cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abutment Disconnection/Reconnection Affects Peri-implant Marginal Bone Levels: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that marginal bone loss can be secondary to repeated disconnection and reconnection of abutments that affect the peri-implant mucosal seal. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of abutment disconnections/reconnections on peri-implant marginal bone level changes. Materials and Methods: To address this question, two reviewers independently performed an electronic search of three major databases up to October 2015 complemented by manual searches. Eligible articles were selected on the basis of prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria after a two-phase search strategy and assessed for risk of bias. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for marginal bone loss. Results: The authors initially identified 392 titles and abstracts. After evaluation, seven controlled clinical studies were included. Qualitative assessment of the articles revealed a trend toward protective marginal bone level preservation for implants with final abutment placement (FAP) at the time of implant placement compared with implants for which there were multiple abutment placements (MAP). The FAP group exhibited a marginal bone level change ranging from 0.08 to 0.34 mm, whereas the MAP group exhibited a marginal bone level change ranging from 0.09 to 0.55 mm. Meta-analysis of the seven studies reporting on 396 implants showed significantly greater bone loss in cases of multiple abutment disconnections/reconnections. The weighted mean difference in marginal bone loss was 0.19 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.32 mm), favoring bone preservation in the FAP group. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this meta-analysis, abutment disconnection and reconnection significantly affected peri-implant marginal bone levels. These findings pave the way for revisiting current restorative protocols at the restorative treatment planning stage to prevent incipient marginal bone loss.
COUNTERFACTUALS WITH TRUE COMPONENTS

One criticism of David Lewis's account of counterfactuals is that it sometimes assigns the wrong truth-value to a counterfactual when both antecedent and consequent happen to be true. Lewis has suggested a possible remedy to this situation, but commentators have found this to be unsatisfactory. I suggest an alternative solution which involves a modification of Lewis's truth conditions, but which confines itself to the resources already present in his account. This modification involves the device of embedding one counterfactual within another. On the revised set of truth conditions, counterfactuals with true components are sometimes true and sometimes false, in a way that is more in keeping with our intuitive judgments about such statements.
Cell Detection with Deep Learning Accelerated by Sparse Kernel

As lung cancer is one of the most frequent and serious disease causing death for both men and women, early diagnosis and differentiation of lung cancers is clinically important. Computerized tissue histopathology image analysis and computer-aided diagnosis is very efficient and has become amenable. The cell detection process is the most basic step among the computer-aided histopathology image analysis applications. In this chapter, we study a deep convolutional neural network-based method for the lung cancer cell detection problem. This problem is very challenging due to many reasons, e.g., cell clumping and overlapping, high complexity of the cell detection methods, and the lack of humanly annotated datasets. To address these issues, we introduce a deep learning-based cell detection method for the effectiveness, as the deep learning methods have been demonstrated to be repeatedly successful in various computer vision applications in the last decade. However, this method still takes very long time to detect cells in very small images, e.g., \(512\times 512\), albeit it is very effective in the cell detection task. In order to reduce the overall time cost of this method, we combine this method with the sparse kernel technique to significantly accelerate the cell detection process, up to 500 times. With the aforementioned advances, our numerical results confirm that the resulting method is able to outperform most state-of-the-art cell detection methods in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness.
Applications and Technology Trend in Embedded Flash Memory

Chapter 2 first introduces the history of the micro-controller unit (MCU) with significant growth of the market by on-chip flash-memory innovation affecting the whole supply chain from development of hardware and software, to production, inventory control, and lifetime maintenance. Then described are how and why embedded flash memory has expanded functions and applications by finding new embedded uses supported by device, circuit, and sub-system designs followed by expanding variety of applications and requirements by automotive and smart-card applications. Finally embedded flash technology prospects partly leading to the necessity of emerging non-volatile memory development are overviewed.
Network-based brain stimulation selectively impairs spatial retrieval

Abstract Background Direct brain stimulation via electrodes implanted for intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) permits the modulation of endogenous electrical signals with significantly greater spatial and temporal specificity than non-invasive approaches. It also allows for the stimulation of deep brain structures important to memory, such as the hippocampus, that are difficult, if not impossible, to target non-invasively. Direct stimulation studies of these deep memory structures, though, have produced mixed results, with some reporting improvement, some impairment, and others, no consistent changes. Objective/hypothesis We hypothesize that to modulate cognitive function using brain stimulation, it is essential to modulate connected nodes comprising a network, rather than just alter local activity. Methods iEEG data collected while patients performed a spatiotemporal memory retrieval task were used to map frequency-specific, coherent oscillatory activity between different brain regions associated with successful memory retrieval. We used these to identify two target nodes that exhibited selectively stronger coupling for spatial vs. temporal retrieval. In a subsequent session, electrical stimulation - theta-bursts with a fixed phase-lag (0° or 180°) – was applied to the two target regions while patients performed spatiotemporal retrieval. Results Stimulation selectively impaired spatial retrieval while not affecting temporal retrieval, and this selective impairment was associated with theta decoupling of the spatial retrieval network. Conclusion These findings suggest that stimulating tightly connected nodes in a functional network at the appropriate phase-lag may effectively modulate the network function, and while in this case it impaired memory processes, it sets a foundation for further network-based perturbation studies.
Current status of gene transfer into haemopoietic progenitor cells : application to Langerhans cell histiocytosis

A number of recent studies have shown that it is possible to obtain significant levels of gene transfer and expression in marrow progenitor cells and their progeny by using retroviral vectors. The data obtained from these studies and the possible applications to Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are reviewed.
Synthesis and Regulation of Receptors for Polypeptide Hormones

In a dynamic environment the key to survival is adaptation. Of the adaptive responses an organism generates in response to its changing environment, many are generated via the endocrine system. Hormones, the messengers of the endocrine system, have access to most cells, but their effect on any specific site will be modified by local factors. The hormones react with their target cells via specific hormone receptors either at the cell surface or intracellularly and the receptor-hormone complex then generates a signal that regulates cellular metabolism. Among many possible local factors that influence hormonal action, two important sites of regulation are alterations in the reaction of the hormone with the hormone receptor and transmission of the signal of complex formation.
Federal Courts and State Taxes: Some Jurisdictional Issues, with Special Attention to the Tax Injunction Act

Typically, controversies concerning state and local taxes are litigated in the state courts, but, for a variety of reasons, one of the parties to such a controversy may prefer to litigate in the federal courts. This article offers a general introduction to the jurisdictional rules and principles governing federal jurisdiction over state/local tax disputes, and to the jurisdictional barriers and hurdles that keep many state/local tax controversies out of the federal courts. The article provides a detailed analysis of the limitations imposed on federal jurisdiction by the Tax Injunction Act, and explores the relationship between the Act and doctrines of comity, a topic brought into sharp relief by the Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in Levin v. Commerce Energy, Inc. It also seeks to place judicial interpretations of the Act in the broader context of federalism concerns.
Optical phase control of coherent pulse stacking via modulated impulse response

To stabilize the combined pulse energy for coherent temporal pulse stacking using interferometer cavities, we have developed a direct cavity phase measurement method based on analysis of the response to modulated probe pulses. An experiment has demonstrated optical phase control within 50 mrad for four cavities, resulting in a combination of 25 pulses with 1.5% root mean square stability over 30 h.
The associations between leisure, stress, and health behavior among university students.

Background: Research on health behavior within the context of leisure and stress coping in university students is limited. Purpose: This study investigated the associations between leisure, health ...
Inhibition of Manual Movements at Speech Arrest Sites in the Posterior Inferior Frontal Lobe.

Background Intraoperative stimulation of the posterior inferior frontal lobe (IFL) induces speech arrest, which is often interpreted as demonstration of essential language function. However, prior reports have described "negative motor areas" in the IFL, sites where stimulation halts ongoing limb motor activity. Objective To investigate the spatial and functional relationship between IFL speech arrest areas and negative motor areas (NMAs). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, intraoperative stimulation mapping was performed to localize speech and motor function, as well as arrest of hand movement, hand posture, and guitar playing in a set of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for dominant hemisphere pathologies. The incidence and localization of speech arrest and motor inhibition was analyzed. Results Eleven patients underwent intraoperative localization of speech arrest sites and inhibitory motor areas. A total of 17 speech arrest sites were identified in the dominant frontal lobe, and, of these, 5 sites (29.4%) were also identified as NMAs. Speech arrest and arrest of guitar playing was also evoked by a single IFL site in 1 subject. Conclusion Inferior frontal gyrus speech arrest sites do not function solely in speech production. These findings provide further evidence for the complexity of language organization, and suggest the need for refined mapping strategies that discern between language-specific sites and inhibitory motor areas.
Esterification by Redox Dehydration Using Diselenides as Catalytic Organooxidants

Ortho-functionalized aryl diselenides are catalytic (5.0 mol %) oxidants for the construction of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of stoichiometric triethyl phosphite and dioxygen in air as the terminal redox reagents (redox dehydration conditions). The reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of the anhydride and requires the presence of 10% DMAP to drive the esterification.
Obstruction reduction: Use of water-soluble contrast challenge to differentiate between partial and complete small bowel obstruction.

Abstract Differentiating SBO that will resolve conservatively from those requiring surgery remains challenging. Water-soluble contrast administration may be diagnostic and therapeutic. Our study evaluated use of a WSC challenge protocol. We hypothesize that protocol use discriminates between surgical SBO and obstructions which can be managed non-operatively. Demographics, prior surgeries, time to operation, complications, and LOS were analyzed. 108 patients were admitted with SBO. 13% underwent immediate laparotomy with concern for bowel compromise; these had a median LOS of 8.5 days. 91 received WSC protocol. Of these, 77% had contrast passage to the colon. Of the 48 in whom contrast passed between 0 and 12 h, LOS was 2 days. Of the 22 patients in whom contrast passed between 12 and 24 h, LOS was 4.5 days. 21 had failure of contrast passage; 18 of those underwent surgery after 24 h as a result. Of the 21 patients who failed WSC challenge, median LOS was 8 days. WSC protocol implementation facilitates early recognition of partial from complete obstruction and may decrease LOS. Our findings warrant further evaluation with a multicenter trial.
A measurement of the fraction of chloroplast DNA transcribed in Euglena.

Abstract The fraction of the chloroplast DNA transcribed in the single celled alga Euglena has been determined by RNA-DNA hybridization. A vast excess of total cell RNA from cells which were rapidly dividing in the light was hybridized in liquid to [125I] — chloroplast DNA, and the resulting duplexes separated on hydroxyapatite columns. The contribution of DNA-DNA duplex formation was determined separately and was used to calculate that portion of the duplex which was actually a RNA-DNA hybrid. Sixteen percent of the single stranded chloroplast DNA forms a duplex with this RNA suggesting that 32 percent of the double stranded DNA molecule is being transcribed into RNA under these conditions of cell growth.
Reawakening Creativity for Business Leaders: Removing Obstacles.

Creativity is a key to business success, but teaching it is difficult. The authors argue that improving creativity may be a matter of removing barriers to creative thought. Using a course on creati...
Elements and Principles for Characterizing Variation between Data Analyses

The data revolution has led to an increased interest in the practice of data analysis. For a given problem, there can be significant or subtle differences in how a data analyst constructs or creates a data analysis, including differences in the choice of methods, tooling, and workflow. In addition, data analysts can prioritize (or not) certain objective characteristics in a data analysis, leading to differences in the quality or experience of the data analysis, such as an analysis that is more or less reproducible or an analysis that is more or less exhaustive. However, data analysts currently lack a formal mechanism to compare and contrast what makes analyses different from each other. To address this problem, we introduce a vocabulary to describe and characterize variation between data analyses. We denote this vocabulary as the elements and principles of data analysis, and we use them to describe the fundamental concepts for the practice and teaching of creating a data analysis. This leads to two insights: it suggests a formal mechanism to evaluate data analyses based on objective characteristics, and it provides a framework to teach students how to build data analyses.
The Overlooked Legend: The Failure of the Media to Report on the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Abstract Modern Americans have long revered Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and their companions as legendary heroes, and the bicentennial has only heightened interest in the expedition and what it accomplished. But much of the interest in Lewis and Clark has developed in the last one hundred years. Published historical accounts of the expedition have abounded for years. But none of these historical narratives really address the issue of the press coverage of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. This study seeks to fill that gap by considering the reports about Lewis and Clark that appeared in newspapers following the return of the expedition in September 1806. Overall, American newspapers did not provide extensive press coverage of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, but Federalist and big-city editors proved less interested than their Republican and more rural counterparts.
Is a pelvic examination contributory in the initial evaluation of women with recurrent urinary tract infections

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) affect up to 44% of women; evidenced-based guidelines regarding the contributory role of a pelvic examination in these women are lacking. We hypothesize that routine pelvic examination has a limited role in evaluation and management of women with rUTI when appropriate symptoms-based screening is performed and normal post-void residual volume (PVR) is confirmed. We performed a retrospective chart review of women ages 18–85 years presenting to Wake Forest Pelvic Health Center with two culture-proven UTIs in 6 months or three UTIs in 12 months with a documented pelvic examination. Pregnant women were excluded. Data extraction included demographics, medical history, screening assessment of vaginal bulge symptoms, urine culture results, imaging, physical/pelvic examination findings, PVR, treatment recommendations and outcomes within 1 year of initial assessment. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact test were performed. Of 160 charts screened, 91 met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen (21%) had symptoms of vaginal bulge, and 14 (17%) had PVR > 100 ml. Pelvic examination provided new/contributory information in eight (8.8%) of women. The negative predictive value of absence of bulge symptoms and normal PVR was 89%. Within 1 year, 41 (46%) reported symptom resolution with rUTI treatment with no difference between those with or without a contributory pelvic examination (p value = 0.64). In women with rUTI who report absence of vaginal bulge symptoms and have a PVR < 100 ml, a pelvic examination provides contributory information in < 10% of women and did not change treatment outcomes.
PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE MONITORING EFFECTIVELY GUIDES MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY

Obesity is very common in heart failure (HF) and heart failure hospitalizations (HFH) but complicates clinical assessment of volume in the office by exam and BNP levels, and at home by monitoring of daily weight and peripheral edema. Management guided by pulmonary artery pressure monitoring with the
Reducing Barriers That Hinder Obstetric Providers From Addressing Perinatal Depression: A Provider Education Module.

Background Perinatal depression affects approximately one in seven women and is one of the most common complications that occurs during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Untreated depression can have devastating consequences for the mother and her children. Despite the high prevalence and negative effects, pregnant and postpartum women face barriers to establishing adequate care and thus many go untreated. Many obstetric providers lack the understanding and confidence needed to manage and treat women who screen positive. Objective The purpose of this quality improvement project was to create and deliver an education program to obstetric providers on depression screening, assessment, and treatment. The objective was to increase knowledge and confidence levels needed to affect recognition and management of perinatal depression. Methods A PowerPoint presentation was utilized to educate providers on assessment and management of perinatal depression. A pre- and post-test design was used to evaluate the impact on knowledge and confidence levels. Results Mean scores on knowledge and confidence levels were increased following the PowerPoint presentation. Conclusion This intervention appeared to have a positive impact on depression knowledge and confidence levels in obstetric providers. Implications for nursing This project is anticipated to promote early identification and intervention for perinatal depression.
Quantitative imaging of carbon dimer precursor for nanomaterial synthesis in the carbon arc

Delineating the dominant processes responsible for nanomaterial synthesis in a plasma environment requires measurements of the precursor species contributing to the growth of nanostructures. We performed comprehensive measurements of spatial and temporal profiles of carbon dimers (C2) in sub-atmospheric-pressure carbon arc by laser-induced fluorescence. Measured spatial profiles of C2 coincide with the growth region of carbon nanotubes (Fang et al 2016 Carbon 107 273–80) and vary depending on the arc operation mode, which is determined by the discharge current and the ablation rate of the graphite anode. The C2 density profile exhibits large spatial and time variations due to motion of the arc core. A comparison of the experimental data with the 2D simulation results of self-consistent arc modeling shows good agreement. The model predicts well the main processes determining spatial profiles of carbon dimers (C2).
Cultivating Collaborations: Western Ag Safety and Health Conference.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has funded research, education, and outreach work in the agriculture, forestry and fishing (AgFF) sector since 1990. This was a maj...
Think Different About Flow of Investment Capital When Prioritizing Social or Charitable Outcomes

This article identifies ten ways to think different and differently about detailed terms by which investment capital is provided and put to use in furtherance of targeted social/charitable purposes, outcomes, and results. The article has particular, but not exclusive, application for entrepreneurs and investors who provide and facilitate the flow of capital to under-represented, under-served entrepreneurs whether through a fund vehicle or direct investment. Among the topics are those that might be considered mission critical (i.e., structures, scope and priorities, reporting, and remedies), inherently important (i.e., key person provisions, how to deal with debt, and the flow of capital reinvestment and return), and deceptively mundane (i.e., thresholds for approvals, clawbacks and guarantees, and fees). Each has relatively typical approaches and applications in profit-oriented and -prioritized contexts, but they present different challenges for contexts that target social/charitable outcomes. Thus, they also often require different approaches, solutions and thinking. This article asserts that thinking about capitalizing such efforts – their mechanisms and details – should also be different just as thinking about the objects of investment is different. There are at least four tangible benefits for this approach. First, thinking different can help ensure fealty to priority of purpose when focused on other than financial interests. Second, it can help inform internal approaches to decision making about risk taking, allocation of resources, assessment, and other topics. Third and fourth, it can help demonstrated priority of purpose to others while also ascertaining their priorities and alignment (or lack thereof) – in practice as opposed to mere intentions or tolerations – based on how they respond to the proposed approaches to the identified terms and topics.
Automatic Detection of Thyroid and Adrenal Incidentals Using Radiology Reports and Deep Learning.

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) is commonly performed when evaluating trauma patients with up to 55% showing incidental findings. Current workflows to identify and inform patients are time-consuming and prone to error. Our objective was to automatically identify thyroid and adrenal lesions in radiology reports using deep learning. Materials and methods All trauma patients who presented to an accredited Level 1 Trauma Center between January 2008 and January 2019 were included. Radiology reports of CT scans that included either a thyroid or adrenal gland were obtained. Preprocessing included word tokenization, removal of stop words, removal of punctuation, and replacement of misspellings. A word2vec model was trained using 1.4 million radiology reports. Both training and testing reports were selected at random, manually reviewed, and were considered the gold standard. True positive cases were defined as any lesions in the thyroid or adrenal gland, respectively. Training data was used to create models that would identify reports that contained either thyroid or adrenal lesions. Our primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of the models using predetermined thresholds on a separate testing dataset. Results A total of 51,771 reports were identified on 35,859 trauma patients. A total of 1,789 reports were annotated for training and 500 for testing. The thyroid model predictions resulted in a 90.0% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity. The adrenal model predictions resulted in a 92.3% sensitivity and a 91.1% specificity. A total of 240 reports were confirmed to have thyroid incidentals (mean age 69.1 yrs ± 18.9, 35% M) and 214 reports with adrenal incidentals (mean age 68.7 yrs ± 16.9, 50.5% M). Conclusions Both the thyroid and adrenal models have excellent performance with sensitivities and specificities in the 90s. Our deep learning model has the potential to reduce administrative costs and improve the process of informing patients.
Planning Your Future Research Activities

While many travelers decide to travel forever at some point during their journeys, and they look forward to planning another trip again as soon as they can, others for whatever reason settle on reflecting on their earlier travels rather than embarking on new adventures.
Question Co-Construction in VMT Chats

In an online collaborative context like VMT chats, questions are often not simple, well-defined queries for information, but should be understood as situated moves within the group dynamic of the problem-solving effort. The object of the questioning is itself an emergent property of the interaction, through which the meaning is successively interpreted, refined and converged upon by the details of how the question is built, read and responded to. Questioning can play an integral role in the social relations among the participants, either positioning individuals as more or less competent or else maintaining peer standings. Question/response interactions are key to pursuing group problem-solving strategies, building a joint problem space and sustaining the team discourse. In this chapter, we analyze a questioning episode in which the social aspects are particularly clear and interesting, and where the details of the questioning have dramatic consequences for the group process.
Lipid A controls the robustness of intratumoral accumulation of attenuated Salmonella in mice

Engineered Salmonella have the potential to treat cancers that are not responsive to standard molecular therapies. This potential has not been realized because colonization in human tumors is insufficient and variable as shown in preliminary phase I trials. Recent studies have shown that Salmonella colonization is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). An injectable agent, molecular lipid A, could be used to control bacterial accumulation because it induces TNF production and is rapidly cleared. We hypothesized that concurrently administrating lipid A with attenuated Salmonella would increase intratumoral accumulation, improve the robustness of tumor-targeting and be nontoxic. To test this hypothesis, Salmonella and lipid A were injected into mice with 4T1 mammary tumors. Colonization was quantified after 48 hr using anti-Salmonella immunofluorescence. A 2 μg/mouse dose of lipid A increased the area of colonized tissue fourfold, reduced variance 50% and ensured colonization in all mice. Comparatively, Salmonella failed to colonize some control mice, similar to human trials. No toxicity was observed in any treated mice. The fraction of tumor tissue with more than 25% bacterial coverage was eight times greater for treated mice compared to controls. Lipid A treatment also reduced the maximum average distance of tissue to Salmonella colonies from 1348 to 260 μm. A mathematical model of bacterial drug production predicted that 2 μg lipid A would increase tumor cell death by 82%. These results suggest that lipid A could solve the clinical challenges of Salmonella therapy and enable safe and robust treatment of cancer with bacteria.
Finding building blocks through eigenstructure adaptation

A fundamental aspect of many evolutionary approaches to synthesis of complex systems is the need to compose atomic elements into useful higher-level building blocks. However, the ability of genetic algorithms to promote useful building blocks is based critically on genetic linkage - the assumption that functionally related alleles are also arranged compactly on the genome. In many practical problems, linkage is not known a priori or may change dynamically. Here we propose that a problem's Hessian matrix reveals this linkage, and that an eigenstructure analysis of the Hessian provides a transformation of the problem to a space where first-order genetic linkage is optimal. Genetic algorithms that dynamically transforms the problem space can operate much more efficiently. We demonstrate the proposed approach on a real-valued adaptation of Kaufmann's NK landscapes and discuss methods for extending it to higher-order linkage.
Mode Switching Synthesis for Reachability Specifications

In many control applications, a specific set of output tracking controllers of satisfactory performance have already been designed and must be used. When such a collection of control modes is available, an important problem is to be able to accomplish a variety of high level tasks by appropriately switching between the low-level control modes. In this paper, we define a concept of control modes, and propose a framework for determining the sequence of control modes that will satisfy reachability tasks. Our framework exploits the structure of output tracking controllers in order to extract a finite graph where the mode switching problem can be efficiently solved, and then implement it using the continuous controllers. Our approach is illustrated on a helicopter example, where we determine the mode switching logic that achieves the high-altitude takeoff task from a hover mode.
Histological features and severity of oxaliplatin-induced liver injury and clinical associations.

Objective Oxaliplatin, a component of chemotherapy for colorectal carcinoma liver metastases, can result in hepatic sinusoidal injury; rarely, the injury is fatal. The manifestations of injury are variable. There are no known predictors of susceptibility and outcome. A semi-quantitative system for assessing histological features in non-tumor liver was designed to compare with clinical short-term and long-term outcomes. Methods A review of 47 patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who received liver resection utilizing a system for an aggregate liver injury score (0–4) included hepatocellular and sinusoidal features. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for aberrant capillarization was included. The proliferation of hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells was evaluated with Ki-67 stain. Results In total, 32 (68.1%) cases showed light microscopic lesions of oxaliplatin-induced liver injury, in which 26 were moderate to severe. Elevated preoperative aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase levels were noted with higher injury scores (P = 0.01). Patients with higher injury scores had no significant increase in short-term postoperative complications, with one notable exception, who died of liver failure 10 months postoperatively. Increased CD34 expression was associated with higher injury scores (P = 0.00004), and abnormal AST levels (P = 0.04). Preoperative use of bevacizumab was not associated with lower injury scores. Steatosis was correlated with body mass index (P = 0.052) but not with exposure to oxaliplatin, bevacizumab or irinotecan. Conclusions The proposed liver injury scoring system encompasses the spectrum of sinusoidal and hepatocellular lesions in oxaliplatin-induced liver injury and is correlated with serum liver enzyme levels in this group. Most patients recovered without complications during the 93-month follow-up, indicating that these lesions are reversible.
Phycobilisomes from a Blue-Green Alga Nostoc Species

Phycobilisomes were isolated from a Nostoc sp. strain Mac in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) by treatment with 1% Brij 56 and centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients (2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 M in the proportions 6:4:4:10 ml, respectively). Absorption spectra of isolated phycobilisomes showed the presence of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin. The phycobilisome pigments were partially resolved by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels. Stained gels demonstrated that each main protein band corresponded to a pigmented region. The phycobilisomes appeared compact with a rounded surface and flattened base (about 40-nm diameter) at the attachment site to the photosynthetic lamellae. Fixation in glutaraldehyde caused a significant reduction in total pigment absorption, as well as shifts in the absorption maxima, particularly that of phycoerythrin.
Numerical simulation of turbulent flows with a three-dimensional vortex-in-cell method

A three-dimensional vortex-in-cell method has been developed for the evaluation of local flow fields due to a family of vortex filaments which employs the principles and architecture of a code developed for magnetic field evaluation in plasma simulations. The computational effort in the new method, as compared to 'vortex pushing' by direct Biot-Savarat interaction, increases directly, rather than quadratically, with the number of vortex elements. The method is well suited for studying large number of vortex filaments or rings and can be used for simulating continuous vorticity.
Video event recognition with deep hierarchical context model

Video event recognition still faces great challenges due to large intra-class variation and low image resolution, in particular for surveillance videos. To mitigate these challenges and to improve the event recognition performance, various context information from the feature level, the semantic level, as well as the prior level is utilized. Different from most existing context approaches that utilize context in one of the three levels through shallow models like support vector machines, or probabilistic models like BN and MRF, we propose a deep hierarchical context model that simultaneously learns and integrates context at all three levels, and holistically utilizes the integrated contexts for event recognition. We first introduce two types of context features describing the event neighborhood, and then utilize the proposed deep model to learn the middle level representations and combine the bottom feature level, middle semantic level and top prior level contexts together for event recognition. The experiments on state of art surveillance video event benchmarks including VIRAT 1.0 Ground Dataset, VIRAT 2.0 Ground Dataset, and the UT-Interaction Dataset demonstrate that the proposed model is quite effective in utilizing the context information for event recognition. It outperforms the existing context approaches that also utilize multiple level contexts on these event benchmarks.
Inhibition of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by mastoparan in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells.

Abstract Mastoparan, a wasp venom, was found to inhibit Na + − dependent net alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) uptake in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. Mastoparan also produced a significant increase in AIB efflux when compared to controls. Pretreatment of MDCK cells with 2 mM neomycin attenuated mastoparan's inhibition of net AIB uptake and completely suppressed mastoparan-mediated increases in AIB efflux when compared to controls. These data suggest that mastoparan's inhibition of net AIB uptake involves more than a single basic mechanism.
Evidence-Based Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents: Data from the Present and a Model for the Future

What is the best way to help children cope with behavioural and emotional problems? This question has been a focus of concern - to children and the adults who care for them - across many centuries and in cultures around the world. In this article we examine the current state of efforts to help children by means of an array of non-medical interventions designed to alleviate psychological distress, reduce maladaptive behaviour, and/ or increase adaptive behaviour. We refer to these interventions, collectively, as 'psychotherapy'. In the article, we will note some accomplishments of the effort to develop effective interventions through clinical research. Then we will note some concerns about these efforts, and suggest ways to address the concerns through an alternate model of intervention development and testing.
Steps towards a qualitative dynamics of damage evolution

Basic elements of a qualitative dynamics of systems with slowly accumulating damage are presented. The relationship of averaging to equations relating damage evolution rate with current damage state and load is discussed. The particular case of a scalar damage variable with one load parameter is examined in some detail. Well-known phenomenological features of fatigue tests are used as a guide. Using asymptotic arguments for small initial damage, conditions are obtained under which the time to failure is essentially determined by the initial damage state, and essentially independent of the failure criterion. A suitable form for damage evolution equations is deduced for a class of fatigue problems. Comparisons with published data show that this qualitative dynamics approach produces a model that fits, and predicts, the data as closely as a more physically motivated fatigue model.
Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin with a size of 50–100 nm. They can contain microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA fragments, and proteins, which are shuttled from a donor cell to recipient cells. Many different cell types including immune cells, mesenchymal cells, and cancer cells release exosomes. There is emerging evidence that cancer-derived exosomes contribute to the recruitment and reprogramming of constituents associated with tumor environment. Here, we discuss different mechanisms associated with biogenesis, payload, and transport of exosomes. We highlight the functional relevance of exosomes in cancer, as related to tumor microenvironment, tumor immunology, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Exosomes may exert an immunosuppressive function as well as trigger an anti-tumor response by presenting tumor antigens to dendritic cells. Exosomes may serve as cancer biomarkers and aid in the treatment of cancer.
Prospective student pharmacist interest in a rural pharmacy curriculum.

Objective. To determine prospective student pharmacists’ interest in a rural pharmacy health curriculum.Methods. All applicants who were selected to interview for fall 2011 enrollment at the UNC Es...
Short-scan cone beam algorithm for circular and noncircular detector orbits

The purpose of this paper is to present a new cone beam short scan reconstruction technique for circular and non-circular detector orbits. The reconstruction is performed by a filtered backprojection method. The short scan reconstruction technique is first investigated for fan beam circular orbits and is then extended to fan beam noncircular orbits. Finally a straightforward approach is applied to cone beam geometries and a modified Feldkamp algorithm is used. Since the projection data are incomplete cone beam reconstructions are only approximations. I.
Population genetics and conservation implications for the endangered delta smelt in the San Francisco Bay-Delta

Over the last two decades, the collapse of the endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) in the San Francisco Bay-Delta has resulted in politically charged conservation decisions, including the rationing of valuable Delta water for use in California agriculture and urban centers. A fundamental question remaining in delta smelt conservation is whether current management strategies have been appropriately designed to protect the remaining genetic variation in delta smelt populations, rather than merely mitigating the decline of the species. We used 15 microsatellite markers to characterize genetic variation within and among sampling regions on geographic and temporal scales, to estimate changes in effective population size over time, to determine if a genetic bottleneck exists and to define conservation management units for this species. A genetic bottleneck was detected in each of the four sampling years, and a significant decline in effective population size was observed between sampling years 2003 and 2007. We also detected a weak geographic signal in any given sampling year that was unsupported by temporal consistency of this signal. We assessed two strategies for defining conservation units, and concluded that continuing to manage the species as a single, panmictic population throughout its range is the most feasible management strategy. The results of this study will inform conservation decisions and provide an effective means for genetically monitoring this imperiled species.
A continuum model of actin waves in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Actin waves are complex dynamical patterns of the dendritic network of filamentous actin in eukaryotes. We developed a model of actin waves in PTEN-deficient Dictyostelium discoideum by deriving an approximation of the dynamics of discrete actin filaments and combining it with a signaling pathway that controls filament branching. This signaling pathway, together with the actin network, contains a positive feedback loop that drives the actin waves. Our model predicts the structure, composition, and dynamics of waves that are consistent with existing experimental evidence, as well as the biochemical dependence on various protein partners. Simulation suggests that actin waves are initiated when local actin network activity, caused by an independent process, exceeds a certain threshold. Moreover, diffusion of proteins that form a positive feedback loop with the actin network alone is sufficient for propagation of actin waves at the observed speed of . Decay of the wave back can be caused by scarcity of network components, and the shape of actin waves is highly dependent on the filament disassembly rate. The model allows retraction of actin waves and captures formation of new wave fronts in broken waves. Our results demonstrate that a delicate balance between a positive feedback, filament disassembly, and local availability of network components is essential for the complex dynamics of actin waves.
The next few years of the ICES Journal of Marine Science

This issue marks a change in the editorial team of the ICES Journal of Marine Science, in that we have bid farewell to our former Editor-in-Chief, Niels Daan, after six years of sterling service, and to our Elsevier Publishing Editor, Andrew Richford, after an even longer period of years. Both deserve credit for their energy and vision that has left us the legacy of a journal as widely read and cited as the ICES Journal now is, but they leave a gap that will be a huge challenge for us to meet. However, in my new capacity as Editor-in-Chief and in Els Bosma’s capacity as Elsevier’s Publishing Editor, I can assure you that we will be doing our utmost to build on the solid foundations Niels and Andrew laid for us. The new team of editors and editorial support staff at ICES is indeed not that much different from the team that compiled the last issue, in that Chris Frid, Bern Megrey, Pierre Pepin, and the long-serving John Ramster will continue to carry the editorial flag for the Journal, as they did so unstintingly in the past. Judith Rosenmeier and Soren Lund still support us at the ICES office itself. However, we do have a new editor, I am pleased to announce, Verena Trenkel of IFREMER, France, and she brings additional skills and enthusiasm which I know will rub off on us all. Verena, we welcome you to the team, but to all of our employers, we offer our gratitude for their support of our editorial endeavour. So what are our targets, and what is our vision for the future of the Journal? I doubt that there is need to change broadly what we publish, or how we go about attracting good material. Why change a winning formula? However, I do believe that we should be open to requests to publish suites of related papers such as those delivered during some of the Annual Science Conference theme sessions. With Elsevier now committed to publishing six standard issues per year in addition to symposium volumes (in the past, the latter sometimes delayed publication of standard issues), such suites can be more easily accommodated, although those interested in invoking this possibility must understand that the speed of the slowest contributor tends to become the key factor. Overcoming that obstacle will be one of the challenges facing future conveners and editors. There may also be a case for such suites to contain the occasional short review paper, something that the Journal tends to avoid publishing at present.
Landscape habitat diversity: a multiscale information theory approach

Abstract Biotic diversity is a topic of increasing concern, but current tools for quantifying diversity at the landscape level are inadequate. A new index is proposed. Beginning with a classified raster image of a landscape, each habitat type is assigned a value based on an ordination axis distance. The change in value from one location to the next depends on how similar the two locations are. An information measure d I is used to evaluate deviation from uniformity of the ordination values at different spatial scales. Different maps can be compared if habitat values are based on the same ordination scale. This new method provides a powerful tool for both displaying and calculating landscape habitat diversity.
Physical Exercise as a Reinforcer to Promote Calmness of an ADHD Child

Age-appropriate reinforcers have been found to be effective in promoting attentiveness and calmness with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study with a 4-year-old ADHD boy found attentive calmness was substantially increased from a mean of about 3 seconds per trial to the maximum scheduled duration of 60 seconds by using a scheduled period of physical activity as the reinforcer for the attentive-calmness. These results suggest the possible use of this type of reinforcer as an addition or substitution for the usual reinforcers in contingency management with ADHD children.