cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Damage Due to Cavitation and Sub-Cooled Boiling Bubble Collapse

The possibility of the applicability of spherical symmetry to cavitation and highly sub-cooled bubble collapse is considered in the light of present photographic and theoretical evidence, and it is concluded that such symmetry is unlikely in situations of engineering importance. Rather an asymmetry which generates a high-velocity microjet is a more likely mode of collapse. The present evidence relative to the importance of microjet impact as opposed to the classical spherical shock-wave model for cavitation damage is examined and some new experimental evidence presented. It is concluded that the microjet model is most likely of predominant importance in cavitation damage. Some estimates for the pertinent parameters of such microjets are presented.
Position paper to be presented at "Verification workshop III (verkshop III)" to be held in Watsonville, CA. Feb. 18--21, 1985

This position paper describes a hardware and software verification effort at Argonne National Laboratory based upon the LMA (Logic Machine Architecture) collection of Pascal procedures. The reasoning component of the system is the Interactive Theorem Prover (ITP), a Pascal program using the procedures of LMA. ITP is in effect an enhanced portable implementation of our previous reasoning system AURA. A verification condition generator for the software will be developed using tools such as the TAMPR program transformation system. The resulting system is being applied to prove claims about hardware/software used in a control system running on a fault-tolerant computer.
A Lysine Residue in the β3 Subunit Contributes to the Regulation of GABAA Receptor Activity by Voltage

GABA(A) receptors (GABARs) are responsible for most fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. The whole-cell currents of many native and recombinant GABARs exhibit outward rectification. This property has been shown to depend in part upon the identity of the alpha and beta subtype, but the structural determinants controlling this characteristic are not well known. An extracellular lysine residue conserved in the beta subunit family and located near the third transmembrane domain was examined. Mutations were made in the alpha1, beta3, and gamma2L subunits, exchanging the wild-type residue for either the lysine found in the beta subunit family or the threonine found in the alpha and gamma families. GABARs containing the mutated alpha1 or gamma2L subunits showed a large increase in outward rectification. Conversely, replacing the lysine in the beta3 subunit with threonine resulted in a nearly linear current-voltage relationship and an increased sensitivity to GABA. Replacing this lysine with uncharged or negatively charged residues consistently eliminated outward rectification, with varying effects on GABA sensitivity. Similar mutations of the four other charged residues within the beta3 subunit M2-M3 domain did not alter rectification. These results suggest that lysine279 of the beta3 subunit plays an important role in the regulation of GABAR activity by membrane voltage.
Groundwater Isotopic Evidence for Paleorecharge in U.S. High Plains Aquifers

Compositions of δD, δ18O, 14C, and 3 H are distinct in unconfined and confined groundwaters beneath the nonglaciated U.S. High Plains and reflect differences in average paleoclimatic conditions between the Holocene and the Middle to Late Wisconsinan. δD and δ18O are more depleted in confined groundwaters than in unconfined groundwaters beneath the southern and central Plains but are more enriched in confined than in unconfined groundwaters beneath the northern Plains. The range in stable isotopic composition of meteoric water north-to-south across the High Plains was apparently smaller during the Middle to Late Wisconsinan than it has been during the Holocene. The greater δD and δ18O depletion of confined groundwater beneath the southern and central Plains agrees with isotopic and noble gas data on other paleowaters that suggest Middle to Late Wisconsinan recharge temperatures were cooler than average Holocene temperatures by 5 to 8°C. The greater δD and δ18O enrichment of confined groundwater beneath the northern High Plains adds to previously reported evidence for stable isotope enrichment in glacial age precipitation across the northern Plains to the eastern United States. Additional research is needed to evaluate how patterns and mechanisms of moisture transport and other climatic variables might explain isotopic composition of paleorecharge during the last glacial period.
Privacy and security concerns as major barriers for e‐commerce: a survey study

The public lack of confidence in online information technology (IT) is not merely about security of value, but also about trust in the information society. Privacy and security concerns are the number one reason Web users are not purchasing over the Web. Proposes to investigate the privacy and security concerns of IT users in order to establish a consensus among them. Uses data from 158 participants to come to a conclusion that the following major concerns (in the descending of importance) exist: privacy, security and threats, impersonation and forged identity, children protection, e‐mail safety, and censorship. The results also show that privacy and security concerns are the main impediment to shopping on the Internet. The implication is that the successful organizations will be those who expend their resources and efforts to ensure that IT users’ concerns are adequately addressed.
Optical design of a versatile FIRST high-resolution near-IR spectrograph

We report the update optical design of a versatile FIRST high resolution near IR spectrograph, which is called Florida IR Silicon immersion grating spectromeTer (FIRST). This spectrograph uses cross-dispersed echelle design with white pupils and also takes advantage of the image slicing to increase the spectra resolution, while maintaining the instrument throughput. It is an extremely high dispersion R1.4 (blazed angle of 54.74°) silicon immersion grating with a 49 mm diameter pupil is used as the main disperser at 1.4μm -1.8μm to produce R=72,000 while an R4 echelle with the same pupil diameter produces R=60,000 at 0.8μm -1.35μm. Two cryogenic Volume Phase Holographic (VPH) gratings are used as cross-dispersers to allow simultaneous wavelength coverage of 0.8μm -1.8μm. The butterfly mirrors and dichroic beamsplitters make a compact folding system to record these two wavelength bands with a 2kx2k H2RG array in a single exposure. By inserting a mirror before the grating disperser (the SIG and the echelle), this spectrograph becomes a very efficient integral field 3-D imaging spectrograph with R=2,000-4,000 at 0.8μm-1.8μm by coupling a 10x10 telescope fiber bundle with the spectrograph. Details about the optical design and performance are reported.
Life in the Hive: Supporting Inquiry into Complexity Within the Zone of Proximal Development

Research into students’ understanding of complex systems typically ignores young children because of misinterpretations of young children’s competencies. Furthermore, studies that do recognize young children’s competencies tend to focus on what children can do in isolation. As an alternative, we propose an approach to designing for young children that is grounded in the notion of the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky 1978) and leverages Activity Theory to design learning environments. In order to highlight the benefits of this approach, we describe our process for using Activity Theory to inform the design of new software and curricula in a way that is productive for young children to learn concepts that we might have previously considered to be “developmentally inappropriate”. As an illuminative example, we then present a discussion of the design of the BeeSign simulation software and accompanying curriculum which specifically designed from an Activity Theory perspective to engage young children in learning about complex systems (Danish 2009a, b). Furthermore, to illustrate the benefits of this approach, we will present findings from a new study where 40 first- and second-grade students participated in the BeeSign curriculum to learn about how honeybees collect nectar from a complex systems perspective. We conclude with some practical suggestions for how such an approach to using Activity Theory for research and design might be adopted by other science educators and designers.
Production, Digestion, and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of Dairy Cows Fed Increased Energy from Fat or Concentrate

Abstract Eight Holstein cows \( X ¯ = 52 DIM \) were used in a replicated Latin square design (28-d periods) to determine the effects of source and amount of dietary energy on hepatic lipid metabolism. Diets were 1) low concentrate without supplemental fat (1.6 Mcal of NE L /kg), 2) low concentrate with supplemental fat (1.7 Mcal/kg), 3) high concentrate without supplemental fat (1.7 Mcal/kg), and 4) high concentrate with supplemental fat (1.8 Mcal/kg). Intakes of DM and digestible energy were greatest for diets 2 and 3. Milk production, efficiency, and milk CP production were not different among diets. Milk fat percentage and production were increased by supplemental fat and decreased by high concentrate. Contents of CP, true protein, and casein in milk were decreased by supplemental fat and increased by high concentrate. Digestibility of fatty acids was decreased by either supplemental fat or high concentrate. Concentrations of NEFA and somatotropin in plasma were increased, and concentration of IGF-I was decreased, by supplemental fat; NEFA, BHBA, and IGF-I were decreased by high concentrate. In vitro rates of peroxisomal β -oxidation and esterification of palmitate and concentrations of total lipid and triglycerides in liver were not different among diets, but glycogen content was increased by high concentrate. The rate of total β -oxidation of palmitate in liver slices tended to be increased by supplemental fat; total metabolism of palmitate was increased by supplemental fat and tended to be increased by high concentrate. Supplemental fat may affect hepatic lipid metabolism in dairy cows; effects of dietary fat during the periparturient period deserve investigation.
Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): effect of nematode species, concentration, temperature, and humidity

Abstract The susceptibility of codling moth diapausing larvae to three entomopathogenic nematode species was assessed in the laboratory using a bioassay system that employed cocooned larvae within cardboard strips. The LC50values forSteinernema carpocapsae, S. riobrave,andHeterorhabditis bacteriophorawere 4.7, 4.8, and 6.0 infective juveniles/cm2, respectively. When a discriminating concentration of 10 infective juveniles/cm2of each of the three nematode species was evaluated at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C,S. carpocapsaewas the most effective nematode with mortalities ranging from 66 to 90%. Mortalities produced byS. riobraveandH. bacteriophoraat the four temperatures were 2–94 and 25–69%, respectively. Studies were also conducted to test infectivity at 10, 35, and 40°C. No mortality was produced by any of the nematode species at 10°C.S. riobravewas the most infective nematode at 35°C producing 68% mortality which was more than twice that observed forS. carpocapsaeorH. bacteriophora.Codling moth larvae treated with 10 infective juveniles/cm2ofS. carpocapsaeand kept in 95+% RH at 25°C for 0–24 h followed by incubation at 25–35% RH indicated that more than 3 h in high humidity was needed to attain 50% mortality. Trials ofS. carpocapsae, S. riobrave,andH. bacteriophoraat 50 infective juveniles/cm2against cocooned larvae on pear and apple logs resulted in reductions of codling moth adult emergence of 83, 31, and 43%, respectively, relative to control emergence. Trials of the three entomopathogenic nematodes at 50 infective juveniles/cm2against cocooned larvae in leaf litter resulted in 99 (S. carpocapsae), 80 (S. riobrave), and 83% (H. bacteriophora) mortality, respectively. Our results indicate good potential of entomopathogenic nematodes, especiallyS. carpocapsae,for codling moth control under a variety of environmental conditions.
A compact shielded exposure system for the simultaneous long‐term UHF irradiation of forty small mammals: I. Electromagnetic and environmental design

To carry out in vivo studies of the possible health effects of radiation from cellular telephone handsets, it is necessary to expose large numbers of small mammals at realistic power densities, modulations, and frequencies. Because even microwatt leakage could compromise the local cellular system, extreme care in shielding is required. Experimental logistics dictate, however, that the irradiated animals be easily accessed and that it be possible to irradiate them in small groups, while other groups are being loaded into or unloaded from the irradiators. This problem has been resolved by exposing the animals in aluminum-sheathed rectangular parallelepipeds, lined with microwave absorber and having doors that can be opened readily. Inside each of these microwave anechoic "chamberettes" is a vertical, four-element collinear array of dipole antennas; and around each antenna, 10 animal restrainers can be arranged like spokes on a wheel. The system has worked efficiently in studies of up to 480 rats. There is negligible coupling between antennas, and back reflection at an antenna's feed line is down 7-9 dB. Received CDMA power at the local base station is below the receiver's noise floor. Interior illumination reinforces the rats' diurnal rhythms, and the rats sleep during irradiation. Experimental logistics are excellent. In this paper, the irradiator design is presented.
Specifications for the development of a generalized data base planning system

Societal problems and industrial problems, if they are to be studied analytically, will require two broad components: first, a structure or model to analyze the interaction of the variables; and second, a large scale data base. The data base may be used in various ways, such as validation of the model's parameters, input data for actual runs of the model, and simply providing the data itself for other interests. While the ability to devise meaningful models with appropriate supporting data is of primary importance for the advancement of our capacity to serve societal and industrial needs, the possibility of integrating the data base handling techniques with techniques of simulation and optimization will greatly facilitate this work.
Model calculation for determining local energy minima in the orientation of magnetic domains in terbium-dysprosium-iron single crystals

Abstract This paper reports on a method which has been developed to track the location of local energy minima in the orientation of magnetic domains in Tb Dy Fe under the action of changing magnetic field and applied stress. The model assumes an array on non-interacting domains. Each domain is initially oriented along one of the 〈111〉 axes and aligns with the local minimum energy at each magnetic field strength. The energy surface was calculated from the sum of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, field and magnetostrictive energies. The evolution of the energy minima are followed by determining the maximum gradient in the energy surface using the appropriate gradient operator.
Do Arbitrators Use Just Cause Standards in Deciding Discharge and Discipline Cases? A Test

This study used a rule induction, as a form of “machine learning” for pattern recognition to examine an alleged common law put forward by Arbitrator Carroll Daugherty regarding key factors used by labor arbitrators in the United States to decide discipline and discharge cases. Control variables for public sector or private sector origin of the case and characteristics of the aggrieved employee(s) or of the arbitrator were not found to influence arbitral thought. However, the alleged common law identified by Carroll Daugherty provided a set of rules which had a hit ratio of nearly 90% indicating strong support for there actually being a common law developed over the period examined. This scientific evidence supports the hypothesized common law of just cause for discipline being applied by labor arbitrators. Further, the existence of such common law should provide greater predictability and consistency to disciplinary proceedings and may be useful in examining similarly situated decision-making activities in arbitration, law, and other professions.
Signatures of accelerated somatic evolution in gene promoters in multiple cancer types

Cancer-associated somatic mutations outside protein-coding regions remain largely unexplored. Analyses of the TERT locus have indicated that non-coding regulatory mutations can be more frequent than previously suspected and play important roles in oncogenesis. Using a computational method called SASE-hunter, developed here, we identified a novel signature of accelerated somatic evolution (SASE) marked by a significant excess of somatic mutations localized in a genomic locus, and prioritized those loci that carried the signature in multiple cancer patients. Interestingly, even when an affected locus carried the signature in multiple individuals, the mutations contributing to SASE themselves were rarely recurrent at the base-pair resolution. In a pan-cancer analysis of 906 samples from 12 tumor types, we detected SASE in the promoters of several genes, including known cancer genes such as MYC, BCL2, RBM5 and WWOX. Nucleotide substitution patterns consistent with oxidative DNA damage and local somatic hypermutation appeared to contribute to this signature in selected gene promoters (e.g. MYC). SASEs in selected cancer gene promoters were associated with over-expression, and also correlated with the age of onset of cancer, aggressiveness of the disease and survival. Taken together, our work detects a hitherto under-appreciated and clinically important class of regulatory changes in cancer genomes.
THE THEORY OF THE BUDGETARY PROCESS IN AN ERA OF CHANGING BUDGETARY ROLES FY48-FY84:

The dominant theory of the budgetary process (Fenno, 1966; Wildavsky, 1964) emphasized stable budgetary roles in the making of incremental choices over time. But while the traditional theory has been unusually successful, at least two major problems have developed over the last decade. First, recent empirical research has reconsidered the role of partisanship in the budgetary process. And second, more recent descriptive analyses of the appropriations process have suggested that the institutional roles identified by Fenno and Wildavsky changed to a considerable degree during the 1970s. What, then, is the status of the traditional theory of the budgetary process? We analyze this question by updating Fenno's analysis of the tie period FY48 through FY84 and examining both the changing nature of institutional roles and the influence of partisanship in the play of those roles over time. The analysis is used to reinterpret the traditional theory—especially the traditional interpretations of the roles of advocate...
Tumor microvasculature and microenvironment: targets for anti-angiogenesis and normalization

A solid tumor forms an organ-like entity comprised of neoplastic cells and non-transformed host stromal cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Similar to normal tissues, blood vessels nourish cells residing in tumors. However, unlike normal blood vessels, tumor vasculature has abnormal organization, structure, and function. Tumor vessels are leaky and blood flow is heterogeneous and often compromised. Vascular hyperpermeability and the lack of functional lymphatic vessels inside tumors cause elevation of interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors. Each of these abnormalities forms a physiological barrier to the delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors. Furthermore, elevated tumor interstitial fluid pressure increases fluid flow from the tumor margin into the peri-tumor area and may facilitate peri-tumor lymphatic hyperplasia and metastasis. Abnormal microcirculation in tumors also leads to a hostile microenvironment characterized by hypoxia and acidosis, which hinder the effectiveness of anti-tumor treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In addition, host-tumor interactions regulate expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and hence contribute to their imbalance and resulting pathophysiological characteristics of the tumor. Restoration of pro- and anti-angiogenic balance in tumors may "normalize" tumor vasculature and thus improve its function. Indeed, anti-angiogenic treatments directly targeting angiogenic signaling pathways as well as indirectly modulating angiogenesis show normalization of tumor vasculature and microenvironment at least transiently in both preclinical and clinical settings. Combination of cytotoxic therapy and anti-angiogenic treatment during the vascular normalization exhibits synergistic effect.
The Impact of Charter Schools on Public and Private School Enrollments

Charter schools are publicly funded schools that have considerable independence from public school districts in their curriculum development and staffing decisions, and their enrollments have increased substantially over the past two decades. Charter schools are changing public and private school enrollment patterns across the United States. This study analyzes district-level enrollment patterns for all states with charter schools, isolating how charter schools affect traditional public and private school enrollments after controlling for changes for the socioeconomic, demographic, and economic conditions in each district. While most students are drawn from traditional public schools, charter schools are pulling large numbers of students from the private education market and present a potentially devastating impact on the private education market, as well as a serious increase in the financial burden on taxpayers. Private school enrollments are much more sensitive to charters in urban districts than in non-urban districts. Overall, about 8 percent of charter elementary students and 11 percent of middle and high school students are drawn from private schools. In highly urban districts, private schools contribute 32, 23, and 15 percent of charter elementary, middle, and high school enrollments, respectively. Catholic schools seem particularly vulnerable, especially for elementary students in large metropolitan areas. The flow of private-school students into charters has important fiscal implications for districts and states. When charters draw students from private schools, demands for tax revenue increase. If governments increase educational spending, tax revenues must be increased or spending in other areas reduced, or else districts may face pressures to reduce educational services. The shift of students from private to public schools represents a significant shift in the financial burdens for education from the private to the public sector.
Protein Kinase D1-mediated Phosphorylations Regulate Vasodilator-stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP) Localization and Cell Migration

Enabled/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) protein family members link actin dynamics and cellular signaling pathways. VASP localizes to regions of dynamic actin reorganization such as the focal adhesion contacts, the leading edge or filopodia, where it contributes to F-actin filament elongation. Here we identify VASP as a novel substrate for protein kinase D1 (PKD1). We show that PKD1 directly phosphorylates VASP at two serine residues, Ser-157 and Ser-322. These phosphorylations occur in response to RhoA activation and mediate VASP re-localization from focal contacts to the leading edge region. The net result of this PKD1-mediated phosphorylation switch in VASP is increased filopodia formation and length at the leading edge. However, such signaling when persistent induced membrane ruffling and decreased cell motility.
Minimum-energy broadcasting in static ad hoc wireless networks

Energy conservation is a critical issue in ad hoc wireless networks for node and network life, as the nodes are powered by batteries only. One major approach for energy conservation is to route a communication session along the route which requires the lowest total energy consumption. This optimization problem is referred to as Minimum-Energy Routing. While the minimum-energy unicast routing problem can be solved in polynomial time by shortest-path algorithms, it remains open whether the minimum-energy broadcast routing problem can be solved in polynomial time, despite the NP-hardness of its general graph version. Recently three greedy heuristics were proposed in [11]: MST (minimum spanning tree), SPT (shortest-path tree), and BIP (broadcasting incremental power). They have been evaluated through simulations in [11], but little is known about their analytical performances. The main contribution of this paper is a quantitative characterization of their performances in terms of approximation ratios. By exploring geometric structures of Euclidean MSTs, we have been able to prove that the approximation ratio of MST is between 6 and 12, and the approximation ratio of BIP is between 13/3 and 12. On the other hand, we show that the approximation ratio of SPT is at least n/2, where n is the number of receiving nodes. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first analytical results for the minimum-energy broadcasting problem.
CoRAM: an in-fabric memory architecture for FPGA-based computing

FPGAs have been used in many applications to achieve orders-of-magnitude improvement in absolute performance and energy efficiency relative to conventional microprocessors. Despite their promise in both processing performance and efficiency, FPGAs have not yet gained widespread acceptance as mainstream computing devices. A fundamental obstacle to FPGA-based computing today is the FPGA's lack of a common, scalable memory architecture. When developing applications for FPGAs, designers are often directly responsible for crafting the application-specific infrastructure logic that manages and transports data to and from the processing kernels. This infrastructure not only increases design time and effort but will frequently lock a design to a particular FPGA product line, hindering scalability and portability. We propose a new FPGA memory architecture called Connected RAM (CoRAM) to serve as a portable bridge between the distributed computation kernels and the external memory interfaces. In addition to improving performance and efficiency, the CoRAM architecture provides a virtualized memory environment as seen by the hardware kernels to simplify development and to improve an application's portability and scalability.
Middleware Support for Pluggable Non-Functional Properties in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) imposes stringent constraints on efficiency, memory footprint and power consumption. Since the need to satisfy these constraints often results in tightly coupled designs, WSN applications tend to be inflexible; it is hard to flexibly reuse, introduce, customize and replace various non-functional properties (e.g., data routing, concurrency, data aggregation and event filtering) for developing and maintaining WSN applications. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes the TinyDDS middleware, which decouples various non-functional properties from WSN applications and allows those applications to flexibly reuse and transparently configure non-functional properties according to their own requirements. Without breaking the generic architecture of TinyDDS, the proposed pluggable framework allows WSN applications to have fine-grained control over non-functional properties and specialize in their own requirements. Currently, TinyDDS supports two types of non-functional properties: application-level and middleware-level non-functional properties.
Penetration of cryotherapy in treatment after shoulder arthroscopy

Fifteen patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy had indwelling temperature probes placed in the glenohumeral and subacromial spaces. All shoulders underwent diagnostic arthroscopy and debridement of the subacromial space. Cryotherapy was delivered to the shoulder via a Cryo/Cuff (AirCast, Summit, NJ) and temperatures were monitored for 90 minutes. Ten shoulders received cryotherapy and 5 were used as controls. Before cryotherapy, temperatures averaged 34°C in the glenohumeral joint and 31°C in the subacromial space. No significant difference was seen between the temperatures recorded in the cold therapy and control groups for either the glenohumeral or subacromial space. In all cases, the subacromial space averaged 1° cooler than the glenohumeral joint at the conclusion of arthroscopy. These slowly equalized to an average of 35° postoperatively. The present study shows that surface-applied cryotherapy does not penetrate either the glenohumeral joint or the subacromial space. Attention must be turned elsewhere to delineate how cryotherapy works.
Borderline susceptibility to antistaphylococcal penicillins is not conferred exclusively by the hyperproduction of beta-lactamase.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus strains bearing the 17.2-kb beta-lactamase plasmid pBW15 and belonging to phage group 94/96 exhibit borderline susceptibility to the antistaphylococcal penicillins. Borderline susceptibility within phage group 94/96 is thought to be mediated by the hyperproduction of type A staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Evaluation of 84 non-94/96 phage type S. aureus strains that also produced the type A enzyme identified 7 additional hyperproducing strains. However, none of these isolates contained pBW15, and only one met the criteria for borderline susceptibility. To determine the role of pBW15 and the 94/96 phage type in the expression of borderline susceptibility, pBW15 was transformed in two plasmid-free, penicillin-susceptible strains, one of which belonged to phage group 94/96. Penicillin MICs for both transformants and quantitative beta-lactamase activity were comparable to those for the parent pBW15-containing strain. A fourfold difference in the oxacillin MICs for the 94/96 and non-94/96 phage type transformants (1.0 and 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively) was identified, and only the 94/96 phage type transformant met the criteria for borderline susceptibility. Chromosomal DNA from borderline-susceptible phage group 94/96 strains did not hybridize with a probe for mecA, and the beta-lactam binding affinity of PBPs 1, 2, 3, and 4 from a penicillin-susceptible 94/96 phage type strain and a non-94/96 phage type strain were comparable. Although hyperproduction of the type A beta-lactamase appears to be necessary for the expression of borderline susceptibility within certain phage group 94/96 strains, beta-lactamase production of a comparable magnitude by a group of S. aureus strains belonging to other phage types does not confer borderline susceptibility. These data suggest that borderline susceptibility is not solely due to the hyperproduction of beta-lactamase.
The S segment of Punta Toro virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) is a major determinant of lethality in the Syrian hamster and codes for a type I interferon antagonist.

Two strains of Punta Toro virus (PTV), isolated from febrile humans in Panama, cause a differential pathogenesis in Syrian hamsters, which could be a useful model for understanding the virulence characteristics and differential outcomes in other phleboviral infections such as Rift Valley fever virus. Genetic reassortants produced between the lethal Adames (A/A/A) and nonlethal Balliet (B/B/B) strains were used in this study to investigate viral genetic determinants for pathogenesis and lethality in the hamster model. The S segment was revealed to be a critical genome segment, determining lethality with log 10 50% lethal doses for each PTV genotype as follows (L/M/S convention): A/A/A, <0.7; B/A/A, <0.7; A/B/A, 1.5; B/B/A, 2.2; B/A/B, 4.7; A/B/B, >4.7; A/A/B, >4.7; B/B/B,> 4.7. In addition, the Adames strain inhibits the induction of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) in vivo and in vitro and inhibits the activation of the IFN-β promoter. Expression of the PTV Adames NSs protein, encoded by the S RNA segment, inhibited the virus-mediated induction of an IFN-β promoter-driven reporter gene, suggesting that PTV NSs functions as a type I IFN antagonist. Taken together, these data indicate a mechanism of pathogenesis in which the suppression of the type I IFN response early during PTV infection leads to early and uncontrolled viral replication and, ultimately, hamster death. This study contributes to our understanding of Phlebovirus pathogenesis and identifies potential targets for immune modulation to increase host survival.
Hallucinogenic Drugs and Plants in Psychotherapy and Shamanism

Western psychotherapy and indigenous shamanic healing systems have both used psychoactive drugs or plants for healing and obtaining knowledge (called "diagnosis" or "divination" respectively). While there are superficial similarities between psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and shamanic healing with hallucinogenic plants, there are profound differences in the underlying worldview and conceptions of reality. Four paradigms are reviewed: (1) psychedelic psychotherapy within the standard Western paradigm—here the drug is used to amplify and intensify the processes of internal self-analysis and self-understanding; (2) shamanic rituals of healing and divination, which involve primarily the shaman or healer taking the medicine in order to be able to "see" the causes of illness and know what kind of remedy to apply; (3) syncretic folk religious ceremonies, in which the focus seems to be a kind of community bonding and celebratory worship; and (4) the "hybrid shamanic therapeutic rituals," which incorporate some features of the first two traditions. There are two points in which the worldview of the shamanic and hybrid shamanic ceremonies differs radically from the accepted Western worldview: (1) the belief and assumption (really, perception) that there are multiple realities ("worlds") that can be explored in expanded states of consciousness; and (2) the belief that "spirits," the beings one encounters in dreams and visions, are just as real as the physical organism.
D -modules and cohomology of varieties

In this chapter we introduce the reader to some ideas from the world of differential operators. We show how to use these concepts in conjunction with Macaulay 2 to obtain new information about polynomials and their algebraic varieties.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

[151-21-3] C12H25NaO4S (MW 288.38) InChI = 1S/C12H26O4S.Na/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-16-17(13,14)15;/h2-12H2,1H3,(H,13,14,15);/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M (used in surfactant-based reaction media) Alternate Names: SDS; sodium lauryl sulfate; SLS. Physical Data: mp 204–207 °C. Solubility: sol H2O; insol Et2O; critical micelle concentration (CMC) in H2O (25 °C) = 8.1 mM.1 Form Supplied in: colorless or white solid. Analysis of Reagent Purity: commercially available sodium dodecyl sulfate generally contains 1-dodecanol,2 which yields a minimum at the CMC in plots of surface tension vs. concentration. The presence of 1-dodecanol can be detected by an HPLC method.3 Impurities can also include surfactant homologs and electrolytes,2 which yield low surface tension values above the CMC. Preparative Methods: by sulfation of 1-dodecanol with Sulfur Trioxide, followed by neutralization of the resultant dodecylsulfuric acid with Sodium Hydroxide.4 Purification: recrystallization from H2O and EtOH.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: harmful if inhaled or swallowed and is irritating to the eyes and skin; should be stored under nitrogen.2b
A versatile Loop−Gap resonator probe for low-temperature electron spin-echo studies

We have recently constructed a new high-power pulsed EPR spectrometer for use in biological electron spin-echo (ESE) studies. This spectrometer produces 25 ns microwave pulses with power levels up to one kilowatt. The bandwidth requirement for admitting such narrow pulses limits the quality factor, Q, for the EPR sample cavity or resonator to a value of a few hundred. A conventional microwave cavity, such as the TElo2 cavity often used in EPR, has a critically coupled Q of several thousand. Thus the Q must be greatly reduced to meet the bandwidth requirements for pulsed EPR. Without the asset of very high Q, the large volume and resultant poor filling factor of such a cavity limit sensitivity and increase the microwave power necessary to create a given microwave magnetic field amplitude. The stripline transmission cavity of Mims (I) provides a well-tested alternative for pulsed EPR. This device has a high filling factor and appropriately low Q, but is inconvenient to use because samples are placed directly into the cavity rather than into conventional EPR tubes, precluding measurements of pulsed and conventional EPR with identical samples. In recent years, other reduced volume resonators have been introduced to EPR (2-4). We have constructed a low-temperature pulsed EPR probe built around the loopgap resonator of Froncisz and Hyde (2), taking advantage of its moderate Q and high filling factor. This loop-gap probe mounts in a liquid He immersion dewar. The immersion dewar provides economical operation and excellent stability at temperatures as low as 1.5 K. The first loop-gap probe we constructed used a movable inductive loop to variably couple microwave power to the resonator. This system suffered from excessive microphonics, as the coupling loop vibrated in the bubbling liquid He. This led us to consider a system in which microwave power is coupled to the loop-gap resonator directly through a waveguide or cavity. In designing such a system we were constrained by the relatively small i.d. of the liquid helium dewar (3.2 cm). Many of our samples are poised in an EPR-active state at cryogenic temperatures and are unstable at room temperature. Thus an additional constraint was provided by the necessity of introducing these samples directly into the resonator while the probe system was immersed in liquid He. This capability would additionally allow us to change samples without removing the entire probe structure from the liquid He, conserving both liquid He and experimental time. We also planned to use the design for conventional EPR and for ENDOR experiments. In this note we present details of
Prejudice reduction simulations: Ethics, evaluations, and theory into practice

This article examines ethical issues in the use of prejudice-reduction simulations, with specific reference to evaluation research conducted on the BLUE EYES-BROWN EYES activity. Risks to participants, such as coercion, informed consent, and stress, were weighed against the individual and collective benefits of simulation participation. It was concluded that, given specific precautions (e.g., appropriately designed debriefing sessions), it is ethically defensible to have simulation participants experience emotional discomfort in the short term if it is reasonably believed they will achieve grater compassion for others in the long term. Problems arising in the evaluation of prejudice-reduction simulations are discussed. Finally, a research agenda is proposed that calls for addressing intergroup-relations theory in the design of prejudice-reduction simulations.
Embodiment of Terror: Gendered Violence in Peacetime and Wartime in Croatia and Bosnia‐Herzegovina

Gendered violence is not a special type of torture used only in war. Its roots are well established in peacetime. This article discusses parallels between the patterns of everyday domination and aggression during times of peace and war. Further, it discusses how metaphors and acts of rape in peacetime are transformed into symbols and acts of rape for wartime purposes. During peacetime the individual body, especially its essence--sexuality and reproduction--becomes the symbol of everyday domination and aggression. Wartime transforms individual bodies into social bodies as seen, for example, in genocidal rapes or ethnic cleansing, which are thought to purify the bloodlines. Then, institutions--that is, medical, religious, and government establishments--further reinforce the wartime process by manipulating the individual/social body into the body politic by controlling and defining "human life" and using political rapes to entice military action by the West. The final transformation (at the war's conclusion) is the reformation of the social body back into the individual body, making the individual body once again the focus of dominance and aggression as the acceptable social "order."
Noise margin, critical charge and power-delay tradeoffs for SRAM design

Aggressive technology scaling has resulted in stability reduction for classic SRAM designs. This is especially problematic for large integrated circuits. The stability of SRAM cells can be affected by noise during a read operation and by radiation during the standby mode. In this paper, we present an approach to address the gradual stability reduction in SRAM designs. We present an SRAM design tradeoffs approach to improve the characteristics of SRAM by modulating the transistor sizing ratio, β. We test our approach on various SRAM designs in 32nm technology. We optimize the SRAM designs with β for various constraints in power consumption, performance, radiation tolerance and data stability. We discuss different design trends produced by the extensive approach analysis.
Comprehensive analysis of protein glycosylation by solid-phase extraction of N -linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides

Comprehensive characterization of protein glycosylation is critical for understanding the structure and function of glycoproteins. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of glycoprotein conformations, current glycoprotein analyses focus mainly on either the de-glycosylated glycosylation site (glycosite)-containing peptides or the released glycans. Here, we describe a chemoenzymatic method called solid phase extraction of N-linked glycans and glycosite-containing peptides (NGAG) for the comprehensive characterization of glycoproteins that is able to determine glycan heterogeneity for individual glycosites in addition to providing information about the total N-linked glycan, glycosite-containing peptide and glycoprotein content of complex samples. The NGAG method can also be applied to quantitatively detect glycoprotein alterations in total and site-specific glycan occupancies.
The Case for Tipping and Unrestricted Tip-Pooling

Going against the well-established tipping norm in the United States, a growing number of restaurant owners are moving to ban tipping, and instead raise prices, in their restaurants. They argue that existing law precludes them from sharing tips with “back-of-the-house” employees (like chefs and dishwashers), and thus makes it hard to compensate those employees fairly. We argue that the movement against tipping is ill-advised. Tipping is a valuable social institution that allows customers to monitor service where management cannot. The better answer is to remove legal restrictions on tip-pooling. Pooling tips among a broad swath of employees (other than management-level employees) is in keeping with the cooperative effort that underlies the provision of service in settings like restaurants.
Molecular Genetic Applications of Electroporation

Both academic and industrial applications of molecular biology depend on being able to efficiently express cloned genes in various eukaryotic cells. The traditional method of gene transfer, by uptake of calcium phosphate/DNA coprecipitates (Graham and Van der Eb, 1973), works well with fibroblasts but has proved difficult to apply to other differentiated mammalian cell types such as lymphocytes or neuronal cells, and is completely unsuited to plant cells or parasites. The solution to this problem has been provided by a completely new approach—electroporation. In studying the effect of high-voltage electric discharges on biological membranes, it was discovered that such shocks could induce cells to fuse via their plasma membranes, apparently by creating holes or pores in the cell membrane (Zimmermann et al., 1976; Senda et al., 1979; Scheurich et al., 1980; Neumann et al., 1980; for review, see Zimmermann and Vienken, 1982). Neumann and his colleagues (Neumann et al., 1982; Wong and Neumann, 1982) then found that mouse fibroblasts (L cells) take up and express exogenous DNA when subjected to electric shock. However, because L cells are easily made to take up DNA by traditional methods, it was not clear that the procedure could be applied to any other type of cell. We extended and modified electroporation (Potter et al., 1984) to allow the introduction of exogenous DNA into a broad spectrum of cell types, including neuronal cells, endocrine cells, primary animal cells, hepatoma cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and plant protoplasts (Fromm et al., 1985; Igarashi et al., 1986; Potter and Montminy, 1986; Montminy et al., 1986; Ou-Lee et al., 1986; Sureau et al., 1986; Toneguzzo et al., 1986; Potter, 1987). Electroporation yields a high frequency of permanent transfectants, has a high efficiency of transient gene expression, and is substantially easier to carry out than alternative techniques. Thus, for various reasons electroporation is becoming increasingly popular. Indeed, in the last few years, electroporation has moved out of a few developmental laboratories to become the method of choice for gene transfer in many situations (Fig. 1).
The concept of assisted management of large-scale disasters by horizontal organizations

Management of large-scale disasters is impeded by inadequately designed organizational infrastructure. The vertical organizational structures of most agencies responding to disasters contribute to a poorly integrated response, especially when collaboration, information sharing, and coordination are required. Horizontal (or lateral) organizations have assisted traditionally vertical civilian and military agencies by enhancing their capacity to operate successfully in complex human emergencies and large-scale natural disasters. Because of the multiagency and highly technical multidisciplinary requirements for decision-making in chemical and biological disasters, similar horizontal management options must be considered.
Planarization Issues in Wafer-Level Three-Dimensional (3D) Integration

Monolithic wafer-level three-dimensional (3D) ICs based upon bonding of processed wafers and die-to-wafer 3D ICs based upon bonding die to a host wafer require additional planarization considerations compared to conventional planar ICs and wafer-scale packaging. Various planarization issues are described, focusing on the more stringent technology requirements of monolithic wafer-level 3D ICs. The specific 3D IC technology approach considered here consists of wafer bonding with dielectric adhesives, a three-step thinning process of grinding, polishing and etching, and an inter-wafer interconnect process using copper damascene patterning. The use of a bonding adhesive to relax pre-bonding wafer planarization requirements is a key to process compatibility with standard IC processes. Minimizing edge chipping during wafer thinning requires understanding of the relationships between wafer bonding, thinning and pre-bonding IC processes. The advantage of silicon-on-insulator technology in alleviating planarization issues with wafer thinning for 3D ICs is described.