cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple scattering of light in a spherical cometary atmosphere with an axisymmetric dust jet

Abstract We have developed a numerical solution for the anisotropic multiple scattering of light in a cometary atmosphere. The atmosphere is assumed to be a spherical shell illuminated by parallel solar rays. The spatial variation of dust in the coma is symmetric about the Sun-comet axis. Multiple scattering of photons is determined by lambda iteration. We study two model dust profiles: (1) a spherically symmetric profile and (2) an axisymmetric dust jet at the comet's subsolar point. Calculation is made of the flux of visible energy impinging on the nucleus surface, the mean intensity of visible light throughout the coma, and an approximate solution for the flux of thermal radiation at the comet surface due to emission from dust particles in the coma. We determine conditions under which single and multiple scattering each become significant. Under all conditions examined, at no point on the nucleus surface does the radiant flux exceed the visible flux at the subsolar point of a bare nucleus.
The Whip Cancer Walk: A case of real earnings management in the nonprofit sector

Abstract The Whip Cancer Walk case is designed for students currently learning about nonprofit accounting. Based on a real scenario, you are introduced to an organization that reports only the net proceeds from a series of fundraising walks, instead of both the funds raised and the related costs. The case explores the applicable accounting standards and asks you to consider the appropriate accounting treatment. In this case, you will be asked to consider how the accounting treatment of the walks affects the reported financial numbers, and as a result the rating received from Charity Navigator and the ability to pass the Better Business Bureau’s standards for accountability.
Coping strategies of adolescents living with HIV: disease-specific stressors and responses

This study examined disease-specific stressors and coping responses employed by youth with HIV. Data were analyzed from Adolescent Impact, a multi-site study of 166 adolescents infected with HIV in three major US cities. Participants identified HIV-related stressors during a face-to-face interview. Coping strategies were measured using the adolescent version of the Kidcope. Emotional and behavioral functioning were assessed with the Youth or Adult Self Report symptom checklists. Medication-related stressors were most common (30%) and reported more often by perinatally infected youth, whereas youth infected through risk behaviors reported more disclosure-related stressors. Passive emotional regulation was perceived as the most used and most helpful coping strategy overall. Youth reporting medication adherence-related stressors used resignation most frequently. A two-factor model (Passive and Active Coping) emerged. The Passive Coping factor included strategies that do not directly approach the problem, whereas Active Coping included strategies that involve an active approach. Youth with moderately advanced disease (CD4 200-500 cells/mm(3)) used a Passive Coping style more often than healthier youth (CD4 > 500 cells/mm(3)). Additionally, Passive Coping was associated with greater emotional and behavioral problems. Youth infected with HIV may benefit from interventions promoting adaptive coping responses to HIV-specific stressors, particularly medication adherence.
Modification of photoinitiated cationic epoxide polymerizations by sulfides

The addition of sulfides has a marked effect on the rates of onium salt induced photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerizations of epoxide monomers. Various behaviors have been observed that depend on the structure of the sulfide. Dialkyl sulfides strongly inhibit the photopolymerizations of these monomers, whereas diaryl sulfides have a retarding effect on the photopolymerizations. Real-time infrared spectroscopy and optical pyrometry have been employed as analytical methods to probe the kinetic effects of the addition of a variety of sulfides on cationic epoxide ring-opening photopolymerizations. A mechanism is proposed that involves the formation of sulfonium salts as intermediates. The observations made in this study have important implications for cationic photopolymerizations in general and for photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerizations of epoxides in particular. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2504–2519, 2005
Genetic basis of the lipid storage disorders

The lipid storage diseases are a family of inherited disorders that result from the deficiency of a specific enzyme activity and the accumulation of complex lipid substrates in the lysosome, resulting in physiologic and morphologic alterations that lead to characteristic clinical manifestations. The molecular bases of the lipid storage diseases have been characterized, including the delineation of the underlying specific gene defects, which has led to improved diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis and carrier identification. This review will focus on advances in the delineation of the genetic basis of Gaucher, Fabry and Niemann–Pick diseases and the current status of treatment for these disorders. Newborn screening strategies for the lipid storage diseases, focusing on Krabbe disease as a prototype, and future strategies for treatment, such as substrate reduction, chaperone and gene therapy approaches, will also be discussed.
Turbulence Amplification in Flow About an Airfoil

An experimental investigation of the evolution of freestream turbulence in flow about an airfoil was conducted in order to ascertain its selective amplification induced by the stretching mechanism according to the vorticity-amplification theory. Significant amplification of the streamwise turbulent energy transpired even in the limiting flow situation studied of a symmetric airfoil at zero angle of attack where the stretching is the least. Substantiation of the stretching effect was provided by the almost 100 percent amplification of turbulence with respect to its background level in the absence of the airfoil. Realization of preferred amplification at scales larger than the neutral scale of the stagnation flow was clearly indicated by the variation of the discrete streamwise turbulent energy. Particularly important was the detection of a most amplified scale which is characteristic of the coherent substructure near the airfoil stagnation zone and, concurrently, commensurate with the boundary-layer thickness.
Monitoring of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, feeding behavior in maize seeds and the occurence of supernumerary molts in low humidity conditions

Rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), complete their development from egg to early adulthood inside grains of wheat, rice or maize, but little is known about their feeding behavior within the seeds. An ultrasonic insect feeding monitor was used to characterize the feeding patterns of individual rice weevils as they developed in maize grains. Weevils reared in grains held at ca. 40% r.h. took longer to develop from egg to pupation than those reared in grains kept at ca. 70% r.h. Feeding patterns revealed that larvae developing in grains held at ca. 70% r.h. had only four instars, whereas supernumerary molts (five instars) occurred in certain individuals reared in grain held at ca. 40% r.h. The supernumerary molts may represent a response of the insect to stresses associated with low moisture levels in the seeds.
Ion-exchange-metal composite sensor films

In this work sensor films made out of ion-exchange membrane- metal composite polymers developed by treating commercially available ion-exchange membrane polyions with a noble metal such as platinum were investigated. These smart composites exhibit characteristics of both actuators and sensors. Strips of these composites cut in a standard size will undergo large bending displacement when placed in a low electric field. Conversely by bending the composite strip, a voltage can be measured across the thin membrane. The output voltage can then be calibrated for a standard size sensor and correlated to the applied loads or stresses. In this research the sensing capability of these materials were investigated by bending the tip end of a sample and measuring the output voltage. The results were then plotted to get characteristic response of the composite for a given imposed tip displacement. In addition a hysteresis curve for a complete cycle of bending was obtained. The preliminary results showed the existence of linear relationship between output voltage and displacement for all except the last quarter of bending cycle. Unlike strain gages where the output voltage needs to be conditioned and amplified by a factor of 1000 or more, these composite polymer sensors can produce up to millivolt output and sense large deformations in the presence of small amplifier gains of two order of magnitude less than conventional sensors. In addition they can be made in the range of micro to several inches in dimension for various applications. Also they don't face the shortcomings and other limitations associated with bonding of typical strain gages to the work piece. The most important advantage of these composites is the fact that they can be used both as large motion sensors and actuators. This means that by using a simple feedback control scheme and double layers of the composite film, it will be possible to use these composites as self-contained robotic manipulators that don't need sophisticated sensors modules for full integration of intelligence.
Problem Solving, Recall, and Isomorphic Transfer among Third-Grade and Sixth-Grade Children.

Abstract Analogical reasoning processes were studied in third- and sixth-grade children. One group at each grade level received two analogs of the “farmer's dilemma”, a scheduling problem that requires seven moves for solution, during acquisition. Other groups received one analog or only a transfer task. On each trial the child heard a list of statements representing the exact series of moves necessary to solve the problem, was immediately asked to recall the list, materials representing the problem were then produced, and the child was asked to show how to solve it. A trial was terminated and a new one begun when an error was made on the physical task. Following criterial performance all children were transferred to an isomorphic analog and simply instructed to solve it. Third-graders in the two-analog condition required more trials in acquisition than the other groups, which did not differ from each other. Transfer was better following two analogs, but was unaffected by grade level. Grade level affected recall accuracy, but recall accuracy was not a good predictor of transfer performance. Trial-by-trial analyses suggested that propositions representing the solution are acquired piecemeal, but consolidation of the generalizable problem representation is abrupt.
Ad Hoc, self-supervising peer-to-peer search networks

Peer-to-peer search networks are a popular and widely deployed means of searching massively distributed digital information repositories. Unfortunately, as such networks grow, peers may become overloaded processing messages from other peers. This article examines how to reduce the load on nodes in P2P networks by allowing them to self-organize into a relatively efficient network, and then self-tune to make the network even more efficient. Two local operations used by a peer are introduced: connect(), in which the peer forms an ad hoc search or index link to another peer, and break(), in which the peer breaks a link that is producing too much load. By replacing fixed rules with dynamic local decision-making, such “self-supervising” networks can better adjust to network conditions. Different ways to implement connect() and break() are described, and the network structures that form under different configurations are examined. Simulation results indicate that the ad hoc networks formed using the described techniques are more efficient than popular supernode topologies for several important scenarios. Results for the fault tolerance and search latency of such ad hoc networks are also presented.
Hot plasma zone near Saturn

Investigators using data collected by Voyager 2 during its flyby of Saturn this past August have found a place in the solar system containing the hottest gas yet observed. Temperatures in a region of space around Saturn range from 300 million to nearly 1 billion° C. The hot gas is an enormous doughnut-shaped region encircling Saturn at an altitude ranging from 273,600 km above the planet's cloud top to as high as 724,000 km. The discovery was announced at a colloquium at the Applied Physics Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, by S. M. Krimigis, chief scientist of the Applied Physics Laboratory Space Department, who is principal investigator of the Voyager Low-Energy Charged-Particle Experiment, which made the observations. The measurements were analyzed by a team that includes investigators from The Johns Hopkins University, the universities of Maryland and Kansas, Bell Telephone Laboratories, and the Max Planck Institute in Germany.
Multivariate statistical classification of soil spectra

Abstract The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether AVIRIS (Advanced Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) bands can be used to discriminate between soils having similar properties, as well as to compare AVIRIS spectra with those from laboratory measurements. Multivariate analysis techniques show that two soils belonging to the same series and a third soil belonging to a different, but related series can be discriminated at a high level of accuracy using reflectance data from AVIRIS or from laboratory measurements. It is also shown that wavelengths important in discriminating soils were highly correlated between AVIRIS and laboratory data. The distribution of variance and weighting functions also show consistent patterns between these data sets.
Issues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: how do we evaluate individual components of multistage models?

FNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. cess. Both of them will be a carryover of the last two discusslons we've had. The first issue is the so-called first step of transformation, which is the formation of an initiated cell. The formation of an initiated cell is in itself at least a twostep process, and there are many other factors involved. It involves the damage of the DNA either directly or indirectly by the agent. This damage is referred to as promutagenic lesions. In order to obtain an initiated cell, the damage must be fixed by replication. The controversy over the formation of initiated cells is not in the formation of DNA damage but in this fixation step. How can the fixation occur? To bring this into focus with Ray Tennant's discussion (1), when testing mutagenic chemicals with the in vitro test or the Ames test, you obviously do not take the fixation step into account, because the cells of the bacteria are dividing. So if DNA is damaged, mutations are more than likely to occur. However, in the whole animal the fixation step itself could be the limiting step. Jim Swenberg was kind enough to lend me a few slides and I want to illustrate with formaldehyde that you must take this step into account (2). The tumor-response curve obtained with formaldehyde is very nonlinear. I will avoid using the word "threshold," but the slope here is probably approaching zero as the dose decreases. If you look at the promutagenic damage, i.e., the DNA adducts, the DNA adduct levels are fairly linear as you go to lower doses. Assume for purposes of argument that it is linear. Forget that it's formaldehyde. Thus, apparently, the formation of the promutagenic damage alone is not enough. But then, as Jim Swenberg and his co-workers have shown, the induction of cell turnover by formaldehyde is very dose dependent. In fact, the breaks in the tumor curve and in the curve showing the induction of cell turnover are similar. So at lower doses where you saw no tumor response, there was essentially no detectable induction of cell turnover.
Electrocoagulation for magnetic seeding of colloidal particles

Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) was investigated as a magnetic seeding method to be used prior to a high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) process. Experimental results showed that particulates with significant magnetic susceptibility were formed by EC with steel electrodes. Magnetite was specifically formed most readily in a sodium chloride solution, in the absence of other ions, but also in surrogate wastewater under controlled conditions. These results suggest that EC could be employed in a magnetic seeding process in which paramagnetic particles are formed and then removed through high-gradient magnetic filtration (HGMF). The effects of applied potential and current on the magnetic susceptibility and composition of particles formed by EC in a pure sodium chloride solution and in a surrogate wastewater solution were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Results showed that pure magnetite particles of 100-nm diameter were formed in the sodium chloride solution. Various compounds were present in particles produced by the surrogate wastewater solution, indicating that the formation of magnetite particles was hindered by the presence of some cations and anions. Although these particles had a much lower magnetic susceptibility than magnetite particles, their magnetic susceptibility was relatively high and permitted good removal in HGMF. The removal of copper ions from both deionized water and surrogate wastewater by EC followed by HGMF was also investigated. Results obtained at pH 10 and 12 showed a higher copper ion removal from the deionized water solution than from the surrogate wastewater.
Forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soil and their uptake by cereal crops when applied jointly as carbonates

The cereal crops (barley -Hordeum vulgare L., maize -Zea mays L., wheat -Triticum vulgare L.) were grown in a greenhouse using a sandy soil type treated with various doses of cadmium carbonate (salt), copper carbonate (malachite), lead carbonate (cerussite), and zinc carbonate (smithsonite), added jointly. The following levels of these metals were used: Cd − 5, 10, 50μg g−1 soil; Cu and Pb - 50,100, 500 μg g−1 soil; Zn-150, 300, 1500 μg g-1 soil. Sequential extraction was adopted to partition the metals into five operationally-defined fractions: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxides, organic, and residual. The residual was the most abundant fraction in the untreated (control) soil for all the metals studied (50 to 60% of the total metal content). The concentrations of exchangeable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were relatively low in untreated soil but increased (over the three year period) in treated soils for Cd, Zn, and Cu, whereas only small changes were observed for Ph. This experiment showed a significant increase in Cd, Zn, and Cu in tissue of plants grown on the treated soil, but a non-significant change in plant tissue with respect to Pb concentration.
Reasoning about probabilistic algorithms

The field of probabilistic algorithms holds out promise for simple and efficient algorithms to problems which may not have a deterministic solution. For the gain in simplicity, efficiency and tractability one has to trade the notion of absolute correctness of algorithms for a probabilistic notion of correctness. In this paper, we address the problem of specifying and deriving properties of probabilistic parallel programs that either hold deterministically or with probability one. We present a proof methodology based on existing proof systems for probabilistic algorithms, the theory of the weak predicate transformer and the theory of UNITY. Although the proofs of probabilistic programs are tortuous at best, we show that such programs can be derived with the same rigor and elegance that we have seen in the derivation of sequential and parallel programs.
Diffraction from disordered one-dimensional islands with domain boundaries: Intensity behavior for various statistical approximations

We consider the angular distribution of the diffracted intensity, I(q), for systems of disordered one-dimensional double-spaced islands with domain boundaries. Although I(q) is directly determined by the spatial pair correlations, it is often naturally reexpressed in terms of island size and separation distributions. We analyze the effect on I(q) of various approximate specifications of the island statistics. In particular, we highlight the approximations implicit in Guinier (-type) formulations, and provide a new very accurate approximation. Motivated by the scarcity of analysis for kinetically limited island growth (often seen in chemisorption), we consider such an irreversible cooperative filling model for which exact results are available for the (highly nontrivial) island statistics (and thus for I(q)). We find that the (exact) integral-order beam intensity effectively disappears at saturation (where neighboring islands are out of phase) due to a propensity for cancellation of (a sum over) spatial pair correlations. This feature is missing not only in island-size-broadening-model (ISBM) calculations (which neglect the interisland interface), but also in Guinier formations. There is also significant interference at the half-order beams, and again Guinier formulations are inaccurate. Determination of average island size from these beam widths, via the usual ISBM algorithm, results in underestimation by amore » factor increasing to approx.3 as the coverage increases to saturation.« less
Effects on genetic recombination of Escherichia coli K 12 produced by P 32 decay in the Hfr male

The effects of P 32 disintegration in the Hfr donor cell on the genetic recombination of Escherichia coli K 12 have been studied. The dose-response relationship for the transfer of markers at a distance x from the chromosomal origin, N / N 0 = e −α xD , which summarizes the findings of Fuerst et al. (1956) for early markers of Hfr H, has been found to hold true to a good approximation for more distal selected markers in this strain, as well as for selected markers of Hfr CS, which transfers its chromosome in the opposite direction. The inheritance by recombinants of non-selected male markers located between the origin and the selected marker is not affected at all by prior P 32 dose to the Hfr. The sensitivity of each Hfr strain studied to the lethal effects of P 32 decay corresponds to the sensitivity to transfer effects of a male marker located about one-third of the total chromosomal length away from the origin. Genetic and lethal effects in Hfr H showed the same dependence on storage temperature during P 32 decay. Our data, therefore, supports the concept of a common origin for the lethal and genetic effects of P 32 decay. The quantitative predictions of current models for chromosome transfer with regard to radiation mating experiments have been examined. A simple model, involving no DNA synthesis, as well as the replicon model of Jacob et al. (1963) predict exponential marker inactivation curves of the kind found experimentally. The model of Bouck & Adelberg (1963) predicts a more complex dose dependence, but one not nearly so different from that of the other two models as was anticipated by Jacob et al. It appears unjustified to attempt to exclude any of the three models on the basis of presently available data from radiation mating experiments.
Usefulness of the Blood Hematocrit Level to Predict Development of Heart Failure in a Community

Current data suggest that increases in hemoglobin may decrease nitric oxide and adversely affect vascular function. In the preclinical setting, these changes could precipitate the development of heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that higher hematocrit (HCT) would be associated with an increased incidence of new-onset HF in the community. We evaluated 3,523 participants (59% women) from the Framingham Heart Study who were 50 to 65 years old and free of HF. Participants were followed prospectively until an HF event, death, or the end of 20 years of follow up. HCT was subdivided into 4 gender-specific categories (women: HCT 36.0 to 40.0, 40.1 to 42.0, 42.1 to 45.0, >45.0; men: 39.0 to 44.0, 44.1 to 45.0, 45.1 to 49.0, >49.0). Gender-pooled multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association of HCT with incident HF, adjusting for clinical risk factors. During the follow-up period (61,417 person-years), 217 participants developed HF (100 events in women). There was a linear increase in risk of HF across the 4 HCT categories (p for trend = 0.002). Hazards ratios for HF in the low–normal, normal, and high HCT categories were 1.27 (95% confidence interval 0.82 to 1.97), 1.47 (1.01 to 2.15), and 1.78 (1.15 to 2.75), respectively, compared to the lowest HCT category (p for trend <0.0001). Adjustment for interim development of other cardiovascular diseases and restriction of the sample to nonsmokers did not alter the results. In conclusion, higher levels of HCT, even within the normal range, were associated with an increased risk of developing HF in this long-term follow-up study.
Regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the adult rat retina is mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors.

This study is concerned with the transmitter-mediated regulation of the alpha(50 kDa) and beta(60 kDa) subunits of calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) in the adult rat retina. The level of antibody binding to the CamKII and the activity of CamKII were found to be increased after intravitreal injection of glutamate. Changes in the levels of the antibody-binding to the subunits of CamKII were observed in different subcellular fractions of the retina with a maximum response observed in crude synaptic membrane fractions. The glutamate mediated increases in CamKII were specific and blocked by 3,5-Dimethyl-1 adamantanamine; 3,5-Dimethylamantadine (Memantine), (+/-) 2-Amino-5-Phosphopentonic (AP-5) and 6-Cyano-7-Nitroquinoxaline-2,3-Dione (CNQX) but not with dl -2-Amino-3-Phosphono-Propionic (AP-3). The results indicate that the retinal neurotransmitter, glutamate, can regulate retinal CamKII activity through ionotropic but not metabotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA-receptors were found to be necessary but insufficient to stimulate CamKII. A model in which cooperative interaction between NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors/ion channels is presented to explain the glutamate stimulated increases in CamKII activity in the retina.
Measuring power in voting bodies

This analysis of the Dahl and Brams measures of voting power indicates that the Brams measure is a more valid measure of power in voting bodies. Nevertheless, in cases in which abstention or absences are formal orde facto voting alternatives, the Brams index becomes invalid because it does not account for the full range of an actor's choices. Moreover, the utility of the Brams index is limited by the problem of analyzing the power orderings it generates.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism are gaining attention in the lay and medical communities because of an increase in frequency, cost, and risk factors. Evidence shows that patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have multiple risk factors and a 2-10-fold increased risk for venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. A higher rate of venous thromboembolism also occurs in patients with HIV who are younger than 50 years (3.31% vs 0.53% in age-matched healthy controls, p<0.0001), have a CD4(+) cell count less than 200 cells/mm³, or have a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Both protein S and C deficiencies--disorders that may predispose individuals to thrombotic disease--are considered risk factors; in addition, the use of protease inhibitors and the presence of active opportunistic infections or antiphospholipid antibodies may be associated with venous thromboembolism. It is imperative that all risk factors for venous thromboembolism be identified and incorporated into medical decision making for high-risk patients, including those with HIV. The classification and mechanism of these risk factors are not well understood. Long-term, prospective studies assessing the factors associated with venous thromboembolism in patients with HIV are needed. Risk stratification systems or screening tools, as well as effective preventive measures, must be developed.
Looking where you listen: visual cues and auditory attention

Abstract In the non-laboratory environment, we are generally able to see the source of the sounds to which we are attending. In a preliminary examination of how and to what degree we might use this visual information, subjects shadowed one of two female voices when able to see the persons speaking (Experiment I) or when able to see, and thus precisely localize, the auditory loudspeakers (Experiment II). Selective performance was improved by being able to see the lip movements of the people whose voices were heard, and by being able to localize visually the sources of the voices.
User, Author and Professional Indexing in Context: An Exploration of Tagging Practices on CiteULike / Le contexte de l'indexation des usagers, des créateurs et des professionnels : une exploration des pratiques d'étiquetage social sur CiteULike

This paper examines the context of online indexing from the viewpoint of three different groups: users, authors, and intermediaries. User, author and intermediary keywords were collected from journal articles tagged on CiteULike and analyzed. Descriptive statistics, informetric measures, and thesaural term comparison shows that there are important differences in the context of keywords from the three groups. Resume: Cet article examine le contexte de l'indexation en ligne du point de vue de trois groupes : les usagers, les auteurs, et les intermediaires. Les mots-cles des usagers, des auteurs et des intermediaires contenus dans des articles de periodiques etiquetes sur CiteULike ont ete recueillis et analyses. Les statistiques descriptives, les mesures infometriques et la comparaison des termes thesauraux montrent qu'il existe des differences importantes entre le contexte des mots-cles provenant des trois groupes.
Broca's area is crucial for visual discrimination of speech but not non-speech oral movements.

Broca’s area (BA) is crucial for normal speech production, but its role in speech comprehension remains controversial. We used repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to reveal that briefly disrupting BA impairs discrimination of visual speech oral movements, but not visual non-speech oral movements. This provides direct evidence that BA is useful in the perception of visual speech information. We demonstrate that the region of the brain responsible for producing speech has a role in the visual perception of speech information, and importantly is not involved in the visual perception of oral movements (gurning) unrelated to speech. Because disrupted performance was observed for speech movements and not nonspeech movements, our data suggests that this form of perception does not benefit from an amodal mirror neuron system general enough to be recruited in the processing of common mouth movements irrespective of their relation to speech. We propose that BA is recruited in the perception of speech because of its role in producing speech.
Thermodynamic consistency in variable-level coarse graining of polymeric liquids.

Numerically optimized reduced descriptions of macromolecular liquids often present thermodynamic inconsistency with atomistic level descriptions even if the total correlation function, i.e. the structure, appears to be in agreement. An analytical expression for the effective potential between a pair of coarse-grained units is derived starting from the first-principles Ornstein-Zernike equation, for a polymer liquid where each chain is represented as a collection of interpenetrating blobs, with a variable number of blobs, ${n}_{b}$, of size ${N}_{b}$. The potential is characterized by a long tail, slowly decaying with characteristic scaling exponent of ${N}_{b}^{1/4}$. This general result applies to any coarse-grained model of polymer melts with units larger than the persistence length, highlighting the importance of the long, repulsive, potential tail for the model to correctly predict both structural and thermodynamic properties of the macromolecular liquid.
An analysis of the effect of plate thickness on laminar flow and heat transfer in interrupted-plate passages

Abstract An analysis is presented for the flow and heat transfer in an interrupted-plate passage, which is an idealization of the offset-fin heat exchanger. The plates are considered to be of finite thickness. The effect of the plate thickness on the flow field and heat transfer is investigated through numerical solutions of the governing equations. The flow field is found to be quite complex. It contains recirculation zones behind the trailing edges of the plates, and there occurs significant deflection of the through flow. Whereas this greatly increases the pressure drop required for a given flow rate, the heat transfer from the thick plates does not improve sufficiently. Detailed results are presented for a number of thickness ratios and for a range of the Reynolds number. The overall results are compared with available experimental data.
Switching from imipramine to sertraline in panic disorder.

BACKGROUND There are no systematic switching studies of antidepressants in the treatment of panic disorder. The present pilot study examined the usefulness of switching from imipramine to sertraline in 18 patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia. METHOD 15 patients who had had an unsatisfactory outcome in a 24-week, open, weight-adjusted fixed-dose imipramine treatment study and 3 patients who had had a very satisfactory outcome but had subsequently relapsed following imipramine discontinuation were systematically switched to protocolized, 24-week open treatment with sertraline, 50-100 mg/day. Uniform measures of efficacy and side effects were used throughout the study. The net benefit obtained from the switch was assessed using an operationalized outcome grade ranging from 0-2, where 0 = inadequate duration of trial (dropouts) or non-response, 1 = partial response or full responders with side effects necessitating a change in treatment, and 2 = full response without complications. RESULTS Based on paired t-tests, following the switch from imipramine to sertraline, a significant improvement was seen on phobic and panic symptomatologies, side effects, and overall outcome grade (from 0.67 [+/- 0.77] to 1.17 [+/- 0.92], p < or = 0.05]. Of the 18 patients who were switched to sertraline treatment, 9 (50%) clearly gained from the switch, 6 (33.3%) had an outcome similar to that achieved with imipramine, and 3 (16.7%) had a worse outcome following the switch. Of the 9 patients who failed to respond to or were unable to tolerate treatment with imipraminel (rating of 0), 3 patients (33.3%) achieved full and 2 patients (22.2%) achieved partial response after switching to sertraline. CONCLUSION The findings in this study suggest that switching between antidepressants with established antipanic efficacy may be an effective strategy in the management of patients with panic disorder who have had an unsatisfactory outcome with the first antidepressant tried.
A rapid broth dilution method for recognizing methicillin-resistant Staphylococci

Abstract Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a clinical and epidemiological problem in hospitals. The difficulty in detecting and defining methicillin-resistant Staphylococci has been a problem in the past because of the difference in the growth characteristics of the organisms that make up the diverse population. Each population is made up of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant organisms which grow slower, prefer a higher salt content and lower temperatures. The susceptibility of the staphylococci to oxacillin can be determined in 3–4 h utilizing the oxygen consumption method. The bacteria were grown in MHB + 4% NaCl in varying concentrations of oxacillin (0.5–8 mg/l). Oxygen consumption was measured using an oxygen electrode in the samples containing antibiotic and compared to a positive and negative control. The bacteria that continued to consume the oxygen were not inhibited by the antibiotic. The MIC values can be determined from the oxygen consumption readings. Ninety two clinical isolates were tested and 96% demonstrated agreement with the reference methods used.
Comunidades de peces en desembocaduras de ríos y esteros de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile central

The fish community in 11 rivers mouths and estuaries in the Region of Valparaiso, was studied between 1999 and 2006. The fish collection was carried out thro...
A YY1 Bridge for X Inactivation

Xist RNA inactivates one mammalian X chromosome (the Xi) by associating with it in cis. The mechanism of this interaction is unresolved. Jeon and Lee (2011) now show that YY1 binds both Xist RNA and DNA, thereby providing a mechanism to anchor Xist to the Xi and facilitate X chromosome inactivation.
Evaluation of Core Performance when the Node is Power Capped Using Intel® Data Center Manager

Power consumption is a growing concern in the design of computing platforms, particularly large-scale, HPC systems or computing platforms that assist battlefield operations. Accordingly, IntelÂ® recently introduced a new development platform, Software Development Platform S2R2 Family with IntelÂ® Node Manager technology, that is capable of real-time dynamic power monitoring and capping. Although targeted at data centers, such a tool can be applied to one compute node. This development opens up new possibilities for managing payloads in fielded computing platforms, which typically have limited power budgets. Towards this end, this paper presents a preliminary study of the effect of node power capping on the execution time of two applications of interest to the U.S. Army. We executed the applications under a range of power caps and employed performance counters and a program that strides through memory invoking different levels of the hierarchy to capture execution time as well as other performance metrics that help explain the increase in execution times with heightened restrictions on power consumption. Confirming results of earlier work, we show that, in general, time-to-solution and energy consumption increase as the power cap decreases. In addition, our data indicates that: (1) for fielded systems there is a range of power caps that may result in acceptable increases in execution time and (2) although power capping is achieved mainly by dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), when executing at lower power caps other techniques are being employed to reduce power consumption.
Allorecognition in the Colonial Marine Hydroid Hydractinia (Cnidaria/Hydrozoa)

The colonial marine hydroid Hydractinia has a sophisticated allorecognition and effector system. Unlike many unitary organisms ( i.e. , vertebrates) which lack a current context for allorecognition, there is the potential for strong selection pressure for allorecognition and response in Hydractinia . Hydractinia colonies use allorecognition in intraspecific competition for two dimensional space; space is an absolute requirement for Hydractinia to successfully complete its life-cycle and thus interactions for space are of central importance for Hydractinia . Studies of the mechanisms, molecules, and genes involved in allorecognition in Hydractinia may contribute to our understanding of the evolution of allorecognition in the metazoa.
Texture and Strength Evolution inDeformed Polypropylene

Semicrystalline polypropylene samples with high concentrations of crystallinity (≳62%) are deformed in uniaxial compression at different temperatures and different strain rates. The orientation changes of the crystalline part of the material are analyzed using X-ray diffraction methods. Pole figure evaluation is used to obtain information about the crystal structure, the geometry of slip, and its correlation with the characteristic of strength evolution in polymers. The contribution of the crystalline part of the material to plastic flow is estimated and the textures are related to the characteristic effects in plastic and visco-elastic response of the material during deformation and subsequent stress relaxation. The observed texture effects can be explained by the rotation of crystallographic c-axis (backbone axis) normal to the compression direction at high temperatures in a planar slip mode. The stress/strain and relaxation behavior of the material is interpreted as a combination of viscoelastic flow of amorphous volume and irreversible plastic flow of the crystalline part which contributes to an orientation dependence of deformation and stress relaxation.
Influence of solid dairy manure and compost with and without alum on survival of indicator bacteria in soil and on potato.

We measured Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and fecal coliform numbers in soil and on fresh potato skins after addition of 12 solid dairy manure and dairy compost with and without alum (Al 2(SO4)3) treatment 1, 7, 14, 28, 179 and 297 days after application. 13 The addition of dairy compost or solid dairy manure at rates to meet crop phosphorus uptake did not consistently increase E. coli 14 and Enterococcus spp. and fecal coliform bacteria in the soil. We did not detect E. coli in any soil sample after the first sampling day. 15 Seven, 14, 28, 179 and 297 days after solid dairy waste and compost and alum were applied to soil, alum did not consistently affect 16 Enterococcus spp. and fecal coliform bacteria in the soil. We did not detect E. coli in any soil, fresh potato skin or potato wash-water 17 at 214 days after dairy manure or compost application regardless of alum treatment. Dairy compost or solid dairy manure 18 application to soil at rates to meet crop phosphorus uptake did not consistently increase Enterococcus spp. and fecal coliform 19 numbers in bulk soil. Solid dairy manure application to soil at rates to meet crop phosphorus uptake, increased Enterococcus spp. 20 and fecal coliform numbers in potato rhizosphere soil. However, fresh potato skins had higher Enterococcus spp. and fecal coliform 21 numbers when solid dairy manure was added to soil compared to compost, N and P inorganic fertilizer and N fertilizer treatments. 22 We did not find any E. coli, Enterococcus or total coliform bacteria on the exterior of the tuber, within the peel or within a whole 23 baked potato after microwave cooking for 5 min.
Differential gene expression in astrocytes from human normal and glaucomatous optic nerve head analyzed by cDNA microarray.

Recent advances in cDNA microarray technology have made it possible to analyze expression of several thousand genes at the same time. Using this technique, gene expression in human astrocytes cultured from glaucomatous and normal optic nerve heads (ONH) was compared. One hundred-fifty genes were differentially expressed more than 5-fold in glaucomatous cell cultures compared with normal. These genes are involved in a number of biological processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion and proliferation, ECM synthesis, and degradation. Confirmation of differential gene expression was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. Western blots and immunohistochemistry demonstrated gene products in cell cultures or in human ONH tissues. Proliferation, adhesion and migration assays tested physiological responses suggested by differential gene expression. Our study suggests that cultured glaucomatous ONH astrocytes retain in culture many phenotypic characteristics that may be relevant to their role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and, in general to reactive astrocytes in the CNS. Potential applications of these data include the identification and characterization of signaling pathways involved in astrocyte function, studies of the role of steroid-metabolizing enzymes in the glaucomatous ONH, and further exploration of the role of selected identified genes in experimental animal and in vitro models of glaucoma.
Effects of selection for independent changes in two highly correlated body weight traits of mice.

Mice were selected for high and low body weight at 5 and at 10 weeks of age. Selection was performed (1) separately for each trait, and (2) for various combinations of the two traits, using (a) independent culling levels and (b) restricted indices. Two-way selection for each trait separately gave large responses and correlated responses. Selection by independent culling levels intended to increase 5-week weight while restricting change in 10-week weight gave no demonstrable response; selection by culling levels intended to decrease 5-week weight while restricting change in 10-week weight resulted in decreases in body weights at both ages. Index selection, intended to change weight at one age while holding that at the other age constant, was generally successful. Observed responses did not conform very well with predicted responses for either index or culling levels selection. The significance of these observations in regard to the problem of selection involving restriction of traits is discussed.
Depth profile of oxide volume fractions of Zircaloy-2 in high-temperature steam: An in-situ synchrotron radiation study

Abstract To study the steam oxidation behavior of Zircaloy-2, a high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique was applied to perform an in-situ oxidation measurement. The depth profiles of oxide volume fractions were obtained at both 600 and 800 °C. Multiple layers, including ZrO 2 scale, (α + β) Zr matrix with ZrO 2 incursions, and (α + β) Zr matrix, were mapped according to the volume fraction of each phase. The volume fractions of these phases were observed to change gradually with different distances to the surface, without a sharp edge distinguishing each of the layers. The ZrO 2 consisted of tetragonal and monoclinic crystal structures, which were observed to coexist with different ratios of volume fractions in depth. The higher amount of tetragonal ZrO 2 observed in the very inner region of the oxidizing Zircaloy sample indicates that the tetragonal crystal structure is the ab initio phase type, in which new oxide molecules form at the metal–oxide interface.
Drug-metabolizing enzyme induction by 2,2 ´- dipyridyl, 1,7-phenanthroline, 7,8-benzoquinoline and oltipraz in mouse

1. Changes in the major hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by compounds identified as atypical inducers (multienzyme response but devoid of cytochrome P450-inducing ability) in rat were investigated in mouse. Animals were treated with 1,7-phenanthroline, 2,2′-dipyridyl, 7,8-benzoquinoline and oltipraz at 75 and 150 mg/kg daily for 3 days. 2. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(UGT) activities showed only limited changes, UGT activity towards 4-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol was induced by the 75 mg/kg dose of 2,2′-dipyridyl and UGT activity towards morphine was induced by 150 mg/kg doses of 7,8-benzoquinoline and oltipraz. UGT activity towards oestrone was not induced by any treatment regimen and showed a decrease following treatment with the lower dose of 7,8-benzoquinoline. 3. In contrast with the limited effect on UGT activities, glutathione S-transferase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activities were significantly elevated by most compounds. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated by the ...
TiO2–SnO2 nanostructures and their H2 sensing behavior

Pure TiO2 and mixed oxide samples of TiO2 and SnO2 sintered samples having different surface areas were synthesized using a heat treatment in H2 bearing gas. Nanostructures of solid solutions and spinodally-decomposed samples of mixed oxides were compared to the oriented nanofibers formed in pure TiO2 created by the same heat treatment. Comparisons between the sensing characteristics of the samples were made to determine that the samples with higher surface areas were more sensitive to H2 in the presence of O2.