cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canada's Passenger Protect Program: Too Guilty to Fly, Too Innocent to Charge?

Canada's cleverly named Passenger Protect Program, which is nothing less than a "No-Fly" List, is set to take off in the spring of 2007. This article identifies and explores many of the concerns with the new program and concludes that it will have profound impact on fundamental liberties, human rights, privacy rights and poses a serious threat of racial/religious profiling. The article argues that the Passenger Protect Program must be debated and thoroughly investigated by Parliament. The fig leaf process of canvassing regulatory comment, ex post facto, instituted to attempt to give this initiative legitimacy falls far short of what is required. The article questions how there could be a list of suspected terrorists and sympathizers so dangerous to fly, yet so innocent that they can roam Canadian streets so freely? The article concludes that what is needed is not this list, but better investigative and intelligence work to gather evidence so that those who are real threats are charged and kept off the streets, not just flights. In the alternative, if it is proven that such a list is necessary and effective, then the minimum standards of due process, principles of fundamental justice, accountability, transparency, and oversight must be incorporated into the program.
Effects of arginine-based surface modifications of liposomes for drug delivery in Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells

Abstract Liposomal encapsulation of chemotherapeutics improves circulation time and decreases off-target effects through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Improving the efficacy of these drug carriers through surface modification could benefit patients. A library of arginine derivatives was conjugated to liposomes through carbodiimide chemistry. Both unmodified and modified liposomes were loaded with doxorubicin and exposed to Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells to measure the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Most of the modifications improved the toxicity of doxorubicin. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to uncover correlations between physicochemical properties (lipophilicity (log P), partition coefficient (log D), number of hydrogen bond donors, number of hydrogen bond acceptors, freely rotating bonds, surface tension, polarization surface area, and isoelectric point) and the IC50 of encapsulated doxorubicin. Generalized rules for improved toxicity were also developed, which stated that improved drug carriers should have at least 4 hydrogen bond donors, between 4 and 6 freely rotating bonds, an isoelectric point above 5.5, and a log P between -2 and -1. Using these relationships along with previously obtained correlations for macrophages, selective targeting and the understanding of how to rationally design such drug carriers can be improved.
Accuracy and confidence in perceptions of targets’ attachment to former partners: Do judges vary as a function of individual differences in attachment orientation?

Abstract This study builds on prior research by examining the degree to which individual differences in judges’ attachment orientations predict their accuracy and confidence in rating targets’ ongoing attachment to former partners. Targets were recently separated/divorced adults (N = 132) who described their separation experiences. Naive judges (NStudy 1 = 93, NStudy 2 = 296) read transcripts of targets’ separation narratives and rated targets’ strength of ongoing attachment to their former partners. Judges’ high accuracy did not vary by judges’ attachment orientations. However, greater judge avoidance was associated with lower confidence in ratings. Greater attachment anxiety was linked with weaker associations between accuracy and confidence. We discuss findings in terms of their potential implications for partner selection and future studies that can assess this link.
Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta-analytical review

Background and aims Findings of the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use and related consequences are inconsistent, and the role of potential moderators in the association is largely unknown. This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the discrimination-alcohol literature among Black Americans, estimate the magnitude of associations and explore differences as a function of sample characteristics. Methods Empirical studies reporting the association of racial discrimination with alcohol-related behaviors in an all-black sample were identified via systematic literature search. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using 33 effect sizes extracted from 27 studies, all of which used US samples (n = 26 894). Results Significant positive associations were found for racial discrimination with alcohol consumption [k = 9, confidence interval (CI) = 0.08, 0.17, I2 = 49%, r = 0.12], heavy/binge drinking (k = 12, CI = 0.02, 0.10), I2 = 27%, r = 0.06), at-risk drinking (k = 4, CI = 0.06, 0.23, I2 = 0%, r = 0.14) and negative drinking consequences (k = 5, CI = 0.09, 0.25, I2 = 94%, r = 0.25), but not with alcohol use disorder (k = 3, CI = -0.01, 0.20, I2 = 90%, r = 0.10). Only alcohol consumption and negative drinking consequences showed significant between-study heterogeneity and had a sufficient quantity of studies for moderation analysis (i.e., 4 or more studies). The positive association of racial discrimination with negative drinking consequences was stronger among younger samples; the association with alcohol consumption did not differ by age or proportion of men. Conclusions Experiences of racial discrimination are associated with diverse alcohol-related behaviors among Black Americans, with a stronger association with problematic alcohol use, particularly among younger individuals.
Price Reductions in Response to Increased Competition

While the price level equations explain more than two thirds of the year-to-year price variation, they do not explain the extent of very large price reductions in certain metals in the early 1980s. An interesting hypothesis is that these reductions were one-time adjustments to newly competitive conditions specific to those metals. An extension of this hypothesis would have it that the expansion of foreign sources of supply into the United States market can be credited not only with increasing supply in general, but, more important, with causing an outbreak of competition in those metals previously dominated by one or few suppliers.
Optimizing the Use of Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy

Nowadays, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is a clinically acceptable (and sometimes preferred) strategy in patients with operable estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Despite the overall effectiveness of endocrine therapy in breast cancer in all settings, de novo (primary) and acquired (secondary) endocrine therapy resistance remains a major clinical problem. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy trials for breast cancer are not only a great opportunity to determine which ER+ breast cancers can be treated without chemotherapy, but also a great strategy to develop insights into the biologic basis for the efficacy of estrogen-receptor-targeting agents, alone or in combination, in an effort to counteract resistance to endocrine therapy and discover actionable molecular targets that can be the focus of future drug discovery efforts and/or translational/clinical investigation in ER+ breast cancers.
A New Organizational and Study Skills Intervention for College Students with ADHD

Abstract The transition to college can be very challenging for individuals with ADHD. Increased task and life demands happen in tandem with deficits in time management, study skills and habits, and delaying rewards to achieve longer-term goals. Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) holds promise for targeting these and related challenges. Psychosocial interventions exist for the general population of adults with ADHD, but not college students. Importantly, an intervention designed for college students should be manageable in terms of time and cost. We developed such an intervention specifically for college students with ADHD; organizational, time management, and planning (OTMP) skills were the focus of this largely behavioral treatment, as these most directly relate to the executive function deficits characteristic of ADHD and to the demands of college. Academic study skills and psychoeducation regarding ADHD and medication management were also included. The intervention was tested with 30 undergraduate, post-baccalaureate, and graduate students (57% biological males; M age 22.6; 83.3% White/Non-Hispanic) from two public universities in the U.S. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures of ADHD symptoms, impairment, and OTMP skills pre- and post-treatment. Most participants reported a past diagnosis of ADHD (n = 23; including possible comorbidity), with all others reporting at least 5 pre-treatment symptoms of inattention (M for all participants = 6.3). The manualized intervention consisted of 6 group therapy sessions and 2 individual sessions. Results suggested that this new treatment has promise, with t-tests comparing pre- and post-intervention scores indicating significant improvements in inattention symptoms, total ADHD symptoms, self-concept impairment, total impairment, and use of organization, time management, and planning skills. In addition, participants generally reported satisfaction with the intervention and had a very high attendance rate. Future studies of this new intervention should include a randomized controlled trial, the collection of objective outcome measures, and a more diverse sample.
Built to win? Exploring the role of competitive environments on students’ creativity in design for additive manufacturing tasks

Designers skilled in design for additive manufacturing (AM, DfAM) must apply restrictive DfAM to prevent build failure and opportunistic DfAM to leverage AM capabilities. Few studies have explored ...
Gait Biomechanics in Individuals Meeting Sufficient Quadriceps Strength Cutoffs Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Context Quadriceps weakness is associated with disability and aberrant gait biomechanics following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Strength sufficiency cutoff scores, that normalize quadriceps strength to the mass of an individual, are capable of predicting individuals who will report better function following ACLR. Yet, it remains unknown if gait biomechanics differ between individuals who meet a strength sufficiency cutoff (strong) compared to those who do not (weak). Objective Determine if vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), knee flexion angle (KFA) and internal knee extension moment (KEM) differ between strong and weak individuals with an ACLR throughout stance phase of walking. Design Comparison-control. Setting Laboratory Participants: Individuals who received unilateral ACLR ≥12 months prior to testing were dichotomized into strong (n=31) and weak groups (n=116). Main outcome measures Maximal isometric quadriceps strength was collected at 90° of knee flexion using an isokinetic dynamometer and normalized to body mass. Individuals demonstrating ≥3.0Nm/kg were considered strong. Three-dimensional gait biomechanics were collected at a self-selected walking speed. Biomechanical data were time-normalized to 100% of stance phase. vGRF were normalized to body weight (BW), and KEM was normalized to BW*height. Pairwise comparison functions were calculated for each outcome to identify between-group differences for each percentile of stance. Results vGRF was significantly greater in weak participants for the first 22% of stance (average difference of 6.2% BW) and lesser in weak participants between 36-43% of stance (1.4% BW). KFA was significantly greater (i.e., more flexion) in strong participants between 6-62% of stance (2.3°) and lesser (i.e., less flexion) between 68-79% of stance (1.0°). KEM was significantly greater in strong participants between 7-62% of stance (0.007 BW*height). Conclusions ACLR individuals able to generate knee extension torque ≥3.0Nm/kg exhibit different biomechanical gait profiles compared to weak individuals, which may allow for better energy attenuation following ACLR.
An Economic Model of Tiered Spectrum Access

This paper develops a theoretical economic framework with the purpose of evaluating the optimal allocation of frequency space between licensed and unlicensed agents. We explore a dominant ﬁrm price leadership model where broader property rights over spectrum may be purchased while a competitive fringe enjoys free common access to a diﬀerent set of frequencies, though with no assurance of protection against interference. The standard model is extended here in two new directions by simultaneously introducing congestion in production activities and quality differentials in output. Our paper describes the corresponding equilibrium pricing decisions and sets the conditions under which a dominant ﬁrm and a competitive fringe may co-exist in the market. The regulator plays a key role in these results by determining the optimal share of frequency space assigned to licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, with a view to maximize either consumer welfare or total economic surplus. This allocation choice is shown to depend on a variety of economic and technical parameters, like market scale, cost differentials between ﬁrms, product quality and power caps aimed at reducing interference. These insights are relevant in light of the current plans of the Federal Communications Commission for the development of the 3.5 GHz band, envisioned as a low-powered, multi-tiered hierarchical access system.
Assessing the psychosocial needs and program preferences of adolescents and young adults with cancer

Purpose Adolescents and young adults (AYA) are a developmentally distinct cancer group, vulnerable to psychosocial late effects and with a range of unmet psychosocial needs. We sought to better understand psychosocial care needs and program preferences to inform development of more easily accessible and effective AYA psychosocial programs.
Electrochemistry of Platinum Phosphine Complexes: C-H and C-X Activation by Highly Reactive Intermediates

The electrochemical reduction of cis-[PtX2L2](X = halide, L = tertiary phosphine) complexes in CH3CN/C6H6/TBAP (Hg electrode) generates [PtL2] equivalents. The reactivity of these complexes is determined by the nature of the monodentate phosphine ligands, e.g. when L = PPh3 the complex does not react with benzonitrile but when L = PEt3 the complex reacts with PhCN via oxidative addition of the rather inert C-CN bond. When the monodentate ligands are replaced by a bidentate ligand, electrochemical reduction leads to the generation of nonlinear [Pt(bidentate)] complexes. The reactivity is altered by the presence of the bidentate ligand, e.g. when L2 = (c-Hx)2P(CH2)3P(c-Hx)2, generation of [Pt(bidentate)] in CH3CN/C6H6/TBAP results in C-H oxidative addition of benzene to produce a phenylplatinum(II) hydride complex. This contrasts with the electrochemical generation of [Pt(PEt3)2] in the same medium where a subsequent acid/base reaction with the N(η-Bu)4 + cation leads to the formation of trans- [PtH(Cl)(PEt3)2] with production of tri(η-butyl)amine. Electrochemical reduction of trans- [PtH(Cl)(PEt3)2] in CH3CN/C6H6/TBAP (Hg electrode) results in H transfer to CH3CN and then further reactions due to the cyanomethyl anion that is produced. Electrochemical oxidation of trans-[PtH(Cl)(PEt3)2] at a platinum mesh electrode does not lead to transformation of Pt(II) into Pt(IV) but rather induces the formal oxidation of H- to H+. Reduction of the platinum(II) aryl complex [PtPh2L2] (L2 = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) in CH3CN/TBAP (Hg electrode) leads to cleavage of the Pt-C bonds and formation of benzene (but not biphenyl) through scavenging of the organic fragments. Cleavage of Pt-C bonds can similarly be induced by oxidation in certain cases and this process is the main focus of the current report. Thus, although oxidative electrolysis of cis-[PtPh2(PEt3)2] in CH3CN produces the expected [PtPh2(CH3CN)2(PEt3)2]2+ without Pt-C bond cleavage, oxidation of the benzylplatinum(II) complexes trans-[PtBz(Cl)(PEt3)2] and cis- [PtBz2(PEt3)2] generates benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde via oxidation of the cleaved organic fragments. These results demonstrate not only that C-H and C-X bond cleavage, accompanied by Pt-H, Pt-X, and Pt-C bond formation, can be induced by electrochemical strategies but also that Pt-H and Pt-C cleavage processes, accompanied by the formation of useful organic products, can be achieved with the use of electrochemical methods.
Solving thermodynamic equilibrium constraints for vapor-liquid flows in porous media

Compositional models account for multiphase fluid flows in a porous medium in which the fluids exchange mass. The governing equations are highly nonlinear, in part because of nonlinearities inherent in mutliphase porous-media flows and in part because of the effects of interphase mass transfer on material properties. We examine methods for calculating fluid compositions determined by the equal-fugacity constraints of Gibbs. Proper orchestration of methods based on successive substitution and Newton-like methods yields useful approaches for this computationally intensive part of the overall simulation package.
Classic Mimbres Phase Households and Room Use Patterns

This paper reports recent findings at the NAN Ranch Ruin in the Mimbres River Valley in southwestern New Mexico that provide insight on the structure of family unit dwellings in a Classic Mimbres pueblo. A model of Mimbres households consisting of room clusters built during one construction episode and connected by interior doorways is described. Data on the architectural sequence of household units from the east room block at the NAN Ranch Ruin are also described and household patterning is discussed Although the sample is small, the NAN Ranch Ruin data provide an excellent opportunity for examination of functional, social, and evolutionary patterns in a Classic Mimbres ruin.
Tim-1 Signaling Substitutes for Conventional Signal 1 and Requires Costimulation to Induce T Cell Proliferation

Differentiation and clonal expansion of Ag-activated naive T cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response. T cell Ig mucin (Tim) proteins influence the activation and differentiation of T cells. Tim-3 and Tim-2 clearly regulate Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively, but the precise influence of Tim-1 on T cell activation remains to be determined. We now show that Tim-1 stimulation in vivo and in vitro induces polyclonal activation of T cells despite absence of a conventional TCR-dependent signal 1. In this model, Tim-1-induced proliferation is dependent on strong signal 2 costimulation provided by mature dendritic cells. Ligation of Tim-1 upon CD4 + T cells with an agonist anti-Tim-1 mAb elicits a rise in free cytosolic calcium, calcineurin-dependent nuclear translocation of NF-AT, and transcription of IL-2. Because Tim-4, the Tim-1 ligand, is expressed by mature dendritic cells, we propose that interaction between Tim-1 + T cells and Tim-4 + dendritic cells might ensure optimal stimulation of T cells, when TCR-derived signals originating within an inflamed environment are weak or waning.
Structures and Immunochemical Properties of Oligosaccharides Isolated from Pig Submaxillary Mucins

Abstract Two immunochemically distinct mucins have been isolated from pig submaxillary glands. The glands were combined according to the ability of aqueous extracts of these glands to inhibit hemagglutination of human type A erythrocytes. Mucin isolated from the glands containing blood group A activity is designated A+ pig submaxillary mucin (A+-PSM), while mucin isolated from the remaining glands is designated A- pig submaxillary mucin (A--PSM). The carbohydrate composition of both mucins is similar and comprises N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, galactose, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Treatment of these mucins with alkaline borohydride resulted in the release of a series of reduced oligosaccharides and the monosaccharide, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactitol (N-acetylgalactosaminitol). Conditions are reported which give more than 90% cleavage of the sugar residues from the protein chain. The most complex oligosaccharide (designated oligosaccharide I) was a pentasaccharide, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranosyl (1 → 3)-[α-l-fucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-[N-glycolylneuraminyl-(2 → 6)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactitol. In addition, the following oligosaccharides were isolated (structures are given as related to oligosaccharide I): oligosaccharide II, I minus N-acetylgalactosamine; oligosaccharide III, a disaccharide N-glycolylneuraminyl → N-acetylgalactosaminitol; oligosaccharide IV, I minus N-glycolylneuraminic acid; oligosaccharide V, II minus N-glycolylneuraminic acid. N-Acetylgalactosaminitol (Fraction VI) was the only detectable monosaccharide. Rabbit antiserum to human type A erythrocyte stroma precipitated A+-PSM, but not A--PSM. Oligosaccharides I and IV, found only in A+-PSM, are potent inhibitors of the anti A-A+-PSM precipitation, but oligosaccharides II, III, and V and a monosaccharide (Fraction VI) are completely inactive.
Antecedents and Consequences of Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young People: A Structural Model Comparing Rural University and Urban Samples

Research indicates that antigay victimization is widespread and that lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people may be very vulnerable to such victimization. The current study builds upon previous work by Hershberger and D'Augelli (1995), who studied the consequences of sexual orientation-based victimization in 194 urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Using structural equation modeling, the present study models both antecedents and consequences (including psychological distress, self-esteem, and suicidality) of victimization via a secondary analysis of their data set. In addition, a second sample of 54 lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths from a rural university setting was examined to cross-validate and generalize the relationships found in urban settings. Results indicated that a revised model of victimization exhibited sufficient fit to the urban sample data and provided preliminary support for the generalizability of the model beyond the initial sample. Additional similarities were found between the urban and rural university community samples, including a high prevalence of reported suicide attempts: 42% of the urban sample and 32% of the rural university sample had attempted suicide at least once. Results indicated that victimization based on sexual orientation has similar correlates for young people in different community settings.
Globalization and Educational Equity in Latin America: Perspectives from the Global South (Globalización y Equidad Educativa en Latinoamérica: Perspectivas desde el Sur Global) (pp. 1-9)

Numerous scholars, practitioners, and advocates of multicultural education have focused attention on the impacts of educational policy and praxis on the world’s most vulnerable populations, highlighting the role of globalization in discussions of educational equity. In response to the need for further scholarship on this topic, IJME’s first bilingual issue features research and praxis articles that critically examine the intersection of globalization, social justice, and education in underrepresented contexts of the Global South especially in, although not limited to, the Americas. This special issue aims at exploring new territories and features new perspectives on educational equity and social justice. We particularly sought submissions for this special issue examining formal and informal education in schools and community settings. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Las preocupaciones actuales de muchos academicos, educadores practicantes y de aquellos que abogan por la educacion multicultural se focalizan en el impacto de las politicas y la praxis educativas en las poblaciones vulnerables alrededor del mundo. Es asi que se esta prestando cada vez mayor atencion al rol de la globalizacion en la equidad educativa. La primera edicion bilingue de IJME reune articulos sobre investigaciones y praxis que analizan de manera critica las intersecciones entre la globalizacion, la justicia social, y la educacion en los contextos de menos representacion en el sur global; en especial, pero sin limitarse a las Americas. Esta edicion especial apunta a la exploracion de nuevos territorios y al enfoque en nuevos dialogos sobre la equidad educativa y la justicia social. Particularmente hemos incluido articulos sobre investigacion en educacion formal y no formal en escuelas y contextos comunitarios.
Agricultural policy and performance in Hungary

Abstract From a number of perspectives it is demonstrated that Hungarian agricultural development has been quite successful. Five decisions contributed to that success: collectivization via the carrot rather than the stick; transformation of cooperatives into the backbone of Hungarian agriculture; development of symbiotic conditions between socialist and private agriculture; decentralization of agricultural decisionmaking; and fostering of development of new institutional forms that contributed toward the rapid spread of technological advances. Personal incomes have become more dependent on profit; relative profit opportunities among agricultural commodities and markets have played an important role in determining input, output, and marketing decisions.
Quantum Monte Carlo investigation of the H-shift and O2-loss channels of cis-2-butene-1-peroxy radical

Owing to importance in combustion processes, O2-loss and 1, 6-H-shift in cis-2-butene-1-peroxy radical have been investigated. Energies for these processes and the barrier height of the latter are computed using the diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method. The DMC energy for the 1, 6-H-shift was determined to be 4.56 ± 0.19 kcal/mol with barrier height of 26.79 ± 0.20 kcal/mol. The energy for O2-loss was found to be 14.93 ± 0.24 kcal/mol. Quantitative differences between the findings of the present study and previous CBS-QB3 results indicate a discrepancy between high-level methods for the resonance-stabilized radicals. Further study is needed to identify the origin of these differences.
Vitamin D and cancer: clinical aspects.

There are substantial preclinical and epidemiologic data that suggest that vitamin D plays a role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Numerous observational studies have shown that low blood levels of 25(OH) vitamin D (cholecalciferol), estimated by geographical location, diet and activity assessment or measured serum levels are associated with a higher risk of cancer and worse cancer-specific survival as well as numerous morbidities to e.g. cardiovascular disease, stroke, infection, autoimmune disease, and neuromuscular dysfunction among large populations. A considerable number of in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the most active metabolite of vitamin D – 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol – has anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, pro-differentiating, and anti-angiogenic properties. Combined treatment of calcitriol and many types of cytotoxic agents has synergistic or at least additive effects. However, clinical trials testing these hypotheses have been less encouraging, though a number of methodological, pharmacological, and pharmaceutical issues confound all trials ever conducted. In order to properly assess the clinical value of vitamin D, its metabolites and analogs in cancer prevention and treatment, more studies are needed.
A somatic cell defect is associated with the onset of neurological symptoms in a lysosomal storage disease

Abstract Mutations in individuals with the lysosomal storage disorder Niemann–Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) are heterogeneous, not localized to specific protein domains, and not correlated to time of onset or disease severity. We demonstrate direct correlation of the time of neurological symptom onset with the severity of lysosomal defects in NPC1 patient-derived fibroblasts. This is a novel assay for NPC1 individuals that may be predictive of NPC1 disease progression and broadly applicable to other lysosomal disorders.
Academic pediatric radiology in 2010: challenges and opportunities

Academic pediatric radiology is under considerable stress as the result of ongoing financial pressures and recent health-care legislation. This article reviews the current challenges, and suggests both departmental and individual strategies important in sustaining our academic mission.
Effects of changing protocol, grade, and direction on the preferred gait transition speed during human locomotion

Although the preferred transition speed (PTS) reported by various researchers is relatively consistent, the amount of observed hysteresis (difference between the walk-run and the run-walk transition speed) varies considerably. Variations in reported hysteresis appear to be related to the protocol used to determine the transition speeds. This investigation compared the PTS, and the amount of hysteresis observed between the incremental and continuous protocols at various inclination conditions. The PTS was significantly greater in the continuous than the incremental protocol within both the 10% and 15% inclination conditions. The amount of hysteresis, however, did not vary significantly between protocols nor between inclination conditions. In the incremental protocol, the amount of hysteresis appears to be related to the size of the speed increment used. In the continuous protocol, the amount of hysteresis could be related to the rate of treadmill acceleration.
Gene Patents: The Shadow of Uncertainty

Uncertainty regarding gene patents will affect what genomic technologies get developed in the real world.
Follow Up Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants (ELBW <1000 gm): Relation of Head circumference to Developmental Outcome. 1532

Follow Up Of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants (ELBW <1000 gm): Relation of Head circumference to Developmental Outcome. 1532
Combined and independent effects of chronic marijuana use and HIV on brain metabolites.

The effects of chronic marijuana (MJ) use on brain function remain controversial. Because MJ is often used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic MJ use and HIV infection are associated with interactive or additive effects on brain chemistry and cognitive function. We evaluated 96 subjects (30 seronegative nondrug users, 24 MJ users, 21 HIV without MJ use, 21 HIV + MJ) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a battery of neuropsychological tests. The two primarily abstinent MJ user groups showed no significant differences on calculated estimates of lifetime grams of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure, despite some differences in usage pattern. The two HIV groups also had similar HIV disease severity (CD4 cell count, plasma viral load, HIV dementia staging, Karnofsky score). On two-way analyses of covariance, HIV infection (independent of MJ) was associated with trends for reduced N-acetyl aspartate (NA) in the parietal white matter and increased choline compounds (CHO) in the basal ganglia. In contrast, MJ (independent of HIV) was associated with decreased basal ganglia NA (−5.5%, p = 0.05), CHO (−10.6%, p = 0.04), and glutamate (−9.5%, p = 0.05), with increased thalamic creatine (+6.1%, p = 0.05). HIV + MJ was associated with normalization of the reduced glutamate in frontal white matter (interaction p = 0.01). After correction for age, education, or mood differences, MJ users had no significant abnormalities on neuropsychological test performance, and HIV subjects only had slower reaction times. These findings suggest chronic MJ use may lead to decreased neuronal and glial metabolites, but may normalize the decreased glutamate in HIV patients.
Bounds for Certain Thermodynamic Averages

Upper and lower bounds for thermodynamic averages of the form 〈{A, A†}〉 are presented.Upper and lower bounds for thermodynamic averages of the form 〈{A, A†}〉 are presented.
POSTTRANSLATIONAL CHANGES IN BAND 3 IN ADULT AND AGING BRAIN FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH ERGOLOID MESYLATES, COMPARISON TO CHANGES OBSERVED IN ALZHEIMER' S DISEASE

Band 3, the most heavily used anion transport system in vertebrates, ages as cells and tissues age. Posttranslational changes in band 3 in adult and aging brain were investigated following treatment with ergoloid mesylates and compared to changes observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study was conducted in a double blind fashion and was decoded only after the study was completed. The following posttranslational changes in brain band 3 occur with age: increased breakdown of band 3; decreased phosphorylation; and decreased anion transport. Autoantibodies to senescent cell antigen (SCA) synthetic peptides residue 538-554 and 812-827 increase with age, but antibodies to the former peptide are significantly reduced in ergoloid mesylate treated old mice. This is a critical transport region of band 3. Results showed the aged/altered band 3 increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as determined by quantitative antibody binding. Ergoloid mesylates altered the age-related posttranslational changes as follows: the observed age-related decrease in brain band 3 was partially reversed and anion transport was increased. This is consistent with the data indicating decreased autoantibodies to a critical anion transport segment of band 3. Aging appears to result in damage to a critical transport region of the anion transporter which is reflected by decreased anion transport, increased breakdown, alteration of the molecule itself, and an increase in autoantibodies to the region. Ergoloid mesylates seem to protect against this damage.
Coupled waves in a bar of Mooney-Rivlin material

Abstract Equations governing the motion of a Mooney-Rivlin material cylindrical bar with torsion-extension coupled modes are solved by the use of similarity methods and an explicit MacCormack type of finite difference scheme. Effects of parametric ratio of the Mooney-Rivlin materials, time histories and wave profiles for semi-infinite and finite bars are discussed. The solution space plot distinguishing the simple waves, loading shocks and unloading shocks is provided for extreme values of the material parameter. Specific cases of semi-infinite and free-fixed finite bars with torque and axial force loadings corresponding to simple waves and loading shocks are presented. The results show that the nature of wave profiles for semi-infinite bars remains same for the Mooney-Rivlin material as compared with its derivative the neo-Hookean material. However, for finite bars the difference is significant due to wave reflections from boundaries.
The technical feasibility of translating languages by machine

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in the design of electronic digital computers have suggested the possibility of translating languages by machine, but when one tries to write a good translation program for a computer, one finds that there is much to be learned about language. For this reason, no program has yet been written by which a computer could translate usefully; but a number of people have been challenged by the problem of filling in the gaps in present knowledge about language and translation.1,2
Benzaldehyde Hydrogenation over Titania-Covered Pt Powder☆

Titania when used as a support has been found to have a significant effect on the activity and selectivity of Pt during the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones. Turnover frequencies based on hydrogen adsorption sites are markedly enhanced, and rates per gram Pt (at similar dispersions) are also often increased. There are several explanations to account for this performance, at least partially. In an effort to determine the validity of these explanations, and hopefully to eliminate them as possibilities, a Pt powder was studied before and after the addition of varying amounts of TiO{sub 2} on its surface, and a physical mixture of this powder plus TiO{sub 2} was also examined and compared both to these catalysts and to Pt dispersed on TiO{sub 2}. The results follow.
Psychiatric Fraud and Force: A Critique of E. Fuller Torrey

E. Fuller Torrey is the most prominent advocate of forced psychiatric treatment in the United States today. He regards the use of coerced therapy as so medically and socially important that it justifies deceiving the patient. The author presents a critical review of Torrey’s propagandizing for the increased use of psychiatric force and fraud in “treating mental illness,” noting that in the past, Torrey had condemned these very practices. In his book The Death of Psychiatry, Torrey agreed with Szasz’s criticism of the concept of mental illness and opposition to involuntary psychiatric interventions and the insanity defense. He was invited to respond to this article but did not.
Sleep and dynamic stabilization of neural circuitry: A review and synthesis

A common mechanism is advanced for the lengthy stabilization of neural circuitry encoding information of both hereditary and experimental origin. Stabilization is proposed to occur through the following means and interrelationships. Synaptic function is intrinsically plastic because of greatly restricted entry of essential, relatively short-lived molecules into synaptic terminals. Alterations that accompany synaptic transmission transiently facilitate this entry ("facilitated entry"). Synaptic efficacy is enhanced as the concentration of these molecules increases following a transmission event but subsequently declines if depletion of the molecules occurs without commensurate replacement. Accordingly, if lengthy persistence of information encoded by enhancements of synaptic efficacy is to be achieved, the enhancements must be reinforced repeatedly by synaptic transmission ("dynamic stabilization"). Synapses of circuits not in frequent functional use are thought to be dynamically stabilized by spontaneous, internally generated, "non-utilitarian" excitations occurring primarily during rest or sleep. In species with complex, highly developed brains, requirements for dynamic stabilization of infrequently used circuits apparently cannot be met during rest, a restriction that may underlie the origin of sleep. Dynamic stabilization of infrequently used motor circuits of endotherms appears to occur predominantly during REM sleep.
An evaluation of biofilm development utilizing non‐destructive attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Chemical changes that occur within a microbial biofilm during development on a germanium internal reflection element (IRE) were monitored by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spec‐troscopy (ATR/FT‐IR) for 188 h. The amount of protein detected at the IRE/medium interface increased throughout the course of the experiment. Extracellular polysaccharides were mainly produced during the initial stages of biofilm development. These results demonstrate that changes in metabolic activity of surface‐associated bacteria during biofilm development on surfaces exposed to a flowing bulk aqueous phase can be evaluated by ATR/FT‐IR.
Trends in Teachers' Recommendations for Changing Elementary and Junior-High School Science Programs.

Since 1978 many studies have called for changes in the practices of science teaching. These changes in instruction will occur only when the teachers decide to change their practices. This study uses surveys to consider the question of what were the trends in the teachers' recommendations for changes in elementary and junior-high school science programs between the years of 1978 and 1982. Large samples of teachers in British Columbia, Canada, responded anonymously to questionnaires in these years: 3040 teachers in 1978 and 1631 in 1982, with return rates ranging from 77.5% to 85%. These teachers described themselves as shifting their classroom practices toward ones that emphasize passive learning and memorization. The British Columbia Science Assessments recommend more inservice programs to stop this trend. There were very few differences in the teachers' recommendations for changes in the schools. The elementary-school teachers had major changes in their rankings of only two activities: they increased their ranking of “activity-centered learning” and reduced their ranking of “outdoor education.”
Biomimetic synthesis of Cbz-(S)-dolaphenine

A new route to Cbz-(S)-dolaphenine, a recurring element in bioactive peptidic natural products, has been implemented, which closely parallels the biogenetic pathway. Cyclodehydration of 11 to yield thiazoline 2 allows for a Ni(0)-promoted decarbonylative aromatization to provide the thiazole framework with retention of stereochemistry.
On Testing Process Control Software for Reliability Assessment: the Effects of Correlation between Successive Failures

Statistical testing is the main available means for evaluating the reliability of software products. For ‘batch’ software, one can usually model both testing and operation as sequences of statistically independent trials (Bernoulli trials). Statistical inference from test results to reliability predictions is then straightforward. Things change when non-zero correlation is to be expected between the outcomes (failure or success) of successive executions of the software. This is the case, in particular, for most process control software: the inputs to each execution represent measurements on the controlled plant, and therefore follow quasi-continuous trajectories in the input space. For such software, this paper will: (i) show that the Bernoulli-trial model is inappropriate; (ii) argue that the ‘failure rate’ (probability of failure per execution) is no longer an appropriate indicator of software dependability; (iii) discuss the relationships among the statistical parameters describing the failure behaviour of the software; (iv) argue for direct measurement of the parameters of interest.
Particle swarm with radial basis function surrogates for expensive black-box optimization

Abstract This paper develops the OPUS (Optimization by Particle swarm Using Surrogates) framework for expensive black-box optimization. In each iteration, OPUS considers multiple trial positions for each particle in the swarm and uses a surrogate model to identify the most promising trial position. Moreover, the current overall best position is refined by finding the global minimum of the surrogate in the neighborhood of that position. OPUS is implemented using an RBF surrogate and the resulting OPUS-RBF algorithm is applied to a 36-D groundwater bioremediation problem, a 14-D watershed calibration problem, and ten mostly 30-D test problems. OPUS-RBF is compared with a standard PSO, CMA-ES, two other surrogate-assisted PSO algorithms, and an RBF-assisted evolution strategy. The numerical results suggest that OPUS-RBF is promising for expensive black-box optimization.
Transcellular route of diffusion through stratum corneum: Results from finite element models

Insight into the stratum corneum (SC) permeation pathway for hydrophilic compounds is gained by comparing experimental measurements of permeability and lag time (tlag) with the predictions of a finite element (FE) model. A database of permeability and lag time measurements (n=27) of hydrophilic compounds was compiled from the literature. Transcellular and lateral lipid diffusion pathways were modeled within a brick-and-mortar geometry representing fully hydrated human SC. Modeled tlag's for the lipid pathway are too brief to account for the experimental quantities, whereas the transcellular pathway with preferential corneocyte partitioning does account for them. Measured tlag's are highly correlated (p<0.0001) with the compound's octanol-water partition coefficient, supporting the hypothesis of an aqueous-lipid partition mechanism in the permeation of hydrophilic compounds. The importance of the lag time for identifying the diffusion pathway is demonstrated.
Existence of the Bottleneck in Vibrational Relaxation of Diatomic Molecules

High-temperature vibrational relaxation of diatomic molecules is analyzed using master equation and Fokker‐ Planck diffusion equation modeling. Both approaches are based on the nonperturbative forced harmonic oscillator vibrational energy transfer rate model. The results show that the effect of the retarded diffusion at the intermediate vibrational energies during the relaxation process (bottleneck), predicted in the previous studies, does not exist at the high temperatures. It is also shown that the interpretation of the high-temperature vibrational relaxation as a diffusion-type process is inadequate because of the strong effect of multiquantum energy transfer. The obtained results, applied to interpretation of the rates of thermal dissociation, suggest an important role of rotations in molecular activation at the high vibrational energies.
Boundary value technique for initial value problems based on Adams-type second derivative methods

In this article, we propose a family of second derivative Adams-type methods (SDAMs) of order up to 2k + 2 (k is the step number) for initial value problems. The methods are constructed through a continuous approximation of the SDAM which is obtained by multistep collocation. The continuous approximation is used to obtain initial value methods, which are simultaneously applied to generate all approximations on the entire interval. The order and the linear stability properties of the methods are discussed. Numerical experiments are performed and the results are compared with those of existing methods in the literature.
A Test of Labor Union Social Responsibility Effects on Union Member Attachment

Social responsibility is addressed to corporations, but can also be applied to other powerful organizations. This study tests the impact of labor union social responsibility on key measures of labor union attachment. After developing a scale of labor union social responsibility, craft union apprentice workers were surveyed and their responses analyzed with structural equation modeling. Labor union social responsibility was directly and positively related to union commitment and job satisfaction. Union commitment and job satisfaction fully mediated the negative relationship between labor union social responsibility and propensity to withdraw from the union, and the positive relationship between labor union social responsibility and union participation. The results suggest that labor union social responsibility can enhance union attachment and inform union strategy.
Substrate activation by iron superoxo intermediates.

A growing number of non-heme-iron oxygenases and oxidases catalyze reactions for which the well-established mechanistic paradigm involving a single C–H-bond-cleaving intermediate of the Fe(IV)-oxo (ferryl) type [ 1• ] is insufficient to explain the chemistry. It is becoming clear that, in several of these cases, Fe(III)-superoxide complexes formed by simple addition of O2 to the reduced [Fe(II)] cofactor initiate substrate oxidation by abstracting hydrogen [ 2 , 3• ]. This substrate-oxidizing entry route into high-valent-iron intermediates makes possible an array of complex and elegant oxidation reactions without the consumption of valuable reducing equivalents. Examples of this novel mechanistic strategy are discussed with the goal of bringing forth unifying principles.