cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Common statistical and research design problems in manuscripts submitted to high-impact psychiatry journals: what editors and reviewers want authors to know.

Abstract Objective Journal editors and statistical reviewers are often in the difficult position of catching serious problems in submitted manuscripts after the research is conducted and data have been analyzed. We sought to learn from editors and reviewers of major psychiatry journals what common statistical and design problems they most often find in submitted manuscripts and what they wished to communicate to authors regarding these issues. Our primary goal was to facilitate communication between journal editors/reviewers and researchers/authors and thereby improve the scientific and statistical quality of research and submitted manuscripts. Method Editors and statistical reviewers of 54 high-impact psychiatry journals were surveyed to learn what statistical or design problems they encounter most often in submitted manuscripts. Respondents completed the survey online. The authors analyzed survey text responses using content analysis procedures to identify major themes related to commonly encountered statistical or research design problems. Results Editors and reviewers (n = 15) who handle manuscripts from 39 different high-impact psychiatry journals responded to the survey. The most commonly cited problems regarded failure to map statistical models onto research questions, improper handling of missing data, not controlling for multiple comparisons, not understanding the difference between equivalence and difference trials, and poor controls in quasi-experimental designs. Conclusions The scientific quality of psychiatry research and submitted reports could be greatly improved if researchers became sensitive to, or sought consultation on frequently encountered methodological and analytic issues.
Wideband flipped staired pyramid dielectric resonator antennas

A wideband aperture coupled flipped staired pyramid shaped DRA is presented. An impedance bandwidth of 62% (S/sub 11/<-10 dB) is measured. The proposed DRA has a stable broadside radiation pattern across the matching band, with an average gain of 6.5 dBi. Simulation results obtained from Fidelity give good agreement with measured results.
Some Numerical Experiments on the Withdrawal of Magma from Crustal Reservoirs

Compositional heterogeneity in the form of continuous or discontinuous chemical and thermal gradients in lava and/or pyroclastic flows is very common. An understanding of the dynamics of magma withdrawal is essential to palinspastic reconstruction of intensive variable gradients in magma reservoirs. Important parameters governing the extent of subterranean magma mixing triggered by an eruption include the vertical structure of density and viscosity within the chamber, the discharge, the size and shape of the chamber, and whether eruption takes place along a sublinear fissure, a ring fracture, or a central vent. A numerical model has been set up to study isoviscous magma withdrawal from a central vent conduit as a function of the Reynolds number, the reservoir to conduit width ratio, reservoir aspect ratio (width/depth), and differing kinematic boundary conditions. Both open (magma recharge) and closed (caldera collapse) system behavior are considered. Finite difference solutions to the vorticity transport and Poisson equations enable determination of vorticity, stream function, and velocity fields as a function of time. The most petrologically significant output is the stream function (particle trajectories) and evacuation isochron diagrams. An evacuation isochron represents the locus of points within the chamber such that magma parcels along a given isochron arrive at the bottom of the volcanic conduit concurrently. Open systems evolve toward a time invariant state (fully developed flow). Spin-up times depend on chamber aspect ratio (Br/Dr), reservoir/conduit width ratio (Br/Bc), and Reynolds number (Re). Br, Dr, and Bc represent chamber half-width, depth, and conduit half-width, respectively. Spin-up times are relatively small (1/10 to 1/5) fractions of typical eruption durations. The shape and orientation of evacuation isochrons (EI) depend on Re (increasing Re decreases withdrawal depth) and geometric factors (increasing Br/Bc at constant Re and Br/Dr or decreasing Br/Br at constant Br/Bc and Re increases withdrawal depth). A significant amount of roofward magma can remain untapped in a chamber even for long duration eruptions. Systems driven by caldera collapse also involve juxtaposition of roofward and deep-seated magma during the course of an eruption. Relative to the magma recharge (open system) situation, EI's are laterally elongated. The extent of vertical mixing is thus smaller although still significant in this case. Maximum withdrawal depths vary monotonically in both cases. There is excellent qualitative agreement between predictions based on the numerical experiments and Fe-Ti oxide temperatures for a thermally zoned ash flow deposit south of Mono Lake in eastern California (Bishop Tuff).
Effects of polymerization on the oxygen carrying and redox properties of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin.

Abstract Human hemoglobin site specifically cross-linked with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate results in a low oxygen affinity hemoglobin-based red cell substitute (α-DBBF). Polymerization of α-DBBF by bis(maleoylglycylamide) polyethylene glycol (BMAA-PEG) yields poly α-DBBF which offers the added benefits of reduced renal clearance and increased retention in the vascular circulation. Oxygen equilibrium curves for poly α-DBBF are slightly left-shifted (higher O2 affinity) compared to those of α-DBBF; with a diminished cooperativity and a reduced Bohr effect. In rapid mixing experiments (oxygen dissociation and carbon monoxide binding), poly α-DBBF exhibits a several fold increase in the overall rate of deoxygenation and carbon monoxide binding kinetics over its cross-linked counterpart. The rate of nitric oxide binding to the oxidized form of poly α-DBBF shows little or no change compared to the intramolecularly cross-linked derivative. The reduction of cyanomet poly α-DBBF by dithionite is several fold faster than that of HbA0 and α-DBBF whereas the slow subsequent cyanide dissociation from the ferrous iron remained unchanged among all proteins. The propensity of poly α-DBBF for auto-oxidation is slightly enhanced over α-DBBF whereas the extent of oxidative modification by hydrogen peroxide is very similar. Polymerization appears to selectively modify ligand interactions and redox kinetics of the tetrameric cross-linked form which reflects a possibly more open heme pocket. The data suggests that changes in oxygenation properties of hemoglobin brought about by a given modification are not necessarily predictive of other functional changes.
Pulmonary and Circulatory Effects of Fibrinopeptides

Bovine fibrinopeptide B and human fibrinopeptide A given in minute concentrations to rabbits, dogs, and lambs caused pulmonary hypertension, decreased effective pulmonary blood flow, decreased lung compliance, decreased ventilatory conductance, increased frequency and volume of ventilation, and increased differences in arterial and alveolar Pco2 and Po2. These effects appeared immediately after injection of the peptides into the lesser circulation, increased for 15 to 30 min, and were detectable for as long as 70 min. Mean aortic pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, left and right atrial pressures, and cardiac output showed no systematic changes after injection of these peptides. On the contrary, bovine fibrinopeptide A given in equimolar doses elicited none of the pulmonary responses but induced increases in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output without consistent changes in mean pulmonary or aortic pressure. These responses appeared within 3 min, increased for 5 to 10 min, and disappeared within...
Role of plasma phospholipid transfer protein in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism

Abstract The understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological role of PLTP has greatly increased since the discovery of PLTP more than a quarter of century ago. A comprehensive review of PLTP is presented on the following topics: PLTP gene organization and structure; PLTP transfer properties; different forms of PLTP; characteristics of plasma PLTP complexes; relationship of plasma PLTP activity, mass and specific activity with lipoprotein and metabolic factors; role of PLTP in lipoprotein metabolism; PLTP and reverse cholesterol transport; insights from studies of PLTP variants; insights of PLTP from animal studies; PLTP and atherosclerosis; PLTP and signal transduction; PLTP in the brain; and PLTP in human disease. PLTP's central role in lipoprotein metabolism and lipid transport in the vascular compartment has been firmly established. However, more studies are needed to further delineate PLTP's functions in specific tissues, such as the lung, brain and adipose tissue. Furthermore, the specific role that PLTP plays in human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative disease, remains to be clarified. Exciting directions for future research include evaluation of PLTP's physiological relevance in intracellular lipid metabolism and signal transduction, which undoubtedly will advance our knowledge of PLTP functions in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945–2010).
Numerical computation of flow and heat transfer in finned and unfinned tube banks

Abstract A finite volume numerical scheme is utilized to predict fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in inline tube banks. The effect of equipping the tubes with longitudinal fins on the pressure drop and heat transfer is studied. The governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer are numerically solved, with the assumption of periodic, fully developed flow. The numerical methodology utilizes the stepped boundary technique to approximate the tube surface. The tubes are maintained at a constant temperature, and the calculations are carried out for laminar flow and for a large range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The results for the unfinned tube case are compared with previously published experimental data. The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements. Representative results for the case of the finned tubes indicate, surprisingly, a decrease in the heat transfer rate, and small changes in the pressure drop, as a result of finning. The decrease in the heat transfer rate probably occurs because the fins are placed in the stagnation regions at the front and rear of the tubes, and thus do not increase the heat transfer.
Transport Properties at the Metal-Insulator Transition in Metal Ammonia Solutions

The metal nonmetal transition is described for metal-ammonia solutions in terms of the transport properties.
Lubrication With Binary Mixtures: Liquid-Liquid Emulsion

There are numerous instances of technical importance in which multicomponent lubricants are utilized either by design or by necessity. In many of these cases one of the components is a liquid while the other component is a gas, as in squeeze film dampers during high frequency operation, or both components are liquids, as in the oil-water emulsion used in metal forming processes. In this paper our objective is to develop a self-consistent theory of hydrodynamic lubrication with bicomponent, liquid-liquid lubricants. The basic scientific method utilized is the continuum theory of mixtures. In this, first instance we test the model on journal bearings lubricated with water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions.
Two robust, efficient syntheses of [phenyl ring‐U‐14C]indole through use of [phenyl ring‐U‐14C]aniline

Two robust, efficient syntheses of [phenyl ring-U-14C]indole are presented. In the first synthesis, we developed optimum reaction conditions for the Houben–Hoesch alkylation of chloro acetonitrile with aniline. This was found through the screening of several Lewis acids coupled with the use of Sugasawa conditions for ortho direction. Following alkylation, the resultant imine was hydrolyzed to the phenone, and then thermal cyclization followed by reduction led to indole. In the second synthesis of [phenyl ring-U-14C]indole, we utilized microwave-enhanced conditions for the key coupling. In this transformation, aniline was alkylated with the acetal of bromo acetaldehyde. The mono-alkylated aniline was then transformed in a straightforward manner to indole. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On-Line Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management: Using Learning Outcome Statements To Design Projects.

Abstract The number and use of on-line investment Web sites have been increasing, along with students' competency in Internet use. In this article, the authors address effective ways that instructors can enhance student learning in investments classes by using an Internet-based project that familiarizes students with on-line investment analysis and portfolio management tools. The project also reinforces topics typically encountered in most investments and business courses. The authors suggest how the project's learning outcome statements can be rewritten to invoke higher cognitive levels.
Viral IL-10-Mediated Immune Regulation in Pancreatic Islet Transplantation

Protection of transplanted pancreatic islet grafts in recipients with autoimmune diabetes depends on the suppression of autoimmune recurrence and allogeneic rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of viral IL-10 gene delivery in the prevention of autoimmune recurrence following islet transplantation. We evaluated the effectiveness of a systemically delivered adeno-associated viral vector (AAV vIL-10) carrying viral IL-10 in protecting islet engraftment. We observed significant prolongation of graft survival after treatment with AAV vIL-10 when using islets from donors lacking autoimmunity. We found that the mechanism of vIL-10-mediated protection was associated with suppression of T cell activation and that donor immune cells that were simultaneously transferred with the islet grafts could induce autoimmune recurrence. AAV vIL-10 gene transfer suppressed previously activated T cells and protected grafted islets from autoimmune-mediated destruction. We conclude that vIL-10 can regulate autoimmune activity and that transfer of its gene may have potential for therapeutic islet transplantation.
Copper sensitivity of wild ornamental fish of the Amazon.

Abstract The copper sensitivity of 10 wild ornamental fish from Rio Negro, an ion-poor river in the Amazon, was analyzed in the absence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). No mortality was observed at concentrations up to 700 μg Cu l −1 for two species exposed to CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O dissolved in standard EPA-USA water. Copper sensitivity of fish was also tested in INPA groundwater, which is similar to that of the Rio Negro, but lacking typical DOC of Rio Negro water. In these experiments, all four characid fish species were more sensitive to copper than the catfish and the cichlids. LC 50 values ranged from 12.8 μg Cu l −1 for the characid Hemigrammus rhodostomus to 74.1 μg Cu l −1 for the callichtyid Dianema urostriatum . Copper sensitivity of Hyphessobrycon socolofi was 52-fold lower in EPA (1405.5 μg Cu l −1 ) than in INPA water (26.8 μg Cu l −1 ). The differences in values of LC 50 may be related to species-specific physiological abilities to ion-regulate under the original conditions of the habitat of the analyzed species.
High-performance two-phase micropipeline building blocks: double edge-triggered latches and burst-mode select and toggle circuits

New high-performance building blocks for two-phase micropipelines are presented, and pseudo-static Svensson-style double edge-triggered D-flip-flops (DETDFF) for datapath storage are developed in place of traditional capture-pass or transmission gate latches. A DETDFF FIFO buffer implementation is compared with the current state-of-the-art micropipeline implementation using four-phase controllers designed by Day and Woods for the AMULET-2 processor and also with Sutherland's original two-phase micropipeline. All three designs were simulated the MOSIS 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS process under worst-case process corner with a 4.6 V power supply and at 100/spl deg/C. The authors' SPICE simulations show that the DETDFF design has 70% and 150% higher throughput than Day and Woods' and Sutherland's. Respectively. This higher throughput is due to latching the data on both edges of the latch control, removing the need for a reset phase and simplifying the control structures, In addition, two commonly used micropipeline event-control structures, the select and toggle elements, are implemented using the extended-burst-mode 3D synthesis system. Detailed simulations demonstrate that our implementations are up to 50% faster than traditional implementations. This speed advantage can be primarily attributed to careful applications of generalised C-elements rather than discrete basic gates.
X-ray emission measurements following charge exchange between C 6 + and He

X-ray spectra following charge-exchange collisions between C${}^{6+}$ and He are presented for collision energies between 460 and 32 000 eV/u. Spectra were obtained at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Multicharged Ion Research Facility using a microcalorimeter x-ray detector capable of fully resolving the C vi Lyman series lines through Ly-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$. These line ratios are sensitive to the initial electron $\ensuremath{\ell}$ distribution and test our understanding of the charge-exchange process. In addition, these line ratios are important for identifying charge exchange in astrophysical contexts involving the interaction of solar wind ions with neutrals. Our measurements are performed at collision velocities (300--2500 km/s) which overlap most of the solar wind range. Additional data of this type can be combined with computations to provide an extensive set of reliable line ratios and absolute cross sections for the interpretation of a variety of astrophysical situations.
Novel mechanism for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase: A nucleotide switch for functionally equivalent domains

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases (CPSs) utilize two molecules of ATP at two internally duplicated domains, B and C. Domains B and C have recently been shown to be structurally [Thoden, J. B., Holden, H. M., Wesenberg, G., Raushel, F. M. & Rayment, I. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6305–6316] and functionally [Guy, H. I. & Evans, D. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 13762–13769] equivalent. We have carried out a site-directed mutagenic analysis that is consistent with ATP binding to a palmate motif rather than to a Walker A/B motif in domains B and C. To accommodate our present findings, as well as the other recent findings of structural and functional equivalence, we are proposing a novel mechanism for CPS. In this mechanism utilization of ATP bound to domain C is coupled to carbamoyl-phosphate synthesis at domain B via a nucleotide switch, with the energy of ATP hydrolysis at domain C allowing domain B to cycle between two alternative conformations.
Thermal Taylor dispersion in an insulated circular cylinder—I. Theory

Abstract Taylor-Aris dispersion techniques are used in this paper to address a broad class of convective and diffusive internal energy transport phenomena in an externally insulated circular cylinder. Expressions are derived for the mean axial thermal propagation velocity U ★ and thermal dispersivity \ ga★ . In general, these quantities may differ respectively from the average fluid velocity V and the fluid thermal diffusivity α f . These generic results apply equally to laminar and turbulent flow systems.
A nonlinear system with singular vector field near equilibria

The system Nω=(N-α)ω+y, N= bN+aωωT, N(t)∊Rm×m, ω(t)∊Rm which originally arose from a model for the pathological behavior of neural networks, is studied. Similar equations can arise in a variety of applications. It is shown that if N(0) is positive definite, then solutions exist for all time. Equilibrium points are determined. N is found to be singular at the equilibrium points, making the analysis of the asymptotic properties of the system non-trivial. The asymptotic behavior when y = 0 is completely described. Some results are proven on the asymptotic behavior of N and ω when y≠0
A C–N insertion of β-lactam to benzyne: unusual formation of acridone

Intermolecular insertion of benzyne into the C–N bond of a β-lactam is described. This σ-insertion is followed by ring expansion that produces dihydroquinolinone, which rapidly reacts with an additional benzyne unit to afford an acridone through intramolecular C–C bond formation to the carbonyl group and rapid elimination of ethylene.
Phonon spectroscopy and phonon-induced energy transfer in solids

We describe how defect induced one phonon absorption of far infrared radiation can be utilized for monochromatic generation of high frequency acoustic phonons in doped insulating materials. By combining this monochromatic phonon generation technique with an absorption vibronic sideband spectrometer we have been able to use time resolved high resolution phonon spectroscopy to investigate a range of fundamental dynamical processes which determine the behavior of a nonequilibrium phonon population. The combination of spectral and temporal resolution has enabled us to investigate the interaction of phonons both with electronic states and with themselves. We describe the mechanisms of energy transfer in insulating materials with particular emphasis on phonon assisted processes. While phonon assisted transfer is usually studied in a regime where a steady state phonon population stimulates energy transfer we describe results where a nonequilibrium phonon population stimulates the energy transfer between disparate Pr3+ sites in PrF3.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel and lethal de novo LQT-3 mutation in a newborn with distinct molecular pharmacology and therapeutic response.

Background SCN5A encodes the alpha-subunit (Na(v)1.5) of the principle Na(+) channel in the human heart. Genetic lesions in SCN5A can cause congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) variant 3 (LQT-3) in adults by disrupting inactivation of the Na(v)1.5 channel. Pharmacological targeting of mutation-altered Na(+) channels has proven promising in developing a gene-specific therapeutic strategy to manage specifically this LQTS variant. SCN5A mutations that cause similar channel dysfunction may also contribute to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other arrhythmias in newborns, but the prevalence, impact, and therapeutic management of SCN5A mutations may be distinct in infants compared with adults. Methods and results Here, in a multidisciplinary approach, we report a de novo SCN5A mutation (F1473C) discovered in a newborn presenting with extreme QT prolongation and differential responses to the Na(+) channel blockers flecainide and mexiletine. Our goal was to determine the Na(+) channel phenotype caused by this severe mutation and to determine whether distinct effects of different Na(+) channel blockers on mutant channel activity provide a mechanistic understanding of the distinct therapeutic responsiveness of the mutation carrier. Sequence analysis of the proband revealed the novel missense SCN5A mutation (F1473C) and a common variant in KCNH2 (K897T). Patch clamp analysis of HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with wild-type or mutant Na(+) channels revealed significant changes in channel biophysics, all contributing to the proband's phenotype as predicted by in silico modeling. Furthermore, subtle differences in drug action were detected in correcting mutant channel activity that, together with both the known genetic background and age of the patient, contribute to the distinct therapeutic responses observed clinically. Significance The results of our study provide further evidence of the grave vulnerability of newborns to Na(+) channel defects and suggest that both genetic background and age are particularly important in developing a mutation-specific therapeutic personalized approach to manage disorders in the young.
The causes of variation in learning and behavior: why individual differences matter.

In a seminal paper written five decades ago, Cronbach discussed the two highly distinct approaches to scientific psychology: experimental and correlational. Today, although these two approaches are fruitfully implemented and embraced across some fields of psychology, this synergy is largely absent from other areas, such as in the study of learning and behavior. Both Tolman and Hull, in a rare case of agreement, stated that the correlational approach held little promise for the understanding of behavior. Interestingly, this dismissal of the study of individual differences was absent in the biologically-oriented branches of behavior analysis, namely, behavioral genetics and ethology. Here we propose that the distinction between “causation” and “causes of variation” (with its origins in the field of genetics) reveal the potential value of the correlational approach in understanding the full complexity of learning and behavior. Although the experimental approach can illuminate the causal variables that modulate learning, the analysis of individual differences can elucidate how much and in which way variables interact to support variations in learning in complex natural environments. For example, understanding that a past experience with a stimulus influences its “associability” provides little insight into how individual predispositions interact to modulate this influence on associability. In this “new” light, we discuss examples from studies of individual differences in animals’ performance in the Morris Water Maze and from our own work on individual differences in general intelligence in mice. These studies illustrate that, opposed to what Underwood famously suggested, studies of individual differences can do much more to psychology than merely providing preliminary indications of cause-effect relationships.
VITAMIN K INDUCED PROTHROMBIN FORMATION: ANTAGONISM BY ACTINOMYCIN D.

Actinomycin D inhibits vitamin K induced formation of prothrombin in chicks deficient in vitamin K. The administration of actinomycin in doses which inhibit prothrombin formation also inhibits synthesis in the liver of RNA from adenosine triphosphate as detected with adenine-8-C14. The results are consistent with a genetic action of vitamin K in inducing RNA formation for the synthesis of clotting proteins
Unraveling Oxygen Reduction Reaction Mechanisms on Carbon-Supported Fe-Phthalocyanine and Co-Phthalocyanine Catalysts in Alkaline Solutions

In this work, we combine electrochemical measurements, such as the rotating disk electrode (RDE) and the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) techniques, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the mechanisms of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on carbon-supported Fe-phthalocyanine (FePc/C) and Co-phthalocyanine (CoPc/C) catalysts in 0.1 M NaOH solutions. The onset potential for ORR on FePc/C catalyst is found to be around 0.05 V vs. Hg/HgO in 0.1 M NaOH solutions, which is 100 mV more positive than that on CoPc/C. RDE and RRDE measurements show that the ORR mechanism is via a 4e− pathway on the FePc/C while it is through a 2e− pathway on the CoPc/C catalyst. The catalyst stability tests reveal that FePc is much less stable than CoPc under fuel cell cathode working conditions. Moreover, DFT calculations were performed to study the adsorption of O2, H2O, OH, HOOH, and H2OO molecules on FePc and CoPc molecule catalysts. We conclude the following from our theoretical and experimental ...
Mapping recharge from space: roadmap to meeting the grand challenge

Fields of diffuse recharge flux play pivotal roles in: (1) linking surface and subsurface hydrologic systems, (2) controlling the biogeochemistry of terrestrial systems, and (3) determining the sustainability of well withdrawals from aquifers. This hydrologic flux is intimately related to the distribution and functioning of vegetation cover and type. In turn, it also plays a significant role in the distribution of vegetation. Until now, recharge has been mostly estimated as residual of either surface or subsurface water balance. In situ instruments for measurement of this quantity are difficult to implement and maintain. Long-term and spatially explicit (mapped) monitoring of recharge flux have been elusive goals. A review is presented of the possible spaceborne and airborne remote sensing and data interpretation techniques that may address the grand challenge of recharge mapping on large scales. The approaches rely on microwave remote sensing in order to measure land surface states in the presence of atmosphere and vegetation cover that attenuate and disturb the signal as it travels from the surface to the sensor. The emphasis is on radar systems that also have beneficial ground spatial resolution characteristics. Finally, examples of two candidate space-borne systems are presented as feasible approaches to the required measurements.
Monitoring subcellular biotransformation of N-l-leucyldoxorubicin by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection

Development of prodrugs is a promising alternative to address cytotoxicity and nonspecificity of common anticancer agents. N-l-leucyldoxorubicin (LeuDox) is a prodrug that is biotransformed to the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) in the extracellular space; however, its biotransformation may also occur intracellularly in endocytic organelles. Such organelle-specific biotransformation is yet to be determined. In this study, magnetically enriched endocytic organelle fractions from human uterine sarcoma cells were treated with LeuDox. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (MEKC-LIF) was used to determine that 10 % of LeuDox was biotransformed to Dox, accounting for ∼43 % of the biotransformation occurring in the post-nuclear fraction. This finding suggests that endocytic organelles also participate in the intracellular biotransformation of LeuDox to Dox.
MARXISM AND THE CRITIQUE OF EMPIRICISM: A COMMENT ON BEIRNE

In "Empiricism and the Critique of Marxism on Law and Crime," Piers Bierne (1979) attempts to show that some of the recent empirical tests of the conflict position on law and social control are misguided and worthless. The questionable aspects of his paper can be divided into two sections. First, he attempts to demonstrate that most of the empirical tests of the conflict position represent an incorrect version of Marxist thought. After this, he goes on to argue that the structural rather than the instrumental Marxist perspective on the state is a better explanation of the legal order. In this comment I will concentrate on some of the fallacies in both of these sections in Beirne's paper. Finally, I will argue that the instrumental alternative to structuralism can be modified so that Beirne's most important criticism no longer applies. Some Fallacies in Beirne's Treatment of the Empirical Literature Several logical problems are present in the first section of Beirne's paper. In order to demonstrate that the studies he wishes to criticize are attempts at Marxist analysis that are so tainted by other traditions that they are useless, Beirne relies on a questionable method of inference. His reasoning often is based on a false syllogism: if A has some similarities to B, however remote, and B has a few similarities to C, then A and C can be said to be almost equivalent. For example, because one can find some overlap between positivistic criminology and the labeling school, and because conflict theorists borrowed a few assumptions from labeling theory, Beirne argues that positivism and conflict theory must be virtually identical. This questionable method is combined with a similar inability to distinguish between the historical origins of an idea and its worth. Thus, because positivistic social engineers were among the first to use statistical analysis in criminology, Beirne implies that any subsequent statistical study must be both positivistic and sympathetic to social engineering. The result is that much of the existing empirical work is characterized as "mechanical" or "naive" because it does not represent an authentic Marxist analysis. These characterizations are even applied to work that made no claim to be Marxist. Thus, my study of imprisonments for property crimes (Jacobs, 1978) is described as meaningless because I (along with others) confused Marxist concepts with concepts internal to other perspectives. The fact that I made no attempt to operationalize Marxist constructs and that Marx was not even mentioned in my paper should have indicated I was not attempting a Marxist analysis. In any case, Beirne should realize there are major differences between conflict theory and Marxism (see Collins, 1975) and that work in the former tradition does not mean one is attempting to quantify Marx.' Thus, I did not "conflate my objects." Instead, I had the misfortune to be criticized by someone who did not read my paper as closely as he should have.
The pharmacology of furosemide in the horse

Summary The administration of furosemide to horses in IVdoses of 0.5 mg/ kg or less reduced drug concentrations in urine for less than 4 hours. The most prolonged reduction observed was that of the glucuronide metabolite of morphine, which required three hours post-dosing to return to control. Urinary concentrations of phenylbutazone were not significantly different from control by two hours post-dosing, while urinary concentrations of fentanyl appeared to return to normal within about two and one-half hours of dosing. Other experiments showed that blood levels of morphine were not significantly reduced by furosemide treatments. Studies on the urinary concentrations of “Phenylbutazone and its metabolites” in a population of racing horses, some of which had been pretreated with furosemide pre-race, showed that the apparent dilution effect observed in actual practice was about 50%. These experiments therefore suggest that under practical conditions the amount of interference with drug detection by furosemide is small and likely negligible if the dose commonly used in the treatment of epistaxis is given three or more hours prior to sample taking.
An experimental comparison of methods of skipping TV advertisements in DVR recordings

An experiment was conducted to compare methods of skipping ads on TV viewer's satisfaction and brand memory. The three methods compared included fast forward, 30-second skip and thumbnail navigation. Another method was also tested: replacing ad pods with single non-skippable 15-second ads. Twelve people participated individually, watching DVR-recorded TV programs and skipping the ads using different methods. Results showed that thumbnail navigation was rated most satisfactory, whereas single non-skippable 15-second ads were rated least satisfactory. Conversely, thumbnail navigation resulted in the poorest ad brand memory, whereas single non-skippable 15-second ads resulted in the best ad brand memory. Results are discussed in the context of finding the best ad experience methods for TV viewers and advertisers.
A potential for simulating the atomic assembly of cubic elements

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations using Stillinger–Weber potentials have been widely used to study the growth of diamond-cubic materials since these potentials are easily parameterized to ensure that the diamond-cubic structure has the lowest cohesive energy. However, Stillinger–Weber potentials can only be used to model cubic crystals with the diamond-cubic structure. Here we generalize the Stillinger–Weber potential formulism and explore its application to other cubic crystal structures. Parameterization of this modified Stillinger–Weber potential is exemplified by developing potentials for four elements: Si (diamond-cubic), Ni (face-centered-cubic), Fe (body-centered-cubic), and Po (simple-cubic). The parameterized potentials predict well the cohesive energy and lattice constants of each element. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to test the ability of the potentials to simulate the crystalline assembly of these materials from their atomic vapor. Defects are found in the films grown under kinetically constrained conditions.
MICROSTRIP DIPOLES ON ELECTRICALLY THICK SUBSTRATES

Certain basic radiation properties of microstrip dipoles on electrically thick substrates are investigated, and a comparison is made with the case of dipoles printed on a dielectric half-space. It is concluded that the microstrip dipole radiation properties become sensitive to substrate loss as the substrate thickness increases, with the half-space properties obtained for an adequate amount of loss. Asymptotic formulas for radiated power and efficiency are given for both the thick substrate and half-space problems, showing the behavior with increasing dielectric constant. The method of moments is used to extend the analysis to center-fed strip dipoles, and a method of improving both the efficiency and gain of a printed antenna by using a superstrate layer is discussed.
A 1.7-kilobase single-stranded DNA that folds into a nanoscale octahedron

Molecular self-assembly offers a means of spontaneously forming complex and well-defined structures from simple components. The specific bonding between DNA base pairs has been used in this way to create DNA-based nanostructures and to direct the assembly of material on the subnanometre to micrometre scale. In principle, large-scale clonal production of suitable DNA sequences and the directed evolution of sequence lineages towards optimized behaviour can be realized through exponential DNA amplification by polymerases. But known examples of three-dimensional geometric DNA objects are not amenable to cloning because they contain topologies that prevent copying by polymerases. Here we report the design and synthesis of a 1,669-nucleotide, single-stranded DNA molecule that is readily amplified by polymerases and that, in the presence of five 40-mer synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, folds into an octahedron structure by a simple denaturation-renaturation procedure. We use cryo-electron microscopy to show that the DNA strands fold successfully, with 12 struts or edges joined at six four-way junctions to form hollow octahedra approximately 22 nanometres in diameter. Because the base-pair sequence of individual struts is not repeated in a given octahedron, each strut is uniquely addressable by the appropriate sequence-specific DNA binder.
Skin temperature and muscle blood volume changes in the hand after typing.

Abstract Several studies have measured altered hand skin temperature in response to typing. It is unknown whether this measure is indicative of an underlying change in muscle perfusion or merely reflective of skin capillary shunting. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the correlation between mean skin temperature (THand), and relative blood volume (RBV) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle as measured through near infrared spectroscopy in the hand after a 9-min typing task in ( n = 10) healthy subjects. Additionally, the effect of typing speed on the physiological measures was determined. THand relative to baseline and RBV were moderately correlated during 10 min post-typing (Pearson correlation coefficient [PCC] = 0.75, p = 0.01 at 0–2 min after typing; PCC = 0.52, p = 0.12 at 3–5 min after typing; PCC = 0.77, p = 0.01 at 8–10 min after typing). A typing speed of greater than 50 words per minute affected both RBV and THand, with both measures normalizing more quickly among faster typists, indicating a possible metabolic influence on both measures. Skin temperature after typing does appear to reflect underlying muscle perfusion in the hand. Relevance to industry Reduced blood flow has been implicated in musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) pathophysiology. The current study examined two objective non-invasive measures after a low-intensity task in healthy subjects. Further studies should examine the post-task pattern in symptomatic individuals to determine the suitability of using these physiologic measures to indicate the presence of MSDs.
A Method for Recording and Analyzing the Prosodic Features of Language.

O NE purpose of the work reported in this paper was the development and assessment of a method for transcribing and analyzing such paralinguistic features of speech as stress, juncture and intonation. The rationale for the study comes as a result of the ideas of Halliday, Bolinger, Pierce, and many other linguists.1 These workers have argued strongly that intonation (pitch), juncture (pause) and stress (emphasis) are of prime importance in the communicative process. These features of speech are generally referred to as "prosodics." Stress is employed for the purpose of indicating the importance of certain words and/or syllables and for indicating that a particular part of the utterance contains new information in terms of the speaker's intent. Juncture is used by the speaker to divide and organize the message into what he feels are "meaningful units." The functions of intonation are some
Software's little helpers: managing your lab areas

There are always more labs and other things to attend to than available bodies to watch over said pesky details. How can we keep an eye on the ever-present large and small events in our labs while dealing with Yet More Interruptions elsewhere? At the University of Oregon, we have found three utilities and/or technologies particularly useful:KeyServer, to monitor unauthorized and unusual software eventsRemote web camerasWeb pages displaying current and archived camera output for visual backup of unadvertised hardware events (PCs as cup-holders, suddenly-mobile monitors, etc.) Front-line staff and supervisors (whether technical or not) can use these tools to manage the details and monitor for problems. This paper discusses the tools described above, with an emphasis on their use in a university environment where security and privacy issues are key. Other hardware and software solutions to these problems are also briefly contrasted and compared.
A numerical and experimental investigation of low-conductivity unglazed, transpired solar air heaters

The performance of low-conductivity unglazed, transpired solar collectors was determined numerically and experimentally. The numerical work consisted of modelling flow conditions and plate geometries with the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics software and the experimental work utilized laboratory apparatus at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Good agreement was found between the numerical and experimental results. The results showed that for practical low-conductivity materials, performance differed little from the equivalent geometry in high-conductivity material.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Endorsed E-Cash

An electronic cash (e-cash) scheme lets a user withdraw money from a bank and then spend it anonymously. E-cash can be used only if it can be securely and fairly exchanged for electronic goods or services. In this paper, we introduce and realize endorsed e-cash. An endorsed e-coin consists of a lightweight endorsement x and the rest of the coin which is meaningless without x. We reduce the problem of exchanging e-cash to that of exchanging endorsements. We demonstrate the usefulness of endorsed e-cash by exhibiting simple and efficient solutions to two important problems: (1) optimistic and unlinkable fair exchange of e-cash for digital goods and services; and (2) onion routing with incentives and accountability for the routers. Finally, we show how to represent a set of n endorsements using just one endorsement; this means that the complexity of the fair exchange protocol for n coins is the same as for one coin, making e-cash all the more scalable and suitable for applications. Our fair exchange of multiple e-coins protocol can be applied to fair exchanges of (almost) any secrets.
X-ray structure of a maquette scaffold.

Maquettes are de novo designed mimicries of nature used to test the construction and engineering criteria of oxidoreductases. One type of scaffold used in maquette construction is a four-a-helical bundle. The sequence of the four-a-helix bundle maquettes follows a heptad repeat pattern typical of left-handed coiled-coils. Initial designs were molten globular due partly to the minimalist approach taken by the designers. Subsequent iterative redesign generated several structured scaffolds with similar heme binding properties. Variant [I6F13]2, a structured scaffold, was partially resolved with NMR spectroscopy and found to have a set of mobile inter-helical packing interfaces. Here, the X-ray structure of a similar peptide ([I6F13M31]2 i.e. {[CGGG EIWKL HEEFLKK FEELLKL HEERLKKM]2}2 which we call L31M), has been solved using MAD phasing and refined
Multiple real-constant multiplication with improved cost model and greedy and optimal searches

This paper formulates and solves a multiple real-constant multiplication (MRCM) problem, where the goal is to find a multiplierless shift-add network that implements the multiplication of a signal by real constants, in a way which minimizes hardware cost subject to error constraints. Unlike our previous work, here we consider an improved hardware cost model, whereby instead of simply counting the number of adders needed, we count the number of bits required, which is more realistic. We also introduce two algorithms for solving the MRCM problem, namely: (i) a greedy algorithm without backtracking that heuristically traverses an exponentially growing search tree and rapidly produces a suboptimal solution; and (ii) an exact algorithm that exploits known cost upper bounds to determine whether and how to expand the search tree, leading to an optimal solution at the expense of longer execution time. Finally, we present a set of experimental results that compares the two algorithms with the H cub algorithm.
A Re-New-ed Paradigm in Successful Urban School Leadership Principal as Community Leader

Purpose: This article examines the impact that a principal’s community-leadership has on school–community relations and student outcomes. Comparisons are drawn between leadership behaviors that emphasize school-centered approaches and community-centered approaches. Research Methodology: Ethnographic research methodology was conducted over a 2-year period, during which the researcher conducted participant observations, interviews, and descriptive and interpretive memoing. Findings: The principal’s role as community leader—including high principal visibility in the community and advocacy for community causes—led to trust and rapport between school and community. Consequently, parents who were previously hostile changed their relationship with school, and supported his or her handling of their children. This led to improved academic outcomes for students. Implications: This study has implications for how principals view their role, presence in, and relationship with the community. It also offers reflection o...
Karen Horney: Theorist in Psychoanalysis and Feminine Psychology

Karen Horney is unique and unparalleled in personality theory. She has the distinction of being the only woman whose theory is detailed in personality textbooks. Horney is known as a neo-Freudian for her revision of Freudian thought; a social psychological theorist for her emphasis on cultural and social influences; a humanist for her holistic view and emphasis on self-realization; and a feminist for her development of a feminine psychology. She was a founder of the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis and founder and dean of the American Institute for Psychoanalysis, a training institute. She was a teacher who could simplify the most difficult concepts; a therapist with deep human involvement; Editor of the American Journal of Psychoanalysis; a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association; a regular contributor to scientific sessions; and a prolific writer. She was personally and professionally a “well-rounded balance of an abundance of striving and creative possibility.”