cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain wall fermions at finite temperature.

We investigate the properties of domain wall fermions on a set of quenched configurations at non-zero temperature. In particular, we compute the low lying eigenvalues of the DWF operator and study their relation with topology, level crossings and chiral symmetry breaking. We also measure the screening correlators and discuss the dependence on the extent of the extra dimension and the quark mass.
UNIVERSAL KHOVANOV–ROZANSKY sl(2) COHOMOLOGY

We generalize the Khovanov–Rozansky cohomology theory for n = 2 by using a homogeneous potential that depends on two parameters, to obtain the universal Khovanov-Rozansky sl(2)-link cohomology. This theory is equivalent to the universal sl(2)-link cohomology using foams, after tensoring both theories with appropriate rings.
The interior of the Moon

The Moon is one of the more obvious of our neighbors in space and is certainly the most accessible. In spite of intensive analysis and probing by virtually every conceivable chemical and physical technique, the maneuvering room for speculation on lunar origin has scarcely diminished as a result of the Apollo program. This is not primarily due to lack of information but to the unexpected and confusing nature of the newly acquired data, most of which is open to multiple interpretations.
The Galactic Shock Pump: A Source of Supersonic Internal Motions in the Cool Interstellar Medium

We propose that galactic shocks propagating through interstellar density fluctuations provide a mechanism for the intermittent replenishment, or "pumping," of the supersonic motions and internal density enhancements observed pervasively within cool atomic and molecular interstellar structures, without necessarily requiring the presence of self-gravity, magnetic fields, or young stars. The shocks are assumed to be due to a variety of galactic sources on a range of scales. An analytic result for the kinematic vorticity generated by a shock passing through a radially stratified two-dimensional isobaric model cloud is derived, assuming that the Mach number is not so large that the cloud is disrupted, and neglecting the shock curvature and cloud distortion. Two-dimensional lattice gas hydrodynamic simulations at modest Mach numbers were used to verify the analytic result. The induced internal velocities are initially a significant fraction of the shock speed divided by the square root of the density contrast, accounting for both the observed line width amplitudes and the apparent cloud-to-cloud line width-density scaling. The line width-size relation could then be interpreted in terms of the well-known power spectrum of a system of shocks. The induced vortical energy should quickly be converted to compressible and MHD modes and so would be difficult to observe directly, even though it would still be the power source for the other modes. The shock pump thus produces density structure without the necessity of any sort of instability. We argue that the shock pump should lead to nested shock-induced structures, providing a cascade mechanism for supersonic "turbulence" and a physical explanation for the fractal-like structure of the cool interstellar medium. The average time between shock exposures for an idealized cloud in our Galaxy is estimated and found to be small enough that the shock pump is capable of sustaining the supersonic motions against readjustment and dissipation, except for the smallest structures. This suggests an explanation of the roughly spatially uniform and nearly sonic line widths in small "dense cores." We speculate that the avoidance of shock pumping may be necessary for a localized region to form stars and that the inverse dependence of probability of avoidance on region size may be an important factor in determining the stellar initial mass function.
Organic chemistry and biology: chemical biology through the eyes of collaboration.

From a scientific perspective, efforts to understand biology including what constitutes health and disease has become a chemical problem. However, chemists and biologists “see” the problems of understanding biology from different perspectives, and this has retarded progress in solving the problems especially as they relate to health and disease. This suggests that close collaboration between chemists and biologists is not only necessary but essential for progress in both the biology and chemistry that will provide solutions to the global questions of biology. This perspective has directed my scientific efforts for the past 45 years, and in this overview I provide my perspective of how the applications of synthetic chemistry, structural design, and numerous other chemical principles have intersected in my collaborations with biologists to provide new tools, new science, and new insights that were only made possible and fruitful by these collaborations.
List Price Information in the Negotiation of Commercial Real Estate Transactions: Is Silence Golden?

We examine the use (and non-use) of list price information in the process of marketing commercial real estate. While housing market research suggests that list prices can serve as a strong anchor and/or signal, list price information is included in less than one-third of the commercial property sales and is less likely to be included as part of the sellers’ offering information for larger and more complex properties. Given the potentially powerful effect of list prices (first offers) on outcomes, the non-use of list price information is a puzzle. We speculate that the limited use of list prices may be due to the sellers’ interests in both maintaining their informational advantage and not truncating higher than expected offers, especially during periods of economic growth or with more complex properties. Using a two-stage selection correction model, we find that office properties which provide list price information are, on average, associated with lower price outcomes (ceteris paribus) and that these outcomes vary by price cohort and economic condition. It is important to note, however, that while these findings identify a correlation, they do not necessarily imply causation. Our results support the notion that asymmetric information and information signaling play a dominant role in explaining the sellers’ strategic non-use of list price information in the commercial real estate market and that the signaling effect is more pronounced in higher priced properties and during periods of strong economic growth.
Removal of zero-point drift from AB data and the statistical cost

Often the result of a scientific experiment is given by the difference of measurements in two configurations, denoted by A and B. Since the measurements are not obtained simultaneously, the drift of the zero point can bias the result. In practice measurement patterns are used to minimize this bias. The time sequence AB followed by BA, for example, would cancel a linear drift in the average difference A − B. We propose taking data with an alternating series ABAB, and removing the drift with a post hoc analysis. We present an analysis method that removes the bias from the result for a drift up to polynomial order p. A statistical cost function c(N) is introduced to compare the uncertainty in the end result with that from using a raw data average. For a data set size N > 30 the statistical cost is negligible. For N < 30 the cost is plotted as a function of N and filter order p and the trade-off between the size of the data set and p is discussed.
Toroidal varieties and the weak factorization theorem

We develop the theory of stratified toroidal varieties, which gives, together with the theory of birational cobordisms [73], a proof of the weak factorization conjecture for birational maps in characteristic zero: a birational map between complete nonsingular varieties over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero is a composite of blow-ups and blow-downs with smooth centers.
The Effects of Estate Sales of Residential Real Estate on Price and Marketing Time

This study investigates price and time-on-market effects of estate sales of houses versus typical housing transactions using a sample of 180,921 sold properties. The hypothesis that estate sales sell at a discount and sell more quickly than typical houses is supported by the empirical results. The results indicate that estate sale properties sell at a 3.6% price discount and sell about 3.4% (i.e. approximately 4 days) more quickly.
Nonlinear light propagation in rotating waveguide arrays

We experimentally and theoretically study nonlinear light propagation in a rotating waveguide array. We show that noninertial effects can lead to mode conversion, enhanced transport, and vector (gap) soliton formation. Experimentally, we directly observe these dynamics, both within and between bands, by recording intensity in position space and power spectra in momentum space. The results are fundamental to all rotating nonlinear lattices and hold potential for a variety of twisted photonic devices.
Synthesis and electrical transport of single-crystal NH4V3O8 nanobelts.

Monoclinic NH4V3O8 single-crystalline nanobelts with widths of 80−180 nm, thicknesses of 50−100 nm, and lengths up to tens of micrometers have been synthesized at large scale in an ammonium metavanadate solution by a templates/catalysts-free route. Such nanobelts grow along the direction of [010]. The individual NH4V3O8 nanobelt exhibits nonlinear, symmetric current/voltage (I/V) characteristics, with a conductivity of 0.1−1 S/cm at room temperature and a dielectric constant of ∼130. The dominant conduction mechanism is based on small polaron hopping due to ohmic mechanism at low electric field below 249 V/cm due to Schottky emission at medium electric field between 249 and 600 V/cm and due to the Poole−Frenkel emission mechanism at high field above 600 V/cm.
A characterization of almost universal ternary quadratic polynomials with odd prime power conductor

Abstract An integral quadratic polynomial (with positive definite quadratic part) is called almost universal if it represents all but finitely many positive integers. In this paper, we introduce the conductor of a quadratic polynomial, and give an effective characterization of almost universal ternary quadratic polynomials with odd prime power conductor.
N =1 theories, T-duality, and AdS/CFT correspondence

We construct an Script N = 1 superconformal field theory using branes of type IIA string theory. The IIA construction is related via T-duality to a IIB configuration with 3-branes in a background generated by two intersecting O7-planes and 7-branes. The IIB background can be viewed as a local piece of an F-theory compactification previously studied by Sen in connection with the Gimon-Polchinski orientifold. We discuss the deformations of the IIA and IIB constructions and describe a new supersymmetric configuration with curving D6-branes. Starting from the IIB description we find the supergravity dual of the large N field theory and discuss the matching of operators and KK states. The matching of non-chiral primaries exhibits some interesting new features. We also discuss a relevant deformation of the field theory under which it flows to a line of strongly coupled Script N = 1 fixed points in the infrared. For these fixed points we find a partial supergravity description.
On critical State Transitions between different levels in Neural Systems

The framework of "Modern Theory of Critical State Transitions"1,2 considers the relation between different levels of organization in complex systems in terms of critical state transitions. A state transition between levels entails changes of scale of observables and, concurrently, new formats of description at reduced dimensionality. It is suggested that this principle can be applied to the hierarchic structure of the nervous system, whereby the relations between different levels of its functional organization can be viewed as successions of state transitions: upon state transition, the 'lower' level presents to the 'higher' level an abstraction of itself, at reduced dimensionality and at a coarser scale. The re-scaling in the state transitions is associated with new objects of description, displays new properties and obeys new laws, commensurate to the new scale. To illustrate this process, some aspects of the neural events thought to be associated with cognition and consciousness are discussed. However, the intent is also more general in that state transitions between all levels of organization are proposed as the mechanisms by which successively higher levels of organization "emerge" from lower levels.
The Solar Helium Abundance in the Outer Corona Determined from Observations with SUMER/SOHO

At altitudes of about 1.05 R☉ or more, the corona above quiet solar regions becomes essentially isothermal. This obviates many of the difficulties associated with the inverse problem of determining emission measure distributions and allows for fairly straightforward relative element abundance measurements. We present new values for the He abundance. The first is based on a reanalysis of the He/O ratio studied previously using data acquired by SUMER. A more thorough evaluation of the atomic physics for He II, including a detailed treatment of radiative recombination, increases the predicted emission in the He II Balmer series compared with earlier analyses. We use a recently revised value of the O abundance to derive an He/H abundance ratio of 0.038 (mass fraction, Y = 0.13), with an error of ~17% coming mainly from the O abundance uncertainty. We demonstrate that this result may be affected by gravitational settling of O relative to He. We also derive an abundance for He by direct comparison with emission lines of the H I Lyman series, with the result He/H = 0.052 ± 0.005 (Y = 0.17), a value similar to He abundances determined in the slow-speed solar wind.
Quantifying Loop Detector Sensitivity and Correcting Detection Problems on Freeways

Loop detectors are the most commonly used vehicle detector for freeway management. A loop detector consists of a physical loop of wire embedded in the pavement connected to a sensor located in a nearby cabinet. The sensor detects the presence or absence of vehicles over the loop and typically allows a user to manually select the sensitivity level of operation to accommodate for a wide range of responsiveness from the physical loop. In conventional practice, however, it is difficult to know the physical loop’s responsiveness, which makes selecting the appropriate sensitivity level difficult. If the sensitivity and responsiveness are poorly matched it will degrade the detector’s data and the performance of applications that use the data, including: traffic management, control, and traveler information. To resolve this often overlooked problem, this paper presents an algorithm to assess how well a loop detector’s sensitivity is set by calculating the daily median on-time from the data reported by the loop detector. The algorithm can be incorporated into conventional controller software or run off-line. The result can be used both to correct the detector on-times for an inappropriate sensitivity setting in software (e.g., through a multiplicative correction factor) and to trigger an alarm to dispatch a technician to adjust the hardware sensitivity. Plotting the daily median on-time over months or years can show how the detector performance evolves. The approach is then transposed to dual-loop detectors to identify and correct for inaccurate spacing between the paired detectors. Finally, the methodology is evaluated by comparing the loop detector speeds against the concurrent velocities from a GPS-equipped probe vehicle. Although the focus of this paper is on loop detectors, with only minor modification the algorithm should also be applicable to other detector technologies that emulate loop detector operation, e.g., side-fire microwave radar.
Crystal structure of Tm2Ni12P7

The crystal structure of Tm2Ni12P7 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Tm2Ni12P7 crystallizes in the Zr2Fe12P7 structure type with a=9.0577(13) A and c=3.6641(7) A. The sample was prepared by melting the elements in a tin flux. All crystals show racemic twinning. The long standing dispute over the the correct space group symmetry (P or P63/m) could be solved: Tm2Ni12P7 crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group P.
Tandem Intramolecular Nicholas and Pauson−Khand Reactions for the Synthesis of Tricyclic Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles

Simple acyclic enynes can be easily converted into tricyclic ethers upon treatment with Co2(CO)8 followed by Nicholas and Pauson−Khand reactions. Tricyclic [5,8,5]- and [5,7,5]-systems can be prepared in high overall yields in only seven synthetic steps.
Voter ignorance and the democratic ideal

Abstract If voters do not understand the programs of rival candidates or their likely consequences, they cannot rationally exercise control over government. An ignorant electorate cannot achieve true democratic control over public policy. The immense size and scope of modern government makes it virtually impossible for voters to acquire sufficient knowledge to exercise such control. The problem is exacerbated by voters’ strong incentive to be “rationally ignorant” of politics. This danger to democracy cannot readily be circumvented through “shortcut” methods of economizing on voter knowledge costs. A truly democratic government must, therefore, be strictly limited in scope.
Wedge states in string field theory

The wedge states form an important subalgebra in the string field theory. We review and further investigate their various properties. We find in particular a novel expression for the wedge states, which allows to understand their star products purely algebraically. The method allows also for treating the matter and ghost sectors separately. It turns out, that wedge states with different matter and ghost parts violate the associativity of the algebra. We introduce and study also wedge states with insertions of local operators and show how they are useful for obtaining exact results about convergence of level truncation calculations. These results help to clarify the issue of anomalies related to the identity and some exterior derivations in the string field algebra.
The valuation of inflation‐indexed and FX convertible bonds

This paper derives a valuation model of inflation-indexed convertible bonds that incorporates the firm's stock price, inflation indexing and the firm's credit risk. The pricing of inflation-indexed convertible bonds traded on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) was empirically tested by using a comprehensive database. The study is the first to empirically test the pricing of convertibles in emerging markets. It was found that the theoretical values for the bonds are, on average, 1.94% higher than the observed market prices. Unlike previous studies, it was found that the underpricing increases with the moneyness of the convertible. It was found that as the maturity lengthens, the underpricing increases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:634–655, 2008
Rapid X-ray flaring from the direction of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre

The nuclei of most galaxies are now believed to harbour supermassive black holes. The motions of stars in the central few light years of our Milky Way Galaxy indicate the presence of a dark object with a mass of about 2.6 x 10^6 solar masses. This object is spatially coincident with the compact radio source Sagittarius A^* (Sgr A^*) at the dynamical centre of the Galaxy, and the radio emission is thought to be powered by the gravitational potential energy released by matter as it accretes onto a supermassive black hole. Sgr A^* is, however, much fainter than expected at all wavelengths, especially in X-rays, which has cast some doubt on this model. The first strong evidence for X-ray emission was found only recently. Here we report the discovery of rapid X-ray flaring from the direction of Sgr A^*, which, together with the previously reported steady X-ray emission, provides compelling evidence that the emission is coming from the accretion of gas onto a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre.
Urban influences on farmland use in New York State

This article assesses the relationship between demographic change and structural adjustments in agriculture. A number of demographic and economic analyses have posited an inverse relationship between post-1950 exurban population growth and agricultural viability, especially in the Northeast Region of the USA. To test this hypothesis, a multivariate model of percent change in county land in farms over the period 1950–1987 is estimated, and the findings only partially support the population hypothesis. Estimation results indicate that the effect of core metropolitan status is significant, but that the effects of rural population change, rural nonfarm population change, and county population deconcentration are not. The analysis demonstrates that maintenance of land in farm use largely depends upon economic forces that are national and regional in scope, and almost exclusively outside the purview of state and local farmland protection programs.
Wake patterns of the wings and tail of hovering hummingbirds

The flow fields of slowly flying bats and faster-flying birds differ in that bats produce two vortex loops during each stroke, one per wing, and birds produce a single vortex loop per stroke. In addition, the circulation at stroke transition approaches zero in bats but remains strong in birds. It is unknown if these difference derive from fundamental differences in wing morphology or are a consequence of flight speed. Here, we present an analysis of the horizontal flow field underneath hovering Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna) to describe the wake of a bird flying at zero forward velocity. We also consider how the hummingbird tail interacts with the wake generated by the wings. High-speed image recording and analysis from three orthogonal perspectives revealed that the wing tips reach peak velocities in the middle of each stroke and approach zero velocity at stroke transition. Hummingbirds use complex tail kinematic patterns ranging from in phase to antiphase cycling with respect to the wings, covering several phase shifted patterns. We employed particle image velocimetry to attain detailed horizontal flow measurements at three levels with respect to the tail: in the tail, at the tail tip, and just below the tail. The velocity patterns underneath the wings indicate that flow oscillates along the ventral–dorsal axis in response to the down- and up-strokes and that the sideways flows with respect to the bird are consistently from the lateral to medial. The region around the tail is dominated by axial flows in dorsal to ventral direction. We propose that these flows are generated by interaction between the wakes of the two wings at the end of the upstroke, and that the tail actively defects flows to generate moments that contribute to pitch stability. The flow fields images also revealed distinct vortex loops underneath each wing, which were generated during each stroke. From these data, we propose a model for the primary flow structures of hummingbirds that more strongly resembles the bat model. Thus, pairs of unconnected vortex loops may be shared features of different animals during hovering and slow forward flight.
Asymmetric Information and News Disclosure Rules

When the imminence of news announcements is not public knowledge, many traders will lack information on both the mean and variance of private information. Our analysis of such a setting in both single and multisecurity contexts implies that disclosure of impending information events by firms can bound variance uncertainty and thereby improve investor welfare by mitigating the market breakdown problem. We also find that the equilibrium pricing functions are nonlinear; specifically, convex for small trades and concave for larger ones. In addition, we predict that large transactions will be followed by large levels of volatility. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: 022, 026, 522.
Motion simulator facility for spacecraft attitude control evaluation

T be completely meaningful, the development program for a spacecraft attitude control system (ACS) should include demonstrations of attitude acquisition from specified initial conditions, static pointing accuracy under anticipated disturbances, dynamic accuracy under specified commands, control response time, and control stability under changing vehicle dynamics. The effects of nonlinearities and crosscouplings in the control equipment and in the controlled vehicle should be identified in such a development program. A facility that can perform these functions and be used for these purposes is shown in Fig. L Its focal point is a threeaxis motion simulator (TAMS) utilizing gas bearings for support and d.c. torque motors for direct driving on all 3 axes. These essential components of a typical ACS and of the TAMS facility are shown in a simplified block diagram of Fig. 2. The test vehicle to which the components are attached, is mounted on the platform on the inner axis of the motion simulator. Sensors are oriented on the test vehicle so as to be aligned with their respective simulators as required by governing control laws. Output signals from the various sensors are supplied to the on-board computational electronics. Actual torquing devices are generally not used with the packages under test because their torque output is too small to have any significant effect on the d.c. torque motor output of the simulator. A hybrid computer that is a part of the facility is mechanized to receive the torque-required signals from the on-board electronics. It calculates the effect upon the spacecraft (i.e., rate and position) considering such physical parameters as inertia, solar pressure area, vehicle and
Generalizations of Yang-Mills Theory with Nonlinear Constitutive Equations

We generalize classical Yang–Mills theory by extending nonlinear constitutive equations for Maxwell fields to non-Abelian gauge groups. Such theories may or may not be Lagrangian. We obtain conditions on the constitutive equations specifying the Lagrangian case, of which recently discussed non-Abelian Born–Infeld theories are particular examples. Some models in our class possess nontrivial Galilean (c → ∞) limits; we determine when such limits exist and obtain them explicitly.
An analytic study of the phase transition line in local sequence alignment with gaps

Abstract A detailed analytic study of the log-linear phase transition of the Smith–Waterman local alignment algorithm is presented. A rectangular alignment lattice is introduced to facilitate the statistical analysis for alignment with gaps. With a few simplifying assumptions, we obtain an analytic expression for the loci of the phase transition line. Our result reproduces the exact and conjectured values for the very large and very small gap costs; the latter corresponds to the related problem of the longest common subsequence. For intermediate values of gap costs, our result is not exact, although a comparison to numerical results yielded a difference of no more than several percent.
Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyl and Aryl‐(4‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐quinolin‐2‐yl)amines: X‐Ray Structures of Ethyl and Cyclohexyl‐(4‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐quinolin‐2‐yl)amine

Abstract We have synthesized and characterized a series of alkyl and aryl‐(4‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐quinolin‐2‐yl)amines through a high‐yield, three‐step procedure starting from 4‐methylquinolin‐2‐ol. Nitration using concentrated nitric/sulfuric acids, followed by chlorination in phosphorus oxychloride, yielded 2‐chloro‐4‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐quinoline. All of the intermediates and aminated products have been characterized by multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and, in the case of the two title compounds (ethyl and cyclohexyl‐(4‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐quinolin‐2‐yl)amine), a single crystal X‐ray structure was obtained to verify the nature of the new materials.
A Hierarchical Probabilistic Model for Facial Feature Detection

Facial feature detection from facial images has attracted great attention in the field of computer vision. It is a nontrivial task since the appearance and shape of the face tend to change under different conditions. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical probabilistic model that could infer the true locations of facial features given the image measurements even if the face is with significant facial expression and pose. The hierarchical model implicitly captures the lower level shape variations of facial components using the mixture model. Furthermore, in the higher level, it also learns the joint relationship among facial components, the facial expression, and the pose information through automatic structure learning and parameter estimation of the probabilistic model. Experimental results on benchmark databases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical probabilistic model.
A systematic methodology for the evaluation of alternative thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production

Abstract Here we present and demonstrate a process systems engineering-based methodology for the initial evaluation of thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production. The five major components of the proposed strategy are (i) conceptualization, (ii) reaction cluster synthesis, (iii) flowsheet design, simulation, and analysis, (iv) process integration and (v) performance evaluation. The resulting approach involves selecting atomic and molecular species with desired properties, identifying suitable thermodynamically feasible cycles of reactions based on these species, screening and sequencing the most promising of the identified reaction clusters, designing a process of unit operations to carry out the reaction cluster, and integrating those processes to maximize thermodynamic efficiency and resource utilization. An integrated suite of resources, including AspenOne software, is employed to aid in implementation of the algorithm. The strength of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through an illustrative example involving the commonly studied Fe–Cl system. The results of our systematic evaluation provide cycles with estimated base efficiencies ranging from 35% to 49%.
Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Support for Juvenile Sex Offender Registry Laws: Prototypes, Moral Outrage, and Perceived Threat

In three studies, we investigated support for applying sex offender registry laws to juveniles. Family law attorneys supported registry laws less for juveniles than for adults. Laypeople and prosecutors supported juvenile and adult sex offender registration equally—even though they perceived juveniles as generally less threatening than adults (Study 1)—because most people spontaneously envision a severe sex offender prototype regardless of offender age (Study 2). People are less supportive of registry laws, however, when they envision less severe prototypes spontaneously (Study 2) or when induced to do so (Study 3). Effects of offender age, offender prototypes, and offense severity were mediated by perceptions of threat posed by the juvenile sex offender (i.e., utilitarian concerns). The effect of offense severity was also mediated by moral outrage (i.e., retributive concerns). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performing Theory: Dramatic Learning in the Theory Classroom

This article discusses pedagogical exercises developed to help students appreciate the power of sociological perspectives as they seek to better understand their own lives and the world around them...
Mixing Characteristics of Active Microjet-Based Actuators in a Supersonic Backward-Facing-Step Flow

Mixing in self-ignited supersonic combustors continues to be an important process that influences the performance and limitations for propulsion applications. A common approach for current generation combustors involves the employment of fuel jet injection that enhances the shear layer mixing. Associated with these fuel jets issuing in a supersonic crossflow, a bow shock coupled with an oblique shock causing total pressure losses and consequently reducing scramjet combustor efficiency. Multiple microjet injection forming a virtual ramp at the trailing edge of backward-facing step will reduce the pressure losses due to a weak shock formed while enhancing mixing and increasing the shear layer thickness. Three microjet arrays supplied with different pressures were used to form the virtual ramp. Shadowgraph was used to visualize the flow features. The shear layer mixing was characterized using particle image velocimetry. Relative comparisons were made with and without the microjet actuation under non-reacting conditions.
Targeting glutamate uptake to treat alcohol use disorders

Alcoholism is a serious public health concern that is characterized by the development of tolerance to alcohol's effects, increased consumption, loss of control over drinking and the development of physical dependence. This cycle is often times punctuated by periods of abstinence, craving and relapse. The development of tolerance and the expression of withdrawal effects, which manifest as dependence, have been to a great extent attributed to neuroadaptations within the mesocorticolimbic and extended amygdala systems. Alcohol affects various neurotransmitter systems in the brain including the adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, peptidergic, and serotonergic systems. Due to the myriad of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems affected by alcohol, the efficacies of current pharmacotherapies targeting alcohol dependence are limited. Importantly, research findings of changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission induced by alcohol self- or experimenter-administration have resulted in a focus on therapies targeting glutamatergic receptors and normalization of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Glutamatergic receptors implicated in the effects of ethanol include the ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA) and some metabotropic glutamate receptors. Regarding glutamatergic homeostasis, ceftriaxone, MS-153, and GPI-1046, which upregulate glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression in mesocorticolimbic brain regions, reduce alcohol intake in genetic animal models of alcoholism. Given the hyperglutamatergic/hyperexcitable state of the central nervous system induced by chronic alcohol abuse and withdrawal, the evidence thus far indicates that a restoration of glutamatergic concentrations and activity within the mesocorticolimbic system and extended amygdala as well as multiple memory systems holds great promise for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF A HEAVY NEUTRAL MESON

In an attempt to account for the charge distributions of the proton and the neutron as indicated by the electron scattering experiments,' we would like to consider the possibility that there may be a heavy neutral meson which can contribute to the form factor of the nucleon. We assume that this meson, p°, is a vector field with isotopic spin zero and a mass two to three times that of the ordinary pion, coupled strongly to the nucleon field. An isolated p° would decay through virtual nucleon pair formation according to the following schemes:
NANO CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS

Material characterization is challenged by continuously decreasing device dimensions placing significant demands on characterization instruments and measurement interpretation. Numerous techniques exist and a few are highlighted here. Some of these have existed for a long time, while others have only emerged from the laboratory recently. Generally they are more user-friendly and have reasonable turn-around times. The trend in many techniques is clearly toward characterization of smaller dimensions. Among the myriad of characterization techniques in use today, I will discuss recent advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron holography, magnetic exchange force microscopy (MExFM), atom probe ion field ion microscopy, and X-ray tomography. They have made significant advances in the last few years and in some cases have produced very impressive results. For example, TEM is now able to generate images with 0.05 nm resolution, allowing display of individual atoms. MExFM in conjunction with magnetic fields has demonstrated vertical resolution of 0.0015 nm. Helium ion microscopy is also highlighted because it contributes a new application of ion beams, which had been largely the domain of Rutherford backscattering. Progress in developing further advances in nm dimensional characterization will, no doubt, continue to satisfy the demand for such measurements in the future.
Operators Induced by Graphs

In this paper, we consider the spectral-theoretic properties of certain operators induced by given graphs. Self-adjointness, unitary, hyponormality, and normality of graph-depending operators are considered. As application, we study the finitely supported operators in the free group factor L(FN).
A COSMIC MILESTONE: CONSTRAINTS FROM METAL-POOR HALO STARS ON THE COSMOLOGICAL REIONIZATION EPOCH

Theoretical studies and current observations of the high-redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) indicate that at least two cosmic transitions occur by the time the universe reaches gas metallicities of about 10 −3 Z⊙. These are the cosmological reionization of the IGM, and the transition from a primordial to present-day mode of star formation. We quantify this relation through new calculations of the ionizing radiation produced in association with the elements carbon, oxygen and silicon observed in Galactic metal-poor halo stars, which are likely second-generation objects formed in the wake of primordial supernovae. We demonstrate that sufficient ionizing photonsper baryon are created by enrichment levels of [Fe/H] ∼ -3 in the environment of metal-poor halo stars to provide the optical depth in the cosmic microwave background of ∼ 0.1 detected by WMAP. We show, on a star by star basis, that a genuine cosmic milestone in IGM ionization and star formation mode occurred at metallicities of 10 −4 – 10 −3 Z⊙ in these halo stars. This provides an important link in the chain of evidence for metal-free first stars having dominated the process of reionization by z ∼ 6. We conclude that many of the Fe-poor halo stars formed close to the end of or soon after cosmological reionization, making them the ideal probe of the physical conditions under which the transition from first- to second-generation star formation happened in primordial galaxies. Subject headings: cosmology: theory — galaxies: high-redshift — nucleosynthesis – stars:abundances — stars: Population II
A geometric form for the extended patience sorting algorithm

Patience Sorting is a combinatorial algorithm that can be viewed as an iterated, non-recursive form of the Schensted Insertion Algorithm. In recent work the authors extended Patience Sorting to a full bijection between the symmetric group and certain pairs of combinatorial objects (called pile configurations) that are most naturally defined in terms of generalized permutation patterns and barred pattern avoidance. This Extended Patience Sorting Algorithm is very similar to the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth (or RSK) Correspondence, which is itself built from repeated application of the Schensted Insertion Algorithm. In this work we introduce a geometric form for the Extended Patience Sorting Algorithm that is in some sense a natural dual algorithm to G. Viennot's celebrated Geometric RSK Algorithm. Unlike Geometric RSK, though, the lattice paths coming from Patience Sorting are allowed to intersect. We thus also give a characterization for the intersections of these lattice paths in terms of the pile configurations associated with a given permutation under the Extended Patience Sorting Algorithm.
Tautomerism in quinaldyl ketones

The quinaldyl ketone, 4-phenyl-3-(quinolin-2-yl)-butan-2-one was prepared by two methods: (a) benzylation of 1-(1H-quinolin-2-ylidene)propan-2-one in the presence of sodium hydride in dimethylformamide and (b) by the benzylative demethoxycarbonylation of methyl 2-(1H-quinolin-2-ylidene)-3-oxobutanoate in the presence of lithium bromide in hexamethylphosphoramide at 135°. In the absence of acid, the compound exists exclusively in the tautomeric form, 4-phenyl-3-(1H-quinolin-2-ylidene)butan-2-one.
Hydrogen bonding in substituted-ammonium salts of the tetracarbonylcobaltate(−I) anion: some insights into potential roles for transition metals in organometallic crystal engineering

Abstract This review examines the supramolecular structures of substituted-ammonium salts of the tetracarbonylcobaltate(−I) anion, Co(CO) 4 − . The salts discussed contain cations of increasing complexity, ranging from simple tertiary ammonium cations, through cations consisting of dimeric or trimeric units, to a protonated tetraamine. Across the series distinct changes in the supramolecular structure are apparent. For the simplest cations the principal cation–anion interaction is a short (strong) direct N–H⋯Co hydrogen bond, which is augmented by longer (weaker) C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The availability of amine acceptor sites results in competition with the metal center for the available N–H donors and leads to the formation of dimeric, trimeric, and even polymeric N–H + ⋯N hydrogen-bonded ammonium/amine cations. Such cations typically utilize all N–H donors, leaving cation–anion links to be formed solely through C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the extreme case of the protonated tetraamine, a strong N–H + ⋯N hydrogen bonded cation network is formed, the anions reside in channels and few cation–anion links are present. The Co(CO) 4 − anion is revealed as a rich source of hydrogen bond acceptor sites. Three types are identified and discussed in detail, namely the metal center (Co), the carbonyl oxygens, and the carbonyl π -system. Further, in determining the overall supramolecular arrangement, it is clear that a balance exists between the effect of hydrogen bonds of different types (strengths) depending upon their relative populations. The observations presented in the review are discussed in the context of organometallic crystal engineering, and the potential roles for metal-mediated hydrogen bonding are illustrated.
On the vanishing viscosity limit in a disk

We say that a solution of the Navier–Stokes equations converges in the vanishing viscosity limit to a solution of the Euler equations if their velocities converge in the energy (L2) norm uniformly in time as the viscosity ν vanishes. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the vanishing viscosity limit to hold in a disk is that the space–time energy density of the solution to the Navier–Stokes equations in a boundary layer of width proportional to ν vanish with ν, and that one need only consider spatial variations whose frequencies in the radial or tangential direction lie in a band centered around 1/ν.
Antischizophrenic drugs: Affinity for muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites in the brain predicts extrapyramidal effects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dosage of antischizophrenic drugs and the affinity for muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites in the brain to predict extrapyramidal effects. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is predicated in large part upon the interactions of the antischizophrenic phenothiazines and butyrophenones with brain catecholamines, especially dopamine. Besides accounting for their antischizophrenic effects, blockade by phenothiazines and butyrophenones of dopamine receptors can explain their extrapyramidal side effects including akathisia, abnormal movements, and parkinsonian-like symptoms. If dopamine receptors throughout the brain respond similarly to various phenothiazines, at therapeutic antischizophrenic doses similar receptor blockade should occur in all the dopamine systems. The therapeutic antischizophrenic dopamine receptor blockade requires almost ten times higher brain levels of thioridazine than of trifluoperazine.
Simple route to substituted tetralones

Abstract A two step route to highly substituted tetralones via Mn(III) oxidation and cyclization has been demonstrated.
Pressures Around an Inclined Ogive Cylinder with Laminar, Transitional, or Turbulent Separation

This paper reports results From comprehensive pressure tests on an ogive cylinder in the low-turbulence 12-ft pressure wind tunnel at Ames Research Center. The results consist of detailed pressure distributions over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (0.2 x 10(exp 6) to 4.0 x 10(exp 6)) and angles of attack (20 to 90 deg). Most important, the tests encompassed a complete coverage of different roll orientations. This variation of roll orientation is shown to be essential in order to fully define all the possible flow conditions. When the various roll-angle results are combined, it is possible to interpret correctly the effects of changing angle of attack or Reynolds number. Two basic mechanisms for producing asymmetric flow are identified. One mechanism operates in both the laminar and the fully turbulent separation regimes; this mechanism Is the one qualitatively described by the impulsive flow analogy. The other mechanism occurs only in the transitional separation regime. This asymmetric flow has the same form as that found in the two-dimensional cross flow on a circular cylinder in the transitional flow regime. Finally, these results make it possible to draw up critical Reynolds number boundaries between the laminar, transitional, and fully turbulent separation regimes throughout the angle-of-attack range from 20 to 90 deg.
Why University Inventions Rarely Produce Income? Bottlenecks in University Technology Transfer

As intended, universities have gained ownership to an increased number of inventions from their labs after the enactment of Bayh-Dole act in 1980. But, how well are the universities taking advantage of the provisions of this Act? One aspect of this question is addressed empirically in this study. An analysis of the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) periodic Licensing Activity Surveys of 1995–2004 indicated that the annual income generated by licensing university inventions was 1.7% of total research expenditure in 1995 and 2.9% in 2004. Some consider this and the rate of commercialization of university inventions to be too low. A premise of this study is that the slow rate of commercialization of university inventions may be due to the lack of adequate trained staff and inventions processing capacity in University Offices of Technology Transfer (UOTT). This paper describes an empirical study of the non-legal, technical, and legal invention processing capacity of US UOTT and its implications. A survey questionnaire was sent to 99 randomly selected US research universities. Seventy-five percent of the respondents mentioned shortage of staff for non-legal and legal processing of inventions. More than a third of the respondents claimed that, in 2006, they failed to process more than 26% of the inventions due to insufficient processing capacity in the UOTT. The study includes multiple regression models to estimate the effect of staffing on performance variables (i.e., Provisional Applications Filed, Patent [non-provisional] Applications and Licenses Executed) and “Inventions Not Processed” by the UOTTs due to staff/budget shortages. It is argued that, when short of staff and budget, UOTTs will be reduced to devoting their resources to ensuring patent applications are filed and patents are issued at the expense of marketing of inventions. Further, high-tech inventions are difficult to market because, often, there are no ready markets for them, especially if the inventor had no pre-invention contacts with a potential licensee. High-tech inventions originating from university labs may need market space/niche identification, new market creation, and the translation of the lab result into an “investor friendly” business plan; most UOTTs may be significantly short on these skills. Recommendations of this study are: first, an in-depth study of universities that are prolific in licensing inventions (40 or more licenses a year) is necessary to understand the reasons for their success in the context of UOTTs capacity to process inventions. Further, all federal agencies sponsoring university research must earmark a small percentage of each grant exclusively for commercialization purposes at the university. The paper offers multiple options for the effective use of these funds. The paper also offers several avenues for future research.