cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Physics and Chemistry for Water Reuse: Enhancing the Interface with Close-Packed Water Jets

In response to water scarcity and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), water reuse initiatives demand advanced treatment technologies. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) effectively remove CECs and disinfect. AOPs are typically made with combinations of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and UV. AOPs, however, are expensive and do not remove all CECs. Without consumables, plasma interacting with liquid water is a source of many AOPs and destroys compounds resistant to conventional AOPs. Thus, in principle, plasma inj ection in water should be considerably cheaper and more effective than conventional AOPs.
San Diego-Tijuana: Not quite a binational city or region

The cities of San Diego and Tijuana have faced each other across the international boundary for over 100 years. The question raised by this article is whether they comprise a binational city or region. After a brief comparison of their histories, economies and political systems, a review of some indications of cross border attitudes and a discussion of binational regionalism as it is impacted by continentalism, it is concluded that the relationship between these cities is driven by factors of economics not friendship or trust.
Age-Period-Cohort Analysis and the Study of Deaths from Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Our purpose is both substantive and methodological. Substantively, we crystallize the results of prior research and expectations into an extended rationale for the application of the age-period-cohort accounting framework to the problem of understanding historical variability in the rate of tuberculosis mortality. This framework is then used to analyze a ninety year data series of tuberculosis mortality rates for the State of Massachusetts and a similar forty year series for the United States. The age-period-cohort accounting framework yields age effects with an expected pattern not well understood, period effects consistent with the advent of successful chemotherapeutic regimes after World War II, and steadily declining cohort effects whose interpretation has yet to be verified. In an attempt to pin down a possible interpretation, we show that cohort nativity composition affects the trend of cohort mortality in the Massachusetts series, and both level and trend in the United States series.
Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World

The twentieth century gave rise to profound changes in traditional sex roles. However, the force of this 'rising tide' has varied among rich and poor societies around the globe, as well as among younger and older generations. Rising Tide sets out to understand how modernization has changed cultural attitudes towards gender equality and to analyze the political consequences of this process. The core argument suggests that women and men's lives have been altered in a two-stage modernization process consisting of (i) the shift from agrarian to industrialized societies and (ii) the move from industrial towards post industrial societies. This book is the first to systematically compare attitudes towards gender equality worldwide, comparing almost 70 nations that run the gamut from rich to poor, agrarian to postindustrial. Rising Tide is essential reading for those interested in understanding issues of comparative politics, public opinion, political behavior, political development, and political sociology.
Preliminary Research Memo (SMU Dallas): Reconciling Chapter 15 and Section 109

In December 2013, the Second Circuit issued an opinion holding that a Chapter 15 debtor must satisfy § 109(a). Drawbridge Special Opportunities Fund LP v. Barnet (In re Barnet), No. 13-612, 2013 WL 6482499 *246-52 (2d Cir. Dec. 11, 2013). Only a week later, a DE bankruptcy court ruled (unpublished transcript ruling, and thus not binding on other courts) that a debtor need not satisfy § 109(a). In re Bemarmara Consulting a.s., Case No. 13-13037 (KG) (Bankr. D. Del. Dec. 17, 2013).
Keeping Firearms Out of the Hands of the Dangerously Mentally Ill

The Virginia Tech massacre and the Tucson rampage led many commentators to demand that firearms be kept out of the hands of the dangerous mentally ill. The fact is that individuals who have been "adjudicated as mentally defective" or "committed to a mental hospital" have not been eligible to purchase firearms from federally licensed firearms dealers since the 1968 Gun Control Act. Those statutory terms are somewhat confusing and both over inclusive and under inclusive, but an even bigger problem is that that the states have been unable and/or unwilling to provide information to the National Instant Check System (NICS), the FBI's database of persons ineligible to purchase firearms. The 2007 NICS Improvement Act, passed after the Virginia Tech massacre, sought to improve the situation, but its success is dubious.
APN monomials over GF(2n ) for infinitely many n

I present some results towards a complete classification of monomials that are Almost Perfect Nonlinear (APN), or equivalently differentially 2-uniform, over F"2"^"n for infinitely many positive integers n. APN functions are useful in constructing S-boxes in AES-like cryptosystems. An application of a theorem by Weil [A. Weil, Sur les courbes algebriques et les varietes qui s'en deduisent, in: Actualites Sci. Ind., vol. 1041, Hermann, Paris, 1948] on absolutely irreducible curves shows that a monomial x^m is not APN over F"2"^"n for all sufficiently large n if a related two variable polynomial has an absolutely irreducible factor defined over F"2. I will show that the latter polynomial's singularities imply that except in three specific, narrowly defined cases, all monomials have such a factor over a finite field of characteristic 2. Two of these cases, those with exponents of the form 2^k+1 or 4^k-2^k+1 for any integer k, are already known to be APN for infinitely many fields. The last, relatively rare case when a certain gcd is maximal is still unproven; my method fails. Some specific, special cases of power functions have already been known to be APN over only finitely many fields, but they also follow from the results below.
Observations on Interfacial Convection in Multiple Layers without and with Evaporation

A tutorial is presented on convective instabilities that arise from thermocapillary and buoyancy effects in the presence of evaporation. It focuses on the effect of multiple layers on the nature of the instabilities. A comprehensive explanation of the physics of this type of convection is accompanied by results from calculations and their interpretation.
Product Selectivity During Regeneration of Lean NOx Trap Catalysts

NOx reduction product speciation during regeneration of a fully formulated lean NOx trap catalyst has been investigated using a bench-scale flow reactor. NH3 and N2O were both observed during the regeneration phase of fast lean/rich cycles that simulated engine operation. Formation of both products increased with higher reductant concentrations and lower temperatures. Steady flow experiments were used to decouple the regeneration reactions from the NOx storage and release processes. This approach enabled a detailed investigation into the reactions that cause both formation and destruction of non-N2 reduction products. Pseudo-steady state experiments with simultaneous flow of NOx and reductant indicated that high concentrations of CO or H2 drive the reduction reactions toward NH3 formation, while mixtures that are stoichiometric for N2 formation favor N2. These experiments also showed that NH3 is readily oxidized by both NO and O2 over the LNT catalyst. These observations were incorporated into a schematic of the regeneration process that takes into account the spatial and temporal variations occurring within the catalyst.
Creating an Institutional Culture of Assessment

This chapter of Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World includes contributions by two authors:Section A, An Institutional Culture of Assessment for Student Learning, is by Barbara Glesner Fines.Section B, Implications for Traditional Grading Practices, is by Judith Welch Wegner.Chapter 1 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637100 Chapter 2 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637068 Chapter 3 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637102 Chapter 4 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637490 Chapter 5 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637495 Chapter 6 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637499 Chapter 8 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637544
Motionless head for parallel readout optical disk for optoelectronic content-addressable memory system

The latest experimental results of the motionless head parallel readout system for optical disks are presented. The system is designed to read data blocks encoded as 1D Fourier holograms distributed radially on the disk active surface. Such systems offer several advantages: high data rates, low retrieval times and simple optical implementation.
Nonlinear optics: Tuning harmonics with excitons.

Nonlinear generation of light from an atomically thin semiconductor can be controlled by electrical fields.
Proteasome Inhibitors and Bone Disease

Bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by increase in the numbers and activity of bone-resorpting osteoclasts and decrease in the number and function of bone-formation osteoblasts. MM-triggered inhibition of bone formation may stem from suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pivotal pathway in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into osteoblasts, and regulating production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis by osteoblasts. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), such as bortezomib (Bz), induce activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and MSC differentiation toward osteoblasts. PIs also suppress osteoclastogenesis, possibly through regulating multiple pathways including NF-κB, Bim, and the ratio of RANKL/OPG. The critical role of PI in increasing osteoblast function and suppression of osteoclast activity is highlighted by clinical evidence of increases in bone formation and decreases in bone resorption makers. This review will discuss the function of PIs in stimulating bone formation and suppression of bone resorption, and the mechanism underlying this process that leads to inhibition bone disease in MM patients.
Alien Justice: The Exclusion of Haitian Refugees

Although international agreements require states to protect refugees from persecution, frequently national security interests lead them to exclude refugees from justice. The problem is illustrated by the U.S. government's policy of denying asylum to Haitian refugees. By prejudging Haitians to be “economic migrants,” denying them access to fair hearings of their asylum applications, and deporting them to Haiti, U.S. government officials have deprived Haitian refugees of just treatment. These actions appear to have been motivated by national security interests, particularly the U.S. alliance with the Haitian government against communism. The unjust treatment of Haitians, who were the first large nationality group to seek asylum in the United States, has set a pattern that has been applied to other groups of refugees fleeing persecution by governments allied with the United States. Assuring that the United States would fairly adjudicate asylum applications would require institutional separation of the adjudication process from the management of foreign affairs.
Detection of Bacillus anthracis spores in water using biosensors based on magnetostrictive microcantilever coated with phage

Microcantilevers (MCs) as state-of-art sensor platforms have been widely investigated. We recently introduced a new type of MC, magnetostrictive microcantilever (MSMC), as high performance sensor platform. The MSMC is a remote/wireless sensor platform and exhibits a high quality merit factor in liquid. In this paper, a MSMC-based biosensor is developed for detecting B. anthracis spores in liquid, a potential biothreaten agent. The results demonstrated the advantages of MSMCs as a sensor platform. MSMCs with different sizes were fabricated and utilized in the experiments. The MSMCs were coated with the filamentous phage as a bio-recognition element to capture the B. anthracis spores. The phage-coated MSMCs as biosensors were exposed to cultures containing target spores with concentrations ranging from 5 * 10 4 spores/mL to 5 * 10 8 spores/mL. The resonance frequency of the MSMC sensors in cultures was monitored in a real-time manner. The results showed that for MSMCs of 2.8 mm * 1.0 mm * 35 mm and with 1.4 mm * 0.8 mm * 35 mm have a detection limit of 10 5 and 10 4 spores/mL, respectively.
Circulating tumour cells and cancer stem cells: a role for proteomics in defining the interrelationships between function, phenotype and differentiation with potential clinical applications.

Abstract Research on the discovery and implementation of valid cancer biomarkers is one of the most challenging fields in oncology and oncoproteomics in particular. Moreover, it is generally accepted that an evaluation of cancer biomarkers from the blood could significantly enable biomarker assessments by providing a relatively non-invasive source of representative tumour material. In this regard, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) isolated from the blood of metastatic cancer patients have significant promise. It has been demonstrated that localised and metastatic cancers may give rise to CTCs, which are detectable in the bloodstream. Despite technical difficulties, recent studies have highlighted the prognostic significance of the presence and number of CTCs in the blood. Future studies are necessary not only to detect CTCs but also to characterise them. Furthermore, another pathogenically significant type of cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or more recently termed circulating tumour stem cells (CTSCs), appears to have a significant role as a subpopulation of CTCs. This review discusses the potential application of proteomic methodologies to improve the isolation and characterisation of CTCs and to distinguish between CTCs with a poor clinical significance and those with important biological and clinical implications.
Special Issue: New Directions in Research Examining Crime Over the Life-Course

It is my pleasure to introduce you to my special issue on “New Directions in Research Examining Crime over the Life-Course.” The overall goal and purpose of this special issue is to disseminate theoretically grounded and empirically sound research that investigates the complex nature of studying crime over the life-course going beyond merely stating that prior offending is related to future offending. The series of high-quality articles included in this special issue are from diverse methodological approaches and utilize advanced statistical techniques and longitudinal data to explore offending over various developmental periods of the life-course. Before discussing the contribution of each article, it is necessary for me to emphasize why longitudinal research is particularly important for our discipline. Longitudinal research in its most basic form (as applied to the study of crime), involves the identification of a cohort at birth and following that group of individuals throughout their life, or at least long enough to capture the termination of the majority of criminal careers (Blumstein et al. 1986, p. 104). The longitudinal method allows for a specified cohort’s level of involvement in crime to be traced as the cohort, itself, matures (Greenberg 1985). This knowledge is crucial for detecting causal factors or sequences that associate individual characteristics or certain events to consequential offending (Blumstein et al. 1988). Longitudinal data also permits the use of complex behavioral models because they allow one to examine the effects of missing or unobserved variables that may be correlated with crime (i.e., also known as the unobserved heterogeneity problem). It is often the case that even among people who have similar characteristics (race, age, sex) there is a substantial amount of heterogeneity. Thus, it is important to Am J Crim Just (2010) 35:87–92 DOI 10.1007/s12103-010-9077-z
Morpheme structure constraints on two-handed signs in American sign language: Notions of symmetry

In ASL, two-handed signs fall into three major sets. In one set the hands have different shapes and either only the dominant hand moves or the hands move as a unit. Battison’s Dominance Condition was intended to account for the fact that the non-dominant hand typically assumes an unmarked shape when it is stationary. However, we show that the non-dominant hand does this even when the hands move as a unit. In the second set the hands have the same shape and only the dominant hand moves. These signs are unrestricted for handshape. In the third set the hands have the same shape and both move. Battison’s Symmetry Condition was intended to account for restrictions on the parameters of these signs. We argue that four basic types of symmetry transformations occur, with various complications: reflection, rotation, translation, and glide reflection, all of which call for conditions specific to them, and lead to an overriding condition on movement in symmetry transformation signs. The conditions uncovered here might be morpheme structure constraints or, instead, simply follow from physiological limitations of hands in motion.
Interdisciplinary Research and the Concept of Culture

IT IS the purpose of this paper to discuss some consequences which the growing movement for unity and cooperation among the social sciences has for anthropology. It is believed that participation in this movement has produced certain stresses in the intellectual relationships of anthropologists,' as well as changes in the conceptual tools anthropologists must use in their work. Cultural anthropology alone is considered; a study of possible effects upon the other fields of modern anthropology is a task requiring separate treatment. Most of the observations in this paper are based on the writer's own experiences in interdisciplinary research and teaching;2 consequently the essay is in some respects a personal testament. However this may be, the purpose of the paper is not to advocate anthropology's participation in interdisciplinary studies, or to suggest that all the difficulties of our science may be cleared away by such participation. The whole question of the relationship of any one of the several sciences of man to a unified approach is a very difficult one which cannot be handled in a brief paper, and which must await further treatment.s FEDERATION vs. INTEGRATION
Controls and limits on bedrock channel geometry

[1] Data on channel geometry in naturally incising bedrock rivers reveal variable relationships between channel width, slope, and erosion rate. To explain the range of relationships between these parameters, we propose an optimized channel geometry model. The model reproduces previous theoretical and numerical modeling scaling relationships; however, to explain the field data, the model must incorporate the effects of immobile sediment cover that reduces vertical incision efficiency. Adding sediment to a system for a given rate of base level fall both widens and steepens the channel. We also find that a constant width to depth ratio is only valid for streams where the shear stress required for sediment transport is insignificant compared to the shear required to erode at the imposed base level fall. Our model offers an explanation of seemingly contradictory field observations of controls on channel width and shows that channel width fundamentally controls the erosive potential of a river especially when it carries a significant bed load.
A New Small Low-Abundant Nonstructural Protein Encoded by the L Segment of the dsRNA Bacteriophage Φ6

Abstract A new small low-abundant protein encoded by the large genome segment of bacteriophage Φ6 has been detected in extracts of Escherichia coli bearing Φ6 cDNA clones and in extracts of phage-infected Pseudomonas phaseolicola . This 62 amino acid protein, designated P14, has a net charge of +2 at pH 7.0. Gene 14 has been located by deletion analysis and N-terminal protein sequence. Expression of P14 is down-regulated in E. coli when the complete L segment clone is expressed. Polyclonal antibodies to P14 detected the new protein in small amounts in phage-infected cells but not in Φ6 virions or nucleocapsids, or in procapsids assembled in E. coli . Procapsids assembled in E. coli after expression of Φ6 L segment clones with or without gene 14 had essentially similar protein composition and activity in an in vitro packaging and replication system. Thus P14 does not appear to be essential for the structure or assembly of functional procapsids. P14 might, however, facilitate packaging in vivo . Alternatively this protein could play a role in repair of host membranes following vital penetration.
Berkeley Uxo Discriminator (Bud)

The Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD) is an optimally designed active electromagnetic system that not only detects but also characterizes UXO. The system incorporates three orthogonal transmitters and eight pairs of differenced receivers. it has two modes of operation: (1) search mode, in which BUD moves along a profile and exclusively detects targets in its vicinity, providing target depth and horizontal location, and (2) discrimination mode, in which BUD, stationary above a target, from a single position, determines three discriminating polarizability responses together with the object location and orientation. The performance of the system is governed by a target size-depth curve. Maximum detection depth is 1.5 m. While UXO objects have a single major polarizability coincident with the long axis of the object and two equal transverse polarizabilities, scrap metal has three different principal polarizabilities. The results clearly show that there are very clear distinctions between symmetric intact UXO and irregular scrap metal, and that BUD can resolve the intrinsic polarizabilities of the target. The field survey at the Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona showed excellent results within the predicted size-depth range.
Inverse Estimation of Sand Transport Rates on Nourished Delaware Beaches

The Delaware Atlantic coast of 40 km length is suffering from beach erosion. The State of Delaware placed approximately 1,100,0001 m3 sand on its four beaches in 1998. Beach profiles were surveyed along fixed 65 cross-shore lines almost semiannually for 9–11 times until 2005. The measured profiles are analyzed to obtain the shoreline displacement and the area changes in the landward and shoreward zones between the two successive profile surveys. The relations among these profile change parameters indicate that a standard one-line model may not be applicable to these nourished beaches because of the dominant summer and winter profile changes. An inverse method based on a two-line model is developed to estimate the cross-shore sediment transport rate and the gradient of the longshore sediment transport rate. The estimated rates indicate the importance of both cross-shore and longshore sediment transport to predict the evolution of these nourished beaches with large variabilities in time and space.
The voltage coefficients of precision capacitors

A method is presented for the measurement of the variation of capacitance with voltage in gas-dielectric capacitors. It consists of applying to the capacitor a direct voltage and using a small alternating voltage to measure the capacitance variation. The direct voltage coefficient obtained in this manner differs from that obtained with alternating voltage, and this relationship is studied theoretically and verified experimentally. High-voltage compressed gas capacitors can have appreciable voltage coefficients because of eccentricity in their electrode structure. A method is presented for detecting and correcting such eccentricity without opening the capacitor. The voltage coefficients of a few solid dielectric capacitors were measured by comparison with a known air-dielectric capacitor and the results reported.
NbN/MgO/NbN superconducting tunnel junctions as x-ray detectors

We report on our work using NbN/MgO/NbN junctions for the detection of x-rays. Detectors based on superconducting tunneling junctions offer the prospect of energy resolution over an order of magnitude higher than is obtainable with the current generation of semiconductor-based detectors. NbN is interesting due to the possibility of its use in trapping layer devices. The junctions were fabricated at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with an area of 4 µm by 4 µm. They were tested at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in an applied magnetic field of approximately 250 gauss, a current bias of several hundred nanoamps and an operating temperature of 1.7 K.
Historical perspectives of allergy and immunology and allergen immunotherapy.

During my youth, I had my first encounter with the specialty of allergy while assisting my physician-father, an allergist/immunologist, in preparing allergen extracts from ragweed pollen and house dust. These extracts were used for skin testing and subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in his clinical practice in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It was a common practice before commercial extracts were universally available in the United States. My father was initially trained as a family practitioner and later, after theWorldWar II, took an apprenticeship in allergy/immunology at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Thereafter, he devoted his entire life to thefield. Hewas the founding father of the Pennsylvania Allergy & Asthma Association and an active member of both the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the AmericanAcademyofAllergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) and usually had an abstract or two to present at their annual meetings. I vividly remember attending these meetings with my 2 brothers: my older brother, Stephen Daniel Lockey, a practicing allergist/immunologist in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and my younger brother, James Edward Lockey, a pulmonary/occupational physician and academicianat theUniversityofCincinnati,Ohio. Training in the specialtywas not formalized until 1971.1 Figure 1 is a picture of my late father and his charge nurse, Ms. Sarah Landis, taken in the early 1950s. While attending Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, I had the privilege of participating in immunologic research in a basic research laboratory, where I became fascinated with the world of immunology, an area of special interest to 2 of my professors, Irving Finger, PhD, and Mel Santer, PhD. I vividly remember plating out Petri plates with agar gel, cutting and aspirating the wells, and then applying antigen and serum containing antibodies prepared in rabbits for Ouchterlony double-diffusion studies. Likewise, similar studies were performed in capillary tubes. I also remember how
Magnetic resonance imaging reveals that galantamine prevents structural brain damage induced by an acute exposure of guinea pigs to soman.

Abstract Galantamine, a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease, has recently emerged as a potential medical countermeasure against the toxicity of organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including the nerve agent soman. Here, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to characterize the neurotoxic effects of soman and the ability of galantamine to prevent these effects in guinea pigs, the best non-primate model to predict the effectiveness of antidotes against OP toxicity in humans. The brains of treated and untreated guinea pigs were imaged using a clinical 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner at 48 h before and 6–7 h, 48 h and 7 days after their challenge with 1.0xLD50 soman (26.6 μg/kg, sc). Significant brain atrophy was observed among all untreated animals at 7 days after their challenge with soman. In mildly intoxicated animals, significant shortening of spin–spin relaxation times (T2) was observed in the thalamus and amygdala at 7 h after the challenge. In severely intoxicated animals, T2 values and T2-weighted signal intensities increased significantly in the piriform cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala; in most regions, changes were long-lasting. Voxel-based morphometric analysis of the images revealed that other brain regions were also damaged in these animals. Neuronal loss was confirmed histopathologically. In animals that were treated with galantamine (8 mg/kg, im) 30 min prior to the exposure to soman, T2, T2-weighted signal intensities, and CSF volumes were largely unaffected. It is, therefore, concluded that galantamine can effectively prevent the structural brain damage induced by an acute exposure to soman.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN THE INTENSITY OF COSMIC RAYS UNDERGROUND

The number of coincidences between two trays of Geiger-counters located at a depth of 8.46\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ underground was recorded each hour, and these data were analyzed for variation of cosmic-ray intensity with solar and sidereal time. (A total of 7.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons was observed whose average energy is estimated to be 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ev.) In each case the standard deviation of the observed coincidence rates from the mean rate is not larger than the standard deviation expected from a normal distribution. The first harmonic amplitudes of the solar and sidereal variations indicate that the data are equally consistent with an assumed daily sinusoidal variation in the coincidence rates of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 percent and with the absence of such variation. The difficulties involved in deducing directional properties of the primary cosmic radiation from harmonic analysis of variations in secondary radiation underground are discussed.
Myocarditis: the unexpected return of smallpox vaccine adverse events.

adults in their 20s or 30s, and the complication rate increases with age with vaccinia and many other viral infections. Finally, earlier studies were mostly retrospective surveys for known complications. During 2003, active surveillance complementing enhanced passive surveillance of the recent US military and civilian vaccinees was done for both known and unknown adverse events. It is increasingly essential to monitor and respond to vaccine safety concerns, because as national immunisation programmes mature with high vaccine coverage, there is decreased incidence of target diseases, increased visibility of adverse events, and possible loss of confidence (figure, stage 3). Tragically the classical paradigm of eradicating a vaccine-preventable disease and then stopping vaccinations to eradicate adverse events (figure, stage 5) may now be obsolete in the face of bioterrorism. Historically, susceptible native populations have been decimated by introduction of new diseases, and it would now seem unwise to deliberately create an immunity vacuum. Unfortunately, continuation of immunisation means that much of the cost savings initially envisioned to justify disease-eradication programmes no longer exist. We need therefore to strive to develop safer vaccines and/or safer vaccination strategies, including for smallpox, which can be used indefinitely with minimum risk.
Microinjections of dopaminergic agents in the nucleus accumbens affect ethanol consumption but not palatability.

It was determined whether ethanol palatability in rats could be changed by manipulating the reinforcement experienced during limited access consumption. During the first 3 days of the experiment, initial taste reactivity (TR) testing to distilled water (1 day) and 10% alcohol (2 days) was performed. Following the establishment of baseline TR, separate groups of animals received bilateral microinjections (0.5 μl/side) into the nucleus accumbens of either the nonspecific dopamine agonist d-amphetamine sulfate (20 μg, n = 10), the D2 antagonist raclopride (1.0 μg, n = 8), or physiological saline (n = 5). The injections occurred at the same time each day for 5 consecutive days. Five minutes after the microinjection, the fluid-deprived rats were given 30-min access to 10% ethanol. Over the 3 days following drug administration, TR to distilled water and 10% alcohol was repeated. After this, the rats were once again given 30 min of access to 10% ethanol for 5 consecutive days, but without drug microinjection prior to alcohol access. A final TR exposure (the same as the others) was performed over the final 3 days of the study. Both raclopride and d-amphetamine administration produced reductions in ethanol consumption (in comparison to saline treatment). However, treatment with d-amphetamine and raclopride during ethanol consumption did not cause significant, conditioned changes in palatability as measured by the taste reactivity procedure. These results suggest that dopamine plays a role in the motivation to consume ethanol but this neurotransmitter is not involved in evaluating its incentive value.
Middle School Drinking: Who, Where, and When

The goal of this research was to describe the most common drinking situations for young adolescents (N=1171; 46.6% girls), as well as determine predictors of their drinking in the seventh and eighth grades. Middle school students most frequently drank at parties with three to four teens, in their home or at a friend's home, and reported alcohol-related problems including conflicts with friends or parents, memory loss, nausea, and doing things they would not normally do. Differences emerged in predicting higher levels of drinking on the basis of sex, race, grade, positive alcohol expectancies, impulsivity, and peer drinking. These findings suggest both specific and general factors are implicated in drinking for middle school students. Contextual factors, including drinking alone, in public places, and at or near school, are characteristic of the most problematic alcohol involvement in middle school and may have utility in prevention and early intervention.
Stereoselective sorption by agricultural soils and liquid-liquid partitioning of trenbolone (17α and 17β) and trendione.

Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a synthetic anabolic hormone used for growth promotion in beef cattle, which excrete primarily 17α-trenbolone along with small amounts of 17β-trenbolone and trendione. To aid in predicting transport of manure-borne TBA metabolites, multiconcentration sorption isotherms for 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione were generated with five autoclaved-sterilized soils that represented a range in soil properties. Hormone concentrations were measured independently in solution and soil phases, and quantified using liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry. In addition, partition coefficients between apolar hexane and water (Khw) and bipolar octanol and water (Kow) were measured for the three androgens to better ascertain the mechanisms that may be responsible for the sorption differences observed between isomers. In all five soils, trendione sorbed the most, and 17α- and 17β-trenbolone isomers exhibited different sorption magnitudes. 17β- trenbolone consistently sorbed a...
Assessing cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ) genetic diversity and population structure using RAPD and microsatellite molecular markers

Two molecular marker systems, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellites, were used to evaluate population diversity and differentiation in 4 northern Nevada Bromus tectorum populations. From 80 RAPD primers, we found 16 (20%) that yielded 165 strong repeatable bands. Of those bands, 60 (35.8%) were polymor- phic. Of those, 21 met data-pruning guidelines for final analysis. RAPD variation was moderate (x = 0.363, s x -= 0.022), ranging from 0.312 to 0.404. Microsatellite variation was similar ( x - = 0.234, s x 0.051) but varied more widely, rang- ing from 0.009 to 0.551. All populations were out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, as expected in a predominantly self- ing species. RAPDs revealed significant differentiation (P < 0.0001) across populations, whereas microsatellites only resolved 2 of the 4 populations. RAPDs revealed a considerable amount of variation in the 2 populations, Hot Springs and Truckee, which had nearly identical microsatellite profiles. Of 184 individuals, we found 182 unique RAPD pheno- types. We found 51 microsatellite genotypes across individuals, one of which was present in 95.3% of the individuals in the Hot Springs-Truckee group and 29% of the Stillwater individuals. The UPGMA phenograms were similar in group- ing Hot Springs with Truckee, and Stillwater with Peavine, and were highly correlated but not significantly. Both marker systems proved useful in assessing population genetic variation. One population-specific RAPD marker and 6 new microsatellite-length polymorphisms were identified. Both marker systems may also prove useful in studying other closely related species such as red brome (Bromus rubens).
Progress Report on Development of the California State Water Projecta

My subject does not deal directly with either wells or ground water - it does report to you the present (October, 1963) status of construction of one of the world's greatest projects in water resource development. What is the California State Water Project? What areas will it serve? What progress is being made? The answers are the story told in this paper. The magnitude of the project is measured in terms of quantity of water, money and time. The amount of water is four million acre-feet, estimated to meet the needs of the deficient areas it will serve until at least 1990. The cost is $1,750,000,000. The time is nine years from now to begin the delivery of water to the southernmost communities on the State's system.
A conceptual model describing macromolecule degradation by suspended cultures and biofilms

Macromolecular (> 1,000 daltons) compounds such as proteins and polysaccharides can constitute a significant portion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in wastewater, but limited information is available on how these compounds are degraded in suspended and fixed-film biological wastewater treatment systems. Bacteria cannot assimilate intact macromolecules but must first hydrolyze them to monomers or small oligomers. Here, we summarize experiments performed in our laboratory which indicate that the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis are primarily those that remain attached to the cell. In biofilm cultures fed macromolecular substrates, for example, no more than 8% of total hydrolytic activity was found to be located in the cell-free bulk solution. These and other experiments support a generalized mechanism for macromolecule degradation by biofilms that features cell-associated hydrolysis, followed by the release of hydrolytic fragments back into bulk solution. The extent of fragment release is larger for proteins (bovine serum albumin) than for carbohydrates (dextrans).
MRO Partnerships: A Case Study

IN BRIEF Despite the increased attention procurement managers are giving MRO purchasing, success in managing MRO items has been limited. Increased awareness of MRO purchasing can be traced, in part, to the increased use of blanket contracts and procurement cards. However, blanket contracts and procurement cards address only one cost area of MRO purchasing, ordering, and processing costs. While firms save money through increased processing and ordering efficiencies, larger product application cost-saving opportunities in MRO purchasing lie in improving stocking, receiving, distribution, and searching activities. This article discusses how Bethlehem Steel's Burns Harbor plant developed and implemented a new MRO purchasing strategy which achieved dramatic cost reductions in all MRO cost areas. By creating MRO partnerships, Bethlehem Steel decreased all of its key MRO cost drivers, increased internal and external customer service, and used MRO supplier expertise to create ongoing reduction efforts.
High-frame-rate deep-ultraviolet-optimized charge-coupled device for simultaneous measurements of illumination intensity, polarization amplitude, and polarization direction for very high numerical aperture imaging systems

Lincoln Laboratory has designed and fabricated a charge-coupled device (CCD) array capable of imaging both polarization and illumination uniformity. The device consists of an 1107-element linear array of UV-optimized silicon photodiodes readout by a three-stage CCD through a single ~1-MHz output amplifier. This yields an effective clock rate for the whole array of ~1 kHz. Each of the active diode surfaces within the 1107-element array is covered by a UV-opaque layer of polysilicon into which are patterned 140-nm, transmissive sampling slits. The orientation and location of the slits enables simultaneous determination of illumination uniformity, degree and direction of polarization, and polarization uniformity. The device is tested with a 193-nm excimer laser equipped with variably polarized illumination and the theoretical performance of the device was supported by finite-difference time domain optical simulations.
Finite-temperature phase diagram of vicinal Si(100) surfaces.

The phase diagram of vicinal Si(100) as a function of misorientation angle and temperature is calculated. Contrary to previous suggestions that only double-layer steps should appear on the equilibrium surface, it is predicted that the single-layer stepped surface is at equilibrium for small misorientation angles. This structure is stabilized by strain relaxation and by the thermal roughening of the steps. For annealed surfaces the critical angle at which the transition between the single- and double-layer stepped surface occurs is calculated to be ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Design and Analysis of Microcantilevers for Biosensing Applications

The primary deflection due to the chemical reaction between the analyte molecules and the receptor coating, which produces surface stresses on the receptor side is analyzed. The resonance frequency of microcantilevers is very sensitive to the properties of the microcantilever surface. Biosensing experiments based on resonance frequency shift are presented, which show that the results strongly depend on the interaction of specific analyte molecules with the receptor surface.
The Annual Exam [Microwave Surfing]

Note: This column appeared originally in the February 2013 issue of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Ten questions that have some relevance to electrical engineering or mathematics are presented.
Oviposition of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens(Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Eggs, Masses, Timing, and Site Characteristics

A method is described for quantifying Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) oviposition and for collecting large numbers of eggs. Individual egg mass weight mean was 29.1 mg, with a mean of 998 eggs per mass. Individual eggs weighed about 0.028mg and required 102 to 105 h to hatch at 24°C. All oviposition occurred at 0900 to 1900 h(EDST), with 86.5% of the total occurring at 1200 to 1700 h. Oviposition at dry sites was significantly greater than at wet sites. Decomposing feed attracted significantly more oviposition than old chicken manure, but fresh chicken manure was not significantly different from these treatments.
Comparison of a Two-Dimensional Wave Prediction Model with Synoptic Measurements in Lake Michigan

Abstract We compare results from a simple parametric, dynamical, deep-water wave prediction model with two sets of measured wave height maps of Lake Michigan. The measurements were made with an airborne laser altimeter under two distinctly different wind fields during November 1977. The results show that the model predicted almost all of the synoptic features. Both the magnitude and the general pattern of the predicted wave-height contours compared well with the measurements. The model also predicts the direction for wave propagation in conjunction with the wave height map, which is useful for practical ship routing and can be significantly different form the prevailing wind direction.
Quantitative electron microscopic comparison of lymphocyte nuclear contours in mycosis fungoides and in benign infiltrates in skin

Quantitative electron microscopy was used to measure lymphocyte nuclear contours in skin biopsies from 109 patients, 77 with benign disorders, 16 with early mycosis fungoides (MF), and 16 with controversial lesions. A nuclear contour index (NCI) was calculated on electron micrographs by dividing the nuclear profile circumference by the square root of the nuclear area. Significant differences were found between the group mean NCI for MF (NCI = 6.1 +/- 0.1) and for the benign group (NCI = 4.6 to 5.4 +/- 0.1; P less than 0.005). The group mean NCI for the controversial cases was significantly lower than that of the MF group (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that a definite electron microscopic diagnosis of MF requires first a patient mean NCI of 6.1 or more, and second, at least 6% of lymphocytes with an NCI of 9 or more. These criteria give a false positive rate of 3% in benign and controversial disorders and a 50% false negative rate for early MF. Only lymphocytes with an NCI of 16 or more appear specific for MF (or Sezary's syndrome), but are not found in all cases.
The Concept of Truth and the Semantics of the Truth Predicate

We sketch an account according to which the semantic concepts themselves are not pathological and the pathologies that attend the semantic predicates arise because of the intention to impose on them a role they cannot fulfill, that of expressing semantic concepts for a language that includes them. We provide a simplified model of the account and argue in its light that (i) a consequence is that our meaning intentions are unsuccessful, and such semantic predicates fail to express any concept, and that (ii) in light of this it is incorrect to characterize the pathology simply as semantic inconsistency; a more nuanced view of the problem is needed. We also show that the defects of the semantic predicates need not undercut the use of a truth theory in a compositional semantics for a language containing them because the meaning theory per se need not involve commitment to the axioms of the truth theory it exploits.
Characterization of Fruit juices treated with Electrical Pulses

Non-thermal pasteurization of fruit juices, such as orange juice using electrical pulses is gaining momentum due to their attractive attributes, such as less heating and more retention of taste, flavor and color. Using electrical pusles of suitable intensity (V/cm) and duration or pulsewidth (milli/micro/nano seconds), it is possible to pasteurize the juices to enhance their longevity (at room temperatures). This paper presents the results of a juice study using milli and micro pulses. Multiple pulses with optimal intervals are in general used in these applications to reduce the heat generated. Various juices including orange and lime were tested in this study. Analyses were made using microbial study and impedance spectroscopy measurements of the pulsed and the unpulsed (control) juices. Preliminary results indicate that there is a reduction in the amount of lactic acid bacterial count of the pulsed orange juice compared to the unpulsed orange juice. Impedance spectroscopy measurements also showed difference in impedance values between the pulsed and unpulsed juices. This study will shine more light on the characteristics of electrically pulsed juices and extending their shelf-life.
Pseudogaps, dopants, and strong disorder in cuprate high-temperature superconductors

Strong electronic nanoscale disorder is present in all cuprate high-temperature superconductors, interwoven with the microscopic mechanisms responsible for both the high superconductive transition temperatures and many normal state transport anomalies. Disorder is revealed most dramatically in high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments, while its origins at the atomic level have been studied by several other techniques. The review reassesses the significance of many other 'mean field' experiments in the context of strong disorder, with emphasis on the effects of high-mobility dopants and long-range strain fields.