cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsibility to Protect from Words and Deeds: Sovereignty, Vulnerability, and Entrepreneurial Politics

Reconciling the individualist rights of free speech and press with measures to reduce the likelihood of violent reactions to what may be said and published has an analogue in the new international doctrine, “responsibility to protect” — R2P. In both cases, a sovereign subject asserts the right to autonomy, claiming that this right supercedes whatever injuries might result from its exercise. Sovereignty and individualism are related conceptually through their emphasis on agent autonomy and structurally with regard to their foundational role in Western modernity. Their origins are recounted in narratives of minority rights wrested with great effort from dominant groups. This history assures their privileged status as norms and helps to explain why it is difficult to limit their extreme expression by thoughtless or unscrupulous agents. Equal difficulties stem from the collateral damage almost invariably produced by limitation strategies. In this essay, I explore dilemmas and tensions arising from an absolute adherence to the norm of negative sovereignty in the context of the insurgency in Libya, and the unobstructed exercise of what I call "expressive rights" as illustrated by the Danish cartoon controversy. As with much of life, there is no satisfactory “wholesale” resolution to either dilemma, but I suggest “retail” strategies for managing the exercise of autonomy and ameliorating the damages from intervention and failure to intervene.
Unusual lesions of the patella.

A search of the files of the Mayo Clinic for tumors and tumor-like lesions of the patella yielded only seven cases. Except for one malignant lymphoma, which was part of a disseminated process, all the lesions were benign. They included one each of the following: benign osteoblastoma, ancurysmal bone cyst, hemangioma, chondroma, lesion of hyperparathyroidism, and an unclassified benign giant-cell variant. These benign conditions may be easily overlooked as a cause of pain in the knee but respond well to relatively simple surgical therapy.
Establishing a Community of Scholars

In “Creating Communities of Scholars,” we draw from recent scholarship on mentoring and professional development—along with our own experiences—to suggest ways both mentors and mentees can create spaces for professional development and opportunities and sustainable models of scholarship that are both ethical and highlight reflective pedagogical practice. We focus on crafting mutually beneficial relationships among contingent faculty, tenure-track faculty, and directors of large-scale classes that contingent faculty members often teach. Here, we expand our audience to include these three groups because we see these relationships as opportunities for reciprocal mentoring, whereby various department members work together to improve instruction, morale, and working conditions.
Epidemiology of Child Developmental Problems: The Extent of the Problems of Poor Development in Children from Deprived Backgrounds:

The causes of negative child outcomes need to be reconceptualized in terms of the effects of multiple risks. This paper reviews the extent of the problems associated with adverse development in chi...
Discussion and Reply: A Model for Creeping Flow in Landslides

Physically significant assumptions implicit in Savage and Chleborad's (1982) mathematical model of landslide motion are discussed; model characteristics are analyzed in light of theoretical considerations and landslide behavior.
Chromatographic Evidence of Silyl Ether Formation (SEF) in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

In this article, we propose that silyl ether formation (SEF) is a major contribution to retention and selectivity variation over time for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In the past, the ...
The n-p Transition in YBa2Cu3O6–5+x

The role of annealing conditions on the equilibrium defect state of the material was investigated by computer controlled 4 probe d.c. conductivity and thermoelectric power measurements on dense homogeneous ceramics prepared from citrate precursors. At elevated temperatures, the conductivity first decreases and then increases exponentially with decreasing temperature with the conductivity minima shifting to lower temperatures with decreasing PO2. This unusual behavior is described as representing a transition from n-type to p-type conduction. The n-p transition is correlated with the corresponding stoichiometry shift upon cooling from oxygen deficient (Cu1, Cu2) to oxygen excess YBa3Cu3O6–5+x, (Cu2+, Cu3+). A preliminary defect model is proposed which provides a framework for understanding a number of the experimental observations.
Results Interpretation of Higher Measured Rock Compressibility

The measured rock compressibility is generally higher, or even higher than that of formation oil. This is due to the skin effect of cores. There is certain minor interspace between cores and packets because the surface of cores is not smooth enough. When cores are compressed, the minor interspace will be also compressed. So, the compressibility of rocks will be higher.
The latent structure of psychiatric symptoms across mental disorders as measured with the PANSS and BPRS-18

Raw data were used from five studies of adults with mental illnesses (N=4,480) in an attempt to identify a psychiatric symptoms factor structure, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, that was generalizable across participant characteristics. First, the fit of four extant models was tested via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), then exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted with a 50% random sample, followed by a CFA with the remaining 50% to confirm the EFA factor structure. Measurement invariance of the factor structure was also examined across diagnosis, sex, race, age, and hospitalization status. The extant models were not generalizable to these data. However, a 4-factor (Affective, Positive, Negative, Disorganized Cognitive Processing) model was identified that retained all items and showed invariance across participant characteristics. It is possible to obtain a psychiatric symptoms factor structure that is generalizable across patient characteristics, which has clinical and research implications. Specifically, future research examining the impact of various interventions on psychiatric symptoms among adults with mental illnesses should confirm, and assuming good model-data fit, use the 4-factor model identified in this study.
Defining the Influence of Germline Variation on Metastasis Using Systems Genetics Approaches.

Abstract Cancer is estimated to be responsible for 8 million deaths worldwide and over half a million deaths every year in the United States. The majority of cancer-related deaths in solid tumors is directly associated with the effects of metastasis. While the influence of germline factors on cancer risk and development has long been recognized, the contribution of hereditary variation to tumor progression and metastasis has only gained acceptance more recently. A variety of approaches have been used to define how hereditary variation influences tumor progression and metastasis. One approach that garnered much early attention was epidemiological studies of cohorts of cancer patients, which demonstrated that specific loci within the human genome are associated with a differential propensity for aggressive tumor development. However, a powerful, and somewhat underutilized approach has been the use of systems genetics approaches in transgenic mouse models of human cancer. Such approaches are typically multifaceted, and involve integration of multiple lines of evidence derived, for example, from genetic and transcriptomic screens of genetically diverse mouse models of cancer, coupled with bioinformatics analysis of human cancer datasets, and functional analysis of candidate genes. These methodologies have allowed for the identification of multiple hereditary metastasis susceptibility genes, with wide-ranging cellular functions including regulation of gene transcription, cell proliferation, and cell–cell adhesion. In this chapter, we review how each of these approaches have facilitated the identification of these hereditary metastasis modifiers, the molecular functions of these metastasis-associated genes, and the implications of these findings upon patient survival.
Ge 1−x Mn x heteroepitaxial quantum dots: Growth, structure and magnetism

Group IV dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are candidates for the development of spin based devices due to their compatibility with the traditional semiconductor technology. Ge:Mn alloy thin films grown homoepitaxially on Ge (001) exhibit dilute ferromagnetic behavior, but growth temperatures must be kept below about 200°C to prevent second phase formation. We have grown heteroepitaxial Ge 1−x Mn x quantum dots (QDs) on Si (001) by molecular beam epitaxial co-deposition, with x nominally ranging from 0.02–0.22. In order for strain-induced quantum dots to self-assemble, temperatures of 450°C are used, raising concerns over the unwanted formation of germanide phases. For Mn atomic fractions up to 5 at. %, QD morphologies look surprisingly similar to those of pure Ge QDs grown at identical conditions. M vs. H loops demonstrate ferromagnetic hysteretic behavior below 20K and superparamagnetism up to 70K. These transition temperatures are largely independent of Mn content. Key challenges include determination of the actual Mn content and the location of the Mn, given the very small total amount of Mn present. Ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy detects Mn, although typically at levels somewhat below those expected from the deposition flux ratio. Using atomic force microscopy, in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and in situ scanning Auger mapping, our goal is to clearly ascertain how and where Mn incorporates in our films, especially where the magnetically-active Mn resides, and in so doing to contribute to our understanding of the basic origin of ferromagnetic (FM) ordering in this system. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number DMR-0907234.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Hepatic Fibrosis: Emerging Therapies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a complex disease associated with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia but is increasingly recognized in normal-weight individuals. Its progressive inflammatory phenotype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), currently has no effective treatment apart from lifestyle interventions. Multiple pathogenic pathways are involved in disease progression, and targets for intervention have been identified. These targets mediate glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism; inflammation; apoptosis; and fibrosis. Novel therapeutic agents are being developed in each of these pathways, and several have shown promise in early phase testing. Given the complexity of the disease, intervention trials are large and long and require histologic confirmation as a primary endpoint for disease improvement or regression. We highlight active Phase 2 and 3 therapeutic trials for NASH as this field rapidly expands in development.
Derived Observations From Frequently Sampled Microwave Measurements of Precipitation. Part II: Sensitivity to Atmospheric Variables and Instrument Parameters

This is the second of two papers that quantify the high added value of frequent 3-D radar observations of the atmosphere to capture the dynamics of weather systems. Recent advances in small-satellite and radar technologies, such as the “Radar in Cubesat” developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, are paving the way for the design of convoys of spaceborne radars that can directly observe the evolution of severe weather at very fine temporal scales. The analyses presented here are to establish the relation between such observations to the underlying cloud variables and processes, and to quantify the sensitivity to the different physical and instrument parameters. In this paper, we quantify the uncertainty in the relation between the measured radar reflectivities $Z$ and their time derivatives $d_{t} Z$ , on one hand, and the underlying rate of change of the condensed-water mass $M$ , and fluxes of dry and moist air in convection, on the other hand. The uncertainties are due to the variability of the atmospheric parameters as well as the constraints of an observation strategy that would use pairs of spaceborne instruments. We specifically analyze the sensitivities for pairs of satellites, each carrying a Ka-band profiling radar. Our simulations show that, with a convoy of two spacecraft separated by ~90 s, each with a pointing accuracy of ~0.025° in rms error, a sensitivity of 17 dBZ and a precision of 1 dBZ, the proposed observation strategy would capture more than 70% of the tropical convection between 5 and 10 km of altitude and resolve the air-mass and condensed-water fluxes.
The inverse lambda calculus algorithm for typed first order logic lambda calculus and its application to translating english to FOL

In order to answer questions and solve problems that require deeper reasoning with respect to a given text, it is necessary to automatically translate English sentences to formulas in an appropriate knowledge representation language. This paper focuses on a method to translate sentences to First-Order Logic (FOL). Our approach is inspired by Montague's use of lambda calculus formulas to represent the meanings of words and phrases. Since our target language is FOL, the meanings of words and phrases are represented as FOL-lambda formulas. In this paper we present algorithms that allow one to construct FOL-lambda formulas in an inverse manner. Given a sentence and its meaning and knowing the meaning of several words in the sentence our algorithm can be used to obtain the meaning of the other words in that sentence. In particular the two algorithms take as input two FOL-lambda formulas G and H and compute a FOL-lambda formula F such that F with input G, denoted by F@G, is H; respectively, G@F=H. We then illustrate our algorithm and present soundness, completeness and complexity results, and briefly mention the use of our algorithm in a NL Semantics system that translates sentences from English to formulas in formal languages.
The ductility of cast molybdenum

The ductility of a cast ingot of carbon-deoxidized molybdenum was studied by means of a series of bend tests. The ductility of the cast molybdenum was shown to be a highly directional property. Heat treatment at 2100°F improved the ductility. The cast texture, cleavage planes, and microstructure of cast molybdenum are discussed.
Isolation of NN Blood Group Antigen From Human Erythrocytes

The human NN blood group system was discovered by Landsteiner and Levine in 1927. Analyses of the isolated antigens showed that these materials are glycoproteins (Springer and Ansell, 1958; Klenk and Uhlenbruck, 1960). A relatively simple procedure was described by Springer, Nagai and Tegtmeyer (1966) for the isolation of the NN antigen from human erythrocytes. This Exercise uses their method.
A Systematic Method to Detect the Metabolic Threshold from Gas Exchange during Incremental Exercise.

Incremental exercise consists of three domains of exercise intensity demarcated by two thresholds. The first of these thresholds, derived from gas exchange measurements, is defined as the metabolic threshold (VO2θ) above which lactate accumulates. Correctly and reliably identified, VO2θ is a non-invasive, sub-maximal marker of aerobic function with practical value. This investigation compared variability in selection of VO2θ among interpreters with different levels of experience as well as from auto-detection algorithms employed by a commercially available metabolic cart (MC). Ten healthy young men performed three replicates of incremental cycle exercise during which gas exchange measurements were collected breath-by-breath. Two experienced interpreters (E) and four novice interpreters (N) determined VO2θ from plots of specific response variables. Interpreters noted methods used and confidence in their selections. VO2θ was automatically determined by the MC. Interclass correlations indicated that E agreed with each other (mean difference, 21 mL·min-1) and with the MC (23 mL·min-1), but not with N (-664 to 364 mL·min-1); N did not agree among themselves. Despite good overall agreement between E and MC, differences >500 mL·min-1 were seen in 50% of individual cases. N expressed unduly higher confidence and used different VO2θ selection strategies compared with E. Experience and use of a systematic approach is essential for correctly identifying VO2θ. Current guidelines for exercise testing and interpretation do not include recommendations for such an approach. Data from this study suggests that this may be a serious shortcoming. Until an alternative schema for VO2θ detection is developed prospectively, strategies based on the present study will give practitioners a systematic and consistent approach to threshold detection.
Parenting styles, food-related parenting practices, and children's healthy eating: A mediation analysis to examine relationships between parenting and child diet

Parents exert a strong influence on their children's diet. While authoritative parenting style is linked to healthier weight and dietary outcomes in children, and authoritarian and permissive parenting styles with unhealthy eating, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate these relationships. Feeding styles are often examined in relation to child diet, but they do not consider the social and physical environmental contexts in which dietary behaviors occur. Therefore, this study examined whether parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) were associated with three specific food-related parenting practices - mealtime structural practices (e.g., eating meals as a family), parent modeling of healthy food, and household food rules and whether these parenting practices mediated the association between parenting styles and children's diet. Participants were 174 mother-child dyads. Mothers (68% married, 58% college graduates, Mage = 41 years [SD = 6.2]) reported on their parenting practices using validated scales and parenting style using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. Children (52% female, Mage = 10 years [SD = 0.9]) completed two telephone-based 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary outcomes included the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 score, and fruit and vegetables and added sugar intake. Using PROCESS, multiple mediation cross-sectional analyses with parallel mediators using 10,000 bootstraps were performed. Significant indirect effects were observed with mealtime structure and the relationships between authoritative parenting and HEI-2010 score (b = 0.045, p < .05, CI = [0.006, 0.126]), authoritarian parenting and HEI-2010 score (b = -0.055, p < .05, CI = [-0.167, -0.001]), and permissive parenting and HEI-2010 score (b = -0.093, p < .05, CI = [-0.265, -0.008]). Child diet quality is affected by mealtime structural practices. Further examination of the features by which mealtime structural practices serve as a mechanism for parents to support healthy eating among their children may improve children's diet quality.
Clinical evaluation of adjuvants

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the clinical evaluation of adjuvants in vaccine development. It reviews definitions, qualities of an ideal adjuvant, and components of adjuvant development, and discusses regulatory issues as well as examples of licensed and experimental adjuvants in human vaccines. Adjuvants typically have complex and multifactorial immunological mechanisms of action in vivo. Adjuvant safety, including the real and theoretical risks of administering vaccine adjuvants to humans, is a critical component that can enhance or retard the development process. In addition to the problem of safety, other preclinical issues critical to orderly clinical development of adjuvanted vaccines are—variable adjuvanticity, suboptimal use of aluminum adjuvants, inadequate animal models, and the inability to predict consistently protective or therapeutic efficacy by immunoassays. Experimental adjuvants in clinical trials include safer exotoxins, oligonucleotides, derivatives of lipid A other than monophosphoryl lipid (MPL), cytokines, dendritic cells, saponins, montanides, nonionic block copolymers, polyactide (PLG), and combination adjuvants such as AS04.
PULSED NMR STUDIES ON THE INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE OF THE BLOCK COPOLYMERS OF STYRENE AND ISOPRENE WITH VARIABLE INTERFACE

Three kinds of block copolymers of styrene and isoprene with different interface structure were prepared by using step anionic copolymerization method. A diblock copolymer (SI), tapered block copolymer (TBSI) and poly[isoprene-b-(isoprene-costyrene)-b-styrene] triblock copolymers (INA) were used for the following studies. Information about content, composition and thickness of the interface, as well as molecular motion differences in the three phases were obtained by using proton solid state NMR. In addition, complementary studies using dynamic mechanic analysis, TEM and solution NMR were performed. The order of the interface content of the samples is TBSI>INA>SI. This is consistent with the sequence length results from solution NMR. The spin-spin relaxation time T2, which is a function of the system mobility of the rigid PS block of TBSI, is longer than that of SI and INA. while the T2 of the mobile PI block of TBSI is shorter than that of SI and INA. This indicates that there is a substantial mixing of the incompatible components within the PS and PI domain. The interfaces detected by NMR seem to be mainly by the intramolecular effect because the interface consists of 70% isoprene, and 30% styrene.
Abstract 1819: Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling in Dogs with Moderate and Advanced Heart Failure Treated with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device

Background: Assessment of global LV remodeling is a key component of evaluating the efficacy of therapies for the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF). The effect of pharmacologic or device therapies on global left atrial (LA) remodeling in HF, while important, is not often examined. Long-term therapy with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD) was shown to prevent or reverse LV remodeling in dogs with HF. This study examined the effects of the CSD on global LA remodeling in dogs with moderate HF and dogs with advanced HF. Methods: Studies were performed in 24 dogs with coronary microembolization-induced HF. Of these, 12 had moderate HF (EF 30% to 40%) and 12 advanced HF (EF ≤ 25%). In each group, the CSD was implanted in 6 dogs and the other 6 served as concurrent controls. Dogs were followed for 3 months in the moderate group and 6 months in the advanced HF group. LA maximal volume (LAVmax), LA volume at the onset of the p-wave (LAVp), LA minimal volume (LAVmin), LA active emptying volume (LAAEV) and LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF) were measured from 2-dimensional echocardiograms obtained prior to CSD implantation (PRE) and at the end of the treatment period (POST). Results: Data are shown in the table. LA volumes increased and LA function deteriorated in control dogs but did not significantly change in CSD-treated dogs. Treatment effect (Δ) comparisons showed that CSD therapy significantly decreased LA volumes (ΔLAVmax: 2.9±1.3 vs. −3.3±0.7 ml, p Conclusions: Progressive LA enlargement and LA functional deterioration occurs in untreated dogs with HF. Monotherapy with the CSD prevents LA enlargement and improves LA function in dogs with moderate and advanced HF. The results suggest that the CSD, placed around the ventricles, can have secondary beneficial effects on progressive LA remodeling.
Cooperative platoon control for a mixed traffic flow including human drive vehicles and connected and autonomous vehicles

Abstract This study seeks to develop a cooperative platoon control for a platoon mixed with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and human-drive vehicles (HDVs), aiming to ensure system level traffic flow smoothness and stability as well as individual vehicles’ mobility and safety. Specifically, our study integrated/contributed the following technical approaches. First, the car-following behavior of human-drive vehicles is modeled by well-accepted Newell car-following models. Accordingly, an online curve matching algorithm is integrated to anticipate the aggregated response delay of the human-drive vehicles using real-time trajectory data. Built upon that, constrained One- or P-step MPC models are developed to control the movement of the CAV platoon upstream or downstream of the HDV platoon so that we can ensure both transient traffic smoothness and asymptotic stability of this sample mixed flow platoon, leveraging the communication and computation technologies equipped on CAVs. Considering the lack of the centralized computation facilities and severe changes of the platoon topology, this study develops a distributed algorithm to solve the MPCs according to the properties of the optimizers, such as solution uniqueness, sequentially feasibility, and nonempty interior point of the solution space. The convergence of the distributed algorithm as well as the stability of the MPC control is proved by both the theoretical analysis and the experimental study. Extensive numerical experiments based on the field data indicate that the distributed algorithm can solve the One-step and P-step MPCs efficiently. The cooperative MPC can dampen traffic oscillation propagation and stabilize the traffic flow more efficiently for the entire mixed flow platoon. Moreover, the cooperative platoon control scheme outperforms the other three control strategies, including the non-cooperative control strategy and a latest CACC strategy in literature.
Responsibility for Poor Health Status of Lower Income People Must Account for Morally Blameworthy Decisions Made by Employers Who Exploit Them

In “Shrinking Poor White Life Spans: Class, Race, and Health Justice,” Erika Blacksher offers a thoughtful, rich, and courageous analysis of the impact of race, class, and their intersection on hea...
Incineration of refuse with LOPAC containers added

LOPAC containers, developed by Monsanto Company using high nitrile barrier polymers, are now being evaluated for the packaging of carbonated beverages: soft drinks and beer. Incineration tests were conducted as part of comprehensive public health and environmental protocol to determine the potential effects, short term and long term, of this packaging system. The burning trials were carried out first in a large municipal incinerator, where efficient combustion conditions can be expected, and then in smaller units of the industrial and residential type, where combustion conditions may be less favorable and the percentage of beverage containers in a furnace loading may be significantly higher. Data are reported on operating conditions, smoke, odor, analysis of stack gases, effects on furnace grates, and heating values. The results of these trials demonstrate that the portion of LOPAC containers which is not recycled may be disposed of safely in typical incinerator installations without adding to our air or soil pollution problems and without corrosive effects on the equipment used.
Losing a Little Part of Yourself: Families’ Experiences With Foreclosure:

While quantitative studies have described foreclosure’s correlates, and qualitative work has shed light on homeowners’ experiences in general, research has not focused specifically on how families ...
Immunophenotyping of Murine Precursor B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comparison of Immunohistochemistry and Flow Cytometry

In humans and in mouse models, precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL)/lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-LBL) can be classified as either the pro-B or pre-B subtype. This is based on the expression of antigens associated with the pro-B and pre-B stages of B-cell development. Antigenic markers can be detected by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry (IHC), but no comparison of results from these techniques has been reported for murine B-ALL/LBL. In our analysis of 30 cases induced by chemical or viral mutagenesis on a WT or Pax5+/- background, 18 (60%) were diagnosed as pro-B by both flow cytometry and IHC. Discordant results were found for 12 (40%); 6 were designated pro-B by IHC and pre-B by flow cytometry and the reverse for the remaining 6 cases. Discordance occurred because different markers were used to define the pro-B-to-pre-B transition by IHC vs flow cytometry. IHC expression of cytoplasmic IgM (μIgM) defined the pre-B stage, whereas the common practice of using CD25 as a surrogate marker in flow cytometry was employed here. These results show that CD25 and μIgM are not always concurrently expressed in B-ALL/LBL, in contrast to normal B-cell development. Therefore, when subtyping B-ALL/LBL in mice, an IHC panel of B220, PAX5, TdT, c-Kit/CD117, CD43, IgM, and ΚLC should be considered. For flow cytometry, cytoplasmic IgM may be an appropriate marker in conjunction with the surface markers B220, CD19, CD43, c-Kit/CD117, BP-1, and CD25.
A Prospective Phase II Trial of Radioembolization for Treatment of Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Metastasis

The results of a prospective phase II trial suggest that radioembolization is a safe and effective first- or second-line treatment for uveal melanoma hepatic metastases.
E-cigarette Retail Licensing Policy and E-cigarette Use Among Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose The present study evaluated whether Pennsylvania's 2016 law requiring a retail license for the sale of e-cigarettes was associated with adolescent e-cigarette use. Methods Data were drawn from the 2015–2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. We examined the prepolicy and postpolicy change in e-cigarette use for the state with the retail licensing requirement (Pennsylvania) compared with control states (New York and Virginia). Results Results showed that e-cigarette licensing policy was significantly associated with e-cigarette use. E-cigarette use among Pennsylvania adolescents reduced by 5.2 percentage points in 2017 when compared with New York adolescents, and a corresponding 21.6% decrease from its baseline prevalence level in 2015. Similarly, there was a 7.4 percentage point decrease in e-cigarette use in Pennsylvania when compared with Virginia (30.7% relative decrease from the baseline prevalence). Conclusions An e-cigarette retail licensing requirement may be a useful policy tool in reducing e-cigarette use among adolescents.
The Roots of Cultural Backlash in Contemporary Processes of Globalization

The complex set of economic and political trends, or forces, often referred to as "globalization" has a contradictory, even paradoxical, character that lends itself to both positive and negative interpretations. Contemporary political movements around the world are active participants in these interpretations as they develop proactive and reactionary responses to these new global conditions. Globalization, and the energetic efforts of activists to take advantage of it, have had serious consequences for human autonomy and security. Globalization defines effective ideological space when it is invoked to legitimize universalist initiatives, and also when it is demonized to legitimize loyalties and values defended as localized alternatives to it. Both political practices have shown potential for providing positive opportunities for empowerment and networking, and also have shown potential for justifying horrific abuses of human life and dignity. This Article seeks to explain why it remains so easy for abusive regimes to use the scapegoat of globalization to rally support for their continued existence, and also why it is comparatively difficult for international human rights activists to use global institutions to protect against such abuses. On one hand, these contemporary transformations caused by global ization seem to be decentralizing the sources of economic and political power. The imperial or national capital no longer monopolizes the economic life of those within its territorial jurisdiction. The decision-making centers seem dispersed among a number of cities in different continents, each with its own array of stock exchanges, currency markets, and corporate headquarters. Authoritarian commands have increasingly been replaced by depersonalized technical advice, supposedly available to all and binding on none.
Stability of Sloping Core Earth Dams

A SERIES OF TESTS ON SMALL SCALE EMBANKMENTS WAS CONDUCTED TO GIVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISM OF FAILURE OF SLOPING CORE EARTH DAMS, AND TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL METHOD OF STABILITY ANALYSIS COMPATIBLE WITH THE OBSERVED SLIDING PATTERN. SIX SMALL EARTH DAMS WITH A RANGE OF CORE SLOPES VARYING FROM 2.45 DEGREE TO 35 DEGREES WERE CONSTRUCTED AND CAUSED TO FAIL IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE CONSISTENCY OF THE FAILURE MECHANISM. CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING PROCEDURES ARE DESCRIBED, AND THE RESULTS OF PLANE STRAIN TESTS AND TRIAXIAL TESTS ON THE GRANULAR MATERIALS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE UPSTREAM SHELLS ARE PRESENTED. THE CONDITIONS AT FAILURE FOR THE EARTH DAMS TESTED ARE PRESENTED AND ANALYZED. OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEFORMATIONS AND FEATURES OF THE DAMS AFTER FAILURE INDICATED THAT FAILURE OCCURRED BY A SLIDING BLOCK MECHANISM. AN ACTIVE BLOCK, A PASSIVE BLOCK, AND AN EXTENSIVELY SHEARED ZONE BETWEEN THE BLOCKS PARTICIPATED IN DEVELOPING A CATASTROPHIC FAILURE. AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR STABILITY COMPUTATIONS, USING THE DEVELOPED FAILURE MECHANISM AND THE PLANE STRAIN STRENGTH PARAMETERS, IS PRESENTED. /ASCE/
Ultrasound-Guided Spinal Procedures

Neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia techniques (spinal, epidural, and combined spinal epidural) are used for intraoperative anesthesia, postoperative pain control, and the management of chronic pain and in the peripartum period. Traditionally, these procedures are performed using anatomical landmarks. This involves the location of nerves in relation to other anatomic structures that can be seen (i.e., bony structures) or palpated (i.e., bony structures and arterial pulses). Ultrasound guidance can further aid in the ease and success of these procedures through direct visualization of neural structures as well as the spread of local anesthetic. In this chapter, we discuss a variety of ultrasound-guided neuraxial procedures including epidural block, paravertebral block, sacroiliac joint injection, lumbar facet joint injection, and epidural blood patch.
Time-of-use and Demand Charge Battery Controller Using Stochastic Model Predictive Control

Stationary batteries in residential and commercial buildings are often used to smooth customer load profiles and to lower customer electricity bills. Controllers for these battery systems should account for customer energy consumption, rate structures, and high internal battery temperatures, which can lead to reduced performance over the battery lifetime. It is important to consider the uncertainty in forecasting energy consumption and temperature, especially for customers with highly variable and uncertain loads. We propose a novel battery controller using stochastic model predictive control that accounts for these uncertainties and can handle complex rate structures, including demand charges. We show that the controller performs better than standard model predictive control when there is significant uncertainty in the forecast. We also show improvements in the performance with more accurate forecasts and with a more aggressive control strategy.
Delayed-Mode Quality Control of Oxygen, Nitrate, and pH Data on SOCCOM Biogeochemical Profiling Floats

The Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) project has deployed 194 profiling floats equipped with biogeochemical (BGC) sensors, making it one of the largest contributors to global BGC-Argo. Post-deployment quality control of float-based oxygen, nitrate, and pH data is a crucial step in the processing and dissemination of such data, as in-situ chemical sensors remain in early stages of development. In-situ calibration of chemical sensors on profiling floats using atmospheric reanalysis and empirical algorithms can bring accuracy to within 3 µmol O2 kg-1, 0.5 µmol NO3- kg-1, and 0.007 pH units. Routine quality control efforts utilizing these methods can be conducted manually through visual inspection of data to assess sensor drifts and offsets, but more automated processes are preferred to support the growing number of BGC floats and reduce subjectivity among delayed-mode operators. Here we present a methodology and accompanying software designed to easily visualize float data against select reference datasets and assess quality control adjustments within a quantitative framework. The software is intended for global use and has been used successfully in the post-deployment calibration and quality control of over 250 BGC floats, including all floats within the SOCCOM array. Results from validation of the proposed methodology are also presented which help to verify the quality of the data adjustments through time.
Quality of Life: A Nurse-Led Physical Activity Coaching Program to Improve the Quality of Life of Patients With Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Physical activity has been shown to mitigate many of the effects of cancer treatment, yet it often is not embraced by the patient or made part of the nursing standard of care. Objectives This pilot study evaluates the impact of the Oncology Nursing Society's Get Up, Get Moving program, a personalized, home-based, nurse-led physical activity coaching program. Methods Patients with cancer in the intervention and control groups completed the SF-36® and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire at weeks 1 and 12. All patients were initially counseled on exercise. A nurse called each member of the intervention group weekly to encourage physical activity and asked about fatigue, nausea, and step count. The control group was contacted at 6 weeks and 12 weeks only. Findings The program, coupled with nurse telephone calls, increased steps, decreased fatigue, and maintained health-related quality of life among patients in the intervention group. The control group had a decrease in steps, a decline in their SF-36 general health score, and an increase in fatigue. Nurse coaching positively affects physical activity, which may help to decrease cancer treatment side effects.
Biomechanics of Shoulder Instability and Repair

A stable shoulder requires significant coordination and muscle balance to effectively position the upper extremity in space. Treating an unstable shoulder creates a considerable challenge as both static and dynamic stabilizers must be restored. Much time and effort has been focused on understanding the anatomy of the shoulder and the biomechanical failures that take place in glenohumeral instability. The bony anatomy, glenohumeral ligaments, and capsule have been identified as static restraints to instability while the periscapular musculature and rotator cuff provide dynamic stability. Biomechanical studies on these anatomic structures had helped develop treatment strategies for restoring stability to the unstable shoulder in a variety of pathologic states. This chapter provides an in-depth understanding of normal shoulder anatomy, reviews the pathophysiology of different types of instability, and discusses various treatment options and their biomechanical basis.
Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure

Publisher Summary Sympathetic failure can contribute to anemia by blunting of the expected compensatory erythropoietin response. Recombinant erythropoietin reverses anemia of autonomic failure, improves upright blood pressure, and may ameliorate symptoms of orthostatic hypotension (OH). The anemia of autonomic failure is mild to moderate and is not accompanied by a compensatory increase in reticulocytes, suggesting an inadequate erythropoietic response. An inappropriately low-serum erythropoietin is evident in those patients with lower-hemoglobin levels. Lack of sympathetic stimulation may thus result in decreased erythropoietin production and the development of anemia in patients with autonomic failure. In support of this hypothesis, it has been found that the magnitude of sympathetic impairment correlates with the severity of the anemia, and that plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels are lowest in patients with the most severe anemia. These results support the hypothesis that sympathetic innervation is required for an adequate erythropoietin response. Treatment of OH remains a challenge in patients with autonomic failure; however, treatment with erythropoietin may provide a therapeutic alternative.
Epidemiology of Microsporidiosis

This chapter focuses on the epidemiology of human microsporidiosis. The coverage of the chapter includes prevalence and geographic distribution, case demographics and populations at risk, and five potential modes of transmission: zoonotic infections, waterborne transmission, airborne transmission, respiratory tract acquisition and direct person-to-person transmission. Surveys for antibodies to microsporidia in human sera have focused exclusively on human exposure to Encephalitozoon species. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy is a promising treatment regimen for prevention of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS, long-term follow-up is clearly needed to assess whether these patients are actually free of the intracellular stages of microsporidia or are temporarily in remission with an inactive infection.
What Moves Interest Rates? Ex-Ante Determinants of Interest Rate Volatility

For short, long, and medium term interest rates, we explore the extent to which future interest rate volatility is predictable based on: 1) recent past volatility, 2) knowledge of when the FOMC will meet, when Treasury auctions will take place, and when important macroeconomic statistics will be released, 3) knowledge of day-of-the-week patterns, and 4) interest rate levels. We find that three of these information sets are consistently important and that conditional volatility varies considerably over time. While macroeconomic announcements, Treasury auctions, and monetary policy actions all impact interest rates, macroeconomic announcements are most important. Announcement patterns are largely responsible for day-of-the-week effects but not for the observed GARCH effects. The impact of monetary policy actions is quite different before and after February 1994 when the FOMC began releasing statements at the end of its meetings. Both volatility persistence and asymmetry are quite different for long and short rates.
Biologically Active Natural Products: Pharmaceuticals

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN AGROCHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS -David E. Wedge and N. Dwight Camper FRACTIONATION OF PLANTS TO DISCOVER SUBSTANCES TO COMBAT CANCER -A.D. Kinghorn, et. al. THERAPETUIC POTENTIAL OF PLANT-DERIVED COMPOUNDS: REALIZING THE POTENTIAL -J.S. Miller and R.E. Gereau BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND DRUG DISCOVERY IN SURINAME -D.G.I. Kingston, et. al. RECENT TRENDS IN THE USE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS -G. Majetich HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH ON PLANT-DERIVED NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR ANALOGS WITH ANTITUMOR, ANTI-HIV, AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY -K-H. Lee DISCOVERY OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS FROM NATURAL SOURCES: VIRULENCE FACTOR TARGETS -A.M. Clark and L.A. Walker REACTIVE QUINONES: FROM CHEMICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN PLANTS TO DRUG DESIGN -R.A. Hudson and L.V.M. Tillekeratne STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS OF PEROXIDE BASED ARTEMISININ ANTIMALARIALS -M.A. Avery, G. McLean, G. Edwards, and A. Ager NATURALLY OCCURRING ANTIMUTAGENIC AND CYTOPROTECTIVE AGENTS -L.A. Mitscher S.P. Pillai, S.R. Menon, C.A. Pillai, and D.M. Shankel LOBELINE: A NATURAL PRODUCT WITH HIGH AFFINITY FOR NEURONAL NICOTINIC RECEPTORS AND A VAST POTENTIAL FOR USE IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS -C.R. McCurdy, R.L. Miler, and J.W. Beach PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITORY PHENYLPROPANOID GLYCOSIDES FROM POLYGONUM SPECIES -A.T. Sneden THWARTING RESISTANCE: ANNONACEOUS ACETOGENINS AS NEW PESTICIDAL AND ANTITUMOR AGENTS -H.A. Johnson, N.H. Oberlies, F.Q. Alali, and J.L. McLaughlin A STRATEGY FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC LEADS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS -K. A. Alvi DYNAMIC DOCKING STUDY OF THE BINDING OF 1-CHLORO-2, 4-DINITROBENZENE IN THE PUTATIVE ELECTROPHILE BINDING SITE OF NATURALLY OCCURRING HUMAN GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE PI ALLELO-POLYMORPHIC PROTEINS -J.K. Buolamwini and F. Ali-Osman PANAX GINSENG: STANDARDIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -F. Soldati MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS AS LEADS TO DEVELOP NEW DRUGS AND INSECTICIDES -K.A. ElSayed, D.C. Dunbar, P. Bartzel, J.K. Zjawiony, W. Day, and M.T. Hamann COMMERCIALIZATION OF PLANT-DERIVED NATURAL PRODUCTS AS PHARMACEUTICALS: A VIEW FROM THE TRENCHES -J.D. McChesney
Phase-Based miss rate prediction across program inputs

Previous work shows the possibility of predicting the cache miss rate (CMR) for all inputs of a program. However, most optimization techniques need to know more than the miss rate of the whole program. Many of them benefit from knowing miss rate of each execution phase of a program for all inputs. In this paper, we describe a method that divides a program into phases that have a regular locality pattern. Using a regression model, it predicts the reuse signature and then the cache miss rate of each phase for all inputs. We compare the prediction with the actual measurement. The average prediction is over 98% accurate for a set of floating-point programs. The predicted CMR-traces matches the simulated ones in spite of dramatic fluctuations of the miss rate over time. This technique can be used for improving dynamic optimization, benchmarking, and compiler design.
Conservation and divergence of APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like gene function in grasses: evidence from gene expression analyses.

Summary Duplicated APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL) genes show distinct but overlapping patterns of expression within rice (Oryza sativa) and within ryegrass (Lolium temulentum), suggesting discrete functional roles in the transition to flowering, specification of spikelet meristem identity, and specification of floral organ identity. In this study, we analyzed the expression of the AP1/FUL paralogues FUL1 and FUL2 across phylogenetically disparate grasses to test hypotheses of gene function. In combination with other studies, our data support similar roles for both genes in spikelet meristem identity, a general role for FUL1 in floral organ identity, and a more specific role for FUL2 in outer floral whorl identity. In contrast to Arabidopsis AP1/FUL genes, expression of FUL1 and FUL2 is consistent with an early role in the transition to flowering. In general, FUL1 has a wider expression pattern in all spikelet organs than FUL2, but both genes are expressed in all spikelet organs in some cereals. FUL1 and FUL2 appear to have multiple redundant functions in early inflorescence development. We hypothesize that sub-functionalization of FUL2 and interaction of FUL2 with LHS1 could specify lemma and palea identity in the grass floret.
Bacterial tracheitis, diagnosis and treatment

During a 22-month period, 5 children, 6-13 months of age, presented with an acute obstructive upper airway infection which resembled both croup and epiglottitis. All 5 failed to respond to standard treatment for croup, including aerosolized racemic epinephrine. In all patients, direct laryngoscopy revealed minimal or no change in the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds but severe subglottic swelling and copious purulent tracheal secretions. Gram stains of the purulent secretions revealed many polymorphonuclear leukocytes with gram-positive cocci (3 patients) and small gram-negative rods (2 patients). Cultures subsequently confirmed the presence of S. Aureus and H. Influenzae. Initial therapy for all patients included endotracheal intubation, antibiotic therapy for both S. Aureus and H. Influenzae and frequent tracheal suctioning. Hospitalization varied from one to 3 weeks. We reported findings in these patients because: the initial diagnosis was unclear due to confusion caused by clinical features common to both croup and epiglottitis and bacterial tracheitis requires a prompt accurate diagnosis and aggressive antibiotic and airway management in order to prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality.