cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System Peaks in Multicomponent Elution

In isocratic elution chromatography, a modifier is often added to the mobile phase in order to compete with sample solutes for binding sites in the stationary phase [1]. This helps to reduce the retention time and band spreading of the sample solutes.
Role of Galectin-3 in Breast Cancer Metastasis : Involvement of Nitric Oxide

We investigated the role of galectin-3 in metastasis of human breast carcinoma BT549 cells using the experimental liver metastasis model. Underlying mechanisms were then elucidated using the liver/tumor co-culture and cell culture systems. After intrasplenic injection, galectin-3 cDNA transfected BT549 cells (BT549 gal-3 wt ) formed metastatic colonies in the liver, while galectin-3 null BT549 cells (BT549 par ) did not, demonstrating that galectin-3 enhances metastatic potential. More than 90% of BT549 gal-3 wt cells survived after 24 hours-co-culture with the liver fragments isolated following ischemia treatment. In contrast, more than half of BT549 par cells showed metabolic death following co-culture with the liver fragments. When the liver from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice was used, no cytotoxicity to BT549 par cells was observed. Thus, iNOS exerts cytotoxicity on BT549 par cells and galectin-3 can protect against iNOS-induced cytotoxicity. BT549 gal-3 wt also exhibited enhanced survival against peroxynitrite (up to 400 μmol/L) in vitro . A single mutation in the NWGR motif of galectin-3 obliterated both metastatic capability and cell survival, indicating that the antiapoptotic function of galectin-3 is involved in enhanced metastasis. In conclusion, galectin-3 enhances the metastatic potential of BT549 cells through resistance to the products of iNOS, possibly through its bcl-2-like antiapoptotic function.
Status of wind tunnel magnetic suspension research

This paper reports the status of the NASA Langley Research Center program aimed at the development of the technology required for large-scale Magnetic Suspension and Balance Systems. The use of magnetic suspension of the model in a wind tunnel is seen to be the only viable method to eliminate aerodynamic interference problems arising with mechanical model-supports. The two small-scale magnetic suspension systems in operation at Langley are the only ones now active in the U.S. The general features and capabilities of these two systems and all of the ongoing research in the use of magnetic suspension are described.
Agenda Setting in the States: How Politics and Policy Needs Shape Gubernatorial Agendas

This article examines gubernatorial agenda attention to social welfare and health-care policy, assessing the extent to which liberal agenda attention is a function of state politics and policy needs. Using data collected through content analysis of state of the state speeches from 2000 to 2007 across the 50 states, I show that gubernatorial agenda attention is a function of a number of policy demand indicators, including gubernatorial party identification, state legislative party control, and policy needs as measured using state environmental characteristics. The results also suggest that Democratic and Republican governors react differently to their environments when constructing their agendas. The models of gubernatorial agenda attention show that state-level agenda setting is a complicated process driven by both demand for public policy, as well as constraints acting against a governor's desire to devote attention to specific policies. Related Articles:“Issue Salience, Party Strength, and the Adoption of Health-Care Expansion Efforts.” (2012) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00340.x/abstract“The Interpretive Process of Agenda-Building: A Research Design for Public Policy.” (2002) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2002.tb00632.x/abstract“Agenda Setting at the State Level: The Neutralization of Entrepreneurial Politics in Virginia's Land Use Initiative.” (1994) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00343.x/abstract Este articulo examina la atencion de la agenda gubernamental a las politicas de seguridad social y cobertura medica, evaluando en que medida la atencion de la agenda liberal esta en funcion de las necesidades de las politicas estatales. Usando datos recolectados mediante el analisis del contenido de discursos estatales del ano 2000 al 2007 en los 50 estados, muestro como la atencion de la agenda gubernamental esta en funcion de un numero de indicadores politicos, incluyendo partido gobernante, control legislativo del partido gobernante, y necesidades politicas tomando como medida el contexto politico del estado. Los resultados tambien sugieren que los gobernadores Democratas y Republicanos reaccionan de manera diferente al establecer sus agendas. Los modelos de atencion gubernamental muestran que la creacion de una agenda a nivel estatal es un proceso complicado impulsado por la demanda por politicas publicas, asi como las restricciones que sobre los deseos de un gobernador de dedicar atencion a politicas especificas.
Efficient, accurate, and simple Markov chain model for the life-cycle analysis of bridge groups

ABSTRACT This paper presents an efficient, accurate, and simple Markov chain model for the life-cycle analysis of individual bridges and bridge groups. The proposed model includes the effect of deterioration, maintenance actions, bridge failures, and rehabilitations. Compared to a comprehensive probabilistic simulation of the life-cycle, the proposed approach is characterized by a computational efficiency increased by several orders of magnitude and by simplicity of implementation. For practical applications, the proposed model provides also good accuracy. In addition, the model is appropriate for risk analysis. In fact, it treats explicitly all the sources of direct and indirect consequences: the bridge operational states, the bridge failures, and the maintenance/rehabilitation actions performed on the bridge. To demonstrate the technique, a realistic application is presented.
Supergravity and grand unified theories

Abstract We discuss the role of N = 1 supergravity in grand unified theories in which the gauge group and supersymmetry are spontaneously broken in the same sector. Two examples are given: one in which supersymmetry is broken using the O'Raifeartaigh mechanism, and one in which it is broken using a new method of symmetry breaking. All such theories have a light SU(3)C octet, SU(2)L triplet, and U(1)Y singlet in addition to the usual fields of the supersymmetric Weinberg-Salam model. The radiative breaking of SU(2)L×U(1)Y to U(1)EM is discussed.
Resealing properties of biological membranes.

THE mechanisms by which cellular integrity is maintained and reproduced undoubtedly depend on the ability of biological membranes to incorporate newly synthesized material into the specific milieu of a given membrane region as well as to repair breaks or discontinuities in the membrane surface; were it not for this, a cell would be unable to maintain the critical transport and electrical properties necessary for its survival.
Pathways of ultraviolet mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Some properties of double mutants involving uvs9 and rev.

Abstract Haploid yeast strains doubly mutant for both uvs9-2 and one of three different rev loci responsible for detective UV-induced mutability were found to be significantly more UV-sensitive than a strain carrying uvs9-2 alone. The dose reduction factors (DRF) at 1% survival were 1.7 (uvs9-2 rev-1-1) , 4.1 (uvs9-2 rev2-1) and 1.9 (uvs9-2 rev3-1) relative to the uvs9-2 strain. Although uvs9 strains are highly sensitive to UV mutation, uvs9 rev strains are defective in UV reversion of the arg4-17 site. All strains carrying two or three rev loci, while severely reduced in UV mutability, were found to be just as UV-sensitive as the rev3-1 strain, one which is approximately twice as sensitive (DRF = 2) as a strain carrying either rev1-1 or rev2-1 . It is suggested that (a) UVS9 controls repair of primary (initial) UV damage, (b) REV genes act on damage unrepaired by UVS9 , and (c) rev1 and rev2 each block different paralel repair pathways that generate some common intermediate, which in turn enters the rev3 branch to produce repaired DNA containing UV-induced mutations.
Complexity of computing topological degree of Lipschitz functions in n dimensions

Abstract We find lower and upper bounds on the complexity, comp(deg), of computing the topological degree of functions defined on the n-dimensional unit cube Cn, f: Cn → Rn, n ≥ 2, which satisfy a Lipschitz condition with constant K and whose infinity norm at each point on the boundary of Cn is at least d, d > 0, and such that K 8d ≥ 1 . A lower bound, complow ≅ 2n( K 8d ) n−1 (c + n) is obtained for comp(deg), assuming that each function evaluation costs c and elementary arithmetic operations and comparisons cost unity. We prove that the topological degree can be computed using A = (⌊ K 2d + 1⌋ + 1) n − (⌊ K 2d + 1⌋ − 1) n function evaluations. It can be done by an algorithm ϕ∗ due to Kearfott, with cost given by comp (ϕ ∗ ) ≅ A (c + ( n 2 2 )(n − 1)!) . Thus for small n, say n ≤ 5, and small K 2d , say K 2d ≤ 9 , the degree can be computed in time at most 105(c + 300). For large n and/or large K 2d the problem is intractable.
Ultrasonic assessment of the amniotic fluid volume in diamniotic twins.

Objective: We sought to determine amniotic fluid (AF) volume in diamniotic twin gestations and to relate these findings to estimates using standard ultrasonic techniques. Methods: In this prospecti...
The growth of high electron mobility InAsSb for application to high electron-mobility transistors

Abstract High electron mobility and low defect density InAsSb lattice matched to AlSb has been successfully grown on InP substrates by the gas-source molecular beam epitaxy using an AlAsSb/AlSb composite buffer layer structure. The common antimony anion of AlAsSb, AlSb, and InAsSb is believed to effectively improve the film quality of InAsSb and AlSb by providing a surfactant effect. With this composite buffer layer structure, the room temperature electron mobility of InAsSb (lattice matched to AlSb) can reach as high as 18,000 cm 2 /V s. A high electron-mobility transistor based on this heterostructure shows a high g m of 350 mS/mm (gate length=6 μm) indicating the potential for high-speed applications.
High-speed control by frequency-shift audio tones

Industrial applications of audio-tone equipment make numerous unique design requirements. However, the design of this equipment has been facilitated by utilizing experience gained in designing carrier-current equipment to perform these same functions. High reliability has been emphasized to keep total costs to the user at a minimum.
Regularization paths and coordinate descent

In a statistical world faced with an explosion of data, regularization has become an important ingredient. In a wide variety of problems we have many more input features than observations, and the lasso penalty and its hybrids have become increasingly useful for both feature selection and regularization. This talk presents some effective algorithms based on coordinate descent for fitting large scale regularization paths for a variety of problems.
Alterations in the developmental patterns of enzymes in chicken embryos infected with West Nile virus.

Abstract Infection of chicken embryos with West Nile (WN) virus, a group B togavirus containing structural lipids, caused a rapidly developing hypertriglyceridemia. Changes in the activity of several hepatic regulatory enzymes in glycolytic and lipogenic pathways occurred during infection. Compared to control values in embryos of the same age (16 days), an 8.8-fold increase in the specific activity of ATP-citrate lyase and a 5.6-fold increase in that of hexokinase were observed on the third day of WN virus infection. Hexose monophosphate shunt dehydrogenase specific activities were elevated twofold in virus-infected livers. Activities of malic enzyme and phosphofructokinase were also elevated in WN virus-infected livers. Malate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase levels showed little or no change during infection. The levels of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased in virus-infected livers. Hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was at least twofold higher in virus-infected embryos; however, following removal of low-molecular-weight compounds, the specific activities of this enzyme from infected and control embryos were virtually identical. The results of mixing experiments suggest that the low levels of carboxylase activity in control embryos may be due to the presence of enzyme inhibitor(s) which can be removed by gel filtration. The incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into cellular lipids by liver minces from virus-infected and uninfected embryos was measured. There was a twofold increase in carbohydrate incorporation in virus-infected liver as compared to uninfected liver; [ 14 C]pyruvic acid was incorporated into lipids to the greatest extent. [1- 14 C]acetic acid, [U- 14 C]alanine, and [U- 14 C]leucine were incorporated very poorly in both infected and control livers. Twice as much [1- 14 C]oleic acid or [1- 14 C oleic]triolein was incorporated in WN-infected livers as in control. The relative distribution of neutral and polar lipids formed from each precursor was generally similar in infected and uninfected livers as determined by thin-layer chromatography of radiolabeled lipids. Except for a threefold increase in oxidation of [ 14 C]glucose by virus-infected livers, the oxidations of carbohydrates and fatty acids were similar in infected and uninfected livers. The pentose phosphate pathway appears to be the major pathway utilized in glucose oxidation for both control and virus-infected livers. The results indicate that enhanced flux of metabolites into lipids reflects a virus-induced alteration in embryonic development: The enzyme patterns of infected embryos are more characteristic of older embryos or even newly hatched chicks.
Plasma-based water treatment: Conception and application of a new general principle for reactor design

Abstract To improve the feasibility of plasma-based water treatment technology and develop basic guidelines for reactor design and optimization, a study was conducted to identify and characterize design parameters and physical phenomena that influence treatment efficiency. The first phase of the study established that the chemical reactions responsible for the degradation of organic solutes can be more accurately represented, mathematically, as heterogeneous reactions, rather than the common representation as homogeneous reactions. Using Rhodamine B as the model solute, the observed removal rate constant was found to be proportional to the area of the plasma–liquid interface. This observation supported the validity of the proposed heterogeneous rate equation and inspired the conception of a general design principle, which prescribes maximizing contact between the plasma and the treated solution. The second phase of the study involved the application of this design principle to create seven different “contact-oriented” reactors. The design parameters employed to increase contact included feeding liquid streams directly through the discharge region and generating a layer of foam on the liquid surface. The contact-oriented reactors validated their founding principle by achieving removal efficiencies up to 145 times that for the reference case (point-plate with discharge in liquid). The removal efficiencies attained in this work compare quite favorably with those achieved by other advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of Rhodamine B.
A welfare-based index for assessing environmental effects of greenhouse-gas emissions

THE global warming potential (GWP) index1–3 is a measure of the relative contribution of the emissions of different greenhouse gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere—and thus to climate change—over a given time period. But this index does not represent the effects of climate change, and therefore does not provide an adequate basis for policy decisions about emissions reductions. This inadequacy has led to the proposal of an alternative, the economic-damage index (EDI)4–7. This index compares the effect of different greenhouse-gas emissions on global economic welfare. Here we use a simple climate model to calculate the EDIs for a range of climate-change/greenhouse-gas emission scenarios, and compare the values to the corresponding GWPs. Although the values of these indices are, at this stage, broadly similar in both magnitude and uncertainty, the prospects of reducing these uncertainties by future research are better for the EDI.
Screening for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens using the ELISA test on terasaki plates

Abstract The use of Terasaki plates for the attachment of adherent murine and human cells is described. The enzyme-linked immunoassay with β-galactosidase linked to sheep anti-mouse Ig was used to screen hybridoma supernatants for monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. The advantages this method offers are the small volumes (5–10 μl) of reactants required and the reduced cost of enzyme immunoassays.
Connection between a possible fifth force and the direct detection of dark matter.

If there were a fifth force in the dark sector and dark matter (DM) particles interacted nongravitationally with ordinary matter, quantum corrections generically would lead to a fifth force in the visible sector. We show how the strong experimental limits on fifth forces in the visible sector produce bounds on the cross section for DM detection and the strength of the fifth force in the dark sector. For a fifth force comparable in strength to gravity, the spin-independent direct detection cross section must typically be $\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}55}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The anomalous acceleration of ordinary matter falling towards dark matter would also be constrained: ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\mathrm{OM}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{DM}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$.
The US pandemic influenza implementation plan at six months.

There has been great concern recently about pandemic influenza. The US government developed a National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza in November 2005, followed by an implementation plan in May 2006. A sixmonth progress report was published in late December. The current strategies are intended to improve preparedness and response for the next influenza pandemic. In comparison with the optimistic neglect that often characterized past planning for pandemic influenza, there has been considerable progress on a number of fronts in the past year. Despite this progress, major gaps remain. These include the coordination, encouragement and funding of international surveillance and cooperation; the need for new and more agile vaccine technologies; limitations in the use and distribution of antiviral agents; and communication with, and resources for, local responders and the public. One question is why, despite an estimated 36,000 seasonal influenza deaths annually in the United States alone, and a much greater number during pandemics, relatively little new basic research has been done for decades. This emphasizes both the need for and the difficulty of sustaining pandemic preparedness. There is good reason to be concerned about a future influenza pandemic. There were three in the twentieth century, in 1918–1919, 1957 and 1968, and most virologists believe that pandemics are inevitable1. The greatest influenza pandemic, in 1918–1919, was also the worst natural disaster in recorded history, with an estimate of over 50 million deaths worldwide2–4. Concern about the state of pandemic preparedness and response has been increasing over the last decade. In 1999, when the World Health Organization (WHO) produced pandemic planning recommendations, only Canada and the UK already had plans. By 2007, 29 countries had submitted plans (available at http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_ influenza/links/en/index.html) to WHO. Next year will mark the 90th anniversary of the great pandemic of 1918, making it especially timely to take stock of our readiness for the next pandemic. On 1 November 2005, the President of the United States declared that “nature has presented us with a daunting challenge: the possibility of an influenza pandemic,” and announced the government’s National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (http://www. pandemicflu.gov, under Federal Planning). This strategy is intended to address the next influenza pandemic, whichever influenza virus is the cause. Although we do not know whether the H5N1 avian influenza strain will ever develop the ability to spread readily from person to person and thus become pandemic, this virus has recently been getting close scrutiny. It has already caused serious human illness and deaths, primarily although not exclusively through close contact with infected poultry. There have also been tremendous economic losses for poultry farmers.
Fetal ureteral dilatation : evolution and current problems in management

The management of 35 dilated ureters in 26 newborns admitted on the basis of a prenatal diagnosis is reviewed. Cases were divided according to the etiology of the ureteral dilatation after complete investigation (intravenous pyelogram, micturating cystogram, Tc-DTPA diuretic renogram). Primary non-obstructive/non-refluxing dilatations were managed conservatively, as were most of those secondary to bladder outlet obstruction after valve fulguration. Most of the cases with primary obstruction, reflux, or a duplicated system were treated with a primary or staged procedure. The authors believe that a certain number of neonatal dilated ureters discovered at prenatal ultrasonography can be successfully treated in a conservative manner after their etiology has been clearly demonstrated by accurate investigation. Attention must be paid in these very young patients, particularly if they are asymptomatic, to avoid overtreatment.
Greater amount of visual information exacerbates force control in older adults during constant isometric contractions

The purpose of this study was to compare control of force and modulation of agonist muscle activity of young and older adults when the amount of visual feedback was varied at two different force levels. Ten young adults (25 years ± 4 years, 5 men and 5 women) and ten older adults (71 years ± 5 years, 4 men and 6 women) were instructed to accurately match a constant target force at 2 and 30% of their maximal isometric force with abduction of the index finger. Each trial lasted 35 s, and the amount of visual feedback was varied by changing the visual angle at 0.05, 0.5, and 1.5°. Each subject performed three trials for each visual angle condition. Force variability was quantified as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) of force. Modulation of the agonist muscle activity was quantified as the normalized power spectrum density of the EMG signal recorded from two pairs of bipolar electrodes placed on the first dorsal interosseus muscle. The frequency bands of interest were between 5 and 100 Hz. There were significant age-associated differences in force control with changes in the amount of visual feedback. The CV of force did not change with visual angle for young adults, whereas it increased for older adults. Although older adults exhibited similar CV of force to young adults at 0.05° (5.95 ± 0.67 vs. 5.47 ± 0.5), older adults exhibited greater CV of force than young adults at 0.5° (8.49 ± 1.34 vs. 5.05 ± 0.5) and 1.5° (8.23 ± 1.12 vs. 5.49 ± 0.6). In addition, there were age-associated differences in the modulation of the agonist muscle activity. Young adults increased normalized power in the EMG signal from 13 to 60 Hz with an increase in visual angle, whereas older adults did not. These findings suggest that greater amount of visual information may be detrimental to the control of a constant isometric contraction in older adults, and this impairment may be due to their inability to effectively modulate the motor neuron pool of the agonist muscle.
Convergence or generic divergence of the Birkhoff normal form

We prove that the Birkhoff normal form of hamiltorlian flows at a nonresonant singular point with given quadratic part is always convergent or generically divergent. The same result is proved for the normalization mapping and any formal first integral.
An algorithm for response and stability of large order non-linear systems : Application to rotor systems

Abstract A numerical algorithm to calculate the periodic response, stability and bifurcations of a periodically excited non-conservative, Multi-Degree of Freedom (MDOF) system with strong local non-linearities is presented. First, the given large order system is reduced using a fixed-interface component mode synthesis procedure (CMS) in which the degrees of freedom associated with non-linear elements are retained in the physical co-ordinates while all others, whose number far exceeds the number of non-linear DOF, are transformed to modal co-ordinates and reduced using real mode CMS. A shooting and continuation method is then applied to the reduced system to solve for the periodic response. Floquet stability theory is used to calculate stability and bifurcations of the periodic response. The algorithm is applied to study the response to imbalance, stability, and bifurcations of a 24 DOF flexible rotor supported on journal bearings. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm, though approximate, can yield very accurate information about dynamic behavior of large order non-linear systems, even with few numbers of retained component modes. The algorithm, which imposes less demand on computer time and memory, is believed to be of considerable potential in analyzing a variety of practical problems.
Runaway Mothers and Daughters Crimes of Abandonment in Twentieth-century Guatemala

As evidenced by laws addressing abandonment of the home and children, family preservation was paramount for early twentieth-century Latin American nation builders. The judicial record of abandonmen...
Effect of forebrain ablation on the performance of a conditioned avoidance response in the teleost fish, Tilapia h. macrocephala.

Abstract The role of the forebrain in learning in the teleost fish, Tilapia h. macrocephala , was studied by comparing their ability to make a conditioned avoidance response before and after forebrain ablation. The fish were trained in massed or spaced sessions to avoid intermittent electric shock by swimming from one compartment to another of a specially constructed shuttle-box in response to a light signal. When the fish consistently avoided the shock, the forebrain (experimental subjects) or the olfactory bulbs (controls) were ablated and testing was resumed. Ablation of the olfactory bulbs, which controlled for loss of olfaction and operative trauma, had no effect on performance of the conditioned response. In all cases, forebrain ablation resulted in an increase in latency and in variability of response. The number of avoidance responses decreased while the number of ‘no crossings’ increased sharply. With continued testing the performance of some forebrain-ablated subjects improved but in no case was the highly consistent pre-operative level attained. When the forebrain was removed prior to training, two subjects never learned to avoid. A third subject eventually learned the avoidance response after a long training period, but his performance remained more variable than that of fish trained before forebrain ablation. Subjects trained on a spaced-trial schedule learned faster than did those trained on a massedtrial schedule, but the effects of olfactory bulb and forebrain ablations were similar in both instances. This study thus provides evidence for the hypothesis that the teleost forebrain is concerned with facilitating the acquisition and performance of conditioned responses by contributing to the general arousal level of the organism.
Ion fluorescence in cesium

Abstract Excitation-ionization of 5p electrons in cesium by electron impact has been studied in a crossed-beam apparatus. The energy resolution of the electron beam was 0.2 eV, and the energy range was from zero to 80 eV. The vacuum ultraviolet light emitted by the excited ions was detected by a channel electron multiplier. A threshold for photon emission occurs at 17.2 eV, corresponding to the lowest ionic level excited, 5p5 6s [1 1 2 ], 1. The production of excited ions in cesium is partly responsible for the broad maximum that is observed in the total ionization cross section around 28 eV.
Theoretical analysis of a cylindrical time-of-flight mass spectrometer with radial ion paths

Abstract Time-of-flight mass spectrometers with concentric cylindrical electrodes and ion paths directed radially inwards are potentially capable of very high sensitivity. A general expression for total ion flight time is derived for a spectrometer having four concentric electrodes which bound two accelerating regions and a drift region. The special case of negligible initial velocity is then considered and it is shown that the cylindrical geometry gives a higher order of space-time focusing than is possible with a conventional linear instrument having similarly spaced planar electrodes. The theoretical difference in resolving power amounts to a factor of at least 2–3, depending on the definition of peak width which is used. It follows that for small time-of-flight mass spectrometers a cylindrical layout offers substantially higher resolving power as well as higher sensitivity than would be possible with a more conventional electrode system.
LIVER TUMORS AND HOST DEFENSE

Complex molecular and cellular mechanisms exist to protect cells against tumor formation and to protect the entire organism against further development and spread of established tumors. The p53 tumor suppressor gene controls the cell cycle through at least two mechanisms, namely, mitotic arrest and apoptosis. Human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are often found to have mutant p53, or sometimes may have dysfunctional p53 as a result of its being bound by viral or cellular proteins. Another mechanism of host response is the production of transforming growth factor beta 1, which acts on receptors in normal hepatocytes to cause inhibition of DNA synthesis; abnormalities of transforming growth factor beta 1 have been documented in HCCs, but their biologic significance is unclear. Other host defense mechanisms include cellular responses to the tumor and the proliferation of substances with anticoagulant properties.
α-Syn Suppression Reverses Synaptic and Memory Defects in a Mouse Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Abnormally accumulated α-synuclein (α-syn) is a pathological hallmark of Lewy body-related disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy body disease (DLB). However, it is not well understood whether and how abnormal accumulation of α-syn leads to cognitive impairment or dementia in PD and DLB. Furthermore, it is not known whether targeted removal of α-syn pathology can reverse cognitive decline. Here, we found that the distribution of α-syn pathology in an inducible α-syn transgenic mouse model recapitulates that in human DLB. Abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the limbic system, particularly in the hippocampus, correlated with memory impairment and led to structural synaptic deficits. Furthermore, when α-syn expression was suppressed, we observed partial clearing of pre-existing α-syn pathology and reversal of structural synaptic defects, resulting in an improvement in memory function.
Study 3: Early Steroid Cessation-Avoidance Regimens Are Associated With a Lower Incidence of Polyomavirus Nephropathy Compared With Steroid-Based Immunosuppression in Kidney Transplant Recipients

P olyomavirus nephropathy occurs in 5% of kidney transplant recipients. However, the role of individual immunosuppression agents in the pathogenesis of polyomavirus nephropathy is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether immunosuppression regimens with early steroid cessation–steroid avoidance influence the incidence of polyomavirus nephropathy. Retrospective, single-center analysis of kidney transplant recipients and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients performed from May 2000, when early steroid cessation–steroid avoidance immunosuppression regimens were instituted in our center (early steroid cessation, 7 days or less of steroids; steroid avoidance, no preoperative or postoperative steroids) (Table 1). Chi-square statistical analysis was performed, and a P value of .05 was considered to be statistically significant. As a result, 228 kidney transplants and 15 kidneypancreas transplants were performed between May 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2002. Polyomavirus nephropathy occurred in 4 of 105 (4%) patients on a regimen of steroid-based immunosuppression. Polyomavirus nephropathy developed in 3 patients with kidney transplants and 1 with a kidney-pancreas transplant at a median of 13 (range, 8-16) months after transplantation. In contrast, of 138 patients receiving early steroid cessation–steroid avoidance immunosuppression, none (0%) had development of polyomavirus nephropathy (P .02). A similar trend was observed when early steroid cessation–steroid avoidance patients were compared with kidney transplant patients on a steroid-based immunosuppression regimen (3% v 0%, P .03). These results support those reported by Hirsch et al,1 who found antirejection treatment with steroids to be associated with polyomavirus nephropathy (P .02) in a multivariate analysis. Thymoglobulin induction versus none, cyclosporine versus tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine, and sirolimus versus none were From the Division of Transplantation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0955-470X/03/1704-0000$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.trre.2003.10.020 Table 1. Overall Immunosuppressive Regimens for All Transplant Recipients Analyzed
Neuroprotection by inhaled nitric oxide in a murine stroke model is concentration and duration dependent

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to reduce ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several different organ systems including the brain. We investigated whether iNO was neuroprotective in a mouse model of transient focal ischemia. Male Swiss Webster mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 h followed by reperfusion for 47 h. Mice were divided into 5 concentration groups and administered nitric oxide (NO) at either 10, 20, 40, 60 or 80 ppm. Each of the 5 concentration groups was subdivided into 4 duration groups which were treated with iNO for 5, 8, 16 or 24 h beginning immediately after artery occlusion. Results showed both concentration and duration determined efficacy. At 10 ppm only the 24hr duration group exhibited reduced infarct volume while at 20, 40 and 60 ppm only 8 and 16 h of exposure led to smaller infarctions. At these concentrations the dose response curves were strongly U shaped indicating a loss of benefit at long durations. At 80 ppm, reduction in infarct volume was not observed at any duration. Additional experiments showed that 60 ppm iNO could be transported from lung to brain and that iNO administered for 8h improved recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage and reduced the inflammatory response accompanying ischemic stroke. Enhanced blood flow during reperfusion may be an important mediator of these effects.
Immunological diseases of the pancreatico-hepatobiliary system: update on etiopathogenesis and cross-sectional imaging findings

Immunological diseases of the hepatobiliary system and the pancreas include a broad spectrum of disorders that manifest characteristic histopathology/serology and variable clinical features and imaging findings. Recent studies have thrown fresh light on the complex role of genetics and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis and natural history of these diverse disorders that include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, IgG4-related cholangitis, overlap/outlier syndromes, and autoimmune pancreatitis.
Human HOX4E: A gene strongly expressed in the adult male and female urogenital tracts

Abstract Homeobox-containing genes (Hox genes) are believed to play a fundamental role in development and positional identity. Four homologous Hox gene complexes are found in humans and mice. Genes at the 3′ ends of these complexes tend to be expressed rostrally while those at the 5′ end are expressed caudally. Whereas complete open reading frames have been reported for rostrally expressed 3′ Hox genes, structural information is lacking for the more 5′ genes. Genomic and cDNA clones containing the human HOX4E (also known as human Hox 4.5) gene were isolated. The gene contains two exons and spans about 5 kb of DNA. The N-terminal portion of the HOX4E activation domain contains several consensus sequence elements also found in other mammalian AbdB family genes. Further downstream, however, HOX4E contains a novel 37-amino-acid stretch containing 30% acidic residues. Northern blot analysis of HOX4E expression in adult tissues showed a major human transcript of 1.8 kb, the expression of which was largely limited to tissues of the male and female urogenital tracts. Expression was particularly strong in the uterus. This suggests that aside from its effects during embryogenesis, the HOX4E gene may play a continuing role in adult genitourinary tract function.
Developed photoresist metrology using scatterometry

Scatterometry is shown to be a viable alternative to current methods of post-developed line shape metrology. Five wafers with focus-exposure matrices of line-space grating patterns in chemically amplified resist were generated. The gratings were illuminated with a He-Ne laser and, utilizing only the specular reflected order measured as a function of incident angle, we were able to predict linewidth and top and bottom rounded features. The scatterometry results were verified with those obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A set of wafers having a SRAM device pattern was analyzed. These wafers contain columns of devices, each having received an incremental exposure dose. We present exposure predictions based on data taken with the dome scatterometer, a novel device which measures all diffraction orders simultaneously by projecting them onto a diffuse hemispherical `dome.' A statistical calibration routine was used to train on the diffraction patterns from die locations with known exposure values.
Metallic alloys suitable for YBCO melt-texturing at low temperature

Ag-Au-Pd alloys, having a gradient in the concentration of the elements (called diffusion alloys), were investigated in order to find homogeneous alloys suitable for melt-processing of YBCO superconductor. Interface aspects between the superconductor and diffusion alloys and composition profiles of the diffusion alloys after melt texturing are presented. The results obtained with the diffusion alloy led to the development of new ternary homogeneous Ag-Au-Pd alloys of composition (at %) Ag-(18–23)Au-(2–10)Pd. The interface between homogeneous alloys and the YBCO superconductor after melt-processing was characterized and the resistivity-temperature curve obtained with electrical contacts on the metallic part of the composite is shown.
The regeneration of smooth muscle during healing of urodele gut wounds.

Abstract After wounding the wall of the pyloric end of the stomach of Amblystoma punctatum larvae, complete healing and regeneration of the gut wall tissues takes place by the 30th postoperative day. The following observations and conclusions are made: 1. 1. Within the first few postoperative days, the mucosal epithelium contacts the lateral body wall, or in some cases adjacent abdominal viscera, and migrates along this contact surface until the advancing edges meet and fuse to complete healing. Later (22–30 days), evaginations of the epithelium reconstitute the submucosal glands. 2. 2. A blastema is laid down external to the newly formed mucosal epithelium and fills the gap between the cut edges of the gut wall. The blastema is highly vascularized and is composed of fibroblasts and fibrocytes derived from connective tissue elements of: (1) the submucosal layers of the gut, (2) lateral body wall, or (3) other areas of adhesion of the wounded gut. No dedifferentiated cells of the mucosa, smooth muscle, or body wall striated muscle contribute to the blastema cell mass. 3. 3. After initial accumulation, the blastema grows by mitotic divisions of its cells. It is organized by alignment of its cells in a concentric pattern peripheral to the mucosa and in line with and bridging the gap between the cut edges of the adjacent smooth muscle layer. 4. 4. The circular smooth muscle layer of the gut wall is reconstituted: (a) by de novo differentiation of blastema fibroblasts into smooth muscle cells, and (b) by migration of intact smooth muscle cells from the smooth muscle region adjacent to the wound region. 5. 5. The blastema is thus transformed in smooth muscle and submucosal connective tissues of the gut wall. No differentiation of blastema cells into mucosal epithelium is observed.
Don’t Drop the Anchor

A 67-year-old man with painless jaundice for 3 weeks was brought to the emergency department by his brother. The patient noted yellow eyes and skin, white stool, fatigue, and pruritis that interfered with sleep. He denied abdominal pain, fevers, chills, diarrhea, melena, hematochezia, anorexia, dysphagia, nausea, or vomiting. He had noted a 20-lb unintentional weight loss over the last 2 months. His past medical history was notable for a stab wound in his abdomen for which he had undergone laparotomy without bowel resection many years ago. He took no medications. He was a Japanese-American Vietnam War veteran who lived with his ex-wife and owned a video store. He had previously drunk 12 beers daily, but cut back to 2 daily 1 year ago. He had a 50 pack-year smoking history and denied any illicit drug use. His family history was negative for malignancy or liver disease.
Does landscape context mediate the nature of density dependence for a coral reef fish

Over-harvest and landscape change are two of the greatest threats to marine ecosystems. Over-harvest may directly affect key population regulation mechanisms (e.g., density dependence), with the magnitude of the effects being further influenced by changes in landscape structure and associated resource availability. Because resource availability and conspecific density often co-vary within the natural landscape, manipulative experiments are needed to understand how changes in these two drivers may affect density dependence in wild populations. We used a common, shoaling, coral reef fish (white grunt, Haemulon plumierii) as our model species, and manipulated fish densities and landscape context of artificial reef habitats to assess the effects of each on fish condition. We found evidence of inverse density dependence, where individual condition was positively related to conspecific density; landscape context had little effect. Mean grunt condition on natural patch reefs was similar to that for our low grunt density treatment artificial reefs, possibly due to differences in fish densities or landscape context. These findings suggest that over-harvest may have detrimental effects on wild populations that extend beyond mere reductions in population size, especially for group-living species.
Probing Lorentz violation with Doppler-shift experiments

This work analyzes Doppler-effect experiments in terms of a general framework for violations of Lorentz symmetry: the Standard-Model Extension. These experiments are found to be sensitive to heretofore unprobed combinations of Lorentz-violation coefficients associated with protons and electrons. New bounds at the level of 10{sup -11} and 10{sup -8} for proton coefficients and 10{sup -2} for electron coefficients emerge from a recent experiment.
Measuring the Higgs boson self-coupling at high energy e + e − colliders

Standard model Higgs pair production at ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders has the capability to determine the Higgs boson self-coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. I present a detailed analysis of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}ZHH$ and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}HH$ signal channels, and the relevant background processes, for future ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ linear colliders with center of mass energies of $\sqrt{s}=0.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, 1 TeV, and 3 TeV. Special attention is given to the role nonresonant Feynman diagrams play, and the theoretical uncertainties of signal and background cross sections. I also derive quantitative sensitivity limits for $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. I find that an ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider with $\sqrt{s}=0.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ can place meaningful bounds on $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ only if the Higgs boson mass is relatively close to its current lower limit. At an ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider with $\sqrt{s}=1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ (3 TeV), $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ can be determined with a precision of 20%--80% (10%--20%) for integrated luminosities in the few ${\mathrm{ab}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ range and Higgs boson masses in the range ${m}_{H}=120--180\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Intertemporal relations between the market volatility index and stock index returns

We examine the intertemporal relationships between Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) market volatility index (VIX) and returns of the S&P 100, 500 and 600 indexes among three subperiods during 1992–2011 to account for structural shifts in VIX and to investigate if the role of VIX as an investor fear gauge and indicator of portfolio insurance price has strengthened in periods of high market anxiety and turbulence. We find a strong negative contemporaneous relation between daily changes (innovations) in VIX and S&P 100, 500 and 600 returns. Our results suggest that the strength of contemporaneous VIX-returns relation depends on the mean and volatility regime of VIX, and that this relation is much stronger when VIX is both high and more volatile. In fact, during 2004–2011, the negative contemporaneous VIX-returns relation was the most dominating and the only significant relation. Our results also indicate a strong asymmetric relation between daily stock market returns and innovations in VIX, suggesting t...
The Reaction of Luminous Bacteria to Microwave Radiation Exposures in the Frequency Range of 2608.7-3082.3 Mc

Suspensions of luminous bacteria were used to investigate the response of this biological system to microwave exposures in the stated frequency range at power levels up to 16.7 w. The merits of the biological system for this work are presented. The experimental arrangement, method of exposure and results are presented. Nonthermal effects in the test organism are found not to occur under the conditions of the investigation. The significance of this finding with respect to man is discussed.
Analytic insight into shear-wave AVO for fractured reservoirs

Approximate reflection coefficients in the two vertical symmetry planes of azimuthally anisotropic media explicitly describe the influence of medium parameters on the AVO gradients and the higher-angle terms of the shear-wave reflection response. The anisotropy in the subsurface is hereby characterized by the shear-wave splitting parameter and anisotropy parameters similar to Thornsen’s (1986) coefficients. The important result of this study is that the AVO gradients of shear waves propagating in the vertical symmetry planes of fractured media are sensitive to the shear-wave splitting parameter and to a parameter combination important for time processing in anisotropic media. Analytic insight developed in this study naturally leads to an inversion algorithm for the anisotropy parameters of the fractured medium.