cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GDP at Risk: A Framework for Monetary Policy Responses to Asset Price Movements

In analyzing the macroeconomic impact of asset price booms and crashes, it is the disasters that are the true concern. This suggests a different approach to risk; one based on examining the keeping the probability of output deviating from its trend (or price level deviations from its target trend) over some time horizon below some fixed threshold. Policy responses should be built in order to keep this "GDP at risk", or it analog "Price-level at risk", sufficiently small. In this paper I use data from a broad cross-section of countries to examine GDP at risk and pricelevel at risk arising from booms and crashes in equity and property markets. I show that the distribution of GDP and price-level deviations from their trends have fat tails, so the probability of extreme events is higher than implied by a normal distribution. Specifically, housing booms create outsized risks of output declines. This means that policymakers who are intent on averting catastrophes should react. The question is: How?
STUDIES OF ENZYMES IN SERUM IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: II. Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance in Relatives of Dystrophic Persons

Progressive muscular dystrophy is one of the relatively few chronic diseases in which an increase of various enzymes in serum is of diagnostic value. In the presence of muscular weakness high levels indicate a primary myopathic process. It has previously been shown that elevated values for enzymes in serum are most pronounced in childhood dystrophy, are highest early in the disease, and taper toward normal several years later. This study involves a clinical and biochemical analysis of several families in which dystrophy is known to exist. An elevation of the enzymes studied (two transaminases, aldolase, two dehydrogenases) was found in several young boys who were at the time clinically asymptomatic. In one family the youngest of these children was 4½ months of age. Three of his brothers developed clinical dystrophy at about 3 years of age. In another family clinical follow-up for 3 years after the finding of elevated levels of enzymes in serum has shown the development of early muscular weakness in two male cousins of a known dystrophic person. Muscle biopsy in the preclinical stage has shown dystrophic changes in each of five cases. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of enzyme levels in serum in families of dystrophic persons is impressive. It appears that in some forms of dystrophy the time of onset of the disease is very early in life, or even in the prenatal period. The enzyme studies have provided the first objective evidence that this may be the case.
Initial laboratory experience with a novel ultrasound probe for standard and single-port robotic kidney surgery: increasing console surgeon autonomy and minimizing instrument clashing

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel ultrasound probe specifically developed for robotic surgery by determining its efficiency in identifying renal tumors. Methods The study was carried out using the Da Vinci™ surgical system in one female pig. Renal tumor targets were created by percutaneous injection of a tumor mimic mixture. Single-port and standard robotic partial nephrectomy were performed. Intraoperative ultrasound was performed using both standard laparoscopic probe and the new ProART™ Robotic probe. Probe maneuverability and ease of handling for tumor localization were recorded. Results The standard laparoscopic probe was guided by the assistant. Significant clashing with robotic arms was noted during the single-port procedure. The novel robotic probe was easily introduced through the assistant trocar, and held by the console surgeon using the robotic Prograsp™ with no registered clashing in the external operative field. The average time for grasping the new robotic probe was less than 10 s. Once inserted and grasped, no limitation was found in terms of instrument clashing during the single-port procedure. Conclusions This novel ultrasound probe developed for robotic surgery was noted to be user-friendly when performing porcine standard and especially single-port robotic partial nephrectomy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why free will remains a mystery

Peter van Inwagen contends that free will is a mystery. Here I present an argument in the spirit of van Inwagen's. According to the Assimilation Argument, libertarians cannot plausibly distinguish causally undetermined actions, the ones they take to be exercises of free will, from overtly randomized outcomes of the sort nobody would count as exercises of free will. I contend that the Assimilation Argument improves on related arguments in locating the crucial issues between van Inwagen and libertarians who hope to demystify free will, while avoiding objections these arguments have faced.
Peripubertal refinement of the intrinsic and associational circuitry in monkey prefrontal cortex

Abstract The peripubertal elimination of axospinous synapses and dendritic spines in monkey prefrontal cortex suggests that this region undergoes substantial reorganization during late postnatal development. Understanding the functional impact of these maturational refinements requires knowledge of the specific presynaptic elements involved in these changes. Two potential sources of these presynaptic terminals are the intrinsic axon collaterals furnished by pyramidal cells within a region, and the associational axons that arise from pyramidal neurons in other cortical regions in the same hemisphere. In the adult, both of these types of axon terminals form synapses predominantly with dendritic spines on other pyramidal neurons, and thus they may be preferentially involved in the peripubertal pruning of axospinous synapses and dendritic spines. In order to test this hypothesis, iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine were made into the superficial layers of areas 9 or 46 of the prefrontal cortex of four prepubertal juvenile (14.9–21.5 months old) and three young adult macaque monkeys. Tangential reconstructions revealed a stripe-like pattern of labeled terminals for intrinsic and associational projections in both juvenile and adult animals. During puberty, the intrinsic circuitry underwent extensive topographic refinement, as demonstrated by a 42.7% decrease in stripe area and a 28.0% increase in gap distance between stripes. Furthermore, the mediolateral tangential spread of labeled stripes around the injection site decreased by 27.0%. In contrast, topographic refinement was not evident in the associational circuitry. In both layers 1 and 3, the densities of varicosities and branch points on labeled axons decreased by about 50% in intrinsic stripes during puberty, but only by approximately 30% in associational stripes. These findings suggest that the spatial form and magnitude of peripubertal refinements in prefrontal cortical connectivity may be specific for certain neural elements.
Establishing long-term science and technology goals: Providing vision for an ecology of games

Abstract National science and technology policy can be best described as an ecology of games: Various actors pursue different goals within different sets of rules, but none has a clear societal vision. An improved policy process should ensure that the science and technology enterprise remain both internally robust and responsive to other societal needs. The process by which long-term science and technology goals are established must be perceived as legitimate by both the various scientific communities and by key sectors of the public and its governing institutions. No existing entity is adequate for this task. The author suggests that a new National Forum on Science and Technology may draw the key actors together in a way which inserts a national vision into the current ecology of games.
An adaptive error-resilient video encoder

When designing an encoder for a real-time video application over a wireless channel, we must take into consideration the unpredictable fluctuation of the quality of the channel and its impact on the transmitted video data. This uncertainty motivates the development of an adaptive video encoding mechanism that can compensate for the infidelity caused either by data loss and/or by the post-processing (error concealment) at the decoder. In this paper, we first explore the major factors that cause quality degradation. We then propose an adaptive progressive replenishment algorithm for a packet loss rate (PLR) feedback enabled system. Assuming the availability of a feedback channel, we discuss a video quality assessment method, which allows the encoder to be aware of the decoder-side perceptual quality. Finally, we present a novel dual-feedback mechanism that guarantees an acceptable level of quality at the receiver side with modest increase in the complexity of the encoder.
The S100A10 Subunit of the Annexin A2 Heterotetramer Facilitates L2-Mediated Human Papillomavirus Infection

Mucosotropic, high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are sexually transmitted viruses that are causally associated with the development of cervical cancer. The most common high-risk genotype, HPV16, is an obligatory intracellular virus that must gain entry into host epithelial cells and deliver its double stranded DNA to the nucleus. HPV capsid proteins play a vital role in these steps. Despite the critical nature of these capsid protein-host cell interactions, the precise cellular components necessary for HPV16 infection of epithelial cells remains unknown. Several neutralizing epitopes have been identified for the HPV16 L2 minor capsid protein that can inhibit infection after initial attachment of the virus to the cell surface, which suggests an L2-specific secondary receptor or cofactor is required for infection, but so far no specific L2-receptor has been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the annexin A2 heterotetramer (A2t) contributes to HPV16 infection and co-immunoprecipitates with HPV16 particles on the surface of epithelial cells in an L2-dependent manner. Inhibiting A2t with an endogenous annexin A2 ligand, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), or with an annexin A2 antibody significantly reduces HPV16 infection. With electron paramagnetic resonance, we demonstrate that a previously identified neutralizing epitope of L2 (aa 108–120) specifically interacts with the S100A10 subunit of A2t. Additionally, mutation of this L2 region significantly reduces binding to A2t and HPV16 pseudovirus infection. Furthermore, downregulation of A2t with shRNA significantly decreases capsid internalization and infection by HPV16. Taken together, these findings indicate that A2t contributes to HPV16 internalization and infection of epithelial cells and this interaction is dependent on the presence of the L2 minor capsid protein.
Atomic scale friction and adhesion properties of quasicrystal surfaces

In this paper, we highlight recent studies of the atomic scale friction and adhesion properties of quasicrystals. We review tribological studies carried out in different mechanical regimes (elastic and inelastic) and at different length scales (macroscale and nanoscale). We address the role of the surface oxide and the nature of mechanical contact in determining friction and adhesion properties. We discuss the relationship between the aperiodic atomic structure of quasicrystals and their low friction, for both elastic and inelastic regimes.
Efficacy of diltiazem for medically refractory stable angina: long-term follow-up.

To assess the efficacy of long-term diltiazem therapy when added to beta blockers and nitrates, we prospectively studied patients with chronic exertional angina who were determined to have medically refractory angina pectoris which was too severe to enter placebocontrolled studies. The mean follow-up time was 24.6 months (8-47 months) and all patients were seen every 2-4 months. Angina frequency decreased from a prediltiazem frequency of 9.5 episodes per week (1-40 per week) to 3.3 attacks per week (0-21 per week) at 6 months and 3.3 attacks per week (0-40 per week) at the patients's last evaluation. Similar reductions in nitroglycerin consumption were reported. Five patients had an increase in angina frequency during the mean 24.6 months of follow-up, which necessitated coronary bypass surgery, 8, 10, 12, 19, and 23 months after study entry, respectively. Diltiazem daily dosage ranged from 120 to 480 mg/day, the mean daily dose was 298 mg/day. Twenty (65%) patients remained on beta-blocker therapy and 19 (61%) patients on nitrate therapy in an effort to achieve a completely painfree state. New cardiovascular events were documented in 3 patients during the follow-up period, with one patient having an uncomplicated myocardial infarction at 6 months, one patient hospitalized for prolonged chest pain at 2 months, and one patient dying following cardiover-sion for unrelated atrial fibrillation at 14 months poststudy entry. Adverse effects were reported during 19 of the 354 patient visits, but no patient had to stop therapy because of these. Sinus bradycardia required reduction of betablocker dosage in three patients and prolonged PR inteval was observed in two additional patients. Five patients exhibited mild transient, and three patients chronic elevations in liver enzymes. We conclude that the addition of diltiazem in patients who have severe angina on combinations of beta blockers and nitrates results in a marked reduction in angina frequency. Furthermore, this agent is well tolerated with minimal adverse effects.
PI3K signaling in the regulation of branching morphogenesis

Branching morphogenesis drives the formation of epithelial organs including the mammary gland, lung, kidney, salivary gland and prostate. Branching at the cellular level also drives development of the nervous and vascular systems. A variety of signaling pathways are orchestrated together to establish the pattern of these branched organs. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling network is of particular interest because of the diverse outcomes it generates, including proliferation, motility, growth, survival and cell death. Here, we focus on the role of the PI3K pathway in the development of branched tissues. Cultured cells, explants and transgenic mice have revealed that the PI3K pathway is critical for the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and motility during branching of tissues.
Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of Detainee Rights at Guantanamo Bay: A Community Structure Approach

A community structure analysis compared community characteristics and coverage of detainee rights and Guantanamo Bay in leading newspapers in 28 major cities nationwide, sampling all relevant 250+ word articles from September 12, 2001, to September 11, 2012. The resulting 359 articles were coded for “prominence” and “direction,” then combined into a “Media Vector” score for each newspaper (range = .6034 to −.2500). About four out of five (82%) newspapers supported detainee rights. Stakeholder and buffer clusters were important. Pearson correlations revealed that stakeholders (the proportions and concerns of which are expected to be reflected in media coverage) were significant, with percentage of Mainline Protestant (r = .550, p = .001) linked to favorable media coverage of detainee rights and percentage of age 65 and older (r = −.321, p = .048) linked to unfavorable coverage. The buffer hypothesis (associating higher proportions of privileged groups with coverage receptive to human rights claims) was als...
TRAINING OF ORIGINAL RESPONSES AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF FIFTH-GRADE STUDENTS

This study was undertaken to extend the training of original responses demonstrated in word-association tests to that of word-problems. A 198-item program was given to 48 fifth-grade subjects of Caucasian military dependents, and resident Hawaiian students, including boys and girls. Subjects worked in 12 teams of 4 subjects. 48 subjects matched in academic ability in the same fifth grade served as controls. After the program, subjects produced more original responses to new problems, and made larger gains in reading comprehension and solving word-problems in mathematics, and subjects identified as “behavior problems” became more manageable than similar control subjects. The extensive response of experimental subjects suggests that gains may have resulted from motivational as well as, or in addition to, specific training in generating original responses. No differences between ethnic groups or sexes emerged.
Putative genes mediating the effects of orexins in the posterior paraventricular thalamus on neuroendocrine and behavioral adaptations to repeated stress.

Exposure to repeated stress is often associated with psychopathology. However, our understanding of the underlying neural circuitry that regulates responses to repeated stress is limited. The posterior paraventricular thalamus (pPVT) is a brain region responsible for transmission of multimodal sensory information to limbic structures that regulate responses to both acute and repeated stress. Orexin-containing cells originating in the hypothalamus heavily innervate the pPVT. Our previous work has shown that activation of orexin1 receptors in the pPVT during repeated swim stress is important for facilitation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to subsequent novel restraint. However, the genes responsible for these orexin-mediated adaptations to repeated stress are not known. Using a custom PCR array we examined the expression of 186 specific mRNAs in the pPVT of animals exposed to repeated swim stress (4 days of 15 min swim/day) with or without direct pPVT microinfusion of the orexin1 receptor antagonist SB334867 prior to each daily swim stress. Tissue was collected the next morning under basal non stressed conditions. Repeated stress and/or orexin receptor blockade significantly altered expression of only 9 specific genes including growth factors (Vegfa, Bax and Mt3), G-protein coupled receptors (Adora2a, Grm2 and Crhr1), immune-related genes (Ptgs2 and Cx3cr1) and an epigenetic-related gene (Hdac5). These genes represent potential targets for further characterization of orexin-mediated adaptations to repeated stress in the pPVT.
Thyroid stimulating hormone distribution in the pars distalis of the Japanese quail.

Abstract Delta Cells have been proposed as the TSH secreting cells of the quail pars distalis ( Tixier-Vidal et al. , 1968 ; Mikami, 1958 ) and these cells are equally distributed throughout the gland. The present study is an assay of the TSH content of the rostral and caudal lobes of the quail pars distalis. The rostral lobe contains the predominant amount of TSH and assays of the caudal lobe were erratic in revealing a very minor amount or no TSH in this portion.
Differential expression of TcR-CD3 zeta as evidence for altered immunoregulation in preeclamptic versus normotensive women

Abstract Objective The study was undertaken to exhibit and quantify the difference in modulation of CD3-zeta protein (an integral component of the T-cell receptor) in preeclamptic and normotensive women. Study design Serum was collected from 10 preeclamptic and 10 normotensive women at ≥37 weeks' gestation on admission. Jurkat E-61 cells were incubated with the sera (20% volume to volume) and analyzed with Western immunoblot using mouse monoclonal CD3-zeta antibody. Enhanced chemiluminescence and densitometry were used to qualitatively measure zeta expression of the cells. A de novo flow cytometry assay was developed to quantify the difference in CD3-zeta expression of these cells. Comparsions were performed by t test ( P Results Preeclamptic patient sera produced a 2.4-fold increase in CD3-zeta expression than normotensive patients on Western blot ( P P Conclusion TcR/CD3-zeta expression is normally suppressed in pregnancy. Loss of this suppression occurs in preeclamptic patients, implying increased T-cell function.
Regulatory reform in the 1980s: An anti rent-seeking movement?

Abstract The rent-seeking literature concludes that special interest groups will prevail in a democracy, leading to government policies reducing social welfare. We present a model showing that, because of the endogenous inefficiency of regulation, the value of deregulation to consumers and potential entrants increases over time, while the value of maintaining regulation to the status quo industry members decreases. Thus, rent-seeking is not necessarily a steady-state equilibrium, but can lead to institutional change, such as deregulation.
Occupational Injury Prevention Research in NIOSH

This paper provided a brief summary of the current strategic goals, activities, and impacts of the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) occupational injury research program. Three primary drivers (injury database, stakeholder input, and staff capacity) were used to define NIOSH research focuses to maximize relevance and impact of the NIOSH injury-prevention-research program. Injury data, strategic goals, program activities, and research impacts were presented with a focus on prevention of four leading causes of workplace injury and death in the US: motor vehicle incidents, falls, workplace violence, and machine and industrial vehicle incidents. This paper showcased selected priority goals, activities, and impacts of the NIOSH injury prevention program. The NIOSH contribution to the overall decrease in fatalities and injuries is reinforced by decreases in specific goal areas. There were also many intermediate outcomes that are on a direct path to preventing injuries, such as new safety regulations and standards, safer technology and products, and improved worker safety training. The outcomes serve as an excellent foundation to stimulate further research and worldwide partnership to address global workplace injury problems.
Convergence of international output Time series evidence for 16 OECD countries

Abstract This article examines convergence of per capita output for 16 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Conventional tests on conditional and time series convergence have given mixed results for similar economies. Utilizing the concepts of deterministic and stochastic convergence, we develop techniques which incorporate endogenously determined break points to test the unit root hypothesis in relative per capita income. The tests provide evidence of deterministic convergence for 10, and stochastic convergence for 14, of the 16 OECD countries. Our findings reveal that World War II is the major cause of the structural shifts in relative output.
SOCIAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS: NONTARGET EFFECTS FROM SIMULATING SOCIAL CUES FOR MANAGEMENT

Artificially creating social stimuli may be an effective tool for facilitating settlement by rare and/or declining species into suitable habitat. However, the potential consequences for other community members have not been explored and should be considered when evaluating the overall utility of using such management strategies. I report on nontarget, community-wide effects that occurred when manipulating social cues of two competitors that are species of concern in the western United States, the dominant Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) and the subordinate American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). The experiment consisted of surveying birds during a pretreatment year, which allows for the control of baseline communities, and a treatment year, in which treatments were applied just prior to settlement by migratory birds. Treatments included broadcasting songs of flycatchers and redstarts and were compared to controls. While the addition of redstart cues did not significantly influence community structure, the addition of flycatcher cues reduced species richness of migratory birds by approximately 30%. This pattern was driven by an absence of local colonizations of small-bodied migrants to sites with added flycatcher cues, rather than by local extinctions occurring from manipulations. The artificial flycatcher stimuli were more responsible for declines in species richness than were changes in actual flycatcher densities. I conclude by identifying some fundamental issues that managers and conservation practitioners should weigh when considering simulating social cues for species conservation prior to implementation.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Silicium‐Stickstoff‐Verbindungen. XXXVIII. Reaktionen des Natrium‐bis‐[trimethylsilyl]‐amids mit Kohlenstoffchalkogeniden und Kohlenstoffhalogeniden

NaN(Si me3)2(3) setzt sich mit CO2 in lebhafter Reaktion bei Raumtemperatur zu C(NSi me3)2, O(Si me3)2, NaOCOOSi me3, NaOCN, Na2[NCN] und Na2CO3, mit CS2 nach Erwarmen zu C(NSi me3)2, S(Si me3)2, N(Si me3)3, NaSCN, Na2S und Na2CS3 um. Die Einzelreaktionen dieser komplizierten Gesamtumsetzungen konnten uber 1H—NMR- und IR-Spektren im Reaktionsverlauf verfolgt werden. nachdem sie in isolierten Untersuchungen sichergestellt worden waren. Kohlenstoffhalogenide setzen sich mit NaN(Si me3)2 teils eindeutig wie bei JCF3 [zu C(NSi me3)2], teils in verwickelten Reaktionen wie bei CCl4, CHCl3 oder CH2Cl2 um. wobei teilweise Reduktion bis zu elementarem Kohlenstoff beobachtet wurde. NaN(Si me3)2 reacts quickly with CO2 at room temperature resulting in C(NSi me3)2, O(Si me3)2, NaOCOOSi me3, NaOCN, Na2[NCN] and Na2CO3. The analogous reaction with CS2 yields C(NSi me3)2, S(Si me3)2, N(Si me3)3, NaSCN, Na2S and Na2CS3. After investigating the detailed reactions, their position in the complicated overall-reactions was detected by infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Carbon halides react in the case of JCF3 to C(NSi me3)2, while CCl4, CHCl3, and CH2Cl2 are involved in complicated reactions with partial reduction to carbon.
Soy Protein Concentrate as an Alternative Ingredient in Florida Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) Diets

Current research is intended to develop cost-effective, plant-based diets for intensive production of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Three growth trials were conducted with juvenile pompano over a 106- to 115-day period. The trials evaluated the systematic substitution on an equal protein basis of (1) menhaden fish meal, FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC), and (2) solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) with SPC. This confirmed the reduction of FM and evaluated the possible nutrient restrictions of methionine (M) and phosphorus (P) in low FM, high SPC diets. There was no significant reduction in growth parameters when FM was reduced from 300 to 150 g/kg. There was a significant improvement in fish performance with increased SPC concentrations substituted for SBM in diets containing 150 g/kg of FM. All growth parameters indicated a favorable response for inclusion of SPC up to 240 g/kg. The addition of P and M did not significantly improve growth.
Antagonism by physostigmine of the “running fit” caused by levorphanol, a morphine congener, in mice

Abstract 1. Drugs of the morphine type cause a stereotyped “running fit” in the mouse. 2. The intensity and duration of this response are related to the dose. 3. Measurement of this phenomenon serves as a good method for the quantitative comparison of drugs of this type and for the study of their antagonists. 4. Intracerebral injection of physostigmine antagonized the “running fit” induced by a wide range of doses of levorphanol. 5. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that drugs of the morphine type act by retarding the release of acetylcholine at some central cholinergic synapses.
Effects of recreational use on forested sites

Impact of recreational activities on soil and vegetation was evaluated in eight forested camping and picnic areas in southern Rhode Island. Forest vegetation consists of mixed-oak and white pine stands. Soils are of granitic glacial till or outwash origin and textures range from loamy sand to find sandy loam. Recreational use resulted in significant compaction of soils as indexed by soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Evidence indicates that compaction influences bulk densities to a depth of about 12.7 cm. Rates of water infiltration are less on recreation areas. Soil water accretion and depletion during the growing season are less rapid on recreation sites than on control sites. Differences are attributed to reduced infiltration, percolation, and rooting activity. Much of the ground surface on recreation areas is devoid of vegetation. The surface consists primarily of bare mineral soil, rock, or litter. The plants most commonly present are grasses. Native ground cover vegetation including tree seedlings, ericaceous shrubs and herbs has been eliminated or greatly reduced by trampling. Damage to tree trunks is common in recreation areas. White pine radial growth and scarlet oak height growth were significantly less on recreation sites. Scarlet oak appears intolerant to heavy recreation use.
Idiosyncratic thinking and personally overinvolved thinking in schizophrenic patients during partial recovery

The present research investigated the importance of idiosyncratic thinking and personally overinvolved thinking in schizophrenia and evaluated changes in these factors over two phases of the disorder (the acute phase and the phase of partial recovery). Five indexes of thinking derived from two tests were administered to 25 acute schizophrenic patients, 23 borderline patients, and 47 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients at week one and week eight of hospitalization. Schizophrenic patients evidenced a significantly higher level of idiosyncratic thinking than nonschizophrenic patients at the acute phase (p < 0.001). As patients emerged from the acute phase, schizophrenics still tended to score higher on idiosyncratic thinking than nonschizophrenics. However, the differences had diminished considerably and on some indexes were no longer significant. In addition, all patients manifested less idiosyncratic thinking as the acute phase diminished, with this decrease being especially prominent among the schizophrenic group. This suggests that some aspects of disordered schizophrenic thinking are at least in part a function of the acute or active phase. There were no significant differences between the schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients in the level of personally overinvolved thinking at either time period. Although exhibiting less personally overinvolved thinking after the acute period, most of these hospitalized patients still showed a moderate amount of personalizing even during partial recovery. The results suggest that idiosyncratic thinking is an important characteristic of the acute schizophrenic thought disorder and is a useful parameter in differentiating acute schizophrenics from acute nonschizophrenics.
Minor-equivalence for infinite graphs

Abstract Two graphs are minor-equivalent if each is isomorphic to a minor of the other. In this paper, we give structural characterizations of the minor equivalence classes of the infinite full grid G Z × Z and of the infinite half-grid G Z × N . A corollary of these results states that every minor of G Z × Z that has a minor isomorphic to G Z × N is minor-equivalent to one of G Z × Z or G Z × N .
Cross-cohort heterogeneity encountered while validating a model for HIV disease progression among antiretroviral initiators.

Objective To evaluate a model for predicting time to AIDS or death among HIV-infected persons initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Chemical composition of the culture form of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Abstract 1. 1. The culture form of T. cruzi contains considerably more lipids than carbohydrates. 2. 2. No glucose polysaccharide was found. A galactose-containing polysaccaride was observed but it could not be separated from nucleic acid derivatives. 3. 3. The nature of the nucleic acid derivatives indicated that T. cruzi contains both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, the latter representing in part at least the volutin granules. 4. 4. A large part of the unsaponifiable fraction consists of cholesterol. The presence of a small amount of a 5,7-diene was indicated by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Elements of a Theoretical Structure that Will Support Best Practices in Communication Facilitation

Communication programming for individuals with severe disabilities often does not meet the requirements of best practices. One reason for this is that a dominant psycholinguistic model, the Diction...
A GIS Methodology for Assessing the Safety Hazards of Abandoned Mine Lands AMLs: Application to the State of Pennsylvania

Abandoned mine lands AMLs associated with past coal-mining scar Pennsylvania's landscape with environmental and safety hazards. Reclamation projects eliminate and reduce hazards AMLs pose. Due to the large number of AMLs and limited funds, precedence is given to reclaim the most hazardous sites first. These sites are identified through an assessment process that assigns priorities to AMLs. However, priorities are out-dated and do not accurately reflect the current spatial distribution of land use and census data. This article presents a GIS methodology for the prioritization of AMLs using the process of extrapolation and focal statistics. By incorporating current assessment techniques into GIS with current land use and census data, AML priorities were reassigned to accurately reflect the current spatial landscape. Results indicate that current AML priorities assigned by the state do not accurately reflect current land use and census data and underestimate the safety hazards of many sites, including high priority sites.
All-telecom diode laser based mid-IR source for spectroscopic detection of HF, H2O and HDO

A novel difference-frequency mixing architecture for coherent generation of tunable mid-infrared light is reported. Two CW single-frequency diode laser pump sources operating at 1.56 and 0.98 µm were mixed in a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal and generated 0.25 mW of tunable mid-infrared light at 2.64 µm. The performance of this new source was demonstrated by the spectroscopic detection of HF and water isotopes H216,17,18 O and HD16O at various reduced pressures. Using direct absorption spectroscopy, a peak-to-peak noise equivalent absorbance of ~1E-4 was observed (0.6 s integration time), corresponding to a HF detection sensitivity of 12 ppb.m at a sampling pressure of 50 Torr.
Empirical evidence and the knowledge-that/knowledge-how distinction

In this article I have two primary goals. First, I present two recent views on the distinction between knowledge-that and knowledge-how (Stanley and Williamson, The Journal of Philosophy 98(8):411–444, 2001; Hetherington, Epistemology futures, 2006). I contend that neither of these provides conclusive arguments against the distinction. Second, I discuss studies from neuroscience and experimental psychology that relate to this distinction. Having examined these studies, I then defend a third view that explains certain relevant data from these studies by positing the double dissociation of knowledge-that and knowledge-how and that is also able to do explanatory work elsewhere.
Novel Thieno[3,2-c]Pyridine Based Ir Complexes for Solution/Evaporation Hybrid OLED

A series of novel thieno [3,2-c] pyridine based phosphorescent Ir complexes have been successfully synthesized and characterized. The HTL-free devices were fabricated on ITO with a multilayered structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS(45 nm)/host (TCTA or NPB):dopant (10~15 nm)/TmPyPb/LiF/Al by solution/evaporation hybrid process and showed relatively high efficacies. The high efficacy enables these emitters to serve as promising candidates in fabricating high quality RGB displays. The monochromatic large-area of 40 x 32 mm2 OLEDs had also been demonstrated.
THE CATHOLIC IMAGINATION AND MODERNITY: WILLIAM CAVANAUGH'S THEOPOLITICAL IMAGINATION AND CHARLES TAYLOR'S MODERN SOCIAL IMAGINATION1

This essay argues that William Cavanaugh's ‘Theopolitical Imagination’ uncovers some of the possibilities latent within the Catholic imagination. While his critique of modernity is often persuasive, this essay questions whether Cavanaugh's assessment of modernity can be complemented by a more differentiated approach. What Charles Taylor provides is both a bolstering of Cavanaugh's thesis about the power of the imagination and an alternative: that there is a way of thinking about the relationship between the Church and modernity other than in dialectical terms – namely a ‘Ricci reading’ of modernity.
A modified pressure–sinkage model for small, rigid wheels on deformable terrains

Abstract Bekker’s semi-empirically derived equations allow the designers of off-road vehicles to understand and predict vehicle mobility performance over deformable terrains. However, there are several underlying assumptions that prevent Bekker theory from being successfully applied to small vehicles. Specifically, Bekker’s sinkage and compaction resistance equations are inaccurate for vehicles with wheel diameters less than approximately 50 cm and normal loading less than approximately 45 N. This paper presents a modified pressure–sinkage model that is shown to reduce sinkage and compaction resistance model errors significantly. The modification is validated with results from 160 experiments using five wheel diameters and three soil types.
Studies on the electron transfer system. IV. The electron transfer particle.

The preparation and properties of an electron transfer particle (ETP) obtained from beef heart mitochondria are described. ETP catalyzes the oxidation of 5.7 μmoles DPNH and 2 μmoles succinate per min per mg at 38°. This specific activity is 3 to 5 times greater than that of the original mitochondrial suspension. These two oxidative reactions are profoundly influenced by 1) concentration of phosphate, 2) the presence of metal complexing agents, and 3) the ionic strength of the medium. Preparations of ETP contain flavin, cytochromes a, b and c1, non-heme iron and copper in constant proportions as well as cytochrome c in variable quantity depending upon the conditions of isolation. Both flavin and hemes are reducible by either substrate and to the same complete extent. Preparations of ETP from which the bulk of cytochrome c has been removed show no requirement for added cytochrome c in the oxidation of DPNH by molecular oxygen, whereas a partial requirement for cytochrome c in the oxidation of succinate is demonstrable under some but not all conditions. The exposure of ETP to deoxycholate leads to a particle which can interact readily with external cytochrome c. Procedures which induce fragmentation of ETP are also described. The significance of the fact of the constant composition of ETP for the dynamics of electron transport is discussed.
Milk Fat Synthesis on Restricted-Roughage Rations Containing Whey, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Magnesium Oxide,

Abstract A study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism through which partially delactosed whey and minerals (NaHCO 3 plus MgO) increase milk fat synthesis on restricted-roughage rations and to determine the minimum effective level of the whey. Thirty-six Holstein cows were fed concentrate ad libitum and 2.3kg hay/day for eight weeks. Concentrates contained varying levels of whey (0, 3, 7, and 14%), or minerals (2.5% NaHCO 3 and 1% MgO), or both whey (14%) and minerals. Fat depression was least on the mineral rations, but concentrate intake and milk yields were also lowest. As whey in concentrate increased, milk fat also increased, with 14% whey almost as effective as minerals. Compared to controls, rumen pH was increased by minerals but not by whey. Both minerals and whey decreased rumen propionate and increased acetate; whereas, butyrate was increased only at 14% whey. Increased mammary uptake of fatty acids from heparin-precipitable lipoprotein was directly proportional to arterial concentrations and accounted for almost all of the increased milk fat synthesis on the mineral rations, but for about one-half the increase on whey. A larger uptake of β -hydroxybutyric acid was shown for the 14% whey than for other rations and was related to higher concentrations of the shorter chain fatty acids (C 6 to C 14 ) in milk. Concentrations of stearate and oleate in milk were increased by minerals and by whey; whereas, linoleate was decreased by additives. Stimulation of milk fat synthesis by whey and minerals mediated through increased mammary uptake of fatty acids from serum lipoprotein was not a metabolic reversion to conditions found on a normal ration sufficient in forage.
Couplings of uniform spanning forests

Author(s): Bowen, Lewis | Abstract: We prove the existence of an automorphism-invariant coupling for the wired and the free uniform spanning forests on Cayley graphs of finitely generated residually amenable groups.
Postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy pelvic gallstones associated with chronic pain

A 23-year-old gravida 1, para 1 woman experienced chronic pelvic pain and cul-de-sac nodularity starting 1 year after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Repeat laparoscopy revealed numerous clusters of gallstones that were removed, resulting in resolution of her symptoms. Gallstones should be included in the differential diagnosis of the symptomatic patient with a history of cholecystectomy, and surgical records should be carefully reviewed for spillage of stones. It is feasible to remove gallstones laparoscopically.
Non-ageing developmental variant of Caenorhabditis elegans

THE study of mechanisms affecting the rate of ageing can be facilitated by naturally occurring phenomena, innate to some organisms, that enable the species to retard its ageing rate and extend its life span1. Such a phenomenon exists in certain species of nematode. Larval forms of the free-living soil nema-tode, Caenorhabditis elegans, possess the ability to enter a semi-dormant, quiescent state referred to as the dauer larval stage (German, “enduring” larva). Newly hatched larvae of C. elegans undergo four larval stages (L1–L4) punctuated by moulting. If larvae are starved, they will enter the dauer state during the second larval moult. At this time, the old cuticle is replaced by a special, relatively impermeable cuticle unique to dauer larvae2.
The Cramer-Rao bound applied to image fusion

Image fusion algorithms attempt to produce a single fused image that is more informative then any of the multiple source images used to produce the fused image. Analytical studies of image fusion performance have been lacking. Such studies can augment existing experimental studies by addressing some aspects that are difficult to study using experimental methods. Here, an estimation theory approach is employed using a mathematical model based on the observation that the each different sensor can provide a different quality when viewing a given object in the scene. One sensor may be better for viewing one object and a different sensor may be better for viewing a different object. The model also acknowledges that distortion and noise will enter into the sensor observations. This model allows us to employ known estimation theory techniques to find the best possible fusion performance, measured in terms the standard estimation theory measure of performance. This performance measure has not yet received attention in the image fusion community. Some interesting results include the demonstration that a particular weighted averaging approach is shown to yield optimum estimation performance for the model we focus on. It is also shown that it is important to employ a priori information that describes which sensor is able to provide a good view of the important objects in the scene. The essential aspects of some frequently employed fusion approaches are studied and the capabilities of these approaches are analyzed and compared to the best fusion algorithms. We hope this study will encourage further analytical studies of image fusion.
Rectangular Matrix Multiplication Revisited

We give a constant ? > 0.294 and, for any ? > 0, an algorithm for multiplying anN?Nmatrix by anN?N?matrix with complexityO(N2 + ?).
Results of induction therapy with vincristine and prednisone alone in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Report of 43 patients and review of the literature

The complete remission (CR) rate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who received vincristine (VCR) plus prednisone (PRED) alone for induction is > 90%, and has not improved with the use of more intensive regimens. In adults with ALL, using the same regimen, a CR rate of only 50% is frequently quoted, and is apparently based mainly on unpublished data on only 13 patients from an early Acute Leukemia Group B protocol. We reviewed the case records of 43 adults with previously untreated ALL seen between July 1, 1966 and December 31, 1978 who received VCR + PRED alone for induction. A CR rate of 66% was achieved and compares to an overall figure of 61% from 162 patients collected from the literature. The CR rate was age dependent with 21/29 (76%) < 50 years of age achieving a CR compared to 4/19 (29%) who were < 50 years of age (P < 0.02). The median duration of CR was 8.3 months. For those who achieved a CR, the median survival was 19 months compared to five months for those who either failed to achieve a CR or who achieved only a partial remission (P = 0.004). All patients who achieved a CR received maintenance therapy, and approximately one-half also received CNS prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate. The incidence of isolated CNS relapse was 11% in those who received CNS prophylaxis compared to 20% in those who did not. From these data and a review of the literature, we conclude that approximately two-thirds of adults with ALL will achieve a CR with the use of VCR + PRED alone. The median duration of CR, however, is < one year and the median survival is approximately two years. Whether the use of more intensive induction, consolidation, and maintenance regimens will improve these results remains to be established.
Activation of the Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinase Pathway via the 5‐HT2A Receptora

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, classically associated with cell growth and dependent on tyrosine kinases such as MAPK kinase (MEK), can modulate smooth muscle contractility, and our laboratory has tested the hypothesis that 5-HT can activate the MAPK pathway in arterial smooth muscle through activation of a 5-HT2A receptor. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors including genistein and the specific MEK inhibitor PD098059, but not the inactive tyrosine kinase congener daidzein reduced and shifted 5-HT-induced contraction rightward in isolated, endothelium-denuded rat arteries. Activation of a tyrosine kinase/MEK via the 5-HT2A receptor was partially independent of two major signaling pathways typically associated with the 5-HT2A receptor--activation of L-type voltage gated calcium channels and phospholipase C. Western analyses using antibodies directed against tyrosyl-phosphorylated-, activated Erk MAPK, and MEK proteins from cultured aortic smooth muscle cells demonstrated that 5-HT activated MEK and the Erk MAPKs in a time-, concentration-, receptor- and tyrosine kinase-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a novel pathway of vascular signal transduction--activation of the MAPK pathway--for the 5-HT2A receptor.
Social Science, Communism, and the Dynamics of Political Change

In the past thirty years the comparative study of communism as conducted in the United States has rested on two conceptual pillars: Weber's theory of routinization and Spencer's notion of progress through industrialism. This article points out some of the limitations of these theories and then develops a more comprehensive framework for comparisons. One of the keys to the understanding of communist politics is the model of a “military society,” also formulated by Spencer but generally ignored by contemporary social science. In terms of this model, communism is presented as a militant geopolitical response to international inequalities, the initial logic of which has been undermined by technological developments in the period following World War II.