cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streamflow increase due to rupturing of hydrothermal reservoirs: Evidence from the 2003 San Simeon, California, Earthquake

[1] Following the Mw = 6.5 San Simeon, California, earthquake on December 22, 2003, USGS stream gauges documented two consecutive increases in streamflow in the Salinas River and Lopez Creek in the central Coast Ranges. The first increase occurred within 15 minutes after the earthquake and lasted about an hour; the second one occurred a few hours later and lasted much longer. Evidence and simulation suggest that these increases were caused by earthquake-induced rupturing of pressurized hydrothermal reservoirs.
Development of a Mouse Whole-Body Exposure System from a Directed-Flow, Rat Nose-Only System

AbstractIn many inhalation exposure experiments, such as pharmacokinetic studies in unrestrained pregnant animals, it is desirable to expose unrestrained animals and to remove animals from the exposure system at intermediate time points. A two-tiered, 32-port, directed-flow, nose-only exposure system was modified with extended 0.635-mm stainless steel inlet tubes to create a whole-body, modified nose-only (WB-MNO) exposure system. Individual pregnant CD-1 mice held within a rat nose-only tube were exposed to a well-mixed methanol (MeOH) atmosphere. The volume of an individual mouse (∼30 ml) constituted approximately 5% of the 600-ml tube volume. Maternal MeOH pharmacokinetics were obtained on gestational day 8 following 6-h WB-MNO MeOH exposures at either 10,000 or 15,000 ppm. Results from these WB-MNO exposures were compared with a 6-h, 15,000 ppm MeOH exposure using a Hinners-type 1-m3 whole-body inhalation chamber (WB-H). The WB-MNO exposure atmosphere was produced using a wick generator heated to 29-3...
2008 Special Issue: New support vector-based design method for binary hierarchical classifiers for multi-class classification problems

We propose a new hierarchical design method, weighted support vector (WSV) k-means clustering, to design a binary hierarchical classification structure. This method automatically selects the classes to be separated at each node in the hierarchy, and allows visualization of clusters of high-dimensional support vector data; no prior hierarchical designs address this. At each node in the hierarchy, we use an SVRDM (support vector representation and discrimination machine) classifier, which offers generalization and good rejection of unseen false objects (rejection is not achieved with the standard SVMs). We give the basis and new insight into why a Gaussian kernel provides good rejection. Recognition and rejection test results on a real IR (infrared) database show that our proposed method outperforms the standard one-vs-rest methods and the use of standard SVM classifiers.
Insights into copper coordination in the EcoRI–DNA complex by ESR spectroscopy

The EcoRI restriction endonuclease requires one divalent metal ion in each of two symmetrical and identical catalytic sites to catalyse double-strand DNA cleavage. Recently, we showed that Cu^(2+) binds outside the catalytic sites to a pair of new sites at H114 in each sub-unit, and inhibits Mg^(2+)-catalysed DNA cleavage. In order to provide more detailed structural information on this new metal ion binding site, we performed W-band (similar to 94GHz) and X-band (similar to 9.5GHz) electron spin resonance spectroscopic measurements on the EcoRI-DNA-(Cu^(2+))_2 complex. Cu^(2+) binding results in two distinct components with different g_(zz) and A_(zz) values. X-band electron spin echo envelope modulation results indicate that both components arise from a Cu^(2+) coordinated to histidine. This observation is further confirmed by the hyperfine sub-level correlation results. W-band electron nuclear double resonance spectra provide evidence for equatorial coordination of water molecules to the Cu^(2+) ions.
Preference for Class Size in Lecture-Format Courses among College Students:

Study compared the observed and preferred size of lecture classes among college students. Increased class size was associated with a decrease in group interaction/intimacy. Observed size exhibited moderately low relationships to satisfaction with course/instructor and perceived educational outcomes.
The unheralded expansion of microchemistry throughout analysis

Abstract The term, microanalysis, originally referred to quantitative elemental or functional group analyses by “wet chemical” methods of samples weighing 1–10 mg. Qualitative tests were usually done using “spot tests” or optical microscopy. The limited availability of the sample was originally the main reason for doing a microscale analysis. However, the greater speed of micromethods later led to their wider adoption. Ultramicroanalyses came along later, with Benedetti-Pichler, Kirk, and their collaborators at the forefront. Many chemists, synthetic as well as analytical, perform microanalyses today without realizing it. This has resulted from the increase, during the past 25 years, in the number of types of instruments capable of making measurements on small amounts of a sample, either in a tiny volume or in a larger volume at higher dilution. Hence, microchemical analysis is now so widespread that it is rarely viewed as a unique specialty but, instead, as a key necessity for many types of measurements.
The NuRD architecture

The nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex regulates chromatin organization, gene transcription, genomic stability and developmental signaling. NuRD has a unique dual enzymatic activity, containing an ATPase and a histone deacetylase among its six core subunits. Recent studies indicate that NuRD composition and the interplay between subunits may dictate the diverse functions of the complex. In this review, we examine the structures and biological roles of the NuRD subunits and discuss new avenues of research to advance our understanding of the NuRD-mediated signaling network.
Risk indicators for periodontal disease in a racially diverse urban population

A cross-sectional study of 117 subjects from a dental clinic serving a diverse population (i.e., Whites, African-Americans, Native-Americans, and Asians) was performed to evaluate risk indicators of periodontal disease. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque were taken at the same visit from 4 posterior sites of the most diseased sextant in each subject. Age, smoking packyears, beta-glucuronidase (beta G), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) were significantly (p < 0.05-0.005) correlated with attachment loss. Probing depth was significantly correlated with smoking packyears, beta G, NE, MPO, F. nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) (p < 0.05-0.005). Mean NE value of Whites was lower than the mean NE values of African-Americans, Native-Americans and Asians (p < 0.05). Whites had a lower mean beta G value compared to African Americans, and a lower mean MPO value compared to African Americans and Native Americans. The %s of patients positive for F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and Eikenella corrodens (E. corrodens) were higher in Native Americans compared to Whites. Step-wise multiple regression analysis was performed to construct models for the estimation of probing depth and attachment loss. The most parsimonious regression models which had the best R2 values included the following variables and accounted for the indicated % of variability: models 1 and 2: beta G, race, and F. nucleatum accounted for 50% of the variability in mean probing depth and 39% of the variability in a single site (first molar) for probing depth, respectively; model 3: age, beta G, and F. nucleatum accounted for 53% of the variability in mean attachment loss; model 4: age, NE, and F. nucleatum explained 35% of the variability in a single site (first molar) for attachment loss. The results suggest that age, race, smoking packyears, beta G, NE, MPO, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are risk indicators for periodontal disease in this racially diverse urban population. Regression models which include multiple variables (i.e., demographic factors, GCF enzymes and periodontopathic bacteria) can be used to estimate periodontal disease status.
Vertebral Column Metastases from an Esthesioneuroblastoma: Chemotherapy, Radiation, and Resection for Recurrence with 15-Year Followup

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an uncommon aggressive malignant intranasal neoplasm that originates from neural crest cells of the olfactory epithelium. Although local invasion to the sinuses is common, spinal metastasis of ENB is rare with only 28 documented cases involving the spine spinal cord, or leptomeninges. We report a case of ENB with multiple drop metastases to the cervical and thoracic spine, and review the patient’s disease, medical history, and multiple interventions during a span of 15 years following the initial cranial resection. Despite aggressive multiple surgical resections, radiation, and chemotherapy, the tumor had significant progression and recurrence. The literature is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the natural progression of the disease and various reported interventions. Although a combination of surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy has been recommended, no definitive management has been established for ENB. Further research is needed to determine decisive treatment for metastatic ENB to the spine.
Cation-Exchange Properties of Zirconium (IV)–Tungsten (VI) Precipitates

IN an investigation of adsorptive properties of inorganic materials, precipitates of tungstate brought down by addition of zirconium (IV) solutions were found to have cation-exchange properties. The adsorbent may be prepared by mixing a solution of zirconium oxychloride with a large excess of sodium tungstate solution (adjusted to pH c. 1.2 with hydrochloric acid). The precipitate (mole ratio tungsten/zirconium of about 3/1) is dried at 25° without washing, ground and screened. The conditions of preparation are not critical, so long as the acidity is not too high. Drying the precipitates for 24 hr. at temperatures above 80° C. sharply decreases both uptake of cations and the values of distribution coefficients D (amount adsorbed per kgm. adsorber/amount per litre of solution); at 150° C. the exchange properties of the solid are essentially destroyed.
Human activity recognition from 3D data: A review

Abstract Human activity recognition has been an important area of computer vision research since the 1980s. Various approaches have been proposed with a great portion of them addressing this issue via conventional cameras. The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of 3D data acquisition techniques. This paper summarizes the major techniques in human activity recognition from 3D data with a focus on techniques that use depth data. Broad categories of algorithms are identified based upon the use of different features. The pros and cons of the algorithms in each category are analyzed and the possible direction of future research is indicated.
Information in the information society

The title of this talk is deliberately misleading: I really want to talk about misinformation.. Most citizens in what we laughingly call an "information society" derive most of what they know about their world from the mass media, for example from television, newspapers, more recently and increasingly from the World Wide Web and other such sources. But while it is true that the content of the mass media as a whole is from 90 to 95% trash, it is a mistake to blame the media establishment alone for the peoples' miserable state of world knowledge.Where, after all, is information created, where does it come from? The media delivers not "news", not "information", it delivers messages (signals) that, in order to produce information, must first be converted by the work of interpretation. That labor can be done only by (in the present context) the human mind.Information = interpretation ( signals ).Information theory teaches that messages have no information content, their interpretation does. And, what is most important, an interpretation of a message is a function of the state (or, in other words, the expectations) of the receiver! It follows that understanding a message, say the "news" delivered on television, involves the existing state of knowledge of the viewer, hence his or her education, socialization, indeed, in principle his whole life history.For us as educators, also as computer scientists, this implies that we must be attentive to the "state of the receiver". We must be attentive to the forces that influence the ability of our students to make sense of the signals they receive from us, from the media and from the rest of their world. We must teach them to think critically, and this foremost by means of our own example.
Polymer relaxation times from birefringence relaxation measurements.

A theoretical description of the time dependence of induced birefringence in polymers, based on the ``pearl‐necklace'' model, is presented, and relations between relaxation and frequency dependence methods are discussed. The relaxation theory is applied to the results of measurements of the longest relaxation time for the DNA from bacteriophage T2. The measured relaxation time, in the limit of infinite dilution, is τ1=0.45 sec. The molecular weight calculated from this value using the theoretical expression for a nondraining coil with excluded volume is in good agreement with the value of the molecular weight obtained from low‐shear intrinsic viscosity measurements.
Is the dollar high because of large budget deficits

Abstract It is widely believed that the U.S. dollar has been high in recent years because of large U.S. budget deficits. Using three statistical techniques, this paper shows that the belief has no empirical support. Ricardian equivalence may explain the lack of a positive association between the budget deficit and the dollar's exchange rate.
Sexual networks and sexually transmitted infections: innovations and findings.

Purpose of review With increasing recognition of the importance of sexual networks in the dissemination of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), research is expanding. This review focuses on methodology for conducting sexual network research with in-depth presentations of recent and novel studies conducted on four continents. Recent findings Studies in diverse settings such as rural villages of China and St. Petersburg, Russia offer compelling evidence that HIV is no longer confined to needle-sharing and drug-using networks, but has diffused into the general population via heterosexual transmission. Because the networks are not especially densely connected, the shift will happen slowly. In contrast, studies conducted on both the east and west coasts of the US among men who have sex with men and women show that, despite high HIV prevalence, substance abuse, homelessness, and unprotected anal intercourse, the size of the population and sexual network dynamics are insufficient to cause widespread heterosexual HIV transmission. In Africa, holding low-risk positions in sexual networks can elevate the risk of infection, whereas higher-risk partnerships also simultaneously affect HIV transmission. Summary The diversity of findings in a diversity of settings demonstrates that not all networks operate in similar ways.
The passive permeability properties of in vivo perfused rat jejunum.

Abstract The polarity of the microvillus membrane of rat and rabbit jejunum, determined in vitro by the incremental free energy changes associated with the addition of -CH2 groups to fatty acids or -OH groups to bile acids, has been found to be more polar than other biological membranes. The reason for the difference in polarity is unexplained but could be due to artifacts caused by the in vitro conditions. In the current studies the apparent permeability coefficients were determined for a homologous series of fatty acids and bile acids in in vivo perfused rat jejunum. The true permeability coefficients were derived by correction for diffusion barrier resistance. The incremental free energy changes associated with the addition of a -CH2 group to a fatty acid and a -OH group to a bile acid were −619 and +2069 cal/mol, respectively. These values correspond to values determined in other biological membranes such as erythrocytes and adipocytes. Thus, the rat microvillus membrane is more nonpolar than previously observed in vitro. The reason for the discrepancy between the in vivo and in vitro results is most likely due to an underestimation of the permeability coefficients in the in vitro studies.
Smoking, obesity, and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.

Abstract One hundred thirty-six patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were studied retrospectively to determine prognostic factors for survival. In the regression analysis, three variables were statistically significantly related to survival: smoking history, tumor size, and node status. Smokers had a 6.3 times greater risk of death than nonsmokers, node positivity imparted an 8.3 times greater risk than node negativity, and for each 1-cm increase in the size of the tumor, the risk of death increased by 46%. A relative decrease in survival in smokers was observed, despite a younger age and fewer positive nodes at diagnosis compared to nonsmokers. Increased surveillance in these patients may be warranted.
In human epidermis, β-defensin 2 is packaged in lamellar bodies

Abstract The skin presents a mechanical, as well as an immunological barrier to infection, and displays considerable innate immune capacity. Recently, cultured human keratinocytes were described to produce and export a microbicidal peptide human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2). Immunogold was used to label ultrathin cryosections of stimulated, cultured human epidermis. HBD-2 was found to be stored in the lamellar bodies (LBs) of the stimulated keratinocytes of the spinous layer of the epidermis. HBD-2 was also found in the intercellular space. These findings suggest that HBD-2 is released with the contents of the LBs. Along with other investigations, our findings indicate that the lipid “permeability” barrier of the skin contains antimicrobial substances.
Geometrical Approach to Vector Analysis in Electromagnetics Education

A geometrical approach to teaching and learning vector calculus and analysis as applied to electromagnetic fields is proposed for junior-level undergraduate electromagnetics education. For undergraduate students, electromagnetics is typically the most challenging subject in the Electrical Engineering curriculum, and the most challenging component of the subject is the application of vector analysis to electromagnetic field theory and problem solving. According to the geometrical approach, the students are taught to “read” the figure and to “translate” this to equations at all times throughout the computation or derivation, instead of their “crunching” the formulas and numbers without even visualizing the structure. In performing vector manipulations, integrals, and derivatives, the students are taught to always deal with real geometrical entities and quantities (arrows, lengths, angles, points, lines, surfaces, volumes, etc.). They learn to “translate” the geometry and the electromagnetic physics attached to it into mathematical models (equations and symbolic or numerical values) using “first mathematical principles” instead of just “black-box” formulas as a computer would do. As opposed to the traditional formal algebraic approach to vector analysis in electromagnetics, which is very general but also very abstract and dry, the geometrical approach is problem-dependent but also much more intuitive and visual, and as such can do a great deal to increase students' understanding and appreciation of vector analysis and its application to electromagnetic theory and problem solving. This is confirmed by preliminary class testing and assessment of student learning, success, and satisfaction in the courses Electromagnetic Fields I and II at Colorado State University.
The Consequences of Expensive Oil on Arms Transfers

This article examines the short-term effects of expensive oil on the supply and demand patterns for conventional weapons. It pools the cross-section and time-series data on petroleum and arms trade, and uses a crossed-error regression model to estimate these effects for three groups of countries. The results offer some tentative support for several widely shared impressions. They indicate a linkage between oil and arms trade, thus providing the necessary although not sufficient condition for proving that weapons have been used by the Western industrialized nations to recycle petrodollars from the OPEC countries. They also show that dependency on foreign fuel, increasing trade deficits, and low per capita GNP do not restrain the demand for weapons by those countries that are both oil and arms net importers. Most of these countries are developing nations, and their demand seems to be relatively inelastic in the short term.
Coping with interesting times

Unless we take action urgently, climate change could spell disaster for a wide range of living species.
Comparative analysis of ichthyoplankton sampling gear for early life stages of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Comparative gear tows were conducted during the summers of 1987–1990 in the Gulf of Alaska. Efficiencies of four types of ichthyoplankton sampling gear were compared with respect to total catch and size distribution of larval fish. Fish were sampled using the bongo net (333 and 505 μm mesh), 1 m Tucker net, 3 m Tucker net and the Methot frame net. Results indicate that the bongo and the 1 m Tucker nets caught similar numbers and size distribution of fish. The larger 3 m Tucker and Method frame nets caught a larger size class of fish but a smaller total catch. Although there was a slightly significant diel difference in total catch detected in the smaller nets, no diel differences in size distribution of fish caught were detected for any of the nets.
Comment on the origin of benzenecarboxylic acids in pyrolysis methylation studies

The presence of benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters in thermochemolysis or pyrolysis products of humic acids, produced in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), has recently been attributed to the existence of benzenecarboxylic acid moieties in the original materials being examined by this new technique for structural elucidation. Our studies of wood and model compounds, materials free of carboxylic acid-containing structures, by this method indicate that certain benzenecarboxylic acids are produced by the TMAH reagent in the course of reaction at elevated temperatures. This indicates that one should exercise due caution in interpreting the presence of these benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters as pre-existing structural humic acids.
Regulation of very primitive, multipotent, hemopoietic cells by hemopoietin-1.

Abstract Hemopoietin-1 (H-1) is known to act synergistically with CSF-1, a mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, to induce the development of primitive hemopoietic cells. To determine whether purified H-1 also acts on multipotent hemopoietic cells, its ability to act synergistically with interleukin-3 (IL-3) and erythropoietin (Epo) was tested in methyl cellulose cultures of murine bone marrow cells. In the presence of IL-3, H-1 increased the number of colonies formed by primitive, multipotent cells by ∼30-fold. H-1 alone or H-1 plus Epo produced no colonies. Forty percent of the colonies induced by H-1 plus IL-3 contained cells that could be subcultured at least twice, whereas cells from colonies induced by IL-3 alone could not be similarly subcultured. Thus H-1 permits CSF-1 or IL-3 to act on cells more primitive than those acted on by either growth factor alone. The results indicate that H-1 acts on the most primitive hemopoletic cells yet shown to proliferate and differentiate in culture.
Routing and interface assignment in multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks

Multiple channels are available for use in IEEE 802.11. Multiple channels can increase the available network capacity, but require new protocols to exploit the available capacity. This paper studies the problem of improving the capacity of multi-channel wireless networks by using multiple interfaces. We consider the scenario when multiple interfaces are available, but the number of available interfaces is lesser than the number of available channels. We provide a classification of interface assignment strategies, and propose a new strategy that does not require modifications to IEEE 802.11. We also identify routing heuristics that are suitable for use with the proposed interface assignment strategy.
Physiological Mechanisms of Tumor-Cell Invasion and Migration

Recent advances in understanding the complex biology of the microenvironment that underlies tumor invasion and migration have revealed novel and promising therapeutic targets. Pharmacological blockade of intra- and extracellular signaling events that regulate migration and survival of multiple cell types may disrupt the host-tumor conspiracy that allows escape from normal developmental regulation.
A format string checker for Java

Java supports format strings, but their use is error prone because: Java’s type system does not find any but the most trivial mistakes, Java’s format methods fail silently, and for- mat methods are often executed infrequently. This paper presents the Format String Checker that is based on the format string type system presented in [3]. The Format String Checker guarantees that calls to Java’s Formatter API will not throw exceptions. We evaluate the Format String Checker on 6 large and well-maintained open-source projects. Format string bugs are common in practice (we found 104 bugs), and the an- notation burden on the user of our type system is low (on average, for every bug found, only 1.0 annotations need to be written).
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma presenting as venous stasis ulceration.

Case Report A 68-year-old woman presented with extensive lower-extremity ulceration that had been ongoing and progressivefor 5 months. This process had been attributed to venousinsufficiency with secondary bacterial cellulitis. A biopsyspecimen obtained early in the course of her illness demon-strated epidermal and dermal necrosis with associated dermalhemorrhage and abscess. However, the specimen did notinclude a substantial portion of the panniculus.The patient’s condition modestly improved after a courseof antibiotics and localized wound care. New areas of ulcer-ation and necrosis developed (Fig. 1), however, and thepatient experienced recurrent fevers (up to 40 ° C), increasingfatigue, weight loss of 3.2 kg, and a progressive decrease inher hemoglobin level (11.1 g/dl down to 9.8 g/dl) over thepast 2–3 months.A repeat skin biopsy specimen demonstrated a denselobular lymphoid infiltrate composed of medium to largeatypical lymphoid cells which rimmed adipocytes and wasaccompanied by nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) andcytophagocytosis (Fig. 2).Immunoperoxidase stains were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. The atypical lymphoid cellswere immunoreactive against CD2, CD4, CD45RO, CD43,TIA-1, and granzyme B (Fig. 3) but were nonimmunoreactiveagainst CD3, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD30, and α / β T-cell recep-tor (TCR).
Do aggressive/destructive toddlers lack concern for others? Behavioral and physiological indicators of empathic responding in 2-year-old children

Ninety-nine 2-year-olds, out of a larger sample of 474 children, were classified as high (n = 49) or low (n = 50) in externalizing (aggressive/destructive) behaviors based on maternal reports assessed twice across a 2-month period. During a laboratory assessment, these toddlers participated in two empathy-eliciting tasks, from which affective, behavioral, and physiological measures were derived. Relations among measures of empathy were examined both within and across episodes and aggression groups. Analyses indicated that different indices of empathy were related to each other, both within and across empathy situations. In addition, aggressive children displayed more behaviors indicative of empathy than did nonaggressive children. Finally, a pattern of physiological responding to another's distress was evident across both groups of children, and some results indicated that greater physiological regulation was related to less empathy-related behavior. Results are discussed in terms of the developing nature of empathy and its changing association with both self-regulation and aggression.
Chromosome 9 arm-specific telomere length and breast cancer risk.

Background: Telomere dysfunction is involved in the development of breast cancer and very short telomeres are frequent genetic alterations in breast tumors. However, the influence of telomere lengths of specific chromosomal arms on the breast cancer risk is unknown. Methods: We conducted a case-control study of breast cancer to examine the associations of the telomere length on chromosome 9 short arms (9p) and long arms (9q) with risk of breast cancer. Chromosome 9 arm-specific telomere lengths were measured by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization using cultured blood lymphocytes. Results: Telomere length on chromosome 9p was significantly shorter in breast cancer patients than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Using the 50th percentile value in controls as a cut point, women who have short 9p telomeres had an increased risk of breast cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-4.3]. When the 9p telomere length was divided into quartiles, a significant inverse dose-response relationship between 9p telomere length and breast cancer risk was observed (P trend < 0.001), with a quartile ORs of 3.0 (95% CI = 1.2-7.5), 3.9 (95% CI = 1.6-9.5) and 6.6 (95% CI = 2.8-15.9) for third, second and first quartile, respectively, when compared with women in the fourth quartile. Conclusions: Short telomere length on chromosome 9p is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer. If confirmed by future studies, chromosome 9p telomere length has the potential to be incorporated into the current prediction models to significantly enhance breast cancer risk prediction.
Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity

We examined the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak). Six moderately active, eumenorrheic women (25.5 ± 1.5 yr) were studied befo...
Does Challenge by Choice Increase Participation

Challenge by choice (CBC) has been regarded as a foundational principle for challenge ropes course programs. Although CBC is widely accepted as the primary mechanism for facilitating intended ropes course outcomes, especially a participant’s involvement, until recently it had remained an untested assumption. This study explored the role of CBC as it pertains to participants’ involvement in adventure activities. Using a general inductive data analysis approach, three themes emerged: instruction, atmosphere, and challenge. Whereas instruction positively influenced involvement, atmosphere and challenge had both positive and negative influences. Findings suggest that CBC might be necessary but not sufficient in explaining students’ involvement in adventure activities.
Spatial Interactions of Yarded White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus

We examined the spatial interactions of nine female White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) in two deeryards (winter aggregations) in northeastern Minnesota during February-April 1999. Global positioning system (GPS) collars yielded seven pair-wise comparisons of deer that were located at the same time (≤1 minute apart) and that used overlapping areas. Deer traveled separately and did not associate with one another. Within overlapping areas, comparisons of distances between deer and distances between random locations indicated deer moved without regard to each other. Similarly, comparisons of observed and expected probabilities of deer using areas overlapping those of other deer also evinced that deer moved independently.
First record of Polymerurus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Australia with the description of a new species from Queensland and of cuticular ultrastructure in P. nodicaudus

. Identification of specimens in the genus Polymerurus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) is reported for the first time from Australia. The genus includes 3 species from a freshwater lake in southern Queensland. Two species, Polymerurus rhomboides and P. nodicaudus, are well-known cosmopolitans: P. rhomboides is now known from every continent except Antarctica, and P. nodicaudus from all continents except Africa and Antarctica. An ultrastructural description of the cuticle in P. nodicaudus is provided and confirms earlier observations on the structure of spined scales in other species of Chaetonotida, suborder Paucitubulatina. The utility of cuticle ultrastructure is discussed in reference to the search for characters defining higher-level taxa in the Paucitubulatina. A new species, P. andreae, also cohabits the Queensland lake and is distinguished by the following combination of characters: wide mouth ring; pharynx with terminal bulb; simple spineless scales on the dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral body surfaces; and a column of ventral interciliary scales in rectangular, ovoid, and intermediate shapes.
Quantitative analysis and optimization techniques for on-chip cache leakage power

On-chip L1 and L2 caches represent a sizeable fraction of the total power consumption of microprocessors. In nanometer-scale technology, the subthreshold leakage power is becoming one of the dominant total power consumption components of those caches. In this study, we present optimization techniques to reduce the subthreshold leakage power of on-chip caches assuming that there are multiple threshold voltages, V/sub T/'s, available. First, we show a cache leakage optimization technique that examines the tradeoff between access time and subthreshold leakage power by assigning distinct V/sub T/'s to each of the four main cache components-address bus drivers, data bus drivers, decoders, and static random access memory (SRAM) cell arrays with sense amplifiers. Second, we show optimization techniques to reduce the leakage power of L1 and L2 on-chip caches without affecting the average memory access time. The key results are: 1) two additional high V/sub T/'s are enough to minimize leakage in a single cache-3 V/sub T/'s if we include a nominal low V/sub T/ for microprocessor core logic; 2) if L1 size is fixed, increasing L2 size can result in much lower leakage without reducing average memory access time; 3) if L2 size is fixed, reducing L1 size may result in lower leakage without loss of the average memory access time for the SPEC2K benchmarks; and 4) smaller L1 and larger L2 caches than are typical in today's processors result in significant leakage and dynamic power reduction without affecting the average memory access time.
Induction of specific gelatinolytic proteinases in the lateral prostate of rats by ectopic pituitary grafts.

Activities of plasminogen activator (PA) and gelatmolytic proteinase in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal lobes of the prostate were examined in rats with hyperprolactinemia, which was induced by implantation of ectopic pituitary grafts under the renal capsule. Weight and total DNA content of the lateral lobe increased significantly in rats receiving two pituitary glands as compared with values for the initial untreated group and the muscle-implanted control animals. No change in specific activity of PA was observed in any prostatic lobe for animals of different treatment groups. However, there was a lateral lobe-specific induction of gelatinolytic proteinase activity in pituitary-grafted rats. Two Ca’�-independent proteinase activities of approximately 26-28 and 88 kDa, and three calcium-sensitive proteinase activities of 59, 64, and 76 kDa were found in zymograms of lateral prostate extracts of the untreated initial group and the muscle.grafted control. The lateral prostate proteinase pattern of pituitary.grafted animals demonstrated intense activities of approximately 51, 53, 64, 76, and 135 kDa as well as weaker activities of 40, 43, 59, 85, 93, 105, and 125 kDa, Many of these proteinase activities were present in the secretion of the lateral prostate of the untreated initial controls,suggesting that hyperprolactinemia promotes secretion in the lateral prostate. Those proteinase activities that were not in the secretion were probably of intracellular origin and may play a role in cellular remodeling. Castration resulted in a decrease in activities of these proteinases, and this decrease was observed whether the pituitary grafts were retained or removed.
The existence of an abelian variety over Q¯ isogenous to no Jacobian

We prove the existence of an abelian variety A of dimension g over Q that is not isogenous to any Jacobian, subject to the necessary condition g> 3. Recently, C. Chai and F. Oort gave such a proof assuming the Andr eOort conjecture. We modify their proof by constructing a special sequence of CM points for which we can avoid any unproven hypotheses. We make use of various techniques from the recent work of Klingler-Yafaev et al.
Sample collection and handling considerations for peptidomic studies in whole saliva; implications for biomarker discovery.

Abstract Background Proteomic studies in saliva have demonstrated its potential as a diagnostic biofluid, however the salivary peptidome is less studied. Here we study the effects of several sample collection and handling factors on salivary peptide abundance levels. Methods Salivary peptides were isolated using an ultrafiltration device and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. A panel of 41 peptides common after various treatments were quantified and normalized. We evaluated the effects of freezing rate of the samples, nutritional status of the donors (fed vs. fasted), and room-temperature sample degradation on peptide abundance levels. Repeatability of our sample processing method and our instrumental analysis method were investigated. Results Increased sample freezing rate produced higher levels of peptides. Donor nutritional status had no influence on the levels of measured peptides. No significant difference was detected in donors' saliva following 5, 10 and 15 min of room-temperature degradation. Sample processing and instrumental variability were relatively small, with median CVs of 9.6 and 6.6. Conclusions Peptide abundance levels in saliva are rather forgiving towards variations in sample handling and donor nutritional status. Differences in freezing methods may affect peptide abundance, so consistency in freezing samples is preferred. Our results are valuable for standardizing sample collection and handling methods for peptidomic-based biomarker studies in saliva.
Status and Results from the EXO Collaboration

The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) is an experimental program search- ing for neutrinoless double-beta decay using 136 Xe. Such a search can shed light on the Majorana nature of the neutrino (whether the neutrino is its own anti-particle), the ab- solute mass scale of neutrinos, and beyond standard model processes that violate lepton number conservation. The first phase of the experiment, EXO-200, uses 200 kg of xenon with 80% enrichment in 136 Xe in a single-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The double-beta decay of xenon is detected in the ultra-low background TPC by collecting both the scintillation light and the ionization charge. The detector has been tak- ing low background physics data with enriched xenon at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico since early May 2011. The results produced from the collab- oration include the first observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay of 136 Xe, and a neutrinoless double-beta decay search result that places one of the most stringent limits on the e ective Majorana neutrino mass. Building on the success of EXO-200, the col- laboration is performing feasibility studies and R&D work for a future multi-tonne scale experiment named nEXO. During the talk, I will discuss the latest results from EXO-200 and prospects of neutrinoless double-beta decay search with both EXO-200 and nEXO.
Identification of initial rotor position of a micro-PMSM

This paper presents a method to identify initial rotor position of a PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor). The method applies a fuzzy phase controller (FPC) to control rotor position of a PMSM. In steady state, the FPC output is used to identify the absolute rotor position. The FPC is selected because of the non-linear plant behavior. The results demonstrate that the method can identify the initial rotor position exactly without moving rotor significantly from its initial position.
Service Learning as an Expression of Ethics

The existing pedagogy known as service learning could be harnessed and expanded as a model by which to teach sustainability.
On the influence of electrode curvature and growth in d.c. and a.c. polarography: The e.e. mechanism with amalgam formation

Summary Predictions of d.c. and a.c. polarographic responses with the e.e.-mechanism obtained from various electrode models, ranging from the stationary plane to the expanding sphere, are compared. Electrode curvature effects are found to be substantial, not only in d.c. polarography where this effect is long-acknowledged, but also in a.c. polarography where the problem is usually ignored. Large curvature effects attend electrode reactions which lead to amalgam formation, the a.c. polarographic current amplitude being most susceptible. The results presented suggest that proper quantitative analysis of a.c. data obtained with a DME often will require use of rate laws based on rigorous treatment of the expanding sphere boundary value problem.
Dynamical, time-dependent view of molecular theory

In this paper we present a time-dependent, direct, nonadiabatic theory of molecular processes. We put this approach in contrast to the current theory paradigm of approximate separation of electronic and nuclear dynamics, which proceeds via approximate electronic stationary states and corresponding potential energy surfaces. This established approach in all its variants has provided a basis for qualitative understanding of rate processes and, for systems with few nuclear degrees of freedom, it has produced quantitative data that can be used to guide experiments. In this picture the dynamics of the reacting system takes place on a stationary electronic state potential surface and may under the inuence of nonadiabatic coupling terms \jump" to another potential surface the probability of such transitions often viewed as a statistical \surface hopping" [ J. Chem. Phys., 55 (1971) 562] event. The time-dependent, direct, and nonadiabatic theory presented here is fully dynamical in that the evolving state, which describes the simultaneous dynamics of electrons and nuclei of a reacting system [Rev. Mod. Phys., 66(3), (1994) 917] changes in time under the mutual instantaneous forces in a Cartesian laboratory system of coordinates. This approach, which has been applied to reactive collisions involving polyatomic molecules over a large range of energies, proceeds without predetermined potential energy surfaces, uses total molecular wave functions that are parameterized as generalized coherent states, and imposes no constraints on molecular geometries.
An Examination of How the FCC Uses "Voluntary Commitments" from Merging Telecommunications Companies to Advance Policy Goals

This study examines the FCC’s historical use of “voluntary commitments” when approving telecommunications company mergers. Because complex factors such as market conditions, corporate lobbying, political climate and technological change dictate regulations, it is grounded in a political economic framework. Using a focused synthesis, the authors examined key policy issues, such as the political climate and power structures in place during various telecommunications company transactions. The study contrasts the FCC’s ability to extract commitments from merging companies with previous unsuccessful attempts to achieve similar goals through the established rulemaking process, with particular focus on the 2011 Comcast/NBC-Universal merger. The newly formed company agreed to a slew of voluntary commitments that advanced policies—related to streaming video, digital inclusion and online journalism—strongly opposed by industry during previous FCC attempts to impose them industrywide.
Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg: Business Disputes in Russia

What are the sources of business litigation in Russia? How do disputes evolve? Cases filed in arbitrazh courts constitute only the most visible indicator of business disputes -- the tip of the iceberg. Studies of business disputes elsewhere suggest that many -- perhaps most -- disputes never end up in court. Either the disputants reach some accord or a decision is made that the harm suffered is not worth the trouble of going to court. The paper will identify the stages through which business disputes pass in Russia, and will analyze the role of various actors and institutions in their evolution or termination. The disputing process begins with a trading partner expressing any sort of dissatisfaction, and then becomes increasingly serious. The paper will explain what factors tend to cause a dissatisfaction to be perceived as a serious problem that is deserving of broader attention and, ultimately, that only a court can resolve the disagreement. The analysis will draw on a series of six case studies of Russian industrial enterprises in Moscow, Saratov, and Ekaterinburg, undertaken in the first half of 1998.
Modeling of deep breath vasoconstriction reflex

Deep breaths akin to sighs have been reported to cause peripheral vasoconstriction. Our previous simulation studies have shown that this phenomenon cannot be reproduced in existing circulatory control models without inclusion of a respiratory-vascular coupling mechanism. To better understand this “sigh-vasoconstriction reflex”, we investigated the effect of spontaneous and passively induced sighs as well as spontaneous breathing on peripheral vasoconstriction during wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep in human subjects. We found that both spontaneous and induced sighs caused vasoconstriction during wakefulness and sleep. The coupling between respiration and vasoconstriction is also present even in an absence of deep breaths. The coupling mechanism is largely linear with increased nonlinearity during induced sighs. Since peripheral vascular resistance modulation is known to be sympathetically mediated, investigation of this coupling could potentially allow us to assess sympathetic function through non-invasive measurements and simple interventions.
Mapping Poverty to Reach the Urban Poor

Inclusive urban planning requires comprehensive and sufficiently detailed information about urban areas. In the absence of such information, many informal settlements are left out in the city-wide planning process. In the metros as well as in many big cities in particular, large proportion of the urban population lives in slums in India. The urban projects undertaken in these cities tend to ignore significant slum improvement interventions. The development plans have really not addressed the issue of the marginalisation of the poor in the cities, often leading to their spatial exclusion. They are pushed out of the city, where services are poor and investments are low.Slum Environmental Sanitation Initiative (SESI) of UN-HABITAT in the cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur in the State of Madhya Pradesh has resulted in significant improvements in the lives of slum communities through creating open defecation free slums, improving access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene practices and mobilisin...