cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorbent capture of nickel, lead, and cadmium in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator☆☆☆

Abstract The in situ capture of toxic metals by sorbents was investigated in a small semi-industrial scale 82 kW research combustor. Metals considered were nickel, lead, and cadmium. These metals were introduced into the system as aqueous nitrate solutions, sprayed down the center of a natural gas flame, supported on a variable swirl burner. Kaolinite, bauxite, and hydrated lime were injected along the centerline in the postflame, near the peak system temperature. Measurements of both the submicron acrosol size distribution and the size segregated particulate composition in the exhaust allowed the effects of sorbent injection to be ascertained, both with and without the presence of chlorine. Lead and cadmium could be almost completely scavenged by kaolinite, which formed melted particles. Bauxite, which did not melt, was exceedingly effective in capturing cadmium. However, chlorine inhibited metal capture in these instances. Hydrated lime also captured cadmium to form a eutectic melt, and this process was slightly enhanced by chlorine. Nickel alone did not significantly vaporize and was not captured by kaolinite. However, in the presence of chlorine, nickel did vaporize and was effectively captured. These results are interpreted and compared to bench scale results in the literature. Two mechanisms, or scenarios, for toxic metal capture are presented.
John Edwards Holbrook's illustrations of fishes in the Bibliothèque centrale, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris

John Edwards Holbrook (1794–1871), zoologist and medical doctor, residing in Charleston, South Carolina, apparently sent eight colour plates of North American fishes to the museum in Paris because they were found in the Bibliotheque centrale, Museum national d' Histoire naturelle, with known Holbrook material, most significantly a copy of his 1855 edition of the Ichthyology of South Carolina. Herein, I comment upon the illustrations of the 16 fishes rendered in those plates.
Complete ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: A cause of lethal neonatal hyperammonemia

Hyperammonemia secondary to deficiency of one of the enzymes of the urea cycle causes infantile somatic and mental retardation, but has not, bitherto, been noted to cause death in the newborn period. A term infant, born to healthy parents after an uneventful pregnancy and delivery, thrived for three days, then lapsed rapidly into deep coma. Becuase a previous sibling had died under identical circumstances, an inherited metabolic derangement was sought. The blood ammonia concentration was 1208 μg% (normal <150 μg%). The blood urea nitrogen was 7 mg% and numerous other studies of plasma and urinary amino or organic acids were unrevealing. Despite a protein free diet, enemas, antibiotic therapy and an exchange transfusion, the blood ammonia remained about 1200 μg% and the child expired on the fifth day of life. Hepatic assays of the five enzymes of the urea cycle revealed absence of ornithine transcarbamylase (OCT) activity. No OCT acitivity was restored by changes in substrte concentration, enzyme concentration or pH, and mixing experiments excluded the presence of an inhibitor of OCT in the patient's cells. Activity of the other four urea cycle enzymes was int he range noted in other age-matche, autopsy-control livers. These findings document complete OCT deficiency for the first time and emphasize the lethality of this enzymatic defect. Hyperammonemia must be considered in a newborn with coma, particularly if there is a family history of neonatal death. In such situations, unrestricted dietary protein ingestion will have disastrous consequences.
Bionomics of an Oak Defoliating Grasshopper, Dendrotetlix quercus in Wisconsin,

The acridid grasshopper, Dcndrotettix quercus Packard, has been found widely in Wisconsin. Preferred hosts were species of oaks, Quercus spp., and hazelnut, Corylus americana Walt. Foliage from trees of the red oak group was preferred to that of the white oak group. Red maple, Acer rubrum L., was not fed upon. Most individuals of a population appeared during the same year, but biennially. A few individuals could be found during the intervening summers. Both brachypterous and apparently flightless macropterous individuals, including a rare intermediate form, were found. Two forms of dark-phase adults occurred, both estimated to comprise less than 1% of the total. Eclosion began in late May or early June and grasshoppers became mature near the first of July. Both morphological and morphometric systems were utilized to separate the 5 nymphal instars. Oviposition began in mid-July with most egg pods deposited near the margins of the oak woods. Nymphs and adults spent most of their lives in the host trees or shrubs. Although adults sometimes wandered appreciably from known hosts, no dispersal or migratory tendencies were evident. Rain and frost accounted for high mortality of 1st-stage nymphs. Two pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus sp. and Beauvaria sp. (probably bassiana ) were isolated from laboratory stock. Two sarcophagid parasites, one tentatively identified as Blaesoxipha sp. and the other Heliocobia rapax (Walker), were collected. Nematode parasites of the genus Agamermis (Mermithidae) were found in 18% of adults. Grasshoppers infected with nematodes had lower fecundity and longevity. Both vertebrate and invertebrate predators were observed.
Twenty-First Century Progress Toward the Global Control of Human Hookworm Infection

Hookworms are bloodsucking nematodes that afflict up to 740 million persons in tropical and subtropical regions, with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting particularly high infection rates. Prevalence, intensity, and pathology often vary considerably at both the regional and local level, and may be influenced by coinfection with other parasitic infections such as malaria. Immunoepidemiological studies suggest that hookworms manipulate the host immune response and may provide some protection from allergy and asthma. There has been substantial progress in elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of hookworm disease, with anticoagulants, protease inhibitors, digestive proteases, and novel excretory/secretory proteins being of particular interest. Mass chemotherapy remains a mainstay of hookworm control strategies, although continued use of drugs may lead to reduced efficacy and treatment failures have been observed. Consequently, a need exists for innovative approaches, such as vaccination; recent studies have identified and/or evaluated candidate vaccine antigens in human and animal models.
Harmonic mode-locking using the double interval technique in quantum dot lasers

Passive harmonic mode-locking in a quantum dot laser is realized using the double interval technique, which uses two separate absorbers to stimulate a specific higher-order repetition rate compared to the fundamental. Operating alone these absorbers would otherwise reinforce lower harmonic frequencies, but by operating together they produce the harmonic corresponding to their least common multiple. Mode-locking at a nominal 60 GHz repetition rate, which is the 10th harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the device, is achieved unambiguously despite the constraint of a uniformly-segmented, multi-section device layout. The diversity of repetition rates available with this method is also discussed.
Refolding a Glutamine Synthetase Truncation Mutant In Vitro: Identifying Superior Conditions Using a Combination of Chaperonins and Osmolytes

A new method that uses a combination of bacterial GroE chaperonins and cellular osmolytes for in vitro protein folding is described. With this method, one can form stable chaperonin-protein folding intermediate complexes to prevent deleterious protein aggregation and, using these complexes, screen a large array of osmolyte solutions to rapidly identify the superior folding conditions. As a test substrate, we used GSDelta468, a truncation mutant of bacterial glutamine synthetase (GS) that cannot be refolded to significant yields in vitro with either chaperones or osmolytes alone. When our chaperonin/osmolyte method was employed to identify and optimize GSDelta468 refolding conditions, 67% of enzyme activity was recovered, comparable with refolding yields of wild type GS. This method can potentially be applied to the refolding of a broad spectrum of proteins.
Covering Digestive Diseases and Sciences: How to Judge a Journal by Its Cover

After 79 years of continuous publication, Digestive Dis-eases and Sciences (DDS) now toasts the fourteenth ver-sion of its cover! Here we trace the historical backgroundof DDS through the many iterations of its cover in order toimbue the journal with the degree of authenticity, credi-bility, and gravitas that it so richly deserves—and that hasbeen attested to in previously published historical accounts[1, 2].The American Journal of Digestive Diseasesand NutritionIn March 1934, the precursor of DDS was founded with thetitle—The American Journal of Digestive Diseases andNutrition (AJDDN)—by Dr. Beamount S. Cornell. Also in1934, a former president of the American Gastroentero-logical Association (AGA), Dr. Frank S. Smithies took thechallenge of becoming its ﬁrst editor-in-chief [6692]. TheAJDDN was founded with high hopes and much fanfare byDr. Smithies, stating, ‘‘This journal is fortunately favoredby the support of a distinguished, respected, and geo-graphically well distributed Editorial Council’’ [3]. Ofnote, the Editorial Council of AJDDN consisted of 92 topachievers in the ﬁelds of clinical medicine, parisitology,nutrition, roentgenology (as radiology was then called),surgery, experimental physiology, and therapeutics (phar-macology). This list, in retrospect, is all the more impres-sive since many members were quite junior, at assistantprofessor and instructor rank, but who became luminarieslater in their careers. Notable among these luminaries were:Walter Alvarez, one of the pioneers of modern gastro-enterology; Burrill Crohn, who published the seminaldescription of regional ileitis in 1932; Julius Freidenwald,another GI pioneer and namesake of a prestigious awardconferred by the AGA; Sara Jordan, who became the ﬁrstwoman AGA president in 1942 and cofounded of theLahey Clinic; Leon Schiff, a founder of the ﬁeld of hepa-tology and ﬁrst AASLD president in 1950; Kenneth MerrillLynch, who modernized the Medical University of SouthCarolina; Lester Dragstedt, a pioneer and innovator ofpeptic ulcer surgery; Frank Lahey, cofounder (with SaraJordan) of the Lahey Clinic; Edward Ochsner, founder ofthe Ochsner Clinic; Frederick Banting, Nobel laureate forthe discovery of insulin; and Andrew Ivy, noted GI phys-iologist and American Physiological Society president in1939. The covers of Volume 1 proudly display the title in abeautiful hand-tooled, open-faced font, featuring a detailedtable of contents and the name of the ﬁrst publisher,Sandﬁeld Publishing Co, which was owned by Dr. Cornell.The ﬁrst issue in March 1934 featured the names of theEditorial Council (Fig. 1a).Due to the high caliber of its ﬁrst issues, AJDDNbecame the ofﬁcial journal of the AGA. necessitating acover change by the addition of ‘‘The Ofﬁcial Publication
Solid-state NMR, crystallographic, and computational investigation of bisphosphonates and farnesyl diphosphate synthase-bisphosphonate complexes.

Bisphosphonates are a class of molecules in widespread use in treating bone resorption diseases and are also of interest as immunomodulators and anti-infectives. They function by inhibiting the enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), but the details of how these molecules bind are not fully understood. Here, we report the results of a solid-state 13C, 15N, and 31P magic-angle sample spinning (MAS) NMR and quantum chemical investigation of several bisphosphonates, both as pure compounds and when bound to FPPS, to provide information about side-chain and phosphonate backbone protonation states when bound to the enzyme. We then used computational docking methods (with the charges assigned by NMR) to predict how several bisphosphonates bind to FPPS. Finally, we used X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of two potent bisphosphonate inhibitors, finding good agreement with the computational results, opening up the possibility of using the combination of NMR, quantum chemistry and molecular dock...
The Corrosion of Sol−Gel-Coated Type 316 SS in Chlorinated SC Water

The corrosion mechanism of type 316 SS wire was investigated with and without sol-gel-applied TiO 2 coatings on exposure to HCl under SCWO conditions. The SCWO experiments were carried out in a semi-batch, continuous-flow tube reactor with 5 vol % air and feed streams containing 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 N HCl. The corrosion was characterized using mass loss, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used to analyze the reactor effluent. Sols were prepared from titanium isopropoxide and applied by a dip coating process. The thermal and phase transition behavior of the powders obtained from the sols was characterized using simultaneous TGA/DTA, wide-angle XRD, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. A pitting corrosion mechanism in which the HCl acts as both a catalyst and a reactant was proposed. The results obtained with the TiO 2 -coated wire suggest that the applied coatings were permeable to super- and subcritical water.
Verifiable annotations for embedded java environments

Many implementations of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) use optimizing dynamic compilation for improving performance of Java applications. However, optimizing compilation is expensive in terms of both time and memory space complexity. Annotations are frequently used to reduce the dynamic compilation overhead in embedded Java environments where the memory budget and CPU speed are limited. However, some annotations can cause the dynamic compiler to generate code that violates the security policy of the JVM. These annotations present a safety problem if they are not verified before being used by the compiler. In this work, we present annotation schemes for three frequently used optimizations: null pointer check removal, value liveness analysis, and array bound check removal. All our annotations can be verified at low cost during dynamic compilation time to guarantee that they do not cause the compiler to generate code that violates the security policy of the JVM.
Industrial applications research and current industrial applications of geothermal energy in the United States

Abstract The paper briefly describes research in the use of geothermal fluids for cyanide heap leaching of precious metals, on-going research into the collocation of geothermal resources with potential space heating and industrial/agricultural sites, brazed plate heat exchangers, thermal refuge for aquaculture ponds and pump failures. Two existing industrial uses, mushroom growing and onion dehydration, are briefly described.
Which medical schools produce rural physicians

Objective. —To examine the hypothesis that medical schools vary systematically and predictably in the proportion of their graduates who enter rural practice. Design. —The December 1991 version of the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile was used to examine the rural and urban practice locations of physicians who graduated from American medical schools between 1976 and 1985. Selected characteristics of the medical schools—including location, ownership, and funding—were linked to the Physician Masterfile. Main Outcome Measures. —The percentage of the graduates from each medical school who were practicing in rural areas in December 1991, disaggregated by physician specialty. Results. —Of the practicing graduates from our study, 12.6% were located in rural counties; family physicians were much more likely than members of other specialties to select rural practice, particularly in the smallest and most isolated rural counties. Women were much less likely than men to enter rural practice. Medical schools varied greatly in the percentage of their graduates who entered rural practice, ranging from 41.2% to 2.3% of the graduating classes studied. Twelve medical schools accounted for over one quarter of the physicians entering rural practice in this time period. Four variables were strongly associated with a tendency to produce rural graduates: location in a rural state, public ownership, production of family physicians, and smaller amounts of funding from the National Institutes of Health. Discussion. —The organization, location, and mission of medical schools is closely related to the propensity of their graduates to select rural practice. Increasing policy coordination among medical schools and state and federal governmental entities would most effectively address residual problems of rural physician shortages. (JAMA. 1992;268:1559-1565)
Educational Perspectives: Not Just for the Academic

Drs Philip and Anderson did not disclose any relationships relevant to this article. One of the responsibilities of, and pleasures for, physicians after graduating from medical school is lifelong learning. In the past, it was assumed that physicians would continue to stay abreast of recent advances, but in today’s world, participation in continuing medical education and periodic recertification must be documented. The future may well require documentation of competency to perform various tasks or procedures. How can we in neonatology remain fully competent? While thinking about the objectives of NeoReviews , we ask continuously what we can do to enhance the learning experience. Among the changes that have occurred in the past 3 years is the introduction of a section dealing not only with “the underpinnings of neonatal/perinatal medicine” (Historical Perspectives), but also Pharmacology Reviews, Therapeutic Techniques, and Index of Suspicion in the Nursery. In addition, because we believe that some learners prefer visual images to the written word, we introduced Visual Diagnosis to challenge our readers. There can be little doubt that the content of NeoReviews has become more diverse, and we like to think that this makes it more fun to “dip into” the journal. We believe that learning should be fun. We do not mean that we should laugh and joke about serious topics, but rather that participants in educational activities should be mentally challenged and find pleasure in arriving at answers by logical means (where possible), rather than by rote learning and retention of facts. Apart from anything else, today’s dogma may be tomorrow’s trash. Those who subscribe to NeoReviews Plus have seen the expanded component of self-assessment, in addition to the quiz questions at the ends of articles in the journal, that has been developed by a group separate from those responsible for recruitment of …
Coexistence of the α and δ phases in an as-cast uranium-rich U-Zr alloy

Abstract Uranium–zirconium alloys are being investigated for use in ultrahigh burn-up, metallic inert matrix nuclear fuels. Characterization of these alloys in the transmission electron microscope with spatial resolutions that are inaccessible by other techniques shows that the orthorhombic α and hexagonal, intermetallic δ phases coexist in an as-cast uranium-rich U-10 wt.% Zr alloy. Analyses reveal the chemistries of and crystallographic relationship between the two phases.
Ion heating, electron acceleration, and the self‐consistent parallel E‐field in downward auroral current regions

Downward auroral current regions are characterized by: upflowing field-aligned electrons; transverse ion heating; depleted plasma densities; downward-pointing parallel E-fields and current densities; intense ELF and VLF plasma wave activity; and the absence of hot magnetospheric particles. In this paper, we present a kinetic model that explains all of these features. We imagine a geomagnetic flux tube of finite length imbedded in a downward current region and impose appropriate kinetic boundary conditions. We assume that broadband ELF waves exist on the flux tube and heat the ions by cyclotron resonance near the ion gyrofrequency. We carry out an iterative, steady-state solution for the one-particle distribution functions, fα(s, ν⟂, ν∥), and the self-consistent parallel E-field, E∥(s). When this theory is applied to the Gorney et al. [1985] data set, we find good agreement between theory and experiment for the ion conic, the electron beam, and the downward-pointing E∥(s).
Micro-Economic Models of Problem Choice in Basic Science.

This paper describes the way in which a certain representation of basic scientific knowledge can be coupled with traditional microeconomic analysis to provide an analysis of “rational” research planning or “agenda setting” in basic science. Research planning is conceived as a resource allocation decision in which resources are being allocated to activities directed towards the solution of “basic scientific problems”. A “structuralist” representation of scientific knowledge is employed to provide a relatively precise characterization of a basic scientific problem.
Detecting Parkinsons' symptoms in uncontrolled home environments: A multiple instance learning approach

In this paper, we propose to use a weakly supervised machine learning framework for automatic detection of Parkinson's Disease motor symptoms in daily living environments. Our primary goal is to develop a monitoring system capable of being used outside of controlled laboratory settings. Such a system would enable us to track medication cycles at home and provide valuable clinical feedback. Most of the relevant prior works involve supervised learning frameworks (e.g., Support Vector Machines). However, in-home monitoring provides only coarse ground truth information about symptom occurrences, making it very hard to adapt and train supervised learning classifiers for symptom detection. We address this challenge by formulating symptom detection under incomplete ground truth information as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. MIL is a weakly supervised learning framework that does not require exact instances of symptom occurrences for training; rather, it learns from approximate time intervals within which a symptom might or might not have occurred on a given day. Once trained, the MIL detector was able to spot symptom-prone time windows on other days and approximately localize the symptom instances. We monitored two Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, each for four days with a set of five triaxial accelerometers and utilized a MIL algorithm based on axis parallel rectangle (APR) fitting in the feature space. We were able to detect subject specific symptoms (e.g. dyskinesia) that conformed with a daily log maintained by the patients.
Electron-orbit control using a postdiode magnetic-field structure

For many applications, control and manipulation of the electron orbits in a high-current electron beam is desirable. This is especially true when a weakly-self-pinched, multi-MV electron-beam is used to make bremsstrahlung radiation. In this case, the radiation pattern is highly peaked along the direction that the electron beam makes when it strikes the x-ray target. Therefore, to maximize the number of photons in the forward direction, it is desirable that the electrons strike the x-ray target as close to normal with as little spread in the beam angles as possible. In this paper, a method for controlling the macroscopic angle of a high-power electron beam using a post-diode magnetic-field structure is presented. The idea is to extract the electron beam into a vacuum cavity through a thin, low-mass foil where a portion of the return-current flows through a central post. The amount of current that flows through the central post and therefore the amount of beam straightening is controlled by inductively splitting the return current so that a portion of it returns through the central post and a portion returns outside the beam. By adjusting the balance between these two currents one can alter the electron orbits and achieve a wide range of angles that the electron beam makes with the target without the need for plasma or an external pulser.1 Particle-in-cell simulations have been performed to determine the parameters required to straighten an 8-MV, 200-kA, 23-cm-diameter hollow electron beam with an inward 20° macroscopic (average) angle so that it approaches the x-ray target at normal incidence. The simulations show an increase in the forward photon spectrum by up to a factor of 3. Experiments with similar beam parameters using the Mercury Inductive-Voltage Adder at the Naval Research Laboratory have shown an increase of a factor of two in the forward dose using this technique and are in good qualitative agreement with the simulations. Additional simulations and experiments are planned to optimize the forward dose and will be reported on during this talk.
REACTIVITY OF TREATED AND UNTREATED MARBLE SPECIMENS IN AN S02 ATMOSPHERE

AbstractMarble specimens were impregnated with epoxy resins by first soaking the specimens in a solvent and then treating them, in steps, with increasing concentrations of the resin in the resin-solvent mixture. This resulted in impregnation to several centimeters’ depth into the specimen. Both impregnated and non-impregnated specimens were subjected to 3000 ppm SO2 atmospheres in a dynamic system. X-ray diffraction and fluorescence studies to determine the deterioration quantitatively, revealed that transformation of the outer layer of non-impregnated marble into primarily calcium sulfite stopped after a maximum of 15 mole percent conversion under normal conditions of humidity. While certain impregnated marble specimens showed significant protection from SO2 attack, other impregnated specimens revealed more reactivity than the controls. A partial explanation of this has been obtained by scanning electron microscopy which showed that the resin films on the surface were perforated. Coatings of certain acry...
Entropy-driven ring-opening olefin metathesis polymerizations of macrocycles

The curious entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) of macrocyclic olefins is highlighted. From early proof-of-principle reports through current state-of-the-art studies with an inclination towards materials applications, the known examples of these uncommon polymerizations are surveyed. The underpinnings of why these reactions work, what is and what is not to be expected and the prevailing practical measures to be taken to favor ED-ROMPs are discussed.
A high performance liner for copper damascene interconnects

We describe a liner for Cu-Damascene multilevel ULSI interconnects, which satisfies all the important requirements for a high performance and reliable Cu interconnect technology. This liner is implemented in the first manufacturing process to produce and ship CMOS chips with Cu interconnects. The liner is a bilayer from a family of hcp/bcc-TaN followed by bcc-Ta (/spl alpha/-Ta), deposited sequentially in a single PVD chamber from a pure Ta target, using Ar and N/sub 2/ sputtering gases. This bilayer simultaneously maximizes adhesion to the interlevel dielectric and the Cu fill, and has very low in-plane resistivity (/spl sim/30-60 /spl mu//spl Omega/-cm, depending on TaN/Ta thicknesses). These qualities produce high-yield, highly reliable, and electromigration-redundant Cu interconnects.
Maternal Dietary Patterns during Third Trimester in Association with Birthweight Characteristics and Early Infant Growth

�� = 893 ) completed a food frequency questionnaire. Maternal dietary patterns were evaluated by diet scores (Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy and alternate Mediterranean diet) and by carbohydrate quality (glycemic index and glycemic load). Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to examine the relative risk of SGA and separately LGA, with dietary patterns and other lifestyle factors. Linear regression was used to determine the association of birthweight and early infant growth with better dietary patterns. Relative risk of SGA and LGA was not associated with dietary patterns. Birthweight and infant growth were not associated with maternal diet. Smoking, however, increased the risk of delivering an SGA infant (RR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.58–5.39), while higher prepregnancy BMI increased the risk of delivering an LGA infant (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.09). Future studies are needed to evaluate whether deficiencies in more specific maternal dietary nutrients play a role in fetal growth.
The Social Service Network - Web 2.0 Can Make Semantic Web Services Happen

Despite the evident benefits of semantic Web services, their widespread adoption by the industry is hindered by practicality issues. We see great promise in using proven Web 2.0 techniques to enable semantic Web services technologies to rise to their potential. We propose the social service network (SSN) - a framework integrating Web 2.0 social aspects to automatically enrich Web services with semantic meanings based on community consensus. Additionally, we propose an innovative Web service recommendation system within the SSN that makes use of generated ontologies to discover similar and complementary Web services. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach with a practical use case scenario.
Parallel Quasi-Newton Methods for Unconstrained Optimization

This paper describes work done on the 1024 node NCUBE hypercube at the University of South Carolina in developing methods for efficient local solution of unconstrained minimization problems. The paper begins with a mathematical discussion of quasiNewton methods for unconstrained optimization, and specifically Broyden’s Method. Next it presents the paralfel methods, and discusses the parallel implementation of the most common Broyden method. Finally it lists some numerical results to evaluate the performance of the parallel Broyden methods.
Studies of the cation exchange system Fe+++-H+: I. Equilibrium studies

Equilibrium data are presented for the exchange of Fe+++ and H+ on a sulfonated polystyrene exchanger. The data cover solution concentrations from 0.05 N to 2 N in total cation for solutions having either nitrate or perchlorate ion as the common anion. The nitrate system shows irregular behavior because of complex ion formation, but for composition where such behavior is absent the equilibrium data can be correlated by equations based on the law of mass action. Equilibrium compositions for the perchlorate system can be correlated over the entire range studied by a single equation based on the law of mass action. Methods based on the law of mass action are presented for correlating or predicting equilibrium compositions for both systems.
Brand Communities and New Product Adoption:The Influence and Limits of Oppositional Loyalty

Abstract Brand communities have been cited for their potential not only to enhance the loyalty of members but also to engender a sense of oppositional loyalty toward competing brands. However, the impact of brand community membership on actual new product adoption behavior has yet to be explored. This study examines the effects of brand community participation and membership duration on the adoption of new products from opposing brands as well as from the preferred brand. Longitudinal data were collected on the participation behavior, membership duration, and adoption behavior of 7506 members spanning four brand communities and two product categories. Using a hazard modeling approach, the authors find that higher levels of participation and longer-term membership in a brand community not only increase the likelihood of adopting a new product from the preferred brand but also decrease the likelihood of adopting new products from opposing brands. However, such oppositional loyalty is contingent on whether a...
Regional myocardial blood flow, metabolism and function assessed noninvasively with positron emission tomography

Positron emission computed tomography is a new technique of potential value for the noninvasive measurement of myocardial blood flow, mechanical function and, in particular, metabolism. The capability of this new study method is attributable to the technologic innovations of the imaging device and the availability of radioactive tracers that are specific for blood flow and metabolism. The device permits recording of cross-sectional images of the left ventricular myocardium that quantitatively reflect regional tracer tissue concentrations. Use of tracer kinetic models with this new technique permits measurements of regional glucose and fatty acid metabolism of the heart. Positron emission tomography is already an important new tool for investigative studies of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology; its clinical utility remains to be defined.
API Backward Compatibility Testing Using VSTS

Applications designed for a new standard that can receive, read, view or play older standards, are said to be backward compatible [1]. Testing that ensures a new version of an application continues to function with the assets created from an older version of the same application is known as backward compatibility testing [2]. The strategy and solution presented in this article facilitates the project team with the capability to test multiple versions of an API within a single test automation framework. This paper presents a case study of API backward compatibility testing, using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010.
AN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC THEORY AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION . Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin . Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. Pp. xii + 424. $36.95 paper.

This enjoyable, informative book would serve as an excellent introductory text in a beginning course on language acquisition or linguistics. The content is somewhat narrower than the title suggests: The book deals exclusively with L1 acquisition, and its focus is Chomskyan syntax and Universal Grammar, with a bit of semantics presented toward the end (i.e., phonology is not addressed). Most of the data is from English, though other languages are explored (e.g., French, Japanese), with three very interesting chapters on American Sign Language.
Spatial Dependence, Dispersion, and Sequential Sampling of Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Timothy

The spatial distribution and dispersion of Anaphothrips obscurus (Muller) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was examined with the goal of establishing a sequential sampling plan for this pest in timothy, Phleum pratense L. (Poaceae). Approximately 16 different California timothy fields were sampled twice yearly from 2006 to 2008 using direct observation and the beat cup method. For direct observation, the number of thrips on each leaf of the plant was counted. For the beat cup method, tillers were tapped into a cup and dislodged thrips were counted. Samples were separated by ≈3 m in 2006 and 2007 and exactly 3 m in 2008. Spatial autocorrelation of intrafield population distribution was tested for significance in 2008 using Moran's I, but autocorrelation was not detected. The population dispersion was assessed by Taylor's power law and was determined to be aggregated and density-dependent. Intraplant population dispersion and distribution for each year were also evaluated for adults, larvae, and total thrips. All lifestages were highly spatially dependent and more thrips were found near the top of the plant than the bottom. Direct observation proved to be a more accurate and precise method than the beat cup method, especially when thrips abundances were greater than one. However, the number of samples required to provide an accurate level of precision was unrealistic for both methods. A sequential sampling plan was evaluated, but was not practical for the beat cup method because few thrips were found using this method. Because there was no spatial autocorrelation at sampling distances of 3 m, samples can be taken at intervals at 3 m to obtain spatially independent population abundance estimates.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY : VI. THE RELATION OF BILIARY INFECTIONS TO THE GENESIS AND EXCRETION OF UROBILIN.

Experimental infection of the intubated and previously sterile biliary tract of the dog with particles of the stools leads to a formation of urobilin from the bilirubin of the bile as it flows through the ducts. No urobilinuria occurs, however, unless temporary biliary obstruction is produced, or the liver parenchyma injured. Then urobilinuria develops, despite the fact that no bile is reaching the intestine and, by corollary, no urobilin being formed there. Cholangitic urobilinuria, as one may term the phenomenon just described, to distinguish it from the urobilinuria having origin in pigment absorbed from within the intestine, is far more pronounced in animals possessing a healthy gall bladder than in those with a pathological gall bladder or with one prevented from functioning by severance of the cystic duct. These facts suggest that there may be an active absorption of urobilin from the normal gall bladder. There can be no doubt that the pigment is absorbed from within the bile ducts. There is no evidence whatever to justify the belief that urobilin is ever formed through the action of liver parenchyma. There may conceivably be an intralobular formation of the pigment consequent upon the activity of bacteria within the liver tissue, though such a happening has yet to be demonstrated.
Conceptual and Empirical Analysis of Some Assumptions of an Explicitly Typological Theory

The criteria for typology described by Mendelsohn, Weiss, and Feimer (1982) are reexamined. It is argued that the first of the two criteria for single-variable typologies, multimodality, is a weak one for psychological data and that only the second criterion, discontinuity against an external variable, is telling. It is agreed that these authors' requirement that multiple-variable typologies combine interactively to predict external variables is a mandatory one, although it is not one that is diagnostic of typology. These issues are illustrated by a multiple-variable, explicitly typological system specified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This system predicts both single-variable and interactive relationships against external criteria and explicitly proposes discontinuity at the scales' midpoints. The present MBTI study, like others, yielded no predictor bimodality, though the distribution displayed platykurtosis, the index of which is maximized with bimodal distributions. Similarly, the criterion distribution did not display bimodality, though conventional assessments of differences in distribution location evidenced sharp discontinuities at the midpoint for one variable, Sensing-Intuition, against two criteria, and for a second variable, Extraversion-Introversion, against one criterion. Predictor variable interactions were only weakly displayed. A review of relevant MBTI research, coupled with these findings, challenges pessimism about the verifiability of all typological systems, suggesting that further investigation of this approach, using appropriate data analytic procedures, would be fruitful. A cogent discussion of the conceptual issues associated with use of typologies was recently provided by Mendelsohn, Weiss, and Feimer (1982), who reexamined what were described as the "implicitly typological" assumptions underlying the interpretation of a well-known data set (Block, von der Lippe, & Block, 1973). The Mendelsohn et al. critique produced a heated response by the Block group (Block & Ozer, 1982) and a retort by the Mendelsohn faction (Weiss, Mendelsohn, & Feimer, 1982). This debate, though marked by passion and occasional hyperbole, actually begins to provide a useful airing of the scientific and psychometric criteria for explicit and implicit typologies, as well as for the nontypological labels that psychologists are notoriously fond of emitting.
Clinical correlations of anti-GM1 antibodies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neuropathies

Clinical correlations of antiganglioside GM1 antibodies are important because high titers of these antibodies may have therapeutic significance. To further evaluate this significance, we reviewed our experience with 78 patients who had the following diagnoses: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ALS syndromes in patients with gammopathy or thyroid abnormalities, cervical spondylosis simulating ALS, motor neuropathies, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies (CIDP). Antiganglioside antibody titers were measured "blind" by ELISA assay at the neuromuscular clinical laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. We conclude that anti-GM1 antibodies are found in a wide variety of neuromuscular conditions. Patients with classical ALS had a mean anti-GM1 antibody titer significantly lower than patients with CIDP or motor neuropathy. Patients with ALS associated with gammopathy or thyroid disorders had higher anti-GM1 titers than seen in classical ALS. The highest mean titer occurred in patients with CIDP, a treatable neuropathy.
Rescue of the Corpus Luteum in Human Pregnancy

Rescue of the corpus luteum from its programmed senescence maintains progesterone production required for pregnancy. In primates, chorionic gonadotropin produced by the developing conceptus acts as the primary luteotrophic signal. The purpose of this research was to assess corpus luteum rescue by examining changes in daily urinary progesterone metabolite levels during the first week after implantation. We determined the variability in progesterone metabolite profiles and evaluated its relationship to early pregnancy loss in 120 naturally conceived human pregnancies, including 43 early pregnancy losses. In other primates, an abrupt increase in the progesterone metabolite occurs at the time of implantation. This pattern occurred in an estimated 45% of the pregnancies in the present study. In the remaining pregnancies, there was a delayed rise (18%), neither a rise or decline (22%), or a decline (15%) during the week after implantation. The estimated rate of early pregnancy loss increased across these categories (from 5% loss with an abrupt rise at implantation to 100% loss with progesterone metabolite decline). Low urinary hCG levels in early pregnancy were significant determinants of a decline in postimplantation progesterone metabolite. However, preimplantation steroid metabolite levels were not significant, suggesting no inherent problem with the corpus luteum. Examination of individual progesterone metabolite profiles in relation to hCG profiles also indicated that few losses were caused by corpus luteum failure. Delineating the functional importance of an abrupt progesterone rise at the time of implantation may provide new strategies for promoting successful implantation in assisted reproduction.
Unconscious Desire: The Affective and Motivational Aspects of Subliminal Sexual Priming

Sexual arousal is thought to be the result of the processing of sexual cues at two levels: conscious and unconscious. Whereas numerous studies have examined the affective and motivational responses to supraliminal (consciously processed) sexual cues, much less is known regarding the responses to subliminal (processed outside of one's awareness) sexual cues. Five studies examined responses to subliminal sexual cues. Studies 1–3 demonstrated increases in adults' positive affect following exposure to subliminal sexual cues compared to control cues. Study 4 demonstrated that the positive affect resulting from exposure to subliminal sexual cues increased motivation to further engage in a neutral task. Study 5 provided evidence suggesting that the affect and motivation found in Studies 1–4 were associated with motivation to engage in sex specifically, rather than a general approach motivation. The implications of these findings for the processing of subliminal sexual cues and for human sexuality are discussed.
DESAFÍO A LA CONCILIACIÓN: ANTAGONISMO Y NEGATIVIDAD EN IMAGINARIOS HISTÓRICOS DEL CARIBE

La convergencia de diferentes grupos humanos, practicas, saberes y temporalidades catapulta al Caribe como fenomeno singular. Su reconocimiento como area socio-cultural, como espacio de transculturacion y de sincretismo, depende de una teleologia conciliadora de la diferencia. Cuestionando esta narrativa hegemonica, el presente ensayo ofrece una relectura de Fernando Ortiz, Edouard Glissant y Manuel Zapata Olivella a partir de lo que denomino el desafio a la pretension unitaria de la identidad por via negativa. Reflexiono sobre el potencial critico del antagonismo y la violencia en la construccion de imaginarios historicos alternativos desde y sobre la region.
Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of materials of the copper(II)/bisterpy/SO42- family: The one-dimensional [Cu2(H2O)2(bisterpy)(SO4)2] · 2H2O and the two-dimensional [Cu2(bisterpy)(SO4)2] · 1.5H2O

Abstract Hydrothermal methods have been exploited to prepare two materials of the copper(II)/bisterpy/sulfate family. Compound [Cu2(bisterpy)(H2O)2(SO4)2] · 2H2O (1 · 2H2O) exhibits a one-dimensional ladder structure, constructed of inorganic {Cu(SO4)}n rails linked through bisterpy rungs. In contrast, [Cu2(bisterpy)(SO4)] · 1.5H2O (2 · 1.5H2O) is two-dimensional. Although 2 also exhibits {Cu(SO4)}n chains as a building blocks, alternating bisterpy groups project to opposite sides of these inorganic chains to provide overall two-dimensional connectivity. The structures of 1 and 2 are compared to those of the previously reported [Cu2(bisterpy)(SO4)] and [Cu2(bisterpy)(H2O)2(SO4)(Mo4O13)].
Decision Making by Drosophila Flies

When presented with attractant (light) together with an amount of repellent (methyl eugenol) that exceeds attractant, Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies are of course repelled, but nine mutants have now been isolated that were not repelled. Although able to respond to attractant alone and to repellent alone, these mutants fail to make a decision when the two are together during the first two months of the study. They are considered defective in a decision-making mechanism. The defect occurs at 34 degrees C but not at room temperature, so these are conditional mutants. Efforts at genetic mapping have been made. Our aim is to discover how decision making gets accomplished and how this results in a behavioral response. We indicate that there is a mechanistic relationship between decision making and the central complex in Drosophila and between decision making and the prefrontal cortex in humans and other vertebrates. Over a period of six months these mutants changed into ones that are attracted when presented with attractant together with what was overpowering repellent before. Nearly full attraction was achieved at fifteen to thirty days. With attractant alone these mutants were attracted like the original parent and with repellents alone they were repelled like the original parent. The mutants have been genetically mapped.
Polymer Side Chain Modification Alters Phase Separation in Ferroelectric-Semiconductor Polymer Blends for Organic Memory

Side chain modification of a semiconducting polythiophene changes the resulting phase separation length scales when blended with a ferroelectric polymer for use in organic ferroelectric resistive switches. The domain size of the semiconducting portion of blends of poly[3-(ethyl- 5-pentanoate)thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3EPT) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) in thin film blends are smaller than previously reported and easily controllable in size through simple tuning of the weight fraction of the semiconducting polymer. Furthermore, P3EPT has a relatively high degree of crystallinity and bimodal crystallite orientations, as probed by wide-angle X-ray scattering. Resistive switches fabricated from blends of P3EPT and PVDF-TrFE show memristive switching behavior over a wide range of polythiophene content and good ON/OFF ratios.
Problems of Resale Price Maintenance

Is the decision of manufacturers to sell products under resale price maintenance (“Fair Trade”) a wise marketing decision? Some of the significant decisions of a selected group of manufacturers con...