cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rearrangements between the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene J H and C µ regions accompany normal B lymphocyte differentiation in vitro

Before B cells can synthesize their first immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, membrane IgM, one of the many V regions, a D region, and a J region adjacent to the single Cμ region, must come together with the deletion of the intervening DNA1–9. Isotype switching during B-cell development is accompanied by reassociation of the fused VDJ complex with a CH region downstream from Cμ. The exact points of reassociation are called switch sites, and have been located 5′ to each CH gene10–12. IgM-bearing B cells isolated from murine spleen showed no rearrangements in the area of switch sites between JH and Cμ7–9. We now present results showing that the maturation of these cells to plasmablasts displaying isotype switching and immunoglobulin secretion in cultures containing bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is accompanied by DNA rearrangements between JH and Cμ sequences. As these plasmablasts arise in cultures of LPS stimulated cells that undergo few divisions, display IgM to IgG isotype switching, and evolve into secretory cells, it is suggested that these rearrangements may have a role in normal B-cell development.
EFFECT OF RHEOLOGICAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STARCH GEL AND FAT ON THE FAT DISPERSION IN FARINACEOUS GEL MATRIX

The rheological interrelationships between starch gel and fat clearly affected the fat dispersion pattern in the farinaceous matrix when soybean-oil-based plastic fat was dispersed in modified tapioca starch gel. A gradual increase in fat particle size with concomitant decrease in fat particle numbers (r=0.95) was seen as both viscosity and rigidity of starch gel were decreased. The fat particle size gradually got larger with an increase in fat hardness and began to increase sharply as the fat reached its plastic range (30–40% solid fat). The fat particle size was markedly reduced as both the starch gel to fat viscosity ratio and the shear rate were increased. The viscosity of fat-starch gel mix was highly correlated with fat particle size (r=0.95). The fat viscosity, the rigidity of gel matrix, and the shear rate applied during dispersion appeared to be the most important rheological parameters which determine the overall dispersion pattern of fat in the farinaceous gel matrix.
The effect of manipulation of salt pot hole size on table salt use

Abstract Daily use of table salt was measured for 10 weeks in a staff canteen serving approximately 2400 meals. During the study the size of the holes in the salt pots was manipulated, and the corresponding amount of table salt used was measured. Staff also completed a questionnaire on salt use, which was used to calculate the percentage of staff using the salt pots. Results indicate that, despite a 10 day exposure to each new hole size, individuals used significantly more table salt when the salt pots with the largest holes were supplied. However, when the ‘shaking’ time was estimated by relating the amount used to the flow rate, the salt pots with the largest holes were shaken for a shorter time. This finding suggests that the adding of table salt to food is subject to both sensory and habitual control.
Newborn screening for galactosemia and other galactose metabolic defects

Summary Routine newborn screening is necessary for the effective diagnosis of galactosemia. The criticism that routine screening for galactosemia is unnecessary is based on the misconception that the diagnosis will almost always be made clinically, since the disease produces clinical manifestations in the infant. Acutally most newborn infants, detected by routine screening, were not suspected to have galactosemia, even when ill. Furthermore, some infants with clinically important transferase variants are not ill as neonates. In Massachusetts, a black infant who probably has the Negro variant form of galactosemia and an infant with the Rennes variant of galactosemia 6 were clinically normal at five days of age when detected by routine screening. Complications of galactosemia can occur in both variants if treatment is not given. In addition, galactokinase deficiency, which results in cataracts but not in acute illness, 32 cannot be detected on a clinical basis until the cataracts have become apparent, when it is too late for preventive therapy. The full impact of galactosemia on the newborn infant has become evident only since routine newborn screening has been initiated. It is now apparent that death associated with bacterial sepsis may occur in about 30% of those with untreated classical galactosemia. 4 In most of these deaths diagnosis and treatment were delayed until the second week of life. Consequently, screening for galactosemia should be performed on a blood specimen that is obtained no later than the third or fourth day of life and is delivered promptly to the screening laboratory. There should be sufficient medical back-up available to the laboratory so that the attending physician can be quickly contacted by telephone when an abnormality suggesting galactosemia is encountered. Further procedures should follow: (1) Urine should be tested for reducing substance. (2) If urinary reducing substance is present, galactosemia should be presumed; milk feedings should be discontinued; and blood and urine specimens should be sent to a laboratory for confirmatory testing. (3) If the infant is ill, bacterial cultures should be obtained and treatment for sepsis initiated. (4) If galactosemia is confirmed, treatment should be continued. Otherwise, treatment can be discontinued. Galactosemia screening should be routine for all newborn infants. It is a disorder with definite and severe complications, but one in which the complications can be prevented with simple and inexpensive treatment. When a test for galactose and gal-l-P, such as the Paigen assay, is also applied to the newborn blood specimen that is, submitted for PKU screening, galactosemia can be detected efficiently and effectively.
A comparison of breast cancer secondary prevention activities and satisfaction with access and communication issues in women 50 and over.

Background. Between 1950 and 1990, the incidence of breast cancer increased about 52% and the mortality rate increased 4%. Prevention programs (mammograms and clinical breast exams) can positively affect both cost control and mortality rates. Balancing the costs of preventive screening against the potential savings is a part of an ongoing debate centering on the age at which women should have yearly mammograms. Yet, if all agencies agree that women aged 50 and over should receive yearly mammograms, then why are so many women aged 50 and over not being screened? Methods. Using previously validated instruments, this study surveyed residents of Spokane County, Washington. Respondents (1,850 returned of 2,600) were compared over time by demographic characteristics and by insurance type to identify any significant differences between those who had preventative screens and those who did not. Issues involving access to screening and communication with healthcare providers were also examined. Results. Factors that affect whether women receive preventative screening include insurance type, provider type, long waiting times, and poor communication among the doctor, the staff, and the patient. Conclusion. The most important determinant to whether preventative screening is being conducted is the relationship between the patient and their healthcare provider.
High resolution field desorption mass spectrometry by peak matching

We have used peak matching to accurately determine the molecular masses of field desorbed ions. A major advantage over high resolution photoplate recording is that it reduces analysis time without reducing accuracy or sensitivity. Molecular ions of nonvolatile and thermally labile compounds can be mass measured by this technique.
What is the Classical Theory of Just Cause? a Response to Reichberg

Gregory Reichberg's argument against my reading of the classical just war theorists falsely assumes that if just cause is unilateral, then there is no moral equality of combatants. This assumption is plausible if we assume an individualist framework. However, the classical theorists accepted quasi-Aristotelian, communitarian social ontologies and theories of justice. For them, the political community is ontologically and morally prior to the private individual. The classical just war theorists build their theories within this framework. They argue that just war is only waged by supra-individual political communities for irreducibly social ends. War by private individuals for private ends is always unjust. The ends sought in just war presuppose the justice of a hierarchy of authority over war such that the soldier is obligated to serve in war upon the command of his or her legitimate authority. In this way, the classical theorists accept a unilateral theory of just cause and a division of authority over wa...
Toma de decisiones colectivas y política del suelo: Estudios de caso en Tenerife (Collective Decision Making and Land-Use Policy: Case Studies in Tenerife)

Juan Sanchez Garcia, ed. Madrid: Cromoimagen S.L., 2004. 258 pp., maps, diagrams, notes, appendices. n.p. (ISBN 0-84-8855) Spain's rapid transition, from one of the poorest nations in Europe during...
Experiments on the buoyant plume above a heated horizontal wire

Abstract The free-convection temperature field within a buoyant plume rising from a heated horizontal wire was explored experimentally. Laminar flow measurements were facilitated by use of an isolating enclosure. The laminar plume exhibited a slow, regular swaying motion. The quantitative dependence of the laminar temperature field on the heating rate and on the elevation above the wire, as deduced from the experimental data, was found to be in excellent accord with the analytical predictions for a plume induced by a line heat source. Measured temperature profiles at a range of elevations and heating rates also agreed well with laminar theory. Turbulent bursts occurred at higher elevations above the wire and at higher heating rates, thus signalling the onset of transition. The frequency of the bursts increased with increases in elevation and heating rate. The onset of transition, as indicated by the initial appearance of the turbulent bursts, occurred at a modified Grashof number of 5 × 108. Essentially fully-turbulent conditions prevailed when the modified Grashof number was 5 × 109.
Assertive training in an outpatient group of chronic schizophrenics: A preliminary report

Chronic schizophrenics tend to be excessively compliant, submissive and socially inhibited. Assertive outpatient training was successful in decreasing their social anxiety and increasing the range of interpersonal skills. A case example is given to illustrate the step-by-step application of assertive training.
Marrow transplantation in the treatment of acute leukemia.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the clinical results of marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with acute leukemia. It presents the observations that are made concerning the pathophysiology of acute leukemia. Chemotherapy of human leukemia is based on the fact that a therapeutic effect is due to the killing of leukemic cells. Marrow transplantation makes it possible to kill the greatest number of leukemic cells with unusually large amounts of irradiation or chemotherapeutic drugs, without regard to the damage to normal marrow cells because the marrow transfused after therapy can restore normal marrow function. In addition, the transplanted marrow, because it is immunologically competent, can also help in killing any residual leukemic cells by an immune attack directed at transplantation antigens or leukemia associated antigens on the leukemic cells. For the patient with an identical twin donor, marrow transplantation is considered as the treatment of choice because the complete remission rate even in adults with acute leukemia is approximately 90%. Marrow transplantation also makes it possible to ignore the complications of marrow toxicity that usually limit the chemotherapy of leukemia. This can permit the exploration of other drug regimens and of drugs considered to be toxic for ordinary use.
A performance assessment model for automated guideway transit systems

Abstract A computer model has been developed for the purpose of assessing the performance characteristics of Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) systems. The model is structured to provide an effective, low-cost tool for establishing the supply side characteristics of AGT systems for a variety of network configurations and demand models. Features of the model include the automatic generation of service routes and assignment of route operating frequencies and the capability to display results as well as verify user supplied network data through the use of computer generated graphics. Model outputs consist of system operational statistics, passenger service measures, system capital and operating costs, and energy utilization estimates. Applications of the model have included examinations of AGT system design requirements and cost/performance comparisons of AGT and conventional transit modes. The model has proved to be particularly useful for conducting parametric studies necessary to gain an understanding of system performance-operating policy interactions. A detailed description of the model is presented in the paper along with examples of model outputs and a discussion of computer resources required in using the model.
Annealing Effects on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Liga Nickel for Mems

The emergence of elevated temperature applications for microelectomechanical systems (MEMS) has resulted in the need for an understanding of the relation between the microstructural stability and the mechanical properties of their structural elements. Hardness and tensile tests and microstructural observations have been conducted with as-deposited and annealed conditions of LIGA-Ni microsamples that were deposited with current densities of 6mA/cm2 and 50mA/cm2. The Young’s modulus was found to be independent of the annealing temperature, but the hardness and yield strength decreased dramatically at temperatures above 400°C. The microsamples deposited at a current density of 6mA/cm2 showed much higher strength and hardness than those deposited at 50mA/cm2. This increased strength has been related to the observation that the microstructure of the 6mA/cm2 microsamples is much finer than was observed for 50mA/cm2.
Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time

Aims/hypothesis HbA1c, expressed as the percentage of adult haemoglobin that is glycated, is the most widely used measure of chronic glycaemia. Achieving near-normal HbA1c levels has been shown to reduce long-term complications and the HbA1c assay is recommended to determine whether treatment is adequate and to guide adjustments. However, daily adjustments of therapy are guided by capillary glucose levels (mmol/l). We determined the relationship between an accurate measure of mean glucose levels over time and the HbA1c level, and whether HbA1c can be expressed in the same units as self-monitoring results.
Photocrosslinking and SHG stability of PDRMA/PDRFC thin films

A series of functional and photo-crosslinkable maleate or fumarate type polyesters containing azo-type NLO chromophores were studied. The result demonstrated this is a versatile and convenient method of fabricating crosslinked supramolecular ultra-structure polymer thin films for potential nonlinear optical (NLO) and other photonic applications. The unsaturated PDRMA/PDRFC polyester thin films are capable of crosslinking in air via photo polymerization to form a hardened lattice. A ratio of 1:1 of crosslinker double bonds to polyester double bonds was preferred for optimal crosslinking. Thermal stability of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) signals for a photo crosslinked polymer thin film reached to about 150°C. Films from photo crosslinking of fumarate or maleate vs. vinyl crosslinkers have the advantages of avoiding NH/OH groups and their vibrational overtones that absorb at telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm.
SU-C-116-03: Comparisons and Limitations of Physics Instrumentation in Mammography

Purpose: To evaluate discrepancies in measurements for two major vendors of mammography equipment with a few models of physics instruments, and to make known potential errors in best use of these instruments for ACR and MQSA/FDA documentation. We show variability in responses under different beam conditions and report problems encountered. A separate study shows effects on calculated mean glandular dose. Methods: Recent mammography equipment evaluations for new installations show discrepancies in measurements of kVp and HVL with different instrumentation. This study tested well-behaved GE Essential and Hologic Dimensions units (6 target-filter combinations) with 3 vendors and 4 instruments (3 with solid-state detectors, SStDs) using recommended techniques, which sometime conflict. HVLs were measured two ways: (a) single-point measurements for the SStDs, and for some instruments, (b) with standardized mammography-grade aluminum filtration. Particular attention was paid to HVLs near values required for mammography phantom mean glandular dose calculations (28–30 kVp). Ionization chamber measurements with Al filtration, according to ACR recommendations, were used as reference HVLs for 28, 29 and 30 kVp. Results: Measurements of kVp with SStD instruments were most consistent with Mo/Mo, with a 0.18 kV average discrepancy for all instruments (discrepancy range (−0.3,+0.4). For Mo/Mo, one vendor was consistently high and 2 low, but this trend was inconsistent among other combinations. The range of discrepancies was within 1 kV for all except Mo/Rh for one instrument and W/Ag for another. Unlike kVp, HVL measurements showed large variations. Over 28-30 kVp, discrepancies of single-point HVLs ranged from approximately zero to nearly 15% from reference values. It was impossible to follow manufacturers or ACR HVL measurement recommendations with aluminum for 2 of the 3 SStDs. Conclusion: : All instruments appear to function well, but data show biases which affect accuracy. Users must be careful how they interpret their data, particularly for HVL.
Genetic Contributions to Adolescents' Extrafamilial Social Interactions: Teachers, Best Friends, and Peers

The purpose of the present study was to investigate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in adolescents' social interactions outside the family. We investigated sibling resemblance for adolescents' reports of interactions with best friends and teachers, and parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups in 701 same-sex adolescent sibling pairs aged 10-18, using a twin, full sibling, and step sibling design. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of sibling resemblance, and to disentangle resemblance due to shared genetic heritage from that due to shared environmental experiences. Substantial genetic influence was found for parents' perceptions of adolescents' peer groups. Adolescents' reports of positive interactions with teachers and best friends also showed significant genetic influence. In contrast, individual differences in adolescents' reports of negative interactions with teachers and best friends showed no significant genetic influence. In addition, most environmental influences for social interactions with teachers, best friends, and peers were largely of the nonshared variety, suggesting that growing up in the same family does not make adolescents similar in their extrafamilial social interactions.
Dietary Fat Elevates Hepatic ApoA-I Production by Increasing the Fraction of Apolipoprotein A-I mRNA in the Translating Pool

Elevated plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are associated with a decreased risk for coronary heart disease. Ironically, diets enriched in saturated fat and cholesterol (HF/HC diets), which tend to accelerate atherosclerotic processes by increasing LDL cholesterol levels, also raise HDL-C. We have recently reported, using a human apoA-I (hapoA-1) transgenic mouse model, that the elevation of HDL-C by a HF/HC diet is attributable, in part, to an increase in the hepatic production of hapoA-1. To further define the hepatocellular processes associated with this induction, we have prepared primary hepatocytes from hapoA-1 transgenic mice. Rates of hapoA-1 secretion were 40% greater from cells prepared from animals fed the HF/HC relative to a low fat-low cholesterol (LF/LC) control diet. The abundance of hapoA-1 mRNA in these cells was similar between hepatocytes prepared from the HF/HC and LF/LC diet fed animals, suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism that does not involve mRNA stability. Inhibition of secretion using brefeldin A revealed an increase in cellular hapoA-1 accumulation. Thus, the HF/HC diet apparently affects hepatic hapoA-1 production via a mechanism that is manifest prior to the exit of newly synthesized hapoA-1 from the Golgi. Pulse-chase experiments revealed a 39% greater peak hapoA-1 synthesis, with no difference in the degradation of total labeled hapoA-1 protein, as a result of the HF/HC diet feeding. Finally, resolution of liver S10 extracts via sucrose density sedimentation and metrizamide density equilibrium gradient centrifugation analyses both revealed similar increases (31 and 24%, respectively) in the relative percentage of hapoA-1 mRNA associated with the translating polysomal fractions as a result of the HF/HC feeding. Together, these data suggest that the HF/HC diet affects hepatic hapoA-1 production via a specific modulation in the relative amount of hapoA-1 mRNA in the polysomal pool. These observations provide an opportunity to explore a new mechanism regulating apoA-1 production and might lead to the development of novel therapies to elevate plasma HDL-C levels.
Mechanisms and management of an incomplete epidural block for cesarean section

Epidural blockade is an important option for anesthesia in parturients undergoing abdominal delivery. Despite the multiple benefits of this method, there is at least one significant downside--a relatively high occurrence of unsatisfactory anesthesia that requires intervention. Depending on the presumed mechanism of epidural block failure and other clinically relevant factors (e.g., timing of diagnosis, urgency of the procedure, and so forth), certain effective measures are recommended to successfully manage this demanding situation. In general, it is important to make every effort to make the pre-existing epidural effective or replace it with another regional technique, because overall, regional anesthesia is associated with significantly lower maternal mortality. It is important to identify a dysfunctional epidural block preoperatively before a maximum volume of local anesthetic has been administered. If catheter manipulation does not produce substantial improvement, and there is no time constraint, it is safe and reasonable to replace the epidural catheter. However, risks associated with excessive volume of local anesthetic should be kept in mind. Additional epidural injections or a second catheter placement might be considered under special circumstances. Single-shot spinal anesthesia after a failed epidural may provide fast onset and reliable surgical anesthesia. Available data, although limited and contradictory, suggest the possibility of unpredictably high or total spinal anesthesia. Many authors, however, believe that appropriate precautions and modifications in technique make this a safe alternative. These modifications include limiting the amount of epidural local anesthetic administered when diagnosing a nonfunctioning epidural and decreasing the dose of intrathecal local anesthetic by 20% to 30%. If there is no documented block when the spinal is inserted, and more than 30 minutes have passed from the last epidural dose, it is probably safe to use a normal dose of local anesthetic. Continuous spinal anesthesia with a macro catheter might be a dependable alternative, particularly if large amounts of local anesthetic have already been used or the patient's airway is a cause for concern. Although there are no reports of combined spinal epidural anesthesia being used in this context, it would appear to be an attractive alternative. It allows the anesthesiologist to give smaller doses intrathecally, while still offering the flexibility of augmenting the block if needed. When inadequate epidural block becomes apparent during surgery there are limited alternatives. Depending on the origin and the pattern of inadequate anesthesia, options may include psychological support, supplementation with a variety of inhalational and intravenous agents, and local anesthetic infiltration. Induction of general anesthesia is typically left as a backup option, but must be strongly considered if the patient continues to have pain/discomfort.
Overcoming student resistance to group work: Online versus face-to-face

Abstract This study compared student group work experiences in online (OL) versus face-to-face (f2f) sections of the same graduate course, over three years, to determine what factors influence student group work experiences and how do these factors play out in f2f versus OL environments. Surveys and student journals suggest that communication issues, personal feelings about group members and their participation play a prominent role in student perceptions about group work. Students in OL sections were more negative about group work, than were students in f2f sections. Because of OL norms of working individually and asynchronously, OL students were less satisfied with group work. Also, because of fewer channels of communication, lack of the immediacy of f2f meetings and other differences in the two learning environments, OL students were less able to resolve logistical difficulties associated with group work.
On the propagation of concentration polarization from microchannel-nanochannel interfaces. Part I: Analytical model and characteristic analysis.

We develop two models to describe ion transport in variable-height micro- and nanochannels. For the first model, we obtain a one-dimensional (unsteady) partial differential equation governing flow and charge transport through a shallow and wide electrokinetic channel. In this model, the effects of electric double layer (EDL) on axial transport are taken into account using exact solutions of the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. The second simpler model, which is approachable analytically, assumes that the EDLs are confined to near-wall regions. Using a characteristics analysis, we show that the latter model captures concentration polarization (CP) effects and provides useful insight into its dynamics. Two distinct CP regimes are identified: CP with propagation in which enrichment and depletion shocks propagate outward, and CP without propagation where polarization effects stay local to micro- nanochannel interfaces. The existence of each regime is found to depend on a nanochannel Dukhin number and mobility of t...
Inhibition of injury induced intimal hyperplasia by saralasin in rats

Abstract Increasing evidence points toward local production of renin and angiotensinogen in the artery wall. Because angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to block intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in the rat, it has been suggested that angiotensin II is an important mediator of the proliferative response to vascular injury. To prove that previous observations with use of ACE inhibitors are a result of effects on local angiotensin levels versus nonspecific drug effects, we tested the ability of an unrelated drug, the angiotensin II receptor antagonist saralasin, to similarly block intimal hyperplasia after aortic injury in the rat. Balloon catheter aortic denudation was performed in 28 rats pharmacologically treated for 14 days after surgery and split into four groups: group 1, saralasin 360 μg/kg/hr intravenously; group two, normal saline 0.5 mm 3 /hr intravenously; group 3, captopril 100 mg/kg/day orally; and group 4, heparin 50 U/kg/hr intravenously. Animals were killed and aortas were perfusion fixed at physiologic pressure 14 days after denudation. Cross-sectional intima-to-media ratios were calculated by computerized planimetry. Compared with saline controls, saralasin inhibited intimal hyperplasia 45% ( p p p p p
Full-band particle-based simulation of 85 nm AlInSb/InSb quantum well transistors

In this work, Indium Antimonide (InSb) quantum well transistors are investigated using full-band Cellular Monte Carlo simulations. Both Depletion and Enhancement transistors are simulated, the latter being modeled using a deep recess gate. The steady-state characteristics of the devices are analyzed showing an average sub-threshold slope of 326 mV/dec and a DIBL of 569 mV/V. The small-signal behavior of the depletion and enhancement mode transistors is also investigated, and an average cut-off frequency of 380 GHz is computed. Finally, a comparison is performed between the different transistors showing all the advantages of the deep recess gate configuration such as a better sub-threshold slope and cutoff frequency.
The properties and structure of zinc magnesium phosphate glasses

Abstract Zn–Mg-phosphate (ZMP) glasses, including those with the nominal molar compositions (50 − x)ZnO xMgO 50P2O5 (0 ≥ x ≥ 50) and (60 − y)ZnO yMgO 40P2O5(0 ≥ y ≥ 60), were prepared and properties such as density, refractive index, coefficient of thermal expansion and glass transition temperature (Tg), were measured. The glass transition temperature increases by 100–150 °C and the room temperature dissolution rates in water decrease by 1–2 orders of magnitude when MgO replaces ZnO while maintaining a constant P2O5 content. Glass structures were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and there were no significant changes in the phosphate anion distributions when MgO replaces ZnO. The significant changes in properties cannot be explained by a simple cation field strength argument since Mg2 + and Zn2 + have similar sizes; instead, the effect of 3d electrons on the nature of the bonds between Zn2 + ions and non-bridging oxygens on the phosphate tetrahedra must be considered.
Applying Schema Theory to Intimate Aggression: Individual and Gender Differences in Representation of Contexts and Goals

This study addressed individual and gender differences in the availability and content of memory representations of contexts and goals for physical aggression use in intimate relationships among university students. The contribution of victimization by one's partner to such representations was examined as well. Interaction effects in both quantitative and qualitative results indicated that perpetrator men differed from nonviolent men in measures of accessibility, providing more responses faster, and from nonviolent subjects and perpetrator women in their most frequently supplied categories of explanation for intimate aggression. Findings also provided indirect support for women's defensive uses of aggression, and evidence for the influence of emotion on memory access and content, including suppression of response time among female victims and male nonviolent victims.
A Conceptual Model of Sexuality Active Peer Association

This study of 1,478 adolescents who attended 10 private schools was designed to test an integrative theoretical model of sexually active peer association. The model consisted of social control elements, family/peer linkage factors, peer bonding, coercive relationship variables, and acceptance seeking. Results supported the hypothesized model that social control elements are relevant to peer association but were less clear about the nature of these associations. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Aortic root surgery in the United States: a report from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the early clinical outcomes of aortic root surgery in the United States. Methods The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database was queried to identify all patients who had undergone aortic root replacement from 2004 to early 2010 (n = 13,743). The median age was 58 years (range, 18-96); 3961 were women (29%) and 12,059 were white (88%). The different procedures included placement of a mechanical valve conduit (n = 4718, 34%), stented pericardial (n = 879, 6.4%) or porcine (n = 478, 3.5%) bioprosthesis, stentless root (n = 4309, 31%), homograft (n = 498, 3.6%), and valve sparing root replacement (n = 1918, 14%). Results The median number of aortic root surgeries per site was 2, and only 5% of sites performed >16 aortic root surgeries annually. An increased trend to use biostented (porcine or pericardial) valves during the study period (7% in 2004 vs 14% in 2009). The operative (raw) mortality was greater among the patients with aortic stenosis (6.2%) who had undergone aortic root replacement, independent of age. Mortality was greater in patients who had undergone concomitant valve or coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery (21%). The lowest operative mortality was observed in patients who had undergone aortic valve sparing procedures (1.9%). Conclusions Most cardiac centers performed aortic root surgery in small volumes. The unadjusted operative mortality was greater for patients >80 years old and those with aortic stenosis, regardless of age. Valve sparing root surgery was associated with the lowest mortality. A trend was seen toward an increased use of stented tissue valves from 2004 to 2009.
Field effect and thermoelectric power on arsenic-doped amorphous silicon

Field effect and thermoelectric power measurements have been made as a function of temperature on a series of As-doped amorphous silicon samples prepared by glow discharge decomposition of silane. At lower temperatures field effect screening is by localized states at the Fermi level, whereas at higher temperatures it is by mobile carriers in extended states. The density of localized states at the Fermi level increases as the As density increases, at least partially due to the creation of localized states by As donors. The density of surface states is less than or equal to 5 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1. Electrical transport is interpreted in a two-channel model, involving transport both in extended states and in a band of localized states lying above the Fermi level, the center of which shifts toward the extended states as the doping concentration increases.
School superintendents' perceptions of schools assisting students in obtaining public health insurance.

Background: Superintendents' perceptions regarding the effect of health insurance status on academics, the role schools should play in the process of obtaining health insurance, and the benefits/barriers to assisting students in enrolling in health insurance were surveyed. Superintendents' basic knowledge of health insurance, the link between health and learning, and specific school system practices for assisting students were also examined. Methods: A 4-page questionnaire was sent to a national random sample of public school superintendents using a 4-wave postal mailing. Results: Only 19% of school districts assessed the health insurance status of students. School districts' assistance in helping enroll students in health insurance was assessed using Stages of Change theory; 36% of superintendents' school districts were in the action or maintenance stages. The schools most often made health insurance materials available to parents (53%). The perceived benefits identified by more than 80% of superintendents were to keep students healthier, reduce the number of students with untreated health problems, reduce school absenteeism, and improvement of students' attention/concentration during school. The 2 most common perceived barriers identified by at least 50% of superintendents were not having enough staff or financial resources. Conclusions: Most superintendents believed schools should play a role in helping students obtain health insurance, but the specific role was unclear. Three fourths of superintendents indicated overwhelmingly positive beliefs regarding the effects of health insurance status on students' health and academic outcomes. School personnel and public policy makers can use the results to support collaboration in getting students enrolled in health insurance.
Low Loss Splicing And Connection Of Optical Waveguide Cables

LOW LOSS SPLICING AND CONNECTION OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE CABLESRobert M. Hawk, Physicist and Frank L. Thiel, Manager, Applied ElectrophysicsCorning Glass Works, Corning, New York 14830AbstractThe individual loss mechanisms contributing to the insertion loss of an optical waveguide joint aredescribed and quantified. Losses attributable to the characteristics of individual waveguides as well aslosses due to coupling technique are included. The identification and understanding of these loss mecha-nisms has led to the design of optical waveguide alignment and retention techniques that minimize or avoidthese effects.To make a connector useful in field applications of optical cables utilizing these techniques, thehardware must be reliable, stable, low cost, quick, and fully intermateable, as well as providing lowinsertion loss. Experimental results are given that indicate extrinsic insertion loss as low as 0.3 dBis routinely attainable in each channel of multifiber connections utilizing low -loss optical waveguides.IntroductionThe most cost -effective way to utilize low -loss optical waveguides for practical communication systemsin the near future will be in multichannel transmissi,on lines where each channel is a single fiber.
Unique reactivity characteristics of Mo-coordinated S2−2 and S2−4 ligands

Abstract The synthesis of the new dithiolene complexes, [{(MeOOC)2C2S2}2Mo(μ2-S)]−2 and [OMo(S2C2(COOMe)2)2]−, is reported. These complexes are obtained by the reaction of dicarbomethoxyacetylene (DMA) with either [(S4)Mo(S)(μ2-S)2Mo(S)(S4)]2− or [(CS4)Mo(S)(μ2-S)2Mo(S)(CS4)]2− and [OMo(S4)2]2−, respectively. The reaction of [(S4)Mo(O)(μ2-S)2Mo(O)(S2)]2− with DMA results in the new dithiolene complex [{(MeOOC)2C2S2}Mo(O)(μ2-S)]−2, which is the isomeric form of the vinyl disulfide complex obtained in the reaction of the [(S2)Mo(O)(μ2-S)2Mo(O)(S2)]2− complex with DMA. The difference in reactivity between the two complexes that contain the same [Mo2O2S2]2+ core is attributed to the intrinsically different reactivity characteristics of the S2−4 and S2−2 ligands. As a result of Mo-S dπ-pπ bonding an alternation in the SS bond lengths is observed in virtually all of the structurally characterized Mo-S4 units. The consequent weakening of the SS bonds adjacent to the MoS bonds allows for the ready dissociation of S02 from the Mo-coordinated S2−4 ligands. This weakening also accounts for the facile formation of dithiolenes in cycloaddition reactions of alkynes with the Mo-S4 units. By comparison, the SS bond in side-on Mo-coordinated S2−2 ligands is strengthened as a result of depopulation of the ligand π*-orbitals. Reactions of the latter with alkynes do not proceed by cycloaddition. Instead, insertion into the MoO bond has been reported for at least one such reaction. The importance of activated polysulfide ligands in the hydrodesulfurization reaction is discussed.
Social Networking: Boundaries and Limits Part 1: Ethics

The number of educators, administrators, and institutions that utilize social networking has increased dramatically. Many have adopted social networking in order to be up-to-date and connected with their students’ learning beyond the boundaries of the classroom. However, this increase in the use of social networking in academia presents many potential issues. In this paper, we address the growing prevalence of social networking in education and some of the issues. Next, we use social role theory to explore some pitfalls for educators using social networking. Finally, we suggest that foundational ethical principles from the field of psychology can provide a basis for developing guiding principles for use of social networking in education.
Finite element concept modelling methodologies for pickup truck boxes

There are two distinct Finite Element model classes supporting vehicle body design. The familiar detailed model, achieving accuracy by precisely simulating geometry and assembly interfaces, is useful for conducting trade-off studies after detail drawings become available. Architecture concept models, representing structural behaviour from major load-carrying members and joint layout, are valuable for early vehicle development design direction studies. This paper presents a generic vehicle body concept modelling process and compares three joint model representations. Joint representation limitations are discussed, and the joint methods' NVH results are compared with those from a detailed model. The conclusions are applicable to other structures of similar nature.
Effects of local density on fecundity and mating speed for periodical cicadas

The relationship between local density of adult periodical cicadas (Magicicada septendecim) and fecundity was investigated at 3 sites in 1979 and 6 sites in 1980. In 1979, a sample taken 9 days after the emergence peak showed no significant differences in the number of vitellogenic follicles contained by females from the three sites. A later sample, taken 22 days after the emergence peak, revealed significant between-site differences in the number of follicles per female. Individuals from the densest site contained over 50% more follicles than females from the lowest density site. In 1980, there was again a significant between-site difference in fecundity. Females from sites of higher density contained more follicles than females from less dense sites.The rate at which females mated was independent of local adult density. At all sites, most females had successfully mated by the end of the emergence period. All females required at least 5 days and usually longer before mating and ovipositing.Earlier work demonstrated that the ratio of offspring: adults was greater at sites of higher emergence density than at low lensity sites. The pattern of inverse density-dependent fecundity, reported here, undoubtedly contributes to this effect. However, density dependent mating speed does not appear to contribute to this effect.
Picoplankton abundance and biomass in the East China Sea during autumn and winter

During Nov. 2006 and Feb. 2007, two investigations were carried out to investigate the abundance, carbon biomass, and distribution of picoplankton (Pico) and its relationship to the hydrological regime in the East China Sea (ECS). Pico consisted of three groups of photosynthetic picoplankton (phPico)—Synechococcus (Syn), Prochlorococcus (Pro) and Picoeukaryotes (PEuk)—and heterotrophic bacteria (HBAC). The average abundance of Pro, PEuk and HBAC was lower in autumn than in winter, but for Syn the opposite trend was observed. Water temperature, salinity, and stability of water column influenced Pico distribution in both seasons. Regression analysis showed distinct positive correlations between HBAC and phPico in both seasons. Syn contributed more to phPico in coastal waters, whereas Pro dominanted in the shelf and slope areas. PEuk was the major contributor to carbon biomass. In the Pico community, HBAC was predominant, both in abundance and in terms of carbon biomass. The phenomenon of subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) was observed ubiquitously in the shelf and slope area, and Pico organisms were the major contributors.
Sphingosine interacts directly with the receptor complex to inhibit thyrotropin-releasing hormone binding.

Sphingosine inhibition of [3H] [N3-Me-His] TRH (MeTRH) binding, previously shown to be independent of its effects on protein kinase-C, has been further characterized in GH3 cell membranes and in a partially purified, digitoninsolubilized receptor preparation. In membranes, as in intact cells, sphingosine inhibited [3H]MeTRH binding by decreasing receptor affinity, but, in contrast to its effect in intact cells, did not affect the number of available binding sites. The inhibition of binding was linear up to 75 μM sphingosine (in the presence of 100 μM BSA at 0.1 mg membrane protein/ml), yielding an apparent K; of 51 μU. Since GTP decreases the affinity for MeTRH binding in GH3 cell membranes, we studied interactions between GTP and sphingosine. While the effects of low concentrations of GTPγS and sphingosine were additive, sphingosine inhibition of MeTRH binding surpassed and was not affected by the addition of maximally inhibitory concentrations of GTPγS. Also, sphingosine (75 μM) did not affect the abili...
Spatial patterns of female Ailanthus altissima across an urban-to-rural land use gradient

Ailanthus altissima is an invasive, dioecious deciduous tree common at the interface between urban and rural areas in the mid-Atlantic region, U.S.A. To examine spatial patterns of abundance and associations with land use type, we mapped all mature female trees in nine 89.5 ha plots (805.5 ha total area) across a typical urban-to-rural land use gradient using aerial images obtained via remote sensing supplemented by detailed ground referencing. Rural plots were dominated by forest and had the lowest density of mature females (0.007 females ha−1); urban and suburban plots did not differ significantly in mean density (0.37 females ha−1 vs. 0.34 females ha−1, respectively). Individuals in urban plots were more evenly distributed, but were not associated with a wider variety of land uses and were closer to roads or openings than those in suburban plots. Given less available habitat per unit area in urban than in suburban environments, these patterns suggest that Ailanthus fits the profile of an invasive species that may be proliferating outward from urban centers. With continued disturbances associated with development in the suburban areas, and timber harvesting in the rural areas, further spread of Ailanthus seems likely.
The environment, the airway, and the athlete

Objective To review the interaction of environmental factors with host conditions, including atopy, the potential resulting impaired upper and lower airway function, and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in the athlete. Data Sources OVID, MEDLINE, and PubMed searches were performed cross-referencing the keywords asthma , athlete , atopy , bronchospasm , exercise , pollution , and rhinitis . Study Selection Articles were selected based on relevance to the subject matter. Results Recent studies have yielded significant advances in our understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can potentially result in impaired function of the airways of athletes. Extrinsic factors include environmental exposure to temperature, humidity, aeroallergens, irritants, and pollution. Intrinsic factors include atopy, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and anatomical variants. These intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect both the athlete's quality of life and athletic performance. However, uncertainty remains regarding relative contributions of these factors in explaining the high degree of bronchospasm seen in various populations of athletes with and without asthma, and no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Conclusions Great variability exists in the presentation, laboratory findings, diagnostic maneuvers, and response to therapeutic measures among populations of athletes in different sports and among individuals. An improved understanding of the unique exposures faced by athletes in different disciplines, of the available tests for pursuing the appropriate diagnosis, and of the available therapies will allow the allergist to provide clinical improvement and allow the athlete to find relief and achieve his/her full potential.