cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraining functional hypotheses: controls on the morphology of the concavo‐convex brachiopod Rafinesquina

The concavo-convex shape of strophomenoid brachiopods has been inferred to be adaptive to a free-lying state. Such functional hypotheses should be constrained by identifying the factors controlling morphology. A typical strophomenoid, Rafinesquina alternata, is used here to study morphological influences. Specimens of R. alternata were collected from ten localities in Indiana, USA. Beds are Upper Ordovician (Richmondian) mudstones and limestones of the Dillsboro and Whitewater Formations. Length and hingeline width of the pedicle valve were measured, and elongation (length divided by width) calculated for each specimen. Specimens were qualitatively identified as geniculate or arcuate. Regression analyses using stratigraphy (time), mudstone percentage (substrate), grainstone percentage (disturbance), ratio of Strophomena planumbona to R. alternata (competition), and length (ontogeny) as independent variables, were performed to determine the factors influencing morphology. Elongation was most strongly influenced by grainstone percentage and the S. planumbona ratio. Populations of R. alternata from grainstonerich intervals are less elongate than other samples. The lateral margins of transverse R. alternata may have functioned as sediment traps during periods of high turbidity. Alternatively, variation in elongation may be a character displacement due to interspecific competition with the related S. planumbona, which is inferred to have had a similar life mode. R. alternata specimens found in beds dominated by S. planumbona are more elongate than R. alternata from beds in which S. planumbona is rare or absent. Geniculation was influenced by stratigraphic position, suggesting an evolutionary trend, and by limestone percentage. Geniculate individuals are most common in muddier intervals, supporting the hypothesis that geniculation enabled R. alternata to employ an ‘iceberg’ strategy, ‘floating’ convex down on the soft muds. The habitat distribution of R. alternata is inconsistent with the hypothesis that concavo-convex brachiopods lived convex-valve-up, as suggested by Lescinsky (1995). Both elongation and geniculation may be examples of phenotypic plasticity.
CMOS compatible argon-ion-implanted C-band silicon waveguide photodetector

Extrinsic Si waveguide photodiodes created through Ar+ implantation are shown to be stable up to 350°C with 0.29 A/W internal quantum efficiency and 10 GHz frequency response. Similar Si+ implantation defects anneal out at 300°C.
Professors are people too: The impact of informal evaluations of professors on students and professors

There are websites where individuals anonymously provide informal reviews of professors. What impact do such sites have on student and professor motivational factors? Research suggests that undergraduate students are affected (e.g. Edwards et al. in J Comput Mediat Commun 14:368–392, 2009; Kowai-Bell et al. in Comput Hum Behav 27(5):1862–1867, 2011). The goals of the present investigation are to (1) see if Master’s level students are also influenced and (2) investigate how professors are affected. We provided students (Study 1) and professors (Study 2) comments from an informal review website and they, respectively, took the perspective of a potential student or the professor described in the comments. In Study 1, consistent with prior research on undergraduates, Master’s level students were affected by the reviews (perceived control, outcome expectancies, affect toward taking the class, and likelihood of recommending to a friend), in accordance with the valence of the reviews. Among professors (Study 2), the valence of the reviews influenced affect and self-concept with respect to relational aspects of teaching (mood, affect toward teaching again, confidence that students liked them, and confidence that they would have rapport with future students) but did not have an effect on professor self-concept with respect to competence (teaching ability and teaching well in the future). Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests that new professors are more susceptible than experienced professors. The results of these studies are relevant because of the degree to which students and instructors contribute to the socioemotional climate of the classroom (Frenzel et al. in J Educ Psychol 103(3):705–716, 2009; Radel et al. in J Educ Psychol 102(3):577–587, 2010).
SOME EXPLANATIONS FOR DISPARITIES IN LIFESAVING INVESTMENTS1

Recent cost-effectiveness studies have uncovered substantial disparities in lifesaving investments between federal agencies. An examination of OSHA and NHTSA policies suggests that such disparities are not necessarily the result of arbitrary or inadvertent decision making. The disparities may reflect both conscious social judgments about priorities in lifesaving policy and systematic patterns of political and bureaucratic behavior. The hypotheses advanced in this paper suggest that, while these cost-effectiveness studies ignore important social values, they are also useful in exposing systematic imperfections in political and regulatory decision making.
Collection development — Generalizations and a decentralized model

Abstract Collection development programs, while exerting a profound influence on the shape of a university library, are themselves determined by forces which lie outside the library itself. One of the most powerful of these forces is the faculty. The author describes a highly decentralized allocation and collection development program, in which faculty have a major role and responsibility in determining the expenditure for materials. Such a program may be difficult to coordinate, but if the faculty are dynamically involved, the resultant collection reflects the immediate priorities of each department.
WHY WE SHOULD DEVELOP A TRULY AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM

The reasons in favor of developing an automated highway system (AHS) are addressed. The anticipated benefits in highway capacity increases, travel time reductions, safety improvements, reduction of driving stress and tedium, elimination of adverse driving behavior, alternative uses of traveling time, more predictable travel time, and reduction of exhaust emissions and energy consumption are reviewed. The concerns that have been raised by those who are skeptical of AHS are then reviewed, indicating which have already been addressed and which remain subject to continuing uncertainty and research.
Is permanent pacing for dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure a viable therapeutic option

Enthusiasm for permanent pacing as a therapeutic option for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF) has waxed and waned since the early 1990‘s. The clinical results of standard dual-chamber pacing in these patients have been extraordinarily mixed, which can be attributed to small patient populations, marked heterogeneity of patients included, highly variable study designs and endpoints, and limited follow-up. Although investigators have postulated some mechanisms for improvement, there is still a great deal to learn to be able to reliably predict which patients with DCM and/or CHF will respond to permanent pacing. Biventricular pacing is emerging as having the greatest potential for patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. Although data is somewhat limited, triple-chamber, and in some cases four-chamber pacing will be the focus of future interest.
The localization of Ca2+‐ATPase and Ca2+ binding proteins in the flagellum of guinea pig sperm

Ferritin-labeled antibody to calmodulin was localized in flagella of guinea pig sperm. Ferritin granules were present on the surface of the medial portion of the coarse fibers, and in the matrix immediately surrounding this segment of the fibers. The results demonstrate that calmodulin is confined to regions close to the tubulin-dynein systems os the axoneme. A calcium-dependent ATPase was localized in the same region by trapping the reaction product with cadmium. The presence together of calmodulin and the Ca2+-ATPase close to the axonemal complex suggests that they function to control the concentration of Ca2+, which in turn may regulate the action of the dynein ATPase, and sperm motility. The remainder of the coarse fiber surface also contains specialized material as evidenced by intense staining with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid. These data suggest that the role of the coarse fibers is complex and may not be solely structural.
Culture, television, and opposition: Rethinking cultural studies

This essay critically addresses the issues of culture, cultural politics, social power, and the television audience in cultural studies. Although this approach has become a dominant one in media studies, its theoretical assumptions have not been sufficiently scrutinized. Our criticism focuses on two major themes. First, we argue that cultural studies tends to analyze all cultural interpretation in terms of struggles between dominant and subordinate groups. This reductionist perspective does not adequately conceptualize the formation of shared meanings nor the possibility of innovative cultural creativity. Its discussion of oppositional cultural politics lacks a strong normative dimension. Second, we argue that the text‐centered approach of cultural studies misses much of television viewing's complexity. We utilize Lembo's research on the television audience to suggest alternative ways that viewers may become critical of dominant ideas and practices.
Indium-induced reconstructions of the Si(111) surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

The simple metal indium is known to induce different reconstructions of the silicon (111) surface in the range of metal coverages below one monolayer (1 ML). We have studied both the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ and the 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstructions with scanning tunneling microscopy. Images of the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ surface are consistent with $\frac{1}{3}$ ML of In adatoms resting in threefold sites. The higher-coverage 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface consists of large reconstructed terraces often bounded by abrupt, stepped edges. Growth of flat metal islands is also seen around 1 ML.
Insulin degradation. XXIII. Distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in isolated rat hepatocytes as studied by immuno-ferritin and electron microscopy.

The distribution of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathione: protein-disulphide oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.4.2) in isolated rat hepatocytes that had been first treated with rabbit antiserum against purified rat liver transhydrogenase and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit γ-globulin was examined by electron microscopy. In cells with antact plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase was observed on a few external microvillous projections at the outside of the cell. In cells with breaks in the plasma membrane, the immunoferritin labeling appeared extensively on smooth vesicles just inside the plasma membrane and on smooth endoplasmic reticulum extending to and including the outer nuclear membrane, in addition to the external microvillous projections. There was some immunoferritin labeling on rough endoplasmic reticulum and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The mitochondria and the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the cell did not show the ferritin labeling. Control parallel samples in which the antiserum was substituted with normal (i.e. non-immune) serum or with neutralized antiserum (prepared by absorption with the transhydrogenase) showed little or no immunoferritin labeling. These results are consistent with the idea that gluthalione-insulin transhydrogenase probably synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and that the transhydrogenase accessible to cell surface (or found in the isolated plasma membrane preparations) probably represents a functional continuity between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane.
Information Technology Prescription for Small, Medium, and Large Hospitals: An Exploratory study of Acute Care Hospitals in Texas

Hospitals invest in information technology to lower costs and to improve quality of care. However, it is unclear whether these expectations for information technology are being met. This study explores information technology (IT) in a hospital environment and investigates its relationship to mortality, patient safety, and financial performance across small, medium, and large hospitals. Breaking down IT into functional, technical and integration components permits the assessment of different types of technologiesâ€™ impact on financial and operational outcomes. Findings indicate that both IT sophistication (access to IT applications) and IT sophisticationâ€™s relationship to hospital performance varies significantly between small, medium, and large hospitals. In addition, empirical investigation of quality, safety, and financial performance outcomes demonstrates that the observed impact of IT is contingent upon the category of IT employed.
Portal venous hyperinsulinemia does not stimulate gut glucose absorption in the conscious dog.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess whether physiological portal vein hyperinsulinemia stimulates gut glucose absorption in vivo. Chronically catheterized (femoral artery, portal vein, inferior vena cava, and proximal and distal duodenum) and instrumented (Doppler flow probe on portal vein) insulin (INS, 2 mU · kg −1 · min −1 , n = 6) or saline (SAL, n = 5) infused dogs were studied during basal (30 minutes) and experimental (90 minutes) periods. Arterial and portal vein plasma insulin were 3.3- and 3.2-fold higher, respectively, throughout the study in INS compared to SAL. An intraduodenal glucose infusion of 8 mg · kg −1 · min −1 was initiated at t = 0 minutes. At t = 20 and 80 minutes, a bolus of 3- O -[ 3 H]methylglucose (MG) and l -[ 14 C]glucose (L-GLC) was injected intraduodenally. Phloridzin, an inhibitor of the Na + -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1), was infused from t = 60 to 90 minutes in the presence of a peripheral isoglycemic clamp. Net gut glucose output (NGGO) was 5.2 ± 0.6 and 4.6 ± 0.8 mg · kg −1 · min −1 in INS and SAL, respectively, from t = 20 to 60 minutes. Transporter-mediated absorption was 87% ± 2% of NGGO in both INS and SAL. Passive gut glucose absorption was 13% ± 2% of NGGO in both INS and SAL. Phloridzin-induced inhibition of transporter-mediated absorption completely abolished passive absorption of L-GLC in both groups. This study shows that under physiological conditions, a portal vein insulin infusion that results in circulating hyperinsulinemia does not increase either transporter-mediated or passive absorption of an intraduodenal glucose load.
Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films (200–400 nm in thickness) have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on glass substrates without a post-deposition anneal. The electrical and optical properties of these films have been investigated as a function of substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure during deposition. Films were deposited at substrate temperatures ranging from room temperature to 300 °C in O2 partial pressures ranging from 0.1 to 100 mTorr. For 300 nm thick ITO films grown at room temperature in oxygen pressure of 10 mTorr, the electrical conductivity was 2.6×10-3 Ω-1cm-1 and the average optical transmittance was 83% in the visible range (400–700 nm). For 300 nm thick ITO films deposited at 300 °C in 10 mTorr of oxygen, the conductivity was 5.2×10-3 Ω-1cm-1 and the average transmittance in the visible range was 87%. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed that the RMS surface roughness for the ITO films grown at room temperature was ∼7 A, which is the lowest reported value for the ITO films grown by any film growth technique at room temperature.
Localization of the L1Md family of repeated sequences in the mouse albumin-α-fetoprotein gene complex

Studies on the beta-globin gene complex in the mouse have demonstrated the existence of repeated DNA sequences interspersed throughout the intergenic regions (1,2). These sequences are members of families of middle repetitive sequences and have been mapped to specific intergenic sites in the 60 kbp beta-globin complex. In this study we present evidence that members of this middle repetitive family of DNA sequences, the L1Md family, are interspersed throughout the mouse albumin and alpha-fetoprotein gene complex. Unlike those of the beta-globin complex, all of which are found in the intergenic regions, these sequences are localized within intron 12 of the albumin gene and intron 3 of the AFP gene as well as twice in the 13.5 kbp intergenic region that links the albumin gene to the AFP gene.
Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Ion Channels: Spotlight on Symmetry

In this issue of Structure, Chiu et al. (2007) report the 16 A EM structure of the prokaryotic cyclic nucleotide-regulated K+ channel MloK1. This structure reveals that the channel is arranged as a four-fold symmetric tetramer.
Estimating equivalent circuit parameters of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using the current change method

Abstract This paper presents an equivalent circuit parameters estimation method for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The proposed parameters extraction method is based on the current change technique, which intentionally changes the output current of fuel cell to obtain the transient waveform of the terminal voltage. The parameter values of the equivalent circuit are found by analyzing transient waveform measurement results from the current change test. Compared with electrical impedance spectroscopy method, the current change method is proposed as a simpler technique for obtaining fuel cells properties. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the current change method, the method is tested on a practical PEMFC stack. Good agreements between the experimental and simulated results for both the steady state and dynamic behavior of the fuel cell stack are obtained; the test results show the proposed method is efficient and reliable.
Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the relation between specific frontostriatal structures (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) and response inhibition deficits observed in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method Children with ADHD and age-matched normal controls were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tested on three response inhibition tasks. Behavioral performance was correlated with MRI-based anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) implicated in ADHD. Results First, significant differences in performance by children with ADHD and normal volunteers were observed on all three response inhibition tasks. Second, performance on these tasks correlated only with those anatomical measures of frontostriatal circuitry observed to be abnormal in children with ADHD (e.g., the region of the prefrontal cortex, caudate, and globus pallidus, but not the putamen) in the authors' previous study. Third, significant correlations between task performance and anatomical measures of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nuclei were predominantly in the right hemisphere, supporting a role of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and ADHD. Conclusion The data suggest a role of the right prefrontal cortex in suppressing responses to salient, but otherwise irrelevant events while the basal ganglia appear to be involved in executing these behavioral responses.
Follicular fluid stimulation of steroidogenesis in immature granulosa cells in vitro.

Abstract Granulosa cells from small (1–2 mm) immature porcine follicles were cultured in monolayer in culture media composed of equal parts of culture medium 199 and either (a) fluid from small follicles, (b) fluid from large (6–12 mm) follicles or (c) adult female porcine serum for 6 days, with or without 100ng LH and/or 2 μg FSH/ml. Both basal and gonadotrophinstimulated progesterone secretion were greater in the presence of fluid from large follicles than in serum, for all 6 days. After 4 days of culture, fluid from small follicles enhanced gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone secretion over that occurring in serum, but to a lesser extent than fluid from large follicles. These studies suggest the presence of a maturation stimulating molecule(s) in follicular fluid which increases in activity or concentration as the follicles enlarge. This factor may be essential for normal granulosa cell maturation in vivo.
Application of Laser Spectroscopy to Collisional Studies

Abstract : The traditional method for studying atomic or molecular collisions is the use of crossed atomic or molecular beams. Owing to the low beam densities one encounters, such studies have generally been restricted to atoms or molecules in ground or metastable states; however, it is now possible to use lasers to achieve substantial excited state atomic populations so that scattering from excited states may also be studied in crossed beam experiments. Typically, one obtains the differential scattering cross section as a function of center-of-mass energy in crossed beam experiments. These experiments, although often difficult to perform, provide a 'direct' measure of the scattering process.
Using Interagency Collaboration to Support Family-Centered Transition Practices:

Harry's mother, Lanie, looked around the table at all of the professionals who had come together to write Harry's Individualized Education Plan (IEP): Harry's service coordinator, the school distri...
The Cold War at Sea: An International Appraisal Introduction

The legacies of the Cold War at sea are both glorious and tragic. Whether pioneering advances in nuclear energy or in arctic research, the decades of struggle at sea harnessed the world's most adva...
Antipredator responses of two native stream fishes to an introduced predator: Does similarity in morphology predict similarity in behavioural response?

Abstract – Antipredator defences in prey species are moulded largely by predation. One general expectation is that an organism's size, shape or morphology determines the optimal set of corresponding behavioural antipredator responses. We test the hypothesis that species with similar morphology and ecology exhibit similar antipredator responses by quantifying and comparing avoidance and escape responses of two similar species, leatherside chub and redside shiner. We also examine how antipredator responses of these two species translate into mortality using experimental stream enclosures. In the presence of brown trout, redside shiner increased activity level, responded to a simulated attack sooner, quicker and had a more manoeuvrable escape than leatherside chub. Predation by brown trout decreased survival of both species, but caused higher levels of mortality in leatherside chub compared with redside shiner. Similar morphology and ecology of these two prey species does not correspond to similarity in avoidance and escape responses, and this difference has consequences for the long-term survival of these species in the presence of introduced brown trout.
Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies

Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
The influence of carbon dioxide on brain activity and metabolism in conscious humans.

A better understanding of carbon dioxide (CO2) effect on brain activity may have a profound impact on clinical studies using CO2 manipulation to assess cerebrovascular reserve and on the use of hypercapnia as a means to calibrate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal. This study investigates how an increase in blood CO2, via inhalation of 5% CO2, may alter brain activity in humans. Dynamic measurement of brain metabolism revealed that mild hypercapnia resulted in a suppression of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) by 13.4%±2.3% (N=14) and, furthermore, the CMRO2 change was proportional to the subject's end-tidal CO2 (Et-CO2) change. When using functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) to assess the changes in resting-state neural activity, it was found that hypercapnia resulted in a reduction in all fcMRI indices assessed including cluster volume, cross-correlation coefficient, and amplitude of the fcMRI signal in the default-mode network (DMN). The extent of the reduction was more pronounced than similar indices obtained in visual-evoked fMRI, suggesting a selective suppression effect on resting-state neural activity. Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) studies comparing hypercapnia with normocapnia conditions showed a relative increase in low frequency power in the EEG spectra, suggesting that the brain is entering a low arousal state on CO2 inhalation.
Assessment of Purity and Screening of Peptide Libraries by Nested Ion Mobility-TOFMS: Identification of RNase S-Protein Binders

Combinatorial peptide synthesis in combination with affinity selection and high-resolution ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IM/TOFMS) analysis has been used to investigate the binding of a series of 96 related eight-residue peptides (with the general sequence NH2-GX1X2FX3X4X5G-CO2H, where X1 = L, F, V, Y; X2 = N, F; X3 = E, V, T; X4 = V, L; X5 = V, L) to the ribonuclease S protein. A key advantage of this strategy is that the IM/TOFMS approach allows the relative abundances of individual library components (including numerous sequence and structural isomers) to be characterized before and after screening. The relative binding interactions of different sequences are assessed by comparing IM/TOFMS data for those components that pass through the column (as well as those that bind) to data for the library prior to screening. The high-affinity sequences that are found in this study are compared with those selected from much larger combinatorial libraries. The results suggest that many expected se...
Revisional bariatric surgery is more effective for improving obesity-related co-morbidities than it is for reinducing major weight loss.

Abstract Background Patients having previous bariatric surgery are at risk for weight regain and return of co-morbidities. If an anatomic basis for the failure is identified, many surgeons advocate revision or conversion to a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The aim of this study was to determine whether revisional bariatric surgery leads to sufficient weight loss and co-morbidity remission. Patients and Methods From 2005-2012, patients undergoing revision were entered into a prospectively maintained database. Perioperative outcomes, including complications, weight loss, and co-morbidity remission, were examined for all patients with a history of a previous vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Results Twenty-two patients with a history of RYGB and 56 with a history of VBG were identified. Following the revisional procedure, the RYGB group experienced 35.8% excess weight loss (%EWL) and a 31.8% morbidity rate. For the VBG group, patients experienced a 46.2% %EWL from their weight before the revisional operation with a 51.8% morbidity rate. Co-morbidity remission rate was excellent. Diabetes (VBG:100%, RYGB: 85.7%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (VBG: 94.4%, RYGB: 80%), and hypertension (VBG: 74.2%, RYGB:60%) demonstrated significant improvement. Conclusion Revision of a failed RYGB or conversion of a VBG to a RYGB provides less weight loss and a higher complication rate than primary RYGB but provides an excellent opportunity for co-morbidity remission.
Equilibrium distributions of electrons on roundish plane conductors. II

Summary The paper deals with equilibrium distributions of n electrons (point charges −1) on plane conductors in the shape of a simple closed curve. For Jordan curves γ of class C 3+e and a certain roundness, a precise formula is obtained for the asymptotic behavior of equilibrium sets of n points. The results extend and refine the sophisticated work of Pommerenke on the asymptotic distribution of Fekete points (and other equilibrium points) on “strongly analytic” Jordan curves. They enable one to obtain a close estimate for the field due to n electrons in equilibrium (Faraday cage effect). The basic tool in the paper is a quantitative Tauberian result to the effect that if for a given distribution of n electrons on a smooth, roundish Jordan curve, the tangential forces are small, then the electrons are close to an equilibrium configuration, except possibly for a conformal rotation.
Careful and accurate placement of avionics boxes during maintenance of flight hardware

Because a key driver to the cost of launching aerospace hardware into space is its weight, the design of the flight hardware has many trade-offs to reduce the overall weight of the flight vehicle. These trade-offs usually result in reduced work space for maintaining and repairing the flight hardware. One very common ground replaceable flight hardware in aerospace launch and crewed vehicles are the avionics box. Which during the installation of these avionics boxes they must be accurately and carefully placed to reduce damage to hardware, such as the cold plate, wiring, etc. The focus of this paper is to describe the results of a study set out to determine how accurately and carefully a human can place an avionics box in restricted space.
Structural and biochemical analysis of the assembly and function of the yeast pre-mRNA 3′ end processing complex CF I

The accuracy of the 3′-end processing by cleavage and polyadenylation is essential for mRNA biogenesis and transcription termination. In yeast, two poorly conserved neighboring elements upstream of cleavage sites are important for accuracy and efficiency of this process. These two RNA sequences are recognized by the RNA binding proteins Hrp1 and Rna15, but efficient processing in vivo requires a bridging protein (Rna14), which forms a stable dimer of hetero-dimers with Rna15 to stabilize the RNA–protein complex. We earlier reported the structure of the ternary complex of Rna15 and Hrp1 bound to the RNA processing element. We now report the use of solution NMR to study the interaction of Hrp1 with the Rna14–Rna15 heterodimer in the presence and absence of 3′-end processing signals. By using methyl selective labeling on Hrp1, in vivo activity and pull-down assays, we were able to study this complex of several hundred kDa, identify the interface within Hrp1 responsible for recruitment of Rna14 and validate the functional significance of this interaction through structure-driven mutational analysis.
Recent results for the Raytheon RELI program

We describe our approach and latest results for Raytheon's RELI (Robust Electric Laser Initiative) program. Our architecture leverages a slab-based, Master Oscillator / Power Amplifier (MOPA) architecture based on Raytheon's unique planar waveguide amplifier. Technical objectives for this effort are to demonstrate > 25 kW output with excellent beam quality and an electrical to optical efficiency > 30%. The planar waveguide architecture provides compact packaging and is inherently scalable to 100 kW or greater in a single beam line. We report on the latest progress and test results for the program.
Lesions of ascending dopaminergic pathways decrease forebrain glucose uptake.

WE describe the changes in forebrain glucose uptake following various lesions of ascending catecholaminergic pathways. These pathways include dopaminergic fibres arising from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (A9 of Dahlstrom and Fuxe1) and from other cell bodies in the ventral tegmentum (A8, A10) and noradrenergic fibres originating from the locus coeruleus (A6) and from other cell bodies in the midbrain (A7) and medulla (A1, A2, A5)2. We have found that destruction of dopaminergic fibres results in decreased forebrain glucose uptake.
STRUCTURED TIME AND SUBJECTIVE ACCELERATION OF TIME

The present paper gives some evidence that differences in subjective time acceleration with aging are correlated with differences in the extent to which time is structured for the individual, as opposed to free time. Lemlich's 1975 hypothesis relating this speeding up of time to the subjective duration of the time interval was only partially supported by the evidence. Subjective change perceptions of happiness were not correlated significantly with this phenomenon of time perception.
Mass spectral analysis of substituted pteridines and their reduced analogs

The reduced forms of substituted pteridines exhibit cofactor and inhibitory properties with the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (Ayling, et al., Biochemistry, 12, 2045 (1973)). Mass spectrometry has been used as a method for structure confirmation and to determine the state of purity and the extent of reduction. The structural analysis was facilitated by the use of several homologous classes of compounds. Reduced pteridines have not previously been analyzed by mass spectrometry and only a limited amount of data, much of which was from trimethylsilyl or acetyl derivatives, has been published on the mass spectral analysis of the non-reduced compounds. Detailed mass spectral fragmentation modes are presented for the reduced and non-reduced forms of the following compounds: 4-aminopteridine, 4(3H)pteridinone, 6,7-dimethyl-4(3H)pteridinone, 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethylpteridine, 6,7-dimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pteridinedione, 2-amino-4(3H)pteridinone, 2-amino-6,7-dimethyl-4(3H)pteridinone, 2-amino-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4(3H)pteridinone, 2-amino-4,6(3H,5H)pteridinedione, 2-amino-7-methyl-4,6(3H,5H)pteridinedione, 2-amino-4,7(3H,8H)pteridinedione, 2-amino-6-methyl-4,7(3H,8H)pteridinedione.
A Histochemical Study of the Avian Liver

Abstract The enzymatic histochemistry of the avian liver is described and compared with the reported results on the mammalian liver. The following results were obtained: Acid phosphatase staining was located in the Kupffer cells lining the sinusoids; some localization occurred on the sinusoidal margins of the hepatic cells in the region of the terminal hepatic venules. Adenosine triphosphatase staining was located on the canalicular boundaries of the hepatic cells. Non-specific esterase staining was generally diffuse but some localization occurred in the hepatic cells adjacent to both the terminal hepatic and portal venules. The highest concentration of alkaline phosphatase and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase stains were located in the hepatic cells in the regions of the terminal hepatic venules. Glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase localizations were greatest in the hepatic cells in the vicinity of the portal canals. Malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide diaphorase exhibited diffuse reactions throughout the hepatic parenchyma.
Serum Gonadotropin, Testosterone and Prolactin Concentrations Throughout Puberty in Boys: A Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT Forty-six boys were followed at 6-month intervals up to 48 months during the years of puberty with examinations to evaluate the extent of sexual development and with serum samplings to determine LH, FSH, testosterone and prolactin concentrations. LH levels rose throughout puberty, the initial rise of LH occurring before testosterone concentrations were significantly increased. Testosterone levels rose progressively from before the appearance of sexual hair until an adult distribution was achieved. Testosterone concentrations did not increase until after growth of the genitalia was appreciated while genital growth continued after elevations of testosterone were no longer detectable. Levels of FSH rose before sexual hair appeared but after the initial enlargement of the testes occurred. No further elevation of FSH occurred after mid-puberty. Prolactin concentrations did not change throughout puberty.
Hot-phonon effects and interband relaxation processes in photoexcited GaAs quantum wells

We present a theoretical study of the thermalization process of laser-excited, electron-hole plasmas in quantum wells. In particular, the long-time behavior of the light holes is investigated to determine their effect and the role played by the nonequilibrium phonons on the relaxation dynamics. We find that phonon reabsorption by the light holes can result in a significant heating of this population. The consequent retardation in the cooling is further augmented by the bottleneck effect arising out of energy-threshold limitations for the inter- and intraband phonon-emission processes. It is possible to obtain light-hole temperatures exceeding those of the electrons for some values of the lattice temperature and well width. Our results compare favorably with recent experimental observations.
Optical-Dipole-Force-Fiber Guiding and Heating of Atoms

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation characterizing the flux of laser-guided atoms through hollow-core optical fibers and show how it depends on laser detuning from resonance, laser intensity, and fiber curvature. The guiding employs dipole forces arising from the interaction of the atoms with the optical field. Laser light is focused into the hollow region of 40-\ensuremath{\mu}m-inner-diam capillary fiber and guided through the fiber by grazing incidence reflection from the glass walls. The lowest-order mode is azimuthally symmetric with maximum intensity on the fiber axis and nearly zero intensity at the walls. Rubidium atoms are attracted to the high-intensity region along the axis when the laser is detuned to the red of resonance and consequently guided through the fiber. Of particular interest is the evolution of the atom-flux versus laser-detuning profile of increasing intensity. At low intensities the dipole guiding potential is purely conservative and the flux profile is roughly dispersion shaped. At high intensity, viscous dipole forces heat the atoms and ``burn a hole'' in the flux-detuning curve. We find that transverse heating of the atoms and the exponential attenuation of optical mode intensity limit the distance atoms may be guided to about 20 cm in a 40-\ensuremath{\mu}m-diam fiber. Bending the fiber can reduce the effects of heating on atom flux.
L-carnitine via enzyme-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution.

Abstract l -Carnitine of high optical purity was prepared via kinetic resolution using a mutant strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 39647, This organism preferentially metabolized the d -enantiomer of the racemate to furnish l -carnitine. Recovery of l -carnitine was 93 %, providing a total weight yield of 46.5 % in 92% enantiomeric excess. The mode of degradation of carnitine was shown to proceed via a monooxygenase-catalyzed oxidative cleavage resulting in the formation of trimethylamine and malic acid. The data suggest that the stereoselective metabolism of dl -carnitine is probably the result of differential permeability of the cell membrane towards the optical antipodes.
BSCCO-2212 thick films on a flexible YSZ substrate

Abstract The potential use of flexible YSZ as a substrate material for the partial-melt growth, PMG, of Bi-2212 thick films was studied. Results show low critical temperatures, T c , ( T c was significantly improved (> 80 K) when Ag was used as a buffer layer. The optimum peak processing temperatures were found to decrease with increasing buffer-layer thickness. The critical current density, J c , also improved with increasing buffer-layer thickness. The self-field J c of these Bi-2212/Ag/YSZ composites was 1−3×10 3 A / cm 2 at 20 K, significantly lower than that for the Bi-2212/Ag tapes. However, the present study strongly supports the viability of using flexible YSZ with an appropriate buffer in the wind-and-react fabrication of high- T c pancake coils. The microstructure and transport properties of Bi-2212/YSZ and Bi-2212/Ag/YSZ composite structures will be discussed.
Accidental contamination from uranium compounds through contact with ceramic dinnerware

Examination of orange-colored dinnerware samples purchased in antique stores and flea markets has revealed the occasional presence of surface uranium compounds that are readily transferred to the hands and clothing. We have further been able to produce soluble uranium compounds on the surfaces of clean dishes by exposing them to household vinegar or bleach. We estimate that handling of a contaminated dish can transfer up to 1-2 becquerels or more of uranium compounds to the hands. Uranium contamination is of concern because the element is not only an alpha emitter but also a chemical nephrotoxin. Although the amount of uranium likely to be ingested as a result of casual handling may be small, it could still exceed by several times the amount occurring in the average diet (about 40 mBq/day). Furthermore, since fresh surface compounds are readily formed, it is possible that a person who regularly handles or eats from uranium-glazed dinnerware can accidentally ingest significant amounts of uranium.
Collagenase and bone resorption: Isolation of collagenase from culture medium containing serum after stimulation of bone resorption by addition of parathyroid hormone extract

Summary A new method is described for the isolation of tissue collagenase from culture medium containing serum. The method was used to isolate mouse bone collagenase from an in vitro tissue culture system utilizing mouse bone calvaria in which rapid bone resorption was stimulated by the addition of parathyroid hormone extract. The amount of collagenase activity in the tissue culture medium was found to correlate well with the extent of bone resorption observed morphologically. The results provide further and more direct evidence that the synthesis and release of bone collagenase is involved in and related to the removal of bone collagen during bone resorption.
Fluoride dating of mastodon bone from an early paleoindian spring site

Abstract Assessment of the fluoride content of mastodon bones from the Hiscock site, Genesee County, New York, demonstrate that fluoride dating by ion selective electrode can be used to determine the relative ages of late Pleistocene bones. In order to release fluoride from large individual skeletal elements it is necessary to remove all preservative coatings, use a homogenous powdered sample, and wet it well with 0·5 M HClO 4 for 7 to 8 min. The reproducibility or relative error is approximately 4% of the fluoride concentration and perhaps as low as 2% for specimens that have not been subjected to preservative.
Implicit time integration for plasma simulation

Abstract To increase the size of the time step, and thereby extend the applicability of kinetic plasma simulation, analysis of the stability and accuracy of implicit time integration schemes for plasma particle-in-cell simulation and the synthesis of new algorithms have been undertaken. Three classes of implicit algorithms are considered in general form. Stability and accuracy calculations provide guidelines for the design and application of implicit simulation algorithms, as illustrated in the construction of new difference schemes with desirable properties. Of particular interest- are the relaxation of stability constraints on the time step, strong damping of unwanted high-frequency modes, accuracy of the simulation of low-frequency phenomena, numerical secular acceleration, and numerical stability of fast and slow space-charge waves. The potency of higher order accurate differencing schemes in reducing undesirable numerical effects is demonstrated.
Immunofluorescent detection of actin in non-muscle cells of the developing mouse palatal shelf.

Abstract Cryostat sections of foetal mouse heads, taken at 14–15 days in utero , were incubated first in serum containing smooth muscle auto-antibody and then in fluorescein-conjugated rabbit or goat IgG directed against human IgG. A positive fluorescent reaction was observed in epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the secondary palate, oral mucosa, nasal septum and tongue. Incubating the auto-antibody-containing serum with highly purified actin blocked the auto-antibody and produced no reaction, suggesting that the contractile protein detected in non-muscle cells of the developing palatal shelf contain the muscle protein, actin.
The socio-demographic legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia

The study presented in this paper is an examination of the long-term impact of genocide during the period of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-79) in Cambodia. The very high and selective mortality of the period had a major impact on the population structure of Cambodia. Fertility and marriage rates were both very low under the Khmer Rouge, but recovered immediately after the regime's collapse. Because of the shortage of eligible men, the age and education differences between partners tended to decline. The period also had a lasting impact on the educational attainment of the population. The school system collapsed during the period and therefore individuals -- especially men -- who were of school age at the time have a lower educational attainment than those from the preceding and subsequent birth cohorts.
Resolution studies of a hand-held optical imager

A Gen-2 hand-held optical imager has been developed capable of 2D surface imaging and 3D tomography. In the current work, the capability of the imager to resolve two closely placed targets is assessed via 2D and 3D tomographic studies. Resolution studies have been carried out under various experimental conditions using slab phantoms. Preliminary 2D surface images of reflected measurements have demonstrated the ability of the system to resolve 0.95cm diameter targets placed 0.5cm apart at 2cm depth. Three dimensional tomography reconstructions are currently performed to assess the resolution capacity under different experimental conditions.
Some perceptual dependencies in speeded classification of vowel color and pitch.

Wood (1975) suggested that information specifying consonant identity is dependent on the earlier processing of pitch. Is vowel identification also dependent on the prior processing of pitch? In contrast with the results obtained with consonants, Kuhl (1975, 1976) reported that infants responded selectively to differences in vowel color when pitch varied but not to differences in pitch when vowel color varied. Miller (1978) has also reported that adults show mutual, symmetric interference effects in speeded classification of vowel color and pitch, In the present study, judgments of vowel color and pitch were examined in a reaction time task in order to assess the effects of the relative discriminability of vowel and pitch quality on speeded classification. In addition, we also compared the classification of isolated vowels to vowels in consonantal context. The overall results were consistent with both Kuhl’s and Miller’s earlier findings but refine our understanding of the interaction between various dimensions by showing that vowel identification is also dependent on the processing of pitch information. Such an interaction, however, becomes evident only when the processing dependencies are examined across a wide range of stimulus values for each dimension. The present findings provide additional information about the nature of processing dependencies among dimensions in speech and the methods by which such dependencies may be studied.