cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of the superfluid density in restricted geometries determined by an oscillating U-tube technique

The temperature dependence of the superfluid density of 4 He in restricted geometries has been determined at temperatures ranging from 66 mK to 1.7 K by use of an oscillating U-tube technique. Compressed powders were used to produce geometries with pore radii from about 10 to 20 A. In contrast with bulk helium, an appreciable variation in the superfluid mass is observed down to temperatures as low as 66 mK. For the geometries investigated the superfluid density displays a linear temperature dependence for temperatures less than about 0.6 K.
Theoretical nozzle performance of a microwave electrothermal thruster using experimental data

Research aimed at developing a fundamental understanding of the plasma processes as applied to spacecraft propulsion is presented. Calorimetric, photographic, and spectrophotometric measurements based on the TM011 and TM012 modes in the resonance cavity have been performed. The efficiency of a thruster has been calculated using a theoretical model for predicting temperature, velocity, and species density within the propellant. It is concluded that the microwave electrothermal thruster is a viable alternative to electrode thrusters.
Prediction Method for Projectile Penetration

The penetrations of rigid projectiles into earth targets has been studied for years. Recently, applications to remote sensing have been proposed in which interest in penetration for civil applications has been kindled. Such applications include lunar exploration, sea ice thickness determinations, ocean floor exploration, and remote site investigation of swamps, jungles, or other inaccessible sites. Formulas which allow existing data to determine the specific form of the equation are developed and results presented. These equations appear to be quite accurate for the range of conditions considered.
Accuracy of transport models for waves in random media

This paper addresses the validity of radiative transfer equations as a model for the energy density of waves propagating in highly heterogeneous media. Comparisons between acoustic wave simulations over domains of size comparable to 500 wavelengths in two space dimensions and Monte Carlo simulations of radiative transfer equations are performed. In the so-called weak coupling regime, the agreement between the energy densities obtained by solving the wave equations and those predicted by solving the radiative transfer equations is remarkable. The domain of validity of the radiative transfer equations is assessed by looking at the fluctuations in the energy density they predict in the presence of small-volume defects in the underlying media.
Interaction of functionalized benzene molecules with carbon nanopores

Benzene and its substituted analogs are considered hazardous because of their high risk to public health and the environment. Porous carbon materials are widely studied for their potential ability to act as a filter of carcinogenic materials. This study uses first-principles calculations to explore the selective adsorption of benzene and benzenes with substituents varying in electronegativity and size in a graphitic slit and (9,9) carbon nanotubes. The results show that the molecular adhesion energies are dependent on the bulkiness of substituent but are much less dependent on their electronegatives.
Cellular and molecular analyses of olfactory behavior inC. elegans

Abstract C. elegansresponds to and discriminates among a large number of volatile and water-soluble chemicals using a few defined chemosensory neurons. The functions of individual sensory neurons have been defined by cell killing experiments, and genes required for responses to subsets of chemicals have been identified.C. eleganshas several large families of putative chemosensory receptor genes, and one of these genes has been demonstrated to encode a receptor for a specific odorant. Current work is aimed at identifying additional components of chemosensory neuron development and function.
Interleukin receptor family member ST2 concentrations in patients following heart transplantation

AbstractObjective: To evaluate soluble (s) ST2 as a biomarker of rejection, allograft vasculopathy and mortality after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT).Methods: sST2 concentrations were measured in 241 patients following OHT.Results: Elevated sST2 was associated with cellular rejection (CR) ≥1R, with highest rates of CR in the 4th sST2 quartile (p = 0.003). No significant association between sST2 and antibody-mediated rejection or allograft vasculopathy was found. sST2 ≥30 ng/mL independently predicted death over 7-year follow-up (HR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.15–3.51; p = 0.01).Conclusion: Concentrations of sST2 are associated with the presence of CR and predict long-term mortality following OHT.
P1-S5.44 STD rates in the eight Americas: “Disparities in the burden of syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia across race and county”

Background The purpose of this study was to examine rates of three STDs (primary and secondary syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia) in eight subpopulations (known as the eight Americas) defined by a small number of sociodemographic and geographical characteristics. Methods A list of the race-county combinations comprising each of the eight Americas was obtained from the corresponding author of the original eight Americas project, which examined disparities in mortality rates across the eight Americas. Using county-level STD surveillance data, we calculated syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia rates (new cases per 100 000) for each of the eight Americas. Results STD rates varied substantially across the eight Americas. STD rates were generally lowest in America 1 (Asian and Pacific Islanders in selected counties) and America 2 (Northland low-income rural white) and highest in America 6 (Black Middle America), America 7 (Southern low-income rural black), and America 8 (High-risk urban black) see Abstract P1-S5.44 Table 1. Conclusions The disparities in STD rates we observed across the eight Americas were akin to the disparities in mortality rates and life expectancy reported by the authors of the original eight Americas study. Although disparities in STDs across the eight Americas are generally similar to the well-established disparities in STDs across race/ethnicity, the grouping of US race-counties into the eight Americas does offer additional insight into disparities in STDs in the USA. The high STD rates we found for Black Middle America relative to Middle America are consistent with the assertion that sexual networks and social factors are more important drivers of racial disparities in STDs than differences in sexual behaviours.
Adrenoceptor regulation in rat brain: Chronic effects of α1- or α2-receptor blockers

Abstract Effects of 4 days' or 3 weeks' treatment with once daily injections of prazosin, a selective α1-(postsynaptic) adrenoreceptor blocker, and piperoxane or yohimbine, selective antagonists for α2-(presynaptic) adrenoreceptors, were examined on adrenergic receptor binding in rat cerebral cortex. Both classes of drugs decreased β-receptor binding. α1-Receptor binding was decreased by piperoxane or yohimbine and increased by prazosin, while the converse was true for α2-receptor binding. Consistent with the effects on α2-receptors, accumulation of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenethyleneglycol (MHPG) was decreased by 4 days' yohimbine administration but increased by prazosin. Repeated transient stimulation or blockade can apparently cause persistent adaptive changes in adrenergic receptor binding.
Antitrust Law and Innovation Cooperation

The issue posed by the Jorde-Teece paper and by several bills proposed in Congress is whether the antitrust laws should be modified to promote collaboration in innovation between business firms, especially in high technology industries. Jorde and Teece and other proponents of such legislation argue that in the arena of world competition, the United States cannot afford to have antitrust laws that are more restrictive of innovation collaboration than the laws of Europe and Japan. They argue that since there is very little risk of cartelization in rapidly evolving high technology industries, the benefits from permissive antitrust can be achieved at virtually no cost. My own analysis will conclude that innovation collaboration, particularly when it encompasses production and marketing, can create anticompetitive risks, and should be subject to the antitrust laws. It appears unlikely that actual antitrust enforcement inhibits technological collaboration in any direct way because government enforcement is extremely permissive and no successful private cases have been brought in recent years. To the extent that misguided perceptions of antitrust risk may have discouraged some types of innovation collaboration, a few narrowly targeted reforms are sufficient to correct the problem.
The simultaneous determination of mixtures of drug candidates by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as an in vivo drug screening procedure.

Liquid chromatography, combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been rapidly embraced by the pharmaceutical industry as the definitive method for the determination of drug levels in biological fluids obtained from pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies. This technique has proved to be reliable, accurate and precise for the determination of drugs and related substances (e.g. metabolites and isotope-labeled compounds) in support of preclinical and clinical studies. Our group has recently expanded the use of quantitative LC/MS/MS into the area of discovering new substances as potential drug candidates. When used as an accurate mass detector, triple quadrupole instruments have the ability to simultaneously and specifically detect minute quantities of closely-related drug substances in the extracts of biological fluids. Analytical procedures have been developed and validated that simultaneously determine plasma concentrations of up to 12 drug candidates over a concentration range of 1–1000 ng mL−1 in single analytical occasions. This approach is used to support drug discovery by rapidly providing pharmacokinetic data to a wide range of compounds following either the administration of multiple compounds to single animals, or by increasing the speed and efficiency of analyzing samples following the administration of single compounds to multiple animals. Currently, we have screened over 400 compounds in two different target classes in a period of 24 weeks. A standard operating procedure defining the acceptability of quality control data obtained during such screening experiments is described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Ultraviolet (242 nm Excitation) Resonance Raman Study of Live Bacteria and Bacterial Components

Ultraviolet-excited (242 nm) resonance Raman spectra have been obtained for the first time for five types of bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter cloacae. Detailed, highly reproducible spectra show substantial differences in both the intensities and the energies of peaks, which suggests that such spectra provide unique "fingerprints" reflecting the unique combinations of chemotaxonomic markers present in each type of organism. Many of the spectral features excited by 242-nm radiation probably arise from cellular RNA, DNA, and the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. Background fluorescence has been shown to be negligible.
Hyperon And Hyperon Resonance Properties From Charm Baryon Decays At BABAR

This report describes studies of hyperons and hyperon resonances produced in charm baryon decays at BABAR. Using two-body decays of the {Xi}{sub c}{sup 0} and {Omega}{sub c}{sup 0}, it is shown, for the first time, that the spin of the {omega}{sup -} is 3/2. The {Omega}{sup -} analysis procedures are extended to three-body final states and properties of the {Xi}(1690){sup 0} are extracted from a detailed isobar model analysis of the {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} {yields} {Lambda}{bar K}{sup 0}K{sup +} Dalitz plot. The mass and width values of the {Xi}(1690){sup 0} are measured with much greater precision than attained previously. The hypothesis that the spin of the {Xi}(1690) resonance is 1/2 yields an excellent description of the data, while spin values 3/2 and 5/2 are disfavored. The {Lambda}a{sub 0}(980){sup +} decay mode of the {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} is observed for the first time. Similar techniques are then used to study {Xi}(1530){sup 0} production in {Lambda}{sub c}{sup +} decay. The spin of the {Xi}(1530) is established for the first time to be 3/2. The existence of an S-wave amplitude in the {Xi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +} system is shown, and its interference with the {Xi}(1530){sup 0} amplitude provides the first clear demonstration of themore » Breit-Wigner phase motion expected for the {Xi}(1530). The {Xi}{sup -}{pi}{sup +} mass distribution in the vicinity of the {Xi}(1690){sup 0} exhibits interesting structure which may be interpreted as indicating that the {Xi}(1690) has negative parity.« less
RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS AND RAPID EYE MOVEMENT PERIODS

Rapid eye movements (REMs) are recorded separately in the horizontal and vertical plane during 40 emergent Stage 1 EEG periods. 40% of all REMs are recorded exclusively in the horizontal plane; 32%, exclusively in the vertical. But vertical REMs tend to precede horizontal at the onset of Stage 1 and to follow horizontal REMs at the offset. Correlations between Stage 1 period duration and several REM measures all exceeded .95, with the best measures obtained using vertical REMs.
A mycosis of the black fly Simulium decorum (Simuliidae) caused by Erynia curvispora (Entomophthoraceae)

Adult black flies (Simulium decorum) that succumbed to infections caused by Erynia curvispora(= Entomophthora curvispora) were found in Ithaca, New York. Other than hyphal elements of the fungus, the only recognizable structures found within most cadavers were remnants of the tracheal system. Several female cadavers contained well developed eggs. A few males contained shrivelled testes. Germination of primary conidia produced: 1, secondary conidia similar to the primaries or; 2, rounded secondary conidia or; 3, very long germ tubes. In vitro culture of E. curvispora was achieved but its ability to sporulate and to grow vegetatively gradually disappeared. Insectary-reared S. vittatum and S. pictipes were experimentally infected by conidia from in vitro cultures in the laboratory. The incubation period of the disease under these conditions was about six days. In nature the mycosis not only decreases the life expectancy of black flies but probably limits their egg-producing capabilities as well. The mycosis probably compromises the fly's ability to vector filarial worms that cause diseases of man and other mammals.
Natural language plurals in logic programming queries

This article presents a representation for natural language plurals in knowledge base queries, implementing collective, distributive, cumulative, and multiply distributive senses of the plural by means of higher predicates. The underlying semantics is based on Franconi's theory of collections. The collective reading of a plural applies the predicate to the whole collection; the distributive reading applies the predicate to all of the elements; and the cumulative reading says that each element either satisfies the predicate or belongs to some collection that does so. Implicit in the cumulative reading is the notion of element-property, the property of belonging to some collection that satisfies a given predicate. Another reading of the plural, here termed the multiply distributive, requires a straightforward extension of the system to allow simultaneous distribution over more than one variable at a time, with none of the distributions having scope over any other. Simultaneous distribution is implemented as...
Interpreting population differentiation in terms of drift and selection

Many empirical studies demonstrate some degree of genetic differentiation among populations of the same species. Understanding the relative importance of the processes causing this genetic differentiation has proven to be a difficult task. In particular, population differentiation can be influenced primarily by selection, genetic drift, and migration. We review the effect of drift and migration on patterns of genetic variation, with special reference to the conditions necessary for population differentiation. Conceptually, selection may be implicated in cases of population differentiation if the effect of drift and migration can be shown to be insufficient to cause the observed patterns. We examine some of the pitfalls of this approach when used with allozyme data, and revise a previous conclusion concerning the relative importance of selection in poulations of scale insects.
Effect of polysorbate 80 quality on photostability of a monoclonal antibody.

Polysorbate 80 is one of the key components of protein formulations. It primarily inhibits interfacial damage of the protein molecule due to mechanical stress during shipping and handling. However, polysorbate 80 also affects the formulation photostability. Exposure to light of polysorbate 80 aqueous solution results in peroxide generation, which in turn may result in oxidation of the susceptible amino acid residues in the protein molecule. The purpose of this study was to determine if the photostability of our proprietary IgG1 monoclonal antibody formulation containing polysorbate 80 is affected by the quality (grade/vendor) of polysorbate 80. Following four types of polysorbate80 were tested: (1) Polysorbate 80 Super-Refined, Mallinckrodt Baker, (2) Polysorbate 80 NF, Mallinckrodt Baker, (3) Polysorbate 80 NF, EMD Chemicals, and (4) Ultra-pure Polysorbate 80 (HX), NOF Corporation. The samples were exposed to light as per ICH guidelines Q1B. The results of the study show that photostability of the antibody formulation is indeed affected by the quality of polysorbate 80. This study underscores the importance of carefully choosing the quality of polysorbate 80 to ensure the robustness of formulation.
Silicon deprivation does not significantly modify the acute white blood cell response but does modify tissue mineral distribution response to an endotoxin challenge.

An experiment with rats was conducted to determine whether silicon deprivation affects the acute-phase immune response to an endotoxin challenge. Weanling female rats were assigned to two weight-matched groups of 24; one group was fed a basal diet containing about 1.9 µg Si/kg; the other group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 35 µg Si/kg as arginine silicate inositol complex. After being fed their respective diets for 8 weeks, 12 rats in each group were injected subcutaneously with 1 mg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/kg body weight; the other 12 rats in each group were injected with deionized water. Two hours after injection, the rats were anesthetized with ether for collection of blood (for plasma), liver and femurs, and then euthanized by decapitation. LPS injection decreased total white blood cell, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts by 80-90%, but did not affect neutrophil counts. LPS injection also increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and osteopontin and decreased plasma hyaluronic acid. Silicon deprivation did not significantly affect any of these responses to LPS. Silicon in liver and silicon, iron, and zinc in femur were increased by LPS injection only in silicon-deprived rats. Silicon deprivation also increased monocyte counts and osteopontin and decreased femur zinc in rats not injected with LPS. The findings indicate that silicon deprivation does not affect the acute-immune phase decrease in inflammatory cell numbers and increase in inflammatory cytokines in response to an endotoxin challenge. Silicon deprivation, however, apparently causes slight chronic inflammation and might influence inflammatory cell proliferation in the chronic-phase inflammatory response.
The Isotope Effect in Line and Band Spectra

IN two recent letters to NATURE (March 29, p. 459, and April 19, p. 567) Nagaoka, Sugiura, and Mishima, and again in another letter in NATURE of April 12, p. 532, Nagaoka and Sugiura have pointed out the existence of certain relations, which they ascribe to isotopy, between the positions of more or less widely separated spectral lines. The present writer is concerned with these communications mainly because they may cause confusion in regard to two letters of his own to NATURE (March 22, p. 423, and April 5, p. 489) on the isotope effect in band spectra.
Understanding rubredoxin redox sites by density functional theory studies of analogues.

Determining the redox energetics of redox site analogues of metalloproteins is essential in unraveling the various contributions to electron transfer properties of these proteins. Since studies of the [4Fe-4S] analogues show that the energies are dependent on the ligand dihedral angles, broken symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) with the B3LYP functional and double-ζ basis sets calculations of optimized geometries and electron detachment energies of [1Fe] rubredoxin analogues are compared to crystal structures and gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy data, respectively, for [Fe(SCH3)4]0/1-/2-, [Fe(S2-o-xyl)2]0/1-/2-, and Na+[Fe(S2-oxyl) 2]1-/2- in different conformations. In particular, the study of Na+[Fe(S2-o-xyl)2]1-/2- is the only direct comparison of calculated and experimental gas phase detachment energies for the 1-/2- couple found in the rubredoxins. These results show that variations in the inner sphere energetics by up to ~0.4 eV can be caused by differences in the ligand dihedral angles in either or both redox states. Moreover, these results indicate that the protein stabilizes the conformation that favors reduction. In addition, the free energies and reorganization energies of oxidation and reduction as well as electrostatic potential charges are calculated, which can be used as estimates in continuum electrostatic calculations of electron transfer properties of [1Fe] proteins.
Adsorption, Desorption, and Exchange Kinetics of Mixtures on Planar Surfaces

Abstract A theory for the adsorption, desorption, and exchange kinetics of a multicomponent mixture onto planar surfaces for kinetic-diffusion-controlled models has been developed. Equations were derived to calculate (1) the rate constant for adsorption processes, (2) the effective coefficients of diffusion for the various mixture components, and (3) the time needed to attain the equilibrium states for the adsorption processes of mixtures by using the adsorption, desorption, and exchange kinetic data with associative polymers of different molecular weights at different adsorbate concentrations. It is shown that the adsorption kinetics for mixtures over a wide range of concentrations are governed by (I) the kinetic adsorption at the interface, (II) the kinetic adsorption at the interfaces as well as simultaneous diffusion in the adsorbed layer, and/or (III) diffusion in the adsorbed layer. Adsorption, desorption, and exchange kinetics for mixtures of water-soluble associative polymers with different molecular weights on a crystal of titanium dioxide [TiO2(001)] were studied by ellipsometry. The existence of regimes (I), (II), and (III) of adsorption and exchange kinetics for polymer mixtures is justified by using the experimental data for the adsorption and exchange kinetics of water-soluble associative polymers with different molecular weights. It is shown that the rate of the exchange kinetics of polymer mixtures for short times is increased or decreased depending on the values of effective coefficients of diffusion and adsorption isotherms of mixture components.
Atrazine is an immune disruptor in adult northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens)

Atrazine, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, has been shown in several studies to be an endocrine disruptor in adult frogs. Results from this study indicate that atrazine also functions as an immune disruptor in frogs. Exposure to atrazine (21 ppb for 8 d) affects the innate immune response of adult Rana pipiens in similar ways to acid exposure (pH 5.5), as we have previously shown. Atrazine exposure suppressed the thioglycollate-stimulated recruitment of white blood cells to the peritoneal cavity to background (Ringer exposed) levels and also decreased the phagocytic activity of these cells. Unlike acid exposure, atrazine exposure did not cause mortality. Our results, from a dose-response study, indicate that atrazine acts as an immune disruptor at the same effective doses that it disrupts the endocrine system. Keywords—Atrazine Immune disruption Frog Rana pipiens
Contribution of a pyrene fluorescence probe to the aggregation propensity of polypeptides.

Two synthetic polypeptides, TT1p and TT1b, have been used in comparative aggregation equilibrium studies. The findings reveal that a single alkylpyrene moiety in TT1p contributes about 30% of the polypeptide dimerization energy in aqueous media. This result not only is informative with regard to the aggregation properties of these particular photoactive polypeptides but also provides a quantitative understanding of the limitations on the use of pyrene chromophores as emission probes.
Clinical practice guidelines: the Boston experience

Abstract The implementation of a clinical practice guideline (CPG) Program is a successful strategy in a continued effort to provide cost effective care without compromising quality. The Cardiovascular Program at Children's Hospital, Boston initiated a program in 1993. The guidelines consist of 14 diagnosis groups, and in the series 2608 patients have been followed. Analysis of data shows an overall decrease in ventilator time, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, postoperative discharge day, and patient charges. As a collaborative and interdisciplinary process, the CPG Program is a model for an effective care improvement strategy.
Vigilance Requires Hard Mental Work and Is Stressful

Objective: We describe major discoveries and developments in vigilance research. Background: Vigilance tasks have typically been viewed as undemanding assignments requiring little mental effort. The vigilance decrement function has also been considered to result from a decline in arousal brought about by understimulation. Methods: Recent research in vigilance is reviewed in four areas: studies of task type, perceived mental workload during vigilance, neural measures of resource demand in vigilance, and studies of task-induced stress. Results: Experiments comparing successive and simultaneous vigilance tasks support an attentional resource theory of vigilance. Subjective reports also show that the workload of vigilance is high and sensitive to factors that increase processing demands. Neuroimaging studies using transcranial Doppler sonography provide strong, independent evidence for resource changes linked to performance decrement in vigilance tasks. Finally, physiological and subjective reports confirm th...
On computing the center of a convex quadratically constrained set

We propose a method for finding analytic center of a convex feasible region whose boundaries are defined by quadratic functions. The algorithm starts from an arbitrary initial point and approaches to the desired center by simultaneously reducing infeasibility or slackness of all constraints. A partial Newton step is taken at each iteration.
Concentration and temperature dependence of the luminescence arising from 3P0 and 1D2-states of Pr3+ in POCl3:SnCl4☆

Abstract Excitation of Pr3+ to the 3PJ-manifold (J = 0, 1, 2) gives rise to strong luminescence emission arising from the 3P0-state and a weaker one arising from the 1D2-state. The latter prevails at very low [Pr3+] and loses intensity at higher T. Emission spectra recorded from either state are independent of the excitation wavelength but very strongly dependent upon [Pr3+] and the temperature. These observations can be accounted for by solvent assisted electronic relaxation of 3P0: Pr 3+ ( 3 P 0 )Pr 3+ ( 1 D 2 ) + ΔE where ΔE is taken up by the vibrational modes of POCl3, and by cross relaxation of 1D2: Pr 3+ ( 1 D 2 ) + Pr 3+ ( 3 H 4 ) → Pr 3+ ( 1 G 4 ) + Pr 3+ ( 3 F 4 )
Refereed paper: A simple scheme to make passwords based on one-way functions much harder to crack

We present a simple scheme that makes guessing passwords based on one-way functions 100 to 1000 times harder. The scheme is easy to program and easy to incrementally add to existing schemes. In particular, there is no need to switch to it all at the same time. Old passwords will still work and have the same security as before (one will not be able to distinguish them from new passwords); newly-entered passwords will become much more secure. The new scheme is independent of the one-way function used and does not require changing any part of the encryption mechanism.
Perturbation of resonances

Abstract Resonances are often treated under the assumption that they are simple poles of the resolvent kernel (Green's function). There are no physical or mathematical reasons which exclude the existence of multiple poles of Green's functions even in the case when the potential is real valued. In this case the poles in the physical sheet are simple since the Schrodinger operator is selfadjoint but the poles on the unphysical sheet are not necessarily simple. We prove that sufficiently small perturbations of the potential (or boundary in diffraction problems) do not increase the multiplicity of the resonances on any fixed compact domain of the complex plane. We also observe that a knowledge of the set of the Green's function poles does not determine the potential uniquely.
The natural acidity of some unpolluted waters in southeastern Alaska and potential impacts of acid rain

Natural, unpolluted waters draining surface soils and bog soils near Petersburg, Alaska have low pH (≤4.7) due to the presence of organic acids. Nearby streams are influenced by organics as well, but are only slightly acid (pH≥6). Projections of the effects of acid and sulfate inputs (acid rain) using a worst-case model indicate the greatest potential declines in pH would occur in the most acid waters, whereas very little change would occur in near neutral waters.
Crystal Structure of a Complex Between Electron Transfer Partners, Cytochrome c Peroxidase and Cytochrome c

The crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and yeast iso-1-cytochrome c was determined at 2.3 A resolution. This structure reveals a possible electron transfer pathway unlike any previously proposed for this extensively studied redox pair. The shortest straight line between the two hemes closely follows the peroxidase backbone chain of residues Ala194, Ala193, Gly192, and finally Trp191, the indole ring of which is perpendicular to, and in van der Waals contact with, the peroxidase heme. The crystal structure at 2.8 A of a complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and horse heart cytochrome c was also determined. Although crystals of the two complexes (one with cytochrome c from yeast and the other with cytochrome c from horse) grew under very different conditions and belong to different space groups, the two complex structures are closely similar, suggesting that cytochrome c interacts with its redox partners in a highly specific manner.
A common genetic risk factor for colorectal and prostate cancer.

Variants on chromosome 8q24 contribute risk for prostate cancer; here, we tested whether they also modulate risk for colorectal cancer. We studied 1,807 affected individuals and 5,511 controls and found that one variant, rs6983267, is also significantly associated with colorectal cancer (odds ratio = 1.22; P = 4.4 × 10−6) and that the apportionment of risk among the variants differs significantly between the two cancers. Comprehensive testing in the region uncovered variants capturing significant additional risk. Our results show that variants at 8q24 have different effects on cancer development that depend on the tissue type.
Electronic Effects of Adducts on C60: A Molecular Orbital Analysis

Buckmisterfullerene, C60, has attracted great interest because of its carbon-cage structure and potential applications in the field of superconductivity when doped with alkali metals. The icosahedral framework of C60 has been confirmed by X-ray analysis of an osmylated C60, called ‘Bunnyball’. Little theoretical work has been done to understand the electronic mechanism of C60 and substituted C60. This work has focused on electronic properties of C60 and the bunnyball with hypothetical analogs metal substitutions to understand the electronic effects of adducts on the bunnyball. In this analysis, the osmylated C60and hypothetical analogs were studied by extended Huckel methods. Molecular orbital(MO) interaction diagrams constructed from Density of States (DOS) analysis of the bunnyballs are presented. The results suggest electronic effects induced by substitution /adduct strongly affect electronic population in the C60 unit.
MicroRNA signature of the human developing pancreas

MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression including differentiation and development by either inhibiting translation or inducing target degradation. The aim of this study is to determine the microRNA expression signature during human pancreatic development and to identify potential microRNA gene targets calculating correlations between the signature microRNAs and their corresponding mRNA targets, predicted by bioinformatics, in genome-wide RNA microarray study. The microRNA signature of human fetal pancreatic samples 10-22 weeks of gestational age (wga), was obtained by PCR-based high throughput screening with Taqman Low Density Arrays. This method led to identification of 212 microRNAs. The microRNAs were classified in 3 groups: Group number I contains 4 microRNAs with the increasing profile; II, 35 microRNAs with decreasing profile and III with 173 microRNAs, which remain unchanged. We calculated Pearson correlations between the expression profile of microRNAs and target mRNAs, predicted by TargetScan 5.1 and miRBase altgorithms, using genome-wide mRNA expression data. Group I correlated with the decreasing expression of 142 target mRNAs and Group II with the increasing expression of 876 target mRNAs. Most microRNAs correlate with multiple targets, just as mRNAs are targeted by multiple microRNAs. Among the identified targets are the genes and transcription factors known to play an essential role in pancreatic development. We have determined specific groups of microRNAs in human fetal pancreas that change the degree of their expression throughout the development. A negative correlative analysis suggests an intertwined network of microRNAs and mRNAs collaborating with each other. This study provides information leading to potential two-way level of combinatorial control regulating gene expression through microRNAs targeting multiple mRNAs and, conversely, target mRNAs regulated in parallel by other microRNAs as well. This study may further the understanding of gene expression regulation in the human developing pancreas.
Language Repertoires and State Construction in Africa

Preface Part I. Language Repertoires and the State: 1. Language repertoires as political outcomes 2. Three theories explaining language outcomes 3. Do language outcomes matter? Part II. Sociological and Political Forces Described: 4. The micro dynamics of language use in contemporary Africa 5. Macro forces shaping the contemporary language situation in Africa Part III. Strategic Theory Applied: 6. Strategic theory and Africa's language future 7. Case studies from independent Africa Part IV. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations: 8. Shaping the 3 + 1 language state Notes References Index.
Analysis of Botnet Counter-Counter-Measures

Botnets evolve quickly to outwit police and security researchers. Since they first appeared in 1993, there have been significant botnet countermeasures. Unfortunately, countermeasures, especially takedown operations, are not particularly effective. They destroy research honeypots and stimulate botmasters to find creative ways to hide. Botnet reactions to countermeasures are more effective than countermeasures. Also, botnets are no longer confined to PCs. Android and iOS platforms are increasingly attractive targets. This paper focuses on recent countermeasures against botnets and counter-countermeasures of botmasters. We look at side effects of botnet takedowns as insight into botnet countermeasures. Then, botnet counter-countermeasures against two-factor-authentication (2FA) are discussed in Android and iOS platform. Representative botnet-in-the-mobile (BITM) implementations against 2FA are compared, and a theoretical iOS-based botnet against 2FA is described. Botnet counter-countermeasures against keyloggers are discussed. More attention needs to be paid to botnet issues.
Comedy Means Never Having to Say You're Sorry

NEVER HAVING TO SAY YOU'RE SORRY Jordan Alexander Stein Harm's Way takes issue with the one thing everybody knows about the novel; namely, that it is a vehicle— indeed, the vehicle—for the rise of bourgeois individualism. Famously outlined in the 1950s by Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel (1957) and enriched since the 1980s by Marx ists, feminists, and Foucaultians, this dominant story aligns the Eng lish novel with the development of psychology, the rise of companion ate marriage, and the actualiza tion of modern personhood—in short, with what Harm's Way des ignates succinctly as the "inferior ity thesis" (16). But the only thing more succinct than Harm's Way's designations is its dispatch. In five short chapters, the book makes an impressively bold and impeccably graceful case against the idea that the realist novel can and should be considered the vehicle for which it
Current and Future Challenges in Radiation Effects on CMOS Electronics

Advances in microelectronics performance and density continue to be fueled by the engine of Moore's law. Although lately this engine appears to be running out of steam, recent developments in advanced technologies have brought about a number of challenges and opportunities for their use in radiation environments. For example, while many advanced CMOS technologies have generally shown improving total dose tolerance, single-event effects continue to be a serious concern for highly scaled technologies. In this paper, we examine the impact of recent developments and the challenges they present to the radiation effects community. Topics covered include the impact of technology scaling on radiation response and technology challenges for both total dose and single-event effects. We include challenges for hardening and mitigation techniques at the nanometer scale. Recent developments leading to hardness assurance challenges are covered. Finally, we discuss future radiation effects challenges as the electronics industry looks beyond Moore's law to alternatives to traditional CMOS technologies.
Teaching hands‐on science activities: Variables that moderate attitude‐behavior consistency

The relationship between prospective elementary teachers' attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions to teach science using hands-on activities at least twice a week during their first year of employment was investigated. The findings suggest that measuring prospective teachers' attitudes toward science cannot adequately predict nor provide a satisfactory explanation of their science teaching behaviors. The findings also provide clear support for two hypotheses derived from Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action regarding the predictability of prospective teachers' intentions to teach science from their attitudes and subjective norms.
Orthopedic Correction of Growing Hyperdivergent, Retrognathic, Patients with Miniscrew Implants

Traditional orthodontic treatments do not adequately address the skeletal problems of retrognathic, hyperdivergent, Class II adolescents; the few approaches that do address them require long-term patient compliance. This article introduces a novel approach using miniscrew implants (MSIs) and growth to treat retrognathic, hyperdivergent adolescents. Nine consecutive patients were evaluated at the start of treatment (aged 13.2 ± 1.1 years) and again at the end of the orthopedic phase (after 1.9 ± 0.3 years). Each patient had 2 MSIs placed in either side of the palate. Coil springs (150 g) extended from the MSIs to a rapid palatal expander, which served as a rigid segment for intruding the maxillary premolar and molars. Two additional MSIs were placed between the first mandibular molars and second premolars; coil spring (150 g) extended from the MSIs to hold or intrude the mandibular molars. Before treatment, the patients exhibited substantial and significant mandibular retrusion (Z score = -1.0), facial convexity (Z score = 0.7), and hyperdivergence (Z score = 1.6). Treatment produced consistent and substantial orthopedic effects. The chin was advanced by a mean of 2.4 mm, the sella-nasion-basion (SNB) angle increased by 2.1°, the mandibular plane angle decreased by 3.9°, and facial convexity decreased by approximately 3.2°. Questionnaires showed that this treatment approach was not painful or uncomfortable; the majority of the patients indicated that they were very likely to recommend the treatment to others. Treatment was accomplished by titrating the amount of orthodontic intrusion performed based on the individual's growth potential.
Using electronic medical records to enable large-scale studies in psychiatry: treatment resistant depression as a model

BackgroundElectronic medical records (EMR) provide a unique opportunity for efficient, large-scale clinical investigation in psychiatry. However, such studies will require development of tools to define treatment outcome.MethodNatural language processing (NLP) was applied to classify notes from 127 504 patients with a billing diagnosis of major depressive disorder, drawn from out-patient psychiatry practices affiliated with multiple, large New England hospitals. Classifications were compared with results using billing data (ICD-9 codes) alone and to a clinical gold standard based on chart review by a panel of senior clinicians. These cross-sectional classifications were then used to define longitudinal treatment outcomes, which were compared with a clinician-rated gold standard.ResultsModels incorporating NLP were superior to those relying on billing data alone for classifying current mood state (area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85–0.88 v. 0.54–0.55). When these cross-sectional visits were integrated to define longitudinal outcomes and incorporate treatment data, 15% of the cohort remitted with a single antidepressant treatment, while 13% were identified as failing to remit despite at least two antidepressant trials. Non-remitting patients were more likely to be non-Caucasian (p<0.001).ConclusionsThe application of bioinformatics tools such as NLP should enable accurate and efficient determination of longitudinal outcomes, enabling existing EMR data to be applied to clinical research, including biomarker investigations. Continued development will be required to better address moderators of outcome such as adherence and co-morbidity.
Control study of a 500 kHz, 250 W DC-DC converter

Circuit waveforms and control strategies for a multiple-output pseudoresonant DC-DC converter described by R.A. Fisher et al. (1988) have been studied through multilevel simulation using a mix of behavioral and device models. Circuit waveforms show the expected pseudoresonant switching. Voltage-mode and current-mode control are both found to be feasible. Current-mode control, when properly implemented, has the advantage of reducing the inherent second-order system response to a first-order one. The converter's potential instability can be eliminated with the addition of a stabilizing ramp on the control current. Regulating the current in the transformer primary gives behavior similar to voltage-mode control. >
Breath detection and tracking for efficient oxygen therapy

Discusses the algorithms developed for use in the Halatus 1 which tracks breathing patterns and dispenses oxygen only during inhalation. The approach has many advantages over continuous oxygen flow and existing oxygen conservation techniques.
Mercury and plants in contaminated soils: 2. Environmental and physiological factors governing mercury flux to the atmosphere

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of physiological and environmental factors in governing the flux of elemental mercury from plants to the atmosphere. Five species (Lepidium latifolium, Artemisia douglasiana, Caulanthus sp., Fragaria vesca, and Eucalyptus globulus) with different ecological and physiological attributes and growing in soils with high levels of mercury contamination were examined. Studies were conducted in a whole-plant, gas-exchange chamber providing precise control of environmental conditions, and mercury flux was estimated using the mass balance approach. Mercury flux increased linearly as a function of temperature within the range of 20 to 40 C, and the mean temperature coefficient (Q{sub 10}) was 2.04. The temperature dependence of mercury flux was attributed to changes in the contaminant`s vapor pressure in the leaf interior. Mercury flux from foliage increased linearly as a function of irradiance within the range of 500 to 1,500 {micro}mol m/s, and the light enhancement of mercury flux was within a factor of 2.0 to 2.5 for all species. Even though the leaf-to-atmosphere diffusive path for mercury vapor from foliage is similar to that of water vapor, stomatal conductance played a secondary role in governing mercury flux. In a quantitative comparison with other studiesmore » in both laboratory and field settings, a strong linear relationship is evident between mercury vapor flux and the natural logarithm of soil mercury concentration, and this relationship may have predictive value in developing regional- and continental-scale mercury budgets. The most critical factors governing mercury flux from plants are mercury concentration in the soil, leaf area index, temperature, and irradiance.« less
Pivot: Automatically Offering Information and Services to Real-World Shoppers

Shoppers with an Internet-enabled computer have a wealth of product information available to them. By browsing to a variety of Websites, users can conduct searches and compare prices, read reviews, and learn more about a product. These sites are pivot points for a user; once they are at Amazon.com's landing page, for example, they can navigate outwards to a million different products. The idiom of browsing to a central page for a site and then navigating outwards is acceptable when browsing is convenient, with large displays and useful input devices. This process becomes inconvenient, however, when the user is out and about in the world. We have built a system, Pivot, that uses physical objects as pivot points for the user. Specifically, Pivot uses the 1-D barcodes present on every product to deliver powerful services and options to a user on his or her cellphone. These services are chosen to be most useful to a user in the moment and trying to make a purchase decision. This paper describes the motivations for the system, the system itself, its current real-world deployment, and our intended future work.