cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faster is better: improving the sensitivity of solid-state NMR.

A method to improve the sensitivity of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy promises to extend this technology to larger and more biologically interesting systems than previously feasible.
Intramammary lymph node gold deposits simulating microcalcifications on mammogram

Gold deposition occurs in a variety of tissues following chrysotherapy. We describe a woman who had intramammary lymph node gold deposits simulating microcalcifications on mammogram
Corner pressures and fillet shock locations for symmetrical corners by an approximate method.

Description of an approximate method for predicting the pressure in the immediate corner region and the shock structure on stream-aligned, sharp-leading-edge, symmetrical corner configurations. The method is basically the two-shock method developed by Charwat and Redekopp (1966), with the additional assumption that the corner fillet shock can be located from the calculated pressure in the corner. Corner pressures are correlated over a wide range of Mach numbers in air and helium for different corner wedge angles. The shock structure calculated by this method is compared with supersonic and hypersonic data.
Power conversion architecture for grid interface at high switching frequency

This paper presents a new power conversion architecture for single-phase grid interface. The proposed architecture is suitable for realizing miniaturized ac-dc converters operating at high frequencies (HF, above 3 MHz) and high power factor, without the need for electrolytic capacitors. It comprises of a line-frequency rectifier, a stack of capacitors, a set of regulating converters, and a power combining converter (or set of power combining converters). The regulating converters have inputs connected to capacitors on the capacitor stack, and provide regulated outputs while also achieving high power factor, with twice-line-frequency energy buffered on the capacitor stack. The power combining converter combines power from the individual regulated outputs to a single output, and may also provide isolation. While this architecture can be utilized with a variety of circuit topologies, it is especially suited for systems operating at HF (above 3 MHz), and we introduce circuit implementations that enable efficient operation in this range. The proposed approach is demonstrated for an LED driver operating from 120 Vac, and supplying a 35 V, 30 W output. The prototype converter operates at a (variable) switching frequency of 5-10 MHz and an efficiency of > 93%. The converter achieves a displacement power density of 130 W/in3, while providing a 0.89 power factor, without the use of electrolytic capacitors.
COVARIANT THEORY OF RADIATION DAMPING

Schwinger's expression of the $S$ matrix in the Cayley form, in terms of a Hermitian operator $K$, is shown to be identical with the previous noncovariant expression used in Heitler's theory of radiation damping. The comparison of the two formalisms leads, furthermore, to a clear understanding of mass renormalization which is necessary for internal consistency, quite independently of the eventual removal of divergences. For the computation of $\overline{K}$ in a covariant way, new formulas generalizing and connecting Gupta's and Fukuda and Miyazima's results are presented. The $n$th order approximations of $\overline{K}$ and $S$ are closely related, and ${\overline{K}}_{n}$ may be expressed in terms of the ${S}_{p}$ of order $p\ensuremath{\leqq}n$ or in terms of their anti-Hermitian parts only.
Packet reception ratios in two-dimensional broadcast ad hoc networks

In this paper, for the first time, an analytic model is built to derive broadcast packet reception ratios (PRRs) in IEEE 802.11 based general two-dimensional (2-D) mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). First, the reception probability that a node within transmission range of a sending node receives the broadcast message successfully is computed. Then, the PRRs are derived through integration of the reception probabilities over the circular intended range of the sending node. The analytical model takes disk-shaped communication ranges, IEEE 802.11 backoff counter process, hidden terminal problem, and non-saturated message arrival interval into account. Finally, as an example, the proposed analytic model is applied to a typical MANET: vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). From the obtained numerical results under various network parameters, the new model is validated and new observations are obtained.
Spyware: a little knowledge is a wonderful thing

With the increased dependence on networks and the near ubiquitous availability of the Internet, there is a new paradigm in place for the proliferation of spyware, viruses, and other malware. In fact, much attention has been given to spyware in popular literature with reports from multiple sources indicating that spyware has perhaps reached 90% home user PCs [2].
Chemical reactivity studies of hydrogen sulfide on Au(111)

Abstract The results of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of H2S adsorbed on both the clean Au(111) surface and partial sulfur-containing overlayers on the Au(111) surface are reported. These results show that H2S will only weakly bind to the Au(111) surface and desorb molecularly from a single state starting at 165 K for the lowest fluences (a Redhead desorption energy of 9.8 ± 0.2 kcal · mol−1), then shifting to 125 K (a Redhead desorption energy of 7.3 ± 0.2 kcal · mol−1) prior to the buildup of a second-layer H2S desorption feature at 103 K (a Redhead desorption energy of 6.0 ± 0.2 kcal · mol−1). TPD of H2S adsorbed on a partial overlayer of a sulfur-containing species on the Au(111) surface, most likely SH(ads), showed a preference at low fluences for H2S to either adsorb on clean Au sites or diffuse to clean sites shortly before desorption. SH groups were formed on the Au(111) surface by electron stimulated decomposition of adsorbed H2S. These groups then reacted and desorbed in a broad feature over the range of 520 to 1000 K following a disproportionation reaction to produce H2S(g) + S(ads).
Non-mesonic decay modes of hypernuclei

Abstract The present status of theoretical descriptions of non-mesonic ( Λ N → NN) decay modes of hypernuclei is reviewed. One model, which evaluates a strangeness-changing, parity-violating weak interaction “potential” in nuclear matter, is examined in detail to exemplify the physics which can be learned and the problems which must be confronted. The importance of measuring the different isospin decay channels and separating the parity-conserving and parity-violating modes is stressed. Finally, this model is briefly compared and contrasted with other existing calculations.
Selective Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma: Importance of Harvesting Nodes with Lower Radioactive Counts without the Need for Blue Dye

Determining how many sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) should be removed for melanoma is important. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency at which nodes that are less radioactive than the “hottest” node (which is negative) are positive for melanoma, how low of a radioactivity should warrant harvest, and if isosulfan blue is necessary. We reviewed 1,152 melanoma patients who underwent lymphoscintigraphy with technetium, with or without blue dye, and SLN dissection from 1996 to 2008. SLNs with radioactivity ≥10% of the “hottest” SLN, all blue nodes, and all suspicious nodes were removed and analyzed. The miss rate was calculated as the proportion of node positive cases in which the “hottest” SLN was negative. SLNs were identified in 1,520 nodal basins in 1,152 patients. SLN micrometastases were detected in 218 basins (14%) in 204 patients (18%). In 16% of SLN-positive patients (33/204 patients), the positive SLN was found to have a lower radioactive count than the “hottest” SLN, which was negative. In 21 of these cases, the positive SLNs had radioactivity ≤50% of the “hottest” SLN. The 10% rule significantly reduced the miss rate to 2.5% compared with removal of only the “hottest” SLN (miss rate = 16%). Also, blue dye did not significantly decrease the miss rate compared with radiocolloid alone using the 10% rule. To decrease the miss rate, all SLNs with ≥10% of the ex vivo radioactivity of the “hottest” SLN should be removed and blue dye is not essential.
Computational harmonic analysis for human and robotic vision systems

This paper studies the relevance of the conformal camera to computational vision with a particular focus on stereopsis. First we review projective Fourier analysis of the conformal camera and point to its unique attributes for modeling physiological aspects of perception. Then we design the head-eye-visual cortex integrated system with each eye modeled by the conformal camera. It provides a biologically realistic computational approach to the process of stereoscopic depth perception.
Subgenomic hepatitis C virus replicons inducing expression of a secreted enzymatic reporter protein.

Abstract We constructed dicistronic, subgenomic hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicons in which the sequence encoding the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tat protein was placed in the upstream cistron, between the HCV 5′NTR and a picornaviral 2A proteinase sequence fused to the selectable marker Neo. Stably transformed Huh7 cells expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under transcriptional control of the HIV LTR promoter actively secreted SEAP following transfection with these replicon RNAs. Extracellular SEAP activity correlated closely with intracellular HCV RNA levels, as determined by Northern blotting and real-time RT-PCR analysis. These RNAs replicated efficiently despite the absence of core-protein-coding sequence downstream of the HCV IRES. The replication efficiency of replicons derived from the HCV-N strain of HCV was significantly greater than those derived from Con1 in transiently transfected cells. Using this reporter system, we have demonstrated significant differences in the response to interferon α-2b in cell lines containing replicons derived from these two strains of HCV.
Blockade of Morphine-Induced Hindlimb Myoclonic Seizures in Mice by Ketamine

Morphine administration can lead to a variety of side-effects, including myoclonus. In an animal model, high morphine doses given intrathecally elicit hindlimb myoclonic seizures which are not influenced by traditional opioid receptor antagonists, such as naloxone. Ketamine prevents this seizure-like activity in a dose-dependent manner. The response is stereoselective, with S-ketamine far more potent than R-ketamine. A competitive NMDA antagonist, NPC17742, also prevents the seizures, although less potently than ketamine. Dextromethorphan has limited activity in this model, while haloperidol and pentothal are without any effect.
Quantum wires coupled by tunneling

The electron tunneling between two quantum wires at a point contact is calculated. Several subbands and a finite tunneling amplitude are considered, while the Coulomb interaction between electrons is neglected. The salient feature is the hybridization-split lower band edge states, which have a large spectral weight because of the diverging one-dimensional Van Hove singularities. For the lowest subband, the bonding state lies below the continuum of states arising from the motion of carriers along the conductors, while the antibonding state is embedded into the continuum and hence has a broadened structure. A slight disorder could lead to localized states close to the band edges, which would reduce this broadening and thus render the peak observable.
Optimizing Regional Earthquake Mitigation Investment Strategies

Abstract Regional mitigation analysis is a systematic procedure to determine how much to spend on mitigation versus post-event reconstruction and to prioritize alternative mitigation strategies. It...
Pattern evoked retinal response (PERR) in human: effects of spatial frequency, temporal frequency, luminance and defocus.

Spatial and temporal tuning were examined for both retinal and cortical signals using low contrast sinusoidol gratings. Maximum PERR and VECP responses occurred at the 4 Hz alternation rate and at 0.68 and 2.2 cpd, respectively. A 25% low spatial frequency attenuation (LSFA) was observed for the PERR. To test the possibility that prior inability to detect LSFA of the PERR was due to the masking of a pattern contrast response by a large amplitude local luminance response, mean luminance and optical power were varied in separate experiments. Greater relative LSFA was observed with a lower mean luminance and defocus differentially affected responses elicited by high and low spatial frequency gratings. In addition greater relative LSFA was observed when power at the second harmonic rather than amplitude was the dependent measure.We conclude that LSFA may be observed. The absence of spatial tuning in previous reports is explained by the masking of pattern contrast by local luminance responses. Detection of LSF...
Release of sorbic acid from ointment bases

Abstract The rate and extent of release of sorbic acid from 6 ointment bases were assessed. The amount of drug released depended on the composition of the base and the concentration of sorbic acid employed. The rate of release decreased in the following order: water soluble > o/w emulsion > oleaginous > hydrophobic > w/o emulsion base. The rate of diffusion from the ointment bases was pH dependent. The data obtained may be useful in the formation of topical sorbic acid formulations.
The duration of the interval associated with successful inflation of the swimbladder in larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Abstract The period of swimbladder inflation in larval striped bass was investigated in two batches of larvae by comparing inflation success at different intervals after hatching. At 20 °C, inflation occurred between days 4 and 6 after hatching. At 17 °C, inflation occurred between days 5 and 8 post-hatch. Our data provide evidence that successful swimbladder inflation occurs during a specific and, likely, temperature-dependent developmental interval associated with a transient physostomous swimbladder in the early ontogeny of striped bass.
More on the La Porte Anomaly: A Review

Abstract The anomalous behavior of the precipitation in northwestern Indiana (the La Porte anomaly) since the late 1930s has been extensively studied and debated. Local records suggested an upward shift in warm season rainfall, thunderstorms, and hail during the 1935–65 period. The possible causes for this included changed station exposure, a poor observer, urban influences on the atmosphere due to nearby Chicago, and/or shifts in the general circulation patterns. Most debate has centered on the observer error versus urban effects explanation, but the La Porte anomaly has become a cause celebre in the interwoven areas of climate change, air pollution, weather modification, and the quality of climatic records. A variety of recent studies of rainfall conditions and their areas of impact (streamflow, crop yields, and hail losses) show that the anomaly in the La Porte area began to shift locale in the 1950s and then disappeared in the 1960s. Taken in totality, it seems likely that the anomalous precipitation ...
In Salmonella enterica, 2-Methylcitrate Blocks Gluconeogenesis

Strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 lacking a functional 2-methylcitric acid cycle (2-MCC) display increased sensitivity to propionate. Previous work from our group indicated that this sensitivity to propionate is in part due to the production of 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) by the Krebs cycle enzyme citrate synthase (GltA). Here we report in vivo and in vitro data which show that a target of the 2-MC isomer produced by GltA (2-MC(GltA)) is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Lack of growth due to inhibition of FBPase by 2-MC(GltA) was overcome by increasing the level of FBPase or by micromolar amounts of glucose in the medium. We isolated an fbp allele encoding a single amino acid substitution in FBPase (S123F), which allowed a strain lacking a functional 2-MCC to grow in the presence of propionate. We show that the 2-MC(GltA) and the 2-MC isomer synthesized by the 2-MC synthase (PrpC; 2-MC(PrpC)) are not equally toxic to the cell, with 2-MC(GltA) being significantly more toxic than 2-MC(PrpC). This difference in 2-MC toxicity is likely due to the fact that as a si-citrate synthase, GltA may produce multiple isomers of 2-MC, which we propose are not substrates for the 2-MC dehydratase (PrpD) enzyme, accumulate inside the cell, and have deleterious effects on FBPase activity. Our findings may help explain human inborn errors in propionate metabolism.
Regulation der Glutamin-Synthetase durch enzymatisch katalysierte Strukturmodifikation

Der Stoffwechsel des Glutamins in Escherichia coli wird sehr sinnvoll reguliert. Wesentlich fur diesen Vorgang ist eine Modifikation der Glutamin-Synthetase durch kovalente Verknupfung mit einem Adenylylrest und dessen Abspaltung. Adenylylierung und Desadenylylierung der Glutamin-Synthetase werden durch verschiedene Enzyme katalysiert, die einer reziproken Kontrolle durch die Sticksoffversorgung der Zelle unterliegen. Durch die Strukturanderungen der Glutamin-Synthetase werden die katalytischen Eigenschaften des Enzyms in hohem Mase den wechselnden Bedurfnissen der Zelle angepast, so das im Stickstoff-Stoffwechsel die Homoostase aufrechterhalten bleibt.
Two-dimensional interdigitated pixel detector for energetic particle spectrometers

This paper describes a type of cosmic ray detector suitable for the construction of a small, low power space-based instrument to detect the energy and isotope of energetic nuclei, such as those produced by solar flares. The detector is similar to previous types of silicon PIN detectors where the fully depleted body of the wafer comprises the intrinsic region of the PIN structure. The novel aspect of this detector is that the one surface is divided into a 2D array of pixels, and that the collected holes are divided between a row and a column collector in each pixel, yielding both dimensions of position information from this side of the detector. In a conventional PIN detector, both sides are divided into stripes, and each side provides 1D information. A single large area collector on the opposite side of this new detector is used to determine the energy of the incident nucleus. This scheme requires only a single precision pulse-height amplifier connected to the broad area contract, rather than one for each strip, as in the conventional scheme, resulting in a significant reduction in the mass, power and complexity of the readout electronics. The design, fabrication, and operation of such a detector is discussed. Initial particle tests show a prototype to be functional. The projected power saved by using such as detector is presented.
An Approximate Analytic Expression for the Flux Density of Scintillation Light at the Photocathode

The flux density of light exiting scintillator crystals is an important factor affecting the performance of radiation detectors, and is of particular importance for position-sensitive instruments. Recent work by T. Woldemichael developed an analytic expression for the shape of the light spot at the bottom of a single crystal [1]. However, the results are of limited utility because there is generally a light pipe and photomultiplier entrance window between the bottom of the crystal and the photocathode. In this study, we expand Woldemichael's theory to include materials each with different indices of refraction and compare the adjusted light spot shape theory to GEANT 4 simulations [2]. Additionally, light reflection losses from index of refraction changes were also taken into account. We found that the simulations closely agree with the adjusted theory. Index Terms-light spread, flux density, scintillators.
Cherry Fruit Fly : Effects of Environmental Factors on Densities of Pupae

Soil samples from a cherry orchard heavily infested with pupae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, showed significantly fewer (40%) pupae on the west side of the tree than the other 3 sides. Yields of fruit fly pupae/929 cm2 sample (0–3.04 m radii) ranged from an average low of 0.7 at 305 cm (10 ft) to a high of 8.4 at 152 cm from the trunk. Fruit fly populations in soil beyond the canopy of the tree (avg 1.3) were only 25% those under the canopy (avg 5.1). Tree size (large or medium) made only slight differences in the density patterns of cherry fruit fly pupae.
Self-Assembly of Four-Layer Woodpile Structure from Zigzag ABC Copolymer/Aluminosilicate Concertinas

Scanning transmission electron tomography was used to determine the three-dimensional structure of a poly(ethylene-alt-propylene-block-ethylene oxide-block-n-hexyl methacrylate) (PEP-b-PEO-b-PHMA) triblock copolymer/aluminosilicate material with domain volume fractions of fPEP = 0.19, fPEO+aluminosilicate = 0.32, and fPHMA = 0.49. The PEO/aluminosilicate domains formed layers of zigzag-shaped strands (concertinas). Strands were arranged in a four-layer woodpile structure (Sozuer, H. S.; Dowling, J. P. J. Mod. Opt. 1994, 41, 231−239),1 in which strands in successive layers run in alternate directions (∼75°) and the third and fourth layers are offset. Modeling suggests the PEP and PHMA domains on the outside of each PEO/aluminosilicate strand may stabilize this unusual structure. This result suggests that synthetic macromolecules with multidomain architectures, such as ABC triblock copolymers, can direct the assembly of silica and other ceramic materials into complex new morphologies.
Evaluation of web GIS functionality in academic libraries

Abstract The rise of web-based GIS resources has expanded the scale and scope of spatial information seeking in most, if not all, academic libraries. Even without formal GIS training, users can search for spatial information, create customized maps, as well as perform simple spatial analysis. However, few systematic evaluations have been conducted to summarize common web GIS functionalities as GIS moving from traditional desktop applications to the web. In this study, we evaluated and assessed the major functionalities of web GIS applications and their potential value for information discovery and access, using six most popular applications in the academic libraries. In addition, since web GIS targets non-GIS professionals, we also conducted an empirical usability evaluation of the six GIS applications in academic libraries. As the result, we identified eight major GIS functionalities that web GIS offers for information seeking purposes. The usability evaluation suggested that a user-friendly web GIS application should provide users a clear starting point, predictable map interaction, flexible customization capabilities, and familiar web experiences. Our study is one of the first studies to examine web-based GIS functionalities and their associated usability in a systematic way. The results will serve as an important reference for web GIS developers.
Limitations of ethical reasoning as an action (praxis) strategy

For both philosophers and managers, reasoning with ourselves and others can be used both as (1) a way of knowing what is ethical and (2) a way of acting to help ourselves, others and organizations behave ethically. However, for many of us, knowing is frequently not the same as acting. Four areas are addressed: (1) thirteen limitations of ethical reasoning as an action strategy; (2) how a better understanding of these limitations can strengthen ethical reasoning as an action strategy; (3) how an understanding of these limitations can serve as a conceptual foundation for exploring other ethical action strategies; and, (4) implications for experiential learning and teaching.
Nausea, gastroparesis, and aerophagia

Nausea, gastroparesis, and aerophagia are gastrointestinal phenomena that have variable impact on affected patients. The causes of nausea are varied; treatment of these conditions relates to the underlying etiology. Antiemetic agents acting on several distinct receptor subtypes produce benefits in distinct patient subsets. Gastroparesis is characterized by delays in gastric emptying, usually defined scintigraphically. Standard care of gastroparesis relies on dietary modification, antiemetic drug therapy, and initiation of medications that stimulate gastric motor activity. Recent advances include pyloric injection of botulinum toxin and surgical implantation of an electrical neurostimulator. Other surgical therapies are reserved for refractory cases. Aerophagia presents in individuals of normal and impaired cognitive function, most commonly with symptoms of overdistension or eructation. There are no pharmaceutical remedies for this condition; thus, therapy relies on behavioral treatments.
Prediction of Air Emission Factors for Combustion Point Sources

The state of California and the Environmental Protection Agency have developed AP-42 emission factors for prediction of atmospheric emissions from combustion of gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, and natural gas. This work develops a method to predict emission factors for the combustion of any substance, based on the kinetics of the combustion reaction. As part of the method to develop an emission factor for any individual substance, a dimensionless group is formulated which considers the ratio of the log−mean rate of combustion to the product of the space velocity through the combustion zone and the concentration differential between the precombustion and postcombustion states. This dimensionless group, which is referred to as Φ in this work, takes the value of approximately 530−780. The method provides emission factors which are in good agreement with those contained in the AP-42 documentation.
Imagery-induced McCollough effects: real or imagined?

Recently, this journal published two studies, one by Broerse and Crassini (1980) and one by us (Kunen & May, 1980), that report contradictory findings on whether visual imagery can be used to induce contingent color aftereffects (CABs). We found, using a color-cancellation procedure, that CAEs could be produced from adaptation to visual imagery. These findings replicate and extend earlier findings of imagery-induced CABs reported by Finke and Schmidt (1977, 1978). In contrast, Broerse and Crassini (1980), using a forced-choice verbal report paradigm, report that no CABs could be obtained from adaptation to visual imagery and that interocular transfer of CAEs did not occur. 1 Finke (1981), in commenting on these articles, suggests that the failure of Broerse and Crassini to find CABs after adaptation to visual imagery might have reflected their use of a forced-choice method of measuring CABs. We also suspect that their failure to find imagery-induced CABs might have resulted from the particular method they employed. Broerse and Crassini told subjects that subsequent to adaptation they would view a test slide and would have to judge whether the test slide contained color and, if color was present, to rate the degree to which the color was present. Such a procedure may have enabled subjects to easily perceive a relationship between the study and test phases and to try to secondguess the experimenters. For example, after imagining patterns, the subjects may have figured out that there was no objectively present color in the test slides and may have felt that they were being tested for the extent to which they could be coaxed into believing that colors were present. In our colorcancellation procedure, it was virtually impossible for naive subjects to guess what our experimental hypotheses were or to see any relationship between the color-cancellation adjustments and the patterns in their imagery. Also, the color-cancellation procedure may measure CAEs more directly than verbal reports and thus may be a more sensitivemethod, The results of our study indicated that visual imagery can be a source of visual stimulation that induces CABs. Furthermore, the direction of the CAEs derived from imagery was opposite to the direction of CABs resulting from adaptation to well-focused externallypresent stimuli. Sinceit is well established that, with adaptation to checkerboard patterns of 3.0 c/d, CABs are derived from adaptation to the funda-
Small dilatation pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms and 3-manifolds

Abstract The main result of this paper is a universal finiteness theorem for the set of all small dilatation pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms ϕ : S → S , ranging over all surfaces S. More precisely, we consider pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms ϕ : S → S with | χ ( S ) | log ( λ ( ϕ ) ) bounded above by some constant, and we prove that, after puncturing the surfaces at the singular points of the stable foliations, the resulting set of mapping tori is finite. Said differently, there is a finite set of fibered hyperbolic 3-manifolds so that all small dilatation pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms occur as the monodromy of a Dehn filling on one of the 3-manifolds in the finite list, where the filling is on the boundary slope of a fiber.
Analog of a conditioned reflex of sensomotor cortical units following microinjection of acetylcholine

1. Repeated presentation of combinations of an acoustic stimulus with micriontophoretic application of ACh at fixed intervals (2–3 min) led to the formation of conditioned responses to time in 26 (52%) of the 50 sensomotor cortical neurons recorded. 2. Conditioned trace responses in 21 neurons (81% of the total number responding by conditioned reflexes) consisted of enhanced spike activity in omissions of regular combinations, and only in five cells were responses of inhibitory type observed. 3. Conditioned responses to time appeared after 10–30 combinations and were repeated during 10–15 consecutive omissions, evidence of the stability of the conditioned trace responses. 4. The characteristics of the conditioned trace responses described above indicate that ACh can be regarded as a powerful reinforcing factor, whose action is comparable to that of a natural and, in particular, electrodermal unconditioned stimulus. It is regarded that the reinforcing action of ACh is based on an increase in the excitability of the neurons at the moment of application of the mediator.
The Physical Simulation Of Marine Light Fields For Underwater Vision Research

An apparatus has been constructed that allows the underwater marine light field to be physically simulated using artificial light sources and optical components. The arrangement of components allows downwelling, sidewelling, and upwelling marine light to be recreated in its measured or theoretically determined spectral and polarized structure. The design of an apparatus of this type takes into account a generalized set of simulation categories called simulation regimes. The visual parameters of the animal to be studied, the optical nature of the water to be simulated, and the depth in the water column selected, define a particular simulation regime categgry through the underwater contrast-visual range equation of Duntley and the geometrical criteria defined in this paper. This work seeks to provide researchers with a means of investigating marine animal behaviors that utilize specific aspects of the spectral and polarized structure of marine light. Initial results of experiments performed with the apparatus, involving a marine crustacean, are given to demonstrate the use and range of application of the apparatus.
Evidence for the Existence of Granzyme-Like Serine Proteases in Teleost Cytotoxic Cells

Granzymes are granule-associated serine proteases, which are important effector molecules in NK cell and CTL functions. The granzyme family poses a perplexing problem in phylogenetics due to the lack of nonmammalian sequence information. We now report the identification of a cDNA that codes for a granzyme homologue, channel catfish granzyme-1 (CFGR-1), from nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) of a teleost. NCC are the first identified and extensively studied cytotoxic cell population in teleosts. Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) granzyme cDNA encodes a protein with ~50% similarity to granzymes A and K. Highly conserved catalytic triad residues of serine proteases and other motifs common to granzymes were also identified. Conserved amino acid sequences, structure–function data available for the serine protease family, and the crystal structure of human granzyme K supported a model of CFGR-1. It suggested an Arg/Lys primary substrate specificity that is shared with granzymes A and K. Furthermore, CFGR-1 has the four conserved disulfide bonds of granzymes A, K, and M. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this molecule is a member of the granzyme family. Expression of CFGR-1 in NCC was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Presence of a granzyme-like molecule that might play an important role in the effector functions of NCC indicates that cell-mediated immunity with granule exocytosis and Fas pathways have been conserved for more than 300 million years.
Hand port use for extraction during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Abstract Objectives To report our technique of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy using the hand port for specimen extraction. In 1999, our institution began a kidney transplant program. Donor nephrectomies have since been exclusively performed laparoscopically. Early in our experience, we used a specimen extraction bag to assist in graft removal, but encountered some complications. We subsequently changed our technique to include a hand port for specimen extraction. Methods A database of our experience was kept prospectively. The records of both donors and recipients were reviewed. We describe our technique of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, including our new method of specimen extraction using a hand port. Results A total of 230 consecutive procedures were reviewed. We had excellent donor outcomes, including a mean operative time of 107.9 minutes and an estimated blood loss of 112.4 mL. In addition, the complication (12.6%) and open conversion (1.3%) rates were low. The time needed for specimen extraction decreased from 3.16 minutes to 1.16 minutes ( P Conclusions The hand port modification decreased the extraction time and allowed for a safer method of extraction. We believe that the hand port facilitates a procedure that contains a small margin of error.
An advanced key management scheme for secure smart grid communications

In the smart grid, collecting data from remote sensors and meters such as phasor measurement units (PMUs) can help ensure safe and reliable operation, avoiding overloads and outages. Since such data is related to critical operation of the power grid, appropriate security schemes should be utilized for secure communications among the components in the smart grid. This paper proposes a key management scheme for secure data communications in a smart grid system. It is a versatile key management scheme in that it can support unicast, multicast and broadcast communications. Moreover, the proposed scheme can be tailored to the hierarchical control system structure of the smart grid. A comparative security cost analysis is performed to illustrate that the proposed scheme can achieve efficient key management.
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION IN THE CARROT, DAUCUS CAROTA I. RESPIRATION

ALTHOUGH THERE has been a great deal of research in recent years dealing with the nature of respiration and fermentation in yeast and in animal tissues, higher plants have not been intensively investigated in this regard. It has been the purpose of this study to investigate the nature of respiration and fermentation in the carrot, Daucus carota, and to extend our knowledge concerning the relationship between these two processes. Part I is a report of the experiments on respiration, while Part II, to be published shortly, presents the experiments on fermentation and its relationship to respiration. Three distinct oxidases involved in plant respiration are now known-cytochrome oxidase, catechol oxidase, and a group of oxidases known as the flavine or yellow enzymes. Cytochrome oxidase (Keilin, 1929) also known as indophenol oxidase or phaeohemin oxidase (Warburg, 1927), is found in yeast and is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. It is inactivated by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, the carbon monoxide inhibition being light reversible. Catechol oxidase (Batellei and Stern, 1912; Keilin and Mann, 1938; Kubowitz, 1937), occuring primarily in plants, is inactivated by the same three poisons, but the carbon monoxide inactivation is not light reversible. The flavine enzymes (Theorell, 1937), the first of which was isolated from yeast only seven years ago (Warburg and Christian, 1932), are cyanide-insensitive oxidases, whose prosthetic group is a phosphate ester of vitamin B2 (riboflavine). In this paper we present evidence for the operation of two different oxidases in the carrot plant. One of these is quite similar to or identical with the cytochrome oxidase and accounts for the major part of the respiration of the carrot root and young leaves. The other, insensitive to poisoning by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide, accounts for a fraction of the respiration of roots and young leaves and the entire respiration of mature leaves. AIATERIALS AND METHODS.-Warburg (1928) clearly stated the simple assumption involved in the use of reversible enzyme poisons such as cyanide and carbon monoxide in the study of cell metabolism. A poison of known chemical behavior is assumed to react inside the intact cell with enzymes which contain chemical groups of the same type with which this poison reacts in vitro. Removing the poison or otherwise breaking up the enzyme-poison compound allows the metabolism to return to its original unpoisoned state. By this method we may study respiration and fermentation in the cell under relatively normal conditions. Carrots of the horticultural variety Nantes Coreless, grown in the university greenhouse, were used for these experiments except where otherwise designated. Some preliminary experiments were made
Induction of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the ovine fetal liver by chronic fetal hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia.

Induction of Cytosolic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in the Ovine Fetal Liver by Chronic Fetal Hypoglycemia and Hypoinsulinemia
Modification of pitch‐based carbon fibers using a nickel‐catalyzed oxidation treatment: Effect of treatment on fiber‐matrix interfacial shear strength

Pitch-based carbon fiber surfaces were modified using a nickel-catalyzed, dry oxygen etch (NCDO) and a dry oxygen etch (DO), both of which were applied using a continuous process. The treatments differed in that DCDO produced preferential pitting on fiber surfaces at nickel particle sites. Tensile strengths of all etched fibers were slightly lower than values for untreated, or “as received” (AR), fibers. Reductions in tensile strength were independent of the type of treatment administered, indicating that most degradation resulted from damage produced by the mechanics of the continuous process, not the etching treatments. Fiber-matrix interfacial shear strengths (IFSS) of AR and etched fibers were evaluated using the Microbond test. At first glance, Microbond test data indicated that NCDO produced large increases in IFSS. However, inconsistencies in the data raised questions regarding the validity and usefulness of the Microbond test when applied to this system. Only after detailed analysis of the data for this series of fibers was it concluded that NCDO did indeed produce an increase in IFSS over AR fibers and DO fibers.
An environmentally dependent framework for data dictionary systems

Data dictionary systems traditionally have been analyzed and compared against idealized standards that are independent of both the special requirements of the organization and the environment in which they will be used. This has resulted in the selection of data dictionary systems that appear to be the best product in terms of the features offered, but which may not be the most effective alternative for meeting the needs of the organization or supporting its data administration effort. This article presents a new framework for analyzing data dictionary systems that encompasses environmental dependencies and organizational requirements. Also described is a structured methodology for selecting a data dictionary system based on this framework. This methodology is then applied to a bank holding company example.
Nanometer-scale Structural Relaxation in Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass

We investigated the influence of annealing on the nanometer-scale medium-range order in Zr54Cu38Al8 bulk metallic glass using fluctuation electron microscopy. Fluctuation microscopy experiments probing structure at a length scale of 1 nm show that the as-cast Zr bulk metallic glass contains significant medium range order. That structure is unchanged by annealing at 87% of the glass transition temperature for 24 hours, although that anneal does significantly change the differential scanning calorimetry trace.
Adaptive compensation of tool deflection in micromilling processes

This paper proposed a novel adaptive control method to compensate the cutting force induced tool deflection during micromilling processes. Owing to the slenderness of the micromilling cutter, the tool deflects at a certain degree depending on the magnitude of the instantaneous cutting force. The proposed intelligent adaptive control algorithm will adjust the cutting conditions online to compensate the tool deflection and therefore improving the machining accuracy. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed compensation strategy.
Jointly optimal power and admission control for delay sensitive traffic in CDMA networks with LMMSE receivers

Quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for multiclass code division multiple access networks are provided by means of cross-layer optimization across the physical and network layers. At the physical layer, the QoS requirements are specified in terms of a target signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) requirement, and optimal target powers are dynamically adjusted according to the current number of users in the system. At the network layer, the QoS requirements are the blocking probabilities and the call connection delays. The network layer guarantees that both physical layer and network layer QoS are met by employing admission control. An optimal admission control policy is proposed based on a semi-Markov decision process formulation. The tradeoff between blocking and delay is discussed for various buffer configurations. The advantage of advanced signal processing receivers is established using a comparative capacity analysis and simulation with the classical scenario in which the system uses matched filter receivers.
Specialised structural descriptions for human body parts: Evidence from autotopagnosia

Previous accounts of autotopagnosia (e.g., Ogden, 1985; Pick, 1908; Semenza, 1988) propose that the disorder is attributable to deficits in "mental images," visual body schema, or semantic representations. A recent account (Sirigu, Grafman, Bressler, & Sunderland, 1991b) posits deficits in visual structural descriptions of the human body and its parts, in the context of spared semantic and proprioceptivespatio-motor body representations, but provides no evidence bearing on the nature or format of the putatively damaged representation. We report data from a man with autotopagnosia consequent to lefthemisphere brain damage which bear directly on the nature of the representation impaired in the disorder. The subject, GL, is unable to localise body parts on himself or others, whether cued by verbal or visual input. In contrast, he uses body parts precisely in reaching and grasping tasks, correctly matches items of clothing to body parts, and localises the parts of animals and man-made objects without error. We also demonstrate that GL is unable to match pictured or real human body parts across shifts in orientation or changes in visual appearance, but can perform analogous matching tasks with animal body parts and man-made object parts. The data extend the account of Sirigu et al. (1991b) in suggesting that human body part localisation depends upon structural descriptions of human (but not animal) bodies that enable viewpoint-independent body part recognition and participate in the calculation of equivalence between the body parts of self and others across transformations in orientation.
Optical design of a color-corrected 2.75 g visual loupe

The key contribution is the optical design of a 2.75 g 2.5 × magnification visual loupe developed within the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Manufacturable Gradient Index (M-GRIN) phase 2 program. We present a visual loupe (i.e., a Galilean telescope) that is constructed by a positive optical power objective lens that makes use of a spherical gradient index profile and a negative optical power eye lens that collimates the light for visual use. The optical materials and the preform thickness in the design are judiciously designed to be manufacturable within the spherical gradient index design rules available today. A comparison of the M-GRIN design to an all-plastic homogeneous baseline design shows that the M-GRIN design reduces the weight from 4.15 to 2.75 g while maintaining equivalent optical performance of the baseline.
A survey of accredited and other rehabilitation facilities: Education, training and cognitive rehabilitation in brain-injury programmes

Although it is routinely acknowledged that cognitive rehabilitation therapy comprises a major part of the services provided to survivors of brain injury, there continues to be no general consensus regarding the methods and training of those who provide cognitive rehabilitation services. This survey of 398 head-injury rehabilitation facilities includes information on which disciplines are providing and supervising cognitive rehabilitation therapy, which therapy formats are used, and a first attempt to define the costs and providers for cognitive therapy staff training in Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF) approved and other (non-CARF) facilities. The education and training of junior and senior staff members is compared, and respondents suggest changes in the education and training of those who provide cognitive rehabilitation therapy. The results of this survey suggest no significant differences in the organization and delivery of cognitive rehabilitation therapy in CARF and no...
On participation in group chats on Twitter

The success of a group depends on continued participation of its members through time. We study the factors that affect continued user participation in the context of educational Twitter chats. To predict whether a user that attended her first session in a particular Twitter chat group will return to the group, we build 5F Model that captures five different factors: individual initiative, group characteristics, perceived receptivity, linguistic affinity and geographical proximity. Through statistical data analysis of thirty Twitter chats over a two year period as well as a survey study, our work provides many insights about group dynamics in Twitter chats. We show similarities between Twitter chats and traditional groups such as the importance of social inclusion and linguistic similarity while also identifying important distinctions such as the insignificance of geographical proximity. We also show that informational support is more important than emotional support in educational Twitter chats, but this does not reduce the sense of community as suggested in earlier studies.