cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Electronic Search Algorithm for Early Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy Diagnosis in the Intensive Care Unit: A Derivation and Validation Study.

Aim We aim to create and validate an electronic search algorithm for accurate detection of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) from medical records. Methods Patients with DIC in Mayo Clinic's intensive care units (ICUs) from Jan 1, 2007, to May 4, 2018, were included in the study. An algorithm was developed based on clinical notes and ICD diagnosis codes. A cohort of 50 patients was included with DIC diagnosis, its variations, and no diagnosis of DIC. Then, the next set of 50 patients was used to refine the algorithm. Results were compared with a manual reviewer and the disagreements were resolved by the third reviewer. The same process was repeated with 'revised clinical note search' for the first and second derivation cohort with additional exclusion terms. The obtained sensitivity and specificity were reported. The generated algorithm was applied to another set of 50 patients for validation. Results In the first derivation cohort- DIC search by clinical notes and diagnosis codes had 92% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Sensitivity dropped to 71% in the second cohort although specificity remains the same. Therefore, the algorithm was refined to clinical notes search only. The revised search was reapplied to first and second derivation cohorts and results obtained for the first derivation were the same but 91.3% sensitive and 100% specific for the second derivation. The search was locked and applied in the validation cohort with 95.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively. Conclusion The revised clinical note based electronic search algorithm was found to be highly sensitive and specific for DIC during the corresponding ICU duration.
Agent-Based Simulation of Metropolitan Area Evacuation by Unmanned Air Mobility

Researchers have proposed a portfolio of autonomous transportation systems for metropolitan areas including Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems. Urban Air Mobility systems consist of low occupant battery operated helicopters, similar to drones. In a future state, when Urban Air Mobility is a ubiquitous transportation option, urban planners will need to understand the potential role of the Urban Air Mobility system for an efficient evacuation of a metropolitan area. An agent-based model is used to assess the evacuation efficiency as throughput and time to complete. The agent-based model includes autonomous Urban Air Mobility systems operating in an urban environment on routes defined by existing city streets and originating at a central location that may be on the ground or on the top of a building. In the event of an evacuation, the routing of each Urban Air Mobility unit is determined by a central air traffic flow management system to maximize the evacuation throughput. Standard deviation of time-to-complete is computing to understand where the model shows convergence. The implications of the results and limitations of the model are discussed.
Constraining fault architecture and fluid flow using crustal noble gases

Abstract Deformational features, such as faults, strongly affect the pathways, rates, and length-scales of fluid flow in sedimentary basins. The hydrologic properties of faults vary greatly, allowing them to exhibit hydrologic behaviors spanning the gamut from open and conductive pathways for fluid flow to closed barriers to fluid flow. As a result, determining the role of faults with respect to fluid flow and their impact on geologic fluid migration throughout the life cycle of sedimentary basins remains challenging. Previous studies interrogate fault behavior using structural characteristics of fault cores and damage zones or the geochemistry of fluid inclusions and mineral veins associated with these features. Here, we evaluate the utility of crustal noble gases as tracers of fluid flow in fault systems by examining the composition of a well-constrained fault system in the Northern Appalachian Basin. The Seneca Stone Thrust fault, located near Seneca Falls, NY, USA, displays ~5 m of offset in the Onondaga Limestone and Marcellus Shale. Significant loss of 4He and 21Ne* near the fault appears to occur prior to basin exhumation, likely resulting from compactive dewatering or hydrocarbon generation and migration. Subsequent cooling shifted fault function from acting as a conduit to acting as a barrier, allowing accumulation of crustal noble gases for extended geologic time (~140 Myr) apparently in a closed-system. We identify significantly lower [4He] and 4He/21Ne* in a discrete zone that includes the fault core and extends ~30 cm into the intensely fractured portion of the fault damage zone as compared to the rest of the fault damage zone (~5 m in width) and other nearby samples from the Marcellus Fm. in the quarry pavement. These results imply that the Seneca Stone Thrust fault has reverted to behaving like a localized conduit in recent geological time. We interpret the discrete zone of extreme 4He loss near the fault plane as evidence of recent focused fluid flow within the fault core at temperatures below 94 °C, possibly within the past ~45,000 years. Our data suggest that crustal noble gases can be used to evaluate the timing of crustal isolation and/or hydraulic communication in fault zones locally in the Marcellus Shale and potentially in other geological settings. Future work can further develop this approach to examine the long-term suitability of geological formations for permanent subsurface storage of CO2, other gases (e.g., H2), or nuclear waste, as well as to determine if various subsurface intervals represent zones of hydrocarbon accumulation and/or loss over geological time.
Perpetuation as perpetration: Wrongful benefit and responsibility for historical injustice

Do those of us living in the present have an obligation to rectify injustices committed by others in the distant past? This article is an attempt to revisit the problem of historical injustice by bringing together recent work on structural injustice in relation to the problem of wrongful benefit. The problem of benefitting from injustice, I argue, provides firmer grounds of obligation in forward-looking accounts of responsibility for historical injustice specifically. I argue (1) that if the negative effects of historical injustice endure into the present, and (2) if we participate in structures that allow for its reproduction, then (3) our moral responsibility to set matters straight increases to the extent that we derive a benefit from the perpetuation of an unjust status quo. Finally, (4) a general moral obligation to make the world less unjust generates a motive for individuals to learn more about their place in a structure that reproduces the negative effects of historical injustice.
Applicability of Bacterial Models of DNA Repair and Recovery to UV-Irradiated Mammalian Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the applicability of bacterial models of DNA repair and recovery to ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated mammalian cells. It presents the results of studies on bacteria from which a model relating DNA repair and recovery has evolved. This model makes the following postulations: (1) pyrimidine dimers are the lethal photochemical lesions whose elimination or modification is necessary and sufficient to account for cellular recovery and (2) the lethality of pyrimidine dimers is associated with their interference with cellular DNA replication by inhibiting the orderly progression of genome duplication. This model is based on the following evidence: (1) enzymatic photoreactivation, which appears to be exclusively directed at pyrimidine dimers, enhances cell survival and decreases the inhibitory effects of UV on DNA synthesis, (2) UV-sensitive Escherichia coli mutants exhibit deficiencies in pyrimidine dimer excision and enhanced sensitivity of DNA synthesis, and (3) the lag and recovery pattern of DNA synthesis in excision-proficient cells reflects the temporal pattern of dimer excision.
An eigenanalysis and synthesis of unitary operators used in quantum computing algorithms

In this work we tackle the challenge of designing quantum unitary operators which represent solutions to optimization problems. We start with a novel method which combines an evolutionary algorithm known as an Evolution Strategy (ES) with a method to randomly generate unitary operators. With this new method, a quantum operator is represented for the first time using real–valued vectors and can be “evolved” or designed to meet certain target criteria. This criteria could be the solution to an optimization problem. With the ability to evolve quantum operators, we attempt to evolve various known single and multi–qubit quantum gates as well as quantum oracles. We evolve quantum operators which solve instance problems of a known NP–Hard problem and even attempt to evolve a generalized solution operator. We evolve multiple operators with varying size and investigate their properties through eigenanalysis methods as well as by synthesizing them into quantum logic gates using the quantum compiler Qubiter. We also present a new quantum logic algebra which offers a new way to represent quantum circuits and demonstrate its immediate uses in quantum computing.
High-l Rydberg Lines of Fe I in the ATMOS Spectra: 4f-5g, 5g-6h…

We have identified the Fe I 4f-5g lines at 4 μm in the ATMOS solar spectra. Using the polarization model as previously applied to silicon, we predict and identify the 5g-6h lines at 7 μm. Additional absorption features at 2.5 and 12 μm are also shown to be due to high-l Rydberg transitions in Fe I.
Some aspects of the identification of continuous vibrating systems

This paper deals with the identification of systems described by the one-dimensional, second order wave equation. Such equations arise commonly in various areas of mathematical physics, such as, acoustics, elastic wave propagation, and electromagnetic theory. Assuming that suitable measurements are made at only one point in the spatial domain, sufficient conditions for unique identification of the system eigenvalues and system coefficients are presented.
Law Review Citation Checking

Abstract Poor coordination of legal citation checking by law review staff members can lead to redundant interlibrary loan (ILL) requests. With the help of our interlibrary loan staff, two law reviews explored different approaches to solve this problem. In this article, these two different approaches are described and compared, and the relative success of each approach determined.
An Update on the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) is significantly impacting the business of U.S, and international tanker owners engaged in the U.S. trades. This paper delineates the affected segments of the oil shipping industry, the salient regulatory elements stemming from OPA 90, the financial and operational impacts that result, and the strategic implications for the shipowner. Regulatory areas addressed include liability and compensation, financial responsibility, new ships, existing vessels, and vessel response plans. Originally presented in April, 1993, this paper has been updated for publication two years later
Characterization and modeling of MOSFET mismatch of a deep submicron technology

CMOS technology scaling increases the sensitivity of many common circuit blocks to within die variation and local mismatch. Accurate assessment of the impact of mismatch on these circuits requires extremely precise estimates of mismatch. This paper analyzes the inaccuracies that occur in mismatch estimation methods that rely on combining measurements from a different die and wafers. Use of device arrays to overcome this limitation is described. Measurements from device arrays on a 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS technology suggest that for technologies with good control of device dimensions, 1/sqrt(WL) relationship of mismatch holds over a very large range of device dimensions.
Temporal analysis of pain responders and common adverse events: when do these first appear following treatment with pregabalin

Background Pregabalin is an α2δ ligand indicated in the USA for treatment of a number of chronic pain conditions, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, pain associated with spinal cord injury, and fibromyalgia. A greater understanding of when patients first respond to treatment with pregabalin and when adverse events emerge, or worsen, could aid design of new proof-of-concept studies and help guide treatment of patients.
Cocaine-Induced Delayed Recurrent Vasculitis: A 4-Year Follow-Up

Patient: Female, 51 Final Diagnosis: Cocaine induced vasculitis Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: None Specialty: Rheumatology Objective: Rare disease
Effects of Heavy-Ion Irradiation on HT-9 Ferritic Steel Examined in Cross Section

Specimens of HT-9 have been irradiated with 14 MeV Ni + 3 ions in the temperature range from 300 to 600°C and up to the peak damage level of 200 dpa. The specimens were prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies using the cross-section technique that allows the whole damage region to be examined in a single foil. The most significant result of this study is that without prior implantation of helium gas atoms virtually no cavities were found in any of the irradiated specimens. Other microstructural features resulting from the irradiation were also examined in detail, including dislocation loops and precipitates. After irradiation at 300°C, the microstructure consisted of a very high number density of small dislocation loops. The average diameter of these loops is 8 nm and is relatively independent of the dose level. The number density of the loops saturates at higher dose levels. The microstructure after irradiation at 400°C is very similar to the 300°C case except that the average diameter of the dislocation loops is about 24 nm. However, a new phase forms at the end of the damage range during the irradiation at 400°C. The particle diameter of this new phase is about 5 nm, and it has been provisionally identified as a' phase, which is a chromium enriched bcc phase. It forms largely in association with the dislocation loops. After irradiation at 500°C, the microstructure consisted of a few large dislocation loops, dislocation segments, and a group of new precipitates. The dislocation loops have the same characteristics as in the 300 and 400°C cases. The size of the loops is independent of dose level and about 100 nm in diameter, and the number density of the loops saturates at higher dose levels. The new phase has been identified as the Chi phase, which is an intermetallic phase with a bcc structure. The precipitates of Chi phase have the tendency to grow to larger diameter and the number density decreases with increasing dose levels. There is virtually no difference between the microstructure in irradiated and control regions after irradiation at 600°C. This result indicates that thermal effects dominate the microstructural evolution at this temperature and above in ion irradiated HT-9.
Microsample Cryogenic Probes: Technology and Applications

This review provides a summary of cryogenic NMR probes, with a special emphasis on small volume, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) probes. We provide a short historical overview of the development of cryogenic systems and HTS probes and show why these provide improvements in NMR sensitivity. We discuss design considerations in HTS probe technology, with an emphasis on technology available for biomedical applications. Existing microsample cryogenic probes are reviewed, and some experimental considerations for optimal performance of these probes are provided. We end with a brief review of research that has utilized HTS probes to demonstrate the impact that these probes can have on biomedical applications. Keywords: NMR probes; high-temperature superconducting; HTS; YBCO; small volume NMR; high-sensitivity NMR; signal-to-noise; S/N; natural products; structural biology
The Regulation of Commercial Gaming

The gaming industry is subject to special scrutiny, beyond that given to other industries. Many people fear that gaming will produce substantial negative impacts on society, either because gaming has a colorful past filled with unsavory individuals, or because it has the potential to wreak social havoc, absent direct and continuous oversight. Therefore, all jurisdictions that allow gaming have adopted some form of regulation—a structure to govern all conduct within the gaming environment. Although certain specific policies and goals may differ among communities, all gaming regulation strives to maintain the integrity of the gaming environment and to assure the public that the games are fair. To achieve integrity and fairness, legislation and administrative implementation must act as one. The will of the people of each jurisdiction comprises that jurisdiction’s public policy. The
A Rare Case of Thyroid Metastasis from Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Context Thyroid metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma is extremely rare, with only two previous cases in the literature. We report a case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma metastasising to the thyroid. We review the incidence, diagnosis, and management of this rare occurrence. Case report A 38-year-old man with a synchronous 6-month history of thyroid swelling, presented with epigastric pain and signs of obstructive jaundice. He was investigated by abdominal computerised tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm was made. His thyroid neoplasm was investigated at another tertiary centre and thought to be a papillary neoplasm. He underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy and recovered well post-operatively. Eight weeks later he had a total thyroidectomy. Histology confirmed that the thyroid mass was both morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to the pancreatic neoplasm. Conclusion This case demonstrates the importance of a full investigation when a patient with suspected neoplastic history presents with a thyroid nodule. We outline the crucial role that immunohistochemistry plays in detecting and classifying primary and secondary thyroid neoplasms. The detection of a solitary thyroid metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma may indicate a poor prognosis, and it is debatable whether resection of the primary should be undertaken when it presents with a solitary metastasis. Image: Logo of the Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin Incorporating the National Children’s Hospital. Dublin, Ireland.
Challenges to Structure Prediction and Structure Characterization at the Nanoscale

The new revolution in nanoscience, engineering, and technology is being driven by our ability to manipulate matter at the molecular and supramolecular level to create “designer” structures. The parameter space for engineering new materials is indeed vast—structures vary drastically with small changes in interparticle interactions or with small changes to the conditions under which the material is synthesized. Computational simulation offers a means to discover the fundamental principles of how nanoscale systems of molecular building blocks self-assemble, and how we might control the assembly process to engineer new materials. Keywords: order parameters; self-assembly; Monte Carlo methods; energy minimization; shape matching; computational simulation
Describing community health risks: can epidemiology be improved?

Environmental threats are one of the highest concerns of communities seeking to improve public health. University researchers seek to assist communities with these concerns by providing technical expertise. But these community-science collaborations are often frustrating to both parties. Communities often find that the scientific studies have not “proven” what they believe the problem to be, while scientists often feel at least pestered, if not manipulated, by the “dirty” politics of the community. This paper investigates the proposition that environmental scientists must learn to combine their quantitative studies with qualitative views on the community and its health, if their studies are to be useful and indeed even fully accurate. The goal of the presentation is to explore changes in the methods of one particular field, environmental epidemiology, that might make it more relevant to current environmental debates. After a brief history of the field, limitations in the current practice of epidemiology a...
Isomer shift of Eu2+ in fluorites

Mossbauer studies are carried out for divalent europium as dopant in the fluorites CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2. The 151Eu Mossbauer isomer shift in these materials increases, increases and decreases, respectively, as the Eu2+ concentration decreases below a few mole percent. Previous explanations of these effects as due to lattice pressure or host covalency are found to be wrong. Instead these trends are interpreted as primarily due to variations in the admixture of the prevalent defect structure of Eu2+OF (i = 1, 2, 3, or 4) which stabilizes the Eu2+ in these crystals. Mossbauerstudien werden fur zweiwertiges Europium als Dotierung in den Fluoriten CaF2, SrF2 und BaF2 durchgefuhrt. Die Mossbauer-Isomerieverschiebung fur 151Eu in diesen Fluoriten nimmt zu, zu und ab, wenn die Eu2+-Konzentration unter einige Mol-Prozente abnimmt. Fruhere Deutungen dieser Effekte, als verbunden mit einem Gitterdruck oder einer Gastgitterkovalenz, sind nicht richtig. Das hier gemessene Verhalten wird durch Veranderungen in den Kombinationen der primaren Defektstrukturen Eu2+OF (i = 1, 2, 3, oder 4) erzeugt, welche Eu2+ in diesen Kristallen stabilisieren.
Performance of Advanced Resuscitation Skills by Pediatric Housestaff

Objective To describe pediatric housestaff resuscitation experience and their ability to perform key resuscitation skills. Design Cohort study of 63 pediatric residents in a university-based training program. Participants and Methods Investigators observed, scored, and timed resident performance on 4 key resuscitation skills. Cognitive ability was tested with 4 written scenarios. Housestaff provided self-reports of the number of months since their last American Heart Association Pediatric Advanced Life Support course, number of mock and actual codes attended, number of times skills were performed, and self-confidence with respect to resuscitation. Results A total of 45 pediatric residents (71%) participated. Median cognitive score was 5 (range, 1-5). Of all residents, 44 (97%) successfully bag mask–ventilated the mannequin; 24 (53%) and 36 (80%) used the correct bag and mask size, respectively. Thirty-nine residents (87%) placed a tube in the mannequin trachea, 12 (27%) checked that suction was working prior to intubation, and 30 (67%) chose the correct endotracheal tube size. Forty residents (89%) discharged the defibrillator, and 25 (56%) and 32 (71%) correctly chose asynchronous mode and infant paddles, respectively. Thirty-eight residents (84%) inserted an intraosseous line; 35 (78%) had correct placement. Median times for successful skill completion were 83 seconds for bag mask ventilation, 136 seconds for intubation, 149 seconds for defibrillation, and 68 seconds for intraosseous line placement. Conclusion Pediatric housestaff previously trained in pediatric advanced life support were generally able to reach the end point of 4 key resuscitation skills but less frequently performed the specific subcomponents of each skill. This poor performance and the prolonged time to skill completion suggest the need for greater attention to detail during training.
Raf meets Ras: completing the framework of a signal transduction pathway

The Ras oncoprotein, a GTP-activated molecular switch, interacts directly with the Raf oncoprotein to recruit the MAP kinases and their subordinates. In this way, a mitogenic signal initiated by tyrosine kinases is converted by Ras into a wave of regulatory phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues that, depending on its intensity and duration, and the variety of substrates available, results in cell differentiation or cell division.
Rational polypharmacy in schizophrenia.

AbstractApproximately 10 to 30% of patients with schizophrenia show poor response to neuroleptics alone. An initial evaluative and treatment approach to these patients is outlined, and the literature on adjunctive treatments, which seek to augment neuroleptic effects, is reviewed. The greatest evidence for efficacy has been shown for lithium, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, reserpine, and electro convulsive therapy, although individual patients may also respond to proranolol clonidine, valproic acid, and L-dopa. Antidepressants may also be useful for treating comorbid depression in nonacutely psychotic patients. One general theme is that no one adjunctive treatment benefits all patients; indeed, only a minority of patients responds to any given agent. Therefore, the choice of specific treatments is best guided by the clinical characteristics of the individual patient. These observations raise the possibility that subgroups of schizophrenia exist; delineation or differences in clinical response to biochemi...
Effect of Septic Shock on Nitrate, Free Amino Acids, and Urea in Murine Plasma and Urine

Abstract Objectives: Concentration changes of free amino acids, urea, and nitrate in plasma and urine were studied for the murine model of septic shock. Methods: After administration of a bolus dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concentrations of amino acids and urea in plasma, and urea and nitrate in urine were determined. Results: For individual amino acids four different trends were observed: (1) no change ( e.g., taurine, histidine, phenylalanine, hydroxproline); (2) continuous increase ( e.g., aspartate and glutamate); (3) continuous decrease ( e.g., threonine, serine, asparagine, proline, methionine, tyrosine); and (4) decrease during the first 4 hours, but return to normal at 8 hours after the LPS treatment ( e.g., all the other amino acids). The ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine was increased to about 2×. In plasma, urea concentration was increased about 3×, but in urine it decreased about 4×. Nitrate levels were increased 3× in urine. Conclusion: These early changes in the concentrations of amino acids as well as in the urea and nitrate may be useful as sensitive markers for the early and rapid diagnosis of septic shock.
Nanoscale characterization of zein self-assembly.

Zein, a major protein of corn, is rich in α-helical structure. It has an amphiphilic character and is capable of self-assembly. Zein can self-assemble into various mesostructures that may find applications in food, agricultural, and biomedical engineering. Understanding the mechanism of zein self-assembly at the nanoscale is important for further development of zein structures. In this work, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed nanosize zein stripes, rings, and discs containing a 0.35 nm periodicity, which is characteristic of β-sheet. TEM images were interpreted in terms of the transformation of original α-helices into β-sheet conformation after evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA). The presence of β-sheet was also detected by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Zein β-sheets self-assembled into stripes, which curled into rings. Rings formed discs and eventually spheres. The formation of zein nanostructures was believed to be the result of β-sheet orientation, alig...
Calculation of the bimolecular rate constant for “irreversible” enzyme inhibitors

Abstract A method is developed that can be used to calculate the rate constant for the association of an irreversible inhibitor with the active site of an enzyme. An example of this type inhibition (the p-chloromercuribenzoate-inhibition of the ATP-phosphohydrolase activity of myosin, EC 3.6.1.3) is used to illustrate the procedure. The bimolecular rate constant for the p-chloromercuribenzoate-myosin reaction is calculated from an independent experiment and the values obtained by the two methods are shown to be essentially the same.
Type-II quantum cascade lasers

Recently, we demonstrated a new type of quantum cascade lasers based on interband transitions in type-II heterostructures. It takes advantage of the broken-gap band alignment in the InAs/Ga(In)Sb heterostructure to recycle electrons from the valence band back to the conduction band, thus enabling sequential photon emission from active regions stacked in series. A peak optical output power of approximately 0.5 W/facet from a broad area gain-guided interband cascade laser with a threshold current density of 290 A/cm 2 , and a slope of 211 mW/A per facet, corresponding to a differential external quantum efficiency of 131%, were obtained at 80 K and at a wavelength of approximately 3.9 micrometer. Differential quantum efficiencies exceeding 200% were also observed from mesa structure lasers. Comparable device performance was also achieved based on a 'W' configuration cascade laser at approximately 2.9 micrometer, which has been operated at temperatures up to 225 K. Another W interband cascade laser has displayed lasing at 3.6 micrometer and nearly to room temperature (286 K).
Northern fowl mite orientation in a thermal gradient and evidence for idiothetic course control

The northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, is an ectoparasite of birds and a poultry pest. The ability of northern fowl mites to orientate to a heat source is investigated with individual mites video-recorded in two-dimensional arenas and exposed to spatial or temporal heat gradients. Recorded tracks are digitally analysed for variation in linear velocity, mean direction of movement, and patterns in angular displacement. Mean direction of movement in a spatial gradient is significantly associated with the position of the heat source for 24/29 mites tested (P 0.1). Angular displacement that orientates a mite towards the heat source is positively correlated with the preceding deviation from that direction (P < 0.01). Angular displacement away from the heat source is random. The temporal heat gradient is such that no spatial reference to the heat source exists within the plane of the arena. Mites in an ambient (27 degrees C) to heated (30 degrees C) transition have angular displacement distributions similar to control mites (ambient to ambient transition). However, mites in a heated to ambient transition execute angular displacements approximately 25 degrees greater than mites in the other treatments (P < 0.03). Mites compare the shift in temperature over time and alter their direction of movement by a programmed (idiothetic) response to a decrease in temperature, rather than through detection of the spatial position of the gradient (allothetic).
Induction of unresponsiveness to canine renal allografts by total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation.

RECENT progress in the definition of the DL-A antigens within a closely bred colony of beagles maintained at the Mary Imogene Basset Hospital (Cooperstown colony) has shown that these antigens are components of the principal system of histocompatibility (DL-A) in the dog1–3. Dausset and associates4 have described the segregation of DL-A antigens in 679 offspring of 151 consecutive matings within the Coopers-town colony. Through methods of backcross analysis, 23 DL-A haplotypes (that is, specificities determined by the DL-A region of one single chromosome) have been identified and the DL-A genotypes of 1,302 offspring of 517 matings in this colony have been defined4. This combined genetic and serological information has provided an opportunity to reassess the reported survival rates of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in serologically matched littermate dogs5. We describe here the long term survival of bone marrow transplants and renal allografts obtained from the same donors in nine littermate and three non-littermate recipients selected on the basis of genetic and serological criteria of DL-A compatibility in the Cooperstown colony. The results are contrasted with the survival of twenty-two renal allografts performed in untreated recipients selected on the basis of similar criteria.
Rediscovery of the workerless inquiline ant Pogonomyrmex colei and additional notes on natural history (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Pogonomyrmex colei is a workerless inquiline ant known only from nests ofP. rugosus, its closest relative. Ten of 776 (1.3%) host nests were parasitized at a site in central Arizona, while none of 1499 potential host colonies were parasitized at two other locales. Colonies ofP. colei are perennial, and host alate females in 9 of 10 colonies demonstrates that host queens survive parasitism. Three of 10 colonies died over 19 colony years of observation, while only 1 of 601 colonies became newly parasitized. Mating occurs in morning for up to 2–3 days following summer and fall rains and in afternoon during cool fall days. Mating is intranidal just outside the nest entrance, with males returning to the natal nest. MaleP. colei may be flightless because their wing area is reduced compared to host males. Females fly from the nest and locate potential host colonies by following trunk trails. Workers are the largest barrier to nest establishment, as they removed over 90% ofP. colei females placed in trunk trails or that entered host nests. Males and females ofP. colei andP. anergismus, the only other congeneric inquiline species, are diminutive compared to their hosts, with females 30% lighter than host workers. Fat content is lower and water content is higher inP. colei andP. anergismus females than in their hosts.
Carbohydrate versus energy restriction: effects on weight loss, body composition and metabolism.

Background/Aims: To compare weight loss, body composition, and metabolic changes in response to carbohydrate versus dietary energy restriction (DER) in obese mice. Methods:
Effect of Medicare Part D and insurance type on Medicare beneficiary access to prescription medication and use of prescription cost-saving measures

Objectives To examine how prescription drug access and use of prescription cost-saving measures changed after Medicare Part D was implemented and to determine their predictors in Medicare beneficiaries with different insurance types. Design Repeated cross-sectional study. Setting United States in 2005 and 2007. Patients Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older (n = 1,220 in 2005 and n = 1,024 in 2007). Intervention Web-based surveys using nonprobability samples. Main outcome measures Access to prescription drugs and use of seven cost-saving measures. Results Significantly fewer participants stopped taking a prescription because of cost, applied to an assistance program, received free prescription samples, and had limited prescription access in 2007 compared with 2005. Use of cost-saving measures by Medicare Part D patients was more comparable with that by uninsured participants than patients with employer-based drug coverage. One-third of all participants and almost one-half of Medicare Part D participants had requested a less expensive prescription. Among those participants, 70% received a less expensive prescription and most thought it worked about the same as the more expensive prescription. Conclusion Prescription drug access and use of cost-saving measures improved somewhat following the implementation of Medicare Part D, but some access problems continued to exist for Part D participants. Requests for less expensive prescriptions were common and frequently resulted in satisfactory switches.
Nonionic organic solute sorption onto two organobentonites as a function of organic-carbon content.

Abstract Sorption of three nonionic organic solutes (benzene, trichloroethene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) to hexadecyltrimethylammonium bentonite (HDTMA bentonite) and benzyltriethylammonium bentonite (BTEA bentonite) was measured as a function of total organic-carbon content at quaternary ammonium cation loadings ranging from 30 to 100% of the clay's cation-exchange capacity. Sorption of all three solutes to HDTMA bentonite was linear and sorption of all three solutes by the HDTMA bentonite increased as the organic-carbon content of the clay increased. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene sorbed most strongly to HDTMA bentonite, followed by benzene and TCE. The stronger sorption of benzene to HDTMA bentonite compared to TCE was unexpected based on a partition mechanism of sorption and consideration of solute solubility. LogKoc values for all three solutes increased with organic-carbon content. This suggests that the increased organic-carbon content alone may not explain the observed increase in sorption capacity. Sorption of the three solutes to BTEA bentonite was nonlinear and solute sorption increased with decreasing organic-carbon content, with a peak in the magnitude of solute sorption occurring at an organic-carbon content corresponding to 50% of CEC. Below 50% of CEC, sorption of all three solutes to BTEA bentonite decreased with decreasing organic-carbon content. Surface area measurements indicate that the surface area of both organobentonites generally decreased with increasing organic-carbon content. Since nonionic organic solute sorption to BTEA bentonite occurs by adsorption, the reduced sorption is likely caused by the reduction in surface area corresponding to increased organic-cation loading.
Impact of sociodemographic and economic factors on sodium intake in the U.S.A.

The effect of sodium intake on human health has received increased attention in recent years. This paper evaluates the impact of various sociodemographic and economic factors on sodium intake of a sample of Americans. Results indicate that urbanization. region, race, weight and height of an individual, gender, diet status, household size, age and income significantly affect sodium intake. Knowledge of the influence of sociodemographic and economic factors on sodium intake is necessary especially in the design and practical implementation of nutrition education and outreach programmes.
Antiretroviral Therapy in the 1990's: Recent Advances

Summary With the availability of quantitative measures of viral burden and powerful antiretroviral agents in the form of the protease inhibitors, combination therapy should now be offered to most patients with HIV infection. Such therapy is often appropriate following occupational exposure and during the acute retroviral syndrome, and zidovudine monotherapy should be standard during pregnancy. With further advances in understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and the continuing availability of newer antiretroviral agents, more effective treatment of this disease can be anticipated in the near future.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemmas with Arrhythmic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

The diagnosis of arrhythmic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) can be difficult, particularly in patients who have early manifestations of the disease. Modification of the 1994 Diagnostic Test Task Force criteria has recently been published. The most frequent cause for misdiagnosis is incorrect interpretation of a cardiac imaging test, particularly magnetic resonance imaging. The results of genetic testing must be interpreted with caution. Genetic abnormalities may be absent in 50% of patients with ARVC and penetrance is variable.
A postmodern theory of general economy: The contribution of georges bataille

One of the most important views concerning the post-industrial society is the return of the marketplace as the central economic institution. Although postmodernism has been viewed as “the cultural logic of late capitalism,” the work of Georges Bataille (1879–1962) sheds light on the idea of postmodern business in terms of a cultural shift concerning the motive of business venturing. While his contributions to political economy and business ethics still remain unknown to many of the advocates of postmodern business in the United States, Canada and Europe, Bataille formulated “a Copernican transformation” of capitalism, changing the perspectives of restrictive economy to those of “general economy.”
Hydraulic Food-Chain ModelsAn approach to the study of food-web dynamics in large rivers

Mary E. Power is an associate professor in the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. Adrian Sun is a graduate student in the Department of Zoology NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Gary Parker is a professor at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414. William E. Dietrich is a professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. J. Timothy Wootton is an assistant professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. ? 1995 American Institute of Biological Sciences. Simulations linking
Distribution of δ-aminolevulinic acid biosynthetic pathways among phototrophic bacterial groups

Two biosynthetic pathways are known for the universal tetrapyrrole precursor, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). In the ALA synthase pathway which was first described in animal and some bacterial cells, the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme ALA synthase catalyzes condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA to form ALA with the loss of C-1 of glycine as CO2. In the five-carbon pathway which was first described in plant and algal cells, the carbon skeleton of glutamate is converted intact to ALA in a proposed reaction sequence that requires three enzymes, tRNAGlu, ATP, Mg2+, NADPH, and pyridoxal phosphate. We have examined the distribution of the two ALA biosynthetic pathways among various genera, using cell-free extracts obtained from representative organisms. Evidence for the operation of the five-carbon pathway was obtained by the measurement of RNase-sensitive label incorporation from glutamate into ALA, using 3,4-[3H]glutamate or 1-[14C]glutamate as substrate. ALA synthase activity was indicated by RNase-insensitive incorporation of label from 2-[14C]glycine into ALA. The distribution of the two pathways among the bacteria tested was in general agreement with their previously established phylogenetic relationships and clearly indicates that the five-carbon pathway is the more ancient process, whereas the pathway utilizing ALA synthase probably evolved much later. The five-carbon pathway is apparently the more widely utilized one among bacteria, while the ALA synthase pathway seems to be limited to the α subgroup of purple bacteria.
System reliability and sensitivity under statistical dependence by matrix-based system reliability method

Abstract A matrix-based system reliability (MSR) method has been recently proposed to compute the probabilities of general system events efficiently by simple matrix operations. The proposed matrix-based framework describes both a system event and the likelihood of its component events by vectors that are obtained by efficient matrix-based procedures. The probability of the system event is computed by the inner product of the two vectors. Therefore, the method is uniformly applicable to any type of system events including series, parallel, cut-set and link-set systems. In the case when one has incomplete information on component probabilities and/or on the statistical dependence between components, the matrix-based framework enables us to obtain the narrowest bounds on the system probability by linear programming. Various importance measures and conditional probabilities are also efficiently estimated by the proposed method. This paper presents the MSR method and further develops it in terms of statistical dependence and parameter sensitivity of system reliability. First, a method is developed to use the MSR method for systems with statistically dependent components. The correlation coefficients between the basic random variables or the component safety margins are represented by a Dunnett–Sobel class correlation matrix to identify the source of the statistical dependence and to make use of the matrix-based procedure developed for independent components. Second, a new matrix-based procedure is proposed to calculate the sensitivities of system reliability with respect to parameters. This paper demonstrates the MSR method and these further developments by two numerical examples of structural systems. First, the system fragility of a bridge structure is computed based on the analytical fragility models of the bridge components and the correlation coefficients between the seismic demands at different components. In the second example, the MSR method is used to estimate the probability of the collapse of a statically indeterminate structure subjected to an abnormal load. The sensitivities of the probability with respect to the means and standard deviations of uncertain member capacities are estimated for an optimal upgrade of the structural system.
The End of the 15–20 Minute Primary Care Visit

Division of General Internal Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; HarvardMedical School, Boston,MA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Resistance to extinction in the developing chick: Effects of punishment and preextinction training

The effect of punishment and amount of acquisition training on resistance to extinction of keypecking was determined in 1- and 4-day-old Vantress x Arbor Acre chicks. Socially reared 1- and 4-day-old chicks (N=96) were first autoshaped to keypeck for heat reward and then given an additional 12 or 84 acquisition trials before extinction testing. The extinction responses of one-half of the chicks of each age were also punished with wing shocks. Major findings were as follows: (1) When only 12 acquisition trials preceded extinction testing, 1-day-old chicks were less resistant to extinction than 4-day-old chicks under nonpunishment conditions, but they were more resistant to extinction than 4-day-old chicks under punishment conditions, (2) when 84 acquisition trials preceded extinction testing, 1- and 4-day-old chicks did not significantly differ in resistance to extinction under either the punishment or nonpunishment condition, and (3) punishment produced a decrease in the extinction responding of 4-day-old chicks following both 12 and 84 acquisition trials, but punishment produced a decrease in the extinction responding of 1-day-old chicks only when 84 acquisition trials preceded extinction testing. These results suggest that the 1-day-old chick, as compared to the 4-day-old chick, may be deficient in associative, rather than inhibitive, ability.
Single level fast multipole method on GPU cluster for electromagnetic problems

Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is a mathematical technique which was developed to seek rapid solutions to integral equations of scattering for Helmholtz problems. For scattering problems, the integral equation is discretized into a matrix equation by the method of moments (MoM). The resultant equation is then typically solved by the direct LU, or an iterative method which requires O(N3) or O(N2) floating point operations respectively. However, if FMM is implemented, the complexity is reduced to O(N3/2). Moreover, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) which is a multistage FMM can further reduce the complexity to O(NlogN). These methods are promising for providing a path to large scale computing in electromagnetics.In this paper, the exploitation of an HPC GPU cluster to implement single level fast multipole method for large scale scattering problems is investigated. The NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) and MVAPICH2 programming environments are utilized on a 13-node cluster equipped with GPUs and interconnected through a high bandwidth, low latency Infiniband network.