cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of wetlands and developed land use on dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations and DON/TDN in northeastern U.S. rivers and streams

Previous studies have shown that watersheds with significant human development (i.e., urban and agricultural land use) generally have higher concentrations and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in comparison to less-developed or forested watersheds. However, the impact of watershed development on dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in drainage waters has received little attention. We present data from 39 watersheds in Massachusetts (Ipswich River watershed) encompassing a gradient of developed land use (0%‐92% urban plus agriculture) and wetland abundance (0%‐32%) to assess controls on mean annual DON concentrations and DON/ total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in drainage waters. In addition, we compiled published data from 119 northeastern U.S. watersheds to evaluate broader-scale relationships between DON, developed land use, and wetlands. The percentage of developed land is a poor predictor of DON concentrations in the Ipswich watersheds (r 2 5 0.09) and the compiled dataset (r 2 5 0.27). In contrast, wetland percentage explains 56% of the variability in DON concentrations in the Ipswich watersheds, and 60% when all literature data are included. Excluding watersheds with direct wastewater inputs to surface waters improves the regional relationship significantly (r 2
Physicians Must Honor Refusal of Treatment to Restore Competency by Non-Dangerous Inmates on Death Row:

The role of physicians in death penalty cases has provoked discussion in both the legal system as well as in professional organizations. Professional groups have responded by developing ethical guidelines advising physicians as to current ethical standards. Psychiatric dilemmas as a subspecialty with unique roles have required more specific guidelines. A clinical vignette provides a focus to explicate the conflicts.
Mechanism of Increased Rates of Dissolution and Oral Absorption of Chloramphenicol fromChloramphenicol-Urea Solid Dispersion System

The phase diagram of the chloramphenicol-urea binary system is reexamined using the differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction methods. It is concluded that the system is a simple eutectic mixture rather than a partial solid solution as previously proposed by other authors. The increased rates of in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption of chloramphenicol solid dispersed in urea are explained mainly on the basis of a change of particle size of the chloramphenicol crystals.
Field quality measurements of the LQXB inner triplet quadrupoles for LHC

As a part of the USLHC program, Fermilab is building half of the inner triplet quadrupole magnets for the LHC. Two identical quadrupoles (MQXB) with a dipole corrector between them in a single cryogenic unit (LQXB) comprise the Q2 optical element of the final focus triplets in the interaction regions. The 5.5 m long MQXB have a 70 mm aperture and operate in superfluid helium at 1.9 K with a peak field gradient of 215 T/m. Manufacturing of the 18 magnets is in an advanced stage. A program of magnetic field quality measurements of the magnets is performed at room temperature during magnet fabrication as well as at superfluid helium temperature during the cold qualification of each magnet. Results of the measurements are summarized in this paper.
Assessing the Impact of Wind Variability on Power System Small-Signal Reachability

We propose a method to assess the impact on power system dynamic performance of operational uncertainty caused by variability in the system supply side. Operational uncertainty is not new to power systems, e.g., demand variability. However, with the increased penetration of renewable-based generation, operational uncertainty will extend to a significant portion of the supply side, which may have an impact on system dynamic performance, e.g., frequency or voltage deviations beyond prescribed operational requirements. To address the problem, we propose the use of reachability analysis techniques, which will provide bounds on worst-case deviations of system variables that must remain within certain bounds. The method is illustrated with several examples.
Comparison of pallidal and subthalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) can relieve dyskinesias effectively and safely. This modality is applied most commonly in the treatment of dyskinesias associated with levodopa therapy for Parkinson disease. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) are the most common surgical targets. Deep brain stimulation of the GP has a direct antidyskinetic effect, whereas relief of dyskinesias by DBS of the STN depends on postoperative reduction of dopaminergic medications. Outcomes are similar for DBS in these two sites despite the different mechanisms by which the stimulation relieves dyskinesias. Deep brain stimulation of the STN has become the surgical treatment of choice in many movement disorders programs but this modality has not been compared with DBS of the GPi in randomized controlled trials, and the superiority of one site over the other remains unproven. In the absence of data demonstrating superiority, selection of the stimulation target should be individualized to meet the needs of each patient. Selection of the target should be based on the patient’s most disabling symptoms, response to medications (including side effects), and the goals of therapy, with consideration given to the different antidyskinetic effects of DBS of the STN and GPi.
Synthesis of bis‐ and tris‐branched COOH‐terminal pegylating reagents: conjugation to NH2‐terminal peptides

In previous studies we reported an orthogonal protection scheme that was developed for the solution-phase synthesis of a family of bis- and tris-pegylating reagents which contain a free NH(2)-terminus. These pegylating reagents were coupled to the COOH-terminus of a model peptide. In the present study we report on the solution synthesis of a novel family of bis- and tris-pegylating reagents which contain a free COOH-terminus. To illustrate their general utility, conditions were developed for the coupling of these novel pegylating reagents to the NH(2)-function of a model pentapeptide. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that these pegylating reagents are well suited for conjugation to peptides and proteins that contain either free COOH- or NH(2)-functions. These reagents may have general utility in therapeutic development as branched pegylation has been shown to provide more effective protection of proteins from proteolysis by shielding the protein surface from approaching macromolecules.
Miniaturized MIM CRLH transmission line structure and application to backfire-to-endfire leaky-wave antenna

A novel miniaturized metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line architecture has been proposed and demonstrated to exhibit an almost twofold reduction factor in size in comparison with a previously published interdigital CRLH structure. The MIM CRLH transmission line has been demonstrated as a backfire-to-endfire leaky-wave antenna with excellent scanning performance. The proposed antenna is to be fabricated in LTCC.
Glioblastoma care in the elderly

Glioblastoma is common among elderly patients, a group in which comorbidities and a poor prognosis raise important considerations when designing neuro-oncologic care. Although the standard of care for nonelderly patients with glioblastoma includes maximal safe surgical resection followed by radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide, the safety and efficacy of these modalities in elderly patients are less certain given the population's underrepresentation in many clinical trials. The authors reviewed the clinical trial literature for reports on the treatment of elderly patients with glioblastoma to provide evidence-based guidance for practitioners. In elderly patients with glioblastoma, there is a survival advantage for those who undergo maximal safe resection, which likely includes an incremental benefit with increasing completeness of resection. Radiotherapy extends survival in selected patients, and hypofractionation appears to be more tolerable than standard fractionation. In addition, temozolomide chemotherapy is safe and extends the survival of patients with tumors that harbor O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation. The combination of standard radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide has not been studied in this population. Although many questions remain unanswered regarding the treatment of glioblastoma in elderly patients, the available evidence provides a framework on which providers may base individual treatment decisions. The importance of tumor biomarkers is increasingly apparent in elderly patients, for whom the therapeutic efficacy of any treatment must be weighed against its potential toxicity. MGMT promoter methylation status has specifically demonstrated utility in predicting the efficacy of temozolomide and should be considered in treatment decisions when possible. Cancer 2016;122:189-197. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Availability of Financing to Small Firms Using the Survey of Small Business Finances

This research adds to the literature on discriminatory lending practices by banks and non banks in their lending to small U.S.businesses, particularly minority- and women-owned businesses. Although existing research hints at discriminatory practices along ethnic and gender lines, shortcomings in the data have prevented researchers from drawing definite conclusions. This research seeks to overcome some of these limitations by using the relatively little-studied 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances, a data set with extensive coverage of ethnic minority and women small business owners. Findings indicate that for ethnic minorities as a group, there is evidence of discriminatory lending in outstanding transaction loans from banks andnonbanks. In addition, minority business owners face some restrictions toaccess to credit, but these restrictions do not appear to be uniform acrossloan or lender type. Also uncovered was evidence that African-American and Hispanic firm owners are less preferred borrowers. No evidence was found in the pattern of outstanding loans that women- or Asian-led firms were less preferred borrowers. Initially, it was found from the pattern of loan denial decisions that African-American firm owners faced significantly higher loan denial probabilities than otherwise identical white male firm owners for transaction and relationship loans from banks. The same was found to be true for His panic firm owners, but also that Hispanic firm owners faced significantly higher loan denial probabilities for transaction loans from non banks. (Abstract compiled from introductory text)
Teaching greedy algorithms using a single problem domain

In this paper we describe one approach to teaching the greedy paradigm of algorithm design that uses a single problem domain, the domain of scheduling/packing problems. By varying a few simple dimensions of the problem definition, we get a variety of different problems, and each of these problems gives rise to several natural "greedy heuristics". This reinforces to students that the greedy strategy is a paradigm. It is a broader and more general concept than any particular algorithm that uses a greedy strategy. Implementing these algorithms also provides interesting applications of classic data structures, such as binary search trees and heaps.
Listening with Your Gut: The Role of Intuition Boundary Judgments

ABSTRACTBoundary dilemmas are an important aspect of clinical social work. The author presents a case example to demonstrate the use of clinical intuition to arrive at a judgment in one such dilemma. The analytic literature suggests that intuition is best understood as unconscious communication. Cognitive research has offered two alternative models of intuition: the heuristics model and the learning model. The case presented illustrates that perhaps the psychoanalytic understanding of intuition as unconscious communication and the cognitive learning model operated in tandem to help the therapist arrive at a decision that served the client and treatment goals in this particular case.
Student Perceptions of Inappropriate Parent Behavior on “Moms” and “Dads” Weekends

Undergraduate students reported whether they had ever seen or heard about mothers and fathers engaging in each of four behaviors during “moms” and “dads” weekends: drinking too much, dancing inappropriately, flirting with students, and kissing students. A substantial percentage of students reported observing and hearing about parents engaging in drinking, dancing, and flirting, with significantly higher percentages reported for mothers than fathers. Findings suggest the need to further examine parents' inappropriate behaviors, the motivations underlying them, and student responses to these behaviors during mothers' and fathers' weekends. The article concludes with implications for programming for family weekends on college campuses.
Abstract 3684: Differential mechanisms of green tea polyphenols-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: Role of p53.

Tumor suppressor gene p53 is frequently inactivated in a variety of human cancers including prostate cancer and is associated with therapeutic resistance. We have previously demonstrated that green tea polyphenols (GTP) induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells irrespective of p53 status (Carcinogenesis 33:377-84, 2012). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations are not properly understood. In the present study we investigated the mechanisms of GTP-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells with and without functional p53. Human prostate cancer LNCaP cells were stably transfected with short hairpin-53 (LNCaPshp53) and control vector (LNCaPshV), exposed to GTP in dose and time dependent manner. GTP exposure induced p53 stabilization and activation of downstream targets p21/waf1 and Bax in dose-dependent manner specifically in LNCaPshV cells. However, GTP-induced FAS upregulation through the activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase resulting in FADD phosphorylation, caspase-8 activation and truncation of BID leading to apoptosis was common in both LNCaPshV and LNCaPshp53 cells. In parallel, treatment of cells with GTP resulted in inhibition of survival pathway, mediated by Akt deactivation and loss of BAD phosphorylation more prominently in LNCaPshp53 cells. These distinct routes of cell death converged to a common pathway leading to loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release and activation of terminal caspases resulting in PARP cleavage. GTP-induced apoptosis was attenuated with JNK inhibitor, SP600125 in both cell lines; whereas PI3K-Akt inhibitor, LY294002 resulted in increased cell death in LNCaPshp53 cells, establishing the role of two distinct pathways of GTP-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, GTP exposure resulted in the inhibition of class I HDAC protein, accumulation of acetylated histone H3 in total cellular chromatin resulting in increased accessibility to bind with the promoter sequences of p21/waf1 and Bax irrespective of p53 status of cells, consistent with the effects elicited by HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A. These results demonstrate that GTP induces prostate cancer cell death by two distinct mechanisms irrespective of p53 status, thus identifying for the first time through defined molecular targets for their chemopreventive and/or therapeutic actions. Citation Format: Karishma Gupta, Vijay S. Thakur, Natarajan Bhaskaran, Akbar Nawab, Melissa A. Babcook, Mark W. Jackson, Sanjay Gupta. Differential mechanisms of green tea polyphenols-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: Role of p53. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3684. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3684
Low cost synthesis of nano alumina powders

The nanosized γ-alumina powders were synthesized by aluminum nitrate and ammonium bicarbonate as raw materials in ultrasound fields.The effects of adding sequence and mode of reactants on particle size were investigated.The optimum processes were determined by orthogonal experiment.And the heat-treated powders were characterized by XRD,SPM400 scanning probe microscope and TEM.The results show that the smaller nanosized γ-Al2O3 powders were obtained when the entire Al(NO3)3 was added into NH4HCO3 solution at one moment.And the alcohol in reactant system has shown to reduce the agglomeration of the nanoparticle.At 900 ℃,the size of γ-alumina powders,as-prepared,is about 38.6 nm,when the mole ratio of aluminum nitrate to ammonium bicarbonate is 1/8;the volume ratio of water to ethanol is 1 and adding Al(NO3)3 into NH4HCO3 at one moment,calcinations time is 1.25 h.
Perceptions Regarding Workplace Opportunity Models by African Immigrants and African Americans: An Exploratory SYMLOG Analysis

This paper examines the differing perceptions of Africans and African-Americans toward eight different approaches to workplace opportunities that were placed in a continuum within the established inclusion-exclusion construct. The opportunity structures that were placed in an ordered hierarchy were inclusion, diversity, mentorship, merit, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, discrimination, and preferential treatment. The individual and organizational values that underlie these opportunity structures were based on research related to acceptance and support for values underlying fairness and equity (inclusion) and the rejection of values opposing fairness and equity (exclusion) in the U.S. value system. The perceptions of native bom African Americans and African immigrants toward these eight opportunity structures were assessed using the SYMLOG rating system. Shifting demographics in the U.S. and several cultural and socio political factors have led to Africans and African Americans increas ingly viewing themselves as separate social identity groups. The findings of this exploratory study indicate greater differences in perception of legally mandated and socio political opportunity approaches compared to legally prohibited and traditional opportunity structures. The results are discussed with respect to implications for public policy issues and directions for future research.
A “Greenhouse Gas” Experiment for the Undergraduate Laboratory

This experiment and analysis offer an effective experience in greenhouse gas reduction. Ammoniated water is flowed counter-current to a simulated flue gas of air and CO2 in a packed column. The gaseous CO2 concentrations are measured with an on-line, non- dispersive, infrared analyzer. Column operating parameters include total gas flux, dissolved NH3 concentration, liquid flux, and inlet CO2 partial pressure. The CO2 capture efficiency is correlated using a kinetic model with a dimensionless Stanton number and a mass transfer coefficient.
Diet and Physical Activity in the Prevention of Obesity

Numerous epidemiologic and clinical studies have examined the role of dietary factors in the development of obesity. Cumulative evidence indicates that there is no “magic bullet” for weight control. Rather, many individual dietary factors each exert a modest effect on body weight, and over time cumulative effects of small changes in daily energy balance lead to weight gain and obesity. On the one hand, there is some evidence that higher consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is beneficial for weight control. On the other hand, higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with both weight gain and type 2 diabetes risk. Emerging evidence suggests potential weight control benefits by lowering refined carbohydrates and glycemic loads, but prospective data are limited. Epidemiologic studies have provided strong evidence that sedentary such as prolonged TV watching is an important risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas increasing physical activity including brisk walking is associated with weight maintenance and a lower risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Given the obesogenic environment in which we live, characterized by the abundance of energy dense, processed and highly convenient foods, and sedentary lifestyle, it is critical to change our nutrition and physical activity environment and social norms. Otherwise, the effects of any kind of weight loss or maintenance diets are difficult to sustain.
The Impact of Protective Behavioral Strategy Use Frequency on Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Student Drinkers Nationwide

PURPOSE This study assessed whether college student (1) protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use differed between those who reached legal intoxication during their most recent drinking episode compared to those who did not reach the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold, and (2) frequency of PBS use could explain the variance associated with BAC during the most recent drinking episode, above and beyond one's sex, age, and involvement in the Greek system. DESIGN Secondary data analysis of the American College of Health Association's National College Health Assessment. SETTING Forty-four distinct campuses were included. PARTICIPANTS A total of 21479 college students were included. MEASURES BAC and PBS were measured. ANALYSIS The data were analyzed by conducting both independent samples t-tests and a multiple regression model. Effect sizes are reported. RESULTS Participants who reached legal intoxication used PBS less frequently ( P < .001; d = 0.80). Frequency of PBS use had the strongest unique contribution to the regression model (β = -.315, P < .001), such that participants with higher BAC reported less frequent use of PBS. CONCLUSION Interventions should seek to develop strategies that encourage college student use of PBS prior to, and during, drinking episodes. More frequent use of PBS can reduce intoxication as well as occurrence of alcohol-associated consequences.
Lactation Facilities in US Radiology Practices.

Abstract Purpose Despite federal and state laws mandating lactation facilities for eligible employers, no reliable data exist regarding the availability of lactation facilities in the radiology workforce. To fill this void, the ACR Commission on Human Resources added new questions to its annual electronic survey to better understand this aspect of the workforce situation for radiologists. Methods As done annually, the Practice of Radiology Environment Database was utilized to identify leaders of radiology practices, who were asked to complete an electronic survey developed by the ACR Commission on Human Resources. Among other questions, leaders were asked, "Does your radiology or radiation oncology practice have a dedicated lactation facility?" Results Overall, 579 of 1,815 (32%) practice group leaders responded to the survey. Of 579, 394 responded to lactation question. Of 394, 51 (13%) reported affirmatively that they do have dedicated lactation facilities, and 343 of 394 (87%) responded that they do not have dedicated lactation facilities. Conclusion The vast majority of radiology and radiation oncology practices in the United States do not have dedicated lactation facilities; given the numerous benefits to breastfeeding mothers and babies, this impacts not only women but also men given that they too would like to have healthy colleagues with minimal absenteeism.
An interesting case of mycoplasma pneumonia associated multisystem involvement and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

Severe mycoplasma pneumonia is a rare entity with only 0.5-2% of cases having a fulminant course. We present a 74-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and remote history of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma admitted with abdominal pain and diarrhea of 1-2 days associated with body-aches, dyspnea, dry cough and weight loss for 2-3 weeks. On physical exam, she was febrile, tachypneic, tachycardic and hypoxic on room air. Chest examination revealed diffuse crackles and end-expiratory wheezes. Laboratory tests showed anemia, acute-on-chronic kidney injury and hyaline casts and epithelial cells in the urine analysis. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomograhphy scan showed pulmonary infiltrates. Intravenous ceftriaxone and azithromycin with bronchodilators were initiated. Her clinical course was complicated by hypoxic respiratory failure, hemoptysis, and worsening of infiltrates, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was consistent with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). The patient's serum was positive for IgM antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae [1134 U/mL] and Anti-I-specific IgM-cold-agglutining [1:40]. A diagnosis of severe mycoplasma infection with DAH was made. The patient was treated with an additional course of doxycycline, pulse dose steroids and plasmapharesis with good clinical response. Surgical lung biopsy showed focal acute lung injury. Bone marrow biopsy and fat pad biopsy were normal. She was liberated from mechanical ventilation and discharged. She returned within 24 hours of discharge with cardiac arrest and new onset right-bundle-branch-block. We hypothesize our patient had severe mycoplasma pneumonia with DAH and multisystem complications of the same including a possible venous thrombo-embolic episode leading to her demise.
Coupling Behavior of the Thoracic Spine: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Objective The knowledge of 3-dimensional spine coupling characteristics is important for treating patients with spinal pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the coupling directional pattern of the thoracic spine by systematic review. This review could help determine the use of coupling knowledge for manual therapy treatment. Methods A systematic review of studies examining in vivo and in vitro thoracic spine coupled motion was conducted using PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature searches (1960-2006), as well as a separate hand-search. Study abstracts were independently reviewed and selected by two investigators based on face validity. The reliability between investigators was established using the Kappa ( K ) coefficient. A third investigator resolved any inclusion disagreement. Full studies were then evaluated for compliance with inclusion criteria. Coupling patterns from accepted studies were then qualitatively compared. Results Of the 56 citations originally identified in the searches, the first two investigators reached consensus on 41 citations and required further assistance by the third investigator on 15 citations. The reliability between investigators was rated fair ( K = 0.38). Twenty-one citations were deemed acceptable for further review. Of 21 citations, 8 met the inclusion criteria and were fully reviewed. No consistent coupling pattern was observed across the 8 studies, where they exhibited ipsilateral, contralateral, or mixed coupling behaviors. Conclusions Differences in study design, measurement method, and tissue preparation may have contributed to differences between studies. More quality, in vivo investigations are needed to evaluate thoracic coupling in symptomatic subjects in both a flexed and extended position.
Children’s Public Health Insurance and Maternal Absenteeism

There are currently two public health insurance options available to United States children, Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). The programs are similar in that they both target improvements in children’s health through increased access to medical care. Program participation, however, may impact the labor market decisions of participant families. This study employs data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) 2006 Full Year Consolidated Data File to identify how participation in the two programs affects a mother’s work performance measured by absenteeism. The relationship between public health insurance enrollment and a mother’s work attendance is complex as it appears to arise from offsetting factors. On the one hand, access to care may increase utilization of preventative care (in the case of well child visits) and early action care (doctor visits for mild illnesses), leading to an increased rate of absenteeism. On the other hand, it is this type of care that may reduce the total number of days that a mother needs to be absent from work to care for her child. Empirically we find that program enrollment increases the probability that a mother misses work but reduces the amount of time that she is away from her job (I38; J22).
Legitimation and Resistance: The Structural Contradictions of Regulated Capitalism

This chapter concludes the analysis of the crisis of Fordism by reviewing the structural contradictions that destabilized it. It reviews the conditions and requirements for the application of Keynesian economic policies and briefly illustrates their implementation in advanced and developing countries. It continues by elucidating the mechanisms through which the legitimation of the state regulation of the economy and society were pursued. In this context, it underscores the concepts of ideological legitimation and material legitimation and discusses Fordism unresolved contradictions of material legitimation. In particular, it analyzes the contradictions of the state management of the wage structure, the class nature of Fordism, state planning, and the inability of the state to reconcile bourgeois claims with the historical conditions. The chapter concludes by stressing the unsustainability of Fordism and contradictory position of the labor movement within this system.
Full color palette of fluorescent D-amino acids for in situ labeling of bacterial cell walls

Fluorescent d-amino acids (FDAAs) enable efficient in situ labeling of peptidoglycan in diverse bacterial species. Conducted by enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, FDAA labeling allows specific probing of cell wall formation/remodeling activity, bacterial growth and cell morphology. Their broad application and high biocompatibility have made FDAAs an important and effective tool for studies of peptidoglycan synthesis and dynamics, which, in turn, has created a demand for the development of new FDAA probes. Here, we report the synthesis of new FDAAs, with emission wavelengths that span the entire visible spectrum. We also provide data to characterize their photochemical and physical properties, and we demonstrate their utility for visualizing peptidoglycan synthesis in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. Finally, we show the permeability of FDAAs toward the outer-membrane of Gram-negative organisms, pinpointing the probes available for effective labeling in these species. This improved FDAA toolkit will enable numerous applications for the study of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and dynamics.
A system response persistence measure for use in ambient data monitoring

To aid in the real-time monitoring of system stability, it is useful to assess the relative damping of an underlying impulse response from noisy, ambient data. This is typically done using modal decomposition, procedures that accurately and consistently estimate natural frequencies of oscillation but struggle with estimates of damping. Here we introduce a measure of “persistence” as a robust measure of the duration of an impulse response. The longer a natural response persists the less damping it is perceived to have. The proposed measure scales linearly with the duration of an impulse response. It is easy to calculate as the energy in a normalized autocorrelation signal, and it serves as a measure of (inverse) damping.
Dissecting the 2017 National Security Strategy: Implications for Senior Administrators (the Devil in the Details)

On 18 December 2017 President Trump released his National Security Strategy (NSS). It is the quintessential document that will serve as the azimuth for key government leaders to guide them through the execution of core functions at federal departments and agencies in the months and years to come. At 55 pages, it outlines key issues that he and by extension, his National Security Council, see as of paramount concern for the United States. Broadly, Trump looks to: (1) protect the homeland; (2) promote US prosperity; (3) leveraging strength to preserve peace; and (4) advance US influence in the world (NSS, 2017, p. 4).
The Impact of Children on Adults

Children influence adults in numerous ways. Consider the couple who welcome their first healthy child into the world. Their lives are changed dramatically. One parent may have to leave a job to stay at home and provide necessary care for the infant. The parents’sleep patterns will be disrupted for several months, and each spouse will have less time and energy for the other. This can strain the marital relationship, for in coping with the demands of caring for the infant the spouses must make major adjustments in the quantity and quality of time spent with each other (Barton & Alexander, 1980; Glenn & McLanahan, 1982).
How Does She Know? Re-visioning Conceptual Change from Feminist Research Perspectives

A feminist re-visioning of psychological and social perspectives on conceptions and conceptual change raises interesting issues and challenges. A psychological perspective to conceptual change proposes that learners develop a knowledge of the world through their experiences, yet feminist research in science education has shown how gendered those experiences can be. We take gender to be a social construction and other social categories such as race, ethnicity, class, religion and language also influence that construction. Building from the feminist slogan “the personal is political” we articulate in this chapter the research on gender issues in conceptual change and use feminist psychological and sociological theories to propose future directions for conceptual change research in science education.
Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome and subclinical disease

Adenomatous lesions of the adrenal are commonplace. Advances in imaging technology have resulted in the discovery of increasing numbers of these lesions. A variety of hormonal and anatomic evaluations have been suggested to distinguish between the benign and potentially harmful of these lesions. Among the suggested evaluations is assessment of the feedback regulation of cortisol secretion. Several studies have confirmed that approximately 10% of the adenomas secrete cortisol in at least a partially unregulated manner. These patients, defined as having either subclinical or preclinical Cushing's syndrome, frequently undergo extensive diagnostic testing and on occasion, adrenalectomy. The relative infrequency of Cushing's syndrome in the general population suggests strongly that the vast majority of individuals identified by subjecting all patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses to screening tests for excess cortisol secretion will never progress to clinically significant disease (clinical Cushing's syndrome). Thus, testing of this nature in the absence of clinical findings consistent with Cushing's syndrome is counterproductive and should generally not be performed. Individuals with these masses should, however, receive close clinical follow-up and testing initiated if any findings suggestive of Cushing's syndrome develop. The application of screening tests in a relatively unselected population is clinically ineffective and can be deleterious when patients without disease undergo subsequent invasive procedures. The clinical epidemiology af adrenal Cushing's syndrome, the natural history of incidentally discovered adrenal lesions, and the lack of clearly documented benefits in removing lesions from patients with subclinical disease argue strongly against use of a biochemical screen ion the decision to operate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Initiation of superfluorescence: Collective and noncollective emission

The collective interaction of atoms with light is a topic of fundamental interest. In particular, the phenomena of superradiance and superfluorescence have received much attention since Dicke published his original paper on the topic [1]. Most work has focused either on the overall geometry dependent coupling between the atoms and the field to establish a preferred direction of emission, or it has assumed a preferred direction and then focused on the time evolution of the emission, often using a semiclassical approximation which neglects fluctuations in the atomic state (see references in [2]).
Variable Selection for Chronic Disease Outcome Prediction Using a Causal Inference Technique: A Preliminary Study

The ability to predict health outcomes of patients with chronic conditions has the potential for early risk factor identification, better treatment planning, and shared decision making. Compared to prediction tasks for acute conditions, modeling chronic diseases require careful adjustment for time-dependencies among treatments and responses, as well as variable selection to identify significant predictors. In this paper, targeting outcome prediction for chronic conditions which often require multiple medications, we applied causal inference techniques, specifically, the g-computation formula and marginal structural model, for the purpose of input variable selection prior to prediction using Bayesian networks. We propose that this approach allows for interpretable variable selection that also leads to better outcome prediction. An evaluation was performed using electronic health record data of a cohort of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients to predict CKD progression. We identified effects of individual and concurrently used drugs on patients' kidney functions that are different across CKD stages. Lastly, using proposed variation selection technique, we predicted CKD progression with accuracy as high as 0.74, slightly outperforming logistic regression.
A Complete One-Sector Neoclassical Growth Model

In this chapter we put all the elements discussed in previous chapters together. The model includes private capital from Chap. 2, government capital and taxation from Chap. 3, and fertility and schooling from Chap. 4. The features are combined to study large income differences across rich and poor countries, what is known as development economics. At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the differences in per capita income across countries were relatively modest. Per capita income in the richest countries was only 2–4 times greater than per capita income in the poorest countries. Over the course of the last two centuries, per capita income of the rich countries has diverged from that of the poor countries. By the end of the twentieth century, rich countries were 20–40 times richer than poor countries. What could explain stylized growth fact G4, dramatically large gaps in living standards?
Abstract 2166: Dasatinib displays antitumor efficacy in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of histiocytic sarcoma

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an orphan hematological malignancy with an incidence of less than 1% of all non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma, affecting both children and adults. It is a highly metastatic disease, and can affect any organ in the body including spleen, lungs, bone marrow, liver and lymph nodes. It is associated with a poor prognosis as treatment options are scarce and responses are short lived. Dogs spontaneously develop a similar form of HS with an appreciable frequency, and therefore present a unique translational model to investigate better treatments. Preliminary data from in vitro studies identified dasatinib, a multi tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as a highly potent drug against HS cell lines derived from tumors in dogs, but non-toxic to normal normal tissue surrogate fibroblasts. The current study was undertaken to evaluate if the efficacy of dasatinib could be re-capitulated in an in vivo orthotopic xenograft model of HS. The mouse model was generated in NOD-SCID mice by surgical injection of HS cells, transfected with a luciferase reporter construct, into their spleen. Tumor growth was monitored using In Vivo Imaging System. Mice were treated with 30 mg/kg of dasatinib intraperitoneally once a day or vehicle control, with five mice in each group. Dasatinib treated mice had a significantly decreased tumor growth rate in comparison to untreated mice. Most importantly, treatment with dasatinib significantly increased their survival time. All mice from the vehicle control group reached humane endpoints for euthanasia by day 27, while treated mice were clinically stable at day 53, with the difference in survival being highly significant (p Citation Format: Marilia Takada, Lauren Smyth, Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan. Dasatinib displays antitumor efficacy in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of histiocytic sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2166.
Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach in Hawaii and Japan

Japanese from Akita Prefecture, Japan, and Honolulu, Hawaii, received a battery of gastric function tests. Endoscopic mucosal biopsies were also taken from parts of the stomach at minimal, maximal, and intermediate risk for intestinal metaplasia. The serum pepsinogen I level was abnormally low in 20 of the 81 (25%) subjects who had metaplasia in two or three of these preselected sites, while only 3 of 132 subjects with metaplasia at one or no sites had low values. Neither abnormal serum gastrin nor the presence of parietal cell antibodies could be correlated with metaplasia. In two groups of male, agematched subjects—Hawaii Japanese and Hawaii Caucasians—the frequency of low serum pepsinogen I level was fourfold greater in the Japanese (9.3%) than in the Caucasians (2.3%). This finding is consistent with the higher stomach cancer risk in Hawaii Japanese.
ARCHIE: Data Analysis Acceleration with Array Caching in Hierarchical Storage

Scientific data analysis typically involves reading massive amounts of data that was generated by simulations, experiments, and observations. Performance of reading such large volumes of data from disk-based file systems is often poor because of the slow and mechanical components in the disks. Recent supercomputing systems are adding non-volatile storage layers in a hierarchy to handle the performance gap between fast main memory and slow disk-based storage. Software libraries for managing this hierarchy not only need efficient reading of data but also reduce user-involvement for cross-layer data movement. Furthermore, these libraries need to support array data access patterns into hierarchical storage management as scientific data is often organized in array-based data structures. Existing software typically manage individual storage layers requiring significant manual process in moving data among them. In this paper, we introduce a new array caching in hierarchical storage (ARCHIE) to accelerate array data analysis in a seamless fashion. ARCHIE evaluates array access patterns and prefetches data with array semantics between storage layers. Our evaluation shows that ARCHIE outperforms state-of-the-art file systems, i.e., Lustre and DataWarp, on a production supercomputing system by up to 5.8× in accessing data by scientific analysis applications.
Rapid-throughput solution-based production of wafer-scale 2D MoS2

Two-dimensional semiconductors, such as MoS2, are leading candidates for the production of next-generation optoelectronic devices such as ultrathin photodetectors and photovoltaics. However, the commercial application of 2D semiconductors is hindered by growth techniques requiring hours of heating and cooling cycles to produce large-area 2D materials. We present here a growth technique that leverages high-intensity optical irradiation of a solution-processed (NH4)2MoS4 precursor to synthesize MoS2 in one-tenth the time of typical furnace-based CVD. From start to finish, the technique produces uniform 2D MoS2 across 4-in. wafers within 15 min. Raman spectroscopy, in-plane XRD, and XPS show a 2H MoS2 crystal structure with a stoichiometry of 1.8:1 S:Mo. AFM scans show that the films are 2.0 nm thick MoS2 with a roughness of 0.68 nm. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals the characteristic 1.85 eV bandgap. The as-grown films were used to make field-effect transistors with a mobility of 0.022 cm2 V−1 s−1 and photodetectors with a responsivity of 300 mA/W and an external quantum efficiency of 0.016%, demonstrating their potential for optoelectronic device development. This rapid thermal processing growth technique reduces MoS2 synthesis time by an order of magnitude relative to comparable techniques and enables greater accessibility to 2D semiconductors for researchers and developers.
Differences in Magnitude of Cue Reactivity Across Durations of Smoking History: A Meta-analysis.

Background Cue-elicited craving may vary due to duration of smoking history, increasing as more years of smoking strengthen associations between nicotine intake and cues. However, research on this relationship is virtually absent. This project assessed the relationship between cue reactivity and years of smoking. Methods Data from 53 studies (68 effect sizes) were analyzed. Eligible studies were those measuring self-reported craving following cue exposure in nontreatment seeking smokers and reporting mean years smoking. Preliminary subgroup analyses identified methodological factors influencing cue-reactivity effect sizes; primary meta-regression analysis assessed differences across years smoking; exploratory analyses assessed potential for ceiling effects. Results Effect sizes varied due to abstinence requirement and cue presentation modality, but not dependence severity. Unexpectedly, meta-regression analysis revealed a decline in effect sizes across years smoking. Exploratory analyses suggested declines may have been due to a ceiling effect in craving measurement for those with longer smoking histories-more experienced smokers reported higher levels of craving at baseline or following neutral cue exposure, but all reported similar levels of craving after smoking cue exposure. Conclusions Methodological factors and duration of smoking history influenced measurement of cue reactivity. Highlighted were important relationships between years smoking and magnitude of cue reactivity, depending on use of baseline or neutral cue comparisons. Further research is needed to assess differences in cue reactivity due to duration of smoking history using participant-level data, directly testing for ceiling effects. In addition, cue-reactivity studies are needed across young adults to assess onset of associations between nicotine intake and cues. Implications This meta-analysis project contributes to the cue-reactivity literature by reporting on the previously ignored relationship between duration of smoking history and magnitude of cue-elicited craving. Results suggest that declines in cue-reactivity effect sizes across years of smoking may have been due to study-level methodological factors, but not due to differences in sample-level dependence severity. Cue-reactivity effect sizes were stable across years of smoking in studies using a neutral cue comparison but declined sharply in studies when baseline assessment (typically coupled with an abstinence requirement) was used.
Development of A High-Power Density Megawatt-Scale Medium-Voltage Power Converter for Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems

Power electronic converters are key components in hybrid-electric propulsion aircraft systems. Light weight and high efficiency converters are essential to achieve the goal of reduced fuel burn and emissions. For larger commercial aircraft, it is beneficial to increase the distribution voltage level from conventional 270Vdc to medium voltage for lower system losses and cable weight. A high-power density megawatt-scale medium-voltage power converter based on hybrid 3-level active-neutral-point-clamped (3L-ANPC) converter is developed to meet these requirements. This paper presents the hardware design and experimental test results of the converter.
The Causal Linkages Among Arts, Knowledge Employment, and Local Economic Performance:

This study extends art-related development literature by examining the causal relationships among artists, knowledge-class workers, and local income growth through direct and indirect paths. The un...