cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nogo Receptor 1 Limits Ocular Dominance Plasticity but not Turnover of Axonal Boutons in a Model of Amblyopia

The formation and stability of dendritic spines on excitatory cortical neurons are correlated with adult visual plasticity, yet how the formation, loss, and stability of postsynaptic spines register with that of presynaptic axonal varicosities is unknown. Monocular deprivation has been demonstrated to increase the rate of formation of dendritic spines in visual cortex. However, we find that monocular deprivation does not alter the dynamics of intracortical axonal boutons in visual cortex of either adult wild-type (WT) mice or adult NgR1 mutant (ngr1-/-) mice that retain critical period visual plasticity. Restoring normal vision for a week following long-term monocular deprivation (LTMD), a model of amblyopia, partially restores ocular dominance (OD) in WT and ngr1-/- mice but does not alter the formation or stability of axonal boutons. Both WT and ngr1-/- mice displayed a rapid return of normal OD within 8 days after LTMD as measured with optical imaging of intrinsic signals. In contrast, single-unit recordings revealed that ngr1-/- exhibited greater recovery of OD by 8 days post-LTMD. Our findings support a model of structural plasticity in which changes in synaptic connectivity are largely postsynaptic. In contrast, axonal boutons appear to be stable during changes in cortical circuit function.
Impedance Database II for the Advanced Photon Source storage ring

The first impedance database constructed at the advanced photon source was successfully used in reproducing the main characteristics of single-bunch instabilities observed in the storage ring. However, the finite bandwidth of the corresponding impedance model was limited to 40 GHz, which happens to be the resolution limit of the density modulation observed in the microwave instability simulation. In order to resolve simulation results never verified in the experiments, we decided to extend the calculated bandwidth of impedance to 100-200 GHz by recalculating the wake potentials excited by a shorter bunch. Since low-order electromagnetic code requires 20-40 grid points per wavelength, reducing the bunch length required a large number of grids for the 3D structure. We used bunch lengths of 1- and 2-mm in the Gaussian distribution in the impedance database II project. For the large-scale computation we used the 3D electromagnetic code GdfidL for wake potential calculation at the cluster equipped with 240 GB of memory. The resultant wake potential excited by the short bunch together with application to the storage ring for collective effects is presented in this paper.
A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization

This study examined the effects of being victimized by peers on children's behavioral, social, emotional, and academic functioning. We assessed an ethnically diverse sample of 2,064 first, second, and fourth graders and followed them over 2 years, locating 1,469 of the participants at the follow-up. Correlation and partial correlation analyses revealed that prior victimization predicted externalizing, internalizing, and social problems 2 years later for the sample as a whole. However, not all victimized children experienced the same types of outcomes; instead, there was heterogeneity in children's responses to victimization. Using cluster analysis, we identified eight outcome patterns that represented different patterns of functioning. These were labeled as externalizing, internalizing, symptomatic, popular, disliked, absent, low achieving, and high achieving. Discriminant function analyses revealed that the symptomatic, externalizing, and disliked patterns were systematically related to victimization. Moreover, significant gender and age differences in the severity of effects were obtained. The discussion highlights the complexity of victimization effects.
Graphene Protein Field Effect Biomedical Sensor for Glucose Measurements

The need for improved medical sensors based on lab-on-a-chip technologies has increased significantly because of the dramatic growth in the number of people with chronic diseases and the associated costs for their healthcare. Development and initial results of a hybrid plastic microfluidic device with an integrated graphene-protein biosensor chip for use in point-of-care (POC) is described. The initial prototype is a glucometer that uses optimized glucose oxidase bound to a graphene field effect sensor. Technologies required for development of the prototype include modification of the glucose oxidase for improved performance by protein engineering, methods to bind the enzyme to the graphene attached to the silicon oxide surface of sensor chip, and integration into a thermoplastic microfluidic device. Initial results indicate the prototype glucometer can measure glucose concentrations from low physiological levels to molar concentrations.
An existence theorem for quasiconcave functions with applications

On demontre un theoreme d'existence pour certaines familles de fonctions quasi concaves sur un ensemble compact convexe et on donne des applications de ce theoreme aux espaces localement convexes, normes, de Hilbert et de dimension finie
Increasing Rates of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Among Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Purpose Some women with unilateral ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) to prevent cancer in the opposite breast. The use and trends of CPM for DCIS in the United States have not previously been reported. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to analyze the initial treatment (within 6 months) of patients with unilateral DCIS diagnosed from 1998 through 2005. We determined the CPM rate as a proportion of all surgically treated patients and as a proportion of all patients who underwent mastectomy. We compared demographic and tumor variables in women with unilateral DCIS who underwent surgical treatment. Results We identified 51,030 patients with DCIS; 2,072 patients chose CPM. The CPM rate was 4.1% for all surgically treated patients and 13.5% for patients undergoing mastectomy. Among all surgically treated patients (including breast-conserving surgery), the CPM rate increased by 148% from 1998 (2.1%) to 2005 (5.2%). Among pat...
Integrated parylene-cabled silicon probes for neural prosthetics

Recent advances in the field of neural prosthetics have demonstrated the thought control of a computer cursor. This capability relies primarily on electrode array surgically implanted into the brain as an acquisition source of neural activity. Various technologies have been developed for signal extraction; however most suffer from either fragile electrode shanks and bulky cables or inefficient use of surgical site areas. Here we present a design and initial testing results from high electrode density, silicon based arrays system with an integrated parylene cable. The greatly reduced flexible rigidity of the parylene cable is believed to relief possible mechanical damages due to relative motion between a brain and its skull.
Solving the graph-isomorphism problem with a quantum annealer

We propose a method using a quantum annealer---an analog quantum computer based on the principles of quantum adiabatic evolution---to solve the graph isomorphism problem, in which one has to determine whether two graphs are isomorphic (i.e., can be transformed into each other simply by a relabeling of the vertices). We demonstrate the capabilities of the method by analyzing several types of graph families, focusing on graphs with particularly high symmetry called strongly regular graphs. We also show that our method is applicable, within certain limitations, to currently available quantum hardware such as D-Wave One.
Factors affecting chicken thrombocyte morphology and the relationship with heterophil: Lymphocyte ratios

Abstract 1. Thrombocytes were observed in a haemocytometer chamber and cells were classified into 5 morphological groups which were related to the extent of environmental stress. Thrombocyte morphology scores (TMS) were calculated for each blood sample. 2. Following exposure to social stress, chilling, or the injection of killed Escherichia coli, both TMS and heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios were increased. From maximum values 1 d after chilling H:L and TMS values returned to normal within 2 and 11 d respectively. 3. The addition of corticosterone (200 mg/kg) to the food resulted in increased H:L ratios whereas TMS were not affected. 4. The injection of an adrenal blocker, l,l‐dichloro‐2,2 bis p‐choro‐phenyl ethane, resulted in decreased H:L values whereas TMS were not affected. 5. Resistance to E. coli challenge infection was not affected by TMS.
Mechanical Manipulation Using Reduced Models of Uncertainty

In this paper we describe methods applicable to the modeling and control of mechanical manipulation problems, including those that experience uncertain stick/slip phenomena. Manipulation in unstructured environments often includes uncertainty arising from various environmental factors and intrinsic modeling uncertainty. This reality leads to the need for algorithms that are not sensitive to uncertainty, or at least not sensitive to the uncertainty we can neither model nor estimate. The particular contribution of this work is to point out that the use of an abstraction, in this case a kinematic reduction, not only reduces the computational complexity but additionally simplifies the representation of uncertainty in a system. Moreover, this simplified representation may be directly used in a stabilizing control law. The end result of this is two-fold. First, modeling for purposes of control is made more straight-forward by getting rid of some dependencies on low-level mechanics (in particular, the details of friction modeling). Second, the online estimation of the relevant uncertain variables is much more elegant and easily implementable than the online estimation of the full model and its associated uncertainties.
Cavitation Contributes Substantially to Tensile Creep in Silicon Nitride

During tensile creep of a hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) silicon nitride, the volume fraction of cavities increases linearly with strain; these cavities produce nearly all of the measured strain. In contrast, compressive creep in the same stress and temperature range produces very little cavitation. A stress exponent that increases with stress ({dot {var_epsilon}} {proportional_to} {sigma}{sup n}, 2 < n < 7) characterizes the tensile creep response, while the compressive creep response exhibits a stress dependence of unity. Furthermore, under the same stress and temperature, the material creeps nearly 100 times faster in tension than in compression. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates that the cavities formed during tensile creep occur in pockets of residual crystalline silicate phase located at silicon nitride multigrain junctions. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from crept material quantifies the size distribution of cavities observed in TEM and demonstrates that cavity addition, rather than cavity growth, dominates the cavitation process. These observations are in accord with a model for creep based on the deformation of granular materials in which the microstructure must dilate for individual grains t slide past one another. During tensile creep the silicon nitride grains remain rigid; cavitation in the multigrain junctions allows the silicate tomore » flow from cavities to surrounding silicate pockets, allowing the dilation of the microstructure and deformation of the material. Silicon nitride grain boundary sliding accommodates this expansion and leads to extension of the specimen. In compression, where cavitation is suppressed, deformation occurs by solution-reprecipitation of silicon nitride.« less
The Composition and Structure of Amos

Though Amos stands at the beginning of literary prophecy, the book that bears his name shows evidence of clear-cut, careful organization: (A) The great Judgment Speech against the nations (chapters 1 and 2); (B) Three addresses beginning with the phrase “Hear ye this word” (3: 1–15; 4: 1–13; 5: 1–6); (C) Three charges beginning with “Woe” (5: 7–17; 5: 18–27; 6: 1–14); (D) Five visions, four beginning with “Thus the Lord showed me” (7: 1, 4, 7; 8: 1), one with “I saw” (9: 1); and (E) An ending of consolation and hope (9: 11–15).
Ability profiles of developmental language disordered and learning disabled children: A comparative analysis

Developmental language disorder (DLD) children and learning‐disabled (LD) children were classified into subtypes. These subtype classifications were based on the child's Wide Range Achievement Test‐Revised (WRAT‐R) profile of Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic standard scores. Such subtyping resulted in both groups of chil‐ • dren being predominantly classified with globally impaired reading, spelling, and arithmetic disabilities. Although both groups of these globally impaired children demonstrated similar degrees of reading, spelling, and arithmetic disability ^ they differed markedly from each other on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised (WISC‐R) verbal subtests. The DLD children were significantly more impaired than the LD children on WISC‐R Verbal subtests. Additionally, there was an atypical pattern of correlation between WISC‐R Verbal subtests for the DLD children. These findings suggest that DLD and LD children with globally impaired reading, spelling, and arithmetic skill differ m...
Crack tip effective strain rates in rate sensitive materials

Simultaneous p a i r s of values of K ( s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f ac to r ) and R ( f r a c t u r e toughness , or e q u i v a l e n t l y s t r a i n energy r e l e a s e r a t e G) fo r q u a s i s t a t i c a l l y running cracks in compact t ens ion t e s t p i e c e s of po lymethylmethacry la te have been determined a t var ious crack v e l o c i t i e s (~) and temperatures (T) [1 ,2] . K were a r r i ved a t from the Gross-Srawley express ion (see, fo r example [3]) us ing cur ren t crack lengths and loads , and R was measured by Gurney's segmental area methods [4].
Hospital Cost Shifts As A Result Of Changes In Auto Insurance Regimes

This paper seeks to determine if moving from a no-fault auto insurance system to a tort system will necessarily result in hospitals being faced with more unpaid bills. The answer is found to depend upon legal regulation of the medical insurance industry, the percent of drivers operating without auto insurance, the proportion of drivers who are without medical insurance and the percent of drivers who purchase Med Pay.
Reiterated problem solving in neoliberal and counter-neoliberal shifts: the case of Bolivia’s hydrocarbon sector

Scholars examining neoliberalization often attribute its resilience to powerful actors’ access to resources and their ability to embed their interests in local, national, and global forms of governance. While scholars have recognized how less powerful actors attempt to resist processes of neoliberalization, observations of emergent alternatives have been more limited. In this article I argue that scholars’ focus upon the resilience of neoliberalization has often caused them to overlook the resilience of older and alternative forms of socioeconomic organization that can underpin the power of less powerful actors and serve as the foundation for counter-neoliberal shifts. I suggest that one way to resolve this oversight is through the use of a reiterated problem solving approach. Such an approach can help scholars to better historicize neoliberal and counter-neoliberal turns and recognize the ability of a greater array of actors to influence socioeconomic change. To demonstrate the utility of such an approach in studies of neoliberalization and counter-neoliberalization, I examine Bolivia’s hydrocarbon sector—or what could be called Bolivia’s enduring hydrocarbon problem—over the past century.
Plasmonic Nanoparticle Enhancement of Solution-Processed Solar Cells: Practical Limits and Opportunities

Solution-processed solar cells are particularly suited to benefit from absorption enhancement by plasmonic nanoparticles, due to their transport-limited film thicknesses and the ease with which metal nanoparticles can be integrated into the materials. Despite practical demonstrations of performance enhancements, the overall benefits have so far been limited in scope to photocurrents well below the theoretical limits. In this Perspective, we critically evaluate the prospects for plasmonic enhancements in solution-processed thin-film solar cells. We give an overview of recent work, focusing on embedded plasmonic nanoparticles in organic, perovskite, and colloidal quantum dot solar cells. We then develop an intuitive effective medium model for embedded plasmonic nanostructures in photovoltaic thin films, evaluate the model in the context of previous results in the field, and use the model to provide a framework for identifying the most promising avenues for realizing plasmonic performance enhancements in sol...
Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, + Me; Calling Dr. Laura: A Graphic Memoir

These two books are exciting new entries in a genre that cartoonist Alison Bechdel essentially founded: the lesbian graphic memoir (Fun Home, Are you my Mother?; Bechdel, 2006, 2012). As of this wr...
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Helical Porphyrin Nanotubes

We report polarized resonance Raman data of tetrakis(4-sulfonato)phenyl porphyrin (TSPP) aggregates in solution and deposited on Au(111) at wavelengths resonant with the red-shifted (J-band) and blue-shifted (H-band) components of the split Soret (B) band. We also report scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images which reveal that the aggregate on Au(111) is a nanotube with a 2 nm wall thickness which tends to flatten on the substrate. Relative Raman intensities and their dependence on polarization of the incident and scattered light are found to vary greatly for H- and J-band excitation, revealing a much greater degree of coherence for the J-band, in agreement with the resonance light scattering spectrum. The J-band transition is found to have transition moment components both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the nanotube, consistent with a helical nanotube structure. The intensity increase of the Q-band on aggregation and the weak intensity of the H-band in both the absorption and the reso...
The Impact of Retail Coupons

Retail coupons, those small cards or slips of paper that offer the supermarket shopper a few cents off on this product or that, have come of age.They are no longer a nickel-and-dime business. Billi...
Multipole transitions to determine lifetimes and polarizabilities in Mg-like ions from Si 2 + to Fm 88 +

The relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate the multipole ($E1,M1,E2,M2$, and $E3$) matrix elements to determine the $3s3p{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{3}{P}_{2}$ lifetime and multipole polarizabilities in Mg-like ions. The electric multipole matrix elements are determined in length and velocity forms. The calculations start from a $1{s}^{2}2{s}^{2}2{p}^{6}$ Dirac-Fock potential. First-order RMBPT is used to obtain intermediate coupling coefficients, and second-order RMBPT is used to calculate transition matrix elements. Contributions from negative-energy states are included in the second-order multipole matrix elements to ensure gauge independence of transition amplitudes. The details of our calculations of the multipole polarizabilities are illustrated for Mg-like $\mathrm{Si}{}^{2+}$, $\mathrm{Fe}{}^{14+}$, $\mathrm{Kr}{}^{24+}$, $\mathrm{Mo}{}^{30+}$, $\mathrm{Xe}{}^{42+}$, and $\mathrm{W}{}^{62+}$ ions. Our RMBPT results are compared with available theoretical results and experimental measurements. Trends of the line strengths, transition rates, and contributions in the ground-state multipole polarizabilities as functions of $Z$ are illustrated graphically in Mg-like ions with $Z=14--100$.
Oceanic Records of Lasionycteris noctivagans and Lasiurus borealis

Since the migration habits and routes of tree bats are poorly known it seems worthwhile to report the following observations made aboard the research vessel Blue Dolphin while she was engaged in oceanographic research by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in waters off southern New England in the summer of 1953. On August 19 at 1100 in 39°36″N, 71°03″W (about 95 miles SSE of Montauk Pt., Long I., the nearest land) a male silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte), was collected from …
A propensity-matched cohort study of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in neonates.

Background The incidence of nephrotoxicity among vancomycin-treated neonates has been reported to range from 2% to 20%. These widely varying estimates have led to confusion and controversy regarding the safety of vancomycin among neonates. Objective Evaluate the incidence of nephrotoxicity among neonates receiving vancomycin concomitantly with gentamicin. Design Retrospective observational cohort study using propensity score matching to provide covariate balance between neonates who did or did not receive vancomycin based on factors known to be related to the development of renal dysfunction. Setting Hospitals (n=22) throughout the Intermountain West, including a quaternary care children9s hospital. Patients Neonates ≤44 postmenstrual weeks (median gestational age: 31 (IQR 28–36) weeks) receiving intravenous gentamicin with or without exposure to vancomycin from January 2006 to December 2012. Main outcome measures Nephrotoxicity based on the modified Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI) or serum creatinine concentration ≥1.5 mg/dL persisting for ≥48 h. Results The final cohort was comprised of 1066 neonates (533 receiving vancomycin and gentamicin vs 533 receiving gentamicin). In a propensity score-matched cohort that was well balanced across 16 covariates, AKI was not associated with vancomycin use (16 neonates receiving vancomycin vs 7 controls experienced AKI; OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.6 to 4.0). However, the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, concomitant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, ≥1 positive blood cultures, low birth weight and higher severity of illness and risk of mortality scores were associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity. Conclusions These results corroborate several earlier reports and much anecdotal evidence describing the infrequent occurrence of nephrotoxicity in neonates receiving concomitant vancomycin and gentamicin.
Vacuum-induced Suction Stimulates Increased Numbers of Blood Vessels in Healthy Dog Gingiva.

UNLABELLED ﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ This study was designed to determine if vacuum-induced suction increased the number of blood vessels in healthy dog gingiva as a prelude to future studies testing vacuum therapy for improving local blood supply and controlling periodontal disease. METHODS The buccal gingiva of five dogs was treated with subatmospheric pressure for 5 days, with untreated tissues acting as controls. Biopsies were analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and blood vessels were counted. RESULTS VEGF and vessel numbers were elevated in treatment groups compared to controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A single daily application of subatmospheric pressure might be beneficial for healing damaged or diseased gingival tissues. ﻿﻿﻿.
A Bench-Top In Vitro Wound Assay to Demonstrate the Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Depleted Uranium on Dermal Fibroblast Migration.

Abstract Cellular migration assays are useful tools to investigate physiologic events on the bench top. Furthermore, this migration assay can be utilized to investigate wound healing therapeutics (those that encourage or accelerate wound closure) as well as deleterious agents (ones that mitigate or slow wound closure). The current study used an in vitro scratch assay to measure the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and depleted uranium (DU) in the form of uranyl acetate on cellular migration of human neonatal dermal fibroblasts in an in vitro simulation of wound healing. Data analyses included percent wound closure measured as the distance between cell margins, and rates of wound closure versus untreated controls. The highest doses of PRP (0.063, 0.125%) resulted in 50–65% wound closure after 4–8 hours relative to 38–44% in controls and the low-dose treatment group (0.031%). The high-dose treatments of PRP (0.125, 0.063%) reached 100% wound closure at 12 hours postwound versus 16 hours for controls an...
Psychoanalytic problems' and postmodern solutions'

A number of recent revisions of psychoanalytic theory implicitly draw on postmodern conceptualizations of human selves and human subjectivity. Though postmodern ideas have a wide currency in the humanities and in literary criticism, and are increasingly represented in critiques of science, psychoanalytic clinicians are generally less familiar with the body of writings that encompass postmodernist thought. This paper discusses the evolution of postmodernism and its emergence into psychoanalytic theory using the work of Roy Schafer and Irwin Hoffman as cases in point. I will suggest that when postmodernism is applied to psychoanalytic practice, the result is only a partial solution, at best, to the problems of metapsychology postmodernist revisions were intended to resolve.
ON SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that some languages have a much simpler grammatical apparatus than the familiar Indo-European languages do, morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. It presents a broad overview of the issues that are relevant to a theory of lexical categories from a more standard generative perspective. It discusses the pros and cons of dividing up the four lexical categories into natural classes using two distinctive features, and reviews how the intertwined theories of functional categories, selection, and head movement can explain familiar differences in how nouns and verbs are inflected. The chapter also deals with the question as to whether different languages have diverse category systems, without having a clear theory of the distinctions among the lexical category. The chapter postulates that it is necessary to have theories of the syntactic categories that aspire to this kind of explanatory depth in order to finally resolve whether languages differ significantly in their syntactic category systems or not.
Working with Behavioral Modeling

So far you have learned structural modeling and enough behavioral code to apply stimulus and to display results from your circuits. You have also read about Verilog’s rich set of operators and data objects to use as operands. In this chapter you will learn how to use the operators to model circuits at a higher level of abstraction than merely structural. At the end of this chapter are exercises based on the operators introduced in the previous chapter, chapter 5, and the behavioral constructs you learn in this chapter.
Theory’s Doubt: History, Theory and Image in Robin Evans’s Physiognomy of Morals

This paper begins with a simple proposition: theory is an image animated by history. By exploring the notion of image in the work of architect and historian Robin Evans, the nature of this animatio...
Perceived Neighborhood Conditions and Depression: Positive Local News as a Buffering Factor

This study investigates positive local news as a moderator of the effects of perceived neighborhood conditions on depression. Data from an online survey of Chicago residents indicate that the relationship between fear of crime and depression is weaker for respondents who pay more attention to positive local news. Data also reveal that the indirect relationships that perceived neighborhood disorder and crime have with depression through fear of crime are weaker as attention to positive local news increases. Implications are discussed for the role of positive news as a protective factor for mental health.
Traffic and grid-based parking lot allocation for PEVs considering driver behavioral model

In this study, optimal parking lots (PLs) for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) fleet are allocated on a feeder of a given electrical distribution network to minimize the total cost of the local distribution company (DISCO) considering driving patterns of the PEVs' drivers and their behavioral model in respect to the value of incentive (discount on charging fee) and the distance from the PL. The cost terms include investment cost for installing the PLs, maintenance cost of the PLs, the expense of incentive provided to the PEVs' drivers, the energy loss cost of the feeder, and the expected energy not supplied (EENS) cost over the operation period. In order to achieve realistic results, economic factors such as yearly inflation and interest rates and technical factors including hourly and daily variations of the load demand, yearly load growth of the feeder, and yearly growth rate of PEVs' application are considered in the PL allocation planning problem. The optimization problem is solved applying quantum-inspired simulated annealing algorithm (QSA). We demonstrate that the behavioral model of the drivers and their driving patterns can remarkably affect the outcomes of the problem.
Neighborhood Variation in the Price of Cheap Tobacco Products in California: Results From Healthy Stores for a Healthy Community.

Background Retail marketing surveillance research highlights concerns about lower priced cigarettes in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of racial/ethnic minorities but focuses almost exclusively on premium brands. To remedy this gap in the literature, the current study examines neighborhood variation in prices for the cheapest cigarettes and a popular brand of cigarillos in a large statewide sample of licensed tobacco retailers in a low-tax state. Methods All 61 local health departments in California trained data collectors to conduct observations in a census of eligible licensed tobacco retailers in randomly selected zip codes (n = 7393 stores, completion rate=91%). Data were collected in 2013, when California had a low and stagnant tobacco tax. Two prices were requested: the cheapest cigarette pack regardless of brand and a single, flavored Swisher Sweets cigarillo. Multilevel models (stores clustered in tracts) examined prices (before sales tax) as a function of neighborhood race/ethnicity and proportion of school-age youth (aged 5-17). Models adjusted for store type and median household income. Results Approximately 84% of stores sold cigarettes for less than $5 and a Swisher Sweets cigarillo was available for less than $1 in 74% of stores that sold the brand. The cheapest cigarettes cost even less in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of school-age residents and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Conclusions Neighborhood disparities in the price of the cheapest combustible tobacco products are a public health threat. Policy changes that make all tobacco products, especially combustible products, less available and more costly may reduce disparities in their use and protect public health. Implications Much of what is known about neighborhood variation in the price of combustible tobacco products focuses on premium brand cigarettes. The current study extends this literature in two ways, by studying prices for the cheapest cigarette pack regardless of brand and a popular brand of flavored cigarillos and by reporting data from the largest statewide sample of licensed tobacco retailers. Significantly lower prices in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of youth and of racial/ethnic groups with higher smoking prevalence are a cause of concern. The study results underscore the need for policies that reduce availability and increase price of combustible tobacco products, particularly in states with low, stagnant tobacco taxes.
Expedited Medicaid Enrollment, Service Use, and Recidivism at 36 Months Among Released Prisoners With Severe Mental Illness

Objective:This study examined long-term outcomes (at 36 months) from Washington State’s policy of expediting Medicaid enrollment for prison releasees with severe mental illness and compares them with previously reported short-term outcomes (at 12 months).Methods:Linked administrative data on prison releasees (2006–2007) were analyzed by using a quasi-experimental design comparing those referred to expedited Medicaid (N=895) with a control group of those not referred (N=2,189). Aggregate outcomes were analyzed with inverse probability of treatment–weighted logit models.Results:Expedited Medicaid had a sustained effect on both increased months of enrollment (p<.01) and increased use of community mental health and general medical services (p<.01) 36 months after prison release. However, expedited Medicaid did not reduce criminal recidivism, consistent with 12-month findings,Conclusions:Outcome results at 12 months were sustained at 36 months—namely, expedited Medicaid for released prisoners with severe menta...
An Overview of the Terrestrial Early Tertiary of Southern North America- Fossil Sites and Paleopedology

Increasingly detailed stratigraphic work in intermontane basins from Montana to Texas has revealed significant differences between northern and southern early Tertiary terrestrial faunas of western North America. Paleontological data from southern California, Mexico, New Mexico, and west Texas allows analysis of the effects of topography and climate on southern faunal distribution. Endemism in the Paleocene and Eocene of southern California and the Paleocene of west Texas can be attributed in part to geographic isolation. Observed differences between northern and southern faunas are tied to climatic differences, which are traceable from locality to locality using paleopedology. For example, Paleocene fluvial mudstones in west Texas and New Mexico show prominent red and black banding. Red layers are rich in soil-formed calcite nodules. Red color-banding and nodules are not widespread in northern localities until the early Eocene, indicating a northward spread of warm, variable climate. Migrations of animals, triggered by such climatic changes, may be responsible for abrupt faunal changes m the northern intermontane basins. Early Tertiary fossil vertebrate sites are scarce east of the Big Bend region of Texas now but within a decade lignite strip mining in east Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas will be producing outcrops. The best hope for finding extensive early Tertiary terrestrial faunas in eastern North America lies in the Gulf Coast. The early Tertiary Gulf Coast may have served as a source for new forms migrating to the west and north. The Paleocene and early Eocene faunas of the southeastern U. S. can be expected to have strong European affinities, and the late Eocene to have close ties to western North America. The Paleocene faunas of west Texas show less resemblance to those of France, which were similar in latitude, than the high degree of similarity of early Eocene animals of Europe and western North America would have suggested. Evidently, neither the slow-to-open North Atlantic nor the long distances were insurmountable barriers to many mammals before the end of the early Eocene. The Cretaceous interior seaway split North America and served as a barrier to migration between west and east Texas. The effects of this separation may have lingered throughout the Paleocene.
Stabilize OMOG photomask post-repair CD variation by cleaning strategy and post-repair treatment

With wafer technology node migrating to 14nm, the noise of wafer critical dimension (CD) control from photomask become more significant due to a mask thickness no longer thin relative to the dimensions. Therefore, the Opaque MoSi-On-Glass (OMOG) photomask is widely used for high-end wafer production because its thin structure is an advantage for 3D electromagnetic field (3DEMF) mask modeling. In other words, it also means the CD control in such high-end wafer product become more and more important. The absorber layer of OMOG is composed of MoSiN which has faster etching rate. Although such kind of MoSiN can help repairing dark defect faster, it also bring some extra etchings what lead to over repair that impact photomask’s CD control and yield. In order to stabilize the post-repair CD variation, we performed several treatments at pre-repair cleaning and a post-repair treatment to stabilize film properties. In addition, we also performed compositional analysis by EDX line scan to compare the compositional differences.
Jungle beef: consumption, production and destruction, and the development process in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract The environmental impacts of the global livestock industry are expected to continue increasing due to high meat consumption among affluent consumers in developed nations, and "new" consumers in emerging countries, such as Brazil. There is substantial research on the connections between international meat consumption and the destruction of Latin American environments, but less is known about the links between production/destruction and consumption in developing settings. In the western Amazon state of Acre, Brazil, increasing beef consumption is directly linked with local cattle production and environmental destruction, providing an opportunity to examine the relationships between these processes in a developing context. Interviews, participant-observation, and a standardized survey provide data on perceptions of beef and meat preferences, and how these relate to practices and patterns of consumption among a range of groups, from urban environmentalists to beef-loving cowboys. The results reveal how the hierarchical ordering of foods, with beef at the top, maps onto similar hierarchies of status and class, as well as notions of strength and nutrition. The analysis of beef consumption in a developing setting illustrates how beef is both a signifier of development and the symbolic and material fuel for a development process in which individuals, society, and the environment are transformed and improved. This study of local connections complements macro- and regional-level research on destruction and consumption linkages by offering insights on why consumers in a developing setting choose beef, and how the rubble and destruction of expanding Latin American agricultural frontiers is hidden, ignored, or written off in a discourse emphasizing the social and economic benefits of development. Keywords: Amazonia, beef, Brazil, cattle ranching, consumption, deforestation, development, food, meat
Development of a sweet potato starch-based coating and its effect on quality attributes of shrimp during refrigerated storage

Abstract Shrimp is enjoyed for the uniqueness of its flavor and texture. However, shrimp has limited shelf-life due to biochemical, microbiological or physical changes during postmortem storage. In this study, edible coatings from sweet potato starch (SPS) and variable levels of thyme essential oil (TEO) (0, 2, 4 and 6 g/100 g) were developed to maintain the quality of shrimp during refrigerated storage. Application of SPS-based coating resulted in lower pH (p
Book Review of Stephen B. Presser, 'Law Professors: Three Centuries of Shaping American Law'

This paper is a book review that I wrote for the Journal of Legal Education about Stephen B. Presser's history of the law professoriate.
Fatigue Crack Growth with Negative Stress Ratio Following Single Overloads in 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys

Modified pre-cracked compact specimens of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys were subjected to four different overload patterns followed by subsequent constant-amplitude steady-state loading with R =P l i n /Pl m a x equal to 0, -½, -1, and -2. The overload patterns were tension, compression-tension, tension-compression, and compression. Cyclic loading with negative stress ratio, R, drastically reduced crack-growth retardation. The higher the negative R ratio the greater the reduction in retardation. Overload ratios, OLR =P h m a x /Pl m a x , ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 were used. For compression overloads, the OLR ranged from -2.0 to -4.0. High compression overloading was detrimental and dependent upon subsequent R ratio loading. Substantial fracture surface abrasion near the mid-thickness occurred for higher negative R ratios. Striations were not readily found in this region, however, they were quite evident near the edges, which indicated crack closure was greater near the mid-thickness. The 2024-T3 gave better crack growth life than 7075-T6 in some loading conditions, while the opposite was true for other loadings. The results indicate negative R ratio must be considered in retardation models and that retardation life cannot be modeled based solely on overload plastic zone sizes.
Metabolomics Techniques in Nanotoxicology Studies

The rapid growth in the development of nanoparticles for uses in a variety of applications including targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, imaging, and as biological sensors has led to questions about potential toxicity of such particles to humans. High-throughput methods are necessary to evaluate the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. The omics technologies are particularly well suited to evaluate toxicity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Metabolomics, specifically, can rapidly screen for biomarkers related to predefined pathways or processes in biofluids and tissues. Specifically, oxidative stress has been implicated as a potential mechanism of toxicity in nanoparticles and is generally difficult to measure by conventional methods. Furthermore, metabolomics can provide mechanistic insight into nanotoxicity. This chapter focuses on the application of both LC/MS and NMR-based metabolomics approaches to study the potential toxicity of nanoparticles.
Ethical and Professional Development for Counselors

In this next to last chapter of the book, we shift attention away from application of diagnostic and treatment planning skills. Our focus here will be on two other essential ingredients of the effective counselor: competence in ethics and wise choices in professional development. Without those ingredients, counselors seem unlikely to be effective, no matter how much knowledge they have about diagnosis and treatment planning. This chapter has two purposes: to familiarize counselors with the nature and importance of ethical standards and to promote understanding and advancement of their professional development.
A Mesh-Connected Area-Time Optimal VLSI Integer Multiplier

VLSI circuits for integer multiplication based on the Fourier Transform have been discussed in the literature [1-3]. The circuits presented in [2] meet the area x (time)2 lower bound for multiplication established by various workers [1,4,5] in the well-known VLSI synchronous model of computation [6]. This bound states that, if the numbers to be multiplied are represented with N bits and A and T are respectively chip area and computation time, then any VLSI multiplication network must satisfy the condition AT2 = Ω (N2).
CHAPTER 14 – Oxygen

Oxygen and its compounds are widespread and common. An enormous number of oxygen compounds are found in nature, and the earth's crust contains large amounts of oxygen-containing compounds. For example, the atmosphere is 21% oxygen by volume or 23.3% by weight of this element. Water, which covers approximately two-thirds of the earth's surface, contains 89% oxygen. Oxygen itself is necessary for the life processes involving all known animal forms of life. Many of the solid rocks and minerals are complex oxygen-containing compounds in the form of silicates, phosphates, and carbonates.
Moral Motivation in Different Professions

Evidence from several professions (dentistry, medicine, law, and the military) supports constructivists’ theoretical understanding of a developmental continuum of moral motivation and commitment (Rest’s Component III).
How Movement Modulates Hearing.

Hearing is often viewed as a passive process: Sound enters the ear, triggers a cascade of activity through the auditory system, and culminates in an auditory percept. In contrast to a passive proce...
Cerebral Autoregulation–Guided Optimal Blood Pressure in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: A Case Series:

Background:Impaired cerebral autoregulation and cerebral hypoperfusion may play a critical role in the high morbidity and mortality in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Bedside ...
Phenotypic characterization of Rambouillet sheep expressing the callipyge gene : I. Inheritance of the condition and production characteristics

The objectives of this study were to determine the model of inheritance of the callipyge gene and to evaluate the growth, ADFI, feed efficiency, reproductive performance, and wool growth of sheep that are heterozygous for the callipyge gene. Ewes (n = 236) with a normal muscle phenotype and genotype were mated to three heterozygous rams that expressed the callipyge gene. Lambs (n = 311) were subjectively classified at weaning (90 to 120d) according to muscle phenotype by a panel of three evaluators working independently. The callipyge muscle phenotype was expressed in 150 lambs, whereas 161 lambs expressed a normal muscle phenotype. The percentage of lambs expressing the callipyge muscle phenotype (48.2%) did not differ (P > .1) from the expected 50%. Growth rate was similar for lambs of both phenotypes regardless of sex. Feed efficiency was superior (P < .05) for both male and female lambs with the callipyge muscle phenotype. Average daily feed intake was lower for male (P < .02) and female (P < .004) lambs with the callipyge muscle phenotype. Grease fleece weight and staple length at 12 mo were superior (P < .03) for ewes with a normal muscle phenotype. These results indicate that the callipyge gene in sheep is dominant when inherited from the paternal parent and lambs expressing the callipyge gene have increased feed efficiency and reduced ADFL.
Jesus and the Play of Imagination: The Role of His Stories and Parables in Faith Formation

Jesus’ stories and parables—the products of his own imagination—are at the core of Christian religious education. Christian religious educators are to encourage their audience to engage their imagi...
Narrative Analysis: Understanding the Story of a Formerly Homeless Man

This article focuses on the methodological process in examining a portion of one in-depth interview with a formerly chronically homeless man. Implications for housing policy with chronically homeless populations and the role of narrative analysis in social work research are discussed. Data was analyzed using models of narrative analysis developed by Gee (1985, 1986, 1991); Labov (1982, 1987; Labov & Waletsky, 1967); and Richardson (1993). This article demonstrates first, the utility of narrative analysis in social work research, and second, how narrative analysis reveals important insights into understanding the chronically homeless population.
Multipoint Continued Fractions: A New Proof

This chapter has a variant of the proof of the last one that we regard as a new proof of the hard part of Loewner’s theorem. The proof of the last section was fairly straightforward but the details of the proof of convergence to the right limit were involved—one might even say tedious.