cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of code-improving transformations for embeded systems

Programmers of embeded systems often develop software in assembly code due to inadequate support from compilers and the need to meet critical speed and/or space constraints. Many embeded applications are being used as a component of an increasing number of critical systems. While achieving high performance for these systems is important, ensuring that these systems execute correctly is vital. One portion of this process is to ensure that code-improving transformations applied to a program will not change the program's semantic behavior, which may be jeopardized when transformations are specified manually. This paper describes a general approach for validation of many low-level code-improving transformations made either by a compiler or specified by hand. Initially, we associate a region of the program representation with a code-improving transformation. Afterwards, we calculate the region's effects on the rest of the program before and after the transformation. The transformation is considered valid when the effects before and after the transformation are identical. We implemented an automatic validation system in the vpo compiler. The system is currently able to validate all code-improving transformations in vpo except transformations that affect blocks across loop levels.
Is Cold Dark Matter Baryonic? Alternative Opinion

Minutes into the big bang, nucleosynthesis finds 96 percent of matter nonreactive. Massive pure disk protogalaxies must be formed in the early universe as their galaxies are found at high redshift. Surrounded by hot gas, they made little imprint on the CBR. The LHC has not found the Higgs or dark matter candidates. These phenomena can be explained by a cold baryonic shell.
Statistical control of VLSI fabrication processes. II. A software system

For pt.I see ibid., vol.1, no.2, p.62-71, 1988. The algorithms used to implement the CMU-CAM statistical control system for VLSI integrated circuit fabrication are presented. The CMU-CAM system performs three major operations: modeling; quality control; and feed-forward control. In order to increase the efficiency of modeling and control, the problem is decomposed using statistical factorization techniques. Algorithms for process modeling and algorithms used in quality control and feed-forward control are described. The CMU-CAM system performs profit maximization through statistical process control. Its capabilities are illustrated by a number of computational examples. >
The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)

Several researchers have reported significant effects of visitor density and intensity on captive animal behavior. This study determined whether this was the case for 2 captive jaguars housed at the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA. Subjects were monitored for changes in behavior as a function of visitor density and intensity. The jaguars were observed for 8 hr per week for 29 weeks--March 31 until October 11, 1998--for a total of 230 hr. Continuous frequency sampling was used, and visitor density and intensity were recorded every minute. Parametric statistics were used to test for correlations between behavior and density, intensity, or a combination of the two. Both density and intensity were significant for time spent non-visible for both cats, and intensity showed a significant effect on the female's pacing behavior. In addition, the male cat exhibited a trend for increased aggression based on both visitor density and intensity and a trend of intensity affecting his social behavior. In conclusion, both density and intensity had a significant effect on behavior, with intensity showing a larger effect.
Reverberation artifact rejection and masking in arterial ARFI imaging

In arterial ultrasound imaging, interpretation of plaque geometry may be distorted by reverberation artifacts in the lumen. Reverberation and arterial wall signals may be highly correlated, which precludes frequency domain or conventional regression filtering methods; however, decorrelation and rates vary. The variance of time derivatives in 1D axial cross-correlation (CC) and displacement (Disp) measures were exploited to reject the arterial lumen and reverberation artifact. Adaptively determined thresholds were applied to the variance of either individual or spatially clustered ARFI displacement profiles. The resulting binary masks were applied in vivo to six porcine arteries with varying degrees of reverberation artifact. Mask performance was measured as the percentage of the lumen rejected given at least 98% of each arterial wall remaining intact. The highest performing masks used the variance of the 2nd derivative of displacement or correlation with spatial clustering to preserve both arterial wall and soft tissue signals.
A synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy study of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite up to 120 GPa

The electronic environment of the Fe nuclei in two silicate perovskite samples, Fe_(0.05)Mg_(0.95)SiO_3 (Pv05) and Fe_(0.1)Mg_(0.9)SiO_3 (Pv10), have been measured to 120 GPa and 75 GPa, respectively, at room temperature using diamond anvil cells and synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy (SMS). Such investigations of extremely small and dilute ^(57)Fe-bearing samples have become possible through the development of SMS. Our results are explained in the framework of the “three-doublet” model, which assumes two Fe2+-like sites and one Fe^(3+)-like site that are well distinguishable by the hyperfine fields at the location of the Fe nuclei. At low pressures, Fe^(3+)/∑Fe is about 0.40 for both samples. Our results show that at pressures extending into the lowermost mantle the fraction of Fe^(3+) remains essentially unchanged, indicating that pressure alone does not alter the valence states of iron in (Mg,Fe)SiO_3 perovskite. The quadrupole splittings of all Fe sites first increase with increasing pressure, which suggests an increasingly distorted (noncubic) local iron environment. Above pressures of 40 GPa for Pv10 and 80 GPa for Pv05, the quadrupole splittings are relatively constant, suggesting an increasing resistance of the lattice against further distortion. Around 70 GPa, a change in the volume dependence of the isomer shift could be indicative of the endpoint of a continuous transition of Fe3+ from a high-spin to a low-spin state.
Efficient generation of covariance sequences of multiple ARMA processes

An efficient procedure for computing autocovariance sequences of multiple autoregressive moving-average processes is proposed. While the computational complexity of existing algorithms is proportional to p/sup 3/, where p denotes the degree of the autoregressive polynomial, the procedure proposed has a complexity of O(p/sup 2/). The resulting scheme leads to substantial computational savings, especially when dealing with processes with autoregressive polynomials of high degree and therefore facilitates the estimation of multiple autoregressive moving-average processes with exact maximum-likelihood methods. >
Efficient representation of state spaces for some dynamic models

Many important economic problems require computation over state spaces that are not hypercubes. Examples include industry models of multi-product differentiated product firms, Bayesian learning problems with noisy signals and real business cycle models with heterogeneous agents. These problems have not been analyzed partly because of the difficulty in efficiently representing their state spaces on a computer. I develop a representation algorithm for the state spaces of the above problems, which potentially allows them to be solved with computational methods such as dynamic programming. I find that using this representation reduces the computation time and space by several orders of magnitude relative to a naive representation.
Innate immune sensing of DNA.

When a pathogen attacks, the immune system rapidly mobilizes host defenses in order to reduce the microbial burden and limit damage to the host [1]. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and relies on germ line–encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which sense microbial products that are not normally found on or in mammalian cells. The considerable potency of nucleic acids as triggers of the innate immune response has gained appreciation over the last few years. In particular, nucleic acid sensing of viruses is central to anti-viral defenses through recognition of viral genomes or nucleic acids generated during viral replication. Distinct classes of nucleic acid sensing molecules have been uncovered that function in different cell types and subcellular compartments to coordinate innate defenses (reviewed in [2]). While recognition of RNA molecules is dependent on members of the TLR family and cytosolic RNA helicases, the mechanisms underlying the sensing of DNA have been less well defined. It has been known for over a decade that DNA, the most recognizable unit of life, is a potent trigger of inflammatory responses in cells. The discovery of TLR-9, a receptor for hypomethylated CpG-rich DNA, partially explained these findings [3]. TLR9 is localized to the endosomal compartment and in humans is expressed in B cells as well as in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). However, it became clear that the immune stimulatory activity of microbial DNA was not compromised in many cells lacking TLR9 [4]. These observations prompted new efforts to understand how DNA triggers immune responses, an endeavor that has led to the discovery of several new DNA recognition receptors and fresh insights into infectious as well as autoimmune diseases.
Sensors and sensor arrays based on conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes

The need for cheaper, faster, and more accurate measurements has been a driving force for the development of new sensing devices. As is well known, the electrical conduc- tivity of conjugated polymers can be reliably regulated over a wide range through interac- tions with electron acceptors and donors. This, together with the fast optical dynamics (either in the ground or excited states) of most conjugated polymers, has made conjugated polymers very attractive as transducer-active materials. On the other hand, the unusual electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes have also led to their potential use in a wide range of devices, including sensors. In particular, the ability of carbon nanotubes and their derivatives to operate as gas and glucose sensors has been recently demonstrated. This article provides a status review on the research and development of sensors and sensor arrays based on conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes. The unique features character- istic of most reported sensing transduction modes related to conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes are discussed, along with their pros and cons.
Output Optics for Aurora: Beam Separation, Pulse Stacking, and Target Focusing

An end-to-end technology demonstration prototype for large-scale ultraviolet laser systems of interest for short wavelength, inertial confinement fusion (ICF) investigations. The system is designed to employ optical angular multiplexing and serial amplification by electron-beam-driven KrF laser amplifiers to deliver to ICF targets a stack of pulses with a duration of 5 ns containing several kilojoules at a wavelength of 248 nm. The optical system has been designed in two phases. The first phase carries only through the amplifier train and does not include a target chamber or any demultiplexing. During first-phase design, the system was conceived of as only an amplifier demonstration and not as an end-to-end system demonstration. The design concept for second-phase optics that provides demultiplexing and carries the laser light to target is presented.
Mechanism learning with mechanism induced data

Machine learning and game theory are two important directions of AI. The former usually assumes data is independent of the models to be learned; the latter usually assumes agents are fully rational. In many modern Internet applications, like sponsored search and crowdsourcing, the two basic assumptions are violated and new challenges are posed to both machine learning and game theory. To better model and study such applications, we need to go beyond conventional machine learning and game theory (mechanism design), and adopt a new approach called mechanism learning with mechanism induced data. Specifically, we propose to learn a behavior model from data to describe how "real" agents play the complicated game, instead of making the fullrationality assumption. Then we propose to optimize the mechanism by using the learned behavior models to predict the future behaviors of agents in response to the new mechanism. Because the above process couples mechanism learning and behavior learning in a loop, new algorithms and theories are needed to perform the task and guarantee the asymptotical performance. As shown in this paper, there are many interesting research topics along this direction, many of which are still open problems, waiting for researchers in our community to deeply investigate.
Regulation of Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapies: An FDA Perspective

Abstract This chapter provides Office of Cell, Tissue, and Gene Therapy (OCTGT) perspectives on the regulation of adenovirus-based vectors. The first section provides an overview of how these vectors are designed and implications for FDA regulatory oversight. The remaining three sections describe more broadly how the scientific and medical disciplines in OCTGT review submissions for adenoviral vector-based products. This chapter describes general manufacturing requirements for products under Investigational New Drug application, preclinical supporting information needed for initiating clinical studies, and considerations for clinical trial design and for investigators involved in treating patients with adenovirus-based investigational products.
Religiosity and Corporate Illegal Activity

In this paper, we explore the effects of regional religiosity on the illegal actions of business executives. In particular, we examine the extent to which agency and institutional theories may be u...
Replacement of Potassium by Other Elements in Culture Mediums

Naegeli 1 and Beneke 2 were the first to replace potassium in synthetic culture mediums by other elements. They found that caesium and rubidium could take its place in the cultivation of aspergillus. Their experiments were discredited by Fermi 3 who showed that aspergillus grows in metal containers with only distilled water and ammonium lactate. Cache 4 and Zunz and Gyorgyi 5 demonstrated that bacterium typhosus and bacterium coli can grow in potassium-free medium. This is not the case for all microorganisms; Besancon, Philibert and Boudin 6 state that the tubercle bacillus needs phosphorus, magnesium and potassium in addition to carbon and nitrogen, and I 7 have shown that the potassium may be replaced by rubidium but not by caesium or lithium. A good deal of interest attaches to the substitution of radioactive elements for potassium. Zwaardemaker 8 states that the action of potassium and rubidium in the perfusion-fluid of the surviving heart is due to the emission of 3 rays by these elements and that a fluid containing an equo-radioactive amount of any radioactive element may take the place of potassium in Ringer's fluid. Clark * who experimented not only with the heart but with several other organs, agrees that rubidium is a perfect substitute for potassium, but adds that caesium is an imperfect substitute. He is of the opinion that uranium and thorium are irritants for the heart but may not be considered as substitutes for potassium. R. F. Loeb o10 and J. Loeb 11 find that both rubidium and caesium may be substituted for potassium in the artificial fertilization of sea-urchin eggs.
Abstract 1819: Quality of life among prostate cancer survivors in the Physicians’ Health Study

Background: Quality of life (QOL) outcomes are an important issue among men with prostate cancer (PCa), and are a function of their advancing age, disease, and treatment status. We sought to characterize the frequency of moderate-to-severe impairment across a broad range of QOL domains in a large cohort of PCa survivors, and to assess effects of pre- and post-treatment patient and clinical factors on QOL outcomes. Methods: The study included 1,482 men enrolled in the Physicians’ Health Study who were diagnosed with PCa from 1982-2005 and responded to a follow-up questionnaire in 2005-2006. Median time from diagnosis to questionnaire response was 5.7 years. QOL in the previous year was assessed by self-reported occurrence of 13 conditions or symptoms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. We compared the frequency of moderate/severe symptoms (vs. never/mild) by age at questionnaire ( Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1819.
Immunoblot analysis of digestion of human and rodent blood by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The digestion of human and rodent blood by Aedes aegypti (L.) was investigated by immunoblot analysis, using polyclonal antisera produced against serum proteins. Rates and patterns of digestion of the principal proteins in serum (albumin and immunoglobulin G) appeared to differ depending on the source of blood. Overall, most intact proteins disappeared 24–48 h after blood ingestion by Ae. aegypti , and albumin and immunoglobulin G appeared to be the most persistent proteins, irrespective of the source of blood.
Sing, Play, and Create All in 20 Minutes!

Young teachers often struggle with pacing and the ability to cover more than one or two songs and activities in a single 30-minute general music class. Included in this article are lesson activitie...
Nuclear Deformation at Finite Temperature

Deformation, a key concept in our understanding of heavy nuclei, is based on a mean-field description that breaks the rotational invariance of the nuclear many-body Hamiltonian. We present a method to analyze nuclear deformations at finite temperature in a framework that preserves rotational invariance. The auxiliary-field Monte Carlo method is used to generate a statistical ensemble and calculate the probability distribution associated with the quadrupole operator. Applying the technique to nuclei in the rare-earth region, we identify model-independent signatures of deformation and find that deformation effects persist to temperatures higher than the spherical-to-deformed shape phase-transition temperature of mean-field theory.
Language Sampling for Preschoolers With Severe Speech Impairments

Purpose The purposes of this investigation were to determine if measures such as mean length of utterance (MLU) and percentage of comprehensible words can be derived reliably from language samples ...
Infection of an axillo-bifemoral bypass graft following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy for urothelial cancer due to Mycobacterium bovis and Staphylococcus aureus

We report a case of occult Mycobacterium bovis left axillary-bifemoral bypass graft infection, with superimposed acute methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection in an 82 year old male following intravesicular bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for adjuvant therapy of urothelial cancer. The patient underwent partial removal of the bypass graft and treated with antimycobacterial therapy-rifampin and isoniazid for 9 months, and intravenous cefazolin followed by oral cephalexin for chronic suppressive therapy for MSSA. This presentation highlights the need to consider indolent infection masquerading as mechanical erosion, even when an alternate infection is present.
Complexity-thinking and social science: Self-organization involving human consciousness

Abstract Complexity-thinking refers to a cluster of concepts popularized in several branches of science, primarily in the physical sciences but increasingly in the social sciences. There is reason to be cautious regarding how the concepts are used across disciplines and branches of science. This paper discusses self-organization in dynamic systems, tracing its roots in social science and critiquing current usage of the term with regard to systems involving consciousness - humans and groups of humans. A brief sketch of the levels of complexity sets the groundwork for understanding the critique of self-organization to follow. I argue that consciousness fundamentally changes the terms of discussion in self-organization by adding a self/selves that is not equivalent to the system as a whole, but which directly influences what is organized, how, and toward what end. Self-organization in complex adaptive systems involving consciousness should be distinguished as self-cultivating self-organization and self-presenting self-organization .
Trait-based responses of seven annual crops to elevated CO2 and water limitation

By potentially disrupting crop production, climate change has been implicated as a threat to global food security. We focus on two elements of climate change: elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, or e[CO2], and reduced water availability, as caused by drought. Both variables have been shown to have effects on crop physiology, although there is considerable evidence of interactions and moderation by species-specific differences. Measuring traits helps scale environmental effects up to functional responses, and we focused on traits connected to photosynthesis, which has a close association with crop yield. We measured the response of four physiological traits—quantum photosynthetic yield, chlorophyll content, root:shoot ratio and leaf area—across a diverse set of seven annual crop species grown under three levels of e[CO2] (450, 575 and 700 ppm) and two levels of water availability (minimum ~45 and ~15% VWC) in a growth chamber. Species included barley, durum wheat, maize, oats, sorghum, pinto bean and sunflower. Our regression analysis focused on testing for interactions between e[CO2] and water limitation and determining relative effect sizes of climate change impacts across species, data that can be used for species-specific modeling or determining appropriate levels of environmental variables in free-air CO2 enrichment studies designed to extend small-scale experimental results to the field. Across all species and all traits, the strongest effect of e[CO2] occurred from 450 to 575 ppm, with only marginal differences from 575 to 700 ppm. We found substantial declines in leaf area across all species as a result of e[CO2] and wide variability in leaf area responses to water limitation. Other traits showed weak and variable responses to both e[CO2] and water limitation. While our data confirm that elements of global change, especially increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, do affect traits related to photosynthesis, we found no discernible pattern to suggest which crops might be more resistant to e[CO2].
Severe Pruning of Infected Grapevines Has Limited Efficacy for Managing Pierce’s Disease

After the initial infection, bacterial plant pathogens often localize to specific tissues or within certain parts of their hosts. In such cases, it may be possible to clear the infection by removing the infected portion and retraining the plant from the base of the trunk. We tested the efficacy of severe pruning at clearing grapevine infections by Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce’s disease. We surveyed vines in six Northern California vineyards and rated them on a scale of disease severity from 0 to 3. Next, we aggressively pruned vines by removing the trunk 10 cm above the graft union and we monitored their retrained canopies over time. Although 82% (284/346) of severely pruned vines appeared disease free the following season, the prevalence of symptoms in conventionally pruned control vines suggests that more than one-third (112/324) of vines would have recovered without severe pruning—at least those with less advanced symptoms. Moreover, for five of the six vineyards, the majority of severely pruned vines showed symptoms of Pierce’s disease by the time vines were retrained, two seasons after pruning (as high as 81%, 86/106; 71% overall, 245/346). These results suggest that severe pruning does not clear X. fastidiosa infection from grapevines to an extent that would justify its adoption for disease management.
Health Care Reform in the United States

The previous chapters of the book have identified the major factors that influence the health-care delivery and policy-making systems. The impacts of environmental factors on the health-care system have been both positive and negative. On the one hand, the United States is foremost in the world in the development and deployment of advanced medical technologies and equipment. Furthermore, the standards adopted by the nation’s medical schools and health facilities far surpass, or are comparable to, those of other advanced countries.
Changes in Cerebral Hemodynamics with Head Elevation in Head-Injured Patients

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) or inadequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) are common causes of secondary brain damage in head-injured patients. In patients with elevated ICP it is a common practice to position the patient in bed with the head elevated above the heart. Kenning et al. reported that elevating the head to 45° or 90° significantly reduced ICP [1]. However, some studies suggest that head elevation may also lower the CPP. Rosner et al. have emphasized the importance of adequate CPP and have provided physiological and clinical evidence suggesting that CPP is maximal with patients in the horizontal position, even though ICP is usually higher in this position [6–9]. As the maintenance of adequate CBF is the primary rationale for maintaining adequate CPP in patients with increased ICP, we have studied the changes in CBF, as well as changes in ICP, CPP and other cerebral and systemic physiologic parameters induced by changes in head position in patients with head injury.
Rural School Psychology: Perspectives on Lessons Learned and Future Decisions.

Studies of rural school psychology have focused too heavily upon the problems and characteristics of these settings at the expense of their strengths. Interest should also be focused upon strategie...
Exponential stability for a class of boundary conditions on a Euler-Bernoulli beam subject to disturbances via boundary control

Abstract This paper outlines the procedure for applying a sliding mode backstepping boundary control technique to a Euler-Bernoulli beam subject to unknown bounded disturbances on the boundary for four different types of boundary conditions, referred to in this paper as a ‘class’ of boundary conditions. These boundary conditions include all combinations of ‘pinned’ and ‘sliding’ types with control and disturbances on one boundary, i.e. pinned-pinned, pinned-sliding, sliding-pinned, and sliding-sliding with input on the second boundary. The technique was developed for the specific case of a pinned-pinned beam in the literature, and in this paper the technique is generalized to the degree that it is possible to cover all four of the aforementioned cases. Furthermore, a proof of the fully arbitrary, exponential stability of the closed-loop system is provided in this paper; to this point only asymptotic stability was shown for the closed-loop system for one case. The technique outlined in this paper provides, for a class of boundary conditions, a controller that exponentially stabilizes the vibrations in a beam in the presence of bounded unknown disturbances. The beam displacement returns to the origin and its decay is bounded by a known exponential decay function after a known finite-time reaching phase.
Electrochemical characterization of aromatic corrosion inhibitors from plant extracts

Abstract Plant extracts have been regarded as “green” alternatives as inhibitors for metal corrosion prevention and mitigation. Therefore, understanding the electrochemical properties and the reaction mechanisms of the electro-active compounds from the plant extracts is necessary to further explore the mechanism and application of the plant extract-based additives for corrosion prevention and mitigation. Among different plant derived chemicals, aromatic compounds are among the most effective for corrosion inhibition and mitigation. Thus, the electrochemical properties of seven aromatic active compounds from the plant extracts – caffeic acid, thymol (2‑isopropyl‑5‑methylphenol, IPMP), gallic acid (3,4,5‑trihydroxybenzoic acid), tannic acid, lawsone (2‑hydroxy‑1,4‑naphthoquinone), wedelolactone, and ellagic acid are studied using multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy‑carbon electrode, and reported to enhance the fundamental understanding of their redox behavior at different environmental pH conditions.
Molecular Assessment of Bone Marrow Transplant Engraftment

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been used to treat a wide variety of inherited diseases, including hemoglo-binopathies, immunodeficiencies, autoimmunities and lysoso-mal storage diseases, as well as acquired diseases such as hematologic and solid tumors (1). Improvements in transplant protocols and the development of more effective immunosup-pressive agents have both contributed to an increased use of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Advances in the methodology used to monitor bone marrow transplant engraft-ment status have contributed to the clinical utility of the information provided by molecular assessment. Turnaround time for molecular engraftment studies has decreased from weeks to days, providing clinicians with the opportunity to include the results into their decisions regarding treatment. In addition to rapid availability of results, quantitative measurements can be used to evaluate graft status at any given time and to monitor changes over time. Increased sensitivity of molecular engraft-ment studies can provide the earliest indication of graft rejection or disease recurrence, allowing for faster clinical intervention using means such as donor lymphocyte infusion, immunosuppressive agent modification, additional drug or radiation therapy, and consideration of a second transplant (1).
Why do nations produce science advances and new technology

Abstract One of the interesting questions in the field of social sciences is to explain why nations produce science advances and new technology that generate economic and social change. This paper endeavors to clarify some drivers of science and technology (S&T) of nations. The thesis of this paper is that nations produce science advances and new technology to endorse a socio economic power and leadership directed to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with environmental threats in competitive settings. In general, science advances and new technology are due to organized social and economic efforts of nations to achieve breakthroughs directed to support national interests of institutions and wellbeing of population. In particular, the production of science advances and new technology is driven by individuals, which have the natural tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, to explore, to learn and to achieve goals within efficient organizations in line with national interests. Preliminary empirical evidence here seems to support the factors underlying motivations of nations to produce science advances and new technology in society. Overall, then this paper may form a ground work for development of more sophisticated studies and theoretical frameworks that explain the drivers of S&T in society.
THE NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTH CARE PRIOR TO DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT Development of medical applications using modern technologies to new therapeutic modalities has often proceeded without adequate consideration as to their trans-portibity. For example, laminar flow patient rooms for the treatment of leukemia have been developed at great expense and effort which, although useful, have not been introducable into the general health care delivery system. The renewed interest in whole body hyperthermia for the treatment of cancer provides an opportunity for a systematic comparison of alternatives prior to the commitment of major resources in a medical center. Systems currently under development around the world are compared and their potential impact on general health delivery analyzed. It is suggested that although different methods of providing hyperthermia may be equally efficacious therapeutically, there are distinct differences with regard to ease and convenience of administration, ie., hospitalization time, personnel time, cost, and space commitment. It is concluded that a hyperthermia system which potentially minimizes these variables deserves special research effort. The projected developmental plan for a favored hyperthermia system is presented.
Abstract P3030: Lower 24- Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion is Associated With Hypertension Control: The 2010 Heart Follow-Up Study

Background: Among individuals with hypertension (HTN), controlling high blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk for cardiovascular events and death. Reducing dietary sodium can help achieve BP control...
FDA Approval Summary: Tagraxofusp-erzs For Treatment of Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm.

Tagraxofusp-erzs (Elzonris, Stemline) is a cytotoxin that targets CD123-expressing cells. On December 21, 2018, FDA approved tagraxofusp-erzs for the treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (BPDCN) in adult and pediatric patients 2 years and older. Approval was based on the response rate in a single-arm trial, Study STML-401-0114; the pivotal cohort included 13 patients with treatment-naive BPDCN who received tagraxofusp-erzs monotherapy. The complete response or clinical complete response (CR/CRc) rate in the pivotal cohort was 54% (95% CI: 25%-81%), and the median duration of CR/CRc was not reached with a median follow-up of 11.5 months (range: 0.2-12.7). In a separate exploratory cohort, a CR/CRc was achieved by 2 (13%) patients with R/R BPDCN. Safety was assessed in 94 patients with myeloid neoplasms treated with tagraxofusp-erzs at the approved dose and schedule. The major toxicity was capillary leak syndrome (CLS), which occurred in 55% of patients and was fatal in 2%. Hepatotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 88% and 46% of patients, respectively. Other common (≥30%) adverse reactions were nausea, fatigue, peripheral edema, pyrexia, and weight increase. A high proportion of patients (85%) developed neutralizing antidrug antibodies. Tagraxofusp-erzs is the first FDA-approved treatment for BPDCN.
Sickle Cell Disease Is Associated with Reduced Adenosine Deaminase Catalytic Activity, Resulting in Altered Adenosine Metabolism

Abstract Abstract 1078 Sickle cell disease (SCD), a chronic hemolytic anemia due to a mutant beta-globin, is associated with prominent inflammatory features with elevated levels of inflammation mediating molecules and an oxidative state, with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, elevated levels of adenosine (Ado) have recently been shown to play a role in exacerbating sickle cell pathophysiology. However, the etiology of increased Ado is unclear; and presumed to occur secondary to increased ATP release from cellular damage (Xu et al, Nature Medicine, 2010). Herein, we show that increased levels of Ado in the plasma of patients with SCD and the mouse model of SCD [Berkeley sickle (SS) mice] were accompanied by significantly reduced catalytic activity of the Ado degrading enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA) in sickle red blood cell (RBCs). ADA activity in Berkeley sickle (SS) RBCs was 246 ± 50 U/L as compared to 570 ± 36 U/L in normal mouse RBCs (derived from Berkeley AA/WT mice), as measured by a color-based enzymatic assay. Notably, despite lower enzyme activity of ADA, immunoblotting assays showed that the levels of ADA protein in sickle RBC were similar, or even slightly higher compared to that in wild type (WT) RBC, suggesting that ADA catalytic activity was impaired in sickle RBCs. In vitro plasma swap experiments, where WT RBC are incubated with sickle plasma and vice versa for an hour, revealed that sickle plasma induced a significant decrease in ADA activity in WT RBC, suggesting that plasma from sickle mice contains a soluble factor that is capable of impairing ADA enzyme activity. Interestingly enough, the decrease in ADA activity correlated inversely with the levels of intracellular RBC ROS in sickle mice. Next we directly assess in vivo the effect of induced oxidative stress on RBC ADA activity in sickle mice by injecting sickle mice with 35umoles/Kg body weight of hemin and saline respectively. Preliminary data suggests a decrease in RBC ADA activity in hemin–injected mice (294 ± 197 U/L) compared to the saline-injected group (346 ± 185.8 U/L), and this data was consistent with a concomitant increase in intracellular RBC and white blood cells ROS levels. We conclude that increase in oxidative stress levels mediates a post translational alteration of ADA catalytic activity and alters Ado metabolism in SCD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Optimal approximate conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios

Odds ratios approximate risk ratios when the outcome under consideration is rare but can diverge substantially from risk ratios when the outcome is common. In this paper, we derive optimal analytic conversions of odds ratios and hazard ratios to risk ratios that are minimax for the bias ratio when outcome probabilities are specified to fall in any fixed interval. The results for hazard ratios are derived under a proportional hazard assumption for the exposure. For outcome probabilities specified to lie in symmetric intervals centered around 0.5, it is shown that the square-root transformation of the odds ratio is the optimal minimax conversion for the risk ratio. General results for any nonsymmetric interval are given both for odds ratio and for hazard ratio conversions. The results are principally useful when odds ratios or hazard ratios are reported in papers, and the reader does not have access to the data or to information about the overall outcome prevalence.
Investigation of Vulnerabilities on Smart Grid End Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) are paradigm shift transforming embedded objects into a smart connected device, ready to sense, analyze and communicate information with other devices. Nowadays, IoT devices are widely used in smart home systems and smart grid systems at a high level of integration and automation. However, the increasing tendency of the smart device also leads to a problem of security. The recent exploitations of the connected smart devices' vulnerabilities reinforce the importance of security implementation and integration at the system level. In this work, we propose some use cases to show the vulnerability of the smart bulb to different attacks.
Changes in Cigarettes per Day and Biomarkers of Exposure Among US Adult Smokers in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Waves 1 and 2 (2013-2015).

Introduction Some studies have found some reduction in tobacco exposure and tobacco-related disease risk with decreased numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), but biomarker of exposure estimates by change in CPD are generally unavailable for the US population. Methods We analyzed biomarker of exposure data by smoking status from over 1100 adult exclusive daily cigarette smokers in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study who were either exclusive daily smokers or had quit tobacco use entirely at Wave 2. Wave 1 smoking categories consisted of "very light" (1-4 CPD), "light" (5-9 CPD), "moderate" (10-19 CPD), and "heavy" (20+ CPD), and Wave 2 categories were "quitters" (stopped smoking entirely), exclusive cigarette "reducers" (CPD decreased ≥ 50%), "maintainers" (CPD within 50%-150% of Wave 1 value), and "increasers" (CPD increased ≥ 50%). Results Complete quitters had significantly lower levels of TNE-2, NNAL, NNN, 2-Fluorene, HPMA, CYMA, and MHB3 at Wave 2 for all Wave 1 CPD categories, and decreases were often large. Moderate "reducers" had lower levels of NNAL and 1-Hydroxypyrene at Wave 2, and heavy "reducers" had lower levels of NNAL, 2-Fluorene, and MHB3. Light "increasers" had higher levels of TNE-2, NNAL, 2-Fluorene, CYMA, and cadmium at Wave 2, and heavy "increasers" had higher levels of NNAL and HPMA. Conclusions Smoking "reducers" and "increasers" had changes in some biomarker of tobacco exposure levels, but reductions were much greater and more consistent for complete quitters. Implications PATH longitudinal cohort study data show that some exclusive daily cigarette smokers increase or decrease CPD over time. These differences may result in moderate changes in the levels of some biomarkers such as NNAL. Even so, however, reductions in biomarker levels are much greater with complete smoking cessation.
Assessment of Conflicts of Interest in Studies of Breast Implants and Breast Implant Mesh

BACKGROUND With increased collaboration between surgeons and industry, there has been a push towards improving transparency of conflicts of interest (COI). METHODS A literature search identified all articles published between 2016 - 2018 involving breast implants/implantable mesh from three major United States plastic surgery journals. Industry payment data from 8 breast implant/implantable mesh companies was collected using the CMS Open Payments database. COI discrepancies were identified by comparing author declaration statements with payments >$100.00 found for the year of publication and year prior. Risk factors for discrepancy were determined at study and author levels. RESULTS A total of 162 studies (548 authors) were identified. 126 (78%) studies had at least one author receive undisclosed payments. 295 (54%) authors received undisclosed payments. Comparative studies were significantly more likely to have COI discrepancy than non- comparative studies (83% vs 69%, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed no association between COI discrepancy and final product recommendation. Authors who accurately disclosed payments received higher payments compared to authors who did not accurately disclose payments (median $40,349 IQR 7278-190,413 vs median $1300 IQR 429-11,1544, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The majority of breast implant-based studies had undisclosed COIs. Comparative studies were more likely to have COI discrepancy. Authors who accurately disclosed COIs received higher payments than authors with discrepancies. This study highlights the need for increased efforts to improve the transparency of industry sponsorship for breast implant-based studies.
The New Atlantic Order: The Transformation of International Politics, 1860–1933

This magisterial new history elucidates a momentous transformation process that changed the world: the struggle to create, for the first time, a modern Atlantic order in the long twentieth century (1860–2020). Placing it in a broader historical and global context, Patrick O. Cohrs reinterprets the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 as the original attempt to supersede the Eurocentric 'world order' of the age of imperialism and found a more legitimate peace system – a system that could not yet be global but had to be essentially transatlantic. Yet he also sheds new light on why, despite remarkable learning-processes, it proved impossible to forge a durable Atlantic peace after a First World War that became the long twentieth century's cathartic catastrophe. In a broader perspective this ground-breaking study shows what a decisive impact this epochal struggle has had not only for modern conceptions of peace, collective security and an integrative, rule-based international order but also for formative ideas of self-determination, liberal-democratic government and the West.
ACE2 : S1 RBD Interaction-Targeted Peptides and Small Molecules as Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics.

The COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019 continues with new challenges arising due to antigenic drift as well as individuals who cannot or choose not to take the vaccine. There is therefore an urgent need for additional therapies that complement vaccines and approved therapies such as antibodies in the fight to end or slow down the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 initiates invasion of the human target cell through direct contact between the receptor-binding domain of its Spike protein and its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). The ACE2 and S1 RBD interaction, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic intervention to prevent viral entry and spread. In this study, we developed a proximity-based AlphaScreen™ assay that can be utilized to quickly and efficiently screen for inhibitors that perturb the ACE2 : S1 RBD interaction. We then designed several peptides candidates from motifs in ACE2 and S1 RBD that play critical roles in the interaction, with and without modifications to the native sequences. We also assessed the possibility of reprofiling of candidate small molecules that previously have been shown to interfere with the viral entry of SARS-CoV. Using our optimized AlphaScreen™ assay, we evaluated the activity and specificity of these peptides and small molecules in inhibiting the binding of ACE2 : S1 RBD. This screen identified cepharanthine as a promising candidate for development as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor.
Genetic, Maternal, and Environmental Influences on Social Development in Rhesus Monkeys

Interest in the development of social behavior by young primates has generated considerable research effort over the past two decades. Social ontogeny has been studied in many primate species, both in the laboratory and in feral settings, and among the different primates perhaps the most thorough ontogenic data base exists for macaques, especially rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta). As a result, we presently know a great deal about how these monkeys develop socially in a variety of different rearing environments.
Construction of a Reach‐to‐Grasp

Reaching out to grasp an object requires the coordinated action of many different areas of the brain. Each area probably makes a unique contribution to the control of limb movement. We have studied the discharge of interpositus, the output nucleus of intermediate cerebellum, and magnocellular red nucleus, which connects interpositus to the spinal cord. The neurons in these areas discharge at high rates only if a hand movement is included with the reach, and discharge pattern is similar regardless of reach direction. Therefore, interpositus and magnocellular red nucleus are involved primarily in grasp control during the reach-to-grasp; other areas must be controlling the reach. Several other areas of the brain, including the reticular formation, rostral mesencephalon, superior colliculus and motor cortex, are active during reaching. The output from these descending systems converges on interneurons at spinal level C1 and C2 which, in turn, project to level C6, where motor neurons innervating shoulder muscles are located. We hypothesize that reach control is achieved by the convergence of multiple descending pathways onto a complex spinal interneuronal system.
Coenzyme analogs. II. Photochemical inactivation of reducd thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Abstract 1. 1. Reduced thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide was inactivated by exposure to visible light. The dinucleotide photoproduct was a competitive inhibitor of dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of NADH. 2. 2. The photochemical reaction appeared to take place in two consecutive steps resulting in the formation of a single final product. 3. 3. Amperometric titration of reduced thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide demonstrated that the thiocarbonyl group was not as readily available for complexation with silver ions as in 1-methyl-1,4-dihydrothionicotinamide.