cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The North American perennial species of Claytonia

The plant genus Claytonia was named for John Clayton, a Virginian who collected most of the plant material for Gronovius' Flora Virginica. It is largely North American with most of the species being western. Two or three additional species grow in Asia, one in South America, and one in Australia and New Zealand. Most of them are found in damp places or in water, or the high-mountain forms near snow banks. The various species range from near sea level to 14,000 ft elevation, and cover all of North America except the western part of the Mississippi Valley and northeastern Canada. I became interested in Claytonia (Springbeauties) while working on a Flora of Idaho, and have since studied the collections in the herbaria of thirty-six institutions in America and five in Europe. Plants from ten additional institutions were borrowed for study. A 35,000 mile automobile trip over North America permitted me to make mass collections at the type localities, as well as at many other places, of most of the species. Pressed and dried plants, showing as wide a variation as possible of the usual characters used in species differentiation, were collected. These are preserved in the herbarium of Idaho State University, with duplicates distributed to a number of other institutions. Living plants, corms and seeds were collected and planted at the University in the greenhouse and in the garden, to see what influence a uniform environment would have on their form. Young plants of the species with thick taproots were dug, with the soil intact, and placed in paper milk cartons from which the tops had been cut. These were brought to the school, the bottoms of the cartons removed, then planted in six-inch clay pots. The seeds and corms of each'collection were kept in a refrigerator until fall; then some of each were planted in clay pots and placed in the greenhouse. Other pots were partially buried in soil in the garden. Some seeds and corms were put in a freezer and kept at 12?C for different lengths of time, while some were placed in solutions of various concentrations, and for different lengths of time, of gibberellic acid to stimulate early growth. However, the treatments had little noticeable effects, for the major factor seemed to be time for the normal rest period to pass. The results of the growth studies will be treated in the discussion of the various taxa.
Image Misregistration Effects on Hyperspectral Change Detection

This paper covers the impact of registration errors between two images on chronochrome and covariance equalization predictors used for hyperspectral change detection. Hyperspectral change detection involves the comparison of data collected of the same spatial scene on two different occasions to try to identify anomalous man-made changes. Typical change detection techniques employ a linear prediction method followed by a subtraction step to identify changes. These linear predictors rely upon statistics from both scenes to determine a respective gain and offset. Chronochrome and covariance equalization remain two common predictors used in the change detection process. Chronochrome relies upon a cross-covariance matrix for prediction whereas covariance equalization relies solely upon the individual covariance matrices. In theory, chronochrome seems more susceptible to image misregistration issues as joint statistic estimates may suffer with registration error present. This paper examines the validity of this assumption. Using a push-broom style imaging spectrometer mounted on a pan and tilt, visible to near infrared data of scenes suitable for change detection analysis are gathered. The pan and tilt system ensures initial misregistration of the data is minimal. Using simple translations of the scenes, misregistration impacts upon prediction error and change detection are examined for varying degrees of shift.
Marx and the Method of Successive Approximations

Karl Marx's sociology has been interpreted incorrectly as the consequence of the application of a “dialectical” method to social phenomenon. In this paper, I discuss his actual method of theory con...
Modified SDOF Models for Improved Representation of the Impact Response of Composite Plates

Previous research has shown that simple single degree of freedom (SDOF) models can be used successfully to reproduce the force-time response of composite plates subjected to low-velocity impacts (LVI). In particular, a simple spring-mass (SM) model yields accurate estimates of the peak contact force as a function of impact energy. The major limitation of this model is that it applies only to elastic impact events, and ceases to be valid after the onset of damage. The effort of this investigation is to modify the SM model, while retaining the simplicity of its formulation, and to extend its range of validity to the super-critical regime. Three models are derived, namely the damaged stiffness, the dissipated energy, and the spring-mass-dashpot models, and their validity is examined through comparisons with experimental data. Impact force-time traces for carbon/epoxy laminates exhibiting various combinations of laminate thickness and support span are collected, and it is found that the additional unknowns introduced for each of the models, although determined empirically, are strongly related to the structural parameters for each configuration investigated.
Mapping “Romeic” and “Hellenic” Same–Sex Desire: Articulating Heteropatriarchy and Male Homosexuality in Contemporary Greece

This study of the articulation of heteropatriarchy and male homosexuality in contemporary Greece questions the widely accepted paradigm that male same–sex desire in modernity is both ontologically and ritually divorced from ancient Greek practices. Drawing on Herzfeld’s (1982) ethnographic model of the dual construction of modern Greek identity as “Romeic” (qua actual, vernacular, rural–rooted, and “oriental”), and “Hellenic” (qua constructed, idealized, cosmopolitan, and occidental), the study explores the similarly dual sociosexual construction of male homosexuality following the creation of the modern Greek state in 1830. The study concludes that the Greek national project required desexing the ancient Greek past in the process of crafting a sanitized, heteronormative, and patriarchal polity in line with its Victorian–era counterparts in Western Europe. Furthermore, modernity reordered the extensive diasporic Greek communities in the Europe, the Middle East, and the Black Sea region in ways that promoted the fertilization of metropolitan Greece with a variety of rural and immigrant sexual imaginaries.
Identifying direct targets of transcription factor Rfx2 that coordinate ciliogenesis and cell movement.

Recently, using the frogXenopus laevis as a model system, we showed that the transcription factor Rfx219coordinates many genes involved in ciliogenesis and cell movement in multiciliated cells (Chung et al., 2014). 20Toourknowledge,itwasthe ﬁrstpapertoutilizethegenomicresources ,includinggenomesequencesandinterim 21geneannotations,fromtheongoing X. laevis genomeproject.Forresearcherswhoareinterestedintheapplication 22of genomics and systems biology approaches in Xenopus studies, here we provide additional details about our 23dataset (NCBI GEO accession number GSE50593) and describe how we analyzed RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data to 24identify direct targets of Rfx2. 2526 © 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license27 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).2829303132333536t1
Geometry of the DNA Substrates in Cre-loxP Site-Specific Recombination.

Abstract Cre recombinase is a member of a large family of site-specific recombination enzymes that performs a cut-and-paste operation between two specific DNA sequences. Our goal has been to understand the mechanism of this complex reaction by trapping and characterizing the three-dimensional structures of each of the reaction intermediates. This work has led to high resolution crystallographic models of (i) the initial synaptic complex, (ii) the covalent Cre- DNA intermediate, and (iii) the Holliday junction intermediate. The Cre-loxP system appears to function by creating at the outset a protein-DNA architecture that resembles that of the Holliday junction intermediate that is eventually formed. The “arms” of the loxP sites are initially bent by about 75° in the synaptic complex, forming a nearly planar arrangement that is held fixed, while cleavage and strand exchange occur in the central region between the arms. The simplest view of the recombination pathway is that it contains two symmetrical halves,...
The Impact of Medical Informatics on Librarianship

Communication presentee dans le cadre de la Section «Questions de femmes» de l'IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) lors de la 68 eme conference annuelle de l'IFLA, tenue a Glasgow, Ecosse, du 18 au 24 aout 2002. «L'informationiste», un nouveau professionnel dont le nom a recemment ete propose, devrait fournir l'information medicale aux professionnels de sante (Davidoff F; Florance V. The informationist: a new health profession? Annals of Infernal Mediane, 2000, Jun 20; 132 (12): 996-8). Quelle serait sa formation adequate - l'informatique medicale ou bibliotheconomie et sciences de l'information ? L'article aborde les effets potentiels du developpement de l'informatique medicale sur l'education, la pratique et la juridiction des professionnels de bibliotheconomie.
A systematic review of whether oral contrast is necessary for the computed tomography diagnosis of appendicitis in adults.

Abstract Background There are several methods of contrast administration when performing computed tomography (CT) scanning for suspected appendicitis. In this systematic review we evaluated the diagnostic performance of CT with and without contrast material. Methods Twenty-three reports were identified using a Medline search. Results The aggregated diagnostic performance characteristics of all modes of CT scanning were excellent with a range of sensitivity (83–97%), specificity (93–98%), positive predictive value (86–98%), negative predictive value (94–99%), and accuracy (92–97%). The diagnostic performance of CT without oral contrast was similar (sensitivity, 95% vs. 92% [not statistically significant]; negative predictive value, 96% for both protocols) or surprisingly better (specificity, 97% vs. 94%; positive predictive value, 97% vs. 89%; accuracy, 96% vs. 92%; P Conclusions Noncontrast CT techniques to diagnose appendicitis showed equivalent or better diagnostic performance compared with CT scanning with oral contrast. A prospective comparative trial of CT with and without oral contrast for appendicitis should be performed to assess the adequacy of this modality.
A history of the consumer movement in the United States: its literature and legislation

The role of the consumer in the history of economic theory is reviewed to derive a number of hypotheses regarding the conditions which might foster a sustained consumer movement. A survey of the consumer advocacy literature and consumer protection legislation of the 20th century supports the hypothesis that a sustained consumer movement did not manifest itself in the United States until the 1960s. Although the continued sustenance of this movement is open to debate, this article cites a number of attributes of the current state of the movement which suggest that it shall endure and flourish.
Tests of models for quark and gluon fragmentation ine+e− annihilation at\(\sqrt s = 29 GeV\)

Three currently used fragmentation models are tested by studying the distribution of particles between jet axes in the 3-jet events ofe+e− annihilation, using data collected by the Time Projection Chamber at PEP. These three models — the Lund String model, the Webber Cluster model and an Independent Fragmentation model (IF) — each implement different Lorentz-frame structures for the fragmentation process of quarks and gluons into hadrons. The Lund model provides a good description of the data, while the IF model does not. The Webber model, which is untuned, does not describe the absolute particle densities between jets, but correctly predicts the ratios of those densities, which are less sensitive to the tuning.
Update in geriatric medicine.

This Update focuses on a variety of topics in the field: disease prevention and health promotion, cognitive training, physical exercise, glaucoma prevention, cardiovascular disease, and late-life d...
Hope Is the Thing with Metaphors: De-Situating Literacies and Learning in English Language Arts Classrooms.

In this article, we examine the relationship between classroom talk, teacher–student roles and paradigms for literacy and learning in two ninth-grade English Language Arts classes. Our goal was to ...
Transfer RNA changes associated with early development and differentiation of the sea urchin, Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus☆

Abstract Transfer RNA alterations were found to occur during early development and differentiation of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . A quantitative difference was observed between egg and blastula leucyl-tRNA, a new species of lysyl-tRNA appeared in the mesenchyme blastula, and eultion profile “shifts” were observed for seryl- and lysyl-tRNAs from eggs and blastulae. A possible regulatory role for these tRNA changes during differentiation was discussed. Art. no. 30
Will competitors be allowed to compete? The regulation of long‐term contracts in the telecommunications industry

Elaborates on forthcoming change in the US telecoms industry. Wonders how competitors will be allowed to compete. Urges that regulators must focus on protecting competition and not competitors. In conclusion, reckons that consumers are best served by laws and regulations that protect the competitive process – not the competitors themselves.
Survival and fecundity of two strains of cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Knowledge of development of the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) under specific environmental conditions could lead to improved management techniques. Developmental rates, age-, and stage-specific life tables were compared for a laboratory strain and a field strain of bed bugs reared on human blood. Both strains were then crossed reciprocally to produce four F1 generations and subsequent age- and stage-specific life tables were constructed. No significant differences were found in the overall survival of the parental strains, but significant differences were found in development rate within various instars based on strain. Parallel results were derived from the F1 generation hybrids. Stable age distribution calculations predict that 80% of bedbugs within exponentially growing populations will be immature.
Letter-to-sound rules for automatic translation of english text to phonetics

Speech synthesizers for computer voice output are most useful when not restricted to a prestored vocabulary. The simplest approach to unrestricted text-to-speech translation uses a small set of letter-to-sound rules, each specifying a pronunciation for one or more letters in some context. Unless this approach yields sufficient intelligibility, routine addition of text-to-speech translation to computer systems is unlikely, since more elaborate approaches, embodying large pronunciation dictionaries or linguistic analysis, require too much of the available computing resources. The work here described demonstrates the practicality of routine text-to-speech translation. A set of 329 letter-to-sound rules has been developed. These translate English text into the international phonetic alphabet (IPA), producing correct pronunciations for approximately 90 percent of the words, or nearly 97 percent of the phonemes, in an average text sample. Most of the remaining words have single errors easily correctable by the listener. Another set of rules translates IPA into the phonetic coding for a particular commercial speech synthesizer. This report describes the technical approach used and the support hardware and software developed. It gives overall performance figures, detailed statistics showing the importance of each rule, and listings of a translation program and another used in rule development.
The Distribution of Implant Fixation for Femoral Components of TKA: A Postmortem Retrieval Study

Aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) components is the foremost cause of implant failure in the long term. While tibial component loosening is of primary concern, femoral loosening may become a clinical problem due to younger, more active patients seeking TKA, and also high-flexion designs. In this study, we analyzed the fixation for 19 non-revised, postmortem retrieved, femoral components of TKA with time in service ranging from 1 to 22 years. We found that the average total contact fraction for cemented components was 9.5% and had a power law response (decrease) with years in service. The average initial interdigitation depth was 0.7mm, and the average current interdigitation depth was 0.13mm. Loss of interdigitation was 81%. Over all, minimal fixation seems necessary for long-term success of TKA femoral components.
Surgically Implanted Devices: Ethical Challenges in a Very Different Kind of Research

Research on surgically implanted devices not only can raise issues familiar from drug studies, but also can raise special challenges. This article suggests some ways in which device trials can raise distinctive ethical issues. The AbioCor artificial heart trial is used as an example. Although this particular trial should not be deemed typical of surgically implanted device studies, it can highlight some particularly significant methodologic and ethical features.
Implicit and explicit learning in an auditory serial reaction time task.

Objective - To explore the role of the motor cortex during implicit and explicit learning. Materials and methods - EEG signals were recorded from 30 channels by measuring task-related desynchronization (TRD) when 10 right-handed naive volunteers performed a variation of the serial reaction task. Stimuli, consisting of 4 pure tones of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 HZ, lasting 200 ms, were presented binaurally through a pair of tubephones at 60 dB with a 2-s constant interstimulus interval. A series of 10 repetitive tones represented the test sequence; the random sequence was the control. Results - All subjects developed implicit and explicit knowledge reflected by decreased response time, increased accuracy, and the ability to generate the sequence. Six of 10 subjects demonstrated implicit learning without explicit learning during the first 3 blocks. When subjects acquired full explicit learning, 10 Hz TRD at C3 reached a peak amplitude, declining thereafter. Conclusions - Properties of the sensorimotor cortex change during learning and these changes are independent of stimulus modality.
Single-lens single-image incoherent passive-ranging systems

We introduce a new system for single-lens single-image incoherent passive ranging. The only a priori object information this system requires is that the objects to be ranged must possess a low-pass spatial frequency spectrum. Physically, this system for passive ranging is a standard optical imaging system that is customized with a special-purpose optical mask or filter. Analytically, this optical mask customizes the transfer function of the optical system in such a way that objects form images that contain range-dependent information. This range-dependent information lies in the spatial spectrum nulls or zeros of the image.
Winter stemflow leaching of nutrient-ions from deciduous canopy trees in relation to meteorological conditions

Leaching of nutrients from aboveground vegetative surfaces of canopy trees represents an important component of the intra-system nutrient cycle in forested ecosystems. The hypothesis tested is that there is no difference in winter stemflow leachate concentration or quantity among different storm types and meteorological conditions. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis demonstrated that there was an association between precipitation event type and chemical enrichment of stemflow drainage from the leafless crowns of deciduous canopy trees monitored over two successive winter seasons. Three clusters were derived on the basis of chemical enrichment. Stemflow was most enriched during snow-to-rain events. Rain and rain-to-snow events also enriched stemflow but to a lesser extent than snow-to-rain events. Snow, sleet, and rain shower events enriched stemflow the least. Stemflow from all precipitation events were chemically enriched compared to the incident bulk precipitation. The extent of chemical enrichment was inversely proportional to stemflow volume generated by canopy trees during discrete precipitation events. Other factors affecting the amount of winter stemflow leaching were precipitation type (influences interception efficiency) and intra-storm temperature regime. Stemflow from precipitation events of long duration and low intensity with air temperature oscillations around the freezing point was the most enriched because of the longer residence time of intercepted precipitation with the leafless crown. Because stemflow leachate quantities were found to differ among precipitation events as a function of meteorological conditions, it is possible that the winter biometeorology of deciduous forests could potentially impact tree vigor, forest stand productivity, and species composition of deciduous forests.
Raman-induced slow-light on a silicon photonic chip

We demonstrate all-optical tunable delays as long as 4 ps in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide using stimulated Raman scattering, which represents an important step towards implementing optically tunable dispersion in small-scale photonic devices.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rhodococcus rhodochrous Strain ATCC 21198

Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a Gram-positive red-pigmented bacterium commonly found in the soil. The draft genome sequence for R. rhodochrous strain ATCC 21198 is presented here to provide genetic data for a better understanding of its lipid-accumulating capabilities.
Overview of Peritoneal Dialysis

It is estimated that there are over one million patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with dialysis around the world. While the overwhelming majority of these patients are treated with extra-corporeal therapies in dialysis units (hemodialysis), over 10% perform their dialysis treatments at home – virtually all these patients use peritoneal dialysis (PD). In at least two countries – Hong Kong and Thailand – end-stage renal disease patients are eligible for governmental financial support for dialysis services only if they begin treatment with PD. In PD, a naturally occurring membrane, the peritoneal membrane, is used as dialysis membrane and over the years, the therapy has developed such that it allows successful removal of sufficient amount of solutes and fluid required to sustain life even in individuals without any residual kidney function. PD involves the instillation of dialysate fluid through an indwelling abdominal catheter and allowing it to dwell for variable periods of time before exchanging it with fresh dialysate. Most patients require dialysis to be performed continuously – 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Recent studies from different parts of the world show that the 5- and 10-year mortality of patients treated either with in-center hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis are remarkably similar. In this chapter, we present an overview of the development of the therapy, key components that allow the therapy to be performed in its current form, and the complications of the therapy.
Nonlinear feedback laws for practical stabilization of systems with input and state constraints

This paper presents a method for designing nonlinear state feedback laws for systems with input and state constraints. The objective is to achieve practical stabilization with large stability region and strong disturbance rejection. Two invariant sets will be constructed within the state constraints: the outer one for stabilization and the inner one for asymptotic disturbance rejection. The nonlinear feedback law is designed such that all trajectories starting from the outer invariant set will enter the inner invariant set and stay there. Both invariant sets will be constructed by using the convex hull function, a recently introduced non-quadratic Lyapunov function. Since the invariant sets are convex hull of ellipsoids, they are able to incorporate the input and state constraints more effectively than simple ellipsoids, thus promising larger stability region within state constraint and stronger disturbance rejection capability. Since the convex hull functions are constructed from quadratic functions, the optimization problems can be treated with LMI-based method. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the design methods.
Gelatin fragments block adherence of Candida albicans to extracellular matrix proteins

Summary: The adherence of Candida albicans to extracellular matrix proteins may be a critical step in the pathogenesis of candidiasis. Yeast cell adherence to type I and IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin was blocked by peptide fragments from denatured type I collagen (gelatin). Gelatin fragments were obtained by digestion of the reduced protein with trypsin or CNBr. The fragments did not have antifungal properties, presumably inhibiting adherence by blocking receptors (adhesins) on the surface of the fungus. A 10-mer (GQRGVVGLPG) fashioned from the α-1 chain of type I collagen reduced adherence by 68%. However, a gelatin peptide possessing 47 amino acids reduced fungal adherence to type I collagen by 100%. Peptides derived from the biocompatible protein gelatin, therefore, may have a potential role in reducing the adherence of the fungus to host proteins.
Now We Are All Avatars

The films Avatar, The Hurt Locker and Human Terrain are presented as critical intertexts for understanding how the cinematic aestheticisation of violence can glorify as well as vilify war, depending on how the spectator identifies with the protagonist and the investigator with the informant. Estrangement from and entanglement with the other become key variables for assessing the anti-war impact of a film.
Design procedure and performance potential for operational amplifier using indirect compensation

A design procedure for an operational amplifier using indirect compensation is presented in this paper. Indirect compensation has inherent benefits in regards with power to speed trade-off. The technique has been seldom used in the past because a clear methodology for designing such an amplifier has not been provided. This paper develops the mathematical and analytical insight for designing an operational amplifier with this technique. The paper also provides a design strategy and an example to illustrate the use of the proposed design procedure.
Autocrine regulation of adrenomedullin on pancreatic cancer cells is mediated via ADMR

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 3755 Background: Pancreatic cancer is a major oncological challenge, due to its aggressive growth and metastasis. We have previously shown that adrenomedullin (AM) is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer compared to normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. The current study investigated adrenomedullin (AM) as a potential autocrine regulator of pancreatic cancer cell function and delineated the receptor through which it acts. Methods: RT-PCR, IHC, WB and ELISA were done to confirm AM and ADMR expression. Growth and invasion were assessed by MTS and Matrigel invasion assays. In vivo studies were conducted by developing orthotopic tumors in Scid mice and tumor progression was monitored using bioluminescence imaging. NFκB activity was measured using a luciferase reporter assay. ADMR was silenced using lentiviral-mediated expression of a specific shRNA. Results: AM was localized in the neoplastic epithelium of 90% (43/48) of human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and was expressed and secreted by all pancreatic cancer cell lines examined. Exogenous AM treatment of BxPC3, MPanc96 and Panc-1 cells stimulated cell proliferation (156 ± 6.6%, 189 ± 8.1% and 241 ± 14.0% of control), invasion (Panc-1- 272 ± 9.0% of control) and NFκB activity (133 ± 7.9%, 165 ± 10.6% and 130 ± 9.1% of control) in vitro , indicating the ability of the cells to respond to AM. Treatment of the BxPC3, MPanc96 and Panc-1 cell cultures with a truncated version of AM that acts as an antagonist, AMA, inhibited basal levels of proliferation (41 ± 2.3%, 57 ± 3.2% and 64 ± 5.6% of control) and NFκB activity (61 ± 5.4%, 69 ± 2.7% and 66 ± 4.0% of control), supporting an autocrine function of this molecule. Furthermore, increasing AM levels by gene transfer to Panc-1 cells increased, while AM shRNA silencing in MPanc96 cells inhibited, tumor growth and invasion both in vitro and in vivo . To determine the receptor responsible for the autocrine effects of AM we evaluated ADMR and CRLR, the two known AM receptors. Pancreatic cancer cells expressed only ADMR but not CRLR. ShRNA silencing of ADMR in pancreatic cancer cells reduced basal (BxPC3- 76 ± 3.9%, MPanc96- 80 ± 3.5% and Panc-1- 71 ± 2.2% of control) and blocked AM induced growth (BxPC3- 72 ± 3.7%, MPanc96- 80 ± 2.8% and Panc-1- 70 ± 2.7% of control) and invasion, indicating that this receptor is involved in the autocrine actions of AM. Conclusions: These data indicate that AM acting via ADMR increases the aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and suggests that these molecules may be useful therapeutic targets.
Airborne ultrasonic potential in intelligent control

A brief review of some current efforts to fully understand ultrasonic wave propagation in air is presented, along with some miscellaneous items of value in an intelligent manufacturing environment. The use of an airborne ultrasonic sensor can be a valuable tool in an intelligent manufacturing environment as long as the physics of wave propagation is thoroughly understood. Beam divergence, attenuation, presence of side lobes, ability to control interference patterns, etc., and the ability to improve signal-to-noise ratio can add significantly to creative use of ultrasonic sensors in manufacturing. Dimensional checks of a product, position measurement of various system hardware, and product quality measurements are all possible with airborne ultrasonic sensors. Basic tools for accomplishing these sensing activities are discussed. >
The OPTX Project: Comparing the Optical and X-Ray Spectral Properties of Active Galactic Nuclei

Using a uniformly selected and highly spectroscopically complete sample of Chandra X-ray sources, we show that one cannot use X-ray spectral classifications and optical spectral classifications equivalently. Until a better understanding is reached for how the X-ray and optical classifications relate to the obscuration of the central engine, the use of a mixed classification scheme can only complicate the interpretation of X-ray AGN samples.
Topographic Studies of the GroEL-GroES Chaperonin Complex by Chemical Cross-linking Using Diformyl Ethynylbenzene THE POWER OF HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON TRANSFER DISSOCIATION FOR DETERMINATION OF BOTH PEPTIDE SEQUENCES AND THEIR ATTACHMENT SITES

Many essential cellular processes depend upon the self-assembly of stable multiprotein entities. The architectures of the vast majority of these protein machines remain unknown because these structures are difficult to obtain by biophysical techniques alone. However, recent progress in defining the architecture of protein complexes has resulted from integrating information from all available biochemical and biophysical sources to generate computational models. Chemical cross-linking is a technique that holds exceptional promise toward achieving this goal by providing distance constraints that reflect the topography of protein complexes. Combined with the available structural data, these constraints can yield three-dimensional models of higher order molecular machines. However, thus far the utility of cross-linking has been thwarted by insufficient yields of cross-linked products and tandem mass spectrometry methods that are unable to unambiguously establish the identity of the covalently labeled peptides and their sites of modification. We report the cross-linking of amino moieties by 1,3-diformyl-5-ethynylbenzene (DEB) with analysis by high resolution electron transfer dissociation. This new reagent coupled with this new energy deposition technique addresses these obstacles by generating cross-linked peptides containing two additional sites of protonation relative to conventional cross-linking reagents. In addition to excellent coverage of sequence ions by electron transfer dissociation, DEB cross-linking produces gas-phase precursor ions in the 4+, 5+, or 6+ charge states that are readily segregated from unmodified and dead-end modified peptides using charge-dependent precursor selection of only quadruply and higher charge state ions. Furthermore, electron transfer induces dissociation of the DEB-peptide bonds to yield diagnostic ion signals that reveal the "molecular ions" of the unmodified peptides. We demonstrate the power of this strategy by cross-linking analysis of the 21-protein, ADP-bound GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex. Twenty-five unique sites of cross-linking were determined.
Nutrition for the Childbearing Years

Objective To review the literature on preconceptional nutrition and nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on recommendations from the Institute of Medicine. Data Sources Computerized searches on MEDLINE, CINAHL, National Institutes of Health and Institute of Medicine web sites. Study Selection Articles from indexed journals and reports from government sources relevant to the topics of this review and published after 1990 (except for classic findings) were evaluated. Data Extraction Data were analyzed under the headings of preconceptional nutrition, prenatal nutrition, nutrition during lactation, and nursing implications. Data Synthesis The nutrition a woman receives before conception, during pregnancy, and during lactation affects her health and the health of her child. Information on the amount and timing of prenatal weight gain, recommended intakes of vitamins and minerals, and nutrition and activity during lactation have been revised in the last 10 years. Conclusions The health, size, and growth of the infant are dependent on the timing and amount of weight gain during pregnancy and on maternal nutrition during lactation. Prenatal weight gain also affects a woman's future risk of obesity.
Z pinches as intense X-ray sources for inertial confinement fusion applications

Abstract Fast z-pinch implosions can convert more than 10% of the stored electrical energy in a pulsed-power accelerator into X-rays. On the Saturn pulsed-power accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories, currents of 6–8 MA with a risetime of less than 50 ns have been used to drive cylindrically-symmetric arrays of wires, producing X-ray energies greater than 400 kJ with X-ray pulsewidths less than 5 ns and peak X-ray powers of 75±10 TW. Using similar loads, PBFA Z has produced >1.5 MJ and >150 TW of X-rays in the first 4 months of operation in the z-pinch mode. These X-ray energies and powers are records for laboratory X-ray production. The X-ray output can be thermalized into a near-Planckian X-ray source by containing it within a cylindrical radiation case (a hohlraum). These energetic, intense, large volume, long-lived hohlraum X-ray sources have recently been used for ICF-relevant ablator physics experiments and offer the potential for performing many new basic physics and fusion-relevant experiments.
Approaches to Locating Urban Functions in Developing Rural Areas

This article compares two approaches to planning the locations of urban functions in developing rural regions. The prevailing functional integration approach gives more weight to integrating and articulating an urban hierarchy than to increasing the access of rural populations to urban-based services. It relies on supply-side descriptions of functional urban hierarchies and linkages and fails to consider effective demand when assessing the provision of services. A demand-based location-allocation approach can be used instead to develop rigorous plans that provide the rural population access to urban facilities, and contain the costs of providing services.
Daily energy expenditure in free-living heart failure patients

We examined the hypothesis that weight loss in heart failure patients is associated with elevated daily energy expenditure. Twelve cachectic patients [age = 73 +/- 6 yr; weight loss = 15 +/- 6 kg; ...
Compactification for a three-brane universe

A fully realistic and systematic effective field theory model of a 3-brane universe is constructed. It consists of a six-dimensional gravitating spacetime, containing several, approximately parallel (3+1)-dimensional defects, or ``3-branes.'' The standard model particles are confined to live on one of the 3-branes while different four-dimensional field theories may inhabit the others, in literally a case of ``parallel universes.'' The effective field theory is valid up to the six-dimensional Planck scale, where it must be replaced by a more fundamental theory of gravity and 3-brane structure. Each 3-brane induces a conical geometry in the two dimensions transverse to it. Collectively, the curvature induced by the 3-branes can compactify the extra dimensions into a space of spherical topology. It is possible to take the six-dimensional Planck scale to be not much larger than the weak scale, and the compact space not much smaller than a millimeter, thereby realizing the recent proposal by Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali for eliminating the gauge hierearchy problem. In this case, an extra force is required to stabilize the compact space against collapse. This is provided by a six-dimensional (compact) U(1) gauge field with a magnetic flux quantum trapped in the compact space. The nature of the cosmological constant problem in this scenario is discussed.
Monochromatic Rule in the Rainbow Nation

In this paper I discuss the constitutional and electoral policies of post-apartheid South Africa. Specifically, I discuss whether the electoral design of its National Assembly has promoted multiparty democracy. Now nearly two decades removed from the ending of apartheid, I also discuss whether South Africa should seek a new electoral system for the National Assembly. I first discuss relevant history and the negotiations to end apartheid; I then discuss the results and implications of the post-apartheid elections. Lastly, I discuss South Africa’s electoral future and offer open-list proportional representation with provincial-specific lists as an ideal electoral reform.
Deutsche Bank Securities: Financing the Acquisition of Consolidated Supply S.A.

In November 2003, a vice president of Deutsche Bank Securities received a request from a client to finance the acquisition of a large hospital-supply distributor. The client needed to present to the seller an offering price and indication of financial commitment within two weeks. The contemplated transaction entailed a highly leveraged acquisition of the target. The tasks for the student are to value the target firm and projected synergies, assess the creditworthiness of the target (i.e., the ability to bear the high debt), and critically evaluate the general design of the transaction.
Heuristics to Improve Efficiency of Solution Algorithm of Path Flow Estimator

The path flow estimator (PFE) proposed by Bell and Shield in 1997 is an important demand estimator in ground transportation. The PFE is formulated as a nonlinear optimization model and solved by the iterative balancing solution algorithm given by Bell in 1995. This paper presents several theoretical results about the solution algorithm. In particular, the solution algorithm is shown to maximize the dual problem of the PFE sequentially along the directions defined by unit vectors. A closed-form relationship was identified between the increase in the objective of the dual problem and the optimal step length along each direction. In addition, three heuristics were developed to improve the computational efficiency of the solution algorithm. The first heuristic reduced the computational effects that could not yield significant increases to the objective value of the dual. The second reduced the probability of yielding marginal increases to the objective value of the dual. The third sped up convergence by parti...
A novel 14-3-3 gene is osmoregulated in gill epithelium of the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus.

SUMMARY We have cloned and analyzed the full-length coding sequence and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of a unique 14-3-3 gene of the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus , which we named 14-3-3.a. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the 14-3-3.a gene product is most similar to vertebrate 14-3-3ζ and β, yet it displays considerable divergence to known classes of vertebrate 14-3-3 isoforms. The N and C termini of 14-3-3.a are the most unique regions, whereas the amino acid residues forming the amphipathic ligand-binding groove are highly conserved. F. heteroclitus 14-3-3.a mRNA expression is high in gill epithelium, moderate in intestine and brain, and low in gonads, white muscle and heart. Because 14-3-3 proteins are important molecular scaffolds and cofactors for phosphoproteins and signaling complexes, the high level of 14-3-3.a expression in gill epithelium of the euryhaline teleost F. heteroclitus suggests that it is crucial for signal transduction in gill epithelial cells. We provide evidence that 14-3-3.a is involved in osmosensory signal transduction by showing that its mRNA and protein levels in gill epithelium, but not in any other tissue analyzed, increase two- to fourfold within 24h of salinity transfer of fish from sea water to fresh water. These data are clear evidence for an important role of 14-3-3.a in the remodeling of gill epithelium during transition of euryhaline fish between plasma-hyperosmotic and plasma-hyposmotic environments.
A text mining application of emotion classifications of Twitter's users using Naïve Bayes method

Twitter is one of social media with more than 500 million users and 400 million tweets per day. In any written tweet of Twitter users it contains various emotions. Most research on the use of social media classifies sentiments into three categories that are positive, negative, and neutral. However, none of these studies has developed an application that can detect user emotions in the social media, particularly on Twitter. Hence, this research developed a text mining application to detect emotions of Twitter users that are classified into six emotions, namely happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise. Three main phases of the text mining utilized in this application were preprocessing, processing, and validation. Activities conducted in the preprocessing phase were case folding, cleansing, stop-word removal, emoticons conversion, negation conversion, and tokenization to the training data and the test data based on the sentiment analysis that performed morphological analysis to build several models. In the processing phase, it performed weighting and classification using the Naive Bayes algorithm on the validated model. The process for measuring the level of accuracy generated by the application using 10-fold cross validation was done in the validation phase. The findings showed that this application is able to achieve 83% accuracy for 105 tweets. In order to get a higher accuracy, one requires a better model in training data.
Effects of Aging on Polymerization Kinetics

A theoretical model was developed to describe the physical aging during photopolymerizations and crosslinking reactions of diacrylates and dimethacrylates. The model incorporates the strong coupling between the volume relaxation and the kinetics observed in these reactions. Model predictions are presented for the reaction kinetics, volume relaxation, radical concentration and maximum conversion as a function of light intensity and relaxation time of the polymer.
The End of an Idyllic World: Nostalgia Narratives, Race, and the Construction of White Powerlessness

We examine the experiences of whites displaced by racial change by focusing on the ways in which nostalgia narratives are used to construct and maintain white racial identity in an era of color-bli...
Operculomyces is a new genus in the order Rhizophydiales

In recent years molecular phylogenies based on analyses of rDNA sequences have advanced knowledge of the Chytridiomycota, but much alpha taxonomic work remains. We have discovered an operculate chytrid that molecular phylogenies placed in the Rhizophydiales, an order that currently contains a single operculate species, the rest having inoperculate zoospore release. Because descriptions of genera in the Chytridiomycota now rely on transmission electron microscopic features of the zoospore as well as molecular evidence we studied the zoospore ultrastructure of the isolate to confirm its placement in the Rhizophydiales and to evaluate it as a new genus. Its suite of ultrastructural characters confirmed its placement within the Rhizophydiales, and its J-shaped, multilayered spur and the position of the nonflagellate centriole at a slight angle to the kinetosome make it unique within the Rhizophydiales, thus supporting molecular evidence indicating that the isolate represents a new genus. Herein we describe zoospore ultrastructure and scanning electron and light microscopic level morphology of this monocentric, endogenous, operculate chytrid and describe it as a new genus and species, Operculomyces laminatus.
Conditional control of alternative splicing through light-triggered splice-switching oligonucleotides.

The spliceosome machinery is composed of several proteins and multiple small RNA molecules that are involved in gene regulation through the removal of introns from pre-mRNAs in order to assemble exon-based mRNA containing protein-coding sequences. Splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) are genetic control elements that can be used to specifically control the expression of genes through correction of aberrant splicing pathways. A current limitation with SSO methodologies is the inability to achieve conditional control of their function paired with high spatial and temporal resolution. We addressed this limitation through site-specific installation of light-removable nucleobase-caging groups as well as photocleavable backbone linkers into synthetic SSOs. This enables optochemical OFF → ON and ON → OFF switching of their activity and thus precise control of alternative splicing. The use of light as a regulatory element allows for tight spatial and temporal control of splice switching in mammalian cells and...
Estrous cycles, decidual cell response and uterine estrogen and progesterone receptor in Fischer 344 virgin aging rats.

SummaryWe have compared the estrous cycles, decidual cell response and the quantities and biochemical characteristics of the estrogen and progesterone receptors in the uterus of aged (>20 months) and young (<10 month), virgin rats. Whereas the young animals showed estrous cycles of normal duration, the aged rats were either pseudopregnant or in anestrus. Old rats failed to show a decidual cell response. Uteri from ovariectomized estrogen primed rats weighed significantly more in the aged compared to the young rats. In the old rat, the absolute amount of estrogen receptor was less than half the amount found in the young animals. The progesterone receptor levels were similar in both age groups. Administration of progesterone failed to decrease estrogen receptor levels in the old rats. The young animals had a greater proportion of progesterone receptor population sedimenting at higher S values than the receptors from aging animals. Similarly, the uterine estrogen receptor of the aged rat sedimented at approx...