cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing Management Systems for Statewide Transportation Planning: Early Lessons

The implementation of two management systems, the intermodal and public transportation management systems, in the Georgia Department of Transportation is examined. Early experience with this implementation suggests that key elements of an implementation strategy are characteristic of success in such an organizational environment. These include establishing organizational responsibilities, establishing guidance principles, assessing the organizational planning and decisionmaking processes, assessing the environmental context for the management system, establishing an implementation strategy that has tangible intermediate results, and identifying an agency "champion" for implementation. The challenge of implementing management systems within any organization is understanding the decision-making process and the information needs of the agency decision makers.
Streptococcal protective antigens (Spa): a new family of type-specific proteins of group A streptococci.

Previous studies in our laboratory described a new group A streptococcal protective antigen (Spa) in type 18 streptococci that was distinct from the type 18 M protein. This study was undertaken to identify additional serotypes of group A streptococci that express Spa proteins. PCR techniques were used to identify and clone a new spa gene from type 36 streptococci. The 5′ sequence of spa36 was highly variable compared to spa18, while the 3′ sequence was conserved. Antisera against Spa36 opsonized type 36 streptococci but not type 18 streptococci, indicating that the opsonic Spa epitopes were type-specific. Antisera against the conserved carboxy-terminal half of Spa18 were used to identify Spa or Spa-like proteins expressed on the surface of 25 of 70 different serotypes of GAS. Spa proteins may represent a new family of type-specific surface antigens that function in concert with M proteins to elicit protective immune responses.
Low-pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition of indium nitride on titanium dioxide nanoparticles

The photophysics of titanium dioxide (TiO2) sensitized by dyes, polymers, 4] and semiconductors has been widely studied with an aim of solar energy conversion by the photovoltaic effect. These potential sensitizers have to have a suitable band gap, to absorb sunlight efficiently, and a proper conduction band edge, to transfer light-excited electrons to TiO2 rapidly. Dye-sensitized TiO2 photovoltaic solar cells (the socalled Gr0tzel-type solar cell), which exhibit an energy conversion efficiency of around 10%, were successfully pioneered by Gr0tzel and co-workers. 2,7] However, dyes are relatively expensive, and organic compounds have shorter lifetimes and are less stable than inorganic materials, for example, when used as semiconductors. Among these semiconductors, quantum-dotsensitized TiO2 nanoparticles (sensitized by InP, PbS, CdS, Ag2S) have been well-examined and showed the evidence of electron transfer from the quantum dots into the TiO2. Indium nitride is another candidate for this type of semiconductor-sensitized TiO2 system. Based on a model calculation, the conversion efficiency of InN/Si tandem films could reach as much as 32% at AM=1.5, where AM, air mass, is a large body of air with similar temperature and moisture properties throughout. Therefore, nanocrystalline TiO2 films with an extremely large surface-to-volume ratio of InN/TiO2 tandem films may be considered as potential candidates for photovoltaic applications. InN, a well-characterized III-V semiconductor with a stable wurtzite crystal structure, has been used for visible optoelectronics and high-efficiency solar cell applications. This chemically stable and robust InN has a useful range of band gaps, 0.7–2.1 eV, which result from the crystallinity and quantum confinement effects. The magnitude of the band gap can be adjusted to match the conduction band edges of InN and TiO2 by doping with Ga, for example, to form an InxGa1 xN alloy, [19,20] or by doping TiO2 with nitrogen to form TiO2 xNx. [21, 22]
Examining the Relationship Between Class Scheduling and Student Achievement in College Algebra

This study examines the relationship between scheduling (3-, 2-, and 1-day-per-week classes) and achievement in college algebra. The study is grounded in spacing effect theory, which examines how variations in the frequency and timing of instruction affect student learning, and involves 116 Florida community college students. Regression analyses controlling for student and teacher attributes show that the 1-day-per-week group consistently scores the lowest on unit tests and final examinations. The findings suggest that although many students may prefer intensive courses or compressed schedules that minimize the time they spend on campus, these scheduling options may not be optimal for learning, at least not in mathematics.
An earnings prediction approach to examining intercompany information transfers

Abstract We assess potential information transfers by examining the association between the earnings announcements of early and late announcers in an industry. Our earnings prediction models are statistically significant much more frequently than would be expected by chance. The models suggest potential positive information transfers on average, but there is substantial cross-industry variation in the strength of this relation. We find that the greatest price reactions by nonannouncers to same-industry earnings announcements occur in industries with the greatest earnings comovement
508 IMPAIRED CHEMOTAXIS RELATED TO ABNORMALITIES OF PMN LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE IN PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION (PCM)

Serial studies of PMN motility & adherence were performed in 25 children (age 2 mos-14 yrs) with “severe” PCM. Initial assessments demonstrated diminished PMN chemotaxis in 17/20 cases; x migration scores were 64±16% of control (C) to bacterial chemotactic factor (BCF), & 65±21% to zymosan activated sera (ZAS) (p <.001). Chemotaxis to ZAS was further diminished when PMNs were suspended in “severe” autologous plasma (54±14% of C). In subsequent studies in 14 nutritionally “restored”π pts (x wt/ht=27th %ile & x serum pre-albumin=25 mg/dl), chemotactic responses were 87±14% (BCF) & 94±14% (ZAS) of C while decreased scores were constant in pts not achieving nutritional recovery. Abnormalities of PMN adherence to albumin-coated glass substrates were concurrently identified; baseline PMN adherence values were significantly (p<.001) increased in “severe” PCM (49±8%) compared to normal C values (21±11%) or respective “nutritionally restored” values (20±12%). Also, x chemotactic factor (CF) induced adherence increments (above baseline) as seen with C PMNs (BCF, +31±14%, f-Met-Leu-Phe, +34±14%) were not observed in “severe” PCM (BCF, + 0.84±14%; f-Met-Leu-Phe, −0.2±20%) (p<.001). In contrast, normal CF-adherence increments were observed in respective PCM pts following nutritional recovery (BCF, +25±9%; f-Met-Leu-Phe, +23±11%)., impaired chemotaxis in PCM is related to intrinsic abnormalities of PMN adherence or CF effects on adhesive function, & the presence of a cell directed inhibitor of motility in PCM plasma.
Cone formation as a result of whisker growth on ion bombarded metal surfaces

It is shown experimentally that the seed metals which can cause cone development on ion bombarded metal targets need not to have a lower sputtering yield as widely believed but rather a higher melting point. By lowering the bombarding ion energy to near sputtering threshold values (less than 100 eV) the growth of genuine single crystal whiskers which point in all directions not related to the direction of ion incidence is observed. It is concluded that (intentional or unintentional) seed cones are the result of an interplay among whisker growth, surface movement of atoms, and the effects of sputtering.
Grapplings with the simulation of non-Newtonian flows in polymer processing

In computational mechanics, flow simulation of polymer processing not only must deal with exotic constitutive behaviour and complex geometry, but often faces the presence of moving free boundaries. The cavity-filling of injection moulding, treated as a Stefan problem, could be better attacked, computationally, by a fixed-domain approach after a Baiocchi transformation. For thermosetting materials, modelling the rheology and the chemical reaction needs the kinematics in the meniscus region behind the moving front. The fluid mechanics, however, touches on the unresolved question of the moving contact point, fundamental to wetting phenomena. Aspects of particular interest to polymer processing are reviewed. In spite of the imperfections, the simulation of the ASTM standard ‘spiral-mould test’ for thermosets has recently proved promising as an inverse problem to characterize the rheology of a commercial fast-reacting thermosetting material. The key was to match the simulation only to portions of the data that were least influenced by the uncertainties.
Bypass Suppression of Small-Plaque Phenotypes by a Mutation in Poliovirus 2A That Enhances Apoptosis

The rate of protein secretion in host cells is inhibited during infection with several different picornaviruses, with consequences likely to have significant effects on viral growth, spread, and pathogenesis. This Sin(+) (secretion inhibition) phenotype has been documented for poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and coxsackievirus B3 and can lead to reduced cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and tumor necrosis factor receptor as well as reduced extracellular secretion of induced cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and beta interferon. The inhibition of protein secretion is global, affecting the movement of all tested cargo proteins through the cellular secretion apparatus. To test the physiological significance of the Sin(-) and Sin(+) phenotypes in animal models, Sin(-) mutant viruses are needed that fail to inhibit host protein secretion and also exhibit robust growth properties. To identify such Sin(-) mutant polioviruses, we devised a fluorescence-activated cell sorter-based screen to select virus-infected cells that nevertheless expressed newly synthesized surface proteins. After multiple rounds of selection, candidate Sin(-) mutant viruses were screened for genetic stability, increased secretion of cargo molecules and wild-type translation and growth properties. A newly identified Sin(-) mutant poliovirus that contained coding changes in nonstructural proteins 2A (N32D) and 2C (E253G) was characterized. In this virus, the 2C mutation is responsible for the Sin(-) phenotype and the 2A mutation suppresses a resulting growth defect by increasing the rate of cell death and therefore the rate of viral spread. The 2A-N32D suppressor mutation was not allele specific and, by increasing the rate of cellular apoptosis, affected a completely different pathway than the 2C-E253G Sin(-) mutation. Therefore, the 2A mutation suppresses the 2C-E253G mutant phenotype by a bypass suppression mechanism.
A collection of formulas for calculation of rotating blade noise - Compact and noncompact source results

A unified approach is used to derive many of the current formulations for calculation of discrete frequency noise for helicopter rotors and propellers. Both compact and noncompact source formulations are derived. The compact formulations are obtained as the limit of noncompact source results. In particular, the linearized acoustic equations by Hawkings and Lowson, Farassat, Hanson, Woan and Gregorek, Succi, and Jou are derived in this paper. An interesting thickness noise formula by Isom and its recent extension to the near field by Ffowcs Williams are also presented. The paper includes some comparisons of measured and calculated acoustic pressure signatures and spectra for an advanced propeller. The theoretical results are obtained using a computer program developed by the author and P. A. Nystrom.
Octanuclear Lanthanide Sulfido Clusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Coordination Chemistry.

Octanuclear (THF)8Ln8S6(SPh)12·xTHF clusters (Ln = lanthanide ion) can be isolated from the reactions of Ln(SPh)3 with elemental S. Complexes have been isolated successfully for Ln = Ce (1), Pr (2)...
A method of measuring pressures against tissues supporting functioning complete dentures.

Abstract A method for measuring pressures exerted by denture bases against the supporting tissues during mastication which yields valid quantitative results was developed. Use of a specially designed diaphragm pressure transducer overcomes the disadvantages of a cantilever-beam arrangement which gave inaccurate results in earlier studies. Ongoing research using this method was described. Several suggestions for additional applications of this method for prosthodontic research were presented.
The Interaction of Ions and Easily Ionized Species with Oxide Surfaces as Studied by Tunneling Spectroscopy

Abstract The thin film properties of alumina and magnesia, the substrates most frequently used in tunneling spectroscopy, are reviewed. The composite barriers, Al 2 O 3 /SiHO x and Al x SO y are also discussed. Tunneling studies provide information about absorbate-surface interactions; weak counterion adsorption effects through very strong direct chemical modifications can be studied. Tunneling studies of anionic transition metal complexes adsorbed on alumina provide significantly more information about the nature of the surface species than corresponding IR studies. The adsorption of TCNE on alumina from solution is used to exemplify how tunneling spectroscopy may be integrated into a manifold of conventional techniques (IR, ESR, and elution studies in this case).
Transmission Line Coupled to a Cylinder in an Incident Field

An approximate formula is derived for the currents in the loads terminating a two-wire line located parallel to and near a circular conducting cylinder of finite length. The line and the cylinder are illuminated by an incident plane wave. The analysis takes account of the coupling between the line and the cylinder and hence of the effects of possible axial resonances in the latter. The configuration simulates exposed conductors used to interconnect the electronic apparatus in a rocket. The analysis is directed toward determining possible hazards due to induced currents.
LabVIEW Graphical User Interface for a New High Sensitivity, High Resolution Micro-Angio-Fluoroscopic and ROI-CBCT System

A graphical user interface based on LabVIEW software was developed to enable clinical evaluation of a new High-Sensitivity Micro-Angio-Fluoroscopic (HSMAF) system for real-time acquisition, display and rapid frame transfer of high-resolution region-of-interest images. The HSMAF detector consists of a CsI(Tl) phosphor, a light image intensifier (LII), and a fiber-optic taper coupled to a progressive scan, frame-transfer, charged-coupled device (CCD) camera which provides real-time 12 bit, 1k × 1k images capable of greater than 10 lp/mm resolution. Images can be captured in continuous or triggered mode, and the camera can be programmed by a computer using Camera Link serial communication. A graphical user interface was developed to control the camera modes such as gain and pixel binning as well as to acquire, store, display, and process the images. The program, written in LabVIEW, has the following capabilities: camera initialization, synchronized image acquisition with the x-ray pulses, roadmap and digital subtraction angiography acquisition (DSA), flat field correction, brightness and contrast control, last frame hold in fluoroscopy, looped playback of the acquired images in angiography, recursive temporal filtering and LII gain control. Frame rates can be up to 30 fps in full-resolution mode. The user friendly implementation of the interface along with the high framerate acquisition and display for this unique high-resolution detector should provide angiographers and interventionalists with a new capability for visualizing details of small vessels and endovascular devices such as stents and hence enable more accurate diagnoses and image guided interventions. (Support: NIH Grants R01NS43924, R01EB002873)
Agent-based model of aerial ad-hoc network market potential

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) have seen significant growth as a research topic in recent years. As opposed to a traditional network with a fixed node infrastructure, the nodes in a MANET are free to move and arbitrarily organize themselves while maintaining wireless communication with each other. The major benefit of MANETs is the lack of reliance on a fixed network infrastructure. The challenge is to dynamically route traffic through a set of mobile network nodes. MANETs represent a novel solution for providing internet access in aircraft. Currently, each aircraft maintains its own gateway to the internet using expensive satellite data links. A MANET solution would allow multiple aircraft to communicate with each other in-flight and share an internet gateway, thus reducing the user cost for internet service. This is what we call an “Aerial Ad-Hoc Network.” Significant research has been focused on protocols that can efficiently route traffic in this dynamic environment of mobile network nodes. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the market potential for an aerial ad-hoc network. The benefits of low cost internet access could grow the in-flight internet user base. However the benefits are balanced with greater network failures due to bandwidth overload conditions. Each aircraft carries hundreds of people, and therefore the number of internet users across a group of aircraft sharing an internet gateway could easily overload the network. This paper presents a Monte-Carlo simulation that characterizes the network failure rates that could be expected in an aerial ad-hoc network. In addition, we construct an agent-based model of the aerial ad-hoc network market. This simulation is used to determine the steady state user levels that can be expected for the system given individual user satisfaction with the internet service.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Physical Punishment: Differing Mechanisms in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Endorsement?

We examined the intergenerational transmission of physical punishment (PP) and whether marital satisfaction moderated this transmission. Participants were 241 mothers and 107 fathers with a three year-old child who completed a semi-structured interview assessing their endorsement of disciplinary methods and the methods their parents used to discipline them. Marital satisfaction was assessed using the Conflicts and Problem Solving Scales. Different predictive models were obtained for mothers and fathers. For mothers, socioeconomic status (SES) and their own mother’s use of PP significantly predicted their current endorsement of PP. For fathers, SES and perceived harshness of childhood discipline predicted current endorsement of PP. Marital satisfaction moderated the intergenerational transmission of PP for fathers, but not mothers. Results indicated that PP by the same-sex parent and SES are important factors in its intergenerational transmission, and that the effects of childhood PP on current endorsement may be more direct for mothers and indirect for fathers.
Mechanism of discordant T wave alternans in the in vivo heart.

Introduction: Compared to concordant T wave alternans (CA), discordant T wave alternans (DA) may be associated with an increased dispersion of repolarization (DR) and a greater propensity to develop reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The electrophysiologic mechanisms of DA in the in vivo heart are not well understood. Methods and Results: The mechanisms of DA were investigated in the canine anthopleurin-A surrogate model of long QT3 syndrome using tridimensional analysis of activation and repolarization patterns from 256 to 384 unipolar electrograms. Cardiac repolarization was evaluated as the activation-recovery interval (ARI) of local electrograms. Two mechanisms for the development of DA were observed. (1) Stepwise shortening of cycle length (CL) superimposed on preexisting DR resulted in different diastolic intervals (DI) at midmyocardial sites compared to epicardial and endocardial sites. The dispersion of DI coupled with different restitution kinetics at those sites induced DA. (2) The dependence of conduction velocity on DI as the CL is abruptly shortened could result in differential conduction delays at mid sites. This enhanced the dispersion of DI between sites and, coupled with the different restitution kinetics, induced DA. The critical step for the development of DA in both mechanisms was the occurrence of short ARI in two consecutive beats either at epicardial sites in the first mechanism or at mid sites in the second mechanism. Sites with DA had significantly more DR compared to sites with concordant T wave alternans, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias developed mainly in the presence of DA. Conclusion: In the in vivo heart, DA developed due to critical interaction between dispersion of DI and differences in restitution kinetics at different myocardial sites. The dispersion of DI could result from preexisting DR or differential conduction delay at a critical short CL. DA is critically linked to the development of malignant tachyarrhythmias.(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 632-638, June 2003)
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of self-organized Au atomic chain growth on Ge(001)

Gold deposition onto Ge(001) at $675\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ led to self-organized atomic chains in $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ and $\mathrm{c}(8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ surface reconstructions. The chains were separated by $1.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and ran up to several hundred nanometers long. The Au-induced domains showed alternating white and gray chains in STM images that could be explained by $\mathrm{Au}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Au}$ and mixed $\mathrm{Au}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ge}$ dimer rows, respectively. The chains showed a zigzag pattern attributed to dimer buckling. Bias-dependent STM imaging suggested that the Au chains were metallic nanowires. The chains, however, were not defect-free and contained missing dimer vacancies. The Ge terraces adjacent to the Au nanowire domains contained a high density of $(1+2+1)$ dimer vacancy defects that tended to run along [100] and [310] directions. The above results show strong similarities with those obtained for Pt on Ge(001) but are very different from those for Ag, which only weakly interacted with Ge(001), and thus support models suggesting stronger bonding of low-coordinated atoms of the $5d$ metals compared to the corresponding $4d$ metals.
Trajectories of posttraumatic stress among urban residents.

Urban residents experience a wide range of traumatic events and are at increased risk of assaultive violence. Although previous research has examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) through latent class growth analysis (LCGA) among persons exposed to the same index events (e.g., a natural disaster), PTS trajectories have not been documented among urban residents. The aims of this study were to conduct LGCA with a sample of trauma survivors from Detroit, Michigan (N = 981), and to explore predictors of trajectory membership. Participants completed three annual telephone surveys, each of which included the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version. Four PTS trajectories were detected. Although the majority evidenced a trajectory of consistently few symptoms (Low: 72.5 %), 4.6 % were in a trajectory of chronic severe PTSD (High), and the remainder were in trajectories of consistently elevated, but generally subclinical, levels of PTS (Decreasing: 12.3 %; Increasing: 10.6 %). Socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., lower income), more extensive trauma history (e.g., childhood abuse), and fewer social resources (e.g., lower social support) were associated with membership in higher PTS trajectories, relative to the Low trajectory. The results suggest that efforts to reduce PTS in urban areas need to attend to socioeconomic vulnerabilities in addition to trauma history and risk for ongoing trauma exposure.
Comparison of the performance of particle filter algorithms applied to tracking of a disease epidemic.

Abstract We present general methodology for sequential inference in nonlinear stochastic state-space models to simultaneously estimate dynamic states and fixed parameters. We show that basic particle filters may fail due to degeneracy in fixed parameter estimation and suggest the use of a kernel density approximation to the filtered distribution of the fixed parameters to allow the fixed parameters to regenerate. In addition, we show that “seemingly” uninformative uniform priors on fixed parameters can affect posterior inferences and suggest the use of priors bounded only by the support of the parameter. We show the negative impact of using multinomial resampling and suggest the use of either stratified or residual resampling within the particle filter. As a motivating example, we use a model for tracking and prediction of a disease outbreak via a syndromic surveillance system. Finally, we use this improved particle filtering methodology to relax prior assumptions on model parameters yet still provide reasonable estimates for model parameters and disease states.
Travoprost Z ophthalmic solution with sofZia: clinical safety and efficacy

Travoprost Z (Travatan® Z) ophthalmic solution has recently been approved for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. This new ophthalmic solution contains travoprost 0.004% as the active ingredient with sofZia™ as the preservative system consisting of zinc, borate, propylene glycol and sorbitol, and designed to be dissipated by the ocular tear film. Available clinical data have documented equal IOP-lowering safety and efficacy of travoprost Z when compared with travoprost preserved with benzalkonium chloride. This article discusses the current evidence on the clinical efficacy and safety of this recently released solution and expands on the potential benefits and future goals of newer preservative systems.
Using A New Measure To Define Shelf Life Of Fresh Whitefish

An acceptor set size measure was successfully employed to examine shelf life trade-offs when fresh lake whitefish fillets (Coregonus clupeaformis) were dipped in 0.0, 2.5 or 5.0% (w/v) potassium sorbate, packaged in low, intermediate, or higher barrier bags, placed in 100% CO2 modified atmosphere packaging system and held under refrigeration at less than 3°C. When sorbate was varied, shifts in acceptor size indicated that fillets dipped in 5.0% sorbate had the longest shelf life, exceeding 14 days. No significant difference was found when film permeability was varied. For all barrier films, shelf life exceeded 15 days although the low barrier bag had smaller acceptor sizes.
Single-Photon All-Optical Switching by Use of Coupled Microring Resonators

We demonstrate exponential reduction of optical switching threshold in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer by using coupled microring resonators. With only few microring resonators, the switching power can reach attowatt level - ideal for single-photon all-optical devices.
Abstract 4664: The effect of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy on long-term outcome after radical prostatectomy

Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) was championed for men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for high risk prostate cancer (CaP) in the early 1990s. Although NADT improved neither surgical margin positivity nor progression-free survival, it continues to be part of some clinical trials. The effect of NADT on long term outcome was evaluated using modern aggressiveness and failure criteria among 720 patients treated with RP at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1993 and 2005. Among RP patients, 125 received NADT. NCCN pre-surgery risk categories were low in 36 (29%), intermediate in 54 (43%), and high or very high in 35 (28%). Clinical and pathological aggressiveness indicators included clinical Gleason sum, clinical tumor stage (2002 TNM), highest preoperative PSA, pathological Gleason sum, pathological tumor stage (2002 TNM) and surgical margin status. Ten post-RP recurrence definitions were considered: 1) at least 1 detectable PSA, 2) at least 2 detectable PSAs, 3) PSA>0.2 ng/ml, 4) PSA>0.4 ng/ml, 5) at least 1 post RP treatment (chemotherapy, hormone, radiation), 6) PSA doubling time Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4664. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4664
Pseudo Superglacial Till

A thin layer of coarse till overlies clay-rich till in northwestern North Dakota. That the thin layer is not a superglacial facies of the underlying clayey till is indicated by (i) geomorphic relations; (ii) contrasted lithologies; (iii) restricted area of exposure; (iv) absence of a similar deposit on a younger clayey till in a comparable topographic environment; (v) presence of a probable paleosol; (vi) an intervening unconformity; and (vii) occurrence of clayey facies of the upper deposit. The deposit is believed to represent a younger till.
Induction of pyrimidine dimers and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured mouse epitheial cells exposed to 254-nm- and u.v.-B radiation

The induction and fate of pyrimidine dimers and unscheduled DNA synthesis were measured in u.v.-irradiated primary, newborn SENCAR mouse epithelial cells. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced in a dose responsive manner by two u.v. sources, a germicidal lamp (254 nm) and an FS40 sunlamp (280--400 nm). Using the endonuclease-sensitive site assay to detect pyrimidine dimer production and excision, we examined the response of the newborn mouse cells to both u.v. sources. We were unable to detect the removal of pyrimidine dimers with either of the two sources of u.v. The speculation is made that primary, newborn mouse epidermal cells excise u.v.-induced pyrimidine dimers to an extent below the level of detection of the endonuclease-sensitive site assay but to an extent sufficient to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis.
Effects of Precipitation and Air Temperature on Phosphorus Fluxes from Rhode River Watersheds

We studied fluxes of total P, total phosphate, and total organic P from seven contiguous small watersheds on the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Maryland for up to 25 yr. These watersheds have perched aquifers so all groundwater discharges as weD as surface runoff were measured at V -notch weirs equipped with volume-integrating, Dow-proportional samplers. Interannual variations in annual and seasonal precipitation during this study spanned approximately the range of 160-yr weather records in the region. Annual totai-P area yields from the overall watershed varied 28-fold, correlations of all P-species Ouxes with precipitation were highly significant, and power function regressions of precipitation vs. P-flux explained from 42 to 55% of the variance in the latter. Phosphorus Ouxes from a cropland watershed were much higher and more variable with volume of precipitation, while fluxes from a forested watershed were much lower and primarily composed of organic P. Correlations of P fluxes with precipitation were higher in the spring. Annual and seasonal P concentrations also often increased significantly with precipitation. Variations in seasonal mean air tem­ perature sometimes explained significant amounts of variance in P fluxes, especially phosphate from cropland. A regression model was used to construct graphical and tabular summaries. A LARGE number of studies have measured the fluxes ~of phosphate, organic P, and total P from various watersheds. The usual foci have either been comparative effects of land use in a small region (e.g., Cooper and Thomsen, 1988; Correll et al., 1977; Hill, 1981; Hirose and Kuramoto, 1981; Maimer and Grip, 1994), differ­ ences in discharges among widely separated regions (e.g., Beaulac and Reckhow, 1982; Dillon and Kirchner, 1975; Frink, 1991), or patterns of change in P concentra­ tions from a single watershed due to a storm event (e.g., Johnson et al., 1976; McDiffett et al., 1989; Prairie and Kalff, 1988). These studies have clearly established that land use, particularly intensive agriculture, has a strong influence on P flux. They have also shown that P fluxes from a given watershed are seasonal, peaking in the spring and summer in temperate regions. The evidence seems fairly good that there are also significant regional differences in P fluxes from a given land use, perhaps due to geological and climatic differences. It is also clear that during individual storm events concentrations of parameters such as total phosphate and total organic P span a broad range and usually reach maxima before the peaks of storm hydrographs.
El phylum Sipuncula en Chile

Summary The Phylum Sipuncula in Chile A taxonomic review of the Phylum Sipuncula in Chile is made. All the species known from the Chilean coast are described and discussed in relation to their zoogeography. The four families of the phylum are present in Chile, covering seven genera and nineteen species. To date, the following species have been recorded: Sipunculus titubans Selenka & Bulow, 1883 ‐ Xenosiphon mundanus (Selenka & Bulow. 1883) ‐Paraspidosiphon schnehageni (Fischer, 1913) ‐ Paraspidosiphon pygmaeus (Fisher, 1921) ‐Golfingia (Golfingia) margaritacea margaritacea (Sars, 1851) ‐ Golfingia (Golfingia) margaritacea hanseni (Danielssen & Koren, 1881) ‐ Golfingia (Golfingia) margaritacea trybomi (Theel, 1905) ‐ Golfingia (Golfingia) nordenskjoldi (Theel, 1911) ‐ Golfingia (Golfingia) ohlini (Theel, 1911) ‐ Golfingia (Golfingia) vulgaris vulgaris (Blanville, 1827) ‐ Golfingia (Mitosiphon) murinae Cutler, 1969 ‐ Golfingia (Phascoloides) minuta (Keferstein, 1863) ‐ Golfingia (Phascoloides) improvisa (Th...
Management science in the United States and Europe: A decade of change in the literature

Abstract This paper focuses upon the investigation of change in the management science literature from 1965 to 1974. Both subject areas and reported areas of implementation are investigated. The study classifies the content of each article published during the past decade in the following set of European and American journals: United States— Management Science ; British— Operational Research Quarterly ; and German— Zeitscrift fur Operations Research . A comparison of the results along both inter and intra country dimensions is presented.
Empathy and Attachment in Relation to Violent vs. Non-Violent Offense History Among Jail Inmates

Abstract One hundred nineteen male and 67 female violent and nonviolent offenders incarcerated in the New York City jail system completed questionnaires measuring affective and cognitive empathy, history of attachment and current attachment. They were compared to a control group of 63 males and 67 females enrolled in general equivalency diploma courses in New York City. Multiple analysis of variance was used to compare the groups and the dependent variables and the Pearson r correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between empathy and attachment. The male offenders as a whole scored higher on affective empathy than the control group with the nonviolent male offenders scoring significantly higher on affective empathy than the control group males. However, after age was used a covariate, the groups were no longer significantly different on affective empathy. No significant differences were found among the female groups on cognitive and affective empathy. There was also no relationship fou...
Psychometric Properties of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test in a College Sample

The psychometric properties of the Social Interaction Self-statement Test were investigated with a sample of 321 college students. Factor analysis of the 30 items gave two factors, similar to the positive and negative self-statement subscales. The internal consistency coefficients of the factor scales were high and adequate. Correlations between the subscales and independent measures of social anxiety and psychological distress from the Symptom Checklist-90—Revised were examined. Data provided opportunity for evaluating the construct validity and psychometric adequacy of the test.
Journey in reverse: TTP from bedside to blood bank to bench.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is the most extensive and dangerous intravascular platelet clumping disorder. For more than a half-century after its initial recognition, mortality was near 100% and the etiology totally obscure. Then, in the late 1970s to early 1980s, empiric, but successful, therapy by a few clinician/blood bank partnerships was followed by sudden laboratory insight into pathophysiology. The discussion that follows was prepared in conjunction with the 2006 Francis Morrison, M.D., Memorial Lecture at the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Apheresis. J. Clin. Apheresis. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antibiotic-metal interactions in saline medium

Abstract The commonly used surgical alloys, stainless steel, titanium and Vitallium, were exposed to normal saline solution containing antibiotics frequently used for the control and treatment of orthopaedic infections and the corrosion potential versus time behaviour was followed. It was found that only one antibiotic, oxytetracycline, exerted a significant effect on electrochemical behaviour, producing an anodic shift of 120–250 mV in the Ecorr of the three metals. The study indicated that oxytetracycline at addition levels of 0.01–1.0 mg/ml acts as an anodic corrosion inhibitor.
CINET: A cyberinfrastructure for network science

Networks are an effective abstraction for representing real systems. Consequently, network science is increasingly used in academia and industry to solve problems in many fields. Computations that determine structure properties and dynamical behaviors of networks are useful because they give insights into the characteristics of real systems. We introduce a newly built and deployed cyberinfrastructure for network science (CINET) that performs such computations, with the following features: (i) it offers realistic networks from the literature and various random and deterministic network generators; (ii) it provides many algorithmic modules and measures to study and characterize networks; (iii) it is designed for efficient execution of complex algorithms on distributed high performance computers so that they scale to large networks; and (iv) it is hosted with web interfaces so that those without direct access to high performance computing resources and those who are not computing experts can still reap the system benefits. It is a combination of application design and cyberinfrastructure that makes these features possible. To our knowledge, these capabilities collectively make CINET novel. We describe the system and illustrative use cases, with a focus on the CINET user.
Drug Discovery in the Post-Genomic Era: Systems-Based Drug Discovery

Modern drug discovery is based in large part on the screening of small molecules for their ability to bind or inhibit specific biological targets. Despite all recent technical innovations and advancement, the number of drugs produced by pharmaceutical companies remains at disappointingly low level. In this paper, we propose a new drug design strategy - systems- based drug discovery, to accelerate the identification of novel leads for specific biological targets. This new approach offers the prospect of a more efficient strategy to drug discovery, resulting in the generation of high-quality drugs with a better chance of success in clinical development.
Validation of a Non-Targeted LC-MS Approach for Identifying Ancient Proteins: Method Development on Bone to Improve Artifact Residue Analysis

Identification of protein residues from prehistoric cooking pottery using mass spectrometry is challenging because proteins are removed from original tissues, are degraded from cooking, may be poorly preserved due to diagenesis, and occur in a palimpsest of exogenous soil proteins. In contrast, bone proteins are abundant and well preserved. This research is part of a larger method-development project for innovation and improvement of liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of protein residues from cooking pottery; here we validate the potential of our extraction and characterization approach via application to ancient bone proteins. Because of its preservation potential for proteins and given that our approach is destructive, ancient bone identified via skeletal morphology represents an appropriate verification target. Proteins were identified from zooarchaeological turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus Phasianidae), rabbit (Lagomorpha), and squirrel (Sciuridae) remains excavated from ancient pueblo archaeological sites in southwestern Colorado using a non-targeted LC-MS/MS approach. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD002440. Improvement of highly sensitive targeted LC-MS/MS approaches is an avenue for future method development related to the study of protein residues from artifacts such as stone tools and pottery.
The craniofacial approach to management of fractures involving the orbits and nasoethmoid complex in young children

Abstract Surgical reduction of fractures involving the orbits, nasoethmoid complex, and adjacent cranium is challenging; adequate initial reduction and stabilization is essential because secondary reconstructive procedures usually provide less than satisfactory results. Our operative techniques for surgical exposure, as well as fracture reduction and fixation, have evolved from standard facial incisions and wire fixation to complete exposure of the orbits, nasoethmoid complex, and adjacent cranium using an extended bicoronal approach, application of ridged plating techniques, and cranial bone grafts when needed. This evolution of surgical technique has been accompanied by an overall improvement in immediate cosmetic and functional results.
Optimizing noisy funnel-like functions on the euclidean group with applications to protein docking

Formulated as an optimization problem, the final stages of protein docking can be viewed as optimizing a very noisy funnel-like function on the space of rigid body motions, the (special) Euclidean group SE(3). We have recently introduced a stochastic global optimization method, called semi-definite programming based underestimation (SDU) (Paschalidis et al., 2007), that constructs a convex quadratic under-estimator to the free energy funnel based on a sample of energy function evaluations and uses the quadratic under-estimator to guide future sampling. In this paper we show that the parameterization of SE(3) has a significant impact on the effectiveness of SDU and introduce a parameterization that dramatically reduces the number of very costly energy function evaluations. The resulting algorithm represents a significant gain (more than an order of magnitude) in computational efficiency compared to state-of-the-art Monte Carlo-based algorithms used for the same purpose.
Estimating Pore Pressure Using Compressional and Shear Wave Data from Multicomponent Seismic Nodes in Atlantis Field, Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

Summary Pore pressures for the shallow sub-seafloor sediments at the Atlantis field are estimated by analysis of P and S wave velocities observed seismic data recorded by a patch of ocean-bottom multicomponent nodes. A modified Eaton’s algorithm for pressure prediction is applied, and estimated overpressure locations are compared to known hazardous shallow water flow zones evaluated from a batch-set drilling project.
Cellular and Dendritic Growth

Many of the alloys used in practice, such as steel, aluminum-copper alloys, nickel-base and copper-base alloys, are single phase alloys, which means that the final product of solidification is a solid solution. Depending on the thermal and compositional field, cellular or, in most practical cases, dendritic morphology will occur. In other cases, even when the room temperature microstructure is mostly eutectic some primary phases solidify before the eutectic. They can be solid solutions, carbides, intermetallic phases, inclusions, etc. Their morphology affects mechanical properties, and thus, understanding how this morphology can be controlled is a mater of significant practical importance. A detailed discussion of primary phase growth, and in particular of dendrite growth, will be provided in the following sections.
Electron impact induced fragmentation of steroidal diketones with ‘abnormal’ stereochemistry

The mass spectral fragmentations of steroidal diketones with ‘unnatural’ sterechemistry at positions 8, 9 and 14 have been examined by the use of high resolution, metastable defocusing and isotopic labeling techniques. In addition, the elucidation of fragmentation pathways was greatly facilitated by the use of the INTSUM computer program. In contrast to 14α-11-ones, where the McLafferty rearrangement is of minor importance in directing the fragmentation, it is suggested that the ketones in the present study, by virtue of their ring C flexibility, readily undergo the McLafferty rearrangement. If correct, this would represent a further example of available ground state conformations controlling fragmentation after electron impact.
Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City

Peter D. Norton. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2008. 396 pages. $35. F ighting Traffic tells the story of how, at the dawn of the 20th century, the advent of motorized transportation led to battles...
Multimedia networks: issues and challenges

Video on demand, teleconferencing, digital libraries, and remote tutoring systems are just a few of the many distributed multimedia applications that have emerged in recent years. Widespread use of such applications requires networks that can offer transport services to both discrete media (such as text and digital images) and continuous media (such as audio and video). The discussion explores some of the issues involved in the design of such networks. >
Secondary organic aerosol formation from fossil fuel sources contribute majority of summertime organic mass at Bakersfield

[1] Secondary organic aerosols (SOA), known to form in the atmosphere from oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by anthropogenic and biogenic sources, are a poorly understood but substantial component of atmospheric particles. In this study, we examined the chemical and physical properties of SOA at Bakersfield, California, a site influenced by anthropogenic and terrestrial biogenic emissions. Factor analysis was applied to the infrared and mass spectra of fine particles to identify sources and atmospheric processing that contributed to the organic mass (OM). We found that OM accounted for 56% of submicron particle mass, with SOA components contributing 80% to 90% of OM from 15 May to 29 June 2010. SOA formed from alkane and aromatic compounds, the two major classes of vehicle-emitted hydrocarbons, accounted for 65% OM (72% SOA). The alkane and aromatic SOA components were associated with 200 nm to 500 nm accumulation mode particles, likely from condensation of daytime photochemical products of VOCs. In contrast, biogenic SOA likely formed from condensation of secondary organic vapors, produced from NO3radical oxidation reactions during nighttime hours, on 400 nm to 700 nm sized primary particles, and accounted for less than 10% OM. Local petroleum operation emissions contributed 13% to the OM, and the moderate O/C (0.2) of this factor suggested it was largely of secondary origin. Approximately 10% of organic aerosols in submicron particles were identified as either vegetative detritus (10%) or cooking activities (7%), from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and aerosol mass spectrometry measurements, respectively. While the mass spectra of several linearly independent SOA components were nearly identical and external source markers were needed to separate them, each component had distinct infrared spectrum, likely associated with the source-specific VOCs from which they formed.