cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Inclusion/Inclusion in Learning: Citizenship Education for a Pluralistic Society.

Society is conflictual: pluralistic democracy in particular relies on conflict as a mechanism of change. To be incorporated as citizens, young people need skills and information for making decisions and solving problems; that is, for handling the conflicts that come up in society. This research analyzes two cases of implemented world studies curricula: the teachers followed the same district guidelines, but they made contrasting choices regarding how to involve their diverse students in social education. In the class taught by Ruth Murray,1 students “learned inclusion” by analyzing teacher-interpreted information about diverse cultures and ideologies. Sarah Gilbert's students were “included in learning” by taking conflicting viewpoints in response to social studies themes. Attention to conflict seemed to foster inclusion of some of the silent students found in both classes.
Aminofluorenyl−Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl and Bis(aminofluorenyl) Derivatives of Group 4 Metals

New group 4 compounds containing a 9-(dialkylamino)fluorenyl ligand have been prepared, and their properties and reactivities have been briefly investigated. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of {9-(N,N-dimethylamino)fluorenyl}_2ZrCl_2 (4) reveals strong zirconium−nitrogen dative bonds. The asymmetric unit contains two molecules with an unusual coordination of aminofluorenyl ligands, best described as comprised of a strong Zr−N dative interaction and essentially an η^1-fluorenyl coordination, supplemented by a weak additional C C dative interaction of one double bond of one of the benzo units. The barrier to rotation around the C−N bond of {9-(N,N-diisopropylamino)fluorenyl}(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ZrCl_2 (9) has been determined: ΔG⧧(−25 °C) = 11.1 kcal·mol^(-1). Unlike related aminoborollide complexes, aminofluorenyl complexes resist quaternization by alkyl halides. Several aminofluorenyl complexes have been tested for propylene polymerization behavior in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO); atactic polypropylene is obtained with very low activities. The syntheses of 9-(dialkylamino)fluorene compounds are described, as are the syntheses of group 4 compounds via the corresponding 9-(dialkylamino)fluorenide lithium salts.
Modified superlong pulse 810 nm diode laser in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types V and VI.

Background Laser hair removal is a well-established therapy for pseudofolliculitis barbae, but there have been few studies on the use of a very-long-pulse 810 nm diode laser for this condition. Objective To determine the efficacy and tolerability of a modified 810 nm superlong-pulse diode laser (Palomar Medical, Burlington, MA, USA) in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) in subjects with type V and VI skin. Methods Thirteen patients were treated three times at 2-week intervals on one side of their neck with varying fluences. They were evaluated for (1) reduction of shaving bumps and (2) pain tolerance on the treated versus the untreated side. Results There was a statistically significant improvement in shaving bumps. The treatment side showed a baseline PFB lesion count of 22.5 (+/- 20 SD), which decreased to a mean of 5 (+/- 5 SD) (p Conclusion A modified 810 nm superlong-pulse diode laser is both effective and well tolerated in the reduction of shaving bumps, especially in patients with type V skin.
Static and dynamic visual information about the size and passability of an aperture.

The role of static eyeheight-scaled information in perceiving the passability of and guiding locomotion through apertures is well established. However, eyeheight-scaled information is not the only source of visual information about size and passability. In this study we tested the sufficiency of two other sources of information, both of which are available only to moving observers (ie are dynamic) and specify aperture size in intrinsic body-scaled units. The experiment was conducted in an immersive virtual environment that was monocularly viewed through a head-mounted display. Subjects walked through narrow openings between obstacles, rotating their shoulders as necessary, while head and shoulder position were tracked. The task was performed in three virtual environments that differed in terms of the availability of eyeheight-scaled information and the two dynamic sources of information. Analyses focused on the timing and amplitude of shoulder rotation as subjects walked through apertures, as well as walk...
Effect of hypothermic storage of kidney slices on membrane ATPases and electrolyte transport

Effect of hypothermic storage of kidney slices on membrane ATPases and electrolyte transport. Rat renal cortical slices preserved at 4°C for 48 hours were used to prepare plasma membranes. Correlation of (Na + K + )-ATPase activity of the isolated membranes and the ability of stored slices to maintain intracellular sodium and potassium levels were made. Membranes isolated from stored kidney cortex slices were found to lack (Na + K + )-ATPase unless preincubated in EDTA-imidazole buffer or 2.5 mM deoxycholate. After such pretreatment, these membranes showed (Na + K + )-ATPase which was actually higher than pretreated membranes from fresh tissue. When stored slices were incubated aerobically at 37°C, activity of the sodium pump resembled that of fresh tissue. It is concluded that the cellular mechanism for sodium extrusion is stable during hypothermic storage of renal slices and this physiological process correlates with preservation of (Na + K + )-ATPase activity of membranes isolated from stored renal cortical slices.
Viscosity of Dilute Model Bead Arrays at Low Shear: Inclusion of Short Range Solute-Solvent Interactions

The intrinsic viscosity, [η], of certain polymer−solvent systems, such as alkanes in benzene, are “anomalous” in the sense that [η] for low molecular weight fractions are low and in certain cases n...
Proneural Gene ash1 Promotes Amacrine Cell Production in the Chick Retina

The diverse types of neurons and Muller glia in the vertebrate retina are believed to arise from common progenitor cells. To better understand how neural diversity is achieved during retinal neurogenesis, we examined the function of ash1, a proneural bHLH gene expressed in progenitor cells throughout retinal neurogenesis. Published studies using retinal explant culture derived from knockout mice concluded that ash1 is required for the production of late-born neurons, including bipolar cells. In this study, gain-of-function experiments were carried out in ovo in embryonic chick retina. In the developing chick retina, expression of ash1 temporally overlapped with, but spatially differed from, the expression of ngn2, also a proneural gene expressed in progenitor cells throughout retinal neurogenesis. Retrovirus-driven overexpression of ash1 in the developing chick retina decreased the progenitor population (BrdU+ or expressing ngn2), expanded the amacrine population (AP2α+ or Pax6+), and reduced bipolar (chx10 mRNA+) and Muller glial (vimentin+) populations. Photoreceptor deficiency occurred after the completion of neurogenesis. The number of ganglion cells, which are born first during retinal neurogenesis, remained unchanged. Similar overexpression of ngn2 did not produce discernible changes in retinal neurogenesis, nor in ash1 expression. These results suggest that ash1 promotes the production of amacrine cells and thus may participate in a regulatory network governing neural diversity in the chick retina.
Measurements of the production cross-section of top quark pairs using the ATLAS detector at the LHC

An overview of several ATLAS measurements of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV is presented. Inclusive cross-section measurements of top quark pair production in various decay channels, analyses of differential cross-sections, studies of additional jet activity in top quark pair production, as well as an analysis of top quark pair production with associated heavy flavor jets are presented. All of the measurements shown are in good agreement with the latest Standard Model predictions.
Small world, big guns: globalization, interstate security networks and conventional weapons imports

With the burgeoning influence of emerging markets in Asia, a tectonic shift is taking place in the global security landscape. Asian states are concomitantly arming as their economic clout grows. In light of these developments, security analysts would benefit from a formal means of placing these arms acquisitions in a structural context. Are arms acquisitions on par with the expectations of Asian states, given their structural dispositions, or are recent acquisitions beyond anticipated levels? By using a dynamic panel regression of 187 states from 1950 to 2011, this research predicts arms import volume using the degree of interstate arms linkages, the size of a state's military, and its level of economic development. The technique offers analysts a formal means of distinguishing orthodox behavior in importing conventional weapons from extraneous security motivations. The article concludes by generating near-term forecasts of Asian arms imports and discussing the implications of the technique.
Endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation.

Cannabinoids are antinociceptive in animal models of acute, tissue injury-, and nerve injury-induced nociception. This review examines the biology of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) and behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical evidence supporting the notion that cannabioids play a role in pain modulation. Behavioral pharmacological approaches, in conjunction with the identification and quantification of endocannabinoids through the use of liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, have providedinsight into the functional roles of endocannabinoids in pain modulation. Here we examine the distribution of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzymes within pain modulatory circuits together with behavioral, neurochemical, and neurophysiological studies that suggest a role for endocannabinoid signaling in pain modulation. This review will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the roles of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and anandamide in stress-induced analgesia. These findings provide a functional framework with which to understand the roles of endocannabinoids in nociceptive processing at the supraspinal level.
Design and validation of a transfer radiometer

The Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center has been performing high accuracy laboratory calibration for over 20 years. An integral part of this laboratory calibration is the implementation of very accurate and repeatable transfer radiometers. This work highlights the design and characterization of one such radiometer. This particular radiometer is essentially an updated version of a previous radiometer designed and characterized by the RSG (Spyak 2000) with particular attention being paid to increased portability, ease of use and autonomous operation. This work also covers the characterization of this radiometer, including radiometric calibration, field of view, and general performance.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS : I. THE PRESENCE OF SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS IN HEALTHY AND SUSCEPTIBLE PIGS.

Multiple intramuscular injections of H. influenzae suis were found to precipitate swine influenza virus infections in a group of apparently normal swine. The most likely explanation of the phenomenon seemed to be that the animals, though healthy and susceptible, harbored the virus in some unknown manner. The factors possibly determining the phenomenon were explored experimentally but without success.
On the Role of the Observer and a Distortion Measure in Image Transmission

This paper considers the characteristics of the human visual system as they are related to sensitivity to encoding errors in still achromatic images. The starting point is a discussion in Section I of the role of a numerical measure of distortion in the determination of optimum encoding. Section II then discusses several ways of determining properties of the human observer and discusses the methodology of psychophysical experiments. Section III then discusses the results of a number of pertinent experiments and presents a model based on these experiments for detecting perturbations of an image. Section IV concludes by discussing how this model can be incorporated into a distortion measure and how this distortion measure might be used. Since the model of the human observer is quite complicated, the mathematical model is not tractable analytically, and results in this last section are as yet fragmentary.
Review: fluid resuscitation with colloids does not reduce mortality more than crystalloids in critically ill patients.

Source Citation Perel P, Roberts I. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD000567. 17943746
Children's understanding of food and its functions: A preliminary study of the development of concepts of nutrition

Abstract Children's developing conceptions of how the body functions nutritionally were examined. Two different tasks provided converging findings. One task asked children to judge the causes of certain end states (e.g., why X is fat). The second task asked children to judge the result of certain contrasting diets (e.g., twin-1 eats twice as much candy as twin-2). The results evidenced; (a) systematic misconceptions on the part of kindergarteners that were overcome by sixth grade; and (b) other fairly sophisticated conceptions present even at the youngest ages tested. The research provides a needed first step toward describing the naive theories of nutrition possessed by children at different ages. Knowledge of childrens' theories of nutrition are essential for optimal planning of curricula and methods in nutrition education.
Manufacturer Trade Deals and Retail Price Promotions

The author examines the phenomenon of manufacturer trade deals described as off-invoice and/or bill-backs in markets for frequently purchased consumer goods. The analysis affords a new explanation ...
Traces of a Freed Language: Horace, Petronius, and the Rhetoric of Fable

Abstract This paper investigates the status that the genre of fable acquires when it is employed in literature. In particular, it surveys Horace9s treatment of fables in the Satires and Epistles and the carefully controlled circumstances in which zoomorphic language is allowed to emerge during the banquet at Trimalchio9s in Petronius9 Satyrica . The analysis of the distribution of fables in Horace shows that for the Roman literary public the act of speaking through fables bore in itself a negative connotation, so much that the moral discourse of the satirist needed at first to provide additional justification in order to incorporate them: from vindication of ingenuitas and shifts in narrative voice, to use of rhetorical misnomers and eventually of philosophical frankness. Petronius9 text, in turn, suggests that what is wrong with fable is precisely its being reminiscent of a servile past. During the dinner at Trimalchio9s allusions to recognizable fable plots and zoomorphic language are allowed to surface only during a momentary absence of the host. This circumstance suggests that fable is not just another literary genre among the many genres abused in Trimalchio9s house: for both the host and his freedmen guests fables are an uncomfortable reminder of an enduring past inscribed in their language.
A new interpretation of complex membership grade

Complex fuzzy sets utilize a complex degree of membership, represented in polar coordinates, which is a combination of a degree of membership in a fuzzy set along with a crisp phase value that denotes position within the set. The compound value carries more information than a traditional fuzzy set and enables efficient reasoning. In this paper, we present a new and generalized interpretation of a complex grade of membership, where a complex membership grade defines a complex fuzzy class. The new definition provides rich semantics that is not readily available through traditional fuzzy sets or complex fuzzy sets and is not limited to a compound of crisp cyclical data with fuzzy data. Furthermore, the two components of the complex fuzzy class carry fuzzy information. A complex class is represented either in Cartesian or in polar coordinates where both axes induce fuzzy interpretation. Another novelty of the scheme is that it enables representing an infinite set of fuzzy sets. The paper provides the new definition of complex fuzzy classes along with axiomatic definition of basic operations on complex fuzzy classes. In addition, coordinate transformation as well as an extension from two-dimensional fuzzy classes to n-dimensional fuzzy classes are presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Subtlety of Sound Accent as a Marker for Culture

Aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the formation and categorization of one’s cultural identity. Recent work on accent emphasizes the role of accent in person perception and social categorization, demonstrating that accent also serves as a meaningful indicator of an ethnic category. In this article, we investigate whether the accent of an interaction partner, as a marker for culture, can induce cultural frame-shifts in biculturals. We report the results of three experiments, performed among bicultural and monocultural individuals, in which we test the above hypothesis. Our results demonstrate that accent alone can affect people’s cognition.
Comparison between dexmedetomidine and remifentanil for controlled hypotension during tympanoplasty.

SummaryBackground and objectiveControlled hypotension is frequently used for obtaining better exposure during tympanoplasty. The aim of this study was to compare dexmedetomidine, a selective, short-acting, central α2-adrenergic agonist with remifentanil, an ultra-short-acting opioid with properties
Escape from freedom: Choosing not to choose in pigeons.

Preference for the availability of food-reinforcement alternatives was investigated with Rachlin and Green's (1972) concurrent-chains self-control paradigm. The terminal link of one chain made available a choice between immediate access to food for T seconds and delayed access to food for 4 seconds. The terminal link of the other chain provided only delayed access to food. When T was reduced to .25 seconds, pigeons began to select the delayed-access key in both terminal links. Even so, the pigeons strongly preferred constraint over choice. This effect could not be accounted for by differences in the actual amount of food obtained in the terminal links, by avoidance of the immediate-reinforcement key when not presented as part of a choice, or by avoidance of a multi-key terminal link. Rather, constraint was preferred over freedom. Apparently, the preference for choice is determined by the particular type of choice offered.
Operational Amplifiers Using Controlled Superconductors

The use of controlled superconductors in analog-computer circuitry is discussed. It is shown that the operations of summation, multiplication by a constant, differentiation, integration, and multiplication of two variables may be performed by these circuits. It is pointed out that the advantages of compactness, reliability, and light weight that are inherent to the use of controlled superconductors are now obtainable for analog as well as for digital equipment.
Determining critical points in organizational learning modes

It has been postulated that organizations can be categorized into one of three perspectives that represent the mind-set of managers within organizations with respect to their organization and organizational learning. These are the normative, the developmental and the capability perspectives. Each of these reflects variations among organizational features such as the source of organizational learning, the timeframe for organizational learning and the relationship between organizational learning and organizational culture. However, much like the dynamics experienced by teams, i.e. various stages such as forming, norming, storming and performing, organizations can move through various learning stages, i.e. the three 'perspectives,' often stopping and restarting at different points in their cycles. This means that the three perspectives can be simply viewed as different modes of organizational learning. All organizations operate within one of the three perspectives all the time. And, the perspective through which the organization is best viewed at any point in time changes over time. Because organizations are complex, adaptive systems these modes can be mathematically represented using the output from a neural network model of complex, adaptive systems. This paper briefly describes the organizational science, the neural network model, and the mathematics required to determine critical points in these modes.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Activity and Specificity of the Outer Membrane Protein Chaperone SurA Are Modulated by a Proline Isomerase Domain

SurA is a component of the periplasmic chaperone network that plays a central role in biogenesis of integral outer membrane -barrel proteins (OMPs) in Escherichia coli. Although SurA contains two well-conserved proline isomerase (PPIase) domains, the contribution of these domains to SurA function is unclear. In the present work, we show that defects in OMP as- sembly caused by mutation of the -barrel assembly factors BamA or BamB can be corrected by gain-of-function mutations in SurA that map to thefirst PPIase domain. These mutations apparently bypass the requirement for a stable interaction between SurA and the Bam complex and enhance SurA chaperone activity in vivo despite destabilization of the protein in vitro. Our find- ings suggest an autoinhibitory mechanism for regulation of SurA chaperone activity through interdomain interactions involving a PPIase domain. We propose a model in which SurA activity is modulated by an interaction between SurA and the Bam complex that alters the substrate specificity of the chaperone. IMPORTANCE The dominant surAmutations described here alter amino acid residues that are highly conserved in eukaryotic ho- mologs of SurA, including Pin1, the human proline isomerase (PPIase) implicated in Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. Consequently, a mechanistic description of SurA function may enhance our understanding of clinically important PPIases and their role(s) in disease. In addition, the virulence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella,Shigella, andEsche- richia coli O157:H7, is largely dependent on SurA, making this PPIase/chaperone an attractive antibiotic target. Investigating the function of SurA in outer membrane (OM) biogenesis will be useful in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disruption of the OM or the processes that are essential for its assembly.
Challenges for genetic analysis in the 21st century: localizing and characterizing genes for common complex diseases and their quantitative risk factors

The optimal study design and method of analysis for genetic studies of complex traits have received much attention of late. Most previous works on this topic have assumed that investigators will study a single focal disease trait. In this paper, we approach the question of study design from the perspective of the inherently multivariate study which includes a variety of quantitative risk factors as well as one or more common complex disease traits. We conclude that a sample of randomly ascertained extended pedigrees provides both analytical power and flexibility, permitting profitable investigation of numerous traits using both linkage and linkage-disequilibrium based methods.
Energy prices will play an important role in determining global land use in the twenty first century

Global land use research to date has focused on quantifying uncertainty effects of three major drivers affecting competition for land: the uncertainty in energy and climate policies affecting competition between food and biofuels, the uncertainty of climate impacts on agriculture and forestry, and the uncertainty in the underlying technological progress driving efficiency of food, bioenergy and timber production. The market uncertainty in fossil fuel prices has received relatively less attention in the global land use literature. Petroleum and natural gas prices affect both the competitiveness of biofuels and the cost of nitrogen fertilizers. High prices put significant pressure on global land supply and greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial systems, while low prices can moderate demands for cropland. The goal of this letter is to assess and compare the effects of these core uncertainties on the optimal profile for global land use and land-based GHG emissions over the coming century. The model that we develop integrates distinct strands of agronomic, biophysical and economic literature into a single, intertemporally consistent, analytical framework, at global scale. Our analysis accounts for the value of land-based services in the production of food, first- and second-generation biofuels, timber, forest carbon and biodiversity. We find that long-term uncertainty in energy prices dominates the climate impacts and climate policy uncertainties emphasized in prior research on global land use.
Targeted Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging and Therapy

The emerging era of personalized medicine offers the potential for early diagnosis and, therefore, treatment of pathology close to onset. Molecular imaging will allow noninvasive phenotypic characterization of pathologies leading to segmentation of patients for custom-tailored therapy. Additionally, the application and efficacy of this targeted therapy will be monitored non- invasively via molecular imaging. Nanoparticulate agents are being intensively researched as formulation platforms for various targeted clinical applications. As exemplified by perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, these new agents in combination with the rapid innovations in imaging hardware and software will allow the emergence of new diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANOPHILIC SYNTHETIC HECTORITES AND SAPONITES

To determine the dependency of rheological properties on mineralogical characteristics, eleven organophilic hectorite and nine organophilic saponite samples were prepared from hydrothermally synthesized smectites and a quaternary ammonium salt containing mainly octadecyl groups as alkyl chains and were examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), particle size, chemical, and rheological procedures. The rheological properties of the organophilic products dispersed in toluene were found to depend chiefly on (1) particle size, (2) the expansion behavior of the stacked clay platelets, in which the amount and location of negative charge of the silicate layer affected the expandability, and (3) the amount of methanol added as a polar activator. By the addition of 2–4% methanol, apparent viscosities of the hectorite clays were drastically increased at low shear rate, although even a 10% addition did not significantly affect the saponite clays. Under the most suitable gellation conditions, the saponite clays showed lower apparent viscosity than the hectorite clays. Inasmuch as the former had its negative charge near the surface of the silicate layer and formed strong bonds to the organic ion, the expansion of the platelets was apparently difficult. An optimum layer charge for increasing the viscosity was found; specifically 0.45–0.50 and 0.50–0.55 equivalents per half unit cell for saponite and hectorite clays, respectively. Because the saponite clays contained a denser population of organic ions than the hectorite clays, the ion density in the interlayer of both clays was considered to be the same, i.e., about 0.4 organic ions per unit ab area.
Relationship Between Food Stores and Foraging Behavior of Pheidole ceres (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In temperate climates, animals that produce long-term food caches must forage simultaneously for nutrients to survive, reproduce, and collect enough stores to survive the winter. Thus, an animal is simultaneously makes two foraging choices 1) what nutrients to collect for its immediate needs and 2) what food items should be stored. The cues the animal uses to make these two decisions should differ. This study examined the nutrient content of a seed-caching ant, Pheidole ceres (Wheeler) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), to determine whether the nutrients found in stored seeds were different from the cues used to forage. The quantity of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and proteins was measured in individual ants and seeds taken from eight P. ceres field colonies once a month from April to October. The relative nutrient levels were compared with the known foraging preferences of P. ceres at different times of the year. Seeds serve as the primary lipid and protein storage vessels, whereas the workers store amino acids and carbohydrates. The levels of carbohydrates and amino acids matched the foraging preferences for carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. This pattern suggests that the ants use nutrients that are not abundant in seeds as forging cues.
Addressing biological uncertainties in engineering gene circuits

Synthetic biology has grown tremendously over the past fifteen years. It represents a new strategy to develop biological understanding and holds great promise for diverse practical applications. Engineering of a gene circuit typically involves computational design of the circuit, selection of circuit components, and test and optimization of circuit functions. A fundamental challenge in this process is the predictable control of circuit function due to multiple layers of biological uncertainties. These uncertainties can arise from different sources. We categorize these uncertainties into incomplete quantification of parts, interactions between heterologous components and the host, or stochastic dynamics of chemical reactions and outline potential design strategies to minimize or exploit them.
Exercise training improves cardiac function after ischemia in the isolated, working rat heart.

The aim of this study was to determine whether exercise training produces a myocardium intrinsically more tolerant to ischemic-reperfusion injury. Male Fischer 344 rats were treadmill trained for 1...
Eocene Large-Bodied Primates of Myanmar and Thailand: Morphological Considerations and Phylogenetic Affinities

Primates have been known from Eocene deposits in southern Asia since 1927 (Pilgrim, 1927). Three relatively large-bodied taxa, Pondaungia, Arnphipithecus, and Siamopithecus, the first two from Myanmar and the latter from Thailand, have played leading roles in discussions of the importance of Asian primates to the origin of anthropoids. All of these taxa traditionally have been viewed as anthropoids (Ba Maw et al., 1979; Chaimanee et al., 1997; Ciochon and Holroyd, 1994; Ciochon et al., 1985; Ducrocq, 1999a; Jaeger et al., 1998), or at least as potential anthropoid sister taxa, although these interpretations have not been universally accepted (see Ciochon and Gunnell, 2000a,b for reviews of the history of Pondaung large-bodied primates). In this chapter, we reexamine all of the dental, cranial, and postcranial evidence available for these primates (see Table 1), briefly review current ideas on their phylogenetic affinities, and then offer our own interpretation as to their relationships. Table 1. Pondaung large-bodied primates from Myanmar Specimen Genus/Species Description Village Kyitchaung GSI D201 P. cotteri (holotype) L dent. M2–3 Pangan Pangan Roadcut (= PGN1) GSI D202 P. cotteri (holotype) R dent. M3 Pangan Pangan Roadcut (= PGN1) GSI D203 P. cotteri (holotype) L max. M2–3 Pangan Pangan Roadcut (= PGN1) AMNH 32520 A. mogaungensis (holotype) L dent. P3—M1 Mogaung Thandaung NMMP 1 (=DGMU-P4, UCMP 120377) P. savagei (holotype) R dent. M2–3 Mogaung Lema NMMP 2 (=DGMU-P1) A. mogaungensis L dent. M1–2 Mogaung Thandaung NMMP 3 (=DGMU-P2) P. savagei (part of holotype?) L dent. M2–3 Mogaung Lema NMMP 4 (=DGMU-P3) P. cotteri (holotype of “P. minuta”) R dent. M1–3 Mogaung Lema NMMP 5 P. savagei R dent. M2–3 Mogaung Lema NMMP 6 A. mogaungensis L dent. M1–2 Mogaung Thandaung NMMP 7 A. mogaungensis L & R dents. Bahin Yarshe NMMP 12 (NMMP-NMMP-KU 0003) P. savagei L max. I1, C1, P3, M2, frags. of P4, M1, M3 Pangan Taungnigyin (= PGN2) NMMP 17 P. savagei R. dent P2—M3 Mogaung Thandaung NMMP 18 (NMMP-NMMP-KU 0228) A. mogaungensis R max. P4—M3 Paukkaung Paukkaung (= Pk2) NMMP 19 (NMMP-NMMP-KU 0229) Amphipithecus? Frontal (assoc? w/NMMP 18) Paukkaung Paukkaung (= Pk2) NMMP 20 Pondaungia sp. partial skeleton Paukkaung Sabapondaung (= Pk1) NMMP 22 P. cotteri? R P4 Mogaung Lema NMMP 24 P. savagei R dent. C1—M3 Paukkaung Paukkaung (= Pk2) NMMP 25 P. savagei L dent. M1 Mogaung Lema NMMP 27 Amphipithecus? Frontal Sinzwe Payama (= PA1) Abbreviations: AMNH = American Museum of Natural History, New York (U.S.A.); DGMU-P= Department of Geology, Mandalay University-Primate, Mandalay (Myanmar); GSI = Geological Survey of India, Calcutt a (India); NMMP = National Museum of Myanmar. Primate, Yangon (Myanmar); NMMP-KU = National Museum of Myanmar Primate—Kyoto University, Yangon (Myanmar). Abbreviations in paren theses in the kyitchaung column were developed by the Japanese team as shortened locality names (see Shigehara, 2000).
Zoster in normal children after varicella vaccine.

Deux cas demontrent qu'il est possible d'observer un zona apres administration du vaccin contre la varicelle Oka/Merck chez les enfants normaux. L'apparition possible d'un zona apres vaccination contre la varicelle doit etre incluse dans l'evaluation de la necessite de la vaccination universelle des enfants. Toutefois la benignite du zona et son taux bas comparativement a la maladie naturelle n'abaissent pas la valeur de la prevention de la varicelle et de ses complications chez les enfants et adultes non immunises
Pressure-induced structural phase transition inNaAlH4

The structural stability of $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, a promising hydrogen storage metal hydride system, has been investigated up to $27\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman experiments with a diamond anvil cell. Analysis of both diffraction and Raman data indicates a pressure-induced structural phase transition above $14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ from the ambient $I{4}_{1}∕a$ tetragonal phase $(\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})$ to a high-pressure $P{2}_{1}∕c$ monoclinic $(\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})$ phase which is accompanied by a 12% volume collapse. On decompression, $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ reverts back to the ambient tetragonal phase with similar unit cell parameters observed prior to pressurization. Subsequent ab initio calculations for $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ and x-ray diffraction measurements on isostructural $\mathrm{Na}\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ compound up to $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ give further confirmation of the pressure-induced transition and its reversibility.
The Distribution of the Overseas Chinese in the Contemporary World

This article examines the distribution of the overseas Chinese in the contemporary world. Data are analyzed on the numbers of overseas Chinese in six continents and in more than 130 countries and a...
Increased epidermal laser fluence through simultaneous ultrasonic microporation

Lasers have demonstrated widespread applicability in clinical dermatology as minimally invasive instruments that achieve photogenerated responses within tissue. However, before reaching its target, the incident light must first transmit through the surface layer of tissue, which is interspersed with chromophores (e.g. melanin) that preferentially absorb the light and may also generate negative tissue responses. These optical absorbers decrease the efficacy of the procedures. In order to ensure that the target receives a clinically relevant dose, most procedures simply increase the incident energy; however, this tends to exacerbate the negative complications of melanin absorption. Here, we present an alternative solution aimed at increasing epidermal energy uence while mitigating excess absorption by unintended targets. Our technique involves the combination of a waveguide-based contact transmission modality with simultaneous high-frequency ultrasonic pulsation, which alters the optical properties of the tissue through the agglomeration of dissolved gasses into micro-bubbles within the tissue. Doing so effectively creates optically transparent pathways for the light to transmit unobstructed through the tissue, resulting in an increase in forward scattering and a decrease in absorption. To demonstrate this, Q-switched nanosecond-pulsed laser light at 532nm was delivered into pig skin samples using custom glass waveguides clad in titanium and silver. Light transmission through the tissue was measured with a photodiode and integrating sphere for tissue with and without continuous ultrasonic pulsation at 510 kHz. The combination of these techniques has the potential to improve the efficiency of laser procedures while mitigating negative tissue effects caused by undesirable absorption.
Notes on the Simuliidae (DIPTERA) of Guatemala, including Descriptions of Three New Species

This paper represents the fourth in a series of papers (2,3,4) on the Simuliidae of Guatemala. It contains descriptions of three new species, information concerning their ecology and distribution, additions to and corrections of descriptions of species recently made by the author, and taxonomic and distributional notes on various species found in Guatemala.
Rapamycin-Resistant T Cells and Pentostatin-Based Immuno-Selective Conditioning for the Allogeneic T Cell Therapy of Cancer

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most common T cell therapy procedure, yet little is known about how best to harness the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect that underlies this curative modality. Importantly, it has proven difficult to clinically dissect GVT effects away from severe GVHD. In this review, we summarize the often times competing roles of key donor and host cellular players in the transplant setting; in particular, it is important to consider the influence of T cells and antigen-presenting-cells (APC) on the fate of host tumor cells. Going forward, it will be critical to evaluate whether anti-tumor effects can be harnessed in the mixed chimeric state, which inherently poses less risk for GVHD. We summarize the history of allogeneic HSCT, with particular attention to its reliance upon myeloablation, which can limit T cell therapy directly by causing conditioning-related toxicity or indirectly through potentiation of GVHD. Novel approaches to the safe and more effective delivery of allogeneic T cell therapy are clearly needed, especially in settings of advanced, chemotherapy refractory malignancy. Our laboratory and clinical trial research has focused on two primary strategies to address these obstacles, namely: (1) minimization of host conditioning intensity through use of pentostatin-based chemotherapy; and (2) adoptive transfer of ex vivo manufactured, rapamycin-resistant allogeneic T cells. Through use of these two approaches, the anti-tumor mechanism of transplantation is dramatically shifted away from chemotherapy and towards immunotherapy, thereby exposing the relative merits and limitations of a given T cell product. Continued advances in allogeneic T cell therapy will rely upon improvements in host conditioning and enhancement of allogeneic T cell products.
Georgia Maternal and Infant Health Research Group (GMIHRG): Mobilizing Allied Health Students and Community Partners to Put Data into Action

Purpose Despite having an obstetrician/gynecologist (ob/gyn) workforce comparable to the national average, Georgia is ranked 50th in maternal mortality and 40th in infant mortality. The Georgia Maternal and Infant Health Research Group (GMIHRG) was founded in 2010 to evaluate and address this paradox. Description In the several years since GMIHRG's inception, its graduate allied health student researchers and advisors have collaborated with community partners to complete several requisite research initiatives. Their initial work demonstrated that over half the Georgia areas outside metropolitan Atlanta lack adequate access to obstetric services, and their subsequent research evaluated the reasons for and the consequences of this maldistribution of obstetric providers. Assessment In order to translate their workforce and outcomes data for use in policymaking and programming, GMIHRG created reader-friendly reports for distribution to a wide variety of stakeholders and prepared concise, compelling presentations with targeted recommendations for change. This commitment to advocacy ultimately enabled them to: (a) inspire the Georgia Study Committees on Medicaid Reform and Medical Education, (b) influence Georgia General Assembly abortion bills, medical scholarship/loan legislation, and appropriations, and (c) motivate programming initiatives to improve midwifery education and perinatal regionalization in Georgia. Conclusion GMIHRG members have employed inventive research methods and maximized collaborative partnerships to enable their data on Georgia's maternal and infant outcomes and obstetric workforce to effectively inform state organizations and policymakers. With this unique approach, GMIHRG serves as a cost-efficient and valuable model for student engagement in the translation of research into advocacy efforts, policy change, and innovative programming.
Is it always good to feel valued? The psychological benefits and costs of higher perceived status in one’s ethnic minority group:

Two studies (N = 1,048) examined how Blacks’, Asians’, and Latinos’ perceived value within their own ethnic group (ethnic intragroup status) shapes mental health (depression, anxiety, psychological...
A MUB E2 structure reveals E1 selectivity between cognate ubiquitin E2s in eukaryotes

Regulators of the important ubiquitylation cascade are not well studied. Here, the authors report the crystal structure of a prenylated membrane-anchored ubiquitin-fold protein from Arabidopsis bound to an E2 protein and conclude that it is an example of selective activation between E2 enzymes.
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first pathogenic human retrovirus to be discovered. It was isolated in 1979 from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) (1). Following years of research to find a retroviral agent involved in ATLL, Yoshida and Yamamato isolated a retrovirus from an ATLL patient in 1986 that they named adult T-cell leukemia virus. Soon, the similarities between HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia virus were confirmed, and the name HTLV-1 was chosen. Shortly thereafter, the closely related virus HTLV-2 was isolated from the splenic cells of an individual with hairy cell T-cell leukemia (2).
The Nile River System

has evolved, not merely to build and run the link canals, but to create a great electric power grid, to organize industries, to build a new capital city in Pakistan. On the Indian side, a handsome new capital city has already been undertaken named Chandrigar, designed by the famous architect and planner, Le Courboisier; to visit it is to see again the vistas that were Washington in 1810. Indeed, there is much in newly inde pendent India which evokes thoughts of how our United States was or could have been ten to twenty years after our Constitution was established. Lucidly for us, the Canadian boundary did not bisect many rivers} the Great Lakes lie on a crest and in water terms are an easy natural boundary. Yet we have problems analogous to the Indus, and the large scale ones are the Columbia-Kootenay basin and the Chicago diversion of Lake Michigan into the Illinois-Mississippi. From these analogies, one may understand and sympathize with the political leaders, the planners, the bankers who are trying to work out a peaceful solution of the re-adjustment of the waters of the five rivers of the Punjab, comprised between the Indus on one extreme and the Sutlej on the other, all emerging from the tremendous mountains to the north, and bounded on the west by low mountains. On the east there is no natural boundary; the Great Plain of northern India extends flat as a table a thousand miles to Calcutta at the head of the Bay of Bengal. In that plain it is pure luck that the Indus-Sutlej group flows to the Arabian Sea and Karachi, and that the Jumna-Ganges group flows to the Bay of Bengal and Calcutta. It is all capable of management and re-arrangement on the largest scale, and every government of India for hundreds of years has been a planner and builder of great canals and waterworks in that plain. The Indus problem is an old affair in a new and exasperating dress.
Experimental Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Diabetic Mice Exhibited Severe Retinal Swelling Associated With VEGF Elevation.

Purpose Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most important risk factors for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). In this study, we investigated for the first time the impact of experimental AION in a DM model. Methods We induced a photochemical thrombosis model of AION after streptozotocin-induced DM and performed serial optical coherence tomography (OCT), morphometric analyses, and VEGF levels in the retina and sera. Results Compared with non-DM animals, experimental AION in DM mice led to significantly greater retinal swelling on day 1 and worse thinning at week 3 on OCT measurements. Greater retinal swelling on OCT in DM-AION eyes was associated with significantly increased loss of brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (Brn3A+) retinal ganglion cells at week 3. In acute AION, there was greater inflammation as seen by an increase in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1+)-activated microglia. On day 1, there was increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in nondiabetic AION retinae and sera, but the VEGF level was the highest in the diabetic AION group, which decreased to nondiabetic levels after insulin treatment. The decrease in retinal and serum VEGF levels after insulin treatment correlated with a reduction in retinal swelling. Conclusions In the setting of hyperglycemia, AION led to greater acute, postischemic microglial activation and elevation of VEGF levels, which likely contributed to greater retinal swelling acutely and worse retinal thinning and loss of retinal ganglion cells chronically. Treatment of hyperglycemia with insulin reduced VEGF levels and retinal swelling, consistent with the idea that VEGF is an important factor in postischemic swelling and that good glycemic control following AION may lead to better visual outcome.