cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lupine induced "crooked calf disease" in Washington and Oregon: identification of the alkaloid profiles in Lupinus sulfureus, Lupinus leucophyllus, and Lupinus sericeus.

Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.
Links between behavioral regulation and preschoolers' literacy, vocabulary, and math skills.

This study investigated predictive relations between preschoolers’ (N 310) behavioral regulation and emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills. Behavioral regulation was assessed using a direct measure called the Head-to-Toes Task, which taps inhibitory control, attention, and working memory, and requires children to perform the opposite of what is instructed verbally. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized because children were nested in 54 classrooms at 2 geographical sites. Results revealed that behavioral regulation significantly and positively predicted fall and spring emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills on the Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement (all ps .05). Moreover, growth in behavioral regulation predicted growth in emergent literacy, vocabulary, and math skills over the prekindergarten year (all ps .05), after controlling for site, child gender, and other background variables. Discussion focuses on the role of behavioral regulation in early academic achievement and preparedness for kindergarten.
Histocompatibility typing--Mac is back in town.

Abstract Twenty-four years have elapsed since the first International Histocompatibility Workshop. In that time a conference has been added and the event has become a vast collaborative effort. The latest meeting ★ ★The 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference was held in New York, USA, on 18–23 November 1987. illustrated how alternative methods to conventional serology are beginning to assume greater prominence in HLA typing.
Further Studies Concerning the Placental Transfer of Fluoride in the Rat

Female rats were given 25 ppm fluoride as various fluoride compounds during gestation or 25 ppm fluoride as NaF during gestation and a pregestational period. Offspring were killed at birth and analyzed for fluoride. Fluoride compounds given during gestation resulted in comparable amounts of fluoride in the offspring, but a greater amount was observed in pups whose mothers received ZrOGeF6. Pregestational fluoride exposure increased the amount of transplacental fluoride transfer.
Stability of cocaine dose-response functions at different inter-dose intervals.

Abstract Past research has found that daily administration of cocaine can lead to tolerance to its behavioral effects, and that tolerance can develop even when the dose is varied from day to day. The present experiment examined effects of administering varied doses of cocaine at a variety of inter-dose intervals ranging from once per week to everyday. Pigeons pecked on a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement. A dose–response function for cocaine was assessed eight consecutive times during each of four phases of the experiment to assess the stability of effects of each dose. In Phase 1, subjects were administered a dose of cocaine or saline vehicle every seventh day. One subject developed tolerance by the end of this phase and was not studied further. In Phase 2, doses were administered every fourth day. During Phase 3, doses were administered every 2 days. In the final phase, doses were administered everyday. Dose–response curves were generally similar both within and across phases, regardless of inter-dose interval. No subjects developed tolerance during Phases 2, 3, and 4, suggesting that some aspect of the drug regimen prevented the development of tolerance when cocaine was given frequently.
CDC's research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: A review of progress, 1985-2005, and future research directions

Abstract Problem Falls are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among adults age 65 and older. Population models predict steep increases in the 65 and older population bands in the next 10–15 years and in turn, public health is bracing for increased fall rates and the strain they place on health care systems and society. To assess progress in fall prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a research portfolio review to examine the quality, relevance, outcomes and successes of the CDC fall prevention program and its impact on public health. Methods A peer review panel was charged with reviewing 20 years of funded research and conducting a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis for extramural and intramural research activities. Information was collected from grantees (via a survey instrument), staff were interviewed, and progress reports and products were reviewed and analyzed. Results CDC has invested over $24,900,000 in fall-related research and programs over 20 years. The portfolio has had positive impacts on research, policies and programs, increasing the public health injury prevention workforce, and delivering effective fall prevention programs. Discussion Public health agencies, practitioners, and policy makers recognize that while there are some evidence-based older adult fall prevention interventions available, many remain unused or are infeasible to implement. Specific recommendations across the public health model, include: additional research in gathering robust epidemiologic data on trends and patterns of fall-related injuries at all levels; researching risk factors by setting or sub-population; developing and testing innovative interventions; and engaging in translation and dissemination research on best practices to increase uptake and adoption of fall prevention strategies. CDC has responded to a number of suggestions from the portfolio review including: funding translation research of a proven Tai Chi fall intervention; beginning to address gaps in gender, ethnic, and racial differences in falls; and collaborating with partner organizations who share in CDC's mission to improve public health by preventing falls and reducing fall-related injuries. Impact on Industry Industry has an opportunity to develop more accessible and usable devices to reduce injury from falls (for example, hip protectors and force reducing flooring). By implementing effective, evidence-based interventions to prevent falls and reduce injuries from falls, significant decreases in health care costs can be expected.
Heisenberg-limited quantum sensing and metrology with superpositions of twin-Fock states

We discuss the prospects of performing Heisenberg-limited quantum sensing and metrology using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with input states that are superpositions of twin-Fock states and where photon number parity measurements are made on one of the output beams of the interferometer. This study is motivated by the experimental challenge of producing twin-Fock states on opposite sides of a beam splitter. We focus on the use of the so-called pair coherent states for this purpose and discuss a possible mechanism for generating them. We also discuss the prospect of using other superstitions of twin-Fock states, for the purpose of interferometry.
Shock-resolved Navier–Stokes simulation of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability start-up at a light–heavy interface

The single-mode Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is investigated using a first-order perturbation of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations about a one-dimensional unsteady shock-resolved base flow. A feature-tracking local refinement scheme is used to fully resolve the viscous internal structure of the shock. This method captures perturbations on the shocks and their influence on the interface growth throughout the simulation, to accurately examine the start-up and early linear growth phases of the instability. Results are compared to analytic models of the instability, showing some agreement with predicted asymptotic growth rates towards the inviscid limit, but significant discrepancies are noted in the transient growth phase. Viscous effects are found to be inadequately predicted by existing models.
An embedded radio frequency sensor for application in an electrically non-conductive composite structure

Embedding a radio frequency sensor in the form of a balanced transmission line into an electrically non-conductive composite structure is investigated as a means of strain sensing and continuous lifetime testing. Initial experiments established that the reflection coefficient phase shift correlates to length changes in the transmission line using a printed circuit board having parallel copper lines. A transmission line consisting of flexible metal-coated fabric strips was then embedded in a composite sample. This sample was subjected to tensile strain and phase shift data and strain gauge data were collected. Correlations were found between load, phase shift and strain. Lastly, the printed circuit transmission line was used in an oscillator circuit for tuning. This experiment demonstrated that the capacitive effect of an open circuited transmission line could be used to vary the frequency of an oscillator. As the length of the transmission line was shortened, the frequency changed.
Learning and motivational impacts of a multimedia science game

The power of a web-based forensic science game to teach content and motivate STEM careers was tested among secondary students. More than 700 secondary school students were exposed to one of the three web-based forensic cases for approximately 60 min. Gain scores from pre-test to a delayed post-test indicated significant gains in content knowledge. In addition, the game's usability ratings were a strong predictor of learning. A positive relationship between role-play experience and science career motivation was observed, which suggests a role for authentic virtual experiences in inspiring students to consider STEM careers.
Portfolio Assessment: A Theoretical Esthnate of Score Reliability

What components should be included in a portfolio of student work? How can the contents of portfolios be scored? How is reliability affected as the number of entries in the portfolio increases? What will it cost to obtain reliable scores?
Orthostatic intolerance without postural tachycardia: how much dysautonomia?

Background Chronic symptoms of orthostatic intolerance occur in postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI) without tachycardia. We recently reported that deconditioning is almost universal in both patient groups. In this study, we focussed on the question of how much dysautonomia, besides orthostatic tachycardia, is there in POTS vs. OI, and how the two groups compare in regards to clinical, autonomic, laboratory, and exercise variables.
Evaluating interannual water storage changes at watersheds in Illinois based on long-term soil moisture and groundwater level data

[1] The annual water storage changes at 12 watersheds in Illinois are estimated based on the long-term soil moisture and groundwater level observations during 1981–2003. Storage change is usually ignored in mean annual and interannual water balance calculations. However, the interannual variability of storage change can be an important component in annual water balance during dry or wet years. Annual precipitation anomaly is partitioned into annual runoff anomaly, annual evaporation anomaly, and annual storage change. The estimated annual storage change ratios vary from −60% to 40% at the study watersheds. The interannual variability of evaporation is not strongly correlated with the interannual variability of precipitation, but is correlated with the interannual variations of effective precipitation. As a response to the interannual variability of precipitation, the interannual variation of evaporation is smaller than those of runoff and storage change. The effect of annual water storage change increases the correlation coefficients between annual evaporation ratio and climate dryness index. Therefore, interannual water storage changes need to be included in the estimation of evaporation and total water supply in the Budyko framework. Effective precipitation can be used as a substitute for precipitation when computing evaporation ratio and climate dryness index.
Flower morphology and pollinator dynamics in Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae): implications for the evolution of andromonoecy

Flower morphology and pollinator dynamics play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of many breeding systems, including andromonoecy. We used a series of field experiments to test the functional relationship between flower morphology and pollination dynamics (e.g., pollen receipt and export) in Solanum carolinense. We find that long-styled flowers serve primarily as pollen recipients and short-styled flowers as pollen donors, making this the first study to support the male-female interference hypothesis for the evolution of andromonoecy. However, this difference in the primary male or female function of the flowers depends on the pollinator identity. In flowers visited by Bombus impatiens, style length has a positive relationship with pollen deposition and a negative relationship with pollen removal. In contrast, neither morphological nor behavioral traits determine pollen deposition or removal by small halictid bees. We demonstrate that different pollinators could select for different floral morphologies, and thus, our research suggests that pollinator-specific interactions with flower morphology play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of anrdromonoecy.
Gender violence and development discourse in Bangladesh

During the last 30 years, rapid social change has dramatically altered the conditions and meanings of women's lives in Bangladesh. After generations of public neglect and exclusion, women are now widely exposed to a globalised world of foreign aid, migration, trafficking, factory work, and urbanisation. The sharp rise in women's participation in the labour force, involvement in governmental and non-governmental programmes, and migration to urban centres as well as other countries augment their greater social and political visibility. The presence of women in the marketplace and public space has improved opportunities for greater access to resources and the capacity to act, but exposed large segments of the population as highly vulnerable targets of sexual violence, repression in workplaces, and religious persecution. This paper frames the realities of escalating violence against women within the contemporary discourses of gender empowerment and development. It argues that current development policy in Bangladesh assumes increased welfare for women in the process of economic development when, in fact, women are subjected to new and intensified forms of violence during these changes in the economy and society.
How to Fix Peer Review: Separating Its Two Functions--Improving Manuscripts and Judging Their Scientific Merit--Would Help

Despite its importance as the ultimate gatekeeper of scientific publication and funding, peer review is known to engender bias, incompetence, excessive expense, ineffectiveness, and corruption.
Intergenerational Transmission of Health: The Role of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Communicative Factors:

A model of household dietary behaviors based on adults' and children's intrapersonal, interpersonal, and communicative factors is introduced and tested. To the extent that children's health behaviors are influenced by adults' health behaviors, it is hypothesized that children's behavioral determinants, including self-efficacy, knowledge, and use of health information, will be affected by household adults' behavioral determinants. Household communication is expected to affect the behaviors and the behavioral determinants of adults and children. Data come from the Stanford Five-City Project. Structural equation models revealed that adults' dietary behavior was influenced by their self-efficacy, knowledge, and discussion between adults and children. Children's dietary behavior was influenced by their self-efficacy, knowledge, and use of health information. Adults' intrapersonal determinants of dietary behavior predicted corresponding children's measures. Implications for health education efforts directed at children include encouraging household discussion about health and focusing on adults as agents of change as an integral campaign strategy.
Test-Length Selection and TAM Optimization for Wafer-Level, Reduced Pin-Count Testing of Core-Based Digital SoCs

Wafer-level testing (wafer sort) is used in the semiconductor industry to reduce packaging and test cost. However, a large number of wafer probe contacts lead to higher yield loss. Therefore, it is desirable that the number of chip pins contacted by tester channels during wafer sort be kept small to reduce the yield loss resulting from improper contacts. Since test time and the number of contacted chip pins are major practical constraints for wafer sort, not all scan-based digital tests can be applied to the die-under-test. We propose an optimization framework that addresses test access mechanism (TAM) optimization and test-length selection for wafer-level testing of core-based digital SoCs. The objective here is to design TAM architecture and determine test-lengths for the embedded cores such that the overall SoC defect screening probability at wafer sort is maximized. Defect probabilities for the embedded cores, obtained using statistical yield modeling, are incorporated in the optimization framework. Simulation results are presented for five of the ITC'02 SoC Test benchmarks
Reading, Writing, and Regime Type: Democracy' Impact on Primary School Enrollment

This study examines the relationship between democracy and the accumulation of human capital. Specifically, I examine regime type' impact on primary school enrollment in the developing world. The s...
Normal cardiac function in mice with supraphysiological cardiac creatine levels

Creatine and phosphocreatine levels are decreased in heart failure, and reductions in myocellular phosphocreatine levels predict the severity of the disease and portend adverse outcomes. Previous s...
Modeling, simulation and implementation of a passive mixer in 130nm CMOS technology and scaling issues for future technologies

In this paper, modeling, simulation, and implementation of double-balanced passive mixer are shown and examined. We analyze the performance of the mixer in terms of conversion gain (GC), 1-dB compression point, and noise figure (NF). We will show the accuracy of our model and analyses when compared with simulation and measured results for a 130 nm technology based mixer design. We introduce a mixerpsilas figure-of-merit (FOMMIXER) and briefly show that as CMOS process technology evolves, the double-balanced passive mixer architecture will become more favorable and yield improved performance.
Security Analyses for Enterprise Instant Messaging (EIM) Systems

Abstract Consumer instant messaging (CIM) services (aka public IM) such as AOL Messenger, Yahoo? Messenger, and MSN Messenger have achieved critical mass appeal and usage as a convenient and informal method of communication supporting real-time messaging and presence awareness.1,2 Unfortunately, these services are highly vulnerable from a security standpoint. Some of these security problems include threats from viruses and worms, Trojan horses, identity theft, impersonation, eavesdropping, data loss, and denial-of-service attacks.
Charge collection in SOI capacitors and circuits and its effect on SEU hardness

Focused ion microbeam and broadbeam heavy-ion experiments on capacitors and SRAMs are used to investigate increased saturation upset cross sections recently observed in some silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated circuits (ICs). Experiments performed on capacitors show a very strong bias and oxide thickness dependence for charge collection. In combination with three-dimensional (3-D) simulations, these data suggest that the mechanism for charge collection in capacitors is due to perturbation of the substrate electric fields by charge deposition in the substrate. For substrates biased in depletion, these perturbations induce displacement currents through the oxide. Charge collection by displacement currents can be substantially reduced or mitigated by using heavily doped substrates. Experiments performed on SRAMs also show enhanced charge collection from displacement currents. However, experimental data and 3-D simulations show that for SRAMs, a second mechanism also contributes to charge collection. The 3-D simulations suggest that the charge collection results from drain and body-tie heavy-ion strikes within a few tenths of a micron of the body-to-drain junctions. These charge collection mechanisms can substantially reduce the SEU hardness and soft-error reliability of commercial SOI ICs.
Analysis of simulation output

We discuss methods for statistically analyzing the output from stochastic discrete-event or Monte Carlo simulations. Both terminating and steady-state simulations are considered.
Modeling methodology for predicting the thermo-mechanical reliability of electronic packaging

A methodology for predicting the thermo-mechanical reliability of electronic packaging as a function of package design, material, and assembly process variables and environmental conditions is described. The methodology integrates finite element stress and strength analysis, experimental material constitutive and strength property measurement, experimental package stress and strength validation, and statistical design of experiment (DOE) and Monte Carlo analysis techniques. The results of extensive experimental and numerical evaluations demonstrating the stability and capability of the experimental and modeling techniques constituting the methodology are presented.
Mice lacking the dopamine transporter display altered regulation of distal colonic motility.

The mechanisms by which dopamine (DA) influences gastrointestinal (GI) tract motility are incompletely understood and complicated by tissue- and species-specific differences in dopaminergic functio...
Anomaly Detection in Bitcoin Network Using Unsupervised Learning Methods

The problem of anomaly detection has been studied for a long time. In short, anomalies are abnormal or unlikely things. In nancial networks, thieves and illegal activities are often anomalous in nature. Members of a network want to detect anomalies as soon as possible to prevent them from harming the network’s community and integrity. Many Machine Learning techniques have been proposed to deal with this problem; some results appear to be quite promising but there is no obvious superior method. In this paper, we consider anomaly detection particular to the Bitcoin transaction network. Our goal is to detect which users and transactions are the most suspicious; in this case, anomalous behavior is a proxy for suspicious behavior. To this end, we use three unsupervised learning methods including k-means clustering, Mahalanobis distance, and Unsupervised Support Vector Machine (SVM) on two graphs generated by the Bitcoin transaction network: one graph has users as nodes, and the other has transactions as nodes.
Modeling the Motivational Antecedents of the Japanese Sales Force

Abstract This study evaluates the nature and dimensionality of motivational forces influencing the behavior of Japanese sales representatives and sales managers. It also investigates whether the collectivist ideals of the Japanese culture are reflected in their sales force behavior. Results of the study suggest a high degree of value-congruence between sales managers and sales representatives. However, somewhat contrary to expectations, the results also support a preference for extrinsic, competition-oriented rewards in the Japanese sales force, especially among the younger sales representatives. Results suggest that salesperson behavior in Japan might, in many respects, parallel salesperson behavior in cultures such as the U.S. Specific comparisons with previous studies are offered to highlight similarities and differences between the nature of rewards sought by the U.S. and the Japanese salespeople.
Glycine Uptake by Pea Leaf Mitochondria: A Proposed Model for the Mechanism of Glycine — Serine Exchange

Mersalyl was used as an inhibitor-stop reagent, to analyze the mechanism of glycine transport by its carrier in pea leaf mitochondria. Preloaded glycine exchanged for exogenous glycine and L-serine but not D-serine. In addition, the pH response of glycine metabolism suggested that glycine can exchange for hydroxyl ions. A mechanism is proposed where glycine can exchange for both serine, the end product of mitochondrial glycine metabolism, and hydroxyl ions. This mechanism would allow for the 2:1 glycine:serine ratio observed during photorespiratory glycine metabolism in leaf mitochondria.
Porcine factor VIII:C prepared by affinity interaction with von Willebrand factor and heterologous antibodies: sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis

A procedure was developed to concentrate and partially purify porcine factor VIll:C from plasma by using conventional precipitation and chromatographic techniques. Blood from heparinized animal(s) was collected in citrate. soybean trypsin inhibitor. #{128}-aminocaproic acid and benzamidine. After aluminum hydroxide adsorption. polyethylene glycol-6000 precipatation. QAE-cellulose chromatography. and dextran sulfate-agarosechromatography. the factor VlIl:C concentrate was 8.iOO-fold purified with an overall yield of 24%. and thrombin treatment of the factor VIII:C gave an activation coefficient of up to 56. The activation coefficient of plasma factor VIII:C averaged 35. Affinity chromatography of the factor Vlll:C concentrate on von Willebrand factor-agarose produced a two fold increase in specific activity. This product was applied to a second affinity resin. the acidic IgG fraction of human antihuman factor VllI:C coupled to agarose. The inactive P ORCINE FACTOR VIII:C and von Willebrand factor form a noncovalent molecular complex in plasma. Porcine factor VIII:C is analogous to that protein which is absent or abnormal in classic human hemophilia, and von Willebrand factor is that protein which is absent or abnormal in human and porcine von Willebrand’s disease. The von Willebrand factor has been purified and partially characterized from various plasma sources, human,’6 bovine,7 canine,8 and poricne.6 However, the purified factor VIII:C protein has not been extensively studied. Bovine factor VIII:C was purified in sufficient
Influence of Dietary Concentration and Source of Meat and Bone Meal on Performance of Turkeys

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary concentration and source of meat and bone meal (MBM) on performance of tom turkeys from 1 to 119 d of age. In Experiment 1, six replicate pens of toms were fed diets containing 0, 3, 6.5, or 10% MBM. Feeding up to 10% MBM resulted in 119-d BW and feed to gain ratios (F:G) equal to those of toms fed the diet containing no MBM (14.09 kg per tom, F:G = 2.68 for 10% MBM vs 14.08 kg per tom and F:G = 2.70 for the control). Five MBM were evaluated at 10% of the diet in Experiment 2. These MBM differed in source material and proportions of source material (beef, poultry, or pork processing by-products) from which they were made. As compared with feeding a diet containing no MBM, feeding diets with 10% of any of the MBM supported satisfactory 119-d BW and F:G. The data show that up to 10% dietary MBM obtained from different sources can be used successfully for growing turkeys when diets are formulated by using CP, amino acid, Ca, and P data for MBM obtained by laboratory analysis and the MEn value listed for MBM in NRC (1994).
BOLETICOLOUS SPECIES OF HYPOMYCES

Ten species of Hypomyces (Ascomycotina, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) occur on members of the Boletaceae (Basidiomycotina, Agaricales). Five new species, viz. H. badius, H. boletiphagus, H. chlorinigenus, H. melanochlorus, and H. microspermus are described. One new combination, H. completus, is made. All species have a proven (five species) or associated (five species) anamorph referable to Sepedonium. The five species grown in culture from isolated ascospores produced hyphomycetous synanamorphs, and synanamorphs have been detected in collections of the other five species. The boleticolous species ofHypomyces (Fries) L.-R. Tulasne (1860) have the features typical of the Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae as given by Rogerson (1970). These are soft, fleshy, globose, obovoid to obpyriform, typically papillate, brightly colored, periphysate perithecia, a basal hymenium of apical paraphyses in early stages of development and a centrum filled with unitunicate asci at maturity. Distinctive characteristics of Hypomyces include: a well developed subiculum; perithecia with a wall composed of a single region of cells with cells of papilla arranged in diverging files, the terminal cells of which are usually en? larged and clavate becoming progressively narrower toward the ostiolar canal and there merging with the periphyses; cylindrical non-amyloid, 8-spored asci with an apical pore; hyaline, fusiform, typically verrucose and often apiculate ascospores that are uniseriately arranged in asci; and a fungicolous habit. Although presence of a well-developed subiculum is a typical feature of species of Hypomyces, considerable variation in density, texture, color, etc, occurs within and between species. Often, when perithecia are mature, the subiculum is not discernible. In the bo? leticolous species the subiculum is at first white and loose, then it becomes dense, cottony, and colored; it does not become compacted and more or less stromatic as it does in some non-boleti
Gene Flow and Diversity at Allozyme Loci in the Twospotted Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

High levels of genetic variation in biological control agents are thought to be necessary to ensure their successful establishment and geographical spread. Gene diversity was studied in F2 twospotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata (L.), descended from specimens collected in Uzbekistan and from beetles collected in Oregon, Iowa, and Lake Michigan at Chicago, IL. Twenty-four of 39 resolved putative loci were polymorphic and the mean observed heterozygosity was 22.7 ± 4.4% at the polymorphic loci. The average expected heterozygosity was 24.7 ± 4.9% at the polymorphic loci and 15.2 ± 3.3% at all loci. The mean number of alleles at the 39 loci was 1.9 ± 1.0, and the mean effective number of alleles was 1.3 ± 0.5. These are substantial levels of diversity. Significant departures from random mating were detected within ( FIS = 0.068 ± 0.042) and among ( FST = 0.070 ± 0.012) the North American populations but matings were random within populations when problematic loci were excluded. Analysis of gene frequencies at 5 loci in 4 British and a French population showed the same magnitude of gene flow as the 3 North American populations. The fixation index between Iowa and Uzbekistan ladybirds was FST = 0.428 ± 0.128. Our data do not support an Old World origin for North American A. bipunctata in historical times.
Generator Columns and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Determining Aqueous Solubilities and Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Hydrophobic Substances

Generator columns packed with a solid support and loaded with a liquid organic phase make it possible to rapidly and conveniently equilibrate water with the organic phase. By coupling the generator column to an extractor column for high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the aqueous solution, errors from surface adsorption and loss to the atmosphere are avoided. Using this method, the mean values and confidence limits at a 95 percent confidence level of the aqueous solubility, S, and the octanol-water partition coefficient, P, of n-pro­ pylbenzene at 25°C were found to be S = (4.32 ± 0.02) X 1O4 M and log P = 3.720 ± 0.003.
Parametric Survival Analysis Combining Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional-Censored and Interval-Censored Data with Concomitant Information

SUMMARY A generic family of survival models is defined by a common differential equation. A biological justification is provided for a subset of the family. These survival distributions have the usual advantages of a parametric method, while retaining much of the flexibility of a nonparametric method. Competing survival models are placed in a single parametric frame so that potential users can see the relations between various family members. Any of the model parameters can be made a function of concomitant variables. The existence of a closed-form solution for the differential equation which defines the generic family makes it possible to apply the maximum likelihood method to censored and interval-censored data with computational ease. Thus, longitudinal, cross-sectional and concomitant information can be combined in a single study. The hierarchical structure of the family enhances the statistical tractability of the method. The aim of this paper is to describe a method for analyzing survival data with a generic family of continuously-differentiable survival distributions. These models can be related by a common differential equation (Turner and Pruitt, 1978). The generic family is characterized in §2, and the biological justification for a subset of the family is provided. A specific model is described, relating the generic family parameters to concomitant variables. The procedure for defining the likelihood function for a specific survival model, and for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for its parameters, is presented in §3. Uncensored, censored and interval-censored data can be utilized in any combination. An approach to the selection of a specific model is outlined in §4, together with a method for approximating the covariance matrix of its parameters. Two examples are presented in §5. First, the so-called natural history of tetralogy of Fallot is studied in order that the effectiveness of surgical intervention can be assessed. Second, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is studied in order to define those risk factors that indicate early surgical intervention.
Pushing the envelope: living donor pancreas transplantation.

Purpose of review More than 160 living donor segmental pancreas/islet transplants have been done since the first in 1977, more than three-quarters at one institution. We review this three-decade experience to project future application. Initially, living donor pancreas transplants were done because the results with deceased donors were poor. As the results with deceased donors improved, the incentive to do living donor transplants declined but never disappeared. A living donor simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant in a uremic diabetic can correct diabetes and pre-empt dialysis with one operation, obviating the high mortality rate of waiting for a deceased donor. Solitary pancreas transplant candidates with preformed human leukocyte antigen antibodies but a negative cross match to a living donor volunteer also benefit. Recent findings The technical failure rate of living donor pancreas transplants was high in the initial cases (>1/3), nearly double that for deceased donors, but has since declined to nearly zero. Living donor segmental pancreatectomy has little surgical morbidity (currently done laparoscopically) with only a small risk for diabetes by strict selection criteria. living donor and deceased donor graft survival rates are equivalent. Islet allografts have been done from three living donors, the last one successfully, showing the potential for further application. Summary The incentives for living donor transplants are to eliminate long-wait times for a deceased donor organ and to improve outcomes. With both the incentive is high, but either by itself is sufficient. As the number of pancreas transplant candidates increase, so will wait times for a deceased donor organ. For this reason, living donor pancreas/islet transplant volume will likely increase in the years to come.
Silicon Homoepitaxy at 300°C Using ArF Excimer Laser Photolysis of Disilane

Photolysis of Si 2 H 6 by an ArF excimer laser has been used to deposit Si homoepitaxial layers at temperatures as low as 300°C. The chemical vapor deposition process at growth rates from 0.5-4 A/minute is performed in an ultra-high vacuum chamber which, along with an ex situ HF dip and a novel in situ hydrogen clean using laser excitation, results in minimization of oxygen and carbon contamination which inhibits Si epitaxy. The growth involves photolytic decomposition of Si 2 H 6 and the generation and adsorption of SiH 2 precursors on the hydrogenated Si surface, which is the rate limiting step. Growth rates are observed to vary proportionally with laser power. Very low defect density films in terms of stacking faults and dislocation loops (less than 10 5 cm −2 ), and excellent crystallinity have been deposited as confirmed by Schimmel etching and Nomarski microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction.
Semigroups of $sl_3(\mathbb{C})$ tensor product invariants

Abstract We find presentations for a family of semigroup algebras related to the problem of decomposing sl 3 ( C ) tensor products. Along the way we find new toric degenerations of the Grassmannian variety Gr 3 ( C n ) which are T-invariant for T ⊂ GL n ( C ) the diagonal torus.
Embolization of a giant renal arterial aneurysm.

Abstract A 49-year-old man presented with right flank pain. Angiography revealed a giant right renal arterial aneurysm. Giant renal arterial aneurysms are typically treated by nephrectomy. In this patient the aneurysm was embolized successfully with multiple Gianturco-Wallace coils and polyvinyl alcohol. This case indicates that embolization may be a reasonable alternative to nephrectomy. (J. Urol., 144: 1227–1228, 1990)
La terapia farmacologica nel disturbo di personalità borderline

Si preferisce parlare dei disturbi di personalita come di sindromi complesse che risultano dall’iuterazione di influenze biologiche e culturali su percezione, pensiero, emozioni e comportamento. Per convenzione, si fa riferimento alle dimensioni di personalita associate con comportamenti appresi come a tratti del carattere. Questi sono attitudini, valori, credenze morali e aspettative che derivano da esperienze culturali, sociali, familiari e interpersonali. Le dimensioni di personalita che si ritiene abbiano un’eziologia piu direttamente biologica, sia ereditaria che acquisita, vengono generaimente descritte come tratti del temperamento.
The flowering of pathology as a medical discipline in Boston, 1892-c.1950: W.T. Councilman, FB Mallory, JH Wright, SB Wolbach and their descendants

During most of the nineteenth century, the discipline of pathology in Boston made substantial strides as a result of physicians and surgeons who practiced pathology on a part-time basis. The present essay tells the subsequent story, beginning in 1892, when full-time pathologists begin to staff the medical schools and hospitals of Boston. Three individuals from this era deserve special mention: William T Councilman, Frank Burr Mallory and James Homer Wright, with Councilman remembered primarily as a visionary and teacher, Mallory as a trainer of many pathologists, and Wright as a scientist. Together with S Burt Wolbach in the early-to-mid-twentieth century, these pathologists went on to train the next generation of pathologists-a generation that then populated the various hospitals that were developed in Boston in the early 1900s. This group of seminal pathologists in turn formed the diagnostically strong, academically productive, pathology departments that grew in Boston over the remainder of the twentieth century.
Sex Chromosome-wide Transcriptional Suppression and Compensatory Cis-Regulatory Evolution Mediate Gene Expression in the Drosophila Male Germline

The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes has repeatedly resulted in the evolution of sex chromosome-specific forms of regulation, including sex chromosome dosage compensation in the soma and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in the germline. In the male germline of Drosophila melanogaster, a novel but poorly understood form of sex chromosome-specific transcriptional regulation occurs that is distinct from canonical sex chromosome dosage compensation or meiotic inactivation. Previous work shows that expression of reporter genes driven by testis-specific promoters is considerably lower—approximately 3-fold or more—for transgenes inserted into X chromosome versus autosome locations. Here we characterize this transcriptional suppression of X-linked genes in the male germline and its evolutionary consequences. Using transgenes and transpositions, we show that most endogenous X-linked genes, not just testis-specific ones, are transcriptionally suppressed several-fold specifically in the Drosophila male germline. In wild-type testes, this sex chromosome-wide transcriptional suppression is generally undetectable, being effectively compensated by the gene-by-gene evolutionary recruitment of strong promoters on the X chromosome. We identify and experimentally validate a promoter element sequence motif that is enriched upstream of the transcription start sites of hundreds of testis-expressed genes; evolutionarily conserved across species; associated with strong gene expression levels in testes; and overrepresented on the X chromosome. These findings show that the expression of X-linked genes in the Drosophila testes reflects a balance between chromosome-wide epigenetic transcriptional suppression and long-term compensatory adaptation by sex-linked genes. Our results have broad implications for the evolution of gene expression in the Drosophila male germline and for genome evolution.
Improving Communication Between Pair Programmers Using Shared Gaze Awareness

Remote collaboration can be more difficult than collocated collaboration for a number of reasons, including the inability to easily determine what your collaborator is looking at. This impedes a pair's ability to efficiently communicate about on-screen locations and makes synchronous coordination difficult. We designed a novel gaze visualization for remote pair programmers which shows where in the code their partner is currently looking, and changes color when they are looking at the same thing. Our design is unobtrusive, and transparently depicts the imprecision inherent in eye tracking technology. We evaluated our design with an experiment in which pair programmers worked remotely on code refactoring tasks. Our results show that with the visualization, pairs spent a greater proportion of their time concurrently looking at the same code locations. Pairs communicated using a larger ratio of implicit to explicit references, and were faster and more successful at responding to those references.
Preliminary evidence that high levels of nicotine on children’s hands may contribute to overall tobacco smoke exposure

Background Dust and surfaces are important sources of lead and pesticide exposure in young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if third-hand smoke (THS) pollutants accumulate on the hands of children who live in environments where tobacco is used and if hand nicotine levels are associated with second-hand smoke (SHS), as measured by salivary cotinine. Methods Participants were parents and children (n=25; age mean (SD)=5.4 (5.3) years) presenting to the emergency department with a potentially SHS-related illness. A convenience sample of participants were recruited at baseline from an ongoing two-group, randomised controlled trial of a SHS reduction and tobacco cessation intervention. Parents were current smokers; thus, all children were at risk of SHS and THS exposure to varying extents. Primary outcome measures, which were assessed in child participants only, were hand nicotine and salivary cotinine. Parents reported sociodemographics and smoking patterns; children’s medical records were abstracted for chief complaint, medical history and discharge diagnosis. Results All children had detectable hand nicotine (range=18.3–690.9 ng/wipe). All but one had detectable cotinine (range=1.2–28.8 ng/mL). Multiple linear regression results showed a significant positive association between hand nicotine and cotinine (p=0.009; semipartial r 2 =0.24), independent of child age. Discussion The higher-than-expected nicotine levels and significant association with cotinine indicate that THS may play a role in the overall exposure of young children to tobacco smoke toxicants and that hand wipes could be a useful marker of overall tobacco smoke pollution and a proxy for exposure. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02531594
The American Connection: Jean-Christophe Averty and his U.S. TV Contemporaries

This essay explores the television productions of Ernie Kovacs and Charles and Ray Eames, analyzing their pioneering audio-visual experiments in the American network broadcast system of the mid-century period. It examines how their work with TV graphics, montage, collage, sound, video tricks and special effects relates to Jean Christophe Averty’s work in French TV in the same period. It explores the “experimental spirit” across the Atlantic before the rise of video art per se, demonstrating how all of these early TV artists challenged dominant conceptions of what TV should be in their respective national and industrial contexts. Finally, it calls for more historical research on and theoretical inquiry into the complex relationships between art, design and commercial TV at mid-century.
Knee Ligament Injuries

Ligamentous injuries to the knee are some of the most commonly encountered orthopedic problems. They often occur in the setting of sports participation but may also occur as the result of a traumatic injury or accident. History, physical examination, and advanced imaging such as MRI are important in making the diagnosis. Both operative and nonoperative treatment is appropriate in the right clinical setting.