cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The paleoclimatic response of the Southern Californian Margin to the rapid climate change of the last 60 ka: A regional overview

Abstract High-resolution planktonic foraminiferal census and stable isotope data from a core transect (ODP Site 1017, 893 and 1014) demonstrate remarkable similarities along the Southern California Margin during the last glacial (60–10 ka BP). Modern analog technique and δ 18 O derived sea surface temperatures (SST) demonstrate SST shifts were regionally expressed supporting the hypothesis that the relative strength of local surface ocean currents affected the advection of subpolar and subtropical water into the region. Divergent alkenone SST records suggest the flux of planktonic organisms shifted seasonally during the last glacial in response to changing environmental conditions. When considered as seasonal SST reconstructions, summer/oligotrophic surface ocean conditions appear to have a muted response to orbital and millennial-scale climate change compared to the surface ocean during high nutrient/winter conditions.
Review of the Rpt3 Genes Encoding Part of the 26S Proteasome Associated with Loci Underlying Disease Resistance in Soybean

The 26S proteasomal complex is a multifunctional proteolytic machinery of the cell. The proteasome plays role in myriad of cellular functions, which have been further diversified by its separable proteolytic and non-proteolytic sub-complexes. Protein quality control and turnover, cell cycle regulation, gene regulation and DNA repair are among the key processes controlled by the proteasome. Disease resistance in plants invokes changes in all the processes controlled by the 26S proteasome. In this review, the potential contribution of genes encoding the proteasome to disease resistance in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) was examined.
On the adjustment of Japanese sojourners: Beliefs, contentions, and empirical findings

Abstract This paper reviews a selection of the available studies of the adjustment of Japanese sojourners abroad to determine whether the popular belief that living overseas is difficult for many Japanese is supported empirically. The existing data are mostly unsupportive of this belief. This is partly the result of methodological weaknesses in collecting and analyzing the data, but also because no cross-cultural work has been done to establish whether Japanese sojourners experience more difficulty than sojourners from other cultures. Rather, the data highlight two themes that can be considered characteristic of the Japanese in their intercultural adjustment. Japanese sojourners experience difficulties in communicating with their hosts, and they stay within their own network rather than making host friends. The reasons why these points set Japanese sojourners apart from the sojourners of other nationalities are explained. This paper concludes by offering suggestions about the direction that future studies of the intercultural adjustment of Japanese sojourners should take.
Phase structure and adhesion in polymer blends: a criterion for rubber toughening

Abstract The effects of rubber particle size and rubber-matrix adhesion on notched impact toughness of nylon-rubber blends are analysed. A sharp tough-brittle transition is found to occur at a critical particle size, when the rubber volume fraction and rubber-matrix adhesion are held constant. The critical particle size increases with increasing rubber volume fraction, given by d c = T c {( π 6Φ r ) 1 3 − 1} −1 , dc is the critical particle diameter, Tc the critical interparticle distance, and or the rubber volume fraction. The critical interparticle distance is a material property of the matrix, independent of rubber volume fraction and particle size. Thus, the general condition for toughening is that the interparticle distance must be smaller than the critical value. Van der Waals attraction gives sufficient adhesion for toughening. Interfacial chemical bonding is not necessary. Even if there is interfacial chemical bonding, a polymer-rubber blend will still be brittle, if the interparticle distance is greater than the critical value. The minimum adhesion required is about 1000 J m−2, typical for van der Waals adhesion. In contrast, chemical adhesion is typically 8000 J m−2. The present criterion for toughening is proposed to be valid for all polymer—rubber blends which dissipate the impact energy mainly by increased matrix yielding.
Central thromboembolism is a possible predictor of right heart dysfunction in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Abstract Background Right heart dysfunction is a crucial factor in risk stratification of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. Apart from biomarkers, determinants of right heart dysfunction in this group of patients are not yet well established. Aim and method In order to identify such determinants, we analysed data of 252 patients with acute pulmonary embolism admitted to our hospital in 2008. Results 69 out of 140 patients showed right heart dysfunction by echocardiography within 24 hours after diagnosis, 71 did not. Right ventricular dysfunction was significantly more frequent in patients with central clots on computed tomography (p = 0.004), a history of syncope (p Conclusion Among normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism, those with central clots seem to be at greater risk for echocardiographically evaluated right ventricular dysfunction.
Priming by pictures in lexical decision

Cross-form priming of words by pictures was compared to within-form priming of words by words in a lexical decision task. For prime—target pairs containing repetitions of a concept or semantically related concepts, pictures provided priming of word targets in magnitudes at least as large as the priming provided by words themselves. Such equivalent priming by surface forms occurred for concrete word targets and for abstract word targets in pairs comprising a variety of semantic associations. Recognition memory for pairs in the lexical decision task revealed both form-dependent and form-independent components in the episodic trace. The results are interpreted as consistent with a single system of semantic representation accessed in common by both surface forms, rather than separate form-specific semantic systems.
Spatial Disparities in the Distribution of Parks and Green Spaces in the USA

Background Little national evidence is available on spatial disparities in distributions of parks and green spaces in the USA.
Sirolimus for solid organ transplantation in children

Sirolimus represents a major advancement in the field of solid organ transplantation and is being used as a rescue agent for acute and chronic rejection as well as for primary immunosuppression with good graft outcome. Although initial studies with sirolimus were in adults, now significant data have accumulated on the role of sirolimus in pediatric solid organ transplantation. This article reviews the current status of sirolimus in pediatric transplantation.
Characterization of Uranium Uptake Kinetics from Seawater in Batch and Flow-Through Experiments

A laboratory study of uranium uptake from seawater has been conducted using batch and flow-through recycling experiments. Uranium adsorption from seawater, using amidoxime-based polymeric adsorbents, has been described by transport and kinetic models under the assumption of transport-limited or reaction-limited process for batch adsorption experiments. Mathematical models based on liquid film mass transfer, diffusion, or reaction kinetics have been evaluated in terms of the Sherwood number and the Thiele modulus to provide insight into the limiting mechanism. The value of the Sherwood number suggests that the external mass-transfer resistance is much smaller than the intraparticle diffusion resistance. The Thiele modulus was estimated on the basis of the rate constants from independent batch tests analyzed by a reaction kinetic model, and its value suggests that the uranium binding is the rate-limiting step compared to diffusion. The uranium uptake in batch experiments reached 4 mg U/g adsorbent over a pe...
Men pressured and forced into sexual experience

A predominantly heterosexual sample of 204 college men were asked to report incidents of pressured or forced sexual touch or intercourse since age 16. About 34% indicated they had received coercive sexual contact: 24% from women, 4% from men, and 6% from both sexes. Contact involved only sexual touching for 12% and intercourse for 22%. Sexual contact was pressured in 88% of the 81 reported incidents by tactics of persuasion, intoxication, threat of love withdrawal, and bribery. In 12% of the incidents, sexual contact was forced through physical restraint, physical intimidation, threat of harm, or harm. Contact was initiated by an acquaintance or intimate in 77% of incidents. The negative emotional impact of male contact was rated significantly higher than the impact of female contact. Men with and without coercion experience did not differ, however, for scale scores on sexual esteem, depression, and preoccupation. Interviews with 10 subjects revealed complex reactions to coercive male and female contact, including doubts about one's sexuality, resentment of unexpected or forceful contact, and fear of telling others about the event.
Mechanical characteristics of tachycardia-induced left-ventricular failure as evaluated in isolated dog hearts

Left ventricles of control dog hearts and dog hearts failing due to chronic tachycardia were examined in vivo by echocardiography for systolic function and size, then subsequently studied with an isolated-heart system (artificial perfusion, artificial loading). During 3 weeks of tachycardia (250 bt/min), area ejection fraction fell by 58%, while end-diastolic transverse area increased by 56% (measurements at 120bt/min). Judging from post-perfusion leftventricular weights, the dilation occurred with no hypertrophy, raising the question whether the failure model may be associated with anabolic dysfunction. End-diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) relations occurred at higher volumes in failing chambers than in controls, and this was marked by increases in two indices of chamber size (candidate reference volumes): the volume resulting in a diastolic stress of 16g/cm2, and the volume at which the nearly straight, lowstiffness segment of the end-diastolic P-V relation meets the upward bending, high-stiffness segment. Developed P-V relations of failing chambers were shifted to higher volumes and to lower pressures, the lower pressures being due more to reduced stressdeveloping ability (contractility) than to reduced wall/cavity ratio (pressure/stress ratio). On average, shortening ability (normalized difference between reference volume and extrapolated volume-axis intercept, i.e., apparent ejection fraction from reference volume in absence of afterload) was not different from that of controls. Isovolumic pressure waves of the failing and dilated chambers were of almost normal duration and shape, extending further the range of conditions where isovolumic pressure can be predicted by fitting a model isovolumic wave function to the isovolumic phases of ejecting beats.
A Modified Growth Medium for Bacillus thuringiensis

A published medium for the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis was modified for use in high-density fed-batch fermentations. This medium was diagnosed to have a complex nutrient limitation in batch and continuous cultivations. By selective additions of different medium constituents to a chemostat culture, it was established that the limitations were alleviated only by the addition of yeast extract or corn steep liquor ; neither the addition of any salt nor that of individual amino acids influenced the culture behavior. In shake flask cultures, a reduction in glucose concentration and addition of corn steep liquor made the medium carbon-limited ; enrichment with corn steep liquor alone showed dual limitations. These modified media resulted in higher cell densities and showed an increase in the amounts as well as the potency of insecticidal protoxins.
Technical Note-An Exact Algorithm for the Time-Constrained Traveling Salesman Problem

The time-constrained traveling salesman problem is a variation of the familiar traveling salesman problem that includes time window constraints on the time a particular city, or cities, may be visited. This note presents a concise formulation of the time-constrained traveling salesman problem. The model assumes that the distances of the problem are symmetrical and that the triangle inequality holds. Additionally, the model allows the salesman to wait at a city, if necessary, for a time window to open. The dual of the formulation is shown to be a disjunctive graph model, which is well known from scheduling theory. A longest path algorithm is used to obtain bounding information for subproblems in a branch and bound solution procedure. Computational results are presented for several small to moderate size problems.
A numerical technique for calculating mutual impedance and element patterns of antenna arrays based on the characteristics of an isolated element

A numerical technique for calculating mutual impedance and element patterns of antenna arrays based on the characteristics of an isolated element is presented. The basis for this technique is the theory of minimum-scattering (MS) antennas and, in particular, the interpretation of the mutual impedance between two canonical minimum-scattering (CMS) antennas as the first term in a perturbation series of the mutual impedance of arbitrary antennas. For the computation of the mutual impedance via the CMS approximation this pattern must be continued analytically into the complex domain. However, numerical codes provide radiation patterns only for real observation angles. To overcome this problem, the numerically calculated patterns are expanded in terms of spherical modes and the computation over complex angles is carried out analytically. Numerical results for collinear and linear arrays of parallel electric dipole antennas and rectangular probe-fed patch antennas are presented and a comparison is made with direct calculations using the WIPL-D code. Results presented show the good agreement between the CMS approximation and the WIPL-D code.
Predictive relationships for the effects of triglyceride ester concentration and water uptake on solubility and partitioning of small molecules into lipid vehicles.

Abstract The ability to predict drug solubility and partitioning in triglyceride solvents from the chemical structures of the solute and the triglyceride would be highly useful in drug formulation development and in screening drug candidates for lipid solubility and possibly drug bioavailability. This study explores the role of triglyceride ester concentration on small molecule partitioning between lipid vehicles and water, including the effect of ester concentration on water uptake. The influence of solvated water is further examined in studies of small molecule solubility in dry and water saturated lipid vehicles varying in triglyceride ester concentration. A series of model solutes with varying hydrogen bond donating/accepting abilities was chosen for this study while triglyceride ester concentrations were varied by using squalane/tricaprylin solvent mixtures. General linear free energy solvation relationships having the form utilized previously by Abraham were obtained at each solvent composition. An examination of the solvent descriptors indicated that those descriptors representing the sensitivity of the solvent to the solute dipolarity/polarizability, s , and to the hydrogen bond acidity of the solute, a , vary systematically with the concentration of ester moieties in the solvent mixture. An empirical equation has been derived that offers the potential for predicting triglyceride/water partition coefficients and in certain cases, solubility in hydrated, fully‐saturated triglyceride solvents for any small molecule for which Abraham solute descriptors can be obtained. Water uptake in triglyceride vehicles is shown to be approximately linear with water activity and may also be described by the empirical relationship developed for other solutes providing an adjustment is made in the value of its hydrogen bond acidity parameter. Water uptake enhances the solubility of benzamide and N ‐methylbenzamide and a modest "water‐dragging" effect by N ‐methylbenzamide in the triglycerides is observed. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:2768–2779, 2004
Family-Based Intervention to Enhance Infant–Parent Relationships in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective To examine how family-based interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may change parental knowledge and behaviors and decrease stress. Methods Eighty-four high-risk mother–infant dyads were randomly assigned to two intervention and one control groups. Group 1 (n = 28) participated in a demonstration of infant reflexes, attention, motor skills, and sleep-wake states. Group 2 (n = 31) viewed educational materials. Group 3 (n = 25), controls, participated in an informal discussion. Parent–infant interactions (Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale) were videotaped. Mothers completed measures of stress (Parenting Stress Index) and knowledge of infant cues (Knowledge of Preterm Infant Behavior Scale). Results Mothers in both intervention groups evidenced greater knowledge and more contingent and sensitive interactions with their infants than did the control group. Stress also differed across groups, and all mothers reported scores above norms. Conclusions In a high-risk sample, short-term, family-based NICU interventions may enhance mothers’ knowledge, sensitivity, contingency, and stress.
Determination of the Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Student Cell Phones

Sampling of common use items (e.g., student cell phones) for bacterial presence, identification, and antibiotic resistance profiling helps students to recognize the need for routine cleaning of personal items and encourages thoughtful use of currently available medications. This multilab period project can be used to teach or reinforce several methods from general microbiology including aseptic technique, isolation streak, serial dilution, spread plating, Kirby Bauer testing, unknown identification, and media production. The data generated can be saved and added to each semester, thus providing a data set that reflects a local trend of antibiotic resistance.
Learning patient-specific predictive models from clinical data

We introduce an algorithm for learning patient-specific models from clinical data to predict outcomes. Patient-specific models are influenced by the particular history, symptoms, laboratory results, and other features of the patient case at hand, in contrast to the commonly used population-wide models that are constructed to perform well on average on all future cases. The patient-specific algorithm uses Markov blanket (MB) models, carries out Bayesian model averaging over a set of models to predict the outcome for the patient case at hand, and employs a patient-specific heuristic to locate a set of suitable models to average over. We evaluate the utility of using a local structure representation for the conditional probability distributions in the MB models that captures additional independence relations among the variables compared to the typically used representation that captures only the global structure among the variables. In addition, we compare the performance of Bayesian model averaging to that of model selection. The patient-specific algorithm and its variants were evaluated on two clinical datasets for two outcomes. Our results provide support that the performance of an algorithm for learning patient-specific models can be improved by using a local structure representation for MB models and by performing Bayesian model averaging.
Instability due to Viscosity Stratification Downstream of a Centerline Injector

A common injector geometry upstream of a static mixer is the centerline injector. A flow instability can arise due to viscosity differences between the injected core-flow and the outer co-flow. This instability can adversely affect the effectiveness of the mixing operation. An experimental investigation of miscible viscosity-stratified flow in a circular geometry was performed using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results for the stable region agree with the analytical results. The unstable region exhibits different modes depending on the viscosity ratio, volume flux ratio, and Reynolds number. The modes include wavy core-flow with fissures and wavy core-flow with core breakup. The time-averaged experiment velocity profiles for the unstable core indicate a broadening of the jet at the centerline, which is consistent with the LIF visualization. L'injecteur centre est une geometrie d'injection commune en amont des melangeurs statiques. Une instabilite de l'ecoulement peut survenir en raison des differences de viscosite entre l'ecoulement piston injecte et le cocourant exterieur. Cette instabilite peut nuire a l'efficacite de l'operation de melange. On a donc mene une etude experimentale pour un ecoulement biphasique miscible stratifie par la viscosite dans une geometrie circulaire basee sur la fluorescence induite par laser (LIF) et la velocimetrie a imagerie de particules (PIV). Les resultats experimentaux pour la region stable concordent avec les resultats analytiques. La region instable montre differents modes qui dependent du rapport de viscosite, du rapport de flux volumique et du nombre de Reynolds. Ces modes comprennent l'ecoulement piston a vagues avec fissures et l'ecoulement piston avec vagues avec rupture du piston. Les profils de vitesse experimentaux moyennes dans le temps pour le piston instable indiquent un elargissement du jet a la ligne de centre qui est coherent avec la visualisation par LIF.
Arsenic speciation in multiple metal environments: I. Bulk-XAFS spectroscopy of model and mixed compounds

Abstract X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was employed to determine the bonding environment of As(V) in the presence of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on goethite and gibbsite. In addition, several mineral species and precipitates derived from homogeneous and heterogeneous (presence of α-Cr2O3) super-saturations were studied. Structural parameters were determined after resolving the broad second shells in r-space by differential k-weighting (1, 2 or 3) and k-ranging (2.5- vs 3.5–12.75 A) of the raw EXAFS functions. In precipitates, AsO4 was incorporated in the metal-hydroxides forming clinoclase-like and koettigite-like structures in the presence of Cu(II) and Zn(II), respectively. In the presence of both Cu(II) and Zn(II), the clinoclase structure formed preferentially over the koettigite structure under homogeneous oversaturated solution conditions and in the presence of eskolaite (α-Cr2O3). Silica promoted the formation of koettigite-like zinc-arsenate precipitates from initial As(V) and Zn(II) solution concentrations of 500 μM. On goethite and gibbsite, 750 μM As(V) formed mainly bidentate binuclear surface species in accordance with many previous findings even in the presence of equimolar Cu(II) and or Zn(II) concentrations. Copper was readily identified in the second shell environment of As(V) sorbed on gibbsite, but not on goethite. We hypothesize that this complex formed on the basis of Cu(II)'s ability to form polymeric species in solution and at the mineral–water interface in agreement with previous studies. The effects of Zn(II) on the coordination environment of As(V) on gibbsite and goethite could not be ascertained with As K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy. In addition to bidentate binuclear surface complexes, As(V) formed edge-sharing complexes with Fe, Al, and Cu atoms, which we could differentiate on the basis of the inter-atomic distances, phase shifts between wavefunctions of Fourier-filtered peaks, and differences in amplitude of the absorption envelopes. The analyses showed that of all data reduction steps, data presented in r-space and as wavefunctions of Fourier-filtered shells offer the greatest possibility for fingerprinting and inferring the influence of co-sorbing metal cations on the As(V) sorption complex. With regards to interpretations of micro-EXAFS data by abstract factor analyses and linear least-square combination fitting, analyses of As K-edge data should not be performed on the raw χ ( k ) data, but rather on consistently isolated second and higher-order shell features.
Sexual functioning in young adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Background—Studies of sexuality or sexual behavior in childhood cancer survivors tend to examine relationships or achievement of developmental milestones but not physiological response to cancer or treatment. The purpose of this study is to (1) identify prevalence and risk factors for sexual dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors, and (2) examine the extent to which sexual dysfunction may be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and psychosocial outcomes. Methods—Five hundred ninety-nine survivors age 18-39 years completed standardized measures of sexual functioning, HRQOL, psychological distress and life satisfaction. Descriptive statistics assessed prevalence of sexual symptoms. Bivariate analyses identified correlates of sexual symptoms and examined associations between symptoms and HRQOL/psychosocial outcomes. Results—Most survivors appear to be doing well, although 52% of female survivors and 32% of male survivors reported at least “a little of a problem” in one or more areas of sexual functioning. Mean symptom score for females was more than twice that of males. Sexual symptoms were associated with reporting health problems. Significant associations between sexual functioning and HRQOL outcomes were observed, with gender differences in strengths of association suggesting that males find sexual symptoms more distressing than do females. Conclusions—While most survivors appear to be doing well in this important life domain, some young adult survivors report sexual concerns. While female survivors may report more sexual symptoms than male survivors, males may experience more distress associated with sexual difficulties. Better specified measures of sexual function, behavior and outcomes are needed for this young adult population.
The Prevalence and Comorbidity Between Delinquency, Drug Abuse, Suicide Attempts, Physical and Sexual Abuse, and Self-Mutilation Among Delinquent Hispanic Females

Representative data show that drug abuse, delinquency, and suicide attempts are major concerns among adolescent Hispanic females. Although comorbidity research indicates that such problems tend to be related to each other, this research largely neglects Hispanic females. Using data from presentence investigations on 141 Hispanic girls sentenced to probation, the present research assesses the prevalence of drug abuse, delinquency, suicide attempts, physical and sexual abuse, and self-mutilation as well as the extent of comorbidity among these problems. RESULTS show very high levels of violent delinquency, marijuana abuse, suicide attempts, and self-mutilation. Comorbidity was also extensive between suicide attempts, self-mutilation, physical and sexual abuse, and between these variables and drug abuse and certain forms of delinquency. This study is among the first to describe the problems of adolescent Hispanic females and highlights the need for additional research to better understand and address the serious issues many of these young women face. Language: en
Inhalation Toxicity Study of Formamide in Rats

Formamide is a widely used solvent for the manufacture and processing of plastics, and the possibility for inhalation exposure exists for workers. To assess the toxicity of repeated inhalation of sublethal concentrations of formamide, three groups of 10 male Crl:CD BR rats each were exposed nose-only for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks to design concentrations of 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of formamide vapor in air. A control group of 10 male rats was exposed simultaneously to air only. At the end of the exposure period, blood and urine samples were collected for clinical analyses, and 5 rats per group were killed for pathologic examination. The remaining 5 rats per group were retained for a 14-day postexposure observation (recovery) period and then subjected to the same clinical and pathologic examinations. Male rats exposed to 1500 ppm had significantly depressed body weights and body weight gains during the exposure and recovery periods compared to controls. Clinical pathologic examinations revealed that decreased platelet and/or lymphocyte counts were observed in rats exposed to 500 or 1500 ppm of formamide. Pathologic examinations revealed compound-related microscopic changes in the kidneys of rats exposed to 1500 ppm formamide. Minimal to severe necrosis and regeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells were observed principally in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and in cortical medullary rays. Based upon the hematologic and clinical chemical parameters measured, the no-observed-effect exposure concentration for repeated inhalation of formamide was considered to be 100 ppm, under the conditions of this study. The findings of treatment-related microscopic lesions in the kidneys as well as increases in mean absolute kidney weights and kidney-to-body weight ratios reflect the target organ toxicity.
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Components of a protein tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation network were identified in the cyanobacteriumAnabaenasp.strainPCC7120.Threephosphotyrosine(P-Tyr)proteinsof27,36,and52kDawere identified through their conspicuous immunoreactions with RC20H monoclonal antibodies specific for P-Tyr. TheseimmunoreactionswereoutcompetedcompletelybyfreeP-Tyr(5mM)butnotbyphosphoserineorphosphothreonine. The P-Tyr content of the three major P-Tyr proteins and several minor proteins increased with their time of incubation in the presence of Mg-ATP and the protein phosphatase inhibitors sodium orthovanadate and sodium fluoride. Incubation of the same extracts with [g- 32 P]ATP but not [a- 32 P]ATP led to the phosphorylation offive polypeptides with molecular masses of 20, 27, 52, 85, and 100 kDa. Human placental protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, with absolute specificity for P-Tyr, liberated significant quantities of 32 Pi from four of the polypeptides, confirming that a portion of the protein-bound phosphate was present as 32 P-Tyr. Alkaline phosphatase and the dual-specificity protein phosphatase IphP from the cyanobacterium Nostoc communeUTEX 584 also dephosphorylated these proteins and did so with greater apparent efficiency. Two of the polypeptides were partially purified, and phosphoamino analysis identified 32 P-Tyr, [ 32 P]phosphoserine, and [ 32 P]phosphothreonine. Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 cell extracts contained a protein tyrosine phosphataseactivitythatwasabolishedinthepresenceofsodiumorthovanadateandinhibitedsignificantlyby the sulfhydryl-modifying agents p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonic acid and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate as well as by heparin. InAnabaenasp. strain PCC 7120 the presence and/or phosphorylation status of P-Tyr proteins was influenced by incident photonflux density.
Quantity judgments and individuation: evidence that mass nouns count.

Three experiments explored the semantics of the mass-count distinction in young children and adults. In Experiments 1 and 2, the quantity judgments of participants provided evidence that some mass nouns refer to individuals, as such. Participants judged one large portion of stuff to be “more” than three tiny portions for substance-mass nouns (e.g. mustard, ketchup), but chose according to number for count nouns (e.g. shoes, candles) and object-mass nouns (e.g. furniture, jewelry). These results suggest that some mass nouns quantify over individuals, and that therefore reference to individuals does not distinguish count nouns from mass nouns. Thus, Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support the hypothesis that there exist one-to-one mappings between mass-count syntax and semantics for either adults or young children. In Experiment 3, it was found that for mass-count flexible terms (e.g. string, stone) participants based quantity judgments on number when the terms were used with count syntax, but on total amount of stuff when used with mass syntax. Apparently, the presence of discrete physical objects in a scene (e.g. stones) is not sufficient to permit quantity judgments based on number. It is proposed that object-mass nouns (e.g. furniture) can be used to refer to individuals due to lexically specified grammatical features that normally occur in count syntax. Also, we suggest that children learning language parse words that refer to individuals as count nouns unless given morpho-syntactic and referential evidence to the contrary, in which case object-mass nouns are acquired. q 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Expression of glutamate transporter, GABRA6, serine proteinase inhibitor 2 and low levels of glutamate and GABA in the brain of knock-out mouse for Canavan disease

Abstract Canavan disease (CD) is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized by spongy degeneration of the brain. The clinical features of CD are hypotonia, megalencephaly, and mental retardation leading to early death. While aspartoacylase (ASPA) activity increases with age in the wild type mouse brain, there is no ASPA activity in the CD mouse brain. So far ASPA deficiency and elevated NAA have been ascribed with the CD. Other factors affecting the brain that result from ASPA deficiency may lead pathophysiology of CD. The NMR spectra and amino acid analysis showed lower levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the CD mouse brain compared to the wild type. Microarray gene expression on CD mouse brain showed glutamate transporter-EAAT4 and γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor, subunit α6 (GABRA6) were lower 9.7- and 119.1-fold, respectively. Serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (Spi2) was 29.9-fold higher in the CD mouse brain compared to the wild type. The decrease of GABRA6 and high expression of Spi2 in CD mouse brain were also confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. This first report showing abnormal expression of EAAT4, GABRA6, Spi2 combined with lower levels of glutamate and GABA are likely to be associated with the pathophysiology of CD.
Export Performance and Geography in Croatia

This paper uses the gravity model to analyze whether the varying export performance of Croatian counties can be explained by their proximity to border gates, ports, and other county-specific characteristics. The analysis finds that longer distances to border gates increase trade frictions significantly for many product categories, although these frictions have been decreasing between 2007 and 2012. The paper analyzes the county specific factors that are associated with variation in export performance, net of distance. Results show that exports are strongly and positively correlated with motorway and road density, the size of the labor force, low-skill ratio, and the number of patents. These variables are also associated with a greater diversity of exports in terms of products and destinations. Several general policy implications are highlighted. The significant association between motorway and road density and export volume, number of destinations, as well as the diversity of exported products may indicate that improvements in connectivity and facilitation of transport could still play a significant role in enhancing regional trade outcomes. Similarly, good performance in research and development may significantly help to spur competitiveness and allow local producers to enter new markets in products and destinations, which in turn can increase the level of diversification and boost resilience to global economic shocks.
Murine ovarian development is not affected by inactivation of the bcl-2 family member diva.

Diva (also called Boo/Bcl-B) is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family and most likely functions during apoptosis. Diva is highly expressed in the ovary, and both pro- and antiapoptotic functions have been ascribed to this protein. To determine the role of Diva during murine development, we used gene targeting to inactivate Diva. The Diva-null mice are born at the expected ratios, are fertile, and have no obvious histological abnormalities, and long-term survival did not differ from littermate controls. Additionally, Diva was not required for apoptosis occurring from genotoxic insult in the ovaries or other organs. Thus, Diva is not critical for the normal development of the ovaries, or in its absence its function is subserved by another protein.
Calcium permeation of the turtle hair cell mechanotransducer channel and its relation to the composition of endolymph

1. Recordings of mechanoelectrical transducer currents were combined with calcium imaging of hair bundles in turtle auditory hair cells located near the high-frequency end of the cochlea. The external face of the hair bundles was perfused with a range of Ca2+ concentrations to study the quantitative relationship between Ca2+ influx and transducer adaptation. 2. With Na+ as the monovalent ion, the peak amplitude of the transducer current decreased monotonically as the external [Ca2+] was raised from 25 microns to 20 mm. When Na+ was replaced with the impermeant Tris the transducer current increased with external [Ca2+]. These results indicate that Ca2+ can both permeate and block the transducer channels. The Ca2+ concentration for half-block of the monovalent current was 1 mm. 3. To quantify the Ca2+ influx, the fraction of transducer current carried by Ca2+ was measured using the change in bundle fluorescence in cells loaded with 1 mm Calcium Green-1. The fluorescence change was calibrated by substituting an impermeable monovalent ion to render Ca2+ the sole charge carrier. 4. In the presence of Na+, the fractional Ca2+ current was approximately 10% in 50 microns Ca2+, a concentration similar to that in endolymph, which bathes the hair bundles in vivo. The amount of Ca2+ entering was dependent on the identity of the monovalent ion, and was larger with K+, suggesting that the transducer channel is a multi-ion pore. 5. Over a range of ionic conditions, the rate of transducer adaptation was proportional to Ca2+ influx indicating that adaptation is driven by a rise in intracellular [Ca2+]. 6. Shifts in the current-displacement function along the displacement axis in different external Ca2+ concentrations were predictable from variation in the resting Ca2+ influx. We suggest that changes in the resting open probability of the transducer channels adjust the entry of Ca2+ to keep its concentration constant at an internal site. 7. The results demonstrate that endolymph containing high K+, 50 microns Ca2+ and low Mg2+ concentrations, maximizes the transducer current while still allowing sufficient Ca2+ entry to drive adaptation. The hair cell mechanotransducer channel, in its permeation and block by Ca2+, shows behaviour similar to the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel.
The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates

Over the past two decades psychological models of affect have changed from valence (one-dimensional) models to multiple-dimensional models. The most recent models, circumplex models, are two-dimensional. Feeling thermometer measures, which derive their theoretical logic from earlier (valence) models of emotional appraisal, are shown to be confounded. Underlying the variation obtained using feeling thermometer measures are two dimensions of emotional response, mastery (positive emotionality) and threat (negative emotionality). Analysis of the 1984 NES survey suggests that positive emotional response is twice as influential as negative emotional response in predicting presidential candidate vote disposition to the presidential candidates. Reliance on emotional response is shown to be uniformly influential across various strata of the electorate.Policy considerations have little direct influence on vote disposition, though policy considerations are indirectly related to vote disposition through the influence of issues on the degree of feelings of threat evoked by the candidates.
Auditory brainstem response to complex sounds predicts self-reported speech-in-noise performance.

Purpose To compare the ability of the auditory brainstem response to complex sounds (cABR) to predict subjective ratings of speech understanding in noise on the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ; Gatehouse & Noble, 2004) relative to the predictive ability of the Quick Speech-in-Noise test (QuickSIN; Killion, Niquette, Gudmundsen, Revit, & Banerjee, 2004) and pure-tone hearing thresholds. Method Participants included 111 middle- to older-age adults (range = 45–78) with audiometric configurations ranging from normal hearing levels to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. In addition to using audiometric testing, the authors also used such evaluation measures as the QuickSIN, the SSQ, and the cABR. Results Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the inclusion of brainstem variables in a model with QuickSIN, hearing thresholds, and age accounted for 30% of the variance in the Speech subtest of the SSQ, compared with significantly less variance (19%) when brainstem variables were n...
Major Volumes and Selected Periodical Literature in Luther Studies, 1956–1959

In the last years, a number of surveys on Luther have appeared. Some of these will be continued. With the re-appearance of the Luther-Jahrbuch and the regular “Zeitschriftenschau” by Gunther Franz in various issues of the Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte , an ongoing medium for references to articles and reviews of books is at hand. All major German books are reviewed in the Luther-Jahrbuch and in the Theologische Literaturzeitung . The 1957 issue of the Luther-Jahrbuch , the first volume in the resumed series after a fifteen year interval, contains a summary Luther-Bibliography for 1940- 1953, and a more extensive survey for the year 1954. The 1958 volume contains a bibliography for 1955; the 1959 one, for 1956; the 1960 one, for 1957. The disadvantage of the time lag in publication does provide the possibility of a comprehensive listing. Apart from the book reviews, the materials are listed without evaluation.
Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes

Abstract A phylogenetic analysis of the Celastrales was performed using nuclear (18S, ITS 1, 26S rDNA) and plastid (atpB, matK, rbcL, trnL-F spacer) genes. In contrast to most previous studies, Celastrales and Malpighiales are resolved as being more closely related to one another than either are to Oxalidales. The Huaceae are well supported as the sister group to Oxalidales, not Celastrales, as had been previously proposed. The Lepidobotryaceae are unambiguously supported as sister to the clade consisting of Celastraceae and Parnassiaceae. The Parnassiaceae are well supported as members of an early branching lineage within Celastraceae, rather than as its sister group. Likewise, Pottingeria appears to be part of an early derived lineage of Celastraceae. Empleuridium is unambiguously supported as a derived member of Celastraceae, as are Brexia, Canotia, Siphonodon, Stackhousia, and Tripterococcus. Bhesa is unambiguously supported as a member of Malpighiales, though its relationships within the order remain...
Management of Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft tissue injuries represent the most common manifestation of craniomaxillofacial trauma seen and evaluated by emergency medical as well as surgical personnel. These soft tissue injuries of the head and neck frequently pose challenging reconstructive problems for the craniomaxillofacial surgeon, and their management entails careful evaluation and planning for optimal treatment. This chapter provides an overview of craniomaxillofacial soft tissue injuries and highlights the major considerations in their management. The reader is provided with a basic framework for analysis of the respective injuries by anatomic region as well as a guiding set of principles for repair. The chapter concludes with special considerations for bite wounds, pediatric soft tissue injuries, and soft tissue injuries associated with craniomaxillofacial fractures to give the reader additional information on these commonly encountered entities.
Herbivore damage induces a transgenerational increase of cyanogenesis in wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)

Plants produce a bewildering diversity of defensive compounds against their herbivore attackers. In addition to permanently expressed (constitutive) chemical defenses, plants generally show an array of inducible defenses which are only formed when the plant is under attack. However, there is increasing evidence that inducible defenses may persist on a long-term time scale, and across generations. Nevertheless, transgenerational studies quantifying multiple plant traits and their impact on plant survival in nature are lacking. In this study, we show for the first time, transgenerationally elevated cyanogenesis (release of hydrogen cyanide from cyanogenic precursors) in wild lima bean plants, Phaseolus lunatus, experimentally exposed to damage by natural chrysomelid herbivores, Gynandrobrotica guerreroensis. First generation offspring from damaged parents showed higher β-glucosidase activity, released more cyanide and showed significantly lower mortality compared to plants grown from seeds collected from non-manipulated, less damaged parent plants. However, this effect was significant only at the seedling stage of the first offspring generation and within this generation vanished within 4 weeks, indicating a transient nature of transgenerationally enhanced defense. While defense traits remained at elevated levels only for a relatively short period of time, our study shows the importance of a transgenerational inherited defense for seedling survival in nature.
Refuting Heap Reachability

Precise heap reachability information is a prerequisite for many static verification clients. However, the typical scenario is that the available heap information, computed by say an up-front points-to analysis, is not precise enough for the client of interest. This imprecise heap information in turn leads to a deluge of false alarms for the tool user to triage. Our position is to approach the false alarm problem not just by improving the up-front analysis but by also employing after-the-fact, goal-directed refutation analyses that yield targeted precision improvements. We have investigated refutation analysis in the context of detecting statically a class of Android memory leaks. For this client, we have found the necessity for an overall analysis capable of path-sensitive reasoning interprocedurally and with strong updates--a level of precision difficult to achieve globally in an up-front manner. Instead, our approach uses a refutation analysis that mixes highly precise, goal-directed reasoning with facts derived from the up-front analysis to prove alarms false and thus enabling effective and sound filtering of the overall list of alarms.
A Career in Public Accounting: A Comparison of Four-Year and Transfer Students

The current research reports the results of one school's study of the alternatives in response to the 150-hour requirement and potential differences between four-year and transfer students. While previous research assumes a homogeneity of response among four-year and transfer students and their career goals, this study examines differences between these groups of students in the context of fulfilling the 150-hour requirement and commitment towards sitting for the CPA examination. The sample includes 115 students (34 transfer and 81 four-year) enrolled in Intermediate II, Auditing, and Advanced Auditing courses. The data indicate that, while GPA was significant in a student's preference for fulfilling the 150-hour requirement, there was no difference between four-year and transfer students. This research also found no difference between transfer and four-year students in their commitment to sit for the CPA examination. This research also suggests that an entirely undergraduate program is a viable alternative when responding to the 150-hour requirement.