cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical characterization of 26 × 26 ground reaction sensor array interfaced with two parallel electronic detection channels

This paper presents the electrical characterization results of a 26 × 26 high-density ground reaction sensor array (HD-GRSA) interfaced with two parallel electronic detection channels. The system was developed for improving inertial measurement unit (IMU) positioning accuracy. The HD-GRSA is composed of 26 × 26 sensing nodes, which can measure dynamic ground force and shear strain associated with a ground locomotion gait. Each electronic detection channel consists of a front-end multiplexer that can sequentially connect individual sensing nodes from a 13 × 13 sub-array to a capacitance-to-voltage (C/V) converter followed by a 12-bit algorithmic ADC. The electronics were fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process occupying an area of 7.7 mm2 for each channel while dissipating a DC power of 3 mW from a 3V supply. The HD-GRSA demonstrates the designed functionality achieving a gait ground velocity resolution of approximately 95 μmRMS/sec, limited by the electronic interference signals due to the long metal traces on the sensor array. Further performance improvement is expected by employing interference suppression techniques and better matching for critical wiring traces.
Comparison of two different schedules of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor during treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia with a hyper-CVAD (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone) regimen.

BACKGROUND Although the safety and efficacy of granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (filgrastim) in the treatment of hematologic malignancies has been well established, to the authors' knowledge the optimal timing of filgrastim administration during remission induction chemotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy has not been determined. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a delay in the administration of filgrastim from Day 5 to Day 10 during chemotherapy with a hyper-CVAD (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone) regimen resulted in a longer time to neutrophil or platelet count recovery or increased the incidence of infection. METHODS One hundred ninety-nine patients who achieved complete disease remission after a single course of induction chemotherapy were considered for evaluation. Induction chemotherapy was with hyper-CVAD (fractionated cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2, twice daily for Days 1–3; doxorubicin, 50 g/m2, on Day 4; vincristine, 2 mg, on Days 4 and 11; and dexamethasone, 40 mg, on Days 1–4 and Days 11–14), which also was given in odd-numbered consolidation Courses 3, 5, and 7. Even-numbered courses (Courses 2, 4, 6, and 8) were comprised of methotrexate, 200 mg/m2, over 2 hours followed by 800 mg/m2 over 24 hours on Day 1; cytarabine, 3 g/m2, every 12 hours for 4 doses over 2 days (Days 2 and 3); and intravenous methylprednisolone, 50 mg, twice daily on Days 1–3 (MTX/ara-C regimen). Two sequential treatment groups were assessable based on timing of the filgrastim administration; 151 patients received filgrastim starting on Day 5 (D5) of induction chemotherapy and 48 patients received filgrastim starting on Day 10 (D10). RESULTS Time to neutrophil recovery was shorter for the D5 group than for the D10 group during induction chemotherapy (18 days vs. 19 days; P = 0.04) and hyper-CVAD Courses 3 and 5 (12 days vs. 15 days during Course 3, P < 0.001; and 13 days vs. 16 days during Course 5, P = 0.002). There was no apparent significant difference between the two groups with regard to time to neutrophil recovery during the MTX/ara-C courses or the last hyper-CVAD course. Delay in the administration of filgrastim did not appear to result in an increase in time to platelet count recovery or in the incidence of infection; however, there was an increased incidence of mucositis during induction chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS For a hyper-CVAD and MTX/ara-C regimen, the results of the current study have shown that the administration of filgrastim can be delayed until Day 10 without increasing the risk of treatment-related morbidity during consolidation chemotherapy. During induction chemotherapy, delay in the administration of filgrastim may result in a slight increase in the time to neutrophil count recovery and risk of mucositis, but there is no apparent associated increase in the risk of infection. Cancer 2002;94:285–91. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Perceiving the size of trees: form as information about scale

Physical constraints on growth produce continuous variations in the shape of biological objects that correspond to their sizes. The author investigated whether 2 such properties of tree form could be visually discriminated and used to evaluate the height of trees. Observers judged simulated tree silhouettes of constant image size. Trees were placed appropriately within a ground texture gradient, as were 6 cylinders. Observers judged trees, then cylinders
Mixing Behavior of Dissolved Organic Carbon and its Potential Biological Significance in the Pawcatuck River Estuary

The distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), phytoplankton biomass (as measured by in vivo fluorescence), total nitrogen and phosphorus, and light extinction were observed on 10 cruises during 1989 and 1990 in the Pawcatuck River estuary located in southern Rhode Island. In the lower estuary, the distance of peak phytoplankton biomass from the head of the estuary was positively correlated with river discharge while the magnitude of the peak increased with decreasing discharge. High light-extinction appeared to limit the accumulation of biomass in the upper estuary. Variability in light extinction was largely (50%) explained by variation in the concentration of DOC. Salinity versus constituent plots suggested that DOC behaved nonconservatively in the estuary. These observational data indicate that the mixing behavior of DOC in the estuary influences light extinction and thus may limit accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in the upper estuary. This interpretation of observational data was supported by experimental work that demonstrated the significant contribution of DOC to light extinction, and by measurements, of phytoplankton productivity that showed greater light limitation in the upper estuary.
Folding of the tectal cortex by local remodeling of neural differentiation.

The folding pattern of the brain cortex is a precisely regulated process, but the mechanism involved during development remains unclear. A proposed theory predicts that the initiation of cortical folding depends, at least partly, on nonuniform distribution of neuronal differentiation and neurite growth. We tested this theory experimentally, by remodeling the normal pattern of neuronal cell differentiation within the embryonic optic tectum. Multiple foci of activated fibroblast growth factor signaling were created in the tectal cortex to locally change the neural differentiation and axonal growth patterns. At these foci, tectal cells remained undifferentiated and their radial and tangential migration was suppressed. These local changes in the neuronal cell differentiation resulted in a conversion of the tectal cortex from smoothly extended into precociously folded. The results provide in vivo experimental evidence that microscopic changes in the neuronal cell differentiation pattern can induce or remodel the folding pattern of the brain cortex. Developmental Dynamics 229:475–479, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A conformational isomer of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor protein produced by refolding

Refolding of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor protein (BPTI) after reduction of its three cysteine disulphide linkages can occur when the reduced protein is placed in a suitable oxidizing medium (ref. 1 and refs therein). The refolding process has been studied by trapping chemically intermediates which contain only one or two disulphide bonds (ref. 1 and refs therein). We report here that during structural studies of these intermediates by NMR, we have found that complete re-oxidation of the protein results in substantial quantities of a metastable folded species which is identical to native BPTI in its covalent bonding (including the disulphide bonds) but possesses a somewhat different conformation. The existence of such a species is supported by circular dichroism measurements on refolded BPTI2. This novel form of BPTI is of considerable interest because it can be used to provide information about the folding mechanism and conformational stability of the protein.
Non-leaky coplanar (NLC) waveguides with conductor backing

In this paper, we present a structure called a non-leaky coplanar (NLC) waveguide with conductor backing. It is a multilayered structure with two possible configurations. The spectral domain approach with a complex root searching procedure is used to investigate leakage phenomena. The simulation results confirm that the leakage in conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) occurs in the form of wave in the parallel plate waveguide with infinite width. The results show that the leakage in the multilayered structure can be removed if the geometrical and material parameters of the structure are chosen appropriately. Experiments were carried out to investigate the transmission of these structures. It was found that the resonance in the transmission of finite-width conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (FW-CBCPW) is caused by the energy leakage from the dominant CPW mode. The resonance is eliminated in the NLC waveguides. These NLC waveguides are feasible and practical in the uniplanar MMIC design due to their planar nature. >
Management of Scoliosis in the Osteoporotic Patient

The treatment of patients with degenerative lumbar spondylosis and scoliosis represents a significant challenge for the physician in the best circumstances. The presence of osteoporosis is a frequent comorbid condition that can complicate the surgical and nonsurgical treatment of these patients. With careful attention to biomechanical principles and the use of advanced surgical techniques, one can obtain good results for these patients on a reliable basis.
Developmental Assessment of Play: A Model for Early Intervention

This article is the second in a two-part series. It presents an integrated overview of the construct of play and its development in infants, toddlers, and young children. The author describes devel...
Effect of windowing on lithosphere elastic thickness estimates obtained via the coherence method: Results from northern South America

[1] The effective elastic thickness (Te) of the lithosphere is a parameter that describes the flexural strength of a plate. A method routinely used to quantify this parameter is to calculate the coherence between the two-dimensional gravity and topography spectra. Prior to spectra calculation, data grids must be “windowed” in order to avoid edge effects. We investigated the sensitivity of Te estimates obtained via the coherence method to mirroring, Hanning and multitaper windowing techniques on synthetic data as well as on data from northern South America. These analyses suggest that the choice of windowing technique plays an important role in Te estimates and may result in discrepancies of several kilometers depending on the selected windowing method. Te results from mirrored grids tend to be greater than those from Hanning smoothed or multitapered grids. Results obtained from mirrored grids are likely to be over-estimates. This effect may be due to artificial long wavelengths introduced into the data at the time of mirroring. Coherence estimates obtained from three subareas in northern South America indicate that the average effective elastic thickness is in the range of 29–30 km, according to Hanning and multitaper windowed data. Lateral variations across the study area could not be unequivocally determined from this study. We suggest that the resolution of the coherence method does not permit evaluation of small (i.e., ∼5 km), local Te variations. However, the efficiency and robustness of the coherence method in rendering continent-scale estimates of elastic thickness has been confirmed.
Desorption rate limitation in the extraction of organic molecules from unsaturated soils during soil venting operations

Abstract A microscale mathematical model is developed to analyze the desorption rate limited extraction of volatile organic compounds in a soil column. By solving the diffusion equation in the liquid layer around the soil particles and incorporating the effects of slow desorption from the soil surfaces, it is found that the concentration of organics in the effluent is eventually given by the sum of two separate contributions. The first represents the removal of the compounds initially dissolved in the liquid layer by diffusion, providing an exponentially decaying concentration in the effluent. The second represents the removal of the organics, initially adsorbed onto the solid surfaces, by slow desorption producing the long-time tail which has been observed in the effluent concentration during soil vapor extraction. This model was applied to two bench-scale columns packed with soil contaminated by volatile organic compound (VOC) contaminated soil. The simplified results of the mathematical model allow such parameters as the effective diffusion length, area of gas-liquid contact, the desorption rate constant and the equilibrium partition coefficient, for trichloroethylene in the two soil columns to be determined.
Triumph of the Bankers: Money and Banking in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Introduction "Smith's Law" and "Fisher's Equation of Exchange" The Impracticality of a Gold/Silver Standard The Undesirability of a Gold/Silver Standard Low Growth Rates of Money Supply More Rapid Growth Rates of Money Supply Money as a Legal and Psychological Matter Paper Money Created by Colonial Governments: Background and the Pennsylvania Example Paper Money Created by Colonial Governments: Other Examples and Summation Paper Money Created by Private Banks in Eighteenth-Century Britain Adam Smith on the Bank of England and Banking in General Financing the War for Independence of the United States The Decade of the 1780s in the United States The Constitution, Money, and Banking in the Early Decades of the United States Money and Banking in Britain from 1792-1821 Money and Banking in Britain in the Later Years of the Nineteenth Century The Bank of the United States and Other Matters, 1800-1836 The Discovery of Gold in California and Other Matters, 1836-1860 Union Financing of the Civil War, 1861-1863 Union Financing of the Civil War, 1864-1866 From War's End to the Resumption of Gold Payments, 1865-1879 Bimetallism and Populism, 1879-1896 New Gold Discoveries and Other Matters, 1896-1914 The Period 1864-1914 Considered as a Whole References Index
A day without a search engine: an experimental study of online and offline searches

With the evolution of the Web and development of web-based search engines, online searching has become a common method for obtaining information. Given this popularity, the question arises as to how much time people save by using search engines for their information needs compared to offline sources, as well as how online searching affects both search experiences and search outcomes. Using a random sample of queries from a major search engine and a sample of reference questions from the Internet Public Library (IPL), we conduct a real-effort experiment to compare online and offline search experiences and outcomes. We find that participants are significantly more likely to find an answer on the Web (100 %), compared to offline searching (between 87 % and 90 %). Restricting our analysis to the set of questions in which participants find answers in both treatments, a Web search takes on average 7 (9) minutes, whereas the corresponding offline search takes 22 (19) minutes for a search-engine (IPL) question. Furthermore, while raters judge library sources to be significantly more trustworthy and authoritative than the corresponding Web sources, they judge Web sources as significantly more relevant. Balancing all factors, we find that the overall source quality is not significantly different between the two treatments for the set of search-engine questions. However, for IPL questions, we find that non-Web sources are judged to have significantly higher overall quality than the corresponding Web sources. In comparison, for factual questions, Web search results are significantly more likely to be correct (66 % vs. 43 %). Lastly, post-search questionnaires reveal that participants find online searching more enjoyable than offline searching.
Irradiation attenuates neurogenesis and exacerbates ischemia‐induced deficits

Increased neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia suggests that functional recovery after stroke may be attributed, in part, to neural regeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of neurogenesis in the behavioral performance of gerbils after cerebral global ischemia. We used ionizing radiation to decrease neural regeneration, and 2 weeks later cerebral global ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. One month after the occlusion, the animals were behaviorally tested. Irradiation alone reduced neurogenesis but did not change vascular or dendritic morphology at the time of behavioral testing. Neither did irradiation, ischemia, or combined treatment impair rotor-rod performance or alter open-field activity. Gerbils subjected to both irradiation and ischemia demonstrated impaired performance in the water-maze task, compared with those that received only ischemia, radiation, or no treatment. These impairments after cerebral global ischemia under conditions of reduced neurogenesis support a role for the production of new cells in mediating functional recovery.
Atypical protein kinase C expression in phrenic motor neurons of the rat

Atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms play important roles in many neural processes, including synaptic plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. Although atypical PKCs are expressed throughout the brain, there are no reports concerning their expression in central neural regions associated with respiratory motor control. Therefore, we explored the neuroanatomical distribution of atypical PKCs in identified phrenic motor neurons, a motor pool that plays a key role in breathing. Diaphragm injections of cholera toxin B were used to retrogradely label and identify phrenic motor neurons; immunohistochemistry was used to localize atypical PKCs in and near labeled motor neurons (i.e. the phrenic motor nucleus). Atypical PKC expression in the phrenic motor nucleus appears specific to neurons; aPKC expression could not be detected in adjacent astrocytes or microglia. Strong atypical PKC labeling was observed within cholera toxin B labeled phrenic motor neurons. Documenting the expression of atypical PKCs in phrenic motor neurons provides a framework within which to assess their role in respiratory motor control, including novel forms of respiratory plasticity known to occur in this region.
MACHIAVELLIANISM AND EMERGENT LEADERSHIP IN A MANAGEMENT SIMULATION

This study examined Machiavellianism and choice of informal leadership in task-oriented groups. The Mach V questionnaire was administered at the beginning of a Management Simulation in which 120 college seniors participated as 24 groups for 10 wk. Group members sociometrically selected High Machs significantly more often as informal group leaders at the end of 5 hr. of participation but not at a second time at the end of the simulation. This may be attributable, in part, to the existence of “latitude for improvisation” at the beginning of the simulation but not at the end when the groups had become more structured.
Propranolol for Infantile Hemangiomas: A Review

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumors of infancy. Since it was discovered several years ago, propranolol hydrochloride has become a very popular and successful treatment for complicated and aesthetically disfiguring IHs. The recent literature on propranolol is reviewed, including a summary of larger studies, discussion of adverse effects, and the use of propranolol in complicated IHs, such as ulcerated IHs, airway, and hepatic IHs.
The mid-infrared reflectance of mineral mixtures (7–14 μm)

Mid-infrared reflectance spectra were measured (using an interferometer spectrometer with a 4/cm resolution) of a number of mineral mixtures (including quartz-microcline, quartz-hornblende, microcline-albite, microcline-hornblende, albite-hornblende, and albite-augite mixtures containing different proportions of the components, each in the 75-250 micron size range), and the spectra were compared with those of single components. It is shown that the mid-infrared reflectance spectra of particulate mixtures of these minerals combine linearly by volume within a very small error, as long as particles are much larger than the wavelength.
Conditioned place preference using opiate and stimulant drugs: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted on the data obtained from published articles that have used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to assess the rewarding effects of morphine, heroin, amphetamine and cocaine in rats. Using a histogram analysis of the data, significant dose-effect curves were evident with all of the drugs examined, except for cocaine. Analysis of the data also revealed that several methodological variables moderated the effect size for CPP, at least with some of the drugs examined. In particular, the following methodological variables significantly moderated CPP effect size: strain of rat used; housing condition (single or group cages); type of apparatus (2 or 3 compartments); preconditioning test (present or absent); route of drug administration; intervening saline trials (present or absent); conditioning trial duration; and drug compartment (nonpreferred, counterbalanced or white). No significant effect size differences were evident using sex, number of drug trials, or test duration as moderator variables in the analyses. These meta-analytic results may be useful to investigators for maximizing the effect size of drug-induced CPP.
Overexpression of a bacterial indole-3-acetyl-l-aspartic acid hydrolase in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Transgenic Arabidopsis lines (ecotype Col-0) carrying the Enterobacter agglomerans IaaspH gene under CaMV 35S promoter control were more sensitive to exogenous indole-3-acetyl aspartic acid (IAA-Asp) and metabolized [2'- 14 C]IAA-Asp more rapidly than control lines. Free IAA, total IAA and IAN levels in independent transgenic lines that accumulated IaaspH mRNA varied insignificantly from control levels, yet IAA-Asp levels were significantly reduced. The transgenic lines were grown in a variety of conditions and subjected to morphometric analysis. All three lines showed statistically significant differences in rosette diameter (in soil), root and hypocotyl length (on agar). These effects were transient in some cases and did not manifest themselves under all growth conditions tried. The two independent lines with single T-DNA insertions had lower seed set compared to control lines.
Persistence of geographic memories in adults

Beatty (1985) observed that knowledge of geographical features of the region in which people were born and raised was as accurate as their knowledge of the geography of the region in which they currently resided. To test the idea that the apparent preservation of geographic knowledge of the region of former residence is periodically refreshed by visits to that region, we compared geographic knowledge of Northern regions of the U.S. by two groups of residents of a retirement complex in Florida. Some of the subjects had migrated from the North an average of 22 years earlier and had become year-round Florida residents. Others returned to a Northern region annually. The two groups displayed nearly identical accuracy on tests of knowledge of the geography of the Northern regions, suggesting that some forms of geographic knowledge are so durable that little or no relearning is required for their maintenance.
Bridging Routines and Intentionality in Capability Dynamics: A Field Study

We address the tension between stability and change as they pertain to capability dynamics. In the routines perspective of capability evolution, the generative process is path-dependent, ongoing an...
A hierarchy of relaxations and convex hull characterizations for mixed-integer zero-one programming problems

This paper is concerned with the generation of tight equivalent representations for mixedinteger zero-one programming problems. For the linear case, we propose a technique which first converts the problem into a nonlinear, polynomial mixed-integer zero-one problem by multiplying the constraints with some suitable d-degree polynomial factors involving the n binary variables, for any given d E (0, . . . , n}, and subsequently linearizes the resulting problem through appropriate variable transformations. As d varies from zero to n, we obtain a hierarchy of relaxations spanning from the ordinary linear programming relaxation to the convex hull of feasible solutions. The facets of the convex hull of feasible solutions in terms of the original problem variables are available through a standard projection operation. We also suggest an alternate scheme for applying this technique which gives a similar hierarchy of relaxations, but involving fewer “complicating” constraints. Techniques for tightening intermediate level relaxations, and insights and interpretations within a disjunctive programming framework are also presented. The methodology readily extends to multilinear mixed-integer zero-one polynomial programming problems in which the continuous variables appear linearly in the problem.
Structural similarities in glutaminyl- and methionyl-tRNA synthetases suggest a common overall orientation of tRNA binding.

Abstract Detailed comparisons between the structures of the tRNA-bound Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA (Gln-tRNA) synthetase [L-glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.18] and recently refined E. coli methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNA) synthetase [L-methionine:tRNA(Met) ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.10] reveal significant similarities beyond the anticipated correspondence of their respective dinucleotide-fold domains. One similarity comprises a 23-amino acid alpha-helix-turn-beta-strand motif found in each enzyme within a domain that is inserted between the two halves of the dinucleotide binding fold. A second correspondence, which consists of two alpha-helices connected by a large loop and beta-strand, is located in the Gln-tRNA synthetase within a region that binds the inside corner of the "L"-shaped tRNA molecule. This structural motif contains a long alpha-helix, which extends along the entire length of the D and anticodon stems of the complexed tRNA. We suggest that the positioning of this helix relative to the dinucleotide fold plays a critical role in ensuring the proper global orientation of tRNA(Gln) on the surface of the enzyme. The structural correspondences suggest a similar overall orientation of binding of tRNA(Met) and tRNA(Gln) to their respective synthetases.
Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo

The comorbidity of vertigo and anxiety has been an integral component of the medical literature since antiquity. In the works of Plato, the same terms were used in the context of vertigo, inebriation, height vertigo, disorientation, and mental confusion. In classical medicine, vertigo had the ambiguous status of being both a disease per se and a symptom of other diseases such as hypochondriacal melancholy. Further, two etiologies were described for vertigo: an origin in the head (brain) and an origin in the hypochondria (abdominal viscera). In the course of the development of a detailed neurologic taxonomy of vertigo in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a debate ensued whether agoraphobia was a form of vertigo or a distinct psychiatric condition. Elucidation of this forgotten debate, within its historical context, provides insights into the recent rediscovery of the balance-anxiety interface.
Muscarinic receptor- and phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase C substrates in adult and neonatal cortical slices.

Abstract The neuron-specific protein B-50 (GAP-43) is a major presynaptic substrate for protein kinase C (PKC). Phosphorylation of B-50 by PKC at serine-41 is functionally related to signal transduction in association with process outgrowth and neurotransmitter release. Thus, it is important to characterize the factors which modulate phosphorylation of B-50 by PKC. Phosphoinositide (PI)-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) activation would be expected to increase PKC activity through production of the second messenger, diacylglycerol. To test the hypothesis that activation of mAchR also increases phosphorylation of B-50, protein phosphorylation has been examined in cerebral cortical slices in response to the cholinergic agonist, carbachol (Cch) in comparison to the phorbol ester, 4β-phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB), a known activator of PKC. At short times of incubation with 1 mM Cch, a concentration which maximally activates PI metabolism, increased phosphorylation of a group of synaptosomal proteins, including B-50 and myristoylated, alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), was observed. This increase was approximately half of that obtained in response to 1 μM PDB. Differing patterns of protein phosphorylation were observed in neonatal and adult slices: neonatal samples contained more MARCKS and a PKC substrate with a Mr of 46 kDa. Phosphorylation of B-50 and MARCKS was sensitive to Cch in both cases. Immunoblotting demonstrated less m1 acetylcholine receptor (the predominant mAchR subtype coupled to PI metabolism in the cortex) in neonatal, as compared to adult, synaptosomal fractions. These results are consistent with a coupling between mAchR-stimulated PI metabolism and PKC-mediated protein phosphorylation that is developmentally regulated.
Analysis of Gamma Ray Scintillation Spectra for Quantitative Photon Intensities

The various considerations necessary for conversion of the pulse height spectrum from NaI(Tl) spectrometers to photon intensity distributions are discussed. Some of these are: 1) resolution and efficiency of the crystal; 2) summing of cascade gamma rays; 3) source geometry and self-absorption; and 4) handling of positron emitters. A straightforward empirical method for subtracting the Compton distributions associated with the various gamma rays in a complex spectrum is indicated and the logical extension to continuous photon distributions is discussed.
Serotonin and neuropeptide F have opposite modulatory effects on fly aggression.

Both serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y have been shown to affect a variety of mammalian behaviors1,2,3, including aggression4,5. Here we show in Drosophila melanogaster that both 5-HT and neuropeptide F, the invertebrate homolog of neuropeptide Y, modulate aggression. We show that drug-induced increases of 5-HT in the fly brain increase aggression. Elevating 5-HT genetically in the serotonergic circuits recapitulates these pharmacological effects, whereas genetic silencing of these circuits makes the flies behaviorally unresponsive to the drug-induced increase of 5-HT but leaves them capable of aggression. Genetic silencing of the neuropeptide F (npf) circuit also increases fly aggression, demonstrating an opposite modulation to 5-HT. Moreover, this neuropeptide F effect seems to be independent of 5-HT. The implication of these two modulatory systems in fly and mouse aggression suggest a marked degree of conservation and a deep molecular root for this behavior.
Frustration and the production of schedule-induced polydipsia

In two experiments, the hypothesis that frustration mediates the production of schedule-induced polydipsia was tested. In Experiment I, a group in which reward was reduced from 6 to 2 pellets of food in an operant chamber was found to increase water intake compared to a group maintained at 2 pellets reward. In Experiment II, rats trained to approach food on a partial reinforcement schedule in a runway subsequently showed lower levels of water intake in the operant test for polydipsia than rats given continuous reinforcement during runway training. The results are interpreted as supporting a frustration hypothesis of schedule-induced polydipsia and are discussed within the context of persistence theory.
Anterior fibular dislocation of the distal tibiofibular joint with lateral diastasis of the ankle

Abstract Dislocations of the distal tibiofibular joint reported in the literature are mostly associated with the tibial portion. Fibular anterior dislocation of this joint is rare. Dislocation of the distal tibiofibular joint that results in widening of the talofibular space and diastasis of ankle joint is even rare than other diastasis with widening of the medial clear space. We herein presented a case in which the fibula was anteriorly dislocated from the distal tibiofibular groove resulting in a lateral ankle joint diastasis.
Vision-based target tracking with a small UAV: Optimization-based control strategies

Abstract This paper considers the problem of a small, fixed-wing UAV equipped with a gimbaled camera autonomously tracking an unpredictable moving ground vehicle. Thus, the UAV must maintain close proximity to the ground target and simultaneously keep the target in its camera׳s visibility region. To achieve this objective robustly, two novel optimization-based control strategies are developed. The first assumes an evasive target motion while the second assumes a stochastic target motion. The resulting optimal control policies have been successfully flight tested, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of both approaches in a real-world implementation and highlighting the advantages of one approach over the other.
Contrasting patterns of divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers: analysis of clinal variation.

Clinal variation in quantitative traits is often attributed to the effects of spatially varying selection. However, identical patterns can be produced by the interplay between purely stochastic processes (i.e. drift in combination with spatially restricted gene flow). One means of distinguishing between adaptive and nonadaptive causes of geographical variation is to compare relative levels of between-population divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers. Such comparisons can be used to test whether levels of trait divergence attributable to additive genetic effects (as measured by QST) exceed null expectations based on the level of divergence at neutral marker loci (as measured by FST). The purpose of this study was to use an approach based on 'QST vs. FST' contrasts to test for evidence of diversifying selection on body size of an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Specifically, relative levels of between-population divergence in body size and microsatellite DNA markers were compared to assess whether the observed pattern of clinal size variation could be explained by a neutral model of isolation by distance. QST for body size was calculated using unbiased estimators of within- and between-population variance of principal component scores. The association between body size variation and geographical/environmental distance was tested using pairwise and partial matrix correspondence tests (MCTs). Independent variables (representing causal hypotheses) were constructed as between-locality distance matrices. The effects of neutral genetic divergence were assessed by including a matrix of pairwise FST as an independent variable. Partial MCTs revealed highly significant associations between phenotypic divergence (QST) and both geographical and environmental distance, even when the effects of neutral genetic divergence (FST) were partialled out. Results of the tests confirmed that migration-drift equilibrium is not a sufficient explanation for the latitudinal pattern of clinal size variation in C. sphinx. The geographical patterning of pairwise QST is most likely attributable to spatially varying selection and/or the direct influence of latitudinally ordered environmental effects.
Making God real and making God good: Some mechanisms through which prayer may contribute to healing

Many social scientists attribute the health-giving properties of religious practice to social support. This paper argues that another mechanism may be a positive relationship with the supernatural, a proposal that builds upon anthropological accounts of symbolic healing. Such a mechanism depends upon the learned cultivation of the imagination and the capacity to make what is imagined more real and more good. This paper offers a theory of the way that prayer enables this process and provides some evidence, drawn from experimental and ethnographic work, for the claim that a relationship with a loving God, cultivated through the imagination in prayer, may contribute to good health and may contribute to healing in trauma and psychosis.
Potential benefits of embedded training

The need for embedded training to solve the skill degradation problem between school training and operational use of the skill is addressed. Findings of current research programs and operational embedded training systems are discussed along with the types of tasks best taught at school and through embedded training. Recommended policies and procedures for implementing embedded training are suggested. >
Energy efficient transceiver based on injection locking

The removal of batteries in a wireless communication terminal will not only significantly reduce size and improve operating lifetime, but also expand the applications to a much wider spectrum that would be otherwise impossible. This paper presents an energy efficient transceiver with 900MHz BPSK downlink and 225MHz ASK uplink using injection locking based architecture. For BPSK demodulation, two second harmonic injection locked oscillators (ILO) are employed to convert BPSK signals to ASK signals, which are then demodulated by an envelope detector to baseband. The oscillating signal at one receiver ILO also injects to another transmitter ILO for accurate carrier generation to avoid local frequency synthesis circuits at both the transmitter and receiver. Designed in a 45nm CMOS technology, post-layout simulation indicates that the transceiver achieves downlink bit rate of 10Mb/s at the sensitivity of −40dBm and uplink bit rate of 10Mb/s at the transmitted power of −24 dBm with total power consumption of 631uW.
An Essay on Genetic-Adaptive Strategies and Mass Extinctions

Recent studies of Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrate communities and ecological investigations of modern marine and terrestrial environments have provided information on patterns of faunal density and diversity, patterns which are commonly inferred to be controlled primarily by the physical milieu. Furthermore, there is some evidence indicating that genetic (chromosomal) variability in some invertebrates is correlated with the stability of the physical environment. Previously, these three areas of investigation had not been brought together in consideration of the evolutionary implications of long-term (tens or hundreds of millions of years) environmental stability. Three simple relationships are herein formulated from Recent and fossil data: (l) Environmental stability is positively correlated with diversity; (2) Environmental stability is negatively correlated with long-term biotic (taxonomic) stability; and (3) Therefore diversity is negatively correlated with biotic stability. To explain these observed correlations, we propose an evolutionary model based on genetic-adaptive strategies. We contend that the genetic-adaptive strategy employed by a species population depends in large part on the regularity, direction, and rate of change in environmental stability. A prolonged period of stability could significantly reduce a species' potential for survival in a more rigorous environment, and hence might be expected to precede a time of widespread or mass extinction. A homozygotic genome would be selected for (homoselection) by species subjected to long-term environmental stability, and it is this selection that could ultimately prove disastrous for survival in a later, only slightly less stable regime. Recognizing the teleological pitfalls that appear in any evolutionary model hinting at predictability, we nevertheless believe that attempts at the development of hypotheses based on adaptive patterns or strategies have a very definite heuristic value, if only in preventing the facile recourse to exotic environmental events as an explanation for major evolutionary events in the history of life. The proposed hypothesis of genetic-adaptive strategies should be viewed as a first approximation, perhaps, at best, leading to empirical research, which for now is introduced in an attempt to encourage investigation of environmental events leading up to periods of mass extinction.
Ectoparasites of Sympatric Barbary Sheep and Mule Deer in the Texas Panhandle, USA

Eleven Barbary Sheep, Ammotragus lervia , and 12 Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus , harvested during the fall, 1977, from wild populations in Palo Duro Canyon, Texas were examined for ectoparasites. The winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus ; the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini ; the louse Bovicola neglecta ; and an undescribed species of louse, Bovicola sp., were recovered from Barbary Sheep. Mule Deer harbored D. albipictus and nasal bots of the Cephenemyia prattilapicata group. Both host species harbored few ectoparasite species, the levels of infestations were low, and the proportion of host ungulates harboring anyone of the ectoparasites was small. The ability of Barbary Sheep to undergo pronounced range extensions and long-distance movements mayprovide a means of broad dispersal for these parasites. Additionally, the occurrence of these wild ungulates in the same range as domestic livestockprovides an excellent reservoir potential for certain of these ectoparasites, especially the ticks.
Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by mouse MO15-associated kinase.

Abstract The assembly of functional holoenzymes composed of regulatory D-type cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) is rate limiting for progression through the G1 phase of the mammalian somatic cell cycle. Complexes between D-type cyclins and their major catalytic subunit, cdk4, are catalytically inactive until cyclin-bound cdk4 undergoes phosphorylation on a single threonyl residue (Thr-172). This step is catalyzed by a cdk-activating kinase (CAK) functionally analogous to the enzyme which phosphorylates cdc2 and cdk2 at Thr-161/160. Here, we demonstrate that the catalytic subunit of mouse cdc2/cdk2 CAK (a 39-kDa protein designated p39MO15) can assemble with a regulatory protein present in either insect or mammalian cells to generate a CAK activity capable of phosphorylating and enzymatically activating both cdk2 and cdk4 in complexes with their respective cyclin partners. A newly identified 37-kDa cyclin-like protein (cyclin H [R. P. Fisher and D. O. Morgan, Cell 78:713-724, 1994]) can assemble with p39MO15 to activate both cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin D-cdk4 in vitro, implying that CAK is structurally reminiscent of cyclin-cdk complexes themselves. Antisera produced to the p39MO15 subunit can completely deplete mammalian cell lysates of CAK activity for both cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin D-cdk4, with recovery of activity in the resulting immune complexes. By using an immune complex CAK assay, CAK activity for cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin D-cdk4 was detected both in quiescent cells and invariantly throughout the cell cycle. Therefore, although it is essential for the enzymatic activation of cyclin-cdk complexes, CAK appears to be neither rate limiting for the emergence of cells from quiescence nor subject to upstream regulatory control by stimulatory mitogens.
Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective

The Islamic Revolution in Iran is analyzed as the latest of the “great revolutions” in a comparative perspective ranging from the early modern European revolutions to fascism. The analysis highlights the neglected importance of reactive elements, communal solidarities, and tradition in a wide variety of revolutions and revolutionary movements. Comparative inferences bring out the serious deficiency of the Marxian theory of revolution as well as of those structural theories of revolution that focus exclusively on the state. By contrast, these inferences underline the significance of ideology, religion, and culture. Finally it is argued that the emergence of a distinct Islamic revolutionary ideology can only be understood as a part of the process of crystallization of the revolutionary ideology in Western Europe and its spread to the rest of the world.
Comparison of Heat and Bromide as Ground Water Tracers Near Streams

Heat and bromide were compared as tracers for examining stream/ground water exchanges along the middle reaches of the Santa Clara River, California, during a 10-hour surface water sodium bromide injection test. Three cross sections that comprise six shallow (<1 m) piezometers were installed at the upper, middle, and lower sections of a 17 km long study reach, to monitor temperatures and bromide concentrations in the shallow ground water beneath the stream. A heat and ground water transport simulation model and a closely related solute and ground water transport simulation model were matched up for comparison of simulated and observed temperatures and bromide concentrations in the streambed. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of sediment temperature were fitted to observed temperature results, to yield apparent streambed hydraulic conductivities in each cross section. The temperature-based hydraulic conductivities were assigned to a solute and ground water transport model to predict sediment bromide concentrations, during the sodium bromide injection test. Vertical, one-dimensional simulations of bromide concentrations in the sediments yielded a good match to the observed bromide concentrations, without adjustment of any model parameters except solute dispersivities. This indicates that, for the spatial and temporal scales examined on the Santa Clara River, the use of heat and bromide as tracers provide comparable information with respect to apparent hydraulic conductivities and fluxes for sediments near streams. In other settings, caution should be used due to differences in the nature of conservative (bromide) versus nonconservative (heat) tracers, particularly when preferential flowpaths are present.
An adaptively refined block matching algorithm for motion compensated video coding

An adaptively refined block matching algorithm (AR-BMA) for motion compensated (MC) video coding is presented. The AR-BMA algorithm requires transmitting the same amount of motion data as the conventional block matching algorithm (BMA) while achieving much higher prediction accuracy by an adaptive refinement scheme that captures the fine motion variations in video scenes. Experimental results show significant reduction of the prediction errors by the AR-BMA as compared with the full-search BMA. >
4-Hydroxynonenal oxidatively modifies histones: Implications for Alzheimer's disease

There is increasing evidence of DNA oxidation and altered DNA repair mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Histones, which interact with DNA, conceivably could provide a protective shield for DNA against oxidative stress. However, because of their abundant lysine residues, histones may be a target for 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) modification. In this study, we have shown that HNE binds to histones and that this binding affects the conformation of the histone, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance in conjunction with a protein-specific spin label. The covalent modification to the histone by HNE affects the ability of the histone to bind DNA. Interestingly, acetylated histones appear to be more susceptible to HNE modifications than control histones. Conceivably, altered DNA-histone interactions, subsequent to oxidative modification of histones by the lipid peroxidation product HNE, may contribute to the vulnerability of DNA to oxidation in AD brain.