cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lossless Compression of DNA Microarray Images with Inversion Coder

DNA Microarray images are used to identify and monitor gene activity, or expression. In a single experiment, a large number of microarray images may be produced. Storage and archiving of these images are an important problem for researchers. Since microarray images can have a wide variety of nearly random patterns with no discernible structures, general entropy coders, e.g. Bzip2, or generic image compressors, e.g. JPEG-LS, do not perform well. In this work, we investigate performance of the inversion coding technique in lossless compression of DNA microarray images. We show that inversion coding outperforms commonly used entropy coders and image compressors.
Analysis of the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products in Salmonella typhimurium.

We analyzed the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) bromoform (BF), bromoacetic acid (BA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), tribromoacetic acid (TCA), chloroform (CF), chloroacetic acid (CA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (MX), and potassium bromate (KBrO3) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and RSJ100 ± S9. Solvent controls of DMSO and ethanol and a positive control of ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were also analyzed. We developed a rapid microplate-based method to determine the cytotoxicity of the DBPs and we determined their mutagenic potencies. The distributions of the rank order for the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of these DBPs were compared and the structure-function relationships were identified. TA100 –S9 was the most sensitive strain for these DBPs. The rank order of the mutagenic potency adjusted with a cytoxicity factor was MX > BA > EMS > DBA > DCA > CA with TBA, TCA, BF, and CF not mutagenic. From a structure-function perspective, the brominated acetic acids were more cytotoxic and mutagenic than their chlorinated analogs. BA was 150× more mutagenic than CA. The mutagenic potency of the haloacetic acids was inversely related to the number of halogen atoms of the molecule. BA was 36× more mutagenic than DBA. The differential cytotoxicity expressed by the DBPs indicated that a cytotoxicity analysis enhanced the sensitivity of the mutagenicity data, which resulted in an enhanced precision for comparing their relative mutagenic strengths. This information is critical when conducting quantitative structure-function analysis of these hazardous agents. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:113–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Examination and Analysis of Implementation Choices within the Material Point Method (MPM)

The Material Point Method (MPM) has shown itself to be a powerful tool in the sim- ulation of large deformation problems, especially those involving complex geometries and contact where typical finite element type methods fre- quently fail. While these large complex problems lead to some impressive simulations and solu- tions, there has been a lack of basic analysis char- acterizing the errors present in the method, even on the simplest of problems. The large number of choices one has when implementing the method, suchas thechoiceofbasisfunctionsandboundary treatments,furthercomplicates thiserroranalysis. In thispaperweexploresomeofthemany choices one can make when implementing an MPM al- gorithm and the numerical ramifications of these choices. Specifically, we analyze and demonstrate how the smoothing length within the General- ized InterpolationMaterial Point Method (GIMP) can affect the error and stability properties of the method. We also demonstrate how various choices of basis functions and boundary treat- ments affect the spatial convergence properties of MPM.
Sense-Making View of Knowledge Management: Theoretical Development and Empirical Validation

The dynamics of knowledge management (KM) have evolved from the information-processing view of KM to the sense-making view of KM. The information-processing view of KM has been prevalent in the slow-paced, predicable environment. The sense-making view of KM, on the other hand, emerges in the environment where the fast, unpredictable pace of change is salient. Despite its significant and growing importance, there is a limited and fragmented understanding of the sense-making view of KM. This study addresses the issue of how the sense-making view of KM can be embodied by presenting and testing a research model. Data collected from 208 interdisciplinary teams were used to examine the research model by structural equation modeling. Results indicate that cognitive empowerment has a significant impact on perspective taking. Trust and media richness are critical determinants of cognitive empowerment. This study provides important insights of the role of cognition and behaviour in building the sense-making view of KM.
Anti-Incumbency and the 1992 Elections: The Changing Face of Presidential Coattails

In its strictest sense, a coattail is the effect that one race has on a separate yet simultaneous race. Traditionally, the assumption is that mobilization coattails consist of two stages, mobilization and partisan voting. In this research, we examine the combination of mobilization with incumbency/anti-incumbent voting. We combine these to develop a nonpartisan, mobilization coattail model that we use to examine the 1992 elections. We then conclude that the mobilization effects of Ross Perot benefitted U.S. House challengers.
Deletion of a 77-Base-Pair Inverted Repeat Element Alters the Synthesis of Surface Polysaccharides in Porphyromonas gingivalis

ABSTRACT Bacterial cell surface glycans, such as capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), influence host recognition and are considered key virulence determinants. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is known to display at least three different types of surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown that PG0121 (in strain W83) encodes a DNABII histone-like protein and that this gene is transcriptionally linked to the K-antigen capsule synthesis genes, generating a large ∼19.4-kb transcript (PG0104-PG0121). Furthermore, production of capsule is deficient in a PG0121 mutant strain. In this study, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) molecule located within a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element located near the 5′ end of the locus. We show that overexpression of this asRNA decreases the amount of capsule produced, indicating that this asRNA can impact capsule synthesis in trans . We also demonstrate that deletion of the 77bpIR element and thereby synthesis of the large 19.4-kb transcript also diminishes, but does not eliminate, capsule synthesis. Surprisingly, LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR element, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies specific to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Additionally, reduced reactivity to these antibodies was also observed in a PG0106 mutant, indicating that this putative glycosyltransferase, which is required for capsule synthesis, is also involved in LPS synthesis in strain W83. We discuss our finding in the context of how DNABII proteins, an antisense RNA molecule, and the 77bpIR element may modulate expression of surface polysaccharides in P. gingivalis. IMPORTANCE The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis displays at least three different types of cell surface glycans: O-LPS, A-LPS, and K-antigen capsule. We have shown using Northern analysis that the K-antigen capsule locus encodes a large transcript (∼19.4 kb), encompassing a 77-bp inverted repeat (77bpIR) element near the 5′ end. Here, we report on the identification of an antisense RNA (asRNA) encoded within the 77bpIR. We show that overexpression of this asRNA or deletion of the element decreases the amount of capsule. LPS structures were also altered by deletion of the 77bpIR, and reactivity to monoclonal antibodies to both O-LPS and A-LPS was eliminated. Our data indicate that the 77bpIR element is involved in modulating both LPS and capsule synthesis in P. gingivalis.
Gonadal Stage and Sex Steroid Correlations in Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, Habituated to a Semitropical Environment

Stages of gonadal development, in association with plasma concentrations of the sex steroids 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), were investigated for a single time point during a natural breeding season in 7-yr-old Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri Brandt, exposed lifelong to a warmwater environment. Among females, examination of gonadal tissue showed variation in ovarian stage, with 12.5, 47.5, 22.5, and 17.5% of females found at Stages 2 (previtellogenic), 3 (early vitellogenic), 4 (mid-vitellogenic), and 5 (migratory nucleus), respectively. Although patterns varied among the hormones, plasma concentrations of E2, T, and 11-KT became increasingly elevated in females as maturation progressed. On the basis of histological criteria, males were classified as either premeiotic (quiescent) or meiotic and 50% of the males sampled were found at each stage. Significant elevations in circulating concentrations of plasma E2 and T were observed in meiotic versus premeiotic males, and there was a rise in plasma 11-KT concentration that approached significance (P = 0.056).
Using WordNet and lexical operators to improve Internet searches

A natural language interface system for an Internet search engine shows substantial increases in the precision of query results and the percentage of queries answered correctly. The system expands queries based on a word-sense-disambiguation method and postprocesses retrieved documents to extract only the parts relevant to a query.
Poems of Thomas W. Gissing

Thomas W. Gissing was the father ofÂ English novelist George Gissing (1857â€“1903).Â Thomas delighted enough in poetry to teach his son at four or five years of age to recite verses from Tennyson, and his interest was also strong enough to prompted him to try writing poetry himself.Â Young gives us samples of the poems that indicate his great interest in the study of botany, a field in which he is better known.
Creating Effective Schools Where All Students Can Learn

Helping schools create environments where all students can learn is a worthwhile mission for schools big and small. Both multi and single site districts agree that providing equitable and meaningful learning opportunities for every student is essential, but find this challenging and difficult. What are the systemic factors that limit educators in considering new educational paradigms that might structure schools differently, increase learning outcomes for a wider spectrum of students, and prepare students to meet the challenges of the 21st century? All communities need graduates ready to face the world after high school, prepared to work, and ready to offer hope toward world and civic affairs.
cMotion: A New Game Design to Teach Emotion Recognition and Programming Logic to Children using Virtual Humans

This paper presents the design of the final stage of a new game currently in development, entitled cMotion, which will use virtual humans to teach emotion recognition and programming concepts to children. Having multiple facets, cMotion is designed to teach the intended users how to recognize facial expressions and manipulate an interactive virtual character using a visual drag-and-drop programming interface. By creating a game which contextualizes emotions, we hope to foster learning of both emotions in a cultural context and computer programming concepts in children. The game will be completed in three stages which will each be tested separately: a playable introduction which focuses on social skills and emotion recognition, an interactive interface which focuses on computer programming, and a full game which combines the first two stages into one activity.
Nature experience in transactional perspective

Abstract A transactional account of human-environment systems holds that the various aspects of those systems serve to define each other. From this perspective experiences of natural and built aspects of human environments are seen as mutually dependent. Examining implications of this view, the paper refers to a large, multidisciplinary body of research dealing with various facets of nature experience. The literature supports discussion of both a general and a specific transactional character of nature experience. In the general sense, individuals are engaged in an exchange across species and sociocultural levels of aggregation. This transaction draws motive force from an on-going process of differentiation and evaluation of natural and human-made objects and environments. This process is integral to the development of cultures, and has led to the creation of conditions that challenge our biological adaptedness. Looking then to the specific transactional character, literature is reviewed to draw out reciprocities between individuals' experiences of nature and their experiences of built, often urban, environments. Environmental evaluations, motivations for outdoor recreation, and benefits attributed to contact with nature all speak to the existence of experiential bonds between the natural and the built. Implications for research and planning are discussed in closing.
Katalytische enantioselektive C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Alkoholen durch redoxgesteuerte Addition an die Carbonylgruppe: Wasserstoff‐Ausleihe und Kohlenstoff‐Rückgabe

Die Verwendung von Alkoholen und ungesattigten Reaktanten zur redoxvermittelten Bildung von Nucleophil-Elektrophil-Paaren stellt einen breiten, neuartigen Ansatz in der Chemie der Carbonyl-Addition dar. Mit dieser Vorgehensweise lassen sich diskrete Redoxmanipulationen, die oftmals fur die Erzeugung von Carbonyl-Elektrophilen und vormetallierten Kohlenstoff-zentrierten Nucleophilen benotigt werden, vermeiden. Die Methode begrundet eine neue Klasse von enantioselektiven C-C-Kupplungen, die durch Iridium- oder Rutheniumkomplexe katalysiert werden.
Developing the guide to community preventive services—overview and rationale

When the GUIDE TO COMMUNITY PREVENTIVE SERVICES: Systematic Reviews and Evidence-Based Recommendations (the Guide) is published in 2001, it will represent a significant national effort in encouraging evidence-based public health practice in defined populations (e.g., communities or members of specific managed care plans). The Guide will make recommendations regarding public health interventions to reduce illness, disability, premature death, and environmental hazards that impair community health and quality of life. The Guide is being developed under the guidance of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force)-a 15-member, nonfederal, independent panel of experts. Subject matter experts, methodologists, and scientific staff are supporting the Task Force in using explicit rules to conduct systematic literature reviews of evidence of effectiveness, economic efficiency, and feasibility on which to base recommendations for community action. Contributors to the Guide are building on the experience of others to confront methodologic challenges unique to the assessment of complex multicomponent intervention studies with nonexperimental or nonrandomized designs and diverse measures of outcome and effectiveness. Persons who plan, fund, and implement population-based services and policies to improve health at the state and local levels are invited to scrutinize the work in progress and to communicate with contributors. When the Guide is complete, readers are encouraged to consider critically the value and relevance of its contents, the implementation of interventions the Task Force recommends, the abandonment of interventions the Task Force does not recommend, and the need for rigorous evaluation of the benefits and harms of promising interventions of unknown effectiveness.
Transaction synchronization in distributed shared virtual memory systems

Synchronization in DSVM (distributed shared virtual memory) can be approached top-down by first understanding the synchronization needs at the process level instead of only at the memory access level. The authors demonstrate this idea in the context of transaction synchronization, devising two-phase locking-based algorithms under two DSVM scenarios: with and without an underlying memory coherence system. They compare the performances of the two algorithms and argue that significant performance gain can potentially result from bypassing memory coherence and supporting process synchronization directly on distributed memory. They also study the role of the optimistic algorithms in transaction synchronization in DSVM and show that some optimistic policy appears promising under the scenarios studied. >
The influence of gender on the doctor-patient interaction.

Abstract Objective This paper discusses the research focused on gender issues in healthcare communication. Methods The majority of papers discussed here are based on a research study in which 509 new adult patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to family practice or internal medicine clinics at a university medical center and followed for one year of care. Results There are significant differences in the practice style behaviors of female and male doctors. Female doctors provide more preventive services and psychosocial counseling; male doctors spend more time on technical practice behaviors, such as medical history taking and physical examination. The patients of female doctors are more satisfied, even after adjusting for patient characteristics and physician practice style. Female patients make more medical visits and have higher total annual medical charges; their visits include more preventive services, less physical examination, and fewer discussions about tobacco, alcohol and other substance abuse (controlling for health status and sociodemographic variables). The examination of gender concordant and discordant doctor–patient dyads provides a unique strategy for assessing the effect of gender on what takes place during the medical visit. Conclusion Doctor and patient gender can impact the physician–patient interaction and its outcomes. Practice implications The development of appropriate strategies for the implementation of knowledge about physician and patient gender differences will be crucial for the delivery of high quality gender-sensitive healthcare.
Morphometry and Phylogeny in the Resolution of Paleobiological Problems — Unlocking the Evolutionary Significance of an Assemblage of Silurian Trilobites

Morphometrics and cladistics share a common advantage over traditional approaches to describing morphological variation; they both require a consistent descriptive framework as the basis for comparison of form. Both methods encourage rigor in the study of morphology, and provide an explicit basis for subsequent re-evaluation of results. This rigor facilitates the framing and testing of paleobiological hypotheses. Judicious combinations of morphometric and phylogenetic approaches permit exploration of the phylogenetic context of patterns of morphological variation. With that information in hand we are poised to address research questions in the one of most promising research areas in contemporary biology—the interface between the processes which guide the development of individuals and major aspects of the evolutionary history of broad clades. In this chapter we document morphologic variation within an assemblage of Silurian trilobites from near Loděnice in the Czech Republic and demonstrate that a specific pattern of variation characterizes one taxon. By placing all these taxa in their phylogenetic context, we assess the extent to which developmental styles are constrained by phylogenetic history. This information provides initial insight into the role of evolutionary constraints in governing aspects of the trilobite body plan.
CLINICAL STAGE I TESTIS CANCER: LONG-TERM OUTCOME OF PATIENTS ON SURVEILLANCE

AbstractPurpose: The long-term outcome results of a prospective surveillance trial for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (NSGCT) are reported in an effort to define the natural history of clinical stage I testis cancer treated with orchiectomy alone, and to determine if a subset of patients exists that may be suitable for surveillance.Materials and Methods: Between September 1979 and December 1987, 105 patients were entered into the study. Patients with persistent elevation of serum tumor markers (AFP, BHCG, and LDH) following orchiectomy, stage T2-T4 primary tumors, any evidence of metastases and pure choriocarcinoma or pure seminoma on histology were excluded from study. Enrolled patients underwent periodic physical examination, serological testing and radiological imaging according to an established protocol.Results: Median followup was 11.3 years. Of the patients 78 (74.3%) have remained disease-free and 27 (25.7%) have experienced relapse. Of the patients with relapse 24...
Home Range and Movements of Boreal Toads in Undisturbed Habitat

Abstract I sampled movements and amount of area used by boreal toads (Bufo boreas) between June and October for 3 yr. Females were found farther from the breeding site than were males, and mean home ranges, as calculated by the adaptive kernel method, were four times larger for females than for males. Temperature and snow accumulation were comparable over the study, but data collection was hampered by mortality of animals caused by an outbreak of amphibian chytridiomycosis in yr 2. These data provide insight into use of habitat by boreal toads in undisturbed areas but may not be typical of a completely healthy population.
Is an Athletic Approach the Future of Software Engineering Education

Traditional software engineering education approaches--in-class lectures, unsupervised homework assignments, and occasional projects--create many opportunities for distraction. To address this problem, the authors have employed an approach that treats software engineering education more like athletic training.
Obstacles Facing Elderly Veterans in the VA Claims Adjudication Process

The VA has claimed to create a non-adversarial process for claims adjudication for veterans. This process has created multiple obstacles specifically for the elderly veterans. Each of these obstacles has a remedy that does not completely terminate the obstacle, but it does allow the veteran the opportunity to proceed in his or her claim. The largest obstacles in the VA process for elderly veterans are lack of transportation; delay in the VA process; lack of service records; lack of buddy statements; lack of mental health; lack of knowledge about potential benefits; and lack of due process in the claims process. These obstacles prevent elderly veterans from getting the appropriate benefits to help them in the later stages of their lives. The VA process needs to undergo a comprehensive change; until the process evolves, these obstacles will continue to stand in the way of elderly veterans attaining their benefits.
Stability of aztreonam and ampicillin sodium–sulbactam sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride injection

The stability of aztreonam, ampicillin sodium, and sulbactam sodium admixed in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored at room temperature and under refrigeration was studied. Each of the following admixtures was prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection: (1) aztreonam 10 mg/mL; (2) ampicillin 20 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) and sulbactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salt); and (3) aztreonam 10 mg/mL, ampicillin 20 mg/mL, and sulbactam 10 mg/mL. Three minibags of each admixture were stored at room temperature and three were refrigerated. Every 12 hours, up to 96 hours, the admixtures were visually inspected and 5-mL samples were withdrawn for high-performance liquid chromatography and pH testing. No color change or precipitation was observed in any sample. In admixtures containing ampicillin, ampicillin was the first or only drug to lose more than 10% of initial concentration. In the ampicillin-sulbactam admixture, ampicillin was stable for 32 hours at room temperature and 68 hours refrigerated. In the aztreonam-ampicillin-sulbactam admixture, ampicillin was stable for 30 hours at room temperature and 94 hours refrigerated. Aztreonam 10 mg/mL, ampicillin 20 mg/mL (as the sodium salt), and sulbactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable in combination for up to 30 hours at room temperature and 94 hours under refrigeration.
The Supremacy Clause, Original Meaning, and Modern Law

Under the U.S. Constitution, if federal interests conflict with state law, when must the latter give way? Although the Constitution’s text appears to resolve the question in Article VI’s supremacy clause, important recent scholarship argues that an approach anchored by the supremacy clause’s text cannot provide a practical account of modern law nor useful guidance for the future. More broadly, these critiques use the example of the supremacy clause to cast general doubt upon text-based originalism as a practical tool for resolving modern disputes. This article defends a textual approach to key modern issues of supremacy, including executive foreign affairs preemption, preemptive federal common law, and non-self-executing treaties. It finds that, while modern doctrine and modern conceptions of law differ somewhat from the outlook of the founding era, these differences are not insurmountable obstacles: a combination of text and stare decisis, as indicated by the Supreme Court’s approach to executive preemption in Medellin v. Texas, can supply workable solutions to modern supremacy debates. The article thus suggests that conventional academic concerns over the practicality of text-based originalism may be considerably overstated.
Unpacking insanity defence standards: An experimental study of rationality and control tests in criminal law

Este estudio ha investigado la repercusion de los diversos canones legales en las decisiones simuladas acerca de si un acusado es culpable o no por motivos de vesania. Una muestra de 477 estudiantes universitarios leyeron el resumen de caso relativo a un asesinato, pidiendoseles luego que determinasen si habia enajenacion mental. Los casos diferian en cuanto a la condicion del acusado (deficit de racionalidad o de control) y el criterio legal proporcionado a los jurados para que tomaran la determinacion (Codigo penal modelo, McNaughten o McNaughten mas una determinacion sobre el control). Se investigo el efecto de estas variables en la determinacion de vesania. Los jurados rellenaron tambien cuestionarios que median actitudes de individualismo y jerarquia y la percepcion de los hechos del caso. Los resultados indican que con los criterios de demencia actuales los jurados no distinguen entre acusados con deficit de racionalidad y aquellos con deficit de control, aunque los criterios legales se lo exijan. Incluso los acusados que carecian de control fueron hallados culpables en la misma proporcion con un criterio legal que disculpaba el deficit de racionalidad y con otro que excluia los deficit de control y racionalidad. Consiguio mejorarse anadiendo una prueba de control como defensa parcial a determinar tras la decision sobre la racionalidad. Se comentan las implicaciones para la defensa de la enajenacion mental en el sistema de justicia penal.
Flow Relationships for Hemipterous Stylets

Values for the pressure differential which may be required to effect the recorded rates of flow of plant sap or of blood through the stylets of aphids or a reduviid bug, respectively, have been estimated on the assumption that the Poisseuille relationship, in its simplest form,
A Structural Multi-Mechanism Damage Model for Cerebral Arterial Tissue and its Finite Element Implementation

Early stage cerebral aneurysms are characterized by the disruption of the internal elastic lamina (IEL). The cause of this breakdown is still not understood, but it has been conjectured to be caused by fatigue failure or alternatively by a breakdown in homeostatic mechanisms in the wall arising from some aspect of the local hemodynamics, e.g. [1].© 2008 ASME
Mechanism of phospholipase C-induced release of EDRF from pulmonary artery endothelium

The mechanism of phospholipase (PL) C-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was investigated. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) were treated with phosphatidylinositol (PI)-selective PLCs, nonselective PLCs, or a nonselective PLD. PI-PLCs elicited PI-glycan anchor hydrolysis but did not alter either intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in fura-2-loaded BPAEC or EDRF production in BPAEC-vascular smooth muscle cocultures. In contrast, non-selective PLCs increased [Ca2+]i, an effect prevented by prior exposure to the PLCs, and EDRF production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Antibodies raised against PI-glycan anchors did not alter, while heat denaturation abolished, the PLC-dependent effects. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ with [ethylene-bis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid both prevented and reversed PLC-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i and inhibited EDRF production. Although Mn2+ quenched PLC-induced increases in fura-2 fluorescence, high PLC concentrations elicited significant dye loss from fura-2-loaded BPAEC. We conclude that the effects of exogenous PLC on EDRF production are not dependent on release of a membrane PI-glycan-linked moiety. Rather, the PLC actions are mediated by a graded increase in cell membrane permeability, probably related to pore formation by the hemolytic activity of the enzyme, followed by an influx of extracellular Ca2+.
Achieving complete intelligence from violent extremist communications: integrating the propaganda analysis nexus

ABSTRACTViolent extremist propaganda is embedded within layers of data that can be used by intelligence agencies. Each layer requires an applicable propaganda analysis method to identify and extract the data. A propaganda analysis typology classifies these methods by several characteristics. This paper examines the methodological divergences and convergences of five propaganda analysis typologies: dissemination, informative, communicative, frames and emotions. Each typology is identified by the type of data and the unit of analysis in a comparative framework. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section sets the context of propaganda analysis via a historical overview since the Second World War. The second section defines a propaganda typology through purpose, method and outcome. The third section argues that complete intelligence is achieved through a propaganda analysis nexus where the five approaches converge to achieve actionable intelligence and effective counter propaganda measures.
Diallyl disulfide inhibits migration and invasion in human colon cancer SW480 cells by downregulating expression of LIMK1

Aim To investigate the effects of DADS on expression of LIMK1 and the influences on migration and invasion in human colon carcinoma SW480 cells.And to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the inhibitive effect of Diallyl disulfide on migration and invasion in cancer cells.Methods The effects of DADS on expression of LIMK1 in SW480 cells was detected by Immunocytochemistry,RT-PCR and Western blot.Migration potentials were examined by Wound Healing assay.Invasion potentials were determined by transwell membrane assays.Results Compared with the negative control group,the expression of LIMK1 mRNA was inhibited significantly in SW480 cells after treated with DADS examined by RT-PCR.LIMK1 protein was overexpressed in human Colon cancer SW480 cell lines,detected by Immunocytochemistry.And its expression was remarkably downregulated after treatment with DADS.Moreover,Western bolt showed that DADS reduced expressions of LIMK1 protein in a time-dose dependent manner.Wound Healing assays showed that as the increase of concentration of DADS,the scratch healing distances were broadening.The results indicated that DADS can inhibit the capability of migration in SW480 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner.Transwell invasion assays revealed that with the increase of quantities of DADS,the numbers of invaded cells were obviously decreased.Its results exhibited that DADS can inhibit the capability of invasion in SW480 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions After treatment with DADS,we can see significant inhibitory expression levels of LIMK1,suppression of migration and invasion capability in SW480 cell lines.The potential molecule mechanisms may be that DADS can downregulate expression levels of LIMK1.
Results from an external proficiency testing program: 11 years of molecular genetics testing for myotonic dystrophy type 1

The aim of this study was to examine the performance of laboratories offering assessment for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) using external proficiency testing samples. DM1, a dominant disorder, has a prevalence of 1:20,000 due to the expansion of CTG trinucleotide repeats in the DMPK gene. External proficiency testing administered by the College of American Pathologists/American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics distributes three samples twice yearly. Responses from 2003 through the first distribution of 2013 were analyzed after stratification by location (United States/international). Both the repeat sizes (analytic validity) and clinical interpretations were assessed. Over the 21 distributions, 45 US and 29 international laboratories participated. Analytic sensitivity for detecting and reporting expanded repeats (≥50) was 99.2% (382/385 challenges) and 97.1% (133/137 challenges), respectively. Analytic specificity (to within two repeats of the consensus) was 99.2% (1,790/1,805 alleles) and 98.6% (702/712 alleles), respectively. Clinical interpretations were correct for 99.3% (450/453) and 98.2% (224/228) of positive challenges and in 99.9% (936/937) and 99.6% (455/457) of negative challenges, respectively. Of four incorrect interpretations made in the United States, two were probably due to sample mix-up. This review of laboratory performance regarding laboratory-developed genetic tests indicates very high performance for both the analytic and interpretative challenges for DM1. Genet Med 18 12, 1290–1294.
Landscape-level interactions

ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE, FOREST FRAGMENTATION, AND LANDSCAPE STABILITY Along the continuum from incipient domestication of plants, to slash-and-burn cultivation of village garden plots, to development of extensive agricultural fields, several kinds of landscape thresholds may be crossed. These thresholds involve geomorphic processes, hydrologic changes, and habitat continuity. Anthropogenic disturbance, if severe and extensive enough, can result in over-exploitation of resources leading to forest fragmentation, soil degradation, and deterioration of the environment, with potentially irreversible effects (Figure 3.4). According to Redman (1999, p. xi): “The archaeological record is populated with thousands of communities [worldwide] that for varying lengths of time maintained a balance with their environment, yet over time, virtually all developed practices that degraded their surroundings and undermined their continued existence.” Native American disturbance and landscape change: Crawford Lake, Ontario High-resolution pollen, plant macrofossil, and charcoal records from southern Ontario give definitive evidence that Native Americans impacted the vegetation during the time interval from 650 to 250 BP, before the, time of European American settlement of the region (McAndrews and Boyko-Diakonow, 1989; Byrne and Finlayson, 1998). The evidence is derived from annually laminated sediments from Crawford Lake, located 65 km southwest of Toronto, along the Niagara Escarpment, within the northern conifer–mixed hardwoods forest region (Figure 7.1). Because the Crawford Lake basin is relatively small (2.4 ha surface area), deep (24 m water depth), and steep-sided, the lake is meromictic and has deposited sediments in annual varves.
Myopathy with Complex I Deficiency: Riboflavin Carnitine Therapy

A six year old boy with progressive myopathy and motor neuropathy associated with complex I deficiency is reported from the Institutes of Neurology, Pediatrics and Cell Biology, St. Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
The Effect of the Azimuthal Angle on Fast-Neutron Concrete Albedos

Albedos have been experimentally measured for a spectrum of fast fission neutrons incident on a 24- x 24- x 9-in. concrete slab. The source of fast neutrons for the experimental studies was the Missouri University Research Reactor; the direct and reflected neutron spectra were detected using a 2- x 2-in. liquid-scintillation spectrometer system. Previously published Monte Carlo calculated albedos have indicated a weak dependence on the azimuthal angle of reflection. These experimental measurements have confirmed this result and identified the effect of the incident angle on this relationship.
Re-operative Parathyroid Surgery

Re-operative parathyroid surgery can result from prior parathyroid surgery or proximate neck surgeries. When a patient remains hypercalcemic and hyperparathyroid within 6 months following initial parathyroid surgery, he or she is considered to have persistent primary hyperparathyroidism. Recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism may occur after initial successful parathyroidectomy and postoperative period of normocalcemia. Over time, less invasive surgical techniques coupled with preoperative localization studies have shifted many initial operations away from initial four-gland exploration. Prior to embarking on re-operative parathyroid surgery, the surgeon should (1) review the prior and current biochemical workup to confirm the diagnosis, and (2) review the prior operative, pathology, imaging, and intraoperative PTH results in attempt to understand the extent of original surgery and potential cause for failure. Parathyroid embryology and anatomy, intraoperative PTH monitoring, preoperative imaging, radiopharmaceutical guidance, jugular venous sampling, and RLN monitoring are all important considerations and adjuncts which may be helpful in re-operative parathyroid surgery. Re-operative parathyroid surgery requires a systematic approach as the chance of cure in re-operative surgery is reduced and the chance of complication is increased in comparison to primary surgery. It is incumbent on the surgeon to optimize chances of success utilizing available localization techniques, and by exercising careful, calculated clinical judgement.
Self-monitoring of On-task Behaviors Using the MotivAider® by a Middle School Student with a Moderate Intellectual Disability:

This investigation used an ABAB withdrawal design to determine the effect of self-monitoring using the MotivAider® (MotivAider, 2000) on percentage of intervals of on-task behavior by an 11-year ol...
SUPPORTING STUDENTS IN FOSTER CARE

Students living in foster care are at risk for experiencing many challenges in school, spanning domains of social–emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning. They are twice as likely to be absent from school and to have received and out-of-school suspension and up to three and a half times more likely to receive special education services. Therefore, it is important for schools to recognize and respond to the unique needs of students in foster care to provide the necessary resources for school success. When working with students in foster care, school psychologists should be equipped to support the success of these students by determining what the needs of students in foster care are, and how to meet identified needs. The current paper will discuss the education-related vulnerabilities and presenting problems for children in foster care and outline social–emotional, behavioral, and academic supports that school psychologists can offer.
Charge-Ordered Nanoclusters above T C : the Smoking Gun of Phase Separation?

This chapter describes interesting experimental results that support the theory of phase separation for manganites outlined in this book. The information presented here was gathered using a variety of techniques, convincingly showing the existence of charge-ordered nanoclusters above the Curie temperature of CMR ferromagnetic manganites. In addition, it has been shown in many experimental measurements that the “strength” of these clusters correlates with the resistivity, both as a function of temperature at zero magnetic field and as a function of magnetic field at constant temperature. These experimental investigations have also shown that free polarons exist in the paramagnetic insulating (PI) state, but their presence does not seem correlated with the magnetotransport CMR phenomenon. The key feature of the PI state that induces the well-known MR behavior of its resistivity appears to be the charge-ordered nanoclusters described here. This result, if confirmed, would provide key support to the theory of manganites that is based on mixed-phase tendencies, and would rule out theories based on a gas of uncorrelated small polarons in the PI state. Work in the near future will hopefully further clarify these issues. It is recommended that the results of this chapter should be read in combination with those of some previous chapters, such as Chap. 11, where experimental evidence for inhomogeneities was presented.
Mutiny in Côte d'Ivoire:

Since 1990, Cote d’Ivoire has experienced over a dozen army mutinies, with three major events occurring in the first half of 2017. This paper explores the underlying causes of these events, considering both this year’s mutinies and the state’s prior experiences with military insubordination. A review of the events of Cote d’Ivoire’s tumultuous 2017 indicates a number of parallels with some of its earlier mutinies, though these more recent events are perhaps unique due to the presence of a larger range of dynamics and the scale of the mutineers’ demands. Beyond requests for better pay, which are nearly ubiquitous, these events also illustrate the general hazards of post-conflict civil–military relations, including challenges related to demobilisation, integration of rebel forces, the consequences of soldiers having contributed to a leader’s ascendance, and the perils of soldier loyalties lying with personalities instead of the state.
Controlled Exciton Transport via a Ramp

This chapter presents exciton transport in a potential energy gradient—a ramp—created by a shaped electrode at constant voltage. We utilize the ability to control exciton energy by electrode shape and design the shape of a top electrode on the sample surface so that a voltage applied to it creates a constant potential energy gradient for indirect excitons in the CQW. The excitonic ramp realizes directed transport of excitons as a diode realizes directed transport of electrons.
Leading-Edge Flow Sensing for Aerodynamic Parameter Estimation

The identification of inflow air-data quantities such as the airspeed, angle of attack, and local lift coefficient on various sections of a wing or rotor blade is beneficial for load monitoring, ae...
Using Medical Student Quality Improvement Projects to Promote Evidence-Based Care in the Emergency Department

Introduction: The Association of American Medical Colleges’ (AAMC) initiative for Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency includes as an element of Entrustable Professional Activity 13 to “identify system failures and contribute to a culture of safety and improvement.” We set out to determine the feasibility of using medical students’ action learning projects (ALPs) to expedite implementation of evidence-based pathways for three common patient diagnoses in the emergency department (ED) setting (Atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary embolism).Methods: These prospective quality improvement (QI) initiatives were performed over six months in three Northeastern PA hospitals. Emergency physician mentors were recruited to facilitate a QI experience for third-year medical students for each project. Six students were assigned to each mentor and given class time and network infrastructure support (information technology, consultant experts in lean management) to work on their projects. Students had access to background network data that revealed potential for improvement in disposition (home) for patients.Results: Under the leadership of their mentors, students accomplished standard QI processes such as performing the background literature search and assessing key stakeholders’ positions that were involved in the respective patient’s care. Students effectively developed flow diagrams, computer aids for clinicians and educational programs, and participated in recruiting champions for the new practice standard. They met with other departmental clinicians to determine barriers to implementation and used this feedback to help set specific parameters to make clinicians more comfortable with the changes in practice that were recommended. All three clinical practice guidelines were initiated at consummation of the students’ projects. After implementation, 86% (38/44) of queried ED providers felt comfortable with medical students being a part of future ED QI initiatives, and 84% (26/31) of the providers who recalled communicating with students on these projects felt they were effective.Conclusion: Using this novel technique of aligning small groups of medical students with seasoned mentors, it is feasible for medical students to learn important aspects of QI implementation and allows for their engagement to more efficiently move evidence-based medicine from the literature to the bedside.[West J Emerg Med. 2017;19(1)–0.]
BRAF and NRAS mutations in Metastatic Melanoma Patients with Leptomeningeal Disease.

e20079 Background: Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is the one of the most dire consequences of metastatic melanoma (MM). Treatment for LMD remains essentially supportive, with some use of intrathecal ...
RENAL FUNCTION DURING CHRONIC ANEMIA IN MAN

Oxygen transport is maintained by a marked augmentation of blood flow through most parts of the body as a result of peripheral vasodilatation and increased cardiac output.2 Oxygen uptake by the tissues is more efficient. Initially the cornpensation for the reduction of the red cell mass is adequate and effective, but, ultimately, limitations become apparent. Congestive heart failure may develop, possibly as a result of myocardial anoxia,3 and renal dysfunction may appear, with azotemia, proteinuria, and isosthenuria.4’ � The renal circulation has been found to play an important role in the cardiovascular adjustments during fever, fear, orthostasis, and shock.6’ � In acute blood loss and shock#{176} active renal arteriolar constriction appears to divert blood from the kidney to regions such as the heart and brain where it is more urgently required. The present study indicates that, in chronic anemia, a similar active renal vascular response occurs and probably interferes with renal function.