cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Termination of rewriting

This survey describes methods for proving that systems of rewrite rules are terminating programs. We illustrate the use in termination proofs of various kinds of orderings on terms, including polynomial interpretations and path orderings. The effect of restrictions, such as linearity, on the form of rules is also considered. In general, however, termination is an undecidable property of rewrite systems.
Acquired Capillary Hemangioma of the Eyelid in an Adult

Purpose To report a case of an acquired capillary hemangioma of the eyelid in an adult. Methods A 38-year-old man developed a discrete blue nodular mass in the lower eyelid. The lesion grew slowly for 6 months and then remained stable in size. Excisional biopsy was performed. Result Histopathologic examination of an excisional biopsy specimen of the nodular mass disclosed a capillary hemangioma. Conclusions Capillary hemangioma of the eyelid can occur in adults but should be distinguished from other acquired vascular lesions, including angiosarcoma.
The pH of Sclerosing Agents: A Determinant of Pleural Symphysis

The rate of success in producing pleural symphysis with intrapleural instillation of sclerosing agents has been variable. Differences in the designs of studies probably account for some of the variability, but the reasons for the remainder are not clear. Since a low pH of the pleural fluid is associated with pleural adhesions and loculations, the pH of the commonly used solutions of sclerosing agents was determined, both in their usual concentrations and when diluted with large quantities of exudative pleural fluid. The buffered solution of tetracycline hydrochloride had the most acidic pH (2.0) and showed little change when diluted by pleural fluid. A 0.5 percent solution of sodium hydroxide had the highest pH (13.0). The remainder of the sclerosing solutions showed a range of pH from 4.3 to 8.7. Experimental and clinical experience suggests that tetracycline consistently has the highest rate of success in producing pleural symphysis. It appears that when proper technique is employed, the pH of the solution of the sclerosing agent is an important determinant of the production of pleural symphysis.
Organ-specific gene expression: the bHLH protein Sage provides tissue specificity to Drosophila FoxA

FoxA transcription factors play major roles in organ-specific gene expression, regulating, for example, glucagon expression in the pancreas, GLUT2 expression in the liver, and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in dopaminergic neurons. Organ-specific gene regulation by FoxA proteins is achieved through cooperative regulation with a broad array of transcription factors with more limited expression domains. Fork head (Fkh), the sole Drosophila FoxA family member, is required for the development of multiple distinct organs, yet little is known regarding how Fkh regulates tissue-specific gene expression. Here, we characterize Sage, a bHLH transcription factor expressed exclusively in the Drosophila salivary gland (SG). We show that Sage is required for late SG survival and normal tube morphology. We find that many Sage targets, identified by microarray analysis, encode SG-specific secreted cargo, transmembrane proteins, and the enzymes that modify these proteins. We show that both Sage and Fkh are required for the expression of Sage target genes, and that co-expression of Sage and Fkh is sufficient to drive target gene expression in multiple cell types. Sage and Fkh drive expression of the bZip transcription factor Senseless (Sens), which boosts expression of Sage-Fkh targets, and Sage, Fkh and Sens colocalize on SG chromosomes. Importantly, expression of Sage-Fkh target genes appears to simply add to the tissue-specific gene expression programs already established in other cell types, and Sage and Fkh cannot alter the fate of most embryonic cell types even when expressed early and continuously.
Effects of energy loss on interaction dynamics of energetic electrons with plasmas.

An analytic model is developed for energetic electrons interacting with plasmas. This model rigorously treats the effects of energy loss upon Coulomb interactions and reveals several important features, including the coupling of scattering and energy loss—which previous calculations had erroneously treated as independent in cases where an electron lost a significant amount or all of its energy. The unique transparency and generality of these calculations allows for straightforward applications when quantitatively evaluating the energy deposition of energetic electrons in various plasmas, including those in inertial confinement fusion.
Novel Strain Energy Based Coupled Elastoplastic Damage and Healing Models for Geomaterials – Part I: Formulations

Innovative strain energy based coupled elastoplastic hybrid isotropic and anisotropic damage and healing formulations for geomaterials are developed and implemented for numerical 2D earth-moving processes and cyclic loading simulations. A class of elastoplastic constitutive damage-healing models, based on a continuum thermodynamic framework, is proposed within an initial elastic strain energy based formulation. In particular, the governing incremental damage and healing evolutions are coupled and characterized through the effective stress concept in conjunction with the hypothesis of strain equivalence. The plastic flow is introduced by means of an additive split of the stress tensor. In this innovative formulation, we introduce two characteristic energy norms of the tensile and compressive strain tensors, respectively, for the damage and healing mechanisms. By incorporating a micromechanics-motivated brittle (tensile) damage characterization (P+) and a ductile (mixed tension–compression) damage-healing c...
Cross-dialectal comprehension as evidence for boundary mapping: Perceptions of the speech of southeastern Ohio

Previous studies have shown that speakers have difficulty interpreting the sounds of another dialect when they are heard in isolation or reduced context, and that this difficulty is greater in areas of dialect contact where exposure to mergers or near-mergers is experienced (Labov & Ash, 1997; Labov, Karen, & Miller, 1991). A cross-dialectal comprehension test was conducted at Ohio University and three of its branch campuses. Responses were elicited to seven words digitally excerpted at three levels of reduced context from a story read by a third-generation resident of southern Ohio. Results indicated that vowel changes occurring in southern Ohio were generally interpreted by the respondents in terms of their own vowel systems, and that limited exposure to the local dialect by outsiders led to recognition only of the more salient or stereotyped sounds. Moreover, students from southern Ohio had difficulty with the same words that outsiders did, presumably reflecting semantic confusion caused by their increased exposure to other dialects. A new boundary for the South Midland dialect area is proposed on the basis of these findings.
Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin: epidemiology, clinical significance, and critical assessment of diagnostic methods.

The first report of Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin (VISA) was from Japan in 1997 (20), raising the threat of incurable staphylococcal infections. Since then, a number of cases have been reported worldwide, with eight confirmed cases in the United States as of June 2002 (9, 13). The majority of these cases have occurred in patients who have had prolonged exposure to vancomycin (13). Furthermore, the majority of these strains appear to have evolved from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains previously infecting the patient, a conclusion that may be drawn from the similarities observed between the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the VISA strains and the preexisting MRSA strains (12, 34). Fortunately, since emerging 6 years ago, infection with VISA is still a rare event. However, the phenomenon of vancomycin heteroresistance in S. aureus (hVISA) has been described more frequently in the literature, although the best method to detect hVISA strains and their clinical significance are ill-defined.
Detection of gene amplification by genomic hybridization to cDNA microarrays.

Gene amplification is one of the major mechanisms of oncogene activation in tumorigenesis. To facilitate the identification of genes mapping to amplified regions, we have used a technique based on the hybridization of total genomic DNA to cDNA microarrays. To aid detection of the weak signals generated in this complex hybridization, we have used a tyramide-based technique that allows amplification of a fluorescent signal up to 1000-fold. Dilution experiment suggests that amplifications of 5-fold and higher can be detected by this approach. The technique was validated using cancer cell lines with several known gene amplifications, such as those affecting MYC, MYCN, ERBB2, and CDK4 . In addition to the detection of the known amplifications, we identified a novel amplified gene, ZNF133, in the neuroblastoma cell line NGP. Hybridization of NGP cDNA on an identical array also revealed over expression of ZNF133 . Parallel analysis of genomic DNA for copy number and cDNA for expression now provides rapid approach to the identification of amplified genes and chromosomal regions in tumor cells.
Scheduling real-time traffic in ATM networks

In this paper we study the problem of scheduling real-time traffic in high-speed ATM networks. Scheduling can be performed at different points in the ATM network, such as, at the multiplexers and switches. In our model the arriving traffic cells are assumed to have weights associated with them which determine their importance measure (for example, cells belonging to one traffic class may have different weights than cells belonging to another traffic class). Further, a cell is said to have been lost if its deadline Is violated. We develop a simple procedure, S-OPT, to minimize the cell loss rate for single-class traffic. Using this procedure we develop an optimal algorithm, M-OPT, that minimizes the weighted loss rate at a network node. Finally, we provide a heuristic algorithm, M-HEUR, which significantly reduces the complexity of M-OPT and closely approximates its performance. In each case the scheduling decisions are based only on the current information in the queue. Using numerical results we show that our scheduling algorithms significantly outperform well known algorithms such as first-in-first-out (FIFO) and static priority (SP).
Drug Development and Potential Regulatory Paths for Insulin Biosimilars

Under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCI Act), a biological product may be demonstrated to be “biosimilar” if data show that, among other things, the product is “highly similar” to an already-approved biological product. Biosimilar insulins have the potential to reduce ever growing costs associated with insulin treatment by allowing competition. In this article, we describe the current drug development and regulatory paths for biosimilar insulins. Most likely basis of market approval for biosimilar insulins by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and guidance for developing insulin biosimilars by European Medicines Agency (EMA) are discussed in detail. Currently, no product specific biosimilar FDA guidance for insulin biosimilarity assessment exists. We propose efficient and cost-effective drug development and potential regulatory paths based on scientific justification. In addition, novel trial designs for demonstrating interchangeability between the biosimilar and the reference insulin products are presented.
Displaced vertical fracture of the trapezium treated with a small cancellous lag screw

A displaced vertical fracture of the trapezium with associated dislocation of the base of the thumb metacarpal was restored by the cancellous compression lag screw technique. Excellent results were achieved in terms of union, joint restoration, and function.
Mathematical Methods in The Formulation of Pharmacokinetic Models

The first quantitative analysis in pharmacokinetics was made by Widmark (1), who studied both theoretically and experimentally the kinetics of distribution of several narcotics, in particlar acetone. He studied the concentration curve of acetone in the blood after a single dose administration, and assumed that the fall of the curve was due principally to elimination from the lungs and chemical metabolism. The mathematical model used by Widmark was $$ \begin{gathered} dx/dt = - \beta x - \gamma x\;x\left( 0 \right) = {x_0} \hfill \\ dy/dt = \beta x\quad \;y\left( 0 \right) = 0 \hfill \\ dz/dt = \gamma x\quad \;z\left( 0 \right) = 0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where x,y,z are the amount of acetone in the body, exhaled, and metabolized, respectively; xo is the amount administered initially. From the knowledge of the time behavior of the concentration c(t) of the acetone in the blood and of the so-called “reduced body volume” m, where m = x/c, Widmark computed the time behavior of x,y,z in several experimental conditions.
The Financial Exception and the Reconfiguration of Credit Risk in US Mortgage Markets

This paper engages recent arguments regarding the transformation of credit (default) risk within US mortgage markets. With the growing integration of mortgage lending into volatile circuits of finance, emergency interventions during financial crises have become productive moments for credit risk, securing the broader norms of risk taking by selecting out problematic loans—a distinctive orientation to risk that I characterize as the financial exception. I develop this argument by focusing on emergency interventions during two signal moments in the recent history of US mortgage markets—the late 1980s banking crisis and the post-2007 mortgage crisis. In both cases the regulatory practices of isolating system-threatening risk-segmented borrowers into distinct market spaces, deepening and extending particular forms of credit risk inherited from the New Deal financial system.
Mechanism of the negative inotropic action of leukotrienes C4 and D4 on isolated rat heart.

Leukotrienes C4 and D4 (LTC4 and LTD4), possible mediators of cardiac dysfunction during inflammatory injury, may depress cardiac function by reducing coronary flow or by exerting a negative effect directly on the myocardium. We used an isovolumic rat heart preparation perfused at constant pressure and measured left ventricular developed pressure (mmHg), coronary flow (ml·min−1), oxygen extraction, and myocardial oxygen consumption and delivery (μmol O2·l gramme dry weight l−1·min−1) during infusion of five doses of angiotensin II, LTC4, LTD4 (∼10 to ∼300 pmol·min−1). and noradrenaline (400 to 2000 pmol·min−1), or perfusion with medium which contained calcium at half-concentration. LTC4 and LTD4 were equipotent with angiotensin. At low effective doses, increased oxygen extraction offset the decrease in oxygen delivery, maintaining a stable level of oxygen consumption and left ventricular developed pressure. At the highest doses, angiotensin, LTC4 and LTD4 reduced coronary flow from 21 to 15, 21 to 13, and 21 to 13 ml·min−1, respectively. And, despite greater oxygen extraction of 59%, 58% and 65% for angiotensin, LTC4 and LTD4, left ventricular developed pressure fell from a baseline of 120 mmHg to 113, 106 and 92, respectively. In contrast, low calcium perfusion reduced left ventricular developed pressure (126 to 92) and oxygen extraction (46 to 30%) without changing coronary flow or oxygen delivery. These results suggest that LTC4 and LTD4 are potent coronary vasoconstricting agents which depress cardiac function by limiting oxygen delivery.
Dynamic Chamber System to Measure Gaseous Compounds Emissions and Atmospheric-Biospheric Interactions

The dynamic flow-through chamber system has been developed in response to a need to measure emissions of nitrogen, sulphur, and carbon compounds for a variety of field applications. The cylindrical chamber system is constructed of chemically inert materials and internally lined with 5mil thick transparent fluorinated ethylene polypropylene (FEP) Teflon to reduce chemical reactions and build up of temperature inside the chamber. The chamber (diameter = 27cm, height = 42 cm, volume = 24.05 L) is designed with an open-ended bottom that can penetrate either soil or liquid to a depth of ~6-8 cm, thus creating a completely enclosed system. Carrier gas (e.g. compressed zero-grade air) is pumped at a constant flow rate (~2 to ~5 lpm), depending on the season. The air inside the chamber is well mixed by a variable-speed, motor-driven Teflon impeller (~40 to ~100 rpm). Many different laboratory and field experiments have been conducted using this dynamic chamber system. Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOy) emissions have been measured from agricultural soils where nitrogen-rich fertilizers have been applied. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and reduced organic sulphur compounds emissions have been measured using this same technique across a gas-liquid interface at swine waste treatment anaerobic storage lagoons, and agricultural fields. Similar chamber systems have also been deployed to measure uptake of nitrogen, sulphur, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide gases by crops and vegetation to examine atmospheric-biospheric interactions. Emissions measurements have been validated by a coupled gas-liquid transfer with chemical reaction model as well as a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) WATER 9 model.
Mechanical design of a ferrite-based injection kicker for SNS accumulator ring

Two sets of kickers, 4 pulsed dipoles in each set, will be used in the SNS accumulator ring to create a dynamic orbit bump for injection process. These kickers are designed as large aperture, window frame magnets. The design of these 8 kickers has been completed. The first article kicker has been assembled and is being tested. In this paper we discuss the mechanical design criteria for these kickers, the layout in the accumulator ring, the magnetic field requirements and the ferrite based magnet field analysis, the eddy current and thermal considerations in the choice of ceramic vacuum chamber and its implementation. Also we discuss a wedge shaped clamp which was designed to reduce the vibration in the coil when powered at the 60 Hz repetition rate.
Field-based computational techniques for predicting subsidence due to fluid withdrawal

If only the depth and thickness of compressible beds can be estimated, a simple hand calculation is available as a predictive technique and for many purposes is adequate. An example of such a technique uses Schatz, Kasameyer, and Cheney's depth-porosity model. Their depth-porosity model for reservoir compaction is modified in the present paper and is combined with a modified form of Geertsma's nucleus of strain model to form a single predictive technique. The nucleus of strain model accounts for attenuation of vertical movement through the overburden. Based on this combined model, prediction of ultimate vertical subsidence are made at eleven specified locations. At five of these sites in California, Texas, and New Zealand, these predictions are compared to measured subsidence. Agreement between predicted and observed subsidence is good. If field measurements of water-level fluctuations and the resulting time-dependent compression and expansion of geologic strata are locally available, use of a more refined predictive technique is justified. Tolman and Poland's conceptual model and Riley's parameter evaluation method have been combined with Helm's one-dimensional finite difference computational scheme to form a powerful time-dependent predictive technique. This technique has been field verified successfully at more than two dozen sites in California and Texas.more » Use of such a computer code allows prediction of observed time lags in nonlinear compression and expansion of layered sedimentary materials in response to arbitrary sequences of rising and falling water levels. 79 references, 22 figures, 4 tables.« less
Landscape genetic structure of coastal tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei) in protected vs. managed forests.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are the leading causes of species’ declines and extinctions. A key component of studying population response to habitat alteration is to understand how fragmentation affects population connectivity in disturbed landscapes. We used landscape genetic analyses to determine how habitat fragmentation due to timber harvest affects genetic population connectivity of the coastal tailed frog (Ascaphus truei), a forestdwelling, stream-breeding amphibian. We compared rates of gene flow across old-growth (Olympic National Park) and logged landscapes (Olympic National Forest) and used spatial autoregression to estimate the effect of landscape variables on genetic structure. We detected higher overall genetic connectivity across the managed forest, although this was likely a historical signature of continuous forest before timber harvest began. Gene flow also occurred terrestrially, as connectivity was high across unconnected river basins. Autoregressive models demonstrated that closed forest and low solar radiation were correlated with increased gene flow. In addition, there was evidence for a temporal lag in the correlation of decreased gene flow with harvest, suggesting that the full genetic impact may not appear for several generations. Furthermore, we detected genetic evidence of population bottlenecks across the Olympic National Forest, including at sites that were within oldgrowth forest but surrounded by harvested patches. Collectively, this research suggests that absence of forest (whether due to natural or anthropogenic changes) is a key restrictor of genetic connectivity and that intact forested patches in the surrounding environment are necessary for continued gene flow and population connectivity.
SKIPPER: a tool that lets browsers adapt to changes in document relevance to its user

We present a tool, SKIPPER, which personalizes browsers of large information bases by: autonomously detecting and recording documents that are of apparent personal interest to the current user; and by highlighting and presenting relevant browser options to the user in a hierarchically structured fashion. Thereby browser options are organized according the a relevance ranking of the respective documents, and our tool is designed to take into account that document relevance realistically changes over time.
Prenatal three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of a camptomelic dysplasia.

We describe a case of camptomelic dysplasia identified prenatally with the assistance of three-dimensional ultrasonography. The typical skeletal dysplasia of camptomelic dysplasia – including anterior bowing of the tibia, with skin dimpling over a convex surface at the point of maximal deformity, and talipes equinovarus – was successfully identified using the techniques of surface-rendering, multiplanar displays and rotated volume data. Three-dimensional ultrasonography allows the diagnosis of camptomelic dysplasia , which has a poor prognosis as it is accompanied by respiratory insufficiency and spinal deformities, to be made without delay and provides information supplementary to that provided by two-dimensional ultrasound for early diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia.
DLTS Characterization of N-Type Silicon After Rapid Thermal Annealing of Boron Implantation

DLTS measurements show that majority-carrier traps exist after quartz-lamp, rapid-thermal annealing (RTA) activation of B + and BF 2 + ion implants in n-type silicon. Levels at E c -0.17, 0.27, 0.44 and 0.57 eV annealed out with an additional 20 minute isochronal anneal at 550°C in argon. A stable defect at 0.37 eV existed at temperatures above 750°C. DLTS measurements of a Schottky diode on n-type silicon after only RTA indicated that electron traps could be introduced into n-type silicon by the RTA alone.
Comments on "Linear filtering of singularly perturbed systems"

This correspondence supplies valid proofs of Lemmas 1 and 2 of the subject paper and corrects typographical errors in the statement of Lemma 1.
A review of the use of combination therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris

Acne is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit, involving abnormalities in sebum production, follicular epithelial desquamation, bacterial proliferation, and inflammation. The major classes of therapeutic agents are topical and systemic retinoids, antimicrobial agents, and systemic hormonal drugs. Combination therapy with a topical retinoid and an antibiotic can normalize follicular epithelial desquamation and reduce bacterial proliferation. The new retinoids (eg, adapalene) have an additional antiinflammatory action along with their effect on the preclinical microcomedo and, coadministered with a topical or an oral antibiotic, are a rational initial therapy for all but the most severe forms of acne. Retinoids can also be used alone for long-term maintenance to prevent the reemergence of comedones and inflammatory acne lesions and to spare the use of antibiotics, thus helping to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance.
INVESTIGATION OF DENITRIFICATION RATES IN AN AMMONIA-DOMINATED CONSTRUCTED WASTEWATER-TREATMENT WETLAND

Abstract Denitrification measurements were made under simulated field conditions using sediment cores and water collected from the Hemet/San Jacinto Multipurpose Demonstration Wetland (Riverside County, California, USA). The 9.9 ha constructed wetland is used to both polish ammonia-dominated secondary municipal effluent and provide migratory bird habitat. The wetland was originally constructed as a marsh-pond-marsh system in 1994. Over the period from January through March 1998, measured denitrification rates averaged 20.9 ± 20.9 μmol N m−2 h−1 within the emergent marsh portions of the wetland and 646 ± 353 μmol N m−2 h−1 in open water areas. The mean areal denitrification removal rate for this period was 0.70 kg N ha−1 d−1, which accounted for about 8% of the total N removed by the wetland. Internal retention was the main N-removal mechanism. Synoptic water quality surveys indicated that denitrification was limited by a lack of nitrification within the wetland. Between April 1998 and January 1999, the we...
Interaction between norepinephrine and prostaglandin E2 in the preoptic area of guinea pigs

The release of norepinephrine (NE) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (POA) by systemically administered pyrogens suggests that both substances may mediate the febrile response. To investigate their possible interaction, we measured directly the levels of PGE2 in the extracellular fluid of the POA of conscious guinea pigs microdialyzed intrapreoptically with exogenous NE over the entire course of their febrile response to endotoxin. Acidified and buffered NE (NEa, NEb), artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSFa, aCSFb), and vehicle (Veha, Vehb) were tested. All but aCSFb depressed the febrile response to endotoxin. The microdialysis of aCSFa, aCSFb, Veha, Vehb, and NEa did not change basal preoptic PGE2 levels. However, NEb, at a dose that by itself did not affect body temperature (Tb), caused a large elevation in preoptic PGE2. The intravenous injection of endotoxin increased the level of PGE2 in the POA. NEb potentiated this increase, whereas NEa, aCSFa, and Vehb reduced it; Veha reduced it for the first 60 min and enhanced it for the last 90 min of the experiment. Thus these data suggest that the low pH of the NE solute and/or its Veh may confound the observed effects of NE on the Tb and preoptic PGE2 induced by endotoxin. We surmise that this is due to a neurotoxic action of the antioxidants and the acidity of the solution on thermosensitive neurons in the POA. Hence, the results of experiments using exogenous, usually acidified, NE preparations that often also contain additives should be interpreted with caution.
A-Train-Based Case Study of Stratiform–Convective Transition within a Warm Conveyor Belt

AbstractClouds are both produced by and interact with the mesoscale and synoptic-scale structure of extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in ways that are still not well understood. Cloud-scale radiative and latent heating modifies the thermal environment, leading to a response in the dynamics that can in turn feed back on cloud distribution and microphysical properties. Key to the structure of ETCs is the warm conveyor belt (WCB); the poleward-ascending airstream that produces the bulk of the clouds and precipitation. This paper examines a long-lived WCB that persisted over the western North Atlantic Ocean in nearly the same location for several days. During this time, the storm was sampled multiple times by NASA’s A-Train satellite constellation, and a clear transition from stratiform to convective clouds was observed. Examination of coincident temperature and water vapor data reveals destabilization of the thermodynamic profile after the cyclone reached maturity. CloudSat radar reflectivity from two sequential...
Christianity 2016: Latin America and Projecting Religions to 2050:

In 2014, Latin America passed Europe as the continent with the most Christians. In 1900, Europe had six times as many Christians as Latin America. Looking ahead to 2025, however, Latin America is likely to be surpassed by Africa with 628 million in the former and more than 700 million in the latter. We also project that by 2050, Asia will surpass Europe in the number of Christians. Each of the three continents in the Global South could outnumber Europe, together representing nearly 80% of all Christians (from just over 20% in 1900).
Real-Time Detection of False Data Injection in Smart Grid Networks: An Adaptive CUSUM Method and Analysis

A smart grid is delay sensitive and requires the techniques that can identify and react on the abnormal changes (i.e., system fault, attacker, shortcut, etc.) in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose a real-time detection scheme against false data injection attack in smart grid networks. Unlike the classical detection test, the proposed algorithm is able to tackle the unknown parameters with low complexity and process multiple measurements at once, leading to a shorter decision time and a better detection accuracy. The objective is to detect the adversary as quickly as possible while satisfying certain detection error constraints. A Markov-chain-based analytical model is constructed to systematically analyze the proposed scheme. With the analytical model, we are able to configure the system parameters for guaranteed performance in terms of false alarm rate, average detection delay, and missed detection ratio under a detection delay constraint. The simulations are conducted with MATPOWER 4.0 package for different IEEE test systems.
Inhibition of α-Amylase and Glucoamylase by Tannins Extracted from Cocoa, Pomegranates, Cranberries, and Grapes

Proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins, referred to as “tannins”, exist in many plant sources. These compounds interact with proteins due to their numerous hydroxyl groups, which are suitable for hydrophobic associations. It was hypothesized that tannins could bind to the digestive enzymes α-amylase and glucoamylase, thereby inhibiting starch hydrolysis. Slowed starch digestion can theoretically increase satiety by modulating glucose “spiking” and depletion that occurs after carbohydrate-rich meals. Tannins were isolated from extracts of pomegranate, cranberry, grape, and cocoa and these isolates tested for effectiveness to inhibit the activity of α-amylase and glucoamylase in vitro. The compositions of the isolates were confirmed by NMR and LC/MS analysis, and tannin–protein interactions were investigated using relevant enzyme assays and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results demonstrated inhibition of each enzyme by each tannin, but with variation in magnitude. In general, larger and more com...
Energy harvesting from mastication forces via a smart tooth

The batteries of the current pacing devices are relatively large and occupy over 60 percent of the size of pulse generators. Therefore, they cannot be placed in the subtle areas of human body. In this paper, the mastication force and the resulting tooth pressure are converted to electricity. The pressure energy can be converted to electricity by using the piezoelectric effect. The tooth crown is used as a power autonomous pulse generator. We refer to this envisioned pulse generator as the smart tooth. The smart tooth is in the form of a dental implant. A piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is designed and modeled for this purpose. The Piezoelectric based energy harvesters investigated and analyzed in this paper initially includes a single degree of freedom piezoelectric based stack energy harvester which utilizes a harvesting circuit employing the case of a purely resistive circuit. The next step is utilizing and investigating a bimorph piezoelectric beam which is integrated/embedded in the smart tooth implant. Mastication process causes the bimorph beam to buckle or return to unbuckled condition. The transitions results in vibration of the piezoelectric beam and thus generate energy. The power estimated by the two mechanisms is in the order of hundreds of microwatts. Both scenarios of the energy harvesters are analytically modeled. The exact analytical solution of the piezoelectric beam energy harvester with Euler–Bernoulli beam assumptions is presented. The electro-mechanical coupling and the geometric nonlinearities have been included in the model for the piezoelectric beam.
Light Element Abundance in Brain Nuclei Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A comparative study of light element (congruent to ion) abundance in isolated brain nuclei, using atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry and the scanning electron microscope mode of energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA), demonstrated similar statistical trends in the abundance of Na, Mg, and K at 0 time and at 4 min of total brain ischemia. The obtained correlation strengthens the validity of the comparison of quantitative and semi-quantitative procedures. The EDXA technique represents a new approach to the study of ionic shifts in brain ischemia that may prove useful in other areas of brain research as well.
DARE: Deep Anaphora Resolution in Dialogue based Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

Anaphora resolution is a central topic in dialogue and discourse processing that deals with finding the referents of pronouns. There are no studies, to the best of our knowledge, that focus on anaphora resolution in the context of tutorial dialogues. In this paper, we present the first version of DARE (Deep Anaphora Resolution Engine), an anaphora resolution engine for dialogue-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems. The development of DARE was guided by dialogues obtained from two dialogue-based computer tutors: DeepTutor and AutoTutor.
Systematic evaluation of multiple immune markers reveals prognostic factors in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Several factors prognostic for survival have been identified including the presence of certain lymphocyte markers. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), particularly cytotoxic CD8+ TILs, have been shown to be most favorable for prognosis in ovarian cancer, although other immune cells including CD3+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, and B-cells have also demonstrated survival benefits. Although data for these markers exists, results are not uniform in the literature. Furthermore, other immunomodulatory protein markers that have been targeted in effective immunotherapies for other malignancies may prove to be favorable in ovarian cancer. Methods Here, extensive immunohistochemical analysis was performed on a tissue microarray, containing 135 ovarian cancer cases obtained during tumor debulking detecting 15 key lymphocyte markers such as CD3, CD4, and CD20, as well as activation and immunomodulatory molecules such as TIA-1 and PD-L1. Samples were analyzed for expression of markers in tumor islets or stroma and expression was correlated with overall survival, histotype, stage, age, debulking grade, and response to chemotherapy. Results Our results confirm the presence of CD8+ and CD20+ TILs is positively correlated with overall survival, with further multivariate modeling replicating that prognostic benefit. Additional markers of significant prognostic importance, including TIA-1, CD103 and HLA Class-II were also revealed. Conclusions Our results further support the vital role of cytotoxic T-cells in defense against ovarian cancer and reveals new questions as to the role of B-cells in tumor control as well as the potential benefits of immunotherapy involving other immune modulating molecules.
CHAPTER 1 – Systems Analysis and Model Synthesis

Two or more components comprise a system if they interact within a common domain to achieve a common goal or function. In general, a system is not isolated but rather is linked to adjacent systems through its inputs and outputs. Consequently, systems are dynamic, adjusting internally in response to external disturbances. A systems model consists of two or more interacting components. An effective systems model is capable of linking with models of adjacent systems. To posses such specific properties, a model must be designed, following a procedure that in many ways resembles engineering design. Engineering design depends on a growing body of knowledge. Knowledge begins with engineering education and continues to grow through practical experience. Usually, engineering design involves the following elements. • Analysis Design object is differentiated into subcomponents and their interrelationships. Specifications are formulated.
High girth augmented trees are huge

Let G be a graph consisting of a complete binary tree of depth h together with one back edge leading from each leaf to one of its ancestors, and suppose that the girth of G exceeds g. Let h = h ( g ) be the minimum possible depth of such a graph. The existence of such graphs, for arbitrarily large g, is proved in 2, where it is shown that h ( g ) is at most some version of the Ackermann function. Here we show that this is tight and the growth of h ( g ) is indeed Ackermannian.
The Influence of Regional Power Distributions on Interdependence

Political economy debates about the influence of power configurations in expanding and maintaining global liberalization ebb and flow with the wax and wane of the concentration of power in the inte...
Fatty Acids of Blue-Green Algae

The Cyanophyta, or blue-green algae, is a small group of primitive organisms. The cells of these algae are very simple in their structure and like the bacteria, they are said to be prokaryotic in contrast to more complex eukaryotic cellular organization found in other plants and in animals. In prokaryotic cells, the limiting membranes and therefore the discrete organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclei that are found in cells of eukaryotic organisms, are absent. The biochemical processes associated with these structures, i.e., respiration, photosynthesis, and DNA replication and RNA transcription, nevertheless go on in prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic cell type is considered to be a very primitive evolutionary condition and this primitiveness has been confirmed by findings in recent years of fossils which look very much like present day Cyanophyta and which have been dated as being two to three billion years old. Thus there is a good evidence that the blue-green algae evolved very early in biological evolution and in fact, it has been suggested that these organisms were the first oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cells on the earth.
Mr. Red in the American South: a response to Lisa Borgerding

This review essay affirms the work Mr. Red does with his students to support their learning about evolution and how his approach agrees with the realities of teaching evolution in the American South. It then shows how focusing on understanding, but not necessarily belief, adds to Mr. Red’s apparent neutrality a complimentary pedagogical approach that legitimizes more strongly accepted science while at the same time attending to the deep conflict many rural students feel when they are asked to learn evolution.
Energetic particle loss through the magnetopause: A combined global MHD and test-particle study

We study the spatiotemporal characteristics of energetic particle losses from the magnetosphere using test-particle trajectories in electromagnetic fields from a global magnetosphere magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. We use a dynamically evolving distribution of high-resolution electromagnetic fields from the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) global MHD model and trace large ensembles of 100 keV hydrogen and oxygen ions as well as electrons from a near-Earth plasma sheet location through their escape from the magnetosphere. In agreement with recent MMS observations, we demonstrate that both ions and electrons have access to and escape throughout the dayside magnetopause, including magnetically drift-shadowed regions. Also in agreement with MMS observations, the depth of penetration and persistence of particles in the magnetosheath has a clear mass dependence, heavier particles penetrating further and lingering longer. We demonstrate both magnetic local time and latitude dependence of particles losses as manifested by their crossings of the open-closed boundary, and relate them to the complex field topology. Finally, we establish a significant role of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in facilitating particle losses at the magnetopause flanks.
Soluble CD163 in intracerebral hemorrhage: biomarker for perihematomal edema.

Objective Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may elaborate varying degrees of perihematomal edema (PHE), requiring closer monitoring and a higher intensity of treatment. Here, we explore whether the soluble form of CD163, a scavenger receptor responsible for hemoglobin sequestration, can serve as a prognostic biomarker of PHE development and poor outcome after ICH. Methods Our study cohort was comprised of 51 primary age- and sex-matched ICH patients with moderate-sized, hypertensive deep hemorrhages. Patients were part of a prospective ICH registry cataloguing admission data along with functional outcomes. We measured sCD163 levels in serial serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained at prespecified timepoints. Descriptive statistics, including a generalized estimating equation for longitudinal data, were used to analyze sCD163 in relation to ICH outcomes. Results Acute serum sCD163 (<48 h postictus) was significantly elevated in ICH patients compared to both acute neurological event controls (P = <0.001) and healthy controls (P = 0.003). As predicted, acute serum sCD163 levels were significantly associated with both hematoma volume expansion (P = 0.009) and PHE expansion (P = 0.002). Further examination determined that patients with high PHE expansion had poorer modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge (P = 0.024), and circulating sCD163 levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with high-level PHE expansion. Interpretation Acute sCD163 levels may be a useful biomarker for the acute identification of patients at risk for hematoma expansion, perihematomal edema expansion and poorer short-term outcomes.
Forum: String Pedagogy for the 21st Century: Catching up with Research2:

As string researchers teaching in the 21st Century, we need to better understand what it is we need to teach and how best to teach it. We also need to think about our current string research and de...
The gaseous plasmonic response of a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of striated plasma layers

We present simulations of the response of a one-dimensional striated plasma slab to incident electromagnetic waves that span regions both above and below the plasma frequency, ωp. Photonic bandgap modes are present throughout these regions, and volume and surface plasmon modes facilitate the response below ωp, where the dielectric constant, ep < 0. In the vicinity of ωp, most apparently, when ωp is in proximity of the lattice frequency, there is a feature for transverse magnetic (TM) polarization that is associated with the emergence of new dispersion branches. Also for TM polarization, a very low frequency mode emerges outside of the light line. Both these features are plasmonic and are attributed to the excitation of symmetric and asymmetric surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the plasma-dielectric interface of the multi-layer plasma slabs. The features seen in the bandgap maps near ωp reveal the possible presence of Fano resonances between the symmetric branch of the SPP and the Bragg resonance as a narrow stop band (anti-node) is superimposed on the otherwise broad transmission band seen for transverse-electric polarization. We provide renderings that allow the visualization of where the transmission bands are and compute the transmittance and reflectance to facilitate the design and interpretation of experiments. The transmission bands associated with photonic bandgap modes above the plasma frequency are rather broad. The plasmonic modes, i.e., those associated with ep ≤ 0, can be quite narrow and are tuned by varying the plasma density, affording an opportunity for the application of these structures as ultra-narrow tunable microwave transmission filters.
The ‘industry’ side of the academic job of business educators:

Many business school professors have had to face their shares of doubts often expressed by people from outside the academia about the practical value of the academic job as a business educator. Mot...
A Proactive Risk Analysis Framework to Enhance Safety and Reliability in Railroad Operations: Assessment of the Positive Safety Culture Traits

The railroad industry faces the inevitable task of avoiding catastrophic events while performing dynamic tasks under very strict time constraints and operating technology that poses large-scale physical hazards. This paper proposes a risk assessment framework by integrating the 10 traits of a positive safety culture, initially introduced by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an accident investigation framework called AcciMap, originally proposed by Rasmussen, to proactively address and analyze risks of failures and accidents in the railroad industry.
Descriptive Models of Cognitive Aspects of the Engineering Design Process

In this paper, I discuss some similarities and differences among a collection of research reports on NSF research on the engineering design process. I compare the methods of gathering information on which the researchers draw their conclusions. I discuss why I think hypertext is a promising basis for technical assistance in the design process and how more controlled experimental methodology may provide more insights into the design process.
Truman's revenge: Social control and corporate crime

Many criminologists have found that corporate crime does more harm than street crime, whether measured by property lost, money stolen, or lives taken. Yet, public concern about crime is almost exclusively focused on street crime and “just deserts” for the offender. The authors argue that corporate criminality is more likely than individual criminality to be planned and subjected to cost/benefit analysis than street crime and therefore more likely to be deterred by raising the costs of corporate criminality. The Model Penal Code is used to demonstrate that both individual and corporate crime produce a comparable array of avoidable harms. Public policies that demand just deserts for individual offenders (natural persons) are revealed as highly inconsistent with policies that protect corporations (juristic persons) from accountability for the harms they create. A philosophical and legal foundation for corporate crime control strategies is provided. The authors propose a sanctions regime for corporate criminals comparable to the sanctions regime imposed on natural persons for street crimes. Strategies to avoid risk shifting by corporations are suggested.