cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing Terra Nullius: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Indigeneity in the Andaman Islands

Copyright © 2017 Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History. This article explores the legal structures and discursive framings informing the governance of one particular backward region of India, the Andaman Islands. I trace the shifting patterns of occupation and development of the islands in the colonial and postcolonial periods, with a focus on the changes wrought by independence in 1947 and the eventual history of planned development there. I demonstrate how intersecting discourses of indigenous savagery/primitivism and the geographical emptiness were repeatedly mobilized in colonial-era surveys and postcolonial policy documents. Postcolonial visions of developing the Andaman Islands ushered in a settler-colonial governmentality, infused with genocidal fantasies of the dying savage. Laws professing to protect aboriginal Jarawas actually worked to unilaterally extend Indian sovereignty over the lands and bodies of a community clearly hostile to such incorporation. I question the current exclusion of India from the global geographies of settler-colonialism and argue that the violent and continuing history of indigenous marginalization in the Andaman Islands represents a de facto operation of a logic of terra nullius.
The Container Manager Pattern

A container manager orchestrates and manages distributed environments composed of groups or clusters of software containers. Virtual machines have long been the option when it comes to virtualization solutions in clouds but containers provide a more portable, reusable and lightweight alternative. Containers provide operating system level virtualization where applications are executed in isolated environments sharing a host operating system, binaries, and libraries with other containers. Software containers although not new, have become very important to support convenient, and low overhead applications. Containers facilitate application deployment and distribution across computing environments. Containers are not the only components in the environment but work closely with other components that manage and support them. We present a pattern for a Container Manager which describes these components along with the required functions of this manager.
Predicting Acute Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

BACKGROUND: With increasing health care costs that have outpaced those of other industries, payers of health care are moving from a fee-for-service payment model to one in which reimbursement is ti...
Detecting Arguing and Sentiment in Meetings

This paper analyzes opinion categories like Sentiment and Arguing in meetings. We first annotate the categories manually. We then develop genre-specific lexicons using interesting function word combinations for detecting the opinions. We analyze relations between dialog structure information and opinion expression in context of multiparty discourse. Finally we show that classifiers using lexical and discourse knowledge have significant improvement over baseline.
ROLE OF P53 IN APOPTOSIS

Publisher Summary Recent research in apoptosis has crossed the boundaries into the fields of tumorigenesis and antineoplastic therapy. It is becoming overwhelmingly apparent that the same defects in tumor cells that promote their inappropriate growth and survival can contribute to their resistance to therapy. The p53 protein was first identified as a cellular phosphoprotein that coimmunoprecipitated with the Simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen. During recent years, a significant amount of effort has been devoted toward understanding the physiological function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The first functional characteristic ascribed to p53 is the ability to suppress the growth of tumor cells when overexpressed. The physiological role of the p53 gene product appears to be as a critical mediator of two different cellular responses following exposure to DNA damage: growth arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle or apoptosis. Both of these outcomes might contribute to the tumor suppressor function of p53. This chapter attempts to review the literature pertaining to the pathway of the decision of a given cell to undergo p53-mediated G1 arrest versus apoptosis and discusses how it has changed current concepts of how loss of p53 function might contribute to tumorigenesis and lead to the aquisition of drug-resistant phenotypes.
Tensile, hardness, and electric properties of copper—ThO2 dispersion alloys

Dispersion strengthened alloys of copper containing 2.2 and 5.0 v/o ThO2 were made by precipitating copper from a stirred solution of copper acetate containing a suspension of submicron sized ThO2 particles. This procedure produced alloys of good oxide particle homogeneity in the metallic matrix. Mechanical properties and electrical resistivities were measured as a function of temperature. The dispersion strengthening caused small increases in the resistivity and large improvements in mechanical properties of the alloy compared to copper at elevated temperatures. Alloys containing 2.2 v/o thoria had sufficient ductility to permit fabrication into wire by cold swaging.
Theories of Aggression

The first comprehensive theoretical account of the etiology of aggression which assigned a major role to learning theory was the monograph, Frustration and Aggression by Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Sears (1939), a group of psychologists at Yale University. Up until that time most psychologists considered aggression to be instinctual in nature and inherent in human beings as it was in other animal species. Although convinced of the centrality of learning in the development of aggressive behavior, the authors of the monograph did not disagree with the idea that there was a biological basis to aggression. As a matter of fact, they were influenced to a significant degree by the psychoanalytic thinking of that time. For Freud, pleasure seeking and pain avoidance were the basic mechanisms of mental functioning, and frustration occurred when these activities were blocked. The Yale researchers, who were basically behaviorists, proposed, however, to translate the Freudian propositions into more objective behavioral terms which could be put to empirical test. For example, the Yale group’s hypothesis about instigation to injure the frustrator finds a close parallel in Freud’s (1915) statement that “if the object is a source of unpleasant feelings...” this can eventually lead to “an aggressive inclination against the object... an instigation to destroy it” (p. 137).
Engineering Thiolated Surfaces with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Interfaces bearing firmly attached thiol groups are useful for many applications requiring the versatile and facile chemistry of the −SH functionality. In this work, rugged ultrathin films were prepared on substrates using layer-by-layer assembly. The surface of these smooth films was capped with a co-polymer containing benzyl mercaptan units. The utility of this coating was illustrated by three applications. First, thiol-ene “click” chemistry was used to introduce the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) adhesive peptide sequence on a surface that otherwise resisted good adhesion of fibroblasts. This treatment promoted cell adhesion and spreading. Similar Michael addition chemistry was employed to attach poly(ethylene glycol) to the surface, which reduced fouling by (adhesion of) serum albumin. Finally, the affinity of gold for −SH was exploited by depositing a layer of gold nanoparticles on the thiolated surface or by evaporating a tenacious film of gold without using the classical chromium “primer” layer.
Linkage Switches in Local Elections: Evidence From the Workers’ Party in Brazil:

How do politicians from programmatic parties govern when their programmatic commitments are inconsistent with voters’ expectations? This article demonstrates that anticipated electoral pressures ca...
Chapter Nine – Environmental Impact

Natural gas and crude oil production from hydrocarbon-rich tight (tight formation, sandstone, and carbonate) formations brings changes to the environment (air, water, and land), particularly in those areas where natural gas and crude oil development is a new activity. With these changes have come questions about the nature of such development, the potential environmental impacts, and the ability of the current regulatory structure to deal with this development. Regulators, policy makers, and the public need an objective (rather than emotional) source of information on which to answers to these questions are based leading to informed decisions about how to manage the challenges that may accompany development of resources in tight formations. It is the purpose of this chapter focuses on the environmental issues related to the development of natural gas and crude oil resources in tight formations. Emphasis is placed on those issues that recognize that a balance must be struck between industrial development and the energy required for the modern world as well as the effects on the environment.
Adaptive Quasi-Static Control of Multistable Systems

In some applications of control, the objective is to optimize the constant asymptotic response of the system by moving the state of the system from one forced equilibrium to another. Since suppression of the transient response is not the main objective, the feedback control law can operate quasistatically, that is, extremely slowly relative to the open-loop dynamics. Although integral control can be used to achieve the desired setpoint, three issues must be addressed, namely, nonlinearity, uncertainty, and multistability, where multistability refers to the fact that multiple locally stable equilibria may exist for the same constant input. In fact, multistability is the mechanism underlying hysteresis. The present paper applies an adaptive digital PID controller to achieve quasi-static control of systems that are nonlinear, uncertain, and multistable. The approach is demonstrated on multistable systems involving unmodeled cubic and backlash nonlinearities.
Introduction to the Journal of Chemical Education Special Issue on Insights Gained While Teaching Chemistry in the Time of COVID-19

The response of chemistry educators to rapid changes in teaching modalities that resulted from the disruption associated with the global COVID-19 pandemic is chronicled via a wide range of papers i...
The field education experience in a privatized foster care system

Foster care agencies are experiencing a high number of children entering the child-welfare-system, which in turn, increases the demands of competent, skilled, case workers to provide services. Furt...
Value at risk estimation of exchange rate in banking industry

More integrated financial sector has made market risk arising from volatility of exchange rate critical for banking industry. In attempt to mitigate such risk, this study aims to measure risk from IDR/USD exchange rate movement using value-at-risk method by comparing results of estimates using standard and asymmetric generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models. Using data on the daily exchange rate of IDR to USD between July 31, 2018 and July 31, 2019, this study found that the asymmetric exponential GARCH using generalized error distribution is the best approach to estimate exchange rate risk. Results of the estimate suggest that standard GARCH model generated a more conservative measure of risk than value-at-risk estimated using exponential GARCH model. Value at risk can be one of the risk indicators for risk managers in banks. The choice of a model is likely to depend on the attitude to risk itself. Risk averse character who does not like risk will choose the most conservative method in calculating the VaR. JEL Classification: E44, G4, G11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v24i4.4808
Culture and caution: a letter regarding dose variability in pediatric peripheral nerve blocks.

To the Editor We read with great interest the recent paper by Taenzer and colleagues, ‘Variation in pediatric local anesthetic dosing for peripheral nerve blocks: an analysis from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN)’,[1][1] which demonstrated marked variability in dosing of
Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock.

Purpose of review The epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock has been challenging to study for multiple reasons. These include changing diagnostic definitions, as well a high concentration of sepsis-related studies published from high-income countries (HICs), despite a large global burden. This section attempts to address the incidence of sepsis throughout the years and worldwide. Recent findings The incidence of sepsis and septic shock has continued to increase since the first consensus definitions (Sepsis-1) were established in 1991, and the latest definitions (Sepsis-3) provide a better reflection of mortality risk for a diagnosis of sepsis. Several studies argue that the incidence of sepsis is overreported in HICs, based on billing and coding practices, and may lead to overutilization of resources. However, recent estimates of the true global burden of sepsis, including low-income countries, are likely much higher than reported, with calls for better allocation of resources. Summary The true epidemiology of sepsis worldwide continues to be a highly debated subject, and more research is needed among low-income countries and high-risk subpopulations.
Worker-firm relational contracts in the time of shutdowns: experimental evidence.

Exogeneous disruptions in labor demand have become more frequent in recent times. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of workers being repeatedly laid off and rehired according to local public health conditions. This may be bad news for market efficiency. Typical employment relations—which resemble non-enforceable (implicit) contracts—rely on reciprocity (Brown et al. in Econometrica 72:747–780, 2004), and hence could be harmed when workers’ efforts no longer guarantee reemployment in the next period. In this paper we extend the BFF paradigm to include a per-period probability (0%, 10%, 50%) of publicly observable “shutdown”, where a specific firm cannot contract with any workers for several periods. A Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium exists in which these shutdowns destabilize relationships, but do not harm efficiency. Our experiment shows that, remarkably, market efficiency can be maintained even with very frequent stochastic shutdowns. However, the dynamic of relational contracts changes from one where a worker finds stable employment to one where she juggles multiple employers, laying the burden of maintaining productivity upon workers and worsening worker-side inequality.
A flexural design methodology for composite heterogeneous and homogeneous UHPC bridge beams prestressed with bonded strands

Abstract A non-iterative flexural design methodology for composite, heterogeneous, and homogeneous ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) bridge beams prestressed with bonded strands is presented. One key feature of the proposed methodology is the development of closed-form equations for calculating strain in concrete at the most extreme compression fiber at the ultimate limit state, ec, as a function of various parameters. Separate formulations for predicting ec are provided for homogeneous and composite cross-sections. The predicted concrete strain, together with the maximum usable tensile strain for UHPC, etu, at the most extreme tension fiber are used to calculate cross-sectional curvature and the distribution of strains and stresses. Force equilibrium is then used to determine the depth to the neutral axis and the nominal moment capacity of the beam. The flexural failure mode for the majority of beams considered is a fiber tension controlled failure. From a beam flexural strength perspective, the compressive strength of the deck or top flange for composite and heterogeneous beams, respectively, does not need to exceed 28 MPa. Any excess compressive strength will remain either unutilized or will result in marginal or negligible increases in moment capacities. The magnitude of the cracking strength of UHPC plays an important role in the contribution of UHPC to the moment capacity of the beam and determines whether this contribution is higher or smaller than that provided by the prestressing strands. The strand stress at the ultimate limit state, fps, varied from 1688 MPa to 1743 MPa and was past the linear elastic branch of the assumed stress-strain curve. The parameter that had the highest influence on fps was etu. The proposed methodology is validated using test data as well as results from validated nonlinear finite element models and strain compatibility analysis.
Paid Sick Leave and Healthcare Utilization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context The U.S. is the only industrialized country in the world with no national policy mandating paid sick leave for workers. This study systematically reviews and quantifies the impact of paid sick leave on the use of healthcare services among employed adults. Evidence acquisition Articles published from January 2000 to February 2020 were located in MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and Embase from March/April 2020. Key search terms included paid sick leave and health care utilization. Articles were assessed for methodologic quality, and qualitative and quantitative data were extracted. From the quantitative data, pooled OR, distribution, and heterogeneity statistics were calculated when possible. Evidence synthesis A total of 12 manuscripts met the criteria for systematic review, and 8 of them had statistics required for meta-analysis. Individuals with paid sick leave had 1.57 (95% CI=1.50, 1.63; p Conclusions Paid sick leave is likely to be an effective way to increase the use of primary and preventive healthcare services in the U.S. Further studies should be carried out to track outcomes over a longer period and to compare the effect of the number of paid sick days in relation to healthcare utilization.
Immunology of the Bovine Neonate

Disease of the bovine neonate can be prevalent and devastating to the producer. The diseases common to neonates are not unique to this age group. However, many are uncommon causes of clinical disease in older animals. The importance of colostrum immunoglobulin transfer in calf health is undisputed. However, the role of epithelial barrier mechanisms, cell mediated immunity, complement cascade, and the development of the calf’s endogenous immunoglobulin are often overlooked. Differential maturation of the immune response is a major contributor to the timing of common diseases in the bovine neonate, In addition, management procedures may adversely affect some of these early protective mechanisms. Understanding the maturation of the immune system in the postpartum calf sheds light on the unique pattern of diseases seen in the bovine neonate.
40 Years of Transition Research at NASA: A Personal Perspective

An overview of the laminar-turbulent transition research conducted by the author and his colleagues at NASA during the past few decades is presented in this paper. This includes development of computational methods for compressible stability analysis, linear and nonlinear parabolized stability equations, development of quiet supersonic and hypersonic tunnels, supersonic and hypersonic boundary layer transition prediction including the effects of nose bluntness and gas chemistry, resolution of cone-to-flat plate transition controversy, instability and transition in rotating disk flow, secondary instability of Gortler and crossflow disturbances and instability of the attachment-line boundary layer. As a result of the computational and experimental research conducted at NASA, the understanding of transition mechanisms was greatly enhanced and prediction tools developed for across the speed regime. The research also provided the necessary foundation for additional developments by the transition community to solve this challenging problem in fluid dynamics.
A NORTHAMPTONSHIRE LACEMAKER

This article first appeared in Bulletin 245, Volume 17, Number 12 of The Hymn Society of Great Britain and Ireland, dated October 2005. It is reprinted here with the kind permission of the author and the Bulletin editor.
Integrated sequence and expression analysis of ovarian cancer structural variants underscores the importance of gene fusion regulation

Genomic rearrangements or structural variants (SVs) are one of the most common classes of mutations in cancer. An integrated DNA sequencing and transcriptional profiling (RNA sequence and microarray gene expression data) analysis was performed on six ovarian cancer patient samples. Matched sets of control (whole blood) samples from these same patients were used to distinguish cancer SVs of germline origin from those arising somatically in the cancer cell lineage. We detected 10,034 ovarian cancer SVs (5518 germline derived; 4516 somatically derived) at base-pair level resolution. Only 11 % of these variants were shown to have the potential to form gene fusions and, of these, less than 20 % were detected at the transcriptional level. Collectively our results are consistent with the view that gene fusions and other SVs can be significant factors in the onset and progression of ovarian cancer. The results further indicate that it may not only be the occurrence of these variants in cancer but their regulation that contributes to their biological and clinical significance.
Distributed Data Mining in a Ubiquitous Healthcare Framework

Ubiquitous Healthcare (u-healthcare) which focuses on automated applications that can provide healthcare to citizens anywhere/anytime using wired and wireless mobile technologies is becoming increasingly important. Ubiquitous healthcare data provides a mine of hidden knowledge which can be exploited in preventive care and "wellness" recommendations. Data mining is therefore a significant aspect of such systems. Distributed Data mining (DDM) techniques for knowledge discovery from databases help in the thorough analysis of data collected from healthcare facilities enabling efficient decision-making and strategic planning. This paper presents and discusses the development of a prototype ubiquitous healthcare system. The prospects for integrating data mining into this framework are studied using a distributed data mining system. The DDM system employs a mixture modelling mechanism for data partitioning. Initial results with some standard medical databases offer a plausible outlook for future integration.
Kinetics of the Thermal Inactivation of Type E Clostridium botulinum Toxin

Rate of inactivation curves for the "free" toxin, prototoxin, or activated toxin in crude filtrates of Clostridium botulinum type E were nonlinear, consisting of a fast inactivating rate followed by a slow inactivating rate. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated over a temperature range of 125 to 145 F (51.7 to 62.8 C) for the two different inactivation rates. Energy of activation was low at the lower temperature and high at the higher temperature. The thermal requirement for inactivating similar concentrations of the "free" toxin, prototoxin, or activated toxin was considered to be the same.
Free Energy Balance in Protein Folding

Publisher Summary This chapter suggests a particular decomposition that relies on classical concepts and that is intuitively straightforward. It aims to provide a semi-quantitative basis for the interpretation of experiments. These include thermodynamic studies of the entire folding process, experiments based on site-directed mutagenesis that attempt to isolate the free energy contributions of individual groups and studies of folding intermediates. A fundamental problem in any attempt at analysis is that the free energy change associated with protein folding is usually described in terms of forces that are much larger than their resultant. The chapter aims to arrive at a model capable of accounting for the small free energy changes that accompany protein folding while providing a more quantitative description of the effects of single-site mutations. The approach is to characterize individual forces by extracting information as to their magnitudes from direct measurements on proteins, from the principles of physical chemistry, and from the methods of continuum electrostatics. The relevant theory and experimental data are discussed individually and an attempt has been made to extract some general principles about protein folding.
Employers' Use of Job History Data for Making Hiring Decisions: A Fuller Specification of Job Assignment and Status Attainment

Most research on occupational assignment has concentrated on characteristics of job seekers that presumable signal positive labor market information to employers. Foremost among these have been educational credentials and years and type of work experience. In many cases, though, employers seek indicators that can provide them with negative information about a candidate's prospects for successful job performance; they frequently construct screens that enable them to easily disqualify candidates. Case studies of six Chicago organizations identified six components of “job history data” used by many employers to screen out otherwise acceptable candidates: job hopping, absences from work, latenesses to work, periods of unfilled time, reasons for leaving past employers, and past wage rates. One or more of these items are often consequential in employer hiring decisions. The implications of these findings for a more detailed understanding of status attainment and job assignment are discussed, as well as how rese...
Structure of the rRNA genes in the hamster sperm nucleus.

: We have examined the structure of the major ribo- somal RNA (rRNA) genes in the hamster sperm nucleus, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The rRNA genes are present as tandemly repeated clusters located at the telomeric ends of the short arms of five pairs of acrocentric chromosomes in the Syrian golden hamster (as they are in humans). In somatic cells, these five chromosome pairs come together to form the nucleolus, the site of rRNA synthesis. The nucleolus remains intact through S phase of the cell cycle, breaking apart only during late G2 and mitosis when the chromosomes condense. Mammalian sperm nuclei are the final products of meiotic division and morphological differentiation that includes a dramatic chromatin condensation. Consequently, it was not immediately obvious whether the rRNA genes would be condensed into a nucleolus-like structure in the mature spermatozoa, or separated, as they are in mitotic chromosomes. We found that of 117 sperm nuclei examined, 91.5% contained between two and five FISH signals for the rRNA gene clusters, and 64.0% contained four (29%) or five (35%) signals. In decondensed hamster sperm nuclei, the rRNA hybridized signals were separated into independent strands. These data collectively indicate that the chromosomes containing the rRNA genes are not bound together into a pre-nucleolar structure in fully condensed mammalian sperm nuclei.
Looking Beyond Psychopathology: The Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health in Youth

In a dual-factor model of mental health (cf. Greenspoon & Saklofske, 2001), assessments of positive indicators of wellness (i.e., subjective well-being—SWB) are coupled with traditional negative in...
Focus on Family: A Families Guide to the CCSS English Language Arts Standards: Supporting Young Learners at Home

In order to understand the current shifts in English language arts instruction in the United States, it is necessary to understand the history of their development. In 2001, “No Child Left Behind” ...
Reevaluating the self-thinning boundary line for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests

The self-thinning rule has been used extensively to predict population dynamics under intraspecific and interspecific competition. In forestry, it is an important silvicultural concept for maintaining stand health in the face of climate change and biotic stress, but uncertainty exists because traditional self-thinning limits were set subjectively without regard to site quality. We addressed this by analyzing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) data from 109 research plots measured repeatedly and 59 inventory plots measured once across California. Self-thinning boundaries were fitted to the data with quantile regression and stochastic frontier function (SFF) techniques with and without site index (SI) as a covariate. The models from both methods fitted the data well with either research plots or all plots. Slopes for size-density trajectories were –0.45 with the 0.99 quantile and –0.47 for SFF. Maximum stand density indices (SDI) were 1250 trees per hectare (TPH) with the 0.99 quantile and ...
Defect consideratons for robust sparse coding using memristor arrays

The performance of a memristor network with defects is investigated on a sparse coding task. It was found that moderate levels SA0 faults do not significantly impact algorithm performance, while SA1 faults effectively reduce dictionary size.
Auxin Biosynthesis and Catabolism

Auxin concentrations in plants are tightly regulated through both biosynthesis and degradation. In the past few years, much progress was made in the area of auxin metabolism. Genetic and biochemical studies in Arabidopsis unequivocally established a complete tryptophan (Trp)-dependent two-step auxin biosynthesis pathway in which Trp is first converted into indole-3-pyruvate (IPA) by the TAA family of aminotransferases and subsequently indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is produced from IPA by the YUC family of flavin monooxygenases. The TAA/YUC pathway is highly conserved in the plant kingdom and is probably the main auxin biosynthesis pathway in plants. Recent work also demonstrated that oxidative degradation of auxin plays an essential role in maintaining auxin homeostasis and in regulating plant development. In this chapter, we discuss the recent advancements in auxin biosynthesis and catabolism.
Selective Reduction: “A Soft Cover for Hard Choices” or Another Name for Abortion?:

Selective reduction and abortion both involve the termination of fetal life, but they are classified by different designations to underscore the notion that they are regarded as fundamentally different medical procedures: the two are performed using distinct techniques by different types of physicians, upon women under very different circumstances, in order to further dramatically different objectives. Hence, the two procedures appear to call for a distinct moral calculus, and they have traditionally evoked contradictory reactions from society. This essay posits that despite their different appellations, selective reduction and abortion are essentially equivalent.
Characterization of non-linear profiles variations using mixed-effect models and wavelets

There is an increasing research interest in the modeling and analysis of complex non-linear profiles using the wavelet transform. However, most existing modeling and analysis methods assume that the total inherent profile variations are mainly due to the noise within each profile. In many practical situations, however, the profile-to-profile variation is often too large to be neglected. In this article, a new method is proposed to model non-linear profile data variations using wavelets. For this purpose, a wavelet-based mixed-effect model is developed to consider both within- and between-profile variations. The utilization of wavelets not only simplifies the computational complexity of the mixed-effect model estimation but also facilitates the identification of the sources of the between-profile variations. In addition, a change-point model involving the likelihood ratio test is applied to ensure that the collected profiles used in the model estimation follow an identical distribution. Finally, the perfor...
Effects of L-carnitine on the renal tubular transport of cephaloridine.

Abstract It has been demonstrated recently that cephaloridine (Cld) inhibits the tubular reabsorption of filtered carnitine (Carn) in the rabbit kidney. This interaction has suggested that the limited net cell-to-luminal fluid movement of Cld following its secretory transport across the antiluminal membrane might result from a balance of active Cld reabsorption by a Carn carrier at the brush border approximately equal to its secretion into the tubular fluid, rather than the previously proposed luminal membrane block. Studies were done to determine the effects of l -Carn, 750 mg/kg, i.v. on the tubular secretion and cortical concentrations of Cld, infused i.v. at a dose of 28 mg/kg (Carn:Cld molar ratio = 70:1). The fractional excretions of Cld during three consecutive periods of 10 min each, one before and two following the bolus infusion of Carn, were (means ± SEM): 1.18 ± 0.14, 1.20 ± 0.14, and 1.16 ± 0.11, respectively (N = 6 each; differences NS). Cortex-to-serum concentration ratios of Cld in control and Carn-treated rabbits were 10.43 ± 0.32 and 10.16 ± 0.86, respectively (NS). The data provide evidence against the reabsorptive transport of Cld by a Carn carrier, and do not support a model of balanced secretion and reabsorption as the cause of limited clearance despite significant secretory transport of Cld into the tubular cell.
Sensory modality and stimulus control in the pigeon: Cross-species generality of single-incentive selective-association effects

In earlier studies with rats, the effectiveness of the auditory element of a tone–light discriminative stimulus was enhanced when the conditioned incentive value of the compound was negative rather than positive. The present experiment systematically replicated these results in pigeons trained to press a treadle in the presence of a tone–light compound under food-reinforcement or shock-avoidance schedules. Positive incentive value was conditioned to the compound by associating it with either food or relative safety from shock. The compound was made negative in other groups by associating it with shock or the absence of food. When tone and light were presented separately following this training, control by the auditory element was significantly enhanced in the conditions designed to make the compound negative rather than positive. The similarity of this constraint on learning in rats and pigeons suggests that it involves a fundamental attentional and incentive-motivational process with widespread species generality.
Membrane depolarization and calcium influx stimulate MEK and MAP kinase via activation of Ras

A pathway by which calcium influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels leads to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation has been characterized. In PC12 cells, membrane depolarization leading to calcium influx through L-type calcium channels activates the dual specificity MAPK kinase MEK1, which phosphorylates and activates MAPK. Calcium influx leads within 30 s to activation of the small guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ras. Moreover, activation of MAPK in response to calcium influx is inhibited by the dominant negative mutant RasAsn17, indicating that Ras activity is required for calcium signaling to MAPK. Ras is also activated by release of calcium from intracellular stores and by membrane depolarization of primary cortical neurons. The pleiotropic regulatory potential of both Ras and the MAPK pathway suggests that they may be central mediators of calcium signaling in the nervous system.
The impact of religious conflict within orthodox Jewish families in Israel

While prior research suggests that religion influences relationships positively, it may also be a source of conflict. This may be particularly relevant in religion-centric cultures and in families with individuating adolescent children. The current research analysed data from 789 orthodox Jewish couples residing throughout Israel and we hypothesised that religious conflict is related to lower family functioning and higher parenting stress, and that it is more frequent among couples with insecure attachment. Results of a structural equation model indicated that religious conflict was significantly associated with outcome variables within various religious subgroups, and that attachment insecurity was related to higher levels of conflict and was fully or partially mediated by religious conflict. This suggests that within the orthodox community, religious conflict is an important correlate, and perhaps cause, of family dysfunction. Future research exploring causality, cross-cultural relevance, comparability ...
In vitro cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of small-molecule protein kinase D inhibitors, kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09, in mice bearing human cancer xenografts

Protein kinase D (PKD) mediates diverse biological responses including cell growth and survival. Therefore, PKD inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of two PKD inhibitors, kb-NB142-70 and its methoxy analogue, kb-NB165-09, and examined their in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics. The in vitro cytotoxicities of kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were evaluated by MTT assay against PC-3, androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and CFPAC-1 and PANC-1, pancreatic cancer cells. Efficacy studies were conducted in mice bearing either PC-3 or CPFAC-1 xenografts. Tumor-bearing mice were euthanized between 5 and 1,440 min after iv dosing, and plasma and tissue concentrations were measured by HPLC–UV. Metabolites were characterized by LC–MS/MS. kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 inhibited cellular growth in the low–mid μM range. The compounds were inactive when administered to tumor-bearing mice. In mice treated with kb-NB142-70, the plasma C max was 36.9 nmol/mL, and the PC-3 tumor C max was 11.8 nmol/g. In mice dosed with kb-NB165-09, the plasma C max was 61.9 nmol/mL, while the PANC-1 tumor C max was 8.0 nmol/g. The plasma half-lives of kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were 6 and 14 min, respectively. Both compounds underwent oxidation and glucuronidation. kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 were rapidly metabolized, and concentrations in tumor were lower than those required for in vitro cytotoxicity. Replacement of the phenolic hydroxyl group with a methoxy group increased the plasma half-life of kb-NB165-09 2.3-fold over that of kb-NB142-70. Rapid metabolism in mice suggests that next-generation compounds will require further structural modifications to increase potency and/or metabolic stability.
Lesion versus lumen.

Skinner and colleagues (pages 69–73) show that MRI can be used to evaluate atherosclerotic lesions, non-invasively and in vivo
Response of a Sliding Structure to Filtered Random Excitation

ABSTRACT The evolutionary stochastic response of a rigid structure resting on a frictionat foundation and excited by filtered random excitation is studied analytically and by Monte Carlo simulation. Good conelation is observed between analytical and simulation results. The response depends on parameters of the filter only for small to moderate times, while for large times it becomes identical to the response caused by excitation with a white random process. Furthermore, some statistics of the extreme response are obtained. Results presented herein may find application in base isolation of structures,
Utility of insufflation filters in laparoscopic surgery

Objectives: To determine whether filters, regularly used as part of the insufflator tubing during laparoscopic surgery, trap microbial and particulate matter from CO2 tanks, thus preventing passage from one patient to another.
Report ranks U.S. coastal state protection of marine areas

Most U.S. coastal states are not doing enough to safeguard nearby marine areas, according to a 29 May report by two environmental groups, the Marine Conservation Institute (MCI) and Mission Blue. The groups ranked U.S. coastal states and territories based on the percentage of state marine waters classified as no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) where fishing, mining, and oil and gas development are not allowed.
From drug discovery to biomarker-driven clinical trials in lymphoma

Over the past three decades, the pathological classification of lymphoma has substantially improved. The early Rappaport classification included a handful of subtypes that did not reflect the cell of origin and, not surprisingly, resulted in diagnostic inaccuracies. The WHO currently classifies lymphoma into 30 major distinctive types. While this classification improved the accuracy and consistency of the histological diagnosis of lymphoma, it had little impact on advancing drug development or improving the cure rate of this disease. One reason for this lack of improvement is that recent developments in cancer genomics show these histopathological subtypes to be heterogeneous. Basing treatment decisions on histopathological subtypes is inefficient as it groups different underlying molecular characteristics into one category. Such a strategy exposes many patients to potentially toxic drugs without providing benefits. The recent approval of two new cancer drugs with companion diagnostics to allow selection and treatment of patients with melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer has raised hope that a similar approach may also expedite successful drug development in lymphoma. We review the current status of biomarker development in lymphoma, and discuss novel biomarker-directed clinical trial designs for lymphoma.
‘I have cystic fibrosis’: an analysis of web‐based disclosures of a chronic illness

Aim. This study examined instances where individuals with cystic fibrosis disclosed their illness on the World Wide Web, better understand their experiences and needs across stages of the lifespan. Background. Disclosing one’s chronic illness is typically done purposefully, so examining those disclosures allows a naturalistic window into individuals’ experiences and needs. This study is unique to Internet-based studies of chronic illness in that data are not limited to interactions at health-related websites, but include disclosure instances gathered across a variety of Internet contexts. Design. Qualitative content analysis with a summative component was used. Method. A web-based search engine was used to identify all web pages containing the phrases ‘I have cystic fibrosis’ and ‘I have cf’ (n = 277). Constant comparative analysis methods were used to identify thematic categories of context. Quantitative methods were used to examine age-related differences in the distribution of those disclosure statements. Findings were interpreted within a framework of Erikson’s lifespan psychosocial theory. Results. Adolescents (13–18 years) most frequently expressed psychosocial concerns and enlisted social support. Emerging adults (19–25 years) tended to present cystic fibrosis as just one of many self-characteristics. Adults (>25 years) tended to reach out to support others with cystic fibrosis. Conclusions. The study identified age-related differences in the types of illness disclosures found among individuals with cystic fibrosis. It also demonstrated that web-based research into chronic illness need not be limited to analysis of illness-specific online communities. Relevance to clinical practice. Findings suggest that psychosocial interventions for individuals with cystic fibrosis across the lifespan might focus on (a) facilitating social support and incorporating illness into one’s emerging identity among adolescents, (b) supporting emerging adults in presenting and incorporating themselves into larger social networks and (c) partnering with adults who wish to mentor others living with cystic fibrosis.
SAR image feedback for improved inertial measurement unit alignment

High-performance Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) requires high fidelity motion measurement, both translational motion for the synthetic aperture and angular motion for antenna pointing. In particular, gyro drift about the vertical (yaw) axis is particularly problematic to keep aligned adequately, especially for tactical-grade instruments. A method has been developed to measure antenna pointing error accurately from general SAR images, with the error fed back to the motion measurement Kalman filter to correct for gyro drift errors.
Aligned Rank Transform Techniques for Analysis of Variance and Multiple Comparisons

The aligned rank transform (ART) technique for testing linear hypotheses and performing multiple comparisons is known to provide a powerful and robust nonparametric alternative to the usual classical analysis techniques where a normal error distribution is assumed. ART procedures are also known to provide results that are more powerful and robust when compared with other procedures. In this paper, we review the ART testing procedures in linear models. We pay special attention to the two-way layout and multiple comparison techniques, and attempt to show the ease with which the ART methods can be implemented by researchers desiring a nonparametric alternative to the usual least squares methods. Some examples are given for analyzing a two-way layout and performing multiple comparisons. The results of a small-scale simulation study are also presented to show that the ART testing procedures may be quite robust against violations of the assumption of a continuous error distribution.
Supply Chain Management Under The Threat Of International Terrorism

On the morning of September 11th, 2001, the United States and the Western world entered into a new era ‐ one in which large scale terrorist acts are to be expected. The impacts of the new era will challenge supply chain managers to adjust relations with suppliers and customers, contend with transportation difficulties and amend inventory management strategies. This paper looks at the twin corporate challenges of (i) preparing to deal with the aftermath of terrorist attacks and (ii) operating under heightened security. The first challenge involves setting certain operational redundancies. The second means less reliable lead times and less certain demand scenarios. In addition, the paper looks at how companies should organize to meet those challenges efficiently and suggests a new public‐private partnership. While the paper is focused on the US, it has worldwide implications.
Influence of Cryomilling on the Morphology and Composition of the Oxide Scales Formed on HVOF CoNiCrAlY Coatings

Commercially available, gas-atomized CoNiCrAlY powder was cryomilled to produce powder with nanocrystalline grains. The cryomilled powder and conventional gas-atomized powder were thermally sprayed using the HVOF process to prepare two coatings with fine-grain (∼15 nm) and coarse-grain (∼1 μm) microstructure, respectively. The two coatings were isothermally oxidized in air at 1000° C for up to 330 hr. The morphology and composition of the oxide scales formed on the two coatings were compared with each other. The results indicate that, while a fine-grain microstructure can promote the formation of a pure alumina layer on the coating by increasing the Al diffusion rate toward the surface, it can also accelerate the Al depletion by increasing the Al diffusion rate toward the substrate, which results in the formation of non-alumina oxides after long-term oxidation. The mechanisms governing the oxide formation are discussed in terms of atomic diffusion and thermodynamic stability.
Measurement of active constitutive L-pyrrolidonyl-peptidase from the genera Streptococcus and Enterococcus.

In the familyStreptococceae the ability to measure L-pyrrolidonylpeptidase is limited to Lancefield group DEnterococcus and group AStreptococcus pyogenes. A number of methods exist to assay this enzyme. All measure pyrrolidonyl-peptidase by the ability of the bacterium to cleave L-pyrrolidonylbeta-naphthylamide to form free beta-naphthylamine and L-pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid. Free beta-naphthylamine is then reacted with N,N-dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde to form a red color complex. These methods are generally expensive and require a 2–4 h incubation period before results are available. A method, which employs the substrate dried on paper discs and can be easily made, is described herein. It is simple to perform, inexpensive, rapid, and has a long storage life. The results of this constitutive method are equivalent to those obtained using a commercial system.