cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gut-trophic effects of keratinocyte growth factor in rat small intestine and colon during enteral refeeding.

BACKGROUND Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) induces proliferation of gut epithelium in rat models, but KGF-nutrient interactions have not been studied. An experimental model of fasting-induced gut atrophy followed by different levels of enteral refeeding was used to investigate the influence of nutrient availability on the gut-trophic effects of exogenous KGF. METHODS After a 3-day fast, rats were enterally refed either ad libitum or at 25% of ad libitum intake for 3 subsequent days. Either intraperitoneal KGF (5 mg/kg/d) or saline was given in each dietary regimen. Wet weight, DNA, and protein content were measured as indices of full-thickness cellularity in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Villus height in small bowel segments and crypt depth in all gut tissues were measured as specific indices of mucosal growth. RESULTS Refeeding at 25% of ad libitum intake significantly decreased full-thickness cellularity and mucosal growth indices in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the colon, only protein content fell significantly and crypt depth was maintained. KGF administration during 25% refeeding did not alter full-thickness indices in any small bowel segment or affect jejunal mucosal growth. In contrast, KGF normalized duodenal villus height (p < .01) and duodenal and ileal crypt depth (p < .05) only in the 25%-refed model. KGF significantly increased ileal villus height in both ad libitum and 25%-refed rats (by 43% and 48%, respectively, p < .05) and markedly increased colonic cellularity and mucosal crypt depth with both levels of refeeding (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Rat small bowel growth is more sensitive than colon to the level of enteral refeeding after a 3-day fast. KGF administration does not affect jejunal growth, but specifically prevents atrophy of duodenal and ileal mucosa during hypocaloric, hyponitrogenous refeeding. In ileum and colon, some KGF-mediated growth responses are independent of the level of enteral refeeding. Thus gut-trophic effects of KGF and KGF interactions with the level of nutrient intake are tissue-specific.
A chemical model for transcriptional initiation of DNA replication.

Summary Oligoribonucleotides are effective initiators of polydeoxynucleotide replication catalyzed by a high molecular weight DNA polymerase from calf thymus gland, but are relatively ineffective initiators for low molecular weight mammalian DNA polymerases.
Bistable electroactive polymer for refreshable Braille display with improved actuation stability

Poly(t-butyl acrylate) is a bistable electroactive polymer (BSEP) capable of rigid-to-rigid actuation. The BSEP combines the large-strain actuation of dielectric elastomers with shape memory property. We have introduced a material approach to overcome pull-in instability in poly(t-butyl acrylate) that significantly improves the actuation lifetime at strains greater than 100%. Refreshable Braille display devices with size of a smartphone screen have been fabricated to manifest a potential application of the BSEP. We will report the testing results of the devices by a Braille user.
Impulse oscillometry in the evaluation of diseases of the airways in children

Objective To provide an overview of impulse oscillometry and its application to the evaluation of children with diseases of the airways. Data Sources Medline and PubMed search, limited to English language and human disease, with keywords forced oscillation, impulse oscillometry , and asthma . Study Selections The opinions of the authors were used to select studies for inclusion in this review. Results Impulse oscillometry is a noninvasive and rapid technique requiring only passive cooperation by the patient. Pressure oscillations are applied at the mouth to measure pulmonary resistance and reactance. It is employed by health care professionals to help diagnose pediatric pulmonary diseases such asthma and cystic fibrosis; assess therapeutic responses; and measure airway resistance during provocation testing. Conclusions Impulse oscillometry provides a rapid, noninvasive measure of airway impedance. It may be easily employed in the diagnosis and management of diseases of the airways in children.
Two Dimensional Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Mapping

A simple device for the two dimensional IR mapping of curved surfaces was developed and interfaced to a diffuse reflectance attachment for an FTIR spectrometer. The device consists of a mounting frame coupled to a micrometer driven translation stage. The sample is longitudinally driven through the focal point of the diffuse reflection attachment. By combining translations with rotations, a two dimensional matrix of spectra from the surface is acquired. The spatial resolution of these spectra approaches 1 mm. A two dimensional mapping of an electrical contact surface reveals an inhomogeneous distribution of a hydrocarbon species (the lubricant) and the presence of a contaminant containing a cyano group.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Presenteeism: A Public Health Hazard

"Presenteeism" occurs when an employee goes to work despite a medical illness that will prevent him or her from fully functioning at work. This problem has been well studied in the business and social science literature, and carries increased importance in the health care setting due to the risk of infectious disease transmission in vulnerable patient populations. In this manuscript, we discuss an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis in a long-term care facility and the role presenteeism played in disease transmission and extension of the outbreak. We use existing literature to point out the hazards of presenteeism in the health care sector. We will also discuss factors that may be involved in the decision to work while ill and propose policy changes that may reduce the incidence of presenteeism in health care organizations.
Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of self-reported past suicide attempts among bariatric surgery candidates

Abstract Background Although research has been limited, suicidal behavior has commonly been identified as a contraindication for bariatric surgery. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of past suicide attempts in a bariatric surgery population at an academic medical center. Methods A retrospective chart review, including the demographic and psychosocial variables, was conducted of 1020 consecutive bariatric surgery candidates presenting during a 32-month period. Results Of the 1020 patients, 115 (11.2%) self-reported ≥1 previous suicide attempt. The patients with a positive suicide history were significantly younger (mean 42.9 ± 11.0 years), less educated (mean 13.4 ± 2.4 years), had a greater body mass index (mean 52.3 ± 11.6 kg/m 2 ), and were more predominantly single (32.2% versus 20.9%), female (90.4% versus 74.8%), and receiving disability (45.2% versus 21.8%) compared with patients without a suicide history. A positive suicide history was also significantly associated with a history of psychiatric hospitalization, outpatient psychotherapy and/or psychotropic medication, sexual abuse, and substance abuse. Conclusion Assessing suicide history is an important aspect of the bariatric preoperative assessment. Additional research is needed to evaluate the effects of suicide history on the postoperative outcomes and adherence.
A 60-Year-Old Woman With Sexual Difficulties

A growing body of evidence is available to guide care for women with sexual concerns. This article considers the case of a 60-year-old woman who with menopause developed decreased libido, rapidity of sexual arousal, and intensity of orgasm. She requests information about strategies to optimize sexual function. Effects of aging and menopause on female sexual response are reviewed and an evaluation approach presented to help clinicians respond productively to women who request intervention. The effectiveness and safety of different treatment options are discussed, including education, lifestyle changes, counseling, medications, mechanical devices, and pelvic floor exercises; recommendations are made to help postmenopausal women maximize sexual pleasure and satisfaction.
Mapping the phase diagram of an aromatic polyamide blend using infrared spectroscopy

The results of an infrared study of poly (meta-phenylene adipamide)-poly (ethylene oxide) blends are reported. This is the first time, to the authors' knowledge, that infrared spectroscopy has been used to experimentally map the phase diagram of a polymer blend. The results are compared with theoretical phase diagrams calculated from a recently described association model.
Survey paper on adaptive agents applied to advanced planning and scheduling

This research investigates the study of the concept of adaptation as a foundation to guide management in creating a planning and scheduling system. The review paper identifies theories that are being studied in relation to the process of adaptation using genetic algorithms as well as adaptive agents in the natural and social sciences. The survey paper will begin with the definition of terms used to understand the concepts of adaptation. The terms are not new, but the definitions will include a correlation to the relevance within the adaptation survey paper. The terms identify the concepts of adaptation in relation to the natural and artificial systems. The survey paper will discuss the studies completed in natural physical sciences. Scientists are re-evaluating theories about the universe. In doing so, modern scientists are discovering new theories. The concepts are applied to the social sciences involving humans as the acting agents. The adaptation theories will be reviewed within the organisational development of a business specifically, planning and scheduling. The research paper will identify specific areas where the use of the discoveries is necessary in the economic environment and how the theories are relevant to the activities occurring within the business unit.
Continuous Dielectrophoretic Size-Based Particle Sorting

Continuous-flow dielectrophoretic (DEP) particle separation based on size is demonstrated in a microfluidic device. Polystyrene microspheres suspended in a neutrally buoyant aqueous solution are used as model particles to study DEP induced by an array of slanted, planar, interdigitated electrodes inside of a soft-lithography microchannel. The E-field gradients from the slanted electrodes impart a net transverse force component on the particles that causes them to “ratchet” across the channel. Over the length of the device, larger particles are deflected more than smaller particles according to the balance of hydrodynamic drag and DEP forces. Consequently, a flow-focused particle suspension containing different-sized particles is fractionated as the beads flow and separate down the length of the device. The flow behavior of spherical particles is modeled, and the total transverse particle displacement in the microfluidic device predicts fourth-order size and voltage and second-order inverse flow rate depen...
Inflammatory response to acute hypoxia in humans.

Abstract Background In animal studies hypoxia is known to cause an inflammatory response, inducing multiple transcription factors and activating molecular processes at the cellular level. However, it is not known whether acute hypoxia causes similar inflammatory effects in humans, although such an assumption is commonly made. Methods The effects of acute hypoxic exposure were studied in 12 healthy adults: Each subject was studied on 2 different days. Group 1 (mean age 33 ± 5.5 years; 2 females, 4 males) was exposed either to a hypoxic gas mixture or room air for 30 min and Group 2 (mean age 26.5 ± 7.5 years; 3 females, 3 males) for 60 min. Measurements of circulating adhesion molecules (AMs), Clara cell secretory protein (CC16), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and C reactive protein (hsCRP) were made at baseline and at intervals following exposure for 240 min. Results No significant changes were seen in circulating AMs, CC16, TNF-α, IL-6 or hsCRP, although both HIF-1α and VEGF levels increased significantly ( p Conclusions Acute hypoxic exposure in normal man does not induce a measurable change in inflammatory or epithelial biomarkers, in contrast to studies at the cellular level in animals. However, acute hypoxic exposure does induce the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. These results indicate that in humans acute hypoxic exposure for up to 60 min does not induce a generalized inflammatory response, indicating that the human response to hypoxia is more complex than inferred from animal/cellular studies.
Handling-induced seizures and rotational behavior in the Mongolian gerbil

Abstract The aim of this report was to examine the relationship between sensory-induced seizures, cerebral laterality (as measured by rotation) and nigrostriatal asymmetry in Mongolian gerbils. Seizure resistant gerbils made proportionally more spontaneous turns to a preferred direction than sensitive animals. Three prototypical antiepileptic drugs strongly elicited rotational behavior (carbamazepine (10–20 mg/kg), diazepam (16 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) and two others (phenobarbital (20–40 mg/kg) and ethosuximide (500 mg/kg) also appeared to potentiate rotation; only diphenylhydantoin and trimethadione were ineffective. Two dopaminergic agonists, amphetamine (4 mg/kg) and apomorphine (16 mg/kg) enhanced rotation at anticonvulsant doses while the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol reduced rotational behavior at a dose (1 mg/kg) which exacerbates seizure severity. Finally, surgical induction of nigrostriatal asymmetry by means of unilateral electrolytic striatal lesions reduced seizure severity; sham and bilateral striatal lesionsd had no significant effects on seizures. These results suggest that seizure activity and rotational behavior are inversely related and, furthermore, that the link between these two behaviors may be the asymmetry between nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems.
Overview of the upper atmosphere research satellite: Observations from 1991 to 2002

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was launched in September 1991 by the Space Shuttle Discovery and continues to make relevant atmospheric measurements (as of October 2002). This successful satellite has fostered a better understanding of the middle atmospheric processes, especially those important in the control of ozone. Seven of the original ten instruments aboard the UARS are still functional and six instruments regularly make measurements. The UARS is in a stable observing configuration, in spite of experiencing several anomalies over its lifetime. It is expected that the UARS will overlap the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite (scheduled launch in January 2004) for several months before the end of the UARS mission.
Why we cannot predict earthquakes

Roger Bilham enjoys a history of a potentially useful field in which spectacular failures can win accolades.
Analysis of fluid equations by group methods

Using the machinery of Lie-group analysis several equations arising in fluid mechanics are studied. In particular, the Burgers' equation, the KdV equation, the Hopf equation, the two-dimensional KdV equation and the Lin-Tsien equation are analyzed. In all cases the particular group includes arbitrary functions of time which permit the transformation of time-dependent equations into the corresponding time-independent ones. Infinitely many time-dependent solutions are associated with each steady solution. Some solutions are constructed.
Geovisual evaluation of public participation in decision making: The grapevine

This article reports on a three-dimensional (time-space) geovisual analytic called a ''grapevine.'' People often use metaphors to describe the temporal and spatial structure of online discussions, e.g., ''threads'' growing as a result of message exchanges. We created a visualization to evaluate the temporal and spatial structure of online message exchanges based on the shape of a grapevine naturally cultivated in a vineyard. Our grapevine visualization extends up through time with features like buds, nodes, tendrils, and leaves produced as a result of message posting, replying, and voting. Using a rotatable and fully interactive three-dimensional GIS (Geographic Information System) environment, a geovisual analyst can evaluate the quality of deliberation in the grapevine visualization by looking for productive patterns in fine-grained human-computer-human interaction (HCHI) data and then sub-sampling the productive parts for content analysis. We present an example of how we used the technique in a study of participatory interactions during an online field experiment about improving transportation in the central Puget Sound region of Washington called the Let's Improve Transportation (LIT) Challenge. We conclude with insights about how our grapevine could be applied as a general purpose technique for evaluation of any participatory learning, thinking, or decision making situation.
Structural Coupling of Smad and Runx2 for Execution of the BMP2 Osteogenic Signal

Two regulatory pathways, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and the transcription factor RUNX2, are required for bone formation in vivo. Here we show the interdependent requirement of these pathways to induce an osteogenic program. A panel of Runx2 deletion and point mutants was used to examine RUNX2-SMAD protein-protein interaction and the biological consequences on BMP2-induced osteogenic signaling determined in Runx2 null cells. These cells do not respond to BMP2 signal in the absence of Runx2. We established that a triple mutation in the C-terminal domain of RUNX2, HTY (426-428), disrupts the RUNX2-SMAD interaction, is deficient in its ability to integrate the BMP2/TGFβ signal on promoter reporter assays, and is only marginally functional in promoting early stages of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, the HTY mutation overlaps the unique nuclear matrix targeting signal of Runx factors and exhibits reduced subnuclear targeting. Thus, formation of a RUNX2-SMAD osteogenic complex and subnuclear targeting are structurally and functionally inseparable. Our results establish the critical residues of RUNX2 for execution and completion of BMP2 signaling for osteoblastogenesis through a mechanism that requires RUNX2-SMAD transcriptional activity.
Exact ground state of a quantum mechanical antiferromagnet

We present some exact results for the ground state of a quantum mechanical antiferromagnetic model in the two dimensions with next-nearest neighbor interactions.
Influence of lithium chloride intensity on unconditioned stimulus-alone interference in a flavor aversion paradigm

Abstract Two studies were conducted to explore the influence of US preexposure intensity on the development of a flavor aversion. In the first experiment, subjects were exposed to four US-alone presentations [1 per day, every other day over 8 days at one of four dose levels (0, 0.5, 1.5, or 3.0 meq LiCl)]. Following the US-alone treatment, an equal number of rats from each US-alone dose level condition received a series of sucrose-illness pairings at one of three conditioning dose levels. The results of this study showed that if the US-alone dose level was below the conditioning dose level, less interference was found than when the preexposure and conditioning doses were equivalent. A strong proactive US-alone interference was found when the US-alone dose level was either equal to or above the conditioning US intensity. In Experiment 2, a greater range of preconditioning US-alone dose levels was used. Also, the number of US-alone exposures decreased to two in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 2 showed that less proactive US-alone interference occurred when the US-alone dose was either below or slightly above the conditioning US dose than when the US-alone and conditioning dose levels were equal. Further, when the preexposure US intensity was much above the conditioning US intensity, the level of interference was equivalent to that produced when the US-alone and conditioning US intensities were equivalent. These observations are discussed in terms of context blocking and generalization decrement models of the US preexposure effect.
Thickness effect on the Kα/Kβ ratio of tin

Abstract K α /K β ratios for tin were determined using bremsstrahlung induced X-ray fluorescence. The ratio is generally below the theoretical value. For very thin samples, the ratio seems to agree with the theoretical value.
The origins and evolution of the North American grassland biome: the story from the hoofed mammals

Abstract The North American grassland biome first appeared around 18 Ma in the mid Miocene. The familiar story of the Neogene evolution of this biome is of the replacement of ungulates (hoofed mammals) having a primarily browsing diet by the more derived grazing ungulates. However, new data show a more complicated pattern of faunal succession. There was a maximum taxonomic diversity of ungulates at 16–14 Ma, including a large number of grazers, and the subsequent decline in overall diversity was largely due to the decline of the browsers, with little corresponding increase in the grazers. Additionally the mid Miocene faunas (∼18–12 Ma) contained a much greater number of browsers than any comparable present-day habitat. We discuss possible explanations for these non-analogous grassland faunas, including the possibility that the primary productivity of the vegetation was greater in the early to middle Miocene than it is today. One possible explanation for increased primary productivity is higher Miocene levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide than in the present day. The proposed difference in vegetational productivity also may explain why horses radiated as the main grazers in North America, in contrast to the radiation of antelope in the Plio–Pleistocene African grasslands.
901–112 Attenuation of Myocardial Stunning by a Novel Nonglucocorticoid 21-Aminosteroid Inhibitor of Lipid Peroxidation

Lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals has been implicated in myocardial dysfunction during reperfusion. The effect of a new 21-aminosteroid (Lazaroid, U74389G) that inhibits lipid peroxidation was studied in isolated, isovolumic rat hearts subjected to 20 min of normothermic ischemia and subsequent repefusion for 30 min. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350–400 g) were randomized into three groups. Group 1 (Control; n = 13) received vehicle before sacrifice and drug-free reperfusion, group 2 (Pretreatment; n = 11) received 6 mg/kg (iv) U74389G 30 min prior to sacrifice, and group 3 (Reperfusion; n = 11) received 5 μM U74389G in the reperfusion solution. LV developed pressure (LVDP) and end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were measured; maximum +dP/dt and the time constant of relaxation, Tau (τ), were calculated. LVDP +dP/dt LVEDP Tau (mmHg) (mmHg/sec) (mmHg) (msec) Control group Baseline 127 ± 6 2892 ± 127 5 ± 1 23 ± 1 30 min reperfusion 66 ± 5 1673 ± 140 30 ± 6 58 ± 9 Pretreatment group Baseline 122 ± 3 2893 ± 97 7 ± 1 24 ± 1 30 min reperfusion 112 ± 3 ** 3171 ± 159 ** 14 ± 3 * 28 ± 3 * Reperfusion group Baseline 124 ± 4 2744 ± 77 5 ± 1 21 ± 1 30 min reperfusion 108 ± 5 ** 2785 ± 129 ** 14 ± 5 * 32 ± 9 * * P l 0.05 vs. Control group, 30 min reperfusion. ** P l 0.01 vs. Control group, 30 min reperfusion. Conclusion Whether administered before ischemia or during reperfusion in this model, U74389G attenuates the systolic and diastolic dysfunction of myocardial stunning, most likely by protecting the lipid component of cell membranes from peroxidation by oxygen-derived metabolites.
Evidence that the transition at Hc2 in niobium may not be second order near absolute zero temperature

Abstract The anisotropy of H c 2 for single crystal niobium has been measured for 0.4°K ⩽ T ⩽ 4.2°K. A continuation of the observed trend to lower temperatures would imply that the transition near absolute zero is not second order for all field directions.
Detection and ecology of leptospirosis in Iowa wildlife.

To gain additional information on the extent of leptospirosis in wildlife following a human outbreak in Iowa, wild mammals and lower forms of life were collected. Isolation, darkfield microscopic, serologic and pathologic procedures were used to identify past or present evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were isolated from 7 of 75 (9%) mammals. Serotype grippotyphosa was isolated from three raccoons (procyon lotor) and one Western Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Serotype ballum was isolated from three opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Leptospires, unidentified to date, were isolated from frog (Rana pipiens) kidneys. Other positive serologic and pathologic tests gave evidence of infection or previous infection. Utilization of Darkfield microscopic and silver staining techniques did not detect all cases of leptospiral infection. Macroscopic and microscopic serologic methods failed to identify evidence of leptospirosis in all mammals from which leptospires were isolated. Pathologic les...
Toward control of surface reactions with a scanning tunneling microscope. Structure and dynamics of benzene desorption from a silicon surface

A theoretical study of tip-induced desorption of benzene from a Si(100) surface is presented. The energetically forbidden process is triggered by inelastic resonance tunneling mediated by a cationic state of the substrate–adsorbate complex. Potential energy surfaces for the neutral and ionic states are computed within a cluster model. Quantum mechanical time-dependent wave packet calculations are used to explore the desorption dynamics. Extension of the scheme to study the response of different classes of organic adsorbates to tunneling current and to control of other surface reactions with a scanning tunneling microscope is discussed.
Plantar Fasciotomy for Intractable Plantar Fasciitis: Clinical Results and Biomechanical Evaluation*:

Thirteen consecutive patients underwent plantar fasciotomy in 16 feet for intractable plantar fasciitis and had follow-up from 4.5 to 15 years. Plantar fasciotomy was successful (good or excellent results) for 71% of the 14 feet operated on and for which follow-up data were available. However, time to full recovery was prolonged, additional treatment was frequently required, and abnormalities of foot function persisted. Flattening of the longitudinal arch occurred. Dynamic force-plate studies showed differences in peak vertical, fore-aft, and lateral-medial forces between patients and matched controls. More rapid progression of weightbearing along the longitudinal axis of the foot during stance phase in patients indicated avoidance of heel loading.
Role of visceral adipose tissue in aging.

Abstract Background Visceral fat (VF) accretion is a hallmark of aging in humans. Epidemiologic studies have implicated abdominal obesity as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and death. Methods Studies utilizing novel rodent models of visceral obesity and surgical strategies in humans have been undertaken to determine if subcutaneous (SC) abdominal or VF are causally linked to age-related diseases. Results Specific depletion or expansion of the VF depot using genetic or surgical tools in rodents has been shown to have direct effects on disease risk. In contrast, surgically removing large quantities of SC fat does not consistently improve metabolic parameters in humans or rodents, while benefits were observed with SC fat expansion in mice, suggesting that SC fat accrual is not an important contributor to metabolic decline. There is also compelling evidence in humans that abdominal obesity is a stronger risk factor for mortality risk than general obesity. Likewise, we have shown that surgical removal of VF improves mean and maximum lifespan in rats, providing the first causal evidence that VF depletion may be an important underlying cause of improved lifespan with caloric restriction. General significance This review provides both corollary and causal evidence for the importance of accounting for body fat distribution, and specifically VF, when assessing disease and mortality risk. Given the hazards of VF accumulation on health, treatment strategies aimed at selectively depleting VF should be considered as a viable tool to effectively reduce disease risk in humans.
Three absolute energy calibration points for protons below 3 MeV

Abstract An electrostatic beam-energy analyser has been used to make absolute energy measurements of the following resonances and threshold: Be9(p, γ)B10, 1083.2±0.4 keV; N15(p, αγ)C12, 897.37±0.29 keV; and O18(p, n)F18, 2576.72±0.77 keV. The widths of the two resonances were measured to be 3.25±0.33 keV and 1.5±0.3 keV, respectively. For calibration purposes, the peak of a thin-target resonance yield curve, the midpoint of the rise of a thick-target resonance yield curve, and the intercept of the extrapolated threshold yield curve do not correspond precisely to the above values, but corrections are given to enable such yield curves to be used directly for energy calibration of proton beam-energy analysers.
A Dialogue Concerning Aesthetics and Apolaustics

We discover two philosophers taking a break before the plenary session at an aesthetics conference in order to dine together in a rather shabby hotel restaurant. Teutonio is enjoying sausages made from pork, together with sauerkraut, potatoes, and beer. Caledophilus is having sausages made from sheep’s intestines, together with rutabagas, potatoes, and a few drams of whiskey. They appear to be arguing . . .
Poll-Based Forecasts of the House Vote in Presidential Election Years 1952-1992 and 1996

We use the distribution of responses to the Gallup poll's "generic" House vote question (i.e., "If the elections for Congress were being held today, which party's candidate would you like to see win in your congressional district?") to forecast the Republican-Democratic vote split in presidential year congressional elections. Although these responses consistently offer an overly optimistic picture of the Democrats' prospects, they nonetheless serve as the basis of accurate forecasts.
The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths: quantification of biological discrimination under controlled experimental conditions

Slight differences in the chemical behavior of germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) during soil weathering enable Ge/Si ratios to be used as a tracer of Si pathways. Mineral weathering and biogenic silicon cycling are the primary modifiers of Ge/Si ratios, but knowledge of the biogenic cycling component is based on relatively few studies. We conducted two sets of greenhouse experiments in order to better quantify the range and variability in Ge discrimination by plants. Graminoid species commonly found in North American grassland systems, Agropyron smithii, Schizachyrium scoparium, and Andropogon gerardii were grown under controlled hydroponic environmental conditions. Silicon leaf contents were positively correlated with solution Si and ambient temperature but not with nutrient solution pH, electrical conductivity, or species. The Ge/Si ratio incorporated into phytoliths shows a distribution coefficient [(Ge/Si)phytolith/(Ge/Si)solution] of about 0.2 and is remarkably invariant between species, photosynthetic pathway, and solution temperature. Ge seems to be discriminated against during the uptake and translocation of Si to the opal deposition sites by about a factor of five. In the second experiment, a wider range of graminoid species (Agropyron smithii, Bouteloua gracilis, Buchloe dactyloides, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Schizachyrium scoparium and Andropogon gerardii) were grown in two different soil mediums. Plant phytoliths showed a distribution factor of about 0.4 for field grown grasses, and 0.6 for potting soil grown grasses with no clear trends among the species. Evidence of the direction and degree of biological Ge discrimination during plant uptake provides a geochemical finger print for plants and improves the utility of Ge/Si ratios in studies of terrestrial weathering and links between Si cycles in terrestrial and marine systems.
Effect of Locally Infused IGF‐I on Femoral Gene Expression and Bone Turnover Activity in Old Rats

Previously, we showed that the age-dependent deficit in bone formation activity can be attributed in part to a decline in local expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and altered mitogenic response of old osteoprogenitor cells to IGF-I. To establish the cellular basis for using IGF-I as a possible therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, we examined the effect of locally infused (50 ng/day for 14 days) on the expression of osteoblast-related genes in femurs of old rats. Northern and dot blot analyses showed that the expression of procollagen (I), osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin was increased 0.4- to 1.5-fold in IGF-1–treated femurs as compared with control femurs. Histomorphometric analyses were carried out in parallel experiments to assess the changes in bone remodeling activity. Trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness were increased 56%, 29%, and 23%, respectively, whereas trabecular separation was reduced 26% by IGF-1 treatment. IGF-I treatment increased significantly the osteoid volume, osteoid surface, osteoblast number, and osteoblast surface. Mineralizing surface and mineral apposition rate, kinetic indices of bone formation, were also stimulated by IGF-I treatment. The bone formation rate was stimulated 81% in IGF-I–treated femurs as compared with control femurs. In contrast, eroded surface and osteoclast surface, parameters associated with bone resorption, were not affected by IGF-I treatment. These findings suggest that local administration of IGF-I into femurs of old rats can stimulate the expression of matrix proteins and improve trabecular bone status by stimulating bone formation without any appreciable effect on bone resorption.
Letter: Complexes of Amino (6-Monodeoxy-6-Mono)-β-Cyclodextrin Probed by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry:

The first examples of molecular complexes of a substituted β-cyclodextrin, amino (6-monodeoxy-6-mono)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CDNH2), with several drugs and amino acids are examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The analysis of samples which contained β-CDNH2 with cis-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl 5-phenyloxazolidine (an oxazolidine prod rug of (1R,2S)-(–)-ephedrine), dacarbazine, ibuprofen, terbutaline, fenoterol, amphetamine, methylphenidate, glyburide, tyrosine, tryptophan or phenylalanine are discussed. Control experiments and observation of “false positives” are also presented.
Control of production of ribosomal protein

Abstract The ratio, α (rate of synthesis of ribosomal protein/rate of synthesis of total protein) was measured in Escherichia coli B/r with the following results. 1. (1) In balanced exponential growth in succinate minimal medium, α = 0.08 ± 0.01 at 37 °C. 2. (2) In balanced exponential growth in glucose minimal medium, α = 0.15 ± 0.015 at 37 °C. 3. (3) During the transition period after glucose is added to a culture growing exponentially in succinate, α shifts from 0.08 to 0.15 in two to five minutes. 4. (4) α does not vary with time in a synchronized population growing in glucose minimal medium. Measurement of α required a modification of the sucrose gradient ultracentrifuge technique to allow separation of ribosomes from the soluble proteins without loss of the latter. At 37 °C the doubling times in succinate and in glucose are 100 minutes and 50 minutes, respectively. Combining these results with the steady-state values of a and using the known protein content of a ribosome, the average growth rate of α polypeptide is computed to be 13 ± 2 amino acids per second per ribosome in succinate, glucose, or during the transition between the two media.
Two new flavones from Eupatorium coelestinum

Abstract Besides coumarin, nobiletin, lucidin dimethyl ether and 5,6,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, two new highly oxygenated flavones were isolated from Eupatorium coelestinum . Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and alkaline degradations as 5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′ -heptamethoxyflavone and 5,6,7,8,5′-pentamethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone.
Analysis of PTEN Complex Assembly and Identification of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein C as a Component of the PTEN-associated Complex *

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is well characterized for its role in antagonizing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Previous studies using size-exclusion chromatography demonstrated PTEN recruitment into high molecular mass complexes and hypothesized that PTEN phosphorylation status and PDZ binding domain may be required for such complex formation. In this study, we set out to test the structural requirements for PTEN complex assembly and identify the component(s) of the PTEN complex(es). Our results demonstrated that the PTEN catalytic function and PDZ binding domain are not absolutely required for its complex formation. On the other hand, PTEN phosphorylation status has a significant impact on its complex assembly. Our results further demonstrate enrichment of the PTEN complex in nuclear lysates, suggesting a mechanism through which PTEN phosphorylation may regulate its complex assembly. These results prompted further characterization of other protein components within the PTEN complex(es). Using size-exclusion chromatography and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP C) as a novel protein recruited to higher molecular mass fractions in the presence of PTEN. Further analysis indicates that endogenous hnRNP C and PTEN interact and co-localize within the nucleus, suggesting a potential role for PTEN, alongside hnRNP C, in RNA regulation.
Topologies of Power: Foucault’s Analysis of Political Government beyond ‘Governmentality’

The publication of Michel Foucault’s lectures at the College de France in the late 1970s has provided new insight into crucial developments in his late work, including the return to an analysis of the state and the introduction of biopolitics as a central theme. According to one dominant interpretation, these shifts did not entail a fundamental methodological break; the approach Foucault developed in his work on knowledge/power was simply applied to new objects. The present article argues that this reading — which is colored by the overwhelming privilege afforded to Discipline and Punish in secondary literature — obscures an important modification in Foucault’s method and diagnostic style that occurred between the introduction of biopolitics in 1976 (in Society Must Be Defended) and the lectures of 1978 ( Security, Territory, Population) and 1979 (Birth of Biopolitics). Foucault’s initial analysis of biopolitics was couched in surprisingly epochal and totalizing claims about the characteristic forms of po...
K1—Theory and Bott Periodicity

In this chapter, we will define the higher K-groups of a Banach algebra and relate them to suspensions in section 8, and then prove the Bott Periodicity Theorem and establish the fundamental K-theory exact sequence in section 9.
CTH05-1: Effect of Channel Estimation Errors on Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff in Multiple Access Channels

In this paper, multiple access channels are considered in which user data rates increase with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To account for channel estimation errors, a finite- SNR diversity-multiplexing tradeoff framework is formulated. The multiplexing gain is defined for each user as the ratio of the user's data rate to the capacity of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. For a set of user multiplexing gains, a finite-SNR diversity gain is defined by the slope of the common outage probability as a function of SNR for quasi-static fading. These definitions have been used in previous work to characterize a finite-SNR diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in multiple access channels and point-to-point multiantenna channels. Inner and outer bounds on the feasible rate region of a multiple access channel with channel estimation errors are used to obtain estimates of the common outage probability. The outage probability is then used to estimate the diversity gain as a function of user multiplexing gains and SNR. It is shown that a finite-SNR formulation is essential to characterizing the impact of channel estimation errors on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff.
Detritus type alters the outcome of interspecific competition between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Many studies of interspecific competition between Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae show that Ae. albopictus are superior resource competitors to Ae. aegypti. Single-species studies indicate that growth and survival of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae are affected by the type of detritus present in containers, which presumably affects the amount and quality of microorganisms that the mosquito larvae consume. We tested whether different detritus types alter the intensity of larval competition by raising 10 different density/species combinations of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae under standard laboratory conditions, with one of four detritus types (oak, pine, grass, or insect) provided as a nutrient base. Intraspecific competitive effects on survival were present with all detritus types. Ae. albopictus survivorship was unaffected by interspecific competition in all treatments. Negative interspecific effects on Ae. aegypti survivorship were present with three of four detritus types, but absent with grass. Estimated finite rate of increase (λ’) was lower with pine detritus than with any other detritus type for both species. Furthermore, Ae. aegypti λ’ was negatively affected by high interspecific density in all detritus types except grass. Thus, our experiment confirms competitive asymmetry in favor of Ae. albopictus with oak, pine, or insect detritus, but also demonstrates that certain detritus types may eliminate interspecific competition among the larvae of these species, which may allow for stable coexistence. Such variation in competitive outcome with detritus type may help to account for observed patterns of coexistence/exclusion of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in the field.
Static structural testing of trans-tibial composite sockets.

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the structural strength of various trans-tibial composite sockets. To conduct the study, loading parameters and methods were developed that emulate the International Standards Organisation (ISO) standards for structural testing of lower limb prostheses since specific guidelines for the testing of the trans-tibial socket portion of a prosthesis have not yet been established. The experimental set-up simulated the instant of maximum loading during the late stance phase of gait. Ten trans-tibial sockets were evaluated. Five different reinforcement materials and two resin types were used to construct the sockets. A standard four hole distal attachment plate was used to connect the socket and pylon. Each sample was loaded to failure in a servo-hydraulic materials test machine at 100 N/s.None of the composites in the study met the ISO 10328 standards for level A100, loading condition II (4025 N), as required for other prosthetic componentry. All failures occurred...
TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in the early-branching metazoan Nematostella vectensis

Non-bilaterian phyla represent key lineages for exploring the evolutionary history of early animals. However, despite an increasing number of sequenced genomes from early-branching metazoans, efficient and reproducible methodologies for analysis of gene function remain a major challenge. Here we report the utilization of the TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 systems to induce targeted mutations and homologous recombination-mediated transgenesis in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. We also present a new method to isolate genetically modified animals using engineered selection cassettes introduced by homologous recombination. Taken together, these methods will permit sophisticated gain- and loss-of-function analyses in Nematostella and perhaps other early metazoan species that allow for zygotic injection.
Acute and long-term effects of nifedipine on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with diffuse systemic sclerosis, the CREST syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease

Abstract Ten patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with diffuse systemic sclerosis (1 patient), the CREST syndrome (calcinosis cutis, Reynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyl, telangiectasia) (6 patients) and mixed connective tissue disease (3 patients) were studied to assess the effect of oral nifedipine on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. Each patient underwent right-sided cardiac catheterization just before nifedipine administration. Thereafter, oral nifedipine was administered in 10 mg increments every 90 minutes until pulmonary vascular resistance normalized or a total dose of 30 mg was achieved. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained at 30-minute intervals for 3 hours, then hourly for 9 hours (acute study). Hemodynamic studies were repeated 3 to 6 months after the initial catheterization with the minimum dose of oral nifedipine (administered every 8 hours) required to achieve maximal reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance in the acute study (long-term study). In the acute study, oral nifedipine produced a significant decrease in mean pulmonary vascular resistance, from 6.3 ± 3.8 to 4.3 ± 3.6 U (p
State and Neuronal Class-Dependent Reconfiguration in the Avian Song System

Sensory systems may adapt to behavioral requirements through state-dependent changes. In the forebrain song-system nucleus HVc of zebra finches, state-dependent auditory responses have been described in multiunit recordings. Here we report on behavioral state-dependent changes in the activity of distinct HVc neuronal classes. HVc projection neurons were identified by electrically stimulating HVc's target nuclei, the robust nucleus of the archistriatum and Area X, in anesthetized zebra finches. Projection neurons and two classes of putative interneurons could be distinguished on the basis of extracellular spike waveforms, with the first two factors of a principal components analysis accounting for 81% of the variance in spike morphometric values. Spike width was the best single variable for distinguishing among the neuronal classes. Putative interneurons had much higher firing rates spontaneously and in response to song than did projection neurons, which had extremely low spontaneous rates and phasic responses to song. Recordings from HVc in behaving animals were dominated by the two classes of putative interneurons. Both classes showed strong, selective, and temporally similar auditory responses during sleep, but only one class of interneurons reliably maintained auditory responses on waking. These responses were weaker and less selective than those seen during sleep. The observation that HVc auditory responsiveness in awake zebra finches is restricted to some classes of neurons may help explain prior multiunit results that suggested nearly complete suppression of HVc auditory responses in awake birds. We propose that the heterogeneous effects of behavioral state on distinct subpopulations of HVc neurons allow HVc to participate in multiple roles during song production, conspecific song recognition, and possibly memory consolidation during sleep.