cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sheep in Navajo Culture and Social Organization

The sheep herd occupies an important place in Navajo thought and social organization. It provides the Navajo with both a material and psychological sense of security, contributes to a Navajo's physical and mental health, and is the object of considerable affective investment and moral responsibility. The residence group, the fundamental unit of Navajo social organization, is organized around and integrated by the sheep herd. At the residence group level, social groups correspond to the grouping of individually owned sheep into herds. A Navajo's social status within and loyalty to various residence groups are closely linked to the location and position of his sheep in a particular herd or herds. The sheep herd operation also provides an interesting convergence of the concepts of egoism and individualism with those of altruism and communalism.
Arylcopper-Magnesium compounds

Abstract The compounds Cu4Mg(phenyl)6·Et2O, Cu4Mg(p-tolyl)6·Et2O, and Cu4Mg(p-tolyl)6·x THF (x possibly 5) have been prepared by reaction of copper(I) bromide or copper(II) bromide with the bis(aryl)magnesium in ether or THF. These compounds are quite sensitive to air, especially oxygen, but when such contamination is avoided they are remarkably stable. Molecular weight measurements and solubility properties are consistent with a discrete metal cluster unit with pendant aryl groups. Proton magnetic resonance spectra suggest the presence of at least two, and probably more, aryl group environments on the metal cluster unit. Phenyl group exchange between Cu4Mg(phenyl)6·Et2O and diphenylmagnesium in ether is also observed.
A markov model of diagnostic errors in assessment of caries experience

Abstract Two models of diagnostic errors in caries experience assessment are examined in terms of their theoretical relationship and their maximum difference in caries increment. Assume that μ is the proportion of surfaces over which all diagnoses are certain to be correct, then (1) the independent model assumes all diagnoses over the proportion 1 − μ is pure guesswork regardless what the true condition of the surfaces may be and (2) the dependent model assumes that over 1 − μ, the diagnoses are more likely to be carious than non-carious if the surface condition is truly carious and vice versa . The study shows that the dependent model approaches the independent as a limit, i.e., the independent model is the eigen solution to the dependent model. The maximum difference in the estimate of caries increment is negligible if μ is large.
Immobilization of Plant Cells in a Hollow-Fiber Reactor

Adaptation des techniques courantes de fermentation et des bioreacteurs a la culture de cellules vegetales dans le but d'augmenter leur potentiel de synthese et de transformation de produits naturels
Long-term study of the ultrastructural changes of myocardium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with more than 10 years follow-up.

Abstract The myocardium from 44 patients undergoing open cardiac surgery was studied to determine if alterations demonstrable with the electron microscope could be related to prognosis. Planimetric methods were used to evaluate myofibrils, Golgi, mitochondria, myelin figures, other organelles, and intracellular space in order to achieve as objective a measurement as possible. Morphologic changes were graded and correlated with clinical findings and results after long-term follow-up. Factors evaluated in terms of survival included patient age, degree and extent of valvular disease, the presence of coronary artery disease, and degenerative changes of the myocardium as demonstrated ultrastructurally. Patients dying, of cardiac causes, within the first 5 years, had a higher ultrastructural grade than those surviving for more than 10 years. Statistical analysis, using stepwise regression methods, demonstrated a highly significant correlation ( P P P Ultrastructural changes, in our study, provided the single best predictor of survival, and age of the patient, as an added variable, is the second best predictor.
Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification--a misnomer?

Abstract An autopsy case of idiopathic arterial disease in an infant was studied in detail. Pathologic features included intimal fibrous proliferation in elastic and muscular arteries, elastic tissue degeneration and scant calcification, and focal round cell infiltration at the junction of intima and media in arteries with intimal proliferation. These changes were widespread but patchy or segmental in distribution. They were associated with evidence of vascular insufficiency in several organs and with the presence of thrombi in many affected arteries. Intimai proliferation appeared to be quantitatively and physiologically the most critical of the pathologic changes. The case is believed to represent an example of so-called idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy. Review of the literature and consideration of this case suggest 2 possibilities: (1) calcification has been overemphasized as a feature of this condition, since it represents only a secondary (and often insignificant) phenomenon, with the intimal proliferation being the fundamental pathologic alteration; or (2) descriptions of this condition include 2 diseases, 1 characterized principally by vascular calcification, and the other by intimal proliferation. It is suggested that the former hypothesis is more tenable. The designation “idiopathic arterial calcification” appears to be misleading, and the condition should be called “occlusive infantile arteriopathy” until its origin can be definitely established.
Synthesis of norbornene derivatives by Diels-Alder cycloaddition and subsequent copolymerization with maleic anhydride

Summary: Several norbornene (Nb) derivatives were synthesized by facile Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions of cyclopentadiene with α-olefins containing electron-withdrawing groups such as nitrile (CN), phosphonate, and ester. The Diels-Alder adducts were subsequently copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MAH) using free radical polymerization conditions previously determined for MAH/Nb copolymerizations. Further functionality was introduced into the copolymers through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly(Nb-alt-MAH) and poly(NbCN-alt-MAH) copolymers. FTIR confirmed hydrolysis of the anhydrides to carboxylic acid-functionalities and indicated no appreciable hydrolysis of the nitrile functionality. Observed copolymerization rates (kobs) were measured using in situ FTIR. A dramatic decrease in the rate of copolymerization was observed for the Nb derivatives that contained a strong electron-withdrawing functionality. This observation suggested a significant electronic influence on the free radical copolymerization rate with maleic anhydride due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the Nb substituents. Vinylene region of in situ FTIR “waterfall” plot for 50/50 Nb/MAH alternating copolymerization.
Regional differences in the nitrergic innervation between the proximal and the distal colon in rats

Background & Aims: Functional differences in the inhibitory neural pathway between the proximal and the distal colon are unknown. Methods: We investigated the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) synthesis, and NOS messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the myenteric plexus in the proximal and the distal colon in rats. Results: Transmural nerve stimulation of the neuromuscular preparations from the proximal colon showed greater NANC relaxations than those from the distal colon. NANC relaxations were abolished by the NO biosynthesis inhibitor (N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) in the proximal and the distal colon, suggesting mediation by NO released from the myenteric plexus. The average number of NOS-immunoreactive cells was significantly higher in the tissue from the proximal colon than in the tissue from the distal colon. Western and Northern blot analyses showed a higher density of the immunoreactive NOS band and the NOS mRNA band in the tissue from the proximal colon than in that from the distal colon. Conclusions: These observations indicate that the number of NOS-containing neurons and the NOS activity are increased in the myenteric plexus of the proximal colon compared with the distal colon, resulting in greater NANC relaxation in the proximal colon. These findings may explain the physiological role of the proximal colon as an organ for fecal storage and absorption of excess fluid.
Postirradiation protection of chromosomes by linoleate.

SummaryPhysiological concentrations of linoleate reduce the frequency of micronuclei and chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo and of micronuclei in human lymphocytes in vitro when adminstered one hour after exposure of the cells to gamma rays.
Profile: Sex, violence, and victimization in slasher films

A content analysis of 30 slasher films released in 7980, 7985, and 1989 reveals that females are not featured most often as the targets of slashers; a significantly higher number of deaths and injuries were suffered by males. However, females are shown in terror for longer periods of time. Sex and violence are not commonly linked in slasher films; a death or severe attack of a female during or after depictions of sex occurred infrequently. Also, heavier amounts of violence appeared in films released in 7989 than those in the earlier years.
Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the matrix of fetal rabbit skin and wounds: implications for healing by regeneration.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of fetal rabbit wounds contains an abundance of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA) but is devoid of excessive collagen. Thus, fetal wounds heal without scarring, such that tissue repair grossly resembles regeneration. To obtain further insight into the process of fetal wound healing, the ECM of normal fetal rabbit skin was analyzed, thus providing a comparative endpoint for the ECM of healing fetal wounds. Similarities between the matrices would support the theory of healing by regeneration. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) component of fetal rabbit skin from 24- and 29-day gestational age fetuses was extracted and then quantitated using an alcian blue binding assay. The extracted GAG was characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and HA was identified by its selective digestion by Streptomyces hyaluronidase. The mean GAG content, measured as ng GAG per mg dry weight skin, was 260 +/- 200 for the 24-day group (n = 28) and 280 +/- 220 for the 29-day group (n = 26). The only GAG identified at both times of gestation was HA. This study has demonstrated that HA is the predominant GAG present in fetal rabbit skin and its quantity is stable during the period studied late in gestation. A major component of the ECM of both wounded and normal fetal skin is HA, indicating a close compositional similarity. These observations provide biochemical support for the hypothesis that the reparative process of injured tissue in the fetal rabbit proceeds in an attempt to reconstitute normality, i.e. regeneration.
Computer Analysis of Content in Psychotherapy

The authors describe a proposal for and methods of studying the content of psychotherapeutic interviews. Utilizing a factor-analytic approach, the associations in time among words emitted by the patient and/or therapist are analyzed by computer.
Computer-assisted language analysis with the Macintosh

Computer programs are useful in content analysis of written and spoken language. This article describes MacCALAS, a new and streamlined Macintosh version of CALAS, the Computer-Assisted Language Analysis System, originally designed in the early 1970s (Rush et al., 1974). MacCALAS, which is written in C, parses transcripts of spoken text into grammatical-components and categorizes verb types according to Cook’s (1979) case-grammar matrix. Using four subprograms, it determines the grammatical category of each word on the basis of adjacent function words and placement of words in a sentence, rather than by using a large “dictionary.” MacCALAS also computes ratio measures of stylistic complexity and proportions of verb types. MacCALAS can be used in linguistic analysis of various kinds of texts and dyadic interaction such as psychotherapy and language development.
Education, psychosocial resources, and metabolic syndrome variables in Latinas.

Background: Individuals with low socioeconomic position (SEP) and Latino ethnicity are at high risk for the metabolic syndrome. In part, this may reflect that these populations benefit from fewer resilient resources to manage stressful environments, resulting in accentuated psychological and physiological costs (1).Purpose: We examined the direct effects of educational attainment (an indicator of SEP) and psychosocial resources on metabolic syndrome variables, and tested indirect effects of education, via resources.Methods: Participants were 145 middle-aged (M=47.07 years) Latinas recruited from health clinics along the California—Mexico border. Women completed assessments of demographics and resilient resources; metabolic syndrome variables were measured (blood pressure [BP], waist circumference [WC]) or abstracted from medical charts (lipids, glucose).Results: Women with less education reported fewer psychosocial resources (ΔR2=.14, p<.0001) and showed a higher risk profile on measures of BP, WC, and plasma glucose (3–7% of variance explained, all ps<.05), relative to those with more education. Resources independently predicted lower WCs (ΔR2=.07, p<.05). Education exerted an indirect effect (p<.05) through resources on WC, a core factor underlying the metabolic syndrome.Conclusions: Additional research is warranted to further explore the roles of resilient resources in relationships among SEP, metabolic risk factors, and chronic disease processes.
El período de Pittsburgh en la vida de Juan Pablo Izquierdo: 1990-2008

Este articulo describe la carrera profesional de Juan Pablo Izquierdo durante los dieciocho anos que se desempeno como profesor en la Escuela de Musica de la Carnegie Mellon University en Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Investiga su labor de formar la orquesta estudiantil, el crecimiento del impacto de la escuela mediante proyectos internacionales de radio y de fonogramas, la creacion de lazos entre la Escuela y los musicos profesionales jovenes en Chile, ademas del desarrollo de las competencias de interpretacion y direccion orquestal de los estudiantes que trabajaron con el. La inmensidad de su legado se refleja en las criticas que se publicaron acerca de sus grabaciones del repertorio musical contemporaneo y en los comentarios personales de quienes estudiaron direccion orquestal bajo su guia.
Physics derived from IBEX ENA fluxes and direct interstellar neutral measurements

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission has observed the global interaction of our heliosphere with the local interstellar medium (LISM) for over three years. Initially, IBEX generated the first all-sky maps of ∼0.1-6 keV Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) from the boundaries and discovered a smoothly varying, globally distributed ENA flux overlaid by a narrow “ribbon” of significantly enhanced ENA emissions, which is apparently ordered by the external magnetic field in the LISM. Since then, IBEX has completed five more energy-resolved sets of sky maps and discovered small but important time variations, separated the ribbon and globally distributed fluxes, measured spectral shapes, inferred ion source temperatures, and carried out many other observational and theoretical studies. Most recently, the first three years of IBEX ENA data have been collectively analyzed, including improvements such as correction for the time variable cosmic ray background and orbit-by-orbit calculations of the probability...
Synthesis, characterization, and intracellular uptake of carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles

We report the synthesis and characterization of a group of carboxyl-functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 3 (G3) that were used for the stabilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). Folic acid (FA) molecules were conjugated onto the dendrimer surfaces in an attempt to achieve specific targeted imaging of tumor cells that overexpress FA receptors using dendrimer-stabilized Fe3O4 NPs. Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized using controlled co-precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions and the formed dendrimer-stabilized Fe3O4 NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The intracellular uptake of dendrimer-stabilized Fe3O4 NPs was tested in vitro using KB cells (a human epithelial carcinoma cell line) that overexpress FA receptors. It appears that carboxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer-stabilized Fe3O4 NPs can be uptaken by KB cells regardless of the repelling force between the negatively charged cells and the negatively charged particles. In the presence of a large amount of carboxyl terminal groups on the dendrimer surface, the receptor-mediated endocytosis of Fe3O4 NPs stabilized by FA-modified dendrimers was not facilitated. It implies that the surface charge of dendrimer-stabilized magnetic iron oxide NPs in biological medium is an important factor influencing their biological performance.
Effects of glycerol trinitrate, mannitol hexanitrate and erythritol tetranitrate on electron transport and phosphorylation in liver mitochondria

Abstract The organic nitrate esters, glycerol trinitrate (GTN), mannitol hexanitrate (MHN) and erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) were tested for effects on the oxygen consumption of rat liver mitochondria. Both MHN and GTN are capable of reducing the respiratory control ratio to 1.0 [rate of O 2 consumption with ADP (state 3)/rate without ADP (state 4)] However, this requires 1 mM GTN as compared to 0.1 mM MHN, and the actions are effected through different mechanisms. With the NAD-linked substrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, GTN inhibits the state 3 rate, whereas MHN markedly increases the state 4 rate. GTN, in concentrations that inhibit 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation, has little or no effect on respiration with succinate as substrate. MHN, on the other hand, accelerates the state 4 rate with succinate just as it does with 3-hydroxybutyrate. Therefore, the action of GTN appears to be selective for the NADH dehydrogenase region of the electron transport chain. In contrast to the generalized uncoupling activity of MHN, the predominant effect of GTN appears to be inhibition of electron transport. Since DNP relieves this inhibition to a large degree, a considerable part of it must be indirect, by way of an inhibition in energy transfer reactions, as with oligomycin or atractyloside. There also appears to be a small direct inhibition of electron transport by GTN and MHN at low concentrations. This inhibition increases with higher concentrations. Erythritol tetranitrate appears to be intermediate between MHN and GTN in the effects produced. It is suggested that lipid solubility of the organic nitrate esters, location of sulfhydryl groups critical for electron transfer and energy conservation, and reactivity of the organic nitrate esters with sulfhydryl groups determine the selective effects observed.
AUTOMATED FIRST ARRIVAL PICKING: A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH1

A back-propagation neural network is successfully applied to pick first arrivals (first breaks) in a background of noise. Network output is a decision whether each half-cycle on the trace is a first or not. 3D plots of the input attributes allow evaluation of the attributes for use in a neural network. Clustering and separation of first break from non-break data on the plots indicate that a neural network solution is possible, and therefore the attributes are suitable as network input. Application of the trained network to actual seismic data (Vibroseis and Poulter sources) demonstrates successful automated first-break selection for the following four attributes used as neural network input: (1) peak amplitude of a half-cycle; (2) amplitude difference between the peak value of the half-cycle and the previous (or following) half-cycle; (3) rms amplitude ratio for a data window (0.3 s) before and after the half-cycle; (4) rms amplitude ratio for a data window (0.06 s) on adjacent traces. The contribution of the attributes based on adjacent traces (4) was considered significant and future work will emphasize this aspect.
FRET-Based Trilateration of Probes Bound within Functional Ryanodine Receptors

To locate the biosensor peptide DPc10 bound to ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca 2þ channels, we developed an approach that combines fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), simulated-annealing, cryo-electron microscopy, and crystallographic data. DPc10 is identical to the 2460-2495 segment within the cardiac muscle RyR isoform (RyR2) central domain. DPc10 binding to RyR2 results in a pathologically elevated Ca 2þ leak by destabilizing key interactions between the RyR2 N-terminal and central domains (unzipping). To localize the DPc10 binding site within RyR2, we measured FRET between five single-cysteine variants of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) labeled with a donor probe, and DPc10 labeled with an acceptor probe (A-DPc10). Effective donor positions were calculated from simulated-annealing constrained by both the RyR cryo-EM map and the FKBP atomic structure docked to the RyR. FRET to A-DPc10 was measured in permeabilized cardiomyo- cytes via confocal microscopy, converted to distances, and used to trilaterate the acceptor locus within RyR. Additional FRET measurements between donor-labeled calmodulin and A-DPc10 were used to constrain the trilaterations. Results locate the DPc10 probe within RyR domain 3, ~35 Au from the previously docked N-terminal domain crystal structure. This multiscale approach may be useful in mapping other RyR sites of mechanistic interest within FRET range of FKBP.
Difficulties encountered in developing numerical InP solar cell models

A number of different InP solar cell models have appeared in the literature, with the ultimate goals of identifying loss mechanisms and designing an optimal cell. Approaches have ranged from traditional analytical models to commercially-available finite element device simulation packages. However, values other than those obtained experimentally for material parameters are often employed in order to fit experimental cell parameters. Effects such as bandgap narrowing, surface recombination, photon recycling and two-dimensional current flow can significantly alter performance predictions, and care must be taken to ensure that they are properly accounted for. This paper describes modeling efforts of InP solar cells using ADEPT, a multidimensional complete numerical simulation package developed at Purdue University. >
Improvement Happens: an Interview with Furman McDonald, MD MPH

In October 2010, the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) published a long-awaited modification to its 2003 common duty hour standards following an international symposium and intensive task-force review of recent literature on safety, supervision, sleep and competence. Although this recent duty hour policy stopped short of adopting all recommendations of the 2008 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report (“Resident Duty Hours: Enhancing Sleep, Supervision, and Safety”), particularly the 5-h nap following 16 h of continuous duty, the new standards were strongly informed by the report, leaving many training programs scrambling to marshal resources and develop new systems to ensure compliance by the July 1, 2011 implementation deadline.
Top-Gated Epitaxial Graphene FETs on Si-Face SiC Wafers With a Peak Transconductance of 600 mS/mm

In this letter, we present state-of-the-art performance of top-gated graphene n-FETs and p-FETs fabricated with epitaxial graphene layers grown on Si-face 6H-SiC substrates on 50-mm wafers. The current-voltage characteristics of these devices show excellent saturation with on-state current densities (Ion) of 0.59 A/mm at Vds = 1 V and 1.65 A/mm at Vds = 3 V. Ion/Ioff ratios of 12 and 19 were measured at Vds = 1 and 0.5 V, respectively. A peak extrinsic gm as high as 600 mS/mm was measured at Vds = 3.05 V, with a gate length of 2.94 ?m. The field-effect mobility versus effective electric field (Eeff) was measured for the first time in epitaxial graphene FETs, where record field-effect mobilities of 6000 cm2/V·s for electrons and 3200 cm2/V·s for holes were obtained at Eeff ~ 0.27 MV/cm .
A systematic review on the application of pharmacoepidemiology in assessing prescription drug-related adverse events in pediatrics.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To conduct a systematic review of recent case-control and cohort studies in assessing adverse drug events (ADEs) among pediatric patients aged between 0 and 18 years; to establish strengths and limitations of pharmacoepidemiology when applied in evaluating pediatric drug safety; and to identify areas of pediatric drug safety that may be suitable for future pharmaco­epidemiological investigations.Methods: A PubMed search was conducted using a list of keywords representing drugs, adverse drug events, case control and cohort studies, and pediatric population. Selection criteria were used to extract relevant studies published from 1/1 2000 to 7/1 2006.Results: Twenty-seven studies met our criteria. Of them, 12 used a prospective cohort design. The others were either case-control (seven) or retrospective cohort (eight) studies, based on the analysis of existing data­bases. More than half of the studies included more than 500 subjects. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants in the...
Hereditary fructose intolerance in the vomiting infant.

Hereditary fructose intolerance is one of numerous entities included in the differential diagnosis of vomiting in infancy. Caused by a deficiency of fructose-1-aldolase, it is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.1 The symptoms are often subtle and may be confused with more common disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux, milk protein allergy, or improper feeding practices. The following case emphasizes the need to consider the diagnosis of hereditary fructose intolerance in the vomiting infant. CASE REPORT A 9-week-old male infant was admitted with vomiting that was unresponsive to outpatient management. The first child of unrelated parents, he was born full term, with a birth weight of 4.1 kg, after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery.
Improved multicovering bounds from linear inequalities and supercodes

The multicovering radii of a code are natural generalizations of the covering radius in which the goal is to cover all m-tuples of vectors for some m as cheaply as possible. In this correspondence, we describe several techniques for obtaining lower bounds on the sizes of codes achieving a given multicovering radius. Our main method is a generalization of the method of linear inequalities based on refined weight distributions of the code. We also obtain a linear upper bound on the 2-covering radius. We further study bounds on the sizes of codes with a given multicovering radius that are subcodes of a fixed code. We find, for example, constraints on parity checks for codes with small ordinary covering radius.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Expressive Writing for Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose This randomized controlled trial examined the quality-of-life benefits of an expressive writing (EW) intervention for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and identified a potential underlying mechanism of intervention efficacy. Patients and Methods Patients (N 277) with stage I to IV RCC were randomly assigned to write about their deepest thoughts and feelings regarding their cancer (EW) or about neutral topics (neutral writing [NW]) on four separate occasions. Patients completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), and Impact of Event Scale (IES) at baseline and 1, 4, and 10 months after the intervention. Results The mean age of participants (28% stage IV; 41% female) was 58 years. Multilevel modeling analyses, using a Bonferroni-corrected .021 for six outcomes adjusted for the correlation among outcomes, revealed that, relative to the NW group, patients in the EW group reported significantly lower MDASI scores (P .003) and higher physical component summary scores on the SF-36 (P .019) at 10 months after the intervention. Mediation analyses revealed that significant group differences for MDASI scores at 10 months were mediated by lower IES scores at 1 month after the intervention in the EW group (P .042). No significant group differences were observed in the BFI, CES-D, PSQI, and mental component summary of the SF-36. Conclusion EW may reduce cancer-related symptoms and improve physical functioning in patients with RCC. Evidence suggests that this effect may occur through short-term improvements in cognitive processing.
High-Temperature Silicate Volcanism on Jupiter's Moon Io

Infrared wavelength observations of Io by the Galileo spacecraft show that at least 12 different vents are erupting lavas that are probably hotter than the highest temperature basaltic eruptions on Earth today. In at least one case, the eruption near Pillan Patera, two independent instruments on Galileo show that the lava temperature must have exceeded 1700 kelvin and may have reached 2000 kelvin. The most likely explanation is that these lavas are ultramafic (magnesium-rich) silicates, and this idea is supported by the tentative identification of magnesium-rich orthopyroxene in lava flows associated with these high-temperature hot spots.
Bold minnows consistently approach danger in the field and lab in response to either chemical or visual indicators of predation risk

A behavioral syndrome is a suite of behaviors correlated across multiple social contexts. In this study, boldness in the face of predation risk was assessed twice in fish across two different sensory modalities in both the field and lab to ascertain the biological relevance and complexity of this attribute. Individual fathead minnows were captured from a natural field population using traps that either contained chemical alarm cues (conspecific skin extract) or control (well water) and their responses to the presence of predator behind a glass partition assessed in the laboratory. Although fewer fish were captured in alarm cue-labeled traps, these bold fish performed longer predator inspections than shy fish captured in control traps. Thus, a shy/bold behavioral syndrome was expressed consistently across field and lab settings in response to both chemical and visual indicators of danger. Shy and bold individuals did not differ in sex, body length, secondary sexual characteristics, or parasite load but were of more robust physical condition.
What if Overweight and Obese Youth Were to See Themselves as Athletes? Sports as a Value-added Benefit to Pediatric Tertiary Weight-management Clinics

In an attempt to combat the nation's so-called “obesity epidemic,” tertiary weight-management clinics have emerged to help overweight and obese children develop strategies to better manage their health. Although these multidisciplinary clinics are gaining popularity, they unfortunately experience high discontinuation and drop-out rates. This article suggests a new, innovative way to affect change at these clinics by fostering a sense of athletic identity among the overweight or obese children.
Effects of an achievability display during simulated lunar landings

Landing on the moon requires the selection and identification of a location that is level and free of hazards, along with a stable, controlled descent to the lunar surface through the use of automated systems and manual control. The pilot workload associated with both selecting a suitable landing point (LP) and monitoring vehicle state is a concern for future lunar or planetary landings. A novel achievability contour display element was developed to show the current achievable limit of the vehicle. A subject experiment was conducted in a lunar landing simulation environment to test the effects of the achievability contour on pilot performance, situation awareness, and workload in simulated approach and terminal descent scenarios as compared to an Apollo-style auditory display. Two control modes were used: supervisory control and roll, pitch, and yaw rate-control/attitude-hold (RCAH) manual control. The experiment also investigated differences in display effect with and without a required redesignation. Results of the subject experiment (n = 10) indicate that the achievability contour display showed significant improvement in subjective situation awareness and workload ratings. The results also indicate changes in the landing point selection process with the use of the achievability contours. There was no measurable difference in flight and landing performance measures between the two display conditions. The results of the experiment have shown that providing the achievability contour display has beneficial effects on pilot situation awareness and workload during the final approach and terminal descent maneuvers. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal implementation and pilot interaction methods in the use of this display.
Identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases.

Background For patients with neuroendocrine tumor (NET) liver metastases, resection of the primary tumor may prevent local complications (obstruction, ischemia, and bleeding) and improve survival. Despite preoperative evaluation, the primary tumor location may remain unknown. Design Retrospective cohort analysis of pathology database from January 1, 1993, to August 15, 2008. Setting Academic medical center. Patients One hundred twenty-three patients with NET liver metastases. Main Outcome Measures Successful identification and resection of the primary tumor. Results Fifteen patients underwent surgical exploration. The primary tumor was located in 13 patients (86.7%) in the small intestine and resected in 12 patients. Primary tumors in the small intestine found during surgical exploration were significantly smaller than those identified preoperatively (1.38 vs 1.91 cm, P = .03) and were often multifocal (54.2% [n = 15]). Computed tomography (34.6% [n = 78]) and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (26.2% [n = 42]) were not sensitive in locating a primary NET in the gastrointestinal tract. Colonoscopy was sensitive in detecting colonic NETs (86.7% [n = 15]). Conclusion For patients with NET liver metastases and unknown primary tumor, surgical exploration effectively identifies and resects occult primary tumors that are often located in the small intestine. Primary tumors are usually small and multifocal, so careful palpation of the small intestine is essential. Before patients are considered for surgery, a multidisciplinary team assessment and evaluation consisting of computed tomography, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and upper and lower endoscopy should be done.
Contact-Induced Mechanisms in Organic Photovoltaics: A Steady-State and Transient Study

The role of the contacts in thin-film, blended heterojunctions (<100 nm thick) organic photovoltaics is explored, specifically considering concepts of carrier selectivity, injection, and extraction efficiency, relative to recombination. Contact effects are investigated by comparing two hole-collecting interlayers: a phosphonic acid monolayer on indium tin oxide (ITO) and a nickel oxide thin film. The interlayers have equivalent work functions (≈5.4 eV) but widely variant energy band offsets relative to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the acceptor (electron blocking versus not), which are coupled to large differences in carrier density. Trends in open-circuit voltages (VOC) as a function of light intensity and temperature are compared and it is concluded that the dominant mechanism limiting VOC for high density of states contacts is free carrier injection, not surface recombination or extraction barriers. Transient photocurrent decay measurements confirm excess reinjected carriers decrease the extraction efficiency via increased recombination and decrease free carrier lifetime, even at high internal electric fields, due to space charge accumulation. These results demonstrate that the energetics and injection dynamics of the interface between interlayers and high carrier density electrodes (typically ITO and metals) must be considered with fabrication and processing of interlayers, in addition to possible carrier selectivity and the interface with the active layer.
Transport of dietary cholesterol into blood and milk of the goat.

Abstract Position 4 labeled carbon-14 cholesterol was placed in abomasums (stomachs) of two lactating goats. Blood and milk samples were collected from the animals for 5 to 13 days. Specific activities of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in various fractions of blood serum and milk were determined to reveal pathways by which dietary cholesterol enters milk. Results with the two animals showed similar trends. Within 24h both cholesterol and cholesteryl esters of the three principal serum lipoproteins of the goat were labeled, and this labeling persisted in substantial degree for the 13-day experiment. Specific acitities for cholesteryl esters in milk fat globules exhibited several remarkable attributes: they fluctuated in intensity with a 3-to 4-day cycle reaching a maximum at 7 to 8 days after tracer injection; they exceeded cholesteryl ester specific activity in the skim milk by an order of magnitude; and at their maximum they exceeded all specific activities for serum components. The results of this investigation exemplify the ease with which dietary cholesterol enters and crosses membranes in the animal body.
Absorption Spectrum of DNA for Wavelengths Greater than 300 nm

Although DNA absorption at wavelengths greater than 300 nm is much weaker than that at shorter wavelengths, this absorption seems to be responsible for much of the biological damage caused by solar radiation of wavelengths less than 320 nm. Accurate measurement of the absorption spectrum of DNA above 300 nm is complicated by turbidity characteristic of concentrated solutions of DNA. We have measured the absorption spectra of DNA from calf thymus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, salmon testis, and human placenta using procedures which separate optical density due to true absorption from that due to turbidity. Above 300 nm, the relative absorption of DNA increases as a function of guanine-cytosine content, presumably because the absorption of guanine is much greater than the absorption of adenine at these wavelengths. This result suggests that the photophysical processes which follow absorption of a long-wavelength photon may, on the average, differ from those induced by shorter-wavelength photons. It may also explain the lower quantum yield for the killing of cells by wavelengths above 300 nm compared to that by shorter wavelengths.
Inadvertent Perianesthetic Hypothermia in Small Animal Patients

Inadvertent perianesthetic hypothermia is one of the most common complications in anesthesia of dogs and cats. Hypothermia during anesthesia can lead to altered pharmacokinetics of anesthetic and analgesic drugs, dysfunction of organ systems, increased patient susceptibility to infection, reduced wound healing, altered coagulation, hypotension, and delayed recovery. An understanding of the pathophysiology, complications, and techniques to minimize hypothermia during anesthesia can help veterinarians optimize care of patients. This article provides an overview of inadvertent perianesthetic hypothermia.
Seasonal and Geographical Variation of Blocking

Abstract We have calculated the seasonal variation of frequency of blocking and its geographical location by examining the grid point values of daily 500 mb geopotential height over the Northern Hemisphere for 15 consecutive years (1963–77). Blocking events are objectively identified by requiring that a large positive anomaly of a specified magnitude persist for seven days or more. The magnitude of the threshold anomaly is assumed to be 200 gpm for winter, 100 gpm for summer, and 150 gpm for fall and spring. It is found that the geographical locations of the maximum frequency, characterized by three distinctly different maxima, remain nearly the same in all the four seasons. These maxima which occur in the Pacific to the west of the Rockies, in the Atlantic to the west of the Alps, and over land to the west of the Ural mountains, coincide with the maxima of the low frequency and total variance. If the persistence criterion is changed to 1–3 days, the geographical distribution of frequency for winter is ve...
Anthropometry of Black Caribs

The primary purpose of this chapter on the anthropometry of the Black Caribs is to assess possible microevolutionary divergence in physique between two populations residing in Livingston, Guatemala, and on St. Vincent Island, West Indies, given 180 years of separation. These populations belonged to the common ancestral group from St. Vincent. References to the historical studies of the Black Caribs in the area are given elsewhere in this volume (see Chapters 1 and 2). Secondarily, variation in the sexual dimorphism of the two populations is discussed.
Hadronic ψψ events: Evidence for B-meson production

Abstract Observed πN → ψψX events are ascribed to B-meson production followed by B → ψX decays. The rate is consistent with that predicted by perturbative QCD. The characteristics of the dominant flavor excitation mechanism where the π-beam produces a leading B meson and a secondary B (or vice versa) are reflected in the longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions of the ψ mesons and in a large ψψ invariant mass. The same kinematic features of the events disfavor production exclusively via charm quarks.
Fluoxetine: a five-year review

Depression is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Although effective pharmacologic therapy has been available for nearly 40 years, most patients have been treated inadequately. The side effects associated with available antidepressants usually led to subtherapeutic dosing, premature discontinuation of therapy, or lack of patient compliance. The introduction in 1988 of fluoxetine hydrochloride, the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor (SSUI) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) available in the United States, represented a major advance in the pharmacologic management of depression. Large-scale trials showed fluoxetine to be as effective as existing agents, but because of its selectivity, the side effects of fluoxetine treatment are generally mild and transient and rarely cause premature discontinuation of therapy. In clinical trials approximately twice as many patients discontinue treatment because of side effects with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as with fluoxetine. In contrast to older agents fluoxetine requires no titration and can be dosed once daily. It is also safer in overdose than TCAs. Numerous clinical trials and widespread postintroduction clinical experience have demonstrated the advantages of fluoxetine compared with older antidepressants. It may also have some advantages over the two SSUIs that have followed thus far, sertraline and paroxetine, although comparative trials will be required to resolve this issue.
POST WEANING SUPPLEMENTATION OF APRIL-BORN POLYPAY AND WHITE DORPER LAMBS GRAZING ALFALFA/ORCHARDGRASS PASTURE

OF THESIS POST WEANING SUPPLEMENTATION OF APRIL-BORN POLYPAY AND WHITE DORPER LAMBS GRAZING ALFALFA/ORCHARDGRASS PASTURE The effect of post-weaning supplementation of April-born Polypay and White Dorper lambs grazing alfalfa/orchardgrass pasture during two grazing seasons from June to September was studied. One hundred seventy Polypay and 133 White Dorper lambs were randomly allotted to supplemented (2% BW daily) and unsupplemented groups. It was discovered that Polypay lambs weighed more than White Dorpers at wearning, when the grazing season began, and at the end of the 80 (Year 1) and 85 (Year 2) grazing season (P < 0.01). Polypay lambs gained faster (P <0.01) than White Dorpers. Supplemented lambs gained faster (P < 0.01) than unsupplemented and Polypays had a greater response to supplementation (P < 0.01) than White Dorpers. Polypays had higher (P < 0.01) fecal egg counts, an indicator of Haemonchus contortus infestation. Supplementation did not have any consistent effect on reducing Haemonchus contortus infestation. Differences in forage characteristics of Polypay and White Dorper lambs did appear. Differences in alfalfa and orchardgrass dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein availability were measured by subtracting enter from exit availabilities. The largest decrease of alfalfa components from exit to enter was found with unsupplemented Polypays. No consistent effect was found for orchardgrass components. Lauren Wood Student’s Signature November 24, 2015 Date POST-WEANING SUPPLEMENTATION OF APRIL-BORN POLYPAY AND WHITE DORPER LAMBS GRAZING ALFALFA/ORCHARDGRASS PASTURE By Lauren Nicole Wood Dr. Donald Ely Director of Thesis Dr. David Harmon Director of Graduate Studies November 24, 2015 Date
Genetic and nongenetic influences on vigor at birth and preweaning mortality of purebred and high percentage Brahman calves.

The objectives of this study were to assess the risk associated with proportion Brahman inheritance, cow age, dystocia, and birth date weather conditions on calf vigor at birth (n = 3,253) and preweaning mortality (n = 3,631), and to estimate heritabilities for these traits. Calves that had poor vigor at birth and calves that died before weaning were coded 1, and those that had adequate birth vigor or survived to weaning were coded 0. Traits were analyzed using GLM. Year (1951 to 2002), cow age, calfgender, minimum temperature on date of birth (two levels: 5.6 degrees C), and occurrence of dystocia were main effects in models. The proportion of Brahman inheritance in calves was modeled as a covariate. Males had greater odds of poor birth vigor (odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 1.82). The odds of death before weaning for steers relative to heifers approached significance (P = 0.07; odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 2.04). Calves born to young (3-yr-old) or very old (13 yr or older) cows had greater (P 0.85). Purebred Brahman calves had 24.7 times greater odds (95% confidence interval 8.23 to 73.97) of poor vigor than 2/3 Brahman calves. The regression coefficient estimate for fraction of Brahman inheritance approached significance (P = 0.07) for preweaning mortality. Estimates of direct and maternal heritability were 0.09 +/- 0.05 and 0.10 +/- 0.04 for birth vigor, and 0.06 +/- 0.05 and 0.09 +/- 0.04, respectively, for preweaning mortality. Some exploitable genetic variation exists for these traits, but management of other factors may yield more immediate improvement than selection.