cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cilia in the Regulation of Bile Flow

Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts, are ciliated cells. Each cholangiocyte has a primary cilium consisting of (i) a microtubule-based axoneme and (ii) the basal body, centriole-derived, microtubule-organizing center from which the axoneme emerges. Primary cilia in cholangiocytes were described decades ago, but their physiological and pathophysiological significance remained unclear until recently. We now recognize that cholangiocyte cilia extend from the apical plasma membrane into the bile duct lumen and, as such, are ideally positioned to detect changes in bile flow, bile composition and bile osmolality. These sensory organelles act as cellular antennae that can detect and transmit signals that influence cholangiocyte function. Indeed, recent data show that cholangiocyte primary cilia can activate intracellular signaling pathways when they sense modifications in the flow, molecular constituents and osmolarity of bile. Their ability to sense and transmit signals depends on the participation of a growing number of specific ciliary-associated proteins that act as receptors, channels and transporters. Cholangiocyte cilia, in addition to being important in normal biliary physiology, likely contribute to the cholangiopathies when their normal structure or function is disturbed. Indeed, the polycystic liver diseases that occur in combination with autosomal dominant and recessive polycystic kidney disease (i.e. ADPKD and ARPKD) are two important examples of such conditions. Recent insights into the role of cholangiocyte cilia in cystic liver disease using in vitro and animal models have already resulted in clinical trials that have influenced the management of cystic liver disease.
Clonidine antagonism of angiotensin-related drinking: a central site of action

Abstract Administration of either isoproterenol (25 μg/kg, s.c.) or angiotensin II (200 μg/kg, s.c.) induces drinking in rats within 0.5–1 h. This drinking was inhibited by prior administration of the presynaptic α-adrenergic agonist clonidine (12 μg/kg, i.p.). Urine output was enhanced by clonidine in the angiotensin II-, but not the isoproterenol-treated group. Drinking in response to peripheral administration of either angiotensin II or isoproterenol was also inhibited by intracerebroventricular (i.v.t.) administration of clonidine (8 μ/kg). This dose of clonidine also enhanced the urine output after angiotensin II. Further, the drinking induced by i.v.t. administration of angiotensin II, at 4 but not 20 ng/kg was inhibited by peripheral administration of clonidine (12 μg/kg, i.p.). When clonidine was administered i.v.t. prior to i.v.t. injection of either angiotensin II (20 ng/kg) or carbachol (1.2 μg/kg), the drinking response to these dipsogens was attenuated. These results suggest that clonidine may act centrally to attenuate drinking at a site, possibly in the nucleus tractus solitarius, that may be considered a final common pathway for this response.
Towards separating nondeterminism from determinism

The main result of this paper is a separation result: there is a positive integerk such that for all well-behaving functionst(n), there is a language accepted by a nondeterministic (multi-tape) Turing machine in timet(n) which cannot be accepting by any deterministic (multitape) Turing machine in timeO(t(n)) and simultaneously spaceo((t(n)) 1/k ). This implies, for example that for any positive integer,l,l ≠k, there is a language accepted by an l time bounded NDTM which cannot be accepted by a DTM in time and spaceO(n l ) andO((logn) l ′) respectively for anyl′. Such a result is not provable by direct diagonalization because we do not have time to “simulate and do the opposite". We devise a different method for accomplishing the result: We first use an alternating Turing machine to speed up the simulation of a time and space bounded DTM and then argue that if our separation result did not hold, every NDTM can itself be simulated faster by another NDTM producing a contradiction to the standard hierarchy results. Some other applications of this method are also presented.
Estimation of the runoff curve number via direct rainfall simulator measurements in the State of Iowa, USA.

This study was the first to provide detailed methodological steps to estimate in-situ runoff curve number (CN) for selected agricultural fields in the State of Iowa via rainfall simulators. Representative fields in six counties were chosen to identify the effects of the following variables on runoff CN: rainfall intensity, soil type, soil moisture condition, tillage practice, and residue cover. The study also re-evaluated the range of the existing CN values for the different hydrologic soil groups in Iowa, and revised the equations describing the CN method to consider variables such as residue cover and soil moisture in a more detailed manner than the existing USDA method. The findings of this investigation showed that rainfall simulators are useful instruments for estimating in-situ runoff CN because rainfall intensity was adjustable during an experimental run. Further, the simulators eliminate the need of natural storm events. The range of the estimated CN values in summer agreed well (deviation less than 6%) with the reported CN values. However, the range of the estimated CN values in fall was generally less the reported CN values (deviation of about 40%) due to the high residue levels found in the fields after harvest. The effects of tillage practice and crop type were insignificant compared to residue cover and soil moisture. The study has also shown that the initial abstraction Ia is not linearly proportional to the potential maximum retention S, which agrees with the available literature.
Prolactin receptor attenuation induces zinc pool redistribution through ZnT2 and decreases invasion in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells

Prolactin receptor (PRL-R) activation regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, cell survival and motility of breast cells. Prolactin (PRL) and PRL-R over-expression are strongly implicated in breast cancer, particularly contributing to tumor growth and invasion in the more aggressive estrogen-receptor negative (ER-) disease. PRL-R antagonists have been suggested as potential therapeutic agents; however, mechanisms through which PRL-R antagonists exert their actions are not well-understood. Zinc (Zn) is a regulatory factor for over 10% of the proteome, regulating critical cell processes such as proliferation, cell signaling, transcription, apoptosis and autophagy. PRL-R signaling regulates Zn metabolism in breast cells. Herein we determined effects of PRL-R attenuation on cellular Zn metabolism and cell function in a model of ER-, PRL-R over-expressing breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453). PRL-R attenuation post-transcriptionally increased ZnT2 abundance and redistributed intracellular Zn pools into lysosomes and mitochondria. ZnT2-mediated lysosomal Zn sequestration was associated with reduced matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity and decreased invasion. ZnT2-mediated Zn accumulation in mitochondria was associated with increased mitochondrial oxidation. Our results suggest that PRL-R antagonism in PRL-R over-expressing breast cancer cells may reduce invasion through the redistribution of intracellular Zn pools critical for cellular function.
Malaria Eradication and Educational Attainment: Evidence from Paraguay and Sri Lanka

Mid-twentieth century malaria eradication campaigns largely eliminated malaria from Paraguay and Sri Lanka. Using these interventions as quasi-experiments, I estimate malaria's effect on lifetime female educational attainment through the combination of pre-existing geographic variation in malarial intensity and cohort exposure based on the timing of the national anti-malaria campaigns. The estimates from Sri Lanka and Paraguay are similar and indicate that malaria eradication increased years of educational attainment and literacy. The similarity of the estimates across the countries reinforces our confidence in the validity of the identification strategy.
Neutral behavior of shared polymorphism

Abstract Several cases have been described in the literature where genetic polymorphism appears to be shared between a pair of species. Here we examine the distribution of times to random loss of shared polymorphism in the context of the neutral Wright–Fisher model. Order statistics are used to obtain the distribution of times to loss of a shared polymorphism based on Kimura’s solution to the diffusion approximation of the Wright–Fisher model. In a single species, the expected absorption time for a neutral allele having an initial allele frequency of ½ is 2.77 N generations. If two species initially share a polymorphism, that shared polymorphism is lost as soon as either of two species undergoes fixation. The loss of a shared polymorphism thus occurs sooner than loss of polymorphism in a single species and has an expected time of 1.7 N generations. Molecular sequences of genes with shared polymorphism may be characterized by the count of the number of sites that segregate in both species for the same nucleotides (or amino acids). The distribution of the expected numbers of these shared polymorphic sites also is obtained. Shared polymorphism appears to be more likely at genetic loci that have an unusually large number of segregating alleles, and the neutral coalescent proves to be very useful in determining the probability of shared allelic lineages expected by chance. These results are related to examples of shared polymorphism in the literature.
Imagery as an aid to retrieval for Korsakoff patients.

Summary Six Korsakoff patients and six alcoholic controls learned a five item P-A task under each of the following three learning conditions; Rote, Imagery, and Cued learning. Under all conditions the Korsakoff patients took more trials to learn than did the control patients. However, both imagery learning and cued learning were easier than rote learning for the Korsakoff patients when recall was used as the learning index. When a recognition measure was used instead of free recall, imagery learning proved easiest with no difference existing between cued and rote learning. In a second experiment, the patients were given the cue (a mediating link) during presentation, but not during retrieval. Under this condition the Korsakoff patients learned no more rapidly than they did by rote regardless which response measure was required. It was concluded that imagery can aid both storage and retrieval of verbal information for Korsakoff patients, while cuing aids only the retrieval process.
Use of the rat forelimb compression model to create discrete levels of bone damage in vivo.

Abstract Skeletal responses to damage are significant for understanding the etiology of stress fractures and possibly osteoporotic fractures. We refined the rat forelimb-loading model to produce a range of sub-fracture damage levels during in vivo cyclic loading. A total of 98 right forelimbs of anesthetized, male, 5-month old Fischer rats were loaded cyclically (2 Hz) in axial compression. Rats were killed immediately after loading. In the first experiment, forelimbs were loaded to fracture, which occurred after an increase in peak displacement of 2.0±0.2 mm, independent of peak force or cycle number. In the next experiment, we loaded forelimbs at a constant peak force until the peak displacement increased by 0.6–1.8 mm (30–90% of fracture displacement). Mechanical properties of the loaded (right) and contralateral control (left) ulnae were determined ex vivo using three-point bending, and cracks were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. Results demonstrated a dose–response between increased forelimb displacement and increased ulnar damage, with four discrete damage levels. “Low” damage was produced by cyclic loading to 30% of fracture displacement, with no visible cracks and a 10% strength loss. “Mild” damage was produced by loading to 45% of fracture displacement, with variable linear cracks and 20% strength loss. “Moderate” damage was produced by loading to 60–75% of fracture displacement, with consistent linear cracks and 40% strength loss. “High” damage was produced by loading to 85–90% of fracture displacement, with branching cracks and 60% strength loss. This loading model will be useful for examining biological responses to a range of sub-fracture damage levels in future experiments.
Delta Sleep Deficits in Schizophrenia Evidence From Automated Analyses of Sleep Data

Background Several, though not all, polysomnographic studies that use conventional visual scoring techniques show delta sleep deficits in schizophrenia. Delta sleep (in particular, ≥1- to 2-Hz frequency range), mediated by thalamocortical circuits, is postulated to be abnormal in schizophrenia. We investigated whether deficits in delta sleep occur in schizophrenia and whether these are primarily related to the illness or are epiphenomena of previous medication use or illness chronicity. Methods We compared 30 unmedicated schizophrenic patients and 30 age- and sex-matched controls for sleep data evaluated by visual scoring as well as automated period amplitude analyses and power spectral analyses. Results Schizophrenic patients had reduced visually scored delta sleep. Period amplitude analyses showed significant reductions in delta wave counts but not rapid eye movement counts; power spectral analyses showed reductions in delta as well as theta power. Delta spectral power was also reduced in the subset of 19 neuroleptic-naive, first-episode schizophrenic patients compared with matched controls. Delta deficits were more pronounced in the greater than 1- to 2-Hz frequency range. Conclusions Delta sleep deficits that occur in schizophrenia may be related to the primary pathophysiological characteristics of the illness and may not be secondary to previous neuroleptic use. Automated sleep quantification by means of period amplitude and power spectral analyses can complement the use of conventional visual scoring for understanding electrophysiological abnormalities in psychiatric disorders.
U.S. Photographers and Mexico, 1914–1947

(1993). U.S. Photographers and Mexico, 1914–1947. The Historian: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 317-324.
The CH4Kr solid phase diagram

Abstract X-ray diffraction studies on solid mixtures of CH4 and Kr show complete miscibility on a face-centered cubic lattice from 21 K to the melting curve.
Using NuSTAR mission operations software for instrument and spacecraft development

NuSTAR, a NASA Small Explorer mission, is a high-energy astrophysics observatory targeted for an early 2012 launch into a low-inclination, low-Earth orbit. The science instrument is a focusing X-ray telescope developed by Caltech. Mission operations are conducted at Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and science operations at Caltech. Integrated software systems provided by the mission operations team support all phases of NuSTAR instrument and spacecraft development, observatory integration, and environmental testing. Required simulators, prototype modules, and flight and ground systems interfaces are introduced into the development and test environment early in the project to closely match to on-orbit operations. This test-like-you-fly philosophy demands foresight and disciplined development at the earliest stages of project, but reduces cost and risk throughout the project life cycle by streamlining workflows and preventing interface problems at later stages. It also provides an excellent training environment and essentially guarantees a smooth transition to on-orbit operations. This paper reports on the progress and first successes of the NuSTAR team with the taken approach. 1 2
Polyions regulate the alternative amplification pathway of complement

Abstract Polyanion has previously been shown to inhibit generation of amplification pathway convertase of complement and to inhibit H-mediated decay of this complex. Polycations, protamine sulfate, and poly-l-lysine (PLL) were examined in this study for direct effects on alternative amplification pathway mechanisms and for ability to regulate polyanion-induced inhibition; they were found to inhibit generation of EAC4b,3b,Bb, and EAC4b,3b,Bb,P in a dose-related manner. The generation of EAC4b,3b,B was also inhibited by higher doses but was augmented by lower doses of polycation. Polycation interfered with the effective consumption of B in t he fluid phase, bound minimally to EAC4b,3b, and did not cause accelerated decay of a preformed convertase. Polycation diminished the ability of polyanion (heparin) to inhibit generation of both cell-bound and fluid-phase amplification pathway convertase. In contrast, polycation enhanced the ability of polyanion to cause decay of preformed convertase even though polycation had no effect itself. These studies demonstrate that both polyionic substances have the capacity to regulate amplification pathway mechanisms directly.
Scaling coreflood experiments to heterogeneous reservoirs

Abstract This paper describes a procedure for scaling a laboratory waterflood experiment in a homogeneous sandpack to predict its expected performance in heterogeneous reservoirs. The dimensionless response function of the laboratory coreflood obtained by computed tomography (CT) imaging was history-matched with a numerical simulator. The well-tuned numerical simulator was then used to predict the expected waterflood performance in several two-dimensional heterogeneous reservoirs generated geostatistically. We found that if the heterogeneous medium is characterized by high variability and high correlation in its permeability distribution, then the waterflood performance in the medium will be significantly less than in the laboratory sandpack. In this case, the laboratory waterflood must be scaled in order to use it to predict the expected performance in the field. However, if the heterogeneous medium is characterized by low variability in the permeability distribution, then the waterflood response will be the same as in the laboratory sandpack regardless of the correlation structure of the permeability distribution. In this case, no scaling is required in using the laboratory waterflood to predict the expected field performance. Further, if the heterogeneous medium is characterized by low correlation in the permeability distribution, then the waterflood response will be the same as in the laboratory sandpack, regardless of the variability in its permeability distribution. In this case, no scaling of the laboratory coreflood is required to predict expected field performance. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that the combination of CT-imaging experiments with numerical modeling provides a novel way to scale laboratory corefloods in homogeneous media to forecast their expected performance in heterogeneous reservoirs.
Intracellular distribution of hsp70 during long duration moderate hyperthermia

Hyperthermia causes cell killing and is also an effective radiosensitizer. In recent years, the protocol of long duration moderate hyperthermia (LDMH) has been used to treat cancer patients in the clinic. However, the results of many studies indicate that some tumour cells may reveal the capability to express chronic thermotolerance, a factor of potentially critical impact in the efficacy of clinical hyperthermia. Previously it has been reported that two out of five human cell lines studied were able to proliferate at 41.1°C. In the present study, the intracellular distribution of hsp70 during LDMH was measured as a potential marker for chronic thermotolerance with continued cell proliferation. In all cell lines studied, hsp70 became localized in the nucleus immediately after the cells were shifted from 37°C to 41.TC. However, in the two cell lines which recovered and continued to proliferate, NSY42129 and HT29, hsp70 was delocalized from the nucleus within 4h. Conversely, in the cell lines for which 41.1...
SU‐E‐I‐101: Multi Taper Coherence Measurements for Characterizing Scatterer Number Density

Purpose: Scatterer number density (SND) per resolution cell has been investigated by many authors as a useful tool for tissue classification in diagnostic ultrasound. SND has been shown to be capable of distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors in the breast, and of determining the degree of lens hardening in cataract formation. Low SND results in coherent scattering, which may be measured using the generalized spectrum (GS). The GS has been measured in ultrasound by correlating windowed FFT's of ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) data, where the data windows have been chosen ad hoc. We seek to improve GS calculations for distinguishing between tissue containing different number densities using Thomson's multi‐taper method. Methods: Three tissue‐mimicking (TM) phantoms consisting of glass beads and graphite powder suspended in agar were constructed. Scattering was mainly due to the glass beads and attenuation was mainly due to the graphite powder. The phantoms had number densities of 2, 10, and 400 glass beads per mm3. RF data was recorded using a 9L4 and 18L6 transducer from a Siemens S2000 system. In this study we compare two different methods of calculating spectral coherence. In one method we use a single taper and convolutionally smooth the GS. In the second method we compute the GS using Thomson's multi‐taper (MT) method. We show that the MT method outperforms diagonally smoothed single‐taper spectral estimates for distinguishing between the different phantoms. Results: We find that the MT method results in a greater separation between the mean coherence values with a lower standard deviation than single‐taper calculation methods, as the SND is varied. Conclusion: When SND is used to distinguish between different tissues, differences will be better captured if coherence is calculated with Thomson's multi‐taper method rather than a single taper.This work was supported by NIH‐NCI grants R01CA112192‐06 and T32 CA09206‐32.
Permutation cycles in the Bose–Einstein condensation of a trapped ideal gas

Abstract We consider Bose–Einstein condensation for non-interacting particles trapped in a harmonic potential by considering the length of permutation cycles arising from wave function symmetry. This approach had been considered previously by Matsubara and Feynman for a homogeneous gas in a box with periodic boundary conditions. For the ideal gas in a harmonic potential, one can treat the problem nearly exactly by analytical means. One clearly sees that the noncondensate is made up of permutation loops that are of length ⩽ N 1/3 , and that the phase transition consists of the sudden growth of longer permutation cycles. The condensate is seen to consist of cycles of all possible lengths with nearly equal likelihood.
Surface-temperature trends and variability in the low-latitude North Atlantic since 1552

For the past few centuries, multidecadal climate variability in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures has been modulated by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). A coral-based temperature reconstruction reveals that the AMO is a transient climate feature that only became significant after AD 1730.
On the analytic structure of the Henon-Heiles system

Abstract Solutions of the Henon-Heiles hamiltonian that are analytically continued into the complex time domain are found to possess a neutral boundary with a self-similar structure.
Differentiating literacy volunteers: a segmentation analysis for target marketing

Learning how an organisation's volunteers differ from volunteers serving in other organisations can provide managers with important information. This information can assist managers in identifying potential volunteers, and this information can help managers better understand what to communicate to potential volunteers. This paper presents a segmentation study of literacy volunteers as an example of a proposed methodology for differentiating sub-groups of volunteers. Managerial implications of research findings and ideas for future research are also presented. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) as a Host of Sclerotinia minor.

Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut, and the pathogenicity of S. minor to most weed species commonly found in peanut fields is unknown. In September 2000, signs and symptoms of Sclerotinia infection were observed on plants of yellow nutsedge growing in peanut fields in Bertie County, NC. Fluffy white mycelium, water soaked and bleached areas of the leaves were observed on basal portions of plants. Isolations were made from a symptomatic plant growing in a peanut field at the Peanut Belt Research Station at Lewiston-Woodville, NC. Small portions (1 to 2 cm) of symptomatic leaves were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and pure cultures typical of S. minor were obtained. Small black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) were produced abundantly and scattered over the culture surface (1). Pathogenicity was tested by placing agar plugs of ...
Location Knowledge: Assessment, Spatial Thinking, and New National Geography Standards

Location knowledge is typically assessed using outline maps. A new set of questions reflect spatial thinking research and helps to assess student location knowledge. A small group (145) of first-year college students helped to refine the items. Question styles include: open-response, multiple-choice, listing, labeling, and sketching. Topics include: grid knowledge, world regional references, neighboring countries, neighboring features, and shapes of borders. This instrument combines spatial thinking research and expectations in geography standards.
Cholesterol-lowering therapy interventions: a pharmacoeconomic assessment

Elevated cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Treatment strategies promoting the associated health benefits from a reduction in elevated cholesterol levels have been outlined in guidelines published by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Clinicians and researchers have also examined the economic benefits associated with reducing elevated cholesterol levels. Most of these studies have employed traditional pharmacoeconomic techniques like cost-effectiveness analysis. Results from these studies indicated that certain types of therapy interventions (such as the use of cholesterol-lowering pharmaceutical agents) are cost effective. However, the majority of these studies are clinically driven and rely heavily on cost-outcome ratios as decision variables.
Effects of Transdermal Testosterone on Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Women: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Objective To investigate whether testosterone administration alters natriuretic peptide levels in women. Design Three-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Setting Clinical research center. Patient(s) Fifty-one women with hypoandrogenemia due to hypopituitarism. Intervention(s) Transdermal testosterone (300 μg daily) or placebo patch. Main Outcome Measure(s) N-Terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. Result(s) NT-proBNP levels decreased in the transdermal testosterone group compared with placebo over three months. The difference between groups remained significant after controlling for baseline age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Change in NT-proBNP over 3 months was inversely associated with change in free testosterone levels. Conclusion(s) Testosterone administration to women results in decreased natriuretic peptide levels, suggesting that testosterone may be an inverse regulator of the natriuretic peptide system. Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT00027430.
Safety Risks from Cell Phones Needs Review [Health Matters]

The CTIA, an organization representing the wireless communications industry, stated in a news release [1], ?CTIA welcomes the Federal Communications Commission?s (FCC?s) continued careful oversight of this issue,? in its response to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on cell phone safety [2]. The GAO recommended the FCC to reassess and, if appropriate, change its current RF exposure safety rules. It also mentioned that the FCC is working on a draft document that has the potential to address the GAO?s recommendations.
Gastroduodenal mucosal hemodynamics by endoscopic reflectance spectrophotometry.

The reflectance spectrophotometric technique measures an index of mucosal hemoglobin concentration and an index of oxygen saturation by spectral analysis of light reflected from the mucosal surface. Using a commercially available unit, a technique for obtaining reproducible endoscopic measurements with acceptable intraobserver and interobserver variability was developed in the anesthetized dogs. The reflectance spectrophotometric finding that experimentally induced prehepatic portal hypertension did not affect gastric mucosal blood flow was confirmed by hydrogen gas clearance measurements. Endoscopic studies in patients with active duodenal ulcer disease revealed a higher index of mucosal hemoglobin concentration and a normal index of oxygen saturation (i.e., an increase in blood flow) at the margin of the ulcer compared with the adjacent normal appearing mucosa.
Convergent Cortical Representation of Semantic Processing in Bilinguals

This study examined whether semantic processes in two languages (English and Spanish) are mediated by a common neural system in fluent bilinguals who acquired their second language years after acquiring their first language. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed while bilingual participants made semantic and nonsemantic decisions about words in Spanish and English. There was greater activation for semantic relative to nonsemantic decisions in left and right frontal regions, with greater left frontal activation. The locations of activations were similar for both languages, and no differences were found when semantic decisions for English and Spanish words were compared directly. These results demonstrate a shared frontal lobe system for semantic analysis of the languages and are consistent with cognitive research on bilingualism indicating that the two languages of a bilingual person access a common semantic system.
School Psychology Trainer Shortage in the USA: Current Status and Projections for the Future:

This study documents the number of school psychology faculty openings, reasons for resignations and the outcome of faculty searches in the United States for three consecutive academic years beginning in 2004. School psychology program training directors in the United States were surveyed about program faculty needs, including resignations and the outcome of faculty searches. Ninety-four program directors reported 136 openings and 79 percent of the program directors indicated one or more openings in the three most recent academic years. Results indicate an increasing number of openings left unfilled each year with more than one in four of the positions going unfilled. Data concerning resignations, professionals leaving academia, new positions, previously unfilled positions and age of the current faculty suggest a need to hire at least 36 faculty per year for the 94 programs represented, with increasing numbers of openings in the next decade due to retirements. Directors reported a small percentage of 2006—...
A Model of Controlled Release of Polymer-dispersed Drug Systems Containing Regulatory Particles

A model of controlled release systems using a polymer matrix with mixtures of dispersed drug particles and regulatory particles is considered. The regulatory particles are fillers that release at a slower rate than the drug and open more paths for the passage of the drug. Mathematical analysis shows that both the drug and regulatory particles have Fickian diffusion behaviors. The use of regulatory particles increases the release rate and can make the system responsive to physiological change.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Preventing Wound Infection after Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

The accepted rate for wound infections after clean operations is approximately 1.5%. 1 But there are studies that have shown a higher incidence of wound infections after breast operations, ranging from 3% to 30%. 2-8 One study reported an infection rate as high as 62.5% for patients undergoing mastectomy after a lumpectomy. 2 These surprisingly high rates of postoperative infections after breast surgery provide the impetus for consideration of antibiotic prophylaxis even though breast operations are considered clean. Aside from the consequences universal to all postoperative infections, such as the cost of treating an infection including antibiotics, additional nurse or doctor visits, potential hospitalization, and time lost from work, postoperative breast infections should be considered unique for several reasons. Wound infections after breast surgery can have severe consequences, such as poor cosmesis and in the case of breast cancer, can delay subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It has been shown that delaying adjuvant therapy results in worse outcomes for patients with breast cancer. 3,9 These unique consequences also make any attempt to reduce infection rate an important goal. The available data in the literature have not sufficiently answered the question of whether prophylactic antibiotics truly decrease postoperative breast infections. The primary objective of this systematic review and metaanalysis was to determine the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis on reducing wound infections in adult patients undergoing breast operations. Adverse reactions of the antibiotic prophylaxis were a secondary objective. METHODS Data sources All trials comparing preoperative antibiotics versus placebo were searched using Medline from 1966 to present and the Cochrane Library using the terms breast and infection, limited to human studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One additional study was found using the search similar studies in PubMed for selected articles. In addition, a manual search was performed using the reference list in selected articles. No language restriction was applied.
ZEUS: a CORBA framework for service location and creation

This paper describes the design of a framework that supports both dynamic, on-demand service creation and service location. The primary focus of this paper is to develop a model for a framework to support load balancing and fault tolerance within open distributed systems, and to show how CORBA can be used to implement this framework. This framework provides location transparency and ensures that object references are still valid even when service providers are relocated.
Cellular Mechanisms of the Augmenting Response: Short-Term Plasticity in a Thalamocortical Pathway

Some thalamocortical pathways display an "augmenting response" when stimuli are delivered at frequencies between 7 and 14 Hz. Cortical responses to the first three stimuli of a series increase progressively in amplitude and are relatively stable thereafter. We have investigated the cellular mechanisms of the augmenting response using extracellular and intracellular recordings in vivo and in slices of the sensorimotor neocortex of the rat. Single stimuli to the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus generate EPSPs followed by feedforward IPSPs that hyperpolarize cells in layer V. A long-latency depolarization interrupts the IPSP with a peak at approximately 200 msec. A second VL stimulus delivered during the hyperpolarization and before the peak of the long-latency depolarization yields an augmenting response. The shortest latency for augmenting responses occurs in cells of layer V, and they appear in dendrites and somata recorded in upper layers approximately 5 msec later. Recordings in vitro show that some layer V cells have hyperpolarization-activated and deinactivated conductances that may serve to increase their excitability after IPSPs. Also in vitro, cells from layer V, but not from layer III, generated augmenting responses at the same stimulation frequencies that were effective in vivo. Control experiments indicated that neither paired-pulse depression of IPSPs nor presynaptically mediated facilitation can account for the augmenting response. Active dendritic conductances contribute to the spread of augmenting responses into upper layers by way of back-propagating fast spikes, which attenuate with repetition, and long-lasting spikes, which enhance in parallel with the augmenting response. In conclusion, we propose that the initiation of augmenting responses depends on an interaction between inhibition, intrinsic membrane properties, and synaptic interconnections of layer V pyramidal neurons.
Generation of carbon‐cage polyhedra

The problem of the generation of polyhedra with degree-3 vertices, and faces each of which is pentagonal or hexagonal, is addressed in order to characterize carbon in order to characterize clusters of ca. 30 or more atoms. Following Eulerian type arguments such polyhedra are subcategorized in terms of numbers of different types of local structures. An algorithm to generate such polyhedra is developed, and its computer implementation is described. Results for smaller than 80-vertex cages of subcategories anticipated to be more chemically relevant are reported. The singular position of the truncated-icosahedron (buckminsterfullerene) structure is noted.
Pn Attenuation beneath the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Pn spectra are collected from three PASSCAL seismic experiments in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) over four path groups to study Pn attenuation. The first and second path groups run southward from the Lop Nor Test Site (LTS) to stations in north- and south-central Tibet. The third and fourth path groups form two north-northeast-oriented profiles in the eastern TP. Events recorded by the first two path groups are also recorded over central Asian paths running westerly from the LTS to the Khyrghistan network (KNET). A comparison of Pn spectra from these events reveals that the mantle lid under the north-central TP attenuates Pn more severely than the lid under central Asia. Apparent Q 0 and η ( Pn Q at 1 Hz and its frequency dependence) are estimated with a simplified geometrical spreading (GST) of Δ -1.3 . Over path group 1 that heavily samples the northern TP, Q 0 and η are estimated to be 183±33 and 0.3±0.1, respectively. Over path groups 2 and 3 that sample either a mixture of northern and southern Tibet or eastern Tibet, Q 0 and η are between about 250–270 and 0.0–0.1, respectively. Over the fourth path group that samples the easternmost TP, the respective estimates are 374±51 and 0.3±0.1, respectively, similar to the estimates of 364 and 0.5 for central Asian paths from LTS to KNET. A comparison of the total Pn attenuations that include the effects of both GST and Q in continental regions shows that they are similar in relatively stable regions of central Asia, Scandinavia, and the Canadian shield. Within the TP, Pn attenuation is the highest under north-central Tibet and decreases toward the south and east. In easternmost Tibet Pn attenuation becomes similar to that in stable regions. Lateral variation of Pn attenuation inversely correlates with that of the Pn velocity. Possible causes of this variation include (1) a thermally driven mantle Q p and (2) region-specific velocity structures, which may be characterized by different lid gradients, and density and aspect ratios of 3D scatterers in the vicinity of the Moho.
Exposure Light Wavelength Effects on Charge Trapping and Detrapping of nc-MoOx Embedded ZrHfO High-k Stack

The influence of the red and green LED light exposure on the memory function of the nanocrystalline MoOx embedded ZrHfO high-k gate dielectric has been investigated. Since the performance of the device is mainly dependent on the hole trapping and detrapping mechanisms, the light exposure affects the hole generation, transfer, and storage to and in the dielectric structure. Both the charge storage capacity and the leakage current were increased from the light exposure. The Coulomb blockade phenomenon in the leakage current density vs. gate voltage curve disappears under the light exposure condition. The light exposure effect is potentially important for practical application of the device.
Two Cases of Suicide Attempt by Patients With Down's Syndrome

This report documents cases of suicide attempts by two persons with Down's syndrome. The patients experienced dysphoric affect and feelings of hopelessness about unmet needs associated with their disability. During the course of a major depressive episode, each individual made a suicide attempt that could have been fatal. Although suicidal ideation and attempts are infrequent among patients with mental retardation, completed suicides and potentially fatal attempts have been reported. It is vitally important that mental health practitioners appreciate the seriousness of suicidal ideation among persons who have mental retardation and treat the underlying psychiatric disorder.
Silica coating influences the corona and biokinetics of cerium oxide nanoparticles

Background: The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) influence their biological outcomes. Methods: We assessed the effects of an amorphous silica coating on the pharmacokinetics and pulmonary effects of CeO2 NPs following intratracheal (IT) instillation, gavage and intravenous injection in rats. Uncoated and silica-coated CeO2 NPs were generated by flame spray pyrolysis and later neutron-activated. These radioactive NPs were IT-instilled, gavaged, or intravenously (IV) injected in rats. Animals were analyzed over 28 days post-IT, 7 days post-gavage and 2d ays post-injection. Results: Our data indicate that silica coating caused more but transient lung inflammation compared to uncoated CeO2. The transient inflammation of silica-coated CeO2 was accompanied by its enhanced clearance. Then, from 7 to 28 days, clearance was similar although significantly more 141 Ce from silica-coated (35 %) was cleared than from uncoated (19 %) 141 CeO2 in 28 days. The protein coronas of the two NPs were significantly different when they were incubated with alveolar lining fluid. Despite more rapid clearance from the lungs, the extrapulmonary 141 Ce from silica-coated 141 CeO2 was still minimal (<1 %) although lower than from uncoated 141 CeO2 NPs. Post-gavage, nearly 100 % of both NPs were excreted in the feces consistent with very low gut absorption. Both IV-injected 141 CeO2 NP types were primarily retained in the liver and spleen. The silica coating significantly altered the plasma protein corona composition and enhanced retention of 141 Ce in other organs except the liver. Conclusion: We conclude that silica coating of nanoceria alters the biodistribution of cerium likely due to modifications in protein corona formation after IT and IV administration.
The molecular replacement method

Molecular replacement can be used for obtaining approximate phasing of an unknown structure from a known related molecule and for phase improvement as well as extension in the presence of noncrystallographic symmetry. Emphasis is placed on the latter procedure. It is shown that the real-space method of iterative electron density averaging and Fourier back transformation corresponds to iterative phase substitution in the right-hand side of expressions to give a set of improved phases. Analysis of these expressions (the 'molecular replacement equations') provides insight into the limits of possible phase extension, and the implications for the use of calculated structure factors when there are no observed amplitudes. It is shown that the percentage of observed data and inaccuracy of the observed amplitudes available for phase extension are compensated by the extent of noncrystallographic redundancy and the fraction of crystal cell volume that may be flattened because it is outside the control of noncrystallographic symmetry.
Hemodynamic, metabolic and histological effects of phentolamine during selective cerebral perfusion in neonatal piglets

tion and an apical myocardial infarction was surgically induced in the remaining 10 rats. Saline (0.1cc, n 5) or ESA (6microg/kg, n 5) was injected into the myocardium at 4 predetermined spots around the borderzone of the infarct. All rats received subcutaneous GMCSF (40microg/kg). Echocardiograms were performed preoperatively and before the terminal surgery. After 4 weeks the hearts were explanted and longitudinally sectioned from the apex to the aortic valve. Uniaxial tensile testing was completed using an Instron 5543 Microtester.
Induced resistance to Mexican bean beetles in soybean: variation among genotypes and lack of correlation with constitutive resistance

Fourteen genotypes (varieties) of soybean (Glycine max) were screened for levels of induced resistance to Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) damage, and a subset of 6 of those varieties was screened for levels of constitutive resistance to Mexican bean beetles. Experiments were carried out in the greenhouse, with damage imposed by Mexican bean beetle larvae, and levels of resistance measured by a choice test bioassay with adult beetles. We found significant variation among soybean genotypes in levels of both induced and constitutive resistance. We found no significant correlation between levels of induced and constitutive resistance measured in the same genotypes. We compare these results to past work on resistance in the soybean-Mexican bean beetle system, consider the implications of variation in both types of resistance for plant-herbivore interactions in agricultural and natural systems, and discuss the relationship between induced and constitutive resistance.
Determination of isotopic ratios of uranium samples using passive gamma spectroscopy with multiple detectors

Uranium samples of various enrichments have been passively counted on the University of Texas detector gamma–gamma coincidence system. By observing gamma rays emitted from 235U and its daughters compared to gamma rays emitted by 238U daughters and comparing the data to standards of known enrichments, a technique has been developed to take a uranium sample of unknown enrichment and passively count it to determine its uranium isotopic concentration. Because the gamma rays from 235U are generally in the low-energy regime, there is a strong susceptibility to background interferences, especially from the Compton background produced from higher energy gamma rays. Other interferences, such as those from the decay series of uranium also exist for 235U gamma rays. In this light, we have collected data using list-mode to produce two-dimensional gamma–gamma coincidence spectra, which allows us to gate the low-energy gamma rays from 235U with gamma rays that are in coincidence. In doing this, much of the low energy interferences are reduced, and one can analyze the 235U gamma rays with high precision. Because of the high density of uranium, self-shielding has significant effects especially in the low-energy regime. To correct for this attenuation the detector system has been modeled by MCNP and self-shielding factors have been calculated across the energy spectrum. A big advantage to this method is the capability of performing this analysis with small (<1 g) samples in a non-destructive and relatively inexpensive manner. If necessary, this analysis can be performed within 24 h if an urgent nuclear forensics scenario arises.