cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of location-specific hair cell stereocilia in denervated embryonic ears

The developmental mechanisms that allow physiological coding of acoustic pitch have remained unexplained. Cochlear hair cells that have different structures respond to different sound frequencies and synapse with neurons that project to different locations in the brain. How do these hair cells develop appropriate structures, and how are the connections between specific hair cells and the neurons that code for their pitch sensitivities matched? We have investigated one aspect of this by denervating embryonic chicken ears, before the time of hair cell production, and then transplanting them to the aneural chorioallantoic membrane of host embryos where they have continued to develop. We report that vestibular and auditory hair cell phenotypes differentiate appropriately and that correct gradients of hair cell structural phenotypes, as expressed in stereocilia bundles, develop in the cochleae of these denervated ears. Therefore, the normal development of gradients in hair cell stereocilia properties must be controlled by location-specific cues originating in the ear itself. Neuronally directed modification of target cell phenotypes is not required for the quite specific phenotype development represented by the stereocilia bundles of individual hair cells and the connectional matching in the numerous distinct peripheral information lines of the auditory system.
Advancing the Quality and Equity of Education for Latino Students: A White Paper

This white paper provides an overview of the issues that affect the quality and equity of education in grades K–16 for Latino students in the United States. This paper is organized chronologically to reflect the typical educational timeline for students in the United States, and we focused on several key transition points in the educational timeline: from elementary school to middle school, from middle school to high school, from high school to college, and from a two-year college to a four-year college. Each of these transition points can pose challenges for every student, but in this paper, we focused specifically on the unique challenges that Latino students encounter. It is our hope that this paper will provide an impetus to action and will serve as a guide for future directions for collective research efforts on the critical issues regarding the education of Latino students in the 21st century.
MEMORY PROCESSES INFLUENCING RECOGNITION FAILURE OF RECALLABLE WORDS

The purpose of this paper was to develop a clearer understanding of factors contributing to the failure to recognize recallable words because this phenomenon has important implications for theories...
Results after colectomy for colonic inertia: a sixteen-year experience

Abstract Background: Colonic inertia (CI) is a disturbance of colonic motility characterized by severe constipation and abdominal pain. This study was conducted to assess the results of total abdominal colectomy (TAC) in the management of CI. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 55 patients who underwent TAC for CI was conducted. Results: Forty-eight patients (87%) were female with an average age of 40; severe constipation existed 2 years prior to surgery. Symptoms included severe constipation (100%) and abdominal pain (84%); diagnostic workup included sitz marker study, anal manometry, and Gastrografin enema. In all cases, sitz marker studies were abnormal and anal manometry was normal. Histologically, no patient had absence of neuroenteric plexuses. Complications included prolonged ileus (24%) and small bowel obstruction (8%). Some 49 patients (89%) had "good" or "excellent" results and 6 patients (11%) had "poor" results. Postoperative stool frequency was 5, 4, and 3 per day at 1, 2, and 12 months, respectively. Conclusions: TAC results in resolution of constipation in most patients. We conclude that TAC is effective treatment in patients with CI.
Effects of doping on the magnetic anisotropy energy in SmCo 5 − x Fe x and YCo 5 − x Fe x

${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5}$ is a technologically important material, having one of the largest magnetic anisotropy energies (MAE) of any hard magnet system. Common dopants include Fe and Cu, which produce grain boundaries that align individual grains, but also unintentionally dope the material within the grains. We have studied the magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}$ and ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}$ using density-functional theory calculations where the Sm $4f$ bands are treated within the $\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A}+U$ formalism (LDA---local-density approximation). Both supercell and virtual-crystal approximation calculations were performed for a series of Fe dopings. A strongly nonmonotonic behavior was found in the MAE for both series of compounds. The MAE of ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}$ with $\ensuremath{\sim}3--4%$ doping and of ${\mathrm{YCo}}_{5\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}$ with $\ensuremath{\sim}6--7%$ doping increase by about 1 meV/f.u. before falling rapidly with larger Fe dopings. In both these cases, the results can be related to the position of the Fermi level with respect to the Co $3d$ minority peak in the density of states.
Inspection Policies for Fault Location

When a system fails it may not be obvious which components are at fault. Locating faulty components to be replaced may require a series of inspections each of which reveals the state functioning/failed of one of the components. The order in which components are inspected and replaced can greatly affect the cost to restore the system to an operating condition. This paper investigates inspection sequences for complex coherent systems.
Denitration of L-type calcium channel.

Tyrosine nitration results in altered function of selective proteins, including human smooth muscle L-type calcium channel, hCav1.2b. We report here that Cav1.2 is also subject to “denitration”. Cell lysates from activated macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7 cells, reversed peroxynitrite-induced nitration of the carboxy terminus of Cav1.2 in a 1D gel assay. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the calcium channel by c-src kinase was blocked by nitration but reversed by pretreatment with RAW264.7 cell lysates. These findings indicate that denitration may be a physiological mechanism to restore cellular excitability during inflammation.
Crystal structure analysis reveals Pseudomonas PilY1 as an essential calcium-dependent regulator of bacterial surface motility

Abstract Several bacterial pathogens require the “twitching” motility produced by filamentous type IV pili (T4P) to establish and maintain human infections. Two cytoplasmic ATPases function as an oscillatory motor that powers twitching motility via cycles of pilus extension and retraction. The regulation of this motor, however, has remained a mystery. We present the 2.1 A resolution crystal structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilus-biogenesis factor PilY1, and identify a single site on this protein required for bacterial translocation. The structure reveals a modified β-propeller fold and a distinct EF-hand-like calcium-binding site conserved in pathogens with retractile T4P. We show that preventing calcium binding by PilY1 using either an exogenous calcium chelator or mutation of a single residue disrupts Pseudomonas twitching motility by eliminating surface pili. In contrast, placing a lysine in this site to mimic the charge of a bound calcium interferes with motility in the opposite manner—by producing an abundance of nonfunctional surface pili. Our data indicate that calcium binding and release by the unique loop identified in the PilY1 crystal structure controls the opposing forces of pilus extension and retraction. Thus, PilY1 is an essential, calcium-dependent regulator of bacterial twitching motility.
Growth promotion by D-valine and D-leucine

Abstract Even when fed in a diet which contains all of its other amino acids in the l form, d -valine promotes growth so poor as to indicate extremely inefficient inversion. Under similar circumstances, d -leucine undergoes inversion readily enough to produce moderate, though definitely subnormal growth. Replacement of the l -leucine in the d -valine diet by twice as much dl -leucine impaired the inversion of d -valine enough to prevent growth, and the further addition of an equal amount of d -leucine depressed the growth still more. No inhibition of the inversion of suboptimal levels of d -methionine and d -phenylalanine could be detected in analogous tests. At a 2% dietary level, dl -norleucine prevented growth on either d -valine or d -leucine and retarded growth on complete l -amino acid diets. At a 1% level, neither dl -norleucine nor dl -norvaline affected the response to the l -amino acid diet. Each re tarded, but did not prevent the growth on d -valine or d -leucine. Implications of these observations are discussed.
Characterization of LDL binding in TR 715-19 cells. A high capacity, stable line for evaluating the binding of LDL to the human LDL receptor.

Une lignee de CHO mutante qui n'exprime pas son propre recepteur des LDL a ete transfectee avec tout le cDNA du recepteur humain normal des LDL. Ici sont rapportees les caracteristiques de la lignee resultante TR 715-19. Cette lignee apparait un systeme ameliore pour l'etude de la liaison des LDL aux recepteurs humains des LDL. Elle pousse plus rapidement et plus facilement en culture et garde sa pleine stabilite apres refroidissement. Le nombre de recepteurs est 4 fois plus eleve. Elle devrait fournir un outil pour l'evaluation de la composition des LDL humaines qui peut etre utile dans l'etude des effets des interventions dietetiques et pharmacologiques
Beta-methylamino-alanine (BMAA) injures hippocampal neurons in vivo

Abstract The unusually high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson–dementia complex (ALS/PDC) among the Chamorro people of Guam has fueled an intense search for the etiologic agent responsible for this neurodegenerative disease. Recently, a biomagnification hypothesis was proposed to account for the role of dietary consumption of β-methylamino-alanine (BMAA) in patients with ALS/PDC. However, this hypothesis is hotly debated and a direct association between BMAA and neuronal injury in vivo has been lacking. We provide evidence that introduction of BMAA into the CNS of mice leads to sporadic death of hippocampal neurons, supporting a direct causal link between BMAA and neuronal injury.
Management during Reoperation of Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Grafts with Minimal Atherosclerosis by Angiography

The proper management of saphenous vein grafts showing minimal angiographic evidence of atherosclerosis at the time of reoperation for progressive atherosclerosis in the native coronary circulation or for severe atherosclerosis in other saphenous vein grafts is uncertain. Following the occlusion of vein grafts in 2 patients 7 and 12 years after operation but only 2 years after arteriography demonstrated no major abnormalities in the grafts, we adopted a policy of elective replacement of all saphenous vein grafts, irrespective of angiographic findings, when reoperation was necessary 5 or more years after the initial operation. Between July, 1984, and May, 1985, 16 patients had repeat coronary artery bypass grafting 6 to 13 years (mean, 9 years) after the initial procedure. Complete revascularization was carried out in all patients. In each, it included replacement of at least 1 saphenous vein graft showing no severe obstruction (less than 30% of the luminal diameter) and no (5 patients), minimal (8), or moderate (3) luminal irregularities by angiography. By pathological examination, 3 of the grafts had minimal, 5 had moderate, and 8 had severe atherosclerotic changes present. These changes were generally more diffuse than those observed by angiography. Because angiography underestimates the severity of the atherosclerotic degeneration in saphenous vein grafts and because of the propensity of the atherosclerotic disease to progress at an unpredictable rate, we recommend routine replacement of all saphenous vein grafts at the time of reoperation if done 5 or more years after the initial procedure.
Early detection of subclinical visual damage after blast-mediated TBI enables prevention of chronic visual deficit by treatment with P7C3-S243.

Purpose Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently leads to chronic visual dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of TBI on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and to test whether treatment with the novel neuroprotective compound P7C3-S243 could prevent in vivo functional deficits in the visual system. Methods Blast-mediated TBI was modeled using an enclosed over-pressure blast chamber. The RGC physiology was evaluated using a multielectrode array and pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Histological analysis of RGC dendritic field and cell number were evaluated at the end of the study. Visual outcome measures also were evaluated based on treatment of mice with P7C3-S243 or vehicle control. Results We show that deficits in neutral position PERG after blast-mediated TBI occur in a temporally bimodal fashion, with temporary recovery 4 weeks after injury followed by chronically persistent dysfunction 12 weeks later. This later time point is associated with development of dendritic abnormalities and irreversible death of RGCs. We also demonstrate that ongoing pathologic processes during the temporary recovery latent period (including abnormalities of RGC physiology) lead to future dysfunction of the visual system. We report that modification of PERG to provocative postural tilt testing elicits changes in PERG measurements that correlate with a key in vitro measures of damage: the spontaneous and light-evoked activity of RGCs. Treatment with P7C3-S243 immediately after injury and throughout the temporary recovery latent period protects mice from developing chronic visual system dysfunction. Conclusions Provocative PERG testing serves as a noninvasive test in the living organism to identify early damage to the visual system, which may reflect corresponding damage in the brain that is not otherwise detectable by noninvasive means. This provides the basis for developing an earlier diagnostic test to identify patients at risk for developing chronic CNS and visual system damage after TBI at an earlier stage when treatments may be more effective in preventing these sequelae. In addition, treatment with the neuroprotective agent P7C3-S243 after TBI protects from visual system dysfunction after TBI.
Postpartum reproductive performance in the multiparous mare fed to obesity

Twenty multiparous Quarter Horse mares were assigned to one of two treatment groups at 40 to 75 d of pregnancy. Group 1 was the control group and the mares were fed to maintain a moderate degree of body fat (condition score 5.5 to 7). Group 2 was the obese group and the mares were fed to achieve (prepartum) and then maintain (post partum) an extremely high degree of body fat (condition score 9). Estrous intensity was evaluated using subjective teasing scores ranging from 0 (rejection) to 4 (maximum receptivity). Mares were artificially inseminated beginning with the second postpartum ovulatory cycle; the study was terminated after 63 d of pregnancy. Duration of estrus, maximum teasing score and the number of mares exhibiting overt estrus (teasing score > 2) did not differ between treatment groups during the first and second postpartum ovulatory cycles. The intervals from foaling to first cycle ovulation, foaling to second cycle ovulation, and first to second cycle ovulation were also similar between treatment groups. All mares in both treatment groups conceived and maintained pregnancy. The first cycle conception rate and the number of cycles per conception did not differ between treatment groups. A high degree of body fat produced by overfeeding during gestation did not adversely affect postpartum reproductive performance in the multiparous mare.
On the nature of conduction aphasia: A longitudinal case study

Abstract A longitudinal investigation is reported of an English-speaking conduction aphasic as an attempt to provide fresh insights into some unresolved issues pertaining to this syndrome. Data were collected from specially designed single word and sentence production tasks on picture naming, oral reading and repetition, conversational and expository speech, as well as standard aphasia test protocols on seven separate occasions over a six-month period. Significant changes took place gradually during the six-month recovery period that cannot be ascribed merely to an across-the-board decrease in the severity of his aphasic syndrome. The patient's naming and reading performance improved substantially over the first six months, whereas repetition remained disproportionately impaired. These findings are brought to bear on notions related to proposed subgroups of conduction aphasia and the evolution of aphasic syndromes.
High‐Temperature Failure Mechanisms of Hot‐Pressed Si3N4 and Si3N4/Si3N4‐Whisker‐Reinforced Composites

The high-temperature flexural strength of hot-pressed silicon nitride (Si3N4) and Si3N4-whisker-reinforced Si3N4-matrix composites has been measured at a crosshead speed of 1.27 mm/min and temperatures up to 1400°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Load–displacement curves for whisker-reinforced composites showed nonelastic fracture behavior at 1400°C. In contrast, such behavior was not observed for monolithic Si3N4. Microstructures of both materials have been examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that grain-boundary sliding could be responsible for strength degradation in both monolithic Si3N4 and its whisker composites. The origin of the nonelastic failure behavior of Si3N4-whisker composite at 1400°C was not positively identified but several possibilities are discussed.
A mathematical decision-making procedure to assist in the development of sustainability plans based on the STARS framework

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to establish an objective mathematical decision-making procedure to help universities prioritize credits, while using the Sustainability Tracking, Assessment and Rating System (STARS) framework developed by the Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), when pursuing their sustainability goals in the short-, medium- and long-term. The authors used the assessment data from Dominican University of California (DUofC), as our case study. Design/methodology/approach – Two criteria, the number of possible points available and overall priority, were developed to classify credits in the STARS version 1.2 framework into six groups from lowest to highest level of difficulty. Two mathematical credit-selecting models based on how many points were available per credit, partial or full amount, were also established to produce short-, medium- and long-term plans. Findings – Our results show that DUofC can reach the Silver level in three years by wor...
Motivating CS1/2 students with the android platform (abstract only)

The use of Android in computing courses is growing. Students find it engaging because it offers a unique opportunity to develop Java apps for mobile devices. Android offers opportunities and challenges in a teaching environment, especially in CS1 and CS2. As a professional-level platform, it incorporates many design idioms that may require students to learn advanced language features earlier. It also introduces logistical complications in setting up development tools and code projects. Existing approaches to software testing and automated grading also must be adapted. This BOF will gather educators interested in using Android in their courses, focusing on issues that arise when balancing the need to teach fundamental concepts with the complexities required to accomplish basic tasks on the Android platform. We look forward to sharing assignments, resources, techniques, and experiences with others interested in Android.
Microclimatic factors affecting the Trajan Column

Abstract Because of meteorological and microclimatic factors (e.g. solar radiation, gradients of temperature and moisture, air speed and turbulence) the Trajan Column is subject to deposition processes on a diurnal cycle, which alternatively increase and decrease the deposition rate of airborne pollutants. The diurnal trend of the pollutant concentration in Rome is bi-modal and the two maxima are associated with different deposition velocities, so that a simple correlation between stone deterioration and pollutant concentration averages appears to be meaningless. Field tests were carried out on the monument to investigate the diurnal and seasonal trend of factors that affect dry deposition in relation to the meteorological variables and pollution levels, i.e. phoretic forces due to temperature gradients (thermophoresis), condensation and evaporation (diffusiophoresis and Stefan flow), inertial impaction, electrostatic capture and gravitational settling. In particular, when the marble is warmer than the surrounding air, a layer of warm air rises continually along the warm part of the column, increases the upward drag of the falling particles and results in a net decrease of the gravitational settling of the coarse particles (i.e. with diameter d > 1 μm); when the marble is colder, the downward drag increases the sedimentation rate. The wind field around the monument was measured in order to investigate the diffusion potential. Turbulence generated by the shape of the column and its roughness clearly dominates the natural turbulence of the free flow. Rainwater has been recognized as being the cause of severe dissolution except in zones where whewellite is present. This is seen by comparing the deterioration pattern with the rainfall rose, and by following the run-off path which is determined by the geometry of the bas-reliefs. Dissolution is due to the chemical activity of the dry and wet depositions; it is also dependent on the physical regime of the run-off, i.e. laminar or turbulent. In the past, in addition to the physico-chemical weathering, biological deterioration occurred where meteoric water remained longer. Micrometeorological field test were carried out on the Trajan Column to investigate the diurnal and seasonal evolution of the main temperature and humidity parameters to know the microclimate of the column. Four seasonal tests have been made, each of 6 days under different weather conditions. The measurements have been made on horizontal and vertical profiles at different distances from the surface to study the heat and moisture exchanges between marble and atmosphere. The wind loads and their effects on the mechanical structure resulted in being negligible.
Genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-signaling pathway and sleep disturbances in middle-aged women.

Abstract Objective We aimed to determine if selected genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AHR )-signaling pathway and circadian locomotor output cycles kaput ( CLOCK) are associated with insomnia and early awakening in middle-aged women. Methods Women aged 45 to 54years ( n =639) were recruited into a middle-aged health study and agreed to complete questionnaires and donate blood samples. Questionnaires were used to assess sleep outcomes. Blood samples were processed for genotyping for the selected polymorphisms: AHR (rs2066853), AHR repressor ( AHRR ) (rs2292596), aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator ( ARNT ) (rs2228099), and CLOCK (rs1801260). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Women heterozygous for the AHRR alleles (GC) had decreased odds of insomnia compared to women homozygous for the AHRR_ C allele (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49–0.96). Women with at least one of the AHRR _G or CLOCK _C alleles had significantly decreased odds of insomnia compared to women homozygous for the AHRR _C and CLOCK _T alleles (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43–0.96). Additionally, women homozygous for the AHRR _G and CLOCK _C alleles had significantly decreased odds of insomnia compared to women homozygous for the AHRR _C and CLOCK _T alleles (aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35–0.89). None of the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or combinations of SNPs were significantly associated with early awakening. Conclusions Selected genetic polymorphisms in the AHR -signaling pathway (i.e., AHRR ) and CLOCK may play a role in decreasing the risk for experiencing insomnia during the menopausal transition.
Do clinicians use diagnostic labels to direct intervention selection

The authors report a descriptive, correlational study that evaluated the relationship between accuracy in selecting diagnostic labels and nursing interventions, and the relationship between accuracy in selecting outcome statements and nursing interventions. An instrument developed by the authors was used, based on previously published case studies. For two case studies, respondents (N = 17) were asked to indicate how important the nursing problem, the intervention, and the outcome statement would be in patient care. No relationship between accuracy in diagnostic label selection and accuracy in intervention selection was found. A positive correlation between accuracy in outcome selection and accuracy in intervention selection was found for one of the cases.
Effect of conversion of sugarcane plantation to forest and pasture on soil carbon in Hawaii

It is well known that land use change can affect soil C storage of terrestrial ecosystems either by altering the biotic processes involved in carbon cycling or by altering abiotic processes such as carbon adsorption on soil minerals. Relatively few studies, however, have examined the dynamics of soil C pools after conversion of farmland to forest or pasture. We selected three pairs of secondary forests and pastures that originated from the same abandoned sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp.) land in the wet tropics of Hawaii to examine whether forest or pasture converted from farmland is more effective in sequestering C in soils. We compared the soil C pool, soil chemistry, and stable C isotope ratios between the forests and pastures. We found that total soil C was greater (P < 0.01) in forests than in the pastures 22 years after land conversion. The percentages of SOC4 in the pastures were significantly higher than in the secondary forests in both soil layers. The percentages of SOC3 in the pastures were lower than in the secondary forests in both soil layers. The net SOC3 increase in the forest soils at 0–10 and 10–25 cm was 28.6 ± 5.6 and 43.9 ± 3.2 Mg ha−1 while net SOC4 increase in pasture soils at these respective depths was 18.8 ± 2.2 and 26.1 ± 2.7 Mg ha−1. We found that the net increases of SOC3 in both soil layers in the forest were greater (P < 0.01) than the net increases of SOC4 in the respective soil layers in the pasture. Aluminum saturation was greater (P < 0.01) in the forests than the pastures in both soil layers. There was no difference in oxalate extractable Fe concentration between the forests and the pastures but oxalate extractable Al concentration in both soil layers was greater (P < 0.05) in forests than the pastures. Our findings indicated that reforestation of abandoned sugarcane farmland in Hawaii is more effective in soil C increase and stabilization than conversion to pasture.
Ladar measurements of satellite vibrations with post-heterodyne detection autodyne receivers

Vibration signatures of the Low Power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (LACE) satellite were obtained using a ground based CO2 laser radar. The laser radar operated in a cw mode and utilized autodyne receivers to extract relative target velocity information between a germanium retroreflector located at the base of the satellite and a retroreflector array located at the tip of an extended forward boom. Time-frequency analysis algorithms were applied to the vibration data to investigate the correlation between excitations and modal structure. The resultant analysis suggests that vibration modes of an on-orbit space craft can be suppressed using simple open-loop techniques.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rabbit reticulocyte lipoxygenase catalyzes specific 12(S) and 15(S) oxygenation of arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine.

Abstract The rabbit reticulocyte lipoxygenase is known to display an unusual facility for oxygenation of esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids, yet the precise structures of the products are not known. With free arachidonate as substrate the enzyme is known to catalyze 15 S and 12 S oxygenations, and demonstration of a facility for catalysis of these reactions on phospholipids would extend the potential scope of lipoxygenase reactions in cells. We elected to study in detail the reaction of the enzyme with a natural phospholipid, palmitoyl/arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine. We determined the nature of the products by initial isolation by RP-HPLC, followed by transesterification and identification of the oxygenated products by HPLC, uv, GC-MS, and steric analysis of hydroxyl configuration by HPLC. The major product was identified as a phosphatidylcholine in which the arachidonate component was converted to the 15( S )-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoate. A second oxygenated phospholipid was produced in smaller quantities (2–5% of the latter product) and identified as the 12( S )-oxygenated analog. These products were also identified after reaction of the reticulocyte lipoxygenase with human red cell membranes which were radiolabeled by preincubation with [ 3 H]arachidonic acid. The finding of 12 S oxygenation represents the first evidence that a lipoxygenase can control a reaction centered on the 10-carbon of an arachidonoyl phospholipid. This is an important precedent, because hydrogen abstraction from carbon-10 is a critical step in the lipoxygenase-catalyzed synthesis of 8- and 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (HPETEs) and for the conversion of 5- and 15-HPETEs to leukotrienes.
Communities, Race, and Talk: An Analysis of the Occurrence of Civic Intergroup Dialogue Programs

Why do communities differ in the strategies they adopt to address the challenges of interracial relations? In this article, I ask specifically why cities choose to pursue or forego provision of a particular type of social service, civic intergroup dialogue programs on race. I test arguments that such choices arise in response to post-materialist values, in response to conditions of racial injustice, and in communities with larger stores of existing resident-government linkages. The empirical results support the resident-government linkages model, but support the post-materialist model only among high-income cities, while supporting the social justice model particularly among low-income cities. The results suggest that community decisions to pursue dialogue are driven by the needs of marginalized racial groups as much as, if not more than, the desire among affluent community members to engage in talk about other racial cultures.
Management of major biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Objective A total of 50 major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy were managed by the Duke University Hepatobiliary Service from 1990-1992. The management of these complex cases is reviewed. Summary background data Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method for removing the gallbladder. Bile duct injury is the most feared complication of the new procedure. Methods Review of videotapes, pathology, and management of the original operations were reviewed retrospectively, and the injuries categorized. Major biliary injury was defined as a recognized disruption of any part of the major extrahepatic biliary system. Biliary leakage was defined as a clinically significant biliary fistula in the absence of major biliary injury, i.e., with an intact extrahepatic biliary system. Results Thirty-eight injuries were major biliary ductal injuries and 12 patients had simple biliary leakage. Twenty-four patients had the classic type injury or some variant of the classic injury. A standard treatment approach was developed which consisted of ERCP for diagnosis, preoperative PTC with the placement of stents, CT drainage immediately after the PTC for drainage of biliary ascites, and usually Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with placement of O-rings for future biliary access if necessary. Major ductal injuries were high in the biliary system involving multiple ducts in 31 of the 38 patients. Re-operation was required in 5 of the 38 patients with particularly complex problems. Conclusions Successful management of bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires careful understanding of the mechanisms, considerable preoperative assessment by experts, and a multidisciplinary approach.
Climatological phytoplankton chlorophyll and sea surface temperature patterns in continental shelf and slope waters off the northeast U.S. coast

Satellite-derived chlorophyll estimates from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a large archive of in situ near-surface chlorophyll data, and satellite sea surface temperature (SST) measurements were used to quantify spatial and seasonal variability of near-surface chlorophyll and SST in middle shelf to slope waters off the coast of the U.S. Northeast. The results of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on normalized monthly fields (after temporal and spatial means were removed) show that all three chlorophyll climatologies have similar mode 1 temporal and spatial patterns in these waters. Mode 1, which explains about half of the total variability in monthly climatological images, shows that shelf waters in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) are out of phase with the mid-Atlantic bight (MAB), with seasonally high chlorophyll concentrations in winter in the MAB and in summer in the GOM. The three chlorophyll climatologies begin to differ at higher modes (modes 2 and 3), although SeaWiFS and in situ climatologies keep similar features through mode 3. Higher modes in both SST and chlorophyll are related to the effects of tidal mixing on Georges Bank, differences in seasonal stratification between the southwestern and northeastern GOM, and the importance of the spring bloom in MAB outer shelf waters and western GOM. SST patterns during the CZCS and SeaWiFS eras are very similar, and this indicates that the observed differences between results obtained with these two sensors are probably not caused by differences in physical processes during the two satellite eras.
POEMS syndrome: importance of the clinical laboratory practitioner's role.

Abstract Background Polyneuropathy organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal (M) gammopathy, skin syndrome (POEMS) may be difficult to diagnose as a result of methodological and clinical idiosyncrasies. Four of eleven criteria (M-protein, VEGF, endocrinopathy and thrombocytosis/polycythemia) are closely associated with clinical laboratory testing. POEMS has been largely associated with λ-M-gammopathies. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a recent addition to the major diagnostic criteria. VEGF may alter vascular permeability causing some manifestations of POEMS. Methods Review of the literature that focuses on clinical laboratory issues — endocrinological findings, identification of monoclonal gammopathies by electrophoresis and case demonstration. Results Based on the criterion of VEGF, POEMS was diagnosed in a patient with a κ-M-gammopathy. Conclusions Low-level IgA monoclonal proteins that are common in POEMS are often difficult to identify by serum electrophoresis (SPE). Immunofixation electrophoresis is required when polyneuropaties are investigated and an M-protein is not identified by SPE. VEGF may improve the sensitivity for diagnosis of POEMS and findings from capillary leak syndrome which are also associated with elevated VEGF and M-gammopathy suggests that κ-M-gammopathies may be implicated more often. It is demonstrated that due to computerized records, the laboratory practitioner is well suited to help the clinician make this complicated diagnosis.
The Two-Beam Accelerator: Structure Studies and 35 GHz Experiments

The Two-Beam Accelerator (TBA) shows great promise for achieving high accelerating gradients, perhaps >250 MV/m, for such machines as electron linear colliders. This paper presents the results of studies of candidate structures for a TBA. Also, the hardware and program for 35 GHz high-gradient testing is described.
Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.
Power deposition inside a phantom for testing of MRI heating

The radio frequency (RF) magnetic field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) induces currents in the human body. The resulting power deposition is quantified in W/kg as the specific absorption rate (SAR). Medical implants may concentrate the induced RF currents, resulting in potentially large temperature rise near an implant. The ASTM standard describes methods and a phantom for in-vitro testing of heating near an implant in MRI and these methods have been used for testing of neural electrodes and other implants. In this work, calculations were made of the heating pattern in a phantom in order to better predict the in vivo temperature rise from the measured in vitro rise. Results on the coronal and axial cross sections at the torso landmark were obtained. The coronal plot shows that maximal SAR occurs near the edges of the phantom at the landmark. The axial plot shows left to right and top to bottom asymmetries in the heating due to elliptical polarization of magnetic field. Results also show that the SAR is less for the eye and neck and increases with increasing conductivity. In conclusion, the results of the methods developed here can enhance the efficacy of using in vitro measurements of RF-induced heating near implants to assess patient safety in MRI.
Glycine Turnover and Decarboxylation Rate Quantified in Healthy Men and Women Using Primed, Constant Infusions of [1,2-13C2]Glycine and [2H3]Leucine

Glycine plays several roles in human metabolism, e.g. as a 1-carbon donor, in purine synthesis, and as a component of glutathione. Glycine is decarboxylated via the glycine cleavage system (GCS) that yields concurrent generation of a 1-carbon unit as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methyleneTHF). Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) catalyzes the interconversion of glycine and serine, another 1-carbon donor. The quantitative role of glycine in human 1-carbon metabolism has received little attention. The aim of this protocol was to quantify whole body glycine flux, glycine to serine flux, and rate of glycine cleavage in humans. A primed, constant infusion with 9.26 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) [1,2-(13)C2]glycine and 1.87 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) [(2)H3]leucine was used to quantify the kinetic behavior of glycine in young, healthy volunteers (n = 5) in a fed state. The isotopic enrichment of infused tracers and metabolic products in plasma, as well as breath (13)CO2 enrichment, were determined for use in kinetic analysis. Serine synthesis by direct conversion from glycine via SHMT occurred at 193 +/- 28 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) (mean +/- SEM), which comprised 41% of the 463 +/- 55 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) total glycine flux. Nearly one-half (46%) of the glycine-to-serine conversion occurred using GCS-derived methyleneTHF 1-carbon units. Based on breath (13)CO2 measurement, glycine decarboxylation (190 +/- 41 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) accounted for 39 +/- 6% of whole body glycine flux. This study is the first to our knowledge to quantify human glycine cleavage and glycine-to-serine SHMT kinetics. GCS is responsible for a substantial proportion of whole body glycine flux and constitutes a major route for the generation of 1-carbon units.
Early Modern Antigones: Receptions, Refractions, Replays

Early modern reimaginings of Antigone’s story often focus on Creon the tyrant, or fragment the tale into rhetorical or moral lessons. They often overlook Antigone herself or transform her into a pious family supporter or a doomed romantic. They begin in humanist receptions of Greek tragedy, especially the seminal works of Camerarius and Melanchthon. Latin translations of Sophocles by Gabia, Winshemius, Ratallerus and others present other variations. The reimaginings continue in various refractions by Erasmus and others, fragmentary appropriations of the Antigone mythos. And they culminate in dramatic replays, Continental and English versions of the Antigone story by Alamanni, Garnier, Watson, and May. As Antigone herself said prophetically to Ismene, kalP ss 1 m"; oKs, toK sm ";n d’"g1’d0koun ’ron"Kn (l. 557, ‘Some thought you reasoned rightly, others thought I did’). Pervasive patterns of early modern deflection, recontextualization, and refiguration show that most early moderns, implicitly or explicitly, sided with Ismene. It has, I believe, been given to only one literary text [Sophocles’ Antigone] to express all the principal constants of conflict in the condition of man. These constants are fivefold: the confrontation of men and of women; of age and of youth; of society and of the individual; of the living and the dead; of men and of god(s). (Steiner 1984: 231) The brilliance to which George Steiner here pays tribute has often obscured Antigone’s participation in the larger mythopoesis of the Theban saga and the illfated Labdacid house. Laius, Jocasta, Oedipus, the Seven against Thebes, Creon, Antigone, Ismene, Haemon, and the Sons of the Seven appear frequently and diversely in Greek literature and iconography. 1 They figure in the Theban epic cycle—Oedipodea, Thebaid, and Epigoni—as well as in other poetry, prose, and drama. Aeschylus fashioned two tetralogies on these subjects (one including his Seven against Thebes); Sophocles, two other Theban plays (Oedipus and Oedipus at Colonus); and Euripides, Phoenissae and a largely lost Antigone. In Latin Seneca contributed Phoenissae and Oedipus, and Statius, his influential Thebais.
A New Montane Hairstreak Species from Central America in the Detritivorous Genus Kisutam ( Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)

Abstract.— Kisutam rosemary Thompson & Robbins, new species, is described in subtribe Calycopidina from montane forest (2000 m) along the road from Boquete to the summit of Volcan Baru, Chiriqui, Panama. The species is also recorded from Cerro Totuma (Chiriqui) and from Volcan Poas, Costa Rica. Genus Kisutam now contains two allopatric Central American montane species (K. rosemary, K. micandriana) and one widespread, primarily lowland species (K. syllis). The larval food of K. rosemary is unknown, but is presumed to be forest floor detritus, as is true for K. syllis and for most of the Calycopidina. The genitalia and 8th abdominal tergum of K. rosemary and K. micandriana are symmetrical and possess brush organs, which modifies the previous characterization of Kisutam.
MOLECULAR POPULATION GENETICS OF THE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE GENE REGION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Variation in the DNA restriction map of a 13-kb region of chromosome II including the alcohol dehydrogenase structural gene (Adh) was examined in Drosophila melanogaster from natural populations. Detailed analysis of 48 D. melanogaster lines representing four eastern United States populations revealed extensive DNA sequence variation due to base substitutions, insertions and deletions. Cloning of this region from several lines allowed characterization of length variation as due to unique sequence insertions or deletions [nine sizes; 21–200 base pairs (bp)] or transposable element insertions (several sizes, 340 bp to 10.2 kb, representing four different elements). Despite this extensive variation in sequences flanking the Adh gene, only one length polymorphism is clearly associated with altered Adh expression (a copia element approximately 250 bp 5' to the distal transcript start site). Nonetheless, the frequency spectra of transposable elements within and between Drosophila species suggests they are slightly deleterious. Strong nonrandom associations are observed among Adh region sequence variants, ADH allozyme (Fast vs. Slow), ADH enzyme activity and the chromosome inversion ln(2L) t. Phylogenetic analysis of restriction map haplotypes suggest that the major twofold component of ADH activity variation (high vs. low, typical of Fast and Slow allozymes, respectively) is due to sequence variation tightly linked to and possibly distinct from that underlying the allozyme difference. The patterns of nucleotide and haplotype variation for Fast and Slow allozyme lines are consistent with the recent increase in frequency and spread of the Fast haplotype associated with high ADH activity. These data emphasize the important role of evolutionary history and strong nonrandom associations among tightly linked sequence variation as determinants of the patterns of variation observed in natural populations.
Influence of endometriosis on visceromotor and cardiovascular responses induced by vaginal distention in the rat

This study examined pseudoaffective responses elicited by vaginal distention in urethane-anesthetized rats, and tested hypotheses that responses would be increased by endometriosis (ENDO) and vary with the estrous cycle. Three groups were studied: ENDO, shamENDO, and Naive. ENDO was induced by autotransplanting small pieces of uterine horn (or, for shamENDO, fat) on mesenteric arteries. Ten weeks later, rats in proestrus or metestrus were anesthetized with urethane. Distendable latex balloons were inserted into the vaginal canal. While an increasing series of vaginal distentions was delivered, changes in electromyographic activity of the external oblique musculature (visceromotor response, VMR) and mean arterial pressure (pressor) responses were simultaneously measured. Vaginal distention produced VMR and pressor responses in all groups. These responses were significantly greater in ENDO than in the other groups, and greater in proestrus than metestrus. Although the overall amount of cystic tissue was greater in proestrous than metestrous rats, there was no correlation between these amounts and VMR or pressor responses. Acute spinalization (T8-T9) and bilateral pelvic, but not hypogastric, neurectomy attenuated both VMR and pressor responses, supporting the hypothesis that vaginal nociception involves suprathoracic spinal processing of information conveyed by the pelvic nerve. These effects on VMR and pressor responses to vaginal distention parallel behavioral escape responses to the same stimuli reported previously. The findings encourage continued use of VMR and pressor responses for further investigation of mechanisms underlying pain associated with ENDO and its potential treatment.