cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development, Diversity, and Function of Dendritic Cells in Mouse and Human

The study of murine dendritic cell (DC) development has been integral to the identification of specialized DC subsets that have unique requirements for their form and function. Advances in the field have also provided a framework for the identification of human DC counterparts, which appear to have conserved mechanisms of development and function. Multiple transcription factors are expressed in unique combinations that direct the development of classical DCs (cDCs), which include two major subsets known as cDC1s and cDC2s, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). pDCs are potent producers of type I interferons and thus these cells are implicated in immune responses that depend on this cytokine. Mouse models deficient in the cDC1 lineage have revealed their importance in directing immune responses to intracellular bacteria, viruses, and cancer through the cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen. Models of transcription factor deficiency have been used to identify subsets of cDC2 that are required for T helper (Th)2 and Th17 responses to certain pathogens; however, no single factor is known to be absolutely required for the development of the complete cDC2 lineage. In this review, we will discuss the current state of knowledge of mouse and human DC development and function and highlight areas in the field that remain unresolved.
Dreams and Dreaming: Incorporation of Waking Events

Though the precise mechanisms remain obscure, it is clear that waking experience has a profound influence on mental activity during sleep. Here, we review what is known about the form in which waking experiences are incorporated into dream content, as well as the time course of this process and the memory systems which may be involved. By examining the impact of recent experience on sleep mentation, we may arrive at a better understanding of the function of the dreaming process.
Perfiles penales de la debacle de la economía chilena en 1982-1983

espanolLa economia chilena sufrio una verdadera debacle, un desastre de enormes consecuencias sociales en 1981-1982. El articulo describe sus causas, dinamismo y efectos. Explica que todo ello era previsible para el gobierno militar y sus economistas civiles hacia 1981; que las causas de la crisis fueron introducidas deliberadamente por las autoridades publicas; que se dejo crecer la crisis hasta el nivel que alcanzo con la finalidad de asegurar el sistema economico de feroz neoliberalismo instaurando a partir de 1974; y que la falta en la legislacion de delitos apropiados para castigar las conductas criminales que ocurrieron antes y durante la crisis, no fue ni es todavia en absoluto una casualidad. EnglishThe Chilean economy experienced a real debacle, a disaster with enormous social consequences in 1981-1982. The article describes its causes, dynamism and effects. It explains that all this was foreseeable for the military government and its civilian econ- omists by 1981; that the causes of the crisis were deliberately introduced by the public authorities; that the crisis was allowed to grow to the level that it reached in order to en- sure the economic system of fierce neoliberalism, which began in 1974, and that the lack in the legislation of appropriate crimes to punish the criminal behaviors that occurred before and during the crisis, was not and still is not at all a coincidence.
Successful use of continuous vasodilator infusion to treat critical vasospasm threatening a distal bypass

Abstract Vasospasm immediately after lower extremity arterial bypass may represent an uncommon cause of early graft failure. We report a successful case of catheter-directed, intra-arterial continuous vasodilator infusion to salvage a bypass graft threatened by severe, refractory vasospasm after incomplete response to nicardipine, verapamil, and nitroglycerin boluses. A continuous nitroglycerin infusion was administered for 24 hours, by which time the vasospasm resolved. At 12 months postoperatively, the graft remained patent with normal results of vascular laboratory studies. This report demonstrates that in cases of refractory vasospasm after peripheral bypass, continuous vasodilator infusion can be an effective treatment to prevent early graft failure.
A Phase I Trial of the IGF‐1R Antibody Ganitumab (AMG 479) in Combination with Everolimus (RAD001) and Panitumumab in Patients with Advanced Cancer

Purpose This study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose or recommended phase II dose (RPTD) and safety and tolerability of the ganitumab and everolimus doublet regimen followed by the ganitumab, everolimus, and panitumumab triplet regimen. Materials and methods This was a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation trial. Doublet therapy consisted of ganitumab at 12 mg/kg every 2 weeks; doses of everolimus were adjusted according to dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Panitumumab at 4.8 mg/kg every 2 weeks was added to the RPTD of ganitumab and everolimus. DLTs were assessed in cycle 1; toxicity evaluation was closely monitored throughout treatment. Treatment continued until disease progression or undesirable toxicity. Pretreatment and on-treatment skin biopsies were collected to assess insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) target modulation. Results Forty-three subjects were enrolled. In the doublet regimen, two DLTs were observed in cohort 1, no DLTs in cohort -1, and one in cohort -1B. The triplet combination was discontinued because of unacceptable toxicity. Common adverse events were thrombocytopenia/neutropenia, skin rash, mucositis, fatigue, and hyperglycemia. In the doublet regimen, two patients with refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) achieved prolonged complete responses ranging from 18 to >60 months; one treatment-naive patient with chondrosarcoma achieved prolonged stable disease >24 months. In dermal granulation tissue, the insulin-like growth factor receptor and mTOR pathways were potently and specifically inhibited by ganitumab and everolimus, respectively. Conclusion The triplet regimen of ganitumab, everolimus, and panitumumab was associated with unacceptable toxicity. However, the doublet of ganitumab at 12 mg/kg every 2 weeks and everolimus five times weekly had an acceptable safety profile and demonstrated notable clinical activity in patients with refractory NSCLC and sarcoma. Implications for practice This trial evaluated the maximum tolerated dose or recommended phase II dose and safety and tolerability of the ganitumab and everolimus doublet regimen followed by the ganitumab, everolimus, and panitumumab triplet regimen. Although the triplet regimen of ganitumab, everolimus, and panitumumab was associated with unacceptable toxicity, the doublet of ganitumab at 12 mg/kg every 2 weeks and everolimus at five times weekly had an acceptable safety profile and demonstrated notable clinical activity in patients with refractory non-small cell lung cancer and sarcoma.
Caldas como Galileo: la cultura impresa de la República se inventa una monarquía oscurantista para legitimar su poder

During the 1820s, Gran Colombia’s official newspaper selectively edited writings by Francisco Jose de Caldas, casting him as a Galilean figure —the martyr of an obscurantist regime. The Gaceta refused to acknowledge Spanish Monarchical support for Caldas and the extensive network patriotically studying political economy and natural history for the Crown. Colombian officials deployed print culture to convince national audiences that monarchical tyranny and chaotic federalism sealed Caldas’ fate. They did so to secure Bogota’s capital status and centralizing authority over cities resentful of Bogota’s pretentions. Officials claimed Caldas inspired this call, erasing their appropriation of long-standing state-building traditions from Spain. Forces pulling Colombia apart overwhelmed their efforts.
Effects of Reduced Surface Tension on Short Waves at Low Wind Speeds in a Fresh Water Lake

Measurements of the effects on wind waves by surface active compounds were made at the downwind end of a 7 km fetch in Lake Washington. Slicks produced from a model compound which reduced surface tension by 6–8 mN/m, formed 10 m patches which drifted by the wave sensor in 3–5 minutes. Naturally forming slicks, reducing surface tension by 1 to 2.8 mN/m, were also observed. For wind speeds of 2–3 m/s, waves of intrinsic frequency greater than about 2 Hz were strongly reduced, while at 6 m/s the reduction was weaker but still discernible. Depending on wind speed and slick type the reduction in spectral power density was 20 to 90% for gravity-capillary waves and up to 100% for capillary waves.
Bioassay and Characterization of Crustacean Limb Growth-Controlling Factors

For close to 70 years, biologists have known that removal of eyestalks from a decapod crustacean induces molting and precocious ecdysis (Zeleny, 1905; Megusar, 1912). For almost half that time, they have known that reimplantation of eyestalks reverses this effect (Brown and Cunningham, 1939; Scudamore, 1947). Accordingly, they have postulated the existence of a crustacean molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH). In 1953, the work of Passano (1953) implicated neurosecretory cells in the x organs of the eyestalks as a major source of MIH.
Actor-Oriented Design Patterns for Performance Modeling of Wireless Communications in Cyber-physical Systems

The work at hand proposes a set of modeling recipes to address the aggressive development time window of current and future wireless communications in cyber-physical systems. These systems pose a significant challenge in meeting Time-to-Market due to the ever more challenging requirements such as ultra-low latency for mission-critical applications, extremely high throughput demanding tons of communication and computation resources working concurrently, and, at the same time, low power consumption and small chip area for its field deployment.This paper presents three actor-oriented design patterns for a systematic creation of implementation-aware performance models of complex real-time wireless communication systems that can be applied in existing system level frameworks.The main benefits of this modeling approach are: 1) Time semantic model correctness where the effects of a chosen hardware platform can be taken into account. 2) Behavioral modeling completeness by construction, and 3) reduced time-to-market through reduced modeling effort, improved maintainability and testability. Furthermore, by adhering to this modeling paradigm, it is possible to easily integrate the following features for the improvement of functional safety: a) system timing diagnostics, b) an appropriate handling of timing violations, and c) a simulation-based scheduleability analysis.To demonstrate the aforementioned benefits, a model of a real world pre-5G baseband processor for V2X communications is created in Intel CoFluent where our claims are confirmed when assessing real-time deadline compliance of possible HW implementations.
Laparoscopic repair of long-gap rectal atresia

Abstract Long-gap rectal atresia, as defined by a distance greater than 3 cm, is an uncommon type of a rare anorectal malformation (ARM). . We report the successful completion of a 3-stage procedure including colostomy and mucous fistula creation, laparoscopic-assisted transanal endorectal pull-through, and colostomy take-down in a patient with long-gap rectal atresia.
The β-Adrenergic Agonist Albuterol Improves Pulmonary Vascular Reserve in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Rationale: Pulmonary vascular resistance fails to decrease appropriately during exercise in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Interventions that enhance pulmonar...
Robust Multitask Formation Control via Parametric Lyapunov-Like Barrier Functions

An essential problem in the coordination of multiple agents is formation control. Significant challenges to the theoretical design may arise when the multiagent system is subject to uncertainty. This paper considers the robust multitask formation control problem for multiple agents, whose communication and measurements are disturbed by uncertain parameters. The control objectives include achieving the desired configuration, avoiding collisions, and preserving the connectivity of the uncertain topology. To achieve these objectives, we first provide conditions in terms of linear matrix inequalities for checking the connectivity of uncertain topologies. Then, we propose a new type of Lyapunov-like barrier function, called parametric Lyapunov-like barrier function, that is applicable to multiagent systems with uncertainties in communication and measurements. It is shown that this new type of Lyapunov-like barrier function guarantees the robust multitask formation and displays advantages over parameter-independent Lyapunov-like barrier functions. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated via simulation results.
Aryl and Arylalkyl Substituted 3-Hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones: Synthesis and Evaluation as Inhibitors of Influenza A Endonuclease.

Seasonal influenza infections are associated with an estimated 250-500 000 deaths annually. Resistance to the antiviral M2 ion-channel inhibitors has largely invalidated their clinical utility. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has also been observed in several influenza A virus (IAV) strains. These data have prompted research on inhibitors that target the cap-snatching endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein (PA). Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza®), recently approved for clinical use, inhibits cap-snatching endonuclease. Resistance to Xofluza® has been reported in both in vitro systems and in the clinic. An X-ray crystallographic screening campaign of a fragment library targeting IAV endonuclease identified 5-chloro-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one as a bimetal chelating agent at the active site. We have reported the structure-activity relationships for 3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones and 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones as endonuclease inhibitors. These studies identified two distinct binding modes associated with inhibition of this enzyme that are influenced by the presence of substituents at the 5- and 6-positions of 3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones. Herein we report the structure-activity relationships associated with various para-substituted 5-phenyl derivatives of 6-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-ones and the effect of using naphthyl, benzyl, and naphthylmethyl groups as alternatives to the p-fluorophenyl substituent on their activity as endonuclease inhibitors.
Oral or Vaginal Misoprostol for Labor Induction and Cesarean Delivery Risk.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether cervical ripening with oral misoprostol increases cesarean delivery risk and prolongs time to vaginal delivery compared with vaginal misoprostol in a predominantly overweight population.METHODS:This single center, retrospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary c
Summary, Conclusion, and Directions for Future Research

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book and offers directions for future research for the study of language rights in the European Union, for example, the need to closely scrutinize the view that the language rights of indigenous minorities necessarily supersede the language rights of immigrants in the EU and elsewhere; the study of language rights and the law affecting immigrants in other Scandinavian countries, especially countries which are EU member states (e.g., Sweden) or associated states (e.g., Norway); and, last but not least, the possible effects of the UK exiting the EU (Brexit) on the revitalization of regional minority languages spoken in the UK (the Celtic languages) and on the status of English as an official or working language of the EU are outlined.
Latitudinal cline in hypoxia tolerance does not result in correlated acid tolerance in Tigriopus californicus

Abstract Intertidal organisms must tolerate a wide range of environmental parameters each day which may result in tolerance to multiple stressors correlating. The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus experiences diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen levels and pH as the opposing processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration lead to coordinated highs during the day and lows at night. While environmental parameters with overlapping spatial gradients frequently result in correlated traits, less attention has been given to exploring temporally correlated stressors. We investigated whether hypoxia tolerance correlated with acid tolerance by testing the hypoxia and low pH stress tolerance of 6 genetically differentiated populations of T. californicus. We checked for similarities in tolerance for the two stressors by latitude, sex, size, and time since collection as predictors. We found that although hypoxia tolerance correlated with latitude, acid tolerance did not, and no predictor was significant for both stressors. We concluded that temporally coordinated exposure to low pH and low oxygen did not result in populations developing equivalent tolerance for both.
Basolateral Amygdala Hyperexcitability is Associated With Precocious Developmental Emergence of Fear-Learning in Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and anxiety disorders. Loss of fragile x mental retardation protein (FMRP) results in disruptions of synaptic development during a critical period (CP) of circuit formation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). However, it is unknown how these alterations impact microcircuit development and function. Using a combination of electrophysiologic and behavioral approaches, we demonstrate that principal neurons (PNs) in the Fmr1KO BLA exhibit hyperexcitability during a sensitive period in amygdala development. This hyperexcitability contributes to increased excitatory gain in fear-learning circuits. Further, synaptic plasticity is enhanced in the BLA ofFmr1KO mice. Behavioral correlation demonstrates that fear-learning emerges precociously in the Fmr1KO mouse. These results suggest that CP plasticity in the amygdala of the Fmr1KO mouse may be shifted to earlier developmental timepoints.
Qualitative comparison of methodologies for detecting surface defects in aircraft interiors

Automated identification of parts showing defects have established itself as one of the key aspects in production factories during the second and third industrial revolutions, especially in sectors, such as the automotive, enjoying economies of scale. Automation can be exploited even in successive steps too, such as the final assembly of large manufactured goods, like aircrafts, where the usage of automated systems can provide judgement consistencies that may be challenging to obtain in more traditional ways. In this paper, different methodologies for the identification of visual features are compared together. These approaches cover both traditional computer vision techniques, such as SURF descriptors and machine learning based algorithms, namely a convolutional neural network, for the identification of surface defects in aircraft interiors. The comparison is performed at a qualitative level, enabling a discussion between pros and cons of each approach.
A mechanism of abiogenesis based on complex reaction networks organized by seed-dependent autocatalytic systems

The complexity gap between the biotic and abiotic worlds has made explaining abiogenesis one of the hardest scientific questions. A promising strategy for addressing this problem is to identify features shared by abiotic and biotic chemical systems that permit the stepwise accretion of complexity. Therefore, we compared abiotic and biotic reaction networks in order to evaluate the presence of autocatalysis, the underlying basis of biological self-propagation, and to see if the organization of autocatalytic motifs permits stepwise complexification. We provide an algorithm to detect seed-dependent autocatalytic systems (SDASs), namely subnetworks that can use food chemicals to self-propagate but must be seeded by some non-food chemicals to become activated. We show that serial activation of SDASs can cause incremental complexification. Furthermore, we identify life-like features that emerge during the accretion of SDASs, including the emergence of new ecological opportunities and improvements in the efficiency of food utilization. The SDAS concept explains how driven abiotic environments, namely ones receiving an ongoing flux of food chemicals, can incrementally complexify without the need for genetic polymers. This framework also suggests experiments that have the potential to detect the spontaneous emergence of life-like features, such as self-propagation and adaptability, in driven chemical systems.
Methods to Isolate, Culture, and Study Osteoblasts

Primary cells are often desirable over clonal cell lines, because they are more likely to retain the presence and activity of certain enzymes and proteins that are often lost in clones. In addition, primary cells more closely resemble the cell in the actual animal than clones do. An often-cited drawback of primary cells is the heterogeneity inherent in them. Primary osteoblast cultures, for example, consist of preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes (if the culture is old enough), and possibly even a few fibroblasts Such a mix of osteoblastic cells, however, could be deemed beneficial and more realistic. The most detrimental cell contaminant is the fibroblast. Fibroblasts, if present in the culture, will eventually take over. We have never had this problem with our cultures Osteoblastic cultures isolated by the method described in this chapter have been shown to be osteoblastic in nature by exhibiting extensive alkaline phosphatase activity (1-3), by forming nodules that stain positive for mineral by a Von Kossa stain (1-5, and by showing a characteristic increase (three-fold) in intracellular cAMP in response to PTH stimulation (2.7×10(-8) M for 15 mm) (1).
Bond graph for design improvement of a multivariate sensor

This paper describes a wireless data transmission technique using acoustic waves as the information carrier for on-line injection molding process measurements, including melt temperature, pressure, velocity and viscosity. A design scheme of the optimization of the input electrical impedance matching with the transmission system of the multivariate sensor based on the bond graph modeling approach is proposed. Bond graph models of each constituent component within the transmission system are established, where parameters regarding the properties of the piezo-material, layer thickness, and input electrical impedance could be manipulated easily. The effects of different combinations of capacitor and inductor that constitute the input electrical circuit are investigated. An optimal combination for electrical impedance matching is determined through bond graph simulation. This optimal solution improves the design of sensor circuits with the capability of generating the highest output gain or increasing the transmission distance under the same electrical excitation, meanwhile ensuring that the received signal has high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for further parameter retraction. Bond graphing has been shown as an effective approach for guiding the design of complex, cross-domain, and embedded sensing systems.
Children's parents.

This chapter surveys central issues concerning children's parents. The chapter first addresses the two faces of parenting, parenting as a phase of adult development and parenting as an instrumental activity vis-a-vis children. Next, the chapter briefly overviews the origins of parenting studies, theories of parenting, and future directions in parenting research. The following two sections of the chapter address the principal actors in the human drama of caregiving, mothers, fathers, and children's other principal caregivers, and, then, cognitions and practices that principally instantiate parenting. With the actors, attitudes, and actions associated with parenting introduced, arguments for the meaningfulness of parenting effects are then evaluated in correlational designs and various kinds of experiments that demonstrate the value of parenting (challenges to parenting effects from behavior genetics and group socialization theory are also addressed). Parents and parenting vary tremendously, and determinants of parenting are a major issue in the field; the multicausal origins of parenting in characteristics of parents, characteristics of children, and contextual characteristics are explored next. The chapter closes with some practical issues-;for example neglect, abuse, and parenting interventions-;before reaching more general conclusions. Keywords: behavior genetics; bioecological theory; children; cognitions; family systems; fathers; grandparents; mothers; parent-child relationships; parents; practices; socialization
An evaluation of alloys and coatings for use in automobile thermal reactors

Several candidate alloys and coatings were evaluated for use in automobile thermal reactors. Full-size reactors of the candidate materials were evaluated in cyclic engine dynamometer tests with a peak temperature of 1040 C (1900 F). Two developmental ferritic-iron alloys, GE-1541 and NASA-18T, exhibited the best overall performance by lasting at least 60 percent of the life of test engine. Four of the alloys evaluated warrant consideration for reactor use. They are GE-1541, Armco 18 SR, NASA-18T, and Inconel 601. None of the commercial coating substrate combinations evaluated warrant consideration for reactor use.
Safe and Sound Financial Systems: What Works for Latin America?

What can the Latin American countries do to both strengthen their domestic banking systems and reap the full benefits of integration into a global economy and liberalized capital markets? The region's fragile financial systems have had difficulty adapting to the new environment ushered in by economic and financial reforms. The surge of banking problems in the region has been compared in depth and coverage to that experienced in the pre-reform period of the early 1980s. The author of this volume explores alternatives available to policy makers who address three key policy issues: what is the most effective regulatory and supervisory framework for the region? An effective system must draw from the advantages of regulatory processes in industrial countries but also take into account economic and financial features specific to the area; how should financial markets be structured?; and what is the most appropriate financial safety net for the region, incluuding deposit insurance systems and lender of last resort facilities?
Enhancing Human Islet Transplantation by Localized Release of Trophic Factors From PLG Scaffolds

Islet transplantation represents a potential cure for type 1 diabetes, yet the clinical approach of intrahepatic delivery is limited by the microenvironment. Microporous scaffolds enable extrahepatic transplantation, and the microenvironment can be designed to enhance islet engraftment and function. We investigated localized trophic factor delivery in a xenogeneic human islet to mouse model of islet transplantation. Double emulsion microspheres containing exendin-4 (Ex4) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were incorporated into a layered scaffold design consisting of porous outer layers for islet transplantation and a center layer for sustained factor release. Protein encapsulation and release were dependent on both the polymer concentration and the identity of the protein. Proteins retained bioactivity upon release from scaffolds in vitro. A minimal human islet mass transplanted on Ex4-releasing scaffolds demonstrated significant improvement and prolongation of graft function relative to blank scaffolds carrying no protein, and the release profile significantly impacted the duration over which the graft functioned. Ex4-releasing scaffolds enabled better glycemic control in animals subjected to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Scaffolds releasing IGF-1 lowered blood glucose levels, yet the reduction was insufficient to achieve euglycemia. Ex4-delivering scaffolds provide an extrahepatic transplantation site for modulating the islet microenvironment to enhance islet function posttransplant.
Environmental attitudes and knowledge: A comparison of marketing and business students with other groups

Abstract This study found a high degree of similarity between the environmental attitudes and knowledge of marketing students with those of other business majors. Itwas found also that business students' verbal commitment, actual commitment, affect, and knowledge about environmental issues were significantly lower than those seen in previous studies. The findings provided empirical support to assertions that environmental values have been neglected in business curricula. Educational and societal implications are discussed.
Melanosome biogenesis: shedding light on the origin of an obscure organelle.

Melanosomes are specialized intracellular organelles in which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. The ontogenesis of these morphologically unique organelles, as well as their relationship to "conventional" organelles of the secretory and endocytic pathways, has for decades been a matter of study - and controversy. Recent work by the groups of Michael Marks and Graca Raposo has uncovered the molecular mechanism that results in the formation of the lumenal striations characteristic of melanosome precursor organelles.
Testing a transmission line model for homogeneous subsurface media using ground penetrating radar

Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) process electromagnetic reflections from subsurface interfaces to characterize the subsurface and detect buried targets. Our objective is to test an inversion algorithm that calculates the intrinsic impedance of subsurface media when the signal transmitted is modeled as the first or second derivative of a large bandwidth Gaussian pulse. For this purpose we model the subsurface as a transmission line with multiple segments, each having different propagating velocities and characteristic impedances. We simulate the propagation and reflection of the pulse from multilayered lossless and lossy media, and process the received signal with a rectifier and filter subsystem to estimate the impulse response. We then run the impulse response through the inversion algorithm in order to calculate the relative permittivity of each subsurface layer. We show that the algorithm is able to detect targets using the primary reflections, even though secondary reflections are sometimes required to maintain inversion stability. We also demonstrate the importance of compensating for geometric spreading losses and conductivity losses to accurately characterize each substrate layer and target. Such compensation is not trivial in experimental data where electronic range delays can be arbitrary, transmitted pulses often deviate from the theoretical models, and limited resolution can cause ambiguity in the range of the targets.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Size-selective sampling of particulates using a physiologic sampling pump.

Recent laboratory research indicates physiologic sampling of gas and vapor may provide more representative estimates of personal exposures than traditional methods. Modifications to the physiologic sampling pump (PSP) used in that research are described which extend its usefulness to size-selective sampling of particulates. PSPs used in previous research varied motor speed to keep sampling proportional to the subject's inhalation. This caused airflow and particle velocities through the collection device to continually change making those pumps unsuitable for sampling particulates. The modified implementation of the PSP pulls a constant airflow into and through a cyclone, then uses valves to either direct the airflow through, or divert the airflow around, the sampling filter. By using physiologic inputs to regulate the fraction of each second that air flows through the sampling filter, samples may be collected in proportion to inhalation rate. To evaluate the performance of a functional prototype 5 different sizes of monodisperse aerosols of ammonium fluorescein were generated by a vibrating orifice aerosol generator and introduced into a calm air chamber. To simulate different inhalation rates the valves of the PSP were energized using 9 different duty cycles. Efficiency curves are presented and compared to a standard respirable convention by bias mapping. The performance of the modified cyclone used in the PSP sampling head compared favorably with a commercially available cyclone of the same model, operating at a constant airflow (±10% over almost all the size distributions of concern). The new method makes physiologic sampling of the respirable fraction of particulates feasible.
Impelling and Inhibiting Forces in the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence

The huge corpus of research identifying risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) has outpaced theoretical models explaining how these risk factors combine to exert their effects. This report presents a 2-stage process model investigating how a previously nonviolent interaction between intimate partners escalates to IPV. The first stage examines whether at least one partner experiences strong violence-impelling forces, which lead the individual to experience action tendencies toward IPV. The second examines whether the partner experiencing violence-impelling forces suffers from weak violence-inhibiting forces, which would otherwise serve to override such action tendencies. This model extends previous research by emphasizing the importance of inhibitory processes in IPV and by imposing a new conceptual structure on the identified IPV risk factors.
Effects of the serotonin 5-HT2 antagonist, ritanserin, and the serotonin 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635, on cocaine-seeking in rats

Manipulations of serotonergic systems have been shown to modify many of the behavioral effects of cocaine. It was recently demonstrated that serotonin (5-HT) depletions produced by inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase reduced cocaine-seeking in an animal model. The present study was designed to determine whether pretreatment with specific 5-HT antagonists might also decrease cocaine-seeking. The effect of pretreatment with the 5-HT(2) antagonist, ritanserin (0.0, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg), or the 5-HT(1A) antagonist, WAY 100635 (0. 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg), on cocaine (5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg)-produced reinstatement of extinguished drug-taking behavior was measured. Although ritanserin was ineffective, WAY 100635 attenuated cocaine-produced reinstatement in a dose-dependent manner. These effects of WAY 100635 appeared to be specific since responding maintained by saccharin self-administration remained high following pretreatment with 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg WAY 100635. These data suggest a role of 5-HT(1A), but not 5-HT(2), receptors in cocaine-seeking.
Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review

Abstract Nearly 50 years of observations of hook echoes and their associated rear-flank downdrafts (RFDs) are reviewed. Relevant theoretical and numerical simulation results also are discussed. For over 20 years, the hook echo and RFD have been hypothesized to be critical in the tornadogenesis process. Yet direct observations within hook echoes and RFDs have been relatively scarce. Furthermore, the role of the hook echo and RFD in tornadogenesis remains poorly understood. Despite many strong similarities between simulated and observed storms, some possibly important observations within hook echoes and RFDs have not been reproduced in three-dimensional numerical models.
A Set-Theoretic Method for Parametric Uncertainty Analysis in Markov Reliability and Reward Models

This paper proposes a set-theoretic method to capture the effect of parametric uncertainty in reliability and performability indices obtained from Markov reliability and reward models. We assume that model parameters, i.e., component failure and repair rates, are not perfectly known, except for upper and lower bounds obtained from engineering judgment or field data. Thus, the values that these parameters can take are constrained to lie within a set. In our method, we first construct a minimum volume ellipsoid that upper bounds this set, and hence contains all possible values that the parameters can take. This ellipsoid is then propagated via set operations through a second-order Taylor series expansion of the Markov chain stationary distribution, resulting in a set that provides approximate bounds on reliability and performability indices of interest. Case studies pertaining to a two-component shared load system with common-cause failures, and preventative maintenance of an electric-power distribution transformer, are presented.
Molecular pathways for glucose homeostasis, insulin signaling and autophagy in hepatitis C virus induced insulin resistance in a cellular model

Chronic HCV infection induces insulin resistance (IR). We studied this in a persistently infected cell line with defects in glucose homeostasis resulting from the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (GS Ser641) and GS kinase isoform 3β (GSK 3βSer9). Reversal of these effects in cells cured of HCV with interferon supports viral specificity. Insulin signaling was disrupted by IRS-1 Ser312 phosphorylation and dysregulation of the Akt pathway. In infected cells, active autophagy was revealed by the formation of LC3 puncta or by increased levels (50-200%) of the markers Beclin 1 and conjugated Atg5/Atg12. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyl-adenine (3-MA) reduced Beclin1 levels, inhibited IRS-1 Ser312 or GS Ser641 phosphorylation and decreased viral load. Furthermore, IRS-1 Ser312 and Beclin1 were co-immunoprecipitated suggesting that they interact. It thus appears that HCV infection disturbs glucose homeostasis or insulin signaling to induce IR and also elicits autophagy that may contribute to this process.
The Rieske iron-sulfur center in mitochondrial and photosynthetic systems: Em/pH relationships.

One approach to the elucidation of the mechanisms of energy coupling and electron flow has been the thermodynamic characterisation of the electron and hydrogen carriers involved. A considerable literature has accumulated concerning the half reduction potentials (Em) of components which can be monitored either with optical or electron spin resonance spectroscopy (see [ 1,2] for reviews). However, while the pH dependancy of the half reduction potentials of the cytochromes has been extensively studied in photosynthetic, mitochondrial and bacterial [ 1] systems, the pH/E, relationships of the ironsulfur proteins have not yet received much attention. An important candidate for such an examination is the iron-sulfur protein which, in the reduced state, is responsible for the EPR-detectable g 1.90 signal. This component was first described by Rieske et al. [4] in preparations from beef heart mitochondria, and has since become colloquially known as the ‘Rieske ironsulfur center’. Recent exploratory work indicates that the protein may be ubiquitous in energy conserving organelles; it has been found in animal [3] , yeast [2] and avian [4] mitochondria, chloroplasts (R. Malkin, personal communication), the purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium D [5,6], and in the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas spheroides [7] and Rps. capsulata [8]. In all cases, the ‘Rieske centers’ have a half-reduction potential in the 250-3 10 mV redox potential range
CMR spectral analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol and its isomers.

Die13C-NMR-Spektren des Tetrahydrocannabinols und seiner Isomeren wurden aufgenommen und vollstandig analysiert.
Tidal energy fluxes and dissipation in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Tidal energy flux and dissipation in the Chesapeake Bay are examined using a three-dimensional baroclinic model. The model currents are validated by a comparison with observed tidal current ellipses collected during previous field surveys. The model elevations are validated against sea-level records collected at tidal gauges. The baroclinic model produces more accurate predictions for sea-level heights and tidal currents than the tidal models which do not consider the effects of stratification. The averaged rms differences between the observed and modeled surface elevations are 3.4 cm for the M2 constituent and 0.7 cm for the K1 constituent. The averaged rms differences between the observed and modeled tidal current ellipses are 2.6, 2.1 cm s−1, 5.1° and 21.7° for the semi-major, semi-minor axes, inclination and phase of the ellipses, respectively. The total amount of tidal energy flux entering the Bay mouth is found to be 188 MW, 88% of which is associated with the M2 component. Dissipation of tidal energy is highly non-uniform in the Chesapeake Bay. 40% of the energy dissipation occurs in four topographic hotspots: the Bay mouth region around the headland of Delmarva Peninsula, the region near the Rappahannock sill, the constriction near the Bay Bridge and the constriction north of Baltimore.
Efficiency of electrically small antennas combined with matching networks

The efficiency of an antenna combined with a matching network constructed from elements with finite Q is determined by applying the principle of conservation of energy. The conditions which must be satisfied to obtain maximum efficiency are examined. An analysis shows that for many electrically small antennas the conditions for maximum efficiency can be met using a simple L section as the matching network. Examples are presented to show the importance of including the matching network in efficiency calculations for electrically small antennas.
Oligopolistic nonlinear tariffs

We consider the welfare implication of increased variety in industries with differentiated products, where nonlinear price schedules are feasible. We use an oligopoly model and demonstrate that increased variety (1) allows more consumers of low valuation for the product to participate in the market, (2) lowers the marginal price charged from consumers thus inducing increased consumption. With infinite brands we get convergence to the Pareto optimal marginal cost pricing and the whole market is served.
High Speed Gaas Detector Array/CCD Multiplexer For Acousto-Optic Spectrum Analyzer

A GaAs photodetector array integrated with GaAs CCD designed with a parallel input scheme has been fabricated, and the multiplexing of optically generated signals fed through the parallel input system has been demonstrated. High speed operation of a GaAs CCD device with parallel input capability has also been demonstrated at 1 GHz clocking rate with a CTE value > 0.997.
Lactation Response and Body Composition of Cows Receiving Somatotropin and Three Ratios of Forage to Concentrate

Abstract Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effect of ration energy density and bST on lactation performance and whole body chemical composition. Seventy-eight cows, averaging 43.6 d postpartum, were assigned for 168 d to TMR with forage:concentrate ratios of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40 (DM basis). Half of the cows on each ration received subcutaneously either 0 or 640mg bST/28 d. Whole body chemical composition was determined by comparative slaughter in 12 cows ( X ¯ = 35.9 d postpartum) prior to initiation of treatment and in 35 cows after either 84 or 168 d of treatment. Net energy intake was greater for 40:60 and 50:50 than for 60:40. Milk fat percentage was reduced in cows fed 40:60. Ration did not affect milk, 3.5% FCM, and DMI. There were no differences among rations for total body fat, protein, water, and calories. The bST increased milk and 3.5% FCM but had no effect on DM and net energy intakes. Yield of 3.5% FCM by cows receiving bST and fed 40:60 was 1.9 kg/d more and for 50:50 it was 2.7 kg/d more than for those fed 60:40. Administration of bST reduced total body fat and calories but did not affect protein and water. Partitioning of calories to milk at the expense of fat deposition is the primary mechanism for the galactopoietic action of bST.
Path-integral solutions of wave equations with dissipation

The simplest random evolution is the motion of particle on a straight line with constant velocity suffering random collisions, which reverses the velocity. The position x(t) of the particle at time t is the stochastic process that defines Kac's path-integral solution of the telegrapher equation. We view Kac's prescription as a path-dependent time reparametrization, which associates to the time t spent by the particle in going from ${\mathrm{x}}_{0}$ to x along a path \ensuremath{\omega}, the time r(\ensuremath{\omega}) the particle would have taken to go from ${\mathrm{x}}_{0}$ to x without reversal. We compute explicitly the probability distribution of the random variable r. It is then possible to compute by simple quadrature any path integral with an integrand function of r(\ensuremath{\omega}).
Molecular cloning of nit-2, a regulatory gene required for nitrogen metabolite repression in Neurospora crassa

We used an efficient sib-selection procedure to isolate a cosmid clone that complemented a mutated nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa. Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping indicated that the cosmid DNA insert was derived from linkage group IL, between 5S rDNA locus 12 and mt, the region of the N. crassa genome that contains nit-2. We conclude that the cosmid carries the nit-2 gene.
The demand for industrial sites in a metropolitan area: Theory, empirical evidence, and policy implications

Abstract A model of urban manufacturing location is developed in order to explain the demand for industrial sites in a metropolitan area. Within the theory of qualitative choice behavior, firms identified by a set of eight characteristics are viewed as selecting sites possessing two attributes of varying degrees of importance to different kinds of firms. Using a multinomial logit specification, the model is estimated for the Cincinnati SMSA. The results lend support to the firm-specific nature of the site selection process. Information concerning the determination of the spatial distribution of the firm types in Cincinnati is derived from the analysis. Implications for the possible effectiveness of a policy initiative designed to alter existing patterns of urban industrial location conclude the paper.
A novel europium-bioconjugate method for latent fingerprint detection

A lipid-specific europium-based chemistry for the detection of latent fingerprints is presented. The applicability of the method to both porous and smooth surfaces, its basis of covalent reaction with lipids, the absence of chlorofluorocarbon carrier solvent, cost, and development speed are all factors that imply that the approach will become a major fingerprint detection method. Other potential forensic applications of this type of chemistry include DNA profiling.