cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical review on the active site structure of sulfated zirconia catalysts and prospects in fuel production

Abstract This article critically reviews the literature on sulfated zirconia catalysts for variety of important hydrocarbon and oxygenate reactions including ethylene dimerization, isomerization, alkylation and esterification. The catalyst synthesis method-resulting molecular structure relationships, stability and reactive transformations of the active site in response to gas phase environment, reaction mechanisms, reaction intermediates, the corresponding kinetics and effect of some popular promoters are covered. Key structural features of the active sites have been extensively investigated but the conclusive structure is yet to be determined due to the diversity of the preparation methods (nature and crystallinity of the support, sulfate deposition method, sulfate coverage) as well as the diversity of the experimental conditions used during the spectroscopic determination. Similarly, the effect of the promoters and the synergistic effects of the promoter/sulfate sites in the presence of hydrocarbons are not well-defined. Finally, multiple theories exist for the reactive mechanisms on sulfated zirconia but most rely on the homogeneous reaction mechanisms, such as those for ethylene dimerization and butane alkylation with butane. Collectively, these show the lack of a fundamental understanding and the need of modern catalysis studies of this important catalytic system.
Patterns of Support Service, Emergency Department, and Hospital Utilization in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Descriptive Study:

Context:Palliative care in oncology provides multiple benefits, however access to specialty palliative clinicians is limited in community cancer centers. Individual support services are more often ...
Proteomic analysis of affinity-purified 26S proteasomes identifies a suite of assembly chaperones in Arabidopsis.

The 26S proteasome is an essential protease that selectively eliminates dysfunctional and short-lived regulatory proteins in eukaryotes. To define the composition of this proteolytic machine in plants, we tagged either the core protease (CP) or the regulatory particle (RP) sub-complexes in Arabidopsis to enable rapid affinity purification followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Studies on proteasomes enriched from whole seedlings, with or without ATP needed to maintain the holo-proteasome complex, identified all known proteasome subunits but failed to detect isoform preferences, suggesting that Arabidopsis does not construct distinct proteasome sub-types. We also detected a suite of proteasome-interacting proteins, including likely orthologs of the yeast and mammalian chaperones Pba1, Pba2, Pba3, and Pba4 that assist in CP assembly; Ump1 that helps connect CP half-barrels; Nas2, Nas6, and Hsm3 that assist in RP assembly; and Ecm29 that promotes CP–RP association. Proteasomes from seedlings exposed to the proteasome inhibitor MG132 accumulated assembly intermediates, reflecting partially built proteasome sub-complexes associated with assembly chaperones, and the CP capped with the PA200/Blm10 regulator. Genetic analyses of Arabidopsis UMP1 revealed that, unlike in yeast, this chaperone is essential, with mutants lacking the major UMP1a and UMP1b isoforms displaying a strong gametophytic defect. Single ump1 mutants were hypersensitive to conditions that induce proteotoxic, salt and osmotic stress, and also accumulated several proteasome assembly intermediates, consistent with its importance for CP construction. Insights into the chaperones reported here should enable study of the assembly events that generate the 26S holo-proteasome in Arabidopsis from the collection of 64 or more subunits.
Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama

The Plethodon glutinosus complex is composed of 16 lineages that are thought to have conserved morphological characteristics and rapid rates of diversification. Typically, these lineages are recognized as species, but the monophyly of some has been questioned. Three lineages have distributions that converge in the state of Alabama: Plethodon glutinosus, P. grobmani, and P. mississippi. If these species are present in the state and are reproductively isolated, then we expected to recover three monophyletic lineages. If these species are present in the state, but exhibit extensive introgression, then we expected to recover sets of private haplotypes associated with each species and sets of shared haplotypes among species. We sampled 40 specimens of slimy salamanders from throughout the state. Samples were analyzed using two genes, cytochrome b (n = 38) and RPL12 (n = 17). Additionally, we added 47 cytochrome b sequences for Alabama specimens of the three species available on GenBank to examine relationships of this larger sample. We failed to recover three monophyletic lineages within any estimated gene tree and failed to recover sets of private haplotypes. Instead, haplotype-network structure revealed a single metapopulation. We conclude that Alabama contains a single species of slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, with complex genetic connectivity throughout the state.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy protects against secondary infection in the absence of CD8+ cells

While T cell immunity is an important component of the immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection generally, the efficacy of these responses during pregnancy remains unknown. Here, we tested the capacity of CD8 lymphocytes to protect from secondary challenge in four macaques, two of which were depleted of CD8+ cells prior to rechallenge with a heterologous ZIKV isolate. The initial challenge during pregnancy produced transcriptional signatures suggesting complex patterns of immune modulation, but all animals efficiently controlled the rechallenge virus, implying that the primary infection conferred adequate protection. The secondary challenge promoted humoral responses and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, suggesting a brief period of infection prior to clearance. These data confirm that ZIKV infection during pregnancy induces sufficient immunity to protect from a secondary challenge and suggest that this protection is not solely dependent on CD8 T cells but entails multiple arms of the immune system.
Past adversity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: The mediating roles of posttraumatic cognitions and posttraumatic stress symptoms

Abstract Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are more common among survivors of abuse and family disruption. Abuse and family disruption may result in intrusions, which may lead to OC symptom development if followed by obsessive cognitions, metacognitions, or posttraumatic cognitions. This study examined these relationships and tested a model in which the relationship between abuse and family disruption and OC symptoms is statistically mediated by (1) posttraumatic cognitions and metacognitions (both directly, and indirectly through posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS)) and (2) obsessive cognitions. A diverse sample of undergraduate students (N = 402) completed measures of each construct. A principal components analysis of measures of cognition and metacognition yielded two well-defined components: Obsessive Cognitions and Posttraumatic Cognitions. Surprisingly, "positive" posttraumatic metacognitions loaded onto Obsessive Cognitions, suggesting a possible shared cognitive pathway from stressful life events to both OC symptoms and PTSS. Abuse and family disruption appeared to have specific relationships with two OC symptom dimensions, i.e., unacceptable thoughts and symmetry/completeness, but not with two other OC symptom dimensions, i.e., contamination and responsibility for harm. Mediation analyses suggested the relationship between abuse and family disruption and OC symptoms was fully mediated by Posttraumatic Cognitions, Obsessive Cognitions, and PTSS. Results, implications, and limitations are discussed.
Aesthetic Normativity and Knowing How to Go On

This paper addresses a problem about aesthetic normativity raised by Kant. Can aesthetic experiences be appropriate or inappropriate to their objects? And, if so, how is that possible given that, according to Kant, aesthetic experience is not objective? Kant thought the answer to the first question was yes. But his official answer to the second question, in terms of the free play of the faculties, is obscure. The paper offers a clearer answer, inspired by Kant, which invokes Wittgenstein’s notion of “knowing how to go on.” Aesthetic normativity is problematic only on the assumption that claims to the normativity of one’s responses to things must be based on the recognition of objective properties of those things. However, Wittgenstein’s discussion shows that we need not accept that assumption. There can be legitimate claims to the normativity of one’s responses which do not rely on those responses’ reflecting appreciation of objective facts.
The Spanish colonial kiln tradition of Moquegua, Peru

Twenty-six kiln locations have been identified in association with Spanish colonial bodegas (wineries) in the Moquegua valley of southern Peru. The kilns are variable in size, design, and construction, and their differences may relate to the two probable functions of the kilns: firing earthenware vessels used in fermenting and transporting wine and brandy, and calcining calcium minerals or other materials. The Moquegua kilns show similarities to the hornos arabes (Moorish kilns) of Spain, as well as some features common to Spanish technological transfer in the New World.
N,N'-diacetylchitobiase of Vibrio harveyi. Primary structure, processing, and evolutionary relationships.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the gene, chb, encoding the outer membrane protein, N,N'-diacetylchitobiase (chitobiase), of the marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, has been determined. The amino acid sequence of prechitobiase was derived from the nucleotide sequence. Prechitobiase has a molecular mass of 97,771 Da and consists of 883 amino acid residues. A characteristic signal peptide is present at the amino terminus whose removal is inhibited by the antibiotic, globomycin, suggesting that mature chitobiase is a lipoprotein with a maturation pathway similar to that of the Escherichia coli major outer membrane lipoprotein. A perfect homology to six amino acids at the processing and modification region of the outer membrane lipoprotein of E. coli was found with amino acids 15-19 of the deduced prechitobiase protein sequence. Chitobiase shares similarities and possibly common ancestry with the alpha-chain of the human beta-hexosaminidase. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of chitobiase and the alpha-chain of beta-hexosaminidase gave a highly significant alignment score of 19.1 standard deviation units above a mean randomized alignment score. Primer extension analysis of the promoter region revealed three transcription initiation sites used by E. coli cells harboring the chb gene, two of which were also evident in V. harveyi cells.
Engineering an ectopic thymus in the lymph node to induce central tolerance and long-term allograft acceptance (TRAN3P.896)

Background: Allogeneic transplant rejection is one of the major problems plaguing the field of organ transplants. Our previous studies have established the lymph node as a functional site for thymus transplant. In this study, we hypothesized that conditioning transplant recipients with thymic cells immune-matched to the donor will induce long-term acceptance of a subsequent allograft. Methods: We transplanted Balb/c-GFP thymuses into the lymph nodes of FAH-/- mice on a 129sv background. After 6 weeks, the animals were challenged with donor-matched skin grafts or hepatocyte transfer and monitored for long-term allograft acceptance. We also assessed tolerance induction by performing mixed lymphocyte reaction assays (MLR), immunostaining of native and ectopic thymus, as well as thymic dendritic cell (tDC)-T cell co-cultures. Results: Mice receiving thymus transplants successfully accepted subsequent allografts long-term. MLR reactions demonstrated Balb/c-specific tolerance in these mice. We also observed migration of cells (mostly tDCs) from the ectopic to the native thymus. tDC-T cell co-cultures revealed that migrating DCs from the ectopic as well as native thymus were instrumental in generating the increased numbers of Tregs observed in recipient mice. Conclusion: We were able to achieve long-term allograft acceptance in mice receiving thymic transplants, which was possibly mediated by the increased Treg induction associated with cross-talk between the two thymuses.
Prolonged Salmonella Contamination of a Recreational Lake by Runoff Waters

Abstract In the summer and fall of 1968, various Salmonella serotypes were isolated from a portion of Lake Mendota, the major recreational lake for Madison Wis. The apparent sources of these organisms were a residential storm sewer and a University of Wisconsin Experimental Farms' washwater drain. Salmonellae were isolated with regularity from a swimming beach located approximately 0.5 mile (0.8 km) from these sources.
Constitutive hydrolytic enzymes are associated with polygenic resistance of tomato to Alternaria solani and may function as an elicitor release mechanism

Abstract Foliar resistance to early blight disease of tomato, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani , is inherited in a complex quantitative manner. Our previous studies revealed that three moderately-resistant tomato breeding lines with different sources of early blight resistance, all possessed higher constitutive and more rapid accumulation of PR proteins, including specific antifungal isozymes of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase than susceptible genotypes. In the present study, additional early blight resistant tomato breeding lines and susceptible genotypes were investigated for their constitutive levels of PR proteins. All resistant lines possessed higher constitutive levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase than susceptible genotypes supporting earlier reported findings. Constitutive and pathogen-induced expression of PR genes during early stages of the interaction was found to be much higher in the highly resistant breeding line NC 24-E than a susceptible line. In vitro elicitor release experiments were performed with purified A. solani cell walls treated with constitutive total enzyme preparations isolated from resistant and susceptible plants. Enzyme preparations from resistant and susceptible genotypes differed in their ability to produce hypersensitive response (HR) elicitors from fungal cell walls: the enzyme preparations from resistant breeding lines released HR elicitors, while enzyme preparations from susceptible lines did not. Additionally, experiments with a partially purified preparation of basic tomato chitinases demonstrated that these enzymes were able to release HR elicitors from germinating spores of A. solani , but not mature, intact cell walls. The possibility that constitutively produced hydrolytic enzymes may act as an elicitor-releasing mechanism in resistance to early blight of tomato is discussed.
p-Bromomandelic Acid †

p-bromomandelic acid intermediate: 89 g. (0.25 mole) of p,α,α-tribromoacetophenone product: p-chloromandelic acid product: p-iodomandelic acid product: p-Bromomandelic acid Keywords: halogenation, bromination; halogenation, bromination; p,α,α-tribromoacetophenone, lachrymator; o-xylylene dibromide, lachrymator, skin irritant; blender, waring-type
Mikroorganismen des Zehenzwischenraums – Bedeutung für das Beinerysipel

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Seit Jahren verzeichnet man in Deutschland einen stetigen Anstieg der Erysipelinzidenz. Betroffene Patienten weisen haufig auch Defekte der Hautbarriere, verursacht durch Mikroorganismen, auf. Ziel dieser nicht-interventionellen Fall-Kontroll-Studie war es, einen potenziellen Zusammenhang zwischen der Tinea pedis interdigitalis beziehungsweise der bakteriellen Flora des Zehenzwischenraums und dem Beinerysipel sowie eine eventuelle Interaktion der Mikroorganismen untereinander zu untersuchen. Patienten und Methodik Das Patientenkollektiv umfasste 150 Patienten, verteilt auf drei gleich grose Gruppen, eine retrospektive sowie prospektive Erysipelgruppe (EG = rEG + pEG) und eine Kontrollgruppe (KG). Ergebnisse 51 % der Erysipel- sowie 32 % der Kontrollpatienten litten unter einer Tinea pedis interdigitalis. Zwar ergab sich kein signifikanter Zusammenhang mit dem Erysipel, jedoch mit dessen Rezidivierung. Staphylococcus aureus (EG: 30,34 %; KG: 3,23 %) und die apathogenen aeroben Keime (EG: 28,09 %; KG: 80,65 %) zeigten in allen statistischen Analysen der mikrobiellen Flora des Zehenzwischenraumes eine signifikante Assoziation mit dem Erysipel. Bei Staphylococcus aureus war diese positiv, bei den apathogenen Keimen hingegen negativ. Schlussfolgerungen Diese Studie konnte einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Mikroorganismen des Zehenzwischenraumes und dem Beinerysipel belegen, wobei die bakterielle Flora fur das Erysipel an sich und die Tinea pedis interdigitalis fur die Rezidiventstehung masgeblich war.
Synthesis and characterization of iron stearate compounds

Abstract A derivative of a known trinuclear iron(III) stearate cluster was prepared from ferrous sulfate and sodium stearate in ethanol/water solvent with air oxidation. It was also prepared by increasing the pH of a solution of ferrous sulfate stirred with stearic acid. The formula for the trimer as prepared here is [Fe 3 O(St) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ] + St − (St − = stearate, n -C 17 H 35 CO 2 − ). The reaction of ferric citrate with stearate to form the trimer does not go to completion. The true composition of most iron stearates has not been well established previously. Two iron stearate compounds are available commercially; of these, only “ferrous stearate” appears to be a pure compound, albeit not a simple mononuclear one. The “ferric stearate” of commerce appears to be a mixture of stearic acid and a compound similar to the iron trimer prepared here. References exist to “iron distearate hydroxide” in the literature. The physical and spectroscopic properties of this compound are very similar to those of the iron trimer prepared here. Spectral data (mid- and far-IR, 300 MHz 1 H and 75 MHz 13 C NMR) and TGA/DSC data are reported for stearic acid, “ferrous stearate,” “ferrie stearate,” and [Fe 3 O(St) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ][St].
Corrections of Satellite Positions in Near-Real Time

The influence of sudden increases of electron content on the accurate determination of the position of a satellite is investigated based on a spherically stratified ionospheric model. Using the total electron content information from Faraday rotation measurements, a procedure is presented whereby the corrections of satellite position due to the unpredicted electron increase can be accounted for without the need to know the spatial distribution of the additional electrons.
Dynamic and Double-Diffusive Instabilities in a Weak Pycnocline. Part I: Observations of Heat Flux and Diffusivity in the Vicinity of Maud Rise, Weddell Sea

AbstractAn expedition to study the stability of the weakly stratified water column in the eastern Weddell Sea was undertaken in the austral winter of 2005. A regional CTD survey around Maud Rise delineated water mass boundaries associated with flow around the seamount and identified areas most susceptible to overturning. A downstream region of the seamount Taylor column was found least stable, with a potential density difference across the pycnocline less than 0.018 kg m−3. Intensive water column measurements, including 1300 profiles of temperature, conductivity, and fast-response microconductivity, were made during a series of 13 drift stations to investigate vertical turbulent transports and the evolution of water column stability. The dependence of pycnocline turbulent diffusivity kT on Froude number Fr (turbulence generated by internal wave shear) and density ratio Rρ (turbulence generated by diffusive layering and possibly diapycnal cabbeling) is investigated. The Fr alone cannot explain completely t...
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen: a proteomics view

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a cell cycle marker protein, is well known as a DNA sliding clamp for DNA polymerase delta and as an essential component for eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication and repair. Due to its mobility inside nuclei, PCNA is dynamically presented in a soluble or chromatin-associated form. The heterogeneity and specific modifications of PCNA may reflect its multiple functions and the presence of many binding partners in the cell. The recent proteomics approaches applied to characterizing PCNA interactions revealed multiple PCNA partners with a wide spectrum of activity and unveiled the possible existence of new PCNA functions. Since more than 100 PCNA-interacting proteins and several PCNA modifications have already been reported, a proteomics point of view seems exactly suitable to better understand the role of PCNA in cellular functions.
Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy due to neoplasm in infancy

A nine-month-old infant presenting with an isolated oculomotor nerve dysfunction was found to have a poorly differentiated neoplasm of the mesencephalon, an unusual presentation of an unusual tumor. Acquired, isolated, third cranial nerve palsy in a child poses a challenging differential diagnosis. Although tumor is a rare cause of this finding, full evaluation for malignancy is warranted in such a case.
Endorectal ultrasound of T3 and T4 rectal cancers after preoperative chemoradiation.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to assess the accuracy and ability of endorectal ultasound (ERUS) to predict changes in rectal tumor stage after a preoperative chemoradiation protocol. METHODS: Since December 1990, all rectal malignancies at our institution have been preoperatively staged with ERUS. ERUS has been an essential tool in preoperative staging of rectal cancer patients, possessing an overall accuracy of 84 percent for T stage and 81 percent for lymph node status in our hands (Williamson PR, unpublished data). Beginning in July 1992, all patients staged with T3 or T4 lesions on initial ERUS have been entered into a protocol consisting of preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT). This protocol consists of patients receiving 4,500 to 5,040 rads for five to eight weeks and concomitantly receiving sensitizing doses of 5-fluorouracil and/or leucovorin. All patients were scheduled for sphincter-saving or abdominoperineal resections six to eight weeks following completion of CRT. A repeat ERUS was performed on each patient one week before surgery. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 15 patients who completed CRT, including 12 males and 3 females. Evidence of tumor shrinkage via ERUS measurement was seen in all patients. Average tumor shrinkage as assessed by ERUS was 16 percent by width and 32 percent by depth of invasion. Sonographic level of invasion and nodal status were each downstaged in 38 percent of patients. Pathologic evaluation comparison revealed that the level of invasion was downstaged in 47 percent and nodal status in 88 percent compared with initial ERUS staging. Of those patients downstaged, 4 of 11 (36 percent) revealed no tumor in the pathology specimen. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from our early experience that although ERUS offers a method for assessing degree of shrinkage and downstaging of T3 and T4 lesions after CRT, presently it does not closely predict the pathologic results. Results are strongly related to the experience of the ultrasonographer. The ability to distinguish tumor from radiation-induced changes to perirectal tissues is under continued investigation, and a new method of interpreting the data obtained by ERUS after CRT will need to be established.
Reconstructing neighborhoods: two case studies in foreclosed housing acquisition and redevelopment by community development corporations in Massachusetts

Community development corporations (CDCs) played a central role in addressing the housing crisis of foreclosures in America’s urban neighborhoods. The success of CDCs, however, is closely tied to market forces, neighborhood characteristics, and policies at multiple levels, as well as factors internal to CDCs. What factors support or impede the success of CDCs that operate in such complex environments? We examined the experiences of two CDCs serving three small, ethnically diverse cities in Massachusetts regarding resources, policy, practices and local markets related to neighborhood revitalization. We derived lessons about the factors internal and external to these CDCs that affected their ability to acquire and redevelop foreclosed housing in the target areas they serve.
Changes in serum lipoprotein profile during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Therapy with α interferon is associated with a rise in serum triglyceride levels, although this effect has not been well studied with newer forms of interferon or interferon in combination with ribavirin. METHODS: Review of combined data obtained from several prospective, randomized controlled clinical trials conducted in the clinical studies unit of a tertiary care referral center among patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing treatment with various forms of α interferon, with or without the addition of ribavirin. Serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were measured before and during therapy. Changes in these levels were correlated with baseline characteristics. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean serum triglyceride level among 152 patients studied was 130 mg/dL (range 32–620) and was elevated above normal in three patients (2%). During therapy, triglyceride levels rose significantly early on and began to decline spontaneously after 12 wk, returning to baseline after stopping treatment. Triglyceride levels rose above 500 mg/dL in 18 patients (12%) and above 1000 mg/dL in two patients (1.3%) although none experienced acute complications or clinical symptoms. Serum cholesterol levels did not change significantly during therapy (mean at baseline 172 vs 168 mg/dL at 24 wk). Factors correlated with the rise in triglycerides included baseline triglyceride levels, HCV genotype, and the type of interferon used. CONCLUSIONS: Serum triglyceride levels increase consistently in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with all forms of α interferon, often to very high levels. These changes do not seem to be associated with clinical signs or complications and triglyceride levels decline while patients are still on therapy and return to normal after stopping.
The Jarratt method in Banach space setting

Abstract In this note, we extend the Jarratt method of order four into Banach spaces. We also establish a Kantorovich-type convergence theorem (see the References) and give an explicit expression for the error bound of the method (Jarratt, 1966, 1969).
ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change

An overview is presented of the principal features of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in terms of regional patterns of surface temperature, precipitation and mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation. The discussion is cast in the context of variations in the associations over time, with decadal scale changes emphasized. In the five decades or so for which we have adequate records to reliably analyse the global aspects of ENSO effects on regional climates around the world, we have witnessed one major decadal scale change in the overall pattern of sea-surface temperatures (SST) in the global ocean, and concomitant changes in the atmospheric response to those changes. The analysis underscores the connection between low frequency changes in tropical SST, ENSO and decadal scale changes in the general atmospheric circulation, pointing to the complex interplay between the canonical ENSO system, slow changes in SST in the Indo-Pacific over the last century, and long-term changes in the atmospheric circulation itself. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of ring torsion angle in polyaniline: Electronic structure and defect states

The role of phenyl-ring torsion angle in determining the nature of the ground and charged-defect states of polyaniline is explored. The coupling of the transfer integral between nitrogen atom and phenyl-ring constituents of the polyaniline chain to the dihedral angle of the rings competes with the substantial steric repulsion between adjacent rings in determining the conformation of these systems. The ring conformation of the leucoemeraldine-base (LB) form of polyaniline is described by a novel ring-torsion-angle order parameter. The anharmonicity of the interring steric potential leads to a temperature-dependent mean order parameter, and thus to the prediction of thermochromic effects consistent with experiment. Furthermore, changes in optical spectra accompanying derivatization of the rings can be understood by the response of the substituted polymer to modifications of the steric potential. The existence of two degenerate ring-torsion-angle phases in LB implies that both polaronic and solitonic ring-angle-alternation defect states may be relevant in describing the charged states in polyaniline. As these defects involve substantial changes in ring torsion angle, they are expected to possess large kinetic mass, in agreement with photoinduced absorption experiments on polyaniline. The anticipated Peierls ground state of the oxidized pernigraniline-base form of polyaniline can be regarded in part as a ring-torsion-angle dimerized state; consequently, the charge states of this material are also expected to be massive defects in the ring-rotational order. The importance of ring rotations in other ring-containing electronic polymers, such as poly(paraphenylene sulfide), is discussed.
Effect of disorder on a fractal model for the ac response of a rough interface.

The effect of disorder on the fractal model of Liu for a rough interface between two materials of very different conductivities is examined. It is found that the average admittance has the experimentally observed property of a constant-phase-angle (CPA) element. The exponent \ensuremath{\eta} of the frequency dependence of the CPA element depends on the specific form of the probability distribution of the scaling. Furthermore, the fractal dimension d${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{s}$ of the random surface area of the interface is calculated, and \ensuremath{\eta}=3-d${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{s}$.
The Raman spectroscopic studies of aligned MWCNTs treated under high pressure and high temperature

Abstract The study of the aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for interlinking bonding under high pressures and temperatures have been conducted in the diamond anvil cell. The MWCNT samples were analyzed using the Raman spectroscopy, when treated under the combinations of pressure and temperature ranges of 2–20 GPa and 25–500 °C. The analyses show the formation of interlinking bonding at a pressure above 2.5 GPa when treated under the temperature 500 °C, based on the significant change of the relative intensity between D- and G-bands in the Raman spectra. Comparisons of the data obtained before and after the high pressure and high temperature treatments are reported. The result indicates that the aligned MWCNTs may be easier to form the interlinking bonding compared to randomly oriented MWCNTs.
Binding by derivatives of polyethylenimine: Effects of charge and structure of small molecules

Apolar derivatives of polyethylenimine in aqueous solution have been shown previously to bind organic anions very strongly. These studies have been extended to other charged and noncharged small molecules, as well as to derivatives of polyethyl-enimine with much reduced positive charge. From these investigations the effects of charge and of structure of the small molecules can be assessed.
Behavioral and ecological consequences of sex-based differences in gustatory anatomy in Cebus apella

Fungiform papillae (FPs) are the only gustatory structures on the anterior tongue. Taste buds (TBs), which are located in FPs, house taste receptors. Each TB has a taste pore (TP) by which tastants are transmitted. In humans, FP and TB densities correlate with taste sensitivity and food preferences. Females have higher FP densities than males in Homo, Pan, and Cebus. Homo, Pan, and Cebus also have larger brains, slower ontogenetic development, and higher maternal investment in offspring compared to most primates. An increase in maternal investment places intense pressure on females to 1) obtain high-quality foods, and 2) detect potential toxins at low levels. This study examines sex differences in FPs and TPs (a TB surrogate) in 11 Cebus apella to test the hypothesis that higher FP density in females may be an adaptation specific to reproductive strategies of females. Tongues were imaged using an environmental scanning electron microscope; from these images FP surface area, FP density, TP count, and TP densities were calculated. We found that there were no significant differences between males and females in the number of TPs per FP. However, we did find that females do have larger FP surface areas and higher FP densities than males. The anatomical evidence indicates that females may have greater taste sensitivity than males because females have more FP than males. Future research on food preference and selection in Cebus is expected to show sex-specific behaviors similar to those observed in Homo and Pan.
A protocol-driven approach to cardiac reoperation reduces mortality and cardiac injury at the time of resternotomy.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether an established protocol-driven approach to cardiac reoperations would improve patient outcomes and reduce resternotomy injuries. Methods From 1995 to 2010, 946 patients undergoing cardiac reoperations were stratified into reoperative protocol (n = 344, age = 61 ± 17 years) vs no-protocol (n = 602, age = 64 ± 14 years) comparison groups. Results Protocol patients underwent more complex reoperations (procedure type "other": 24% vs 15%, p p = 0.07). Resternotomy ventricular injuries were most common. Mortality was lower for protocol patients (6% vs 10%, p = 0.04), and the use of a reoperative protocol was associated with a significantly reduced incidence of resternotomy injury (3% vs. 10%, p p = 0.001). Conclusions A protocol-driven approach to cardiac reoperations is associated with reduced cardiac injury upon resternotomy and decreased mortality. The protocol-driven use of routine preoperative computed tomography angiography, alternative cannulation planning, avoidance of prior internal mammary artery grafts, and the early initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass before sternotomy for selected cases should be considered to improve operative results and efficiency.
Minimizing flow time variance in a single machine system using genetic algorithms

Abstract In this paper, we address an n -job, single machine scheduling problem with an objective to minimize the flow time variance. We propose heuristic procedure based on genetic algorithms with the potential to address more generalized objective function such as weighted flow time variance. The development and implementation of the algorithm is supported with literature review and statistical analysis of the results. Some general guidelines to select the parameter values of the genetic algorithm are also developed using an experimental design approach.
A clustering technique for summarizing multivariate data.

Scientific measurements frequently involve large numbers of variables whose complex interactions are not easily found. A practical computing method termed ISODATA, which finds the cluster structure of such data, is described. The resulting description of the data provides a fit to the data of a set of cluster centers that tends to minimize the sum of the squared distances of each data point from its closest cluster center. An application to the grouping or clustering of the answers of 209 people to an 80-question sociological survey illustrates the utility of the method.
The effects of optical resonances on Raman analysis of liquid aerosols

The distillative evaporation of a single levitated microdroplet composed of a mixture of 1-iodododecane and 1-bromotetradecane was followed by means of Raman spectroscopy to determine the time-dependent chemical composition and to explore the effects of morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) on the Raman data. Additional measurements of the single-component evaporation rates were performed to obtain the parameters needed to analyze the binary droplet data. The enhancement of Raman signals by MDRs is analyzed and interpreted by means of Mie theory to determine the modes and optical characteristics which produce such enhancement. It is shown that only a limited number of all possible resonances produce the effect and that enhancement is very sensitive to the magnitude of the imaginary part of the complex refractive index. The narrowest resonances are damped and do not lead to Raman enhancement. Such analysis together with observation of the resonance modes which produce Raman enhancement make it possible to estimate the magnitude of the imaginary component of the refractive index. Multi-component evaporation theory is coupled with light-scattering theory to predict the size and refractive index of a distilling binary aerosol droplet. Predicted enhancements and measured Raman signals are shown to be in good agreement.
The Theory of Partial Fusion

A theory of partial fusion is used to calculate the competition between escape (breakup) and absorption (compound-nucleus production) following a deuteron-induced transfer of one neutron to a heavy nucleus at energies above the neutron escape threshold. Preliminary calculations are shown to yield excellent results for the competition between neutron absorption and neutron escape when deposited on actinides at energies up to 3 MeV.
Multi-mission operations with the Interferometry Science Center

The Interferometry Science Center (ISC) at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) is chartered with providing science operations, data analysis support, and data archiving support for the suite of interferometry projects within the NASA Origins theme. Beginning with the Science Operations System (SOS) for the Keck Interferometer (KI), the ISC will design, implement, and operate a multi-mission facility to provide operations and support functions for NASA Origins interferometers and the scientists and engineers that use them. Future Origins interferometry projects such as the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) will further use and extend the functionality of the ISC’s multi-mission base. In this talk I will introduce the functional elements in the KI SOS; describe the common SOS core elements that KI and SIM will share; and provide prospective users of these facilities an introduction to user support model that the ISC is implementing.
An assessment of geometric methods in trajectory synthesis for shape-creating manufacturing operations

Abstract This paper presents an assessment of the steps involved in trajectory synthesis (for example, trajectory layout, trajectory generation, trajectory spacing, trajectory postprocessing, and trajectory verification) for shape-creating manufacturing operations such as rapid prototyping, milling, and electrical discharge machining. The rationale for this paper is that trajectory plays an important role in determining productivity, as explained below. Shape-creating manufacturing operations are those that make use of a “tool” that operates on a “workpiece” to create the desired shape. The tool operates on the workpiece as dictated by the trajectory of the tool, resulting in the manufactured shape. Often, the geometric and functional properties of the end product are dependent on the trajectory of the tool. Moreover, the trajectory dictates the accuracy of the end product and the time taken to manufacture the product. Recognizing the important contribution of the trajectory in shape-creating operations, this paper therefore focuses on trajectory synthesis.
Structure, Mechanism, and Substrate Profile for Sco3058: The Closest Bacterial Homologue to Human Renal Dipeptidase,

Human renal dipeptidase, an enzyme associated with glutathione metabolism and the hydrolysis of β-lactams, is similar in sequence to a cluster of ∼400 microbial proteins currently annotated as nonspecific dipeptidases within the amidohydrolase superfamily. The closest homologue to the human renal dipeptidase from a fully sequenced microbe is Sco3058 from Streptomyces coelicolor. Dipeptide substrates of Sco3058 were identified by screening a comprehensive series of l-Xaa-l-Xaa, l-Xaa-d-Xaa, and d-Xaa-l-Xaa dipeptide libraries. The substrate specificity profile shows that Sco3058 hydrolyzes a broad range of dipeptides with a marked preference for an l-amino acid at the N-terminus and a d-amino acid at the C-terminus. The best substrate identified was l-Arg-d-Asp (kcat/Km = 7.6 × 105 M−1 s−1). The three-dimensional structure of Sco3058 was determined in the absence and presence of the inhibitors citrate and a phosphinate mimic of l-Ala-d-Asp. The enzyme folds as a (β/α)8 barrel, and two zinc ions are bound i...
Age cohorts as paternal sibships

Characteristics of a populations's reproductive system affect the degree of relatedness within the age cohorts and maternal sibships of that population. Two consequences of a small litter size, particularly of size one, a relatively polygynous mating system at any one time period, and frequent replacement of reproductively active males over successive periods, are that (1) the set of offspring that each female produces (a maternal sibship) will usually consist of halfsiblings, and (2) within a social group the members of each age cohort will be closely related, either all forming one paternal sibship (half-siblings) if there is only one reproductively active male at a time, or in the case of several reproductively active males, a set of individuals whose mean relatedness is some-what ower than in the one-father case. In the present paper, degree of relatedness within each of these two subgroups is calculated on the basis of a simple model. I then examine effects of the various reproductive parameters on this relatedness and compare maternal sibships and age cohorts in the relative degree of relatedness within them. Age cohorts will often be identifiable, closely related units, paternal sibships in the extreme case. Age cohorts may be important in the evolution of family altruism. They differ from maternal sibships in interesting ways that may affect the kinds of behaviors that are likely to evolve.
Ozone transport in the St. Louis area

Abstract A network of 25 stations in and around St. Louis, Missouri, continuously recorded wind speed, wind direction, and ozone concentration near the surface as part of the Environment Protection Agency's Regional Air Pollution Study. Data were also obtained on an hourly basis from several pilot-balloon sites within the St. Louis area. These measurements, from July 1 to September 15,1975 and from May 1 to June 19, 1976, were used with annual point and area source emission data in St. Louis to establish some consequences of the local transport of ozone generated within St. Louis. In addition, these data were analyzed in conjunction with synoptic rawinsonde measurements from North America to establish the significance of large-scale ozone transport into the St. Louis area. In rural areas outside of the city ozone concentrations exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 80 ppb (160 μ m −3 ) and could not be attributed to the emissions of pollutants within the metropolitan area of St. Louis. During the period of study this occurred on 15 days when meteorological conditions were conducive to the large-scale transport of ozone. Typically, these high ozone concentrations occurred when the air flowing into St. Louis had been associated with an anticyclone during the 3 days prior to its arrival. Trajectories indicated that during these 3-day periods the air had remained within the eastern half of the United States where there are numerous high-intensity urban-industrial centers. On other days during the study, analyses of the local air flow confirmed that the urban-industrial areas within the immediate vicinity of St. Louis were responsible for high ozone concentration in the city as well as in the rural areas. An analysis of the formation and movement of an “ozone cloud” through the network of stations revealed the consequences of local ozone generation and transport.
Mathematical models of the mind

Abstract We pose the general problem of using classical mathematical concepts and conventional general-purpose digital computers to replicate various activities associated with the human brain-mind. We have in mind such phenomena as memory, pattern recognition, decision making, learning, and so forth.
LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF MOLECULAR CRYSTALS. VIII. THE FAR INFRARED SPECTRUM OF POLYCRYSTALLINE HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM CYANIDE.

Abstract The infrared spectra of crystalline hydrocyanic acid, HCN, and its deuterium analog, DCN, have been recorded from 33–700 cm−1. Spectral band assignments have been made on the basis of the low-temperature crystalline modification, C20 20. A detailed analysis of the effects of the apparently strong hydrogen bond in HCN was carried out on the basis of the dielectric properties of the system. Evidence is offered to show consistency between the H‒C+˭N− resonance structure proposed by Pauling, the high melting point, the low dielectric constant observed by Smyth and McNeight and the pyroelectric effect reported by Dulmage and Lipscomb.
The Greatest R&B Hits of 1957

Various Artists, 2008, Acrobat Music Group Time capsules are fascinating creatures. They are often buried with minimal ceremony, but usually unearthed with great celebration and high expectation. T...
Topiramate is likely to act outside of the trigeminocervical complex

BackgroundTo facilitate understanding the locus and mechanism of action of antimigraine preventives, we examined the effect of topiramate on trigeminocervical activation in the cat.MethodsCats were...
Is hermeneutics ‘philosophy’? Interpretation and overinterpretation of the past

Contrairement a ce qu'affirmait Gadamer, l'A. montre qu'a de nombreux egards la philosophie n'est pas l'hermeneutique. Il etudie tout d'abord trois tableaux de Monet sur le pont Waterloo a Londres, qui lui permettent de degager trois types d'hermeneutique: esthetique, politique et philosophique. Des lors, il analyse ces trois types d'interpretation en soulignant que l'etre n'est pas le signifie
The Viscosity of Superheated Steam up to 275 Deg C: A Refined Determination

This paper describes a series of measurements made with an oscillating disk viscometer of the viscosity of superheated steam. These measurements were made on eight isotherms, ranging from 148 deg C to 275 deg C, and thus go to a temperature higher than previously achieved with steam in this type of instrument. The measurements again show that in the range of temperature investigated the viscosity of superheated steam decreases with increasing density. The precision of the present measurements has permitted a simple correlation to be made of the effect of temperature and density upon the viscosity. From this it now appears that the temperature at which the density effect ceases to be negative is about 315 deg C. The correlation of the present results is μμpoise = 88.020 + 0.32827 tdeg C + 0.00021350 t2(deg C)2 − − ρg/cm3 1858 − 5.90 tdeg C The standard deviation of the measurements from this is 0.26 μpoise.