cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential resource use, growth, and the ontogeny of social relationships in the green iguana

Abstract Growth rates, resource use, and ontogeny of behavior patterns were examined in captive groups of juvenile green iguanas ( Iguana iguana ). Four groups were housed in large arenas where supplemental heat and perch sites were limited, whereas two control groups were housed in similar arenas without limited resources. Growth, frequency and types of displays, behavioral interactions, and the use of resources were monitored. By 35–70 days of age, male hatchlings in arenas with limited resources could be classified into two groups: rapid growing dominant individuals and slow growing subordinate individuals. Growth and dominance were not correlated with size of individuals at hatching. Digestive efficiency of males was related to dominance and access to limited resources, but all lizards exhibited a similar digestive efficiency when maintained at a constant ambient temperature. Dominant males used the resources, especially supplemental heat sources, twice as often as subordinate males. The dominant/subordinate relationships and accompanying skew in body size were not evident in the control groups, or in females of any group. At 105 days, control groups were introduced to conditions with limited resources, resulting in increased aggressive interactions and divergence in growth rates. Onset of adult behavioral patterns was related to body size, and the species-specific signature display was observed in dominant males up to several months before subordinate males. These results indicate that male green iguanas establish a dominance hierarchy immediately posthatching when resources are limited, and as a consequence, both physiological and behavioral maturation are delayed in subordinate individuals.
Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Increases the Cytotoxicity of Enzastaurin

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) represent a spectrum of several distinct non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that are characterized by an invasion of the skin by malignant, clonal lymphocytes. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that the protein kinase C (PKC) β inhibitor Enzastaurin increases apoptosis in malignant lymphocytes of CTCL. These results directly led to a clinical trial for Enzastaurin in CTCL in which it was well tolerated and showed modest activity. To ascertain a means of improving the efficacy of Enzastaurin, we investigated complementary signaling pathways and identified glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) as important in survival signaling in CTCL. Enzastaurin combined with GSK3 inhibitors demonstrated an enhancement of cytotoxicity. Treatment with a combination of Enzastaurin and the GSK3 inhibitor AR-A014418 resulted in upregulation of β-catenin total protein and β-catenin-mediated transcription. Inhibition of β-catenin-mediated transcription or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of β-catenin decreased the cytotoxic effects of Enzastaurin plus AR-A014418. In addition, treatment with Enzastaurin and AR-A014418 decreased the mRNA levels and surface expression of CD44. shRNA knockdown of β-catenin also restored CD44 surface expression. Our observations provide a rationale for the combined targeting of PKC and GSK3 signaling pathways in CTCL to enhance the therapeutic outcome.
N-α-biotinylated-neuropeptide Y analogs : syntheses, cardiovascular properties, and application to cardiac NPY receptor visualization

Two monobiotinylated analogs of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were synthesized by coupling the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters of biotin and (6-biotinylamido)-hexanoic acid, respectively, to the free alpha-NH2 group of the side chain protected NPY peptide resin. Crude peptides obtained by HF cleavage were purified by RPLC and their integrities were confirmed by amino acid and mass spectral analysis. As with NPY, both biotinylated analogs inhibited 125I-NPY binding and adenylate cyclase activity of rat cardiac ventricular membranes in a dose-dependent manner. N-alpha-[(6-biotinylamido)-hexanoyl]-NPY exhibited potencies comparable to that of NPY whereas N-alpha-biotinyl-NPY was slightly less potent. In the in vivo experiments, however, both the biotinylated analogs exhibited responses comparable to NPY in increasing arterial blood pressure and decreasing heart rate in anesthetized rats. The responses of the biotinyl analogs were longer lasting than those of NPY. Histochemical studies revealed that N-alpha-[(6-biotinylamido)-hexanoyl]-NPY could label the NPY receptors in rat cardiac ventricular tissues. This labeling was specific since intact NPY inhibited the staining. These studies show that biotinyl-NPY analogs exhibit biological potencies comparable to intact NPY and can therefore be used to further probe the NPY-receptor interaction.
Project trades model for complex space missions

A Project Trades Model (PTM) is a collection of tools/simulations linked together to rapidly perform integrated system trade studies of performance, cost, risk, and mission effectiveness. An operating PTM captures the interactions between various targeted systems and subsystems through an exchange of computed variables of the constituent models. Selection and implementation of the order, method of interaction, model type, and envisioned operation of the ensemble of tools rpresents the key system engineering challenge of the approach. This paper describes an approach to building a PTM and using it to perform top-level system trades for a complex space mission. In particular, the PTM discussed here is for a future Mars mission involving a large rover.
Metabolic Processes in Cytoplasmic Particles of the Avocado Fruit. IV. Ripening and the Supernatant Fraction.

6. HAGEN, C. E. and HOPKINS, H. T. Ionic species in orthophosphate absorption by barley roots. Plant Physiol. 30: 193-199. 1955. 7. HOPE, A. B. and STEVENS, P. G. Electric potential differences in bean roots and their relation to salt uptake. Australian Jour. Sci. Research B5: 335343. 1952. 8. JACOBSON, Louis Carbon dioxide fixation and ion absorption in barley roots. Plant Physiol. 30: 264-269. 1955. 9. JACOBSON, Louis, OVERSTREET, Roy, KING, H. M. and HANDLEY, RAYMOND A study of potassium absorption by barley roots. Plant Physiol. 25: 639647. 1950. 10. WANNER, H. I. Die relative Grlsse der Temperaturkoeffizienten (Qio) von Kationenund Anionenaufnahme. Ber. schweiz. bot. Ges. 58: 123-130. 1948. 11. WANNER, H. II. Die Temperatuikoeffizienten von Kationenund Anionenaufnahme in Abhangigkeit von der Salzkonzentration. Ber. schweiz. bot. Ges. 58: 383-390. 1948. 12. WHITE, L. and KILPATRICK, M. D. Carius iodometric microdetermination of bromine in organic compounds. Anal. Chem. 22: 1049-1051. 1950. 13. WOOLLEY, J. T., BROYER, T. C. and JOHNSON, G. V. Movement of chlorine within plants. Plant Physiol. (In press).
A Randomized Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Children: Promoting Mindful Attention to Enhance Social-Emotional Resiliency in Children

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children (MBCT-C) is a manualized group psychotherapy for children ages 9–13 years old, which was developed specifically to increase social-emotional resiliency through the enhancement of mindful attention. Program development is described along with results of the initial randomized controlled trial. We tested the hypotheses that children randomized to participate in MBCT-C would show greater reductions in (a) attention problems, (b) anxiety symptoms, and (c) behavior problems than wait-listed age and gender-matched controls. Participants were boys and girls aged 9–13 (N = 25), mostly from low-income, inner-city households. Twenty-one of 25 children were ethnic minorities. A randomized cross-lagged design provided a wait-listed control group, a second trial of MBCT-C, and a 3-month follow-up of children who completed the first trial. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. Participants who completed the program showed fewer attention problems than wait-listed controls and those improvements were maintained at three months following the intervention [F (1, 1, 18) = 5.965, p = .025, Cohen’s d = .42]. A strong relationship was found between attention problems and behavior problems (r = .678, p < .01). Reductions in attention problems accounted for 46% of the variance of changes in behavior problems, although attention changes proved to be a non-significant mediator of behavior problems (p = .053). Significant reductions in anxiety symptoms and behavior problems were found for those children who reported clinically elevated levels of anxiety at pretest (n = 6). Results show that MBCT-C is a promising intervention for attention and behavior problems, and may reduce childhood anxiety symptoms.
Restricted Sperner families and s-Systems

A map @d from the first r natural numbers to the power set of a set @W of cardinality n is called an r-decomposition if @d (i) @? @d (j) = O, i j, and @? @d (i) = @W. A set @s of r -decompositions is an s-system of order r if, for each index i, no two sets in the set {@d(i)|@d @? @s} satisfy an inclusion relation. Meshalkin proved that the cardinality of @s cannot exceed M^*, where M^* = maxn!n"1!n"2! ...n"r!@?i=1rn"i=n.This generalizes an earlier result of Sperner, who had studied the case r = 2. Hochberg and Hirsch proved that there is an essentially unique maximal s-system containing M^* elements and they characterized this system. In this paper, the author studies s-systems with a certain type of restriction. The cardinality of the maximal s-system which can be achieved subject to this restriction is determined and the uniqueness of the maximal s-system is investigated.
The Auger spectra of uranium

TheL, M, andK-Auger andL-Coster-Kronig spectra of uranium were measured and are compared to other experimental and theoretical work. The meanL-shell fluorescence yield of uranium was measured as\(\bar \omega _L \)=0.53±0.06. Open image in new window
Single-Pion Production in π − p Interactions at 2.26 GeV/ c

We present an analysis of $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}N$ final states obtained from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 2.26 GeV/c. Strong $\ensuremath{\rho}$ production is present in both final states. In addition, significant nucleon isobar production is observed. We observed the following cross sections: $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}p)=3.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n)=5.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p)=2.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{+}(1236){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=0.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({N}^{0}(1650){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=0.49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}n)=2.89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(1236){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=0.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ mb, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({N}^{+}(1470){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=0.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ mb, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}({N}^{+}(1650){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ mb. The spin-density matrix elements are determined for the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ by interpreting the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ asymmetry as an interference between the resonant $P$ wave and a $T=0$ $S$ wave. A search for the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{0}$ in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ final state failed to yield a direct observation of this effect.
Evaluation of e-commerce system trustworthiness using multi-criteria analysis

Trustworthiness is a very critical element and should be treated as an important reference when customers try to select proper e-commerce systems. Trustworthiness evaluation requires the management of a wide variety of information types, parameters and uncertainties. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) has been regarded as a suitable set of methods to perform trustworthiness evaluations as a result of its flexibility and the possibility. For making trustworthiness measurement simple and standardized, this paper proposes a novel trustworthiness measurement model based on multi-criteria decision analysis. Recently, a lot of great efforts have been carried out to develop decision making for evaluation of trustworthiness and reputation. However, these research works still stay on the stage of theoretical research. This paper proposes and implements a trustworthiness measurement model using multi-criteria decision making approach for e-commerce systems. Firstly, this paper recognizes trust factors of e-commerce systems and distributes the factors in our designed multi-dimensional trust space and trust trustworthiness measurement model. All relevant factors are filtered, categorized and quantified. Then, our designed multi-criteria analysis mechanism can deal with the trust factors and analyze their trust features from different perspectives. Finally, the evaluated trustworthiness result is provided. Meanwhile, we also have a knowledge learning based approach to improve the accuracy of the result. At the end of this paper, we have conducted several experiments to validate our designed trustworthiness measurement by involving real world data. Our evaluated trustworthiness result and real world data are matched very well.
Usefulness of intravenous propafenone for control of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia

Abstract Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is one of the most dangerous arrhythmias that occur in the immediate postoperative period after surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects. It is recognized electrocardiographically as a tachycardia with a QRS morphologic configuration similar to that seen in sinus rhythm; JET usually occurs with atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. When the rate of this tachycardia exceeds 200 beats/ min, both the rate and the lack of AV synchrony result in low cardiac output and this arrhythmia is frequently fatal.1 JET is not responsive to cardioversion and has a suboptimal response to most conventional antiarrhythmic drugs.2 It is possible that the cellular mechanism, presently unknown, involves abnormal automaticity. Propafenone is a drug that, in addition to its typical class IC properties, is known to inhibit abnormal automaticity. Propafenone was chosen specifically for its effect on automaticity in attempting to control postoperative JET.3 This report discusses the results of 7 children with postoperative JET treated with propafenone.
Full-wave bridge magnetic amplifiers with inductive loads

THERE are numerous articles treating magnetic amplifiers with inductive loads.1?3 In the majority of these papers the inductive loads are considered without so-called free-wheeling or discharge paths. When single-ended d-c output circuits are considered in the literature, the conditions are first derived for which the circuit will be unstable with no discharge paths;1,3 then discharge paths are added to make the system stable. In the references cited, the discharge rectifiers are considered to have zero forward resistance, thereby achieving complete decoupling of the inductive load from the controlling reactors during the reset period.
The Interest Rate-Exchange Rate Nexus in the Asian Crisis Countries

Sharp exchange rate depreciations in the East Asian crisis countries (Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand) raised doubts about the efficacy of increasing interest rates to defend the currency. Using a standard monetary model of exchange rate determination, this paper shows that tighter monetary policy was in fact associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate. Moreover, there is little evidence of higher real interest rates contributing to a widening of the risk premium.
Optimal member damper controller design for large space structures

Consideration is given to the selection of velocity feedback gains for individual dampers for the members of a structurally controlled large flexible space structure. The problem is formulated as an optimal output feedback regulator problem, and necessary conditions are derived for minimizing a quadratic performance function. The diagonal nature of the gain matrix is taken into account, along with knowledge of noise covariances. It is pointed out that the method presented offers a systematic approach to the design of a class of controllers for enhancing structural damping, which have significant potential if used in conjunction with a reduced-order optimal controller for rigid-body modes and selected structural modes.
Local anesthetic-phospholipid interactions. Effects of ionic strength, temperature, and phospholipid mixtures on the binding of dibucaine to phospholipids.

Abstract The nature of the interaction of amphipathic drugs, such as dibucaine, with phospholipid bilayer membranes was investigated using equilibrium dialysis. Profiles for the binding of cationic dibucaine to unilamellar vesicles were obtained at different temperature and ionic strengths, and for mixtures of neutral phospholipid dimyristylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with negatively charged dimyristylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG). The degree of binding of the cationic drug at pH 5 was found to be higher at temperatures above the Tm of DMPC (24°C) than below Tm. Also enhanced drug binding was found to occur as the concentration of monovalent salt was increased (0.01−0.85 M) and as the percentage of DMPG was increased. Using the Stern and Guoy-Chapman model, which takes into consideration electrostatic effects, we were able to simultaneously fit all our binding data with a minimum of fitting parameters. These parameters (for data at 45°C) are an association constant, K, of 330 M−1, a maximum possible number of drug molecules absorbed per unit surface of vesicle, σ+m, of 1.70 × 10−2A2, and a surface area per bound drug, γD, of 48 A2. The data were fitted equally well by an alternate model in which binding of the drug is described as a partitioning equilibrium, with factors included for electrostatic effects and surface expansion caused by drug intercalation between the fatty acid chains.
Minimum realizations and system modeling. I. Fundamental theory and algorithms

This review article surveys representative literature on minimum realizations and system modeling. This theory makes possible the construction of minimum size state-space models directly from experimental input/output data. Theoretical developments, numerical algorithms, and the connection with other methods of identification of linear systems are covered. Partial minimum relaizations which are extensions of the concepts developed are also included. A numerical example illustrates many of the techniques.
Effect of Majority Consensus on Preferences for Recorded Orchestral and Popular Music

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of statements of group preferences on the verbal responses of individual group members, using a paradigm developed by Asch (1951, 1952, 1956) in...
Comparative metabolism and excretion of adriamycin in man, monkey, and rat

Adriamycin and its fluorescent metabolites in bile (man, monkey, and rat) and urine (man and monkey) were determined by means of a simple, rapid, and highly reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure. Species differences in metabolism and biliary excretion were observed with respect to aldoketo reductase and conjugase activities.
Foaming and Interfacial Properties of Polymerized Whey Protein Isolate

: Yield stresses (τ) of whipped foams prepared from various ratios of native whey protein isolate (WPI) and polymerized whey protein isolate (pWPI) were characterized by means of vane rheometry Yield stress displayed a parabolic response to increasing concentrations of pWPI, peaking at 50%. Foam air phase volume steadily decreased with increasing pWPI content, whereas equilibrium surface tension steadily increased. Dynamic surface tension measurements revealed that native WPI adsorbed much more rapidly than pWPI, presumably because of the latter's larger size. Interfacial dilatational elasticity (E') displayed a parabolic trend with increasing pWPI content, peaking at 50%. This suggested that pWPI coadsorbs with native WPI, bolstering E' of native WPI interfaces. However, too much pWPI caused a weakening of the network. A positive, curvilinear relationship between E' and τ was observed, consistent with a previous observation for WPI foams formed at various pH levels and salt concentrations, further suggesting a general link between these parameters.
An FTCS subject to random actuator failures and plant parameter uncertainties

In active Fault Tolerant Control Systems (FTCS), a Fault Detection and Identification (FDI) algorithm is used to monitor system performance, to detect the occurrence of a fault and to estimate system parameters. The natural existence of environmental noises, disturbances, and small modelling uncertainties will force the FDI algorithm to estimate system parameters with some inaccuracies. As a result, the system to be controlled includes parameter uncertainties. In this paper, plant parameter uncertainties are assumed to be time-varying unknown-but-bounded. Exponential stabilization of FTCS for systems with uncertainties is studied, and a stabilization algorithm is constructed. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the potential of the theoretical developments.
Development of a terahertz short range imaging model

A ray trace model was developed to simulate atmospheric effects upon short range imaging of a scene for a narrow frequency band centered at 650 GHz. The frequency chosen is in the vicinity of a terahertz frequency band atmospheric window. We describe the assumptions that went into this model, including the statistics for the density distribution of atmospheric water vapor, which is one of the main molecular absorbers in this spectral region. We also summarize the results of a measurement program in which point sensors (with a 20 Hz sampling rate) measured wind-advected water vapor density. We examine the validity of the atmospheric absorption statistics assumed in our imaging model through a spectral analysis of the temporal series for absorption coefficient derived from the water vapor density data.
Influence of the tryptophan-indole-IFNγ axis on human genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: role of vaginal co-infections

The natural history of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections can vary widely; infections can spontaneously resolve but can also last from months to years, potentially progressing to cause significant pathology. The host and bacterial factors underlying this wide variation are not completely understood, but emphasize the bacterium's capacity to evade/adapt to the genital immune response, and/or exploit local environmental conditions to survive this immune response. IFNγ is considered to be a primary host protective cytokine against endocervical C. trachomatis infections. IFNγ acts by inducing the host enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxgenase, which catabolizes tryptophan, thereby depriving the bacterium of this essential amino acid. In vitro studies have revealed that tryptophan deprivation causes Chlamydia to enter a viable but non-infectious growth pattern that is termed a persistent growth form, characterized by a unique morphology and gene expression pattern. Provision of tryptophan can reactivate the bacterium to the normal developmental cycle. There is a significant difference in the capacity of ocular and genital C. trachomatis serovars to counter tryptophan deprivation. The latter uniquely encode a functional tryptophan synthase to synthesize tryptophan via indole salvage, should indole be available in the infection microenvironment. In vitro studies have confirmed the capacity of indole to mitigate the effects of IFNγ; it has been suggested that a perturbed vaginal microbiome may provide a source of indole in vivo. Consistent with this hypothesis, the microbiome associated with bacterial vaginosis includes species that encode a tryptophanase to produce indole. In this review, we discuss the natural history of genital chlamydial infections, morphological and molecular changes imposed by IFNγ on Chlamydia, and finally, the microenvironmental conditions associated with vaginal co-infections that can ameliorate the effects of IFNγ on C. trachomatis.
BRI 0021-0214: Another Surprise at the Bottom of the Main Sequence.

We report the detection of an Hα flare on the low-luminosity M9.5 dwarf BRI 0021-0214. This star has rapid rotation, v sin(i) ~ 40 km s-1, but generally shows no significant chromospheric emission. Our detection of the flare shows that a magnetic field is present, although the level of activity at maximum is 3 times lower than the mean quiescent level in early- and mid-type M dwarfs. Based on data available in the literature, we estimate that the star is in outburst for no more than 7% of the time.
Progesterone enhances performance of aged mice in cortical or hippocampal tasks

Ovarian steroids alter cognitive performance of young individuals. Whether progesterone enhances learning and memory in tasks involving the prefrontal cortex and/or hippocampus in aged mice was investigated. Aged mice received progesterone (10 mg/kg, SC) or vehicle and were tested for cortical and/or hippocampal learning and memory. Progesterone increased spontaneous alterations in the T-maze and time spent exploring novel objects in the object recognition task. Progesterone increased the time mice spent in the quadrant of the water maze where the hidden platform had been during training, increased latencies to crossover to the shock-associated side of the inhibitory avoidance chamber, and increased freezing in the contextual fear conditioning task. Progesterone did not enhance performance in tasks mediated by the amygdala (cued conditioning), striatum (conditioned place preference), or cerebellum (rotarod) in these aged mice. Thus, progesterone improved learning and memory in tasks mediated by the prefrontal cortex and/or hippocampus of aged mice.
Novel pulse-delayed scheme for degenerate optical parametric amplification in chi((3)) waveguides.

We describe a novel pulse-delayed scheme to realize degenerate optical parametric amplification in χ(3) planar waveguides. The scheme utilizes two identical birefringent plates placed before and after a χ(3) planar waveguide to implement a single-arm, pulse-multiplexed nonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Using this scheme, we demonstrate ultrafast degenerate optical parametric amplification in AlGaAs waveguides.
Difference in the effects of verapamil on Ca2+-activated K+ channels of smooth myocytes of aorta and taenia coli

Abstract In freshly dispersed taenia coli myocytes of guinea pig, verapamil decreased the whole-cell outward current during depolarization. In aortic myocytes it has the opposite effect. In cell-attached patches, verapamil increased the frequency of opening of the maxi-K+ channel of both taenia coli and aortic myocytes at the expense of the mean open time. In taenia coli myocytes, the greater frequency did not fully compensate for the reduced open time, and the overall open probability of the channel was reduced. In aortic myocytes, the increase in open frequency overwhelmed the effect of the decrease in mean open time. None of the effects could be reproduced with nifedipine or diltiazam in either cell type.
Management of graft-versus-host disease.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) involves transfer of primitive multipotential lymphohematopoietic stem cells from donor to recipient. In clinical transplantation, however, the aspirated marrow also contains substantial numbers of viable lymphoid cells, some originating from the marrow and some inadvertently collected by contamination of the marrow inoculum with peripheral blood. These lymphoid cells are immunocompetent and may respond to host factors with a series of activation responses including blastogenesis, cell proliferation, elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic injury to host tissues. While the inciting host antigens are not fully defined, they may include major histocompatibility antigens encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or minor (non-MHC) histocompatibility antigens. Alternatively, normal host antigens altered by interaction with mucosal pathogens or by injury from chemoradiotherapy conditioning may appear as neo-antigens capable of inciting an alloreactive immune response from the host lymphoid cells. In addition, the effector cells mediating this donor-host lymphoid interaction
Orthopaedic in-training examination scores: a correlation with USMLE results.

Background Both the United States Medical Licensing Examination and the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination measure factual recall as well as interpretative and problem-solving skills. The former examination is used to a variable degree by postgraduate programs in resident selection. Orthopaedic In-Training Examination scores are one measure of the medical knowledge of residents and are used by all American orthopaedic residency programs on a yearly basis. This investigation was performed to retrospectively review Orthopaedic In-Training Examination scores of orthopaedic residents who took the examination in our program. In addition, we sought to determine whether a relationship existed between performance on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination and the United States Medical Licensing Examinations taken while in medical school. Methods The records of each orthopaedic resident who took the examination from November 1993 through November 2000 were reviewed. Correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the relationship, if any, between the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination percentiles and the three-digit scores on the Step-1 and Step-2 United States Medical Licensing Examination. In addition, examination scores were evaluated longitudinally from year-in-training 1 through 4. Results A significant moderate-sized correlation was found between United States Medical Licensing Examination Step-2 scores and Orthopaedic In-Training Examination score percentiles (p Conclusion Although Step-1 United States Medical Licensing Examination scores have been used by our department as a major factor in resident selection historically, our data failed to reveal a significant correlation with performance on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination. The decrease in Orthopaedic In-Training Examination scores over time for our residents who worked in the laboratory is most likely attributable to multiple factors, including clinical workload hours.
History through drama an enactive approach to learning

(1987). History through drama an enactive approach to learning. Education 3-13: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 33-36.
An electron microscope study of intrusions into alarm substance cells of the channel catfish

Thin and ultrathin sections of the epidermis of two channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were studied in light and electron microscopes, respectively, to learn more about intrusions of entire other cell types into alarm substance cells, first noted in 1981. Several degrees of intrusion and several stages in the process of total intrusion are described: microvillus-like projections, pseudopod-like projections, telophase-stage projections, total cell intrusion. In addition, several different cell types intrude: lymphocyte-like cells, general epidermal cells, virus-infected cells and other alarm substance cells. These findings indicate that the alarm substance cell is extraordinarily subject to invasion by other cell types. They suggest that its plasma membrane may have been modified so as to be somewhat less effective in preserving cell integrity (and thus more easily release its alarm pheromone on injury) than is the case with most other cell types or that the alarm substance acts as an attractant for other epidermal cells.
The scope of false-positive iodine-131 images for thyroid carcinoma.

Iodine-131 is used to detect and treat functioning lesions of papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. False-positive images although rare, do occur, with major categories being (1) body secretions, (2) pathologic transudates and inflammation, (3) nonspecific mediastinal uptake, and (4) neoplasms of nonthyroidal origin. The authors present eight cases that fall into the first three categories, including three types not previously reported--a lymphoepithelial cyst, a scrotal hydrocele, and a skin burn. The classification of mediastinal uptake as false positive is tentative. High-dose images and those exploiting therapeutic doses have an increased detection rate for both true and spurious lesions. Appropriate caution is advised in the interpretation of I-131 images.
Food, Class, and Health: The Role of the Perceived Body in the Social Reproduction of Health

The association between social class and cardiovascular health is complex, involving a constant interplay of factors as individuals integrate external information from the media, health care provid...
Identification and Functional Characterization of ERK/MAPK Phosphorylation Sites in the Runx2 Transcription Factor

The Runx2 transcription factor is required for commitment of mesenchymal cells to bone lineages and is a major regulator of osteoblast-specific gene expression. Runx2 is subject to a number of post-transcriptional controls including selective proteolysis and phosphorylation. We previously reported that Runx2 is phosphorylated and activated by the ERK/MAPK pathway (Xiao, G., Jiang, D., Thomas, P., Benson, M. D., Guan, K., Karsenty, G., and Franceschi, R. T. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 4453–4459). In this study, we used a combination of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation analysis, mass spectroscopy, and functional assays to identify two sites at Ser301 and Ser319 within the proline/serine/threonine domain of Runx2 that are required for this regulation. These sites are phosphorylated by activated ERK1 in vitro and in cell culture. In addition to confirming ERK-dependent phosphorylation at Ser319, mass spectroscopy identified two other ERK-phosphorylated sites at Ser43 and Ser510. Furthermore, introduction of S301A,S319A mutations rendered Runx2 resistant to MAPK-dependent activation and reduced its ability to stimulate osteoblast-specific gene expression and differentiation after transfection into Runx2-null calvarial cells and mesenchymal cells. In contrast, S301E,S319E Runx2 mutants had enhanced transcriptional activity that was minimally dependent on MAPK signaling, consistent with the addition of a negative charge mimicking serine phosphorylation. These results emphasize the important role played by Runx2 phosphorylation in the control of osteoblast gene expression and provide a mechanism to explain how physiological signals acting on bone through the ERK/MAPK pathway can stimulate osteoblast-specific gene expression.
Non-antigen signals for B-cell growth and differentiation to antibody secretion

Recently, significant progress had been made in understanding the T-B lymphocyte interactions that control humoral immunity. This review highlights experiments that demonstrate a central role for interactions between T-cell-B-cell-activating molecule (CD40 ligand) expressed on T cells and CD40 on B cells in B-cell activation and immunoglobulin isotype switching, both in vitro and in vivo.
Loss of pons-to-hypothalamic white matter tracks in brainstem obesity

Hyperphagia and obesity have been reported following damage to the hypothalamus in humans. Other brain sites are also postulated to be involved in the control of food intake and body weight regulation, such as the amygdala and brainstem. The brainstem, however, is thought to primarily integrate short-term meal-related signals but not affect long-term alterations in body weight, which is controlled by higher centers. The objective of this study was to identify structural pathways damaged in a patient with a brainstem cavernoma who experienced sudden onset of hyperphagia and >50 kg weight gain in <1 year following surgical drainage via a midline suboccipital craniotomy. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed loss of nerve fiber connections between her brainstem, hypothalamus and higher brain centers with preservation of motor tracks. Imaging and endocrine testing confirmed normal hypothalamic structure and function. Gastric bypass surgery restored normal appetite and body weight to baseline. This is the first report of ‘brainstem obesity’ and adds to the brain regions that can determine the long-term body weight set point in humans.
Linoleic acid and cholesterol metabolism in the rat. II. Effects of dietary cholesterol on plasma and liver ester composition.

Abstract 1. 1. In rats, the addition of 0.5% cholesterol to diets containing various levels of linoleic acid resulted in accumulation of liver cholesterol ester; the magnitude of the accumulation was not related in an apparent manner to the amount of linoleic acid. There was little or no increase in plasma cholesterol except in animals on a fat-free diet. 2. 2. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the plasma esters decreased markedly, and cholesterol arachidonate largely disappeared. 3. 3. The influx of cholesterol in the liver was accompanied by increases in the amounts of dienoic and trienoic ester, but tetraenoic and pentaenoic esters did not change. 4. 4. Feeding a diet containing 2 % cholesterol for 28 days resulted in decreased incorporation of acetate into the “octabromide” fraction of liver lipides, suggesting that the formation of arachidonic acid from linoleic acid was impaired.
On the averred effects of radioisotopic tracers on solubility

Abstract Contrary to recent reports (e.g., see reference (1)) on the effects of radioactivity on various heterogeneous chemical processes, barium sulphate labelled with 35S having specific activities of 5, 20 and 50 mc/g showed constant solubility of 1·15 × 10−5 mole/l. in water at 25°C. Calcium sulphate, labelled with 45Ca having specific activities of 0·1, 0·2, 0·5 and 1·0 mc/g showed constant solubility of 0·0151 mole/l. However, silver iodate, labelled with 110Ag, behaved as though the radioactivity induces breakup of the crystal surface into particles too small for ordinary filtration, and the effect seems to depend on specific activity in the range 0·04–6·0 mc/g.
On the Interpretation of VP Inversion in American English.

Previous functional analyses of American English inversion constructions (for example, Hartvigson & Jakobsen, I974; Gary, 1976; Green, I980, 1982) have recognized either implicitly or explicitly that inverted sentences and their canonical-word-order counterparts are semantically equivalent. None the less, in Ward & Birner (to appear), we describe a non-truth-conditional asymmetry between the interpretation of certain VP inversions and that of their canonical-word-order counterparts.2 Consider (ia) and (ib) in the following context:
Relationship between Liver Mitochondrial Respiration and Proton Leak in Low and High RFI Steers from Two Lineages of RFI Angus Bulls

The objective of this research is to evaluate liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption and proton leak kinetics in progeny from two lineages of Angus bulls with high and low residual feed intake (RFI). Two Angus bulls were selected based on results from a genetic test for RFI and were used as sires. Eight offspring at 10-11 months of age from each sire were housed in individual pens for 70-105 days following a diet adaptation period of 14 days. Progeny of the low RFI sire had 0.57 kg/d (P = 0.05) lower average RFI than progeny of the high RFI sire. There was no difference in dry matter intake between low and high RFI steers, but low RFI steers gained more body weight (P = 0.02) and tended to have higher average daily gains (P = 0.07). State 3 and State 4 respiration, RCR, and proton leak did not differ between high and low RFI steers (P = 0.96, P = 0.81, P = 0.93, and P = 0.88, resp.). Therefore, the increase in bodyweight gain which distinguished the low RFI steers from the high RFI steers may be associated with other metabolic mechanisms that are not associated with liver mitochondrial respiration and proton leak kinetics.
Electromagnetic fields scattered from irregular layered media

Full-wave expressions are presented for the electromagnetic fields scattered from a layered structure consisting of a planar surface coated by a dielectric material of irregular thickness. Each term of the full-wave expansion for the vertically or horizontally polarized electromagnetic fields scattered by the irregular stratified media has a physical interpretation. The full-wave solutions satisfy the reciprocity and duality relationships in electromagnetic theory. The slope-dependent surface scattering coefficients are invariant to coordinate transformations. The expression for the zero-order scattered field reduces to that of a specularly reflected wave from an unperturbed parallel stratified medium. The analysis is relevant to problems of communication in irregular stratified media and remote sensing of stratified media and for interpretation of ellipsometric data from irregular layered media.
The tectorial membrane of the rat

Histochemical, x-ray analytical and scanning and transmission electron microscopical procedures have been utilized to determine the chemical nature, physical appearance and attachments of the tectorial membrane in normal rats and to correlate these results with biochemical data on protein-carbohydrate complexes. Additionally, pertinent histochemical and ultrastructural findings in chemically sympathectomized rats are considered. The results indicate that the tectorial membrane is a viscous, complex, colloid of glycoprotein(s) possessing some oriented molecules and an ionic composition different from either endolymph or perilymph. It is attached to the reticular laminar surface of the organ of Corti and to the tips of the outer hair cells; it is attached to and enclose the hairs of the inner hair cells. A fluid compartment may exist within the limbs of the “W” formed by the hairs on each outer hair cell surface. Present biochemical concepts of viscous glycoproteins suggest that they are polyelectrolytes interacting physically to form complex networks. They possess characteristics making them important in fluid and ion transport. Furthermore, the macromolecular configuration assumed by such polyelectrolytes is unstable and subject to change from stress or shifts in pH or ions. Thus, the attachments of the tectorial membrane to the hair cells may play an important role in the transduction process at the molecular level.
Controlling biological networks by time-delayed signals

This paper describes the use of time-delayed feedback to regulate the behaviour of biological networks. The general ideas on specific transcriptional regulatory and neural networks are demonstrated. It is shown that robust yet tunable controllers can be constructed that provide the biological systems with model-engineered inputs. The results indicate that time delay modulation may serve as an efficient biocompatible control tool.
Path integral numerical methods for evolution equations

A universal method for representing solutions of the initial value problem ut = −2πiDu is presented for a large class of pseudo-differential operators. The representations take the form of a path integral-like operator. Three numerical approaches for evaluating these operators are treated. Practical interest in such universal methods depends on massively parallel computing systems.
ANDES: An ANalysis-Based DEsign Tool for Wireless Sensor Networks

We have developed an analysis-based design tool, ANDES, for modeling a wireless sensor network system and analyzing its performance before deployment ANDES enables designers to systematically develop a model for the system, refine it iteratively by tuning the system parameters based on existing analysis techniques, and resolve key design decisions according to the required system performance. We also present a real-time communication schedulability analysis for sensor networks based on exact characterization which utilizes information regarding network topology and workload characteristics to analyze the schedulability of a set of periodic streams with real-time constraints. We further demonstrate the use of ANDES for the designers through detailed case studies where we design wireless sensor network applications (for target detection and environmental monitoring) using ANDES and validate the results through simulations. Currently, ANDES supports communication schedulability analysis, target tracking analysis and real-time capacity analysis which work on system models with differing levels of detail. ANDES has been developed by extending the AADL/OSATE framework which has been used extensively for real-time and embedded systems. Based on key insights gained from the development of this analysis tool, we address issues in AADL for its use in the field of wireless sensor networks. We have developed a plug-in for ANDES, called ModelGeneration, which bridges the gap between the semantics needed for sensor networks and the syntax supported by AADL. This makes it easy for sensor network designers to build system models that are intuitive to them. Furthermore, ANDES is extensible and new analysis techniques can be easily incorporated into the toolset.
Large cod‐end reservoirs as an aid to the live collection of delicate zooplankton

Cod-end reservoirs up to 30 liters in volume and an ascent mechanism with paired nets are designed to increase the survival rate of delicate zooplankton for experimental studies.
PLASMA AND MYOCARDIAL VISFATIN EXPRESSION CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA PROTECTION DURING MURINE HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK/RESUSCITATION

Abstract Aim Cytokine production during hemorrhagic shock (HS) could affect cardiac function during the hours after resuscitation. Visfatin is a recently described protein that functions both as a proinflammatory plasma cytokine and an intracellular enzyme within the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) salvage pathway. We developed a mouse model of HS to study the effect of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) on hemodynamic outcomes and associated plasma and tissue visfatin content. Methods Mice were bled and maintained at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35mmHg. After 30min, animals ( n =52) were randomized to normothermia (NT, 37±0.5°C) or TH (33±0.5°C) followed by rewarming at 60min following resuscitation. After 90min of HS (S90), mice were resuscitated and monitored for 180min (R180). Visfatin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and myoglobin were measured by ELISA. Results Compared to NT, TH animals exhibited improved R180 survival (23/26 [88.5%] vs. 13/26 [50%]; p =0.001). Plasma visfatin, IL-6, KC, and TNF-α increased by S90 in both groups ( p p p p Conclusions In a mouse model of HS, TH improves hemodynamics and alters plasma and tissue proinflammatory cytokines including the novel cytokine visfatin. TH modulation of cytokines may attenuate cardiac dysfunction following HS.