cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talker-Specific Generalization of Pragmatic Inferences based on Under- and Over-Informative Prenominal Adjective Use.

According to Grice’s (1975) Maxim of Quantity, rational talkers formulate their utterances to be as economical as possible while conveying all necessary information. Naturally produced referential expressions, however, often contain more or less information than what is predicted to be optimal given a rational speaker model. How do listeners cope with these variations in the linguistic input? We argue that listeners navigate the variability in referential resolution by calibrating their expectations for the amount of linguistic signal to be expended for a certain meaning and by doing so in a context- or a talker-specific manner. Focusing on talker-specificity, we present four experiments. We first establish that speakers will generalize information from a single pair of adjectives to unseen adjectives in a speaker-specific manner (Experiment 1). Initially focusing on exposure to underspecified utterances, Experiment 2 examines: a) the dimension of generalization; b) effects of the strength of the evidence (implicit or explicit); and c) individual differences in dimensions of generalization. Experiments 3 and 4 ask parallel questions for exposure to over-specified utterances, where we predict more conservative generalization because, in spontaneous utterances, talkers are more likely to over-modify than under-modify.
Renal Aging and Transplantation

The kidney shows many pathophysiological changes during aging, such as glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and arterial intimal fibrosis. Recent work has begun to reveal the genes and pathways that are responsible for some of these age-related changes in the kidney. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis for renal aging is of clinical interest because donor age is a major criterion for success in renal transplantation. Kidneys from cadaveric donors over age 60 are considered less desirable and show shorter median survival times. There is a surplus of patients in need of kidney transplantations resulting in many premature deaths, and yet many potential donor kidneys are discarded on the basis of donor age alone. Insight into the mechanism of renal aging could lead to better criteria to identify a subset of kidneys from elderly donors that are suitable for transplantation. Further, it may soon be possible to slow down or rejuvenate renal aging. Better understanding of the renal aging process could help alleviate the critical shortage of kidneys for transplants.
The Heterogeneous Collision Velocity for Hydrated Ions in Aqueous Solutions Is ∼104 cm/s

The heterogeneous collision velocity (v{sub o}, units of centimeters/second) is the average velocity of a solution particle toward a surface. V{sub o} thus defines the maximum flux of the particles to the surface. Einstein argued that v{sub o} in condensed phases and in gases may be deduced in a precisely analogous manner and that v{sub o} in aqueous solution therefore should be nearly 10{sup 4} cm/s (for particles with a mass of 100 Da). Values of v{sub o} for several aqueous monovalent cations (Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Rb{sup +}, Cs{sup +} and NH{sub 4}{sup +}) were estimated from steady-state limiting current measurements through single gramicidin A channels spanning lipid bilayer membranes. The collisional and diffusional current components were separated by making use of the different viscosities of H{sub 2}O and D{sub 2}O solutions. The transfer of ions from the bulk solution to the channel entrance is modeled using a hemispherical entrance and an extension of the classical analysis of diffusion to a (hemi)sphere in which we relax the assumption that the jump distance (associated with three-dimensional diffusion of an ion in the bulk phase) be small compared to the hemispherical capture radius. Our estimate of v{sub o} agrees well withmore » the prediction of Einstein. We therefore conclude that ion dehydration (only partially hydrated ions can pass through the gramicidin A channel) cannot be a rate-controlling step - a conclusion that is consistent with known rate constants for water exchange for these ions. 36 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.« less
Liquid chromatographic determination of N-methylcarbamate insecticides and metabolites in crops. I: Collaborative study

A liquid chromatographic (LC) multiresidue method for determining residues of N-methylcarbamate insecticides in crops was collaboratively studied in 6 laboratories. Methanol and a mechanical ultrasonic homogenizer are used to extract the carbamates. Water-soluble plant coextractives and nonpolar plant lipid materials are removed from the carbamate residues by liquid-liquid partitioning. Additional crop coextractives (e.g., carotenes, chlorophylls) are removed with a Nuchar SN-silanized Celite column. The carbamate residues are then separated on a reverse phase LC column, using an acetonitrile-water gradient mobile phase. Eluted residues are detected by an in-line post-column fluorometric detection technique. Seven carbamates and 2 carbamate metabolites were included in the collaborative study. Each collaborator determined all the carbamates at 2 levels (approximately 0.05 ppm and United States tolerance) in blind duplicate samples of grapes and potatoes. Fortified and control samples were analyzed. Repeatability coefficients of variation for all the carbamates on the 2 crops averaged 4.7% and ranged from 2.4 to 7.1%. Reproducibility coefficients of variation for all the carbamates on the 2 crops averaged 8.7% and ranged from 5.3 to 12.4%. Accuracy, measured by comparison with fortification values, averaged 95% and ranged from 79 to 103%. The estimated limit of quantitation is 0.01 ppm. The method has been adopted official first action.
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome

Publisher Summary Upper-airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is first recognized in children. The description of UARS brought the attention of clinicians to a group of patients that is left undiagnosed and untreated despite severe impairment. It indicated that they had to identify this clinical entity as many had been denied proper treatment based on this symptoms and polysomnographic (PSG) features that differ from those of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The understanding of OSAS and its underlying lesions has improved and the two syndromes can be understood as related to the presence of either normal or impaired capability to respond to specific upper-airway airflow challenges during sleep. Septoplasty and radiofrequency reduction of enlarged inferior nasal turbinates can be successful in treating UARS. Anatomical abnormalities also often involve soft tissues in the soft palate and the maxilla and mandible skeletal structures. If the primary cause of the abnormal breathing, such as crowded airway and narrowed jaws are not corrected, patients will be left with the complaint of worsening “functional” symptoms, which potentially may lead to the development of local polyneuropathy. The classic surgical procedures have often been considered too aggressive for treatment of UARS. Treatment of the causes of the upper airway anatomical problems is the usual approach that may consist of aggressive treatment of nasal allergies, usage of palatal soft-tissue surgery, orthognatic surgery, or the use of dental devices.
Microwave sterilization: a method for home sterilization of urinary catheters

A standard microwave oven has been used to sterilize catheters used for intermittent self-catheterization. Catheters were incubated for 60 minutes in a suspension of microorganisms isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections. Each catheter was removed from the suspension, placed in a paper bag and microwaved for 0 to 30 minutes. A control catheter was not microwaved. We tested 42 strains of microorganisms to determine the minimum microwaving time needed to sterilize the catheters. Representative urinary isolates of Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Candida species were tested. Mean sterilization time for all strains was 13.0 minutes (standard deviation +/- 5.7 minutes), with a range of 4.0 to 28.6 minutes. Repeat sterilization in the microwave oven did not affect the integrity of the catheter. A water heat sink of constant volume was required. A home microwave oven may be used as a method to sterilize red rubber catheters for reuse. This technique makes aseptic intermittent self-catheterization a practical possibility.
Black patients with binge-eating disorder: Comparison of different assessment methods.

The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) is a well-established assessment instrument, but requires substantial training and administration time. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is the corresponding self-report survey, which does not have these demands. Research has shown concordance between these 2 assessment methods, but samples have lacked racial diversity. The current study examined the concordance of the EDE-Q and EDE in a sample of Black patients with binge-eating disorder (BED) and a matched sample of White patients. Participants were 238 (Black n = 119, White n = 119) treatment-seeking adults with DSM-IV-TR-defined BED. Participants completed the EDE-Q, and trained doctoral-level clinicians assessed participants for BED and eating-disorder psychopathology using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders and the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview. The EDE-Q and EDE yielded significantly correlated frequencies of binge eating and eating-disorder psychopathology subscales. The EDE-Q yielded significantly lower frequencies of binge eating and higher scores on 3 of 4 subscales (not dietary restraint). Similar patterns of concordance between the EDE-Q and EDE were found for an alternative brief version of the instruments. Patterns of convergence and divergence between the EDE-Q and EDE observed in Black patients with BED are generally consistent with findings derived from the matched White sample: overall, scores are correlated but higher on the self-report compared with interview assessment methods. Clinicians assessing patients with BED should be aware of this overall pattern, and be aware that this pattern is similar in Black patients with BED with the notable exception of dietary restraint. (PsycINFO Database Record.
DEVELOPMENT OF AFFECT IN DOGS AND RODENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of affect in dogs and rodents. Social behavior may be defined as behavior stimulating or being stimulated by a member of the same species. Similarly, communication is the transference of information from one individual to another, usually of the same species. In terms of stimulation and response, information may be regarded as a stimulus and the response an indication that the information has been received. Therefore, a great deal, if not all, of social behavior can be conceived as communication and be analyzed accordingly. The various kinds of affect may be conceived as internal response systems that function to reinforce certain kinds of experiences either positively or negatively. With respect to its relationship to communication, affect can be considered either as the result of communication or as an internal stimulus that leads to communication. Until recently, the existence of distress vocalization in young rodents remained undiscovered because of its ultrasonic quality and the lack of any gross noticeable movements accompanying these calls. The only definite function that has so far been established in the rodents is a response to cold. There is some reason for believing that rodents may exhibit separation distress as isolated adult male mice become progressively more irritable and show definite physiological changes. One of the major differences between distress vocalizations of the puppy and those of infant rodents is that the latter are ultrasonic. This immediately raises the problem of adaptive functions, particularly because the ultrasonic calls decrease as the animals grow older and markedly decrease at the time hearing develops.
AnonPri: A Secure Anonymous Private Authentication Protocol for RFID Systems

Abstract Privacy preservation in RFID systems is a very important issue in modern day world. Privacy activists have been worried about the invasion of user privacy while using various RFID systems and services. Hence, significant efforts have been made to design RFID systems that preserve users' privacy. Majority of the privacy preserving protocols for RFID systems require the reader to search all tags in the system in order to identify a single RFID tag which not efficient for large scale systems. In order to achieve high-speed authentication in large-scale RFID systems, researchers propose tree-based approaches, in which any pair of tags share a number of key components. Another technique is to perform group-based authentication that improves the tradeoff between scalability and privacy by dividing the tags into a number of groups. This novel authentication scheme ensures privacy of the tags. However, the level of privacy provided by the scheme decreases as more and more tags are compromised. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a group based anonymous private authentication protocol (AnonPri) that provides higher level of privacy than the above mentioned group based scheme and achieves better efficiency (in terms of providing privacy) than the approaches that prompt the reader to perform an exhaustive search. Our protocol guarantees that the adversary cannot link the tag responses even if she can learn the identifier of the tags. Our evaluation results demonstrates that the level of privacy provided by AnonPri is higher than that of the group based authentication technique.
Emotional Control in Psychotherapy Discourse

Emotional control may be observed to be (1) too excessive as in avoidant behaviors during psychotherapy, (2) suitable to a frank expression of feelings, or (3) lacking in regulation causing too intense affective experiences. This article offers a theory that may help clinicians make observations about this range of possible states, formulate the patient's defensive processes, and choose if, how, and when to act. The observations and formulations presented focus on specific and present moment situations rather than habitual defense mechanisms.
Spatiotemporal control to eliminate cardiac alternans using isostable reduction

Abstract Cardiac alternans, an arrhythmia characterized by a beat-to-beat alternation of cardiac action potential durations, is widely believed to facilitate the transition from normal cardiac function to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Alternans arises due to an instability of a healthy period-1 rhythm, and most dynamical control strategies either require extensive knowledge of the cardiac system, making experimental validation difficult, or are model independent and sacrifice important information about the specific system under study. Isostable reduction provides an alternative approach, in which the response of a system to external perturbations can be used to reduce the complexity of a cardiac system, making it easier to work with from an analytical perspective while retaining many of its important features. Here, we use isostable reduction strategies to reduce the complexity of partial differential equation models of cardiac systems in order to develop energy optimal strategies for the elimination of alternans. Resulting control strategies require significantly less energy to terminate alternans than comparable strategies and do not require continuous state feedback.
Peroxiredoxin II Deficiency Contributes to Contraction-Induced Force Loss in the mdx Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal, degenerative muscle disease caused by loss of the protein dystrophin. Eccentric contraction-induced force loss is a hallmark of dystrophin-deficient muscle, although the underlying cause of force loss remains obscure. Here, we employed iTRAQ proteomics to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in skeletal muscle of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice overexpressing γ cyto -actin (mdx/Actg1-TG), a model which displays partial protection from eccentric contraction-induced force loss. We identified peroxiredoxin II (PrxII) as significantly decreased in mdx muscle compared to WT, and recovered to WT levels in mdx/Actg1-TG muscle. PrxII is an antioxidant enzyme that reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of hydrogen peroxide to water. Because the sarcolemmal NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex exhibits increased expression and activity in mdx mice, and inhibition of NOX2 also partially protects mdx muscle against eccentric contraction-induced force loss, we investigated the relationship between PrxII and NOX2 in WT and mdx muscle. Like NOX2, PrxII was enriched at the sarcolemma. Knockout of the p47 phox subunit of NOX2 in mdx muscle restored PrxII levels back to WT, suggesting that elevated NOX2 activity may drive PrxII hyperoxidation and proteasomal degradation. Most interestingly, force production by mdx/PrxII -/- double knockout muscle exhibited increased sensitivity to eccentric contraction, while transgenic overexpression of PrxII protected mdx muscle from eccentric contraction to a similar extent measured in mdx/Actg1-TG muscle. Our results suggest that PrxII functions as the “off-switch” in the sarcolemmal NOX2 signaling pathway and its loss from dystrophic muscle contributes to pathogenesis associated with excessive ROS production.
Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress

How do we know what we “know” and what are the consequences when our knowledge is based on faulty information? These are the fundamental questions at the heart of Becky Pettit's new book, Invisible...
The Effects of Aging on Lung Structure and Function.

Growth of the segment of the population older than 65 years has led to intensified interest in understanding the biology of aging. This article is focused on age-related alterations in lung structure that produce predictable changes in physiologic function, both at rest and during exercise. Increased insight into the physiology of the healthy aging lung should ultimately lead to improved methods of lung function assessment in the elderly (defined as those older than 65 years) as well as better understanding of the manifestations and possibly even the treatment of geriatric lung disease.
A Conceptual and Theoretical Framework for Examining Women’s Learning About Entrepreneurship

This chapter offers both a conceptual and theoretical model to explain my analysis of interview data which revealed that the entrepreneurs used informal learning through a variety of networks and within various social settings to design, plan, open, operate, and expand their businesses (e.g., learning from others and learning on the job). The conceptual framework provides a visual representation of ideas. The theoretical framework links theories to my analyses of those ideas. These tools provide one explanation of the analysis.
A Spatial Dynamic Model of Population Changes in a Vulnerable Coastal Environment

This study developed a spatial dynamic model to examine the coupled natural–human responses in the form of changes in population and associated developed land area in the Lower Mississippi River Ba...
Accumulation of rest deficiency precedes sudden death of epileptic Kv1.1 knockout mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE Chronic sleep deficiency is associated with early mortality. In the epileptic population, there is a higher prevalence of sleep disorders, and individuals with severe refractory epilepsy are at greater risk of premature mortality than the general population. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy affects 1:1000 cases of epilepsy each year. Ketogenic diet (KD) treatment is one of the few effective options for refractory seizures. Despite KD reducing seizures and increasing longevity in Kv1.1 knockout (KO) mice, they still succumb to sudden death. This study aims to determine whether (1) the rest profiles of KO and KD-treated KO (KOKD) mice resemble each other as a function of either age or proximity to death and (2) the timing of death correlates with acute or chronic changes in rest. METHODS Noninvasive actimetry was used to monitor rest throughout the lives of KO and wild-type (WT) littermates administered standard diet or KD. RESULTS As KO mice age, rest is reduced (P < .0001). Rest is significantly improved in KDKO mice (P < .0001), resembling WT values at several ages. When age is removed as a variable and data are realigned to the day of death, the rest profiles of KO and KOKD groups worsen to similar degrees as a function of proximity to death. The amount of rest acutely is not sensitive to the timing of death, whereas chronic rest deficiency profiles (10-15 days prior to death) of both groups were indistinguishable. Chronic accumulation of rest deficiency over the final 15 days was associated with 75% of deaths. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that the accumulated rest deficiency is associated with sudden death in Kv1.1 KO mice. These data (1) support the proposed clinical hypothesis that chronic sleep deficiency may be associated with early mortality in epileptic patients and (2) warrant future preclinical and clinical studies on sleep monitoring in epileptic patients.
Filling the Amendment Tree: Majority Party Control, Procedures, and Polarization in the U.S. Senate:

Harry Reid is often lauded by fellow Democrats as one of the most powerful Senate Majority leaders in modern history. One tactic that he used to usher in legislation was a parliamentary procedure k...
Multi-agent relative pose estimation: approaches and applications

Cooperative, multi-agent approaches for a wide range of applications is becoming increasingly common and necessary. In many military and industry applications it is no longer desirable to rely on a small number of very capable, but expensive systems; today a larger emphasis is being placed on the use of a large number of inexpensive and individually inferior systems. The assumption, and the topic of a wide array or recent research, is that through appropriate cooperation, the cumulative capabilities of the networked system equals or surpasses those of the “gold-plated” system, yet will be more robust (as an overall system) and less expensive. This paper focuses on a small but important subset of the cooperative systems architecture, namely the relative pose estimation problem. An accurate understanding of relative pose can be a key enabler for a wide range of cooperative applications, this paper discusses some possible approaches and associated uses for an accurate understanding of relative pose while emphasizing scalability, tractable communications, and robustness to large initial uncertainties.
Abnormal variation of the immune response as related to cancer

This overview chapter reviews the complex interrelationship between the immune system, cell proliferation and cancer. There exist, in essence, two opposite actions of the immune system with regard to tumor development: immune suppression of neoplasia (commonly: immune surveillance) and immune stimulation of tumor growth. In addition, there exists experimental evidence that certain tumors of the immune system itself (e.g. malignant lymphomas) may be caused by inadequate function of the immune system itself, i.e. by dysregulation. On the basis of examples for the latter, and outlook is finally provided of how techniques of computational simulation of such regulatory pathways can contribute to the study of immunology and tumor induction and growth.
Emotion Aware System for the Elderly

The growth in elderly population challenges technologists to develop applications explicitly designed for the elderly which are innovative yet intuitive to use. According to recent studies in Gerontology, one of the challenges that an elderly person has to confront is solitude and boredom. With the detectability of emotions through Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI), one can provide reliable services to the elderly that address their emotional needs. In this paper the applications of the Emotiv EPOC, a BCI, is explained by developing a system called AWARE which helps mitigate loneliness in the life of an elderly and provides emergency services and other services based on their real-time emotional state. The AWARE system uses a model of computation that has taken pervasive computing to the next level by reducing the need for an explicit user input and facilitates the understanding of the user’s emotions by the system to address theirs emotional needs.
The Changing Face of Capitalism

The last quarter of this century has witnessed the emergence of a new economic order. That new order is the capitalism of Intel Corp., Microsoft Corp., and Genentech Inc. It is the capitalism of a new kind of turbulent American entrepreneurship. In retrospect, in the course of world history, the emergence of this new economic order may very well turn out to be as important as, say, the advent of enlightenment or the renaissance. It marks the arrival of a new age — an age of artificial intelligence, robotics, space research, biotech, and environmental technology.
Protease-activated receptors and itch

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) have been implicated in a variety of physiological functions, as well as somatosensation and particularly itch and pain. Considerable attention has focused on PARs following the finding they are upregulated in the skin of atopic dermatitis patients. The present review focuses on recent studies showing that PARs are critically involved in itch and sensitization of itch. PARs are expressed by diverse cell types including primary sensory neurons, keratinocytes, and immune cells and are activated by proteases that expose a tethered ligand. Endogenous proteases are also released from diverse cell types including keratinocytes and immune cells. Exogenous proteases released from certain plants and insects contacting the skin can also induce itch. Increased levels of proteases in the skin contribute to inflammation that is often accompanied by chronic itch which is not predominantly mediated by histamine. The neural pathway signaling itch induced by activation of PARs is distinct from that mediating histamine-induced itch. In addition, there is evidence that PARs play an important role in sensitization of itch signaling under conditions of chronic itch. These recent findings suggest that PARs and other molecules involved in the itch-signaling pathway are good targets to develop novel treatments for most types of chronic itch that are poorly treated with antihistamines.
Use of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugated with MicroRNA-146a to Correct the Diabetic Wound Healing Impairment

Background Diabetic wounds have become one of the most challenging public health issues of the 21st century, yet there is no effective treatment available. We have previously shown that the diabetic wound healing impairment is associated with increased inflammation and decreased expression of the regulatory microRNA miR-146a. We have conjugated miR-146a to cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP-miR146a) to target reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the consequences of CNP-miR146a treatment of diabetic wounds. Study Design Eight-millimeter wounds were created on the dorsal skin of Db/Db mice and treated with PBS or differing concentrations of CNP-mir146a (1; 10; 100; or 1,000 ng) at the time of wounding. Rate of wound closure was measured until the wounds were fully healed. At 4 weeks post-healing, a dumbbell-shaped skin sample was collected, with the healed wound in the center, and an Instron 5942 testing unit was used to measure the maximum load and modulus. Results Our data showed that diabetic wounds treated with PBS or 1 ng CNP-miR146a took 18 days to heal. Treatment with 10, 100, or 1,000 ng of CNP+miR-146a effectively enhanced healing, and wounds were fully closed at day 14 post-wounding. The healed skin from the CNP-miR146a-treated group showed a trend of improved biomechanical properties (increased maximum load and modulus), however it did not reach significance. Conclusions We found that a 100-ng dose of CNP-miR146a improved diabetic wound healing and did not impair the biomechanical properties of the skin post-healing. This nanotechnology-based therapy is promising, and future studies are warranted to transfer this therapy to clinical application.
Transvascular and interstitial transport in tumors.

The advent of hybridoma technology and genetic engineering has led to a large scale production of monoclonal antibodies and other biologically useful molecules. Some of these molecules can bind to intra-or extracellular sites in tumors for detection and treatment, while others (e.g., lymphokines) have the ability to activate certain immune cells for killing cancer cells. Since these molecules or cells do not have the biological selectivity for tumors in vivo as previously envisioned, methods must be developed to deliver them selectively to the target in vivo. Since no molecule or cell can reach the tumor cells without passing through the vascular and interstitial compartments, it seems reasonable to find out more about the structure and function of these two compartments. In the past few years, we have focused our research on the experimental and mathematical characterization of transport through these spaces. I would like to share the results of some of these studies with you, and point out their implications for tumor growth, detection and treatment.
Successful Treatment of Pseudoaneurysm Following Left Distal Transradial Cardiac Catheterization With Compression Device

Distal transradial artery access has emerged as a promising new method of access for coronary and endovascular procedures. With the increasing use of distal transradial artery access, operators wil...
The association of county-level socioeconomic factors with individual tobacco and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of U.S. adults

Place-based factors have been implicated as root causes of socioeconomic disparities in risky health behaviors such as tobacco and alcohol use. Yet few studies examine the effects of county-level socioeconomic characteristics, despite the fact that social and public health policies are often implemented at the county level. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that county-level socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with individual tobacco and alcohol use. The sample included a panel of participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 9302). The primary predictors were three time-varying measures of socioeconomic disadvantage in an individual’s county of residence: educational attainment, percent unemployment, and per capita income. We first conducted traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) models, both unadjusted and adjusted for individual-level covariates. We then conducted fixed effects (FE) models to adjust for confounding by unmeasured time-invariant individual-level factors. OLS and FE models yielded contrasting results: higher county-level per capita income was associated with decreased drinking in OLS models and increased drinking in FE models, while decreased county-level educational attainment was associated with decreased smoking in OLS models and more cigarettes per day in FE models. The findings from FE models suggest that OLS models were confounded by unobserved time-invariant characteristics. Notably, the point estimates for the county-level measures were small, and in many cases they may not represent a clinically meaningful effect except at the population level. These results suggest that county-level socioeconomic characteristics may modestly influence tobacco and alcohol use. Future work should examine the effects of specific county policies that might explain these findings.
The effect of antibiotic use on survival of patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

e15773Background: Recent studies showed that gut microbial dysbiosis can affect carcinogenesis and tumor responses to therapies. Antibiotics, key pharmacologic agents that modulate microbiota diver...
Counseling Twins: A Family Counseling Issue:

Although twins belong to the same family, they experience unique challenges throughout their life span. If counselors recognize the family issues involved in the unique concerns of twins, counselor...
A new exponential function to represent the effect of grain size on the strength of pure iron over multiple length scales

A rigorous analysis of yield strength of pure iron over a wide grain size scale, using an extensive compilation of experimental data, indicates that the common Hall–Petch relationship is not obeyed with large deviations at the extremes of grain size. The author proposes here a phenomenological exponential function to represent the grain size effect on strength over multiple length scales. It is shown that the exponential function describes the grain size dependence of strength remarkably well, on the basis of a large set of experimental data for pure Fe. A nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the function provided a very high degree of correlation of data. The validity of the function is also supported by its conformation to physical boundary conditions at the extremes of grain size, that is, by asymptotically reaching the limiting stress for dislocation nucleation at infinitesimal grain size, and, the strength of single crystal at infinite grain size. The exponential form is a significant improvement over the Hall–Petch relationship and may be used as a guide to develop a reliable theory of grain size strengthening of iron.
Abstract 1894: Canonical Wnt-associated extracellular matrix in adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and often aggressive cancer that affects 1-2 people per million in the United States annually. Genomic alterations activating canonical Wnt signaling occur in approximately 40% of ACCs and are associated with poor prognosis. However, the biological consequences of constitutive canonical Wnt activation in ACC are poorly understood. To better characterize the transcriptional programs that are engaged in ACC, we performed independent component analysis on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ACC transcriptome dataset to identify components of coordinately expressed genes. One of the components identified was significantly enriched for Wnt signaling (p = 0.001) and was strongly associated with somatic CTNNB1 (β-catenin) mutations (p = 2.276e-07). Interestingly, this Wnt-enriched component also showed enrichment for extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction (p = 0.00139), including (but not restricted to) expression of COL11A1 (Collagen alpha-1(XI)), LAMC3 (Laminin, gamma 3), and ITGA2 (Integrin, alpha 2), suggesting that Wnt signaling is regulating cell-ECM interactions and ECM composition in ACC. To follow up on this observation, we performed immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 97 ACC samples. We observed a strong correlation of COL11A1 expression and nuclear β-catenin localization (p = 0.0088), suggesting COL11A1 expression may be regulated by canonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, COL11A1 expression was associated with decreased overall survival (p = 0.0003) and decreased event-free survival (p = 0.0075). To determine whether ECM and ECM-receptor genes are regulated by canonical Wnt activity, the NCI-H295R human ACC cell line, harboring an activating CTNNB1 mutation, was used. Cells were treated with PKF115-584, an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling that disrupts β-catenin interaction with TCF/LEF transcription factors. PKF115-584 treatment significantly reduced expression of COL11A1, LAMC3, and ITGA2 in NCI-H295R cells at early timepoints (p≤0.05), consistent with our hypothesis that canonical Wnt signaling regulates expression of ECM components in ACC. At late timepoints following PKF115-584 treatment, NCI-H295R cell viability decreased, indicating that canonical Wnt activity may regulate cell survival in ACC. These results illustrate a novel role for canonical Wnt activity in ACC, and suggest that β-catenin-regulated transcription of ECM and ECM-receptor components may promote cancer cell survival and aggressive disease. Future studies are aimed at characterizing the contribution of extracellular proteins to ACC phenotypes. Citation Format: Morgan K. Penny, Antonio M. Lerario, Chris LaPensee, Thomas J. Giordano, Gary D. Hammer. Canonical Wnt-associated extracellular matrix in adrenocortical carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1894.
Containers: An Object Behavior Specification

Chapter 3 presented an object behavior specification of the list class and explained the advantages of such a specification. We saw that there are many ways to implement list behaviors — in particular, sequential and parallel implementations differ radically. In Chapter 1 we mentioned that containers are basic classes that help store, retrieve and organize interacting objects. We said then that containers were generalized forms of lists. Actually, once we have freed ourselves from thinking in sequential processing terms, we can start with container as the more basic concept and derive lists as one of the special subclasses that happen to be natural for sequential processing but are not really fundamental in general.
Assessing perceptions of climate risk and adaptation among small farmers in Oregon's Willamette Valley

Farmers, particularly small farmers, are on the frontlines of climate change. In Oregon's Southern Willamette Valley, a needs assessment was conducted of small farmers in 2017, where questions related to climate change risks, attitudes toward adaptation and climate beliefs were assessed. Out of all the respondents (n = 123), the majority (70%) believe that climate change is occurring, and is caused mostly by human activities. The majority (58%) also strongly agree with the statement that they will have to change practices to cope with increasing climate variability in order to ensure the long-term success of their operation. Another 52% of these respondents indicated that they have already taken action to respond to climate change on their farms. However, only 32% of respondents agreed with the statement that they have the knowledge and skills to deal with weather-related threats to their operation. While this work is preliminary and not comprehensive, our findings suggest that these small farmers are concerned about climate change, readily accept the science as compared to other farmer groups in the USA, and are looking for additional tools and resource to increase their confidence in responding to the challenges they will face as a consequence of climate change.
Accuracy of Hotel Feasibility Study Projections

Hotel feasibility studies are critical in the determination of hotel construction, sales and refinancing. Discrepancies have been reported between forecasted results and actual operating results. The author, with funding provided by the Hilton corporation, examines whether such studies understate or overstate occupancy, average rate, and net income.
Dynamic, Multi-Dimensional, and Skillset-Specific Reputation Systems for Online Work

Reputation systems in digital workplaces increase transaction efficiency by building trust and reducing information asymmetry. These systems, however, do not yet capture the dynamic multidimensional nature of online work. By uniformly aggregating reputation scores across worker skills, they ignore skillset-specific heterogeneity (reputation attribution), and they implicitly assume that a worker's quality does not change over time (reputation staticity). Even further, reputation scores tend to be overly positive (reputation inflation), and as a result, they often fail to differentiate workers efficiently. This work presents a new augmented intelligence reputation framework that combines human input with machine learning to provide dynamic, multi-dimensional, and skillset-specific worker reputation. The framework includes three components: The first component maps skillsets into a latent space of finite competency dimensions (word embedding), and as a result, it directly addresses reputation attribution. The second builds dynamic competency-specific quality assessment models (hidden Markov models) that solve reputation staticity. The final component aggregates these competency-specific assessments to generate skillset-specific reputation scores. Application of this framework on a dataset of 58,459 completed tasks from a major online labor market shows that, compared with alternative reputation systems, the proposed approach (1) yields more appropriate rankings of workers that form a closer-to-normal reputation distribution, (2) better identifies ``non-perfect'' workers who are more likely to underperform and are harder to predict, and (3) improves the ranking of within-opening choices and yields significantly better outcomes. Additional analysis of 77,044 restaurant reviews shows that the proposed framework successfully generalizes to alternative contexts, where assigned feedback scores are overly positive and service quality is multidimensional and dynamic.
Determining the optimum feed duration of Artemia nauplii to maximize hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) larval growth in cool-water culture conditions

Four-day-old hybrid striped bass (HSB; Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) larvae were stocked into a recirculating aquaculture system maintained at 18°C to mimic cool-water culture temperatures experi...
Understanding Failure Modes of NSF/ANSI 53 Lead-Certified Point-of-Use Pitcher and Faucet Filters

NSF/ANSI 53 lead-certified point-of-use filters (POUs) have been distributed to consumers in many cities facing lead-in-water crises including Washington, D.C., Flint, MI, Newark, NJ, and Universit...
Strain tuned low thermal conductivity in Indium Antimonide (InSb) through increase in anharmonic phonon scattering - A first-principles study

Abstract InSb is a promising thermoelectric material and a decrease in its thermal conductivity (k) can further improve its thermoelectric performance. Using first-principles computations, we report a 29% decrease in k of InSb through strain. k value decreases from 18.8 W/mK for unstrained InSb to 13.4 W/mK for 5% biaxially compressed InSb at 300 K. This decrease in k is found to be due to a large increase in anharmonic scattering of longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonons in strained InSb by almost 330% in Brillouin-zone center, driven by shift of transverse acoustic (TA) phonons to lower frequencies in strained InSb. This shift leads to a simultaneous increase in number of decay scattering channels and a two-fold increase in the magnitude of three-phonon coupling elements, leading to the observed large increase in scattering rates of LA phonons. Scattering of transverse acoustic (TA) phonons is also found to increase by ~61% at Brillouin-zone edge, facilitated by an increase in number of absorption scattering channels. First-principles computations based on deriving interatomic force interactions from density-functional theory are used to provide detailed understanding of increase in phonon scattering rates in strained InSb.
Young adults’ empathic responses to others in psychological pain as compared to physical pain: does prior experience of pain matter?

Previous studies have demonstrated a link between prior experience of physical pain and empathic response within similar settings. However, much less is known about emotional hurt derived from psychologically painful situations and the expression of empathy, despite evidence that different types of pain can be experienced in similar ways. Using qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the current paper explored the relationship between college students’ (mostly female) experience with psychological pain and level of empathy evoked by pictures of strangers experiencing physical and psychological pain. Findings from all three studies indicated similar empathic reactions (in the form of pain perception, empathic concern, perspective taking, and intention to help) toward physical and psychological pain. However, participants’ feelings after observing physical and psychological pain were related to their prior similar painful experiences. This suggests that similar prior psychological painful experience can impact affective empathy when observing another in psychological pain, but not cognitive empathy. Implication for research on empathy evoked by observing psychological pain and the influence of similar past painful experiences are discussed.
Telehealth Audiology and Virtual Hearing Screenings: A Case Report

Clinic closures across the United States in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic meant that many audiology services were reduced to phone calls, video visits, and modified services (e.g., curbside, mail-ins, drop offs). Audiologists and other providers needed a way to manage hearing- and ear-related complaints via telehealth. A simple pure tone air conduction threshold test performed at home was used to determine which patients needed to come into the clinic for an in-person appointment. This case will review a 56-year-old male who was being treated for an idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss prior to clinic closure. He had on file a comprehensive audiogram at first onset of symptoms and was treated with oral steroids. Virtual hearing testing was then utilized for a variety of other patients from teenagers to adults to triage hearing- and ear-related complaints while clinics were closed for in-person visits.
Downtown Music Publishing and Songtrust

As of 2018, technological innovation in the music industry at large had impacted firms in nearly every sector. Yet, music publishers have been traditionally unconcerned with technological advanceme...
Physicians' Counseling of Adolescents Regarding E-Cigarette Use.

Abstract Purpose Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use now surpasses the use of conventional cigarettes among U.S. adolescents. Given the important role of physicians in preventing adolescent risk behaviors, we sought to understand how physicians communicate about e-cigarettes when counseling adolescent patients and their parents. We also explored physicians' support for regulations aimed at discouraging adolescents' e-cigarette use. Methods A national U.S. sample of 776 pediatricians and family medicine physicians who provide primary care to adolescent patients completed an online survey in Spring 2014. Results Many physicians (41%) would, if asked, tell their patients that e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes, and a substantial minority (24%) would recommend e-cigarettes to adolescents for smoking cessation. Most physicians reported routinely screening adolescent patients for cigarette smoking but few routinely screened for e-cigarette use (86% vs. 14%; p p Conclusions Physicians infrequently screen or counsel their adolescent patients about e-cigarette use, although e-cigarettes often come up during visits. Additional efforts by physicians could help prevent future use by adolescents. Recommending e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid to adolescent patients is inadvisable given the lack of evidence for efficacy in that population. As federal regulation of e-cigarettes remains in limbo, pediatricians and family medicine physicians can offer a powerful voice for informing regulations aimed at reducing use by adolescents.
Major Theoretical Positions

Theoretical approaches to explanations of troubled youth have closely paralleled more general deviance theory and sociopolitical trends (Elliot et al., 1985; Empey, 1982). It has been difficult to discern whether deviance theories evolved from independent scientific thinking or emerged as explanations for the preferences of the policies of the sociopolitical context (Empey, 1982). Consistent with this observation, this chapter will present the major theoretical positions that provided the context within which our treatments of troubled youth have been developed and tested.