cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective dehydration of polyols over solid acids and metal-acid bifunctional catalysts: Towards a catalytic toolbox for rational catalyst design

Interest in biorenewable alternatives to existing petrochemicals has lead to increased interest in catalytic means of upgrading sugar-derived molecules into useful commodities. While some biorenewable chemicals aim to break into the existing market as a new product (polylactic acid, or PLA, is one example), there is also interest in developing catalytic routes to existing commodities. In order to do this, a “catalytic toolbox” will need to be developed, which can enable a chemical engineer to rationally design a catalytic upgrading pathway from a given starting molecule to a desired end product. While the petrochemical industry dealt primarily in carbon and hydrogen, biorenewables deals in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and requires a new suite of catalysts to handle selective oxygen removal. Polyols are a particular class of compounds which consist of a carbon backbone and multiple hydroxyl groups. Most polyols are derived from biorenewable sources, ranging from glycerol, which comes from triglycerides, up to 6-carbon sugar alcoohols. Selective removal of these hydroxyl groups is desired, either in the form of eliminating undesired hydroxyls in order to end at a linear molecule (such as 1,6-hexanediol), or in the form of selectively forming a ring structure by converting to hydroxyl groups on a polyol to a cyclic ether (such as the conversion of sorbitol to isosorbide). Both types of reactions are called dehydration reactions, as they lead to the removal of water. Since most polyols can undergo either reaction, and since either reaction may be desired for a given polyol in order to reach different products from the same reagent, an understanding of selective dehydration in either direction is necessary. The current work focuses on discovering the catalytic properties needed to selectively dehydrate triols (polyols with three hydroxyl groups) into linear or ring dioxygenates. The
Panel: a debate on data and algorithmic ethics

Recently, there has begun a movement towards Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) in algorithmic decision making, and in data science more broadly. The database community has not been significantly involved in this movement, despite "owning" the models, languages, and systems that produce the (potentially biased) input to the machine learning applications.What role should the database community play in this movement? Do the objectives of fairness, accountability and transparency give rise to core data management issues that can drive new research questions and new systems, or are these "soft topics" that are best left to be managed with policy? Will emphasis on these topics dilute our core competency in techniques and technologies for data, or can it reinforce our central role in technology stacks ranging from startups to the enterprise, and from local non-profits to the federal government? The goal of this panel is to debate these questions, and to whet the appetite of the data management community for research in this important emerging area.
Reconfigurable dataflow graphs for processing-in-memory

In order to meet the ever-increasing speed differences between processor clocks and memory access times, there has been an interest in moving computation closer to memory. The near data processing or processing-in-memory is particularly suited for very high bandwidth memories such as the 3D-DRAMs. There are different ideas proposed for PIMs, including simple in-order processors, GPUs, specialized ASICs and reconfigurable designs. In our case, we use Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Logic to build dataflow graphs for computational kernels as the PIM. We show that our approach can achieve significant speedups and save energy consumed by computations. We evaluated our designs using several processing technologies for building the coarse-gained logic units. The DFPIM concept showed good performance improvement and excellent energy efficiency for the streaming benchmarks that were analyzed. The DFPIM in a 28 nm process with an implementation in each of 16 vaults of a 3D-DRAM logic layer showed an average speed-up of 7.2 over that using 32 cores of an Intel Xeon server system. The server processor required 368 times more energy to execute the benchmarks than the DFPIM implementation.
Role of the Molecular Chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the DNA Damage Response

Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) and Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) are well-conserved, highly expressed molecular chaperone proteins, which assist in the folding and stabilization of the human proteome. It is not surprising that chaperones regulate and fine-tune many important signal transduction pathways. An important example of this is the DNA Damage Response Pathway (DDR), which is critical for DNA repair after creation of single or double strand breaks. An increasing body of work suggests that many DDR proteins are kept active by Hsp70 and Hsp90 proteins. Detailed understanding of these interactions may lead to the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
Husserl and His Shadows: Phenomenology After Merleau-Ponty

This essay takes up Merleau-Ponty’s reading of Husserl as it is expressed in the essay Le philosophe et son ombre and his 1958–1959 course at the College de France, La philosophie aujourd’hui, in dialogue with Levinas’s 1948 essay, La realite et son ombre. I argue that it is a Levinasian sense of the shadow that must be heard in Merleau-Ponty’s text, “the event of being’s darkening,” and that, correlatively, Husserl’s work must not be treated as a luminous canon, as a set of scriptures bereft of all darkness, but that the brilliance of the founder of phenomenology lies in his multiplicity: that Husserl was always otherwise than himself, haunted by his shadows. In this way, we can say with thinkers like Derrida, that at the point where Husserl was a thinker of strenge Wissenschaft he was also a thinker of that which resists reduction, “what resists phenomenology within us.”
The Perceptions of Private and Suburban Public Schools among Middle Class Urban Parents: Evidence from Albany, New York

Substantial research has examined urban middle class parents and their motivations for enrolling their children in city public schools. Less research, however, has explored how these types of parents view private schools and suburban public schools. Using in-depth interviews with parents and guided by the frameworks of rational choice and social identity theories, this paper explores this topic. Findings suggest that both instrumental and philosophical factors affect parents’ perceptions of private schools and suburban public schools. Parents tended to be skeptical of the purported, superior quality of education in both private and suburban public schools. They also felt these schools offered neither advantages surrounding the social/peer climate, nor in college preparation. In addition, parents believed that enrolling their children in either private schools or suburban public schools would undermine their egalitarian and inclusive social and political values.
Building a Good Jobs Economy

Conventional models are failing throughout the world. In the developed world, the welfare state-compensation model has been in retrenchment for some time, and the drawbacks of the neoliberal conception that has superseded it are increasingly evident. Yet there is no compelling alternative on offer. In the developing world, the conventional, tried-and-tested model of industrialization has run out of steam. In both sets of societies a combination of technological and economic forces (in particular, globalization) is creating or exacerbating productive/technological dualism, with a segment of advanced production in metropolitan areas that thrives on the uncertainty generated by the knowledge economy co-existing with a mass of relatively less productive activities and communities that neither contributes to nor benefits from innovation. The sizes of these two sectors and the trajectories leading into them may vary, but otherwise the nature of the underlying problem seems to have converged in the developed and developing worlds.
Divinity, Noēsis, and Aristotelian Friendship

Aristotle's NE X claim that the best human life is one devoted to contemplation (theoria) seems in tension with his emphasis elsewhere on our essentially political nature, and more specifically, his claim that friendship is necessary for our flourishing. For, if our good can be in principle realized apart from the human community, there seems little reason to suggest we 'need' friends, as he clearly does in NE VIII & IX. I argue that central to Aristotle's NE X discussion of contemplation is the claim that our chief good accords with whatever is 'most divine' in us, viz. our rational nature (NE 1177b2-18). Thus, the best human life involves the excellent exercise of our rational capacities. I distinguish two ways in which human beings flourish through exercising their rationality. The first is in the activity of theoria. The second, I argue, can be found in the virtuous activity of complete friendship (teleia philia). For Aristotle the truest form of friendship is an expression of rationality. It is characterized not merely by our living together, but conversing, and sharing one another's thoughts (NE 1170b12-14). Examining Aristotle's notion of a friend as 'another self (alios autos), I argue that through friendship human beings come to better know themselves and the world in which they live. Complete friendship involves a (uniquely human) second-order awareness of oneself in another, and through this awareness our understanding of ourselves and the world in which we live is enriched, confirmed, and enjoyed through the presence of other minds. Thus, the highest form of Aristotelian friendship is an intellectual activity through which we attain an analogue of the divine contemplation of the unmoved mover, thereby living with respect to what is most divine in us, but doing so in accordance with our uniquely rational-political nature.
Timed Electrodeposition of PEDOT:Nafion onto Carbon Fiber-Microelectrodes Enhances Dopamine Detection in Zebrafish Retina

Carbon fiber-microelectrodes (CFMEs) are one of the standards for the detection of neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA). In this study, we demonstrate that CFMEs electrodeposited with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of Nafion exhibit enhanced sensitivity for DA detection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the smooth outer surface morphologies of polymer coatings, which filled in the ridges and grooves of the bare unmodified carbon electrode and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed PEDOT:Nafion incorporation. PEDOT:Nafion coated CMFEs exhibited a statistically enhanced two-fold increase in DA sensitivity compared to unmodified microelectrodes, with stability and integrity of the coated microelectrodes maintained for at least 4 h. A scan rate test revealed a linear relationship with peak DA oxidative current (5 μM), indicating adsorption control of DA to the surface of the PEDOT:Nafion electrode. As proof of principle, PEDOT:Nafion coated electrodes were used to detect potassium chloride (KCl)-induced DA release in zebrafish (Danio rerio) retinal tissue ex vivo, thus illustrating their applicability as biosensors.
Criticism of "Necessity of simultaneous co-existence of instantaneous and retarded interactions in classical electrodynamics" by Andrew E. Chubykalo and Stoyan J. Vlaev

The demonstration that the electromagnetic fields derived from the Lienard-Wiechert potentials do not satisfy the Maxwell equations is proved to be false. Errors were made in the computation of the derivatives of retarded quantities. The subsequent inference of the necessity of both instantaneous and retarded electromagnetic interactions cannot be made. Different choices of gauge can lead to a variety of forms for the scalar and vector potentials, always with the same retarded fields. Classical electromagnetic theory is complete as usually expressed. One may choose to work in the Lorenz gauge in which all quantities are retarded.
Considering coasts: Adapting terrestrial models to characterize coastal wetland ecosystems

Abstract The Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) simulates fully coupled processes and interactions among water, energy, carbon and nutrient cycles. E3SM connects vegetation and soil dynamics through nutrient uptake, plant production, litterfall and decomposition as a function of abiotic parameters (e.g. temperature and moisture). However, E3SM is designed to characterize terrestrial ecosystems and connects land and open ocean systems using a single streamflow transport term, ignoring the complex dynamics of energy, water, carbon, and nutrients in coastal systems. The goals of our project were to: (1) Parameterize a point version of E3SM to capture coastal wetland habitats and (2) Determine marsh community responses to increased temperature and elevated CO2. We adapted a version of the E3SM land model, previously configured to represent forested bog hydrology to a coastal ecosystem using datasets from field experiments conducted at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center's Global Change Research Wetland (GCReW). Tidal forcing in a marsh environment was simulated using a two-column system in which the columns are connected by lateral hydrologic flows. One column simulates interactions between vegetation and soil while a second column simulates variation in water level (both tidal and sea level rise). The updated model captures many aspects of the field experiments, showing that plant community responses to environmental change are non-linear, non-additive and different between plant types. Elevated CO2 treatments increased C3 plant biomass more than C4 (33% vs 17%). Temperature exacerbated CO2 responses in C3 plants (0 °C: 26%, 5.1 °C: 56%). We were more successful at characterizing C3 than C4 responses and simulating above rather than belowground biomass production. Next steps will include updates to key physiological parameters such as root:shoot carbon allocation and the addition of mechanistic feedbacks between vegetation and biogeochemical processes.
Changes in use of emergency contraceptive pills in the United States from 2008 to 2015.

Abstract Objectives To describe changes in use and receipt of emergency contraceptive (EC) pills among women in the United States during a period of key EC policy changes, from 2008 to 2015. Study design Using data from the 2006 to 2010 and 2013 to 2017 National Surveys of Family Growth, we present changes in the percent of women who ever used EC between 2008 and 2015 by select sociodemographic and sexual and reproductive health characteristics, and we examine multivariable relationships of these characteristics with EC ever use in 2015. We also examine changes in repeat EC use, receipt of EC counseling, reasons for EC use and source of EC between the time periods. Results Among sexually experienced women ages 15 to 44, EC ever use increased from 11% in 2008 to 23% in 2015 overall and among nearly all groups of women. In 2015, age 20 to 29, non-Hispanic other or Hispanic race, at least a high school education, working part-time, income at least 100% of the federal poverty level, ever having been married, and having received EC counseling in the prior year all represent characteristics associated with higher odds of having ever used EC. In 2015, a smaller share of women last obtained EC with a prescription or at a health facility than in 2008. Conclusions Increases in EC use occurred as access to EC was broadened through regulatory changes that moved some forms of EC from behind-the-counter to fully over-the-counter between 2008 and 2015. Implications Over-the-counter provision of many forms of EC pills may have increased access and introduced more flexibility in how EC is obtained, but these changes may have come with tradeoffs, both in the form of cost barriers and decreased opportunities for clinicians to discuss EC with their patients. Despite improved access to contraception more broadly through the Affordable Care Act, EC remains a necessary component of the overall contraceptive method mix, and clinicians can play a key role in discussing EC as one option among many during contraceptive counseling sessions.
Oversampling Highly Imbalanced Indoor Positioning Data using Deep Generative Models

The location fingerprinting method, which typically utilizes supervised learning, has been widely adopted as a viable solution for the indoor positioning problem. Many indoor positioning datasets are imbalanced. Models trained on imbalanced datasets may exhibit poor performance on the minority class(es). This problem, also known as the "curse of imbalanced data," becomes more evident when class distributions are highly imbalanced. Motivated by the recent advances in deep generative modeling, this paper proposes using Variational Autoencoders and Conditional Variational Autoencoders as oversampling tools to produce class-balanced fingerprints. Experimental results based on Bluetooth Low Energy fingerprints demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms SMOTE and ADASYN in both minority class precision and overall precision. To promote reproducibility and foster new research efforts, we made all the codes associated with this work publicly available.
Extra-Axial Hematoma and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Induced Aplastic Anemia: The Role of Hematological Diseases in Subdural and Epidural Hemorrhage

Objective and Importance. To illustrate the development of spontaneous subdural hematoma secondary to aplastic anemia resulting from the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. This is the first report of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole potentiating coagulopathy leading to any form of intracranial hematoma. Clinical Presentation. A 62-year-old female developed a bone marrow biopsy confirmed diagnosis of aplastic anemia secondary to administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole following a canine bite. She then developed a course of waxing and waning mental status combined with headache and balance related falls. CT imaging of the head illustrated a 3.7 cm 6.6 mm left frontal subdural hematoma combined with a 7.0 mm 1.7 cm left temporal epidural hematoma. Conclusion. Aplastic anemia is a rare complication of the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Thrombocytopenia, regardless of cause, is a risk factor for the development of spontaneous subdural hematoma. Given the lack of a significant traumatic mechanism, this subset of subdural hematoma is more suitable to conservative management.
A Critique of Project Planning with Constrained Resources

This paper surveys the current research in resource constrained project scheduling. Although CPM and PERT have gained wide acceptance and use, the problem of limiting resources used by each activity remains unsolved for practical-sized problems.
The Hello, Goodbye Window by Norton Juster, illustrated by Chris Raschka

The path to Nanna and Poppy's back porch passes right by the kitchen window. This “hello, goodbye window” serves as a greeting place, a peek-a-boo game, and provides many opportunities for their gr...
Critical Study of Rowson’s Slaves in Algiers; or, A Struggle for Freedom.

Slaves in Algiers; or, A Struggle for Freedom (1794) is a play written by Susanna Haswell Rowson. The setting takes place in “Barbary” - the Mediterranean coast of North Africa - and more precisely in Algiers. The play centers on the lives of several American ‘slaves’ who plot their escape in an unflappable look for freedom. The relevance of studying a piece of literature - and more precisely, a play - stems from the idea that people in the time, used to watch plays, more than they would read books because plays were regarded as being more ‘entertaining’. In addition to that, although plays are a fictitious form of literature, they were always related to real events; hence the majority of people consider them as being true or as at least as referring to some real events. Another point would be that literature in that time was-often-judged on the basis of the moral values it contained. In that regard, Slaves in Algiers; or, A Struggle for Freedom is a rich document to be scrutinized with as much seriousness as when dealing with other sources that are considered as more ‘factual’. Therefore the need to study such a piece emanates from its very crucial role in shaping social reality, via its representation of ‘Barbary’ and its reflections over the nature of freedom, slavery and race.
On the geometry of a four-parameter rational planar system of difference equations

In this paper, we consider geometric aspects of a rational, planar system of difference equations defined on the open first quadrant and whose behaviour is governed by four independent, non-negative parameters. This system, indexed as (23, 23) in the notation of Ladas (Open problems and conjectures, J. Differential Equ. Appl. 15(3) 2009, pp. 303–323), is one of the 200 systems from Ladas about which little is known. Using geometric techniques, we answer several questions concerning the behaviour of this system.
Integral Learning: A New Look at Management Development in Public Administration

Abstract Based on Wilber (1996, 2000), this article argues that it is important to educate leaders in public administration positions through helping them to: increase their physical well-being through exercise and nutrition, enhance their mental abilities through traditional learning and through increasing awareness about how the mind works, nourish their emotional well-being through understanding the importance of emotional intelligence and their own emotional patterns, and develop their spiritual well-being through an understanding of their core values and their sense of purpose in life. Using examples from management education in the corporate world, the non-profit world, and academia, an integral approach is proposed for management education in public administration.
Does flow speed also have a direct effect on growth of active suspension-feeders: An experimental test on oysters

The direct effects of flow velocity on growth of juvenile American oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) were tested without confounding by indirect effects of vertical mixing by measuring growth inside pipes, varying average flow over five levels (0, 0.5, 2.5, 4, and 7 cm s -1 ) at each of two food concentrations. Growth increased with food concentration and increased monotonically with flow velocity over all flows tested for both food treatments. In this experiment, food concentration and flow velocity acted independently in their effects on growth, with a multiplicative term (flux) not making any significant contribution beyond the independent, additive contributions of food and flow. Thus, the apparent positive response of growth in this active suspension-feeder to external flux of food is best interpreted as a coincidental by-product of the action of two separate responses to the terms that comprise flux.
An approach for detecting malicious keyloggers

Keyloggers are applications that are installed onto computers with the intent of monitoring and storing keystrokes that are input by a user. These keystrokes can either be stored on a physical hard disk or transmitted via a network connection to a remote location. Because of their functions, keyloggers have a potential of being used for malicious purposes. In order to protect privacy, it is important to realize the threat that a keylogger application might pose and identify appropriate methods for detecting it. The method presented in this research provides a standardized approach to detect unknown keylogging software from a computer. We also conducted experiments on a variety of keyloggers to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Accounting and Conceptions of Control in the American Corporation1

SUMMARY This study examines three conceptions of how capitalist firms are organized and the relationship between accounting, organization, and control. The first conceptions is based on neoclassical economic theories, and its central premise is the efficacy of contracts. The second model emphasizes Marxian ideas of class conflict and exploitation. Its organizational premise rests on hierarchy and accumulation. The third concept is sociological. Its core assumption is that firms act to create ‘organizational fields’ which assure their continued survival. Each of these three perspectives relies on accounting as a means of control. The paper argues that there is an institutional connection between accounting and corporate control; the connection is demonstrated by the way in which accounting legitimizes control through objectivity, methodology, and professionalism. Regardless of how control is theoretically conceived, accounting is a crucial aspect of control within the modern economic organization.
Protecting the Nation's Critical Infrastructure: The Vulnerability of U.S. Water Supply Systems

Terrorism in the United States was not considered a serious threat until the second half of the 1990s. However, recent attacks both at home and abroad have forced government planners to consider the possibility that critical elements of the U.S. infrastructure might in fact be vulnerable to terrorism. The potential for chemical or biological contamination of water supply systems exists along with the possibility that such systems might be sabotaged. This article reviews the threat of biological and chemical compounds in relation to the characteristics of water supply systems. Vulnerability of such systems to terrorist attacks is examined, as well as possible physical and chemical countermeasures that could be applied. A case study is presented of an accidental contamination event that illustrates the difficulty of tracking such events in a drinking water system. It can be concluded that municipal water supplies are vulnerable. However, appropriate physical planning of such systems, including contingency back-up with separate water lines for emergencies, coupled with proactive monitoring, will significantly increase security in the face of possible terrorist attacks.
Can the control of bodily orientation be significantly improved in a group of older adults with a history of falls

OBJECTIVE: To determine the short-term effectiveness of a biofeedback-based, computerized intervention that applied the principles of the ecological theory of perception and control of bodily orientation to the rehabilitation of older adults with a history of falling. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five older adults (X = 78.5 years) with a history of falls were assigned to either a control (n = 21) or intervention group (n = 24). DESIGN: A 2 × 2 (Group × Time) mixed factorial design with repeated measures on the second factor. SETTING: A motor control research laboratory in a university setting. MEASUREMENT: Impairments in multiple dimensions of balance (i.e., dynamic postural control and sensory organization) were measured before and after an 8-week balance intervention using the 100% Limits of Stability Test® and Sensory Organization Test®. More functional limitations in balance and/or mobility were measured using two clinical tests: Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go test. MAIN RESULTS: Repeated measures multivariate analyses and follow-up testing indicated significant improvements in the dynamic balance and sensory integration capabilities in the case of the intervention group only (P <.03). Significant improvements were also observed in the two clinical measures of balance and mobility evaluated before and after the intervention for the intervention group only. CONCLUSIONS: Theory-driven rehabilitation programs that focus on manipulating individual, task, and environmental constraints concurrently can significantly improve the control of bodily orientation of older adults with a previous history of falls in both static and dynamic action environments. Moreover, the significant improvements in functional performance observed for the intervention group suggest that interventions emphasizing task-specific practice are not the only means by which an older adult's ability to perform daily activities requiring postural control can be improved. .
Alcohol use in television programming: effects on children's behavior.

The impact of televised use of alcoholic beverages on children's behavior was evaluated in this study. Children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (a) television with drinking depicted, (b) television without drinking, or (c) a no television control condition. Segments of the syndicated television show M.A.S.H. were used as the viewing stimulus. The impact of the various conditions was evaluated in a choice task requiring subjects to choose either martini or regular glasses of either "whiskey" or "water" to serve pictured adults and children. Results indicated that subjects who viewed television drinking were significantly more likely to choose alcoholic beverages for pictured adults but not children. No effect was found for glass preference. Results and implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Neuroinvasion by simian immunodeficiency virus coincides with increased numbers of perivascular macrophages/microglia and intrathecal immune activation

During peak viremia and initial antibody response, rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of SIV show distinct differences in viral load and tissue distribution. Animal...
Diverse effects of two-dimensional and step flow growth mode induced microstructures on the magnetic anisotropies of SrRuO3 thin films

Geometrical anisotropy axes of diverse SrRuO3 (SRO) films grown by random and directional two-dimensional and step flow modes are determined and their characteristic angular magnetizations are understood in terms of growth mode induced structural effects. Two-dimensional SRO films possess single-crystal-like structural qualities. Angular magnetization measurements show sharp minima and indicate the films’ easy axis to be in the [310] direction. In contrast, examination of step flow SRO films shows the presence of degenerate multiple in-plane domains and the anisotropy axis in a direction close to [110] even though directional surface steps are clearly visible.
A convenient synthesis of functional group end-capped thiophene oligomers

Abstract A series of α,ω-aldehyde-capped thiophene oligomers with two, four and six thiophene units have been prepared via a convenient, three-step synthesis in good yields. The UV-vis spectral data show that the π-conjugation length in the tetramer is longer than those in the hexamer and in the dimer in various solvents.
Keyser, Kiparsky, O'Neil and Postal versus Sievers

Abstract ‘Sievers' Law’, the well-attested alternation /-ij- ∼ -j-/ in Germanic, cannot be recaptured in a synchonic grammar of Old English according to two abstract analyses by Samuel J. Keyser, and Paul Kiparsky and Wayne O'Neil. Barrack attacks this revisionist position arguing that the consideration of a broader range of OE data demonstrates that Sievers' Law is indeed recoverable in OE morphology. According to Barrack the basic flaws in Keyser's analysis are his failure to take into account i -Mutation in unstressed syllables and his disregard for phonological plausibility as witnessed by his reinterpretation of WG Gemination as being a function of (vowel) Metathesis operating on abstract triphthongs. Although Barrack credits Kiparsky and O'Neil for providing a powerful tool in their rule of ‘Strong Marking’ for understanding virtually all high vocalic deletion phenomena in Old English, he argues that by not testing this rule against a broad enough sample of data they fail on the one hand to see its imperfections and on the other hand to recognize the possibility of improving it by making it a function of syllable rather than morphological structure. Finally, Barrack provides an alternative explanation for one of the most often cited putative examples of rule insertion, an analysis by Paul Postal. Barrack argues that Postal's basic premises are flawed by his failure to take into account the effects of Sievers' Law.
Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders: An Overview

Sleep disorders can be divided into those producing insomnia, those causing daytime sleepiness, and those disrupting sleep. Transient insomnia is extremely common, afflicting up to 80% of the population. Chronic insomnia affects 15% of the population. Benzodiazepines are frequently used to treat insomnia; however, there may be a withdrawal syndrome with rapid eye movement (REM) rebound. Two newer benzodiazepine-like agents, zolpidem and zaleplon, have fewer side effects, yet good efficacy. Other agents for insomnia include sedating antidepressants and over-the-counter sleep products (sedating antihistamines). Nonpharmacologic behavioral methods may also have therapeutic benefit. An understanding of the electrophysiologic and neurochemical correlates of the stages of sleep is useful in defining and understanding sleep disorders. Excessive daytime sleepiness is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea or depression. Medications, including amphetamines, may be used to induce daytime alertness. Parasomnias include disorders of arousal and of REM sleep. Chronic medical illnesses can become symptomatic during specific sleep stages. Many medications affect sleep stages and can thus cause sleep disorders or exacerbate the effect of chronic illnesses on sleep. Conversely, medications may be used therapeutically for specific sleep disorders. For example, restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder may be treated with dopamine agonists. An understanding of the disorders of sleep and the effects of medications is required for the appropriate use of medications affecting sleep.
Pharmacologically induced, subsecond dopamine transients in the caudate-putamen of the anesthetized rat.

Subsecond dopamine (DA) concentration transients have previously been observed in behaving rats. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that DA transients can be pharmacologically induced in anesthetized rats. Coadministration of the D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol, and the DA uptake inhibitor, nomifensine, results in significantly more DA transients than either drug alone. The results show that both D2 autoreceptors and the dopamine transporter regulate subsecond DA neurotransmission. Synapse 61:37–39, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Google obstetrics: who is educating our patients?

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the sources of information retrieved by searching for obstetrically related terms on the Internet. Study Design The Google and Yahoo search engines were used to search for the terms "cerebral palsy," "birth trauma," "shoulder dystocia," "forceps delivery," "epidural," and "cesarean section." The first page of results retrieved for these search terms was examined. Information regarding the organization or individuals sponsoring the websites was collected. Differences in sponsorship were investigated by using a χ 2 test. Results Sponsorship was significantly different between topics ( P Conclusion As the Internet becomes a frequently used source of health information, obstetrician-gynecologists should consider how this forum can be more effectively used to disseminate educational information.
An expanding loop encephalotome for use in brain function research.

Abstract Description of a method based on the cutting loop idea (expanding loop encephalotome) to be used in the experimental field as a lesion making device.
Infrared to violet up-conversion in YLiF4 : Nd3+

Abstract We investigate ultraviolet and visible up-conversion in YLiF4 : Nd3+ (1%). The energy of the ultraviolet emission is more than twice the energy of the infrared pump light. The up-conversion is determined to be dominated by an energy transfer process. Our experimental results are compared with a rate equation analysis.
Attitudes about Domestic Violence and the Use of Harsh Discipline

Nearly 86 000 mothers in 25 countries were interviewed between 2005 and 2010 as part of an ongoing effort supported by the United Nations Children's Fund to survey households in low- and middle-income countries about health and well-being of the children and the adults in those countries. The instrument for the third “Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey” included, for the first time as a result of efforts by Dr Patrice Engle at the United Nations Children's Fund office in New York, questions regarding parental use of physical child discipline as well as attitudes and exposure to domestic violence. This effort to collect international data that are comparable about child discipline followed a chapter in the World Report on Violence and Health in 2002 on child maltreatment that noted the lack of comparable data in communities around the world and occurred during the data collection phase of the UN Secretary-General's Report on Children and Violence that was issued in 2006. Although other international studies now exist comparing child discipline, this study is a breathtaking example of a large study, which collected simple data with great power. The discipline questions were limited, and there could be nuances in the ways that the questions were translated and the cultural context of each of the forms of discipline. However, the third “Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey” data reported by Lansford et al noted that 23% of mothers believed that it is necessary to use corporal punishment to discipline children, and 47% of the mothers thought that it was justifiable for men to hit their wives! The use of harsh discipline toward children in these 25 countries varies widely but overall, 15% of the children were subjected to harsh physical punishment in the past year. This figure is nearly 4 times greater than the percentage of children reported to have been subjected to harsh physical punishment by their parents in 2 US states and almost exactly matches the median rate of harsh physical punishment reported in another international comparison of harsh discipline. Refers to: Attitudes Justifying Domestic Violence Predict Endorsement of Corporal Punishment and Physical and Psychological Aggression towards Children: A Study in 25 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Corrected Proof, 13 January 2014 -- Jennifer E. Lansford, Kirby Deater-Deckard, Marc H. Bornstein, Diane L. Putnick, Robert H. Bradley The Journal of Pediatrics DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.060 Language: en
Inelastic electron scattering and supermultiplets in the particle-hole model for C12, O16, Si28, S32, and Ca40☆

Abstract Within the framework of the simple particle-hole model we obtain inelastic electron scattering form factors and investigate the usefulness of Wigner supermultiplet theory as a predictive tool in studying weak and electromagnetic processes in light closed-shell nuclei. In the cases of C 12 and O 16 the Serber-Yukawa residual interaction yields wavefunctions and inelastic electron scattering form factors in essential agreement with recent experimental data, and leads us to study heavier nuclei in the same manner. Therefore, interpreting the particle-hole states as the doorway states for electroexcitation and grouping states neighboring in energy into complexes we have obtained form factors to be compared with averaged electron scattering data. We obtain detailed predictions of interesting structure over a wide range of momentum transfer, particularly at high momentum transfer where the excitation function contains a few well-separated strongly-excited complexes dominated by high spin states. These results suggest future experimental studies of electroexcitation which may serve as tests of the particle-hole model.
Acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration in adolescent rats: effects of sex and gonadal hormones.

Previous work has shown that adult female rats are more sensitive than adult male rats to the reinforcing effects of cocaine, an effect that appears to be due, at least in part, to ovarian hormones. In this study, we examine sex differences in cocaine self-administration during adolescence, a period of marked hormonal change. Adolescent male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg per infusion) under a fixed ratio 1 schedule (i.e., each response was reinforced by an infusion of cocaine) beginning on postnatal day 30. After acquisition, responding was assessed under a progressive-ratio schedule until postnatal day 50 with blood sampling occurring before the first five sessions to determine the relationship between gonadal hormones (i.e., estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) and motivation for cocaine. Estrous cycle phase was monitored throughout the study. Separate groups of adolescent male and female rats were compared on the acquisition of and progressive-ratio responding for sucrose reinforcement. Females acquired cocaine self-administration more readily than did males, and a greater percentage of females acquired self-administration. Under progressive-ratio testing conditions, adolescent females responded at higher levels than adolescent males to obtain cocaine infusions, and in females, responding was positively associated with levels of estradiol and greatest during estrus. No sex differences were observed for sucrose reinforcement. These findings suggest that sex differences are relevant during adolescence with evidence implicating circulating estradiol level as a factor that contributes to the enhanced sensitivity in females to the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
Reorganizations and Reforms: Promises, Promises

In this analysis, the authors argue that reorganizations symbolize a chief executive's attempt to dominate the bureaucracy. Using the Senior Executive Service as a case study, it is contended that executive reorganizations are pervasive rites of presidential politics and civil service reform is a myth on which this rite is based. Unlike other students of the subject, Vogelsang-Coombs and Cum mins do not share the view that the bureaucracy problem can be solved. Reorganizations change the form, but not necessarily the underlying political reality, of public administration.
Energy Buildup in Sheared Force-free Magnetic Fields

Photospheric displacement of the footpoints of solar magnetic field lines results in shearing and twisting of the field, and consequently in the buildup of electric currents and magnetic free energy in the corona. The sudden release of this free energy may be the origin of eruptive events like coronal mass ejections, prominence eruptions, and flares. An important question is whether such an energy release may be accompanied by the opening of magnetic field lines that were previously closed, for such open field lines can provide a route for matter frozen into the field to escape the sun altogether. This paper presents the results of numerical calculations showing that opening of the magnetic field is permitted energetically, in that it is possible to build up more free energy in a sheared, closed, force-free magnetic field than is in a related magnetic configuration having both closed and open field lines. Whether or not the closed force-free field attains enough energy to become partially open depends on the form of the shear profile; the results presented compare the energy buildup for different shear profiles. Implications for solar activity are discussed briefly.
Multidimensional In-Cylinder Flow Calculations and Flow Visualization in a Motored Engine

Multidimensional simulations of coupled intake port/valve and in-cylinder flow structures in a pancake-shape combustion chamber engine are reported. The engine calculations include moving piston, moving intake valve, and valve stem. In order to verify the calculated results, qualitative flow visualization experiments were carried out for the same intake geometry during the induction process using a transient water analog. During the intake process the results of the multidimensional simulation agreed very well with the qualitative flow visualization experiments. An important finding in this study is the generation ofa well-defined tumbling flow structure at BDC in the engine. In addition, this tumbling flow is sustained and amplified by the compression process and in turn causes generation of a high turbulence level before TDC. Many interesting features of the in-cylinder flow structures such as tumble, swirl, and global turbulent kinetic energy are discussed.
Multivariable controller design with integrity

In this paper, a new approach to multivariable controller design with integrity is introduced. This method is based on the reinterpretation of individual transmission channel representation of MIMO systems defined in the individual channel design (ICD) method. It provides a procedure for finding stabilizing PID controllers for two input - two output (TITO) systems which maintain stability of the multivariable system even when one of the controllers fails to operate. The PID controllers are directly designed for the unknown systems from frequency response data, without developing mathematical models and without system identification. A key ingredient for the success of the method is that complete sets of stabilizing controllers can be found since such sets have to be intersected. It is shown that strategic processing of a few measurements can achieve this goal.
Engineers and Economics-II

What is the appropriate attitude for engineers to take toward economic problems, as individuals and through the AIEE? In response to a request from the Institute's publication committee, a noted engineer and educator here gives his answer to that question.
Multi-modality treatment of primary nonresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with 131I anti-cea—A radiation therapy oncology group study

Thirty-seven patients with primary nonresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (57% with prior treatment and/or metastasis) were prospectively treated with external radiation, chemotherapy, and 131I labelled anti-CEA. Therapy began in all trials with whole liver irradiation (21.0 Gy, 3.0 Gy/Fx, 4 days/week, 10 MV photons) with alternate treatment day chemotherapy (Adriamycin, 15 mg + 5-FU, 500 mg). One month after external beam therapy, chemotherapy was given (Adriamycin, 15 mg + 5-FU, 500 mg) followed the next day by the first administration of 131I anti-CEA. The treatment schedule used was 20 mCi day 0; 10 mCi day 5 as an outpatient. This schedule was derived from tumor dose estimates which indicated that 20 mCi (8-10 mCi/mg IgG) was sufficient to achieve tumor saturation with a tumor effective half-life of 3 to 5 days, depending upon the species of animal from which the antibody was obtained. The median tumor dose for the 20 mCi + 10 mCi regimen was 6.2 Gy. Antibody therapy was delivered in 2-month cycles using antibody generated in different species of animals; rabbit, pig, monkey, and bovine. Toxicity was limited to hematologic toxicity and was manifested as thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia (3.2% Grade IV for each according to RTOG toxicity criteria). Tumor remission evaluated by CT scan digitized tumor volume analysis indicated a 26.6% partial response (PR). Tumor remission by physical examination indicated a 33.3% remission rate (25.9% PR and 7.4% complete remission (CR]. The median survival for patients who responded was 15.2 months. The actuarial median survival for the entire group of patients (metastases and previous treatment) was 6.5 months. The longest partial remission is presently more than 4 years.