cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SpSoxB1, a maternally encoded transcription factor asymmetrically distributed among early sea urchin blastomeres.

partitioned by asymmetric division of the vegetal 4 blastomeres, have reduced nuclear levels of the protein, while high levels persist in their sister macromeres and in the mesomeres. During cleavage, the uniform maternal SpSoxB1 transcript distribution is replaced by a zygotic nonvegetal pattern that reinforces the asymmetric SpSoxB1 protein distribution and reflects the corresponding domain of SpAN mRNA accumulation at early blastula stage (~150 cells). The vegetal region lacking nuclear SpSoxB1 gradually expands so that, after blastula stage, only cells in differentiating ectoderm accumulate this protein in their nuclei. The results reported here support a model in which SpSoxB1 is a major regulator of the initial phase of asymmetric transcription of SpAN in the nonvegetal domain by virtue of its distribution at 4th cleavage and is subsequently an important spatial determinant of expression in the early blastula. This factor is the earliest known spatially restricted regulator of transcription along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo. SUMMARY
Anisotropic Thermal Transport in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Crystal β-ZnTe(en)0.5

By using the interatomic potential derived from ab initio simulations, equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations using the Green–Kubo relation were carried out to study the elastic constants and thermal conductivity of a layered organic–inorganic hybrid crystal β-ZnTe(en)0.5, whose inorganic ZnTe monolayers are connected by organic ligands ethylenediamine (en) with covalent bonds. As compared to inorganic ZnTe, the results of elastic constants showed that β-ZnTe(en)0.5 is much more flexible, especially in terms of the shearing stiffness. Low thermal conductivity values are found in β-ZnTe(en)0.5. At 300 K, the thermal conductivities are kST = 1.2 W/m·K in the stacking direction normal to the ZnTe monolayers, kAM = 0.8 W/m·K in the armchair direction, and kZZ = 1.8 W/m·K in the zigzag direction parallel to the ZnTe monolayers, respectively. The low thermal conductivity across the ZnTe monolayers is determined by the mismatch of phonon spectra between the organic ligands and ZnTe monolayers. The anisotropi...
Multiscale Simulations Reveal Key Aspects of the Proton Transport Mechanism in the ClC-ec1 Antiporter

Multiscale reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to study proton transport through the central region of ClC-ec1, a widely studied ClC transporter that enables the stoichiometric exchange of 2 Cl– ions for 1 proton (H+). It has long been known that both Cl– and proton transport occur through partially congruent pathways, and that their exchange is strictly coupled. However, the nature of this coupling and the mechanism of antiporting remain topics of debate. Here multiscale simulations have been used to characterize proton transport between E203 (Gluin) and E148 (Gluex), the internal and external intermediate proton binding sites, respectively. Free energy profiles are presented, explicitly accounting for the binding of Cl– along the central pathway, the dynamically coupled hydration changes of the central region, and conformational changes of Gluin and Gluex. We find that proton transport between Gluin and Gluex is possible in both the presence and absence of Cl– in the central binding site, although it is facilitated by the anion presence. These results support the notion that the requisite coupling between Cl– and proton transport occurs elsewhere (e.g., during proton uptake or release). In addition, proton transport is explored in the E203K mutant, which maintains proton permeation despite the substitution of a basic residue for Gluin. This collection of calculations provides for the first time, to our knowledge, a detailed picture of the proton transport mechanism in the central region of ClC-ec1 at a molecular level.
Public Memorializing in the Stadium: Mediated Sport, the 10th Anniversary of 9/11, and the Illusion of Democracy

Among the purported virtues of sport, whether through participation or viewership, is its capacity to foster community. In the years since September 11, 2001, the institutions associated with the production of mediated sport have constituted community rhetorically through nationalistic and militaristic rituals and ceremonies. Such ceremonies played a prominent role in the public memorialization of 9/11 on its 10th anniversary in 2011. Although it is surely the case that some communal healing is possible through mediated sport and its ceremonies, this essay argues that the centrality of this theme constitutes an illusion of democracy. As a consequence, these mediated sport productions shaped a public memory of 9/11 that diminishes active citizenship and deflects attention away from the consequences of American actions since the terrorist attacks.
The Poetics of Pilgrimage: Assembling Contemporary Indonesian Pilgrimage to Ḥaḍramawt, Yemen

This article investigates the socio-discursive processes that have enabled the emergence and maintenance of pilgrimage practice by examining the rising popularity of the Ḥaḍramawt valley of southern Yemen as a pilgrimage destination for Indonesian Muslims. Pilgrimage to Ḥaḍramawt mainly revolves around visiting the tombs of Bā ʿAlawī (a group of Ḥaḍramīs who claim direct descent from the Prophet Muḥammad) Sufi saints and scholars scattered around the valley. Moving away from ritual analysis, I examine the roles of various actors involved in the production and consumption of pilgrimage. I analyze pilgrimage as a poetic project that frames travel as a transformative process. As a project, pilgrimage can be described as poetic because it hinges on the construction of multiple chronotopes that are juxtaposed, compared, contrasted, and assembled into meaningful alignments. The actors discussed are involved in producing chronotopes of Ḥaḍramawt as a spiritually idealized place, which are made to resonate with mass-mediated chronotopes of idealized Islam circulating among Indonesian Muslims, and contrasted with chronotopes of the modern world. Framed by such a poetic mediation, pilgrims comprehend their actual travel to Ḥaḍramawt as a cross-chronotopic movement that they believe transforms their own selves. The article observes the various mechanisms of attraction and seduction at work in pilgrimage practice, while demonstrating the structural similarities between pilgrimage and other forms of tourism.
The Impact of Rules of Jury Deliberation on Group Developmental Processes

The necessary secrecy of jury deliberation has limited research on the deliberation process. Instead of dealing with interaction processes that occur as a group develops, jury research has tended to focus on jurors as atomized decision makers who happen to be placed in the same room to make their decisions. Much research which claims to focus on the jury as a group is in reality focusing on jurors as individuals, and on variables which affect these individuals. For example, Gerbasi, Zuckerman, and Reis (1977), in a section on the jury as a group, reviewed studies of the effects of characteristics of individual jurors, such as status, on dependent variables such as foreman selection or dominance of individual jurors. Certainly, Strodtbeck’s (1956) classical work is part of this tradition.
Abstract LB-175: ATM regulates radiation-induced translational control of gene expression

The cellular radioresponse is composed of processes regulated by constitutively expressed proteins and processes regulated by new gene expression. While processes regulated by constitutively expressed proteins, such as those participating in DNA repair and cell cycle arrest, have been extensively studied, the radiation-induced changes in gene expression are not well defined. Previously, we have demonstrated that translation plays an important role in regulating gene expression in response to radiation. In glioblastoma cells, treatment with radiation affects more genes at the translational level than at the transcriptional level. Specific transcripts were found to be recruited to or away from polysomes without global changes in the polysome profile of the cells. Here, we utilized microarray analysis of polysome-associated transcripts in the glioblastoma stem-like cell line NSC11 to demonstrate that the DNA damage response kinase ATM controls the translation of a subset of genes as part of the radioresponse. Cells were incubated with the ATM inhibitor KU-60019 at a dose of 500nM for one hour, exposed to 2 Gy, and harvested for polysome extraction one hour after irradiation. ATM inhibition blocked translational changes of approximately one third of genes that were affected by radiation. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that genes translationally regulated by ATM were significantly involved in a number of cellular processes, indicating that ATM-mediated translational control may have functional consequences on the cellular radioresponse. By GSEA, cells treated with radiation alone were highly enriched for terms involving mitochondrial structure and function, cellular respiration, and oxidative stress as compared to irradiated cells treated with the ATM inhibitor. Other significantly enriched categories of functional interest included the spliceosome, RNA catabolic processes, the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex, and phospholipid and phosphoinositide metabolism. Analysis of UTR regulatory elements revealed that a significant percentage of the genes translationally upregulated by ATM in irradiated cells were enriched for HuR binding sites, which suggests a potential mechanism for polysome recruitment of these transcripts. Overall, these findings uncover a novel network of post-transcriptional gene regulation orchestrated by ATM and provide a framework to identify potential new molecules and pathways that govern tumor cell radiosensitivity. Citation Format: Stacey L. Lehman, Amy Wahba, Kevin Camphausen, Philip J. Tofilon. ATM regulates radiation-induced translational control of gene expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-175.
City Stories Place-Making Narratives in the Rise and Fall of Urban America

Scholarship on urban tourism has addressed the multiple ways in which visual images and narrative texts, especially impressions by outsiders, play a vital role in shaping perceptions of place in cities. These perceptions are shaped both by civic boosters and also by critics and reformers, highlighting the complex process by which city officials, journalists, travel writers, and photographers create and sell certain images of cities that have the potential to promote renewal, growth, and allure but just as often evoke decay, devastation, and decline. Consideration of the official scripts of urban revitalization alongside narratives of fear and ruin allows scholars to flesh out the complex process by which place-making happens and through which residents and toursist alike create their perceptions of urban life.
Ffsck: the fast file system checker

Crash failures, hardware errors, and file system bugs can corrupt file systems and cause data loss, despite the presence of journals and similar preventive techniques. While consistency checkers such as fsck can detect this corruption and restore a damaged image to a usable state, they are generally created as an afterthought, to be run only at rare intervals. Thus, checkers operate slowly, causing significant downtime for large scale storage systems when they are needed.We address this dilemma by treating the checker as a key component of the overall file system (and not merely a peripheral add-on). To this end, we present a modified ext3 file system, rext3, to directly support the fast file system checker, ffsck. The rext3 file system co-locates and self-identifies its metadata blocks, removing the need for costly seeks and tree traversals during checking. These modifications to the file system allow ffsck to scan and repair the file system at rates approaching the full sequential bandwidth of the underlying device. In addition, we demonstrate that rext3 performs competitively with ext3 in most cases and exceeds it in handling random reads and large writes.
1D pixelated MV portal imager with structured privacy film: a feasibility study

Modern amorphous silicon flat panel-based electronic portal imaging devices that utilize thin gadolinium oxysulfide scintillators suffer from low quantum efficiencies (QEs). Thick two dimensionally (2D) pixelated scintillator arrays offer an effective but expensive option for increasing QE. To reduce costs, we have investigated the possibility of combining a thick one dimensional (1D) pixelated scintillator (PS) with an orthogonally placed 1D structured optical filter to provide for overall good 2D spatial resolution. In this work, we studied the potential for using a 1D video screen privacy film (PF) to serve as a directional optical attenuator and filter. A Geant4 model of the PF was built based on reflection and transmission measurements taken with a laser-based optical reflectometer. This information was incorporated into a Geant4-based x-ray detector simulator to generate modulation transfer functions (MTFs), noise power spectra (NPS), and detective quantum efficiencies (DQEs) for various 1D and 2D configurations. It was found that the 1D array with PF can provide the MTFs and DQEs of 2D arrays. Although the PF significantly reduced the amount of optical photons detected by the flat panel, we anticipate using a scintillator with an inherently high optical yield (e.g. cesium iodide) for MV imaging, where fluence rates are inherently high, will still provide adequate signal intensities for the imaging tasks associated with radiotherapy.
Use of Animal Models for Epilepsy Research and Therapy Development

Numerous animal models of seizures and epilepsy exist, and models continue to be evaluated and developed for drug discovery. Traditional animal models included both acute and chronic seizures that were instrumental in the discovery of numerous antiseizure drugs currently available to the patient with epilepsy. However, a significant unmet medical need still exists for approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy who are refractory to available pharmacotherapies. The use of novel animal models will be thus essential to the discovery and development of transformative therapies. New models of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, for example, the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure test, lamotrigine-resistant amygdala-kindled rat, and the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy are now frequently used for drug discovery. These models often recapitulate clinical features of epilepsy, including neuroinflammation. Finally, animal models of pediatric epilepsy are in development, and they may identify invaluable therapies for pediatric and genetic epilepsies.
The descendants of the first quasars in the BlueTides simulation

Supermassive blackholes with masses of a billion solar masses or more are known to exist up to $z=7$. However, the present-day environments of the descendants of first quasars is not well understood and it is not known if they live in massive galaxy clusters or more isolated galaxies at $z=0$. We use a dark matter-only realization (BTMassTracer) of the BlueTides cosmological hydrodynamic simulation to study the halo properties of the descendants of the most massive black holes at $z=8$. We find that the descendants of the quasars with most massive black holes are not amongst the most massive halos. They reside in halos of with group-like ($\sim 10^{14}M_{\odot}$) masses, while the most massive halos in the simulations are rich clusters with masses $\sim 10^{15} M_{\odot}$. The distribution of halo masses at low redshift is similar to that of the descendants of least massive black holes, for a similar range of halo masses at $z=8$, which indicates that they are likely to exist in similar environments. By tracing back to the $z = 8$ progenitors of the most massive (cluster sized) halos at $z=0$; we find that their most likely black hole mass is less than $10^7 M_{\odot}$; they are clearly not amongst the most massive black holes. We also provide estimates for the likelihood of finding a high redshift quasar hosting a black hole with masses above $10^{7} M_{\odot}$ for a given halo mass at $z=0$. For halos above $10^{15} M_{\odot}$, there is only $20 \%$ probability that their $z=8$ progenitors hosted a black hole with mass above $10^{7} M_{\odot}$.
Case 8—A Young Woman’s Wish to Die

A 19-year-old Hindu woman was admitted to the PICU of a large urban hospital after an automobile accident. She was ventilator dependent and quadriplegic and had clinically significant depressive symptoms. The patient’s uncle was the family spokesperson, and declared that all life support must be stopped since the young woman’s injuries were the result of karma from a past life.
Do public managers promote employee development in hard-to-staff locales? Evidence from school principals in Appalachia

This article considers professional development activity among employees in remote public school agencies in eastern Kentucky. Drawing from a panel of principal and teacher data in 38 agencies, we predict teacher participation in a targeted development program as a function of teacher and school characteristics, with special attention to the role of the principal in promoting the program. Gender, experience, and educational characteristics appear to play important roles in who participates. Teachers whose principals joined the program and teachers with newer principals were more likely to participate. These results are interpreted in the context of the broad literature on public management.
Distributed multi-robot localization from acoustic pulses using Euclidean distance geometry

This paper presents a method for reconstructing relative positions of a group of robots from only acoustic pulses sent and received by the robots. The approach is fully distributed — each robot calculates relative positions from its measurements alone — and does not require any additional communication between the robots outside of the acoustic pulses. The method applies concepts from Euclidean distance geometry to label each robot's measurements, constructing first a set of relative distances and then a set of relative positions. We also implement two practical methods for aligning a robot's estimated set of relative positions in a global frame of reference. Due to the minimal sensing and communication requirements, this approach to multi-robot localization is appropriate for underwater applications and other environments in which traditional communication channels are limited, untrustworthy, or unavailable.
A literature review of the passenger benefits of real-time transit information

Recently, it has become common practice for transit operators to provide real-time information (RTI) to passengers about the location or predicted arrival times of transit vehicles. Accompanying th...
Transparency, Humanism, and the Politics of the Future Before and After May ’68

The chapter considers the effect of May ’68 on French critiques of “transparency,” and argues that a significant gap existed between (a) principally epistemological critiques published shortly before 1968, and (b) the rise of a new set of political critiques of transparency in the 1970s. The three years before May ’68 saw the publication of Leroi-Gourhan’s Gesture and Speech, Foucault’s Order of Things, and Derrida’s Of Grammatology, which all took for granted that no mind/world transparency was available to the human subject. All three works signaled that a certain transparency might be possible—even imminent—in the near future, provided a certain humanism was jettisoned, and with it the expectation that transparency would be achievable by humans themselves. May ’68 completely obviated this line of thinking.
Liquidity and Private Placement Discounts in the TARP Preferred Stock Auctions

The liquidity discounts in the first seventy-two Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) auctions of preferred stock averaged 9.6%. The liquidity discounts were significantly lower for publically held banks and banks that had never missed a bailout dividend. In addition, auction yields were significantly higher, 152 basis points higher, in private placements open only to accredited investors. This paper develops two different valuation frameworks based on accounting: call report data to estimate the yields and present value of untraded preferred stock. The TARP auction yield to maturity averaged 9.85% in the auctions studied.
Chrysanthemum Chlorotic Mottle

The chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle disease was first described by Dimock and Geissinger (1969), who noted that the disease was initially seen in 1967 in a number of commercial greenhouses. Dimock et al. (1971) concluded that the disease had a viral etiology since graft transmission was successful and since no pathogenic bacterium or fungus was found associated with the disease. The viroid nature of chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle was first reported by Romaine and Horst (1975). CCMV was determined to have physical characteristics similar to other viroids but differed by having a very narrow host range and by being less contagious than other viroids. The only hosts reported to be susceptible to CCMV are cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, C. zawadskii var. latilobum,and C. zawadskii var. latilobum cv. Clara Curtiss. Fifty-one species and cultivars were tested, including 9 chrysanthemum species and 35 genera, to determine whether CCMV replication was supported. CCMV was infectious to 2 species of chrysanthemum and noninfectious to 11 species of plants known to support RNA replication of other viroids. CCMV has been reported to occur in infected chrysanthemums in Denmark (Paludan, 1980), France (Monsion et al., 1980), and India (Singh et al., 1978).
Live Births Resulting from Unintended Pregnancies: An Evaluation of Synthetic State-Based Estimates

Objectives: Most states lack information on the proportion of live births resulting from unintended pregnancies. We evaluated a potential solution to the lack of data, a synthetic state-based estimate of the percentage of live births resulting from unintended pregnancies for the state of Georgia. Methods: We constructed the synthetic estimate by standardizing the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth data by the race, marital status, and age distribution of Georgia residents ages 15–44 years who delivered a live birth during 1990–1994. Two surveys conducted in Georgia during the same period that collected information on unintended pregnancies were used for comparison: the Georgia Women's Health Survey (GWHS) and the Georgia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Results: The synthetic estimate (35.2%, 95% CI = 33.5%–36.7%) was not statistically different from the GWHS estimate (39.6%, 95% CI = 35.7%–43.5%), but was significantly lower than the Georgia PRAMS estimate (49.0%, 95% CI = 45.5%–52.5%). When we stratified by race, marital status, and age, the synthetic and GWHS estimates were statistically similar except for married females and females ages 25–34 years, for whom the synthetic estimates were lower. For all groups of females, the synthetic estimates were statistically lower than the Georgia PRAMS estimates. Conclusions: The synthetic estimate can be a useful method for states that need to know the overall magnitude of the percentage of live births resulting from unintended pregnancy for purposes such as program planning.
Why Misunderstand the Evolutionary Half of Biology

Deductive justification is important in the evolutionary half of biology. I exemplify this for intrapopulational competition and natural selection, density-dependent regulation of population density, interspecific competition, competitive exclusion, sympatric convergence, regulation of trophic levels, phylogeny construction, and patch selection. I discuss various misinterpretations of deduction. Factors regulating density have a different significance from the controlling factors which modify them. I discuss common ways of misusing null hypotheses. Results merely consistent with a hypothesis are useless. An interpretation of probability based on information clarifies a variety of problems, such as randomness and individual fitness. I argue that all knowledge, including mathematical knowledge and our methods of justification themselves, is justified empirically. Deduction, prediction, induction, and other methods are all useful in both biology and mathematics, and to discard any is to artificially restrict discovery and knowledge. Explanation is the understanding of causes.
Normale Aufnahme und Ausscheidung von Blei

Eine kurzlich erschienene Reihe von Aufsatzen in einer anderen Zeitschrift hat die Methoden und die Hauptergebnisse unserer Forschungen uber Bleiaufnahme und Bleivergiftung wahrend der letzten 10 Jahre ausfuhrlich geschildert (1). Soweit diese Untersuchungen sich auf normale Bleiaufnahme und Ausscheidung beziehen, konnen die Ergebnisse kurz wie folgt zusammengefast werden: I. Bei zwei Gruppen von eingeborenen mexikanischen Indios, deren Lebensweise und Umwelt keine Moglichkeiten fur eine Beruhrung mit den bleihaltigen Erzeugnissen hoch organisierter und industriaHsierter Volker boten, wurde festgestellt, das sie Blei in ihrem Blut haben, und in ihren Fakalien sowie im Urin Blei ausscheiden, als Folge des Vorkommens von Blei im Boden und daher auch in den Pflanzen und in den tierischen Erzeugnissen, die ihnen als Nahrung dienten. 2. An verschiedenen Gruppen von gesunden Kindern und Erwachsenen in den Vereinigten Staaten, die berufsmasig nicht bleigefahrdet waren, wurde gezeigt, das sie Blei in ihren Geweben und in ihren Ausscheidungen enthielten, hauptsachlich deshalb, weil sie es regelmasig mit ihrer Nahrung aufgenommen hatten. 3. Die Bleiausscheidung unter den Amerikanern ist in Ubereinstimmung mit dem hoheren Bleigehalt bestimmter amerikanischer Nahrungsmittel dem Grad nach hoher als diejenige, die bei einer unter einfacheren und naturlicheren Bedingungen lebenden Bevolkenmg (eingeborene Mexikaner) beobachtet wurde. 4. Es konnte festgestellt werden, das dieses Einverleiben von „normalen“ Bleimengen nicht zu einer sundigen Anhaufung von Blei im Korper fuhrt.
Meeting the Workforce Shortage: Toward 4-Year Board Certification in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Child Psychiatry has long been recognized as the medical specialty with the greatest workforce shortage.1 This shortage is of increasing concern because of the high burden of child and adolescent mental illness that is exemplified by the increasing rates of suicide in youth.
Completion Lymph Node Dissection or Radiation Therapy for Sentinel Node Metastasis in Merkel Cell Carcinoma

For sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis from Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), the benefit of completion lymph node dissection (CLND) versus radiation therapy (RT) is unclear. This study compares outcomes for patients with SLN metastasis undergoing CLND or RT. We also evaluated positive non-SLNs as a prognostic factor. Using a prospective database, we identified MCC patients with SLN metastasis who underwent CLND or RT. At our institution, CLND was recommended for patients with acceptable perioperative risk, while therapeutic RT was offered to those with high perioperative risk. Primary outcomes were MCC-specific survival (MCCSS), disease-free survival (DFS), nodal recurrence-free survival (NRFS), and distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS). From 2006 to 2017, 163 patients underwent CLND (n = 137) or RT (n = 26). Median follow-up was 1.9 years. CLND had no significant differences for MCCSS (5-year survival 71% vs. 64%, p = 1.0), DFS (52% vs. 61%, p = 0.8), NRFS (76% vs. 91%, p = 0.3), or DRFS (65% vs. 75%, p = 0.3) compared with RT. Patients with positive non-SLNs (n = 44) had significantly worse MCCSS (5-year survival 39% vs. 87%, p < 0.001), DFS (35% vs. 60%, p = 0.005), and DRFS (54% vs. 71%, p = 0.03) compared with negative non-SLNs (n = 93). Multivariate analysis showed positive non-SLNs were independently associated with MCCSS, DFS, and DRFS. CLND and RT may have similar outcomes for MCC patients with SLN metastasis when treatment aligns with our institutional practices. For patients undergoing CLND, positive non-SLNs is an important prognostic factor associated with poor survival and distant recurrence. This high-risk group should be considered for adjuvant systemic therapy trials.
Decision making under uncertainty comprising complete ignorance and probability

This paper investigates a model of decision making under uncertainty comprising opposite epistemic states of complete ignorance and probability. In the first part, a new utility theory under complete ignorance is developed that combines Hurwicz-Arrow's theory of decision under ignorance with Anscombe-Aumann's idea of reversibility and monotonicity used to characterize subjective probability. The main result is a representation theorem for preference under ignorance by a particular one-parameter function - the ?-anchor utility function. In the second part, we study decision making under uncertainty comprising an ignorant variable and a probabilistic variable. We show that even if the variables are independent, they are not reversible in Anscombe-Aumann's sense. This insight leads to the development of a new proposal for decision under uncertainty represented by a preference relation that satisfies the weak order and monotonicity assumptions but rejects the reversibility assumption. A distinctive feature of the new proposal is that the certainty equivalent of a mapping from the state space of uncertain variables to the prize space depends on the order in which the variables are revealed. Explicit modeling of the order of variables explains some of the puzzles in multiple-prior model and the models for decision making with Dempster-Shafer belief function.
The Roles of Education, Literacy, and Numeracy in Need for Health Information during the Second Half of Adulthood: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.

We examine complex pathways that link health information seeking behavior with education and health literacy (decomposed into general literacy and numeracy), and how these pathways differ by percei...
Phosphoglycerate mutase in developing forespores of Bacillusmegaterium may be regulated by the intrasporal level of free manganous ion

Abstract When young intact forespores of Bacillus megaterium were incubated with either Mn++ or the ionophore X-537A, the pool of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) was stable. However, incubation of forespores with Mn++ plus the ionophore X-537A resulted in rapid and complete utilization of the 3-PGA. This effect was not seen with Ca++ or Mg++, and was also not observed with older forespores or fresh dormant spores. Since the phosphoglycerate mutase of B. megaterium has an absolute and specific requirement for Mn++, it is possible that phosphoglycerate mutase in developing forespores may be inactive because of a low intrasporal level of free Mn++.
Predictive factors for the development of surgical site infection in adults undergoing initial open inguinal hernia repair.

Despite being one of the most commonly performed general surgery procedures, surgical site infection (SSI) is still seen in primary, elective, open inguinal hernia repair. Studies have reported a wide range of infection rates, yet predictive risk factors have not been definitely identified leading to variability and controversy in the use of pre-operative antibiotics. In this study, the authors seek to identify factors predictive of SSI development in a large cohort of patients undergoing initial unilateral open inguinal repair. The American College of Surgery National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) personal use file (PUF) database was queried for initial, open, reducible inguinal hernia repair cases in adults with clean surgical sites performed from 2012 to 2015 (CPT 49,505 and class one wound). Patient data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors predictive of surgical site infection. 57,951 cases were identified. 90.8% were men with an average age of 58.2 years and a median operative time of 53.0 min. Of all variables evaluated with univariate logistic regression, 17 demonstrated an association with surgical site infection. Performing multiple logistic regression on those 17 variables yielded 3 factors independently associated with surgical site infection: diabetes (OR 2.017, 95% CI 1.012–4.023), BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 (OR 2.587, 95% CI 1.123–5.964), and current smoking (OR 2.071, 95% CI 1.126–3.811). Diabetes, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, and current smoking are significantly associated with an increased odds surgical site infection after initial, open, reducible inguinal hernia repair in adults with clean surgical sites.
Emerging investigator series: locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) with nanowire-modified electrodes for water disinfection in pipes

Chlorine disinfection inevitably generates carcinogenic by-products. Alternative non-chlorine-based techniques in centralized treatment plants cannot produce residual antimicrobial power in water disinfection systems. Here, we propose locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) for chemical-free water disinfection in pipes. A tubular LEEFT device with coaxial electrodes is rationally developed for easy adaption to current water distribution systems as a segment of the pipelines. The center electrode is modified with perpendicularly grown nanowires, so that the electric field strength near the tips of the nanowires is significantly enhanced for pathogen inactivation. We have demonstrated >6-log inactivation of bacteria with 1 V, a small voltage that can be generated in situ by flowing water.
Garden-based interventions and early childhood health: a protocol for an umbrella review

Garden-based interventions have the potential to impact young children’s health in a number of ways, including enhancing dietary intake, increasing outdoor physical activity, diversifying the gut microbiome, and promoting general wellbeing. A number of recent systematic reviews have either included or focused on garden-based interventions for young children. However, most prior reviews including young children only focus on one health outcome or one setting, making a full summary of prior research assessing the impact of garden-based interventions nonexistent. As such, this umbrella systematic review aims to synthesize the literature on health outcomes of garden-based interventions for young children. This protocol outlines the systematic steps we will take to conduct an umbrella review on health-related outcomes of garden-based interventions in children younger than 6 years of age. We will systematically search PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, OVID-Agricola, and CAB Direct, including all systematic reviews and meta-analyses fitting the pre-determined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We will double screen at each phase of the review: title/abstract, full text, data extraction, and quality appraisal. We will assess the quality of included reviews using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2). Based on the potential for stark variability in what how reviews report child health outcomes, we will analyze the reviews both narratively and quantitatively, reporting summary of findings tables and iteratively mapping the results. This protocol aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols statement (PRISMA-P). This umbrella review aims to summarize the role that garden-based interventions play in health promotion for young children. We will focus on a number of diverse child health outcomes in an effort to comprehensively synthesize the evidence to inform future garden-based interventions, research, and policy. PROSPERO CRD42019106848
First‐in‐human report of MitraClip G4 implantation for severe degenerative mitral regurgitation

The new MitraClip G4 device (Abbott Vascular) has been recently approved by Food and Drug Administration and is currently in limited release. A patient with a large mitral regurgitation (MR) jet but a relatively small mitral valve area (MVA) was not a surgical repair candidate nor an optimal MitraClip third-generation device candidate. Therefore, we implanted the new G4 NTW device that resulted in significant MR reduction with a 57% reduction in MVA. To our knowledge, this is the first reported clinical use of the MitraClip G4 NTW device. We find that it may provide better results than a single NTR device and less reduction in MVA than two older generation devices. Further experience is needed to optimize patient selection for the four new G4 devices available.
Functors (between $$\infty $$ ∞ -categories) that aren’t strictly unital

Let $${\mathcal {C}}$$ and $${\mathcal {D}}$$ be quasi-categories (a.k.a. $$\infty $$ -categories). Suppose also that one has an assignment sending commutative diagrams of $${\mathcal {C}}$$ to commutative diagrams of $${\mathcal {D}}$$ which respects face maps, but not necessarily degeneracy maps. (This is akin to having an assignment which respects all compositions, but may not send identity morphisms to identity morphisms.) When does this assignment give rise to an actual functor? We show that if the original assignment can be shown to respect identity morphisms up to homotopy, then there exists an honest functor of $$\infty $$ -categories which respects the original assignments up to homotopy. Moreover, we prove that such honest functors can be chosen naturally with respect to the original assignments.
Closed chain dorsiflexion and the regional interdependence implications on fundamental movement patterns in collegiate athletes.

Abstract Purpose An association between limited ankle closed kinetic chain dorsiflexion range of motion (CKCDFROM) and movement dysfunction in the lower quarter is often implied, limited research exists linking CKCDFROM and gross movement patterns, such as the squatting. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between CKCDFROM and movement patterns in collegiate athletes, as measured by the functional movement screen (FMS). Materials and methods A quasi-experimental observational analytical cohort study with 147 athletes from five Division III collegiate men’s and women’s athletic teams were included in the study. CKCDFROM was assessed utilizing the lunge test. Movement patterns, specifically the deep squat (DS) and inline lunge (ILL) were assessed utilizing the FMS qualitative criteria. Descriptive statistical analysis examined the association between CKCDFROM limitations and a dysfunctional deep squat or ILL. Results Seventy-nine (53.7%) and 30 (20.4%) participants scored a “1” on their FMS deep squat test and ILL, respectively. Participants who scored a “1” on the deep squat and ILL were 3.75 times as likely (3.75 odds ratio; 95% CI 1.57–9.14; p = 0.002) and 1.53 times as likely (1.53 odds ratio; 95% CI 0.65–3.60; p = 0.392), respectively, to have at least one ankle CKCDFROM limitation. The deep squat (DS) was statistically significant, but the ILL did not rise to the level of significance. Discussion Physical therapists should consider regional interdependence implications of movement dysfunction stemming from impairments within the kinetic chain. Conclusion A dysfunctional lower extremity movement pattern might be associated with a lack of CKCDFROM. Clinicians will likely benefit from assessing CKCDFROM in those exhibiting dysfunctional squatting and/or lunging.
What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry.

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Primary prevention of COVID-19 has focused on encouraging compliance with specific behaviors that restrict contagion. This investigation sought to characterize engagement in these behaviors in U.S. adults early during the pandemic and to build explanatory models of the psychological processes that drive them. METHODS: US adults were recruited through Qualtrics Research Panels (N = 324; 55% female; Mage = 50.91, SD = 15.98) and completed 10 days of online reports of emotion, COVID-19 perceived susceptibility and worry, and recommended behaviors (social distancing, hand washing, etc.). Factor analysis revealed behaviors loaded on two factors suggesting distinct motivational orientations: approach and avoidance. RESULTS: Changes in approach and avoidance behaviors over the 10 days indicated large individual differences consistent with three types of participants. Discrete emotions, including fear, guilt/shame, and happiness were associated with more recommended behaviors. Fear and COVID-19 worry indirectly influenced each other to facilitate more behavioral engagement. While emotions and worry strongly predicted individual differences in behavior across the 10 days, they did not predict as well why behaviors occurred on one day versus another. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest how daily affective processes motivate behavior, improving the understanding of compliance and efforts to target behaviors as primary prevention of disease.
Trigeminal nerve electrophysiological findings in hemifacial atrophy: A systematic literature review and retrospective chart review

Abstract Objective Hemifacial atrophy (HFA) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive unilateral wasting facial soft tissue, muscle, and/or bone. Trigeminal nerve abnormalities may contribute to or result from disease pathophysiology. We aimed to gain further insights into the role of trigeminal pathophysiology along the HFA severity spectrum. Methods A systematic literature review was performed according to PRISMA standards. Retrospective cases of HFA from the literature and Mayo Clinic EMG database were pooled for descriptive and semi-quantitative analysis. Results Overall, 13 total HFA patients were identified through literature and database reviews. Trigeminal nerve testing was abnormal in 9/13 (69%), exclusively in moderate-severe cases. Abnormalities suggested a peripheral (7/9, 78%) or mixed central/peripheral (2/9, 22%) localization. Trigeminal nerve abnormalities were not identified in any of the 4 cases with mild disease severity. Conclusion Moderate to severe cases of HFA were associated with electrophysiological trigeminal abnormalities. No abnormalities were seen in mild cases of HFA. Significance Trigeminal nerve electrophysiology may serve as a biomarker of moderate-severe disease progression, likely reflecting the consequences of progressive soft tissue atrophy.
Reflections on Music Copyright Justice

The digital revolution has upended many aspects of the copyright system, particularly as it relates to music. Drawing on creative, jurisprudential, technological, and social science insights, this article explores the broad range of music copyright justice concerns, ranging from file sharing to royalty distribution, copyright infringement standards, and the creation of music mashups.
High-throughput genotyping for a polymorphism linked to soybean cyst nematode resistance gene Rhg4 by using TaqmanTM probes

An individual soybean breeder can generate over one hundred thousand new genotypes each year. The efficiency of selection in these populations could be improved if these genotypes were effectively screened with one DNA marker that identified an important gene, and if laboratory throughput was high and costs were low. Our aim was to develop a rapid genotyping procedure for resistance to the soybean cyst nematode. A high-throughput genotyping method was developed with fluorogenic probes to distinguish between two insertion polymorphisms in alleles of an AFLP marker that is located about 50 kbp from the Rhg4 gene candidate. The assay uses the 5′ exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase in conjunction with fluorogenic probes for each allele. The method can be used for scoring the polymorphism in a recombinant inbred line population and for screening parent lines in a breeding program. The TaqmanTM method of determining genotype was accurate in 90% of scores in the RIL population compared to 95% accuracy with electrophoresis. Among 94 cultivars that are parents in our breeding program allele 2 that is derived from the sources of resistance to SCN was common in resistant cultivars (30 of 56) but rare in susceptible cultivars (3 of 38). Therefore, this method can be applied to automated large-scale genotyping for soybean breeding programs.
Volumes of Tubes in Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds

We give the first explicit lower bound for the length of a geodesic in a closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold M of lowest volume. We also give an upper bound for the tube radius of any shortest geodesic in M. We explain how these results might be the first steps towards a rigorous computer assisted effort to determine the least volume closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold(s).
Development of an in vitro cleavage assay system to examine vaccinia virus I7L cysteine proteinase activity.

Through the use of transient expression assays and directed genetics, the vaccinia virus (VV) I7L gene product has been implicated as the major maturational proteinase required for viral core protein cleavage to occur during virion assembly. To confirm this hypothesis and to enable a biochemical examination of the I7L cysteine proteinase, an in vitro cleavage assay was developed. Using extracts of VV infected cells as the source of enzyme, reaction conditions were developed which allowed accurate and efficient cleavage of exogenously added core protein precursors (P4a, P4b and P25K). The cleavage reaction proceeded in a time-dependent manner and was optimal when incubated at 25°C. I7L-mediated cleavage was not affected by selected inhibitors of metalloproteinases, aspartic acid proteinases or serine proteinases (EDTA, pepstatin, and PMSF, respectively), but was sensitive to several general cysteine proteinase inhibitors (E-64, EST, Iodoacetic acid, and NEM) as well as the I7L active site inhibitor TTP-6171 [C. Byrd et al., J. Virol. 78:12147–12156 (2004)]. Finally, in antibody pull down experiments, it could be demonstrated that monospecific αI7L serum depleted the enzyme activity whereas control sera including αG1L, directed against the VV metalloproteinase, did not. Taken together, these data provide biochemical evidence that I7L is a cysteine proteinase which is directly involved in VV core protein cleavage. Furthermore, establishment of this I7L-mediated in vitro cleavage assay should enable future studies into the enzymology and co-factor requirements of the proteolysis reaction, and facilitate antiviral drug development against this essential target.