cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naturalization and invasion of alien plants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

A fundamental goal in invasion ecology is to identify and understand the factors explaining why some alien species become invasive when others fail. In this study we gathered data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, geographic distribution, and biological and ecological traits of 1,032 alien plant species occurring on different habitats in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. These data were used to evaluate the relative importance of habitat and species attributes in influencing the likelihood of alien plants to become naturalized and subsequently invasive on these islands. Our results showed that alien species were more likely to become naturalized if they grow in semi-natural habitats, have large native distribution ranges, long residence time, were introduced for horticulture and have mixed breeding systems. On the other hand, naturalized species were more likely to become invasive if they were introduced for horticul- ture, behave as weeds, have tolerance to different climatic life-zones, thrive in ruderal habitats, have mixed breeding systems with hermaphroditic flowers, reproduce vegetatively and produce small seeds. Whereas some of these parameters were important for both transitions, others were important for either naturalization or invasion. Overall, our results empha- size the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process in order to understand the mecha- nisms explaining successful invasions rather than baseline approaches of simply comparing invasive with natives or noninvasive alien species. Understand- ing the process by which alien species become naturalized or invasive could provide a more objective and accurate approach for managing and predicting biological invasions.
Universal computer interface for the Cary 118C spectrophotometer.

We have constructed a simple interface which allows a computer to collect spectral data from and control the wavelength setting of a Cary 118C spectrophotometer. The interface is compatible with most types of computers; the computer need not be located near the spectrophotometer. Programs to operate the spectrophotometer can be written in high‐level languages such as fortran or basic.
Analysis of bacterial swimming speed approaching a solid–liquid interface

Previous experimental studies have found that surface interactions significantly affect the transport of motile bacteria through small tubes, along solid surfaces, and through porous media. However, the role that hydrodynamic forces play in the interactions between solid surfaces and motile bacteria remains unclear. In this study, the swimming speeds of populations of Escherichia coli bacteria were measured near ( 10 μm) from a flat glass surface at four ranges of orientations to the surface (0°- 45°, 45°-90°, 90°- 135°, and 135°-180°). Populations of bacteria close to the surface and moving in the orientation range most perpendicular (0 - 45°) to the surface experienced the greatest change in the swimming speed when compared to the population in the same orientation range located far from the surface. The decrease in swimming speed experienced by this population was on the same order as that predicted by hydrodynamic models of bacterial swimming near surfaces.
Multiple free trade equilibria in micro models of unemployment

Abstract Neoclassical theory suggests that trade patterns are linked to autarkic differences in relative opportunity costs. We demonstrate that when the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model is extended to allow for unemployment, there are forces present that create multiple free trade equilibria, even when both countries are identical and autarkic equilibrium is unique. There is no necessary link between relative opportunity costs and trade patterns. While our primary focus is on search-generated unemployment, we argue that the analysis also applies to situations where unemployment is generated by minimum wages, efficiency wages, or implicit contracts.
Studies of Water Adsorbed in Porous Vycor Glass

Abstract Properties of water adsorbed in porous Vycor glass and Vycor glass treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) have been studied by measuring NMR as a function of water content and temperature and observing penetration of water into the pores. Some of the observed properties are compared with those of methanol and ethanol. The NMR linewidth of water in original glass pores is proportional to the fraction of water in a surface monolayer on the glass. The melting point depression of the pore water is inversely proportional to the pore radius, and ice water interfacial tension is evaluated as 27.5 mN/m. When treated glass was immersed in water, liquid water could not penetrate the glass sample, which had more than 0.4/nm 2 trimethylsilyl group substituted for surface hydroxyls; however, the alcohols could still easily penetrate the fully treated glass, which had 1.3/nm 2 trimethylsilyl groups. Water adsorbed in weakly treated glass shows broadening of the NMR line; contrastingly, the alcoholic hydroxyls show narrowing of the lines. The freezing and melting point of pore water rise with surface treatments. These phenomena can be explained in terms of structure forming of adsorbed liquid on the surfaces and the interaction between the molecules in the structured layer and the subsequent layer.
Excursions of the Pleistocene geomagnetic field recorded in Gulf of Mexico sediments

The detrital remanent magnetism of a series of deep-sea sediment cores from the Gulf of Mexico has been measured. Together with microfaunal analysis, the data show that excursions of the geomagnetic field occurred at 17,000 ± 1500years B.P. and32,000 ± 1500 years B.P. It is suggested that the former may be the Laschamp excursion and that the latter may be the Lake Mungo excursion. No similar geomagnetic behavior is detected for the past 50,000 years. Sedimentation rates as high as 19 cm per 1000 years are indicated. Susceptibility (χ) maxima in the cores are due to tephra layers. Correlation between the intensity of magnetization (J) and χ shows that variations of intensity are more a function of ferrimagnetic mineral concentrations than geomagnetic field intensity variations.
Composite thermal conductivity in a large heterogeneous porous methane hydrate sample.

By employing inverse modeling to analyze the laboratory data, we determined the composite thermal conductivity (kθ, W/m/K) of a porous methane hydrate sample ranged between 0.25 and 0.58 W/m/K as a function of density. The calculated composite thermal diffusivities of porous hydrate sample ranged between 2.59 × 10-7 m2/s and 3.71 × 10-7 m2/s. The laboratory study involved a large heterogeneous sample (composed of hydrate, water, and methane gas). The measurements were conducted isobarically at 4.98 MPa over a temperature range of 277.3−279.1 K. Pressure and temperature were monitored at multiple locations in the sample. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to visualize and quantify the density changes that occurred during hydrate formation from granular ice. CT images showed that methane hydrate formed from granular ice was heterogeneous and provided an estimate of the sample density variation in the radial direction. This facilitated quantifying the density effect on composite thermal conductivity. Th...
Cellular uptake of deoxyribonucleic acid by human tissue culture cells.

THE demonstration of the role of deoxyribonucleic acid in the transfer of genetic information has been one of the most important developments in modern biology. In bacteria the physical transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid may take place by non-cellular means1–3. In higher organisms, the transfer of genetic information, at least in the sexual cycle, requires a special cell, the gamete, produced in meiosis. However, the possibility of non-cellular transfer of genetic information in higher organisms, at least in somatic tissue, must be considered. Two attempts to transfer genetic information in higher organisms by injections of deoxyribonucleic acid into intact animals have already been reported4. The results of these experiments were conflicting and it seems that further work at a cellular level might be more fruitful. Mammalian tissue culture in conjunction with the use of labelled homologous deoxyribonucleic acid offers a system in which the possibilities of extracellular transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid in higher forms can be investigated. In this communication the results of such experiments utilizing the Henle tissue culture cell line (derived from human embryonic jejunum) and homologous deoxyribonucleic acid labelled with tritiated thymidine are reported.
Cryopreserved Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A Validation Study to Support Their Application in Bioaccumulation Assessment

Determination of biotransformation rates of xenobiotics in freshly isolated trout hepatocytes has been demonstrated to significantly improve the performance of bioaccumulation assessment models. In order to promote this in vitro approach, trout hepatocytes need to be cryopreserved to facilitate their availability while ensuring their metabolic competency. In the present study, we obtained basal level metabolic enzyme activities for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A, CYP3A, glutathione-S-transferase, and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase from trout hepatocytes cryopreserved for various periods of time up to three months and compared their values with those obtained from freshly isolated hepatocytes. Similarly, we compared intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values determined in cryopreserved trout hepatocytes to those determined in freshly isolated hepatocytes for reference compounds molinate, michler's ketone, 4-nonylphenol, 2,4-ditert-butylphenol, benzo(a)pyrene, and pyrene. Our results show that cryopreserved trout hepatocytes maintained greater than 75% of their basal level enzyme activities and greater than 72% of xenobiotic biotransformation capabilities, regardless of the length of cryostorage. As a result, bioconcentration factors of the reference compounds were adequately predicted based on the CL(int) values. We simulated the condition for shipping cryopreserved trout hepatocytes and demonstrated that 24 h dry ice storage did not negatively affect the rates of xenobiotic biotransformation. We conclude that cryopreserved trout hepatocytes are suitable for biotransformation rate determination of xenobiotics in vitro, and therefore, are an acceptable alternative to freshly isolated trout hepatocytes in the application in bioaccumulation assessment.
WeMet: progress report on a pen-based meeting support tool

WeMet (Window Environment Meeting Enhancement Tool), is a prototype pen-based meeting support tool which allows meeting participants in the same or different room to share a work-space for sketching and writing or for the presentation of images. In addition to facilitating real-time communication among participants. WeMet enables the review and selective retrieval of meeting information, during or after the meeting. This presentation describes the rationale for key functionality and interface decisions in the design of WeMet, and reports on the experiences of users with the prototype to date.
Twinning-induced stress and electric field concentrations in ferroelectric ceramics

Experimental investigations suggest that microcracking may be the major cause for the commonly-encountered degradation of ferroelectric actuators, namely electric fatigue. The present analysis, based upon the lattice distortions occurring during the formation of electric twins, indicates that intersections of domain walls with grain boundaries are likely to be origins of microcracks because of the concentrations of stress and electric fields arising due to the incompatibility of the lattice distortions with the grain boundary constraints. This further motivated an asymptotic analysis on the stress and electric field concentrations near intersections of domain walls with grain boundaries. This analysis is carried out within a frame work of electrostatics for deformable continua. Assuming that the electromechanical state in each of the ferroelectric domains is slightly distorted from one of the natural states of the crystal, the authors developed a piecewise linearized model for which concentrations of stress and electric fields correspond to singularities of these fields. The asymptotic analysis concludes that both the stress and electric fields exhibit a power-law singularity. Several examples indicate that the order of singularity depends upon the crystal orientation and the orientations of the domain walls with respect to the grain boundary which they intersect.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thrust sheet motion and earthquake mechanisms

Abstract The mechanism of thrust sheet motion and that of earthquake generation are two aspects of the same phenomenon. Studies of earthquake mechanisms show that only a part of the thrust fault, generally less than∼ 10km in length, is in motion at any given instant; this part sweeps the length of the fault, moving at approximately 3 km/s. Since shear fracture propagation is inherently a dynamic phenomenon, it cannot be understood on the basis of the equations of static equilibrium. The previously proposed mechanisms all rest on such an equilibrium, which necessarily implies that the motion of a thrust sheet occurs simultaneously over its whole length; since the latter may exceed 100 km, the motion becomes a mechanical “enigma”. This enigma vanishes once the dynamic nature of the problem is recognized. The proposed mechanism also suggests that solution features on the fault result from the dissolution of barriers, thus explaining the motion of only part of a thrust sheet.
Transitional Probability Effects on Anagram Solving in a Group Setting

Summary An attempt was made to replicate two earlier group anagram solving studies, with the addition of procedures designed to study the effects of Ss making overt trial and error attempts at solution on paper. Fifty male and female college students were given a list of 20 anagrams to solve. Ten of the anagrams were of the high transitional probability (HTP) type, and 10 were of the low transitional probability (LTP) type. One group of Ss was given scrap paper and was encouraged to make attempts at solution on the paper. The other group was given no scrap paper and was specifically instructed not to make any attempts at solution on the answer sheet, but, rather, to make all attempts at solution “in their head.” Results revealed no significant differences between either the number of HTP and LTP anagrams solved or the scrap paper/no scrap paper grouping.
Phylogeny and physiology of Drosophila opsins

Phylogenetic and physiological methods were used to study the evolution of the opsin gene family in Drosophila. A phylogeny based on DNA sequences from 13 opsin genes including representatives from the two major subgenera of Drosophila shows six major, well-supported clades: The “blue opsin” clade includes all of the Rhl and Rh2 genes and is separated into two distinct subclades of Rhl sequences and Rh2 sequences; the ultraviolet opsin clade includes all Rh3 and Rh4 genes and bifurcates into separate Rh3 and Rh4 clades. The duplications that generated this gene family most likely took place before the evolution of the subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora and their component species groups. Numerous changes have occurred in these genes since the duplications, including the loss and/or gain of introns in the different genes and even within the Rhl and Rh4 clades. Despite these changes, the spectral sensitivity of each of the opsins has remained remarkably fixed in a sample of four species representing two species groups in each of the two subgenera. All of the strains that were investigated had R1-6 (Rhl) spectral sensitivity curves that peaked at or near 480 nm, R7 (Rh3 and Rh4) peaks in the ultraviolet range, and ocellar (Rh2) peaks near 420 nm. Each of the four gene clades on the phylogeny exhibits very conservative patterns of amino acid replacement in domains of the protein thought to influence spectral sen sitivity, reflecting strong constraints on the spectrum of light visible to Drosophila.
Developing a Test-bed for Distributed Search by Mobile Sensors

The goal of this Systems and Information Engineering Capstone project is to develop a physical test-bed in order to analyze the efficiency of swarm-based distributed search algorithms. This test-bed demonstrates a distributed search system using actual moving search agents and target detection. The goal of this test-bed is to provide a tool that can be used in future research to better understand swarm-based distributed search by mobile sensors.
Review: dynamic stability of the interphase nucleus in health and disease.

Ongoing export of newly synthesized RNAs, as well as control of transcriptional activity, involves dynamic nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins. Some proteins that shuttle reside primarily in the nucleus while others are concentrated in the cytoplasm. Moreover, some proteins shuttle continuously, while others shuttle only once. A third group is stimulated to relocate either into or out of the nucleus as a result of interruption of shuttling. In addition to these protein-specific events, several physiological stimuli have global effects on nucleocytoplasmic transport. In related events, selected proteins move between distinct sites in the nucleoplasm, others enter and leave the nucleolus, and still others transit between the nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic membranes. These multiple dynamic distributions provide numerous opportunities for precise communication between spatially distant sites in the cell.
Intravenous morphine reduces plasma endothelin 1 concentration through activation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in patients with myocardial infarction

Abstract Study Objective: Morphine has multiple cardiovascular effects, but its action on hydrolysis of endothelin 1 (ET-1) has not been investigated. Methods: We measured plasma levels of ET-1, C-terminal degradation products of ET-1, and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) in 68 patients with acute Q-wave myocardial infarction and 29 control subjects. All the patients underwent blood sampling at initial presentation and 10 minutes later. Thirty-six of those with Q-wave myocardial infarction intravenously received 3 mg of morphine immediately after the first sampling (group 1), and the other 32 received the same after the second sampling (group 2). Twenty-four of the control subjects (group 3) were randomized to the protocol of group 1, and the remaining 5 subjects (group 4) were randomized to the protocol of group 2. Results: The plasma ET-1 levels were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in groups 3 and 4 (control groups). In group 1, the ET-1 level decreased significantly at second blood samplings (2.5±0.4 pmol/L versus 1.7±0.6 pmol/L, P P =not significant). However, the C-terminal degradation products increased significantly at second blood samplings in group 1 (0.8±0.2 pmol/L versus 1.3±0.4 pmol/L, P P =not significant). There was no significant difference in baseline NEP activities between groups 1 and 2 (5.02±1.30 nmol/mg protein versus 5.06±1.48 nmol/mg protein, P =not significant). However, the NEP activities at second blood samplings declined significantly in group 1 (9.76±1.76 nmol/mg protein, P P =not significant versus baseline). Conclusion: Intravenous morphine may increase NEP activities to accentuate hydrolysis of ET-1. [Wang T-L, Chang H. Intravenous morphine reduces plasma endothelin 1 concentration through activation of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in patients with myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med. May 2001;37:445-449.]
Coping with abusive supervision: The neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes

We conducted a study to test the interactive effects of abusive supervision, ingratiation, and positive affect (PA) on strain (i.e., job tension and emotional exhaustion) and turnover intentions. We hypothesized that employees' use of ingratiation, when coupled with high levels of PA, would neutralize the adverse effects of abusive supervision on each outcome. Conversely, ingratiation tactics were hypothesized to have a detrimental influence on work outcomes in conditions of increased abusive supervision when employees' PA was low. Partial support was found for each hypothesis, with results indicating that low PA individuals who refrained from ingratiation experienced more strain and turnover intentions than other individuals. Implications of these results as well as strengths, limitations, and avenues for future research are discussed.
Differential expression of microRNAs as predictors of glioblastoma phenotypes

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary central nervous tumor and carries a very poor prognosis. Invasion precludes effective treatment and virtually assures tumor recurrence. In the current study, we applied analytical and bioinformatics approaches to identify a set of microRNAs (miRs) from several different human glioblastoma cell lines that exhibit significant differential expression between migratory (edge) and migration-restricted (core) cell populations. The hypothesis of the study is that differential expression of miRs provides an epigenetic mechanism to drive cell migration and invasion. Our research data comprise gene expression values for a set of 805 human miRs collected from matched pairs of migratory and migration-restricted cell populations from seven different glioblastoma cell lines. We identified 62 down-regulated and 2 up-regulated miRs that exhibit significant differential expression in the migratory (edge) cell population compared to matched migration-restricted (core) cells. We then conducted target prediction and pathway enrichment analysis with these miRs to investigate potential associated gene and pathway targets. Several miRs in the list appear to directly target apoptosis related genes. The analysis identifies a set of genes that are predicted by 3 different algorithms, further emphasizing the potential validity of these miRs to promote glioblastoma. The results of this study identify a set of miRs with potential for decreased expression in invasive glioblastoma cells. The verification of these miRs and their associated targeted proteins provides new insights for further investigation into therapeutic interventions. The methodological approaches employed here could be applied to the study of other diseases to provide biomedical researchers and clinicians with increased opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
X-ray Diffraction from Graphite in the Energy Range 2 to 8 keV

We report x-ray diffraction measurements from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite over the energy range 2 to 8 keV. The measured reflectivity exhibits an energy dependence which closely follows that predicted for an ideally imperfect graphite crystal, although the reflectivity itself is a factor of 1.5 less than the calculated value.
Structural Determination of Aβ25-35 Micelles by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and other amyloidogenic proteins can form a wide range of soluble oligomers of varied morphologies at the early aggregation stage, and some of these oligomers are biologically relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Spherical micelle-like oligomers have been often observed for many different types of amyloids. Here, we report a hybrid computational approach to systematically construct, search, optimize, and rank soluble micelle-like Aβ25-35 structures with different side-chain packings at the atomic level. Simulations reveal for the first time, to our knowledge, that two Aβ micelles with antiparallel peptide organization and distinct surface hydrophobicity display high structural stability. Stable micelles experience a slow secondary structural transition from turn to α-helix. Energetic analysis coupled with computational mutagenesis reveals that van der Waals and solvation energies play a more pronounced role in stabilizing the micelles, whereas the electrostatic energies present a stable but minor energetic contribution to peptide assemblies. Modeled Aβ micelles with shapes and dimensions similar to those of experimentally derived spherical structures also provide detailed information about the roles of structural dynamics and transition in the formation of amyloid fibrils. The strong binding affinity of our micelles to antibodies implies that micelles may be a biologically relevant species.
Lower Pelvis Bone Marrow Dose Constraints to Reduce Hematologic Toxicity in the Treatment of Anal Cancer

were treated with infusional 5-FU (1000 mg/m2/day for 4 days) and MMC (10 mg/m2) during wks 1 and 5 (5-FU group) and 27 pts were treated with cape (825 mg/m2 BID) M-F throughout RT and MMC (10 mg/m2) during wks 1 and 5 (Cape group). Data regarding pt, tumor and treatment characteristics and acute heme toxicity according to CTCAE v4.0 based on weekly CBC performed during CRTwere recorded. The incidence of Grade 3/4 heme toxicity and the duration of treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 59 yrs and 64 (72%) were women. Patient characteristics were similar between the two groups. All pts were treated with IMRT delivered in a median of 28 fractions and with a median dose of 56 Gy (range, 49-56 Gy) for both groups. Twenty pts (31%) in the 5-FU group developed Grade 3/4 neutropenia while only one pt (4%) had Grade 3/4 neutropenia in the cape group (p Z 0.002). Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia and anemia occurred in 8 pts (13%) and 2 pts (3%), respectively, in the 5-FU group and none of the pts in the cape group. Treatment breaks were necessary for 26 pts (42%) treated with 5-FU and 5 pts (19%) treated with cape (p Z 0.03). The most common reasons for delaying treatment in the 5-FU group were Grade 3/4 neutropenia or mucositis, while in the cape group, they were diarrhea (n Z 2), rectovaginal fistula (n Z 1), neutropenia (n Z 1), and Hurricane Sandy (n Z 1). Median treatment duration was 40 days in the 5-FU group and 37 days in the cape group (p Z 0.002). Conclusions: An adequately powered non-inferiority comparison of cape vs 5-FU is not numerically feasible in ASCC. Our data suggest that cape is associated with decreased Grade 3/4 heme toxicity when compared to standard 5-FU for pts undergoing definitive CRT for ASCC. The reduction in treatment breaks due to heme toxicity may be expected to yield improved outcomes. Moreover, since cape with MMC appears to be better tolerated, this regimen may serve as a backbone for further studies evaluating novel agents with CRT for ASCC. Author Disclosure: K.A. Goodman: None. D. Rothenstein: None. C. Lajhem: None. A. Wu: None. A. Cercek: None. L.B. Saltz: None.
Silyl Ketene Acetal Chemistry: Steric Limitations in Lewis Acid-Promoted Addition of Ketones

Abstract Lewis acid-promoted additions of ketones to silyl ketene acetals is limited sterically with α-branched alkyl groups in the ketone. Cyclic ketones give high yields. Titanium, ferric and aluminum chlorides are effective catalysts.
Dislocation simulation of brittle-ductile transition in ferritic steels

Two-dimensional discrete dislocation simulations of the crack-tip plasticity of a macrocrack-micro-crack system representing the fracture behavior in ferritic steels are presented. The crack-tip plastic zones are represented as arrays of discrete dislocations emitted from crack-tip sources and equilibrated against the friction stress. The dislocation arrays modify the elastic field of the crack; the resulting field describes the elastoplastic crack field. The simulated crack system involves a microcrack in the plastic zone of the macrocrack (elastoplastic stress field). The effects of the crack-tip blunting of the macrocrack are included in the simulations; as dislocations are emitted, the microcrack is kept at a constant distance from the blunted tip of the macrocrack. The brittle-ductile transition (BDT) curve is obtained by simulating the fracture toughness at various temperatures. A consideration of the effects of blunting is found to be critical in predicting the sharp upturn of the BDT curve. The obtained results are compared with existing experimental data and are found to be in reasonable agreement.
Parole Officer–parolee Relationships and HIV Risk Behaviors during Community Supervision

We tested if good parole officer (PO)–parolee relationships reduce HIV risk behaviors during parole, as they do for risk of rearrest. Analyses used data from 374 parolees enrolled in a randomized clinical trial. Past month HIV risk behaviors were assessed by interview at baseline, 3- and 9-months after parole initiation. The Working Alliance Inventory and the Dual-Role Relationships Inventory measured PO relationship. Gender-stratified multivariate regressions tested associations of PO–parolee relationship with sex with multiple partners, unprotected sex with risky partner(s), and drug injection. Women parolees (n = 65) who reported better PO relationship characteristics were less likely to report having multiple sex partners [adjusted odds ratio: 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) at 3-months, 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) at 9-months], and, among those reporting multiple sex partners, had fewer partners on average [adjusted relative risk 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)]. These effects were not found among men. PO–parolee relationship quality can influence sexual risk behaviors among women parolees.
Women's Health Initiative: complex answers to simple questions on dietary fat and breast cancer

Women's Health Initiative: complex answers to simple questions on dietary fat and breast cancer
Aggressive behaviour of underyearling rainbow trout in simulated winter concealment habitat

The behaviour of wild underyearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in concealment habitat in a laboratory stream aquarium at 2 and 6°C was recorded daily with an infrared video camera for 90 min over dawn. Aggressive behaviours (threat nips, nips and chases) were frequent during this time as fish entered concealment habitat. Aggressiveness varied widely among fish groups, with a range of 1 to 45 aggressive acts being initiated during a 90-min filming period. Larger fish initiated most of the encounters and removed a higher proportion of fish from concealment than did smaller aggressors. Thirteen per cent of the aggressive acts resulted in the recipient being completely removed from concealment habitat. The highest combined frequency of aggressive acts was 0.64 per visible fish per 10 min period and occurred at relatively low light levels (300 lx). The data suggest that when fish density is high, such as when habitat is limited, aggressive behaviour in winter may cause some underyearling salmonids to be excluded from concealment.
Liquid Chromatographic Assay and Disposition of Carvedilol in Healthy Volunteers

Quantitative determination of serum concentrations of carvedilol [(±)-1-(carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[[2-(o-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl) amino]-2-propanol], a combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was obtained using HPLC with spectrofluorometric detection. Carvedilol was extracted from alkalinized serum with ether and was subsequently back extracted with diluted phosphoric acid. This method proved to be sensitive and reproducible (mean coefficient of variation of 6.1% for 0.25 to 150 nanograms per milliliter of serum). A single dose of carvedilol (5, 10, or 15 mg) was given as an intravenous infusion to three healthy volunteers. Carvedilol serum concentration-time profiles were fitted best to a three-compartment model and the pharmacokinetic data revealed the following mean values: Vdss of 1.97 L/kg, mean residence time (MRT) of 4.66 h, and CL of 0.437 L.h−1.kg−1.
The continuing allure of RNA.

I feel incredibly fortunate to have had a career that spans so much of the flowering of RNA biology. Looking back, despite the fact that my initial projects centered on DNA and proteins, I was drawn to the field early on, starting with my very first journal club on the newly discovered intervening sequences in adenovirus mRNAs. Ultimately, it was my fortuitous decision to review the nascent field of group I and group II introns for a classroom assignment that led to the wonderful collaboration between the Shub and Belfort labs that firmly rooted me in the RNA world. Then, as a post-doc in the Uhlenbeck lab, my initial journal club covered all 5 extant research articles on RNA editing, setting me on my future path. Space constraints preclude listing all of the stunning discoveries that have been made over the last 20 years, so instead I will briefly mention highlights in three general areas (new roles, new techniques, new structures) before focusing on developments within my immediate field.
When good decisions have bad outcomes: The impact of affect on switching behavior

Four experiments test the hypothesis that an unfavorable outcome of a good decision leads individuals to switch away from that decision due to negative emotional responses to the outcome. Negative emotional reactions led many participants to abandon the option that they recalled as having been more successful overall in the past (Study 1) and which they expected to perform better in the future (Study 2). A prompt to consider the future success rates of the two alternatives did not eliminate switching (Study 2). An experimental manipulation in Study 3 indicated that individuals switch when they focus on their affective reactions rather than beliefs about the earlier disappointing outcome. In Study 4, individuals with a general tendency to focus on cognitions (i.e., those high in need for cognition) were less likely to switch away from the better option following a disappointing outcome. These results suggest that an emotional reaction to a negative outcome can lead people to switch away from the options that they believe are most likely to be successful on the next occasion.
Directional sensitivity of the retina: 75 years of Stiles–Crawford effect

The reduction of the brightness when a light beam's entry into the eye is shifted from the centre to the edge of the pupil has from the outset been shown to be due to a change in luminous efficiency of radiation when it is incident obliquely on the retina. The phenomenon is most prominent in photopic vision and this has concentrated attention on the properties of retinal cones, where responsibility has yet to be assigned to factors such as differences in shape, fine structure and configuration, and membrane anchoring of photopigment molecules. Geometrical optics and waveguide formulations have been applied to the question of how light is guided in receptors, but details of their geometry and optical parameters even if they become available will make calculations complex and of only moderate generality. In practice, the diminution of oblique light helps visual performance by reducing deleterious influence of ocular aberrations and of glare caused by light scattering when the pupil is wide. Receptor orientation can come into play in ocular conditions due to mechanical disturbance and has been shown to have potentiality as a tool for clinical diagnosis. Currently, open questions include microanatomical and molecular differences between rods and cones, the coupling of the optical image of the eye with the transducing apparatus in the photoreceptors, possible phototropism and more convincing methods of estimating the actual spatial distribution of photon events as it affects visual resolution.
Experimental observation of nonlinear Thomson scattering

A century ago, J. J. Thomson1 showed that the scattering of low-intensity light by electrons was a linear process (i.e., the scattered light frequency was identical to that of the incident light) and that light’s magnetic field played no role. Today, with the recent invention of ultra-high-peak-power lasers2 it is now possible to create a sufficient photon density to study Thomson scattering in the relativistic regime. With increasing light intensity, electrons quiver during the scattering process with increasing velocity, approaching the speed of light when the laser intensity approaches 1018 W/cm2. In this limit, the effect of light’s magnetic field on electron motion should become comparable to that of its electric field, and the electron mass should increase because of the relativistic correction. Consequently, electrons in such high fields are predicted to quiver nonlinearly, moving in figure-eight patterns, rather than in straight lines, and thus to radiate photons at harmonics of the frequency of the incident laser light3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, with each harmonic having its own unique angular distribution5, 6, 7. In this letter, we report the first ever direct experimental confirmation of these predictions, a topic that has previously been referred to as nonlinear Thomson scattering7. Extension of these results to coherent relativistic harmonic generation10,11 may eventually lead to novel table-top x-ray sources.
A Structuration Frame for Social Enterprise and an agricultural example

Social enterprise represents an alternative to the traditional, economic value maximizing work organiz ation. We describe a structuration theory based mod el useful in considering alternative business model s and associated management systems that might suppor t what we term as values-based organizations. We use a case study of a sustainable beef cooperative to illustrate the model’s application. Transparent information systems that transit the supply chain as well as facilitating performance evaluation and rew ard systems are a key in organizational success. Uniqu e product attributes acquired through the productio n process must be traced and transmitted along the en tire supply chain so that the sustainable character istics and processes are communicated to the end cust omer. The model presented is useful in indicating where organizational structure and the information systems support sustainable business models and processes as well as indicating where strategic par tnerships would advantageous. We illustrate the th eory based model by reporting on a privately owned f irm operating in a specialty industry sector. The organization provides an example of how a facilitatin g organizational structure can emerge out of the ap plication of a company’s core values.
Effect of Atmosphere on Interconnect‐Seal Glass Interaction for Solid Oxide Fuel/Electrolyzer Cells

In this study, the interaction of an alkaline earth-based silicate glass (SABS-0) with Crofer 22 APU and AISI 441 interconnects has been studied at 800°C for 100 h in argon, air, and H2/H2O atmospheres in order to understand the effect of atmospheres on the interfacial compatibility. Detailed microstructure, diffusion, and phase analyses show that the interfacial compatibility improves from air, to argon, and to H2/H2O atmosphere for the Crofer 22 APU alloy and from H2/H2O, to argon, and to air atmosphere for the AISI 441 alloy. The interfacial compatibility is better for the Crofer 22 APU alloy. Alloy oxidation, elemental interdiffusion, chemical reactions, and glass devitrification occur during the interface formation between the glass and the alloys. The thermal treatment atmospheres mainly affect chromium diffusion and glass devitrification while minor elements influence the oxidation of the alloys and chemical reactions. This work also demonstrates that the high iron content in the AISI 441 alloy is detrimental but the minor impurities such as silicon and aluminum may be beneficial for the interfacial compatibility.
iNeATS: Interactive Multi-Document Summarization

We describe iNeATS -- an interactive multi-document summarization system that integrates a state-of-the-art summarization engine with an advanced user interface. Three main goals of the system are: (1) provide a user with control over the summarization process, (2) support exploration of the document set with the summary as the staring point, and (3) combine text summaries with alternative presentations such as a map-based visualization of documents.
Styracopterid (Actinopterygii) ontogeny and the multiple origins of post-Hangenberg deep-bodied fishes

The Carboniferous fish family Styracopteridae (Actinopterygii) originated as part of the initial radiation of ray-finned fishes following the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction. Specimens of Styracopterus fulcratus (Traquair, 1890) have been collected from post-extinction Tournaisian and Visean Scottish sediments for over 100 years, including sites containing some of the earliest ‘Romer's Gap’ tetrapods. Re-examination of this supposedly long-lived, static species has revealed two genera, Styracopterus and Fouldenia White, 1927, divergent from each other and previous descriptions. Here, we show that styracopterids are among the earliest actinopterygians with durophagous dentition and toothplates, the latter likely to have derived from the ectopterygoids and coronoids. On the basis of this and other traits, such as the presence of an enameloid ‘beak’, the fusiform styracopterids are linked to some, but not all, the deep-bodied actinopterygians previously placed in the suborder Platysomoidei. A new plesion, Eurynotiformes, is erected to contain the styracopterids, the deeply fusiform Eurynotus and the widespread Amphicentrum, among other laterally compressed fishes. This implies that platysomoids are polyphyletic: deep-bodied and/or durophagous fishes evolved multiple times following the Hangenberg event. Reconstructed styracopterid growth series show that trunk depth increased during maturation, mirroring the shape variation observed among the Eurynotiformes. Other ontogenetic changes involve fin-ray differentiation, jaw form, dermal bone ornamentation, and scale morphology; all of these are widely used as actinopterygian diagnostic characters. Further investigation of Eurynotiformes should reveal the extent of evolutionary and ontogenetic change within the earliest actinopterygian radiation, and are likely to rewrite their phylogeny. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
Double exponential smoothing: an alternative to Kalman filter-based predictive tracking

We present novel algorithms for predictive tracking of user position and orientation based on double exponential smoothing. These algorithms, when compared against Kalman and extended Kalman filter-based predictors with derivative free measurement models, run approximately 135 times faster with equivalent prediction performance and simpler implementations. This paper describes these algorithms in detail along with the Kalman and extended Kalman Filter predictors tested against. In addition, we describe the details of a predictor experiment and present empirical results supporting the validity of our claims that these predictors are faster, easier to implement, and perform equivalently to the Kalman and extended Kalman filtering predictors.
Influence of Emotional and Physical Stimuli on Pressure in the Isolated Vein Segment

Generalized alterations in venous tone may shift large amounts of blood within the vascular system. Both physical and emotional stimuli are capable of affecting venous tone. The present report is a study in healthy males of the effects of certain of these factors on pressure (tone) in a peripheral vein segment isolated by means of specially designed, Plexiglas vein occluders. The emotional stimuli employed were the most effective of the group in increasing venous tone.
Himalayan P waves in the setting of severe hypoxemia and emphysema

A 55-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath of sudden onset. The patient had severe hypoxemia (partial pressure of O2 65 mmHg by 100% non-rebreather mask) and was intubated for ventilatory support. A chest x-ray revealed hyperinflated lungs, and an electrocardiogram (Figure 1) revealed Himalayan P waves with a rightward axis shift in leads II, III and aVF.
Tuberculosis control in the 21st century.

In response to tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s, U.S. hospitals spent tremendous resources to ensure a safer workplace. A remarkable decrease in nosocomial transmission resulted, along with a decrease in TB cases nationally. Federal standards have been promulgated to ensure a safer work environment for all U.S. workers potentially exposed to TB. However, these measures may prove costly and burdensome and thus may compromise the ability to deliver care.
Facebook for Finance: Why do Investors Share Ideas via Their Social Networks?

Empirical evidence suggests that investors share price-relevant information via their social networks. I analyze why and under what circumstances skilled investors (“arbitrageurs”) will rationally share private information via this word-of-mouth mechanism. My “diversification” sharing model suggests that capital constrained arbitrageurs will share ideas to gain access to new ideas and lower their portfolio volatility. My “awareness” sharing model suggests that arbitrageurs share their private information to attract additional capital into their asset market. My models make multiple hypotheses about when, where, and how arbitrageurs will rationally share information via their social networks - many of these predictions are observed empirically.
Ventricular arrhythmias during treatment for acute asthma

A double-blind, randomized study was performed to determine the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in acute asthma patients treated with epinephrine, aminophylline, or both in combination. Sixty patients were studied with Holter monitoring during the 90-minute study period. There was no statistical difference among the study groups in frequency or grade of ventricular arrhythmia. Combination treatment of acute asthma with these drugs is as safe as treatment with either alone.
The Determination of Some Visual Functions of a Unilaterally Color-Blind Subject: Methods and Results

(1961). The Determination of Some Visual Functions of a Unilaterally Color-Blind Subject: Methods and Results. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 3-32.
A Comparative Study of the Effect of Various Solutions on the Calcium Depletion of the Rat Tooth Using Radioactive Calcium

Calcium in rats' teeth was labeled with radioactive Ca-45 by feeding the animals a calcium-free diet and administering calcium as calcium-45 levulinate biweekly for eight weeks starting with a two weeks' old animal. The radioactive teeth were removed and the calcium deletion which resulted from immersion of the teeth in various liquids for twenty-Pour hours was determined by tracer methods. The liquids tested were distilled water, commercial mouthwashes, citric and tartaric acid solutions, beverages, milk, and human saliva.
Working With Gifted College and University Students: Journals, Organizations, and Scholarships

Resources for honors and honors college students support the needs of college or university faculty and others working with the gifted and honors population. With this critical selection of resources, faculty can locate literature in the field and librarians can effectively build collections that accommodate this higher education community.
Multi-Axis SMA Actuator Array for Driving Anthropomorphic Robot Hand

A novel multi-axis Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) array actuator has been developed for driving five-fingered anthropomorphic robot hand. The new actuator array uses Segmented Binary Control (SBC), which controls the SMA wires segment by segment in a digital manner. Normally, SMA wires are hard to control and require nonlinear controllers to control each wire. SBC simplifies the control of SMA wire but increases the complexity of the design and the number of control loops. A multi-axis segmentation theory has been developed to reduce the design complexity and the number of control loops by reducing the number of segments. Segmentation architecture of an actuator array is designed for five-fingered robotic hand that performs fourteen different postures. The segmentation architecture is implemented with ten SMA wires sandwiched between a layer of thermoelectric modules embedded on a printed circuit board and a layer of acrylic substrate board with grooves. Initial results of the segmented binary controlled SMA wire are verified with minimum segment architecture of a single axis.