cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts of Pastness: The Passé composé and the Imperfect1

From the teacher's point of view, teaching the uses of the passe compose and imperfect tenses has been a frustrating experience. We have been relying on target-language equivalents of English past tenses rather than stressing the concepts and implications of pastness inherent in these two French verb tenses. In this article, translation is not used and English equivalents are purposefully avoided. Meaning is stressed and time elements are conceptualized. Examples of effective teaching and testing devices, gathered from several sources, are offered.
Physics of tablet compression XIII. Development of die‐wall pressure during compression of various materials

A method for determining the pressure transmitted to the die wall during tablet compression is described. Basically, the method involves strain-gauge measurement of die expansion and the relation of this to the transmitted pressure. The pressure transmitting behavior of a number of compounds, both organic and inorganic, have been studied; some correlations between observed response and physical properties are suggested. Limited studies on the effect of the addition of a lubricant to the crystals are also reported. It was noted that change in the magnitude of transmission to the die wall was not a simple linear function of lubricant concentration.
HF Laser Flow Visualization with an Infrared Television System

This paper describes an infrared television system used for observing HF continuous chemical laser gas flows. The prime goal for these experiments was the flow visualization of the supersonic free jets provided by the IR HF emissions which were generated by the reaction of hydrogen and fluorine flowing out of selected nozzle configurations. The spatial flow patterns for three IF laser configurations were observed and monitored with this IR television system. The mechanical configuration, optics, and operating parameters associated with each configuration are discussed in this report. The uniformity of the laser medium and the properties of the jet are also described.
Egypt and the Myth of the New Middle Class: A Comparative Analysis

Authors in recent literature on developing polities have been searching for a middle class that could and, some even argue, should assume primary responsibility for all phases of development: social, economic, and political. This middle class has been identified as the New Middle Class (NMC). In contrast to the “old” middle class, the authors maintain, the NMC will create leaders; is more numerous; possesses organizational skills; is honest; develops forward-looking “new men”; in short, is shouldering, and should shoulder, social and political change.
Shared Segmentation of Natural Scenes Using Dependent Pitman-Yor Processes

We develop a statistical framework for the simultaneous, unsupervised segmentation and discovery of visual object categories from image databases. Examining a large set of manually segmented scenes, we show that object frequencies and segment sizes both follow power law distributions, which are well modeled by the Pitman-Yor (PY) process. This nonparametric prior distribution leads to learning algorithms which discover an unknown set of objects, and segmentation methods which automatically adapt their resolution to each image. Generalizing previous applications of PY processes, we use Gaussian processes to discover spatially contiguous segments which respect image boundaries. Using a novel family of variational approximations, our approach produces segmentations which compare favorably to state-of-the-art methods, while simultaneously discovering categories shared among natural scenes.
Stresses and displacements for floating pan roofs

Abstract Procedures are developed and parametric curves presented for pan-type roofs floating on various liquids. The rim essentially subjects the central, liquid-supported plating to a vertical load but, at the same time, it provides radial stiffness to the plating. The effect of the trade-off between the rim's weight and stiffness is observed. An understanding of this effect is important in the design of these roofs. Commonly used rim configurations and tank sizes are considered in the presentation and, thus, the results are useful in approximating the displacements of and forces in typical floating pans.
Syndactyly with Larsen's syndrome

The association of syndactyly with Larsen's syndrome is reported. A revised listing of syndromes which may be associated with syndactyly is presented.
Corrosion of Lead Glasses in Acid Media: II, Concentration Profile Measurements

Lead concentration profiles were measured in a binary lead silicate glass corroded by acid using ahd a-backscattering technique. These profiles were characteristic of those predicted for an interdiffusion process and revealed a surface layer deficient in lead. Diffusion coefficients for Pb2+ were calculated, together with values of the total amount of lead removed at the various experimental temperatures and times. Good agreement was found between these data and those previously obtained experimentally. All diffusion coefficient values were high and, correspondingly, activation energy values were low compared with those predicted by the literature for similar glass compositions. This difference was justified from consideration of the leaching process.
Understanding change in international politics: the Soviet empire's demise and the international system

The succession of mostly nonviolent revolutions that replaced Eastern European communist governments in 1989 and the lack of any action by the Soviet Union to stop these changes transformed the international political system. Since these changes were not driven by changes in relative capabilities, they did not follow the postulates of neorealist theory. Rather, the revolutions of 1989 changed the rules governing superpower conflict and, thereby, the norms underpinning the international system. This constructivist perspective systematically links domestic and international structures with political practice and shows that international systems consist of ensembles of social institutions. These institutions change in response not only to shifting distributions of capabilities but also to redefinition of actors' identities as well as changes in state-society relations. Transformations of the international system occur when political practices change and therefore fail to reproduce the familiar international “structures.”
MATLAB toolbox for functional connectivity.

Abstract The term “functional connectivity” is used to denote correlations in activation among spatially-distinct brain regions, either in a resting state or when processing external stimuli. Functional connectivity has been extensively evaluated with several functional neuroimaging methods, particularly PET and fMRI. Yet these relationships have been quantified using very different measures and the extent to which they index the same constructs is unclear. We have implemented a variety of these functional connectivity measures in a new freely available MATLAB toolbox. These measures are categorized into two groups: whole time-series and trial-based approaches. We evaluate these measures via simulations with different patterns of functional connectivity and provide recommendations for their use. We also apply these measures to a previously published fMRI data set (Siegle, G.J., Thompson, W., Carter, C.S., Steinhauer, S.R., Thase, M.E., 2007. Increased amygdala and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD responses in unipolar depression: related and independent features. Biol. Psychiatry 610 (2), 198–209) in which activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was evaluated in 32 control subjects during a digit sorting task. Though all implemented measures demonstrate functional connectivity between dACC and DLPFC activity during event-related tasks, different participants appeared to display qualitatively different relationships.
Strongest Evidence Revisited

In response to comments by J. S. Farris (2000, Cladistics 16, 403–410) on the strongest evidence (SE) approach to phylogenetic analysis, I examine the concepts on which it is founded and reevaluate its merits. SE's null model of signal absence in characters is not treated as background knowledge, but as a reference point for evaluating a data set's phylogenetic signal in a tree-specific manner. In simulation tests, the SE methods perform reasonably well; although parsimony is generally more accurate and less biased than SE, SE is distinctly more accurate in some circumstances. Simulations further indicate that jackknifing is often beneficial in both SE and parsimony analyses. Iterative fixation of splits shows promise as an auxiliary procedure for SE and other methods that weight according to apparent homoplasy.
Global Spectral and Location Effects in Auditory Perceptual Grouping

An important problem in cognitive and systems neuroscience concerns the extent to which perceptual organization can be explained by "local," peripheral physiological mechanisms, or rather by more "global," central, and higher-level processes. Though central in vision research, this issue has received little attention in the field of audition. One claim is that auditory-perceptual grouping mechanisms, possibly related to visual figure-from-ground segregation or "pop-out," are low level, resulting from local processing in the frequency domain. However, no experiments have been performed specifically to test this question. We examined the effects of perceptual grouping on detection for reversal of two repeated target tones, one constant in frequency (1030 Hz), the other free to vary between trials (1045-8580 Hz). Detection was examined in the presence of a 1000-Hz background tone that repeated between target presentations. By varying the frequency of the high-target tone, this task was designed to modulate grouping between the background and low-target tones, thereby affecting reversal detection. We predicted that at large target frequency differences (Δf), the high-target tone would segregate from the background and low-target tones, and so render the background and low-target tones less distinct. We found that reversal detection declined from optimal levels with increasing Δf, and that performance was improved by spatially separating the location of the target and background sounds by at least 32°. These results demonstrate that global frequency integration over at least three octaves occurs through grouping, and that grouping is affected by source location. This implies that auditory-perceptual grouping involves global neural processing, i.e., the participation of neurons with very broad frequency input that are also sensitive to spatial location.
Operating system level support for coherence in distributed object systems

The paper is concerned with an optimistic approach to the problem of maintaining coherence in a distributed object system. The approach is based upon the systematic use of rollback as a computational mechanism. The paper describes an architecture in which rollback is used to support a transaction abstraction as the unit of global computation and synchronisation. >
In memoriam : arthur Mu-En Lee

Dr Arthur Mu-En Lee, a rising star in vascular biology and a valued member of the Circulation Research Editorial Board, died unexpectedly in April 2000. His passing, unanticipated and premature, is a grievous loss not only for his family and friends but also for the entire field of cardiovascular science. Dr Lee distinguished himself from his days as a medical student at his beloved Kaohsiung Medical College in Taiwan. His brilliance there was legendary, and he garnered support for his quest for further scientific training in the United States. He transferred to the University of California at San Francisco, where he earned a doctoral degree with Dr David Ramsey, studying the roles of cardiopulmonary and high-pressure arterial baroreceptors in the control of renin, ACTH, and vasopressin secretion. After his graduate work in San Francisco, Dr Lee completed training in internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic. Even while …
CT findings of human Fasciola hepatica infection: case reports and review of the literature☆

Due to increasing rates of international travel, hepatic fascioliasis is appearing in nonendemic areas, where diagnosis can be difficult. We present two confirmed cases of hepatic fascioliasis in a nonendemic region. The purposes of this report are to discuss computed tomography (CT) findings of hepatic fascioliasis and to review the literature. While travel history is most important, characteristic findings of hypoattenuating tracts extending from liver capsule into the parenchyma on contrast-enhanced CT scan strongly suggest hepatic fascioliasis.
Nanoparticle-Based Biobarcoded DNA Sensor for the Rapid Detection of pagA Gene of Bacillus Anthracis

Bacillus anthracis is a bioterrorism agent classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A highly amplified, nanoparticle-based, biobarcoded electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of pagA gene (accession number = M22589) in Bacillus anthracis is reported in this paper. The biosensor system is mainly composed of two nanoparticles: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic microparticles (MMPs). The AuNPs are coated with the 1st target-specific DNA probe (pDNA), which can recognize the target DNA (tDNA), and nanoparticle tracer (NT)-labeled barcode DNA (bDNA) as a signal indicator in a 1:100 probe-to-barcode ratio. The MMPs are coated with the 2nd target-specific pDNA. After mixing the nanoparticles with the tDNA, the sandwich structure (MMPs-2nd pDNA/tDNA/1st pDNA-AuNPs-bDNA-NTs) is formed. A magnetic field is applied to separate the sandwiches from the unreacted materials. Because the AuNPs have a large number of NTs per pDNA binding event, there is substantial amplification. Then, the NTs are dissolved in 1-M nitric acid and the metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) are detected by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry on a screen-printed carbon electrode sensor. Using this technique, the detection limit of this biobarcoded DNA sensor is as low as 0.2 ng/mL using cadmium sulfide NTs, or 0.02 ng/mL using lead sulfide NTs. The nanoparticle-based biobarcoded DNA sensor has potential applications in multiplexed detection of bioterrorism threat agents.
Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and the Nitric Oxide-Arginine Pathway

Summary Over the past ten years, nitric oxide has been shown to be important in a number of biological systems. This article is a review of the literature on nitric oxide and its affects on hemodynamics in the kidney. Nitric oxide is a major contributor to basal vasodilatory tone in the renal vasculature and systemic vasculature. It also has effects on the mechanisms which comprise the tubuloglomerular feedback loop. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 7–18)
The influence of short-term feeding of amino acid-deficient diets and high dietary leucine levels on the intramuscular fat content of pig muscle

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of amino acid-deficient diets and high dietary leucine levels offered for intervals of either 21 or 35 days pre-slaughter on the intramuscular fat content of pig muscle. Twenty-four hybrid gilts were offered individually ad libitum one of four diets that comprised combinations of amino acid levels (supplemented or deficient: 5·6 v. 4·0 g lysine per kg) and low or high leucine levels (10·3 v. 30·3 g leucine per kg). Live weights at the start of the study were 74·5 and 87·0 kg for pigs on the 35- and 21-day feeding regimens, respectively. There were no significant effects of dietary amino acid level, leucine level, or feeding interval on food intake, daily live-weight gain or food efficiency. Pigs given the amino acid-deficient diets had lower killing-out proportions (736 v. 747 (s.e. 3·4) g/kg; P < 0·05) and longissimus dorsi muscle areas (32·6 v. 35·7 (s.e. 0·71) cm2, P < 0·01) than those given amino acid-supplemented diets. Subjective score for longissimus dorsi colour indicated that pigs on the high leucine diet had darker muscle than those on the low leucine diet. Intramuscular fat contents of the longissimus dors i muscle at the Wth/llth rib and the 3rd/4th lumbar vertebra and of the semimembranosu s muscle were increased by 19, 18 and 18 g/kg, respectively (P < 0·05), for pigs given amino acid-deficient compared with those given amino acid-supplemented diets. Dietary leucine level had no significant effect on intramuscular fat level. Pigs given the diets for 35, compared with 21, days had higher fat levels in the semimembranosu s muscle (52 v. 30 (s.e. 5·2) g/kg; P < 0·01) but not in the other two muscle locations studied. This study suggests that relatively short-term feeding of amino acid-deficient diets can produce substantial increases in intramuscular fat levels.
The Right Faith at the Right Time? Determinants of Protestant Mission Success in the 19th–Century Brazilian Religious Market

The modern period of Protestant missions parallels 19th-century Western capitalist expansion, which aided northern hemisphere churches in extending their mission work to the south. In some regions, those missions followed a sponsored model, where the church was part of the larger transplanted colonial social order. In others, missions operated in an open religious market, where churches vied for their share of converts. This article compares the work of two American Protestant denominations in an open religious market (19th-century Brazil), looking for the conditions that facilitated or hindered their propagation. It finds that differences in faith and timing of arrival help explain degree of success in the host society.
Estimating the Dimensionality of a Ridge in Quadratic Response Surface Models

AbstractThe quadratic response surface model is quite effective in data analysis. One important issue is the estimation of near-stationary conditions including a ridge. When all the eigenvalues of the quadratic matrix are simple, Carter et al. [5] obtain asymptotic results to calculate their confidence intervals. Bisgaard and Ankenman [1] introduce a simple double linear regression method to obtain an equivalent result. However, their methods may be biased when there are multiple roots, an issue particularly when multiple roots are zero. Yin and Seymour [16] modify a procedure based on the result by Bisgaard and Ankenman [1] to obtain the intervals for multiple roots. In this expository article, we apply a recently developed dimension reduction method to the quadratic response surface model in estimating the dimensionality of a ridge under very general conditions.
Silica availability and the formation of dysplastic cells in cultures of Ditylum brightwelli (West) Grunow

1. Nutrient enrichment experiments suggest that silica is the nutrient which first becomes limiting for the growth of Ditylum brightwelli under the culture conditions described. 2. These experiments have also shown that the development of dysplastic cells in senescent cultures of Ditylum brightwelli is directly related to silica depletion and to the cessation of cell division. Upon the addition of sodium silicate, alone or in a nutrient mixture, the development of dysplastic cells is delayed, or it is reversed and they return to a log-phase, turgid, vegetative condition. 3. The addition of nitrate, phosphate, trace metals, or Na2EDTA as individual enrichments did not have the same effects as with silica enrichment.
Plasmonic Nanocomposits for Enhanced Four-Wave Mixing Generation

Third-order nonlinear response and strong field enhancement in gold nanocomposites are utilized to analyze the enhanced effective nonlinear susceptibility and efficiency of the FWM process in the evanescent and propagating excitation regimes.
Maude Abbott Lecture--1991. The capillary then and now: an overview of capillary pathology

The concept of capillary is traced through its historical development, beginning with the pathologic "synanastomoses" between arteries and veins as proposed by the ancient Greeks. Harvey assumed that arteriovenous connections existed but never saw them. Malpighi and van Leeuwenhoek were the first to observe the capillary circulation in vivo. In the 1800s, pathologists contributed two advances: a method for proving that capillaries have a structured wall (von Recklinghausen) and the notion of "capillary leakage" in inflammation (Cohnheim). Then physiologists took over for half a century (Starling, Krogh, Pappenheimer) until electron microscopy created a new viewpoint (Palade). Several topics of capillary pathophysiology are discussed: vascular labeling and the capillary as a privileged vessel; capillary versus venular leakage in inflammation; endothelial tone. The overview concludes with a summary of 15 pathologic events that may occur in capillaries.
Negotiating the mediated city

Much media studies research is concerned with screens. We write about how people connect through screens on social media. We write about how people engage with smartphone screens to impact how thei...
The Problem of Emergency Department Overcrowding: Agent-Based Simulation and Test by Questionnaire

Overcrowding of hospital emergency departments is a recognized public health problem in the United States. This paper develops and simulates a noncooperative game model of emergency department overcrowding. This hypothesis naturally takes the form of an agent-based computer simulation. The predictions of the model are validated by a questionnaire administered to patients with experience in an urban hospital emergency department. These results favor the Nash equilibrium hypothesis, implying that emergency department crowding is the equilibrium of the current state of the U.S. health care system. It is hoped that this paper contributes by 1) improving our understanding of the problem of emergency department overcrowding, and 2) providing an example of the potentiality for questionnaire studies as evidence for agent-based simulation studies.
Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin for the Treatment of Brain Tumors

Brain malignancies currently carry a poor prognosis despite the current multimodal standard of care that includes surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation. As new therapies are desperately needed, naturally occurring chemical compounds have been studied for their potential chemotherapeutic benefits and low toxicity profile. Curcumin, found in the rhizome of turmeric, has extensive therapeutic promise via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo data have shown it to be an effective treatment for brain tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. These effects are potentiated by curcumin’s ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, activation of apoptotic pathways, induction of autophagy, disruption of molecular signaling, inhibition of invasion, and metastasis and by increasing the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics. Further, clinical data suggest that it has low toxicity in humans even at large doses. Curcumin is a promising nutraceutical compound that should be evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of human brain tumors.
Warding Off Competition: The Impact of School District Outreach on Charter Expansion in Arizona*

Objective To assess whether charterâ€ competitionâ€ induced changes in traditional school district policiesâ€”in this case outreach programsâ€”can slow subsequent charter growth. Methods Using Arizona data in a regression analysis, the impact of district outreach intensity on charter growth from 1997 to 2000â€”when these marketing activities were probably modified in response to prior (1994â€“1997) charter entryâ€”is determined. This impact is then compared to the effect of outreach intensity on initial charter growth for 1994â€“1997, when competitionâ€ induced changes in outreach activities were less likely to have been implemented. Results High district outreach intensity did not influence charter expansion during 1994â€“1997, but did slow this growth during 1997â€“2000. Conclusion Traditional school districts are capable of slowing charter growth via competitionâ€ induced changes in outreach activities, but the effect occurs with a lag. The analysis suggests that charter entry also generates responses from private schools that slow charter growth.
Stable isotope ecology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Australia has undergone significant climate change, both today and in the past. Koalas, due to their restricted diet of predominantly eucalyptus leaves and limited drinking behaviour may serve as model organisms for assessing past climate change via stable isotopes of tooth enamel. Here, we assess whether stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from tooth enamel record known climate variables, including proxies of relative aridity (e.g. mean annual precipitation, mean annual maximum temperature, and relative humidity). The results demonstrate significant negative relationships between oxygen isotope values and both relative humidity and mean annual precipitation, proxies for relative aridity. The best model for predicting enamel oxygen isotope values incorporates mean annual precipitation and modelled oxygen isotope values of local precipitation. These data and the absence of any relationship between modelled oxygen isotope precipitation values, independently, suggest that koalas do not track local precipitation values but instead record relative aridity. The lack of significant relationships between carbon isotopes and climate variables suggests that koalas may instead be tracking the density of forests and/or their location in the canopy. Collectively, these data suggest that koalas are model organisms for assessing relative aridity over time – much like kangaroos.
Slow Conductance Relaxation in Graphene–Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors

Tuning graphene conduction states with the remnant polarization of ferroelectric oxides holds much promise for a range of low-power transistor and memory applications. However, understanding how the ferroelectric polarization affects the electronic properties of graphene remains challenging because of a variety of intricate and dynamic screening processes that complicate the interaction. Here, we report on a range of slow electrical conductance relaxation behavior in graphene–ferroelectric field-effect transistors with the extreme case leading to the convergence of two polarization-induced states. Piezoresponse force microscopy through the graphene channel reveals that the ferroelectric polarization remains essentially unchanged during this conductance relaxation. When measured in vacuum, the conductance relaxation is significantly reduced, suggesting equilibration with adsorbates from the ambient atmosphere that can cause charge transfer to and from graphene to be the origin of the slow relaxation.
Stony Meteoroid Space Erosion and Drag: Effect on Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages

Collisions with dust particles in retrograde orbits cause space erosion on stony meteoroids in addition to the particle drag which causes drift toward resonances. The spacing between resonances determines the maximum drift time and sets upper limits on the neon-21 cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages for meteoroids less than ∼1 m in radius, while space erosion controls the limit for radii greater than ∼1 m; the limits accord well with the measured CRE ages of stony meteorites.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse in African Americans

Alcohol and substance abuse are pervasive problems in the African–American community. They impact health status, education, housing, employment, and quality of life. There is now increasing evidence that drugs of abuse impact the general health status of both the individual and the community. Substance abuse has a substantial impact on African Americans, not because it is more common, but because it has a disproportional effect and there may be less access to treatment. The severity and burden of substance abuse may, therefore, contribute to widely reported health disparities and poor psychosocial outcomes. Treatments are available that are effective for African Americans. However, they are not always accessible. The most effective treatments often are not. Criminalization is far more likely and creates a vicious cycle. This chapter will discuss the impact of substance abuse in the community, the epidemiology of substance abuse in American Americans, and approaches to prevent or treat it. It is clear that more needs to be done to make culturally relevant and efficacious interventions more available.
Laryngectomy and smoking: An analysis of postoperative risk.

Objectives To investigate the impact of smoking on complication rates following total laryngectomy. Study Design and Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all total laryngectomies between 2005 and 2014. Patients were identified as smokers (n = 561) or nonsmokers (n = 513) and compared via univariate and multivariate analyses. A nearest-neighbor propensity score-generating algorithm was used to build a subpopulation (n = 714) of matched cases and evaluated in a similar manner. Additionally, pack-year data was available for select cases and analyzed appropriately. Results On multivariate analysis of the unmatched cohort accounting for demographics and confounders, no significant difference in overall medical complications was identified between groups (odds ratio = 0.799, P = 0.495). Propensity matching corrected for all significantly distributed comorbidities, except for alcohol, which remained associated with the smoking group (P = 50 pack-years of smoking. After multivariate regression, sepsis and overall medical complications remained significant for the 51+ pack-year smoking cohort. Conclusion After accounting for confounding comorbidities, smoking is found to play an insignificant role in the development of postoperative complications following total laryngectomy. However, those with 51+ pack-years are at an increased risk for postoperative sepsis and overall medical complications following these complex procedures. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Fat T cells go to the joint

Poor glycolysis and increased fatty-acid synthesis feed the locomotion machinery in T cells from people with rheumatoid arthritis and allow these cells to enter the synovium and propagate joint inflammation and destruction.
Online Education and e-Consent for GeneScreen, a Preventive Genomic Screening Study.

Background Online study recruitment is increasingly popular, but we know little about the decision making that goes into joining studies in this manner. In GeneScreen, a genomic screening study that utilized online education and consent, we investigated participants' perceived ease when deciding to join and their understanding of key study features. Methods Individuals were recruited via mailings that directed them to a website where they could learn more about GeneScreen, consent to participate, and complete a survey. Results Participants found it easy to decide to join GeneScreen and had a good understanding of study features. Multiple regression analyses revealed that ease of deciding to join was related to confidence in one's genetic self-efficacy, limited concerns about genetic screening, trust in and lack of frustration using the website, and the ability to spend a limited time on the website. Understanding of study features was related to using the Internet more frequently and attaining more information about GeneScreen conditions. Conclusions The ease of deciding to join a genomic screening study and comprehension of its key features should be treated as different phenomena in research and practice. There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of how individuals respond to web-based consent information.
Cardiovascular responses to intranasal neuropeptide Y in single prolonged stress rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder

Delivery of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the brain by intranasal administration shows promise as non-invasive means for preventing or treating PTSD symptoms. Here, radiotelemetry and echocardiography were used to determine effects of intranasal NPY on cardiovascular functions in absence and presence of stress. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with radiotelemetric probes, and subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS), followed by intranasal vehicle (V) or NPY (150μg) under conditions shown to prevent development of many of the behavioral neuroendocrine and biochemical impairments. In both groups, mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose rapidly peaking at about 125mmHg, remaining near maximal levels for 1h. SPS also elicited robust rise in heart rate (HR) which was mitigated by intranasal NPY, and significantly lower than V-treated rats 12-50min after exposure to SPS stressors. In the first hr. after SPS, locomotor activity was elevated but only in the V-treated group. By 3h, MAP returned to pre-stress levels in both groups with no further change when monitored for 6days. HR remained elevated during the 6h remaining light phase after SPS. Subsequently HR was at pre-SPS levels during the remaining days. However dark phase HR was low following SPS, gradually recovered over 6days and was associated with reduced activity. When administered in the absence of further stress, intranasal NPY or V elicited similar much smaller, short-lived rises in MAP and HR. Echocardiography revealed no change in HR, stroke volume (SV) or cardiac output (Q) with intranasal NPY in the absence of stress. SPS led to reduced SV and Q but was not affected by NPY. Overall the results demonstrate no major cardiovascular effects of intranasal NPY and indicate possible benefit from transient amelioration of HR response in line with its translational potential to combat PTSD and comorbid impairments.
Performance reporting: Assessing citizen access to performance measures on state government websites

Performance measurement is common in state and local governments. However, having a performance measurement system does not guarantee that results are shared with the citizenry. This study evaluates the relative accessibility of performance information on state government websites. Drawing upon the e-government and bureaucratic paradigms developed by Ho (2002), we find that state governments are more likely to approach reporting of performance information from a bureaucratic perspective than an e-government perspective. Regardless of the paradigm used, however, locating and accessing performance information often is a difficult and frustrating process. We argue that states are missing an opportunity to better manage the government-citizen relationship when they fail to share the results of their performance measurement efforts.
Introduction of Jane Sell, Cooley-Mead 2017:

Jane Sell’s contributions to social psychology include guides to theory building, experimental methods, public goods, prosocial interaction, gender, race, and status processes. She serves on commit...
First report of Oniscidia Mörch, 1852 (Neogastropoda, Harpidae) in the northeast Pacific fossil record and paleobiogeographic review of the genus

The harpid neogastropod genus Oniscidia Morch, 1852, which has not been recognized before in the northeast Pacific fossil record, is represented there by rare specimens of Oniscidia plectata (Waring, 1917) n. comb., of late early Paleocene age, in a region extending from southern California, USA to Baja California, Mexico. This species is the earliest unequivocal record of Oniscidia and its only known Paleocene record. It apparently lived in silty, inner- to middle-shelf depths, which were inherently cooler than adjacent shallower marine depths. Its habitat was subject to the influx of shallow-marine shells, especially turritellas, contained in turbidity currents emanating from nearshore depths.The global paleogeography of Oniscidia, which is presented here for the first time, has been overlooked previously because this genus has a long and complicated history of taxonomic confusion with the harpid genus Morum Roding, 1798. Oniscidia questionably originated during the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) in southern India and apparently dispersed westward through the Tethys Seaway into the New World. Paleocene and early Eocene occurrences of this genus are rare, and middle Eocene occurrences are uncommon. During the cool times of the Oligocene and into the early Miocene, it was most widespread. Its range became restricted during the middle Miocene and continued to be so during the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and modern day, with occurrences only in the Caribbean Sea region, Florida, and the western Pacific. Its distribution through warm and cool times was most likely controlled by its habitat preference for relatively deep cool waters.
Commentary by John Wenders

Two views are emerging on how to deal with industries that are allegedly “naturally” monopolistic. The traditional view is that the market cannot be relied upon to adequately protect consumers against a wasteful duplication of facilities and monopoly power, and therefore detail regulation is needed. This is the view that has historically driven the regulatory process. A second view — and one that has only recently emerged and is not yet fully articulated — questions the assumptions behind the traditional natural monopoly argument and argues that even imperfect market discipline is likely to prove superior to the protective, politically oriented form of regulation that has actually emerged in the real world. For this view, the comparison is not between imperfect markets and perfect regulation, but between imperfect markets and imperfect regulation, a comparison that shows imperfect markets to be superior.
The Discovery of Quantum Mechanics

A prince of the de Broglie family in France had a very clever idea for his doctoral thesis in physics. The prince, named Louis de Broglie, was familiar with the stationary states of the Bohr atom, and they reminded him of the stationary or standing waves of musical instruments (with which you also may be familiar; watch a guitar string while it is making music, you will see the particles of the string waving while standing in place). One of the most intriguing aspects of the stationary waves on a guitar string is the discrete nature of the allowed frequencies that can be set up. For a given length and tension of the wire, the music of the guitar string displays the same kind of discontinuity that is characteristic of the electronic energy levels of an atom. But if there is a connection, the electron has to be a wave, and the atomic electrons must be confined waves. Traveling waves propagate (Figure 6.1), but confined waves do their waving in place, forming standing or stationary waves (Figure 6.2).
Shining Sunlight on Industry Payments in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: The Sunshine Act.

Purpose To characterize industry payments to oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) and to determine the accuracy of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Open Payments Databases. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of the CMS General and Research Payments Databases in 2016 for clinicians categorized as OMSs. General payments include consulting fees, honoraria, gifts, entertainment, food and beverage, travel and education, and others. Research payments include payments associated with research. Variables collected included number of OMSs who received payments, type of and number of payments, total amount paid, geographic distribution, and proportion of funding allotted to research. The accuracy of payee categorization was determined by verifying a random selection of 5% of those categorized as “OMS” in the database with publicly available data. To assess impact on research productivity, the h-index of research payment recipients was calculated. Results A total of 6,720 OMSs received industry compensation in 2016. Accuracy was 88% in the General Payments Database and 50% in the Research Payments Database. OMSs received 28,456 general payments totaling $5,971,800.79. The average number of payments and the average amount per payment were 4.27 and $1,597.60, respectively. The CMS reported total research payments of $23,592.17. The 4 verified OMSs received a total of $18,500 in research payments and had an average h-index of 3.25 (range, 0 to 8). The most common payments made were for food and beverage (80.2%), travel and lodging (5.83%), education (3.91%), compensation for services other than consulting (3.1%), and gifts (3.03%). Research accounted for 0.07% of all payments. Conclusion Although industry payments to OMSs were common, research funding was negligible. Most industry value transfers were related to food and beverage or travel and lodging. Clinicians were accurately classified in the CMS General Payments Database but not in the Research Payments Database.
Impacts of some factors that effect spoilage of silage at the periphery of the exposed face of corn silage piles

Abstract Preserving silage in large piles is popular due to its flexibility and affordability that allows storage of large amounts of silage with low facility investment. Management of silage piles during feed-out impacts silage spoilage since, once the plastic covers are removed and silage near the exposed silage ‘face’ is exposed to air, undesirable microbes can proliferate to negatively impact its hygienic quality and nutritional value. Pile silage also has characteristics, such as a long feed-out phase and a large exposed face peripheral area, which makes it prone to spoilage during feed-out, especially in the exposed face area. Silage samples were collected from nine corn silage piles in the San Joaquin Valley of California (USA) in order to evaluate impacts of feed-out speed, days after opening and surface silage density on degree of silage spoilage at the periphery of the exposed face. Faster feed-out speed (i.e., 0.59 versus 0.29 m/day) suppressed the degree of spoilage, as indicated by lower temperature and pH, and higher lactic levels, as well as higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, because surface spoilage in both fast- and slow-speed piles was judged to be in the spoilage initiation stage, the feed-out speed of 0.29 m/day was judged sufficient to prevent substantive spoilage. Fewer days after opening (i.e., 69 versus 110 days) impacted degree of spoilage as indicated by lower mold counts and higher lactic and acetic acid levels. As spoilage in long-open piles had reached mid-stage, while spoilage in short-open piles was still in the initiation stage, days after opening of 110 was judged too long to prevent surface spoilage. Higher surface density (i.e., 360 versus 312 kg/m3 wet weight) had little impact on spoilage, due to its low impact on all response parameters. Overall, faster feed-out speed and fewer days after pile opening had the most positive impacts on suppressing spoilage in corn silage at the periphery of the exposed face, while increasing surface silage density was less impactful.
Explanatory multivariate modeling for disability, pain, and claims in patients with spine pain via a physical therapy direct access model of care.

Background Direct access physical therapy (DAPT) may result in improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Prognostic factors associated with spine-related outcomes and insurance claims with DAPT are needed. Objective To identify factors that predict variations in outcomes for spine pain and insurance claims using DAPT. Methods Individuals (N = 250) with spine pain were analyzed. Outcomes were classified into High, Low, or Did Not Meet minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores. Claims were categorized into low, medium, or high tertiles. Prognostic variables were identified from patient information. Results Females were more likely to meet High MCID (odds ratio [OR] 2.84 (95% CI = 1.32, 6.11) and Low MCID (OR 2.86, 95% CI = 1.34, 6.10). Higher initial ODI/NDI scores were associated with High MCID (OR 1.04, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.22) and Low MCID (OR 0.91, 95% CI = 0.77, 1.07). Odds of a high claim were lowered by the absence of imaging (OR 0.04, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.09) and an active versus passive treatment (OR 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.80). Conclusion Females and higher initial disability predicted favorable outcomes. The novel introduction of claims into the prognostic modeling supports that active interventions and avoiding imaging may reduce claims.
Ischaemic and bleeding risk assessment after myocardial infarction: combination is the key

Residual ischaemic risk after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains high despite coronary revascularisation and current guideline-based secondary prevention. More potent antithrombotic strategies—such as prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT),1 use of potent P2Y12 inhibitors,2 or combination of a low-dose anticoagulant and aspirin3—have recently been proposed. Each of these strategies not only reduces ischaemic risk, but also increases bleeding risk. In parallel, knowledge on the impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease is increasing. As a consequence, maintaining a low bleeding risk is now of utmost importance in this population. This trend is attested by the fact that a growing number of randomised clinical trials have now bleeding rather than ischaemic events as primary endpoints.4 The selection of patients likely to derive benefit from potent antithrombotic strategies with acceptable bleeding risk therefore requires concomitant evaluation of ischaemic and bleeding risks. In this issue of Heart , Lindholm et al 5 assessed the effects of combining key clinical risk factors on the recurrent ischaemic and bleeding risks after acute myocardial infarction (MI). To do this, they studied the SWEDEHEART registry, which included more than 100 000 patients admitted for MI. The key risk factors used in their model have been proven to be associated with worse outcomes in this population as they increase ischaemic …
Implementing a Broad Based Educational Program Targeting Tobacco and Marijuana

Program Goals A program was designed to educate fourth and fifth grade students at local elementary schools, with a high concentration of military dependents, about the effects of tobacco and marijuana products. Specifically, we set out to fill a void where there was no current education, provide more current information on tobacco products (e-cigarettes, vaporizers, liquid nicotine), and educate about marijuana in a …
Leadership and the Ethics of Influence

How do leaders influence others? Although they sometimes appeal directly to good reasons, which we associate with rational persuasion, leaders also use guilt, pressure, flattery, bullying, and rewards and punishment—all to get the behaviors that they want. Even when leaders refrain from outright lying, they are nevertheless known to practice something approaching, perhaps reaching, the level of manipulation. Influence therefore presents a serious ethical problem across leadership contexts. Leadership and the Ethics of Influence argues that influence puts leaders at risk of using people. It is generally disrespectful of autonomy to figure out what makes people "tick" in an effort to "handle" them. In contrast with physical force, influence works through agency, not around it. Despite this feature of influence—and, to a large extent because of it—the everyday influence associated with leadership is often morally troublesome. What matters morally is not only whether agency is bypassed or overridden but also who is ultimately in control. This book uses philosophy and leadership studies to show how leaders across different contexts can be justified in getting followers to do things. Connecting moral theory to leadership theory, and especially to charismatic leadership, authentic leadership, transforming leadership, and ethical leadership, this book is essential reading for leadership scholars, students, and practitioners.
IoT cybersecurity: conference tutorial

The Internet of Things is an umbrella term to describe devices in everyday use that are connected to the Internet. Devices such as web cameras, programmable thermostats and smart utility meters are considered to be components of the IoT. In the rush to innovate and provide convenience, cybersecurity of the data stored and in transit from these IoT devices has been overlooked. In this tutorial, I will present why IoT cybersecurity is critical and how to secure them by following the guiding principles of defense in depth and the A-I-C tenets.