cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density and lithospheric strength models of the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain volcanic system from gravity and heat flow data

Abstract The structure and composition of the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain (YSRP) volcanic system were analyzed using gravity data taken at over 30,000 stations in the YSRP and surrounding region. Additional constraints were provided by tomographic seismic velocity models, new heat flow and temperature information, GPS-derived strain rates, earthquake locations, and chemical analyses of volcanic rocks. P-wave velocity models and velocity–density data based on petrologic information were used to constrain three-dimensional density models. Rheology and strength properties were calculated at selected locations and compared to earthquake focal depths. Results of this study suggest that the lower crust of the Snake River Plain (SRP) has been thickened by the addition of an underplated layer composed primarily of clinopyroxene, having a density of 3200 kg/m3. A mid-crustal high-density sill is composed of a series of gabbroic lenses inter-fingering with the granitic upper crust. This geometry yields a bulk composition comparable to diorite and a density of 2900 kg/m3. The mid-crustal sill varies from 4 to 11 km in thickness, resulting in a series of SE-NW-trending gravity highs observed along the axis of the SRP. The mid-crustal sill extends up to 20 km southeast of the SRP volcanic field and causes asymmetry of the gravity field. The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field density model reveals low-density partial melt 10 km beneath the caldera that shallows under the northeastern caldera, and continues laterally 20 km north of the caldera boundary and notably increases the previously estimated size of the magma reservoir by ~ 20%. The caldera melt body has a density of 2520 kg/m3 and a significantly lower value of 2470 kg/m3 for the northeastern caldera melt body. Southwest of Yellowstone, the crustal section occupied by the mid-crustal sill in the SRP and the partial melt in Yellowstone constitute a transition area between the active Yellowstone magma system and the now volcanically quiescent SRP, with a density of 2820 kg/m3. Strength models show that the crust of the YSRP becomes progressively stronger and cooler with increasing distance from Yellowstone, and tectonic earthquakes within the Yellowstone caldera are unlikely to nucleate below 4–6 km depth, thus limiting the maximum magnitude of earthquakes to M ≤ 6.5.
Malaria vaccines: are seven antigens better than one?

Multicomponent vaccines containing a combination of antigens against Plasmodium falciparum derived from different stages of the parasite offer an immediate solution to the issue of which parasite stage to target and may circumvent the problems of antigenic variability. NYVAC-Pf7 an attenuated vaccine with seven P. falciparum genes inserted into its genome met the goal of inducing immune responses to multiple developmental stages of the parasite in studies in rhesus monkeys. However a phase I/IIa trial in human volunteers of low- and high-dose NYVAC-Pf7 and placebo produced disappointing results. 34 of the 35 volunteers who received NYVAC-Pf7 developed malaria after exposure to mosquitos infected with the P. falciparum 3D7 clone. On the other hand vaccination clearly primed individuals for increased antibody responses to the blood-stage antigens MSP-1 and AMA1 after the malaria challenge. Use of NYVAC-Pf7 to prime for subsequent booster immunizations with recombinant antigens has been suggested to increase the immune response. Before such a strategy is implemented the advantages of targeting multiple antigens and parasite stages require further study. For example it is possible that the best use of a multi-antigen vaccine may be the provision of antigenic variants of a single antigen.
Childhood Immunisation in Rural Afghanistan: The EPI Programme, 1987–91

An Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) has been functioning in Afghanistan since 1987 despite the notion that civil war lack of infrastructure and conservative Muslim society would seriously hamper it. Afghanistan is known to have the highest child mortality rate in the world: over half of all children die before age 5. The success of the EPI program is largely due to the work of Dr. P. Truze who organized the Afghanistan Vaccination and Immunization Centre (AVICEN) in Peshawar in 1987. AVICEN prompted the reluctant support of the World Health Organization and UNICEF in 1989. Some of the innovations of AVICEN are the creation of a functional cold chain and mobile delivery system increase in vaccination coverage from virtually zero to 35-55% in 3 years institution of epidemiologic evaluation and documentation of a 33% lower mortality in covered districts than in controls. To keep vaccines cold AVICEN uses the gas-powered RCW-45 improved with their own canvas covers and they use traditional underground snow-storage caves. They have chosen to use the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus-Polio (DPTP) vaccine for now rather than 3 DPT injections and 5 oral polio vaccinations. They are training male Afghanistani vaccinators cold chain technicians and repair workers EPI supervisors and epidemiological surveyors. Promotion of managers is from within. AVICEN has targeted all nonpregnant women of childbearing age and unmarried girls aged 5-14 for tetanus toxoid. The program has a vertical structure to facilitate strong quality control operational planning centralization and evaluation of information. Other integrated health programs have been suggested such as distributing oral rehydration solution packets or nutritional supplements but so far only vitamin A capsules have been added. Remote villages are reached by mobile teams who contact all within their ethnic group regardless of political affiliation using leased local transportation when possible.
A racialized space: social engineering in Jerusalem

The Zionist project to remove or ‘transfer’ Palestinians from Palestine began but did not end in 1948; it continues to this very day. Since 1980, Jerusalem has been the central focus of the transfer process: the central hub of the project of coercively removing long‐established Palestinian communities in order to make space for new Jewish arrivals. This paper examines the nature and mechanisms of this ongoing transfer from redrawing of boundaries and a system of checkpoints to the legal devices, complexities and manoeuvring employed to achieve the transfer of Palestinians, such as zoning, construction permits and even including documentation of the birth of a child. As the political, cultural and geographical core of the conflict between Zionism and the Palestinians, Jerusalem serves, in effect, as a kind of microcosm of the wider conflict.
Matrix pairs over valuation rings and ℝ-valued Littlewood–Richardson fillings

In the authors' previous work [G. Appleby and T. Whitehead, Invariants of matrix pairs over discrete valuation rings and Littlewood–Richardson fillings, Linear Algebra Appl. 432 (2010), pp. 1277–1298], an explicit method was developed to associate a Littlewood–Richardson filling {k ij } of the skew shape λ/μ with content ν to a pair of square matrices (M, N) defined over a discrete valuation ring of equicharacteristic zero. These results are here significantly extended to include rings possessing a real-valued valuation, along with a new, real-valued extension of the concept of a Littlewood–Richardson filling which allows for some filling-parts of negative length. A previously known combinatorial bijection between Littlewood–Richardson fillings establishing the equality of Littlewood–Richardson coefficients is generalized to the real-valued case, and shown to hold for the fillings associated with the matrix case as well. These results are obtained by deriving some precise descriptions of the behaviour of ...
Clinical outcome in total hip arthroplasty using a cemented titanium femoral prosthesis

Between 1988 and 1993, 118 total hip arthroplasties were carried out using cemented titanium alloy stems with modular cobalt-chrome heads. At a mean follow-up of 66.2 months, the overall clinical failure rate as a result of aseptic loosening of the femoral stem was 11.5%. Most failures occurred with smaller stems, especially in heavier patients. Clinical and radiographic data suggest that failure of femoral component fixation was due to high stresses in the cement mantle associated with the increased flexibility of the smaller stems. Radiographs of successful arthroplasties in patients with larger stems showed proximal stress shielding in most. The findings in this study do not support the contention that titanium alloys provide an advantage over more rigid materials in the manufacture of cemented femoral components for total hip arthroplasty.
The Rigidity and Comfort of Habits: A Cultural and Philosophical Analysis of the Ups and Downs of Mainstreaming Evaluation

Mainstreaming evaluation requires establishing aesthetic and ethical frameworks, as well as developing knowledge and skills that make “doing evaluation” seem like the right thing. Mainstreaming, however, can pose challenges to good evaluation practice; a view from cultural anthropology suggests that evaluation can have distinct meanings in different settings. Stories from program evaluation research in Indonesia illustrate the ways comforts and rigidities associated with mainstreamed evaluation processes may hinder high-quality evaluation.
The development of a CAHPS instrument for Nursing Home Residents (NHCAHPS).

Abstract We report on a federal initiative to develop a CAHPS® (The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) survey to measure residents' experiences with quality-of-care and quality-of-life in nursing homes (known as NHCAHPS). We focus on how we created and tested questions for inclusion in the instrument and tested a possible cognitive screener to determine which residents could participate in a NHCAHPS interview. The major lessons learned were: (1) In contrast to other CAHPS surveys, ratings were more useful than reports because of the difficulty that residents had with summarizing over time and people; (2) consistent with other CAHPS surveys, the 0 to 10 response scale appeared to work well with nursing home residents for many of the quality-of-care questions; however, a different response scale was needed for many of the quality-of-life items; and (3) in contrast with typical survey methodology and other CAHPS surveys where explicit time reference periods are used, a non-specific pres...
A service-differentiated real-time communication scheme for wireless sensor networks

Supporting end-to-end real-time communication is important for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to acomplish the collaborative sensing tasks with specific timing constraints. However, without considering the unique constraints for WSNs, many existing real-time communication protocols prove to be infeasible for low-cost WSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time communication scheme (RCS) to provide service-differentiated soft real-time guarantees for end-to-end communication in WSNs. We use hop-based geographic grouping to enable location awareness for sensor nodes with extremely low control overhead.We use dynamic forwarding with load-balanced receiver contention to provide a light-weight, yet efficient, routing technique, which can be easily adapted for duty cycle design. We use polling contention period based real-time MAC support to improve the service-differentiation granularity with better bandwidth utilization. The performance evaluation shows that our scheme can achieve low end-to-end latency, high on-time delivery ratio, fine services-differentiation granularity with load-balance for real-time traffic in unsynchronized low-cost WSNs.
Interaction of nucleobases with silicon nanowires: A first-principles study

Abstract The interaction between the nucleic acid bases – adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) – and a hydrogen-passivated silicon nanowire (SiNW) is investigated within the framework of density functional theory. The calculated binding energy of the nucleic acid bases with the SiNW shows the order: G > A≈C≈T≈U. This suggests that the interaction strength of a hydrogen passivated SiNW with the nucleic acid bases is nearly the same-G being an exception. The electronic structure of the nucleobase-SiNW complex is used to further characterize the nature of the interaction showing that it is likely electrostatic in nature.
A general theory of phase noise in electrical oscillators

A general model is introduced which is capable of making accurate, quantitative predictions about the phase noise of different types of electrical oscillators by acknowledging the true periodically time-varying nature of all oscillators. This new approach also elucidates several previously unknown design criteria for reducing close-in phase noise by identifying the mechanisms by which intrinsic device noise and external noise sources contribute to the total phase noise. In particular, it explains the details of how 1/f noise in a device upconverts into close-in phase noise and identifies methods to suppress this upconversion. The theory also naturally accommodates cyclostationary noise sources, leading to additional important design insights. The model reduces to previously available phase noise models as special cases. Excellent agreement among theory, simulations, and measurements is observed.
A new procedure of point-matching method for calculating the absorption and scattering of lossy dielectric objects

A method of numerically calculating the electromagnetic scattering and absorption by dielectric objects of high aspect ratios and composite geometrics has been developed. The solution procedure is based on expanding the scattered and internal fields in terms of multiple spherical vector wave functions, using point-matching to satisfy the boundary conditions and the least-square method to solve the resulting system of equations. The unique feature of this technique is that it utilizes multiple spherical expansions to describe the fields both inside and outside the object. The various parameters used to examine the convergence of the solution are discussed; they include the number of subdomain expansions interior and exterior to the object, the number of terms in each expansion and the advantages of the least-square method of solution. The new method was found suitable for making calculations for objects with aspect ratios as high as nine, and even for objects with composite geometries, including a capped cylinder and an object that consists of a spherical and a prolate spheroidal section. Numerical results were compared with results based on volume integral equations and method of moments, and excellent agreement was found. >
The Myth of Population Density and ICT Infrastructure

Mobile phones have become a significant platform for the delivery of information services in developing economies. Therefore, a sufficiently developed mobile telecommunications infrastructure is an important element in the economic development of these countries. This paper examines the factors that affect the quality of the mobile phone infrastructure in a country. One classic argument for limited infrastructure is a low population density. In theory, fewer people in a region means fewer customers to cover the fixed costs of the infrastructure. This paper tests the link between population density and mobile infrastructure. The results contradict the classic argument. The paper then argues that the challenge actually lies in the financial markets. If the financial markets demand a higher rate of return from the infrastructure, then the telecommunications firms will invest less in the infrastructure.
The stability of rotating flows with a cylindrical free surface

The stability to small inviscid disturbances of a rotating flow, whose velocity components in cylindrical polars ( r, 0, z ) are (0, V ( r ), 0), is investigated when one boundary of the flow ( r = b ) is a free surface under the action of surface tension (γ), and the other is either at infinity, or a rigid cylinder ( r = a ≠ b ), or at the axis ( r = 0). The free surface may be the inner or the outer boundary. A necessary and sufficient condition for stability to axisymmetric disturbances is derived, which requires that Rayleigh's criterion of increasing circulation be satisfied, and otherwise depends only on b , V ( b ), γ and the density of the swirling liquid. This condition may be extended to include non-axisymmetric disturbances when V ∝ 1/ r and when V ∝ r although in the latter case it is no longer a necessary one. It is shown that, in the case V ∝ r , as well as V ∝ 1/ r , the ‘most unstable’ disturbance on a rotating column of fluid will be non-axisymmetric if the rotation speed at the surface is sufficiently great. Several applications of the theory are suggested, and a possible experiment to test it is described.
All-optical wavelength conversion using a regrowth-free monolithically integrated Sagnac interferometer

All-optical wavelength conversion at 10 Gb/s is demonstrated using a regrowth-free monolithically integrated Sagnac interferometer based on asymmetric twin waveguide technology. A single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) offset from the center of the loop and integrated with the waveguide, acts as the nonlinear element in the interferometer. The device demonstrated uniform performance over a 30 nm (1530 nm-1560 nm) wide optical window. Results of theoretical simulations performed to explain the wavelength converted pulse shape are also presented.
Evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: Reversibility reconsidered.

Viviparity in squamate reptiles is widely recognized as having evolved convergently from oviparity more than 100 times. However, questions persist as to whether reversals from viviparity back to oviparity have ever occurred. Based on a theoretical model, a recent paper (Pyron and Burbrink, 2014) has proposed that viviparity is ancestral for squamates and that viviparity—oviparity reversals have far outnumbered origins of viviparity in reproductive history. Close examination of this analysis reveals features that cast doubt on its plausibility, notably the requirement of repeated, sequential transformations back and forth between these reproductive modes, as well as numerous, uncounted evolutionary transformations that have produced inaccurate estimates of parsimony. Evidence derived from studies of anatomy, physiology, and developmental biology strongly supports the inference that oviparity is ancestral for squamates and has given rise to viviparity on numerous occasions. Biological data provide important insights into the likelihood of evolutionary transformations, and deserve to be incorporated fully into future analyses of the evolution of reproductive modes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 473–486, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: ramifications for global biomass inventory

Two SAR and biomass data sets of forests with different canopy architectures were examined for commonalties regarding backscatterhiomass saturation. The SAR data were collected using the NASNJPL AIRSAR at incidence angles between 40° and 50° for tropical broadleaf evergreen forests in Hawaii and coniferous forests in North America and Europe. Radar signal saturation limits with respect to biomass for both forest types were determined to be ~l00 tons/ha for P-band (0.44 GHz), ~40 tons/ha for L-band (1.25 GHz), and ~20 tons/ha for C-band (5.3 GHz). The effect of the saturation limits on making global biomass inventories with SAR sensors was aesessed by comparing the biomass saturation limits to a global vegetation type and biomass data base. C-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 25% of the world’s total ice-free vegetated surface area accounting for 4% of Earth’s store of terrestrial phytomass. L- and P-band can be used to measure biomass in biomes covering 37% and 62% of the total vegetated surface area accounting for 8% and 19% of Earth's pool of terrestrial phytomass respectively. Biomes occupying approximately 38% of Earth's vegetated surface area containing 81% of the estimated total terrestrial phytomass have biomass densities above the saturation limit of current SAR systems (>l00 tons/ha for P-band). Since P-band radar systems cannot currently operate effectively from orbit, the use of SAR sensors for biomass surveys may be limited even further to the L-band threshold. Emphasis should be shifted toward using SAR to characterize forest regeneration and development up to the saturation limits shown here rather than attempting to measure biomass directly in heavy forests. The development of new and innovative technologies for measuring biomass in high density vegetation is encouraged.
Community mental health centers and other semantic concerns.

Recently at a social gathering I was introduced to someone who identified herself as the executive director of a community mental health center. Our conversation was but a few minutes old before she assured me that hers is the “new kind” of community mental health center: it has no medical staff or affiliation and makes no use of medical personnel. I pondered this latest example of Humpty-Dumptyism. Turf politics notwithstanding, this total abandonment of medical emphasis cornpletely alters the notion of cornrnunity mental health as it was conceived in the 1960s. It is, to say the least, a confusing reinterpretation of the original notion, for it forces the listener to figure out exactly what a community mental health center does, what patients (if they be patients) it treats (if treatment is what occurs inside), and what personnel constitute the staff. The 1960s federal regulations determining the essential services and staffing patterns for community mental health centers might at times have been restrictive in their effect (1), but those regulations at least resulted in some consistency, uniformity, and predictability among facilities Dr. Bachrach is research professor of psychiatry at the Mary
Words Can Help Manage Emotions: Using Research-Based Strategies for Vocabulary Instruction to Teach Emotion Words to Young Children

One of the key objectives of childhood education is to build empathy and understanding in students. Young children with the ability to comprehend and regulate their own emotions—and empathize with the emotions and experiences of others—go on to achieve greater learning outcomes and more positive relationships than children who do not develop these skills. Global citizenship education, which is being touted around the world as critical to a positive human future, emphasizes the role of empathy and compassion in students' leadership and decision-making. However, respect for and public display of emotions varies widely across cultures. In cultures known as “low-context” (i.e., Germany, U.K.), emotions are deemphasized in decision making and public life, whereas “high-context” cultures, as in Japan and Egypt, consider emotions to be an important part of all interactions. In this article, the authors present research on emotion words and emotional literacy for children and provide suggestions for practical app...
Developing a Prison Education Pedagogy.

This chapter calls for educators to specifically engage the needs of African-American men, who often comprise the largest demographic in prison, in what the author calls the Humiliation-to-Humility Perspective.
The basicness of transitives

This paper raises the question whether transitive or intransitive semantics is the more basic. Recently, the transformational analysis of causatives (Lakoff, 1970; McCawley, I968) has proposed that transitives are derived from intransitives by a causative transformation - thus implying that intransitive semantics is more basic. Because the transformational model has been so influential2 this claim has been carried over, often unquestioningly, into the grammar of many languages such as Hindi (Kachru, I966, 1971; Kleiman, 197I). This paper shows that of significance in determining basicness is the question whether intransitive verbs of the form (O0) represent natural activity or agent-motivated activity; and using this criterion, we expect most transitives to be basic. I. HYPOTHESIS In the normal human world (unlike, say, a physics laboratory), events typically consist of agents affecting objects. As such, we expect that typically objects would be conceptualized with an agent, leading to a transitive frame (AO0), rather than without an agent, in an intransitive frame (O0). It is true that intransitives of the type (A-), as well as of the type (O0) representing natural events would not pose conceptual difficulty; however, numerically, such verbs are limited compared with the overwhelming number of transitive verbs/activities that languages encode. The hypothesis that the intransitive frame (O0) representing agentmotivated activity is conceptually difficult can be verified through the following three corollaries. First, (O0) verbs representing agent-motivated activity are comparatively infrequent - i.e. limited in number or absent altogether in languages of the world. For example, the familiar English has only a handful of such verbs as in 'These shirts wash easily'.
Insulin increases surface expression of TRPC6 channels in podocytes: role of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen species.

Insulin receptors in podocytes are essential for normal kidney function. Here, we show that insulin evokes a rapid increase in the surface expression of canonical transient receptor potential-6 cha...
Sodium-Dependent Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Type 1 Is an Auxiliary Receptor for Baboon Endogenous Retrovirus

The baboon endogenous retrovirus (BaEV) belongs to a large, widely dispersed interference group that includes the RD114 feline endogenous virus and primate type D retroviruses. Recently, we and another laboratory independently cloned a human receptor for these viruses and identified it as the human sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter type 2 (hASCT2). Interestingly, mouse and rat cells are efficiently infected by BaEV but only become susceptible to RD114 and type D retroviruses if the cells are pretreated with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein N-linked glycosylation. To investigate this host range difference, we cloned and analyzed NIH Swiss mouse ASCT2 (mASCT2). Surprisingly, mASCT2 did not mediate BaEV infection, which implied that mouse cells might have an alternative receptor for this virus. In addition, elimination of the two N-linked oligosaccharides from mASCT2 by mutagenesis, as substantiated by protein N-glycosidase F digestions and Western immunoblotting, did not enable it to function as a receptor for RD114 or type D retroviruses. Based on these results, we found that the related ASCT1 transporters of humans and mice are efficient receptors for BaEV but are relatively inactive for RD114 and type D retroviruses. Furthermore, elimination of the two N-linked oligosaccharides from extracellular loop 2 of mASCT1 by mutagenesis enabled it to function as an efficient receptor for RD114 and type D retroviruses. Thus, we infer that the tunicamycin-dependent infection of mouse cells by RD114 and type D retroviruses is caused by deglycosylation of mASCT1, which unmasks previously buried sites for viral interactions. In contrast, BaEV efficiently employs the glycosylated forms of mASCT1 that occur normally in untreated mouse cells.
The Economic Effect of the Intellectual Property Obligations in Free Trade Agreements

To date, there has been little empirical study to date of the effect that TRIPS-Plus intellectual property protection required by American free trade agreements has had on the economies of our trading partners. This paper examines data on foreign direct investment, licensing, employment, sales, and exports from three countries – Guatemala, Peru, and Nicaragua. Data is observed at the national and the firm level before and after each country strengthened its intellectual property laws (and demonstrated active enforcement of them) in order to comply with trade agreements. It suggests that implementation of the intellectual property provisions in FTAs by developing countries has had positive effects in some countries and in some industries. However, it does not support broad statements that intellectual property rights will necessarily lead to foreign direct investment, technology transfer, more and better employment, or growing exports.
Mixtures of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves

Rationale and Objectives Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are ubiquitous in the analysis of imaging metrics as markers of both diagnosis and prognosis. While empirical estimation of ROC curves remains the most popular method, there are several reasons to consider smooth estimates based on a parametric model. Materials and Methods A mixture model is considered for modeling the distribution of the marker in the diseased population motivated by the biological observation that there is more heterogeneity in the diseased population than there is in the normal one. It is shown that this model results in an analytically tractable ROC curve which is itself a mixture of ROC curves. Results The use of creatine kinase–BB isoenzyme in diagnosis of severe head trauma is used as an example. ROC curves are fit using the direct binormal method, ROCKIT software, and the Box-Cox transformation as well as the proposed mixture model. The mixture model generates an ROC curve that is much closer to the empirical one than the other methods considered. Conclusions Mixtures of ROC curves can be helpful in fitting smooth ROC curves in datasets where the diseased population has higher variability than can be explained by a single distribution.
Attitudes of Bilingual Education Parents Toward Language Learning and Curriculum and Instruction

Abstract This article reports on the findings of a study on parent attitudes and school participation. The assumption that strong support for bilingual education weakened the belief that English should be taught as quickly as possible or vice-versa was examined and rejected. Furthermore, it was found that both parents and school personnel viewed bilingual education positively and believed that learning Spanish had both social and economic benefits. The change in attitudes toward the value of Spanish, suggested by these findings, are discussed in light of social class position and employment strategies in the Chicano community.
Metabolism of doubly-labeled chylomicron cholesteryl esters in the rat

Chylomicrons labeled in vitro with doubly-labeled cholesteryl esters were injected intravenously into fasted rats, and the tissue distribution and chemical form of each isotope were observed for 24 hr. The use of doubly-labeled cholesteryl esters provided information about the metabolism of both the sterol and the fatty acid moieties. Similar results were obtained with doubly-labeled cholesteryl palmitate, oleate, and linoleate. In each instance, most (80-90%) of the chylomicron cholesteryl ester was removed from the plasma by the liver; small amounts were also taken up by all other tissues examined. There was no hydrolysis during uptake. In the liver the newly absorbed cholesteryl esters underwent slow hydrolysis (60% after 1 hr and 85-90% after 3.5 hr); the rate of reesterification of the liberated cholesterol was still slower. After 24 hr only 20-28% of the labeled cholesterol present in the animal was found in the liver. Labeled fatty acid disappeared from the liver, and was redistributed among other tissues, much more rapidly than the labeled cholesterol. Most of the labeled fatty acid apparently underwent oxidation, since only 15-20% of the injected labeled fatty acid was present in the animal after 24 hr. At this time the three fatty acids were differently distributed between and within the tissues. These differences reflected some known differences of fatty acid concentration and lipid composition in the various tissues.
AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT on silicon with steep sub-threshold swing < 60 mV/dec over 6 orders of drain current swing and relation to traps

AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT on silicon with steep sub-threshold swing (SS) gs is sweept ‘up’, from low to high values. The origin for such steep SS has been ascribed to the dynamic de-trapping and charge injection into the 2DEG channel from interface states at the dielectric/GaN cap interface, as validated by V gs stress measurements.
Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in lean and obese subjects

The doubly labeled water (2H2(18)O) method to assess energy expenditure in free-living conditions has been successfully validated against gas exchange measurements in lean healthy volunteers in both sedentary conditions and during sustained heavy exercise. However, no data are available on obese subjects. We therefore compared the 2H2(18)O method with indirect calorimetry (respiratory chamber) in 12 male subjects covering a wide range of body weight and composition (61-190 kg, 7-41% fat). Isotope pool sizes and elimination rates were calculated from 18O and 2H enrichments in baseline urine samples and in 7-h, 11.5-h, and daily postdose urine samples using the multipoint slope/intercept method. Results were corrected for isotopic fractionation. Mean 7-day energy expenditure in the respiratory chamber varied from 1,851 to 4,105 kcal/day. The doubly labeled water method tended to underestimate energy expenditure (-2.5 +/- 5.8%, not equal to 0, range -14 to +4%), with the larger underestimate observed in heavier and fatter subjects (r = -0.82 and -0.68, P less than 0.02, respectively). The underestimation in heavier subjects might be related to larger sequestration of deuterium during fat synthesis. In conclusion, the doubly labeled water method is a suitable and accurate method to measure energy expenditure in free-living conditions but might provide a slightly underestimated figure in fatter subjects.
Maxi-Pouch: A New Technique for Ileal Conduit Conversion to Continent Urinary Reservoir

We present an alternative technique for conversion of an ileal conduit to a continent urinary diversion that uses a combination of ileal and ileocolonic substitutions. Filling pressure studies and radiography of the pouch, endoscopy and excretory urography revealed a reservoir capacity of 850 cc, no reflux, normal urinary tracts and no uninhibited contractions. In complex cases of neuropathic and nonneuropathic bladders or patients who have undergone cystectomy and have an unacceptable lower urinary tract for undiversion, we propose this technique of continent urinary reservoir as an alternative.
Rape and the Failure of Peace: The Destabilizing Force of Sexual Violence in Civil War

Existing scholarship on post-conflict peace duration fails to account for the level of sexual violence within conflicts as a predictor of the risk of returning to war. This paper presents a new theory, linking the prevalence of rape to post-conflict instability, with the resumption of fighting as a hard test of social and political weakness. Through the merging of two data sets on peace duration and sexual violence within civil conflicts, I offer a unique quantitative, cross-national analysis of the relationship between sexual violence and peace stability. My findings support the theory, and indicate that high rates of sexual abuse in war are indeed correlated with shaky post-conflict peace. The results suggest a need for further analysis and the incorporation of violence against women into security studies.
Use of fluorescence to determine reduction in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) nymph feeding when exposed to cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid through systemic applications

The Bemisia tabaci whitefly is an important pest of many agricultural crops. Direct feeding by this pest can cause physiological plant symptoms including irregular ripening in tomatoes and silverleaf disorder in squash. In addition, B. tabaci can transmit more than 100 plant viruses that cause severe diseases that affect crop yield and quality. Insecticides are often applied to control this pest and they may be applied to the foliage and/or to the soil. Insecticides that kill quickly or cause feeding cessation reduce the damage caused by B. tabaci on the host plant most effectively. In this study fluorescence was used to assess B. tabaci feeding and to determine the effect of systemically applied insecticides on feeding by the pest. Cyantraniliprole (Verimark™) and imidacloprid (AdmirePro®) produced a rapid reduction in B. tabaci feeding. At 24 h after a systemic application, the percentage of whitefly nymphs still feeding in plants treated with cyantraniliprole (anthranilic diamide) and imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) were 19% and 33%, respectively. Both products showed a good reduction in insect feeding and since they have different modes of action they should be considered as rotational partners for B. tabaci control in areas where there is no resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. While the fluorescein sodium salt cannot be used to trace the uptake of insecticides, it has been shown to reliably demonstrate feeding cessation of whitefly nymphs after foliar and systemic applications of insecticides.
Diode laser-based trace detection of hydrogen-sulfide at 2646.3 nm and hydrocarbon spectral interference effects

This paper presents the first diode laser-based measurements of trace hydrogen sulfide at the 2646.35 nm absorption line and evaluates the feasibility of this line for natural gas sensing applications. The balanced detection technique is used to achieve a detection limit of 25 parts per million-meter H2S in 150 Torr (T) balance N2. Spectral interference effects of major natural gas constituents (methane, ethane, and propane) are also presented. It is shown that methane interference can be avoided by lowering the sample pressure, while propane has no interference. However, strong interfering lines of ethane are observed around the 2646.35 nm region. To our knowledge, this is the first report where individual ethane lines in this spectral region are observed. These observations make the 2646.35 nm H2S line unfavorable for natural gas applications. This line, however, still remains attractive for H2S sensing applications with low ethane content.
Evoluce: Z mého pohledu

Existence evoluce ma dalekosahle a dlouhotrvajici důsledky pro vědu, dopady na filozofii a konsekvence v teologii. Nas moderni pohled na svět je dynamický, vědecký a založený na vse prostupujicim naturalismu. Jedinecnost teto planety, tedy život na zemi a existence naseho vlastniho druhu, celi s pokracujicimi objevy přirodnich věd velkým výzvam. Podle meho nazoru představuje clověk v toku a nezměrnosti tohoto vesmiru nedavnou a zranitelnou organickou formu.
A Messianic Aesthetic: Lily Briscoe's Vision

This essay reads To the Lighthouse through the lens of Giorgio Agamben's Pauline conception of messianic time and suggests that we reconsider the genre of modernist novels in light of such a “messianic aesthetic.” Insofar as To the Lighthouse presents chronological time impregnated by apocalyptic time, it reveals a coinciding of chronos and the eschaton to produce “the time of the now.” Rather than compensate for loss (the dominant reading), Virginia Woolf's novel reflects Agamben's conception of time by situating salvation in the place of deterioration or the unsavable, celebrating caducity. Woolf presents a contraction of time, through the pulsating rays of the Lighthouse, that carries time to fulfillment and then falls back into potentiality/impotentiality. Lily's eventual embrace of her painting's inevitable destruction underscores the notion that creation and decreation are salvifically coextensive. On the political level, Lily's artistic vision neutralizes Mr. Ramsay's sovereignty by putting his linear journey to a new, playful use—a pure means without end. Given that Agamben laments the scission in the Western cultural tradition between philosophy and poetry, it seems germane that his theory be fleshed out through poetic art. Agamben reveals messianic temporality and its political effects in Woolf, just as Woolf's poetic prose gives to Agamben's ideas a representational bloom. By offering To the Lighthouse as a paradigm, this essay illustrates how Agamben's work may be used for literary interpretation—a brand-new and exciting area, as his writings have not yet been invoked to interpret literary texts.
Control of forward swept wing configurations dominated by flight-dynamic/aeroelastic interactions

An active control system concept for an aeroelastic wind-tunnel model of a statically unstable FSW configuration with wing-mounted stores is developed to provide acceptable longitudinal flying qualities while maintaining adequate flutter speed margin. On FSW configurations, the inherent aeroelastic wing divergence tendency causes strong flight-dynamic/aeroelastic interactions that in certain cases can produce a dynamic instability known as body-freedom flutter (BFF). The carriage of wing-mounted stores is shown to severely aggravate this problem. The control system developed combines a canard-based SAS with an Active Divergence/Flutter Suppression (ADFS) system which relies on wing-mounted sensors and a trailing-edge device (flaperon). Synergism between these two systems is exploited to obtain the flying qualities and flutter speed objectives.
The Predatory State, Collective Violence, and Race

The power of the state to target and effectively decrease the quality of life of groups is evident in American history. America has a long history of unequally enforcing laws against minorities (Mustard, 2003). From the treatment of Native Americans, to African Americans, to Chinese, and Hispanic immigrants the American state has demonstrated its capacity and willingness to target and apply targeted collective political violence toward racial minorities. In this paper I will discuss the idea of the predatory state, collective political violence, and race. I argue that the state is collective coercion and the institutions that develop from it are instruments of social control. Moreover, America is a racial state and has developed institutions which have the potential to perpetuate racial difference.The America dual state, one contract and one predatory, has serious implications for those under each’s purview. The state is defined as an organization that can “inflict sanctions without risk of disavowal and can disavow sanctions by others” (De Jasay, 1985, p.76). The state is community that claims the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force (Weber, 2004). No state uses violence alone nor enjoys perfect legitimacy. Legitimacy is not an attribute of the state but a state of mind of its subjects (Jasay, 1985). Different states apply social control mechanisms differently. For African Americans the predatory state is a manifestation of the American racial state. Under the predatory state intuitions are used as a means of maintaining and legitimizing racial difference. I argue that the criminal justice system (CJS) is one of these institutions. The CJS is an institution that regulates acceptable behaviors and identities and I poist is used for the purpose of racialized social control.
Studies of the Shape of Pealius mori (Takahashi) in Panxi Area of Sichuan

It is easy to confuse Pealius mori(Takahashi) and Bemisia myricae Kuwana,they have the ex- tremely common contour characteristics.In order to clarify whether it is Pealius mori(Takahashi) or Be- misia myricae in Panxi area,the authors have conducted the micro research to its shape and discovered that it is Pealius mori (Takahashi) in this area.It indicated that Panxi area in Sichuan also has Pealius mori oc- currence besides Taiwan,Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
HIV,HCV and Syphilis Infection Among Drug Users in Luzhou City

Objective To find out the infection situation and influence factors about HIV, HCV and syphilis among drug users,so as to provide scientific publicity information for preventing and controlling AIDS, venereal disease and serum hepatitis. Method HIV, HCV and syphilis antibodies of 350 receiving methadone maintenance treatment drug users in Luzhou City were detected,and the data were analysed. Result Out of 350 cases, 15 (4.28%) were HIV positive and 275(78.5%)were HCV positive. Out of 304 drug users, 15(4.93%) were HIV positive ,265(87.17%) were HCV positive and 21(6.91%) were syphilis positive . Out of 46 non-drug users,0 case infected HIV,10 cases(21.74%) infected HCV and 3 cases(6.52%) infected syphilis.The infection rate of HCV in drug user was much higher than that in non-drug user(χ2=101.598,P=0.000).Conclusion The HIV and syphilis infection rates in Luzhou City are lower than the average level of other cities in the same population. But the HCV infection rate is higher than the average level of the result of China national epidemiological invesigation of hepatitis. Vein taking drug and sharing of injection equipment are high risk factors in spreading HIV and HCV. Infcting HCV results in liver disease is another risk for their health.
Efficient culture of human naïve and memory B cells (LYM5P.711)

The ability to culture and expand B cell numbers in vitro has become a useful tool for studying human immunity. A limitation of current methods in human B cell cultures is the capacity to support continued proliferation by mature B cells. We have adapted the culture methods established by Luo et al. ( Blood , 2009) to efficiently (60% cloning efficiency) activate and expand both naive and memory human B cells. Briefly, naive or memory B cells recovered from blood are cultured with cytokines on CD154 + feeder cells; this culture supports extensive B cell proliferation, with approximately 10 3 fold increases in a week; by splitting cultures onto new feeder layers, culture-derived (CD) B cells continuously proliferate, achieving 10 6 fold increases by day 16. The capacity for continued proliferation is stable for at least another week. In culture, a significant fraction of naive B cells upregulate AID expression, undergo isotype switching without V(D)J hypermutation, and terminally differentiate into plasmacytes. CD B cells are readily cryopreserved and retain their ability to proliferate and differentiate. Significantly, proliferating CD B cells express high levels of MHCII, CD80, and CD86. We have examined the APC function of CD B cells and find that they present both allo- and microbial antigens to autologous T cells with comparable efficiency to PBMC. This culture method provides a platform for studying the BCR and TCR repertoires within a single individual.
Structural and mechanistic diversity of multidrug transporters

Covering: 2009 to mid 2016 Multidrug transporters are common and prevalent in all orders of life, having diverse functions from the removal of toxins, resistance to cytotoxins, and the transport of specific eluents. In addition, multidrug transporters pose a significant threat to modern medicine. Able to transport structurally diverse small molecule drugs, these transporters are implicated in antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, as well as chemotherapeutic-resistance cancer cells. Although important in such resistance, a relatively small number of multidrug transporters have been structurally characterized, primarily due to the difficulty in purifying and crystallizing active membrane proteins and protein complexes. This review will cover recent structural breakthroughs in the past six years that have led to increased knowledge of the mechanisms of multidrug transporter chemistry, and the role of these transporters in exporting secondary metabolites.