cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle spectra from reversed kinematics: Powerful probes of hot rotating nuclei

Inclusive1H/4He emission has been studied for three reactions in “reversed kinematics”,40Ar/56Fe/86Kr (8.5MeV/u)+12C. The4He spectra include the heretofore unobserved region of low c.m. energies in the direction of the heavy reactant. A test of forward-backward symmetry is made for the hot-spot, moving source model; the data do not support the model. Effective emission barriers for4He evaporation are found to be within ∼10% of the corresponding fusion barriers, while for1H evaporation the emission barriers are more than 25% lower. It is possible that deformations predicted by the rotating liquid drop model can account for the4He evaporation spectra, but substantial change in the standard evaporation treatment is required to explain the spectra for1H.
Plane piezothermoelastic response of a hybrid laminate : a benchmark problem

Abstract Cylindrical bending of a composite plate, constructed of both orthotropic and isotropic thermoelastic layers in combination with orthorhombic piezoelectric layers, is studied in this paper. A recently derived exact analytical formulation is employed to obtain a benchmark solution for the case of thermal and electric-potential surface loadings. A high-order planestrain analysis that accounts for transverse normal and shear deformation is also presented. Comparison is made of the displacement and stress distributions found using the high-order and classical bending theories with the piezothermoelasticity results.
Effects of Quantity and Quality Instructions on Brainstorming

One of the basic presumptions of brainstorming is that a focus on generating a large number of ideas enhances both the number of ideas generated and the number of good ideas (original and useful). Prior research has not clearly demonstrated the utility of such a quantity focus in comparison to a condition in which quantity is not emphasized. There have been some comparisons of the impact of quantity and quality focus on the number and quality of ideas, but the results of these comparisons have been mixed. The present study examined brainstorming with four different types of instructions: no specific focus, a quantity goal, a quality goal, or a joint quantity and quality goal. The quantity goal condition was superior to the other three conditions in leading to the generation of more ideas and more good ideas. These findings support Osborn's (1953) assumption that a quantity focus is most beneficial for brainstorming.
Protein tyrosine kinases and cancer

4. Tyrosine kinase activation by mutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F222 4.1. BCR–ABL and human leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F222 4.2. TEL–ABL and human leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F224 4.3. TEL–PDGF receptor and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F224 4.4. ALK and lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F225 4.5. RET and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F226 4.6. Other mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F229
PHOTOREVERSAL OF ACRIFLAVINE INHIBITION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID REPLICATION IN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT‐EXPOSED BACTERIA

With a strain of Escherichia coli lacking the capacity for photoenzymatic splitting of the pyrimidine dimer, acriflavine prevents restoration of DNA replication after u. v. exposure even after photoreversal treatment. With a revertant strain possessing capacity for photoreversal response, light exposure prior to addition of the dye eliminates a large part of the blockage of DNA synthesis by the dye. These results show that the presence of dimercontaining regions in the DNA prevents restoration of DNA replication when the dye is present. However, the non-photoreversibility of some of the u.v.-damage responsible for blockage of DNA synthesis by the dye suggests that acriflavine also interacts with lesions not restituted by the photoreactivating enzyme.
Redox-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery

Bioresponsive polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively pursued for the development of tumor-targeted drug delivery. A novel redox-sensitive biodegradable polymer with “trimethyl-locked” benzoquinone was synthesized for the preparation of paclitaxel-incorporated nanoparticles. The synthesized redox-sensitive nanoparticles released paclitaxel in response to chemically triggered reduction.
High-resolution absorption spectra of diphenylnmethylenes

Abstract High-resolution absorption spectra of the following diphenylmethylenes (DPMs) dispersed in benzophenone crystals at liquid-helium temperatures are presented: DPM-h10, DPM-d10, 4-chloro-DPM, and 4-bromo-DPM. The substituent effects concerning the electronic structure, transition energy and intensity are discussed. From polarization measurements, the electronic configurations of the ground and the first excited triplet states of these DPMs are assigned as (pπ)1(pσ)1 and (pσ)1(π*)1, respectively. Further studies reveal a second excited triplet state, designated as (pπ)1(π*)1, which lies less than 1000 cm-1 above the first excited triplet state of DPM. Diffuse broad bands appear as common features in all the spectra. Such diffuseness is discussed in terms of electron-phonon coupling of the low-lying excited states.
Convergence of the hole-line expansion in nuclear matter☆

Abstract We discuss the convergence of the hole-line expansion in nuclear matter. Explicit results for ring diagrams, summed to arbitrary orders, indicate that this series is, in fact, semiconvergent at nuclear densities
Conditional Expression of a Gi-Coupled Receptor in Osteoblasts Results in Trabecular Osteopenia

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to activation of Gs, such as the PTH1 receptor (PTH1R), have long been known to regulate skeletal function and homeostasis. However, the role of GPCRs coupled to other G proteins such as Gi is not well established. We used the tet-off system to regulate the expression of an activated Gi-coupled GPCR (Ro1) in osteoblasts in vivo. Skeletal phenotypes were assessed in mice expressing Ro1 from conception, from late stages of embryogenesis, and after weaning. Long bones were assessed histologically and by microcomputed tomography. Expression of Ro1 from conception resulted in neonatal lethality that was associated with reduced bone mineralization. Expression of Ro1 starting at late embryogenesis resulted in a severe trabecular bone deficit at 12 wk of age (>51% reduction in trabecular bone volume fraction in the proximal tibia compared with sex-matched control littermates; n = 11; P < 0.01). Ro1 expression for 8 wk beginning at 4 wk of age resulted in a more than 20% reduction in trabecular bone volume fraction compared with sex-matched control littermates (n = 16; P < 0.01). Bone histomorphometry revealed that Ro1 expression is associated with reduced rates of bone formation and mineral apposition without a significant change in osteoblast or osteoclast surface. Our results indicate that signaling by a Gi-coupled GPCR in osteoblasts leads to osteopenia resulting from a reduction in trabecular bone formation. The severity of the phenotype is related to the timing and duration of Ro1 expression during growth and development. The skeletal phenotype in Ro1 mice bears some similarity to that produced by knockout of Gs-α expression in osteoblasts and thus may be due at least in part to Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase.
Reconstitutability of dried whole milk. I. The effect on sinkability of the manner of handling freshly dried milk.

Summary A test has been devised which adequately measures the variations in the sinkability of dried whole milk, a characteristic, related to reconstitutability. The sinkability of the dried milk was greatly affected by the manner in which the dried milk was handled after drying. Maximum sinkabilities were maintained when the dried milk was well chilled before the dried milk particles were allowed to rub against each other or any object. A temperature-conditioning treatment was developed which allowed the recovery of the initial sinkability possessed immediately after drying. This phenomenon was attributed to the physical arrangement of the glycerides of the surface fat on the dried milk particles.
Phytoplankton blooms detected by SeaWiFS along the central and southern California coast

[1] The effect of upwelling events, storm water discharge, and local circulation on phytoplankton blooms in the central California and Southern California Bight (SCB) coastal zones was analyzed using 10+ years (1997–2007) of remotely sensed surface chlorophyll concentration (CHL, derived from SeaWiFS ocean color), sea surface temperature, and modeled freshwater discharge. Analysis of variability and factors associated with phytoplankton blooms was conducted using the offshore extension of zones of CHL > 5 mg m−3; this method excludes terrestrial interference that complicates the use of ocean color to investigate phytoplankton blooms in coastal waters. In the SCB, blooms were most frequent in spring and associated with the spring transition to an upwelling regime. Along the Central Coast, blooms persisted from spring to autumn during seasonal intensification of upwelling. Offshore CHL extensions showed a significant positive trend during 1997–2007, with maxima in 2000–2001 and 2005–2006 that coincided with higher than normal frequency of upwelling events. Upwelling was found to be a major factor driving phytoplankton blooms, although the standard upwelling index derived from large-scale atmospheric circulation was decoupled from the frequencies of both upwelling events and phytoplankton blooms. Areas of longer residence time associated with natural boundaries between coastal ocean regions had more extensive and persistent blooms. The influence of storm water discharge on offshore CHL extension appeared to be limited to areas in close proximity to major river mouths. These “hot spots” were also co-located with ocean outfalls of Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) discharge and, in some cases, longer residence time of coastal waters.
Copper modulates activities of genistein, nitric oxide, and curcumin in breast tumor cells.

Abstract Several papers have reported that low level of genistein ( μ M), the major bioactive component of isoflavones, stimulates the growth of MCF-7 cells. In the present study, we found that genistein-induced growth stimulation of MCF-7 cells is inhibited in the presence of Cu2+ (5 μM). Genistein induces the release of nitric oxide in MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The release of nitric oxide was inhibited by NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester, suggesting the possibility of the activation of nitric oxide synthase. The growth of MCF-7 cells also increases in the presence of low levels of sodium nitriprusside ( μ M), a nitric oxide donor compound, while high levels ( >25 μ M) are toxic. The sodium nitroprusside-induced growth of MCF-7 cells is drastically suppressed in the presence of Cu2+ (5 μM). This parallel behavior between Cu2+–genistein and Cu2+–sodium nitroprusside mixtures suggests that Cu2+ and/or copper–protein complexes, that may be formed in the media, may be reacting with nitric oxide or nitric oxide-derived reactive species. The products of these reactions may be responsible for the toxic effects of these mixtures. In contrast, the effect of curcumin that inhibits the growth of both estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast tumor cells appreciably decreased in the presence of Cu2+. Since copper is known to overwhelmingly bind with proteins, present data suggest that an increase in copper–protein moieties or complexes formed in the serum containing media and their reactions with nitric oxide may be responsible for their toxic effects. Further studies are needed to characterize these reactions.
Using User‐Defined Function Keys with CAT ME

One feature of the OCLC Terminal Software we like is the user‐defined function keys. They not only save time in entering frequently repeated text and commands but also free us from typing errors. As a result, we define and use these function keys extensively at all four of our M300 Workstations. However, we were faced with a dilemma when we also started using the Cataloging Micro Enhancer (CAT ME) software in our cataloging operation. As readers who are familiar with the CAT ME know, it doesn't allow the use of user‐defined function keys. So, for a while it looked like we would either have to give up the convenience of the function keys or not use the CAT ME—both being undesirable options for us.
Are Female Action Heroes Risky Role Models? Character Identification, Idealization, and Viewer Aggression

Although research has shown that affinity for aggressive media characters is linked to greater aggressive tendencies, the increasingly prevalent female action hero has received little empirical scrutiny to date. The present study surveyed 85 undergraduate women in Michigan, United States to determine whether identification with and/or idealization (wishful identification) of a favorite female action hero was associated with aggressive tendencies. Results show that behavioral idealization of an action hero was linked to increased self-reported aggressive behaviors and feelings. Behavioral identification (perceived similarity), by contrast, was not significantly associated with behavioral or affective aggression and showed an inverse relationship with relational aggression. Findings highlight the potentially distinct psychological mechanisms and consequences for idealizing vs. identifying with a favorite female action character.
Modeling and analysis of energy harvesting nodes in body sensor networks

A Markov based unified model for an energy harvesting node in a body sensor network is presented. Using the presented model, the probability of event loss due to energy run out is calculated. The results provide insight into the performance of energy harvesting nodes in a body sensor network as well as design requirements for such devices.
Assessment and disease comparisons of hybrid developmental defects

Rodents of the genus Peromyscus are among the most common North American mammals. Crosses between natural populations of two of these species, P. maniculatus (BW) and P. polionotus (PO), produce parent-of-origin effects on growth and development. BW females mated to PO males produce growth-retarded offspring. In contrast, PO females mated to BW males produce overgrown but dysmorphic conceptuses. Variation in imprinted loci and control of genomic imprinting appear to underlie the hybrid effects. Prior morphological and genetic analyses have focused on placental and post-natal growth. Here, we assess the frequency and scope of embryonic defects. The most frequent outcome of the PO x BW cross is death prior to embryonic day 13. Conceptuses lacking an embryo proper are also observed as in gestational trophoblast disease. Among the common embryonic phenotypes described and tabulated are edema, blood vessel enlargement/hemorrhaging, macroglossia, retention of nucleated erythrocytes, placentomegaly. We investigate expression of loci known to be mis-regulated in human growth/placental disorders and/or mouse knockouts with similar phenotypes. These loci are Igf2, Cdkn1c, Grb10, Gpc3, Phlda2 and Rb1. All exhibited significant differences in either placental or embryonic expression levels at one or more of the three timepoints examined. The data underscore the importance of placental gene expression on embryonic defects. We suggest that the hybrid defects offer a novel system to understand how natural allelic combinations interact to produce disease phenotypes. We propose that such interactions and their resulting epimutations may similarly underlie the phenotypic and causal heterogeneity seen in many human diseases.
Operations Research and Industrial Engineering: The Applied Science and its Engineering

Programs of education in industrial engineering, operations research, and management science should be based upon definitions of the respective fields, upon a concept of the present and future scopes and limitations of professional activity in these fields, as well as upon an evaluation of what academic disciplines provide the most suitable preparation for the respective professional activities. This paper examines these subjects and concludes that educational programs for these professions should have much in common and that, although a wide variety of quite different types of educational experience can provide the basis for professional work in industrial engineering and in operations research, these educational programs should emphasize the system and the decision-making approaches to the science, engineering, and practice of management.
The Genetic Approach to Hypotonia in the Neonate

Numerous genetic syndromes present with hypotonia during the neonatal period, including Prader-Willi syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, congenital muscular dystrophies, nemaline myopathy, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, congenital disorders of glycosylation, and Pompe disease. This article reviews neonatal presentations and appropriate diagnostic tests and examinations for each. Awareness of possible underlying genetic causes for neonatal hypotonia can aid physicians in general pediatric practice, neonatology, and other specialties in making a timely diagnosis for what may be considered rare conditions. Furthermore, early diagnosis allows for improved management of affected infants while providing invaluable information to their families with respect to potential recurrence risks in future generations.
Intellectual Freedom and Censorship in the Library.

The article gives a brief description of intellectual freedom and censorship in order to set a foundation for looking into the library community's role in advocating for intellectual freedom and combating censorship. Focus is given to the unique challenges of school libraries in fulfilling the larger library community's expectations in these two endeavors. The article then puts forth suggestions to school librarians on how to uphold intellectual freedom and to suppress efforts towards censorship while also serving the best interests of their patrons.
Adaptation in a variable environment: Phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging during egg diapause and hatching in an annual killifish

Two ways in which organisms adapt to variable environments are phenotypic plasticity and bet-hedging. Theory suggests that bet-hedging is expected to evolve in unpredictable environments for which reliable cues indicative of future conditions (or season length) are lacking. Alternatively, if reliable cues exist indicating future conditions, organisms will be under selection to produce the most appropriate phenotype -that is, adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Here, we experimentally test which of these modes of adaptation are at play in killifish that have evolved an annual life cycle. These fish persist in ephemeral pools that completely dry each season through the production of eggs that can remain in developmental arrest, or diapause, buried in the soil, until the following rainy season. Consistent with diversified bet-hedging (a risk spreading strategy), we demonstrate that the eggs of the annual killifish Nothobranchius furzeri exhibit variation at multiple levels-whether or not different stages of diapause are entered, for how long diapause is entered, and the timing of hatching-and this variation persists after controlling for both genetic and environmental sources of variation. However, we show that phenotypic plasticity is also present in that the proportion of eggs that enter diapause is influenced by environmental factors (temperature and light level) that vary seasonally. In nature there is typically a large parameter zone where environmental cues are somewhat correlated with seasonality, but not perfectly so, such that it may be advantageous to have a combination of both bet-hedging and plasticity.
The methyltransferases enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH) 1 and EZH2 control hepatocyte homeostasis and regeneration

To investigate the role of enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH) 1 and EZH2 in liver homeostasis, mice were generated that carried Ezh1(-/-) and EZH2(fl/fl) alleles and an Alb-Cre transgene. Only the combined loss of EZH1 and EZH2 in mouse hepatocytes caused a depletion of global trimethylation on Lys 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) marks and the specific loss of over ∼1900 genes at 3 mo of age. Ezh1(-/-),Ezh2(fl/fl)Alb-Cre mice exhibited progressive liver abnormalities manifested by the development of regenerative nodules and concomitant periportal fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and activation of A6-positive hepatic progenitor cells at 8 mo of age. In response to chronic treatment with carbon tetrachloride, all experimental mice, but none of the controls (n = 27 each), showed increased hepatic degeneration associated with liver dysfunction and reduced ability to proliferate. After two-thirds partial hepatectomy, mutant mice (n = 5) displayed increased liver injury and a blunted regenerative response. Genome-wide analyses at 3 mo of age identified 51 genes that had lost H3K27me3 marks, and their expression was significantly increased. These genes were involved in regulation of cell survival, fibrosis, and proliferation. H3K27me3 levels and liver physiology were unaffected in mice lacking either EZH1 globally or EZH2 specifically in hepatocytes. This work demonstrates a critical redundancy of EZH1 and EZH2 in maintaining hepatic homeostasis and regeneration.
Host Genetic Polymorphism Analysis in Cervical Cancer

Background: The natural history of cervical cancer comprises a latency period that probably involves long-term immunologic tolerance of human papillomavirus infection. Identifying host determinants of viral persistence may help to better understand the mechanisms of tolerance and may lead to the development of tests that can allow more focused follow-up of high-risk individuals. Methods: Genotypic frequencies of 12 polymorphic loci in four candidate genes from 127 cervical cancer patients were compared with a control group of 108 female blood donors. Genotypes were determined by PCR amplification and direct sequencing of isolated genomic DNA. Results: The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) −238 polymorphism was significantly underrepresented in cervical cancer patients [heterozygotes (HETs), odds ratio (OR) = 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.11–0.96], as was the TNFα −376 polymorphism ( P = 0.02; 0% for any variant genotype in cases vs 4.7% in controls). The NRAMP1 3′ untranslated region STP+86 polymorphism also appeared to be inversely associated with cervical cancer, but this result did not reach statistical significance (HET, OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.32–1.02). The p53 codon 72 arginine allele showed a suggestive negative association with cervical cancer (HET, OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.14–1.63; homozygotes, OR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.11–1.17). The remaining alleles tested showed no association with cervical cancer. Conclusions: We identified host genetic polymorphisms that may be associated with cervical cancer risk, some of which have been linked to potential functional effects on cellular immune responses or antigen processing. We failed to confirm earlier reports of increased cervical cancer susceptibility in women who harbor the p53 P72R allele. Although our findings support the general hypothesis that host immunogenetic determinants other than class II MHC may be important in the development of cervical cancer, further analysis of the HLA gene cluster comprising the implicated TNFα single-nucleotide polymorphisms will be required to determine whether their association is linkage independent.
Intestinal lipid absorption in the nephrotic rat.

There is limited data on intestinal lipid absorption in the nephrotic syndrome. This study investigated whether the efficiency of intestinal lipid absorption is altered in nephrotic lymph-fistula rats. The nephrotic syndrome was induced in nine Sprague-Dawley rats by an i.v. injection of puromycin aminonucleoside in saline; seven control rats received saline only. At 10 to 14 days after injection, the main intestinal lymph duct was cannulated for collection of lymph. The duodenum was also cannulated and a fasting saline-glucose solution was infused overnight at 3 mL/h. The next day, the infusate was changed to a lipid emulsion that contained (14C) cholesterol and (3H)triglyceride (triolein) that was infused at 3 mL/h for 8 h. During the last hour of fasting and during the lipid infusion, lymph flow in the Nephrotic group averaged 0.6 mL/h higher than the Control group (P = 0.02). No significant differences were found between the two groups in recovery of infused radioactive cholesterol (P = 0.37) or triglyceride (P = 0.38) from the gastrointestinal lumen, small intestinal mucosa, or lymph. Lymphatic output of chemically measured cholesterol was also similar (P = 0.96). These results suggest that mucosal uptake and lymphatic output of cholesterol and triglyceride are not altered in the nephrotic syndrome.
The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Atherosclerosis and Intimal Hyperplasia

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the blood vessel wall that can lead to arterial narrowing and subsequent vascular compromise. Although there are a variety of open and endovascular procedures used to alleviate the obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaque, blood vessel instrumentation itself can lead to renarrowing of the vessel lumen through intimal hyperplasia, wound contracture, or a combination of the two. While the cell types involved in both atherosclerosis and vessel renarrowing after surgical intervention are largely characterized, current research has shown that components of the extracellular matrix are also important in the pathogenesis of the aforementioned processes. One such component is hyaluronic acid (HA). The objective of this review, therefore, is to examine the involvement of HA in these pathologic processes. Literature on the structure and function of HA was reviewed, with particular attention given to the role of HA in the processes of atherogenesis, intimal hyperplasia, and wound contracture after blood vessel instrumentation. HA interacts with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and platelets to promote atherogenesis. In particular, VSMCs manufacture large amounts of HA that form "cable-like" structures important for leukocyte adhesion and rolling. Additionally, transmigration of leukocytes across the EC layer is mediated by HA. Platelets cleave large molecules of HA into fragments that up-regulate leukocyte production of chemokines and cytokines. HA also has a role in both intimal hyperplasia and wound contracture, the two processes most responsible for vessel renarrowing after vascular instrumentation. HA has a complex, and sometimes conflicting, role in the pathologic processes of atherogenesis and vessel wall renarrowing after surgical intervention.
A SIMPLE LOGIC FOR COMPARISONS AND VAGUENESS

I provide an intuitive, semantic account of a new logic for comparisons (CL), in which atomic statements are assigned both a classical truth-value and a "how much" value or extension in the range (0, 1). The truth-value of each comparison is determined by the extensions of its component sentences; the truth-value of each atomic depends on whether its extension matches a separate standard for its predicate; everything else is computed classically. CL is less radical than Casari's comparative logics, in that it does not allow for the formation of comparative statements out of truth-functional molecules. I argue that CL provides a better analysis of comparisons and predicate vagueness than classical logic, fuzzy logic or supervaluation theory. CL provides a model for descriptions of the world in terms of comparisons only. The sorites paradox can be solved by the elimination of atomic sentences.
Analysis of transmit diversity schemes: impact of fade distribution, spatial correlation and channel estimation errors

In this paper, we analyze the average symbol error rate performance of arbitrary two dimensional signal constellations in conjunction with both open-loop and close-loop transmit diversity schemes in a generalized fading environment (including Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, Rician and mixed multipath fading environments). The mathematical framework can treat the case of non-identical fading parameters and dissimilar mean signal strengths across the diversity paths. We also present an analysis of the impact of spatial correlation on the performance of various transmit diversity schemes over Nakagami multipath fading channels. The impact of imperfect channel estimates (Gaussian errors) on various transmit diversity schemes in Rayleigh fading environment is also studied via analytical as well as simulation techniques.
Nonblocking broadcast switching networks

Results are presented for nonblocking multistage broadcast networks wherein a request from an idle input port to be connected to some set of idle output ports can be satisfied without any disturbance of other broadcast connections already existing in the network. Furthermore, a linear network control algorithm for realizing such a broadcast connection request is given. These results represent the best known explicit constructions with limited numbers of stages relative to both crosspoint and control algorithm complexity. Thus, these networks are highly useful for practical applications involving the movement of and collaboration with voice/video/text/graphics information that require broadcast capability. These networks are also useful for the interconnection of processor and memory units in parallel processing systems. >
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Black Bear‐Human Conflicts in Colorado, USA

Abstract Management and conservation of large carnivores increasingly includes conflicts with humans. Consequently, a greater understanding of spatiotemporal trends of conflicts is needed to efficiently allocate resources and apply targeted management. Therefore, we examined spatial and temporal distribution of American black bear (Ursus americanus; hereafter, bear)–human conflicts in Colorado, USA, related to 3 conflict types (agriculture operations, human development, and road kills). We used the Getis–Ord spatial clustering statistic to describe location and assess magnitude of bear–human conflicts in Colorado during 1986–2003 and investigated temporal trends of bear–human conflicts by type. Bear–human conflicts showed distinct spatial clustering by type, and areas of high clustering overlapped conflict types. Clustering for agriculture operations conflicts had the largest overall value and overlapped counties with high sheep production. Both human development and road-kill conflict clusters were high ...
A novel CMOS compatible embedded nonvolatile memory with zero process adder

We demonstrate a CMOS compatible reprogrammable nonvolatile memory cell using a regular n-channel MOSFET with under-lapped source/drain diffusions that requires no extra processing steps in a standard 130nm CMOS logic technology. Experimental results indicate good endurance and retention characteristics. A strategy for optimizing programming efficiency is identified with the addition of one extra mask to introduce drain optimization implants.
Distributed estimation with dependent observations in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network with a fusion center is considered to study the effects of dependent observations on the parameter estimation problem. The sensor observations are corrupted by Gaussian noise with geometric spatial correlation. From an energy point of view, sending all the local data to the fusion center is the most costly, but leads to optimum performance results since all the dependencies are taken into account. From an estimation accuracy point of view, sending only parameter estimates is the least accurate, but is the most parsimonious in terms of communication costs. Hence, this tradeoff between the energy efficiency and the estimation accuracy is explored by comparing the performance of maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the sample average estimator (SAE) under various topologies and communication protocols. We start by reviewing the results from the one-dimensional case and continue by extending those results to various two-dimensional topologies. Surprisingly, we discover a class of regular polygon topologies where the MLE under spatial correlation reduces to the SAE.
Gaussian beam optical systems with high gain or high loss media

Coherent electromagnetic wave amplifiers with non-negligible gain per wavelength are included in the Gaussian beam matrix formalism and a procedure is developed for propagating Gaussian beams in optical systems that may include unsaturated amplifiers and similar absorbers. Standard formulas for beam spotsize and radius of curvature in a uniform medium are generalized in a new way to include gain or loss. An asymmetric focal shift and a potentially infinite spotsize are predicted. These dramatic effects are interpreted physically. >
Structure of the actin crosslinking core of fimbrin.

Abstract Filamentous actin is organized into bundles and orthogonal networks by the fimbrin/α-actinin superfamily of F-actin crosslinking proteins. The crystal structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana and Schizosaccharomyces pombe fimbrin cores provides the first description of a functional F-actin crosslinking protein and highlights the compact and distinctly asymmetric organization of the fimbrin molecule, in which the two actin binding domains present distinct surfaces to solvent. The mapping of functionally important residues onto the structure affords new insights into the binding process and provides additional constraints which must be accommodated by models for F-actin binding and crosslinking. Most strikingly, this work provides unique insight into the mechanistic features of conditional-lethal mutants and their extragenic suppressors, which highlight conformational and dynamic properties required for fimbrin function. These results underscore the power of jointly considering structural and genetic suppressor data for obtaining unexpected and biologically relevant mechanistic information.
From the Revolution to Embodiment: 25 Years of Cognitive Psychology

In 1988, the cognitive revolution had become institutionalized: Cognition was the manipulation of abstract symbols by rules. But, much like institutionalized political parties, some of the ideas were becoming stale. Where was action? Where was the self? How could cognition be smoothly integrated with emotions, with social psychology, with development, with clinical analyses? Around that time, thinkers in linguistics, philosophy, artificial intelligence, biology, and psychology were formulating the idea that just as overt behavior depends on the specifics of the body in action, so might cognition depend on the body. Here we characterize (some would say caricature) the strengths and weaknesses of cognitive psychology of that era, and then we describe what has come to be called embodied cognition: how cognition arises through the dynamic interplay of brain controlling bodily action controlling perception, which changes the brain. We focus on the importance of action and how action shapes perception, the self, and language. Having the body in action as a central consideration for theories of cognition promises, we believe, to help unify psychology.
Separation selectivity patterns in the capillary electrophoretic separation of anionic enantiomers by octakis‐6‐sulfato‐γ‐cyclodextrin

The capillary electrophoretic separation of anionic enantiomers with multiply-charged, single-isomer, anionic resolving agents was reexamined with the help of the charged resolving agent migration model. Three general model parameters were identified that influence the shape of the separation selectivity and enantiomer mobility difference curves: parameter b, the binding selectivity (K(RCD)/K(SCD)), parameter s, the size selectivity (micro0RCD/micro0SCD), and parameter a, the complexation-induced alteration of the analyte's mobility (micro0SCD/micro0). Function analysis of the model indicates that there are six unique separation selectivity vs. resolving agent concentration patterns: in two of the patterns, separation selectivity asymptotically increases to the limiting value set by parameter b; in two other patterns, separation selectivity passes a local maximum and asymptotically decreases to the limiting value set by parameter b; and in the last two patterns, separation selectivity passes a local maximum, decreases to unity, then, after reversal of the intrinsic migration order, asymptotically increases to the limiting value set by parameter b. Though the patterns with asymptotically increasing selectivities were observed in earlier work, this paper reports the first experimental verification of the existence of the local selectivity maximum during the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of several weak acids in high pH background electrolytes with octakis-6-sulfato-gamma-cyclodextrin as the resolving agent.
Algal biofilm reactors for integrated wastewater treatment and biofuel production: A review

Abstract This review analyzes various algal biofilm reactors used for integrated wastewater treatment and biofuel production to overcome the current challenges for algal biofuel production. Various reactor configurations, support materials and operation strategies of algal biofilm reactors are discussed and compared with conventional suspended culture systems in terms of algal biomass productivity, nutrient removal, biomass harvest and biofuel production. The rotating biofilm reactor among various types of biofilm reactors was found to be a promising option to provide high biomass productivity and efficient utilization of nutrients in wastewater. Some materials such as stainless steel, nylon and natural fibers among various materials were found to be highly effective for supporting microalgal biofilm. To date mainly municipal wastewater has been integrated with algal bioreactors while only a few agricultural wastewater have been used for algal bioreactors due to inhibition of algal growth with high ammonium concentrations in animal manure and poor light delivery with high turbidity of animal manure. Overall, the algal biofilm reactors integrated with wastewater would have great potential for high productivity of algal biomass and efficient wastewater treatment if various conditions are optimized.
A Comparison of Patent Classifications with Clustering Analysis

There is an abundance of data and knowledge within any given patent. Through the use of textual mining and machine learning clustering techniques it is possible to discover meaningful associations throughout a corpus of patents. This research demonstrates that such relationships between USPTO patents exist. Through the use of k-means and k-medians clustering, the accuracy of the USPTO classes will be assessed. It will also be demonstrated that a more refined classification process would be beneficial to other areas of analysis and forecasting.
Cognitive factors related to computer programming and software productivity

The significance of software productivity is discussed and methods to increase computer programming productivity are reviewed. The range of performance capabilities of computer programmers in academic work environments based on several cognitive variables are delineated. Results reveal that for 90 percent of the population these ranges can vary from a low of 1:2 to a high of 1:99. Mathematical abilities are shown to predict up to 25 percent of the variance accounting for computer programming proficiency. Also combined chemistry and mathematical skills can predict up to 40 percent of the variance in computer programming proficiency. Basic Cognitive Skills, as measured by standard cognitive ability tests, are not shown to be helpful in predicting programming proficiency, whereas chunking appears to be a useful method for determining computer proficiency.
Laser-Solid Interactions: Localization of Momentum and of Energy

Mechanisms are discussed by which sufficient momentum and energy may be localized on individual atoms, ions or molecules to account for photoablation in different regimes. In order of increasing excitation intensity, these include the roles of: “recoilless emission” (as in Bragg scattering and the Mossbauer effect) during Auger recombination of a core exciton, particularly in the Knotek-Feibelman effect; the metastable binding of multiple holes earlier proposed by Feibelman, particularly in the data of Itoh and coworkers; the change in the equilibrium interatomic spacing concomitant with excitation of a Frenkel exciton (localized broken bond), particularly in the ablative photodecomposition reported by Srinivasan and co-workers; the interaction of virtual excitons with real excitons in a strongly polarized solid, e.g. one subject to laser annealing pulses; and the interaction of ions with surface plasmons, particularly in the laser sputtering data of Hanabusa et al. A connection is made to rapid annealing and to sub-threshold defect formation. Further support is noted for the bose condensation model of pulsed laser annealing.
Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment Progress in Immunology

The cardiac and cerebral vascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis are the primary diseases of present risks for human health.Ross proposed in 1999 atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the theory,and this theory has gradually been recognized by many scholars,through experiments in the atherosclerotic plaque were found in much of activated immune cells and confirmed that atherosclerosis they participated in the occurrence and development;HSP60,ox-LDL has also been considered,such as the atherosclerosis-associated antigen,an increasing number of experiments is to go into the atherosclerosis immunological control,related areas of research are increasingly subject to a wide range of people concern.
Remote Procedure Calls and the Client/Server Model

Up to now we have looked at cloud computing from a fairly high level, and used terms such as “client” and “server” in ways intended to evoke the reader’s intuition into the way that modern computing systems work: our mobile devices, laptops and desktop systems operate fairly autonomously, requesting services from servers that might run in a machine up the hall, or might be situated in a massive cloud-computing data center across the country. Here we focus on client/server computing as a model and look at the issues that arise when a client platform cooperates with a server, potentially replicating state or holding locks.
Controls on Turbulent Mixing in a Strongly Stratified and Sheared Tidal River Plume

AbstractConsiderable effort has been made to parameterize turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate e and mixing in buoyant plumes and stratified shear flows. Here, a parameterization based on Kunze et al. is examined, which estimates e as the amount of energy contained in an unstable shear layer (Ri < Ric) that must be dissipated to increase the Richardson number Ri = N2/S2 to a critical value Ric within a turbulent decay time scale. Observations from the tidal Columbia River plume are used to quantitatively assess the relevant parameters controlling e over a range of tidal and river discharge forcings. Observed e is found to be characterized by Kunze et al.’s form within a factor of 2, while exhibiting slightly decreased skill near Ri = Ric. Observed dissipation rates are compared to estimates from a constant interfacial drag formulation that neglects the direct effects of stratification. This is found to be appropriate in energetic regimes when the bulk-averaged Richardson number Rib is less than...
Knocking on the President’s Door

No effort to list the president’s opportunities to use the prestige of his office to further civil rights could be adequate; from fireside chats to appearances at major events, the list is endless. All that is needed at the outset is a firm resolve to make the presidency a weapon for this democratic objective; the opportunities would then arise by themselves . – Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Since the early twentieth century, racial and ethnic minorities have descended upon the South Lawn gates of the White House and at Lafayette Park in massive numbers, hoping to garner the president’s attention. Such appeals have not been restricted to Washington; protesters throughout the nation have made appeals directly to the president. This chapter attempts to assess whether the information in these protest actions was able to resonate in the Oval Office and elicit a presidential response. We saw in Chapter 3 that congressional representatives often look to informative protest actions within their own districts to understand and address citizens’ concerns. When we shift our focus to the presidential branch of government, the scale of representation expands to include the entire nation, but the pursuit to understand the most pressing issues of citizens remains. As we shall see, the social context of minority protest has provided presidents with an understanding of racial and ethnic minority concerns.
Decellularized Stem Cell Matrix: A Novel Approach for Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation-Based Cartilage Repair

Cartilage defects due to injuries of the knee result in more than 200,000 surgical procedures annually. Current conservative and operative treatments prove inadequate at fully repairing/resurfacing the defects. The most promising cell-based therapy, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), has evolved for generations and is successful in young patients though long-term clinical outcomes are not yet known. The major limitations for current ACI are autologous chondrocyte shortage and dedifferentiation during monolayer expansion. Stem cells, especially tissue-specific stem cells, may be able to overcome autologous chondrocyte shortage in future ACI treatment due to their self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation potentials, and lack of ethical issues. Synovium-derived stem cells have been suggested to be a tissue-specific stem cell for cartilage regeneration due to their excellent chondrogenic capacities both in vivo and in vitro. For the concern about cell dedifferentiation during expansion, decellularized stem cell matrix could provide an ex vivo expansion system to rejuvenate and/or reprogram expanded cells in proliferation and chondrogenic potential. The combination of a tissue-specific stem cell and decellularized stem cell matrix would help provide large-quantity and high-quality cells to improve cartilage regeneration and benefit cartilage repair, which will greatly advance the development of next generation ACI in the near future.