cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on bone and body composition in children and young adults with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Summary It is unknown whether vitamin D supplementation positively impacts body composition and bone outcomes in children and young adults with HIV. This RCT found that despite increasing 25(OH)D concentrations, high dose vitamin D3 supplementation did not impact bone or body composition in children and young adults with HIV infection.
Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime

The Ba'th Party came to power in 1968 and remained for thirty-five years, until the 2003 US invasion. Under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, who became president of Iraq in 1979, a powerful authoritarian regime was created based on a system of violence and an extraordinary surveillance network, as well as reward schemes and incentives for supporters of the party. The true horrors of this regime have been exposed for the first time through a massive archive of government documents captured by the United States after the fall of Saddam Hussein. It is these documents that form the basis of this extraordinarily revealing book and that have been translated and analyzed by Joseph Sassoon, an Iraqi-born scholar and seasoned commentator on the Middle East. They uncover the secrets of the innermost workings of Hussein's Revolutionary Command Council, how the party was structured, how it operated via its network of informers and how the system of rewards functioned.
Numerical Modeling of Electroosmotic Push-Pull Perfusion and Assessment of Its Application to Quantitative Determination of Enzymatic Activity in the Extracellular Space of Mammalian Tissue.

Many sampling methods have been developed to measure the extracellular concentrations of solutes in the extracellular space of mammalian tissue, e.g., brain. However, few have been used to quantitatively study the various processes, such as enzymatic degradation, that determines the fate of these solutes. For a method to be useful in this pursuit, it must be able to (1) perfuse tissue and collect the perfusate for quantitative analysis of the solutes introduced and reaction products produced, (2) control the average residence time of the active solutes, and (3) have the appropriate spatial resolution for the process of interest. Our lab previously developed a perfusion technique based on electroosmosis (EO), called EO push–pull perfusion (EOPPP), that is in principle suitable to meet these needs. However, much like the case for other sampling methods that came before, there are parameters that are needed for quantitative interpretation of data but that cannot be measured easily (or at all). In this paper,...
Perceptions of Parental Acceptance or Rejection: How does it Impact LGB Adult Relationship Quality and Satisfaction?

This study focused on the retrospective accounts of perceptions of parental acceptance/rejection regarding their LGB sexual identity, as well as present perceptions of satisfaction and acceptance i...
Long noncoding RNA MEG3-4 regulates IL-1β during pulmonary bacterial infection by repressing microRNA-138

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate various biological processes; however, their function in host immunity response against infection is largely unknown. Here, we identify an intergenic lncRNA MEG3 (linc-MEG3) as a tissue specific regulator for pulmonary immunity during Gram-negative bacterial infection. Among the 10 transcripts of linc-MEG3, transcripts 1 and 4 are main regulators as being discovered the most downregulated in mouse lungs after bacterial infection. Overexpression of linc-MEG3-4 in mice led to intensified inflammatory response, severe lung injury, systemic dissemination and ultimately increased mortality. Alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AM) were major cell populations that are targeted by linc-MEG3-4. Due to its 3′ sequences complementary to microRNA-138 (miR-138), linc-MEG3-4 competitively binds miR-138 and thereby freeing its target IL-1β mRNA to intensify inflammatory responses. Our results characterize linc-MEG3 as a novel pulmonary inflammatory regulator of bacterial infection through a miR-138/IL-1β/NF-κB axis.
Delayed endovascular aortic repair is associated with reduced in-hospital mortality in patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury.

Abstract Objective The traditional approach to stable blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) endorsed by the Society for Vascular Surgery is early ( Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with BTAI ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis code 901.0) who underwent TEVAR ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure code 39.73) from 2009 to 2013 using the National Sample Program data set. Missing physiologic data were imputed using chained multiple imputation. Patients were parsed into groups based on the timing of TEVAR (early, χ 2 , Mann-Whitney, and Fisher exact tests were used to compare baseline characteristics and outcomes of interest between groups. Multivariable logistic regression for mortality was performed that included all variables significant at P ≤ .2 in univariate analyses. Results A total of 2045 adult patients with BTAI were identified, of whom 534 (26%) underwent TEVAR. Patients with missing data on TEVAR timing were excluded (n = 27), leaving a total of 507 patients for analysis (75% male; 69% white; median age, 40 years [interquartile range, 27-56 years]; median Injury Severity Score [ISS], 34 [interquartile range, 26-41]). Of these, 378 patients underwent early TEVAR and 129 underwent delayed TEVAR. The two groups were similar with regard to age, sex, race, ISS, and presenting physiology. Mortality was 11.9% in the early TEVAR group vs 5.4% in the delayed group, with the early group displaying a higher odds of death (odds ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-5.36; P = .042). After adjustment for age, ISS, and admission physiology, the association between early TEVAR and mortality was preserved (adjusted odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-5.67; P = .047). Conclusions Consistent with current Society for Vascular Surgery recommendations, more BTAI patients underwent early TEVAR than delayed TEVAR during the study period. However, delayed TEVAR was associated with significantly reduced mortality in this population. Together, these findings support a need for critical appraisal and clarification of existing practice guidelines in management of BTAI. Future studies should seek to understand this survival disparity and to determine optimal selection of patients for early vs delayed TEVAR.
Deception Detection in Online Automated Job Interviews

This research-in-progress paper presents a conceptual system for automated deception detection in online interviewing. The design proposes video recordings of responses to predefined, structured interview question sets variously selected based on the desired behavioral metric of interest, such as competence, social skills, or in this case, veracity. Raw behavioral data extracted from video responses is refined to produce indicators of behavioral metrics. A prototype implementation of the design was built and tested experimentally using a job interview scenario. Results of the experimental analysis provide evidence of the potential of the concept.
Structure–Property Relationship of Low-Dimensional Layered GaSexTe1–x Alloys

We report the growth of layered GaSexTe1–x mesostructures across the whole composition range. For compositions up to x = 0.32 (the Te-rich region), mesocrystals form predominantly in the monoclinic structure, similar to naturally occurring GaTe. However, the hexagonal crystal structure, similar to naturally occurring GaSe, begins growing at the x = 0.28 composition and grows almost exclusively in the range of x = 0.32 to pure GaSe, establishing a region of composition where both monoclinic and hexagonal crystals exist. While the optical bandgap of the monoclinic phase increases linearly from 1.65 to 1.77 eV with increasing Se content, the incorporation of Te in the hexagonal phase reduces the optical gap from 2.01 (pure GaSe) to 1.38 eV (x = 0.28). Specifically, a bandgap difference of ∼0.35 eV between monoclinic and hexagonal crystals is observed in the composition range where both crystal structures can be grown. These observations are in good agreement with direct-gap trends calculated by density funct...
Use of Recombinant DNA Technology for the Production of Polypeptides

There are many polypeptides of biologic and medical interest which have not been fully studied because they cannot be obtained in adequate quantity with sufficient purity and economy. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology now give promise of in vivo synthesis in bacteria of a wide variety of polypeptide hormones, specific immunoglobins, enzymes and other proteins. This presentation will first review the procedures for constructing chimeric microorganisms containing the DNA coding for a eucaryotic protein, then discuss the problems and experience in obtaining such proteins from DNA cloned in procaryotic cells.
Advanced Lipid Testing

A high serum cholesterol is a well-established major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Evidence that supports the lipid hypothesis includes research in animal models, epidemiological studies, studies of genetic forms of hyperlipidemia, and laboratory and clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the major atherogenic lipoprotein and has been designated the primary target of therapy by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) [1].
Everyday Ethics: A Case Study Analysis

This book expands the current discussion on ethics, addressing the gap between "headline" ethics cases, which are often extreme and taken from a business context, and the everyday ethical challenges that we all face in school, work, relationships, and communities. Case studies throughout demonstrate concepts and provide opportunities for readers to apply theory as they consider everyday issues such as the temptation to lie about an arrest on a job application, peer pressure to steal or drink, and the implications of "ratting out" a classmate who is cheating or a co-worker who is stealing. By including a broad array of ethical challenges, this book makes ethics more accessible to the reader. Drawing from several academic disciplines, including social psychology and organizational behavior, this book explores the personal and environmental factors that influence our ethical decision-making. The book is appropriate for ethics courses in an array of disciplines as well as anyone interested in ethical challenges.
WIKISTIM.org: An On-Line Database of Published Neurostimulation Studies.

INTRODUCTION Primary data reported in scientific publications provide guidance for improving patient care, expanding indications, identifying research gaps, educating patients, justifying reimbursement, and gaining regulatory approval. Finding and analyzing pertinent publications among the huge volume noted in databases such as PUBMED, however, costs time and effort. This situation demands innovative ways to locate citations of (and the possibility of abstracting data from) papers reporting primary findings. METHODS We created WIKISTIM.org, a searchable easily navigated website, to meet this challenge in our field and devised a taxonomy of data categories specific for various stimulation targets for extracting and posting primary data. We included a discussion section unlimited by time or space to overcome limits posed by traditional letters to the editor. RESULTS Registrants can download single or multiple citations from search results or from the list of papers (sortable by author, title, publication, and year) into a single table. The downloadable data category lists are used to submit completed data entry sheets for upload and for evidence-based comparison across studies as well as for study design, manuscript preparation, and peer review. Registration for WIKISTIM access continues to grow as do the curated citation lists, which are updated monthly and are comprehensive for deep brain stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, gastric electric stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and sacral nerve stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Most WIKISTIM entries are limited to citation information and links to published abstracts. As the number of completed datasheets and of stimulation target sections increase, the value of WIKISTIM will increase.
Recombinant architecture

As advanced telecommunications and telepresence systems allow artificial adjacency to substitute for physical adjacency among activities, many traditional building types are likely to fragment and recombine. Built spaces will still be needed for living, work, and recreation, but they will be organized and configured in new ways. This paper examines a variety of traditional building types and sketches some plausible scenarios for their transformation in the digital telecommunications era.
Disease asymmetry and hyperautofluorescent ring shape in retinitis pigmentosa patients

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is described as a bilateral disease with inter-eye symmetry that presents on short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) imaging with hyperautofluorescent (hyperAF) rings with an ellipsoid shape and regular borders. Nevertheless, both asymmetry and irregular ring morphologies are also observed. In this retrospective study of 168 RP patients, we characterize the degree of inter-eye asymmetry and frequency of irregular hyperAF ring morphologies according to mode of inheritance and disease-causing gene by using SW-AF imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans. We observed that from 336 eyes, 290 (86%) presented with regular hyperAF rings and 46 (14%) presented with irregular shapes. From the 168 patients, 23 (14%) presented with asymmetric disease, with 16 (70%) of these patients also presenting with irregular ring shapes. Patients with autosomal dominant RP (adRP) had the highest proportion of irregular ring shapes (21%) and disease asymmetry (23%) in comparison to other modes of inheritance. Furthermore, both RP1 and RHO-adRP had the highest proportions of both disease asymmetry and irregular ring morphology. Our results suggest that in patients presenting with either irregular ring shapes or asymmetric disease, emphasis should be placed in targeted gene sequencing of genes known to cause adRP, such as RHO and RP1.
HYPOTHYROIDISM INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is usually an idiopathic disease with progressive and irreversible poor outcomes. Cases of “Reversible DCM” however secondary to hypothyroidism have been emerging recently. 39 year old female who presented with acute shortness of breath and severe dyspnea on
Do you know about Kratom

Kratom is a drug derived from the Mitragyna speciosa tree that grows in Asia and Africa [1]. Its alkaloid products are consumed in many ways: chewing fresh leaves; ingested powder, tablet and/or pi...
Toward a Framework for Public Accountability in Education Reform

Public accountability through information disclosure is a pillar of modern education reform efforts. Despite the ubiquity of this approach, we argue that public accountability in education is under...
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Implications for Surgery

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field that seeks to create software capable of gathering information and responding in a goal-directed manner, behaving as if it were an intelligent organism. AI and, in particular, machine learning often utilize algorithms inspired by the human brain: software known as deep neural networks. Using these neural networks, artificial intelligence tools are beginning to unlock a vast spectrum of capabilities for the physician, including augmentation of clinical radiology interpretation, ability to make advanced predictions about patient outcomes, and even the potential for semiautonomous robotic assistance with surgical procedures. The robust capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning will need to be carefully managed to avoid the risk of unintended clinical consequences caused by the introduction of systematic bias. Ultimately, however, these new technologies show great promise for revolutionizing the entire field of surgery and medicine as a whole.
Proton Aurora and Optical Emissions in the Subauroral Region

Optical structures located equatorward of the main auroral oval often exhibit different morphologies and dynamics than structures at higher latitudes. In some cases, questions arise regarding the formation mechanisms of these photon-emitting phenomena. New developments in space and ground-based instruments have enabled us to acquire a clearer view of the processes playing a role in the formation of subauroral structures. In addition, the discovery of new optical structures helps us improve our understanding of the latitudinal and altitudinal coupling that takes place in the subauroral region. However, several questions remain unanswered, requiring the development of new instruments and analysis techniques. We discuss optical phenomena in the subauroral region, summarize observational results, present conclusions about their origin, and pose a number of open questions that warrant further investigation of proton aurora, detached subauroral arcs and spots, stable auroral red (SAR) arcs, and STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement).
Lower Slope and Abyssal Benthic Decapods of the Eastern Pacific

A total of 119 species of decapod crustaceans have been reported from depths of 700 m or more in the eastern Pacific. From 1875 to 2000, decapods were caught mostly by trawls and dredges on muddy sea floors. Sampling has not been consistent and has been concentrated in certain geographic areas. Taxonomic confusion and potential misidentifications continue to create problems. Of the species in the area, 14 are considered to occur worldwide. The area from Alaska to northern California has the fewest species (8); the area from southwestern Mexico to Peru or Chile has the most (27). Of the taxonomic groups, the most speciose are the family Munidopsidae (31 species). Adaptations to the environment include loss of functional eyes, capacious carapaces, lack of strict food preferences, and antipredator behavior including ability to swim and association with other invertebrates. Reproduction is poorly known but seems to be asynchronous. Largely due to costs and difficulties in processing the catch, there are no extensive fisheries for deepwater decapods in the area.
Evaluation of a telemedicine program managing high-risk pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes in Arkansas's Medicaid program.

Abstract Objective We aim to evaluate the effects of the telemedicine program, High-Risk Pregnancy Program at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), on health services utilization and medical expenditures among pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes and their newborns. Research design and methods The study sample was selected from the Arkansas Medicaid claims linked to infant birth/death certificates and UAMS telemedicine records from 2013 through 2016. We used propensity score matching based on participants’ characteristics to create three groups - UAMS telemedicine care, UAMS in-person care, and non-UAMS prenatal care. We compared inpatient and outpatient care services, medication use and caesarean section rates, severe maternal morbidity, infant mortality and preterm birth rates and medical expenditures. Results The UAMS telemedicine group had fewer inpatient admissions (1.18 vs 1.31; 95% CI: -0.27, 0.00), lower insulin use rates (41.86% vs 59.88%; 95% CI: -29.00%, -7.05%) and lower maternal care expenditures ($7,846 vs $10,644; 95% CI: -$4,089, -$1,507) compared with the UAMS in-person care group. Women receiving UAMS telemedicine had more prenatal care visits (10.45 vs 8.57; 95% CI: -2.96, -0.81), higher insulin use rates (41.86% vs 26.74%: 95% CI: 4.63%, 25.60%) and similar maternal care expenditures ($7,846 vs $7,051), compared with those receiving non-UAMS in-person care. Caesarean section, severe maternal morbidity, and infant mortality rates were similar across the three groups. Conclusion UAMS telemedicine was associated with improved utilization of prenatal care among pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes. Telemedicine services did not differ from usual in-person services in clinical outcomes and medical expenditures.
Competing with Piracy: A Multi-Channel Sequential Search Approach

We consider an online market where consumers may obtain digital goods from two mutually exclusive channels: a legitimate channel consisting of many law-abiding retailers, or a piracy channel consisting of many piracy services. We analyze consumer choice, retailer strategy and piracy control using a sequential-search approach where information-acquisition is costly for some consumers (non-shoppers), yet costless for others (shoppers). Firstly, we show that a non-shopper’s channel choice is determined by a simple comparison of two reservation prices. Secondly, we analyze how piracy threats affect in-channel pricing among retailers. If the in-channel competition intensity among retailers is high, piracy does not affect retailer pricing. If the intensity is medium, retailers respond to piracy by giving up some shoppers and, surprisingly, raising prices. If the intensity is low, the legitimate channel loses both some shoppers and some non-shoppers to the piracy channel. Thirdly, we consider several mechanisms for fighting piracy and analyze their impacts on firm profit and consumer surplus. Reducing piracy quality and increasing piracy search costs are both effective in controlling piracy, yet they affect consumer surplus differently. Reducing the number of piracy services is less effective in controlling piracy.
Enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl) enhances the efficacy of multiple anti-angiogenic agents, targeted therapies and standard oncolytics.

LB-104 Enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl) is currently in III clinical trials as well as multiple phase II trials as a single agent and in combination with a variety of standard chemotherapies, newer targeted agents and anti-angiogenics. Enzastaurin suppresses tumor-induced angiogenesis and induces tumor cell death in multiple human tumor cell lines by inhibiting PKC and PI3K/AKT pathway signaling. Because activation of these signaling pathways has been repeatedly linked to the development of chemo- and radio-resistance in multiple tumor types, and because anti-angiogenic therapies have been shown to enhance other targeted and oncolytic therapies, we sought to explore whether enzastaurin may enhance the efficacy of standard oncolytic or targeted anti-cancer therapies. Herein, we show that enzastaurin exhibits substantial anti-angiogenic activity at clinically achievable doses, preventing the formation of endothelial vessel-like structures when plated on a bed of dermal fibroblasts and reducing endothelial cell content in matrigel plugs after implantation into mice. Enzastaurin treatment also substantially represses the formation of the typical, highly branched, disorganized vasculature in A549 non-small cell lung cancers after intradermal implantation in nude mice. In combination with sunitinib (PO 20 or 40 mg/kg QD), enzastaurin (PO TID @ 100mg/kg) exhibited a more significant anti-tumor effect than either agent alone in both 786-0 and CaKi-1 renal cell carcinoma xenografts. In HT-29 colon cancer xenografts, enzastaurin + capecitabine (135 or 270 mg/kg QD IP) or enzastaurin + irinotecan (weekly x 3, 100mg/kg IP) significantly repressed tumor growth whereas single agent treatments failed to significantly reduce tumor growth. In prostate cancer, enzastaurin + taxotere (10mg/kg IP) repressed growth of hormone-independent PC-3 xenograft tumors more substantially than did taxotere alone. In LNCaP xenografts, enzastaurin + castration significantly repressed growth vs. castration alone. In cultured LNCaP cells and androgen-independent variants, enzastaurin treatment significantly repressed androgen receptor expression and reduced PSA expression. Finally, in U87MG and CRL2611glioblastoma xenografts, tumor growth was suppressed by both enzastaurin (100mg/kg TID PO) and temozolomide (TMZ, 3mg/kg 1X) as single agents to a limited extent but was almost completely repressed by the combination of enzastaurin with TMZ. Enzastaurin dramatically enhanced the induction of apoptosis and reduction of cellular proliferation by TMZ treatment in both 06MGMT + and - GBM cells lines, coincident with a blockade of signaling through the AKT pathway and p90RSK. Collectively, these data indicate that by blocking signaling through the PKC and PI3K/ AKT pathways in tumor and endothelial cells, enzastaurin enhances the efficacy of a wide range of chemo- and targeted therapies.
A New Era in Revenue Recognition: General Dynamics and Ford

What had started out as an easy perusal of two recently issued 2017 corporate annual reports had morphed into a task of sleuthing when the reader had come across what some experts referred to as “the most historic accounting change to hit US capital markets in decades.” It appeared that the issue of when a sale was a sale for financial reporting purposes was not simple. Among a handful of early adopters of a new revenue recognition mandate for calendar year 2017 annual reports, beginning of the year retained earnings for Ford Motor Company (Ford) was adjusted $36 million higher while General Dynamic's was adjusted down by $301 million, both a result of their early adoption of the new revenue recognition guidelines. Excerpt UVA-C-2414 Rev. Nov. 19, 2018 A New Era in Revenue Recognition: General Dynamics and Ford Maria's head hurt. Perhaps it was the combination of too much coffee and too little sleep. On the other hand, she had ultimately to admit it was probably due to all the numbers she was considering and striving to understand—12, 606, 2014-09, 15, 6, 919, 350, 180, 150, 311, 12-15-17, $ 36million, and negative $ 684million. What had started out as a hoped-for easy and enjoyable perusal of two recently issued 2017 corporate annual reports had morphed into a task of sleuthing, reading, and fascination. She had come across what some experts referred to as “the most historic accounting change to hit US capital markets in decades.” It appeared that the issue of when a sale was a sale for financial reporting purposes was not as simple as she had assumed. She jotted down some numbers and added an appropriate but brief notation by each. 919 was the number of public companies that had to correct their financial statements for one or more of the six years from 1997 through 2002, where 350 of those restatements were a function of misreported revenues. . . .
Non-Invasive Measurements of the Electron Mobility in a Hall Effect Accelerator

The anomalously high mobility of electrons across magnetic field lines in crossed-field, Hall effect accelerators is one the most dominant but least understood processes in these low-temperature plasmas. This lack of understanding stems largely in part from the difficulty of making direct experimental measurements of this process. Indeed, the types of direct physical probing that traditionally would yield this measurement have been shown to be highly perturbative in these devices [1]. In this work, we demonstrate that the cross-field transport can be inferred non-invasively by measuring the ion dynamics in the Hall direction of the discharge. This technique hinges on the assumption that the mechanism that drives the electron transport is the result of a momentum-conserving interaction with the ions. The process thus works to drive electrons across field lines while also imparting momentum to the ions in the Hall direction. By measuring this component of the ion momentum non-invasively with Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and employing a quasilinear approximation to relate the ion and electron dynamics, it is possible to infer the effective electron mobility in the discharge.
Movement of Plasma‐Membrane‐Associated Clathrin Spots Along the Microtubule Cytoskeleton

The current understanding of the role of plasma- membrane-associated clathrin suggests that clathrin-coated pits form at the sites of activated receptors and then, following internalization, the clathrin coat is rapidly shed. Utilizing total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIR-FM), we have documented linear lateral motion of cell-surface-associated dsRed-clathrin spots parallel to the plasma membrane. Clathrin spot motility was observed in multiple cell lines (MDCK, CHO, Cos-7 and HeLa). In MDCK cells dsRed-clathrin spots moved along linear pathways up to 4 μm in length with rates of approximately 0.8 μm/s. Spots did not generally undergo internalization during movement. The motion of these puncta was coincident with the microtubule cytoskeleton, and depolymerization of microtubules reduced spot motility over 10-fold. Over-expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau-EGFP decreased spot run length by 40% without affecting the rate of movement. Thus dsRed-clathrin puncta move along the microtubule cytoskeleton parallel to the cell surface.
Effects of Coke and Formulation Variables on Cracking of Bench Scale Prebaked Anode Specimens

Bench scale anodes were prepared using a number of calcined cokes, aggregate sizings, and pitch levels and, after baking, tested for thermal shock resistance and flexural strength. Thermal shock resistance rose with increasing coke real density, while flexural strength tended to improve with increasing coke bulk density. With coarser aggregate sizings, a pitch level resulting in maximum baked apparent density maximized thermal shock resistance and flexural strength. With a finer aggregate sizing, thermal shock resistance and flexural strength peaked at a pitch level greater than that producing the highest baked apparent density, so maximum values require more pitch than probably practical for full-size anodes.
Infecções pulmonares na AIDS

As infeccoes oportunistas pulmonares constituem a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade entre os individuos infectados pelo HIV. No Brasil, a tuberculose e a infeccao mais frequente, sendo que cerca de 8% dos pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose sao coinfectados com o HIV. Nos EUA, as infeccoes bacterianas sao as principais causas de doenca nos pacientes com AIDS. As pneumonias comunitarias sao causadas, principalmente, pelos micro-organismos mais comuns, Streptococcus pneumoniae e Haemophilus species, mas a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e o Staphylococcus aureus tambem podem estar envolvidos. O Rhodococcus equi e raro, mas deve ser lembrado nos casos de lesao cavitaria. A pneumocistose apresentou um importante declinio apos a introducao dos esquemas antirretrovirais e a rotineira profilaxia primaria com sulfametoxazol e trimetoprim. Outras causas menos comuns de infeccao, como a histoplasmose, criptococose e citomegalovirose, tambem sao abordadas neste capitulo.
A sin of omission: database transactions

Database courses are under increasing pressure to include new topics which inevitably leads to a decision about which topics are essential to the course and which can be omitted to make room for others. Recent surveys have indicated that many instructors are reducing or eliminating coverage of "transaction management" from their introductory database courses. As both an academic and a practitioner, I believe that this is a mistake. This paper discusses why the semantics of transaction management should be an integral topic in any introductory database management system course.
Beyond reward prediction errors: the role of dopamine in movement kinematics.

We recorded activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in unrestrained mice while monitoring their movements with video tracking. Our approach allows an unbiased examination of the continuous relationship between single unit activity and behavior. Although DA neurons show characteristic burst firing following cue or reward presentation, as previously reported, their activity can be explained by the representation of actual movement kinematics. Unlike neighboring pars reticulata GABAergic output neurons, which can represent vector components of position, DA neurons represent vector components of velocity or acceleration. We found neurons related to movements in four directions—up, down, left right. For horizontal movements, there is significant lateralization of neurons: the left nigra contains more rightward neurons, whereas the right nigra contains more leftward neurons. The relationship between DA activity and movement kinematics was found on both appetitive trials using sucrose and aversive trials using air puff, showing that these neurons belong to a velocity control circuit that can be used for any number of purposes, whether to seek reward or to avoid harm. In support of this conclusion, mimicry of the phasic activation of DA neurons with selective optogenetic stimulation could also generate movements. Contrary to the popular hypothesis that DA neurons encode reward prediction errors, our results suggest that nigrostriatal DA plays an essential role in controlling the kinematics of voluntary movements. We hypothesize that DA signaling implements gain adjustment for adaptive transition control, and describe a new model of BG in which DA functions to adjust the gain of a transition controller. This model has significant implications for our understanding of movement disorders implicating DA and the BG.
Amino acid derivatives that stabilize secondary structures of polypeptides : II. The most stable conformation of peptides containing 3-amino-2-piperidone-6-carboxylic acid (Acp)

Abstract From 1H NMR evidence, the conformation of the piperidone ring of 3-amino-6-carboxyl-2-piperidone (ACP) in the derivatives Ac-Acp-NHET. Cbz-Gly-Acp-OEt, Cbz-Gly-Acp-Gly-OEt, Boc- L -Phe- LL -Acp- L -Ala-OCH3, and Boc- L -Phe- DD -Acp- L -Ala-OCH3 is shown to be a chair with the RCONH function equatorially and the CONHR′ function axially disposed. An internal hydrogen bond of the β-turn type is proposed for these amide derivatives.
Gombosi Receives 2013 Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize: Response

It is a great honor to be the recipient of AGU's inaugural Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize. I am truly humbled by this recognition because there are many other highly deserving colleagues in our research field.
SOME CHANGES IN DOMESTIC IRON MINING AS A RESULT OF PELLETIZATION1

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to assess the effects that pelletization has had on the iron ore production patterns in the United States between 1950 and 1965. To achieve this, the output of usable tons of iron ore, on a county basis, was mapped in order to describe and analyze the pattern of iron mining over the fifteen-year-period. It was found that pelletization engendered significant geographic and economic change in the domestic iron mining industry. The Lake Superior Region continued as the major domestic producer, followed in order by the Western Region, the Northeastern Region, the Central and Gulf Region, and the Southeastern Region. The importance of many mining districts either decreased (Southeastern Region) or increased (Western, Central, and Gulf regions) subsequent to the development of pelletization. Imports of foreign ore continued to affect some districts, but where pelletization was fully operative, imports had little effect. A major finding of the study was that in regions where...
Generation of ultra-broadband infrared pulses through difference frequency mixing

Ultra-broadband infrared pulses were generated through difference frequency mixing with BBO crystal. The spectra range of the generated infrared pulse was above one octave, with pulse duration 39fs and pulse energy of 15μJ.
Nonsupervised crop classification through airborne multispectral observations

Current methods of terrain classification by means of airborne multispectral observations are reviewed with emphasis on the selection of training sets for determination of the categorizer parameters. A method of selecting sample regions for assigning identities to the spectral signatures on the basis of statistically determined similarities, rather than on a priori considerations, is suggested. This method has been tested on data collected on two flights with the University of Michigan scanner over an agricultural region in California. We have found that a simple clustering algorithm, modified to take into account specific features of the crop-census problem, can be used to obtain the desired homogeneous regions with relatively little computation and that very sparse sampling of these regions is sufficient to assign the appropriate category to each cluster. Viewed as a two-stage sampling procedure, clustering improves the second stage classification on 15 crops from 20 to 50 percent over a random selection of the primary sampling units. The accuracy increases to 73 percent when only five classes are considered, with further improvement to 88 percent when a majority decision based on known field boundaries is used.
Generalized least squares estimation of the functional multivariate linear errors-in-variables model

Estimators of the parameters of the functional multivariate linear errors-in-variables model are obtained by the application of generalized least squares to the sample matrix of mean squares and products. The generalized least squares estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically multivariate normal. Relationships between generalized least squares estimation of the functional model and of the structural model are demonstrated. It is shown that estimators constructed under the assumption of normal x are appropriate for fixed x.
Role of nuclear cardiology in advancing cardiac surgery

Cardiac surgeons are commonly faced with issues regarding the balance between the potential risk and the potential benefit of a surgical procedure. Nuclear cardiology procedures [myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and positron emission tomography (PET)] provide the surgeon with objective information that augments standard clinical and angiographic assessments with respect to diagnosis, prognosis, and potential benefit from intervention. Development of the technology and methodology of gated MPS acquisition and interpretation allows assessment of the extent and severity of hypoperfused but viable myocardium, as well as global LVEF and LV volume measurements, diastolic function, and LV geometry. With PET, myocardial metabolism and blood flow reserve can also be measured. This chapter provides insight into the current evidence regarding settings in which nuclear cardiology procedures are helpful to the surgeon in assessment of patients having or being considered for cardiac surgery in the setting of coronary artery disease (CAD). Overall, a risk-benefit approach to MPS results is proposed, with principal focus on identifying patients at risk for major cardiac events who may benefit from a surgical procedure.
Modeling stress and strain in an insect leg for simulation of campaniform sensilla responses to external forces

Campaniform sensilla (cs) on insect legs are stimulated by strain in the cuticle produced by forces applied to the leg, and generate action potentials when the strain is sufficiently high. We modeled the tibia of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, as a hollow, circular tube and developed a simulation of cs responses to external forces by solving equations of mechanics as applied to the leg to obtain values for stress and strain, then converting strain to action potentials. Based on the close correspondence between our simulated responses and the 1981 physiological results of Zill and Moran, we suggest that our model may be useful in assessing the performance of experimentally inaccessible cs groups during walking.
Cyclic Transmembrane Charge Transport Mediated by Pyrylium and Thiopyrylium Ions

Transient spectroscopy revealed that 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium, 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium, and 2,4,6-triphenylthiopyrylium ions oxidatively quench excited triplet [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinato]zinc(II) to form the corresponding neutral radicals and the zinc porphyrin π-cation. The measured quenching rate constants were proportional to the pyrylium one-electron reduction potentials, that is, the reaction driving force. In the presence of anionic dihexadecyl phosphate vesicles, only the fraction of pyrylium not bound to the vesicle was capable of reacting with the photoexcited zinc porphyrin. Nonetheless, the pyrylium radicals mediated highly efficient transmembrane reduction of tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)cobalt(III) contained within the inner aqueous core of the vesicles with apparent quantum yields that approached unity. Permeability coefficients (P) determined for the pyrylium radicals, pyrylium cations, and the proton were 10-4−2 × 10-5 cm/s, 10-10 cm/s, and <5 × 10-7 cm/s, respectively, so th...
A comparison between interrupted and continuous suturing techniques in keratoplasty

A comparison between continuous and interrupted techniques of suturing in penetrating keratoplasties was made using autologous grafts in rabbits. Wound strength was determined using both a tensiometer and blow-out pressure measurements. Histologic examination of the wounds was also carried out, and clinical observations were made of the behavior of vascular growth through the wound in prevascularized corneas to further characterize the suturing techniques and the healing process. We found no difference in blow-out pressures between the two groups, but a significant increase in healing in the interrupted suture group, as measured by the tensiometer, was observed. Other differences were noted in the clinical course and histology, including a greater ease of vessels traversing the wound and more inflammatory cells in the wound area with interrupted sutures.
Theory of Diamagnetism of Bismuth

The susceptibility formula for bismuth is derived starting with the general expression for the susceptibility of Bloch electrons. By applying approximations consistent with the Lax two-band model for the energy-band structure near the symmetry point $L$ of the Brillouin zone, the numerous terms in the susceptibility expression were condensed into a very simple form. The "induced diamagnetism" cancels both the Landau-Peierls term and the "crystalline paramagnetism," leaving a very simple and compact expression. The simple expression clearly reveals the interband origin of the large diamagnetism of bismuth and accounts for the experimental results on bismuth and bismuth-antimony alloys. The result can be expressed as the sum of a large background diamagnetism which depends on the direct-energy gap, plus carrier paramagnetism. If the Fermi level is near a band edge, the carrier paramagnetism is equal to the sum of the Landau-Peierls diamagnetism and the Pauli paramagnetism calculated using the effective $g$ factor. For the conduction band (the contribution from valence band differs by sign) the induced diamagnetism in the general formulation for the susceptibility is made up of a paramagnetic contribution due to the second-order influence of the effective $g$ factor in bismuth plus a diamagnetic contribution similar to the standard atomic diamagnetism using the cyclotron effective mass (with the spread of the charge distribution measured by a quantity which plays an analogous role to the Compton wavelength for free electrons). The exact expression (beyond the usual power expansion in $B$ of the one-band-effective-Hamiltonian function (valid near the $L$ point) which yields the correct magnetic energy levels for the Lax model is also obtained.
Signatures of wave‐ion interactions in the solar wind: Ulysses observations

[1] Theory and simulations predict that resonant wave-particle scattering by enhanced magnetic fluctuations yields characteristic signatures in properties of solar wind ions. Here Ulysses/Solar Wind Observations Over the Poles of the Sun (SWOOPS) instrument measurements of protons and alpha particles are examined to seek three types of these signatures: (1) a statistical constraint on the proton temperature anisotropy imposed by the electromagnetic proton cyclotron instability; (2) a correlation between the alpha anisotropy and the alpha/proton relative flow speed driven by electromagnetic alpha/proton instabilities; and (3) relationships among the proton anisotropy, the alpha anisotropy, and the alpha/proton speed induced by the cascade of long-wavelength Alfven fluctuations to ion cyclotron resonances at shorter wavelengths. No signatures of alpha/proton instabilities are found. However, the first example of the proton anisotropy constraint in the slow solar wind is demonstrated, and a theoretical prediction for Alfven/cyclotron wave acceleration in the fast wind is similar to a statistical lower bound observed on the alpha/proton speed.
Second-order conditioning and overshadowing in the observational conditioning of fear in monkeys

Abstract Several studies have recently documented strong and persistent observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. The studies presented here explore the extent to which two well-known phenomenon of direct classical conditioning—second-order conditioning and overshadowing—also occur in the context of observational conditioning. In Experiment 1, rhesus monkeys that had previously acquired a fear of snakes through observational learning underwent six sessions of second-order conditioning in which a black-striped box, the second-order conditioned stimulus (CS), was paired with snake stimuli, the first-order CS. Two of three measures of fear indicated that small but significant amounts of fear were conditioned to the second-order CS. In Experiment 2, a modified overshadowing paradigm was employed to determine whether a fear-relevant CS such as a snake would overshadow a fear-irrelevant CS such as a flower. Observer monkeys underwent six sessions of observational conditioning during which they watched models behaving fearfully in the presence of a compound snake/flower stimulus. Observers acquired a fear of snakes but not a fear of flowers. Implications of these findings for understanding the origins of human fears and phobias are discussed.
Sociolinguistic dynamics of gender in focus groups

The language used in mixed-sex focus groups and the resulting potential for missing information are discussed in this chapter.
FTSyn: a framework for automatic synthesis of fault-tolerance

In this paper, we present a software framework for adding fault-tolerance to existing finite-state programs. The input to our framework is a fault-intolerant program and a class of faults that perturbs the program. The output of our framework is a fault-tolerant version of the input program. Our framework provides (1) the first automated tool for the synthesis of fault-tolerant distributed programs, and (2) an extensible platform for researchers to develop a repository of heuristics that deal with the complexity of adding fault-tolerance to distributed programs. We also present a set of heuristics for polynomial-time addition of fault-tolerance to distributed programs. We have used this framework for automated synthesis of several fault-tolerant programs including a simplified version of an aircraft altitude switch, token ring, Byzantine agreement, and agreement in the presence of Byzantine and fail-stop faults. These examples illustrate that our framework can be used for synthesizing programs that tolerate different types of faults (process restarts, Byzantine and fail-stop) and programs that are subject to multiple faults (Byzantine and fail-stop) simultaneously. We have found our framework to be highly useful for pedagogical purposes, especially for teaching concepts of fault-tolerance, automatic program transformation, and the effect of heuristics.