cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic Molecules Entrapped In A Silica Host For Use As Biosensor Probe Materials

Optically active organic molecules have been entrapped in a porous silica gel host for use as an opto-chemical transducer. Organic dye molecules were incorporated into the inorganic glassy matrix via the so called "sol-gel" technique. Sol-gel derived glasses are typically synthesized at room temperature and result in the formation of a relatively low density network structure, capable of supporting the rapid transport of atoms and small molecules. This "cage-like" network, however, serves to entrap larger molecules, such as organic dyes. The guest probe molecules do not migrate through the silica host. Fluorescence characteristics of optically active dye species, in many cases, are known to change in solution with respect to the activity of factors such as oxygen and pH. We have fabricated silica gel films containing organic probes, and measured changes in emission spectra of entrapped pyranine dye due to variations in the pH of ambient aqueous solution.
AniThings: animism and heterogeneous multiplicity

This paper explores the metaphor of animism as a methodological framework for interaction design and, in particular, advocates for a form of animism the authors term 'heterogeneous multiplicity.' Animism can make valuable contributions within ubiquitous computing contexts, where objects with designed behaviors tend to evoke a perception that they have autonomy, intention, personality and an inner life. Furthermore, animism that supports heterogeneous multiplicity offers unique opportunities to stimulate human creativity through embodied engagement with an ecology of things. To demonstrate the concept of heterogeneous multiplicity, the authors present a speculative design project, AniThings, that intertwines multiple animistic collaborators to position activities of digital resource discovery and curation beyond the narrow domain of recommendation engines and personal feeds. The project illustrates an ecology of six tangible, interactive objects that, respectively, draw from a variety of digital resources and inhabit a range of variously positioned stances towards their human collaborators and each other. This diversity of behaviors, resources, and positionality makes AniThings ideal for supporting open-ended ideation and collaborative imagining activities.
Reinforcement or Compensation? The Effects of Parents' Work and Financial Conditions on Adolescents' Work Values during the Great Recession.

Abstract The Great Recession brought many changes to the work and financial lives of American families. Little is known, however, about how changes in parental work conditions in recessionary times influence children's vocational development. Drawing on data from the Youth Development Study, we examine whether parents' recessionary experiences shape adolescents' work values. The findings indicate that adolescents' work values are shaped through a cross-generational reinforcement model; both extrinsic and intrinsic values are stronger when parental work conditions are more rewarding. In an exception to this pattern, unemployment among parents with low levels of education (high school degrees or less) is positively associated with children's extrinsic and intrinsic orientations, more consistent with a compensation model.
Thermodynamic consistency tests for solid-liquid equilibria

The technique of testing the validity of phase equilibria by applying thermodynamic consistency tests is highly developed for vapor-liquid equilibria. The application to solid-liquid equilibria, howerver, has been developed very little. The problems associated with thermodynamic consistency tests are discussed and a new technique for evaluating the validity of experimental data has been developed. Several possible test equations are presented and are applied to test the consistency of three sets of solid-liquid equilibrium data.
Transcriptome Divergence and the Loss of Plasticity in Bacillus subtilis after 6,000 Generations of Evolution under Relaxed Selection for Sporulation

We used microarrays to identify the causes of sporulation deficiencies in Bacillus subtilis after 6,000 generations of evolution. We found that sporulation loss did not result from large-scale deletions; therefore, it must have resulted from smaller indels and/or substitutions. Transcription patterns of one strain versus its ancestor showed that sporulation was not initiated and suggested that sporulation loss may be part of an overall decline in plasticity.
Chemistry and Mineralogy of Arsenic

Arsenic has diverse chemical behavior in the natural environment. It has the ability to readily change oxidation state and bonding configuration, which creates rich inorganic and organic chemistry. This behavior is a consequence of the electronic configuration of its valence orbitals, with partially filled states capable of both electron donation and overlap in covalent bonds. In natural compounds, arsenic bonds primarily to oxygen and sulfur, generating a variety of aqueous species and minerals. The affinity of arsenic for these two elements, along with its stable bonding to methyl groups, constitutes the structural basis for most organic and biosynthetic compounds. The agile chemistry of arsenic helps to explain its contradictory action as both a toxin and a curative, and its sometimes-elusive behavior in the environment.
Computing the nonparametric estimator of the survivor function when all observations are either left- or right-censored with tied observation times

A data set of missiles tested at various times consists entirely of left- and right-censored observations. We present an algorithm for computing the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the survivor function. When there are a significant number of tied observations, the algorithm saves significant computation time over a direct implementation of the survivor function estimate given in Andersen and Ronn, (Biometrics 1995; 51:323-9).
Enhanced Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine by the Neonatal Rat Pituitary

Serum concentrations of T4 and T3 are markedly decreased without an appropriate increase in TSH concentration in the neonatal rat. Since TRH does not appear to regulate TSH secretion in the perinatal rat, and intrapituitary 5′-monodeiodination of T4 to T3 is a major modulator of TSH secretion, it seemed possible that enhanced pituitary generation of T3 from T4 might play a role in the inappropriately low serum TSH level in the neonatal rat. The conversion of T4 to T3 in pituitary homogenates was studied in rats varying in age from 1 day to 1 yr and compared to values obtained in 10-week-old male rats. Pools of neonatal and individual adult pituitaries were homogenized in 1 ml Trisbuffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.5 μg T4 and 20 mm dithiothreitol, and the T3 generated was measured in ethanolic extracts by RIA. Pituitary T3 generation from T4 in the 1-day-old neonates was similar to that obtained from 10-week-old males. However, by 5 days of age, pituitary T3 generation from T4 was markedly increased (226 ± 16.3...
Preventing Infant Mortality And Maternal Morbidity

]ABFP has published two articles this year that represent main ,lreas of focus for family practice research in maternity care: interspecialty differ­ ences in maternity care, and access to maternity care in rural areas. Deutchman, Stills, and Conner l demonstrate an association between family physi­ cian-managed pregnancies and a decrease in as­ sisted and operative deliveries compared with those pregnancies managed by obstetricians. Larimore and Davis 2 are able to quantitate the effects on inLmt mortality of the lack of providers of maternity care in rural Florida. Although neither of these studies represents new or unique areas of research, they both contribute substan­ tially to the literature in each of these areas. The common message is that family physicians have a major role to play in improving maternal and infant outcomes. The study by Deutchman and colleagues sug­ gests that the morbidity associated with Cesarean section and assisted delivery can be reduced through the labor management style of family physicians. This study improves on previous re­ search, as it is one of the first in which family phy­ sicians provided total patient care, including Ce­ sarean section, for a majority of the patients, making the comparison between obstetrician and family physician management styles more valid. Likewise, the conclusions of this study go beyond previous work, such as that of Mengel and Phillipsl and Franks and Eisinger,4 in that they indicate tl1<1t family-physician-provided mater­ nity care does not increase the risk for adverse outcomes; in fact, it could be a benefit. The Deutchman, et al. study clearly has its limi­ tations. Most notably, this study, as well as all nonrandomized studies on interspecialty differ­ ences comparing f~1111ily physicians and obstetri­ cians, can be criticized because of the potential
Returning to Sports after Periacetabular Osteotomy for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Background A periacetabular osteotomy,indicated for adults or adolescents requiring correction of congruency and containment of the femoral head, is a common surgical procedure to address developmental dysplasia of the hip. Objectives To describe developmental hip dysplasia, a surgical procedure performed to address the condition, as well as therapeutic exercise and functional progression principles utilized to return a patient to tennis following periacetabular osteotomy. Case description The patient was a 14 year-old female who underwent a Ganz periacetabular osteotomy of the right pelvis due to developmental dysplasia of the hip. Post-operative outpatient physical therapy consisted of strengthening of the hip, thigh, and core musculature, as well as activities to increase muscular and cardiovascular endurance, anaerobic conditioning, lower extremity proprioception, and soft tissue length. A functional progression program to return to tennis was also provided. Outcomes The patient was seen in outpatient physical therapy for a total of 34 visits over the course of 42 weeks. Results of a Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) indicated that heavy activities of daily living, as well as recreational and sporting activities, were improved following the post-operative rehabilitation program. Discussion The role of the physical therapist is vital in prescribing and progressing activity levels to facilitate return of function following this periacetabular osteotomy. Surgery that is technically well performed followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation program can allow for resumption of pre-morbid activities, enhancement of the quality of life, and return to sports activities.
How policymakers define ‘evidence’: The politics of research use in New Orleans

Nearly ten years after Katrina and the implementation of a host of new and radical education reforms in New Orleans, there remains little evidence about whether the changes have improved school performance. Despite this lack of evidence, the New Orleans model is held up as a reform success, and is being adopted by other cities. In this article the authors ask how policymakers in New Orleans and at the state level define, access and interpret research or evidence on the reforms, and how, if at all, such evidence informs their decision-making. They interviewed key district and state policymakers, as well as representatives from dozens of intermediary organizations in the area, who, they argue, are also shapers of policy. On the demand side, they found that policymakers primarily used personal anecdotes to justify their position and explain the success of reforms, and they relied on blogs or non-peer-reviewed sources for background information. Peer-reviewed research was seldom used, typically passed to poli...
Rum and Coca Cola: The United States in the British Caribbean 1940-1945

The presence of American bases and troops in the British Caribbean during the Second World War was the catalyst to an anti-Americanism which has continued to dominate political thinking in the area. This has been a rather ironic turn of events. Prior to the arrival of the Americans, there had been a growing sentiment among sections of the population for some sort of American take-over of the islands. After the Americans arrived, however, relations with the people of the islands soured. The idea of an American take-over died aborning, and by the end of the war, such ideas were no longer being entertained by the people of the British Caribbean. They were replaced instead, by an aggressive nationalism which called for self-government for the islands as an entity. Whereas in 1938, a British journalist could have written that “Trinidad (and Barbados and Jamaica) wants to be American,” it had long ceased to be true by the end of the war. A Trinidadian labor leader, at a regional conference in 1945, succinctly summed up the ideas of all of his confreres. “Whenever we pass into other hands,” he declared, “both hands must be our own.”
The role of added sugars in the diet quality of children and adolescents.

Objective: The associations between added sugars intake and consumption of vitamins, minerals and servings of foods in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid were examined.Methods: Data from the USDA 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals were used in multivariate regression analyses to assess the statistical and practical significance of added sugars intake for diet and nutrient adequacy.Results: The association of added sugars with consumption of vitamins, minerals and servings of foods in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid was usually statistically significant. For the model of all individuals over two years of age, individuals who consume more added sugars are predicted to consume more grains, lean meat and iron and to consume fewer vegetables and fruits and less dairy, vitamin A, calcium and folates. Children who consume more added sugars are predicted to consume more grains, vitamin C, iron and folates and to consume less dairy. Adolescents who consume more added sugars are predicted to consume more...
An Introduction to Using Multidimensional Item Response Theory to Assess Latent Factor Structures

This study provides an introduction to the use of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) analysis for assessing latent factor structure, and compares this statistical technique to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the evaluation of an original measure developed to assess students’ motivations for entering a social work community of practice. The Participation in a Social Work Community of Practice Scale (PSWCoP) was administered to 506 masters of social work students from 11 accredited graduate programs. The psychometric properties and latent factor structure of the scale are evaluated using MIRT and CFA techniques. Although designed as a 3-factor measure, analysis of model fit using both CFA and MIRT do not support this solution. Instead, analyses using both methods produce convergent results supporting a 4-factor solution. Discussion includes methodological implications for social work research, focusing on the extension of MIRT analysis to assessment of measurement invariance in differential ...
Random Load History of Hydraulic Support and Application of Monte Carlo Method

To accurately predict the service life of hydraulic support,the origin and characteristics of the external load of the hydraulic support w ere analyzed using the interaction relationship betw een surrounding rock and hydraulic support based on the movement of surrounding rock. Monte Carlo method is used to obtain the load spectrum. The statistics results show that the load amplitude and the load average obey Weibull distribution W( 1. 31,216. 96) and normal distribution N( 1200,51. 96),respectively. Then,the actual load history of hydraulic support at underground w as simulated. The w ork prepares for further research and compiling load spectrum so as to make the life prediction and simulation test indoor.
An assessment of racial differences in the upper limits of normal ALT levels in children and the effect of obesity on elevated values.

Summary Objectives Childhood obesity is a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and poses important public health issues for children. Racial differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels among children have not been described. This study aimed to identify racial differences in upper limit normal (ULN) ALT levels and evaluate the effect of obesity on elevated levels in children without other metabolic risk factors. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and clinical data from the Loyola University Health System were used to determine ULN ALT by race and gender. Quantile regression was used to evaluate the impact of obesity on elevated ALT and to identify potential risk factors for ALT above the ULN. Results Upper limit normal (ULN) ALT was approximately 28.0 and 21.0–24.0 U/L for boys and girls, respectively. No significant difference in ULN ALT across race was observed. Obesity was significantly associated with elevated ALT; obese children with elevated ALT had values 10 U/L higher than normal-weight children. Conclusions Racial differences in ALT levels among adults are not evident in children. Obesity, in the absence of metabolic risk factors and other causes of liver disease, is associated with elevated ALT, providing evidence against the concept of healthy obesity in children.
Agricultural Waste Management in Food Processing

Abstract Proper food processing waste disposal and treatment is an important part of food production. The uncontrolled decomposition of waste from agroindustrial sources can result in large-scale contamination of land, water, and air. This chapter lists and quantitates common wastes produced in dairy, meat, poultry, seafood, fruit, vegetable, and brewery processing. It then explains ways to avoid or mitigate negative environmental impact of these wastes. Production of useful byproducts from food wastes is covered.
Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance

This project was designed to assess the effects of time of day and training status on the benefits of caffeine supplementation for cycling performance. Twenty male subjects (Age, 25 years; Peak oxygen consumption, 57 mL·kg−1·min−1) were divided into tertiles based on training levels, with top and bottom tertiles designated as ‘trained’ (n = 7) and ‘untrained’ (n = 7). Subjects completed two familiarization trials and four experimental trials consisting of a computer-simulated 3-km cycling time trial (TT). The trials were performed in randomized order for each combination of time of day (morning and evening) and treatment (6mg/kg of caffeine or placebo). Magnitude-based inferences were used to evaluate all treatment effects. For all subjects, caffeine enhanced TT performance in the morning (2.3% ± 1.7%, ‘very likely’) and evening (1.4% ± 1.1%, ‘likely’). Both untrained and trained subjects improved performance with caffeine supplementation in the morning (5.5% ± 4.3%, ‘likely’; 1.0% ± 1.7%, ‘likely’, respectively), but only untrained subjects rode faster in the evening (2.9% ± 2.6%, ‘likely’). Altogether, our observations indicate that trained athletes are more likely to derive ergogenic effects from caffeine in the morning than the evening. Further, untrained individuals appear to receive larger gains from caffeine in the evening than their trained counterparts.
Suspension Acoustics: An Introduction to the Physics of Suspensions

1. Preliminaries 2. Conservation equations 3. Rigid particle heat transfer at Re 4. Translation motion at Re 5. Shape deformations 6. Volume pulsations 7. Thermodynamics of suspensions 8. The two phase model 9. Sound propagation in suspensions 10. Application and extensions.
Improving Soil Health and Human Protein Nutrition by Pulses-Based Cropping Systems

Abstract Low crop yields and poor nutritional quality of the produce, aggravated by soil degradation and climate change, are exacerbating food and nutritional insecurity especially in developing countries of Africa, South Asia, the Caribbean, etc. Pulses, food legumes harvested as dry seeds which are rich in protein and essential minerals, have an important role to play in addressing the food and nutritional insecurity. Thus, U.N. declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses. An average per capita daily intake of 100–125 g of pulses to provide 25–30 g of protein would require increase in global production of pulses (10 6 Mg per year) from 70 in 2015 to 370 in 2030, 440 in 2050, and more than 500 in 2100. Therefore, the land area (10 6 ha) and agronomic yield (Mg/ha) would have to be increased, respectively, from 85.6 and 0.70 in 2015 to 296 and 1.25 in 2030, 248 and 1.50 in 2050, and 238 and 2.15 in 2100. While the increasing trend in agronomic yield of pulses since 1961 is encouraging, the rate of growth must be much higher. Being legumes, incorporation of pulses in the rotation cycle can also improve soil fertility and benefit the productivity of the following cereals. Restoration of soil health through biological N fixation is especially pertinent to Africa where the average rate of input of chemical fertilizers is ~ 15 kg/ha on continental basis. Annual input of biological N fixation is estimated at ~ 3 Tg for the pulses and 18.5 Tg for the oilseed legumes. Increase in soil N content also enhances soil organic carbon concentration and improves the overall soil health. Therefore, incorporation of pulses in cropping/farming systems is important to enhancing soil and human health. With sustainable intensification of agroecosystems, cropland area of 500 Mha under cereals and 250 Mha under pulses/food legumes would be adequate to provide nutritious food to the present and future world population.
The Influences of Media, Power, and Male Communication on Concession Making by Females during Negotiations

Research indicates that females' economic negotiated outcomes are generally worse than those of males. However, this research has also noted several circumstances when females' economic outcomes are at least as good as those of males. In the present study, we explore this equivocal pattern of outcomes with a focus on concessions that females make as they negotiate with males over two media, audio and instant messaging (IM). We proposed and tested a model to explain these concessions and how they are influenced by elements of the negotiation context, including the medium, resource power, and the degree that positive affect is communicated by males to females. Our predictions are based on role congruity theory. We predicted and found that females tend to have poorer economic negotiated outcomes due to greater concession making when they use an audio rather than IM media and when they have more resource power. In addition, we found that females tend to fare poorer economically with the combination of having more resource power and negotiating using audio, than would be expected based on the simple sum of the effects of resource power and using audio. Finally, we found that when females have resource power and positive affect is communicated by their male partners, females tend to fare better economically. These findings suggest choices that both females and males can make so as to enhance their economic outcomes. For example, when they can choose the negotiation medium, females should choose to negotiate over IM rather than audio, while males should choose audio rather than IM.
Direction of Rotation in Testicular Torsion and Identification of Predictors of Testicular Salvage.

Objectives To identify the rate at which testicular torsion occurs in a lateral direction and identify any predictors of direction of testicular rotation and orchiectomy. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review of 104 cases of emergent scrotal exploration performed for testicular torsion by 3 pediatric urologists from 2003 to 2017. Patients with neonatal torsion, negative scrotal exploration, or exploration for presumed intermittent testicular torsion were excluded. Univariable logistic regression was performed to assess if any factors predicted direction of testicular rotation. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of testicular salvage. Results Of 104 cases of acute testicular torsion, information regarding the direction of testicular rotation was available in 81 patients. Lateral testicular rotation occurred in 38 cases (46%). No factors were found to be predictive of direction of torsion. Orchiectomy for testicular nonviability was performed in 50 of 104 cases (48%). On univariable analysis, younger age (p = .002), absence of gastrointestinal symptoms (P = .02), time to exploration (P Conclusion Testicular rotation occurs in a lateral direction in 46% of cases. Lateral manual detorsion should be performed only with awareness of the potential for increasing the degree of testicular rotation. New independent predictors of testicular salvage were identified.
“Coercion” and Leverage in Clinical Outreach

This chapter addresses the issues of coercion and leverage in clinical outreach to persons who are homeless and have a severe mental illness. The terms coercion and leverage refer to a broad array of strategies that are used to pressure patients to adhere to treatments or social acts prescribed by outreach clinicians. Coercion in the more narrow sense of “forced action” is not the primary focus. Therefore, we shall henceforth use the term leverage to refer to this broad array of strategies.
Toxicity of the spiny thick-foot Pachypodium.

Premise of the study Pachypodium (Apocynaceae) is a genus of iconic stem-succulent and poisonous plants endemic to Madagascar and southern Africa. We tested hypotheses about the mode of action and macroevolution of toxicity in this group. We further hypothesized that while monarch butterflies are highly resistant to cardenolide toxins (a type of cardiac glycoside) from American Asclepias, they may be negatively affected by Pachypodium defenses, which evolved independently. Methods We grew 16 of 21 known Pachypodium spp. and quantified putative cardenolides by HPLC and also by inhibition of animal Na+ /K+ -ATPase (the physiological target of cardiac glycosides) using an in vitro assay. Pachypodium extracts were tested against monarch caterpillars in a feeding bioassay. We also tested four Asclepias spp. and five Pachypodium spp. extracts, contrasting inhibition of the cardenolide-sensitive porcine Na+ /K+ -ATPase to the monarch's resistant form. Key results We found evidence for low cardenolides by HPLC, but substantial toxicity when extracts were assayed on Na+ /K+ -ATPases. Toxicity showed phylogenetic signal, and taller species showed greater toxicity (this was marginal after phylogenetic correction). Application of Pachypodium extracts to milkweed leaves reduced monarch growth, and this was predicted by inhibition of the sensitive Na+ /K+ -ATPase in phylogenetic analyses. Asclepias extracts were 100-fold less potent against the monarch compared to the porcine Na+ /K+ -ATPase, but this difference was absent for Pachypodium extracts. Conclusions Pachypodium contains potent toxicity capable of inhibiting sensitive and cardenolide-adapted Na+ /K+ -ATPases. Given the monarch's sensitivity to Pachypodium, we suggest that these plants contain novel cardiac glycosides or other compounds that facilitate toxicity by binding to Na+ /K+ -ATPases.
Quantum-Enhanced Ultrasound Detection with Plasmonic Sensors

We implement a quantum-enhanced plasmonic sensor with a 56% sensitivity enhancement with respect to the shot-noise limit when used to detect ultrasound waves. The sensor is probed with twin beams with 9dB of intensity-difference squeezing.
Structural basis for selective inhibition of human PKG Iα by the balanol-like compound N46

Activation of protein kinase G (PKG) Iα in nociceptive neurons induces long-term hyperexcitability that causes chronic pain. Recently, a derivative of the fungal metabolite balanol, N46, has been reported to inhibit PKG Iα with high potency and selectivity and attenuate thermal hyperalgesia and osteoarthritic pain. Here we determined co-crystal structures of the PKG Iα C-domain and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) Cα, each bound with N46, at 1.98 A and 2.65 A, respectively. N46 binds the active site with its external phenyl ring, specifically interacting with the glycine-rich loop and the αC helix. Phe-371 at the PKG Iα glycine-rich loop is oriented parallel to the phenyl ring of N46, forming a strong π-stacking interaction, whereas the analogous Phe-54 in PKA Cα rotates 30° and forms a weaker interaction. Structural comparison revealed that steric hindrance between the preceding Ser-53 and the propoxy group of the phenyl ring may explain the weaker interaction with PKA Cα. The analogous Gly-370 in PKG Iα, however, causes little steric hindrance with Phe-371. Moreover, Ile-406 on the αC helix forms a hydrophobic interaction with N46 whereas its counterpart in PKA, Thr-88, does not. Substituting these residues in PKG Iα with those in PKA Cα increases the IC50 values for N46, whereas replacing these residues in PKA Cα with those in PKG Iα reduces the IC50, consistent with our structural findings. In conclusion, our results explain the structural basis for N46-mediated selective inhibition of human PKG Iα and provide a starting point for structure-guided design of selective PKG Iα inhibitors.
DrScheme: A Pedagogic Programming Environment for Scheme

Teaching introductory computing courses with Scheme elevates the intellectual level of the course and thus makes the subject more appealing to students with scientific interests. Unfortunately, the poor quality of the available programming environments negates many of the pedagogic advantages. To overcome this problem, we have developed DrScheme, a comprehensive programming environment for Scheme. It fully integrates a graphics-enriched editor, a multi-lingual parser that can process a hierarchy of syntactically restrictive variants of Scheme, a functional read-eval-print loop, and an algebraically sensible printer. The environment catches the typical syntactic mistakes of beginners and pinpoints the exact source location of run-time exceptions.
Urbanization alters the relationship between coloration and territorial aggression, but not hormones, in song sparrows

Melanin-based coloration is associated with aspects of phenotype, including conspecific aggression and hormone concentrations. These relationships could arise as a result of genetic and/or biochemical links between melanin production and other traits. Additionally, anthropogenic change, including urbanization, exposes animals to novel conditions that can alter pigmentation, behaviour or hormones, potentially disrupting relationships between coloration and other traits. We examined relationships among the extent and darkness of melanin spotting on the breast of male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, territorial behaviour, plasma testosterone and corticosterone concentrations to determine whether coloration was reliably associated with phenotype in this species. We conducted this study in urban and rural populations to determine whether relationships between coloration, behaviour and hormones varied between habitats. Males in urban habitat had more extensive brown spotting than rural males. The relationship between melanin coloration and territoriality differed in urban and rural habitats. In rural sparrows, territoriality was negatively correlated with spotting area, while in urban sparrows territoriality was positively associated with spotting darkness. Regardless of habitat, males with more extensive spotting increased testosterone secretion more in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration and males with darker spotting had greater handling restraint-induced release of corticosterone. This suggests that plumage coloration is associated with underlying physiology, but the relationship between coloration and behaviour may shift between habitats.
Concentration–discharge relationships describe solute and sediment mobilization, reaction, and transport at event and longer timescales

Concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships reflect material sources, storage, reaction, proximity, and transport in catchments. Differences in hydrologic pathways and connectivity influence observed C‐Q patterns at the catchment outlet. We examined solute and sediment C‐Q relationships at event and interannual timescales in a small mid‐Atlantic (USA) catchment. We found systematic differences in the C‐Q behaviour of geogenic/exogenous solutes (e.g., calcium and nitrate), biologically associated solutes (e.g., dissolved organic carbon), and particulate materials (e.g., total suspended solids). Negative log(C)–log(Q) regression slopes, indicating dilution, were common for geogenic solutes whereas positive slopes, indicating concentration increase, were common for biologically associated solutes. Biologically associated solutes often exhibited counterclockwise hysteresis during events whereas geogenic solutes exhibited clockwise hysteresis. Across event and interannual timescales, solute C‐Q patterns are linked to the spatial distribution of hydrologic sources and the timing and sequence of hydro‐biogeochemical source contributions to the stream. Groundwater is the primary source of stormflow during the earliest and latest stages of events, whereas precipitation and soil water become increasingly connected to the stream near peakflow. This sequence and timing of flowpath connectivity results in dilution and clockwise hysteresis for geogenic/exogenous solutes and concentration increase and counterclockwise hysteresis for biologically associated solutes. Particulate materials demonstrated positive C‐Q slopes over the long‐term and clockwise hysteresis during individual events. Drivers of particulate and solute C‐Q relationships differ, based on longitudinal and lateral expansion of active channels and changing shear stresses with increasing flows. Although important distinctions exist between the drivers of solute and sediment C‐Q relationships, overall solute and sediment C‐Q patterns at event and interannual timescales reflect consistent catchment hydro‐biogeochemical processes.
DEER Spectroscopy Measurements Reveal Multiple Conformations of HIV-1 SOSIP Envelopes that Show Similarities with Envelopes on Native Virions

HIV-1 Envelope (Env) mediates viral-host membrane fusion after binding host-receptor CD4 and coreceptor. Soluble envelopes (SOSIPs), designed to mimic prefusion conformational states of virion-bound envelopes, are proposed immunogens for eliciting neutralizing antibodies, yet only static structures are available. To evaluate conformational landscapes of ligand-free, CD4-bound, inhibitor-bound, and antibody-bound SOSIPs, we measured inter-subunit distances throughout spin-labeled SOSIPs using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy and compared results to soluble and virion-bound Env structures, and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET)-derived dynamics of virion-bound Envs. Unliganded SOSIP measurements were consistent with closed, neutralizing antibody-bound structures and shielding of non-neutralizing epitopes, demonstrating homogeneity at Env apex, increased flexibility near Env base, and no evidence for the intra-subunit flexibility near Env apex suggested by smFRET. CD4 binding increased inter-subunit distances and heterogeneity, consistent with rearrangements required for coreceptor binding. Results suggest similarities between SOSIPs and virion-bound Envs and demonstrate DEER's relevance for immunogen design.
Response to “Comment on ‘Large-eddy simulation and unsteady RANS simulations of a shock-accelerated heavy gas cylinder’ by B. E. Morgan, J. Greenough”

In response to a comment by Y. Zhang, two previously unidentified typographical errors in the work by Morgan and Greenough (Shock Waves 26:355–383, 2016) are identified and corrected.
No Kind of Reason Is the Wrong Kind of Reason

A reason is said to be “of the wrong kind” when, although it counts as a consideration broadly in favor of (or against) having an attitude, it seems to not bear on the object of the attitude in a way that is relevant to determining whether the attitude is appropriate. When applied to belief it is often taken as a datum that the only genuine or “right” reasons for belief are those that bear directly on the question of “whether p”; such reasons are often called “evidential” “epistemic” or perhaps “truth-directed” or “alethic.” Wrong kinds of reasons may have the appearance of reasons but are not genuine reasons. The challenge, or what is sometimes called “the wrong kind of reason problem” is to find some criterion which will delineate the right kind from the wrong kind such that only evidential reasons end up as the right kind. Many solutions have been offered and rejected, but there is a general consensus that there is a real distinction here and the challenge is to construct a theory which captures it. I argue that there is no distinction to capture, at least in the case of reasons for belief.
Inertial forces for particle manipulation near oscillating interfaces

Oscillating microscale interfaces give rise not only to steady flows, but also steady inertial forces on particles. Our efficient theoretical description of these forces, which can be attractive or repulsive, provides a toolbox for separating and sorting microscale objects like biological cells.
Simone de Beauvoir's Philosophy of Individuation: The Problem of the Second Sex

Laura Hengehold presents a new, Deleuzian reading of Simone de Beauvoir’s phenomenology, the place of recognition in The Second Sex, the philosophical issues in her novels, the important role of her student diaries and her early interest in Bergson and Leibniz.
More topological partition relations on βω

Abstract W. W. Comfort, in collaboration with A. Kato and S. Shelah, explored the problem of determining which spaces Y satisfy that for every 2-coloring of βω there will be a monochromatic copy of Y. We continue the exploration and answer some questions raised in their paper.
Objective Measures and Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of Financial Knowledge

This study examines four waves of the Arizona Pathways to Life Success for University Students (APLUS) survey to analyze the relationship between objective measures and individual’s perceptions of financial knowledge. The APLUS survey follows college students from their first year in college through 5 years after college. The longitudinal nature of the study allows for exploration of how objective measures and perceptions of financial knowledge change over time. The dependent variable in the analysis is the individual’s perceptions of their financial knowledge (Shim et al., 2010). The perceptions are measured using responses to the following question: “How would you rate your overall understanding of personal-finance and money-management concepts and practice?” There are five possible responses ranging from very low to very high. The objective measure of financial knowledge is created from responses to 15 true/false financial literacy questions involving money management (Hilgert, Hogarth & Beverly, 2003) This objective measure forms the main explanatory variable in the model. A random-effects ordered probit model is used, and the marginal effects are calculated, to estimate the relationship between the objective measure and the individual’s perceptions of financial knowledge. The findings suggest that, for the emerging adults in the APLUS survey, there is a weak, but positive, correlation between objective measures of financial knowledge and individuals’ perceptions of their knowledge. In addition, the results suggest that individuals’ perceptions do change over time. College seniors have a higher probability of perceiving themselves as financially knowledgeable compared to when they were first-year college students. While this is to be expected, it is interesting to note that these same participants have a higher probability of perceiving themselves as more financially knowledgeable as college seniors than they do five years after college. In other words, individuals who have been out of college for five years perceive themselves as less financially knowledgeable then they did as college seniors. This suggests that the increased complexity of post-college life experiences help individuals understand their lack of financial knowledge. Financial educators and policymakers can use this evidence to argue for improved, earlier, and ongoing financial education.
Draft Genome Sequences of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, and Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica, Potential Etiological Agents of Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

ABSTRACT We present here the draft genome sequences of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, and Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica, potential etiological agents of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). Sequence data were obtained using PacBio and MiSeq platforms. The PacBio assemblies generated using Canu v1.6 are more contiguous than are those in the available data.
Detection of sialolithiasis by point-of-care ultrasound at ED

Case A 38-year-old man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department(ED) with progressive right cheek swelling and tenderness. Odynophagia and difficulty in opening mouth fully was mentioned. He denied fever, trauma, and dyspnea. The vital signs at triage were within normal limit. Swelling over right submandibular area with tenderness and mild warmth while palpation was noticed. Mouth opening was limited to two fingers width. Point-of-care of Ultrasound(PoCUS) was performed at ED and a hyperechoic lesion in the Wharton duct with ductal dilatation was revealed. The sonographic findings were compatible with sialolithiasis. The patient was discharged with medications for symptoms relief and was instructed to visit an Otorhinolaryngology OPD for follow up. Discussion The incidence of Sialolithiasis is reported about 1% in previous studies.1,2 Most (80 to 90 percent) salivary gland stones occur in the submandibular glands. Submandibular stones tend to be larger than stones in other glands and are most often located in the duct.1,3 Patients typically present with pain and swelling on the affected side and those symptoms are usually exacerbated by eating. Computed Tomography has traditionally been the diagnostic tool to identify undifferentiated jaw swelling, with high sensitivity at identifying sialolithiasis(sensitivity of 98 % and a specificity of 88%).4 Recently, ultrasound has become the first-line diagnostic tool for the salivary gland stones, especially stones 2 mm in diameter or larger, with the sensitivity more than 90 percent reported5,6 In our case, the POCUS study provided valuable information for diagnosis and expedited the disposition. CT or other imaging techniques could be reserved for those with inconclusive sonographic findings or those with complicated conditions(such as tumors or abscesses).
Historical Perspective for Regional Peritoneal Therapy: HIPEC, EPIC, and Port-Based Therapy

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy has been globally utilized to prevent or to treat the peritoneal surface component of gastrointestinal cancer, gynecologic malignancy, and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. The methodology for administering the chemotherapy into the peritoneal space varies widely. The selection factors that are required for rational application of these treatments are necessary for benefit to occur. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC), and port-based therapy all have specific clinical and pharmacologic requirements for success. Port-based therapies use repeated doses of normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NIPEC). Of major consideration for these treatments is the requirement for a low volume of peritoneal surface malignancy for the chemotherapy to penetrate into tissues sufficiently to eradicate the cancer cells or cancer nodules. In order for beneficial effects to be realized, HIPEC, EPIC, or NIPEC are usually combined with cytoreductive surgery. Although HIPEC and EPIC are a planned part of the cytoreductive surgical procedure, NIPEC is continued long term for weeks and months after the surgical procedure. Each of these treatments has chemotherapy agents with an appropriate pharmacology for optimal results.
From Classic Aspects of the Stress Response to Neuroinflammation and Sickness: Implications for Individuals and Offspring

Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to psychological stressors leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of inflammatory-related pathways in the central nervous system. Several logical predictions arise from these findings: (1) stressor exposure should produce changes in behavior that are reminiscent of acute illness; (2) administration of antiinflammatory agents should ameliorate some behavioral consequences of stressor exposure; and (3) there should be convergence between anatomical and neurochemical pathways activated by stressor exposure and those involved in mitigating sickness behaviors. Importantly, these predictions have been tested in our laboratory across multiple stressor paradigms (footshock, maternal separation, and during acute alcohol withdrawal) using two species (rats and guinea pigs), suggesting that sickness may represent a more general motivational state that can be elicited by a diverse range of psychological challenges. Implications of these findings for understanding stress-related changes in behavior, mood and neuroinflammatory processes will be discussed with special reference to implications for the individual and reproductive fitness.
Financial Hardship After Traumatic Injury: Risk Factors and Drivers of Out-of-Pocket Health Expenses

Abstract Background Trauma-related disorders rank among the top five most costly medical conditions to the health care system. However, the impact of out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenses for traumatic conditions is not known. In this cross-sectional study, we use nationally representative data to investigate whether patients with a traumatic injury experienced financial hardship from OOP health expenses. Methods Using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2010 to 2015, we analyzed the financial burden associated with a traumatic injury. Primary outcomes were excess financial burden (OOP>20% of annual income) and catastrophic medical expenses (OOP>40% of annual income). A multivariable logistic regression analysis evaluated whether these outcomes were associated with traumatic injury, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health care factors. We then completed a descriptive analysis to elucidate drivers of total OOP expenses. Results Of the 90,964 families in the cohort, 6434 families had a traumatic injury requiring a visit to the emergency room and 668 families had a traumatic injury requiring hospitalization. Overall 1 in 8 households with an injured family member requiring hospitalization experienced financial hardship. These families were more likely to experience excess financial burden (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.13-3.64) and catastrophic medical expenses (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.37-6.9). The largest burden of OOP expenses was due to prescription drug costs, with inpatient costs as a major driver of OOP expenses for those requiring hospitalization. Conclusions Households with an injured family member requiring hospitalization are significantly more vulnerable to financial hardship from OOP health expenses than the noninjured population. Prescription drug and inpatient costs were the most significant drivers of OOP health expenses.
Early Acute Kidney Injury in Very Low Birth Weight Infants is Associated with Sustained Renal Dysfunction

Purpose: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants can cause interruptions to nephrogenesis and result in functional renal loss. Serum Creatinine (S.Cr), although a useful marker for the diagnosis of AKI, is not reliable in monitoring ongoing renal dysfunction due to the lack of normal baseline values. On the other hand, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a better measure of ongoing renal dysfunction as it represents S.Cr values in relation to height and age dependent constant values. Effect of early injury to …