cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of d-Ribose by Veillonella

Abstract Three strains of Veillonella, representing two species, were unable to utilize carbohydrates as energy sources for growth. Ribose, however, was utilized biosynthetically by all three strains. Exponentially growing cultures removed 14C-ribose from the growth medium and retained radioactivity throughout the growth cycle. The kinetics of removal of ribose from the growth medium was found to depend on the initial ribose concentration. Uptake by resting cells was found to require active metabolism, was greatly stimulated by the presence of an energy source, and was insensitive to the presence of other pentoses. Fractionation of cells showed that the ribose was used for synthesis of acid-precipitable material, with as much as 92% of the radioactivity being found in the nucleic acid fraction. The intracellular distribution of ribose radioactivity did not change during growth after uptake was completed.
Parallel direct solution of linear equations on FPGA-based machines

The efficient solution of large systems of linear equations represented by sparse matrices appears in many tasks. LU factorization followed by backward and forward substitutions is widely used for this purpose. Parallel implementations of this computation-intensive process are limited primarily to supercomputers. New generations of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enable the implementation of system-on-a-programmable-chip (SOPC) computing platforms that provide many opportunities for configurable computing. We present the design and implementation of a parallel machine for LU factorization on an SOPC board, using multiple instances of a soft processor. A highly parallel block-diagonal-bordered (BDB) algorithm for LU factorization is mapped to our multiprocessor. Our results prove the viability of our FPGA-based approach.
Vaginal colonization with Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus as a risk factor for post-cesarean section febrile morbidity

Vaginal colonization of mothers with Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GBS) has been recognized as a risk factor for neonatal morbidity. The relationship of GBS colonization to risks for the mother who undergoes cesarean section has not been defined. In this study, we found that, among patients who underwent cesarean section, the 19% of them who were colonized with GBS had a higher incidence of standard fever (66.6% vs. 30.5%), clinical diagnosis of endomyometritis (61.1% vs. 12.5%), and use of antibiotics (61.1% vs. 26.3%) in relationship to a significantly increased frequency of premature rupture of the membranes (50.0% vs. 14.8%). Reasons for the association between vaginal colonization and increased morbidity are discussed.
Network topology and intrinsic excitability of the existing network drive integration patterns in a model of adult neurogenesis

Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is critical process in learning and memory where immature granule cells project dendrites to the molecular layer and axons to CA3 pyramidal cells[1]. While the developmental processes that govern the maturation of new granule cells have been well characterized, the manner in which the structure of the established network and the intrinsic excitability of the neurons within that network govern the incorporation of new neurons into the network is still an unanswered question. The formation of inward and outward connections is the most obvious characteristic of integration of maturing neurons. Thus expanding the understanding of how shifts the timing of a postsynaptic spike after presynaptic spikes, which is measured by the phase response curve (PRC), changes the wiring of new cells into the network is an important line of research. Our group has previously used a leaky integrate and fire (LIF) computational model to investigate how new neurons integrate into networks of various topologies and activity levels. A limitation of this study is that the PRC of LIF model neurons is type 1, or purely excitatory, while the PRC hippocampal CA3 cells have been shown to be type 2, or both excitatory and inhibitory[2]. To address this, we will perform simulations of networks using Hodgkin-Huxley model neurons, which have a PRC that can be switched from type 2 to type 1 by decreasing the conductance of a M-type slow voltage dependant potassium current[3]. The networks are laid upon a 2D lattice with external stimulation at the centermost cells. Networks composed of type 2 neurons display bursting dynamics with broad activity, while those composed of type 1 neurons have activity clustered around the stimulus and low levels of synchrony. These differences in network dynamics will change how newborn neurons form connections with the existing network. Using a factorial experimental design the incorporation newborn cells will be investigated in four ways; type 1 cells added to a type 1 network, type 1 cells added to a type 2 network, type 2 cells added to a type 1 network, and type 2 cells added to a type 2 network. When both new and mature cells are type 1, 24% of new cells reached an activity level high enough for survival. In the case of type 2 cells, all introduced survived. The results of these simulations for both PRC types will allow for comparison with our previous work and show how changes in neuronal excitability.
Weakened portfolio effect in a collapsed salmon population complex

Recent research has highlighted the importance of interpopulation diversity in fostering the stability of population complexes. Here we focus on California’s recently collapsed fall-run Chinook sal...
Co‐ligation of mouse complement receptors 1 and 2 with surface IgM rescues splenic B cells and WEHI‐231 cells from anti‐surface IgM‐induced apoptosis

Recent studies have shown that complement receptors play important roles in both T-dependent and T-independent B lymphocyte responses to low doses of antigen (Ag) in vivo. Complement activation by either the classical or alternative pathway results in the covalent binding of C3 molecules to Ag in forms that ligate complement receptors type 1 (CR1) and 2 (CR2). We hypothesized that C3-bound Ag might cross-link CR2 and/or CR1 with surface (s)IgM and alter the signal that would be transduced through sIgM by Ag binding alone. One result of the altered signal could be the rescue of B lymphocytes from apoptosis that would otherwise be induced by the binding of certain types of Ag alone. We find that co-cross-linking of mouse CR2 and CR1 with sIgM rescues both resting B cells and WEHI-231.7 cells from apoptosis induced by sIgM ligation in a fashion similar to that found using soluble mouse CD40 ligand (mCD40L). Anti-CR2/CR1-mediated rescue requires co-cross-linking of the receptors with sIgM, and has an additive effect on mCD40L-mediated apoptosis rescue. Based on these results, it is likely that the CR2/CR1-derived signal is cooperative with T cell-derived signals such as CD40L and interleukiin-4.
Effect of glucagon and stress on cholesterol metabolism and deposition in tissues

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of glucagon alone and glucagon plus stress on lipid levels in various organs were studied. 2. 2. Stress added to glucagon produced no significant change in cholesterol levels of the kidney, liver, and aorta. There were also no significant changes in the triglyceride levels of liver, aorta and serum. 3. 3. Stress did raise the level of diaphragm and serum cholesterol. 4. 4. Stress lowered kidney and diaphragmatic triglyceride in glucagon treated animals. 5. 5. The significance of these results are discussed.
Cardiovascular pharmacological characterization of novel 2,3-dimethyl-2-butylamine derivatives in rats

The electrophysiological properties and pharmacological effects of newly synthesized 2,3-dimethyl-2-butylamine derivatives on the rat cardiovascular system were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In conventional whole-cell recordings, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butylamine derivatives with ethyl, isopropyl, allyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl or cyclopropylmethyl substituents on the amine side chain had potent effects on the outward potassium currents in isolated rat tail arterial smooth muscle cell membranes. In contrast, the compounds with hydrogen, methyl, propyl or benzyl substituents displayed very low activities, which were not statistically significant. The effects of compounds with pyridine ring substituents were also investigated and their order of potency was (14)>(12)>(13). In addition, the opening activities of these compounds (5), (6), (8) could be prevented by glibenclamide, a highly specific blocker of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The influences of the compounds on cardiovascular hemodynamics parameters, including mean blood pressure (MBP), heat rate (HR), myocardial contractility and diastolic force, were examined in normotensive anesthetized rats. The derivatives with branched 2-4 carbon alkyl substituents induced long-duration hypotensive effects with modest inhibition of cardiac function. The hypotensive effects of the compound (5) could also be inhibited by glibenclamide. Collectively, these results indicate that 2,3-dimethyl-2-butylamine derivatives, which differ chemically from previously described potassium channel openers, have potassium channel opening activity, hypotensive and cardiac-modulating properties that depend on their amino group substituents.
Concise Reviews and Hypotheses In Food Science

Coverage of all aspects of food science—including safety and nutrition–with in-depth coverage of a narrowly defined topic, embodying careful evaluation of all pertinent studies, with interpretations and conclusions. Also including hypothesis papers in pioneering areas of research or important areas that are afflicted by scientific controversy
Inhibition of Luminol-Enhanced Chemiluminescence by Reduced Pterins

Abstract Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, initially induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 or enzymatic reactions which generate reactive oxygen species in situ , is inhibited by reduced pterins. Except dihydroneopterin which is as effective as tetrahydroneopterin, all tetrahydropterins are more effective than dihydropterins, which in turn is more effective than oxidized pterins in removing reactive oxygen species such as O ∸ 2 and H 2 O 2 . The antioxidant efficacy of some reduced pterins is better than ascorbic acid and L-glutathione. Reduced pterins may act as physiological scavengers for reactive oxygen species, and play an important role in cellular defense against oxidative damage.
Relationship between IEP Characteristics and Test Scores on an Alternate Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities

Although many studies have examined the alignment of state standards with large-scale assessment and instruction, fewer have attended to alignment concerning alternate assessments for students with significant disabilities. This study was designed to (1) compare expectations in one state's alternate assessment (AA) with curricular priorities reflected in students' Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), and (2) consider the effect of this relationship on AA scores. The study was conducted in a state whose AA consisted of standardized performance tasks measuring reading comprehension (RC) and number systems (NUM). Archival data, including AA scores and IEPs for 292 students, were analyzed. The average IEP emphasized speaking, writing, and measurement, and objectives primarily required simple recall skills. Half of IEPs contained no objectives aligned with RC. More than one third of IEPs did not align with NUM. Assessment–IEP alignment had a moderate effect on Reading test score, but not Math test score. ...
HDL and CETP Inhibition: Will This DEFINE the Future?

The premature stopping of the AIM-HIGH (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health) study due to futility has called into question the clinical value of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increases. The failure of estrogen therapy in the HERS (Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study) trial and the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors torcetrapib (in the ILLUMINATE [Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand Its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events] trial) and, most recently, dalcetrapib in the dal-OUTCOMES trial has cast doubt on the "HDL-raising hypothesis" for providing additional benefits on top of statin therapy. The AIM-HIGH trial was designed to equalize low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels between the two treatment groups while the niacin arm would have a higher HDL-C. The study population included patients with low HDL-C and cardiovascular disease (CVD); because this population has a high residual risk for CVD on statin therapy, these patients were most likely to benefit from the niacin HDL-C–raising effect. These findings are disappointing because clinicians have used extended-release niacin to treat patients with low HDL-C because niacin has demonstrated benefit in earlier reported studies in conjunction with statins and other drugs, as observed in the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS) and the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS). In the Coronary Drug Project, niacin alone was shown to reduce myocardial infarction, stroke, and the need for coronary bypass surgery. Niacin does not increase the number of HDL particles to the same extent it raises HDL-C. Niacin alters the composition of HDL, making the particle larger, which is similar to the effects of CETP inhibition on HDL. Both niacin and CETP inhibitors decrease the catabolism of HDL, thereby increasing the size of the HDL particle and raising HDL-C. Dalcetrapib, which does not decrease LDL-C while raising HDL-C, was recently discontinued from clinical development due to a interim analysis that determined that the study was futile. Anacetrapib, which markedly increases HDL-C while also significantly lowering LDL-C, remains in clinical development, with a large cardiovascular end point trial currently enrolling 30,000 high-risk patients. For now, the goal remains the achievement of LDL-C and non-HDL targets, and low HDL-c remains a significant independent risk factor, but there is insufficient evidence that raising HDL-C will provide a clinical benefit.
Effects of Dehulling on Phytic Acid, Polyphenols, and Enzyme Inhibitors of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Effects of dehulling on phytic acid; trypsin, chymotrypsin, and α-amylase inhibitory activities; and tannins of ten cultivars of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated. Phytic acid content of whole beans ranged from 1.16-2.93%. Dehulling significantly increased the phytic acid content of beans (range 1.63-3.67%). Dehulling also increased trypsin, chymotrypsin, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the beans. Tannin contents of whole and dehulled beans ranged from 33.7-282.8 and 10.0-28.7 me. catechin equivalent/100g beans, respectively. Removal of seed coats lowered the tannin content of beans by 68–95%. Tannins were not detected in white seeded cultivars of Sanilac, Great Northern, and Small White. Dehulling significantly improved the in vitro digestibility of bean proteins.
Target Antigens in Malaria Transmission Blocking Immunity

Malaria transmission blocking immunity has been found to operate against two distinct phases of development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut: (i) against the extracellular gametes and newly fertilized zygotes shortly after ingestion by a mosquito of parasitized blood and (ii) against the zygotes during their subsequent development into ookinetes. Immunity is antibody-mediated and stage-specific. A set of three proteins, synthesized in the gametocytes, expressed on the surface of the gametes and newly fertilized zygotes and subsequently shed during later transformation of the zygotes, has been identified as the target antigens of anti-gamete fertilization blocking antibodies. A single protein, synthesized and expressed on the zygote surface during its development to ookinetes, has been identified as the target of antibodies which block the development of the fertilized parasites in the mosquito. Immunization of human populations against gamete or zygote antigens, while not directly protecting an immunized individual from inflection, would reduce the transfer of malaria within the population. Such immunity, in addition to reducing the overall rate of malaria transmission, would, if combined with a vaccine against the asexual (disease-causing) stages, reduce the chance of selection of parasites that are resistant to the asexual vaccine by preventing their entry into the mosquito population.
Evaluating training methods for transporting contingency management to therapists.

Abstract The effects of three increasingly intensive training methods on therapist use, knowledge, and implementation adherence of contingency management (CM) with substance abusing adolescents were evaluated. Ten public sector substance abuse or mental health provider organizations were randomized to one of three training conditions: workshop and resources (WS+), WS+and computer assisted training (WS+/CAT), or WS+/CAT and supervisory support (WS+/CAT/SS). Across conditions, 161 therapists participated in the training experiences, and measures were obtained at baseline and 2-month intervals for 12months following workshop participation. Across training conditions, therapists reported increased CM use, knowledge, and implementation adherence through the 12-month follow-up. The findings show that community-based practitioners are amenable to the adoption of evidence-based treatments when provided access to useful resources. Moreover, high quality workshops in combination with resource access can increase knowledge of the evidence-based treatment and might enhance intervention adherence to a level needed to improve youth outcomes.
Azimuthal anisotropy in U+U collisions at STAR

Abstract The azimuthal anisotropy of particle production is commonly used in high-energy nuclear collisions to study the early evolution of the expanding system. The prolate shape of uranium nuclei makes it possible to study how the geometry of the colliding nuclei affects final state anisotropies. It also provides a unique opportunity to understand how entropy is produced in heavy-ion collisions. In this paper, the two- and four-particle cumulant v 2 ( v 2 { 2 } and v 2 { 4 } ) from U+U collisions at s NN = 193 GeV and Au+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV for inclusive charged hadrons will be presented. The STAR Zero Degree Calorimeters are used to select very central collisions. Differences were observed between the multiplicity dependence of v 2 { 2 } for most central Au+Au and U+U collisions. The multiplicity dependence of v 2 { 2 } in central collisions was compared to Monte Carlo Glauber model predictions and it was seen that this model cannot explain the present results.
Mitotic acceleration induced in grasshopper neuroblasts by small doses of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation

—Neuroblasts of the grasshopper, Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer), in culture were exposed to 4–15 J/m2 of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation in middle prophase and timed to prometaphase (breakdown of the nuclear membrane). At wavelengths 265 and 280 nm the times recorded for the treated cells were significantly less than those for the matched control cells. Wavelength 225 nm produced neither significant acceleration nor deceleration of mitotic rate. Evidence from the present experiment does not implicate any particular chromophore in this response, though similar results of a previous microbeam study of neuroblasts point to the nucleic acid or protein of the nucleolus as the possible effective material.
Efficacy of potassium poly(acrylate) gel electrolyte as a substitute to aqueous electrolytes for alkaline ammonia electrolysis

Abstract An alkaline polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using potassium salt of cross-linked polyacrylic acid (PAA-K) and tested for its efficacy as an alternative to aqueous potassium hydroxide for ammonia electrolysis. Upon using PAA-K, the onset potential for the anodic ammonia electro-oxidation reaction increased, while that for the hydrogen evolution reaction decreased. This resulted in a larger operating potential window for ammonia electrolysis while simultaneously improving the efficiency of hydrogen production. The conversion of ammonia improved from 15.882 ± 0.002% to 25.000 ± 0.004%, while the current efficiency for the consumption of ammonia increased from 92 ± 1% to 97 ± 2% by using PAA-K. The use of PAA-K also prevented the crossover of the hydrogen produced to the anode side, unlike aqueous KOH.
Ultrastructural studies of metabolically active isolated adult rat heart myocytes

Abstract Myocytes from adult rat heart were isolated by a method recently developed by us in which hearts were pre-perfused with calcium-free phosphate-buffered saline medium containing collagenase and hyaluronidase. This was followed by incubation in the enzyme medium and cellular sedimentation through 3% Ficoll. Myocytes isolated in this manner were metabolically active and morphologically intact. In the present study, scanning and transmission electron microscopy of isolated myocytes showed long cylindrical cells with transverse microridges which corresponded directly with sarcomere lengths. Most cells appeared to be in a fully contracted state. Contractile elements and associated membranes, other intracellular compartments and sarcolemmae were indistinguishable from their in vivo counterparts. Although myocytic basal laminae and other structurally identifiable surface coats were removed by our isolation procedure, sarcolemmae remained remarkably unaffected. Cyclic AMP assays in control and epinephrine- or glucagon-stimulated cells strongly suggested that membranebound receptors were present and the functional integrity of the sarcolemmae was maintained in our preparations.
Statistical identification of compartmental models with application to plasma protein kinetics

A numerical method for fitting linear compartmental models to data is presented which is similar to the method proposed by Jennrich and Bright (R. I. Jennrich and P. B. Bright, Technometrics 18, 385 (1976] and Feldman (H. A. Feldman. Amer. J. Physiol. 233, R1 (1977] but avoids some of the numerical difficulties. The method is direct and does not use numerical integration thereby avoiding time consuming and expensive calculations. Emphasis is on statistical procedures for model selection. In addition to the usual F tests for comparing two models, Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) is introduced for choosing from among several models. The combined use AIC with an F test, chi-square test, or confidence intervals on estimated parameters gives a practical method to obtain a balance between underfitting and overfitting. Application to models of plasma protein kinetics illustrates the method.
Severe Thrombocytopenia in the NICU.

OBJECTIVE: Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets ≤ 50000/μL) in a NICU patient can have significant consequences; however, previous reports have not focused exclusively on NICU patients with counts this low. METHODS: We identified all patients with severe thrombocytopenia who were cared for in the Intermountain Healthcare level III NICUs from 2003–2007. RESULTS: Among 11281 NICU admissions, severe thrombocytopenia was identified in 273 (2.4%). Just over 30% of these presented in the first three days of life. Half presented by day 10, 75% by day 27, and 95% by day 100. The prevalence was inversely related to birth weight. Cutaneous bleeding was more common in patients with platelet counts of CONCLUSION: The prevalence of severe thrombocytopenia in the NICU is inversely proportional to birth weight and most cases are acquired consumptive thrombocytopenias. We speculate that very low platelet counts are a causal factor in cutaneous bleeding, but pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and intraventricular bleeding are less influenced by the platelet count and occur primarily from causes other than severe thrombocytopenia. The lowest platelet count does not predict the mortality rate but the number of platelet transfusions received does.
A Novel Cholinergic Receptor Mediates Inhibition of Chick Cochlear Hair Cells

The central nervous system provides feedback regulation at several points within the peripheral auditory apparatus. One component of that feedback is inhibition of cochlear hair cells by release of acetylcholine (ACh) from efferent brainstem neurons. The mechanism of hair cell inhibition, and the character of the presumed cholinergic receptor, however, have eluded understanding. Both nicotinic and muscarinic, as well as some non-cholinergic ligands can affect the efferent action. We have made whole-cell, tight-seal recordings from short (outer) hair cells isolated from the chick’s cochlea. These are the principal targets of cochlear efferents in birds. ACh hyperpolarizes short hair cells by opening a cation channel through which Ca 2+ enters the cell and subsequently activates Ca 2+ -dependent K + current (Fuchs & Murrow 1991, 1992). Both curare and atropine are effective antagonists of cholinergic inhibition at 3 µM , whereas trimethaphan camsylate and strychnine block at 1µM. The normally irreversible nicotinic antagonist, α -bungarotoxin, reversibly blocked the hair cell response, as did K -bungarotoxin. The half-blocking concentration for α -bungarotoxin was 26 nM. It is proposed that the hair cell AChR is a ligand-gated cation channel related to the nicotinic receptor of nerve and muscle.
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Living Plant Cells: Cinephotomicrographic Studies

Chloroplasts in situ are surrounded by jackets of a material which does not contain chlorophyll. The chlorophyll-bearing inner structure lacks motion while the jackets constantly change shape. Long protuberances may extend from the jackets into the cytoplasm and may segment into particles that cannot be distinguished from mitochondria. Segmentation and other dynamic characteristics of living plant cells have been recorded on cine film.
Thiasporines A-C, thiazine and thiazole derivatives from a marine-derived actinomycetospora chlora

Thiasporine A (1), the first natural product with a 5-hydroxy-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one moiety, along with two new thiazole derivatives, thiasporines B and C (2 and 3), were isolated from the marine-derived Actinomycetospora chlora SNC-032. The structures of 1–3 were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Thiasporine A showed cytotoxicity against the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line H2122 with an IC50 value of 5.4 μM.
Dose-dependent increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in TCDD exposed mice is AH receptor dependent

Abstract 2,3,7,8,-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) treatment of C57BL/6J (Ah bb ) mice resulted in a dose-dependent increase in TNF-α released into serum following endotoxin exposure, with a significant increase being observed at a dose of 10 μg/kg TCDD. At a dose of 500 μg/kg TCDD Ah bb mice demonstrated a 46-fold increase over the control response. In contrast, a congenic Ah receptor deficient mouse (Ah dd ), did not show a significant increase in TNF-α production until exposed to 150 μg/kg TCDD and the maximum response was an 8-fold increase over control. TCDD exposure followed by endotoxin injection also resulted in a dose dependent increase in serum corticosterone levels that was not dependent on the Ah phenotype of the mouse. TNF-α is an endogenous pyrogen, it is elicited by endotoxin. The pyrogenic response to endotoxin increased to a greater extent in TCDD-treated Ah bb mice. These data suggest that the Ah receptor mediates TCDD-induced increases in the production of TNF-α following endotoxin exposure, and that this increase may be responsible for endotoxin hypersensitivity in TCDD-treated animals.
Understanding Strength-Toughness Combination in the Processing of Engineering Steels: A Perspective

High strength-high toughness combination and formability has been the primary focus of the author's research over the last two decades, where the attempt was to either develop newer steels or maximize the fracture resistance of engineering steels at specified levels of strength. In this regard, significant success was achieved based on an extended program of basic research at the author's current and former institutions to understand the part played by crystal structure, solute additions, grain size, grain boundary chemistry, texture, and substructural features such as retained austenite, martensite lath, and packet size, and characteristics of other microstructural constituents. Each of these features influences the fracture mode, the degree of plasticity, and the rate of growth of nucleated voids. Important instances include maraging steels, precipitation hardened stainless steels, low alloy steels, interstitial-free steels, microalloyed steels, pipeline steels, and silicon-containing medium carbon stee...
Teaching Students about Congress and Civic Engagement

As a tenured, full professor in an endowed peace studies chair at my home institution, I chose to spend my 2009–10 sabbatical year as an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow. Why? As I saw it, my colleagues who teach chemistry need to work with electron spectrometers; my colleagues who teach ethnomusicology need to perform with Javanese gamelans. In an analogous way, I believed that my own work with Congress would energize and refocus my research and teaching. All subfields of intellectual inquiry have their blind spots, and within the subfield of peace studies the largest blind spot may be the perspective that I thought might be gained from being a foreign policy insider. Again and again, my courses began and ended with students asking me to explain how or why the United States behaved and behaves in ways that baffle the rest of the world. I found myself saying something about “political will” and believed that if I were to answer that question in a way that felt remotely satisfying, I needed to spend some time on the ground observing how the “sausage” was made.
Oxidized LDLs affect nitric oxide and radical generation in brain endothelial cells.

Abstract There is an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the cerebral microcirculation in Alzheimer’s disease. The factors that cause this increase in oxidative stress have not been identified. Increasing evidence suggests that there are common mechanisms in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDLs) on brain endothelial cells. Cultured rat brain endothelial cells were treated with either native LDL (10 μg/ml) or LDL oxidized in vitro using 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE-LDL) (10 μg/ml), for 24 h. The results showed that HNE-LDL significantly increased production of nitric oxide ( p p p
Self-diffusion of a molecule in porous Vycor glass.

Mesure du coefficient d'autodiffusion d'une molecule de colorant (azobenzene) en solution, dans un verre vycor poreux par la technique de diffusion Rayleigh forcee
SO2 detection by dual beam fourier transform spectroscopy

Bar-Lev (1967) described an instrument incorporating a dual detector, dual beam Michelson interferometer, and presented experimental results on the detection of gases in air. A 20 pass, 10 m cell was used, and IR spectra in the 8 to 12 μ region of 70 ppm by weight of Freon-12 and 10 ppm by weight of methanol were obtained. Single 1 s scans were used and emphasis was apparently placed on speed. It seemed to us that such instrumentation should be capable of detecting gas at concentrations lower than those reported, and we consequently carried out the measurements described below.
Older consumers' use of media for fashion information

This study explored the perceptions of older mass media consumers with respect to portrayals of older adults in the media and to the processing of appearance symbols and fashion information. The data suggest that the use of television for information processing of this sort is likely to be implicit. Females and males with higher clothing expenditures were most likely to report such usage.
Single missense mutation in the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain of the RET protooncogene is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.

Abstract Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is a human cancer syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytomas, mucosal neuromas, ganglioneuromas of the intestinal tract, and skeletal and ophthalmic abnormalities. It appears both as an inherited disorder and as de novo disease. Sequence analysis of germ-line DNA from MEN 2B patients revealed the existence of the same point mutation in the RET protooncogene in 34 unrelated individuals. This sequence difference was not observed in 93 unaffected individuals, including the normal parents of 14 de novo MEN 2B patients. The mutation (ATG-->ACG) results in the replacement of methionine with threonine within the catalytic core region of the tyrosine kinase domain. We propose that this amino acid replacement effects substrate interactions and results in dominant oncogenic activity by the RET protein. Missense mutations in the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the RET protooncogene previously have been associated with two other disorders [MEN 2A and familial MTC (FMTC)] in which MTC is observed. MEN 2B represents the third form of heritable MTC known to be an allele of RET. Alterations in two different functional domains of the putative receptor protein tyrosine kinase are implicated in development of MTC.
An Analysis of Residential Table Accidents

The Second National Symposium on Human Factors in Consumer Products (Tufts University, May, 1980) included a paper by Colin Drury and Michael Brill concerning a technique of hazard analysis which they referred to as the "Scenario." The present study reports an application of this technique to the number one furniture hazard in residential interiors: The Table. Prior to this investigation, the table seems to have received little in the way of systematic study. Additionally, an analysis of the Scenario technique itself was performed. This examination showed that several alternative methods developed by the authors yielded richer, more varied, and perhaps, accurate information. This analysis calls into question the advisability of relying on the Scenario technique as the sole method of hazard analysis. The methodology for these alternative analytical forms is presented. Language: en
Effect of Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Erythorbate on the Chemical, Sensory, and Microbiological Properties of Water-Added Turkey Ham

Abstract Turkey hams were produced to achieve five levels of sodium nitrite (0, 52, 78, 104, and 156 ppm) and two levels of sodium erythorbate (0 and 550 ppm). All hams were tumbled 18 hr, vacuum stuffed in cellulose fiber casings, smoked and cooked to 68 C, cooled 24 hr, sliced, vacuum packaged in high barrier film, and stored at 2 C for up to 11 weeks. The hams were formulated and processed to produce finished products containing 1.5% NaCl, .5% sodium tripolyphosphate, and 20% added water. Chemical, sensory, and microbiological analyses were performed every 2 weeks during the 11-week storage period. Results of the chemical analyses indicated that residual nitrite levels were related directly to initial levels, were reduced significantly by erythorbate, and decreased significantly during storage. The TBA (2-thiobarbituric acid) results indicated that the presence of either nitrite or erythorbate significantly decreased the TBA value. Total pigment levels of the turkey hams decreased significantly during storage and were directly related to initial nitrite levels. Sodium erythorbate increased the total pigment levels of the turkey hams. Proximate analyses data indicated no significant differences in moisture, fat, and protein concentrations due to treatments. The microbial analysis data indicated that the products containing nitrite at levels of 78, 104, and 156 ppm had a shelf-life of 2 to 4 weeks longer than the products containing nitrite at levels of O and 52 ppm. Sensory panel data indicated no significant differences in the hedonic scores for texture, flavor, or color of samples containing erythorbate or 78 ppm or more nitrite.
Components of monaural envelope correlation perception.

Abstract The ability of listeners to discriminate between simultaneously presented bands of noise whose envelopes were either the same or statistically independent was determined. Bands of 100-Hz wide noise were employed which had low and high center frequencies of (2500, 2750), (2500, 3000), (2500, 3500) and (4000, 4400) Hz. Average discriminations were above 90% correct except for the (2500. 3500) Hz condition, which yielded an average of 77% correct. Next, a factorial stimulus design was employed in order to determine the relative importance of envelope and power spectrum cues. The results indicate that in the absence of power spectrum cues, bands with the same envelopes could be discriminated from bands with statistically independent envelopes. When the envelopes were always the same, listeners were able to discriminate between power spectra that were either the same or different. In contrast, when the envelopes were always different, listeners were unable to discriminate between the same and different power spectra.
Stream Processors: Progammability and Efficiency: Will this new kid on the block muscle out ASIC and DSP?

Many signal processing applications require both efficiency and programmability. Baseband signal processing in 3G cellular base stations, for example, requires hundreds of GOPS (giga, or billions, of operations per second) with a power budget of a few watts, an efficiency of about 100 GOPS/W (GOPS per watt), or 10 pJ/op (picoJoules per operation). At the same time programmability is needed to follow evolving standards, to support multiple air interfaces, and to dynamically provision processing resources over different air interfaces. Digital television, surveillance video processing, automated optical inspection, and mobile cameras, camcorders, and 3G cellular handsets have similar needs.
A Cloud-Chamber Analysis of Cosmic Rays at 14,120 Ft.

Protons and mesotrons near the end of their ranges are distinguished from each other by a method involving the degree of ionization in the gas of the cloud chamber and the scattering in the lead plates in the chamber. Photographs are shown of the production of protons and mesotrons in the lead by non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Evidence is presented for the presence of an extremely large number of neutrons. Both neutrons and protons are shown to be secondary particles with a maximum energy near 200 Mev. The conclusion is reached that this maximum energy arises from the large cross section of the atmosphere for the production of pairs of mesotrons. The value of this maximum energy can be used as a measure of the mass of the mesotron. Photographs are shown of cascade showers produced by knock-on electrons, stars produced in the lead and the gas of the chamber, and Auger showers filling the whole chamber.
Fas on renal parenchymal cells does not promote autoimmune nephritis in MRL mice.

Fas on renal parenchymal cells does not promote autoimmune nephritis in MRL mice. Background Although Fas on pancreatic islets promotes autoimmune diabetes in mice, the role of Fas expression on kidney parenchymal cells during autoimmune disease is unknown. Methods To determine whether Fas on renal parenchymal cells promotes autoimmune renal destruction, we compared apoptosis and pathology in Fas -intact and Fas -deficient kidneys in an autoimmune milieu. For this purpose, we transplanted single, normal kidneys from MRL-++ ( Fas -intact) mice (3 months of age) into age-matched, congenic MRL- Fas lpr ( Fas -deficient) recipients after removal of nephritic kidneys. These Fas -intact kidneys were compared with Fas -deficient nephritic kidneys. Results There is a progressive increase of Fas L on kidney-infiltrating cells and Fas and Fas L on renal parenchymal cells in MRL-++ kidneys during engraftment (0, 2, 4–6, and 8 weeks). By comparison, we detected an increase in Fas L in MRL- Fas lpr kidneys (3 to 5 months of age), whereas Fas was not detectable. The engagement of T cells bearing Fas L with Fas expressing tubular epithelial cells (TECs) induced TEC apoptosis in vitro. However, apoptosis and pathology were similar in kidneys (MRL-++, 8 weeks postengraftment vs. MRL- Fas lpr , 5 months) with equivalent amounts of Fas L-infiltrating cells or Fas L TECs, regardless of Fas on renal parenchymal cells. Conclusion The expression of Fas on renal parenchymal cells does not increase apoptosis or promote renal disease in MRL-++ mice. We speculate that the autoimmune milieu evokes mechanisms that mask, counter, or pre-empt Fas-Fas L-initiated apoptosis in MRL kidneys.
Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845

Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845. By Catherine A. Brekus. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Pp. x, 466. Illustrations, tables. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $17.95.) More than one hundred evangelical women, white and black, tramped the roads of America preaching the Gospel during the century following the Great Awakening. Most were poor by the standards of the advancing market economy. Even those who defied and left their families to bear spiritual witness remained dependent on male clergy for occasional access to pulpits. Less educated than the men who led their own sects, the women professed reliance on divine inspiration, sometimes with humility but at other times in a brash and contentious mood. They drew crowds-curiosity-seekers and penitents-and reportedly moved listeners to tears and conversion. As quickly as they appeared, they typically disappeared from the historical record. Some married and gave up preaching, some were overcome by life's problems. Almost no one, including many of the women themselves, thought it important to keep a record of their work. Catherine A. Brekus constructs an intriguing portrait of early American women preachers from bits of evidence: ministers' memoirs, denominational trials, advertisements of preaching engagements, drawings, and photographs. The great contribution of her study is how well it reveals the conflicted mind-set of evangelicals not only about women but about progress. Female preachers were not found among sedate Protestants; they inhabited the religious margins as Separates, Baptists, or Shakers in the eighteenth century, and as Methodists, African Methodists, or Millerites in the nineteenth century. Unusually attached to the Bible, these populist evangelicals, male and female, were wary of the acquisitive spirit and social freedoms of modernity. Probably none of them conceded that women had rights. It is ironic that their religious conservativism drove them to radical measures. Eagerly harnessing new media such as mass-- circulated publications and photography, they denounced established society's complacency and sought restoration of biblical standards. By conventional measures, the same women preachers who disdained women's rights advocates such as Fanny Wright were dangerously immodest. They were, in Brekus's words, "`biblical' rather than secular feminists" (6). Awkwardly, they risked their good name even in evangelical circles by obeying God's call. It is often said that the value of women's history is the new light it casts on history overall. Strangers and Pilgrims succeeds well on these terms. Women preachers-poised between self-abnegation and self assertion, pious submission and social resistance, traditionalism and innovation-are an apt symbol of radical evangelicalism during this long period of religious awakening. The sweeping quality of Strangers and Pilgrims, so helpful m staking out a new field of inquiry, also contributes to the study's imprecision on issues of thesis and context. …
Market reaction to uniform capital adequacy guidelines in the banking industry

In this paper the authors assess the stock market reaction to information on uniform capital requirements that was disseminated on four different dates: September 29, 1987; December 7, 1987; December 10, 1987; and July 11, 1988. The share prices of U.S. money center banks were adversely affected by the December 7, 1987, announcement regarding proposals to make regulatory standards more uniform. The share prices of U.S. superregional banks were not affected by this announcement. The difference in degree of response is attributed to disparate capital positions between the two groups of banks. In order to meet the new guidelines, U.S. money center banks may need to implement policies (such as issuing new stock) that are viewed unfavorably by the market.
Self-dual SU(3) Chern-Simons Higgs systems.

We explore self-dual Chern-Simons Higgs systems with the local SU(3) and global U(1) symmetries where the matter field lies in the adjoint representation. We show that there are three degenerate vacua of different symmetries and study the unbroken symmetry and the particle spectrum in each vacuum. We classify the self-dual configurations into three types and study their properties.
Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Composition Mapping of Semiconductor Nanowires

We demonstrate the three-dimensional composition mapping of a semiconductor nanowire with single-atom sensitivity and subnanometer spatial resolution using atom probe tomography. A new class of atom probe, the local electrode atom probe (LEAP) microscope, was used to map the position of single Au atoms in an InAs nanowire and to image the interface between a Au catalyst and InAs in three dimensions with 0.3-nm resolution. These results establish atom probe tomography as a uniquely powerful tool for analyzing the chemical composition of semiconductor nanostructures.
Acute postappendicectomy hemorrhage due to isolated cecal necrosis in a 9-year-old boy: A case report

Primary inflammatory processes of the cecum (typhlitis) were originally described in children with neutropenia or immunosuppression. It has also been described in the elderly population as an infrequent variant of ischemic colitis. We present a case of a previously healthy 9-year-old boy who presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, low grade fever and localized right iliac fossa tenderness. At open appendicectomy his appendix was noted to be mildly congested only. On the 2nd postoperative day the patient had a significant per rectal bleed, and exhibited signs of peritonitis. He underwent an emergency laparotomy. The appendicular stump tie was found intact with no active bleeding from the stump. There were large clots and fresh bleeding identified within a necrotic cecum. A cecectomy was performed with an end-to-end anastomosis. He made an uneventful recovery and remains well 6 months postoperatively. The histopathologic examination of the specimen’s confirmed focal mucosal inflammation of the appendix and extensive transmural necrosis of the cecum. Cecal necrosis must be considered in any patient presenting with signs of appendicitis with per rectal bleeding.
Isolation and characterization of proteases from Euphorbia lactea and Euphorbia lactea cristata

Abstract Latex from E. lactea yielded three homogeneous proteases, euphorbains, 1a 1 , 1a 2 and 1a 3 with M r of 66 k, 44 k and 33 k respectively. Euphorbains 1a 1 and 1a 3 had unique pIs of, in order, 7.0 and 4.5, while 1a 2 comprised three charged forms with pIs ranging from 5.0 to 6.4. From the latex of E. lactea cristata a single proteolytic euphorbain 1c was isolated which had an M r of 70 000 and five pIs between 5.0 and 8.0. Euphorbains 1a 1 and 1c have similar substrate specificities which are different from those of 1a 2 and 1a 3 . Euphorbains 1a 1 , 1a 2 and 1c are serine-centred enzymes with vital histidine residues, and the latter protease is activated by Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ .