cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All that is silver is not toxic: silver ion and particle kinetics reveals the role of silver ion aging and dosimetry on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles.

When suspended in cell culture medium, nano-objects composed of soluble metals such as silver can dissolve resulting in ion formation, altered particle properties (e.g. mass, morphology, etc.), and modulated cellular dose. Cultured cells are exposed not just to nanoparticles but to a complex, dynamic mixture of altered nanoparticles, unbound ions, and ion-ligand complexes. Here, three different cell types (RAW 264.7 macrophages and bone marrow derived macrophages from wild-type C57BL/6 J mice and Scavenger Receptor A deficient (SR-A(−/−)) mice) were exposed to 20 and 110 nm silver nanoparticles, and RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to freshly mixed silver ions, aged silver ions (ions incubated in cell culture medium), and ions formed from nanoparticle dissolution. The In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion, Dissolution, and Dosimetry Model (ISD3) was used to predict dose metrics for each exposure scenario. Silver nanoparticles, freshly mixed ions, and ions from nanoparticle dissolution were toxic, while aged ions were not toxic. Macrophages from SR-A(−/−) mice did not take up 20 nm silver nanoparticles as well as wild-types but demonstrated no differences in silver levels after exposure to 110 nm nanoparticles. Dose response modeling with ISD3 predicted dose metrics suggest that amount of ions in cells and area under the curve (AUC) of ion amount in cells are the most predictive of cell viability after nanoparticle and combined nanoparticle/dissolution-formed-ions exposures, respectively. Results of this study suggest that the unbound silver cation is the ultimate toxicant, and ions formed extracellularly drive toxicity after exposure to nanoparticles. Applying computational modeling (ISD3) to better understand dose metrics for soluble nanoparticles allows for better interpretation of in vitro hazard assessments.
Automated evaluation of consistency within the PubChem Compound database

Identification of discrepant data in aggregated databases is a key step in data curation and remediation. We have applied the ALATIS approach, which is based on the international chemical shift identifier (InChI) model, to the full PubChem Compound database to generate unique and reproducible compound and atom identifiers for all entries for which three-dimensional structures were available. This exercise also served to identify entries with discrepancies between structures and chemical formulas or InChI strings. The use of unique compound identifiers and atom nomenclature should support more rigorous links between small-molecule databases including those containing atom-specific information of the type available from crystallography and spectroscopy. The comprehensive results from this analysis are publicly available through our webserver [http://alatis.nmrfam.wisc.edu/].
Adipose tissue ofDrosophila melanogaster : VI. Nonsusceptibility of the immature larval fat body to the lytic environment of the young adult.

Using transplantation techniques it was shown that immature and supposedly mature stages of fat body from the larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster do not lyse rapidly in the lytic, internal environment of the young adult. In the younger tissue the protein granules (probably lysosomes) were just beginning to form, whereas in the older tissue the protein granules were at a maximum level. In both cases the implanted tissues became steadily smaller independently of the environment. The decrease in implant size was interreted to mean that the cells were lysing, since the average cell size did not change, and since many cells appear cytologically degenerate. However, the estimated rate of cell loss was much slower than in the case where the cells pass through metamorphosis. Some of the immature cells produced relatively high amounts of protein granules independently of the environment. Although the protein granules are at a maximum amount in both stages, it would appear that additional development must be required for the cells to become susceptible to the lytic environment of the young adult.
CAPD/CCPD in Children: Update 1984:

Between August 1980, when dialysate solution in appropriate volumes for pediatric patients became available in the United States, and February 1984, 68 patients, aged 1 to 21 years, were trained fo...
Study of viscosity and heat capacity characteristics of molten salt nanofluids for thermal energy storage

Abstract In this study, we synthesized molten salt nanofluids by dispersing spherical SiO2 nanoparticles at a minute concentration (1 wt%) into a binary mixture of NaNO3-KNO3. The results showed that the heat capacity was enhanced by 15% and the viscosity was enhanced by 41–429%. Moreover, the nanofluids have shown significant non-Newtonian behavior (shear thinning). Nanofluids are known to show non-Newtonian behavior when particles have high aspect ratio (e.g., nanotube, rod-like structure) at high concentrations; however, only spherical nanoparticles were dispersed in molten salt at an extremely low concentration (1 wt%). The observed enhancement in heat capacity and the shear thinning behavior could result from the formation of dendritic salt nanostructures. Hence, we added hydroxide at an extremely low concentration (0.03 wt%) to disrupt the formation of such dendritic nanostructures to confirm their effects on the heat capacity and shear thinning behavior. The result showed that the heat capacity enhancement diminished from 15% to 3%. Moreover, the viscosity enhancement decreased from 429% to 148% at low shear rate (10/s) and from 41% to 10% at high shear rate (240/s). Furthermore, the enhanced viscosity of 10% at the highest shear rate (240/s), where the effect of the dendritic nanostructures is minimal, agreed well with a theoretical model developed for the viscosity of a simple liquid doped with nanoparticles. It supports that the dendritic salt nanostructures are primarily responsible for the enhanced heat capacity and the shear-thinning behavior of molten salt nanofluids. Material characterization using an electron microscope confirmed the presence of the dendritic salt nanostructures.
Heparin MicroIslands to Promote Enhanced Diabetic Wound Healing Outcomes

Abstract A powerful tool to improve tissue integration with biomaterial scaffolds for the regeneration of damaged tissues is to promote cell migration using chemotactic gradients of growth factors. This approach has been realized by the exogenous delivery of growth factors, which unfortunately also limits the scaffold’s ability to meet each wound’s unique spatial and temporal regenerative needs. To address this limitation, we present a new approach to gradient generation by incorporating heparin microislands, which are spatially isolated heparin-containing microparticles that create chemotactic microgradients through reorganization of endogenous local growth factors. We incorporated heparin microislands within microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds, which allows us to tune their incorporation ratiometrically to create a heterogenous microenvironment. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the ability of heparin microislands to organize uniform growth factors into spontaneous microgradients and control downstream cell migration in vitro. Further, we present their ability to significantly improve wound healing outcomes (epidermal regeneration and vascularization) in a diabetic wound model relative to two clinically relevant controls.
A Grade I Intracranial Meningioma with Metastasis to Multiple Vertebral Bodies: A Case Report and Literature Review

World Health Organization (WHO) grade I meningiomas are slow-growing and typically benign brain tumors that can often be easily removed by surgery and rarely become malignant. We report the case of a WHO grade I meningioma in a 67-year-old man with multiple extracranial metastases.
Origins of High Kinetic (E)-Selectivity in Alkene Isomerization by a CpRu(PN) Catalyst: a Combined Experimental and Computational Approach

The alkene isomerization catalyst CpRu(κ2-PN)(CH3CN)]+[PF6]− (Ru(acn)) is valued for its high activity and high kinetic selectivity for forming and reacting with (E)-alkenes, but a mechanistic stud...
Streptococcus Intermedius: A Mimicker of Brain Metastases and A Potential Pitfall for Radiation Oncologists.

Abstract Purpose/Objectives: To educate on the potential pitfall of Streptococcus intermedius as a mimicker of brain metastases. Methods/Results: Case review of a 49-year-old male who presented with a lung mass and multiple brain lesions concerning for metastatic lung cancer, but ultimately found to represent an infection by Streptococcus intermedius. Multiple non-neoplastic pathologies that have been known to mimic metastatic brain tumors are reviewed. Conclusion: Streptococcus intermedius infection may mimic brain metastases. This poses a potential pitfall for radiation oncologists consulted to provide urgent empiric brain-directed radiotherapy in the setting of neurologic symptoms presumed to be from metastatic disease.
Complex endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection and predicting left arm ischemia: a case report.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the gold standard for surgical management of descending thoracic aortic pathology. Depending on the anatomy, TEVAR often requires deployment across the origin of the left subclavian artery (LSA) to obtain a proximal seal, thus potentially compromising perfusion to the left upper extremity (LUE). However, in most patients this is generally well tolerated without revascularization due to collateralization from the left vertebral artery (LVA). We present a complex 59-year-old Caucasian patient case of TEVAR with a history of prior arch debranching and intraoperative LSA coverage requiring subsequent LSA embolization and emergency take-back for left carotid–subclavian bypass. The purpose of this case report is to highlight an often overlooked anatomic LVA variant and an atypical, delayed presentation of acute LUE limb ischemia.
Persistent Multispecies Actinomyces Mastitis Treated With Repeated Aspiration and Long-Term Oral Antibiotics.

Actinomycosis is an infection characterized by abscess formation, draining sinuses, and tissue fibrosis. The causative bacterium is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe from the genus Actinomyces. ...
Primary aromatic amines in indoor dust from 10 countries and associated human exposure.

Abstract Although primary aromatic amines (AAs) are widely used in consumer products, little is known about their occurrence in indoor dust. A liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the determination of 29 AAs and two tobacco smoke markers (nicotine and cotinine) in 256 house dust samples collected from 10 countries. Of the 29 AAs analyzed, p-anisidine, o-anisidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), p-cresidine (p-CD), p-toluidine (p-TD), 4,4′-methylenedianiline (4,4′-MDA), ortho/meta-toluidine (o/m-TD), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), aniline, and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) as well as nicotine and cotinine, were found prevalent in house dust samples. Sum median concentrations of AAs and tobacco smoke markers varied from 29.6 to 576 ng/g (overall median: 200 ng/g) and 10.8 to 2920 ng/g (415 ng/g), respectively. Among AAs, aniline was the abundant contaminant, found at median concentrations ranging from 19.6 ng/g (Colombia) to 334 ng/g (South Korea). Nicotine was detected in all indoor samples at median concentrations ranging from 9.92 ng/g (Colombia) to 2790 ng/g (India) ng/g. Concentrations of AAs in indoor dust were significantly correlated with those of nicotine. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of select AAs through the ingestion of house dust was in the range of 0.019–3.03 ng/kg-bw/day, which was five orders of magnitude below the tolerance limits.
A comparative study of series hybrid approaches to model and predict the vehicle operating states

Abstract With the growing complexity of modern vehicle system, the capability of modeling the behavior of different subsystems and predicting their forthcoming patterns become vital . It helps to extend vehicle’s life cycle and control their maintenance costs. Leveraging statistical and deep learning techniques, the massive maintenance data can be used to model the behaviors of different subsystems of vehicle, predict the future trend, and consequently assist in making appropriate maintenance decisions. In this study, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Multilayer Perceptrons Neural Network (MLPNN), and Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) were used to develop several series hybrid models (i.e. ARIMA-MLPNN, ARIMA-WNN, MLPNN-ARIMA, and WNN-ARIMA) to model and predict the operational behaviors of vehicle’s subsystems. Moreover, a threshold-based anomaly detection method was developed for early detection of abnormalities. A real case study including three months records of 97 subsystems of an operating vehicle was used to validate the efficiency of these hybrid models. Results showed that the WNN-ARIMA model obtained the most accurate results compared with other hybrid models. A threshold-based anomaly detection approach was developed based on the residual errors of the WNN-ARIMA model. This approach precisely captures the abnormal states of various subsystems of the vehicle which can help to make more accurate decisions regarding the maintenance of the vehicle.
Histophilus somni stimulates bovine monocyte-derived macrophages to release microparticles that increase fibrin clot formation in vitro.

Abstract Histophilus somni is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes diffuse vasculitis and intravascular thrombosis that can lead to multiple organ failure in cattle. Macrophages are important cellular mediators of fibrin deposition and removal at sites of inflammation. It has become evident that macrophages and other cells release microparticles (MPs) that have an array of biological activities, including pro-coagulant activity. We sought to determine whether monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to H. somni in vitro release MPs that activate the clotting cascade in a manner that could lead to thrombus formation. Bovine monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with H. somni (at a 10:1 ratio) in RPMI with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum for 6 hr at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Membrane-shed MPs were isolated from the conditioned media, washed twice with Ca2+ and Mg2+ free HBSS, and pro-coagulant activity assessed by a one-step plasma clotting assay. We observed greater pro-coagulant activity for MPs from H. somni stimulated macrophages than from unstimulated controls. Microparticle pro-coagulant activity was inhibited by addition of an anti-tissue factor antibody. We also observed co-localization of fluorescein-labeled H. somni cells and annexin V staining as evaluated by confocal microscopy. These results demonstrate that exposure to H. somni cells causes bovine monocyte-derived macrophages to release MPs that contain tissue factor, the first such report for bovine macrophages. We infer that if similar events occur in vivo they could amplify thrombus formation in bovine histophilosis.
Impacts of global warming on residential heating and cooling degree-days in the United States

Impacts of global warming on residential heating and cooling degree-days in the United States
Abstract P241: The Impact of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes in Brazil

Background: Brazil, the 5th largest country in the world, is undergoing a nutrition transition toward unhealthy diets and greater incidence of cardiometabolic diseases (CM). However, little is known about the quantitative impact of major dietary and metabolic risk factors on current burdens of CVD and diabetes in Brazil. Aims: To quantify using consistent and comparable methods the CVD and diabetes mortality attributable to suboptimal diet and metabolic factors in Brazil. Methods: Based on data from 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study, we used a comparative risk assessment framework to develop consistent and comparable methods to identify dietary and metabolic risk factors with evidence for etiologic effects on CVD and diabetes; estimate current national intake levels and their uncertainty, by age and sex; quantify etiologic effects of each diet-disease relationship, by age; and characterize optimal consumption levels. We combined these inputs with national data on disease-specific deaths to estimate over...
‘The Limits of Realism’, by Button, Tim

While philosophy deals in eternal verities, as the Pythons oft reminded us, philosophers’ interest in these verities appears decidedly faddish. Take metaphysics. Time was when metaphysical realism ...
(−)‐[ 18 F]Flubatine: evaluation in rhesus monkeys and a report of the first fully automated radiosynthesis validated for clinical use

(−)-[18F]Flubatine was selected for clinical imaging of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors because of its high affinity and appropriate kinetic profile. A fully automated synthesis of (−)-[18F]flubatine as a sterile isotonic solution suitable for clinical use is reported, as well as the first evaluation in nonhuman primates (rhesus macaques). (−)-[18F]Flubatine was prepared by fluorination of the Boc-protected trimethylammonium iodide precursor with [18F]fluoride in an automated synthesis module. Subsequent deprotection of the Boc group with 1-M HCl yielded (−)-[18F]flubatine, which was purified by semi-preparative HPLC. (−)-[18F]Flubatine was prepared in 25% radiochemical yield (formulated for clinical use at end of synthesis, n = 3), >95% radiochemical purity, and specific activity = 4647 Ci/mmol (171.9 GBq/µmol). Doses met all quality control criteria confirming their suitability for clinical use. Evaluation of (−)-[18F]flubatine in rhesus macaques was performed with a Concorde MicroPET P4 scanner (Concorde MicroSystems, Knoxville, TN). The brain was imaged for 90 min, and data were reconstructed using the 3-D maximum a posteriori algorithm. Image analysis revealed higher uptake and slower washout in the thalamus than those in other areas of the brain and peak uptake at 45 min. Injection of 2.5 µg/kg of nifene at 60 min initiated a slow washout of [18F]flubatine, with about 25% clearance from the thalamus by the end of imaging at 90 min. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Market Development for Food Products

With the industrialization that has been occurring in the agricultural sector, various agricultural commodity interests are increasingly recognizing the need for an organization for marketing. Once formed, commodity organizations commonly wish to develop markets for their product but likely lack the expertise to evaluate alternatives open to their organization for market development. In addition, no comprehensive statement of the market development concept has appeared in the literature. This situation lends impetus to the need for a definition and description of market development along with the alternatives which may exist for various marketing institutions.
The Global President: International Media and the US Government. By Stephen J. Farnsworth, S. Robert Lichter, and Roland Schatz. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. 205 pp.

The Global President: International Media and the US Government. By Stephen J. Farnsworth, S. Robert Lichter, and Roland Schatz. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. 205 pp. Using an impressive data set of more than 770,000 television news stories collected from more than 40 broadcast outlets from Europe, the Middle East, China, South Africa, and the United States, the authors of The Global President: International Media and the US Government set out to understand how foreign media reported on the United States during the George W. Bush presidency and the first two years of the Barack Obama presidency. The wide variety of findings that emerge from the project's analysis of that data constitutes a useful contribution to scholarly understanding of international media coverage and of how that coverage interacts with foreign perceptions of the United States. The first chapter sets up the context for the rest of the book by providing a brief description of the content analysis data collected through Media Tenor as well as an overview of contemporary U.S. media coverage of presidents. While the data derive from a wide variety of outlets, the initial chapter does not provide enough information about how the data were collected and the key variables that were assessed to ground the study. (Some of this information does become clearer in later chapters; however, it would have been helpful to have a more detailed description of the data set at the outset, given how much the study relies on it.) The authors then lay out several premises regarding international coverage, including an international two-step flow, which argues that domestic media coverage of a country may influence that country's coverage in international media. They also highlight the so-called CNN effect (p. 14), which argues that politicians respond when elite news outlets spotlight issues or problems in other parts of the world. In subsequent chapters on international coverage of the United States, the Obama presidency, the Bush presidency, the 2008 election, and globalization, The Global President delves more deeply into the data set to reach a number of conclusions. As one might expect, for instance, U.S. broadcast outlets cover foreign nations much less than international news broadcasts cover subjects related to the United States. Interestingly, international coverage of the United States became more positive between January 2002 and June 2010 (the time frame for the study)-although it was still more negative than positive across that time frame. As for foreign coverage of the presidency specifically, Obama benefited from largely positive coverage from the international press in his first year in office, even among broadcast outlets in the Middle East. The Bush presidency did not fare as well, with coverage being more negative in some countries (e. …
Moolapheonoides utmas, New Species, from Coral Reefs in the Madang Lagoon, Papua New Guinea (Amphipoda, Cyproideidae)

Moolapheonoides utmas, new species, is described from coral reefs at Madang, Papua New Guinea. M. utmas differs from other species in the genus by the large tooth-cusp projecting posteroventrally on article 2 of pereopod 7 and the lower dorsal crest of the urosome. It shares an unusual dorsolateral bulbous projection of pereonite segments 3 and 4 with other cyproideid species Hoplopohoenoides obessa Shoemaker from Florida, and Naraphoenoides mullaya Barnard from Australia. Identification keys for the genus Moolaphoenoides are presented and relationships to other genera in the family are discussed.
Selectivity in Subunit Composition of Ena/VASP Tetramers

The members of the actin regulatory family of Ena/VASP proteins form stable tetramers. The vertebrate members of the Ena/VASP family, VASP, Mena and EVL, have many overlapping properties and expression patterns, but functional and regulatory differences between paralogues have been observed. The formation of mixed oligomers may serve a regulatory role to refine Ena/VASP activity. While it has been assumed that family members can form mixed oligomers, this possibility has not been investigated systematically. Using cells expressing controlled combinations of VASP, Mena and EVL, we evaluated the composition of Ena/VASP oligomers and found that VASP forms oligomers without apparent bias with itself, Mena or EVL. However, Mena and EVL showed only weak hetero-oligomerization, suggesting specificity in the association of Ena/VASP family members. Co-expression of VASP increased the ability of Mena and EVL to form mixed oligomers. Additionally, we found that the tetramerization domain (TD) at the C-termini of Ena/VASP proteins conferred the observed selectivity. Finally, we demonstrate that replacement of the TD with a synthetic tetramerizing coiled coil sequence supports homo-oligomerization and normal VASP subcellular localization.
Potassium accumulation and soybean yield related to potassium fertilizer rate and placement

Abstract Sandy coastal plain soils have relatively low reserves of potassium (K) and may not be able to supply adequate K for intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Field experiments were conducted in 1985 on Goldsboro sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Aguic Paleudult) and in 1986 and 1987 on Dothan loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Paleudult) to determine K fertilizer rate and placement effects on soybean growth and seasonal K accumulation. Treatments were 0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg/ha broadcast and 56 kg K/ha banded plus 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha broadcast. Seasonal plant tissue K concentrations were generally increased by K fertilizer rate each year. Method of placement did not have consistent effects on plant K concentration and had little effect on total K accumulation. Grain yield responded to applied K only in 1986 when the initial exchangeable K level was 0.24 cmol/L. Both broadcast and broadcast‐plus‐band placement methods resulted in linear yield incre...
Dioxygen Activation by Acetylacetone and Salicylaldehyde Complexes of Fe(II)

Abstract Acetylacetone and salicylaldehyde complexes of Fe(II), formed by mixing ferrous per-chlorate with the complexing ligands in the presence of a base, such as pyridine or an amide, show autoxidation in a wide range of solvents including water. The reaction takes place by a nonradical mechanism.
Development and initial validation of a cognitive-based work-nonwork conflict scale.

Current research related to work and life outside work specifies three types of work-nonwork conflict: time, strain, and behavior-based. Overlooked in these models is a cognitive-based type of conf...
Citation Management: RefWorks

RefWorks is a citation management tool that is completely web-based, so it is as mobile as the researchers who use it. The main features of this software are described in this column.
Airborne vocal communication in the california sea lion, Zalophus californianus

Abstract Airborne vocalizations play an important role in the communication system involved in the establishment and maintenance of social organization of breeding California sea lions. The vocalizations of adult males relate primarily to territorial behaviour and social status. They have only a single major type of vocalization, the bark , but vary its rhythm, repetition, loudness, and direction according to social context. Immature males employ an adult-type bark during play. The vocalizations of adult females relate to aggressive behaviour and mother-infant interactions. They use a bark, but somewhat higher in pitch than that of the males, as a mild threat, and employ harsh and noisy squeals, belches , and growls during more vigorous short-range altercations. The females have a loud, highly directional, bawling vocalization, the pup-attraction call which helps mother and pup to locate each other. Pups have mother-response calls which serve the same function. Both the pup-attraction and mother-response calls vary markedly from individual to individual, which presumably facilitates individual identification. The first vocalization of the pup is a bleat , which is used as both an alarm call and a threat. By the age of six weeks the pups begin to modify the bleat into a bark. The amphibious mode of life appears to have imposed conditions that have made pinnipeds especially dependent upon acoustic communication for maintenance of social organization while on land. A tabulation of the inferred information content of the calls and their acoustic properties suggests several correlations between functions of a vocalization and its physical structure. The ontogeny of the vocalizations shows little evidence that learning is important in acquisition of the basic repertoire.
Congenital mitral atresia.

Abstract After a review of the literature concerning congenital mitral atresia, two more cases with this cardiac malformation are presented. This condition occurred in newborn white females who died 16 and 15 days, respectively, after birth. In both instances the mitral valves were atretic, the left auricles and the left ventricles hypoplastic. The second case also revealed atresia of the aortic valve and endocarditic changes of the tricuspid valve. Both hearts could temporatily maintain the circulation because of a functioning foramen ovale and a patent ductus arteriosus. The pre- and postnatal hemodynamics in this congenital anomaly of the heart are discussed briefly.
Biostereometrics-retrospect and prospect

We have recently entered a period of heightened awareness about the significance of human body geometry at all levels of organization from the subcellular to the organismic. In particular, the study of subtle variations in the irregular three dimensional form of the heart, the brain, and the spine has attracted substantial research interest. This trend has been amply demonstrated in the papers presented over the last three days. Several of the reports provide insights which point the way for many years of further research. The wide ranging scope of the symposium makes it difficult to summarize, but perhaps an attempt should be made to document some of the more important developments leading up to this meeting and, also, see if we can predict where biostereometrics is going.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hybrid Laser-arc Welding of 17-4 PH Martensitic Stainless Steel

PH stainless steel has wide applications in severe working conditions due to its combination of good corrosion resistance and high strength. The weldability of 17-4 PH stainless steel is challenging. In this work, hybrid laser-arc welding was developed to weld 17-4 PH stainless steel. This method was chosen based on its advantages, such as deep weld penetration, less filler materials, and high welding speed. The 17-4 PH stainless steel plates with a thickness of 19 mm were successfully welded in a single pass. During the hybrid welding, the 17-4 PH stainless steel was immensely susceptible to porosity and solidification cracking. The porosity was avoided by using nitrogen as the shielding gas. The nitrogen stabilized the keyhole and inhibited the formation of bubbles during welding. Solidification cracking easily occurred along the weld centerline at the root of the hybrid laser-arc welds. The microstructural evolution and the cracking susceptibility of 17-4 PH stainless steel were investigated to remove these centerline cracks. The results showed that the solidification mode of the material changed due to high cooling rate at the root of the weld. The rapid cooling rate caused the transformation from ferrite to austenite during the solidification stage. The solidification cracking was likely formed as a result of this cracking-susceptible microstructure and a high depth/width ratio that led to a high tensile stress concentration. Furthermore, the solidification cracking was prevented by preheating the base metal. It was found that the preheating slowed the cooling rate at the root of the weld, and the ferrite-to-austenite transformation during the solidification stage was suppressed. Delta ferrite formation was observed in the weld bead as well no solidification cracking occurred by optimizing the preheating temperature.
Evaluation of a Simple Method to Screen Soybean Genotypes for Salt Tolerance

Excessive salt can reduce soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in grower fi elds. Salttolerant cultivars are needed to prevent fi eld yield losses where excess salt is a problem. Soybean genotypes have primarily been evaluated for reaction to salt in the greenhouse using a labor-intensive and costly hydroponics method. A reliable, inexpensive method to screen soybean lines for salt tolerance would be useful in breeding programs. A simple, inexpensive method of exposing V2 to V3 plants growing in a sandy soil in plastic cone-tainers (PC method) was compared to the hydroponics method to evaluate soybean genotypes for salt tolerance in the greenhouse. Fourteen soybean genotypes including checks ‘Hutcheson’ (sensitive), and ‘S-100’ and ‘Forrest’ (tolerant) were exposed to 100 mM salt solution at the V2 to V3 growth stage. Genotypes responded similarly to the screening methods except leaf scorch, an indicator of salt damage, appeared up to 4 d sooner in the PC method. The PC method was highly correlated with the hydroponics method for leaf scorch score and chloride content in soybean leaves among the 14 genotypes evaluated. Exposure of roots at the V2 to V3 growth stage to salt solution using the PC method was less labor intensive, consumed less time, was less costly, and gave similar results compared with the hydroponics method. Thus, the PC method is an easy, reliable method to screen soybean genotypes for salt tolerance.
Attention, Learning, and Arousal of Experimentally Sleep-restricted Adolescents in a Simulated Classroom

Purpose To experimentally test whether chronic sleep restriction, which is common among adolescents, is causally related to poor learning, inattentive behaviors, and diminished arousal in a classroom-like situation.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the glasses in the system Na2OB2O3SiO2

The 11B NMR spectra have been used to study the structure of glasses in the system Na2OB2O3SiO2. The fraction of BO4 units, and the fraction of BO3 units with one or two nonbridging oxygens, are measured and analyzed according to a structural model. The results indicate that: (1) for a sodium oxide to boron oxide ratio of 0.5 or less, the Na+1 ions are attracted primarily by the borate network; therefore, the ternary glasses can be viewed as binary sodium borate glasses diluted by SiO2; (2) when the sodium oxide to boron oxide ratio exceeds 0.5, the additional Na2O results in the formation of [BSi4O10]−1 units at the expense of diborate and SiO4 units. In this process, Na+1 ions are still taken up only by the borate network. After all the available SiO4 units are consumed to form [BSi4O10]−1 units, additional Na+1 ions are proportionally shared between the borate and silicate networks.
Losev's Development of Themes From Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy

Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, andearly 20th century Russians' interpretationsand embellishments of it, informed Losev'stheories of music and myth and his studies ofthe religions of Apollo and Dionysus. Hiscomplex musical aesthetic includes the ideathat music is the expression of a fundamentallyDionysian reality structured by Apollonianelements. In The Dialectic of Myth, heargued that myth is a dialectical necessity(not just a necessity), attacked the secularmythologies of the Enlightenment and Marxism,and upheld ``Christian mythology'' (his term). In The Mythologies of the Greeks andRomans, he traced the religions of Zeus,Apollo, and Dionysus from paleolithic Crete tothe end of the Roman Empire.
Optoelectronic selector switch for rf/microwave passive fiber optic networks

We have fabricated a > 10 GHz high speed optoelectronic (OE), selector switch with high isolation (> 57 dB). This switch was used as a receiver for a microwave network demonstration with simulated satellite feeds of FM video and microwave BPSK digital channels.
The apparent absorption kinetics of Ro 15-5458, a schistosomicidal drug

The absorption kinetics of Ro 15-5458, a new antischistosomal drug, was studied in rabbits following the administration of a single 50 mg/kg oral dose as an aqueous suspension in 25% glycerol-1% cremophor EL. Ro 15-5458 was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract rapidly with a lag time of about 6 min and declined without a plateau with a half-life of about 6 h. There was variable extent of drug appearance in plasma after oral administration. Maximum plasma levels ranged from 500 to 1200 ng/ml (1.3-3.1 microM). The plasma concentration-time profile of Ro 15-5458 after a single oral dose appears to follow a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order absorption, first-order elimination.
Patterns of intellectual deficit in Huntington's disease.

Abstract The study investigated patterns of intellectual deficit in 13 patients with recently diagnosed Huntington's disease (mean duration of 2.3 years) and 46 offspring “at risk” for the illness using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The results support the idea that certain cognitive skills remain relatively intact at early stages of the disease while other skills are impaired. A consistent pattern of impairment was observed in the patient group which included the Arithmetic, Digit Span, Digit Symbol, and Picture Arrangement subtests. The most striking result was a demonstration of significantly increased variability among the “at risk” population on the Digit Span and Picture Arrangement subtests. These findings suggest that the WAIS may be a useful adjunct to neurological diagnosis for longitudinal monitoring of intellectual changes even at very early stages of the illness.
Adsorption to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes in gel and fluid state: pentachlorophenolate, dipicrylamine, and tetraphenylborate

We measured the dependence of electrophoretic mobility of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles on the aqueous concentration of negatively charged ions of pentachlorophenol (PCP), dipicrylamine (DPA), and tetraphenylborate (TPhB). The objective was to determine how the physical state of hydrocarbon chains of lipids affects adsorption of lipophilic ions. The studies were done at 25 and 42 degrees C to determine adsorption properties of DPPC membrane in the gel and fluid state, respectively. From the analysis of zeta-potential isotherms in terms of Langmuir-Stern-Grahame model we obtained the association constant, K, the area of the adsorption site, Ps, and the linear partition coefficient, beta. Results: K, (x 10(4)M-1): K(gel): PCP (0.49 +/- 0.28), DPA (25 +/- 10), TPhB (31 +/- 10); K(fluid): PCP (4.5 +/- 0.9), DPA (74 +/- 21), TPhB (59 +/- 14); Ps, (nm2): Ps(gel): PCP (5.4 +/- 2.3), DPA (5.9 +/- 2), TPhB (5.0 +/- 1.7); Ps(fluid): PCP (4.5 +/- 0.4), DPA (5.2 +/- 0.4), TPhB (4.1 +/- 0.2); beta, (x 10(-5) m): beta(gel): PCP (0.15 +/- 0.09), DPA (7.1 +/- 0.3), TPhB (10 +/- 7); beta(fluid): PCP (1.7 +/- 0.3), DPA (24 +/- 7), TPhB (24 +/- 6). It was interesting to find that the adsorption site area for PCP, DPA, and TPhB were very similar for both the gel and fluid membranes; also, the areas were independent of the size and molecular structure of the adsorbing species. Using a simple discrete charge model the adsorption site areas for all species were consistent with a dielectric constant of 8–10 and with an ion adsorption depth of 0.4–0.6 nm below the water/dielectric interface. The delta delta G0=delta G0(gel) - delta G0(fluid) was found to be about twice as large for PCP than for DPA and TPhB. This indicates that PCP will be significantly more adsorbed in the fluid and disordered regions of biomembranes, whereas the distribution of DPA and TPhB is expected to be relatively more even.
A microRNA-operated switch of asymmetric-to-symmetric cancer stem cell divisions

Defective asymmetric cell divisions of stem and progenitor cells are associated with tumorigenesis by a largely unknown mechanism. A signalling axis involving Snail, microRNA-146a and Numb is now shown to regulate the switch between symmetric and asymmetric cell division in colorectal cancer stem cells.
Unified geometry of antisymmetric tensor gauge fields and gravity

Abstract Vector gauge fields are known to be related to connections on principal fibre bundles P(M,G) over space-time M. Here we relate abelian antisymmetric tensor gauge fields of rank r to constrained connections on P(Ωr−1M,U(1)), the U(1) bundles over the space of all (r−1)-dimensional closed submanifolds of M. In particular, the Kalb-Ramond field (r=2) is seen as such a connection on the bundle over the space of all loops in space-time. Moreover, a Kaluza-Jordan construction on P(Ω1M,U(1)) leads to the bosonic sector of the N = 1 supergravity action in ten dimensions. This result is highly reminiscent of the α′→ 0 limit of the closed string dual model.
Evidence for the separate molecular expression of four distinct polymorphic Ia epitopes on cells of DR4 homozygous individuals

The monoclonal antibodies 109d6 and IVD12 reacted with separate polymorphic Ia epitopes in immunofluorescent studies. Using a panel of lymphoblastoid B cell lines, antibody 109d6 reacted with all HLA-DR4 or DR7 positive lines in a pattern resembling the MT3 specificity recognized by human alloantisera. The antibody IVD12 reacted with all HLA-DR4 and two of three DR5 positive B cell lines suggesting that it recognized a specificity similar to MB3. The intensity of fluorescence was greater on DR5(+) cell lines than on DR4(+) cell lines relative to the amount of a nonpolymorphic Ia determinant. Among 45 unrelated control individuals reactivity with antibody 109d6 was correlated most closely with (r = 0.724) but not identical in occurrence to the MT3 specificity. Cocapping experiments demonstrated that the 109d6 epitope and the IVD12 epitope were present on independently redistributed cell surface molecules of DR4 homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines. Furthermore, the DR4 alloantigens detected by an absorbed polyclonal human alloserum were similarly identified on molecules that were independent from those bearing either the 109d6 epitope or the IVD12 epitope. Taken together, these data indicate the existence of at least four distinct, serologically defined Ia molecular species.
“Stayin' Alive”: A Novel Mental Metronome to Maintain Compression Rates in Simulated Cardiac Arrests

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Emergency Medicine . Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Emergency Medicine ,2012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.01.026
Test-retest reliability of clinical Shack-Hartmann measurements.

PURPOSE To evaluate the stability of clinical monochromatic aberrometry measurements over a wide range of time scales. METHODS Monochromatic aberrations in four normal eyes were measured with a clinical Shack-Hartmann aberrometer. A chin rest or a supplemental bite bar attachment was used to stabilize head and eye position. Five repeated measurements were taken within one test (5 frames, t < 1 second) without realignment. With realignment between each measurement, aberration measurements were repeated five times (t < 1 hour) on each day, at the same time of day on five consecutive days, and again on 5 days at monthly intervals. A control experiment studied the effect of systematically misaligning the eye to determine whether fixation errors can account for the variation in the repeated measurements. RESULTS Variability of wavefront root mean square (RMS) error (excluding defocus and astigmatism) was tracked across repeated measurements. Variances for different time scales were: 8.10 x 10(-5) microm2 (t < 1 second), 3.24 x 10(-4) microm2 (t < 1 hour), 4.41 x 10(-4) microm2 (t < 1 week), 9.73 x 10(-4) microm2 (t < 1 year). Bite bar and chin rest data were almost identical. Rotational fixation error up to 3 degrees accounts for only part of the variability. CONCLUSIONS Increased variability in aberration maps between days and months indicates biological fluctuations that are large enough to prevent achievement of "perfect vision," even in the unlikely event that spherical and astigmatic refractive errors are corrected perfectly. However, lack of stability does not justify withholding treatment. A lasting benefit of aberration correction is expected despite temporal variability.
Addressing the Global Governance Deficit

There is mounting concern about a global governance deficit for managing international environmental problems and sustainable development. This article reviews the proposals and justifications for reform, and suggests an alternative model of global governance based on diffuse networks of diverse actors performing multiple and overlapping functions. Some reform proposals are offered to improve the prospects of network-based global governance.
A national profile of patient safety in U.S. hospitals.

Measures based on routinely collected data would be useful to examine the epidemiology of patient safety. Extending previous work, we established the face and consensual validity of twenty Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs). We generated a national profile of patient safety by applying these PSIs to the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The incidence of most nonobstetric PSIs increased with age and was higher among African Americans than among whites. The adjusted incidence of most PSIs was highest at urban teaching hospitals. The PSIs may be used in AHRQ’s National Quality Report, while providers may use them to screen for preventable complications, target opportunities for improvement, and benchmark performance.
Muslim geographic thought and the influence of Greek philosophy

The Arabs acquired Greek geographical and astronomical knowledge in the eighth century, when the works of Ptolemy and other Greek philosophers were translated into Arabic. Muslim scholars learned Greek scientific thought and accepted these views as working theories necessary for further scientific inquiry. Muslim scholars were impressed by the Greek point of view, but they added to scientific knowledge in each succeeding generation. In the spirit of objective research, the scientific work of the Muslim scholars was progressive. They were ready to receive the truth from any source, even if that source be foreign. As Western thought became dominant in the Islamic areas in the thirteenth century, Muslim scholars' interest in geography and other natural sciences declined.
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements of Ryanodine Receptor Type 1 Structure Using a Novel Site-Specific Labeling Method

Background While the static structure of the intracellular Ca2+ release channel, the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) has been determined using cryo electron microscopy, relatively little is known concerning changes in RyR1 structure that accompany channel gating. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods can resolve small changes in protein structure although FRET measurements of RyR1 are hampered by an inability to site-specifically label the protein with fluorescent probes. Methodology/Principal Findings A novel site-specific labeling method is presented that targets a FRET acceptor, Cy3NTA to 10-residue histidine (His) tags engineered into RyR1. Cy3NTA, comprised of the fluorescent dye Cy3, coupled to two Ni2+/nitrilotriacetic acid moieties, was synthesized and functionally tested for binding to His-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP fluorescence emission and Cy3NTA absorbance spectra overlapped significantly, indicating that FRET could occur (Forster distance = 6.3 nm). Cy3NTA bound to His10-tagged GFP, quenching its fluorescence by 88%. GFP was then fused to the N-terminus of RyR1 and His10 tags were placed either at the N-terminus of the fused GFP or between GFP and RyR1. Cy3NTA reduced fluorescence of these fusion proteins by 75% and this quenching could be reversed by photobleaching Cy3, thus confirming GFP-RyR1 quenching via FRET. A His10 tag was then placed at amino acid position 1861 and FRET was measured from GFP located at either the N-terminus or at position 618 to Cy3NTA bound to this His tag. While minimal FRET was detected between GFP at position 1 and Cy3NTA at position 1861, 53% energy transfer was detected from GFP at position 618 to Cy3NTA at position 1861, thus indicating that these sites are in close proximity to each other. Conclusions/Significance These findings illustrate the potential of this site-specific labeling system for use in future FRET-based experiments to elucidate novel aspects of RyR1 structure.