cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
J'Accuse! Does Naming and Shaming Perpetrators Reduce the Severity of Genocides or Politicides?

This study tests the effectiveness of naming and shaming by transnational advocacy networks in reducing the severity of ongoing instances of genocide or politicide. I argue that naming and shaming should force perpetrators to reduce the severity of these ongoing atrocities in order to shift the spotlight, save their reputation, reframe their identity, maintain international legitimacy and domestic viability, and ease pressure placed on them by states or IOs. I test whether naming and shaming by NGOs, the media, and IOs significantly reduces the severity of the killing. Ordered logit analyses of ongoing genocides and politicides from 1976 to 2008 reveal that naming and shaming by Amnesty International, the Northern media, and the UNCHR have significant ameliorative effects on the severity of the most extreme atrocities. Transnational advocacy networks have the potential, through naming and shaming, to lead to life-saving changes in these murderous policies.
Whither Arctic Climate

Large changes in Arctic climate have been observed. In his Perspective, [Shindell][1] shows that models have difficulty reproducing these changes, raising doubt over their ability to elucidate the causes of the observed changes or predict future trends. He argues that these difficulties can largely be attributed to gravity waves, which are not yet well represented in the models. These waves are generated by atmospheric disturbances such as storm fronts, strong wind shears, and flow over mountains and play a key role in many of the observed changes. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5604/215
Capillary Electrophoresis in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a separation technique particularly suited to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. This review offers a detailed discussion of the four common modes of detection coupled to CE-UV absorption, fluorescence, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry-and gives examples of the use of these methods in pharmaceutical analyses. Sample preparation and pretreatment techniques used for CE separations are described, as well as methods of preconcentration including hydrophobic retention, affinity concentration, sample stacking, and isotachophoresis. The use of affinity CE, chiral CE, and capillary gel electrophoresis for analysis of pharmaceuticals is covered in detail, and recent advances in capillary electrochromatography and CE on a chip are also discussed.
Risk and Execution: The Local Impact of Capital Cases on Mississippi Counties

Mississippi codified the death penalty because people thought a death sentence was a fair punishment for the most heinous of crimes. And, as predicted by behavioral economics, people were willing to sacrifice their own material well-being — in other words, willing to pay — to punish wrongdoers. But the death penalty is not fair. Regardless of whether the death penalty is a just punishment, the financial toll that this policy places on citizens and counties is unfair. Because citizens have continually paid the costs of punishment, the costs have slowly disappeared from sight and knowledge in correlation to their growth. As the cost of a death penalty trial rises through subsequent appeals, counties must levy additional taxes to pay trial expenses, instead of using these taxes to pay for paving roads or repairing bridges. Few officials discuss the financial burden and consequences of the death penalty. This Article seeks to remedy that silence.
How Do Stock Markets Process Analysts' Recommendations?

Prior studies have documented that abnormal returns are earned by following security analysts' investment recommendations (Womack (1996), Kim, Lin, and Slovin (1997)). This paper explores the impact of analyst investment recommendations on intraday stock returns when those recommendations are conditioned on the release of public news. Additionally, this study re-addresses the question of whether analyst recommendations have investment value. We examine the timing of analyst recommendations compared to public news by analyzing intraday patterns of recommendations, news announcements, and return volatility. Additionally, we investigate the intraday market impact of both analyst recommendations and public news announcements. From this, we examine the marginal impact of analyst recommendations that are released in conjunction with news announcements, as well as the differential impact between public news and analyst recommendations when recommendations are released separately from other news.
Stress-Related Disease: A Review

There has been skepticism that emotions aroused in a social context can so seriously affect the body as to lead to long-term disease or death. But the work, such as that of Wolf, shows that machinery of the human body is very much at the disposal of the higher centers of the brain.... Given the right circumstances, these higher controls can drive it mercilessly, often without awareness on the part of the individual of how close he is to the fine edge. (Henry & Stephens, 1977, p. 11)
The Interrelationship of Parts Classification and Gripper Design for Automated Assembly

In automated manufacturing, maximization of efficiency, simplicity, and flexibility through minimization of cost, complexity, and assembly delays requires that parts and robotic end-effectors (grippers) be concurrently and interactively designed. The authors present an innovative method of designing for manufacturability by coordinating parts and gripper design through a parts-classification system that employs six geometric configurations: cylindrical, rectangular, triangular, elliptical or spherical, holed, and flexible. This method enables the fewest possible end-effector designs (ideally, one) to manipulate the greatest variety of parts and subassemblies.
Objective method for demonstration of local rigidity of the abdominal wall

Abstract The amplitudes of the respiratory movements of the abdominal wall depend —other things being equal—upon the tension of this wall. By comparing the respiratory amplitudes of symmetrical parts of the abdominal wall while the subject is in an exactly horizontal position, differences between the tensions of the two sides can be demonstrated in an objective manner by using a caliper-like instrument. No significant differences between the tensions of the two sides were observed in 44 out of 50 healthy subjects. In the remaining 6 cases there were marked differences. Differences of a still greater magnitude were observed in various pathologic conditions of the abdominal organs. These observations seem to prove the reality of the palpatory findings of local rigidities of the abdominal wall.
Economic Analysis of Adoption of Water-saving Land Improvements in Northern China

Determinants for farmers’ choice of water-saving land improvements in Northern China are analyzed with a sample survey of 401 villages. The econometric results of this study indicate that farmers are willing to adopt water-saving land improvements and change water use behavior when water is less abundant. Water availability has a positive impact on the probability of adoption of water-saving land improvements. Government interventions such as extension service, demonstration fields, or provision of subsidies or loans boost the adoption of water-saving land improvements. In addition, farmers with more arable land are less likely to adopt traditional water-saving land improvements and more likely to switch to modern water-saving land improvements. Nonetheless, this study provides some policy implications for the Chinese policy makers. Although the adoption rate of water-saving land improvements in Northern China is relative low, with the right incentive farmers are willing to switch to more efficient water-saving land improvements. Government can subsidize or issue loans to induce the adoption of modern water-saving land improvements which require a sizable upfront investment that Chinese farmers usually cannot afford to. Demonstration fields also provide an effective way to encourage farmers’ adoption of water-saving land improvements. The land rental market which emerged in rural China starting in the 1990s can induce land circulation and the achievement economies of scale in farming and in turn increase the adoption of more efficient water-saving land improvements. Although whether or not adopting modern water-saving land improvements such as sprinkler or drip irrigation conserves water is still debated, Caswell and Zilberman (1986) found that switching to sprinkler or drip irrigation from border or furrow irrigation saves water at the field level under certain circumstances. Therefore, under some hydrologic conditions, adopting water-saving land improvements, either traditional or modern, may lead to water saving in the field.
Square pulse generation in a ring dye laser

Abstract We report on a unique mode of operation of a passively mode-locked ring dye laser which yields a train of square pulses. As would be expected from Fourier theory, the corresponding laser spectrum is made up of a fundamental plus odd harmonics. A simple theory based on saturation of the gain and a weak absorber is presented to support the observations.
"Mate, we don't need a chip to tell us the soil's dry": opportunities for designing interactive systems to support urban food production

We describe findings from ethnographic fieldwork and a participatory design workshop conducted with members of urban agriculture communities. The aim of this work is to critically understand community members' agricultural practices as well as uses of interactive technologies in the service of investigating how the values of these communities might shape future sustainable HCI research. We found members heavily resisted technological augmentation of their agricultural practices, but suggested several novel ways in which interactive systems could be leveraged to help achieve their goals and potentially engender more sustainable ways of living. We conclude with a discussion of opportunities for designing interactive systems to support small-scale urban food production and implications for future research.
The Friends of Bill and Hillary

If the Clinton administration "looks like America," then we have become a nation of lawyers and lobbyists. Perhaps it should come as no surprise that almost all of the top jobs in the Clinton administration are filled by lawyers, lobbyists, politicians, and bureaucrats. Unlike his predecessors in the White House, Bill Clinton never had any experience outside of politics and government. Among Clinton's top advisors only his Chief of Staff, home-town friend Thomas McLarty, was recruited from the business world. (Secretary of Energy, Hazel O'Leary, was a power company executive at the time of her appointment but most of her career was spent as a Washingtonbased lobbyist for the power industry.) Nor is there any significant military experience represented on Clinton's top team, although several members are veterans. Clinton's pledge to bring to Washington an administration that "looks like America" presumably meant more minorities and women appointed to cabinet-level positions. Clinton's initial cabinet team includes three women-Attorney General Janet Reno, HHS Secretary Donna Shalala, and Energy Secretary Hazel O'Leary. Three African Americans serve in the Clinton cabinet-Commerce Secretary Ron Brown, Agricultural Secretary Mike Espy, and Veterans Affairs Secretary Jesse Brown; and two Hispanics head departments-HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros and Transportation Secretary Frederico Pena. Comparisons across administrations depend in part on the definition given to "cabinetlevel" post in each administration. It appears that the Clinton administration is slightly more "diverse" than that of his immediate predecessor. 2 But like all previous administrations, the friends of Bill and Hillary are drawn overwhelmingly from among the most-privileged, besteducated, well-connected, upperand upper-middle-class segments of America. There is very little "diversity" in the educational and social backgrounds of top Clinton advisors. Eight out of eighteen (44 percent) received their educations, either graduate or undergraduate, at just three of the nation's most prestigious private universities-Harvard, Yale, and Stanford. Sixteen of the eighteen (89 percent) hold advanced degrees. Law degrees predominate; twelve of eighteen (67 percent) are lawyers. Four (22 percent) hold Ph.D degrees: Aspin in economics, Cisneros and Shalala in public administration, and Lake in international affairs.
Outcome following the rehabilitation of hand trauma patients. The importance of a subjective functional assessment.

Objective measures of hand function have been used to assess the outcome of rehabilitation following trauma. However, subjective assessments of function have been avoided by clinicians due to the difficulty in proving their validity and reliability. We have developed a subjective hand function scoring system (HFS), based on an activities of daily living assessment, which is used in planning and monitoring progress through rehabilitation. The HFS for 64 traumatic hand injuries were assessed on admission and discharge, and a significant improvement was found. There was a positive correlation between the HFS on admission and both the severity of injury, and the length of time off work. This scoring system is not validated, but this study illustrates the use of subjective functional scoring systems in the planning, delivery and evaluation of rehabilitation.
Diffraction by an aperture between two wedges.

An asymptotic solution for large spacing is obtained in the problem of diffraction by an aperture between two conducting wedges. The variation of the wedge angles is shown to have significant effect on the far field amplitude of the transmitted field in certain ranges of angle for E-polarization. The wedge angles are seen to have a greater effect than interaction corrections in some cases but a lesser effect in others. Numerical comparisons are carried out.
Public Support for the Death Penalty

Over the last decade public support for capital punishment has increased. Yet few empirical studies have attempted theoretically to explain this occurrence. Culling rather diverse literature, the s...
STRUCTURAL MODELS OF THE TRANSMEMBRANE REGION OF VOLTAGE-GATED AND OTHER K+ CHANNELS IN OPEN, CLOSED, AND INACTIVATED CONFORMATIONS

A large collaborative, multidisciplinary effort involving many research laboratories continues which uses indirect methods of molecular biology and membrane biophysics to analyze the three-dimensional structures and functional mechanisms of K+channels. This work also extends to the distant relatives of these channels, including the voltage-gated Na+and Ca2+channels. The role that our group plays in this process is to combine the information gained from experimental studies with molecular modeling techniques to generate atomic-scale structural models of these proteins. The modeling process involves three stages which are summarized as: (I) prediction of the channel sequence transmembrane topology, including the functionality and secondary structure of the segments; (II) prediction of the relative positions of the transmembrane segments, and (III) filling in all atoms of the amino acid residues, with conformations for energetically stabilized interactions. Both physiochemical and evolutionary principles (including sequence homology analysis) are used to guide the development. In addition to testing the steric and energetic feasibilities of different structural hypotheses, the models provide guidance for the design of new experiments. Structural modeling also serves to “fill in the gaps” of experimental data, such as predicting additional residue interactions and conformational changes responsible for functional processes. The modeling process is currently at the stage that experimental studies have definitely confirmed most of our earlier predictions about the transmembrane topology and functionality of different segments. Additionally, this report describes the detailed, three-dimensional models we have developed for the entire transmembrane region and important functional sites of the voltage-gatedShakerK+channel in the open, closed, and inactivated conformations (including the ion-selective pore and voltage-sensor regions). As part of this effort, we also describe how our development of structural models for many of the other major K+channel families aids in determining common structural motifs. As an example, we also present a detailed model of the smaller, bacterial K+channel fromStreptomyces lividans. Finally, we discuss strategies for using newly developed experimental methods for determining the structures and analyzing the functions of these channel proteins.
Ground Water in the Aden Sector of Southern Arabiaa

A reconnaissance of parts of the former West Aden Protectorate enables a characterization of the dominant hydrologic elements to be made. In this desert environment intermittent streams from the east-west range of mountains provide considerable water for flood irrigation and groundwater recharge of alluvial fans along the Gulf of Aden. High yield wells are developed in the coastal area and in at least one alluvial area on the back slope facing the Empty Quarter. Ground water in the interior is generally restricted to areas where wadi flow provides occasional recharge. Relatively few rock wells have been drilled in the area. Many wells in the alluvium yield silty water leading to clogging of the wells and undue pump wear.
Dual-energy cone-beam micro-CT for animal imaging: preliminary study

We have recently developed a prototype cone-beam micro-CT system for studying new image reconstruction algorithms experimentally as well as for small animal imaging. Dual energy methods have widely been investigated and applied for eliminating beam hardening artifacts in the reconstructed images and for performing quantitative CT. We have proposed earlier a pre-reconstruction-type dual energy method which has the advantage that the cone-beam CT data from two measurements with different x-ray energy spectra are first processed to obtain quantities that are approximately consistent with the x-ray transform, and then image reconstruction is performed. In this work, the proposed method is applied to the cone-beam micro-CT data acquired by our prototype system. Only the thickness maps of the object based on projection images are shown in this work as a preliminary.
Sol-gel metal oxide and metal oxide/polymer multilayers applied by meniscus coating

We are developing a meniscus coating process for manufacturing large-aperture dielectric multilayer high reflectors (HR's) at ambient conditions from liquid suspensions. Using a lab- scale coater capable of coating 150 mm, square substrates, we have produced several HR's which give 99%+ reflection with 24 layers and with edge effects confined to about 10 mm. In calendar 1993 we are taking delivery of an automated meniscus coating machine capable of coating substrates up to 400 mm wide and 600 mm long.
Letter to the Editor on the paper by W. Wulff, “Critical review of conservation equations for two-phase flow in the U.S. NRC TRACE Code”

The paper, “Critical Review of Conservation Equations for Two-Phase Flow in the U.S. NRC TRACE Code,” by W. Wulff is inaccurate and misleading. Modeling and simulation of two-phase flow is complex and uncertainties arise due to limitations in the state-of-the-art understanding of transport phenomena and the computational limits in modeling a nuclear plant. Global systems codes such as TRACE contain approximations and assumptions to simplify the conservation equations and arrive at a solution. The author’s paper suggests a misunderstanding of the approximations made to derive the expressions as programmed in TRACE. We believe the author’s critique to be largely invalid, as we document in some detail in this letter.
Total knee replacement with posterior cruciate ligament retention in patients with a fixed varus deformity

A group of patients with a preoperative varus contracture of at least 15 degrees underwent total knee replacement with retention of the posterior cruciate ligament. Their outcomes at 10 years were compared with a group of patients with similar contractures in whom a posterior stabilized implant was used, and to a group of patients in whom there was no contracture. In the contracture group where the posterior cruciate ligament was retained, there was an increased incidence of pain, an increased incidence of bone cement radiolucencies, and a decrease in the eventual flexion arc. There was likewise an increased revision rate and a decreased survivorship. In patients with such contractures, the posterior cruciate ligament is a part of the deformity; the deformity cannot be corrected by medial release procedures alone. All these results suggest that for the patient with a fixed varus contracture a posterior cruciate release should be performed and a posterior stabilized type of implant used.
Putting Social Movements in their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000-2005

Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews http://csx.sagepub.com/ Putting Social Movements in their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000 − 2005 Thomas D. Beamish Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 2014 43: 235 DOI: 10.1177/0094306114522415bb The online version of this article can be found at: http://csx.sagepub.com/content/43/2/235 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Sociological Association Additional services and information for Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews can be found at: Email Alerts: http://csx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://csx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Feb 27, 2014 What is This? Downloaded from csx.sagepub.com at UNIV CALIFORNIA DAVIS on May 20, 2014
Comparison of nitrogen and phosphorus requirements between PVX free and regular Russet Burbank potato seed stocks

A Potato Virus X (PVX) free seed stock resulted in higher total yield and U.S. No. 1 potatoes than regular seed stock which carried PVX. Petiole samples from PVX free seed stock were higher in 2% acetic acid extractable PO4-P than those from regular seed at all rates of fertilizer phosphorus. A high positive correlation was found between petiole phosphate and yield at early tuber set. Increasing rates of nitrogen increased higher total and U.S. No. 1 yields of potatoes, but also slightly decreased specific gravity. The results of this study indicate that phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for growers using Russet Burbank seed low in PVX will necessarily be different from those made for growers planting ordinary seed.
Electrode Materials with the Na0.44MnO2 Structure: Effect ofTitanium Substitution on Physical and Electrochemical Properties

The physical and electrochemical properties of LixMnO2 and LixTi0.11Mn0.89O2 synthesized from precursors made by glycine-nitrate combustion (GNC) and solid-state synthesis methods (SS) are examined in this paper. The highest specific capacities in lithium cells are obtained for SS-LixMnO2 electrodes at low current densities, but GNC-LixTi0.11Mn0.89O2 electrodes show the best high rate performance. These results can be explained by changes in the voltage characteristics and differences in the particle morphologies induced by the Ti-substitution and synthesis method. Ti-substitution also results in a decrease in the electronic conductivity, but greatly improves the thermal properties and imparts dissolution resistance to the electrode. For these reasons, it is preferable to use LixTi0.11MnO0.89O2 in lithium battery configurations rather than LixMnO2. Suggestions for improving the electrochemical performance of the Ti-substituted variant are given based on the results described herein.
ABacillus-Specific Factor Is Needed to Trigger the Stress-Activated Phosphatase/Kinase Cascade of ςBInduction

Abstract The general stress regulon of Bacillus subtilis is controlled by the transcription factor ς B . Environmental stress activates ς B via a phosphatase/kinase cascade that triggers ς B 's release from an anti sigma factor complex. To determine if the members of the phosphatase/kinase cascade are sufficient to detect environmental stress and activate ς B , we expressed ς B and its regulators in E. coli. In E. coli, as in B. subtilis, the intact collection of regulators silenced ς B , while allowing ς B to be active if the cascade's most upstream negative regulator was deleted. The regulators could not, however, activate ς B in response to ethanol treatment or heat shock. In other experiments, the GroEL and DnaK chaperones, known to be important in controlling stress ς factors in E. coli, were found to be unimportant for ς B activity in B. subtilis. The findings argue that stress induction of ς B requires novel factors that are B. subtilis specific.
A SURVEY OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (Odocoileus virginianus) FOR EVIDENCE OF Moraxella bovis INFECTION

Eye swabs for attempted isolation and identification of Moraxella bovis were taken from 293 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the fall of 1979. Moraxella bovis was not isolated from any of the deer sampled and examination of the corneal surfaces did not reveal any evidence of prior keratitis.
Application of Molecular Tagging Velocimetry to Two-Phase (Gas/Liquid) Flows

The application of Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) to two-phase flows is investigated in this paper. The two phase flows under investigation were gas/liquid flows where the two phase region was composed of “clouds” of very fine bubbles with variable bubble densities (i.e. void fractions). MTV was applied to two different flows, a turbulent fully developed channel flow and a cavitating diffuser. The presence of the bubbles was found to degrade the image contrast. The amount the contrast was degraded depended on the bubble density of the two-phase region. Specifically, as the bubble density increased the image contrast within the two-phase region dropped. Measurements were found to be possible with contrast levels as low as 20 counts. While this contrast level was below the minimum contrast level recommended for measurements in prior studies, measurements were possible with elevated noise levels.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Evaluation of ventricular filling pressures and ventricular function by Doppler echocardiography in patients with functional single ventricle: correlation with simultaneous cardiac catheterization.

Background Elevated ventricular filling pressure is a marker of diastolic dysfunction and a known risk factor for failure of single-ventricle surgical palliation. Doppler echocardiography has been shown valuable in identifying patients with elevated ventricular end-diastolic pressure (VEDP) in other settings, but its utility in evaluating pediatric patients with single ventricle is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare Doppler parameters to simultaneous catheter measurements of VEDP in children with single ventricle. Methods All consecutive patients (age t tests, χ 2 analyses, and Fisher's exact tests were used as appropriate. Results A total of 32 patients (15 male; mean age, 30.2 ± 22 months) were studied (nine post-Fontan, 15 post-Glenn, and eight pre-Glenn). Mean systemic arterial saturation was 81 ± 10%, mean VEDP was 11 ± 3 mm Hg, and mean echocardiographically estimated ejection fraction was 55 ± 7%. VEDP was correlated positively with E/E′ ratio ( r = 0.44, P r = 0.77, P r = 0.49, P 10 mm Hg. Single left ventricles had higher DTI S′ and E′ velocities and lower E/E′ ratios and MPIs compared with single right ventricles. S′ velocity correlated positively with ejection fraction ( r = 0.77, P r = −0.46, P Conclusions In patients with single-ventricle physiology, DTI and pulmonary vein Doppler echocardiographic parameters correlated modestly with direct measurement of VEDP and may be helpful in identifying patients with elevated filling pressures. In addition, single left ventricles had better systolic and diastolic performance than single right ventricles. DTI systolic velocities and left ventricular MPI correlated well with ventricular ejection fraction.
JC Virus T-Antigen Regulates Glucose Metabolic Pathways in Brain Tumor Cells

Recent studies have reported the detection of the human neurotropic virus, JCV, in a significant population of brain tumors, including medulloblastomas. Accordingly, expression of the JCV early protein, T-antigen, which has transforming activity in cell culture and in transgenic mice, results in the development of a broad range of tumors of neural crest and glial origin. Evidently, the association of T-antigen with a range of tumor-suppressor proteins, including p53 and pRb, and signaling molecules, such as β-catenin and IRS-1, plays a role in the oncogenic function of JCV T-antigen. We demonstrate that T-antigen expression is suppressed by glucose deprivation in medulloblastoma cells and in glioblastoma xenografts that both endogenously express T-antigen. Mechanistic studies indicate that glucose deprivation-mediated suppression of T-antigen is partly influenced by 5′-activated AMP kinase (AMPK), an important sensor of the AMP/ATP ratio in cells. In addition, glucose deprivation-induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase is blocked with AMPK inhibition, which also prevents T-antigen downregulation. Furthermore, T-antigen prevents G1 arrest and sustains cells in the G2 phase during glucose deprivation. On a functional level, T-antigen downregulation is partially dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during glucose deprivation, and T-antigen prevents ROS induction, loss of ATP production, and cytotoxicity induced by glucose deprivation. Additionally, we have found that T-antigen is downregulated by the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), and the pentose phosphate inhibitors, 6-aminonicotinamide and oxythiamine, and that T-antigen modulates expression of the glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase 2 (HK2), and the pentose phosphate enzyme, transaldolase-1 (TALDO1), indicating a potential link between T-antigen and metabolic regulation. These studies point to the possible involvement of JCV T-antigen in medulloblastoma proliferation and the metabolic phenotype and may enhance our understanding of the role of viral proteins in glycolytic tumor metabolism, thus providing useful targets for the treatment of virus-induced tumors.
Genetic Structure of Regeneration Populations of Annual Ryegrass

Information is lacking concerning how regeneration procedures affect the genetic structure of accessions in germplasm repositories. The objective of this research was to compare the genetic structure of original seed populations with three different regeneration population types in three field grown accessions of Lolium multiflorum Lam. (annual ryegrass). The three regeneration samples were (i) balanced (equal number of seeds per plant combined), (ii) spike (an inflorescence per plant combined), and (iii) bulk (seeds combined proportionally according to seeds per plant). Analysis of 10 loci from eight isozymes was completed on populations of 88 plants for each accession and sampling method. Allelic frequency after the first regeneration in balanced populations deviated from the original at 4% of the polymorphic loci, with differences occurring at 19% of the loci for both spike and bulk populations. For one accession, a second regeneration cycle was completed. The balanced population did not differ from the original but the spike and bulk populations did differ from the original at 33% of the polymorphic loci. The greater deviation from the original allelic frequencies of spike and bulk populations was associated with their variation in progeny numbers per plant, which reduced effective population size (N e ) an average of 27%. After the first regeneration, mean heterozygosity per locus was 0.27, 0.28, and 0.26 for balanced, spike, and bulk populations, respectively, and mean alleles per locus was 2.6 for balanced and spike populations and 2.5 for bulk populations. Thus diversity, measured as heterozygosity and alleles per locus, was maintained nearly as well with bulk or spike samples as balanced samples. The results suggest that the major disadvantage of bulk and spike sampling was the potential for accelerated genetic drift associated with reduced N e .
Male and female fertility levels of genetic male sterile barley grown at two different latitudes1

The effect of environment on selling behavior and on female sterility in genetic male sterile barley was investigated at 46 (Bozeman, MT) and 61 (Elimaki, Finland) degrees north latitude. These field studies were conducted for 2 years with eight different male sterile stocks. Less selfing occurred under bags (male fertility) at Elimaki (0.02%) than at Bozeman (6.9%); the reduction was attributed to the longer photoperiod during spike development. Plants set more seed under bags in 1976 (9.2%) than in 1977 (3.2%) at Bozeman, probably because temperatures were higher in 1977 than in 1976 during the critical awn initials stage of spike development. Five male sterile mutants evaluated for selfing differed significantly in seed set at Bozeman. The three sterile stocks evaluated for female fertility showed significantly more female sterility than comparable fertile seed parents. Female fertility was significantly higher at Bozeman than at Elimaki, and it was higher in 1977 than in 1976 at Bozeman.
Large coronary arteries in humans are responsive to changing blood flow: An endothelium-dependent mechanism that fails in patients with atherosclerosis

Changes in blood flow can alter vasomotion of conduit arteries. This study examined vasomotor responses to incremental blood flow induced by papaverine in the epicardial arteries of 10 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries (group 1) and in 14 patients with arterial irregularities (group 2) using quantitative angiography and Doppler ultrasound flow velocity measurements. An increase in coronary blood flow of 384.3 +/- 32.8% (p less than 0.001) in group 1 patients was associated with dilation of the proximal coronary artery segment and a 23.2 +/- 4.6% increase in cross-sectional area (p less than 0.001). In contrast, in group 2 patients a similar increase in coronary blood flow of 339.3 +/- 18.7% (p less than 0.001) was associated with mixed responses and a modest net constriction in cross-sectional area of -7.4 +/- 2.8% (p less than 0.05). The dilation response to nitroglycerin was intact in group 1 (31.7 +/- 4.2%, p less than 0.001) and in group 2 (26.4 +/- 3.2%, p less than 0.001). In five patients from group 1 acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent dilator, produced an increase in cross-sectional area of 20.7 +/- 4.6% (p less than 0.05) that paralleled the response to an increase in flow in the same segment (a 24.3 +/- 6.1% increase in cross-sectional area, p less than 0.05). Five group 2 patients demonstrated a vasoconstrictor response to acetylcholine (a -22.8 +/- 3.4% decrease in cross-sectional area, p less than 0.05) together with an impaired dilation response to incremental flow (a -6.4 +/- 3.2% decrease in cross-sectional area).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of duration of onset and cessation of light flash on the intensity time relation in the peripheral retina.

Two experiments are reported. The first experiment studies the intensity-duration function for peripheral threshold stimulation of the human eye, over a range of durations from 0.02 second to 0.24 second. The form of the flashes presented involves a rapid onset and cessation (i.e., a nearly rectangular wave). The second experiment determines the total energy required for threshold excitation for flashes of various wave forms (i.e., with different onset and cessation times), the maximum duration always being below the critical duration obtained in the first experiment.The results of the first experiment agree with previous studies in showing that below a certain critical duration the product of light intensity and duration is constant. Above this critical duration the intensity remains constant. The transition from the relationship It=C to I=Const. is abrupt and occurs at 0.10 second.The results of the second experiment indicate that changes in the wave form, within the limits of variation introduced, do not affect the total amount of energy required for threshold below the limit of a critical duration. These findings give additional generality to the Bunsen-Roscoe law and to the view that the essential element in producing a constant effect in response to flashes of light is the total energy of the stimulus.
Evidence for the improved exposure of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery after anterior clinoidectomy: morphometric analysis

Background. Although resection of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) is valuable in the surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ophthalmic (C6) segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA), quantitative assessment of this adjunct is incomplete. Our morphometric study assesses the effectiveness of the anterior clinoidectomy for exposure of the C6 segment of the ICA. Methods. Ten formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads were dissected bilaterally and pterional craniotomies were performed bilaterally. Measurements before and after resection of the ACP included the length of C6 segment of the ICA on its lateral aspect; C6 segment length on its medial aspect; and medial length of the optic nerve from the optic chiasm to falciform ligament (before ACP resection) then to the annulus of Zinn (after ACP resection). Findings. Height and width of the intradural ACP were 8.67 ± 2.63 and 6.57 ± 1.68 mm, respectively. After clinoidectomy, mean length of the lateral C6 segment of the ICA increased 60% and mean exposure of the medial C6 segment of the ICA increased 113% (p < 0.001). Exposure of the optic nerve increased 150% (p < 0.001) after clinoidectomy and sectioning of the falciform ligament. No correlations were found between the lengths of the ACP and entire C6 segment, or the ACP size and amount of the C6 segment covered by the clinoid. Conclusions. Exposure of the C6 segment of the ICA is markedly increased by increase of the mobility of the optic nerve with clinoidectomy and section of the falciform ligament.
Wilderness and health in the nineteenth century

Abstract During the latter part of the nineteenth century a form of medical treatment often called a “wilderness cure” enjoyed considerable popularity in the United States, especially in California. This procedure involved little more than an open-air sojourn in wild country, usually wooded uplands. It was based on the belief that wild, timbered uplands exerted curative influences on sick persons, especially consumptives. The cure's effectiveness was supposed to derive from influences of climate, vegetation, and style of living as well as spiritual influences related to aesthetics. Wilderness therapy fell into desuetude in the twentieth century as the realization spread that the wilderness environment was of little value in combating microbial and other agents of disease. In its heyday, however, the wilderness treatment attracted much support and was undertaken by a great many invalids. It seems highly likely that the perception of the wilderness as a source of health softened pre-existing negative attitudes to wild landscapes in America.
Appraisals of social support: Love, respect, and involvement

The multifaceted nature of social support has become more widely recognized in theory and research. Specifically, a consensus is emerging on the distinctions among support resources, behavior, and appraisals. The present study focuses on support appraisals with the aim of studying the degree to which the Social Support Appraisals Scale (SS-A) might be used to assess distinct appraisals of repect, love, and involvement. SS-A data from five heterogeneous samples (including students, mature women students, fathers, and adolescents) were subjected to factor analysis. The factors that emerged were highly invariant across samples and largely reflected respect, involvement, and love, though the “love” factor might also be interpreted as a “family” factor. Patterns of convergent and divergent validity with subscales reflecting constructs of love, respect, and involvement from two other support appraisal measures were equivocal. Some implications for theory and research of differentiating support appraisals are discussed.
Selective-adsorption line shapes in the scattering of 4 He by LiF(001)

Selective-adsorption line shapes were experimentally studied in 17-meV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$-atom scattering from a LiF(001) crystalline surface. The specular and several diffracted beams were measured for a variety of incidence conditions. Specular line shapes obey the three rules put forth by Wolfe and Weare. The specular and diffracted-beam line shapes obey the rules formulated recently by Celli, Garcia, and Hutchison in all cases except for the specular Wolfe-Weare rule-2 case. In this case the mixed-extrema structure predicted by Wolfe and Weare is seen. This line shape is very sensitive to surface temperature and age, confirming a recent prediction of Wolfe and Weare concerning inelastic effects on the selective-adsorption line shapes.
Nearly equal distances and Szemerédi's regularity lemma

A point set is separated if the minimum distance between its elements is one. Two numbers are called nearly equal if they differ by at most one. If a fixed positive percentage of all pairs of points belonging to a separated set of size n in R^3 determine nearly equal distances, then the diameter of the set is at least constant times n. This proves a conjecture of Erdos.
The transitional object reconsidered: Some sociocultural variations and their implications

Winnicott's trasitional object concept has generated vigorous theoretical inquiry and has been applied broadly in practice. His hypothesis that transitional object attachments are healthy and universal has fostered assumptions about psychosocial health and disturbance that may not apply across the range of clients seen in practice. The purpose of this article is to heighten clinicians' awareness of the wide normative sociocultural variation in transitional object attachments. A review of the theory is followed by presentation of findings from cross-cultural studies. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for theory-building and practice.
Monthly variation of rainfall‐intensities in Wisconsin

The variation of rainfall-intensity expected for a given frequency with season of the year is an important factor in estimation of runoff from small drainage-areas such as those tributary to erosion-control dams. Calculations of probable runoff-rates in Wisconsin are ordinarily based on two assumptions, namely, (1) rainfall of maximum intensity will occur in mid-summer and (2) the maximum runoff from a small area will result from rainfall of maximum intensity. To check, the reasonableness of these assumptions for Wisconsin conditions, intensity-frequency studies by months were made of the complete records of six United States weather Bureau stations located at Milwaukee, Madison, La Crosse, Wausau, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Duluth, Minnesota, located as shown on Figure 1. Storms were grouped by months, the records for all stations for any month being combined into a single record of 204 station-years.
Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene.

Abstract The Escherichia coli gene coding for the enzyme xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) has been widely used as a dominant selectable marker in a variety of mammalian cells. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 1057 base pair (bp) segment of DNA containing this gene. The coding sequence for the enzyme is 456 nucleotides long and can code for a 152 amino acid (16.9 Kd) polypeptide. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the bacterial enzyme with that of the mammalian hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) reveals no significant homology between the two polypeptides.
Rent-seeking in U.S. government budgets, 1900–88

A measure of waste from the competitive rent-seeking activity of special interest groups in federal, state and local budgets was calculated over the period 1900–88. This period in U.S. fiscal history is characterized by constitutional changes that have made for more transparency in governmental fiscal activities and for greater diffusion of taxes. The XVI Amendment to the Constitution created the progressive individual income tax (the corporate income tax was judged to be an excise tax in 1909 and passed the test of constitutionality). High marginal tax rates are a justification for a high average level of taxation. The Full Employment Act of 1946 insitutionalized government deficits as a means of meeting a political objective. As a result, opportunities for rent-seeking through budgetary reallocations rose in the United States. In the first two decades of the 20th century, waste at all levels of government represented about 10 percent of incremental national output. Today, waste is three times that amount. The transparency and diffusion of taxes are highest at the federal level and least at the local level. Rent-seeking through budgetary reallocation has followed the public purse. One explanation for the observed centralization of government in the 20th century may be that opportunities to concentrate benefits and diffuse taxes are highest at the federal level. Finally, the withdrawal of resources from the productive economy to pursue rent-seeking in government budgets lowers the rate of real economic growth. I find that rent-seeking through budget reallocations has had a significant and large negative effect on the growth rate.
Solving the $\Sigma$ Term Puzzle Without Strangeness Mixing

Abstract We study the non-linear dependence of the nucleon mass on the current-quark masses in the framework of the SU (3) × SU (3) linear sigma model in the mean-field approximation. For reasonable values of the model parameters, the strange-quark content of the nucleon remains small and the nucleon mass does not vary significantly when the strange-quark mass m s is varied. However, the variation of the nucleon mass with the non-strange quark mass m is strongly non-linear, the strange content of the nucleon again remaining small. The pion-nucleon sigma term σ π N and the nucleon mass-shift due to SU (3)-symmetry breaking are both too large, but their ratio is consistent with the experimental value.