cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional desensitization to violence contributes to adolescents' violent behavior

Many adolescents are exposed to violence in their schools, communities and homes. Exposure to violence at high levels or across multiple contexts has been linked with emotional desensitization, indicated by low levels of internalizing symptoms. However, the long-term consequences of such desensitization are unknown. This study examined emotional desensitization to violence, together with externalizing problems, as mediators of the relationship between exposure to violence in pre-adolescence and violent behavior in late adolescence. A community sample of youth (N = 704; 48 % female; 76 % African American, 22 % Caucasian) reported on their exposure to violence in multiple settings at ages 11, 13 and 18. Internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed at ages 11 and 13; violent behavior was measured at age 18. Structural Equation Modeling showed that exposure to high levels of violence at age 11 was associated with lower levels of internalizing problems (quadratic effect) at age 13, as was exposure to violence across multiple contexts (linear effect). In turn, fewer internalizing problems and more externalizing problems at age 13 predicted more violent behavior at age 18. The results suggest that emotional desensitization to violence in early adolescence contributes to serious violence in late adolescence.
2013 Scientific Achievement Award recipient: Eugene H. Blackstone, MD.

This year’s recipient of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery’s Scientific Achievement Award is Eugene H. Blackstone, MD. Dr Blackstone has been a prolific cardiothoracic surgery investigator whose dedication, intelligence, and knowledge of statistics, computer programming, and cardiothoracic surgery have allowed him to not only make important contributions to science but also advance the specialty of cardiothoracic surgery.
Pen-based, mobile decision support in healthcare

The use of computers has become well established throughout the business enterprise; but computer usage within the health care sector has lagged, particularly for automation of interactions between individual clinicians and their patients. A number of factors have contributed to this including difficulties in representing medical knowledge in computer-processible formats, the limited application of standards for data recording and transmission, and problems in human-computer interaction.A major obstacle to the use of computers in medicine has been the stationary nature of desktop computers. Most clinicians are mobile knowledge workers who need access to information across a wide variety of settings: in offices, exam rooms, emergency departments, hospitals, nursing homes and at home. Within each setting, there is concern that a large box on the consultation desk may interfere with communication between clinicians and patients. Moreover, many physicians do not have keyboard skills. Even for those who can type, keyboard data entry---concomitant with interviewing and examination-- is difficult. To overcome these obstacles, our group at the Yale Center for Medical Informatics has developed systems that operate on small, mobile platforms and accept pen-based data entry.We recognized early on that systems would have to be integrated tightly with clinical workflow and provide benefits to offset the inconvenience associated with their use. Clinical workflow refers to the complex interacting tasks performed by clinicians as they go about their daily work and to the corresponding information flows that are generated. A particular interest has been in providing clinical decision support at the point-of-care. We have extracted knowledge from evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and embedded it in mobile, pen-based systems that inform decision making by clinicians.
Management of vulvar melanoma.

Abstract Considerable debate centers on the optimal treatment for vulvar melanoma, as well as those clinicopathological factors influencing prognosis. We reviewed 80 patients with vulvar melanoma seen between 1949 and 1990. Primary tumors were assessed according to Chung (47 patients) and Breslow (65 patients) microstaging systems. Fifty-nine patients (76%) underwent radical vulvectomy, ten patients (13%) had a partial vulvectomy, and nine patients (12%) had a wide local excision. Fifty-six also underwent inguinal node dissection. Median follow-up was 193 months. Median survival was 63 months. Ten-year survival by Chung level was as follows: I 100%; II, 81%; III, 87%; IV, 11%; V, 33%. Ten-year survival by tumor thickness was as follows: 0.75 mm, 48%; 0.75–1.5 mm, 68%; 1.51–3.0 mm, 44%; >3.0 mm, 22%. Increased depth of invasion was associated with increased incidence of inguinal node metastasis. Cox regression analysis demonstrated prognostic significance for tumor thickness ( P P P
Polymorphisms in the SOCS7 gene and glucose homeostasis traits.

SOCS7 is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling family of proteins and is expressed in skeletal muscle and islets. SOCS7 deficient mice develop islet hyperplasia in the setting of increased insulin sensitivity and normal glucose tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine if variants in SOCS7 play a role in variation of glucose and insulin levels and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Five SOCS7 tagging SNPs were genotyped in diabetic and nondiabetic Old Order Amish. A case–control study was performed in T2DM (n = 145) and normal glucose tolerant (n = 358) subjects. Nominal associations were observed with T2DM and the minor alleles for rs8068600 (P = 0.01) and rs8074124 (P = 0.04); however, only rs8068600 remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (P = 0.01). Among nondiabetic Amish (n = 765), no significant associations with glucose or insulin traits including fasting or 2 hour glucose and insulin from the oral glucose tolerance test, insulin or glucose area under the curve, Matsuda Index or HOMA-IR were found for any of the SNPs. In conclusion, genetic variants in the SOCS7 gene do not impact variation in glucose homeostasis traits and only minimally impact risk of T2DM in the Old Order Amish. Our study was not able to address whether rare variants that potentially impact gene function might influence T2DM risk.
THE ROLE OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS-8 IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA

Human herpesvirus-8 has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of KS, BCBL, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Evidence for its role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma is accumulating. Human herpesvirus-8 is detectable in the nonmalignant bone marrow dendritic cells from most myeloma patients. In addition, HHV-8 is also detected in the peripheral blood of most myeloma patients. In contrast, this virus is rarely detected in close contacts of myeloma patients, healthy individuals, or patients with other malignancies. Furthermore, only about one fourth of patients with MGUS are infected with HHV-8. Sequencing of HHV-8 DNA isolated from myeloma patients shows both minor differences among patients and a conserved deletion unique to myeloma compared with HHV-8 in other malignancies. Consistent expression of both the viral homologues of IRF and IL-8R in myeloma suggests a possible role for these transforming viral genes in the pathogenesis of this disease. Although the described association between multiple myeloma and HHV-8 implies a causal role in the pathogenesis of this disease, no cause-and-effect relationship is yet demonstrated. Evidence may be obtained directly by fulfilling Koch's postulate in an animal model and indirectly through therapeutic interventions with antiviral agents or through extensive epidemiological studies. Such epidemiological studies would be greatly facilitated by the development of antibodies directed against the HHV-8 viral proteins uniquely present in myeloma. A direct or indirect causal effect of HHV-8 has potentially enormous implications for the therapeutic benefit of antiviral agents and preventative strategies using vaccines. There is, indeed, preliminary evidence that antiviral therapy in HIV-infected patients reduces the risk or development of KS. Clinical improvement in patients with KS treated with antiviral agents has also been reported. These observations suggest that future treatment strategies to combat multiple myeloma may include antiviral agents.
Low disturbance sampling design of the cutter head in soft sediment of the yellow river reservoir

Sediment is an important problem in the evolving, planning management and comprehensive utilization of the Yellow river, observation and collection of the deposition are the basis of reservoir sedimentation. Current gravity sampling techniques can effectively get hard riverbed samples, but there are some problems in access of soft sediment. Based on the conventional sampling head, the sampling segment structure is improved, and stress distribution of the cutting tools is calculated and analyzed in the process falling and rising, and the sealing ring was designed on the basis of the existing claw spring. In the falling process of the cutting tools, the combination of the cutter head and the pawl spring will not fall off cylinder liner to ensure the samples smoothly into the sample tube, and in the rising process, the combination of the cutter head and the pawl spring will smoothly fall from cylinder liner to ensure effective sealing of the sample. Research results will fill the soft sediment ultra-thick sampling technology gaps, provide basic data for further research on the reservoir deposition.
Cell replication of mesenchymal elements in adult tissues. II. Replication of smooth muscle cells in the colonic muscularis externa of adult rabbits.

Autoradiographic determination of the number and distribution of replicating cells in the colonic muscularis externa of adult rabbits was carried out, using animals sacrificed between 11 minutes and 14 days after a single-dose-pulse of 3H-thymidine; or using animals sacrificed between two hours and 21 days after a multiple-dose-pulse of 3H-thymidine. Labeling of smooth muscle cells was seen as early as 11 minutes after injection. By two hours after a multiple-dose-pulse more than 0.3% of the cells of the colonic muscularis externa were heavily labeled. Both the number of labeled cells and the number of labeled pairs, triplets and nests of cells increased with time after injection of 3H-thymidine. There was a very regular reduction in grain count per nucleus during the 21 day period. No regular migration away from the site of division was observed. This tissue, like the tunica media of blood vessels and the panniculus adiposus, exhibits independent replication and no migration. The colonic muscularis externa can be classified as a slowly renewing population.
Oops, that's not really a diamond.

The illustration for the interesting Editors' Choice item “Diamond diversity” (23 Mar., p. [1638][1]) appears, even to this biologist, not to be of diamonds at all. Rather than being rough and tetrahedral in form as diamond crystals typically present, these crystals are hexagonal, very clean
Worksite Health Promotion and Health Care Costs and Utilization

To the Editor.— The evaluation of Johnson & Johnson's Live for Life (LFL) Program 1 is disturbing in two ways. First, the JAMA report did not adequately convey the equivocal nature of the results. Second, the report has been misused in subsequent commercial promotion. The report does not establish a causal relation between LFL and decreases in medical costs. Such a relation, as described by the authors, is biologically implausible. The authors' Table 2 shows that companies without LFL (group 3) spent about 50% more on inpatient medical costs than those with LFL (groups 1 and 2) in 1983, the last year studied. Two aspects of these data are curious. First, the savings were realized within 18 to 30 months of implementing LFL and did not increase with longer-term LFL use. Second, the savings were realized almost entirely in decreased hospital days per 1000 employees, rather than in fewer admissions.
Mineralogic and isotopic investigations on lunar rock 12013

Apollo 12 lunar rock 12013 petrologic and mineralogic characteristics, discussing data on isotopic Xe and Gd composition
International Technological Progress

IN THE FOLLOWING STUDY an attempt will be made to set up some criteria for the investigation of technological strength. Further, the inadequacies of such measuring rods will be assayed. In time of peace technology provides the tools and proposes the methods by which life is maintained and improved. Improved methods of agriculture and of medical diagnosis and treatment make possible the lives of most men. In the highly specialized civilization which science and technology have sired, the very life of the community depends on transportation and communication as well. National and group leadership rests in large part on the facility for the development of science and technology. The decisive part played in the recent war by radar, high compression engines, and the atom bomb has been well publicized. Each of these tools is the collective result of millions of experiments and thousands of inventions. Technical and scientific progress rests in large part on an additive process of successive invention. This process is usually continuous although it may be speeded up by quantitative action or may be slowed by lack of men, materials, or facilities for work. No small-nation can pursue war alone. The quantity of effort involved is beyond its material and demographic resources. But it seems equally certain that quality of scientific and technical effort is the differential which will in the future mean defeat or victory. This fact was apparent, indeed, in both World Wars. Germany could not have persisted in her war effort in 1914 without the Haber process for deriving nitrates. The United States and British would probably have lost the Battle of the Atlantic in 1942 and 1943 had it not been for the development of ASDIC radar. Although a large crude war potential is undoubtedly a great asset, the comparison of crude war potentials is of comparatively little importance in modern warfare. The western democracies possess jointly the largest crude war potential in the world, yet it is even more important that, since the beginning of the industrial age, they have held undisputed, uninterrupted leadership in the production of complicated weapons, precision tools and instruments. The manufacture of atomic bombs is the most complicated technological process ever devised; it requires numerous precision tools which must be more accurate than instruments previously used in industrial production. The bomb itself, especially the fuse, is an apparatus of
Synergistic analgesic interactions between the periaqueductal gray and the locus coeruleus.

Abstract Opiates modulate pain perception at a number of different levels within the central nervous system and the importance of synergistic spinal and supraspinal influences have been well documented. In the present study we demostrate synergistic interactions between the periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus. Administered either systemically or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), ethylketocyclazonine elicits a potent naloxonazine-sensitive analgesia, indicating aμ 1 action.μ 1 Receptors also play a major role in opioid analgesic mechanisms in the periaqueductal gray and the locus coeruleus. However, microinjection of EKC into either the periaqueductal gray or locus coeruleus failed to elicit an analgesic response at any dose tested (0.1–20 μg) and, in additional studies, antagonized the analgesic actions of coadministered morphine or [D-Ser 2 ,Leu 5 ]enkephalin-Thr 6 (DSLET). However, the simultaneous administration of EKC into both the periaqueductal gray (10 μg) and the locus coeruleus (10 μg; total combined dose 20 μg) produced a potent naloxonazine-sensitive analgesia greater than that observed with 50 μg i.c.v. These results suggest that EKC is a partialμ 1 agonist which lacks the efficacy to elicit analgesia when microinjected into either of the two brain regions alone. However, when exposed to several regions at once, either through simultaneous microinjections into the periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus or by injection into the ventricle, EKC is a potentμ 1 analgesic. These results point out the existence of synergistic supraspinal interactions between the periaqueductal gray and the locus coeruleus, similar to the spinal/supraspinal interactions observed previously.
On the instantaneous shrinking of the support of a solution to the Cauchy problem for an anisotropic parabolic equation

We study the phenomenon of instantaneous shrinking of the support of solution to the Cauchy problem for the parabolic equation with anisotropic degeneration, double nonlinearity, and strong absorption. In terms of the behavior of locally integrable initial data, we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for the realization of instantaneous shrinking and establish the exact (in order) bilateral estimates for the size of the support of solution.
Coupling of Apical Contractions and Adherens Junction Maturation by Synaptopodin-Depedent Recruitment of A-Actinin-4

Cell-cell adhesive contact is a central player in mechanotransduction, providing both mechanical support and a hub for signaling. Yet, the molecular mechanism is poorly defined, partly due to a lack of cell culture model to mechanically manipulate tension at cell-cell contacts. Here, using live cell imaging of α-actinin, we showed that MDCK cells exhibit many cellular behaviors of epithelial cells in vivo, including (1) oscillating contractility of the adherens junction, (2) pulsatile centripetal cellular contractions, and (3) ratchet constrictions of apical junctional domain. We hypothesized that pulsatile contractions participate in the maturation of junctional complexes. To test our hypothesis, we applied cyclic pulsatile tension to cell-cell contacts in confluent cell monolayers. We found that pulsatile intercellular tension induces recruitment of α-actinin-4 to the adherens junction in a time and tension-dependent manner without changing the localization of canonical adherens junction proteins, suggesting that a missing factor is involved. We have identified this missing factor as synaptopodin. Synaptopodin recruitment to the adherens junction is also tension-sensitive, which is necessary for generation of contractility at cell-cell adhesions. Recruitment of a-actinin-4 strengthens cell-cell adhesion and promote epithelial permeability barrier. Thus, by controlling the mechanical force generated through apical contractility, epithelial cells can adjust the strength of cell-cell adhesion and the maturation process of adherens junction maturation. Conversely, synaptopodin dictates the efficiency of mechanical-biochemical coupling between contractility and junction assembly through the recruitment of a-actinin-4. Our studies reveal a tunable molecular system with both mechanical and biochemical inputs and underscore the complexity of junction assembly in epithelial monolayers in vivo and in cultured cell systems.
A Comparison of Two Caregiving Models in Providing Continuity of Care for Youth in Residential Care

This paper reports on a research study that examined differences in two care giving models (houseparent vs. child care worker) in providing continuity of care for youth in residential placement. Continuity is defined as interactions by caretakers with youth in care that are predictable, appropriate, and occur over an extended period time in order to establish a pattern on which youth can depend and anticipate. The house parent model assumes that a “family like” environment is needed in residential care, and can be best maintained by live-in workers referred to as house parents. The child care worker model uses rotating shift workers to staff residential units. Data for this research were collected in a residential facility that used both models, and are drawn from the staffing patterns in 16 cottages. The continuity of care was based on the longest tenure of a caregiver in a cottage and is reported as the ratio of the number of months that a cottage had the same caregiver(s). Continuity in the cottages ranged from .31 to 1.0. Cottages with house parents had higher levels of continuity than those residences with child care workers, but only at a level that approached significance (P < .138). However, child care workers had significantly more turnover than did house parents. The boy’s continuity ratio suggests boys on average had the same caretaker 75% of the time while the comparable percentage for girls was 57%. Girls were significantly more likely to have child care workers than house parents, and more likely at a level near significant to experience turnover among care givers.
Conflicts of Rules in Hooker's Rule-Consequentialism

It is the business of ethics to tell us what are our duties.—John Stuart Mill Just about any proponent of a rule-based theory of morality must eventually confront the question of how to resolve conflicts among the rules that the theory endorses. Is there a priority rule specifying which rules must yield to which, as in Rawls's lexical ordering of the first principle of his theory of justice over the second? Must the agent intuitively balance considerations, as in certain forms of intuitionist pluralism? Or might there be some other conflict-resolving provision? Brad Hooker, a defender of a rule-based theory of morality that he calls ‘rule-consequentialism,’ confronts this question about conflicts of rules in his recent book Ideal Code, Real World: A rule-Consequentialism Theory of Morality. In this paper, I examine Hooker's answer to this question, and I argue that his answer fails to solve a serious problem that arises from such conflicts.
Whole blood clot lysis: in vitro modulation by activated protein C.

Abstract Lysis of clots prepared from native or citrated whole blood as measured by release of 125I fibrinogen degradation products was 10% or less at 20 hours. Lysis of these clots was accelerated by activated protein C in a dose-dependent manner (0.1 to 20 μg/ml) from less than 10% to 60–80% at 20 hours. Lysis of clots prepared from native or citrated platelet poor plasma across the same concentration range of activated protein C was less than 15%. Gla-domainless activated protein C was equally effective in accelerating clot lysis whereas DIP-activated protein C or factor Xa did not accelerate clot lysis. This suggested that this action of activated protein C was enzymatic and this this action was limited to protein C among the vitamin K dependent proteins. The unresponsiveness of platelet poor plasma to activated protein C was completely restored to that of whole blood by addition of mononuclear leukocytes. Addition of red corpuscles or platelets alone had no effect on this response, while addition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes partially restored this response. Addition of metabolic inhibitors 2-deoxyglucose and oligomycin inhibited the response of whole blood and of plasma-mononuclear leukocytes to activated protein C. Reconstitution studies of platelet poor plasma made deficient in plasminogen activator and plasminogen showed that accelerated clot lysis produced by mononuclear leukocytes and activated protein C required the presence of plasminogen. We concluded, therefore, that activated protein C accelerates whole blood or plasma-leukoycte clot lysis by modulating activation of the plasminogen system by metabolically active leukocytes.
A key role for input-output analysis in policy design

Abstract Input-output analysis becomes indispensable for rational policy formulation where two conditions hold: (1) inputs as well as outputs enter society's objective function directly (as in the case of employment, limited energy resources or pollution): and (2) where the economy in question is open, so that macroeconomic policy is largely powerless to increase employment or to influence the use of other inputs. Three issues will be used as examples: attempts to reduce petroleum use through subsidies for other energy sources, attempts to reduce the polluting emissions of production processes, and attempts to stimulate employment in Puerto Rico.
Spectrins and the Golgi

Several isoforms of spectrin membrane skeleton proteins have been localized to the Golgi complex. Golgi-specific membrane skeleton proteins associate with the Golgi as a detergent-resistant cytoskeletal structure that likely undergoes a dynamic assembly process that accommodates Golgi membrane dynamics. This review discusses the potential roles for this molecule in Golgi functions. In particular, it will focus on a recently identified distant cousin to conventional erythroid spectrin variously named Syne-1, Nesprin, myne, Enaptin, MSP-300, and Ank-1. Syne-1 has the novel ability to bind to both the Golgi and the nuclear envelope, a property that raises several intriguing and novel insights into Golgi structure and function. These include (1) the facilitation of interactions between Golgi and transitional ER sites on the nuclear envelope of muscle cells, and (2) an ability to impart localized specificity to the secretory pathway within large multinucleate syncytia such as skeletal muscle fibers.
Hiperinsulinismo na infância: quando apenas uma dosagem de insulina não é suficiente

INTRODUCAO: A hipoglicemia em bebes e criancas pode causar convulsoes, atraso de desenvolvimento e dano cerebral permanente. O hiperinsulinismo (HI) e a causa mais comum de hipoglicemia, seja transitoria ou permanente. A HI e caracterizada pela secrecao inadequada de insulina, o que resulta em hipoglicemia persistente, de leve a grave. As diferentes formas de HI representam um grupo de doencas clinica, genetica e morfologicamente heterogeneo. CONTEUDO: Hiperinsulinismo congenito esta associado as mutacoes de SUR-1 e Kir6.2, glucoquinase, glutamato desidrogenase, 3-hidroxiacil-CoA desidrogenase de cadeia curta e expressao ectopica de SLC16A1 na membrana plasmatica das celulas beta. O HI pode estar associado ao estresse perinatal, como asfixia do nascimento, toxemia materna, prematuridade ou retardo do crescimento intra-uterino, resultando em hipoglicemia neonatal prolongada. Mimetismo de HI neonatal inclui pan-hipopituitarismo, hipoglicemia induzida por farmaco, insulinoma, anticorpos antiinsulina e estimuladores do receptor de insulina, sindrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann e disturbios congenitos de glicosilacao. Exames laboratoriais para HI podem incluir quantificacao de glicose, insulina, β-hidroxibutirato, acidos graxos, amonia e perfil de acilcarnitinas plasmaticos, alem de acidos orgânicos urinarios. Os exames geneticos estao disponiveis em laboratorios comerciais para os genes sabidamente associados a hiperinsulinemia. Testes de resposta insulinica aguda (RIA) sao uteis na caracterizacao fenotipica. Exames de imagem e histologicos tambem estao disponiveis para diagnosticar e classificar o HI. O objetivo do tratamento de criancas com HI e prevenir os danos cerebrais da hipoglicemia, mantendo niveis de glicose plasmatica acima de 70mg/dl por terapia farmacologica ou cirurgica. CONCLUSAO:A terapeutica do HI requer abordagem multidisciplinar que inclui endocrinologistas pediatricos, radiologistas, cirurgioes e patologistas, os quais sao treinados para diagnosticar, identificar e tratar o hiperinsulinismo.
Urban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data.

Abstract It is known that social drift to cities increases the urban prevalence for severe mental illnesses. Recent studies in England and Sweden have reported that being born in, or raised in, an urban area is also a risk factor for later developing schizophrenia. The present study utilized 1880 census data, the most complete enumeration of severely mentally ill individuals ever done in the United States, to examine the association of urban residence and severe mental illnesses. Individuals identified as having one of seven forms of ‘insanity’ (n=91 959) were allocated to their county of origin (n=2661) in the census. Rates of ‘insane’ persons per 1000 population were calculated for each county. The counties were then divided by degree of urbanization based on the largest cities and the percentage of population living in towns of 4000 or more. The point prevalence of ‘insanity’ in the United States as a whole in 1880 was 1.8 per 1000. There was a significant association between ‘insanity’ by county and degree of urbanization, with odds ratios of 1.66 for urban, 1.46 for semi-urban, and 1.44 for semi-rural, and 1.37 for rural, using completely rural counties as a baseline. Most completely rural counties with high rates included mining camps, lumbering camps, or fishing villages, and not farming areas. In addition to urban drift, urban birth and residence appear to be risk factors for developing severe mental illnesses. Psychological and biological explanations have both been proposed. However, recent studies reporting winter birth and urban birth or residence as synergistic risk factors favor the latter.
Crystallization of sputter deposited amorphous MoNi

A crystallization temperature of ∼ 1000 K was observed for an amorphous alloy of MoNi. Recovery of the amorphous matrix prior to crystallization was noted, however. During crystallization, a Mo-rich phase and a Ni-rich phase first precipitated, then reacted to form the equilibrium δ-phase. Exaggerated grain growth or secondary crystallization of the δ-phase occurred upon extensive annealing. This multi-step mechanism contrasts with that in the amorphous μ-phase. The multi-step crystallization process is similar to, though not as complex as, that observed in many liquid-quenched alloys. In particular, no incipient stage of crystallization was noted.
Combinatorial methods for spectroscopic averaging and spectral moments

Abstract The scalar and fixed-partition scalar averagings of an operator are treated by combinatorial methods which exploit the fact that the averages are polynomials in occupation numbers. The results are of particular value for studying the low-order moments of spectral distributions.
HPLC Analysis of Mixtures of Acrylamide and Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Monomers

Abstract The HPLC separation of acrylamide from the quaternary ammonium cationic monomers dimethylaminoethyl acrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate has been investigated. It was found that a cyano-bonded silica stationary phase provided superior separations relative to an octyldecyl-bonded coated substrate. For either stationary phase, a binary mixture of acetonitrile and water gave far improved elution characteristics to a methanol-water mobile phase. An optimum acetonitrile-water ratio of 50:50 vol% was identified for the CN-coated sorbents. Dibutylamine was also used as an additive to reduce the adsorption of the cationic monomer, with a concentration of 0.01 M providing the best chromatograms. The mobile phase pH, and the acid used to adjust the pH, were also found to influence the peak quality. The optimized method can be used for rapid data acquisition. The method was demonstrated for the determination of residual monomer concentration in an inverse-emulsion copolymerization.
Predicting Potential Changes in Suitable Habitat and Distribution by 2100 for Tree Species of the Eastern United States

We predict current distribution and abundance for tree species present in eastern North America, and subsequently estimate potential suitable habitat for those species under a changed climate with 2×CO2. We used a series of statistical models (i. e., Regression Tree Analysis (RTA), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Bagging Trees (BT) and Random Forests (RF)) via our model, DISTRIB, for this purpose. These techniques were evaluated on several tree species, and advantages and disadvantages of each method were noted. RF provides the best prediction maps of potential suitable habitat. Overall, a combination of RTA, BT, and RF may yield the best information and most interpretable maps of suitable habitat. Using these tools, we provide statistics on potential changes in suitable habitat for 135 tree species of eastern North America.A suitable habitat does not guarantee the presence of a species, as many barriers for the species still exist before it will be able to colonize that new suitable habitat. Dispersal ability, abundance of the colonizing species, and the nature of fragmented landscapes also influence migration and are modeled with our cellular automata model, SHIFT. For each cell outside a species' current boundary, SHIFT creates an estimate of the probability that each unoccupied cell will become colonized over 100 years. By evaluating the probability of colonization within the potential “new” suitable habitat, we can estimate the proportion of new habitat that might be colonized within a century. This proportion is low (<15%) for five example species, suggesting that there is a serious lag between the potential movement of suitable habitat and the potential for the species to migrate into the new habitat. However, humans could accidentally or purposefully alter the migration rates of species by physically moving the propagules.
Depolarization-Repolarization Inhomogeneity After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot The Substrate for Malignant Ventricular Tachycardia?

Background We have previously shown that QRS prolongation (≥180 ms) is a risk marker for sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). We have now examined the dispersion of QT and its components QRS and JT, in an attempt to determine whether any association exists between these measurements and the presence of VT in these patients. Methods and Results QRS duration and QT/QRS/JT dispersion were measured manually from standard ECGs in 10 syncopal rTOF patients (21.4±4.6 years after repair; group 1) with QRS≥180 ms and with documented VT and were compared with 9 rTOF patients with QRS ≥180 ms and no VT (group 2), 40 rTOF patients with QRS <180 ms and no clinical arrhythmias (group 3), and 40 nontetralogy control subjects (20 with right bundle-branch block [group 4] and 20 with normal ECG patterns [group 5]). Mean QT dispersion (62±36 ms) in the tetralogy patients was greater than in the nontetralogy control subjects (34±10 ms, P<.001). There were significant differe...
Tuning the Optoelectronic Properties of Vinylene-Linked Donor−Acceptor Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaics

Five new donor−acceptor copolymers containing the electron acceptor benzothiadiazole (BTZ) linked to the electron donors fluorene (FL) or cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) via vinylene units were synthesized to study polymer structure−property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices. Both alternating (P) and random copolymers (P1−P4) were prepared via Suzuki and Stille polycondensations, respectively. The cyclopentadithiophene copolymers (P2 and P4) have smaller electrochemical band gaps (1.79 and 1.64 eV) compared to the fluorene-containing copolymers (2.08 and 1.95 eV for P1 and P3). However, the presence of CPDT raises the electrochemical HOMO energy levels (−4.83 and −4.91 eV for P2 and P4) compared to the FL copolymers (−5.06 and −5.15 eV for P1 and P3) leading to small open circuit voltages (Voc) in solar cells. The primary solution and thin-film UV−vis absorption peaks of P3 and P4, which do not contain alkylated thiophenes appended to the BTZ unit, are at lower energy and have larger absorption c...
Modification of Ultra-violet Erythema by Epidermal Stripping

Rottier1 and Rottier and Mullink2 reported that removal of the stratum corneum by stripping increases the erythema produced by 297 mµ light and decreases the erythema to 254 mµ. From this observation Rottier postulated that the erythema production mechanism was different at these two wave-lengths. Claesson, Juhlin and Wettermark3 were unable to confirm these findings and reported increased erythema production at both wave-lengths. In the present investigation the effect of multiple wave-lengths of light on skin with and without stratum corneum was determined.
Dietary lipid and postnatal development. I. A model for neonatal studies requiring high and low fat diets from birth.

Dietary Lipid and Postnatal Development. I. A Model for Neonatal Studies Requiring High and Low Fat Diets from Birth
Diffraction, attenuation, and source corrections for nonlinear Rayleigh wave ultrasonic measurements.

Abstract This research considers the effects of diffraction, attenuation, and the nonlinearity of generating sources on measurements of nonlinear ultrasonic Rayleigh wave propagation. A new theoretical framework for correcting measurements made with air-coupled and contact piezoelectric receivers for the aforementioned effects is provided based on analytical models and experimental considerations. A method for extracting the nonlinearity parameter β 11 is proposed based on a nonlinear least squares curve-fitting algorithm that is tailored for Rayleigh wave measurements. Quantitative experiments are conducted to confirm the predictions for the nonlinearity of the piezoelectric source and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the curve-fitting procedure. These experiments are conducted on aluminum 2024 and 7075 specimens and a β 11 7075 / β 11 2024 measure of 1.363 agrees well with previous literature and earlier work. The proposed work is also applied to a set of 2205 duplex stainless steel specimens that underwent various degrees of heat-treatment over 24 h, and the results improve upon conclusions drawn from previous analysis.
Incorporation of [14C]acetate into long chain fatty acids by the fat body of Prodenia eridania (Lep.).

Abstract It was demonstrated that the fat body of the moth Prodenia eridania contains a system which incorporates acetate into long chain fatty acids. It requires the presence of malonate, ATP, coenzyme A and glutathione or cysteine. Its properties were studied. Small amounts of fatty acids were also synthesized from glucose. The fatty acids formed by the system proved to be predominantly palmitic acid and small quantities of stearic, oleic, myristic and lauric acids.
Erkrankungen durch Pneumokokken

As a consequence of the general introduction of the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae b, pneumococci(Streptococcus pneumoniae) together with meningococci are the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, acute otitis media, and occult bacteremia with fever without focus at the age of 3-36 months. Patients under 5 years or with immunoglobulin deficiency and anatomic or functional asplenia are at special risk for invasive pneumococcal disease. Important alterations for Germany are the increasing resistance to macrolides and the imminent resistance to penicillin with possible consequences for the treatment of invasive infections. Management of fever without focus at the age of 3 to 6 months is under debate. Prescription of antibiotics without diagnostic procedures should be avoided because occult bacteremia disappears without sequelae and the benefit of oral antibiotics is not apparent. Combinations of conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines can improve prevention strategies.
Agricultural technology and child labor: evidence from India

Child labor continues to be a major problem in developing countries, particularly in agricultural countries. The latest ILO global report points out that nine out of every ten child laborers is involved in the agricultural sector. The focus of this article is on the rural sector in India, a country where child labor continues to be prevalent. A number of factors have been found to significantly influence the extent of child labor. This article will focus on the type of technology utilized in the agricultural sector. Technology is divided into two types: biochemical and mechanical. The empirical results indicate that biochemical technology has both positive and negative effects on child labor. However, mechanical technology is found to have a statistically significant and negative impact on child labor.
Scalable register file organisation for a multiple issue microprocessor

The scalability of a register file as employed in microprocessors is investigated. Results are presented which show the dependence of the register file access time against the number of registers, and the number of ports. A new organisation which scales better in terms of cycle time is proposed.
Image Intensification Techniques Applied to the Study of X-Ray Diffraction Pattens

The usefulness of image intensifiers in the study of X-ray diffraction patterns has been demonstrated in a number of laboratories. Advantages arise from the fact that usable patterns can be obtained with a marked economy of X-ray exposure campared with conventional film recording or sequential diffractometer techniques, making possible the study of materials very susceptible to radiation damage and systems exhibiting dynamic characteristics which limit permissible dosage or exposure times. In addition, the reduction of time required for the recording of a pattern permits studies of families of crystals with large unit cell size containing many diffraction spots. Various X-ray sensitive cathode arrangements are described and compared. Image intensifiers and read-out techniques available are discussed. Results have been obtained for certain organic crystals demonstrating the capabilities of a system that has reduced the time required for certain exposures by a factor of several hundred.
Screening Solutions to Upgrade Quality: A New Approach to Problem Solving Under Conditions of Uncertainty

(1960). Screening Solutions to Upgrade Quality: A New Approach to Problem Solving Under Conditions of Uncertainty. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 217-231.
Relationship between nitrogen concentration, light, and Zostera marina habitat quality and survival in southeastern Massachusetts estuaries.

Abstract The relationship of eelgrass survival and habitat quality to water column nitrogen level, phytoplankton biomass, particulate matter, bottom light intensity, and light attenuation was quantified at 70 sites within 19 Massachusetts estuaries through 4 growing seasons (2007–2009, 2011). Sites included a range of eelgrass habitat quality, from stable productive eelgrass beds, to degraded beds, to areas that have lost all eelgrass coverage. Survival of transplanted eelgrass culms was used as a bio-indicator of habitat quality. Habitat quality based upon both changes in stability of eelgrass coverage and transplant survival was positively related to light intensity and percent transmittance. Transplant survival was consistent with habitat designations based upon long-term changes in eelgrass coverage, with lowest light coinciding with areas that lost eelgrass in earlier decades. Bottom light declined in proportion to increases in total nitrogen levels, phytoplankton biomass, and water column particulates determined from long-term water quality data. Field surveys indicated that eelgrass survival required bottom light ≥100 μE/m 2 /s and healthy eelgrass existed where tidally-averaged total nitrogen was less than 0.34 mg/L, equivalent to a mid-ebb tide water-column total nitrogen of
Polyhedral characterizations and perfection of line graphs

Abstract We give a polyhedral characterization of line graphs that, in some sense, gives a converse to Edmonds' matching theorem. We also study perfect,t-perfect andh-perfect line graphs and give polyhedral and structural characterizations. We identify a class ofh-perfect graphs that are neither perfect nort-perfect.
ATP13A2 regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics through macroautophagy

Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy are centrally implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in ATP13A2, which encodes a lysosomal P-type ATPase of unknown function, cause a rare, autosomal recessive parkinsonian syndrome. Lysosomes are essential for autophagy, and autophagic clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria represents an important element of mitochondrial quality control. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that loss of ATP13A2 function will affect mitochondrial function. Knockdown of ATP13A2 led to an increase in mitochondrial mass in primary mouse cortical neurons and in SH-SY5Y cells forced into mitochondrial dependence. ATP13A2-deficient cells exhibited increased oxygen consumption without a significant change in steady-state levels of ATP. Mitochondria in knockdown cells exhibited increased fragmentation and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Basal levels of the autophagosome marker LC3-II were not significantly changed, however, ATP13A2 knockdown cells exhibited decreased autophagic flux, associated with increased levels of phospho-mTOR, and resistance to autophagy induction by rapamycin. The effects of ATP13A2 siRNA on oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass and ROS production could be mimicked by inhibiting autophagy induction using siRNA to Atg7. We propose that decreased autophagy associated with ATP13A2 deficiency affects mitochondrial quality control, resulting in increased ROS production. These data are the first to implicate loss of ATP13A2 function in mitochondrial maintenance and oxidative stress, lending further support to converging genetic and environmental evidence for mitochondrial dysregulation in PD pathogenesis.
The Professional Development of Graduate Students for Teaching Activities: The Students’ Perspective

This article provides insight into the skill-development activities of graduate students at U.S. institutions providing graduate education in economics. The authors document the extent of student participation in and preparation for teaching-related activities while in graduate school, finding that more than 50 percent of students are involved in teaching-related activities such as grading, leading recitation sections, and teaching their own sections and that most were satisfied with their preparation. Important differences in participation in these activities are highlighted by assistantship assignments, institution rank, and gender. Findings suggest that programs could do more to prepare students for participation in teaching specific professional activities after graduation.
The effect of spatial resolution on measurement of vegetation cover in three Mojave Desert shrub communities

Abstract Moderate resolution remotely sensed imagery (20–30 m) has lacked sufficient spatial resolution to accurately measure total vegetative cover in arid environments because the density of plant cover is generally too low to significantly influence spectral reflectance. New and emerging imagery is now available at significantly higher spatial resolutions, resulting in pixel sizes equal to or smaller than many dominant desert shrubs. This had led to an opposing problem, where desert shrubs now exhibit multi-modal probability functions associated with the individual elements of the plant, such as foliage, woody stems and branches, and shadows within and around shrub canopies. High resolution imagery was collected at three spatial resolutions for study sites in the south-central Mojave Desert of California to (1) determine the effect of spatial resolution on the detection of four common species of shrubs ( Chilopsis linearis , Psorothamnus spinosus , Larrea tridentata , and Ambrosia dumosa ), (2) assess the affect of increasing pixel size on the accuracy of area estimates of shrub cover, and (3) assess the accuracy of vegetation cover measurements when compared to vegetation cover measured in the field. Spatial resolution greater than 1.0 m was not capable of discerning a large percentage of the shrubs in this region of the Mojave Desert. Yet, high correlation ( r 2 = 0.71 – 0.93 ) was found between field measurements of percent cover and those derived from imagery at spatial resolutions ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 m. The results indicated that a spatial resolution of 1.0 m or smaller was necessary to estimate percent cover and the area of individual shrubs from high-resolution imagery. Spatial resolution is dependent on the abundance and size of species of desert shrubs within plant communities, however 1.0 m resolution was found to be adequate for this region of the Mojave Desert.