cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Economics

Abstract Growth theory has traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function, whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource allocation within each economy. We show extensive evidence, culled from the micro-development literature, demonstrating that the assumption of optimal resource allocation fails radically. The key fact is the enormous heterogeneity of rates of return to the same factor within a single economy, a heterogeneity that dwarfs the cross-country heterogeneity in the economy-wide average return. Prima facie , we argue, this evidence poses problems for old and new growth theories alike. We then review the literature on various causes of this misallocation. We go on to calibrate a simple model which explicitly introduces the possibility of misallocation into an otherwise standard growth model. We show that, in order to match the data, it is enough to have misallocated factors: there also needs to be important fixed costs in production. We conclude by outlining the contour of a possible non-aggregate growth theory, and review the existing attempts to take such a model to the data.
Protective role of bacillithiol in superoxide stress and Fe–S metabolism in Bacillus subtilis

Glutathione (GSH) serves as the prime thiol in most organisms as its depletion increases antibiotic and metal toxicity, impairs oxidative stress responses, and affects Fe and Fe–S cluster metabolism. Many gram-positive bacteria lack GSH, but instead produce other structurally unrelated yet functionally equivalent thiols. Among those, bacillithiol (BSH) has been recently identified in several low G+C gram-positive bacteria. In this work, we have explored the link between BSH and Fe–S metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. We have identified that B. subtilis lacking BSH is more sensitive to oxidative stress (paraquat), and metal toxicity (Cu(I) and Cd(II)), but not H2O2. Furthermore, a slow growth phenotype of BSH null strain in minimal medium was observed, which could be recovered upon the addition of selected amino acids (Leu/Ile and Glu/Gln), supplementation of iron, or chemical complementation with BSH disulfide (BSSB) to the growth medium. Interestingly, Fe–S cluster containing isopropylmalate isomerase (LeuCD) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) showed decreased activities in BSH null strain. Deficiency of BSH also resulted in decreased levels of intracellular Fe accompanied by increased levels of manganese and altered expression levels of Fe–S cluster biosynthetic SUF components. Together, this study is the first to establish a link between BSH and Fe–S metabolism in B. subtilis.
A metamodel-based decision support system for shop floor production control

Abstract Due to the lack of viable modeling techniques, abnormal situations at the operational level in a dynamic manufacturing environment cannot be handled by shop floor production control systems that are only applicable to steady-state performance. A tool is needed for the management in dealing with unexpected real-time events. In this paper, we present a decision support system (DSS) that estimates late-finishing parts in an assembly system due to machine breakdown, part supply shortage and processing of high-priority jobs. The application program, desc (Dynamic Evaluator of Simulated Consequences), is based on dynamic metamodels developed from computer simulation results. The DSS development procedure is discussed and its use is demonstrated by an example using data from a printed circuit board (PCB) assembly plant. Since no time-consuming simulation is necessary at the shop floor, the metamodel-based DSS can provide valuable information for making real-time production control decisions.
Properties of phosphatidylcholine in the presence of its monofluorinated analogue.

Abstract In aqueous solution, the monofluorinated phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-[16-fluoropalmitoyl]sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (F-DPPC) interdigitates without the use of inducing agents. To understand the thermal and physical properties of this unique lipid, F-DPPC was combined with the non-fluorinated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DAPC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the miscibility and thermotropic phase behavior of these binary lipid mixtures. In addition, the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and a DPH-labeled analogue of DPPC, 2-(3-(diphenylhexatrienyl) propanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (β-DPH HPC, aka DPH-PC or DPHpPC), were used to detect interdigitation. In F-DPPC, the fluorescence intensity of both probes decreased a similar amount and to a degree that is consistent with an interdigitated system. We also determined that there are two separate effects of increasing the ratio of F-DPPC in the DPPC/F-DPPC system. With low amounts of F-DPPC, there is little evidence that the system is heavily interdigitated. Instead, we hypothesize that the introduction of F-DPPC provides nucleation sites that alter the kinetics, reversibility, and temperature of the main transition (Tm). At higher mol% of F-DPPC, we propose that interdigitated F-DPPC-rich domains form to create a phase-segregated system. While DPPC/F-DPPC was highly miscible, the DAPC/F-DPPC system was significantly less miscible. Additionally, we observed that DAPC/F-DPPC samples have reduced solubility in water, which affected the acquisition of fluorescence data. However, our DSC results indicate the existence of DAPC-rich and F-DPPC-rich components. Furthermore, this data support that the mixing was disruptive to lipid packing and that the presence of DAPC hinders the interdigitation of F-DPPC.
The geometry and properties of ledges in interfaces

This paper is an overview of work on the structure and properties of line defects in crystalline interfaces. Emphasis is placed upon the treatment of the dislocation and step nature of the defects in a unified manner and upon the correct accounting for the step nature in topological analyses. It is also shown that consideration of the step character leads to predictions of behavior that are not always consonant with predictions based upon dislocation concepts alone. Much of the previous work on this subject has been developed for grain boundaries in cubic metals, and the means of extension to less simple cases is indicated. It is shown that results often depend upon the choice of a particular reference frame.
Potential for decontamination of plutonium-containing solutions using Transferrin Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography

Abstract Transferrin Metalloprotein Affinity Metal Chromatography (MAMC), which previously has been shown to be effective for the removal and concentration of transition metal ions, has been extended to the binding of lanthanide and actinide ions. Using solutions of trivalent lanthanide ions of appropriate ionic radii and of thorium(IV) ions as models, transferrin MAMC has been shown to possess appreciable potential for the decontamination of plutonium(IV)-bearing solutions. Efforts to separate trivalent lanthanide ions using monoferric transferrin MAMC are described.
Test for Success: Next Generation Aircraft Identification System RF Simulation

Advancements in Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems are generating a variety of signals operating with a common purpose and often over common radio frequency (RF) spectrum. This paper will describe the top level characteristics of each of the following IFF/Surveillance systems and the plans and challenges of modeling these systems in ViaSat's RF stimulator systems. (1.) Mark XIIA, Mode S (2.) Mark XIIA, Mode 5 (3.) Automatic Dependent Surveillance -Broadcast (ADS-B) (4.) Department of Defense (DOD) Blue Force Tracking (BFT) Mode S is deployed and provides a directed interrogation and transpond response from airborne platforms. Mode 5 is planned for deployment and provides an anti-spoof encrypted transpond response. ADS-B is also planned for deployment in the commercial National Airspace System (NAS) and will use two separate systems for providing situational awareness transpond responses: Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) and Mode S 1090 Extended Squitter (ES). DOD BFT will use an advanced satellite network to receive platform state-vector transmissions and re-broadcast a theater level image of IFF data via digital video broadcast, satellite, second generation (DVB-S2). Each system presents unique challenges in modeling, but each are readily accommodated by ViaSat's Communication, Navigation, and Identification (CNI) RF function stimulator architecture. ViaSat will use our programmable arbitrary waveform generators to provide the RF waveforms. The scenario generation processors can then provide the geographic and RF propagation models to allow high density signal environments. These characteristics enable developmental testing for system improvements as well as verification testing for compliance with system level requirements. Use of an RF stimulator to generate a real-world RF environment is invaluable in testing systems to reduce risk and improve the probability of successfully deploying these next generation IFF systems.
CNS stimulation and PGE2 release.I: Depolarizing agents

Radioimmunoassayable PGE2 was reliably detected in the ventriculocisternal perfusates of chloralose-urethanized cats (557-1481 pg/min; +/- 1 S.E.). Examination of the levels of PGE2 in sequential 30 min samples for periods of up to 6 h revealed that the basal secretion rates of this prostaglandin did not fluctuate ina statistically significant fashion during this extended interval. The addition of either K+ (50 mM) or veratridine (7.5 X 10(-5) M) were shown to reliably evoke a long lasting increase (190-210%) in radioimmunoassayable PGE2 in the ventriculocisternal superfusates. In the majority of experiments, the elevated PGE2 showed a return to prestimulation levels within 60 min after the removal of the depolarizing agent. The ability of two depolarizing agents which act by different mechanisms to produce PGE2 release, and the likelihood that the stimulus-dependent increases were not due to altered clearance, metabolism or dilution makes it likely that the PGE2 levels in the extravascular-extracellular fluid were elevated secondary to increases in neuronal activity.
Mimicking maternal smoking and pharmacotherapy of preterm labor: fetal nicotine exposure enhances the effect of late gestational dexamethasone treatment on noradrenergic circuits.

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm delivery, which in turn necessitates the common use of glucocorticoids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Accordingly, there is a substantial population exposed conjointly to fetal nicotine and glucocorticoids (typically dexamethasone). We administered nicotine to pregnant rats throughout gestation, using a regimen (3 mg/kg/day by osmotic minipump) that maintains plasma nicotine levels within the range seen in smokers; on gestational days 17, 18 and 19, we gave 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone. We assessed norepinephrine levels in three brain regions (frontal/parietal cortex, brainstem, cerebellum) throughout adolescence, young adulthood and later adulthood, and contrasted the persistent effects with comparable measures in peripheral tissues (heart, liver). In adolescence, males showed initial deficits in the frontal/parietal cortex with either dexamethasone alone or the combined treatment, with resolution to normal by young adulthood; the group exposed to both nicotine + dexamethasone showed subsequent elevations that emerged in full adulthood and persisted through five months of age, an effect not seen with either agent separately. In females, the combined exposure produced an initial deficit that resolved by young adulthood, without any late-emerging changes. We did not see comparable effects in the other brain regions or peripheral tissues. This indicates that nicotine exposure sensitizes the developing brain to the adverse effects of dexamethasone treatment, producing sex-selective changes in innervation and/or activity of specific noradrenergic circuits. The fact that the combined treatment produced greater effects points to potentially worsened neurobehavioral outcomes after pharmacotherapy of preterm labor in the offspring of smokers.
Rotating frame spin dynamics of a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond nanocrystal

We investigate the spin dynamics of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center contained in an individual diamond nanocrystal in the presence of continuous microwave excitation. Upon periodic reversal of the microwave phase, we observe a train of ``Solomon echoes'' that effectively extends the system coherence lifetime to reach several tens of microseconds, depending on the microwave power and phase inversion rate. Starting from a model where the NV center interacts with a bath of paramagnetic defects on the nanocrystal surface, we use average Hamiltonian theory to compute the signal envelope from its amplitude at the echo maxima. A comparison between the effective Rabi and Solomon propagators shows that the observed response can be understood as a form of higher-order decoupling from the spin bath.
Peripheral Neuropathy Associated With Protriptyline

Abstract A case is reported of a 14-year-old boy with a hypothalamic disorder who developed a peripheral neuropathy while being treated with protriptyline for depressive sympotoms. Electromyographic studies and sural nerve biopsy support the clinical evidence that the etiology of the polyneuropathy was toxic effect of the protriptyline. A possible mechanism for this is discussed.
Effects of heat treatment on the compressive deformation behavior of open cell aluminum foams

Abstract This paper presents a study of effects of heat treatment on compressive deformation behavior of Duocel® open cell aluminum foams in as-fabricated (F), annealed (O) and T6-strengthened (T6) conditions. Following an investigation of the effects of heat treatment on foam strength and stress–strain behavior, heterogeneous nature of the compressive deformation was then elucidated using a combination of experimental investigation and digital image correlation (DIC) technique. DIC analyses were carried out on image sets that were recorded using an in situ digital camera during compressive testing. The significant effects of heat treatment processes on foam compressive strengths, stress–strain behavior, and deformation mechanisms are then attributed to the changes of the microstructure and micro-scale mechanical property of individual struts due to annealing and T6-strengthening processes.
Non-conformal holography of heavy quark quenching

Abstract We develop a holographic (bottom-up) gravity model for QCD to understand the connection between the peak in the trace anomaly and the magnitude of heavy quark energy loss in a strongly-coupled plasma. The potential of the scalar field on the gravity side is constructed to reproduce some properties of QCD at finite temperature and its parameters are constrained by fitting lattice gauge theory results. The energy loss of heavy quarks (as predicted by the holographic model) is found to be strongly sensitive to the medium properties.
Quantitative assessment of lives lost due to delay in the regulation of occupational exposure to benzene.

Benzene exposure can cause leukemia, aplastic anemia, and possibly lymphoma. In 1978, on the basis of strong but incomplete data then available on the risk of benzene-induced leukemia, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reduced the permissible occupational exposure standard for benzene from 10 ppm to 1 ppm. Shortly thereafter, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed this ruling, and in 1980, the Supreme Court overturned the regulation, citing insufficient evidence of benefit. Thus, from 1978 until the standard was again lowered to 1 ppm in 1987, American workers were exposed to benzene at levels in excess of 1 ppm. An estimated 9600 were exposed to levels between 1 and 10 ppm, and an additional 370 were exposed at levels above 10 ppm. To assess the risk resulting from this delay in regulation, we have conducted an epidemiologic risk analysis. We merged data on numbers of persons (238,000) exposed to benzene in seven occupational categories with dose-response data from three epidemiologic studies. The range of risk in these studies indicates that 44 to 152 excess leukemia deaths will ultimately result from exposure to benzene at 10 ppm over a working lifetime (45 years) and that lower or briefer exposures will result in proportionately fewer deaths. On this basis, we calculated that between 30 and 490 excess leukemia deaths will ultimately result from occupational exposures to benzene greater than 1 ppm that occurred between 1978 and 1987. Deaths from aplastic anemia and lymphoma will likely add to this toll. These data confirm the risk of regulatory delay. They suggest that the courts, in reviewing public health regulations, must beware of facile cost-benefit arguments and be willing to accept strong evidence of health risk even when such evidence is incomplete.
A Top-Down Approach to the State Factor Paradigm for Use in Macroscale Soil Analysis

This article explains the need for an alternative conceptual framework for conducting macroscale soil geographic research. A top-down approach to the classic state factor paradigm is then described and illustrated by revisiting the idea of soil zonality to investigate the relationship between climate and soil character across the contiguous United States. Although many macroscale soil maps suggest strong relationships between soil properties and climate, few studies have explicitly demonstrated those relationships using unclassified point observations. Data from 10,661 sample points were analyzed using geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to describe the geography of the relationship between A-horizon soil properties and climate. In addition, macroscale soil property surfaces were interpolated from measured point samples visually to assess the validity of the zonal soil concepts. Results suggest many interesting relationships between climate and surface soil character. Local-scale soil variabil...
Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 and Lipopolysaccharide: Potential Virulence Determinants in Atherogenesis

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with atherosclerosis and may be an emerging risk factor in coronary artery disease. C. pneumoniae can infect, multiply within and modulate the function of all atheroma cell types. Specific chlamydial virulence determinants have been identified that permit interaction with host cells and dysregulate cell function. In particular, chlamydial heat shock protein 60 and lipopolysaccharide may modulate cell function to dysregulate lipid metabolism, induce inflammatory cytokine cascades and trigger production of cross-reactive antibodies that initiate and promote atherogenesis. This paper reviews chlamydial heat shock protein 60 and lipopolysaccharide as potential virulence determinants in atherogenesis.
Expediting scientific data analysis with reorganization of data

Data producers typically optimize the layout of data files to minimize the write time. In most cases, data analysis tasks read these files in access patterns different from the write patterns causing poor read performance. In this paper, we introduce Scientific Data Services (SDS), a framework for bridging the performance gap between writing and reading scientific data. SDS reorganizes data to match the read patterns of analysis tasks and enables transparent data reads from the reorganized data. We implemented a HDF5 Virtual Object Layer (VOL) plugin to redirect the HDF5 dataset read calls to the reorganized data. To demonstrate the effectiveness of SDS, we applied two parallel data organization techniques: a sort-based organization on a plasma physics data and a transpose-based organization on mass spectrometry imaging data. We also extended the HDF5 data access API to allow selection of data based on their values through a query interface, called SDS Query. We evaluated the execution time in accessing various subsets of data through existing HDF5 Read API and SDS Query.We showed that reading the reorganized data using SDS is up to 55X faster than reading the original data.
Posttraumatic pneumatoceles mimicking diaphragmatic hernia

Pneumatoceles are an infrequent manifestation of blunt chest trauma in children. They are important to present immediately after trauma and can be mistaken for more serious surgical conditions, such as diaphragmatic rupture. In this case report, we present one such case in which we present one such case in which posttraumatic pneumatoceles were mistaken for diaphragmatic injury with bowel herniation.
Radial Keratotomy in Monkeys: A One year Follow-up Report

Twelve adult rhesus monkey eyes underwent a radial keratotomy, consisting of 16, deep evenly spaced radial corneal incisions extending from the edge of a 3 mm central optical zone to the limbus. Peripheral deepening incisions were used. Keratometry and retinoscopy done before and after surgery monthly for one year revealed an average of 1.79 diopters decrease in the corneal curvature and an average increase of 2.49 diopters in the refractive error, which remained stable after one to two months. No significant complications were observed despite four perforations.
Effects of Metals within Ambient Air Particulate Matter (PM) on Human Health

We review literature providing insights on health-related effects caused by inhalation of ambient air particulate matter (PM) containing metals, emphasizing effects associated with in vivo exposures at or near contemporary atmospheric concentrations. Inhalation of much higher concentrations, and high-level exposures via intratracheal (IT) instillation that inform mechanistic processes, are also reviewed. The most informative studies of effects at realistic exposure levels, in terms of identifying influential individual PM components or source-related mixtures, have been based on (1) human and laboratory animal exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), and (2) human population studies for which both health-related effects were observed and PM composition data were available for multipollutant regression analyses or source apportionment. Such studies have implicated residual oil fly ash (ROFA) as the most toxic source-related mixture, and Ni and V, which are characteristic tracers of ROFA, as particularly influential components in terms of acute cardiac function changes and excess short-term mortality. There is evidence that other metals within ambient air PM, such as Pb and Zn, also affect human health. Most evidence now available is based on the use of ambient air PM components concentration data, rather than actual exposures, to determine significant associations and/or effects coefficients. Therefore, considerable uncertainties about causality are associated with exposure misclassification and measurement errors. As more PM speciation data and more refined modeling techniques become available, and as more CAPs studies involving PM component analyses are performed, the roles of specific metals and other components within PM will become clearer.
Effects of chronic d-amphetamine administration on the reinforcing strength of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale Agonist medications have been proven effective in treating opioid and nicotine dependence; results from clinical studies suggest that the indirect dopamine agonist d-amphetamine may reduce cocaine abuse. In preclinical studies, chronic d-amphetamine treatment decreased ongoing cocaine self-administration.
Profile of anticonvulsant activity and minimal toxicity of methyl 4-[(p-chlorophenyl)amino]-6-methyl-2-oxo-cyclohex-3-en-1-oate and some prototype antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats.

Summary: The anticonvulsant and toxic properties of methyl 4-[(p-chlorophenyl)amino]-6-methyl-2-oxo-cyclohex-3-en-l-oate (ADD 196022), were compared with those of phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), and valproate (VPA). These compounds were evaluated in mice and rats using well-standardized anticonvulsant testing procedures. Results indicate that ADD 196022 is a very potent anticonvulsant in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model. The compound was effective in nontoxic doses after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice and oral administration in rats. In mice, i.p. administration of ADD 196022 resulted in an ED50 value of 26.2 mg/kg as compared with a value of 6.48 mg/kg for PHT in the same assay. ADD 196022 was more potent that PHT in the oral rat model, having an ED50 value of 5.79 mg/kg as compared to 23.2 mg/kg for PHT. ADD 196022 was ineffective in nontoxic doses against all other seizure models evaluated and thus has a pharmacologic profile similar to that of PHT.
Tuberculosis of superficial lymph nodes.

SUMMARY 1.Lymphatic tuberculosis follows well known pathways to proximal nodes. The relation between underlying disease and location of the tuberculous node is demonstrated and it is shown that lymphatic dissemination is closely related to subsequent hematogenous disease. 2.Search of the literature fails to give conclusive evidence of the value of any single form of therapy. Particularly lacking is longterm follow-up of significant numbers of patients. 3.On a speculative basis a method of therapy adapted to the specific local disease is offered. Basic to this program is prolonged administration of isoniazid and PAS.
An Experimental Test of Instructional Manipulations in Expressive Writing Interventions: Examining Processes of Change

Expressive writing (EW) interventions increasingly use altered instructions to promote presumptively therapeutic processes (e.g., to enhance cognitive processing). We experimentally examined altered EW instructions to investigate if such alterations produce intended responses. Community and student participants (n = 204) were randomized to 1 of 6 EW instructions: cognitive-processing, exposure, self-regulation, and benefit-finding; each modified group was compared with a standard EW and control group. Dependent variables included the writing samples (content) and changes pre-post writing in mood and salivary Cortisol. As expected, experimental groups reliably differed from the control group. Altered instructions produced both expected and unexpected responses compared to standard EW instructions. Exposure-based instructions produced the anticipated increase in emotional habituation over time (p = .04), but also the unanticipated response of greater cognitive-processing (p = .04). Cognitive-processing-base...
Formation of Kuiper Belt Binaries

The discovery that a substantial fraction of Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) exists in binaries with wide separations and roughly equal masses has motivated a variety of new theories explaining their formation. Goldreich and colleagues proposed two formation scenarios: In the first, a transient binary is formed, which becomes bound with the aid of dynamical friction from the sea of small bodies (L^2s mechanism); in the second, a binary is formed by three-body gravitational deflection (L^3 mechanism). Here, we accurately calculate the L^2s and L^3 formation rates for sub-Hill velocities. While the L^2s formation rate is close to previous order of magnitude estimates, the L^3 formation rate is about a factor of 4 smaller. For sub-Hill KBO velocities (v >> v_H) the ratio of the L^3 to the L^2s formation rate is 0.05(v/vH) , independent of the small bodies' velocity dispersion, their surface density, or their mutual collisions. For super-Hill velocities (v>>v_H) the L^3 mechanism dominates over the L^2s mechanism. Binary formation via the L^3 mechanism competes with binary destruction by passing bodies. Given sufficient time, a statistical equilibrium abundance of binaries forms. We show that the frequency of long-lived transient binaries drops exponentially with the system's lifetime and that such transient binaries are not important for binary formation via the L^3 mechanism, contrary to Lee and colleagues. For the L^2s mechanism we find that the typical time that transient binaries must last to form Kuiper Belt binaries (KBBs) for a given strength of dynamical friction, D, increases only logarithmically with D. Longevity of transient binaries (with lifetimes 15Ω^−1 as suggested by Astakhov and colleagues) only becomes important for very weak dynamical friction (i.e., D ≾ 0.002) and is most likely not crucial for KBB formation.
Policy research on firearms and violence.

Prologue: Few policy issues evoke heated discussion of the magnitude encountered in the debate over gun control. In the context of political campaigns, the passage of crime-control legislation, and media attention to violent acts, the United States is witnessing a renewed focus on firearm-related violence and what to do about it. Unfortunately, Franklin Zimring argues in this paper, the research needed to formulate sound public policies is lacking in the area of firearm violence and control. This paucity of research springs in part from the volatile nature of the topic and the political risk policymakers perceive in alienating one or more sides of the debate. Other reasons factor in, though, including the lack of an “academic home” for firearm research and the unwillingness of advocacy organizations for and against gun control to invest in research. Here Zimring proposes a research agenda that will enable policymakers to make “intelligent policy choices about firearm control.” That agenda includes finding...
Parasitoids, polydnaviruses and endosymbiosis

Symbiotic associations traditionally have been treated as evolutionary curios rather than as a major source of evolutionary innovation. Recent research on a wide variety of organisms is changing this view and is breaking down the barriers between the traditional categories of parasitism, commensalism and mutualism, to produce a more flexible view of multispecific interactions. An especially abundant, but little discussed, mutualism exists between parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Ichneumonoidea and a novel form of DNA viruses known as polydnaviruses. Mutualisms between viruses and eukaryotes are not often reported, although as many as 100 000 species of organisms may exhibit this unusual association. In this review Jim Whitfield considers what is known about the parasitoid-polydnavirus relationship and how (and from what) it might have arisen.
Phosphorylation of keratin polypeptides

Abstract The phosphorylation of keratin polypeptides was examined in calf snout epidermis. When slices of epidermis were incubated in the medium containing 32Pi, the radioactivity was incorporated into several proteins. The predominant phosphorylated proteins migrated in SDS-polyacrylamide gels with apparent molecular weight between 49000 and 69000 and coincided with keratin polypeptides. The extent of keratin phosphorylation was not altered in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP or reagents which elevate intracellular cyclic AMP. When homogenates of epidermis were incubated with [γ-32P]ATP, keratin polypeptides were the predominant species phosphorylated as was also observed in epidermal slices. The presence of cyclic AMP or heat-stable inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the reaction mixture did not affect the phosphorylation of keratin polypeptides, although the phosphorylation of exogenously-added histone was stimulated and inhibited, respectively, by these additions. Keratin polypeptides extracted from calf snout epidermis by 8 M urea were phosphorylated by incubation with [γ-32P]ATP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase form calf snout epidermis or bovine heart. No proteins were phosphorylated without the addition of the enzymes. The presence of cyclic AMP in the reaction mixture stimulated the keratin phosphorylation, and further addition of heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor reduced this stimulation.
Puerto Rico: An Evaluation of a Successful Development Program

I. Nature of the Puerto Rican development program, 645. — II. Changes in the structure of the Puerto Rican economy, 652. — III. The possibilities of self-sustaining growth, 660. — IV. Growth and the standard of living, 662. — V. Features unique to the Puerto Rican development, 664. — VI. Conclusion, 669.
S24-02 - Phosphodiasterase 4 (PDE4) variants: role in depression and treatment

cAMP-specific PDE4 are a family of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cAMP to 5’AMP. cAMP plays a major role in synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal differentiation and survival and recent studies demonstrate involvement of cAMP in pathophysiology of depression. The cAMP-specific PDE4 can be differentiated from other PDE families by sequence identity in the catalytic region of the protein and by their ability to be inhibited by a specific class of drugs, of which rolipram is the prototype. PDE4 enzymes are also unique in having ‘signature’ regions of sequence, called upstream conserved regions (UCR1 and UCR2), located in the N-terminal region of the proteins. There are four PDE4 subfamilies, encoded by separate genes (PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D), all are expressed in brain. A few studies suggest that PDE inhibitors show antidepressant-like effects in rodents. To examine the role of PDE4 in depression, we characterized various isoforms of PDE4 in human brain. Expression of PDE4A1, PDE4A4, PDE4A10, PDE4B1, PDE4B2, PDE4B3, PDE4D3, PDE4D4, PDE4D5 and PDE4D9 variants were characterized. All, except PDE4A10, PDE4B1, PDE4D4 or PDE4D5 variants, were highly expressed in human brain. When compared, we found that expression levels of PDE4A1, DE4B2, and PDE4A4 were decreased in PFC and hippocampus of depressed subjects, whereas, no change was observed in expression of PDEB3, PDE4D9, and PDED3 variants. Our study for the first time provides evidence of variant specific alterations in PDE4 in brain of depressed subjects and indicates that these variants may be used as site-specific therapeutic target(s) to develop novel antidepressants.
Symptoms of depression in adolescents with epilepsy.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify factors related to symptoms of depression in a sample of adolescents with epilepsy. Method Cross-sectional data were collected on 115 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years who had epilepsy. Demographic (age, gender), seizure (severity, age of onset), family (stress, resources, relationships), mother (perceptions of stigma, depression), and child (attitude toward epilepsy, satisfaction with family relationships, coping, perceptions of control) variables were assessed by questionnaire and standardized scales. Depression was measured by the Children's Depression inventory and the Anxiety/Depression subscale of the Youth Self-Report. Data were analyzed by using multiple regression with depression as the dependent variable. Results In this sample, 23% of subjects had symptoms of depression. Significant predictors of depression as measured by the Children's Depression Inventory ( R 2 = 0.53) were youth's attitude toward epilepsy, youth satisfaction with family relationships, and unknown locus of control or external locus of control for socially powerful others. Conclusions Adolescents' attitudes, attributions, and satisfaction with family relationships are related to depression and should be assessed in the clinical setting. The relationship between locus of control and depression fits the learned helplessness model of depression and suggests the need for interventions to promote an internal locus of control in adolescents with epilepsy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(9):1132–1138.
Decreased activity in protein synthesis systems from liver of vitamin E-deficient rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Microsomes and polysomes isolated from livers of rats fed highly unsaturated lipid and vitamin E-deficient diets exhibited a 40–45 % reduction in their capacity to incorporate amino acids in a cell-free system. 2. 2. Decreased capacity for protein synthesis was mainly associated with the microsomal fraction; however, there was also a small decrease in the charging capacity of tRNA isolated from the same rats. 3. 3. Sedimentation velocity and sucrose density centrifugation studies revealed changes in the distribution patterns of the ribosomal components. Dissociation of the ribosomes was indicated by the presence of a large amount of 63-S ribosomal subunits. These ribosomes had reduced capacity to bind to the synthetic messenger, polyuridylic acid.
A note on the extended Blasius equation

Abstract In a recent paper, the Blasius equation was extended to a nonlinear equation like a f ‴ + f f ″ = 0 with the prime denoting differentiation with respect to the similarity variable η and a being a constant parameter. The current note will show that the solution of the extended Blasius equation can be obtained from the original Blasius equation solution with a variable transformation technique. The observed phenomena in numerical solutions of previous published work are theoretically analyzed. The equation is also discussed for an arbitrary real parameter or complex parameters. It is further shown that the extended Blasius equation is a special form of the similarity equation of momentum boundary layers over a flat plate with a temperature dependent property.
Effects of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow of dogs during hyperbaric oxygenation.

Abstract The effect of acetazolamide in improving cerebral blood flow and counteracting hyperoxic cerebral vasoconstriction was evaluated in 7 dogs breathing room air at ambient pressure and in 5 dogs breathing 100 per cent oxygen at 2.3 atmospheric pressure. Cerebral blood flow, measured with the radioactive xenon clearance method, was determined serially before and after administration of 5 mg. per kilogram of acetazolamide intravenously. Following the administration of acetazolamide at ambient environment, the mean fast flow increased from a base-line level of 60.8 to 112.4 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute and slow flow from 16.2 to 24.6 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute with the arterial pCO 2 and arterial blood pressure remaining relatively constant. The cerebral blood flow was markedly increased at 10 minutes, it attained a peak at 30 minutes, and tended to remain elevated throughout the two hour observation period. Hyperbaric oxygenation (arterial pO 2 = 1,548 mm. Hg) reduced the mean fast flow from 66.4 to 55.9 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute and mean slow flow from 17.2 to 15.3 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute. Administration of acetazolamide during hyperbaric oxygenation raised the mean fast flow to 134.8 and slow flow to 24.7 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute. This increase of cerebral blood flow was not observed in the 3 control animals which were subjected to only hyperbaric oxygenation without receiving acetazolamide. These studies demonstrate that acetazolamide in a small amount not only effectively counteracts the cerebral vasoconstricting effect of hyperoxia, but also significantly increases cerebral blood flow at both ambient and hyperbaric conditions.
The self-deception of the self-destructive

317 college students as respondents were measured for suicide proneness and self-destructive behaviors and were also asked questions about self-attitudes, value for life, beliefs about suicide and self-destruction, religiosity and dogmatism. Those who score high on suicide proneness and self-destructiveness do not tend to be the same people, and they differ from one another. Correlations and factor analyses suggest the Suicide Prone are aware of their tendencies and are influenced by their value for life and beliefs about suicide and self-destruction. The Self-destructive are tied to negative self-evaluations, are less aware of their self-destructive tendencies, and score significantly higher than the Suicide Prone on dogmatism. Belief structure of the highly dogmatic person may allow those who are self-destructive to deny negative self-attitudes and to be unaware of self-destructive behaviors which are inconsistent with their beliefs.
The structuring of rhetorical theories: The center of a central tradition

(1978). The structuring of rhetorical theories: The center of a central tradition. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 2-7.
Hybrid collimation for industrial gamma-ray imaging: Combining spatially coded and Compton aperture data

Abstract The combination of a mechanically collimated gamma-ray camera with an electronically collimated gamma camera offers both the high-efficiency and good angular resolution typical in a mechanically collimated camera for lower photon energies and the uncoupling of spatial resolution and efficiency provided by an electronically collimated camera at higher energies. The Hybrid Portable Gamma Camera (HPGC) combines a MURA coded aperture camera with a Compton scatter camera to provide a broad range of energy response suitable for industrial imaging situations (50 keV–2 MeV). This paper compares the relative information content per photon for the three imaging modalities possible with the HPGC: mechanical collimation, electronic collimation and hybrid collimation, which combines information from the spatially coded aperture with Compton aperture information. The analysis is done for point sources at two incident energies (412 and 662 keV) in the medium-energy range of operation for the HPGC (400– 800 keV) where neither mechanical collimation nor electronic collimation performs particularly well acting independently. A resolution–variance analysis is used to compare the three modalities. Results show that hybrid collimation is superior to mechanical and electronic collimation at both 412 and 662 keV over the resolution range likely to be used for such a camera.
Protein S Alters the Active Site Location of Activated Protein C above the Membrane Surface A FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHY

The location of the active site of membrane-bound activated protein C (APC) relative to the phospholipid surface was determined both in the presence and absence of its cofactor, protein S, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). APC was chemically modified to create the FRET donor species, Fl-FPR-APC, with a fluorescein dye (Fl) covalently attached to the active site via a D-Phe-Pro-Arg (FPR) tether and located in the active site near S4. FRET was observed when Fl-FPR-APC was titrated in the presence of Ca2+ ions with phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (4:1) vesicles containing the FRET acceptor, octadecylrhodamine (OR). Assuming a random orientation of transition dipoles (kappa2 = 2/3), the average distance of closest approach between the fluorescein in the active site of the membrane-bound APC and the OR at the membrane surface is 94 A. The same calcium-dependent distance was obtained for both small and large unilamellar vesicles and for vesicles that contained phosphatidylethanolamine. The active site of membrane-bound APC is therefore located far above the phospholipid surface. Upon addition of protein S, the efficiency of Fl-FPR-APC to OR energy transfer increased due to a protein S-dependent rotational and/or translational movement of the APC protease domain relative to the surface. If this movement were solely translational, then the average height of the fluorescein in the membrane-bound APC.protein S complex would be 84 A above the surface. The extent of Fl-FPR-APC to OR energy transfer was unaltered by the addition of thrombin-inactivated protein S. The protein S effect was also specific for APC, since the addition of protein S to similarly-labeled derivatives of factor Xa, factor IXa, or factor VIIa did not alter the locations of their active sites. This direct measurement demonstrates that the binding of the protein S cofactor to its cognate enzyme elicits a relocation of the active site of APC relative to the membrane surface and thereby provides a structural explanation for the recently observed protein S-dependent change in the site of factor Va cleavage by APC.
Synthesis, chemical analyses, and solid-state NMR studies of aluminum silicate hydrosols

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of selected aluminum silicate hydrosols of Si Al ratio from 3.33/1 to 26.64/1 prepared by the reaction of Type N sodium silicate solutions with aluminum chloride solutions over the pH range 4.5–9.0 are described. Chemical analyses of the supernatants indicate that the soluble species compositions depend on the hydrosol pH, Si Al ratios, and initial reactant concentrations. Supernatants from the Si Al ratio 6.66/1 hydrosols prepared at low initial reactant concentrations show the highest soluble Si and Al levels and contain principally soluble, polymeric aluminum and silicon species with polymeric Si Al ratios between 7 and 9. Solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) 27Al and cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) 29Si NMR measurements of the colloidal precipitates from these hydrosols are also reported. MAS 27Al NMR measurements of precipitates from the 6.66/l ratio Si Al hydrosols indicate the presence of only tetrahedral AlOSi structural aluminum sites, similar to the Al(OSi)4 units of amorphous aluminosilicate glasses. The colloidal precipitates contain neither solid aluminum hydroxide nor solid aluminates. The CP/MAS 29Si NMR measurements show that these precipitates contain primarily tetrahedral silicon atom sites of Q2(0Al)Si(OSi)2(OH)2, Q3(1Al)Si(OSi)2(OAl)(OH), and Q4(1Al)Si(OSi)3(OAl) local environments, as well as minor silicate atom sites involving Q0 through Q3 local environments. The 27Al and 29Si NMR results indicate that these solids contain mixtures of amorphous, disordered aluminosilicates, in addition to small quantities of insoluble low molecular weight silicates.
Transmutations of Sodium by Deutons

Under deuton bombardment sodium emits protons. neutrons and alpha-particles, and becomes radioactive, The radioactive substance, which was shown by chemical tests to be radio-sodium, decays with a half-life of 15.5 hours, emitting electrons with energies up to 1.2 mv, and 5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 mv gamma-rays. One microampere of 1.7 mv deutons bombarding a target of NaCl produces about 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ radio-sodium atoms per second. The rapid increase in yield with voltage predicted by the Gamow formula has been found, and with the higher current and voltage that soon will be available, the already large yield of radio-sodium just stated should be increased more than 100-fold. Doubtless radio-sodium will find many uses in the physical and biological sciences. The number of emitted protons equals, within experimental uncertainty, the number of radio-sodium atoms created; this supports the view that ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ is the radioactive isotope formed. The protons are distributed in ranges up to 49\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 cm (air at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, 760 mm) with a rather pronounced group in the neighborhood of 17 cm. The number of neutrons, emitted presumably in a reaction in which ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ is formed, is of the same order of magnitude as the number of protons. The alpha-particles have a range of 6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 cm and are emitted in a less frequent reaction in which presumably ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}$ is formed. Balance of energy in the reactions leads to the following atomic masses: ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23},22.992\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001; {\mathrm{Na}}^{24},24.000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003; {\mathrm{Mg}}^{24},23.993\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003.$