cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF AVAILABLE LYSINE LOSSES IN A SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE: CONFIRMATION OF THE ‘TRANSITION PHASE’ BY PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO TESTS

Available lysine losses in soy protein isolates during thermal processing go through three phases: a fist-order loss, a transition phase and a no-loss phase. The transition phase shows a statistically significant (P < 0.02) increase in available lysine when measured by the fluoro-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) method. Using the protein efficiency ratio method (PER), a statistically significant (P < 0.1) increase in available lysine was demonstrated in samples processed at 80° C for 700 mm. The PER values decreased from 2.65 ± 0.04 to 1.17 ± 0.04 after 600 min of processing. At 700 min the PER value increased to 1.37 ± 0.05. At 80°C the transition phase in systems containing 4% sugar occurs 600 mm after processing is initiated according to previously published equations. The PER and FDNB results exhibited an excellent correlation (r = 0.98). Thus, PER results confirm the increase detected using the FDNB procedure.
A spectral turbulent cascade model for single- and two-phase uniform shear flows

A spectral turbulent cascade-transport model was developed and applied to single-and two-phase turbulent uniform shear flows. This model tracks the development of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum by splitting the turbulent kinetic energy into wave number bins. A separate transport equation accounts for the spectral production, dissipation and transport terms and is solved for each wave number bin. The predicted evolution of the turbulence level, turbulent production and turbulent dissipation is shown to be consistent with experimental data for turbulent uniform shear flows. The shear rate in the various experiments ranges from 12.9 to 46.8 s− 1 for air flows, 0.96 to 1.23 s−1 for water flows and was 2.9 s− 1 for bubbly two-phase air/water flow.
Fenfluramine-induced increases in extracellular hippocampal serotonin are progressively attenuated in vivo during a four-day fenfluramine regimen in rats

Abstract Rats were administered 8 injections of 12.5 mg/kg fenfluramine over a 4-day period. Extracellular hippocampal serotonin levels were monitored in vivo during tthe 4-day treatment period. Predrug baseline serotonin levels were 0.6 ± 0.17 pg/5 μl; 60 min after the first fenfluramine injection extracellular serotonin levels were increased to 28.06 ± 5.2 pg/5 μl. Fenfluramine-induced increases in serotonin were substantially reduced on the 2nd through 4th days of the regimen. Baseline serotonin levels were increased on days 2 through 4 of the treatment regimen. In a separate group of animals post-mortem tissue concentrations of serotonin were measured 2 weeks after 1,2,4, or 8 injections of 12.5 mg/kg fenfluramine. There were decreases in serotonin tissue concentrations which were related to the number of fenfluramine injections administered. The in vivo dialysis and post-mortem tissue assay results are consistent with the view that fenfluramine is neurotoxic.
Ice cream cone baking: 2. Textural characteristics of rolled sugar cones

Abstract The strength of ice cream cones (rolled sugar cones) was recorded with a device designed to measure the tensile strength of cones by simulating the ice cream dipping process. Design of a support for the cone during testing was a significant variable, and a partial support, between 55 and 75% of the cone length, was chosen for maximum reproducibility. The results with the cone tester were not significantly different from those obtained by Instron measurements with mean readings of 20.3 newton ± 16%. The strength of ice cream cones was found to be controlled by ingredient formulation, processing and storage conditions. Changes in relative humidity at a manufacturing site over a 1 month period of production were positively correlated with cone weight and inversely related to cone strength. By manipulating the salt and water contents of the batter, cone strength could be improved. Further improvement was attained by incorporating 3.23% lactose in the batter. Cone weight was inversely related to the amount of lecithin in the batter but cone yield was not improved, presumably because of increased breakage. Cones baked on clean plates were stronger and heavier than those baked on plates with appreciable scale deposits. The microstructure of cones was represented by a compact and glassy aggregate, containing scattered air cells and penetrated by air channels generated by escaping gases and water vapor during baking. The presence of granules of ungelatinized starch was noted.
β2 integrin-dependent phosphorylation of protein-tyrosine kinase Pyk2 stimulated by tumor necrosis factor α and fMLP in human neutrophils adherent to fibrinogen

Tumor necrosis factor α and fMLP can activate a broad range of cellular functions in neutrophils adherent to biological surfaces. These functions are mediated by integrins and involve the activation of tyrosine kinases. Here, we report that Pyk2, a member of the focal adhesion kinase family, was present in human neutrophils and was rapidly phosphorylated and activated following tumor necrosis factor α and fMLP stimulation in an adhesion-dependent manner. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 was attenuated by β2 integrin blocking with specific antibodies. The tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 was downstream of protein kinases Lyn, Syk and protein kinase C and cytoskeletal organization. The activation of Pyk2 may play a role in adhesion/cytoskeleton-associated neutrophils function.
Robust and Efficient Treatment of Temperature Feedback in Fluid–Thermal–Structural Analysis

One of the primary challenges in the development of high-speed systems is accurate and efficient prediction of the aerodynamic heating, particularly for lightweight systems where there is a potential for strong coupling between the aerothermodynamic loads and the structural response. A novel approach is developed that corrects heat flux predictions from a pointwise dependency on surface temperature in order to account for surface temperature gradients. This enables efficient construction of a computational fluid dynamics surrogate for aerodynamic heating without a priori assumptions on the surface temperature profile while also accurately maintaining the critical feedback behavior of the surface temperature profile for a coupled fluid–thermal–structural analysis. The method is compared, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, with a hierarchy of approaches for aerodynamic heating prediction. Comparison cases include simple flat-plate heating, as well as shock impingements in two-dimensional and three-dimensi...
Source-flow expansion of a partially ionized gas into a vacuum.

The purpose of this investigation is to provide some theoretical results for use in predicting the flow conditions which could be expected in freejet plasma expansions. The model investigated is a one-dimensional spherically symmetric, supersonic source flow of partially ionized argon, the assumption heing that this model represents a reasonably good approximation for the centerline flow conditions of a freejet. The analysis utilizes kinetic theory equations of change for the three species (ions, electrons, and neutrals) and a relaxation-type collision model. An ellipsoidal Maxwellian distribution function for each of the species is postulated, and using this distribution function equations for the macroscopic flow variables are derived. The reactions considered are two-body ionization and collisional-radiative recombination, with rate constants being those computed by Bates and co-workers. Both the optically thick and optically thin cases are investigated. The equations are integrated numerically for the case of argon. Two types of source flows are investigated: 1) a simple supersonic source flow, with the initial supersonic state assumed to be an equilibrium one; and 2) a nozzle expansion from an equilibrium stagnation state to slightly supersonic conditions, followed by a source flow. In the second case, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium nozzle flows are considered.
Transadmittance and Input Conductance of a Lighthouse Triode at 3000 Megacycles

Measurement of the transadmittance and input conductance of a lighthouse triode at 3000 Mc. as a function of the cathode-to-grid transit angle θ 1 are described, and results are given. These measurements indicate that, for small values of θ 1 (that is, for close spacings and high current densities), transadmittances of 50 to 70 per cent of the low-frequency values can be obtained even with relatively coarse grids. On such tubes, however, the input conductance is about two to three times as high as might be expected. When θ 1 , becomes of the order of 10 radians, the transadmittance falls to about 20 per cent of its low-frequency value. The input conductance falls off considerably for large θ 1 , but there is no indication of negative input conductance. A discussion is given of the conspicuous discrepancy between the experimental results and the results predicted for an "ideal" tube.
NMR detectable cholesterol is an early marker of tumor response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in colon cancer xenografts

METHODS: Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and S2-013) were treated with varying concentrations (0.1-100mcM) of peptide. Proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting at different time points (24-72h). Cell cycle analysis was determined by flow cytometry with propidium iodide DNA staining. Cell cycle-associated proteins were investigated by western blotting. Apoptosis was confirmed by annexin-binding assays.
Polymerization kinetics of rigid-rod-like molecules: 2. Polymerization of poly(1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) in the nematic state

Abstract The kinetics of the polymerization to form the rod-like poly(1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) in the nematic phase are discussed. The kinetics are not affected by a phase transformation from isotropic to nematic, provided that transformation occurs early in the polymerization. Suppressed diffusion rate parallel to the molecular axes appears to control the kinetics over much of the conversion, resulting in a constant rate of increase of the intrinsic viscosity with polymerization time. At high conversions, additional constraints due to restricted rotational diffusion may occur. The molecular-weight distribution is close to most-probable.
Communication Between Identical Twins: Health Behavior and Social Factors Are Associated With Longevity That Is Greater Among Identical Than Fraternal U.S. World War II Veteran Twins

Background. Longevity is greater for identical twins than for fraternal twins from the same population. Factors that are explanatory for this difference are not known. Methods. Multivariate survival analysis is applied tocurrent mortality data for 26,974 male twins with known zygosities of the National Academy of Science-National Research Council World War II Veteran Twins Registry, and this analysis is applied to their health and social behavior and personal histories, as collected from two survey questionnaires distributed in 1967 and 1983 (with 14.300 and 9475 responses received, respectively). To explain this difference in longevity, social, health, and personal history factors are evaluated for associations with longevity. Results. Survival functions of identical and fraternal twins differed significantly (p <.0001). Median lifetimes were 82 years for identical and 80.5 years for fraternal twins. The correlation between lifetimes of identical twin partners was greater than that of fraternal twins. For identical but not for fraternal twins, the risk of mortality was significantly lower for twin partners who communicated I or more times per month, compared with those who communicated less frequently (relative risk.80, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.94, p =.008, with control for other factors associated with longevity: smoking, exercise, a current marriage, living with both parents until age 15 or older, and having a live co-twin). Distributions of communication, exercise level, and smoking prevalence were more beneficial with regard to longevity for identical than for fraternal twins as a group. Conclusions. Frequent communication between identical but not fraternal twin partners, and both level of exercise and prevalence of smoking, distributed more beneficially in terms of longevity for identical compared with fraternal twins, are explanatory for the greater longevity of identical than fraternal twins.
Duodenal adenomas coincide with colorectal neoplasia.

Small case series have alluded to an association between sporadic duodenal adenomas and colorectal neoplasia. The strength of the association remains uncertain. This case–control study was designed to test this association in a large national pathology database. This study, performed at Miraca Life Sciences, a specialized pathology laboratory that receives gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from outpatient centers throughout the US, included all subjects who underwent a bidirectional endoscopy with biopsy results from both procedures between January 2008 and December 2011. The association between duodenal and colonic neoplasms was investigated using odds ratios (OR) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) derived from univariate and multivariate analyses. There were 203,277 patients who underwent bidirectional procedures within the study period (mean age 58 years, 58 % females). Duodenal adenomas were present in 537 patients (median age 65 years, 51 % females; OR for male sex 1.34, 95 % CI 1.13–1.59). Hyperplastic colon polyps were present in 30,205 and colon adenomas in 85,801 patients. Hyperplastic polyps were more common in patients with duodenal adenomas (1.45, 1.07–1.95). Patients with duodenal adenomas also had a significantly greater prevalence of all types of colonic adenomas (2.65, 2.16–3.25), particularly of advanced adenomas (4.30, 3.24–5.70) and colorectal cancer (3.13, 1.38–7.12). Duodenal adenomas were associated with an equally increased risk for left and right colon adenomas. Patients with duodenal adenomas harbor an increased risk for any type of colonic neoplasm. This association may provide new insights into the general mechanisms underlying mucosal proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Differential activation of Mauthner and non-Mauthner startle circuits in the zebrafish: implications for functional substitution

1. The Mauthner (M-) cell triggers a complex startle or escape movement when the zebrafish,Brachydanio rerio, is presented with a sudden vibrational stimulus. Alternative (non-Mauthner) circuits functionally substitute for the M-cell to produce similar behavior patterns when the M-cell is missing or fails to fire. These responses are called non-Mauthner responses. In this paper, we demonstrate that vibrational stimulation of the tail reliably elicits responses initiated by non-Mauthner circuits in animals with intact M-cells. We conclude that such non-Mauthner circuits can functionally substitute for the M-cell in generating the escape response. 2. To characterize sensory pathways responsible for activating the Mauthner and non-Mauthner responses in intact animals, we made detailed comparisons of response thresholds and latencies to vibrational stimuli applied to the head and the tail. 3. In a comparison of vibrational stimulation applied to the head versus the tail, the M-cell was more sensitive to vibrational stimuli applied to the head. In pairwise comparisons the M-cell had the lowest threshold to the head stimulus in about 62% of the trials and the shortest latency in 79% of the trials (Table 1). For responses initiated by non-Mauthner cells, there was no difference in threshold to head and tail stimuli, but shorter latencies occurred when the head was stimulated than when the tail was stimulated (Table 1). 4. In a comparison of Mauthner and non-Mauthner responses, we found that in 77% of the trials, Mauthner responses occurred at lower stimulus intensities than the responses initiated by non-Mauthner circuits when a vibrational stimulus was applied to the head. But, when the tail was stimulated, there was no apparent difference in stimulus intensity required to elicit Mauthner responses and responses initiated by non-Mauthner circuits. The Mauthner responses were always substantially shorter in latency (by an average of 15 or 21 ms) than the responses initiated by non-Mauthner circuits when stimulating either the head or tail. 5. We conclude that at least two sensory systems are involved in the activation of these startle systems when stimulating the head and tail of the zebrafish. One system is the otolithic receptors of the ear and another is probably either the posterior lateral line or Rohon-Beard cell system. The findings are discussed in terms of a general model that provides a mechanism for functional substitution of responses initiated by non-Mauthner circuits for Mauthner responses.
Mobile data charging: new attacks and countermeasures

3G/4G cellular networks adopt usage-based charging. Mobile users are billed based on the traffic volume when accessing data service. In this work, we assess both this metered accounting architecture and application-specific charging policies by operators from the security perspective. We have identified loopholes in both, and discovered two effective attacks exploiting the loopholes. The "toll-free-data-access-attack" enables the attacker to access any data service for free. The "stealth-spam-attack" incurs any large traffic volume to the victim, while the victim may not be even aware of such spam traffic.Our experiments on two operational 3G networks have confirmed the feasibility and simplicity of such attacks. We also propose defense remedies.
Preliminary Validation of a Nurse-Patient Interaction Tool:

This paper presents initial data on the development and validation of a Nurse-Patient Interaction Tool. Factor analysis of this 44-item Likert-type scale yielded two major factors, Control vs Powerlessness and Agreement with Plan. These factors showed adequate reliability and utility in assessing responses of patients to varying styles of nurse-patient interchanges in a simulated health-care setting. Further validation is necessary to explore its usefulness with various patient populations.
Assessing Students' Abilities to Construct and Interpret Line Graphs: Disparities between Multiple-Choice and Free-Response Instruments

The author is concerned about the methodology and instrumentation used to assess both graphing abilities and the impact of microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL) on students’ graphing abilities for four reasons: (1) the ability to construct and interpret graphs is critical for developing key ideas in science; (2) science educators need to have valid information for making teaching decisions; (3) educators and researchers are heralding the arrival of MBL as a tool for developing graphing abilities; and (4) some of the research which supports using MBL appears to have significant validity problems. In this article, the author will describe the research which challenges the validity of using multiple-choice instruments to assess graphing abilities. The evidence from this research will identify numerous disparities between the results of multiple-choice and free-response instruments. In the first study, 72 subjects in the seventh, ninth, and eleventh grades were administered individual clinical interviews to assess their ability to construct and interpret graphs. A wide variety of graphs and situations were assessed. In three instances during the interview, students drew a graph that would best represent a situation and then explained their drawings. The results of these clinical graphing interviews were very different from similar questions assessed through multiple-choice formats in other research studies. In addition, insights into students’ thinking about graphing reveal that some multiple-choice graphing questions from prior research studies and standardized tests do not discriminate between right answerslright reasons, right answers/wrong reasons, and answers scored “wrong” but correct for valid reasons. These results indicate that in some instances multiple-choice questions are not a valid measure of graphing abilities, In a second study, the researcher continued to pursue the questions raised about the validity of multiple-choice tests to assess graphing, researching the following questions: What can be learned about subjects’ graphing abilities when students draw their own graphs compared to assessing by means of a multiple-choice instrument? Does the methodology used to assess graphing abilities: (1) affect the percentage of subjects who answer correctly; (2) alter the percentage of subjects affected by the “picture of the event” phenomenon? Instruments were constructed consisting of
Religion and Attainment

Abstract Religion is an important determinant of social and economic attainment, but the mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not well understood. Early scholars recognized this connection, but their ideas do not adequately explain contemporary stratification patterns. Recent research documents robust empirical relationships between religion and material outcomes but has not yet begun to identify causes of these patterns. I fill this gap by providing a comprehensive, contemporary, theoretical explanation of the religion-inequality link that synthesizes ideas from early and more recent research. I draw on ideas from status attainment and life course research to develop a synthetic model that includes religion as both a background and a mediating component. I conclude by providing examples of implications of the model. These ideas improve understanding of the critical relationship between cultural orientation and material resources.
Baseline predictors of central aortic blood pressure: a PEAR substudy.

Abstract Elevated central systolic blood pressure (BP) increases the risk of cardiovascular events and appears superior to peripheral BP for long term risk prediction. The objective of this study was to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with central pressures in patients with uncomplicated hypertension. We prospectively examined peripheral BP, central aortic BP, and arterial wall properties and wave reflection in 57 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension in the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) Study. Significant predictors of central SBP included height, smoking status, heart rate (HR), and peripheral systolic BP (SBP), while central diastolic BP (DBP) was explained by peripheral DBP and HR. These variables accounted for nearly all of the variability in central SBP and central DBP (R 2 = 0.94 and R 2 = 0.98, respectively). Central pulse pressure variability was largely explained by gender, ex-smoking status, HR, peripheral SBP, and peripheral DBP (R 2 = 0.94). Central augmented pressure had a direct relationship with smoking status, peripheral SBP, and duration of hypertension, whereas it was indirectly related to height, HR, and peripheral DBP. Easily obtainable demographic and clinical factors are associated with central pressures in essential hypertensive persons. These relationships should be considered in future studies to improve assessment of BP to reduce cardiovascular risk and mortality.
1224 VIRAL MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE (PAH) USING RETROVIRUSES

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by deficiency of the enzyme PAH. Our laboratory has cloned the full length human PAH cDNA in order to study the molecular basis of PKU and to explore alternative therapies for PKU utilizing recombinant DNA techniques. We have previously reported gene transfer experiments in which the full length human PAH cDNA was recombiued with the eukaryotic promotor from human metallathioneine and transfected into mouse NIH3T3 cells which do not normally express PAH. Cells transformed with this recombinant expressed human PAH that was indistinguishable from normal. In the present study the human PAH cDNA has been recombined with a retroviral vector (pzipneo) to produce a defective retrovirus which carries human PAH in place of the viral genome. This recombinant, containing human PAH in a retroviral vector, was transfected into the Y2 cell line which constituatively produces the proteins required for viral assembly. Cells transformed with the PAH recombinant produce a defective retrovirus, vZPAH(+), which can be used to infect cells with human PAH but is incapable of sustaining subsequent viral propagation. Tissue culture cells infected with vZPAH(+) exhibit PAH activity and immunoreactive protein characteristic of human PAH. Defective retroviruses containing human PAH provide a highly efficient means for genetic transfer of PAH into a wide range of rodent cells and enables experiments in which human PAH can be transfered into animals as a model for genetic therapy of PKU.
Three Families of Isms

— The commentaries on the target article (Newcombe, 2011) are correct in many ways. To clarify what neoconstructivism does and does not mean, this article discusses two different kinds of nonnativist theories of development, only one of which is neoconstructivist.
Effect of nutrient enrichment on δ13CH4 and the methane production pathway in the Florida Everglades

Water Conservation Area 2A in the Florida Everglades is characterized by a nutrient gradient with high levels in the north from agricultural runoff and more oligotrophic conditions in the southern interior. Based on laboratory incubations and field studies, we found that the relative importance of methane (CH4) production mechanisms shifted along this gradient, with a greater contribution due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at higher nutrient levels. The relative contributions of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis were determined from laboratory experiments and verified with field results. In the lab the relative contributions of the two pathways were determined from the differences in CH4 production rates in soil collected from sites along the nutrient gradient that was incubated with and without an inhibitor of acetoclastic methanogenesis (methyl fluoride, CH3F). In the nutrient-poor soil, most of the CH4 was formed via acetate fermentation and only 25% came from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. At the nutrient-impacted site CH4 was produced at fourfold higher rates and the proportion of CH4 produced via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis increased to 50%. Isotopic fractionation factors for hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis were calculated from the soil incubations and applied to δ13C-CO2 and δ13C-CH4 measured in pore water from the same transect. The trend of increased hydrogenotrophic relative to acetoclastic CH4 production along the nutrient-impacted gradient was mirrored in the field data, which produced similar results to the lab incubation work, with up to 23% of the CH4 produced from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at the nutrient-poor site and nearly half at the nutrient-impacted site.
Anisotactic polypropylenes produced with a zirconocene-methylalumoxane catalyst: solid state properties and microstructure

Propene was polymerized with ethylene bis(-1-indenyl)-dichlorozirconium (Et(Ind)2ZrCl2) and methylalumoxane (MAO) at 70°C. The polymer was fractionated by solvent extraction; there was no hexane insoluble material. The pentane insoluble, hexane soluble (C5iC6s) fraction contains 67% mmmm pentads. It has x-ray crystallinity of 59% comprised of 93% γ-phase, and no NMR detectable misinsertions. However, 1,3-insertion was found in the more soluble fractions.
The Morphological Variations of Fibrous Histiocytomas

The morphological variants of dermal fibrous histiocytomas have engendered a confusing terminology. One hundred and eighty-nine cases of fibrous histiocytomas were studied in order to define the morphological spectrum exhibited by these lesions. Based on the prevailing morphological components, fibrocollagenous, vascular, or histiocytie. an arbitrary division into three main categories was made. A fourth group was defined to include those cases in which a fully developed storiform pattern was the dominant morphological feature. The majority (115 cases) of the lesions were of the fibrocollagenous variety. Lesions with an angiomatous component (vascular variety) were the next most common (41 cases). Thirteen of the tumors were of the histiocytic variety. Twenty tumors were of the storiform variety and fulfilled many of the microscopic criteria of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This latter group often presents a diagnostic problem and may stimulate fibrosarcoma, aggressive fibromatosis or other connective tissue neoplasias. The combination of several clinical and pathological features are helpful in better separating this variety from the more benign forms. The presence of different well-defined morphological components developing in the same tumors suggests a common origin.
Viral hepatitis: Recent developments and prospects for prevention

During the past decade new developments in hepatitis research have shed new light on the etiologic, epidemiologic, immunologic, and prophylactic aspects of type A and type B hepatitis virus infection. Recent advances in hepatitis A virus research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 27 nm particle with characteristics resembling an enterovirus, (2) transmission of the infection to marmosets and chimpanzees, and (3) development of specific complement fixation and immune adherence antibody tests. Recent advances in hepatitis B research include: (1) identification of the virus as a 42 nm particle (Dane particle) containing an outer coat, the hepatitis B surface antigen, and an inner core, the hepatitis B core antigen, (2) development of specific tests to detect the hepatitis B antigens and their respective antibodies, (3) transmission of the infection to chimpanzees, (4) development of a specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin, and (5) development of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine.
Referentiality in frege's grundgesetze

In §§28-31 of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Frege forwards a demonstration that every correctly formed name of his formal language has a reference. Examination of this demonstration, it is here argued, reveals an incompleteness in a procedure of contextual definition. At the heart of this incompleteness is a difference between Frege’s criteria of referentiality and the possession of reference as it is ordinarily conceived. This difference relates to the distinction between objectual and substitutional quantification and Frege’s vacillation between the two.
A systematic structural study of halogen bonding versus hydrogen bonding within competitive supramolecular systems

As halogen bonds gain prevalence in supramolecular synthesis and materials chemistry, it has become necessary to examine more closely how such interactions compete with or complement hydrogen bonds whenever both are present within the same system. As hydrogen and halogen bonds have several fundamental features in common, it is often difficult to predict which will be the primary interaction in a supramolecular system, especially as they have comparable strength and geometric requirements. To address this challenge, a series of molecules containing both hydrogen- and halogen-bond donors were co-crystallized with various monotopic, ditopic symmetric and ditopic asymmetric acceptor molecules. The outcome of each reaction was examined using IR spectroscopy and, whenever possible, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 24 crystal structures were obtained and subsequently analyzed, and the synthon preferences of the competing hydrogen- and halogen-bond donors were rationalized against a background of calculated molecular electrostatic potential values. It has been shown that readily accessible electrostatic potentials can offer useful practical guidelines for predicting the most likely primary synthons in these co-crystals as long as the potential differences are weighted appropriately.
Optimal power generation and load management for off-grid hybrid power systems with renewable sources via mixed-integer programming

This paper addresses the optimal power generation and load management problems in off-grid hybrid electric systems with renewable sources based on appropriately constructed optimization problems. In this venue, the capacity and operating constraints for generating, storage and load units are first formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models. In addition, we integrate the power curtailment strategies, such as temporary pause and multiple power supplies, for the load units in the MILP models to alleviate the peak power demands and power shortage without an adverse effect on the overall operation of the system. We subsequently consider the application of this framework for representative scenarios in the context of a residential power system with solar sources. Simulation results for the case of predetermined schedules with preset power requests, as well as for the case of varying schedules with updated power requests, are presented using the proposed optimization-based approach.
Heavy ion separation with a gas-filled magnetic spectrograph

Abstract Heavy ions passing through a magnetic field region filled with gas experience atomic charge-changing collisions and follow trajectories approximately determined by the mean charge state in the gas. The properties of a gas-filled Enge magnetic spectrograph are studied in detail by measuring focal-plane position spectra of fast heavy ions and their evolution as a function of gas pressure. The method allows physical separation of pairs of isobaric ions in the focal plane. Applications in accelerator mass spectrometry 0experiments are described. At intermediate low pressures, single atomic charge-changing processes can be identified. A Monte Carlo simulation program of the ion transport through the gas-filled magnet is developed and reproduces closely the experimental behavior.
The application of compiler-assisted multiple-instruction retry to VLIW architectures

Two compiler-assisted multiple-instruction word retry schemes for very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures are described. The first scheme compacts the compiler-generated hazard-free code with different degrees of rollback capability for scalar processors, and inserts no-ops in the scheduled code words. The second scheme employs a hardware read buffer to resolve frequently occurring data hazards, and utilizes the compiler to resolve the remaining hazards.
Effect of Angiotensin II on in Vivo and in Vitro Release of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in the Female Rat

Ovariectomized female rats bearing implanted third ventricular cannulae were injected with 2 μl 0.9% NaCl or 2 μl saline containing 5 μg Angiotensin II (AII) or 25 μg saralasin, an AII antagonist. Plasma PRL, GH, LH, and TSH levels were measured by RIA in jugular blood samples drawn through indwelling silastic cannulae while the animals were conscious and freely moving in their cages. Third ventricular injections of AII depressed both PRL and GH levels within 15 min of drug administration, with levels remaining suppressed for up to 1 h. Pretreatment of animals with saralasin slightly elevated basal PRL levels and completely blocked both the PRL- and GH-lowering effects of AII Concentrations of LH and TSH in plasma were not altered by intraventricular AII compared to those of saline-injected control animals. Saralasin alone, on the other hand, decreased plasma TSH levels. Intravenous injection of AII (5 μg/100 μ saline) produced a rise within 5 min in PRL levels, followed by a progressive decline thereafte...
To See the Invisible: The Quest of Imaging Vitreous

Purpose: Imaging vitreous has long been a quest to view what is, by design, invisible. This chapter will review important historical aspects, past and present imaging methodologies, and new technologies that are currently in development for future research and clinical applications. Methods: Classic and modern histologic techniques, dark-field slit microscopy, clinical slit lamp biomicroscopy, standard and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), combined OCT-SLO, magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopies, and dynamic light scattering methodologies are presented. Results: The best available histologic techniques for imaging vitreous are those that avoid rapid dehydration of vitreous specimens. Dark-field slit microscopy enables in vitro imaging without dehydration or tissue fixatives. OCT enables better in vivo visualization of the vitreoretinal interface than SLO and ultrasonography, but does not adequately image the vitreous body. The combination of OCT with SLO has provided useful new imaging capabilities, but only at the vitreoretinal interface. Dynamic light scattering can evaluate the vitreous body by determining the average sizes of vitreous macromolecules in aging, disease, and as a means to assess the effects of pharmacologic vitreolysis. Raman spectroscopy can detect altered vitreous molecules, such as glycated collagen and other proteins in diabetic vitreopathy and possibly other diseases. Conclusions: A better understanding of normal vitreous physiology and structure and how these change in aging and disease is needed to develop more effective therapies and prevention. The quest to adequately image vitreous will likely only succeed through the combined use of more than one technique to provide better vitreous imaging for future research and clinical applications.
Selective desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor mediated contraction in guinea pig trachea

5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) contracts the guinea pig trachea through stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors, an effect previously reported to rapidly desensitize. The present studies were design...
Kallmann syndrome: MR findings.

PURPOSE To evaluate patients with known hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, some with known anosmia, for defective rhinocephalon development that resulted in olfactory tract abnormalities, an affliction known as Kallmann syndrome. METHODS Six patients who clinically had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were examined by MR. Thin coronal images of the interior frontal region were used to determine presence or absence of olfactory tract and to evaluate the olfactory sulci. RESULTS Olfactory tracts were not seen in three of the six cases; two of which had hypoplastic olfactory sulci. CONCLUSIONS T1-weighted MR examination of the inferior frontal region in the coronal plane can help determine whether a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, with or without clinically evident anosmia, is afflicted with Kallmann syndrome.
Myths, Stereotypes, and Realities of Black Women: A Personal Reflection

It is well over a year since the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. His appointment and the aftermath of the hearings remain controversial in the public's eye. The event is credited by feminists for energizing the women's movement. It was a catalyst for significant changes in the 1992 political arena. There has also been a substantial increase in the number of sexual harassment incidents reported. However, Anita Hill `s story represents more than sexual harassment for many Black women. The event serves as a painful reminder of how vulnerable they are especially when it comes to having their stories of sexual abuse heard and taken seriously. This article speaks to that pain and the complexity of understanding racism when entangled with sexism within the Black community.
A tool for automated test code generation from high-level petri nets

Automated software testing has gained much attention because it is expected to improve testing productivity and reduce testing cost. Automated generation and execution of tests, however, are still very limited. This paper presents a tool, ISTA (Integration and System Test Automation), for automated test generation and execution by using high-level Petri nets as finite state test models. ISTA has several unique features. It allows executable test code to be generated automatically from a MID (Model-Implementation Description) specification - including a high-level Petri net as the test model and a mapping from the Petri net elements to implementation constructs. The test code can be executed immediately against the system under test. It supports a variety of languages of test code, including Java, C/C++, C#, VB, and html/Selenium IDE (for web applications). It also supports automated test generation for various coverage criteria of Petri nets. ISTA is useful not only for function testing but also for security testing by using Petri nets as threat models. It has been applied to several industry-strength systems.
A study of neuromuscular-like control in rehabilitation robot

By modeling the nonlinear damping property of the biological muscle-reflex system, a neuromuscular-like controller has been proved to be capable of reflexing to any changing displacement and enhancing the compliant forces for the changing motion. The unique capability possessed by this controller presents a prominent application for designing a mechanical orthosis in aiding the limb motion of disabled people who have minimal or no voluntary control of limb muscle. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the concept, the elbow and shoulder joints of a PUMA 560 robot were implemented with the neuromuscular-like control to emulate the limb motion.
Laser Stimulation of the Chloroplast/Endoplasmic Reticulum Nexus in Tobacco Transiently Produces Protein Aggregates (Boluses) within the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Stimulates Local ER Remodeling

ABSTRACT Does the ER subdomain that associates with the chloroplast in vivo , hereafter referred to as the chloroplast/ER nexus, play a role in protein flow within the ER? In studies of tobacco cells either constitutively or transiently expressing ER-retained luminal, GFP–HDEL, or trans -membrane, YFP–RHD3, fluorescent fusion proteins, brief 405-nm (3–6-mW) laser stimulation of the nexus causes a qualitative difference in the movement and behavior of proteins in the ER. Photostimulating the nexus produces fluorescent protein punctate aggregates (boluses) within the lumen and membrane of the ER. The aggregation propagates through the membrane network throughout the cell, but within minutes can revert to normal, with disaggregation propagating back toward the originally photostimulated nexus. In the meantime, the ER grows and anastomoses around the chloroplast, forming a dense cisternal and tubular network. If this network is again photostimulated, bolus formation does not recur and, if the photostimulation results in photobleaching, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching occurs as it would typically in areas away from the nexus. Bolus propagation is not mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, but can be reversed by pre-conditioning the cells for 30 min with high, 40–45°C, temperature (heat stress). Because it is not reversed with heat stress, the reorganization of the ER at the nexus following photostimulation is a separate event.
Body part asymmetry in partial seizure.

Abstract Clinically differentiating between localisation related and generalised epilepsy is important because it carries significant implications for planning diagnostic management strategy. Asymmetry of body parts such as toes, popliteal crease levels, thumbs, cubital crease levels, and forehead and facial structures, are common in patients with localisation related epilepsy syndromes. We retrospectively studied 337 patients with seizure disorders. Body part asymmetry was routinely documented. Fifty-six were excluded because of non-epileptic seizures, pure psychiatric disorders, non-epileptic neurological disorders, brain tumours and strokes. The relationship between clinically detectable body asymmetry (BA) and the electro-anatomic characteristics of their epilepsy was explored. Body asymmetry was found in 88 out of 282 cases, in which 64 (73.5%) suffered from localisation related epilepsy. Among localisation related epilepsy, BA were found in 41.5% ( n =64/154) of patients. In contrast, only 18.75% ( n =24/128) of patients with generalised seizure disorders showed similar findings ( P n =41/54) and discordant in 24.1% ( n =13/54). Investigation results of 10 partial epilepsy cases were non-lateralising at the time of study. Peak age of onset of concordant case was 0–5 years old while discordant group was 6–15 years old. We conclude that BA in patients with seizure disorder is a useful clue to diagnosis of localisation related seizure and may provide clues for lateralising seizure origin in partial onset seizures.
Comment on dispersion relations for the static exchange amplitude

A recent conclusion of Blum and Burke concerning the singularity structure of the static-exchange amplitude for electron-hydrogen elastic scattering is shown to be incorrect.
Identification and root cause analysis of cell culture media precipitates in the viral deactivation treatment with high-temperature/short-time method.

High-temperature/short-time (HTST) treatment of cell culture media is one of the proven techniques used in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry for the prevention and mitigation of media viral contamination. With the HTST method, the formulated media is pasteurized (virus-deactivated) by heating and pumping the media continuously through the preset high-temperature holding tubes to achieve a specified period of time at a specific temperature. Recently, during the evaluation and implementation of HTST method in multiple Amgen, Inc. manufacturing facilities, media precipitates were observed in the tests of HTST treatments. The media precipitates may have adverse consequences such as clogging the HTST system, altering operating conditions and compromising the efficacy of viral deactivation, and ultimately affecting the media composition and cell growth. In this study, we report the identification of the composition of media precipitates from multiple media HTST runs using combined microspectroscopic methods including Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The major composition in the precipitates was determined to be metal phosphates, including calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, and iron (III) phosphate. Based on the composition, stoichiometry, and root-cause study of media precipitations, methods were implemented for the mitigation and prevention of the occurrence of the media precipitation. LAY ABSTRACT: Viral contamination in cell culture media is an important issue in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry and may have serious consequences on product quality, efficacy, and safety. High-temperature/short-time (HTST) treatment of cell culture media is one of the proven techniques used in the industry for the prevention and mitigation of media viral contamination. With the HTST method, the formulated media is pasteurized (virus-deactivated) by heating at preset conditions. This paper provides the identification and root-cause study of the media precipitates that adversely affected the HTST process and discusses the possible solutions to mitigate the precipitation problem.