cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refining the Model of Urea Kinetics: Compartment Effects

A 70-year-old female with chronic congestive heart failure requires maintenance hemodialysis because of end-stage diabetic nephropathy. She is dialyzed on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 2 hours using a dialyzer with an average urea clearance of 250 ml/min. Dry weight is 50 kg. Predialysis blood urea nitrogen (BUN) on Wednesday is 50 mg/dl; postdialysis BUN is 15 mg/dl. A single-compartment, variable-volume model of urea kinetics revealed the following: 1.5 hours of dialysis are sufficient to maintain Kt/V at 1.1/dialysis; protein catabolism is 0.92 g/kg/day; her volume of urea distribution is 43% of body weight. Provided the blood access device and dialysis equipment are functioning properly and the blood specimens are drawn and measured correctly, are the model predictions valid?
A genetic basis for the sudden infant death syndrome sex ratio

Abstract Sudden infant death syndrome, in 36 global data sets comprising 67 378 postneonatal autopsied cases, has a male fraction of 0.612 which is significantly greater than the male birth fraction of 0.5122. Each of the sex ratios in the 36 data sets cannot be rejected as a random sample from a P = 0.612 binomial distribution. We hypothesize that an X-linked two-allele (a,A) single gene may be responsible for this consistent behavior. The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts, given a 5% excess male birth rate, that a recessive allele (a) associated with sudden infant death syndrome, having a frequency of q = 2 3 , could be responsible for the male fraction of 0.612. The absence of the A allele would be a necessary precondition for sudden infant death syndrome. We hypothesize that the syndrome occurs only with additional rare environmental conditions and rare physiological factors leading to extreme hypoxic stress, which reduces the sudden infant death syndrome rate to the order of 1 per 1000 live births.
Effects of the Corticosteroid Kenalog on the Carrier State of Juvenile Channel Catfish Exposed to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Studies were conducted on the carrier state following experimentally induced infections of Edwardsiella ictaluri in juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The cumulative mortality of fish exposed to the bacterium at l.0 × 108 colony-forming units/mL for 30 s was 71% after 3 weeks at a water temperature of 25°C. The bacterium could not be recovered from the posterior kidneys of 10 fish examined 1, 2, or 3 months after initial exposure, but antibodies were still evident at each sampling. However, the bacterium was isolated from 6 of 20 fish at 4 months postexposure, 14 d after intraperitoneal injection with the corticosteroid Kenalog (0.8 mg/g fish). In a second study (done 4 months after immersion exposure) and a third (done 6 months after immersion exposure), Kenalog treatments were shown to increase the susceptibility of both previously exposed and unexposed channel catfish to an immersion challenge with E. ictaluri. Previously exposed fish that received Kenalog but were not challenged su...
An XPS and Electrochemical Study of the Influence of Molybdenum and Nitrogen on the Passivity of Austenitic Stainless Steel

Abstract In previous surface studies of N bearing stainless steels exposed to acidic environments we have determined that N is anodically segregated as a surface nitride phase. In this paper we have focused on the nature of the surface nitride and its role in the passivity of each of the constituent elements comprising a Mo bearing stainless steel. To facilitate this study, surface nitrides were generated electrochemically at room temperature on the surface of high purity samples of Cr, Mo, Fe and Ni and on the surface of types 304, 317LX, 904L and AL6X stainless steels. The effect of the surface nitriding treatment on the anodic kinetics of the stainless steels was in close agreement with the effect of N alloying. The surface nitriding of Cr resulted in the complete elimination of the active nose in deaerated 0.1 M HCl. Mo and Ni showed only small effects of surface nitriding, while Fe exhibited higher rates of anodic kinetics. The mechanism by which surface nitrides modify the anodic kinetics of stainless steel is discussed.
The effect of addition of sodium and potassium chloride to the reciprocal system: KH2PO4-Na2HPO4-H2O on pH and composition during freezing.

Abstract Addition of sodium and potassium chlorides significantly affected the changes in pH in solutions of phosphates during freezing. Changes in pH in solutions of phosphates with chlorides depended on the relative contents of sodium and potassium in much the same way as in solutions of phosphates alone. Addition of sodium chloride usually caused additional decreases in pH and had a large effect on the pH of the eutectic solution. Addition of potassium chloride did not markedly affect the pH of the eutectic solution although it usually caused an increase in pH during the initial phase of freezing. Several eutectic points of solutions containing chlorides in addition to sodium and potassium phosphates were determined, and a relatively complete picture of the phase relations during precipitation of ice and one or more salts was obtained. The pH of all solutions containing sodium chloride in addition to phosphates was less than 4, while the pH of eutectic solutions containing potassium chloride but not sodium chloride was above 6.
What are the Unique and Interacting Contributions of School and Family Factors to Early Adolescents’ Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking?

Empathy in children has received considerable attention in the literature, but limited research has investigated the contributions of various socializing factors on both affective (e.g., empathic concern) and cognitive (e.g., perspective taking) components of empathy in early adolescents. Guided by socialization theories, this study examined the unique and interacting contributions of school connectedness and parent–child conflict to subsequent levels of both components of empathy across a 1-year period of time. Participants were 487 10- to 14- year old middle school students (54 % female; 76 % European-American) involved in two waves of a study with 1 year between each wave. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, among girls, reports of parent–child conflict contributed to a decrease in empathic concern one year later, whereas school connectedness was a protective factor that offset the negative impact of parent–child conflict on girls’ subsequent perspective taking. Alternatively, only boys’ reports of school connectedness contributed to subsequent increases in both empathic concern and perspective taking 1 year later. Findings indicate that school connectedness and conflict with parents play different socializing roles for girls’ and boys’ empathic concern and perspective taking. The current study calls for further research and youth programs to consider the important contributions that socializing agents can make on both components of empathy for early adolescent girls and boys.
Direct and inverse theorems of approximate methods for the solution of an abstract Cauchy problem

We consider an approximate method for the solution of the Cauchy problem for an operator differential equation based on the expansion of the exponential function in orthogonal Laguerre polynomials. For an initial value of finite smoothness with respect to the operator A, we prove direct and inverse theorems of the theory of approximation in the mean and give examples of the unimprovability of the corresponding estimates in these theorems. We establish that the rate of convergence is exponential for entire vectors of exponential type and subexponential for Gevrey classes and characterize the corresponding classes in terms of the rate of convergence of approximation in the mean.
Factors Affecting the Chemical Durability of Glass Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Delamination, or the generation of glass flakes in vials used to contain parenteral drug products, continues to be a persistent problem in the pharmaceutical industry. To understand all of the factors that might contribute to delamination, a statistical design of experiments was implemented to describe this loss of chemical integrity for glass vials. Phase I of this study focused on the effects of thermal exposure (prior to product filling) on the surface chemistry of glass vials. Even though such temperatures are below the glass transition temperature for the glass, and parenteral compounds are injected directly into the body, data must be collected to show that the glass was not phase separating. Phase II of these studies examined the combined effects of thermal exposure, glass chemistry, and exposure to pharmaceutically relevant molecules on glass delamination. A variety of tools was used to examine the glass and the solution contained in the vial including: scanning electron microscopy and dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy for the glass; and visual examination, pH measurements, laser particle counting, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry for the analysis of the solution. The combined results of phase I and II showed depyrogenation does not play a significant role in delamination. Terminal sterilization, glass chemistry, and solution chemistry are the key factors in the generation of glass flakes. Dissolution of silica may be an effective indicator that delamination will occur with a given liquid stored in glass. Finally, delamination should not be defined by the appearance of visible glass particulates. There is a mechanical component in the delamination process whereby the flakes must break away from the interior vial surface. Delamination should be defined by the observation of flakes on the interior surface of the vial, which can be detected by several other analytical techniques.
Speech Perception as a Multimodal Phenomenon

Speech perception is inherently multimodal. Visual speech (lip-reading) information is used by all perceivers and readily integrates with auditory speech. Imaging research suggests that the brain treats auditory and visual speech similarly. These findings have led some researchers to consider that speech perception works by extracting amodal information that takes the same form across modalities. From this perspective, speech integration is a property of the input information itself. Amodal speech information could explain the reported automaticity, immediacy, and completeness of audiovisual speech integration. However, recent findings suggest that speech integration can be influenced by higher cognitive properties such as lexical status and semantic context. Proponents of amodal accounts will need to explain these results.
Theoretical strategy for choosing piggyback intraocular lens powers in young children.

Introduction The normal growth of a young child's pseudophakic eye can result in a large myopic shift. Temporary polypseudophakia using piggyback intraocular lenses (IOLs) has been proposed as a means to reduce the amount of myopic shift by removing the anterior IOL when the eye becomes sufficiently myopic. Since the rate of refractive growth can be used to predict the refractive curve over time in pseudophakic children, we used this knowledge to develop a theoretical strategy for choosing IOL power combinations for temporary polypseudophakia. Methods We used a novel Pediatric Piggyback IOL Calculator to develop a strategy for choosing the powers of the anterior and posterior IOLs. We graphed the predicted results for several combinations of piggyback IOL powers and chose the combination of IOL powers that appeared to give the best results, based on the known rate of refractive growth (5.4 D) and its standard deviation (2.4 D). We aimed for a combination to minimize the hyperopic or myopic refractive error during the first 6 years of life to facilitate amblyopia management and minimize the refractive error at age 20 years. Results We found optimal results when the initial postoperative goal refraction with polypseudophakia was moderate hyperopia and the anterior IOL had approximately 20% of the total required IOL power. Conclusions This theoretical strategy can be used to determine piggyback IOL powers to use in children.
SU-FF-J-07: Analysis of Response Time Delays in An Adaptive Feedback System: Considerations for a Real-Time Intra-Fraction Motion Tracking Couch

Purpose: To assess the impact of response time delays in an adaptive feedback couch‐based respiration‐induced motion tracking system.Method and Materials: We employed a convolution/superposition based Monte Carlo dose calculation to determine the impact of response delays between the tumor or surrogate respiration markers and the couch on planned dose distributions. The isocenter was randomly sampled from the distribution of the residual tumor/marker/couch trajectory. With this calculation we obtained the ensemble average over all possibilities of the dose distribution (assuming each fraction starts with a random respiration phase). Two test motion trajectories were used: 1) sinusoidal and 2) a published diaphragm motion description. For motion periods of 3 and 4 s and a motion amplitude of 1 cm, we simulated response delays ranging from 100–500 ms. Calculations were validated with measurement for one case. Results: For a motion period of 3 s, the penumbra width increased by 1–11.5 mm when superior‐inferior motion with an amplitude of 1 cm was considered for response delays ranging from 100–500 ms with slightly worse results observed for the published motion trajectory. The decrease in the width of the 90% isodose line was 1.2–16.7 mm. The degradation in the penumbra and 90% isodose line width in the direction of motion were less severe when the motion period was 4 s. Phase delay film measurements agreed with our calculations to < 2 mm agreement of the corresponding isodose lines. Conclusion: For both sinusoidal and a published diaphragm motion trajectory, a response time of < 300 ms within the feedback loop is desirable to deliver highly conformal plans reliably. Response times of 500 ms or higher are equivalent to applying no real‐time motion compensation and in some cases can degrade the plan much worse than no corrective action.
Synthesis and reactivity of a Ru(I) dimer devoid of π-acid ligands

Zinc reduction of [(Cym)RuCl2]2 gives [(Cym)RuCl]2, (Cym = 1,4-MeiPrC6H4), whose reactivity is evaluated. This RuI dimer with two bridging chlorides shows no reactivity towards H2, N2, N2O or methyl triflate, but does add HCl to form (Cym)2Ru2HCl3. Attempts to form a monomeric monovalent ruthenium complex with dppm, Ph2PCH2PPh2, gives disproportionation to (Cym)RuCl2(η1-dppm) and (Cym)Ru(η2-dppm). With terpyridyl, the analogous disproportionation behavior is observed, to form Ru(terpy)22+ and a zero valent product, which decomposed before it could be isolated. The molecular orbitals, from a DFT calculation, of [(Cym)RuCl]2 show the LUMO to be in a sterically crowded region of the molecule, and thus helps to account for the reactivity targeted for small and more nucleophilic reagents, while the HOMO is accessible to reaction with HCl.
Comparison of Broiler Performance When Fed Diets Containing Event DP-3Ø5423-1, Nontransgenic Near-Isoline Control, or Commercial Reference Soybean Meal, Hulls, and Oil

DP-3O5423-1 (305423) is a genetically modified soybean that was produced by biolistic insertion of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and gm-hra genes into the germline of soybean seeds. Expression of gm-fad2-1 results in greater concentrations of oleic acid (18:1) by suppressing expression of the endogenous FAD2-1 gene, which encodes an n-6 fatty acid desaturase enzyme that catalyzes desaturation of 18:1 to linoleic acid (18:2). The GM-HRA protein expressed by the gm-hra gene is a modified version of the soybean acetolactate synthase enzyme that is used as a selectable marker during transformation. A 42-d feeding trial was conducted with broiler chickens to compare the nutritional performance of 305423 soybeans with nontransgenic soybeans. Diets were prepared using processed fractions (meal, hulls, and oil) from 305423 soybean plants. For comparison, additional diets were produced with soybean fractions obtained from a nontransgenic near-isoline (control) and nontransgenic commercial Pioneer brand varieties (93B86, 93B15, and 93M40). Diets were fed to Ross x Cobb broilers (n = 120/group, 50% male and 50% female) in 3 phases. Starter, grower, and finisher diets contained 26.5, 23, and 21.5% soybean meal, respectively. Soybean hulls and oil were added at 1.0 and 0.5%, respectively, across all diets in each phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in growth performance (BW, mortality, feed efficiency), organ yield (liver and kidney), or carcass yield (breast, thigh, leg, wing, and abdominal fat) variables between broilers consuming diets prepared with isolated fractions from 305423 or near-isoline control soybean. Additionally, all performance and carcass variables from control and 305423 soybean treatment groups fell within tolerance intervals constructed for each response variable using data from broilers fed diets prepared with reference soybean fractions. Based on the results from this study, it was concluded that 305423 soybeans were nutritionally equivalent to non-transgenic control soybeans with a comparable genetic background.
Nursing Best Practices to Prevent Stroke in Women

Stroke remains the third leading cause of death in women affecting 3.8 million women compared with 3 million men.1,2 Almost half of the women surviving stroke are anticipated to have residual deficits, including cognitive dysfunction and weakness 6 months later.3 With the aging population and increased longevity of women in our society, there is an urgent need to concentrate on stroke prevention for women, identify those most at risk, and then take immediate action. Nurses practice in a variety of clinical settings (eg, hospitals, clinics, schools, community outreach programs, etc), thereby having numerous opportunities to empower others to reduce the likelihood of stroke through education and management of personal risk behaviors. The purpose of this article is to summarize best evidence underpinning essential nursing activities targeting stroke prevention in women. A variety of risk factors trigger nurses and other healthcare providers (HCPs) to immediately act. The most prominent stroke risk factors for women are the following:
ECOLOGY AND COMMUNITY: THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF LOCAL COMMITMENT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

While attention has been given to national environmental policies and the global environmental condition by scholars, and there is ample research addressing public opinion and attitudes on environmental issues, little research has focused on environment issues in communities and, specifically, on the forces within the local policy setting that shape environmental policy. This paper, based on a study of cities and counties in Florida, explores two concerns: identifying the level of commitment to environmental protection in communities; and identifying forces associated with communities prioritizing environmental protection. The author finds evidence that counties afford a high level of prioritization to environmental protection. Florida's communities appear to define the issue narrowly along the lines of water resources. The findings have theoretical relevance, as it was found that socioeconomic and “social quality of life” indicators tend to explain community environmental orientations and prioritization.
Listen to Your Heart? Calling and Receptivity to Career Advice

This study explores calling in the context of career decision making. Specifically, the authors examine receptivity to advice that discourages individuals from pursuing a professional path in their calling’s domain. The authors hypothesize that people with a strong calling will be more likely to ignore negative career advice. In Study 1, a four-wave, 7-year longitudinal study following 450 amateur musicians across career stages, the regression analyses showed that those with a stronger calling toward music reported being more willing to ignore the discouraging career-related advice of a trusted mentor. These results held over time, such that an early calling predicted the degree to which young people were willing to ignore career advice equally strongly 6 weeks, 3½ years, and 7 years later. In Study 2, the authors replicated these findings in a cross-sectional study of 131 business students. The authors discuss the implications for research on calling, as well as for counseling strong-calling individuals.
Kinetics of zinc and arsenate co-sorption at the goethite–water interface

Little or no information is available in the literature about reaction processes of co-sorbing metals and arsenate (As(V)) on variable-charged surfaces or factors influencing these reactions. Arsenic and metal contamination are, however, a common co-occurrence in many contaminated environments. In this study, we investigated the co-sorption kinetics of 250 M As(V) and zinc (Zn(II)) in 10, 100, and 1000 mg goethite L 1 0.01 M NaCl solution at pH 7, collected complementary As and Zn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data after various aging times, and performed a replenishment desorption/dissolution study at pH 4 and 5.5 after 6 months of aging time. Arsenate and Zn(II) formed adamite-like and koritnigite-like precipitates on goethite in 100- and 10-ppm goethite suspensions, respectively, whereas in 1000-ppm goethite suspensions, As(V) formed mostly double-corner sharing complexes and Zn(II) formed a solid solution on goethite according to EXAFS spectroscopic analyses. In all goethite suspension densities, surface adsorption reactions were part of the initial reaction processes. In 10- and 100-ppm goethite suspensions, a heterogeneous nucleation reaction occurred in which adamite-like precipitates began to form 48 h earlier than koritnigite-like surface precipitates. Arsenate and Zn(II) uptake from solution decreased after 4 weeks. Replenishment desorption studies showed that the precipitates and surface adsorbed complexes on goethite were susceptible to proton-promoted dissolution resulting in many cases in more than 80% loss of Zn(II) and 60% to 70% loss of arsenate. The molar Zn:As dissolution ratio was dependent on the structure of the precipitate and was cyclic for the adamite and koritnigite-like surface precipitates, reflecting the concentric and plane-layered structures of adamite and koritnigite, respectively. Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd
A Cell Number Counting Factor Regulates Akt/Protein Kinase B To Regulate Dictyostelium discoideum Group Size

Little is known about how individual cells can organize themselves to form structures of a given size. During development, Dictyostelium discoideum aggregates in dendritic streams and forms groups of 20,000 cells. D. discoideum regulates group size by secreting and simultaneously sensing a multiprotein complex called counting factor (CF). If there are too many cells in a stream, the associated high concentration of CF will decrease cell-cell adhesion and increase cell motility, causing aggregation streams to break up. The pulses of cyclic AMP (cAMP) that mediate aggregation cause a transient translocation of Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) to the leading edge of the plasma membrane and a concomitant activation of the kinase activity, which in turn stimulates motility. We found that countin cells (which lack bioactive CF) and wild-type cells starved in the presence of anticountin antibodies (which block CF activity) showed a decreased level of cAMP-stimulated Akt/PKB membrane translocation and kinase activity compared to parental wild-type cells. Recombinant countin has the bioactivity of CF, and a 1-min treatment of cells with recombinant countin potentiated Akt/PKB translocation to membranes and Akt/PKB activity. Western blotting of total cell lysates indicated that countin does not affect the total level of Akt/PKB. Fluorescence microscopy of cells expressing an Akt/PKB pleckstrin homology domain-green fluorescent protein (PH-GFP) fusion protein indicated that recombinant countin and anti-countin antibodies do not obviously alter the distribution of Akt/PKB PH-GFP when it translocates to the membrane. Our data indicate that CF increases motility by potentiating the cAMPstimulated activation and translocation of Akt/PKB.
Behavioral consequences of intraperitoneal carbon monoxide administration in rats.

Abstract Blood carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) was determined 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min following ip injection of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ml pure carbon monoxide (CO)/kg body wt in rats. These CO doses produced HbCO concentrations of 12, 24, 35, 45, and 60%, respectively, at 30 min post-injection. Once these normative data were obtained, a group of eight naive rats were trained to produce a rapid sequence of responses in a stimulus-tracking task, then they were exposed to each of the doses of CO. The 10-ml/kg dose produced a slight decrement in performance, the 20-ml/kg dose reduced correct responses by nearly half, and the 40-ml/kg dose resulted in virtually complete cessation of responding. CO exposure resulted in longer pauses in responding with increasing dose, but the distribution of errors produced in the stimulus-tracking task remained relatively parallel across the range of CO exposures. Thus CO exposure impaired tracking performance but had relatively little effect on the pattern of errors rats produced during the stimulus-tracking test. Taken together these results contradict previous reports purporting to show that CO by ip administration has no behavioral effects; instead, the results indicate that CO administration via the ip route has very similar effects to inhaled CO on behavior.
Opportunities and challenges in science and technology of WO3 for electrochromic and related applications

Abstract Since the discovery of the electrochromic (EC) effect in transition metal oxides in the mid-1960s, intense research and development work spanning four decades has led to many exciting developments in the science and technology of this class of materials. Tungsten oxide (WO3) has emerged as one of the key materials, not only for EC devices, but also for many other related applications. After many years of technology development efforts, WO3-based EC “smart windows” have finally emerged as a viable commercial product. In spite of enormous progress being made on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of amorphous and crystalline WO3, a detailed understanding of the EC effect in this material still remains somewhat qualitative. Although theoretical models based on intervalence charge transfer and polaron formation have been widely accepted, these models are still unable to explain some of the experimental results on the coloration phenomena. The coloration in WO3 is a structure-sensitive phenomenon, and excess electrons can be either localized or delocalized. The presence of structural defects such as oxygen vacancies, impurities, and degree of disorder plays a crucial role in determining the coloration efficiency. Although significant progress has been made in recent years on the calculation of electronic structure and defect properties of both amorphous and crystalline WO3, the structural complexity of the material presents many challenges and opportunities for theoretical computation. The unique ability to induce bistable optical and electrical properties in WO3 by a variety of excitation sources has led to many devices of significant technological interest. Some of the applications currently being pursued include the photoelectrochemical cell for solar energy conversion and storage; photoelectrochemical splitting of water to generate hydrogen; chemical and biological sensors based on the gasochromic effect; photo- and electrocatalysts for a variety of chemical reactions; demonstration of high-temperature (91 K) superconductivity in WO3 doped with H, Na, and K; synthesis of a new class of hybrid organic/inorganic (WO3) materials; and application in ultra-high-resolution electron beam lithography. The emergence of nanostructured WO3 in recent years will undoubtedly provide new opportunities and significant impact to many of these technologies. This paper presents a brief overview of some of the key research issues the author believes will impact the science and technology of this exciting material.
Mechanism of Action of High-Dose Factor VIIa Points of Agreement and Disagreement

In an article in this issue of the Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology ,1 Butenas and colleagues report studies looking at pharmacologic levels of factor VIIa in a model system of hemophilia. Understanding the mechanism by which high-dose factor VIIa increases thrombin generation and enhances hemostasis is important because it is currently being used very effectively in treatment of patients with hemophilia, especially those with inhibitors.2 Factor VIIa is also being tested in other clinical settings of uncontrolled bleeding.3 Previously, Mann and coworkers4 developed a model for studying coagulation that involved reassembling purified coagulation factors with phospholipid vesicles. They examined not only thrombin generation but also the precise sequence of events leading to thrombin generation. Subsequently, this group has looked at the mechanisms of coagulation using tissue factor initiation and surfaces of: phospholipid vesicles,5 isolated platelets,6 and platelets in whole blood.7 These studies provided the impetus for many of the current studies on the …
Comparison of conductance to volume equations: The gain coefficient α

The conductance catheter technique is used to measure real-time pressure and volume data in a beating heart. There are three competing equations for transforming the raw conductance signal into volume: (1) Baan's equation, (2) The cuvette equation (i.e. Relative Volume Units), and (3) Wei's equation. This paper explores the accuracy of these three equations compared to ultrasound echo in mice, and discusses the reason for discrepancy regarding both Baan's equation and the cuvette equation. We conclude that Wei's equation is the most accurate, because its nonlinear mapping yields volumes in the range of physiologic norms.
3D particle simulations of space-charge-dominated beams in HIF accelerator experiments

The development of a high current, heavy-ion beam driver for inertial confinement fusion requires a detailed understanding of the behavior of the beam, including effects of the large self-fields. This necessity makes particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the appropriate tool, and for this reason, the three-dimensional PIC/accelerator code WARP3d is being developed. WARP3d has been used extensively to study the creation and propagation of ion beams both to support experiments and for the understanding of basic beam physics. An overview of the structure of the code is presented along with a discussion of features that make the code an effective tool in the understanding of space-charge dominated beam behavior. A number of applications where WARP3d has played an important role is discussed, emphasizing the need of three-dimensional, first principles simulations. Results and comparisons with experiment are presented.
Interactions of α-Lactalbumin with Fatty Acids and Spin Label Analogs

Abstract Bovine α-lactalbumin (α-LA) has been shown by intrinsic protein fluorescence and electron spin resonance methods to interact with the spin-labeled fatty acid analog, 5-doxylstearic acid, as well as stearic acid. An intrinsic fluorescence titration of various α-LA forms with 5-doxylstearic acid causes first an increase and then a decrease in emission intensity with concomitant shifts in tryptophan emission wavelength. In some cases, up to three steps in the fluorescence titration curves were visible, which were fit to apparent binding steps from 10−6 to 10−4 m. The binding parameters of 5-doxylstearic acid for apo- and Ca2+-α-LA were an order of magnitude different from one another; the stronger one, apo-α-lactalbumin, exhibited aK d of 35 μm. Electron spin resonance titrations of 5-doxylstearic acid-loaded apo-α-LA with stearate (micelles) seem to suggest separate binding loci if α-LA indeed binds stearate at these concentrations. The titration of α-LA by stearic acid results in a fluorescence emission red shift and an apparent stepped increase in fluorescence intensity. Lipid-protein association occurred at concentrations at which stearic acid micelles and aggregates begin to form in the absence of protein. Nonetheless, the relatively strong association between stearic acid and apo-α-LA was also confirmed by means of the fluorescent indicator acrylodated fatty acid binding protein, in which addition of α-LA to the stearate-loaded indicator protein reverses the decrease in fluorescence of the acrylodan chromophore conjugated to the protein.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Comfort Levels in English Language Learner Service Delivery.

This study examined speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs) comfort levels in providing service delivery to English language learners (ELLs) and limited English proficient (LEP) students. Participants...
A large-antenna microwave radiometer-scatterometer concept for ocean salinity and soil moisture sensing

Microwave radiometry and scatterometry are established techniques for surface remote sensing applications. Some applications, such as measurement of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), and soil moisture, require low frequency observations (/spl sim/6 GHZ and below) for good sensitivity, and sensors with large antennas to achieve adequate spatial resolution. Potentially, benefits can be obtained by observing simultaneously with passive and active channels, at similar frequencies, viewing angles, and spatial resolutions, making use of the complementary information contained in the emissivity and backscattering signatures of land and ocean targets. In this study, the authors investigate a concept for combined passive and active multichannel sensing with high spatial resolution, high measurement sensitivity, and wide swath for frequent global coverage. The system consists of a lightweight, relating, deployable mesh antenna with offset feeds. The system specifications are designed primarily for the measurement of sea surface salinity, since this application drives the precision and calibration requirements and, like soil moisture, is a science measurement for which no spaceborne capability currently exists. Demonstration of a capability for sea surface salinity will enhance the potential of this large antenna concept for other applications such as soil moisture and, by including higher frequencies, high resolution measurements of ocean winds, precipitation, sea-surface temperature, and sea-ice.
A Decentralized Approach to Discrete Optimization via Simulation: Application to Network Flow

We study a new class of decentralized algorithms for discrete optimization via simulation, which is inspired by the fictitious play algorithm applied to games with identical interests. In this approach, each component of the solution vector of the optimization model is artificially assumed to have a corresponding “player,” and the interaction of these players in simulation allows for exploration of the solution space and, for some problems, ultimately results in the identification of the optimal solution. Our algorithms also allow for correlation in players' decision making, a key feature when simulation output is shared by multiple decision makers. We first establish convergence under finite sampling to equilibrium solutions. In addition, in the context of discrete network flow models, we prove that if the underlying link cost functions are convex, then our algorithms converge almost surely to an optimal solution.
ON ECTOTHERM ABUNDANCE IN A SEASONAL ENVIRONMENT- STUDIES OF A DESERT ANT ASSEMBLAGE

The abundance of ectotherms should ultimately be limited by both plant productivity and the radiant energy that makes that productivity accessible. We analyzed a 21-yr data set on ant colony abundance from a North American arid grassland site. We tested the hypothesis that seed production and temperature co-limit granivorous ant abundance. We contrasted the responses of the four most common granivorous species and two omnivorous species to rainfall (summer vs. winter) and to an 8-yr seed addition experiment (summer vs. year-round seed additions). The abundance of granivorous ants was positively correlated with summer rainfall, but not winter rainfall, and was 30% higher on plots with summer vs. year-round seed additions. In contrast, the abundance of omnivorous ants was unaffected by either rainfall or the timing of seed additions. These data suggest that both the sign and size of the covariance between monthly temperature and precipitation may affect bottom-up regulation in ectotherms.
Dynamic Markets for Dynamic Environments: The Case for Water Marketing

Static models used in economics and ecology ignore dynamic processes at work in both human and natural systems. In the case of water management, whether for quantity or quality, static models fail to connect changing human demands on water systems with changing supplies due to short-run climate variations and long-run climate change. Water markets provide a way of connecting human demands to nature's supplies through prices, which signal values and scarcity. For water markets to make this connection, water rights must be well-defined, enforced, and tradeable. When they are, entrepreneurs are able to meet old and new demands on water ecosystems in novel ways, as examples in this essay illustrate.
Drinkers' memory bias for alcohol picture cues in explicit and implicit memory tasks.

Abstract Background Alcohol cues can bias attention and elicit emotional reactions, especially in drinkers. Yet, little is known about how alcohol cues affect explicit and implicit memory processes, and how memory for alcohol cues is affected by acute alcohol intoxication. Methods Young adult participants ( N = 161) were randomly assigned to alcohol, placebo, or control beverage conditions. Following beverage consumption, they were shown neutral, emotional and alcohol-related pictures cues. Participants then completed free recall and repetition priming tasks to test explicit and implicit memory, respectively, for picture cues. Average blood alcohol concentration for the alcohol group was 74 ± 13 mg/dl when memory testing began. Two mixed linear model analyses were conducted to examine the effects of beverage condition, picture cue type, and their interaction on explicit and implicit memory. Results Picture cue type and beverage condition each significantly affected explicit recall of picture cues, whereas only picture cue type significantly influenced repetition priming. Individuals in the alcohol condition recalled significantly fewer pictures than those in other conditions, regardless of cue type. Both free recall and repetition priming were greater for emotional and alcohol-related cues compared to neutral picture cues. No interaction effects were detected. Conclusions Young adult drinkers showed enhanced explicit and implicit memory processing of alcohol cues compared to emotionally neutral cues. This enhanced processing for alcohol cues was on par with that seen for positive emotional cues. Acute alcohol intoxication did not alter this preferential memory processing for alcohol cues over neutral cues.
Abstract 2261: Presence of Large Deep White Matter Lesion May Predict Futile Recanalization in Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: A subset of stroke patients treated with endovascular recanalization therapy suffers poor outcome despite good arterial recanalization. The aim of this study is to identify whether large ischemic lesion in deep white matter (DWM) on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) prior to therapy predicts futile recanalization. Method: Consecutive acute stroke patients with anterior circulation ischemia whose artery had been recanalized at Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarct (TIMI) flow grade 2 or 3 following endovascular therapy were included. All patients underwent CT and MRI before endovascular therapy. We defined large DWI - DWM lesion if DWI showed the hyperintense lesion in the DWM which mostly extended between anterior and posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. We identified Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores (ASPECTS) of CT and DWI, and volumes measured on initial DWI and mean transit time of perfusion weighted images. We assessed the prevalence of TIMI grade 3 recanalization and parenchymal hemorrhage type 2, and final ischemic lesion volume after endovascular therapy. Stroke severity was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Futile recanalization was defined as a 30-day modified Rankin Scale score 3 to 6 despite recanalization at TIMI grade 2 or 3. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of futile recanalization. Results: Partial or complete recanalization (TIMI grade 2 or 3) was observed in 35 of 46 patients (76 %). Of the 35 patients, futile recanalization was observed in 20 patients (57 %). Patients with futile recanalization had older age (median, 74 versus 58 years old, p = 0.053), higher initial NIHSS score (median, 17 versus 9, p = 0.042), pre-treatment large DWI - DWM lesion (45 versus 9 %, p = 0.022), and larger final ischemic lesion volume (median, 37 versus 9 ml, p = 0.003). ASPECTS of CT (median, 9 versus 9, p = 0.527) and DWI (median, 8 versus 8, p = 0.943) and initial ischemic lesion volumes on DWI (median, 21 versus 14 ml, p = 0.230) and on mean transit time (median, 189 versus 192 ml, p = 0.976) did not demonstrate statistically significance between patients with and without futile recanalization. There were also no significant differences between the outcome groups in times from stroke onset to imaging or endovascular therapy. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that large DWI - DWM lesion was an independent predictor of futile recanalization (OR 10.40, 95 % CI 1.03 to 105.21, p = 0.047). Conclusion: Patients who have large pre-treatment DWI - DWM lesion may be poor candidates for endovascular therapy.
Trends and Challenges of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems – A Review

Abstract This paper presents a literature review of the recent developments and trends pertaining to Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause inadvertent stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transformless inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS.
On a noun-driven syntactic paradigm

In addressing a verb bias in syntactic analysis we present the beginnings of a noun-driven analysis paradigm. Such a paradigm may complement and compensate for some weaknesses in the existing verb-driven paradigm (in which the noun is subordinated) as applied to information sources or contexts in which the data is structured in objects and more than in events.
Forward thresholds for operation of pumped-storage stations in the real-time energy market

Abstract Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are very valuable assets on the electric grid and in electric markets as they are able to pump and store water for generation, thus allowing for grid-level storage. Within the realm of short-term energy markets, we present a model for determining forward-looking thresholds for making generation and pumping decisions at such plants. A multistage stochastic programming framework is developed to optimize the thresholds with uncertain system prices over the next three days. Tractability issues are discussed and a novel method based on an implementation of the scatter search algorithm is proposed. Given the size of the multistage stochastic programming formulation, we argue that this novel method is a more accurate representation of the decision process. We demonstrate model stability and quality, and show that the forward thresholds obtained using a stochastic programming framework outperform the forward thresholds from a deterministic model, and thus can lead to efficiency gains for both the generation unit owner and the overall system in the real-time market.
Determining Conversion Gain and Read Noise Using a Photon-Counting Histogram Method for Deep Sub-Electron Read Noise Image Sensors

A new method for characterizing deep sub-electron read noise image sensors is reported. This method, based on the photon-counting histogram, can provide easy, independent and simultaneous measurements of the quanta exposure, conversion gain, and read noise. This new method provides a more accurate measure of conversion gain and read noise over conventional characterization techniques for image sensors with read noise from 0.15–0.40e- rms.
Theory of Mn supersaturation in Si and Ge

Using first-principles total-energy methods, we calculate the formation energy for typical $\mathrm{Mn}$ defects in bulk $\mathrm{Si}$ and $\mathrm{Ge}$ and on (001) surfaces, from which the various $\mathrm{Mn}$ solubility limits are derived. Applying the theory for ultrahigh doping in semiconductors, we can understand why $\mathrm{Mn}$ solubility in epitaxially-grown $\mathrm{Si}$ and $\mathrm{Ge}$ films could be several atomic percent while the solid solubility limits are many orders of magnitude smaller. In particular, we suggest that hydrogen passivation of the surface during growth could be the key to such high solubilities.
Contingency Management Interventions for HIV, Tuberculosis, and Hepatitis Control Among Individuals With Substance Use Disorders: A Systematized Review

Hepatitis, HIV and tuberculosis are significant and costly public health problems that disproportionately affect individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). Incentive-based treatment approaches (i.e., contingency management; CM) are highly effective at reducing drug use. The primary aim of this report is to review the extant literature that examines the efficacy of CM interventions for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis, HIV and tuberculosis among individuals with SUDs. A literature search identified 23 controlled studies on this topic. In approximately 85% of the studies, CM produced significantly better adherence to prevention, diagnosis and treatment-related medical services, with adherence rates averaging almost 35% higher among patients receiving incentives vs. control condition participants. Findings from these studies parallel the results of a meta-analysis of CM interventions for the treatment of SUDs. The results also suggest that the principles that underlie the efficacy of CM generalize across infectious disease and substance abuse treatment behaviors. The application of additional principles from the literature on CM for treatment of SUDs to interventions targeting infectious disease control would be beneficial. Further development and dissemination of these interventions has the potential to greatly impact public health.