cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression in a Pure Population of Odontoblasts Isolated by Laser-capture Microdissection

Studies of odontoblast differentiation and function have been limited due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of intact cells. We describe a novel approach of laser-capture microdissection to obtain homogenous populations of pre-odontoblasts and odontoblasts from tissue sections of mouse molar cusp tips. Fixation, processing, and staining conditions were assessed for the optimal retrieval of total RNA from microdissected odontoblasts. Fluorometric assays and RT-PCR analysis of α1(I) collagen, dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp), and osteocalcin (OC) confirmed that the total RNA from three-day-old captured odontoblasts was sufficient in quantity and quality. Odontoblast-specific gene expression was studied by RT-PCR analysis performed in a single streptavidin-coated tube. At E15.5, Days 0 and 3, gene expression in laser-captured odontoblasts resembled that seen in vivo by in situ hybridization. The use of LCM is thus a valuable means of retrieving quality RNA from discrete populations of odontobl...
Characteristics of submicrometer gaps in buried-channel CCD structures

A planar-gate buried-channel charge-coupled-device (CCD) structure with deep submicrometer gaps was investigated. CCD test structures with gap widths from 0.15 to 0.45 mu m were fabricated using electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. Typical measured gap leakage currents were on the order of 0.3 pA/mm gap lengths for all gap widths. Potential wells, not barriers, were detected in the channel under the gaps. Measured potential well depths ranged from 0.15 to 1.0 V for gap widths from 0.15 to 0.45 mu m, respectively. The wells could be eliminated by applying a 1- to 4-V potential difference on adjacent electrodes for the above gap width range. Measured well depths correlate well with two-dimensional device simulation data. These results indicate that the planar-gate CCD is a viable structure for efficient charge transfer, especially for direct imaging applications. >
Toxicities of total-body irradiation for pediatric bone marrow transplantation

Purpose : To determine the acute and late effects, including cognitive function, of total body irradiation (TBI) and chemotherapy for bone marrow transplant (BMT) in children with immunodeficiency or hematologic disorders. Methods and Materials : At UCSF, 15 children with immunodeficiency disorders and 58 children with leukemia received chemoradiotherapy between July 1982 and November 1993 and were evaluated for toxicity. Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) received 7 Gy TBI while leukemia patients received 12 Gy TBI. Results : Eight immunodeficient patients (53%) are alive at 4 months to 11 years posttransplant. Acute toxicity was limited and treatment well tolerated. Most patients developed mild nausea and vomiting, skin rash, or erythema. Transient fever/chills, oral mucositis, and alopecia were noted in approximately 50% of patients. Seventy-three percent of patients demonstrated acute liver dysfunction, but only four (27%) developed veno-occlusive disease. All children had decreased growth velocity but normal growth hormone levels. Other endocrinologic evaluations including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and thyroid hormones were normal. Only one evaluable girl had delayed puberty with late onset of secondary sexual characteristics. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated an intelligence quotient (IQ) reduction between the baseline and 1 year post-BMT, with some recovery at 3 years. Only one patient developed a clinically significant cataract. Thirteen percent of patients had chronic interstitial lung disease. Four children developed exostosis. Only 1 of the 15 children developed a second malignancy (acute myelogenous leukemia) at age 5, 51 months posttransplant for SCID. For patients with leukemia, similar toxicities were observed. Twenty-nine percent disease-free survival was noted with a mean follow-up of 4.7 years. Twenty-two percent had chronic interstitial lung disease and two patients were diagnosed with cataracts. Graft-vs.-host-disease (GVHD), pubertal developmental arrest, and delayed puberty were seen. One child developed papillary thyroid carcinoma, 49 months post-BMT. Similar neuropsychological testing decrements were also observed. Conclusion : Our experience suggests that intensive chemoradiotherapy, even at a young age, does not cause severe, acute, or late toxicities but does result in a small IQ decrement and the risk of second malignancy in children with long-term follow-up.
Structural Analogues of Bioactive Phosphonic Acids: First Crystal Structure Characterization of Phosphonothioic and Boranophosphonic Acids

Phosphonothioic and boranophosphonic acids have been structurally characterized for the first time by single X-ray crystallography. These two functional groups, and the corresponding phosphonic acid, were all conveniently synthesized in high yields from trityl H-phosphinic acid (Ph3CPO2H2). The resulting trityl-substituted series: Ph3CP(O)(OH)2, Ph3CP(S)(OH)2, Ph3CP(O)(BH3 −)(OH)]LH+ (L = Lewis base) is fully characterized by spectroscopic methods, and the structural characteristics are compared. The results indicate that boranophosphonic acids should be investigated anytime a bioactive phosphonic acid has been identified. The solid state arrangements of the synthesized compounds are also discussed.
Analysis and modeling of LC oscillator reliability

In this paper, MOS device degradations due to hot carrier and gate oxide breakdown are shown experimentally, and their effects on the NMOS LC oscillator have been evaluated analytically and through SpectreRF simulation. The reduction in transconductance of the differential pair transistors may cause the oscillation to cease. The amplitude of oscillation reduces as the equivalent tank resistance decreases due to the breakdown effect on the MOS varactor. The reduction of amplitude reduces the tank capacitances, and therefore shifts the frequency of oscillation and increases the oscillator phase noise. The tank amplitude of the oscillator is derived analytically. A closed-form expression for the average capacitance of the varactor that accounts for large-signal effects is presented. Finally, a set of guidelines to design an LC oscillator in reliability is presented.
The Power of The Liver Transplant Waiting List: A Case Presentation

End-stage liver disease (ESLD), the final stage of chronic liver disease, is treated with liver transplant. Many patients have serious ESLD-related complications and are admitted to the intensive care unit for treatment. Such patients are temporarily unsuitable to undergo transplant surgery and are placed into a temporarily inactive category, "status 7," on the transplant waiting list. Status 7 patients account for about 15% of all patients on the list. To describe the experience of a status 7 patient on the liver transplant waiting list from the perspectives of family members, 38 hours of bedside observation of participants, 9 semistructured interviews with 6 family members, and 9 semistructured interviews with 8 health care professionals from nursing, medicine, and other health care disciplines were done. Data were analyzed via conventional content analysis. Family members' perspectives fit into 3 phases that correspond to the progression of the patient's clinical condition: dealing with crisis, confusion and frustration, and back on the road to transplant. All 3 phases related to 1 goal: getting the patient's status reactivated on the liver transplant waiting list. This case exposes the struggles that patients with ESLD and their families may go through during the status 7 period and could serve as a starting point for further examination of this period.
Fibroblast differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells during wound repair

To examine the ontogeny of the wound fibroblast, bone marrow transplantation was performed to wild-type recipients from transgenic donors that express both the luciferase and beta-galactosidase reporter genes under transcriptional control of the promoter/enhancer for the alpha2 chain of type I collagen. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted to elicit a naive granulation tissue response, removed at defined time points, and processed for nucleic acids and histochemistry. Quantitative PCR for the luciferase transgene demonstrated that donor-derived cells were present during inflammation, declined, and rebounded during later stages of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that bone marrow-derived collagen transcripts contributed significantly to the total collagen I alpha2 promoter activation during later stages of repair. beta-galactosidase staining revealed that indeed those cells which expressed the transgene exhibited a fibroblastic phenotype, co-localized with sites of active collagen deposition, and expressed fibroblast specific protein-1. These data strongly support the concept that the adult bone marrow compartment houses progenitors with the potential to migrate to sites of tissue damage, and participate in repair beyond inflammation as fibroblasts. Moreover, that bone marrow-derived fibroblasts make a substantial contribution to the formation of new connective tissue, including type I collagen, during wound repair.
Current Mental-Retardation Research in the Soviet Union

This paper reviews studies on oligophrenia (mental retardation) in the Soviet Union published between 1970 and 1980 in Defectologia (Defectology) and Voprosy Psikhologii (Problems of Psychology). The major findings reveal that there are more males than females among the oligophrenic and seriously emotionally disturbed, that there is a higher percentage of oligophrenic mothers than fathers of children who are oligophrenic, and that there is an associative clustering defect among oligophrenics. The findings are of interest, since children in the Soviet Union live in an environment which is culturally, linguistically, and socially different from that in the United States.
Identification of Fluorescent Products Produced by the Thermal Treatment of Bisphenol-A-Based Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate is routinely subjected to heat treatment, and the thermal degradation products formed during this thermal treatment give rise to a distinct structured fluorescence spectrum. The structured fluorescence emission is observed when polycarbonate is subjected to thermal treatment in air as well as in nitrogen. A mixture of thermal rearrangement products of polycarbonate including dibenzofuran and phenyl-2-phenoxybenzoate are mainly responsible for the structured fluorescence emission. Most of the thermal degradation products of polycarbonate undergo photolysis, leading to the formation of photoproducts, which subsequently undergo a photoinduced bleaching process, with the noted exception of phenyl-2-phenoxybenzoate. The exposure of polycarbonate to high temperature for only short time periods, simulating mild industrial processing conditions, results in the formation of a relatively small amount of thermal degradation products, which, accordingly, has only a minor effect on the photodegradation of polycarbonate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hypoxia decreases lung neprilysin expression and increases pulmonary vascular leak.

Although prior studies suggest that hypoxia may increase pulmonary vascular permeability, the mechanisms responsible for that effect remain uncertain. Neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase) is a cell s...
Multimodality treatment of stage II, III and IV breast cancer with biochemical modulation of 5-FU/Leucovorin and estrogen recruitment

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of an intensive induction regimen in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) as defined by the UICC 1987 staging [l] which includes Stage IIIA and IIIB disease, clinical T3NO, pathologic Stage II with ≥ 4 + nodes, and Stage IV disease (T3NO is now considered Stage II). This induction regimen included the use of a high-dose Leucovorin to biochemically modulate 5-Fluorouracil. This has been shown to have a response rate of 24 % in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer [2]. A previous study in the Medicine Branch, at NCI, treated patients with a combination of Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil, and hormonal synchronization with Tamoxifen and Premarin (CAMFTP) to best response [3]. This yielded high overall response rates of 95 %, but median disease-free survival was 34 months and was approximately equivalent in both Stage IIIA and IIIB disease. The extent of response (i.e. CR or PR, or CR with negative biopsy) did not predict response duration. Therefore we designed this study using a more intensive regimen to give patients nine cycles of induction chemotherapy (96 % of patients on a previous NCI study had best response by nine cycles) followed by local therapy. Patients received approximately two cycles of chemotherapy during their local therapy.
The moderating role of dysphoria in the relationship between intrusions and alcohol use

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is frequently comorbid with alcohol use disorders (AUD; Calabrese et al., 2011; McFall, Mackay, & Donovan, 1992). Among several explanations for this comorbidity, the most empirically supported is the self-medication theory which postulates that substances are used to medicate PTSD-related distress (Keane & Wolfe, 1990; Khantzian, 1985; Stewart, 1996). The current study examines the effects of trauma-related distress on alcohol use (total drinking days, drinks per drinking day, heavy drinking days) in a sample of 127 trauma-exposed Veterans following deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. The dysphoria symptoms of PTSD were used as an indicator of distress, and examined as a moderator in the relationship between intrusion symptoms of PTSD and alcohol use. The proposed moderation model was tested using cross-sectional data from the first month following return from deployment, and at 6 months and at 12 months post-deployment. Results showed that dysphoria symptoms significantly moderated relations between intrusions and total drinking days and heavy drinking days at one month post-deployment; however, a significant pattern was not demonstrated at 6 months and 12 months. Further, dysphoria did not moderate the relation between intrusion symptoms and drinks per drinking day at the three time points. Theoretical and clinical implications are subsequently discussed.
Arithmetic Circuit Complexity (Tutorial).

Arithmetic Circuits compute polynomial functions over their inputs via a sequence of arithmetic operations (additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, etc.). This tutorial will give an overview of arithmetic circuit complexity, focusing on the problem of proving lower bounds for arithmetic circuits. In the first part, we begin with a few nontrivial upper bounds - matrix multiplication and the computation of symmetric polynomials. We then motivate some open problems we deal with in arithmetic circuit complexity. We will look at the problem of polynomial identity testing - motivating it by its application to bipartite matching, the problem of learning arithmetic circuits or circuit reconstruction and the problem of proving lower bounds for arithmetic circuits (motivating it via the problem of computing the permanent and the Hamiltonian polynomials). We will also see depth reduction for circuits - the tradeoffs involved (with respect to size) in squashing a circuit into one with smaller depth. In the second part, we will see some classical lower bounds. In particular, we will see lower bounds for monotone arithmetic circuits and multilinear formulas. We then give a very quick overview of approaches being investigated (including geometric complexity theory and tau-conjecture) aiming to prove lower bounds. In the third part, we begin with a warm-up by proving lower bounds for homogeneous depth three circuits. We will then see recent lower bounds for homogeneous depth four circuits and its consequences.
Lethal neonatal meningoencephalitis caused by multi-drug resistant, highly virulent Escherichia coli

Neonatal meningitis is a rare but devastating condition. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria represent a substantial global health risk. This study reports on an aggressive case of lethal neonatal meningitis due to a MDR Escherichia coli (serotype O75:H5:K1). Serotyping, MDR pattern and phylogenetic typing revealed that this strain is an emergent and highly virulent neonatal meningitis E. coli isolate. The isolate was resistant to both ampicillin and gentamicin; antibiotics currently used for empiric neonatal sepsis treatment. The strain was also positive for multiple virulence genes including K1 capsule, fimbrial adhesion fimH, siderophore receptors iroN, fyuA and iutA, secreted autotransporter toxin sat, membrane associated proteases ompA and ompT, type II polysaccharide synthesis genes (kpsMTII) and pathogenicity-associated island (PAI)-associated malX gene. The presence of highly-virulent MDR organisms isolated in neonates underscores the need to implement rapid drug resistance diagnostic methods and should prompt consideration of alternate empiric therapy in neonates with Gram negative meningitis.
High levels of pyrethroid resistance in horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with cyhalothrin.

Lambdacyhalothrin cattle ear tags controlled horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), for 14 wks or longer during 1986-1988 in Georgia, USA. In 1989 and 1990, control of <50 horn flies per side of cow was achieved for ≤4 wk because of high levels of pyrethroid resistance in horn flies selected with lambdacyhalothrin. The highest resistance ratios (RRs) were seen in 1989. These were 498 for lambdacyhalothrin; 92,000 for fenvalerate; and 54 for permethrin. RRs for cypermethrin as high as 8,800 were estimated in 1990when the RR for fenvalerate was only 1,060. No cross-resistance to diazinon was detected. These high levels of pyrethroid resistance seem to have a large component of metabolic resistance. Synergistic coefficients as high as 3,600 were determined by addition of nonlethal amounts of piperonyl butoxide. Resistance development in a no-pyrethroid-use area indicates movements of ≥3km by sufficient numbers of horn flies can significantly change the RR.
Early Intervention for Children With Cleft Palate

Clefts of the lip and palate are one of the most frequently occurring birth defects, affecting approximately 1 in 700 births in the United States. Early childhood special educators are often among the first professionals to provide intervention for children with cleft lip and palate. Early intervent
USING DoD-STD-2167 FOR EXPERT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: THE EMMA EXPERIENCE

The intent of the EMMA program is described, and an overview of the functional capabilities of the prototype systems is given. The tailored subset of DoD-STD-2167 documentation is defined. The characteristics of expert systems which may or may not be compatible with the Standard are considered, and the benefits and limitations of applying the Standard to each phase of the Eh4MA development process are discussed. Other issues are examined which arose as a result of using the Standard, such as the definition of design and coding standards and the conduct of formal design and code reviews. Lessons learned during both phases of the contract and conclusions regarding the general suitability of this type of standard to a knowledge engineering application are presented.
Concerted Wolff rearrangement in two simple acyclic diazocarbonyl compounds.

The photochemistry of two simple acyclic diazo carbonyl compounds, azibenzil and diazoacetone, were studied using the tools of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. In the former case, UV−vis detection allows observation of an absorption band of singlet benzoylphenylcarbene, decaying with a 740 ± 150 ps time-constant in acetonitrile. IR detection shows that the ketene product of Wolff rearrangement (∼2100 cm−1) is formed by two parallel pathways: a stepwise mechanism with carbene intermediacy with a slow rise time-constant of 660 ± 100 ps, and directly in the diazo excited state as confirmed by the immediate formation of an IR band of a nascent hot ketene species. Photolysis (270 nm) of diazoacetone in chloroform leads mainly to the ketene species through a concerted process, consistent with the predominance of the syn conformation in the diazoacetone electronic ground state and a zero quantum yield of the internal conversion process.
COMPUTER CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION OF A TIDAL MODEL

A large tidal model of the St. Lawrence River covering the region from Montreal to lie du Bic is connected directly to a mini computer for data acquisition and control of the tidal boundary. Some of the more important concepts for the design and operation of a computer based system for this application are described. Details of an adaptive feedback controller for diurnal tides are given. A 16 mm film (N.R.C.-Division of Mechanical Engineering, film no. HYP 620, same title) describes the instrumentation and operation of the model. A report (N.R.C.-Division of Mechanical Engineering, Report No. MH-110, same title) provides further details of this system.
Three Dimensional Protein Localization Using High Voltage Electron Microscopy

Three-dimensional (3D) protein localization at the electron microscopic level is of great benefit when determining the precise distribution of a given protein relative to complex subcellular structures. We have developed several 3D ultrastructural labeling approaches for use with higher voltage electron microscopy. High voltage electron microscopy allows for the use of much thicker sections than conventional transmission electron microscopy. Many of our staining protocols are based on the photooxidation of diaminobenzidine (DAB) by fluorescent markers. As a fluorescent dye is excited in the presence of DAB, the reactive oxygen generated gradually oxidizes DAB into an insoluble polymer which can be rendered electron dense. We previously demonstrated that photooxidation by the fluorophore eosin can be used for high resolution immunolocalization. Because of its small size, eosin-conjugated reagents penetrate well into tissue slices, providing labeling through a reasonable depth of tissue. When combined with high voltage electron microscopy using thick sections, the 3D distribution of a variety of proteins can be visualized. Analysis and interpretation of these 3D labeling patterns is further facilitated by the use of electron tomography, which allows for the derivation of 3D structure from a series of images taken at different orientations. In this review, several examples of 3D protein localization using these technologies are presented.
Baseline cyst formation after luteal phase gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administration is linked to poor in vitro fertilization outcome.

Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of baseline ovarian cysts after luteal phase GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) administration for IVF-ET. Design All nondonor IVF-ET cycles in one program in which luteal phase GnRH-a was administered between July 1993 and January 1994 were assessed for the formation of baseline ovarian cysts defined as a mean diameter ≥ 15mm. Outcome data from the IVF cycles were compared between patients with and without baseline ovarian cysts. Results Of 78 IVF cycles, baseline cysts ≥ 15mm were noted in 26cycles. Cycles in which cysts were formed were associated with significantly older patients with significantly higher baseline FSH values. Cycles in which cysts were present demonstrated fewer follicles, retrieved oocytes, and embryos. Cyst cycles also demonstrated a lower peak E 2 level, implantation rate, and clinical pregnancy rate (PR) per initiated cycle (7.7% versus 32.7%). Cyst cycles also demonstrated a higher cancellation rate. Logistic regression modeling, accounting for age, confirmed significantly lower clinical PRs in cycles with a baseline cyst. Conclusions Baseline cyst formation after luteal phase GnRH-a administration is both a marker for poor responders and a reliable predictor of poor stimulation and low PRs in a given IVF-ET cycle.
Ploidy Analysis and Ki-67 Expression in Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

BACKGROUND The Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are disorders involving clonal proliferative activity in the bone marrow that can lead to marrow failure and acute leukemia. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationships between clinical factors, type of MDS, DNA ploidy, and Ki-67 expression. DESIGN Air-dried bone marrow smears from 27 patients were Feulgen stained for DNA and analyzed using the CAS 200 image analyzer. Ki-67 expression was also examined by image analysis in 25 of these cases in bone marrow core biopsy specimens using the monoclonal antibody MIB-1. Age, sex, bone marrow cellularity, and MDS grade of each patient were also recorded. Percent S-phase was assessed only for the diploid samples. RESULTS There were 16 diploid and 11 aneuploid cases on analysis of Feulgen-stained bone marrow aspirate smears. The percentage of MIB-1+ cells ranged from 6.4%-61.7% (mean-37.7 ± 6.4%). Among the 16 diploid cases, 18.2 ± 5.7% of the cells were in S-phase. High grade MDS (RAEB-T, RAEB, CMML) was associated with younger age and male sex (p = 0.03), lower percentage of cells in S-phase (p = 0.04), greater bone marrow cellularity (p = 0.005), and greater MIB-1 expression (p = 0.04). With increasing age, there were more females (p = 0.03), more low grade MDS (RA, RARS), and a lower percentage of cells in S-Phase (p = 0.04). Female patients tended to be older, have less cellular bone marrows (p = 0.003), less MIB-1 expression (p = 0.03), low grade MDS (p = 0.02), and increased percentage of cells in S phase (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Ki-67 expression, percent cells in S-phase, clinical parameters and subtype of MDS tend to distinguish two separate groups of MDS patients, and may explain in part the difference in biologic behaviour between high and low grade MDS.
Laser as Catastrophe

Many physical systems can be described by a potential V=V(xl,x2,...,xn). The local properties of the system are then characterized by the local properties of the potential.
Decision forests for machine learning classification of large, noisy seafloor feature sets

Extremely randomized trees (ET) classifiers, an extension of random forests (RF) are applied to classification of features such as seamounts derived from bathymetry data. This data is characterized by sparse training data from by large noisy features sets such as often found in other geospatial data. A variety of feature metrics may be useful for this task and we use a large number of metrics relevant to the task of finding seamounts. The major significant results to be described include: an outstanding seamount classification accuracy of 97%; an automated process to produce the most useful classification features that are relevant to geophysical scientists (as represented by the feature metrics); demonstration that topography provides the most important data representation for classification. As well as achieving good accuracy in classification, the human-understandable set of metrics generated by the classifier that are most relevant for the results are discussed. High accuracy of classification of seamounts achieved.The use of extreme classifiers is shown to perform well.Feature metric importances are provided and explain basis of classification.
Diagnosing model errors in simulation of solar radiation on inclined surfaces

Transposition models have been widely used in the solar energy industry to simulate solar radiation on inclined PV panels. Following numerous studies comparing the performance of transposition models, this paper aims to understand the quantitative uncertainty in the state-of-the-art transposition models and the sources leading to the uncertainty. Our results show significant differences between two highly used isotropic transposition models with one substantially underestimating the diffuse plane-of-array (POA) irradiances when diffuse radiation is perfectly isotropic. In the empirical transposition models, the selection of empirical coefficients and land surface albedo can both result in uncertainty in the output. This study can be used as a guide for future development of physics-based transposition models.
Total Synthesis Confirms the Molecular Structure Proposed for Oxidized Levuglandin D2

Levuglandins (LG)D2 and LGE2 are γ-ketoaldehyde levulinaldehyde derivatives with prostanoid side chains produced by spontaneous rearrangement of the endoperoxide intermediate PGH2 in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Covalent adduction of LGs with the amyloid peptide Aβ1–42 promotes formation of the type of oligomers that have been associated with neurotoxicity and are a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Within 1 min of their generation during the production of PGH2 by cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid, LGs are sequestered by covalent adduction to proteins. In view of this high proclivity for covalent adduction, it is understandable that free LGs have never been detected in vivo. Recently a catabolite, believed to be an oxidized derivative of LGD2 (ox-LGD2), a levulinic acid hydroxylactone with prostanoid side chains, was isolated from the red alga Gracilaria edulis and detected in mouse tissues and in the lysate of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-treated THP-1 cells incubated with arachido...
All Photons Imaging Through Thick Layered Scattering Materials

We demonstrate a method to image through thick layered scattering materials. The method uses time-resolved measurement and leverages all of the optical signal to computationally invert the scattering.
Impact of Phrenic Nerve Palsy and Need for Diaphragm Plication Following Surgery for Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals

Injury to the phrenic nerves may occur during surgery for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (PA-VSD and MAPCAs). These patients may develop respiratory failure and require diaphragm plication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of phrenic nerve palsy on recovery following surgery for PA-VSD and MAPCAs. Between 2007 and 2016, approximately 500 patients underwent surgery for PA-VSD and MAPCAs at our institution. Twenty-four patients (4.8%) subsequently had evidence of new phrenic nerve palsy. Sixteen patients were undergoing their first surgical procedure, whereas 8 were undergoing reoperations. All 24 patients underwent diaphragm plication. A cohort of matched controls was identified based on identical diagnosis and procedures but did not sustain a phrenic nerve palsy. Eighteen of the 24 patients (75%) had clinical improvement following diaphragm plication as evidenced by the ability to undergo successful extubation (5 ± 2 days), transition out of the intensive care unit (32 ± 16 days), and discharge from the hospital (42 ± 19 days). In contrast, there were 6 patients (25%) who did not demonstrate a temporal improvement following diaphragm plication, as evidenced by intervals of 61 ± 38, 106 ± 45, and 108 ± 46 days, respectively (P
Anticipation and Representation

What is the relation between anticipations and representation? Anticipations of an external system, or of the system environment, might be generated from a model, a representation, of that system or that environment. In contrast, I will argue that there is a different sense of anticipation — internal anticipation of the flow of interaction between a system and its environment — that constitutes the basis upon which foundational representation is emergent. In simple form, anticipations of interaction appropriateness are involved in selecting what interactions to engage in, those anticipations can be false and falsified, and that constitutes the emergence of representational truth value. Other more complex forms of representation, and other psychological phenomena, are constructed out of, and within the framework of, this basic emergence. Anticipations can certainly be based on representations, on models of the system whose activities are being anticipated. There is, however, a deeper relationship between anticipation and representation: representation is emergent in particular kinds of anticipation. An interacting system must in some manner select which interactions to engage in, or what flow of interacting to pursue. Such selections anticipate that those interactions will be appropriate in that environment at least in the sense that they proceed within anticipated bounds. They will also be selected, in general, with respect to the potential accomplishment of a goal, and that too may succeed or fail, but it is the basic appropriateness anticipation that I focus on here. The actual flow of interaction may or may not proceed within anticipated bounds. In general, it will do so in certain environments and not in others. Selecting an interaction, then, presupposes that the environment is one of those kinds that supports that kind of interaction, that the environment has whatever the properties are that support that kind of interaction. Selecting an interaction constitutes an implicit predication of the environment: this environment is one of those, has those properties, that supports the selected interaction. That implicit predication, in turn, that set of implicit presuppositions about the environment, can be true or false: the interaction can proceed within anticipated bounds or not. This is the point of emergence of the normativity of representational truth value out of the pragmatic normativity of success and failure (Bickhard, 1993, 2003a, in press, in preparation). The Evolution of More Complex
Clinical Outcomes and Sustainability of Using CYP2C19 Genotype-guided Antiplatelet Therapy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background: CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) alleles impair clopidogrel effectiveness after percutaneous coronary intervention. The feasibility, sustainability, and clinical impact of using CYP2C19 genotype–guided dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) selection in practice remains unclear. Methods: A single-center observational study was conducted in 1193 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and received DAPT after implementation of an algorithm that recommends CYP2C19 testing in high-risk patients and alternative DAPT (prasugrel or ticagrelor) in LOF allele carriers. The frequency of genotype testing and alternative DAPT selection were the primary implementation end points. Risk of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular and clinically significant bleeding events over 12 months were compared across genotype and DAPT groups by proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: CYP2C19 genotype was obtained in 868 (72.8%) patients. Alternative DAPT was prescribed in 186 (70.7%) LOF allele carriers. CYP2C19 testing ( P P =0.001) varied over time. Risk for major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular was significantly higher in LOF carriers prescribed clopidogrel versus alternative DAPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.65; 95% confidence interval, 2.22–10.0; P P =0.347). Bleeding event rates were similar across groups (log-rank P =0.816). Conclusions: Implementing CYP2C19 genotype–guided DAPT is feasible and sustainable in a real-world setting but challenging to maintain at a consistently high level of fidelity. The higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular associated with clopidogrel use in CYP2C19 LOF allele carriers suggests that use of genotype-guided DAPT in practice may improve clinical outcomes.
A Markov process model for dynamic control of emissions.

A simple model is developed to evaluate the potential of emission control policies that depend upon meteorological forecasts. An optimal control policy is derived for this model and related analytical results are obtained. A more realistic model leading to a linear programming formulation is discussed and illustrated by means of an example.
Integration of Clinical Psychology into Adult and Pediatric Oncology Programs

This chapter is about the integration of clinical psychology into adult and pediatric oncology programs. Oncology programs in medical settings are important areas of practice for clinical psychologists because of the numerous psychosocial problems secondary to cancer. This chapter will identify these psychosocial problems, offer guidelines for assessment and intervention, and discuss the development and maintenance of the clinical psychology program within the cancer treatment center.
Substrate Dependence of the Superfluid Onset of 4He Films

We have performed torsional oscillator measurements of 4 He films adsorbed on porous gold and gold preplated with Ar, Ne, D 2 , HD, and H 2 . On all substrates, the superfluid response is similar. The thickness of the nonsuperfluid layer as function of the substrate, however, increases monotonically with the well depth of the atom-substrate interaction potential.
Mercury’s Interior

MESSENGER has obtained the first direct compositional measurements of Mercury, measurements that are essential as a basis for constraining the planet’s bulk composition and origin. The relatively unconstrained composition of Mercury allowed for a wide range of formation models for not only the planet but also the Solar System. Now that range is considerably reduced in a somewhat surprising direction, implying that enstatite chondrite is the closest ‘match’ among proposed models.
Toxicology of Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Their Contaminants

The compounds 2,4-dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T) and their salts are among the most commonly recognized herbicides. These compounds and their salts and esters have long been used for control of broad leaf weeds and woody plants in which they exert a herbicidal action by acting on plant growth hormones. It is not known that they exert any hormonal action in animals, but their mechanisms of mammalian toxicity is still poorly understood. These compounds’ toxicities have been comprehensively reviewed. (IARC, 1977; Hayes, 1982; IPCS, 1984; Crump, 1986).
What do we know about crisis, escalation and war? A visual assessment of the International Crisis Behavior Project

This study uses a visualization technique, systemism, to integrate ICB Project findings about crisis, escalation and war in particular. The domain of the analysis, 1999–2017, is the period followin...
Patterns of Failure Among Patients With Low-grade Glioma Treated With Proton Radiation Therapy.

Abstract Purpose Proton treatment may be a useful radiation therapy modality for long-term surviving patients with glioma to reduce normal tissue toxicities. Photon studies demonstrate that most low-grade glioma (LGG) failures occur within the radiation field, supporting the use of more conformal treatment plans, yet it is unclear whether this can be translated to proton radiation therapy (PRT). Our objective is to examine our institutional experience to determine patterns of failure in patients with LGG with respect to the volume irradiated with PRT. Methods and materials Patients with World Health Organization 2007 grade I to II or isocitrate dehydrogenase 1–positive mutation grade III LGG treated with PRT between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with documented local recurrences on magnetic resonance imaging after receipt of PRT underwent a comparison with the initial treatment plan dosimetry to evaluate patterns of failure. A total of 141 patients were included in the final cohort. Results The median follow-up time was 46.7 months (range, 2.8-144 months), and 5-year overall survival was 84%. The median PRT dose delivered was 54 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) (range, 45-60 Gy). There were 42 failures after PRT (30%). The median time to progression after treatment was 32.7 months (range, 4.8-93.6 months). Thirty-one patients (74%) failed in-field (defined as within the 95% isodose volume), 5 patients (12%) failed out-of-field, and 5 patients (12%) had marginal failures (defined as within the 50%-95% isodose volume). The 5-year freedom from progression after PRT was 60.1% (95% confidence interval, 48.7-70.0). The 5-year cumulative incidence of overall survival was 33% among those with recurrence after PRT and 96% among those without recurrence after PRT (P Conclusions Of the patients with LGG who had documented failures after PRT, most recurred within the radiation field with few marginal failures, indicating that even with PRT, which often can have steeper dose gradients, coverage is adequate. Survival was poor for patients whose tumors recurred.
For debate; Pharmacological priorities in advanced type 2 diabetes

A multitude of therapeutic agents have been available to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, many patients with advanced Type 2 diabetes continue to suffer from complications and premature death. To date, all available guidelines emphasize a variety of therapeutic aspects, goals, and pharmacological combinations, without directing the clinician as to which is a higher priority. The following review attempts to clarify which therapeutic option is more important for prognosis in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes. The body of evidence presented, reveal that the most important marker for prognosis is HbA1c. Each 1% incrementally higher HbA1c than ~7% is associated with 15%-45% reduced survival rates. Therefore, any agents that can achieve the time-sensitive objective of lowering HbA1c levels should be used.
Comment on “Wide band metamaterial absorber for Ku and K band applications” [J. Appl. Phys. 126, 175104 (2019)]

In recent research published by Chetan et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 126, 175104 (2019)], a wideband metamaterial absorber for Ku and K band applications was presented. In this article, the electromagnetic absorption of more than 90% has been claimed over a large band of frequencies from 14.44 GHz to 27.87 GHz, achieving a bandwidth of 13.43 GHz. In this comment paper, we proved that the authors did not consider the cross-polarized component of the reflected wave while calculating the absorption index of the proposed structure. The structure, in practical, absorbs even less than 20% of the incident electromagnetic energy within the claimed band while the other energy is reflected back in the form of 90° rotating electric field with respect to the incident field. The subject metamaterial “absorber” can be seen as an efficient cross-polarizer having a polarization conversion ratio above 95%.
Native English speakers' pre-existing sensitivity to the Hindi dental-retroflex contrast

Native English speakers’ pre-existing perceptual sensitivity to Mandarin lexical tone contrasts is associated with the ability to distinguish newly learned minimal pairs (Wong and Perrachione, 2007). Perrachione et al. (2011) further demonstrated that degree of pre-existing sensitivity predicts whether learners subsequently benefit more from single- or multiple-talker training. Together these findings point to the importance of pre-existing sensitivity in second language learning, yet the role of sensitivity to consonant contrasts has not been explored. We investigated variability in pre-existing sensitivity among native English speakers perceiving Hindi voiced and voiceless dental-retroflex stop contrasts. Fifty-two participants completed a web-based AXB task involving the four contrasts produced by four native Hindi speakers. Participants varied widely in their discrimination accuracy, ([t]-[ʈ], mean proportion correct = 0.59, min = 0.31, median = 0.59, max = .84; [tʰ]-[ʈʰ], mean = 0.53, min = 0.31, median = 0.53, max = 0.75; [d]-[ɖ], mean = 0.56, min = 0.25, median = 0.56, max = 0.75; [dɦ]-[ɖɦ], mean = 0.64, min = 0.38, median = 0.63, max = 0.81). In addition, the relative difficulty of the contrasts differed across speakers, complicating the construct of pre-existing sensitivity. We conclude that listeners exhibit variability in their pre-existing sensitivity to Hindi consonant contrasts, warranting further investigation into how this ability relates to their word learning success.
Lost in Translation: An OSCE-Based Workshop for Helping Learners Navigate a Limited English Proficiency Patient Encounter.

Introduction Residents have been known to report a lack of self-efficacy in their ability to provide care for limited English proficiency (LEP) patients. Interpreters must be utilized to help navig...
Innate Immune Memory in Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells: Myeloid-Biased Differentiation and the Role of Interferon

Innate immune memory was first described for monocytes and other myeloid cells. This memory is designated Immune Training, in which the host animals that had experienced pathogen infection earlier acquire improved resistance to a second infection. Innate immune memory is mediated by an epigenetic mechanism traced to transcriptional memory that is conserved throughout evolution and has been selected for the ability to mount an adaptive response to shifting environments. Accumulating evidence shows that not only peripheral myeloid cells but hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HSPCs) can acquire epigenetic memory upon pathogen exposure. Systemic pathogen infection causes HSCs to exit from quiescence and facilitate myeloid-biased differentiation that leads to efficient host defense. This sequence of events is common in HSC memory generation, which is triggered by different stimuli. Recent studies show that not only pathogens but other stimuli such as metabolic stress can generate memory in HSCs. This review summarizes recent publications relevant to HSC memory. We discuss the current understanding of initial sensors, soluble mediators/cytokines involved in memory formation, including Type I and Type II interferons along with future implications.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery

Twins conceived by in vitro fertilization are delivered at 25–5/7 weeks’ gestation. Twin A has a birthweight of 1,025 g, receives surfactant at 12 hours after birth for respiratory distress syndrome, and is extubated to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the second postnatal day. She receives ampicillin and cefotaxime for 10 days due to suspected sepsis and placental cultures positive for viridans group streptococci. Gavage feedings using the mother's milk are initiated on postnatal day 4 and increased gradually over 5 days. On postnatal day 9, the baby is transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for evaluation of apnea, continued respiratory distress, and feeding intolerance. She is maintained on caffeine therapy. On postnatal day 12, nasal CPAP is discontinued; she is placed on nasal cannula oxygen and later is weaned to room air. Gavage feedings using expressed mother's milk are continued and slowly advanced to full-volume feedings over 14 days. On postnatal day 16, human milk fortifier is added to expressed human milk. On postnatal day 28, a premature formula is used in addition to human milk for caloric supplementation. On postnatal day 34, because of insufficient lactation, the infant receives premature formula (24 cal/oz). She continues to tolerate her feedings, showing adequate weight gain. On postnatal day 55 (33 weeks postconception), the infant begins having frequent oxygen desaturations detected by pulse oximetry, loss of head control, reduced swallowing with retained oral secretions, and choking. Her symptoms persist despite supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula and head positioning. Bowel movements decrease from her usual three to four per day to one to two small smears. The baby's respiratory status continues to decline, with worsening episodes of apnea, bradycardia, and oxygen desaturations, and she is placed on nasal CPAP. She appears mottled and lethargic, with global hypotonia. Sepsis …