cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered μ-Opiate Receptor-G Protein Signal Transduction Following Chronic Morphine Exposure

Abstract: This laboratory has demonstrated that the longitudinal muscle/myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparation manifests pleiotropic responses to opioid agonists. For example, the μ-selective opiate receptor agonist sufentanil can produce a naloxone-reversible increase or decrease in the electrically stimulated formation of cyclic AMP, depending on its concentration. The present study demonstrates that the sufentanil facilitation and inhibition of stimulated cyclic AMP formation are mediated via Gs- and Gi-like G proteins, respectively. Inactivation of Gi (via pertussis toxin) not only abolishes sufentanil inhibition of cyclic AMP formation but also unmasks a facilitory effect. The latter response is eliminated following treatment with cholera toxin. In tolerant/dependent LMMP tissue, previously inhibitory concentrations of sufentanil produce a facilitation of cyclic AMP formation. However, this unmasked facilitory effect is resistant to cholera toxin. Thus, although inactivation of the inhibitory signal transduction pathway (via pertussis toxin) is sufficient to unmask excitatory sufentanil effects in opiate naive preparations, this mechanism cannot explain the reversal of sufentanil inhibition to facilitation that is observed in tolerant/dependent tissue. Instead, the chronic morphine-induced emergence of a μ-opiate receptor-coupled facilitory pathway that is either not expressed or not fully manifest in opiate naive LMMP tissue is suggested.
Through the unknown, remembered gate: journeys into the labyrinth.

The image of the journey into the labyrinth is a poignant and powerful one for the analyst. Each new individual—each new encounter—takes us further into reciprocal journeys as the path of the other intersects our own. This interplay often has the feel of a multi-dimensional palimpsest, in which I am continually reworking the enigmas encountered by my patients through my own being. Experientially, this is often quite perplexing, as I find myself traveling some familiar path, long since taken, and wonder at the re-finding of myself within it. Hadn’t I already traveled this road, some time back? As I have tried to find my bearings within the layered workings of patient-in-analyst and analyst-inpatient, the initial feel of this recursiveness, for me, was of an endless circle—a heavy image, with little room for play. Each image evokes its own metaphors, consigning meanings and proscribing possibilities. It was only as I began to notice the disjunctions between the current journey and the ones before that the path came to seem more like a spiral, in which the recurrent sense of familiarity was both true and illusory. It was never quite the same path; I was never quite the same person. The role of analyst adds further dimension to these representations, as we travel our own experiences of the roads depicted by our patients in their journeys.
Dissolution or extraction of crustacean shells using ionic liquids to obtain high molecular weight purified chitin and direct production of chitin films and fibers

1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate can completely dissolve raw crustacean shells, leading to recovery of a high purity, high molecular weight chitin powder and to fibers and films which can be spun directly from the extract solution.
Social power bases of marketing executives: The relationship with organizational climate

Abstract This research paper reports the results of a mailed questionnaire study of 343 marketing executives. The purpose of the research was to investigate whether or not a relationship exists between organizational climate (i.e., specific conditions in the organizational environment of the firm) and the particular social power base of the marketing executive. Results indicate that the three desirable power bases—expert, referrent, and legitimate—are correlated with all four of the organizational climate dimensions studied—reward orientation, personnel policies, MBO orientation, and status orientation. The undesirable power base—coercive power—was correlated with none of these dimensions.
Automatic generation of state invariants from requirements specifications

Automatic generation of state invariants, properties that hold in every reachable state of a state machine model, can be valuable in software development. Not only can such invariants be presented to system users for validation, in addition, they can be used as auxiliary assertions in proving other invariants. This paper describes an algorithm for the automatic generation of state invariants that, in contrast to most other such algorithms, which operate on programs, derives invariants from requirements specifications. Generating invariants from requirements specifications rather than programs has two advantages: 1) because requirements specifications, unlike programs, are at a high level of abstraction, generation of and analysis using such invariants is easier, and 2) using invariants to detect errors during the requirements phase is considerably more cost-effective than using invariants later in software development. To illustrate the algorithm, we use it to generate state invariants from requirements specifications of an automobile cruise control system and a simple control system for a nuclear plant. The invariants are derived from specifications expressed in the SCR (Software Cost Reduction) tabular notation.
Cysteamine Suppresses Invasion, Metastasis and Prolongs Survival by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinases in a Mouse Model of Human Pancreatic Cancer

Background Cysteamine, an anti-oxidant aminothiol, is the treatment of choice for nephropathic cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease. Cysteamine is a chemo-sensitization and radioprotection agent and its antitumor effects have been investigated in various tumor cell lines and chemical induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated whether cysteamine has anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects in transplantable human pancreatic cancer, an aggressive metastatic disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Cysteamine's anti-invasion effects were studied by matrigel invasion and cell migration assays in 10 pancreatic cancer cell lines. To study mechanism of action, we examined cell viability and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity in the cysteamine-treated cells. We also examined cysteamine's anti-metastasis effect in two orthotopic murine models of human pancreatic cancer by measuring peritoneal metastasis and survival of animals. Cysteamine inhibited both migration and invasion of all ten pancreatic cancer cell lines at concentrations (<25 mM) that caused no toxicity to cells. It significantly decreased MMPs activity (IC50 38–460 µM) and zymographic gelatinase activity in a dose dependent manner in vitro and in vivo; while mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9, MMP-12 and MMP-14 were slightly increased using the highest cysteamine concentration. In vivo, cysteamine significantly decreased metastasis in two established pancreatic tumor models, although it did not affect the size of primary tumors. Additionally, cysteamine prolonged survival of mice in a dose-dependent manner without causing any toxicity. Similar to the in vitro results, MMP activity was significantly decreased in animal tumors treated with cysteamine. Cysteamine had no clinical or preclinical adverse effects in the host even at the highest dose. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that cysteamine, an agent with a proven safety profile, may be useful for inhibition of metastasis and prolonging the survival of a host with pancreatic cancer.
High-power diode lasers for optical recording with operating lifetimes in excess of 10 000 h

Real-time lifetest data are reported which show that single spatial mode CDH-LOC diode lasers can operate stably at 25°C ambient temperature for greater than 10000 h at 40?50 mW output power and 50% duty cycle. This makes CDH-LOC lasers useful for optical disc recording, as well as for a variety of other applications that require high output power in a stable nonastigmatic farfield beam pattern.
Loss during development of the ability of chick embryonic lens cells to elongate in culture: inverse relationship between cell division and elongation.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that embryonic lens epithelial cells of several species of vertebrates elongate in culture, as do lens cells when they form fibers in vivo . Other studies have shown that mature lens epithelial cells divide rather than elongate in culture. To determine if and when during development lens epithelial cells change in their ability to elongate in culture, the central regions of embryonic chick lens epithelia were explanted at progressively later stages of development and examined histologically after 3 days of cultivation. Cells from 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-day-old embryos elongated in culture. The amounts of thymidine-CH 3  3 H and of adenosine-2- 3 H incorporated into DNA, the percentage of nuclei labeled with thymidine-CH 3  3 H and the percentage of cells with mitotic figures decreased after culture of explants from 6-day-old embryos. By contrast, epithelial cells taken from 19-day-old embryos did not elongate in culture, and showed an increase after culture in the amounts of thymidine-CH 3  3 H and of adenosine-2- 3 H incorporated into DNA, in the percentage of nuclei labeled with thymidine-CH 3  3 H and in the percentage of cells with mitotic figures. Thus, the ability of lens epithelial cells to elongate in culture is lost between day 15 and day 19 of development of the chick embryo.
The interaction of oxygen with the Mo(100) and Mo(111) single-crystal surfaces: Chemisorption and oxidation at high temperatures

Abstract The interaction of oxygen with Mo(100) and Mo(111) surfaces was studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Low-Energy Electron Diffraction, Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy over a wide range of oxygen pressure (1 × 10−8 −5 × 10−5 Torr), temperature (823–1200 K) and exposure (0.1–10,000 L). With increasing oxygen exposure on Mo(100), the chemisorption structures p(1 × 1), c(4 × 4), p(2 × 1), ( 5 × 5 ) R 26°33′ , p(2 × 1). p(4 × 1 ), c(2 × 2), p(2 × 1), are detected and followed by the formation of (110) and (112) facets. On Mo(111), the (4 × 4) and (1 × 3) surface structures are detected and followed by the formation of (112) facets with (2 × 1) and then (3 × 1) superlattices. For exposures exceeding $ 2000 L, an oxide grows on the facets. On Mo(100), the oxide formed from 823 to 1050 K contains domains of MoO2(110) surface parallel to the Mo(100) plane, while from 1050 to 1150 K the MoO2(110) domains are tilted $ 5° away from the Mo(100) surface. On Mo(111), the oxide contains domains of MoO2(100) surface tilted by 19.5° away from the Mo(111) surface, i.e. parallel to Mo(112) facets. The AES results show metal oxidation states corresponding to (presumably disordered) MoO3 and an intermediate oxide, in addition to MoO2. The higher-valence oxide seems to be stable compound on the oxide surface.
Estimating atmospheric dilution of brief, infrequent, random releases

Abstract Brief, infrequent, random releases of pollutants into the atmosphere occur in a number of industrial operations. Their irregular occurrence requires that their impact be assessed stochastically. Probability distributions of the possible normalized concentrations resulting from these releases are approximated by a method that scales easily calculated distributions in a simple manner. The technique is explained through a series of progressively more comprehensive examples - from a single, 1-hour random release to multiple, random releases lasting several hours. Potential impacts defined by these distributions span a broad range of values and depend nonlinearly on the number of releases and the level of probability. Applications, limitations, and possible extensions and improvements of the method are discussed.
Characterization of soil microbial communities under different potato cropping systems by microbial population dynamics, substrate utilization, and fatty acid profiles ☆

The effects of 11 different 2- and 3-yr potato crop rotations on soil microbial communities were characterized over three field seasons using several techniques. Assessments included microbial populations determined by soil dilution plate counts on various general and selective culture media, microbial activity by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Potato rotation crops evaluated in research plots at Newport, ME, included barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet, soybean, sweet corn, and a continuous potato control. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity tended to be highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn rotations, and lowest with continuous potato. Differences among rotations were less apparent during the potato phase of the rotations. Populations of actinomycetes and fluorescent pseudomonads tended to be greater in barley rotations than in most other rotations. SU profiles derived from BIOLOG GN2 plates indicated that certain rotations, including barley, canola, and sweet corn tended to have higher overall microbial activity, and barley and sweet corn rotations averaged higher substrate richness and diversity. Soybean and potato rotations tended to have lower substrate richness and diversity. Principal component analyses of SU data revealed differences among rotation soil communities in their utilization of individual carbon sources and substrate guilds, including carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amines/amides, and amino acids. Analyses of soil FAME profiles demonstrated distinct differences among all the rotation soils in their relative composition of fatty acids, indicating differences in their microbial community structure. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among rotation soils included 16:1 ω5c, 16:1 ω7c, 18:2 ω6c, 18:1 ω9c, 12:0, and 13:0 anteiso, with 16:1 ω5c being the single greatest determinant. Overall, monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 16:1 ω5c, were most prevalent in sweet corn rotations and polyunsaturates were highest in barley and millet rotations. Straight chain saturated fatty acids comprised the greatest proportion of fatty acids in soils under continuous potato. FAME biomarkers for microorganism groups indicated barley and millet rotations had the highest ratio of fungi to bacteria, and soybean and continuous potato had the lowest ratio. This research has demonstrated that different crop rotations have distinctive effects on soil microbial communities that are detectable using a variety of techniques. Further studies will identify more specific changes associated with particular rotations and relate these changes to potential effects on disease management, crop health, and crop productivity.
Effects of x-ray tube current and voltage on effective focalspot size

In general, the dimensions of the effective focal spot of an x‐ray tube vary with tube current and voltage. This dependence on tube operating conditions has been noted in the literature but has not been investigated in detail. Star phantom measurements of seven focal spots for four x‐ray tubes operated at a variety of tube voltages and currents show that effective focal‐spot size varies as IV − 3 / 2 . This dependence may be suppressed for the focal‐spot dimension perpendicular to the tube axis, however, because of auxiliary electrostatic focusing. Experimental data are presented with a theoretical explanation of the relationship between effective focal‐spot size and tube operating conditions.
Rapid normalization/stimulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in the vitamin D-deficient rat.

It has been previously demonstrated in this laboratory that vitamin D3 is essential for normal insulin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas. More recently we have shown, consistent with a physiological role for the vitamin in this process, that vitamin D-deficient rats exhibit impaired glucose clearance and insulin secretion, as monitored during iv glucose tolerance tests. Both of these parameters are significantly improved after vitamin D repletion independently of nutritional factors and the prevailing plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations. In this present study the dose response and time course of effect of a single sc injection of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were investigated. The impaired glucose clearance of vitamin D-deficient rats (KG = 912 ± 37, where KG is a function of glucose tolerance) was markedly improved as early as 3 h after acute 1,25(OH)2D3 (1.3 nmol; 20 U) administration (KG = 676 ± 13), and this cl...
Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes: An In Vitro Model to Evaluate Hepatobiliary Transporter-Based Drug Interactions and Hepatotoxicity

Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are a powerful in vitro tool that can be utilized to study hepatobiliary drug transport, species differences in drug transport, transport protein regulation, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the SCH model, including a brief history of, and introduction to, the use of SCH, as well as methodology to evaluate hepatobiliary drug disposition. A summary of the literature that has utilized this model to examine the interplay between drug-metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins, drug-drug interactions at the transport level, and hepatotoxicity as a result of altered hepatic transport also is provided.
Tests of liquid scintillation counters made with extruded acrylic panels

Abstract We have investigated the properties of liquid scintillation counters which use extruded acrylic panels with rectangular cells as containers. Test counters have been constructed, and their light outtput and attenation properties have been measured.
Partial substitution of SM with neodymium, praseodymium, and mischmetal in RE 2 TM 17 permanent magnets

High coercive force Sm 2 (Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) 17 type magnets with Sm partly replaced by neodymium, praseodymium and mischmetal were investigated. Magnetic properties including open circuit temperature effects on remanence were measured for these magnets. The results show that coercive force began to decrease when Sm was substituted with any of the rare earths investigated. Usable coercive force can still be maintained at more than 50% substitution of Sm by mischmetal and up to 20% substitution by neodymium. With neodymium and praseodymium substitutions, the expected increase of residual induction Br did not occur, presumably due to lessened orientation. Open circuit remanence measurements show that these magnets have temperature effects only slightly higher than the Sm only magnet and are better than the new neodymium-iron-boron magnet.
A first principles analysis of the location and affinity of protons in the secondary structure of phosphotungstic acid

Nonlocal gradient corrected density functional theory was used to determine the optimal positions of the protons and their relative affinity in the secondary structure of phosphotungstic acid. First, a body centered cubic structure associated with the hexahydrate was incorporated into the model. The desorption energies of the first and second water molecules from a bridging H5O2+ species were calculated to be 109 and 55 kJ mol-1, respectively. The H3O+ or H+ species remaining after dehydration are preferentially located between two oxygen atoms of adjacent Keggin units. The preferred position is between two terminal Od atoms or between a terminal Od atom and a bridging Oc atom, depending on the alignment of the Keggin units. The energy advantage of sharing a proton between two Keggin units is in the range of 43 to 71 kJ mol-1. Three-dimensional periodic calculations indicate that anhydrous phosphotungstic acid can form a regular lattice in which all protons are shared between the heteropolyanions.
Development of PCR-based assays for detecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae, the carrot bacterial leaf blight pathogen, from different substrates.

ABSTRACT Detection of the carrot bacterial leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae, was achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) along with primer pairs developed from sequences of cloned random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments. Primer pairs 3S and 9B directed the amplification of ∼350-bp and ∼900-bp (or ∼2 kb) DNA fragments, respectively, from genomic DNA of all known X. campestris pv. carotae strains tested, but not from that of 13 other X. campestris pathovars or other bacterial species, including yellow non-xanthomonad bacteria isolated from carrot tissues and seeds. In tests conducted with an extensive collection of X. campestris pv. carotae-like strains isolated from different substrates from California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Canada, the 3S primer pair directed the amplification of the ∼350-bp target fragment from all strains. These results indicated that the 3S primer pair is highly specific for X. campestris pv. carotae detection. Using the 3S primer pair,...
Determination of structural parameters from EXAFS: Application to solutions and catalysts

A review is presented of applications of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to the determination of structural detail in inorganic solutions and supported metal catalyst particles. Similarities in these applications are noted and the possible role of disorder on the reliability of the EXAFS results is discussed. A brief summary of data analysis procedures is presented with examples.
Optical spectroscopy of Ag7, Ag9+, and Ag9. A test of the photodepletion method

Abstract The optical absorption spectra of Ag 7 Kr, Ag 9 Kr, and Ag 9 Kr + have been determined by photodepletion spectroscopy. The spectra are compared to previous spectra determined for silver clusters using two different experimental methods. Similar band shapes and band positions are found, validating the photodepletion technique. The observed spectra are sharper than previous ones due to the low temperature of our gas phase experiment. The measured integrated band strengths are smaller then previously found. These two observations are inconsistent with a description of the resonances as ‘surface plasmon’ excitations.
Assessing the impact of nanomaterials on anaerobic microbial communities.

As the technological benefits of nanotechnology begin to rapidly move from laboratory to large-scale industrial application, release of nanomaterials to the environment is inevitable. Little is known about the fate and effects of nanomaterials in nature. Major environmental receptors of nanomaterials will be soil, sediment, and biosolids from wastewater treatment. Analysis of anaerobic microbial activity and communities provides needed information about the effects of nanoparticles in certain environments. In this study, biosolids from anaerobic wastewater treatment sludge were exposed to fullerene (C60) in order to model an environmentally relevant discharge scenario. Activity was assessed by monitoring production of CO2 and CH4. Changes in community structure were monitored by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), using primer sets targeting the small subunit rRNA genes of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Findings suggest that C60 fullerenes have no significant effect on the anaerobic community...
Information infrastructure for cellular load management in green power delivery systems

In this paper, we outline a specific communication framework to support a novel demand management program on the edge of the power distribution network. We suggest a model where the arrival process of the smart appliances is made visible to control centers, forming a cellular Microgrid infrastructure, through Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS). These appliances then wait to receive an authorization message before starting to function. The cell control center uses this information to choose an optimal departure process that serves the waiting appliances while minimizing its operational costs. The described information exchange strategy gives the cell the ability to better match the load to the available green energy supply and its day ahead energy bid. We show that this model will allow to increase the integration of intermittent resources in the power grid, with modest communication rate requirements.1
C-Terminal Deletion of AID Uncouples Class Switch Recombination from Somatic Hypermutation and Gene Conversion.

Abstract Class-switch recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM), and antibody gene conversion are distinct DNA modification reactions, but all are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase ( AID ), an enzyme that deaminates cytidine residues in single-stranded DNA. Here we describe a mutant form of AID that catalyzes SHM and gene conversion but not CSR. When expressed in E. coli , AID Δ189-198 is more active in catalyzing cytidine deamination than wild-type AID. AID Δ189-198 also promotes high levels of gene conversion and SHM when expressed in eukaryotic cells, but fails to induce CSR. These results underscore an essential role for the C-terminal domain of AID in CSR that is independent of its cytidine deaminase activity and that is not required for either gene conversion or SHM.
Pictures worth a thousand words: noncommercial tobacco content in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual press.

Smoking prevalence in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community is higher than in the mainstream population. The reason is undetermined; however, normalization of tobacco use in the media has been shown to affect smoking rates. To explore whether this might be a factor in the LGB community, we examined noncommercial imagery and text relating to tobacco and smoking in LGB magazines and newspapers. Tobacco-related images were frequent and overwhelmingly positive or neutral about tobacco use. Images frequently associated smoking with celebrities. Text items unrelated to tobacco were often illustrated with smoking imagery. Text items about tobacco were likely to be critical of tobacco use; however, there were three times as many images as text items. The number of image items was not accounted for by the number of text items: nearly three quarters of all tobacco-related images (73.8%) were unassociated with relevant text. Tobacco imagery is pervasive in LGB publications. The predominant message about tob...
Giant sucking sound: can physiology fill the intellectual void left by the reductionists?

Molecular reductionism has so far failed to deliver the broad-based therapeutic insights that were initially hoped for. This form of reductionism is now being replaced by so-called “systems biology.” This is a nebulously defined approach and/or discipline, with some versions of it relying excessively on hypothesis-neutral approaches and only minimally informed by key physiological concepts such as homeostasis and regulation. In this context, physiology is uniquely positioned to continue to provide impressive levels of both biological and therapeutic insight by using hypothesis-driven “classical” approaches and concepts to help frame what might be described as the “pieces of the puzzle” that emerge from molecular reductionism. The strength of physiology as a “bridge” between reductionism and epidemiology, along with its unparalleled ability to generate therapeutic insights and opportunities justifies increased attention and emphasis on our discipline into the future. Arguments relevant to this set of assertions are advanced and this paper, which was based on the 2011 Adolph Lecture, represents an effort to fill the intellectual void left by reductionism and improve scientific progress.
MO‐FF‐A3‐01: Advantages of Multi‐Shot, Variable‐Density Spiral, Diffusion‐Weighted MR Imaging for Radiation Treatment Planning

Purpose: The prerequisite for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) is accurate target and critical structure definition. Diffusion‐weighted MRI provides information that may improve target delineation and, therefore, radiation treatment outcome. However, geometric distortion artifacts have hampered the use of diffusion‐weighted MRI in radiation treatment planning. We demonstrate here a multi‐shot (i.e. interleaved), variable‐density spiral method that not only diminishes geometric distortion artifacts, but also permits acquisition of higher resolution diffusion‐weighted images for use in radiation treatment planning. Method and Materials: A custom, multi‐shot, spin‐echo, variable‐density spiral sequence with bipolar diffusion gradients was implemented on a 3.0T GEscanner. High‐resolution, multi‐shot, diffusion‐weighted images were acquired on three healthy volunteers (FOV: 240mm2, matrix: 2562, interleaves: 32, TE: 50 msec, TR: 3000 msec, scan time: 3.2 minutes). To demonstrate the inherent self‐navigating capabilities of variable‐density spiral, diffusion‐weighted images were reconstructed without and with self‐navigated phase correction. For comparison to the current state‐of‐the‐art method, diffusion‐weighted images were also collected using a clinical, single‐shot, spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging (EPI) sequence with ramp sampling, partial k‐space, and parallel imaging (FOV: 240mm2, matrix: 1282, TE: 64.7 msec, SENSE, R=2, scan time: ∼1 minute). Results: The inherent self‐navigating capability of variable‐density spiral was effective at diminishing motion‐induced phase errors, encoded by the diffusion gradients, that varied from shot‐to‐shot. The multi‐shot diffusion‐weighted images exhibited good signal‐to‐noise ratio despite the 47% reduction in voxel volume compared to the diffusion‐weighted EPI images. Off‐resonance effects resulted in geometric distortions in ventral and rostral brain regions on diffusion‐weighted images collected with EPI, but did not compromise the geometric integrity of diffusion‐weighted images acquired with multi‐shot spiral. Conclusions: Multi‐shot, variable‐density spiral permits acquisition of high‐resolution, diffusion‐weighted images that do not suffer from geometric distortions that have previously prohibited their use in radiation treatment planning.
Accumulation of as, NI, CU, and PB in Retention and Recharge Basins Soils from Urban Runoff

The accumulation of arsenic, nickel, copper, and lead in the soil profile was determined beneath five urban storm-water retention/recharge basins used by the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District, California. Soils were sampled from the surface to the first zone of saturation and compared with soils from an adjacent uncontaminated control site. These elements were found to be accumulating in the first few centimeters of basin soil and are important to the effectiveness of a specific best management practice, i.e., the retention and recharge of urban storm water. Study basins in use since 1962, 1965, and 1969 had lead contents in the 0-2 cm soil depth interval of 570, 670, and 1400 mg Pb/kg soil, respectively. The median indigenous soil lead concentration was 4.6 mg/kg soil. The practice of removing excess flood runoff water from two basins by pumping apparently is a factor in reducing the accumulation rate of these elements in the surface soils of the basins.
Rating the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults.

Abstract Recent investigations of affective disorders have revealed an earlier age of onset for many of them than is generally recognized. Studies of depressive symptomatology in older adult samples have commonly employed such measures as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) or, more recently, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). The current study attempts to replicate and extend a procedure developed for extracting the HDRS score from the SADS. Its performance characteristics in samples of adolescents and young adults are compared. Its good reliability and construct validity in both samples made it possible to identify differences in phenomenology that may be age-related. These differences and their implication for rating the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents are discussed.
Designing a benefit plan for child and adolescent mental health services

The rising costs of mental health services for children and adolescents are a growing concern for insurers and employers alike. Several studies have indicated that the costs for children's treatment continue to grow, while others have reported that only a small number of the children diagnosed with mental disorders receive treatment. The authors propose an innovative model benefit plan and briefly provide the rationale for coverage and payment features.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues developing avian motoneurons from cell death

During normal vertebrate development, about half of spinal motoneurons are lost by a process of naturally occurring or programmed cell death. Additional developing motoneurons degenerate after the removal of targets or afferents. Naturally occurring motoneuron death as well as motoneuron death after loss of targets or after axotomy can be prevented by in vivo treatment with putative target (muscle) derived or other neurotrophic agents. Motoneurons can also be prevented from dying in vitro and in vivo (Y.Q.-W., R.W., D.P., J. Johnson and L. Van Eldik, unpublished data and refs 7, 13, 14) by treatment with central nervous system extracts (brain or spinal cord) and purified central nervous system and glia-derived proteins. Here we report that in vivo treatment of chick embryos with brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues motoneurons from naturally occurring cell death. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (and nerve growth factor) also prevents the induced death of motoneurons that occurs following the removal of descending afferent input (deafferentation). These data indicate that members of the neurotrophin family can promote the survival of developing avian motoneurons.
Collections of Simple Effects and Their Relationship to Main Effects and Interactions in Factorials

Abstract When analyzing data from a cross-classified experiment, one of the primary interests lies in estimating and testing main effects and interactions. Frequently, one is also interested in comparing the levels of one factor at a given level of another factor, particularly if interactions are present. Such collections of simple main effects are termed slices herein. Based on unfolded designs in which effects are represented by generic sets of orthogonal contrasts among cell means, the relationships between the contrast sets defining main effects, interactions, and slices in terms of Kronecker representations and projection properties are examined. The material is appropriate in a first course on linear models and/or a course in experimental design with linear algebra prerequisite to demonstrate the relationship and interpretation of various effects in a factorial setting. An example from production quality control is presented.
Specific deficits in active avoidance behavior following penicillin injection into hippocampus.

Abstract Acquisition of two-way active avoidance and subsequent response suppression were studied following unilateral injections of penicillin or sodium sulfadiazine into the septum, hippocampus, or entorhinal area of rats. Injections of penicillin into hippocampus markedly disrupted active avoidance behavior, while leaving active escape behavior intact; in passive avoidance, the one animal which met criterion for testing was unimpaired. Injections of penicillin into other closely related limbic areas (septum or entorhinal area), and control injections of sodium sulfadiazine had no effect on these behaviors. These results indicate that the behavioral importance of epileptiform activity within the hippocampus is distinctly different from such activity in other limbic areas, and that it is probably incorrect to characterize seizure activity within the hippocampus as a “functional ablation.”
Modeling tillage effects on soil physical properties

Abstract Tillage refers to the manipulation of soil by an implement powered by humans, animals or machines. Tillage operation generally create two zones: (1) a zone where soil has been fractured and then turned over leading to rough surface conditions; and (2) a zone where soil has been compacted by the weight of the machinery. Thus, modeling tillage effects on soil physical properties involves two separate approaches depending upon the zone under consideration. Modeling tillage systems offers an opportunity to: (1) synthesize the extensive experimental data in the literature; (2) develop tools for site specific management recommendations; and (3) identify areas of research where additional information is needed. Modeling tillage systems involves modeling the soil physical, chemical and biological properties and processes and then linking them with crop growth models to simulate crop yields or environmental impacts. This paper reviews models for predicting tillage effects on state soil physical properties. Specifically, we reviewed models which predict bulk density, surface microrelief, aerodynamic roughness length, water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity function, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and gas diffusion coefficient. Since most of the existing models for predicting soil physical properties are developed for untilled soils, the paper outlines procedures to adapt these models to fractured and compacted zones in tilled soils. The paper also identifies specific assumptions that need both laboratory and field testing.
Enhancing multiple-path speculative execution with predicate window shifting

Abstract Speculative execution has long been used as an approach to exploit instruction level parallelism across basic block boundaries. Most existing speculative execution techniques only support speculating along a single control path, and heavily rely on branch prediction to choose the right control path. In this paper, we review the existing approaches for speculative execution and propose an extended predicated execution mechanism, called predicate shifting, to support speculating along multiple control paths. The predicate shifting mechanism maintains a condition/predicate window for each basic block. With the condition/predicate window, instructions can be guarded by predicates related to current or future branch conditions. The predicate shifting mechanism can reduce the number of required tag bits by shifting conditions/predicates out of the condition/predicate window whenever they are no longer in use. To incorporate the predicate shifting mechanism into a VLIW processor, a new result-buffering structure, called future buffer, is used to buffer uncommitted results and to evaluate predicates. The FIFO structure of the future buffer not only simplifies exception handling but also allows multiple uncommitted writes to the same register. Experimental results show that the predicate shifting mechanism can use predicate tag effectively and achieve 24% performance improvement over the previous predicating mechanism (H. Ando, C. Nakanishi, T. Hara, M. Nakaya, Unconstrained speculative execution with predicated state buffering, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1995, pp. 126–137) using a small predicate tag.
DECARBOXYLATION STUDIES OF GLUTAMATE, GLUTAMINE, AND ASPARTATE FROM BRAIN LABELLED WITH [1‐14C] ACETATE, l‐[U‐14C]‐ASPARTATE, AND l‐[U‐14C]GLUTAMATE

— Studies in vivo and in vitro of the distribution of label in C-1 of glutamate and glutamine and C-4 of aspartate in the free amino acids of brain were carried out. [1-14C]-Acetate was used both in vivo and in vitro and l-[U-14C]aspartate and l-[U-14C]glutamate were used in vitro. 1 The results obtained with labelled acetate and aspartate suggest that CO2 and a 3-carbon acid may exchange at different rates on a COa-fixing enzyme. 2 The apparent cycling times of both glutamate and glutamine show fast components measured in minutes and slow components measured in hours. 3 With [1-14C]acetate in vitro glutamine is more rapidly labelled in C-1 than is glutamate at early time points; the curves cross over at about 7 min. 4 The results support and extend the concept of metabolic compartmentation of amino acid metabolism in brain.
Women as Volunteers and Activists

This study used logistic regression analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience to identify characteristics associated with the likelihood of female volunteers' engaging in activities to change social conditions and with the likelihood of female activists' being volunteers. Results suggested that volunteers are more likely to be activists to the extent that they perceive what they do as making a difference. Furthermore, they are likely to be found in organizations reflecting their own affinity for activism. Work decreases the extent to which women volunteer but does not affect their propensity for activism. Prior volunteer experience partially offsets some of the decreased time devoted to voluntarism due to work. Implications regarding the relationship between voluntarism and activism and for promoting voluntary activism in general are discussed.
Use of Titanate Coupling Agents in Kevlar-phenolic Composites

Surface modification of Kevlar fibers with titanate coupling agents for improved adhesion of the fiber and resin in Kevla–phenolic composites has been attempted to explore the possibility of enhancement in adhesion and bulk properties of composites for friction materials. Titanate coupling agents were used and flexural properties of the Kevlar–fiber reinforced composites determined. A study of different amounts of the coupling agents at the fiber–matrix interface suggested that 2% by weight of fiber was the optimum amount, in terms of improvement in flexural properties. The composite samples with the coupling agents showed an increase in flexural strength over the untreated samples, with the maximum increase of about 18% over the control. Water-absorption studies were conducted on Kevlar–phenolic composites treated with organotitanates to detemine the effectiveness of these coupling agents in improving resistance to moisture attack. The treated Kevlar–phenolic composite samples exhibited greater resistance to moisture-ingress over the untreated samples. The control samples showed a decrease of 17% in flexural strength. The largest decrease in strength was 14% for the treated samples containing coupling agent tetrakis (2-ethylhexyl) titanate (TYZOR TOT). Recovery in strength on reconditioning was also greater for treated samples over control. A recovery in strength of about 94% was seen for some treated samples. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Method of Fitting the Regression Curve E(y) = α + δx + βρ x

In the curve E(y) = α + δx + βρ x , the estimation of the parameter ρ is of vital importance. Shah and Pate1 [2] have described a least-squares solution by using tables. A simple approach of finding a quick estimate of ρ with high efficiency is discussed here in detail. A table is given in order to simplify the calculation of the estimate. Two Chemical Engineering examples are discussed to illustrate the method.
Residual stress, stress relief, and inhomogeneity in aluminum plate

Abstract Through-thickness residual-stress profiles in rolled 7050-T74 aluminum plate were measured before and after stress relief by stretching (-T x 51). Measurement required adapting the crack-compliance method to measure both in-plane stress components. Unexpected features in the profiles could be explained by through-thickness yield strength variations caused by crystallographic texture.
Polybenzyl type polymers

The various proposed structures for polymers derived from benzyl type compounds have been discussed and the likelihood of these structures considered in the light of a study of their preparation and properties. Both the para substituted structure of Shriner and Berger and the pendant structure of Henne and Leicester were rejected chiefly on the basis of physical properties, degradation behavior, and x-ray and infrared evidence. Flory's randomly branched structure also fails to account for the degradation behavior and the infrared spectrum. A new configuration which is a nonrandomly substituted, highly branched molecule is advanced. This structure contains predominantly two types of benzene rings, i.e., a relatively small number of highly substituted rings and a considerably larger number of monosubstituted benzenes existing in the form of pendant benzyl groups.
Determinants of state tobacco-control expenditures

While Centers for Disease Control and Prevention believe that most state governments under-fund tobacco-control programs, little is known about why large variation in spending exists between state governments. This study explores reasons for spending variation through an econometric model of per capita spending on tobacco-control programs that explores the effects of smoking prevalence while holding constant tobacco settlement funds, state budget deficits, and other factors that might also be expected to influence spending variation. Empirical evidence indicates no support for the hypothesis that states with high smoking prevalence spend more on tobacco-control than other states. This finding may be quite surprising to those working in areas of public health and clearly leads to many important policy questions regarding why the data indicate that funding does not appear to bear any relation to perceived public health problems as would be predicted if policymakers were following a ‘rational needs’ approach...
Density-functional theory of submonolayer phases of rare gases on graphite

We present a new approach to the calculation of phase diagrams of submonolayer films of adsorbed rare gases based on the density-functional method. Our treatment is the first to explain the systematics of He, Ar, Kr, and Xe on graphite and gives good overall agreement with experiment.
Routing airlift aircraft by the double-sweep algorithm

In this paper, we describe the problem of modeling the routing of aircraft across a network of enroute bases. This is done to provide routes for scenarios that are being studied by the analysis tools at the Airlift Mobility Command. We are primarily concerned with the development of routes that can be easily implemented with the airlift operations analysis tools in use at AMC. We will describe the specific implementation issues that have been addressed. One such issue is the use of available data in a specific input file format. Another crucial issue is adapting the base-to-base route set provided by the double-sweep algorithm into a region-to-region route set which can be used by the airlift analysis models. The methods used to adapt the route sets appropriately are described, and test results are provided for two different scenarios. Finally, recommendations that were given to the analysts at AMC for use of the k-shortest path routine are given.