cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning Transboundary Ecological Risk Assessments at Military Installations

ABSTRACT Ecological risk assessments at military installations that are performed to support natural resources management objectives rely on information from the surrounding region. Stressors such as noise, ozone, and ozone precursors cross installation boundaries, and effects of urbanization and highway development are regional in scale. Ecological populations are not limited to one side of the installation boundary. Therefore, a framework for transboundary ecological risk assessment at military installations is under development. This article summarizes the problem formulation stage. Components include: (1) regional management goals such as installation Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans and land acquisition, (2) involvement of multiple stressors, and (3) large-scale assessment endpoint entities. Challenges of selecting measures of exposure include: quantifying exposure to aggregate stressors, describing land cover consistently in the region, describing rates of land-cover transition, scaling...
Immune Enhancement of Pulmonary Bactericidal Activity in Murine Virus Pneumonia

Bacterial multiplication in the lung associated with murine Sendai virus pneumonia is caused by virus-induced defects in pulmonary bactericidal mechanisms. The nature of this effect has been studied in animals immunized against the challenge bacteria. Mice were immunized against Proteus mirabilis by intraperitoneal inoculation and by aerosol inhalation. After the development of immunity, mice were infected aerogenically with 10(4) TCID(50) of Sendai virus. 7 days later, during the height of the bronchial inflammation and pulmonary consolidation, the mice were challenged with an aerosol of viable (35)S-labeled Proteus mirabilis or (32)P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus.Nonimmunized virus-infected animals showed marked impairment of pulmonary bactericidal activity with subsequent multiplication of the bacterial strain in the case of Proteus mirabilis. Immunized nonvirus-infected animals showed enhancement of pulmonary bactericidal activity for the homologous and heterologous strains in comparison with nonimmunized animals. Virus-infected animals immunized by aerosol showed enhanced bactericidal activity against the homologous but not the heterologous bacterial strain. Neither virus infection nor immunization had a significant effect on the transport of particles in the lung. The data demonstrated that the bacterial multiplication associated with the virus pneumonia was prevented by preceding immunization against the homologous challenge organism. The data suggest a mechanism for controlling bacterial multiplication associated with virus pneumonias.
The small polaron with nonlinear electron-phonon interactions

Abstract The small polaron model describes the motion of an electron in a semiconducting crystal in which there is a strong electron-phonon interaction. In this paper, Holstein's model of the small polaron is generalized by the inclusion of electron-phonon interaction terms which are not only linear in the phonon displacements but also quadratic. The high temperature mobility of the electron is calculated. The electronic motion occurs in a diffusive manner, by hopping between adjacent lattice sites. The mobility of an electron which is subjected to purely quadratic electron-phonon interactions, has a markedly different temperature variation than the temperature variation associated with the usual small polaron. The temperature variation of the drift mobility may be found from photoexcitation experiments.
On the parallel-perpendicular transition for a nematic phase at a wall

We use an Onsager-level density functional theory to investigate the behaviour of the nematic phase in contact with a solid wall. The nematic consists of hard rigid rods having perfect uniform alig...
Catalysis and Inhibition of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IV

Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is a membrane-bound form of carbonic anhydrase. We have characterized the catalytic activity and inhibition of recombinant human CA IV. CA IV is a high-activity isozyme in CO2 hydration with a pH-independent kcat value (1.1 x 10(6) s(-1)) comparable to that of CA II (8 x 10(5) s(-1)). Furthermore, CA IV is more active in HCO3- dehydration than is CA II as illustrated by the nearly 3-fold increase in kcat/K(M) to 3 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). However, the esterase activity of CA IV is decreased 150-fold compared to CA II. The catalytic mechanisms of CA II and CA IV are nearly identical. Both isozymes show similar dependence on buffer concentration with the rate-limiting step at high buffer concentration being intramolecular proton transfer, although the intramolecular proton transfer for CA IV is 3 times faster than that observed with CA II. Additional positive charges in the active site of CA IV stabilize anions as indicated by a decreased pKa for the Zn-bound water compared to CA II (6.2 vs 6.9), as well as lower inhibition constants for a variety of anions, including halides, sulfate, formate, acetate, and bicarbonate. CA IV is also activated by low concentrations (<20 mM) of chloride, bromide, and phosphate. Activation by phosphate suggests that the phospholipid anchor may be acting both as an extracellular tether and as a protein activator. Finally, the affinity of CA IV for sulfonamide inhibitors is decreased up to 65-fold compared to CA II as demonstrated by fluorescence titration. The increased bicarbonate activity and altered pH profile are consistent with the proposed physiological role of CA IV in renal bicarbonate reabsorption.
The barrier function of skin: how to keep a tight lid on water loss

Without an epidermis, we would be in a sorry state. The epidermal layer not only protects us from environmental pathogens but also acts as a 'barrier' to water loss. The identification of the molecular nature of the barrier has occupied the efforts of skin researchers over many years, with the consensus in the field being that a protein-lipid layer, located in the upper layers of the epidermis, is necessary for establishment and maintenance of a water barrier. Now, evidence has been presented that components of intercellular junctions, termed tight junctions, also play an essential role in development of barrier function in the skin. Remarkably, the data support a hypothesis that was presented more than 30 years ago.
Implementation of a collaborative care management program with buprenorphine in primary care: a comparison between opioid-dependent patients and patients with chronic pain using opioids nonmedically.

Objective: To implement a collaborative care management program with buprenorphine in a primary care clinic . Design: Prospective observational study . Setting: A busy urban academic primary care clinic affiliated with a tertiary care hospital . Participants: Opioid-dependent patients or patients with chronic pain using opioids nonmedically were recruited for the study. A total of 45 participants enrolled . Interventions: Patients were treated with buprenorphine and managed by a supervising psychiatrist, pharmacist care manager, and health coaches. The care manager conducted buprenorphine inductions and all follow-up visits. Health coaches offered telephonic support. The psychiatrist supervised both the care manager and health coaches . Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes were treatment retention at 6 months, and change in the proportion of aberrant toxicology results and opioid craving scores from baseline to 6 months. After data collection, clinical outcomes were compared between opioid-dependent patients and patients with chronic pain using opioids nonmedically. Overall, 55.0 percent of participants (25/45) remained in treatment at 6 months. Primary care physicians (PCPs)' attitudes about opioid dependence treatment were surveyed at baseline and at 18 months. Results: Forty-three patients (95.6 percent) accepted treatment and 25 (55.0 percent) remained in treatment at 6 months. The proportion of aberrant urine toxicology results decreased significantly from baseline to 6 months (p < 0.01). Craving scores significantly decreased from baseline to 6 months (p < 0.01). Opioid-dependent patients, as opposed to patients with chronic pain using opioids nonmedically, were significantly more likely to complete 6 months of treatment (p < 0.05). PCPs' confidence in treating opioid dependence in primary care increased significantly from baseline to 18 months postimplementation (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Collaborative care management for opioid dependence with buprenorphine may be feasible in a primary care clinic. More research is needed to understand the role of buprenorphine in managing patients with chronic pain using opioids nonmedically .
Geographic diversification of carbon risk—A methodology for assessing carbon investments using eddy correlation measurements

Abstract In the context of the international market for greenhouse gas emissions, I examine applications of portfolio theory for investment decisions regarding biological carbon sequestration projects. Using ecosystem-scale eddy correlation carbon flux measurements, I show how to determine how much financial risk of carbon is diversifiable. This method allows a quantitative assessment of the potential for geographical diversification of carbon sink investments. In a case study of six ecosystems in the temperate Northern hemisphere, a significant benefit from diversification is demonstrated even among sites that seem to have broadly similar characteristics. This benefit derives in part from differences in ecosystem response to varying weather conditions and differences in ecosystem type, both of which affect the sites’ covariances. In providing a quantitative common language for scientific and corporate uncertainties, the concept of carbon financial risk provides an opportunity for expanding communication between these elements essential to successful climate policy.
Escherichia coli-induced expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in normal human renal tubular epithelial cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the IL-1 family cytokines, in addition to IL-6 and IL-8, could be induced in normal human cortical epithelial cells in response to bacterial stimuli. Human renal tissue was obtained from 9 patients undergoing elective tumour nephrectomy. Renal cortical epithelial cells of tubular origin were prepared from the unaffected tissue. The proximal tubular cells were stimulated for 2, 6 and 24 h with a heat-inactivated pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain DS-17. Cultured unstimulated tubular cells served as controls. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, G-CSF and GM-CSF were analysed using immunohistochemistry at the single cell level. The nonstimulated cells were found to express low levels of IL-6 and IL-8 (mean value < 3% of total cells). In contrast, E. coli exposure resulted in significantly increased incidences of IL-6 and IL-8 expressing cells (mean values ≈18% of total cells) peaking within two hours of stimulation (P < 0·008 and P < 0·02 versus non-stimulated cells, respectively). A gradual decrease was thereafter observed at 6 and 24 h, respectively, although persistently higher compared to controls. A different kinetic response was found for IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist-expressing cells, which peaked 24 h after E. coli stimulation (mean values 3–10%) (P < 0·008, P < 0·02, P < 0·02 versus non-stimulated cells, respectively). Low levels of TNF-α and GM-CSF were found in 3 of the 9 donated epithelial cells, peaking at 2 h, and IL-10 and G-CSF producing cells in 1 patient each. In conclusion we found that heat-inactivated pyelonephritic E. coli induced a proinflammatory cytokine response in the normal human proximal tubular cells including the IL-1 family, IL-6 and IL-8.
The Gecko NFS Web proxy

The World-Wide Web provides remote access to pages using its own naming scheme (URLs), transfer protocol (HTTP), and cache algorithms. Not only does using these special-purpose mechanisms have performance implications, but they make it impossible for standard Unix applications to access the Web. Gecko is a system that provides access to the Web via the NFS protocol. URLs are mapped to Unix file names, providing unmodified applications access to Web pages; pages are transferred from the Gecko server to the clients using NFS instead of HTTP, significantly improving performance; and NFS's cache consistency mechanism ensures that all clients have the same version of a page. Applications access pages as they would Unix files. A client-side proxy translates HTTP requests into file accesses, allowing existing Web applications to use Gecko. Experiments performed on our prototype show that Gecko is able to provide this additional functionality at a performance level that exceeds that of HTTP.
Pulsatile Glycoprotein Hormone Secretion in Glycoprotein-Producing Pituitary Tumors*

To study patterns of hormone production and secretion in glycoprotein-producing pituitary tumors, 12 patients with such tumors underwent the following studies. Preoperatively, all patients had serum TSH, LH, FSH, and alpha-subunit levels measured every 15 min for 24 h. Hormone pulses were located by cluster analysis, and pulse parameters were compared to those in healthy young men, healthy young women, healthy postmenopausal women, and subjects with primary hypothyroidism. After surgery, immunocytochemistry for the four glycoproteins was performed on all tumors, and Northern blot analysis was performed in six tumors with probes for the four subunits. By immunocytochemistry, 42% of the tumors were positive for TSH beta, 83% for LH beta, 75% for FSH beta, and 92% for alpha-subunit. Preoperative serum hormone levels varied widely between patients and were not well correlated with the intensity of immunocytochemical staining. Northern blot analysis did not appear to be as sensitive as immunocytochemistry for detection of the glycoproteins. All patients had pulsatile glycoprotein secretion, with pulses of normal frequency but varied amplitude. These results suggest that in patients with glycoprotein tumors, hormone pulses may be an integral part of autonomous secretion, or that hypothalamic control is involved in glycoprotein secretion and, perhaps, in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
Tumor necrosis factor α modulates parathyroid hormone action in UMR‐106–01 osteoblastic cells

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) has been shown to play an important role in local control of bone remodeling. The interaction of TNF-alpha and PTH was evaluated in UMR-106-01 cells, a phenotypic osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line. We examined the influence of TNF-alpha on the two signal transduction systems triggered by PTH in UMR-106-01 cells, adenylate cyclase and free cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i). cAMP generation was inhibited in TNF-alpha-pretreated cells by 69, 61, 34, and 21% at PTH concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nM, respectively. Inhibition was seen at TNF-alpha doses of 100-1500 units/ml after a minimum incubation time of 12 h. TNF-alpha inhibition of the PTH-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i was even more pronounced: treated cells showed no change in baseline [Ca2+]i after stimulation with 40 nM PTH. Treatment with TNF-alpha was also found to inhibit both arms of the PTH response in the nontransformed osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. TNF-alpha treatment did not alter cAMP generation in response to PGE2. TNF-alpha inhibition of the PTH-stimulated cAMP response was reversed completely by addition of cholera toxin (5 micrograms/ml) and partially by forskolin (10 microM) but not pertussis toxin (100 and 500 ng/ml). Scatchard analysis using PTHrP revealed that TNF-alpha treatment reduced the number of receptors but had no effect on KD. These findings suggest that TNF-alpha inhibits the osteoblastic response to PTH at least in part because of a reduction in receptor number. Further investigation is indicated to provide insight into the interaction of calciotropic hormones and cytokines in vivo.
Lacan's mirror stage

(1985). Lacan's mirror stage. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 5, The Mirror: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, pp. 233-252.
Laser enhanced high-intensity focused ultrasound thrombolysis: An in vitro study

Laser-enhanced thrombolysis by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment was studied in vitro with bovine blood clots. To achieve laser-enhanced thrombolysis, laser light was employed to illuminate the sample concurrently with HIFU radiation, and ultrasound and laser parameters were optimized to achieve better thrombolysis efficiency. The results indicated that the thrombolysis efficiency increased when pulse length of HIFU wave, HIFU pressure, or laser fluence increases. Also, with the presence of laser, an enhanced effect of thrombolysis was observed.
Discrete scatterers and autocorrelations of multiply scattered light

The intensity autocorrelation function of light backscattered from the surface of concentrated suspensions of small spheres is studied. Here, it is shown that for isotropic scatterers the discrete nature of the scatterers is very important in determining the autocorrelation function, a point that is neglected in the continuum diffusion model. In the case of highly anisotropic scatterers, a one-dimensional diffusion model does not suffice to describe a photon's path, which is characterized both by a slowly changing direction and position
GaN single crystals of different habit grown from solution at near atmospheric pressure

Near atmospheric pressure solution growth is one of the many developing methods for growing bulk GaN from solution. Apart from other approaches, this method holds certain advantages, such as relatively low growth pressure and temperature, and the ability to grow high quality GaN crystals with different orientations by varying the solvent composition. GaN whiskers of millimeter scale size with exceptional mechanical and optical properties were grown from solution. Crystals of near isotropic shape were also grown from solution by manipulating additives in the basic solvent.
Remarkable sequence conservation of transcripts encoding amphibian and mammalian homologues of quaking, a KH domain RNA-binding protein.

Abstract Mutations in the mouse quaking locus can result in two different types of developmental phenotypes: (1) a deficiency of myelin in the central nervous system that is accompanied by a characteristic tremor, or (2) embryonic lethality around day 9 of gestation. A quaking candidate gene ( qkI ) that encodes a KH motif protein has recently been identified. We have isolated and characterized cDNAs encoding the Xenopus quaking homologue ( Xqua ) and also assembled an almost complete human quaking sequence from expressed sequence tags. Sequence comparisons show that the amphibian and mammalian quaking transcripts exhibit striking conservation, both within the coding region and, unexpectedly, in the 3′ UTR . Two Xqua transcripts 5 kb and 5.5 kb in length are differentially expressed in the Xenopus embryo, with the 5 kb transcript being detected as early as the gastrula stage of development. Using an in vitro assay, we have demonstrated RNA-binding activity for quaking protein encoded by the 5 kb transcript. Overall, the high sequence conservation of quaking sequences suggests an important conserved function in vertebrate development, probably in the regulation of RNA metabolism. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Positron Momentum Spectrum and Branching Ratio of Ke3+ Decay

The positron momentum spectrum and branching ratio of $K_{e3}^{+}$ decay has been remeasured in a spark chamber and counter experiment at the Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator. We obtain a branching ratio of (5.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19)%. The dominant coupling was found to be vector. Under the assumption of a real, constant form factor, with 90% confidence, admixtures greater than 4% tensor and 15% scalar coupling are excluded by the positron momentum spectrum of 4638 events; limits of 7% tensor and 5% scalar are set by 1393 previously reported events in which the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ was detected in addition to the positron.
Exponential pulse steepening in degenerate two-photon propagation

The resonant propagation of an optical pulse in a two-photon absorber with a coherent initial excitation of the medium may lead to a pulse steepening growing exponentially in space. In addition another example is given wherein the steepening is followed by flattening. These results are new although, principally, they could be obtained from the general solution of the respective Goursat problem of an amplitude-modulated initial wave (H Steudel and D J Kaup 1996 J. Mod. Opt. 43 1851). In addition, we also give a simple theorem whereby it is demonstrated that the spatial derivative of the phase of the electric field will always be bounded. Furthermore, it is also shown that there can be certain critical points at which the atomic state, as well as the electric field, can become stationary in time and the spatial direction.
Self-similarity in electrohydrodynamics

Abstract We prove that Maxwell's equations for a deformable medium and the hydrodynamic equations together admit a self-similar set of solutions, under the assumption of spherical symmetry. As an example, we use our self-similar equations to study the motion of vapor expelled by a water droplet which is being heated by an intense laser beam. In particular, we find that a halo is formed around the droplet.
Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation

The relationships between various linear combinations of red and photographic infrared radiances and vegetation parameters are investigated. In situ spectrometers are used to measure the relationships between linear combinations of red and IR radiances, their ratios and square roots, and biomass, leaf water content and chlorophyll content of a grass canopy in June, September and October. Regression analysis shows red-IR combinations to be more significant than green-red combinations. The IR/red ratio, the square root of the IR/red ratio, the vegetation index (IR-red difference divided by their sum) and the transformed vegetation index (the square root of the vegetation index + 0.5) are found to be sensitive to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation. The accumulation of dead vegetation over the year is found to have a linearizing effect on the various vegetation measures.
Fostering Teaching and Learning Through an Inquiry-Based Literacy Methods Course

This study describes a teacher certification literacy methods course taught in an elementary school setting and featuring a classroom practicum, integrated with course sessions, that focuses on work with individual children. It examines the influence of an inquiry approach, promoted in this course model, on teacher candidate development. Drawn from the analysis of field notes, teacher candidate written reflections, and formal course projects, the results of this study suggest the inquiry-based practicum encourages teacher candidate understanding of individual children, motivates engagement in the assessment-instruction-reflection cycle and facilitates development of pedagogical content knowledge as an element of effective teaching.
An automatic self-registering apparatus for the recording of global dark adaptation thresholds.

The construction and use of a fully automated self-registering apparatus for the recording of global dark adaptation thresholds is described.
A fault-tolerant algorithm for mutual exclusion in a distributed system

Abstract A distributed system consists of a geographically dispersed collection of computers that are uniquely identified. The problem of providing mutually exclusive access to a critical section in such a system is not trivial. An algorithm is proposed that provides mutual exclusion even in the event of node or communication failure. Also presented is a method that allows a node to reenter the system upon recovery. It is assumed that all nodes communicate by message passing and do not share memory. Because there is no global clock, the messages are ordered by use of time stamps. The algorithm maintains mutual exclusion, is deadlock free, and prevents starvation. Adapting the recovery aspects of the algorithm to other distributed mutual exclusion algorithms and extending it to handle multiple failures are discussed.
An Efficient Transition Detector Exploiting Charge Sharing

Transition detectors have been widely employed for online error and metastability detection, including in Better-Than-Worst-Case (BTWC) timing design of microprocessors that are designed to allow occasional timing errors. In such applications, the area overhead introduced by the transition detectors is a major concern because they may need to be incorporated in almost all the flip-flops in a large design. In this paper, we present a new transition detector (TDCS) which employs a novel combination of charge sharing effects and short circuit based discharge for operation to reduce more than half the circuit complexity of traditional designs. Simulation of our TDCS design shows that it can reliably achieve the same functionality as published designs with 60% fewer transistors. Furthermore, detailed corner analysis shows that our TDCS design is robust under extreme PVT variations.
In Struggle Against Jim Crow: Lulu B. White and the Naacp, 1900-1957

African American women have played significant roles in the ongoing struggle for freedom and equality, but relatively little is known about many of these leaders and activists. Most accounts of the civil rights movement focus on male leaders and the organizations they led, leaving a dearth of information about the countless black women who were the backbone of the struggle in local communities across the country. At the local level women helped mold and shape the direction the movement would take. Lulu B. White was one of those women in the civil rights movement in Texas. Executive secretary of the Houston branch of the NAACP and state director of branches, White was a significant force in the struggle against Jim Crow during the 1940s and 1950s. She was at the helm of the Houston chapter when the Supreme Court struck down the white primary in Smith v. Allbright , and she led the fight to get more blacks elected to public office, to gain economic parity for African Americans, and to integrate the University of Texas. Author Merline Pitre places White in her proper perspective in Texas, Southern, African American, women's, and general American history; points to White's successes and achievements, as well as the problems and conflicts she faced in efforts to eradicate segregation; and looks at the strategies and techniques White used in her leadership roles. Pitre effectively places White within the context of twentieth-century Houston and the civil rights movement that was gripping the state. In Struggle Against Jim Crow is pertinent to the understanding of race, gender, interest group politics, and social reform during this turbulent era.
Connecting microstructural coarsening processes to electrochemical performance in solid oxide fuel cells: An integrated modeling approach

Abstract In solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), Ni coarsening in porous anodes that are comprised of Ni and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) leads to changes in several microstructural attributes, which affect the electrochemical performance. Herein we present an integrated modeling approach, where a dynamic mesoscale phase field model is linked with a stationary macroscale electrochemical cell level model in order to assess the role of Ni coarsening on the performance of SOFCs. The phase field model is capable of capturing the morphological evolution of Ni and accounting for its polycrystalline nature, while the electrochemical model encompasses the entire set of processes of gas transport, electronic and ionic conduction as well as the electrochemical reactions. Microstructural features are extracted from the phase field model as anode systems evolve over time and employed as effective properties in the electrochemical model. Simulation results highlight the importance of Ni and YSZ particle size and ratio on both the microstructural stability and electrochemical performance of SOFCs. In particular, it is shown that, for the classes of microstructures employed in this work, coarsening of Ni particles can either improve or diminish the maximum power density relative to the as-sintered ones, depending on the initial particle size.
HEAT TRANSFER WITH PULSATING FLOW

This report concerns the frequency dependence of the heat transfer coefficient for water flowing in a tube. The investigation of this phenomenon was conducted in a double pipe heat exchanger in which the center stream was pulsed. The frequencies used ranged from 10 to 160 cycles per minute, and the average flow rates corresponded to a Reynolds number range of 3700 to 21,400. The data obtained indicate that pulsing can increase the individual heat transfer coefficient by as much as a factor of 5 or more, with the greatest increase occurring when the average Reynolds number is in the range typically considered as corresponding to the transition from laminar to turbulent regimes in steady flow. The percentage increase in the heat transfer coefficient also appears to be a function only of a dimensionless group which represents the frequency divided by the flow reversal frequency
Context and appropriation: The risks, benefits and challenges of reinterpretive expression

This article considers the utility of perspectives such as ‘classical realism’ for the resources they provide us in thinking and re-thinking about politics today. Rather than assuming that there is only one true way to interpret and re-cast such perspectives, we might instead consider the ways in which different generations of scholars re-embody these perspectives for practical purposes. While we should be cautious regarding interpretive travel, I argue that we should not shy away from challenging past interpretations with a more critical eye on the ways in which realism has been treated in the past.
In Situ Hybridization for Detection of Inapparent Infection With Chlamydia trachomatis in Synovial Tissue of a Patient With Reiter’s Syndrome

ABSTRACT The authors have shown that protein antigens, RNA, and DNA from Chlamydia trachomatis are present in synovial tissues of patients with Reiter’s syndrome (RS). However, those studies gave no insight into the host cell type involved or the precise tissue location of the bacteria. To address such issues, the authors developed an in situ hybridization system to detect chlamydia, and they used that system to examine synovial biopsies from a patient with RS and a patient without RS. The in situ system uses a previously described digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe that hybridizes with chlamydial 16S rRNA sequences in paraformaldehyde-fixed samples. Control studies with chlamydia-infected and un-infected HeLa cells confirmed that the in situ system is as sensitive as is direct fluorescence cytology for detection of the organism. Morphology of host and chlamydia cells is preserved after hybridization. Studies using synovial tissue from an osteoarthritis patient produced no in situ hybridization signal, but similar hybridization to tissue from a culture-/direct fluorescence cytology-negative RS patient had a strong intra-cellar signal for chlamydia within a subsynovial cell layer. These in situ hybridization results confirm the extensive presence of chlamydia in synovia and extend the authors’ earlier observation that chlamydial RNA is present in the synovia of patients with RS. The data also confirm their electron microscopy studies, indicating that chlamydia are intracellular in synovial tissue, and they further show that infected host cells are located beneath the synovial lining.
Electrostatic dampening dampens the anion propensity for the air-water interface.

Molecular dynamics simulations with polarizable potentials and electrostatic dampening were carried out to understand the influence of electrostatic dampening on the propensity of anions for the air-water interface. New anion molecular models incorporating these features were developed for this work. The results showed that electrostatic dampening reduced the average anion induced dipole in bulk water, in agreement with previous investigations [M. Masia, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 18 (2008)]. As a consequence, electrostatic dampening was found to significantly reduce, but not eliminate, the influence of polarizability on the anion propensity for the air-water interface. The Br− and I− models showed reduced propensity for the air-water interface with respect to previous models parametrized in a similar manner, but with no electrostatic dampening.
Accelerated variation simulation through parameter reduction

Proper understanding of the effects of parameter variations in a circuit requires simulation; unfortunately, accurate variation simulation can hinder simulation performance. Even though the majority of interdie variations occur between four parameters (L, W, tox, Vfb) [1], this parameter set is still too big for efficient large-scale simulations. As these variations all affect threshold voltage (Vth), ΔVth is often used as a substitute for variations [2], [3]. While a ΔVth substitute offers vast improvement in runtime, it has a rarely-understood loss in quality. In this work, we demonstrate two methods that, when presented with a set of device variations (L, W, tox, Vfb) and a model, can simplify those variations into a reusable model that provides accelerated simulation. Our first method, approximate ΔVgs superposition, offers an accelerated method to reduce process variations down a single, manageable ΔVth-like parameter. Our second, reduced parameter method, preserves the effects of individual variations while lowering the runtime complexity. Instead of generating device attributes specific to the tested circuit, our method used a dynamic superposition approach to interpolate device parameters from a reduced-dimension lookup table. Both of our methods demonstrate significant runtime computation savings, with a low break-even point as compared to the original model. While the ΔVgs approach does demonstrate a noticeable quality loss compared to the original model, our reduced parameter approach demonstrates minimal loss in quality.
Neurochemical and electrophysiological deficits in the ventral hippocampus and selective behavioral alterations caused by high-fat diet in female C57BL/6 mice.

Mounting experimental evidence, predominantly from male rodents, demonstrates that high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and ensuing obesity are detrimental to the brain. To shed additional light on the neurological consequences of HFD consumption in female rodents and to determine the relatively early impact of HFD in the likely continuum of neurological dysfunction in the context of chronic HFD intake, this study investigated effects of HFD feeding for up to 12weeks on selected behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological parameters in adult female C57BL/6 mice; particular focus was placed on the ventral hippocampus (vHIP). Selected locomotor, emotional and cognitive functions were evaluated using behavioral tests after 5weeks on HFD or control (low-fat diet) diets. One week later, mice were sacrificed and brain regional neurochemical (monoamine) analysis was performed. Behaviorally naive mice were maintained on their respective diets for an additional 5-6weeks at which time synaptic plasticity was determined in ex vivo slices from the vHIP. HFD-fed female mice exhibited increased: (i) locomotor activity in the open field testing, (ii) mean turn time on the pole test, (iii) swimming time in the forced swim test, and (iv) number of marbles buried in the marble burying test. In contrast, the novel object recognition memory was unaffected. Mice on HFD also had decreased norepinephrine and dopamine turnover, respectively, in the prefrontal cortex and the vHIP. HFD consumption for a total of 11-12weeks altered vHIP synaptic plasticity, evidenced by significant reductions in the paired-pulse ratio and long-term potentiation (LTP) magnitude. In summary, in female mice, HFD intake for several weeks induced multiple behavioral alterations of mainly anxiety-like nature and impaired monoamine pathways in a brain region-specific manner, suggesting that in the female, certain behavioral domains (anxiety) and associated brain regions, i.e., the vHIP, are preferentially targeted by HFD.
Social Determinants of Deforestation in Developing Countries: A Cross-National Study

This study examines the social forces that drive deforestation. Neo-Malthusian, modernization, and dependency theories are applied in a cross-national comparison of 51 developing countries. Multiple regression techniques are applied to estimate the rate of deforestation using the level of urbanization, economic growth rate, population growth rate, level of sectoral inequality, rate of change in primary product exports, and rate of change in tertiary education. Results support modernization theory, indicating that the level of urbanization has a curvilinear effect on the rate of deforestation, that economic growth contributes to deforestation, and that sectoral inequality reduces the rate of deforestation. In support of neo-Malthusian theory, population growth results in higher rates of deforestation. Tertiary education has a mild negative effect on the rate of deforestation, whereas the effect of trade dependency is insignificant. Although deforestation is a phenomenon as old as agriculture, current concern over forest loss is justified by the sheer scale of modem-day destruction. According to estimates by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (1995), between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometers of forest area are lost each year. A 1992 National Research Council (NRC) report estimates that deforestation in tropical moist forests alone is responsible for the extinction of 17,500 species per year, resulting in habitat destruction, ecosystem simplification, and climate change. Tropical deforestation also accounts for an estimated 22.9% of global carbon
CONTRAST RHINOGRAPHY IN THE RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF DISEASES AFFECTING THE NASAL CAVITY, NASOPHARYNX, AND PARANASAL SINUSES IN THE DOG

Positive-contrast rhinography is a simple noninvasive procedure that can be used for radiographic evaluation of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog. After assuring the safety of the procedure, it was employed for evaluation of six dogs with nasal and paranasal disease. Contrast rhinography contributed to the identification and assessment of the disease and aided in the diagnosis in dogs where survey radiography was not helpful. This paper proposes the use of positive-contrast rhinography for radiographic evaluation of diseases affecting the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses in the dog.
The familial chylomicronemia syndrome

The chylomicronemia syndrome is a disorder characterized by severe hypertriglyceridemia and fasting chylomicronemia. Genetic causes of the syndrome are rare and include deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apolipoprotein C-II, and familial inhibitor of LPL. Patients with familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia in combination with secondary acquired disorders account for most individuals presenting with chylomicronemia. The clinical manifestations--lipid and other biochemical abnormalities--as well as treatment options for chylomicronemic patients are discussed.
On the wrong side of the trolley track: neural correlates of relative social valuation

Using moral dilemmas, we (i) investigate whether stereotypes motivate people to value ingroup lives over outgroup lives and (ii) examine the neurobiological correlates of relative social valuation using fMRI. Saving ingroup members, who seem warm and competent (e.g. Americans), was most morally acceptable in the context of a dilemma where one person was killed to save five people. Extreme outgroup members, who seem neither warm nor competent (e.g. homeless), were the worst off; it was most morally acceptable to sacrifice them and least acceptable to save them. Sacrificing these low-warmth, low-competence targets to save ingroup targets, specifically, activated a neural network associated with resolving complex tradeoffs: medial PFC (BA 9, extending caudally to include ACC), left lateral OFC (BA 47) and left dorsolateral PFC (BA 10). These brain regions were recruited for dilemmas that participants ultimately rated as relatively more acceptable. We propose that participants, though ambivalent, overrode general aversion to these tradeoffs when the cost of sacrificing a low-warmth, low-competence target was pitted against the benefit of saving ingroup targets. Moral decisions are not made in a vacuum; intergroup biases and stereotypes weigh heavily on neural systems implicated in moral decision making.
Delayed postoperative spinal epidural hematomas.

Abstract Background context: Symptomatic epidural hematomas after spinal surgery are uncommon and are usually diagnosed within 24 hours after surgery. Purpose: We report a series of delayed epidural hematomas in a subset of patients who awoke from surgery neurologically unchanged and then deteriorated more than 3 days after their index procedure. The goals of this report are to outline the clinical presentation, radiological characteristics and outcome of this uncommon entity. Study design/setting: We retrospectively reviewed the database of six spine surgeons over a 4-year period, looking for presence of epidural hematomas as a cause of clinical deterioration after an asymptomatic postoperative period of at least 3 days. Patient sample: We identified a subset of patients who awoke from surgery neurologically unchanged and then deteriorated more than 3 days after spinal surgery. A total of 4,018 patients were identified over the 4-year period of review. Outcome measures: Presence of spinal epidural hematoma as a cause of clinical deterioration after an asymptomatic period of at least 3 days. The medical records, including the history, physical, preoperative and postoperative neurological examinations, as well as plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images, were reviewed. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the database of six spine surgeons over a 4-year period. We looked for delayed spinal epidural hematomas as a cause of clinical deterioration after an asymptomatic postoperative period of at least 3 days. We examined potential risk factors for spinal extradural hematomas. Results: Of 4,018 patients, we identified seven with spinal epidural hematoma who presented more than 3 days after their index procedure. The initial presenting symptom, which heralded the subsequent onset of neurological deterioration, consisted of severe sharp pain with radiation to the extremities. The average time to neurological deterioration was 5.3 days. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had multiple previous spinal surgeries at the site of the epidural hematoma. Surgical evacuation of the epidural hematomas resulted in neurological improvement in five patients. Persistent neurological deficits were observed in two patients. Conclusion: Delayed spinal epidural hematomas are an uncommon cause of delayed deterioration after spinal surgery. Previous surgery with attendant scarring that results in impairment of clot resorption may be a contributing factor in the development of the condition.
History, He Wrote: Murder, Politics, and the Challenges of Public History in a Community with a Secret

Day at Black Rock, the city of Centralia, Washington would rather forget an event that occurred there more than 70 years ago. In the movie, which is set in the West during the postwar year of 1945, the townspeople of Black Rock struggle to prevent an outsider from learning that a murder in their community has gone unpunished. In the course of the film, the outsider discovers that a Japanese-American farmer has been killed four years earlier by a leading citizen in a misdirected fit of patriotic anger following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Eerily, this plot echoes events that actually occurred in a small Washington lumber town during another postwar year, 1919. In Centralia shortly after World War I, fervent patriotism and intolerance-both fueled by war-time passions-inspired a violent labor confrontation that killed at least six people. Unlike the unseen killing at Black Rock, however, the socalled Centralia Massacre made national headlines and precipitated a crackdown on radicals across the country. Only in the intervening decades did the painful events of the past become a secret within the community, and an entire chapter of municipal history disappear. Many details of this historical murder mystery remain unknown and possibly unknowable, but the concern here is not with what happened so
Behavior of cultured cells on substrata of variable adhesiveness

Abstract The locomotory behavior of tissue cells cultured on various artificial substrata was studied by time-lapse cinemicrography. Cells were able to spread more completely on certain more wettable substrata and to accumulate preferentially on these substrata according to a consistent hierarchy of cell-substratum affinity, which was the same for all cell types. Cell responses to variations in substrata suggest that substratum adhesiveness is the determining factor, but that cells accumulate on more adhesive substrata as the result of unequal competition between several actively locomotory ruffled lamellae around their margin. The increased overlapping between cells cultured on less adhesive substrata was found to be attributable to factors other than a decrease of contact inhibition of locomotion.
Quantum effects in rutherford back-scattering and emission of electrons near a crystal axis

Abstract By increasing the strength of the interaction potential for a reasonable range of values, we show that the angular pattern of the electron intensity, about a crystallographic axis, changes from one dominated by Bragg peaks to an essentially structureless curve. This retains a significant dependence on h, and by that token cannot be identified with the ‘classical envelope’.
The Case Against Privatizing National Security

Since the mid-1990s, the U.S. Pentagon has accelerated efforts to outsource weapons, battlefield and base support operations, and troop training, invoking competition-based savings and better quality. I review the arguments for and against such privatization and summarize recent Pentagon outsourcing experience. I conclude that the current enthusiasm for privatization is driven largely by commercial concerns and lobbying rather than real gains to the nation and citizens, that it poses dangers of monopolization and undue political influence, and that current contracting practices lack verification and mandatory evaluation safeguards to deliver promised results.
Dialectics in a global software team: Negotiating tensions across time, space, and culture

This study examines dialectical tensions in global virtual teams, and the ways in which tensions are negotiated through communicative practices of team members. Drawing on ethnographic data from a global software team, the analysis revealed three main tensions in global team interaction: autonomy—connectedness, inclusion— exclusion, and empowerment—disempowerment. These tensions were composed of layers of subdialectics, which were either productive or detrimental depending on how they were managed. Team members engaged in selection, transcendence, and withdrawal strategies to negotiate these dialectics. Managers were more likely to treat tensions productively as complementary dialectics which enabled them to transcend oppositions, whereas lower-level foreign assignees were less able to cope with tensions, experiencing them as simple contradictions or paradoxes which constrained and disempowered them. This research contributes a tension-centered model of global team interaction that challenges dominant ass...