cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Natural Resource Scarcity Typology: Theoretical Foundations and Strategic Implications for Supply Chain Management

orld population growth and increased consumption stemming from economic leveling are leading to scarcity of a number ofnatural resources on a global scale. Scarcity of critical natural resources such as oil, water, food, and precious metals has thepotential to greatly impact commercial activity as the twenty-ﬁrst century progresses. The challenge of continuing to provide neededgoods and services in the face of these constraints falls to supply chain managers, who are ultimately responsible for delivering utilityto customers. Unfortunately, there has been almost no research focused on supply chain strategies aimed at mitigating natural resourcescarcity’s (NRS) potential eﬀects. The current research positions NRS as a supply chain risk and proposes an NRS typology based onkey resource attributes. Supply chain mitigation strategies to counter each resource status are oﬀered, with an overall objective ofimproving supply chain performance. The study recommends future research aimed at further developing theory and methods forcountering NRS based on resource, systems and behavioral theories. In addition, this study has critical implications for practitionersfaced with the growing threat of NRS in their supply chains.Keywords: natural resources; supply chain management; population growth; supply chain risk; sustainabilityThree convergent societal forces described in both popularand academic literatures jeopardize global commercial activ-ity. First, human population growth and migration challengeindustries’ abilities to link demand for essential goods and ser-vices with adequate supply. Second, global Internet pervasive-ness has led to worldwide consumerism, ﬂattening nationaldemand curves. Third, and consequently, natural resourcesneeded to sate future product demand are rapidly depleting(i.e., Biswas 2005; Diamond 2005; Lahart et al. 2008;Eccleston 2009; Friedman 2009; Pullman et al. 2009). Accord-ingly, supply chain managers should consider natural resourcescarcity (NRS) a critical supply chain risk factor for theforeseeable future.Economists and physical scientists (i.e., Hotelling 1931;Barnett and Morse 1963; Nelson and Honnold 1976; Koberg1987; Krautkraemer 1998; Baumgarten et al. 2004;Kronenberg 2008)
Selective perceptions of hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a focal topic in discussions about domestic energy production, yet the American public is largely unfamiliar and undecided about the practice. This study sheds light on how individuals may come to understand hydraulic fracturing as this unconventional production technology becomes more prominent in the United States. For the study, a thorough search of HF photographs was performed, and a systematic evaluation of 40 images using an online experimental design involving N = 250 participants was conducted. Key indicators of hydraulic fracturing support and beliefs were identified. Participants showed diversity in their support for the practice, with 47 percent expressing low support, 22 percent high support, and 31 percent undecided. Support for HF was positively associated with beliefs that hydraulic fracturing is primarily an economic issue and negatively associated with beliefs that it is an environmental issue. Level of support was also investigated as a perceptual filter that facilitates biased issue perceptions and affective evaluations of economic benefit and environmental cost frames presented in visual content of hydraulic fracturing. Results suggested an interactive relationship between visual framing and level of support, pointing to a substantial barrier to common understanding about the issue that strategic communicators should consider.
Categorizing music mood in social context

Music mood is an emerging metadata type of music, but there are no well-accepted mood categories. This research proposes a new method to categorize music mood in the social context of music listening. This method combines the strength of social tags, linguistic resources and human experts. Preliminary results show that the proposed method is promising in identifying mood categories that better reflect users' actual music information behaviors.
Diffusional effects in reacting mixtures

Abstract The determination of the effectiveness factor for a mixture in which many parallel reactions occur is analyzed. It is shown that the exact determination of E.F. requires information about the distribution of the rate constants which is usually not available due to analytical difficulties. However, a rather accurate estimate can be obtained from two measurable quantities—the overall rate and its relative dispersion. In case of first order reactions, the maximal uncertainty involved in the estimate can be predicted for any mixture.
Self-Presentation in Online Personals The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-Disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating

This study investigates self-disclosure in the novel context of online dating relationships. Using a national random sample of Match.com members (N = 349), the authors tested a model of relational goals, self-disclosure, and perceived success in online dating. The authors’ findings provide support for social penetration theory and the social information processing and hyperpersonal perspectives as well as highlight the positive effect of anticipated future face-to-face interaction on online self-disclosure. The authors find that perceived online dating success is predicted by four dimensions of self-disclosure (honesty, amount, intent, and valence), although honesty has a negative effect. Furthermore, online dating experience is a strong predictor of perceived success in online dating. Additionally, the authors identify predictors of strategic success versus self-presentation success. This research extends existing theory on computer-mediated communication, self-disclosure, and relational success to the i...
High Speed Stability of Coupled Band/Wheel Systems: Theory and Experiment

Abstract A theoretical model is derived that describes the planar, non-linear response of a continuous band circulating about two rotating wheels. A closed form analysis of the non-linear steady response leads to elliptic integral solutions for the equilibrium band geometry and tension. These solutions, which are evaluated over a wide range of band/wheel designs, are also used to evaluate the extent of band/wheel contact and the effect of self-equilibriating wheel torques. The equations of motion are linearized about the equilibrium solution, and equilibrium stability and the free linear response are predicted from a discretized model. Results of a companion experimental study support theoretical predictions of steady and dynamic response. In particular, results indicate that band/wheel systems maintain stability at high translation speeds.
SECTOR LAND USE AND INDUSTRIAL MIX IN URBAN LAND ALLOCATION

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with integrated sector and residential land data to estimate the impact of allocating land to specific industrial sectors. It also analyzes sector combinations for a 15 acre development project using four local interest measures (LIMs): income per acre, tax revenue per acre, income per household, and tax revenue per household. Allocating an acre to high-wage services yields the largest increases in population and household income, while retail's modest indirect effects make it attractive to areas with limited available land. Sector-specific land multipliers are estimated and total land is broken into categories to aid zoning and housing distribution. The results show the importance of sector interaction and reveal sector growth complements, sectors that when added to a project, increase a LIM. Finally, the results show that if manufacturing is unavailable, export growth in retail or tourism can substitute and increase most LIMs.
The properties of calmodulin at physiological temperature.

Several of the physical properties of calmodulin are changed significantly upon increasing the temperature from 25 to 37°C. Among the observed changes are a minor increase in intrinsic viscosity, a decrease in molecular ellipticity in the peptide region, the development of a difference spectrum in the aromatic region, and an increase in the mobility of extrinsic fluorescent labels. Except for the latter case, the magnitudes of the changes are substantially reduced in the presence of Ca2+. The above observations are consistent with an expanded and less tightly organized structure of calmodulin at the higher temperature.
Handling excessive third harmonics in utility systems due to proliferation of non-linear loads

The increase in penetration and usage of harmonic rich loads can be expected to contribute to increased harmonic levels in distribution systems. The combination of the unbalanced nature of residential loads and usage of wye-wye service transformers means one can expect to see a continued increase in third harmonic levels in utility distribution systems. Also, the harmonic impact can be further exacerbated by the presence of reactive compensation in the form of capacitor banks on some feeders. This paper focuses on real-world problems related to excessive third harmonic levels in utility systems and the ways to address them. A real world case study that dealt with the failure of metal-halide lighting in a sports stadium at a public school due to excessive third harmonic levels in a utility feeder serving the load is presented. Several potential solutions to solve the problem were studied and the most suitable one was identified.
Incidence of port site hernias and/or dehiscence in robotic-assisted procedures in gynecologic oncology patients

Abstract Objectives The incidence of port site hernia and/or dehiscence using bladeless trocars is 0–1.2%. Robotic surgery uses additional port sites and increases manipulation of instruments, raising the concern for more complications. We sought to characterize the incidence of port site complications following robotic surgery when fascia was not routinely closed. Methods Robotically-assisted (RA) procedures performed for suspected gynecologic malignancy between 1/2006 and 12/2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Bladeless 12mm and 8mm robotic trocars were used. Fascial closure was not routinely performed except after specimen removal through the port site. The decision to close the fascia remained at the discretion of the surgeon. Results Data from 842 procedures were included. Mean patient age was 55.6years. Mean Body Mass Index was 33.6kg/m 2 . RA-total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH)±unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)±lymphadenectomy (LND) accounted for 91.6% of procedures. Final pathology confirmed malignancy in 58.6% of cases, primarily endometrial cancer. In 35 cases, the specimen was removed through the port site; fascia was closed in 54.3% of them and no port site hernias or dehiscences occurred. Only one patient underwent a RA-TLH/BSO/LND for endometrial adenocarcinoma and had a port site dehiscence of the 8mm trocar site. No port site hernias occurred. Conclusion Port site hernias and dehiscences are rare in RA gynecologic oncology procedures. When bladeless dilating trocars are used, routine closure of even up to a 12mm port site is unnecessary, even in cases requiring removal of the specimen through the trocar sites.
Sea urchin tooth mineralization: Calcite present early in the aboral plumula

In both vertebrate bone, containing carbonated hydroxyapatite as the mineral phase, and in invertebrate hard tissue comprised of calcium carbonate, a popular view is that the mineral phase develops from a long-lived amorphous precursor which later transforms into crystal form. Important questions linked to this popular view are: when and where is the crystallized material formed, and is amorphous solid added subsequently to the crystalline substrate? Sea urchin teeth, in which the earliest mineral forms within isolated compartments, in a time and position dependent manner, allow direct investigation of the timing of crystallization of the calcite primary plates. Living teeth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, in their native coelomic fluid, were examined by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The diffraction data show that calcite is present in the most aboral portions of the plumula, representing the very earliest stages of mineralization, and that this calcite has the same crystal orientation as in the more mature adoral portions of the same tooth. Raman spectroscopy of the aboral plumula confirms the initial primary plate mineral material is calcite and does not detect amorphous calcium carbonate; in the more mature adoral incisal flange, it does detect a broader calcite peak, consistent with two or more magnesium compositions. We hypothesize that some portion of each syncytial membrane in the plumula provides the information for nucleation of identically oriented calcite crystals that subsequently develop to form the complex geometry of the single crystal sea urchin tooth.
Difficulty as a determinant of cardiovascular response: moderating effect of instrumentality in an alleviation paradigm

Abstract Female subjects performed 40 trials of an easy or difficult digit-recognition task while being exposed to intermittent presentations of a noxious noise. Half (high instrumentality) were told that, if they performed well, there was a high chance that they would work without noise in a subsequent trial period. The rest (low instrumentality) were told that, if they performed well, there was a low chance that they would work without noise in the subsequent trill period. Thus, a good performance insured either a high or low probability of alleviating the aversive stimulus. Results indicated that systolic responsiveness was proportional to task demand when the instrumentality of alleviate behavior was high, but low under both task conditions when the instrumentality of alleviate behavior was low. Reaction time and performance data were generally consistent with the view that these effects were due to group differences in task engagement, or ‘active coping’. The main findings conceptually replicate and extend results from two previous studies that crossed difficulty and instrumentality manipulations. They also call further into question familiar theoretical conceptions that intimate direct effects of incentive value and perceived control on cardiovascular reactivity.
A model of calibration for subjective probabilities

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to describe the calibration of discrete subjective probabilities and is compared with published group calibration results and with new data. The model is appropriate to probability assessment tasks, with a variety of formats, that can be considered from a signal detection point of view, such as giving the probability that a particular two-category classification is correct. The model assumes that the respondent partitions the range of a decision variable and maps the set of response probabilities onto it. Such a model can account for the systematic effect of proportion correct on the degree of under- or overconfidence; it indicates the ways in which training can affect calibration; it makes specific predictions about base rate effects; it provides a measure of “knowing what one knows”; and it gives a unifying viewpoint for a large body of experimental work on calibration.
Diagnosis of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Excerpt The diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome can be a formidable task. Because this condition has no pathologic or biochemical markers, the physician may feel compelled to order unnecessar...
Preschoolers' questions and parents' explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity.

Abstract Recent trends in conceptual development have focused attention on (a) how children's concepts are embedded within causal theories about specific domains of knowledge, and (b) how children's conceptual knowledge develops within the context of everyday conversations. This article explores preschoolers' causal questions in everyday conversations, as a window on children's developing causal knowledge structures and on the processes by which this causal knowledge develops within everyday activities. Parents were asked to keep 2-week diary records of their children's questions about “how things work” and “why things happen.” Children's questions and parents' explanations were analyzed along several dimensions. Children's questions reflected curiosity about theorylike domains, including reasoning about social as well as physical causality. The majority of parents' responses to “why” and “how” questions were causal explanations. At each age, parents' responses to causal questions focused on prior causal factors more often than on causal consequences. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for children's developing knowledge in different domains as well as for their developing knowledge about what counts as a causal explanation.
Plasma-substrate interaction: effect of volatile oligomers in silicone rubber on plasma polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers

Des polymeres plasma de tetrafluoroethylene et d'hexafluoroethane sont deposes a la surface interne de tubes de Silastic avec et sans oligomere en utilisant un reacteur de polymerisation plasma en semi-continu
Transformative Katharsis: The Significance of Theophrastus's Botanical Works for Interpretations of Dramatic Catharsis

This analysis of the use of members of the 'katharsis' word-group in Theophrastus's botanical works points to a meaning of 'katharsis' and a related interpretation of dramatic catharsis that is a plausible reading of Aristotle supported by the work of one of his students.1 Theophrastus (372-287 BCE) was one of the more prominent students of Aristotle. He came from Eresus, on the island of Lesvos. In Aristotle's school, the Lyceum, Theophrastus specialized in botany. He wrote at length on how plants and trees grow and reproduce and how they have been cultivated, and he led the Lyceum for over thirty years after Aristotle's death. I am not proposing that Theophrastus meant for readers to derive interpretations of drama from his botanical studies. Nor am I arguing that he always used these words with the same meaning. However, in his accounts of pruning, he uses these words in a distinctive and coherent manner, which, I propose, constitutes a meaning of the term 'katharsis' and sheds light on the well-worn topic of how to interpret Aristotle's remarks about katharsis in the Poetics. First, I will explain some implications of understanding 'katharsis' as pruning by setting out Theophrastus's use of 'katharsis'-related terms in De Causis Plantarum (CP) and Historia Plantarum (HP). I will then provide an account of three interrelated meanings of 'katharsis', including: (1) a habituation that transforms and matures one's nature, a therapeia; (2) a maturing that directs one away from harmful extremes; and (3) a maturing directed by channeling the motivations that cause growth, not by purging them. I will refer to similar meanings in Aristotle's works as I discuss them in Theophrastus. F r this article, I will not discuss the main interpretations of catharsis in detail, but I will briefly set transformative katharsis in the context of some historically prominent interpretations. When the three meanings of 'katharsis' are applied to drama, they imply the involvement of the audience in the experience of katharsis. Because of this involvement, transformative katharsis does not support aesthetic or structural interpretations, such as that of Gerald Else. Many other interpretations also call for a katharsis involving the audience, however, so we need to distinguish them carefully. One of the more prominent interpretations, the medical or purgative interpretation (advanced by Jacob Bernays, among others), describes an audience of tragic drama that experiences a release of pent-up emotions.2 According to this interpretation, unhealthy emotions (Aristotle focuses on pity and fear) accumulate in individuals and become uncomfortable, if not dangerous, unless they are released in a careful manner. The katharsis is the releasing or purging of these emotions. As such, at least on a superficial level, the purgative interpretation resembles the transformative in that it implies a kind of therapy. But as Stephen Halliwell notes, in commenting on Bernays and other proponents of the
Removal of radiogenic lead from potassium feldspars by volatilization

Abstract The isotopic composition of lead was measured in potassium feldspars from granitic rocks and pegmatites having ages of 2720, 1850 and 400 m.y. Isotopic compositions were determined in three fractions for each sample: (a) the bulk material; (b) a fraction of lead, usually about one-third of the total amount, removed by volatilization; (c) the lead remaining in the sample after volatilization. In some cases the isotopic compositions of the lead were nearly identical in all three fractions, while in others, lead was more radiogenic in the volatile fraction and less radiogenic in the residual fraction than in the bulk sample. In most, though not in all cases, the isotopic composition of lead in the homogeneous samples agreed with the isotopic composition of lead in coeval galenas. In samples where radiogenic lead was heterogeneously distributed, the isotopic composition of lead in the residual samples agreed more closely with that in the galenas. In some samples the residual lead had an isotopic composition nearly identical to that of the galenas even though the lead in the bulk sample was more radiogenic. These experiments show that the radiogenic lead in potassium feldspars may be heterogeneously distributed in sites where it is less strongly bound than the remainder of the lead.
Doubly diastereoselective nucleophilic additions to a bicyclic β,γ-unsaturated ketone possessing a conformationally mobile double bond

Abstract (7 R *)-7-Methyl-7-vinylbicyclo [3.2.0] hept-2-en-6-one was condensed with several chiral cyclopentenyllithium reagents for the purpose of assaying the diastereoselectivity of this coupling. Due to ring strain, the alkoxides that are formed spontaneously undergo anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement. The initial diastereoselectivity is thereby incorporated into additional stereogenic centers. The mechanistic details of the two steps are discussed. Although the resultant diastereoselectivity is low, it is shown that polycyclic networks with as many as nine asymmetric carbons can be cleanly elaborated in very few steps.
Mitochondria‐targeted (2‐hydroxyamino‐vinyl)‐triphenyl‐phosphonium releases NO and protects mouse embryonic cells against irradiation‐induced apoptosis

Generation of reactive oxygen species by damaged respiratory chain followed by the formation of cytochrome c (cyt c)–cardiolipin (CL) complex with peroxidase activity are early events in apoptosis. By quenching the peroxidase activity of cyt c–CL complexes in mitochondria, nitric oxide can exert anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, mitochondria-targeted pro-drugs capable of gradual nitric oxide radical (NO) release are promising radioprotectants. Here we demonstrate that (2-hydroxyamino-vinyl)-triphenyl-phosphonium effectively accumulates in mitochondria, releases NO upon mitochondrial peroxidase reaction, protects mouse embryonic cells from irradiation-induced apoptosis and increases their clonogenic survival after irradiation. We conclude that mitochondria-targeted peroxidase-activatable NO-donors represent a new interesting class of radioprotectors.
User research as kool-aid

drink the Kool-Aid, v. To become a firm believer in something; to accept an argument or philosophy wholeheartedly or blindly. This phrase stems from the 1978 "Jonestown massacre" in which members of the Peoples Temple cult committed suicide by drinking cyanide-laced Kool-Aid (although some say the drink of choice was actually Flav-R-Aid) [1].
Reduced basis set expansions for the silver ion orbitals

Abstract Analytical expansions, with short and easily manageable basis sets, are available for the orbital wave functions of Ag + . A suggestion is made for improving future minimum-set calculations for heavy atoms.
Irrational beliefs, individualism-collectivism, and adjustment

Abstract Ellis (1994) has argued that a failure to actualize both personal individualism and social collectivism is irrational and leads to maladjustment. In a test of these assumptions, two measures of irrational beliefs—the Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB) and the Belief Scale—were correlated with indices of individualism, collectivism, and psychosocial adjustment. Both individualism and collectivism had positive and negative mental health implications. Values associated with each covaried directly. The validity of several SPB subscales was challenged, but data for especially the Belief Scale confirmed that individualistic and socially oriented forms of actualization can be part of a balanced functioning of personality.
Effects of Rock and Roll Music on Mathematical, Verbal, and Reading Comprehension Performance:

Rock and roll music played at 80 dB decreased performance of 151 male and female undergraduates on mathematical and verbal tasks taken from national aptitude tests but not their scores on reading comprehension.
A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitude toward science

This study provides a test of a theory which suggests that student perceptions of their classroom environment affect their attitudes toward science. Using the statistical technique of cluster analysis, 27 high school science classes were divided into three distinct clusters which were most distinguishable by the amount of involvement, affiliation with students, teacher support, order and organizations, and innovative teaching strategies. One of the clusters provided a classroom environment which was significantly different from the other two and the students in that environment had more positive attitudes toward science. The dimensions of the classroom environment which make a difference are those which teachers may develop and change in order to enhance the science attitudes and, possibly, the science achievement of their students.
Ferrous iron removal promotes microbial reduction of crystalline iron(III) oxides

Semicontinuous cultures were used to assess the effect of aqueous Fe(II) removal on the dissimilatory reduction of crystalline Fe(III) oxides by Shewanella alga strain BrY. Aqueous phase replacement in semicontinuous cultures (average residence time of 9 or 18 days) resulted in a 2−3-fold increase in the cumulative amount of Fe(II) produced from synthetic goethite reduction over a 2-month incubation period, compared to parallel batch cultures. A more modest (maximum 30%) but significant stimulation of natural subsoil Fe(III) oxide reduction was observed. The extended Fe(III) reduction resulted from enhanced generation of aqueous Fe(II) which was periodically removed from the cultures. A concomitant stimulation of bacterial protein production was detected, which suggested that Fe(II) removal also promoted bacterial growth. A simulation model in which Fe(II) sorption to the solid-phase resulted in blockage of surface reduction sites captured the contrasting behavior of the batch vs semicontinuous Gt reducti...
Synthesis of N-Formylmethionyl-sRNA by Bacillus subtilis extracts

Abstract N -Formylmethionyl-sRNA was synthesized with a Bacillus subtilis enzyme system, methionine, B. subtilis sRNA, and either formate and tetrahydrofolic acid or formyltetrahydrofolate. N -Formylmethionine was incorporated into proteins by a B. subtilis in vitro protein-synthesizing system containing either formate, tetrahydrofolic acid, methionine, and sRNA or N -formylmethionyl-sRNA. These results indicate that B. subtilis extracts contain formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, methionyl-sRNA transformylase and the complete system for the incorporation of N -formylmethionine into proteins.
Mr. Justice Frankfurter on Administrative Law

analytical lines of separation and has recognized necessary areas of interaction among the departments of government."7 Later, as the judicial attack shifted to an imposition of court procedures upon administrative agencies, Professor Frankfurter revealed his own attitude when he described the reaction of one of the great dissent-
Hospital choice models: a review and assessment of their utility for policy impact analysis.

The changing competitive hospital environment and recent greater availability of patient origin data have stimulated an increased research interest in factors influencing the reason patients are ad...
Ascertaining aquatic ecological risks of urban stormwater discharges

Stormwater discharges are intermittent inputs into receiving waters. In overall, the wet-weather flow periods in the receiving waters resulting from stormwater flows may represent only a fraction of the annual flow. In most humid regions the probability of wet weather overflow from urban storm sewers is between 4 and 8% and is less for combined sewer overflows. A methodology which enables one, using probabilistic principles, to calculate risk of wet-weather dicharges to aquatic ecology (aquatic life) is presented. Risk is a joint probability that a genus will be acutely affected by the concentration. It is a dimensionless, additive number, i.e. risks by several pollutants can be added together to approximate the synergic effects. It can be used for ranking pollutants in wet-weather discharges as well for ranking the discharges themselves. A reciprocal of the risk is the recurrence interval between the occurrences of such damages. The methodology was documented by calculating risks of four metals in an urban stream.
Hatching of Echinostoma trivolvis miracidia in response to snail host and non-host chemical cues

Environmental cues are used by many organisms to time life history transitions and can be important for trematode host location. However, while much is understood about how larval trematodes locate hosts, much less is known about the potential role of host cues in the timing of trematode egg development and hatching. We addressed the potential role of host chemical cues in mediating hatching of Echinostoma trivolvis miracidia by comparing hatching in response to cues from the first intermediate host (the snail Planorbella trivolvis), a non-host snail (the snail Goniobasis proxima), and a non-host invertebrate (earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris). We hypothesized that in the presence of cues from their first intermediate host, E. trivolvis would hatch sooner and would be more synchronized than when host cues were absent. However, we found that hatching was unaffected by our cue treatments. In all treatments, hatching uniformly began at 13 days and was nearly evenly spread over the next 3 weeks.
The Effect of Fiber Poisson Expansion in Micro-Indentation Tests

The fiber micro-indentation push-in test is studied in detail for the case of a Coulomb friction interface law. Using an integral equation method, as well as a finite element method, we investigate the “Poisson effect”; that is, the tendency for the loading to raise the normal stresses at the interface which can, in turn, augment the shear stresses. Results of the detailed analyses are compared with those of an approximate analysis which neglects the induced normal stresses and with one that includes them. A favorable comparison with the latter approximation enables us to assess the effect of material parameters on the strength of the “Poisson effect.”
The sol to gel transition in irreversible particulate systems

A review of the process by which irreversible aggregation of solid particles creates fractal aggregates which eventually fill the entire system volume to form a gel, the sol to gel transition, is presented. Both simulation and experiment present a coherent description of the kinetics and resulting morphologies of this process. Enhanced kinetics occurs when the system is cluster dense. Surprisingly, the enhanced kinetics is governed by the mean-field Smoluchowski equation deep into the aggregation process, displays universality with cluster volume fraction (or, equivalently the ratio of cluster separation to size, or time normalized by the gel time), and is described by one parameter, the aggregation kernel homogeneity. Aggregates show canonical cluster–cluster morphology until the point where the cluster volume fraction is unity; then hybrid superaggregates with fractal dimensions of ca. 1.8 over small length scales and 2.6 over large length scales form.
Factors affecting dimethylnitrosamine formation from simple precursors by rat intestinal bacteria

Abstract [14C]Dimethylamine and sodium nitrite incubated together in the molecular proportion 1:4 with the bacterial flora of the rat intestine under anaerobic conditions at pH 7·0 give rise to [14C]dimethylnitrosamine, which can be readily detected by thin-layer chromatography and estimated by scintillation counting. Glucose is required for the formation of dimethylnitrosamine from precursors dependent on the metabolic activity of the bacterial flora from the caecum, small intestine or large intestine. By omission of glucose from the system, or by the use of a boiled bacterial preparation, nitrosamine formation is suppressed but not completely abolished. [14C]Dimethylnitrosamine formation is also suppressed to a similar extent by inclusion of the antibiotic neomycin as a component of the standard incubation system. There appears to be a residual non-enzymatic formation of [14C]dimethylnitrosamine from its precursors under these circumstances, even though the reaction conditions at pH 7·0 are far from optimal for spontaneous interaction of dimethylamine and sodium nitrite. Enzymatic formation of dimethylnitrosamine can be enhanced when standard incubations are performed in the presence of riboflavin. Overall yields of nitrosamine can also be enhanced by increasing the nitrite levels in the system, but this tends predominantly to increase the non-enzymatic nitrosamine formation. Preformed [14C]dimethylnitrosamine incubated with caecal bacteria under standard conditions for 20 hr appears to be stable and is recoverable in 95% yield from incubation mixtures.
Neutrophil function in adults after traumatic splenectomy.

The syndrome of postsplenectomy sepsis in both children and adults is receiving increased clinical attention. However, the exact immunologic reasons for the increased susceptibility to bacterial sepsis after splenectomy is unclear. The purpose of the current report is to describe the results of studies of peripheral neutrophil function in 24 healthy adult individuals who had previously undergone incidental or traumatic splenectomy. The patient population studied had their splenectomies performed a mean of 6.8 years prior to the current study to avoid any bias resulting from the acute hospitalization or injury. None of the patients had underlying hematologic or malignant diseases. The results of these experiments indicate that peripheral neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus are normal in this population, and additionally, that the sera of these patients adequately support the opsonization of S. aureus and generates chemotactic factors normally. No neutrophil defect or impairment of serum opsonic or chemotactic activity after incidental or traumatic splenectomy was identified in the population studied.
Enhancement of Reversible Nonaqueous Fe(III/VI) Cathodic Charge Transfer

The electrochemical preparation of Fe(III/VI) super-iron thin films cathodes on an extended conductive matrix significantly facilitates such film’s nonaqueous, reversible charge transfer. Fe(VI) salts can exhibit higher cathodic capacity and environmental advantages, and the films are of relevance toward the next generation charge storage chemistry for reversible cathodes. These films were electrochemically deposited on either smooth or platinized platinum by electrochemical reduction of Na2FeO4, which retains an intrinsic 3 e− cathodic charge storage capacity of 485 mAh g−1. The influence on cathode reversibility, capacity, and charge retention was probed as function of film deposition conditions (including the deposition potential and stirring rate, and the concentration of NaOH and K2FeO4, in the deposition electrolyte). The highest storage capacity films were formed from an 8.0 M NaOH electrolyte containing 50.0 mM of K2FeO4 and examined by FTIR. Those “super-iron” cathode films, which are up to 191 n...
Hopes for Intergroup Dialogue: Affirmation and Allies.

This article is an invited response to “Toward a Learning Environment That Supports Diversity and Difference: A Response to Dessel, Bolen, and Shep - ardson,” by David R. Hodge (Journal of Social Work Education, 47(2), pp. 235-251).
Embryotoxic effects adjacent and opposite to the early regressing bovine corpus luteum

Early luteal regression in cattle has an embryotoxic effect that is not overcome by replacement with progesterone, but is prevented by removal of the regressing CL. Two experiments were designed to test the null hypothesis that the luteal component of the embryotoxic effect is delivered by a systemic pathway. Beef heifers and cows (n=39) received two good quality embryos, one placed into each uterine horn on Day 6 or 7 of the estrous cycle. Treated animals (n =20) received 15 mg of PGF2α three times per day from Day 7 (n=11; Experiment 1) or 5 (n=9; Experiment 2) through 8; controls (n=19) received saline. Progestogen replacement therapy (12 mg flurogestone acetate daily, sc) was provided from Day 6 (Experiment 1) or 4 (Experiment 2) until ultrasonographic diagnosis of embryo survival on Day 35 after estrus. The effects of treatment, location of the embryo and location by treatment interaction on embryo survival were tested by Chi square. In Experiment 1, there was no significant difference in embryo survival rate between PGF2α-treated and control recipients. In Experiment 2, only 6 of 18 embryos survived to Day 35 when transferred to animals treated with PGF2α compared to 12 of 18 in control animals (P< 0.05). The survival of embryos did not differ with location (adjacent or opposite to the regressing CL) or location by treatment interaction. Thus no evidence was obtained to support a local effect of the regressing CL. The embryo mortality associated with luteolytic doses of PGF2α in cows receiving replacement therapy with progestogen probably involves compounds that either act systemically or are transported via the uterine lumen to the uterine horn contralateral to the regressing CL.
The effect of immigration and acculturation on victimization among a national sample of Latino women.

The current study examined the effect of immigrant status, acculturation, and the interaction of acculturation and immigrant status on self-reported victimization in the United States among Latino women, including physical assault, sexual assault, stalking, and threatened violence. In addition, immigrant status, acculturation, gender role ideology, and religious intensity were examined as predictors of the count of victimization among the victimized subsample. The Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) Study surveyed 2,000 adult Latino women who lived in high-density Latino neighborhoods in 2008. The present study reports findings for a subsample of women who were victimized in the United States (n = 568). Immigrant women reported significantly less victimization than U.S.-born Latino women in bivariate analyses. Multivariate models showed that Anglo orientation was associated with greater odds of all forms of victimization, whereas both Latino orientation and being an immigrant were associated with lower odds of all forms of victimization. Latino orientation was more protective for immigrant women than for U.S.-born Latino women with regard to sexual victimization. Among the victimized subsample, being an immigrant, Anglo acculturation, and masculine gender role were associated with a higher victimization count, whereas Latino orientation and religious intensity were associated with a lower victimization count. The findings point to the risk associated with being a U.S. minority, the protective value of Latino cultural maintenance, and the need for services to reach out to Anglo acculturated Latino women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Telomerase activity in skeletal sarcomas.

Background: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that adds TTAGGG nucleotide repeats onto the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes to maintain telomere integrity. Somatic cells do not express telomerase and stop dividing when the chromosomal ends are shortened critically after many cell divisions. Immortal cell lines and cancer cells apparently have telomerase activity that contributes to an unlimited number of cell cycles. The purpose of our study is to investigate whether telomerase activity is expressed in primary malignant tumors of the skeletal system when compared to adjacent normal tissue. Methods: Fresh tumor and normal tissue was collected from 14 patients (10 males, 4 females; age range, 8 to 76 years) and protein extraction performed. The tumors included seven osteosarcomas (three examined before and after chemotherapy), two chondrosarcomas, two spindle cell tumors, one hemangiopericytoma, one chordoma, and one adamantinoma. Telomerase activity was analyzed by using a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay (telomere repeat amplification protocol [TRAP]). Results: Telomerase activity was found in 8 of 14 sarcoma patients (57%) using the TRAP assay. Compared to HeLa cell extract (positive control), telomerase activity in the tumor specimen ranged from 0 (in osteosarcoma) to 11.7% (in hemangiopericytoma). There was variation in the number of telomeric repeats generated by telomerase. At least five telomeric bands (e.g. 50, 56, 62, 68, 74 bp) in a ladder pattern had to be present before telomerase activity was considered positive in our analysis. Conclusions: Telomerase activity may be an oncogenic sustaining event helping to maintain the transformed phenotype seen in malignant tumors of the bone. The degree of telomerase activity varies among skeletal malignancies, but was less than that observed in HeLa cells. The majority of osteosarcomas showed no telomerase activity.
Segmentation and recognition of motion capture data stream by classification

Three dimensional human motions recorded by motion capture and hand gestures recorded by using data gloves generate variable-length data streams. These data streams usually have dozens of attributes, and have different variations for similar motions. To segment and recognize motion streams, a classification-based approach is proposed in this paper. Classification feature vectors are extracted by utilizing singular value decompositions (SVD) of motion data. The extracted feature vectors capture the dominating geometric structures of motion data as revealed by SVD. Multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classifiers with class probability estimates are explored for classifying the feature vectors in order to segment and recognize motion streams. Experiments show that the proposed approach can find patterns in motion data streams with high accuracy.
Practical considerations for experimental designs of spatially autocorrelated data using computer intensive methods

Abstract Classical experimental design depends upon randomization of treatment applications. However, if data come from a spatially autocorrelated random process, it is possible to find specific designs that are much better. For example, it is possible to find universally optimum complete block designs that are optimal for a spatial process where the variables are independent among blocks but within blocks follow an autoregressive second order process. The problem with these designs is that they are only possible for certain combinations of plots, blocks, and treatments, and the optimality criteria is based on a particular set of contrasts. In this paper, I use methods based on simple genetic algorithms with simulating annealing to find good experimental designs for any combination of plots, blocks, treatments, and any set of contrasts. The computer intensive methods find optimal designs equivalent to universally optimum complete block design for certain sets of contrasts, and they find better designs for other sets of contrasts. The computer intensive methods are much better than randomized designs. I show a real example for a 2×3 factorial experiment where shade and water treatments were applied to examine their effects on caribou forage quality, where I also examine the robustness of the design. General guidelines are discussed on using computer intensive methods to find near-optimal designs.
On the Active Approach of Stochastic Linear Programming.

The problem of statistical distribution of the optimal objective function under the so-called active approach of stochastic linear programming is investigated here from two interrelated aspects. First, the active approach is viewed as a method of decomposition. Second, some results on the asymptotic form of distribution of extreme values are utilized to derive the asymptotic form of the distribution of the maximand under the active approach.
A Novel Approach for The Production of Low Dislocation Relaxed Sige Material.

In this growth process a new strain relief mechanism operates, whereby the SiGe epitaxial layer relaxes without the generation of threading dislocations within the SiGe layer. This is achieved by depositing SiGe on an ultrathin Silicon On Insulator, SOI, substrate with a superficial silicon thickness less than the SiGe layer thickness. Initially, the thin Si layer is put under tension due to an equalization of the strain between the Si and SiGe layers. Thereafter, the strain created in the thin Si layer relaxes by plastic deformation. Since the dislocations are formed and glide in the thin Si layer, no threading dislocation is ever introduced into the upper SiGe material, which appeared dislocation free to the limit of the cross sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. We thus have a method for producing very low dislocation, relaxed SiGe films with the additional benefit of an SOI substrate. This buffer structure is significantly less than a micrometer in thickness and offers distinct advantages over the thick SiGe buffer layers presently in use.
Construction of mutant and chimeric genes using the polymerase chain reaction

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the specific amplification of a small segment of DNA within a complex DNA sample is effected by repeated cycles of DNA denaturation and enzymatic synthesis primed by two oligonucleotides complementary to regions within opposite strands of the DNA. In this report a simple and efficient method is described in which PCR methodology is used to introduce specific mutations into a double stranded DNA molecule. In this procedure a supercoiled plasmid DNA serves as template for a PCR in which a primer bearing the mutated sequence is incorporated into the amplified product. The presence of convenient restriction sites in the mutagenic primer and in the amplified DNA permit direct replacement of a wild type DNA segment with the mutated segment by treating the PCR mixture with the appropriate restriction endonucleases followed by DNA ligase. Using this procedure, a single amino acid replacement, a 16 amino acid deletion and a replacement of four amino acids with a twelve amino acid segment from another membrane protein were introduced into the amino terminal signal segment of rat hepatic cytochrome P450b (P450IIB1).