cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flushing Responses of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) In Response To Recreation

ABSTRACT.— Disturbance because of human activity, including recreation on wildlands, can affect bird behavior which in turn can reduce breeding success, an important consideration for species of management concern. We observed Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) during the breeding season to determine whether the probability of flushing was affected by the type of recreationist, distance to encounter, eagle nest attendance, or date. We monitored eagles in 23 nesting territories from distant (600–1,200 m) observation points and recorded recreation activity within 1,200 m of eagles in the Owyhee Front of southwestern Idaho. In most (86%, n = 270) encounters, eagles did not flush in response to recreationists; however, whether an eagle flushed was affected by the type of recreationist and whether an eagle was at or away from the nest. Eagles were 60 times more likely to flush in response to recreationists that stopped a motor vehicle and transitioned to walking (11 of 17 passes) and 4.5 times more likely to fl...
Dual Enrollment Participants’ Attainment of an Associate’s Degree from the College in which they Participated in Dual Enrollment as Compared to Nonparticipants’ Attainment

ABSTRACTIn response to the national call for more college degrees, many states have implemented dual enrollment programs to try to decrease the transition anxiety between high school and college. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference in the number of students completing an Associate’s degree from the college in which they participated in dual enrollment when comparing students who participated in a dual enrollment program to students who did not participate. The sample consisted of 320 students: 160 students who participated in dual enrollment in the fall and spring semesters of 2010 and 2011, and a comparative group of 160 students who did not participate in dual enrollment. A Chi-square test for independence revealed that students who participated in the dual enrollment program were less likely to complete the Associate of Arts or Associate of Applied Science degrees at the target community college.
The Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven Nucleon Decay Facility: Status Report on a Proton Decay Experiment Sensitive to a Lifetime of 1033 Years and a Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Sensitive to Mass Differences of Hundredths of an Electron Volt

We have studied the properties of, and the expected backgrounds in, a totally active 10,000 ton water Cerenkov detector located deep underground and sensitive to many of the conjectured decay modes of the nucleons in it. Identification of (π, μ) and (e, γ) secondaries, good energy resolution, and good angular resolution provide sufficient background rejection in the detector under construction to permit one to obtain significant information about several decay channels, should they be observed. If no events were recorded in the device in one year, a lower limit of ~1033 years would be placed on the partial lifetime for the most distinct nucleon decay modes. Depending upon the decay channel, this is ~3 orders of magnitude longer than previous measurements, and is at or beyond the level suggested by many unifying theories. The sensitivity predicted for this instrument is within an order of magnitude of that achievable in an arbitrarily large detector of this general type, since known background from atmospheric neutrinos imposes an inherent limit.
Intraventricular vs intrathecal baclofen for secondary dystonia: a comparison of complications.

Background Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) is an effective treatment for secondary dystonia. However, in many patients with dystonia, placement of an intrathecal catheter is difficult because of anatomic anomalies or spinal fusion. Intraventricular baclofen (IVB) has been shown to be an effective alternate route for drug delivery in a small series of patients. Objective To present the largest series of IVB cases to date and to compare the complication rate with that of a concurrent cohort of ITB cases. Methods The senior author's series of IVB cases were reviewed. All contemporaneous cases of ITB for dystonia were reviewed as a control group. Data were collected by retrospective medical records review. Results Thirty IVB patients and 33 ITB patients were identified. Mean follow-up was 15 and 16 months, respectively. IVB patients were younger, were more commonly underweight, and had more severe dystonia, although no difference between groups was significant. Eleven patients (37%) in the IVB group and 16 patients (48%) in the ITB group experienced complications. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed an odds ratio of 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.30-1.48; P = .31) in favor of IVB. Adjusting for age and underweight status yielded an odds ratio of 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.42; P = .27) in favor of IVB. There were 7 catheter or leak-related complications in the ITB group and 2 in the IVB group (P = .15). Conclusion This study shows that IVB is as safe as ITB. There may be a lower risk of catheter or leak-related complications with IVB, although this study was too small to show significance.
Deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor differentially affect endocytotic rate and postendocytotic traffic.

We have examined the function of the cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIg-R) by producing two separate deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the pIg-R, expressing the mutant receptors in polarized MDCK cells, and analyzing each for their effects on receptor and ligand traffic. Deletion of the C-terminal 30 amino acids (726-755) reduces the rate of internalization of receptor-bound ligand from the basolateral surface. However, this mutation has no effect on delivery of receptor from the Golgi to the basolateral surface or the post-endocytotic traffic of receptor and ligand. Mutation of a tyrosine at position 734 to serine produces a receptor with a similar phenotype. If residues 670-707 are deleted from the middle of the cytoplasmic domain, both basolateral delivery and internalization are unaffected. However, unlike wild type, after endocytosis from the basolateral surface, both receptor and ligand are largely degraded. We reported previously that deletion of the entire cytoplasmic domain prevents the basolateral delivery of newly synthesized receptor (Mostov, K.E., de Bruyn Kops, A., and Deitcher, D.L. (1986) Cell 47, 359-364). In contrast, the mutants reported here are delivered to the basolateral surface, suggesting that only residues 653-669 and/or 708-725 are necessary for basolateral delivery. Thus, different deletions in the cytoplasmic domain of the pIg-R can produce mutant receptors which alter different aspects of receptor traffic.
Analyzing Novel Interactions in Science Fiction Movies in Human Factors and HCI Courses

To understand and apply Human Factors’ core knowledge more effectively, it is essential to provide a cohesive learning experience to students based on real-world applications. Researchers have deve...
The Body-as-Evidence Paradigm in Domestic and International Forensic Anthropology

Bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology share key aspects of training and practice. Both fields, for example, study and interpret evidence of violence, sometimes directly contradicting politically charged interpretations. Forensic anthropology has, however, achieved more visibility among nonspecialists. Media prominence has significant ramifications, however, as public perceptions are frequently distorted, raising unrealistic expectations of scientific deliverables, especially in mass grave investigations. Perhaps at the core of the problem is that potential jurors and families of victims embrace a body-as-evidence paradigm—the notion that physical evidence obtained from the deceased is static, unperturbed, infallible, and unopposable. Physical evidence, including that of skeletons, is best understood within particular contexts such that the interpretations are dynamic, flexible, and falsifiable. Popular books and television shows (and sometimes forensic scientists themselves) replace the messy gray parts of forensic science (or any science) with broad brushes of black and white. This causes frustration for forensic anthropologists who often face confidentiality and legal issues that may limit them from directly communicating with the public whenever interest is peaked. This chapter examines the impact of the body-as-evidence paradigm in both domestic and international contexts and encourages forensic anthropologists to speak out on the gray parts of the science.
Current Status and Future Directions of Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was recognized as an immunologically sensitive cancer over 30 years ago. The first therapies to affect the course of RCC were cytokines (interferon alfa-2B and interleukin-2). Subsequently, drugs that inhibit HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)/VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) signaling demonstrated overall survival advantages (tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTor inhibitors). In the last 3 years, the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the standard of care treatments in the first and second lines for RCC. Emerging data show that combinations of ICI, HIF signaling inhibitors, and cytokines are potentially powerful regimens. How to combine and sequence these types of therapies and how to integrate new approaches into the management of RCC are now the key questions for the field. Treatment of RCC is likely to change dramatically in the next few years.
Socioeconomics of agrarian production: considering rural cooperatives in the archaeology of the eastern Mediterranean through the lens of 2nd millennium BCE Cyprus

This paper re-examines the archaeological and geographical criteria, as well as ethnographic paradigms used to write the history of the agrarian communities of the eastern Mediterranean. It combine...
“I Don’t Want to Be a Guinea Pig”

In this chapter, we will explore a case in which the parents of a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), who is enrolled in a Phase 1 trial of an investigational drug, ask their physician to support an appeal to a drug manufacturer to make the experimental drug available to another son who also has DMD, but who does not meet the entry criteria for the research study. By the conclusion of the case, learners will be able to analyze the ethical conduct of contemporary human subjects research in light of historical events in research involving humans, describe the process of drug development and approval in the United States, identify potential conflict of interests and reasons why conflicts of interest occur, and appreciate the views that patients and families may have about being participants in a research trial.
Communicating Recommendations in Public Health Emergencies: The Role of Public Health Authorities

Adherence to public health recommendations is critical for public safety and well-being. Effective and appropriate communication plays an important role in whether populations trust government and ...
The psychology of social media communication in influencing prevention intentions during the 2019 U.S. measles outbreak

Abstract This study investigates beneficial effects of social media communication on encouraging positive health prevention behaviors among U. S. parents. The ongoing 2019 U. S. measles outbreak was the topical focus due to its urgency, highly contagious nature, societal impact, and high relevance to public health. Applying the Extended Parallel Process Model as a theoretical framework, social media expression and reception effects on different prevention intentions were examined along with self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity as potential mediators. The study found that both social media expression and reception were effective in encouraging preventive hygiene intention, but only through improved self-efficacy and perceived severity. For information seeking intention, both social media expression and reception were effective directly and indirectly through increased susceptibility and severity perceptions of measles infection on their child. Practical implications and study contributions are further discussed.
Free boundary effects and representative volume elements in 3D printed Ti–6Al–4V gyroid structures

The adoption of selective laser melting (SLM) for fabrication of porous titanium has resulted in many new investigations into the complex design parameters associated with porous architecture of high spatial resolution. The development of meta-materials has included research into the effects of unit cell architecture (strut versus sheet), porosity, pore size, and other factors on the performance of metallic scaffolds. The current study examined the interactive effects of varying the gyroid sheet unit cell size and overall specimen size on the compressive behavior of Ti–6Al–4V ELI porous scaffolds manufactured via SLM. The increasing unit cell size relative to specimen geometry was found to decrease the compressive strength and stiffness of the overall structure and shift the material fracture mode. The understanding of the relationship between unit cell size and specimen geometry can be used to optimize mechanical properties of implants with constrained volumes and pore/wall size requirements to optimize properties of porous titanium implants for strength and osseointegration.
Robotic Spine Surgery: Current State in Minimally Invasive Surgery.

Study Design:Narrative review.Objectives:Robotic systems in spinal surgery may offer potential benefits for both patients and surgeons. In this article, the authors explore the future prospects and...
Metamathematics of Ulm Theory

The classical Ulm theory provides a complete set of invariants for countable abelian p-groups, and hence also for countable torsion abelian groups. These invariants involve countable ordinals. One can read off many simple structural properties of such groups directly from the Ulm theory. We carry out a reverse mathematics analysis of several such properties. In many cases, we reverse to ATR, thereby demonstrating a kind of necessary use of Ulm theory.
How Important Is Randomization of Swallows During Kinematic Analyses of Swallow Function

Purpose In dysphagia research involving kinematic analyses on individual swallow parameters, randomization is used to ensure judges are not influenced by judgments made for other parameters within the same swallow or by judgments made for other swallows from the same participant. Yet, the necessity of randomizing swallows to avoid bias during kinematic analyses is largely assumed and untested. This study investigated whether randomization of the order of swallows presented to judges impacts analyses of temporal kinematic events from videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Method One hundred twenty-seven swallows were analyzed from 18 healthy adults who underwent standardized videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Swallows were first analyzed by two trained raters sequentially, analyzing all kinematic events within each swallow, and then a second time in random order, measuring one kinematic event at a time. Intrarater reliability measurements were calculated between random and sequential swallow judgments for all kinematic events using intraclass correlation coefficient and percent exact agreement within a three-frame tolerance. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients (1.00) and percent exact agreement (89%) were excellent for all kinematic events between analyses methods, indicating there were no significant differences in measurements performed in random or sequential order. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that randomization may be unnecessary during temporal swallow kinematic data analyses for research, which may lead to more efficient analyses and dissemination of findings, and alignment of findings with clinical interpretations. Replication of this design with swallows from people with dysphagia would strengthen the generalizability of the results.
Rank-1/2: A Simple Way to Improve the OLS Estimation of Tail Exponents

Despite the availability of more sophisticated methods, a popular way to estimate a Pareto exponent is still to run an OLS regression: log(Rank) = a − b log(Size), and take b as an estimate of the Pareto exponent. The reason for this popularity is arguably the simplicity and robustness of this method. Unfortunately, this procedure is strongly biased in small samples. We provide a simple practical remedy for this bias, and propose that, if one wants to use an OLS regression, one should use the Rank −1 / 2, and run log(Rank − 1 / 2) = a − b log(Size). The shift of 1 / 2 is optimal, and reduces the bias to a leading order. The standard error on the Pareto exponent ζ is not the OLS standard error, but is asymptotically (2 / n)1 / 2ζ. Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed approach over the standard OLS estimation procedures and indicate that it performs well under dependent heavy-tailed processes exhibiting deviations from power laws. The estimation procedures considered are illustrated u...
Can relic shells be an effective settlement substrate for oyster reef restoration

Acute storms (e.g. hurricanes) are major stressors to eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) through burying oysters and settlement substrate. Subsequently, managers use many restoration efforts, of which one approach is bag‐less dredging. This resurfaces relic shells as settlement substrate; however, buried shells turn black in anoxic sediments potentially influencing spat settlement. This study compared three shell types: sun‐cured white shell utilized in oyster reef restoration and two representative black shell types for bag‐less dredging. Settlement was significantly higher on sun‐cured white shell suggesting that restoration activities resurfacing black shells may not provide suitable substrate and alternative methods of providing substrate should be prioritized.
Association Between Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Depression in a Representative Sample of Adults in the United States: Findings From National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2016).

Background The microbiome's role in the etiology of depression has been a topic of many recent investigations. Findings suggest that dysbiosis, which describes a general disturbance in the gut microbiome, underlies negative gastrointestinal symptoms and is implicated in depression. We studied associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and depressive symptoms at a population level using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016, n = 36,287). We hypothesized that the odds of depressive symptoms would be significantly higher in those showing signs of gastrointestinal distress. Methods We analyzed 31,191 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005–2016. Outcomes included presence of mucus or liquid in bowel leakage and stomach illness in the past month, diarrhea in the past year, and number of weekly bowel movements. The survey (and thus, our analyses) does not include microbiome samples, only self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Moderate, moderately severe, and severe scores were coded as a positive outcome. Results Compared to those without depressive symptoms, those with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms had elevated odds of bowel mucus (odds ratio = 2.78; 95% confidence interval = 1.82–4.24), bowel liquid (odds ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval = 1.63–2.86), stomach illness (odds ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval = 1.31–2.53), diarrhea (sometimes vs. never odds ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.30–2.29), and constipation (sometimes vs. never odds ratio = 2.76; 95% confidence interval = 2.11–3.62). Overall, those with gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more likely to have depressive symptoms. Conclusions While the intricacies of the brain-gut axis are being investigated at the molecular level, these population data provide further evidence for the association between depressive symptoms and signs of dysbiosis, which may inform health care providers' patient interactions.
Explanatory Models in Linguistics

Publisher Summary A traditional grammar has serious limitations so far as linguistic science is concerned. Its basic inadequacy lies in an essential appeal to what can be only called as the “linguistic intuition” of the intelligent reader. It is important to realize that a taxonomic grammar of the traditional kind is not merely a partial grammar that omits certain facts about the language. The understanding of a reader contributes not in identifying new facts, but a technique for organizing and arranging facts. With diligence and application, an intelligent adult can use a traditional grammar to develop some degree of mastery of a new language. A young child is able to gain perfect mastery of a language with incomparably greater ease and without any explicit instruction. Any serious investigation of syntax will quickly bring to the light peculiarities of distribution that appear to require numerous special and isolated rules. The so-called “anomalous finite verbs” of English provide a simple illustration. A constituent structure grammar containing only rewriting rules can cover all the facts only by a variety of special rules.
A Court Without Jurisdiction: A Critical Assessment of the Military Commission Charges Against Omar Khadr

This analysis, extracted from a larger work in progress examining the overall legal issues with the Obama administration’s military commissions, focuses on the validity of the charges levied against twenty-three year-old Canadian citizen Omar Khadr. Although most public criticism has been directed at procedural shortcomings, the commissions’ substantive law issues are more significant. Even if Khadr did everything alleged, none of the five charges as actually lodged describes a criminal violation of the law of armed conflict (LOAC). Two of the charges, conspiracy and providing material support to terrorism, are inherently problematic. The remaining offenses, murder and attempted murder “in violation of the law of war,” and spying, are capable of valid application, but lack legitimacy in Khadr’s factual situation. Essentially the government seeks to distort the fundamental legal equality between opposing belligerents into a unilateral shield for coalition personnel, turning the conflict into a “hunting season” in which U.S. forces can shoot their enemy on sight but their adversaries commit a war crime by fighting back. Because the tribunals’ statutory bases, the Military Commission Acts of 2006 and 2009, were enacted after Khadr was in custody, any charges lacking sound grounding in the LOAC constitute impermissible ex post facto enactments. These charges fail that test and the commission thus lacks jurisdiction. Khadr can only be validly tried in a U.S. or Afghan domestic law court.
Vulvovaginal mycoses in pregnancy

Abstract 1.1. Cultures of yeastlike fungi from the vaginas and vulvas of 200 pregnant women were positive in 86 (or 43 per cent) of the patients. These fungi belonged to the genera Monilia, Saccharomyces, or Cryptococcus. Sixty-six (33 per cent) of the patients showed positive vaginal cultures; 20 (10 per cent) showed positive labial cultures with negative vaginal cultures. 2.2. A total of 151 strains of yeastlike fungi were classified according to the method previously described by Jones and Martin. Each strain identified as M. albicans was pathogenic for rabbits. Each strain identified as M. stellatoidea was nonpathogenic for rabbits. 3.3. In patients in whom the fungi were identified as belonging to the genera Saccharomyces or Cryptococcus, no symptoms referable to a mycotic infection were described. Symptoms in patients with positive cultures for yeastlike fungi, belonging to the genus Monilia, were found only in those in whom the 3 species, albicans, stellatoidea and (candida) tropicalis were isolated. Although the incidence of trichomonads was higher in the patients from whom M. stellatoidea was cultured, more patients complained of pruritus in the group from which M. albicans was cultured. 4.4. Intradermal skin test with antigens from the 5 species of Monilia showed no correlation between positive cultures and positive intradermal tests. The incidence of Monilia was higher in the group with negative skin tests. 5.5. The presence or absence of agglutinins in the patient's serum could not be used as an index of vaginal or labial infection with Monilia. 6.6. Vaginal smear typing showed that monilia were found more frequently in patients with Type 2 smears; that trichomonads were found more frequently in patients with Type 3 smears. 7.7. Additional work must be done on the mycologic flora of the vulva and vagina in normal patients and in patients with mycotic vulvovaginitis, before we may understand the relative pathogenicity of the different genera and species of yeastlike fungi and may evaluate methods of diagnosis and treatment.
Training data sensitivity problem of artificial neural network-based power system load forecasting

A crucial problem with the artificial neural network-based load forecasting is that its forecasting performance is significantly affected by the selection of training data used to calculate the network weights. The inherent shortcoming of this approach is verified through a typical example presented in this paper. Test results show that the short-term load forecasting error is very sensitive to the amplitude of the noise signal which is added to a portion of the training data. The presented test cases approximately simulate the load conditions during abrupt weather changing periods. Possible strategies to remedy this problem are also discussed in the paper. >
The small protein MbiA interacts with MreB and modulates cell shape in Caulobacter crescentus

In Caulobacter crescentus, the actin homologue MreB is critical for cell shape maintenance. Despite the central importance of MreB for cell morphology and viability, very little is known about MreB-interacting factors. Here, we use an overexpression approach to identify a novel MreB interactor, MbiA. MbiA interacts with MreB in both biochemical and genetic assays, colocalizes with MreB throughout the cell cycle, and relies on MreB for its localization. MbiA overexpression mimics the loss of MreB function, severely perturbing cell morphology, inhibiting growth and inducing cell lysis. Additionally, mbiA deletion shows a synthetic growth phenotype with a hypomorphic allele of the MreB interactor RodZ, suggesting that these two MreB-interacting proteins either have partially redundant functions or participate in the same functional complex. Our work thus establishes MbiA as a novel cell shape regulator that appears to function through regulating MreB, and opens avenues for discovery of more MreB-regulating factors by showing that overexpression screens are a valuable tool for uncovering potentially redundant cell shape effectors.
Stressful life events and co-occurring depression, substance abuse and suicidality among American Indian and Alaska Native adolescents

Depression, suicidality and substance abuse disorders are examined with special emphasis on the role of stressful life events in predicting severity and patterns of comorbidity among American Indian and Alaska Native adolescents in boarding school environments. Both amount and severity of comorbidity increase with age and specific patterns of comorbidity are associated with gender. Different types and amounts of stressful life events predict specific combinations of comorbidity. These outcomes are interpretable with respect to associated cultural dynamics and the ecology of mental health services delivery for Indian and Native adolescents. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed in relation to the use of stressful life events in examining cultural factors related to comorbidity among culturally different populations.
Disruption of Wall-less Bacteria by Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Toxins

Abstract Bernheimer, Alan W. (New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y.). Disruption of wall-less bacteria by streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins. J. Bacteriol. 91:1677–1680. 1966.—Earlier studies demonstrating that staphylococcal α-toxin and streptolysin S have the capacity to lyse protoplasts and spheroplasts of certain species of bacteria and Mycoplasma have been extended to encompass additional kinds of wall-less bacteria including L forms. It is suggested that sensitivity to staphylococcal α-toxin and streptolysin S may be explicable in terms of specific phospholipid composition of cell membranes, whereas sensitivity to streptolysin O is dependent upon the presence in cell membranes of cholesterol. The results suggest that streptolysin O might prove to be a useful reagent for differentiating L forms from parasitic pleuropneumonia-like organisms.
An Algebraic Theory of Polymorphic Temporal Media

Temporal media is information that is directly consumed by a user, and that varies with time. Examples include music, digital sound files, computer animations, and video clips. In this paper we present a polymorphic data type that captures a broad range of temporal media. We study its syntactic, temporal, and semantic properties, leading to an algebraic theory of polymorphic temporal media that is valid for underlying media types that satisfy specific constraints. The key technical result is an axiomatic semantics for polymorphic temporal media that is shown to be both sound and complete.
Serum phosphorus and association with anemia among a large diverse population with and without chronic kidney disease

Author(s): Tran, Lac; Batech, Michael; Rhee, Connie M; Streja, Elani; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar; Jacobsen, Steven J; Sim, John J | Abstract: BackgroundWe hypothesized that phosphorus has an effect on anemia in both normal kidney function and early chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to determine whether higher phosphorus levels are associated with anemia in a large diverse population without CKD and early CKD.MethodsThis study is a historical population-based study within the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health system (1 January 1998 to 31 December 2013) among individuals aged 18 years and older with estimated glomerular filtration rate g30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and measurements of serum phosphorus, creatinine and hemoglobin. Individuals were excluded if they had secondary causes of anemia. Odds ratio (OR) estimated for moderate anemia defined as hemoglobin l11 g/dL for both sexes. Mild anemia was defined as l12 g/dL (females) and l13 g/dL (males).ResultsAmong 155 974 individuals, 4.1% had moderate anemia and 12.9% had mild anemia. Serum phosphorus levels ≥3.5 mg/dL were associated with both mild and moderate anemia. Moderate anemia OR (95% confidence interval) was 1.16 (1.04-1.29) for every 0.5 mg/dL phosphorus increase and 1.26 (1.07-1.48) in the highest versus middle phosphorus tertile. Additional independent anemia risk factors, including female sex, Asian race, diabetes, low albumin and low iron saturation, were observed, but did not alter the anemia-phosphorus association.ConclusionsHigher phosphorus levels were associated with a greater likelihood for anemia in a population with early CKD and normal kidney function. Phosphorus may be a biomarker for anemia and may affect aspects of hematopoiesis.
Solid state microdosimeter for spacecraft applications

An instrument is described which is designed to characterize the complex radiation environments of space, including solar flares, in terms of the risk of SEUs in microelectronics and the risk to the health of astronauts. The data generated during exposure consist of pulse height spectra measured when energetic charged particles traverse p-n junctions having dimensions comparable to the SEU-sensitive junctions of modern microelectronics. Proper choice of junction allows the instrument to test environmental models and/or characterize the risk of SEU for specific technologies. Because the sensitive volume associated with each microjunction also has dimensions comparable to those of biological cells, the data can also be used to characterize the environment according to its risk to astronauts. >
Special microscope microspectrophotometer: Optical design and application to the determination of waveguide properties of frog rods*

A special-purpose microscope microspectrophotometer permits the light distribution from photoreceptor waveguides to be separately isolated and masked both at the waveguide termination and at the far field. Single units or small groups of photoreceptors can be studied, and the patterns analyzed densitometrically or spectrophotometrically. The light patterns can be tracked from near to far field in order to follow the relationship between the two distributions. Frog photoreceptor cells were isolated for study and their near-and far-field mode-pattern distributions were photographed with light passing through the retina by normal path and by reverse path. Six to nine minutes after interdicting retinal blood flow, individual fibers of the preparation appeared to be separating into multiple smaller fibers within the cell-membrane envelope. Individual frog rods were shown to be directionally transmissive, and the far-field pattern of groups of receptors appeared to be a simple combination of the individual far-field patterns. Evidence was found that the input plane of the frog receptor-fiber optic bundle may not coincide with the external limiting membrane, contrary to what has been frequently assumed.
Nutmeg Dispersal by Tropical Birds

Frugivorous birds preferentially remove fruits from Panamanian Virola trees where the ratio of edible aril to indigestible seed is high. A negative correlation between the proportion of the crop removed and mean seed size explains 59 percent of the variance in removal, suggesting that birds minimize ingestion of useless bulk.
Induction of Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA by Protein Synthesis Inhibitors in the Rat Adrenal

To facilitate the quantitation of the steady-state levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA, we have developed a specific, rapid, and sensitive solution hybridization assay. By use of this assay, the induction of TH mRNA by protein synthesis inhibitors (PSIs) in the rat adrenal was investigated. Treatment with PSIs, either cycloheximide (CHX) or anisomycin (ANI), increased the levels of TH mRNA in the adrenal. The levels of adrenal TH mRNA were increased 1 h after CHX and had increased by approximately threefold over saline control [from 3.85 +/- 0.4 (SE) to 11.5 +/- 2 (SE) pg/mug RNA] at 6 h after treatment. A similar time course was observed after ANI treatment. These in vivo kinetics cannot be accounted for solely by the stabilization of TH mRNA. Northern blot analysis indicated that the size of the TH mRNA in the adrenal was not altered by PSIs. The CHX induction of adrenal TH mRNA was dose-dependent in the range of 2 to 4 mg/kg, sc, and was not further increased by a dose of 50 mg/kg, sc. Unilateral adrenal denervation did not alter the CHX induction of TH mRNA in medullae. These results suggest that PSIs exert a direct effect on the adrenal medulla. These effects of PSIs may be mediated by a labile repressor which regulates adrenal TH gene expression in vivo.
Banded electron structure formation in the inner magnetosphere

Banded electron structures in energy-time spectrograms have been observed in the inner magnetosphere concurrent with a sudden relaxation of geomagnetic activity. In this study, the formation of these banded structures is considered with a global, bounce-averaged model of electron transport, and it is concluded that this structure is a natural occurrence when plasma sheet electrons are captured on closed drift paths near the Earth followed by an extended period of quiet time for more than a day. These bands do not appear unless there is capture of plasma sheet electrons; convection along open drift paths making one pass around the Earth do not have time to develop this feature. The separation of high-energy bands from the injected population due to the preferential advection of the gradient-curvature drift creates spikes in the energy distribution above a keV, which overlap to form a series of bands in energy. The lowest band is the bulk of the injected population in the sub-keV energy range. Using the Kp history for an observed banded structure event, a cloud of plasma sheet electrons is captured and the formation of their distribution function is examined.
Psychodynamic study of suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders

The objective of this study was to identify similarities and differences in the psychodynamics of patients with personality disorders who make suicide attempts and those who are hospitalized but have never attempted suicide. Twenty patients in each cateogry were interviewed by a psychiatrist, with the interview videotaped. The videotape was used to assess clinical diagnoses and to identify the precipitant for the suicide attempt or hospital admission, the associated effects, and the psychodynamic meaning. No statistically significant between group differences on diagnoses of depressive disorders, substance abuse, severe character pathology, or presence of other DSMIII-R Axis I psychiatric disorders were found. However, significantly more of the suicide attempters experienced acute interpersonal conflict and expressed feelings of hopelessness, whereas the affects of confusion, anxiety, sadness, and guilt unrelated to acute interpersonal conflict were significantly more associated with hospital admission for the controls. Rage toward a perceived abandoning object was an important psychodynamic factor in this group of suicide attempters, particularly in the serious attempters. Four male attempters and three female attempters, all with severe character pathology, made serious suicide attempts. Eleven of the fourteen females made low risk attempts, but an unexpected finding was that five were pregnant. The motivation for these low risk attempts in females was a maladaptive effort to communicate distress, and in the pregnant attempters also an expression of ambivalence about the pregnancy. Results of this study are of relevance in the assessment and treatment of patients with personality disorders in a variety of clinical settings. Depression 3:290–296 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Insulin resistance in rats harboring growth hormone—secreting tumors: Decreased receptor number but increased kinase activity in liver

Abstract Growth hormone (GH) is a potent antagonist of insulin action, and this resistance occurs primarily at a post-binding step(s). To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the effects of chronic GH excess on the structure and function of insulin receptors partially purified from the liver were examined in rats harboring GH-secreting tumors. Insulin resistance was established in this animal model of GH hypersecretion by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Specific binding of 125 I-insulin and receptor number were reduced in tumor animals by 40% and 62%, respectively, reflecting downregulation of the insulin receptor by hyperinsulinemia in these animals. Receptors from tumor animals showed a 50% increase in β-subunit phosphorylation and in the kinase activity toward the synthetic polypeptide Glu4: Tyr1 when measured in vitro in the absence of insulin; however, the incremental stimulation by insulin (170 nmol/L) of the phosphorylation of either the β-subunit or Glu4:Tyr1 was not different between control and experimental animals. There was no difference between the two groups in Glu4:Tyr1 phosphorylation measured after immunodepletion of receptors by antibodies to the insulin receptor, indicating that the observed alteration in the kinase activity of tumor animals was intrinsic to the insulin receptor. Exposure to chronic GH excess did not alter insulin receptor structure, as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility under reducing and nonreducing conditions. The enhanced basal kinase activity of the receptor from tumor animals may reflect a more highly phosphorylated state of the receptor (and hence elevated enzyme activity) in these animals due to elevated serum insulin levels. These results demonstrate that the hepatic insulin resistance in rats chronically exposed to GH excess is not due to impaired insulin receptor kinase activity.
The structure of cornea

The anatomy and physiology of cornea has been described in reviews (Maurice, 1969; Davson, 1980). We are primarily concerned with the structure of the stroma of cornea. There are two levels of organization in the stroma: the collagen fibrils and the lamellae. Each lamella contains an array of collagen fibrils which appear as long thin cylinders in electron micrographs. The lamellae are parallel to the cornea surface and are at right angles to the light direction. Adjacent lamellae are approximately at right angles to each other. There are many lamellae (about 200) in the thickness of the stroma so that the different lamellae have on the average all possible orientations.
The radioisotopic assessment of regional microvascular permeability to macromolecules.

Abstract Using a dual isotope technique we have identified regional characteristics of microvascular permeability to macromolecules in the rat. Much of the difference between organs is consistent with the electron microscopic observations of different capillary endothelia. Although cardiac and skeletal muscle have similar endothelial anatomy we discerned a difference in macromolecular permeability. In cardiac muscle extravascular albumin equilibrates faster to a small space. The lung has a small, rapidly equilibrating extravascular albumin pool. Skin has a very large, slowly equilibrating extravascular albumin space. Brain has a small extravascular albumin space, perhaps related to the choroid plexus which was not eliminated from our assay. The liver extravascular albumin space equilibrates in less than 5 min, consistent with prior observations and hepatic microvascular anatomy. The adrenal was characterized by a very rapidly equilibrating small extravascular albumin space. The small intestine demonstrated a remarkably low blood volume for the apparent size of the extravascular space. A dilutional intravascular space (i.e., low regional hematocrit) may have contributed to our estimate of extravascular albumin in the intestine. The kidney was characterized by a rapid movement of albumin to the extravascular compartment, which may be due in part to a loss of the label and iodine excretion.
Het gezamenlijk opleiden van professionals in de zorg rond zwangerschap en geboorte

Bij het verkennen van wegen om de samenwerking in de zorg rond zwangerschap en geboorte te versterken, ligt het op het eerste gezicht voor de hand te denken dat opleidingen hierin een belangrijke rol vervullen. Wie verder kijkt, ontdekt dat er nog niet of nauwelijks sprake is van dwarsverbanden tussen de opleidingen van kraamverzorgenden, verloskundigen, verloskundig actieve huisartsen, gynaecologen, kinderartsen, lactatiekundige en verpleegkundigen. Multidisciplinair (leren) samenwerken krijgt dus vaak pas in de praktijk een gezicht. In dit artikel schetsen we hoe in de Leidse regio geprobeerd wordt de samenwerking tussen de verloskundige zorgprofessionals te optimaliseren en hoe opleiding en andere activiteiten gericht op samenwerken en professionalisering daaraan een bijdrage kunnen leveren.
Equation of state for nematics having a cylindrical hard core

In order to describe nematics having an oblong or disclike molecular structure, a system of hard cylinders is considered. After proposing an equation of state, the thermodynamic behavior is calculated and compared with a system of spherocylinders and with experiment.
Assessing the Quality of Cesarean Birth Data in the Demographic and Health Surveys

Cesarean section surgery is the clinical response used to prevent several of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Given the deficient state of health-information systems in most developing countries, nationally representative surveys are currently the most widely available source of population-based cesarean birth data. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality and internal consistency of Demographic and Health Survey cesarean birth data across countries and time periods. Although these surveys are highly standardized, the formulation of the question on cesarean birth and the categories of women who are asked the question often differ across surveys. A skip pattern that restricts the cesarean question to women who delivered in a health-care facility improves the internal consistency of the data, although in some countries cesarean deliveries are still reported at low-level, presumably nonsurgical facilities. Recommendations are made for improving data analysis and the future collection of population-based cesarean birth data.
In situ 14C depth profile of subsurface vein quartz samples from Macraes Flat New Zealand

Abstract We present results of measurements of cosmogenic in situ 14C produced in a quartz vein from Macraes Flat, East Otago, New Zealand, where concentrations of in situ produced 10Be and 26Al were previously studied by Kim and Englert [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 223 (2004) 113]. 14C was extracted from the quartz samples up to depths of 400 g cm−2 using a low temperature wet extraction method [D. Lal, A.J.T. Jull, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 92 (1994) 291]. Based on the results for 10Be and 26Al, we expected that the 14C activity in the samples would be at saturation levels, in equilibrium with erosion. The surface exposure age of this site was found to be about 25 000 years using 10Be and 26Al at the surface, with a surface erosion rate of at least 10−3 cm/y [K.J. Kim, P.A.J. Englert, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 223 (2004) 113]. The measured 14C activities were compared with those expected from spallation of Si and O in quartz by energetic neutrons and fast muons, and from capture of negative muons in O in quartz [B. Heisinger, A.J.T. Jull, D. Lal, P. Kubik, S. Ivy-Ochs, K. Knie, E. Nolte, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 200 (2002) 357; B. Heisinger, D. Lal, A.J.T. Jull, P. Kubik, S. Ivy-Ochs, S. Neumaier, K. Knie, V. Lazarev, E. Nolte, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 200 (2002) 345]. Surprisingly, we found that the 14C activities were significantly greater than those expected, by factors of 2–3, especially in samples of depths
Changes in Blastogenic Activity of Bovine Blood Mononuclear Cells Throughout the Nonlactating Period

Mononuclear cells were isolated from bovine blood by density gradient centrifugation to determine variation in mitogen-induced mononuclear cell activity throughout the nonlactating period. In a preliminary study, optimum concentrations of Concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide, and three Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides were determined using six cows as blood donors. Concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and E. coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide were selected for further studies. Mitogenic responses of blood mononuclear cells from five cows were evaluated at drying off, 14 to 16 and 28 to 30 d of involution, 12 to 14 d prepartum, and at parturition. Concanavalin A-treated cells exhibited greater blastogenic activity than phytohemagglutinin-treated cells. Response of cells to Concanavalin A increased slightly through 28 to 30 d of involution and decreased markedly at parturition. Blastogenic activity of cells treated with phytohemagglutinin decreased throughout the nonlactating period and was lowest at parturition. Activity of lipopolysaccharide-treated mononuclear cells increased through 28 to 30 d of involution. However, response of mononuclear cells to lipopolysaccharide was minimal compared with response to Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. Variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cell activity throughout involution may parallel mammary gland mononuclear cell activity, affecting susceptibility of the mammary gland to new intramammary infections.