cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐511: Inter‐Rater Variability in Classification of Incidents in a New Incident Reporting System

Purpose To determine how consistent the results of different raters are when reviewing the same cases within the Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System (ROILS). Methods Three second-year medical physics graduate students filled out incident reports in spreadsheets set up to mimic ROILS. All students studied the same 33 cases and independently entered their assessments, for a total of 99 reviewed cases. The narratives for these cases were obtained from a published International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) report which included shorter narratives selected from the Radiation Oncology Safety Information System (ROSIS) database. Each category of questions was reviewed to see how consistent the results were by utilizing free-marginal multirater kappa analysis. The percentage of cases where all raters shared full agreement or full disagreement was recorded to show which questions were answered consistently by multiple raters for a given case. The consistency among the raters was analyzed between ICRP and ROSIS cases to see if either group led to more reliable results. Results The categories where all raters agreed 100 percent in their choices were the event type (93.94 percent of cases 0.946 kappa) and the likelihood of the event being harmful to the patient (42.42 percent of cases 0.409 kappa). The categories where all raters disagreed 100 percent in their choices were the dosimetric severity scale (39.39 percent of cases 0.139 kappa) and the potential future toxicity (48.48 percent of cases 0.205 kappa). ROSIS had more cases where all raters disagreed than ICRP (23.06 percent of cases compared to 15.58 percent, respectively). Conclusion Despite reviewing the same cases, the results among the three raters was widespread. ROSIS narratives were shorter than ICRP, which suggests that longer narratives lead to more consistent results. This study shows that the incident reporting system can be optimized to yield more consistent results.
3 Blood and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation: Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System, Kallikrein-Kinin System, and Atrial Natriuretic Peptides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS), and atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) in blood and extracellular fluid volume regulation. The RAS and ANP systems deserve special consideration because of their well-known involvement as antidrop and antirise effectors of pressure and volume in mammals and because of their ubiquity in a variety of fish. The KKS also impacts on fluid balance in mammals and may have similar activities in fish. Hemorrhage, or other perturbations that produce hypotension or hypovolemia, usually activates the teleost RAS. Consecutive l-ml hemorrhages increase drinking and plasma ANG II in FW eels, Anguilla japonica . The transfer of eels to SW after the first hemorrhage, which presumably exacerbates the hypovolemia, enhances drinking and further increases plasma ANG II. The transfer of fish between hypo- and hyperosmotic environments has been used to examine the effects of ion, volume, or pressure perturbation on the RAS.
Cooperative enhancement of F-cell formation in baboons treated with erythropoietin and hydroxyurea

Chronically anemic baboons on a continuous hydroxyurea regimen were treated with pulsed doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) to test whether the combination of these two compounds, which individually induce F-cell production, can enhance further F-cell output. A low-F-cell-responding animal under chronic hydroxyurea treatment was given three separate pulses of Epo and responded with F- reticulocyte increments that were similar to the sum increments caused by either hydroxyurea alone or rHuEpo alone. The same results were obtained in a high-F-responding animal similarly treated. These findings suggest that rHuEpo and hydroxyurea can increase F cell numbers in an additive fashion. It is speculated that both compounds act through perturbation of erythroid differentiation kinetics.
A Structural Clustering Algorithm for Large Networks

Networks such as the World Wide Web, social networks, and metabolic networks, which contain valuable information, draw increasing attention in scientific communities. Network clustering (or graph partitioning) is the discovery of underlying clusters of related vertices in networks. But, beyond organizing vertices into clusters of peers is the question of what role each vertex plays in the network. This article presents some new ways of uncovering underlying structures, including the roles that vertices play in the network. Identifying vertex roles is useful for applications such as viral marketing and epidemiology. For example, hubs are responsible for spreading ideas or disease. We applied our algorithm to analyze some real networks. The results demonstrate a superior performance over other methods such as modularity-based algorithms. Keywords: graph partitioning; clustering; rand index; complexity analysis; structure connectivity
Right ventricular infarction complicating left ventricular infarction secondary to coronary heart disease. Frequency, location, associated findings and significance from analysis of 236 necropsy patients with acute or healed myocardial infarction.

Abstract Right ventricular infarction associated with left ventricular infarction was identified by gross examination at necropsy in 33 (14 percent) of 236 patients with transmural myocardial infarction. Right ventricular infarction occurred exclusively as a complication of posterior left ventricular infarction. Associated right ventricular infarction occurred in none of the 97 patients with isolated anterior wall infarction of the left ventricle, but in 33 (24 percent) of the 139 patients with posterior left ventricular infarction. Transmural infarction of the posterior ventricular septum was an additional prerequisite for right ventricular infarction. Of the 139 patients with infarction of the posterior left ventricular wall, 74 had no transmural infarction of the ventricular septum and none of these 74 had associated right ventricular infarction. In contrast, of the 65 patients with infarction of the posterior left ventricular wall and transmural infarction of the ventricular septum, 33 (50 percent) had associated right ventricular infarction. Among the 33 patients with right ventricular infarction, the infarct was limited to the posterior right ventricular free wall in 27 (82 percent); in the other 6 patients (18 percent) it extended to involve the anterolateral right ventricular free wall. Among patients with a posterior left ventricular infarct, those with a right ventricular infarct had right ventricular dilatation nearly three times (P Hemodynamic data in four patients with a right ventricular infarct disclosed previously reported characteristic hemodynamics of right ventricular infarction in only one patient. Recognition of right ventricular infarction is important because it implies specific therapy, namely, aggressive volume administration. Clinical evidence of posterior left ventricular infarction and right ventricular dilatation should arouse strong suspicion of associated right ventricular infarction.
Economics of User Segmentation, Profiling, and Detection in Security

User profiling, which classifies users into different risk classes, is regarded as a cost effective method to ensure adequate security of critical assets and services in many domains in which adversaries have heterogeneous incentives to commit security breaches. The benefit of profiling is that it allows firms to use an optimally designed and possibly a different detection system for each risk class whereas all users will be sent through the same detection system when profiling is not used. While profiling can be a useful tool in security, we show that the use of profiling and multiple detection systems increases high-risk users' incentives to fake their identity, and that this incentive increases when the profiling accuracy increases. The direct effect of an increase in the profiling accuracy is the increase in the likelihood that a high-risk user faking his identity will be classified as a low-risk user. The indirect effect is that the higher disparity in optimal detection rates for the high- and low-risk users resulting from a higher profiling accuracy provides more incentive for high-risk users to fake. If faking is sufficiently easy or the profiling accuracy is sufficiently poor, then the use of profiling results in a more expensive and less secure security system. We show that, in order to reap the maximum benefit out of profiling, an improvement in the accuracy of profiling technology should be accompanied by a minimum level of increase in the users' cost to fake or cheat the profiling system. If faking is not an issue, then it is optimal for a firm to design detection systems that operate at their efficient detection rates; the efficient detection rate for a high-risk (low-risk) user increases (decreases) when the profiling accuracy increases. However, we show that, when faking is possible, if the profiling accuracy is higher than a threshold value, then it is optimal to make the detection systems more similar by degrading the detection rate of the detection system for a high-risk user and enhancing the detection rate of the detection system for a low-risk user.
Purification and characterization of smooth muscle myosin-associated phosphatase from chicken gizzards.

Myosin light chain phosphatase associated with smooth muscle myosin (MAPP) was isolated from chicken gizzard. The MAPP was tightly associated with myosin and was not dissociated from myosin under the physiological ionic conditions. The phosphatase was dissociated from myosin in the presence of high MgCl2, i.e. 80 mM MgCl2. The binding site of the enzyme on the myosin molecule was the subfragment-2 region, since the enzyme did bind to the myosin rod and heavy meromyosin but not to the subfragment-1 affinity column. MAPP was purified with a heparin-Sepharose 6B column, and two activity peaks were obtained, i.e. MAPP I and MAPP II. The major activity peak, MAPP I, was further purified to homogeneity by thiophosphorylated myosin light chain-Sepharose 4B column chromatography. MAPP I was a tetramer composed of four 34-kDa subunits. The enzyme preferentially dephosphorylated the beta-subunit of phosphorylase kinase and was strongly inhibited by the heat- and acid-stable protein phosphatase inhibitor-1, whereas it was partially inhibited by the inhibitor-2. The IC50 (concentration of inhibitor giving 50% inhibition) value for the inhibition of the enzyme by okadaic acid was 70 nM which was about eight times higher than skeletal muscle type-1 and 390 times higher than type-2 protein phosphatase. These results demonstrate that the MAPP I is a type-1-like protein phosphatase, although the properties are not the same as type-I phosphatase. The properties of the myosin-associated phosphatase were distinct from the phosphatases reported previously, although some properties were similar to smooth muscle phosphatase-IV. Therefore, it is concluded that MAPP I is a novel smooth muscle protein phosphatase. Since it strongly associated with smooth muscle myosin, it is likely that MAPP I is responsible for the dephosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin in situ.
The Greenland Aerogeophysics Project: Airborne Gravity, Topographic and Magnetic Mapping of an Entire Continent

With large encircling mountain ranges, high-altitude glacial cover and a harsh arctic environment, Greenland is one of the most logistically difficult areas in the northern hemisphere to survey by conventional means. Years of effort by the Danish National Survey and Cadastre (KMS) have produced good quality gravity surveys of some coastal areas (e.g. Forsberg, 1986). On the other hand, except for a few isolated lines and small areal surveys, gravity data is almost totally lacking over the interior of Greenland. Satellite altimetry from SEASAT and GEOSAT provided topographic data over much of the interior of the island south of 72° N (Bindschadler et al., 1989) and this should be extended to the northern interior by ERS-1. However, to be useful for studies of the time variation of the glacial ice mass and climatic studies, altimeter biases and other errors in the satellite data must be established from extensive ground-truth data.
Liver function tests in morphine-addicted and in nonaddicted rhesus monkeys.

Summary Liver function tests performed in 31 Macaca mulatta monkeys addicted to parenteral morphine and compared with 25 nonaddicts in the same colony do not support the concept of a marked hepatotoxic effect of morphine addiction. Data derived from the control animals may serve as standards of reference for future studies utilizing hhis species.
A Nearly Optimal and Agnostic Algorithm for Properly Learning a Mixture of k Gaussians, for any Constant k

Learning a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is a fundamental problem in machine learning, learning theory, and statistics. One notion of learning a GMM is proper learning: here, the goal is to find a mixture of $k$ Gaussians $\mathcal{M}$ that is close to the density $f$ of the unknown distribution from which we draw samples. The distance between $\mathcal{M}$ and $f$ is typically measured in the total variation or $L_1$-norm. We give an algorithm for learning a mixture of $k$ univariate Gaussians that is nearly optimal for any fixed $k$. The sample complexity of our algorithm is $\tilde{O}(\frac{k}{\epsilon^2})$ and the running time is $(k \cdot \log\frac{1}{\epsilon})^{O(k^4)} + \tilde{O}(\frac{k}{\epsilon^2})$. It is well-known that this sample complexity is optimal (up to logarithmic factors), and it was already achieved by prior work. However, the best known time complexity for proper learning a $k$-GMM was $\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon^{3k-1}})$. In particular, the dependence between $\frac{1}{\epsilon}$ and $k$ was exponential. We significantly improve this dependence by replacing the $\frac{1}{\epsilon}$ term with a $\log \frac{1}{\epsilon}$ while only increasing the exponent moderately. Hence, for any fixed $k$, the $\tilde{O} (\frac{k}{\epsilon^2})$ term dominates our running time, and thus our algorithm runs in time which is nearly-linear in the number of samples drawn. Achieving a running time of $\textrm{poly}(k, \frac{1}{\epsilon})$ for proper learning of $k$-GMMs has recently been stated as an open problem by multiple researchers, and we make progress on this question. Moreover, our approach offers an agnostic learning guarantee: our algorithm returns a good GMM even if the distribution we are sampling from is not a mixture of Gaussians. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first agnostic proper learning algorithm for GMMs.
An Examination of Ads and Viewing Behavior: An Eye Tracking Study on Desktop and Mobile Devices

In this study, we use eye tracking to compare the impact of ads on viewing behavior on desktop computers and mobile phones. As in previous studies, we use a list-based search engine results pages (SERPs) to conduct our examination. Our preliminary results contradict banner blindness on SERPs both on desktop computers and mobile phones. Additionally, the preliminary results suggest that top ads may be more effective in attracting users attention on mobile phones compared to desktop computers.
Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity—A Problem Solved?

In the United States there are about 4 million births annually,1 of which about 10% are premature. The percentage of premature births has increased over the last decade2 and every year there are >20 000 infants whose birth weight is 1250 g or under who survive beyond 28 days of life.3 An additional 32 000 surviving infants weigh between 1251 and 1500 g at birth. Both birth weight strata contain, by all that we know about the disease, infants at the highest risk for the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). If infants of these birth weights are to be examined by ophthalmologists competent to perform indirect ophthalmoscopy on these tiny prematures, an average of 6 times during the period of highest susceptibility for the development of threshold ROP4 disease—32 to 40 weeks postconceptional age5,6—then we are talking about ±300 000 such examinations per year in the neonatal intensive care units across this country.
Prediction of California’s Next Earthquake: ABSTRACT

A great earthquake, centered near Los Angeles or San Francisco, has the potential to be the greatest natural catastrophe ever to strike the United States in historic time. According to some estimates, as many as 10,000 people could be killed, 100,000 could be injured, and up to $40 billion damage could occur. Against this threat, many state and federal agencies, universities, and private consultants are working overtime in California to fathom the riddle of how and why earthquakes occur, in the hope of gaining understanding of the earthquake process, and leading to timely predictions to reduce the loss of life and property. Following examples which have been variously successful in the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Soviet Union, American seismologists are designing, testing, and studying a wide variety of instruments and initiatives they hope will be successful in making predictions routine. Techniques and instruments range from traditional seismographs, tiltmeters, and creepmeters, to monitoring changes of gravity, magnetic field, and resistivity, to observing behavior of kangaroo rats, emission of radon gas, and measuring levels of water wells. Results have been mixed. No one has issued a formal prediction, which demands that the time, place, magnitude, and estimated effects be specified, but several earthquake alerts have been given. To confound matters, however, earthquakes have happened in the center of heavily instrumented areas without a shred of precursory warning. One statistician has said that at the rate we are progressing, we shall not have another chance to predict a great earthquake in California for 100 years if we miss the next one, which some experts say will happen in the next decade. This lecture gives an overview of the problems and techniques of predicting California's next earthquake, together with a discussion of the status quo which, at the time this abstract was written, included a possible volcanic eruption a few hours' drive from downtown Los Angeles. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1683------------
The impact of storm events on a riverbed system and its hydraulic conductivity at a site of induced infiltration

The spatial and temporal variability of riverbed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K(v)) was investigated at a site of induced infiltration, associated with a municipal well field, to assess the impact of high-stage events on scour and subsequently the riverbed K(v). Such impacts are important when considering the potential loss of riverbank filtration capacity due to storm events. The study site, in and along the Great Miami River in southwest Ohio, overlaid a highly productive glacial-outwash aquifer. A three-layer model for this system was conceptualized: a top layer of transient sediment, a second layer comprising large sediment resistant to scour, but clogged with finer sediment (the armor/colmation layer), and a third layer that was transitional to the underlying higher-K(v) aquifer. One location was studied in detail to confirm and quantify the conceptual model. Methods included seepage meters, heat-flow modeling, grain-size analyses, laboratory permeameter tests, slug tests and the use of scour chains and pressure-load cells to directly measure the amount of sediment scour and re-deposition. Seepage meter measured riverbed K(v) ranged from 0.017 to 1.7 m/d with a geometric mean of 0.19 m/d. Heat-transport model-calibrated estimates were even lower, ranging from 0.0061 to 0.046 m/d with a mean of 0.017 m/d. The relatively low K(v) was indicative of the clogged armor layer. In contrast, slug tests in the underlying riverbed sediment yielded K(v) values an order of magnitude greater. There was a linear relationship between scour chain measured scour and event intensity with a maximum scour of only 0.098 m. Load-cell pressure sensor data over a 7-month period indicated a total sediment-height fluctuation of 0.42 m and a maximum storm-event scour of 0.28 m. Scour data indicated that the assumed armor/colmation layer almost always remained intact. Based on measured layer conductivities and thicknesses, the overall K(v) of this conceptualized system was 1.6 m/d. Sensitivity analyses indicated that even complete scour of the armor/colmation layer would likely increase the overall K(v) only by a factor of 1.5. Most scour events observed removed only the transient sediment, having very little effect on the entire system indicating low risk of losing filtration capacity during storms. The research, however, focused on the point bar, depositional side of the river. More research of the entire river profile is necessary.
(S)-(-)-6-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-2,3,5,6-tetra-hydro-thia-zolo[2,3-b]imidazolium hydrogen oxalate.

The structure of the title compound, C11H12BrN2S+·C2HO4− (common name 6-bromo­levamisole hydrogen oxalate), is stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen oxalate anions form parallel coplanar chains via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, while there are N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between the 6-bromo­levamisole cations and oxalate anions. Both five-membered rings from the 6-bromo­levamisole mol­ecule have a twist conformation. The mol­ecule has an extended conformation, with the 4-bromo­phenyl substituent positioned equatorially with N—C—C—C and C—C—C—C torsion angles of 39.8 (3) and 100.4 (3)°, respectively.
Acceleration of cytokinesis in PtK1 cells treated with microtubule inhibitors

Mitotic PtK1 cells were treated at furrow initiation with microtubule poisons to determine the role of microtubules in the regulation of terminal cytokinetic events. The administration of anti-microtubule agents in late anaphase accelerated the rate of cytokinesis by approx. 60% as measured by changes in furrow diameter. Application of colcemid, nocodazole, or vinblastine sulfate to cells at furrow initiation all increased the rate of furrowing. Nocodazole, applied at various concentrations, demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship with furrowing rate. These results suggest a coupling between the disorganization and depolymerization of microtubules and the acceleration of furrowing. Electron microscopic analysis of cells treated with microtubule inhibitors show approx. 70% fewer microtubule profiles in the constricted region between the daughter cells. Microtubules may play a restraining role in the rate of furrowing.
Studies of the decay of persistent currents in unsaturated films of superfluid /sup 4/He

We report the results of systematic measurements of the decay of persistent currents of superfluid /sup 4/He films as a function of both temperature and film thickness. For film currents where the fractional decay per decade is less than 20%, the data can be represented by v=v/sub 0/(1-xi x ln(t/t/sub 0/)). For stronger decays we document deviations for the lnt behavior and observe that the empirical rule v=A(B+t)/sup -n/ reasonably represents the data over the full range of our studies. The Iordanskii-Langer-Fisher thermal fluctuation theory is examined in the vortex pair model, and inadequacies of the theory are discussed. A comparison is also made to the predictions of Donnelly, Hills, and Roberts.
Relationships Between Caloric Curves and the Critical Point of Nucleonic Matter

Recent results on limiting temperatures and caloric curves are discussed with respect to the question of identifying critical behavior in the disassembly of nuclei. We suggest that the best candidates for exploring such behavior are light nuclei in which the Coulomb Energies are less disruptive.
Weight gain during neuroleptic treatment

It has long been noted that patients being treated with neuroleptic medications (major tranquilizers) tend to gain weight. There is a growing awareness that significant weight gain presents several difficulties for the patient. As the patient improves and begins to re-establish relationships with others, he finds that his obesity makes him less physically attractive and as a result less socially desirable. A number of our patients have discontinued their medication in order to reverse the weight gain and end the resulting social ostracism. Weight gain thereby functions as an important source of resistance to effective treatment. Finally, it is well established that obesity predisposes and/or exacerbates a number of medical illnesses, including adult onset diabetes, essential hypertension, cholelithiasis, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Since chemotherapy remains central to the treatment of the major psychoses, we chose to study the most commonly employed and newer neuroleptic agents to ascertain their, effects on patient weight. We hoped to discover that some neuroleptics would cause relatively less weight gain or ideally that in our population certain medications might be associated with weight loss. We conducted an extensive review of the scientific literature from January 1966 to January 1980, for all references to weight change in psychiatric patients treated with neuroleptics. Our search uncovered varying and conflicting reports, most of which were anecdotal. Many early authors, including Kraepelin, noted that schizophrenic patients lose weight as their condition deteriorates and gain weight as they improve (Gordon and Groth, 1964). This was observed well before the introduction of neuroleptic medication. A psychodynamic explanation of this phenomenon was proposed: that a slimmer patient had greater opportunity for intimacy, which could be experienced as a threat and intensify the need for psychotic defenses. With clinical improvement the patient gained weight and diminished his chances for interpersonal closeness. Some authors maintained that the weight gain associated with medication was really the weight gain previously identified with clinical improvement. Other authors argued that the weight gain was pharmacologically caused by neuroleptics and would mask any weight change formerly used as a clinical indicator of remission.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibria in random mating populations.

Abstract The structure of multiloci random mating populations is examined. Sufficient conditions for the existence of stable local Hardy-Weinberg equilibria for n loci and an arbitrary number of alleles per locus, are then derived for specified situations under the assumption of multiplicative gene action between loci. It is shown that a stable Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can not be a local maximum of the mean fitness function with multiplicative gene action between loci. The stability of Hardy-Weinberg type border points and the condition for the increase of newly introduced genes are topics on which some n -loci results are also obtained for an arbitrary number of alleles per locus in systems that allow Hardy-Weinberg equilibria.
Found in transition: applying milestones to three unique discharge curricula.

Introduction. A safe and effective transition from hospital to post-acute care is a complex and important physician competency. Milestones and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) form the new educational rubric in Graduate Medical Education Training. “A safe and effective discharge from the hospital” is an EPA ripe for educational innovation. Methods. The authors collaborated in a qualitative process called mapping to define 22 of 142 Internal Medicine (IM) curricular milestones related to the transition of care. Fifty-five participant units at an Association for Program Directors in Internal Medicine (APDIM) workshop prioritized the milestones, using a validated ranking process called Q-sort. We analyzed the Q-sort results, which rank the milestones in order of priority. We then applied this ranking to three innovative models of training IM residents in the transitions of care: Simulation (S), Discharge Clinic Feedback (DCF) and TRACER (T). Results. We collected 55 Q-sort rankings from particpants at the APDIM workshop. We then identified which milestones are a focus of the three innovative models of training in the transition of care: Simulation = 5 of 22 milestones, Discharge Clinic Feedback = 9 of 22 milestones, and TRACER = 7 of 22 milestones. Milestones identified in each innovation related to one of the top 8 prioritized milestones 75% of the time; thus, more frequently than the milestones with lower priority. Two milestones are shared by all three curricula: Utilize patient-centered education and Ensure succinct written communication. Two other milestones are shared by two curricula: Manage and coordinate care transitions across multiple delivery systems and Customize care in the context of the patient’s preferences. If you combine the three innovations, all of the top 8 milestones are included. Discussion. The milestones give us a context to share individual innovations and to compare and contrast using a standardized frame. We demonstrate that the three unique discharge curricula in aggregate capture all of the highest prioritized milestones for this discharge EPA.
Rapid kinetics of polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion

Experiments are described in which the kinetics of fusion and subsequent cytoplasmic mixing are examined in human diploid fibroblastlike cells following exposure to polyethylene glycol-dimethyl sulfoxide. Analyses were performed on autoradiographic preparations in which one parental cell strain was prelabeled with tritiated amino acids. The results indicate that these events occur rapidly after exposure to the fusogen.
Management of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurologic motor disorder that is presently incurable. Drug management is included in the treatment currently available while research contin ues. The author presents information on the drug treatments available and provides an overview of the disease.
DAY CARE CENTER CHILDREN IN PEKING, CHINA: THEIR RESPONSE TO OUR DEVELOPMENTAL EVALUATION

In 1973 Chinese children attending a Day Care Center in Peking, People's Republic of China, were evaluated at their developmental pattern. The age of the group selected at random ranges from 18 to 44 months. There were 13 boys and 10 girls. Gesell Developmental Schedule was administered in the Chinese language by the author. Height and head circumferences were taken. Additional information on age, vocation and education of parents was also obtained. Developmental data were compared with a larger sample similar in age from a Day Care Center and a Nursery School in Phila. The impressions were: 1. When the evaluation was performed in the Chinese language by an experienced bilingual examiner it showed that the Gesell Developmental Schedule can be applied to these children with equal validity, regardless of vastly different social and cultural backgrounds. 2. While gross motor behavior was comparable between the two groups of children, the Chinese children scored higher on fine motor dexterity as well as language and personal-social behavior. 3. The height of the Peking children falls between 3rd and 50th percentile on Boston Anthropometric chart. Head circumference scattered between ± 2 SD on the Nellhous graph with none nearing + 2 SD. Inspite of the difference in child rearing, behavior in general is quite similar.
Underlying properties of oriented graphs

A formal analysis is made of the interconnection between oriented graphs and their underlying graphs, illustrating more general situations such as underlying graphs of networks. A natural notion of an “underlying property” is presented and illustrated, supporting a syntactical principle appropriate to the detection of false digraph-theoretic conjectures.
The Blockmover (ID#6809)

A microcode sequencer controlled Fastbus module has been designed as a powerful means of moving data in a Fastbus system. High data throughput and versatility for varying system configurations were the main design objectives. These objectives, the basic operation and technical details of the module, and some conclusions are discussed in the paper.
Continuous production of drug nanoparticle suspensions via wet stirred media milling: a fresh look at the Rehbinder effect

Nanoparticles of BCS Class II drugs are produced in wet stirred media mills operating in batch or recirculation mode with the goal of resolving the poor water-solubility issue. Scant information is available regarding the continuous production of drug nanoparticles via wet media milling. Griseofulvin and Naproxen were milled in both recirculation mode and multi-pass continuous mode to study the breakage dynamics and to determine the effects of suspension flow rate. The evolution of the median particle size was measured and described by an empirical breakage model. We found that these two operation modes could produce drug nanosuspensions with similar particle size distributions (PSDs). A reduced suspension flow rate slowed the breakage rate and led to a wider PSD and more differentiation between the two operation modes. The latter part of this study focused on the roles of stabilizers (hydroxypropyl cellulose and sodium lauryl sulfate) and elucidation of the so-called Rehbinder effect (reduction in particle strength due to adsorbed stabilizers such as polymers and surfactants). Milling the drugs in the absence of the stabilizers produced primary nanoparticles and their aggregates, while milling with the stabilizers produced smaller primary nanoparticles with minimal aggregation. Using laser diffraction, BET nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy imaging, and a microhydrodynamic analysis of milling, this study, for the first time, provides sufficient evidence for the existence of the Rehbinder effect during the milling of drugs. Not only do the polymers and surfactants allow proper stabilization of the nanoparticles in the suspensions, but they also do facilitate drug particle breakage.
Number of needle passes does not correlate with the diagnostic yield of renal fine needle aspiration cytology.

Background and Purpose: Renal Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has gained popularity due to increasing options in management of renal lesions such as energy ablation and active surveillance. ...
PMD37 A NATIONAL STUDY OF OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENDITURES FOR MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING

Abstract Objectives: To identify variations in screening mammography expenditures, primarily out-of-pocket and total expenditures, of women 40–64 years of age in the United States and factors associated with variations. Methods: Retrospective analysis of data collected from the 2007 and 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The sample included 2020 women 40–64 years of age who received one mammogram in 2007 or 2008. Ordinary least squares regression was used to describe relationships among out-of-pocket mammography expenditures, total mammography expenditures, and out-of-pocket mammography expenditures as a percentage of total mammography expenditures and such independent variables as insurance status and type, income, region of the United States, and type of facility where a mammogram was received. Results: The average out-of-pocket expenditure for a mammogram in 2007 or 2008 was $33, representing 14.1% of the total mammogram expenditure ($266). After controlling for demographic and health factor...
Structure of the TFIIIA-5 S DNA complex.

Abstract The missing-nucleoside experiment, a recently developed approach for determining the positions along a DNA molecule that make energetically important contacts with protein, has been used to investigate the structure of the complex of transcription factor III A with a somatic 5 S RNA gene from Xenopus borealis. We detect three distinct regions of the 5 S promoter that are contacted by TFIIIA, corresponding to the A-box, intermediate element and C-box regions previously identified by mutagenesis experiments. The advantage of the missing-nucleoside experiment over mutagenesis is that additional information, directly related to the structure of the complex, is obtained. Of most importance is that contacts to each strand of DNA are determined independently, and can be assigned unambiguously as interactions with TFIIIA. Throughout the binding site the strongest contacts are made with the non-coding strand of the 5 S gene. The two groups of contacts at either end of the binding site (boxes A and C) are comprised of sets of approximately ten contiguous nucleosides for which the contacts are reflected, without stagger, from one strand to the other. In contrast, contacts in the center of the promoter (the intermediate element) are staggered about five base-pairs in the 5′ direction with respect to each strand. These results, when analyzed in conjunction with the hydroxyl-radical footprint of the complex, support a model in which TFIIIA wraps around the DNA in the major groove of the helix for one turn at the two ends of the complex in boxes A and C, and lies on one side of the DNA helix in the center of the complex at the intermediate element.
Introduction and establishment of Entomophaga maimaiga , a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Michigan

In 1991, late instars of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were sampled and diagnosed for infections of the pathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper and for gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) at 50 sites in Michigan. Approximately 1,500 larvae were collected and reared from these sites, and no infections of E. maimaiga were detected. From 1991, to 1993, we tested the efficacy of 2 inoculative-release methods for E. maimaiga in replicated plots at 3 research sites by relocating soil containing E. maimaiga resting spores from Massachusetts to Michigan or by releasing inoculated larvae onto boles of trees. In the 2nd yr after introduction, E. maimaiga became established (9-40% infection) where both inoculation methods were used, and a low level of infection was detected in control plots (0.5-2.4%). In the 3rd yr, epizootics of E. maimaiga occurred at all 3 research sites, with the incidence of infection ranging from 20 to 99% in both treated and control plots. Infection levels were correlated with precipitation and relative humidity greater than or equal to 90% for 2 wk preceding larval sampling. In 1993, egg mass densities at the 3 E. maimaiga study sites averaged 3- to 10-fold lower than in adjacent oak forest. We found that it is easy to introduce E. maimaiga to new locations even in the midst of an epizootic of gypsy moth NPV and that E. maimaiga reduces gypsy moth populations to levels lower than that caused by NPV alone.
The SiH vibrational stretch as an indicator of the chemical state of interstellar grains

The infrared spectra of amorphous silicate grains and films formed in a variety of laboratory experiments have been measured. It is found that the frequency of the SiH fundamental stretch is extremely sensitive to the chemical environment of the grain in which the silicon is bound and varies from 2270/cm in oxidized grains to 2110/cm in a reducing environment. It is proposed that features previously observed in W33A could be due to -SiH groups in amorphous silica, partially reduced silica, silicon nitride or slightly oxidized silicon carbide. It is predicted that observations at 2270/cm will reveal a feature due to -SiH groups in highly oxidized interstelar and circumstellar grains. Such a feature might also appear in the spectra of comets.
Biodegradation of no. 2 diesel fuel in the vadose zone: A soil column study

Packed soil columns were used to simulate and investigate in situ biological remediation of soil contaminated with diesel fuel. The authors investigated and evaluated several operating strategies, including continuous flooding of the column soil with nutrient solution, and periodic operating cycles consisting of flooding followed by draining and aeration. The objectives were: (a) to determine the extent of diesel fuel degradation in soil columns under four operating conditions (biologically inhibited control; continuous saturation with nitrogen and phosphorus amendments; periodic operation, consisting of flooding with nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by draining and forced aeration; and periodic operation, consisting of flooding with nitrogen phosphorus, and calcium and magnesium amendments, followed by draining and forced aeration); (b) to evaluate CO{sub 2} production and oxygen consumption as indicators of biodegradation; (c) to monitor hydraulic conductivity under different operating strategies; and (d) to examine the system requirements for nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that periodic operation promoted higher rates of biodegradation of diesel fuel in soil and minimized the use of water containing nutrient amendments, and consequently the possible need to collect and treat such water. The authors believe that monitoring CO{sub 2} and O{sub 2} levels in situ may provide a means ofmore » optimizing the timing of flooding and aeration events to increase degradation rates. Results of this laboratory study will aid in improving the design and operation of field-scale bioremediation systems.« less
Modeling the walking patterns of Reciprocating Gait Orthosis users with a novel Lower Limb Paralysis Simulator

A mechanical Lower Limb Paralysis Simulator (LLPS) was developed for able-bodied persons to model the gait of Reciprocating Gait Orthosis (RGO) users. The purpose of this study was to determine if able-bodied subjects ambulating with the LLPS exhibited gait characteristics typical of RGO users. Five able-bodied persons were trained to ambulate with the LLPS and underwent a motion gait analysis. LLPS users were found to exhibit gait patterns that were characteristic of RGO-assisted gait.
A Computational Procedure for Assessing the Dynamic Performance of Diffusion-Controlled Transdermal Delivery Devices

The dynamic performances of two different controlled-release systems were analyzed. In a reservoir-type drug-delivery patch, the transdermal flux is influenced by the properties of the membrane. A constant thermodynamic drug activity is preserved in the donor compartment. Monolithic matrices are among the most inexpensive systems used to direct drug delivery. In these structures, the active pharmaceutical ingredients are encapsulated within a polymeric material. Despite the popularity of these two devices, to tailor the properties of the polymer and additives to specific transient behaviors can be challenging and time-consuming. The heuristic approaches often considered to select the vehicle formulation provide limited insight into key permeation mechanisms making it difficult to predict the device performance. In this contribution, a method to calculate the flux response time in a system consisting of a reservoir and a polymeric membrane was proposed and confirmed. Nearly 8.60 h passed before the metoprolol delivery rate reached ninety-eight percent of its final value. An expression was derived for the time it took to transport the active pharmaceutical ingredient out of the polymer. Ninety-eight percent of alpha-tocopherol acetate was released in 461.4 h following application to the skin. The effective time constant can be computed to help develop optimum design strategies.
Multiple feature fusion by subspace learning

Since the emergence of extensive multimedia data, feature fusion has been more and more important for image and video retrieval, indexing and annotation. Existing feature fusion techniques simply concatenate a pair of different features or use canonical correlation analysis based methods for joint dimensionality reduction in the feature space. However, how to fuse multiple features in a generalized way is still an open problem. In this paper, we reformulate the multiple feature fusion as a general subspace learning problem. The objective of the framework is to find a general linear subspace in which the cumulative pairwise canonical correlation between every pair of feature sets is maximized after the dimension normalization and subspace projection. The learned subspace couples dimensionality reduction and feature fusion together, which can be applied to both unsupervised and supervised learning cases. In the supervised case, the pairwise canonical correlations of feature sets within the same classes are also counted in the objective function for maximization. To better model the high-order feature structure and overcome the computational difficulty, the features extracted from the same pattern source are represented by a single 2D tensor. The tensor-based dimensionality reduction methods are used to further extract low-dimensional discriminative features from the fused feature ensemble. Extensive experiments on visual data classification demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methods.
Feasibility of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Injections for Sesamoid Disorders: A Cadaveric Investigation

Objective To determine whether accurately placed first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injections consistently deliver injectate to the metatarsosesamoid articulations. Design Prospective anatomic cadaver study. Setting Procedural skills laboratory at a tertiary care academic institution. Participants Five unembalmed cadaveric lower limb specimens, free from trauma, surgery, or major deformity of the medial forefoot. Methods Ultrasound guidance was used to accurately inject the first MTPJs of each cadaveric specimen with diluted, blue-colored latex. At a minimum of 24 hours after injection, each specimen was dissected to determine whether the latex was present between the metatarsal head and sesamoid bones (metatarsosesamoid articulations). Main Outcome Measures The presence or absence of latex within the first MTPJ and both the tibial and fibular metatarsosesamoid articulations. Results In all 5 cadaveric specimens, ultrasound-guided first MTPJ injection accurately delivered latex into the first MTPJ. In addition, in each specimen, latex was seen between the metatarsal head and both the fibular and tibial sesamoid bones. Conclusions Accurate first MTPJ injections reliably deliver latex to the articular surfaces of the metatarsosesamoid articulations. Clinicians administering diagnostic or therapeutic injections for patients with sesamoid disorders should consider injecting the first MTPJ as an alternative to direct metatarsosesamoid articulation injections.