cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The response of ammonia-oxidizer activity and community structure to fertilizer amendment of orchard soils

Abstract Soil microorganisms have a significant role in determining the relative loss and retention of plant available nitrogen (N) and thus relative efficiency in the use of fertility inputs to agricultural production systems. Although the effect of management system on activity of the N-cycling microbial communities has been evaluated in certain annual cropping systems, results have been variable and there have been few studies conducted in perennial crops, such as apple. We examined the effect of organic and mineral fertility inputs to organic and conventional orchard soils on the overall activity, abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Apple rootstocks were cultivated in orchard soils receiving one of five fertility treatments: Brassica napus seed meal, plant-based compost, urea, urea with plant-based compost, and a no-treatment control. Based on analysis of the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were more abundant than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in both untreated conventionally and organically managed orchard soils. However, AOB abundance was significantly different in both organically and conventionally managed soils with fertilizer amendments. The microbial community of the conventional orchard soil appeared to be limited by inorganic N since a response in potential activity to N input was only observed in treatments with urea. In the organic orchard soil, an increase in AOB gene abundance was detected only in response to the urea plus compost fertility treatment. Soil management and fertilizer additions had little effect on AOA gene abundance compared to the no-treatment control. Although composition of the AOB community was similar between the conventional and organically managed soils, AOA communities were significantly different. The different responses of the bacterial and archaeal ammonia-oxidizer communities to organic and conventional management and fertilizer amendments highlight the need for an increased focus in agricultural research to understand and improve the specificity of fertilizer application for orchard production systems.
Induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) root by light irradiation and black rot infection

Abstract Light irradiation and Ceratocystis fimbriata infection led to induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (PAL) in sweet potato root slices ( Ipomeoa batatas ). Induction of PAL by infection was not prevented when slices were incubated under hypobaric conditions indicating that the excessive accumulation of endogenous ethylene in the tissue is not requisite for the elicitor response. PAL isolated from light-irradiated slices exhibited negative cooperativity with an increase in apparent K M′ from 0·02 to 0·29 m m when phenylalanine concentration in the assay mixture was increased. PAL isolated from C. fimbriata infected slices more closely approximated Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the apparent K M′ was 0·08 m m for infected samples incubated in the dark and 0·09 m m for samples incubated in the light. PAL induced by infection had a broader pH optimum than that induced by light irradiation. Both enzymes had optimum activity at pH 8·8 when phenylalanine was saturated in the assay mixture.
Community mental health services for the underserved: A culturally specific model

Underutilization of community mental health services by minorities has been an ongoing concern in the field of mental health. Many agencies are mainstream and ethnocentric in their services to culturally diverse clients, resulting in color-blind treatment approaches. During the era of civil rights, the concept of difference was used to exclude groups of individuals, families, and communities from access to resources. However, ethnicity does matter and make a difference. This article will address the need for culturally relevant services for African-American clients with the dual diagnosis of substance abuse and mental illness. The intent is to provide mental health care providers with a culturally specific model that will render culturally relevant and culturally competent services to individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.
PÆDIATRIC DAY-CASE SURGERY

Abstract Between April 1, 1969, and March 31, 1973, 3349 infants and children have had general, orthopaedic, or dental surgical treatment on a day-case basis at Southampton Children's Hospital. There were no untoward effects.
The Metropolitan Mayors Caucus: Institution Building in a Political Fragmented Metropolitan Region:

The Mayors Caucus began as a forum to foster cooperation among the municipalities in the Chicago metropolitan region. After its establishment, the Mayors Caucus became a regional stakeholder, representing the mayors in coalitions with the region’s civic organizations, developing a legislative action team to pass legislation in the Illinois General Assembly, and serving as a forum for regional consensus building. This research is a case study of the development of the Mayors Caucus as a new institution established to overcome the region’s extreme government fragmentation and decades of city—suburban hostility.
The ecology of Belizean mangrove-root fouling communities. I. Epibenthic fauna are barriers to isopod attack of red mangrove roots

Abstract Wood-boring isopods consume and damage aerial prop roots of mangroves that grow throughout the western Atlantic and Caribbean regions. On mangrove cays off the eastern coast of Belize, the isopod Phycolimnoria clarkae Kensley & Schotte attacks submerged freely hanging roots of red mangroves Rhizophora mangle L. At Twin Cays, these isopods reduce root relative growth rate (based on root elongation) by 55%, and do not cause an increase in lateral branching frequency relative to control roots from which isopods were experimentally excluded. These submerged roots are also colonized by a diverse array of epibionts. We demonstrate experimentally that the most common sponge and ascidian species at Twin Cays inhibit isopod colonization and hence indirectly facilitate root growth.
STEEL, ADMINISTERED PRICES AND INFLATION: COMMENT*

It has been observed that ". . . economists . . . are deeply concerned by what appears to them to be the inadequate contribution of their profession to the formulation of sound and timely public policies . . . "' These comments on M. A. Adelman's recent contribution to this Journal2 will indicate the continuing nature of the problem of joining economic theory and policy. It will be argued that Professor Adelman's discussion is careful and illuminating where it concerns formal market relationships, but is incomplete and unrewarding when he turns to policy. His article provides a salutary clarification of issues relating to monopoly pricing and inflation. However, if there was genuine intent to relate questions of market performance to economic policy, the analysis ends when it had only just begun. But this is not to request a sequel or a paper Adelman did not intend to write. Rather, it will be argued that the limitations of his comment on policy stem basically from elements of overstatement in the formal analysis and resultant satisfaction that the policy discussion was sufficient. Adelman's objective is to lay low the terms (and theories of) "administered prices" and "cost-push" inflation by showing how they obscure or distract from analysis of the strategic variablesbasic market relationships. Thus, he argues that neither rising costs nor managerial decisions were causes of higher steel prices during the 1950's. Rather, ". . . what happened in steel had nothing to do with inflation; (but) was a purely sectoral phenomenon of joint labor-management monopoly approaching the point of maximum return."3 The explanation is to be found only in the working of market forces, and particularly in the nature of demand which is
Malay medicine, Malay person

(1991). Malay medicine, Malay person. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 13, Recent Trends in Ethnomedicine, pp. 83-97.
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) activation mediates a compensatory protective response during early stages of oxidative stress-induced neuronal degeneration

Oxidative stress is a key pathophysiological mechanism contributing to degenerative processes in many neurodegenerative diseases and therefore, unraveling molecular mechanisms underlying various stages of oxidative neuronal damage is critical to better understanding the diseases and developing new treatment modalities. We previously showed that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) proteolytic activation during the late stages of oxidative stress is a key proapoptotic signaling mechanism that contributes to oxidative damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. The time course studies revealed that PKCδ activation precedes apoptotic cell death and that cells resisted early insults of oxidative damage, suggesting that some intrinsic compensatory response protects neurons from early oxidative insult. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to characterize protective signaling pathways in dopaminergic neurons during early stages of oxidative stress. Herein, we identify that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) functions as a key anti-apoptotic kinase to protect neuronal cells against early stages of oxidative stress. Exposure of dopaminergic neuronal cells to H2O2 or 6-OHDA induced PKD1 activation loop (PKD1S744/748) phosphorylation long before induction of neuronal cell death. Blockade of PKCδ cleavage, PKCδ knockdown or overexpression of a cleavage-resistant PKCδ mutant effectively attenuated PKD1 activation, indicating that PKCδ proteolytic activation regulates PKD1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the PKCδ catalytic fragment, but not the regulatory fragment, increased PKD1 activation, confirming PKCδ activity modulates PKD1 activation. We also identified that phosphorylation of S916 at the C-terminal is a preceding event required for PKD1 activation loop phosphorylation. Importantly, negative modulation of PKD1 by the RNAi knockdown or overexpression of PKD1S916A phospho-defective mutants augmented oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, while positive modulation of PKD1 by the overexpression of full length PKD1 or constitutively active PKD1 plasmids attenuated oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, suggesting an anti-apoptotic role for PKD1 during oxidative neuronal injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PKCδ-dependent activation of PKD1 represents a novel intrinsic protective response in counteracting early stage oxidative damage in neuronal cells. Our results suggest that positive modulation of the PKD1-mediated compensatory protective mechanism against oxidative damage in dopaminergic neurons may provide novel neuroprotective strategies for treatment of PD.
Análisis de bienestar de los "shocks de precios de los commodities" en los mercados de maíz y trigo en México

Resumen es: Los impactos generados por los shocks de precios de los biocombustibles en los productores y consumidores mexicanos de maiz y trigo son cuantificados a t...
Self-report of current and prior antiretroviral drug use in comparison to the medical record among HIV-infected patients receiving primary HIV care.

Objective Patient antiretroviral (ARV) therapy knowledge is essential for regimen adherence, successful therapeutic response, and minimization of resistance evolution. Moreover, a complete and accurate patient ARV history is needed to construct efficacious and tolerable future regimens. In this study we assessed the ability of HIV-infected patients receiving care in a university infectious diseases clinic to accurately recall current and past ARVs. Methods A convenience sample (n = 205) of UNC HIV Clinical Cohort participants (n = 1840) completed a comprehensive in-person interview. Patients were asked about current and ever ARV use and were provided proprietary and generic ARV names and photographs. Self-reported sensitivity for current and ever ARV use (proportion that correctly identified all recorded ARVs), was calculated using the medical record as the gold standard. Results One hundred and eighty-five patients had received ARVs at some point after enrollment in the cohort study (ever users). For current ARV use (n = 138), self-reported sensitivity was 63% (95% CI: 54–71). For ever use (n = 185), sensitivity was 18% (95% CI: 13–24). Conclusion Self-reported cumulative ARV use is not accurate. Since HIV-infected patients are prescribed a number of medications over their treatment course, it is necessary to develop new medication reconciliation techniques that are not dependent on patient memory or knowledge in order to improve patient outcomes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of amorphous silicon passivation layers for all back contact c-Si heterojunction solar cells

Low temperature deposited Interdigitated All Back Contact a-Si:H/c-Si Heterojunction (IBC-SHJ) devices are a promising approach for high efficiency, low cost solar cells on thin wafers. Thin intrinsic a-Si:H films (i-a-Si:H) deposited below 300°C provide excellent surface passivation and high Voc. However, the optical properties of a-Si:H layers and electronic band alignment at the heterointerface are critical to reduce optical losses and transport barriers in IBC-SHJ solar cells. At the front illumination surface, a wide band gap (Eg) i-a-Si:H layer with good passivation is desirable for high Voc and Jsc while at the rear surface a narrower Eg i-a-Si:H layer with good passivation is required for higher FF and Voc as seen in 2D numerical simulation. Various substrate temperature, H2/SiH4 dilution ratio and plasma power conditions were explored to obtain i-a-Si:H with good passivation and desired Eg. All the deposited films are characterized by Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) to determine Eg and thickness and by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to estimate hydrogen content and microstructure factor. Passivation qualities are examined by quasi-steady state photoconductance (QSS-PC) measurement. The i-layer Eg, was varied in the range from ~1.65eV to 1.91eV with lifetime >1 ms. Lowest Eg is obtained just prior to the structure transition from amorphous to epitaxial-like growth. The FF of IBC-SHJ devices improved from 20% to 70% as Eg of the a-Si:H rear passivation layer decreased from 1.78 to 1.65 eV.
Monte Carlo methods for localization of cones given multielectrode retinal ganglion cell recordings

It has recently become possible to identify cone photoreceptors in primate retina from multi-electrode recordings of ganglion cell spiking driven by visual stimuli of sufficiently high spatial resolution. In this paper we present a statistical approach to the problem of identifying the number, locations, and color types of the cones observed in this type of experiment. We develop an adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method that explores the space of cone configurations, using a Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) encoding model of ganglion cell spiking output, while analytically integrating out the functional weights between cones and ganglion cells. This method provides information about our posterior certainty about the inferred cone properties, and additionally leads to improvements in both the speed and quality of the inferred cone maps, compared to earlier “greedy” computational approaches.
Molecular Mechanism for the Regulation of Human Mitochondrial NAD(P)+-Dependent Malic Enzyme by ATP and Fumarate

The regulation of human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (m-NAD-ME) by ATP and fumarate may be crucial for the metabolism of glutamine for energy production in rapidly proliferating tissues and tumors. Here we report the crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution of m-NAD-ME in complex with ATP, Mn2+, tartronate, and fumarate. Our structural, kinetic, and mutagenesis studies reveal unexpectedly that ATP is an active-site inhibitor of the enzyme, despite the presence of an exo binding site. The structure also reveals the allosteric binding site for fumarate in the dimer interface. Mutations in this binding site abolished the activating effects of fumarate. Comparison to the structure in the absence of fumarate indicates a possible molecular mechanism for the allosteric function of this compound.
Technical Report: Industrial Research at the NSLS: Current Status and Future Plans

Industrial research has been an important part of the NSLS scientific program from the very beginning of the NSLS. Many beamlines at the NSLS were designed, constructed, and operated by industrial users to meet the needs of both basic and applied research of these companies. During the last two and a half decades, industrial users at the NSLS have produced a tremendous amount of world-class science, contributed significantly to the synchrotron community worldwide by developing new instruments and experimental techniques, and enriched the intellectual environment of the NSLS by providing a distinct perspective and style of research complementary to those of universities and government laboratories.
Radio sociology [noise investigation]

The article discusses the use of radio telemetry in wildlife research. An aircraft was used to locate a migrating, radio-tagged, sharp-shinned hawk. A 222 MHz four-element Yagi receiving antenna was clamped to the entrance step on the right side of the aircraft, so that it pointed in the direction normal to the direction of flight. The idea was to climb to an appropriate altitude, and fly in large circles to scan a substantial area for the missing bird. While the antenna beam swept across a small town a rush of noise-like sound was heard. This resulted in an investigation of the relationship between a town's radiation (radio noise) signature and its other attributes, such as economic type, population, geographic concentration, etc.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Today and Tomorrow

In the U.S. and Europe, clinical practice guidelines for metastatic renal cell carcinoma have undergone several revisions as a result of the introduction of molecular-targeted therapies. Recently, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the European Association of Urology (EAU) published updated guidelines to reflect these new treatment approaches that provide greater efficacy and better tolerability than the previous standard of care, cytokine therapy with interleukin-2 or interferon-α. Recommendations are classified by line of therapy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center risk level for survival, and level of evidence. Although many similarities exist, levels of evidence between the NCCN and EAU guidelines have differing designations and definitions, and timing of updates varies. New research developments, such as identification of effective combinations of targeted agents, optimal regimens for sequential therapy, newly designed targeted agents, benefits in special populations, and identification of additional prognostic factors and biomarkers, will prompt continued updates and refinements of today's clinical practice guidelines, with the goal of providing physicians with the most up-to-date clinical consensus upon which to base treatment decisions. Because clinical trial populations may not represent real-life patient populations, recommendations should serve only as a guide and must be tailored to the needs of each patient.
Rethinking the Effect of Perceived Fit on Customers' Evaluations of New Products:

Prior research has demonstrated that customer evaluations of a new product are directly related to the degree to which a company’s skills are perceived to “fit” with those required to provide the new product. This finding has led to recommendations that firms focus on perceptually close new product areas. However, many firms have successfully entered perceptually distant markets. We reconcile this apparent contradiction by proposing that the effect of perceived fit on new product evaluation is not direct, but is mediated by the certainty a customer has that a company can deliver the proposed new product. Our findings indicate that, by itself, perceived fit has a positive impact on industrial product evaluations. However, the relationship between fit and new product evaluations, previously held to be direct, is instead mediated by customer certainty. That is, when the effect of customer certainty is considered, the direct effect of fit disappears. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Real-time velocity feedback obstacle avoidance via complex variables and conformal mapping

A method for mobile robot motion planning is presented for both two- and three-dimensional robots. For the two-dimensional case, the algorithm is based on complex variable theory and conformal mapping. The method gives the robot the capability of avoiding obstacles more efficiently, smoothly, and at a constant curvilinear velocity. In order to establish the structure of the proposed velocity feedback obstacle avoidance scheme, several issues are addressed and successfully resolved. First, an analytical solution is derived for the case of circular obstacles. Second, the algorithm uses conformal mapping to establish the solution for an arbitrarily shaped obstacle based on the derived solution for a circular obstacle. The use of complex variable methodology with the objectives of exploiting the powerful technique of uniformal mapping constitutes the fundamental characteristic of the proposed technique. Third, by analogy, a solution to 3-D space-flying and subsea robots is also derived. >
Cooperative CEP-based RFID framework: A notification approach for sharing complex business events among organizations

Through an organizational perspective, an RFID system must provide services for intelligent data management and business events integration among organizations. The widely adopted EPC Network fails to adequately support application services for event stream capture and lacks event communication methods to provide indirect exchange of events in distributed activities of complex event detection. This work presents an RFID software framework whose purpose is to raise the inter-organizational integration of an RFID middleware through cooperative complex event processing (CEP) mechanisms based on event notification services. Experimental results show that the framework improves activities of design and development of RFID applications and adds new features for integrating, managing and sharing RFID event data.
Reformulation of Laframboise' Probe Theory in Cylindrical Geometry and the Absence of an Ion Saturation Current

Laframboise' probe theory in the cylindrical case has been reformulated so that solutions may be obtained easily in a mathematical spreadsheet. Sheath potential profiles and probe currents are given for several cases including probes with radii that are sufficiently large for a potential barrier that results in electron current collection less than that given by the orbit-motion-limited theory. For probes with radii in the range of 1-50 Debye lengths and for electron-to-ion temperature ratios of 1 and 10, the electron current at a fixed bias potential is found to be dependent upon the electron-to-ion temperature ratio because the ions affect the height of the potential barriers. The ion current is found as a function of voltage for probes with radii of 3, 10, and 50 Debye lengths and for electron-to-ion temperature ratios of 1 and 10. The normalized ion current is of the same order as the Bohm current, but the probe characteristics show no ?ion saturation current? and show a dependence upon both the probe radius and the temperature ratio.
Structuring expert input for a knowledge-based approach to watershed condition assessment for the Northwest Forest Plan, USA.

Assessments of watershed condition for aquatic and riparian species often have to rely on expert opinion because of the complexity of establishing statistical relationships among the many factors involved. Such expert-based assessments can be difficult to document and apply consistently over time and space. We describe and reflect on the process of developing a computer-based decision support application from expert judgments for assessing aquatic and riparian conditions over the 100,000 km2 managed by the US federal government under the Northwest Forest Plan. The decision support system helped structure and document the assessment process and provided consistency and transparency to the evaluation methodology. However, many decisions and trade-offs were required in the expert engagement and model-building processes. Knowledge elicitation in an interactive group had a number of benefits over nominal group or Delphi processes, but efficient knowledge capture required considerable planning and expertise in the subject matter and modeling process. Communicating model results for validation was problematic and only effectively accomplished via in-person workshops. The choice to use different expert groups for each biophysical province provided more opportunities for participation and promoted greater ownership in the assessment, but it also led to increased variation among the resulting model structures. We propose three possible approaches for better managing the consistency of assessment models when multiple expert groups are involved.
A downhole magnetometric resistivity technique for electrical sounding beneath a conductive surface layer

The magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method has not been used systematically for vertical electrical sounding because surficial measurements of the magnetic field caused by static current flow from a point source of current at the surface are independent of the form of the variation of earth resistivity with depth. However, data obtained from an adaptation of the MMR method in which the ratio of the magnetic fields below and above a known conductive surface layer is measured as a function of the horizontal range from the current source can be inverted to obtain the unknown resistivity of deeper material. The practical limitation is that the integrated conductivity of the surface layer must not be much smaller than the integrated conductivity of the unknown zone in order to observe diagnostic ratios significantly different from unity.The expressions derived for the magnetic-field ratio and for the sensitivity of the ratio to changes in the resistivity of a plane-layered unknown zone are closed-form inverse Hankel transforms. The transforms are evaluated analytically for a model of constant, uniform resistivity.One possible geotechnical application of the method is the detection of offshore, resistive permafrost beneath the shallow Beaufort Sea. A theoretical design study in which ratios of the magnetic fields at the bottom and top of the sea are synthesized and the sensitivity of those ratios to changes in sea-floor resistivity is determined as a function of range and depth, respectively, reveals that the resistivity of a permafrost zone 50 m thick buried 20 m below the sea floor can be identified. The maximum range needed is of the order of 200 m, which appears to be smaller than the maximum spacing required for a Schlumberger sounding to yield similar information.
New therapeutic perspectives with clevidipine: an ultra-short-acting intravenous Ca2+ channel blocker.

Intravenous antihypertensive agents are used in clinical situations in which the immediate, precise control of blood pressure is a clinical necessity. Clevidipine is a new, vascular-selective, dihyrdopyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, which exerts its hemodynamic effects through selective arterial vasodilation without effects on the venous circulation. Because it is a potent coronary vasodilator, reduction in mean arterial pressure does not impair coronary perfusion. The unique properties of clevidipine include an ultra-short pharmacodynamic duration of action and a half-life after intravenous administration of ∼ 2 min, resulting in very rapid onset and offset of antihypertensive effects. In clinical trials performed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, clevidipine proved superior to nitroprusside and nitroglycerin in maintaining blood pressure within predetermined ranges during the perioperative period. Its safety profile is comparable to nicardipine and nitroglycerin and, in one study, was associated wit...
A study of far-IR optical and magneto-optical absorption in 2H-MoS2

A number of optical and magneto-absorption effects have been investigated in natural crystals of 2H-MoS2, in the spectral ranges (5÷250) and (600÷11000) cm−1, at magnetic fields up to 13 T. These effects include impurity excitation and the temperature dependence of refractive index. A search for free-carrier cyclotron resonance and for magneto-optical manifestations of carriers with very low effective mass has been made.
Mechanisms and energetics for N-glycosidic bond cleavage of protonated 2′-deoxyguanosine and guanosine

Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds generally involves a concerted SN2 or a stepwise SN1 mechanism. While theoretical investigations have provided estimates for the intrinsic activation energies associated with N-glycosidic bond cleavage reactions, experimental measurements to validate the theoretical studies remain elusive. Here we report experimental investigations for N-glycosidic bond cleavage of the protonated guanine nucleosides, [dGuo+H]+ and [Guo+H]+, using threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) techniques. Two major dissociation pathways involving N-glycosidic bond cleavage, resulting in production of protonated guanine or the elimination of neutral guanine are observed in competition for both [dGuo+H]+ and [Guo+H]+. The detailed mechanistic pathways for the N-glycosidic bond cleavage reactions observed are mapped via electronic structure calculations. Excellent agreement between the measured and B3LYP calculated activation energies and reaction enthalpies for N-glycosidic bond cleavage of [dGuo+H]+ and [Guo+H]+ in the gas phase is found indicating that these dissociation pathways involve stepwise E1 mechanisms in analogy to the SN1 mechanisms that occur in the condensed phase. In contrast, MP2 is found to significantly overestimate the activation energies and slightly overestimate the reaction enthalpies. The 2′-hydroxyl substituent is found to stabilize the N-glycosidic bond such that [Guo+H]+ requires ∼25 kJ mol−1 more than [dGuo+H]+ to activate the glycosidic bond.
Placing Dan Yaron’s Work in the Literature

Dan Yaron’s long and productive academic career created a significant body of work that shaped and influenced both the research agenda and the evolution of the analytical frameworks of agricultural, natural resources, and environmental economics. Yaron’s work integrated creativity with pragmatism, rigor, and relevance. Though most of Yaron’s work was inspired by problems he encountered while working and living in Israel, he had a unique ability to generalize these problems in lessons that became useful for people from all over the world. He became a world-leading expert on water resource management issues and his agenda and methods advanced new scientific knowledge. As the arsenal of economic tools grew, he took advantage of new techniques and adapted them to provide insights on some of the most important and difficult resource management problems of our time—limited quantity and poor quality of water.
The Police Power and Economic Reconstruction

N REARLY thirty years ago Professor Ernst Freund published his well-known work, "The Police Power."' Like all of Professor Freund's writings, it was closely analytical, exhaustive, and scholarly. Examining the concept of the police power, he defined it as "the power of promoting the public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of liberty and property."2 The noted author's discussion of the police power was necessarily bifurcate. There was the problem on the one hand of the objectives legally to be comprehended under the broad general purpose of promoting the public welfare, and on the other, of the private interests restricted or abolished in the attainment of the broader social end. To the first part of the problem Professor Freund devoted over one-half his work. Police power objectives were placed in two general categories, first, the protection of so-called "primary social interests," the safety, order, and morality of the community; and second, the advancement of economic interests, that is, the control by the state of those processes by which the material goods of the world are acquired, possessed, and distributed. Concerning the use of the police power for these two general objectives, Professor Freund said, "That the organized community should afford its members protection against physical danger and moral scandal is generally admitted, and only the question to what extent this protection should go, is controverted. It is otherwise as to economic interests. Wealth is almost as essential to our civilization as safety, order, and morals; but while these can be secured to a substantial degree by restraint, the acquisition of wealth is based on active efforts; and while systematic restraint proceeds naturally from our government, active effort must be chiefly individual. Our economic system is essentially individualistic, and, more than that is based upon peaceful struggle and conflict. An absolute governmental control over economic interests, similar to that over the interests of order, peace, and security would be possible only if with regard
Biotic interactions and habitat drive positive co‐occurrence between facilitating and beneficiary stream fishes

Aim The role of biotic interactions in determining species distributions is difficult to decouple from abiotic factors. Most research to date has focused on negative biotic interactions, but the importance of positive interactions such as mutualism and facilitation at large scales is less understood. We used a two-species occupancy modelling approach to decouple the relative effects of abiotic factors and biotic interactions between a habitat-modifying North American stream fish (Nocomis leptocephalus) and two of its nearly-obligate beneficiary species (Chrosomus oreas and Clinostomus funduloides). Location Sixty-one sites on tributaries to the New River basin in the Appalachian mountains of the eastern United States. Methods We sampled fishes using backpack electrofishing in the summers of 2012–2014. We gathered 10 habitat covariates from the National Hydrography Dataset and from instream measurements. We reduced dimensionality in habitat variables, corrected them for spatial autocorrelation and selected two eigenvectors as habitat covariates. We then used an information-theoretic approach to compare two-species occupancy models representing hypotheses specifying the importance of only habitat, only biotic interactions, or combinations of both. Results The best model for each species combination specified the importance of biotic interactions. For both associate species, probabilities that associates would occur in the absence of their host were considerably lower than probabilities of co-occurrence. Species interaction factors indicated positive patterns of co-occurrence between hosts and associates. Models suggested that habitat variables mediated host-associate interactions for C. oreas but not for C. funduloides. Main conclusions This study provides some of the first large-scale quantitative evidence of positive co-occurrence among vertebrates, and demonstrates the importance of abiotic context for mediating interspecific interactions. Two-species occupancy modelling may be superior to traditional co-occurrence analyses for parsing out the relative importance of biotic interactions and habitat variables for determining species distributions. However, experiments and small-scale behavioural observations will also be necessary to confirm mechanisms.
A Statistical Model to Detect DRG Upcoding

The Medicare program, private insurers, and managed care organizations reimburse hospitals for inpatient admissions using the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG). The DRG is determined from a complicated algorithm based on patient medical records. Previous studies generated concerns about ‘DRG upcoding’, in which incorrect DRG codes may be selected by the hospital to obtain higher reimbursement. Insurers rely on expensive manual audits of claims to verify the appropriateness of the DRG coding. A statistical system that can adaptively detect claims with incorrect DRG codes would provide a powerful improvement to current practice. This paper describes two aspects of the statistical system that provides proof that the concept is viable. The first aspect of the paper is the design of a hierarchical Bayesian model to be applied to claims data (without audit) to estimate the probability that a claim is coded incorrectly. The second aspect of the paper is the use of the Bayesian model to aid in the selection process of claims to audit by proposing that a claim should be investigated if the predicted recovery is more than the cost of auditing that claim. This approach improves upon that used currently by auditing 88% of the claims and recovering 98% of the overpayments. While these results improve upon the current approach for determining which claims to investigate, they are based on data that have been systematically selected for audit based on one insurer's past experience. Future work will create an adaptive system to determine the selection of claims to audit from the entire paid claims database, and that can be generalized for use by other insurers.
Hydrogen Cracking in SiO2: Kinetics for H2 Dissociation at Silicon Dangling Bonds†

The passivation of silicon dangling bond defects by H2 is an important reaction in Si/SiO2 devices. The dangling bonds studied in this work are those in the a-SiO2 layers, prototype E‘ centers. Exp...
Phase diagram and correlation functions of the two-dimensional dissipative quantum XY model

The two-dimensional quantum XY model, with a Caldeira-Leggett form of dissipation, is applicable to the quantum-critical properties of diverse experimental systems, ranging from superconductor to insulator transitions, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic transitions in metals, to the loop-current order transition in cuprates. We solve the reexpression of this model in terms of orthogonal topological excitations, vortices, and a variety of instantons, by renormalization group methods. The calculations explain the extraordinary properties of the model discovered in Monte Carlo calculations: the product form of the quantum-critical fluctuations in space and time, a spatial correlation length proportional to the logarithm of the temporal correlation length near the transition from a disordered to a fully ordered state, and the occurrence of a phase with spatial order without temporal order. They are intimately related to the flow of the metric of time in relation to the metric of space, i.e., of the dynamical critical exponent $z$. These properties appear to be essential in understanding the strange metallic phase found in a variety of quantum-critical transitions as well as the accompanying high-temperature superconductivity.
Response to “Can We Really Control the Inframammary Fold (IMF) in Breast Augmentation?”

In a recent letter to the Aesthetic Surgery Journal , “Can We Really Control the Inframammary Fold (IMF) in Breast Augmentation?” Dr Swanson made claims regarding the inability to control the IMF during primary breast augmentation.1 We were surprised by the comment and almost decided not to respond, however, we decided to offer the following. Controlling IMF position and nipple: fold length is the single most important aspect of breast surgery and is often disregarded. The surgeon, who pays no attention to this philosophy, is sure to have poor results; and the surgeon, who makes this a priority, will enhance results; however, controlling the IMF can never be 100% successful as many variables exist, the most unpredictable being – living tissue. Our clinical practice has demonstrated an easily adaptable, low-risk, three-point IMF suture …
3.34 Biomaterials Challenges in Continuous Glucose Monitors In Vivo

Glucose sensing remains a critical patient need for increasing numbers of people suffering from poor glycemic control, such as that resulting from Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus. Many of the technologies used to monitor glucose involve miniaturized sensors for patient use. Over decades, these technologies have evolved to accommodate routine blood sampling and patient-deployed indwelling dermal sensing implants that can operate continuously ranging from several days to weeks. Despite remarkable advances, glucose sensing technology still manifests unmet challenges in reliability, cost, sensitivity, and functional duration. This chapter surveys the critical role that biomaterials play in improving all of these figures of merit for real time glucose monitors in vivo.
Implementation of methadone therapy for opioid use disorder in Russia – a modeled cost-effectiveness analysis

Opioid agonist therapy using methadone, an effective treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD) for people who inject drugs (PWID), is recommended by the World Health Organization as essential to curtail the growing HIV epidemic. Yet, despite increasing prevalence of OUD and HIV, methadone therapy has not yet been implemented in Russia. The aim of this modeling study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of methadone therapy for Russian adults with a diagnosed OUD. We modeled the projected program implementation costs and estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted over a 10-year period, associated with the provision of methadone therapy for a hypothetical, unreplenished cohort of Russian adults with an OUD (n = 249,000), in comparison to the current therapies at existing addiction treatment facilities. Our model compared four distinct scenarios of treatment coverage in the cohort ranging from 3.1 to 55%. Providing methadone therapy to as few as 3.1% of adults with an OUD amounted to an estimated almost 50,000 DALYs averted over 10 years at a cost of just over USD 17 million. Further expanding service coverage to 55% resulted in an estimated almost 900,000 DALYs averted, at a cost of about USD 308 million. Our study indicated that implementing opioid agonist therapy with methadone to treat OUD at existing facilities in Russia is highly cost-effective.
Evidence of volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climate response

Abstract Global climatic effects brought about by volcanism are most likely to be related to the impact of volcanic gases and their derivative aerosols on the atmosphere, rather than the effects of volcanic ash. Evidence from both historic eruptions and polar ice cores indicates that volcanic sulfur gases are the dominant aerosol-forming component, resulting in production of a sulfuric acid-rich stratospheric aerosol that can have profound effects on the Earth's radiation budget over periods of a few years. Due to highly variable sulfur content of different magma types, the climatic effects do not relate simply to total erupted mass. Data on several recent eruptions indicate a close relationship between volcanic sulfur yield to the atmosphere and hemisphere surface temperature decrease following the eruptions, with up to 1° C surface temperature decrease indicated following a major volcanic event such as the 1815 Tambora eruption. While the erupted mass of HCl and HF is equal to or greater than that of sulfur gases in a number of volcanic events, the halogens do not form known aerosols nor are they abundant in ice core acidity layers. Current opinion favors the early removal of halogens from eruption columns by rain flushing and adsorption onto tephra particles, but the fate of halogens in the atmosphere following very large explosive eruptions remains unstudied. CO2 flux to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions is volumetrically one of the most important of the gas species, but owing to the huge size of the atmospheric reservoir of this gas, the volcanic contribution is likely to have negligible effects, even for event on the scale of the Deccan Traps.
Economic Aspects of the Administration of Groups of Farms under Northern Conditions

Farming has remained a business of small units in a society in which consolidation and centralization of management have been the rule for many years. Experiments in large-scale farming operations in the past have not been so universally successful as to encourage extensive use of this method of land administration. This has been particularly true in the diversified farming regions of the North Central States. The obvious economies that may be affected by the large organization have in most instances been offset by losses entailed by increased physical distances, by lack of contact between employer and employee, by the discontinuous and seasonal character of farm work, and by the lack of standardization and the development of routine methods. The farms in the United States require something like six million executive heads. About two-thirds of all those engaged in the industry are in this class. One of the great weaknesses of the industry lies in the fact that under its present organization executive responsibility must of necessity rest in large measure on persons not well qualified to carry it. However, because of the limited volume of business, farming does not offer a great opportunity for men of exceptional executive ability. Students of this problem have long considered ways of modifying methods of farm organization that will make it possible for persons of exceptional ability to extend their influence over a wider range without losing the many economies now tied up with small unit operation. A number of considerations are becoming of increased importance in this connection. 1. There has been a rapid increase in the amount and effectiveness of technical information in farming. The wealth or practical information and minute details that
3' Untranslated Region (UTR) Alterations Are Frequently Targeted By MM-Related Mirnas and Affects the Clinical Outcome

More than half of human genes use alternative cleavage and polyadenylation to generate alternative 39 untranslated region (39UTR) isoforms that play a role in gene expression regulation. The 39 untranslated region (39UTR) of mRNA contains elements that play regulatory roles in polyadenylation, localization, translation efficiency, and mRNA stability. Although relative contributions of different regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood, several recent studies showed that alterations in 39UTRs might affect protein localization as well as their interactions with other proteins. Here, we obtained global measurements of 39 UTR sequencing and RNA-seq in MM and normal plasma cells to study the effects of 39UTR alterations in MM. Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) data from 420 uniformly treated newly diagnosed MM samples were compared with 18 normal plasma cell by using dynamic analyses of alternative PolyAdenylation and results were compared with alternative 39UTR isoforms measured using 39-seq, an established quantitative 39 end sequencing method from 15 samples pilot study. We observed ~10000 different isoforms with a median frequency of 297 (range 1-2495) altered 39UTRs per sample. We observed 563 isoforms that have distal alternative poly A (APA) site and 449 isoforms that have proximal APA site compared to normal plasma cells in at least 10% of our patients. Enrichment analysis showed that short UTR genes are significantly targeted by miR-506, miR-133, miR-130, miR-27, miR-181 and miR-200 (FDR q-value Our results were confirmed using the 39seq study which showed that 170 genes have longer UTR in MM compared to normal plasma cells and 187 genes have shorter UTR. ~60% of longer and ~65% of shorter UTR genes reported by 39seq were also observed with RNAseq. Furthermore, we focused on common genes reported by both high-throughput sequencing methods and analyzed any connection between outcome and UTR shortening or lengthening. We observed 26 genes with altered UTR regions have impact on PFS or OS. In conclusion, we report significant alternate UTR usage, including intronic UTRs in MM affecting the disease biology and clinical outcome. Our data suggests the need to further investigate the molecular impact of alternate UTR usage and its relationship with miR in myeloma. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.