cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance exercise training and alendronate reverse Glucocorticoid-Induced osteoporosis in heart transplant recipients

Abstract Background: Immunosuppression therapy with bolus glucocorticoids causes regional osteoporosis in the axial skeleton of heart transplant recipients (HTR). No preventive strategy is generally accepted for steroid-induced bone loss. Methods: To determine the efficacy of an anti-osteoporosis regimen that combined a bisphosphonate agent (alendronate sodium) with the osteogenic stimulus of mechanical loading, 25 HTRs were randomly assigned either to a group that received alendronate (10 mg/day) for 6 months (ALEN; n = 8), a group that received alendronate (10 mg/day) and performed specific resistance exercises for 6 months (ALEN + TRN; n = 8) or to a non-intervention control group (CONTR; n = 9). Alendronate was initiated at 2 months after transplantation. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the total body, femur neck and lumbar spine (L-2 and L-3) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and 2, 5 and 8 months after transplantation. Resistance training consisted of lumbar extension exercise (MedX) performed 1 day/week and 8 variable resistance exercises (MedX) performed 2 days/week. Results: Pre-transplantation BMD values did not differ among the 3 groups. BMD of the total body, femur neck and lumbar vertebra were significantly decreased below baseline at 2 months after transplantation in CONTR (−2.6 ± 0.9%, −5.1 ± 1.8%, −12.5 ± 4.2%, respectively), ALEN (−2.8 ± 0.8%, −5.3 ± 1.6%, −12.0 ± 3.9%) and ALEN + TRN groups (−2.7 ± 1.0%, −5.6 ± 2.1%, −11.2 ± 3.7%). CONTR had further significant losses of BMD after 3 and 6 months. ALEN had no further regional BMD losses after initiation of alendronate therapy. ALEN + TRN restored BMD of the whole body, femur neck and lumbar vertebra to within 0.9%, 2.1%, and 3.4% of pre-transplantation levels, respectively. Conclusions: Resistance exercise plus alendronate was more efficacious than alendronate alone in restoring BMD in HTRs. Our results indicate that anti-osteoporosis therapy in this population should include both an anti-resorptive agent as well as an osteogenic stimulus, such as mechanical loading.
B73-5 Computer-Oriented Approaches to Pattern Recognition

This book contains a rather complete collection of algorithms, heuristics, and techniques for use in statistical or geometrical pattern recognition problems. Included are techniques for recognition, feature selection, and general data analysis. The rationale for presenting such an extensive bag of tricks is due to the author's feeling that mathematical pattern recognition is "...a collection of numerical algorithms for solving very particular problems posed in very particular ways." Because of this, the book should make an excellent reference work in mathematical pattern recognition.
Studies on the mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in Tangier disease. Determination of plasma lipolytic activities, k1 values and apolipoprotein composition of the major lipoprotein density classes

Mechanisms responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in Tangier disease were elucidated by an analysis of the plasma post-heparin lipolytic activities and the structural and metabolic properties of very low (VLDL) and low (LDL) density lipoproteins. The levels of lipoprotein lipase activity in six Tangier patients were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in 40 control subjects (8.1 ± 3.3 (± S.D.) vs. 14.1 ± 3.7 units/ml). In contrast, the levels of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase were higher (P < 0.01) than in normal controls (14.4 ± 3.9 vs. 9.3 ± 4.0 units/ml). Because kinetic parameters such as Km or Vmax cannot be obtained with naturally occurring triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k1) of triacylglycerol hydrolysis was used to assess the effectiveness of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins as substrates for lipoprotein lipase. The k1 values for Tangier VLDL (k1 = 0.017 ± 0.002 min−1) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the k1 values (0.036 ±0.008 min−1) for control VLDL. Both the Tangier and control LDL2 are similar in their resistance to the action of lipoprotein lipase, as shown by their low k1 values (0.002 ± 0.001 and 0.001 ± 0.001 mm−1, respectively). The major compositional difference between the lipoproteins of Tangier disease and normal subjects was a significant increase in the percent content of apolipoprotein A-II in all lipoprotein particles with d < 1.063 g/ml, with the greatest increase occurring in VLDL and the lowest in LDL2. These results were interpreted as indicating that, in Tangier disease, there is a lower reactivity of VLDL with lipoprotein lipase which may in part be attributed to the abnormal apolipoprotein composition. This finding, in conjunction with the reduced levels of lipoprotein lipase activity, may explain the hypertriglyceridemia in Tangier disease.
Why share data? Lessons learned from the fMRIDC

Neuroimaging and the discipline of cognitive neuroscience have grown together in lock-step with each pushing the other toward an improved ability to explore and examine brain function and form. However successful neuroimaging and the examination of cognitive processes may seem today, the culture of data sharing in these fields remains underdeveloped. In this article, we discuss our own experience in the development of the fMRI Data Center (fMRIDC) - a large-scale effort to gather, curate, and openly share the complete data sets from published research articles of brain activation studies using fMRI. We outline the fMRIDC effort's beginnings, how it operated, note some of the sociological reactions we received, and provide several examples of prominent new studies performed using data drawn from the archive. Finally, we provide comment on what considerations are needed for successful neuroimaging databasing and data sharing as existing and emerging efforts take the next steps in archiving and disseminating the field's valuable and irreplaceable data.
pH Dependence of the reaction catalyzed by avian mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

The pH dependence of the reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) provides significant insight into the chemical mechanism. The pH dependence of kcat shows the importance of two acidic ionizations with pKa values of 6.5 and 7.0 assigned to the active site metal ligands H249 and K228. A single basic ionization is observed with an apparent pKa value of 8.4 that is assigned to K275 that is located in the P-loop motif and is essential for phosphoryl transfer. The pH dependence of kcat/KM,PEP demonstrates the importance of the same two acidic ionizations in the interaction of phosphoenolpyruvate with PEPCK and a single basic ionization with a pKa value of 8.1 that is assigned to Y220. The interaction of Mg−IDP with PEPCK is dependent upon a single acidic ionization attributed to K228 and two basic ionizations, both having an average pKa value of 8.1. One of the basic ionizations is attributed to the P-loop lysine (K275) and the other to C273.
Service needs and interests: A comparison of African American and white caregivers seeking Alzheimer assistance

This paper is a report on the findings of a study of the use of Alzheimer's Association services in Washington, DC and Baltimore, Maryland by African American and white family caregivers. The findings reveal that both sets of caregivers contacted the Associations in similar stages of their caregiving situations. Both groups were well educated. Approximately one fourth of all caregivers were college graduates. The African Americans included a more diverse set of caregivers who also received more hours of assistance in their caregiving tasks. However, neither group felt understood by their supports and the African American perceived a significantly greater need for more assistance. All caregivers were interested in using the services of the Associations with the African Americans particularly more interested in the telephone advice program and the I.D. bracelets. The findings also reveal that the predictors of the need for help differ from those predicting future calls to the Associations.
A thermodynamic investigation of cobalt(II) chloride + acetonitrile

Abstract Equilibrium decomposition pressures were determined for CoCl 2 + CH 3 CN at temperatures between 288 K and 355 K. Compositions studied ranged from mole ratios of CH 3 CN to CoCl 2 of 0.25 to 2.91. Three stoichiometric compounds were identified: Co(CH 3 CN) 3 Cl 2 , Co(CH 3 CN) 2 Cl 2 , and Co(CH 3 CN)Cl 2 . For gaseous CH 3 CN the values of ΔH o /kJ mol −1 were calculated to be (47.4 ± 0.2) for the decomposition of Co(CH 3 CN) 3 Cl 2 , (47.3 ± 0.3) for the decomposition of Co(CH 3 CN) 2 Cl 2 , and (60.4 ± 0.4) for the decomposition of Co(CH 3 CN)Cl 2 .
Repeated head trauma is associated with smaller thalamic volumes and slower processing speed: the Professional Fighters’ Brain Health Study

Objectives Cumulative head trauma may alter brain structure and function. We explored the relationship between exposure variables, cognition and MRI brain structural measures in a cohort of professional combatants. Methods 224 fighters (131 mixed martial arts fighters and 93 boxers) participating in the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of licensed professional combatants, were recruited, as were 22 controls. Each participant underwent computerised cognitive testing and volumetric brain MRI. Fighting history including years of fighting and fights per year was obtained from self-report and published records. Statistical analyses of the baseline evaluations were applied cross-sectionally to determine the relationship between fight exposure variables and volumes of the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, caudate, putamen. Moreover, the relationship between exposure and brain volumes with cognitive function was assessed. Results Increasing exposure to repetitive head trauma measured by number of professional fights, years of fighting, or a Fight Exposure Score (FES) was associated with lower brain volumes, particularly the thalamus and caudate. In addition, speed of processing decreased with decreased thalamic volumes and with increasing fight exposure. Higher scores on a FES used to reflect exposure to repetitive head trauma were associated with greater likelihood of having cognitive impairment. Conclusions Greater exposure to repetitive head trauma is associated with lower brain volumes and lower processing speed in active professional fighters.
Intention-Disguised algorithmic trading

Large market participants (LMPs) must often execute trades while keeping their intentions secret. Sometimes secrecy is required before trades are completed to prevent other traders from anticipating (and exploiting) the price impact of their trades. This is known as “front-running”. In other cases, LMPs with proprietary trading strategies wish to keep their positions secret even after trading because their strategies and positions contain valuable information. LMPs include hedge funds, mutual funds, and other specialized market players.
The circulatory effects of isoproterenol, acetylstrophanthidin, and volume loading in acute pericardial tamponade.

In 13 dogs with experimentally-induced acute pericardial tamponade, volume load increased cardiac output by 170% as pericardial and right arterial pressure increased. Acetylstrophanthidin did not significantly change stroke volume or cardiac output. Isoproterenol augmented cardiac output by 240% and reduced venous pressure.
Myocardial Transit Times from Intracoronary Dye-Dilution Curves in Normal Subjects and Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Myocardial transit times were derived from analysis of indicator-dilution curves obtained selectively from coronary artery to coronary sinus in a series of patients with and without significantly occlusive coronary artery disease. Appearance, buildup, disappearance, passage and mean transit times were measured from curves in eight patients with angiographically normal right coronary arteries and compared with data from eight patients with coronary artery disease. Similar comparisons of data were made between eight patients with no disease in the left coronary arterial system and nine patients with coronary artery disease. In both groups of patients with coronary artery disease, significant prolongations in transit time values were observed. This difference in time course of intracoronary dye curves between normal patients and patients with coronary artery disease suggests a difference in regional coronary flow patterns. Similar prolongation of all transit time values was observed in response to sublingual administration of nitroglycerin in a composite group of nine patients with and without coronary artery disease in either the right or left coronary artery. Possible mechanisms are discussed. This method may serve as a useful adjunct in studying the changes in coronary blood flow that occur with coronary artery disease and use of vasoactive drugs.
On the analysis of resonators using finite-difference time-domain techniques

Because a resonator with perfect electrically conducting (PEC) walls has no complications with absorbing boundary conditions and, for canonical geometries, the resonant frequencies are trivial to find, resonators are often used for analyzing the performance of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods. However, when testing the performance of boundary implementations in an FDTD scheme, one should compare to the resonant frequencies of a "perfect" discretized resonator (not to the mode frequencies in the continuous world). On the other hand, when testing the dispersion properties of a method, the resonant frequencies for some structures can be obtained directly from the dispersion relation, thus obviating the need for any simulation. Here, we demonstrate how the dispersion relation can be used to obtain all the resonant frequencies of a rectangular resonator modeled with the Yee algorithm. Furthermore, it is shown that modes that are degenerate in the continuous world can split into distinct modes in FDTD resonators, while modes that are separate in the continuous world can combine in FDTD resonators, thus yielding extra or missing modes. Analytic results are verified using numerical simulations.
Transverse compression failure of unidirectional composites

The mechanical response of unidirectional composites subject to uniaxial transverse compressive loads was measured and analyzed by finite element simulation. Consistency in failure plane orientation was observed when comparing simulated matrix shear band angle to measured crack angle. A model based on hexagonal packing of fibers was proposed and the shear band angle was shown to depend on the fiber volume fraction. The effects of strong and weak fiber–matrix interfaces were considered using models with randomly distributed fibers for a valid statistical analysis. The results of these models showed that the composite compressive strength increased with the fiber loading for the strong interface case, while the strength was independent of the fiber loading for the weak interface case because of interface debonding. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:756–766, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Triggers for Research Ethics Consultation

Research ethics consultation services are designed to help scientists address ethical and societal issues that may not be considered in the context of existing regulatory frameworks, such as institutional review boards. Here, we identify some types of biomedical research for which the research process can benefit from consultation with ethicists.
The late steps of anaerobic heme biosynthesis in E. coli: role for quinones in protoporphyrinogen oxidation.

Abstract The anaerobic oxidation of protoporphyrinogen with fumarate as electron acceptor in cell-free extracts of E. coli is inhibited by ultra-violet irradiation. The activity of irradiated extracts is restored by addition of menadione and the restored activity is blocked by the electron-transport inhibitor 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy quinoline-N-oxide. These observations suggest that quinones are required as electron transport carriers at this late step in the pathway of anaerobic heme biosynthesis. These findings have important implications both for the mechanism of anaerobic heme synthesis and for the physiology of cytochrome biosynthesis in anaerobic microorganisms.
Coolidge effect, the

The term “Coolidge effect” narrowly refers to a resumption of copulation in a supposedly satiated male that occurs upon presentation of a novel female. Some have applied the term more broadly. There is research on biochemical influences, and the possibility of an effect on females. Evolutionary interpretations have been made. Analogous phenomena appear in humans. Keywords: Coolidge effect; copulation; novelty; rodents
71-1: Development of Micro-Pixellated GaN LED Array Micro-Display System

This paper developed a micro-pixellated GaN LED (μ-LED) array micro-display system. The μ-LED array has the features of high luminance, small optical machine size, high collimation, and lost cost. A time-separate driving method is proposed to drive the micro-display system for releasing the LED over-current and efficiency thermal degradation issues.
Myocardial activation of the β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase (βARK1) by Protein Kinase C (PKC) in vivo

Abstract Body. Chronic stimulation of Gq-coupled receptors in the heart leads to PKC activation and myocyte hypertrophy, a precursor to heart failure. βARK1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) which phosphorylates and desensitizes agonist-occupied β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), which are critical for cardiac function. Our objective was to determine if myocardial PKC can activate βARK1 in vivo . We studied βARK1 expression by protein immunoblotting and βARK1 activity in the hearts of transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of a peptide which increases αPKC activity in the heart by 50% (αPKCact) versus non-transgenic controls. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results were compared using Student’s t -test. Protein expression of βARK1 in myocardial extracts was not significantly different between αPKCact and control: n = 7 in each group, P > 0.05. In contrast, βARK1 activity, as measured by its ability to phosphorylate rhodopsin, was elevated 3-fold in cardiac membrane preparations from αPKCact mice versus control: 3100 ± 214 versus 1058 ± 149 densitometry units, P n = 6 in each group. Based on these data, it appears that αPKC can activate βARK1 in the heart. This may be an important mechanism of βAR dysfunction in the development of myocardial hypertrophy as βARK1 is the primary GRK expressed in the heart.
Reliability of physical examination of the upper extremity among keyboard operators

Background Physical examination is a traditional outcome measure in epidemiological research. Its value as a reliable measure depends, in part, on the prevalence of positive findings. The purpose of this paper is to determine the empirical reliability of physical examination and anthropometry in a field study of upper extremity disorders among keyboard operators. Methods Two experienced examiners independently performed common provocative tests and procedures in physical examinations of the neck and upper extremity among 160 keyboard operators. Two additional examiners conducted anthropometric surveys among 137 workers. Inter-examiner reliability was assessed with observed agreement, kappa statistics, and intra-class correlations (ICC). Results Observed agreement was between 96% and 100% for neck and upper extremity signs, muscle stretch reflexes, and muscle strength, however, with the exception of provocative tests, reliability statistics were unstable. Among the provocative tests, Phalen and Tinel tests had modest agreement after adjusting for chance ( range: 0.20‐0.43). The carpal compression test had the best reliability (a 0.60 anda 0.67, left and right side, respectively). The ICCs for anthropometry ranged from 0.36‐0.91. Conclusions Results from the study showed that statistically, except for the carpal compression test, physical examination contributed minimal reliable information. This was attributed mainly to the low prevalence of positive findings, and generally mild nature of upper extremity disorders in this population. The results are the best estimate of what would be found in a field study with experienced examiners. While it may reduce bias, separating physical examination from medical history may contribute to the poor reliability of findings. With a shift toward reliable measures, resources can be allocated to more effective tools, like questionnaires, in epidemiological research of upper extremity disorders among keyboard operators. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:423‐430, 2000. fl 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details

One of the major lessons of memory research has been that human memory is fallible, imprecise, and subject to interference. Thus, although observers can remember thousands of images, it is widely assumed that these memories lack detail. Contrary to this assumption, here we show that long-term memory is capable of storing a massive number of objects with details from the image. Participants viewed pictures of 2,500 objects over the course of 5.5 h. Afterward, they were shown pairs of images and indicated which of the two they had seen. The previously viewed item could be paired with either an object from a novel category, an object of the same basic-level category, or the same object in a different state or pose. Performance in each of these conditions was remarkably high (92%, 88%, and 87%, respectively), suggesting that participants successfully maintained detailed representations of thousands of images. These results have implications for cognitive models, in which capacity limitations impose a primary computational constraint (e.g., models of object recognition), and pose a challenge to neural models of memory storage and retrieval, which must be able to account for such a large and detailed storage capacity.
Process induced warpage and residual stress in populated ball grid array substrate panel

In-process and pre-assembly warpage of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and packages can cause severe problems during component assembly. A numerical experimental hybrid approach is being developed to: (1) analyze the root cause of warpage and associated residual stresses of electronic packages such as ball grid array (EGA) and high density PWB; and, (2) reduce warpage. Advanced material characterization techniques have been applied to determine dimensional changes of a molding compound due to temperature and chemical reactions. Mechanical properties of the molding compound at various temperatures were also tested. The shadow moire interferometry technique is used to measure warpage of a BGA panel. A finite element analysis has also been conducted to investigate the warpage and residual stress evolution during the EGA assembly process. The study shows that the dimensional changes of the molding compound, due to both thermal expansion and chemical shrinkage, and the mismatch between the compound and silicon die/substrate can cause severe warpage.
A Novel Way to Construct the Fibonacci Sequence and the Uni-Phi-cation of Mathematics and Physics

When the Fibonacci number sequence is based on the number seven and its multiples, the Fibonacci sequence self-reflexively reappears when differences are calculated between it and this new number-seven-based Fibonacci sequence. The same thing happens with Lucas numbers. Can this same procedure be applied to any two numbers at the beginning of a Fibonacci/Lucas-like sequence? The answer is in the negative. This special quality of the golden proportion casts light on the fine structure constant of hydrogen, which is the unique, lightest, and most pervasive element in nature, plus other constants in nature, all of which have a dimensionless number close to the golden proportion (Phi) of the Fibonacci sequence, and provides the basis for the binary computer code as well as a uni-Phi-ed theory of mathematics and physics.
The role of reward structure, coordination mechanism and net return in the evolution of cooperation

Biology can offer insight into how realistic artificial agents and complex interactions between them can be created. For instance, spotted hyenas of Western Africa typically hunt alone, but cooperate once in a while to catch zebras. Using hyenas as motivation, this paper evaluates three potential factors that affect the evolution of cooperation in a team of game agents: reward structure (i.e. whether fitness reward is given to an individual agent or shared by the team), coordination mechanism (i.e. stigmergic vs. direct communication), and net return (i.e. the size of reward relative to the difficulty of obtaining it). Through neuroevolution using Multi-Component ESP [1], three predators were evolved in a field containing multiple fixed-behavior prey. Six such experiments show that (1) although shared reward strongly promotes cooperation, it is not strictly necessary for evolving cooperation; (2) although stigmergic coordination works well in simple, unambiguous tasks (i.e. with a single prey), direct communication is more effective in more complex tasks (i.e. with multiple prey); and (3) the predators evolve to hunt alone or cooperatively based on which approach results in higher net return. Insights from these computational simulations can be used to develop more intelligent behaviors for game agents in the future.
A Longitudinal Study of Preservice Music Teacher Development Application and Advancement of the Fuller and Bown Teacher-Concerns Model

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of preservice music teachers’ concerns using Fuller and Bown’s model. Participants were 8 instrumental teachers who participated in the ...
Population, poverty and economic development

Economists, demographers and other social scientists have long debated the relationship between demographic change and economic outcomes. In recent years, general agreement has emerged to the effect that improving economic conditions for individuals generally lead to lower birth rates. But, there is much less agreement about the proposition that lower birth rates contribute to economic development and help individuals and families to escape from poverty. The paper examines recent evidence on this aspect of the debate, concludes that the burden of evidence now increasingly supports a positive conclusion, examines recent trends in demographic change and economic development and argues that the countries representing the last development frontier, those of Sub-Saharan Africa, would be well advised to incorporate policies and programmes to reduce high fertility in their economic development strategies.
Tandem screening of toxic compounds on GFP-labeled bacteria and cancer cells in microtiter plates

A 96-well fluorescence-based assay has been developed for the rapid screening of potential cytotoxic and bacteriocidal compounds. The assay is based on detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in HeLa human carcinoma cells as well as gram negative (Escherichia coli) and gram positive bacteria (Mycobacterium avium). Addition of a toxic compound to the GFP marked cells resulted in the loss of the GFP fluorescence which was readily detected by fluorometry. Thirty-nine distinct naphthoquinone derivatives were screened and several of these compounds were found to be toxic to all cell types. Apart from differences in overall toxicity, two general types of toxic compounds were detected, those that exhibited toxicity to two or all three of the cell types and those that were primarily toxic to the HeLa cells. Our results demonstrate that the parallel screening of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is not only feasible and reproducible but also cost effective.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION : VI. THE EFFECT OF SECTION OF ANTERIOR SPINAL NERVE ROOTS ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION DUE TO RENAL ISCHEMIA.

Section of the anterior spinal nerve roots from the sixth thoracic to the second lumbar inclusive did not prevent or significantly and permanently reduce hypertension produced by constricting the main renal arteries of dogs. The significance of these results for the pathogenesis of human and experimental hypertension is discussed.
Impact of donor characteristics in survival and graft-versus-host disease following pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Approximately 5000 children undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplant annually. Children either receive stem cells from themselves (autologous transplant) or from another individual (allogeneic transplant). An allogeneic donor may either be a family member or unrelated. Only approximately a third of patients in need of an allogeneic transplant have an appropriately HLA-matched family member. When an HLA-matched family member is not available an unrelated donor search is initiated. If more than one equally matched donor is identified, then factors such as donor age, sex, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus status and blood type are used to choose a donor. This review summarizes the data on factors other than HLA-matching used when choosing an allogeneic donor for a child in need of transplant.
Exploitation and extension of the region-of-interest coding functionalities in JPEG2000

The purpose of this paper is to present a technique to extend the functionality and the application fields of a spatially selective coding within a JPEG2000 framework. The image quality drop between the regions of interest (ROI) and the background (BG) is considered. From the conventional point of view, the reconstructed image quality steeply drops along the ROI boundary; however this effect can be considered is perceived to be objectionable in some situations. Here we propose a simple quality decay management, which makes use of the concentric ROI with different scaling factors. This allows the technique to be perfectly consistent with the JPEG2000 part 2 ROI definitions and description. The proposed techniques may have a significant impact on applications where both coding rate minimization and coded image quality are important and/or become critical factors. Experiments and examples demonstrate the benefits of the presented approach.
Reports, politics, and intelligence failures: The case of Iraq

The intelligence failure concerning Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has been the center of political controversy and official investigations in three countries. This article reviews the Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 7 July 2004, Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction, a Report of a Committee of Privy Councillors to the House of Commons, 14 July 2004 (the Butler Report), Report to the President of the United States, The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, 31 March 2005. It explores the reasons for their deficiencies and the failure itself. This case and the investigations of it are similar to many previous ones. The investigations are marred by political bias and excessive hindsight. Neither the investigations nor contemporary intelligence on Iraqi WMD followed good social science practices. The comparative method was not utilized, confirmation bias was rampant, alternative hypotheses were not tested, and negative evidence was ignored. Although the opportunities to do better are many, the prospects for adequate reform are dim.
Cerebral Vein and Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis: Risk Factors, Prognosis and Treatment—a Modern Approach

ABSTRACTCerebral vein and dural venous sinus thrombosis is a rare cause of stroke. It affects between three and four patients per million adults; although the incidence is higher in children and young women. Our understanding of this disease has evolved over the last two decades. Thrombophilia, particularly factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations, as well as oral contraceptive use have been identified as predominant risk factors in contemporary studies compared to infection and puerperium in earlier series. Women of childbearing age account for 75% of cases. Compared to mortality rates in the past, which were as high as 50%, the outcome has improved considerably in recent years—likely due to better management and improved diagnostic capabilities. Approximately 80% of patients will have a meaningful recovery, and in patients receiving anticoagulation the risk of recurrence is about 2%. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance venography and computerized tomographic venography have become the m...
Acculturation of Prosocial and Competitive Behaviors among Second- and Third-Generation Mexican-American Children

To determine the direction of acculturation of prosocial and competitive behaviors among Mexican-American children, a behavioral choice card was administered to second- and third-generation Mexican-American children in a "traditional" Mexican-American community. Increasing generation level was associated with decreasing frequency of altruism/group-enhancement and equality choices and increasing frequency of rivalry/superiority choices, supporting an acculturation to the majority rather than acculturation to the barrio model.
The Development of Efficient Time Integration Schemes Using Model Normal Modes

Abstract The development of nonlinear normal mode initialization for shallow water models by Machenhauer (1977) and Baer (1977) and its subsequent successful extension to baroclinic models has provided the impetus for further exploitation of model normal modes. The present work is a straightforward application of model normal mode expansions to the problem of taking long timesteps in primitive equation models. A methodology is developed which treats the “fast” gravity modes of the model in a special manner while treating the ensemble of “slow” gravity modes and Rossby modes by explicit leapfrog techniques. The schemes developed were tested experimentally using the GCM of Bourke et al. (1977) and found to be numerically stable, efficient and accurate.
Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter

We present a novel dark matter candidate, an elastically decoupling relic, which is a cold thermal relic whose present abundance is determined by the cross section of its elastic scattering on standard model particles. The dark matter candidate is predicted to have a mass ranging from a few to a few hundred MeV, and an elastic scattering cross section with electrons, photons and/or neutrinos in the 10^{-3}-1 fb range.
Systematic revision of Anopinella Powell (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini) and phylogenetic analysis of the Apolychrosis group of genera

Thirty-five species are recognized in the Neotropical genus Anopinella Powell, including 5 previously described, A. isodelta (Meyrick), A. triquetra (Walsingham), A. ophiodes (Walsingham), A. aurea (Razowski & Becker), new combination, and A. perblanda (Razowski & Becker), new combination, and 30 described as new: A. albolinea (TL: Costa Rica), A. araguana (TL: Venezuela), A. arenalana (TL: Costa Rica), A. boliviana (TL: Bolivia), A. brasiliana (TL: Brazil), A. cafrosana (TL: Costa Rica), A. cartagoa (TL: Costa Rica), A. carabayana (TL: Peru), A. choko (TL: Colombia), A. cuzco (TL: Peru), A. fana (TL: Venezuela), A. holandia (TL: Guatemala), A. larana (TL: Venezuela), A. macrosema (TL: Costa Rica), A. mariana (TL: Guatemala), A. panamana (TL: Panama), A. parambana (TL: Ecuador), A. peruvensis (TL: Peru), A. phillipsae (TL: Costa Rica), A. porrasa (TL: Costa Rica), A. powelli (TL: Costa Rica), A. rastafariana (TL: Jamaica), A. razowskii (TL: Brazil), A. rica (TL: Costa Rica), A. rigidana (TL: Costa Rica), A. styraxivora (TL: Costa Rica), A. sympatrica (TL: Guatemala), A. tinalandana (TL: Ecuador), A. transecta (TL: Costa Rica), and A. tucki (TL: Peru). The genus occurs from Jamaica and southern Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. One species has been reared from the fruit of Styrax (Styracaceae), one from a fungus gall on Inga longispina (Fabaceae), and one from the stem of Vernonia (Asteraceae). We re-examine phylogenetic relationships among Anopinella and its putative related genera, Seticosta Razowski, Punctapinella Brown, Strophotina Brown, and Apolychrosis Amsel. We synonymize Ecuadorica Razowski & Becker, 2000, with Anopinella .
An Efficient Damage Recognition Method Using Optimal Neural Wavelet Module

Damage pattern recognition research represents one of the challenging stages in structural health monitoring. This is attributed to the fact that the process of damage detection is significantly affected by uncertainties in the damage features and how they propagate during the damage detection process. The challenge is also attributed to the vagueness in defining damage and the significant overlap between damage states. Several attempts have been performed by the research community to develop tools for damage detection using means of structural dynamics analysis such as modal update and wavelets. Other efforts have also been reported on damage recognition for several damage features using probabilistic and fuzzy logic techniques. This article introduces an integrated method for damage feature extraction and damage recognition using an optimal neural-wavelet module. The neural-wavelet module is used for damage feature extraction by recognizing the change in the energy of dynamic signals in the structure. Optimization methods are used to establish a classifier that can provide efficient damage pattern recognition. Design of the classifier is based on minimizing the error of classification of the neural-wavelet module. The classification error is optimized through changing parameters related to the architecture of the neural network including the number of layers and neurons per layer of the neural-wavelet module. A case study showing the ability of the proposed technique to detect and pattern damage in the ASCE benchmark structure is presented. It is suggested that such integration can provide efficient damage detection and recognition for accurate structural health monitoring.
Teaching Discrete Trial Training: The Effects of Asynchronous Computer-Based Instruction on Live Implementation

The present study asked whether naive learners would accurately implement discrete trial training (DTT) methods in a live setting following asynchronous training delivered entirely via computer. Se...
Ag(I) and Tl(I) Precursors as Transfer Agents of a Pyrrole-Based Pincer Ligand to Late Transition Metals

A PNP ligand, PNpyrP ((PNpyrP)H = 2,5-bis((di-iso-propylphosphino)methyl)pyrrole), which employs a pyrrole unit as a central anionic nitrogen donor, was designed. The corresponding group 10 metal chlorides as well as iridium and ruthenium compounds were isolated. In order to conduct this work, [(PNpyrP)Tl] and [(PNpyrP)Ag]2 were synthesized and characterized. The thallium and silver species were paramount in the formation of the iridium and ruthenium complexes, which could not be isolated using (PNpyrP)H or the corresponding lithium pyrrolide salt. Interestingly, the solid state molecular structure of [(PNpyrP)Tl] indicates that the metal center engages in an η2 intermolecular interaction with the backbone of a neighboring pyrrole molecule instead of the expected bonding to the phosphine arms.
Endoscopic Examination of the Duodenal Bulb: A Comparison With X-Ray

In 200 consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations in patients having a concomitant upper gastrointestinal X-ray study, the duodenum was entered in 183. In 144 cases endoscopic and X-ray diagnosis of duodenal bulb pathology agreed; in 37, the diagnosis was made only by endoscopy; and in 19, by X-ray alone. Of 59 patients with duodenal ulcers, endoscopy diagnosed 55 and X-ray, 42. A total of 70 ulcers were identified in the 59 patients, 66 (94%) by endoscopy and 45 (65%) by X-ray. Associated duodenal deformity made X-ray interpretation difficult. Duodenitis was commonly encountered endoscopically, producing symptoms in some patients in the absence of frank ulceration. In order to determine the full extent of upper gastrointestinal pathology, esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum were examined with a forward-viewing endoscope in all cases. A lateral-viewing endoscope was used for supplementation in 50 cases, and furnished additional information on 18 duodenal bulbs.
The functional thrombin receptor is associated with the plasmalemma and a large endosomal network in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The functional thrombin receptor, normally expressed by endothelial cells and platelets, is a member of the G protein-coupled, seven membrane-spanning-domain receptor family and is thought to be responsible for most, if not all, the cell stimulatory effects of thrombin. Upon binding, thrombin cleaves the receptor's N-terminal ectodomain, unmasking a new N terminus, which by itself activates the receptor. Using antibodies to different domains of the human thrombin receptor, we have localized the receptor in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. We found the receptor expressed on the plasmalemma of cultured endothelial cells in individual units rather than in clusters, at lower concentration than, and at different sites from, thrombomodulin. We also found the receptor associated with a distinct, intracellular, transferrin receptor-containing, tubulovesicular network. The thrombin receptor-positive structure spread from the perinuclear region to the periphery of the cells, exhibiting a number of varicosities interconnected by branching tubular elements, strikingly similar to an image recently described for a continuous endosomal reticulum. Our results provide morphological evidence for the presence of the functional thrombin receptor at relative low density on the surface of cultured endothelial cells (compared to thrombomodulin) and in relatively large quantities inside the cells, associated with an endosomal compartment.
Adjuvant enzalutamide (Enza) for men with high-risk prostate cancer (HRPCa) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

5071Background: Management of HRPCa remains a clinical challenge. Novel AR inhibitors are now standard of care in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and could potentially impact outcome in...
Introduction to Disability and Health for Preclinical Medical Students: Didactic and Disability Panel Discussion.

Abstract Introduction Millions of American patients have a disability, and their health care outcomes depend on the attitudes of their health care providers towards persons with disabilities. Overl...
Diet‐induced obesity increases the frequency of Pig‐a mutant erythrocytes in male C57BL/6J mice

Obesity increases the risk of a number of chronic diseases in humans including several cancers. Biological mechanisms responsible for such increased risks are not well understood at present. Increases in systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, endogenous production of mutagenic metabolites, altered signaling in proliferative pathways, and increased sensitivity to exogenous mutagens and carcinogens are some of the potential contributing factors. We hypothesize that obesity creates an endogenously mutagenic environment in addition to increasing the sensitivity to environmental mutagens. To test this hypothesis, we examined two in vivo genotoxicity endpoints. Pig-a mutant frequencies and micronucleus frequencies were determined in blood cells in two independent experiments in 30-week old male mice reared on either a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) that exhibit an obese phenotype or a normal-fat diet (10% calories from fat) that do not exhibit an obese phenotype. Mice were assayed again at 52 weeks of age in one of the experiments. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was used as a positive mutation control in one experiment. ENU induced a robust Pig-a mutant and micronucleus response in both phenotypes. Obese, otherwise untreated mice, did not differ from non-obese mice with respect to Pig-a mutant frequencies in reticulocytes or micronucleus frequencies. However, such mice, had significantly higher and sustained Pig-a mutant frequencies (increased 2.5-3.7-fold, p < 0.02) in erythrocytes as compared to non-obese mice (based on measurements collected at 30 weeks or 30 and 52 weeks of age). This suggests that obesity, in the absence of exposure to an exogenous mutagen, is itself mutagenic. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:668-677, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic anemic hypoxemia attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in fetal sheep

Fetal insulin secretion is inhibited by acute hypoxemia. The relationship between prolonged hypoxemia and insulin secretion, however, is less well defined. To test the hypothesis that prolonged fet...
A Taxonomy Approach to Studying How Gamers Review Games

Background. Player-generated reviews of video games represent a large, rich, and under-explored source of data for exploring what makes for an effective game. Aim. We explore whether existing theory, in the form of a comprehensive gaming taxonomy, suitably captures the issues that players raise when they review games. Method. User-submitted game reviews were coded along the dimensions of the comprehensive gaming taxonomy to test the frequency of usage of each dimension. Results. We found some support for the use of the taxonomy, as four of nine taxonomy features were frequently present in game reviews. We also found support for other features of reviews not encapsulated by the Bedwell et al. 2012 taxonomy. Specifically, we found that players often reviewed video games: a holistically; b by comparing them to other games, game franchises, and other reviews; and c by judging the value of games in terms of time, money, and effort. These results have implications for using game reviews for future research.
Measurement of the energy and multiplicity distributions of neutrons from the photofission of U 235

Author(s): Clarke, SD; Wieger, BM; Enqvist, A; Vogt, R; Randrup, J; Haight, RC; Lee, HY; Perdue, BA; Kwan, E; Wu, CY; Henderson, RA; Pozzi, SA | Abstract: For the first time, the complete neutron multiplicity distribution has been measured from the photofission of U235 induced by high-energy spallation γ rays arriving ahead of the neutron beam at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. The resulting average neutron multiplicity 3.80±0.08 (stat.) neutrons per photofission is in general agreement with previous measurements. In addition, unique measurements of the prompt fission energy spectrum of the neutrons from photofission and the angular correlation of two-neutron energies emitted in photofission also were made. The results are compared to calculations with the complete event fission model freya.
Using Proximity Beacons to Connect Physical & Virtual Library Spaces: A Case Study

Proximity Beacons, or iBeacons, use a Bluetooth signal to deliver messages to mobile devices when a user is in range. Radford University used iBeacons placed throughout the library to create an interactive game for National Library Week that helps students make connections between the library's physical and virtual spaces.