cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AI4MARS: A Dataset for Terrain-Aware Autonomous Driving on Mars

Deep learning has quickly become a necessity for self-driving vehicles on Earth. In contrast, the self-driving vehicles on Mars, including NASA’s latest rover, Perseverance, which is planned to land on Mars in February 2021, are still driven by classical machine vision systems. Deep learning capabilities, such as semantic segmentation and object recognition, would substantially benefit the safety and productivity of ongoing and future missions to the red planet. To this end, we created the first large-scale dataset, AI4Mars, for training and validating terrain classification models for Mars, consisting of ~326K semantic segmentation full image labels on 35K images from Curiosity, Opportunity, and Spirit rovers, collected through crowdsourcing. Each image was labeled by ~10 people to ensure greater quality and agreement of the crowdsourced labels. It also includes ~1.5K validation labels annotated by the rover planners and scientists from NASA’s MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) mission, which operates the Curiosity rover, and MER (Mars Exploration Rovers) mission, which operated the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. We trained a DeepLabv3 model on the AI4Mars training dataset and achieved over 96% overall classification accuracy on the test set. The dataset is made publicly available.1 2
Community Health Centers' Performance in Cancer Screening and Prevention.

Introduction Little is known about what clinic-level factors differentiate community health centers that achieve high performance on cancer-preventive care metrics. This study aims to describe the longitudinal trends in the delivery of 3 cancer-preventive care metrics (cervical and colorectal cancer screenings and tobacco-cessation intervention) and define and compare community health centers with high cancer-preventive care performance with those with low cancer-preventive care performance. Methods This observational study used 2012–2019 community health center data (N=933) from the Uniform Data System. High/low performance was based on Healthy People 2020 targets and sample distribution. For each cancer-preventive care metric, the percentage of community health centers that met high (≥70.5% at cervical or colorectal cancer screening or >80% tobacco-cessation intervention) and low thresholds at 1, 2, and all the 3 screenings was estimated. Multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression modeling was used to assess the community health center‒level factors associated with screening performance. Results The community health centers’ performance for tobacco-cessation intervention remained at ≥80%, with a small increase over time. Performance for cervical cancer screening remained unchanged with about 50% of patients screened. Colorectal cancer screening performance increased from around 30% in 2012 to 44% in 2019. Very few community health centers reached high performance (3%) in all the 3 indicators, and 13% of community health centers were high in any 2 of the outcomes in 2019. Higher patient volume, a greater proportion of Hispanic patients, fewer uninsured patients, and community health centers located in the Northeast region were associated with high performance in 2019. Conclusions Very few community health centers meet all Healthy People 2020 goals in cancer screenings and may struggle to achieve the 2030 goals. Very few indicators differentiated high performers from low performers.
The Impact of Self-Management Practices on Entrepreneurial Psychological States

It is well-known that entrepreneurs lead extremely busy lives. While research literature reports the stressors of entrepreneurial careers, few empirical studies have examined the actual management of the demands that entrepreneurs face in their daily lives. In this paper, we conducted a study of 472 small business owners and tested hypotheses on the roles of three self-management practices—exercise, work overload, and attention to detail—on stress, security, and job satisfaction. Exercise, work overload, and attention to detail serve as three important self-management practices that are largely under the decision-making of the individual entrepreneur.
Optimum Design of Tubes for Bending and Torsion

Round tubes weight design optimization under bending and torsion, using strength relations from Al alloy tube tests
Getting to NO: Theory and Evidence for Instrumental Negotiations

A substantial literature has examined negotiation problems. Throughout this literature, scholars have assumed that participants approach negotiations with the intent of reaching a deal and that negotiation participants cannot be significantly harmed by the negotiation process. In this paper, we challenge these assumptions. We define situations in which negotiators use the negotiation process to achieve goals other than reaching a potential agreement as instrumental negotiations. We explore the implications of this broader conceptualization of negotiations both theoretically and experimentally. We demonstrate that the mere possibility of encountering an instrumental negotiator significantly changes Nash equilibria and actual behavior; some negotiators are harmed by instrumental negotiators and other negotiators reject sincere overtures to negotiate. The possibility of instrumental negotiations significantly harms profits. We consider theoretical, prescriptive, and policy implications of these results.
Rapid-scanning ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy applied in stopped-flow studies.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the rapid-scanning ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy applied in stopped-flow (RSSF) studies. RSSF spectroscopy provides a means for the direct detection and characterization of catalytic intermediates. Not only do RSSF UV/visible spectroscopy allow a determination of the number of different absorbing species which accumulate and decay, but also the spectra of intermediates also contain considerable information regarding chemical structure and bonding interactions. RSSF spectroscopy may guide the choice of appropriate wavelengths for single wavelength stopped-flow (SWSF) measurements that will help to simplify kinetic analysis and aid study of the accumulation and decay of intermediates whose presence might otherwise be obscured owing to measurement at an ill-suited wavelength. The elucidation of catalytic mechanism and spectral characterization of certain, or in favorable cases all, reaction intermediates can provide a much needed foundation for examining protein structure- function relationships. This chapter discusses that with the increasing availability of low-cost computer hardware and a number of different commercial RSSF spectrometers, those RSSF methods will become more widely used by enzymologists for the study of enzyme mechanism and protein structure-function relationships.
Bayesian Hierarchical Semiparametric Modelling of Longitudinal Post-treatment Outcomes from Open Enrolment Therapy Groups

There are several challenges to testing the effectiveness of group therapy-based interventions in alcohol and other drug use (AOD) treatment settings. Enrollment into AOD therapy groups typically occurs on an open (rolling) basis. Changes in therapy group membership induce a complex correlation structure among client outcomes, with relatively small numbers of clients attending each therapy group session. Primary outcomes are measured post-treatment, so each datum reflects the effect of all sessions attended by a client. The number of post-treatment outcomes assessments is typically very limited. The first feature of our modeling approach relaxes the assumption of independent random effects in the standard multiple membership model by employing conditional autoregression (CAR) to model correlation in random therapy group session effects associated with clients' attendance of common group therapy sessions. A second feature specifies a longitudinal growth model under which the posterior distribution of client-specific random effects, or growth parameters, is modeled non-parametrically. The Dirichlet process prior helps to overcome limitations of standard parametric growth models given limited numbers of longitudinal assessments. We motivate and illustrate our approach with a data set from a study of group cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce depressive symptoms among residential AOD treatment clients.
Serum adiponectin levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Serial changes and relation to infarct size.

Background:The role of adiponectin in patients with acute coronary syndromes is incompletely defined. This study investigated adiponectin levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes and the association between adiponectin and 30-day infarct size and 1-year clinical outcomes.Methods:Retrospective analysis of 120 participants with acute coronary syndromes enrolled in the Immediate Myocardial Metabolic Enhancement During Initial Assessment and Treatment in Emergency care Trial. Blood levels were tested three times within 24 h of onset of ischaemic symptoms. Infarct size was measured at 30 days. The 1-year clinical outcome was the composite of all-cause mortality or hospitalization for heart failure.Results:Using linear mixed models, log adiponectin levels decreased by −0.005 µg/mL per hour (p = 0.035). After stratifying the analysis by gender, there was no decrease in log adiponectin in men; however, levels decreased by −0.01 µg/mL per hour in women (p = 0.02). Results of multivariable regression models...
The technological evolution of inertial reference systems

The laser gyro based inertial reference system (IRS) has become the standard for transport aircraft since introduced on the Boeing 767/757 in September 1982. Integration of the air data function, first introduced into production on the Airbus A.320 in 1988, produced the Air Data Inertial Reference Systems (ADIRS). Honeywell has evolved the technology through a series of innovations that have led the industry: 1982-HG 1050 10 MCU IRS, 1988-HG 1150 10 MCU ADIRS, 1991-advanced ARINC 704 4 MCU IRS/ADIRS, 1995-HG 2060 fault-tolerant ADIRU. This paper describes the characteristics and performance of each of these IRS/ADIRS as examples of the technology evolution and projects this evolution to arrive at the probable configuration of inertial systems of the future. In addition, the benefits to the user community in terms of performance, reliability and operating costs are reviewed.
External COO/presidents as expert directors: A new look at the service role of boards

Much of the scholarship on boards of directors has examined either the control (i.e., monitoring) role or the resource dependence role that boards fill. Relatively little has examined the service role, wherein directors provide advice and guidance to management. This study builds on recent work exploring director expertise by asking how operational expertise on boards impacts firm performance. We find that having external COO/presidents on a board of directors positively impacts firm performance when the firm's operational efficiency is declining, but negatively impacts performance when the firm's operational efficiency is improving. We also find that other types of external executives serving as directors exhibit the opposite relationship, suggesting that the value of director expertise is context-dependent. We discuss the implications of these findings for director selection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longevity and progressive abandonment of the Rocky Flats surface, Front Range, Colorado

Abstract The post-orogenic evolution of the Laramide landscape of the western U.S. has been characterized by late Cenozoic channel incision of basins and their adjacent ranges. One means of constraining the incision history of basins is dating the remnants of gravel-capped surfaces above modern streams. Here, we focus on an extensive remnant of the Rocky Flats surface between Golden and Boulder, Colorado, and use in situ-produced 10Be and 26Al concentrations in terrace alluvium to constrain the Quaternary history of this surface. Coal and Ralston Creeks, both tributaries of the South Platte River, abandoned the Rocky Flats surface and formed the Verdos and Slocum pediments, which are cut into Cretaceous bedrock between Rocky Flats and the modern stream elevations. Rocky Flats alluvium ranges widely in age, from > 2 Ma to ∼ 400 ka, with oldest ages to the east and younger ages closer to the mountain front. Numerical modeling of isotope concentration depth profiles suggests that individual sites have experienced multiple resurfacing events. Preliminary results indicate that Verdos and Slocum alluvium along Ralston Creek, which is slightly larger than Coal Creek, is several hundred thousand years old. Fluvial incision into these surfaces appears therefore to progress headward in response to downcutting of the South Platte River. The complex ages of these surfaces call into question any correlation of such surfaces based solely on their elevation above the modern channel.
Structural characterization of laser-processed molybdenum steel

Abstract Experiments were performed to study the effects of rapid melting and subsequent quenching on the microstructure and microhardness of laser-processed molybdenum steel. Molybdenum was flame sprayed onto the surface of an AISI 6150 (low alloy) steel substrate to a thickness of 25 μm; the surface of the steel was then melted using a 1200 W continuous wave CO 2 laser to produce an alloy containing 15% Mo to a penetration depth of 200 μm. Multiple-pass laser melting was employed with a distance of 0.25 mm between successive passes. The microstructure, characterized by scanning and thin foil transmission electron microscopy, consisted of δ ferrite cells with two types of carbide precipitation. Selected area diffraction investigations together with dark field microscopy studies identified these carbides as M 6 C and Mo 2 C. Fine Mo 2 C carbide having the characteristic needle morphology was observed within the ferrite cells. The solidification carbide, namely M 6 C, was found to occur in large quantities both at the intercellular boundaries and within the matrix. The matrix M 6 C carbide exhibited spherical and rhombohedral morphologies while the cell boundary M 6 C carbide had a lamellar morphology. The size of M 6 C carbide varied from 0.05 to 0.2 μm. It is proposed that these microstructural features enhanced the microhardness of the laser-alloyed fusion zone to 455 kgf mm −2 (44 HRC).
Failure to warn: How student race affects warnings of potential academic difficulty ☆

Abstract In two studies, we document “failure to warn”—a reduced likelihood of warning Black students against potential academic difficulty compared to White students. In both studies, participants placed in the role of academic advisors saw a highly challenging academic course plan, attributed to either a Black or a White student, and gave Black students less warning about the potential negative consequences of taking on the proposed plan. Study 1 ( N = 172) demonstrates this effect using undergraduate peer academic advisors, and Study 2 ( N = 58) provides evidence that this effect is moderated by Internal Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice ( Plant & Devine, 1998 ), suggesting that this effect is driven by the fear that discouraging an ambitious Black student might reflect prejudice. This well-intentioned concern can have the ironic consequence of leading the recipients of this advice into academic difficulties.
Radiation pressure dynamics in planetary exospheres: A “natural” framework

Exospheric theory is reformulated to provide for the analysis of dynamical underpinning of exospheric features. The formulation is based on the parabolic-cylindrical separability of the Hamiltonian that describes particle motions in the combined fields of planetary gravity and solar radiation pressure. An approximate solution for trajectory evolution in terms of orbital elements is derived and the role of the exopause in the tail phenomenon is discussed. Also, an expression is obtained for the bound constituent atom densities at outer planetocoronal positions along the planet-sun axis for the case of an evaporative, uniform exobase. This expression is used to estimate midnight density enhancements as a function of radial distance for the terrestrial planets.
Neuronal Activity in Cortical and Thalamic Networks : A study with multiple microelectrodes

One of the major problems with which neurophysiological research has been confronted, in recent years, is the way in which the brain deals with the information that it receives over the sensory pathways. The study of this problem has been much enhanced by the development of techniques for the recording of the activity of single neurons. The use of such techniques has provided valuable information in two fields of investigation. One field, the electrophysiology of the brain cell: in this respect it has been found that electrical characteristics of cortical and thalamic neurons are very similar to those of neurons located elsewhere in the central nervous system (4, 5, 11, 16, 22), Another field, the study of the patterns of response of single brain cells to peripheral stimulation: in this respect it has been found that the latency of response, the number of spikes and the intervals between spikes generated by each individual neuron are related to the intensity, the frequency and the position of the peripheral stimulus (2, 3, 6, 7-10, 15, 17, 18, 23). Thus, cerebral neurons participate in the coding and the displaying of information upon the maps which, in the sensory receiving areas of the brain, represent the spatial, temporal, and other characteristics of events that occur in the outside world. Little is known, however, about the way in which the coded information displayed upon these maps is selected and organized in order to result in the processes which we call perception and integration. Whatever the mechanism of these processes may be, it is evident that, since it involves comparison, selection, and organization of sensory and memory data, it cannot be based on the activity of isolated neurons but it must be based on the interrelated activities of the large number of neurons which, with their connections, form the complex networks present in the brain stem and in the cortex. It is well known that some neurons in these networks are spontaneously
Far Infrared Group Frequencies. V. Oximes and Aldoximes

The low frequency infrared spectra from 450 to 75 cm−1 of seven oximes and five aldoximes have been recorded for pure samples and for dilute solutions in cyclohexane. An intense characteristic band is present in the solution spectra at 367 ± 10 cm−1. This characteristic band shifts to 275 ± 10 cm−1 in the spectra of the OD compounds. The 367 ± 10 cm−1 and 275 ± 10 cm−1 bands are assigned to OH and OD torsional vibrations. A comparison of the solution spectra with spectra of the solid samples indicated that the OH … N hydrogen bond stretch of oximes and aldoximes occurs in 300 to 200 cm−1 region. Strong bands also are present in 140 to 100 cm−1 region which are due to OH … N bending modes or perhaps lattice vibrations.
Requirement for ribonucleic acid in a semi-synthetic larval diet for the mosquito Culex pipiens.

Newly-hatched larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens were reared axenically to the adult stage in a casein-based, semi-synthetic medium. Growth rate and percentage adult emergence approach those attained in satisfactory crude septic media. Ribonucleic acid is a critical component of the medium; without it, development is very slow and survival to pupation very low. A concentration of 0.3% yeast RNA was required for optimal growth.
Human Intestinal Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes

The role of intestinal microbiota in immune-mediated diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, has deservedly received a lot of attention. Evidently, changes in the intestinal microbiota are associated with type 1 diabetes as demonstrated by recent studies. Children with beta-cell autoimmunity have shown low abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and increase in the abundance of members of the Bacteroidetes phylum in fecal microbiota. These alterations could explain increased gut permeability, subclinical small intestinal inflammation, and dysregulation of oral tolerance in type 1 diabetes. However, these studies do not provide evidence of the causative role of the gut microbiota in the development of beta-cell autoimmunity, yet. In animal models, the composition of gut microbiota modulates the function of both innate and adaptive immunity, and intestinal bacteria are regulators of autoimmune diabetes. Thus, prevention of type 1 diabetes could, in the future, be based on the interventions targeted to the gut microbiota.
Para- and ortho-substitutions are key determinants of polybrominated diphenyl ether activity toward ryanodine receptors and neurotoxicity.

BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that bioaccumulate in human tissues. Their neurotoxicity involves dysregulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling; ho...
Amyl Acetate as a Clearing Agent for Embryonic Material

Amyl acetate is soluble in 95% alcohol and hot paraffin and produces no hardening in objects exposed to its action for prolonged periods. It may be advantageously employed as a general clearing agent and is especially recommended for refractory material. The following schedule has proven satisfactory for whole frog embryos and young tadpoles: 45 minutes to 1 hour in 95% alcohol, 24 hours in amyl acetate, rinse in toluene, 15 minutes each in three changes of paraffin, imbed. Material so treated may be sectioned at 5 μ with comparative ease.
Conformity and Anticonformity among Americans and Chinese

Summary Using a three-variable design, this study investigated conformity to male and female group pressures among Chinese and American male college students. Methodologically, it departed from traditional group pressure studies in a number of ways: (a) the study was conducted outside the psychological laboratory where demand characteristics of the situation were believed to resemble college life conditions more closely, (b) it utilized changes in personal opinions about beliefs rather than perceptual judgments, (c) it employed unobtrusive, as well as conventional, means of measuring conformity. Another major difference was that S presented his opinion prior to those of the confederates who expressed contradictory opinions to those of S. Five confederates, all male or all female were used. S and confederate opinions and degree of strength of opinions were assessed on six controversial issues. Latency between hearing the controversial statement and S's announcing his opinion was recorded. When S and all co...
The synthesis and X-ray structure of a phenoxide-bridged heterobimetallic anion, W(CO)5OPh(Cr(CO)3)-, and its reactivity with carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide

Abstract The heterobimetallic complex, [Et 4 N][W(CO) 5 OPh(Cr(CO) 3 )] ( 1 ), was prepared by the reaction of [Et 4 N][W(CO) 5 CH 3 ] and (η 6 C 6 H 5 OH)Cr(CO) 3 in tetrahydrofuran. Complex 1 crystallizes from THF/hexane in the space group P 2 1 with unit cell dimensions a = 7.036(2) A, b = 11.766(4) A, c = 15.460(4) A, β = 94.83(2)°, V = 1275.3(7) A 3 , and D calcd = 1.779 g cm −3 . The structure was refined to R = 0.084 and R w = 0.091 for 1136 reflections having F > 3.0σ( F o ). Complex 1 was completely inert towards carbon dioxide, even at high pressure (900 psi), but readily reacted with carbonyl sulfide to afford the thiocarbonate derivative, [Et 4 N][W(CO) 5 SC(O)OPh(Cr(CO) 3 )].
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Viscous Flow around Oscillating Wings

A method based on the Navier-Stokes equations was applied for analyzing the three-dimensional unsteady flow around oscillating wings. These equations were treated in the complete three-dimensional form considering also the irregular geometry of the wing. The vorticity transport equations were discretized using three-dimensional finite elements from a variational formulation and integrated numerically. At each time step of the numerical integration, the velocity field was determined from a representation of the three-dimensional wing by a system of optimized distribution of discrete vortices superimposed on the flow space. The time-dependent boundary conditions on the oscillating wing were specified as external constraint conditions at each step of the numerical integration. Examples of obtained results describing the three-dimensional unsteady flow around a wing were presented.
Method for determining minimum pool requirements to maintain and enhance salmonid fisheries in small Wyoming reservoirs

Methods for determination of minimum pool levels in reservoirs that consider sport fishery values are being sought by managers. We developed a technique for assessing the effects of incremental changes in minimum pool levels on potential salmonid abundance in small (<100 surface hectares at full pool) reservoirs in Wyoming managed for irrigation and municipal water supplies. The method has two components. One component is used to determine the minimum pool level needed to eliminate the risk of overwinter loss of salmonids due to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The other component predicts the potential biomass of salmonids in reservoirs as a function of water depth and total dissolved solids concentration of the reservoir water. Application of the method is demonstrated for two reservoirs in Wyoming.
Local calorimetry to measure ac losses in HTS conductors

Abstract We present an overview of the development and use of local calorimetry to determine ac losses in individual HTS conductors, in coils and high amperage multi-tape conductors. The practical aspects of this technique are fully described, along with suggestions for achieving the desired resolution in loss measurement. Our recently developed local calorimetry method has been shown to allow the straightforward determination of losses of an individual conductor in almost any combination of field and current and is not limited to simple sinusoidal waveforms. We have extended this technique to structures of conductors e.g. coils and tape arrays where the ac magnetic fields generated by the structure as a whole influence the losses of the individual conductors. In these structures the individual HTS tapes see a local `applied' magnetic field generated by the structure and a `self'-field due to the current flowing in the tape. The interaction of the various magnetic fields makes it extremely difficult to measure the losses in these structures using for example pick-up coils and a lock-in amplifier, but using our calorimetric technique we are able to measure the losses at specific locations within the coil or array. In this paper we present examples of loss measurements made, for example, at various positions on a simple solenoidal coil and the changes in losses as a multi-tape, high amperage conductor is assembled. The data of local losses obtained on small-scale models may allow the estimation and minimisation of losses in full-scale designs or may be used in the verification of numerical models.
The Effects of Organizational Structure on Primary Care Outcomes under Managed Care

The advent of managed care in the United States brings with it more and larger organizations involved in providing primary care.Studies of organizations in general suggest that large managed care o...
The equal-loss principle for bargaining problems

Abstract We introduce a new bargaining solution, which we call the equal-loss solution. This solution equalizes across agents the losses from the ideal point. Two characterizations of the solution are presented by formulating axioms specifying how bargaining solutions should respond to changes in the feasible set and the ideal point.
The impact of APL2 on teaching APL

With the advent of significant new features in APL, for example APL2, attention to and an understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts of APL is especially important. This expository paper is aimed primarily at the APL educator, present or future, and the person seriously pursuing a more in-depth mastery of the language. The paper states some of the underlying concepts and principles of the language and why they are important. Within the presentation several techniques which the author has found successful in conveying these concepts are stated. Finally, the fact that APL2 permits another new and different approach to problem solving is discussed and illustrated.
Management of high hepatopulmonary shunt fractions in patients undergoing radioembolization

Purpose Consensus guidelines dictate that patients with high hepatopulmonary shunt fractions should not undergo Y-90 radioembolization (RE), or should have administered activity reduced 20-40% to decrease the risk of radiation pneumonitis. We reviewed our experience of managing and treating patients with high shunt fractions. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 247 patients treated from 2004-11. We calculated pulmonary radiation dose based on technetium macroaggregated albumin (TcMAA) scintigraphy, and reviewed dose calculations and reductions as well as adjunctive prophylactic techniques utilized to reduce lung exposure during the delivery of RE microspheres. Results A total of 50/247 patients (20%) had shunt fractions > 10%. Glass microspheres were used to treat 20 and resin to treat 30 patients. 18 patients were treated with recommended dose reduction only. 4 patients with high shunt fractions (25-44%) were treated prior to RE with bland embolization and/or sclerosis, and repeat TcMAA scintigraphy demonstrated median shunt reduction of 34% (range 0 - 51%). 15 patients (including these 4) were treated using various prophylactic techniques such as hepatic vein balloon occlusion, variceal embolization, and bland arterial embolization before or during RE delivery, and 10/15 received full dose without reduction. An additional 17 patients received no dose reduction or adjuvant maneuvers because the calculated lung dose was well below 30 Gy. Of the 50 patients, only 7 would have received calculated lung exposures > 30 Gy without dose adjustment. Calculated median expected lung dose for the prophylactic treatment group was 16 Gy (range 8-68 Gy). In follow up, 1 heavily pretreated patient developed radiation pneumonitis requiring corticosteroid therapy (shunt 28%, lung exposure 16 Gy). Conclusion Standard recommendations for RE dose reductions for high hepatopulmonary shunt fractions are not mathematically justifiable, may compromise therapeutic efficacy in the liver, and are most often avoidable without substantial increase in risk. Shunting high enough to exceed the 30 Gy pulmonary threshold can be reduced by adjunctive techniques.
Presidential Preferences and Freedom-Equality Value Patterns in the 1968 American Campaign

(1972). Presidential Preferences and Freedom-Equality Value Patterns in the 1968 American Campaign. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 207-212.
Protein synthesis and development in the absence of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis in nonnucleate egg fragments and embryos of sea urchins: Effect of ethidium bromide

Abstract Nonnucleate fragments of eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were made by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The synthesis of RNA and of protein was studied in the nonnucleate fragments after artificial activation with butyric acid. Ethidium bromide inhibited the incorporation of uridine-5- 3 H into RNA by activated nonnucleate fragments and by cleaving embryos more effectively than did dactinomycin. The incorporation of uridine-5- 3 H into high molecular weight RNA was inhibited by 10 μg/ml of ethidium bromide by about 97% in nonnucleate fragments, 85% in fertilized eggs and 53% in blastulae. The electrophoretic pattern of proteins labeled in activated nonnucleate fragments, in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, was not qualitatively altered by 6 hours of preincubation with 10 μg/ml of ethidium bromide. The range of molecular weights for the labeled proteins was 9 to 40 thousand for those found in the 15,000 g supernatant fraction of the homogenate and 6 to 60 thousand for those in the corresponding pellet. These results establish that most, or possibly all, of the types of proteins labeled after artificial activation of nonnucleate fragments are synthesized upon RNA templates which were present in the unfertilized egg. Continuous exposure to various concentrations of ethidium bromide affected development. Two micrograms per milliliter produced a prism stage larva with an abbreviated gut and 5 μg/ml arrested development at the blastula stage. At 10 μg/ml of development did not proceed beyond the 4- to 8-cell stage. When mesenchyme blastulae or gastrulae were treated with 10 μg/ml of ethidium bromide, development ceased, but the embryos continued to swim for at least 30 hours.
Quality of life at the end of life

Background Little is known about self-perceived quality of life (QOL) near the end of life, because such information is difficult to collect and to interpret. Here, we describe QOL in the weeks near death and determine correlates of QOL over time, with emphasis on accounting for death and missing data.
Solubility and diffusion of H in ordered (L12) and disordered Pd3Mn

Abstract Hydrogen isotherms have been measured from 423 to 573 K for the disordered and L1 2 ordered forms of Pd 3 Mn and, from these equilibrium isotherms, Δ H H and Δ S H have been determined over a range of r values where r =H-to-metal, atom ratio. Δ H H values are significantly more negative for the L1 2 ordered form than for the disordered form. H diffusion constants have been determined for the L1 2 and disordered forms of Pd 3 Mn from gas phase H permeation measurements through Pd 3 Mn membranes (423–573 K). The activation energy for diffusion of H in the L1 2 form is 35.2 kJ/mol H which is more reasonable than the value of 76.3 kJ/mol H previously reported. The diffusion constant is greater for the disordered than for the L1 2 form.
Structure determination of ordered and disordered organic molecules on a surface from the substrate diffraction spots in low energy electron diffraction: (3×3)R30°-C2H2 and disordered CH3OH on Pd(1 1 1)

We examine the effects of chemisorbed organic molecules on the intensity versus beam energy (I/E) variation of the substrate (1 × 1) Bragg spots in low energy electron diffraction (LEED). We find that these integer-order spots alone can provide important information about the local geometries of the molecules on the surface, largely independent of the degree of long-range order of an adsorbate overlayer. This is demonstrated by comparing LEED studies of two different adsorbates on Pd(1 1 1), namely: C2H2 which forms an ordered (3×3)R30° overlayer, and thus gives rise to superstructure (or fractional-order) Bragg spots, and disordered CH3OH, which scatters diffusely into directions between the integer-order spots. This allows LEED to be used conveniently for the determination of the structures of adsorbates on surfaces as a continuous function of coverage, independent of the degree of long-range order of the adlayer.
Arachidonic Acid Stimulates Cell Adhesion through a Novel p38 MAPK-RhoA Signaling Pathway That Involves Heat Shock Protein 27

Rho GTPases are critical components of cellular signal transduction pathways. Both hyperactivity and overexpression of these proteins have been observed in human cancers and have been implicated as important factors in metastasis. We previously showed that dietary n-6 fatty acids increase cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, such as type IV collagen. Here we report that in MDA-MB-435 human melanoma cells, arachidonic acid activates RhoA, and inhibition of RhoA signaling with either C3 exoenzyme or dominant negative Rho blocked arachidonic acid-induced cell adhesion. Inhibition of the Rho kinase (ROCK) with either small molecule inhibitors or ROCK II-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) blocked the fatty acid-induced adhesion. However, unlike other systems, inhibition of ROCK did not block the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); instead, Rho activation depended on p38 MAPK activity and the presence of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), which is phosphorylated downstream of p38 after arachidonic acid treatment. HSP27 associated with p115RhoGEF in fatty acid-treated cells, and this association was blocked when p38 was inhibited. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of HSP27 blocked the fatty acid-stimulated Rho activity. Expression of dominant negative p115-RhoGEF or p115RhoGEF-specific siRNA inhibited both RhoA activation and adhesion on type IV collagen, whereas a constitutively active p115RhoGEF restored the arachidonic acid stimulation in cells in which the p38 MAPK had been inhibited. These data suggest that n-6 dietary fatty acids stimulate a set of interactions that regulates cell adhesion through RhoA and ROCK II via a p38 MAPK-dependent association of HSP27 and p115RhoGEF.
Updates in biliary endoscopy.

Purpose of review Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a non-surgical approach to diseases of the pancreaticobiliary system that dates back to the late 1960s. Initially, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was purely a diagnostic procedure. After the first report of endoscopic sphincterotomy in 1974, therapeutic uses were possible for diseases that previously required surgery. As therapeutic indications broaden, our understanding of complications has tempered the initial excitement. Non-invasive imaging in many circumstances has replaced the diagnostic utilization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography which is now reserved primarily for therapeutic indications. This review is intended to address biliary therapeutics with an update on the recent directions of this field. Recent findings Advancements in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography medical literature in the last year have concentrated on the management of difficult common bile duct stones using electrohydraulic lithotripsy, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer-induced biliary strictures, postoperative bile leaks, the use of newer methods of biliary access and finally the use of ulinastatin for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Summary This is an update of the work in the field of biliary endoscopy over the last year. The goal of this review is to address specific management concerns in the field of biliary endoscopy from the literature published in 2005.
Trefoil peptides: less clandestine in the intestine.

Trefoil peptides are small, stable peptides secreted into the gut, but their function has been obscure. Now Lefebvre et al . ([p. 259][1]) and Mashimo et al . ([p. 262][2]) report on the phenotype of two mouse lines, each missing a different trefoil peptide. The mouse line missing intestinal trefoil factor is unable to heal gut wounds properly, and the other, missing pS2, shows multiple carcinomas of the gut. Chinery and Coffey explain in their Perspective how these new results imply a function for trefoil proteins in gut-cell maturation and turnover. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5285.259 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5285.262
Portable end-to-end ground system for low-cost mission support

Abstract This paper presents a revolutionary architecture of the end-to-end ground system to reduce overall mission support costs. The present ground system of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is costly to operate, maintain, deploy, reproduce, and document. In the present climate of shrinking NASA budgets, this proposed architecture takes on added importance as it should dramatically reduce all of the above costs. Currently, the ground support functions (i.e., receiver, tracking, ranging, telemetry, command, monitor and control) are distributed among several subsystems that are housed in individual rack-mounted chassis. These subsystems can be integrated into one portable laptop system using established Multi Chip Module (MCM) packaging technology and object-based software libraries. The large scale integration of subsystems into a small portable system connected to the World Wide Web (WWW) will greatly reduce operations, maintenance and reproduction costs. Several of the subsystems can be implemented using Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products further decreasing non-recurring engineering costs. The inherent portability of the system will open up new ways for using the ground system at the “point-of-use” site as opposed to maintaining several large centralized stations. This eliminates the propagation delay of the data to the Principal Investigator (PI), enabling the capture of data in real-time and performing multiple tasks concurrently from any location in the world. Sample applications are to use the portable ground system in remote areas or mobile vessels for real-time correlation of satellite data with earth-bound instruments; thus, allowing near real-time feedback and control of scientific instruments. This end-to-end portable ground system will undoubtedly create opportunities for better scientific observation and data acquisition.
Mammalian lipoic acid activating enzyme.

Abstract The presence of a lipoic acid activating enzyme has been demonstrated in animal liver and a 50-fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was achieved. Some of the general properties of the labile enzyme were determined on the partially purified preparations. The substrate specificity of the enzyme is rather broad and a number of lipoic acid analogues can be converted to the hydroxamate derivative. The enzyme catalyzes a P 32 P-ATP exchange reaction and the cofactor requirements are the same for both the forward and exchange reactions confirming the occurrence of the enzyme in animal liver.
A simple recording system for the direct observation technique

Systematic direct observation of animal behaviour has been effectively utilized in a variety of naturalistic and experimental situations . Methods of recording the observed behaviour in these situations have ranged from relatively simple behaviour category check lists to elaborate photographic techniques . Each method has certain advantages and disadvantages . With many of the simpler techniques, the data obtained are limited while with the more elaborate systems the expense factor is often formidable . A recording system that is both efficient and inexpensive involves the use of a Stenograph or Stenotype machine . This is a quiet, compact, portable printing machine that is commonly used by court stenographers for taking dictation . A machine of this type can be utilized effectively in several ways as a recording device in behavioural studies. One method for its use in recording social interaction at the human level has been described by Carter, Haythorn, Meirowitz & Lanzetta (1951) . The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a Stenograph machine for recording behaviour categories simultaneously for paired animals . A Stenograph machine will print a number of letters of the alphabet as well as numbers from 0 to 9. Unlike a typewriter, one or any number of keys can be depressed together and will record on a paper tape which is 2 . 5 inches wide . The tape is automatically moved ahead one line after a key (or keys) is struck . A key, or combination of keys, is used to represent a given behaviour category for an animal in the pair being observed . When the animal is engaged in that particular category of behaviour, the proper key is depressed at regular intervals . A timing device such as an electric metronome, which will give audible signals at desired intervals can be used to maintain the proper intervals between depressions of the key . In an experimental situation which placed pairs of animals together
Spectral Clustering for Medical Imaging

Spectral clustering is often reported in the literature as successfully being applied to applications from image segmentation to community detection. However, what is not reported is that great time and effort are required to construct a graph Laplacian to achieve these successes. This problem which we call Laplacian construction is critical for the success of spectral clustering but is not well studied by the community. Instead the best Laplacian is typically learnt for each domain from trial and error. This is problematic for areas such as medical imaging since: i) the same images can be segmented in multiple ways depending on the application focus and ii) we don't wish to construct one Laplacian, rather we wish to create a method to construct a Laplacian for each patient's scan. In this paper we attempt to automate the process of Laplacian creation with the help of guidance towards the application focus. In most domains creating a basic Laplacian is plausible, so we propose adjusting this given Laplacian by discovering important nodes. We formulate this problem as an integer linear program with a precise geometric interpretation which is globally minimized using large scale solvers such as Gurobi. We show the usefulness on a real world problem in the area of fMRI scan segmentation where methods using standard Laplacians perform poorly.
Modeling of erodent particle trajectories in slurry flow

Abstract This paper presents a method for calculating erodent particle trajectories in slurry flow. It involves computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for calculating fluid phase flow, the discrete phase method (DPM) for capturing the movement of erodent particles, and the volume of fluid method (VOF) for calculating interfaces between fluid phase and gas phase. The method is illustrated by application to a lab slurry jet testing system, which considers free water/air interface tracking, particle size distribution and local particle concentration. The validation of the modeling is done by comparing to a glass bead/water jet testing. Using the proposed method, further parametric studies are performed for calculating actual particle speeds and impingement angles under different operating conditions and physical explanations of the modeling results are provided in the end.
Central neural distribution of immunoreactive Fos and CRH in relation to plasma ACTH and corticosterone during sepsis in the rat

Although brain pathways activated by sepsis may respond acutely to endotoxin administration, the long-term central response to sepsis is not known. We prepared male rats for hormonal sampling at the circadian nadir (AM) and peak (PM) after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery. Diurnal variation of corticosterone was present on postoperative day (D) 3 and D4 after sham surgery but not after CLP. CLP increased Fos immunostaining in the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), ventrolateral medulla, medullary raphe, parabrachial nucleus, hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and preoptic region. Fos responses were generally greatest on D1 but persisted to the AM of D4. The number of Fos-positive cell nuclei in the NTS on D3 and D4 did not differ but had greater variance on D3 than on D4 (P < 0.01) with a divergent response in the PM of D3 that was correlated with plasma ACTH (r = 0.927, P<0.01) but not with corticosterone. CLP increased CRH-staining intensity in the hypothalamic paraventricular neurons uniformly from D1 through D4 (P<0.01). Similar to Fos in NTS, this response was correlated with plasma ACTH (r = 0.738, P<0.05) and adrenal size (r = 0.730, P<0.05) in the PM of D3. Neuronal CRH became detectable after CLP in specific medullary areas on D1 and in the preoptic region on D3 and D4. Thus, the suppression of circadian variation by CLP was associated with central neural responses that increased in relation to plasma ACTH without apparent influence on the release of corticosterone.
Testing the smoking behavior of fire-retarded materials

The authors investigated the smoke generating behavior of a fire-retardant-treated urethane polymer using a newly designed test chamber and test method, which they believe provides more meaningful information than the currently used smoke tests.