cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frustration and ground-state degeneracy in spin glasses

The problem of an Ising model with random nearest-neighbor interactions is reformulated to make manifest Toulouse's recent suggestion that a broken "lattice gauge symmetry" is responsible for the unusual properties of spin glasses. Exact upper and lower bounds on the ground-state energy for models in which the interactions are of constant magnitude but fluctuating sign are obtained, and used to place restrictions on possible geometries of the unsatisfied interactions which must be present in the ground state. Proposed analogies between the ferromagnet---spin-glass phase boundary at zero temperature and a percolation threshold for the "strings" of unsatisfied bonds are reviewed in the light of this analysis. Monte Carlo simulations show that the upper bound resulting from a "one-dimensional approximation" to the spin-glass ground-state energy is reasonably close to the actual result. The transition between spin glass and ferromagnet at 0 K appears to be weakly first order in these models. The entropy of the ground state is obtained from the temperature dependence of the internal energy, and compared with the density of free spins at very low temperatures. For a two-dimensional spin glass in which half the bonds are antiferromagnetic, $S(0)\ensuremath{\approx}0.099{k}_{B}$; for the analogous three-dimensional spin glass the result is $S(0)\ensuremath{\approx}0.062{k}_{B}$. Monte Carlo kinetic simulations are reported which demonstrate the existence and stability of a field-cooled moment in the spin-glass ground state.
A Practical Assessment of the Errors Associated with Full-Depth LADCP Profiles Obtained Using Teledyne RDI Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

Abstract Lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCPs) are commonly used to measure full-depth velocity profiles in the ocean. Because LADCPs are lowered on hydrographic wires, elaborate data processing is required to remove the effects of instrument motion from the velocity measurements and to transform the resulting relative velocity profiles into a nonmoving reference frame. Two fundamentally different methods are used for this purpose: in the velocity inversion method, a set of linear equations is solved to separate the ocean and instrument velocities while simultaneously applying a combination of velocity-referencing constraints from navigational data, shipboard ADCP measurements, and bottom tracking. In the shear method, a gridded profile of velocity shear, which is not affected by instrument motion, is vertically integrated and referenced using a single constraint. The main goals of the present study consist in estimating the accuracy of LADCP-derived velocity profiles and determining which p...
Capillary rollers and bores

A very intriguing phenomenon, which throws much light on the small-scale structure of the sea surface, is the occurrence of “parasitic capillaries” on the forward face of moderately short gravity waves, especially those with wavelengths 5 to 50 cm; see Figure la. These capillary waves were first studied experimentally by Cox (1958). Evidently their existence depends on the fact that a gravity wave and a much shorter capillary wave may have the same phase speed. The dynamical theory of the generation of parasitic capillaries has been developed by Longuet-Higgins (1963), Crapper (1970) and Ruvinsky et al. (1981, 1985, 1991). This so far takes into account only the first-order effects of viscous damping.
Pentacyclic triterpene synthesis. Preparation of a useful intermediate

3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8aβ-Octahydro-2,4aβ,7,7-tetramethylnaphthyl-1-methanol, a useful intermediate for further elaboration into the pentacyclic triterpene β-amyrin, has been synthesized in a ten-step route from 2,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione.
Perturbation of the domain and regularity of the solutions of the bipolar fluid flow equations in polygonal domains

Abstract In this paper, we consider the isothermal, incompressible, viscous, bipolar fluid flow equation, which is a mathematical model of viscous fluid motion with non-linear and higher order viscosity. We investigate the question of stability of the solutions to the bipolar equations with respect to perturbations of the boundary of the domain, and show that in general the solutions are not stable with respect to perturbations of the boundary by Lipschitz curves. We also study the regularity of the solution to the bipolar equations in a polygonal domain Ω. We show that near a corner of the polygonal domain, if F ϵ L 2 (Ω) , then any weak solution w ϵ H 2 (Ω) ∩ H 0 1 (Ω) may be written as the sum w = wreg + wsing, where wreg ϵ Hloc4 is the regular part, and wsing is the singular part which is not in Hloc4 and whose precise behavior depends on the interior angle of the corner. We also provide an explicit characterization of the local singularities in terms of the interior angle of the corner. The local singularities are calculated using the symbolic manipulation software package (Maple), and sharp a-priori estimates are then used to show that there are no other singularities.
cis‐acting sequences controlling the adult‐specific transcription pattern of the Drosophila affinidisjuncta Adh gene

The cis-acting sequences required for the adult-specific expression pattern of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene of the Hawaiian picture-winged fruit fly, Drosophila affinidisjuncta were analyzed by germline transformation. Normally this gene produces two developmentally regulated transcripts. The upstream (distal) promoter produces a distal transcript, which makes up about 80% of the total in adults, while the downstream (proximal) promoter produces a corresponding proximal transcript, which accounts for the remainder. Previously constructed genes lacking regions corresponding to regulatory elements within the Drosophila melanogaster Adh gene or regions known to be required for full expression of the D. affinidisjuncta Adh gene in larvae were analyzed by introduction into the germline of D. melanogaster followed by RNase-protection analysis of RNA levels. In addition, to test a model of preferential promoter utilization by which transcription at the proximal promoter is inhibited by transcription initiated at the upstream distal promoter, a construction lacking the distal promoter was analyzed. Sequences homologous to the adult enhancer of the Adh gene of D. melanogaster appear to play a similar role in the D. affinidisjuncta gene. In contrast to what has been reported for other Drosophila Adh genes, this and some other regulatory elements are shared by the two promoters of the D. affinidisjuncta gene. Taken together, the results favor a model of stage-specific switching between the two promoters of the D. affinidisjuncta gene that involves competition for limiting components stimulating transcription, rather than interference by read-through from the upstream promoter.
Picosecond time-resolved absorption and fluorescence dynamics in the artificial bacteriorhodopsin pigment BR6.11

The picosecond molecular dynamics in an artificial bacteriorhodopsin (BR) pigment containing a structurally modified all-trans retinal chromphore with a six-membered ring bridging the C11=C12-C13 positions (BR6.11) are measured by picosecond transient absorption and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Time-dependent intensity and spectral changes in absorption in the 570–650-nm region are monitored for delays as long as 5 ns after the 7-ps, 573-nm excitation of BR6.11. Two intermediates, J6.11 and K6.11/1, both with enhanced absorption to the red (> 600 nm) of the BR6.11 spectrum are observed within approximately 50 ps. The J6.11 intermediate decays with a time constant of 12 +/- 3 ps to form K6.11/1. The K6.11/1 intermediate decays with an approximately 100-ps time constant to form a third intermediate, K6.11/2, which is observed through diminished 650-nm absorption (relative to that of K6.11/1). No other transient absorption changes are found during the remainder of the initial 5-ns period of the BR6.11 photoreaction. Fluorescence in the 650–900-nm region is observed from BR6.11, K6.11/1, and K6.11/2, but no emission assignable to J6.11 is found. The BR6.11 fluroescence spectrum has a approximately 725-nm maximum which is blue-shifted by approximately 15 nm relative to that of native BR-570 and is 4.2 +/- 1.5 times larger in intensity (same sample optical density). No differences in the profile of the fluorescence spectra of BR6.11 and the intermediates K6.11/1 and K6.11/2 are observed. Following ground-state depletion of the BR6.11 population, the time-resolved fluroescence intensity monitored at 725 nm increases with two time constants, 12 +/- 3 and approximately 100 ps, both of which correlate well with changes in the picosecond transient absorption data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Distinctive in vitro effects of T-cell growth cytokines on cytomegalovirus-stimulated T-cell responses of HIV-infected HAART recipients.

Abstract Functional immune reconstitution is limited after HAART, maintaining the interest in adjunctive immune-modulators. We compared in vitro the effects of the γ-chain T-cell growth cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15 on cytomegalovirus-stimulated cell-mediated immunity. IL-2 and IL-15 increased cytomegalovirus-specific lymphocyte proliferation in HAART recipients, whereas IL-4 and IL-7 did not. The boosting effect of IL-2 and IL-15 on proliferation correlated with their ability to prevent late apoptosis. However, IL-2 increased the frequency of cells in early apoptosis, whereas IL-15 increased the frequency of fully viable cells. Both IL-2 and IL-15 increased cytomegalovirus-induced CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell proliferation and the synthesis of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, only IL-2 increased the frequency of regulatory T cells and Th2 cytokine production, both of which have the potential to attenuate antiviral immune responses. Overall, compared to other γ-chain cytokines, IL-15 had the most favorable profile for boosting antiviral cell-mediated immunity.
Public awareness of human papillomavirus as a causative factor for oropharyngeal cancer.

Objective. To assess the public’s awareness of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a causative factor for oropharyngeal cancer. Study Design. Twenty-three-item survey. Setting. Local shopping malls and Maxwell Air Force Base in 2012. Methods. Respondents were randomly chosen to participate in 23-item survey at various local shopping malls and at Maxwell Air Force Base in 2012. The x 2 test was used in statistical analysis. Results. The majority of respondents (n = 319) were civilians; 158 were military officer trainees (MOTs). All MOTs had a bachelor’s degree or higher, while 37% of civilian respondents had a bachelor’s degree or higher. Most MOTs (82%) were aware of oropharyngeal cancer, and 53% of civilians had not heard of oropharyngeal cancer (P \.0001). Most respondents (73% civilian and 91% military) were aware of the association between HPV and cervical cancer. Conversely, 75% of civilian population and 49% of MOTs were not aware of the association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer (P\.0001). The majority of respondents (61% military and 81% civilian) did not know that both sexes were eligible for HPV vaccine (P\.0001). Conclusions. Most respondents were aware that HPV is a causative agent of cervical cancer. However, the majority were not aware of the association between oropharyngeal cancer and HPV. Furthermore, many respondents were not aware that HPV equally affects males and females and that the vaccine is available for both sexes. This underscores the need to educate the public on the availability of HPV vaccine and the association between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer.
The simulation of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of dibenzofurans using multiple linear regression analysis and neural networks

Abstract Regression equations have been developed to predict the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the carbon atoms for a set of 20 dibenzofurans. Seventeen compounds were used as a training set and three compounds were used as an external prediction set. Using a generalized simulated annealing algorithm for descriptor selection, a linear regression model with eight descriptors was found with acceptable errors. Computational neural networks using a Quasi-Newton training algorithm were also used to predict the chemical shifts. The neural network models produced errors in the range of 0.66–1.18 ppm. The data were divided into subsets for regression analysis and neural networks because the data formed two distinct groups, and the results are compared to those obtained with the data of the complete set.
High-performance asynchronous atomic broadcast

We describe two families of asynchronous atomic broadcast protocols that provide good delivery and stability times, use a small number of messages to accomplish a broadcast, distribute the load of ordering messages evenly among group members, use efficient flow-control techniques, and provide gracefully degraded performance in the presence of communication failures. The pinwheel protocols are designed for applications characterized by a uniform message arrival pattern. The on-demand protocol is designed for non-uniform, bursty message arrivals. The protocols tolerate omission/performance communication failures and crash/performance process failures. Simulation studies for the pinwheel protocols demonstrate that they have superior performance over other well known atomic broadcast protocols, for uniform message arrival rates. We also report measurements taken on prototype implementations, that show very good results and a substantial performance advantage of the on-demand protocol for non-uniform and intermediate message arrival patterns.
Absorption and scattering in ground‐penetrating radar: Analysis of the Bishop Tuff

[1] Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals are attenuated by both absorption and scattering. We performed low-frequency (<100 MHz) GPR surveys at the Volcanic Tableland of the Bishop (California) Tuff to evaluate the factors that control GPR depth of investigation and to develop insight into the capabilities of such radars for Mars. The subsurface reflection character was very different for two different commercial systems used; together, they revealed both internal welding contacts in the tuff and an abundance of discrete scatterers. Attenuation coefficients were computed from profiles that showed distributed scattering: the semilogarithmic signal decay is directly analogous to seismic coda. The absorption (intrinsic loss) was determined to be ∼1 dB/m from low-frequency vertical-electric soundings. The residual attenuation (that is, the attenuation in the absence of absorption) is attributed to scattering. Scattering attenuation of ∼1 dB/m at 25–50 MHz corresponds to mean-free paths as short as 4 m, a fraction of the two-way propagation distances of 20–40 m. Therefore the Bishop Tuff is formally a strong scatterer to GPR. The mean-free path is also comparable to the subsurface radar wavelength in this case, maximizing scattering loss. The scatterers themselves likely originate as welding heterogeneities; contrasts in dielectric constant due to density differences may be supplemented by moisture variations. On Mars, scattering is likely to contribute significant losses to GPR signals in all but the most uniform materials, and unfrozen thin films of water in the lower cryosphere could influence both absorption and scattering.
Superconductivity and structure in sputtered Nb-Ta multilayers.

The structure and superconducting properties of sputtered Nb-Ta multilayers are studied as a function of the bilayer period \ensuremath{\Lambda}. The films are mosaic structures with single-crystal diffraction profiles. The elastic mean free paths in both the niobium and tantalum layers are larger than the layer thicknesses. The measured transition temperatures and perpendicular critical field slopes are compared to the predictions of proximity theory. The parallel critical fields and angular dependences are examined for the occurrence of a three-dimensional to two-dimensional crossover.
An Iterative ℓ 1 -regularized least absolute deviation algorithm for robust GPR Imaging

We present an l 1 -regularized least absolute deviation (l 1 -LAD) algorithm for estimating subsurface reflection coefficients from ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. The l 1 -regularization incorporates the known sparsity of the reflection coefficients for typical scenes, while the LAD criteria provides robustness against potential outliers/spikes in the data. The majorize-minimize (MM) principle is used to solve the l 1 -LAD optimization problem and the resulting iterative algorithm is straightforward to implement and computationally efficient with judicious data processing and/or parallelization. The l 1 -LAD algorithm is amenable to parallelization because the MM procedure decouples the estimation of the reflection coefficients. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed l 1 -LAD algorithm is validated using a 1-D time series and simulated GPR dataset.
Behavior of precast prestressed concrete bridge girders involving thermal effects and initial imperfections during construction

Abstract The instability of precast prestressed concrete bridge girders during construction have been of particular concern to bridge engineers. After they are installed on bearing supports, prestressed concrete girders are immediately subjected to environmental thermal loads that may be exacerbated by fabrication and construction errors. Thus, in this research, the environmental thermal loads, which cause extremes in thermal deformations in precast prestressed concrete girders, were determined. Then a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element sequential analysis procedure was developed to evaluate the behavior of a precast prestressed concrete girder subjected to both thermal loads and geometry and support imperfections during each construction stage. This analysis indicated instability in a 30-m long prestressed concrete BT-1600 girder when total lateral deformation in the middle height of the girder at mid-span exceeded about 25 cm.
Dominant inheritance of Sprengel's deformity.

principles of internal medicine, ed. 6, St. Louis, 1970, McGraw-I-IiU Book Company, Inc., p. 1273. 5. Waldvogel, F. A., Medoff, G., and Swartz, M. N. : Osteomyelitis : A review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusuM aspects, N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 198, 260, 316, 1970. 6. Griffin, P. P.: Bone and joint infections in children, Pedlatr. Clin. North Am. 14: 533, 1967. 7. Louw, J. H.: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in childhood, Pediatr. Digest, February, 1967, p. 49. 8. Meyer, T. L., Kieger, A. B., and Smith, W. S.: Antibiotic management of staphylococcal osteomyetltis, J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.) 47: 285, 1965. 9. Morse, T. S., and Pryles, C. V.: Infections of the bones and joints in children, N. Engl. J. Med. 262: 846, 1960. 10. Mann, T. S.: Some aspects of acute haematogenous osteitis in children, Br. Med. J. 2: 1561, 1963. 11. Harris, N. H.: Some problems in the diagnosis and treatment of acute osteomyelitis, J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.) 42: 535, 1960.
PW02-001 - Exome sequencing for autoinflammatory disorders

Exome sequencing is the process by which exonic portions of the genome are selectively enriched from genomic DNA samples and sequenced using next generation methodologies. It has been used extensively since 2009 to identify the pathogenic variants underlying Mendelian disorders.
The structure of adenovirus 2 early nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs.

Abstract Electron microscopy of hybrids formed between the separated DNA strands of human adenovirus type 2 and poly(A)-containing nuclear or cytoplasmic RNA isolated at an early timepoint of productive infection was used to determine the structures of the RNA species encoded in each of the four early gene regions. The nucleus contains continuous transcripts of each early region, which often share common endpoints with their cytoplasmic counterparts. Many of the cytoplasmic RNAs are spliced and lack internal sequences varying in size from less than 100 to more than 2000 nucleotides. The multiplicity of RNA species found in each early region is due in part to the number and location of internal sequences missing from the spliced RNAs, in part to a limited variability of 3′ or 5′ end positions in individual regions. Our data are consistent with published models, which propose that cytoplasmic RNAs are derived from nuclear precursors by a “cut and splice” mechanism. Nuclear transcripts with 5′ ends at position 16.2 of the rightward strand, the site of the major late promoter, are found at low frequency in our preparation of early RNA. The splicing patterns of these RNAs are distinct from that of the common tripartite leader of the late mRNAs. Also, these RNAs have apparently been terminated prematurely at discrete sites and rarely extend beyond position 40.
Radiolabeling and In Vivo Imaging of Transplanted Renal Lineages Differentiated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Fetal Rhesus Monkeys

Purpose The goals of this study were to optimize radiolabeling of renal lineages differentiated from human embryonic stem (hES) cells and use noninvasive imaging (positron emission tomography (PET) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI)) to detect the cells in fetal monkeys post-transplant.
An open trial of Acceptance-based Separated Family Treatment (ASFT) for adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Family based-treatments have the most empirical support in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa; yet, a significant percentage of adolescents and their families do not respond to manualized family based treatment (FBT). The aim of this open trial was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of an innovative family-based approach to the treatment of anorexia: Acceptance-based Separated Family Treatment (ASFT). Treatment was grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), delivered in a separated format, and included an ACT-informed skills program. Adolescents (ages 12–18) with anorexia or sub-threshold anorexia and their families received 20 treatment sessions over 24 weeks. Outcome indices included eating disorder symptomatology reported by the parent and adolescent, percentage of expected body weight achieved, and changes in psychological acceptance/avoidance. Half of the adolescents (48.0%) met criteria for full remission at the end of treatment, 29.8% met criteria for partial remission, and 21.3% did not improve. Overall, adolescents had a significant reduction in eating disorder symptoms and reached expected body weight. Treatment resulted in changes in psychological acceptance in the expected direction for both parents and adolescents. This open trial provides preliminary evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of ASFT for adolescents with anorexia. Directions for future research are discussed.
AN ACOUSTIC REGISTER, TENACIOUS IMAGES, AND CONGOLESE SCENES OF RAPE AND REPETITION

This article argues for the importance of rewriting the conventional atrocity narrative about violence in King Leopold's Congo Free State in relation to the present, the ongoing war-related humanitarianism and sexual violence in the DRC. The central idea is to push beyond the shock and tenacity of the visual, the ubiquitous mutilation photographs that tend to blot out all else; and instead seek weaker, more fragile acoustic traces in a diverse archive with Congolese words and sounds. This sensory, nonspectral mode of parsing the archive tells us something new about the immediacy of violence, its duration in memory, and the bodily and reproductive effects of sexually torturing women. The sound of twisted laughter convulsed around forms of sexual violence that were constitutive of reproductive ruination during the rubber regime in Leopold's Congo. The work of strategically tethering the past to the present should not be about forging historicist links across time but about locating repetitions and difference, including differences among humanitarian modes and strategies in the early 20th and the early 21st centuries.
Gender Differences in Jail Populations: Factors to Consider in Reentry Strategies

Jail populations have declined by 6.4% since 2009 as policy and practice shifts toward offender rehabilitation. However, the U.S. female jail population rose about 45% between 1996 and 2011, which suggests that a greater focus on gender-based needs in reentry strategies may further reduce recidivism. This study examined gender differences in social, medical and human needs in an urban jail population. Results revealed significantly greater problems for women than men. More women than men reported needs for chemical dependency and mental health services, and a greater willingness to receive treatment. Implications suggest that gender-responsive programs are essential for jailed women.
The Drosophila memory mutant amnesiac

POPULATIONS of Drosophila melanogaster can be taught to avoid specific odours which they have experienced in conjunction with electric shock1,2, and several single-gene mutants have been isolated which fail to learn this task (ref. 3, and our unpublished data). Here we describe a mutant, amnesiac, which learns normally but forgets four times as quickly as wild-type flies.
p300/MDM2 Complexes Participate in MDM2-Mediated p53 Degradation

Control of p53 turnover is critical to p53 function. E1A binding to p300/CBP translates into enhanced p53 stability, implying that these coactivator proteins normally operate in p53 turnover control. In this regard, the p300 C/H1 region serves as a specific in vivo binding site for both p53 and MDM2, a naturally occurring p53 destabilizer. Moreover, most of the endogenous MDM2 is bound to p300, and genetic analysis implies that specific interactions of p53 and MDM2 with p300 C/H1 are important steps in the MDM2-directed turnover of p53. A specific role for p300 in endogenous p53 degradation is underscored by the p53-stabilizing effect of overproducing the p300 C/H1 domain. Taken together, the data indicate that specific interactions between p300/CBP C/H1, p53, and MDM2 are intimately involved in the MDM2-mediated control of p53 abundance.
Better Than Brief Tests: Coverage Power Tests of Collection Strength

Improving on ideas developed in Brief Tests of Collection Strength, this paper presents coverage power tests, an empirical method for evaluating collections in all types of libraries by means of ranked holdings counts from OCLC's WorldCat. The new method measures library coverage of subject literatures across levels of the WLN or RLG collection intensity scales that are increasingly difficult to attain. It defines literatures and collections unambiguously, permits objective comparisons of libraries, and is potentially automatable. Results of 38 tests in nine subjects at 30 libraries have high face validity in rating collections. Graphical analysis with the new method also clarifies the bibliometric relation between individual collections and subject literatures.
Metabolism of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in the retina.

Arachidonic ( 2 0 : 4 n 6 ) and docosahexaenoic (22 :6n -3 ) acids are the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in neural membranes. They are highly concentrated in the excitable membranes of photoreceptor cells and the synapse. 39 Although the distribution of these fatty acids has been known for many years, 2.53"~'9s relatively little progress has been made in our knowledge of their metabolism. Since arachidonic acid is found in lipids of all tissues, studies of arachidonic acid metabolism in non-neural tissues, mainly the platelet, have created a foundation of information that can be extended to brain and retina. In the case of docosahexaenoic acid, peripheral tissues contain much smaller quantities of this fatty acid compared to the central nervous system, and meager information readily applicable to the brain has been generated. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are synthesized from the essential fatty acids, linoleic (18: 2n 6) and linolenic (18: 3n 3), respectively, in mammalian tissues, including the central nervous system. ~'~''~'m°5 Because the possible involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids in functions of excitable membranes is not well characterized, there is a growing interest in the metabolism and role of these fatty acids in retina and brain. Polyunsaturated fatty acids play a role in membrane fluidity; 94 in the interaction of membrane lipids with proteins; u and as the precursors for biologically active metabolites such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and docosanoids. ~'6°'~4'~°4 In this review, we will discuss the distribution of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in various retinal lipids, the metabolism of these fatty acids through activation, acylation, and oxidation, and the covalent and non-covalent attachment of fatty acids to retinal proteins.
Partners: Discernment and Humanitarian Efforts in Settings of Violence

One hundred years ago, most wars occurred between nations; today, large-scale violent conflict consists almost exclusively of civil wars in which civilians constitute 30 percent of casualties.’ According to a recent World Bank study of conflict, the poorest one-sixth of the worlds population suffers four-fifths of the consequences of civil wars. While poverty is the greatest risk factor determining a nation’s likelihood of entering into conflict, it is also one of instability’s most predictable consequencet—thus, war is a vicious cycle, and poor nations may remain at risk for intense violence for years or even decades.
Rigid fixation improves outcomes of spinal fusion for C1-C2 instability in children with skeletal dysplasias.

Background: Upper cervical instability is common in many skeletal dysplasias, and surgical treatment can be difficult because of small, fragile osseous elements. In this study of children with skeletal dysplasia and upper cervical instability, we compared fusion rates and complications between (1) patients treated with no instrumentation or with wiring techniques and (2) those who underwent rigid cervical spine instrumentation. We also sought to characterize the presentation and common parameters of upper cervical instability in this population. Methods: A multicenter study identified twenty-eight children with skeletal dysplasia who underwent surgery from 2000 through 2011 for C1-C2 instability and were followed for a minimum of two years. Fourteen children were treated with no instrumentation or with instrumentation with wires or cables (nonrigid-fixation group) and fourteen were treated with screws (or hooks) and rods (rigid-fixation group). All patients received autograft, and twenty (twelve in the nonrigid group and eight in the rigid group) were treated with a halo-body jacket. Results: Fourteen children had C1-C2 fusion, and fourteen had occipitocervical fusion. Eleven (39%) underwent spinal cord decompression. The nonunion rate was significantly higher in the nonrigid-fixation group (six of fourteen) than in the rigid-fixation group (zero of fourteen; p = 0.0057). Complications, including nonunion, occurred in nine patients in the nonrigid group and one patient in the rigid group. However, two of the complications in the nonrigid-fixation group were vertebral artery bleeding episodes that actually occurred during an attempt at rigid fixation (the fixation was subsequently done with wiring). No new neurologic deficits were observed. Five of the seven children with a preoperative neurologic deficit showed at least partial recovery, with significant improvement in the Japanese Orthopaedic Association upper-extremity score (p = 0.047). Conclusions: The nonunion rate is relatively high after patients undergo spinal fusion for C1-C2 instability with nonrigid instrumentation, even if a halo-body jacket is applied. Rigid fixation with screws and rods improves fusion rates. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Carboxy-terminal residues of major histocompatibility complex class II-associated peptides control the presentation of the bacterial superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 to T cells

Previous studies have shown that the presentation of some bacterial superantigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is strongly influenced by class II-associated peptides. For example, presentation of the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) superantigen by antigen-processing-defective T2-I-Ab cells (which expresses I-Ab that is either empty or associated with invariant chain-derived peptides) can be strongly enhanced by some, but not other, I-Ab-binding peptides. Here we investigate the contribution of I-Ab-associated peptides in the presentation of TSST-1 to T cells. The data show that overlapping peptides expressing the same core I-Ab-restricted epitope, but with various N and C termini, can differ profoundly in their ability to promote TSST-1 presentation to T cells. Analysis of altered and truncated peptides indicates that residues at the C-terminal end of the peptide have a dramatic effect on TSST-1 presentation. This effect does not involve a cognate interaction between the peptide and the TSST-1 molecule, but appears to depend on the length of the C-terminal region. These data are consistent with crystallographic studies suggesting that TSST-1 may interact with the C-terminal residues of MHC class II-associated peptides. We also examined the capacity of naturally processed peptides to promote TSST-1 binding using a superantigen blocking assay. The data demonstrated that a naturally processed epitope is dominated by peptides that do not promote strong TSST-1 binding to I-Ab. Taken together, these data suggest that TSST-1 binding to MHC class II molecules is controlled by the C-terminal residues of the associated peptide, and that many naturally processed peptide/class II complexes do not present TSST-1 to T cells. Thus, the peptide dependence of TSST-1 binding to class II molecules may significantly reduce the capacity of TSST-1 to stimulate T cells.
Mechanism of the Anticoagulant Activity of Thrombin Mutant W215A/E217A

The thrombin mutant W215A/E217A (WE) is a potent anticoagulant both in vitro and in vivo. Previous x-ray structural studies have shown that WE assumes a partially collapsed conformation that is similar to the inactive E* form, which explains its drastically reduced activity toward substrate. Whether this collapsed conformation is genuine, rather than the result of crystal packing or the mutation introduced in the critical 215–217 β-strand, and whether binding of thrombomodulin to exosite I can allosterically shift the E* form to the active E form to restore activity toward protein C are issues of considerable mechanistic importance to improve the design of an anticoagulant thrombin mutant for therapeutic applications. Here we present four crystal structures of WE in the human and murine forms that confirm the collapsed conformation reported previously under different experimental conditions and crystal packing. We also present structures of human and murine WE bound to exosite I with a fragment of the platelet receptor PAR1, which is unable to shift WE to the E form. These structural findings, along with kinetic and calorimetry data, indicate that WE is strongly stabilized in the E* form and explain why binding of ligands to exosite I has only a modest effect on the E*-E equilibrium for this mutant. The E* → E transition requires the combined binding of thrombomodulin and protein C and restores activity of the mutant WE in the anticoagulant pathway.
Age-hardening characteristics of a martensitic FeNiMn alloy

Abstract Age-hardening characteristics of an Fe20%Ni5%Mn alloy were studied using hardness measurements, mechanical properties measurements and transmission electron microscopy. The strengthenin of the alloy was found to be caused by the precipitation of mainly an ordered body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) phase in the martensite matrix. At later stages of aging, this ordered b.c.c. phase is replaced by a disordered equilibrium face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) phase in the martensite matrix. Precipitation sequences and precipitate morphologies and structures are described.
Sulfuric acid aerosol exposure in humans assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage.

Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that exposure to acidic aerosols may affect human health. Brief exposures to acidic aerosols alter mucociliary clearance and increase airway responsiveness, but effects on host defense mechanisms at the alveolar level have not been studied in humans. Twelve healthy, nonsmoking volunteers between 20 and 39 yr of age were exposed for 2 h to aerosols of approximately 1,000 µg/m3 sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or sodium chloride (NaCl [control]), with intermittent exercise, in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Each subject received both exposures, separated by at least 2 wk. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 18 h after exposure in order to detect evidence of an inflammatory response, changes in alveolar cell subpopulations, or changes in alveolar macrophage (AM) function, which is important in host defense. When compared with NaCl, exposure to H2SO4 did not increase polymorphonuclear leukocytes in BAL fluid. The percentage of T lymphocytes decreased in associ...
The Body as an Accumulation Strategy

The body has become a major focus of attention—both theoretically and politically—over the past twenty years. In much of this literature it is presumed that the body is some kind of social construct at the same time as it is a locus and a measure of both the material and the social world we inhabit. The author situates this idea against the background of Marx's representations—too often by-passed in recent literature—in order to show how Marx's concept of variable capital contains a theory of body formation under capitalism at the same time as it lays the groundwork for understanding how political persons act as moral agents to try to change the conditions under which laboring occurs. The struggle for a living wage in Baltimore is then used as a concrete example of how this form of body politics operates under contemporary conditions, illustrating how the body that is to be the measure of all things is itself a site of political-economic contestation over the very forces that create it.
An extended platform logic perspective of IT governance: managing perceptions and activities of IT

Abstract Over the years, Information Technology (IT) has struggled with how to create an effective structure and processes. It is our main thesis that if organizations focused more on implementing a sound IT governance strategy, it might help senior executives to manage not only the IT-related activities, but also the perceptions between IT and the rest of the organization, and, in doing so, foster a more successful IT organization. Using six case studies conducted within the oil and gas industry, we explore differences in perceptions toward IT and in the organization of IT activities. Using an Extended Platform Logic Perspective, we note differences and similarities between the firms, with respect to IT capabilities, relational and integration mechanisms, measures of success, and relationships with the business units. Our results suggest that our colleagues-in-practice have evolved from focusing on one-way architectures within a centralization/decentralization context toward a two-way relationship-oriented approach to managing the IT structure. We conclude by offering some thoughts on how IT executives can help to shape perceptions of IT within their firms and explore how academics can begin to help our colleagues-in-practice as they struggle with the governance of the IT function.
Carcinoma of the endometrium V. An analysis of prognosticators in patients with favorable subtypes and stage I disease

A review of the pathologic material from patients in our population based uterine cancer registry in Louisville, Kentucky identified three subtypes of endometrial carcinoma with a favorable prognosis: adenoacanthoma, adenocarcinoma with no specific features, and secretory carcinoma. Three subtypes with a much less favorable prognosis were papillary carcinoma, mixed adenosquamous carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma. The other important determinants of treatment results were: stage of disease, age, race, nuclear grade, and depth of myometrial invasion. This study evaluated these prognostic determinants for the favorable subtypes with Stage 1 disease that were fully treated. There were 595 patient eligible for five-year and 380 for ten-year vital status evaluation. Only three patients were lost to follow-up at five years and four at ten years. The five-year survival was 88.1% and the ten-year 74.5%. At five years 4.4% were dead of disease and at ten years 6.3%. There were 115 women younger than age 50. Their five-year survival was 98.3% and at ten years 94.6%. None was dead of disease at five years and only one at ten years. Black women had a significantly lower survival than did white women, but no black woman younger than age 50 died of disease. Nuclear grade was the most important histologic determinant of survival, followed by depth of myometrial invasion. Recommendations for treatment planning were formulated based on these prognosticators.
Site of synthesis, tissue distribution, and lipophorin transport of hydrocarbons in Blattella germanica (L.) nymphs.

Abstract The site of hydrocarbon (HC) synthesis and the amount of HC in various tissues were investigated in relation to developmental stage in the last larval stadium of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica . Abdominal integument linearly incorporated [1- 14 C]propionate into HC for at least 6 h in vitro, whereas other body parts synthesized little or no HC. The third through sixth abdominal sternites and tergites were the principal sites of synthesis. High rates of HC synthesis resulted in a fivefold increase in internal HC during the last stadium. We examined the distribution of HC in the hemolymph, fat body, and the developing imaginal cuticle. Hemolymph HC titer was relatively constant at ≈8 μg/μl. However, as hemolymph volume increased from 5 to 11 μl in the first 4 days of the last stadium, HC content increased and then remained stable the remainder of the stadium. Lipophorin, immunoprecipitated with adult lipophorin polyclonal antibodies, was the only HC carrier protein in nymphal hemolymph and its HC profile was identical to that of hemolymph and similar to that of the epicuticle. The concentration and total amount of hemolymph lipophorin increased until 3 days before adult eclosion and declined immediately after ecdysis. The HC content of non-biosynthetic integument (legs, pronotum) doubled during formation of the imaginal cuticle, as did the HC content of sternites, which synthesize HC. HC content of fat body, however, increased threefold during the same period, suggesting that the fat body serves as a storage site for HC during cuticle formation. We conclude that in the last stadium HC is synthesized by abdominal oenocytes, loaded onto hemolymph lipophorin, and transported to fat body and both nymphal and imaginal cuticle. Hydrocarbons associate with the imaginal integument several days before eclosion.
FoxO, Autophagy, and Cardiac Remodeling

In response to changes in workload, the heart grows or shrinks. Indeed, the myocardium is capable of robust and rapid structural remodeling. In the setting of normal, physiological demand, the heart responds with hypertrophic growth of individual cardiac myocytes, a process that serves to maintain cardiac output and minimize wall stress. However, disease-related stresses, such as hypertension or myocardial infarction, provoke a series of changes that culminate in heart failure and/or sudden death. At the other end of the spectrum, cardiac unloading, such as occurs with prolonged bed rest or weightlessness, causes the heart to shrink. In recent years, considerable strides have been made in deciphering the molecular and cellular events governing pro- and anti-growth events in the heart. Prominent among these mechanisms are those mediated by FoxO (Forkhead box-containing protein, O subfamily) transcription factors. In many cell types, these proteins are critical regulators of cell size, viability, and metabolism, and their importance in the heart is just emerging. Also in recent years, evidence has emerged for a pivotal role for autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved pathway of lysosomal degradation of damaged proteins and organelles, in cardiac growth and remodeling. Indeed, evidence for activated autophagy has been detected in virtually every form of myocardial disease. Now, it is clear that FoxO is an upstream regulator of both autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of cardiomyocyte autophagy, its governance by FoxO, and the roles each of these plays in cardiac remodeling.
Ending Global Hunger in the 21st Century: Projections of the Number of Food Insecure People

This article examines what would be required to substantially reduce, and ultimately end, chronic hunger. Projections of the number of food insecure people are provided for 2025 under several scenarios for major regions and globally. The methodology uses an estimated calorie-income relationship and an income distribution curve. Over 1 billion people are currently estimated to be food insecure, which declines to 830 million by 2025 at projected rates of population and economic growth. With pro-poor growth and a decline in real food prices, this number could be reduced to 380 million by 2025. Ending chronic, mass hunger in this century is an achievable goal.
Latency of dopamine β-hydroxylase in purified noradrenergic vesicles

Abstract Purified large dense core noradrenergic vesicles isolated from bovine splenic nerve were investigated to determine the percentage of total dopamine β-hydroxylase which existed in a latent or masked form. The effects of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 in concentrations between 0.0025 and 0.1% were studied. At 0.01%, Triton produced a maximum three-fold increase in accessible dopamine β-hydroxylase activity to reach 0.64μmol octopamine per mg protein per min at 37°C, but released only a third of the enzyme into the soluble phase. About 90% of the noradrenaline, 42% of the phospholipids and 17% of the vesicle protein were released. At 0.05%, Triton produced the same maximum enzyme activity with complete solubilization of the enzyme. All the noradrenaline, 90% of the phospholipids, and 48% of the vesicle protein were released into the soluble phase. Ultrastructural examination of the treated vesicles revealed only partial lysis with 0.01% Triton, while 0.05% produced essentially complete disruption of vesicles into membrane fragments and fine granular matrix contents. Equilibrium centrifugation of the control and treated vesicles on a second sucrose-D 2 O density gradient showed that emptied and partially depleted vesicles and released matrix granules redistributed from the heavy vesicle peak to less dense regions of the gradient, including the zone of the light vesicle peak. It is proposed that the latency of dopamine β-hydroxylase activity in this noradrenergic vesicle fraction is best explained by the occurrence of the enzyme as an inaccessible complex in the vesicle matrix which may include phospholipid.
Infant social cognition and "second-order" effects

Thirty-six one-year-olds were observed interacting with their parents in three contexts: mother present, father present, and both parents present. Results showed that the infants directed substantially more affiliative behaviors, and marginally more attachment behaviors, to their parents in the dyadic than in the triadic situation. The parents, too, were considerably more likely to interact with infants in the dyadic context. There are two processes whereby these "second-order" effects can be explained: Either infants distribute their social bids among the available interactants, or they respond to the increased activity of their parents. Since there was no correlation between the activity levels of the infants and their parents, it was suggested that one-year-olds respond primarily to the former cue. Previous studies have found that older infants and adults employ both cues. The results thus suggest that the social cognition of one-year-olds is more restricted than many theorists claim.