cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethno's Threads:

It is quite clear that the crisis in sociology announced boldly by Alvin Gouldner in the 1970s never took place. His urgent pleas for values, engagement, and moral concern were buried by the roller coaster economies of the 1980s, the resurgence of positivism, and the further marginalizing of extant critical views. I include here postmodernism, feminism, queer theory and the like, all claimants to the center, yet ill-conceived, ahistorical, atheoretical, and philosophically rootless. For a while, the nimbus surrounded us. It was as if examples of surrealism, dadaism, fauvism, and the worst of Dali's paintings were posted for a final, fatal exhibit. These critical views, of whatever merit, are the ghosts of the past, not harbingers of future work. Nevertheless, the present state of affairs in sociology is quite clear-logical positivism rules: statistically driven, technologically sophisticated modes of analysis and theorizing have conquered all competing variants. But, who now reads the ASR? Consider the failing offshoots of the past 40 years: the Society for the Study of Social Problems, the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interactionism, Humanistic Sociology, Marxist-Critical Sociology (all groups to which I belong or once belonged). Only the two sociologically relevant societies, the American Society of Criminology and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, largely empirically driven, problem-oriented groups, have grown. The once fruitful challenge to logical atomism launched by Wittgenstein, which incorporated mysticism, intuitivism, and a profound distrust of words and theorizing, was summated in his elegant and puzzling Philosophical Investigations ([1953] 1968). Ironically, earlier, later rejected, versions of his ideas were mooted, incorporated, and reshaped in the Vienna Circle's conversations, sliced and diced into a procrustean bed by Popper, and transported to America by 6migr6 scholars. The mathematically inspired empiricism of post World War II sociology drove nails into the coffin of richly obscured meanings. American sociology, for better or
Experiences with retaining computer science students

It has been a challenge to retain computer science students, especially underrepresented students such as women and minorities. This paper describes our experiences in implementing activities to improve student retention and graduation rates in the Department of Computer Science at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NCAT (2) undergraduate teaching assistant training (3) supplementary instruction summer workshop; and (4) freshmen independent study skill training. In this paper we describe each of these activities, the evaluation of these activities, the challenges we encountered and our proposed strategies to overcome these challenges. Our experiences and the effective techniques found may be beneficial for other colleges and universities in retaining computer science students, especially African American students.
Tertullian the Unitarian

Tertullian is often celebrated as an early trinitarian, or at least a near- trinitarian, proto-trinitarian, or trinitarian with unfortunate ‘subordinationist’ tendencies. In this paper I shall show that Tertullian was a unitarian, and not at all a trinitarian.
The Burden of Binge and Heavy Drinking on the Brain: Effects on Adolescent and Young Adult Neural Structure and Function

Introduction: Adolescence and young adulthood are periods of continued biological and psychosocial maturation. Thus, there may be deleterious effects of consuming large quantities of alcohol on neural development and associated cognition during this time. The purpose of this mini review is to highlight neuroimaging research that has specifically examined the effects of binge and heavy drinking on adolescent and young adult brain structure and function. Methods: We review cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of young binge and heavy drinkers that have examined brain structure (e.g. gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness, white matter microstructure) and investigated brain response using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: Binge and heavy-drinking adolescents and young adults have systematically thinner and lower volume in prefrontal cortex and cerebellar regions, and attenuated white matter development. They also show elevated brain activity in fronto-parietal regions during working memory, verbal learning, and inhibitory control tasks. In response to alcohol cues, relative to controls or light-drinking individuals, binge and heavy drinkers show increased neural response mainly in mesocorticolimbic regions, including the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Mixed findings are present in risky decision-making tasks, which could be due to large variation in task design and analysis. Conclusions: These findings suggest altered neural structure and activity in binge and heavy-drinking youth may be related to the neurotoxic effects of consuming alcohol in large quantities during a highly plastic neurodevelopmental period, which could result in neural reorganization, and increased risk for developing an alcohol use disorder.
Try to Remember...Reminiscence as a Nursing Intervention

1. For some, reminiscing is a beneficial coping strategy, helping to compensate for losses or self-care deficits they may be experiencing. 2. Implementation of this intervention in the cases presented here suggests that it is an effective way of promoting self-esteem and enhanced coping in some situations. 3. Nursing theories are potential frameworks for the use of reminiscence therapy as a nursing intervention or as a means of creating meaning with the person. 4. Future implications for practice lie in exploring the phenomenon of reminiscence within holistic nursing frameworks, such as Rogers' (1970) or Parse's (1992), enabling well-being and quality of life as a goal.
Mouthpiece use during heavy resistance exercise affects serum cortisol and lactate

Recent reports suggest the use of mouthpieces may be beneficial at improving aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. However, the mechanisms of these reported improvements have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible mechanisms of improved performance using the ArmourBite® mouthpiece. Using a within subject randomized treatment design, 15 experienced resistance trained males (19–26 years of age) performed 6 sets of 10 repetitions of free weight back squats at 80% of 1RM with and without a mouthpiece. Blood samples were collected before exercise, after 3 sets (Mid), immediately post (Post), 30 min post (Post-30), 60 min post (Post-60) and 120 min post (Post-120) exercise. Samples were analyzed for lactate and ELISA was used to determine cortisol. Mouthpiece use resulted in more repetitions completed without assistance (54.36 ± 0.61 vs. 53.27 ± 0.79, p = 0.046) and fewer assisted repetitions (6.73 ± 0.79 vs. 5.64 ± 0.61 repetitions, p = 0.046) compared to the ...
Overview of the ASSETS 2017 conference

This year was the 19th edition of the ACM SIGACCESS International Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2017), which took place in October in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The ASSETS conference is the premier computing research conference exploring the design, evaluation, and use of computing and information technologies to benefit people with disabilities and older adults. We set a new attendance this year with 200 participants from across the globe. In addition to a rich technical program, an increase in industrial sponsorship allowed the conference to support several receptions, including an event at the National Federation of the Blind on Halloween evening. SIGACCESS made several awards during this year's conference. The SIGACCESS ASSETS Paper Impact Award was awarded to Keith Edwards, Elizabeth Mynatt and Kathryn Stockton for their 1994 paper "Providing access to graphical user interfaces---not graphical screens". This paper is one of the first to raise and tackle the challenge of providing screen reader capabilities in graphical user interfaces. It proposes that translation of the GUI should be done at a semantic, rather than syntactic level. The 2017 Best Paper Award went to "Evaluating the Usability of Automatically Generated Captions for People who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing" by Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth. The 2017 Best Student Paper Award went to "Technology-Mediated Sight: A Case Study of Early Adopters of a Low Vision Assistive Technology" by Annuska Zolyomi, Anushree Shukla, and Jaime Snyder. We thank Clayton Lewis from University of Colorado Boulder for Chairing the SIGACCESS Awards Committee and Anne Marie Piper from Northwestern University for chairing the 2017 ASSETS Best Papers Committee.
Surgical Treatment of Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in a Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Center is as Safe as and Faster and More Cost-Effective Than in a Children's Hospital.

BACKGROUND Despite an 88% increase in the number of pediatric fractures treated in ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) over a 10-year period, few studies have compared outcomes of fracture treatment performed in a freestanding ASC compared with those performed in the hospital (HOSP) or hospital outpatient department (HOPD). The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes, treatment times, and costs for treatment of Gartland type II supracondylar humeral (SCH) fracture in the ASC, HOSP, and HOPD. METHODS Retrospective review identified pediatric patients with isolated Gartland type II SCH fractures who had closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) by board-certified orthopaedic surgeons from January 2012 to September 2016. On the basis of the location of their treatment, patients were divided into 3 groups: HOSP, HOPD, and ASC. All fractures were treated with CRPP under fluoroscopic guidance using 2 parallel or divergent smooth Kirschner wires. Radiographs obtained before and after CRPP and at final follow-up noted the anterior humeral line index (HLI) and Baumann angle. Statistical analysis compared all 3 groups for outcomes, complications, treatment time/efficiency, and charges. RESULTS Record review identified 231 treated in HOSP, 35 in HOPD, and 50 in ASC. Radiographic outcomes in terms of Baumann angle and HLI did not differ significantly between the groups at any time point except preoperatively when the HLI for the HOSP patients was lower (P=0.02), indicating slightly greater displacement than the other groups. Overall complication rates were not significantly different among the groups, nor were occurrences of individual complications. The mean surgical time was significantly shorter (P<0.0001) in ASC patients than in HOPD and HOSP patients, and total charges were significantly lower (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Gartland type II SCH fractures can be safely treated in a freestanding ASC with excellent clinical and radiographic outcomes equal to those obtained in the HOSP and HOPD; treatment in the ASC also is more efficient and cost-effective. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-retrospective comparative study.
The School Counselor Leadership Survey: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation

Researchers examined data from a national sample of 776 school counselors to further determine the factor structure of the School Counselor Leadership Survey. Confirmatory factor analyses supported...
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Investigations of Atomic Reordering At ZnTe/CdSe Interfaces

The ZnTe/CdSe system has recently attracted interest because of the general activity in II-VI semiconductor superlattices and because of device applications.1,2,3 This system is especially interesting because of the closely matched lattice parameters of ZnTe and cubic CdSe (6.099 A and 6.077 A respectively2,4). This lattice matched system is the only II-VI system formed between two binary compounds where neither the anions nor the cations are common.
Theoretical Maximum Efficiencies of Optimized Slab and Spherical Betavoltaic Systems Utilizing Sulfur-35, Strontium-90, and Yttrium-90

Monte Carlo simulations have been used for calculating the energy deposition of beta particles in the depletion region of a silicon carbide (SiC) betavoltaic cell along with the corresponding theor...
Exploring the Effects of Network Structure on Creativity as a Social Process

Creativity is recognized as fundamentally a social process both because an actor’s set of direct connections can greatly affect his or her creativity, and because only members of the field can (sub...
Recent Insights into the Molecular Pathophysiology of Viral Myocarditis

Myocarditis, defined as inflammation of the heart muscle, occurs in response to a wide variety of agents (1). Infectious organisms, a major cause of myocarditis, can have direct cardiomyopathic effects or can predispose to infection with cardiotropic viruses. Viruses can infect cardiac muscle cells or other supporting cells within the heart and cause myocarditis. Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses are important causes of viral myocarditis, especially in North America and Europe (2), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has recently been added to the list of infectious agents that cause myocarditis (3) (Table 1). The overall prevalence of myocarditis in patients with suspected viral illness ranges from 2.3% to 5% (4); however, the incidence of viral myocarditis is difficult to determine because of the limited methods for identifying viral infection of the heart.
Damping of Shallow Water Waves

Near shore coastal processes, such as erosion and sediment transport, are important products of the action of shallow water waves. Coastline rearrangement and sandbar formation provide dramatic evidence of the effects of these near shore processes. Kobayashi (1988) is a good summary of recent empirical and analytical approaches to modeling coastal response to incident wave energy.
Gene Therapy in Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration

Gene therapy (GT), or the altering of genetic material within cells to modify protein structure and quantity, is an emerging field in skeletal muscle regeneration (SMR) and maintenance [1–6]. GT techniques are acquiring increasingly significant functions in approaching various surgical problems [7, 8]. A key insight necessary for maximizing the value from the great deal already known on the regulation of SMR is that every regulatory product is potentially amenable to targeting through multiple GT techniques. This chapter will focus on current GT techniques used in muscle discussing, in particular, potential benefits for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS).
Understanding the Writing Demands of Crowdfunding Campaigns with the Genre-Mapping Report.

This article lays out an approach for introducing students to the writing demands of crowdfunding platforms using a genre-driven research report. Using genre theory and genre ecologies, students leverage primary research to map the genre norms and writing demands within a specific area of a crowdfunding platform, generating a data set to help them either formulate their own campaign or critically engage with the crowdfunding genre.
Insights into how phosphorylation of estrogen receptor at serine 305 modulates tamoxifen activity in breast cancer.

Abstract Estrogen receptor (ER) is the most important factor in the pathophysiology of breast cancer. Consequently, modulation of ER activity has been exploited to develop drugs against ER + breast cancer, such as tamoxifen, referred to as endocrine therapies. With deeper understanding of ER mechanism of action, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are increasingly recognized as important in mediating ER activity. Some ER PTMs such as phosphorylation, are studied in the context of ligand-independent ER activity. However, they also play a pivotal role in defining the actions and outcome of the antiestrogen-bound ER. The complexity of these actions is increasing as new PTMs are identified, yet the functional consequences and clinical implications are not fully understood. This review will examine and summarize new emerging mechanistic knowledge and clinical data in breast cancer on how these PTMs affect antiestrogen-ER activity, with an emphasis on phosphorylation of serine 305 (S305). This phosphorylation site represents an integrated hub of oncogenic signaling to modulate ER conformation, dimerization, coregulators, and DNA binding to profoundly reduce sensitivity to endocrine therapy. Consequently, (i) S305 has the potential to become a useful marker of tamoxifen response, and (ii) blocking S305 phosphorylation defines a new therapeutic strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
Imidazole and 1-Methylimidazole Hydrogen Bonding and Nonhydrogen Bonding Liquid Dynamics: Ultrafast IR Experiments.

The dynamics of imidazole (IM) and 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIM) in the liquid phase at 95 °C were studied by IR polarization selective pump–probe and two-dimensional IR (2D IR) spectroscopies. The tw...
Crescentic Modification to Island Pedicle Rotation Flaps for Defects of the Distal Nose.

Background Island pedicle flaps based on a lateral sling of the nasalis have difficulty reaching distal nasal defects due to tethering of the muscle to its insertion point. The authors hypothesized that reach could be improved by modifying a crescentic flap to rotate around a pivot point equidistant to the flap and the defect. Objective To describe the design, execution, and results with a modified crescentic island pedicle rotation flap for repair of distal nasal defects after Mohs micrographic surgery. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had distal nasal defects repaired with a modified crescentic island pedicle rotation flap over an 8-year period. All charts and photographs were examined. Sex and age of the patient, type of cutaneous carcinoma, location and size of the defect, and complications were recorded. Results Forty-eight patients were included. The flap was used to successfully reconstruct defects on the distal nose ranging in size from 0.25 cm to 3.8 cm. Complications involved one wound infection and one episode of postoperative bleeding. Conclusion The authors' modifications to the island pedicle flap may be reliably used to reconstruct small- to medium-sized defects of the distal nose in a single stage with minimal risk of complications.
Laryngomalacia and Swallow Dysfunction.

Objectives:Laryngomalacia is an established cause of stridor and sleep-disordered breathing in children. However, the relationship between laryngomalacia and dysphagia has not been well characteriz...
Retroflexion and retraction

Abstract: Retroflexion and retraction are shown to be distinct and contrastive. Consonants produced with retroflexion show a number of phonological characteristics that differentiate them from sounds that are produced without it. It is hence argued, that a system of phonetics that does not characterize the retroflexed consonants by their specific articulation would fail to take care of some of their phonological properties.
Therapeutic Strategies for Corneal Wound Angiogenesis

Corneal diseases are a major cause of blindness worldwide, resulting from corneal scarring and neovascularization. There is an unmet need for developing effective therapies to prevent and/or treat corneal neovascularization. Topical steroid medication, cautery, argon and yellow dye laser, and fine needle diathermy have all been advocated with varying degrees of success. Vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins play a pivotal role in corneal neovascularization, and current therapies are aimed at disrupting the various steps in this pathway. Advancement in cell-based therapies and regulatory molecules as a therapeutic target for treating corneal neovascularization is gaining popularity. This review focuses on the current treatment modalities, new alternative therapies, potential new targets, and insights into the future research for this debilitating condition.
Time-dependent simvastatin administration enhances doxorubicin toxicity in neuroblastoma.

Abstract Statins have a primary indication for the reduction and management of hypercholesterolemia; however, evidence shows that statins have the ability to increase the toxicity of chemotherapeutics within cancer cells by inducing anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects. More recently, lipophilic statins have shown complex interaction with energy metabolism, specifically acute mitochondrial dysfunction and delayed inhibition of glycolysis. With the goal to demonstrate that statin-mediated enhancement of chemotherapeutics is time-dependent, we hypothesized that the lipophilic statin simvastatin, in conjunction with variable co-exposure of doxorubicin or cisplatin, will enhance the toxicity of these drugs in neuroblastoma. Utilizing human SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells, we assessed cell proliferation, necrosis, caspase activation, and overall apoptosis of these cells. After determining the toxicity of simvastatin at 48 h post-treatment, 10μM was chosen as the intervention concentration. We found that significant cell death resulted from 1.0μM dose of doxorubicin with 24 h pre-treatment of simvastatin. On the other hand, simvastatin enhancement of cisplatin toxicity was only observed in the co-exposure model. As doxorubicin has strict dosage limits due to its primary off-target toxicity in cardiac muscle, we further compared the effects of this drug combination on rat H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. We found that simvastatin did not enhance doxorubicin toxicity in this cell line. We conclude that simvastatin provides time-dependent sensitization of neuroblastoma cells to doxorubicin toxicity, and our results provide strong argument for the consideration of simvastatin as an adjuvant in doxorubicin-based chemotherapy programs.
The Relationship Between Physical and Mental Health Outcomes in Children Exposed to Disasters

This paper reviews literature on the influence of disaster exposure on the intersection between physical and mental health in children, including risk and protective factors. We provide an update on recent studies and conclude with recommendations for future research. The limited existing research on this topic suggests that disasters can influence short and long-term physical and mental health of children. Although few studies explore both mental and physical health in the same study, studies that assess both show that they co-occur. Pre-existing conditions, severity of disaster exposure, socioeconomic status, and gender may influence the relation between disaster exposure and physical and mental health. Despite the growing number of studies exploring mental and physical health symptoms together in children post-disaster, a dearth of research examines this relationship in terms of nuances by age and developmental stage, longitudinal mechanisms, and risk and protective factors.
Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality and Preterm Birth in Ohio, 2008-2015: Opportunities to Enhance Spatial Thinking.

ObjectivesGeovisualization and spatial analysis are valuable tools for exploring and evaluating the complex social, economic, and environmental interactions that lead to spatial inequalities in hea...
Effect of anabolic steroids on plasma thyroid hormones in steers and heifers.

SUMMARY The effects of trenbolone acetate (TBA) alone or in combination with oestradiol (TBA + OE2) on growth rate, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and thyroid hormone status were studied in 11 Friesian cross-bred steers and six Friesian heifers. Three steers and three heifers were implanted with TBA (300 mg), four steers were implanted with TBA (140 mg) + OE2 (20 mg) and four steers and three heifers were sham implanted as controls. There were significant improvements (P
Inflammatory breast cancer, trimodal treatment, and mortality: Does where you live matter?

BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to examine the associations among neighborhood socioeconomic status, trimodal treatment, and disease-specific mortality among inflammatory breast cancer patients using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. METHODS Patients diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer (T4d) from 2010 to 2016 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The cohort was stratified into neighborhood socioeconomic status groups (low, middle, high) based on National Cancer Institute census tract-level index. Trimodal treatment was defined as receipt of modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Bivariable analysis, log-rank test, and a Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval) were conducted to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status, trimodal treatment, and disease-specific mortality. RESULTS In total, 4,374 patients met study criteria. There was no difference between the neighborhood socioeconomic status groups in receipt of trimodal treatment (P = .19). On multivariable analysis, there was no association between low neighborhood socioeconomic status (hazard ratio 1.13, 0.98-1.30; ref high neighborhood socioeconomic status) or middle neighborhood socioeconomic status (hazard ratio 1.01, 0.88-1.64; ref high neighborhood socioeconomic status) and disease-specific mortality. Notably, triple negative subtype (hazard ratio 2.66, 2.21-3.20; ref luminal A) and Black race (hazard ratio 1.41, 1.16-1.72; ref White) were associated with a higher disease-specific mortality. CONCLUSION For inflammatory breast cancer patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, disease-specific mortality appears to be driven by tumor biology and patient characteristics instead of treatment disparities or neighborhood socioeconomic status.
Video Science: Cinema as Sense Organ

The moving image exists at the interstice of art and science not only because it acts as a representation of human sight but also because it exemplifies the observational processes related to the scientific gaze. As such, film and video have extended human sense-perception properties by mimicking and manipulating the natural processes of the optic nerve. The captureand in many cases, the simulation of movement generated from the progression of images reveals a new sphere of human consciousness as it relates to the dimensions of motion, space, and time. The conceptualization of the time-element present in film and video has been a prominent feature of film and new media theory since the invention of cinema. Cinematic processes are not only analogues of sight but also companions to the brain's cognitive function. The camera, therefore, is more than a metaphor. It is an extension of the optic nerve, and as such, it provides new methods of understanding time as it relates to motion and space. Cinema, moreover, has become an integral component of the human consciousness. Because film and video have expanded the understanding of cognitive processes, filmmakers and video artists are charged with the task of utilizing the manipulation techniques inherent to the media in order to enhance the connections between eye and camera and between brain and screen. The goal of my work is to enable my audience to observe the infinitesimal changes that take place as moments in time are created. Video is a device that I employ to make greater parallels between the absolute and the ordinary. By blurring the lines between artistic practice and scientific process, I strive to create a visual methodology which concerns itself with the construction and documentation of microcosmic environments and events resulting from chemical processes.
The Genesis of ISOTT

The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT) was founded in April, 1973 by Drs. Duane F. Bruley and Haim I. Bicher. Dr. Bruley first wanted to sponsor an international symposium on oxygen transport to tissue to highlight the research activity between his group at Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina and Dr. Melvin H. Knisely’s group at the Medical College of South Carolina in Charleston, South Carolina. At the same time it was hoped to honor Dr. Knisely for his ingenious development of the Quartz Rod Crystal technique for observing blood flow in-vivo. In discussions with Dr. Knisely’s wife, Verona, it was decided to sponsor a meeting that was jointly held at Clemson and Charleston. When Dr. Bicher returned from an extended trip abroad, he agreed to join the effort and he organized the program from the Medical College while Dr. Bruley handled all arrangements at Clemson University.
A Need for Renewed and Cohesive US Policy on Cord Blood Banking

Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord blood (CB) are used to treat more than 80 different diseases and are a standard treatment for many types of leukemias, lymphomas, myelodysplasias, and inherited immune system disorders. CB transplants have been carried out in humans for over 25 years, and hundreds of clinical trials are currently underway investigating CB’s therapeutic potential for a wide range of disorders, including autism, diabetes, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury. Extensive storage facilities have been established in the United States and around the world to collect, test, and freeze CB for later use in medical procedures. However, a divide between two different banking models—public versus private—has emerged, presenting several policy challenges. While the Food and Drug Administration currently regulates CB storage and use in the United States, other state and federal guidelines on CB education, awareness, and ethical considerations remain variable, and no mandatory international guidelines exist. In addition, federal funding for an important CB collection initiative that specifically targets minority populations is set to expire by the end of FY2015. To help organize and coordinate efforts across the United States and other nations, policymakers should implement regulations for: high quality standards for both private and public CB banks, a commitment to ethical practices, and an investment in educational campaigns and training programs for all steps of the CB banking process.
Communication strategies and agricultural development in 1950s China: The early years of the people's republic of China

The success of the post‐1949 transformation of the People's Republic of China (PRO rested on innovative solutions to communication problems. This article compares strategies used in two early agricultural campaigns. The principles embodied can be applied beyond the unique conditions of rural China in the 1950s.
Prenylation of CaaX-type proteins: Basic principles through clinical applications

Abstract Post-translational modification by attachment of lipid moieties is critical for the biological activity of many membrane-associated proteins. This process, termed lipidation, serves to direct and anchor specific proteins to the cell membrane and can also play a role in important protein-protein interactions. A wide variety of lipids can be attached to proteins, including saturated acyl groups such as myristoyl and palmitoyl chains, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moieties, and the 15- and 20-carbon isoprenoid groups famesyl and geranylgeranyl, respectively. Some lipidated proteins have only a single modification, whereas many others may have multiple, in some cases variable, modifications, in which each permuation confers a unique chemical property and distinct functional characteristic to the parent protein. This chapter deals primarily with the biochemistry and biology of protein prenylation, focusing on those proteins that contain a so-called CaaX motif at their C-terminus. The C-terminal processing of CaaX proteins is initiated by addition of either a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl isoprenoid to the conserved cysteine of the CaaX motif. Farnesylation of Ras proteins in particular has attracted a great deal of attention and is the primary reason why the enzyme responsible, termed protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), has been targeted for development of inhibitors that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials as anticancer agents.
The Function of γ-Glutamylcysteine and Bis-γ-glutamylcystine Reductase in Halobacterium halobium

Abstract gamma-Glutamylcysteine and bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase appear to function in the halobacteria in a fashion analogous to GSH and glutathione reductase in other cells. Bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase (GCR), a NADPH-dependent dimer of Mr 122,000 recently purified to homogeneity from Halobacterium halobium (Sundquist, A.R., and Fahey, R.C. (1988) J. Bacteriol., 170, 3459-3467), was found to be highly specific for bis-gamma-glutamylcystine and to be present in cell extract at a level sufficient to maintain gamma-glutamylcysteine predominantly in its thiol form [( thiol]/[disulfide] approximately 50). Bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase is similar to glutathione reductase in many respects; GCR demonstrated a FAD:subunit stoichiometry of 1, inhibition by heavy metal ions, and a pH optimum near neutrality. However, GCR exhibited no activity with GSSG and was most active at salt levels exceeding 2 M. A turnover number of 1,700 mumol min-1 mumol-1 FAD and apparent Km values of 0.8 mM for bis-gamma-glutamylcystine and 0.29 mM for NADPH were determined for GCR. The effect of salt on the autoxidation rates of gamma-glutamylcysteine, GSH, and Cys was also studied. In the absence of added salt, Cys oxidized more rapidly than gamma-glutamylcysteine, which in turn oxidized more rapidly than GSH. The presence of 4.3 M chloride (K+ and Na+) significantly slowed the autoxidation of all three thiols. The rate of autoxidation of gamma-glutamylcysteine in 4.3 M chloride proved slower than that of GSH in the absence of added chloride. Thus, gamma-glutamylcysteine is at least as stable under halophilic conditions as GSH is under nonhalophilic conditions, explaining why halobacteria utilize gamma-glutamylcysteine rather than GSH.
Virtual Integrated Practice: Integrating Teams and Technology to Manage Chronic Disease in Primary Care

The use of teams in health care has generally relied on the notion that teams must physically meet and function in person in the same location, on a regular, scheduled basis, in order to maximize the value of the interdisciplinary process. This article examines the concept of creating a different kind of team in primary care, out-patient settings—one which relies upon communications technology to link together clinicians from different locations to coordinate and manage the care of patients, particularly those with chronic disease. This approach—referred to as Virtual Integrated Practice—is designed to overcome the barriers of traditional in-person teams by creating a “virtual team” with the potential to function more efficiently, productively, and satisfactorily for clinicians and patients alike.
How to write parallel programs: a first course

In the not-too-distant future every programmer, software engineer, and computer scientist will need to understand parallelism, a powerful and proven way to run programs fast. The authors of this straightforward tutorial explain why this is so and provide the instruction that will transform ordinary programmers into parallel programmers."How to Write Parallel Programs" focuses on programming techniques for the largest class of parallel machines - general purpose asynchronous or MIMD machines. It outlines the basic parallel algorithm classes and the three basic programming paradigms, takes up the implementation techniques for these paradigms, and presents a series of case studies explaining code and discussing its measured performance. Because parallel programming requires both a computing language and a coordination language, the authors use C and Linda (a language they developed) as a combination that can be simply and efficiently implemented on a wide range of machines. The techniques discussed, however, can be applied in any comparable language environment.Contents: Introduction. The Three Basic Models of Parallelism. Programming Techniques for the Three Basic Models. A Simple Problem, in Detail. Case Studies. From Parallelism to Coordination. Conclusions. Appendix: Linda User's Manual.
Abstract 19642: A Novel DNA-damage Inducible Interaction between Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ and p53 Regulates Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cell Homeostasis

Background: Pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening, vaso-proliferative disorder. Impaired expression and function of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR) 2 - peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)γ axis is observed in PAH and associated with PA endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and dysregulation, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and neointima formation. Because of its different functions and gene targets in EC and SMC, we hypothesized that the cell specific properties of the BMPR2-PPARγ pathway depend on PPARγ interacting partners. Methods & Results: An affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) screen for novel PPARγ interacting proteins was performed. In addition to known partners (e.g., β-catenin, RXRα), AP-MS analysis of the PPARγ interactome revealed a previously unknown network highly enriched in DNA damage response proteins including p53. New interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. In healthy human PAEC, SMC and adventitial fibr...
Institutions in modern society: caretakers and subjects.

The problems that relate to the outermost limits of institutional care, if such limits exist, will certainly be among the most salient problems during the coming years—no matter whether such care proceeds on an inpatient or an outpatient basis. Whatever course may be taken will certainly affect the lives of every citizen in urbanized and industrialized society. At present in California there is considerable shifting of individuals from one care status or category to another, in efforts to find accommodations that will better reflect the realities of modern existence. However, such shifting of caseloads as the moving of individuals from nursing and convalescent homes to hospitals and back again does not constitute a change, either from the standpoint of the subjects involved or from the standpoint of significantly affecting the overall caseload. Most commonly, the shifting of caseloads has been merely jurisdictional. Much the same can be said of the transfers from a police agency to welfare, or vice versa. Similarly, a shift from inpatient status to outpatient status does not constitute a significant change. Such transfers from one jurisdiction to another reflect a reduction in caseload for one agency, but a corresponding increase in caseload for another. Thus, there has been no significant change in the subject population as such. Jurisdictional transfers are often merely caretaking actions that reflect bureaucratic decisions. Equally often, such decisions do not address themselves to the basic priorities that guide the functions of caretaking. Explicitly stated priorities must supersede jurisditional transfers if the concept of caretaking is to include better resources for human development and if the subject population is to participate in the managing of institutions. On any given day during 1969 in the state of California, virtually 8 million people from an estimated population of 19,800,000 were under some form of institutional care or in some institutional program, or were employed to provide the care and administer the programs. Clearly this is a vast effort toward the training and retraining, as well as the rehabilitation of people, in the traditional sense of these words. The salient problems that have emerged from this context of urban and industrial development involve social control, social mobility, organizational behavior by caretakers and subjects, minority peoples, and the extensions of institutions into communities. Given these developments, is it not proper to ask whether or not the nature of urbanized and industrialized society has changed to such a point that a return to the past (and past solutions) is no longer feasible? Is it not also proper to ask what voice the subject population will have in helping to guide the urban and industrialized state into the future? And certainly there is a question that virtually everyone will ask: What percentage of tax revenues (whether shared or under direct programs) shall be destined to better meet the problems of this future society, which, it seems, is already upon us?
Glucocorticoid-stimulated, transcription-independent release of annexin A1 by cochlear Hensen cells

Background and purpose: The current clinical strategy to protect the auditory organ against inflammatory damage by migrating leukocytes is the local delivery of glucocorticoids. However, the mechanism by which glucocorticoids confer this protection remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the cellular and molecular targets of glucocorticoids in the cochlea that could be involved in preventing leukocyte migration.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast: diagnostic and therapeutic controversies.

Melvin J Silverstein, MD, FACS: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a heterogeneous group of lesions with diverse malignant potential and a range of controversial treatment options. It is the most rapidly growing subgroup in the breast cancer family with an estimate of more than 42,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States during 2000. Most new cases are nonpalpable and discovered by mammography. The most contentious issue today is whether or not all patients with DCIS who elect breast preservation require postexcisional radiation therapy. Treatment ranges from simple excision to various forms of wider excision (segmental resection, quadrant resection, etc), all of which may or may not be followed by radiation therapy. If breast preservation is not an option, then mastectomy, with or without immediate reconstruction, is generally performed. Because DCIS is a heterogeneous group of lesions rather than a single entity, and because patients have a wide variety of personal needs that must be considered during treatment selection, it is obvious that no single approach will be appropriate for all forms of the disease or for all patients. At the current time, treatment decisions are based on a variety of measurable parameters (tumor extent, margin width, nuclear grade, comedotype architecture, etc). In other words, our approach to noninvasive breast cancer is phenotypic rather than genotypic. It is based on morphology rather than etiology. Genetic changes routinely precede morphologic evidence of malignant transformation. Using basic science, medicine must learn how to recognize these genetic changes, exploit them, and, ultimately, prevent them. DCIS is a lesion in which the complete malignant phenotype of unlimited growth, angiogenesis, genomic elasticity, invasion, and metastasis has not been fully expressed. With sufficient time, most DCIS lesions will learn how to invade and metastasize. We must learn how to prevent this. On October 24, 2000, in Chicago, at the annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons, a 3-hour symposium exploring the diagnostic and therapeutic controversies of DCIS was held. A typically structured session on DCIS might have covered mammographic appearance, pathologic classification, and surgical treatment. But the organizers wanted this to be a more cutting-edge session. So, controversial topics like minimally invasive breast biopsy and its transition from diagnosis to possible treatment modality were included. Skin-sparing mastectomy and breast conservation without postexcisional radiation therapy were main focuses of discussion, as was the meaning of micrometastases after sentinel node biopsy. Finally, there was a detailed discussion of hormone replacement therapy and the use No competing interests declared.
Cellular defects caused by deletion of the Escherichia coli dnaK gene indicate roles for heat shock protein in normal metabolism.

DnaK is a major heat shock protein of Escherichia coli and has been previously reported to be essential for growth at high temperatures. We systematically investigated the role of DnaK in cellular metabolism at a wide range of growth temperatures by analyzing cellular defects caused by deletion of the dnaK gene (delta dnaK52). At intermediate temperatures (30 degrees C), introduction of the delta dnaK52 allele into wild-type cells caused severe defects in cell division, slow growth, and poor viability of the cells. delta dnaK52 mutants were genetically unstable at 30 degrees C and frequently acquired secondary mutations. At high (42 degrees C) and low (11 and 16 degrees C) temperatures the delta dnaK52 allele could only be introduced into the subpopulation of wild-type cells that had duplicated the dnaK region of their chromosome. delta dnaK52 mutants isolated at 30 degrees C were cold sensitive as well as temperature sensitive for growth. Cell division defects of delta dnaK52 mutants at 30 degrees C were largely suppressed by overproduction of the FtsZ protein, which is normally required for septation during cell division; however, slow growth and poor viability at 30 degrees C and cold sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of growth were not suppressed, indicating that delta dnaK52 mutants had additional defective cellular functions besides cell division. Images
Eldercare, immigration, and health care in Italy: How the Italian state creates and mitigates inequality

This article considers the role of the Italian state as both a source of inequality and an institution that mitigates inequality. Fieldwork completed in Genoa in 2010 focused on the intersection of immigration policies, care work needs, and the informal economy revealed in the lives of immigrant in-home care workers. Genoa, the largest city in the region of Liguria, is the “oldest” city in Europe, in that 33 percent of the population is now older than 60 years of age. In Esping-Andersen's typology, Italy's Mediterranean-familialist-style welfare regime is characterized by a high dependence on family members to provide care, few state-supported services for elders, and a shortage of policies that reconcile care and work. This combination places the burden of care for family elders on female relatives, thus perpetuating gender inequalities. In Italy, the relatives of the elder needing care often shift their burden onto low-wage immigrant laborers. In households employing care workers in Genoa, examining how Italian state policies regarding eldercare maintain ethnic, class, and gender inequalities illustrates how state forces influence private realities. In addition, the well-established practice of regional autonomy has transformed the Italian national health care system, as it is manifest in the region of Liguria, into a sociocultural institution that mitigates inequality in health care access as it serves both citizens and immigrants. However, this institution also supports unequal working conditions in that it supports informal economic activity by maintaining the health of the low-wage, immigrant workforce critical to the well-being of the elders of this region.
Transport performance of WDM metropolitan area transparent optical networks

We presented a study of transport impairments in metropolitan optical networks. The results show that a properly engineered network utilizing application optimized components and fiber, will enable the buildup of cost-effective metro/regional WDM optical networks with significant size.