cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent two-photon processes: Transient and steady-state cases

A class of molecular two-photon processes, occurring under transient or steady-state conditions, is analyzed exactly for certain cases using a density-matrix formalism. Our results are relevant to the recently observed phenomena of transient coherent Raman beats and steady-state two-photon absorption of oppositely directed laser beams. Lowest-order perturbation theories have shown that these processes are insensitive to the Doppler effect, and consequently the linewidth is unaffected by Doppler broadening and by elastic collisions that change molecular velocity. The solutions presented here are of the same form for the Raman and two-photon problems and reveal significant power-dependent frequency shifts and line broadening that correct the ideal Doppler-free solutions. For the transient case, we assume a molecular three-level quantum structure that can be switched in or out of optical resonance with cw laser radiation by means of a pulsed dc Stark field, but the solutions also apply when resonant optical pulses are introduced. During the resonant condition when the Stark pulse is on, the three levels are prepared in coherent superposition, and during the nonresonant condition following the Stark pulse, the laser field(s) stimulates the coherently prepared sample in a transient two-photon process. One of these processes, the Ramanbeat effect, has been observed in forward scattering, but the second one, transient two-photon emission, should be observable in backward scattering. Bloch-like equations are derived for this three-level problem that facilitate an exact pulse solution for state preparation. Following the pulse, transient decay is well-approximated by a perturbation calculation. For the steady-state case, an exact solution is also obtained and is of interest for continuous-wave spectroscopy or for transient experiments requiring an initial preparation of quantum states, prior to Stark switching. These solutions exhibit a power-dependent line broadening and a frequency shift of magnitude $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}{({\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{2}+\frac{1}{{T}_{2}^{2}})}$, in agreement with our earlier estimate, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ are the Rabi flopping frequencies for the two intermediate transitions and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is the off-resonance tuning behavior for one of them.
Ornithine aminotransferase-related sequences map to two nonadjacent intervals on the human X chromosome short arm.

Abstract Using a panel of human/rodent somatic cell hybrids segregating human X/autosome translocations and deletions, we have refined the localization of the X-linked sequences homologous to ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT), the structural locus for which ( OAT ) maps to chromosome 10. OAT-related (“-like”) ( OATL ) sequences mapped to two nonadjacent intervals: OATL1 mapped to Xp11.3–p11.23, while OATL2 mapped to Xp11.22–p11.21. X-linked OATL1 sequences polymorphic for Sca I and Stu I map to the more distal interval in Xp11.3–p11.23. These results should help guide long-range cloning and mapping studies, as well as refine the genetic linkage map in this region of the X chromosome.
Mammogenesis in Ovary-Thyro-Parathyroidectomized Rats.

SummaryDaily administration of 2 μg estradiol benzoate plus 6 mg progesterone to mature ovary-thyro-parathyroidectomized rats for 19 days resulted in mammary gland growth (DNA) comparable to ovariectomized rats receiving same treatment. Replacement therapy with 3 μg thyroxine/100 g BW depressed total DFFT and increased DNA concentration but failed to increase total DNA equal to that of ovariectomized rats so treated. These data suggest that higher levels of ovarian hormones may offset thyro-parathyroid hormone deficiencies. With 3 μg thyroxine/100 g BW total DNA of glands did not equal those of ovariectomized group. It is suggested that lack of comparable response may be due either to lack of parathormone or slight excess of thyroxine.
Polyoma Virus: Production in Bacillus subtilis

Particles of complete polyoma virus are produced in competent Bacillus subtilis incubated with DNA isolated from purified, conventionally grown polyoma virus. The virus grown in B. subtilis is biologically identical to polyoma virus produced by animal cells. Quantitative parameters of the system have been established, and fluctuation tests indicate that viral replication occurs within the infected bacteria.
Potentiation of chemotherapy cytotoxicity following iododeoxyuridine incorporation in Chinese hamster cells

Abstract This study reports on the potentiation of selected chemotherapy drugs following halogenated pyrimidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to 10 −5 M IdUrd or BrdUrd for 17 hr (approximately 2 cell doublings). This exposure resulted in approximately 16% replacement of thymidine by IdUrd or BrdUrd in the cellular DNA. Following the IdUrd exposure, dose response curves were determined for a 1 hr exposure to the various drugs. IdUrd pre-treatment was shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of melphalan, adriamycin, cisplatin, and neocarzinostatin with enhancement ratios at 1% survival of 1.5, 1.8, 1.5, and 1.4 respectively. BrdUrd pre-treatment also enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity. A combination of BrdUrd pretreatment, cisplatin, and X rays was shown to yield additive survival effects. These findings are discussed in the context of possible clinical application of local drug perfusion of tumor-containing organs.
Localization of UDP glucuronosyltransferase gene(s) on mouse chromosome 5.

The drug-metabolizing UDP glucuronosyltransferases are encoded by genes which constitute a multigene family. One rat gene subfamily codes for at least four constitutive enzyme forms, including those which glucuronidate the androgenic steroids testosterone (UDPGT r -3)and androsterone (UDPGT r-4).In the present study, UDPGT r-3and UDPGT r-4cDNAs were used to demonstrate that an homologous subfamily is present in the mouse genome. Using mouse x Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids, we mapped at least one gene of this UDP glucuronosyltransferase subfamily (UDPGT r-3)to mouse chromosome 5 and suggest the name as the Udpgt-3locus.
Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of chemo-mechanically polished, furnace-annealed, nitrogen-doped 4H:SiC

The effect of chemical–mechanical polishing and high-temperature furnace annealing at temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1600 °C on nitrogen-doped crystalline 4H:SiC was investigated. Techniques used to characterize the samples included environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The ESEM micrographs and EDS data indicated that there were structural defects on the unannealed sample that did not propagate into the sample or vary in composition from the bulk. The sample annealed at 1000 °C showed oxygen-rich and carbon-depleted surface defects. Annealing at temperatures above 1200 °C introduced defects that grew out of the sample surface. These were carbon and oxygen rich, but depleted in silicon. This supported the XPS data, which showed an increase in the surface C bonding with annealing temperatures above 1200 °C. The XPS data also suggested that the oxycarbide content may be increasing on annealing above 1200 °C. Raman micro-probe data from the defects on the sample annealed at 1200 °C showed the maximum shift in the transverse optical phonon mode at 776 cm-1, indicating that the beginning of carbon out-diffusion may be accompanied with structural changes. Optimal annealing temperatures are thus below 1200 °C.
'Halo formation' as a characteristic of the interaction between ragweed pollen and saliva.

Wenn Pollen vonAmbrosia rifida mit dem Speichel von mit Allergie belasteten Personen zusammen kultiviert wird, so entsteht um die Pollenkorner ein Hof («halo»), was in Kulturen von nicht allergischen Personen nicht der Fall ist.
A General Approach to Modeling Biphasic Relationships

Biphasic relationships can be found throughout the sciences, especially in the dose-response relationships of pharmacology, toxicology, agriculture, and nutrition. Accurate modeling of biphasic dose-response is an essential step in establishing effective guidelines for the protection of human and ecosystem health, yet currently-used biphasic mathematical models lack biological rationale and fit only limited sets of biphasic data. To model biphasic relationships more closely over wider ranges of exposures, we suggest a simple, general, biologically reasonable modeling approach leading to a family of mathematical models that combine log-logistic functions: at least one for the upslope and one for the downslope of the biphasic relationship. All parameters employed are meaningfully interpretable. These models can be used to test for the presence of biphasic effects, and they simplify to a standard log-logistic model in the special case where no biphasic effect can be detected. They offer the promise of improv...
The eBird enterprise: An integrated approach to development and application of citizen science

Citizen-science projects engage volunteers to gather or process data to address scientific questions. But citizen-science projects vary in their ability to contribute usefully for science, conservation, or public policy. eBird has evolved from a basic citizen-science project into a collective enterprise, taking a novel approach to citizen science by developing cooperative partnerships among experts in a wide range of fields: population and distributions, conservation biologists, quantitative ecologists, statisticians, computer scientists, GIS and informatics specialists, application developers, and data administrators. The goal is to increase data quantity through participant recruitment and engagement, but also to quantify and control for data quality issues such as observer variability, imperfect detection of species, and both spatial and temporal bias in data collection. Advances at the interface among ecology, statistics, and computer science allow us to create new species distribution models that provide accurate estimates across broad spatial and temporal scales with extremely detailed resolution. eBird data are openly available and used by a broad spectrum of students, teachers, scientists, NGOs, government agencies, land managers, and policy makers. Feedback from this broad data use community helps identify development priorities. As a result, eBird has become a major source of biodiversity data, increasing our knowledge of the dynamics of species distributions, and having a direct impact on the conservation of birds and their habitats.
Managing end-of-life care: comparing the experiences of terminally Ill patients in managed care and fee for service.

There have been no published empirical studies comparing the experiences of terminally ill patients in managed care organizations (MCOs) and those in fee for service (FFS). This investigation represents the first empirical study to systematically compare substantive outcomes between populations of terminally ill patients enrolled in MCO and FFS healthcare delivery systems. The investigators interviewed 988 patients whose physicians judged them to be terminally ill and 893 of their caregivers. Outcomes assessments were made in six domains: patient-physician relationship; access to care and use of health care; prevalence of symptoms; and planning for end-of-life care, care needs, and economic burdens. Overall, the two populations of terminally ill patients were found to have comparable outcomes, but several significant differences were present. MCO patients were more likely than their FFS counterparts to use an inconvenient hospital ( P � .02), spend more than 10% of their income on medical care ( P � .02), and have been bedridden more than 50% of the time during the last 4 weeks of life ( P � .03). Caregivers of MCO patients were as likely as the caregivers of FFS patients to report a substantial caregiving burden ( P � .59). Despite concerns about the threats of MCOs to the physician-patient relationship, few differences in the quality of the relationship between the two cohorts were found. Finally, terminally ill patients in MCOs did not show better experiences than those in FFS on any outcome measure. Additional research is required to explore how
Photorefraction: a technique for study of refractive state at a distance.

Photography of the fundus reflections of a point source of light from a human subject facilitates estimation of the refractive disparity about any desired axis, between the plane of focus of the subject’s eyes and that of the camera. The method employs a special attachment to a 35-mm reflex camera, consisting of a fiber-optic light guide mounted in the center of an array of pie-shaped cylinder lens sectors and placed in front of the camera’s wide-aperture lens. The light guide supplies a 1/4 second flash of filtered tungsten light of irradiance less than 1 μW/cm2 at the corneas of the subject, who is seated 1–2 m distant. The reflected light emanating from the subject’s pupils is transformed by the array of cylinder lenses into a star-shaped pattern at the film plane; the lengths of the arms are proportional to the dioptric disparities about the corresponding axes. Theoretical intensity distributions of star patterns for spherical and astigmatic errors have been computed upon the assumption that the retina is a diffuse reflector. They are shown to agree well with experiments. The technique provides an objective method for estimating the refractive states of both eyes of a subject simultaneously, under more-or-less-natural circumstances, and may find practical application in the visual screening of very young children.
Status and trends of mobile-health applications for iOS devices: A developer's perspective

Modern smart mobile devices offer media-rich and context-aware features that are highly useful for electronic-health (e-health) applications. It is therefore not surprising that these devices have gained acceptance as target devices for e-health applications, turning them into m-health (mobile-health) apps. In particular, many e-health application developers have chosen Apple's iOS mobile devices such as iPad, iPhone, or iPod Touch as the target device to provide more convenient and richer user experience, as evidenced by the rapidly increasing number of m-health apps in Apple's App Store. In this paper, the top two hundred of such apps from the App Store were examined from a developer's perspective to provide a focused overview of the status and trends of iOS m-health apps and an analysis of related technology, architecture, and user interface design issues. The top 200 apps were classified into different groups according to their purposes, functions, and user satisfaction. It was shown that although the biggest group of apps was medical information reference apps that were delivered from or related to medical articles, websites, or journals, mobile users disproportionally favored tracking tools. It was clear that m-health apps still had plenty of room to grow to take full advantage of unique mobile platform features and truly fulfill their potential. In particular, introduction of two- or three-dimensional visualization and context-awareness could further enhance m-health app's usability and utility. This paper aims to serve as a reference point and guide for developers and practitioners interested in using iOS as a platform for m-health applications, particular from the technical point of view.
Development of a multidimensional balance scale for use with functionally independent older adults.

Abstract Rose DJ, Lucchese N, Wiersma LD. Development of a multidimensional balance scale for use with functionally independent older adults. Objective To develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of a multidimensional balance scale—the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale—suitable for use with functionally independent older adults. Design Psychometric evaluation of the scale's content and convergent validity, test-retest and intra- and interrater reliability, and internal rater consistency. Setting Urban community. Participants Forty-six community-residing older adults (mean ± standard deviation, 75±6.2y), with (n=31) and without identified balance problems (n=15), participated in the study. Four physical therapists with expertise in the assessment and treatment of balance disorders in older adults also participated in the content validity and/or reliability phases of the study. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Spearman rank correlation coefficients for convergent validity, test-retest, intra- and interrater reliability, and homogeneity coefficient values for rater consistency. Results Test-retest reliability for the total balance scale score was high (ρ=.96). Interrater reliability for total score ranged from .94 to .97 whereas intrarater reliability coefficients ranged from .97 to 1.00. Homogeneity (H) coefficients were greater than .90 for 6 of the 10 individual test items and all 10 test items had H coefficients of greater than .75 for both rating sessions. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that the FAB scale is a valid and reliable assessment tool that is suitable for use with functionally independent older adults residing in the community.
The DIET Study: Long-term Outcomes of a Cognitive-behavioral Weight-control Intervention in Independent-living Elders

Abstract Objective to describe the long-term outcomes of a cognitive-behavioral weight-control intervention implemented in a community-based sample of independent-living, older adults. Design A quasi-experimental design was used to compare an intervention community with a wait-listed control community. Comparisons between the communities were made at 40 weeks ( J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94:37-42). The controlled trial ended at 40 weeks; then both communities received 2 years of intervention. Two-year data from both communities were combined and are presented in this article. Three-year outcome data from the initial intervention community were available and are also presented. Subjects A total of 247 overweight (>4.5kg of age-adjusted weight), older (mean age=71 years) adults in 2 independent-living retirement communities participated in the study. Intervention The Dietary Intervention: Evaluation of Technology (DIET) study consisted of an intensive 10-week psychoeducational approach focused on lifestyle change, followed by a less intensive 2-year phase focusing on relapse prevention and maintenance of lifestyle changes. Outcome measures Physiologic and behavioral variables were analyzed at baseline and at 2 years after baseline. This article reports the combined 2-year outcome data from both retirement communities. Results of an additional follow-up 1 year after intervention was withdrawn are reported for the initial intervention community. Statistical analysis A within-subjects repeated measures analysis of variance design was used to test for significant changes in weight and lipid values over time. Results At 2 years, 70% of those who started the intervention remained actively enrolled. This group showed significant decreases in body mass index (−1.2, P P Applications/conclusions The purpose of this article was to describe the long-term outcomes of a community-based weight-reduction intervention for older adults. The findings may be of interest to clinicians who design community or worksite weight-reduction programs. Although the intervention was designed to be a low-intensity program, attrition over the length of the study was still problematic. Nevertheless, our follow-up study indicates that this intervention was efficacious in maintaining reductions in weight and glucose levels for overweight older adults for 3 years. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1276–1281.
LMX and Subordinate Political Skill: Direct and Interactive Effects on Turnover Intentions and Job Satisfaction

Previous research has demonstrated a positive relationship between leader–member exchange (LMX) quality and positive outcomes. However, little is known about how the dispositional variable of subordinate political skill impacts LMX–consequence relationships. Thus, this study investigated this interaction in predicting turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Additionally, we employed a relatively unexamined multidimensional measure of LMX, which could then help to establish the generalizability of outcomes related to LMX. We investigated these hypotheses in a sample of 239 working employees, and found support for the moderating role of subordinate political skill. jasp_530 2373..2395 The relationship between supervisors and their subordinates has received extensive research attention, as exchanges with supervisors are often the most important workplace relationship for employees (e.g., Manzoni & Barsoux, 2002). Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, which focuses on the unique relationship between subordinates and their supervisors, has provided a useful framework for examining these relationships and has been the focus of numerous empirical studies (for a meta-analytic review, see Gerstner & Day, 1997). Studies have established that LMX relationship quality is positively related to a number of desired outcomes (Gerstner & Day, 1997). However, numerous organizational scholars have suggested that the effect of LMX on these outcomes is more complicated than direct effects. Researchers have asked for future investigations to examine important moderators (e.g., Schriesheim, Castro, & Cogliser, 1999). In this study, we examine subordinate political skill, which is the ability to understand workplace interactions and to use that knowledge to help in influencing the surrounding work environment (Ahearn, Ferris, Hochwarter, Douglas, & Ammeter, 2004) as a moderator of the relationships between LMX and the outcomes of turnover intentions and job satisfaction.
Query reformulation, search performance, and term suggestion devices in question-answering tasks

Capturing context within query in query reformulation tasks has been identified as a promising technique for supporting users who are engaged with interactive information retrieval systems. User queries represent the evolution of information problems. A deeper understanding of the structure and process of query reformulation, in particular, could provide further information for system adaptations. The present study characterizes the query reformulation process in two types of term suggestion devices, relevance feedback (RF) and Local Context Analysis (LCA), in simulated question-answering tasks using Rutgers' TREC-8 Interactive Track dataset. Four types of query reformulation were identified on the basis of semantic contents and relations, as well as sequences in users' modifications of queries. We found a significant relationship between the types of query reformulations and the use of term suggestion devices. But we did not find significant correlations between types of query reformulations and search performance. Some issues regarding systematic biases in query reformulations and capturing context within queries in interactive IR system are discussed.
Heterophenomenology as Self-Knowledge

This article argues that, far from being an ideal and unverifiable action of "eidetic vision" the phenomenology of religion, or, more accurately, the heterophenomenology which is its proper end, is a communicative event that is well within the bounds of rational discourse. This has certain potential implications for the pedagogy of religious studies. One possible way of teaching is to employ the means of understanding the other via the phenomenology of religion as ultimately a means of understanding the self.
In response to letter to the editor: ‘Concerning SNOMED-CT content for public health case reports’

We are grateful for the careful review of our article by Wilcke et al. 1 We would like to reaffirm our belief that SNOMED CT is an extremely useful terminology and the best current choice for the representation of clinical findings generally, and specifically for the representation of findings in public health case reports. The broad use of SNOMED CT will lead to the understanding of important modeling issues as well as improved SNOMED CT content. We appreciate the respondents' clarification that ‘porcine enteric adenomatosis’ is a species-independent disorder. However, the fact that we held this erroneous opinion is understandable. As ‘Porcine’ is in …
Quarks at the ends of the string

We develop a technique for attaching quark quantum numbers to world lines joined by relativistic strings. We are able to describe spin-0 and spin-1/ 2 U(n)-symmetric quarks attached to world lines. One spin-1/2 theory based on the Dirac equation yields a classical particle with helical motion, interpretable as Zitterbewegung. Another spin-1/2 model has no helical motion, but yields an algebra resembling that of supersymmetry. Motivated by duality diagrams and some general properties of quark--gluon models, we then construct quark--string models of mesons and baryons. The analysis of the meson model with unequal quark masses implies a stringlike spectrum with broken trajectory intercepts. A simple baryon model suggests a dynamical reason for diquark configurations in the lowest states. Physical weak and electromagnetic currents for the quark--string system follow from a minimal-coupling scheme as in gauge field theories. (AIP)
The International Sepsis Forum's controversies in sepsis: corticosteroids should not be routinely used to treat septic shock.

Corticosteroid treatment of severe sepsis has been one of the most controversial clinical issues in critical care. In fact, few agents can claim to have been evaluated in scores of studies spanning 3–4 decades. Yet, convincing proof that corticosteroids are useful pharmacologic agents in the treatment of this major clinical problem remains elusive. Recently, interest has resurfaced but this time the focus is on a steroid replacement approach for what has now been termed "relative adrenal insufficiency" rather than relying on the pharmacologic effects of steroids. This route holds promise, but proof remains lacking.
A Broader View of Family Caregiving: Effects of Caregiving and Caregiver Conditions on Depressive Symptoms, Health, Work, and Social Isolation

Objectives. Informal caregivers provide the majority of long-term care. This study examined six health and psychosocial outcomes of caregiving, in the context of multiple characteristics of the caregiving situation, in a representative, statewide sample. Methods. Data came from 4,041 respondents to the 2007 Connecticut Long-Term Care Needs Assessment. Analyses investigated whether caregiving negatively affects depressive symptoms, health, missing work, and social isolation. Logistic regressions tested the independent effects of caregiver characteristics and conditions of the caregiving situation on these health and psychosocial outcomes. Results. Caregivers rate their health better than noncaregivers and do not report more depressive symptoms or social isolation. Living with the care receiver, inadequate income, and care receivers ’ unmet need for community-based longterm care services relate to multiple negative outcomes. Care receiver memory problems and caregiver/care receiver relationship do not relate to health or psychosocial outcomes when these other factors are considered.
Finite precision error analysis of neural network electronic hardware implementations

The high speed desired in the implementation of many neural network algorithms, such as backpropagation learning in multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), may be attained through the use of finite-precision hardware. This finite precision hardware, however, is prone to errors. A method of theoretically deriving and statistically evaluating this error is presented. This could be used as a guide to the details of hardware design and algorithm implementation. The authors describe the derivation of the techniques involved, as well as the details of the backpropagation example. The intent is to provide a general framework by which most neural network algorithms under any set of hardware constraints may be evaluated. >
An efficient room temperature preparation of bromo difluorovinylzinc reagent (CF2CBrZnCl) and a high yield one-pot synthesis of α-bromo-β,β-difluorostyrenes

Abstract A high yield room temperature preparation of the1-bromo-2,2-difluorovinylzinc reagent [CF 2 CBrZnCl] (>89%) was achieved via insitu metallation of CF 3 CH 2 Br or CF 2 CHBr with LDA in presence of ZnCl 2 . Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of this zinc reagent with aryl iodides provides α-bromo-β,β-trifluorostyrenes (ArCBrCF 2 ) in 64–86% isolated yields, in an essentially ‘one-pot’ procedure.
Elastic Energies of Coherent Germanium Islands on Silicon

Motivated by recent observations of coherent Ge island formation during growth of Ge on Si (100), we have carried out a theoretical study of the elastic energies associated with the evolution of a uniform strained overlayer as it segregates into coherent islands. In the context of a two-dimensional model, we have explored the conditions under which coherent islands may be energetically favored over both uniform epitaxial films and dislocated islands. We find that if the interface energy (for dislocated islands) is more than about 15% of the surface energy, then there is a range of island sizes for which the coherent island structure is preferred.
Characterization of Human RNA Polymerase III Identifies Orthologues for Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA Polymerase III Subunits

Unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase III, human RNA polymerase III has not been entirely characterized. Orthologues of the yeast RNA polymerase III subunits C128 and C37 remain unidentified, and for many of the other subunits, the available information is limited to database sequences with various degrees of similarity to the yeast subunits. We have purified an RNA polymerase III complex and identified its components. We found that two RNA polymerase III subunits, referred to as RPC8 and RPC9, displayed sequence similarity to the RNA polymerase II RPB7 and RPB4 subunits, respectively. RPC8 and RPC9 associated with each other, paralleling the association of the RNA polymerase II subunits, and were thus paralogues of RPB7 and RPB4. Furthermore, the complex contained a prominent 80-kDa polypeptide, which we called RPC5 and which corresponded to the human orthologue of the yeast C37 subunit despite limited sequence similarity. RPC5 associated with RPC53, the human orthologue of S. cerevisiae C53, paralleling the association of the S. cerevisiae C37 and C53 subunits, and was required for transcription from the type 2 VAI and type 3 human U6 promoters. Our results provide a characterization of human RNA polymerase III and show that the RPC5 subunit is essential for transcription.
THE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO OF R PNEUMOCOCCI INTO S FORMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC TYPES BY THE USE OF FILTERED PNEUMOCOCCUS EXTRACTS

1. Avirulent R pneumococci derived from S forms of a specific type may be changed by growth in broth containing anti-R serum and a heated, filtered extract of S pneumococci of a different type, into virulent S organisms identical in type with the bacteria extracted. This has been accomplished in the case of R strains derived from Type II pneumococci, employing extracts prepared from Type III and Type I S forms. 2. The constituents of the extract supply an activating stimulus of a specific nature in that the R pneumococci acquire the capacity of elaborating the capsular material peculiar to the organisms extracted.
Development of a scale to measure practitioner adherence to a brief intervention in the emergency department

Brief intervention (BI) can reduce harmful and hazardous drinking among emergency department patients. However, no psychometrically-validated instrument for evaluating the extent to which practitioners correctly implement BIs in clinical practice (e.g., adherence) exists. We developed and subsequently examined the psychometric properties of a scale that measures practitioner adherence to a BI, namely the Brief Negotiation Interview (BNI). Ratings of 342 audiotaped BIs in the emergency department demonstrated that the BNI Adherence Scale (BAS) has: (1) excellent internal consistency and discriminant validity; (2) good to excellent inter-rater reliability, and (3) good construct validity, with an eight-item, two-factor structure accounting for 62% of the variance, but (4) no predictive validity in this study. The BAS provides practitioners with a brief, objective method to evaluate their BNI skills and give feedback to them about their performance.
Causal Relationships between Perceived Social Skills and Day-To-Day Social Interaction: Extending the Sociometer Hypothesis:

Twice over two years, participants described their day-to-day social interactions for two weeks, and they described their social skills. Within each phase of the study, self-perceived social skills and the quality of social interaction were positively related. Moreover, the results of cross-lagged panel analyses suggested that changes in the quality of day-to-day interaction led to changes in perceived social skills, whereas changes in social skills did not lead to changes in the quality of interaction. In contrast, quantity of interaction and social skills were not related either within or across time. Consistent with some aspects of the sociometer hypothesis, improvements in the quality of people's social interactions led to increases in self-perceived social skills, and declines in the quality of social interactions led to decreases in self-perceived social skills.
Design, development and testing of a solid state adaptive rotor

This study outlines the design principles, analytical models and testing procedures for a new type of solid state adaptive rotor (SSAR) which was specifically intended for use in mini and micro-unmanned aerial rotorcraft ((mu) UAR). This new SSAR employed a pair of torque-plates which were structurally integrated at the helicopter hub and connected to a two-bladed rotor assembly of 22' (55.9 cm) diameter. These plates were constructed from symmetrically oriented directionally attached piezoelectric actuator elements which were bonded to an aluminum substrate. As the electrical field was changed across the elements, the twist of the plate changed accordingly. Because this new arrangement may be controlled as a function of azimuth, both collective and cyclic commands were available. Unlike earlier designs, this new arrangement used a Hiller servopaddle configuration to achieve flight control. Analytical modeling of the torque- plate performance was accomplished through laminated plate theory and showed good correlation between theory and experiment. Rotor-dynamic models included propeller and aerodynamic moments. Rotor testing showed servopaddle deflection levels in excess of +/- 5.8 degree(s) at rates up to 2.5/rev. Not only is this system effective in achieving flight control, but it is also very simple and lightweight. Indeed, the torque-late, electrical leads and contacts weight 40% less, have a much cleaner hub and replace more than 94 individual components which are found on the conventional flight control system.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
EVALUATION OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES FOR STINK BUG MANAGEMENT IN VIRGINIA COTTON, 2013

Two tests were conducted to determine efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides against a stink bug complex in cotton. ‘DP 0912 B2RF’ (Test 1) and ‘PHY 499 WRF’ (Test 2) cotton was planted on 15 May (Test 1) and 10 May (Test 2) at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA, using 36-inch row spacing. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 35 ft. Treatments in both tests were applied on 29 Jul and 5 Aug with a Spider Spray Trac-mounted CO2-pressurized sprayer at 16.5 gpa and 30 psi broadcast through 8002VS nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom, and a third application was made on 12 Aug using the same equipment at 19.9 gpa and 38 psi. Product rates remained the same for all three applications. Ten 0.9 to 1.1-inch-diameter bolls per plot were examined for stink bug feeding injury (i.e., internal warts and stained lint) at multiple days after treatment. Yield was determined by harvesting 2 rows of each plot (70 row ft) using a commercial 2-row cotton picker. Sub-samples were ginned to determine lint versus seed and trash weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Identification of carcinogens by measurement of cell-mediated immunity. I. Immunity induced by rat pancreas and colon carcinogens.

Abstract Anti-tumor cell-mediated immunity was used as a measure of exposure to chemical carcinogens. The measurements involved determining the amount of cytotoxicity to cultured X-ray-induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma cells exhibited by peripheral blood lymphoid-cells isolated from animals exposed to the carcinogens. Cytotoxicity was determined by the release of radioiodinated integral and peripheral proteins of the small bowel cancer cells. The studies indicate that exposures to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) which induces colon adenocarcinomas and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) implants which produce pancreatic adenocarcinomas, can be detected within a 6- to 72-day postexposure interval. Dose response studies of the DMH indicate exposures to as little as 100 μg (1.7 μmol) can be detected within this time interval although this amount is insufficient to produce detectable cancer. The present results further outline the specificity of the assay since it was found that tumors of mesodermally derived tissues (asbestos-induced peritoneal mesotheliomas) and nonspecific injury (70% surgical resection of ileum and jejunum) will not induce cytotoxicity. Our previous studies had shown ectodermal lesions also will not evoke responses; therefore, these findings suggest the measured anti-tumor immunity is specific to carcinogens which interact with entodermally derived tissue. Thus, the findings support our suggestion that measurement of anti-tumor immunity offers a rapid, sensitive, and specific technique for detecting carcinogenic substances.
Some results obtained by the treatment of nervous phenomena with glucose.

Recently Edwards, Page and Brown1 have described cardiovascular disturbances accompanying insulin hypoglycemia in dogs. They found that insulin brought about certain irregularities in heart action, a slight decline in mean blood pressure and a lowered CO2 capacity of the blood. Similar results associated with nervousness have been observed following the injection of insulin in normal individuals or an overdose of insulin in diabetics, by Banting and his associates.2, 3, 4 These results are apparently due to lowered blood sugar and may be relieved by the administration of glucose or of adrenalin. This action of adrenalin is attributed to its glycogenolytic effect on the liver.We were impressed by the similarity of these findings in insulin hypoglycemia to those in some young patients with low blood sugar and low CO2 capacity who were suffering from severe nervous manifestations. Experiments were conducted in the feeding of glucose to these children, with immediate and striking relief of their symptoms. Thi...
A generic object-oriented implementation for flight control systems

This paper presents a design for a generic flight control system (FCS) architecture that breaks the control system into a coupled interaction of laws and devices with a standardized method for execution. Laws generally are computational components that generate commands as outputs, and any number of laws can be isolated and registered on a list in any order for execution. Control devices are code components that receive the command inputs and use additional computations to generate device outputs, such as the servoactuator positions for the control of surfaces. Any number of devices are allowable for a given flight control system and are registered in list format for execution. This method allows for both simplistic FCS implementations and highly complex control systems without changing the architectural requirements of the high level executive. By separating the laws from the devices, special case handling required for control law bypassing (such as that required for direct-drive surface testing and linear analysis) is easily handled at the execution level. No special code support is required internal to the laws.
Temporal and Spatial Variation in Species Diversity of Wandering Spiders (Araneae) in Deciduous Forest Litter

A guild of wandering spiders was studied in an oak-tuliptree-maple forest in northern Delaware. Specimens were collected by pitfall trapping and weather data recorded at weekly intervals over the summer season (3 months). A seasonal peak in species diversity ( H' ) and species richness in midsummer was significantly correlated with prey abundance but not with seasonal temperature, humidity, or rainfall. Annual patterns of detritivore productivity in temperate forests and their influence on niche partitioning and seasonal abundance of species are discussed as a possible explanation. Spatial differences in species diversity were significantly correlated with the amount of litter and a measure of habitat space, but not with microclimatic moisture and temperature, vegetative diversity, or prey abundance. Physical aspects of the litter habitat, either as structural microhabitats or refuges from predation, are suggested as being important in regulating within-habitat species diversity. Interaction of diversity-regulating environmental factors in space and time are discussed.
An investigation of the relationship between accuracy of customer baseline calculation and efficiency of Peak Time Rebate program

In this paper, the relationship between accuracy of Customer Baseline (CBL) calculation and efficiency of Peak Time Rebate (PTR) program for residential customers is investigated. To perform the analysis, well-established CBL calculation methods, HighXofY(NYISO), LowXofY, MidXofY, exponential moving average(ISONE) and regression are first introduced and then utilized to calculate the CBL. A dataset consisting of 262 residential customers is used for this analysis. In addition, the error analysis is performed using accuracy and bias metrics. Furthermore, to reach a valid conclusion about overall performance of CBL methods, an economic analysis of a PTR program is carried out. According to the results, in the case study, utility pays at least half of its revenue as a rebate merely due to the inaccuracy of CBL methods. In addition, it is shown that PTR causes a lot of inefficiencies in the residential sector because of the failure of CBL calculation methods to predict the customers load profile on event day.
Effect of chemical pressure manipulation on the valence and thermoelectric properties of the intermediate valence compound YbCu2-xNixGe2

The thermoelectric properties of YbCu 2 Ge 2 at low temperature are unremarkable, however it has been found to be an intermediate valence compound. Previous work has shown that manipulation of valence in such compounds by chemical pressure can have dramatic effects on the value of the Seebeck coefficient. YbCu 2 Ge 2 has been found to exist in a nearly divalent, Yb 2+ , state at room temperature, which if increased towards 2.5 has the promise of increasing the Seebeck coefficient substantially. In this study a full solid solution of YbCu 2 Ge 2 and YbNi 2 Ge 2 was created to exert a chemical pressure on the Yb and shift the valence away from the nominally divalent. A dramatic increase in the Seebeck coefficient was found as well as a substantial decrease in the thermal conductivity. These effects resulted in a substantial increase in ZT at low temperature and further emphasized the applicability and large effect that valence manipulation can have on intermediate valence compounds.
Thoracic outlet syndrome.

Thoracic outlet syndrome includes a variety of previously described syndromes that have as a common factor compression of the neurovascular bundle as it exits from the thoracic outlet. In patients who require surgery, the best results have been obtained with first rib resection. The most popular approach is transaxillary, and more than 90 per cent of patients will be relieved by this procedure.
APPLICATIONS OF A COMPLETE EXPANSION FOR THE PARTITION FUNCTION OF RANDOM MATRIX THEORY

1. Random Matrix Theory: Unitary Ensemble The unitary ensemble of random matrices refers to any probability distribution on the space of N ×N Hermitian matrices of the form dμ = Ẑ−1 N exp {−N Tr [V (M)]}dM, (1) where dM is Lebesgue measure on the matrix entries, i.e. dM = ∏ j 0. For any such function V , the measure (1) is invariant under arbitrary unitary transformations, and this is the origin of the term “unitary ensemble”. (Note, however, that the matrix entries are no longer independent.) For more details, see [14]. In what follows we will assume the function V is a polynomial of degree ν with ν even:
Physician Recommendations Trump Patient Preferences in Prostate Cancer Treatment Decisions

Objective. To assess the influence of patient preferences and urologist recommendations in treatment decisions for clinically localized prostate cancer. Methods. We enrolled 257 men with clinically localized prostate cancer (prostate-specific antigen <20; Gleason score 6 or 7) seen by urologists (primarily residents and fellows) in 4 Veterans Affairs medical centers. We measured patients’ baseline preferences prior to their urology appointments, including initial treatment preference, cancer-related anxiety, and interest in sex. In longitudinal follow-up, we determined which treatment patients received. We used hierarchical logistic regression to determine the factors that predicted treatment received (active treatment v. active surveillance) and urologist recommendations. We also conducted a directed content analysis of recorded clinical encounters to determine if urologists discussed patients’ interest in sex. Results. Patients’ initial treatment preferences did not predict receipt of active treatment v...
Can brain games help smokers quit?: Results of a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background and aims Deficits in cognitive function are observed during nicotine withdrawal and present a challenge to successful smoking cessation. This clinical trial evaluated a cognitive exercise training (CT) program to improve smoking cessation rates. Methods Adult treatment-seeking smokers (n = 213) were randomized to receive nicotine patch therapy and 12 weeks of either computerized CT or computerized relaxation (control) training. Smoking status was biochemically verified at the end of treatment and 6-month follow-up. Results Quit rates did not differ by treatment arm at either time-point, nor were there effects on withdrawal symptoms or smoking urges. Reaction time for emotion recognition and verbal interference tasks showed improvement in the CT group. When including only successful quitters, improvements in recognition memory, verbal interference accuracy, and attention switching error rate were also observed in the CT group, while commission errors on the continuous performance task decreased in the control group. Conclusions Despite modest changes in cognitive performance, these results do not support the efficacy of computerized cognitive training as an adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation.