a sampling plan for estimating {Mk} and linear functions of these parameters, including the T-connectedness reliability function g(p) for common failure probability 1 - p. Point and simultaneous interval estimates are derived for {Mk/(}, where the interval estimates meet a fixed width criterion in O(n log n) time as the size of the network n grows. Whereas all previously proposed Monte Carlo sampling plans enable one to estimate g(p) for a fixed p, the proposed method allows one to estimate the entire function {g(p), p ∈ P}, where either P = P* = {qi: O ≦ qi ≦ 1, 1 ≦ i = ≦ v} or P = P** = {[a, b]: 0 ≦ a ≦ b ≦ 1}. Here P* denotes a finite set of points in [0, 1] and P** an interval in [0, 1]. Simultaneous interval estimates are derived that meet a fixed width criterion in O(n) time for P = P* and in O(n2) time for P = P** as n ∞. A priori bounds are also derived for g (p) and it is shown how these can be used to give guidance on the performance of the sampling plan. An example based on a network with 44 nodes and 85 arcs illustrates the proposed method.
How to Ask for a Drink in Subanun

glossed in this paper as 'beer,' contrasts in linguistic labelling, drinking technique, and social context with all other Subanun beverages (tebaq 'toddy,' sebug 'wine,' binu, 'liquor,' sabaw 'juice-broth,' tubig 'water').
Perceived predictive value of the Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE) in anesthesiology resident selection.

Abstract Study Objective To study the perceptions of anesthesiology resident program directors about the value of the Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE) in predicting successful residents. Design Survey instrument. Setting Anesthesiology department of a university hospital. Measurements An online survey was sent to 115 U.S. medical school-based anesthesiology residency program directors. Descriptive statistics were used to report which sections of the MSPE were predictive and which were not predictive. More than 30 qualitative comments were hand-coded for frequency and emerging themes. Main Results Those sections predictive of success included the (a) academic history summary, (b) academic progress, (c) academic ranking, and (d) the candidate's comparative clinical performance. Non-predictive sections included (a) unique characteristics, (b) pre-clinical comparative performance, (c) professional behaviors versus those of classmates, (d) summary statement, and (e) Appendix E. The strongest theme emerging from the qualitative findings was a desire for the MSPE to indicate candidates' rank. Conclusions Anesthesiology programs tend to rely on the most objective sections of the MSPE. While program directors valued comments from clinical faculty, they did not hold the preclinical performance relative to peers in similar esteem, and there is a lack of reliability in the MSPE's assessment of professional behaviors.
Nuclear import of activated D-ERK by DIM-7, an importin family member encoded by the gene moleskin.

The initiation of gene expression in response to Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinase signaling requires the nuclear import of the MAP kinase, D-ERK. However, the molecular details of D-ERK translocation are largely unknown. In this regard, we have identified D-Importin-7 (DIM-7), the Drosophila homolog of vertebrate importin 7, and its gene moleskin. DIM-7 exhibits a dynamic nuclear localization pattern that overlaps the spatial and temporal profile of nuclear, activated D-ERK. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that DIM-7 associates with phosphorylated D-ERK in Drosophila S2 cells. Furthermore, moleskin mutations enhance hypomorphic and suppress hypermorphic D-ERK mutant phenotypes. Deletion or mutation of moleskin dramatically reduces the nuclear localization of activated D-ERK. Directly linking DIM-7 to its nuclear import, this defect can be rescued by the expression of wild-type DIM-7. Mutations in the Drosophila Importin (β) homolog Ketel, also reduce the nuclear localization of activated D-ERK. Together, these data indicate that DIM-7 and Ketel are components of the nuclear import machinery for activated D-ERK.
Inter-relationship between mitochondrial function and susceptibility to oxidative stress in red- and white-blooded Antarctic notothenioid fishes.

SUMMARY It is unknown whether Antarctic fishes can defend themselves against oxidative stress induced by elevations in temperature. We hypothesized that Antarctic icefishes, lacking the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin, might be more vulnerable to temperature-induced oxidative stress compared with red-blooded notothenioids because of differences in their mitochondrial properties. Mitochondria from icefishes have higher densities of phospholipids per mg of mitochondrial protein compared with red-blooded species, and these phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, previous studies have shown that multiple tissues in icefishes have lower levels of antioxidants compared with red-blooded species. We quantified several properties of mitochondria, including proton leak, rates of ROS production, membrane composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (LPO), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant power (TAOP) in mitochondria isolated from hearts of icefishes and red-blooded notothenioids. Mitochondria from icefishes were more tightly coupled than those of red-blooded fishes at both 2°C and 10°C, which increased the production of ROS when the electron transport chain was disrupted. The activity of SOD and TAOP per mg of mitochondrial protein was equivalent between icefishes and red-blooded species, but TAOP normalized to mitochondrial phospholipid content was significantly lower in icefishes compared with red-blooded fishes. Additionally, membrane susceptibility to peroxidation was only detectable in icefishes at 1°C and not in red-blooded species. Together, our results suggest that the high density of mitochondrial phospholipids in hearts of icefishes may make them particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress as temperatures rise.
Enhancing simulation education with a virtual presentation tool

This paper describes a research plan to address the undergraduate learning challenges encountered when teaching an introductory simulation course in industrial engineering programs. It outlines the implementation tasks of the research methodology, an evaluation plan, and one direction for future work.
Hybrid simulation decision support system for university management

Decision support systems for university management have experienced limited improvements in the incorporation of new cutting-edge techniques. Decision-makers have used traditional forecasting methods to base their decisions in order to maintain financially affordable programs and keep universities competitive for the last few decades. We propose a new approach for enrollment modeling that would include all levels integrated into a unique and complete platform allowing hybrid simulation to respond to the decision-maker's needs. This simulation model considers the use of System Dynamics and Agent-based simulation, which allows the representation of the general enrollment process at the University level, and enrollment, retention and major's selection at the Department level. This approach allows lower level to predict more accurately the amounts of students for next term or year, faculty hiring, and class or labs assignment, and resource allocation among others.