cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory for Scalar Quantities

Abstract Monin-Obukhov similarity theory of surface-layer turbulence has been extended to include all scalar quantities. The tenets of this theory, as it is presently practiced, are followed to their logical conclusions, which produce some novel results. First, the similarity theory is applied to the variance of a scalar quantity and its correlation with another scalar quantity. For this similarity to apply to all scalar quantities, it is shown that the dimensionless functions of stability are all equal, that the correlation coefficient of any two scalars is +1 or −1, and that the correlation of two scalars has the same sign as the product of their fluxes. These results also apply to structure parameters and cross-structure parameters as well as to the dissipation rates of the scalar's variances and correlations. It is shown that the fluctuations of all the scalar quantities are proportional to one another. On the basis of Monin–Obukhov similarity, the Obukhov–Corrsin constants (i.e., Kolmogorov constants...
Upper limit to the 1-20 MeV solar neutron flux.

The upper limit on the quiet time solar neutron flux from 1–20 MeV has been measured to be less than 2 × 10-3n cm-2 s−1 at the 95% confidence level. This result is deduced from the OGO-6 neutron detector measurements of the ‘day-night’ effect near the equator at low altitudes for the period from June 7, 1969, to December 23, 1969. The OGO-6 detector had very low (< 4%) counting rate contributions from locally produced neutrons in the detecting system and the spacecraft and from charged-particle interactions in the neutron sensor.
Platte and Hi-Plains, two new scab resistant processing potato varieties

Platte is a high yielding, medium to late maturing variety, with round white tubers of medium to high specific gravity. Good chips may be made from this variety before storage and from reconstituted potatoes after 38 to 40 F storage. It is resistant to common scab and Fusarium wilt and tolerant to Verticillium wilt.
Comparative properties of the inclusion body proteins of the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of Neodiprion sertifer and Lymantria dispar.

A comparison was made on the properties of the inclusion body proteins of two insect viruses: the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of the European pine sawfly,Neodiprion sertifer, Geoffroy, and the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus. The inclusion body proteins were characterized by the following parameters: amino acid composition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate—mercaptoethanol, isoelectric focusing, and alkaline protease activity. The properties of the inclusion body proteins of the two viruses were similar in many respects, but clear differences were observed. A principal difference was the absence of alkaline protease activity associated with the inclusion body proteins ofN. sertifer nucleopolyhedrosis virus.
Electrochemical monitoring of atmospheric corrosion phenomena

An atmospheric corrosion monitor (ACM) which consists of CuZn or Cu/steel couples, has been used to study various aspects of atmospheric corrosion. Calibration of ACM's is carried out under 1 ml of distilled water. Measurements under 10−510−1N KCl show that the conductivity of the electrolyte is not an important parameter in determining the amount of current flow. A detailed study was related to the effect of salt particles on atmospheric corrosion. While no current flow and no corrosion occurred on clean surfaces up to r.h. ≈ 95%, large increases of the galvanic current were observed when salt particles were placed on the ACM surface provided that the relative humidity in the test cell was higher than the r.h. value of a saturated solution of the salt particle applied. The ACM has also been used to monitor changes in the composition of gaseous atmospheres (air, N2, N2 plus SO2). Outdoor exposure of the CuZn and Cu/steel ACM suggests that this instrument can be used not only to monitor time-of-wetness, but also the corrosivity of a test environment.
Authenticity and Textual Transvestism in the Memoirs of the Abbé de Choisy

The memoirs of the abbe de Choisy, published posthumously, relate the narrator’s adventures under three female disguises during his younger years, when he seduced a series of young women, most of whom were unaware that he was a man. The memoirs have been the focus of much attention from scholars during recent years and constitute a fascinating account by a pillar of the ecclesiastical and secular establishment. This article contends that the memoirs are not an autobiographical document but represent a sustained fantasy on their creator’s part. This thesis is supported by the lack of contemporary corroboration, by internal inconsistencies and anachronisms, and by the memoirs’ general implausibility. Notwithstanding its lack of historical and personal authenticity, the text stands as an important example of generic blending, incorporating elements from the novel, memoirs, and fairy tales. The document contains many pointers, conscious or otherwise, to its fictive status; and the author’s purpose, in addition to rewriting his youth, might well constitute an attempt to overcompensate for his own deep-seated insecurities about his sexuality, since the memoirs constantly and hyperbolically reinforce their author’s heterosexuality.
What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity

In recent years, cognitive neuroscientists have taken great advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a non-invasive method of measuring neuronal activity in the human brain. But what exactly does fMRI tell us? We know that its signals arise from changes in local haemodynamics that, in turn, result from alterations in neuronal activity, but exactly how neuronal activity, haemodynamics and fMRI signals are related is unclear. It has been assumed that the fMRI signal is proportional to the local average neuronal activity, but many factors can influence the relationship between the two. A clearer understanding of how neuronal activity influences the fMRI signal is needed if we are correctly to interpret functional imaging data.
Harnack's Inequality for Degenerate Parabolic Equations

(1991). Harnack's Inequality for Degenerate Parabolic Equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 16, No. 4-5, pp. 745-770.
National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS)

The absence of emergency medical services (EMS) patient care data has hindered development andevaluation of EMS systems. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in cooperation with the Health Resources andServices Administration (HRSA), has provided funding to the National Association of State EMS Directors to develop a National EMS Information System (NEMSIS). NEMSIS is being designed to provide a uniform national EMS dataset, with standard terms, definitions, andvalues, as well as a national EMS database, with aggregated data from all states on a limited number of data elements. Forty-eight of the states, the District of Columbia, andthree territories signed a memorandum of agreement documenting support for the NEMSIS project andexpressing a desire for full implementation of the NEMSIS dataset. NHTSA has agreed to house the National EMS Database at its National Center for Statistics andAnalysis. NHTSA, in cooperation with HRSA andthe Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, recentl...
N-Formylmethionyl peptide receptors on equine leukocytes initiate secretion but not chemotaxis

The chemotaxis of leukocytes appears to be initiated by the binding of chemotactic factors to the surface of these cells. N-Formylated peptides induce chemotaxis and lysosomal enzyme secretion of leukocytes; because these peptides are available in a purified radiolabeled form, they have been useful in the characterization of receptors for chemotactic factors. Equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes secrete lysosomal enzymes but do not exhibit chemotaxis in respone to the N-formylated peptides, even though they have a high-affinity cell surface receptor for these agents. The specificity of the equine receptor resembles the specificity of the receptor on chemotactically responsive leukocytes from other species. Equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes may thus be an excellent model for the study of the events that lead to a biological response following receptor occupancy.
New Approaches to Control Education

In this paper, we describe recent developments in theory and computational aids that signal a new approach to a design oriented control education curriculum at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The main features of this approach are: a) Analytical results developed for low order controllers such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and lead/lag controllers which account for 99% of controllers in applications, b) Development of tools to obtain complete sets of controllers achieving stability, performance and their efficient graphical representations and c) An approach to design based on raw measured data rather than identified models. The paper is illustrated with examples of design using both recently developed commercially available software and custom software developed by us.
Patterns: A View of the Relationship Between Interior Design Education and Practice

The relationship between interior design education and practice is a strong one. It is well recognized that competence in interior design is acquired and verified through a sequence of education, experience, and examination. The objective of this evaluation is to review material relating to this three-step process. Included in the review are articles on competencies, the updated definition of interior design, the Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) standards, the National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ)Educational Testing Service (ETS) job analysis study, the proposed internship development program, the NCIDQ examination, and continuing education requirements. Information presented herein provides a comparison of subject content and identifies a common body of knowledge in interior design. By synthesizing this material, a clear picture of the relationship between education and practice is formed. It is through this close integrated relationship that the future is shaped and parameters of the profession are established.
Technological Innovation and Welfare

The first part of this article presents a brief analysis of the reasons why the immense amount of technological innovation in (old and new) industrialized countries does not seem to have contributed to any increase in social welfare. It is argued that the support from the political system to multinational firms' strategies for globalization is too affirmative, for reasons that are more of an ideological than of an economic nature. Thus, in the second part of the article the contours of a transnational politics are outlined, in an attempt to show how technological innovation can serve the development of a new social welfare around the globe.
Analysis of Nitric Oxide from Chemical Donors Using CMOS Platinum Microelectrodes

Electrochemical detection of NO generated from chemical donors is reported. Because NO is an important biological messenger, many donor sources and detection methods have been developed. Few reports have characterized NO donors using electrochemistry despite electrochemical techniques being sensitive and selective. Here, a CMOS platinum microelectrode array is interfaced with a microfluidic device for the electrochemical analysis of NO from (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA/NO). The donor parent amine fouls the electrode, resulting in substantial signal loss, but an electrochemical cleaning method was developed that substantially reduces fouling and allows detection of NO between 90 nM and 1 µM.
Moving beyond conventional wisdom: Advancements in cross-cultural theories of leadership, conflict, and teams

In this article, we discuss the importance of a cross-cultural approach to organizational behavior. To do so, we illustrate how cross-cultural research in the past two decades has enabled us to reconceptualize constructs, revise models, and extend boundary conditions in traditional organizational behavior theories. We focus on three domains—teams, leadership, and conflict—and review cross-cultural empirical evidence that has extended several theories in each of these domains. We support the claim that even well-established organizational behavior theories vary in the extent to which they may be applied unilaterally across cultures, thus identifying the critical need to advance these theories via a cross-cultural research agenda.
KINETICS OF HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION IN UNBUFFERED SOLUTIONS. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF AUTOCATALYTIC PROCESSES CONTROLLED PRIMARILY BY SPECIFIC ACID CATALYSIS.

The kinetics of degradation of neutral and acidic molecules which form acidic products in unbuffered solutions has been considered. The validity of the analytic solutions for autocatalytic cases involving specific acid catalysis in competition with specific base catalysis or spontaneous degradation has been verified through analog simulation of the reactions. Since the time required for 10 per cent degradation of a drug is of pharmaceutical interest, the effect on this parameter of variation in initial concentration of drug, rate constants, and dissociation constants of reactants and products was investigated. The equations presented may be applied to the estimation of drug stability under the conditions described, if the relevant kinetic parameters are known.
Superconducting and magnetotransport properties of ZnNNi 3 microfibers and films

We present the superconducting and critical current properties of ${\text{ZnNNi}}_{3}$ in the form of annularly coated carbon microfibers and thin films. The fibers were prepared by heating $6--8\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ diameter commercially available Ni-coated carbon fibers with Zn powder in a flowing stream of ${\text{NH}}_{3}$ gas at $650\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$. The fibers had a ${T}_{c}=3.75\text{ }\text{K}$, which was slightly higher than that of the polycrystalline powder and an upper critical field, ${H}_{c2}(0)=0.92\text{ }\text{T}$. Near the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$, the critical current density ${J}_{c}$ was well described by the Ginzburg-Landau power-law form ${[1\ensuremath{-}{(T/{T}_{c})}^{2}]}^{3/2}$. The extrapolation produces ${J}_{c}(0)\ensuremath{\cong}1.45\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\text{ }\text{A}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$. An axial magnetic field produces an exponential decrease in the critical current density. Planar ${\text{ZnNNi}}_{3}$ films were formed on sapphire substrates by exposing thin Ni films to a similar heat treatment as the fibers. Hall measurements on the films in the normal state revealed a carrier density, $n=\ensuremath{-}1.46\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{23}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Estimation of linear properties of particle size distributions

This paper presents a general mathematical theory for quantitative investigation of the properties of a dilutely distributed particulate phase. If the process by which the specimen is sampled and the process by which particles in the sample are measured can be appropriately modelled, then this theory provides unbiased estimates of any linear property of the particle size cumulative frequency function under the assumption that particle centres are uniformly distributed within the specimen. Uniqueness of the estimate is discussed and variance formulae given. Some classical results on spherical particles and new results on cylindrical particles are presented as specific examples. The theory unifies a large body of current literature and also provides the basis for the inclusion of the effects of sample preparation and any anomalies encountered in the measurement process.
ASTROLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Despite the fact that virtually all scientists reject astrology as unfounded superstition, it continues to hold a powerful grip on the belief-systems of millions of people. With the advent of compu...
Localization of epileptic foci by means of cortical imaging using a spherical head model

Abstract We have applied a cortical imaging technique (CIT) with a three-sphere head model to estimate cortical potentials from scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings during interictal spikes in a pediatric epilepsy patient. The CIT analysis was performed during the ascending limb of interictal spikes and localized areas of activity were observed, overlying the epileptogenic zone, as being confirmed by the electrocorticography recordings and neurosurgical resections of the patient. The present study suggests that CIT may become a useful alternative for noninvasive localization of intracranial sources generating epileptiform activity from pre-operative scalp EEG recordings.
Neurocognitive and symptom correlates of self-reported childhood sexual abuse in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

This study examined whether self-reported childhood sexual abuse in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is linked with severity of neurocognitive deficits. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, California Verbal Learning Test, and select WAIS III subtests were administered to 15 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who had been sexually abused and to 28 participants with no abuse history. Controlling for age and premorbid IQ, a MANCOVA indicated there were group differences (f(9, 31) = 5.53, p < .001). Subsequent ANCOVA indicated that the sexual abuse group performed more poorly on tests of working memory and information processing speed. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with more severe working memory deficits in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Dynamical characteristics of the tip vortex from a four-bladed rotor in hover

Dynamical characteristics of tip vortices shed from a 1 m diameter, four-bladed rotor in hover are investigated using various aperiodicity correction tech- niques. Data are acquired by way of stereo-particle image velocimetry and comprises measurements up to 260 vor- tex age with 10 offsets. The nominal operating condition of the rotor corresponds to Rec = 248,000 and M = 0.23 at the blade tip. With the collective pitch set to 7.2 and a rotor solidity of 0.147, blade loading (CT/r )i s estimated from blade element momentum theory to be 0.042. The findings reveal a noticeable, anisotropic, ape- riodic vortex wandering pattern over all vortex ages mea- sured. These findings are in agreement with recent observations of a full-scale, four-bladed rotor in hover operating under realistic blade loading. The principal axis of wander is found to align itself perpendicular to the slipstream boundary. Likewise, tip vortices trailing from different blades show a wandering motion that is in phase instantaneously with respect to one another, in every direction and at every wake age in the measurement envelope.
Assessment of risk from multimedia exposures of children to environmental chemicals.

(1998). Assessment of Risk from Multimedia Exposures of Children to Environmental Chemicals. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association: Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 483-501.
Photochemistry of Aliphatic Thioketones in the Gas Phase1,2

The solution and gas-phase photophysical and photochemical properties of a series of bicyclic and alicyclic thioketones (apothiocamphor (1), thiocamphor (2), thiofenchone (3), endo-5,6-trimethylene-2-norborneanthione (4), 3,3-diethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-thione (5), 2,2-diethyl-5,5-dimethylcyclopentanethione (6), 2-ethyl-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexanethione (7), and 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hexanethione (8)) are reported. Photolysis in solution typically gives rise to products arising from insertion into β, γ, and, in one case (4), δ carbons to form cyclic thiols. This chemistry is analogous to that observed in earlier studies. Novel photochemistry is found in the gas phase where Norrish type II products are also isolated from several substrates (1, 2, 5, 6, and 7). The effect of the quencher gas, butane, on both the spectral and photochemical properties of 2 in the gas phase provide evidence to support the proposal that the Norrish type II chemistry arises from initially populated vibrationally excited levels of S2.
Multispectral Data Compression Using Staggered Detector Arrays

A multispectral image data compression scheme has been investigated in which a scene is imaged onto a detector array whose elements vary in spectral sensitivity. The elements are staggered such that the scene is undersampled within any single spectral band, but is sufficiently sampled by the total array. Compression thus results from transmitting only one spectral component of a scene at any given array coordinate. High-resolution reconstructions are achieved by a space-variant minimum-mean-square spectral regression estimate of the missing pixels of each band from the adjacent samples of other bands. Digital simulations show that spectral regressions of mosaic array data provide reconstruction errors comparable to second-order differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). When the mosaic data is itself encoded by DPCM, the accuracy of spectral regression is superior to direct DPCM for equivalent bit rates.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Demonstration of a class of porphyrin-containing cells in the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis

Cells emitting orange-red autofluorescence have been found in the pars intermedia of aging rats. The fluorescence maximum of the emission is localized in an area of the spectrum where the most intense band maxima of porphyrins are located. The fluorescence fades when the excitation wavelength is about 400 nm, which is specific (Soret band) for the absorption spectra of porphyrins. The fluorescence is emitted by coarse inclusions in the cytoplasm of a few cells. These inclusions are also stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin and exibit a high endogenous peroxidase activity. The inclusions observed have morphologic features similar to those of porphyrin-containing astrocytes from the periventricular area of the hypothalamus. The inclusion-bearing cells of the pars intermedia also contain debris that might be due to the phagocytic activity of these cells.
Modern sediments and sedimentary processes in Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana) eastern Rift Valley, Kenya

Tertiary sediments around Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in the East African Rift Valley have yielded abundant palaeontological and palaeoanthropological remains. The present study provides a basis for interpreting the ancient lake environment and furthering our knowledge of rift valley lacustrine deposits. Bottom sediments in Lake Rudolf are fine-grained (average 71% clay) well laminated and have montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite as the principal clay minerals. The sediments are relatively poor in silica (40–45%) but rich in Fe2O3 (10%). Both mineral proportions and chemical composition change systematically over the area of the lake and delineate four sedimentological provinces: (1) iron-rich, silty kaolinitic muds (Omo Delta); (2) iron-rich, fine-grained montmorillonite muds (North Basin); (3) silty montmorillonite muds rich in Na2O and K2O (Central Delta); and (4) argillaceous calcite silts (South Basin). Omo Delta and North Basin sediments are derived from the volcanics of the Ethiopian plateau; the source of Central Delta sediments is the Precambrian metamorphic terrain of the rift valley margin; the South Basin has a restricted detrital input. The water in the lake is alkaline (pH 9.2) and moderately saline (TDS = 2500 p.p.m.). Comparisons with influent water from the Omo River indicate a 200-fold concentration for the lake water. Models based on equilibrium between sediments and water column account for most of the non-conservative chemical components in the lake water. Sedimentation rates are high (about 1 m per 1000 years) and the dominance of detrital sediments makes Lake Rudolf unusual in comparison with other closed-basin lakes in the African Rift Valley although some similarities with ancient rift valley deposits are suggested.
The actions of crustacean cardioactive peptide on adult and developing stomatogastric ganglion motor patterns.

The motor patterns produced by the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) are strongly influenced by descending modulatory inputs from anterior ganglia. With these inputs intact, in control saline, the motor patterns produced by the stomatogastric nervous system of embryonic and larval lobsters are slower and less regular than those of adult lobsters. We studied the effects of the hormonal modulator, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) on the discharge patterns of STG motor patterns in embryos, larvae, and adult Maine lobsters, Homarus americanus, with the anterior inputs present and absent. In adults, CCAP initiated robust pyloric rhythms from STGs isolated from their descending control and modulatory inputs. Likewise, CCAP initiated robust activity in isolated embryonic and larval STGs. Nonetheless, quantitative analyses revealed that the frequency and regularity of the STG motor neuron discharge seen in the presence of CCAP in isolated STGs from embryos were significantly lower than those seen late in larval life and in adults under the same conditions. In contrast, when the descending control and modulatory pathways to the STG were left intact, the embryonic and larval burst frequency seen in the presence of CCAP was increased by CCAP, whereas the burst frequency in adults was decreased by CCAP, so that in CCAP the frequencies at all stages were statistically indistinguishable. These data argue that immature embryonic motor patterns seen in the absence of CCAP are a function of immaturity in both the STG and in the descending and modulatory pathways.
Multiple Ionization Mass Spectrometry Strategy Used To Reveal the Complexity of Metabolomics

A multiple ionization mass spectrometry strategy is presented based on the analysis of human serum extracts. Chromatographic separation was interfaced inline with the atmospheric pressure ionization techniques electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive (+) and negative (−) ionization modes. Furthermore, surface-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and desorption ionization on silicon (DIOS) mass spectrometry were also integrated with the separation through fraction collection and offline mass spectrometry. Processing of raw data using the XCMS software resulted in time-aligned ion features, which are defined as a unique m/z at a unique retention time. The ion feature lists obtained through LC−MS with ESI and APCI interfaces in both ± ionization modes were compared, and unique ion tables were generated. Nonredundant, unique ion features, were defined as mass numbers for which no mass numbers corresponding to [M + H]+, [M − H]-, or...
Selective isolation of mercurated DNA by affinity chromatography on thiol matrices

Abstract A method for isolating picomole quantities of nascent mercurated DNA from a mixture of cellular nucleic acids using affinity chromatography on thiol-agarose is described. Analysis of mercurated DNA (HgDNA) isolated in the presence of in vivo-labeled cellular RNA or in vitro-synthesized RNA showed a low level of RNA contamination, about 0.04–0.16%, in the HgDNA. Comparative binding studies on different thiol matrices showed that the efficiency of binding of HgDNA was related to the nature but not to the SH content of the matrix used. Another important parameter for binding was the structure of HgDNA. The recovery was 98% with large nascent HgDNA sedimenting at about 30 S, whereas for short pulse-labeled single-stranded HgDNA (20–50 nucleotides long), the maximum recovery was 60%. The effect of the structure of HgDNA on the binding to the thiol matrix was probed using a variety of well-defined mercurated structures obtained from phage DNA and their restriction fragments. For DNA containing one 5-mercuricytidine 5′-triphosphate (HgdCMP) residue at each 3′-end, short fragments (size range, 230–510 bp) were bound quantitatively. With larger fragments (size range, 490–1100 bp), the binding decreased progressively with increasing size. DNA fragments larger than 1060 bp did not bind to the matrix. Single-stranded DNA containing only one HgdCMP at one end did not bind to the matrix even in the size range 200–1100 nucleotides. In contrast, continuous stretches of HgdCMP residues in one strand or short stretches of HgdCMP residues at random in both strands permit quantitative binding irrespective of size. Mercuration of DNA has been achieved by three procedures: in vitro replication, nick translation, and end labeling with HgdCMP of the recessed 3′-ends of restriction fragments. Thus, highly purified HgDNA can be isolated by the procedures described which are simple, efficient, and reproducible.
The Human Genome Epidemiology Network

Progress on the Human Genome Project has led to an explosion of genetic information (1). Of the estimated 100,000 human genes, more than 9,000 have been discovered, and more than 5,000 have been mapped to specific chromosomes (2). There are approximately 500 genes for which there are genetic tests used in medical practice (3). Almost daily, discoveries are announced for gene variants that affect the risks of diseases of major public health importance, from adult chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes mellitus to infectious and immunologic disorders, as well as diseases affecting the health of infants and children. Most discoveries of gene variants are based on studies of high-risk families or selected groups. In order to translate the results of this genetic research into opportunities for treating and preventing disease and promoting health, population-based epide-
Human cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin not only neutralizes HCMV infectivity, but also inhibits HCMV-induced intracellular NF-kappaB, Sp1, and PI3-K signaling pathways.

Inhibition of virus-induced intracellular signaling pathways and viral infectivity are our ultimate goals in the development of effective antiviral agents to control human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections. The HCMV hyperimmune globulin may meet such criteria. In a human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblast culture model, pretreatment of Towne strain HCMV with HCMV hyperimmune globulin was shown to inhibit viral infectivity successfully, as measured by a standard plaque assay. The extracellular viral titers and extracellular viral DNA, as measured by plaque assay and PCR, respectively, were also decreased. In addition, the HCMV hyperimmune globulin prevented HCMV from inducing the intracellular activation of NF-κB, Sp-1, and PI3-K signaling pathways. The PI3-K pathway was examined by following phosphorylation (activation) of two of its downstream kinases, Akt and p70S6K. HCMV hyperimmune globulin also prevented the production of immediate early, early, and late viral proteins. These studies show that HCMV hyperimmune globulin neutralization of HCMV prevents the earliest known events observed after viral envelope glycoproteins bind their cell membrane receptors, i.e., NF-κB, Sp-1 and PI3-K activation. This suggests that HCMV hyperimmune globulin not only can inhibit viral infectivity, but can also prevent the abnormal cellular signaling that may induce unwanted cellular proliferation or cytokine synthesis. J. Med. Virol. 67:33–40, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Technology for seniors' living environment: directions for product development.

Abstract In May 1991, approximately 40 world experts on technology and aging were invited to Directions'91 in Winnipeg, Canada. The focus of the 3-day seminar was on living environments for seniors and on the research and development of products to meet the needs of an aging society. The built environment—furnishings and appliances, self-care, and leisure and recreation—was targeted in both plenary and breakout sessions. This article highlights the key concerns and recommendations developed at Directions '91. The “universal design” concept is stressed, particularly as it relates to our need to rethink the design of the built environment and the products that are currently being used by seniors seeking independence and dignity in their daily living. Consideration is also given to the physiological changes that occur in the natural process of aging and how these changes need to be accommodated in products designed for the living environment.
Modeling the Restraint of Liquid Jets by Surface Tension in Microgravity

An axisymmetric phase field model is developed and used to model surface tension forces on liquid jets in microgravity. The previous work in this area is reviewed and a baseline drop tower experiment selected 'for model comparison. A mathematical model is developed which includes a free surface. a symmetric centerline and wall boundaries with given contact angles. The model is solved numerically with a compact fourth order stencil on a equally spaced axisymmetric grid. After grid convergence studies, a grid is selected and all drop tower tests modeled. Agreement was assessed by comparing predicted and measured free surface rise. Trend wise agreement is good but agreement in magnitude is only fair. Suspected sources of disagreement are suspected to be lack of a turbulence model and the existence of slosh baffles in the experiment which were not included in the model.
Hypermobility of the joints in juvenile episodic arthritis/arthralgia†

It has been suggested that hypermobility of the joints may predispose children to the development of arthritis or arthralgia. To determine the normal frequency of hypermobility, 260 normal schoolchildren (5 to 17 years of age) were examined. In addition, 34 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and 32 children with juvenile episodic arthritis/arthralgia (JEA) were tested. Any child who met at least three of the following criteria was considered to have joint hypermobility: (1) passive apposition of the thumbs to the flexor aspect of the forearms; (2) passive hyperextension of the fingers so that they lie parallel with the extensor aspect of the forearms; (3) hyperextension of the elbows >10 degrees; (4) hyperextension of the knees >10 degrees; (5) flexion of the trunk with knees extended so the palms rest on the floor. Thirty-two (12%) of 260 normal schoolchildren and 21 (66%) of 32 with JEA had hypermobility. Further, a significantly higher proportion (23 of 126) of normal girls than normal boys (nine of 134) had hypermobility (x 2 =8.0, P
ACCEPTANCE OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND PERCEIVED ATTITUDES OF PARENTS AND PEERS

To assess the relationship between prejudicial attitudes and perceptions of parents' and peers' attitudes (two aspects of the subjective norm) responses of 959 volunteer subjects were examined. Analysis indicated that subjects with the least prejudicial attitudes perceived their parents and peers as significantly less prejudicial than those subjects who were the most prejudicial in their own attitudes, but over-all, scores on the measure of prejudicial attitudes were only weakly correlated with perceptions of parents' and peers' attitudes.
N-and C-terminal motifs in human αB crystallin play an important role in the recognition, selection, and solubilization of substrates

The functions of the interactive sequences in human αB crystallin that are involved in chaperone activity and complex assembly of small heat shock proteins need to be characterized to understand th...
Continental growth during a 1.9-Ga superplume event

Abstract The growth of juvenile continental crust during a possible superplume event at 1.9-Ga occurred chiefly in the form of new arc systems (esp. continental-margin arcs), which were accreted to cratons during supercontinent formation at 1880–1840 Ma. Although oceanic plateaus may have been widespread during the superplume event, they are not a major component of juvenile crust. A possible reason is that they did not attain sufficient thickness to resist subduction during the superplume event. To explain the significant increase in continental growth at 1.9 Ga, recycling rate of continental crust back into the mantle must have decreased relative to the extraction rate of crust from the mantle. A major contributing factor to a decrease in crustal recycling may have been a decrease in sediment subduction rate. Because of a probable high sea level at 1.9 Ga, more sediment was stored on cratons and was not available for subduction.
A guide to the graph labeling zoo

Abstract In this paper we survey many of the variations of graceful and harmonious labeling methods that have been introduced and summarize much of what is known about each kind.
Suicide Among African American Men

Charles Prudhomme, in one of his most important articles published in 1938, The Problem of Suicide in the American Negro, provides one of the earliest analysis of suicide among African Americans. Prudhomme found lower rates of suicide among African Americans than among Whites. His work, derived primarily from case studies, offers an account of both the risk and protective factors for African American suicide. Prudhomme argued that, compared to those of Whites, the lower suicide rates among African Americans were the result of religious and cultural differences, living in the south, and the degree to which they shared similar experiences as Whites regarding social advancement. He hypothesized that as African Americans assimilated into the dominant culture, the more susceptible they would become to the cultural beliefs, experiences, and risk factors associated with suicidal behavior among Whites.
The Dud Effect: Adding Highly Dissimilar Fillers Increases Confidence in Lineup Identifications

Recent research in decision-making has demonstrated the "dud-alternative effect"--the tendency to become more confident that a chosen response option is correct if it is surrounded by implausible response options (Windschitl & Chambers, J Exp Psychol 30:198-215, 2004). This finding may be applicable to a lineup task: The presence of duds (i.e., highly dissimilar fillers) may increase a witness's confidence that an identified (non-dud) lineup member is the criminal. Four studies (N = 665) demonstrate that the mere presence of highly dissimilar fillers inflates witnesses' confidence in a mistaken identification (Studies 1-4), provides evidence that this confidence inflation is due to the duds inflating the perceived similarity of the other lineup members to the criminal (Studies 2, 3), and delineates some conditions under which the effect holds (Studies 3, 4). The addition of highly dissimilar lineup members, far from being inert, as is often implicitly assumed, can bias witnesses' confidence reports.
Glass formation in non-oxide chalcogenide systems. Structural elucidation of Li2SSiS2LiI solid electrolytes by quantitative 29Si, 6Li and 7Li high resolution solid state NMR methods

Abstract The local structure in Li2SSiS2LiIl glasses is investigated by solid state high resolution 6Li, 7Li, and 29Si NMR, using the technique of magic-angle sample spinning (MAS) in conjunction with absolute signal quantitation. Parallel studies of crystallized specimens indicate the presence of a crystalline compound with stoichiometry Li2SiS2, and a second phase with the likely stoichiometry Li4SiS4. Two distinct silicon environmentsare found in the latter phase. The 29Si MAS NMR spectra of crystalline lithium silicon sulfides are readily interpretable in terms of microstructures with differing fractions of non-bridging sulfur atoms attached to Si. In analogy to crystalline silicates, the 29Si resonance is shifted downfield with increasing numbers of non-bridging sulfur atoms, with an overall chemical shift range of ca. 30 ppm. In contrast, the 29Si MAS-NMR spectra of the glasses appear invariant over the entire region of glass formation, although the resolution would be sufficient to discern different distributions of microstructures if they weere present. Furthermore, in striking contrast to the oxide-analog system, no correspondence exists between the chemical shifts of the glasses and those observed in their crystalline counterparts. These highly unusual results suggest that the bonding concepts used to describe the local structures of oxidic glasses cannot be applied for the structural description of chalcogenide glasses, even if they are, as in the present case, stoichiometry-analog. Complementary information is provided by lithium NMR. The use of the rare isotope 6Li instead of 7Li offers the advantage of significantly improved spectroscopic resolution, and thus more accurate chemical shift determinations.
Thermal stability of some metal sulphates

Abstract The thermal decomposition of eleven (II) sulphates has been studied by a combination of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The relative decomposition temperatures are: MnSO 4 755, FeSO 4 537, CoSO 4 708, NiSO 4 675, CuSO 4 598, ZnSO 4 646, CdSO 4 816, PbSO 4 803, MgSO 4 895, CaSO 4 1149, and SrSO 4 1374°C. Factors possibly influencing thermal stability of such salts are discussed, with special consideration of the effects of the metal's electronegativity and polarizing power on the condition of the anion.
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5 Functions as a GTPase-activating Protein

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) forms a complex with eIF2 by interacting with the β subunit of eIF2. This interaction is essential for eIF5-promoted hydrolysis of GTP bound to the 40 S initiation complex. In this work, we show that, in addition to the eIF2β-binding region at the C terminus of eIF5, the N-terminal region of eIF5 is also required for eIF5-dependent GTP hydrolysis. Like other GTPase-activating proteins, eIF5 contains an invariant arginine residue (Arg-15) at its N terminus that is essential for its function. Mutation of this arginine residue to alanine or even to conservative lysine caused a severe defect in the ability of eIF5 to promote GTP hydrolysis from the 40 S initiation complex, although the ability of these mutant proteins to bind to eIF2β remained unchanged. These mutants were also defective in overall protein synthesis as well as in their ability to support cell growth of a ΔTIF5yeast strain. Additionally, alanine substitution mutagenesis of eIF5 defined Lys-33 and Lys-55 as also critical for eIF5 function in vitro and in vivo. The implications of these results in relation to other well characterized GAPs are discussed and provide additional evidence that eIF5 functions as a GTPase-activating protein.
Partnership in a Dynamic Production System with Unobservable Actions and Noncontractible Output

This paper considers two firms that engage in joint production. The prospect of repeated interaction introduces dynamics, in that actions that firms take today influence the costliness and effectiveness of actions in the future. Repeated interaction also facilitates the use of informal agreements (relational contracts) that are sustained not by the court system, but by the ongoing value of the relationship. We characterize the optimal relational contract in this dynamic system with double moral hazard. We show that an optimal relational contract has a simple form that does not depend on the past history. The optimal relational contract may require that the firms terminate their relationship with positive probability following poor performance. We show how process visibility, which allows the firms to better assess who is at fault, can substantially improve system performance. The degree to which process visibility eliminates the need for termination depends on the nature of the dynamics: If the buyer's action does not influence the dynamics, the need for termination is eliminated; otherwise, termination may be required.
Temporal pattern of nerve growth factor receptor expression in developing cochlear and vestibular ganglia in quail and mouse

We have previously demonstrated the presence of specific receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) in cochleovestibular ganglia of 72 h (stage 19–20) quail embryos, with a greater density of NGF receptors in the cochlear portion of the ganglion. The present study was conducted to determine the temporal pattern of NGF receptor expression in cochlear and vestibular ganglia throughout development, and was conducted in two species, quail and mouse. As in the quail, specific binding of125I-NGF was detected in cochleovestibular ganglia of mouse embryos from an embryonic age equivalent to 72 h quail embryos (embryonic day 11, E11), with a similar concentration of125I-NGF binding in the cochlear portion. Quantitative studies revealed that125I-NGF binding continued to increase, in both cochlear and vestibular ganglia, for several days of development, and then began to decrease to minimal levels. Maximal levels were achieved at E7 in the quail, and E14 to E16 in the mouse, while minimal levels were reached by E13 in the quail, and E18 in the mouse. The level of125I-NGF binding in cochlear ganglia was two to three times higher than in vestibular ganglia; a finding corroborated by radioautographic studies. In both quail and mouse, NGF receptors were more heavily concentrated in the ventromedial portion of the cochlear ganglion, adjacent to the cochlear duct; an area containing both support cells and peripheral neuronal processes. In the vestibular ganglion,125I-NGF binding was more homogeneous, although small areas containing high densities of silver grains were observed. The presence of NGF receptors in cochlear and vestibular ganglia suggests that these ganglia may be responsive to and/or dependent upon NGF during their development.
Slack redistribution for graceful degradation under voltage overscaling

Modern digital IC designs have a critical operating point, or “wall of slack”, that limits voltage scaling. Even with an error-tolerance mechanism, scaling voltage below a critical voltage - so-called overscaling - results in more timing errors than can be effectively detected or corrected. This limits the effectiveness of voltage scaling in trading off system reliability and power. We propose a design-level approach to trading off reliability and voltage (power) in, e.g., microprocessor designs. We increase the range of voltage values at which the (timing) error rate is acceptable; we achieve this through techniques for power-aware slack redistribution that shift the timing slack of frequently-exercised, near-critical timing paths in a power- and area-efficient manner. The resulting designs heuristically minimize the voltage at which the maximum allowable error rate is encountered, thus minimizing power consumption for a prescribed maximum error rate and allowing the design to fail more gracefully. Compared with baseline designs, we achieve a maximum of 32.8% and an average of 12.5% power reduction at an error rate of 2%. The area overhead of our techniques, as evaluated through physical implementation (synthesis, placement and routing), is no more than 2.7%.
Wetting and surface tension measurements on gold alloys

The surface tension and the density of some gold alloys have been measured and their wetting behaviour investigated in relation to different ceramic supports. Relationships between surface tension and density as a function of temperature are proposed.
An examination of automatic vs. controlled information processing in the employment interview: the case of minority applicants

Based on the automatic vs. controlled attention argument, this paper tested the contention that the amount of job-relevant information given to decision makers prior to the employment interview will influence outcomes for minority candidates. Subjects included 160 undergraduate students composed of 64% female, 90% White, 2% Black, 7% Hispanic, and 1% Asian or Pacific Islander. Results indicated that in the high information condition, Black applicants received the highest evaluations and decision makers reported the most confidence in their decisions regarding Black applicants. However, even though there were significant differences in the ratings of minority candidates, they were not hired more frequently than White applicants. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed in terms of theory and practice.