cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on utilization of the EDA-signaling pathway in threespine stickleback evolution.

SUMMARY Many traits evolve in parallel in widely separated populations. The evolutionary radiation of threespine sticklebacks provides a powerful model for testing the molecular basis of parallel evolution in vertebrates. Although marine sticklebacks are completely covered with bony armor plates, most freshwater populations have dramatic reductions in plates. Recent genetic studies have shown that major changes in armor patterning are likely due to regulatory alterations in the gene encoding the secreted signaling molecule ectodysplasin (EDA). In mammals, mutations in many different components of the EDA-signaling pathway produce similar changes in hair, teeth, sweat glands, and dermal bones. To test whether other genes in the EDA pathway also control natural variation in armor plates, we identified and mapped stickleback EDA Receptor (EDAR), the EDAR-Associated Death Domain adaptor, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) SuperFamily member 19, its adaptor TNFR-Associated Factor 6, and the downstream regulator nuclear factor kappa B Essential Modulator (NEMO). In contrast to the diversity of genes underlying ectodermal dysplasia disease phenotypes in humans, none of these EDA pathway components map to chromosomes previously shown to modify armor plates in natural populations, though EDAR showed a small but significant effect on plate number. We further investigated whether these genes exhibit differences in copy number, target size, or genomic organization that might make them less suitable targets for evolutionary change. In comparison with EDA, all these genes have smaller surrounding noncoding (putative regulatory) regions, with fewer evolutionarily conserved regions. We suggest that the presence of highly modular cis-acting control sequences may be a key factor influencing the likelihood that particular genes will serve as the basis of major phenotypic changes in nature.
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Gifted Education: Recruitment and Retention Issues

The field of gifted education has faced criticism about the underrepresentation of African American, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian students who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) in its programs. This article proposes that efforts targeting both recruitment and retention barriers are essential to remedying this disparity. Educators' deficit thinking about CLD students underlies both areas (recruitment and retention) and contributes to underrepresentation in significant, meaningful ways. The authors examine factors hindering the recruitment and retention of CLD students in gifted education, attending in particular to definitions and theories, testing, and referral issues, and offer recommendations for improving the representation of CLD students in gifted education.
Effect of chronic renal medullary nitric oxide inhibition on blood pressure

The effects of chronic nitric oxide inhibition in the renal medulla on renal cortical and medullary blood flow, sodium balance, and blood pressure were evaluated in conscious uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. During a 5-day renal medullary interstitial infusion of the nitric oxide inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 120 micrograms/h) in saline (0.5 ml/min), renal medullary blood flow was selectively decreased by 30% after 2 h and was maintained at that level for the entire infusion. The decrease in medullary blood flow was associated with sodium retention and increased blood pressure. After the cessation of L-NAME infusion, medullary blood flow returned to control, and the sodium balance became negative as blood pressure returned to baseline. These data indicate that renal medullary nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of renal blood flow, sodium excretion, and blood pressure.
Fast High‐Dimensional Filtering Using the Permutohedral Lattice

Many useful algorithms for processing images and geometry fall under the general framework of high-dimensional Gaussian filtering. This family of algorithms includes bilateral filtering and non-local means. We propose a new way to perform such filters using the permutohedral lattice, which tessellates high-dimensional space with uniform simplices. Our algorithm is the first implementation of a high-dimensional Gaussian filter that is both linear in input size and polynomial in dimensionality. Furthermore it is parameter-free, apart from the filter size, and achieves a consistently high accuracy relative to ground truth (> 45 dB). We use this to demonstrate a number of interactive-rate applications of filters in as high as eight dimensions.
Flow cytometry in pediatric immunologic disorders

Abstract Lymphocyte phenotyping by flow cytometric methods has become a standard tool for evaluating infants and children for primary or secondary immunodeficiency disorders. Flow technology is additionally attractive for pediatric use since sample requirements are minimal. Despite these technological advances, greater potential exists in flow cytometric applications which have not yet been extensively explored. For example, greater use of available monoclonal antibodies in multiparameter studies is accessible and desirable to better understand the pathogenesis of pediatric immune disorders. With these studies, we hope that new or improved therapies will emerge.
An improved correlation of stagnation point mass transfer from naphthalene circular disks facing uniform airstreams

The basis and purpose of the heat-mass transfer experimental analog using subliming napthalene is presumed to be well known. Experiments like the ones described here and comparisons of their results with those of boundary layer theory serve to refine the calibration of the analog and to improve techniques. This technical note correlates the results of two studies on (local) stagnation point mass transfer from circular disks. It also provides some information about the influence of wind tunnel turbulence. The author begins with an illustrative summary that serves as guide through the remainder of the technical note.
Recursive mesh refinement on hypercubes

Adaptive methods for PDEs can be viewed as a graph problem. An efficient parallel implementation of adaptive PDE methods then requires distributing the nodes of the associated graph uniformly across the processors so that the resulting cost of communication between processors is low.
Influence of unsprung weight on vehicle ride quality

In the first part of this paper, a simple quarter-car, two-degree-of-freedom (2 DOF) vehicle model is used to investigate potential benefits and adaptive control capabilities of active suspensions. The results of this study indicate that, with an active suspension, it is possible to trade each 1% increase in tire deflection with a circa 1% decrease in r.m.s. sprung mass acceleration. This can be used for adaptive suspension tuning based on varying road/speed conditions. The second part of this paper is concerned with the influence of unsprung mass on optimal vibration isolation for the case of a linear 2 DOF, quarter-car model. In the study, it is assumed that the tire stiffness and geometry remain the same while unsprung mass is changed. The comprehensive computer analysis shows that, for active suspensions, both ride and handling can be improved by reducing the unsprung mass. In particular, when the total vehicle mass is kept constant, every 10% reduction in unsprung mass contributes to a circa 6% reduction in r.m.s. sprung mass acceleration for the same level of wheel-hop. For active suspension vehicles, this gives an added incentive for reducing the unsprung weight through the usage of, for example, aluminum wheels and lightweight composite materials. Although used primarily in the context of automotive applications, the results of this study are generic to similar 2 DOF structures in other areas of vibration isolation, ranging from computer peripherals to off-road vehicles.
Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures in Chemical Equilibrium

The expression for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures in chemical equilibrium is presented in a simpler and less restrictive form. This new form is shown to be equivalent to the previous equations.
Resource recovery systems for non-recappable rubber tires

Abstract The disposal of non-recappable scrap rubber tires is a problem shared by virtually every nation in which motorized vehicles (i.e., cars, trucks and buses) play an essential or critical role in everyday life. The problems in scrap tire disposal are discussed and several possible solutions employing currently available technology are reviewed. A brief analysis of the technical and economic feasibilities of the various processing options is presented.
Feathering correction for 3‐D marine data

The organization of 3D multi-fold seismic data on a regular grid is commonly performed by binning the data in midpoint space prior to stacking, An alternative approach using DMO & DMO-1 is designed to reorganize the data on a regular grid and remove cable feathering. With this approach the 3D data are conditioned for pre-stack processing, especially for inline pre-stack migration. An enhancement of the DMO algorithm accounts for the irregular distribution of traces in 3D surveys and minimizes DMO artifacts. The spatial distribution of input traces is measured in a preliminary stage. This measurement is passed as additional information to the DMO program, and is used to correct for the irregularity. The preprocessing program operates only on the coordinates and serves as an additional tool for evaluating the spatial sampling.
Factors Associated with Contraceptive Choice and Inconsistent Method Use, United States, 2004

Pregnancies among contraceptive users account for nearly half of all unintended pregnancies and are almost entirely due to inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use. Understanding what factors contribute to inconsistent contraceptive behavior can help efforts to reduce unintended pregnancy. In 2004 a nationally representative sample of women aged 18-44 using reversible contraceptive methods were surveyed to examine factors associated with contraceptive choice and with inconsistent use of the pill and condoms. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the data. Contraceptive choice was associated with a range of socioeconomic and partnership characteristics and with pregnancy- method- and provider-related experiences and attitudes; inconsistent pill or condom use was associated mainly with partnership experiential and attitudinal factors. For example not having a college education was negatively associated with pill use (odds ratio 0.6) and positively associated with use of long-acting methods (1.8-1.9). Women for whom avoiding pregnancy was only a little or not important had reduced odds of using the pill (0.4)and elevated odds of using other methods such as withdrawal or periodic abstinence (4.4) and of using condoms inconsistently (2.6). Use of a method chosen mostly out of dislike of other methods was positively associated with condom use (4.0) and negatively associated with use of the pill or long-acting methods (0.4 for each).Women who were not completely satisfied with their method were more likely than others to use their method inconsistently (1.6 for pill users and 1.9 for condom users). Greater efforts are needed to provide women and their partners with a range of method options to facilitate selection of methods that best suit their needs and circumstances and to identify and assist users who are dissatisfied or are having difficulties using contraceptives effectively.
Interactions of BaO with mixed-metal substrates: WIr

Abstract Surface studies of BaO on WIr alloy substrates of different composition show work functions lower for the alloys than on either pure W or pure Ir. In particular, the lowest work function (∼ 1.8 eV) appears near the 50% W, 50% Ir concentration. Peak height characterizations and energy shifts of interatomic Auger lines indicate an adsorbate-substrate interaction is responsible for the function lowering. The interaction consists of the O of the adsorbed Ba+O− molecule receiving electrons from the W and the Ba from the same molecule contributing electrons to the Ir. The resulting increase in surface dipole (as observed from interatomic O 2p and Ba 6s peak heights) is in very good agreement with the actual work function lowering. If the substrate consists of significant “patches” of W and Ir, then the Ba and O from the same molecule cannot interact with the different substrate components. When this happens, neither is the adsorbate-substrate interaction seen in the interatomic Auger spectra nor is any work function-lowering observed. The minimum in work function near 50% W, 50% Ir is the point where the dipole lowering (i.e., charge transfer) is most efficient because at thatconcentration there is one Ir atom available for each Ba atom and one W atom available for each O atom on the surface.
A controlled study of the effects of diphenylhydantoin on anxiety, irritability, and anger in neurotic outpatients.

In a six-week double-blind cross-over study, DPH, 100 mg, t.i.d., was found to be markedly more effective than DPH, 5 mg, t.i.d., used as a placebo, in reducing symptoms relating to anger, irritability, impatience, and anxiety. The psychoactive properties of DPH were demonstrated by both self-ratings and physician ratings of change. Improvement when changing from 5 mg to 100 mg was matched by worsening when changing from 100 mg to 5 mg. Patients in the controlled study were selected on the basis of the presence of symptoms of anger, irritability, and anxiety, a social class more typical of private patients than clinic patients, and a Barron Ego Strength score of 40 or above. No undesirable side effects were encountered.
Crime and Punishment: The Politics of Federal Criminal Justice Sanctions

The incarceration rate in federal penitentiaries has tripled in the past twenty-five years, marking an unprecedented incursion by the federal government into what was the near exclusive domain of sub-national jurisdictions. Numerous scholars, particularly outside the field of political science, have hypothesized about the causes of the burgeoning prison population; but few have systematically tested these propositions. Borrowing insights from organizational theory and the literature on bureaucratic politics, this article proposes a frame-work that incorporates the most plausible hypotheses from the literature and empirically models the environmental, structural, and political influences on the implementation of federal criminal justice sanctions. The analysis demonstrates that federal incarceration rates are largely uncorrelated with the national crime rate, but that other variables significantly affect the number of commitments, the average sentence of convicted prisoners, and the number of paroles annually. The model also reveals that the outputs of criminal justice bureau-cracies are extremely autoregressive, with current sanctions determined largely by past agency behavior.
Organizational Impediments to Effective Policy on Gulf War Illness

The mysterious medical conditions experienced by the veterans of the Persian Gulf conflict created a major public policy problem for the federal government. The actions of both the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense were both characterized by numerous organizational dysfunctions that frequently plague complex bureaucracies. The inability of these departments to respond adequately to the veterans needs created a contentious political environment in which the federal government was accused of intentional neglect. The problems, however, were primarily the result of communication breakdowns and institutional inertia.
NRMT is an α-N-methyltransferase that methylates RCC1 and retinoblastoma protein

Little is known about the function of α-N methylation, an unusual post-translational modification in which the amino-terminal residues of proteins are methylated. One known example is that α-N methylation of the Ran guanine nucleotide-exchange factor RCC1 is required for its association with chromatin. More than 30 years ago, it was suggested that a eukaryotic α-N-specific methyltransferase might exist, and now one has been found in HeLa cells. Schaner et al. describe the first known α-N-methyltransferase, named N-terminal RCC1 methyltransferase (NRMT). They identify the NRMT recognition sequence and several new methylation targets, including the tumour suppressor proteins SET and retinoblastoma protein (Rb). A requirement for α-N-methylation is also shown in normal bipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation. α-N-methylation is an unusual post-translational modification in which the amino-terminal residues of proteins are methylated. One example is the Ran guanine nucleotide-exchange factor, RCC1, which requires methylation for its association with chromatin. These authors describe the first α-N-methyltransferase, named N-terminal RCC1 methyltransferase (NRMT). They identify the NRMT recognition sequence and several new methylation targets, and demonstrate the importance of α-N-methylation for normal bipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation. The post-translational methylation of α-amino groups was first discovered over 30 years ago on the bacterial ribosomal proteins L16 and L33 (refs 1, 2), but almost nothing is known about the function or enzymology of this modification. Several other bacterial and eukaryotic proteins have since been shown to be α-N-methylated3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. However, the Ran guanine nucleotide-exchange factor, RCC1, is the only protein for which any biological function of α-N-methylation has been identified3,11. Methylation-defective mutants of RCC1 have reduced affinity for DNA and cause mitotic defects3,11, but further characterization of this modification has been hindered by ignorance of the responsible methyltransferase. All fungal and animal N-terminally methylated proteins contain a unique N-terminal motif, Met-(Ala/Pro/Ser)-Pro-Lys, indicating that they may be targets of the same, unknown enzyme3,12. The initiating Met is cleaved, and the exposed α-amino group is mono-, di- or trimethylated. Here we report the discovery of the first α-N-methyltransferase, which we named N-terminal RCC1 methyltransferase (NRMT). Substrate docking and mutational analysis of RCC1 defined the NRMT recognition sequence and enabled the identification of numerous new methylation targets, including SET (also known as TAF-I or PHAPII) and the retinoblastoma protein, RB. Knockdown of NRMT recapitulates the multi-spindle phenotype seen with methylation-defective RCC1 mutants3, demonstrating the importance of α-N-methylation for normal bipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation.
Characterization of a sealed Americium–Beryllium (AmBe) source by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Two Americium–Beryllium neutron sources were dismantled, sampled (sub-sampled) and analyzed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Characteristics such as “age” since purification, actinide content, trace metal content and inter and intra source composition were determined. The “age” since purification of the two sources was determined to be 25.0 and 25.4 years, respectively. The systematic uncertainties in the “age” determination were ±4% 2σ. The amount and isotopic composition of U and Pu varied substantially between the sub-samples of Source 2 (n = 8). This may be due to the physical means of sub-sampling or the way the source was manufactured. Source 1 was much more consistent in terms of content and isotopic composition (n = 3 sub-samples). The Be–Am ratio varied greatly between the two sources. Source 1 had an Am–Be ratio of 6.3 ± 52% (1σ). Source 2 had an Am–Be ratio of 9.81 ± 3.5% (1σ). In addition, the trace element content between the samples varied greatly. Significant differences were determined between Sources 1 and 2 for Sc, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ba and W.
Transverse Target Moments of SIDIS Vector Meson Production at HERMES

The on-going analysis of the transverse target (AUT) moments of the non-collinear cross section for SIDIS dihadron production at Hermes is discussed. These moments access the transversity (h1), pretzelocity (h⊥1T), and Sivers (f⊥1T) distribution functions convoluted with the unpolarized (D1) and Collins (H1) dihadron fragmentation functions. This measurement allows greater insight into the flavor decomposition and factorization of these functions. Additionally, the results will test the Lund/Artru fragmentation model, which predicts a sign change in the Collins function between pseudo-scalar mesons and certain partial waves of vector mesons. In preparation for this analysis, a new Monte Carlo generator has been written, and non-collinear fragmentation functions have been computed in a spectator model. Additionally, an alternate partial wave expansion is presented, providing a complementary interpretation of the fragmentation functions and allowing computation of the next-to-leading twist cross section.
University Faculty's Perception of a Library Liaison Program: A Case Study.

This article examines how university faculty perceive a library liaison program. Specifically, it discusses what faculty consider to be important services that a liaison should provide for them, whether faculty see any improved services resulting from the program, and whether faculty deem the subject background of a liaison librarian as indispensable.
Patents 2.0 [software patents]

Because the current procedure for securing software patents is laden with problems, a new form of intellectual property should be considered that gives reduced benefits in exchange for speedy protection. A new limited patent is proposed that grants protection from the moment the technology is first used in commerce. The primary purpose of the limited patent is to provide immediate protection for technology that, once on the market, could otherwise be copied by a competitor before regular patent protection could be secured. Protection should last long enough to allow inventors to have immediate protection against knockoffs of a technology even as they try to get broader protection by meeting the more stringent requirements for a conventional patent. This would encourage further innovation because new features could get their own protection.
FORTIS: pathfinder to the Lyman continuum

Shull et al. have asserted that the contribution of stars, relative to quasars, to the metagalactic background radiation that ionizes most of the baryons in the universe remains almost completely unknown at all epochs. The potential to directly quantify this contribution at low redshift has recently become possible with the identification by GALEX of large numbers of sparsely distributed faint ultraviolet galaxies. Neither STIS nor FUSE nor GALEX have the ability to efficiently survey these sparse fields and directly measure the Lyman continuum radiation that may leak into the low redshift (z < 0.4) intergalactic medium. We present here a design for a new type of far ultraviolet spectrograph, one that is more sensitive, covers wider fields, and can provide spectra and images of a large number of objects simultaneously, called the Far-ultraviolet Off Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (FORTIS). We intend to use a sounding rocket flight to validate the new instrument with a simple long-slit observation of the starburst populations in the galaxy M83. If however, the long-slit were replaced with microshutter array, this design could isolate the chains of blue galaxies found by GALEX over an ~30' diameter field-of-view and directly address the Lyman continuum problem in a long duration orbital mission. Thus, our development of the sounding rocket instrument is a pathfinder to a new wide field spectroscopic technology for enabling the potential discovery of the long hypothesized but elusive Lyman continuum radiation that is thought to leak from low redshift galaxies and contribute to the ionization of the universe.
From the Editor: In Memoriam, Rick Rosenthal and Mike Rothkopf

The OR community at large, and the OR practice community in particular, lost two great leaders this year. Rick Rosenthal passed away on January 3, 2008 after a hard-fought battle with cancer. Mike Rothkopf died unexpectedly on February 18, 2008 while swimming at the McCoy Natatorium at Perm State University. In this issue we have two papers to honor these colleagues who were so supportive and involved in OR practice. Rick Rosenthal was a Distinguished Professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. I knew Rick for over 20 years. He was very much focused on practice and solving real-world prob lems. He was instrumental in getting young faculty involved in the INFORMS Practice Meeting held each spring. Last year I became aware of a talk Rick and Jerry Brown had been giving on practical optimiza tion. After some prodding from me, Rick and Jerry began the process of transforming their talk into an Interfaces paper. Their paper, "Optimization Trade craft: Hard-Won Insights from Real-World Decision Support," appears in this issue. I thank Jerry for seeing the paper through to completion. I believe aca demics and practitioners (and those of us who con sider ourselves in the intersection) will find this paper very informative. As someone who teaches optimiza tion, I certainly plan to use it in my classes. Mike Rothkopf, past president of INFORMS and former editor in chief of this journal, had long been very active in OR practice. Mike had just joined Penn State in the fall of 2007 after many years at Rut gers. I also knew Mike for a long time. When I became the editor in chief of Interfaces, Mike went out of his way to offer me advice based on his experi ence. He also always had provocative and encourag ing words for academics focused on practice. Mike was probably most famous for his work on auctions, and so it is fitting that his colleagues Ron Harstad and Aleksandar Sasa Pekec have written a paper on auctions in Mike's honor. Their paper, "Relevance to Practice and Auction Theory: A Memorial Essay to Michael Rothkopf," appears in this issue. It illustrates just how significant Mike's contributions to auctions were and how he emphasized the need to focus on practice. We mourn the loss of these two great friends and colleagues and remain grateful for their contributions and the impact they have had on the profession.
Bronchial Carcinoma and the Lymphatic Sump: The Importance of Bronchoscopic Findings

The lymphatic sump of Borrie is an important area of regional node metastasis in each lung. The sump area is of increased importance on the right side, since bilobectomy has been recommended to ensure complete removal of lymphatic disease in patients with lower or middle lobe carcinoma. The role of bronchoscopy in assessing lymphatic metastasis of bronchial carcinoma was investigated in 42 patients at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. Because of the high incidence of associated lymphatic metastases, bilobectomy is indicated for right lower or middle lobe lesions observed at bronchoscopy. Simple lobectomy may be utilized when bronchoscopic findings are negative and when there is no involvement of the lymph nodes of the sump of Borrie at the time of operation. If there is gross nodal involvement of the lymphatic sump, pneumonectomy will be required.
The effects of prompting, fading, and differential reinforcement on vocal mands in non-verbal preschool children with autism spectrum disorders

There are few procedures to teach non-vocal children vocal mands. This study evaluated the effects of prompting, fading, and differential reinforcement on eye contact, pointing, vocal approximations, independent requests and immature mands in three children with Autism Spectrum Disorders who in baseline emitted almost no independent vocal mands. This procedure resulted in a large and socially valid increase in independent vocal mands, other appropriate responses and near elimination of immature mands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living in a mixed-income development: resident perceptions of the benefits and disadvantages of two developments in Chicago.

Policy-makers in several countries are turning to income- and tenure-mixing strategies in an attempt to reverse decades of social and economic isolation in impoverished urban areas. In the US city of Chicago, all high-rise public housing developments across the city are being demolished, public housing residents are being dispersed throughout the metropolitan area and 10 new mixed-income developments are being created on the footprint of former public housing complexes. Findings are presented from in-depth interviews with residents across income levels and tenures at two mixed-income developments and the paper explores residents’ perceptions of the physical, psychological and social impacts of the mixed-income setting on their lives.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TAX COURT'S DETERMINATION OF REASONABLE COMPENSATION

The determination of reasonable compensation is one of the most frequently contested issues between the taxpayer and the IRS. The major purpose of this study is to develop a multiple regression model to predict accurately the amount of compensation allowed by the Tax Court as a percent of the amount in dispute between the taxpayer and the IRS. In general, the taxpayer receives favorable treatment in Tax Court when contesting unreasonable compensation payments. The multiple regression model, developed using a stepwise procedure, is a good predictor of the compensation allowed by the court. The overall results have important implications for developing taxpayers' appeal strategies.
Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: relation to Fe-oxide (Cu-U-Au-rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications

Low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in exposed Grenville-age rocks of New York and New Jersey belong to a distinct class of iron-oxide (Cu-U-Au–rare earth element [REE]) deposits that includes similar iron deposits in southeastern Missouri and the Kiruna district of Sweden, the giant Olympic Dam U-Cu-Au-Ag deposit (Australia), and the Bayan Obo REE-Nb deposit (China). Most of the New York–New Jersey deposits exhibit features consistent with a hydrothermal origin and define a regionally significant metallogenic event that provides important clues to the evolution of this part of the Grenville orogen. In the Adirondacks, the tectonic setting of these deposits is consistent with postorogenic uplift and extensive crustal melting at 1070–1050 Ma that was accompanied by late tectonic to posttectonic deposition of iron.
Transistor power amplifiers with switched mode of operation

A CONVENTIONAL circuit for class B power amplification with transistors is shown in Fig. 1(A). The two transistors (p-n-p) are connected in the common emitter arrangement and in the absence of signal are quiescent at a point on the output characteristics such as P in Fig. 1(B). When a sinusoidal voltage signal is applied as base drive, the transistors operate on a load line such as PQ in alternate half-cycles, and a sinusoidal output is obtained. At any intermediate point on the load line PQ the active transistor sustains a collector-emitter voltage equal to the difference between the battery voltage and the instantaneous output voltage. The product of this collector-emitter voltage and the current flowing gives the instantaneous power loss in the transistor (excluding the small dissipation associated with the base drive). Simple calculations based on these considerations show that the maximum possible efficiency of this arrangement is 78 per cent and that maximum power dissipation occurs in the transistor when operating with an output that is 64 per cent of the possible full output voltage.
Tissue specific and developmental expression of rat long-and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases

Abstract Utilization of fatty acids for energy varies among mammalian tissues and during development due to changes in expression of enzymes of mitochondrial β oxidation. To discern whether two related nuclear genes are expressed similarly, the tissue distribution and developmental profile of the rat long- and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD and MCAD) mRNAs were compared. A 1451 base full-length LCAD cDNA from neonatal rat aorta was used to study mRNA accumulation in adult and fetal rat tissues. LCAD and MCAD mRNAs were expressed in aorta, heart, and brown fat at levels 8–40 fold greater than in liver, kidney, and duodenum. Brain, placenta, ovary, testes, and skeletal muscle showed the least mRNA. Western blots of adult tissues with anti-rat LCAD antiserum showed corresponding amounts of LCAD protein subunits. LCAD mRNA was detectable in heart, liver, kidney, and brain of fetal rats and increased with age. LCAD and MCAD mRNAs were present in brown fat in 2–10 fold greater amounts compared to other tissues from the newborn period to the end of the weaning period. The high level of expression of LCAD and MCAD mRNA in aorta, heart, and brown fat likely reflects the high energy requirements of those tissues. Differential expression of LCAD and MCAD mRNAs reflects not only inherent gene prescribed programs, but also external influences such as hormones and diet.
Selective encryption for H.264/AVC video coding

Due to the ease with which digital data can be manipulated and due to the ongoing advancements that have brought us closer to pervasive computing, the secure delivery of video and images has become a challenging problem. Despite the advantages and opportunities that digital video provide, illegal copying and distribution as well as plagiarism of digital audio, images, and video is still ongoing. In this paper we describe two techniques for securing H.264 coded video streams. The first technique, SEH264Algorithm1 , groups the data into the following blocks of data: (1) a block that contains the sequence parameter set and the picture parameter set, (2) a block containing a compressed intra coded frame, (3) a block containing the slice header of a P slice, all the headers of the macroblock within the same P slice, and all the luma and chroma DC coefficients belonging to the all the macroblocks within the same slice, (4) a block containing all the ac coefficients, and (5) a block containing all the motion vectors. The first three are encrypted whereas the last two are not. The second method, SEH264Algorithm2 , relies on the use of multiple slices per coded frame. The algorithm searches the compressed video sequence for start codes (0x000001) and then encrypts the next N bits of data.
Internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysms: treatment with the Wallgraft endoprosthesis.

Purpose To report several cases illustrating the feasibility and mid-term efficacy of deploying a self-expanding stent-graft to treat traumatic ruptures, pseudoaneurysms, and a spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Case reports One patient suffered a stab wound and another developed a large pseudoaneurysm years after a gunshot to the neck. The third patient presented with a spontaneous rupture in the setting of fibromuscular dysplasia, and the final patient developed a pseudoaneurysm following carotid endarterectomy in an irradiated neck. All 4 patients were successfully treated with Wallgrafts deployed in the ICA using either an open carotid (first 3 cases) or percutaneous approach (fourth patient). There were no adverse neurological events. During a mean 16-month follow-up (range 6-24), duplex ultrasound and CT scanning found no evidence of restenosis, occlusion, or persistent perfusion of the pseudoaneurysm, which was noted to decrease in all cases. Conclusions The thin-walled fabric of the Wallgraft appears capable of completely excluding the pseudoaneurysm, resulting in decreased aneurysm size over time.
Off-diagonal long range order in disordered quantum Hall systems

Abstract Ideal quantum Hall states exhibit a novel off-diagonal long range order which reflects an underlying superconductivity of bosonic charge-flux composites. We sketch the extension of these ideas to general quantum Hall systems with disorder and show, by explicit numerical computation, that Read's version of the ODLRO correctly discriminates between the conducting (σxy = e2/h) and insulating (σxy = 0) phases of noninteracting electrons in random potentials confined to the lowest Landau level.
My Interesting Condition

(1990). My interesting condition. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 27, Feminist Perspectives on Sexuality, pp. 445-459.
Design of Stable Suboptimal LQG Controllers

One of the most attractive features of the LQG design method is that, under mild conditions, stability of the closed loop is automatically guaranteed. The optimal controller has the structure of observer-estimated state feedback where the observer is known to be asymptotically stable. The controller itself, however, may be unstable. In case of sensor failure, when the system is actually an open-loop one, instability of the controller leads to an unbounded response. In this paper, three design methods, aimed at achieving a stable, suboptimal controller, are suggested.
Manganese Exposure from Drinking Water and Children’s Academic Achievement

Drinking water manganese (WMn) is a potential threat to children's health due to its associations with a wide range of outcomes including cognitive, behavioral and neuropsychological effects. Although adverse effects of Mn on cognitive function of the children indicate possible impact on their academic achievement little evidence on this issue is available. Moreover, little is known regarding potential interactions between exposure to Mn and other metals, especially water arsenic (WAs). In Araihazar, a rural area of Bangladesh, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 840 children to investigate associations between WMn and WAs and academic achievement in mathematics and languages among elementary school-children, aged 8-11 years. Data on As and Mn exposure were collected from the participants at the baseline of an ongoing longitudinal study of school-based educational intervention. Annual scores of the study children in languages (Bangla and English) and mathematics were obtained from the academic achievement records of the elementary schools. WMn above the WHO standard of 400μg/L was associated with 6.4% score loss (95% CI=-12.3 to -0.5) in mathematics achievement test scores, adjusted for WAs and other sociodemographic variables. We did not find any statistically significant associations between WMn and academic achievement in either language. Neither WAs nor urinary As was significantly related to any of the three academic achievement scores. Our finding suggests that a large number of children in rural Bangladesh may experience deficits in mathematics due to high concentrations of Mn exposure in drinking water.
Delirium: an under-recognized problem.

CASE STUDY Ms. G, a 78-year-old woman with a history of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45%, had an exploratory laparotomy with colon resection and colostomy two days ago for an obstructive stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the colon. She is a patient on a general surgical unit. Upon assessment at 7 am, Ms. G was easily aroused and oriented. She has a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump for postoperative pain control with 1 mg of morphine available every 30 minutes; she used a total of 4 mg of morphine via IV since midnight. Ms. G requires belladonna and opium suppositories about every eight hours to treat bladder spasms associated with her urinary catheter.
Cognitive Models of Message Production: Unanswered Questions

The increased knowledge of cognitive processes that has developed in the past 3 decades has made it possible to explain the design and production of messages at a level of specificity that was heretofore impossible. This article suggests 6 areas where future research could lead to a better understanding of the cognitive processes underlying message production. These areas include how speakers acquire the knowledge that allows them to adapt a message to situational features, how speakers adapt messages to the qualities of a specific hearer, how behaviors activated to address contextual features are incorporated into a preliminary message plan, the level of specificity at which speakers cognitively represent communication goals, individual differences in the accessibility of secondary goals, and the effects of capacity demands on message production.
Patent foramen ovale in children with migraine headaches.

Objective To determine the prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in children with migraine. Study design Children aged 6.0 to 18.0 years with migraine headache were evaluated for PFO and right-to-left shunting with color-flow Doppler scanning, saline solution contrast transthoracic echocardiography, and contrast transcranial Doppler scanning. Results The population consisted of 109 children with migraine; 38 (35%) with aura and 71 (65%) without aura. The overall PFO prevalence was 35%, similar to the general population (35% vs 25%; P = .13). However, compared with the general population (25%), the PFO prevalence was significantly greater in subjects with aura (50%, P = .0004) but similar in those without aura (27%, P = .73). Atrial shunt size was not associated with the presence or absence of aura. Conclusion Children with migraine with aura have a significantly higher prevalence of PFO compared with those without aura or the general population. These data suggest that PFO may contribute to the pathogenesis of migraine with aura in children and have implications for clinical decision making.
Variables Influencing Performance on Speech-Sound Discrimination Tests

Stimulus items were presented in three different contexts and under two different listening conditions to a total of 72 nursery, kindergarten, and first-grade children divided into equally sized gr...
Wind estimation using air data probe measurements to evaluate meteorological measurements made during Space Shuttle entries

Deterministic and weighted least squares methods for obtaining estimates of the horizontal winds encountered during the Shuttle entry phase are described. The estimates are based on in situ Air Data System (ADS) measurements of angle-of-attack, side-slip angle and true airspeed, in conjunction with inertial trajectory parameters obtained from the post flight trajectory reconstruction. Accuracies in the wind estimates obtained from each method are assessed using both theoretical arguments and flight results. Comparisons of derived winds with meteorological measurements taken during the first three Shuttle entries have demonstrated: (1) the usefulness of the wind estimators for evaluating meteorological measurements below 50 kft, and (2) the potential for adequate wind determinations in the absence of independent wind measurements. Comparisons of STS-3 flight-derived L/D versus predicted values from the LaRC aerodynamic data base are presented from 50 kft to touchdown. These results exemplify the importance of such determinations to enhance the ongoing Shuttle aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic research.
The Relation Between Mind and Body in the Surangama Sutra

Refutation du dualisme corps-esprit dans le Surangama sutra, texte classique du bouddhisme mahayana (1 siecle ap. J.-C.)| sa pertinence eu egard aux theories occidentales (Descartes| Leibniz).
Effect of acute anemia on experimental myocardial ischemia

The effect of hemodilution on ischemic myocardium was studied in 16 intact open chest & anesthetized dogs and 8 isolated dog hearts. The severity of myocardial ischemia during repeated, reversible occlusions of a coronary artery was estimated by summating S-T segment elevations (ΣS-T) from epicardial electrocardiographic mapping. Arterial oxygen content was decreased to the range of 5 volumes/100 ml by either profound hemodilution to a hematocrit of 6 × 0.4 percent (standard error of the mean) or by a low inspired oxygen concentration at a normal hematocrit. In the 16 intact dogs, ischemia did not increase during hemodilution (ΣS-T before hemodilution 35 ± 6 mv; during hemodilution 32 ± 7 mv), whereas the severity of ischemia was increased during hypoxia at a normal hematocrit (ΣS-T before hypoxia 31 ± 7 mv; during hypoxia 56 ± 10 mv; P P P
ADVICE FOR SEMIFEASIBLE SETS AND THE COMPLEXITY-THEORETIC COST(LESSNESS) OF ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES

Informally put, the semifeasible sets are the class of sets having a polynomial-time algorithm that, given as input any two strings of which at least one belongs to the set, will choose one that does belong to the set. We provide a tutorial overview of the advice complexity of the semifeasible sets. No previous familiarity with either the semifeasible sets or advice complexity will be assumed, and when we include proofs we will try to make the material as accessible as possible via providing intuitive, informal presentations. Karp and Lipton introduced advice complexity about a quarter of a century ago.18 Advice complexity asks, for a given power of interpreter, how many bits of "help" suffice to accept a given set. Thus, this is a notion that contains aspects both of descriptional/informational complexity and of computational complexity. We will see that for some powers of interpreter the (worst-case) complexity of the semifeasible sets is known right down to the bit (and beyond), but that for the most central power of interpreter—deterministic polynomial time—the complexity is currently known only to be at least linear and at most quadratic. While overviewing the advice complexity of the semifeasible sets, we will stress also the issue of whether the functions at the core of semifeasibility—so-called selector functions—can without cost be chosen to possess such algebraic properties as commutativity and associativity. We will see that this is relevant, in ways both potential and actual, to the study of the advice complexity of the semifeasible sets.
Use of Porous Silicon to Minimize Oxidation Induced Stacking Fault Defects in Silicon

Present methods for minimizing stacking fault defects, generated during oxidation of silicon, include damaging the back of the wafer or depositing poly-silicon on the back. In either case a highly defective structure is created and mis is capable of gettering either self-interstitials or impurities which promote nucleation of stacking fault defects. A novel method of minimizing these defects is to form a patch of porous silicon on the back of the wafer by electrochemical etching. Annealing under inert gas prior to oxidation may then result in the necessary gettering. Experiments were carried out in which wafers were subjected to this treatment. Subsequent to oxidation, the wafers were etched to remove oxide and reveal defects. The regions of the wafer adjacent to the porous silicon patch were defect-free, whereas remote regions had defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used to examine the gettering capability of porous silicon, and the paper discusses the mechanism by which the porous silicon getters.