cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boiling characteristics of cylindrical heaters in saturated, gas saturated, and pure-subcooled FC-72

A series of pool boiling experiments are performed in thermodynamically saturated, gas saturated, and pure-subcooled FC-72 using 25-, 50-, 75-, and 390-μm-diameter platinum wires. Comparisons of nucleate boiling characteristics are made between the various fluid-state/wire-size combinations. The effects of dissolved gas concentration on heat transfer are significant and are found to depend on length scale and heat flux. This discovery ofa heater size and heat flux impact on dissolved-gas boiling enhancement provides insight into experimental results from previous investigations.
Synthesis of a disulfide stabilized RNA hairpin

Abstract An N -3 ethylthiol-modified uridine has been synthesized and incorporated through solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry at the 5′- and 3′-termini of an RNA hairpin to provide increased conformational stability via a disulfide cross-link.
Evolved Stars in the Core of the Massive Globular Cluster NGC 2419

We present an analysis of optical and ultraviolet Hubble Space Telescope photometry for evolved stars in the core of the distant massive globular cluster NGC 2419. We characterize the horizontal branch (HB) population in detail including corrections for incompleteness on the long blue tail. The majority of the HB stars can be identified with two main groups (one slightly bluer than the instability strip, and the other at the extreme end of the HB). We present a method for removing (to first-order) lifetime effects from the distribution of HB stars to facilitate more accurate measurements of helium abundance for clusters with blue HBs and to clarify the distribution of stars reaching the zero-age HB. The population ratio R = N HB/N RGB implies there may be slight helium enrichment among the extended HB (EHB) stars in the cluster, but that it is likely to be small (?Y < 0.05). An examination of the upper main sequence does not reveal any sign of multiple populations indicative of helium enrichment. The stellar distribution allows us to follow how the two main types of stars evolve after the HB. We find that the transition from stars that reach the asymptotic giant branch to stars that remain at high temperatures probably occurs among the EHB stars at a larger temperature than predicted by canonical evolution models, but qualitatively consistent with helium-enriched models. Through comparisons of optical color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), we present evidence that the EHB clump in NGC 2419 contains the end of the canonical HB, and that the boundary between the normal HB stars and blue hook stars shows up as a change in the density of stars in the CMD. This corresponds to a spectroscopically verified gap in NGC 2808 and an edge in ? Cen. The more clearly visible HB gap at V ~ 23.5 identified by Ripepi et al. appears to be too bright. Once corrected for lifetime effects, we find that NGC 2419 is currently converting about 25-31% of the first-ascent red giant stars in its core into extreme blue HB stars?the largest fraction for any known globular cluster. A comparison of upper red giant branch with theoretical models indicates there is a slight deficiency of bright red giant stars. This deficiency occurs far enough below the tip of the red giant branch that it is unlikely to be associated with the production of EHB stars via strong mass loss before the core helium flash.
Energetics of Eddy–Mean Flow Interactions in the Gulf Stream Region

A detailed energetics analysis of the Gulf Stream (GS) and associated eddies is performed using a highresolution multidecadal regional ocean model simulation. The energy equations for the time-mean and timevaryingflowsarederivedasatheoreticalframeworkfortheanalysis.Theeddy‐meanflowenergycomponents and their conversions show complex spatial distributions. In the along-coast region, the cross-stream and cross-bump variations are seen in the eddy‐mean flow energy conversions, whereas in the off-coast region, a mixed positive‐negative conversion pattern is observed. The local variations of the eddy‐mean flow interaction are influenced by the varying bottom topography. When considering the domain-averaged energetics,theeddy‐meanflowinteractionshowssignificantalong-streamvariability.UpstreamofCapeHatteras, the energy is mainly transferred from the mean flow to the eddy field through barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Upon separating from the coast, the GS becomes highly unstable and both energy conversions intensify. When the GS flows into the off-coast region, an inverse conversion from the eddy field to the mean flow dominates the power transfer. For the entire GS region, the mean current is intrinsically unstable and transfers 28.26GW of kinetic energy and 26.80GW of available potential energy to the eddy field. The mesoscaleeddykineticenergyisgeneratedbymixedbarotropicandbaroclinicinstabilities,contributing28.26 and 9.15GW, respectively. Beyond directly supplying the barotropic pathway, mean kinetic energy also provides 11.55GW of power to mean available potential energy and subsequently facilitates the baroclinic instability pathway.
Enhanced coal liquefaction with steam pretreatment

A two-step process for the liquefaction of coal, in a semiflow microreactor, was investigated. The process consisted of pretreating coal with low-temperature steam, followed by treatment with supercritical steam. The maximum observed conversion of a Wyodak subbituminous coal, using this two-step process, was 40 wt % on a moisture- and ash-free basis (MAF). The 240/sup 0/C pretreatment step resulted in a 32% increase over the conversion observed with just a 400/sup 0/C treatment. The coal liquid obtained has a number average molecular weight of 325 and a mass average molecular weight of 373, with a narrow molecular weight distribution.
A SEPARATION BETWEEN RECONFIGURABLE MESH MODELS

We prove a separation between two models of the reconfigurable mesh (rmesh), the cross-over model and the non-cross-over model. Specifically, for any constant k ≥ 1, we show that in the non-cross-over model, a k × n rmesh requires Ω(log n) time to compute the parity of n bits stored one per column, while in the cross-over model, when k ≥ 3, a k × n rmesh can compute the parity in constant time. This is the first separation demonstrated between the cross-over and non-cross-over model. The lower bound does not rely on the bandwidth constraints of the mesh and does not restrict the instruction sets of the processors. Moreover, it is the first lower bound for the rmesh which requires only binary inputs.
Reducing Structural Bias in Technology Mapping

Technology mapping, based on directed acyclic graph covering, suffers from the problem of structural bias: The structure of the mapped netlist depends strongly on the subject graph. In this paper, the authors present a new mapper aimed at mitigating structural bias. It is based on a simplified cut-based Boolean-matching algorithm, and using the speed afforded by this simplification, they explore two ideas to reduce structural bias. The first, called lossless synthesis, leverages recent advances in structure-based combinational-equivalence checking to combine the different networks seen during technology-independent synthesis into a single network with choices in a scalable manner. They show how cut-based mapping extends naturally to handle such networks with choices. The second idea is to combine several library gates into a single gate (called a supergate) in order to make the matching process less local. They show how supergates help address the structural-bias problem and how they fit naturally into the cut-based Boolean-matching scheme. An implementation based on these ideas significantly outperforms state-of-the-art mappers in terms of delay, area, and run-time on academic and industrial benchmarks
Ketamine: A Safe and Effective Agent for Painful Procedures in the Pediatric Burn Patient

Ketamine is an effective agent when used for sedation during painful bedside procedures. We developed a ketamine administration protocol for nonanesthesiologists for the purpose of establishing safe monitoring and documentation during ketamine sedation procedures. From June 1, 2002, through June 30, 2003, a total of 522 sedation events using ketamine were performed; 347 of these events were analyzed. Seventeen (4.9%) events contained potentially adverse outcome indicators, 10 (2.9%) of which required intervention. Eight events were airway related and responded to repositioning, supplemental oxygen, or bag-valve-mask ventilation. Two patients had a decrease in blood pressure, which responded to fluid administration. Total doses of ketamine administered were between 6 and 800 mg, for procedures ranging from 1 to 105 minutes, in patients weighing between 3 and 111 kg. The development of a strict protocol ensures the safe administration of ketamine for the pediatric burn patient.
Phenomenological modeling for FOPEN SAR: tree-trunk scattering on flat terrain and with concealed targets

A method of moments (MoM) analysis is developed for electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric body of revolution (BoR) embedded in a layered medium (the half-space problem constituting a special case). The layered-medium parameters can be lossy and dispersive, of interest for simulating the ground. To make such an analysis tractable for wideband applications, we have employed the method of complex images to evaluate the Sommerfeld integrals characteristic of the dyadic layered-medium Green's function. Scattering results from tree trunks are presented, where tree trunks are well represented as BoRs sitting atop a dielectric half-space. In addition, we use our rigorous MoM algorithm to examine scattering from multiple bodies. In this second study, the MoM matrix equations are derived for a BoR and two flat plate conducting targets. To simplify the analysis, the targets are situated in free space. An electric field integral equation (EFIE) formulation is employed in which the submatrices of the MoM matrix are uncoupled, and the current on each body is solved directly. The currents on each body are then recalculated within an outer iterative loop. This iterative solution procedure is shown to preserve the simplicity and attractiveness of an isolated BoR.
Principles of cancer screening

Although screening for cancer has enormous intuitive appeal, the true benefits, harms, and costs can only be determined from appropriately designed controlled clinical trials that assess the relevant parameters outlined in this article.
Assouad dimension of self-affine carpets

We calculate the Assouad dimension of the self-affine carpets of Bedford and McMullen, and of Lalley and Gatzouras. We also calculate the conformal Assouad dimension of those carpets that are not self-similar.
Dental development in congenital syphilis

A critical analysis of the dental manifestations in congenital syphilis is timely in view of the recent educational, experimental and clinical efforts to reduce the incidence of this disease. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the characteristic clinical, roentgenographic and histologic dental changes and to consider their frequency, specificity and pathogenesis in congenital syphilis. A further purpose was to correlate the observations on the deciduous and on the permanent teeth. Many writers have taken exception to the opinions expressed by Hutchinson 1 since his original description of the specificity of the abnormalities in the upper permanent central incisors in congenital syphilis. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE One of the earliest references to dental alterations in syphilis was that by Sanchez 2 in 1785. Hutchinson 1 in 1858 gave the first complete report and described several disturbances in dental development which he thought were due to congenital syphilis. Subsequently, however,
Comparative Controller Design for a Marine Gas Turbine Propulsion System

Controller design for marine gas turbine systems should consider three measures of performance: transient control, steady-state accuracy, and disturbance rejection. This paper presents and compares two common types of controller design in terms of these measures. The goal of the controllers was shaft speed control. To meet this goal, a classical proportional-plus-integral controller was designed and compared to a modern linear quadratic regulator design. The controllers' performances were evaluated with respect to the three measures mentioned above, with disturbances being input as oscillations in shaft torque due to seaway cycling.
AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ANHYDROECGONINE METHYL ESTER

(1997). AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ANHYDROECGONINE METHYL ESTER. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 308-311.
Catalytic hydrotrifluoromethylation of styrenes and unactivated aliphatic alkenes via an organic photoredox system

Herein is presented a direct method for the metal-free hydrotrifluoromethylation of alkenes. The method relies on the single electron oxidation of a commercially available sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate salt (CF3SO2Na, Langlois reagent) by N-Me-9-mesityl acridinium as a photoredox catalyst. Methyl thiosalicylate is used as a substoichiometric H-atom donor for aliphatic alkenes, and thiophenol is used as a stoichiometric H-atom donor for styrenyl substrates. The substrate scope for the transformation is broad, including mono-, di- and trisubstituted aliphatic and styrenyl alkenes, with high regioselectivity in nearly all cases examined.
Quasi-Experimental Price Elasticities of Cigarette Demand and the Bootlegging Effect

This paper updates the Lyon and Simon quasi-experimental price elasticities of cigarette demand and studies their sensitivity to changes in the cigarette market over time as well as their sensitivity to the effects of bootlegging. The results indicate a downward trend in these elasticities over time and an upward bias for states where bootlegging exists. However, once the comparison group is modified to include bootlegging-free states only, this difference over time and across groups becomes statistically insignificant.
Learning and decision making for intelligent control systems

The features of intelligent control systems are briefly described, and early research on machine intelligence is summarized. The development of learning schemes for intelligent control systems is examined, focusing on three current studies in which the author has been involved. >
The effect of tin(II) chloride adsorption on the electrochemical oxidation of tin(II) and other reactions at gold and platinum electrodes

Abstract During a study of the electrooxidation of tin(II) chloride at gold and platinum electrodes by cyclic voltammetry, a remarkable hysteresis was associated with the oxidation of tin(II) chloride that is attributed to the adsorption of tin(II) chloride on the gold electrode. The adsorbed tin(II) chloride inhibits the oxidation of the bulk tin(II) chloride and therefore shifts the potential for oxidation to more positive values. However, once the adsorbed tin(II) chloride is oxidized, the dissolved tin(II) chloride is oxidizable at less positive potentials. This inhibition by adsorbed tin(II) chloride also affects other inner-sphere electrode reactions (e.g., oxidation of I−), but not outer-sphere reactions. This inhibition is explained in terms of the need of a bridging ligand to facilitate electron transfer in inner sphere reactions. This inhibition is even more pronounced on Pt electrodes, where no oxidation wave for tin(II) chloride is observed. However, adsorption of chloride ions, 2-mercaptoethanol, or iodide causes desorption of the tin(II) chloride and the appearance of an irreversible wave for oxidation of the tin(II) in solution.
On the degenerate principal series of complex symplectic groups

We apply techniques introduced by Clerc, Kobayashi, Orsted and Pevzner to study the degenerate principal series of Sp(n,C). An explicit description of the K-types is provided and Knapp–Stein normalised operators are realised as symplectic Fourier transforms, and their K-spectrum explicitly computed. Reducibility phenomena are analysed in terms of K-types and eigenvalues of intertwining operators. We also construct a new model for these representations, in which Knapp–Stein intertwiners take an algebraic form.
Structure of Binary Liquid Mixtures. I

An exact solution of the Percus-Yevick equation for the correlation functions ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}(r)$ appropriate to a binary mixture has been given by Lebowitz. We show that the Fourier transforms ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}(K)$ lead directly to the structure factors ${S}_{\mathrm{ij}}(K)$, the latter being functions of a total packing parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}$, the ratio of the hardsphere diameters and the concentration parameter $x$ describing the relative amount of each component in the mixture. An expression for the compressibility is also given. The results are applied to a discussion of x-ray scattering from mixtures.
Velocity profile of granular flows inside silos and hoppers

We measure the flow of granular materials inside a quasi-two-dimensional silo as it drains and compare the data with some existing models. The particles inside the silo are imaged and tracked with unprecedented resolution in both space and time to obtain their velocity and diffusion properties. The data obtained by varying the orifice width and the hopper angle allow us to thoroughly test models of gravity driven flows inside these geometries. All of our measured velocity profiles are smooth and free of the shock-like discontinuities ('rupture zones') predicted by critical state soil mechanics. On the other hand, we find that the simple kinematic model accurately captures the mean velocity profile near the orifice, although it fails to describe the rapid transition to plug flow far away from the orifice. The measured diffusion length b, the only free parameter in the model, is not constant as usually assumed, but increases with both the height above the orifice and the angle of the hopper. We discuss improvements to the model to account for the differences. From our data, we also directly measure the diffusion of the particles and find it to be significantly less than predicted by the void model, which provides the classical microscopic derivation of the kinematic model in terms of diffusing voids in the packing. However, the experimental data are consistent with the recently proposed spot model, based on a simple mechanism for cooperative diffusion. Finally, we discuss the flow rate as a function of the orifice width and hopper angles. We find that the flow rate scales with the orifice size to the power of 1.5, consistent with dimensional analysis. Interestingly, the flow rate increases when the funnel angle is increased.
Manganese terpyridine artificial metalloenzymes for benzylic oxygenation and olefin epoxidation

New catalysts for non-directed hydrocarbon functionalization have great potential in organic synthesis. We hypothesized that incorporating a Mn-terpyridine cofactor into a protein scaffold would lead to artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) in which the selectivity of the Mn cofactor could be controlled by the protein scaffold. We designed and synthesized a maleimide-substituted Mn-terpyridine cofactor and demonstrated that this cofactor could be incorporated into two different scaffold proteins to generate the desired ArMs. The structure and reactivity of one of these ArMs was explored, and the broad oxygenation capability of the Mn-terpyridine catalyst was maintained, providing a robust platform for optimization of ArMs for selective hydrocarbon functionalization.
Micro hydraulic transducer technology for actuation and power generation

The paper introduces a novel transducer technology, called the solid-state micro-hydraulic transducer, currently under development at MIT. The new technology is enabled through integration of micromachining technology, piezoelectrics, and microhydraulic concepts. These micro-hydraulic transducers are capable of bi-directional electromechanical energy conversion, i.e., they can operate as both an actuator that supplies high mechanical force in response to electrical input and an energy generator that transduces electrical energy from mechanical energy in the environment. These transducers are capable of transducing energy at very high specific power output in the order of 1 kW/kg, and thus, they have the potential to enable many novel applications. The concept, the design, and the potential applications of the transducers are presented. Present efforts towards the development of these transducers, and the challenges involved therein, are also discussed.
Precision measurement of the off-diagonal hyperfine interaction

We have measured the hyperfine mixing of the 6S and 7S states of cesium using a new high-precision experimental technique. By comparing the diagonal and off-diagonal hyperfine interaction for these states, we find that a single-particle description of the states is accurate to better than 2%.
N5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and schizophrenia: A working hypothesis

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a working theory of N 5.10 -methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and schizophrenia. Patients with genetically determined deficient activity of N 5.10 -methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase had a progressive history of aberrant behavior and disturbed thought processes diagnosed independently by several psychiatrists as schizophrenia. Treatment with folic acid increased the availability of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, as judged by the alleviation of homocystine excretion. Concomitantly, there was a striking improvement in behavior and mental processes. As a working hypothesis, we suggest that decreased methylation of biogenic amines by the N 5 -methylenetetrahydrofolate -dependent methyltransferase can be a significant factor in the psychotic manifestations of the syndrome of schizophrenia.
Contactless Sleep Apnea Detection on Smartphones

We present a contactless solution for detecting sleep apnea events on smartphones. To achieve this, we introduce a novel system that monitors the minute chest and abdomen movements caused by breathing on smartphones. Our system works with the phone away from the subject and can simultaneously identify and track the fine-grained breathing movements from multiple subjects. We do this by transforming the phone into an active sonar system that emits frequency-modulated sound signals and listens to their reflections; our design monitors the minute changes to these reflections to extract the chest movements. Results from a home bedroom environment shows that our design operates efficiently at distances of up to a meter and works even with the subject under a blanket. Building on the above system, we develop algorithms that identify various sleep apnea events including obstructive apnea, central apnea, and hypopnea from the sonar reflections. We deploy our system at the UW Medicine Sleep Center at Harborview and perform a clinical study with 37 patients for a total of 296 hours. Our study demonstrates that the number of respiratory events identified by our system is highly correlated with the ground truth and has a correlation coefficient of 0.9957, 0.9860, and 0.9533 for central apnea, obstructive apnea and hypopnea respectively. Furthermore, the average error in computing of rate of apnea and hypopnea events is as low as 1.9 events/hr.
Average case quantum lower bounds for computing the Boolean mean

We study the average case approximation of the Boolean mean by quantum algorithms. We prove general query lower bounds for classes of probability measures on the set of inputs. We pay special attention to two probabilities, where we show specific query and error lower bounds and the algorithms that achieve them. We also study the worst expected error and the average expected error of quantum algorithms and show the respective query lower bounds. Our results extend the optimality of the algorithm of Brassard et al.
A New Mechanism for the Formation of Meteoritic Kerogen-Like Material

The carbon in ancient carbonaceous chondritic meteorites is mainly in a hydrocarbon composite similar to terrestrial kerogen, a cross-linked structure of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Until recently, the composite has been commonly thought to have been produced in the early solar nebula by a Fischer-Tropsch-type process, involving the catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on grain surfaces. Instead, the aromatic hydrocarbons may form in gas-phase pyrolysis of simple aliphatics like acetylene and methane by a mechanism developed recently to explain formation of soot in combustion and of aromatic molecules in circumstellar envelopes. Nonequilibrium chemical kinetic calculations indicate that this mechanism can produce meteoritic aromatics if the initial concentration of simple hydrocarbons in the solar nebula was sufficiently but not unreasonably high.
Bounds on Coarsening Rates for the Lifschitz-Slyozov-Wagner Equation

This paper is concerned with the large time behavior of solutions to the Lifschitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) system of equations. Point-wise in time upper and lower bounds on the rate of coarsening are obtained for solutions with fairly general initial data. These bounds complement the time averaged upper bounds obtained by Dai and Pego, and the point-wise in time upper and lower bounds obtained by Niethammer and Velasquez for solutions with initial data close to a self-similar solution.
A Quantum Algorithm for Finding the Modal Value

We present a quantum algorithm for finding the most often occurring (or modal) value of a data set. We thereby supplement other algorithms that can determine the mean value or similar quantities. Our algorithm requires the combined use of quantum counting and extended quantum search.
Chiral non-racemic dihydroxysulfones via hydrolytic kinetic resolutions—synthesis of oxacyclic ring systems using intramolecular acylation strategies

Abstract A number of chiral non-racemic 1,2-dihydroxysulfones have been prepared in good yields and high enantiomeric excesses by hydrolytic kinetic resolution of the corresponding epoxysulfones with Jacobsen's (S,S)-salen(Co)III(OAc) catalyst. The intramolecular cyclization reactions of the acyl and ethoxycarbonyl derivatives of these dihydroxysulfones have been exploited to access a variety of functionalized chiral non-racemic cyclic ethers and lactones in good yields.
Closed-Form Nonlinear Covariance Prediction for Two-Body Orbits

A closed-form solution for nonlinear covariance prediction is formulated for two-body orbits. Nonlinear terms arise from errors in the nonlinear state transition matrix caused by errors in the state. With nonlinear terms included, the predicted covariance cannot become unrealistically small after long prediction intervals. Simulations demonstrate that the second moments of Monte Carlo error distributions are accurately characterized by nonlinear covariance prediction, whereas linear covariance prediction grossly under-estimates these moments. For near-circular orbits, the nonlinear terms exceed the linear terms after 1/4 revolution. The covariance solution is useful for real orbit determination and prediction because it is the zeroth-order solution of a state-dependent matrix-Riccati equation for perturbed orbits.
LÉVY FLIGHT OF HOLES IN InP SEMICONDUCTOR SCINTILLATOR

High radiative efficiency in moderately doped n-InP results in the transport of holes dominated by photon-assisted hopping, when radiative hole recombination at one spot produces a photon, whose interband absorption generates another hole, possibly far away. Due to "heavy tails" in the hop probability, this is a random walk with divergent diffusivity (process known as the Levy flight). Our key evidence is derived from the ratio of transmitted and reflected luminescence spectra, measured in samples of different thicknesses. These experiments prove the non-exponential decay of the hole concentration from the initial photo-excitation spot. The power-law decay, characteristic of Levy flights, is steep enough at short distances (steeper than an exponent) to fit the data for thin samples and slow enough at large distances to account for thick samples. The high radiative efficiency makes possible a semiconductor scintillator with efficient photon collection. It is rather unusual that the material is "opaque" at wavelengths of its own scintillation. Nevertheless, after repeated recycling most photons find their way to one of two photodiodes integrated on both sides of the semiconductor slab. We present an analytical model of photon collection in two-sided slab, which shows that the heavy tails of Levy-flight transport lead to a high charge collection efficiency and hence high energy resolution. Finally, we discuss a possibility to increase the slab thickness while still quantifying the deposited energy and the interaction position within the slab. The idea is to use a layered semiconductor with photon-assisted collection of holes in narrow-bandgap layers spaced by distances far exceeding diffusion length. Holes collected in these radiative layers emit longwave radiation, to which the entire structure is transparent. Nearly-ideal calculated characteristics of a mm-thick layered scintillator can be scaled up to several centimeters.
Atomic oxygen in the comae of comets

Abstract We report on the detection of atomic oxygen lines in the spectra of 8 comets. These forbidden lines are a result of the photodissociation of the parent oxygen-bearing species directly into an excited state. We used high resolution spectra obtained at the McDonald Observatory 2.7 m telescope to resolve the cometary oxygen lines from the telluric oxygen lines and from other cometary emissions. We find that the relative intensities of the two red lines (6300.304 and 6363.776 A) are consistent with theory. The green line (5577.339 A) has an intensity which is about 10% of the sum of the intensities of the two red lines. We show that collisional quenching may be important in the inner coma. If we assume the relative excitation rates of potential parents which have appeared in the literature, then H2O would be the parent of the cometary green oxygen line. However, those rates have been questioned. We measured the width of the three oxygen lines and find that the green line is wider than either of the two red lines. The finding of a wider line could imply a different parent for the green and red lines. However, the constancy of the green to red line flux ratio suggests the parent is the same for these lines but that the exciting photons have different energies.
Two-stage portfolio optimization with higher-order conditional measures of risk

We describe a study of application of novel risk modeling and optimization techniques to daily portfolio management. In the first part of the study, we develop and compare specialized methods for scenario generation and scenario tree construction. In the second part, we construct a two-stage stochastic programming problem with conditional measures of risk, which is used to re-balance the portfolio on a rolling horizon basis, with transaction costs included in the model. In the third part, we present an extensive simulation study on real-world data of several versions of the methodology. We show that two-stage models outperform single-stage models in terms of long-term performance. We also show that using high-order risk measures is superior to first-order measures.
Enantioselective and regioselective nickel-catalyzed multicomponent coupling of chiral allenes, aromatic aldehydes, and silanes

Abstract A detailed account of the development of a recently developed, nickel-catalyzed multicomponent coupling of chiral allenes, aromatic aldehydes, and silanes is described. The axial chirality of the allene is transferred completely to the product, a trisubstituted Z-allylic alcohol protected as a silyl ether. A very high preference for sp rather than sp2 coupling is observed, and differentially substituted allenes undergo highly site-selective coupling. These transformations represent the first enantioselective multi-component coupling processes of allenes.
Uniqueness of Locally Symmetric Brownian Motion on Laakso Spaces

We consider the spaces introduced by Laakso in 2000 and, building on the work of Barlow, Bass, Kumagai, and Teplyaev, prove the existence and uniqueness of a local symmetry invariant diffusion via heat kernel estimates. This work also builds upon works of Cheeger, Barlow and Bass, as well as the author.
A Case for Adopting Appellate Review into AAEA Editorial Policy

Refereed journals supply quality-controlled technical information generated by members of professional associations. Quality control is the province of journal editors who coordinate review procedures for submitted manuscripts. These procedures can place authors of submitted manuscripts into an adversarial relationship with reviewers who recommend either that a manuscript be rejected or revised along lines with which the author firmly disagrees. An editor first assumes the role of impartial judge to decide which side wins based on the merits of the respective arguments. However, once the editor chooses a side, he or she can no longer reasonably be considered impartial. In some professional associations (including the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA)), authors challenging an adverse editorial decision must seek review from the editor who made the decision. The
Is China a responsible stakeholder

Whether China is a responsible stakeholder is evaluated from employing three sets of standards: normative, ‘aspirational’ standards (i.e. those that make a good community member and an upstanding citizen); rational choice (is China acting in line with shared or complementary self-interest?); and power analysis (whether China is upsetting an established world order or contributing to the formation of a new one?). In the process, this article examines both China and the standards themselves.
Adaptable Particle-in-Cell algorithms for graphical processing units

Abstract We developed new parameterized Particle-in-Cell algorithms and data structures for emerging multi-core and many-core architectures. Four parameters allow tuning of this PIC code to different hardware configurations. Particles are kept ordered at each time step. The first application of these algorithms is to NVIDIA graphical processing units, where speedups of about 15–25 compared to an Intel Nehalem processor were obtained for a simple 2D electrostatic code. Electromagnetic codes are expected to get higher speedups due to their greater computational intensity.
Applications of electron paramagnetic resonance to studies of defects in insulators and semiconductors

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) which is the absorption of electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency domain has been used for many years to study magnetic dipoles in crystals subjected to magnetic fields. These magnetic dipoles arise from electrons in the material whose intrinsic spin is exposed due to processes such as doping with transition metal ions, doping with ions whose spin is not locked up with chemical bonding and irradiation with bond breaking energy. The sensitivity of the EPR technique depends on such experimental parameters as, incident microwave power, size of the sample, quality of the microwave cavity, number of paramagnetic spins participating in the absorption, width of the EPR resonance line, temperature of the sample and relaxation time of the spin system to the lattice. The experimental spectrum is described by parameters which by the application of basic quantum mechanics can be related to properties of the wave function of the electron spin in the crystal environment such as bonding directions to neighboring ions in the crystal lattice. Some examples of this analysis will be presented to show how EPR is used in the study of defects in Si and SiO2.
Silencing subtelomeric VSGs by Trypanosoma brucei RAP1 at the insect stage involves chromatin structure changes

Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis and regularly switches its major surface antigen variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) to evade mammalian host immune responses at the bloodstream form (BF) stage. Monoallelic expression of BF Expression Site (BES)-linked VSGs and silencing of metacyclic VSGs (mVSGs) in BF cells are essential for antigenic variation, whereas silencing of both BES-linked and mVSGs in the procyclic form (PF) cells is important for cell survival in the midgut of its insect vector. We have previously shown that silencing BES-linked VSGs in BF cells depends on TbRAP1. We now show that TbRAP1 silences both BES-linked and mVSGs at both BF and PF stages. The strength of TbRAP1-mediated BES-linked VSG silencing is stronger in the PF cells than that in BF cells. In addition, Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements analysis and MNase digestion demonstrated that depletion of TbRAP1 in PF cells led to a chromatin structure change, which is significantly stronger at the subtelomeric VSG loci than at chromosome internal loci. On the contrary, no significant chromatin structure changes were detected on depletion of TbRAP1 in BF cells. Our observations indicate that TbRAP1 helps to determine the chromatin structure at the insect stage, which likely contributes to its strong silencing effect on VSGs.
Violation of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem and Heating Effects in the Time-Dependent Kondo Model

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) plays a fundamental role in understanding quantum many-body problems. However, its applicability is limited to equilibrium systems and it does in general not hold in nonequilibrium situations. This violation of the FDT is an important tool for studying nonequilibrium physics. In this paper we present results for the violation of the FDT in the Kondo model where the impurity spin is frozen for all negative times, and set free to relax at positive times. We derive exact analytical results at the Toulouse point, and results within a controlled approximation in the Kondo limit, which allow us to study the FDT violation on all time scales. A measure of the FDT violation is provided by the effective temperature, which shows initial heating effects after switching on the perturbation, and then exponential cooling to zero temperature as the Kondo system reaches equilibrium.
Ion beam induced charge collection (IBICC) studies of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) radiation detectors

Abstract Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is an emerging material for room temperature radiation detectors. In order to optimize the performance of these detectors, it is important to determine how the electronic properties of CZT are related to the presence of impurities and defects that are introduced during the crystal growth and detector fabrication. At the Sandia microbeam facility IBICC (ion beam induced charge collection) and time resolved IBICC (TRIBICC) were used to image electronic properties of various CZT detectors. Two-dimensional areal maps of charge collection efficiency were deduced from the measurements. In order to determine radiation damage to the detectors, we measured the deterioration of the IBICC signal as the function of dose. A model to explain quantitatively the pattern observed in the charge collection efficiency maps of the damaged detectors has been developed and applied to the data.
Radiation hazard of relativistic interstellar flight

Abstract From the point of view of radiation safety, interstellar space is not an empty void. Interstellar gas and cosmic rays, which consist of hydrogen and helium nucleons, present a severe radiation hazard to crew and electronics aboard a relativistic interstellar ship. Of the two, the oncoming relativistic flow of interstellar gas produces the most intense radiation. A protection shield will be needed to block relativistic interstellar gas that can also absorb most of the cosmic rays which, as a result of relativistic aberration, forms into a beamed flow propagating toward the front of the spaceship.
Modeling selective intergranular oxidation of binary alloys

Intergranular attack of alloys under hydrothermal conditions is a complex problem that depends on metal and oxygen transport kinetics via solid-state and channel-like pathways to an advancing oxidation front. Experiments reveal very different rates of intergranular attack and minor element depletion distances ahead of the oxidation front for nickel-based binary alloys depending on the minor element. For example, a significant Cr depletion up to 9 μm ahead of grain boundary crack tips was documented for Ni-5Cr binary alloy, in contrast to relatively moderate Al depletion for Ni-5Al (∼100 s of nm). We present a mathematical kinetics model that adapts Wagner’s model for thick film growth to intergranular attack of binary alloys. The transport coefficients of elements O, Ni, Cr, and Al in bulk alloys and along grain boundaries were estimated from the literature. For planar surface oxidation, a critical concentration of the minor element can be determined from the model where the oxide of minor element becomes dominant over the major element. This generic model for simple grain boundary oxidation can predict oxidation penetration velocities and minor element depletion distances ahead of the advancing front that are comparable to experimental data. The significant distance of depletion of Cr in Ni-5Cr in contrast to the localized Al depletion in Ni-5Al can be explained by the model due to the combination of the relatively faster diffusion of Cr along the grain boundary and slower diffusion in bulk grains, relative to Al.
Tight bound for matching

Let M be the number of edges in a maximum matching in graphs with m edges, maximum vertex degree k and shortest simple odd-length cycle length L. We show that $$M\geq \left \{\begin{array}{l@{\quad }l}\frac{m}{2}-\frac{m}{2L},&\mbox{if}\ k=2,\\\noalign{\vspace{2pt}}\frac{m}{k}-\frac{m}{(k+L)k},&\mbox{if}\ k>2.\end{array}\right.$$ This lower bound is tight. When no simple odd-length cycle exists it is known previously that $M\geq \frac{m}{k}$.
Constructing Irreducible Representations of Finitely Presented Algebras

We describe an algorithmic test, using the “standard polynomial identity" (and elementary computational commutative algebra), for determining whether or not a finitely presented associative algebra has an irreducible n -dimensional representation. When n -dimensional irreducible representations do exist, our proposed procedure can (in principle) produce explicit constructions.
Understanding the saturation of proton-driven Weibel instabilities and implications for astrophysics

The linear growth rate and saturation level of magnetic fields for Weibel instabilities driven by ion temperature anisotropy, defined as α=(T⊥∕T‖)−1 where T⊥ and T‖ are ion temperatures perpendicular and parallel to the wave vector, are derived in the small α limit. It is shown that the ratio of the saturated magnetic energy to the initial ion energy scales as the fourth power of the electron to ion mass ratio, m∕M, for an initially unmagnetized plasma with α≤M∕m. Particle-in-cell simulations confirm the mass scaling and also show that the electron energy gain is of the same order of magnitude as the magnetic field energy. This implies that the Weibel instabilities cannot provide a faster-than-Coulomb collisionless mechanism to equilibrate ion-electron plasmas with ions initially much hotter than electrons, a key component in low-luminosity astrophysical accretion flows. The results here also show that the large α limit formulas used in the study of magnetic field generation in collisionless shocks are on...
Eliminating stack overflow by abstract interpretation

An important correctness criterion for software running on embedded microcontrollers is stack safety: a guarantee that the call stack does not overflow. Our first contribution is a method for statically guaranteeing stack safety of interrupt-driven embedded software using an approach based on context-sensitive dataflow analysis of object code. We have implemented a prototype stack analysis tool that targets software for Atmel AVR microcontrollers and tested it on embedded applications compiled from up to 30,000 lines of C. We experimentally validate the accuracy of the tool, which runs in under 10 sec on the largest programs that we tested. The second contribution of this paper is the development of two novel ways to reduce stack memory requirements of embedded software.
Optimal three-material wheel assemblage of conducting and elastic composites

Abstract We describe a new type of three material microstructures which we call wheel assemblages , that correspond to extremal conductivity and extremal bulk modulus for a composite made of two materials and an ideal material. The exact lower bounds for effective conductivity and matching laminates was found in Cherkaev (2009) and for anisotropic composites, in Cherkaev and Zhang (2011) . Here, we show different optimal structures that generalize the classical Hashin–Shtrikman coated spheres (circles). They consist of circular inclusions which contain a solid central circle (hub) and radial spikes in a surrounding annulus, and (for larger volume fractions of the best material) an annulus filled with it. The same wheel assemblages are optimal for the pair of dual problems of minimal conductivity (resistivity) of a composite made from two materials and an ideal conductor (insulator), in the problem of maximal effective bulk modulus of elastic composites made from two linear elastic material and void, and the dual minimum problem.
QUANTUM MONTE CARLO METHODS FOR NUCLEI AT FINITE TEMPERATURE

We discuss finite temperature quantum Monte Carlo methods in the framework of the interacting nuclear shell model. The methods are based on a representation of the imaginary-time many-body propagator as a superposition of one-body propagators describing non-interacting fermions moving in fluctuating auxiliary fields. Fermionic Monte Carlo calculations have been limited by a "sign" problem. A practical solution in the nuclear case enables realistic calculations in much larger configuration spaces than can be solved by conventional methods. Good-sign interactions can be constructed for realistic estimates of certain nuclear properties. We present various applications of the methods for calculating collective properties and level densities.
Fluoropolymer barriers to stress corrosion in optical fibers

Some recent studies on fluoropolymers that exhibit substantially increased barrier properties against the migration of moisture when compared to conventional fiber coating materials, and as a result may offer unique advantages for use in optical fiber applications, are reported. Moisture vapor permeability studies of cis-trans fluoropolyol polyacrylate indicate that it can offer up to an order of magnitude reduction in H 2 O permeability relative to commercially available UV curable acrylate coatings. Experimentally determined permeability coefficients were of the order of 10 −12 g cm −2 s −1 cm/mm Hg and diffusion coefficients were of the order of 10 −10 cm 2 s −1 . In addition to improved barrier properties, incorporation of fluorine into the polymer structure lowers the index of refraction of the polymer enabling a material to be tailored for use as a cladding in conjunction with silica glass. The index of refraction of cis-trans fluoropolyol polyacrylate was determined, using index matching oils, to be 1.437 (lower than the silica core) permitting its use as a cladding. Other material parameters relevant to fiber coatings have also been measured. The elastic modulus E of the material was determined to be 10 10 dyn/cm 2 with a slow drop to 10 8 dyn/cm 2 at the glass transition temperature ∼45°C. In addition, an improved formulation of cis-trans fluoropolyol polyacrylate is presented that allowed in-line coating of the optical fiber in an oxygen environment.