cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Levels and syntheses of cerebrosides and sulfatides in subcellular fractions of jimpy mutants

During the period of brain development, the levels of nonhydroxy- and hydroxy-cerebrosides in the cytosol from brains of jimpy mutants were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and compared to those in the rest of the particulates from the same brains as well as those in the littermate controls. The concentrations of cerebrosides in jimpy brain preparations were much lower than in controls at all ages. In another experiment, [U-14C]glucose was injected intraperitoneally into jimpy mutants and their littermate controls. The amounts of radioactivity incorporated into cerebrosides and sulfatides in brain cytosol, the microsome-rich fraction, and the rest of the heavier particles were determined. Although the total radioactivity incorporated into these lipids was much lower in jimpy, the specific activities were 2–3 times the control value in all subcellular fractions.
Elastic scattering of polarized protons from nuclei near A = 200 between 11 and 14 MeV

Abstract Differential cross-section and polarization measurements were made between 30° and 150° for the elastic scattering of protons from 181 Ta and 209 Bi at 10.8 MeV, from 197 Au, 207 Pb, 208 Pb and 209 Bi at 13 MeV, and from 181 Ta and 197 Au at 13.8 MeV. In addition the polarization was measured in steps of 300 keV or less near 140° for 197 Au from 8 to 14 MeV and for 181 Ta from 9 to 14 MeV. The results were analyzed using the optical model. Good fits to the cross-section and polarization measurements were obtained.
Use of the Hart-Mortlock equation to interpret tracer diffusion results

There appears to be sufficient evidence for downgrading use of the HM equation to that of a crude rule-of-thumb for analysis of diffusion profiles that deviate only slightly from those known to be due to lattice diffusion. Apparently, it was used previously outside its appropriate range of validity and this led to erroneous rejection of SC influences for diffusion results in certain systems. HM could be more useful if such influences as penetration depth and surface diffusion were appropriately considered. In order to further elucidate the role of short-circuiting on measurements of diffusion coefficients in certain anomalous diffusion systems, it is recommended that experiments designed to emphasize D/sub L/ relative to D/sub SC/ be performed.
Multiphasic effect of porcine stalk-median eminence extract on growth hormone release from perifused rat pituitaries.

The present experiments describe the use of an in vitro perifusion system to observe the time course of the GH response to extracts of porcine stalkmedian eminence (pSME). It was presumed that both releasing and inhibiting activities were present in the pSME and that the characterization of a response profile would provide more information than measurement of the net response alone. Release of 3H-labeled growth hormone ([3H]GH) from perifused rat pituitaries preincubated in [3H]leucine was measured by specific immunoprecipitation. A methanol extract of pSME elicited a complex [3H]GH release response: initial stimulation of release was followed by inhibition and then by a rebound release, the latter occurring after termination of the pSME pulse. When pituitary explants were simultaneously exposed to pulses of pSME during continuous, maximal somatostatin (SRIF) inhibition, a blunted initial stimulatory response was observed and the rebound release phase was abolished. Continuous exposure to pSME produced on...
Morphological instability of a terrace edge during step-flow growth

We consider the possibility that monoatomic terrace edges undergo a morphological instability during epitaxial Istep-flowR growth. A linear stability analysis predicts that such an instability can occur, but only when the energy barriers to adatom attachment to steps differ for adatoms that approach a step from opposite directions. The instability is diffusional in origin and manifests itself as a distinct waviness or meandering of the terrace edges as they propagate across the crystal. Our results, presented in the form of a morphological phase diagram, show that single-crystal growth on a vicinal surface can pass from stable step flow to unstable step flow to two-dimensional island nucleation and spreading as one increases the incident flux in a molecular-beam-epitaxy experiment at elevated temperature. The instability we predict should be readily distinguishable from simple thermal fluctuations.
Watermarking while preserving the critical path

In many modern designs, timing is either a key optimization goal and/or a mandatory constraint. We propose the first intellectual property protection technique using watermarking that guarantees preservation of timing constraints by judiciously selecting parts of the design specification on which watermarking constraints can be imposed. The technique is applied during the mapping of logical elements to instances of realization elements in a physical library. The generic technique is applied to two steps in the design process: combinational logic mapping in logic synthesis and template matching in behavioral synthesis. The technique is fully transparent to the synthesis process, and can be used in conjunction with arbitrary synthesis tools. Several optimization problems associated with the application of the technique have been solved. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated on a number of designs at both logic synthesis and behavioral synthesis.
Sodium ι-Carrageenan: A Paradigm of Polymorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

X-ray fiber diffraction patterns of the sodium salt of ι-carrageenan correspond to three (I, II, and III) distinct packing arrangements of half-staggered, 3-fold, double helices having nearly the same helical repeat (c-axis 13.0−13.2 A). While two of the three forms crystallize in trigonal nets with a = 24.02 for I and 21.8 A for III, II favors an orthogonal net with a = 13.70 and b = 20.08 A. Detailed structure analysis of I has shown that three helices in the unit cell, each pair at 13.9 A apart, interact only through their 2-sulfate and 4-sulfate groups with the aid of sodium ions and ordered water molecules [Janaswamy, S.; Chandrasekaran, R. Carbohydr. Res. 2001, 335, 181−194]. The ability of sodium to induce two other crystalline structures, in which the helix−helix separations are considerably shorter (12.2 in II and 12.6 A in III), suggests that interhelical interactions vary significantly among the polymorphs. These observations have ramifications to the practical applications of ι-carrageenan in ...
Using OS Observations to Improve Performance in Multicore Systems

Today's operating systems don't adequately handle the complexities of Multicore processors. Architectural features confound existing OS techniques for task scheduling, load balancing, and power management. This article shows that the OS can use data obtained from dynamic runtime observation of task behavior to ameliorate performance variability and more effectively exploit multicore processor resources. The authors' research prototypes demonstrate the utility of observation-based policy.
The Term Structure of Mortgage Rates: Citigroup’s MOATS Model

Mortgage backed securities (MBS) have embedded options that are dependent on the primary mortgage rate, since this is what homeowners use to make their exercise decision. In valuing MBS in uncertain rate environments, practitioners have traditionally assumed that the primary mortgage rate has a fixed spread to a benchmark interest rate (such as the 10-year Treasury). This naive method is actually inconsistent with the OAS methodology used to price MBS and has performed poorly. In this article the authors present the Citigroup Mortgage Option-Adjusted Term Structure (MOATS) model to derive the mortgage rate in any interest rate scenario. MOATS assumes that the OAS of the current-coupon mortgage is constant and thus projects mortgage rates by taking into account the optionality embedded in the mortgage rate itself. This article gives a detailed description of the MOATS methodology and examines the underlying assumptions. Empirical studies show that the assumptions embedded in MOATS are reasonable and that MOATS outperforms traditional mortgage rate models.
Sex Differences in the Neurotoxic Effects of Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonism During Ethanol Withdrawal: Reversal With an A1 Receptor Agonist or an NMDA Receptor Antagonist

Background Neuronal adaptations that occur during chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure have been observed to sensitize the brain to excitotoxic insult during withdrawal. The adenosine receptor system warrants further examination in this regard, as recent evidence has implicated adenosine receptor involvement in the behavioral effects of both EtOH exposure and withdrawal.
Avicenna’s Hermeneutics

Like Plato, Aristotle uses dialectic to interpret and analyze ordinary discourse as well as to ascend to the first principles of philosophy and science. At the same time he says that it is intellect (nous) that apprehends the first principle. With al-Fārābī and Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), dialectic becomes relegated to dealing with ordinary language. For them demonstration in an ideal language from principles apprehended by the intellect suffices for the philosopher.
Edge-plane microwire electrodes for highly sensitive H2O2 and glucose detection

The promise of implantable electrochemical sensors is often undermined by the critical requirement of device miniaturization that inadvertently degrades sensor performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, we report a novel miniaturized and flexible amperometric sensor grown at the 'edge plane' of a 25-μm gold wire. Such geometry affords extreme miniaturization along with ease of fabrication, minimal iR drop and 3-D diffusion for effective mass transfer. This together with electrochemical rebuilding of the Au working electrode and subsequent Pt nanoparticles deposition resulted in the highest H2O2 sensitivity (33 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)), reported thus far. Concurrent electrodeposition of o-phenylenediamine with glucose oxidase afforded glucose detection at these edge-plane microsensors with a six fold improvement in sensitivity (1.2 mA mM(-1) cm(-2)) over previous reports. In addition, these sensors exhibit low operation potential (0.3 V), high selectivity (more than 95%) against in vivo interferences, and an apparent Michealis-Menten constant (K(m)(app)) of 17 and 75 mM of glucose in the absence and presence of an outer polyurethane coating, respectively. These features render the edge-plane sensor architecture as a powerful platform for next-generation implantable biosensors.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth techniques for graded-composition InGaAlAs/InP alloys

Molecular beam epitaxy techniques used to grow uniform and graded-composition InGaAlAs alloys spanning the entire range from In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As to In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As are reported. The compositional grading was achieved by flux modulation through effusion cell temperature control, under the supervision of a personal computer. It was found from double-crystal X-ray diffraction studies that maintaining the lattice-matching condition through a graded region is not significantly more difficult than achieving the initial lattice-matching conditions for the two ternary constituents of the graded quaternary alloy. The graded-layer growth procedure was extended to take into account thermal transients in the effusion cells and applied to the removal of shutter transients. >
Role of motor unit structure in defining function.

Motor units, defined as a motoneuron and all of its associated muscle fibers, are the basic functional units of skeletal muscle. Their activity represents the final output of the central nervous system, and their role in motor control has been widely studied. However, there has been relatively little work focused on the mechanical significance of recruiting variable numbers of motor units during different motor tasks. This review focuses on factors ranging from molecular to macroanatomical components that influence the mechanical output of a motor unit in the context of the whole muscle. These factors range from the mechanical properties of different muscle fiber types to the unique morphology of the muscle fibers constituting a motor unit of a given type and to the arrangement of those motor unit fibers in three dimensions within the muscle. We suggest that as a result of the integration of multiple levels of structural and physiological levels of organization, unique mechanical properties of motor units are likely to emerge.
Anion Transport in Liposomes Responds to Variations in the Anchor Chains and the Fourth Amino Acid of Heptapeptide Ion Channels.

Seven heptapeptide derivatives have been prepared. The peptide structure is (Gly)3Xxx(Gly)3 in which Xxx stands for a variable amino acid. The amino acid variations include azetidine carboxylic acid, pipecolic acid, meta-aminobenzoic acid, proline, and leucine. All seven compounds have a C-terminal benzyl group. In all cases, the heptapeptide’s N-terminus was linked to diglycolic acid and a dialkylamine. In five cases, the N-terminal group was didecylamine and in two cases, N-ethyl-N-decyl. Chloride and carboxyfluorescein release from phospholipid vesicles was studied with the result that C10H21N(C2H5)COCH2OCH2CO–NH–(Gly)3Leu(Gly)3–OCH2Ph was the most active. Hill analysis showed that this compound involves pore formation by four monomer units rather than two, as previously found for other members of this family.
A comparison of spectrum management by government vs market

The radio spectrum is a scarce resource, and society's concerns in managing it are, in principle, no different than in managing other scarce resources. These basic concerns are (1) rationing, (2) conservation and (3) control of external effects, such as interference. There are two decision-making institutions which society can use in managing the spectrum: government and market. Spectrum management by government, the present approach, delegates decision-making to a small group of appointed officials and addresses the three basic issues through regulation and administrative processes, such as block allocation, technical standards and comparative hearings. Spectrum management by market would delegate decision making to a large number of individual rights holders; price would become the principal rationing force and would create incentives for voluntary conservation; and interference would be controlled by enforcement of property rights. The necessary and sufficient condition for the establishment of a market in spectrum is a system of transferable property rights. A simple system of property rights could be instituted by allowing for the free transfer of spectrum assignments as defined under existing licenses. A more flexible and efficient property right could be created by transforming existing frequency assignments, which are defined by restrictions on system inputs, to a set of output rights which stipulate permissible levels of radiation across frequency and geographical boundaries. Other steps which could be taken to improve the functioning of a spectrum market include reducing or eliminating block allocation distinction between services and permitting re-negotiation of rights packages among assignees.
THE FLUX OF BLACK CARBON TO SURFACE SEDIMENTS ON THE NEW ENGLAND CONTINENTAL SHELF

Abstract Concentrations and 210 Pb-derived fluxes of Black Carbon (BC) were deduced in recent ocean margin sediments off northeastern USA to investigate the role of this carbon form in the biogeochemical cycle of this element. BC concentrations in contemporary open shelf sediments ranged between 0.11 and 1.7 mg/gdw. Temporal trends of BC in cores, as well as the pattern of chemical markers of combustion sources, were consistent with anthropogenic fossil fuel combustion dominating the BC input to these sediments in recent times. BC fluxes of 1–2 g m −2 yr −1 suggest that the northeastern USA shelf sink is of the same magnitude as estimates of the BC production from fossil fuel and biomass burning in the upwind NE USA source region. Identification of about 10% of total organic carbon as BC has implications for sedimentary carbon preservation, as well as several other aspects of the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon.
Empirically determined infrared absorption coefficients of H2O from 300 to 3000°K

Abstract A set of absorption coefficients for water vapor as functions of temperature has been empirically deduced from existing quantitative absorption and emission spectra between 1 and 22 micro. The basic assumption was made that, for optically thick gases, the curve of growth is given by a statistical model. The absorption coefficients were obtained for each vibration-rotation band by adjusting the band averaged line half widths and line spacing such that the integral of the absorption coefficients was equal to the known integrated intensity of the particular band at a given temperature. The effect of foreign gas broadening and non-resonant water molecule broadening was included. The present results are compared with independent theoretical and experimental results and the agreement is satisfactory.
NEGATIVE SURFACE ENERGY CHANGE ASSOCIATED WITH STEP FORMATION CAUSED BY MISFIT DISLOCATION NUCLEATION IN SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES

Abstract We have calculated the surface energy change due to step formation caused by misfit dislocation nucleation in thin-film semiconductor heterostructures. It is found that the surface energy change is negative for compressive misfit stress in the heteroepitaxial film, while it is positive for tensile misfit stress. This conclusion is in contrast to the classical model where the step formation energy is always positive and independent of the sign of the misfit. The calculated energy change is qualitatively explained by counting the number of dangling bonds on the surface. Using atomistic simulations, we have calculated the critical thickness of dislocation nucleation taking into account the surface energy change, and found that it varied from 4 nm for Ge films on Si(001) substrates to 6 nm for Si films on Ge(001) substrates having the same misfit.
The intrapersonal role conflicts of adult women undergraduate students

(1991). Intrapersonal Role Conflicts of Adult Women Undergraduate Students. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 13-19.
The micro-foundations of the early London capital market: Bank of England shareholders during and after the South Sea Bubble, 1720¿25

SUMMARY Using two sources, Bank of England Transfer Books and Stock Ledgers, this article explores the nature of the ‘customer base’ for Bank shares during and after the South Sea Bubble. This examination uncovers the nature of individual participation in this early capital market. The Transfer Ledgers record roughly 7,000 transfers during 1720, while the Ledger Books from 1720‐25 record over 8,000 individuals holding stock. The analysis finds the customer base had breadth and depth, comprising individuals from across the social spectrum, from all over England and Europe. The market was diverse and liquid. Activity during the Bubble came from those living in and around London, with most traders participating in the market only twice at most. While the majority of participants were men, there was a sizeable female presence. Men as a group lost money from their market activity, but women made money. In the five years after the Bubble, the customer base was sustained. The analysis argues that the secondary market in financial assets cannot be dismissed as mere gambling devices, and that the basis for a mutually productive interaction between the financial sector and the real sector of the economy was already in existence and was sustained through the shock of the South Sea Bubble and its collapse.
Capsaicin and evodiamine ingestion does not augment energy expenditure and fat oxidation at rest or after moderately-intense exercise

Capsaicin and evodiamine are 2 thermogenic agents recognized for their ability to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. We hypothesized that both capsaicin and evodiamine would be effective at increasing thermogenesis and lipid oxidation during rest and exercise. In a randomized, cross-over design, 11 men ingested 500 mg of cayenne pepper (1.25 mg capsaicin), 500 mg evodiamine, or placebo at rest following 30 minutes of energy expenditure assessment using open-circuit spirometry. Energy expenditure was assessed again prior to commencing approximately 30 minutes of treadmill exercise at 65% peak oxygen consumption. Energy expenditure was assessed for another 30 minutes of the post-exercise period. Heart rate, blood pressure, core temperature, and venous blood samples were obtained 30 minutes before supplement ingestion, 1 hour after supplement ingestion, immediately post-exercise, and 45 minutes post-exercise. Serum markers of lipid oxidation (glycerol, free fatty acids, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) were determined spectrophotometrically with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were performed for each dependent variable (P ≤ .05) with Supplement and Test as main effects. Statistical analyses revealed significant main effects for Test for hemodynamics, energy expenditure, serum catecholamines, and markers of fat oxidation immediately post-exercise (P .05). These results suggest that acute ingestion of 500 mg of cayenne (1.25 mg capsaicin) or evodiamine is not effective at inducing thermogenesis and increasing fat oxidation at rest or during exercise in men.
Familial recurrence of terminal transverse defects of the arm

Three families in which relatives were concordant for upper limb terminal transverse defects are described. These families and previously reported ones with similar recurrence of terminal transverse defects are reviewed and analyzed. It is suggested that, at least in part, the patterns of relatedness for these recurrences more likely are the result of a genetic contribution to the development of this birth defect, rather than such recurrences being solely due to chance.
Synthesis of hydrogen‐terminated aliphatic bis(ethynyl ketone)s and aliphatic poly(enamine‐ketone)s and poly(enonesulfide)s

Hydrogen-terminated aliphatic bis(ethynyl ketone)s (H-ABEKs): 1,9-decadiyne-3,8-dione (3a) and 1,13-tetradecadiyne-3,12-dione (3b) were prepared by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl) acetylene (BTMSA) with adipoyl chloride and sebacoyl chloride, followed by desilylation with an aqueous buffer solution. Aliphatic poly(enamine-ketone)s (APEKs) and aliphatic poly(enonesulfide)s (APESs) were prepared in nearly quantitative yield by the nucleophilic addition polymerization of 3a,b with various diamines and dithiols in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and m-cresol at room temperature during 14-22 h. Aromatic diamines and dithiols gave polymers that were soluble only in m-cresol. Primary diamines gave exclusively APEKs with the cis (Z) configuration. Dithiols gave APESs which contained more cis (Z) than trans (E) configurations. The inherent viscosities (ηinh) of the APEKs ranged from 0.05 to 0.73 dL/g. The APESs gave ηinh ranging from 0.36 to 2.21 dL/g.
Theory of nonhomogeneous superconductors

A variational principle is developed for calculating the properties of nonhomogeneous superconducting systems at finite temperatures. The quantity varied is the energy-gap function as it occurs in the Gor'kov equations, and the correct Green's function is obtained by minimization of the thermodynamic potential. The calculation may be simplified by expanding the potential in powers of the energy-gap function or by a technique of analytic continuation. The former is easier but can be used only near the transition temperature, while the latter is valid at all temperatures. The variational procedure is used to calculate the transition temperatures of superposed-film systems, using a one-parameter model to describe the intermetallic potential barrier. The results agree well with the experimental data and indicate that barrier effects are important. The theory is valid for all mean free paths and is in accord with the phenomenological analysis of Hilsch and Hilsch.
The effect of reaction products on the fracture resistance of a metal/ceramic interface

Abstract Solid state diffusion bonds between a Ta(Ti) alloy and Al 2 O 3 have been used to study the effect of reaction products on the fracture resistance of a metal/ceramic interface. The reaction layer consists of brittle intermetallics, consistent with the TiTaAl ternary phase diagram. The interface fracture energy Γ i was found to be dominated by periodic tunnel cracking of the reaction products, and was relatively insensitive to layer thickness, because of the self-similar nature of the periodic cracking. The contribution to Γ i from plastic dissipation within the alloy was minimal because the intervening reaction layer inhibited yielding. A sequence of cracking observations was used to bound the unknown values of the fracture energy of the reaction products, the residual stress within the layer and the fracture energy of the reaction product/sapphire interface.
Bridging the gap between joint and individual decisions: Deconstructing preferences in relationships

Most choice research has studied how people make decisions within a narrowly defined choice context and has not paid sufficient attention to the role of social context. We commend Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman for directing the attention of choice researchers to the study of joint decision making and current theories on relationships. Building on SGR, we propose that a relationship partner's influence varies with the type of decision at hand and with situational factors. We propose four possible types of decision episodes, defined by whether the decision stage and the consumption stage each occur singly or jointly, and explore how the decision type impacts the extent to which a decision maker will take a partner's preferences into account. We further discuss how situational factors, such as the environment in which the decision is made, as well as the mindset and cognitive resources of the decision maker, are likely to influence decision outcomes.
TDP-43 pathology, cognitive decline, and dementia in old age.

Importance Cognitive decline is a leading cause of disability and death in old age but its neurobiological bases are not well understood. Objective To test the hypothesis that transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is related to late-life cognitive decline. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study involving more than 40 Catholic groups across the United States. A total of 130 older Catholic nuns, priests, and monks underwent annual clinical evaluations, including detailed cognitive testing, for a mean of 10.1 years prior to death. On neuropathologic examination, we collected semiquantitative measures of TDP-43 pathology, density of neuronal neurofibrillary tangles, area occupied by amyloid-beta plaques, and the presence of alpha-synuclein Lewy bodies from multiple brain regions. Gross and microscopic cerebral infarcts and hippocampal sclerosis were also identified. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual rate of change in a previously established composite measure of global cognition during a mean of 10.1 years of annual observation before death. Results Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology, ranging from sparse to severe, was identified in 46% of participants and was associated with amyloid plaques, tangles, and hippocampal sclerosis but not neocortical Lewy bodies or cerebral infarcts. After controlling for amyloid plaques, tangles, and hippocampal sclerosis, TDP-43 pathology was associated with more rapid cognitive decline and accounted for nearly as much of the variability in rates of global cognitive decline as did tangles. Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology had a distinct cognitive profile that differed from other neuropathologic processes (related to decline in episodic and working memory but not in other cognitive domains), and it was elevated in those who developed dementia but not in those with mild cognitive impairment. Conclusion and Relevance The results suggest that TDP-43 is an important brain pathology underlying cognitive decline and dementia in old age.
CLC-2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as potential modifiers of cystic fibrosis disease severity.

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease manifest by impaired chloride secretion leads to eventual respiratory failure. Candidate genes that may modify CF lung disease severity include alternative chloride channels. The objectives of this study are to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the airway epithelial chloride channel, CLC-2, and correlate these polymorphisms with CF lung disease.
Male sterility in Arabidopsis induced by overexpression of a MYC5-SRDX chimeric repressor

Summary Jasmonate hormone (JA) plays critical roles in both plant defense and reproductive development. Arabidopsis thaliana plants deficient in JA-biosynthesis or -signaling are male-sterile, with defects in stamen and pollen development. MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 are JAZ-interacting bHLH transcription factors that play a major role in controlling JA responses in vegetative tissue, but are not likely to play a role in reproductive tissue. We found that a closely related transcription factor, MYC5 (bHLH28), was able to induce JAZ promoters that control some of the early JA-responsive genes in a Daucus carota (carrot) protoplast expression system. A G-box sequence in the JAZ2 promoter was necessary and sufficient for induction by MYC5 (as it is for MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4), and induction of JAZ genes was repressed by co-expression of a stabilized, JAZ1ΔJas repressor. Two allelic myc5 mutants exhibited no overt phenotype; however, transgenic lines expressing MYC5 fused to an SRDX (SUPERMAN repressive domain X) motif phenocopied mutants defective in JA signaling. In particular, MYC5-SRDX plants were male-sterile, with defects in stamen filament elongation, anther dehiscence and pollen viability. Importantly, expression of MYB21 and other transcription factors required for stamen and pollen maturation was strongly reduced in stamens of MYC5-SRDX plants relative to the wild type. Taken together, these results indicate that MYC5, probably together with other, redundant transcription factors, may be activated by JA signaling to induce the expression of MYB21 and components required for male fertility.
Analysis of repeated low-dose challenge studies.

Preclinical evaluation of candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines entails challenge studies whereby non-human primates such as macaques are vaccinated with either an active or control vaccine and then challenged (exposed) with a simian-version of HIV. Repeated low-dose challenge (RLC) studies in which each macaque is challenged multiple times (either until infection or some maximum number of challenges is reached) are becoming more common in an effort to mimic natural exposure to HIV in humans. Statistical methods typically employed for the testing for a vaccine effect in RLC studies include a modified version of Fisher’s exact test as well as large sample approaches such as the usual log-rank test. Unfortunately, these methods are not guaranteed to provide a valid test for the effect of vaccination. On the other hand, valid tests for vaccine effect, such as the exact log-rank test, may not be easy to implement using software available to many researchers. This paper details which statistical approaches are appropriate for the analysis of RLC studies, and how to implement these methods easily in SAS or R.
Intracellular interaction of myosin light chain kinase with macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) in endothelium.

The endothelial cell Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent myosin light chain kinase isoform (EC MLCK) is a multifunctional contractile effector involved in vascular barrier regulation, leukocyte diapedesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The EC MLCK isoform and its splice variants contain a unique N-terminal sequence not present in the smooth muscle MLCK isoform (SM MLCK), which allows novel upregulation of MLCK activation by signaling cascades including p60src. The yeast two-hybrid assay system using the entire EC MLCK1 N-terminus (922 aa) as bait, identified additional stable MLCK binding partners including the 12 KDa macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). This finding was confirmed by cross immunoprecipitation assays under non-denaturing conditions and by GST pull down experiments using GST-N-terminal MLCK (#1–923) and MLCK N-terminal deletion mutants in TNFα- and thrombin-stimulated endothelium. This EC MLCK–MIF interaction was shown biochemically and by immunofluorescent microscopy to be enhanced in TNFα- and thrombin-stimulated endothelium, both of which induce increased MLCK activity. Thrombin induced the colocalization of an epitope-tagged, full-length MIF fusion protein with phosphorylated MLC along peripheral actin stress fibers. Together these studies suggest that the novel interaction between MIF and MLCK may have important implications for the regulation of both non-muscle cytoskeletal dynamics as well as pathobiologic vascular events that involve MLCK. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of subthalamic lesions on active avoidance performance

Thirty albino rats were tested on acquisition and retention of a two-way active avoidance task with a brief (2.5-sec) warning signal duration. Animals were assigned to three groups: (1) subthalamic lesions, (2) sham-operated controls, and (3) unoperated controls that received subthalamic lesions after acquisition but before retention testing. Subthalamic lesions impaired both acquisition and retention performance.
Constructing multi-point discrete event integration schemes

The systematic study of discrete event numerical integration schemes can be greatly aided by an understanding of their general form. This paper describes the structure of DEVS models that can be used to construct multi-point discrete event integration methods. The structure is shown to be sufficient for describing two known methods. The utility of the structure is illustrated by the construction of a new, second order accurate, multi-point discrete event integrator.
Beyond Socioeconomics: Explaining Ethnic Group Differences in Parenting through Cultural and Immigration Processes.

This study examined both socioeconomic and cultural factors in explaining ethnic differences in monitoring, behavioral control, and warmth—part of a series of coordinated studies presented in this special issue. Socioeconomic variables included mother's and father's educational levels, employment status, home ownership, number of siblings in the household, and single parent status. Cultural factors included nationality or ethnicity, immigrant status of child, mother's/father's age of arrival in the United States, mother's/father's English language use with the child, child's native fluency, and cultural values for independence and interdependence. The sample consisted of 591 European American, 123 African American, 1,614 Asian American, and 597 Latino students in the ninth grade. All the ethnic minority groups were higher than European Americans on behavioral control, and Latinos were also higher than European Americans on monitoring. However, European Americans were higher on parental warmth than Asian A...
Divergent Effects of BAFF on Human Memory B Cell Differentiation into Ig-Secreting Cells

B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) plays a critical role in B cell maturation, yet its precise role in B cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells (ISCs) remains unclear. In this study, we find that upon isolation human naive and memory B (MB) cells have prebound BAFF on their surface, whereas germinal center (GC) B cells lack detectable levels of prebound BAFF. We attribute their lack of prebound BAFF to cell activation, because we demonstrate that stimulation of naive and MB cells results in the loss of prebound BAFF. Furthermore, the absence of prebound BAFF on GC B cells is not related to a lack of BAFF-binding receptors or an inability to bind exogenous BAFF. Instead, our data suggest that accessibility to soluble BAFF is limited within GCs, perhaps to prevent skewing of the conventional B cell differentiation program. In support of this concept, whereas BAFF significantly enhances ISC differentiation in response to T cell-dependent activation, we report for the first time the ability of BAFF to considerably attenuate ISC differentiation of MB cells in response to CpG stimulation, a form of T cell-independent activation. Our data suggest that BAFF may be providing regulatory signals during specific T cell-independent events, which protect the balance between MB cells and ISCs outside GCs. Taken together, these data define a complex role for BAFF in humoral immune responses and show for the first time that BAFF can also play an inhibitory role in B cell differentiation.
University-Based Business Plan Competitions: Does Institutional Environment Affect Participation and Outcomes?

The number of university-sponsored business plan competitions (BPC) has increased rapidly over the last decade. Yet there is sparse evidence of BPCs’ usefulness in sorting and elevating innovative business models that drive economic development. This study compares results of competitions hosted in four types of university environments: those with nationally top-ranked programs in entrepreneurship, engineering, first-tier and second-tier business programs, and unranked business schools. Findings show marked differences among the winners emerging from the four types of host institutions. The study has implications for universities considering a single-institution-based BPC. It may stimulate discussion among program administrators who address the mix of competitors, the way competitors are attracted, and inform how to enhance the quality of entrants into appropriate BPCs. It may inform students who plan entrepreneurial careers and seek an optimal launchpad.
Self-diffusion of Na in NaCl

Abstract Measurements have been made of the diffusion of Na in pure NaCl from 590° to 690°C by the sectioning method. The results are fit by D 0 exp ( −W kT ) with D 0 = 3.2 ± 1.1 cm 2 sec and W = 1.78 ± 0.03 eV. Comparison to the ionic conductivity shows an excess diffusion of 10–20 per cent, which is tentatively attributed to vacancy pairs. This conclusion is consistent with the more quantitative results obtained in the preceding paper.
What is the optimal threshold for cerebral perfusion pressure following traumatic brain injury

Intensive care of the patient with traumatic brain injury centers on control of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The optimal CPP by definition delivers an adequate supply of blood and oxygen to meet the metabolic demands of brain tissue. A great deal of controversy exists regarding the optimal CPP value, with disparate studies providing conflicting evidence for the use of supraphysiological CPP values. No study that accurately assesses the efficacy of normal CPP compared with elevated CPP has been performed, but several studies demonstrate that a CPP threshold exists on an individual basis for patients with TBI. The use of brain monitors of cerebral metabolism and oxygen supply may assist the clinician in the selection of the optimal CPP for an individual patient.
Cell Volume Regulation in the Lens

Rat lenses incubated in media with different osmolarities change in volume as water shifts across cell membranes to achieve osmotic balance. This process, however, is accompanied by another which tends to counteract the volume change. This effect can not be explained by changes in the leak or pump of the usual pump-leak model. Instead it appears to relate to permeability changes to sodium and potassium that are volume dependent. This volume regulating mechanism is well established for other types of cells and this work suggests that it is also active in the lens.
Prolactin Content in the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary in Sexually Mature Coturnix

Abstract Prolactin has been reported to induce broodiness in pigeons and doves (Riddle et al., 1931, 1933) and in chickens (Riddle et al., 1935; Nalbandov, 1945; Yamashina, 1951). Also, initiation and cessation of broodiness in chickens is considered closely related to the level of prolactin in the anterior lobe of the pituitary (Saeki and Tanabe, 1955; Nakajo and Tanaka, 1956). An anti-gonadal action of prolactin on pigeons was reported by Bates et al. (1937) and on chickens by Bates et al. (1935), Breneman (1942) and Nalbandov (1945). Bailey (1950) reported prolactin prevented photoperiodic response of gonads in white-crowned sparrow. However, Farner (1960) was not able to confirm this result. Physiological function of prolactin has not been demonstrated in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), which commonly are used in studies on the physiology of reproduction in poultry, and in other areas of research. This paper compares prolactin content in the anterior lobe…
Something That Test Scores Do Not Show: Engaging in Community Diversity as a Local Response to Global Education Trends

Abstract At Smith Street Elementary School, the globalizing education trends that English language learner (ELL) teachers face focus on measuring student achievement through testing and the English mainstreaming of non-dominant students as opposed to the cultivation of the students’ linguistic and cultural diversity. The ELL teachers at Smith Street Elementary School decided to establish their research agenda by designing a project aimed at fostering ELL student success through reaching out to families to learn from them.
Management of anxiety disorders: The added challenge of comorbidity

Patients with anxiety present with a wide variety of disorders that cause significant impairment to their everyday lives. To complicate matters, patients seldom present with just one anxiety disorder. Such comorbidity, particularly where depression is also present, has important implications for both the patient and the physician. The patient typically suffers from a greater degree of everyday impairment, is more reliant on healthcare services, in particular mental health services, and may be at a greater risk of attempting suicide. For the physician, comorbidity in anxiety disorders presents a challenge as the patient's symptoms are often more severe, present earlier in life, and are frequently prolonged which makes their management more complex. This review will focus on the anxiety disorders: panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The impact of co-existing multiple anxiety disorders, depression, or a history of substance abuse will be discussed with a view to choosing the appropriate management strategy. Treatment options will be reviewed.
Rules and politics in international integration: Environmental regulation in NAFTA and the EU

Deepening global and regional integration has brought in its wake various public policies and public policy proposals. The comparative study of those public policies can shed light on variations amongst them as well as alert us to any common dynamics. Here we offer a systematic comparison of the environmental policies associated with North American and European integration by examining their procedural and substantive rules within their respective political contexts. Not surprisingly, we find that the two regions exhibit obvious differences in their procedural and substantive rules; they also, however, exhibit an important convergence towards market‐based environmental policies and ‘weak ecological modernisation’. This convergence, we suggest, is bound to influence future international environmental policies, given the preponderant role of the two regions in the world political economy.
Controlled covalent modification of epitaxial single layer graphene on 6H-SiC (0001) with aryliodonium salts using electrochemical methods

Controlled covalent modification of graphene via electrochemically assisted grafting of molecules is expected to be a robust method for tuning the doping levels and work function and therefore enabling the deployment of graphene in photovoltaic and battery applications. By using aryliodonium salts, in particular, bis(4-nitrophenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate, the grafting density can be adjusted from 4 × 1013 to 3 × 1014 molecules per cm2. New insights on the grafting mechanism and the reactivity of the graphene are reported here. Clean basal planes were found to have increased reactivity compared to atomic-level point defects (single vacancies). High resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) shows that some of the grafts present three-fold symmetry, which may indicate that the grafts are pairs of molecules. The point of attachment of the second molecule is under investigation using computational work which includes simulations of the STM images. Elongated as well as extended grafts (larger than 4 nm) are also observed.
Early Mobilization in the Intensive Care Unit: Evidence and Implementation

As mortality from critical illness continues to decrease, focus has shifted to long-term outcomes of ICU survivors. Neuromuscular weakness is a common sequela of critical illness. This weakness prolongs duration of mechanical ventilation, increases ICU and hospital length of stay, increases mortality, and can persist for years after hospital discharge. The differential diagnosis of weakness in the ICU is long, and includes critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM). Immobilization and bed rest likely contribute to the development of CIP/CIM. Thus, early mobilization therapy has been suggested as an intervention to prevent or ameliorate ICU-acquired weakness. Early mobilization is safe, feasible, and associated with improved ICU outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests patients receiving early mobilization are more likely to be discharged home, making early mobilization therapy a potential mechanism to contain health care costs. Successful implementation of an early mobilization ...
Uniform Distributions on the Natural Numbers

We compare the following three notions of uniformity for a finitely additive probability measure on the set of natural numbers: that it extend limiting relative frequency, that it be shift-invariant, and that it map every residue class mod m to 1/m. We find that these three types of uniformity can be naturally ordered. In particular, we prove that the set L of extensions of limiting relative frequency is a proper subset of the set S of shift-invariant measures and that S is a proper subset of the set R of measures which map residue classes uniformly. Moreover, we show that there are subsets G of ℕ for which the range of possible values μ(G) for μ∈L is properly contained in the set of values obtained when μ ranges over S, and that there are subsets G which distinguish S and R analogously.
The complex adaptive lattice structure

The recursion equations are derived for the adaptive lattice structure in order to process complex data. An example is given to illustrate the convergence capability.
Quality of Main‐moins Prepared from Whole or Dehulled Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Cultivars

Mom-moins, steamed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) products, made from Texas Cream and Chinese Red peas were evaluated and compared to those from California Blackeye peas (control). Sensory evaluation by 11 West African panelists showed that good quality moin-moins could be prepared from the investigated cowpea cultivars if dehulled. Only Texas Cream pea cultivar produced good quality moin-moin from the whole peas, thus making the strenuous dehulling process unnecessary. Moin-moins made from Texas Cream peas also had higher protein and ash contents. Agtron values were positively correlated (p < 0.01) to the sensory color scores.
Organic Synthesis Using Transition Metal Complexes Containing π-Bonded Ligands

A selective overview of reactions of transition metal π-complexes pertaining to organic synthesis applications is provided. While reactions involving nucleophilic addition to pi-coordinated ligands are emphasized, alkene insertion/elimination reactions and allyl coupling reactions are also discussed. Keywords: Heck reaction; π-complexes; organic synthesis applications; nucleophilic addition