cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Politics, Economics, and Urban Policing: The Postindustrial City Thesis and Rival Explanations of Heightened Order Maintenance Policing

This paper sets forth the hypothesis that the more that a city’s economy reflects the creative class and cultural tourism elements that characterize “new economy”-style postindustrial cities, the more that the police will emphasize heightened order maintenance. Such a thesis is evident in case studies on innovations in urban social control and on cities aspiring to global city status. But the thesis needs empirical test across a large sample of cities that vary on “new economy” status, with alternative explanations for variation in order maintenance policing simultaneously taken into account. This paper provides that test for cities above 100,000 in population, controlling for variables representing the racial threat thesis, governing institutions, community policing, and policing demands and constraints. The results provide robust support for the postindustrial policing hypothesis.
Interrelationships Between Dietary Pyridoxine and Free Plasma Amino Acids in Chicks

The interrelationships between dietary pyridoxine and free plasma amino acids in young chicks were studied with two different diets. Chicks fed isolated soybean protein supplemented with less than 1.0 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg diet had reduced body weight gain and feed consumption and a higher mortality rate (19%) than those fed 1 or 5 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg. A casein diet required greater supplementation (2.0 mg pyridoxine/kg) to prevent reduced body weight gain and depressed feed intake. The concentrations of free plasma taurine, threonine, and serine were significantly lower in chicks fed the isolated soybean protein diet supplemented with less than 1.0 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg, while those of isoleucine, valine, glycine, and ornithine were significantly higher than in chicks fed greater levels of pyridoxine. Supplementation of casein diets with less than 2.0 mg resulted in a significant accumulation of threonine, glycine, cystathionine, and ornithine. Valine was significant higher in chicks fed casein supplemented with only .6 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg. Feeding isolated soybean protein or casein diets without any pyridoxine supplementation resulted in the dealth of 95% and 100% of the chicks, respectively. Pair feeding a group fed the isolated soybean protein diet supplemented with 1.0 mg to a group receiving .5 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg resulted in a similar body weight gain and concentration of amino acids in the plasma.
The iron oxidation and hydrolysis chemistry of Escherichia coli bacterioferritin.

Bacterioferritins are members of a class of spherical shell-like iron storage proteins that catalyze the oxidation and hydrolysis of iron at specific sites inside the protein shell, resulting in formation of a mineral core of hydrated ferric oxide within the protein cavity. Electrode oximetry/pH stat was used to study iron oxidation and hydrolysis chemistry in E. coli bacterioferritin. Consistent with previous UV-visible absorbance measurements, three distinct kinetic phases were detected, and the stoichiometric equations corresponding to each have been determined. The rapid phase 1 reaction corresponds to pairwise binding of 2 Fe(2+) ions at a dinuclear site, called the ferroxidase site, located within each of the 24 subunits, viz., 2Fe(2+) + P(Z) --> [Fe(2)-P](Z) + 4H(+), where P(Z) is the apoprotein of net charge Z and [Fe(2)-P](Z) represents a diferrous ferroxidase complex. The slower phase 2 reaction corresponds to the oxidation of this complex by molecular oxygen according to the net equation: [Fe(2)-P](Z) + (1)/(2)O(2) --> [Fe(2)O-P](Z) where [Fe(2)O-P](Z) represents an oxidized diferric ferroxidase complex, probably a mu-oxo-bridged species as suggested by UV-visible and EPR spectrometric titration data. The third phase corresponds to mineral core formation according to the net reaction: 4Fe(2+) + O(2) + 6H(2)O --> 4FeO(OH)((core)) + 8H(+). Iron oxidation is inhibited by the presence of Zn(2+) ions. The patterns of phase 2 and phase 3 inhibition are different, though inhibition of both phases is complete at 48 Zn(2+)per 24mer, i.e., 2 Zn(2+) per ferroxidase center.
Reference control architecture in the presence of measurement noise and actuator dynamics

In this paper the command governor-based model reference control architecture is developed and analyzed for uncertain dynamical systems in the presence measurement noise and actuator dynamics. Specifically, the command governor is a dynamical system that adjusts the trajectory of a given command in order to enable an uncertain system to be able to follow an ideal reference system capturing a desired closed-loop dynamical system behavior both in transient-time and steady-state. In this paper, we present modifications to the original command governor approach in order to increase its robustness properties against measurement noise and actuator dynamics. In particular, the modified architecture is shown to retain closed-loop system stability and predictable transient and steady-state performance. Illustrative numerical results are found to verify the theoretical findings.
A classification scheme for discipline: type, mode of administration, context

Abstract This paper reviews research related to parental disciplinary practices and presents a classification scheme discipline that separates discipline into the type and the mode of administration used. Previous research has not kept important constructs related to discipline distinct and has ignored some types of discipline, as well as the mode of administration. The classification scheme presented is meant to try to foster conceptual clarity, to advocate for attention to important aspects of disciplinary practices in future research, and to lay the groundwork for development of additional measurement tools — particularly for survey design research.
ACP Journal Club. Review: new oral anticoagulants reduced stroke and systemic embolism compared with warfarin in AF.

Source Citation Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in pati...
FERMI–BOSE CANCELLATION IN TOPOLOGICALLY NONTRIVIAL BACKGROUNDS

We show in a model-independent way that, in the background of a topological soliton or instanton that saturates a Bogomol'nyi bound, the fermion and boson excitation spectra of nonzero modes cancel at the one-loop level. This generalizes D'Adda and DiVecchia's result for some specific instanton models. Our method also establishes, again in a model-independent way, the generality of the connection between zero-modes in topologically nontrivial backgrounds and index theorems.
Tardive parkinsonism in a bipolar patient: post-mortem examination supports a physiological rather than pathological dysfunction.

We describe a case of tardive parkinsonism in the setting of bipolar syndrome, and we offer pathological confirmation that idiopathic Parkinson disease was not the underlying etiology. A 74-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of bipolar disease was noted to have oro-buccal-lingual chorea and parkinsonian symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and gait disorder persisting several months after neuroleptic discontinuation. She had minor improvement in ambulation with levodopa treatment, and she significantly improved in ambulation only during her manic states. Examination of the subject's post-mortem brain revealed no explicit evidence of degeneration in substantia nigra or other brainstem centers, and no nigral or cortical Lewy bodies were present. Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (characteristic of multiple systems atrophy) and globose neurofibrillary tangles (seen in progressive supranuclear palsy) were not seen either. This patient's presentation was most consistent with neuroleptic-indu...
Implementation of a piezoelectric energy harvester in railway health monitoring

With development of wireless sensor technology, wireless sensor network has shown a great potential for railway health monitoring. However, how to supply continuous power to the wireless sensor nodes is one of the critical issues in long-term full-scale deployment of the wireless smart sensors. Some energy harvesting methodologies have been available including solar, vibration, wind, etc; among them, vibration-based energy harvester using piezoelectric material showed the potential for converting ambient vibration energy to electric energy in railway health monitoring even for underground subway systems. However, the piezoelectric energy harvester has two major problems including that it could only generate small amount of energy, and that it should match the exact narrow band natural frequency with the excitation frequency. To overcome these problems, a wide band piezoelectric energy harvester, which could generate more power on various frequencies regions, has been designed and validated with experimental test. Then it was applied to a full-scale field test using actual railway train. The power generation of the wide band piezoelectric array has been compared to a narrow-band, resonant-based, piezoelectric energy harvester.
Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels.

Abstract Chronic administration of opioid antagonists has been shown to increase radioligand binding to brain opioid receptors. The present study was conducted to determine whether chronic exposure to the opioid antagonist naltrexone would similarly increase μ opioid receptor gene expression as measured by mRNA levels. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered naltrexone, 7–8 mg/kg/day, or saline by osmotic minipumps for 7 days. As expected, the density of μ opioid receptor binding sites was significantly higher in the brains of animals treated chronically with naltrexone as compared with saline treated control animals. However, μ opioid receptor mRNA content determined by a solution hybridization RNase protection assay was not significantly altered in any brain region investigated. These results indicate that the upregulation of μ opioid receptors as measured by radioligand binding is not accompanied by increased levels of μ receptor mRNA.
The shallow oxygen minimum of the South Indian Ocean

Abstract In the South Indian Ocean a layer of low oxygen and high nutrient concentrations, centered at about the 200-m level, attenuates southward from the equator to about Lat. 25°S. The prevailing meridional component of flow appears to be northward, however, and it is suggested that the oxygen minimum develops on account of rapid vertical decay in the oxygen consumption rate in a water column moving northward from mid-latitudes, where high concentrations are forced at depth by convective overturning from the sea surface. A simple model of the process, based on plausible values of the consumption rate and northward flow speed, reproduces fairly well the depth and strength of the minimum for a vertical mixing coefficient of 0.1 cm 2 s −1 . The model does not, however, give a very close description of the oxygen distribution below the minimum; some suggestions are made as to why, but too little is known about the spatial variation of the controlling parameters to proceed very far.
An unguided wave Cerenkov amplifier

A device for the amplification of the unguided TM01 gaussian mode of radiation by interaction of a beam of electrons with the longitudinal electric field of the mode is proposed. Such a device requires that the average electron velocity be greater than the phase velocity of the radiation. As a result, one can consider the operating principle to be based on the Cerenkov effect. Methods for achieving a reduction in the phase velocity of a millimeter wave mode in an open structure are discussed.
The Odonata of newly constructed ponds with life history and production of dominant species

Abstract The species composition of an odonate assemblage from six new ponds in Virginia, USA, was documented, and life histories and production of three dominant odonate taxa (Anax junius (Drury), Gomphus exilis Selys, and Enallagma civile (Hagen)) were determined. The assemblage consisted of 19 species and was numerically dominated by A. junius, G. exilis, E. civile, and libellulids. Production of A. junius, G. exilis, and E. civile was 795 mg DW m−2 yr−1, 27 mg DW m−2 yr−1, and 236 mg DW m−2 yr−1, respectively. Coefficients of variation for production of each species were 50 – 77%, which suggests that variance should be considered in production estimates, especially if results are to be compared across studies or habitats. Low density and production of the dominant species in this study may be a result of inadequate densities of food items and limited availability of preferred habitat in the newly created ponds.
The commercial development of space: is an international regulatory framework needed?

Abstract The commercial space sector to date has failed to develop comprehensive regulations—“rules of the road”—for its international activities. Within the next 5 years, conflicts with respect to international trade in satellite sales and launch services could emerge, highlighting the need for such a regulatory framework. If the commercial space sector is to continue to develop, it is important to begin discussions now, before these conflicts become significant, on the elements of an appropriate international regulatory framework. The existing framework for space activities was developed when government, not commercial, space activities were dominant, or was adapted from regulations in other sectors such as terrestrial telecommunications.
Health of Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous populations worldwide are experiencing social, cultural, demographic, nutritional, and psychoemotional changes that have a profound impact on health. Regardless of their geographical location or sociopolitical situation, health indicators are always poorer for indigenous populations than for nonindigenous ones. The determinants of this gap are multiple and interactive, and their analysis requires a biocultural framework. Indigenous populations suffer from lower life expectancy, high infant and child mortality, high maternal morbidity and mortality, heavy infectious disease loads, malnutrition, stunted growth, increasing levels of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases, substance abuse, and depression. The devastating effects of colonization, the loss of ancestral land, and language and cultural barriers for access to health care are among the most salient themes characterizing the poor health situation of indigenous people. Anthropology is extremely well suited to address the interplay among...
Effective Constitutional Discourse as an Important First Step to Democratization in Africa

This paper examines Africa's present transition to democracy and recommends that constitutional discourse be taken much more seriously in order to avoid the problems of the past thirty years. At independence, Africans chose institutional arrangements that were inefficient, weak, and not particularly viable. Today, Africans have another opportunity to device new institutional arrangements to lead them into the new century. If this opportunity is properly utilized, each country will be able to establish institutions that maximize the participation of all citizens in national development.
Rapid screening of quorum-sensing signal N-acyl homoserine lactones by an in vitro cell-free assay.

A simple, sensitive, and rapid cell-free assay system was developed for detection of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducers involved in bacterial quorum sensing (QS). The present approach improves upon previous whole-cell biosensor-based approaches in its utilization of a cell-free assay approach to conduct bioassays. The cell-free assay was derived from the AHL biosensor bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pCF218)(pCF372), allowing the expression of β-galactosidase upon addition of exogenous AHLs. We have shown that β-galactosidase expression is possible in cell-free solution [lysate from Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pCF218)(pCF372) culture]. Assay detection limits with the use of chromogenic substrate X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside) ranged from approximately 100 nM to 300 nM depending on the specific AHL. Replacement (of X-Gal) with the luminescent substrate Beta-Glo increased sensitivity to AHLs by 10-fold. A major advantage of the cell-free assay system is elimination of time-consuming steps for biosensor cell culture conditioning, which are required prior to whole-cell bioassays. This significantly reduced assay times from greater than 24 h to less than 3 h, while maintaining high sensitivity. Assay lysate may be prepared in bulk and stored (−80°C) over 6 months for future use. Finally, the present protocol may be adapted for use with other biosensor strains and be used in high-throughput AHL screening of bacteria or metagenomic libraries.
Integration of Auxiliary Information in Statistical Catch-at-Age (SCA) Analysis of the Saginaw Bay Stock of Walleye in Lake Huron

AbstractEstimates of mortality rates and abundance for the Saginaw Bay stock of Walleye Sander vitreus has traditionally been performed with an analysis of tag returns using a Brownie-style analysis. An estimation approach that more fully accounted for sources of exploitation in addition to the recreational fishery in Saginaw Bay and inclusive of the rest of Lake Huron was needed. We developed a statistical catch-at-age model to accomplish this and evaluated four versions including three different treatments of natural mortality (M): a constant value, age-based M values, and time-varying M values. Deviance information criterion model selection procedures indicated that an age-based M model version was optimal. We also evaluated an integrated version that incorporated tag returns as auxiliary information for the recreational component. In this case, model selection was based on conformity between observed and predicted data and model convergence. The integrated version was ruled out due to poor agreement o...
Identifying individuals with virologic failure after initiating effective antiretroviral therapy: The surprising value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin in a cross-sectional study

Objective: Recent studies have shown that the current guidelines suggesting immunologic monitoring to determine response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are inadequate. We assessed whether routinely collected clinical markers could improve prediction of concurrent HIV RNA levels. Methods: We included individuals followed within the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort who initiated antiretroviral therapy and had concurrent HIV RNA and biomarker measurements ≥4 months after HAART. A two tiered approach to determine whether clinical markers could improve prediction included: 1) identification of predictors of HIV RNA levels >500 copies/ml and 2) construction and validation of a prediction model. Results: Three markers (mean corpuscular hemoglobin [MCH], CD4, and change in percent CD4 from pre-HAART levels) in addition to the change in MCH from pre-HAART levels contained the most predictive information for identifying an HIV RNA >500 copies/ml. However, MCH and change in MCH were the two most predictive followed by CD4 and change in percent CD4. The logistic prediction model in the validation data had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85, and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69-0.79) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.91), respectively. Conclusions: Immunologic criteria have been shown to be a poor guideline for identifying individuals with high HIV RNA levels. MCH and change in MCH were the strongest predictors of HIV RNA levels >500. When combined with CD4 and percent CD4 as covariates in a model, a high level of discrimination between those with and without HIV RNA levels >500 was obtained. These data suggest an unexplored relationship between HIV RNA and MCH.
Efficient access to new chemical space through flow--construction of druglike macrocycles through copper-surface-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions.

A series of 12- to 22-mem- bered macrocycles, with druglike func- tionality and properties, have been gen- erated by using a simple and efficient copper-catalyzed azide-acetylene cy- cloaddition reaction, conducted in flow in high-temperature copper tubing, under environmentally friendly condi- tions. The triazole-containing macrocy- cles have been generated in up to 90 % yield in a 5 min reaction, without re- sorting to the high-dilution conditions typical of macrocyclization reactions. This approach represents a very effi- cient method for constructing this im- portant class of molecules, in terms of yield, concentration, and environmen- tal considerations.
Inducible DNA Demethylation Mediated by the Maize Suppressor-mutator Transposon-Encoded TnpA Protein

Heritable epigenetic inactivation of the maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposon is associated with promoter methylation, and its reversal is mediated by the transposon-encoded TnpA protein. We have developed an assay that permits demethylation of the Spm sequence to be controlled by inducing the expression of TnpA in plant cells. Using this assay, we show that demethylation is a rapid, active process. TnpA is a weak transcriptional activator, and deletions that abolish its transcriptional activity also eliminate its demethylation activity. We show that cell cycle and DNA synthesis inhibitors interfere with TnpA-mediated Spm demethylation. We further show that TnpA has a much lower affinity for fully methylated than for hemimethylated or unmethylated DNA fragments derived from Spm termini. Based on these observations, we suggest that TnpA binds to the postreplicative, hemimethylated Spm sequence and promotes demethylation either by creating an appropriate demethylation substrate or by itself participating in or recruiting a demethylase.
Drosophila: sentinels of environmental toxicants.

SYNOPSIS. Synthetic insecticides have been used intensively for the past 50 years in many parts of the world. Insect populations, both target and nontarget, have responded by evolving resistance. One of the nontarget insects is Drosophila melanogaster, which is well-suited for genetic analysis and has been particularly well-studied in both laboratory and field populations. Resistance to several insecticides, including two for which significant resistance in field populations has not been found, has been generated in susceptible laboratory strains following mutagenesis, allowing comprehensive study of the resistance genes. Field populations of D. melanogaster have evolved resistance to many, but not all, insecticides in use today. Both the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie resistance in this insect are similar to those in other insects. Therefore, D. melanogaster can be a sentinel organism for long-term release of toxicants into the environment. While it remains useful for genetic analysis of resistance, a better understanding of the movement and population structures of this insect will be a prerequisite for its sentinel utilization at specific locales.
Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: The Way to the Wound Is through the Nose

time, ∼30% of all persons are colonized with S. aureus, with the anterior nares serving as its critical niche [3]. Although colonization typically precedes infection, relatively few colonized individuals develop staphylococcal infections. There are, undoubtedly, a variety of host-organism interactions that play a role in this symbiosis; yet, much of what is known has been derived from the study of persons with clinical disease, not those in
Graphical Models for Machine Learning and Digital Communication

Probabilistic inference in graphical models pattern classification unsupervised learning data compression channel coding future research directions.
The student image of the teacher

Two classes of students in a graduate school of management were asked to rate faculty members from whom they felt they learned "a lot" or "very little" on 36 adjective dimensions. Clearly different images emerged of the "good" and "poor" teacher. These images were summarized in terms of three basic dimensions-competence, personal potency, and supportiveness. Factor analyses confirmed these dimensions. Teachers were then scored in terms of the dimensions, and profiles of good and poor teachers were compared. The generality of the dimensions for authority roles was discussed by comparing them with dimensions used in leadership, management, and socialization studies.
Safety Effectiveness of HAWK Pedestrian Treatment

The high-intensity activated crosswalk (HAWK) device is a pedestrian-activated beacon located on the roadside and on mast arms over the major approaches to an intersection. It was created in Tucson, Arizona, and at the time of this study was used at more than 60 locations. The HAWK head consists of two red lenses over a single yellow lens. It shows a red indication to the motorists when activated, which creates gaps for pedestrians to use to cross the major roadway. A before-and-after study of the safety performance of HAWK devices is documented. The evaluations used an empirical Bayes method to compare the crash prediction for the after period had the treatment not been applied with the observed crash frequency for the after period with the treatment installed. Crash types examined included total, severe, and pedestrian crashes. The evaluation used data for 21 HAWK sites and 102 reference sites and found the following changes in crashes after the HAWK beacon was installed: between 13% and 29% reduction in all crashes and approximately 50% reduction in pedestrian crashes.
The connected health of cardiovascular medicine: current status and future directions.

The technologies of cardiovascular connected health stand to dramatically alter the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease, a worldwide leading cause of death. The American Heart Association has outlined seven key health metrics including physical activity, adequate blood pressure control, weight and a healthy diet, which lie at the core of cardiovascular disease management. Controlling these metrics has been demonstrated to result in substantial reductions in cardiovascular mortality. These metrics are ideally suited to a connected health management strategy involving enhanced patient empowerment and augmented physician engagement. As more patients and healthcare providers adopt technologies that allow for self-monitoring and point-of-care diagnostics, the physician has access to a greater depth of data concerning their patient’s health and how best to influence it.
Second-generation triple reporter for bioluminescence, micro-positron emission tomography, and fluorescence imaging

Bioluminescence, positron emission tomography (PET), and fluorescence modalities are currently available for noninvasive imaging in vivo, each with its own merits. To exploit the combined strengths...
The Effects of Fluid to Gas Ratio, Dilution Rate, and CO2 Level on the Fertilizing Capacity of Chicken Spermatozoa Stored in Carbon Dioxide Extenders

Abstract AHYPERTONIC carbon dioxide extender for chicken spermatozoa was recently developed at this laboratory which adequately preserved the fertilizing capacity for 24 hours at 2°C. (Hobbs and Harris, 1963). In this initial investigation the low dilution rate of 1 to 2 was chosen arbitrarily. In addition, the ratio of fluid t o gas space in the ampule was determined by the ampule size and volume of diluted semen necessary to inseminate eight hens per treatment. In a recent study on bull spermatozoa, Van Demark and Bartlett (1962) obtained higher motility with carbonated extenders when the gas space was as small or smaller than the fluid space. Since data were not available on the effect of the gas space on the fertilizing capacity, studies were undertaken to determine the influence of this factor, dilution rate, and C02 level on the preservation of fertility. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Stock solutions of sodium citrate (0.1 g./ml.),…
Treatment of Unresectable Adult Pilocytic Astrocytoma with Bevacizumab with or without Temozolomide (P04.183)

Objective: We hypothesized that bevacizumab (bev) with or without temozolomide (TMZ) might be effective in treating unresectable pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) in adults. Background PA is a WHO Grade I tumor that is often not completely resectable. TMZ, an alkylating agent, and bev, a blocker of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are both approved for treatment of glioblastoma. Pathological studies have shown VEGF expression in PA. Design/Methods: We reviewed cases of unresectable PA treated with bev with or without TMZ. We identified 9 patients, 5 male and 4 female, with a median age of 40 years. Six tumors were in the hypothalamus, and 1 each in the thalamus, pineal region, and cerebral peduncle. Two patients were treated in the up-front setting, and 7 were treated for progression after radiation therapy. Three patients had received prior chemotherapy, 1 each PCV, carboplatin, or TMZ. Treatment consisted of bev 5 mg/kg every 14 days, with or without TMZ 150-200 mg/sq m every 5 of 28 days. MR scans were graded according to Macdonald criteria. Results: Seven patients were treated with TMZ plus bev and 2 with bev monotherapy. Median duration of therapy was 351 days for bev and 308 days for TMZ. Seven patients (78%) achieved a partial response, 1 a minor response, and 1 no response. Cyst volumes were decreased in 3 of 4 tumors (75%) with multicystic change. Both patients treated with bev monotherapy achieved a partial response, as did both patients treated in the up-front setting. Visual field or extraocular movement deficits improved significantly in 4 patients. One patient experienced symptomatic intratumoral hemorrhage. One patient died after craniotomy for hemorrhagic tumor progression. Median time to progression on bev was 593 days. Conclusions: Bev when administered with or without TMZ is effective in unresectable adult PA and deserves a Phase II study. Disclosure: Dr. Green has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woyshner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Quan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cloughesy has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech, Inc., and Roche Diagnostics Corporation.
Security planning for the hospital library: protecting your information assets.

Abstract The hospital library has become a multi-service information center with a variety of costly resources. This article presents an overview of two important areas of hospital library security: access control and premises protection. It discusses access control policies, auditing of premises security, and implementing premises security measures.
Corrosion of C110 carbon steel in high-pressure aqueous environment with mixed hydrocarbon and CO2 gas

Abstract Corrosion is a major issue in the oil industry, especially in presence of aqueous carbon dioxide under high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. Exposing tubular materials to aqueous CO2 (carbonic acid) environment causes severe corrosion. This paper presents results of an experimental study conducted to investigate effects of CO2 partial pressure ratio (i.e. ratio of CO2 partial pressure to the total pressure) and total pressure on corrosion behavior of C110 carbon steel. In addition, effect of CO2 corrosion on mechanical strength was investigated to identify presence of microscopically undetectable localized corrosion such as intergranular attack that can cause substantial mechanical degradation. To perform corrosion experiments, test specimens were cut from C110 casing and machined. In order to improve accuracy and reduce machining-induced defects, water-jet cutting and milling machines were utilized. Corrosion tests were conducted by exposing the specimens (three specimens in one batch) to 2% NaCl solution saturated with mixed gas containing CH4 and CO2. CO2 partial pressure ratio (CPPR) and total system pressure were varied. Tests were performed at a constant temperature (38±1 °C) for one week duration. Corrosion rate was measured using weight loss technique. In addition, corroded specimens were examined using a digital microscope to inspect corrosion product and detect presence of localized corrosion. Localized corrosion is known for degrading mechanical properties of carbon steel. To identify existence of undetectable localized corrosion, the specimen load-carrying-capacity (LCC) was measured using tensile strength measuring apparatus. When CPPR was varied from 0 to 100%, similar corrosion rate trends were observed at 41.37 and 62.05 MPa. Corrosion rate increased to a maximum value and subsequently decreased as the CPPR was increased to 100%. A dense and compact corrosion product was formed at 41.37 MPa and 100% CPPR. To detect presence of localized corrosion, total reduction in Load Carrying Capacity (LCC) and reduction in LCC due to uniform corrosion were determined and compared. Results show no mechanical property degradation after exposure indicating absence of localized corrosion. The total reduction was slightly higher than the reduction due to uniform corrosion. One possible explanation for this observation could be minor variation of corroded specimen thickness, which resulted in underestimation of LCC reduction due to uniform corrosion.
Preparing Leaders While Neglecting Leadership: An Analysis of U.S. Collegiate Leadership Centers

This study systematically examines collegiate leadership centers and their role in leader development. The findings extend research from the Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership by focusing on centers as the unit of analysis. Our mixed-method approach involved coding center websites and analyzing center director responses from an online survey. Results indicate a proliferation of leadership centers, especially at public universities, as well as a leader-centric philosophy that directs much leader development programs. The results from 69 leadership centers in the United States highlight a disconnect between research and practice, and an opportunity to advance leader development through greater use of evidence-based methods.
Political Theory and the American Founding: The Tension Between Logic and History

Although various scholars of American political thought have produced different schemes to categorize the thought of the Founding period, a simple but inclusive account would explain how the pre-modern vision of civic humanism, or classical republicanism, was challenged by the emerging ideology of liberalism, which itself became split into a rights-based version, and an interest-group variant of liberalism. As clear and logically distinct as these political ideologies may appear, their actual expression in American history was much more confused. Within the articulation of America’s three leading Founders can be found elements of these political and economic theories and the environmental perspectives upon which they rest.
History and Diversity of Religion

Abstract Religion is a word that most of us use regularly, and it would seem to be a straightforward matter to talk about both the history and the diversity of religion. However, this chapter argues that while religions can be quite old, religion as a concept is a modern one that has emerged in combination with the idea of the secular in the 18th through 20th centuries. I show this in part by examining how states and nationalists in East Asia took up the category in the process of resisting European imperialism and modernizing projects in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The chapter makes the primary point that efforts to define religion and categorize religions are inextricably intertwined with politics.
Antigenicity of Bovine Pericardium Determined by a Novel Immunoproteomic Approach

Despite bovine pericardium (BP) being the primary biomaterial used in heart valve bioprostheses, recipient graft-specific immune responses remain a significant cause of graft failure. Consequently, tissue antigenicity remains the principal barrier for expanding use of such biomaterials in clinical practice. We hypothesize that our understanding of BP antigenicity can be improved by application of a combined affinity chromatography shotgun immunoproteomic approach to identify antigens that have previously been overlooked. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of affinity chromatography purified antigens resulted in identification of 133 antigens. Most importantly, antigens were identified from all subcellular locations, including 18 integral membrane protein antigens. Critically, isoforms of several protein families were found to be antigenic suggesting the possibility that shared epitope domains may exist. Furthermore, proteins associated with immune, coagulation, and inflammatory pathways were over-represented, suggesting that these biological processes play a key role in antigenicity. This study brings to light important determinants of antigenicity in a clinically relevant xenogeneic biomaterial (i.e. BP) and further validates a rapid, high-throughput method for immunoproteomic antigen identification.
High figure of merit hydrogen sensor using multipolar plasmon resonance modes

Abstract Fabrication of long Au nanorods (AuNRs) has resulted in the appearance of higher order plasmon resonance modes, or multipoles, in the absorbance spectrum that can be monitored as a function of time and gas exposure. Due to the proximity of the multipolar mode to the transverse dipole mode of the AuNRs, both modes were monitored as the sample was exposed to hydrogen in an air background. These results were also compared to a shorter AuNR sample where the longitudinal dipole peak position matched the multipolar peak position. Polarization dependence of the higher order resonance as well as boundary element method (BEM) simulations confirm that the mode order is n = 3. Due to the 36% decrease in linewidth of the multipolar peak compared to the dipole, the figure of merit (FoM) of the multipolar resonance is calculated to be 22% higher than the longitudinal dipole resonance for the shown gas sensing results and is promising for high temperature gas sensing applications.
Connexin Mutations in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-Like Disease, Oculodentodigital Dysplasia and Related Diseases

Central nervous system (CNS) glia and neurons express connexins, the proteins that form gap junctions in vertebrates. Mutations in three connexin genes, GJA1 , GJB1 and GJC2 , are associated with significant CNS disease. Recessive mutations in GJC2 , coding for connexin 47 (Cx47), cause Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like disease type 1, characterized by nystagmus, cerebellar ataxia and spasticity, with abnormal myelination. Hereditary spastic paraparesis is also caused by a GJC2 mutation. Mutations in GJA1 , coding for Cx43, cause a dominant pleiotropic disorder, oculodentodigital dysplasia, characterized by oculofacial abnormalities (microphthalmia, syndactyly and dental abnormalities) and neurological manifestations, and recessive GJA1 mutations cause the related Hallermann–Streiff syndrome. This chapter describes the clinical phenotypes of GJC2- and GJA1 -associated disease, followed by a discussion of the distribution and physiological roles of connexins expressed by oligodendrocytes (e.g. Cx47, Cx32) and astrocytes (e.g. Cx26, Cx30, Cx43), and mechanisms by which mutations in GJC2 or GJA1 may lead to human disease.
A Decomposition Approach to Solving Large-scale Fault Diagnosis Problems with Modular Neural Networks

Abstract Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFN) are many times faster to train than similar backpropagation networks, and in diagnostic applications, more robust and less prone misdiagnosis of novel cases. However, for industrial-scale problems, RBFNs still require large computational resources. Two decompositions are proposed to reduce this work: a decomposition in time, reducing the dimensionality of the input space; and a decomposition among the fault classes, reducing the size of the training set for each subnet Temporal trend information is retained by integrating point-in-time (“snapshot”) hypotheses, rather than presenting temporal information as a time-series input. This modular approach improves training speed, simplifies system maintenance, and allows a priori probabilities and misclassification costs to be incorporated explicitly.
Edge potential residuals in low-complexity aggregation behaviors

In multiagent robotics, formation control problems usually address the maintenance of inter-agent distances equal to a set of predefined values. This problem requires either agents to be distinguishable or some combinatorial optimization to be solved in order to find the most convenient target-to-agent assignment. However, in many applications or mission stages, group connectivity and collision free trajectories are in fact the only desired requirements, while the robots themselves are allowed to freely generate their spatial distribution. To this end, the simplest possible case corresponds to all agents trying to maintain the same relative scalar distance. However, since it is not possible to have more than d+1 equally separated points in a d-dimensional space, we investigate solutions where interagent distances are as close as possible to desired one. We introduce a quadratic potential proportional to the error from the desired distance and equilibrium with non-null potentials are investigated. Stability of the behavior resulting from our protocol is described using elements from rigidity theory and final results are presented in form of numerical simulations.
High Order Compact Mimetic Differences and Discrete Energy Decay in 2D Wave Motions

Mimetic difference operators Div, Grad and Curl, have been constructed to provide a high order of accuracy in numerical schemes that mimic the properties of their corresponding continuum operators; hence they would be faithful to the physics. However, this faithfulness of the discrete basic operators might not be sufficient if the numerical difference scheme introduces some numerical energy increase, which would obviously result in a potentially unstable performance. We present a high order compact mimetic scheme for 2D wave motions and show that the energy of the system is also conserved in the discrete sense.
Effect of overcharge on Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2/Graphite lithium ion cells with poly(vinylidene fluoride) binder. I - Microstructural changes in the anode

Abstract Cells based on NMC/graphite, containing poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binders in the positive and negative electrodes, were systematically overcharged to 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 250% state-of-charge (SOC). At 250% SOC the cell vented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the anodes showed several state-of-overcharge-dependent trends. Starting at 120% SOC, dendrites appeared and increased in concentration as the SOC increased. Dendrite morphology appeared to be dependent on whether the active material was on the “dull” or “shiny” side of the copper collector. Significantly more delamination of the active material from the collector was seen on the “shiny” side of the collector particularly at 180 and 250% SOC. Transition metals were detected at 120% SOC and increased in concentration as the SOC increased. There was considerable spatial heterogeneity in the microstructures across each laminate with several regions displaying complex layered structures.
An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria

Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. When antibiotics were first introduced in the 1900's, it was thought that we had won the war against microorganisms. It was soon discovered however, that the microorganisms were capable of developing resistance to any of the drugs that were used. Apparently most pathogenic microorganisms have the capability of developing resistance to at least some antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms of resistance are: limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. These mechanisms may be native to the microorganisms, or acquired from other microorganisms. Understanding more about these mechanisms should hopefully lead to better treatment options for infective diseases, and development of antimicrobial drugs that can withstand the microorganisms attempts to become resistant.
The Cultural Legacy of the "Modern Library" for the Future

The cultural legacy of the library to contemporary society is examined in order to provide a basis for discussing present changes taking place in the LIS field and in LIS education. By viewing the manifestation of the library over time as an “era-specific” societal phenomenon, the modern library, which began in the mid-19th century and is still present, will be seen as replacing an earlier era-specific library, but also as currently being challenged by the beginnings of a new library era. The modern library is next contrasted with the library it replaced, after which three significant features of the modern library now being challenged are explored and contrasted with the emerging library—how the library is viewed as a social institution; how its normative target public is conceptualized; and what is acceptable as its normative funding. Lastly, speculations are provided as to how LIS education might respond to the challenges and changes that the emerging library is bringing.
Probing the Cytokinin Receptor Site(s)

Our present understanding of the nature of the molecules that promote cytokinin activity is based on the finding by Miller et al. (1–3) of the growth factor kinetin (1; 6-furfurylaminopurine) in old and heated samples of DNA. The first active analog, 6-benzylaminopurine (2) (4–6), was prepared within days and presaged the synthesis of large numbers of compounds that have helped to define the structure-activity relationships for such species with considerable precision [see, e.g., (7–12)]. Although kinetin is presumably an artifact formed by rearrangement of 2′-deoxyadenosine, structurally related species such as 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine (3) were subsequently identified as the growth factors in certain plant pathogens (13–15) and have now been shown to occur more generally in plants at the purine (16–25) and purine ribonucleos(t)ide levels (26 – 28).
Open knowledge creation: bringing transparency and inclusiveness to the peer review process

The peer review process that has been in place for many years has recognized shortcomings. The Internet provides a means for changing this process. This paper offers a more transparent and inclusive design for peer review referred to as open knowledge creation. The design proposed utilizes Google knol and group services. The open knowledge creation design consists of four stages: creation, review/revision, evaluation/adoption, and publication. It is intended to offer existing or new journals an alternative to the traditional peer review of research.