cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of ibuprofen on the in vitro and in vivo reactivation of latent HSV-1.

Abstract Prostaglandins have been suggested to play an important role in the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus. To further understand the role of prostaglandins in the reactivation process, we investigated the effects of ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory activity, on the in vitro and in vivo reactivation of latent type 1 herpes simplex virus in mouse ganglia and rabbits, respectively. Ibuprofen, at a concentration of 50 or 100 μM, did not alter the titer of reactivated virus from explanted ganglia with latent virus, but, at a concentration of 200 or 500 μM, it significantly reduced the reactivated viral titer from the ganglia. Ibuprofen also directly inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus in trigeminal ganglia and Vero cell monolayers, which indicates that the drug reduced the recovery of reactivated viral titers from explanted ganglia with latent virus by acting on the replication process rather than on the reactivation mechanism in vitro. The systemic administration of ibuprofen failed to demonstrate any significant effect on the ocular shedding of virus after attempted reactivation by 6-hydroxydopamine iontophoresis in rabbits with latent herpes simplex virus infection. This failure in vivo could be due to the short half-life and low concentration of ibuprofen at the site of reactivation and replication of latent virus. Alternatively, in the clinical setting, it is conceivable that ibuprofen may not have an effect on in vivo reactivation of latent herpes.
OP79 Youth Exposure to Television Alcohol Advertising in the UK

Background Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood that adolescents will start to drink alcohol and that among those who already consume alcohol exposure to alcohol advertising is likely to increase its use. Existing research in Europe has tended to focus on the content of alcohol marketing and advertising but our understanding of the actual levels of exposure remains inadequate. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap by analysing youth exposure to television alcohol advertising in the UK. Methods We obtained data on viewership and on alcohol advertising volume for the top ten television channels with the highest number of viewers in the UK by age (4–9, 10–15, 16–24, 25 plus) for December 2010 to May 2011. Data were analysed descriptively to characterise youth viewership by channel, month and time of the day (‘daypart’) and alcohol advertising exposure. We then used a negative binomial regression model to measure incidental youth exposure to alcohol advertising relative to adults over 25 years of age. We applied sensitivity analyses to test robustness of the model. Results Viewership and alcohol advertising volume varied substantially across the 10 channels, months and dayparts. Children and adolescents (10–15 years) constituted about 4% of the total audience and young people (16–24 years) 8%, yet their exposure to alcohol commercials was 5% and 50%, respectively. Relative to adults 25 years of age and older, the regression analysis found advert intensity was higher where children and adolescents constituted a greater proportion of the viewership (incident rate ratio (IRR) 1.09, 95% CI 1.02, 1.17, p =0.013). This relationship was particularly strong for commercials of beer and cider (IRR =1.14, 95% CI 1.06, 1.23, p =0.000), super market brands (IRR =1.16, 95% CI 1.07, 1.28, p =0.000), and ready-mix drinks (IRR =1.51, 95% CI 1.27, 1.78, p =0.000). In contrast, although the IRR for those aged 16 to 24 years also differed significantly from that observed for older adults, the difference was small (1.02, 95% CI 1.01, 1.04, p =0.003 ). There were no statistically significant associations for wine and spirit advert incidence and viewership for any of the younger population groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that young people in the UK have a disproportionately higher exposure to television alcohol (except wine and spirits) advertising than would be expected from general viewership patterns. Alcohol advertising practices should be modified to limit exposure of underage viewers.
Automatic Segmentation and Recognition in Body Sensor Networks Using a Hidden Markov Model

One important application of body sensor networks is action recognition. Action recognition often implicitly requires partitioning sensor data into intervals, then labeling the partitions according to the action that each represents or as a non-action. The temporal partitioning stage is called segmentation, and the labeling is called classification. While many effective methods exist for classification, segmentation remains problematic. We present a technique inspired by continuous speech recognition that combines segmentation and classification using hidden Markov models. This technique is distributed across several sensor nodes. We show the results of this technique and the bandwidth savings over full data transmission.
A New Method for Verifying Sequential Circuits

We present an algorithm for deciding whether two given synchronous, logic-level sequential circuits are functionally equivalent. Our approach involves a formal symbolic comparison, as opposed to the (often very time-consuming) generation and simulation of numerous test vector sequences. The given circuits need not have the same number of states, nor must they have the same number of inputs -- for example, one circuit may be a parallel implementation and the other serial. Although this is an intractable problem in general, we believe that the method is useful on a broad class of practical circuits; our computational experience thus far is encouraging.
Can the Gail model be useful in American Indian and Alaska Native populations

BACKGROUND Very little is known about breast carcinoma risk factors for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women undergoing screening. The Gail model has been a useful tool for predicting the risk of breast carcinoma in several populations. It has not been applied systematically to AI/AN women. METHODS The current study was a retrospective review of 1458 screening mammograms performed for AI/AN women. The authors applied the Gail model to estimate both absolute risk and relative risk for breast carcinoma for AI/AN women screened in South Dakota, Arizona, and Alaska. RESULTS The mean age of the women was 52.4 years. The onset of menses was not significantly different than expected. The average age at first birth was 20 years, very few women were nulliparous, and few women were age > 30 years at first live birth. The proportion of women reporting a first- or second-degree relative with breast carcinoma was similar to the proportion in the general population. The results of the model indicated an overall average relative risk that ranged from 1.42 to 2.69 compared with white American women, depending on the model assumptions used. Using a modified Gail model and calculating an imputed absolute risk, the expected incidence of breast carcinoma in this population increased to rates of 170–180 per 100,000 in the next 10 years, a significant increase over the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–derived incidence rates from 1988 to 1992 of 31.6 per 100,000 for AI women in New Mexico and 78.9 per 100,000 for AN women. CONCLUSIONS The model indicated a likelihood of increasing rates of breast carcinoma in the study population. The data obtained were useful in generating preliminary estimates of breast carcinoma risk in the study population, for which no prospective population survey has been completed. The inherent weaknesses in the current retrospective study indicated the need for a large-scale prospective data collection to confirm these exploratory findings. Cancer 2004;100:906–12. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Outer membrane protein a and other polypeptides regulate capsular polysaccharide synthesis in E. coli K-12.

capR (lon) mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are mucoid on minimal agar because they produce large quantities of capsular polysaccharide. When such mutants are transformed to tetracycline resistance by plasmid pMC44, a hybrid plasmid that contains a 2 megadalton (Mdal) endonuclease EcoR1 fragment of E. coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle-pSC101, capsular polysaccharide synthesis is inhibited and the transformed colonies exhibit a nonmucoid phenotype. Re-cloning of the 2 Mdal EcoR1 fragment onto plasmid pHA105, a min-colE1 plasmid, yielded plasmid pFM100 which also inhibited capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the capR mutants. A comparison of the polypeptides specified by both plasmids pFM100 and pMC44 in minicells demonstrated that seven polypeptide bands were specified by the 2 Mdal DNA, one of which was previously demonstrated to be outer membrane protein a; also known as 3b or M2 (40 kilodaltons, Kdal). Plasmid mutants no longer repressing capsular polysaccharide synthesis were either unable to specify the 40 K dal outer membrane protein a or were deficient in synthesis of 25 K dal and 14.5 K dal polypeptides specified by the 2 Mdal DNA fragment. Studies with a minicell-producing strain that also contained a capR mutation indicated that the capR gene product regulated processing of at least one normal protein, the precursor of outer membrane protein a.
Rearrangement of a mesylate tropane intermediate in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Synthesis of aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane and aza-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane ethers, imides, and amines.

Nucleophilic substitution of 2β-mesyloxymethyl-N-methyl-3β-p-tolyl-tropane intermediate with alkoxides, metal imides, or amines was found to lead not only to the expected bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (tropane) ether, imide, and amine derivatives but also to unexpected bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives. When alkoxides were used as nucleophile, only the rearranged bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane structure was obtained, whereas the use of amines or imides as nucleophile afforded a mixture of the two structures. The bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane structure was assigned by NMR analysis.
The influence of protein malnutrition on T cell, natural killer cell, and lymphokine-activated killer cell function, and on biological responsiveness to high-dose interleukin-2.

Protein malnutrition is prevalent in cancer patients, however the influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on anti-tumor immune effector mechanisms is unclear. In addition, the effect of malnutrition on host immunological and biological responsiveness to recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) is unknown. In Swiss mice (n = 100), we observed that T cell activation, T cell response to rIL-2, T suppressor cell generation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte development, and the cytolytic activity of LAK cells were not significantly impaired by two or three weeks of feeding with a 2.5% protein diet compared with mice fed an isocaloric diet in which protein calories constituted 24% of the total. In CBA/J mice (n = 100), we observed a significant (P < 0.05) impairment of poly(I:C)-inducible natural killer cell function in mice ingesting the 2.5% diet. In both A/J (n = 40) and Swiss mice (n = 40), cytotoxic responses after 3 days treatment with rIL-2 (5 × 106 U/kg body wt. three times daily) were comparable in both dietary groups. These studies demonstrate that protein depletion is associated with impaired poly(I:C)-induced natural killer cell function in CBA/J mice. However, T cell function and biological responsiveness to high-dose rIL-2 were not significantly impaired.
Muscarinic receptors modulate intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in hyaline cells of the chicken basilar papilla.

Nonsensory hyaline cells border the sensory epithelium of the auditory end-organ (basilar papilla) in birds and reptiles. Their innervation by cochlear cholinergic efferent fibers and the presence of contractile proteins suggest that hyaline cells may actively regulate basilar membrane mechanics. The cholinergic pharmacology of hyaline cells was studied by measuring the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of fura-2-loaded cells in the chicken cochlea in vitro. Superfusion of the cholinergic agonist carbachol produced a dose-dependent increase in hyaline cell [Ca2+]i (EC50=1.05 µmol l–1) and small responses in short hair cells. Calcium increases in hyaline cells were evoked by the muscarinic agonists oxotremorine (10 µmol l–1) and muscarine (100 µmol l–1) whereas nicotine (100 µmol l–1, 200 µmol l–1) was without effect. Carbachol-evoked responses were blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (≥10–13 mol l–1) and were unaffected by the nicotinic antagonists d-tubocurare (100 µmol l–1, 1 mmol l–1) and hexamethonium (100 µmol l–1). Responses persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and were abolished by thapsigargin (1 µmol l–1). These results indicate that the cholinergic-stimulated increase in hyaline cell [Ca2+]i is due to a muscarinic-mediated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This is the first evidence that hyaline cells possess a muscarinic receptor whose activation causes mobilization of intracellular Ca2+.
Management of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized patients: efficiency and effectiveness of sliding-scale insulin therapy.

Study Objective. To determine the efficiency and effectiveness of current prescribing practices relative to short- and intermediate-acting insulins in the prevention or treatment of acute hyperglycemic episodes in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia, and to identify clinical findings that influence the effectiveness of insulin therapy in these patients. Design. Retrospective observational study. Setting. University-affiliated hospital. Patients. Ninety consecutive adult inpatients who had orders placed for as-needed subcutaneous regular or lispro sliding-scale insulin. Measurements and Main Results. Medical records were reviewed for patients' clinical characteristics and responses to administered insulin that were recorded during each of the first 5 days of hospitalization in which sliding-scale insulin therapy was used. Despite the immediate or bedside availability of both computerized and manual means to record finger-stick blood glucose levels and insulin injections, uncertainties or missing information related to execution, timing, blood glucose levels, or insulin dose were present in approximately 30% of all anticipated points of care involving insulin. Ten episodes of hypoglycemia in six patients were associated with sliding-scale insulin. Appropriately timed, successive glucose measurements documented a decrement in elevated blood glucose values to within the target range of 90–130 mg/dl after 76 (12%) of 621 sliding-scale insulin injections. Glucose levels remained elevated, and insulin effects were therefore subtherapeutic after 523 injections (84%). Despite blood glucose levels that remained persistently elevated, corresponding adjustments in either the timing or the dose of insulin were made infrequently. Sliding-scale insulin regimens were never adjusted in 73 patients (81%). Through 5 days of therapy, the proportion of patients who attained good glycemic control ranged from 2–10% (mean 6%). The mode of overall glycemic control was poor, with 51–68% of patients in this category on any given day. Overall, treated diabetic and hyperglycemic patients were more likely to be poorly controlled than relatively well controlled. Conclusion. Our findings reveal outcomes associated with sliding-scale insulin that are widely variable, often ineffectual, and prone to deficiencies in monitoring, documentation, and prescribing soundness. Efforts to improve glycemic control in hospitalized patients are clearly needed.
The stenotic stent: Mechanisms and revascularization options

As demonstrated by the two recent randomized studies of elective, single stent placement versus balloon angioplasty of de novo lesions in the coronary arteries, angiographic restenosis occurs significantly less after stent implantation. However, reported stent restenosis rate varies from 14% to more than 60%, depending on patient characteristics, stent design, number of stents implanted, vessel treated, location of the lesion, and acute luminal gain. The lowest rate of stenosis occurs in de novo lesions. The highest rate of stent restenosis is encountered in multiple stents and in ostial saphenous vein graft lesions. Stent restenosis can be treated with balloon angioplasty with very high success rates. This treatment is associated with remarkably low incidence of complications. Focal stenoses within the stent are more easily treated than are diffuse occlusions. Atherectomy of intrastent stenosis is not recommended. Excimer and holmium: YAG lasers can be applied for revascularization of intrastent lesions considered "not ideal" for balloon angioplasty. Unless thrombus is present or significant dissection detected or angioplasty performed within 2 months following stenting, patients do not require anticoagulants following balloon angioplasty of stent restenosis.
Conceptualization of Agitation: Results Based on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory and the Agitation Behavior Mapping Instrument

Many rating scales are available to assess the behavior of patients with dementia. Some of these scales have a broad focus and allow clinicians to rate various domains of function, either directly through patient observation or indirectly through caregiver interviews. Other scales are more specific, such as the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI; Cohen-Mansfield, Marx, & Rosenthal, 1989) and the Agitation Behavior Mapping Instrument (ABMI; Cohen-Mansfield, Werner, & Marx, 1989), which focus exclusively on agitated behaviors. As defined by Cohen-Mansfield and Billig (1986), agitation is inappropriate verbal, vocal, or motor activity that is not judged by an outside observer to result directly from the needs or confusion of the agitated person. Data gathered by using the CMAI and the ABMI have provided valuable insight into the subtypes of agitation, correlates of agitated behaviors, and the relationships between subtypes of agitation and cognitive functioning.
A Procedure for the Extraction of Multiple Body Wave Traveltimes From Seismological Waveform Data

A scheme for extracting multiple phase body wave traveltimes is presented which is most applicable to teleseismic broadband and short period data from permanent and portable instruments. The method specifically allows for the nonlinear dependence of waveforms on travel time by performing a nonlinear search over a reduced set of “projected model parameters”. This reduced set is found by splitting the method into two parts, the nonlinear dependence of waveforms on traveltime perturbations (particularly strong for broadband and short period data) and the linearizable dependence of travel time perturbations on variations in seismic velocity. By use of generalized inverse, the traveltime perturbations can be adequately characterized by a reduced number of linear combinations of model parameters. Consequently, the nonlinear search is performed over an optimally compact model space. The technique can consider simultaneously a large number of body wave phases creating a systematic methodology for extracting large numbers of traveltimes from single source-receiver pairs. The resulting path model may or may not be of physical significance; the primary goal is the extraction of travel times that may be subsequently used for a more comprehensive travel time inversion.
Photocurrent from Oriented Membrane Films Containing Acid-blue and Acid-purple Bacteriorhodopsin and its Mutants

This paper investigates the fast photocurrent components, B1 and B2, from oriented bacteriorhodopsin (BR) membrane films at low pH, under pulsed laser excitation. Adding chloride ion changes the acid-blue BR to its acid-purple form. In the presence of chloride, the acid-purple BR shows a positive B2 component in the same direction as that of BR at neutral pH, indicating a rapid intramolecular charge transfer. In the absence of chloride, the acid-blue BR shows only a negative B1 with multi-components, indicating a rapid charge separation process associated with retinal photoisomerization. The multi-components in B1 are possibly formed due to the heterogeneity of the acid-blue BR. In addition, BR mutants, D85N and D115N, at low pH and in the presence of chloride, generate the B2 component as well. The observation of chloride-dependent B2 component in various cases at low pH, is in favor of a possible transient chloride ion transfer, although the nature of the charge being transferred cannot be identified so far.
Dynamic actuation using nano-bio interfaces

The nanoscale dimensions, sensitive electronic control, and flexible architecture of new generations of nanomaterials and nanofabrication techniques hold immense promise not only for electronic devices, but also biological interfaces. As the size scales of these materials approach biological species, interfaces with characteristics designed to emulate their nanoscale biological counterparts are becoming possible. These new systems have higher biocompatibility, functionality, and lower cell toxicity than their microscale predecessors. While stellar examples have been demonstrated for biomolecular detection and imaging, exciting new possibilities for long-term integration and dynamic stimulation are now emerging, including protein activation, membrane integration and intracellular delivery. These tailored interfaces may lead to improved regenerative medicine, gene therapy and neural prosthetics.
Tropical-middle latitude interactions viewed via wave energy flux in the frequency domain

Abstract Over the upper troposphere of the polar latitudes the zonal flows exhibit a large variance on the time scale of the Madden-Julian oscillation, i.e. roughly 30–50 days. The other prominent regions for these intraseasonal oscillations are the Asian and Australian monsoon belts. These two regions are separated by the so-called critical latitude, to the south of which easterlies generally prevail and westerlies are prevalent to the north. A perplexing issue is that of possible tropical-middle latitude interactions across the critical latitude. The notion of the critical latitude emerged from the linear theories for the wave energy flux which assume a constancy in time for the zonal flows. This same problem, viewed in its full non-linear context, can be cast in a frequency domain. Such a formulation does not assume a constancy of the zonal flows in time but does permit the intraseasonal variations of the zonal flows to be present. The computation of the wave energy flux, from the more complete non-linear system in the frequency domain, requires the handling of linear, quadratic and triple product terms via use of Hayashi's co-spectral method. These results of the present study, based on 6 years of daily global data sets, show that wave energy flux clearly passes from the latitudes of the monsoon to the polar latitudes. A strong convergence of wave energy flux in the polar latitudes suggests the tropical-middle latitude convergence interactions across the so-called critical latitude—when the problem is viewed in the frequency domain.
On-chip optical detection of laser cooled atoms.

We have used an optical fiber based system to implement optical detection of atoms trapped on a reflective “atom-chip”. A fiber pair forms an emitter-detector setup that is bonded to the atom-chip surface to optically detect and probe laser cooled atoms trapped in a surface magneto-optical trap. We demonstrate the utility of this scheme by measuring the linewidth of the Cs D2 line at different laser intensities.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Sieboldine A: Evolution of a Pinacol-Terminated Cyclization Strategy

This article describes synthetic studies that culminated in the first total synthesis of the Lycopodium alkaloid sieboldine A. During this study, a number of pinacol-terminated cationic cyclizations were examined to form the cis-hydrindanone core of sieboldine A. Of these, a mild Au(I)-promoted 1,6-enyne cyclization that was terminated by a semipinacol rearrangement proved to be most efficient. Fashioning the unprecedented N-hydroxyazacyclononane ring embedded within the bicyclo[5.2.1]decane-N,O-acetal moiety of sieboldine A was a formidable challenge. Ultimately, the enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-sieboldine A was completed by forming this ring in good yield by cyclization of a protected-hydroxylamine thioglycoside precursor.
The Social Dynamics of Brazil's Rural Landless Workers' Movement: Ten Hypotheses on Successful Leadership*

Cet article met l'accent sur le caractere social ainsi que sur la dynamique sociale de l'autorite politique dans ce qui est generale-ment considere comme les caracteristiques de classe ainsi que les caracteristiques sociales du leadership, a l'interieur d'un mouvement que nous et d'autres auteurs considerons comme le mouvement social le plus dynamique de nos jours en Amerique latine, le Mouvement des Sans Terre (MST) au Bresil. Nous fonderons notre discussion de cette dynamique sociale sur dix hypotheses qui tracent, en effet, un portrait sociologique du leadership du mouvement. This paper focusses on the social character and dynamics of political leadership in what is widely regarded as the class and social character of the leadership of a movement that we and others regard as the most dynamic social movement in Latin America today—the Rural Landless Workers' Movement (MST) in Brazil. Discussion of these social dynamics is made with reference to ten hypotheses that provide, in effect, a sociological portrait of this movement's leadership.
Social Stratification and Environmental Degradation: Understanding Household CO2 Production

Arguing against the economic model of consumer sovereignty that is assumed in policy discourse concerning the environmental effects of consumer demand, this analysis explores the social origins of one consumption-based environmental problem (greenhouse gas emissions), and considers the social impact of carbon tax proposals aimed at slowing global warming. It uses data on household-level energy consumption in California to show patterned variation in energy use and carbon emissions among households. This variation is accounted for by social class and life cycle differences in housing, appliances, travel, and lifestyle—the cultural expressions of a materialized social structure. A comparison of the economic impact of alternative carbon tax proposals shows that tax rates designed to significantly reduce global emissions would also differentially increase energy costs, with regressive effects upon low- and moderate-income households. Despite the possibility of compensating energy subsidies, caveats are offered based on the history of federally funded low-income energy assistance programs in the United States. Carbon taxes are not simple substitutes for social class and life cycle-appropriate policies designed to: (1) equitably increase the efficiency of housing and household technology, (2) reshape residential settlement patterns, and (3) fundamentally improve the transportation system in the United States.
Social Valence in Children With Specific Language Impairment During Imitation-Based and Conversation-Based Language Intervention

This study investigated the level of social valence and type of social behaviors expressed in 15 children with specific language impairment as they engaged in typical language intervention activities during conversation-based and imitation-based language programs. These programs were both applied to each child over a period of several weeks. Videotapes of treatment sessions were analyzed for the presence of five verbal and 11 nonverbal behaviors selected to measure social valence. In addition, the child’s level of social valence was scored on a three-point rating scale. The results showed that although both types of treatments were predominantly associated with positive social valence ratings and a high frequency of smiling, laughing, and engagement in the activities, a significantly higher number of these positive ratings and behaviors were noted within conversation-based treatment. In contrast, although negative social valence ratings and expressions of boredom or dislike were very rare, these were obse...
Laboratory experiments on Alfven waves caused by rapidly expanding plasmas and their relationship to space phenomena

(1) There are many situations which naturally occur in space (coronal mass ejections, supernovas) or are man-made (upper atmospheric detonations) in which a dense plasma expands into a background magnetized plasma that can support Alfven waves. The Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA is a machine in which Alfven wave propagation in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas has been studied. A new class of experiments which involve the expansion of a dense (initially nlaser-produced/nbackground � 1) laser- produced plasma into an ambient highly magnetized plasma capable of supporting Alfven waves will be presented. The 150 MW laser is pulsed at the same 1 Hz repetition rate as the plasma in a highly reproducible experiment. The laser beam impacts a solid target such that the initial plasma burst is directed across the ambient magnetic field. The interaction results in the production of intense shear and compressional Alfven waves, as well as large density perturbations. The waves propagate away from the target and are observed to become plasma column resonances. The magnetic fields of the waves are measured with a 3-axis inductive probe. Spatial patterns of the magnetic fields associated with the waves and density perturbations are acquired at over 10,000 spatial locations and as a function of time. Measurements are used to estimate the coupling efficiency of the laser energy and kinetic energy of the dense plasma into wave energy. The shear wave generation mechanism is due to field-aligned return currents, which replace fast electrons escaping the initial blast. INDEX TERMS: 7831 Space Plasma Physics: Laboratory studies; 7513 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Coronal mass ejections; 7871 Space Plasma Physics: Waves and instabilities; 2111 Interplanetary Physics: Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds; 7524 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Magnetic fields; KEYWORDS: Alfven waves, diamagnetic cavities, supersonic expansion, Alfven wings, high beta plasmas, cross-field expansion, current systems Citation: Gekelman, W., M. Van Zeeland, S. Vincena, and P. Pribyl, Laboratory experiments on Alfven waves caused by rapidly expanding plasmas and their relationship to space phenomena, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A7), 1281, doi:10.1029/2002JA009741, 2003.
A Method Of Processor Control Utilizing Refrigerated Pre-Exposed Control Strips And Visual Comparative Densitometry

Although large hospitals have access to sensitometric testing tools, the majority of hospitals do not have sufficient capital equipment budget to afford this sophisticated special purpose equipment. By using refrigerated pre-exposed strips and visual analysis, it is possible to monitor the photographic parameters of the speed, contrast and gross fog in a reasonable manner. This paper considers the methods employed in this processor monitoring procedure and offers evidence regarding the reliability of using refrigerated pre-exposed processor control strips.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Convergent catalytic asymmetric synthesis of camptothecin analog GI147211C

Abstract The topoisomerase I inhibitor GI147211C (4) was discovered at Glaxo Wellcome and shown to have promising anti-cancer properties. In order to fully assess the clinical potential of 4, an improved synthesis of the drug substance was required. Herein is described a convergent catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 4 which utilizes as key steps, two Heck reactions, a Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction, and a Mitsunobu reaction. A 2-chloroquinoline is shown to be a viable substrate for the final Heck reaction to generate the camptothecin nucleus.
Mobile relay configuration in data-intensive Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become increasingly available for data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring, precision agriculture, and audio/video surveillance. A key challenge faced by data-intensive WSNs is to transmit the sheer amount of data generated within an application's lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have limited power supplies such as batteries or small solar panels. In this paper, we propose to use low-cost disposable mobile relays to reduce the energy consumption of data-intensive WSNs. Different from previous work, our approach does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes, and hence can be implemented on a number of low-cost mobile sensor platforms. Moreover, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmissions into a holistic optimization framework. The optimal relay configuration is shown to depend on both the positions of nodes and the amount of data to be sent. We develop two algorithms that iteratively refine the configuration of mobile relays and converge to the optimal solution. These algorithms have efficient distributed implementations that do not require explicit synchronization. Our simulation results based on realistic energy models obtained from existing mobile and static sensor platforms show that our algorithms significantly outperform the best existing solutions.
Percutaneous extraction of upper urinary tract calculi.

Renal calculi less than 8–9 mm in diameter and ureteral calculi of various sizes can be removed intact using fluoroscopic guidance without the need for endoscopy. Advantages of percutaneous stone extraction include a shorter hospital stay, decreased cost, and avoidance of general anesthesia. When compared with fragmentation techniques. percutaneous extraction appears to be the treatment of choice for urinary tract calculi amenable to this technique.
Effects of Peripheral Substituents and Axial Ligands on the Electronic Structure and Properties of Cobalt Porphyrins

The effects of peripheral substituents and axial ligands (L) on the electronic structure and properties of cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) have been studied using DFT methods. Various density functionals were tested, and the ground state of each system was determined by considering several possible low-lying states. The ground states of the fully fluorinated CoTPPF28(L)2 complexes with L = THF, Py, and Im were identified to be high-spin (4Eg) by the meta-GGA functional τ-HCTH, which contains the kinetic energy density τ, in agreement with experimental measurements. All the pure GGA functionals, including the recently developed mPBE, OPBE, and HCTH/407, show more or less overestimation of the relative energies of the high-spin states. The energy gap between the 2A1g and 4Eg states is insignificant (∼0.1 eV) and varies in the order L = Py < L = THF < L = Im. The results and their trend are consistent with 19F NMR studies which show partial population of the 4Eg state in CoTPPF28(THF)2 and CoTPPF28(Py)2 ...
Magnetic resonance imaging of the cryptorchid testis

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate seven patients with undescended testes. In six patients the presence or absence of testicular tissue was predicted correctly prior to surgery. Spermatic cord structures, if present, were accurately visualized in all patients.
Redescription of the clam shrimp Lynceus gracilicornis (Packard) (Branchiopoda, Conchostraca, Lynceidae) from Florida, with notes on its biology

Clam shrimps of the family 1.ynccidac differ markedly from all other families of the Conchostraca. The biology and morphology of the genus Lynceus are poorly known. In North America the genus is represented by four species: L. brachyurus, L. mucronatus, L. brevifrons and L. grarcilicornis. The last species, previously known from two localities in Texas, is reported from an ephemeral pond in north Florida. Amoung the characters distinguishing L. gracilicornis from North American congeners arc dimorphic male claspers and a broad, straight rostral margin. Females are distinct in having a smoothly rounded, distal rostra1 margin. External and internal morphology are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of frontal setose sensory fields and a small rostral pit in both sexe5. Numerous setal types are described from the claspers and posterior thoracopods. Internal structures include a large anterior hepatopancreas, C-shaped gut and large paired gonads ventro-lateral to the gut.
Analysis of heat or mass transfer in some countercurrent flows

Abstract An orthogonal expansion technique for solving some heat- or mass-transfer problems in counterflow systems is developed and applied to two idealized transport problems. The method of solution is based on Sturmian theory and requires both positive and negative eigenvalues for completeness. Local and mean Nusselt numbers are reported as functions of the parameters of the two systems. An iterative finite difference method for solving the same problems is described and the results of the two methods compared.
Balanced approximation of two-dimensional and delay-differential systems

A generalized balanced approximation method for reducing two-dimensional (2-D) and delay differential models is given. This is possible because of the form the Gramians of such systems take. In particular it is shown that the reachability and observability Gramians can be expressed as integrals of a certain system related function along the imaginary axis or unit circle of the complex plane. The Gramians provide two sets of system invariants which lead in a natural way to the concept of a generalized balanced realization, which in turn leads to a way to do model reduction. This paper is based on the report [0].
Experimental design in the context of Tikhonov regularized inverse problems

The method of Tikhonov regularization is commonly used to obtain regularized solutions of ill-posed linear inverse problems. We use its natural connection to optimal Bayes estimators to determine optimal experimental designs that can be used with Tikhonov regularization; they are designed to control a measure of total relative efficiency. We present an iterative/semidefinite programming hybrid method to explore the configuration space efficiently. Two examples from geophysics are used to illustrate the type of applications to which the methodology can be applied.
A receptor induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA) : a new member of the human nerve-growth-factor/tumor-necrosis-factor receptor family

A 1.4-kb full-length cDNA was isolated from a library constructed from activated human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-transformed human T-lymphocytes. Sequence analysis identified this cDNA as a new member of the human nerve-growth-factor receptor/tumor-necrosis-factor receptor family and as the potential human homologue of the murine sequence, 4-1BB. The gene encodes three cysteine-rich motifs in the extracellular domain which are characteristic of this receptor family, a transmembrane region and a short N-terminal cytoplasmic portion which contains potential phosphorylation sites.
A large area X-ray imager with online linearization and noise suppression

A new large area imager for X-ray crystallography is described based on active pixel sensor technology. In order to meet the demanding requirements for crystallography the detector is designed with real time correction for reset noise, nonlinearity, spatial uniformity and bad pixels. The design of the detector is described along with its operating characteristics including noise, DQE and quantum gain. We describe new techniques to rapidly calibrate and characterize the X-ray imager.
The dilemma of lobular carcinoma in situ at percutaneous biopsy: to excise or to monitor.

I nitially described in 1941 by Foote and Stewart [ I 1. lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an entity that has confounded pathologists, radiologists, and surgeons alike. Since its discovery. opinion on LCIS has vacillated in every respect: pathologic diagnosis, radiographic findings, risk assessment, and management. Even pathologists lack a clear consensus in its nomenclature, LCIS versus lobular neoplasia. The term “lobular neoplasia” was first coined by Haagenson 121 in 1978, who believed that “in situ carcinoma” was a misnomer relative to the behavior of the entity. By renaming LCIS lobular neoplasia, Haagenson attempted to dissuade surgeons from performing bilateral mastectomies on patients with this condition [2]. In this issue of the AiR, Liberman et al. [3] have tackled this critical topic from a new vantage point: the retrieval of LCIS on percutaneous needle biopsy. Their work adds another dimension to the management paradigm of lobular neoplasia.
Sex Differences in Patterns of Adult Crime, 1965–77: A Review and Assessment

This report examines current conceptions of sex differences in adult crime trends and assesses continued differences in female relative to male criminality. Our analysis relies mainly on national arrest statistics of the Uniform Crime Reports, but our treatment of these statistics goes considerably beyond that of previous analysts. Our interpretation of the national data is supplemented by a variety of localized studies of police and court statistics as well as by autobiographical and case history studies of thieves. In contrast to popular and scientific claims, we question whether female crime is rising and whether women are catching up with males in the commission of masculine, violent, serious, male-dominated and white-collar types of crime. The arrest gains of females are in the category of vagrancy and in the petty-property crime categories of larceny, fraud, and forgery. Alternative views concerning female crime and the forces shaping it are suggested. It is proposed that the factors shaping sex differences in arrest patterns are changes in reporting procedures and law enforcement practices, economic factors, the maintenance of traditional conceptions of female roles, limited access to illegitimate opportunities due to restricted participation in the legitimate labor market, and the absence of viable female criminal subcultures or of access to male criminal subcultures.
Comparison of pharmacodynamic target attainment between healthy subjects and patients for ceftazidime and meropenem.

Study Objective. To compare the pharmacodynamics of two β-lactams—ceftazidime and meropenem—in healthy subjects versus patients. Design. Monte Carlo simulation based on published pharmacokinetic studies. Subjects. One hundred and ninety-seven participants (75 healthy volunteers and 122 patients) from published pharmacokinetic studies of ceftazidime or meropenem. Measurements and Main Results. Data on total body clearance and volume of distribution for ceftazidime and meropenem in healthy subjects and patients were obtained from published studies. Monte Carlo simulations were performed based on the pharmacokinetics from each study for ceftazidime 1000 mg every 8 hours and meropenem 1000 mg every 8 hours against isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from North and South America. We calculated the likelihood of obtaining bactericidal exposures (50% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] for ceftazidime and 40% time above the MIC for meropenem) for each combination of pharmacokinetic study data and MIC distribution. Linear regression was used to compare target attainments for healthy subjects versus patients. Only three drug-pathogen combinations differed in target attainment between healthy subjects and patients: ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa in North America and meropenem against E. coli and P. aeruginosa in South America. The regression line of target attainment for patients versus healthy subjects had a slope of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.983–1.093) and a y intercept of −3.73 (95% CI −8.265–0.827, r2 = 0.992). The 0 values for slope and intercept did not differ to a statistically significant extent between the regression line and the line of identity (p=0.264). Conclusion. The pharmacodynamic target attainment calculated with healthy subject pharmacokinetic data was predictive of patient target attainment for ceftazidime and meropenem.
Food-related advertisements and food intake among adult men and women

Television viewing may contribute to obesity via promotion of sedentary behavior and exposure to food-related commercials. However, the mechanisms by which food-related commercials promote food intake are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of television advertisements on food intake according to sex and transportability, or the tendency to become engrossed in what one is viewing. Eighty-three undergraduate students, free of disordered eating symptoms, were stratified by sex and randomly assigned to one of three conditions (food-related advertisements, neutral advertisements, or no advertisements). They were then identified as high or low in transportability according to a median split. A significant interaction was found between advertisement condition and transportability such that those high in transportability ate more in the food than other advertisement conditions. A second interaction was found between sex and transportability with women high in transportability eating more food than women low in transportability irrespective of advertisement condition. No significant main effects of advertisement condition, sex, or transportability were found. Results suggest the importance of studying the impact of individual difference variables on the relationship between food-related advertising and food intake.
Analytic approximation for a lattice gas with many interactions

A relatively simple decoupling approximation is used to calculate the chemical potential for a lattice gas with arbitrarily complex two-body interactions. It represents a considerable improvement over mean-field theory. Comparison with Monte Carlo calculations on metal hydrides with many interactions gives better than 10% agreement for the critical concentration and temperature.