cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic model for manufacturing cost estimating

The unit manufacturing cost (i.e., its estimator) for a given manufacturing program with stochastic demand and operation yield is assumed to be a random variable. For a simple series production line the probability distribution of the unit manufacturing cost has been derived by either the transform method, which uses Mellin and Laplace transforms, ort he method of moments, which uses either the Gram-Charlier series approximation or the Pearson system of frequency curves. The estimates and 90%-confidence intervals for the base manufacturing cost are computed for two device-component products. The model cost estimates are very close to the actual values and the confidence intervals are sufficiently narrow to be useful in applying contingencies to the predictions.
Gestational weight gain in obese mothers and associations with fetal growth

Background: In 2009, the Institute of Medicine recommended gestational weight gains (GWGs) of 5–9 kg for all obese women. Recommendations by severity of obesity were not specified because of a lack of available data. Objective: Our objective was to examine associations between GWG and fetal growth in obese women and assess interactions with obesity severity. Design: We used 2004–2006 Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System data from 122,327 obese mothers [prepregnant body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) 30]. We used logistic regression to estimate measures of fetal growth including small-for-gestational-age, which was defined as birth weight (BW) ,2 SDs below the sex and race-ethnicity-specific mean BW (SGA 2SD ), and macrosomia (BW 4500 g). We tested for interactions between obesity severity (class I: BMI of 30–34.9; class II: BMI of 35.0–39.9; class III: BMI 40) and GWG. Results: Obesity severity modified associations between GWG and fetal growth. Compared with weight gains of 5–9 kg, weight loss in class I women significantly increased the odds of SGA 2SD , whereas a GWG from 0.1 to 4.9 kg was not associated with SGA 2SD and did not decrease the odds of macrosomia. In class II and III women, compared with weight gains of 5–9 kg, a GWG from 24.9 to +4.9 kg was not associated with SGA 2SD but did decrease the odds of macrosomia. Conclusions: Our study suggests a GWG below the Institute of Medicine guidelines may be associated with more favorable BW for all obese women, and GWG may need to be further defined by obesity severity. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:644–51.
Who Uses Service Directories? Extending the Behavioral Model to Information Use by Older People

Because access to service information can be a crucial contingency for service use, this research uses the behavioral model of predisposing, enabling, and need factors to examine who used an information directory of health and human services that was distributed by mass mail. Data were collected from surveys mailed to 657 people aged 60 and older before and after service directory dissemination, and multiple logistic regression analyses examined the likelihood of different types of directory use. Respondents who were African American, were caregivers, or had transportation or personal assistance needs were most likely to seek information about community-based services. Enabling variables (directory packaging, prior service use, and awareness) and media-scanning predispositions also influenced remembering the directory and directory use for discretionary or nondiscretionary services. Although more research is necessary regarding why information is ignored or overlooked, older people are stimulated by the d...
The Cranial Morphology of a New Genus of Lungfish (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America

ABSTRACT Much of Mesozoic diversity within the lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) has traditionally been relegated to the genus Ceratodus, primarily on the basis of the highly stereotypical dental plates characteristic of post-Devonian lungfishes. The new genus Potamoceratodus contains the single species P. guentheri (Marsh, 1878), comb. nov. Newly discovered material allows clarification of the features of this species, including description of a complete skull roof and partial palate. The new genus can be differentiated from the European Ceratodus on the basis of characters of the skull roof, palate, and dentition, including lack of tubercular ornamentation of the skull roof, modest convexity of the dorsal skull roof, absence of sensory sulci anteriorly in the EF bone, and an enlarged and elongate anterior odontode series on the pterygoid dental plate. The North American Ceratodus record is reexamined in light of more complete material from the Temple Canyon localities of the Morrison Formation of Colora...
Dissection of the ADR1 protein reveals multiple, functionally redundant activation domains interspersed with inhibitory regions: evidence for a repressor binding to the ADR1c region.

Abstract The yeast transcriptional activator ADR1 is required for expression of the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH2), as well as genes involved in glycerol metabolism. The N-terminal half of the ADR1 protein was shown to contain three separate transactivation domains, including one (TADI) that encompasses the zinc finger DNA-binding domain. While TADII and TADIII were shown to be functionally redundant in activating ADH2 expression, deletion of only TADIII impaired ADR1 control of glycerol metabolism genes. None of these activation domains appeared to be carbon source regulated when separated from the ADH2 promoter context. Interspersed among these activation domains were two regions which, when removed, increased ADR1 activity; one was localized to the site of ADR1c mutations (residues 227 to 239) that allow glucose-insensitive ADH2 expression. The 227-to-239 region blocked ADR1 activity independently of the TAD present on ADR1, ADR1 DNA binding, and specific ADH2 promoter sequences. In addition, this region inhibited the function of a heterologous transcriptional activator. These results are consistent with the existence of an extragenic factor that binds the ADR1c region and represses ADR1 activity and suggest that other factors are responsible for aiding ADR1 in the carbon source regulation of ADH2.
Effect of strain rate on fatigue of low-tin lead-base solder

A study of fatigue of low-tin lead-base solder at different strain rates is discussed. The effect of tensile hold time (low strain rate) in reducing the number of cycles to failure was found to be much greater than the effect of ramp time (higher strain rate). While increase up to 1 h time per cycle for no-hold tests did not lead to fatigue life saturation, increase in tensile hold time over a few minutes led to saturation in the number of cycles to failure. Differences in the effects of hold and ramp were attributed to different mechanisms of solder fatigue fracture. It was concluded that fatigue life prediction of solder should be based on tests involving hold time. >
Daily dialysis: is this a reasonable option for the new millennium?

Nephrol Dial Transplant (2001) 16: Editorial Comments 20. Friedland GH, Williams A. Attaining higher goals in HIV treatment: the central importance of adherence. AIDS 1999; 13 [Suppl]: S61-72 21. Urquhart J, Chevalley C. Impact of unrecognized dosing errors on the cost and effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. Drug Inf
DYNAMIC NECTAR REPLENISHMENT IN FLOWERS OF PENSTEMON (SCROPHULARIACEAE)

Plants that experience variation in pollinator visitation rates or fluctuations in weather conditions may be expected to have evolved homeostatic mechanisms that regulate their nectar offerings, thereby providing a more constant reward to the pollinators. A limited degree of such nectar homeostasis is reported here for Penstemon. First, nectar removal stimulates replenishment: when nectar was removed hourly for 6 h from P. speciosus, twice as much nectar was secreted cumulatively as when nectar was removed only at the beginning and end of the same 6-h period. Second, replacing artificial nectar in the nectaries of P. speciosus prevents replenishment. Third, the hummingbird-adapted P. barbatus made more nectar before leveling off than the bee-adapted P. strictus. Our work and previous studies with other plants imply mechanisms for dynamic regulation of nectar offerings, at least within broad limits. We speculate about the proximate physiology underlying this behavior and its evolutionary significance.
A physician-centered approach to addiction identification and treatment misses the opportunity for interdisciplinary solutions.

In a recent editorial, Wood and colleagues() argued that “many in the medical community fail to diagnose alcohol and other drug disorders in part because of the failure to educate physicians about ...
Ascorbic acid deficiency and adrenocortical function in the guinea pig.

Aspects of ascorbic acid and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid metabolism have been studied during ascorbic acid deficiency in young, growing guinea pigs. Morphologic evidences of ascorbic acid deficiency were seen in the epiphyses before the onset of weight loss and before marked reduction occurred in ascorbic acid content of adrenal and liver. At this time, however, there was only a slight elevation in 17-OHCS of plasma and bile, and the elevation of plasma 17- OHCS following the administration of C14 labeled bacterial polysaccharide and of ACTH was of normal character. No evidence of alteration of cortisol-4-C14 metabolism was found in guinea pigs with earl ascorbic acid deficiency.
Knowledge of Gonorrhea in Adolescent Females With a History of STD

The purpose of this study is to examine how a previous infection with gonorrhea or another sexually transmitted disease (STD) will impact on patients' knowledge of gonorrhea. Adolescent girls were recruited from a primary-care adolescent clinic. Those with a history of an STD were overrecruited. Participants were given a standardized questionnaire regarding several symptoms and sequelae of STD. The results of this study revealed that girls (N = 248, mean age = 16.9 years) with a personal history of gonorrhea had more correct responses than those with no history of an STD, but they were not statistically different from those with a nongonococcal STD. No group had a mean correct score greater than 6.66 out of 13. Nearly two out of three participants reported that an individual had to always have one of four symptoms (discharge, pain on urination, rash, or sores) when there is a gonococcal infection. Overall, adolescents have an inaccurate foundation of knowledge regarding symptoms and sequelae of gonorrhea....
Bathymetry inversion using constituent Boussinesq equations

The phenomenon of ocean wave-shoaling, and the associated reduction of ocean wave phase speed with decreased water depth, provides useful information for inferring water depth D (bathymetry) in coastal environments. One strategy for relating D to phase speed C and wave-vector k, of long wave length ocean waves, involves using the 1-dimensional, linear (gravity wave) dispersion relationship C=(g*tanh(kD)/k)/sup 1/2/. In principle, this approach has limitations, because the approach is based on a WKB approximation. Thus, it cannot be applied when D varies appreciably over the wavelength of a shoaling-wave. Also, the approach is restricted to waves that have small wave-height. In the present paper, The authors use a set of marine radar image sequences and apply the linear approximation, via a 3D FFT analysis to the sequences. The authors show that for low to moderate wave heights, the approach does retrieve approximately the correct depth. However, an increase in the RMS wave-height from 1 m to 3.5 m produced a much poorer depth estimate, proving the need for an application of a non-linear wave model to the problem, with an associated new retrieval approach. They outline a new procedure for extracting bathymetry that uses the recently developed constituent Boussinesq (CB) equations. The inversion procedure is accomplished using a standard (Levenberg-Marquardt-like), 1-dimensional, cost function minimization procedure.
Waiting time to parapatric speciation

Using a weak migration and weak mutation approximation, I studied the average waiting time to parapatric speciation. The description of reproductive isolation used is based on the classical Dobzhansky model and its recently proposed multilocus generalizations. The dynamics of parapatric speciation are modelled as a biased random walk performed by the average genetic distance between the residents and immigrants. If a small number of genetic changes is sufficient for complete reproductive isolation, mutation and random genetic drift alone can cause speciation on the time-scale of ten to 1,000 times the inverse of the mutation rate over a set of loci underlying reproductive isolation. Even relatively weak selection for local adaptation can dramatically decrease the waiting time to speciation. The actual duration of the parapatric speciation process (that is the duration of intermediate forms in the actual transition to a state of complete reproductive isolation) is shorter by orders of magnitude than the overall waiting time to speciation. For a wide range of parameter values, the actual duration of parapatric speciation is of the order of one over the mutation rate. In general, parapatric speciation is expected to be triggered by changes in the environment.
Units from 5-Torsion on the Jacobian ofy2=x5+1/4 and the Conjectures of Stark and Rubin

Let K k be a normal extension of number fields, and / a character on its Galois group G. Stark's conjectures relate the lead term of the Taylor expansion of the Artin L-series L(s, /) at s=0 to the determinant of a matrix whose entries are linear combinations of logs of absolute values of units in K [StI IV, Tat1]. In the case that G is abelian and the L-series L(s, /) has a zero of order one at s=0, Stark gave a refined conjecture for the precise value of L$(0, /). Stark proved this refined conjecture in the case that k=Q or k is an imaginary quadratic field, making use of cyclotomic and elliptic units [StIV]. Only scant progress has been made in generalizing elliptic units to ``abelian units'' attached to abelian varieties of dimension greater than 1 [BaBo, BoBa, dSG, Gra2, A]. Recently Rubin gave a generalized refined Stark's conjecture for the value of the lead term of L(s, /) at s=0 whenever G is abelian [R]. In this paper we describe a set of abelian units attached to the 5-torsion of the Jacobian of the curve y=x+1 4 which can be used to verify Rubin's conjecture in a case where the L-series has a second order zero at s=0. Stark also questioned what the lead term should be when there is a second order zero [St2]. These units can also be used to affirm his question in this case. In the first section of the paper we recall the various conjectures. In the second section we describe the fields k and K of our example. In Section 3 we discuss the appropriate units, and in Section 4 we describe how to numerically evaluate the L-series. In the fifth section we establish a key equality, and in the last section we explain for this example how to derive the conjectures from the key equality. Finally, the appendix contains a description of the geometry behind the construction of the units. Article ID jnth.1998.2346, available online at http: www.idealibrary.com on
Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer: the Washington University experience.

AbstractPurpose: The recognized form of therapy for patients with ureteral or renal pelvis transitional cell carcinoma is total nephroureterectomy with excision of the ipsilateral periureteral cuff of bladder mucosa. We report our experience with 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma through July 1994 and compare them to a contemporary group of patients undergoing open nephroureterectomy for the same disease.Materials and Methods: A total of 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma was evaluated with respect to operative time, surgical specimen weight, pathological stage, postoperative analgesia requirement, interval to resume normal oral intake, postoperative recovery and results of postoperative surveillance. Of the patients 8 who underwent open surgical nephroureterectomy during a contemporary period for the same diagnosis were evaluated for the same parameters and compared to the l...
WUSCHEL is a primary target for transcriptional regulation by SPLAYED in dynamic control of stem cell fate in Arabidopsis

SNF2 chromatin-remodeling ATPases play an important role in ensuring proper development in higher eukaryotes by controlling accessibility of cis-regulatory DNA regions to transcription factors and to the transcriptional machinery. However, the biological targets controlled by these ATPases are largely unknown. Using genetic and molecular analyses we have identified WUSCHEL (WUS) as a biologically important target of the SNF2-class ATPase SPLAYED (SYD) in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis. We present evidence that SYD is recruited to the WUS promoter and that it is involved in regulation of the stem cell pool maintenance via direct transcriptional control of this master regulator.
Input queuing of an internally nonblocking packet switch with two priority classes

An N*N nonblocking packet switch with two priority classes which can be used to support traffics with different requirements is analyzed. Real-time traffic such as voice is assigned high priority to satisfy its strict delay requirement, while data traffic uses a lower priority and utilizes the remaining system capacity. The switch operation is slotted, and at each time slot packets arrivals at the inputs have Bernoulli distributions with different probabilities for high-priority and low-priority classes. Packets of both priority classes can be queued when waiting for service; the service discipline is FCFS (first-come first-served) within each priority class. The authors provide explicit expressions for blocking probabilities and average delays. They also study system stability and show that the maximum throughput can in fact be higher than with no priority. >
The Role of Parents in Children's Musical Development.

A framework for studying parent—child interactions is proposed, based on evidence that parents play a pivotal role in their children's musical development. It is suggested that the goals and aspira...
The crystal–crystal transition in hydrogenated ring‐opened polynorbornenes: Tacticity, crystal thickening, and alignment

At a temperature Tcc well below its melting point Tm, hydrogenated ring-opened polynorbornene (hPN) is known to exhibit a crystal-crystal transition; above Tcc, the hPN chains are rotationally disordered. This transition is examined in a series of hPNs polymerized with different Mo- and Ru-based catalysts, each of which imparts a slightly different tacticity to the polymer. Tcc is found to correlate well with the ratio of meso to racemo dyads (m:r); small changes in m:r (from 0.8 to 1.1) are sufficient to raise Tcc by nearly 20 °C. For the homogeneous Mo-based 'Schrock-type' catalyst examined, such a change in m:r is easily achieved by simply adding the reversibly binding ligand trimethylphosphine during polymerization. Tcc approaches Tm with increasing m:r, indicating that r dyads stabilize the rotationally disordered structure. When heated above Tcc, hPN crystals thicken at a rate much greater than conventional three-dimensionally ordered crystals, but below the rates shown by the two-dimensional hexagonal (columnar) phase formed by some polymers, reflecting the intermediate level of order and chain mobility present in the high-temperature hPN crystal phase. Solid-state processing of hPN between Tcc and Tm yields highly aligned macroscopic specimens.
Enhancing the Horizons of Mobile Computing with Mobile Agent Components

The key issues in mobile computing include mobility-related challenges such as location transparency and dependency (e.g. loss or degradation of wireless connections); wireless networking problems such as low bandwidth, high latency wireless networks; low quality connections (e.g. network errors and failures); and portability issues such as power, processing, memory, and display limitations. To address the mobility-related and wireless networking issues as well as the challenges of adaptability, flexibility, extensibility, maintainability, reliability, resilience of mobile systems, we have explored mobile agent approach for development of wireless mobile systems. In a research project, co-sponsored by IBM and HP, we have developed a mobile system architecture using mobile agent components, and built a demonstration prototype. Mobile agent approach has emerged as a viable approach for development of mobile systems. In this paper, we present and discuss the latest results and lessons learned from this research project and the future plans.
Use of Tethered Enzymes as a Platform Technology for Rapid Analyte Detection.

Background Rapid diagnosis for time-sensitive illnesses such as stroke, cardiac arrest, and septic shock is essential for successful treatment. Much attention has therefore focused on new strategies for rapid and objective diagnosis, such as Point-of-Care Tests (PoCT) for blood biomarkers. Here we use a biomimicry-based approach to demonstrate a new diagnostic platform, based on enzymes tethered to nanoparticles (NPs). As proof of principle, we use oriented immobilization of pyruvate kinase (PK) and luciferase (Luc) on silica NPs to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a clinically relevant biomarker for multiple diseases ranging from acute brain injuries to lung cancer. We hypothesize that an approach capitalizing on the speed and catalytic nature of enzymatic reactions would enable fast and sensitive biomarker detection, suitable for PoCT devices. Methods and findings We performed in-vitro, animal model, and human subject studies. First, the efficiency of coupled enzyme activities when tethered to NPs versus when in solution was tested, demonstrating a highly sensitive and rapid detection of physiological and pathological concentrations of NSE. Next, in rat stroke models the enzyme-based assay was able in minutes to show a statistically significant increase in NSE levels in samples taken 1 hour before and 0, 1, 3 and 6 hours after occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery. Finally, using the tethered enzyme assay for detection of NSE in samples from 20 geriatric human patients, we show that our data match well (r = 0.815) with the current gold standard for biomarker detection, ELISA—with a major difference being that we achieve detection in 10 minutes as opposed to the several hours required for traditional ELISA. Conclusions Oriented enzyme immobilization conferred more efficient coupled activity, and thus higher assay sensitivity, than non-tethered enzymes. Together, our findings provide proof of concept for using oriented immobilization of active enzymes on NPs as the basis for a highly rapid and sensitive biomarker detection platform. This addresses a key challenge in developing a PoCT platform for time sensitive and difficult to diagnose pathologies.
Anytime, Anyplace Learning in an Online Graduate Professional Degree Program

This paper describes experiences at Drexel University with use of an Asynchronous Learning Network to provide an online graduate degree for information systems professionals. Students in this program never gather for face-to-face classes but students and faculty engage in an active learning experience online. This paper provides an overview of the project's fundamental strategies, presents some evaluation data relevant to these strategies, and concludes with some observations based on the project experience.
The Data and Statistical Analysis

The material presented in this book has been taken from the journals listed in Index Medicus (covering approximately 2700 journals) and Current Contents (covering approximately 1150 journals). The papers published from January 1970 and listed under “Histocompatibility” and “HLA” constitute the database and the bibliography. We have attempted to include all published and available material. Only the publications that could not be obtained easily are excluded. However, these constitute a very small fraction (approximately 5–10%) of the total published material. In addition, the data and reports from the “Histocompatibility Testing” series and “Transplantation Reviews” were generally not included, since most of them had been subsequently published in various forms elsewhere. Also, we have not included unpublished data on the HLA antigen frequencies in patients and controls.
Crystal Structure of the PdAu24(SR)180 Superatom

The single-crystal X-ray structure of Pd-doped Au25(SR)18 was solved. The crystal structure reveals that in PdAu24(SR)18, the Pd atom is localized only to the centroid of the Au25(SR)18 cluster. This single-crystal X-ray structure shows that PdAu24(SR)180 is well conceptualized with the superatom theory. The PdAu24(SR)180 charge state is isoelectronic with Au25(SR)18+1 as determined by a first order Jahn–Teller effect of similar magnitude and by electrochemical comparison. The previously reported increased stability of PdAu24(SR)18 can be rationalized in terms of Pd–Au bonds that are shorter than the Au–Au bonds in Au25(SR)18.
Pb substitution in the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ high- T c superconductor: Cation overdoping

We study the effects of Pb substitution in single crystals of the high-temperature superconductor Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}}. We compare Pb-substituted samples with {open_quotes}pure{close_quotes} (unsubstituted) crystals in terms of structure, cation composition, and the temperature dependences of ac susceptibility and Raman scattering. We find that Pb{sup 2+} primarily substitutes for Bi{sup 3+}, leading directly to a T{sub c} reduction characteristic of overdoped samples. We also observe structural changes related to the superlattice modulation along b*. Raman scattering studies indicate that some Pb atoms go to Sr sites. Low-temperature electronic Raman scattering shows further evidence for cation overdoping by comparison with oxygen annealed pure Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}}.
Influence of Thyroid State Upon Optically Evoked Potentials in the Midbrain of Goldfish.

SummaryEffects of thyroxine and thio-urea upon optically evoked potentials in the midbrain of goldfish were tested. Thyroid hormone treatment reduced latency, time to reach maximum response, and time to complete the response, and it increased response amplitude. Thiourea had the opposite effects. Thyroxine shortened the “recovery” time between successive stimuli, and thiourea prolonged it. Supramaximal second responses were found when light flash stimuli were repeated at 1/5 to 1/10 second intervals in some of the thyroxine-treated fishes. The data suggest that thyroxine has a facilitating action upon tectal synaptic events.
Moral Issues in the Law Controlling Delinquency

notions carried to the third decimal place, such as baseball batting averages. For centuries in many civilized countries, obscene publications have been supposed to have deleterious effect, and accordingly been subject to the control of the criminal law. But .principally because the impact of such materials has not been classified on rating scales, or in won-lost columns, their suppression is currently being considered an unwarranted infringement of liberty of opinion. There is divergent opinion among laymen as to whether there is significant relationship between exposure to obscene and horror materials and overt criminal and delinquent behavior. An overwhelming majority of police chiefs (82.6 percent) recently surveyed in the United States, its Territories, and Canada, recommended more consistent enforcement of adequate statutes in this area to reduce crime and delinquency amQng young persons. 19 A number of writers have expressed similar opinions from time to time on the impact of such materials; 20 others have questioned the existence of any considerable connection between criminal behavior and indecent publications. 1 Of course, there is no scientific demonstration that any young offender would not have committed a given crime but for his exposure to certain horror or obscene materials. Nor is it possible to see how science, with all its advances, could isolate the impact of such materials from the myriad stimuli in a child's world, and measure its effect-with unerring calibration. Yet the federal government, and all but one of our states, 23 and many of the civilized nations of the world 24 have made legislative appraisal of the social danger inherent in the dissemi19 THE INTERNATIONAL ASS'N OF CHIEFS OF POLICE, op. cit. supra note 14, at 13-14, 66-67. 2 o See ELLIS, THE CRIMINAL 419 (1907); HEALY, THE INDIVIDUAL DELINQUENT 224, 233 (1915); SIGHELE, LITTERATURE ET CRIMINALITE 222 (1908); Baker, The Press and Crime, 33 J. CRIM. L., C. & P.S. 463 (1943); Preston, Children's Reactions to Movie Horrors and Radio Crime, 19 J. PEDIATRY 147 (1941). 21 See United States v. Roth, 237 F. 2d 796, 821 (2d Cir. 1956) (concurring opinion), cert. granted, 352 U.S. 964 (1957). 22 69 STAT. 183, 18 U.S.C.A. §1461 (Supp. 1956). 23 New Mexico, the only American state lacking a general criminal statute on obscenity, authorizes its municipalities to prohibit dissemination of such materials. 24 E.g., Argentina, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, and Russia. MORAL ISSUES IN DELINQUENCY nation of deleterious prints. In balancing the constitutional interest in freedom of expression against the evil sought to be suppressed by such statutes, some weight must be given to this contemporary crosssection and authoritative opinion of mankind, to say nothing of two centuries of experience in the enforcement of such prohibitions in Anglo-American jurispru-
The Secrets of the Class II MHC Peptidome Start To Be Revealed.

The paper by Rudensky et al. ([1][1]) from Charles Janeway’s laboratory, selected as a Pillars article, represents the first attempt to examine the sequences of natural peptides extracted from class II MHC (MHC II) molecules. This study was carried out in 1991, prior to Donald Hunt’s
Integumentary System Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

Proper identification of skin lesions is an important aspect of nonhuman primate clinical medicine. While skin disease can be due to an isolated dermatologic condition, many skin conditions are caused by systemic diseases for which part of the clinical spectrum includes skin lesions. In this regard, the skin is a unique window to more generalized health concerns. Furthermore, while sedation is often necessary to examine other major organ systems in nonhuman primates, the skin can be observed in awake animals, adding to its clinical utility. Herein, we describe the basic structure and function of the skin and discuss the concept of the skin as a complex organ system. Examination of the skin and description of lesions is covered in depth and a discussion of specific diseases follows. Clinicians should pay close attention to patterns of lesions present with different types of disease so that a list of differential diagnoses can be formulated from specific dermatologic lesions.
Qualitative Analysis of Equilibrium Confinement and Exponential Stability of a Class of Dynamical Neural Networks

Fundamental to a systematic synthesis of neural networks for optimization, associative memory and continuous mapping applications is a qualitative analysis of the network equilibrium conditions and the convergence of network trajectories to these equilibria. Specific conditions using the theory of P-matrices are developed in this paper for characterizing the equilibrium conditions and the stability properties for an important class of neural networks that has received wide attention. Network structures for ensuring equilibrium confinement are identified by determining conditions for uniqueness of stable equilibrium points in specified quadrants of the state space. Conditions on network parameters for ensuring exponential stability with an arbitrarily specified degree within the basins of attraction of the equilibrium points are also presented. These results serve as valuable guidelines in the synthesis of neural networks for any specific application.
Wellbeing of children and adolescents with special health care needs in the child welfare system

Abstract Children and adolescents in child welfare have the highest rates of chronic conditions and disabilities of any studied child population. The purpose of this study is to determine the wellbeing of children and adolescents with special health care needs (SHCN) in child welfare compared to their peers without SHCN. Wellbeing was measured using the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) assessment; children and adolescents were assessed on the domains of Life Domain Functioning, Traumatic Stress Symptoms, Behavioral/Emotional Needs, Risk Behaviors, and Child Strengths. Scores on the CANS were compared between initial entry into the child welfare system and 18 months later. This is the first study to assess wellbeing over time of children and adolescents with SHCN in the child welfare system. This study found that children and adolescents with SHCN had increased wellbeing over an 18-month period. By the 18-month assessment, children and adolescents with SHCN presented similarly to their healthy peers, indicating that wellbeing improved more for children and adolescents with SHCN than those without SHCN across several domains of wellbeing. Children and adolescents with SHCN still had significant needs compared to children and adolescents without SHCN in the area of Life Domain Functioning. Adolescents (ages 12–18), with and without SHCN, had greater needs and fewer strengths compared to children (ages 6–11) both initially and 18 months later. Children and adolescents without SHCN also improved over the 18-month period. While this study specifically measured needs and strengths, the findings show that the wellbeing of children and adolescents, as measured across a variety of domains, improved while in child welfare.
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has become an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target for small molecule ligands. Radionuclide-chelating ligands can be labeled with either 68Ga for positron-emission-tomography (PET) or 177Lu for radionuclide therapy.Areas covered: In this literature review we evaluate the diagnostic value of 68Ga PSMA PET/CT and the therapeutic potential of 177Lu PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT) in patients with prostate cancer. 68Ga PSMA PET/CT is more accurate than CT for nodal staging and superior to conventional imaging in patients with biochemical recurrence, translating into major changes in clinical management. The preliminary data for 177Lu PSMA indicates >50% reduction of PSA levels in up to 59% of patients. Severe adverse events occurred <10% of patients after RLT.Expert commentary: PSMA ligands for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose will significantly impact the management of patients with prostate cancer.
Using NERSC High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems for high-energy nuclear physics applications with ALICE

High-Performance Computing Systems are powerful tools tailored to support large- scale applications that rely on low-latency inter-process communications to run efficiently. By design, these systems often impose constraints on application workflows, such as limited external network connectivity and whole node scheduling, that make more general-purpose computing tasks, such as those commonly found in high-energy nuclear physics applications, more difficult to carry out. In this work, we present a tool designed to simplify access to such complicated environments by handling the common tasks of job submission, software management, and local data management, in a framework that is easily adaptable to the specific requirements of various computing systems. The tool, initially constructed to process stand-alone ALICE simulations for detector and software development, was successfully deployed on the NERSC computing systems, Carver, Hopper and Edison, and is being configured to provide access to the next generation NERSC system, Cori. In this report, we describe the tool and discuss our experience running ALICE applications on NERSC HPC systems. The discussion will include our initial benchmarks of Cori compared to other systems and our attempts to leverage the new capabilities offered with Cori to support data-intensive applications, with a future goal of full integration of such systems into ALICE grid operations.
Afferent Activity and Reflex Effects Evoked from the Tracheobronchial Tree

There are obvious alterations in the rate and depth of breathing and in the capability of reacting to noxious stimuli, as for example in coughing, when the vagal afferent activity originating from the tracheo-bronchial tree is blocked. This block can be accomplished by local anesthetization of the lumen of the airways with involvement of several and possibly all types of nervous endings (1, 2), by sulphur dioxide inhalation, which presumably paralyzes only the slowly adapting stretch receptors (3). The changes in the pattern of breathing introduced by these experimental procedures are similar to those observed with cervical vagotomy thus indicating that in this latter situation it is just the interruption of the afferent component which plays the major role in altering the respiratory pattern. There are several observations which indicate that the economy of respiratory functions suffers when the vagus nerves are sectioned. For example, it was shown that the work of breathing was consistently increased after vagotomy (4, 5). Another example of the respiratory impairment introduced by a block in the vagal conduction is the marked decrease of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (6). Changes in several respiratory parameters (as oxygen and carbon dioxide arterial concentrations, lung compliance and resistance, tidal vlume and breathing frequency) observed when an experimental pneumothorax was introduced were much greater after vagotomy (7) indicating that maintenance of normal respiratory values was more effectively accomplished with intact innervation.
Plasma Electrolyte Distributions in Humans-Normal or Skewed?

Abstract Background It is widely believed that plasma electrolyte levels are normally distributed. Statistical tests and calculations using plasma electrolyte data are often reported based on this assumption of normality. Examples include t tests, analysis of variance, correlations and confidence intervals. The purpose of our study was to determine whether plasma sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−) and bicarbonate ( HCO 3 − ) distributions are indeed normally distributed. Methods We analyzed plasma electrolyte data from 237 consecutive adults (137 women and 100 men) who had normal results on a standard basic metabolic panel which included plasma electrolyte measurements. The skewness of each distribution (as a measure of its asymmetry) was compared to the zero skewness of a normal (Gaussian) distribution. Results The plasma Na+ distribution was skewed slightly to the right, but the skew was not significantly different from zero skew. The plasma Cl− distribution was skewed slightly to the left, but again the skew was not significantly different from zero skew. On the contrary, both the plasma K+ and HCO 3 − distributions were significantly skewed to the right (P HCO 3 − distributions were bimodal. Conclusions In adults with a normal basic metabolic panel, plasma potassium and bicarbonate levels are not normally distributed and may be bimodal. Thus, statistical methods to evaluate these 2 plasma electrolytes should be nonparametric tests and not parametric ones that require a normal distribution.
Motivators and Barriers to Exercise in Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND Despite evidence for the benefits of exercise in Parkinson's disease (PD), many patients remain sedentary for undefined reasons. OBJECTIVE To compare exercise habits, perceptions about exercise, and barriers to exercise in 'low' (<3 h/week) and 'high' (≥3 h/week) exercisers with PD. METHODS A 48-item survey was administered to PD patients at an outpatient academic center. Chi-squared tests were used to compare the percentage differences between low- and high-exercisers with two-sided tests and a significant level of 0.05. RESULTS 243 surveys were collected over three months; 28 were excluded due to incomplete data, leaving 215 to be analyzed. 49.3% reported 'low'-exercise and 50.7% reported 'high'-exercise. High-exercisers participated in higher intensity exercise regimens (83.4% versus 32.1%, p≤0.001). High-exercisers were more likely to start exercising after being diagnosed (54.2% versus 27.8%, p < 0.001), whereas low-exercisers were more likely to reduce their amount of exercise (40.2% versus 15.9%, p < 0.001). Low-exercisers required more motivating factors. Both groups benefited from having a significant other or a personal trainer motivate them, and both were more likely to exercise if their neurologist encouraged them. Low-exercisers reported twice as many barriers as high-exercisers (p = 0.001). Barriers that were significantly more common in low-exercisers were: lacking someone to motivate them (33.3% versus 10.5%, p < 0.001), fatigue (20.8% versus 15.2%, p = 0.005), and depression (16.7% versus 7.6%, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences between people with PD who exercise regularly and those who do not in terms of motivators and barriers. These findings should be considered when tailoring recommendations for PD patients to encourage exercise, and in designing future interventions.
Different diets affecting biology, physiology and cold tolerance of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae).

Abstract Biology, some physiological processes and cold hardiness of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on ten diets (barley, corn, millet, rice, rye, sorghum, triticale, wheat groundnut, and walnut) were studied under laboratory conditions (33 ± 1 °C with 65 ± 5% RH, 14L: 10D). According to the results, the insects reared on triticale had shortest development time, and the highest fecundity and fertility. By contrast, the longest development time, and the lowest fecundity and fertility were on groundnut. The survival rates ranged from 40 to 87% with the lowest values observed on groundnut. T. granarium larvae fed on triticale and millet had the highest amylolytic activity. In contrast, groundnut-fed larvae possessed the lowest amylolytic activity. The highest and lowest proteolytic activity was on rice and millet, respectively. Different diets had a significant effect on larval energy reserves (total body sugars, glycogen, lipid, and protein), which were at the highest levels on triticale and rye, and lowest levels on sorghum. The highest level of trehalose was on triticale, groundnut and rye, and the lowest level was on barley and sorghum. The supercooling point (SCP) of larvae reared on triticale was −20.6, which was significantly lower than on the other diets. Exposures to −5 and −10 °C/24 h were somewhat endured by larvae fed on triticale, rye, walnut, and groundnut whilst exposure to −20 °C/24 h caused 100% mortality in these food groups. These results suggest that larval food quality can affect biological and physiological characteristics and influence the supercooling point and cold hardiness of T. granarium .
The Paradox of Personalization: Does Task Prediction Require Individualized Models?

We explore the gap between 1) statistically significant relationships between task and browsing behavior and 2) predicting task type from such behaviors. Previous literature has shown relationships between Web browsing behavior and person»s corresponding search task. We find statistically significant browser features for detecting task - comparing the features to previous literature - and apply this knowledge to task classification of search sessions. Even though significant features improve prediction over baselines, it is not by much. We suggest that a more subtle treatment of such features should go beyond statistical significance. In some cases, considering personal patterns may be required for effective prediction.
Modulation of Threat Response in Larval Zebrafish

High-throughput, whole-organism phenotypic drug screening is made possible using live zebrafish larvae. Many human drugs have now been shown to affect zebrafish larvae in similar ways, through homologous molecular mechanisms. At this stage in life, zebrafish are small enough to fit in multi-well, microliter plates, yet developed enough to exhibit complex phenotypes, such as hunting behaviors and avoidance of predators. Importantly, zebrafish larvae can be easily dosed via automated pipetting of chemical compounds directly into their liquid medium, without injection. Only microgram amounts of small molecules are required, making animal husbandry and dosing regimens cost effective. This chapter describes how the stereotyped zebrafish larval responses to darkness and strobe light-which cause hyperactivity and freezing behavior, respectively-can be used to efficiently screen small molecules for brain and behavior-modulating activity.
Bandgap Engineering of 3-D Photonic Crystals Operating at Optical Wavelengths

We describe the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals with bandgaps lying in the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. By fabricating these nano-structures using a reproducible and reliable procedure consisting of electron beam lithography followed by dry etching, we have produced up to four-layer deep photonic crystals. The spectral response of these devices was tuned by lithographically controlling their spatial periodicities. In the present work, we discuss the elaborate processing steps used to synthesize these three-dimensional dielectric structures and analyze their transmission spectra in comparison with a macro-machined microwave model.