cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Muscle Relaxants in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Anesthesia for Foreign Body Removal of Bronchus

Objective To compare the clinical efficacies of two methods of anesthesia and to discuss the safety of muscle relaxants in pediatric patients undergoing bronchoscopy and foreign body removal. Methods Eighty pediatric patients who required bronchoscopy and foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 patients in each group. In group A, anesthesia was induced with propofol 2-3 mg·kg-1and r-OH 80-100 mg·kg-1. In group B, anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.1 mg·kg-1, propofol 1.5-2.0 mg·kg-1, fentanyl 2 μg·kg-1and vecuronium 0.050-0.075 mg·kg-1. After jaw relaxation,oxygen supply was performed with anesthesia machine through the threaded tubes and lateral holes.Spontaneous breathing was reserved in group A but manual control breathing was given in group B.If necessary, anesthesia was maintained with additional propofol. Pediatric patients were returned to the ward after wake up. The maximum heart rate(HR)and blood pressure(BP)were measured before anesthesia induction, during placement of the bronchoscope, after withdrawal of the bronchoscope and before leaving the operating room. In addition, operation time,waking time(the time from withdrawal of the bronchoscope to leaving the operating room),incidence of intraoperative adverse events(heart rate180 or 70 min-1,SpO280% and kept falling),and incidence of postoperative complications(restlessness,nausea,vomiting,laryngeal edema and bronchospasm)were recorded in both group. Results Compared with group A,the maximum HR and BP significantly decreased in group B during placement of the bronchoscope, after withdrawal of the bronchoscope and before leaving the operating room(P 0.05).Compared with group B,operation time,waking time,and incidence of intraoperative adverse events,cough and breathless and postoperative complications significantly increased in group A(all P0.01).Conclusion In pediatric patients undergoing bronc-hoscopy and foreign body removal, 1/2 to 2/3 intubation doses of vecuronium can inhibit the cardiovascular and airway reactions and guarantee the successful performance of bronchoscopy and foreign body removal and the safety of anesthesia.
Cosmetics and contact dermatitis.

Expertise in diagnosing contact dermatitis and interpreting patch-test results clearly falls within the domain of the dermatologist. The work-up of patients with allergic contact reactions to cosmetics is an ideal situation in which to practice these skills. Most cosmetics can be tested “as is,” without dilution. Cosmetics are labeled with their ingredients, and frequently, manufacturers will cooperate by providing the ingredients for patch testing. Patients armed with the correct name of the allergen can avoid repeat exposure to this ingredient in cosmetics by carefully scanning labels at their time of purchase.
Studies on the Histopathology of Temporal Arteritis.

Aims: The aim of this paper was to identify the location and to grade the severity of most significant inflammation within positive temporal artery biopsies along with other key clinical and histologic characteristics. Methods: Charts and pathology slides for 70 patients diagnosed with temporal arteritis at the University of Wisconsin (UW) Hospital and Clinics from 1989 to 2015 were reviewed. A subset of 48 specimens was immunostained for CD68 and graded on a scale from 0 to +++; the location of staining was recorded. Results: The most severe granulomatous inflammation was in the media and adventitia in 13% (9/70) of the biopsies; the remaining had uniform full thickness inflammation. Of the slides that were stained with CD68, 94% (45/48) were positive. In 42% (19/45), the stained cells were found mainly in the muscularis and adventitia. Seven percent (3/45) of the slides had staining solely around the internal elastic lamina, and 2% (1/45) had staining limited to the intima. Conclusions: With a few exceptions, granulomatous inflammation in positive temporal artery biopsies is most evident at the media and adventitia or is uniform throughout the layers of the artery. Our study lends support to the theory that the muscularis and adventitia may play an inciting role in the pathogenesis of temporal arteritis.
SupportNet: A Randomized Controlled Trial for Military Behavioral Health Burnout

This chapter reviews the randomized controlled trial we conducted to evaluate our intervention program. Analysis of the literature on web-based and coaching interventions for burnout and STS in mental health providers is offered. We review challenges in the implementation of the research. Overall results suggest the web-support system plus coaching was effective in reducing aspects of burnout at post-test and at follow-up. Important research comparisons with other interventions for burnout are offered. Finally, this chapter closes with clinical and practical implications that are highlighted based on our results.
Ganetespib synergizes with cyclophosphamide to improve survival of mice with autochthonous tumors in a mutant p53-dependent manner.

The DNA-alkylating cytotoxic agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) is commonly used in the clinic to treat hematological malignancies like lymphomas and leukemias as well as solid tumors, but shows dose-dependent potentially life-threatening toxicities and can induce secondary malignancies. Thus, the clinical utility of CTX would be improved if a companion drug could be identified that allows lowering the CTX dose, while maintaining or even increasing its antineoplastic therapeutic efficacy. In mouse models, high-dose CTX (300 mg/kg) is effective in treating T-lymphomas, while low dose (defined here as 100 mg/kg) is ineffective. We previously showed that the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib potently suppresses T-lymphoma initiation and progression and extends overall survival (OS) in hotspot knockin mice expressing the p53 gain-of-function mutants R175H and R248Q (mutp53) by 30–59%. Here we asked whether ganetespib could potentiate the effect of low-dose CTX (100 mg/kg) in the autochthonous T-lymphoma-bearing mutp53 R248Q mouse model. Indeed, combinatorial CTX/ganetespib synergistically suppresses growth of autochthonous T-lymphomas in R248Q (p53Q/−) but not p53−/− control mice by reducing mutp53 levels and triggering apoptosis. Combinatorial treatment extends progression-free (PFS) and OS in p53Q/− mice significantly longer than in p53−/− mice. Specifically, PFS of p53Q/− mice improves 8.9-fold over CTX alone versus 3.6-fold in p53−/− mice. Likewise, OS of R248Q/− mice improves 3.6-fold, but worsens in p53−/− mice (0.85-fold) over CTX alone. Moreover, half of the p53Q/− mice on combinatorial treatment lived over 60 days, and one animal reached 121 days. In contrast, p53Q/− mice on single-drug treatment and p53−/− mice on any treatment lived less than 24 days. In sum, ganetespib synergizes with a sub-effective dose of CTX in mutp53 T-lymphomas by suppressing tumor growth and extending survival. Our results provide a potential strategy to reduce the effective clinical dose of CTX in mutant p53-bearing malignancies and attenuate CTX toxicity.
Ballistic magnon heat conduction and possible Poiseuille flow in the helimagnetic insulator Cu 2 OSeO 3

Low-temperature thermal conductivity measurements in the ferrimagnetic insulator Cu${}_{2}$OSeO${}_{3}$ reveal an unprecedentedly large magnonic contribution below T~10K, far exceeding (by nearly two orders of magnitude) that observed previously in any other ferromagnet or ferrimagnet. Features predicted by theory more than 50 years ago are identified, including ballistic behavior with ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$, and, possibly, Poiseuille flow, wherein the magnon mean-free path exceeds the specimen dimensions as momentum conserving scattering occurs more frequently than scattering by resistive processes.
Enhanced classical complement pathway activation and altered phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is widely associated with seizures and epilepsy. Although microglial cells are professional phagocytes, less is known about the status of this phenotype in epilepsy. Recent evidence supports that phagocytosis-associated molecules from the classical complement (C1q-C3) play novel roles in microglia-mediated synaptic pruning. Interestingly, in human and experimental epilepsy, altered mRNA levels of complement molecules were reported. Therefore, to identify a potential role for complement and microglia in the synaptodendritic pathology of epilepsy, we determined the protein levels of classical complement proteins (C1q-C3) along with other phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy. Cortical brain samples surgically resected from patients with refractory epilepsy (RE) and non-epileptic lesions (NE) were examined. Western blotting was used to determine the levels of phagocytosis signaling proteins such as the complements C1q and C3, MerTK, Trem2, and Pros1 along with cleaved-caspase 3. In addition, immunostaining was used to determine the distribution of C1q and co-localization to microglia and dendrites. We found that the RE samples had significantly increased protein levels of C1q (p=0.034) along with those of its downstream activation product iC3b (p=0.027), and decreased levels of Trem2 (p=0.045) and Pros1 (p=0.005) when compared to the NE group. Protein levels of cleaved-caspase 3 were not different between the groups (p=0.695). In parallel, we found C1q localization to microglia and dendrites in both NE and RE samples, and also observed substantial microglia-dendritic interactions in the RE tissue. These data suggest that aberrant phagocytic signaling occurs in human refractory epilepsy. It is likely that alteration of phagocytic pathways may contribute to unwanted elimination of cells/synapses and/or impaired clearance of dead cells. Future studies will investigate whether altered complement signaling contributes to the hyperexcitability that result in epilepsy.
Studies of Astronauts During Spaceflight

As already related, my application to NASA to make measurements of common root function in astronauts in space was funded, and the first funds were available on the day I started at UCSD. However it took some time to prepare the experiments for this unique environment. The first measurements were made in 1977 when we looked at the effects of short periods of weightlessness obtained in aircraft during parabolic flights. These occur when an aircraft first climbs, and then the pilot puts the nose down and there is a period of as much as 27 s of zero gravity. We made these measurements at the Ames Research Center and showed dramatic changes in the distribution of ventilation and blood flow as would be expected from the known of effects of gravity on the lung. However the main experiments were planned for SpaceLab which was carried upt by the Shuttle. Preparations for these experiments were protracted because of their complexity. Also the program was set back by 2 years because of the Challenger accident in 1986. However eventually we had experiments on SpaceLabs SLS 1, SLS 2, LMS and Neurolab. Kim Prisk was responsible for superintending the actual experiments. A remarkable feature of the experiments was that most of the data was available in real time and we could access this at the Johnson space Center near Houston. Large amounts of data were obtained in an environment where none were available before, and these were reported in many publications. As expected the function of the lung was altered in microgravity but we were relieved to find that gas exchange could still be easily accomplished. When the International Space Station became available, measurements that were made there showed that even after 6 months in space, the astronauts rapidly the lung function of the astronauts rapidly returned to normal after a few days. The upshot was that as far as we can tell, changes in pulmonary function will not be a serious problem during long-term spaceflight, for example in a 3-year mission to Mars. However such a mission has other serious dangers such as harmful radiation.
Anomalous Kondo resonance mediated by semiconducting graphene nanoribbons in a molecular heterostructure.

Kondo resonances in heterostructures formed by magnetic molecules on a metal require free host electrons to interact with the molecular spin and create delicate many-body states. Unlike graphene, semiconducting graphene nanoribbons do not have free electrons due to their large bandgaps, and thus they should electronically decouple molecules from the metal substrate. Here, we observe unusually well-defined Kondo resonances in magnetic molecules separated from a gold surface by graphene nanoribbons in vertically stacked heterostructures. Surprisingly, the strengths of Kondo resonances for the molecules on graphene nanoribbons appear nearly identical to those directly adsorbed on the top, bridge and threefold hollow sites of Au(111). This unexpectedly strong spin-coupling effect is further confirmed by density functional calculations that reveal no spin–electron interactions at this molecule-gold substrate separation if the graphene nanoribbons are absent. Our findings suggest graphene nanoribbons mediate effective spin coupling, opening a way for potential applications in spintronics. Semiconducting graphene nanoribbon provides a platform for band-gap engineering desired for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Here, Li et al. show that graphene nanoribbon can effectively mediate the interaction of molecular magnetic moment and electronic spin in underlying metallic substrates.
Oceanographic Floats: Principles of Operation

Oceanographic floats have become one of the most widely used oceanographic tools. As part of the international ARGO program, over 3000 floats monitor the temperature and salinity of the global ocean. Specialized floats carrying a broader instrument suite measure the ocean’s biological and chemical properties. Dense arrays of floats make more detailed measurements of regional variations and physical processes. This chapter reviews the physical bases of float operation, the design bases that allow for different float behaviors, and describes an operational float control system that generates these behaviors.
Scalable Algorithms in the Age of Big Data and Network Sciences: Characterization, Primitives, and Techniques

In the age of network sciences and machine learning, efficient algorithms are now in higher demand more than ever before. Big Data fundamentally challenges the classical notion of efficient algorithms: Algorithms that used to be considered efficient, according to polynomial-time characterization, may no longer be adequate for solving today»s problems. It is not just desirable, but essential, that efficient algorithms should be scalable. In other words, their complexity should be nearly linear or sub-linear with respect to the problem size. Thus, scalability, not just polynomial-time computability, should be elevated as the central complexity notion for characterizing efficient computation. In this talk, I will highlight a family of fundamental algorithmic techniques for designing provably-good scalable algorithms: (1) scalable primitives and scalable reduction, (2) spectral approximation of graphs and matrices, (3) sparsification by multilevel structures, (4) advanced sampling, (5) local network exploration. For the first, I will focus on the emerging Laplacian Paradigm, that has led to breakthroughs in scalable algorithms for several fundamental problems in network analysis, machine learning, and scientific computing. I will then illustrate these algorithmic techniques with four recent applications: (1) sampling from graphic models, (2) network centrality approximation, (3) social-influence analysis (4) local clustering. Mathematical and algorithmic solution to these problems exemplify the fusion of combinatorial, numerical, and statistical thinking in data and network analysis.
Black mother's intention to vaccinate daughters against HPV: A mixed methods approach to identify opportunities for targeted communication

Abstract Objective The cervical cancer disparity continues to exist and has widened between Black and non-Hispanic White women. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines could potentially reduce this disparity, yet remain underused among Black female adolescents. We investigated psychosocial and cultural factors associated with Black mothers' intentions to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, and explored views toward a HPV vaccine mandate. Methods In this quantitative dominant, mixed methods study, cross sectional surveys (n = 237) and follow-up semi-structured interviews (n = 9) were conducted with Black mothers of daughters. A 2-step logistic regression determined factors associated with Black mothers' intention. Thematic content analysis determined emerging themes. Results Perceived susceptibility (p = .044), perceived barriers (p Conclusions Findings demonstrate the need to develop and evaluate physician-led interventions on HPV and vaccine importance, and engage these mothers in intervention development to build trust between physicians, researchers, and Black mothers to improve HPV vaccine uptake in Black female adolescents.
The multidimensionality of anthropomorphism in advertising: the moderating roles of cognitive busyness and assertive language

ABSTRACTAnthropomorphized brands or products in advertisements are known to affect consumers’ attitudes in a positive direction. However, most research treats anthropomorphized stimuli as the same in both its design and effects. We explore the multidimensional nature of anthropomorphism in advertising by investigating two degrees of humanization (i.e. subtle vs. overt) that generate different outcomes in terms of advertising performance. For example, we find that consumers prefer ads that use overt humanization (compared to subtle and no humanization) when an ad uses assertive language (i.e. Buy NOW!); however, they prefer ads that use subtle humanization when coupled with ads that do not include assertive language. We find a similar pattern when consumers are cognitively busy. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
Cognitive Jealousy and Constructive Communication: The Role of Perceived Partner Maintenance and Uncertainty

The current study focused on how perceptions of a partner’s relational maintenance behavior relate to the degree to which an individual reports experiencing cognitive jealousy and using constructive communicative responses to jealousy. Additionally, this study examined the mediating role of relationship uncertainty in the associations between maintenance and cognitive jealousy, as well as maintenance and constructive responses. Participants were 192 individuals who were involved in a romantic relationship who completed surveys about their partners’ relational maintenance behaviors and their own levels of cognitive jealousy, relationship uncertainty, and constructive responses. Results revealed perceived partner relational maintenance behaviors were negatively associated with cognitive jealousy and relationship uncertainty. Additionally, relationship uncertainty mediated the associations between maintenance and cognitive jealousy, integrative communication, and compensatory restoration.
Wires, Catheters, and Cath Lab Rules

This chapter includes the basics for working in a catheterization laboratory. For cardiologists, this will be remedial. For cardiac surgeons, this will provide you with beginning knowledge but nothing can surpass experience. Spending time in the cath lab is the best way to learn catheter-based intervention.
Eutrophication in the Great Lakes of the Chinese Pacific Drainage Basin: Changes, Trends, and Management

China has 25 of the world’s great lakes (> 500 km2). This number of great lakes is exceeded only by Canada and Russia. Tectonic uplift and fluvial actions are the primary mechanisms resulting in the formation of these lakes. Long-term climate changes have significant impacts on these lakes, especially in terms of: (1) lake size and depth and (2) chemical characteristics. In recent years, the increased temperature has also led to the onset of the blue-green alga Microsysti in the Pacific Drainage Basin (PDB). Over the most recent 40 years, human activities have had a visible effect on the large lakes situated in the human-dominated PDB. Large lakes in this basin have become depositories of agricultural, industrial, and household wastes and have shown an increased level of eutrophication and toxic chemical accumulation. These great lakes have changed from oligotrophic in the 1960s, to eutrophic in the 1980s, and to hypereutrophic in the 1990s, with increased occurrence of blue-green Microsysti blooms. These blooms have become serious concerns for water supplies and the health of people and aquatic ecosystems.
Repressive coping and the inaccessibility of negative autobiographical memories:: converging evidence

Abstract People with a repressive coping style have been found to have difficulty remembering unpleasant autobiographical events, but past research has almost exclusively utilized a procedure developed by Davis (1990) in which participants are presented with words representing different emotions and are asked to list autobiographical memories associated with each word. Repressors may simply be less able than other people to utilize emotion labels as retrieval cues. However, two studies replicated and extended past findings by showing that even when participants are provided with rich descriptive cues in the form of general descriptions of unpleasant events, repressors still report fewer such experiences. Because repressors did not recall fewer concrete and unambiguous negative events than other participants in study 2, the results are also consistent with the hypothesis that biased encoding mechanisms can explain why fewer negative events are available for recall by repressors.
Cystic lesions of the pancreas: clinical and pathologic review of cases in a five year period.

Context Cystic lesions of the pancreas represent an important subgroup of pancreatic tumors. The characterization of these lesions has evolved in recent years, and will continue to change according to the increasing number of biopsies and resections performed. Design Pancreatectomy specimens containing cystic lesions collected over a five-year period were reviewed. Main outcome measures Demographic and pathologic features were recorded. Setting Cases were subclassified in diagnostic categories and were grouped according to the nature of the lesion (non-neoplastic vs . neoplastic). Results Of 361 pancreatic lesions, 97 cysts corresponding to 95 patients were studied. The patients’ mean age was 60 years. Sixty two cysts (63.9%) occurred in women. Among the 97 cysts, five (5.2%) were non-neoplastic and 92 (94.8%) were neoplastic (59.8% benign, 17.5% borderline, 17.5% malignant). Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was the most common diagnosis (n=51; 52.6%) followed by serous cystic neoplasm (n=20; 20.6%) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (n=13; 13.4%). Frequency of female gender was higher and age was lower in the borderline lesions (P=0.001 and P=0.002, respectively). Tumor size was significantly lower in benign neoplastic lesions (P=0.045). Incidental identification was more frequent in benign lesions (P=0.028), whereas malignant lesions were more frequently symptomatic (P=0.001). Conclusion Cystic lesions are found in 20.6% of all pancreatectomy specimens. Among this heterogeneous group, benign neoplasms predominate, particularly those with mucinous lining. Age at presentation, gender, location and tumor size are highly variable, with the exception of solid pseudopapillary tumor. Clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging and laboratory data should be consistently reported to improve the therapeutic approach. Image: Cystic lesions of the pancreas.
The Historical and Contemporary Relationship between Developmental Psychology and Pediatrics

Developmental psychologists and pediatricians share a common goal: facilitation of optimal growth and development in children. The relationship between the study of child development and pediatric medicine would appear to hold considerable interest to academics and those with applied interests in both disciplines. Yet, until recently, the members of each profession have been reluctant to collaborate in research, teaching, or clinical work. It is possible to hypothesize and historically trace three main reasons for this apparent indifference of developmental psychologists and pediatricians regarding each other’s discipline.
Flow of a Polymerizing Fluid Between Two Rotating Concentric Cylinders

Flow of polymerizing fluids involves a complex interaction between momentum, heat and mass transfer. The transport phenomena are interrelated through the dependence of the material parameters (viscosity, specific heat, etc.) on the field variables (extent of polymerization, temperature, and the rate of deformation). These “cross” effects tend to obscure measurements of the material properties, and also make the flow analysis quite complex.
Optimization Problems in Optical Networks

The huge potential of optical networks for satisfying the skyrocketing needs of broadband telecommunication services while meeting rigid quality of service requirements has long been acknowledged. However, although fiber has become the medium of choice in telecommunication networks, its vast resources are severely under-used, due to the much slower electronics that are interfaced with the optical medium. For instance, transceivers operate at speeds that are several orders of magnitude below the actual usable capacity of the fiber (several Gbps versus hundreds of Gbps). In order to achieve higher rates, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) techniques have been widely suggested. The concept behind WDM is to partition the optical spectrum into multiple non-overlapping wavelength channels, each modulated at electronic speed. WDM networks offer potential advantages, including higher aggregate bandwidth per fiber, new flexibility for automated network management and control, noise immunity, transparency to different data formats and protocols, low bit-error rates, and better network configurability and survivability-all leading to more cost-effective networks.
Tactile, Visual, and Crossmodal Visual-Tactile Change Blindness: The Effect of Transient Type and Task Demands:

Objective:The present study examined whether tactile change blindness and crossmodal visual-tactile change blindness occur in the presence of two transient types and whether their incidence is affe...
The concomitant use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors: Prevalence, predictors, and impact on survival and discontinuation of therapy in older adults with cancer.

Background The concomitant use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is a significant concern because of potential drug-drug interaction that reduces TKI absorption, thus potentially reducing the effectiveness of TKIs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of concomitant TKI-PPI receipt and its impact on survival and therapy discontinuation in older adults with cancer. Methods This retrospective study used linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data for the years 2007 through 2012. In total, 12,538 patients with lung cancer, renal cell cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia, liver cancer, or pancreatic cancer were included. The primary exposure variable was concomitant receipt of TKI-PPI, defined as at least 30 days of PPI use in the first 90 days from the start of the TKI (exposure period). The outcomes measured were overall survival and discontinuation of therapy in 90 days and 1 year after the end of the exposure period. Cox proportional-hazards regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to evaluate the association between exposure and outcome. Results The overall prevalence of TKI-PPI receipt was 22.7%. Predictors that were associated with increased use included polypharmacy and prior PPI receipt. TKI-PPI use decreased survival in 90 days (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.28) and in 1 year (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.18) but was not associated with discontinuation. Conclusions Nearly 1 in 4 older adults with cancer who receive TKIs also receive PPIs concomitantly, and concomitant use is associated with an increased risk of death. Concerted efforts to manage medications are needed to identify and reduce the receipt of PPIs when TKIs are initiated.
Coupled phase field finite element model for crack propagation in elastic polycrystalline microstructures

This paper is aimed at the development of a coupled finite element-phase field modeling framework for simulating fracture processes in anisotropic elastic materials under finite deformation conditions with tension-compression asymmetry of crack phase. A novel Helmholtz free energy density is proposed in terms of a phase field order parameter dependent elastic Green-Lagrange strain tensor. It accommodates anisotropy of the material and unilateral conditions of material damage. The paper also addresses numerical instabilities, which adversely affect computational fracture simulations. Solutions based on viscous stabilization are suggested to effectively overcome the convergence issues of nonlinear FE solvers. Numerical examples are carried out to highlight different aspects of the developed framework. Numerical results with the proposed model are successfully compared with experimental results for validation. The model admits the unilateral conditions of the crack phase and predicts the correct crack kinking in mode II fracture. Special attention is drawn to numerical details affecting the efficiency and accuracy of the phase field models.
Building a bridge to behavioral economics: countervailing cognitive biases in lifetime saving decisions

This research project bridges system dynamics and behavioral economics by importing tools and concepts, such as feedback dynamics, into mainstream behavioral economics research. This project focuses on countervailing cognitive biases, a theory where two competing cognitive biases can interact or even cancel out each other. We apply this concept to a key problem in behavioral economics: the difficulty that people have in making optimal trade‐offs between spending and saving for retirement. The simple model introduced in this paper represents the first iteration in the effort, and provides a proof‐of‐concept model that reproduces theoretical optimal behaviors from behavioral economics. Our exploratory analysis then adds to the simulation two cognitive biases that partially cancel each other out in ways that we had not initially expected. In the next step, we modify our original system dynamics model as an example of how to replace an economic optimization calculation with a decision‐making heuristic involving information feedback. © 2019 System Dynamics Society
A systematic process for evaluating structured perfect Bayesian equilibria in dynamic games with asymmetric information

We consider a finite horizon dynamic game with N selfish players who observe their types privately and take actions, which are publicly observed. Players' types evolve as conditionally independent Markov processes, conditioned on their current actions. Their actions and types jointly determine their instantaneous rewards. Since each player has a different information set, this forms a dynamic game with asymmetric information and there is no known methodology to find perfect Bayesian equilibria (PBE) for such games in general. In this paper, we provide a two-step backward-forward recursive algorithm to find a class of PBE using a belief state based on common information of the players. We refer to such equilibria as structured Bayesian perfect equilibria (SPBE). The backward recursive part of this algorithm defines an equilibrium generating function. Each period in the backward recursion involves solving a fixed point equation on the space of probability simplexes for every possible belief on types. Using this function, equilibrium strategies and beliefs are defined through a forward recursion. We provide a public goods example to demonstrate the methodology.
Loop analysis of the anal sphincter complex in fecal incontinent patients using functional luminal imaging probe.

We describe the use of area-pressure (AP) and area-tension (AT) -loop analysis of the anal sphincters and puborectalis muscles in normal subjects and patients with fecal incontinence using the func...
Forum: Integration of Crop-Livestock Systems: An Opportunity to Protect Grasslands from Conversion to Cropland in the US Great Plains

Abstract The Great Plains is a mixture of cropland and grassland mainly used for agricultural purposes, with grasslands under continual threat of conversion to cropland. Agriculturists are advocating for the integration of crop-livestock systems (ICLS) to recouple nutrient cycles, improve biodiversity, and increase resilience of agricultural operations. We address the benefits of ICLS in the Great Plains, contending that focus on improving soil health and financial stability of agricultural operations should reduce the conversion of grasslands to cropland. Using US Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service Census of Agriculture survey data from the 1925−2017 category “cropland used only for pasture or grazing,” which represents land that had been cropped but converted to annual/perennial pasture and grazed, we showcase that the number of farms and the land area in this category is a reasonable proxy of ICLS. As expected, ICLS dramatically decreased in the entire United States from 1925 to 1945, but from 1945 to 2002 in the Great Plains ICLS remained relatively constant, providing evidence of sustained crop-livestock integration. Consistent high numbers of beef cows during this period and the wide availability of forages and crop residues for ruminants facilitated opportunities for producers to use ICLS on their individual operations (within farm) or among operations where row crop farmers and forage-based producers integrated beef cattle use across the landscape (among farms). This integration, however, was decoupled from 2006 to 2013, a period of high grain prices. As a result, economic value of grasslands was decreased and conversion to cropland was increased. Thus, conservation efforts in the Great Plains for grasslands should focus on keeping grasslands intact for provision of multiple ecosystem goods and services by emphasizing incorporation of ICLS within and among farms to reduce the risk of converting grassland to cropland.
Decreasing the Duration of Discharge Antibiotic Treatment Following Inpatient Skin and Soft Tissue Abscess Drainage.

Introduction Skin and soft tissue abscesses do not require prolonged systemic antimicrobial treatment following drainage. We aimed to decrease the duration of discharge antibiotic treatment to less than 5 days following inpatient incision and drainage of uncomplicated abscesses. Methods A new treatment protocol that defined uncomplicated abscesses, as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria, was created to monitor the accurate duration of prescribed therapy at discharge. We implemented a treatment algorithm that takes into account the epidemiologic changes in microbial etiologies and the presence of systemic findings for patients after surgical incision and drainage. We used control charts to assess the impact of the interventions. Results Four hundred and eighteen patients were discharged following abscess drainage from our inpatient infectious diseases unit in 2016. The patients were 3 months to 21 years of age. Only 72 (17%) patients had prescribed discharge antibiotic treatment courses that were less than 5 days [range 0-31 days, median 8 days (IQR 6, 9)], and the average prescribed course at discharge was 8.6 days. During the study period, we significantly decreased the average duration of discharge antibiotics to 7.3 days in all patients (P = 0.0016, 95% CI: -2.1036 to -0.4964, difference of means -1.3). The discharge treatment duration of patients with uncomplicated abscess was shorter at 4.7 days [range 0-9 days, median 5 days, (IQR 3, 5)]. Prescription compliance to less than 5 days treatment course at discharge increased from the baseline of 17% to 42% overall. Conclusions Standardizing definitions of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue abscesses was critical to the success of this project. In addition to possible improved treatment adherence and decreased side effects, our protocol led to decreased patient care costs with no documented changes in readmission rates.
Hierarchical Composites with Electrophoretically Deposited Carbon Nanotubes for In Situ Sensing of Deformation and Damage

As composites are used increasingly in structural components, novel techniques for detecting micro-scale damage are required. Their nanoscale size and high aspect ratio allow carbon nanotubes to create electrically conductive pathways that enable sensing. In this work, carbon nanotubes are deposited onto glass fabric using electrophoretic deposition to create hierarchical composites. Polyethylenimine functionalized carbon nanotubes are deposited from an aqueous dispersion using an electric field. Symmetric cross-ply composites are investigated as a model system to demonstrate the ability to detect incipient damage and transverse microcracks. The specimens are subjected to tensile loading, and a resistance increase is observed because of two key mechanisms—A reversible change in nanotube-nanotube tunneling gaps due to elastic straining of the network and a permanent severing of paths in the conducting network due to formation of transverse cracks in the 90° plies. By analyzing the electrical response, the damage state can be identified. Acoustic emission sensors are used to validate the results. The strength and Young’s modulus of the composites with integrated carbon nanotubes are similar to the control specimens. Crack density measurements using edge replication reveal that transverse cracking can be suppressed, demonstrating multi-functionality with improved damage tolerance and integrated sensing.
The missing link in Spanish heritage trill production

While heritage language phonology has attracted a great deal of attention, little is known about the development of heritage phonological grammars. This study examines the production of the Spanish trill /r/ by school-aged (9-10 years) and adult heritage speakers. Results showed that the adult heritage speakers produced the trill in a more target-like manner than the child heritage speakers, although half of them diverged from non-heritage native baselines reported in other studies. Further analysis of the distribution of trill variants suggests that heritage Spanish trill development occurs in the order of single lingual constriction → frication → multiple lingual constrictions. However, instead of abandoning variants of early stages, some adult heritage speakers kept them in their trill inventories, demonstrating increased variability. Our findings indicate that 9- to 10-year-old heritage speakers are still in the process of developing heritage phonological grammars and even during adulthood their grammars may not reach stability.
Evaluation fuel slug eccentricity effects on fuel performance

Abstract Metallic fast reactor fuel is often formed via a casting process. This paper explores the potential role of mold casting tolerances in the formation of non-circular fuel slugs, and how such variability in shape may affect fuel swelling and the potential for excessive strain in the cladding at lower fuel burnups. The fuel performance simulation effort presented in this paper was executed using Idaho National Laboratory’s BISON fuel performance code. Three fuel configurations are included in this analysis: circular, elliptical, and maximum eccentric fuel all with the same 75% smeared density. For eccentric fuel cross sections, temperature gradients on the fuel surface along the long dimension of the oval are greater, leading to fuel anisotropic deformation due to creep. Stress emerging due to fuel-cladding contact forces fuel to creep into available cavities and creates very little cladding strain. The cladding experiences a hoop stress surge when contacted by the fuel. However, the magnitude of the hoop stress is inconsequential compared to the cladding yield stress. Thus, the dimensional variations possible for fuel slugs cast in common quartz tubing molds is not expected to impact overall fuel performance nor increase the probability of fuel cladding failure at early life.
Physics-Based Modeling of Twisted-and-Coiled Actuators Using Cosserat Rod Theory

Twisted and coiled actuators (TCAs) have recently emerged as a promising artificial muscle for various robotic applications because they are strong, low cost, and customizable. To better facilitate the applications, it is critical to establish general and precise models for different types of TCAs (e.g., self-coiled, free-stroke, conical, etc.). Although several modeling methods have been proposed recently, existing models either fail to capture the nonlinearity during large deformations or cannot model TCAs with nonuniform geometries. In this work, we establish a general framework for modeling TCAs using Cosserat rod theory that can capture the nonlinearity of large deformations and simulate TCAs with nonuniform geometries. Furthermore, we show existing methods are special cases of our general model. Comprehensive statics and dynamics experiments are conducted to verify the proposed model, and the results demonstrate that the model is more accurate than existing ones, especially when a TCA is subject to large deformations. Given the wide applications of TCAs, our general model can help to better design, optimize, and control systems/robots/devices driven by different types of TCAs.
Regulation of Macrophage Ia Expression In Vivo and In Vitro

The expression of Ia antigens on macrophages is critical for their function as antigen-presenting cells (1,2). Since the ability of individual macrophages to synthesize and express Ia is short-lived (3,4), the control mechanisms regulating these events become of major importance. We have recently shown that, in vivo, the phenotype of the exudate macrophage can be regulated by immunologic stimuli, such as administration of hemocyanin, sheep erythrocytes, and especially the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (5). With intra-peritoneal injection of Listeria, the level of local la-bearing macrophages (as determined by immunofluorescence) can reach 90% or more, while in normal mice, or mice given inflammatory stimuli such as peptone, it is only about 5 to 10%. All experiments reported here employed a monoclonal antibody (clone 10-2.16) recognizing specificities 17 of the I-A subregion of fkr and s haplotypes. Using another monoclonal antibody (against I-E/C) as well as A.TH anti A.TL antibodies, we have found that the response to modulation of I-A subregion determinants is characteristic of Ia antigens in general (4,7). This amplification of the la-positive subset was shown, by adoptive transfer, to require the function of activated T cells. Moreover, when peritoneal exudate cells from Listeria-immunized mice were cultured with heat-killed Listeria, they produced a soluble mediator which, when injected intraperitoneally into normal mice, induced a similar, selective augmentation of the la-positive population (6). The T cell origin of this activity has been confirmed by its production by T cell lines and hybridomas. It is not genetically restricted in its action, has a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 daltons, and is referred to as macrophage (la-positive)-recruiting factor (MIRF).
Fire in Goethe’s Work: Neptunism and Volcanism

Writing about fire in the context of this conference cannot provide the all-consuming and radical coverage of the subject that fire itself as a natural force would provide. Fire, because of its radical power which “transforms” and “consumes” the grown structures of nature and, likewise, the forms of human creation, has been a formidable natural force which has fascinated and frightened the human being from time immemorial. Fire has ranked foremost among the forces of nature so that the earliest human beings are known to have worshiped this power out of reverence for its enigma and regenerative force. Although fire’s force, when uncontrolled by man, is radically destructive, as seen from the burning of the famous library of Alexandria to Hiroshima, Three Mile Island, and Chernobyl, it is mankind which knows that fire is the force upon which its domination of nature depends. Long before humankind knew how to utilize fire to the extent to which we now know how to use and control it, early cultures sensed the importance of fire, particularly as it appeared daily in the sky as the sun providing light, warmth, and energy for everything that was alive on this planet. Homer referred to the sun as a chariot of fire which would move daily across the sky; the ancient Persians worshiped fire and its divine power by turning their faces toward the rising sun.
Quantum Noise in Lasers and Parametric Oscillators: Inside Versus Outside

Resonant cavities have been employed in a large variety of extremely useful optical applications, ranging from interference filters and etalons1 to ordinary lasers and masers2 to exotic devices like the single-atom maser3 and two-photon lasers4 to devices based on nonlinear interactions like parametric generation5 that produce squeezed states6 of light. In many of these applications, the principal role of the cavity is to provide frequency and mode discrimination. Yet such discrimination cannot be perfect since light must necessarily be allowed to exit as the useful output through partially transmitting end mirrors, which also permit the incoherent external vacuum field to leak in and contaminate the cavity field. The functioning of optical devices which generate quantum mechanical states of light with properties like squeezing, photon antibunching, etc. is especially sensitive to such contamination.
Psychometric properties and clinical utility of the scale for suicide ideation with inpatient children

The purpose of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) for children. The SSI was administered to 100 children who were hospitalized. Data were not used from 13 subjects due to the presence of a psychotic disorder or IQ less than 70, leaving 87 participants. The SSI was examined regarding its internal consistency, concurrent validity, construct validity, and factor structure when used with children. Based on the findings, the SSI appears to have adequate psychometric properties and can be used by clinicians and researchers examining children in an inpatient setting. Recommendations for clinicians are included to help make the SSI more functional in use for children.
Severe atherosclerosis in the “single coronary artery”: Report of a previously undescribed pattern

Abstract A case is presented in which a true single coronary artery of a previously unreported type was found to arise from an unusual position high in the ascending aorta. Atherosclerotic involvement of this vessel was extremely heavy, and there was extensive development of coronary arterial collateral circulation. The problems inherent in attempting to diagnose this type of anomaly are discussed, and the potential impact of abnormal origin and distribution on the development of atherosclerosis in the single coronary vessel is reviewed.