cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End-to-end transmission control by modeling uncertainty about the network state

This paper argues that the bar for the incorporation of a new subnetwork or link technology in the current Internet is much more than the ability to send minimum-sized IP packets: success requires that TCP perform well over any subnetwork. This requirement imposes a number of additional constraints, some hard to meet because TCP's network model is limited and its overall objective challenging to specify precisely. As a result, network evolution has been hampered and the potential of new subnetwork technologies has not been realized in practice. The poor end-to-end performance of many important subnetworks, such as wide-area cellular networks that zealously hide non-congestive losses and introduce enormous delays as a result, or home broadband networks that suffer from the notorious "bufferbloat" problem, are symptoms of this more general issue.We propose an alternate architecture for end-to-end resource management and transmission control, in which the endpoints work directly to achieve a specified goal. Each endpoint treats the network as an nondeterministic automaton whose parameters and topology are uncertain. The end-point maintains a probability distribution on what it thinks the network's configuration may be. At each moment, the endpoint acts to maximize the expected value of a utility function that is given explicitly. We present preliminary simulation results arguing that the approach is tractable and holds promise.
Experimental Study of Oxygen-Enriched Diesel Combustion Using Simulated Exhaust Gas Recirculation

The techniques of design of experiments were applied to study the best operational conditions for oxygen-enriched combustion in a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine in order to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions, with minimal deterioration in nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions, by controlling fuel injection timing, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and O 2 volume fractions in intake air. The results showed that CO 2 addition reduced average combustion temperatures and minimized the rate of increase in NO x emissions observed during oxygen-enriched conditions. It was also observed that oxygen enrichment minimized the deterioration in brake-specific fuel consumption and hydrocarbon and PM emissions that occurred at the highest level of CO 2 addition.
Acute aortic occlusion from a Candida fungus ball

Fungal arterial infections are well-described entities resulting in direct invasion of the arterial wall or embolic occlusion of small and medium-sized arteries. However, acute occlusion of large vessels such as the aorta by fungal material is exceedingly rare. A 53-year-old woman presented with acute bilateral lower extremity ischemia. She had a history of fungal endocarditis requiring two prosthetic mitral valve replacements; the last episode was 7 months before the current admission. Imaging studies revealed that she had an acute infrarenal aortic occlusion, with evidence of multiple end-organ emboli. After transfemoral thromboembolectomy, perfusion was restored to her lower extremities with minor neurologic sequelae. She ultimately responded to intravenous antifungal agents.
High-resolution fluorescent imaging does not reveal a distinct atrioventricular nodal anterior input channel (fast pathway) in the rabbit heart during sinus rhythm.

Fluorescent Imaging of AVN. Introduction: We sought to determine the precise pathways of engagement of the AV node during sinus rhythm. Methods and Results: Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts were stained with 20 μM of the voltage-sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS. Preparations containing the right atrium, sinoatrial (SA) and AV nodes, and interatrial septum were subsequently dissected and mapped in vitro using a 16 × 16 photodiode array with an adjustable resolution of 150 to 750 μm per diode. Motion artifacts were eliminated by using 15 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM). Activation time-points were defined as (-dF/dt)max, where F = fluorescence. Isochronal maps of activation were plotted using the triangulation method. In all preparations, spontaneous activation began at the SA node, rapidly spread along the crista terminalis (CrT), entered the AV nodal region via the posterior “slow” pathway, and retrogradely spread to the septal region with a smaller conduction velocity compared to that along the CrT. Collision of anterograde and retrograde wavefronts was frequently observed in the mid-septum. Notably, there was no evidence for the presence of a distinct anterior entrance into the AV node. Conclusion: Fast pathway conduction during sinus rhythm results from a broad posterior wavefront that envelops the AV node with subsequent retrograde atrial septal activation.
Long-term Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy With Multimodal Adjuvant Therapy in Men With a Preoperative Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Level ≥50 ng/mL

BACKGROUND. The authors evaluated the long-term outcomes of men with prostate cancer and very high (≥50 ng/mL) preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values that were treated with radical prostatectomy. METHODS. This study included 236 men with preoperative serum PSA values ≥50ng/mL who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1987 and 2004. For comparison, the study cohort was divided into 2 groups: patients with PSA levels between 50 and 99 ng/mL and patients with PSA levels ≥100 ng/mL. Biochemical recurrence was defined as a single postoperative serum PSA value of 0.4 ng/mL or greater. Systemic disease progression was defined as the development of a local recurrence or systemic metastases, and any death resulting from prostate cancer or its treatment was defined as a cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS. Biochemical recurrence-free survival rates in the groups of patients with a PSA level 50 to 99 ng/mL and ≥100 ng/mL were 43% and 36% at 10 years, respectively. Systemic progression-free survival rates in the PSA 50 to 99 ng/mL and PSA ≥100 ng/mL groups were 83% and 74% at 10 years, respectively. Estimated overall cancer-specific survival was 87% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with prostate cancer and a serum PSA level ≥50 ng/mL have very high-risk prostate cancer that carries a high likelihood of being pathologically advanced. Although the probability of realizing long-term survival in these high-risk patients is less than in patients with more favorable disease, 10-year survival outcomes remain excellent and argue for aggressive management of these cases. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Hysteresis and optical bistability in degenerate four‐wave mixing

The intensity‐dependent refractive index leads to hysteresis and optical bistability in degenerate four‐wave mixing processes (DFWM). Bistability may be observed in the phase conjugate signal or in the ’’spontaneous’’ oscillation possible in DFWM. This bistability does not require external resonant cavities.
Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease

Iron deficiency is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and use of oral and intravenous iron in patients with CKD who do not require dialysis might obviate or delay the need for treatment with eythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Patients on hemodialysis have lower intestinal iron absorption, greater iron losses, and require greater iron turnover to maintain the ESA-driven red cell mass than do healthy individuals. In these patients, intravenous iron reduces ESA dose requirements and increases the likelihood of maintaining levels of hemoglobin within the desired range. Oral iron is inferior to intravenous iron in patients on hemodialysis, in part because elevated serum levels of hepcidin prevent intestinal absorption of iron. Increased levels of hepcidin also impair the normal recycling of iron through the reticuloendothelial system. Levels of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation below 450 pmol/l and 20%, respectively are indicative of iron deficiency, but values above the normal range lack diagnostic value in patients with CKD on dialysis. The availability of various iron preparations and new developments in delivering iron should enable adequate provision of iron to patients with CKD. This Review examines the efficacy, safety and use of iron supplementation therapy for the treatment of anemia in patients with CKD.
The Legacy of SUPPORT

Few clinical research projects have generated as much public interest or as many published articles as SUPPORT (the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment...
Thermal hydraulics of water cooled divertors

Abstract Divertors of several new machines, such as JT-60SU, FIRE, SST-1, ITER-RC and KSTAR, are water-cooled. This paper examines critical thermal hydraulic issues associated with the design of such divertors. The flow direction of coolant in the divertor can be either toroidal or poloidal. A quantitative evaluation shows that the poloidal flow direction is preferred, because the flow rate and pumping power are about an order of magnitude smaller compared to the toroidal flow direction. Use of heat transfer enhancement technique leads to a lower water pressure requirement, lower flow rate, lower pressure drop, lower pumping power and lower flow velocity. The swirl tube is the best available method due to a large amount of data and ease of fabrication. The standard critical heat flux (CHF) correlations calculate the CHF value at the surface of the coolant channel, whereas divertor physics studies specify the value of the heat flux incident on the divertor surface. Hence, a finite element thermal analysis of typical divertor geometry was performed. The analysis shows that the ratio of incident heat flux to coolant channel heat flux varies between 1.4 and 1.5 and depends on the heat flux magnitude. The temperatures predicted by the analysis compare very favorably with experimental measurements. The method presented in this paper also correctly predicts incident CHF. A typical axial distribution of heat flux results in about a 20% higher incident CHF compared to a uniform heat flux. Recommended correlations and procedures for water-cooled divertor thermal analyses are presented. The expected peak heat flux of 20 MW/m 2 in tokamak divertors can be accommodated with a flow velocity of about 10 m/s and coolant pressure at an inlet pressure of 3 MPa.
Fluctuating asymmetry and human male life-history traits in rural Belize.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), used as a measure of phenotypic quality, has proven to be a useful predictor of human life–history variation, but nothing is known about its effects in humans living in higher fecundity and mortality conditions, typical before industrialization and the demographic transition. In this research, I analyse data on male life histories for a relatively isolated population in rural Belize. Some of the 56 subjects practise subsistence–level slash–and–burn farming, and others are involved in the cash economy. Fecundity levels are quite high in this population, with men over the age of 40 averaging more than eight children. Low FA successfully predicted lower morbidity and more offspring fathered, and was marginally associated with a lower age at first reproduction and more lifetime sex partners. These results indicate that FA may be important in predicting human performance in fecundity and morbidity in pre–demographic transition conditions.
Numerical simulation of experiments in the Giant Planet Facility

Utilizing a series of existing computer codes, ablation experiments in the Giant Planet Facility are numerically simulated. Of primary importance is the simulation of the low Mach number shock layer that envelops the test model. The RASLE shock-layer code, used in the Jupiter entry probe heat-shield design, is adapted to the experimental conditions. RASLE predictions for radiative and convective heat fluxes are in good agreement with calorimeter measurements. In simulating carbonaceous ablation experiments, the RASLE code is coupled directly with the CMA material response code. For the graphite models, predicted and measured recessions agree very well. Predicted recession for the carbon phenolic models is 50% higher than that measured. This is the first time codes used for the Jupiter probe design have been compared with experiments.
A model of value assessment in collaborative R&D programs

Abstract This study examines the tasks, processes, and frameworks central to performance assessment in collaborative research organizations. The domain of the study is the partnered learning approach to research and development (RD (2) technology transfer behaviors within the participants' organizations; (3) participant satisfaction with the outcomes; and (4) the continuity of industry sponsor support, i.e., commitment to the collaboration.
Upregulated WAVE3 expression is essential for TGF-β-mediated EMT and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. Metastasis accounts for the death of ~90 % of these patients, yet the mechanisms underlying this event remain poorly defined. WAVE3 belongs to the WASP/WAVE family of actin-binding proteins that play essential roles in regulating cell morphology, actin polymerization, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell motility, and invasion. Accordingly, we demonstrated previously that WAVE3 promotes the acquisition of invasive and metastatic phenotypes by human breast cancers. Herein, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) selectively and robustly induced the expression of WAVE3 in metastatic breast cancer cells, but not in their nonmetastatic counterparts. Moreover, the induction of WAVE3 expression in human and mouse triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs) by TGF-β likely reflects its coupling to microRNA expression via a Smad2- and β3 integrin-dependent mechanism. We further demonstrate the requirement for WAVE3 expression in mediating the initiation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs stimulated by TGF-β. Indeed, stable depletion of WAVE3 expression in human TNBC cells prevented TGF-β from inducing EMT programs and from stimulating the proliferation, migration, and the formation of lamellipodia in metastatic TNBC cells. Lastly, we observed WAVE3 deficiency to abrogate the outgrowth of TNBC cell organoids in 3-dimensional organotypic cultures as well as to decrease the growth and metastasis of 4T1 tumors produced in syngeneic Balb/C mice. Indeed, WAVE3 deficiency significantly reduced the presence of sarcomatoid morphologies indicative of EMT phenotypes in pulmonary TNBC tumors as compared to those detected in their parental counterparts. Collectively, these findings indicate the necessity for WAVE3 expression and activity during EMT programs stimulated by TGF-β; they also suggest that measures capable of inactivating WAVE3 may play a role in alleviating metastasis stimulated by TGF-β.
Diuretic and hemodynamic effects of furosemide in the isolated dog kidney

The effects of furosemide on the renal concentrating mechanism and on intrarenal hemodynamics were assessed in isolated blood-perfused dog kidneys. The natriuretic, diuretic and hemodynamic responses to furosemide were lesser in magnitude and shorter in duration than those seen in intact animals. Indocyanine green dye dilution curves were used to assess the intrarenal distribution of blood flow. The washout curve prior to furosemide was described by three components. After furosemide, the curve was described by four components. The greatest change in intrarenal distribution of blood flow after furosemide occurred in the noncortical compartments. The data suggest a disproportionately greater increase in medullary blood flow after furosemide. Blood flow through the slow-flow compartments increased 107% whereas flow through the fast-flow compartment increased only 7%. This is in agreement with our previous hypothesis that the increase in renal blood flow and, more importantly, the redistribution of blood flow, produced by furosemide can markedly enhance the effect of the drug, particularly on the concentrating mechanism.
Differential response of AMP deaminase isozymes to changes in the adenylate energy charge.

Abstract AMP deaminase has been prepared from white skeletal muscle fibers, red skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle and liver. The isozymes from skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and liver can be readily distinguished from one another by the shape of the adenylate energy charge response curve. However, the enzyme prepared from different skeletal muscles which consists of predominately red or white fibers are indistinguishable from one another by this criterion.
The Moral, Social and Political Responsibility of Educational Researchers: Resisting the Current Quest for Certainty.

Abstract In the last decade a number of national and international activities and public policies in the US have converged to prescribe a particular conception of educational research. Randomized control trials have been set as the “gold standard” and educational researchers are now pressed to come up with “solid” evidenced-based findings of “what works” on the basis of which interventions can be designed to improve educational practice. These efforts have the potential to marginalize many educational researchers and practitioners and to further regiment education and schooling in ways that privilege particular interests while ignoring the local, cultural, and socio-political positioning of students, teachers and researchers. The purpose here is to understand the meaning and origin of this prescriptive move by international and national agencies, and their actual and potential consequences. This article provides an in depth analysis of a number of critical issues for the work of educational researchers and practitioners and examine the anachronistic nature of these public policies and activities, and their connection to globalization and a neo-liberal market economy.
A tetranuclear tungsten carbido alkoxide cluster with a hydride ligand: W4(?-C)(NMe)(OCH2Bu t )11(H)

A minor product in the reaction between W2(NMe2)6 and neopentanol in hydrocarbon solvents has been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis,1H and13C NMR spectroscopy and a single crystal X-ray study. At −174°C,a=11.669(1) A,b=25.801(5) A,c=24.345(4) A, β=100.91(1)°,Z=4,d calcd=1.60 g cm−3, and space group P21/c. The compound is formulated as W4(μ4-C)(NMe)(OCH2Bu t )11 (H). There is a W4-butterfly and the carbido group is cradled between the wing-tip and back-bone W atoms with W-C=1.90–1.96 and 2.20–2.26 A, respectively. The five W-W bonding distances span a narrow range 2.74–2.84 A. The structure of this molecule resembles that previously reported for W4(μ4-C)(NMe)(OPr i )12 where one OPr i ligand bonded to a backbone W atom is replaced by a hydride ligand. The hydride was not located crystallographically but is implicated by (i)a void at one W atom, (ii) itstrans-influence as determined by the W-O bond distance of the group trans to the void, and (iii) electron counting which requires the presence of a W4(μ4-C)14+ rather than a W4(μ4-C)13+ moiety in order to account for the observed diamagnetism. The present finding is compared with the previous preparations and characterizations of W4(μ4-C)14+ alkoxide supported clusters.
A systems approach to fixture planning and design

Within the last decade, the manufacturing research community has addressed many of the micro issues of automating the fixture design process using computers. Most of this research has concentrated on the geometric and kinematic factors that determine the configuration of a computer-aided fixture design (CAFXD) system. However, before the implementation of any of the researched micro issues can be accomplished, a systematic approach to fixture planning and design must be recognised that considers the macro issues (process planning and fixture design) of the complete design to manufacturing process. In order to improve the effectiveness and implementation of researched micro issues in fixture design, a generic model of the functional activities can provide an understanding of the process and information exchanged between process planning and fixture design. This paper presents such a generic IDEF working model that promotes the functional integration of these two functions — developed from a systems perspective.
Caring for the Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Acute Care Setting

PURPOSE. This article explores the challenges that patients with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) face when hospitalized and provides assessment strategies and plan-of-care suggestions for nursing caregivers. CONCLUSIONS. With a high prevalence rate of medical comorbidities among this population, such as gastrointestinal complaints and seizures, nurses are likely to care for hospitalized patients with an ASD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. For a child with
The division of the Martian eccentricity from Hipparchos to Kepler: A history of the approximations to Kepler motion

Any planetary theory with pretensions of quantitative validity must grapple with the inequality of movement due to Kepler motion. This was so in antiquity no less than today. The technical details of six historically important planetary models are discussed. The relationships of the models to one another and to the real motions of the planets are examined with simple geometrical techniques. The discussion centers on the history of the attempts to provide a model for the motion of Mars.
A Comparison of the Spatial Distribution of Agriculture and Craft Specialization in Five State-Level Societies

Anthropological approaches to understanding regional household economic strategies in complex societies have been poorly theorized and modeled. This paper contributes to theoretical development in this area by describing a model based on intensification and diversification. Then, the model is evaluated using systematic archaeological, historical, and ethnographic data from five premodern/early modern states (Mesoamerica, England, Mediterranean Europe, China, and Thailand). The results indicate that peasant households made decisions regarding agricultural intensification and craft specialization that match theoretical expectations based on a rational-choice approach. Cross-culturally, the outcome of these choices has been the development of a spatial division of labor with agricultural intensification in areas of prime arable land and a mix of extensive agriculture and craft specialization in marginal areas, under specific demand conditions. This model provides an alternative to the traditional approaches ...
Histogram Matching for Camera Pose Neighbor Selection

A prerequisite to calibrated camera pose estimation is the construction of a camera neighborhood adjacency graph, a connected graph defining the pose neighbors of the camera set. Pose neighbors to a camera C are images containing sufficient overlap in image content with the image from C that they can be used to correctly estimate the pose of C using structure-from-motion techniques. In a video stream, the camera neighborhood adjacency graph is often a simple connected path; frame poses are only estimated relative to their immediate neighbors. We propose a novel method to build more complex camera adjacency graphs that are suitable for estimating the pose of large numbers of wide- and narrow-baseline images. We employ Content-Based Image Retrieval techniques to identify similar images likely to be graph neighbors. We also develop an optimization to improve graph accuracy that is based on an observation of common camera motions taken when photographing with the intent of structure-from-motion. Our results substantiate the use of our method for determining neighbors for pose estimation.
Sgt1p Is a Unique Co-chaperone That Acts as a Client Adaptor to Link Hsp90 to Skp1p

Sgt1p is a conserved, essential protein required for kinetochore assembly in both yeast and animal cells. Sgt1p has homology to both TPR and p23 domains, sequences often found in proteins that interact with and regulate the molecular chaperone, Hsp90. The presence of these domains and the recent findings that Sgt1p interacts with Hsp90 has led to the speculation that Sgt1p and Hsp90 form a co-chaperone complex. To test this possibility, we have used purified recombinant proteins to characterize the in vitro interactions between yeast Sgt1p and Hsp82p (an Hsp90 homologue in yeast). We show that Sgt1p interacts directly with Hsp82p via its p23 homology region in a nucleotide-dependent manner. However, Sgt1p binding does not alter the enzymatic activity of Hsp82p, suggesting that it is distinct from other co-chaperones. We find that Sgt1p can form a ternary chaperone complex with Hsp82p and Sti1p, a well characterized Hsp90 co-chaperone. Sgt1p interacts with its binding partner Skp1p through its TPR domains and links Skp1p to the core Hsp82p-Sti1p co-chaperone complex. The multidomain nature of Sgt1p and its ability to bridge the interaction between Skp1p and Hsp82p argue that Sgt1p acts as a "client adaptor" recruiting specific clients to Hsp82p co-chaperone complexes.
Minimally Invasive Approach for Pneumonectomy Culminating in An Outpatient Procedure

Study objective To establish the effects of the use of a clinical pathway that includes a minimally invasive access among patients undergoing pneumonectomy. Design Prospective study from February to December of 1997. Setting A community hospital. Patients Five consecutive patients with a mean age of 60 years (range 43 to 74 years) with lung malignancies who required pneumonectomy. Interventions Clinical pathway based on patient education, a meticulous minimally invasive operation (oblique muscle-sparing minithoracotomy), intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia, and a quick postoperative resumption of physical activity. Results All five patients were extubated in the operating room. They all had unrestricted shoulder mobility in the recovery room, and none required intravenous narcotics after leaving this unit. All patients were out of bed the day of the operation, and one patient was able to ambulate freely only a few hours after the procedure. Four patients were discharged the day after surgery, and one patient was discharged the same day of the operation. None required readmission related to the procedure. Conclusion This initial experience seems to indicate that the application of this clinical pathway in patients undergoing pneumonectomy greatly accelerates their recovery and, for a select group of patients, converts it into an outpatient procedure.
Increases in Interstitial Adenosine and Cerebral Blood Flow with Inhibition of Adenosine Kinase and Adenosine Deaminase

Summary: The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in interstitial fluid (ISF) adenosine and cerebral blood flow (CBF) during inhibition of adenosine kinase or adenosine deaminase. Brain microdialysis was used to (a) measure CBF (H2 clearance), (b) sample cerebral ISF, and (c) deliver drugs locally to the brain. Microdialysis probes were implanted bilaterally in the caudate nucleus of halothane-anesthetized rats (n = 11). One probe was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing iodotubercidin (IODO), an adenosine kinase inhibitor, while the other probe was perfused with erythro-2-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor. Both probes were subsequently perfused with EHNA + IODO. Finally, 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (SPT), an adenosine receptor antagonist, was added to EHNA + IODO in one probe, while the other probe continued to receive only EHNA + IODO. CBF and dialysate adenosine levels increased with either EHNA or IODO; however, the increases were greater with IODO. EHNA + IODO further increased CBF and dialysate adenosine. The hyperemia observed with EHNA + IODO was abolished by adenosine receptor blockade. These data suggest that basal adenosine levels are influenced to a greater extent by adenosine kinase than by adenosine deaminase. In addition, the increased CBF observed with inhibition of adenosine metabolism and the attenuation of this vasodilatory response with adenosine receptor blockade support a role for adenosine in CBF regulation
The Package Assignment Model

We study assignment problems where individuals trade packages consisting of several, rather than single, objects. Although buyers' reservations values are non-additive, efficient assignments can be formulated as a linear programming problem in which the pricing functions expressing duality may be non-linear in the objects constituting the packages. The interconnections among the linear programming formulation, Walrasian equilibrium, and the core are established. In the single seller (auction) version, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the Vickrey payoff point to be implementable by a pricing equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C62, D44, D51.
Visual projections induced into the auditory pathway of ferrets. I. Novel inputs to primary auditory cortex (AI) from the LP/pulvinar complex and the topography of the MGN‐AI projection

The organization of cortical circuitry responsible for processing sensory information is a subject of intense examination. However, it is not known whether cortical cells in different sensory cortices process information in a way that is specific to the modality of their input, or whether there are commonalities in processing circuitry across different cortices. In our laboratory, this question has been investigated at the level of the geniculocortical pathway by routing information of one sensory modality into the processing circuitry of another modality. Appropriate early lesions cause growth of retinal axons into the auditory thalamus (MGN) (Sur et al., Science 242:1437, '88). Previously, we have established that the MGN carries the resulting visual information on to primary auditory cortex (AI), which thus contains visually responsive neurons and a topographic representation of the retina (Roe et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 14:460, '88; Sur et al., Science 242:1437, '88). In this paper, we describe anomalous projections from the dorsal part of the thalamus, specifically the lateral posterior/pulvinar complex, into AI. This result demonstrates that thalamic neurons belonging to one modality can be induced to project to cortex that is normally of a different modality. In addition, we have studied in detail the nature of the MGN to AI projection in these animals as compared to the normal projection. The MGN to AI projection appears to be unaltered by the lesions; the location and topography of labelled cells are similar to that in normal animals. Because the MGN to AI projection is still highly divergent along the "isofrequency" dimension when compared to the tonotopic dimension, our data suggest that visual topography in the cortical map is created within the auditory cortex, perhaps by activity-dependent sharpening of the retinal representation during development.
Liquid chromatography/dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of non-polar compounds

Abstract Liquid chromatography dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC/DA-APCI-MS) has been introduced and demonstrated as a promising method for the analysis of non-polar compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied as non-polar representatives. Chlorobenzene, toluene and anisole were explored as dopants with anisole achieving the best results. Using anisole as the dopant, signal to noise ratio (S/N) for PAHs were up to two orders of magnitude better than those achieved with LC/APCI-MS under identical conditions. While predominant M + ions were observed for fourteen of the sixteen PAHs by LC/DA-APCI-MS, predominant [M−H]+ ions were observed for acenaphthene and fluorene whose structure is different from other PAHs by containing cyclopenta-fused rings formed by methylene (–CH2–) insertion. PAH and solvent adduct ions, e.g., [M+CH2CN]+, were also observed for a few PAHs. Reactant ion mass spectra of LC/DA-APCI-MS were examined in detail. All three dopants generated chemical background ions at m/z ≤ 250, which possibly limited the use of high dopant flow rates to improve the S/N of low-molecular-mass PAHs. They also generated predominant D + ions. In comparison with toluene, almost two and seven times more D + ions were observed by chlorobenzene and anisole, respectively. In addition to predominant D + ions, anisole also generated noticeable amount of [D+H]+ ions. Toluene generated not only [D+H]+ but also [D−H]+ ions. Therefore, while a charge exchange reaction could be mainly responsible for the ionization of PAHs, a proton transfer reaction followed by in-source fragmentation could also be responsible.
“I wanted a soul mate”: Gendered Anticipation and Frameworks of Accountability in Parents' Preferences for Sons and Daughters

This article draws on qualitative interview data from a diverse sample of parents in New England to explore the preferences they recall having for sons or daughters prior to parenthood. Before their children even arrive, potential parents are not only building the foundation for the gendered interests and tendencies they expect those children to have but also sharpening their sense of themselves as gendered persons, through the connections they anticipate sharing with their future children. Applying Fenstermaker, West, and Zimmerman's (2002) approach to gender as a situated accomplishment, I argue that through their gendered anticipation, parents reproduce a framework of accountability to gendered expectations, casting as essential features of their potential children and themselves gendered tendencies that are better understood as products rather than causes of the interactions parents anticipate. I consider the significance of such anticipation not only for the children these parents eventually raised but also for reproducing the frameworks of accountability that affect other parents and children more broadly.
Data Challenges in Development of a Regional Assignment: Simulation Model to Evaluate Transit Signal Priority in Chicago

Recent years have seen major advances in the field of simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA), resulting in the development of DTA software packages capable of simulating real-world networks. However, simulation of such networks requires not only sophisticated algorithms and software, but also large and detailed data sets. Although algorithmic and software-related issues in large-scale DTA development have received considerable research attention, there is little reported experience with the data-related challenges in real-world applications of large-scale simulation models. There were challenges in using a large-scale simulation-assignment model for evaluation of transit signal priority (TSP) in the Chicago, Illinois, region. Relevant impacts of TSP are described, to provide a framework for comparing simulation approaches and data sets. The practice of using microsimulation models to evaluate TSP impacts on short corridors is compared with that of using regional assignment-simulation approaches, with an emphasis on TSP impacts that can be captured and observed with each one of the approaches. The data sets used for the regional Chicago TSP study are then described, along with assumptions made to adapt each data set to the task of regional time-dependent simulation.
Acrylic cement pulmonary embolus masquerading as an embolized central venous catheter fragment

An acrylic cement pulmonary embolus is a rare complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty. Many patients remain completely asymptomatic, but others may present with chest discomfort, dyspnea, and even cardiovascular collapse leading to death. Here we present an asymptomatic patient initially thought to have a central venous catheter pulmonary artery embolus based on the morphology of the foreign body on imaging exams. A more thorough investigation established the diagnosis of an acrylic cement pulmonary embolus resulting from percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures performed many months before the embolus discovery. The diagnostic work-up, treatment strategy, and a review of the literature are presented.
Decision rules for site fidelity in a migratory bird, the Prothonotary Warbler

I studied 787 female and 510 male Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) breeding in southern Illinois, USA, from 1994 to 2000 to test two competing hy- potheses that may explain between-year breeding-site fidelity in migratory birds. I exper- imentally manipulated the nesting success of randomly chosen female (n = 187) and male (n = 139) warblers during 1997-2000 to test the "decision rules" hypothesis. The site fidelity of individuals increased significantly with an increase in the number of broods produced (zero, one, or two) and >80% of those that were double-brooded returned to sites the following year. Territory fidelity of individuals that returned to study sites also increased with increased reproductive success. The "renesting stress" hypothesis was not supported because site fidelity was unaffected by the number of nesting attempts made. Site fidelity did not differ between sexes, but territory fidelity was higher for males than for females. Mate fidelity, age, and brood parasitism by cowbirds had little effect on site and territory fidelity. Nesting success on Prothonotary Warbler territories was predictable between years, and individuals benefited by returning to territories where two broods were produced or by dispersing from territories where no broods were produced. These results support the decision rules hypothesis and demonstrate a causal relationship whereby individuals use their own reproductive experience at a site to assess the current and potential future quality of the location and then respond accordingly by returning or not returning. Decision rules may allow these birds to avoid sites with chronically high rates of nest predation and to concentrate in areas where nesting success is high.
Convex surrogates and stable message-passing: joint parameter estimation and prediction in coupled gaussian mixture models

The coupled mixture of Gaussian (MoG) model is a graphical model useful for various applications in signal processing. The parameter estimation and prediction problems, though tractable for tree-structured graphs, are intractable when the local mixture models are coupled together with a more complex graph with cycles. We present a joint approach to parameter estimation and prediction/smoothing problems in a coupled MoG model for an arbitrary graph with cycles. Our method exploits a convex surrogate to the cumulant generating function, for which both the parameter estimation and prediction steps can be solved efficiently by a tree-reweighted sum-product algorithm. We prove that our methods are globally Lipschitz stable, and provide bounds on the increase in MSE relative to the (unattainable) Bayes optimum. We also present the results of experimental simulations that both confirm these theoretical results, and show that our method outperforms the analogous method based on the ordinary' sum-product algorithm
Generating Burst-Error Correcting Codes from Orthogonal Latin Square Codes -- A Graph Theoretic Approach

The paper proposes a scheme by which an Orthogonal Latin Square code (OLS) can be modified to correct burst-errors of specific length. The method discussed in this paper models it as a graph coloring problem where the goal is to resolve conflicts in the existing OLS code in order for it to correct burst-errors. Conflicts are resolved by reordering and/or reorganizing existing parity relations by inclusion of extra check bits. The graph coloring approach tries to minimize the number of additional check bits required. The final OLS code after reordering and/or reorganizing would be capable of correcting burst-errors of specific length in addition to its original error correction capabilities.
Does taper angle clearance influence fretting and corrosion damage at the head–stem interface? A matched cohort retrieval study

Previous studies have speculated that modular taper design may have an effect on the corrosion and material loss at the taper surfaces. We present a novel method to measure taper angle for retrieved head taper and stem trunnions using a roundness machine (Talyrond 585, Taylor Hobson, UK). We also investigated the relationship between taper angle clearance and visual fretting-corrosion score at the taper-trunnion junction using a matched cohort study of 50 ceramic and 50 metal head-stem pairs. In this study, no correlation was observed between the taper angle clearance and the visual fretting-corrosion scores in either the ceramic or the metal cohorts.
Characterizing ectopic pregnancies that rupture despite treatment with methotrexate.

Objective To identify risk factors for tubal rupture among ectopic pregnancies treated with methotrexate (MTX). Design Retrospective case-control analysis. Setting An urban medical center. Patient(s) Eighty-one women diagnosed with an ectopic gestation treated with MTX: 19 patients experienced subsequent tubal rupture, and 62 patients experienced ectopic resolution. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Predictive variables including serial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) values. Result(s) The hCG incremental rate before as well as after MTX administration was positively associated with tubal rupture. HCG values prior to ectopic diagnosis that increased at least 66% over 48 hours and rising hCG values after treatment with methotrexate were independent predictors of tubal rupture. A disproportionate number (47%) of ectopic pregnancies that ruptured were located in the tubal isthmus. Conclusion(s) The hCG incremental rate both before and after MTX represents an independent risk factor for subsequent tubal rupture. Concentrations of hCG before ectopic diagnosis that increased at least 66% over 48 hours, or persistently rising hCG concentrations after treatment with MTX, may lower the threshold for surgical intervention. Implantation site may represent an unidentifiable risk factor for tubal rupture.
Long-term expression of canine FVIIa in hemophilic dogs

The traditional treatment for hemophilia has been by protein replacement. This is complicated by the development of inhibitory antibodies to the infused factor (Factor VIII [FVIII] or Factor IX [FIX]). High-dose infusion of recombinant activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) has a long track record of success in such patients but its short-half life limits its use in prophylaxis. We have developed an alternative strategy by continuous expression of activated FVII from a transgene that is introduced into the host by means of gene transfer. For this, we modified the FVII cDNA to introduce a cleavage site between the light and heavy chain that would generate a FVII molecule secreted in the two-chain, activated form. Using viral-mediated delivery and expression from a liver-specific promoter (or as a transgenic approach) we demonstrated the long-term hemostatic efficacy of this approach in hemophilic mice. Subsequently, we used the canine version of our modified FVII and via gene transfer, showed multi-year phenotypic correction in hemophilic dogs, clearly evident by the absence of spontaneous bleeds that are characteristic in this animal model. No adverse events were observed throughout the study. Remarkably, clinical benefit was also observed in one treated dog despite the lack of hemostatic effect by in vitro assays. Overall, the results in this large animal model of hemophilia indicate the potential of gene-based continuous expression of activated FVII as a therapeutic strategy for hemophilia or other coagulation defects currently treated by rFVIIa.
Studies on cellular adhesion in tissue culture. IX. Electrophoretic mobility and contact phenomena.

Abstract Of two strains of cells maintained in spinner culture, a strain derived from a mouse mastocytoma did not adhere to glass surfaces in the presence of serum, whereas a strain derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma did. In the absence of serum, both strains adhered to glass. These variations in cell contact properties could not be accounted for in terms of lyophobic colloid theory, based on measurements of several average parameters of the cell periphery. It was concluded that while lyophobic colloid stability theories may well provide a basis for analysing contact phenomena at microscopic level, macroscopic, average measurements such as cellular electrophoretic mobilities, do not yield data directly utilizable in support of the validity of this application of the theories.
Phase-Locked Loop Operation in the Presence of Impulsive and Guassian Noise

A first-order phase-locked loop with detuning is considered in the presence of white Gaussian noise and random amplitude impulsive noise with Poisson times. The stochastic equation for the phase error density is of infinite order, but when the stationary mod-2π phase density is represented by a Fourier series, a linear second-order difference equation is the Fourier coefficients results. The difference equation is solved numerically, and the phase error density is generated from the Fourier series. This method uses no approximations and is valid for any impulsive amplitude probability density.
Some suggested implications of the product life cycle for public recreation and park agency managers.

Empirical evidence has been presented elsewhere suggesting that the product life cycle concept may appropriately be applied to municipal recreation and park departments. This concept describes the predictable stages of consumer acceptance through which any product or institution is likely to go. This paper suggests that one of the important implications of recognizing the concept is that each stage of the cycle requires a unique managerial response and strategy. A scenario is provided which describes identifiable differences in the managerial response to each stage. The implications of these differences for recreation and park managers are discussed. Three alternative strategies for securing “best fit” between managerial proficiency and life cycle stage are presented.
Peer Sexual Harassment Finding Voice, Changing Culture— An Intervention Strategy for Adolescent Females

This exploratory intervention study examines the effectiveness of a single-sex women's studies course in reducing sexual harassment in an at-risk high school. It was hypothesized that the young women's loci of control would become more internal as a result of the course and participants would feel they had more control over their lives. Findings indicate that participants' knowledge of sexual harassment gained from the intervention had been retained and reports of sexual harassment increased. Administrative referrals for sexual harassment within the school were reduced by one third during the semester following the intervention. Participants' perceptions of their levels of internality increased over time.
Drag reduction in cocurrent horizontal natural gas‐hexane pipe flow

Drag reduction in two-phase cocurrent horizontal natural gas-hexane pipe flow was studied experimentally. The effects of pipe diameter, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and additive concentration were investigated using the Dowell APE drag reducer. In the annular-mist flow regime studied, it was found that drag reduction increased with decreasing gas rate for a given liquid rate, drag reduction decreased with increasing friction velocity and it decreased with decreasing gas-liquid ratio for a given friction velocity. Although the drag reduction decreased rapidly as the liquid-gas ratio approached zero, drag reductions as high as 34 percent were obtained. Attempts to predict two-phase drag reduction were unsuccessful as it was found to depend upon friction velocity, liquid and gas rates, liquid-gas rate ratio, pipe diameter and additive concentration.