cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Sarcolipin Phosphorylation on SERCA Regulation

The Sarco(endo)plasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) plays a major role in muscle relaxation as it uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to re-establish the Ca2+ gradients needed for normal muscle function. In skeletal muscle, this cycle is regulated by sarcolipin (SLN), a small transmembrane peptide that binds to SERCA and decreases its apparent Ca2+ affinity as well as alters the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ transport. This has implications for energy metabolism and thus, potential treatments for obesity. Furthermore, phosphorylation of SLN at threonine 5 relieves inhibition of SERCA, though its physiological role is not well understood. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have further characterized the structure of SLN in lipids, both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated. We have been able to fully assign the oriented spectra of SLN in lipid bilayers, which has allowed us to make residue specific conclusions about SLN structure and interactions with SERCA. Additionally, we have determined the topology of SLN and phosphorylated SLN bound to SERCA in various conformations to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of regulation.
Stigma Rituals as Pathways to Activism: Stigma Convergence in a Post Abortion Recovery Group

ABSTRACTIn this article we examine stigma construction in “post abortion recovery groups.” We extend Goffman’s stigma framework by considering how stigma may operate on a continuum through increasingly public stigma rituals as group participants move through four stages: internalization; ingroup membership avowal; reconciliation with outgroup members; and finally, restitution via public activism. We also develop the concept of stigma convergence, noting that therapeutic disclosures in group settings may operate to homogenize participants’ understandings of their stigma. Data come from primary texts from post abortion group materials and an ethnographic study of a post abortion recovery group in Mississippi, one of the most religious and anti-abortion states in the United States.
Common Infectious Organisms

Cytology offers a rapid, relatively noninvasive means to identify lesions of all varieties including immune-mediated, degenerate, inflammatory, and neoplastic. One area that is particularly amenable to cytologic diagnosis is infectious disease. Organisms that can be seen and identified include fungal, bacterial, protozoal, parasitic, viral, and algal. Rapid identification of pathogenic organisms allows the practitioner to initiate treatment quickly, giving the patient the best chance for recovery.
Matching Pursuits may yield superior results to Orthogonal Matching Pursuits when secondary information is estimated from the signal model

In this paper, we compare the Orthogonal Matching Pursuits and the Matching Pursuits algorithm as used with the same dictionary in a stationary spectral estimation problem. Specifically, we develop an over-complete dictionary using the Fourier and Hirschman Optimal Transforms[1]. Then, we apply a periodogram spectral estimation algorithm using this dictionary to a signal consisting of closely-spaced-in-frequency sinusoids in additive white noise. It is well-known that the matching pursuit algorithm is not guaranteed to converge as more dictionary elements are used to represent the signal, the orthogonal version must. What is not well-known, at least to the authors, is that the frequency estimation (i.e. the secondary inference that is desired from the signal model) is not highly connected to the modeling performance. In fact, we will show that while the energy in the residual is lower for the orthogonal matching pursuits, the frequency estimation error is lower for the spectral estimated derived using matching pursuits.
Effect of Fixed-Dose Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine on All Hospitalizations and on 30-Day Readmission Rates in Patients With Heart Failure Results From the African-American Heart Failure Trial

Background— Fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine (FDC-I/H) reduced mortality by 43% and death or first hospitalization for heart failure (HF) by 37% in the African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT). Reduction in mortality makes it difficult to determine the effect on hospitalizations unless the analysis adjusts for death as a competing risk. Methods and Results— In A-HeFT, 1050 self-identified black patients with moderate to severe HF were randomized to FDC-I/H or placebo. The effects of FDC-I/H on first and all hospitalizations and 30-day readmission rates were analyzed. Deaths as competing risks were adjusted using Fine–Gray regression and joint models of hospitalizations and mortality. There were 558 all-cause and 251 HF hospitalizations in placebo compared with 435 and 173 hospitalizations in the FDC-I/H group. Adjusting for deaths as a competing risk, the effect of FDC-I/H on the first hospitalization for HF, expressed in hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), was 0.61 (0.47–0.80; P <0.001) and 0.88 (0.72–1.06; P =0.18) on the first all-cause hospitalization. The effect of FDC-I/H on all recurrent hospitalizations for HF was 0.66 (0.52–0.83; P =0.0005), similar to the effect on the first hospitalizations for HF, whereas the effect on all hospitalizations for any cause was 0.75 (0.63–0.91; P =0.003). The 30-day all-cause readmission rate after the first hospitalization for HF was 23.6% (29 of 123) in placebo versus 14.8% (12 of 81) in the FDC-I/H group, but the effect (0.59; 0.30–1.16; P =0.12) in this small subgroup was not significant. Conclusions— Treatment with FDC-I/H was associated with a substantial reduction in the first and recurrent HF hospitalizations, and in total all-cause hospitalizations, reducing the total burden of costly and distressing hospitalizations. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT00047775][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00047775&atom=%2Fcirchf%2F7%2F5%2F759.atom
Ionic Mechanisms and Selectivity of the Gramicidin Transmembrane Channel: Cation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Dielectric Relaxation, Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Rate Theory Calculation of Single Channel Currents

Cation nuclear magnetic resonance of lithium-7, sodium-23, potassium-39, cesium-133 and thallium-205 is utilized to determine binding constants and rate constants for ion interactions with the channel state. A dielectric relaxation study is used to provide the rate of ion jump within the channel from one binding site to the other. It is demonstrated that five experimentally derived rate constants obtained in the sodium-23 NMR and in dielectric relaxation studies can be used to calculate the single channel currents of the electrical studies on planar bilayers. The approach is to use Eyring rate theory to introduce voltage dependence into the five rate constants, expanding the five to the ten rate constants required for a two-fold symmetric, two site channel in the presence of an electric field. Having arrived at a clear description of ionic mechanism the physicochemical basis for ion selectivity is discussed. The molecular structure of the channel itself is the basis for anion vs cation selectivity. Carbon-13 NMR is utilized to demonstrate divalent cation binding in the channel and rapid exchange with the binding site. This leads to the conclusion that divalent cation impermeability is due to the lipid proximity. Finally selectivity among monovalent cations is discussed in terms of the energetics and dynamics of peptide librational type motion. It is noted that non-linear Arrhenius type plots can be expected in which a degree of non-linearity would be proportional to the conformational energy change required to go from the preferred conformation in the absence of ion to the librated state in the presence of ion.
Combination therapy with rituximab, low-dose cyclophosphamide, and prednisone for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a case series

Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of the nephrotic syndrome. Treatment with standard regimens fails to induce complete remission in most patients. We evaluated the efficacy of combination therapy with rituximab, low-dose, oral cyclophosphamide, and an accelerated prednisone taper (RCP) for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. We analyzed 15 consecutive patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy treated with RCP at Massachusetts General Hospital. Seven patients (47%) received RCP as initial therapy, and the other eight patients (53%) received RCP for relapsing or refractory disease. All patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. The co-primary outcomes were attainment of partial and complete remission. Partial remission was defined as a urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) < 3 g/g and a 50% reduction from baseline. Complete remission was defined as a UPCR < 0.3 g/g. Secondary outcomes were serious adverse events and the change in proteinuria, serum creatinine, serum albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and immunoglobulin G levels after 1 year of treatment. Over a median follow-up time of 37 (IQR, 34–44) months, 100% of patients achieved partial remission and 93% of patients achieved complete remission at a median time of 2 and 13 months, respectively. After 1 year of treatment, median (IQR) UPCR declined from 8.2 (6.6–11.1) to 0.3 (0.2–0.7) g/g (P < 0.001). Three serious adverse events occurred over 51 patient years. No patients died or progressed to ESKD. Treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with RCP resulted in high rates of complete remission. Larger studies evaluating this regimen are warranted.
Effect of time of thinning on berry size of girdled, gibberellin-treated 'Thompson Seedless' grapes

Gibberellin-treated 'Thompson Seedless' grapes were thinned at initiation of berry shatter following bloom or at 1 to 6 weeks thereafter. The results indicate that for maximum increase in berry size, thinning should be done during fruit-set or as soon after as possible. Der Einflus des Ausdunnungstermins auf die Beerengrose von geringelten, gibberellinbehandelten „Thompson Seedless"-Trauben Gibberellin-behandelte „Thompson-Seedless"-Trauben wurden bei Beginn des Durchrieselns oder 1-6 Wo chen danach ausgedunnt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das fur einen maximalen Zuwachs der Beerengrose das Ausdunnen wahrend des Fruchtansatzes oder sobald wie moglich danach erfolgen sollte.
Mass storage for digital optical computers

Optical memory and computing technologies have progressed significantly. in the last few decades. In this paper, we review some of the current planar and 3-D optical memories and discuss how well they meet the requirements for mass memory in digital optical computers.
Conceptualizing a Theoretical Framework: Embodied Narrative Knowing

The dominant Western epistemological and ontological perspective marginalizes “other ways of knowing” (Taylor, 1997) that adult learners use to make meaning of their experiences (Crossley, 2007; and Michelson, 1998). Other ways of knowing have also been called non-Western perspectives and are defined as having their “roots in cultures and...traditions that pre-date Western colonization, modernization, and Western-driven globalization (Merriam, 2007, p. 173). The aim of this work is to explore a theoretical framework, informed by three established paradigms, to conceptualize non-Western and other ways of knowing. This work outlines the three paradigms that are utilized: Social Constructivism, Embodied Knowing, and Narrative Knowing, to provide the values and guiding principles that this framework is based on. This work proposes the exploration of the experiences of adult learners who practice the martial arts (a traditionally non-Western practice) in order to offer preliminary validation of embodied narrative knowing as a theoretical framework for understanding non-Western ways of knowing.
Cutaneous Sensory Systems

This chapter begins a general description of sensory mechanisms with a description of short and long receptors, encoding of sense quality through labeled lines and intensity through a frequency code and population code. The Weber–Fechner Law and Steven’s Power Law for sensory intensity is discussed. How adaptation encodes different aspects of sensory stimulation is discussed. The chapter then discusses receptive fields and then goes on to discuss specific cutaneous receptors including Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, Ruffini’s end organ, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors. The concept of dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome is introduced. The topological mapping of the body surface onto the dorsal columns and eventually the somatosensory cortex is discussed. The chapter shows both the dorsal column pathway for touch and the ventrolateral pathway for pain and temperature. The gate theory of pain is discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of how lateral inhibition produces on-center, off-surround types of receptive fields.
Communication: Surface-facilitated softening of ordinary and vapor-deposited glasses.

A common distinction between the ordinary glasses formed by melt cooling and the stable amorphous films formed by vapor deposition is the apparent mechanism of their devitrification. Using quasi-adiabatic, fast scanning calorimetry that is capable of heating rates in excess of 105 K s−1, we have investigated the softening kinetics of micrometer-scale, ordinary glass films of methylbenzene and 2-propanol. At the limit of high heating rates, the transformation mechanism of ordinary glasses is identical to that of their stable vapor-deposited counterparts. In both cases, softening is likely to begin at the sample surface and progress into its bulk via a transformation front. Furthermore, such a surface-facilitated mechanism complies with zero-order, Arrhenius rate law. The activation energy barriers for the softening transformation imply that the kinetics must be defined, at least in part, by the initial thermodynamic and structural state of the samples.
Loss of growth polarity and mislocalization of septa in a Neurospora mutant altered in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract In filamentous fungi, growth polarity (i.e. hyphal extension) and formation of septa require polarized deposition of new cell wall material. To explore this process, we analyzed a conditional Neurospora crassa mutant, mcb, which showed a complete loss of growth polarity when incubated at the restrictive temperature. Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the mcb gene revealed that it encodes a regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Unexpectedly, the mcb mutant still formed septa when grown at the restrictive temperature, indicating that polarized deposition of wall material during septation is a process that is, at least in part, independent of polarized deposition during hyphal tip extension. However, septa formed in the mcb mutant growing at the restrictive temperature are mislocalized. Both polarized growth and septation are actin-dependent processes, and a concentration of actin patches is observed at growing hyphal tips and sites where septa are being formed. In the mcb mutant growing at the restrictive temperature, actin patches are uniformly distributed over the cell cortex; however, actin patches are still concentrated at sites of septation. Our results suggest that the PKA pathway regulates hyphal growth polarity, possibly through organizing actin patches at the cell cortex.
Matrix microcrystalline structure and acoustic properties of oomoldic dolograinstone

Previous studies have shown that carbonate rock with rounded moldic macropores has a higher compressional velocity at a given porosity than rock with interparticle or intercrystalline porosity and high-aspect-ratio macropores. Our study of Permian dolograinstone challenge this comonlny accepted results. Petrophysical and acoustic velocities were measured on 55 mini–core plugs collected along an approximately 1-kilometer (km)-long horizontal transect within a single grainstone unit having lateral changes from grainstone with dominantly interparticle porosity to grainstone with mostly moldic porosity. The studied dolograinstone samples have a large scattering of acoustic velocity (up to 1,500 meters per second [m/s]) at equal porosity one. Some oomoldic grainstone samples have either higher velocity or significantly lower velocity than that of the intercrystalline grainstone samples. Petrographic analysis under plain light and UV light combined with mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data and scann...
CRRT and Extracorporeal Techniques in Exogenous Intoxications

Exogenous intoxications in the form of intentional and unintentional poisonings can lead to a high degree of morbidity and potential mortality. In the United States, around 2 million human exposures were reported to poison control centers in 2016 alone. While accidental poisoning may occur and include household cleaning products and cosmetics among others, medications such as analgesics, antidepressant, and other psychiatric medications are among the most frequently purposefully ingested substances.
When Comments and Quotes Collide: How Exemplars and Prior Attitudes Affect News Credibility

Online news outlets offers individuals with a variety of cues to public opinion such as quotes and comments, both of which have been shown to affect perceived public opinion. However, what happens ...
Fer1l6 is essential for the development of vertebrate muscle tissue in zebrafish

We have discovered that Fer1l6 plays an essential role in the development and maturation of muscle tissue, with loss of Fer1l6 resulting in skeletal and cardiac muscle defects and a high rate of mo...
Thirty days are inadequate for assessing readmission following complex hepatopancreatobiliary procedures

Early readmissions (30 days) have been used as a measure of health care quality. The purpose of our study was to evaluate patterns of readmission for a longer period (up to 2 years) following Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery in the state of New York. The State Planning and Research Cooperative System database was utilized to identify patients undergoing complex HPB procedures between 2010 and 2012. Patients were followed for 2 years following surgery to identify all-cause readmissions. Factors for readmissions included patient demographics, comorbidities, perioperative complications, surgery type, and academic status. Multivariable generalized linear mixed models were performed to evaluate risk factors for readmissions. There were 6207 complex HPB procedures with 1272 (20.49%) unplanned 30-day readmissions, 816 (13.15%) unplanned 31–90-day readmissions, 1678 (27.03%) unplanned 91-day to 1-year readmissions, and 1404 (22.62%) 1–2-year readmissions. After adjusting for other possible confounding factors, risk factors for 30-day readmissions include surgery type, as pancreatectomy and gallbladder patients are more likely to have a 30-day readmission than hepatectomy patients, facility type, as academic centers are more likely to have a readmission, male gender, presence of any comorbidity, and peri-operative complications. Risk factors for 31–90-day readmissions include race, insurance group, any comorbidity or any peri-operative complication, and 30-day readmissions. Risk factors for 91-day to 1-year readmissions include male gender, race, any comorbidity, 30-day readmissions, and 31–90 days’ readmissions. Risk factors for 1–2-year readmissions include presence of any comorbidity, and previous 91-day to 1-year readmissions. The 30-day readmission window is an inadequate, but predictive, measure of total readmission following complex HPB procedures.
Longitudinal Microbiome Composition and Stability Correlate with Increased Weight and Length of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants.

The microbiomes of 83 preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants and clinical covariates were analyzed weekly over the course of their initial neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, with infant growth as the primary clinical outcome. Birth weight significantly correlated with increased rate of weight gain in the first 6 weeks of life, while no significant relationship was observed between rate of weight gain and feeding type. Microbial diversity increased with age and was significantly correlated with weight gain and percentage of the mother's own milk. As expected, infants who received antibiotics during their NICU stay had significantly lower alpha diversity than those who did not. Of those in the cohort, 25 were followed into childhood. Alpha diversity significantly increased between NICU discharge and age 2 years and between age 2 years and age 4 years, but the microbial alpha diversity of 4-year-old children was not significantly different from that of mothers. Infants who showed improved length over the course of their NICU stay had significantly more volatile microbial beta diversity results than and a significantly decreased microbial maturity index compared with infants who did not; interestingly, all infants who showed improved length during the NICU stay were delivered by Caesarean section. Microbial beta diversity results were significantly different between the time of the NICU stay and all other time points (for children who were 2 or 4 years old and mothers when their children were 2 or 4 years old). IMPORTANCE Preterm infants are at greater risk of microbial insult than full-term infants, including reduced exposure to maternal vaginal and enteric microbes, higher rates of formula feeding, invasive procedures, and administration of antibiotics and medications that alter gastrointestinal pH. This investigation of the VLBW infant microbiome over the course of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, and at ages 2 and 4 years, showed that the only clinical variables associated with significant differences in taxon abundance were weight gain during NICU stay (Klebsiella and Staphylococcus) and antibiotic administration (Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium). At 2 and 4 years of age, the microbiota of these VLBW infants became similar to the mothers' microbiota. The number of microbial taxa shared between the infant or toddler and the mother varied, with least the overlap between infants and mothers. Overall, there was a significant association between the diversity and structure of the microbial community and infant weight and length gain in an at-risk childhood population.
Deferoxamine in children with recurrent neuroblastoma.

We examined the short-term efficacy and toxicity of high doses of intravenous deferoxamine (DFO) in children with recurrent neuroblastoma. Ten children (3 2/12-20 years, median 6 5/12 years) had measurable recurrent disease following 1-3 prior treatment regimens. DFO (120-240 mg/kg/d) was planned as a continuous i.v. infusion for five days every other week. Serum ferritins at the start of this therapy ranged from 133-->5000 ng/ml (median 611 ng/ml). Of eight patients begun at a dose of 120-150 mg/kg/d, a single patient experienced visual disturbances which resolved after DFO was discontinued. Two patients begun at 240 mg/kg/d (with serum ferritins levels of 505 and 717 ng/ml) both experienced dose-limiting toxicity including lethargy, dizziness, blurred vision and leg cramps. Although decreases in serum ferritin levels of a least 10% were noted in 4 patients, there were no partial or complete response. DFO given at a dose of 150 mg/kg/d i.v. according to this schedule appears to be ineffective as a single agent against neuroblastoma. Starting doses of 240 mg/kg/d have unacceptable short-term toxicity.
A Facile, One-Pot Procedure for the Preparation of 2-Phenyl-1,3-propanediol Monocarbamate, a Metabolite of Felbamate

A simple, one-pot procedure for the preparation of 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol monocarbamate (MCF) has been developed. This procedure represents the most efficient method for preparing MCF published to date, and it is amenable to the large-scale laboratory production of this biologically relevant metabolite of felbamate.
A Smartwatch-Based Service Towards Home Exercise Therapy for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Utilizing a consumer-grade smartwatch in conjunction with a prescribed exercise therapy plan can help to reduce the patient-level entry barriers into programs designed for patients with peripheral arterial disease, which affects millions of people worldwide. Currently, the alternative to this physical therapy plan is surgical therapy which costs between $3 and $5 billion annually. This paper presents the development and testing of WalkCoach app, a smart service system integrating a consumer-grade smartwatch (Polar M600) in the monitoring of supervised walking exercises. By monitoring a participant's baseline activity and improvements with time, it will be possible to provide personalized exercise prescriptions that can be easily modified or personalized to adjust and optimize for improved walking ability as the therapy progresses. This paper demonstrates the accuracy of the smartwatch-based WalkCoach app in a pilot cohort study of 10 healthy older adults (>65 yrs) who were recruited to perform a 400m overground walking task. Results are promising and show that the consumer-grade smartwatch accurately measures steps (step count = 637) compared to a video/manual step count (650 steps; Pearson's r = 0.96, P <0.001). In the future, WalkCoach will be improved to produce granular analytics on a patient's compliance and performance to the supervised walking exercises.
How Dependable are "First Impressions" to Distinguish between Real and Fake NewsWebsites?

In an increasingly information-dense web, how do we ensure that we do not fall for unreliable information? To design better web literacy practices for assessing online information, we need to understand how people perceive the credibility of unfamiliar websites under time constraints. Would they be able to rate real news websites as more credible and fake news websites as less credible? We investigated this research question through an experimental study with 42 participants (mean age = 28.3) who were asked to rate the credibility of various "real news'' (n = 14) and "fake news'' (n = 14) websites under different time conditions (6s, 12s, 20s), and with a different advertising treatment (with or without ads). Participants did not visit the websites to make their credibility assessments; instead, they interacted with the images of website screen captures, which were modified to remove any mention of website names, to avoid the effect of name recognition. Participants rated the credibility of each website on a scale from 1 to 7 and in follow-up interviews provided justifications for their credibility scores. Through hypothesis testing, we find that participants, despite limited time exposure to each website (between 6 and 20 seconds), are quite good at the task of distinguishing between real and fake news websites, with real news websites being overall rated as more credible than fake news websites. Our results agree with the well-known theory of "first impressions'' from psychology, that has established the human ability to infer character traits from faces. That is, participants can quickly infer meaningful visual and content cues from a website, that are helping them make the right credibility evaluation decision.
Exosomes in retinal diseases

Abstract The retina is a light-sensing organ that lines the back of the eye. Analysis of this tissue cannot be performed in living patients. Ocular fluids contain exosomes and can serve as proximal biofluids of the retina. Information regarding the role of exosomes in the retina is limited, but early findings suggest widespread involvement in multiple pathological processes. Additional inferences about the roles of EVs in the retina can be drawn from research in other fields. Here, we emphasize the roles of EVs in universal disease mechanisms in both the retina and in other systems, with a focus on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and immune responses, angiogenesis, and cancer. We will also highlight recent studies showing promising results regarding exosome-based therapeutics for treatment of retinal disease.
Family Matters: A Functional Model of Family Communication Patterns and Political Participation

Guided by Family Communication Patterns, O-S-R-O-R Model, and Information Repertoires Theories, this study explores how family communication patterns developed in childhood mobilize adults’ civic e...
Framing the concept of invasive species “impact” within a management context

Governments and conservation organizations worldwide are motivated to manage invasive species due to quantified and perceived negative ecological and economic impacts invasive species impose. Thus, determining which species cause significant negative impacts, as well as clear articulation of those impacts, is critical to meet conservation priorities. This process of determining which species warrant management can be straightforward when there are clear negative impacts, such as dramatic reductions in native diversity. However, the majority of changes to ecosystem pools and fluxes cannot be readily categorized as ecologically negative or positive (e.g., lower soil pH). Additionally, diverse stakeholders may not all agree on impacts as negative. This complexity challenges our ability to simply and uniformly determine which species cause negative impact, and thus which species merit management, especially as we expand invader impacts to encompass a more holistic ecosystem perspective beyond biodiversity and consider stakeholder perspectives and priorities. Thus, we suggest impact be evaluated in a context that is dictated by governing policies or conservation/land management missions with the support of scientists. In other words, within each jurisdiction, populations are identified as causing negative impact based on the hierarchical governing policies and mission of that parcel. Framing negative impact in a management context has the advantages of (1) easily scaling from individual landscapes to geopolitical states; (2) better representing how managers practice, (3) reflecting invasive species as spatially contextual, not universal, and (4) allowing for flexibility with dynamic ecosystems undergoing global change. We hope that framing negative impact in an applied context aids management prioritization and achieving conservation goals.
Resistance Training in Post-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Patients: a Systematic Review

Resistance exercise guidelines exist for obesity but not for post-metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) patients. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to provide evidence to support resistance exercise guidelines for this population. A secondary goal is to evaluate the available evidence to identify gaps for future research. Nine studies evaluating the effect of resistance exercise post-MBS on strength and body composition were included. Resistance training consistently prevented strength loss and when performed by younger population (~ 35 years) also prevented lean mass loss. Combined exercise, but not strength training independently, was found to promote body fat mass loss. Resistance training should be added to post-MBS exercise programs. Sufficiently powered studies using higher volume resistance training with supportive protein consumption and diverse populations are needed.
Stable, high-performance, dendrite-free, seawater-based aqueous batteries.

Metal anode instability, including dendrite growth, metal corrosion, and hetero-ions interference, occurring at the electrolyte/electrode interface of aqueous batteries, are among the most critical issues hindering their widespread use in energy storage. Herein, a universal strategy is proposed to overcome the anode instability issues by rationally designing alloyed materials, using Zn-M alloys as model systems (M = Mn and other transition metals). An in-situ optical visualization coupled with finite element analysis is utilized to mimic actual electrochemical environments analogous to the actual aqueous batteries and analyze the complex electrochemical behaviors. The Zn-Mn alloy anodes achieved stability over thousands of cycles even under harsh electrochemical conditions, including testing in seawater-based aqueous electrolytes and using a high current density of 80 mA cm−2. The proposed design strategy and the in-situ visualization protocol for the observation of dendrite growth set up a new milestone in developing durable electrodes for aqueous batteries and beyond. Metal anode instability due to several intrinsic factors limits their widespread use in energy storage. Here, the authors report a 3D alloy anode via a universal alloy electrodeposition approach to overcome the anode instability issues and demonstrate a seawater-based aqueous battery.
Classifying and Clarifying Contracts

This Article attempts to properly classify, consistently define, and accurately explain the Louisiana Civil Code's approach to classifying contracts. The Civil Code articles on classification of contracts in Louisiana are generally known but little understood. Although many lawyers can recite the definitional difference between bilateral and onerous contracts, few could explain how the two differ and what difference, if any, their distinction makes in practice. Add to the confusion the concept of commutative contracts, whose definition appears to have changed over time, and even the most erudite lawyers, scholars, and judges are left to speculate as to what the drafters intended. To compound this challenge, the revision process of the Louisiana Civil Code, although salutary in many ways, has at times magnified the confusion. The Louisiana Civil Code has been undergoing a comprehensive revision since 1976. The process for doing so has been caustically but accurately described as “piecemeal, often with the right hand not knowing what the left is doing. One subject matter committee is charged to revise the law of “contracts” and another to rewrite the law of “sales” and yet another to rewrite the law of “deposit.” Indeed, in recent times, the granularity and specialization of committees has approached an almost microscopic level, with some committees designed to cover a single civil code article or a single concept. Although membership on committees is often overlapping, consistency in approach and concepts, if it exists, is not uniform. This has, regrettably, led the Louisiana Civil Code to adopt rules in one section that do not always coordinate with the rules and principles in other sections. Thus, one area of the Civil Code may be revised, and a classificatory term may be discarded or changed without a full appreciation of its connection to or impact on other areas of the Civil Code. Doctrine in many instances has filled the legislative gaps and helped explain some of the confusion. With respect to the rules on classification of contracts, however, virtually no doctrine exists since the recodification of 1984. This Article hopes to fill that gap, beginning with a background of the Roman and French rules on classification of contracts to lay a foundation for understanding the rules specific in the Louisiana Civil Code. Although helpful, those Roman and French rules have not been well-understood and suffer from a number of defects or limitations. Subsequent revisions throughout the Louisiana Civil Code have proceeded without a firm foundation of this classification scheme, which has made harmonization and application of the existing scheme even more complex. Although the bulk of this Article is a critique of Louisiana law's current classification of contracts, it is not dogmatic in its approach. The hope and purpose is to elucidate and clarify the current classificatory scheme for contracts in Louisiana while also demonstrating the imperfect nature of any scheme and the need for flexibility.
Probabilistic Machine Learning Assisted Feature-Based Qualification of DED Ti64

Additive manufacturing usually involves the complex interaction of design, materials, and manufacturing, often resulting in long and cost-intensive iterative evaluation cycles. Therefore, it is critical for it to be aligned with the Materials Genome Initiative to develop, produce, and deploy high-throughput components. Recognizing a need, this study leverages a feature-based qualification (FBQ) methodology to decompose a complex structure by identifying critical performance-limiting features, for the purpose of reducing the cost and time of DED process qualification. A hybrid-physics-based multi-objective optimization tool was used to predict processing-structure-property relationships in thin-walled builds. The probabilistic ML models achieved targeted predictions with half the sample space when compared with conventional DOEs, while also being 37–50% more reliable with respect to regression tools with linear basis function. Although the current model developed is specific to Ti64 builds in a RPMi557 powder-feed DED machine, the FBQ methodology may be more universally employed to other material-modality combinations.
Modernization of Urban Public Transport: What Can We Learn from Other Industries About Insertion into the Labor Market and Job Retraining?

Over the past decades, many urban public transport modernization programs have been implemented in numerous cities in developing countries. One of the programs’ main challenges has been to manage social aspects of a workforce that is characterized by high informality and vulnerability. Despite the importance of the challenge, there is little documented knowledge about these labor transformation processes; the literature has focused mainly on technical, institutional, organizational, and regulatory changes. This research contributes to closing the knowledge gap on this key aspect of the modernization of urban public transport. International experiences of labor transformation, within the urban public transport sector as well as in other sectors of activity, were analyzed. By identifying successful policies, lessons learned, and best practices transferable to urban public transport programs, one can provide decision makers with better tools to inform and improve the design and implementation of labor insert...
Language-Based Security: What's Needed and Why

Language-based security leverages program analysis and program rewriting in enforcing security policies. The approach promises efficient enforcement of fine-grained access-control policies, and it seems to require a trusted computing base of only modest size. This talk discusses progress and prospects for the area. Traditional security problems viewed through the lens of programming language research invites novel uses of various well understood results from the area. It also provides reason to revisit assumptions and research directions that have been driving forces in languages research.
A Review of: “Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation”

This is an excellent, comprehensive book for anyone interested in using Bayesian methods to design and analyze clinical trials or perform health care evaluations. The book is essential not only to ...
Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a putative second messenger, mobilizes calcium from internal stores via an inositol trisphosphate-independent pathway

Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a metabolite of sphingolipids which has previously been shown to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in quiescent cultures of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (Zhang, H., Desai, N. N., Olivera, A., Seki, T., Brooker, G., and Spiegel, S. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 114, 155-167), induced a transient increase in intracellular free calcium independent of extracellular calcium. The increase in calcium was completely abolished when intracellular calcium pools were depleted with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase. The dose-response for calcium release induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate correlated closely with the concentration required for stimulation of DNA synthesis. The magnitude of the calcium response decreased with successive challenges, although sphingosine-1-phosphate did not attenuate the responses to either bradykinin or ionomycin. Conversely, prior stimulation of the cells with bradykinin had no effect on the sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced calcium signal. Although sphingosine-1-phosphate increased inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate levels, complete inhibition of inositol phosphate formation by pretreatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate did not block sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated calcium responses. Moreover, in permeabilized cells, heparin, an inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate antagonist, blocked Ca2+ release induced by inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate, but did not significantly alter the Ca2+ release induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Sphingosine-1-phosphate did not stimulate the release of arachidonic acid, another signaling molecule known to elevate [Ca2+]i without inositol lipid turnover or calcium influx. Our data suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate mobilizes Ca2+ from internal stores primarily through a mechanism independent of inositol lipid hydrolysis and arachidonic acid release and that sphingolipid metabolism may be important in calcium homeostasis.
MAT2DSP-A tool for evaluating implementation complexity of signal processing algorithms

MAT2DSP is a MATLAB toolbox, currently under development, whose function is to estimate the implementation requirements of algorithms specified in the form of a MATLAB program. This toolbox is aimed at providing researchers developing advanced signal and image processing algorithms, a quick and convenient way of estimating what would be needed to implement their algorithm on a specified processor; MAT2DSP analyzes the user program and generates reports on its computational requirements.
Intractable epilepsy in adults

Most patients with epilepsy can achieve complete control of seizures with medication. Nevertheless, a substantial number develop intractable epilepsy—and all of the attendant medical and psychosocial difficulties associated with uncontrolled seizures. Various estimates have placed the number of persons continuing to have seizures in spite of medical treatment at 17% to 31% of the population of persons with epilepsy.14,13 In this chapter, three areas will be reviewed: 1) evaluation of a person with uncontrolled seizures; 2) definition of “intractable” epilepsy; and 3) predictors of intractability.
A filter/Detector interpretation of the short-time Fourier transform magnitude

A new relationship between Filter/Detectors and the Short-Time Fourier Transform magnitude is derived. The result provides a common basis for comparison of speech spectrograms, the sliding Discrete Fourier Transform, average power spectrum estimation techniques, perception-based speech analysis systems, and channel vocoders.
Modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, EC 1.2.1.12, isolated from rainbow trout during acclimation at 5 or 15°C—II. Biochemical characterization of G3PDH muscle isolates

Abstract 1. 1. G3PDH was isolated from the lateral muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated at 5°C (cold) and 15°C (warm). 2. 2. No differences were found in muscle concentration, molecular weights, isoelectric focusing patterns, amino acid compositions or peptide maps between cold and warm isolates. 3. 3. Cold and warm G3PDH contained mannose in variable concentration but no other prosthetic groups.
Intracranial aneurysms in infants and children.

Background. The diagnosis and imaging of pediatric aneurysms has changed since the advent of MR and MRA. Objective. To update the literature on pediatric aneurysms and better define the appropriate work-up of childhood aneurysms in 1997. Materials and methods. Retrospective review of 21 children (12 boys, 9 girls) with 25 aneurysms from three institutions over a 20-year period was performed. Imaging studies were mixed and included CT (19 patients), MR (11 patients), MRA (6 patients) and angiography (18 patients). Results. Eighteen of 25 aneurysms were congenital saccular, 6 were mycotic, and 1 was post-traumatic. Of these, 44 % were in the posterior circulation. Nine aneurysms arose from distal arterial branches. Forty percent were large (between 1–2.5 cm) and 16 % were giant (> 2.5 cm). CT and MR showed hemorrhage, and frequently revealed the aneurysms as a focal mass with or without enhancement and flow void. Six children had MRA which revealed aneurysms in four patients. All patients with MRA had corresponding conventional angiography. Conclusion. Characteristics of pediatric aneurysms include diversity of type, increased incidence in the posterior fossa, peripheral location, and large size. CT, MR and MRA are useful in the diagnosis with conventional angiography essential for preoperative planning.
Grading of well-differentiated pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumors is improved by the inclusion of both ki67 Proliferative index and mitotic rate

The grading system for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) adopted in 2010 by the World Health Organization (WHO) mandates the use of both mitotic rate and Ki67/MIB-1 index in defining the proliferative rate and assigning the grade. In cases when these measures are not concordant for grade, it is recommended to assign the higher grade, but specific data justifying this approach do not exist. Thus, we counted mitotic figures and immunolabeled, using the Ki67 antibody, 297 WHO mitotic grade 1 and 2 PanNETs surgically resected at a single institution. We quantified the Ki67 proliferative index by marking at least 500 cells in "hot spots" and by using digital image analysis software to count each marked positive/negative cell and then compared the results with histologic features and overall survival. Of 264 WHO mitotic grade 1 PanNETs, 33% were WHO grade 2 by Ki67 proliferative index. Compared with concordant grade 1 tumors, grade-discordant tumors were more likely to have metastases to lymph node (56% vs. 34%) (P<0.01) and to distant sites (46% vs. 12%) (P<0.01). Discordant mitotic grade 1 PanNETs also showed statistically significantly more infiltrative growth patterns, perineural invasion, and small vessel invasion. Overall survival was significantly different (P<0.01), with discordant mitotic grade 1 tumors showing a median survival of 12 years compared with 16.7 years for concordant grade 1 tumors. Conversely, mitotic grade 1/Ki67 grade 2 PanNETs showed few significant differences from tumors that were mitotic grade 2 and either Ki67 grade 1 or 2. Our data demonstrate that mitotic rate and Ki67-based grades of PanNETs are often discordant, and when the Ki67 grade is greater than the mitotic grade, clinical outcomes and histopathologic features are significantly worse than concordant grade 1 tumors. Patients with discordant mitotic grade 1/Ki67 grade 2 tumors have shorter overall survival and larger tumors with more metastases and more aggressive histologic features. These data strongly suggest that Ki67 labeling be performed on all PanNETs in addition to mitotic rate determination to define more accurately tumor grade and prognosis.
The adaptive significance of postcopulatory mate guarding in a dragonfly, Pachydiplax longipennis

Abstract In both high- and low-density populations of Pachydiplax longipennis , ovipositing females are frequently disturbed by conspecific males. A disturbed female usually leaves the pond or copulates with one of the males. In most cases, a male guards his mate while she oviposits in his mating territory. A male that hovers above his mate and repulses intruders can both maintain his territory and decrease the amount of interference to his mate, allowing her to oviposit for an average of four times longer than unguarded females. Because females are scarce and multiple matings are common, ‘non-contact’ mate guarding appears to be an effective method for territorial males to maximize their reproductive success. Tandem mate guarding is a more effective reproductive behaviour in species such as Tramea carolina , where territorial behaviour does not occur.