cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space, Time, and Communication Theory

Abstract: This plenary address to the Laurier conference extends the fundamental insight of Innis and McLuhan that communication studies concerns time and space by inviting scholars to consider the very large and the very small, the very old and the very far, as outer limits to communication theory. Specifically, it explores geology, astronomy, and cosmology as inquiries into media that span deep time and deep space. It suggests that communication studies is not merely an interdisciplinary field, but one that goes beyond the human scale and potentially encompasses any inquiry into time and space. The untold expanse of communication is a territory, I contend, which we are only just beginning to appreciate. Resume : Cette allocution pleniere au congres Laurier pousse plus loin l'idee fondamentale d'Innis et McLuhan que les etudes en communication portent sur le temps et l'espace, en invitant les erudits a considerer le tres grand et le tres petit, le tres vieux et le tres distant comme confins de la theorie en communication. Plus particulierement, cette allocution explore la geologie, l'astronomie et la cosmologie a titre d'enquetes sur les medias qui tiennent compte du temps et de l'espace profonds. Elle suggere que la communication n'est pas seulement un champ interdisciplinaire mais aussi un champ qui depasse la dimension humaine pour englober potentiellement toute enquete sur le temps et l'espace. La veritable portee de la communication comporte selon moi un territoire qu'on commence a peine a apprecier.
Contributions of School Classification, Sex, and Ethnic Status to Adaptive Behavior Assessment.

Abstract This study investigated the contributions of school classification (regular, EMR) and sex and ethnic status to domain scores from the Public School Version of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale. For this investigation data were available from a sample of more than 1,600 regular and EMR subjects approximately equally distributed between the sexes among white, black, and Spanish-background subjects from ages 7 to 13. The results replicated earlier findings that domain scores were valid for differentiating among children of different adaptive behavior levels as inferred from school classification status. Ethnic status was not a unique contributor to Part One domain scores when the effects of classification were accounted for. On the Part Two domains, ethnic status was a significant contributor to some domain scores, but not at all age levels. Similarly, sex made few unique contributions to domain scores on Part One of the Scale, but it was a significant factor on some domains of Part Two at some age levels. the author concluded that the Scale was valid for differentiating among pupils assigned to regular and EMR classes from ages 7 to 12. The failure of sex and ethnic status to make contributions to Part One domain scores suggests that there are common expectancies for personal independence and responsibility between boys and girls from different ethnic groups. From the analysis of the contributions of sex and ethnic status to the Part Two domains, the author inferred that difference in environmental tolerance for affective or emotional responses to the school or community environment was a more reasonable explanation than the inference that girls and boys or children grom different cultural backgrounds were inherently different with respect to these behaviors. The Public School Version of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale is valid for assessing adaptive behavior of children in public school and relatively independent of effects attributable to sex or ethnic status.
Matrix analysis of some linear gyroscopic systems

Abstract Explicit solutions for some gyroscopic linear dynamical systems are obtained by selecting a change of the dependent vector variable, which eliminates the velocity term in the transformed equation of motion. The transformation corresponds to the vector counterpart of the technique used for the reduction of order in ordinary scalar differential equations. The matrix coefficients of the equations considered obey a certain commutativity condition, which can be expressed in terms of the vanishing of their Lie product or commutator. For purely gyroscopic systems, the results obtained are compared to a generalization of a method originally proposed by Gantmacher.
Osteopetrosis: Report of a case and discussion of the differential diagnosis

A case of autosomal dominantly inherited osteopetrosis is presented, together with a discussion of the features of this disease and the major diseases to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Reirradiation of recurrent meningioma

Management of meningioma includes observation, resection, and radiation therapy (RT). For patients with recurrent disease, similar options exist. However, the control rate following a second course of RT for recurrent disease is unknown. We reviewed an institutional database of patients with meningioma treated with stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic RT who underwent a second course for recurrent disease. Cox regression model was used for analysis. Variables tested included tumor volume, RT type, tumor grade, age at diagnosis, time to progression, and interval between RT. Eleven of 19 patients (58%) experienced disease progression. Median time to second progression was 10 months. Freedom from progression at one year was lower in patients with grade II or III tumors compared to those with grade 1 or unknown histology (17% compared to 92%, p = 0.0054). Cox regression showed that a grade II–III tumor affects progression-free survival (PFS), with a hazard ratio of 5.37 (p = 0.011). Median time to progression (MTP) for patients with grade II–III tumors was eight months. MTP was not reached for patients with grade 1/unknown tumors. Reirradiation for recurrent meningioma yields modest tumor control rates but for patients with grade II or III tumors, outcomes are poor.
Use of small angle x-ray diffraction to investigate disordering of membranes during preparation for electron microscopy. I. Osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate.

1. 1. The influence of standard electron microscope OsO4 and KMnO4 fixatives, and some standard dehydration and embedding procedures, on the molecular structure of the myelin membrane of frog sciatic nerve were studied with a combination of small angle X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and biochemical techniques. 2. 2. The observed periodicity and intensity changes indicated that re-arrangement of the membrane structure occurred with these fixatives. OsO4 and KMnO4 fixatives did not sufficiently stabilize the molecular structure, since subsequent acetone and alcohol dehydration agents produced large changes in the X-ray diffraction pattern of fixed nerve. These changes were associated with a considerable degree of extraction of cholesterol and a smaller degree of extraction of polar lipids.
Aggregate restructuring by polymer solvency effects.

Abstract This study investigates the aggregation in cyclohexane of silica particles initially stabilized by grafted polystyrene and destabilized by temperature reduction. It complements an earlier study by Zhu and Napper (P.W. Zhu, D.H. Napper, Phys. Rev. E 50 (1994) 1360) in which the aggregation of polystyrene latex particles with tethered poly( N -isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) in water was investigated. Their dynamic light scattering results showed that both the rate of aggregation and the aggregate fractal dimension increased with a sufficient decrease in the PNIPAM adlayer solvency, achieved by means of either salt (NaNO 3 ) addition or temperature rise. This result stands in contrast to those obtained when an electrostatically stabilized colloid is destabilized, i.e., that the more rapidly aggregates are formed, the lower the resulting fractal dimension. The authors explained their results in terms of the effects of both salt effects and increased temperature on the extent of the hydrophobic interactions between the adlayer-covered surfaces in the water. The present study examines a sterically-stabilized colloid in a nonaqueous solvent, where neither salt effects nor hydrophobic effects play a role. Temperature is decreased to bring the system from better-than- θ -conditions to worse-than- θ -conditions. Power-law aggregation kinetics are observed at 15.7 °C by dynamic light scattering. The particles first undergo reduced rate aggregation, producing low-fractal-dimension aggregates, which after some time, restructure into more compact aged clusters. The fractal dimension of these aged clusters increases with increasing initial aggregation rate, consistent with results seen by Zhu and Napper, but without the presence of hydrophobic effects. The ability of the polymer-grafted particles to rearrange suggests aggregation into a secondary minimum, with the ability to slide over one another to achieve a more energetically favorable, denser configuration. The reversible nature of the aggregation is verified by additional experiments gradually bringing the system from worse-than- θ -conditions back to better-than- θ -conditions, with an attendant decrease in aggregate fractal dimension, and ultimately full redispersion.
A heuristic procedure for component scheduling in printed circuit pack sequencers

A heuristic procedure to minimize changeovers of component tapes on sequencers while manufacturing printed circuit packs (PCP) is presented. The suggested approach first groups similar components and PCPs together and then applies an efficient method for scheduling components and PCPs on the sequencers. It demonstrates considerable improvement over the solution procedures presently available in the literature.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Hot Interconnects

This special issue features six articles that touch on various topics in high-performance interconnects, including silicon photonics, crossbar-scheduling algorithms, memory-coherency hardware design and implementation, and optical networks.
What are we measuring

Abstract Published, professional clinicians active in the evaluation and management of stuttering were surveyed by questionnaire. The focus of the survey was to determine what behaviors were evaluated and what practices were utilized in measuring stuttering. Results indicated wide variations and some contradictions in identifying and measuring stuttering. A majority of participants utilized a common core of behaviors and followed similar procedures. However, significant numbers appeared to be at opposing ends of a quantification versus qualification spectrum.
Isolated-core excitations in strong electric fields. III. The Ba 6p{sub j}nk series

The cross section for isolated-core excitation (ICE) of barium ${6p}_{j}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{k}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ autoionizing states from $6snk$ Stark levels has been measured as a function of applied electric-field strength. For the most part, states that are well mixed by the applied field have nearly Lorentzian line shapes indicating predominant ICE of a single autoionizing resonance with ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}=n$ and ${k}^{\ensuremath{'}}=k.$ Small non-Lorentzian shake-up features in the wings of the lines are examined in detail using high laser power to depletion broaden the main resonance and amplify the wings of the line shapes. While analogous shake-up features in zero-field ICE spectra are easily described theoretically, attempts to reproduce the spectra observed in a field generally fail to provide good agreement. Finally, significant differences in excitation of ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+} {6p}_{1/2}$ rather than ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+} {6p}_{3/2}$ cores are observed.
Issue Relevance as a Source of Political Involvement

Summary This study investigated the responsivity of students of different degrees of political involvement to issues of personal and intellectual relevance. Sixty men and women college students were selected by self-rating as either politically involved or uninvolved. Each S viewed one of three videotaped news broadcasts presenting one of three politically relevant issues—personal, intellectual, or control. Emotional response was measured by GSR and reaction time to words selected from the broadcasts. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) Both politically involved and uninvolved Ss will exhibit similar and larger emotional responses to a personally relevant political issue than to either an intellectually relevant political issue or a neutral issue. (b) Politically involved Ss will exhibit greater emotional response to an intellectually relevant political issue than politically uninvolved Ss. The data supported Hypothesis (b), but failed to support Hypothesis (a). Sex differences were also found to be significant.
Diffuse optical measurements of oxygen metabolism in human brain during sensorimotor stimulus

Combined diffuse optical and correlation spectroscopies were used to simultaneously measure hemoglobin concentrations and bloodflow changes due to sensorimotor stimulus of human brain. Brain CMRO2 is calculated for the first time using all optical methods.
Compartmentalization of permethrin on cotton leaves in the field during a spray application season

The insecticide permethrin was applied (10 applications in 6 weeks) to cotton in field plots separated for morning and afternoon applications in early (August to September) and late (September to October) season spray programs. The compartmentalization of permethrin on the leaves was determined throughout the application programs. In each of the four studies, initial surface permethrin residues were 80–90% of the total leaf load. At the end of each study, surface residues had doubled and total leaf content had quadrupled; the surface residues then were 40–45% of the total load. Thus, throughout each phase of the study, a major portion of the leaf permethrin content was at or near the surface where weathering processes occur. The surface residues from the late-season afternoon applications were generally higher than the residues from the early-season afternoon applications. This difference was in line with differences in rainfall, temperature and evaporation rates, which favored higher leaf surface residues in the late season. This residue trend did not appear in the morning samples from the two seasons. The cis:trans isomer ratios of the permethrin residues from the late-season study showed consistently significant decreases, which may have been due in large part to cis-to-trans isomerization.
Effects of soil moisture on the diurnal pattern of pesticide emission: Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis

Abstract Accurate prediction of pesticide volatilization is important for the protection of human and environmental health. Due to the complexity of the volatilization process, sophisticated predictive models are needed, especially for dry soil conditions. A mathematical model was developed to allow simulation of the diurnal variation of pesticide volatilization as affected by soil-water content, the air–solid interface partition coefficient, soil-water retention function and soil surface resistance processes. The model formulation considered two possible water retention functions and two soil surface resistance functions. To test the model, simulations were performed for ten successive days of drying under typical semi-arid summer conditions following application of the pesticide diazinon to either a loam or sand soil. Results showed that the temporal variation and magnitude of diazinon emission were strongly affected by the air–solid interface partition coefficient, soil-water content and the surface resistance function. The model was capable of simulating complex diurnal patterns in the peak emission rates which are caused by changes in soil water content and air–solid partitioning. The water retention function formulation had only a minor effect on the simulated water content and volatilization rates, whereas the soil surface resistance function significantly influenced the volatilization rate. Neither the water retention function nor the soil surface resistance formulation had a significant effect on the simulated soil temperature.
Opacity effects in soft X-ray spectral lines of the solar corona

Abstract Current literature suggests that several lines in the soft X-ray portion of the coronal spectrum may not be optically thin. Here, we confirm the results of Schmelz et al. (1996) who find no significant opacity effects for three of the brightest non-iron resonance lines in this part of the spectrum — O VIII at 18.97A, Ne IX at 13.45A, and Mg XI at 9.17A. A comparison is made between each of these lines and an optically thin “reference” line produced by the same element in the same ionization state — O VIII at 15.18A, Ne IX at 13.55A, and Mg XI at 9.23A. In the latter two cases, the comparison line is the intersystem line of the He-like triplet. 33 spectra from the Solar Maximum Mission Flat Crystal Spectrometer are analyzed, all of which were obtained from non-flaring, quasi-stable active regions.
Evaluation in Mental Health Centers: Assessing the Hierarchical Model

This study presents a data-based examination of program evaluation in community mental health centers from two perspectives. First, survey data from 111 centers are analyzed according to a hierarchical model of evaluation performance proposed in previous research. Second, these data are reanalyzed using multidimensional scaling to examine empirical relationships among types of evaluation activities. Although evaluation patterns are consistent with the hierarchical model, the empirical model suggests important new relationships that refine prior conceptualizations. Results are discussed in the context of research on evaluation and professional issues for evaluators.
Stresses produced by the anodic oxidation of nickel

Abstract Mechanical stresses produced during the anodic oxidation of nickel in 0.1 M H2SO4 with and without 500 ppm Cl− were measured by a beam deflection technique. Potential sweep, potential step and pit initiation experiments were performed. During sweeps the active-passive transition is marked by a sharp compressive stress of 1–3 GPa during the formation of the first monolayer. Oxides formed in Cl− containing solutions exhibited higher stresses (3–9 GPa). Potential steps in the passive region produced stress changes consistent with a change of volume due to valence changes within the oxide. No correlation is found between the initiation of pitting and the build-up or relief of stresses; however, very localized stress variations are not ruled out.
Interocular transfer of pattern discrimination learning in chicks

A previous study14 found that chicks pecking a key for heat did not show interocular transfer of a pattern discrimination, indicating that the monocularly acquired discrimination was stored as a unilateral engram which was not available to the untrained eye/hemisphere system. In the present study, chicks were trained monocularly on a pattern discrimination and tested for interocular transfer exactly as in the previous experiment, except that a correct pecking response was reinforced by presentation of food. There was good interocular transfer of the discrimination under these conditions. These results are interpreted as indicating that the biological relevance of a learning situation influences the extent of interocular/interhemispheric communication of information. In addition to the findings with respect to transfer, the present study revealed some unexpected laterality effects. Chicks trained first through the right eye (left hemisphere) learned the pattern discrimination faster and showed more savings during the interocular transfer test than chicks trained first through the left eye (right hemisphere). These findings are discussed in terms of possible hemispheric specialization and asymmetry of interhemispheric communication in the avian brain.
Liquid-crystalline properties and reentrance phenomena in PBLG solutions

In dilute solutions of poly-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG), the only observable transition is intramolecular helix-coil transition. At higher concentrations, intermolecular correlations become important under suitable conditions resulting in transitions of the system to liquid-crystalline state. We present here a mean-field analysis of combined helix-coil and isotropic-nematic (cholesteric) transitions, taking into account the effect of "induced rigidity" as proposed by de Gennes and Pincus. Coupled self-consistent equations for the orientation and helix-fraction order parameters are derived and solved, a universal phase diagram as well as temperature and density dependence of order parameters calculated, and results compared to actual experimental data. We find qualitative agreement but a poor quantitative fit for PBLG in pure solvents. In solvents containing denaturing agents, we predict an isotropic-nematic-isotropic reentrance phenomenon, and propose experimental conditions under which it can be observed.
Site selectivities and magnetic moments of V, Cr, and Mn doped in γ–TiAl alloys

Magnetic and x-ray diffraction measurements on the system (Ti50Al50)100−xMx (M = V, Cr) are used to determine, respectively, the magnetic moment (associated with the dopants M) and changes in the lattice parameters. In addition, site selectivity by the dopants between the Ti and Al sites in the L10 structure is determined by measuring the changes with x (x = 0.12, 0.33, 0.71, and 1.21 at. % for V and x = 0.17, 0.41, 0.88, 1.14, and 1.91 at. % for Cr) the intensities of the (001) and (110) superlattice peaks. These results are compared with our earlier studies of the Mn-doped system that showed that the Mn substitutes for Ti and carries a moment of 2.3 μB/Mn atom. For V and Cr dopings, μ/atom decreases as x increases, the largest values being 1.01 μB/V and 0.55 μB/Cr at the lowest dopings. At the lowest x, V and Cr occupy the Ti sites, but for higher dopings, Ti and Al sites are occupied with about equal probability and μ approaches constant magnitudes of about 0.3 μB. These results suggest that only Ti occupancy results in a localized moment on the dopant. For Mn and V dopings, the magnitudes of the moments are in good agreement with a recent calculation of Khowash et al.
US consumers' perceptions of the importance of following the US dietary guidelines

Abstract This study examines the factors affecting perceptions by US consumers about the importance of following each type of healthy diet recommendation based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans . Results generally suggest that individuals from the Northeast and non-metropolitan areas, males, less educated, not on a special diet, and those who have a lower perception of the overall importance of nutrition when food shopping are generally less likely than their counterparts to perceive individual diet recommendations as important. Income, age, and body mass index also are significant factors for some individual healthy diet recommendations. Understanding consumers' perceptions about the importance of choosing healthy diets is an important preliminary step in changing dietary behavior and nutrition policies. Given worldwide trends toward Westernized diets and resulting increases in related health problems, the findings of this study may have relevance not only in the US but also globally.
What can we learn from neutrino electron scattering

Precision tests of the standard model are essential for constraining models of new physics. Neutrino-electron elastic scattering offers a clean probe into many electroweak effects that are complimentary to the more canonical measurements done at collider facilities. Such reactions are rare, even as compared with the already tiny cross sections for neutrino-nucleon scattering, and competitive precision measurements have historically been challenging to obtain. Because of new existing and proposed high-flux neutrino sources, this is about to change. We present a topical survey of precision measurements that can be done with neutrino-electron scattering in light of these new developments. Specifically, we consider four distinct neutrino sources: nuclear reactors, neutrino factories, beta beams, and conventional beams. For each source we estimate the expected future precision of several representative observables, including the weak mixing angle, neutrino magnetic moments, and potential leptonic ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ couplings. We find that future neutrino-electron scattering experiments should add nontrivially to our understanding of fundamental physics.
A clinical study of the human lens with a dynamic light scattering device

A study was conducted to determine the potential usefulness and repeatability of a new dynamic light scattering (DLS) device for clinical studies of the human lens and early cataract. Studies using the cold cataract model showed this new device to be more sensitive than the Scheimpflug cataract imaging system in detecting the earliest cataractous changes. A miniaturized clinical DLS device developed by NASA using fiber optic probes was mounted on a Keratoscope (Optikon 2000), which has a 3-dimensional aiming system for accurate repeated sampling of the same area of the lens. A test/retest study was then conducted on the nuclear region of the lenses of 12 normal eyes. After a full, dilated eye examination, DLS data were obtained using the new device on the same eyes twice, 30-60 min apart. Particle size distributions and mean log particle size data were obtained. The mean percent differences between the larger and smaller of the test--retest pairs was 6.4% (range 0.05--10.8%); the between-test S.D. was 0.116. Actual numerical margin of error was +/- 0.023. In addition, the mean coefficient of variation was 4.2% (range 0.3--7.3%). A useful clinical end point obtained from data produced by the device was the mean log particle size. These results suggest that the DLS will be useful in the detection and study of the beginning and earliest stages of cataract formation in humans.
Critical thinking and the Spock Fallacy

Conventional instruction in critical thinking technique tends to conflate logical thinking with rational or “good” thinking. But in doing so, it ignores the creative and intuitive functions of rationality, thereby encouraging a mechanically rote approach to textual analysis, problem solving and problem construction. This overemphasis upon straightforwardly logical “calculus of justification” functions, and its concomitant deemphasis of intuitive “pattern of discovery” ones, constitute the ”Spock Fallacy.” Its epistemological weakness and pedagogical hazards are explored.
ORNSTEIN-ZERNIKE-LIKE EQUATIONS IN STATISTICAL GEOMETRY : STABLE AND METASTABLE SYSTEMS

Statistical geometric methods based on nearest-neighbor distributions are used, in connection with hard-particle systems, to develop Ornstein−Zernlike-like equations that have already been of consi...
Older adults' judgments of historically important events : the roles of gender, age, and education

Middle‐aged and elderly individuals were asked to list the 10 most important events that have happened in the United States since 1900. The answers were classified into categories and analyzed as a function of gender, age, and education. We obtained mixed support for the notion that gender and age are related in systematic ways to value judgments. The results for the education variable, which was often involved in interactions with age, were considerably more complex. The effects of education were often the opposite on the middle‐aged and elderly. The findings were discussed in the context of Gilligan's theory of gender differences in values, Erikson's (1950) and Gutmann's (1964) theories of age‐related changes in values, and Bloom's (1987) educational theory of values. The results show that value judgments often vary in a complex fashion with variables such as age and education, making simple characterizations of the relationship between value judgments and such variables difficult.
Surface modification of UHSPE fibers through allylamine plasma deposition. I: Infrared and ESCA study of allylamine plasma formed polymers

Allylamine (CH2CHCH2NH2) was polymerized through rf generated plasma at varying powers and times. Chemical groups and elemental compositions in the polymers were studied using ESCA and infrared spectroscopy. It was observed that plasma derived polymers contained a significant number of primary amines, along with some secondary and tertiary amines, imines, and nitrile groups. Plasma derived polymers had a complex structure and contained unsaturated groups. A considerable amount of oxygen, primarily from residual air in the plasma reaction chamber, and possibly from atmosphere when plasma polymers were exposed to air, was responsible for carbonyl, amide, ether, and hydroxyl groups found in the polymer structure. Some silicon was also detected in the plasma deposited films.
PRESERVED OBJECT RECOGNITION AND READING COMPREHENSION IN OPTIC APHASIA

Optic aphasia is characterized by the ability to name from description and palpation but an inability to name visually-presented objects. Although originally attributed to a disconnection of visual information from object names, optic aphasia is often considered to be a mild form of visual agnosia We describe a patient with optic aphasia who could access semantic information relevant to objects he could not name and comprehend written words he could not read These data suggest that, at least in certain cases, this visual modality-specific naming impairment may not be attributable to impaired visual recognition. We suggest that this patient's preserved object recognition and reading comprehension was mediated by a semantic system supported by the right hemisphere
Performance of a hydrogen-oxygen-noble gas engine

Abstract Experimental results were obtained for the thermal efficiency and power output of a single cylinder ASTM-CFR engine operated on mixtures of hydrogen, oxygen and argon. The gases were mixed before entering the engine. The indicated thermal efficiency obtained varied from about 30% at low argon concentrations to about 50% at high argon concentrations. Significant knock problems were encountered at high compression ratios. As a result, ignition timing could not be advanced sufficiently to obtain optimum efficiency. The most favorable compression ratio appeared to be between 6 and 7, depending on argon concentration. The results obtained are compared with the results from ideal cycle, real gas analysis, and also with corresponding results from H 2 /air engines. It is concluded that a noble gas diluent offers little improvement over a nitrogen-oxygen diluent at concentrations below about 70%, but significant improvements at concentrations above 75%.
Cytosolic NADPH may regulate differences in basal Nox oxidase-derived superoxide generation in bovine coronary and pulmonary arteries.

Because systems controlled by basal NAD(P)H oxidase activity appear to contribute to differences in responses of endothelium-removed bovine coronary (BCA) and pulmonary (BPA) arteries to hypoxia, w...
Response to “Corrections to ‘Calibration of Linearly Polarized Polarimetric SAR Data Subject to Faraday Rotation’” [orig. paper Aug 04 1617-1624]

Provides a response to the corrections submitted (vol. 46, no. 4, p. 1278, Apr 08) to the original article.
Photosynthesis in the Higher Plant Vicia faba: V. Role of Malate as a Precursor of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.

In the higher plant Vicia faba, anomalous labeling patterns in the organic acids and related amino acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which result from photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation (in conjunction with an enzyme localization pattern unique to plant mitochondria) suggest that the tricarboxylic acid cycle functions primarily as a pathway leading to glutamic acid biosynthesis during autotrophic growth. The distribution of isotope in citrate indicates little recycling of oxaloacetate for the resynthesis of citrate. Rather, malate appears to provide both the C2 and C4 fragments for the synthesis of citrate, and [3H]formate and 14CO2-labeling patterns implicate serine as the ultimate C3 precursor of malate.
Extra O2 consumption attributable to NADH2 during maximum lactate oxidation in the heart.

Abstract The lactate/pyruvate oxidation (Qo 2 ) ratio was 1.21 ± 0.04 for heart homogenates as compared to 0.92 ± 0.05 for white quadriceps muscle homogenates during state 3 respiration. The extra lactate Qo 2 could be accounted for by the oxidation of additional NADH 2 from lactate, assuming the oxidation of 12 H + /lactate and 10 H + /pyruvate. A high correlation of 0.92 was observed between extra lactate Qo 2 and activity of heart-type LDH isozyme. This finding and the mitochondrial location of heart-type isozyme (1) suggests the extra lactate Qo 2 in heart homogenates could represent the oxidation of NADH 2 formed from lactate by the mitochondria.
Alternatives for a Risk Assessment on Chronic Noncancer Effects from Oral Exposure to Trichloroethylene

Changes in methodologies are presently occurring for dose-response assessment in noncancer and cancer risk assessments. The benchmark dose (BMD) method is an alternative to the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)/uncertainty factor (UF) approach for development of toxicity values. A comparison of these two methods was undertaken using trichloroethylene, an important industrial chemical and environmental contaminant. This analysis considered liver effects, kidney toxicity, and developmental defects. A range of toxicity values was obtained using the two methods from which acceptable drinking water concentrations were estimated: 1000-10,000 ppb for liver effects, 1750 ppb from kidney toxicity, and 1000-10,000 ppb from developmental defects of the eye. These values are all higher than those based upon cancer as the critical endpoint. This analysis highlighted the strengths of the BMD approach in the presence of adequate dose-response data, but it also suggested that guidance is required for addressing inadequate dose-response data. The selection of UF and critical studies were identified as areas that have a large impact upon the final dose-response values, sometimes greater than the variations arising from using the BMD rather than the NOAEL.
A structured procedure for analysis and design of order pick systems

We present a structured procedure for order pick system (OPS) analysis and design that has been established on literature review and interviews with and presentations to OPS experts. In particular, we attempt to include the thinking processes that occur between OPS designers and owners. The design procedure and related issues are discussed in the order of input, selection, and evaluation stages.
Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: the significance of fiber bending in excitation.

To help elucidate some basic principles of magnetic coil (MC) excitation of cerebral cortex, a model system was devised in which mammalian phrenic nerve, or amphibian sciatic nerve with its branches was suspended in appropriate Ringer's solution in a human brain-shaped volume conductor, an inverted plastic skull. The nerve was recorded monophasically out of the volume conductor. The site of nerve excitation by the MC was identified by finding where along the nerve a bipolar electrical stimulus yielded a similar action potential latency. MC excitation of hand-related corticospinal (CT) neurons was modelled by giving the distal end of nerve attached to the lateral skull an initial radial (perpendicular) trajectory, with subsequent bends towards the base and posterior part of the skull; this nerve was optimally excited by a laterally placed figure 8 or round MC when the induced electric field led to outward membrane current at the initial bend. By contrast, nerve given a trajectory modelling CT neurons related to the foot was optimally excited when the coil windings were across the midline, but again when membrane current flowed outward at the first bend. Corticocortical fibers were modelled by placing the nerve in the anteroposterior axis lateral to the midline; with the round MC vertex-tangentially orientated, optimal excitation occurred at the bend nearest the interaural line, i.e., near the peak electric field. The findings emphasize the importance of orientation and direction of current in the MC and fiber bends in determining nerve excitation. The findings in the peripheral nerve-skull model help explain (1) why lateral and vertex-tangentially orientated MCs preferentially excite arm-related CT neurons directly and indirectly (through corticocortical fibers), respectively, and (2) why the MC orientations for optimally exciting directly arm and leg-related CT neurons differ.
The interests of egg donors: who is deceiving whom?

(2001). The Interests of Egg Donors: Who Is Deceiving Whom? The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 20-21.
Extraordinary interaction of terahertz and infrared waves through metallic nano-slits

We present the design of a periodic array of metallic nano-slits that supports subwavelength TEM guided modes at terahertz and infrared frequencies, enabling efficient interaction of terahertz and infrared waves at nano-scale dimensions.
Intensity-Related Earthquake Ground Motions

A set of 12 charts is presented that relates Modified Mercalli intensity units to peak horizontal acceleration, velocity, and duration for near-field and far-field locations, hard and soft sites and sizes of earthquakes. Also shown is the mean, mean plus one standard deviation, mean plus two standard deviations and the highest observed values. These charts are for use either with known fault sources or for floating earthquakes in zones where there are no identifiable causative faults. The procedure provides parameters for selecting time histories to be used for dynamic analyses.
Secretory patterns of growth hormone during basal periods in man.

Abstract Human growth hormone (hGH) concentrations in plasma often fall to levels not detectable by RIA. These so-called basal levels prevail during the greater part of the day. Since hGH is involved in the homeostasis of several metabolic processes, it is important to examine its exact plasma concentration and secretory pattern during basal periods. We used an immunoadsorbent technique to extract hGH from large plasma samples to precisely measure basal hGH concentrations and their variation with time. Blood samples (20 mL) were drawn from 12 normal subjects in the fasted and rested state every 15 minutes over a three-hour period. Plasma hGH levels varied over three orders of magnitude (range, 34 to 60,000 pg/mL). During basal periods, episodes of secretory pulses, of moderate sustained secretion, and of complete secretory inactivity occurred. Women had significantly higher overall hGH levels as well as basal hGH levels than men, but no significant sex difference in the pulse frequency during basal periods could be detected in the limited time allotted for study. No convincing relationship was noted between variations in plasma glucose and the secretory pattern of hGH, or vice versa. We conclude that (1) hGH is secreted in an episodic fashion during basal periods. Conceptually, basal and stimulated hGH secretion may be viewed as extremes of a continuous spectrum of pituitary activity, (2) basal hGH levels are lower than heretofore appreciated, (3) the known tendency of women to higher hGH levels is also evident in the basal range, and (4) oscillations in plasma glucose do not affect the microsecretory pattern of hGH, nor are endogenous hGH pulses followed by acute changes in glycemia.
Representations of the Pomeron propagator

A general method for constructing explicit representations of the Pomeron propagator in the presence of several dimensionless parameters is developed. Three cases are presented: the introduction in the bare Pomeron of a cutoff in k/sup 2/, the calculation of the angular distribution for elastic scattering, and the investigation of the behavior of the total cross section when the intercept of the renormalized Pomeron is less than unity. It is found that in the one-loop approximation a perturbation expansion of the Pomeron propagator in powers of the bare triple-Pomeron coupling constant is valid at intermediate energies, provided that the intercept shift is evaluated nonperturbatively. It is also found that the first-order correction to the asymptotic behavior of the angular distribution for elastic scattering is fairly small. (AIP)
Freedom and Conformity in Dress: A Two-Dimensional Approach

This study attempted to explore the question of whether freedom and conformity are simply polar opposites, or rather, separate dimensions of dress. To this end, 112 subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire which included: (1) a self-rating of freedom in dress, (2) items reflecting the components of freedom in dress (choice, restrictions, satisfactions) set forth by Lowe and Anspach, (3) items contained in Creekmore's Im portance of Clothing questionnaire dealing with the approval dimension of dress (i.e., the tendency to conform to gain approval), and (4) demographic items. Factor analysis of a self-rating of freedom in dress and its components was used to develop a measure of freedom in dress which could be compared with the self-rating. This alternative measure was not independent of the self-rating, but rather suggested that choice was the most important component of freedom in dress. Pearson correlations between conformity and freedom, regardless of which measure was used, were so small that the angle repre senting this relationship was nearly orthogonal, suggesting that freedom is not the op posite of conformity, but rather a separate dimension of dress.
Selenocysteine tRNA and Serine tRNA Are Aminoacylated by the Same Synthetase, but May Manifest Different Identities with Respect to the Long Extra Arm

Abstract Selenocysteine (Sec) tRNA [Ser]Sec donates Sec to protein, but interestingly, this amino acid is synthesized on tRNA which is first aminoacylated with serine. Thus, the identity elements in tRNA [Ser]Sec for aminoacylation correspond to elements for seryl-tRNA synthetase recognition. As tRNA [Ser]Sec has low homology to the tRNA Ser isoacceptors, it would seem then that the identity elements in tRNA [Ser]Sec involve (1) very specific sequences, (2) conformational features, and/or (3) different points or domains for tRNA [Ser]Sec :synthetase and tRNA Ser :synthetase recognition. Initially, we confirmed that the same synthetase aminoacylates both tRNAs by showing that a mutant tRNA [Ser]Sec which has a blocked 3′-terminus is a competitive inhibitor of tRNA Ser aminoacylation with a partially purified and a highly purified seryl-tRNA synthetase preparation. The discriminator base (base G73) is essential for aminoacylation of tRNA [Ser]Sec and tRNA Ser , while the long extra arm plays an important role which seems to be orientation- and length-specific in tRNA Ser and, in addition, may manifest sequence specificity in tRNA [Ser]Sec . This difference in the tRNA recognition specificity is discussed. The acceptor stem, DHU stem, and TψC stem contribute to the recogntion process, but to a lesser extent than the discriminator base and the long extra arm.
Higher minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations increase penaeid shrimp yields in earthen ponds

Abstract Nine 0.11-ha earthen ponds were stocked on 15 May 1997 with Litopenaeus vannamei and L. stylirostris postlarvae in similar proportions at a total density of 33 animals/m 2 . Ponds were equipped with automated temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration data acquisition devices that sampled ponds every 30 min. Aspirator-pump aerators (0.75 kW) were automatically activated when DO fell to 65% (4.6 mg/l at 29°C and 15 ppt salinity), 40% (2.8 mg/l at 29°C and 15 ppt), or 15% (1.1 mg/l at 29°C and 15 ppt) of saturation. Mean shrimp yield, survival of both species, and profitability increased linearly as minimum DO concentration increased from 15% to 65% of saturation ( P P >0.05).
The History of Enteral Nutrition Therapy: From Raw Eggs and Nasal Tubes to Purified Amino Acids and Early Postoperative Jejunal Delivery

Abstract Although enteral feeding therapy has existed since ancient Egypt, most of the major advances in enteral feeding techniques and formulas took place during the 20th century, including postpyloric tube placement in 1910; continuous and controlled delivery of liquid nutrition in 1916; feeding during surgery and modification of macronutrients in 1918; feeding via a pump in 1930; recognition of the importance of nutrition therapy during injury recovery and the addition of micronutrients and early postoperative feeding in 1940; the introduction of commercial products during the 1950s with chemically defined formulas following a decade later; and the development of modern formulas during the 1970s. The purpose of this review is to provide a historical account of enteral nutrition, including modes and routes of delivery, types of diet, and refinements in delivery techniques and formulas and to offer the history of the therapy as a resource for developing and improving enteral feeding techniques and therapies and implementing optimal patient care strategies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:399-404.
Pure endotoxin does not pass across the intestinal epithelium in vitro.

Numerous reports suggest that endotoxin (LPS) may play a central role in triggering the inflammatory cascade that leads to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Although conditions that promote bacterial translocation in vivo may also facilitate direct translocation of LPS, the exact mechanisms by which LPS crosses the intestinal barrier to reach the systemic circulation are unknown. This study was designed to determine whether pure endotoxin could pass across injured rat ileal mucosa in the Ussing chamber. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to mild or severe hemorrhagic shock following carotid artery cannulation, and then resuscitated. Control animals underwent carotid artery cannulation only (sham-shock). Bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, or spleen was measured after 24 h. Transmucosal passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled E. coli C-25, or FITC-conjugated LPS was measured in the Ussing chamber. Intestinal membranes were examined by light and confocal laser microscopy. Severe hemorrhagic shock resulted in a 60% mortality rate and a 100% incidence of bacterial translocation in surviving animals. Sham-shock rats had a 100% survival rate and a 33% incidence of bacterial translocation. Transmucosal passage of FITC-E. coli C-25 was similar in both groups; however, passage of FITC-LPS was never detected. Histologic analysis confirmed mucosal injury to the intestinal epithelium of rats subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock, and confocal laser microscopy demonstrated passage of FITC-E. coli C-25, but not of FITC-LPS across the ileal membranes. Disruption of the intestinal epithelium with a potent mucolytic agent did not result in significant increase in transmucosal passage of FITC-LPS. We conclude that pure LPS does not pass across the intestinal mucosa in vitro. Transmucosal passage of LPS in vivo may be due, at least in part, to the release of bacterial cell wall fragments containing LPS from killed bacteria that had previously translocated.
Response from a policymakers' perspective

Abstract The case in point (Tellado, 1984) needs to be defined in terms of a client for the research. The research may also have implications for early intervention to mitigate the problems uncovered in the case study. An important element in the development of problem-solving skills may be linguistic skills. Further research about this variable seems warranted.