cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of tetrahydrofurans from protected β-hydroxyaldehydes: Optimization of the alcohol protecting group

Abstract As part of an effort to generalize the synthesis of substituted tetrahydrofurans from protected β-hydroxy aldehydes, a series of common alcohol protecting groups was screened for compatibility with the methodology. Employing a β-(triisopropylsilyloxy)aldehyde resulted in a low yield of tetrahydrofuran, while the other protecting groups all afforded good yields of tetrahydrofurans.
On the Long-Period Effects in the Motion of an Artificial Satellite Caused by the Ellipticity of the Equator of the Earth

If a satellite has a mean daily motion nearly commensurable with the angular velocity of rotation of the earth, long-period perturbations will influence its motion. The eccentricity of such a commensurable orbit is not necessarily small, as the orbit of Explorer VI shows. This circumstance caused the author to develop a semianalytical method of treating these perturbations, which avoids the development of the disturbing function into powers of the eccentricity and consequently includes the cases of elongated orbits and orbits with moderate eccentricities.
A survey of protocols for Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract Intermittently Connected Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks (ICDT-WSNs), a branch of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), have features of WSNs and the intermittent connectivity of Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs). The applications of ICDT-WSNs are increasing in recent years, however, the communication protocols suitable for this category of networks often fall short. Most of the existing communication protocols are designed for either WSNs or DTNs and tend to be inadequate for direct use in ICDT-WSNs. This survey summarizes characteristics of ICDT-WSNs and their communication protocol requirements, and examines the communication protocols designed for WSNs and DTNs in recent years from the perspective of ICDT-WSNs. Opportunities for future research in ICDT-WSNs are also outlined.
Tone clarity in mixed pitch/phonation-type tones

Abstract In Green Mong, a subset of tones is characterized by phonation type in addition to pitch height, pitch contour and duration, which characterize the remaining tones of the language. This study examines perceptual and acoustic data to address the question of what makes tones clear when tonal identity is determined by this complex of acoustic cues. Native listeners were asked to categorize three tones which have similar falling contours, but which are differentiated by phonation type. Tokens that were correctly identified by 100% of the listeners were compared with tokens that were poorly identified. Perceptually, the breathy and creaky tones are less susceptible to identification errors than the modal tone. Acoustically, the clearest tokens of the three tones are differentiated by details of pitch contour shape, as well as by phonation-type cues. Clear tokens of the creaky and breathy tones are characterized by extreme acoustic cue values which shift these tokens away from space that is occupied by other tones. In contrast, the modal tone essentially occupies the middle ground for the cues examined here: more extreme acoustic values shift the modal tone into acoustic space that is occupied by some other tone in the language.
Exact solution for vortex dynamics in temperature quenches of two-dimensional superfluids.

An exact analytic solution for the dynamics of vortex pairs is obtained for rapid temperature quenches of a superfluid film starting from the line of critical points below the critical temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{KT}}$. An approximate solution for quenches at and above above ${T}_{\mathrm{KT}}$ provides insights into the origin of logarithmic transients in the vortex decay, and is in general agreement with recent simulations of the quenched $XY$ model. These results confirm that there is no ``creation'' of vortices whose density increases with the quench rate as predicted by the Kibble-Zurek theory but only monotonic decay of the thermal vortices already present at the initial temperature.
Recipients' Satisfaction with Locally Procured Food Aid Rations: Comparative Evidence from a Three Country Matched Survey

Summary Using survey data from natural experiments in three countries that simultaneously received food aid sourced locally and from the United States, we test the hypothesis that locally-sourced commodities are more culturally appropriate and thus preferred over traditional food aid commodities sourced from the donor country. We use a semi-nonparametric regression method to estimate recipients’ satisfaction with these commodities across a range of criteria. We establish that recipients of locally procured rations are generally more satisfied with the commodities they receive than are recipients of US-sourced foods. This pattern is especially pronounced among less-well-off recipients.
Liaison classes of modules

Abstract We propose a concept of module liaison that extends Gorenstein liaison of ideals and provides an equivalence relation among unmixed modules over a commutative Gorenstein ring. Analyzing the resulting equivalence classes we show that several results known for Gorenstein liaison are still true in the more general case of module liaison. In particular, we construct two maps from the set of even liaison classes of modules of fixed codimension into stable equivalence classes of certain reflexive modules. As a consequence, we show that the intermediate cohomology modules and properties like being perfect, Cohen–Macaulay, Buchsbaum, or surjective-Buchsbaum are preserved in even module liaison classes. Furthermore, we prove that the module liaison class of a complete intersection of codimension one consists of precisely all perfect modules of codimension one.
The presidential addresses of sir William Jones: The asiatick society of bengal and the iscsc

The Asiatick Society of Bengal, founded by Sir William Jones in Calcutta in 1784, blazed the trails and mapped them for subsequent travellers in the discipline now called the comparative study of civilizations. This paper analyzes Jones' Presidential addresses to show how the founding of the Asiatick Society reflected and at the same time influenced a new conception of human history, whose cultural and political manifestations had to encompass much more than the Greco-Roman and Judaeo- Christian world. This essay brings Jones' works to our attention and should make us more aware of the importance of his work for the comparative study of civilizations and cultures.
Recent Progress in Discovery of Small-Molecule CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Ligands as HIV-1 Inhibitors

This review addresses key pharmacology and virology issues relevant in discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV drugs, such as target validation, receptor internalization, allosterism, viral resistance and tropism. Recent progress in the discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists, SAR and clinical status are reviewed. Finally, modeling-based structure of CCR5 is discussed in the context of a small-molecule antagonism of the CCR5 receptor.
Cigarette Exposure, Dependence, and Craving Are Related to Insula Thickness in Young Adult Smokers

The age period spanning late adolescence to emergent adulthood is associated with the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States, and is also a time of continued brain development. Nonetheless, although prior research has shown group differences in brain structure associated with smoking status in adults, few studies have examined how smoking and associated behavioral states relate to brain structure in this age group. Neuroimaging and lesion studies have suggested that the insula, a cortical region that integrates heterogeneous signals about internal states and contributes to executive functions, plays an important role in cigarette smoking behavior. Using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging, we therefore measured cortical thickness of the insula in 18 smokers and 24 nonsmokers between the ages of 16 and 21 years. There were no group differences in insula thickness, but cigarette exposure (pack-years) was negatively associated with thickness in right insula. Cigarette dependence and the urge to smoke were negatively related to cortical thickness in the right ventral anterior insula. Although the results do not demonstrate causation, they do suggest that there are effects of cigarette exposure on brain structure in young smokers, with a relatively short smoking history. It is possible that changes in the brain due to prolonged exposure or to the progression of dependence lead to more extensive structural changes, manifested in the reported group differences between adult smokers and nonsmokers. Structural integrity of the insula may have implications for predicting long-term cigarette smoking and problems with other substance abuse in this population.
Representation and redistribution in federations

Many of the world's most populous democracies are political unions composed of states or provinces that are unequally represented in the national legislature. Scattered empirical studies, most of them focusing on the United States, have discovered that overrepresented states appear to receive larger shares of the national budget. Although this relationship is typically attributed to bargaining advantages associated with greater legislative representation, an important threat to empirical identification stems from the fact that the representation scheme was chosen by the provinces. Thus, it is possible that representation and fiscal transfers are both determined by other characteristics of the provinces in a specific country. To obtain an improved estimate of the relationship between representation and redistribution, we collect and analyze provincial-level data from nine federations over several decades, taking advantage of the historical process through which federations formed and expanded. Controlling for a variety of country- and province-level factors and using a variety of estimation techniques, we show that overrepresented provinces in political unions around the world are rather dramatically favored in the distribution of resources.
Topliss approach to the synthesis of biologically active substituted N-benzoyl taxol analogues

Abstract A series of compounds, directed by the Topliss Operational Scheme, were synthesized and evaluated to investigate structure activity relationships of the N -benzoyl moiety of taxol. Evaluation of the newly prepared derivatives in the microtubule assembly assay and for cytotoxicity revealed that they possessed biological properties similar to taxol. Nine novel substituted N -benzoyl analogues of taxol were prepared, using the Topliss approach to drug design. The taxanes were prepared from N -acyl-3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-azetidinones and baccatin III or by acylation of N -debenzoyltaxol. In vitro biological evaluation revealed that these analogues had activity similar to taxol.
A new venture's optimal entry time

Abstract We formulate a model of the decision of when a new venture should enter the market based on the uncertain evolution over time of environmental volatility and market competition. We characterize the performance-maximizing time to enter the market, and show how this entry time is affected by changes in the business environment. By further focusing our modeling assumptions, we are able to translate our time-based criteria into environmental terms and propose that management set a target environment level that must be met before entering the market. We also demonstrate that management should adjust this target over time to respond to changes in the business context. This modeling feature is important because it allows for a better assessment of when to enter a market based on future performances. We translate the model's theoretical insights into testable propositions, and explore possible ways to operationalize these for empirical testing.
OTTER Experiments in a System of Combinatory Logic

This paper describes some experiments involving the automated theorem-proving program OTTER in the system TRC of illative combinatory logic. We show how OTTER can be steered to find a contradiction in an inconsistent variant of TRC, and present some experimentally discovered identities in TRC.
Derivatives of tetrahedral boronic acids

Abstract A series of aliphatic and benzylic bifunctional boronate esters have been prepared as potential ligands for affinity chromatography. α-Acetamido, picolino, thioureido and acetamidino boronates have the hetero atom coordinated with the boron, creating a tetrahedral structure. The 1H, 13C and 11B NMR for these compounds confirm the structure, as well as the hetero atom—boron coordination, and show that the bonding of the internal Lewis base with boron increases in order of coordination strength: pyridine
Is Fiscal Policy Poised for a Comeback

For several decades, discretionary fiscal policy has been in disrepute. Most economists viewed it as unnecessary, because monetary policy was up to the job of stabilizing the economy. Economists also viewed fiscal policy as too clumsy to deal with the relatively short recessions that became the post-war norm. But the experience of Japan and the near-Japan experience of the United States in 2001--3 have renewed some of the old case for fiscal policy. Low-interest environments in which monetary policy becomes ineffective turn out to be a real danger, not a myth. Economic slumps that last for a number of years, offering ample time to implement fiscal expansion, also turn out to be possible. As a result, the case for fiscal policy made by the first generation of Keynesians has experienced a real revival. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
From double Lie groups to quantum groups

It is shown that there is a $C^*$-algebraic quantum group related to any double Lie group. An algebra underlying this quantum group is an algebra of a differential groupoid naturally associated with a double Lie group
Generic critical points of normal matrix ensembles

The evolution of the degenerate complex curve associated with the ensemble at a generic critical point is related to the finite time singularities of Laplacian growth. It is shown that the scaling behaviour at a critical point of singular geometry x3 ~ y2 is described by the first Painleve transcendent. The regularization of the curve resulting from discretization is discussed.
Catalytic enantioselective cycloadditions: a readily available Diels–Alder catalyst

Abstract A highly selective Diels–Alder catalyst has been prepared from a commercially available tetrahydronaphthalene diol. Stereocontrol is enhanced by introduction of a planar chiral arene chromium tricarbonyl group.
X-ray Astronomy

Many of the most interesting discoveries about the Universe, which have occurred in the last few decades, have resulted from observations of the sky in light not visible to our eye. To emphasize this point it is only necessary to recall the discovery of the microwave background radiation, still the most convincing evidence for the Big-Bang theory, apart from the discovery of the recession of the galaxies 50 years ago. The discovery of pulsars through radio observations established the existence of neutron stars, which until then had only existed as speculative objects predicted by theoretical astrophysicists to be the end point of stellar evolution for intermediate mass stars. Radio observations first revealed the existence of quasi-stellar objects, now generally believed to be objects at greater distance from us than any known, and therefore offering clues to the early stages of the formation of galaxies and their evolution.
Two-band superconductivity in LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 at very high magnetic fields.

The synthesis of the novel superconductor LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 with transition temperature Tc ∼ 26 K has been quickly followed by reports of even higher Tcs. These discoveries have generated much interest in the mechanisms and manifestations of unconventional superconductivity in the family of doped quaternary layered oxypnictides, because many features of these materials set them apart from other superconductors. Hunte et al. report very high-field resistance measurements of LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 up to 45 T, which show a remarkable enhancement of the upper critical field Bc2 as compared to values expected from the slopes dBc2/dT ≈ 2 T/K near Tc, particularly at low temperatures where the deduced Bc2(0) ≈ 63–65 T exceeds the paramagnetic limit. The recent synthesis of the superconductor LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 with transition temperature Tc ≈ 26 K (refs 1–4) has been quickly followed by reports of even higher transition temperatures in related compounds: 41 K in CeFeAsO0.84F0.16 (ref. 5), 43 K in SmFeAsO0.9F0.1 (ref. 6), and 52 K in NdFeAsO0.89F0.11 and PrFeAsO0.89F0.11 (refs 7, 8). These discoveries have generated much interest9,10 in the mechanisms and manifestations of unconventional superconductivity in the family of doped quaternary layered oxypnictides LnOTMPn (Ln: La, Pr, Ce, Sm; TM: Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; Pn: P, As), because many features of these materials set them apart from other known superconductors. Here we report resistance measurements of LaFeAsO0.89F0.11 at high magnetic fields, up to 45 T, that show a remarkable enhancement of the upper critical field Bc2 compared to values expected from the slopes dBc2/dT ≈ 2 T K-1 near Tc, particularly at low temperatures where the deduced Bc2(0) ≈ 63–65 T exceeds the paramagnetic limit. We argue that oxypnictides represent a new class of high-field superconductors with Bc2 values surpassing those of Nb3Sn, MgB2 and the Chevrel phases, and perhaps exceeding the 100 T magnetic field benchmark of the high-Tc copper oxides.
Measuring aggregate process performance using AHP

When one undertakes a benchmarking study, it is quite typical to collect performance data on a set of business processes from a variety of organizations. While one can compare efficiency on a process-by-process level, how can one compare the overall efficiency of one organization versus another using this process-level data? This note presents a methodology that combines tournament ranking and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches to create a ranking scheme that deals explicitly with missing data and ties in the tournament scheme.
Synthesis of the First Photo-Triggered Pro-mitosene Based on FR-900482

Abstract A stereocontrolled synthesis of an eight-membered ring precursor to a photo-triggered mitosene is described.
The Hierarchical Build-Up of Massive Galaxies and the Intracluster Light since z = 1

We use a set of simulation-based models for the dissipationless evolution of galaxies since z = 1 to constrain the fate of accreted satellites embedded in dark matter subhalos. These models assign stellar mass to dark matter halos at z = 1 by relating the observed galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) to the halo + subhalo mass function monotonically. The evolution of the stellar mass content is then followed using halo merger trees extracted from N-body simulations. Our models are differentiated only in the fate assigned to satellite galaxies once subhalos, within which satellites are embedded, disrupt. These models are confronted with the observed evolution in the massive end of the GSMF, the z ~ 0 brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) to cluster mass relation, and the combined BCG and intracluster light (ICL) luminosity distribution—all observables expected to evolve approximately dissipationlessly since z = 1. The combined observational constraints favor a model in which the vast majority (80%) of satellite stars from disrupted subhalos go into the ICL (operationally defined here as light below a surface brightness cut of μi ≈ 23 mag arcsec-2). Conversely, models that leave behind a significant population of satellite galaxies once the subhalo has disrupted are strongly disfavored, as are models that put a significant fraction of satellite stars into the BCG. Our results show that observations of the ICL provide useful and unique constraints on models of galaxy merging and the dissipationless evolution of galaxies in groups and clusters.
Heat-transfer distribution around a cylinder in pulsating crossflow

The effects of sinusoidal flow pulsations on the heat transfer from a cylinder to a crossflow at Re = 50,000 were investigated. A range of different pulsation amplitudes of up to 25% and frequencies both above and below the natural shedding frequency were used. The pulsating flow was clean and well organized. It had greater than 95% of the power at the fundamental frequency with a low turbulence level (less than 0.5%). The time-averaged local heat transfer was experimentally measured for a constant-temperature surface-boundary condition using a small heat flux gage in the cylinder wall. Distributions were obtained by rotating the cylinder through 180 deg. The experiments showed no significant increase of heat transfer due to the flow pulsation in either the wake or attached boundary layer region. Small local increases were found near the separation point.
Effects of Single-Dose Ultraviolet Radiation on Skin Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Xanthine Oxidase in Hairless Mice

Abstract The effects of a single exposure to UVB radiation on skin antioxidant enzymes and superoxide-generating xanthine oxidase were examined in Skh:HR-1 hairless mice. Significant decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were observed by 12 h after UV irradiation and remained depressed for up to 72 h. No induction of xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) or xanthine oxidase (XO) occurred with UV treatment, although significant hyperplasia was evident. Ornithine decarboxylase was induced after UV irradiation as has been previously reported. These results demonstrate significant biochemical effects of a single dose of UVB on murine epidermis, especially in terms of antioxidant defenses.
La enfermedad en la historiografía de América latina moderna

This article discusses trends and topics on the current historiography of disease in modern latin America. It identifies three dominant trends: the sociocultural history of disease, the history of public health and the new history of medicine. As for the topics, the most relevant ones area the study of epidemics, the transmission of knowledge from the center to the periphery, tropical medicine, and the sociocultural dimensions of the disease.
2'-O-[2-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl] modified oligonucleotides: symbiosis of charge interaction factors and stereoelectronic effects.

Oligonucleotides with a novel, 2‘-O-[2-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl] (2‘-O-DMAEOE) modification have been synthesized. This modification, a cationic analogue of the 2‘-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2‘-O-MOE) modification, exhibits high binding affinity to target RNA (but not to DNA) and exceptional resistance to nuclease degradation. Analysis of the crystal structure of a self-complementary oligonucleotide containing a single 2‘-O-DMAEOE modification explains the importance of charge factors and gauche effects on the observed antisense properties. 2‘-O-DMAEOE modified oligonucleotides are ideal candidates for antisense drugs.
A paradox in the global description of the multiverse

We use an argument by Page to exhibit a paradox in the global description of the multiverse: the overwhelming majority of observers arise from quantum fluctuations and not by conventional evolution. Unless we are extremely atypical, this contradicts observation. The paradox does not arise in the local description of the multiverse, but similar arguments yield interesting constraints on the maximum lifetime of metastable vacua.
Public pension fund ownership and firm performance

Equity ownership by public pension funds (PPFs) is widely used in the literature (see, e.g., Cremers and Nair 2005; Dittmar and Mahrt-Smith 2007) as a measure of the strength of shareholder monitoring/governance. This paper raises caution on such practices by illustrating an inverted-U shape relationship between PPF ownership and firms’ future performance, measured by stock returns and operating performance: during 1985–2005, future performance first increases, then declines in aggregate equity ownership by PPFs. Our results suggest that PPFs’ presence is consistent with shareholder value maximization when they have moderate influence on firm management, whereas excessive PPF ownership may facilitate PPF managers’ pursuits of political interests and destroy shareholder value. Therefore, it is important to impose an upper bound to PPF ownership when measuring the strength of shareholder monitoring/governance.
The Canonical Map and Horikawa Surfaces in Positive Characteristic

We extend fundamental inequalities related to the canonical map of surfaces of general type to positive characteristic. Next, we classify surfaces on the Noether lines, that is, even and odd Horikawa surfaces, in positive characteristic. We describe their moduli spaces and the subspaces formed by surfaces whose canonical maps are inseparable. Moreover, we compute their Betti–, deRham- and crystalline cohomology. Finally, we prove lifting to characteristic zero and show that the moduli spaces are topologically flat over the integers.
Health and disability.

Many societies worldwide have experienced a change from conditions of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality, a process commonly dubbed the “demographic transition”. Related to this trend is the “epidemiologic transition”, a phrase first used in the early 1970s (1) to refer to a long-term change in leading causes of death, from infectious and acute to chronic and degenerative. In the classic demographic transition, initial mortality declines result primarily from the control of infectious and parasitic diseases at very young ages. As children survive and grow, they are increasingly exposed to risk factors associated with chronic diseases and accidents. As fertility declines and populations begin to age, the preeminent causes of death shift from those associated with childhood mortality to those associated with older age (2). Eventually, growing numbers of adults shift national morbidity profiles toward a greater incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases (3).
Mechanical and tribological properties of electrospun PA 6(3)T fiber mats

Abstract The mechanical and tribological properties of electrospun fiber mats are of paramount importance to their utility as components in a large number of applications. Although some mechanical properties of these mats have been reported previously, reports of their tribological properties are essentially nonexistent. In this work, electrospun nanofiber mats of poly(trimethyl hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA 6(3)T) with average fiber diameter of 463 ± 64 nm are characterized mechanically and tribologically. Post-spin thermal annealing was used to modify the properties of the fiber mats. Morphological changes, in-plane tensile response, friction coefficient and wear rate were characterized as functions of the annealing temperature. The Young's moduli, yield stresses and toughnesses of the nonwoven mats improved by two- to ten-fold when annealed slightly above the glass transition temperature, but at the expense of mat porosity. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate decrease by factors of two and ten, respectively, under the same conditions. The wear rate correlates with the yield properties of the mat, in accord with a modified Ratner–Lancaster model. The variation in mechanical and tribological properties of the mats with increasing annealing temperature is consistent with the formation of fiber-to-fiber junctions and a mechanism of abrasive wear that involves the breakage of fibers between junctions.
The conway polynomial

§l. INTRODUCTION THE CLASSICAL Alexander polynomial[l] A(x) = A&) of a knot or link K C S3 is an invariant of ambient isotopy that is well-defined up to sign and multiplication by powers of the variable x. The Conway polynomial V(z) = V,(z) is a direct invariant of ambient isotopy. This polynomial, first introduced by Conway in[2], has remarkable properties that allow its computation from a knot diagram without recourse to matrices or determinants. It is related to the Alexander polynomial via the potential function V(x x-‘) which is (up to sign and powers of x) equivalent to A(x*). The purpose of this paper is to give an exposition of the Conway polynomial, and to explain the source of its properties by modelling it in analogy to the Alexander polynomial. There is a good geometric explanation for the potential function: this proceeds as follows: Given an oriented knot or link K C S3, let F C S3 be a connected, oriented spanning surface for K. Let 8: H,(F) x H,(F)+2 be the Seifert pairing (see 03). Let 0 also denote any matrix of this pairing with respect to a basis for H,(F). Define the potenfiaI function a,(x) by the formula 0,(x) = 0(x0 -x-‘(Y) where D denotes determinant and 8’ is the transpose of 8. (If H,(F) = 0, Let n,(x) = 1). Our main result is the following:
Laws in Darwinian evolutionary theory

In the present article the recent works to formulate laws in Darwinian evolutionary dynamics are discussed. Although there is a strong consensus that general laws in biology may exist, opinions opposing such suggestion are abundant. Based on recent progress in both mathematics and biology, another attempt to address this issue is made in the present article. Specifically, three laws which form a mathematical framework for the evolutionary dynamics in biology are postulated. The second law is most quantitative and is explicitly expressed in the unique form of a stochastic differential equation. Salient features of Darwinian evolutionary dynamics are captured by this law: the probabilistic nature of evolution, ascendancy, and the adaptive landscape. Four dynamical elements are introduced in this formulation: the ascendant matrix, the transverse matrix, the Wright evolutionary potential, and the stochastic drive. The first law may be regarded as a special case of the second law. It gives the reference point to discuss the evolutionary dynamics. The third law describes the relationship between the focused level of description to its lower and higher ones, and defines the dichotomy of deterministic and stochastic drives. It is an acknowledgement of the hierarchical structure in biology. A new interpretation of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection is provided in terms of the F-theorem. The proposed laws are based on continuous representation in both time and population. Their generic nature is demonstrated through their equivalence to classical formulations. The present three laws appear to provide a coherent framework for the further development of the subject.
A Little Microlocal Morse Theory

If a complex analytic function, f, has a stratified isolated critical point, then it is known that the cohomology of the Milnor fibre of f has a direct sum decomposition in terms of the normal Morse data to the strata. We use microlocal Morse theory to obtain the same result under the weakened hypothesis that the vanishing cycles along f have isolated support. We also investigate an index-theoretic proof of this fact.
Seeing Double: Strong Gravitational Lensing of High-Redshift Supernovae

With the advent of large, deep surveys, the observation of a strongly gravitationally lensed supernova becomes increasingly likely. High-redshift surveys continue apace, with a handful of Type Ia supernovae observed to date at redshifts of 1 or greater. In addition, a satellite has been proposed (the Supernova/Acceleration Probe [SNAP]) that will be dedicated to observing thousands of supernovae per year out to a redshift of 1.7. Although it is exceedingly unlikely that we will see a multiply imaged supernova from ongoing surveys, we find that SNAP would observe at least eight such events per year. Since having a standard candle is inessential to most lensing studies, SNAP's large sample of Type II supernovae contributes to this rate. Each case of strong lensing allows for a precise determination of time delays, image separations, and relative image magnifications, and the SNAP strong-lensing database will offer measures of Ωm, ΩΛ, and H0, independent of SNAP's primary goal of establishing the distance-redshift relation. These systems also constrain models for the matter density profiles of galaxies and clusters. Furthermore, lensed Type Ia supernovae afford us the opportunity to break the mass-sheet degeneracy found in many lensing measurements.
The Telephone Patents: Intellectual Property, Business, and the Law in the United States and Britain, 1876–1900

This dissertation summary introduces a new perspective on the legal and economic history of patents in the late nineteenth century. Through a case study of the early telephone industry in Britain and the United States, the dissertation explores interactions between business strategies and national legal regimes, and proposes a revised view of the multi-layered relationship between patents and industrial organization.
Plasma-Based Flow Control for Delay of Excrescence-Generated Transition

Numerical simulations are carried out to explore flow control that delays transition generated by excrescence on a platelike geometry in subsonic flow. Both forward-facing and rearward-facing steps of small roughness heights are considered in the simulations. These are representative of joints and other surface imperfections on wing sections that disrupt laminar flow, thereby increasing skin friction and drag. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma-based flow control is employed to delay transition and increase the extent of the laminar flow region. Solutions are obtained to the Navier–Stokes equations, which were augmented by source terms used to characterize the body force imparted by a plasma actuator on the fluid. A simple phenomenological model provided these forces resulting from the electric field generated by the plasma. The numerical method is based upon a high-order numerical scheme and an implicit time-marching approach on overset mesh systems used to describe the steps. Very small-amplitude numer...
Analysis of 227Ac in seawater by delayed coincidence counting

Abstract The activity of 227 Ac in seawater was determined using a delayed coincidence counting technique based on the measurement of the short-lived daughter 223 Ra (half-life of 11 days). Two 180-l aliquots of Ac free seawater from surface waters of the California borderlands were spiked with Harwell Uraninite standard and the added Ac and Ra were extracted on Mn-fibers. The measured activities on the fibers agreed to within 5% of the equilibrium Ac activity of the spike addition, well within the 2 σ counting error of 7% for the measurements. Thus, any recovery error was indistinguishable from counting error. Large volume samples were collected from the water column of the Eastern North Pacific in December of 1998 and processed through Mn-fiber columns. The 223 Ra activities on the fibers were measured four or more times over a period of 2 months by the technique of [J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 1321] to determine if the activity of 223 Ra was wholly supported by 227 Ac. In most cases, no significant differences in 223 Ra activity were observed during repeated counting of the same sample, again implying that 223 Ra was supported wholly by 227 Ac. In samples where unsupported 223 Ra were present, samples were counted beyond five half live of the 223 Ra (>60 days). Two depth profiles of 227 Ac in the Eastern North Pacific showed similar shape and activity to profiles in the Western and Central Pacific measured with alpha-spectrometry by [Nature 310 (1984) 486). Surface waters of the Southern Ocean were relatively enriched in 227 Ac compared to Eastern North Pacific waters, possibly indicating export of the parent 231 Pa from Atlantic surface waters or upwelling.
Exploring the yukawa unified minimal supergravity model at the Tevatron, LEP II and the LHC

Abstract We explore the prospects for detection of sparticles and Higgs bosons at the Tevatron, LEP-200 and the LHC in the allowed parameter space of a ‘yukawa unified’ (λb(MU) = λgt(MU)) minimal supergravity (YUMS) model, where the only non-zero unification scale soft-SUSY-breaking terms are a universal gaugino mass and a Higgs mixing term. In a bottom-up approach, just two weak scale parameters, tan β and mA0, (along with the sign of the Higgs mixing parameter μ) completely parameterize the model. Many interesting ‘special’ situations regarding sparticle and Higgs discovery arise, such as the importance of the invisible h 0 → χ 1 0 χ 1 0 , ν ν decay modes.
Forced harmonic response of a continuous system displaying eigenvalue veering phenomena

Prior studies of self-adjoint linear vibratory systems have extensively explored the free vibration phenomena associated with veering of eigenvalue loci that depict the dependence of natural frequencies on a system parameter. The present work is an exploration of the effect of such phenomena on the response of a nearly-periodic continuum to harmonic excitation. The focus of the analysis is the prototypical system of a two-span beam with a strong torsional spring at the intermediate pin support. The results of an exact eigenvalue analysis, not previously disclosed, are used to perform a modal analysis of the steady-state response to a harmonic concentrated force applied to the middle of one span. The modal equations are used to identify situations in which the force response is localized to one span, as well as the degree to which the location and magnitude of the peak displacement display parameter sensitivity. The effect of hysteretic loss on forced localization is discussed.
Cosmological constraints on pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons.

Particle physics models with pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons (PNGBs) are characterized by two mass scales: a global spontaneous symmetry breaking scale, f, and a soft (explicit) symmetry breaking scale, Lambda. General model insensitive constraints were studied on this 2-D parameter space arising from the cosmological and astrophysical effects of PNGBs. In particular, constraints were studied arising from vacuum misalignment and thermal production of PNGBs, topological defects, and the cosmological effects of PNGB decay products, as well as astrophysical constraints from stellar PNGB emission. Bounds on the Peccei-Quinn axion scale, 10(exp 10) GeV approx. = or less than f sub pq approx. = or less than 10(exp 10) to 10(exp 12) GeV, emerge as a special case, where the soft breaking scale is fixed at Lambda sub QCD approx. = 100 MeV.
Programming with characters

Programs are hard to build, and even harder to understand after they are built. We lack intuitive interfaces for visualizing and manipulating many parts of programs and the ways in which these parts interact. Constraint systems have addressed these problems. We generalize some of the notions inherent in constraint systems to agent-based systems, and explore the use of animated characters as interface representations of agents. In particular, conflict detection and resolution is dramatized by the use of characters and their emotions. The history of their interactions is presented as a narrative using video and storyboard techniques. Building programs out of agents and enabling users to manipulate program parts by interacting with simple animated characters can aid relatively unskilled users in understanding and modifying complex systems.
Viscous-Inviscid Interaction for Transonic Wing-Body Configurations Including Wake Effects

An existing three-dimensional compressible integral boundary-layer method was modified to account for mean dilatation effects, to model transition properly, and to provide better numerical stability near computational boundaries. Results of this method were compared against those from a three-dimensio nal finitedifference boundary-layer method on a difficult test case. An interaction procedure was developed to couple this integral method with a number of wing-alone and wing-body transonic potential codes to account for viscous effects. A strip wake model, including thickness and curvature effects, was developed and incorporated into this interaction procedure. Results from this procedure were compared against experimental data and results from previous procedures, on test cases where viscous effects were large.
Land Endowment, Intersectoral Labor Mobility, and Economic Geography

The distribution of industries is studied in a general equilibrium model in which firms producing manufactured products engage in oligopolistic competition. The agricultural product is produced by land and labor and there is intersectoral labor mobility between the agricultural sector and the manufacturing sector. Results are derived analytically. When worker units are divisible, concentration of all workers in one region is not stable. The role of land in the production of the agricultural product is important in affecting the distribution of industries.
Formulas for the multiplicity of graded algebras

Let R be a standard graded Noetherian algebra over an Artinian local ring. Moti- vated by the work of Achilles and Manaresi in intersection theory, we first express the multiplicity of R by means of local j-multiplicities of various hyperplane sections. When applied to a homogeneous inclusion AB of standard graded Noetherian algebras over an Artinian local ring, this formula yields the multiplicity of A in terms of that of B and of local j-multiplicities of hyperplane sections along Proj(B). Our formulas can be used to find the multiplicity of special fiber rings and to obtain the degree of dual va- rieties for any hypersurface. In particular, it gives a generalization of Teissier's Plucker formula to hypersurfaces with non-isolated singularities. Our work generalizes results by Simis, Ulrich and Vasconcelos on homogeneous embeddings of graded algebras.
Monte Carlo calculation of one- and two-dimensional particle and damage distributions for ion-implanted dopants in silicon

The two-dimensional distributions of particles, primary damage, and electronic and nuclear energy loss were calculated for implantation of a line source into silicon targets by using the TRIM Monte Carlo code. In addition, the Kinchin-Pease equation was used to calculate approximate two-dimensional distributions of the Frenkel pairs (vacancy-interstitial) created by the primary displacement damage of the target atoms. These distributions allowed for the calculation of the one-dimensional distributions of these quantities for implantation into unmasked targets. The two-dimensional particle and approximate Frenkel pairs distributions for implantation past a mask edge were constructed by means of superposition. The results are important for understanding the mass, energy, and dose dependence of implantation and the associated displacement damage.
Timelike and spacelike QCD characteristics of the $e^+e^-$ annihilation process

We consider the Adler D-function, which is defined in the spacelike region, and the $e^+e^-$ annihilation ratio smeared, according to the Poggio, Quinn, and Weinberg method, which is determined for timelike argument. We show that the method of the nonperturbative a-expansion allows one to describe these Euclidean and Minkowskian characteristics of the process of $e^+e^-$ annihilation down to the lowest energy scales.
A robust test for consumer welfare enhancing mergers among sellers of a homogeneous product

Antitrust enforcement agencies and courts use net effect on price as a touchstone for the legality of mergers. This paper derives a simple condition for implementing that standard when industry equilibrium is static Nash in quantities (Cournot), and that condition is robust to different specifications of demand and cost. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.
Analysis of the Torque Production Mechanism for Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Machines

This paper investigates the principles underlying torque production in a flux-switching permanent-magnet (FSPM) machine. Because the phase windings and permanent magnets (PMs) in FSPM machines are both located on the stator, the torque production mechanism is not the same as for a conventional PM synchronous machine. Spatial harmonic analysis is applied to examine the frequency components present in the electric and magnetic loading of the machine. Since torque is proportional to the product of the electric and magnetic loading, understanding the source of the principal harmonics in these waveforms yields powerful insights into the components that result in torque production. The analysis is first presented for a specific FSPM machine (12-slot/10-pole) and then extended to a general FSPM machine. The primary torque-producing harmonics in the air-gap flux density waveform are found to be the heterodyned harmonics of the magnetomotive force produced by the stator magnets and the air-gap permeance seen by the stator looking into the rotor. Analytical results are compared to results from finite-element analysis and exhibit good agreement.
A counterexample to the a-'theorem'

We exhibit a renormalization group flow for a four-dimensional gauge theory along which the conformal central charge a increases. The flow connects the maximally superconformal point of an = 2 gauge theory with gauge group SU(N+1) and Nf = 2N flavors in the ultraviolet, to a strongly-coupled superconformal point of the SU(N) gauge theory with Nf = 2N massless flavors in the infrared. Our example does not contradict the proof of the a-theorem via a-maximization, due to the presence of accidental symmetries in the infrared limit. Nor does it contradict the holographic a-theorem, because these gauge theories do not possess weakly-curved holographic duals.
Minimum mass sizing of a large low-aspect ratio airframe for flutter-free performance

A procedure for sizing an airframe for flutter-free performance is demonstrated on a large, flexible supersonic transport aircraft. The procedure is based on using a two-level reduced basis or modal technique for reducing the computational cost of performing the repetitive flutter analyses. The supersonic transport aircraft exhibits complex dynamic behavior, has a well-known flutter problem and requires a large finite-element model to predict the vibratory and flutter response. Flutter-free designs are produced with small mass increases relative to the wing structural weight and aircraft payload. In view of the ability of the resizing procedure to handle this supersonic transport configuration, it seems likely that the method could be used for many other aircraft.
An investigation of task team structure and its impact on productivity

Productivity in the information age is widely perceived to be a major problem facing many organizations. One strategy to enhance organizational productivity has been the use of task teams. Assignment to task teams usually reflects individual technical expertise, individual availability, and/or positional politics rather than a focus on the effectiveness of the team members in the specific organizational situation. This paper investigates characteristics of team members and then examines the effect on team effectiveness of these characteristics and of the requirements of the organizational activity.Two organizational situations were investigated. The first was a true unstructured organizational situation. A field study was used to investigate two project teams in this situation. The second organizational situation was structured and administered in a controlled setting; members of a programming class constituted the participants in the second situation. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was used to determine the perceptual characteristics of team members and thus determine the heterogeneity or the homogeneity of the teams.The findings indicate that the situational structure determines the overall effectiveness of the team composition. They also offer evidence that heterogeneity in group composition is best for solving complex problems, whereas homogeneity is best for solving structured, less complex problems. It also suggests that one team might not be appropriate for all stages of a project. As the nature of the tasks involved in the project change, it could be that the optimum team composition would also change. Much further research must be aimed at strategically assembling the most productive team for any number of organizational situations.