cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statian Creole English: an English-derived language emerges in the Dutch Antilles

: This paper examines data gathered via fieldwork from St Eustatius, an island in the Dutch Caribbean. This English variety displays a handful of correspondences with other Englishes spoken in geographically proximate areas, but what is most noteworthy about this restructured English is that so much of its grammar is significantly different from many of those same nearby varieties. Historical, linguistic, and ethnographic data are interwoven to make the case that Statian English sounds different from most other Englishes of the Caribbean basin because the colonizing and settlement patterns of the island differed from plantation societies focusing on the production of cash crops. St Eustatius was a commercial center instead, offering an entrepot for goods (and, at times, slaves) for sale to customers from the eastern rim of the Americas. In this import-export context, English as a lingua franca of trade emerged with its own distinctive cluster of features.
Alpha helix capping and the conformation of threonine

The amino acid threonine contains two chiral carbons and thus can exist in four possible conformations. However, only a single conformation (2S, 3R) of threonine is incorporated in proteins by the cellular translation material. The conformation at the alpha carbon (carbon 2) is the same as that of the other amino acids in biological proteins, and there is no explanation for why this enantiomer was selected. Further, there is no explanation for the choice of conformation at the 3 carbon in threonine. Here, I suggest that the preferential ability of (2S, 3R) threonine over the (2S, 3S) enantiomer to participate in alpha helix capping interactions may have led to the selection of the (2S, 3R) conformation.
Facilitation of retention performance in mice by posttraining diethyldithiocarbamate.

Abstract These experiments examined the effects in mice of posttraining injections of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) upon retention (7 days after training) of active avoidance learning and upon whole brain catecholamine levels. When administered immediately following training, DDC enhanced retention performance. The degree of enhancement varied directly with the dose. DDC did not significantly affect retention performance if the injections were delayed 1 or 4 hours after training. Also, DDC administered 30 min prior to training did not affect retention performance. DDC (900 mg/kg) produced a large but transient increase in whole brain dopamine (DA) levels while norepinephrine (NE) levels were lowered.
AREDYLD syndrome with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

The syndrome of AcroRenal-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Lipoatrophic Diabetes (AREDYLD) appears to be extremely rare with only 2 cases reported. A third patient, described here, presented in her early 30's with infertility, lipoatrophy of the face, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. She has normal areolae, but no breast tissue. Other ectodermal features are milder than in previous patients (slow-growing hair, but no significant anomalies of the teeth or nails). Despite normal menses and structurally normal internal genitalia, she has been unable to conceive. She has short stature, small acrogeric hands and feet and microcephaly, but her intelligence is above average. She is an only child with no affected relatives. Her karyotype is normal, 46XX. This patient has symptomatic progressive glomerular disease of adult onset whereas the previous patients had minor structural anomalies of the renal calyces. Although her renal disease is more severe, she is not more seriously affected otherwise since her ectodermal involvement is mild and her diabetes is of later onset. The phenotype of AREDYLD now appears to include: a variety of renal anomalies ranging from minor malformations to glomerular disease; minor anomalies of the hands and feet; amastia or breast hypoplasia with or without other ectodermal anomalies (such as sparse hair, hypodontia, hypohidrosis or nail dysplasia); lipoatrophy, primarily involving the face and hands; diabetes; and hypercholesterolemia. Three cases have been reported, all in females. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been postulated because the first reported patient was born to consanguineous parents and had a possibly affected deceased sister, but autosomal or sex-linked dominant cannot be excluded.
Visibility and Light Attenuation in Falling Snow.

Abstract The attenuation of visible light by failing snow was studied by making simultaneous determinations of attenuation coefficients and snow concentration. The attenuation coefficient was calculated from photo-metric measurements and from visual observations. Snow concentration in the air was evaluated by two methods. Formvar replicas collected during the snowfall, and mass accumulation of snow in collecting pans. The snowflakes were arbitrarily classified by crystal types according to their estimated fall velocity. It was found that the correlation between extinction coefficient and snow concentration was generally much higher by types than when all snowflakes were considered together regardless of crystal components and degree of riming. When no fog is present during the snowfall, the experimental results for some snow types coincide well with attenuation theory if a reasonable correction is applied to the values obtained in the measurement of snow-flake diameters. Measurements of mass flux indicate...
Modeling and History Matching of Hydrocarbon Production from Marcellus Shale Using Data Mining and Pattern Recognition Technologies

The Marcellus Shale play has attracted much attention in recent years. Our full understanding of the complexities of the flow mechanism in matrix, sorption process and flow behavior in complex fracture system (natural and hydraulic) still has a long way to go in this prolific and hydrocarbon rich formation. In this paper, we present and discuss a novel approach to modeling and history matching of hydrocarbon production from a Marcellus shale asset in southwestern Pennsylvania using advanced data mining & pattern recognition technologies. In this new approach instead of imposing our understanding of the flow mechanism, the impact of multi-stage hydraulic fractures, and the production process on the reservoir model, we allow the production history, well log, and hydraulic fracturing data to force their will on our model and determine its behavior. The uniqueness of this technique is that it incorporates the so-called “hard data” directly into the reservoir model, such that the model can be used to optimize the hydraulic fracture process. The “hard data” refers to field measurements during the hydraulic fracturing process such as fluid and proppant type and amount, injection pressure and rate as well as proppant concentration. The study focuses on part of Marcellus shale including 135 wells with multiple pads, different landing targets, well length and reservoir properties. The full-field history matching process was completed successfully. Artificial Intelligence (AI)based model proved its capability in capturing the production behavior with acceptable accuracy for individual wells and for the entire field. Introduction Shale gas reservoirs pose a tremendous potential resource for future development, and study of these systems is proceeding apace. Shale gas reservoirs in particular possess many so-called “unconventional” features and considerations, on macroand micro-scales of flow (Freeman e al.2011). Shale reservoirs are characterized by extremely low permeability rocks that have a number of unique attributes, including high organic content, high clay content, extremely fine grain size, plate-like micro-porosity, little to no macro-porosity, and coupled Darcy and Fickian flow through the rock matrix. In contrast with conventional and even tight sandstone gas reservoirs where all the gas in the pore space is free gas, the gas in shale is stored by compression (as free gas) and by adsorption on the surfaces of the solid material (either organic matter or minerals) as well (Guo et al.2012). This combination of traits has led to the evolution of hydraulic fracture stimulation involving high rates, low-viscosities, and large volumes of proppant. The stimulation design for plays such as Marcellus Shale is drastically different than anything else that has been performed in the past. It takes large amounts of space, materials, and equipment to treat the Marcellus
Phosphorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of spin triplet states in neat KCrO3F, KCrO3Cl and K2Cr2O7

The emission spectra at ⩽ 4 K of neat KCrO3F and KCrO3Cl are reported and assigned as phosphorescence from the CrO3 X - chromophore. The zero field splittings (X = F and Cl) and kinetic parameters (X = Cl) of these and of the emissive spin triplet states in neat K2Cr2O7 are also determined by ODMR methods. The energies, mean lifetimes, and fine structure constants D of the triplet states in the three systems are very similar.
Nitrogen balance in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a commonly used technique in the management of newborn respiratory failure. However, few studies have addressed the optimal nutritional support of these critically ill neonates. Eleven newborns undergoing ECMO for respiratory failure were studied at various levels of intravenous caloric and nitrogen intake, using nitrogen balance techniques, to assess optimal nutritional support necessary to achieve positive nitrogen balance. Nonprotein nitrogen calories > 60 kcal/kg/d, and nitrogen > 240 mg/kg/d were necessary to achieve positive nitrogen balance, while maximum positive balance was seen with nitrogen intake > 400 mg/kg/d. These data suggest that newborns treated with ECMO can achieve positive nitrogen balance with modest amounts of caloric and nitrogen intake.
Clinal variation intraspecific heterochrony and microevolution in the permian bryozoan tabulipora carbonaria

Clinal geographic variation across an onshore-to-offshore environmental gradient occurs in the Lower Permian trepostome bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria collected from three widespread calcareous shales of the Wreford Megacyclothem of Kansas. Separate multivariate statistical tests dclineate significant differences between populations within each shale unit, and between onshore, intermediate, and offshore populations pooled across all three shales, suggesting that even weakly-developed gradients may initiate different intraspecific morphological responses. Growth trajectories for populations along the cline also differ significantly, indicating astogenetic (developmental) heterochrony. Populations from onshore habitats are generally paedomorphic relative to those in more offshore settings, and exhibit pre- and postdisplacement and hypermorphosis in zooecial and acanthostyle characteristics. These heterochronic processes may have increased colonial reproductive potential and the efficiency of water flow for feeding and waste disposal in colonies from onshore habitats. Variation from tightly constrained development (astogenetic plasticity) decreased monotonically in an onshore-to-offshore direction; canalized growth may characterize colonies from more stable offshore habitats, whereas greater flexibility during the growth of colonies from unstable onshore biotopes may have increased their rate of survival. Populations of colonies from stratigraphically successive calcareous shales of the Wreford display patterns of growth that are nearly identical to those found in an offshore-to-onshore direction along the cline. Both clinal and temporal patterns probably resulted from selection for more paedomorphic morphologies in onshore, perhaps unstable, habitats and represent microevolution in T. carbonaria. These local adjustments to environmental conditions may produce variation that affects the rate of macroevolutionary change. □Bryozoa, clines, heterochrony, microevolution, Permian, variability.
Phase equilibrium of quantum fluids from simulation: Hydrogen and neon

A detailed derivation of a new method for directly computing phase equilibria for quantum fluids is presented. This method is a combination of the path integral formalism with the Gibbs ensemble technique. We use this path integral Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo method to calculate the vapor-liquid phase diagrams of hydrogen and neon from simulation. Agreement with experimental data is very good. The thermodynamic properties of neon and hydrogen are computed over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The densities and energies from the simulations are in excellent agreement with literature data. Three different parameter sets for the Lennard-Jones (LJ) neon potential are evaluated by comparing simulation results with experimental data. The Silvera-Goldman potential and Buch LJ potential for hydrogen are evaluated against data on the 100 MPa, 1 GPa, and 2 GPa isobars.
Salivary PAF Levels Correlate with the Severity of Periodontal Inflammation

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid mediator of inflammation, has been previously identified in inflamed gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluid. However, the role of PAF in oral pathobiology remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between salivary PAF levels and the severity of periodontal inflammation. PAF activity in lipid extracts of whole (mixed) saliva collected from 69 untreated subjects immediately prior to routine oral evaluation was determined by platelet bioassay. Significant positive correlations were observed between the level of PAF in saliva and measures of periodontal inflammation, i.e., the percentage of periodontal probing depths greater than 4 mm, the number of periodontal bleeding sites, and the number of histologically identified polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) in saliva. Moreover, when subjects were subdivided into groups on the basis of periodontal probing depths, a significant correlation was obse...
Reconstructing neural dynamics using data assimilation with multiple models

Assimilation of data with models of physical processes is a critical component of modern scientific analysis. In recent years, nonlinear versions of Kalman filtering have been developed, in addition to methods that estimate model parameters in parallel with the system state. We propose a substantial extension of these tools to deal with the specific case of unmodeled variables, when training data from the variable is avaiable. The method uses a stack of several, nonidentical copies of a physical model to jointly reconstruct the variable in question. We demonstrate the ability of this technique to accurately recover an unmodeled experimental quantity, such as an ion concentration, from a single voltage trace after the training period is completed. The method is applied to reconstruct the potassium concentration in a neural culture from multielectrode array voltage measurements.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder is age specific.

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are theoretically at risk for alcoholism because of their behavioral profiles in early childhood (Pelham and Lang, 1993; Smith et al., 2002). Impulsivity, distractibility, hyperactivity, and, in general, cognitive and behavioral under-regulation describe the symptoms of ADHD as well as the larger construct of behavioral under-control implicated in alcoholism theory (Sher, 1991; Tarter et al., 1990; Zucker et al., 1995). Many longitudinal studies have found a prospective connection between these early-appearing behavioral traits and later alcohol-related outcomes (Caspi et al., 1996; Masse and Tremblay, 1997; Niemela et al., 2006; Tarter et al., 2004). However, empirical tests of the hypothesis that childhood ADHD diagnosis elevates risk for alcohol-related outcomes have produced inconsistent findings. A failure to consider age specificity in the association may have contributed to the discrepancies in the literature.
Averaging of Differential Delay Equations

This paper shows that under certain conditions, "highly oscillating" differential delay equations can be approximated by autonomous differential delay equations.
The quality of medication use in older adults: methods of a longitudinal study.

Abstract Background: The quality of medication use in older adults is a recurring problem of substantial concern. Efforts to both measure and improve the quality of medication use often define quality too narrowly and fall short of addressing the complexity of an older adult's medication regimen. Objectives: In an effort to more comprehensively define the quality of medication use in older adults, we conducted a prospective cohort study to: (1) describe the quality of medication use in community-dwelling older adults at baseline, examining differences between whites and blacks; (2) examine the effect of race on medication-related problems; and (3) assess the change in quality medication use between whites and blacks over time. This paper presents the research design and methods of this longitudinal study. Methods: We interviewed white and black community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥60 years) 3 times over 1 year (baseline, 6, and 12 months). We oversampled blacks so that we could estimate racial differences in the quality of medication use. We collected information on the quality of medication use, relying on a clinical pharmacist's assessment of quality and the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders quality indicators. We also collected data on demographic characteristics, health literacy, functional status, and participant-reported drug therapy concerns. Results: Four hundred thirty-five older adults were assessed for inclusion; 200 older adults (100 white, 100 black) were enrolled in the study and completed a baseline visit. Of the 200, 92% completed the 6-month visit (n = 183) and 88% completed the 12-month visit (n = 176). We present baseline demographic characteristics for the 200 older adults enrolled in the study. Conclusion: This longitudinal study is an initial step toward developing more comprehensive, patient-centered measures and interventions to address the quality of medication use in older adults.
Bromodeoxyuridine and light treatment enhances responsiveness of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes to autologous and allogeneic determinants☆

Abstract We have investigated a novel system whereby lymphocytes from normal human subjects can be induced to develop exaggerated reactivity to histocompatibility antigens in vitro . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) showed increased and accelerated subsequent proliferation to both autologous and allogeneic stimulators. Addition of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) during the period of maximal PWM-induced DNA synthesis followed by light exposure caused unexpected, but marked enhancement of this secondary proliferation. While untreated cultures contained a preponderance of T8 + cells after PWM activation, BUdR plus light-treated cultures were largely T4 + cells. Because removal of suppressor cells in nonsuicided cultures with anti-T8 and complement just before restimulation failed to unmask enhanced autoreactivity, events critical in the induction of the enhanced response must have occurred during priming. Cultures of PBMC with medium alone or concanavalin A, as well as purified T cells cultured with PWM, gave no enhanced autoproliferation after BUdR and light; thus T and non-T cells must be acted on by a T- and B-cell mitogenic stimulus to prime T cells for enhanced responsiveness. The interactions between T cells and activated B cells in this in vitro system may be relevant to regulatory mechanisms important in the induction of pathological autoimmune responses.
Effects of hydroxylamine and N-Methyl-N′-Nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Mimulus cardinalis (Scrophulariaceae): Survival curves and dominant mutants

The lethal and mutagenic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were investigated in the higher plant Mimulus cardinalis. MNNG was found to be more toxic than HA. The shapes of the survival curves obtained at different concentrations of HA and MNNG are interpreted on the basis of decreased biological activity of the solution to increased age of solution. Based on the appearance of chlorophyll-deficient mutants, MNNG is mutagenic in Mimulus. No albinos were detected in HA treated plants. A total of 67 putative mutants were isolated in the mutation spectra of HA and MNNG treated plants. The frequency of mutants induced by HA and MNNG are different. MNNG is mutagenic at 1/10 the concentration of HA in inducing putative mutations in M1 plants.
Spectrophotometric assays for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the active metabolites of chlorpyrifos and parathion by plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase

Abstract Human serum plasma paraoxonase/arylesterase exhibits a genetic polymorphism for the hydrolysis of paraoxon. One allelic form of the enzyme hydrolyzes paraoxon slowly with a low turnover number and the other(s) hydrolyzes paraoxon rapidly with a high turnover number. Chlorpyrifos-oxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Dursban), is also hydrolyzed by plasma arylesterase/paraoxonase. A specific assay for measuring hydrolysis of this compound is described. This assay is not subject to interference by the esterase activity of serum albumin. The K m for chlorpyrifos-oxon hydrolysis was 75 μM. Hydrolysis was inhibited by phenyl acetate, EDTA, and organic solvents. Enzyme activity required calcium ions and was stimulated by sodium chloride. Hydrolysis was optimized by using methanol instead of acetone to dissolve substrate. Unlike the multimodal distribution of paraoxonase, the distribution of chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity failed to show clear multimodality. An improvement in the assay for hydrolysis of paraoxon by plasma arylesterase/paraoxonase was achieved by elimination of organic solvents. Plotting chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity vs paraoxonase activity for a human population using the new assay conditions provided an excellent resolution of low activity homozygotes from heterozygotes for this allele. A greater than 40-fold difference in rates of chlorpyrifos-oxon hydrolysis observed between rat (low activity) and rabbit sera (high activity) correlated well with the reported large differences in LD 50 values for chlorpyrifos in these two animals, consistent with an important role of serum paraoxonase in detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides in vivo .
Controllable fabrication of porous alumina templates for nanostructures synthesis

Porous alumina templates (AAO) has attracted significant interest due to the fact that they are readily fabricated through a simple procedure and are extremely popular templates in nanoscience studies. In this paper, the effects of different pore-widening treatments on the pore quality of the AAO templates were investigated. Results show that, through a highly controllable chemical pore-widening process at low temperature, different pore dimensions and diameters of the AAO templates can be easily achieved in a nanometer-scale way without changing the interpore distance. Combining with anodization voltage control, AAO templates with desired size distribution can be obtained, which will be extremely useful in template technology and masks for lithographic application. Also, silver nanorods/wires of different dimensions have been fabricated from above AAO templates after pore diameter adjustments. Such nanostructure materials hold high potential for electronics, optics, mechanics and sensing technology.
Needles in a haystack: using interlibrary loan data to identify materials missing from a library’s collection

A study conducted at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Library examines data from unfilled ILL requests to determine the status of materials housed in the Main Bookstacks of the library’s collection. The study focuses on ILL requests that were not filled due to material missing from the collection. Results of the study identified training issues with staff and student employees, indicated that high use materials were more subject to loss, recognized that overcrowding of the collection contributed to error, and noted that maintenance shifting of materials created additional problems for locating materials. Analysis of the data resulted in a suggested procedure to use unfilled ILL requests to update the library’s OPAC for more accurate representation of the status of materials in the collection.
Third sound of helium on a hydrogen substrate

Measurements of third sound of thin helium films on molecular-hydrogen substrates have been made as a function of the measured helium film thickness, both by a time-of-flight technique and in a third-sound resonator. Great care has been devoted to making uniform films of hydrogen, to determine reliable values of the helium-hydrogen van der Waals constant {alpha} and the thickness of the helium dead layer, {Delta}. Areal and gas-loading parameters have been measured to allow an absolute determination. We find a value of 21.3 K layer{sup 3} for {alpha} and 2.0 for {Delta}. Comparisons are made to other values in the literature. Our value of the van der Waals constant is in good agreement with a complementary determination by Paalanen and Iye and by Cieslikowski {ital et} {ital al}., using electron mobility, but is much larger than a value reported by Mochel and a value calculated by Cheng {ital et} {ital al}. We also determine values for helium on copper; however, this determination depends on the literature value for the van der Waals parameter for helium on glass.
Anionic-cationic bi-cell design for direct methanol fuel cell stack

Abstract A new fuel cell stack design is described using an anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cell and a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell in series with a single fuel tank servicing both anodes in a passive direct methanol fuel cell configuration. The anionic–cationic bi-cell stack has alkaline and acid fuel cells in series (twice the voltage), one fuel tank, and simplified water management. The series connection between the two cells involves shorting the cathode of the anionic cell to the anode of the acidic cell. It is shown that these two electrodes are at essentially the same potential which avoids an undesired potential difference and resulting loss in current between the two electrodes. Further, the complimentary direction of water transport in the two kinds of fuel cells simplifies water management at both the anodes and cathodes. The effect of ionomer content on the AEM electrode potential and the activity of methanol oxidation were investigated. The individual performance of AEM and PEM fuel cells were evaluated. The effect of ion-exchange capacity in the alkaline electrodes was studied. A fuel wicking material in the methanol fuel tank was used to provide orientation-independent operation. The open circuit potential of the bi-cell was 1.36 V with 2.0 M methanol fuel and air at room temperature.
Ozone-induced damage of Escherichia coli K-12.

Escherichia coli K-12 transformed with pACYC184 plasmid DNA was exposed to ozone (O3) in aqueous solution. The damage to the membrane, protein, plasmid DNA, and cell survival were investigated. Cell viability was unaffected by short-term O3 exposure (1–5 min) but membrane permeability was compromised as indicated by protein and nucleic acid leakage and lipid oxidation. The intracellular components, protein and DNA, remained intact. With longer durations of O3 exposure (up to 30 min) cell viability decreased with a more significant increase in lipid oxidation and protein and nucleic acid leakage. The proteins leaking out were further oxidized by O3. The total intracellular proteins run on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and plasmid DNA run on agarose gel, showed progressive degradation corresponding to the decrease in cell viability. The data indicate that membrane components are the primary targets of O3 damage with subsequent reactions involving the intracellular components, protein and DNA.
The mechanism of post cure of viton A Fluorocarbon elastomer

The necessity for oven post-curing Viton A vulcanizates is explained in the following way: The formation of crosslinks is accompanied by the elimination of HF from the polymer. In the subsequent reaction of HF with the magnesium oxide present as acid acceptor water is formed which acts to inhibit the full development of cure unless it is removed from the vicinity of the polymer by post-curing in an open system. Measurement of the rate of elimination of water from the polymer serves as a method of following the development of crosslinking during cure. Approximately two moles of water, derived from four moles of hydrogen fluoride, are associated with the use of one mole of diamine curing agent. This ratio is confirmed by independent estimates of the relationship of crosslinking density to curing agent level based on measurements of swollen compression moduli.
Analysis of a Mouse Gene Encoding Three Steps of Purine Synthesis Reveals Use of an Intronic Polyadenylation Signal without Alternative Exon Usage

Abstract A single mouse genomic locus encodes proteins catalyzing three steps of purine synthesis, glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (GARS), aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (AIRS), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART). This gene has 22 exons and spans 28 kilobases. The existence of a second genetic locus and closely related pseudogenes was ruled out by Southern analysis. Mouse tissues express two related classes of messages encoded by this single locus: a trifunctional GARS-AIRS-GART mRNA and a monofunctional GARS mRNA. These transcripts used the same set of multiple transcriptional start sites, and both used the same first 10 exons. CCAAT and TATA elements were not found for this locus. Exon 11, which represented the last coding sequence of the GARS domain, was differentially utilized for the two messages. The trifunctional mRNA was generated by splicing exon 11 to exon 12, the first coding sequence for the AIRS domain with subsequent use of a polyadenylation signal at the end of exon 22. Genomic sequence corresponding to the 3′-UTR of the monofunctional GARS mRNA was contiguous with exon 11, so that the smaller message arose from the recognition of one of the multiple polyadenylation signals present within the intron between exons 11 and 12. Hence, polyadenylation of the primary transcript at a position corresponding to an intron of the genomic locus was responsible for the generation of the monofunctional GARS class of mRNAs. This utilization of an intronic polyadenylation site without alternative exon usage is comparable to the mechanism whereby both secreted and membrane-bound forms of the immunoglobulin μ heavy chain are made from a single genetic locus.
Conformational studies of reovirus single-stranded RNAs synthesized in vitro

Abstract The reovirion contains ten distinct double-helical RNA molecules packaged together with an RNA polymerase activity capable of synthesizing milligram amounts of 10 single-stranded RNA transcripts of the genome by an asymmetric, conservative mechanism. These in vitro transcription products can be resolved into 14-S, 19-S and 25-S size classes containing four, three and three distinct molecular species, respectively. Thermal-denaturation studies and ethidium bromide binding assays were employed to investigate the conformational state of reovirus single-stranded RNA. Molecules resolved into size classes and unresolved mixtures possessed similar T m values and percent hyperchromicities as well as characteristic hysteresis during single and repeated thermal denaturation-renaturation cycles. Interaction of ethidium bromide with reovirus single-stranded RNA altered the visible spectrum of the dye with pronounced hyperchromicity at 480 nm. Estimates of the relative binding capacities derived from this hyperchromic shift indicated that the RNA molecules within the 14-S and 19-S size classes possess structural content proportional to their lengths whereas those within the 25-S size class do not. The thermal-denaturation studies and ethidium bromide binding assays provide evidence for extensive secondary structure in the single-stranded RNA molecules synthesized in vitro by subviral cores of reovirus.
ASSUMPTIONS, DISTORTIONS, AND MYTHS: FACTORS WHICH MISGUIDE ORGANISATIONAL SOLUTIONS TOWARD EQUAL OPPORTUNITY

The article focuses on factors which generate ineffective diagnosis and misguided interventions intended to resolve gender‐related inequities in organisations.
Synergism of binocular and motion stereo for passive ranging

Range measurements to objects in the world relative to mobile platforms such as ground or air vehicles are critical for visually aided navigation and obstacle detection/avoidance. An approach is presented that consists of a synergistic combination of two types of passive ranging method: binocular stereo and motion stereo. We show a new way to model the errors in binocular and motion stereo in conjunction with an inertial navigation system (INS) and derive the appropriate Kalman filter to refine the estimates from these two stereo ranging techniques. We present results using laboratory images that show that refined estimates can be optimally combined to give range values which are more accurate than any one of the individual estimates from binocular and motion stereo. By incorporating a blending filter, the approach has the potential of providing accurate, dense range measurements for all the pixels in the field of view (FOV). >
Effect of Water-Soluble Phosphorus on the Effectiveness of Triple Superphosphate Fertilizers

Impure phosphate rock results in the formation of P-containing impurities having low water solubility in commercial triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers, which may influence their effectiveness. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the level of water-soluble P needed in TSP to maximize plant P uptake and yield when applied to a slightly acid soil (pH = 6.4). Fertilizer impurities were isolated from four commercial TSP fertilizers as a water-washed fraction by washing the whole fertilizers with deionized water. Fertilizers with varying water-soluble P were simulated by mixing reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP; = 100% water soluble) with water-washed fertilizer fractions or reagent-grade dicalcium phosphate (DCP; = 1.2% water-soluble P). The mixtures contained 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the available P (available water-soluble + ammonium citrate soluble P) as MCP. An additional treatment received 100% water-soluble P as MCP. Mixtures were applied to supply 50 mg available P kg-1 soil. Sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was harvested 21 and 42 d after planting. Forage yield and P uptake were affected by P source and water-soluble P content. Compared with using a 100% water-soluble P source (MCP), individual TSP fertilizer materials required 52 to 66% water-soluble P to attain 90% of the dry matter yield and 41 to 51% water-soluble P to attain 90% of P uptake. Results of this study demonstrate that current levels of "water-insoluble P" in commercial TSP sources are not affecting their performance when added to slightly acid soils
Solid solubilities of naphthalene and biphenyl in supercritical carbon dioxide

Solld solubllltles of naphthalene and blphenyl In supercrltlcal carbon dioxide were measured at varlous Isotherms above 31.06 OC-the crltlcal temperature of C0,-and over a range of pressures from 80 to 500 atm. The upper crltlcal end polnt for the naphthalene-carbon dloxlde system Is estlmated from the solublllty data to be 63 OC, 240 atm, and a naphthalene mole fractlon of 0.16. The upper crltlcal end-polnt temperature for the blphenyl-carbon dloxlde system Is -56 OC and at a pressure near 460 atm. The biphenyl mole fractlon at the upper crltlcal end polnt (UCEP) Is -0.16.
The Frugal Collector, Volume 1, by Bob Jones. JMiller Media/Miller Magazines Inc., 3585 Maple St., Ste. 232, Ventura CA 93003. 256 pages; 2011; $48.95 (domestic shipping included; hardbound).

The Frugal Collector is the first volume in what will ultimately be a several-volume set of mineralogical, historical, philosophical, and collecting facts, advice, and related ramblings by one most...
Synthesis, linear extinction, and preliminary resonant hyper-Rayleigh scattering studies of gold-core/silver-shell nanoparticles: comparisons of theory and experiment

Abstract Gold-core/silver-shell nanoparticles featuring core diameters of 13 or 25 nm were prepared in aqueous solution. Silver-coated gold nanoparticles have two distinct plasmon absorption bands whose relative intensities depend on the shell thickness – features that are captured well by classical Mie theory. The core/shell spectra are not simply linear combinations of the pure-component spectra. Theory shows that shell dielectric effects upon the core can cause broadening, shifting, and, in some cases, damping of dominant extinction spectral features. Preliminary studies show that core–shell particles are reasonably efficient hyper-Rayleigh scatterers under conditions of two-photon resonance or near resonance with a high-energy plasmon band.
Peripheral factors in the management of congestive heart failure

Maladaptive changes in the periphery largely account for the symptomatology of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). A decline in the systolic function of the left ventricle precipitates activation of neural and humoral systems to provide circulatory support. These include sympathetic release of norepinephrine, increases in angiotensin II, elevated levels of circulating arginine vasopressin, and impairment of the counterregulatory function of atrial natriuretic peptide. The resultant circulatory changes are ultimately responsible for the declining function of the peripheral vasculature and skeletal muscles of patients with CHF. In the peripheral vasculature, impaired vasodilatory capacity results from excess vessel wall stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and structural abnormalities. The skeletal muscles develop poor aerobic capacity as a result of a change in predominant fiber type and excess reliance on glycolytic metabolic pathways. Physical deconditioning induced by symptoms tends to further promote these peripheral changes. Therapeutic interventions with symptomatic and prognostic benefits have essentially been targeted at the periphery. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors may act by normalizing electrolyte and water balance, improving vascular endothelial function, and reversing structural changes in peripheral vessels. Exercise training appears to exert its benefit at the level of the vascular endothelium. Advances in the therapy of CHF depend on a greater understanding of changes in the periphery.
Sex partner concurrency: measurement, prevalence, and correlates among urban 18-39-year-olds.

Background Sex partner concurrency probably accelerates the spread of sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV, yet few data exist on population prevalence or correlates. Goal The goal of the study was to compare definitions and estimate the frequency of concurrent partnerships and to identify individual and partnership correlates of con-currency. Study design A random-digit-dialing survey (n = 637) was performed to collect demographic information, sexual history and history of STD, and partnership characteristics. Results Men reported concurrency more frequently than women. For men, lifetime partners (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 per partner; 95% CI, 1.07-1.23), a night in jail (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.03-3.82), and same sex partners (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.92-3.84) were associated with concurrency. Important factors for women were first coitus before age 16 (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.38-6.10), lifetime partners (OR, 1.09 per partner; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16), and STD diagnoses during relationship (OR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.55-8.05). Partnership characteristics associated with concurrency included lifetime partners (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.14), race discordance (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.14-2.59), married/living together (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-0.98), night in jail (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.32-3.17), partnership duration of >6 months (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.41-4.19), and STD diagnoses during relationship (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.42-5.07). Conclusions Concurrency was independently associated with individual STD risk. Sex differences may reflect true behavioral differences or differential reporting.
Estimates of rates for dissociative recombination of NO2++e−via various mechanisms

We estimate rates for the dissociative recombination (DR) of NO${{}_{2}}^{+}$ $+$ ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Although accurate excited-state potential-energy curves for the excited states of the neutral are not available, we estimate that the 1 ${}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{g}$ and the 1 ${}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{g}$ states of the neutral may intersect the ground-state cation potential-energy surface near its equilibrium geometry. Using fixed nuclei scattering calculations, we estimate the rate for direct DR via these states and find it to be significant. We also perform approximate calculations of DR triggered by the indirect mechanism, which suggest that the indirect DR rate for NO${}_{2}$ is insignificant compared to the direct rate.
Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of ammineruthenium(II) complexes by bromine

Abstract The reactions of Ru(NH3)5py2+, Ru(NH3)4bpy2+, Ru2(NH3)10pz5+, RuRh(NH3)10pz5+ and Ru(NH3)5pz2+ with bromine are first-order in ruthenium and first-order in bromine. The rates decrease with increasing bromide ion concentration and, except for Ru(NH3)5pz2+, are independent of hydrogen ion concentration. The reactions are postulated to proceed via outer-sphere, one-electron transfer from Ru(II) to Br2 with the formation of Br2− as a reactive intermediate. The bromide inhibition is ascribed to the formation of Br3− which is unreactive in outer-sphere reactions because of the barrier imposed by the need to undergo reductive cleavage. The reaction of Ru(NH3)5pz2+ is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion dependence shows that Ru(NH3)5pzH3+ has a pKa of 2.49 and is at least 500 times less reactive than Ru(NH3)5pz2+. The reaction of Ru2(NH3)10pz4+ with bromine is biphasic. The second phase has a rate identical to that of the Ru2(NH3)10pz5+-Br2 reaction. A detailed analysis shows that the reaction of Ru2(NH3)10pz4+ with bromine proceeds by a sequence of one-electron steps, Br2− being produced as an intermediate. A linear free energy relationship between rate constants and equilibrium constants, obeyed for all the reactions studied, provides an estimate of ∼ 1.5 × 102 M−1 s−1 for the self-exchange rate constant of the Br2/Br2− couple.
State space synthesis of Log Domain filters

The general state space synthesis of filters is reviewed and the mathematics is modified to include the mapping concepts crucial to the synthesis of Log Domain filters. Formulae are developed which underlie the realization of these filters. Design issues relating to realizability, noise, and distortion performance are discussed using the mathematical formulation. Finally, class AB filters are given a state space formulation.
Saving People and Flipping Coins

Suppose you find yourself in a situation in which you can either save both A and B or save only C. A, B and C are relevantly similar – all are strangers to you, none is more deserving of life than any other, none is responsible for being in a life-threatening situation, and so on. John Taurek argued that when deciding what to do in such a situation, you should flip a coin, thereby giving each of A, B and C a 50% chance of survival (Taurek 1977: 303). Only by doing this can we treat each person with the appropriate degree of respect. Taurek seemed to be employing the “Equal Greatest Chance” principle (EGC), according to which, when deciding whom to save, one must give each person the greatest possible chance of survival consistent with everyone else having the same chance. An obvious alternative is the “Save the Greater Number” principle (SGN). I describe an example that shows that EGC is false. I show that the example also demonstrates the falsity of other related views, including Jens Timmermann’s “Individualist Lottery Principle.” I conclude that SGN is true. And I extend the argument to other kinds of cases, showing that which person should be saved may depend on whether some additional well-being may be gained for someone in the process.
Professional Issues in Counseling Psychology A Seminar Model

A brief description is provided of how a list of questions about professional issues in counseling psychology is used as an adjunct to a seminar taught at Auburn University. Rationale for a seminar in professional issues is given. Four representative questions for each of several topical areas are listed.
Symmetries and pattern selection in Rayleigh-Bénard convection

Abstract This paper describes the process of pattern selection between rolls and hexagons in Rayleigh-Benard convection with reflectional symmetry in the horizontal midplane. This symmetry is a consequence of the Boussinesq approximation, provided the boundary conditions are the same on the top and bottom plates. All possible local bifurcation diagrams (assuming certain non-degeneracy conditions) are found using only group theory. The results are therefore applicable to other systems with the same symmetries. Rolls, hexagons, or a new solution, regular triangles, can be stable depending on the physical system. Rolls are stable in ordinary Rayleigh-Benard convection. The results are compared to those of Buzano and Golubitsky [1] without the midplane reflection symmetry. The bifurcation behavior of the two cases is quite different, and a connection between them is established by considering the effects of breaking the reflectional symmetry. Finally, the relevant experimental results are described.
The Status of MSSM Higgs Boson Searches at LEP

The most recently available results from searches conducted by the four LEP experiments at 189 GeV center-of-mass energy for Higgs bosons of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) are presented. No evidence for a signal has been observed, and the null result is used by the experiments, both individually and collectively, to exclude regions of the MSSM parameter space and to set lower limits on Higgs boson masses at 95% confidence level in constrained MSSM scenarios.