cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capitalist Philanthropy and Russian Revolutionaries: The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (1897‐1902)

This review of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, still the most important expedition in American anthropology, gives an idea of the goals and hazards offieldwork around 1900, the pitfalls of international research, the tensions between anthropologists and host populations, the careers of early anthropologists, the role ofprivate philanthropy, and the character ofanthropology at the turn of the century. Franz Boas was the Expedition's linchpin. His organization of the Expedition, the way he handled problems, and his personal concerns reveal aspects of his view ofanthropology and some of his basic attitudes. THE JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION, ORGANIZED EARLY IN 1897 to study the relationship between the peoples of Asia and northwestern North America, was a research project of such scientific importance and geographical scope that it still ranks as the foremost expedition in the history of American anthropology. It was funded by Morris K. Jesup (1830-1908), a rich American banker and philanthropist, then president of the American Museum of Natural History, the sponsoring institution. Born in Connecticut, Jesup had a secure, conventional childhood that was interrupted by the financial panic of 1837, which swept away the family fortune, and by his father's untimely death in the same year. His mother moved the family to New York, struggling to hold it together until the eight children could become self-supporting (Brown 1910:2122). At the age of 12, Jesup left school to work as an office boy for $200 a year. In 1854 he decided to strike out on his own and started a small business that handled railroad
Internal waves generated by a horizontally moving source

Abstract The internal waves produced by either a moving body or the collapsing wake behind a moving body in a stratified fluid are calculated asymptotically (at large distances behind the source) on the hypotheses of small disturbances, the Boussinesq approximation, and the slender-body approximation (the transverse dimensions of the body and wake are small compared with the wavelengths of the significant internal waves). Explicit results are given for two, complementary models: (a) a constant-N model, in which the density gradient is constant and (b) a thin-thermocline model, in which the density gradient peaks sharply in a thin layer and is elsewhere negligible. The internal-wave spectrum is continuous in (a) and discrete in (b); however, only the dominant mode is included in the explicit results given for (b). A WKB solution also is given for a thermocline model. This approximation does not give an adequate representation of the dominant mode but does provide estimates of the contributions of the highe...
Measurement of Aerosol Particles and Trace Gases in METROMEX.

Several experiments were conducted in St. Louis during the METROMEX program to determine the properties and formation of aerosol particles. It was found that the average of several distributions obtained during extended periods of time can be approximated by ..delta..N/..delta..DproportionalD/sup -4/ for the optical size range. Furthermore, aerosol particles in the plume are growing by coagulation and chemical conversion. The conversion rate of SO/sub 2/ to sulfate is about 11% h/sup -1/ and the sulfate is composed of mixture of a acid and neutralized salt aerosol.
Crystal structures and magnetic properties ofA 2MnCl6 salts (A = NH4 +, K+ and Rb+)

The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility ofA2MnCl6 salts (A = NH4+, K+, Rb+) has been measured, and their crystal structures determined using powder X-ray diffraction methods. The structures of these simple cubic salts are governed by thex coordinate of the halide ion. The magnetic and the structural data suggest the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent MnCl62− octahedra across bridges of the type as were found in related iridium salts: the susceptibility and the structural data have been used to estimate separately the values of ratios of the exchange integrals between pairs of salts; the agreement is better than 6 %.
The Importance of Victim Satisfaction: A Commentary

Courts have “neither the power of the sword nor purse,” only legitimacy. To maintain compliance with their wishes, courts rely on their fund of legitimacy. Legitimacy is both a grant from the people and the essential source of judicial power. One of the primary sources of legitimacy is client satisfaction. Client satisfaction can be attained by keeping clients informed. This satisfaction results in clients who are more willing to cooperate with court personnel, and provides a feedback measure for service providers that can improve institutional morale.
Metamaterials for Terahertz Sensing and Detection

I will discuss metamaterials for enhanced terahertz detection and chemical sensing. The integration of metamaterials with conventional materials offers unique approaches including designed absorption, polarization sensitivity, field enhancement, and dynamically reconfigurable properties.
Possible Explanations of No-Synergy Mergers and Small Firm Effect by the Generalized Capital Asset Pricing Model

The Sharpe-Lintner Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the General Capital Asset Pricing Model (GCAPM) suggested by Levy (1978), Merton (1987), and Markowitz (1989) are compared and analyzed.
Alterations in Expression of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Model of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is the most common disseminated bacterial infection in untreated patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We investigated the potential role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the pathogenesis of disseminated MAC, using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of AIDS. Macaques were inoculated with SIV, followed by challenge with a pathogenic AIDS isolate of M. avium 14 days later. After challenge with M. avium, marked increases in serum MCP-1 levels were detected in SIV-infected macaques, a finding that was duplicated in coinoculated bronchoalveolar macrophages. MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in SIV-infected macaques than in non-SIV-infected controls (327.1 vs. 151.5 pg/mL, respectively; P=.04), suggesting that up-regulation of MCP-1 contributes to the development of progressive mycobacterial disease. Similarly, morphometric analysis revealed increased expression of MCP-1 in hepatic microgranulomas from SIV-infected macaques. We conclude that the pronounced increases in MCP-1 levels demonstrated in tissue and serum samples after M. avium inoculation may play a role in the development of disseminated mycobacterial disease.
Angular Scattering of Electrons in Helium, Neon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

An attempt has been made to investigate in a qualitative way the angular distribution of electrons scattered by a gas. The gases which were used were helium, neon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The energy of the primary beam of electrons varied from 75 to 300 equivalent volts. It was found that those electrons which were scattered elastically were deflected in general through only a few degrees. In helium less than one-thousandth of the 200 volt electrons were scattered through 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Electrons which had sustained an exciting collision were scattered through slightly larger angles. Evidence of electrons which had suffered two inelastic collisions was obtained, these were distributed through still larger angles. A general tendency for slower electrons to be scattered through larger angles was observable.
Metastability and dynamics of the shock-induced phase transition in iron

The shock-induced \ensuremath{\alpha}(bcc)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varepsilon}(hcp) transition in iron begins at 13 GPa on the Hugoniot. In the two-phase region above 13 GPa, the Hugoniot lies well above the equilibrium surface defined by ${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ =${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}$ , with G the Gibbs free energy. Also, the phase transition relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau} is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 50 ns to \ensuremath{\approx}180 ns. Here we present an extensive study of these important aspects, metastability and dynamics, of the \ensuremath{\alpha}-\ensuremath{\varepsilon} transition in iron. Our primary theoretical tools are (a) accurate theoretically based free energies for \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\varepsilon} phases of iron and (b) accurate calculations of the wave evolution following planar impacts. We define metastable surfaces for forward and reverse transitions by the condition that the thermodynamic driving force ${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ -${\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}$ is just balanced by an opposing force resulting from elastic stresses, and we calibrate the forward surface from the Hugoniot and the reverse surface from the phase interface reflection feature of shock profiles. These metastable surfaces, corresponding to \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}\ensuremath{\varepsilon} transitions proceeding at a rate of tens of nanoseconds, are in remarkable agreement with quasistatic diamond cell measurements. When the relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau} is calibrated from the rise time of the P2 wave, our calculated wave profiles are in good agreement with VISAR data. The overall comparison of theory and experiment indicates that (a) \ensuremath{\tau} depends on shock strength and is approximately 60\ensuremath{\rightarrow}12 ns for shocks of 17\ensuremath{\rightarrow}30 GPa, and (b) while \ensuremath{\tau} expresses linear irreversible-thermodynamic relaxation, some nonlinear relaxation must also be present in the shock process in iron.
Synthesis of real time acceptors

A real time acceptor A is defined here to be a program that reads a finite sequence of symbols and performs one computational step after each such symbol. At the end of the sequence, the program outputs a single symbol, yes or no, indicating whether or not the input sequence has been accepted. The language accepted by A will be denoted @?(A). This paper is concenred with the problem of automatically constructing real time acceptors given finite subsets of their behaviors. A data structure, D, is defined here as a state machine. The machine can have a finite or infinite number of states. The input alphabet is the set of instructions that can be issued to D. The output alphabet is the set of test values of the states of D. The definition is very natural and provides a graphical representation of data structures. A real time acceptor consists of a pair of state machines; a finite state machine called the control structure, C, and a data structure, D. The behavior graph, B, of an acceptor A will be defined as a state machine that accepts @?(A). B may contain a finite or infinite number of states depending on the language. We prove that @?(B)[email protected]?(M"C" "x" "D where M"C" "." "D is the product machine of C and D. The problem of automatic construction of a real time acceptor over some data structure D given its behavior B, can now be formalized as finding a decomposition of B into C and submachine of the given D. We present an algorithm for identification in the limit of a real time acceptor over any given data structure given an initial portion of its behavior. Several examples of synthesized acceptors are given.
Influence of ionic strength on the dichroism properties of polynucleosomal fibers.

We report electric-dichroism and electron-microscopic studies of chromatin fibers fixed by protein–protein crosslinking at salt concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mM. The results confirm a progressive disorganization of the fiber as the salt concentration is lowered. The positive dichroism and large polarizability anisotropy characteristic of the 300-A diameter fiber found in 100 mM salt are replaced by negative dichroism and smaller effective polarizability anisotropy or dipole moment for samples fixed at lower salt concentration. We interpret the results in terms of segmental, field-induced orientation of the disorganized structure which is present in low salt concentrations. We also observed a field-induced absorbance decrease in chromatin fibers fixed at salt concentration at and below 100 mM. All three optical effects, namely overall orientation of the high-salt fixed fiber, segmental orientation of the low-salt fixed fiber, and field-induced absorbance decrease, occur on roughly the same time scale, 20–100 μs for 50 nucleosome polynucleosomes. The polarizability anisotropy of fibers fixed in 100 mM salt was found to be proportional to the length of the fragment and to the reciprocal square root of the conductivity of the solution used for electric-dichroism measurements. Addition of Mg2+ to the measurement buffer affected the dichroism amplitude of samples fixed below 100 mM salt but not those fixed at 100 mM salt. The results reinforce the need for caution in interpreting electric-dichroism measurements on chromatin fibers because of possible field-induced distortion effects.
Irrigation water salinity affects soil nutrient distribution, root density, and leaf nutrient levels of citrus under drip fertigation 1

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water salinity on soil nutrient distribution, citrus leaf nutrition and root density. Irrigation water, salinized to an EC of about 0.3,1.6, or 2.5 dS/m using a 3:1 ratio of NaCl:CaCl2 plus uniform weekly applications of liquid fertilizer, was applied through a drip system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, both directly under the drippers and 45 cm outward from the drippers, near 8‐year old ‘Valencia’ orange trees on either Carrizo citrange or Sour orange rootstocks growing in a Candler fine sand in lysimeter tanks. In both undisturbed and uniformly mixed soil profiles, soil pH and concentrations of Na, Ca, and P were higher under the dripper than 45 cm outward from the dripper at both depths regardless of salinity level. Soil N and Cl tended to be higher outward from the drippers than near the drippers, except in undisturbed soil at the 0–15 cm depth. Increasing salinity levels in the mixed soil profile n...
Enabling actionable analytics for mobile devices: performance issues of distributed analytics on Hadoop mobile clusters

Significant innovations in mobile technologies are enabling mobile users to make real-time actionable decisions based on balancing opportunities and risks to take coordinated actions with other users in their workplace. This requires a new distributed analytic framework that collects relevant information from internal and external sources, performs real-time distributed analytics, and delivers a critical analysis to any user at any place in a given time frame through the use of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. This paper discusses the advantages and challenges of utilizing mobile devices for distributed analytics by showing its feasibility with Hadoop analytic framework.
Conformational aspects of rhodopsin and retinal disc membranes

We have used two experimental approaches – fluorescence spectroscopy and lectin binding – to obtain information about the structure of rhodopsin and its position in retinal disc membranes. Energy transfer was used as a spectroscopic ruler to deduce proximity relationships in rhodopsin and in disc membranes. Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin served as specific macromolecular probes of the accessibility of the carbohydrate unit of rhodopsin in disc membranes. We infer from these studies that: (1) The rhodopsin molecule is at least 75 A long and has an elongated shape. (2) There may be distinct hydrophobic and hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains in rhodopsin. (3) The carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin is on the surface of the disc membrane, probably only on the external face. (4) The disc membrane has an asymmetric structure. (5) The external surface of the disc membrane is closer to site A (a sulfhydryl residue on rhodopsin) than to 11–cis retinal.
New High-Pressure Polymorph of Zinc Oxide

Zinc oxide exists in a sodium chloride structure form in the 100-kilobar pressure range. The cell edge of the high pressure form is 4.280 A, the theoretical density is 6.912, and the enthalpy of transition is 785 cal/mole.
Comparison of theoretical and experimental wall pressure wavenumber–frequency spectra for axisymmetric and flat-plate turbulent boundary layers

Abstract The measurement and analysis of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure fluctuations using a wavenumber filter of sensors provide quantitative knowledge of turbulence physics. In addition, the sources of flow-induced noise and vibration for towed SONAR arrays can be determined. An axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer can have significantly different features than those of a comparable flat-plate boundary layer. Here, a detailed comparison of the distribution of wall pressure energy in both wavenumber and frequency between flat-plate and thick axisymmetric boundary layers is presented. The background theory of wavenumber–frequency spectra and state-of-the-art models for flat-plate boundary layers are discussed. The widely used model of Chase (1987) , valid for flat-plate boundary layers over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, is used and combined with a sensor response function to allow the effects of spatial averaging to be considered. It is demonstrated that when measured boundary layer parameters for the axisymmetric case are used in the Chase flat-plate model, the results accurately predict the axisymmetric boundary layer wall pressure measurements.
Effects of Timing and Duration of Restricted Feeding on Compensatory Growth in Broilers

Abstract The effects of timing (from 3–8 weeks of age) and duration (3–5 weeks) of restricted feeding on compensatory growth of broilers were studied using alternating periods of 24 hr feeding and 24 hr non-feeding. Feed consumption, gain, and feed conversion were determined weekly on an individual basis from 3–8 weeks of age. The method of restricting feed access restricted consumption to approximately 85% of non-restricted controls when imposed for one, two, or three weeks duration, but restriction for four or five weeks was less effective in restricting consumption. Body weight gains during the period of restriction were generally decreased in proportion to that of feed consumption so that feed conversion ratios were similar to controls. The effects of restricted feeding on consumption, gain, and conversion for the 3–8 week period were in general not different for the various timing of restriction subgroups. Very little evidence of compensatory growth for the period following the removal of feed restriction was observed. The eight-week body weights of males were significantly reduced from that of control levels with as little as one week of restriction. The body weights of females were not as severely affected during the period of restriction or at eight weeks. Although feed consumption for the 3–8 week period was reduced as much as 10%, the feed conversion ratio was higher for all restricted groups than for controls. These results indicate that if feed consumption of broilers is significantly depressed for as little as one week at any time over the 3–8 week age period, weight gain will be significantly depressed with a significant decrease in efficiency of feed utilization and lower final body weights.
Anaemia and chronic renal failure

Anaemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Of the various contributory factors, the most important is an inappropriately low circulating concentration of erythropoietin, a hormone largely produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney. Chronic anaemia, particularly if severe, causes debilitating symptoms including tiredness and lethargy, muscle fatigue, reduced exercise capacity and breathlessness on exertion. There are adverse consequences for a number of physiological systems, particularly those of the heart and brain. The anaemia of kidney disease tends to develop once the glomerular filtration rate falls below 60 ml/min, and anaemic patients with a lesser degree of renal impairment should be screened carefully for another cause of anaemia. Synthetic erythropoietin therapy has transformed the management of renal anaemia; it induces an increase in haemoglobin concentration and prevents the need for repeated blood transfusions, particularly in dialysis patients. Many patients given erythropoietin therapy will require supplemental iron, and this is often given intravenously. Several new strategies for stimulating erythropoiesis are currently in development, including prolyl hydroxylase inhibition (HIF stabilizers), erythropoietin gene therapy, and modulation of hepcidin activity.
On the effect of departures from spherical symmetry upon the bistatic-radar occultation experiment

The dependence of residual phase shifts upon the angle of inclination of the orbit for a model Martian atmosphere is examined. It is found that departures from spherical symmetry in the electron number density profiles result in changes of as much as an order of magnitude in the phase shifts of radio waves passing through the atmosphere and ionosphere of the model. These results confirm the earlier findings of Pirraglia and Gross (1970).
On dualities in multiterminal coding problems

It has been shown recently that under certain conditions there exist dualities between different multiterminal (MT) source and channel coding problems. Following these results, we study lossless MT source coding and deterministic MT channel coding problems and point out different dualities between them. In particular, we show that there exists a functional duality between a Slepian-Wolf (SW) coding problem and a deterministic broadcast channel (DBC) coding problem and between a lossless multiple-description (MD) coding problem and a deterministic multiple-access channel (DMAC) coding problem. In analogy to the duality established between DBC and DMAC coding problems, we further propose a similar duality between SW and lossless MD coding problems; in this way, we form a closed "duality loop" of four MT coding problems, which imposes the existence of a single common rate point in the achievable rate regions of all four dual problems. We also consider duality in zero-error MT coding and shed light on practical code design with an example. Finally, extension to the case with only one lossless/deterministic component in the source/channel coding problem is provided.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF PITUITARY INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE

THE purpose of this communication is to describe a method for the preparation and identification of pituitary interstitial cell stimulating (or luteinizing) hormone in human urine. Presumptive evidence for the presence of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) in urine extracts has existed for many years. The presence of ICSH is implied in all extracts which give a positive test for gonadotropins by conventional bio-assay procedures depending upon uterine or ovarian enlargement, since ICSH is necessary for the completion of follicular growth and for estrogen secretion. However, a female test animal cannot at present be employed for a quantitative assay of either follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or ICSH (1) in an unfractionated gonadotropin preparation, such as a urine concentrate, because in this sex the two hormones appear to be inextricably related in the expression of their physiological effects. It was not until the demonstration that in the male animal synergism between FSH and ICSH does not ...
A novel Toffoli network synthesis algorithm for reversible logic

Reversible logic studies have promising potential on energy lossless circuit design, quantum computation, nanotechnology, etc. Reversible logic features a one-to-one input output correspondence which makes the logic synthesis for reversible functions differs greatly from traditional Boolean functions. Exact synthesis methods can provide optimal solutions in terms of the total number of reversible gates in the synthesis results. Unfortunately, they may suffer from long computation time, due to the fact that the search space is likely to grow exponentially as the circuit size increases. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient synthesis heuristic which provides high quality synthesis results of Toffoli network in more reasonable computation time. We use a weighted, directed graph for reversible function representation and complexity measurement. The proposed algorithm maximally decreases function complexity during synthesis steps. It has the ability to climb out of local minimums and guarantees algorithm convergence. The experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve optimal or very close to optimal solutions with computation time several orders of magnitude less than the exact methods. Compared with other heuristics, our method demonstrates superior performance in terms of reversible gate count as well as computation time.
Preliminary Validation of Angle-Independent Myocardial Elastography Using MR Tagging in a Clinical Setting

Abstract Myocardial elastography (ME), a radio-frequency (RF) based speckle tracking technique, was employed in order to image the entire two-dimensional (2D) transmural deformation field in full echocardiographic views and was validated against tagged magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) in normal as well as reperfused (i.e., treated myocardial infarction [MI]) human left ventricles. RF ultrasound and tMRI frames were acquired at the papillary muscle level in 2D short-axis (SA) views at the frame rates of 136 (fps; real-time) and 33 fps (electrocardiogram [ECG]-gated), respectively. In ME, in-plane, 2D (lateral and axial) incremental displacements were iteratively estimated using one-dimensional (1D) cross-correlation and recorrelation techniques in a 2D search with a 1D matching kernel. In tMRI, cardiac motion was estimated by a template-matching algorithm on a 2D grid-shaped mesh. In both ME and tMRI, cumulative 2D displacements were obtained and then used to estimate 2D Lagrangian finite systolic strains, from which polar (i.e., radial and circumferential) strains, namely angle-independent measures, were further obtained through coordinate transformation. Principal strains, which are angle-independent and less centroid-dependent than polar strains, were also computed and imaged based on the 2D finite strains using methodology previously established. Both qualitatively and quantitatively, angle-independent ME is shown to be capable of (1) estimating myocardial deformation in good agreement with tMRI estimates in a clinical setting and of (2) differentiating abnormal from normal myocardium in a full left-ventricular view. The principal strains were concluded to be a potential diagnostic measure for detection of cardiac disease with reduced centroid dependence. (E-mail: ek2191@columbia.edu )
Ten years after

Ten years after, the United States has suffered an extraordinary loss of the global political power it seemed to grasp in the wake of 9/11. This commentary discusses the reasons for such an implosion of power, different scales of geopolitical response and implications for the state and geopolitical analysis, all in the shadow of the 2011 Arab spring.
Preliminary Results for the Investigation of Hydrodynamic Scaling Relationships in Shallow Spouted Beds

This research is targeted at developing improved experimentally based scaling relationships for the hydrodynamics of shallow, gas-spouted beds of dense particles. The work is motivated by the need to more effectively scale up shallow spouted beds used in processes such as in the coating of nuclear fuel particles where precise control of solids and gas circulation is critically important. Experimental results reported here are for a 50 mm diameter spouted bed containing two different types of bed solids (alumina and zirconia) at different static bed depths and fluidized by air and helium. Measurements of multiple local average pressures, inlet gas pressure fluctuations, and spout height were used to characterize the bed hydrodynamics for each operating condition. Follow-on studies are planned that include additional variations in bed size, particle properties, and fluidizing gas. The ultimate objective is to identify the most important non-dimensional hydrodynamic scaling groups and possible spouted-bed de...
Power sharing control of fuel cell/gas-turbine hybrid power systems

The solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid power systems can utilize exhaust fuel and waste heat from fuel cells in gas turbines to increase system efficiency. The control system plays a critical role in achieving the synergistic operation of various subsystems, improving the reliability of operation, and reducing the maintenance frequency and costs. This paper aims to investigate different control strategies for the power sharing between the subsystems. An internally-reforming SOFC/MT hybrid power system is considered for development of advanced control algorithms, where the anode exhaust, which contains the remainder of the fuel, is mixed with the cathode exhaust in a catalytic oxidizer in which oxidation of fuel is completed. The hot oxidizer exhaust is expanded through the turbine, driving an electric generator. The power electronics interfaces and controls for the hybrid power system are discussed. Two different power sharing strategies are studied and compared. Simulation results are presented and analyzed.
eRNA: a graphic user interface-based tool optimized for large data analysis from high-throughput RNA sequencing

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is emerging as a critical approach in biological research. However, its high-throughput advantage is significantly limited by the capacity of bioinformatics tools. The research community urgently needs user-friendly tools to efficiently analyze the complicated data generated by high throughput sequencers. We developed a standalone tool with graphic user interface (GUI)-based analytic modules, known as eRNA. The capacity of performing parallel processing and sample management facilitates large data analyses by maximizing hardware usage and freeing users from tediously handling sequencing data. The module miRNA identification” includes GUIs for raw data reading, adapter removal, sequence alignment, and read counting. The module “mRNA identification” includes GUIs for reference sequences, genome mapping, transcript assembling, and differential expression. The module “Target screening” provides expression profiling analyses and graphic visualization. The module “Self-testing” offers the directory setups, sample management, and a check for third-party package dependency. Integration of other GUIs including Bowtie, miRDeep2, and miRspring extend the program’s functionality. eRNA focuses on the common tools required for the mapping and quantification analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq data. The software package provides an additional choice for scientists who require a user-friendly computing environment and high-throughput capacity for large data analysis. eRNA is available for free download at https://sourceforge.net/projects/erna/?source=directory .
Modeling Reaction and Diffusion Processes of Fuel Cells within Modelica

The field of fuel cell (FC) technology oers a challenging and rewarding application for the Modelica language because it is highly multi-disciplinary and it entails physical phenomena (e.g., catalysis) that are not fully understood. Modelica is a valuable platform from which to explore FCs because it is appropriate for the representation of physical interactions. This paper describes elements of a FC library which has been developed in Modelica. The goal of the modeling eort is to take full advantage of the physically representative nature of the Modelica language. To this end, it is important for the models to be consistent and explicit in terms of energy and species balances. The paper emphasizes the representation of diusion and
The Scalable Coherent Interface and related standards projects

The Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) (IEEE P1596), which provides bus services by transmitting packets on a collection of point-to-point unidirectional links, is described. Its protocols support cache coherence in a distributed shared-memory multiprocessor model, with message passing, I/O, and LAN communication taking place over fiber optic or wire links. Several ongoing SCI-related projects that apply the SCI technology to new areas or extend it to more difficult problems are also described. Future plans are sketched. >
Securinine, a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhances macrophage clearance of phase II C. burnetii: comparison with TLR agonists

Innate immune cell stimulation represents a complementary approach to vaccines and antimicrobial drugs to counter infectious disease. We have used assays of macrophage activation and in vitro and in vivo phase II Coxiella burnetii infection models to compare and contrast the activity of a novel innate immune cell agonist, securinine, with known TLR agonists. As expected, TLR agonists, such as LPS (TLR4) and fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1; TLR2), induced macrophage activation and increased macrophage killing of phase II C. burnetii in vitro. FSL-1 also induced accelerated killing of C. burnetii in vivo. Securinine, a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor antagonist, was found to induce TLR-independent macrophage activation in vitro, leading to IL-8 secretion, L-selectin down-regulation, and CD11b and MHC Class II antigen up-regulation. As seen with the TLR agonists, securinine also induced accelerated macrophage killing of C. burnetii in vitro and in vivo. In summary, as predicted by the literature, TLR agonists enhance macrophage killing of phase II C. burnetii in vitro, and at least for TLR2 agonists, this activity occurs in vivo as well. Securinine represents a novel macrophage agonist, which has similar effects as TLR agonists in this model yet apparently, does not act through known TLRs. Securinine has minimal toxicity in vivo, suggesting it or structurally similar compounds may represent novel, therapeutic adjuvants, which increase resistance to intracellular pathogens.
An Approach to Minimizing Functional Constraints

Functional constraints are an integral part of the VLSI design methodology. Pseudo-functional scan ATPG and untestable fault identification are two areas in test where functional constraints are widely used. The number and complexity of these constraints for large designs become a limiting factor in their successful usage. In this paper the authors define a constraint minimization problem and present a powerful framework to simplify such constraints. The feasibility and effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by using untestability analysis of large industrial benchmarks as a case study
Reactive Hot Pressing and Properties of Zr1−xTixB2–ZrC Composites

Reactive hot pressing was used to prepare Zr1−xTixB2–ZrC composites with advantageous microstructure and mechanical properties from ZrB2–TiC powders. The reaction mechanisms and the effects of different levels of TiC on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite were explored in detail and compared to conventionally hot-pressed ZrB2 and ZrB2–ZrC. Incorporation of 10 to 30 vol% TiC enabled full densification and restrained grain growth, reducing the final average grain size from 5.6 μm in pure ZrB2 to a minimum of 1.4 μm in samples with 30 vol% TiC. The flexural strengths and hardnesses of the composites sintered with TiC were consequently greater than the conventionally processed ZrB2–ZrC materials, increasing from 440 MPa and 17.4 GPa to a maximum of 670 MPa and 24.2 GPa at 10 vol% TiC. However, despite a decrease in the total average grain size, the flexural strength at higher TiC levels was limited by an increase in ZrC grain growth, which was observed to determine the flexural strength of the reaction sintered composites similar to the case of ZrB2–SiC.
Affectionate Same-Sex Touch: The Influence of Homophobia on Observers' Perceptions

The author extended the proposition (V. J. Derlega, R. J. Lewis, S. Harrison, B. A. Winstead, & R. Costanza, 1989) that the fear of being seen as homosexual accounts for the common finding that U.S. women engage in more same-sex touch than do U.S. men. The author proposed a theoretic model positing that the magnitude of homophobia's influence on behavior and on reactions to behavior is proportional to the likelihood that the behavior is sexual in nature. An experiment involving reactions to same-sex embraces demonstrated that, although homophobia was negatively related to evaluations of same-sex affectionate touch, the magnitude of the relationship covaried with the probability that the touch was sexual. The implications of these findings for longer range theory development are discussed.
Conditioning History and the Imitation of Reinforced and Nonreinforced Behaviors

Summary Present research explored the effect of conditioning history on the performance of imitative behaviors when a choice was given between a reinforced and a nonreinforced behavior or between two reinforced behaviors. The conditioning history consisted of exposure to a repeatedly demonstrated reinforced behavior (SDc). During subsequent choice presentations the SDc behavior was paired with a reinforced (SDa) or nonreinforced (S-delta) alternative behavior. A multiple baseline design was utilized to control for the effect of the length of conditioning history. Six institutionalized retarded children served as subjects. The results indicated that the two subjects with no conditioning history imitated the S-delta behaviors as often as the SDa behaviors and consistently more often than the SDc behaviors. In contrast, three of the four subjects who had the conditioning history imitated the SDc behaviors more often than both other behaviors and eventually stopped imitating the S-delta behavior. The fourth s...
On The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature

Abstract The computation of θE, the pseudo-quivalent potential temperature, ordinarily omits the contribution due to specific heats of water vapor. This may he an acceptable practice for temperate-latitude usages but a questionable one when applied in the tropics where lower layers, rich in moisture, may he several; degrees warmer and the vertical gradient larger when this factor is included. An inexpensive method of computing θE to include the beat capacities of water substance is presented aid the results compared with those derived from several tephigrams which ignore this contribution.
Attenuation of a drug-sensitive strain of a turkey protozoan parasite Eimeria meleagrimitis by selection for precocious development

An attenuated line of Eimeria meleagrimitis was established by repeated propagation of the parasite in 9-day old turkey poults and subsequent selection for precocious development. Following 20 passages, the prepatent period decreased from 120 to 104h. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity, immunogenicity and fecundity of the newly selected line. Judged by body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency following infection, the attenuated line had appreciably reduced pathogenicity. Immunogenicity of the attenuated line was examined by infecting poults successively with incremental doses of 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) oocysts at 0, 7, and 14 days of age respectively. No oocysts were detected following challenge with 5×10(2) oocysts, indicating that the attenuated line had retained immunogenicity. Fecundity was assessed by infecting two-week old birds with 5×10(2) oocysts of either parent or attenuated line. Oocyst production from 96 to 240h post-infection showed that the patent period of the attenuated line commenced earlier and was of shorter duration than the parent line.
A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of the Various Agar-Dye-Mediums Recommended for the Isolation of Typhoid and Dysentery Bacilli from Feces

This immediately suggested the possibility of improving the existing methods for the detection and isolation of B. typhosus and B. dysenteriae or paradysenteriae. As the result of a few preliminary tests, however, it was quite evident that only a careful comparative study of the existing differential mediums would supply sufficient information to permit of reliable conclusions. The ever increasing reports on elaborate mediums, for the detection of typhoid and dysentery bacilli in stools, show clearly that the problem of this particular technic is not yet solved. And inasmuch as the control of enteric fever and of dysentery will largely depend on the diagnosis and bacteriologic supervision of potential carriers, the knowledge and the application of reliable methods which regularly permit the isolation of the infecting organisms is absolutely necessary even when their numbers are very few. In fact, in experimental work with typhoid carriers in rabbits and other animals, we have encountered difficulties which were traceable to the unreliability of the solid culture mediums used for the detection of typhoid baccilli in the dejecta. The progress of our studies on carriers and dysentery infections depended largely on the development of one or two methods which rendered the isolation of the offending organisms a comparatively simple process. It is for these reasons that we have retested a large number of recently described methods. In presenting the results, we wish to
Bootstrap estimation of community NOEC values

Recent estimations of NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values for communities use single species effect data to predict the concentration at which not more than some particular acceptable percentage of the species in a community will be affected. This method has a number of difficulties, not the least of which is obtaining effects data for enough of the right species to accurately represent the whole community. Typically one has to make do with existing data sets in which the choice of species tested has been made for convenience rather than representativeness. Usually the raw data alone are not sufficient to make reasonable estimates. Statistical methods have been proposed which deal with this problem by assigning a specific distribution to the data. But assumption of a specific distribution may not be valid. We present an alternative method and an associated computer program which use resampling (bootstrap) methods to estimate the NOEC without assuming a specific distribution. This method has the advantage that no underlying distribution is assumed. Simulated and published data sets were used to compare this approach with published methods. The use of this technique to assess representativeness was also demonstrated
Abstract 3899: NOSH compounds: Nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing hybrids, a new class of anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals

Introduction: The clinical usefulness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) combined with their potentially life-threatening toxicity has prompted intensive efforts to identify safer alternatives, which will at least maintain their pharmacological properties. The search for a “better NSAID” has resulted in at least two modified hybrids, one that releases nitric oxide (NO-NSAIDs), and another that releases hydrogen sulfide (HS-NSAIDs). These agents although much safer and more potent than their traditional counterparts, have IC50s for cell growth inhibition that are in the micro-molar range. Therefore, we postulated that a new hybrid that incorporated the active parts of each compound may be more potent and effective than either one. Our hypothesis has proved to be correct. We have synthesized a number of NSAID based NOSH (nitric oxide-, hydrogen sulfide-releasing) compounds that release both H2S and NO, and have IC50s for cell growth inhibition in the low nano-molar range. Methods: Compounds: Aspirin based NOSH-1, NOSH-2, NOSH-3, and NOSH-4 were synthesized and purified by us with 1H-NMR verification. Human cancer cell lines: colon (HT-29, HCT 15, SW480), breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3), pancreas (BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2), lung (A549), prostate (LNCap), leukemia (Jurkat). Cell growth: MTT. Anti-inflammatory: paw edema induced by intraplantar injection of 100 µL of 1% carrageenan, paw volumes measured up to the tibiotarsal joint immediately prior to carrageenan injection and thereafter at 1hr intervals up to 6hrs. Drugs were administered orally 1 hr before carrageenan; COX enzyme: immunoblotting, PGE2: ELISA Results: All NOSH compounds were more effective than aspirin in inhibiting the growth of colon, breast, pancreas, prostate, lung, and leukemia cancer cell lines. The IC50s at 24h were in the range 48 nM to 6.5 µM depending on the cell line and the compound. The corresponding IC50 for aspirin was >5000 µM in all cell lines. Our lead compound NOSH-1, had a enhanced potency of >100,000-fold. NOSH-1 dose-dependently decreased the carrageenan-induced edema 1h after administration and maintained this anti-inflammatory effect throughout the experiment (up to 6h). PGE2 levels within the inflamed rat paw were also reduced by NOSH-1. Carrageenan induced both COX-1 and COX-2 expression which were dose-dependently inhibited by NOSH-1. Conclusions: NOSH compounds are a new class of anti-inflammatory agents. NOSH-1, our lead compound is very potent in inhibiting a number of different cancer cell lines of different tissue origin suggesting a tissue independent effect. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3899. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3899
Mechanistic Insights into the Allosteric Modulation of Opioid Receptors by Sodium Ions

The idea of sodium ions altering G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand binding and signaling was first suggested for opioid receptors (ORs) in the 1970s and subsequently extended to other GPCRs. Recently published ultra-high-resolution crystal structures of GPCRs, including that of the δ-OR subtype, have started to shed light on the mechanism underlying sodium control in GPCR signaling by revealing details of the sodium binding site. Whether sodium accesses different receptor subtypes from the extra- or intracellular sides, following similar or different pathways, is still an open question. Earlier experiments in brain homogenates suggested a differential sodium regulation of ligand binding to the three major OR subtypes, in spite of their high degree of sequence similarity. Intrigued by this possibility, we explored the dynamic nature of sodium binding to δ-OR, μ-OR, and κ-OR by means of microsecond-scale, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Rapid sodium permeation was observed exclusively f...
An experimental study of incremental response functions in the totally plastic region

Experimental data are obtained from thin-walled tubes of annealed polycrystalline aluminum subjected to combined tension-torsion loadings. These data reveal that the plastic deformation in the totally plastic region can be described in terms of a path independent loading function and incremental response functions according to which the component of the plastic strain increment vector is decomposed into two parts: one is due to the expansion of the loading surface and the other is due to the change of the corresponding component of the stress vector and vanishes when the directions of stress and strain vectors coincide.
Key to larval Euschoengastia (Acari: Trombiculidae) in North America.

The trombiculid genus Euschoengastia discussed and defined based on the larval stage. A key to larvae of North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico) treats 60 species and includes the known distribution and usual hosts of each.
Space, kinship, and mind

In this commentary, I focus on Jones' suggestion of a close connection between the domain of space and that of kinship. I expand on that suggestion by introducing the concept of frame of reference and show how it can possibly participate to the generation of kinship systems.