cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive beam analysis program for engineering education

This article describes an interactive graphic beam analysis program for undergraduate engineering education that has been used at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The program is fully mouse- and menu-driven, and the results, moment, shear, and deflection diagrams, are graphically displayed. The development objectives of the program and how the program has been used effectively to increase the learning and understanding of indeterminate beam structures are discussed. Practical experience with the program in two elementary structures courses is also reviewed. The article shows how graphically oriented programs can be beneficial to the education of first-year engineering students by allowing them to perform "what-if" design scenarios. The program is structured to minimize the time the instructor needs to spend on demonstration in the classroom. The program is free to all educational institutions.
Drug-Induced Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity due to topical or systemic drugs can be divided into phototoxicity and photoallergy. Phototoxicity usually presents as an exaggerated sunburn and can occur in anyone exposed to sufficient amounts of the offending drug and adequate wavelengths of radiation. Photoallergy is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction that presents as an eczematous eruption in someone who has previously been sensitized to the drug. A focused history is important in the evaluation of a patient suspected to have drug-induced photosensitivity. Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing and photopatch testing can be helpful. Management includes discontinuation and avoidance of the implicated drug, photoprotection, and symptomatic relief.
National sovereignty through decentralization: A community‐level approach to conflict management in Iraq and the Palestinian occupied territories

Purpose – The suggested utility of decentralized development in Iraq and the Palestinian occupied territories is meant to provide policymakers new alternatives to managing and resolving these conflicts. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The overall paradigm of decentralization is presented and how participatory development relates within it is described. As the conditions in Iraq and Palestine are then discussed, cited qualities and results of decentralized participatory development are shown to directly address the fundamental issues that perpetuate these conflicts.Findings – The paper finds that decentralization to local communities of development planning and management reinforces national sovereignty when national governments actively support its implementation. The productive partnerships among government, civil organizations and private groups that can result from decentralization – both vertically and horizontally along administrative tiers – strengthen both local ...
Property preserving symmetric encryption

Processing on encrypted data is a subject of rich investigation. Several new and exotic encryption schemes, supporting a diverse set of features, have been developed for this purpose. We consider encryption schemes that are suitable for applications such as data clustering on encrypted data. In such applications, the processing algorithm needs to learn certain properties about the encrypted data to make decisions. Often these decisions depend upon multiple data items, which might have been encrypted individually and independently. Current encryption schemes do not capture this setting where computation must be done on multiple ciphertexts to make a decision. In this work, we seek encryption schemes which allow public computation of a pre-specified property P about the encrypted messages. That is, such schemes have an associated property P of fixed arity k, and a publicly computable algorithm Test, such that Test(ct1,…,ctk)=P(m1,…,mk), where cti is an encryption of mi for i=1,…,k. Further, this requirement holds even if the ciphertexts ct1,…,ctk were generated individually and independently. We call such schemes property preserving encryption schemes. Property preserving encryption (PPEnc) makes most sense in the symmetric setting due to the requirement that Test is publicly computable. In this work, we present a thorough investigation of property preserving symmetric encryption. We start by formalizing several meaningful notions of security for PPEnc. Somewhat surprisingly, we show that there exists a hierarchy of security notions for PPEnc, indexed by integers η∈ℕ, which does not collapse. We also present a symmetric PPEnc scheme for encrypting vectors in ℤN of polynomial length. This construction supports the orthogonality property: for every two vectors (\vec{x},\vec{y}) it is possible to publicly learn whether \vec{x}\cdot\vec{y}=0\mod p. Our scheme is based on bilinear groups of composite order.
A series of short reports on some aspects of its use

Any educational hardware that is growing in popularity as rapidly as the overhead projector is bound to attract a large number of makers and models and selection is a difficult job. There are many different needs for the overhead, and many different machines available to match these needs. Among variable characteristics are the following.
THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL CONTROL AND OPEN PARTICIPATION: Journalism and its boundaries

Amid growing difficulties for professionals generally, media workers in particular are negotiating the increasingly contested boundary space between producers and users in the digital environment. This article, based on a review of the academic literature, explores that larger tension transforming the creative industries by extrapolating from the case of journalism – namely, the ongoing tension between professional control and open participation in the news process. Firstly, the sociology of professions, with its emphasis on boundary maintenance, is used to examine journalism as boundary work, profession, and ideology – each contributing to the formation of journalism's professional logic of control over content. Secondly, by considering the affordances and cultures of digital technologies, the article articulates open participation and its ideology. Thirdly, and against this backdrop of ideological incompatibility, a review of empirical literature finds that journalists have struggled to reconcile this k...
t‐Butyl Cyanoacetate

t-Butyl cyanoacetate reactant: 296 g. (4 moles) of dry t-butyl alcohol product: t-Butyl cyanoacetate Keywords: esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; replacement reactions, hydroxy by halogen; tert-butyl alcohol
The Origin and Future of Political Liberalism

This essay reviews Paul Weithman’s new work – Why Political Liberalism? On John Rawls’s Political Turn. Weithman’s book has two aims, first to explain why Rawls recast his political theory and second, to defend a particular interpretation of political liberalism. In contrast to other reviews, this essay addresses the latter aim. I challenge Weithman’s defense of political liberalism on two grounds: (1) that it fails to adequately grapple with pluralism about justice and (2) that it does not provide an adequate model of stability for the right reasons. I conclude that these two weaknesses in an otherwise excellent book suggest a promising future for the political liberal tradition, one that is more comfortable with indeterminacy and less comfortable with deliberative restraint.
1418 EFFECT OF AIRWAY CITRIC ACID (CA) AND SALINE (S) UPON VENTILATION AND BLOOD GASES IN NEWBORN LAMBS

Aspiration is common and often complicates recovery from ventilator therapy in the neonate. The object of this study was to examine the upper airway sites which determine the respiratory responses to an irritant challenge. Twelve lambs were studied awake at a mean postnatal age of 26 days and with a mean weight of 6.7kg. Via a tracheostomy (Ty) and system of balloons, it was possible to instill selectively 1 ml of S, or CA, onto firstly only the mid-tracheal area (MT), secondly only the laryngeal area (LA) and thirdly only the lower tracheal area (LT). During the studies spontaneous breathing occurred via an endotracheal tube placed in the Ty. Minute ventilation (VE), recorded as changes from baseline, was measured at 30 seconds (s), 1 and 2 minutes (m), after the challenge. Arterial blood gas changes were measured at 30s and 2m. Significant increases in VE resulted only when either S or CA were given into the LT. The mean CA increase at 30s was significantly greater than the S one (587 v 78 ml/kg/min). A lesser difference persisted at 1 and 2 m. After LT S PaO2, fell at 30s (-8mmHg) and at 2 m (-9mnHg). At 30s and 2m LT CA resulted in a rise in pH (0.08; 0.02), ll in PaCO2 (-7mmHg; -4mmHg) and no changes in BE. At 30s an 2m LA CA caused a fall in PaO2 (-14mmHg; -10mmHg) while LT CA caused a rise in PaO2 at 30s (16mmHg) and a fall at 2m (-3mmHg). The response to an irritant challenge in the airway consistently resulted in increased ventilation only when the lower tracheal site was stimulated but delayed hypoxemia occurred. The laryngeal site VE response was inconsistent but associated with significant hypoxemia. The mid-tracheal site response was minimal.
The role of target distinctiveness in infant perseverative reaching.

From a dynamic systems perspective, perseverative errors in infancy arise from the interaction of the perceptual cues with the memory of previous actions. To evaluate this account, we tested 9-month-old infants in a task in which they reached for two targets. Experimenters repeatedly cued the first target, which always matched the background (A), and then cued the second target, which varied in its distinctiveness (B). We predicted that a sufficiently distinctive B target would lessen perseverative responding. Results showed that infants perseverated when reaching for two identical targets, but that they made nonperseverative responses when reaching in the presence of a highly distinctive B target. Reach direction on each trial was jointly determined by the distinctiveness of the target, the immediately preceding perceptual events, and the history of reaches in the task.
Polyuria of thyrotoxicosis: Downregulation of aquaporin water channels and increased solute excretion

Thyrotoxicosis is a common disorder causing cardiovascular and renal irregularities. In this study, thyrotoxicosis was produced in rats by 14 days of daily thyroxine injection. This was associated with an increase in cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, and renal blood flow compared with euthyroid controls. Food and water intake along with urine output were significantly increased in the thyrotoxic rats compared with control animals associated with a significant increase in solute excretion. Polyuria and increased solute excretion still occurred even when food and water intake was equivalent. These renal responses were associated with significant decreases in AQP1 and AQP2 water channel expression in both the ad lib and paired intake studies in the cortex and inner medulla. The downregulation of AQP2 protein occurred in spite of equivalent plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the ad lib and increased AVP in the paired feeding studies. Solute-free water reabsorption was greater in both the ad lib and paired thyrotoxic than euthyroid rats and was associated with increased Na–K–2Cl cotransporter expression. We propose that the AVP-independent downregulation of AQP2, the observed increase in renal arterial pressure, and decrease in filtration fraction contribute to polyuria the increased solute excretion in spite of enhanced ion transporters in thyrotoxicosis.
A cross-national comparison of the length of custodial sentences for serious crimes

Cross-national comparisons of prison use have contributed to the common wisdom that the United States is the most punitive of industralized democracies. Studies of the prevalence of incarceration have found that differences in prison use between the United States and other countries disappear when the level of crime is held constant. This paper reexamines the contention that time served in the United States is longer than in other nations. When the type of crime is held constant and the U.S. jail population is included, time served in the United States for violent crimes is similar to that in other industrialized democracies. Differences persist for property crimes.
The effect of male size, age, and mating behavior on sexual selection in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.

We use laboratory mating experiments to examine the effect of male size, age, and mating behavior on fecundity selection and sexual selection in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera Bruchidae), a species in which females are larger than males. Female C. maculatus gain a fitness advantage, in the form of increased lifetime fecundity, from mating with large males (which contribute larger ejaculates), but the partial correlation between male size and fecundity is weaker than the partial correlation between female size and her fecundity. Large males had a mating advantage relative to small males, both when a single male was presented to a female and when two males were present. However, this did not appear to be due to females rejecting male courtship attempts, but instead may be due to male-male competition. When females were mated to two males sequentially, neither the size of the first male nor the size of the second male influenced whether or how quickly a female remated. None of the othe...
Reversible temperature induced inversion in the thermionic emission current anisotropy pattern emitted by atomically clean silicon cathodes

Abstract A reviersible temperature induced inversion in the thermionic emission anisotropy pattern emitted by cylindrical silicon cathodes with axial direction [111] is described. At 1320°K both the {110} and the {112} facets yield emission minima. The {110} emission remains the pattern minimum throughout the temperature range investigated. But an inversion occurs for {112} so that at 1495°K, when this inversion is fully developed, the emission from these planes of silicon yield pronounced maxima in the anisotropy pattern of the thermionic emission current. The effect, is completely reversible. When the temperature is lowered to 1320°K, the anisotropy again reverts to that at the starting point. The cycle can be repeated many times with identical results. The individual patterns are reproducible within limits of error set by the accuracy with which the temperature can be reset during the series of measurements. This reversibility allows the conclusion that irreversible changes in surface structure, such as those arising from diffusion and evaporation processes, can be ruled out as an explanation of the phenomenon. In addition, the ‘practical’ emission parameters for the ‘real’ surfaces involved are compiled for both n -type and p -type silicon. ‘Practical’ and ‘real’ are used within this context to stress that the measurements do not necessarily pertain to ideal crystallographic planes, but, as is usual with all such thermionic data, are characteristic of those surface structures that result when single crystal cathodes are heated to incandescence. The measurements relating to n -type silicon represent first therminonic emission results. All previous data pertaining to thermionic emission from silicon that appeared in literature refers to electron emission from silicon cathodes of extreme boron doping.
Potential Role for PAD2 in Gene Regulation in Breast Cancer Cells

The peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes post-translationally convert positively charged arginine residues in substrate proteins to the neutral, non-standard residue citrulline. PAD family members 1, 2, 3, and 6 have previously been localized to the cell cytoplasm and, thus, their potential to regulate gene activity has not been described. We recently demonstrated that PAD2 is expressed in the canine mammary gland epithelium and that levels of histone citrullination in this tissue correlate with PAD2 expression. Given these observations, we decided to test whether PAD2 might localize to the nuclear compartment of the human mammary epithelium and regulate gene activity in these cells. Here we show, for the first time, that PAD2 is specifically expressed in human mammary gland epithelial cells and that a portion of PAD2 associates with chromatin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We investigated a potential nuclear function for PAD2 by microarray, qPCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Results show that the expression of a unique subset of genes is disregulated following depletion of PAD2 from MCF-7 cells. Further, ChIP analysis of two of the most highly up- and down-regulated genes (PTN and MAGEA12, respectively) found that PAD2 binds directly to these gene promoters and that the likely mechanism by which PAD2 regulates expression of these genes is via citrullination of arginine residues 2–8–17 on histone H3 tails. Thus, our findings define a novel role for PAD2 in gene expression in human mammary epithelial cells.
Pavement Health Monitoring System Based on an Embedded Sensing Network

As one of the most important and expensive investments/assets in modern society, asphalt concrete pavements age and deteriorate with time as a result of asphalt mixture aging, cumulative loading, environmental conditions, and/or inadequate maintenance. The detection of pavement health condition is very important for a pavement analysis and management system. In this paper, a pavement health monitoring system was developed based on an embedded sensing network with an efficient combination of various commercial pavement sensors. The collected pavement responses were clear and reasonable and compared with a numerical simulation. The modulus of the pavement surface layer can be back-calculated every year or every several months based on testing runs and numerical models. Fatigue cracking and rutting models were selected to predict the distress of the experimental section according to the actual strain measurement from each passing vehicle. A health monitoring system, which contains the continuous monitoring and periodic testing as routines, is proposed as an important component of a pavement management system.
Sex differences in use of a species-typical facial gesture by pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina)

A species-typical gesture, the “jaw thrust”, was sequentially analyzed in a group of adultM. nemestrina. The major finding was a sex difference in apparent function with male jaw thrust sequences most likely to result in sexual behavior and female sequences most likely to terminate in agonistic behavior. Sex differences in the initiation and reception of jaw thrusts were also observed; they were most commonly initiated by males and directed toward females. Marked stereotypy of the behavioral sequences including jaw thrusts was observed: only a small proportion of the species’ behavioral repertoire was exhibited in temporal association with the gesture. Despite the striking nature of the gesture and the frequency with which it was exhibited, a majority of the signals had no overt social effect.
Optic nerve terminal arborizations in the frog: Shape and orientation inferred from electrophysiological measurements

Abstract The structures generating detectable visually evoked nerve impulses in the superficial neuropil of the frog's optic tectum were shown to be presynaptic, i.e., optic nerve terminals. Three kinds of evidence are presented: the responses were found to be resistant to synaptic blocking agents; the units were able to follow high frequency stimulation of the retina; and it was possible to find a unit in the neuropil which repeated, with a constant delay, the sequence of spikes of a given retinal ganglion cell. Lesion studies showed that the class III terminal arborizations were located in Ramon y Cajal's layer 9 (Potter's layer F). Using pairs of microelectrodes to record impulses from two points within a single arborization, it was found that these structures were elongated in a direction slightly inclined to the mediolateral axis. It appeared from the direction of propagation of impulses through the arborizations that the medial half of the tectum was innervated by the medial optic tract while the lateral tectum received fibers from the lateral optic tract. During invasion by an impulse, an arborization generated current which could be detected over about 150μm in the direction parallel to the long axis of the arborization. Based on the data from electrode pairs, a model is presented for the potential fields surrounding an arborization during invasion by an impulse.
Decomposition and oxidation of CH3 13CH2OH on A12O3, Pd/Al2O3, and PdO/Al2O3 catalysts

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and oxidation (TPO) were used to investigate the decomposition and oxidation of ethanol on Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3, and PdO/Al2O3. Ethyl-α-13C alcohol (CH3 13CH2OH) was adsorbed on the catalysts so that reaction pathways of the two carbons could be distinguished. Alumina was mainly a dehydration catalyst, but dehydrogenation was also observed and some carbon remained on the surface. In the presence of O2, A12O3 oxidized the decomposition products and theβ-carbon was oxidized faster. Ethanol, which was adsorbed on A12O3, decomposed much faster on Pd/A12O3 by diffusing to Pd and undergoing CO elimination to form CH4,13CO, H2, and surface carbon. On PdO/A12O3, the decomposition was slower than on Pd/A12O3 until lattice oxygen was extracted above 450 K; the decomposition products were oxidized by lattice oxygen. In the presence of gas phase O2, Pd/Al2O3 was an active oxidation catalyst at low temperature, but lattice oxygen had to be extracted from PdO/A12O3 before it had significant oxidation activity.
Using GPS-based link exclusion to reduce overhead and increase route reliability in FTP/TCP-based MANETs

In this paper, we show that the use of global positioning system (GPS) information in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) running the file transfer protocol (FTP) over the transmission control protocol (TCP) can be used to block the inclusion of unreliable links within a discovered route by not allowing the nodes outside of a given distance to participate in their formation. In doing so, this creates more reliable routes over time and lowers the amount of network overhead necessary to maintain the flow of data packets. This approach to route formation is validated using the NS-2.31 network simulator under different types of multipath fading models as well as varying network dimensions and node densities. While this GPS blocking scheme has been explored previously in a constant bit rate (CBR) over a user datagram protocol (UDP) setting, it has not yet been tested previously under the more common real-world conditions of FTP running over TCP.
ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE IN GUINEA PIG CEREBRAL CORTICAL SLICES: EFFECTS OF α- AND β-ADRENERGIC AGENTS, HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN AND ADENOSINE

—Norepinephrine and epinephrine, in combination with either adenosine or histamine, enhanced the accumulation of cyclic AMP in guinea pig cerebral cortical slices. Isoproterenol had only marginal effects under the same conditions. Studies with d- and l-norepinephrine and with the α- and β-adrenergic blocking agents, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, dihydroergokryptamine, propranolol and sotalol, indicated that the effect of catecholamines on cyclic AMP levels in this tissue was stereo-specific and was mediated primarily via interaction with a classical α-adrenergic receptor. Studies with the antihistaminics, diphenhydramine and pheniramine, and the antiserotonin agent, methysergide, indicated that guinea pig cerebral cortical slices contain receptors for histamine and serotonin, whose activation also stimulates an enhanced accumulation of cyclic AMP in the presence of adenosine.
Nanoparticle-mediated IgE-receptor aggregation and signaling in RBL mast cells.

Complex cell behaviors are usually triggered by multivalent ligands that first bind to membrane receptors and then promote receptor clustering, thus altering intracellular signal transduction. While it is possible to produce such altered signal transduction by synthetic means, the development of chemically defined multivalent ligands of effectors is sometimes difficult and tedious. Specifically, the average spacing between two binding sites within an antibody and the average distance between receptors on the cell membrane are usually larger than most organic molecules. In this study, we directly address these challenges by demonstrating how gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of precisely controlled mean diameters can be easily synthesized and surface-modified with dinitrophenyl (DNP) at an equally well-controlled ligand density or spacing. We found that both nanoparticle size and surface ligand density play key regulatory roles in the process of membrane antibody−receptor (IgE−FceRI) binding and cross-linking, wh...
Multiple thiol-anchor capped DNA–gold nanoparticle conjugates

We report the synthesis of a novel trithiol-capped oligodeoxyribonucleotide and gold nanoparticle conjugates prepared from it. These DNA-gold nanoparticle conjugates exhibit substantially higher stability than analogs prepared from monothiol and cyclic disulfide-capped oligodeoxyribonucleotides, but comparable hybridization properties. A quantitative analysis of their stability under a range of conditions is provided. Significantly, this novel trithiol oligodeoxyribonucleotide can be used to stabilize particles >30 nm in diameter, which are essential for many diagnostic applications.
Regulation of Ica during Simulated Acute Ischemia in Developing Cardiomyocytes Exposed to Hypoxia and Low pH

Ischemic heart disease is a common pro-arrhythmic condition characterized by hypoxia, acidosis, hyperkalemia and impaired Ca(2+) handling. Here we investigated the ischemia responses to acute hypoxia and acidification in developing cardiomyocytes derived from neonatal rat hearts (rN-CM) or human induced pluripotent stem cells. L-type Ca(2+) current (ICa) was measured within 4-7 days in the whole-cell perforated-patch (amphotericin B) configuration. Results: (1) Both cell types responded to acute hypoxia (5-100 s, pO2 40ms) showed continued suppression up to 40%, that developed over tens of seconds and appeared to involve SR or mitochondria. (4) In both cell types the suppressive effect of acidosis (pH 7.4 to 6.7) on the quickly inactivating ICa was larger (∼ 40%) and faster than the 25% observed for the slowly inactivating component of ICa. (5) The effects of hypoxia and acidosis were additive in cells with quickly inactivating ICa, but not in cells where ICa inactivated slowly. (6) Acidosis always accelerated the activation of the ICa by ∼ 25%.The results suggest that different mechanisms with distinct kinetics mediate the oxygen- and pH-sensing of the L-type Ca(2+) channel, and consequently influx Ca2+, handling of cytosolic Ca2+ by SR and mitochondria and the conditioning of the cells to acute hypoxic and acidosis stresses.
Review Article: Foreign Aid: Competing Paradigms

Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places by Paul Collier. New York: HarperCollins, 2009. Pp. 272 + bibliography + index. $26.99 (hbk). ISBN 978-1-8479-2021-8. The White Man's Burden: Why...
A Study of the Electrochemical Cell as a Storage Element for the Memory Access Gap

A memory device is proposed which is intended to fill the memory access gap, i.e., whose speed, cost, and capacity are intermediate between those of the electronic and electromechanical memories. Information is stored by electroplating metal on one or the other of two electrodes. The memory is random access and nonvolatile. Selection is by a coincident-voltage technique and stack operation is similar to the operation of core memories. The estimated driving requirement of a selection line is 1 V at 1 mA, indicating that small-area IC logic circuits will be able to drive the memory. The proposed memory will be mass-fabricated and the cost is foreseen as being primarily the interconnection cost between the IC decoding and sensing chips and the bit select conductors. The cost is estimated at 5 mcents/bit.
Development Of Antibody-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors

The speed and specificity characteristic of immunochemical complex formation has encouraged the development of numerous antibody-based analytical techniques. The scope and versatility of these established methods can be enhanced by combining the principles of conventional immunoassay with laser-based fiber-optic fluorimetry. This merger of spectroscopy and immunochemistry provides the framework for the construction of highly sensitive and selective fiber-optic devices (fluoroimmuno-sensors) capable of in-situ detection of drugs, toxins, and naturally occurring biochemicals. Fluoroimmuno-sensors (FIS) employ an immobilized reagent phase at the sampling terminus of a single quartz optical fiber. Laser excitation of antibody-bound analyte produces a fluorescence signal which is either directly proportional (as in the case of natural fluorophor and "antibody sandwich" assays) or inversely proportional (as in the case of competitive-binding assays) to analyte concentration. Factors which influence analysis time, precision, linearity, and detection limits include the nature (solid or liquid) and amount of the reagent phase, the method of analyte delivery (passive diffusion, convection, etc.), and whether equilibrium or non-equilibrium assays are performed. Data will be presented for optical fibers whose sensing termini utilize: (1) covalently-bound solid antibody reagent phases, and (2) membrane-entrapped liquid antibody reagents. Assays for large-molecular weight proteins (antigens) and small-molecular weight, carcinogenic, polynuclear aromatics (haptens) will be considered. In this manner, the influence of a system's chemical characteristics and measurement requirements on sensor design, and the consequence of various sensor designs on analytical performance will be illustrated.
Expert systems and behavioral decision research

Abstract This paper reviews a part of the literature on behavioral decision research (policy capturing, psychophysics of numerical judgments and cognitive illusions) and examines implication for knowledge elicitation in expert systems. The literature on policy capturing demonstrates that simple and compact numerical models of expert knowledge can be built, but that experts are poor in verbalizing the knowledge expressed in them. The psychophysical literature indicates that numerical encoding of expert knowledge may be difficult and biased, but that it has definitive advantages over qualitative elicitation schemes: Numerical encoding forces hard throught, encourages precision, and allows to access a substantial computational apparatus. The literature on cognitive illusions suggests that the expert knowledge one elicits may be an illusion. The review concludes by recommending to use numerical judgments and explicit models by experts where possible, and to decompose the elicitation task in order to avoid cognitive illusions.
Dislocation-Based Boundary-Element Method for Crack Problems in Anisotropic Half Planes

A dislocation-based boundary-element method (BEM) is presented to provide solutions to the crack problems in anisotropic half-planes. The boundary of the half-plane is first modeled by a dislocation array, which is then discretized into boundary elements. Each element is simulated as a continuous dislocation array with linear distribution between the two element nodes. As a result, the singular integral equations derived from the continuous dislocation method for each element can be solved analytically. After the dislocation densities at the element nodes are determined from the prescribed traction forces along the half-plane boundary, the elastic solution of the half-plane can be calculated. Two basic solutions for an anisotropic half plane, that is, traction boundary solution and dislocation solution, are derived and compared with the analytical solutions. These solutions are then applied to solve crack problems in the half-plane subjected to different loading. The results from the dislocation-based BEM are compared with those from the analytical solutions to verify the described BEM. Excellent agreements are achieved for all of the cases.
MR imaging of silicone breast implants: Evaluation of prospective and retrospective interpretations and interobserver agreement

MR imaging was used to evaluate the integrity of silicone breast implants in 54 women with 108 implants. MR images were interpreted by relatively inexperienced readers who tried to reproduce the experiences reported in the literature. The study examines the interobserver agreement using different diagnostic signs and the influence of experience on interpretation errors. Prospective and retrospective interpretations were compared with surgical findings at the time of explanation. Diagnostic indicators, including the linguine sign, the inverted tear drop sign, the C sign, water droplets mixed with silicone, and extracapsular globules of silicone, were evaluated for diagnostic efficacy and interobserver agreement. The prospective sensitivity and specificity were 87% and 78%, respectively. With the retrospective interpretations, the sensitivity and specificity increased to 93% and 92%, respectively. Most of the prospective false-positive interpretations were due to misinterpreting radial folds as signs of implant rupture. Six implants interpreted retrospectively as false positives had gross amounts of silicone around the implants at surgery but there were no obvious rents in the implant shells. There was fair to excellent interobserver agreement with the individual diagnostic signs except for extracapsular globules of silicone. All of the signs had specificities of greater than 90%. The sensitivities of the individual signs were less than the overall retrospective sensitivity. With experience, the sensitivity improved from 87% to 93% and the specificity improved from 78% to 92%. This study helps substantiate the use of diagnostic signs used by other authors to detect silicone loss from breast implants by MR imaging; however, questions remain as to the clinical role of MR imaging in evaluating implants for silicone loss.
Resting Energy Expenditure in Children with Spina Bifida from 6 To 18 Years of Age

Abstract Knowledge of the energy requirements of children with spina bifida is important for developing intervention plans to prevent obesity and the complications that are associated with obesity. The present study was designed to compare measured resting energy expenditure of children with spina bifida, aged 6 to 18 years, to calculated resting energy expenditure derived from currently utilized predictive equations for "normal" children. After an overnight fast, the resting energy expenditure (REE) of children with spina bifida was measured using a Deltatrac indirect calorimeter with a ventilated hood. Each subject rested for 5 to 10 minutes before the measurement Measurements were collected over a 25 to 40 minute period while the subjects continued to rest and watch a non-violent video cartoon. Estimated REEs were derived from Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU), Mayo Clinic, MacLeod and Taylor, Sargent, Fleisch, and Maffeis formulas for six subjects, four females and two males, aged 6 to 9 years. These estimated REEs exceeded measured REEs by 29.8%, 32.3%, 16.5%, 28.2%, 20.5% and 25.3%, respectively. For a 13 year old male these same formulas underestimated his measured REE by an average of 6.9%. In summary, the REE of school-aged children (6 to 10 years) with spina bifida appears to be overestimated by commonly used pediatric predictive formulas. Additional data is needed to draw conclusions regarding older preadolescent children or adolescents.
Bleomycin-induced synthesis of type I procollagen by human lung and skin fibroblasts in culture.

Abstract Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent sometimes associated with pulmonary fibrosis and skin lesions in patients undergoing treatment. We examined the mechanisms of increased collagen deposition in bleomycin-induced fibrosis by incubating human lung and skin fibroblast cultures with [14C]proline; the synthesis of [14C]hydroxyproline relative to DNA or cell protein was taken as an index of procollagen formation. Procollagen synthesis by lung cells in the presence of 0.1 and 1.0 μg/ml bleomycin was significantly increased and similar results were obtained with skin fibroblasts. The relative synthesis of genetically distinct types of collagen was measured by isolating the newly synthesized type I and type III procollagens by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The proportion of type III procollagen of total newly synthesized procollagen in control lung fibroblasts cultures was 17.4 ± 0.6% (mean ± S.E.) while the corresponding value in cells incubated in 1 μg/ml bleomycin wa 12.5 ± 0.6% (n = 6, P
Visual openness and visual exposure analysis models used as evaluation tools during the urban design development process

This paper reports on the preliminary development of visibility analysis models used as evaluation tools during the urban design development process. This paper proposes a measurable morphological approach that can contribute to the planning and design process as a control and evaluation model. The models are applied to an urban case study that is based on the garden city theory. The complex being evaluated is the Bat‐Galim neighborhood, located on the northern shore of Haifa, Israel that was constructed in the middle of the last century. The goal is to try to overcome the problematic results and to suggest other spatial morphological configurations that support better results. Doing so improves the quality of the environment with respect to visual permeability.
Delivery capability and firm performance in international operations

Abstract In a world where existing competitors are constantly reinventing themselves and new competitors are continually emerging, a firm's long-term success depends on its ability to consistently differentiate itself from the competition. Delivery performance has become a viable differentiator. This study empirically examines the impact of delivery on firm performance as well as the factors that enhance a firm's delivery capability. Delivery capability is found to have a strong positive influence on firm's performance. Similarly, globalization, information availability, and planning sophistication have a significant positive impact on the development of delivery as a distinctive competence.
Monaural localization following exposure to different segments of acoustic space.

Four groups of eight monaural listeners received practice on locating sounds coming from different segments of the horizontal plane prior to a test in which all sounds originated within the same region. An additional eight monaural listeners were given the final localization test without the pretest practice. Knowledge of results was withheld. The main finding was that positive transfer of training was not equally apparent for all groups. That group for which the pretest and test involved the same ear and the same azimuthal positions of loudspeakers performed best. Practice in locating rearwardly positioned sounds did not benefit the localization of frontally positioned sounds even when the same ear was functioning in both situations. Experience in locating sounds from all segments of the horizontal plane appears to be required in order to build up an adequate internal representation of the acoustic surrounds.
Effect of paclobutrazol on membrane lipids in apple seedlings

The effect of paclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol] on the fatty acid composition of polar lipids and on the sterol content in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. York Imperial) seedlings was determined. Polar lipids isolated from leaves, stems and roots included mono- and digalactosyldiglycerides and the phospholipids phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids in membrane polar lipids were palmitic (C16:0), linolnic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3). The predominant sterol, both free and esterified, was β-sitosterol. There were no significant alterations in the fatty-acid composition of glyco- and phospholipids from paclobutrazol-treated apple seedlings. In contrast, a significant decrease in the content of β-sitosterol and campesterol occurred in treated tissues. The decline in sterol content continued with increasing duration of paclobutrazol treatment, and was most pronounced in the root tissue.
Sunflower Hull Flour as a Potential Dietary Fiber Supplement

Confectionery hull flour (CHF) and oilseed hull flour (OHF) were evaluated as potential dietary fiber supplements. Analyses included: proximate analyses, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent ligrdn and buffered acid detergent fiber, water- and oil-holding capacity, pH, cation exchange capacity, emulsifying activity (EA), Gardner color values, and sensory evaluation. CHF (90.7% NDF) was slightly higher in dietary fiber than OHF (83.4%). Sunflower hull flours had a relatively high cation exchange capacity, equivalent to lettuce. Sunflower hull flours were highly variable in color and EA. There was no significant difference in aroma of muffins made with hull flour or wheat bran but differences did exist in appearance, flavor and texture. Sunflower hull flour showed potential as a dietary fiber supplement but its exact physiological effects have not yet been established.
Light source-induced error in computer-assisted image analysis with a video-based system*

Abstract Objectives We tested the hypothesis that two different light sources, an alternating current fluorescent viewbox and a direct current halogen viewbox, do not differ with respect to their ability to illuminate reproducibly a radiograph during image capture. Study design Two radiographs were taken: one with four hydroxyapatite chips mounted against a dry mandible and onewithout the chips. They were digitally subtracted with a video-based imaging system. The procedure was repeated at different times. Results A statistically significant difference among optical density measurements was found when the alternating currentfluorescent viewbox ( p p =0.873). Conclusions Study design efficiency was increased by 212% with the use of the direct current halogen viewbox so that todetect a specified treatment effect with a given level of statistical confidence, the sample size has to be 2.12 times greater if the alternating current fluorescent viewbox is used.
Nonlocal electrodynamics of accelerated systems

Acceleration-induced nonlocality is discussed and a simple field theory of nonlocal electrodynamics is developed. The theory involves a pair of real parameters that are to be determined from observation. The implications of this theory for the phenomenon of helicity-rotation coupling are briefly examined.
Variations of fluorescence efficiencies of 9-(10H)-acridone and its 4-methoxy derivative with ph. excited-state proton transfer in very weak acids and

Abstract Acridone and its 4-methoxy derivative behave as very weak acids in their lowest excited singlet states. This behavior is shown to account for the pH dependences of their fluorescence spectra in alkaline solutions. 4-Methoxyacridone is also a very weak base in its lowest excited singlet state, which results in a pH dependence of its fluorescence spectrum in dilute acidic media. Acridone, although functioning as a very weak base in its lowest excited singlet state, in acidic ethanolic water, does not demonstrate excited-state proton exchange in acidic “pure” water. This suggests selective solvation by ethanol in the mixed solvent.
Oral toxicity of topical preparations.

A wide variety of topical preparations are available either by prescription or over the counter. Pets may be orally exposed to medications intended for topical use when they lick areas of their own body to which the medications have been applied or after ingestion of an owner’s tube of topical medication. Most of these products contain multiple ingredients, many of which are potentially toxic. There are several topical preparations that can cause life-threatening signs or death even in small amounts. The most commonly reported toxicoses from topical ointments are discussed in this article.
The relationships between body surveillance, body shame, and contextual body concern during sexual activities in ethnically diverse female college students.

This study investigated the relationships between body surveillance, body shame, and contextual body image during sexual activity in American female college students of European, African, Asian, and Hispanic/Latina descent (N = 1174). Responses to self-report questionnaires indicated that body surveillance and body shame were significantly positively correlated with contextual body concern during sexual activities for women of all ethnic groups. Examination of direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling indicated that body shame partially mediated the relationship between body surveillance and contextual body image during sexual activity for the sample as a whole. However, multiple-group analyses (i.e., path invariance tests) showed that some of these relationships differed by ethnic group, with European American women reporting the strongest relationships. Study results generally support the mediational role of body shame, but highlight that the strength of these relationships and means may differ across ethnic groups.
Telementoring: using the Kinect and Microsoft Azure to save lives

This paper outlines a study and technology that teleports the knowledge and skills of doctors when and where they are needed resulting in a reduction of costs by reducing the number of patients who must be transported from remote areas to cities where specialists are located. Rapid access to specialists' expertise results in lowered risk of death or permanent damage which requires lifelong treatment and monitoring. The technology presented in this paper has the potential to replace and/or supplement existing telemedicine systems costing in excess of $25,000 with a laptop, a $150 Kinect, an Azure connection, and an Office 365 account. The Kinect allows doctors to control the system without breaking the sterile field via hand gestures and voice commands with a goal of reducing the direct cost of healthcare associated infections to hospitals and patients in the USA currently ranging from $28.4 to $33.8 billion annually.
Use of submicron diameter carbon filaments for reinforcement between continuous carbon fiber layers in a polymer-matrix composite

Abstract The incorporation of 0.1–0.2 μm diameter carbon filaments (0.6 vol.%) between continuous carbon fiber (7 μm diameter, 56.5 vol.%) layers in an epoxy-matrix composite during composite fabrication was found under flexure to greatly increase transverse and longitudinal tan δ values, increase the storage modulus in the transverse direction, slightly decrease the storage modulus in the longitudinal direction, and increase both longitudinal and transverse loss moduli to values as high as 2 GPa.
Sequence homology and structural comparison between the chromosomal human alpha 1-antitrypsin and chicken ovalbumin genes.

The human chromosomal α1-antitrypsin gene has been cloned. This gene is approximately 5 kilobase pairs long and contains three intervening sequences in the peptide-coding region. DNA sequences coding for the amino and carboxyl termini of α1-antitrypsin have been identified. Human α1-antitrypsin and chicken ovalbumin show significant sequence homology and belong to a common protein super-family. Yet the number, position and size of intervening sequences reveal that the two genes are dissimilar.