cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ignition of gases by electrically heated wires

Abstract Experimental studies have been conducted on the ignition of gases with constant temperature wire ignition sources. The wire is heated to the desired temperature in a period of microseconds by means of a condenser discharge. Thereafter, its temperature is maintained constant by a unique feedback control circuit, incorporating a photomultiplier tube that monitors radiation from the centre of the wire. With this apparatus experimental studies of ignition temperature and ignition delay have been made on stoichiometric methane-air and hydrogen-air mixtures. With the methane-air mixture, on exothermic reaction occurs during the pre-ignition period. This pre-ignition reaction occurs at a velocity and for a period of time that depend upon the temperature of the wire. Near the end of this pre-ignition period, the reaction accelerates to a more rapidly propagating flame front. In the hydrogen-air mixture, on the other hand, no measurable reaction occurs during the pre-ignition period. The behaviour of the hydrogen-air ignition conforms to the theory of Semenov on the ignition of gases by small ignition sources. The methane-air ignition properties do not conform to the theory, possibly because the ignition temperature is sufficiently high in the presence of small sources for the corresponding high reaction rate to reduce significantly the concentration of reactants near the source. Some effects of wire size, wire composition and gas pressure on the ignition delay have been investigated for the hydrogen-air mixture. For a given wire temperature, the ignition delay increases when either the diameter of the wire or the gas pressure is reduced. The magnitude of this reduction in ignition delay agrees, at least to a first approximation, with theoretical considerations of the effect of wire size and gas pressure on ignition delay.
Principles of limb salvage surgery of the upper extremity.

The goals of limb salvage in the upper extremity are to achieve resection of the tumor and preserve hand function without local recurrence. Historically, amputation was the treatment of choice for a neoplasm of the hand, wrist, and forearm. More recently, limb-sparing procedures have become feasible largely because of advances in diagnostic imaging, reconstructive microsurgery, and adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The purpose in this article is to review fundamental principles pertaining to the salvage decision and execution of soft tissue and bony reconstruction. It is not unusual for the reconstructive hand surgeon to work in conjunction with the orthopaedic tumor surgeon, so the authors do not cover in detail the principles of resection and amputation.
Altered chaperone-like activity of α-crystallins promotes cataractogenesis

Despite the enormous number of studies demonstrating changes in the chaperone-like activity of α-crystallins in vitro, little is known about how these changes influence life-long lens transparency in vivo. Using the γB-crystallin I4F mutant protein as a target for αA-crystallins, we examined how cataract phenotypes are modulated by interactions between α-crystallins with altered chaperone-like activities and γB-I4F proteins in vivo. Double heterozygous α-crystallin knock-out αA(+/−) αB(+/−) mice with a decreased amount of α-crystallins were used to simulate reduced total α-crystallin chaperone-like activity in vivo. We found that triple heterozygous αA(+/−) αB(+/−) γB(I4F/+) mice developed more severe whole cataracts than heterozygous γB(I4F/+) mice. Thus, total chaperone-like activity of α-crystallins is important for maintaining lens transparency. We further tested whether mutant αA-crystallin Y118D proteins with increased chaperone-like activity influenced the whole cataract caused by the γB-I4F mutation. Unexpectedly, compound αA(Y118D/+) γB(I4F/+) mutant lenses displayed severe nuclear cataracts, whereas the lens cortex remained unaffected. Thus, the synergistic effect of αA-Y118D and γB-I4F mutant proteins is detrimental to the transparency only in the lens core. α-Crystallins with different chaperone-like activities are likely required in the lens cortex and nucleus for maintaining transparency.
Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer in Internal Viscous Flows by Inserting Motionless Mixers

In chemical processing industries, heating, cooling and other thermal processing of viscous fluids are an integral part of the unit operations. Enhancement of the natural and forced convection heat transfer rates has been the subject of numerous academic and industrial studies. Motionless mixers, also known as static mixers, are often used in continuous mixing, heat transfer, and chemical reactions applications. These mixers have low maintenance and operating costs, low space requirements, and have no moving parts. Heat exchangers equipped with mixing elements are especially well suited for heating or cooling highly viscous fluids. Shell and tube heat exchangers incorporate static mixing elements in the tubes to produce a heat transfer rate significantly higher than that of conventional heat exchangers. The mixing elements continuously create a new interface between the working fluid and tube wall, thereby producing a uniform heat history in the fluid. It is desired to employ motionless mixers in heat transfer applications to provide a high rate of heat transfer from a thermally homogenous fluid with low pressure drop. In the past, laboratory experimentation has been a fundamental part of the design process of a new static mixer for a given application as well as the selection of an existing static mixer. It is possible to use powerful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools to study the performance of these mixers without resorting to experimentation. In this paper, which is an extension to the previous work of the authors, the enhancement of performance of shell and tube heat exchangers by inserting motionless mixers (SMX and helical) is studied for creeping, laminar, and low-Re turbulent flows. It is shown that the studied mixers produced similar flow histories for the working fluid considered. Both SMX and helical mixers are able to increase thermal performance of heat exchangers. The SMX mixer manifests a higher performance in temperature blending and in heat transfer enhancement compared to the helical mixer. However, the pressure drop created by SMX elements, and consequently the required energy to maintain the flow in tube, is significantly higher.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A structural view of microtubule dynamics

The essential microtubule property of dynamic instability is based on the binding, hydrolysis and exchange of GTP in each tubulin dimer. The recent high-resolution structures of tubulin and the microtubule have given us the first view at atomic level of properties such as nucleotide exchangeability, the linkage between polymerization and nucleotide hydrolysis, and the origin of microtubule destabilization, as well as the mode of action of antimitotic agents such as taxol.
Essential speaking and listening skills for elementary school students 1

This article explicates the major speaking and listening skills recommended by a Speech Communication Association Task Force for elementary school children. Information on the specific skills, their assessment, and ways of teaching them are described.
Inhibition of endocytic transport by aluminum fluoride implicates GTPases as regulators of endocytosis

SummaryIt is now well established that GTP-binding proteins are important regulators of vesicular transport. Recent work has shown that multiple GTPases (both monomeric and heterotrimeric) are required for trafficking. In the present study we have used aluminum fluoride (AIF), a reagent that activates trimeric G proteins, as a tool to study the involvement of this family of GTPases in the regulation of endocytosis in intact cells. Our results indicate that AIF Inhibits fusion of early endosomes with an intracellular proteolytic compartment. Using the mixing of sequentially internalized ligands as a measure of endocytosis, we found that AIF inhibited endocytic transport as assessed by both biochemical and morphological methods. Taken together these results suggest that AIF affects membrane fusion, a common step in vesicular transport. To further examine the effects of AIF we tested this compound in a cell-free assay that reconstitutes fusion among endosomes. AIF affected endosomal fusion in a different way...
A review of thermal rectification observations and models in solid materials

Thermal rectification is a phenomenon in which thermal transport along a specific axis is dependent upon the sign of the temperature gradient or heat current. This phenomenon offers improved thermal management of electronics as size scales continue to decrease and new technologies emerge by having directions of preferred thermal transport. For most applications where thermally rectifying materials could be of use they would need to exhibit one direction with high thermal conductivity to allow for efficient transport of heat from heat generating components to a sink and one direction with low conductivity to insulate the temperature and heat flux sensitive components. In the process of understanding and developing these materials multiple mechanisms have been found which produce thermally rectifying behavior and much work has been and is being done to improve our understanding of the mechanisms and how these mechanisms can be used with our improved ability to fabricate at the nanoscale to produce efficient materials which have high levels of thermal rectification.
Abstract 2773: Junction plakoglobin gene polymorphisms in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Junction plakoglobin (JUP) is a member of the catenin family that forms complexes with cadherins and these molecules play a role in cell adhesion and motility. Prior studies have demonstrated genetic alterations of the JUP gene to be a risk for diseases. In prostate, expression of JUP has been shown to be down-regulated in the carcinogenesis process and mutations of this gene may play a role in this process. In this study, we hypothesize that polymorphic variants of the JUP gene can be a risk factor for prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis, the genetic distributions of five JUP polymorphisms were analyzed in 131 normal healthy subjects, 132 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 177 sporadic prostate cancer samples by sequence-specific PCR and sequencing. The polymorphic sites evaluated were codon 697 (Met to Leu, rs1126821) along with four locations in the promoter region at the following base pairs prior to the ATG start site: -3633 (C to G, rs12450138), -5971 (A to C, 11650969), -9598 (T to C, rs4479305), and -14959 (G to A, rs12937988). Results of these experiments demonstrate that the variants at the -5971 (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2773. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2773
Polarographic, coulometric, and stationary electrode studies of the electroreduction of Te(IV) in alkaline solution

Summary The polarographic and coulometric behavior of Te(IV) in alkaline solution were re-investigated. The characteristic tellurite polarographic maximum was observed in the diffusion current region of voltammetric curves obtained with dropping or stationary mercury electrodes. Subsequent investigations showed this maximum to be primarily due to the reduction of Te(0) film to Te2− at a HMDE. Cyclic voltammetry in moderately alkaline solution revealed a cathodic current maximum on the anodic scan at approximately the same potential as the cathodic maximum. This maximum results from reduction of re-adsorbed Te(0) formed by the intervening chemical reaction of Te(IV) and Te2−. Coulometric reduction of Te(IV) in moderately alkaline solution at potentials cathodic of the cathodic maximum initially yields currents which decrease in a normal fashion but soon level off to a steady-state value. This appears due to a cyclic mechanism where Te2− is oxidized to Te(0) by an acid-catalyzed mechanism at the same rate as Te(0), as polytelluride, is being reduced. Cyclic voltammetric investigations of products formed during coulometric reduction provide a unique insight into this system. These investigations demonstrate clearly the effects of the Te(IV)+Te2− reaction and polytelluride formation on the electrochemistry of Te(IV). Stripping analysis studies have illustrated the non-linear sensitivity of the cathodic maximum to the amount of Te(0) adsorbed as a film on the electrode. Visual observations of the stationary electrode during voltammetric maxima seem to support the proposed theory of Schmidt and von Stackelberg2 regarding the polarographic maximum. Potentiostatic analysis at a stationary electrode, however, reveals a pulsating current which is consistent with the postulate of Lingane and Niedrach1. Thus, the stationary electrode experiments reported here indicate that each theory is partially correct, but neither is entirely adequate. Moreover, the utility of stationary electrode techniques for elucidating electrode phenomena involving surface complications has been demonstrated.
Variable construction for predictive and causal modeling of online education data

We consider the problem of predictive and causal modeling of data collected by courseware in online education settings, focusing on graphical causal models as a formalism for such modeling. We review results from a prior study, present a new pilot study, and suggest that novel methods of constructing variables for analysis may improve our ability to infer predictors and causes of learning outcomes in online education. Finally, several general problems for causal discovery from such data are surveyed along with potential solutions.
Clinical studies on the management of periodontal diseases utilizing subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD).

Abstract Periodontitis, the most common chronic inflammatory condition known to mankind, is a disease that results in the destruction of tooth supporting tissues. Periodontitis is initiated by a bacterial biofilm on the tooth surface below the gingival margin. Until fairly recently it was assumed that the bacteria were the primary cause of tissue destruction, however, a large body of research has revealed that it is the patient's immune response that is actually responsible for the majority of the breakdown of tooth supporting tissues. Contemporary thinking suggests that successful, long term management of chronic periodontitis may combine both local mechanical and antimicrobial strategies to reduce the microbial bio-burden along with modulation of the host, patient's excessive, immuno-inflammatory response to the bacterial exposure known as host modulatory therapy (HMT). Based on extensive literature documenting the enzymatic inhibition and related anti-inflammatory properties of the tetracyclines, a new drug was developed as a host modulatory agent and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. A subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline (SDD) at 20 mg (Periostat®) has been found to be a safe and effective adjunct when taken twice daily for at least 3 months and up to 24 months in randomized placebo controlled clinical trials. Periostat® is currently the only FDA approved inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases implicated in the plaque-induced pathologic degradation of connective tissue collagen of the periodontal supporting structures. This review paper begins with a brief description of the disease process known as periodontitis followed by an extensive review of the Phase I–IV clinical trial data that established the safety and efficacy of sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for the treatment of periodontitis.
Comparison of Visible Implant Tags and Floy Anchor Tags on Hatchery Rainbow Trout

Abstract Survival, effect on growth rate, tag readability and loss, and severity of injury were compared for 140–240-mm hatchery rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss implanted with visible implant (VI) tags and Floy FD-68B fine-fabric anchor tags. Survival on six sampling dates over 120 d was always higher for fish tagged with VI tags than for fish tagged with Floy tags (e.g., 79 versus 68% at 120 d). Significantly more fish lost VI tags than Floy tags during the first 20 d of the experiment, but the difference was not significant by the end of the experiment (18 versus 11% offish remaining at 120 d). Most VI tags were lost either during the first 10 d or between 30 and 60 d, whereas Floy tags were lost gradually after 20 d. Overall, more rainbow trout with VI tags than with Floy tags were present at the end of the experiment (64 versus 59%), because the higher loss rate for VI tags was outweighed by the higher mortality of Floy-tagged fish. Rainbow trout with VI tags grew significantly faster than those wit...
Do Family Courts Administer Individualized Justice in Delinquency Cases

Family courts are in use or are being considered in more than half of U.S. states, yet little research exists on their outcomes. This study examines effects of a policy change in one state, which created a pilot family court system. The policy change to family court mandates a more individualized client focus for these courts. Family courts are compared to juvenile courts in the processing of delinquency cases. Results of logistic regression show that family courts may be meeting the policy goals of individualized justice by accepting fewer plea bargains and by ordering more clinical assessments for juveniles and their families. Ultimately, however, there is no difference in sentencing outcomes between these two types of court structures. Policy implications are discussed.
Long-term macrolide therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

See also commentary on page [1127][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.140572][2] Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by worsening respiratory symptoms, which are almost always accompanied by an increase in airway inflammation.[1][3]–[3][4]
Salivary enzymes and calculus formation.

The purpose of this study was to determine if enzymatic activities could be correlated with calculus formation. Subjects were grouped as to their ability or inability to form calculus after a three month “accumulation” period. Saliva samples from each subject were collected and the enzymatic activities of nonspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, pyrophosphatase, neuraminidase, protease, and lactic dehydrogenase were determined by routine analysis. Statistical evaluation of the data using the standard t test indicated that esterase activity has a high correlation to calculus formation, p < .005; pyrophosphatase activity also correlated with calculus formation, p < .02. Acid phosphatase activity correlated to a lesser degree, p < .05. No other significant correlations were found. A possible sequence for salivary calcification is presented.
A Teleological Critique of Modern Cognitivism

This paper summarizes a teleological critique of modern cognitivism in terms of four points that address the suitability of such mechanistic accounts to explain human cognition: (1) Final-cause for...
A Sensing Noise Compensation Bit Line Sense Amplifier for Low Voltage Applications

A new bit-line sense amplifier for improving performance in the presence of data-pattern-dependent sensing noise is analyzed. The proposed scheme utilizes the power drop phenomenon in the sense amplifier driving line, resulting in an 81.5% reduction in the amplitude of data-pattern-dependent sensing noise. It is very important to accurately model power drop in compensating data-pattern-dependent sensing noise. Simulation and measurement of the proposed sensing scheme show improvement of sensing noise over a conventional bit-line sense amplifier. Moreover, the type of sense amplifier driver circuit significantly affects the magnitude of the improvement. The impact of the sense amplifier driver layout is analyzed in order to better utilize the proposed scheme. Finally, an optimum data pattern noise insensitive sense amplifier and driver are proposed.
Salvage of the skin envelope in complex incomplete avulsion injury of thumb with venous arterializaiton: A case report

Treatment of an avulsion or degloving injury of the hand is a difficult but not unusual operation for plastic reconstructive or hand surgeons. The avulsion may be salvaged by arteriovenous shunting technique. We present a patient with incomplete avulsion injury of the distal phalanx of thumb. Arteriovenous shunting was created and the wound reconstructed primarily under venous arterialization. The avulsed skin envelope was survived well and functional status was improved.
Commentary on Puts' (2006) review of The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution

Lloyd’s (2005) volume, The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution, marshals the evidence concerning the occurrence of female orgasm and that relating to its possible evolutionary basis. Lloyd ultimately concludes that current data do not support any of the adaptive explanations offered for female orgasm and offers instead that female orgasm is a byproduct of strong selection for male orgasm.
A mathematical framework for incorporating anatomical knowledge in DT-MRI analysis

We propose a Bayesian approach to incorporate anatomical information in the clustering of fiber trajectories. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used to cluster the trajectories, in which an atlas serves as the prior on the labels. The atlas guides the clustering algorithm and makes the resulting bundles anatomically meaningful. In addition, it provides the seed points for the tractography and initial settings of the EM algorithm. The proposed approach provides a robust and automated tool for tract-oriented analysis both in a single subject and over a population.
Functional Behavioral Assessment in Early Education Settings

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is the process of identifying the events in the environment that consistently precede and follow challenging behavior. The use of FBA has increased significantly following the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1997, which mandated FBAs be conducted when children with disabilities demonstrate challenging behavior. The purposes of this paper are to review the research supporting FBA, describe the components of FBA, and discuss implications for early childhood special education.
The role of formalized domain-specific software frameworks

We use our experience in developing formal domain-specific software processes in an industrial setting to argue the benefits of (a) developing specialized software process models tailored to a particular class of software system, and (b) the use of formal methods and notations for extracting these models.
Green-to-Red Photoconversion of GCaMP.

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) permit imaging intracellular calcium transients. Among GECIs, the GFP-based GCaMPs are the most widely used because of their high sensitivity and rapid response to changes in intracellular calcium concentrations. Here we report that the fluorescence of GCaMPs—including GCaMP3, GCaMP5 and GCaMP6—can be converted from green to red following exposure to blue-green light (450–500 nm). This photoconversion occurs in both insect and mammalian cells and is enhanced in a low oxygen environment. The red fluorescent GCaMPs retained calcium responsiveness, albeit with reduced sensitivity. We identified several amino acid residues in GCaMP important for photoconversion and generated a GCaMP variant with increased photoconversion efficiency in cell culture. This light-induced spectral shift allows the ready labeling of specific, targeted sets of GCaMP-expressing cells for functional imaging in the red channel. Together, these findings indicate the potential for greater utility of existing GCaMP reagents, including transgenic animals.
Tensor Voting Techniques and Applications in Mobile Trace Inference

Initially appearing as an abstract object frequently used in math and physics, tensors have been attracting increasing interest in a broad range of research fields, such as engineering and data science. However, a few studies have addressed their application in wireless scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the wide applications of tensor techniques with an emphasis on the tensor voting method, which serves as an artificial intelligence approach for automatic inference and perceptual grouping. To illustrate the efficiency of the tensor voting approach, we tackle the tracking problem of inferring human mobility traces, which can provide key location information of networking objects. The trace inferring problem is considered under the circumstance that the recorded location information exhibits missing data and noise. Based on the tensor voting theory, we propose a sparse tensor voting algorithm and an implementation scheme with computational efficiency. The model is constructed based on the geometric connections between the input signals and encodes the structure information in the tensor matrix. The missing location information and noise can be distinguished via tensor decomposition. Once the trace information has been completed, further analysis of the inferred trace can be performed based on feature extraction to differentiate different objects. Moreover, we propose several feature extraction methods to characterize the inferred trace, including the scale invariant feature obtained from the fractal analysis. The proposed methods for trace completion and pattern analysis are applied to real human mobility traces. The results show that our proposed approach effectively recovers human mobility trace from the incomplete and noisy data input, and discovers meaningful patterns of inferred traces from various objects.
A spatial analogue of May’s Theorem

In a spatial model with Euclidean preferences, we establish that the geometric median satisfies Maskin monotonicity, anonymity, and neutrality. For three agents, it is the unique such rule.
How a Waterway Improvement Changed Environment

The improvement of the Tennessee River waterway was a unique undertaking. For the first time, a single Federal agency was given more freedom and autonomy than usual and was charged with the integrated development of the resources of a major river basin. Improvement of the Tennessee River for navigation was only one of several resource tools the agency was to devise and use for these purpose. Emphasized herein is the manner in which the agency completed the multiple-purpose improvement, how it assisted and encouraged waterfront communities to maximize the benefits of the improved waterway, how it sought to minimize readjustments and other problems, and how these changes have affected environment.
Open Problem: Better Bounds for Online Logistic Regression

Known algorithms applied to online logistic regression on a feasible set of L2 diameter D achieve regret bounds like O(e log T ) in one dimension, but we show a bound of O( √ D + log T ) is possible in a binary 1-dimensional problem. Thus, we pose the following question: Is it possible to achieve a regret bound for online logistic regression that is O(poly(D) log(T ))? Even if this is not possible in general, it would be interesting to have a bound that reduces to our bound in the one-dimensional case.
Note on "facilitative distortion".

Pepitone (1965) has defined "facilitative distortion" as that distortion manifested in the estimating of the attributes of others as facilitative or not with respect to the perceiver's goal achievement. He has specified that such distortion is a function of the "level of motivation (of the perceiver to reach the goal in question) and the degree to which the stimulus offers restraint against the goal" (p. 80). The phenomenon is "most strongly demonstrated under conditions of relatively severe restraint in the objective stimulus environment" (p. 80). One may infer then, from the foregoing and from the operational data, also that Pepitone assigns only the characteristic of "degree" to the restraint in question and that the term, "severe," refers to the greater (as opposed to the lesser) restraint. Certain frustration-aggression research (e.g., Cohen, 1955), however, suggests that the restraint might include another dimension, its quality. Besides being a greater or lesser restraint, judged in magnitude or extensiveness only, the restraint might also be reasonable or unreasonable. This is, of course, not to deny that there may be some aspects to this dimension of quality other than that of its "reasonableness." Further, just as the restraint's degree aspect must be placed on a continuum, so too must its quality or reasonableness. A restraint may be highly unreasonable, or somewhat unreasonable, or quite reasonable, and so forth. And, just as Pepitone suggests (p. 80), an independent effect of the restraint's degree on the pertinent motivation, an independent effect of the restraint's quality on the motivation-in-question is also a possibility. For example, what might we expect to occur to motivation to reach a goal not only when restraint to the goal-achievement activity increases, but also as it, while remaining quantitatively the same, becomes more unreasonable? Thus, in addition to the two variables identified by Pepitone as determinants of the degree of facilitative distortion, a third is proposed, as is the necessity of both further reducing at least two of the variables, and, following Pepitone, also the necessity of systematically examining, in the future, the relationship to the third variable, the relevant motivation of the perceiver.
THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS ON COMMUNITY INTEGRATION IN PERSONS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Earlier models of disability emphasized the impact of only injury-related factors impeding community integration. However, recent models incorporate the significance of physical and social environment on community integration. This study aimed to identify perceived environmental barriers that impact community integration among an ethnically diverse sample of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A total of 167 patients with medically documented TBI, consecutively admitted to the Neurosurgery Service at a Level I trauma center, participated in this study. Participants completed assessments in their homes at least 6 months post injury. Environmental barriers were assessed using the Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors – Short Form (CHIEFSF). Community integration was evaluated using the Community Integration Measure (CIM) and the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique – Short Form (CHART-SF). After accounting for injury severity, race and pre-injury productivity, MANCOVA results indicated that service/assistance barriers was significantly associated with decreased community integration. Trends were found for physical/structural and attitudinal/support barriers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that physical/structural barriers were associated with decreased independent participation, belonging, and occupation/productivity outcomes. Service/assistance barriers were associated with both decreased independent participation and mobility. Attitudinal/support barriers were associated with increased community mobility. Certain environmental barriers perceived by persons with TBI may negatively impact their reintegration to the community post injury. Identifying such barriers may help develop programs or policies to reduce barriers, while facilitating improved access to health care and other services after injury.
Cabs, community, and control: Mobile communication among Chicago’s taxi drivers:

Today’s mobile technology and mobile professions mean that people are nearly always either in, or connected to someone who is in motion. And yet, communities persist in the face of this constant motion. This is a qualitative study of a mobile labor group—taxi drivers in Chicago. Similar to Wallis’s (2011) conclusions, I found that access to and use of a mobile phone does not automatically imbue taxi drivers with power and autonomy from forces that seem to be working against them. However, access to mobile phones does help to shake up the hierarchy of control in the taxi industry. This study has also identified another type of community where the theory of polymedia (Madianou & Miller, 2012) applies, that is, labor communities, and has shown that while choice of technology may offer some sense of power, access to mobile communication technology does not necessarily result in significant changes in power structures within and surrounding a community.
Research Advances in the Viral Proteins Encoded by the SARS-CoV Genome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome outbroke in Guangdong,China in 2002 and then was spread with unprecedented speed by the global community.A novel coronvirus was identified as the aetiological agent of SARS and the genome is about 30 kb,which contains 14 potential ORFs(open reading frames).Since then, much progress has been made in the virological and molecular characterization of the proteins encoded by SARS-CoV genome.These investigations are concentrated in studies on the replicase la/lb gene products,the structural proteins and the“accessory”proteins that are specifically encoded by SARS-CoV.The research ad- vances in the SARS-CoV-genome-encoding proteins focusing on their constitution and functions are systemat- ically introduced.
A case-control study on risk factors of stomach cancer

[Objective] To study the risk and protective factors for stomach cancer in Changshu. [Methods] Population based case-control study was conducted in Changshu. 202 new cases of stomach cancer from August 2005 to August 2006 were matched in 1∶1 with normal population controls. Epi-info(6.04) and SAS(6.12) were used in data analysis. [Results] The results of single factor analysis indicated that more salted vegetables intake (in recent ten or more years), more salted fish and meat intake (in recent ten or more years), more salty flavoring,irregular time for meals,drank thick or thicker tea,with constrained spirit,introverted disposition, history of gastric ulcer and (or) atrophic gastritis were risk factors of stomach cancer. In contrast, more fresh vegetables intake (in recent ten or more years) and optimistic character could decrease the risk for stomach cancer. Result from multiple conditional logistic regression analysis showed that history of gastric ulcer and (or) atrophic gastritis,irregular time for meals , more salted vegetables intake in recent ten years were risk factors for stomach cancer, while more fresh vegetables intake in recent ten years was a protective factor for stomach cancer. [Conclusion] It is necessary to prevent the above risk factors of stomach cancer.
The isolation and identification of the P-component of normal human plasma proteins (Short Communication)

A normal human plasma protein called the P-component, which has a reaction of identity with the pentagonal structure found in amyloid-laden organs, has been isolated and identified with a recently characterized protein, the 9.5S α1-glycoprotein.
Aging and Performance: A Mental Workload Analysis

It is estimated that by the year 2000, 31 million Americans will be 65 years of age or older (Ward, 1979). It is not surprising, therefore, that psychology has seen an increased interest in aging, in terms of basic psychological processes as well as the practical problems of dealing with an aging population. Of particular importance are the presumed effects of aging, both physical and cognitive, that may affect the elderly’s role in society in general, and in the work force in particular. For example, questions of job advancement for older workers, and even mandatory retirement, are based on (possibly erroneous) assumptions about age-related declines in performance capacity.
Cystoid Macular Edema

Cystoid macular edema (CME): macular thickening associated with increased fluid within the sensory retina of the macula, primarily the outer plexiform layer
The Tennents and Revivals

Questions about the relationship of the good and morality were central at the Academy and continued to be important at Princeton. The revivals of the First Great Awakening swept through the colonies and called Christians to come out of mere tradition and into a vital piety that especially manifests itself in a conversion experience. The Tennents became important parts of revival preaching and the founding of Princeton. The emphasis on religious experience lent itself to teaching that the highest good consists in a beatific vision in the afterlife. The consequence was that piety and moral duty were taught as a means to this beatific vision and the knowledge of God through the works of creation and providence was minimized.
Teacher and School Personnel Training

This chapter offers a discussion of issues in training teachers and other school personnel to work with severely behaviorally disordered/mentally retarded students. School personnel may include classroom teachers, par-aprofessionals, preservice or student teachers, school psychologists, and a host of other staff members (e. g., principals, counselors, speech and language specialists). This discussion, however, will be limited to the former group of professionals. The school may refer to a regular public school in which a few self-contained classes for the severely handicapped operate, or a special public, private, or parochial school devoted entirely to the education of the handicapped. A group of classrooms may also be located on the grounds of a public or private residential institution.
Assessing the work environment for agents that may cause occupational pulmonary disease.

The industrial hygienist is a professional trained in the resognition, evaluation, and control of environmental stresses in the workplace and as such serves as a valuable recourse for medical personnel concerned with occupational lung disease. Knowledge of the precise identity and quantity of workplace hazards is often essential in diagnosing occupational lung disorders. In addition, an industrial hygienist familiar with the process can assess whether there is a likelihood of exposure to levels above the limits which are considered to be safe. This valuable industrial hygiene information can be from government (e.g., OSHA, state agencies), universities or consulting firms.
Comparative In Vivo Efficacies of Tedizolid in Neutropenic versus Immunocompetent Murine Streptococcus pneumoniae Lung Infection Models.

ABSTRACT Given that tedizolid exhibits substantial lung penetration, we hypothesize that it could achieve good efficacy against Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infections. We evaluated the pharmacodynamics of tedizolid for treatment of S. pneumoniae lung infections and compared the efficacies of tedizolid human-simulated epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposures in immunocompetent and neutropenic murine lung infection models. ICR mice were rendered neutropenic via intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide injections and then inoculated intranasally with S. pneumoniae suspensions. Immunocompetent CBA/J mice were inoculated similarly. Single daily tedizolid doses were administered 4 h postinoculation (termed 0 h). Changes in log 10 CFU at 24 h compared with 0-h controls were estimated. Ratios of area under the free-drug concentration-time curve to MIC ( f AUC 0–24 /MIC) required to achieve various efficacy endpoints against each isolate were estimated using the Hill equation. Tedizolid doses in neutropenic and immunocompetent mice that mimic the human-simulated ELF exposure were examined. Stasis, 1-log reduction, and 2-log reduction were achieved at f AUC 0–24 /MIC of 8.96, 24.62, and 48.34, respectively, in immunocompetent mice and 19.21, 48.29, and 103.95, respectively, in neutropenic mice. Tedizolid at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day and 55 mg/kg/day in immunocompetent and neutropenic mice, respectively, resulted in ELF AUC 0–24 comparable to that achieved in humans following a 200-mg once-daily clinical dose. These human-simulated ELF exposures were adequate to attain >2-log reduction in bacterial burden at 24 h in 3 out of 4 isolates in both models and 1.58- and 0.74-log reductions with the fourth isolate in immunocompetent and neutropenic mice, respectively. Tedizolid showed potent in vivo efficacy against S. pneumoniae in both immunocompetent and neutropenic lung infection models, which support its consideration for S. pneumoniae lung infections.
The Future of Mobile Commerce With 4G Wireless Technology

Mobile Commerce, Mobile Computing, Mobile Devices and Mobile Internet Access are growing much faster than before. Several characteristics of mobile networks make them more attractive than fixed networks. Mobile Commerce has been of a great benefit to users, which is driven by the technological innovations. Technology innovations have also reduced many barriers to acceptance. Increasing globalization has led to more mobility and therefore to greater demand for mobile ubiquitous services that can be consumed anytime and anywhere. This paper examines the future of mobile commerce with 4G Wireless Technology. To exploit the new technology, companies from developed as well as developing countries are rapidly integrating mobile commerce technology into their business models. Countries around the world, however, exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their adoption of mobile device and mobile commerce technology. This paper also identifies and categorizes some of these issues so that researchers, developers, and managers have a starting point for focusing their activities within the emerging mobile commerce areas.
The Equation: -2 = (-8)1/3 = (-8)2/6 = [(-8)2]1/6 = 2

In an article in the July 1995 issue of Educational Studies in Mathematics, Even and Tirosh claim that the quantity (-8)1/3 is undefined. We present arguments to show why the reasoning given by them is flawed.
League of denial: The NFL, concussions, and the battle for truth, by Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru: Three Rivers Press, New York, NY, 2013, 416 pp., $10.15 (Hardcover), ISBN: 978-0770437541

League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth, written by Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru, is a provocative read which sheds light on the National Football League's (NFL) rol...
Classical Arthropod Biological Control: Measuring Success, Step By Step

Classical biological control of invasive species of arthropods is a well established discipline that has a long and distinguished record (DeBach, 1964; Huffaker and Messenger, 1976; Clausen 1978; Van Driesche and Bellows, 1996; Bellows and Fisher, 1999). Laws governing the conduct of classical biological control vary by country, or may not exist at all. An international code of conduct for the practice of natural enemy introductions has been developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and can be consulted for an overview of good practice (Anon., 1997).
Ephemeral seafloor sedimentation during dam removal: Elwha River, Washington

Abstract The removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams from the Elwha River in Washington, USA, resulted in the erosion and transport of over 10 million m 3 of sediment from the former reservoirs and into the river during the first two years of the dam removal process. Approximately 90% of this sediment was transported through the Elwha River and to the coast at the Strait of Juan de Fuca. To evaluate the benthic dynamics of increased sediment loading to the nearshore, we deployed a tripod system in ten meters of water to the east of the Elwha River mouth that included a profiling current meter and a camera system. With these data, we were able to document the frequency and duration of sedimentation and turbidity events, and correlate these events to physical oceanographic and river conditions. We found that seafloor sedimentation occurred regularly during the heaviest sediment loading from the river, but that this sedimentation was ephemeral and exhibited regular cycles of deposition and erosion caused by the strong tidal currents in the region. Understanding the frequency and duration of short-term sediment disturbance events is instrumental to interpreting the ecosystem-wide changes that are occurring in the nearshore habitats around the Elwha River delta.
More Than the Sum Total of Their Parts: Restoring Identity by Recombining a Skeletal Collection with Its Texts

Biomedicine in the United States has often acted as a tool of social control, especially with respect to black and brown bodies. This control extends even into death with medical doctors and researchers controlling the disposition of bodies, literally rendering them faceless in the name of science. Definitional violence is enacted upon them, transforming them from individuals with dynamic lives to biological placeholders. This chapter attempts to reconstruct a small part of the identities of those people of color curated as a part of the George S. Huntington Anatomical Collection by combining skeletal data with archival texts and mapping data associated with the collection. This recombination of biological and historical data reveals that those individuals represent a specific spatial, temporal, and social section of New York City’s history. This chapter rejects the idea that they are representatives of New York’s “poorest of the poor.” Instead, it interprets them as a heterogeneous population that was subjected to very specific forms of cultural violence that aimed to redefine them as an aggregate group suitable for medical study. By opening up bioarchaeology to previously unused social science methodologies, we can begin to undo this process and understand how these individuals were collected in the first place.
Feasibility assessment of yttrium-90 liver radioembolization imaging using amplitude-based gated PET/CT.

PURPOSE The usage of PET/computed tomography (CT) to monitor hepatocellular carcinoma patients following yttrium-90 (Y) radioembolization has increased. Respiratory motion causes liver movement, which can be corrected using gating techniques at the expense of added noise. This work examines the use of amplitude-based gating on Y-PET/CT and its potential impact on diagnostic integrity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were imaged using PET/CT following Y radioembolization. A respiratory band was used to collect respiratory cycle data. Patient data were processed as both standard and motion-corrected images. Regions of interest were drawn and compared using three methods. Activity concentrations were calculated and converted into dose estimates using previously determined and published scaling factors. Diagnostic assessments were performed using a binary scale created from published Y-PET/CT image interpretation guidelines. RESULTS Estimates of radiation dose were increased (P<0.05) when using amplitude-gating methods with Y PET/CT imaging. Motion-corrected images show increased noise, but the diagnostic determination of success, using the Kao criteria, did not change between static and motion-corrected data. CONCLUSION Amplitude-gated PET/CT following Y radioembolization is feasible and may improve Y dose estimates while maintaining diagnostic assessment integrity.