cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of comprehensive interventions for substance abuse: Focus on victimization

Violence victimization is common among men and women who use substances and is associated with co-occurring health issues such as PTSD, depression and HIV. Substance use interventions, therefore, should include integrated components that are designed to address co-occurring health issues among victimized substance-using individuals. This systematic review synthesized the evidence on efficacy of comprehensive, integrated, multicomponent interventions for victimized substance-using individuals. The efficacy of integrated multicomponent intervention strategies was assessed for the following syndemic conditions: mental health, substance misuse, violence, and HIV risk. Seventeen studies were identified. Examples of effective components were empowerment strategies for violence, mindfulness-based stress reduction for mental health, social cognitive skill building for addressing HIV risk and psychoeducation for substance misuse. Although in this review, some components were found to be effective, we identified methodological limitations of included studies which calls for more rigorous research in this area. Further, there is lack of evidence base for multicomponent interventions for victimized substance-using individuals in developing countries. Additional studies are needed to establish rigorous evidence base for multicomponent interventions for victimized substance using individuals that help them cope effectively with their trauma of violence and address their needs.
Mobile Coverage and its Impact on Digital Financial Services

Digital Financial Services (DFS) is a relatively recent mobile-centric financial inclusion innovation in developing. Using ubiquitous mobile phones as the means of service access (primarily through 2G narrowband services, with broadband 3G and 4G potentially available). DFS provides the unbanked and underserved - many of whom live in rural areas - with access to basic financial services provided by banks and nonbanks such as mobile network operators and third party DFS providers (DFSPs). This paper takes an extensive look at how mobile coverage impacts provision of DFS in developing countries.
Incisional Hernias After Major Abdominal Operations: Analysis Within a Large Health Care System.

Abstract Background This will be the largest multi-institutional study looking at incidence of and duration to symptomatic hernia formation for major abdominal operations separated by malignant and benign disease process. Methods An IRB-approved retrospective study within the MedStar Hospital database was conducted, incorporating all isolated colectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy procedures between the years 2002 and 2016. All patients were identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for relevant procedures, and then separated based on malignant or benign etiology. The rate of symptomatic incisional hernia rates was determined for each cohort based on subsequent hernia procedural codes identified. Results During this 15-year span, a total of 6448 major abdominal operations were performed at all 10 institutions, comprising 3835 colectomies, 1122 hepatectomies, 1165 pancreatectomies, and 326 gastrectomies. Total incidence of symptomatic incisional hernia occurrence requiring repair was 325 (5.0%). Separated by group, the overall incisional hernia repair rates for patients undergoing colectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, and gastrectomy are as follows, respectively: 6.4% (247), 2.5% (28), 3.6% (42), and 2.8% (9), P Conclusions Symptomatic incisional hernia repair rates after major gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary surgery range from 2.1% to 6.4%. There was no significant increase in hernia rates in patients undergoing surgery for malignancy.
Rapid report on estimating incidence from cross-sectional data.

Abstract Purpose In prospective cohort studies, incidence is typically estimated by the ratio of the observed number of events to person-time at risk. This crude estimator is consistent for the true population incidence rate (IR) under mild assumptions. Here we consider a different setting where only cross-sectional data are available, that is, at a single time point, participants are evaluated to identify whether they have previously had the event of interest. Methods Unlike the prospective cohort data setting, for cross-sectional data, the crude IR estimator is biased. Instead, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) may be used. Although the MLE does not have a simple closed form, it is consistent and easy to compute using statistical software. To compare the bias of the MLE and the crude estimator, a simulation was conducted. Results The crude estimator underestimated the true incidence, whereas the MLE was approximately unbiased. In general, bias of the crude estimator tended to be roughly one to two orders of magnitude larger (in absolute value) than the MLE. Conclusions Under cross-sectional data with exact event times unknown, the MLE of the IR is straightforward to calculate, more accurate than the crude IR estimator, and consistent provided the hazard is constant.
Towards an understanding of neurophysiological self‐regulation in early childhood: A heuristic and a new approach

Self-regulation in early childhood encompasses both "top down," volitional processes, as well as the "bottom up" activity of three neurophysiological systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this paper we briefly review the structure, function, and early development of each of these systems and then explain why neurophysiological self-regulation is most accurately defined as a function of their joint activity. We note that while there are a number of predictive models that employ this definition, the field would benefit from a straightforward heuristic and aligned methods of visualization and analysis. We then present one such heuristic, which we call neurophysiological space, and outline how it may facilitate a new, collaborative approach to building a better understanding of self-regulation in early childhood. We conclude with a presentation of early education as one setting in which our heuristic and methods could be applied.
Morality as an Evolutionary Exaptation

The dominant theory of the evolution of moral cognition across a variety of fields is that moral cognition is a biological adaptation to foster social cooperation. This chapter argues, to the contrary, that moral cognition is likely an evolutionary exaptation: a form of cognition where neurobiological capacities selected for in our evolutionary history for a variety of different reasons—many unrelated to social cooperation—were put to a new, prosocial use after the fact through individual rationality, learning, and the development and transmission of social norms. This chapter begins with a brief overview of the emerging behavioral neuroscience of moral cognition. It then outlines a novel theory of moral cognition that I have previously argued explains these findings better than alternatives. Finally, it shows how the evidence for this theory of moral cognition and human evolutionary history together suggest that moral cognition is likely not a biological adaptation. Instead, like reading sheet music or riding a bicycle, moral cognition is something that individuals learn to do—in this case, in response to sociocultural norms created in our ancestral history and passed down through the ages to enable cooperative living.
Biological electron transport: I. Imidazole pump model of electron transport: a group transfer model

Abstract The problem of biological electron transport is approached from the vantage point of the criteria favoring rapid electron transfer rates and the chemical nature of the biological carriers implicated in the cytochrome chain. As cytochrome oxidation and reduction rates are fast it is found germane to determine what limitations the criteria for rapid rates set on mechanism and to construct a model within these confines. It is proposed that a group transfer mechanism be considered employing the ligands in the fifth and sixth coordination positions of iron porphyrin systems, in particular, that the oxidation and reduction of cytochromes with coordinated imidazoles be achieved by group transfer of the imidazole making use of the unique symmetry properties of that molecule in concert with the acceptor and donor properties of the covalent ferri-and ferro-porphyrins, respectively. This is to be distinguished from conduction through the π system of imidazole which does not depend on the cyclic attachment and detachment of the bridging species. An immediate consequence of the imidazole pump model is that of univalent changes in the oxidative states of the iron while effecting electron-pair transfers. This provides an answer for the dilemma of univalent changes in the oxidative states of iron yet passage of a pair of electrons for each coupling event. The basic model is characterized as to its rate limiting processes. It is further shown that it can be treated as an electron-pair flux system using familiar flux equations which may prove to be a relatively simple description of the electron transport chain.
CD4+ T Cells Target Epitopes Residing within the RNA-Binding Domain of the U1-70-kDa Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Autoantigen and Have Restricted TCR Diversity in an HLA-DR4-Transgenic Murine Model of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic autoimmune disease with significant morbidity and premature mortality of unknown pathogenesis. In the present study, we characterized U1-70-kDa small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (70-kDa) autoantigen-specific T cells in a new murine model of MCTD. These studies defined 70-kDa-reactive T cell Ag fine specificities and TCR gene usage in this model. Similar to patients with MCTD, CD4 + T cells can be readily identified from 70-kDa/U1-RNA-immunized HLA-DR4-transgenic mice. Using both freshly isolated CD4 + T cells from spleen and lung, and T cell lines, we found that the majority of these T cells were directed against antigenic peptides residing within the RNA-binding domain of 70 kDa. We also found that TCR-β (TRB) V usage was highly restricted among 70-kDa-reactive T cells, which selectively used TRBV subgroups 1, 2, 6, 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3, and that the TRB CDR3 had conserved sequence motifs which were shared across different TRBV subgroups. Finally, we found that the TRBV and CDR3 regions used by both murine and human 70-kDa-specific CD4 + T cells were homologous. Thus, T cell recognition of the 70-kDa autoantigen by HLA-DR4-transgenic mice is focused on a limited number of T cell epitopes residing primarily within the RBD of the molecule, using a restricted number of TRBV and CDR3 motifs that are homologous to T cells isolated from MCTD patients.
Distant pseudomeningoceles of the ventral skull base: a report of 2 cases.

Background The objective of this case series was to report what is to the best of our knowledge the first reports of nasopharyngeal and soft palate pseudomeningoceles tracking submucosally from the sphenoid sinus. Methods Analysis of cases through medical records. Results Two cases of middle-aged male patients presented to our tertiary care university teaching hospital for recurrent meningitis and a history of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. Both were found to have pseudomeningoceles distant from the sphenoid sinus. One was tracking to the mucosa of the Eustachian tube, and the other to the dorsum of the soft palate. Both were found to be tracking submucosally from the sphenoid sinus, to the vidian canal, to the lateral nasopharyngeal wall, to their respective locations at the Eustachian tube and dorsum of the soft palate. CSF closure was performed with a transnasal endoscopic repair using the pedicled nasoseptal flap for 1 patient and Alloderm for the other, both with successful cessation of CSF rhinorrhea. Conclusion We present these cases of distant spontaneous CSF leaks. We review the literature and discuss case management.
The energetic storm particle event of October 20, 1989

[1] The energetic storm particle event of October 20, 1989 has often been cited as an example of high-energy (≳500 MeV) proton acceleration by CME-driven shocks near 1 AU. We examine high-time resolution solar wind and magnetic field data from the IMP-8 spacecraft and energetic particle data from the IMP-8 and GOES-7 spacecraft. We show that the high-energy particle population in this event is not a locally shock-accelerated population, but rather a population of particles confined to a plasma structure with depressed magnetic field and solar wind density. This structure was bounded by enhanced densities and strong magnetic fields. Energetic protons within this structure supplied the pressure needed to prevent the structure from collapsing. The intensity and evolution of this energetic storm particle event were shaped mainly by this spatial structure rather than by the CME-driven shocks.
Design and operation of an S-band traveling-wave diode parametric amplifier

This paper presents the theoretical and experimental aspects of the design and operation of an S-band traveling-wave diode parametric amplifier. Design principles were obtained by employing a coupled-mode approach, which is similar to that used in traveling-wave tube design. This theoretical approach is illustrated by deriving the gain formula for the amplifier. Other results of this theoretical investigation are briefly discussed and listed in Table I. In the light of these design requirements an amplifier was designed which possesses the following performance characteristics: Frequency range (megacycles): 3240 - 3400 Forward gain/diode (decibels): \sim1.0 Pump power (milliwatts for four diodes): 400 Pump frequency (megacycles): 6600 Reverse loss/diode (decibels): \sim0. 25 The problems involved in the design of the amplifier are discussed in the second section of the paper.
Lattice Boltzmann methods applied to large‐scale three‐dimensional virtual cores constructed from digital optical borehole images of the karst carbonate Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida

Digital optical borehole images at approximately 2 mm vertical resolution and borehole caliper data were used to create three-dimensional renderings of the distribution of (1) matrix porosity and (2) vuggy megaporosity for the karst carbonate Biscayne aquifer in southeastern Florida. The renderings based on the borehole data were used as input into Lattice Boltzmann methods to obtain intrinsic permeability estimates for this extremely transmissive aquifer, where traditional aquifer test methods may fail due to very small drawdowns and non-Darcian flow that can reduce apparent hydraulic conductivity. Variogram analysis of the borehole data suggests a nearly isotropic rock structure at lag lengths up to the nominal borehole diameter. A strong correlation between the diameter of the borehole and the presence of vuggy megaporosity in the data set led to a bias in the variogram where the computed horizontal spatial autocorrelation is strong at lag distances greater than the nominal borehole size. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of flow across a 0.4 × 0.4 × 17 m (2.72 m3 volume) parallel-walled column of rendered matrix and vuggy megaporosity indicates a high hydraulic conductivity of 53 m s−1. This value is similar to previous Lattice Boltzmann calculations of hydraulic conductivity in smaller limestone samples of the Biscayne aquifer. The development of simulation methods that reproduce dual-porosity systems with higher resolution and fidelity and that consider flow through horizontally longer renderings could provide improved estimates of the hydraulic conductivity and help to address questions about the importance of scale.
A 1H-NMR study of isolated domains from human plasminogen Structural homology between kringles 1 and 4

Kringles 1 and 4 from human plasminogen are polypeptide domains of Mr∼ 10000 each of which can be isolated by proteolysis of the zymogen. They have been studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy at 300 MHz and 600 MHz. The spectra, characteristic of globular structures, show striking analogies that point to a close conformational relatedness among the two kringles, consistent with their high degree of amino acid conservancy and homology. The interaction of both kringles with p-benzylaminesulfonic acid (BASA), an antifibrinolytic drug that binds to a lysinebinding site, results in better resolved, narrower lines for both spectra. Aromatic and methyl-region spectra of BASA complexes of kringles 1 and 4 were compared and the latter was studied by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the CH3 multiplets in terms of their resonance patterns, and the amino acid compositions and sequences of the two kringles, leads to the identification of most signals and to some assignments. In particular, a doublet at-1 ppm, exhibited by both kringles and also found in reported proton spectra of homologous bovine prothrombin fragments, has been assigned to Leu46, a residue that is conserved in all of the kringles studied to date by 1H-NMR. Since this resonance is somewhat more sensitive to BASA than other methyl signals, it is likely that Leu46 is proximal to the lysine-binding site. Nuclear Overhauser experiments reveal that Leu46 is surrounded by a cluster of closely interacting hydrophobic and aromatic side chains. Kringle 4 was also compared with a derivative chemically modified at Trp72 with dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide. As judged from the proton spectra, the modified kringle 4 retains globularity and is perturbed mainly in the aromatic region, in analogy to that which is observed for the unmodified kringle upon BASA binding. Furthermore, although previous studies have indicated no retention of the modified kringle by lysine-Sepharose, the NMR studies point to a definite interaction between BASA and the kringle derivative. The spectroscopic data also suggest that the His31 imidazole is not significantly affected by the ligand and that the lysine-binding site is structured mostly by hydrophobic side chains, including Trp72 in the case of kringle 4, and probably Tyr72 in kringle 1.
Minimizing performance overhead in memory encryption

Modern communications devices process, distribute and store massive amounts of data compared to only a few years ago. These devices can contain very sensitive information. In addition, they are used in uncontrolled, open environments where they can be lost or compromised. The communications channels are protected using encryption technologies, but the internal data-at-rest is often not secured in any way. If the device is lost or stolen while in service, a motivated adversary could attempt to compromise the unprotected internal data. This paper presents a keystream caching methodology and architecture for encrypting/decrypting program code and data in real-time during each access within CPU’s system memory. A prototype was developed for the Cyclone III FPGA using a Nios II processor, the 256-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher operating in a counter mode, and low latency off-chip SRAM memory. Various applications were used to benchmark the performance overhead of the method. The results show that this can be achieved while incurring as little as 1 % performance overhead.
Multiple Changepoint Detection via Genetic Algorithms

AbstractThis paper studies genetic algorithms as a means of estimating the number of changepoints and their locations in a climatic time series. Such methods bypass classic subsegmentation algorithms, which sometimes yield suboptimal conclusions. Minimum description length techniques are introduced. These techniques require optimizing an objective function over all possible changepoint numbers and location times. The general objective functions allow for correlated data, reference station aspects, and/or nonnormal marginal distributions, all common features of climate time series. As an exhaustive evaluation of all changepoint configurations is not possible, the optimization is accomplished via a genetic algorithm that randomly walks through a subset of good models in an intelligent manner. The methods are applied in the analysis of 173 yr of annual precipitation measurements from New Bedford, Massachusetts, and the North Atlantic basin tropical cyclone record.
Endothelium removal augments vasodilation by sodium nitroprusside and sodium nitrite.

Abstract Sodium nitroprusside (3–100 nM) and sodium nitrite (0.03–1 mM) caused relaxation of the rat aortic ring segments precontracted by norepinephrine. The relaxation wassignificantly augmented by removal of endothelium, and this augmentation was greater in the aorta from spotaneoously hypertensive rats (SHR) than Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). The mechanismsremains unknown but such augmentation may be clinically favorable to the use of nitrovasodilators.
The level structure of 184W FROM THE β− decay of 184Ta

Abstract Levels of 184 W populated in the decay of 8.7 h 184 Ta have been studied by a variety of experimental techniques. As a result of β and γ-ray energy and intensity determinations and extensive β-γ and γ-γ coincidence measurements, a detailed 184 Ta decay scheme accommodating more than 99.5% of the decay intensity has been established. Intense β-ray groups of end-point energies 1165±26 and 1123±26 keV populate levels in 184 W at 1699 and 1746 keV, which de-excite predominantly to the 8.3 μs isomeric level at 1285 keV, recently identified as the 1 2 − [510]ν− 11 2 + [615]ν K π = 5 − band origin. The 1699 keV level also de-excites to members of a 1 2 − [510]ν− 7 2 [503]ν K π = 3 + band based at 1425 keV. New information about the properties of the γ-vibrational and K = 2 octupole bands in 184 W is presented and the possible configurations of the levels directly populated in the β − decay are discussed. The configuration 7 2 + [404]π − 3 2 − [512]ν K π = 5 − is indicated for the 184 Ta ground state.
P38 MAP Kinase Activity Is Correlated With Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker–Induced Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats

Abstract Background Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker L-158,809 (ARB) induces reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. However, the signaling mechanism that mediates ARB-induced reverse LV remodeling remains unclear. The present study was to determine if changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, including ERK, JNK, and p38) signaling correlate with ARB-elicited reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in SHHF rats. Methods and Results In 1 set of experiments, 5-month-old lean female SHHF rats were treated with L-158,809 (ARB) or the vasodilator hydralazine (HYD) for 1 month, respectively. In a second set of experiments, 5-month-old SHHF rats were treated with ARB for 6 months or 1 month and then with HYD for 5 months. Either ARB or HYD normalized left ventricular end systolic pressure in SHHF rats relative to normotensive control Wistar Furth (WF) rats at both 6 and 11 months of age, but only ARB reduced heart-to-body weight ratio in SHHF rats to control level. Western blot analysis showed that cardiac p38 MAPK activity was markedly increased in 6-month-old SHHF rats, but dramatically reduced in 11-month-old SHHF rats compared with WF rats, as indicated by the levels of phosphorylated form of p38. The alterations in p38 activity were completely reversed by ARB treatment but not by HYD treatment. Conclusion ARB restored normal cardiac p38 activity, which coincided with ARB-induced reverse LV remodeling in SHHF rats, suggesting a strong correlation between p38 signaling and cardiac remodeling.
Timbre Perception of Brief Tones

Subjects were asked to listen to short tones of decreasing duration. The durational value at which the first sign of timbre change occurred was recorded for each tone. These values were found to vary with tone frequencies but not with intensity levels, and they did not indicate any certain fixed number of oscillations. Although individual subjects were consistent at their own perceptual task, great deviation was found across subjects.
Signal identification and evaluation for risk of febrile seizures in children following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project, 2010–2011

In fall 2010 in the southern hemisphere, an increased risk of febrile seizures was noted in young children in Australia in the 24 h after receipt of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) manufactured by CSL Biotherapies. Although the CSL TIV vaccine was not recommended for use in young children in the US, during the 2010-2011 influenza season near real-time surveillance was conducted for febrile seizures in the 0-1 days following first dose TIV in a cohort of 206,174 vaccinated children ages 6 through 59 months in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project. On a weekly basis, surveillance was conducted with the primary approach of a self-controlled risk interval design and the secondary approach of a current vs. historical vaccinee design. Sequential statistical methods were employed to account for repeated analyses of accumulating data. Signals for seizures based on computerized data were identified in mid November 2010 using a current vs. historical design and in late December 2010 using a self-controlled risk interval design. Further signal evaluation was conducted with chart-confirmed febrile seizure cases using only data from the primary approach (i.e. self-controlled risk interval design). The magnitude of the incidence rate ratio and risk difference comparing risk of seizures in the 0-1 days vs. 14-20 days following TIV differed by receipt of concomitant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Among children 6-59 months of age, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for TIV adjusted for concomitant PCV13 was 2.4 (95% CI 1.2, 4.7) while the IRR for PCV13 adjusted for concomitant TIV was 2.5 (95% CI 1.3, 4.7). The IRR for concomitant TIV and PCV13 was 5.9 (95% CI 3.1, 11.3). Risk difference estimates varied by age due to the varying baseline risk for seizures in young children, with the highest estimates occurring at 16 months (12.5 per 100,000 doses for TIV without concomitant PCV13, 13.7 per 100,000 doses for PCV13 without concomitant TIV, and 44.9 per 100,000 doses for concomitant TIV and PCV13) and the lowest estimates occurring at 59 months (1.1 per 100,000 doses for TIV without concomitant PCV13, 1.2 per 100,000 doses for PCV13 without concomitant TIV, and 4.0 per 100,000 doses for concomitant TIV and PCV13). Incidence rate ratio and risk difference estimates were lower for children receiving TIV without concomitant PCV13 or PCV13 without concomitant TIV. Because of the importance of preventing influenza and pneumococcal infections and associated complications, our findings should be placed in a benefit-risk framework to ensure that population health benefits are maximized.
Learning in honeybees as a function of amount of reward: control of delay.

Six experiments on learning in honeybees were prompted by the possibility that results previously attributed to a difference in amount of reward (20- versus 5-μl drops of sucrose solution presented on colored targets) might be due at least in part to a difference in delay of reward attendant on greater difficulty in locating the 5-μ1 drops. Substantial reduction in the diameter of the targets, which was designed to facilitate location of the drops, impaired discrimination of the colors, perhaps because their salience was reduced in the process (Experiment 3). White dots used to mark the location of the drops on larger targets also impaired discrimination of the colors, which presumably were overshadowed by the dots (Experiments 1, 2, and 4). That the dots did not serve merely to equate delay but were themselves discriminated was demonstrated in Experiment 5, which produced as well the first indication of an effect of amount of reward uncontaminated by the possibility of differential delay: Animals trained with a 5-μl drop on a dotted target of one color and a drop of the same size on an undotted target of a second color preferred the dotted target, but animals trained with a 5-μl drop on a dotted target of one color and a 20-μl drop on an undotted target of a second color preferred the undotted target. In Experiment 6, with odors substituted for the colors on the assumption that they were less likely to be overshadowed by the dots, what could be interpreted as a pure amount effect was found again. Aside from their relevance to questions about the role of amount of reward, the results have some interesting implications for the theory of discriminative learning in honeybees.
Reducing the effect of mobility on TCP by making route caches quickly adapt to topology changes

TCP performance is adversely affected by frequent route failures due to mobility in mobile ad hoc networks. Most of the recent attempts to improve TCP performance focused on transport layer mechanisms and several modifications to TCP were proposed to prevent it from invoking congestion control for packet losses caused by route failures. We present a new approach to improve TCP performance at the network layer: reducing route failures by making route caches in on-demand routing protocols adapt to topology changes quickly and efficiently. The route cache in on-demand routing protocols is used for routing decisions, however, due to frequent topology changes, cached routes easily become stale, seriously degrading TCP throughput. In our prior work, we proposed a distributed adaptive cache update algorithm to address the cache staleness issue in the dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), an important on-demand routing protocol. In this paper, we investigate the impact of this algorithm on TCP performance, without any modification to TCP. We show through detailed simulations that this algorithm significantly improves TCP throughput and reduces normalized routing overhead. We conclude that it is important to make route caches reflect topology changes quickly so that the effect of mobility on TCP is reduced.
HIV Seroprevalence across the Rural/ Urban Continuum

While the first decade of the AIDS epidemic was characterized by high prevalence rates of AIDS infection in urban areas, there is increasing recognition of the spread of HIV into rural communities in the United States. Data from the Miami CARES cohort collected on 3,555 chronic drug users from 1988 to 1994 provide a unique opportunity to assess sociodemographic characteristics, drug-using behaviors and HIV risk behaviors related to HIV seropositivity in three communities across the rural-urban continuum: Miami, Florida; Belle Glade, Florida and Immokalee, Florida. The three very different communities studied demonstrate that HIV is no respecter of ecological site. The spread of HIV between areas and within areas is specifically correlated with the risk factors including injection drug use, use of crack cocaine, exchange of sex for money, and the rates for sexually transmitted diseases. All of these factors are shown to increase the risk of HIV so that the constellation of these practices helps determine t...
Combining resources, combining forces: regionalizing hospital library services in a large statewide health system.

The libraries in the Oregon region of Providence Health & Services (PH&S) found themselves at a turning point with the departure of their two library managers. With the decision to replace the two librarians with a regional director of libraries, the groundwork was laid for a re-visioning of library services in the entire region. This case study describes the steps undertaken to bring the new vision to life. The notion of combining library staffs and resources into regional or system-wide bodies is not new to hospital librarianship. In their 2006 article, Thibodeau and Funk found that 1989–2006 “survey data support[ed] reported trends of consolidation of hospitals and hospital libraries and additions of new services” 1. Yet a literature scan conducted in 2014 revealed no articles describing such transformation processes in hospital libraries. While lacking in descriptive studies of the centralization of health system libraries, the literature did provide some examples of integrating specific services 2–10. The review of literature reinforced the authors' belief that sharing the PH&S experience would be useful to other health system libraries working to improve and expand services, while facing staffing and budgetary challenges.
Effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Purvalanol B application on protein expression and developmental progression in intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites

The 2013 Malaria World Report indicated that in 2012 there were approximately 207 million cases of malaria, which resulted in an estimated 627,000 malaria-related deaths. Due to the alarming resistance of these parasites to traditional anti-malarial treatments there is a pressing need to not only identify new anti-malarial compounds, but also to characterize the effect of compounds known to have an effect on the parasite life cycle. This study reports on effects of kinase inhibitor Purvalanol B administration on the growth and protein expression of Plasmodium falciparum late-stage trophozoites. A SYBR® Green I parasite growth assay was used to measure the IC50 of Purvalanol B with P. falciparum (strain W2). Purvalanol B or DMSO control were applied to synchronized parasites 36 hours post invasion and parasites were incubated for 12 hours. Giemsa-stained blood smears were used to determine the effect of Purvalanol B on parasite growth, global quantitative proteomic analysis was used to examine differences in protein expression between Purvalanol B-treated and control parasites and results were confirmed by qPCR. There were no differences in parasitaemia between inhibitor-treated and control parasites. However, the ability of Purvalanol B-treated parasites to form schizonts was significantly reduced. Proteomic analysis detected 76 human proteins and 518 P. falciparum proteins (63 in control cultures only, 56 proteins in Purvalanol B cultures only, and 399 proteins in both cultures). Quantitative analysis of protein extracts revealed eight proteins that were up-regulated in the inhibitor-treated cultures, including several components of the parasite’s proteasome complex and thioredoxin reductase. Two proteins appeared to be down-regulated, including a helicase and an RNA-binding protein. Purvalanol B application decreases the ability of late-stage P. falciparum trophozoites to form multinucleated schizonts and up-regulates proteasome subunits and proteins that contribute to redox homeostasis, which may indicate an increase in oxidative stress as a result of inhibitor application. While the efficacy of Purvalanol B is relatively low for use as an anti-malarial therapy, quantitative proteomic analysis may serve as a method of examining the action of drugs on the parasite and indicate the likelihood of future resistance development.
Incompleteness theorems for random reals

We obtain some dramatic results using statistical mechanics-thermodynamics kinds of arguments concerning randomness, chaos, unpredictability, and uncertainty in mathematics. We construct an equation involving only whole numbers and addition, multiplication, and exponentiation, with the property that if one varies a parameter and asks whether the number of solutions is finite or infinite, the answer to this question is indistinguishable from the result of independent tosses of a fair coin. This yields a number of powerful Godel incompleteness-type results concerning the limitations of the axiomatic method, in which entropy-information measures are used.
An SCF-Xα-MS study of the photoelectron spectra and electronic structures of methylene dihalides

Abstract The photoelectron spectra and electronic structures of the methylene dihalides, CH 2 X 2 (X = F, Cl, Br and I), have been calculated by the overtapping-spheres SCF- X α-MS method. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. Calculated assignments of the spectra are also presented and interpreted by assuming interaction between lone-pair and bonding orbitals.
Constraints on the Optical Properties of Interstellar Dust in the Far-Ultraviolet: Voyager Observations of the Diffuse Sky Background

Four regions of the sky have been observed at various Galactic latitudes and H I column densities, with the ultraviolet spectrometer aboard Voyager 2 finding no evidence for the presence of a diffuse radiation field between 912 and 1100 A at a level of 100-200 photons per sq cm s sr A. As starlight scattered by dust grains may be expected to be a major contributor to the diffuse background, especially at low Galactic latitudes, it is possible to place a very stringent upper limit of less than 0.1 on the reflectivity of the dust in this spectral range. This albedo is much lower than the canonical value of about 0.5 for standard graphite-silicate dust models.
The role of public health in improving the health of America.

5r ~ AM honored to be with you today and want to thank all of you in APHA-those of you at the state, g local, and national levels-for your commitment and dedication, for all of the help and support that APHA has given me as your Surgeon General. But I ,zo d want to tell you one thing. I didn't just want to get this job. I wanted to do the job. That is why I have been out there trying to make sure we address the health care needs of those who need it most and support those who are involved in protecting and improving the health of all Americans. I want to thank you for protecting us against many of the epidemic diseases in our society. Thank you for protecting the environment, the workplace, our housing, our food and water. Thank you for promoting healthy behaviors. Thank you for monitoring the health of our population and telling us where we need to be concerned. I want to thank you for mobilizing community action and getting your communities involved in prevention. Whether it is reducing tobacco smoking, preventing the spread of HIV disease, or preventing unintentional injuries, it is these things that help make a community whole, productive, and healthy. Thank you for responding to the many natural disasters this country has faced in recent years. I went down to Georgia this year, and I've never really seen the aftermath of a flood before. You know, we sit in our living rooms, and they show us the water up to the top of the buildings. What they don't show us is the disaster that is left behind-the rubble, what is left of a family's belongings piled up on
Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Flush Systems for Arterial and Pulmonary Artery Catheters

Air embolism and static pressure errors have been attributed to continuous infusion systems. Experiments show that the primary source of air bubbles in such a system is the drip chamber. A drip chamber that minimizes this problem was tested and is recommended. Pressure errors due to the flush system are shown to be clinically insignificant. Fast flushing through a central arterial catheter is shown to be a minimal hazard.
Constrained rank modulation schemes

Rank modulation schemes for non-volatile memories (NVMs) represent information by the relative rankings of cell charge levels. This approach has several benefits; in particular, the scheme resolves the “write-asymmetry” limitation that NVMs suffer from. However, cell writing is still affected by a common NVM problem: inter-cell coupling, which can result in inadvertently increasing the charge level of neighboring cells. This is a potential source of error in the rank modulation scheme. In this paper, we explore the idea of constrained coding over permutations. These constraints minimize the impact of inter-cell coupling while still allowing the use of the rank modulation scheme. We study various constraints and their resulting rates, capacities, and other properties, and introduce an explicit constrained rank modulation code construction.
PS1-41: Just Add Data: Implementing an Event-Based Data Model for Clinical Trial Tracking

Background/Aims Clinical research trials often have similar fundamental tracking needs, despite being quite variable in their specific logic and activities. A model tracking database that can be quickly adapted by a variety of studies has the potential to achieve significant efficiencies in database development and maintenance.
Metrizable mapping compactifications

Suppose f:X→f(X)=Y is a continuous function from one completely regular Hausdorff space onto another. There is associated with each possible compactification X of the domain space X a compactification of the mapping f in a unique way; the mapping compactification is called the compactification determined by X. The major result of this paper is that if X is metrizable, then the domain of the mapping compactification determined by it is also metrizable if and only if the range Y is. It is also proved that if X1 and X2 are two compactifications of X such that X2⩾X1, where ⩾ is the usual partial order on the collection of all compactifications of X, then the compactifications of f determined by X1 and X2 are related the same way with respect to the usual partial order on the collection of all compactifications of f.
Advancements on crossbar-based nanoscale reconfigurable computing Platforms

A recently proposed carbon nanotube (CNT) crossbar nano-architecture provides the first purely CNT-based platform for nanoscale computing systems. In this paper, I present a number of degrees of freedom in optimizing this nano-architecture, and evaluate several variant nanoscale computing platforms based on a combination of floating-gate transistor arrays and programmable vias. Experimental results based on Stanford compact CNFET model show that proper device integration, cell granularity, and logic family (e.g., reconfigurable CMOS static logic in floating-gate transistor arrays) lead to an optimized nanoscale computing platform, with reduced manufacture complexity, improved logic density, improved performance, and reduced power consumption.
Calixarene-coated amperometric detectors

Abstract Calixarene coatings are shown to impart high selectivity onto amperometric detection of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine), while excluding common electroactive interferences (e.g., ascorbic and uric acids, acetaminophen) from reaching the surface. The new selectivity dimension, attributed to host-guest interactions, is thus used for on-line monitoring of neurotransmitters at a calixarene-coated wall-jet detector. The recognition-dependent film offers attractive dynamic properties, is stable under vigorous hydrodynamic conditions, and maintains its unique permselective properties over prolonged periods. Selective assays of complex urine samples are illustrated. The transport properties and analytical performance are explored under different conditions. Sensing opportunities accrued from the discriminative properties of calixarene-coated amperometric probes are discussed.
CHEMOTAXONOMY IN MARINE ALGAE: CHEMICAL SEPARATION OF SOME LAURENCIA SPECIES (RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA1

SUMMARY Species separation in the genus Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) is complicated by the high degree of morphological variation within the species. Chemical investigations on a worldwide basis of over 15 species indicate that 1 or more of the halogenated natural products synthesized by Laurencia are unique to each species. Our chemical investigations of Laurencia pacifica, as presently understood from the Gulf of California, indicate that more than 1 species had been included under this name. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) comparisons of the halogenated components of 3 recognizable forms of “L. pacifica” were completed. The results revealed 3 distinct forms, with halogenated products unique to each form. In each form the observed chemical characters had been previously isolated and identified and could now be positively assigned to their algal source. Comparisons were also conducted with L. pacifica Kylin (1941) from the type locality of the species, La Jolla, California, and revealed that it contained another halogenated product different from those isolated from the Gulf species. We conclude that 3 species of Laurencia have been elucidated in the Gulf of California and these are separate from L. pacifica Kylin. Each species can be distinguished by its characteristic array of halogenated compounds. Comparative thin layer chromatography of the lipid components of morphologically similar Laurencia species should prove to be a useful new taxonomic aid.
Results of a flight experiment on the catalytic efficiency of the Space Shuttle heat shield

An experiment was performed on the second Space Shuttle flight to verify data from arc-heated wind-tunnel tests indicating that the thermal protection tiles used on the Shuttle's surface are noncatalytic to the recombination of dissociated air. The experiment indicates that the tiles are indeed noncatalytic, and explains the lower than expected temperatures observed in the first two Shuttle flights. The data are reasonably well predicted with computations, using a chemically reactive boundary-layer code. The experimental setup and the computational analysis are described.
A central role for Pyk2-Src interaction in coupling diverse stimuli to increased epithelial NBC activity

Regulation of renal Na-HCO 3 − cotransporter (NBC1) activity by cholinergic agonists, ANG II, and acute acidosis (CO2) requires both Src family kinase (SFK) and classic MAPK pathway activation. The...
SU‐FF‐I‐52: Evaluation of the Contrast‐Detail Response of Digital Radiographic Systems Using the CDRAD Contrast‐Detail Phantom with the CDRAD Analyser Software

Purpose: The CDRAD phantom is frequently used to subjectively evaluate the contrast‐detail response of diagnostic imagingsystems. We investigated the use of this phantom in conjunction with the automated CDRAD Analyser program as a quantitative tool for the evaluation of digital radiographicsystems.Method and Materials: Three DR systems (Trixell Pixium 4600, Canon CXDI‐50G, and DirectRay detectors), and one CRsystem (35‐cm × 43‐cm FUJI ST‐VI plates) were evaluated under two experimental conditions. For the first, the CDRAD phantom was positioned directly on the detector housing, the anti‐scatter grid was removed, and the detector was exposed with two different beam qualities. Quality A: 0.5‐mm Cu filtration, ∼75 kV, 7.1‐mm Al HVL, and Quality B: 0.5‐mm Cu filtration, ∼125 kV, 10.2‐mm Al HVL. The detectors were exposed to ∼0.4, ∼0.8, ∼1.5, ∼2.5, and ∼5.5 mR, for both beam qualities. For the second condition the phantom was sandwiched between two 10‐cm slabs of Lucite, and placed on the patient table. The exposure conditions were the defaults for the Abdomen examination for each system, and the “skin” entrance exposures employed were ∼180, ∼250 and ∼350 mR. Results were compared using the CDRAD Analyser contrast‐detail figure of merit IQFinv. Results: For the Trixell detector the IQFinv increased with exposure from 6.31 to 7.67 for beam quality A, from 5.45 to 7.43 for beam quality B, and from 2.91 to 3.91 for the Abdomen exam. Corresponding values for the Canon detector were 2.88 to 4.77, 2.50 to 4.61, and 1.56 to 2.14. Those for the DirectRay detector were 2.49 to 5.00, 1.86 to 4.93, and 1.34 to 2.15, and those for the CRsystem were 2.89 to 4.16, 2.82 to 4.00, and 1.89 to 2.32. Conclusion: Our results indicate the potential of the CDRAD phantom/CDRAD Analyser as a quantitative image quality analysis tool.