cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African Americans in Rural Society: Discussion

Allen and Christy are to be commended for writing this think piece on African Americans in rural society. They make a brave attempt to discuss an age-old problem, fraught with social sensitivity, in an objective and academic way. Perhaps in doing so they have missed an opportunity to arouse interest and reasoned understanding of how historic public policy directions (or the lack thereof) have led to underdevelopment and continued economic demise of African Americans in the nonurban sector. In the introduction, they explain economic development as a process that transforms agrarian economies into urban, industrial-service-based economies. This transformation is said to have had the following effects in rural America: -The "freeing up" of labor, rather than displacement via introduction of technology. -The "vacating" of 11.3 million acres of land by African Americans. Land loss was not the result of lack of education about taxation, credit, inheritance transfer, eminent domain, and chicanery. -A "faster exodus" from production agriculture by African Americans than by any other group. -A "bypassing" of African Americans by economic development. The writers did not mention how absence of involvement of African Americans in farm programs (price supports, acreage set asides) may have weakened their capacity to sustain a toe hold in the farming sector. They conclude the section by citing the popular demographic (recent) scenario portending the browning of America and suggest that, for the first time in this nation's history, what is good for the country coincides directly with the interest of minorities. I want to believe they are correct but the authors do not explain themselves convincingly. Alternative Public Policies
Coupled thermoelastic effects in rapid steady-state quasi-brittle fracture

Abstract The steady-state analyses of rapid quasi-brittle fracture generated in both a non-thermal and a fully coupled thermoelastic sheet are performed. Compressive forces moving on both faces of the crack drive the process, and a Dugdale zone represents a rudimentary inelastic region at the crack-edge. For the thermal problem, the region behavior is also characterized by an effective heat flux from the zone. For a given crack speed the loading required, the resulting zone size and, in the thermal study, the heat flux function, are determined from exact solutions by matching typical COD and crack-edge temperature data. Both the thermal and non-thermal studies show a fall-off with increasing crack speed in both the load and zone size. However, the loading and the zone lengths in the two studies differ noticeably. Moreover, the coupled thermoelastic solution is, in general, more sensitive to crack speed.
High pressure properties of graphite and its intercalation compounds

Abstract The effects of applied pressure on graphite and its intercalation compounds are reviewed emphasizing the relationship between structure and transport properties. It has long been recognized that high pressure plays a crucial role in the polymorphic phase transitions of graphite, notably in the graphite-diamond transformation. More recent studies have revealed a wealth of pressure-induced phases associated with the unusual layer-stacking (‘staging’) mechanism in the intercalation compounds of graphite. The high degree of structural anisotropy associated with staging is strongly reflected in the electronic band structure and transport properties, and in the remarkable pressure dependence of the superconducting states of some of the graphite intercalation compounds. High pressure is shown to be a valuable means not only to realize new structural phases but also to improve our understanding of the fundamental behaviour of these important materials.
The complete sequence of the acidic subunit from Mojave toxin determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry.

Abstract Mojave toxin, a heterodimeric, neurotoxic phospholipase complex from Crotalus scutulatus , is one of a group of closely related rattlesnake toxins for which much structural information is still lacking. The complete amino-acid sequence of the acidic subunit from Mojave toxin was determined. The three individual peptide chains, derived from the acidic subunit by reductive alkylation, were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Fragmentations of the A and B chains were done using specific proteinases and the resulting peptide mixtures were fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Sequence analyses on the intact chains and the fragments from digests were done by automated Edman degradation, carboxypeptidase Y degradation and triple-quadrupole and tandem-quadrupole Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. The sequence for each acidic subunit chain is very similar to the corresponding chain from the related neurotoxin complex, crotoxin, and overall the sequence is similar to the sequences of group I and II phospholipases A 2 . The N-terminus of the B chain is blocked by pyroglutamic acid. The existence of two distinct and closely related C chains was established. It is unlikely that the small sequence difference can account for the isoforms that are present in purified Mojave toxin and in unfractionated venom.
Singularity theory and core existence in the spatial model

When the dimension of the outcome space in a voting game is sufficiently high, a core outcome will fail to exist for almost all utility profiles. Previous work by Schofield and McKelvey has identified critical dimensions for this generic non-existence, employing results on singularities of mappings and transversal intersections. In this paper we demonstrate that their proofs are incorrect, and determine the right dimensions implied by their singularity approach.
Some results on main effect plus one plans for 2 m factorials

In this paper, we correct Shirakura’s necessary and sufficient condition [see,9] for a plan T 1=T 1+T 2 to be a main effect plus one plan, where T 1 is a saturated main effect plan with m+1 treatments and where m=2 h -1 and h(≥2) is an integer. Also, we obtain a plan, which is a main effect plus one plan with T 1 same as in [4] and T 2 having 14 treatments, that serves as a counter example to prove that Ghosh's lower bound on is not correct.
Status selective white flight and central city population change: a comparative analysis.

The present study is concerned with evaluating the roles of previously suggested policy-alterable factors and more fundamental demographic structural features of the metropolitan area as determinants of status-specific white city- to-suburb movement. The multivariate analysis employs census migration data pertaining to the 1965-1970 period for 39 large SMSAs with populations of one half million or more. In addition a demographic decomposition technique is utilized to estimate the aggregate impact of this movement for the status compositions of city white populations over the 1965-1970 period and changes in that impact that might be associated with hypothetical city or metropolitan conditions. This study of status-specific flight is an extension of our earlier work on the causes of white flight in the aggregate (Frey [6]) and provides a more refined analysis of the determinants of selective out-movement from the city. The questions to be addressed are: (1) How has white city-to-suburb movement affected the social compositions of large central cities during the 1965-1970 period? (2) To what extent do various policy-alterable attributes of a metropolitan area affect suburbanward movement for city whites at each status level? (3) How would changes in city-suburb fiscal disparities the city crime rate and racial composition affect aggregate levels of suburbanward movement and population change in specific central cities? (excerpt)
A Novel Question-based Framework for Writing Assessment Plans to Facilitate Their Understanding and Acceptance in Pharmacy Education

To the Editor. For over half my 40 years in pharmacy education the word “assessment” and the phrase “assessment planning” have prompted my colleagues’ eyes to glaze over and their ear canals to close. Two colleagues even told me those words activated their autonomic nervous system and immediately tightened several sphincters. I was no different.
Redefining academic success.

A. I. Leshner makes such a compellingly simple recommendation in his 16 May Editorial (“Just give them grants,” p. [849][1]) that one cannot but wonder why it need be made at all. If junior academic scientists need a government-funded grant to launch their independent research career, why not just give them grants? Problem solved. However, if the academic research community is really going to tackle what is, despite the Editorial's straightforward prose, a very complicated issue, then it should also consider another seemingly simple question extracted from the Editorial's first sentence. Why is it that securing external funding for independent research is a “gold standard” for academic success, particularly in the first few years of a career spanning decades? Shouldn't the early investment in a junior faculty member's scholarly research be the responsibility of the institution hiring him or her? Might not considerations of success also include the originality of the individual's research, the contributions the research could make to the intellectual content of his or her chosen field of research, and the value of the individual as a colleague? Surely there are ways for institutions to develop internal metrics of success. So, here is another simple recommendation: It is time for academic institutions to stop ceding their promotion and tenure decisions to the NIH and other external funding bodies. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1159794
Gaining insights into human viral diseases through mathematics

Mathematical models have been recognized as powerful tools for providing new insights into the understanding of viral dynamics of human diseases at both the population and cellular levels. This article briefly reviews the role of mathematical models and their historical precedents for creating new knowledge of the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, transmission, and control of some human viral infections. Future research in the modelling of infectious diseases will need to rely upon incorporation of the fundamental principles that govern viral dynamics in vivo as well as in the population.
Fruit proteins: Extraction and electrophoresis

Abstract A technique has been developed for preparation of powders of fruit tissues for protein studies. The procedure involves rapid freezing of tissue in acetone at −70°C, followed by comminution in the acetone at this temperature. Upon elevation of the temperature to −25°, water passes into the acetone, and the liquid phase is drawn off through an immersion filter. The solids are washed at low temperature and dried. Proteins are extracted in buffer and studied by means of disk electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The resulting patterns are reproducible, and appear to be characteristic for a particular tissue of a given fruit.
Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery

Background Weight loss causes changes in appetite and energy expenditure that promote weight regain. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases food intake in rodents and humans. If circulating ghrelin participates in the adaptive response to weight loss, its levels should rise with dieting. Because ghrelin is produced primarily by the stomach, weight loss after gastric bypass surgery may be accompanied by impaired ghrelin secretion. Methods We determined the 24-hour plasma ghrelin profiles, body composition, insulin levels, leptin levels, and insulin sensitivity in 13 obese subjects before and after a six-month dietary program for weight loss. The 24-hour ghrelin profiles were also determined in 5 subjects who had lost weight after gastric bypass and 10 normal-weight controls; 5 of the 13 obese subjects who participated in the dietary program were matched to the subjects in the gastric-bypass group and served as obese controls. Results Plasma ghrelin levels rose sharply shortly before and fell shortly after eve...
An analysis of the loop optimization scores in knuth's ‘empirical study of FORTRAN programs’

The optimization scores for Knuth's random sample of inner loops are analysed to provide a unified comparison of the five optimization levels. The techniques used are those of exploratory data analysis, and their role in the analysis is discussed. As a consequence of the analysis, five rough groups of programs with different optimization behaviour are identified and tentatively characterized. (Research supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant GJ-1154x to the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.)
Comparison of Amish and Non‐Amish Farmers: A Diffusion/Farm‐Structure Perspective1

Considerable attention has focused on farming practices and behavioral patterns that characterize Amish farmers from other agriculturalists. It has been suggested that Amish farmers are more concerned about the physical environment than non-Amish farmers because Amish employ fewer technology-intensive farming practices, though there is little empirical evidence to support such an assertion. To address this issue, data were collected from a sample of Amish and non-Amish owner-operators in Ohio to compare environmental attitudes and farming systems presently in use. Discriminant analysis was used to examine factors chosen to differentiate the two groups. Findings reveal that Amish respondents believed more strongly than other farmers that ground water pollution was an important environmental problem and that farmers should reduce chemical application rates to protect ground water resources. Other farmers exhibited greater willingness to participate in educational programs designed to reduce pesticide application rates. The two groups could not be differentiated by criteria used to make adoption decisions about farm technologies and farming practices; both used productivity and efficiency criteria when making adoption decisions.
Tailoring size of BaTiO3 nanocrystals via ambient conditions sol process

As the miniaturization of electronic devices continues to demand smaller and uniform particle size of the powders, size control of the powder becomes critical. Under carefully controlled experimental conditions, nanocrystalline BaTiO3 particles have been prepared by ambient condition sol process. Soluble precursors of barium and titanium in water have been used to produce a mixed metallic gel using KOH as the mineralizer. The gel was peptized and crystallized in water under refluxing condition. The effect of various experimental parameters such as the starting Ba/Ti ratio, temperature, time, and additives on the size of the crystallites have been investigated. A higher Ba/Ti ratio in the precursor solution led to smaller crystallite sizes of BaTiO3 particles. A higher temperature of refluxing had a positive effect of producing smaller crystallites, as well as particle sizes of the resulting powder. Using a polymeric surface modifier during BaTiO3 synthesis led to a smaller particle size and increased re-dispersibility of the particles in water. The duration of refluxing was determined to have a minimal effect on the resulting particle size. The powders have been characterized by X-ray diffractometry for phase purity, and by dynamic light scattering for particle size. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been utilized to examine the morphology of the particles.
Urban 5th graders conceptions during a place-based inquiry unit on watersheds

This study aimed to determine how 33 urban 5th grade students' science conceptions changed during a place-based inquiry unit on watersheds. Research on watershed and place-based education was used as a framework to guide the teaching of the unit as well as the research study. A teacher-researcher designed the curriculum, taught the unit and conducted the research using qualitative data sources such as concept maps, science notebooks and interviews. Most students came to understand that their watershed was part of an urban environment where water drains from the surrounding land into a body of water. Thus, they began to understand how urban land use affects water quality. This study provides evidence for the use of place-based learning in developing students' knowledge of the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996) and watersheds. Implications of this study include the use of place-based learning in urban settings and the experiences needed for students to conceptualize watersheds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 501–517, 2010
The second-order Jahn-Teller effect

Abstract The second-order Jahn-Teller effect is an example of reactions proceeding by an interaction between the HOMO and the LUMO within the same molecule. The consequences can be decomposition of the molecule or a structural change. First the general theory is given, and then a number of examples are presented.
The importance of rhizobacterial mobility in biocontrol of bacterial wilt of tomato

Abstract Studies were done to determine if the mobility of rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere enhances their ability to control bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum . The term “mobility” is used in this study to denote the ability of a bacterium to follow developing roots in the absence of percolating water. Of 65 rhizobacterial isolates of Bacillus sp., P.fluorescens , and P. putida , collected from the rhizosphere of field-grown tomato plants,10 different isolates that exhibited mobility in the rhizosphere (group 1) and10 others that did not (group2) were selected for a comparative study.Members of the two groups were tested four times for mobility,biocontrol activity (the ability to reduce P. solanacearum -induced mortality), and growth in the rhizosphere.All isolates in group1, but none in group 2, showed mobility in repeated experiments and the groups were significantly different ( P = 0.0001) from each other with respect to the average minimum distance below the crown where each isolate was recovered. Biocontrol activity was significantly greater in group1 than in group 2.Group1 isolates reduced percent plant mortality significantly ( P = 0.005), compared to untreated controls while group 2 isolates did not, and percent plant mortality in group1 was significantly different from group 2 ( P = 0.0006). All isolates in group1and only 50% of isolates in group 2 grew in the rhizosphere and the difference between the groups was significant ( P = 0.0001). Mobility was negatively correlated with percent plant mortality ( P = 0.0001) and positively correlated with the growth in the rhizosphere ( P = 0.006). These results indicate that mobility may be an important trait for certain rhizobacteria in controling disease.
Narratives of belonging (and not): Inter-group contact in Israel and the formation of ethno-national identity claims

Abstract Inter-group encounters have been used for decades as a means of ameliorating relationships between Jews and Palestinians in Israel. A central focus of much of the scholarship on such encounter programs has been their potential to shape beliefs and behaviors of participants. Despite the centrality of identity to this and other intractable conflicts, however, relatively little literature has focused on the way that encounters create conditions for identity change or how this change is maintained over time. The present study makes an initial attempt to address these limitations by focusing on identity claims of former participants in two Israeli encounter programs as they are narrated in years and decades following program participation. Using life history interviews and a reconstructive analytic approach, it explores the way that former participants narrate identity claims in relation to dominant ethno-national narratives in Israeli society, and with reference to the encounter programs in which they participated. These identity claims are defined according to four patterns: (1) expansion, or limited openness to the out-group narrative; (2) accentuation, greater identification with the in-group narrative; (3) ambiguity, defined as a difficulty in integrating perspectives that do not align with the collective narrative into personal narratives; and (4) transformation, characterized by an ability to perceive structural injustices systemically and an openness to in-group critique. Findings suggest that ethno-national group, type of encounter, and location of encounter implementation may potentially shape the possibilities for identity change among encounter participants.
Direct Room Temperature Synthesis of Valence State Engineered Ultra-Small Ceria Nanoparticles : Investigation on the Role of Ethylenediamine as a Capping Agent

Direct room temperature synthesis of ultrasmall (2.5 ± 0.2 nm), water dispersible ceria nanoparticles are reported for the first time. Nanoparticles were synthesized directly in ethylenediamine tha...
Congenital lip sinuses: hereditary aspects and their relationship to cleft lip and palate.

Summary Congenital lip sinuses (labial fistulae, lip pits, mucous cysts) occur in the lower lip and are usually associated with cleft lip and palate. This paper reviews the literature, discusses the embryology and possible aetiological factors, and presents 13 cases of lip sinuses. Five of these cases had associated clefts of the lip and/or palate. Twelve of the cases occurred in three families. Pedigrees revealed other members of the families with clefts of the lip and/or palate without lip sinuses. One case had no associated anomalies and a negative family history.
Characterization of chloroplast thylakoid polypeptides in the 32-kDa region: Polypeptide extraction and protein phosphorylation affect binding of photosystem II-directed herbicides

In order to distinguish between two photosystem II proteins with apparent molecular weights of about 32 kDa, mild extraction procedures were used to remove several thylakoid membrane components. A 32-kDa protein that stained intensely with Coomassie brilliant blue could be extracted from the thylakoid membranes without removing the 32-kDa herbicide receptor protein, which stained poorly with Coomassie brilliant blue. The nonextracted protein was readily detectable after in vivo polypeptide labeling with [35S]methionine or after in vitro covalent tagging with [14C]azidoatrazine. The procedures used to extract the intensely stained, 32-kDa polypeptide resulted in changes in herbicide-binding characteristics, presumably due to conformational changes in the herbicide-binding environment. Alterations of membrane surface charge by protein phosphorylation also influenced herbicide binding.
A year's memories: the calendar effect in autobiographical recall.

When asked to recall autobiographical events from the past year, students tend to recall more incidents from the beginning and the end of school terms than from other periods. We investigated thiscalendar effect in Experiment 1 by comparing free recall at schools with different academic calendars. The event distributions tracked the individual calendars, helping to eliminate the possibility that the calendar effect is due to seasonal, nonschool factors, such as holidays. In Experiments 2–4, we checked explanations based on the ideas that events at term boundaries are more important or distinctive than others, that events are incorrectly dated too near the boundaries, and that boundaries serve as implicit cues for recall. These experiments revealed no evidence that importance or errors in dating could explain the effect. Manipulating cues, however, did change the size of the effect, implicating retrieval from very long-term memory as the effect’s source. We suggest that when people have to search episodic memory, they consider their own calendar rhythms (such as a student’s academic schedule) and let the temporal structure of their personal context guide their search.
Cyclic AMP-mediated activation of hepatic glycogenolysis by fructose.

Abstract Isolated livers from fed and fasted rats were perfused for 30 min with recirculating blood-buffer medium containing no added substrate and then switched to a flow-through perfusion using the same medium for an additional 5, 10 and 30 min. Continous infusion of fructose for the final 5, 10 or 30 min resulted in activation of glycogen phosphorylase, an increase in the activity of protein kinase, elevated levels of tissue adenosine 3′,5′-monphosphate (cylic AMP), and no consistent effect on glycogen synthase. Infusion of glucose under the same conditions resulted in activation of glycogen synthase, inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase, no change in protein kinase, and no consistent change in tissue cyclic AMP. These results demonstrate that while glucose promotes hepatic glycogen synthesis, fructose promotes activation of the enzymatic cascade responsible for glycogen breakdown.
Spatial spread of light-induced sensitization in rod photoreceptors exposed to low external calcium.

Abstract Light sensitizes rods that have been desensitized by exposure to low external calcium. Yoshikami and Hagins [ Biophys. Soc. Abstr. 15 , 169a (1975)] suggested that desensitization in low external calcium results from exposure of intracellular calcium binding sites subsequent to depletion of internal calcium, and that background light sensitizes in this situation by releasing calcium to occupy those binding sites. In this view, it might be expected that light-induced sensitization would be spatially restricted to the illuminated region of the outer segment. However, in the present experiments, background illumination at one end of the outer segment potentiated responses to test flashes at the other end; resensitization was global rather than local. Patch-clamp recordings from the outer segment showed that the spread of internal transmitter was longitudinally restricted. Therefore, the sensitizing effect of background light is apparently not mediated via the internal transmitter, as required in the calcium-depletion explanation described above.
Comparison of human papillomavirus in situ hybridization and p16 immunohistochemistry in the detection of human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer based on a prospective clinical experience.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). These HPV-related cancers have a clinicopathologic profile that diverges from HPV-negative HNSCCs. Accordingly, HPV testing may soon become integrated into standard pathologic assessment of HNSCCs. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected for all patients with head and neck carcinomas who had undergone HPV testing at the Johns Hopkins Hospital as part of clinical care during a 57-month period. HPV testing consisted of concurrent HPV16 in situ hybridization (ISH) and p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wide spectrum HPV ISH was reserved for p16-positive cases that were HPV-16 negative. RESULTS: HPV analysis was performed on 256 head and neck carcinomas in an effort to predict clinical outcomes (56%), localize primary tumor origin (21%), establish tumor classification (9%), determine patient eligibility for vaccine trials (8%), or satisfy patient curiosity (5%). A total of 182 (71%) tumors were HPV positive. HPV positivity correlated with oropharyngeal site (82% vs 9%) and male sex (77% vs 48%). p16 positivity was present in all 176 HPV16-positive cases, and in 19 of 80 (24%) cases that were HPV-16 negative. In 6 (32%) discordant cases, p16 expression was because of the presence of another HPV type. CONCLUSIONS A feasible strategy that incorporates p16 IHC and HPV ISH is able to detect HPV in a high percentage of oropharyngeal carcinomas. HPV status is frequently requested by the oncologist to estimate clinical outcome, and used by pathologists to establish tumor classification and determine site of tumor origin. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Plasma pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine, a cytidine deaminase inhibitor, in mice

Cytidine analogues such as cytosine arabinoside, gemcitabine, decitabine, 5-azacytidine, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine undergo rapid catabolism by cytidine deaminase (CD). 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine (THU) is a potent CD inhibitor that has been applied preclinically and clinically as a modulator of cytidine analogue metabolism. However, THU pharmacokinetics has not been fully characterized, which has impaired the optimal preclinical evaluation and clinical use of THU. Therefore, we characterized the THU pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in mice. Mice were dosed with THU iv (100 mg/kg) or po (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg). Plasma and urine THU concentrations were quantitated with a validated LC-MS/MS assay. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated compartmentally and non-compartmentally. THU, at 100 mg/kg iv had a 73 min terminal half-life and produced plasma THU concentrations >1 μg/ml, the concentration shown to effectively block deamination, for 4 h. Clearance was 9.1 ml/min/kg, and the distribution volume was 0.95 l/kg. Renal excretion accounted for 36–55% of the THU dose. A three-compartment model fit the iv THU data best. THU, at 100 mg/kg po, produced a concentration versus time profile with a plateau of approximately 10 μg/ml from 0.5–3 h, followed by a decline with an 85 min half-life. The oral bioavailability of THU was approximately 20%. The 20% oral bioavailability of THU is sufficient to produce and sustain, for several hours, plasma concentrations that inhibit CD. This suggests the feasibility of using THU to decrease elimination and first-pass metabolism of cytidine analogues by CD. THU pharmacokinetics are now being evaluated in humans.
Can an Alternative Umbilical Arterial Catheter Solution and Flush Regimen Decrease Iatrogenic Hemolysis While Enhancing Nutrition? A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial Comparing an Isotonic Amino Acid With a Hypotonic Salt Infusion

Objective. In the process of sampling blood through an umbilical arterial catheter (UAC), infant blood comes into stagnant contact with infusion solution in the “waste syringe” before being reinfused. We have previously demonstrated in vitro that this process is associated with less hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) with use of an isotonic solution compared with a hypotonic 0.25 normal saline (NS) solution. The objective of this study was to compare the in vivo effect on hemolysis of 2 UAC infusion/flush regimens (an isotonic regimen vs a hypotonic regimen) and to assess the early nutritional benefit of an amino acid solution as the isotonic UAC infusion solution. Methods. Infants who had a birth weight of ≤1.5 kg and were expected to have a UAC for ≥3 days were enrolled within 24 hours of life into this prospective, double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of 2 UAC infusion solution/flush regimens. Power analysis demonstrated that 40 infants were needed to determine differences in hemolysis quantified by plasma-free hemoglobin (PFH) level. Nutrition from glucose was evaluated by measurement of daily dextrose calories. C-peptide was measured to evaluate endogenous insulin production. Adverse events and protein tolerance were tracked. Results. Twenty-two infants (mean gestational age: 27 weeks; 945 g birth weight) were enrolled in each group, for an average of 4.2 days (range: 2.5-8 days). There were no group differences in demographics. PFH levels were lower for infants who received isotonic amino acid (IAA) in comparison with 0.25 NS (33 ± 14 mg/dL vs 62 ± 27 mg/dL, respectively). C-peptide was higher in those who received IAA, as were nonprotein calories received on days 4 to 6 of the study (51 ± 11 kcal/kg/day vs 44 ± 12 kcal/kg/day, IAA vs 0.25 NS, respectively). Conclusions. Lower PFH levels in IAA versus 0.25 NS group were consistent with our hypothesis of decreased hemolysis with an isotonic infusion/flush regimen. IAA use may also allow greater early glucose nutrition, as indicated by the higher level of endogenous insulin production and improved glucose tolerance. IAA seems to be a superior UAC solution to 0.25 NS in that it is associated with less hemolysis and improved nutrition.
Dark Continent of Our Bodies: Black Feminism and the Politics of Respectability, by E. Frances White

(2005). Dark Continent of Our Bodies: Black Feminism and the Politics of Respectability, by E. Frances White. Women's Studies in Communication: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 154-156.
Design of Galerkin generalized least squares methods for Timoshenko beams

Abstract A class of finite element methods, the Galerkin Generalized Least Squares methods, are developed and applied to model the steady-state response of Timoshenko beams. An optimal method is designed using a linear interpolation of the response such that there is zero finite element dispersion error. The classical method of selective reduced integration and a modified version of selective reduced integration with mass lumping are shown to fall under the Galerkin Generalized Least Squares framework. Numerical experiments in wave propagation demonstrate the dramatic superiority of the new optimal method over the standard approaches. The goal of the new methods is to decrease the computational burden required to achieve a desired accurcy level at a particular frequency thereby enabling larger scale, higher frequency computations for a given platform.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of Duocarmycin Analogues Incorporating the 1,2,11,11a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]naphtho[2,3-e]indol-4-one (CNI) and 1,2,11,11a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]naphtho[1,2-e]indol-4-one (iso-CNI) Alkylation Subunits

Abstract Efficient syntheses and a preliminary evaluation of 1,2,11,11a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[ c ]naphtho[2,3- e ]-indole (CNI) and 1,2,11,11a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[ c ]naphtho[1,2- e ]indole ( iso -CNI), and their derivatives containing an anthracene and phenanthrene variant of the CC-1065 or duocarmycin alkylation subunit are detailed.
Electron-ion collisions: Dielectronic recombination and ionization

Abstract Inelastic electron-ion collisions have been studied by using crossed-beam techniques. The effects of state mixing by extrinsic fields in the collision region were investigated for the dielectronic recombination process Mg+(3s) + e → Mg(3p, nl) → Mg(3s, nl) + hν. By field ionization of the Rydberg atoms produced, cross sections σ(n) have been measured. The observed large changes of σ(n) with alteration of the extrinsic field provided the first incontrovertible experimental evidence that dielectronic recombination can be changed by external fields. Absolute cross sections for electron impact single, double and triple ionization of singly and multiply charged krypton ions were measured. The energy ranged from below threshold up to 1000 eV. The influence of metastable states on the cross sections for single ionization is discussed. Contributions of inner-shell ionization with subsequent auto-ionization to double and triple ionization are identified. Connections between the three principal inelastic processes in electron-ion collisions, i.e. recombination, excitation and ionization, are pointed out. The influence of these processes on plasma-modeling calculations is briefly discussed.
Gyre formation at a corner by rotating barotropic coastal flows along a slope

Abstract A series of laboratory experiments explored the behavior of a barotropic coastal current that encounters a convex corner. In a tank rotating in the counter-clockwise sense, the current was pumped along bottom topography which sloped upwards to a coast on the right of the current (looking downstream). Downstream of the current source, the isobaths executed a 90° turn to the right. The coastal current quickly attained a steady state in which, for Rossby numbers greater than about 0.1, it separated from the shore at the corner, flowed around the perimeter of an anticyclonic gyre, and reattached to the coast further downstream. The normalized width of the gyre was proportional to the Rossby number of the current upstream of the corner, and the gyre width increased when the relative change in depth across the current decreased. Both these effects are due to the weakening of the rotation-induced constraint that the flow should follow isobaths. When the Ekman number was varied by a factor of approximately four there were no systematic variations in the gyre width. The sharpness of the corner also did not affect gyre width, except when the inertial radius, which is the current speed divided by the Coriolis parameter, was less than or equal to the corner radius of curvature. In that case, the current separation was not accompanied by the presence of a gyre. The surface velocity field was found to be nondivergent even in regions where the current was flowing into deeper or shallower water; this result implies strong vertical shears in the horizontal velocity. Though the nondivergence of the surface flow field implied that complete separation from the bottom was possible, no such separation was seen in qualitative observations of a vertical section of flow.
Electrical and electrochemical characterization of microstructured thin film La1−xSrxCoO3 electrodes

Abstract Thin film microstructured La1−xSrxCoO3 (LSCO) electrodes for micro-SOFC application and kinetic studies were characterized by 4 probe electrical conductivity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrical conductivity was analyzed between RT and 700 °C and was found to be strongly dependent on the thin film deposition parameters, in particular on the oxygen partial pressure during deposition. The highest conductivity measured at 600 °C was 700 S/cm. EIS was carried out on different substrate materials. SiO2 was found to be the most promising substrate material with respect to chemical and electrical inertness. Four main contributions were observed by EIS and were attributed respectively to the series resistance of the LSCO, to the grain boundary impedance of the CGO electrolyte and to LSCO electrode reactions.
Freud's “Anna O.”: Social work's Bertha Pappenheim

The story of “Anna O.” has loomed large in psychoanalytic history, but few social workers know that the young woman, who was so influential in the development of Freud's thinking, became a pioneer social worker in Germany. The story of the transformation of the troubled young woman, who was actually Joseph Breuer's patient, is the focus of this paper. In addition, some of the “facts” of the case are discussed as social constructions. Anna O./ Bertha Pappenheim participated in the creation of the “talking cure” and eventually went on to be a leading feminist, developer of social programs for women, and social reformer.
White blood cell count and insulin resistance in healthy nonsmoking men

Several studies have shown that elevated leukocyte or white blood cell (WBC) count is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.1-4 The pathogenetic link between WBC count and cardiovascular disease is unclear. An association exists between cigarette smoking and WBC count, but even after controlling for smoking WBC count is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. WBC count is associated with other cardiovascular risk factors,3,5-7 and the most consistent finding is a negative association between WBC count and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In this context, it has been shown that HDL cholesterol is related to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.8 Our study was initiated to define a potential relation between WBC count, insulin resistance, and the variables associated with this defect, such as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood pressure, and low-HDL cholesterol (syndrome X),g in a population of healthy men. Methods. The study was approved by Stanford Human Subjects Committee, and each subject gave written, informed consent before entering the study. One hundred two consecutive healthy men participated in our study with a mean age ( + SD) of 50 + 13 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 25.6 + 3.3 kg/m2. Each subject was considered normal on the basis of history, physical examination results, blood pressure < 160/90 mm Hg, hemogram, routine blood chemistry test, and a standard oral glucose tolerance test. None of the subjects reported smoking within the previous 3 years or were taking any medications known to affect carbohydrate or lipid metabolism and WBC count. None of the subjects reported any recent allergic or infectious disease. All experimental procedures were tolerated well. The experimental procedures and analytic methods have been described in detail elsewhere.lO In brief, after a 12-hour overnight fast, blood specimens were collected for determination of fasting plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein concentrations. An oral glucose tolerance
Polychromatic Stains for Thin Sections of Beta Embedded in Epoxy Resin

Thin sections of leaves and anthers of Beta vulgaris L., fixed in glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and embedded in epoxy resin, were stained with different stains at pH ranges from 5 to 9 at 50 C to select those that provided polychromatic staining of suitable intensity. The thionin derivatives, Azure B, Toluidine Blue O, and polychrome Methylene Blue provided adequate staining, as did the commercially prepared stain Paragon PS 1301. Azure B stain was superior for sugar beet 0.5μ monitor sections: cytoplasm appeared grey; nuclei, blue-gray; nucleoli, blue; chloroplasts, blue-green; primary walls, blue; and secondary walls, light blue. Choice of one of the stains mentioned probably would depend upon the plant material under study.
Effects of alpha‐tocopherol addition to polymeric coatings on the UV and heat resistance of a fibrous collagen material—chrome‐free leather

The US is the world's 3rd largest hide producing country and currently produces approximately 35 million cattle hides annually. The majority of hides are tanned into leather, which is composed of collagen fibers interwoven into fibrous networks. Most leather products are constantly exposed to outdoor environments, therefore UV and heat resistance are very important qualities, particularly for nonchrome-tanned (chrome-free) leather. In recent years, we have focused on using environmentally friendly antioxidants that will improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome-free leather. Tocopherols are well-known antioxidants commonly used in the cosmetic and food industries. They are known as potent free radical scavengers and highly protective agents for collagen fibers against UV damage. We have investigated their potential to improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome-free leather. Experiments were conducted by adding 5–12% α-tocopherol to the polymeric topcoat on the grain of chrome-free leather. The treated samples were tested in a weatherometer, where they were exposed to artificial sunlight. Colorfastness and mechanical property tests showed that α-tocopherol significantly improved UV and heat resistance of leather. Dynamic mechanical tests showed that α-tocopherol reduced the hardening effects on leather caused by UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Neurotrophic Factor-Secreting Autologous Muscle Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Laryngeal Denervation Injury

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine if the spontaneous reinnervation that characteristically ensues after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury could be selectively promoted and directed to certain laryngeal muscles with the use of neurotrophic factor (NF)-secreting muscle stem cell (MSC) vectors while antagonistic reinnervation is inhibited with vincristine (VNC). Study Design: Basic science investigation involving primary cell cultures, gene cloning/transfer, and animal experiments. Methods: MSC survival assays were used to test multiple individual NFs in vitro. Motoneuron outgrowth assays assessed the trophic effects of identified NF on cranial nerve X (CNX)-derived motoneurons in vitro. Therapeutic NF was cloned into a lentiviral vector, and MSCs were tranduced to secrete NF. Sixty rats underwent left RLN transection injury, and at 3 weeks received injections of either MSCs (n = 24), MSCs secreting NF (n = 24), or saline (n = 12) into the left thyroarytenoid muscle complex; half of the animals in the MSC groups simultaneously received left posterior cricoarytenoid injections of VNC, whereas half of the animals received saline. Results: Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) had the greatest survival-promoting effect on MSCs in culture. The addition of CNTF (50 ng/mL) to CNX motoneuron cultures resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth and branching. In the animal model, the injected MSCs fused with the denervated myofibers, immunohistochemistry demonstrated enhanced reinnervation based on motor endplate to nerve contact, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed stable CNTF expression at longest follow-up (4 months) in the CNTF-secreting MSC treated groups. Conclusions: MSC therapy may have a future role in selectively promoting and directing laryngeal reinnervation after RLN injury. Laryngoscope, 2012
A geometric representation of certain generalized hexagons in PG(3, s)

Abstract Let P6 denote a generalized hexagon corresponding to a triality of type Iid. Then P6 is interpreted as a configuration in the projective geometry PG(3, s) in such a way that points of P6 are represented by lines and by certain flat pencils of lines in PG(3, s).
Dynamic analysis of a spinning composite deep hyperbolic coupling

Abstract A dynamic analysis of a “deep” hyperbolic composite coupling is presented. A model is developed based on “shell/beam” assumptions, the energy approach, and the application of the extended Lagrange’s Equations. The mathematical model is solved, using the finite element method, to study the effect of the minimum diameter of a specific “deep” coupling on its dynamic characteristics. The results of the developed finite element program are compared with the corresponding 3D-ANSYS ones. The effect of the spinning speed is also investigated. Results indicate that the developed model is very accurate in predicting the axial and meridional/tangential natural frequencies. The model, however, over predicts the flexural natural frequency. The model also successfully captures the branching phenomenon of the flexural natural frequency exhibited with spinning.
Growth, microstructure, and failure of crazes in glassy polymers

We report on an extensive study of craze formation in glassy polymers. Molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained bead-spring model were employed to investigate the molecular level processes during craze nucleation, widening, and breakdown for a wide range of temperature, polymer chain length N, entanglement length N(e), and strength of adhesive interactions between polymer chains. Craze widening proceeds via a fibril-drawing process at constant drawing stress. The extension ratio is determined by the entanglement length, and the characteristic length of stretched chain segments in the polymer craze is N(e)/3. In the craze, tension is mostly carried by the covalent backbone bonds, and the force distribution develops an exponential tail at large tensile forces. The failure mode of crazes changes from disentanglement to scission for N/N(e) approximately 10, and breakdown through scission is governed by large stress fluctuations. The simulations also reveal inconsistencies with previous theoretical models of craze widening, which were based on continuum level hydrodynamics.