cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Received Concepts and Theories in African Urbanisation Studies and Urban Management Strategies: A critique

Concepts and theories employed in todays African urban studies have often been transfers from Western urbanisation studies which have embodied transfers of cultural values....The uncritical transfer and application of such concepts has led to prescriptions and recommendations for urban management policies and programmes that have proved largely ineffective and involved much misdirection and misapplication of limited resources. The consequence has been the continued exacerbation and compounding of urban problems. It is argued that effective policy responses can only be derived from a more realistic evaluation of African urban problems based not only on Western European analytical perspectives but also on the analysis of economic historical socio-cultural factors indigenous to Africa itself. (EXCERPT)
Transitory Effects of Disamenities on Residential Housing Values: The Case of Public and Senior Housing

Executive Summary. This article investigates the effect of low-income and senior housing on the value of nearby residential properties. It is unique in that, in addition to testing for the effect o...
Hydrography within the Central and East Basins of the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

Abstract The hydrography in the central and east basins of the Bransfield Strait is examined using data collected along a track 340 km long through the strait in November 1995, in conjunction with historical data from the NODC database. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) was seen throughout most of the central basin and the western east basin, in contrast to earlier studies that have shown CDW being absent or only weakly present in the strait. In the western part of the central basin the CDW was present as a narrow band near Deception Island with strong thermal gradients at its southern boundary, consistent with previous observations. Local deep-water formation produces bottom waters in the central and east basins that are distinct from one another and distinct from the surrounding deep waters outside the strait. The east basin has a more complex stratification than the central basin that must be the result of multiple sources. A model presented here explains the deep water in the east basin as a mixture betwee...
Learning to Teach, Teaching to Learn: A Guide for Social Work Field Education (2nd ed.)., by Carmen Ortiz Hendricks, Jeanne Bertrand Finch, and Cheryl L. Franks

The authors have built upon their first edition’s contribution to the field instruction literature by addressing issues related to the integration of science and art, competency-based education, th...
High repetition rate CH4 laser

A 16-μm CF4 laser oscillator has operated at 1 kHz in a cooled static cell. Pump energies required from the low pressure, Q-switched, cw discharge CO2 laser were as low as 60 μJ. The laser cavity employed a multiple-pass off-axis path resonator in a ring configuration. CF4 laser power at 615 cm−1 and a 1-kHz repetition rate exceeded 300 μW.
Bullying on Television 1960-2010

Bullying is a serious issue for adolescents, with health consequences both at the time of victimization and later on in adulthood. Aggression in the media is an area that has been explored as a contributing factor to bullying behavior. This study aims to determine if the incidence of aggression in popular television shows over the past 50 years has changed. A total of 198 episodes of the most popular television shows between the years 1960 and 2010 were coded for incidents of aggression and analyzed using simple linear regression. The mean number of events per episode was 8.8. No statistically significant correlation was found between number of bullying events and the years in which they occurred. Whereas it is possible that aggression on television may have an impact on bullying behaviors, there is no evidence that the incidence of bullying on television has changed significantly in the past 5 decades.
Enron Corporation's Weather Derivatives (B) (V 1.2)

This case describes new options on weather derivatives from Enron, in particular, floors, swaps, and caps on heating-degree days. An electric utility is considering whether to purchase a weather derivative to offset the risk of low volume of kilowatt-hours. After understanding the nature and purpose of the contract, students will structure the option in preparation for valuing it. See also the A case (UVA-F-1299).
Contract Remedies: A Survey and Critique

This paper surveys and analyzes the substantial literature on optimal remedies for contract breach in a variety of settings. It begins with a standard analysis of the behavioral effects of expectation and reliance damages, then discusses the application of these damage measures in a world where courts are not perfectly informed about the parties' valuations of the contract. When valuation problems are extreme, courts may turn to alternative remedies such as specific performance, or parties may attempt to solve the problem themselves through liquidated damages clauses. The paper considers whether these solutions to the valuation problem alleviate or exacerbate opportunistic behavior by the parties. It also highlights the recent contributions that game theory and options theory have made to the understanding or remedial choices.
Comparison of Valence-Band Tunneling in Pure SiO2, Composite SiO2 /Ta2O5, and Pure Ta2O5, in Mosfets with 1.0 nm-Thick SiO2-Equivalent Gate Dielectrics

The gate tunneling current in ultrathin gate dielectric NMOSFETs with positive gate bias is due to the tunneling of electrons from the conduction and valence bands of the substrate. Valence-band electrons tunnel from the substrate of NMOS devices when the valence-band edge in the substrate rises above the conduction-band edge in the substrate. This paper reports experimental trends in the contribution of valence-band electrons tunneling to the gate current of NMOSFETs with gate oxides composed of pure SiO2. The large gate tunneling current can be reduced by replacing the conventional SiO2 gate dielectric with alternative dielectrics with larger dielectric constants. This paper reports the effect of replacing SiO2 with alternative dielectrics on the contribution of valence-band electron tunneling to the gate current. Simulations are carried out for composite SiO2/Ta2O5 gate dielectric structures.
Studies on the Hexapod Nervous System. I. The Peripheral Distribution of the Thoracic Nerves of the Adult Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

Eight pairs of nerves emanate from each of the three thoracic ganglia of the adult American cockroach. An additional chiasmic nerve, probably proprioceptive in function, is present in the pro thorax. The interganglionic connective is designated as nerve 1. Nerve 2A supplies the intersegmental muscles and others which, collectively, probably play an important role in the maintenance of posture. Nerve 2B of the meso- and metathorax is primarily sensory to the spiracular region, tegula, wings, and axillary region. Nerve 2C supplies the dorsal longitudinal and oblique muscles. Nerve 3A supplies coxal adductors and promotors, while 3B comprises the major sensory supply of the coxa. Nerve 4 supplies the main depressor of the leg, certain coxal remotors, and muscles which probably act as adductors and rotators. In the coxa nerve 5 is sensory to the coxal wall and meron, motor to the coxal branches of the main leg depressor. Nerve 6A supplies the coxal remotors; 6B the major levators of the leg, as well as muscles which probably function as coxal rotators or rotator-adductors. Nerve 7 provides the sensory supply of the basisternal and furcasternal setae. Nerve 8 supplies the spiracular closing muscle. The metathoracic and first abdominal ganglia are fused. The two nerves emanating from the first abdominal ganglion are characterized. Difficulties likely to be encountered in using nerve distribution to establish muscle homologies are discussed.
SCAPE Microscopy for High Speed, 3D Whole-Brain Imaging in Drosophila Melanogaster

SCAPE microscopy permits high-speed 3D imaging of neuronal activity throughout the brain of behaving, adult Drosophila, as well as activity in the entire nervous system of freely crawling Drosophila larvae. Latest results will be presented.
Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes.

The intestines — which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body — are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both microbial and dietary. Given an increasing understanding that these luminal antigens help shape the immune response and that education of immune cells within the intestine is critical for a number of systemic diseases, there has been increased interest in characterizing the intestinal immune system. However, many published protocols are arduous and time-consuming. We present here a simplified protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the small-intestinal lamina propria, intraepithelial layer, and Peyer's patches that is rapid, reproducible, and does not require laborious Percoll gradients. Although the protocol focuses on the small intestine, it is also suitable for analysis of the colon. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may need additional optimization depending on the specific scientific question. This approach results in the isolation of large numbers of viable lymphocytes that can subsequently be used for flow cytometric analysis or alternate means of characterization.
The Study on epidemic Characteristics of A Case Infected with Vaccine-derived Poliovirus

Objective To analyze the cause of vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV) case and explore the control approaches.Methods The VDPV case was investigated,whose polio,measles and HIV antibody as well as immunity function were detected and stool samples were collected regularly for poliovirus isolation.Meanwhile an active search for acute flaccid paralysis cases was conducted in case-oriented area and local hospitals.At the same time,the oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV) immunization coverage of children from local area.and the rate of carried poliovirus of stool samples from close contacts and healthy children were investigated.Their polio,measles antibody and immunoglobulin were detected.Results The clinical diagnosis of the case was X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and fell into the category of immunodeficient vaccine-derived poliovirus case through classified diagnosis which was the first finding in China.The 40 stool samples collected in more than year after from paralysis(on July 31,2005) to death(on March 31,2007) were province illness to control center tested and showed that the polioviruses had been still releasing.It had been 13 months since the r-globulin treatment began but it could not interrupt the replication of polioviruses in guts.After the case occurred,OPV supplementary immunization activities were conducted in local area.High level of OPV vaccination coverage should be maintained,strengthened to all levels of medical AFP monitor work.The VDPVs did not cause circulation in local area.Conclusion The case was inpecled with VDPV and persistantly gonee the vrirus to onter enreironmort.Some measwres such as striliring reinforcing immunioation and mornitoring should be taken to effectivly interrupt the circulation of vdpvs.
Sodium azide protects against ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rats.

Sodium azide (AZ) is a nitrovasodilator with diverse biochemical properties. We found that low doses of AZ led to a profound protective effect against postischemic, acute renal failure (ARF) in rat...
Ion channel-mediated uptake of cationic vital dyes into live cells: a potential source of error when assessing cell viability

Ionic “vital dyes” are commonly used to assess cell viability based on the idea that their permeation is contingent on a loss of membrane integrity. However, the possibility that dye entry is conducted into live cells by endogenous membrane transporters must be recognized and controlled for. Several cation-selective plasma membrane-localized ion channels, including the adenosine 5ʹ-triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X receptors, have been reported to conduct entry of the DNA-binding fluorescence dye, YO-PRO-1, into live cells. Extracellular ATP often becomes elevated as a result of release from dying cells, and so it is possible that activation of P2X channels on neighboring live cells could lead to exaggerated estimation of cytotoxicity. Here, we screened a number of fluorescent vital dyes for ion channel-mediated uptake in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant P2X2, P2X7, or TRPV1 channels. Our data shows that activation of all three channels caused substantial uptake and nuclear accumulation of YO-PRO-1, 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and Hoechst 33258 into transfected cells and did so well within the time period usually used for incubation of cells with vital dyes. In contrast, channel activation in the presence of propidium iodide and SYTOX Green caused no measurable uptake and accumulation during a 20-min exposure, suggesting that these dyes are not likely to exhibit measurable uptake through these particular ion channels during a conventional cell viability assay. Caution is encouraged when choosing and employing cationic dyes for the purpose of cell viability assessment, particularly when there is a likelihood of cells expressing ion channels permeable to large ions.
Effects of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide sanitation in low bacterial content water on biofilm formation model of poultry brooding house waterlines

Abstract An in vitro experiment was performed to determine if biofilm would develop when polyvinylchloride (PVC) test coupons (material used for poultry waterlines) were exposed to low bacterial content warm water (≤1000 cfu/mL, test water) and also to determine if biofilm development would be influenced by adding a sanitizer. PVC sections 2.54 cm long and internal diameter of 1. 90 cm were used as test coupons to grow biofilm. Two coupons were immersed in 600 mL test water in a beaker. Nine beakers were utilized similarly with a total of 18 coupons. Three beakers (T1) were treated with a chlorine (Cl) based product (targeted to produce 2 to 4 ppm residual) and the other 3 (T2) with hydrogen peroxide a (HP) based product (targeted to produce 25 to 50 ppm residual). Three untreated beakers served as controls (T3). All beakers and coupons were placed into a water bath shaker under warm and moving water conditions mimicking poultry brooding conditions. Coupons and test water were sampled for treatments for aerobic plate count (APC). Trial 1 used test water with zero cfu bacteria/mL initial APC, whereas the Trial 2 test water initial APC was 3 log10 cfu/mL. Test water samples and coupons had no bacterial growth for all treatments on sampling occasions for Trial 1. In Trial 2, T3 (control) and T2 (HP treated) had APC growth in both test water (2.5 to 3.0 log10 cfu/mL) and on coupons (2 to 2.5 log10 cfu/cm2) on sampling d with no difference (P > 0.05) between these treatments. Whereas, T1 (Cl treated) eliminated bacteria (zero cfu/mL) in test water and inhibited biofilm growth on test coupons (≤0.2 log10 cfu/cm2) during sampling d (P
Mitigation of Inflammatory Immune Responses with Hydrophilic Nanoparticles

While hydrophobic nanoparticles (NPs) have been long recognized to boost the immune activation, whether hydrophilic NPs modulate an immune system challenged by immune stimulators and how their hydrophilic properties may affect the immune response is still unclear. To answer this question, three polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(sulfobetaine) (PSB) and poly(carboxybetaine) (PCB), which are commonly considered hydrophilic, are studied in this work. For comparison, nanogels with uniform size and homogeneous surface functionalities were made from these polymers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and an LPS-induced lung inflammation murine model were used to investigate the influence of nanogels on the immune system. Results show that the treatment of hydrophilic nanogels attenuated the immune responses elicited by LPS both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that PCB nanogels, which have the strongest hydration and the lowest non-specific protein binding, manifested the best performance in alleviating the immune activation, followed by PSB and PEG nanogels. This reveals that the immunomodulatory effect of hydrophilic materials is closely related to their hydration characteristics and their ability to resist non-specific binding in complex media.
Life Without Parole as a Conflicted Punishment

Life without parole (LWOP) has displaced the death penalty as the distinctive American punishment. Although the sentence scarcely exists in Europe, roughly 40,000 inmates are serving LWOP in America today. Despite its prevalence, the sentence has received little academic scrutiny. This has begun to change, a development sparked by a pair of Supreme Court cases, Graham v. Florida (2010) and Miller v. Alabama (2012), which express European-styled reservations with America’s embrace of LWOP. Both opinions, like the nascent academic commentary, lament the irrevocability of the sentence and the expressive judgment purportedly conveyed - that a human being is so incorrigible that the community brands him with the mark of Cain and banishes him forever from our midst. In the tamer language of the Graham opinion, LWOP “forswears altogether the rehabilitative ideal.” This Article tests whether that phrase is a fair characterization of LWOP today, and concludes that the Graham Court’s treatment of LWOP captures only a partial truth. Life without parole, the Article argues, is a conflicted punishment. The community indulges its thirst for revenge when imposing the sentence, but over time softer impulses insinuate themselves. LWOP is in part intended as a punishment of incalculable cruelty, more horrible than a prison term of many years, and on par with or worse than death itself. In practice, however, LWOP also emerges as a softer punishment, accommodating a concern for the inmate’s humanity and a hope for his rehabilitation.
Junk Science: The Criminal Cases

Peter Huber, a prominent critic of the federal rules of evidence, coined the phrase “junk science” to describe judicial acceptance of unreliable expert testimony. Despite the highly visible efforts to reform the rules governing experts in the civil arena, the “junk science” debate has all but ignored criminal prosecutions. The chapter explores the junk science debate to criminal prosecutions. It examines three issues raised by this debate: the necessity for use of a stringent standard when determining the admissibility of novel scientific evidence, the need to secure the services of unbiased experts, and the desirability of liberal pretrial discovery of expert testimony. The Court in Barefoot justified its lax evidentiary standard, in part, by relying on the adversary system to “uncover, recognize, and take due account of [the] shortcomings” of expert testimony. The trial court refused, and although insanity was the only contested issue at trial, no psychiatrist testified on this issue.
Triticale: A “New” Crop with Old Challenges

Triticale (X Triticosecale), a Man-made cereal grass crop obtained from hybridization of wheat (Triticum spp) with rye (Secale cereale). The hope was that triticale would combine the high yield potential and good grain quality of wheat, and the resistance/tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses of rye. Triticale grains can be used for human food and livestock feed. Since the last century, triticale has received significant attention as a potential energy crop. Today, research is currently being conducted includes the use of this crop biomass in bio-energy production. The aim of a triticale breeding programs mainly focuses on the improvement of economic traits such as grain yield, biomass, nutritional factors, plant height, as well as traits such as early maturity and high grain volume weight. Intense breeding and selection have made very rapid genetic improvements in triticale seed quality. The agronomic advantages and improved end-use properties of the triticale grains over wheat achieved by research and development efforts make triticale an attractive option for increasing global food production particularly, for marginal and stress-prone growing conditions. Details of the different breeding approaches utilized to enhance modern triticale cultivars for various uses are discussed in this chapter.
La soberanía más allá de la instancia del poder y del dominio en torno a la bio-política de Jacques Derrida

En el presente articulo planteamos la existencia, en el Derrida de La diseminacion, de cierto pensamiento sobre la bio-politica. Incluyendo la figura animal, este pensamiento es tambien el pensamiento de una soberania mas alla de la instancia del poder y del dominio. El Seminario La bestia y el soberano publicado postumamente, parece ser su mas acabada expresion. En primer lugar, seguimos las indicaciones realizadas por Derrida acerca de la pintura como zographia en La diseminacion (1972). La deconstruccion derridiana de lo que llamamos “la secuencia soberana”, nos permite analizar la relacion entre el problema de “la animalidad de la escritura” y de la soberania como corolario del pensamiento de una cierta bio-politica o zoo-politica tempranamente discernida. En segundo lugar, exploramos en algunos de los pliegues de la discusion de Derrida con Agamben y con Foucault sobre el concepto de vida, los terminos de una cierta politicidad de la vida que incluye la animalidad y susceptible de ser situada mas alla de la instancia del poder y del dominio.
Riverine Sediment Contribution to Distal Deltaic Wetlands: Fourleague Bay, LA

To combat land loss along the Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana has launched a historic campaign to sustain and regrow coastal lands using, in part, sediment diversions. Previous research has focused primarily on sand-sized sediment load, which is usually deposited proximal to a river’s delta or a diversion’s outlet. Fine sediments constitute the majority of sediment load delivered by rivers, but are understudied with respect to dispersal processes, particularly in terms of sediment supply to distal deltaic bays and wetlands. The Atchafalaya River and associated wetlands serve as prime study areas for this purpose. Fourleague Bay has remained stable against the deteriorative effects of relative sea level rise, standing out along Louisiana’s declining coastline. Push cores were collected once every 2 months, from May 2015 to May 2016, along five central bay sites and five adjacent marsh sites within Fourleague Bay, Louisiana. All sites fall within ~ 10 to 30 km of the Atchafalaya Delta, extending south towards the Gulf of Mexico. Cores were extruded in 2-cm intervals, dried, ground, and analyzed via gamma spectrometry for the presence of 7Be. Inventories of 7Be were then calculated and used to determine daily apparent mass deposition rates (AMDR) over 12 months. Average AMDR values for the bay and the marshes are compared with Atchafalaya River discharge, wind data, and atmospheric pressure through the year of sampling. Peak marsh AMDR, 0.7 ± 0.2 kg m−2 d−1, occurred just after historically high river discharge. Peak bay AMDR, 1.2 ± 0.7 kg m−2 d−1, occurred during seasonal low river discharge and calm winds. Average bay and marsh AMDRs have a moderate negative correlation (r = − 0.51) when compared. Results indicate that, during periods of moderate to high river discharge, sediment bypasses the bay floor and enters the marshes directly when inundation occurs, a process enhanced by the passage of strong atmospheric fronts. During periods of low river discharge and relatively calm winds, riverine sediments aggregate directly onto the bay floor.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Schemas and Inferences.

If you were shown a picture of two adults with two children, you might infer that they are a family. That relational structure, family, binds these individuals together and helps you remember the individual members better in the future. It can also be applied to other groups of individuals you see,
Childhood polyvictimization, adult violent victimization, and trauma symptomatology: an exploratory study of prostitution diversion program participants

Prostitution diversion program participants who have experienced lifelong patterns of abuse, including child polyvictimization and later adult victimization, may exhibit greater trauma symptomatology than participants who have not experienced lifelong abuse. If true, these participants may face unique barriers to successful program completion as a result of their increased trauma symptomatology. This calls into question whether incarceration is an appropriate sanction for program failure. Data from a prostitution diversion program located in Houston, Texas, was used to conduct a series of bivariate analyses that examined whether participants who had experienced multiple types of child abuse: (1) were more criminally involved, (2) were more likely to report adult victimization, and (3) exhibited greater trauma symptomatology relative to program participants who had never experienced child abuse, or only experienced a single type. Participants who had experienced multiple types of child abuse were more likely to report adult victimization and greater trauma symptomatology relative to participants who had not experienced any child abuse. The prostitution diversion program examined in this study contained a subgroup of participants who had experienced multiple types of child abuse, possessed an increased risk of adult victimization, and reported greater trauma symptomatology. These participants are trauma survivors, and may face unique barriers to program completion. Consequently, incarceration is a misguided sanction for program failure, as it may lead to further traumatization.
Skin Cancer Prevention Behaviors Among Agricultural and Construction Workers in the United States, 2015

Introduction Nearly 5 million people are treated for skin cancer each year in the United States. Agricultural and construction workers (ACWs) may be at increased risk for skin cancer because of high levels of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun. This is the first study that uses nationally representative data to assess sun-protection behaviors among ACWs. Methods We analyzed data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement to examine the prevalence of sun-protection behaviors among ACWs. We calculated national, weighted, self-reported prevalence estimates. We used χ2 tests to assess differences between ACWs by industry and occupation. Results Most of the 2,298 agricultural and construction workers studied were male (by industry, 72.4% in agriculture and 89.3% in construction; by occupation, 66.1% in agriculture and 95.6% in construction) and non-Hispanic white. About one-third had at least 1 sunburn in the past year. The prevalence of sunscreen use and shade seeking was low and did not significantly differ among groups, ranging from 15.1% to 21.4% for sunscreen use and 24.5% to 29.1% for shade seeking. The prevalence of wearing protective clothing was significantly higher among agricultural workers than among construction workers by industry (70.9% vs 50.7%) and occupation (70.5% vs 53.0%). Conclusion Our findings could be used to improve occupational health approaches to reducing skin cancer risk among ACWs and to inform education and prevention initiatives addressing skin cancer. Sun-safety initiatives may include modifying work sites to increase shade and adding sun safety to workplace policies and training. Employers can help reduce occupational health inequities and protect workers by creating workplaces that facilitate sun protection.
Abstract WP276: Predictors of Cardio-embolic Stroke in Therapeutically Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Anticoagulation reduces the risk of stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation(AF) . Ischemic stroke occurs in setting of AF despite adequate treatment because of both cardiac and non-...
Monomeric, Divalent Vanadium Bis(arylamido) Complexes: Linkage Isomerism and Reactivity

Divalent complexes of vanadium were synthesized employing bulky silyl(aryl)amido ligands −N(SiiPr3)DIPP and −N(SitBu2Me)DIPP (DIPP = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). Solid-state structural characterization revealed that although the ligand −N(SiiPr3)DIPP supports a monomeric, bis(amido) complex of vanadium, its constitutional isomer −N(SitBu2Me)DIPP affords a homoleptic complex in which the vanadium center is sandwiched between the arene rings, an unusual binding mode for arylamido ligands. Magnetometry studies indicate that V[N(SiiPr3)DIPP]2 and V[(η5-DIPP)N(SitBu2Me)]2 have similar high-spin d3 electron configurations. However, spectroscopic methods, including electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and UV–visible spectroscopies, in addition to cyclic voltammetry and reactivity studies, suggest that V[N(SiiPr3)DIPP]2 is stereochemically nonrigid in solution, while V[(η5-DIPP)N(SitBu2Me)]2 is not. This nonrigidity explicitly impacts the reactivity of V[N(SiiPr3)DIPP]2, which can be used to a...
Small-Scale Potential Vorticity in the Upper-Ocean Thermocline

AbstractTwenty Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats in the upper-ocean thermocline of the summer Sargasso Sea observed the temporal and vertical variations of Ertel potent...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Flow Field and Lagrangian Particle Tracking From a Left Ventricular Assist Device.

This study explores the optimal left ventricular assist device (LVAD) cannula outflow configuration in a patient-specific replica of the aorta. The volumetric velocity field is measured using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) under a physiologically relevant steady flow. The effect of the LVAD outflow graft insertion site and anastomosis angle on the transport of embolic particles to cranial vessels is studied by solving the particle equation of motion for spheres in the range of 0.1-1.0 mm using the measured three-dimensional (3D) velocity field. Results show that for a given aorta anatomy, it is possible to design the cannula graft location and terminal curvature so that the probability of embolic transport to the cranial vessels is significantly minimized. This is particularly important since the complex flow pattern in each cannula case affects the embolic trajectories differently, and hence the common assumption that particles distribute by the volumetric flow division does not hold.
The Suppression of Dissent: How the State and Mass Media Squelch USAmerican Social Movements

1. Introduction 2. The Suppression of Dissent 3. State Modes of Suppression 4. Mass-Media-Related Suppression of Dissent 5. From Actions to Transactions: The Mechanisms of Suppression 6. Conclusion
Energy Density and Hysteresis Comparison in Natural Rubber Tube Springs for Wearable Exoskeleton Applications

Wearable exoskeletons show promise as a means for compensating lost function as well as for providing optimal assistance for maximal therapeutic benefit during everyday tasks. Development of lightweight spring systems for efficient storage and return are proposed as a key component in the successful deployment of wearable exoskeletons for individuals with neurological deficits. Both spring steel and natural rubber are common materials used in energy storage, but have not been directly compared by metrics such as energy storage density, energy storage efficiency, and hysteresis. In this work, we perform cyclic loading tests on spring steel extension springs of varying wire diameter and natural rubber tubing of varying wall thicknesses. We then use measured load-extension profiles to illustrate and compute metrics to better quantify the energy storing capabilities of each material and their appropriateness for use as energy storing and returning components in wearable robotic applications. Results show that natural rubber has a higher capacity for energy storage per unit weight in comparison to steel springs. Hysteresis is also higher in natural rubber and can be dramatically reduced by applying adequate pre-strain at levels greater than the anticipated strain during use.
Prevalence of Occult Peribronchial N1 Nodal Metastasis in Peripheral Clinical N0 Small (≤2 cm) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background There has been growing interest in limited resection and nonsurgical treatment for small lung cancers. We examined the pattern and rate of occult N1 nodal metastasis in patients with peripheral, small (≤2 cm), clinically node-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients with peripheral small (≤2 cm) NSCLC with no evidence of locally advanced or metastatic disease (clinical T1a-b N0 M0, American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Edition Cancer Staging Manual), who were deemed eligible for lobectomy or sublobar resection, were identified from preregistration eligibility screening logs for the Alliance/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 140503 trial at our institution. Pathologic outcomes were examined in all patients undergoing anatomic resection with mediastinal and hilar lymphadenectomy. Results Included were 58 patients treated between November 2014 and January 2017 who met the inclusion criteria: 51 underwent lobectomy, and 7 underwent segmentectomy. Mean tumor diameter on computed tomography was 1.5 cm, and mean positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value was 3.9. The mean consolidation-to-tumor ratio was 0.77. Occult nodal metastases in N1 stations were found in 8 of 58 patients (14%), and most of these nodes were found in interlobar or peribronchial stations (11 or 12). An additional 2 patients (3%) had occult positive N2 nodes. Overall, the false-negative rate for clinical staging was 16%. Conclusions Occult nodal disease was frequently identified in peripheral N1 stations (11-13) in patients with small (≤2 cm) clinical N0 NSCLC. Hilar lymphadenectomy is essential for accurate staging in the management of patients with small clinical N0 NSCLC.
Dynamic changes in arterial pressure following high cervical transection in the decerebrate rat.

Objective: Spinal transection has variable effects on arterial pressure, with some investigators demonstrating a precipitous decline and others reporting only a minimal decrease below normal. Recov...
Elevating Evidence-Based Practice: A Multi-Site Workshop Pilot for Nurses

Leveraging an established evidence-based practice (EBP) workshop at the Mayo Clinic campus in Arizona, the manager of Nursing Research asked local library staff to discuss the research process and to demonstrate to the attendees how to use literature databases to support their research projects and EBP practices on their units. The EBP workshop was presented via video conference from the originating location to two remote locations within the organization. Each remote site had a librarian in attendance to support the librarian at the originating campus. This method allowed the librarians at each site to guide and assist patrons and establish a face-to-face connection with attendees.
Microscopic Criteria for Glass Formation

Factors that contribute to the formability of metallic glasses are discussed from a microscopic point of view. We focus in particular on the atomic size factor and its effect on the topology of the structure. A universal local topological instability criterion is proposed to explain melting, solid state amorphization, glass transition, as well as composition range for glass formation by rapid cooling of the melt.
“How Do You Think You Are Going to be a Pastor?”: Vocation and Disability

This article defamiliarizes the concept of vocation by attending to one individual’s process of discernment and the issues that that experience and reflection upon it raise for theologies of vocati...
Towards an Accurate Determination of Parameters for Very Massive Stars: the Eclipsing Binary LMC-SC1-105

This paper presents a photometric and spectroscopic study of the bright blue eclipsing binary LMC-SC1-105, selected from the OGLE catalog as a candidate host of very massive stars (>=30Mo). The system is found to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary, which indeed contains massive stars. The masses and radii of the components are M1= 30.9+/-1.0 Mo, M2= 13.0+/-0.7 Mo, and R1= 15.1+/-0.2 Ro, R2= 11.9+/-0.2 Ro, respectively. The less massive star is found to be filling its Roche lobe, indicating the system has undergone mass-transfer. The spectra of LMC-SC1-105 display the Struve-Sahade effect, with the HeI lines of the secondary appearing stronger when it is receding and causing the spectral types to change with phase (O8+O8 to O7+O8.5). This effect could be related to the mass-transfer in this system. To date, accurate (<=10%) fundamental parameters have only been measured for 15 stars with masses greater than 30 Mo, with the reported measurements contributing valuable data on the fundamental parameters of very massive stars at low metallicity. The results of this work demonstrate that the strategy of targeting the brightest blue stars in eclipsing binaries is an effective way of studying very massive stars.
The United States’ entry into the First World War: the role of British and German diplomacy: by Justin Quinn Olmstead, Rochester, NY, Boydell Press, 2018, x + 208 pp., $99.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-7832-7363-8

Justin Quinn Olmstead’s new book shows that conventional diplomatic history can still be subject to lively debate. Aimed primarily at fellow scholars, this work describes how British and German dip...
Determination of masses and other properties of extra-solar planetary systems with more than one planet

Recent analysis of the Doppler shift oscillations of the light from extra-solar planetary systems indicate that some of these systems have more than one large planet. In this case it has been shown that the masses of these planets can be determined without the familiar ambiguity due to the unknown inclination angle of the plane of the orbit of the central star provided, however, that its mass is known. A method is presented here which determines also a lower limit to the mass of this star from these observations. As an illustration, our method is applied to the Keck and Lick data for GJ876.
Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Alterations Related to Physical Function Decline in Older Mice

One inevitable consequence of aging is the gradual deterioration of physical function and exercise capacity, driven in part by the adverse effect of age on muscle tissue. Our primary purpose was to determine the relationship between patterns of gene expression in skeletal muscle and this loss of physical function. We hypothesized that some genes changing expression with age would correlate with functional decline, or conversely with preservation of function. Male C57BL/6 mice (6-months old, 6m, 24-months, 24m, and 28+-months, 28m; all n=8) were tested for physical ability using a comprehensive functional assessment battery (CFAB). CFAB is a composite scoring system comprised of five functional tests: rotarod (overall motor function), grip strength (fore-limb strength), inverted cling (4-limb strength/endurance), voluntary wheel running (activity rate/volitional exercise), and treadmill (endurance). We then extracted total RNA from the tibialis anterior muscle, analyzed with Next Generation Sequencing RNAseq to determine differential gene expression during aging, and compared these changes to physical function. Aging resulted in gene expression differences >[boxv]1.0[boxv] log2 fold change (multiple comparison adjusted p 0.70) with functional status in the 28m, and 22 genes in the 24m. We conclude that specific age-related transcriptomic changes are associated with declines in physical function, providing mechanistic clues. Future work will establish the underlying cellular mechanisms and the physiological relevance of these genes to age-related loss of physical function. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=96 SRC="FIGDIR/small/444371v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (36K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ad7362org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17267e7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@38600org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15283a7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG RNA sequencing of skeletal muscle from young and old mice were compared to physical function status obtained by performing a comprehensive functional assessment battery of tests. Between adulthood (6-months) and older age (28-months), 6707 genes were differentially expressed with 253 of these genes being significantly associated with physical function. Specific age-related changes to the skeletal muscle transcriptome are associated with a decline in physical function.
Simulation in Unique Surgical Challenges

Patients with unique medical needs can make routine medical care challenging. This chapter introduces a problem-solving framework to identify clinical challenges and mitigate them through simulation and practice. Advances in the fields of medical simulation and additive manufacturing (3D printing) play an expanding role in designing care models for one-of-a-kind clinical scenarios. We present three clinical scenarios: aerial transport of pediatric patient on extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation life-support, planning for separation of craniopagus conjoined twins, and preparation for the first pediatric bilateral hand transplantation. Each scenario benefited from detailed simulation and multi-disciplinary preparation before undertaking each procedure.
Nasal Trigeminal Chemoreceptors May Have Affector and Effector Functions

The nasal cavity embraces a wide variety of chemoreceptors, including those of the olfactory, vomeronasal, and trigeminal systems. Chemical stimulation of nasal trigeminal receptors is usually associated with pain or irritation. Accordingly, trigeminal fibers sensitive to chemical irritants have been considered part of the common chemical sense [1], although, more recently, this trigeminal “chemosense” has been called chemesthesis [2,3]. The nasal cavity is innervated by the ethmoid and nasopalatine branches of the trigeminal nerve. Ethmoid nerve endings in the nasal cavity respond to a wide variety of chemical stimuli [3]. Ethmoid nerve fibers which respond to chemical stimuli appear to be capsaicin-sensitive, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P [4]. For the present report, experiments were performed on rats injected with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) on the 2nd day postnatally and examined at least 40 days later. Systemic capsaicin treatment in neonatal animals produces a long-lasting insensitivity to noxious chemicals (for review, see [5]). In our experiments, neonatal capsaicin administration eliminated ethmoid nerve responses to chemical stimuli, while leaving responses to mechanical stimuli intact. In addition, neonatal capsaicin administration decreased the number of CGRP-containing fibers in the ethmoid nerve by 90% or more. These were primarily unmyelinated, or fine myelinated fibers. Such immunoreactive fibers reach to within 1 p.m of the surface of the nasal epithelium [6]. Capsaicin-sensitive, CGRP-immunoreactive fibers course alongside olfactory receptor axons within the olfactory nerve to terminate within glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Removal of the trigeminal ganglion eliminated such CGRPimmunoreactive fibers from the olfactory nerve and bulb. Double-label experiments, in which different fluorescent retrograde tracers were injected into the olfactory bulb and nasal epithelium, revealed that single trigeminal ganglion cells have a sensory arborization with branches in both the nasal epithelium and olfactory bulb. We suggest that trigeminal nerve fibers in the nasal cavity have both an affector and effector function. Capsaicin-sensitive, peptidergic sensory neurons in other systems are known to release, via an axon reflex, neuropeptide mediators which have an effector function on surrounding tissues [7]. Accordingly, nasal trigeminal sensory fibers may not only transmit sensory information centripetally, but may act via an axon reflex to release neuroactive peptides into the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulbar neuropil, thereby affecting processing of simultaneous or subsequent olfactory stimuli. Thus, trigeminal chemoreception should not be viewed as a simple sensory system that can be studied in isolation, but as a potential modulator of olfactory processes.
Current Trends and Changes in Institutions for the Mentally Retarded

Publisher Summary This chapter examines trends in institutional population characteristics, admissions, discharges, readmissions, and mortality over the past three decades. The data to date support the findings, indicating that although admissions and discharges have followed the in-residence trends, the actual proportion of clients in the severely impaired categories is still smaller than that of retarded individuals residing in the institution. Systematic investigations and data collection of the follow-up of community-placed clients are essentially nonexistent; hence, evidence tends to be based on institutional populations or anecdotal information from communities. Due to these limitations in prospective longitudinal data for community-placed clients and the continuing changes in the residents currently residing in institutions, it is difficult to speculate on how much further the deinstitutionalization of the residual population can proceed. The data on discharges and readmissions suggest that more people can and will be released to the community. Future guidelines regarding placement decisions include strict follow-up and monitoring of the survival, development, and quality of life of the mentally retarded people who are affected by these decisions.
INFLUENCE OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON PRE-TENSED AND FREE-ARM SPEED.

Abstract During a period of 12 weeks, 26 college men participated in an isotonic-isometric training program. Pre-training static strength, pre-tensed static strength and speed, and free arm speed were recorded. Following the strength training program, significant increases were recorded in static arm strength and in free and pre-tensed speeds of movement. Very low relationships were found between the pre- and post-training strengths and speeds.
Needs Assessment Planning: Starting Where You Are

AbstractNeeds assessments are a useful part of the program development cycle. However, while step-by-step models are available to guide assessments, they may not be detailed enough for the pragmatic questions that arise. The planning process should be viewed as dynamic and flexible, able to be tailored to the agency’s specific organisational and environmental characteristics. This paper presents a practical discussion for social workers charged with planning and implementing a needs assessment. Practitioners are empowered to consider several concerns or issues simultaneously, to build upon their organisational knowledge, and start the process where it intuitively makes sense. Major issues discussed are: planning the needs assessment, evaluating contextual factors, and design considerations.