cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eu(III) macrocyclic complexes promote cleavage of and bind to models for the 5'-cap of mRNA. Effect of pendent group and a second metal ion.

The interaction of three Eu(III) macrocyclic complexes Eu(THED)3+, Eu(ATHC)3+, and Eu(S-THP)3+ with two 5‘-cap model compounds, GpppG and m7GpppG is studied (THED = 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, ATHC = 1-(carbamoylmethyl)-4,7,10-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, S-THP = 1S,4S,7S,10S-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). Laser-induced excitation luminescence spectroscopy is used to study the binding of Eu(S-THP)3+ to GpppG (K = 5.9 × 104 M-1) and to characterize the Eu(S-THP)−GpppG complex. Both Eu(THED)3+ and Eu(S-THP)3+ bind to m7GpppG as monitored by use of fluorescence spectroscopy with binding constants of 5.9 × 103 and 4.4 × 104 M-1, respectively. The kinetics of cleavage of GpppG by two macrocyclic complexes is studied. Cleavage of GpppG by Eu(THED)3+ is accelerated by 15-fold in the presence of an equivalent of Zn(NO3)2 at pH 7.3, 37 °C, suggesting that two metal ions accelerate the cap cleavage reaction. Eu(ATHC)3+ promote...
FPGA and ASIC square root designs for high performance and power efficiency

Floating-point square root is a fundamental operation in signal processing and various HPC applications. Since this is an expensive operation in resource and energy consumption, its efficient implementation should be of priority in future multicores that will face dark silicon issues. This paper presents a low-cost, low-power consumption design to calculate the square root using the IEEE754 single-precision floating-point format. Two versions of the design are investigated with and without clock gating (CG), respectively. Evaluation involves FPGA and ASIC technologies at 40 and 65 nm. Substantial performance growth and reduced power consumption are gained as compared to a popular iterative solution. The ASIC design demonstrates much lower power consumption, which at 40 nm is lower than that at 65 nm by about a threefold. At 40 nm, CG for the ASIC realization is justified primarily for low activity rates.
Design of triply-resonant microphotonic parametric oscillators based on Kerr nonlinearity.

We propose optimal designs for triply-resonant optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) based on degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in microcavities. We show that optimal designs in general call for different external coupling to pump and signal/idler resonances. We provide a number of normalized performance metrics including threshold pump power and maximum achievable conversion efficiency for OPOs with and without two-photon (TPA) and free-carrier absorption (FCA). We find that the maximum achievable conversion efficiency is bound to an upper limit by nonlinear and free-carrier losses independent of pump power, while linear losses only increase the pump power required to achieve a certain conversion efficiency. The results of this work suggest unique advantages in on-chip implementations that allow explicit engineering of resonances, mode field overlaps, dispersion, and wavelength-and mode-selective coupling. We provide universal design curves that yield optimum designs, and give example designs of microring-resonator-based OPOs in silicon at the wavelengths 1.55 μm (with TPA) and 2.3 μm (no TPA) as well as in silicon nitride (Si3N4) at 1.55 μm. For typical microcavity quality factor of 106, we show that the oscillation threshold in excitation bus can be well into the sub-mW regime for silicon microrings and a few mW for silicon nitride microrings. The conversion efficiency can be a few percent when pumped at 10 times of the threshold. Next, based on our results, we suggest a family of synthetic “photonic molecule”-like, coupled-cavity systems to implement optimum FWM, where structure design for control of resonant wavelengths can be separated from that of optimizing nonlinear conversion efficiency, and where furthermore pump, signal, and idler coupling to bus waveguides can be controlled independently, using interferometric cavity supermode coupling as an example. Finally, consideration of these complex geometries calls for a generalization of the nonlinear figure of merit (NFOM) as a metric for performance in nonlinear photonic systems, and shows different efficiencies for single and multi-cavity geometries, as well as for standing and traveling wave excitations.
Engineering Out the Hazards of a Machine Shop

A machine shop environment presents a high potential for occupational injuries and fatalities. A combination of rotating spindle, coolant spatter, cutting tool activity, and sharp airborne chips, occurring during the metal cutting process, creates a significant hazard for equipment operators. The danger of working in this environment is reflective in industry TRIRs (Total Recordable Incident Rate) which fall between 2.7 (Oil and Gas Manufacturing) and 5.5 (Metal Manufacturing) based on the latest USA Industry and Illness Data. This case study highlights how the Navigation Manufacturing facility (500 employees, 100 CNC machines) — identified numerous safety issues in its machine shop environment and processes, and undertook a three-step program for “engineering out” those hazards. 1. The first step involved modifying machinery guarding and improving the internal visibility of parts during machine operation. 2. The second step took traditional secondary process tasks performed manually outside the machine — de-burring, marking, cleaning — and incorporated these tasks into the machining effort to reduce potential operator hand injuries that could occur during interaction with the part. 3. Thirdly, the handling of production parts was improved with the use of parts catchers, modified forklifts, and new safer material lifting devices, further reducing the likelihood of other bodily injury. Implementation of “hands-free” machine and equipment improvements and enhanced process practices has allowed the facility to achieve over two million hours without a Recordable Injury (TRIR), over 9 million hours without a Days Away from Work Case (DAFWC), and a TRIR of less than 0.4 for the last 5 years.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
PCR amplification of highly GC-rich DNA template after denaturation by NaOH.

a high GC-content of template DNA may constitute a significant limitation of the technique. Previously, utilization of cosolvents, formamide (2) or glycerol (3) in the PCR was reported to significantly enhance specificity of the amplification. Most recently, a general method using native but not recombinant Pfu DNA polymerase was recommended to amplify regions of very high GC content (4). In the present study, we show that template denaturation with NaOH was required for PCR amplification of
Applying Merton's theory of anomia to career disruptions

Purpose – Taking an innovative theoretical approach, the purpose of this paper is to apply Merton's theory of anomia as personal reactions to social disruptions to white‐collar worker reactions to being unemployed or under‐employed.Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory, quantitative, secondary data analysis using data collected from convenience samples of career‐disrupted, white‐collar workers in four community and church based outplacement support groups. Recognizing career‐disruption as a potentially anomic state, factor analysis was used to develop scales suggestive of Merton's categories of reactions to anomia, and cluster analysis was used to classify respondents into Merton's categories.Findings – Exploratory scales developed and resulting cluster analyses suggest Merton's theory may be helpful in recognizing different white‐collar work reactions to career displacement.Research limitations/implications – Secondary analysis and convenience sample data are major limitations, but results justify a ...
The Impact of Simulated Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage in Indeterminate Soybean.

Field experiments were conducted in Starkville and Stoneville, MS, during 2012 and 2013 to evaluate fruit removal level and timing on soybean growth, crop maturity, and yield. Fruit removal treatments consisted of 0, 50, and 100% of all fruit removed at specified growth stages (R2, R3, R4, and R5.5). Plant heights were determined at least biweekly from the time damage was imposed until R7. The impact of fruit removal level and timing on crop maturity was determined by estimating the percentage of naturally abscised leaves at 137 days after planting (DAP) when control plots were ∼10–15 d from harvest and the percentage of nonsenesced main stems at 139 DAP. There was no significant impact of fruit removal timing or fruit removal level on plant height or canopy width. Significant delays in crop maturity were observed when fruit removal was imposed at the R5.5 growth stage. Significant reductions in yield and crop value were observed as early as R3 and R4 when 100% of fruit was removed. Both fruit removal levels at R5.5 resulted in a significant reduction in yield and crop value compared with the nontreated control. Indeterminate soybeans appear to have the ability to compensate for some fruit loss during the early to middle reproductive growth stages without delaying maturity. However, severe fruit loss causes increasingly more yield loss as the plant approached maturity. Thresholds and economic injury levels therefore need to be adjusted accordingly to account for the dynamic nature of yield losses and crop maturity delays.
From Lucy to language

By Donald Johanson and Blake Edgar. Prospect Heights, IL: Simon and Schuster. 1996. 272 pp. ISBN 0-684-81023-9 $50.00 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Orthogonal supramolecular interaction motifs for functional monolayer architectures

Organization of molecules on surfaces is of utmost importance for the construction of functional materials. Non-covalent, weak and reversible supramolecular interactions provide this organization with high specificity and selectivity. The integration of different supramolecular systems is essential for the assembly of complex and functional architectures on surfaces. Self-assembly, in particular orthogonal self-assembly, is the main route to achieve these integrated architectures. This review article gives an overview of the recent developments of orthogonal supramolecular interactions on surfaces. The first part deals with the use of noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, electrostatics and host–guest interactions, to modify surfaces. The second part describes the combination of different orthogonal supramolecular interaction motifs for the generation of hybrid assemblies and materials
Retinitis pigmentosa, growth hormone deficiency, and acromelic skeletal dysplasia in two brothers: possible familial RHYNS syndrome.

Here we report two brothers with retinitis pigmentosa, growth hormone deficiency, and acromelic skeletal dysplasia. We propose that their clinical picture is consistent with RHYNS syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa, hypopituitarism, nephronophthisis, and skeletal dysplasia) and that they represent the first instance of a familial occurrence of this syndrome. The presence of RHYNS in two siblings supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance; however, since all four known cases were male, an X-linked mode of inheritance cannot be excluded. The combination of clinical features found in these affected males is unique and supports the existence of RHYNS syndrome as a separate and distinct entity.
Phagocytosis by pigment epithelium of human retinal cones

AUTORADIOGRAPHIC studies of vertebrate retinae indicate that rod outer segment disks are continuously manufactured at the base of the outer segment1,2. The disks are slowly displaced towards the tip of the outer segment, where they are shed and phagocytosed in groups by the apical processes of pigment epithelial cells3,4. Identical autoradiographic studies indicate that cone disks are not continuously manufactured at the base of the outer segment, leading to the conclusion that they are not phagocytosed5. The observation that phagosomes occur within the pigment epithelial cells of the rod-free region of human foveola, however, suggested that outer segment disks from foveal cones are phagocytosed6. Are human foveal cones uniquely rod-like in this respect, just as they are rod-like in their form and in their extension to the pigment epithelial surface, or are the disks of all human cones phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium? Our observation of a close association between cone outer segments of cat retina and pigment epithelial cell processes7 suggested an answer. As with human extrafoveal cones, those in cat do not reach the pigment epithelial surface; instead, long leaf-like processes extend from the pigment epithelium to the outer segments. These cell processes form a multilaminar sheath around the external one-third of the outer segment. If these processes engage in phagocytosis, phagosomes containing groups of cone disks should be observed within their cytoplasm and in good sections there should be very little chance of confusing them with phagocytosed rod disks. In human retinae, where cones are more plentiful than in the cat, the extrafoveal cone outer segments are also closely associated with long pigment epithelial processes8–11. We report here that these processes phagocytose groups of disks from the cone outer segements.
Analysis and Prediction of Weather Impacted Ground Stop Operations

When the air traffic demand is expected to exceed the available airport's capacity for a short period of time, Ground Stop (GS) operations are implemented by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Traffic Flow Management (TFM). The GS requires departing aircraft meeting specific criteria to remain on the ground to achieve reduced demands at the constrained destination airport until the end of the GS. This paper provides a high-level overview of the statistical distributions as well as causal factors for the GSs at the major airports in the United States. The GS's character, the weather impact on GSs, GS variations with delays, and the interaction between GSs and Ground Delay Programs (GDPs) at Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) are investigated. The machine learning methods are used to generate classification models that map the historical airport weather forecast, schedule traffic, and other airport conditions to implemented GS/GDP operations and the models are evaluated using the cross-validations. This modeling approach produced promising results as it yielded an 85% overall classification accuracy to distinguish the implemented GS days from the normal days without GS and GDP operations and a 71% accuracy to differentiate the GS and GDP implemented days from the GDP only days.
Comparison of the in vitro and biophysical effects of cyclosporine A, FK-506, and mycophenolic acid on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

AbstractThe immunosuppressive drugs FK-506 and mycophenolic acid (MPA) have recently been described, but their mode(s) of action are not well understood. We have compared them to cyclosporine A (CsA) in several assays. We have shown that CsA (1 μg/ml), MPA (0.1 μg/ml), and FK-506 (0.5 μg/ml) all induce a state of unresponsiveness to anti-CD3 stimulation as measured by [3H]-thymidine uptake. This suggests that the target of these drugs may be present only after mitogenic stimulation. These drugs also cause a hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. This effect is blocked by quinine or verapamil. All three immunosuppressors only slightly modulate the increase in intracellular Ca++ caused by Con-A or by anti-CD3 stimulation but do not affect Ca++ levels alone. They also decrease expression of IL2 receptors on αCD3-stimulated lymphocytes. Similarities in their modes of action, as measured by these biophysical and cell biological tests, indicate the possibility that these three drugs will show ...
Patterns of hemoglobin production in the adult newt (Triturus cristatus) erythron following induction of anemia

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in the hemoglobins present in many vertebrates have been observed during development and during anemic episodes. 2. 2. A change in the number of hemoglobins present and their relative amounts was observed when adult Triturus cristalus newts were made anemic by injection of acetylphenylhydrazine. 3. 3. Hemoglobin IV, which is a minor hemoglobin in healthy adults, was found to be a major component during the subsequent erythropoietic response to hemolytic anemia. 4. 4. No new hemoglobin not already present in the non-anemic state was detected during the response to induced anemia.
Fertilizer Management Effect on Recovery of Labeled Nitrogen by Continuous No-Till

Improved fertilizer N management with respect to placement and timing is especially important in high-residue systems designed to improve N-use efficiency and to speed adoption of erosion controlling tillage practices. By means of point-injection technology, fertilizer solutions now can be applied and soil-incorporated with minimal disturbance of space residue or existing plants. This study was conducted in large non-weighing lysimeters (with reconstituted soil horizons) to determine the recovery of 15 N-labeled urea-ummonium nitrate (UAN) solution by continuous no-till corn (Zea mays L.) during the initial year of application and two subsequent years for four N management systems (...)
A Youth Violence Prevention Curriculum for Public Health Students

A six-module curriculum on youth violence prevention, The Epidemiology and Prevention of Intentional Injury, was developed for inclusion in a Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Epidemiology and Community Health graduate course for public health students. The content of the curriculum was determined by reviewing key literature and the consensus group reports of experts in the area of youth violence prevention and prevention research more generally. A rationale of course content related to youth violence prevention and an overview of course content, objectives, required reading, and assignments are provided. Suggestions are made for possible adaptation of this youth violence prevention curriculum into public health courses other than intentional injury.
Twistors, N = 8 superconformal invariance, and the Green-Schwarz superstring

Abstract After replacing the space-time variables of the d -dimensional Green-Schwarz superstring lagrangian with twistor variables ( d = 3,4,6, or 10), the first-class constraints are separated out from the second-class constraints. These first-class constratints are shown to form an N = d − 2 super-Virasoro algebra, out of which can be constructed a manifestly super-Poincare invariant BRST charge with only two levels of reducibility. When d = 10, all potential quantum anomalies vanish and the BRST charge is nilpotent.
Building Internal Motivation for Worker Competency Certifications: A Critique and Proposal

Though not extensively researched, third-party employee competency certifications are increasingly important to organizations. Certifications are double-edged: they may serve to reduce transaction ...
Bridging the Divide in Democratic Engagement: Studying Conversation Patterns in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Communities

The Internet offers opportunities for informal deliberation, and civic and civil engagement. However, social inequalities have traditionally meant that some communities, where there is a concentration of poverty, are both less likely to exhibit these democratic behaviors and less likely to benefit from any additional boost as a result of technology use. We argue that some new technologies afford opportunities for communication that bridge this divide. Using temporal topic modeling, we compare informal conversational activity that takes place online in communities of high and low poverty. Our analysis is based on data collected through i-Neighbors, a community website that provides neighborhood discussion forums. To test our hypotheses, we designed a novel time series segmentation algorithm that is driven by topic dynamics. We embed an LDA algorithm in a segmentation strategy and develop an approach to compare and contrast the resulting topic models underlying time series segments. We examine the adoption of i-Neighbors by poverty level, and apply our algorithm to six neighborhoods (three economically advantaged and three economically disadvantaged) and evaluate differences in conversations for statistical significance. Our findings suggest that social technologies may afford opportunities for democratic engagement in contexts that are otherwise less likely to support opportunities for deliberation and participatory democracy.
Association Between Shear Stress and Platelet-Derived Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Release and Activation in Animal Models of Aortic Valve Stenosis

Objective— Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valves leading to aortic valve narrowing, resulting in high wall shear stress across the valves. We previously demonstrated that high shear stress can activate platelet-derived transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine that induces fibrosis and calcification. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of shear-induced platelet release of TGF-β1 and its activation in AS. Approach and Results— We studied hypercholesterolemic Ldlr − /− Apob 100/100 / Mttp fl/fl / Mx1Cre +/+ (Reversa) mice that develop AS on Western diet and a surgical ascending aortic constriction mouse model that acutely simulates the hemodynamics of AS to study shear-induced platelet TGF-β1 release and activation. Reversa mice on Western diet for 6 months had thickening of the aortic valves, increased wall shear stress, and increased plasma TGF-β1 levels. There were weak and moderate correlations between wall shear stress and TGF-β1 levels in the progression and reversed Reversa groups and a stronger correlation in the ascending aortic constriction model in wild-type mice but not in mice with a targeted deletion of megakaryocyte and platelet TGF-β1 ( Tgfb1 flox ). Plasma total TGF-β1 levels correlated with collagen deposition in the stenotic valves in Reversa mice. Although active TGF-β1 levels were too low to be measured directly, we found (1) canonical TGF-β1 (phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3) signaling in the leukocytes and canonical and noncanonical (phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1/2) TGF-β1 signaling in aortic valves of Reversa mice on a Western diet, and (2) TGF-β1 signaling of both pathways in the ascending aortic constriction stenotic area in wild-type but not Tgfb1 flox mice. Conclusions— Shear-induced, platelet-derived TGF-β1 activation may contribute to AS.
Application-Level Error Measurements for Network Processors

Faults in computer systems can occur due to a variety of reasons. These include internal effects such as coupling and external effects such as alpha particles. As we move towards smaller manufacturing technologies, the probability of errors for a single transistor is likely to increase. Even if this probability remains the same, the probability of a fault in a processor will increase linearly with the boost in the number of transistors per chip. In many systems, an error has a binary effect, i.e., the output is either correct or erroneous. However, networking systems exhibit different properties. For example, although a portion of the code behaves incorrectly due to a fault, the application can still work correctly. Therefore, measuring the effects of faults on the network processor applications require new measurement metrics to be developed. Particularly, hardware faults need to be measured in the context of their effect on the application behavior. In this paper, we highlight essential application properties and data structures that can be used to measure the error behavior of network processors. Using these metrics, we study the error behavior of seven representative networking applications under different cache access fault probabilities. With this study, we hope to bridge the gap between the circuit-level phenomena and their impact on the application behavior.
The effects of age and artificial acclimatization on the survival of rats in cold

Clipped,young Holtzman rats can be made to withstand cold exposure of 5‡ C as a result of adaptive mechanisms which are activated during pre-acclimatization.These mechanisms are less pronounced in clipped mature rats and seem to decline with age. Where inherent adaptive mechanisms are unable to allow the rat to withstand exposure to 5‡C,treatment with thyroid hormones seems to impart an artificial acclimatization which permits the survival of mature as well as of old, clipped rats in the cold.
Adaptive Data Transfers that Utilize Policies for Resource Sharing

With scientific data collected at unprecedented volumes and rates, the success of large scientific collaborations requires that they provide distributed data access with improved data access latencies and increased reliability to a large user community. The goal of the ADAPT (Adaptive Data Access and Policy-driven Transfers) project is to develop and deploy a general-purpose data access framework for scientific collaborations that provides fine-grained and adaptive data transfer management and the use of site and VO policies for resource sharing. This paper presents our initial design and implementation of an adaptive data transfer framework. We also present preliminary performance measurements showing that adaptation and policy improve network performance.
Field Dependence of Spin Relaxation in a Dense Rb Vapor

We observe that the Rb-Rb relaxation rate for spin polarized Rb is reduced by a factor of 3 in magnetic fields of a few kG, even at multiatmosphere buffer gas pressures. This reduction is proportional to the Rb density and is independent of buffer gas pressure between 100 and 3000 Torr. We also report anomalously large relaxation rates below 100 Torr. Both of these observations are inconsistent with the previously held assumption that the Rb-Rb relaxation arises from sudden binary collisions.
Stimulation of phospholipid and cholesterol ester synthesis by platelet-derived growth factor in normal and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia human skin fibroblasts

Abstract Pure human platelet-derived growth factor at nanogram levels stimulates cholesterol ester, phospholipid and DNA synthesis in normal and familial hypercholesterolemia mutant human skin fibroblasts. Stimulation of DNA synthesis did not begin until 15–24 h after addition of platelet-derived growth factor to quiescent normal and FH mutant fibroblasts. In contrast, stimulation of [ 3 H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester and phospholipid was evident 3–6 h after the addition of platelet-derived growth factor. In the normal cells, the rate of cholesterol ester synthesis was maximal at 24 h, then rapidly declined. Compared to the normal cells, cholesterol esterification was much lower in the FH cells; however, platelet-derived growth factor stimulated the rate of [ 3 H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester by 5-fold, 31 h after addition of the growth factor. The stimulation of [ 3 H]oleic acid incorporation into cholesterol ester by platelet-derived growth factor was inhibited in both normal and FH mutant skin fibroblasts by progesterone, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. The rate of cholesterol ester synthesis in the normal cells increased as the concentration of platelet-poor plasma or low density lipoprotein (LDL) was increased, especially in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor. Linearization of the LDL dose-response curve indicated that platelet-derived growth factor increased the rate rather than the affinity of the overall cholesterol esterification system. The rate of cholesterol esterification in the FH mutant cells was highest in the absence of LDL or at low levels of platelet-poor plasma. Consequently, platelet-derived growth factor can stimulate cholesterol ester synthesis by LDL- and non-LDL-mediated processes.
Language and sexuality and Talking gender and sexuality

Deborah Cameron & Don Kulick, Language and sexuality. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xvi, 176. Pb $21.00.Paul McIlvenny (ed.), Talking gender and sexuality. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2002. Pp. x, 332. Hb $106.00.Two recent books, Language and sexuality, by Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick, and Talking gender and sexuality (TGS), edited by Paul McIlvenny, seek to elucidate the social construction of gender and sexuality by combining the methods of interactive discourse analysis with the theoretical insights of poststructuralism, feminism, and queer theory. Guided by the basic ethnomethodological question “How are gender and sexuality ‘done’?”, the authors of both volumes are motivated, at least implicitly, by a political commitment to deconstructing and opposing sexism and heteronormativity (the ideologically enforced assumption that all people are or should be straight). In one way or another, therefore, both books also ask, paraphrasing McIlvenny, “By what linguistic-interactional means might normative gender and sexual identities be ‘undone’?” Although McIlvenny's coauthors all share his theoretical concerns at a general level, the chapters in TGS focus primarily on the means whereby gender and sexual categories are positively instantiated and indexed in talk; only a few explicitly engage how these modes of categorization might be resisted or transformed. Cameron & Kulick take their theorizing one step further, questioning the analytical and political utility of the concept of sexual identity itself.
EFFECT OF HYPOGLYCEMIA AND ANOXIA ON THE SURVIVAL PERIOD OF INFANT AND ADULT RATS AND CATS

THE literature contains a number of reports on the comparative effects of anoxia in infants and adults of the same species as well as between members of different species (Kabat, 1940; Fazekas, Alexander and Himwich, 1941; Himwich, Bernstein, Herrlich, Chesler and Fazekas, 1942). In general, it was found that newborn of all species examined possess greater resistance to anoxia than adults, a resistance dependent upon the greater capacity of the infant brain to withstand oxygen deprivation. Glucose (Himwich and Nahum, 1932), like oxygen, is an obligate of cerebral metabolism. We, therefore, extended this report beyond the study of anoxia to include the relative capacity of infants and adults in resisting hypoglycemia. In addition, the duration of survival of adult animals when exposed to the combined effects of anoxia with either hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia were observed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIALLY Fe(III)-REDUCED NONTRONITE: ENVIRONMENTAL CELL-TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY

Microstructural changes induced by the microbial reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite by Shewanella oneidensis were studied using environmental cell (EC)-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), conventional TEM, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Direct observations of clays by EC-TEM in their hydrated state allowed for the first time an accurate and unambiguous TEM measurement of basal layer spacings and the contraction of layer spacing caused by microbial effects, most likely those of Fe(III) reduction. Non-reduced and Fe(III)-reduced nontronite, observed by EC-TEM, exhibited fringes with mean d001 spacings of 1.50 nm (standard deviation, σ = 0.08 nm) and 1.26 nm (σ = 0.10 nm), respectively. In comparison, the same samples embedded with Nanoplast resin, sectioned by microtome, and observed using conventional TEM, displayed layer spacings of 1.0–1.1 nm (non-reduced) and 1.0 nm (reduced). The results from Nanoplast-embedded samples are typical of conventional TEM studies, which have measured nearly identical layer spacings regardless of Fe oxidation state. Following Fe(III) reduction, both EC- and conventional TEM showed an increase in the order of nontronite selected area electron diffraction patterns while the images exhibited fewer wavy fringes and fewer layer terminations. An increase in stacking order in reduced nontronite was also suggested by XRD measurements. In particular, the ratio of the valley to peak intensity (v/p) of the 1.7 nm basal 001 peak of ethylene glycolated nontronite was measured at 0.65 (non-reduced) and 0.85 (microbially reduced).
Facilities of Swarthmore College's Science and Engineering Library

Building a science library for Swarthmore College is described in its various stages: from estimating space needs to moving into the completed building.
Treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile infection using fecal microbiota transplantation.

Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has become a global concern over the last decade. In the United States, CDI escalated in incidence from 1996 to 2005 from 31 to 64/100,000. In 2010, there were 500,000 cases of CDI with an estimated mortality up to 20,000 cases a year. The significance of this problem is evident from the hospital costs of over 3 billion dollars annually. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) was first described in 1958 and since then about 500 cases have been published in literature in various small series and case reports. This procedure has been reported mainly from centers outside of the United States and acceptance of the practice has been difficult. Recently the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeled FMT as a biological drug; as a result, guidelines will soon be required to help establish it as a mainstream treatment. More US experience needs to be reported to popularize this procedure here and form guidelines. Method We did a retrospective review of our series of patients with relapsing CDI who were treated with FMT over a 3-year period. We present our experience with FMT at a community hospital as a retrospective review and describe our procedure. Results There were a total of 12 patients who underwent FMT for relapsing C. difficile. Only one patient failed to respond and required a second FMT. There were no complications associated with the transplant and all patients had resolution of symptoms within 48 hours of FMT. Conclusion FMT is a cheap, easily available, effective therapy for recurrent CDI; it can be safely performed in a community hospital setting with similar results.
Preclinical assessment of HIV vaccines and microbicides by repeated low-dose virus challenges.

Background Trials in macaque models play an essential role in the evaluation of biomedical interventions that aim to prevent HIV infection, such as vaccines, microbicides, and systemic chemoprophylaxis. These trials are usually conducted with very high virus challenge doses that result in infection with certainty. However, these high challenge doses do not realistically reflect the low probability of HIV transmission in humans, and thus may rule out preventive interventions that could protect against “real life” exposures. The belief that experiments involving realistically low challenge doses require large numbers of animals has so far prevented the development of alternatives to using high challenge doses. Methods and Findings Using statistical power analysis, we investigate how many animals would be needed to conduct preclinical trials using low virus challenge doses. We show that experimental designs in which animals are repeatedly challenged with low doses do not require unfeasibly large numbers of animals to assess vaccine or microbicide success. Conclusion Preclinical trials using repeated low-dose challenges represent a promising alternative approach to identify potential preventive interventions.
New models of lymphoma in transgenic mice.

Abstract We are in a ‘golden age’ of mouse genetics. Genetic engineering and micromanipulation techniques now allow not only the overexpression or misexpression of transgenes randomly inserted into the mouse genome, but also the directed homologous replacement of normal genes with transgenes coding for null or mutant alleles (gene ‘knockouts’). Both of these approaches have been used in the past 1–2 years to illuminate the contributions of novel oncogenes and of anti-oncogenes to the molecular basis of lymphomagenesis.
Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Monolithic Silicon-Waveguide Photodiode Design and Analysis

We present a monolithic Si-nanowire-waveguide based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal photodetector design and compare to similar p-i-n structures. Key characteristics are simplicity of design, dark current of 1nA at 15V, and calculated frequency response of ≈14 GHz.
INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY AS A THIRD ISLET-CELL HORMONE

Abstract There is a real discrepancy between serum levels of " insulin " measured by immunoassay and bioassay. The activity remaining when immunoreactive insulin is eliminated from serum, so-called " insulin-like activity" (I.L.A.), has shown several characteristics of immunoreactive insulin which are accepted as evidence of the latter's islet-cell origin. I.L.A. is probably not insulin itself, nor a bound form of insulin. It is suggested that I.L.A. is a third islet-cell hormone—insulin and glucagon being the other two.
The effect of short-term and chronic immunosuppression on Theiler's virus demyelination☆

Theiler's virus (TV)-infected mice were treated with antithymocyte serum (ATS), cyclophosphamide or pepstatin (a protease inhibitor) to determine the effect on demyelination. When ATS and cyclophosphamide were begun at the time of infection there was significantly less demyelination at 2.5-3.5 weeks than in pepstatin or non-treated infected controls. When immunosuppression was continued for 5 weeks, or when it was not started until 5 weeks post-infection, no significant decrease in demyelination was seen compared to controls. The findings indicate that timing of immunosuppression is critical in determining the extent of TV demyelination. Such demyelination may occur by different mechanisms that are active at different times. The "bystander effect' may be important in early demyelination, but late demyelination may be due to other causes, such as oligodendrocyte lytic infection.
New probes of the F1-ATPase catalytic transition state reveal that two of the three catalytic sites can assume a transition state conformation simultaneously.

MgADP in combination with fluoroscandium (ScFx) is shown to form a potently inhibitory, tightly bound, noncovalent complex at the catalytic sites of F(1)-ATPase. The F(1).MgADP.ScFx complex mimics a catalytic transition state. Notably, ScFx caused large enhancement of MgADP binding affinity at both catalytic sites 1 and 2, with little effect at site 3. These results indicate that sites 1 and 2 may form a transition state conformation. A new direct optical probe of F(1)-ATPase catalytic transition state conformation is also reported, namely, substantial enhancement of fluorescence emission of residue beta-Trp-148 observed upon binding of MgADP.ScFx or MgIDP. ScFx. Using this fluorescence signal, titrations were performed with MgIDP.ScFx which demonstrated that catalytic sites 1 and 2 can both form a transition state conformation but site 3 cannot. Supporting data were obtained using MgIDP-fluoroaluminate. Current models of the MgATP hydrolysis mechanism uniformly make the assumption that only one catalytic site hydrolyzes MgATP at any one time. The fluorometal analogues demonstrate that two sites have the capability to form the transition state simultaneously.
Orthopaedic crossfire®—allpatellae should be resurfaced during primary total kneearthroplasty: In the affirmative

Abstract Patients with inflammatory arthritis, crystallinedeposition disease, or severe patellofemoral arthritis havesuperior functional results with patellar resurfacing as comparedwith patellar retention. The only remaining issue is whetherthere is any advantage to resurfacing or retention in patientswith osteoarthritic knees in the absence of severe patellofemoralarthritis. Although the answer is still unclear from availableprospective randomized clinical trials, the evidence leans towardroutine resurfacing of the patella during primary total kneearthroplasty in osteoarthritic knees too. Evidence exists thatthe results of patellar retention in osteoarthritic kneesdeteriorate with longer follow-up study. Long-term follow-upevaluations of available prospective clinical trials will beneeded to assess this controversy more definitively. © 2003Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuritogenic Lewis rat T cells use Tcrb chains that include a new Tcrb-V8 family member.

The P2 protein obtained from Schwann cells induces a population of T cells which, upon adoptive transfer, causes the disease experimental allergic neuritis (EAN), an animal model for Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this report, a truncated peptide, FR22, derived from a previously reported neuritogenic T-cell determinant, was used to generate from Lewis rats T cells that were shown to cause EAN. Since our previous studies showed that Tcrb-V8 was used by a majority of T-cell hybridomas specific for the neuritogenic peptide P26, which contains the FR22 sequence, we sequenced the Tcrb-V8 + mRNA from FR22-specific T-cell lines, and compared the sequences obtained with those obtained from similarly generated myelin basic protein (MBP) 68–88-specific Lewis rat T-cell lines. We found that in the EAN lines, several members of the Tcrb-V8 family were used, including a new family member, Tcrb-V8E. This was more diverse than the MBP-68–88-specific response in which only a single Tcrb-V8 family member was used. Also, in the EAN lines, the beta chain sequences did not show the same conserved junctional regions seen in the MBP lines. Thus, T-cell receptor beta chain usage in the response to this dominant neuritogenic peptide appears to be less restricted than the response to the dominant encephalitogenic determinant of MBP both in V region usage and in CDR3 usage.
Photoperiodism in Plants

Flowering of plants depends upon the length of the night. This control of flowering is one of the methods of adaptation of species by which an unfavorable season is anticipated. It implies a time-measuring system that distinguishes between light and darkness through mediation of a pigment. Ways of finding the pigment and explanations of some of the features of seasonal response are described. The pigment, now called phytochrome, is a blue or a bluish-green protein that exists in two forms interconvertible by light. Phytochrome is present to the extent of about 1 part in 10 million in many plant tissues. 18 references, 4 figures.
Evolutionary biology: Communication and speciation

An electrifying evolutionary radiation has evidently occurred among elephant fish in Africa's Ivindo basin. An implication is that open niches for communication can result in species diversification.
Atmospheric Chemistry of C2F5C(O)CF(CF3)2: Photolysis and Reaction with Cl Atoms, OH Radicals, and Ozone

Smog-chamber Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to study the kinetics and photochemistry of C2F5C(O)CF(CF3)2 in 50−700 Torr of air at 296 K. Upper limits for the rate constants ...
Behind the beautiful forevers: Life, death and hope in a Mumbai undercity

Behind the beautiful forevers: Life, death and hope in a Mumbai undercity, by Katherine Boo, New York, NY, Random House, 2012, 288 pp., US$27.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9781400067558 How do we study publ...
Exploring the spatial wage penalty for women: Does it matter where you live?

Abstract Inequality between men and women has decreased over the past four decades in the US, but wage inequality among groups of women has increased. As metropolitan women’s earnings grew by 25% over the past four decades, nonmetropolitan women’s earnings only grew by 15%. In the current study we draw on data from the Current Population Survey to analyze the spatial wage gap among women. We explore differences in the spatial wage gap by education, occupation, and industry. Regression models that control for marriage, motherhood, race, education, region, age, and work hours indicate that metropolitan women earn 17% more per hour than nonmetropolitan women. Nonmetropolitan women earn less than metropolitan women who live in central cities and outside central cities. The gap in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan wages is higher for more educated women than for less educated women. The wage gap is only 5% for women without a high school degree, but it is 15% for women with a college degree and 26% for women with an advanced degree. Nonmetropolitan college graduates are overrepresented in lower-paying occupations and industries. Metropolitan college graduates, however, are overrepresented in higher-paying occupations and industries, such as professional services and finance.
Periodic section modeling of convective continuous powder mixing processes

This study aims to develop a general model of the convective continuous mixing process. The main idea is that continuous mixing can be considered as a combination of powder flow and mixing processes. Although powder flow is characterized by the residence time distribution (RTD), powder mixing can be described by a batch mixing process simulated in one periodic section of the continuous mixer. By characterizing the two processes separately, we can calculate the number of sections required to achieve certain homogeneity. In this study, continuous mixing is simulated using the discrete element method, and segregating and non-segregating mixing cases are tested to investigate the applicability of the model. Results show satisfactory predictions by the model, which is able to characterize the continuous mixing performance of both mixing cases. On the basis of this study, we were also able to suggest a novel method in design and control of continuous powder mixing systems. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 2012
Outcomes among older adult liver transplantation recipients in the model of end stage liver disease (MELD) era.

BACKGROUND Since 2002, the Model of End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score has been the basis of the liver transplant (LT) allocation system. Among older adult LT recipients, short-term outcomes in the MELD era were comparable to the pre-MELD era, but long-term outcomes remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study using the UNOS data on patients age ≥ 50 years who underwent primary LT from February 27, 2002 until October 31, 2011. RESULTS A total of 35,686 recipients met inclusion criteria. The cohort was divided into 5-year interval age groups. Five-year over-all survival rates for ages 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, and 70+ were 72.2%, 71.6%, 69.5%, 65.0%, and 57.5%, respectively. Five-year graft survival rates after adjusting for death as competing risk for ages 50-54, 55-59,60-64, 65-69 and 70+ were 85.8%, 87.3%, 89.6%, 89.1% and 88.9%, respectively. By Cox proportional hazard modeling, age ≥ 60, increasing MELD, donor age ≥ 60, hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), dialysis and impaired pre-transplant functional status (FS) were associated with increased 5-year mortality. Using Fine and Gray sub-proportional hazard modeling adjusted for death as competing risk, 5-year graft failure was associated with donor age ≥ 60, increasing MELD, hepatitis C, HCC, and impaired pre-transplant FS. CONCLUSIONS Among older LT recipients in the MELD era, long-term graft survival after adjusting for death as competing risk was improved with increasing age, while over-all survival was worse. Donor age, hepatitis C, and pre-transplant FS represent potentially modifiable risk factors that could influence long-term graft and patient survival.
Listening in the Native and Second/Foreign Language: Toward an Integration of Research and Practice

After reviewing research on native language (NL) listening, the article discusses (a) the importance of listening in second language acquisition, (b) factors that influence success or failure of comprehension of first or second language messages, (c) the role of listening in the L2 curriculum, (d) posited models of NL and L2 listening comprehension, and (e) proposed taxonomies of listening skills and pedagogical activities. The essay argues that researchers and practitioners working together can foster greater understanding of L2 listening comprehension; it is hoped that such collaborations will lead to better preparation of nonnative speakers of English who must function effectively in a contemporary industrialized society that appears to be shifting increasingly toward the use of English, and simultaneously to be shifting away from literacy toward orality.