cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Overconfidence and the Introduction of Risky Products: Evidence from a Field Study

To date, no field research has examined the effects of overconfidence on ill-structured decisions made by managers, such as product introductions. We explored this gap in the literature and found, ...
System R: relational approach to database management

System R is a database management system which provides a high level relational data interface. The systems provides a high level of data independence by isolating the end user as much as possible from underlying storage structures. The system permits definition of a variety of relational views on common underlying data. Data control features are provided, including authorization, integrity assertions, triggered transactions, a logging and recovery subsystem, and facilities for maintaining data consistency in a shared-update environment.This paper contains a description of the overall architecture and design of the system. At the present time the system is being implemented and the design evaluated. We emphasize that System R is a vehicle for research in database architecture, and is not planned as a product.
A data model and access method for summary data management

A data model and an access method for summary data management are proposed. Summary data, represented as a trinary tuple , consist of metaknowledge summarized by a statistical function of a category of individual information typically stored in a conventional database. The concept of category (type or class) and the additivity property of statistical functions form a basis for the model that allows for the derivation of summary data. The complexity of deriving summary data has been found computationally intractable in general, and the proposed summary data model, with disjointness constraint, solves the problem without the loss of information. The proposed access method, called the summary data tree, or SD-tree, which handles an orthogonal category as a hyperrectangle, realizes the proposed summary data model. The structure of the SD-tree provides for efficient operations including summary data search, derivation, and insertion on the stored summary data. >
Patient handoffs: Delivering content efficiently and effectively is not enough.

Background The transfer of care from one provider to another is fraught with potential failures. Unfortunately the consequences of a poorly conducted patient handoff can be quite high. In the last five years there have been many descriptions of this problem as well as suggested solutions. Commonly authors have focused on utilization of a formatted tool for the off-going provider to help improve patient handoffs. While this is certainly a requirement for a high quality transfer of care, it is not the only needed component. Objectives We seek to describe a novel approach to handoffs and focus on the early findings from our pilot projects. Methods The handoff typically involves two clinicians; an off-going or sending provider and an oncoming or receiving provider, there are therefore dual responsibilities in performing a high quality handoff. The off-going provider should structure their patient handoff in an easily assimilable format as earlier work has described. However a high quality handoff also needs to set the expectation that the oncoming provider must be certain that they have heard the relevant patient information. Therefore a tool to assist with this process is warranted. We describe our early experience of utilization of a structured handoff receiver tool. Results Clinicians report higher quality handoffs as a result of the addition of the dual responsibility handoff. Use of the I-5 Tool improved transfer of care. Also early results suggest that there are failures in care that would have occurred without this intervention. Conclusions Early results from pilot testing reveal after designing and testing the dual responsibility model that patient handoffs are increasingly successful and more reliable.
A New Class of Miniature Embedded Inverted-F Antennas (IFAs) for 2.4 GHz WLAN Application

A new class of miniature printed embedded inverted-F antennas are proposed for operation in the 2.4-2.485 GHz wireless local-area network band. One of the proposed antennas on FR4 substrate (dielectric constant = 4.4) measures 9.2 mm by 4.1 mm and has a bandwidth of 3.5%. The peak gain of this antenna is 1.4 dBi. An overall size reduction of 70% is achieved compared to a conventional inverted-F antenna. Effects of dielectric loss tangent and material conductivity on the bandwidth and efficiency of these antennas are also investigated. Finally, two embedded antenna elements are analyzed to demonstrate the feasibility for a decoupled antenna pair consisting of switched and combining diversity schemes
Polyamine biosynthesis and accumulation during the G1 to S phase transition.

Ornithine decarboxylase, an important enzyme in growth regulation, is increased in CHO cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle and decreases as the cells progress into S phase. S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity, which is dependent on either the presence of putrescine or spermidine for the synthesis of spermidine and spermine respectively, shows a maximal increase in late G1/early S phase which corresponds very closely with the cell cycle phase specific accumulation of spermidine and spermine during S phase. Total culture evaluation of spermidine and spermine, which included extracellular as well as intracellular concentrations, indicated that extracellular accumulations of these polyamines occurred only in G1 and that entry into S phase was concomitant with intracellular accumulation patterns. Hyperthermia (43°C for 1 hour) in mid-G1 phase of the cell cycle resulted in rapid decreases in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase. In these cells, DNA replication was also not detectable until nine hours after mitosis, a time at which there had been recovery of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities. Previous data have further indicated a requirement for polyamine reaccumulation before control DNA replication rates are resumed. We therefore suggest that polyamine biosynthesis and intracellular accumulation are both temporal and quantitative prerequisites for transition through S phase.
Reintegrating Braithwaite: Shame and Consensus in Criminological Theory

Crime, Shame and Reintegration presents a general theory of criminal behavior and social control based on a novel conception of shaming. Although it is steeped in classic criminological theory, Braithwaite's treatment of crime, law, and justice has a bracing freshness. The author's broad strokes paint an enormous area-an integrated general theory of crimein remarkably short order. Braithwaite's optimism, his adroit application of well-established theories and concepts, and his abiding concern for the good have drawn deserved praise from many quarters.' As a student growing restless with the classics, I found Braithwaite's creative affirmation of learning, labeling, opportunity, and bonding theories to be inspiring. As one unconvinced by previous attempts to combine or "integrate" these theories, I was struck by his ability to meaningfully assemble each of them around a single unifying concept.2 Yet this unifying vision at the model's core, the provocative concept of reintegrative sham-
Evaluation of DNA Extraction Techniques for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Organisms in Asian Elephant Trunk Wash Samples

Rapid and sensitive diagnostic assays for the detection of tuberculous mycobacteria in elephants are lacking. DNA extraction with PCR analysis is useful for tuberculosis screening in many species but has not been validated on elephant trunk wash samples. We estimated the analytical sensitivity and specificity of three DNA extraction methods to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms in trunk wash specimens. A ZR soil microbe DNA kit (ZR) and a traditional salt and ethanol precipitation (TSEP) approach were evaluated under three different treatment conditions: heat treatment, phenol treatment, and contamination with Mycobacterium avium. A third approach, using a column filtration method, was evaluated for samples contaminated with soil. Trunk wash samples from uninfected elephants were spiked with various concentrations of M. bovis cells and subjected to the described treatment conditions prior to DNA extraction. Extracted DNA was amplified using IS6110-targeted PCR analysis. The ZR and TSEP methods detected as low as 1 to 5 M. bovis cells and 10 M. bovis cells, respectively, per 1.5 ml of trunk wash under all three conditions. Depending on the amount of soil present, the column filtration method detected as low as 5 to 50 M. bovis cells per 1.5 ml of trunk wash. Analytical specificity was assessed by DNA extraction from species of nontuberculous mycobacteria and amplification using the same PCR technique. Only M. bovis DNA was amplified, indicating 100% analytical specificity of this PCR technique. Our results indicate that these DNA extraction techniques offer promise as useful tests for detection of M. tuberculosis complex organisms in elephant trunk wash specimens.
Pesticide inputs and risks in coastal wetlands

Coastal wetland habitats may receive pesticide inputs indirectly from agricultural and forest control of weeds and insects in upland drainage areas; indirectly or directly from weed, insect, and biofouling control from development of adjacent lands for agricultural, recreational, or residential uses; and directly from control activities practiced within wetlands for protection of public health or for nuisance abatement. Persistent and bioaccumulative pesticides used at upland sites have threatened coastal wetland biota. For more biodegradable contemporary pesticides, concerns for ecological impact are more a function of the proximity of the site of application relative to the wetland, and time available for degradation and sorption. In addition, the rate and extent of localized mixing, flushing, and stratification within the wetland can greatly affect exposure concentrations and durations for wetland biota. The short-term, direct toxic effects of pesticides on aquatic biota inhabiting coastal wetlands have been characterized in laboratory and field studies; however, assessment of the cumulative and indirect effects of repeated exposures to multiple chemicals at sublethal concentrations is a major research need.
The importance of centric occlusion in diagnosis and treatment planning

Abstract The maxillomandibular tooth relationship when the mandible is in its terminal hinge position is fundamental in treatment planning. This tooth position is termed centric occlusion. Centric occlusion is fundamental to a study of the functional movements of the mandible and is related to all factors of occlusion. An analysis of the direction of stresses in centric closures versus that of eccentric closures discloses one of the important causes of pathologic wear of teeth and the resultant effect on the supporting structures. The objective is a treatment plan that restores harmonious cusp relationships within physiologic limits and one that is correlated with the condylar guidances.
Envisioning human-robot coordination in future operations

Developers of autonomous capabilities underestimate the need for coordination with human team members when their automata are deployed into complex operational settings. Automata are brittle as literal minded agents and there is a basic asymmetry in coordinative competencies between people and automata. The new capabilities of robotic systems raise new questions about how to support coordination. This paper presents a series of issues that demand innovation to achieve human-robot coordination (HRC). These include supporting people in their roles as problem holder and as robotic handler, overcoming ambiguities in remote perception, avoiding coordination surprises by better tools to see into future robotic activities and contingencies, and responsibility in human-robot teams.
The national facility for small-angle neutron scattering- five years' operating experience

Abstract At the time of this Conference on Neutron Scattering, the ORNL-NSF-DOE National Facility for Small-Angle Neutron Scattering will have been operating routinely in a full-time user mode for nearly five years. The Facility, located at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at ORNL, is part of the National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research. Operating experience and scientific highlights for the past five years are surveyed.
A Phase IA Trial of Sequential Administration Recombinant DNA-Produced Interferons: Combination Recombinant Interferon Gamma and Recombinant Interferon Alfa in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

This study investigated the effects of sequentially administered recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN gamma) and recombinant interferon alfa (rIFN alpha) in 36 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). rIFN alpha was subcutaneously administered daily for 70 days at dosages that varied (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 x 10(6) U/m2) across four cohorts of patients. Within each cohort of patients receiving a given dose of rIFN alpha, three subsets of patients received either 30, 300, or 1,000 micrograms/m2 rIFN gamma. rIFN gamma was administered intravenously for 5 days every third week, 6 hours prior to administration of rIFN alpha. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) included constitutional symptoms, leukopenia, nephrotic syndrome with acute renal failure, hypotension associated with death, and congestive heart failure. DLT was related more often to the rIFN alpha dose level than to rIFN gamma dose level. Maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was 10 x 10(6) U/m2 rIFN alpha and 1,000 micrograms/m2 rIFN gamma. Six patients fail...
SIFT-Rank: Ordinal description for invariant feature correspondence

This paper investigates ordinal image description for invariant feature correspondence. Ordinal description is a meta-technique which considers image measurements in terms of their ranks in a sorted array, instead of the measurement values themselves. Rank-ordering normalizes descriptors in a manner invariant under monotonic deformations of the underlying image measurements, and therefore serves as a simple, non-parametric substitute for ad hoc scaling and thresholding techniques currently used. Ordinal description is particularly well-suited for invariant features, as the high dimensionality of state-of-the-art descriptors permits a large number of unique rank-orderings, and the computationally complex step of sorting is only required once after geometrical normalization. Correspondence trials based on a benchmark data set show that in general, rank-ordered SIFT (SIFT-rank) descriptors outperform other state-of-the-art descriptors in terms of precision-recall, including standard SIFT and GLOH.
Conventions of Agency Independence

It is often said that the legal touchstone of agency independence is whether the agency head or heads are removable at will, or only for cause. Yet this test does not adequately describe the landscape of agency independence. There are many important agencies who are conventionally treated as independent, yet whose heads lack for-cause tenure protection. Conversely, there are agencies whose heads enjoy for-cause tenure protection, yet are by all accounts thoroughly dependent upon organized interest groups, the White House, legislators and legislative committees, or all of these. Legally enforceable for-cause tenure protection is neither necessary nor sufficient for operational independence. The crucial consideration, largely neglected in the literature, is the role of what Commonwealth lawyers call conventions. Agencies that lack for-cause tenure yet enjoy operative independence are protected by unwritten conventions that constrain political actors from attempting to remove their members, to direct their exercise of discretion, or both. Such conventions may be generated by a variety of mechanisms; the common feature is that norms arising within relevant legal and political communities impose sanctions for violations of agency independence or create beliefs or internalized moral strictures protecting that independence. Conversely, where agencies enjoy statutory independence yet lack operative independence, the reason is that the interaction among relevant political actors has failed to generate any such set of protective conventions. The lens of convention helps resolve a range of puzzles about the behavior of Presidents, legislators, judges and other actors with respect to agency independence – including the Supreme Court’s puzzling treatment of SEC independence in Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB.By bringing the conventional character of agency independence to the surface, U.S. courts may begin to incorporate ideas from the courts of Commonwealth legal systems – such as the United Kingdom and Canada – that are familiar with the promise and problems of conventions and with the methods for harmonizing conventions with written rules of law. My principal suggestion is that U.S. courts interpreting statutes and constitutional rules that bear on agency independence should adopt the leading Commonwealth approach, according to which judges may indirectly “recognize” conventions and incorporate them into their interpretation of written law, although they may not directly enforce conventions as freestanding obligations.
The folly of being comforted

Bias and confounding are the twin banes of epidemiology, but of the 2, bias is worse. Confounding can often be detected and at least partly corrected by appropriate statistical analyses, but if bias is built into the design of a study, it can be difficult to detect, and even more difficult, if not impossible, to correct. Different types of epidemiological studies are prone to different types of biases. One type of particular concern in case-control studies is survival bias, which can arise when risk factors for a disease that is often fatal are measured only in the patients who survive it. An exposure that is more frequent in the survivors may appear to be related to the disease when it is actually associated with survival. Alternatively, if an exposure is related both to disease and its lethality, its association with the disease may be diminished by survival bias. Article on p 188 The latter possibility motivated the study by Anderson et al this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics .1 In an extensive series of simulations, they demonstrate that, under certain circumstances, even substantial levels of survival bias will not completely obscure the effects of genetic variants that increase both the risk of developing a disease and the risk of dying of it. To show this, they used published estimates of age-specific incidence and mortality for acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and myocardial infarction, and of age-specific all-cause mortality, to simulate disease incidence and survival in a longitudinal cohort. Within this framework, they constructed a variety of genetic models in which specific genotypes conferred varying levels of risk for disease-specific incidence and mortality and observed the consequences of missing different proportions of fatal cases for each of the 3 diseases when selecting samples of cases and controls from the full …
Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

A survey (2005–2006) of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) populations on four Florida dairy farms demonstrated the presence of flies with acute symptoms of infection with salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) virus on all farms. Disease incidence varied among farms (farm averages, 0.5–10.1%) throughout the year, and it showed a strong positive correlation with fly density. Infections were most common among flies that were collected in a feed barn on one of the farms, especially among flies feeding on wet brewers grains (maximum 34% SGH). No infections were observed among adult flies reared from larvae collected on the farms, nor among adults reared from larvae that had fed on macerated salivary glands from infected flies. Infected female flies produced either no or small numbers of progeny, none of which displayed SGH when they emerged as adults. Healthy flies became infected after they fed on solid food (a mixture of powdered milk, egg, and sugar) that had been contaminated by infected flies (42%) or after they were held in cages that had previously housed infected flies (38.6%). Healthy flies also became infected after they fed on samples of brewers grains (6.8%) or calf feed (2%) that were collected from areas of high fly visitation on the farms. Infection rates of field-collected flies increased from 6 to 40% when they fed exclusively on air-dried cloth strips soaked in a suspension of powdered egg and whole milk. Rates of virus deposition by infected flies on food were estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction at ≈100 million virus copies per fly per hour. Electron microscopy revealed the presence on enveloped virus particles in the lumen of salivary glands and on the external mouthparts of infected flies.
Formation and Development of Nocturnal Boundary Layer Clouds over the Southern Great Plains

Abstract The formation and evolution of nocturnal boundary layer clouds over land are studied using a simple well-mixed boundary layer theory. By analyzing the deepening rate of the mixed layer depth based on the turbulent kinetic energy budget of the whole boundary layer, the authors studied how the formation of idealized nocturnal boundary layer clouds is related to the physical processes associated with the land surface and the boundary layer. Preliminary analysis indicates that for a range of surface moisture and heat fluxes, wind shear can be an important factor in triggering the formation of nocturnal stratus. The relative importance of different physical processes responsible for cloud formation can be evaluated by the ratio between the lifting condensation level and a critical level, which is proportional to the Monin-Obukhov length scale. In this study, data collected from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in the southern Great Plains are used to examine the results of the theoretical an...
Interaction of Plane Waves with Vertical Cylinders

This study deals with the interaction of linear, plane water waves with stationary groups of rigid, vertical, circular cylinders under conditions in which the inertial forces on the cylinders dominate over the drag forces. A direct matrix solution as well as multiple scattering as suggested by Twersky (1952) are used to obtain the velocity potential in the vicinity of the cylinders. The groups may consist of a number of cylinders having any geometric arrangement, may have Dirichlet, Neumann, or mixed boundary conditions, and need not have identical diameters. The study represents an extension of the single cylinder case presented by MacCamy and Fuchs in 1954. Basic scattering coefficients for 192 different arrangements of two cylinders are obtained with the aid of a Bessel coordinate transformation and a matrix inversion procedure. The resulting potential function is then applied to calculate force components in the direction of wave advance and orthogonal to it. For the cases considered the former departs as much as 65% from the force on a single cylinder and the mass coefficient is found to range from 1.19 to 3.38 - a not insignificant departure from the often used value of 2.0. Furthermore the orthogonal force may be as large as 67% of the single-cylinder force.
Development of an Advanced Training Course for Teachers and Researchers in Chemistry.

Based on our long-standing Intensive Training Program for Effective Teaching Assistants in Chemistry, we have developed an Advanced Training Course for Teachers and Researchers in Chemistry at The University of Chicago. The topics in this course are designed to train graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) to become effective teachers and well-rounded PhD candidates. The goals of the course are to build ethics, critical thinking, and a positive self-image as a teacher through the use of a variety of pedagogical tools. Concurrently, the GTAs are transitioned into independent researchers with the skills to prepare written reports and oral presentations. The goals of this course were achieved based on the results of participant feedback. The experience gained and issues identified from the course may be used to guide future training courses.
Spectral Kurtosis Statistics of Transient Signals

We obtain analytical approximations for the expectation and variance of the Spectral Kurtosis estimator in the case of Gaussian and coherent transient time domain signals mixed with a quasi-stationary Gaussian background, which are suitable for practical estimations of their signal-to-noise ratio and duty-cycle relative to the instrumental integration time. We validate these analytical approximations by means of numerical simulations and demonstrate that such estimates are affected by statistical uncertainties that, for a suitable choice of the integration time, may not exceed a few per cent. Based on these analytical results, we suggest a multiscale Spectral Kurtosis spectrometer design optimized for real-time detection of transient signals, automatic discrimination based on their statistical signature, and measurement of their properties.
Analytical Approximation of the Heavy-Tail Structure for Intermittently Unstable Complex Modes

In this work, we consider systems that are subjected to intermittent instabilities due to external, correlated stochastic excitation. These intermittent instabilities, though rare, give rise to heavy-tailed probability distribution functions (pdf). By making appropriate assumptions on the form of these instabilities, we formulate a method for the analytical approximation of the pdf of the system response. This method relies on conditioning the pdf of the response on the occurrence of an instability and the separate analysis of the two states of the system, the unstable and stable state. In the stable regime we employ steady state assumptions, which lead to the derivation of the conditional response pdf using standard methods. The unstable regime is inherently transient and in order to analyze this regime we characterize the statistics under the assumption of an exponential growth phase and a subsequent decay phase until the system is brought back to the stable attractor. We illustrate our method to a prototype intermittent system, a complex mode in a turbulent signal, and show that the analytic results compare favorably with direct Monte Carlo simulations for a broad range of parameters.
EARLY USE OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR IN THE UNITED STATES: A REPORT FROM THE NATIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DATA REGISTRY

The use and in-hospital outcomes of the subcutaneous (S) implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in the US have not been described. We studied patients (pts) in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ICD registry who underwent ICD implant between September 28, 2012 (SICD FDA approval
Yaba Tumor Virus II. Studies on Inactivation and Reactivation

SummaryA study of the effects of heat, pH, and UV light on Yaba tumor virus indicated that heating at 56° for 1 hr, pH 3 at room temperature for 1 hr, and irradiation for less than 30 sec completely inactivated the virus. Inoculation of a mixture of UV-inactivated Yaba virus and active vaccinia virus into monkeys resulted in the formation of a tumorigenic presumptive hybrid virus which retained, for at least three passages, certain antigenic components of both Yaba and vaccinia viruses. A possible mechanism of the hybridization is discussed.The authors wish to thank Dr. H. A. Wenner for reviewing the manuscript.
Evaluating Yield Stress of Soils From Laboratory Consolidation and in-Situ Cone Penetration Tests

For fine-grained soils, the stress history of soils is normally evaluated from series of one-dimensional consolidation tests performed on high-quality samples taken from selected depths below the ground surface. The effective preconsolidation stress (Pc' = σ vmax ' = σp'), or yield stress (σy'), is defined as the point which separates elastic from plastic behavior. For coarser soils, including silts and sands that are difficult to both sample and test in this manner, in-situ tests may be valuable. Herein, different overconsolidation mechanisms in a variety of geomaterials are discussed through the use of case studies. Interpretative means by geologic inference, consolidation testing, and in-situ cone penetration testing (CPT) are utilized to profile yield stresses. Examples are shown to include soft clay (Australia), calcareous sandy clay deposit (South Carolina), fissured desiccated clay (Louisiana), residual silt (Alabama), and clean glacially-deposited sand (Sweden).
Flying-Spot Scanner for Color Television

A flying-spot scanner for use with a continuous-motion projector is described. Some of the problems that are encountered from the origination of the spot of light till the NTSC color output signal is obtained are discussed.
Polyacrylates with High Biomass Contents for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Prepared via Mini-emulsion Polymerization

n-Butyl acrylate and other acrylic monomers were copolymerized with an acrylated macromonomer to produce polymers for pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) applications. Macromonomers were generated through the ring-opening copolymerization of l-lactide and e-caprolactone with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) at an average molar composition of 5:4:1, respectively. Conversion in the mini-emulsion polymerization was followed using Raman spectroscopy and was nearly complete within 2 h. Testing of these adhesive polymers indicates that performance properties meet or exceed those of commercial water-based acrylic PSAs.
Predictors of Perinatal Hemorrhagic Stroke

The prevalence and predictors of perinatal hemorrhagic stroke were determined in a case-control study of infants born from 1993 to 2003 in the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, Oakland, CA, and reported from the University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Neurologic Sequelae of Abdominoperineal Resection

Abdominoperineal resection, a standard treatment for rectal disease, has a significant morbidity. A clear understanding of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology involved in micturition and sexual function can help the surgeon to minimize the sequelae of neural injury.
428 Advocacy for enhanced scholar transport policies to prevent child injury: a case study from Kenya

Background Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya is one of the few hospitals in Sub-Saharan Africa that is dedicated solely to the provision of healthcare for children. In Kenya, where infant and child mortality rates had been decreasing road traffic accidents still constitute to childhood death and injury. In recognition of the absence of suitable policies and legislation that guide scholar transport Gertrudes Hospital Foundation (GHF) in conjunction with the Global Road Safety Partnership developed an advocacy campaign. The goal of the project was to draw attention to the importance of road safety for children in motor vehicles designated for school transport amongst lawmakers in both the Senate and National Assembly, the National Transport and Safety Authority board members who represent the Kenya Ministry of Transport and senior officials from the Kenya Bureau of Standards and amend the laws. Methods Our advocacy campaign aimed at bringing the extent of the problem closer and to urge policy makers to prioritise road safety for children. It involved the development of key advocacy resources to use in the campaign, engaging legislators and key policy makers, building effective partnerships and coalitions with existing road safety initiatives for sustainability purposes. The campaign was done through mass media as well as interpersonal channels of communication such as workshops. Results The Kenyan Parliament has now debated on the new legislation and enacted laws that will ensure that all school transport vehicles are designed and equipped with safety belts, speed calming measures will be placed on major roads passing through school areas, adequate speed limits will be enforced around schools for vehicles and penalties such as fines and jail sentences applied for breaches of the law by motorists. Conclusions Gertrude’s Hospital Foundation has demonstrated that both the public and private sectors can work together to develop policies and legislation that will save the lives of children on their way to school and back. The key implementation bottlenecks facing the initiative included the long duration it took by the Kenyan parliament to pass the necessary legislation, inadequate knowledge of the impact on children and their families on the lack of policy
Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film, by Clover, Carol J

In 1992, Carol J. Clover published Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film with Princeton University Press. I was a new Assistant Professor at that time, and everyone I knew wa...
The Use of Ex Vivo Whole-organ Imaging and Quantitative Tissue Histology to Determine the Bio-distribution of Fluorescently Labeled Molecules

Fluorescent labeling is a well-established process for examining the fate of labeled molecules under a variety of experimental conditions both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescent probes are particularly useful in determining the bio-distribution of administered large molecules, where the addition of a small-molecule fluorescent label is unlikely to affect the kinetics or bio-distribution of the compound. A variety of methods exist to examine bio-distribution that vary significantly in the amount of effort required and whether the resulting measurements are fully quantitative, but using multiple methods in conjunction can provide a rapid and effective system for analyzing bio-distributions. Ex vivo whole-organ imaging is a method that can be used to quickly compare the relative concentrations of fluorescent molecules within tissues and between multiple types of tissues or treatment groups. Using an imaging platform designed for live-animal or whole-organ imaging, fluorescence within intact tissues can be determined without further processing, saving time and labor while providing an accurate picture of the overall bio-distribution. This process is ideal in experiments attempting to determine the tissue specificity of a compound or for the comparison of multiple different compounds. Quantitative tissue histology on the other hand requires extensive further processing of tissues in order to create a quantitative measure of the labeled compounds. To accurately assess bio-distribution, all tissues of interest must be sliced, scanned, and analyzed relative to standard curves in order to make comparisons between tissues or groups. Quantitative tissue histology is the gold standard for determining absolute compound concentrations within tissues. Here, we describe how both methods can be used together effectively to assess the ability of different administration methods and compound modifications to target and deliver fluorescently labeled molecules to the central nervous system1.
Agency theory, drug formularies, and drug product selection: Implications for public policy

The authors describe the pharmaceutical utilization system and present the conceptual framework for agency theory. They then apply agency theory to the selection of pharmaceuticals and the role of ...
Data Analysis and Visualization

The Earth’s climate—its average weather and frequency of extreme events—greatly affects the conditions of all living creatures. Human conditions, for example, are strongly influenced by the availability of fresh water, the ambient temperature and humidity, and extreme phenomena such as heat and cold waves, droughts and floods, and tornadoes and hurricanes. Dramatic changes in climatic phenomena (e.g. a Medieval warm period or the prehistoric Ice Ages) also have been recorded, either in human chronicles or in the natural history of the Earth itself.
Abstract 11854: Nationwide In-hospital Outcomes of Pregnancy in Women With Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: Most patients with single ventricle (SV) congenital heart disease (CHD) are expected to survive to adulthood. Women with SV are often counseled against pregnancy; however, data on pre...
Case 2 Coma and Metabolic Acidosis

Cyanide is one of the few chemicals known as a “knock down” agent, owing to its short interval from ingestion until symptom onset. In this case, a 22-year-old female attempted suicide by consuming cyanide. This chapter discusses manifestations of cyanide, diagnostic clues, and management strategies for treating acute cyanide toxicity.
Demonstration of a 50 Gb/s all-silicon waveguide photodetector for photonic integration

We present the first demonstration of a 50 Gb/s all-silicon waveguide photodetector at 1310nm datacom wavelength. The detector has a responsivity of 0.6 A/W and dark current of 850 nA at 5.84 V reverse bias.
Effects of feeding pregnant beef cows selenium-enriched alfalfa hay on passive transfer of ovalbumin in their newborn calves.

Intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins is critical for health and survival of newborn calves because there is no transfer of immunoglobulins in utero. The objective of this study was to determine if feeding beef cows Se-enriched alfalfa hay during the last trimester of gestation improves passive transfer of ovalbumin (OVA), a surrogate protein marker for IgG absorption. Control cows (n = 15) were fed non-Se-fortified alfalfa hay (5.3 mg Se/head daily) plus a mineral supplement containing inorganic Se (3 mg Se/head daily). Med-Se (n = 15) and High-Se cows (n = 15) were fed Se-biofortified alfalfa hay (27.6 and 57.5 mg Se/head daily, respectively); both groups received mineral supplement without added Se. Calves were randomly assigned to receive orally administered OVA at 12, 24, or 36 h of age. Calves that received their oral dose of OVA at 12 h of age had higher serum OVA concentrations across the first 48 h of life if born to High-Se cows compared to calves born to Control cows (P = 0.05), with intermediate values for calves born to Med-Se cows. Our results, using OVA as a model for passive transfer, suggest that if calves do not receive adequate colostrum to reach maximum pinocytosis, then supranutritional Se supplementation in beef cattle may improve passive transfer in their calves, if calves receive colostrum within the first 12 h of age.
The Entotympanic of Pangolins and the Phylogeny of the Pholidota (Mammalia)

Entotympanics are independent elements present in the auditory bullae of various eutherians. An entotympanic has been reported for extant pangolins of the Order Pholidota, but the actual distribution of this element remains uncertain, in part, because it is a small, loosely attached structure that is often lost in macerated skulls. Consequently, it is unknown whether or not the entotympanic characterizes Pholidota primitively or has evolved within the group. This report addresses the morphology and distribution of the entotympanic among living and extinct pholidotans. An entotympanic occurs in the African pangolins Manis gigantea, M. temminckii, and in one specimen of M. tricuspis. In each, it is a small, nodular bone that occupies a distinct fossa primarily on the basioccipital, the presence of which allows us to assess the occurrence of an entotympanic even in specimens in which the bone has fallen out. Both the entotympanic and the basioccipital facet are lacking in the four remaining extant pangolin species and in the late Eocene pangolin Patriomanis. To assess the significance of this entotympanic distribution, a phylogenetic analysis of extant pangolins plus Patriomanis based on 67 cranial characters was performed. Four different outgroup analyses all resulted in the same single most parsimonious tree, in which the three extant Asian pangolins form a monophyletic clade and the four extant African pangolins fall into a paraphyletic assemblage. Optimization of the entotympanic distribution onto this tree results in two patterns, dependent on the outgroup choice. If Patriomanis is the sole outgroup to the extant pangolins, the entotympanic arises within pangolins as a synapomorphy of Manis gigantea and M. temminckii, convergently acquired in some M. tricuspis. If Xenarthra and Palaeanodonta are employed as outgroups, the entotympanic optimization is ambiguous: the pattern is either as above or the entotympanic is present primitively within Pholidota and lost secondarily in Patriomanis and a clade comprising M. tricuspis, M. tetradactyla, and the Asian forms.
Benton’s Neuropsychological Assessment

Even a quick look at this book would indicate that the largest areas of development have been in the construction of new tests and procedures. That is not true for the various tests associated with Arthur Benton. Additional and updated normative information has been made available (Sivan, 1992), but there have been no new tests or procedures. All the same, the Benton procedures continue to be used both clinically and in research settings. The continued utilization of the tests reflects the sound design and the fact that not many tests have been developed focusing on the functions of the right hemisphere.
Automethylation-induced conformational switch in Clr4 (Suv39h) maintains epigenetic stability.

Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) mediates heterochromatic gene silencing and is important for genome stability and the regulation of gene expression1–4. The establishment and epigenetic maintenance of heterochromatin involve the recruitment of H3K9 methyltransferases to specific sites on DNA, followed by the recognition of pre-existing H3K9me by the methyltransferase and methylation of proximal histone H35–11. This positive feedback loop must be tightly regulated to prevent deleterious epigenetic gene silencing. Extrinsic anti-silencing mechanisms involving histone demethylation or boundary elements help to limit the spread of inappropriate H3K9me12–15. However, how H3K9 methyltransferase activity is locally restricted or prevented from initiating random H3K9me—which would lead to aberrant gene silencing and epigenetic instability—is not fully understood. Here we reveal an autoinhibited conformation in the conserved H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 (also known as Suv39h) of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that has a critical role in preventing aberrant heterochromatin formation. Biochemical and X-ray crystallographic data show that an internal loop in Clr4 inhibits the catalytic activity of this enzyme by blocking the histone H3K9 substrate-binding pocket, and that automethylation of specific lysines in this loop promotes a conformational switch that enhances the H3K9me activity of Clr4. Mutations that are predicted to disrupt this regulation lead to aberrant H3K9me, loss of heterochromatin domains and inhibition of growth, demonstrating the importance of the intrinsic inhibition and auto-activation of Clr4 in regulating the deposition of H3K9me and in preventing epigenetic instability. Conservation of the Clr4 autoregulatory loop in other H3K9 methyltransferases and the automethylation of a corresponding lysine in the human SUV39H2 homologue16 suggest that the mechanism described here is broadly conserved. An autoinhibitory conformation of the histone H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe helps to prevent aberrant heterochromatin formation and maintains epigenetic stability.
A Host-Produced Quorum-Sensing Autoinducer Controls a Phage Lysis-Lysogeny Decision.

Summary Vibrio cholerae uses a quorum-sensing (QS) system composed of the autoinducer 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (DPO) and receptor VqmA (VqmAVc), which together repress genes for virulence and biofilm formation. vqmA genes exist in Vibrio and in one vibriophage, VP882. Phage-encoded VqmA (VqmAPhage) binds to host-produced DPO, launching the phage lysis program via an antirepressor that inactivates the phage repressor by sequestration. The antirepressor interferes with repressors from related phages. Like phage VP882, these phages encode DNA-binding proteins and partner antirepressors, suggesting that they, too, integrate host-derived information into their lysis-lysogeny decisions. VqmAPhage activates the host VqmAVc regulon, whereas VqmAVc cannot induce phage-mediated lysis, suggesting an asymmetry whereby the phage influences host QS while enacting its own lytic-lysogeny program without interference. We reprogram phages to activate lysis in response to user-defined cues. Our work shows that a phage, causing bacterial infections, and V. cholerae, causing human infections, rely on the same signal molecule for pathogenesis.
Analyzing Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes at the Corridor Level: Structural Equation Modeling Approach:

Pedestrian and bicycle crashes have been increasing at an alarming pace in recent years. Between 2009 and 2016, annual U.S. pedestrian fatalities increased 46%, and bicyclist fatalities increased 3...
PAIN AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AMONG RECREATIONAL RUNNERS WHO RECEIVE A CORRECTION FOR AN ILIAC CREST HEIGHT DIFFERENCE: A CASE SERIES.

Background Leg-length inequality (LLI) is a musculoskeletal condition where one lower extremity is longer than the other. There is conflicting evidence on the relevance of LLI and conservative treatment options. Iliac crest height difference (ICHD) is a good estimate of LLI. Objective To observe changes in pain and performance among recreational runners with running-induced lower extremity pain who received ICHD correction. Methods A 12-week case series with multiple baseline and intervention (A-B-A-B) phases was used to observe the effects of ICHD correction on pain and performance among three symptomatic recreational runners. Primary outcome measures included the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), the Visual Analog Scale -Worst Pain (VAS-W), symptom-free running distance, and average running speed. A standardized procedure for fabricating an in-shoe shim was utilized for ICHD correction. Results There were no clinically important differences in functional capacity for any subject between any phases. Also, two subjects demonstrated trends towards increased pain over the 12-week experimental period, whereas one subject demonstrated a decrease. One subject demonstrated a statistically significant increase in running distance during intervention phases, but the others demonstrated reductions. All subjects demonstrated trends towards increased running speed, but none were statistically significant. Conclusion The correction of small ICHD < 9mm did not improve pain or performance among recreational runners. Individuals with small ICHD may be able to effectively compensate for lower extremity asymmetries; therefore, correction seems to be unnecessary and potentially harmful in short-term. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4.