cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate constraints for video transmission over ATM networks based on joint source/network criteria

In this paper, we study the rate constraints required for variable rate video transmission over ATM networks. Our objective is to achieve both good source quality and efficient network utilization. We show that these objectives may not be achieved simultaneously unless both network and source coding considerations are taken into account. In particular, we show that, given a rate constraint, a greedy source coding strategy will reduce the potential for statistical multiplexing gain in the network. We propose two alternative methods to achieve our goals. The fil st method requires non-greedy source coding techniques, implementable through I ate control, such that video encoders will only use the bit rate needed to achieve a certain, nearly constant quality level. As a consequence, low activity scenes will use a fraction of the maximum allowable bit rate. The second method calls for increasing the number of rate constraints imposed on each connection so that the amount of bandwidth used in the worst case (ie by greedy coders) is limited. Experimental results for a medium length (5 min) video sequence are given.
New microsatellite primers for Daphnia galeata mendotae

In order to study genetic changes in populations of Daphnia galeata mendotae, I characterized seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Primers to amplify these loci were tested on individual eggs from the resting egg bank of Onondaga Lake, NY. Levels of polymorphism and cross-amplification in D. g. galeata indicate that they will be useful markers for ecological genetic studies on both adults and diapausing eggs of these species.
Force staircase kinetics in mammalian cardiac muscle: modulation by muscle length

1. Quiescent cat papillary muscles were stimulated to contract regularly at L(max), the length at which force production is optimal, and at 0.85 L(max). The resulting increase in force production (rate staircase) at each length was characterized as an exponential function.2. When stimulated from quiescence at 24 min(-1) in a bathing fluid [Ca(2+)] of 2.5 mM, sixteen of twenty-three muscles exhibited biexponential increases in force production at both lengths. The coefficients of the exponential function at L(max) were 1.5-2 times greater than their counterparts at the shorter length, and this length difference was highly significant. When the force staircases were normalized to the peak developed force attained at each length, the number of beats to attain 25, 50, 75, and 98% of peak force at 0.85 L(max) was approximately twice that required at L(max).3. At a given length the force staircase (1) exhibited a dependency on the number of beats rather than on stimulation frequency over a range of 12-60 min(-1), (2) was accelerated by increasing the bathing fluid [Ca(2+)] from 1.0 to 5.0 mM, (3) was accelerated in the presence of isoproterenol, and (4) was retarded in the presence of DL-verapamil. Over the entire range of bathing fluid [Ca(2+)] and at all stimulation frequencies 24 min(-1) and above, more beats were required to complete a given level of the normalized staircase at 0.85 L(max) than at L(max). There was no length difference in the presence of verapamil. These data suggest that transsarcolemmal Ca(2+) influx is an important determinant of the kinetics of the force staircase, and the length dependence of the latter indicates that muscle length is an important determinant of transsarcolemmal Ca(2+) influx.4. This conclusion was strengthened by the results of additional studies in which the [Ca(2+)] of the bathing fluid was abruptly increased from 1.0 to 5.0 mM with the muscle beating in the steady state. The resulting increase in force production (Ca(2+) staircase) was described by a monoexponential function with a greater coefficient at L(max) than 0.85 L(max); when normalized to the peak force difference in the two [Ca(2+)] at each length, a given level of the staircase was achieved in significantly fewer beats at L(max) than at the shorter length.5. The data provide a mechanism which, in part, explains the length dependence of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle with intact sarcolemmae.
Presence of calcium ions as a requisite for the in vitro stimulation of TSH-release by hypothalamic TRF

L'incubation in vitro de fragments d'hypophyse (rat) dans le liquide de Krebs-Ringer sans calcium (Ca++) inhibe l'action du facteur hypothalamique TRF (TSH-releasing factor) qui normalement stimule la secretion de l'hormone thyreotrope (TSH). La re-introduction de l'ion Ca++ (2.54 mM) retablit la reponse (secretion de TSH) au facteur TRF.
The determination of the intercellular bridge resistance between smooth muscle cells

Abstract Smooth muscle cells appear to be coupled by intercellular bridges which may be protoplasmic, ephaptic or nexal in nature. Since these bridges may be intimately involved in the conduction mechanism, knowledge of their absolute resistance is vitally important. This paper presents a method by which the intercellular bridge resistance between adjacent cells may be computed from data which can be obtained experimentally. In addition, the absolute magnitude of the membrane resistance of a single cell may be ascertained. A treatise on the determination of the membrane capacity is included.
Seismicity Variations in the Makran Region of Pakistan and Iran: Relation to Great Earthquakes

Teleseismic activity in the Makran region of southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan prior to the great earthquake (M8 = 8) of 1945 can be characterized in terms of two stages. First, during the period 30 (or more) to 10 years prior to the main event, the frequency of occurrence of moderate to large earthquakes was relatively high in the region between the impending rupture zone and the volcanic arc to the northwest. These events probably occurred near the down-dip limit of seismic activity within the subducted slab. Second, activity was concentrated along the coast during the ten years immediately preceding the great earthquake and most of this activity was confined to the vicinity of the epicenter of the 1945 earthquake. These patterns are similar in some respects to those observed prior to some large earthquakes in other parts of the world.
Measurement of the intrinsic mass transfer coefficient for CO2 dissolution in brine

Abstract A full-factorial designed experiment was completed to quantify the effect of temperature, wet CO2 density and brine Na–Ca–Cl salinity on the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient kL for the dissolution of CO2 into brine. The range of experimental conditions corresponds to those relevant to the surface dissolution approach to geologic storage of anthropogenic CO2. The measured range of kL was from 0.015 to 0.056 cm/s. An empirical correlation was developed for kL as a function of temperature to wet CO2 density and NaCl salinity. Greater temperature and smaller NaCl salinity increase kL. There is an interaction effect between temperature and wet CO2 density, which increases or decreases kL depending on the value of each. CaCl2 salinity does not have a statistically significant effect on kL. Wet CO2 density was used as an independent variable, in the place of pressure, since it was found to play a critical role in the onset of gas entrainment. Geologic storage of CO2 via the surface dissolution method requires different operating conditions for different applications. Importantly, since the composition of brine varies between locations, the dependency of kL on NaCl salinity allows for location specific process design.
On the distribution of energy storage in electricity grids

Distributed energy storage is a promising emerging technology for smart grid. In this paper, we address the question of optimally placing and sizing distributed storage resources in a network to minimize the cost of generation given a budget of available storage. For a non-decreasing convex generation cost, we prove that it is always optimal to place zero storage at generator buses that connect to rest of the grid via single links, regardless of demand profiles and network parameters. Hence, this defines a robust investment strategy for network planners. Besides, for a star network where the center is a generator bus and the other nodes are demand buses, we show that it is optimal not to place storage resources at the generator bus for small enough and large enough storage budget.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman scattering spectra of aqueous silver borohydride sols of pyridine and deuterium‐containing pyridines

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra of aqueous silver horohydride sols of pyridine, pyridine-4-d, pyridine-2,6-d2 and pyridine-3,5-d2 are reported. Depolarization ratios are given as a function of pyridine concentration for a number of pyridine bands over a substantial range of concentrations. Evidence is presented of multiple site adsorption and a new interpretation of these Raman spectra is proposed. The evidence indicates that the surface enhancement derives essentially from the presence of long linear segments of chains of silver spheres in the aggregating sols. The concentration dependence of the depolarization ratios and of the average silver sol particle size show that the depolarization ratio characterizes the extent of dendritic growth of sol aggregates and is thus the same for every Raman band in a given preparation at the same time in the history of its evolution, independent of the rotational characteristics of the sol particles or of the adsorbed pyridine molecules.
Observation of a Kondo effect in a concentrated system

Abstract Resistance measurements on La-Ce films indicate that the Kondo temperature is 10°K. A resistivity minimum has been observed on a sample containing 20 at % Ce.
Conformation of DNA in alkaline sucrose: the subunit hypothesis in mammalian cells

Summary Alkaline lysis and sucrose gradient sedimentation of mammalian cells produces DNA molecules with sedimentation coefficients up to 400 S. Prolonged lysis can produce molecules that are relatively stable to further exposure to alkaline conditions and have a peak sedimentation coefficient of approximately 140 S. The size of these alkali-stable molecules appears to represent an upper limit for single-stranded DNA obtained by alkaline lysis. Faster sedimenting molecules are predominantly double stranded and may be DNA molecules that have not denatured fully during exposure to alkali.
Enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of xylose-optimized dilute acid-treated lignocellulosics.

The cellulose reactivity of two lignocellulosic feedstocks, switchgrass and poplar, was evaluated under straight saccharification (SS) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) conditions following dilute sulfuric acid pretreatments designed for optimum xylose yields. The optimum pretreatment conditions, within the constraints of the experimental system (Parr batch reactor), were 1.2% acid, 180°C, and 0.5 min for switchgrass and 1% acid, 180°C, and 0.56 min for poplar. The cellulase enzyme preparation was from Trichoderma reesei and fermentations were done with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Time courses for SS were monitored as the sum of glucose and cellobiose; those for SSF as the sum of glucose, cellobiose, and ethanol. Percentage conversions under SS conditions were 79.1% and 91.4% for the pretreated poplar and switchgrass feedstocks, respectively. Analogous values under SSF conditions were 73.0% and 90.3% for pretreated poplar and switchgrass, respectively.
On-line accuracy assessment for the dual six-port ANA: Experimental results

When a calibration laboratory such as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) performs a measurement for a customer, the accuracy the laboratory attaches to its measurements is a significant part of the customer's report. In some instances, the accuracy statement may be more important to the customer than the measurement itself. Modern automated measurement systems can often perform hundreds of measurements in a fraction of a second. However, few, if any, of these systems attempt to assess the accuracy of those measurements in a real-time or on-line basis. The accuracy of a modern automatic network analyzer (ANA) is a function of a number of variables. Connector quality, operator technique, system hardware, and system calibration are just a few of the many parameters that affect the day-to-day accuracy of an automated system. This paper describes the results of the current efforts at NBS to implement on-line accuracy estimates for its dual six-port network analyzers. Results are presented showing uncertainty estimates obtained in quasi-real time during the measurement of customers devices.
Thermal studies of carbonaceous electrode materials chemically modified with cyanuric chloride

Abstract A thermoanalytical investigation of chemically modified graphite and activated carbon is presented. Evaluation of thermal curves shows that radio-frequency oxygen plasma treatment is superior to electrochemical oxidation for increasing surface functional group concentrations, which when chemically reduced, can be used for cyanuric chloride binding. The amount of cyanuric chloride bound to the carbonaceous surface is determined by both potentiometric titration of hydrolyzed chloride and magnitude of weight loss at 275–290°C. The species evolved in this temperature range is identified by temperature-programmed mass spectrometry as cyanuric acid.
N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC)-assisted Detoxification of PMMA Resin

Despite its proven cytotoxicity, poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin is one of the most frequently and extensively used materials in dental practice. This study hypothesized that an anti-oxidant amino acid, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), has the potential to detoxify this material. Ten percent of the rat dental pulp cells were viable when cultured on the PMMA resin for 24 hours, while over 70% of the cells were viable on the NAC-added resin. Nearly all suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralizing capability, and odontoblastic gene expression, such as dentin sialoprotein, on the untreated control resin was recovered by NAC in a concentration-dependent manner. A Ca/P ratio of 1.65 was found in the extracellular matrix of cultures on NAC-added resin, while that in the untreated resin culture was 0.70. The addition of NAC to PMMA resin significantly ameliorated its cytotoxicity to the dental pulp cells and restored their odontoblast-like cell phenotype to a biologically significant degree.
Filtering random noise from deterministic signals via data compression

We present a novel technique for the design of filters for random noise, leading to a class of filters called Occam filters. The essence of the technique is that when a lossy data compression algorithm is applied to a noisy signal with the allowed loss set equal to the noise strength, the loss and the noise tend to cancel rather than add. We give two illustrative applications of the technique to univariate signals. We also prove asymptotic convergence bounds on the effectiveness of Occam filters.
Comparison of 39Ar and 14C ages for waters in the deep ocean

39Ar ages on ocean water samples are consistently younger than 14C ages. The difference is the result of diffusive mixing in the sea which has a greater impact on ages based on short-lived than those based on long-lived radiotracers. It is clear that a more dense survey of 39Ar with higher accuracy measurements would prove of great value in constraining ocean general circulation models.
Preparing Graduate Students for Interdisciplinary Careers

Careers in science and engineering entail interactions with professionals from many fields. Interdisciplinary work in graduate school - such as that found at UMBC's Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Consulting - offer a way for students to gain experience with handling the challenges involved in these interactions.
Likelihood ratio evaluation of M-state models applied to individual choice sequences of successive reversal learning

Consider an experimental situation in which the S is required to make a series of binary responses to a recurring stimulus. Situations of this type would include typical learning experiments in which responses are classed as either correct or incorrect. There have been a considerable number of attempts to describe data of this type within the theoretical framework of homogeneous Markov processes. Typically, the investigator decides on a parti­ cular model and then attempts to show that it is a good model in terms of the closeness of the fit of predictions of various statistics such as the distributions of errors before the first success, total errors and trial of the last error. It is possible, however, to formulate and test a nested series of hypotheses concerning the response sequence of an individual S in this type of experiment. First, it could be assumed that all the responses were generated while the organism was in one state of responsiveness. This hypothesis might be appropriate for responding at an asymptotic level. An alternative hypothesis is that the responses were generated while the organism was in two states of responsiveness. Similar hypotheses can be formulated to include any number of states of responsiveness. Using a technique described by Theios (1967), it is possible to easily obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of an inhomogeneous Markov process with any finite number of states. For the two-state Bower (1961) type models if it is assumed that the S starts in State S I, and with probability cn may make a transition on any trial n to State S2, then a posteriori there exists an integer, i, which designates the trial on which the transition in fact took place. Given the transition trial in teger, i, the likelihood of a response sequence N trials long for a single S is L2 = (15 I )X (1 - P d -x (P2)Y (I - P2)N - i - y (1)
Management of hypotension and low systemic blood flow in the very low birth weight neonate during the first postnatal week

Systemic hypotension during the first postnatal week is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in the very low birth weight (VLBW) neonate. Hypotension is generally defined as blood pressure below the fifth percentile of the gestational- and postnatal-age dependent blood pressure norms. Recent studies indicate that in most VLBW neonates, cerebral blood flow autoregulation is indeed lost when blood pressure reaches the fifth percentile. Treatment of the circulatory compromise should address the primary pathogenic factor(s) of the condition (hypovolemia, myocardial compromise, failure of vasoregulation or a combination of factors). Recent findings also suggest that vasopressor resistance can be treated with a brief course of low-dose hydrocortisone. However, due to the short- and potential long-term side effects of early hydrocortisone treatment, its use should be restricted to neonates with vasopressor-resistant hypotension. Finally, concomitant administration of hydrocortisone with indomethacin should be avoided due to the increased incidence of gastrointestinal perforations.
Photochemical Reactions of Alkenyl Phenylglyoxylates

The photochemical reactions of alkyl phenylglyoxylate esters whose ester function contains double bonds of differing substitution, situated at varying distances from the carbonyl group, have been studied. The intramolecular Paterno−Buchi reaction is the dominating photoreaction when an electron rich alkenyl group is situated at the proper distance as in 1‘,5‘-dimethylhex-4‘-enyl phenylglyoxylate (6). When the distance between the excited carbonyl group and the same alkenyl function is increased, as it is in 3‘,7‘-dimethyl-6‘-octenyl phenylglyoxylate (7), intramolecular γ-hydrogen abstraction (Norrish type II) products, as well as the products of intramolecular photocycloaddition, are observed. We suggest this to be the result of a competitive distant dependent electron transfer reaction between the excited carbonyl group and the alkene. A longer distance of separation between these two reactive functions decreases the efficiency of formation of the cycloaddition product. When the separation of the same al...
Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

The production of enzymes capable of degrading the cell walls of invading phytopathogenic fungi is an important component of the defense response of plants. The timing of this natural host defense mechanism was modified to produce fungal-resistant plants. Transgenic tobacco seedlings constitutively expressing a bean chitinase gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter showed an increased ability to survive in soil infested with the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and delayed development of disease symptoms.
The Business Side Of Optical Engineering

The Optical Industry is based on an old technology. The very first optical elements were burning glasses for starting a fire from the rays of the sun. While such elements probably never were as popular as matches in a later period, they may well have been the product of an industry and thus the basis of a business. In more modern times, the manufacture of optical components and devices has not only become big business but is also the foundation of a very large number of small businesses.
EFFECT OF ANAEROBICALLY PREPARED PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE TOXIN ON MICE AND EVALUATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATE ANTITOXIN IN MICE

1. Certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococcus injected intravenously kill mice in 0.1 to 0.2 cc. quantities in a few hours to 8 days. 2. The symptoms of mice inoculated with these autolysates are weakness and increasing prostration until death. Massive albuminuria is found, appearing 18 hours after injection. During the course of a prolonged intoxication ascites and edema of the subcutaneous tissues may develop. Large pale yellow or white kidneys are found in mice that survive 5 days. In these latter animals, emaciation is usually marked at death. 3. The antitoxin prepared in horses by immunization with the anaerobically prepared toxic autolysates of pneumococcus neutralizes the poisonous autolysates whether mixed in vitro before injection or injected separately after the autolysate. 4. The injection of pneumococcus autolysate toxin incompletely neutralized with autolysate antitoxin causes a protracted intoxication with symptoms and pathologic findings similar to those found in mice dying slowly after injections of the toxic autolysate alone.
OS2IFD: A microcomputer implementation of the parabolic equation for predicting underwater sound propagation

Abstract Underwater acoustic signals are powerful scientific tools for probing large regions of the ocean which would otherwise be inaccessible. Oceanographers and other scientists use acoustic energy as a mechanism to examine the structure of ocean regions for a variety of purposes. Predicting the behavior of sound in different types of ocean environments is an extraordinarily difficult problem which has been studied intensely for many decades. The parabolic approximation, introduced to the oceanographic community more than a decade ago has proven to be a powerful and effective ocean acoustics propagation model. Whereas these models were once exclusively run on mainframe computers, the advent of fast microcomputer chips, together with operating systems that can exploit the powerful features of these chips, now makes personal computers an attractive tool for performing many propagation prediction computations. This paper describes a full-featured version of one such widely used underwater acoustic propagation model which runs on PCs under the OS/2 operating system.
The ultraviolet radiation environment of the Antarctic Peninsula : the roles of ozone and cloud cover

Abstract The National Science Foundation scanning spectroradiometer at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64°46′S, 64°04′W) provides hourly ground-based measurements of solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at the, earth's surface. These measurements define the UV radiation environment of the region and, in conjunction with a daily record of sky conditions and radiative transfer modeling, permit a quantitative understanding of the role of cloud cover in regulating UV radiation levels at the Antarctic surface, including the period of the springtime ozone depletion. The transmission properties of cloud types over the Antarctic Peninsula are quantified by taking the ratio of UV-A irradiances measured under them to UV-A irradiances calculated for clear skies and the same solar zenith angle, and the results are then generalized to the UV-B. Under the averse overcast sky in the region, UV irradiance at all wavelengths is slightly greater than half of the value for clear skies. Under the thickest overcast layers, UV irradi...
Management of modern irrigation systems in oman: allocative vs. irrigation efficiency

Irrigation efficiency as a standard engineering measure has been traditionally used to assess water use management. Allocative efficiency as applied in production economics theory provides an alternative measure of irrigation performance. Both concepts are used in this study to investigate water efficiency levels for irrigated crops in the Batinah region of Oman under modern irrigation methods. While irrigation efficiency focuses on the technical aspect of water management, allocative efficiency is more directed to the economic aspects and has bearing on the economic sustainability of the system. Both estimates of irrigation efficiency and allocative efficiency show the presence of inefficiencies as a result of underuse of water resources. In a few cases, however, allocative efficiency show the possibility of overuse of irrigation water which could be the result of small-sized farms using water more extensively.
Autoradiography of leucocytes cultured with tritiated bean extract.

PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ (PHA) has been widely used an a mitogenic agent in leucocyte cultures since its actions, as a mitogenic agent was discovered several years ago1. Little is known about the chemical structure or mechanism of action of the extract, however. Though PHA is generally thought to act as an antigenic agent in, bringing about lymphocyte transformation and division, the exact mechanism of action is unknown. Recently, Razavi2 reported cytoplasmic localization of fluorescein labelled PHA in cultured leucocytes.
Applied Public Health Training: A Graduate's Perspective

I was pleased to see Fried et al.1 make the case for a new era of graduate public health curriculum focused on integrated, problem-based learning and the companion article by Begg et al.2 describe the new MPH curriculum at Columbia University as a model for an integrated, problem-based curriculum. Graduate public health training needs to adapt to new models to adequately prepare the next generation of public health leaders to effectively manage the complex public health problems of the present. Under mounting pressure from charities and senior physicians, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization has agreed to adopt the Bexsero vaccine against meningitis B, after rejecting it last year. Clinicians had written to Health Secretary Jeremy ... The Community Oriented Public Health Practice (COPHP) program at the University of Washington in Seattle is built on similar foundations as Columbia’s new curriculum and has more than 10 years of experience in using problem-based cases to teach a full two-year curriculum that integrates applied learning experiences while teaching technical skills and critical thinking. Cases are designed with community-based partner organizations, so that students seek and share knowledge, integrate content, build skills, work in teams, and communicate results. By the time students graduate from the COPHP program, they have addressed more than 250 learning objectives through four dozen cases. Students produce real deliverables for organizational clients (as compared with simulated experiences often used in traditional training programs); for example, they have written several policy position statements adopted by the American Public Health Association, they have designed health department communications plans for public health emergencies, and they designed the evaluation for Seattle’s new ordinance requiring all employers to provide sick leave. These applied experiences offer COPHP students opportunities to work in small groups to effectively solve problems, develop nonpositional leadership skills, and meet expectations of project directors, communities, and other partners. The constant opportunity to learn from community partners throughout the program also reinforces a commitment to health equity and bringing a social justice perspective to the practice of public health. As a graduate of the COPHP program currently working in public health practice, I see the value of my applied graduate training every day. Through COPHP, I developed skills of real-world problem solving, the confidence to embrace the complexity of the field, and the ability to lead both peers and superiors through collaborative tasks. I commend Columbia’s reenvisioned approach and its commitment to workforce development for the field. More schools of public health should move forward on curriculum development to bring content to life. The University of Washington’s COPHP program is another example of much-needed, integrated, problem-based training for the public health workforce.
Dataflow-driven GPU performance projection for multi-kernel transformations

Applications often have a sequence of parallel operations to be offloaded to graphics processors; each operation can become an individual GPU kernel. Developers typically explore a variety of transformations for each kernel. Furthermore, it is well known that efficient data management is critical in achieving high GPU performance and that "fusing" multiple kernels into one may greatly improve data locality. Doing so, however, requires transformations across multiple, potentially nested, parallel loops; at the same time, the original code semantics and data dependency must be preserved. Since each kernel may have distinct data access patterns, their combined dataflow can be nontrivial. As a result, the complexity of multi-kernel transformations often leads to significant effort with no guarantee of performance benefits. This paper proposes a dataflow-driven analytical framework to project GPU performance for a sequence of parallel operations. Users need only provide CPU code skeletons for a sequence of parallel loops. The framework can then automatically identify opportunities for multi-kernel transformations and data management. It is also able to project the overall performance without implementing GPU code or using physical hardware.
An aerosol exposure system for chronic inhalation studies with rodents.

Principles of operation and technical details of an aerosol exposure system for conducting chronic inhalation studies with up to 102 individually caged rodents are described. It provides for the simultaneous whole-body exposure of the animals in a single tier, is easy to operate, and requires relatively little maintenance. The system has been tested in several exploratory studies with aerosols of CoO, NiO, and chrysotile asbestos. It is now being used for long-term inhalation studies with these aerosols. Mean concentrations of respirable aerosols were, for example, maintained during one 5-month period within standard deviations of approximately 20%. Aerosol concentration measurements and remarkably little variation in the quantity of dust deposited in the lungs of exposed hamsters showed that the aerosols were evenly distributed across the diameter of the chambers.
Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stem cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy

The discovery of rare tumor cells with stem cell features first in leukemia and later in solid tumors has emerged as an important area in cancer research. It has been determined that these stem-like tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells, are the primary cellular component within a tumor that drives disease progression and metastasis. In addition to their stem-like ability to self-renew and differentiate, cancer stem cells are also enriched in cells resistant to conventional radiation therapy and to chemotherapy. The immediate implications of this new tumor growth paradigm not only require a re-evaluation of how tumors are initiated, but also on how tumors should be monitored and treated. However, despite the relatively rapid pace of cancer stem cell research in solid tumors such as breast, brain, and colon cancers, similar progress in lung cancer remains hampered in part due to an incomplete understanding of lung epithelial stem cell hierarchy and the complex heterogeneity of the disease. In this review, we provide a critical summary of what is known about the role of normal and malignant lung stem cells in tumor development, the progress in characterizing lung cancer stem cells and the potential for therapeutically targeting pathways of lung cancer stem cell self-renewal.
Networks and the chronic patient

The authors describe basic network theory and present a model support network for the chronic patient, based on findings from the literature and clinical experience.
Multiple primary tumors involving cancer of the brain and central nervous system as the first or subsequent cancer.

BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine whether cancer of the brain and central nervous system (CNS) occurs together with other types of cancer more often or less often than would be expected due to chance. METHODS The study was based on data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program for cancers diagnosed in the U.S. between 1973 and 1998. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for new malignancies was estimated as the number of patients diagnosed with a particular type of cancer (observed), divided by the number of diagnoses expected based on person-years of follow-up and incidence rates for SEER cancer registries. RESULTS Among patients who were diagnosed first with cancer of the brain or CNS, statistically significant excesses were observed for cancers of bone (SIR = 14.4), soft tissue (SIR = 4.6), brain and CNS (SIR = 5.9), salivary gland (SIR = 5.1), and thyroid gland (SIR = 2.7) in addition to acute myelocytic leukemia (SIR = 4.1) and melanoma of the skin (SIR = 1.7). Excess risk of new malignancies was markedly greater after first cancers of the brain or CNS diagnosed in childhood compared with similar diagnoses in adulthood. In reverse associations, significant excesses of cancer of the brain and CNS were observed only after diagnoses of acute lymphocytic leukemia (SIR = 7.4) and cancer of the testis (SIR = 1.8) or the thyroid gland (SIR = 1.7). CONCLUSIONS Cancer treatment appears to have been the major factor underlying most of the positive associations between brain cancer and primary cancers of other types, with a probable lesser contribution from shared genetic susceptibility. Results provide little or no evidence that brain cancer shares important etiologic factors with the common cancers of adulthood. Cancer 2003;98:562–70. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11554
Brand versus generic advertising and the decision to advertise collectively

This study uses Lancaster's (1966, 1979) characteristics model of consumer theory, combined with imperfect information, to support a firm's advertising choice of a combination of brand and generic advertising. However, as consumers become well educated about a firm's product, spillovers from generic advertising become large. When spillovers are large, firms have a greater incentive to collude on generic advertising. The firm's decision to include advertising collectively with its competitors will follow from its own analysis of the benefits versus the costs of such a union. The success of collective advertising may, however, depend on the control of free-riders.
Band lineups at II-VI heterojunctions: Failure of the common-anion rule.

Band-edge discontinuities are calculated for tellurium-based II-VI heterojunctions. Contrary to the widely accepted common-anion rule, large valence-band discontinuities are found in most cases, including HgTe-CdTe. The common-anion rule is examined and predicted to fail, not only here, but for all lattice-matched II-VI and III-V heterojunctions. An experiment is proposed to test these predictions.
Satisfaction with performance as a function of the initial level of expected performance and the deviation from expectations

Abstract Three levels of expected performance were established by reporting performance independent of actual performance. When performance expectations had been established, performance feedback was varied from the expected levels. These variations in percentiles were: −20, −10, 0, +10, and +20. Satisfaction with performance was a monotonic function of the algebraic difference between expected performance and reported performance at all three performance levels. However, satisfaction was also a function of the level of performance as well as the interaction between level of performance and deviations from expected performance. It was concluded that measures of both the amount of a particular stimulus object and the degree to which this amount differs from what is expected should be used to predict satisfaction.
The possible turing degree of the nonzero member in a two element degree spectrum

Abstract We construct a recursive model A , a recursive subset R of its domain, and a (nonzero) Turing degree x ⩽ 00 satisfying the following condition. The nonrecursive images of R under all isomorphisms from A to other recursive models are of Turing degree x and cannot be recursively enumerable.
Students and Teachers Learning to See: Part 1: Using Visual Images in the College Classroom to Promote Students' Capacities and Skills

This interdisciplinary analysis examines the use of visual images in the college classroom. The three authors—a community psychologist, a literacy specialist, and a mathematician—share examples and critical reflections that illuminate the strengths and challenges in using this medium to meet teaching and learning goals. The authors highlight one dimension of their work with visual images, promoting student capacities and skills.
Characters in Search of a Script: The Exit Narratives of Formerly Ultra‐Orthodox Jews

We use a case study of individuals who leave ultra-Orthodox Judaism to illustrate that essential characteristics of the institutions they leave, such as their degree of encapsulation, shape both processes and narratives of identity change. Through examining the narratives of these exiters and comparing them to the literature on conversion into strict religious groups, we find that there is more institutional support for conversion into a group than for disaffiliating from a group. In conversion, recruits are provided with institutional scripts that shape their narratives; those who leave strict religious communities have no parallel ready-made accounts. Those that leave ultra-Orthodoxy state that they did not have a language to guide them in their transition into secular society. Nevertheless, despite their presentation of themselves as “scriptless” they also present themselves as brave individuals who are proud of their ability to leave a community that had encompassed all aspects of life.
ML2VR: providing MATLAB users an easy transition to virtual reality and immersive interactivity

MATLAB is a popular computational system and programming environment that is used in numerous engineering and science programs in the United States. One feature of MATLAB is the capability to generate 3D visualizations, which can be used to visualize scientific data or even to simulate engineering models and processes. Unfortunately, MATLAB provides only limited interactivity for these visualizations. As a solution to this problem, we have developed a software system that easily integrates with MATLAB scripts to provide the capability to view visualizations and interact with them in virtual reality (VR) systems. We call this system “ML2VR” and expect it will introduce more users to VR by enabling a large population of MATLAB programmers to easily transition to immersive systems. We will describe the system architecture of ML2VR and report on a successful case study involving the use of ML2VR.
Microbial Metabolism of Benzene and the Oxidation of Ferrous Iron under Anaerobic Conditions: Implications for Bioremediation

Abstract Benzene and toluene were biodegraded when chelated Fe(III) served as the terminal electron acceptor in aquifer sediments contaminated by a petroleum refinery. Benzene biodegradation ceased when Fe(III) was depleted but resumed upon reamendment. Microorganisms from the same sediments degraded toluene, but not benzene, under nitrate reducing conditions. However, the anaerobic oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) was also observed in toluene-degrading incubations. Fe(II) oxidation was dependent on the presence of nitrate and enhanced when organic electron donors were provided. Microbial nitrate-linked Fe(II) oxidation was also documented in other petroleum-contaminated aquifer sediments, sludge from an oil–water separator, a landfill leachate-impacted aquifer and a garden soil. These observations suggest that some of the reported effects of nitrate on hydrocarbon biodegradation may be indirect through the reoxidation of Fe(II).
Research on the Relationship of Flow Velocity and Particles’ Separation in Cyclone

This paper mainly focuses on the numerical simulation of flow velocity aiming to obtain the velocity distribution of flow in the cyclone. The authors took advantage of RSM turbulence model of software FLUENT to calculate the velocity distribution. Relationship between particles separation and double-layer rotating flow can be obtained based on the simulation results, which can also provide basis for the improvement of structure design and separation performance.
Field evaluation of commercial triple superphosphate fertilizers

Field studies were conducted for three years (1987–1989) at two locations to evaluate 4 commercial triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers containing various levels of water-soluble P. The fertilizers had been produced from phosphate rock deposits located in Florida, North Carolina and Morocco. AOAC available P was 81 to 94% water-soluble. Water-soluble P was inversely related to the level of Fe and Al in the fertilizers. Phosphorus from each source was applied to a Malbis soil (Plinthic Paleudults) and a Hartsells soil (Typic Hapludults) at rates of 0, 25, 49 and 99 kg ha−1. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields were increased by the application of P, except for the Malbis soil in 1988. Yields were not affected by the source of added P on either soil during the three years of the study. Fertilizer performance was not affected by the level of water-soluble P or the content of Fe and Al when band applied to potatoes under field conditions in the Southeastern United States.
Pre and post ovulatory changes in the concentration of prostaglandins in rat Graafian follicles

Abstract The concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by radioimmunoassay in isolated GRaafian follicles of mature female rats during the pre and post ovulatory period of the estrous cycle. The levels of these prostaglandins were low and relatively constant from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus, but there was a marked increase at 8 p.m. of proestrus reaching an apparent maximum at midnight (PGF 18 fold, PGE 70 fold). By 4 a.m. to 8 a.m. on the morning of estrus these prostaglandins declined rapidly to levels similar to those observed between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the day of proestrus. The increases in prostaglandin levels occurred after the LH peak and apparently before the time of ovulation. These data confirm the role of PGF and PGE in the local mechanism of ovulation in the normal adult of a spontaneously ovulating animal species.
Postmodern psychology: Cultural psychology and apprenticeship

Abstract This review considers two books that pose the problems of postmodernism to the field of developmental psychology. Cultural Psychology explores the theoretical and methodological consequences of shifting focus to the meaning-filled intentional worlds of cultural agents. Apprenticeship in Thinking explores the role that social interactions play in socializing children into the varying demands and competencies of their culture. The review focuses on the differences between these agentive and structural-material views of cognitive socialization.
Safety issues beyond the workplace: Estimate relationships between work injuries and available supervision

This study reports the results of an investigation of the relation between one measure of the performance of firms, work injuries, and the number of first level supervisors for 140 chemical, paper, and wood product manufacturing firms. Additional numbers of supervisors were found to be associated with lower work injuries in most cases, and the cost of such additional supervision was found to be partially justified in terms of the reduced costs of work injuries, although there was considerable variation across industry.
dV/dt Breakdown in power MOSFET's

A model for dV/dt breakdown in power MOSFET's is proposed. This model allows quantitative analysis of dV/dt limitation in power MOSFET circuits. Experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Identification of a high affinity TAG-72 binding peptide by phage display selection

Purpose: Phage display was used to select novel peptides that specifically bind the TAG-72 antigen and with properties suitable for imaging TAG-72 positive cancers. Results: After three rounds of selection against TAG-72 and using two different elution conditions including a long elution, the consensus sequences FRERCDKHPQKCTKFL and DPRHCQKRVLPCPAWL were expressed on phages G3-15 and T3-15 respectively. ELISA, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and fluorescence microscopy provided evidence that both phages specifically bound TAG-72 in vitro. Both peptides are stable in 37oC serum. By a cell binding competition assay, the IC50 for T3-15 was measured as 0.29 nM and therefore 36-fold higher affinity than G3-15 at 10.32 nM. The biodistribution in mice carrying LS-174T tumors in one thigh were similar for both 99mTc-peptides at 30 min, but at 90 min the 99mTc-T3-15 peptide accumulated almost three times higher in the tumor. The SPECT/CT images were consistent with the biodistribution results. Proced...
LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER FOR NEUTRONS WITH SUPERIOR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GAMMA RAYS

Abstract A need for a detector that would respond to neutrons from thermal energies up to the fractional MeV range led to the construction of a fairly large (0.85 liters) liquid scintillator. The scintillation solution contained equal amounts of toluene and methyl borate with the normal abundance of B10 plus PBD and POPOP. A combination of pulse shape discrimination and integral pulse height discrimination gave relatively low efficiencies for thermal neutron detection (≤4%) but permitted the neutron to Co60 gamma ray efficiency ratio to increase from 10 to 104 while the neutron efficiency decreased by a factor of only 3.3.
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE TEMPORAL RESPONSE OF MICROSTRUCTURE FORMATION IN MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS

Efficient numerical simulations of microstructure development in magnetorheological (MR) fluids are conducted. The simulations, which are based upon a fast multipole algorithm, treat the magnetic inclusions as two-dimensional continuum magnetic entities. The development of microstructure is quantified by computing and recording the time evolution of the effective permeability of the composite fluid. Such a principle has been previously exploited for the experimental measurements of microstructure development [Jolly, Bender and Mathers, ERMR'97, Yonezawa, Japan 1997]. As was observed experimentally, numerical simulations reveal the evolution of microstructure to be multimodal in nature. Unlike the experiments, the numerical simulations afford us the ability to observe the physical mechanisms associated with various modes.