cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maxillary Lateral Incisor Injection Pain Using the Dentapen Electronic Syringe.

Abstract Introduction When patients express fear and anxiety about dentistry, 1 main source involves the administration of local anesthetic. The Dentapen (Septodont, Lancaster, PA) is a computer-controlled local anesthetic device that regulates the rate of anesthetic deposition to reduce pain associated with dental injections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in perceived pain during the administration of local anesthesia of the maxillary lateral incisors using the ramp-up and continuous injection modes of the Dentapen. Methods This study used a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, experimental design. The investigators randomly assigned the order of the teeth (#7 or #10) and the 2 delivery modes (continuous or ramp-up). Participants completed a Corah dental anxiety scale at each visit and were injected on 2 separate visits at least 2 weeks apart. After each injection, participants rated their perceived pain using a Heft-Parker visual analog scale at needle insertion, needle placement, and solution deposition. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences in perceived pain between the 2 modes. Results The data from 116 participants were analyzed. The perceived pain at deposition with the ramp-up mode (mean = 51.98, standard deviation = 30.04) was less than the continuous mode (mean = 59.98, standard deviation = 36.28) although not statistically significant (F1230 = 2.569, P > .05). Clinically, the perceived pain with the ramp-up mode was in the mild range ( 54 mm). Conclusions Further research should evaluate whether the ramp-up mode could be used to reduce the pain perceived with other dental injections.
Recognition of an α-helical hairpin in P22 large terminase by a synthetic antibody fragment

The genome-packaging motor of tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses is a multisubunit protein complex formed by several copies of a large (TerL) and a small (TerS) terminase subunit. The motor assembles transiently at the portal protein vertex of an empty precursor capsid to power the energy-dependent packaging of viral DNA. Both the ATPase and nuclease activities associated with genome packaging reside in TerL. Structural studies of TerL from bacteriophage P22 have been hindered by the conformational flexibility of this enzyme and its susceptibility to proteolysis. Here, an unbiased, synthetic phage-display Fab library was screened and a panel of high-affinity Fabs against P22 TerL were identified. This led to the discovery of a recombinant antibody fragment, Fab4, that binds a 33-amino-acid α-helical hairpin at the N-terminus of TerL with an equilibrium dissociation constant Kd of 71.5 nM. A 1.51 A resolution crystal structure of Fab4 bound to the TerL epitope (TLE) together with a 1.15 A resolution crystal structure of the unliganded Fab4, which is the highest resolution ever achieved for a Fab, elucidate the principles governing the recognition of this novel helical epitope. TLE adopts two different conformations in the asymmetric unit and buries as much as 1250 A2 of solvent-accessible surface in Fab4. TLE recognition is primarily mediated by conformational changes in the third complementarity-determining region of the Fab4 heavy chain (CDR H3) that take place upon epitope binding. It is demonstrated that TLE can be introduced genetically at the N-terminus of a target protein, where it retains high-affinity binding to Fab4.
Medical Use of Marijuana

Excerpt To the Editors:In a letter reporting the preliminary results of an anonymous survey of members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Doblin and Kleiman (1) acknowledge the "p...
Witnessing Slavery: Art and Travel in the Age of Abolition: edited by Sarah Thomas, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2019, 304pp, £45, ISBN 9781913107055

In an 1833 color lithograph, the French artist Adolphe Duperly renders a scene from the Christmas Rebellion of 1831, when 60,000 enslaved individuals in Jamaica stormed the estates of their enslave...
The Long Term Recurrence of Digital Dermatitis after Treatment with Lincomycin HCl on a Commercial Dairy

The results of this study demonstrate that control of DD needs to be continuously monitored.
Restorative Justice Liability: School Discipline Reform and the Right to Safe Schools Part III: External Reforms and the Duty to Protect

The Court's insertion of external mandates into the school environment suggests, but does not prove, that judicial review is shifting on the duty to protect students. What is at issue is the second great question relating to the liability of school officials: How should courts assess the reasonableness of school policies when they conflict with external mandates that require more of school officials in protecting students on campus? There is every reason to suppose that courts, in response to the changes in the underlying laws in child welfare and juvenile justice, will be less averse to second-guessing education decision-making. One court characterizes the reporting mandate as one which creates “a statutory and moral duty” of compliance. Indeed, in a review of the complex factors surrounding efforts to eliminate cyber-bullying, Carolyn McNamara is correct to argue that the cooccurrence of legal reform and school liability has at least some causal connection with rigorous judicial review. Even so, to prove this argument requires taking into account the characteristics of judicial review in public education in light of the reforms, a task that until recently was difficult to do.
564 Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of immune compartments following combination immunotherapy treatment in poorly immunogenic tumors

Background A major goal in cancer immunology is to rationally design combination therapies that lead to a higher response rate, especially for poorly immunogenic tumors that do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade therapy alone. We previously developed a combination therapeutic strategy, termed AIPV, consisting of a tumor-targeting antibody, a recombinant interleukin-2 with an extended half-life, an anti-PD-1 antibody, and a T cell vaccine [1]. The full AIPV therapy can eradicate large, aggressive, poorly immunogenic tumors in multiple mouse tumor models. However, the exact cellular and molecular pathways involved in such an effective response remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the detailed cellular and molecular changes in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes following the full AIPV therapy or a less effective sub-combination therapy in mice with poorly immunogenic B16F10 tumors. Results Using our approach, we were able to uncover T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, classical dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumors. We observed profound remodeling of every immune cell type following the effective therapeutic treatment. In particular, we found that classical dendritic cells take up tumor antigens, become activated, and migrate to draining lymph nodes following the AIPV therapy, but not following the less effective IPV therapy. We characterized the transcriptomic changes of these dendritic cells and found that they over-express molecules involved in antigen uptake. Conclusions Our study comprehensively characterized a system that can overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, paving a cellular and molecular roadmap for immune-based therapeutic strategies that offer clinical benefits for poorly immunogenic tumors. References Moynihan KD, Opel CF, Szeto GL, Tzeng A, Zhu EF, Engreitz JM, et al. Eradication of large established tumors in mice by combination immunotherapy that engages innate and adaptive immune responses. Nat Med. 2016;22: 1402–1410. Ethics Approval All mouse experiments were reviewed and approved by the Koch Institute and Broad Institute Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (ID 0222-08-18).
From Parole Poïétique to the Ethical Turn: Moving with Léopold Sédar Senghor

This article addresses how Senghor’s “Elegie pour la Reine de Saba” artfully shapes textual territory that sets the stage for ethical practice. Contrary to the emphasis on synthesis that is often attributed to Senghorian politics, philosophy, and poetics, the “Elegie pour la Reine de Saba” shows that “moving-with” difference is key to Senghor’s parole poietique , which is illustrated via the poem’s fertility dance. The text, which will also be referred to as “territory,” thus becomes the artistic milieu of the interplay of differences. These encounters and movements are the crucial dynamics that render Senghor’s new world vision active and ignite possibilities of doing differently in the world. Thus, through movement and particularly the fertility dance, ethics emerge.
Eigenvalue uncertainty in stressed structures.

A method is presented for calculating the statistics of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration for a structure acted upon by an external static loading which results in the structure being stressed for eigenvalue analysis. The analytical tools presented apply to the probabilistic eigenvalue problem, and it is apparent that structural parameter uncertainty will significantly influence all aspects of the structure's response. The treatment of a sample problem serves the purpose of furthering understanding for the importance of considering structural parameters as random variables.
Kose- und Spitznamen als Spiegel sozialer Stereotype

Pet names and nicknames are not arbitrarily chosen, they rather verbalize habits and characteristics of a person. Thus, they do not only fix references, but also categorize people. They assign people to social groups and characterize them. Not all aspects and names seem to be suitable for naming, however. There is a limited range of semantic fields that are used for naming. Only words of some special fields are used as pet- and nicknames, while others are not, indicating that there exist customs of naming. Habitual pet- and nicknames attribute prototypical characteristics to a person and thereby stylize it, as these names depend on the beliefs, dispositions, and stereotypes of a social stratum. They reflect and preserve social stereotypes and therefore can be taken as mirrors on social stereotypes as a study of girls' books of the 19th century shows.
A Tribute to Dr. Irvine H. Page

On the occasion of the First Irvine H. Page Lectureship at The Second IUPHAR Satellite Meeting on Serotonin, it is fitting that the contributions of Dr. Page be reviewed by current investigators. As Dr. Page points out in the above quotation, the significant and unparalleled advances made in the field of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) research during the past decade have been a direct result of more than 40 years of 5-HT research. Although 5-HT has intrigued scientists for more than a century (see Table 1), the modern scientific “birth” of 5-HT can be dated to Dr. Page’s Science paper of 1948. He and his co-authors stated: “We would like provisionally to name it serotonin,which indicates that its source is serum and its activity is one of causing constriction” (Rapport et al. 1948).
Reduction of classes of robust stabilization problems to classical H/sup /spl infin// problems

The objective of this paper is to delineate classes of linear time-invariant systems with structured uncertainty (either real or complex) for which a Riccati based H/sup /spl infin// style solution to the robust stabilization problem is possible. >
People Know What They Know: Self-Assessments of Political Knowledge on Hot Button Social Issues

Individuals' knowledge about current law on the hot-button social issues of same-sex marriage, abortion, and gun control is better explained by a new measure of self-assessed knowledge of an issue and by their own policy preferences than by general levels of political knowledge (via a Delli-Carpini & Keeter scale). About one third of respondents to a 2004 survey were incorrect about state laws on same sex marriage, abortion, and gun control. People are more likely to believe incorrectly that the law is on their side of the issue than to believe it is against them. General political information measures often miss policy-specific knowledge on hot-button social issues. Self-reported knowledge is a simple and accurate measure of political information.
Dual-striplines design optimizations for minimum crosstalk

Dual-stripline is widely used in the computer systems to save printed circuit board (PCB) cost and achieve more compact form factor. Many design parameters can affect the overall performance of the dual-striplines. In this paper, the optimization of the dual-stripline design is discussed in detail, such as stackup selection, component breakout, etc. Theory analysis as well as Three-Dimensional full-wave modelling results of the inter-layer crosstalk for both single-ended and differential dual-stripline are presented to understand the inter-layer crosstalk. Measurement data from a test board is used to correlate the modeling result. An end-to-end simulation flow is proposed to precisely evaluate the overall crosstalk and full-link performance of a design with dual-stripline.
Scattering of acoustic waves by elastic and viscoelastic obstacle of arbitary shaped immersed in water

Abstract : A scattering or T-matrix approach is presented for studying the scattering of acoustic waves by elastic and viscoelastic obstacles immersed in a fluid. A Kelvin-Voigt model is used to obtain the complex elastic moduli of the viscoelastic solid. The T-matrix formulation is somewhat complicated because the wave equations and fields are quite different in the solid and fluid regions and are coupled by continuity conditions at the interface. We have obtained fairly extensive numerical results for prolate and oblate spheroids for a variety of scattering geometries. The backscattering, bistatic, absorption and extinction cross-section are presented as a function of the frequency of the incident wave. (Author)
Improved nonuniform Berry--Esseen-type bounds

New nonuniform Berry-Esseen-type bounds for sums of inde- pendent random variables are obtained, motivated by recent studies con- cerning such bounds for nonlinear statistics. The proofs are based on the Chen-Shao concentration techniques within the framework of the Stein method.
Catastrophic versus Microscopic Damage: Applicability of Laboratory Measurements to Real Systems

At ultraviolet wavelengths, damage to both coatings and bare surfaces is dominated by the presence of discrete localized defects. During multiple-shot irradition, the overwhelming majority of these defects are damaged by the first or first few shots. Initially, damage morphology is that of a crater of approximately 10 microns in diameter; however, upon continued irradiation, one of two events can occur; either the crater grows to catastrophic dimensions or it remains unchanged. In the latter case, the damage is only observable under a microscope, it may be indistinguishable from cosmetic defects before irradiation, and it is likely that any related degradation in optical performance is unmeasurable. In view of the generally accepted definition of laser damage (i.e. any visible change in the surface), it is important to consider the implications for real systems. These are discussed in the context of ultraviolet test results for both coatings and surfaces.
Computer-aided deliberation: model management and group decision support

The paper highlights principles of group process as an important component of group activities in planning and policy making. The management of a variety of models utilized in organizational planning is discussed. Descriptions of the features and functions of the hardware and software environment, along with scenarios for use of the environment, illustrate critical issues in group deliberation. A particular model, stakeholder identification and assumption surfacing, is used to illustrate aspects of model management and planning process implementation. Findings of the group decision support system (GDSS) research are discussed in terms of anonymity of participation, facility design, need for multiple public screens, use of knowledge and data bases, communication network speed, methodological approach, software design, mixing of manual and electronic sessions, group size, composition, satisfaction of the users and model management systems. In general, the research results from experiments and case studies r...
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and Calcium Handling

The opening of a large conductance channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane, known as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), has been shown to be a primary mediator of cell death in the heart subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Inhibitors of the PTP have been shown to reduce cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in many animal models. Furthermore, most cardioprotective strategies appear to reduce ischemic cell death either by reducing the triggers for the opening of the PTP, such as reducing calcium overload or reactive oxygen species, or by inhibiting PTP modulators. This chapter will focus on key issues in the study of the PTP and provide some methods for measuring PTP opening in isolated mitochondria.
Sparsity-Based deconvolution of low-dose perfusion CT using learned dictionaries

Computational tomography perfusion (CTP) is an important functional imaging modality in the evaluation of cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke and vasospasm. However, the post-processed parametric maps of blood flow tend to be noisy, especially in low-dose CTP, due to the noisy contrast enhancement profile and the oscillatory nature of the results generated by the current computational methods. In this paper, we propose a novel sparsity-base deconvolution method to estimate cerebral blood flow in CTP performed at low-dose. We first built an overcomplete dictionary from high-dose perfusion maps and then performed deconvolution-based hemodynamic parameters estimation on the low-dose CTP data. Our method is validated on a clinical dataset of ischemic patients. The results show that we achieve superior performance than existing methods, and potentially improve the differentiation between normal and ischemic tissue in the brain.
Transmission Risk of Lyme Disease and Implications for Tick Management

Transmission risk of Lyme disease at a site can be estimated using the probability of exposure (P1 = probability of being bitten by at least one infected tick); P1 = 1 - (1 - kt)n, where n = number of tick bites per person and kt = spirochete prevalence in questing ticks. This probability is more directly related to the likelihood of acquiring Lyme disease than the standard measure of transmission risk (the number of infected ticks per sample) and allows for direct consideration of the level of tick/human contact (by varying n) in assessing exposure risk and designing management strategies. Projections predict that interventions that lower tick abundance or spirochete prevalence do not necessarily result in equivalent declines in human exposure risk. Management interventions are predicted to have greatest success at lowering disease incidence in humans when tick abundance and/or pathogen prevalence in questing ticks are initially low (e.g., for ticks in residential lawns or for low-prevalence diseases). These techniques are predicted to be less effective at lowering disease incidence in people engaged in high-risk activities at sites with high tick abundance and pathogen prevalence, such as wooded sites in highly endemic areas.
Assessment of Marginal Zinc Status in Humans

The assessment of marginal zinc status is problematic. Currently, there is no universally accepted single measure to assess zinc status in humans. The development of a reliable measure of marginal or moderate zinc status would be useful for a variety of purposes. For example, a simple, yet sensitive and accurate measure of zinc nutritional status is critically needed to further our limited understanding of the possible associations between zinc status and the risk of developing various chronic diseases and in predicting favorable health outcomes in patient populations. A convenient and reliable zinc assessment tool is needed to identify subpopulations who are at a risk of zinc deficiency and as an objective guidepost to determine the need for initiation of zinc supplementation or zinc fortification of the food supply, as well in the refinement of recommendations of dietary zinc allowances. In frank zinc deficiency, clinical signs and static measures of zinc concentrations in a variety of readily available tissues, such as plasma, various blood cell types and hair, may uniformly confirm the presence of depleted body zinc stores. However, in general, the relative insensitivity or imprecision of these measurements has resulted in general disappointment in their use to assess marginal zinc status. Therefore, the search continues to find a useful and reliable marker of marginal zinc deficiency. In an attempt to speculate on possible future developments in the zinc status assessment field, a number of new and potentially promising approaches to this problem are highlighted.
FTIR and Raman spectral study of the preparation of lead zirconate (PbZrO3) by a solgel process in a non-flowing air atmosphere

Lead zirconate (PZ) materials were prepared by a sol-gel process in a non-flowing air atmosphere with no continuous agitation using lead acetate and zirconium propoxide in methoxyethanol as the precursor materials. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structural changes that occurred during various stages of this preparation. Crystalline phase formation differences were noted during this sol-gel preparation for PZ in comparison to those occurring during the related preparation for lead titanate (PT). Metallic lead and lead oxide (PbO) were formed during the heating steps of this process in an air atmosphere for PZ.In situ Raman spectra were also measured at higher temperatures for the resulting sol-gel prepared PbZrO3 material in order to investigate its phase-transition and soft-mode behaviour.
Nanowiring Enzymes to Carbon Nanotube Probes

The observation of spectroscopic signals in response to mechanically induced changes in biological macromolecules can be enabled at an unprecedented level of resolution by coupling single-molecule manipulation/sensing using carbon nanotubes with single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Proteins, DNA and other biomolecules can be attached to nanotubes to give highly specific single-molecule probes for the investigation of intermolecular dynamics, the assembly of hybrid biological and nanoscale materials and the development of molecular electronics. Recent advances in nanotube fabrication and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) imaging with nanotube tips have demonstrated the potential of these tools to achieve high-resolution images of single molecules. In addition, proof-of-principle demonstrations of nanotube functionalization and attachment of single molecules to these probes have been successfully made. Improved techniques for the growth and attachment of single wall carbon nanotubes as robust and well-characterized tools for AFM imaging are being developed. This work serves as a foundation toward development of single-molecule sensors and manipulators on nanotube AFM tips for a hybrid atomic force microscope that also has single-molecule fluorescence imaging capability. An individual single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) attached to an AFM tip can function as a structural scaffold for nanoscale device fabrication on a scanning probe. Such a probe can have a novel role, to trigger specific biochemical reactions or conformational changes in a biological system with nanometer precision. The consequences of these perturbations can be read out in real time by single-molecule fluorescence and/or AFM sensing. For example, electrical wiring of single redox enzymes to carbon nanotube scanning probes will allow for observation and electrochemical control of single enzymatic reactions, by monitoring fluorescence from a redox-active cofactor or the formation of fluorescent products. Enzymes “nanowired” to carbon nanotube tips may enable extremely sensitive probing of biological stimulus-response with high spatial resolution, including product-induced signal transduction.
Subjective-cost policy routing

We study a model of interdomain routing in which autonomous systems’ (ASes’) routing policies are based on subjective cost assessments of alternative routes. The routes are constrained by the requirement that all routes to a given destination must be confluent. We show that it is NP-hard to determine whether there is a set of stable routes. We also show that it is NP-hard to find a set of confluent routes that minimizes the total subjective cost; it is hard even to approximate minimum cost closely. These hardness results hold even for very restricted classes of subjective costs. We then consider a model in which the subjective costs are based on the relative importance ASes place on a small number of objective cost measures. We show that a small number of confluent routing trees is sufficient for each AS to have a route that nearly minimizes its subjective cost. We show that this scheme is trivially strategyproof and that it can be computed easily with a distributed algorithm that does not require major changes to the Border Gateway Protocol. Furthermore, we prove a lower bound on the number of trees required to contain a (1 + e)-approximately optimal route for each node and show that our scheme is nearly optimal in this respect.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Bile Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract Methods have been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydroxy and keto derivatives of methyl cholanates utilizing a ¼″ by 1′ μPorasil column, various mixtures of hexane and ethyl acetate and a refractive index detector. The system has been calibrated for some of the methyl dihydroxycholanates using 3α;,7α-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanate as an internal standard and applied to the analysis of the mixtures of diols resulting from the reduction of methyl 3,12-dioxocholanate with NaBH4 and with Raney nickel.
Metabolism of spirohydantoin mustard in the mouse. Isolation of an alkylating, mutagenic metabolite.

The metabolism of spirohydantoin mustard (SHM), a central nervous system-directed nitrogen mustard with reported anticancer activity, was studied using both the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and radiolabeled drug. SHM had little or no mutagenic activity by itself but was metabolized to a mutagen(s) in the presence of mouse postmitochondrial liver fraction (9000 g supernatant, S9). Metabolism was NADPH-dependent and was enhanced with phenobarbital-induced S9. Both SHM and mutagen(s) were extractable in chloroform. Studies using [14C]SHM, uniformly labeled on the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of chloroform extracts of liver S9 incubation mixtures indicated the formation of a single major metabolite fraction that contained a direct-acting mutagen. Chloroform extracts of both blood and brain from BDF1 mice injected i.p. with SHM (60 mg/kg) were found to be mutagenic in the absence of S9. Also, TLC of chloroform extracts of brain taken 15 min after i.p. injection of [14C]SHM suggested the presence of SHM and the mutagenic metabolite. These results suggest that the mutagenic metabolite may have a significant role in the mechanism of action of SHM.
The Quest for Justice in Latin America

Daniel M. Brinks, The Judicial Response to Police Killings in Latin America: Inequality and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Tables, notes, bibliography, index, 302 pp.; hardcover $85. Jodi S. Finkel, Judicial Reform as Political Insurance: Argentina, Peru, and Mexico in the 1990s. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. Notes, bibliography, index, 168 pp.; paperback $22. Leigh A. Payne, Unsettling Accounts: Neither Truth nor Reconciliation in Confessions of State Violence. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index, 392 pp., hardcover $84.95, paperback $23-95. Matthew M. Taylor, Judging Policy: Courts and Policy Reform in Democratic Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008. Figures, tables, notes, bibliography, index, 248 pp.; hardcover $55.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency in sick neonates: should we treat with ACTH?

I read with great interest the article by Fernandez et al.1 published in a recent issue of the Journal of Perinatology describing ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol responses in critically ill neonates. I have two concerns regarding the manuscript.
Impingement losses of white perch at Hudson River power plants: Magnitude and biological significance

We performed a quantitative assessment of the impact of impingement at power plants on the Hudson River white perch population We estimated that impingement reduces the abundance of each white perch year class by at least 10% and probably by 15–20% or more after 2–3 years of vulnerability to power plants We attempted to detect effects of impingement on average year-class abundance of white perch from a time series of abundance indices derived from impingement data We found, however, that neither impingement collection rates observed at Hudson River power plants nor beach seine data provide a reliable index of year-class strength in white perch. Even if a reliable index were developed, natural fluctuations in year-class strength are great enough that a short-term monitoring program would be inadequate for detecting even a large reduction in average year-class strength. We performed a multipopulation analysis using simple food chain and food web models The results suggest that any long-term decline in white perch abundance caused by impingement should be accompanied by an increase in the abundance of one or more competing fish species and by an increase in the biomass of adult white perch relative to young-of-the-year.
Movability of localized excitations in nonlinear discrete systems: A separatrix problem.

We analyze the effect of internal degrees of freedom on the movability properties of localized excitations on nonlinear Hamiltonian lattices by means of properties of a local phase space which is at least of dimension six. We formulate generic properties of a movability separatrix in this local phase space. We prove that due to the presence of internal degrees of freedom of the localized excitation it is generically impossible to define a Peierls-Nabarro potential in order to describe the motion of the excitation through the lattice. The results are verified analytically and numerically for Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains.
Strategies for improving the physiological relevance of human engineered tissues

This review examines important robust methods for sustained, steady-state, in vitro culture. To achieve 'physiologically relevant' tissues in vitro additional complexity must be introduced to provide suitable transport, cell signaling, and matrix support for cells in 3D environments to achieve stable readouts of tissue function. Most tissue engineering systems draw conclusions on tissue functions such as responses to toxins, nutrition, or drugs based on short-term outcomes with in vitro cultures (2-14 days). However, short-term cultures limit insight with physiological relevance because the cells and tissues have not reached a steady-state.
Dynamically generated flat-band phases in optical kagome lattices

Motivated by recent advances in the realization of complex two-dimensional optical lattices, we investigate theoretically the quantum transport of ultracold fermions in an optical kagome lattice. In particular, we focus on its extensively degenerate localized states (flat band). By loading fermions in a partial region of the lattice and depleting the mobile atoms at the far boundary of the initially unoccupied region, we find a dynamically generated flat-band insulator, which is also a population-inverted state. We further show that inclusion of weak repulsion leads to a dynamical stripe phase for two-component fermions in a similar setup. Finally, by preparing a topological insulating state in a partially occupied kagome lattice, we find that the topological chiral current decays but exhibits an interesting oscillating dynamics during the nonequilibrium transport. Given the broad variety of lattice geometries supporting localized or topological states, our work suggests new possibilities for using geometrical effects and their dynamics in atomtronic devices. © 2014 American Physical Society.
Generalization of Bessel and hypergeometric functions

A set of new functions, which generalize the generalized hypergeometric functions, is presented. A preliminary analysis is given, including generating functions, differential equations, series and integral representations.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Cu–Si system

Abstract The thermodynamic description of the Cu–Si system has been updated with first-principles calculations of the ϵ-Cu15Si4 phase and solid solution phases. Calculated enthalpy of formation for the ϵ -phase indicates that enthalpies of formation for intermetallic compounds in Cu–Si must be negative, which were evaluated as positive in the previous thermodynamic modelings. Enthalpies of mixing for the solid solution phases, bcc, fcc, and hcp, are also calculated from first-principles study of Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS) and all the solution phases exhibit similar mixing behavior. It is concluded that first-principles calculations of solid phases including solution phases can supplement scarce experimental data and be readily used in thermodynamic modelings.
Short-Term Memory and Working Memory in Children with Blindness: Support for a Domain General or Domain Specific System?

The study explored the contribution of two component processes (phonological and executive) to blind children's memory performance. Children with blindness and sight were matched on gender, chronological age, and verbal intelligence and compared on measures of short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM). Although the measures were highly correlated, the results from two experiments indicated that the blind children were superior to sighted children on measures of STM, but not on measures of WM. The results supported the notion that children with blindness have advantages on memory tasks that draw upon resources from the phonological loop. However, comparable performance between the ability groups on WM measures suggests there are domain specific aspects in the executive system.
Differential concentration-response curves for oral ethanol self-administration in C57BL/6J and BALB/CJ mice

In an earlier study ethanol drinking was induced by reducing mice to 80% of their free-feeding weight and feeding them their daily food allotment prior to the experimental session. The mice were given an ascending series of ethanol concentrations (1 to 8%). The inducing condition was subsequently eliminated to determine if the drinking of 8% ethanol would persist in its absence. Eight percent ethanol served as a reinforcer for the C57BL/6J mice but not for the BALB/cJ mice. The purpose of the present study was to examine strain differences in ethanol maintained behavior over a range of concentrations from 1 to 32% (w/v). Ethanol served as a reinforcer for the C57BL/6J mice at concentrations of 4, 8 and 16%. Lever presses and volume of liquid consumed per unit of body weight were inverted U-shaped functions of ethanol concentration. Post-session blood ethanol levels confirmed intake of pharmacologically significant amounts of ethanol. Results with the BALB/cJ mice were very different from those with the C57BL/6J mice. The level of responding did not increase above baseline levels at any of the concentrations tested, and levels of responding decreased below baseline at 32%. Thus, ethanol did not serve as a reinforcer for the BALB/cJ mice at any of the concentrations tested. These results demonstrate that over a range of ethanol concentrations genotype is an important determinant of ethanol reinforced behavior.
A Survey of Laser and Selected Optical Systems for Remote Measurement of Pollutant Gas Concentrations

Applications of the Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique to the remote sensing of pollutant gases are surveyed. In the DIAl technique, the differential absorption of two laser beams reflected back to a receiver from a target determines the concentration of the gas being studied. The types of instruments available are considered in detail: dye lidar (to measure nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone); carbon dioxide laser (for ozone, ethylene, ammonia, and hydrazine), helium-neon laser (for methane); hydrogen fluoride laser (for HF); and tunable diode laser (for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide). DIAL instruments are compared with other optical remote sensors such as Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers, correlation spectrometers (COSPEC and GASPEC), and grating spectrometers; and criteria for the selection of an appropriate gas measuring system are suggested. Laser and other optical remote sensors are found to be cost effective in many cases, despite the fact that they are more costly than point-monitoring systems.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of p53 homologs.

Two homologs of the p53 tumor suppressor, p63 and p73 have recently been discovered. These proteins have activities similar to p53 in cell culture but have distinct developmental functions in vivo. We found that temperature-sensitive mutants of certain p63 and p73 isoforms can be created by single amino acid substitutions of an alanine residue corresponding to alanine 135 of murine p53. The mutants (p63γ-Pro167, p73α-Leu156 and p73β-Ile156) can be controlled by temperature shift between 32°C and 39°C. They can be stably expressed in p53-null H1299 cells at 39°C, become transcriptionally activated at 32°C, and induce expression of p53-responsive genes MDM2 and p21WAF1. Activation of p73β-Ile156 in H1299 cells inhibits cell division but induces significant increase in cell size (hypertrophy), whereas activation of p73α-Leu156 and p63γ-Pro167 induces apoptosis. These mutants may be useful tools for gaining further insight to the functions of p53 homologs.
Gentrification as Corporate Growth Strategy: The Strange Case of Charlotte, North Carolina and the Bank of America

ABSTRACT:In keeping with calls for gentrification research to show greater sensitivity to contextuality, this article uses Charlotte, North Carolina as a case study to illustrate a geography of gentrification in which motivations to gentrify and stage trajectories do not quite fit traditional expectations. In this mid-sized Southern city, gentrification was first introduced in the early 1970s when corporate leaders recognized the importance of revitalizing central city space in a manner that would enhance their corporate identity and advance their strategic goals. Early stage gentrification in Charlotte was characterized by the production of gentrifiable space in one of the city’s most deteriorated districts, the absence of marginal gentrifiers and traditional urban pioneers, unconventional profit motives, and significant deviations from traditional stage theory. Beyond providing an analysis of gentrification at a level of the urban hierarchy (and in a region) that has long been overlooked, the article co...
Sexual Harassment on the School Bus: Supporting and Preparing Bus Drivers to Respond Appropriately.

Abstract Sexual harassment is commonplace in schools, particularly among adolescents. Although information on this topic is typically gathered from students and teachers, this study collected information from school bus drivers. Based on feedback from 58 school bus drivers, 39 (67%) reported observing students making sexual comments or jokes. Almost half of the bus drivers reported observing students “mooning” and/or “flashing.” Of the bus drivers observing sexual harassment, almost 80% intervened and confronted the students' inappropriate behavior. About half (46%) of the bus drivers reported incidents of sexual harassment to an authority figure in the school, most commonly a principal or assistant principal. Suggestions are offered to train school bus drivers to identify, intervene appropriately, and report incidents of sexual harassment.
Determination of the potential distribution of electron optical systems by agent-based simulation

Abstract We demonstrate that the potential distribution of electron optical systems can be quickly determined by agent-based simulation with relatively high accuracy. There is no need for the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. This method is especially useful for quick analysis of potential distributions and demonstration purposes.
Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry of non-exposed, sun-exposed, and tretinoin-treated skin

The percentage of keratinocytes in the proliferative phase of the cell cycle (S + G2 + M) was measured by DNA flow cytometry in sun-exposed, non-exposed, and tretinoin-treated skin. Before tretinoin treatment, the percentage of keratinocytes actively cycling was higher in sun-exposed than in non-sun-exposed skin (p = .002) and was correlated with clinically assessed photodamage (p = .007). Subsequently, tretinoin-treated sun-exposed skin was compared to the pre-treatment sun-exposed skin. Overall, there was no statistically significant change. However, there was a trend toward a decrease in the percentage of keratinocytes in the S + G2 + M phases immediately after four months of tretinoin use that was limited to the most severely damaged patients. This effect was no longer evident two months after discontinuing treatment. This is the first study, to our knowledge, utilizing flow cytometry to investigate the effects of tretinoin in patients with varying degrees of photodamage.
Structural and charge‐transfer properties of indolylfulgides

The structural and electronic properties of a photochromic molecule dictate their potential photochemical activity. To gain insight into these influences, the ground-state structure and excited state properties of six indolylgulgides were calculated using several time dependent-density functional theory (DFT) (TD-DFT)//DFT methods, second-order M⊘ller–Plesset (MP2), and CIS(D). These methods simulated the charge-transfer properties and the conformation of the ground-state structure for each molecule. Generally, TD-DFT accurately simulated the expected charge-transfer state. The degree of spatial overlap of the occupied and virtual molecular orbitals involved in the S1 transition of indolylfulgides quantitatively assessed their charge-transfer character and was qualitatively useful in assessing their photochromic activity. The M06, M06-2X, and M11 structures were quite similar to those calculated by MP2. Structural differences, similarities, and functional trends are compared and discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teacher Study Groups: Persistent Questions in a Promising Approach

Education reform and the changing demographics of the U.S. student population require teachers to rethink classroom practice and collaborate in ways they may never have before. There is a growing consensus that traditional forms of professional development are inadequate for addressing the vision of classroom practice required for reform and for confronting the challenges that ESL and other content teachers face in including English language learners in reform. Teacher study groups are an alternative to traditional professional development structures in that they provide opportunities for teachers to explore together issues of teaching and learning in linguistically and culturally diverse schools. This article reports on a year-long study of two teacher study groups. The purpose of the study was to illuminate the complexities of working with teachers in new ways regarding the education of English language learners. T he education reform movement in the U.S. calls for a revolution in schools: high standards for all students, appropriate assessments and instructional practices, and school-based decision making. These reforms mean that most teachers will have to rethink their practice. They will need to reconstruct their classroom practices and curricula so they are aligned with those high standards and inclusive of English language learners (ELLs). As reform hits schools, ESL teachers will not be merely teaching ESL, nor will content-area teachers merely be teaching content. Reform means that teachers must work effectively within the complex culture of the school and the community, in addition to teaching and collaborating in ways they may have never before experienced. The demands of school reform coincide with the changing demographics of the U.S. student population. The number of ELLs in the U.S. continues to rise. Olsen (1993) reports that between 1985 and 1991 the K-12 ELL population increased by 51 percent. The panel on the demographic and economic impacts of immigration reports that "the Asian and Hispanic populations will increase under any immigration scenario. By the year 2050, the absolute and relative sizes of their
Lanthanide-labeled clay: A new method for tracing sediment transport in Karst

Mobile sediment is a fundamental yet poorly characterized aspect of mass transport through karst aquifers. Here the development and field testing of an extremely sensitive particle tracer that may be used to characterize sediment transport in karst aquifers is described. The tracer consists of micron-size montmorillonite particles homoionized to the lanthanide form; after injection and retrieval from a ground water system, the lanthanide ions are chemically stripped from the clay and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The tracer meets the following desired criteria: low detection limit; a number of differentiable signatures; inexpensive production and quantification using standard methods; no environmental risks; and hydrodynamic properties similar to the in situ sediment it is designed to trace. The tracer was tested in laboratory batch experiments and field tested in both surface water and ground water systems. In surface water, arrival times of the tracer were similar to those of a conservative water tracer, although a significant amount of material was lost due to settling. Two tracer tests were undertaken in a karst aquifer under different flow conditions. Under normal flow conditions, the time of arrival and peak concentration of the tracer were similar to or preceded that of a conservative water tracer. Under low flow conditions, the particle tracer was not detected, suggesting that in low flow the sediment settles out of suspension and goes into storage.