cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and properties of small Co islands on a strained Pt surface

Abstract The effect of strain on the surface diffusion of Co on a Pt surface is studied using first-principles density functional theory. We employed the projector augmented wave method in the 7-layer slab geometry. Co tends to occupy FCC sites except for surfaces under large tensile strain where HCP sites are energetically favorable. We find that energy barrier for single atom diffusion increases linearly with strain. The total energy of adatoms decreases with increase of strain. The magnetization of the Co adatom is around 2 μB. Pt atoms are strongly polarized making the total magnetic moment per Co atom at FCC sites 3.6 μB. The magnetic moment of the system is sensitive to the adatom position and the strain. For the saddle point, for example, the magnetization changes from 3.1 μB per Co atom for an unstrained lattice to 3.8 μB for a 3% compressed lattice. The results suggest that both FCC and HCP islands formation is possible on the strained Pt(1 1 1) surface. Exchange coupling between adatoms is analyzed using Green's function method. There is a strong exchange interaction between Co moments in the small clusters on the surface, suggesting that they should behave like giant moments.
Renal effects of administered atrial natriuretic peptide in the conscious, aging rat.

Abstract Studies were performed in conscious, chronically catheterized male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the effect of administered atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood pressure, renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion. Studies were performed on young adult (3–4 month old) rats and on aging rats (18–24 months of age). Low dose ANP (80 ng/kg/min for 60 min) had no effects on renal hemodynamics in either young or old rats and produced only a slight blood pressure reduction in young animals. No effect on urinary electrolyte excretion was evident in young rats whereas in the old animals, low dose ANP produced large rises in the rate of sodium excretion, fractional excretion of sodium and urine flow rate. A four fold higher dose of ANP evoked a moderate natriuretic and a marked antihypertensive response in young rats. Time control studies indicated that time alone had no influence on urinary sodium excretion rate, the fractional excretion of sodium or urine flow rate. These studies indicate a much enhanced sensitivity to the natriuretic effects of administered ANP by the kidneys of old rats.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF NEWS MAGAZINES' COVERAGE OF JOHN GLENN'S RETURN TO SPACE

This study examined issues of Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report for articles concerning John Glenn's return to space and described their content. A review of pertinent literature found that little attention has been paid to how older adults are portrayed in magazine articles. Although comments were made concerning Glenn's age and his role as a rookie payload specialist on the space shuttle Discovery, there were few comments considered ageist or demeaning to older adults.
Studies on the biosynthesis of neuraminic acid.

IN recent years neuraminic acid1 and several of its derivatives, such as sialic acid and lactaminic acid, have been shown to be constituents of mucoproteins, gangliosides and related naturally occurring substances. Although the chemical structure of neuraminic acid has not been established as yet, its elementary composition and some of its chemical properties are known. The existence of this substance as either the free carboxylic acid or its corresponding lactone form has been demonstrated2, and it has been postulated that a hexosamine residue is present3. The biological function of neuraminic acid remains obscure, although recent evidence indicates that this compound is liberated from its parent polysaccharide by the action of influenza virus or virus-receptor-destroying enzymes3,4.
Influenza type A virus infection of suckling mice pre-exposed to insecticide carrier.

Abstract Suckling CD-1 outbred mice exposed topically to insecticide carrier (IC), a mixture of emulsifiers and solvent, were rendered less sensitive to infection with lethal doses of influenza type A/PR8/34 (HON1) virus than untreated and mock-treated control mice. Decreased sensitivity to influenza type A/PR8/34 virus infection was evidenced by a significant increase in the mean percent survival of the mice. In addition, a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the 50% lethal titer of the stock virus was observed in IC-treated mice relative to untreated mice. Decreased sensitivity was virus dose related and occurred within a dose range of 2 to 8 × LD50. No decrease in mortality rate was observed as a function of exposure to IC.
VOLUNTEER FACILITATORS ASSIST COMMUNITY PRACTICES WITH ENHANCING CANCER CONTROL

OBJECTIVE To explore the feasibility of recruiting, training, and placing in the field volunteers to assist community practices in enhancing the provision of preventive care. DESIGN A case series design followed up a cohort of volunteers prospectively as they were recruited, trained, and assigned to practices. SETTING The New Hampshire Division of the American Cancer Society recruited and trained the volunteer facilitators. INTERVENTION Assistance from the volunteers in implementing a preventive services office system served as the intervention for practices. Volunteers were trained and supported by professional staff and an implementation manual. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recruitment, training, and volunteer experiences in working with practices, as well as the costs of supporting the program, were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-six volunteers were trained. Of the 15 assigned to practices, 11 had begun to assist their assigned practices to establish a preventive services office system. Extensive planning, patience, and support were required. CONCLUSION Volunteers recruited and supported by an intermediary organization can provide assistance to practices in implementing a preventive services office system.
Epidemiology of spinal cord paralysis in Fiji: 1985-1994

This descriptive analytical ten year (1985-1994) retrospective study assessed the pattern of spinal cord paralysis (SCP) in the Fiji Islands utilising medical rehabilitation hospital data. Fiji Islands is an archipelago of 300 islands in the south western Pacific with a multi-ethnic population of over three quarters of a million. Rehabilitation of all SCP is provided at the Medical Rehabilitation Unit (MRU). Data was collected from medical records of new SCP (n = 140) admitted to MRU and analysed with Epi Info 5 assessing associations between cause and other variables. The incidence of new SCP admitted to the MRU was 18.7/million/year. There were 75 (53.6%) traumatic and 65 (46.4%) non-traumatic SCP. The incidence varied according to gender and ethnicity with Fijian male being at the highest (41.85) risk. Amongst traumatic SCP, 38.7% were due to falls, 25.3% motor vehicle accidents, 20% sports, 8% shallow water dive and 4% each deep sea diving and others, whereas among non-traumatic SCP, 52.3% were due to unknown causes, 32.3% infections, 9.2% neoplasms and 6.2% others. The male/female ratio was 4:1. The 16-30 year age group accounted for 35% of SCP. 31% had tetraplegia and 52.1% had complete lesions. The subset of the sample who experienced traumatic SCP were more likely to be employed, aged between 16-30 years at the time of paralysis and to have complete tetraplegia. Those who experienced incomplete paraplegia were more likely to be unemployed, aged 46-60 years and educated to primary level at the time of paralysis. There was a high proportion of complete spinal lesion when compared with other studies. The incidence of secondary complications such as pressure sores and UTI was also found to be high when compared with other studies. The results support the view that young Fijian males are most prone to sustaining traumatic spinal cord paralysis, and that there is a high incidence of secondary preventable complications. The need for preventative measures and adequate rehabilitation are emphasised.
Polyclonal immune activation and marrow plasmacytosis in multiple myeloma patients receiving long-term lenalidomide therapy: incidence and prognostic significance.

Polyclonal immune activation and marrow plasmacytosis in multiple myeloma patients receiving long-term lenalidomide therapy: incidence and prognostic significance
Reliability of Trench Capacitors for VLSI Memories

Trench capacitors will be used in high density memories, such as the 1Mbit or 4Mbit DRAM, in order to minimize the size of the chip. In this paper the properties and reliability of trench capacitors are discussed. We show that the leakage and break-down characteristics are dominated by the trench profile. Accelerated wearout shows that trench capacitors are suitable for 5V operation, and that alpha particle induced soft error rates are similar to, or better than, conventional planar devices.
Choline chloride in methylphenidate- and apomorphine-induced stereotypy.

Abstract The effect of choline chloride on apomorphine- and methylphenidate-induced stereotypy in rats was tested. Subcutaneous administration of a single dose of choline chloride significantly reduced apomorphine-induced stereotypy. These results could not be attributed to a nonspecific obtunding effect of choline chloride, and indicate that choline chloride may increase central cholinergic activity. However, neither acute nor chronic oral administration of choline chloride reversed apomorphine- or methylphenidate-induced stereotypy.
Hungary and its neighbors: Security and ethnic minorities

Good neighbors are rare. Those who are most proximate might offer the potential for mutual assistance and reassurance. Mistrust and rivalry, however, seem endemic among individuals and groups sharing space and resources. Schopenhauer's simile refers to porcupines who huddle together in the winter to keep warm, but separate as they feel each other's quills, until they discover “a mean distance at which they could most tolerably exist.” Referring to Schopenhauer, Freud observed that “No one can tolerate a too intimate approach to his neighbor.”
Experimental evidence on the effect of suspended sediment on flow-characteristics

The results of laboratory experiments are presented which show that the addition of suspended load to a flow tends to reduce the apparent friction-factor, thus causing the flow-velocity to increase. In the laboratory experiments this effect increases up to sediment-concentrations of 1.5 per cent by weight, which is the highest reached. The problem is analyzed in terms of the turbulent transfer-mechanism, and the action of the sediment in increasing the flow-velocity is explained by its effect in reducing the turbulence. Evidence is presented that actions similar to those observed in water-flows carrying suspended loads are also found in other fluid-flows in which a density-gradient exists. Concentration-gradients across flows are discussed, particularly in regard to their possible relation to the secondary currents existing in natural streams.
An interagency partnership applied to the study of environmental health in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas

Abstract An environmental monitoring investigation was initiated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in response to concerns about the potential link between local residents' health and environmental pollution. Concerns expressed by residents of the community related to industrial emissions, agricultural pesticide use, and inadequate infrastructure. A field investigation was conducted jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the State of Texas during two sampling periods in 1993. The results provided preliminary data about the levels, sources, and pathways of actual human exposure in the Valley. Samples of indoor and outdoor air, house dust, soil, food, drinking water, urine, blood, and breath were collected and analyzed for several compound classes. This paper presents an overview of the study including the study design, the survey methods, participant selection, and communication of the results. This project has the potential to set a new model for environmental health research which integrates public health concerns, exposure reduction, illness prevention, and regulatory activities of many agencies.
CN2: EFFECT OF INCLUDING (VERSUS EXCLUDING) FATES WORSE THAN DEATH ON UTILITY MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVE: To test impact of including (versus excluding) health states perceived to be worse than death on utility measurement using standard gamble (SG) and visual analogue scale (VAS) methods. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a convenience sample of women aged 22 to 50 years with no history of breast cancer or cancer requiring chemotherapy (n = 119). Data were collected between March 2000 and June 2000 at a Midwestern University in the US. Subjects were asked to rate their utility if faced with three hypothetical breast cancer health states: cure, treatment and recurrence. Utility weights were estimated using SG top-down titration and VAS methods scaled from zero (death) to one (perfect health). Linear transformation was used to allow for negative preference weights for health states worse than death. RESULTS: Unpaired t-test analysis showed statistically significant greater change in SG (n = 16) and VAS (n = 17) utilities for respondents perceiving cancer recurrence as worse than death than those perceiving death as least desirable health state (p < 0.05). Mean change in SG (VAS) utility allowing for health states worse than death for breast cancer cure versus treatment, treatment versus recurrence, and cure versus recurrence were 0.066(0.226), 0.335(0.339), and 0.401(0.564), respectively (n = 119). Excluding negative utilities from study resulted in statistically significant lower mean changes in utility weights (SG n = 103, VAS n = 102). CONCLUSION: Most studies typically measure health preferences excluding health states perceived as worse than death. Similar to Patrick et al (1994) results of this study indicate health preference elicitation methods can be successfully adapted to acquire negative utilities. Regardless of metric used, both SG and VAS yield higher changes in weight estimates when negative utilities are permitted. Addressing negative utilities in studies could significantly affect QALY estimates in economic analyses.
Vision-Based Precision Landings of a Tailsitter UAV

In this paper we present a method used to land a tailsitter unmanned air vehicle (UAV) in hover flight, on a ground target that is detected using an onboard camera. This method does not use Global Positioning System (GPS) data to calculate the aircraft’s relative position to the target. Instead, video from an onboard camera, the aircraft’s orientation, and the aircraft’s altitude above ground level (AGL) are used to calculate the aircraft’s position relative to a ground target. Because it is important that the ground target stay in the camera’s view to calculate the UAV’s position, a method of calculating the aircraft’s range of attitudes that allow the ground target to remain in view is also presented. The method described in this paper has been implemented in simulation with successful results. Nomenclature XUAV Calculated x location of the UAV in the target coordinate frame YUAV Calculated y location of the UAV in the target coordinate frame qaircraft Quaternion describing the aircraft’s orientation expressed in the inertial frame qdesired Quaternion describing the desired aircraft orientation expressed in the inertial frame qerror Quaternion describing rotation from qaircraft to qdesired expressed in the body frame αaz Gimbal azimuth angle αel Gimbal elevation angle
Minimizing Harm and Maximizing Pleasure: Considering the Harm Reduction Paradigm for Sexuality Education.

This article explores the potential for introducing harm reduction into sexuality education. When the goal of sexuality education is on prevention and focuses on risk and public health concerns, a discussion of pleasure is rendered problematic, as many pleasurable behaviors are inherently “unsafe” or “risky” when considered using a safe-sex lens. The authors argue that integrating harm reduction into a national strategy to enhance sexual health will provide participants in sexuality education programs the agency to make educated harm-aware choices about their behavior. A harm reduction paradigm offers an opportunity to negotiate pleasure and safety in a paradigm that juxtaposes “unbound pleasure” and “restricted sexual safety,” rather than one that allows for either unsafe or safe sexual behavior choices.
Function of tubulin binding proteins in vivo.

Overexpression of the β-tubulin binding protein Rbl2p/cofactor A is lethal in yeast cells expressing a mutant α-tubulin, tub1-724 , that produces unstable heterodimer. Here we use RBL2 overexpression to identify mutations in other genes that affect formation or stability of heterodimer. This approach identifies four genes— CIN1, CIN2, CIN4 , and PAC2 —as affecting heterodimer formation in vivo. The vertebrate homologues of two of these gene products—Cin1p/cofactor D and Pac2p/cofactor E—can catalyze exchange of tubulin polypeptides into preexisting heterodimer in vitro. Previous work suggests that both Cin2p or Cin4p act in concert with Cin1p in yeast, but no role for vertebrate homologues of either has been reported in the in vitro reaction. Results presented here demonstrate that these proteins can promote heterodimer formation in vivo. RBL2 overexpression in cin1 and pac2 mutant cells causes microtubule disassembly and enhanced formation of Rbl2p-β-tubulin complex, as it does in the α-tubulin mutant that produces weakened heterodimer. Significantly, excess Cin1p/cofactor D suppresses the conditional phenotypes of that mutant α-tubulin. Although none of the four genes is essential for viability under normal conditions, they become essential under conditions where the levels of dissociated tubulin polypeptides increase. Therefore, these proteins may provide a salvage pathway for dissociated tubulin heterodimers and so rescue cells from the deleterious effects of free β-tubulin.
Suicidal Ideation and Sexual Orientation in College Students: The Roles of Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, and Perceived Rejection due to Sexual Orientation.

A theoretical model in which perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were hypothesized to account for the association between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation among college students was tested. Among 198 college students (mean age 21.28 years), gay, lesbian, and bisexual students (n = 50) reported significantly higher levels of perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation than heterosexual students. The relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation was partially accounted for by perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. This indirect effect was stronger at higher levels of perceived or anticipated rejection due to one's sexual orientation. Implications for intervention and prevention science are discussed. Language: en
Policy Strategies, Teacher Salary Incentive, and Student Achievement: An Explanatory Model

As economies of scale increase, school districts, by means of policy strategy, trade class size against salary incentive for teachers. This idea is developed and related to district-level achievement through an explanatory, structural equation model. The model is tested on data on student achievement in 102 Colorado school districts. The results show that the model is moderately successful for explaining reading achievement in grades 5, 6, 11, and 12. However, factors not yet included in the model are believed to have strong effects.
Development of phonological sensitivity in 2- to 5-year-old children.

This study examined phonological sensitivity in 238 children from middle- to upper-income families and 118 children from lower-income families across different levels of linguistic complexity. Children ranged in age from 2 to 5 years. Overall, the results indicated that as children increased in age, phonological sensitivity both increased in absolute terms and became more stable. Significant social class differences in growth of phonological sensitivity were also obtained. Phonological sensitivity at different levels of linguistic complexity (e.g., syllables, phonemes) was substantially interrelated at each age and predicted word reading ability in older children independently of language skills and letter knowledge. These results indicate that phonological sensitivity can be assessed in young preschool children and that lower levels of phonological sensitivity may serve as developmental precursors to higher levels of phonological sensitivity. The development of phonological processing is an important precursor to the acquisition of early reading skills (e.g., Adams, 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987). Phonological processing refers to the use of phonological information (i.e., the sounds of one's language) in processing written and oral language. A growing body of research indicates that individual differences in one form of phonological processing, phonological sensitivity, are causally related to the normal acquisition of beginning reading (e.g., Bryant, MacLean, Bradley, & Crossland, 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 1994). Children who are better at detecting and manipulating syllables, rhymes, or phonemes are quicker to learn to read, and this relation is present even after variability in reading skill due to factors such as IQ, receptive vocabulary, memory skills, and social class is partialed out (Bryant et al., 1990; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987; Wagner et al., 1994). The majority of evidence linking phonological sensitivity in prereaders with the development of reading has come from studies that have assessed children's phonological sensitivity at the point of school entry but prior to formal reading instruction. For example, Share, Jorm, MacLean, and Mathews (1984) found that children's phonological sensitivity, measured at the beginning of kindergarten with a phoneme segmentation task, was the single best predictor of
Economics of Cost-Share Leases in Less-developed Countries

Economists have long recognized that output-share leases result in inefficiencies in variable resource use. Cost-share leases have been suggested as a way of overcoming this inefficiency. Only in rare cases, however, has cost sharing become a part of share leasing in less-developed countries. It is argued in this article that in less-developed countries landowners generally make more net income by not adopting cost-share leases. The societal loss due to output-share leasing, and several policy alternatives, in addition to cost-sharing, which might help resolve this inefficiency problem, are discussed.
Probing the Goldstone equivalence theorem in Heavy Weak Doublet Decays

This paper investigates the decays from heavy Higgsino-like weak doublets into Z, h bosons and missing particles. When pair-produced at the LHC, the subsequent Z, h→ll, bb¯ decays in the doublet decay cascade can yield 4l, 2l2b and 4b+E_T+j(s) final states. Mutual observation of any two of these channels would provide information on the associated doublets’ decay branching fractions into a Z or h, thereby probing the Goldstone equivalence relation, shedding additional light on the Higgs sector of beyond the Standard Model theories and facilitating the discrimination of various contending models, in turn. We compare the Z/h decay ratio expected in the minimal supersymmetric model, the next-to-minimal supersymmetric model (NMSSM)and a minimal singlet-doublet dark matter model. Additionally, we conduct a full Monte Carlo analysis of the prospects for detecting the targeted final states during 14 TeV running of the LHC in the context of a representative NMSSM benchmark model.
Effects of Severe Hypertension on Endothelial and Platelet Microparticles

The molecular mechanisms by which extreme blood pressure elevation leads to vascular injury are not defined. To explore the hypothesis that activation of endothelium and platelets as manifested by increased concentrations of circulating endothelial microparticles and platelet microparticles could play a role in this target organ injury, we conducted a cross-sectional study of these markers in 3 groups: (1) untreated patients referred specifically for treatment of severe uncontrolled hypertension; (2) untreated patients with established mild hypertension; and (3) normotensive volunteer subjects. By ANOVA, endothelial (P=0.002) and platelet (P=0.01) microparticles were greatest in the severely hypertensive group. There was a significant correlation between both of these markers and blood pressure, even in the setting of multiple risk factors. Our results suggest that these markers may be useful and specific for pressure-induced endothelial and platelet activation in hypertension. Furthermore, because of the combined effects of endothelial and platelet microparticles on coagulation, leukocytes, and endothelium, it is possible that they may play a pathogenic role in mediating target organ injury in severe hypertension.
Nursing Home Staffing, Turnover, and Case Mix:

This study examined the predictors of total nurse and registered nurse (RN) staffing hours per resident day separately in all free-standing California nursing homes (1,555), using staffing data from state cost reports in 1999. This study used a two-stage least squares model, taking into account nursing turnover rates, resident case mix levels, and other factors. As expected, total nurse and RN staffing hours were negatively associated with nurse staff turnover rates and positively associated with resident case mix. Facilities were resource dependent in that a high proportion of Medicare residents predicted higher staffing hours, and a higher proportion of Medicaid residents predicted lower staffing hours and higher turnover rates. Nursing assistant wages were positively associated with total nurse staffing hours. For-profit facilities and high-occupancy rate facilities had lower total nurse and RN staffing hours. Medicaid reimbursement rates and multifacility organizations were positively associated with RN staffing hours.
Optimizing backscattering from arrays of perfectly conducting strips

Eight different numerical optimization algorithms tackled the problem of finding the best spacings for an array of perfectly conducting strips in order to get desirable backscattering characteristics. Local optimizers worked well when the problem was relatively simple and had few parameters. As the complexity of the problem increased, the genetic algorithm proved a better approach. In general, a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) worked best, because it combined the power of the local search with a global search. This paper presents optimized results that were averaged over twenty independent runs, and discusses the pros and cons of the various approaches.
Influenza Virus Resistance to Human Neutralizing Antibodies

The human antibody repertoire has an exceptionally large capacity to recognize new or changing antigens through combinatorial and junctional diversity established at the time of V(D)J recombination and through somatic hypermutation. Influenza viruses exhibit a relentless capacity to escape the human antibody response by altering the amino acids of their surface proteins in hypervariable domains that exhibit a high level of structural plasticity. Both parties in this high-stakes game of shape shifting drive structural evolution of their functional proteins (the B cell receptor/antibody on one side and the viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins on the other) using error-prone polymerase systems. It is likely that most of the genetic mutations that occur in these systems are deleterious, resulting in the failure of the B cell or virus with mutations to propagate in the immune repertoire or viral quasispecies. A subset of mutations is tolerated in functional surface proteins that enter the B cell or virus progeny pool. In both cases, selection occurs in the population of mutated and unmutated species. In cases where the functional avidity of the B cell receptor is increased significantly, that clone may be selected for preferential expansion. In contrast, an influenza virus that "escapes" the inhibitory effect of secreted antibodies may represent a high proportion of the progeny virus in that host. The recent paper by O'Donnell et al. [C. D. O'Donnell et al., mBio 3(3):e00120-12, 2012] identifies a mechanism for antibody resistance that does not require escape from binding but rather achieves a greater efficiency in replication.
Button contacts for liquid nitrogen applications

The development of a prototype high-density connector and cabling technique for use in a liquid nitrogen environment is discussed. The so-called fuzz button and flexible printed cables were selected as the best choice for a hardware combination that must remain compliant at very low temperatures. Test hardware used to make comparison tests at room temperature (298 K) and in liquid nitrogen (77 K) are described. The development of a cable-to-board clamping system that functions in liquid nitrogen is described. Test results for both temperatures and temperature-humidity testing of the button/cable pairs are discussed. General observations on this connector system for applications in liquid nitrogen are given. Work with other interposer types is discussed. >
Marine geochemistry of germanium and the origin of Pacific pelagic clay minerals

Abstract The germanium content of sea water was found to be 0.05 μg/1. The most abundant organisms of sea water do not take up detectable amounts of germanium. Globigerina ooze and siliceous sponges are devoid of germanium. Diatom frustules may contain some 0.4 p.p.m. germanium. The Pacific northeast equatorial eupelagic clays contain 2 p.p.m. germanium in contrast to shelf material and the south equatorial eupelagic clays, which contain 1 p.p.m. germanium. Shelf sediments and pelagic clays have an identical germanium content of 1 p.p.m. for their coarse fractions while the clay-mineral size fraction of the Pacific north-east equatorial eupelagic clays has a germanium content at least twice the value for the same fraction of the Pacific south equatorial pelagic clays, shelf sediments, and standard marine clay minerals which have been reported to contain 1 p.p.m. germanium. The aluminosilicates are primarily responsible for the germanium content of the clays, and partial removal of the element from sea water appears to take place during the hydrogenous growth of such minerals in sea water. The geochemical fractionation of the element between the shelf and deep-sea sediments and their abundant minerals suggests that shelf sediments and the Pacific south equatorial pelagic clays are primarily lithogenous in origin. On the other hand, the Pacific north-east equatorial eupelagic clays have a coarse fraction which is primarily lithogenous in origin and a clay-mineral size fraction which is rich in hydrogenous clay minerals.
Phase Equilibria in the System CaF2‐AlF3‐Na3AlF6 and Part of the System CaF2‐AlF3‐Na3AlF6‐Al2O3

The complete phase-equilibrium diagram of the system CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6 and the subsolidus portion of the system CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6-Al2O3 were established from microscopic, powder X-ray diffraction, quench, and DTA data obtained from samples encapsulated in sealed tubes and either reacted in the solid state or melted and recrystallized. The system Na3AlF6-CaF2 contains a simple eutectic with no compound formation or solid solution. The system CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6 contains two ternary compounds, NaCaAlF6 and NaCaAl2F9, which melt incongruently at 735° and 712°C, respectively; NaCaAlF6 exists in three polymorphic forms with transitions at 610° and 722°C and NaCaAl2F9 is body-centered cubic with a0= 10.765 A. The three binary and two ternary compounds divide the system into eight compatibility triangles. Along the NaCaAlF6-Na3AlF6 join, 7 mol% NaCaAlF6 is soluble in α-cryolite at 525° and 42% in β-cryolite at 731°C. The quaternary system Na3AlF6-AlF3-CaF2-Al2O3 contains eight compatibility tetrahedra.
Evolution, mating effort, and crime

Unlike some psychiatric illnesses, criminal lifestyles are not reproductive dead ends and may represent frequency-dependent adaptations. Sociopaths may gain reproductively from their greater “mating effort” relative to nonsociopaths. This mating-effort construct should be assessed directly in future studies of sociopathy. Collaboration between biologically oriented and environmentally oriented researchers is needed to investigate the biosocial basis of sociopathy.
Image Based Metrology for Quantitative Analysis of Local Structural Similarity of Nanostructures

The orientation correlation function is a measure of the spatial range over which nanoscale structures maintain their structural (orientational) similarity. In this paper we describe an image processing system that is used to estimate this correlation function from electron microscope images of the chemically patterned nanoscale structures. We describe the estimation of a robust orientation field from the image and the subsequent estimation of the correlation function from the orientation field. We present results that have been obtained using our image metrology system. Sensitivity of the estimated values with respect to the image processing parameters is also presented.
Plantae Colombianae,-1: A New species of Herrania from the Putumayo

During the course of ethnobotanical investigation in the upper Putumayo in southern Colombia (*), the writer collected an interesting species of Herrania. Upon examination, this species proves to be undescribed. A description and critical comments relative to the relationships of this new species are herein presented together with a diagnostic drawing of the plant and its floral parts.
The Effect of Method Characteristics on Retest Score Gains and Criterion-Related Validity

We sought to empirically assess the effect of predictor method characteristics (test form, item-type, and test-type) on retest score change associated with an invariant construct—general mental ability (GMA)—and to evaluate the effect of retesting on the criterion-related validity of assessments that vary in their susceptibility to retest effects. Three hundred seven individuals completed a battery of GMA assessments. After a 6-week interval, participants returned to the testing site to retest using both alternate and identical forms of the initial assessments. Greater score gains were observed on assessments comprising heterogeneous item-types than homogeneous item-types, and on performance-based assessments than self-report assessments. However, despite variations in score gains, the relationships between the initial test scores and criterion scores were no different than the relationships between retest scores and criterion scores for all assessments. Tests and procedures that reduce reliance on test- or item-specific knowledge and skill may help minimize score changes due to retesting across multiple administrations. Moreover, under the boundary conditions present in this study, the criterion-related validity of ability assessments may not be affected by increases in test-specific knowledge and skills. Despite the prevalence and industry support of retesting, a comprehensive understanding of retest score change still eludes researchers and practitioners. This ambiguity may be due in part to neglecting the method-construct distinctions in the retest literature. This is the first report to explicitly utilize the method-construct distinction in an effort to examine the causes and consequences of retest effects.
A New Look at Calibration and Use of Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometers. Part II: Calibration and Use of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Improved Meteorology Precision Infrared Radiometer*

Abstract For some years, investigators have made measurements of downwelling longwave irradiance with the Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR), recording the values of thermopile voltage and body and dome thermistor resistances and combining them in data processing. Part I of this paper reviews previous work on the processing equation and presents an improved equation. It establishes that the standard single-output Eppley has an inherent uncertainty of 5%. By measuring the three possible outputs separately and comparing them in the improved equation, the inherent accuracy can be improved to 1.5%. Part II presents a method of calibrating the Eppley PIR for the three-output equation using an easily constructed blackbody cavity in a temperature bath capable of a 0°–50°C temperature range. Calibration of PIR thermistors is recommended since occasionally one is found out of specifications. An outdoor comparison of 15 PIRs calibrated with the technique was carried out in groups of four, with one PIR used ...
Angiotensin (AT1A) receptor-mediated increases in transcellular sodium transport in proximal tubule cells

Angiotensin II (ANG II), acting through angiotensin type 1A receptors (AT1A), is important in regulating proximal tubule salt and water balance. AT1A are present on apical (AP) and basolateral (BL)...
Memories of Violence: Micro and Macro History and the Challenges to Peacebuilding in Colombia and Northern Ireland

AbstractHistorical memory of mass violence and war crimes plays a central role in a nation or an ethnic group's cultural identity, but is not given adequate attention in the politics of conflict resolution. The article argues that it is wrong and counterproductive to treat history as exclusively belonging to the past or as too complicated, and therefore to ignore it politically. Northern Ireland invested heavily in various transitional justice and conflict resolution mechanisms, but resolutely avoided efforts to bridge sectarian histories. This experience is juxtaposed to Colombia, where during the peace negotiations a historical commission was established to explore narrowing the sectarian disagreements through legitimizing their historical memories. What can the field of conflict resolution learn from the Colombian experience? Do historical commissions provide an additional tool for transitional justice and conflict resolution?
Inactivation of the Crp/Fnr Family of Regulatory Genes in Listeria monocytogenes Strain F2365 Does Not Alter Its Heat Resistance at 60°C

A surprising facet of the Listeria monocytogenes genome is the presence of 15 genes that code for regulators in the Crp/Fnr family and include the virulence regulator PrfA. The genes under the transcriptional control of these regulators are currently undetermined, with the exception of some genes controlled by the major virulence regulator PrfA. Using 12 strains of L. monocytogenes, each with an inserted gene cassette that interrupts and renders nonfunctional a different L. monocytogenes strain F2365 Crp/Fnr regulator, we heat challenged each strain at 60°C with an immersed-coil heating apparatus, modeled the survivor data to calculate the underlying mean and mode of the heat resistance distribution for each strain, and compared the thermal tolerance of each mutant to the wild-type strain to determine if any of the Crp/Fnr mutants demonstrated altered heat tolerance. All 12 of the Crp/Fnr mutant strains tested had heat resistance characteristics similar to the wild-type strain (P > 0.05), indicating that ...
Electron Irradiation and Thermal Processing of Mixed-ices of Potential Relevance to Jupiter Trojan Asteroids

In this work we explore the chemistry that occurs during the irradiation of ice mixtures on planetary surfaces, with the goal of linking the presence of specific chemical compounds to their formation locations in the solar system and subsequent processing by later migration inward. We focus on the outer solar system and the chemical differences for ice mixtures inside and outside the stability line for H_2S. We perform a set of experiments to explore the hypothesis advanced by Wong & Brown that links the color bimodality in Jupiter's Trojans to the presence of H_2S in the surface of their precursors. Non-thermal (10 keV electron irradiation) and thermally driven chemistry of CH_3OH–NH_3–H_2O ("without H_2S") and H_2S–CH_3OH–NH_3–H_2O ("with H_2S") ices were examined. Mid-IR analyses of ice and mass spectrometry monitoring of the volatiles released during heating show a rich chemistry in both of the ice mixtures. The "with H_2S" mixture experiment shows a rapid consumption of H_2S molecules and production of OCS molecules after a few hours of irradiation. The heating of the irradiated "with H_2S" mixture to temperatures above 120 K leads to the appearance of new infrared bands that we provisionally assign to SO_2 and CS. We show that radiolysis products are stable under the temperature and irradiation conditions of Jupiter Trojan asteroids. This makes them suitable target molecules for potential future missions as well as telescope observations with a high signal-to-noise ratio. We also suggest the consideration of sulfur chemistry in the theoretical modeling aimed at understanding the chemical composition of Trojans and KOBs.
41 ROSUVASTATIN ACCEPTABILITY, EFFICACY, AND SAFETY IN HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC PATIENTS UNABLE TO TOLERATE OTHER STATINS.

Statins as a class are well tolerated. We assessed acceptability, efficacy, and safety of rosuvastatin in 57 euthyroid patients with primary high LDL cholesterol (LDLC) who, serially, could not tolerate most other statins or cholesterol-lowering drugs, primarily because of myocitis. Of the 57 patients, 44 could not tolerate atorvastatin, 27 simvastatin, 15 pravastatin, 7 fluvastatin, 2 lovastatin, 1 Vytorin, 10 WelChol, 5 Zetia, 2 TriCor, and 2 Niaspan. Rosuvastatin (5 mg/day)-diet was given to 24 patients (3 men, 21 women, 21 white, 3 black, 3 type 2 diabetics, mean ± SD age 61 ± 9 years, BMI 31.7 ± 4.2, LDLC 179 ± 32 mg/dL). On rosuvastatin 5 mg-diet for a median of 5 months, weight fell 3.0 ± 7.7 lb ( p = .016), LDLC fell 76 ± 35 mg/dL ( p
The Gut and Sleep

Clinicians have encountered patients who complain of abdominal pain in conjunction with sleep disturbances for almost a century. A subsequent myriad of surgical procedures and pharmacologic interventions have been aimed to decrease acid secretion, allowing ulcers and esophageal lesions to heal and ease the painful symptoms of functional disorders of intestinal motility. However, the understanding of how sleep influences gastrointestinal (GI) functioning has only been realized in the past decade. Careful monitoring of pH changes and GI tract motility during the waking state and polysomnographically determined sleep have revealed very different physiological responses to gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and GI motility during sleep compared to the waking state. This chapter provides a historical account of this research as well as a recent proposal that nighttime heartburn combined with sleep-related GER is a distinct clinical entity apart from daytime reflux and conventional heartburn.
Cell-Mediated Hemostasis

The coagulation “cascade” with its intrinsic and extrinsic pathways is a widely accepted paradigm for coagulation. It accurately portrays the reactions in the common screening tests, the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. However, it is not a good model of how hemostasis occurs in vivo. A cell-based model consisting of initiation, amplification, and propagation phases more closely reflects the physiologic hemostatic process. Localization of the coagulation reactions to appropriate cell surfaces is critical to effective hemostasis and limitation of thrombosis. While cells play critical roles in controlling hemostasis, tissue conditions including temperature and pH also strongly influence the hemostatic process. This means that our common screening coagulation tests are not good predictors of the risk of clinical bleeding, though they can be useful in directing transfusion therapy.
Towards Autonomic Security Management of Healthcare Information Systems

With the fast development of information and communication technologies over the past decade, Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) has been widely implemented for health stakeholders to access, modify, share Electronic Health Records (EHR) with a low cost of the facility, data and application maintenance. Due to the high value of healthcare data and lack of investment in cyber security, vulnerabilities of Healthcare Information Systems (HISs), especially data of EHR systems are exposed to attackers [1], [2]. This paper first introduces the network structure of the HIS and the communication standards for health data transmission among patients, hospitals, pharmacies, and insurance companies. After that, we introduce the Health Level 7 (HL7) standard in details and discuss the current security challenges of HISs. We also illustrate how to simulate attacks that exploit HL7 message vulnerabilities. An Autonomic Security Management (ASM) approach is designed for proactively self-protecting a HIS from internal and external attacks. The performance of a HIS can be monitored in real time, and potential attacks that may disrupt HIS services are predicted by the intrusion estimation module. The functionality and feasibility of intrusion detection systems for detecting known and unknown cyber attacks threatening the confidentiality and integrity of EHRs are presented. The intrusion response system of the ASM approach selects the most appropriate protection mechanisms to recover the compromised HIS back to normal with little or no human intervention.
Comparison of fission gas swelling models for amorphous U3Si2 and crystalline UO2

Abstract Theoretical models are used in support of the I 2 S-LWR (Integral Inherently Safe LWR) project for a direct comparison of fuel swelling and fission gas bubble formation between U 3 Si 2 and UO 2 fuels. Swelling in uranium silicide is evaluated by analyzing the bubble coarsening process’ effects on the bubble population and size distribution. The uranium dioxide is examined with two models: one which calculates the swelling behavior with a fixed grain radius and a second which incorporates grain growth into the model. These two models use the diffusion of gas atoms to the grain boundaries to calculate the swelling. The different mechanisms controlling the swelling of the fuels are introduced including the “knee point” caused by the amorphous state for the U 3 Si 2 . The U 3 Si 2 model shows that, for the burnup expected for the I 2 S reactor, swelling in U 3 Si 2 will not reach the “knee point” with accelerated swelling. The results from the fixed grain UO 2 model and U 3 Si 2 model are used to compare the swelling of each fuel at the same fission rate.
Supplementary Appendix for Institutions and Deposit Insurance: Empirical Evidence

This is the Supplementary Appendix for Institutions and Deposit Insurance: Empirical Evidence (Dewenter, Hess, and Brogaard, 2017).
Difference Methods for Solving One-Dimensional Inverse Problems

Abstract We consider the one-dimensional inverse problem of reflection seismology. An impulsive plane wave in pressure is applied to a horizontally homogeneous elastic half space and the ensuing particle velocity is measured at the surface. The characteristic impedance is recovered as a function of travel time. Several methods of solution of this inverse problem require the construction of an auxiliary solution of the differential equations with a wave front, and the impedance is recovered using the theory of propagation of singularities. The use of difference schemes to construct this auxiliary solution leads to fast algorithms to solve this inverse problem. Fast recursive algorithms for solving discrete integral equations, which are Toeplitz linear systems, can be identified with difference schemes. A downward continuation algorithm developed by the authors which uses difference schemes is also presented.