cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin 2 Type 1 Receptor Blockade with Neprilysin Inhibition for Chronic Heart Failure: A New Paradigm?

A new treatment for heart failure (HF) combining angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor blockade with inhibition of the widespread membrane-bound enzyme, neprilysin (NEP), seems likely to take treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) a major step forward. Neurohormonal pathways are central to the evolution and progression of HF irrespective of the exact initial triggering cardiac injury or overload, and our current evidence-based treatments for this condition depend upon antagonism of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous (SNS) systems through prescription of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs), mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) and blockers of beta-adrenoceptors (beta blockers). Properly deployed, these therapies reduce 1-year mortality to less than half than that suffered by patients with HF in the pre-1980s era. 1,2 However, despite this clear impact upon the outcome of this deadly syndrome, 5-year mortality in CHF remains greater than 50%. This poor outlook plus the continuing high prevalence of HF mandates an ongoing search for more effective treatments. 3 The therapeutic advances outlined above were established by the turn of the 21st century and until now, trials of new neurohormonal interventions over the last 15 years have been largely disappointing. Examples include therapeutic trials, all based on impeccable rationales and supported by encouraging preclinical data and positive phase 1 and 2 clinical data of endothelin 1 antagonists, arginine vasopressin blockers and direct renin inhibitors. 4-6 When subjected to the test of full phase 3 randomised controlled clinical trials, none of these approaches has proven to reduce cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in HF, although some secondary end-points such as readmission with recurrent, acute decompensated HF may show a benefi cial trend and useful niche applications have developed such as the use of endothelin antagonists in pulmonary hypertension and of AVP blockers in accelerating correction of hyponatraemia complicating HF. In the 1990s, an effort was made to add enhancement of benefi cial endogenous adaptive responses
Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Transfer to Bladder in Vivo

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the potential for gene therapy in bladder in vivo using adenoviral vectors. Gene transfer to rat bladders was accomplished via direct intravesical instillation using a replication-defective adenoviral vector containing a marker gene encoding for Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (β-gal). Successful gene transfer was confirmed by analyzing bladder samples for DNA and RNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for β-gal and adeno sequences, detecting β-gal in full-thickness bladder wall using specific histochemical staining (X-gal) and documenting recombinant protein production. Bladder architecture was preserved, without evidence of distant spread of virus as assessed by PCR. Gene expression was evident for at least 7 days. In summary, bladder cells can be genetically altered using replication-deficient adenoviral vectors via simple intravesical instillation of vector. Introduction of exogenous genetic material is a potentially powerful therape...
The Dialogic Witness: New Metaphors of Creative and Ethical Work in Documentary Photography

Howard Gardner described the troubling relationship between creativity and ethics in the sciences:” On the one hand, science and innovation proceed apace, ever conquering new frontiers. On the other hand, traditional restraints against wanton experimentation and abuse appear to be tenuous” (2006, p. 53). In domains like the sciences that have well-defined professional structures, an effective approach to issues at the intersection of creativity, ethics, and morality may be an appeal, like Gardner’s, to practitioners and educators working in the field. The domain of photography suffers from a similar imbalance between the application of innovative technology and attention to ethical or moral concerns. But characteristics of the field, such as porous boundaries between genres, a loose professional structure, and limited gatekeeping capacity, mitigate the effectiveness of addressing issues from within the professional realm. Innovations in the domain have enabled all of us to make, produce, and publish photographs, blurring the line between amateur and professional, making matters of ethical and creative significance both harder to address and of greater concern. Documentary photography, a genre that includes a variety of styles, forms, and purposes defined by focused subject matter, not aesthetic form (Abbot, 2010; Bogre, 2012), is of particular relevance to these issues. This chapter takes a broad and historical view of the domain and identifies culturally embedded assumptions that threaten creative efforts and undermine ethical practices.
Abstract 4071: Targeted disruption of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase in mouse epidermis reveals its critical role in chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis

Environmental factors such as chemical toxicants contribute to the development of skin cancer by creating mutations in housekeeping genes and proto-oncogenes which disrupt intracellular signaling mechanisms. One vital signaling mechanism is tyrosine phosphorylation signaling. Phosphotyrosine signaling is regulated by the counter-activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Recently we reported TC-PTP (PTPN2) is critical regulator of STAT3 signaling in mouse keratinocytes. To assess the role of TC-PTP in skin carcinogenesis, we generated epidermal-specific TC-PTP-deficient (K14Cre.PTPN2 fl/fl ) transgenic mice. Loss of TC-PTP led to a desensitization to tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced apoptosis both in vivo epidermis and in vitro keratinocytes. TC-PTP deficiency in epidermis resulted in a significant increase in epidermal thickness and hyperproliferation (assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index) compared to control mice following treatment with the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Consistently, primary keratinocytes derived from TC-PTP-deficient mice showed a faster growth rate. To further investigate the role of TC-PTP in skin carcinogenesis, TC-PTP-deficient mice were subjected to two-stage skin carcinogenesis analysis. TC-PTP-deficient mice showed a shortened latency of tumor development and significantly increased numbers of tumors compared to control mice, demonstrating TC-PTP deficiency predisposes mice to skin carcinogenesis. The data reveals TC-PTP may be a novel potential target for the prevention of skin cancer due to its role in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in epidermis. Citation Format: Hyunseung Lee, Mihwa Kim, Liza D. Morales, Thomas J. Slaga, John DiGiovanni, Dae J. Kim. Targeted disruption of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase in mouse epidermis reveals its critical role in chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4071.
Early feeding after esophagectomy may be too early

The timing of resuming oral diet after esophagectomy is controversial, with little experimental evidence supporting the strategies of early (within the first 2 postoperative days) and conventional (after the fifth postoperative days). Weijs and colleagues have recently reported the results of a longitudinal study of feeding after minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy, comparing a group of 50 patients in whom feeding was started early to a retrospective cohort of 50 patients, in whom feeding was delayed until postoperative days 4–7. The primary endpoints, anastomotic leak and pneumonia, were not statistically different in the two groups, the authors conclude that immediate resumption of oral nutrition not increase complications compared to the retrospective cohort.
Influence of Plasmids on Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Listeria monocytogenes.

Two of nine strains of Listeria monocytogenes examined were found to contain plasmid DNA. Strain 19112 contained a 31.1 kb plasmid and strain 7644 contained a 49.4 kb plasmid. Each of the strains was cured of its plasmid by heat treatment at 46°C. Both the wild-type and plasmid-negative forms of each strain were screened for cadmium resistance. The 31.1 kb plasmid of L. monocytogenes 19112 was shown to confer resistance to cadmium. Listeria monocytogenes 7644 did not show resistance to cadmium. The plasmids for both strains were isolated and purified by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. Each plasmid was electroporated back into the respective plasmid-negative strain. The catalase (CA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined for the wild type, plasmid-negative and electroporated strains. There was a significant decrease in CA and SOD activities upon loss of the plasmid from each strain of L. monocytogenes . Strain 19112 showed a 36% decrease in CA activity and an 81% decrease in SOD activity as a result of plasmid removal. Strain 7644 showed a 22% decrease in both CA and SOD activities following plasmid loss. Catalase and SOD activity levels increased for both strains following reinsertion of the plasmid through electroporation. Catalase and SOD activity levels of L. monocytogenes 7644 were higher for the transformed strain than those of the wild type. Catalase and SOD activity levels of transformed L. monocytogenes 19112 were less than in the corresponding wild type. It appears that plasmids in L. monocytogenes strains 19112 and 7644 may be involved in influencing the regulation of the production of CA and SOD. Plasmid copy number may influence the level of activity of these enzymes.
Heavy Metal Enlightens Tumor Immunity

A deep understanding of the immune landscape in human cancer is essential for guiding the development of immunotherapy to benefit more patients with long-lasting efficacy. Now, two studies from Lavin et al. and Chevrier et al. employ mass cytometry to study immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, respectively.
Color-based visual sentiment for social communication

Social media platforms provide rich signal sets to understand the nature of social life, and sentiment analysis techniques have been developed to understand the emotional content of text from sites like Twitter and Facebook. Beyond text however, most social media platforms have images at their core, and communication of images may require quantization. Here, we develop methods and present results on understanding the association between the visual content features of images on the popular social media platform Instagram and the psycholinguistic sentiment of their hashtag descriptors. In particular, we collect several thousand images and analyze several aspects of color to predict image sentiment. These results affirm and clarify several psychological theories on the relationship between color and mood/emotion, such as colorfulness being associated with happiness. The data-driven psychovisual insights into sentiment developed herein can be used to define novel fidelity criteria for designing color quantization schemes.
Exploring a Bayesian method for examining the regional ceramic sequence along the Georgia Coast

This report presents an exploratory Bayesian modeling program of a recently compiled radiocarbon database for the Georgia Coast. Through use of the region’s well-established ceramic sequence as the...
Factors influencing satisfaction among teacher candidates and cooperating teachers in conducting a functional behavior assessment

Abstract Functional behavior assessments (FBAs) and Behavior Intervention Plans (BIPs) support learners with behavior problems, but it is unclear which factors enhance FBA/BIP development. University students (n = 81) in a behavior course and their field-based cooperating teacher (CT; n = 35) responded to a survey. Only 12% of CTs were highly satisfied, and a low percentage of students were highly satisfied with FBA or BIP development (26% and 21%, respectively). Variables correlating with CT satisfaction ( R 2 = 0.966) and student satisfaction ( R 2 = 0.952 and 0.963, respectively) and implications for FBA/BIP development, field placements, and university–school partnerships are discussed.
Auricular Prosthetic Rehabilitation

The complete or partial loss of an ear can have a negative impact on self-esteem, and physical disfigurement can impair social integration. An auricular prosthesis can replace the absent or partially absent ear resulting from tumor ablation, infection, congenital defect, or trauma. This chapter briefly describes considerations in fabricating an auricular prosthesis as well as case presentations to support the benefit of a prosthetic ear compared to soft tissue reconstruction.
Locally optimal, delay-tolerant predictive source coding

While lossy predictive coding systems well-exploit statistical correlation to achieve good compression of images, video, and speech signals, the local optimality property that exists for the design of non-predictive coding systems (e.g. scalar and unconstrained vector quantization) does not hold for existing predictive coding systems. The reason is the myopic nature of the (instantaneous) predictive encoder, which performs nearest neighbor encoding of the prediction residual without considering the effect this choice has on the distortion incurred in quantizing future samples. We redress this problem in a delay-tolerant setting, proposing an iterative, locally optimal predictive encoder. For predictive quantizer design, the implication is that, unlike existing approaches, we have a locally optimal algorithm, which strictly descends in the training set distortion, and with guaranteed convergence to a locally optimal predictive quantization solution. Moreover, during operation/testing, our iterative encoding is guaranteed to yield lower distortion than standard (instantaneous) encoding, as it can iterate upon (and strictly improve upon) such encoding. A fixed delay variant of our infinite-delay system yields significant dB gains in distortion (up to 0.6 dB at 1 bit per sample) over standard DPCM encoding, in encoding first order Gauss-Markov sources with quite modest delay (a maximum encoding delay of 6 samples). Moreover, this is just the gain from our improved encoding (given a fixed quantizer/predictor) — additional gains come from our locally optimal design, over existing (suboptimal) predictive quantizer design techniques. Future work will consider extensions for higher order prediction, for predictive vector quantization, and image/video application domains.
Impaired Fasting Glucose and the Risk of Incident Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Events in an Adult Population: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Objectives The purpose of the study was to assess the cardiovascular risk of impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Background The associations between IFG, incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular (CV) events remains unclear. Methods The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study included participants who were 45 to 84 years or age and free of clinical CV disease at baseline (2000 to 2002). Type 2 DM was defined as fasting glucose >125 mg/dl or receiving antidiabetes medication at baseline and follow-up examinations; IFG was defined as no T2DM and fasting glucose 100 to 125 mg/dl. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the association between IFG and incident DM and also between IFG and incident CV events. Results Of 6,753 participants included in these analyses, 840 (12.7%) had T2DM and 940 (13.8%) had IFG at the baseline examination. During 7.5 years of follow-up, there were 418 adjudicated CV events. Type 2 DM was associated with an increased CV incidence in the univariate model (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25 to 3.56, p Conclusions Having IFG was not independently associated with an increased short-term risk for incident CV events. These data reiterate the importance of intervention for persons with IFG to reduce their incidence of T2DM.
Health-Care Provider Planned Responses to Patient Misunderstandings about End-of-Life Care.

This study examined health-care provider planned responses to patient misunderstandings about end-of-life care using a multiple goals framework. Plan topics and content alignment with task, identit...
Sizeism in Therapy: Fat Shaming in Supervision

The author, a doctoral student therapist, discusses her experience with a clinical supervisor who fat-shamed a client during supervision. This incident is examined within a shame framework and addr...
Profoundly Improved Plasticity and Tabletability of Griseofulvin by in Situ Solvation and Desolvation during Spherical Crystallization

Griseofulvin (GSF) is a high dose drug exhibiting poor flowability and tabletability, which makes formulating a high drug loading tablet challenging. In using spherical crystallization to improve f...
Cervical Cancer: An Overview of Pathophysiology and Management.

Abstract Objective To provide an overview of the etiology, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term survivorship concerns surrounding cervical cancer. Data Sources A review of articles dated 2006–2018 from PubMed. Conclusion The landscape for cervical cancer is changing dramatically because of vaccine-driven prevention. Despite these advances, there are both newly diagnosed individuals as well as survivors of cervical cancer who require continued evidence-based care. Implication for Nursing Practice Nurses are integral in diverse settings to promote prevention through timely vaccination, as well as to educate patients about the signs, symptoms, and management of cervical cancer when it occurs.
Predicting Microstructure-Sensitive Fatigue-Crack Path in 3D Using a Machine Learning Framework

The overarching aim of this paper is to explore the use of machine learning (ML) to predict the microstructure-sensitive evolution of a three-dimensional (3D) crack surface in a polycrystalline alloy. A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methodology is developed to establish spatial relationships between micromechanical/microstructural features in a cyclically loaded, uncracked microstructure and the 3D crack path, the latter quantified by the vertical deviation (i.e., z-offset) of the crack along a specified axis. The proposed methodology consists of (i) a feature selection and reduction scheme to identify a lower-dimensional representation of the experimentally measured microstructure and computed micromechanical fields, which allows for computational feasibility in predicting the z-offsets; (ii) a CNN model to compute the z-offset as a function of the local, lower-dimensional feature data; and (iii) a radial basis function smoothing spline to ensure spatial continuity between the independently predicted z-offsets. The proposed CNN-based methodology is shown to improve on the accuracies obtained using existing ML models such as XGBoost and to provide a definitive way of quantifying model uncertainty associated with CNN predictions. To further investigate the applicability of ML models, multiple prediction strategies with which to deploy ML algorithms are proposed and the relative performance of ML algorithms corresponding to each prediction strategy are analyzed. The presented work thus provides a framework to find an encoded representation of 3D microstructure and micromechanical data and develop methods to predict microstructure-sensitive crack evolution based on this encoded representation, while quantifying associated prediction uncertainties.
Self-Reported Barriers of Middle-Aged and Older Adults Entering a Home-Based Physical Activity Program

The purpose of this study was to assess barriers experienced by mid-older adults upon entering a homebased, telephone-delivered physical activity (PA) program and examine differences in barriers for subgroups. Methods: Three hundred eighty four participants recruited from Tennessee, California, and Illinois for the Active Choices program, which was part of Active for Life®, completed one face-to-face counseling session and received follow-up telephone counseling. Barriers were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for subgroups of mid-older adults. Results: Personal, social, and environmental themes emerged as barriers. Lack of motivation was most salient for men while health barriers were more prominent for women; however, no significant differences were found between men and women. Both whites and African Americans reported lack of motivation as the most frequent barrier to PA. Health and weather barriers were more prominent for the oldest group of older adults. Few differences were reported by PA or weight status. Conclusions: In a large sample of mid-older adults varying in age, race, gender, and health status, multiple barriers to PA were reported. Differences across subgroups may have implications for future PA interventions.
Conservation of the genome-wide recombination rate in white-footed mice

Despite being linked to the fundamental processes of chromosome segregation and offspring diversification, meiotic recombination rates vary within and between species. Recent years have seen progress in quantifying recombination rate evolution across multiple temporal and genomic scales. Nevertheless, the level of variation in recombination rate within wild populations-a key determinant of evolution in this trait-remains poorly documented on the genomic scale. To address this notable gap, we used immunofluorescent cytology to quantify genome-wide recombination rates in males from a wild population of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. For comparison, we measured recombination rates in a second population of male P. leucopus raised in the laboratory and in male deer mice from the subspecies Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii. Although we found differences between individuals in the genome-wide recombination rate, levels of variation were low-within populations, between populations, and between species. Quantification of synaptonemal complex length and crossover positions along chromosome 1 using a novel automated approach also revealed conservation in broad-scale crossover patterning, including strong crossover interference. We propose stabilizing selection targeting recombination or correlated processes as the explanation for these patterns.
Medical Illness in Gymnasts

Gymnasts, like other athletes, may develop a number of medical illnesses. These illnesses can include infections, respiratory conditions, diabetes, and rhabdomyolysis. Few studies, however, have been done in this specific population on many of these conditions. The most common infections in gymnasts include upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, infectious mononucleosis, and skin infections. Dermatologic conditions can also occur in gymnasts. Because artistic gymnasts swing on bars and rings, they may develop rips on their hands. Athletes who participate in sports that encourage leanness, such as gymnastics, are also at high risk for the female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). The female athlete triad consists of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Eating disorders may also be associated with the female athlete triad and RED-S. Therefore, medical providers should be aware of the signs associated with these potentially dangerous conditions. Finally, due to training indoors and sometimes having poor nutrition, gymnasts are also at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency.
A nonparametric CUSUM control chart for multiple stream processes based on a modified extended median test

In statistical process control applications, situations may arise in which several presumably identical processes or “streams” are desired to be simultaneously monitored. Such a monitoring scenario...
The Rise of Trump, The Fall of Prejudice? Tracking White Americans’ Racial Attitudes Via A Panel Survey, 2008–2018

In his campaign and first few years in office, Donald Trump consistently defied contemporary norms by using explicit, negative rhetoric targeting ethnic/racial minorities. Did this rhetoric lead White Americans to express more or less prejudiced views of African Americans or Hispanics, whether through changing norms around racial prejudice or other mechanisms? We assess that question using a thirteen-wave panel conducted with a population-based sample of Americans between 2008 and 2018. We find that via most measures, White Americans’ expressed anti-Black and anti-Hispanic prejudice declined after Trump’s political emergence, and we can rule out even small increases in the expression of prejudice. These results suggest the limits of racially charged rhetoric’s capacity to heighten prejudice among White Americans overall. They also indicate that rather than being a fixed predisposition, prejudice can shift by reacting against changing presidential rhetoric.
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the associations of COVID-19 social and economic consequences to suicide risk.

Objective The social and economic consequences of COVID-19 and related public health interventions aimed at slowing the spread of the virus have been proposed to increase suicide risk. However, no research has examined these relations. This study examined the relations of two COVID-19 consequences (i.e., stay-at-home orders and job loss) to suicide risk through thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and loneliness. Method Online data from a nationwide community sample of 500 adults (mean age = 40) from 45 states were collected between March 27 and April 5, 2020. Participants completed measures assessing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, loneliness, and suicide risk, as well as whether they (a) were currently under a stay-at-home order and (b) had experienced a recent job loss due to the pandemic. Results Results revealed a significant indirect relation of stay-at-home order status to suicide risk through thwarted belongingness. Further, whereas recent job loss was significantly correlated with suicide risk, neither the direct relation of job loss to suicide risk (when accounting for their shared relations to perceived burdensomeness) nor the indirect relation through perceived burdensomeness was significant. Conclusions Results highlight the potential benefits of interventions targeting thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to offset suicide risk during this pandemic.
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in Computer Web Technology in the Era of Massive Data

With the rapid progress and continuous innovation of web technology and information technology, our society has entered the era of massive data. The application of computer web technology in various fields has raised people's living standard to a new level. In recent years, the introduction of artificial intelligence makes the development of computer technology faster. At the same time, it also brings great convenience to human beings. Researchers found that the comprehensive application of artificial intelligence and computer web technology can well deal with the problems of computer web technology. In this paper, artificial intelligence in the background of the era is the research object. This paper discusses its application in the web technology of computer, and finally gets the conclusion.
Multi-Objective reinforcement learning approach for improving safety at intersections with adaptive traffic signal control.

Abstract Adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) systems improve traffic efficiency, but their impacts on traffic safety vary among different implementations. To improve the traffic safety pro-actively, this study proposes a safety-oriented ATSC algorithm to optimize traffic efficiency and safety simultaneously. A multi-objective deep reinforcement learning framework is utilized as the backend algorithm. The proposed algorithm was trained and evaluated on a simulated isolated intersection built based on real-world traffic data. A real-time crash prediction model was calibrated to provide the safety measure. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated by the real-world signal timing provided by the local jurisdiction. The results showed that the algorithm improves both traffic efficiency and safety compared with the benchmark. A control policy analysis of the proposed ATSC revealed that the abstracted control rules could help the traditional signal controllers to improve traffic safety, which might be beneficial if the infrastructure is not ready to adopt ATSCs. A hybrid controller is also proposed to provide further traffic safety improvement if necessary. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the proposed algorithm is the first successful attempt in developing adaptive traffic signal system optimizing traffic safety.
Unifying the Universe: The Physics of Heaven and Earth

Unifying the Universe: The Physics of Heaven and Earth presents a non-technical approach to physics for the lay-science enthusiast. This popular textbook, which evolved from a conceptual course at Cornell University, is intended for non-science undergraduate students taking their first physics module. This second edition maintains its unique approach in crossing boundaries between physics and humanities, with connections to art, poetry, history, and philosophy. It explores how the process of scientific thought is inextricably linked with cultural, creative, and aesthetic aspects of human endeavor, opening the readers up to new ways of looking at the world. The text has been fully updated throughout to address current and exciting new topics in the field, such as exo-planets, the accelerating Universe, dark matter, dark energy, gravitational waves, super-symmetry, string theory, big bang cosmology, and the Higgs boson. There is also an entirely new chapter on the Quantum World, which connects the fascinating topics of quantum entanglement and quantum computing. Key Features: Provides a solid, yet accessible, background to basic physics without complex mathematics Uses a human interest approach to show how science is significant for more than its technological consequences Discusses the arts and philosophies of historical periods that are pertinent to the subject
Pandemics, Economic Freedom, and Institutional Trade-Offs

We argue that institutions are bundles that involve trade-offs in the government’s ability to provide public goods that affect public health. We hypothesize that economic freedom reduces diseases of poverty and may increase diseases of commerce (those associated with free movement of people, such as smallpox or COVID-19). We focus on smallpox and typhoid fever in the late 19th century and early 20th century in order to build on recent works that make arguments similar to ours (Troesken 2015). Our evidence shows that economic freedom reduced typhoid mortality but had no effect on deaths. The implications for COVID-19 are that the tradeoffs with freedom may not be too severe in the short run, and in the longer run, the wealth benefits from economic freedom are likely to be crucial in reducing vulnerability to commerce diseases primarily from their impact on comorbidities (such as diabetes and heart disease), each of which are reduced by wealth. Thus, economic freedom is on balance good for public health, which suggests that this bundle, while involving necessary tradeoffs, might be the best one for dealing with pandemics.
Vigilante, Brigand, Terrorist: Staging Popular Justice in Revolutionary Times

This article examines the many rewritings of a single story: the adventures of a brigand vigilante, first told in Schiller's Die Rauber, adapted by Lamarteliere into the 1792 hit Robert, chef de br...
Section 267a and the Taxation of Hybrid Mismatches Under the Code

Hybrid mismatches are differences in tax rules between countries. It has been one of the main tools for multinationals to minimize their tax liabilities. As such, it has been a subject of concern for many legislators, international tax scholarship, and countries worldwide and evoked intriguing intellectual discussions on their legitimacy and how to address them. Indeed, this issue encompasses many complex issues, including the differences between accounting for the legal and economic situations of taxpayers, corporate and individual taxpayers, international tax and international law, distinguishing different types of income and more. These considerations are taken into account to address the conflict between the jurisdictions’ freedom to tax their subjects as they wish and their fight against base erosion and tax competition to ensure their ability to redistribute wealth in their societies. The recently enacted hybrid rules were designed to disallow deductions from payments of interest, royalties, and dividends by or from foreign related parties if such related parties are not already taxed for these payments. The legislative intent, structure of these sections, and the similarities between the first OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting show that these sections are international customary law. As such, this paper seeks to analyze and improve the current law by leaning on international tax principles and recent international tax trends, and argues that a BEAT-like minimum tax approach to these hybrid payments would apply the international tax principles substantially and coherently better as it prevents double non-taxation as well as de-minimis taxation and over taxation. In addition, this approach may reduce the complexity of the current law.
Novelty, Disruption, and the Evolution of Scientific Impact.

Since the 1950s, citation impact has been the dominant metric by which science is quantitatively evaluated. But research contributions play distinct roles in the unfolding drama of scientific debate, agreement and advance, and institutions may value different kinds of advances. Computational power, access to citation data and an array of modeling techniques have given rise to a widening portfolio of metrics to extract different signals regarding their contribution. Here we unpack the complex, temporally evolving relationship between citation impact alongside novelty and disruption, two emerging measures that capture the degree to which science not only influences, but transforms later work. Novelty captures how research draws upon unusual combinations of prior work. Disruption captures how research comes to eclipse the prior work on which it builds, becoming recognized as a new scientific direction. We demonstrate that: 1) novel papers disrupt existing theories and expand the scientific frontier; 2) novel papers are more likely to become "sleeping beauties" and accumulate citation impact over the long run; 3) novelty can be reformulated as distance in journal embedding spaces to map the moving frontier of science. The evolution of embedding spaces over time reveals how yesterday's novelty forms today's scientific conventions, which condition the novelty--and surprise--of tomorrow's breakthroughs.
Analytical guidelines to increase the value of community science data: An example using eBird data to estimate species distributions

Funding: Wolf Creek Foundation; National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: CCF-1522054, CNS-1059284, DBI-1939187, ICER-1927646; National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Grant Number: NNH12ZDA001N-ECOF; Leon Levy Foundation.
Attenuated Chamber-Pressure Signal Reconstruction Using Maximum-Likelihood Estimation and Optimal Deconvolution

Chamber pressure, as it develops during rocket combustion, strongly correlates with many of the internal motor ballistic properties, including combustion stability, fuel regression rate, and mass f...
Viscosity measurement techniques in Dissipative Particle Dynamics

Abstract In this study two main groups of viscosity measurement techniques are used to measure the viscosity of a simple fluid using Dissipative Particle Dynamics, DPD. In the first method, a microscopic definition of the pressure tensor is used in equilibrium and out of equilibrium to measure the zero-shear viscosity and shear viscosity, respectively. In the second method, a periodic Poiseuille flow and start-up transient shear flow is used and the shear viscosity is obtained from the velocity profiles by a numerical fitting procedure. Using the standard Lees–Edward boundary condition for DPD will result in incorrect velocity profiles at high values of the dissipative parameter. Although this issue was partially addressed in Chatterjee (2007), in this work we present further modifications (Lagrangian approach) to the original LE boundary condition (Eulerian approach) that will fix the deviation from the desired shear rate at high values of the dissipative parameter and decrease the noise to signal ratios in stress measurement while increases the accessible low shear rate window. Also, the thermostat effect of the dissipative and random forces is coupled to the dynamic response of the system and affects the transport properties like the viscosity and diffusion coefficient. We investigated thoroughly the dependency of viscosity measured by both Eulerian and Lagrangian methodologies, as well as numerical fitting procedures and found that all the methods are in quantitative agreement.
Social factors: Family functioning.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the social factors such as family functioning in the lives of adolescents. Family issues play a central role in many adolescent suicide attempts. Prolonged and progressive family disruptions, inadequate family relationships, and ineffective parent–child relationships may result in adolescent suicidal behavior. Multigenerational familial difficulties, such as isolation, abandonment, long-lasting feuds, emotional cutoffs, violence, and abuse, may also result in an adolescent's suicidal behavior. Family influences on the suicidal behavior of adolescents have therefore been investigated from multiple conceptual bases including familial psychopathology, such as a family history of suicidal behavior, family composition, family histories of abuse, and family conflict. Adaptive factors including perceived support, communication, and problem solving have also been studied. Families may have strengths in a variety of areas, such as conflict resolution, communication, parental relationships, or extended family support. Highlighting these areas can be healing and normalizing for the family and set the stage for the difficult work of addressing dysfunctional aspects of the family system. Findings from studies in these areas of family functioning conducted in the past decade are summarized in this chapter.
Chapter Twenty-Two. Coming of age: The courts and equality rights in Japan’s ageing society

Japan has the most rapidly ageing society in the world. This chapter discusses the legal issues and examines an area of the law that is likely to become more significant in Japan's ageing society. Specifically, it suggests that there is likely to be more discrimination and more litigation over discrimination as a result of the response to the demographic changes. The chapter also argues that the courts must change the manner in which they analyse such claims, if they are to make a meaningful and positive contribution to how Japan responds as a democratic society to the challenges of ageing. The chapter analyses the theoretical weaknesses of the "reasonable discrimination" test, and examines how it has been applied recently to deny the equality rights of minorities. Keywords: democratic society; equality rights; Japan's ageing society; legal issues; reasonable discrimination test
The enzymic synthesis of amino acyl derivatives of ribonucleic acid. VI. Nucleotide sequences adjacent to the ... pCpCpA end groups of isoleucine- and leucine-specific chains.

The amino acid-acceptor ribonucleic acid chains specific for leucine and isoleucine were labeled with 32P at the 3′-hydroxyl end of the chain by replacing the terminal trinucleotide, ..pCpCpA, with 2 equivalents of CM32P to yield RNA..32pC32pC. Analysis of the labeled fragments produced by T1 RNase digestion of the isoleucine-specific labeled RNA preparation revealed that the chains which bind isoleucine are terminated by the sequence ..pGpCp(UpC)pApCpCpA. A similar digestion of the leucine-specific labeled RNA showed the existence of two types of chains and these contain ..pGpCpApCpCpA and ..pGpUpApCpCpA as terminal nucleotide sequences.
Footballs versus barbies : Childhood play activities as predictors of sport participation by women

The present study examined the extent to which childhood play activities predict future sport participation by women. Eighty-four college women (40 Division III varsity athletes and 44 nonathletes) at a predominantly White liberal arts school in the Southwest completed a questionnaire that measured their adult experiences with sports as well as their childhood play activities. The results revealed that playing with “masculine” (rather than “feminine”) toys and games, playing in predominantly male or mixed-gender groups, and being considered a tomboy distinguished between women who later became college athletes and those who did not. These findings suggest that childhood play activities should be considered, along with other agents of socialization (i.e., family, peers, coaches), as important factors in predicting future sport participation by females.
The self-consciousness argument: Why Tooley's criticisms fail

Ontological functionalism's defining tenet is that mental properties canbe defined wholly in terms of the general pattern of interaction ofontologically prior realizations. Ideological (or nonreductive)functionalism's defining tenet is that mental properties can only bedefined nonreductively, in terms of the general pattern of theirinteraction with one another. My Self-consciousness Argumentestablishes: (1) ontological functionalism is mistaken because itsproposed definitions wrongly admit realizations (vs. mentalproperties) into the contents of self-consciousness; (2)ideological (nonreductive) functionalism is the only viable alternativefor functionalists. Michael Tooley's critique misses the target:he offers no criticism of (1) – except for an incidental, andincorrect, attack on certain self-intimation principles – and,since he himself proposes a certain form of nonreductive definition, hetacitly accepts (2). Finally, as with all other nonreductivedefinitions, Tooley's proposal can be shown to undermine functionalism'sultimate goal: its celebrated materialist solution to theMind-Body Problem. The explanation of these points will require adiscussion of: Frege-Russell disagreements regarding intensionalcontexts; the relationship between self-consciousness and thetraditional doctrine of acquaintance; the role of self-intimationprinciples in functionalist psychology; and the Kripke-Lewiscontroversy over the nature of theoretical terms.
Causes of variation in genotype × environment interaction

Questions: What sustains genetic variation in plasticity (genotype × environment interaction, G × E) under selection across environments? What explains variation among traits and species in the expression of G × E? Hypotheses and methods: I review two hypotheses that seek to explain variation in the expression of G × E. The grain-size hypothesis attempts to elucidate when selection can erode G × E, as it shapes patterns of phenotypic plasticity across environments. The developmental architecture hypothesis identifies developmental features that make traits vary in the propensity to express G × E. I also review studies that have addressed patterns of geographic variation in G × E, and discuss metrics of the strength of G × E that will facilitate future comparisons across traits and taxa. Conclusions: There is tentative support for both the grain-size and the developmental architecture hypotheses, but further work is required to explain the maintenance of G × E and variation in its expression. I describe scenarios in which, on the one hand, G × E may promote the maintenance of genetic variation and hinder sexual selection, versus on the other, promote evolutionary divergence under natural and sexual selection.
Playing Bingo to Review Fundamental Concepts in Advanced Courses

The beginning of advanced courses often requires a review of fundamental concepts. Such review is often tedious and boring for both student and instructor. Instead, an active learning exercise such as a modified Bingo exercise can serve to review and re-educate at the same time. Ninety-two university students rated their understanding of developmental psychology theories before and a fter participating in a modified Bingo exercise designed to review the fundamentals of the theories and concepts. Students reported an improvement of their perceived knowledge of developmental theories and for each of the theories reviewed. They rated the exercise as academically challenging, helpful to learn concepts, and not a waste of time. Students who reported being able to explain the theories to others at the conclusion of the exercise had higher test scores.
Double-standard isotope dilution assay: I. Quantitative assay of indole-3-acetic acid

Abstract Isotope dilution analysis for the quantitation of labile compounds has been limited in applicability by the amount of sample necessary to determine specific activity. A method is described for the analysis of radiolabeled compounds which allows the direct determination of specific activity by gas chromatography. It requires the availability of the radiolabeled internal standard, as is customarily used in an isotope dilution assay, and also requires a chemically related radiolabeled compound to serve as a second internal standard. It is this second internal standard, added in known amounts, that permits quantitation of the gas chromatography. The method is illustrated by assaying indole-3-acetic acid in plant extracts using [ 14 C]indole-3-acetic acid as the internal standard and adding [ 14 C]indole-3-butyric acid as the second internal standard for quantitation of the gas chromatographic procedures. Used with a nitrogen-specific thermionic detector the method is selective and is sensitive at the nanogram level. The synthesis of [2- ring - 14 C]indole-3-butyric acid is also described.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS IN PREMATURE INFANTS.

The cardiac rhythm has been monitored in 20 normal premature infants for a period of 5 hours utilizing a slow-speed electrocardiographic tape recorder. In contrast to studies using conventional electrocardiographic techniques, this survey revealed a high incidence of marked sinus arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, and nodal rhythm.
Empowering Employees to Prevent Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations

This Article examines the significant problem of fraud within nonprofit organizations and demonstrates that current anti-fraud measures do not adequately reflect the important role employees play in perpetuating or stopping fraudulent activity. Psychological and organizational behavior studies have established the importance of (1) participation and (2) peers in shaping the behavior of individuals within the organizational context. This Article builds on that research and establishes that to successfully combat fraud, organizations must integrate employees into the design, implementation, and enforcement of anti-fraud strategy and procedures. Engaged, empowered employees will be less likely to commit fraud and more likely to dissuade their peers from fraudulent behavior. After examining the theory underlying the proposed approach, this Article sets forth directions and specific suggestions for designing an anti-fraud program that empowers employees.
Parton Distributions in Nuclei at Small x

We study the nuclear shadowing effect in the context of Glauber-Gribov multiple-scattering model and perturbative QCD. We find that at small x, the $Q^2$ evolution of the shadowing is much slower than the DGLAP evolution, due to the multiple scatterings at small x. We show that the gluon shadowing at small x and for $Q^2 > 3GeV^2$ is perturbative in nature and does not depend on the initial, non-perturbative condition. We evaluate the impact parameter dependence of the gluon distribution and show that it is a non-linear effect in the nuclear thickness function.