cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Modern Cracow (1866–1914)*

Poland's medieval and Renaissance capital and a mainspring of humanist learning in east central Europe, Cracow, suffered from neglect and decay after the Baltic-oriented Vasa dynasty transferred the court to Warsaw at the end of the sixteenth century. The first partition of Poland established the new border with Austria along the Vistula River, at the very gates of Cracow. Deprived of its hinterland, the city lost both suppliers and markets, and its commerce dried up. Local nobles and patricians abandoned the city for the more glittering and bustling life at the court of Stanislaw August in Warsaw. Russian troops seized Cracow toward the end of the Kościuszko Insurrection and then ceded it to Austria in Poland's third partition. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, its population had shrunk to barely ten thousand. Ensuing Germanization was halted only when Cracow was joined in 1809 to the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw.
Distribution, Abundance and Domoic Acid Analysis of the Toxic Diatom Genus Pseudo-nitzschia from the Chesapeake Bay

Very little research has been conducted on mid-Atlantic estuarine populations of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia despite recent evidence of toxicity in regional isolates. We collected field samples from the Chesapeake Bay region from 2002 to 2007 for Pseudo-nitzschia enumeration and toxin analysis. Abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia were highest in the winter and spring at ∼103 cells ml−1. Domoic acid (DA) was detectable in 42% of samples tested, but concentrations were generally low, ranging from 0 to 1,037 pg DA ml−1 (mean 176 pg DA ml−1), and DA cell quota ranged from <0.1 to 49.4 pg DA per cell (mean 1.4 pg DA per cell). Although Pseudo-nitzschia populations were observed year round when salinity was ≥5, populations were highest from February to May when temperatures were low (2–15°C) and salinity relatively high (≥10). Six species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified via transmission electron microscopy of the samples: P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. subpacifica (Hasle) Hasle, P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle emend. Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Hasle and P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. P. calliantha was the most common and not previously reported from the Chesapeake Bay. Of these species, P. pungens, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries are known to produce domoic acid.
Fretting fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V with dissimilar mating materials☆

Abstract The effects of dissimilar mating materials on fretting fatigue behavior of titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V were investigated. Fretting fatigue configuration involved cylindrical pads on the flat specimen. Specimens were made of Ti–6Al–4V and cylindrical pads were made of Ti–6Al–4V, aluminum alloy 2024 and Inconel 718 alloy. All fretting fatigue tests were conducted at 200 Hz with the maximum axial stress ranging from 400 to 700 MPa, and stress ratio, R ranging from nominal value of 0.0–0.7. Applied normal loads for each material of pads were set to provide a constant Hertzian peak pressure of 292 MPa. Finite element analysis of fretting fatigue specimens was also conducted. Results showed that there was no significant effect of different pad materials on fretting fatigue life of Ti–6Al–4V at the same applied effective stress. W- or V-shaped surface profiles of the fretting scar were observed with three pad materials, but the specimen tested with aluminum 2024 pad material showed the narrowest scar due to the lowest hardness of aluminum 2024 pad material and the smallest slip region, which was verified from finite element analysis. Microscopic analysis showed that cracks originated at the contact surface and crack orientations were approximately ±45° from a perpendicular to the loading direction. Four critical plane based parameters: Findley, Smith–Watson–Topper, shear stress range (SSR), and modified shear stress range (MSSR) parameters, were evaluated in terms of ability to correlate/predict number of cycles for crack initiation (nucleation and growth to a certain size), crack location and crack angle. All parameters were effective to correlate with number of cycles to crack initiation regardless of pad materials, but only SSR and MSSR parameters could predict both location and orientation of the crack correctly.
The marketplace, emerging technology and marketing theory:

The marketplace is a human invention that simultaneously delivers a standard of living and serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas. In the 21st century, we see the ‘marketspace’ as an innovation that has potential to enhance human experiences. In this commentary, we explore how emerging technology (e.g. the Internet) is transforming the marketplace, and we discuss how marketing theory might evolve in order to keep pace with this phenomenon.
A corresponding states principle for physisorption and deviations for quantum fluids

The principle of corresponding states has long been observed to be valid for simple fluids in the bulk state. It has recently been proposed that fluids adsorbed in a microporous sorbent also follow a form of corresponding states [D.F. Quinn, Carbon 40, 2767 (2002)]. It was observed that adsorption isotherms for several different adsorbates follow near-universal behaviour when plotted at the reduced temperature 2.36 as a function of reduced pressures, where the critical temperature and pressure are used as the reducing parameters. Significantly, Quinn noted that hydrogen manifestly does not follow the trends of the other fluids, showing much higher adsorption than any other fluid studied; this was ascribed to hydrogen being able to adsorb in very narrow pores not accessible to other adsorbates. It is shown in the current work that the anomalous behaviour of hydrogen can be described entirely by quantum effects and the relative strength of the fluid–fluid and solid–fluid potentials. Analytical and simulatio...
Infrared (IR) vs. X-ray power generation in the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)

The LCLS, a free-electron laser (FEL) designed for operation at a first harmonic energy of 300 eV (/spl lambdaspl ap/40 /spl Aring/) in the self-amplified spontaneous emission regime, will utilize electron bunches compressed down to durations of >
Cognitive control for robot task execution

This paper discusses an application of cognitive control for robot task execution. The idea is currently being implemented in a humanoid robot ISAC using the central executive agent and the working memory system. Using cognitive control, the robot should be able to learn how to execute task using past experience and emotion. This paper also discusses a cognitive control experiment used to test the performance of the system.
Rate-adaptive LDPC-coded multilevel modulation with coherent detection for high-speed optical transmission

We propose an adaptive quasi-cyclic LDPC-coded multilevel modulation scheme, suitable for use in future 100 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s Ethernet technologies. In proposed scheme, the codeword length and column-weight of a parity-check matrix H are kept constant while the code-rate adaptation is performed by varying the row-weight and permutation-block size of H.
Productivity, dispersal and the coexistence of intraguild predators and prey

A great deal is known about the influence of dispersal on species that interact via competition or predation, but very little is known about the influence of dispersal on species that interact via both competition and predation. Here, I investigate the influence of dispersal on the coexistence and abundance-productivity relationships of species that engage in intraguild predation (IGP: competing species that prey on each other). I report two key findings. First, dispersal enhances coexistence when a trade-off between resource competition and IGP is strong and/or when the Intraguild Prey has an overall advantage, and impedes coexistence when the trade-off is weak and/or when the Intraguild Predator has an overall advantage. Second, the Intraguild Prey's abundance-productivity relationship depends crucially on the dispersal rate of the Intraguild Predator, but the Intraguild Predator's abundance-productivity relationship is unaffected by its own dispersal rate or that of the Intraguild Prey. This difference arises because the two species engage in both a competitive interaction as well as an antagonistic (predator-prey) interaction. The Intraguild Prey, being the intermediate consumer, has to balance the conflicting demands of resource acquisition and predator avoidance, while the Intraguild Predator has to contend only with resource acquisition. Thus, the Intraguild Predator's abundance increases monotonically with resource productivity regardless of either species' dispersal rate, while the Intraguild Prey's abundance-productivity relationship can increase, decrease, or become hump-shaped with increasing productivity depending on the Intraguild Predator's dispersal rate. The important implication is that a species' trophic position determines the effectiveness of dispersal in sampling spatial environmental heterogeneity. The dispersal behavior of a top predator is likely to have a stronger effect on coexistence and spatial patterns of abundance than the dispersal behavior of an intermediate consumer.
Improved Poisson intensity estimation: denoising application using Poisson data

Recently, Timmermann and Nowak (1999) developed algorithms for estimating the means of independent Poisson random variables. The algorithms are based on a multiscale model where certain random variables are assumed to obey a beta-mixture density function. Timmermann and Nowak simplify the density estimation problem by assuming the beta parameters are known and only one mixture parameter is unknown. They use the observed data and the method of moments to estimate the unknown mixture parameter. Taking a different approach, we generate training data from the observed data and compute maximum likelihood estimates of all of the beta-mixture parameters. To assess the improved performance obtained by the proposed modification, we consider a denoising application using Poisson data.
Anaesthetic management of a child with Burkitt's lymphoma of the larynx

An eight-year-old boy with a Burkitt's lymphoma of the upper airway is described. The use of sevoflurane for induction of anaesthesia in patients with airway obstruction is discussed. The logistical problems of upper airway surgery and anaesthesia in this type of patient are considered.
Simulations of the Alternating Access Mechanism of the Sodium Symporter Mhp1

Sodium coupled cotransporters of the five-helix inverted repeat (5HIR) superfamily use an alternating access mechanism to transport a myriad of small molecules across the cell membrane. One of the primary steps in this mechanism is the conformational transition from a state poised to bind extracellular substrates to a state that is competent to deliver substrate to the cytoplasm. Here, we construct a coarse-grained model of the 5HIR benzylhydantoin transporter Mhp1 that incorporates experimental structures of the outward- and inward-open states to investigate the mechanism of this conformational change. Using the weighted ensemble path-sampling method, we rigorously sample the outward- to inward-facing transition path ensemble. The transition path ensemble reveals a heterogeneous set of pathways connecting the two states and identifies two modes of transport: one consistent with a strict alternating access mechanism and another where decoupling of the inner and outer gates causes the transient formation of a continuous permeation pathway through the transporter. We also show that the conformational switch between the outward- and inward-open states results from rigid body motions of the hash motif relative to the substrate bundle, supporting the rocking bundle hypothesis. Finally, our methodology provides the groundwork for more chemically detailed investigations of the alternating mechanism.
The expression and activation of EGF and c-NEU receptors are increased in enterocytes during intestinal adaptation.

Abstract Background/Purpose : After massive small bowel resection (SBR), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its intestinal receptor (EGF-R) play major roles during adaptation. The expression of a homologous enterocyte receptor termed c-neu (c-neu-R) is capable of forming heterodimers with EGF-R to facilitate cellular signaling. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression and activation of EGF-R and c-neu-R during the adaptive intestinal response to SBR. Methods : Male ICR mice underwent either SBR or sham surgery. After 1, 3, and 7 days, enterocytes were isolated and protein immunoprecipitated with antibody to either EGF-R or c-neu-R. Receptor protein expression and activation status were determined. Results : When compared with sham operation, the expression and activation status of both EGF-R (six- and twofold, respectively) and c-neu-R (nine- and twofold, respectively) were increased substantially in enterocytes from the adapting ileum after SBR by postoperative day 3. Minimal changes were appreciated for either EGF-R or c-neu-R expression or activation in the remnant bowel after enterocyte removal, liver, or kidney. Conclusions : Both the expression and activation status of EGF-R and c-neu-R are increased substantially in enterocytes from the adapting ileum by postoperative day 3 after massive SBR. These changes provide a unique mechanism for the enterocyte to enhance cellular signaling in response to EGF during intestinal adaptation.
Perception control for obstacle detection by a cross-country rover

Perception control consists of optimally tuning sensor or processing parameters in order to increase perception efficiency under requirement constraints or while adjusting to the environment. Perception control in the task of obstacle detection from cross-country navigation is addressed. The authors show how to maximize the vehicle safety at a given velocity, or inversely how to derive the maximum speed for a given safety. This optimization problems requires the joint analysis of how the vehicle velocity sets look-ahead requirements, how the computational cost of perception is related to the perception variables, the window of attention and image resolution, and how the reliability of the obstacle detection system is related to these variables. This criterion relies on experimental performance statistics. This system has been implemented and tested in outdoor operation. >
Surface composites: A new class of engineered materials

To integrate irreconcilable material properties into a single component, a new class of engineered materials termed “surface composites” has been developed. In this engineered material, the second phase is spatially distributed in the near surface regions, such that the phase composition is linearly graded as a function of distance from the surface. Surface composites are different from existing engineered materials such as “bulk composites” and “functionally graded materials” (FGM). Unlike bulk composites, the surface phase in surface composites is present only at the near surface regions. In contrast to FGM, the graded properties of surface composites are achieved by unique morphological surface modification of the bulk phase. To fabricate surface composites, the initial surface of the bulk material is transformed using a novel multiple pulse irradiation technique into truncated cone-like structures. The laser induced micro-rough structures (LIMS) possess surface areas which are up to an order of magnitude higher than the original surface. The second phase is deposited on the surface using thin or thick film deposition methods. A key characteristic of surface composites is the formation of a three-dimensional, compositionally and thermally graded interface, which gives rise to improved adhesion of the surface phase. Examples of various types of surface composites such as W/Mo, silica/SiC, diamond/steel, etc. are presented in this paper. The unique properties of surface composites make them ideal engineered materials for applications involving adherent thick film coatings of thermally mismatched materials, compositional surface modification for controlled catalytic activity, and creating adherent metal-ceramic and ceramic-polymeric joints.
Outage probability of multi-cellular MIMO systems in Rayleigh fading

We analyze the performance of multi-cellular MIMO systems in Rayleigh fading. Consistent with practical scenarios, we assume two types of interference: intracell interference from users within the same cell as the desired user and intercell interference from users in other cells. We derive a compact closed form expression for the outage probability of such a system in the form of finite sums. The expression is easily computable and allows for a simpler and faster study of various MIMO configurations. An interesting outcome of the analysis is that using multiple antennas on the receiver side results in better performance since transmit diversity does not combat interference from same cell users.
Nonlinear Dynamo Oscillations

The stability of steady equilibrium amplitudes of magnetic fields generated by convection flows is investigated. Two cases are considered in detail, for which steady solutions are available from the previous work of Busse (1973) and Busse (1977). In the first case instability occurs primarily because of magnetic flux expulsion at high magnetic Reynolds numbers. In the second case the change in the velocity field caused by the Lorentz force enhances dynamo action. This subcritical finite amplitude dynamo is potentially unstable. In typical cases the nonlinear dynamo oscillations that replace the steady equilibrium solutions are investigated by numerical integration.
Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Atmospheric Subseasonal Variability

Abstract The relationship between atmospheric subseasonal variability and interannual variation of SST over the tropical Indian Ocean is examined using winds and humidity from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and the monthly SST analysis. The primary focus is on whether and how the subseasonal variability is related to the zonal dipole structure of SST, which peaks during boreal fall. The level of subseasonal wind activity is measured by standard deviation of bandpass-filtered zonal wind fields on the 6–30- and 30–90-day time scales. During boreal fall (September–November), the interannual variation of 6–30-day (submonthly) near-surface zonal wind activity in the central and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean is highly correlated with the large-scale zonal SST gradient. The intensity of submonthly variability is largely reduced during positive dipole years. A significant reduction of intraseasonal (30–90-day) wind activity is also evident during large dipole events. However, the c...
The subsumption architecture: distributed control for business objects

The goal of enterprise modeling is to capture the structure and operations of a business as simply and directly as possible. The object-oriented approach to enterprise modeling allows us to capture the structure and operations of a business as a collection of interacting business objects. The enterprise model provides us with useful insights into the workings of a business and hence facilitates exercises in business process re-engineering (BPR). The role of BPR is to improve the structure and operations of a business. In this paper, we propose the subsumption architecture as a solution to a class of control problems which arise in BPR efforts. The subsumption architecture is ideally suited to implementation in the distributed computing environment, yielding a scaleable, high-performance solution which is particularly robust under exceptional conditions.
CITADEL: a content protection architecture for decentralized peer-to-peer file sharing systems

There is an increased interest, by content creators and owners, in content protection systems that provide the ability to control or restrict the content that can be shared on peer-to-peer file sharing systems. Some content protection systems have been proposed for centralized peer-to-peer systems (such as Napster) where a central authority controls all indexing and querying. These systems cannot be applied to decentralized peer-to-peer systems since they rely on a central server. Also, such systems limit the ability of end-users to effectively share content and can make the peer-to-peer distribution model resemble a client-server model in many respects. In this paper, we propose CITADEL, a novel content protection architecture designed to operate in decentralized peer-to-peer systems (such as Gnutella). CITADEL enforces a range of protection policies while maintaining an open peer-to-peer distribution model. CITADEL builds a protected file sharing environment over a normal peer-to-peer network using secured content objects and file sharing software enhanced to perform protection operations. A flexible content importation system that is part of CITADEL allows all users to insert new content as well as additional copies of protected content.
Promoting Safe Prescribing in Primary Care With a Contraceptive Vital Sign: A Cluster- Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE Routine assessment of women's pregnancy intentions and contracep- tive use—a so-called contraceptive vital sign—may help primary care physicians identify patients who need preconception or contraceptive counseling and be of particular benefi t when teratogenic medications are prescribed. METHODS We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a contraceptive vital sign on primary care documentation of contracep- tive use and change in primary care physicians' provision of family planning ser- vices. Academic internists in the intervention group (n = 26) were provided with information on their female patients' pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use immediately before visits; internists in the control group (n = 27) received only standard intake information. Data were abstracted from the electronic health record for 5,371 visits by 2,304 women aged 18 to 50 years. RESULTS Documentation of contraception increased from baseline, from 23% to 57% in the intervention group, but remained 28% in the control group, a change of +77.4 (95% confi dence interval (CI), 70.7 to 84.1) adjusted percent- age points in the former vs +3.1 (95% CI, 1.2 to 5.0) in the latter (P <.001). For visits involving a teratogenic prescription, documentation increased from 14% to 48% in the intervention group and decreased from 29% to 26% in the control group, a change of +61.5 (95% CI, 35.8 to 87.1) adjusted percentage points in the former vs -0.3 (95% CI, -4.3 to 3.6) in the latter (P <.001). Provision of new family planning services increased only minimally with this intervention, however. When women with documented nonuse of contraception were prescribed poten- tial teratogens, only 7% were provided family planning services.
Limited capacity for the removal of O6-methylguanine and its regeneration in a human lymphoma line

The Raji human lymphoma line is able to remove O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) lesions introduced by treatment of cells with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The reaction has a rapid phase in which approximately 40% of the O6MeG is removed in the first 10 min. The capacity of cells for rapid O6MeG removal is limited and is saturated at concentrations of MNNG which do not saturate the systems removing 3-methyladenine. Pretreatment of cells with MNNG inhibits their ability to remove O6MeG produced by a subsequent dose given after 2 h. Treatment with N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) is effective in diminishing cellular capacity for O6MeG removal, and cells unable to remove O6MeG and sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of MNNG are also more sensitive to ENNG than their removal competent counterparts. Regeneration of the ability to remove O6MeG requires incubation of cells for periods greater than 24 h. The O6MeG removal system is similar to that found in adapted Escherichia coli although the capacity of the Raji lymphoma line much lower than that of the induced bacteria per unit of DNA.
Strategic Entry Before Demand Takes Off

In developing industries, firms have to decide whether and when to enter the market depending on the state of demand, existing firms in the industry, and the firm's capabilities. This paper investigates a model of increasing demand, in which firms decide when to enter the market anticipating the strategic behavior of other potential entrants, and the effects of entry on future potential entrants. This paper shows that the ability of early entry to deter future competitors' entry leads firms to enter the market at a rate faster than demand is expanding. If there is the potential for many firms to enter the market, firms may be less likely to enter because of future competitor entry to correct any market opportunities. If firms enter the market depending on their fixed capabilities rather than depending on the firm's circumstances at each moment in time, firms end up entering the market at a faster rate in the early periods.
The role of H2O2 outer diffusion on the performance of implantable glucose sensors.

The performance of an implantable glucose sensor is strongly dependent on the ability of their outer membrane to govern the diffusion of the various participating species. In this contribution, using a series of layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled outer membranes, the role of outwards of H2O2 diffusion through the outer membrane of glucose sensors has been correlated to sensor sensitivity. Glucose sensors with highly permeable humic acids/ferric cations (HAs/Fe3+) outer membranes displayed a combination of lower sensitivities and better linearities when compared with sensors coated with lesser permeable outer membranes (namely HAs/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/PDDA). On the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of the oxygen dependence of these sensors in conjunction with the permeability of H2O2 through these membranes, it was concluded that the outer diffusion of H2O2 is crucial to attain optimized sensor performance. This finding has important implications to the design of various bio-sensing elements employing perm-selective membranes. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Combining Simulation and Virtualization through Dynamic Sampling

The high speed and faithfulness of state-of-the-art virtual machines (VMs) make them the ideal front-end for a system simulation framework. However, VMs only emulate the functional behavior and just provide the minimal timing for the system to run correctly. In a simulation framework supporting the exploration of different configurations, a timing backend is still necessary to accurately determine the performance of the simulated target. As it has been extensively researched, sampling is an excellent approach for fast timing simulation. However, existing sampling mechanisms require capturing information for every instruction and memory access. Hence, coupling a standard sampling technique to a VM implies disabling most of the "tricks" used by a VM to accelerate execution, such as the caching and linking of dynamically compiled code. Without code caching, the performance of a VM is severely impacted. In this paper we present a novel dynamic sampling mechanism that overcomes this problem and enables the use of VMs for timing simulation. By making use of the internal information collected by the VM during functional simulation, we can quickly assess important characteristics of the simulated applications (such as phase changes), and activate or deactivate the timing simulation accordingly. This allows us to run unmodified OS and applications over emulated hardware at near-native speed, yet providing a way to insert timing measurements that yield a final accuracy similar to state-of-the-art sampling methods
Chicago Influences on the War on Poverty

The most controversial component of the War on Poverty in the 1960s was its Community Action Program (CAP). Controversy resulted largely from the CAP because it employed activist professionals, mandated massscale resident participation, and encouraged federal-agency-sponsored institutional conflict as a mechanism for social reform. These strategies were tested earlier in the Mobilization for Youth program founded in the late 1950s, and in the early 1960s in the Ford Foundation Gray Areas programs and the President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency projects. Indeed, the basic models of social expertise and community action employed in those programs were used in Chicago two decades before.
Bootstrap confidence intervals

Abstract Nonparametric confidence bounds are obtained for a wide class of statistics using bootstrap. These results improve the errors in the probability estimates of the confidence intervals over the ones obtained by the normal approximation theory unconditionally.
Induction of hepatic cytochromes P450 in dogs exposed to a chronic low dose of polychlorinated biphenyls.

Induction of cytochrome P450 isoforms, specifically CYP1A1, and their catalytic activities are potential biomarkers of environmental contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, dogs were exposed to 25 ppm or 5 ppm Aroclor 1248 (PCB mixture) daily in their diet for 10 or 20 weeks, respectively. Relative to controls, hepatic microsomes from dogs dosed with PCBs had higher levels of CYP1A1 detected in immunoblots and higher levels of EROD activity, but low levels of induction for CYP2B and PROD activity. Concentrations of 96 PCB congeners in serum and liver were evaluated using capillary chromatography. Results showed that all dogs exposed to PCB mixtures had higher levels of PCB in serum and liver. Dogs preferentially sequestered highly chlorinated PCB congeners in liver relative to serum. With these experiments, we demonstrated that EROD activity was a potentially sensitive marker of PCB exposure at 5 and 25 ppm. Furthermore, CYP1A1 and EROD activity were maximally induced in dogs consuming dietary concentrations only 2.5 times the maximal permissible level for human food (FDA). The value of CYP1A1 induction as a biomarker of PCB exposure was tenuous because neither CYP1A1 levels nor EROD activity correlated with total PCB body burden. However, a small subset of congeners were identified in liver that may strongly influence EROD and PROD induction. Finally, two dogs in the 25 ppm dose group were fasted for 48 h. After 24 h of fasting, several new congeners appeared in the serum and remained in the serum for the remainder of the fast. The fast caused a 293% increase in PCB concentration in serum. This increase has strong implications regarding mobilization of toxic PCBs in wildlife during fasting (e.g., migration, hibernation).
Counterfactual structure and learning from experience in negotiations

a b s t r a c t Reflecting on the past is often a critical ingredient for successful learning. The current research investi- gated how counterfactual thinking, reflecting on how prior experiences might have been different, moti- vates effective learning from these previous experiences. Specifically, we explored how the structure of counterfactual reflection - their additive (''If only I had") versus subtractive (''If only I had not") nature - influences performance in dyadic-level strategic interactions. Building on the functionalist account of counterfactuals, we found across two experiments that generating additive counterfactuals about a pre- vious negotiation produced an advantage for negotiators over their previous performance compared to subtractive counterfactuals, both in terms of obtaining value for oneself and conceiving creative agree- ments. Additive counterfactuals enabled negotiators to more effectively extract lessons from past expe- riences to improve their current negotiation performance.
MEMS millimeterwave components

New microelectromechanical system (MEMS) components that enable reconfigurable MEMS millimeterwave transceivers were presented with a focus on the device architectures for system integration. The architectures for reconfigurable antennas, planar impedance tuners, microswitches and variable capacitors were demonstrated using the three-polysilicon-layer process.
EXAMINING PATTERNS OF BAT ACTIVITY IN BANDELIER NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO, BY USING WALKING POINT TRANSECTS

Abstract We conducted a preliminary study using small field crews, a single Anabat II detector coupled with a laptop computer, and point transects to examine patterns of bat activity at a scale of interest to local resource managers. The study was conducted during summers of 1996–1998 in Bandelier National Monument in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico, a landscape with distinct vegetation zones and high species richness of bats. We developed simple models that described general patterns of acoustic activity within 4 vegetation zones based primarily on nightly variation and a qualitative index of habitat complexity. Bat acoustic activity (number of bat passes&sol point) did not vary dramatically among a limited sample of transects within a vegetation zone during 1996. In 1997 and 1998, single transects within each vegetation zone were established, and bat activity did not vary annually within these zones. Acoustic activity differed among the 4 vegetation zones of interest, with the greatest activi...
Sneezing and wheezing: Viruses and bacteria in early childhood wheezy episodes

Viruses that infect the respiratory tract are known to trigger wheezing in young children; whether bacteria also trigger wheezing is not so clear. To investigate how specific pathogens affect wheezy illness, Carolsson and colleagues assessed viruses and bacteria collected from the airways of young children during wheezing episodes. The children—from the COPSAC2000 cohort—were followed with daily diary cards and doctor visits during wheezy episodes. The authors gathered a total of 515 nasopharynx and hypopharynx aspirates from 216 children during acute wheezing incidents (483 were tested for virus detection by PCR, 420 for bacteria by microbial culture, and 388 for both bacteria and virus). Similar to others’ reports, viruses were detected in 65% (350 of 530) of the pharyngeal aspirates—with picornaviruses (85% were rhinovirus), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and coronviruses being the most prevalent viral agents. The authors also discovered bacteria in 85% (412 of 483) of the pharyngeal samples that they cultured. Streptococcus pneumonia , Haemophilus influenza , and Moraxella catarrhalis were the most commonly found bacteria. Of the samples tested for both viruses and bacteria, 55% were coinfected. These findings suggest that, in addition to viruses, common respiratory bacteria are associated with acute wheezing episodes, possibly causing exacerbations. The incidence of RSV peaked in the winter months, whereas the viral and bacterial isolates did not show seasonal variation. The average duration of illness was 9 days, a value that, surprisingly, was independent of the identity of the microbial pathogen. Of other host and environmental factors, only an asthma diagnosis was associated with longer duration of illness. Thus, both viral and bacterial exposure may trigger wheezing episodes in young children, but unidentified host factors may be more important in determining the duration of illness than is the identity of the particular pathogen. Limitations of this study were the lack of isolates from healthy children and data on symptom severity. The study also did not address whether infection or carriage is required and whether upper or lower airway exposure is more important. The conclusion that both bacteria and viruses can be associated with wheezing illnesses in young children is noteworthy clinically, as early childhood wheezing is important in the development of asthma and further atopic disease. C. J. Carlsson et al ., Duration of wheezy episodes in early childhood is independent of the microbial trigger. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.003 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)00695-8/abstract
Intermittent bright light and exercise to entrain human circadian rhythms to night work

Bright light can phase shift human circadian rhythms, and recent studies have suggested that exercise can also produce phase shifts in humans. However, few studies have examined the phase-shifting ...
Note on the Radiation Field of the electron

Previous methods of treating radiative corrections in non-stationary processes such as the scattering of an electron in an atomic field or the emission of a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray, by an expansion in powers of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}c}$, are defective in that they predict infinite low frequency corrections to the transition probabilities. This difficulty can be avoided by a method developed here which is based on the alternative assumption that $\frac{{e}^{2}\ensuremath{\omega}}{m{c}^{3}}$, $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}}{m{c}^{2}}$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}}{c\ensuremath{\Delta}p}$ ($\ensuremath{\omega}$ = angular frequency of radiation, $\ensuremath{\Delta}p$ = change in momentum of electron) are small compared to unity. In contrast to the expansion in powers of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}c}$, this permits the transition to the classical limit $\ensuremath{\hbar}=0$. External perturbations on the electron are treated in the Born approximation. It is shown that for frequencies such that the above three parameters are negligible the quantum mechanical calculation yields just the directly reinterpreted results of the classical formulae, namely that the total probability of a given change in the motion of the electron is unaffected by the interaction with radiation, and that the mean number of emitted quanta is infinite in such a way that the mean radiated energy is equal to the energy radiated classically in the corresponding trajectory.
Building Diversified Portfolios That Outperform Out-of-Sample (Presentation Slides)

Mean-Variance portfolios are optimal in-sample, however they tend to perform poorly out-of-sample (even worse than the 1/N naive portfolio!) We introduce a new portfolio construction method that substantially improves the Out-Of-Sample performance of diversified portfolios.The full paper is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2708678.
A Seminar in Juvenile Problems

Once a year this department will carry figures on law school registration. In addition it will provide a medium for the description of experiments in curriculum, teaching method , and administration. Like "comments the typical law school development note will be characterized by brevity and informality; unlike them, it will be descriptive rather than argumentative and will deal primarily with devices which have been tested in actual operation. As a general rule, the authors will gladly answer inquiries and, to the extent available, upon request supply copies of materials referred to •
Does AMC Mean "Archives Made Confusing"? Patron Understanding of USMARC AMC Catalog Records

Archivists create MARC AMC catalog records to enhance access and make information about holdings more widely available, but they have not evaluated the effectiveness of those descriptions for a diverse audience. Inclusion of MARC AMC descriptions in integrated online catalogs and other factors have increased the difficulty of interpreting catalog records. Studies of patron understanding of MARC AMC records are needed to validate or contradict our assumptions that these descriptions are intelligible to our patrons. The integrated online catalog environment at the Arizona State University Libraries is a test site for the formulation of a user study to measure patron understanding of MARC AMC records.
E-069 Intentional Partial Embolisation for Dome Protection of Ruptured Complex Bifurcation Cerebral Aneurysms with Onyx HD500 is Feasible Prior to Delayed Definitive Treatment

Introduction Intentional partial coiling dome protection of ruptured cerebral aneurysms was recently reported to prevent acute rebleeding in SAH patients. There are potential disadvantages to this technique including difficulty keeping coil loops away from the neck of the aneurysm that may impede future clipping attempts or the potential for inadequate coil protection. Emergent off-label, IRB approved utilisation of Onyx HD500 could resolve these issues by providing 100% volume filling of the embolised portion of the aneurysm with greater control to prevent embolic material encroachment at the neck of the aneurysm. Methods Three patients whom had intentional emergent partial embolisation of a ruptured aneurysm using Onyx HD-500 with a dome protection strategy are reported. In each case, an EV3 4mm x 7mm Hyperform balloon catheter was positioned to protect parent and branch vessels. Each aneurysm was selectively catheterised with an Echelon-10 DMSO compatible microcatheter. After the balloon was inflated to decrease flow currents within the aneurysm, Onyx HD500 was infused slowly as per standard technique until it conformed to the distal aneurysm dome. Cycles of balloon deflation and inflation during embolisation were utilised to prevent ischaemia. Onyx deposition in the proximal 1/3 of the aneurysm near the neck was avoided to allow room for definitive treatment such as placement of a surgical clip. Results All three patients had successful dome protection with Onyx HD500, leaving room at the neck of the aneurysm for definitive treatment. There were no procedural thromboembolic complications. Two of the patients had good or fair clinical outcomes and delayed surgical clipping was performed with success. There were no issues with the Onyx material preventing clipping or increasing the difficulty of clipping. The third patient was a WFNS SAH grade 5 who was later changed to comfort measures and expired prior to definitive treatment. figure A. Complex ruptured right MCA aneurysm with daughter sac. figure B. Long arrow: dome protection with Onyx cast within daughter sac. Short arrow: surgical clipping at the neck. Conclusion Dome protection with Onyx HD500 of ruptured complex bifurcation aneurysms with intent for delayed surgical clipping or stent-assisted coiling is a feasible strategy to prevent acute rebleeding when the aneurysm is unfavourable for initial definitive treatment. Disclosures R. James: 1; C; Brain Aneurysm Foundation, Microvention, Inc., East Carolina University, East-West Collaboration Grant. 4; C; Remedy Pharmaceuticals, Inc. E. Lukosius: None. K. Wainwright: None. H. Kanaan: None.
A labeled substrate approach to discovery of biocatalytic reactions: A proof of concept transformation with N-methylindole

Biocatalysis has become an important method in the pharmaceutical industry for the incorporation of new functionality in small molecules. Currently this method is limited in the types of reactions that can be carried out and no strategy exists to systematically screen for new biocatalyzed reactions. This study involves the development of a medium throughput screen to identify and optimize new reactions using a series of marine-derived bacterial cell lines, which were screened against several 13C labeled organic substrates. The reactions were analyzed using 13C NMR as the primary screening tool. We describe the discovery of a bacterial catalyzed indole oxidation reaction in which complete conversion of 13C labeled N-methyl indole to 3-hydroxyindole was observed. In addition, the sensitivity of this reaction to dO2 levels can be exploited to oxidize to either 3-hydroxyindole or 2-oxoindole. This new platform sets up an important tool for the discovery of new organic transformations using an extensive librar...
Comparative Morphology of the Final Larval Instar of Caryobruchus buscki and Pachymerus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae)

Larvae of Caryobruchus buscki Bridwell and a new species of Pachymerus infest a large percentage of the fallen fruits of the palm, Scheelea ostrata Burret. The final instars of these 2 species of Pachymerinae are described and compared. Characters used were those of the the labrum, clypeus, epipharynx, maxillae, antennae, The ocelli, legs, anal sulcus, and integumental vestiture.
Balance of Autonomic Nervous System Predicts Who Benefits from a Self-management Intervention Program for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine if potential biomarkers can be used to identify subgroups of people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) who will benefit the most or the least from a comprehensive self-management (CSM) intervention. METHODS In a two-armed randomized controlled trial a CSM (n = 46) was compared to a usual care (n = 46) group with follow-up at 3 and 6 months post randomization. Biomarkers obtained at baseline included heart rate variability, salivary cortisol, interleukin-10 produced by unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and lactulose/mannitol ratio. Linear mixed models were used to test whether these biomarkers predicted improvements in the primary outcomes including daily abdominal pain, Gastrointestinal Symptom score and IBS-specific quality of life. RESULTS The nurse-delivered 8-session CSM intervention is more effective than usual care in reducing abdominal pain, reducing Gastrointestinal Symptom score, and enhancing quality of life. Participants with lower nighttime high frequency heart rate variability (vagal modulation) and increased low frequency/high frequency ratio (sympathovagal balance) had less benefit from CSM on abdominal pain. Salivary cortisol, IL-10, and lactulose/mannitol ratio were not statistically significant in predicting CSM benefit. Baseline symptom severity interacts with treatment, namely the benefit of CSM is greater in those with higher baseline symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Cognitively-focused therapies may be less effective in reducing abdominal pain in IBS patients with higher sympathetic tone. Whether this a centrally-mediated patient characteristic or related to heightened arousal remains to be determined.
Public Knowledge and Attitude toward Essential Tremor: A Questionnaire Survey

Background: Public awareness of and attitude towards disease is an important issue for patients. Public awareness of essential tremor (ET) has never been studied. Methods: We administered a ten-minute, 31-item questionnaire to 250 consecutive enrollees. These included three samples carefully chosen to have a potential range of awareness of ET: 100 individuals ascertained from a vascular disease clinic, 100 individuals from a general neurology clinic, and 50 Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Results: Leaving aside PD patients, only 10-15% of enrollees had ever heard of or read about “ET”. Even among PD patients, only 32.7% had ever heard of or read about ET. After providing enrollees with three synonymous terms for ET (‘benign tremor’, ‘kinetic tremor’, ‘familial tremor’), approximately 40% of non-PD enrollees and 51.0% with PD had ever heard or read about the condition. Even among participants who had heard of ET, approximately 10% did not know what the main symptom was, 1/3 were either unsure or thought ET was the same disease as PD, 1/4 thought that ET was the same condition as frailty- or aging-associated tremor, 2/3 attributed it to odd causes (e.g., trauma or alcohol abuse), only 1/3 knew of the existence of therapeutic brain surgery, fewer than 1/2 knew that children could have ET and 3/4 did not know of a celebrity or historical figure with ET. Hence, lack of knowledge and misconceptions were common. Conclusions: Public knowledge of the existence and features of ET is overall poor. Greater awareness is important for the ET community.