cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of inequality by components of farm household consumption expenditures

Inequality in consumption levels of families, both nationally and internationally has been studied by Theil. However, empirical studies that measure inequality in farm household consumption, to our knowledge, have not been performed. This study measures inequality in farm household consumption. In addition, the study also measures inequality in consumption based on farm typology and farming region. Results from this analysis show consumption inequality among farm households is lower than consumption inequality among all other households. Results indicate that ‘other expenditures’ component has the highest inequality and ‘food and household supplies’ component has the lowest inequality. Further, farm typology has information about difference in consumption expenditures; the typology is informative when it comes to the components of consumption while the regional decomposition is not.
Packaging Reliability, Chip‐Scale Semiconductor

The sections in this article are 1 Package Architecture—An Overview 2 Thermal Fatigue Reliability 3 Summary 4 Acknowledgments
Truthy: mapping the spread of astroturf in microblog streams

Online social media are complementing and in some cases replacing person-to-person social interaction and redefining the diffusion of information. In particular, microblogs have become crucial grounds on which public relations, marketing, and political battles are fought. We demonstrate a web service that tracks political memes in Twitter and helps detect astroturfing, smear campaigns, and other misinformation in the context of U.S. political elections. We also present some cases of abusive behaviors uncovered by our service. Our web service is based on an extensible framework that will enable the real-time analysis of meme diffusion in social media by mining, visualizing, mapping, classifying, and modeling massive streams of public microblogging events.
Further analysis of PREVAIL: Enzalutamide use in chemotherapy-naïve men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

PREVAIL was a phase III multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), which showed remarkable improvement in co-primary endpoints with an overall 81% reduction in the risk of radiographic progression, as well as 29% reduction in the risk of death in favor of the enzalutamide arm over placebo. All secondary endpoints including time to subsequent chemotherapy initiation and prostate specific antigen (PSA) progression were in favor of the enzalutamide arm. The results of PREVAIL shows the utility of enzalutamide that would likely soon expand the indication to asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic men with mCRPC not previously treated with chemotherapy.
Webcam geo-localization using aggregate light levels

We consider the problem of geo-locating static cameras from long-term time-lapse imagery. This problem has received significant attention recently, with most methods making strong assumptions on the geometric structure of the scene. We explore a simple, robust cue that relates overall image intensity to the zenith angle of the sun (which need not be visible). We characterize the accuracy of geolocation based on this cue as a function of different models of the zenith-intensity relationship and the amount of imagery available. We evaluate our algorithm on a dataset of more than 60 million images captured from outdoor webcams located around the globe. We find that using our algorithm with images sampled every 30 minutes, yields localization errors of less than 100 km for the majority of cameras.
Increased survivorship of testosterone-treated female house mice, Mus musculus, in high-density field conditions

Abstract Differences in hormone levels influence sexual differences in aggression, survival, home-range size and dispersal in rodents. The role of testosterone in establishing some of these differences in wild house mice was examined. Females treated with either 0·5 mg of testosterone enanthate (TE-treated) or oil (control), and an equal number of untreated males, were released onto three ‘highway islands’ and periodically recaptured over the following 7 weeks. The islands are segments of highway cloverleafs enclosed by entrance and exit lanes that reduce emigration. Competition was encouraged by releasing large numbers of animals on the islands and by establishing feeding stations to enhance interaction opportunities. Significantly more TE-treated than control females were recaptured, because of differences in survival and not differences in capturability. Survival rates of TE-treated females exceeded those of control females early in the experiment but the reverse occurred near the end of the experiment. The two types of females did not differ in the number of captures at, or proximity of home ranges to, feeding stations. TE-treated females had smaller home ranges than control females, probably because the latter were frequently displaced by the former. Of the females recaptured at the end of the experiment, the TE-treated animals had fewer uterine scars, lighter uteri, heavier preputial glands and more tail scars than control females. TE-treated females resembled males by exhibiting increased intra-sexual aggression and having lower survival rates during the latter phase of the experiment. The benefits of, and hormonal basis for, aggressive behaviour appear similar in male and female house mice. Testosterone may mediate the competitive abilities of female house mice that have been shown in previous studies to be related to dominance and fitness.
Analytical modeling and optimization for affinity based thread scheduling on multicore systems

This paper proposes an analytical model to esti­mate the cost of running an affinity-based thread schedule on multicore systems. The model consists of three submodels to evaluate the cost of executing a thread schedule: an affinity-graph submodel, a memory hierarchy submodel, and a cost submodel that characterize programs, machines, and costs respectively. We applied the analytical model to both synthetic and real-world applications. The estimated cost accurately predicts which schedule will provide better performance. Due to the NP-hardness of the scheduling problem, we designed an approximation al­gorithm to compute near-optimal solutions. We have extended the algorithm to support threads with data dependences. We conducted experiments with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) kernel and Cholesky factorization on both UMA SMP and NUMA DSM machines. The results show that using the optimized thread schedule can improve the program performance by 25% to 400%, demonstrating that our method for determining an optimized thread schedule for multicore systems is efficient and practical.
“Click” Methodology for Synthesis of Functionalized [3]Catenanes: Toward Higher Interlocked Structures

"Double Click" and it's locked: Copper(I)-templated synthesis in conjunction with "click" chemistry has been applied in a straightforward manner for the preparation of functionalized [3]catenanes. This methodology allows the construction of higher interlocked architectures, including polymers and networks as well as electron donor-acceptor nanomaterials suitable for investigation of long-range photoinduced electron-transfer processes.
American Emperor: Aaron Burr's Challenge to Jefferson's America. By David O. Stewart. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Pp. xx, 410. $17.99.)

Falling from the “short list of men who could become president,” a bitter Aaron Burr “plunged into talk of insurrection and secession,” contemplating a range of adventures, from filibustering in Me...
Thermal characteristics of a fixed disk drive

The thermal characteristics of an IMB 5.25-in fixed disk drive were experimentally determined to aid in the development of a general disk drive model. In general, the thermal model was able to predict the transient temperature profiles. At 4000 r.p.m., the steady-state temperature of the air and arms were predicted within 0.4 degrees C, and the base temperature was predicted within 2.4 degrees C. The air temperature was found to be uniform within experimental uncertainty outside of the disk stack, but was 1.4 degrees C higher between corotating disks. The temperature predictions are extremely sensitive to the external heat transfer coefficients and the heat sources in put by the user. It was found that more fundamental information regarding viscous dissipation and air flow within a disk drive must be known to produce a reliable thermal model. >
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment Shrinks Uterine Leiomyoma Tumors in the Eker Rat Model

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common benign tumors in women of reproductive age. These tumors are three to four times more prevalent in African American women, who also have a 10 times higher incidence of hypovitaminosis D than white women. Recent studies have demonstrated the antitumor effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on several cancers, but its effects on uterine leiomyomas are still unknown. To determine the antitumor and therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on uterine leiomyomas, female Eker rats (14-16 mo old) harboring uterine leiomyomas were randomized into control and experimental groups and were given vehicle versus 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.5 μg/kg per day) subcutaneously for 3 wk, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, and the leiomyoma tumors were analyzed. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 significantly reduced leiomyoma tumor size in Eker rats. It also reduced leiomyoma size by suppressing cell growth and proliferation-related genes (Pcna, cyclin D1 [Ccnd1], Myc, Cdk1, Cdk2, and Cdk4), antiapoptotic genes (Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 [Bcl-x]), and estrogen and progesterone receptors. Additionally, immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of PCNA and MKI67 (a marker of proliferation) and increased expression of caspase 3 in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated Eker rat leiomyomas. Toxicity analyses using serum samples showed similar levels of SGOT, SGPT, calcium, and total bilirubin in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated and vehicle-treated control Eker rats. These results support that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an antitumor agent that may be a potential safe, nonsurgical therapeutic option for the treatment of uterine leiomyomas.
Equivalent equations and incoherent lifetime calculated from e/sup +/e/sup /eam-beam simulation

For given tunes (/spl nusub x/, /spl nusub y/, /spl nusub s/), the influence of different terms x/sup k/y/sup l/s/sup m/ in the nonlinear beam-beam forces is different, so only some of them are important as sources of regular (nonstochastic) effects. As for irregular effects, it seems that in e/sup +/e/sup -/ colliders the simultaneous action of both quantum fluctuations and three-dimensional nonlinearities creates effectively an additional stochastic force. The developed program of beam-beam simulation including Fourier analysis of different moments M/sup klm/(t)=x/sup k/(t)y/sup l/(t)s/sup m/(t) permits us to identify both regular and stochastic effective forces in the equivalent equations of the particles' motion. These differential equations can be used, for example, for the calculation of the particles' lifetime. >
Microsatellite marker development for the federally listed Prunus geniculata (Rosaceae)1

 Premise of the study: Prunus geniculata is a federally listed species endemic to the central Florida scrub. To investigate levels and geographic partitioning of genetic variation in this species, we developed microsatellite markers for P. geniculata and its sister species, P. maritima .  Methods and Results: Following a protocol optimized in our laboratory, we designed 36 primer pairs, of which 8 amplifi ed across both species and showed informative polymorphism. Product size varied from 163 to 370 bp, and the number of alleles ranged from 5 to 27. H e across all populations ranged from 0.604 to 0.9155.  Conclusions: Eight loci were useful at the population level and will be used for conservation genetic and phylogeographic studies of Prunus geniculata and P. maritima . Furthermore, from fi ve to all eight of these loci can also be amplifi ed in several other North American Prunus species.
A τ Promoter Region Without Neuronal Specificity

The microtubule-associated protein tau is produced from a 6-kb mRNA expressed primarily in neurons. A 2-kb tau mRNA has also been characterized, which produces a tau isoform that localizes to the nucleus, and an 8-kb mRNA is expressed in the PNS. Mapping and sequencing of the human tau gene start showed that it has an unusually GC-rich 5'-untranslated region coded by a single untranslated exon (designated -1). Primer extensions and expression assays indicated that upstream of exon -1 is a promoter that is not neuron specific. This region contains consensus binding sites for transcription factors AP2, Sp1, and GCF.
Cutting edge: SWI/SNF mediates antisense Igh transcription and locus-wide accessibility in B cell precursors.

The stepwise process of Ag receptor gene assembly, termed V(D)J recombination, is coordinated during lymphocyte development by sweeping changes in chromatin that permit or deny access to a single recombinase enzyme. We now show that switching/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes are recruited to the Igh locus by an enhancer-dependent process and that these complexes are essential for generating recombinase accessibility throughout the locus. Depletion of SWI/SNF in pro-B cells also inhibits antisense transcription through all clusters of Igh gene segments, a pioneering process that has been implicated in the initial opening of chromatin. We conclude that SWI/SNF complexes play multiple roles in Igh gene assembly, ranging from initial locus activation to the spreading and maintenance of chromatin accessibility over large VH, DH, and JH domains.
Frequency Function of Transit Times through Dog Pulmonary Circulation

The frequency function of transit times through the pulmonary vascular system in dogs was obtained by deconvolution of a pair of simultaneous tracer dilution curves. One tracer dilution curve represented transit times from pulmonary artery to aorta; the other represented transit times from left atrium to aorta. Theory of and requirements for deconvolution are presented. Two preparations were used: closed chest with recirculation, open chest with only myocardial recirculation. The frequency function of pulmonary vascular transit times was skewed markedly to the right. At constant cardiac output and left atrial pressure it was unaffected by change in heart rate or by respiratory movements. Frequency functions of transit time obtained by deconvolution of observed tracer concentration curves, including recirculation, were compared with those obtained by monoexponential extrapolation of the same tracer concentration curves to "eliminate" recirculation. If recirculation seemed to appear before the observed concentration curve (aortic sampling following pulmonary arterial injection) fell to 20% of peak, monoexponential extrapolation led to a 10% overestimate of mean transit time and to greater errors in estimate of higher moments. If recirculation did not seem to occur until the concentration fell to 10% or less of peak, there was no difference between the frequency functions of transit times calculated by the two methods. Increased coefficients of variance and skewness were associated with large mean transit times produced by hypovolemia and reduced cardiac output secondary to withdrawal of blood.
Molecular Imaging and Cancer

Molecular imaging is a relatively new discipline, which developed over the past decade, initially driven by in situ reporter imaging technology. Noninvasive in vivo molecular imaging developed more recently and is based on magnetic resonance and nuclear (positron emission tomography; gamma camera) and in vivo optical imaging systems. Molecular imaging has its roots in both molecular biology and cell biology, as well as imaging technology. Most current in vivo molecular imaging strategies are "indirect" and involve the coupling of a "reporter/marker gene" with a complimentary "reporter/marker probe." Imaging the level of probe accumulation provides indirect information related to the level of reporter gene expression. Reporter gene constructs are driven by upstream promoter/enhancer elements that function as an "on/off switch"; they can be constitutive, leading to continuous transcription to identify the site and monitor the level and duration of gene (vector) activity. Alternatively, they can be inducible, leading to controlled gene expression, or they can function as a sensor element to monitor the level of endogenous promoters and transcription factors. Three indirect strategies for imaging therapeutic transgenes are discussed. Several examples of imaging endogenous biological processes in animals using reporter constructs, radiolabeled probes, and positron emission tomography imaging are reviewed (p53-dependent gene expression, T-cell receptor-dependent activation of T-lymphocytes, and trafficking of T-lymphocytes). Issues related to the translation of noninvasive molecular imaging technology into the clinic are discussed.
Fas-induced apoptosis in B cells

Engagement of the cell surface receptor Fas/APO-1 (CD95) initiates a sequence of intracellular events that leads to apoptotic cell death, and this outcome occurs in B cells as it does in other cell types. Fas signaling for B cell death is of particular interest because the expression and function of Fas is altered by engagement of additional cell surface receptors, leading to marked receptor-specific variation in susceptibility to Fas-induced apoptosis. Evidence suggests that the sensitivity of B cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis is intimately connected to homeostasis in the serological arm of the immune system and plays a role in the dysregulation that occurs in certain autoimmune and malignant dyscrasias.
Nebo: An efficient, parallel, and portable domain-specific language for numerically solving partial differential equations

Abstract This paper presents Nebo, a declarative domain-specific language embedded in C++ for discretizing partial differential equations for transport phenomena on multiple architectures. Application programmers use Nebo to write code that appears sequential but can be run in parallel, without editing the code. Currently Nebo supports single-thread execution, multi-thread execution, and many-core (GPU-based) execution. With single-thread execution, Nebo performs on par with code written by domain experts. With multi-thread execution, Nebo can linearly scale (with roughly 90% efficiency) up to 12 cores, compared to its single-thread execution. Moreover, Nebo’s many-core execution can be over 140x faster than its single-thread execution.
Three-Dimensional Positioning—by Multilateration

Systems of equations are derived and computational routines are outlined that can be used to determine the geodetic coordinates and elevation of a point by three-dimensional multilateration using slope distances only. The geodetic coordinates and elevation of a point are computed using slope distances (only) that have been measured from three or more points having known geodetic coordinates and elevations to the point of unknown position. By an alternate method, the position of a point is also determined using as few as two slope distances if, in addition, the elevation of the point is known. Least squares methods are employed and precision evaluation estimators are computed.
Adaptive Image-Based Visual Servo Control of an Uncertain Missile Airframe ∗

In this paper we present a vision-based adaptive pursuit guidance law with an objective to intercept a stationary target in the presence of unknown missile dynamics. The dynamic equations of motion for a missile airframe are derived in terms of the general Euler-Lagrange system of equations. One goal is to amalgamate missile dynamics with the visual measurements obtained using an on-board monocular camera to frame a visual dynamic control problem in order to develop an integrated guidance control law that is also an autopilot for the homing missiles. To this end, an image-based visual servo controller is developed along with a direct adaptive update law to estimate the uncertain constant dynamic parameters. Lyapunov-based stability analysis ensures global asymptotic convergence of the system states. Finally, with an intention to relax the assumption of stationary target we present our preliminary results in the development of a stabilizing guidance law for a target with known velocity but unknown evasive maneuvers, i.e., unknown acceleration. Extensive simulation results are included to verify the performance of the proposed integrated guidance control laws.
Synthetic media for pleuropneumonialike organisms.

SummaryA synthetic medium is described which permits almost optimal growth of some strains of pleuropneumonialike organisms. Generally the pleuropneumonialike organisms represent a heterogeneous group in regard to nutritional requirements. Amino acids appear to serve as the only energy source. Sn++ appears to have some nutritional role in the growth of these organisms.
Minority rights, majority rule: The evolving concepts of House and Senate minority rights

You cannot vest the minority with rights which the majority do not enjoy and still keep it a minority. For if the minority have rights which the majority are denied, members would all hasten to join the mi- nority, which would then become a majority and lose at once its identity as a minority and its rights. Representative William Cockran, 1909 I look upon it as unnecessary and a gratuitous wrong on our part to limit the rights of the minority here. To-day I am with the majority on this floor; next week I may not be. I have been in bodies where I acted with minorities; and remembering the bene- fits that I have received from rules securing the rights of minorities I resolved then … that I would never do anything, as a member of a legislative body, tending to restrict or deprive the minority of any rights I had enjoyed as a member of such body. Representative Henry Dawes, 1874 From the vantage point of William Cockran (D-New York), speaking on the House floor in 1909, there is something paradoxical – if not politically naive – about the idea of minority party rights. In a competitive political environment, it seems odd that a majority party would create attractive procedural rights for the minority, yet exclude itself from enjoying them. Indeed, from the perspective of Henry Dawes (R-Massachusetts) some thirty years earlier, majority parties would be wise to craft minority rights strategically.
Effect of colostrum intake on hepatic gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in the neonatal pig.

A total of 24 newborn pigs were used to determine 1) the relationship between the quantity of colostrum consumed and the capacity for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation and 2) whether fatty acid oxidation limits gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. Neonatal pigs were obtained prior to nursing and allotted to one of three treatment groups; fed (ad libitum), limit-fed (25% of fed group), or fasted. Hepatocytes were isolated when pigs were 24 h old. Colostrum intake altered the metabolic status of neonates such that the capacity for glucose synthesis and oxidation of octanoate increased with intake. Glucose synthesis with lactate as the substrate was greater (P less than .01) for fed pigs (10.79 mumol glucose.h-1.mg DNA-1) than for either limit-fed (6.56) or fasted counterparts (4.78), which were similar (P greater than .10). Colostrum intake failed to stimulate synthesis from alanine. The oxidation rate for octanoate was similar for fed and limit-fed pigs (.62 and .61 nmol CO2.h-1.mg DNA-1, respectively) but greater (P less than .05) than that observed for fasted counterparts (.36). Oxidation of octanoate (2 mM) was approximately 30-fold greater than for oleate (1 mM); oxidation of the latter was not affected by either colostrum intake or the addition of carnitine (1 mM). The increase in octanoate oxidation, however, did not elicit an increase in glucose synthesis by fasting pigs with either lactate or alanine as precursors. Thus, we conclude that gluconeogenesis is a function of colostrum intake and that reducing equivalents and(or) ATP may not be primary factors limiting glucose synthesis in pigs fasted from birth.
Low temperature cure-on-command polymerization induced via free radical initiator in an oscillating magnetic field

Three magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4, FeCo, Co) were prepared and modified with azo-based free radical initiators via grafting. The resulting magnetic particles underwent a free radical initiation process in an oscillating magnetic field. Three acrylated oligomers, a urethane, epoxide, and polyphosphazene, were used to investigate the curing potential of the magnetic initiators (MI). The curing temperature, Tg, and conversion of the three MI based systems were compared. All three of the MI systems underwent initiation with only a modest temperature increase. The overall conversion and Tg for the MI initiated systems were lower than expected, but with some optimization an ∼80% conversion could be obtained.
Uterine contractility on the first day of the puerperium.

Intramyometrial and intrauterine pressures were simultaneously recorded in 20 patients following cesarean section (14 cases) or tubal ligation after vaginal delivery (6 cases). There is increased incoordination as time passes, although the intrauterine pressure may still appear “smooth.” The pressure-values relationships are discussed with respect to publications by others, and caution is recommended for interpretation of pharmacologic observations made under these conditions.
Measurement of transmembrane peptide interactions in liposomes using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).

Present day understanding of the thermodynamic properties of integral membrane proteins (IMPs) lags behind that of water-soluble proteins due to difficulties in mimicking the physiological environment of the IMPs in order to obtain a reversible folded system. Despite such challenges faced in studying these systems, significant progress has been made in the study of the oligomerization of single span transmembrane helices. One of the primary methods available to characterize these systems is based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET is a widely used spectroscopic tool that provides proximity data that can be fitted to obtain the energetics of a system. Here we discuss various technical aspects related to the application of FRET to study transmembrane peptide oligomerization in liposomes. The analysis is based on FRET efficiency relative to the concentration of the peptides in the bilayer (peptide:lipid ratio). Some important parameters that will be discussed include labeling efficiency, sample homogeneity, and equilibration. Furthermore, data analysis has to be performed keeping in mind random colocalization of donors and acceptors in liposome vesicles.
Detection of N2O-producing fungi in environment using nitrite reductase gene (nirK)-targeting primers.

Fungal denitrification has been increasingly investigated, but its community ecology is poorly understood due to the lack of culture-independent tools. In this work, four pairs of nirK-targeting primers were designed and evaluated for primer specificity and efficiency using thirty N2O-producing fungal cultures and an agricultural soil. All primers amplified nirK from fungi and soil, but their efficiency and specificity were different. A primer set, FnirK_F3/R2 amplified ∼80 % of tested fungi, including Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, as compared to ∼40-70 % for other three primers. The nirK fragments of fungal and soil DNA amplified by FnirK_F3/R2 were phylogenetically related to denitrifying fungi in the orders Eurotiales, Hypocreales, and Sordariales; and clone sequences were also distributed in the clusters of Chaetomium, Metarhizium, and Myceliophthora that were uncultured from soil in our previous work. This proved the wide-range capability of primers for amplifying diverse denitrifying fungi from environment. However, our primers and recently-developed other primers amplified bacterial nirK from soil and this co-amplification of fungal and bacterial nirK was theoretically discussed. The FnirK_F3/R2 was further compared with published primers; results from clone libraries demonstrated that FnirK_F3/R2 was more specifically targeted on fungi and had broader taxonomical coverage than some others.
Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.

Importance Defining what represents a macronutritionally balanced diet remains an open question and a high priority in nutrition research. Although the amount of protein may have specific effects, from a broader dietary perspective, the choice of protein sources will inevitably influence other components of diet and may be a critical determinant for the health outcome. Objective To examine the associations of animal and plant protein intake with the risk for mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study of US health care professionals included 131 342 participants from the Nurses’ Health Study (1980 to end of follow-up on June 1, 2012) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986 to end of follow-up on January 31, 2012). Animal and plant protein intake was assessed by regularly updated validated food frequency questionnaires. Data were analyzed from June 20, 2014, to January 18, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results Of the 131 342 participants, 85 013 were women (64.7%) and 46 329 were men (35.3%) (mean [SD] age, 49 [9] years). The median protein intake, as assessed by percentage of energy, was 14% for animal protein (5th-95th percentile, 9%-22%) and 4% for plant protein (5th-95th percentile, 2%-6%). After adjusting for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors, animal protein intake was not associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.02 per 10% energy increment; 95% CI, 0.98-1.05; P for trend = .33) but was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.08 per 10% energy increment; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16; P for trend = .04). Plant protein was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0.90 per 3% energy increment; 95% CI, 0.86-0.95; P for trend P for trend = .007). These associations were confined to participants with at least 1 unhealthy lifestyle factor based on smoking, heavy alcohol intake, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, but not evident among those without any of these risk factors. Replacing animal protein of various origins with plant protein was associated with lower mortality. In particular, the HRs for all-cause mortality were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.59-0.75) when 3% of energy from plant protein was substituted for an equivalent amount of protein from processed red meat, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84-0.92) from unprocessed red meat, and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75-0.88) from egg. Conclusions and Relevance High animal protein intake was positively associated with cardiovascular mortality and high plant protein intake was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, especially among individuals with at least 1 lifestyle risk factor. Substitution of plant protein for animal protein, especially that from processed red meat, was associated with lower mortality, suggesting the importance of protein source.
Characterization of spinal cord white matter by suppressing signal from hindered space. A Monte Carlo simulation and an ex vivo ultrahigh-b diffusion-weighted imaging study

Abstract Signal measured from white matter in diffusion-weighted imaging is difficult to interpret because of the heterogeneous structure of white matter. Characterization of the white matter will be straightforward if the signal contributed from the hindered space is suppressed and purely restricted signal is analyzed. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) of water diffusion in white matter was performed to understand the behavior of the diffusion-weighted signal in white matter. The signal originating from the hindered space of an excised pig cervical spinal cord white matter was suppressed using the ultrahigh-b radial diffusion-weighted imaging. A light microscopy image of a section of white matter was obtained from the excised pig cervical spinal cord for the MCS. The radial diffusion-weighted signals originating from each of the intra-axonal, extra-axonal, and total spaces were studied using the MCS. The MCS predicted that the radial diffusion-weighted signal remains almost constant in the intra-axonal space and decreases gradually to about 2% of its initial value in the extra-axonal space when the b-value is increased to 30,000 s / mm 2 . The MCS also revealed that the diffusion-weighted signal for a b-value greater than 20,000 s / mm 2 is mostly from the intra-axonal space. The decaying behavior of the signal-b curve obtained from ultrahigh-b diffusion-weighted imaging ( b max ∼ 30,000 s / mm 2 ) of the excised pig cord was very similar to the decaying behavior of the total signal-b curve synthesized in the MCS. A mono-exponential plus constant fitting of the signal-b curve obtained from a white matter pixel estimated the values of constant fraction and apparent diffusion coefficient of decaying fraction as 0.32 ± 0.05 and (0.16 ± 0.01) × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, respectively, which agreed well with the results of the MCS. The signal measured in the ultrahigh-b region ( b > 20,000 s/mm 2 ) is mostly from the restricted (intra-axonal) space. Integrity and intactness of the axons can be evaluated by assessing the remaining signal in the ultrahigh-b region.
A NURBS panel method for three-dimensional radiation and diffraction problems

A B-spline panel method is developed to solve a boundary integral equation for three-dimensional potential flow problems. In particular, a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface is introduced to accommodate a precise geometric description of a given body. For the unknown (potential) description over the surface, uniform B-spline basis functions are used. A collocation approach is adopted for numerical computations, and influence coefficients are evaluated in a robust manner over the surface defined by NURBS. Convergence characteristics of the present method have been investigated in the numerical experiments on the unbounded problem of a sphere, the radiation problem of a floating hemisphere, and the diffraction problem of a submerged spheroid. It is shown that the numerical results are in excellent agreement with analytical solutions in all cases considered. It is concluded that the NURBS panel method is superior to existing panel methods in geometric description of body surface, and convergent solutions can be achieved rapidly with a small number of panels.
Regulation and the Courts: Judicial Review in Comparative Perspective

After a historical survey of the literature, this chapter puts forward a new analytical scheme to capture variation in comparative judicial review. The earliest, and still relevant, classification developed in the scholarly literature turns on the difference between judicial review of administrative action by the ordinary courts in the English common law and by a special body (Conseil d’Etat) connected to the executive branch in the French droit administratif. This is followed chronologically by the contrast that has been drawn by Robert Kagan and public-choice scholars between the litigious and formal American system of law and public policy and the informal and discretionary European model. The chapter then proposes a new classification based on two competing theories that are deployed by courts: in European jurisdictions, judicial review to safeguard fundamental economic and social rights (the fundamental rights model) and, in the United States, judicial review to safeguard procedural democracy (the ballot-box democracy model). In Europe, the courts employ doctrines such as proportionality and equality to protect economic and social rights in government policy-making; in the United States, the courts impose extensive procedural requirements on public administration to promote democracy when the bureaucracy undertakes policy-making. After considering the historical reasons for these two models of judicial review, the chapter argues that it will be important to investigate them empirically in light of their potential for diffusion to domestic and international jurisdictions.
Active Site-Inactivated Recombinant Factor VIIa Blocks Shiga Toxin-Induced Upregulation of Tissue Factor Activity on Human Glomerular Endothelial Cells and Human Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells.

Abstract Post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), the leading cause of acute renal failure in children, is most often caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli infection. The most widely recognized tissue damage in HUS occurs within the kidney, most prominently with local thrombosis and platelet-fibrin accumulation, suggesting activation of the coagulation cascade. We have shown that human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) exposed to Stx-1 augment their constitutive surface tissue factor (TF) activity by 3.2-fold, and that Stx-1 treatment following TNF-alpha exposure enhances TF activity by 2.7-fold on human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs). We investigated the possibility of modulating this cellular response to Stx-1 by blocking the TF pathway with active site-inactivated recombinant factor VIIa (irFVIIa), which retains the ability to bind TF, but is enzymatically inactive, thereby inhibiting thrombin formation. Moreover, its action is limited to exposed, functional TF and does not significantly prolong the bleeding time in vivo. Monolayers of both HK-2 cells and TNF-alpha-activated HGECs were incubated at 37°C with Stx-1. Functional TF was determined chromogenically as the production rate of factor Xa. The use of 60 nM irFVIIa completely abrogated the enhanced activity of TF caused by 4 hours incubation with 10 pM Stx-1 of TNF-alpha-activated HGECs (N = 4; Figure 1). On HK-2 cells, irFVIIa (60 – 200 nM) also effectively reversed the observed TF upregulation after exposure to 1 nM Stx-1 for 22 hours as well as blocked the constitutive TF expression which is seen with this cell type (N = 3; Figure 2). The TF pathway may prove to be of major importance in the pathogenesis of HUS, and direct targeting of this pathway with irFVIIa might provide a novel therapeutic approach to this disease. Download : Download high-res image (269KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (240KB) Download : Download full-size image
Acyl carrier protein. XIX. Amino acid sequence of liver fatty acid synthetase peptides containing 4'-phosphopantetheine.

Abstract Overlapping tryptic, peptic, thermolytic, and Pronase peptides containing 4'-phosphopantetheine were isolated from rat liver fatty acid synthetase. Characterization of these peptides and a 4'-phosphopantetheine dipeptide obtained after dilute acid hydrolysis permitted the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of 13 residues. Five out of the 13 residues are identical with those in the corresponding region of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein.
On a Computer-oriented Formalization of Plausible Reasoning in F.Bacon-J.S. Mill's Style (Main Principles and Computer Experiments)

Abstract The paper generalizes the problems of creation the solvers of some special types. The computer-aided formalization of inductive approaches of F.Bacon-J.S.Mill is proposed. The experiments with computer-orientation are discussed.
Sense and Sensibility: Inositol Phospholipids as Mediators of Abiotic Stress Responses

Phosphoinositides perform a variety of functions within the cell. The polyphosphoinositides, PIP and PIP2, can regulate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and are involved in vesicle trafficking and the regulation of ion-transport in addition to producing second messengers. In this chapter, we propose that these multifunctional lipids are important in coordinating physiological changes as cells respond and adapt to abiotic stresses. In plants, changes in phosphoinositide metabolism, including increased activity of PI 5-kinase and PLC, have been described for light-and gravistimulation, elicitor responses and hyperosmotic stress. Transient IP3 signals are generated by PLC-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2 and can take part in modulating cytosolic Ca2+. The frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ oscillations may convey downstream specificity of gene expression, which manifest specific stress responses. Furthermore, IP3 signals can cross plasmodesmata and may thereby mediate coordinated responses throughout a tissue. The vectorial transmission of lP3 can propagate the stress-induced Ca2+ signal. Changes in IP3 metabolism also can reflect shifts in functional emphasis of phosphoinositides in the cell. Changes in PIP2 mediate changes in cytoskeletal structure or ion transport that are essential for cells as they respond and adapt to stress. As cells experience stress or energy-limiting conditions, phospholipid metabolism will change from de novo synthesis to head group recycling pathways. Preferential turnover of polyphosphoinositides by inositolpolyphosphate 5’phosphatases would be more energy efficient than PLC hydrolysis and de novo synthesis. In summary, the interplay of PEP, and IP3 during the early steps of signal transduction provides a central mechanism to rapidly sense changing environmental conditions and, at the same time, to initiate long term processes, leading to an appropriate stress response.
Mind your metadata: exploiting semantics for configuration, adaptation, and provenance in scientific workflows

Scientific metadata containing semantic descriptions of scientific data is expensive to capture and is typically not used across entire data analytic processes. We present an approach where semantic metadata is generated as scientific data is being prepared, and then subsequently used to configure models and to customize them to the data. The metadata captured includes sensor descriptions, data characteristics, data types, and process documentation. This metadata is then used in a workflow system to select analytic models dynamically and to set up model parameters automatically. In addition, all aspects of data processing are documented, and the system is able to generate extensive provenance records for new data products based on the metadata. As a result, the system can dynamically select analytic models based on the metadata properties of the data it is processing, generating more accurate results. We show results in analyzing stream metabolism for watershed ecosystem management.
Looking Toward The Future While Working in The Present

It is my pleasure to attend this, the Fourth Huropean Conference of Medical and Health Libraries. I can clearly remember the excitement and anticipation as the first conference opened in Brussels in 1986, and the vigor of the second conference in Bologna two years later. The European Association for Health Information and Libraries started as an idea but came into being through the efforts of a small number of European health sciences librarians. EAHIL can be viewed as a significant step toward the global organization of health sciences librarianship. Other steps are also being taken. In 1992 the first Regional Congress on Health Information Sciences for Latin America and the Caribbean was held in Brazil, and the fourth Congress of the Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa was held just two months ago. The development of these regional and national health sciences library associations comes during times of great change. Have you thought about the changes that are occurring in your lives and your libraries and information centers? If your experiences are like the majority of health sciences librarians I encounter, you must learn many new skills in order to be successful professionally and provide up-to-date services in your libraries. Colleagues in other libraries in your country and in other countries are also confronted with major changes and the rapidity with which they are occurring. Professionally we face challenges and all around the world, events seem very unsettling. It is times such as these when some of the people looking at half a glass of water see it as half empty; others as half full. I hope that you arc all persons who see the glass as half full.
3D Microstructured Scaffolds to Support Photoreceptor Polarization and Maturation

Blinding disorders of the outer retina involve dysfunction and degeneration of photoreceptors. One potential approach to treat these forms of blindness is to repopulate the outer retina via a simple bolus injection of donor photoreceptors. However, this may not be ideal due to the highly polarized organization of photoreceptors that include apical light sensing photopigments and basal axon terminals. Furthermore, bolus injections create uncertainty with regard to the area, density, and retention of donor cells. Here, a novel and robust microfabrication process is developed to create 3D, micrometer-sized complex structures in ultrathin and biocompatible elastomer films (nonbiodegradable polydimethylsiloxane and biodegradable poly(glycerol-sebacate)) that can serve as polarizable photoreceptor delivery scaffolds, consisting of an array of cup-shaped photoreceptor capture wells that funnel into a microchannel. This "wine glass" scaffold design promotes efficient capture of human pluripotent stem-cell-derived photoreceptor cell bodies and guidance of basal axon extensions, ultimately achieving a uniform level of organization and polarization that is not possible with bolus injections or previously described scaffolds. In addition to future therapeutic applications, our scaffold design and materials provide a platform to generate reproducible and scalable in vitro models of photoreceptor-based diseases.
Conceptualizing Adolescent Mental Illness Stigma: Youth Stigma Development and Stigma Reduction Programs

The majority of mental illnesses develop during the teenage years, and such mental health conditions can significantly derail psychosocial development. However, many adolescents are reluctant to pursue mental health services or do not know how to help their peers who may be struggling. Stigma and low mental health knowledge have been identified as leading barriers to such mental health help-seeking. In response, there has been increasing interest in understanding the development of stigma among youth and evidence-base interventions to reduce stigma. The focus of this narrative review was to summarize findings from the adolescent mental illness stigma literature and to link findings to a multidimensional and theoretical model of stigma and adolescent development, with the goals of informing future research and evidence-based stigma reduction practices. Existing evidence suggests that stigma is well-documented among adolescents, but that little consensus exists regarding how to implement successful adolescent-focused mental illness stigma reduction programs. Suggestions for improvement include evaluating the multiple dimensions of mental illness stigma when conducting research, considering the impact of adolescent development on program development and evaluation, using reliable and valid outcome measures, and employing strong research designs (e.g., randomized trials with fidelity checks and long-term follow-ups) to evaluate standardized programs.
Youth science expertise, environmental identity, and agency in climate action filmmaking

The Green Ninja Film Academy (GENIE) is an interdisciplinary curriculum development project that examines the efficacy of combining climate science concepts and practices with digital storytelling ...