cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repair of mucosal perforation during pyloromyotomy: Surgeon's choice

Mucosal perforation during Fredet-Ramstedt pyloromyotomy traditionally has been repaired with muscular and mucosal reapproximation, pyloric rotation, and repeat myotomy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether simple mucosal closure is a safe alternative repair technique for such a perforation. The authors reviewed their experience of pyloromyotomies over a 21-year period and found a 1.67% incidence (15 of 896) of mucosal perforation. Four of these patients had repair with rotation and repeat myotomy, and 11 had repair with primary mucosal approximation. The patients were compared with respect to demographics, duration of operation, postoperative feeding intolerance, time from operation until discharge, and postoperative complications. No differences were noted between the two groups. Interestingly, when the perforation group (n = 15) was compared with the nonperforation group (n = 881), the mean age at time of pyloromyotomy was significantly higher for the group with perforation 48 days v 34 days; P = .0021, Student's t test). The authors conclude that those most likely to suffer mucosal perforation during pyloromyotomy are older patients with pyloric stenosis. Such mucosal perforation can be repaired with equal efficacy and safety using the traditional pyloric rotation approach or primary mucosal closure.
Active beamforming with interpolated FIR filterin

The interpolated FIR (IFIR) radar was recently introduced in the context of MIMO radar theory. It was shown that this system has a signal to clutter ratio intermediate between those of the SIMO and MIMO radars. This paper considers the optimal design of the active IFIR beamformer in presence of jammers. It is shown that this beamformer can achieve beamwidths as sharp as those of colocated MIMO radars with full-length virtual arrays. At the same time, the extra complexity of MIMO radars, which arises from use of multiple transmitter waveforms and several sets of receiver matched filter banks, is not present in the IFIR realization. Design examples for IFIR radars which optimize the receiver beamforming weights in presence of jammers for fixed transmitter are also presented.1
Technical and statistical improvements for flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue.

Flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffinembedded solid tumors has permitted review of large series of archival tissue in attempts to relate abnormal DNA content to prognosis. Limitations of the technique include: (1) a laborious, time-consuming procedure; (2) variation in technique between laboratories; and (3) lack of an objective method of computing DNA indices. Critical evaluaiton of our technique has shortened the time involved in dewaxing and rehydration, selectively utilized patient's own normal tissue as the internal standard, proved reproducibility of stored specimens, standardized DNA index computation, and developed a statistical analysis to confirm aneuploidy. These technical improvements and the development of a statistical analysis provide a way to shorten the procedure time and standardize the data generated from flow cytometric DNA analysis so as to improve the quality of retrospective reviews of paraffin-embedded tumors and accelerate the definition of flow cytometry's role as a prognostic indicator.
Runtime optimization utilizing program structure

Dynamic Binary Optimization and dynamic compilation based schemes are widely employed for runtime program optimization. They are effective in specific program scenarios, but their scope of applicability is limited by the associated runtime overhead. Their capabilities can be exploited well with the knowledge of program parameters and execution conditions. These high level structures affect the runtime optimization decisions, thereby reducing the overhead in rediscovering them. In the current program flow process, the binary executable files are devoid of this program high-level structure. Such structures exist at earlier stages, i.e., at higher level program in the compiler front end generated parse and attributed abstract syntax trees, and data structures generated in the compiler back end for optimization, i.e. a call graph. However, the information is discarded at the final code generation stage. In this paper, we develop a framework that automatically captures attributes of program structure, which are carried forward through static compilation. They are used to make the runtime optimization process faster and lightweight in nature. We also develop a novel Runtime Management Module (RMM) to control the program execution process and reoptimize the code to better suit the current execution conditions, as needed. Our metadata extraction techniques coupled with the effectiveness of RMM results into significant performance gains during execution of diverse benchmarks from SPEC and Splash 2 benchmark suites.
Dynamic and predictive links between touch and vision

We investigated crossmodal links between vision and touch for moving objects. In experiment 1, observers discriminated visual targets presented randomly at one of five locations on their forearm. Tactile pulses simulating motion along the forearm preceded visual targets. At short tactile-visual ISIs, discriminations were more rapid when the final tactile pulse and visual target were at the same location. At longer ISIs, discriminations were more rapid when the visual target was offset in the motion direction and were slower for offsets opposite to the motion direction. In experiment 2, speeded tactile discriminations at one of three random locations on the forearm were preceded by a visually simulated approaching object. Discriminations were more rapid when the object approached the location of the tactile stimulation and discrimination performance was dependent on the approaching object’s time to contact. These results demonstrate dynamic links in the spatial mapping between vision and touch.
Acute moderate-intensity cycling exercise is associated with reduced fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background Fatigue is a prominent, disabling symptom of MS. The prevalence and impact of fatigue highlights the need to identify approaches for its management. Purpose To examine changes in fatigue associated with an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Females (N = 25) with MS completed an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and on a separate day completed the abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) before performing 20 min of cycle ergometry at 60% VO2peak. Participants again completed the POMS at 5, 20, and 60 min after exercise. Results There were small-to-moderate reductions in fatigue subscale scores on the POMS 20 (d = .39) and 60 (d = .45) min after the acute bout of exercise. Conclusion We conclude that moderate-intensity cycling exercise was associated with reductions in fatigue and might represent an appropriate stimulus for the chronic management of fatigue in persons with MS.
Injuries before and after deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq

OBJECTIVE: To examine outpatient injuries before and after deployments of elements of the 10th Mountain Division to Afghanistan (n = 505 men) and the 1st Cavalry Division to Iraq (n = 3242 men). STUDY DESIGN: Observational. METHODS: The military units provided a list of deployed soldiers, and soldiers' outpatient medical encounters were obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Cumulative injury incidence was examined for two consecutive 90-day periods before the deployments (Periods 1-2) and two consecutive 90-day periods after the deployments (Periods 3-4). RESULTS: Both groups showed post-deployment increases in the overall incidence of injury (Afghanistan group = 14.1%, 14.1%, 16.4, 23.4%; Iraq Group = 15.1%, 12.4%, 35.4%, 43.4%; Periods 1-4, respectively). Soldiers with pre-deployment injuries were 1.4-3.0 times more likely to experience post-deployment injuries. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a post-deployment increase in the incidence of outpatient injury. Also, soldiers with pre-deployment injuries were more likely to experience post-deployment injuries. Language: en
Treatment of rupture of suspensory ligament and superficial flexor tendon in a bull

SUMMARY Rupture of the suspensory ligament at the insertions on the proximal sesamoid bones, and of the superficial flexor tendon of the left fore limb, occurred in an adult Angus bull as a result of fighting. There was severe hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint with the dewclaws almost touching the ground. Radiographs revealed severe hyper-extension of the MCP joint with the sesamoid bones aligned directly distal to the metacarpus. Initially, a full length fiberglass cast was applied with the limb partially flexed within the cast and the heels elevated. The cast was replaced twice. The cast was removed after 136 days and the bull was bearing full weight on the limb. Prolonged immobilisation of the limb produced new bone in the area (a normal response in cattle) to cause ankylosis of the traumatized MCP joint and partial ankylosis of the carpus. The bull was being used for pasture breeding one year after the injury.
NAICS: NAFTA’s industrial classification system

Industrial classification systems provide an important method for collecting, sorting and analysing industry and company data. Individual countries have developed their own standard industrial codes (SICs), as have regional and international organizations. Examines existing classification systems and describes the progress being made towards creating and implementing the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Raises important issues and implications for business information professionals. Concludes that the NAICS will facilitate international research and analysis of company and industry information.
Packaging design of microsystems and meso-scale devices

This paper will present an overview on electromechanical packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microsystems such as microsensors, actuators, and fluidics. Technical problems and major issues related to packaging design will also be presented and discussed.
Isolation and characterization of the cellulose synthase genes PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 in Physcomitrella patens

Analysis of cellulose biosynthesis using molecular approaches has been successful in identifying genes in many cellulose-producing organisms, yet the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis still remains to be understood. We are interested in developing the moss Physcomitrella patens as a useful system for the study of cellulose biosynthesis. This moss affords a number of advantages including a haploid dominated gametophyte and a very high efficiency of homologous recombination in its nuclear DNA for constructing gene knockouts. In addition, P. patens has only a primary cell wall unlike Arabidopsis thaliana, which has both a primary and a secondary cell wall. We identified two full-length cellulose synthase (CesA) genes of P. patens, PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 from an EST database and have analyzed the genomic sequences. PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 show high similarity to each other, both at the cDNA and genomic DNA levels. Single and double knockouts of PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 were generated and screened for phenotypic changes. While the PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 single knockouts did not show any obvious phenotypic differences from the wild-type, the double knockout had significantly reduced stem length. These results suggest that PpCesA6 and PpCesA7 probably have a very similar role in cellulose biosynthesis and their functions may be redundant. Additionally, their roles may overlap with the other P. patens CesAs as observed for CesAs involved in primary cell wall biosynthesis in A. thaliana.
Modeling the effects of hole distribution in perforated aluminum sheets I: representative unit cells

A method is presented that incorporates microstructural information into a model of the mechanical behavior of two-phase composite materials. The approach is to determine periodic microstructures that are statistically similar to the actual microstructure of the material under consideration. The utility of this method is that computationally tractable finite element simulations can then be carried out on representative unit cells that are directly obtained from microstructural observations. To illustrate this method, mechanical tests are performed on perforated aluminum sheets with various microstructures, and the results are compared to finite element simulations of selected representative unit cells. The simulations agree with the trends observed in the experiments, including measurements of the overall strength and ductility of the sheets. Advantages and limitations of the approach used here are discussed.
Measurement of Lens Protein Aggregation in Vivo Using Dynamic Light Scattering in a Guinea Pig/UVA Model for Nuclear Cataract

The role of UVA radiation in the formation of human nuclear cataract is not well understood. We have previously shown that exposing guinea pigs for 5 months to a chronic low level of UVA light produces increased lens nuclear light scattering and elevated levels of protein disulfide. Here we have used the technique of dynamic light scattering (DLS) to investigate lens protein aggregation in vivo in the guinea pig/UVA model. DLS size distribution analysis conducted at the same location in the lens nucleus of control and UVA-irradiated animals showed a 28% reduction in intensity of small diameter proteins in experimental lenses compared with controls (P < 0.05). In addition, large diameter proteins in UVA-exposed lens nuclei increased five-fold in intensity compared to controls (P < 0.05). The UVA-induced increase in apparent size of lens nuclear small diameter proteins was three-fold (P < 0.01), and the size of large diameter aggregates was more than four-fold in experimental lenses compared with controls. The diameter of crystallin aggregates in the UVA-irradiated lens nucleus was estimated to be 350 nm, a size able to scatter light. No significant changes in protein size were detected in the anterior cortex of UVA-irradiated lenses. It is presumed that the presence of a UVA chromophore in the guinea pig lens (NADPH bound to zeta crystallin), as well as traces of oxygen, contributed to UVA-induced crystallin aggregation. The results indicate a potentially harmful role for UVA light in the lens nucleus. A similar process of UVA-irradiated protein aggregation may take place in the older human lens nucleus, accelerating the formation of human nuclear cataract.
Differential expression of microRNAs in normal and inflamed human pulps.

Abstract Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression via posttranscriptional repression. They are critical to normal cellular function, and bioinformatic predictions indicate that at least one third of all messenger RNAs might be regulated by miRNAs. Although both the innate and adaptive immune responses are known to be regulated by miRNAs, their role in regulating endodontic disease has yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential expression of miRNAs in normal and inflamed human dental pulps and to explore their functional gene targets. Methods After obtaining informed consent, we collected normal and inflamed human pulps (N = 30). Microarray and molecular biology techniques were then used for gene profiling and identifying functional gene targets. Results Of the 335 human miRNAs identified in the pulp tissues, 3 miRNAs, miR-150∗, miR-584, and miR-766, were significantly up-regulated in inflamed pulps as compared with normal pulps (P Conclusions Our data identify differential expression of miRNAs in healthy and diseased human dental pulps. These findings highlight the intricate and specific roles of miRNA in inflammation and immunity, both of which are key aspects of pulpal pathology.
ATTRACTION TOWARD ANOTHER AS A FUNCTION OF SIMILARITY AND COMMONALITY OF ATTITUDES

One approach in accounting for the direct relationship between attitude similarity and attraction is to treat agreement as a reinforcer, providing reward through consensual validation. It was hypothesized that agreement should therefore lead to greater attraction in minority opinion Ss than in majority Ss. Minority or majority Ss compared attitudinal responses on an important or unimportant topic with a confederate who agreed with either 25% or 75% of responses. Further, regardless of initial position, half the Ss were told they were in a minority, half, a majority. Confirming the hypothesis, increased agreement led to greater attraction for actual minority Ss on both topics, and for actual majority Ss only when given minority feedback on an important topic.
Conformational energy and circular dichroism computed for cyclo-(pro-gly)3.

An analytic cyclization procedure has allowed the complete specification of c-(Pro-Gly)3 conformation by three dihedral angles. Utilizing this simplification, the intramolecular potential energy of c-(Pro-Gly)3 has been computed over all of conformational space. Conformers with all peptide bonds trans have the lowest total potential energy. Circular dichroism spectra calculated for the low-energy regions provide the basis for the interpretation of experimental CD spectra.
SH2 and SH3 domains: Potential targets for anti-cancer drug design

Protein-tyrosine kinases interact with a diverse group of signaling molecules that share common structural elements known as Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains. SH2 domains bind with high affinity to peptide sequences within target proteins that contain phosphorylated tyrosine residues, but have no affinity for the unphosphorylated sequence. This property allows activated tyrosine kinases to initiate signal transduction by recruiting downstream effectors with SH2 domains. SH3 domains also mediate protein-protein interaction. Target sequences for SH3 domains are rich in proline and hydrophobic amino acids, but do not require phosphorylation. SH2- and SH3-mediated protein-protein interactions are required for the transmission of proliferative signals initiated by tyrosine kinases (e.g., Ras activation or stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase activity). Peptidomimetic ligands based on the sequence of target proteins for SH2 and SH3 domains may represent new lead compounds for the therapy of proliferative diseases that are dependent upon constitutively activated tyrosine kinases (e.g., BCR/ABL in chronic myelogenous and acute lymphocytic leukemias or HER-2/Neu in breast and ovarian cancer.
Protein Microarrays: Novel Developments and Applications

Protein microarray technology possesses some of the greatest potential for providing direct information on protein function and potential drug targets. For example, functional protein microarrays are ideal tools suited for the mapping of biological pathways. They can be used to study most major types of interactions and enzymatic activities that take place in biochemical pathways and have been used for the analysis of simultaneous multiple biomolecular interactions involving protein-protein, protein-lipid, protein-DNA and protein-small molecule interactions. Because of this unique ability to analyze many kinds of molecular interactions en masse, the requirement of very small sample amount and the potential to be miniaturized and automated, protein microarrays are extremely well suited for protein profiling, drug discovery, drug target identification and clinical prognosis and diagnosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent developments in the production, applications and analysis of protein microarrays.
Molybdenum(VI) dioxo complexes with macrocyclic amine ligands

Abstract Reaction of MoO2Cl2 with the tetradentate amine ligand 1,4,8,12-tetraazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN4) yields the molybdenum(VI) dioxo complex [MoO22+ unit. The oxo ligands are cis and the macrocyclic amine coordinates in a non-planar fashion, as revealed by X-ray crystal structure and NMR data. One of the nitrogen donors cis to the oxo groups has been deprotonated to give an amide ligand (NR2−). In contrast, reaction of MoO2Cl2 with tetramethylcyclam (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, TMC) yields the neutral adduct MoO2Cl2(η2-TMC) (III), in which only two of the amine nitrogens are coordinated. An X-ray structure of III shows it to have an all-cis octahedral geometry, very unusual for MoO2X2L2 complexes, with one oxo ligand trans to an amine and the other trans to a chloride. Compounds [MoO2([15]aneN4-H)]BPh4 II and III are not very stable in solution; II is not reduced electrochemically or by PPh3.
Complex-coordinate calculations for doubly excited states of two-electron atoms

Doubly excited states of helium sequence ($Z=1\ensuremath{-}10$) are investigated by a complex-coordinate method. Some lower-lying $^{1}S^{e}$ and $^{1,3}P^{o}$ states below the $N=2$ hydrogenic thresholds are calculated by the use of Hylleraas-type wave functions. Results are compared with recent calculations and experiments.
Change of Functional Specific Gravity of Forages in Various Solutions

Abstract This research was to determine whether solutions in which ground hay samples were immersed affected rate of change of functional specific gravity of forages. Specific gravities for forage samples in ruminal fluid were higher than those in water at all eight times of observation between 1 and 24 h. Two additional experiments were to determine which fraction of ruminal fluid contributed to the accelerated change of specific gravity. Specific gravities of samples in solutions containing sialic acid or mucin protein from bovine submaxillary gland were not different from samples in water. Specific gravity increased more rapidly in McDougall's solution without sodium bicarbonate than in water. This suggests that ionic composition and concentration are more important in affecting change of specific gravity than is mucin protein content. The effect of increased ionic concentration on specific gravity may explain partially the increased turnover rate in animals fed supplemental buffers or sodium chloride.
God’s Diets: The Fat Body and the Bible as an Eating Guide in Evangelical Christianity

As much as some Christians may want to distance themselves from secularism, they find themselves immersed in a cultural environment that draws attention not only to their physical condition, but also to their body image. Particularly in the United States, where being “overweight” is often interpreted as a sign of lack of will and determination, an expression of psychological disorders, and a sure cause of health problems, Christians have been looking for viable solutions to their health and fitness conundrums while maintaining their religious identity and their practices. It seems only natural that they turn to the highest source of authority: God and his word, the Bible. In this paper I focus on the dieting plans and approaches that have developed using the Bible, and in particular the Hebrew Bible as their blueprint. Through a semiotic and discourse analysis of examples in print and on the Internet, I argue that very contemporary worries about the individual self are at the center of the immense popular...
First description of the male of Eragia profunda Markham, 1994 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae), with comments on relationships in the subfamily Argeiinae

Abstract The male of Eragia profunda Markham is described for the first time. The only known host of this species is Prionocrangon paucispina Kim & Chan and parasitized hosts have been collected from New Caledonia and Taiwan in 2100–2543 m depth. Morphology of the male and female parasites indicates that the species belongs to a group of argeiine bopyrids consisting of Argeia, Parargeia, Eragia, and Stegoalpheon.
Remedial Education at Community Colleges in the State University of New York

Although much has been written about remedial education, little has actually been published on the “nuts and bolts” of its campus operation. This study helps fill in that information gap. Its main purpose is to provide a descriptive inventory of the policies and procedures found in one of the largest community college systems in the nation.
Therapeutic effects of acetylsalicylic acid in giant cell arteritis

Objective In giant cell arteritis (GCA), inflammatory lesions typically produce interferon-γ (IFNγ)– and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)–dependent monokines. Corticosteroids influence disease activity by repressing NF-κB–dependent genes but have only marginal effects on IFNγ. The current study explored whether acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) had cytokine-repressing activity in GCA and could function as a steroid-sparing agent. Methods Temporal artery–severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse chimeras were created by engrafting inflamed temporal arteries into SCID mice. Chimeras were treated with ASA, indomethacin, or dexamethasone for 3 weeks. Temporal artery grafts were harvested and cytokine message was semiquantified by polymerase chain reaction–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability of dexamethasone and ASA to suppress IFNγ and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) messenger RNA and protein production was also tested in vitro using T cell clones and monocytes derived from patients with GCA. Drug-induced effects on the transcription factors NF-κB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Results At clinically relevant doses, 20–100 mg/kg, ASA was a highly effective inhibitor of cytokine transcription in temporal arteries. While dexamethasone preferentially targeted NF-κB–regulated monokines, ASA acted predominantly by suppressing IFNγ. Indomethacin failed to reduce tissue IFNγ transcription, which therefore excluded the inhibition of cyclooxygenases as a critical mechanism. IFNγ production by T cell clones was highly sensitive to ASA-mediated suppression, whereas IL-1β production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes responded primarily to dexamethasone. The combination of ASA and dexamethasone had synergistic effects. EMSAs demonstrated that ASA interfered with the formation of AP-1, whereas dexamethasone suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Conclusion The results of this study provide evidence of the complementary action of ASA and corticosteroids in suppressing proinflammatory cytokines in the vascular lesions of GCA.
The NGDO Co-ordination Group for Onchocerciasis Control

Since the beginning of the donation of Mectizan by Merck & Co., Inc., non-governmental development organizations (NGDO) have been actively involved in the mass distribution of this drug to control onchocerciasis. In 2006, the network of NGDO involved in onchocerciasis control assisted in the treatment of over 62 million people. The current strategy that is used for distribution in Africa, community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI), is very well suited for integration with other health activities. NGDO have been the pioneers in integrating comprehensive eye care, insecticide-treated nets for malaria, the control of multiple 'neglected' tropical diseases, and vitamin-A supplementation. These expanded activities bring with them new challenges, which need to be addressed by all partners and where the NGDO will play an active role.
Therapy: atenolol versus metoprolol tartrate--conflicting outcomes data.

Two recent population-based studies reported higher death rates in patients given metoprolol tartrate than in those given atenolol. These observations contrast with those of a US study in which patients with known cardiovascular disease were excluded, suggesting that indication bias or residual confounding might account for the difference in findings.
The Mechanism of Transcription Stalling under Torsion

During transcription, RNA polymerase (RNAP) translocates along DNA and introduces torsional stress, and excessive torque accumulation can lead to transcription stalling. We previously measured this stall torque for E. coli RNAP during transcription1. However the mechanism and regulation of RNAP stalling under torsion has remained elusive. Here, we investigate the transcriptional dynamics of RNAP in the presence and absence of GreB, a transcription elongation factor known to rescue backtracked RNAP. Using an angular optical trap assay, we found that the presence of GreB can significantly increase the stall torque of RNAP. In addition, RNAP often exhibited distinct reverse motion upon stalling in the absence of GreB, while this was rarely observed in the presence of GreB. These results suggest that backtracking is the primary mechanism of RNAP stalling on DNA under torsion and demonstrate a potential regulatory role for GreB in assisting an elongating RNAP in overcoming the torsional barrier of DNA.1J. Ma, L Bai, and M.D. Wang. Transcription under torsion. Science 340:1580-3 (2013).
MO‐D‐220‐09: Detection Methods of Ultrasound Transducer Artifacts: Dynamic Clips, Static Median, and Subtracted Median Images

Purpose: The detection of ultrasound artifacts due to transducer failure is important for maintaining image quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate 3 methods for detecting ultrasound artifacts, involving direct evaluation of dynamic B‐mode clips and 2 types of single frame statistical images. Methods: A range of artifacts of varying severity were artificially created for 28 transducers of varying models. The appearance of these artifacts was substantially similar to actual artifacts detected during ultrasoundscanner acceptance testing and routine quality assurance. A second set of 28 matching transducers contained no artifacts. A 10 second clip was recorded of a dynamic speckle pattern from a custom liquid phantom (“dynamic clip”). A single‐frame image was obtained by computing the median values at each pixel location over all frames of the clip (“median image”). This single frame median image was then subtracted from a baseline median image previously obtained with no induced artifact (“subtracted median”). All images were evaluated by 6 observers and the mean sensitivity and specificity for the three artifact detection methods estimated. Results: In all cases the dynamic clip had the lowest sensitivity (61%) of the three detection methods. The subtracted median images had the highest sensitivity of 97% and while maintaining a high specificity of 92%. Conclusions: For routine quality control, the use of subtracted median images allows detection of artifacts with very good sensitivity and specificity. For acceptance testing, where there are no previous baseline images available for subtraction, the use of median images is useful, although comparison with median images from different transducers of the same model and/or multiple observers should be made to decrease the incidence of false‐positive findings. If statistical images are not available, direct inspection of the dynamic B‐mode clips is useful for acceptance testing and quality control, but with lower sensitivity.
Symmetric table addition methods for neural network approximations

Symmetric table addition methods (STAMs) approximate functions by performing parallel table lookups, followed by multioperand addition. STAMs require significantly less memory than direct table lookups and are faster than piecewise linear approximations. This paper investigates the application of STAMs to the sigmoid function and its derivative, which are commonly used in artificial neural networks. Compared to direct table lookups, STAMs require between 23 and 41 times less memory for sigmoid and between 24 and 46 times less memory for sigmoid's derivative, when the input operand size is 16 bits and the output precision is 12 bits.
The Effect of Naloxone on the Hemodynamics of the Newborn Piglet with Septic Shock

Naloxone has been shown to reverse the hemodynamic sequelae of experimental septic shock in adult animal models. Its effectiveness in the newborn has not been studied. To further investigate the efficacy of naloxone, we instrumented 18 piglets for continuous measurement of mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, contractility, cardiac output, and O2. Oxygen consumption, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated. Following a stabilization period, group B beta-hemolytic Streptococci were infused over 30 min. Following the infusion, naloxone (1 mg/kg) was given followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/h in nine treatment animals. Nine control animals were given an equal volume of saline. Both groups developed significant increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure followed by a return to baseline. Oxygen consumption, cardiac output, contractility and mean arterial pressure decreased in both groups. Treatment with naloxone was associated with a cessation in the fall in the mean arterial pressure and the contractility. The difference in mean arterial pressure and contractility between groups was significant. The naloxone group had significantly improved 5-h survival. We speculate that naloxone may reverse some of the hemodynamic sequelae and improve survival in newborns with septic shock.
Anxiety after severe pediatric closed head injury.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the frequency of anxiety symptoms and disorders 1 year after severe pediatric closed head injury (CHI) and to determine the risk factors associated with these postinjury outcomes. Method Ninety-seven subjects were prospectively followed for 1 year after severe CHI (Glasgow Coma Scale Score = 3–8). Assessments of preinjury and 1-year postinjury psychiatric status and psychosocial adversity were conducted. Frequency of anxiety symptoms and disorders 1 year after injury were the outcome measures. Data collection occurred between 1992 and 1996. Results There was a significant increase in the total number of anxiety symptoms after injury compared with before injury. The most frequent symptoms were overanxious symptoms, followed by obsessive-compulsive symptoms, separation anxiety symptoms, and simple phobia symptoms. There was a trend toward an increase in the frequency of overanxious disorder after injury. Preinjury anxiety symptoms correlated positively with postinjury anxiety symptoms and disorders. Younger age at injury correlated positively with postinjury anxiety symptoms. Conclusions One year after severe CHI, children are at risk for a variety of anxiety symptoms and, possibly, overanxious disorder. Preinjury anxiety and younger age at injury are risk factors for these disturbances.
On the critical current of a Josephson junction array in a magnetic field

Abstract Josephson junction arrays in transverse magnetic fields are highly sensitive to the rationality of the magnetic field per unit cell, ƒ, in units of the magnetic flux quantum. Teitel and Jayaprakash have proposed that the zero temperature critical current of an array obeys ic ∼ 1/q for rational ƒ = p q , and that the critical current is zero for irrational ƒ. I examine t his conjecture in detail, and show that it fails for high-order rational ƒ, and possibly for irrational ƒ, because of the numerous metastable states of the system. It may be possible to visualize the low-temperature resistive properties of the array in terms of transitions amongst these metastable states.
Testing and correcting the sudden approximation: application to rotationally inelastic scattering

Abstract The classical limit of the quantal sudden approximation can be used to obtain deflection functions which can be compared to ones from classical trajectory calculations. This provides a simple means to test the sudden approximation for clasically allowed transitions. These methods are illustrated for atom-rigid rotor inelastic scattering on He-N 2 and He-H 2 .
Microstructure and phase composition of sputter-deposited zirconia-yttria films

Thin ZrO/sub 2/-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ coatings ranging in composition from 3 to 15 mole % Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ were produced by rf sputter deposition. This composition range spanned the region on the equilibrium ZrO/sub 2/-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ phase diagram corresponding to partially stabilized zirconia (a mixture of tetragonal ZrO/sub 2/ and cubic solid solution). Microstructural characteristics and crystalline phase composition of as-deposited and heat treated films (1100/sup 0/C and 1500/sup 0/C) were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Effects of substrate bias (0 approx. 250 volts), which induced ion bombardment of the film during growth, were also studied. The as-deposited ZrO/sub 2/-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ films were single phase over the composition range studied, and XRD data indicated considerable local atomic disorder in the lattice. Films produced at low bias contained intergranular voids, pronounced columnar growth, and porosity between columns. At high bias, the microstructure was denser, and films contained high compressive stress. After heat treatment, all deposits remained single phase, therefore a microstructure and precipitate distribution characteristic of toughened, partially stabilized zirconia appear to be difficult to achieve in vapor deposited zirconia coatings.
Naturally Occurring Osmolyte, Trehalose Induces Functional Conformation in an Intrinsically Disordered Activation Domain of Glucocorticoid Receptor

Intrinsically disordered (ID) regions are frequently found in the activation domains of many transcription factors including nuclear hormone receptors. It is believed that these ID regions promote molecular recognition by creating large surfaces suitable for interactions with their specific protein binding partners, which is a critical component of gene regulation by transcription factors. It has been hypothesized that conditional folding of these activation domains may be a prerequisite for their efficient interaction with specific coregulatory proteins, and subsequent transcriptional activity leading to the regulation of target gene(s). In this study, we tested whether a naturally occurring osmolyte, trehalose can promote functionally ordered conformation in glucocorticoid receptor's major activation function domain, AF1, which is found to exist as an ID protein, and requires an efficient interaction with coregulatory proteins for optimal activity. Our data show that trehalose induces an ordered conformation in AF1 such that its interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), a critical coregulator of glucocorticoid receptor's activity, is greatly enhanced.
PRL gene expression in individual living mammotropes displays distinct functional pulses that oscillate in a noncircadian temporal pattern.

PRL gene expression in the anterior pituitary has been the focus of intensive investigation for many years, but very little information is available on the actual dynamics by which this process occurs in individual mammotrope cells. Here, we used single cell bioluminescent imaging microscopy and a recently refined reporter gene strategy to measure PRL promoterdriven gene expression (PRL-GE) in individual living primary mammotropes. Using this approach we report a new phenomenon involving repetitive on/off gene expression bursts that occurred in a distinctly noncircadian oscillatory pattern. Furthermore, we demonstrate a functional basis for these gene expression oscillations, inasmuch as PRL-GE pulses were sensitive to calcium-dependent modulation, which we show arose exclusively as changes in the shape of individual pulse episodes. Our results provide the first clear evidence that PRLGE, in its homologous cell environment, displays oscillatory bursts of activity. Moreover, they strongly support the idea that these discrete on/off bursts of activity serve as an important determinant of the timing and level of PRL-GE under both basal and stimulated conditions. (Endocrinology 143: 1126 –1133, 2002)
An unbiased correction for sampling error in validity generalization studies.

Presentation d'une nouvelle methode non biaisee permettant la correction de la variance due a l'erreur d'echantillonnage
Hepatocyte growth factor triggers distinct mechanisms of Asef and Tiam1 activation to induce endothelial barrier enhancement

Previous reports described an important role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in mitigation of pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction and cell injury induced by pathologic agonists and mechanical forces. HGF protective effects have been associated with Rac-GTPase signaling pathway activated by Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 and leading to enhancement of intercellular adherens junctions. This study tested involvement of a novel Rac-specific activator, Asef, in endothelial barrier enhancement by HGF and investigated a mechanism of HGF-induced Asef activation. Si-RNA-based knockdown of Tiam1 and Asef had an additive effect on attenuation of HGF-induced Rac activation and endothelial cell (EC) barrier enhancement. Tiam1 and Asef activation was abolished by pharmacologic inhibitors of HGF receptor and PI3-kinase. In contrast to Tiam1, Asef interacted with APC and associated with microtubule fraction upon HGF stimulation. EC treatment by low dose nocodazole to inhibit peripheral microtubule dynamics partially attenuated HGF-induced Asef peripheral translocation, but had negligible effect on Tiam1 translocation. These effects were associated with attenuation of HGF-induced barrier enhancement in EC pretreated with low ND dose and activation of Rac and its cytoskeletal effectors PAK1 and cortactin. These data demonstrate, that in addition to microtubule-independent Tiam1 activation, HGF engages additional microtubule- and APC-dependent pathway of Asef activation. These mechanisms may complement each other to provide the fine tuning of Rac signaling and endothelial barrier enhancement in response to various agonists.
An optimization approach to bearing-only visual homing with applications to a 2-D unicycle model

We consider the problem of bearing-based visual homing: Given a mobile robot which can measure bearing directions corresponding to known landmarks, the goal is to guide the robot toward a desired “home” location. We propose a control law based on the gradient field of a Lyapunov function, and give sufficient conditions for global convergence. We show that the well-known Average Landmark Vector method (for which no convergence proof was known) can be obtained as a particular case of our framework. We then derive a sliding mode control law for a unicycle model which follows this gradient field. Both controllers do not depend on range information. Finally, we also show how our framework can be used to characterize the sensitivity of a home location with respect to noise in the specified bearings.
Transnational Corruption in Weapons Procurement in East Asia: A Case Analysis

Abstract This case study analyzes the Lafayette scandal, which alleges that up to US$760 million in bribes and kickbacks was split among French, Chinese, and Taiwanese officials for the 1992 sale of French frigates to Taiwan. The case was unique in its complexity, intrigue, and repercussions. This analysis focuses on the structural and institutional deficiencies in Taiwan and France that intersected to create opportunities for massive corruption. It also traces how Taiwan and France implemented profound preventive reforms in the aftermath of the scandal. This landmark scandal highlights the need for further global efforts to establish legal frameworks and judicial protocols to tackle corrupt practices that transcend national borders.
Mentoring frameworks: synthesis and critique

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a synthesis of the origins and theoretical frameworks of adult mentoring practices in educational and workplace settings along with an analysis and critique of their application to mentoring processes. Design/methodology/approach – The authors systematically analyzed books and articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 1978 to 2012 using qualitative meta-summary and qualitative meta-synthesis methodological approaches. Findings – This systematic review of the literature resulted first, in an organized, historical framework of theories of adult mentoring in academic and workplace and educational contexts from 1978 to 2012. Second, it provided information regarding the recognized challenges in traditional mentoring endeavors that led to the more expansive concept of developmental networks and participation in communities of practice. Third, it served as a foundation for a critique of the theories as applied to mentoring relationships and programs. Pra...
THE FEMALE LEADER: ATTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF GROUP PERFORMANCE

Summary.-Research on leadership style, conducted primarily with males, usually assumes that the leader's style causes group performance. Attribution theory suggests the reverse causal argument and has been supported in research using male leaders. The present study, using a quasi-experimental design and 256 students in introductory management, found that female managers of highperforming groups were evaluated and described differently than female managers of low-performing groups, even though their behavioral styles were identical. The results suggest that attributional processes applied to leadership are similar for male and female managers. Women in work roles have been perceived to be different from or similar to men and have been evaluated similarly or differently, depending on who is asking and who is asked. Recent studies have verified the continued existence of stereotypical views of women, men, and managerial roles. These stereotypes state that men are more like successful managers than women are and that "madne" qualities are more important than "feminine" qualities in managerial roles (Massengill & DiMarco, 1979; Powell & Butteffield, 1979; Rosen & Jerdee, 1978). Yet field research has just as consistently demonstrated the lack of differences between female and male leaders in behavior as leaders, job performance, and job satisfaction of leader and subordinates (Bartol, 1978; Day g: Stogdill, 1972; Osborn & Vicars, 1976). Nonetheless, occupational discrimination against women is a well-documented and pervasive phenomenon (Stromberg & Harkess, 1978). One approach to research on work-related sex effects has been to examine attributions of causes for success or failure in the performance of work tasks. Sex differences in causal attributions have been found in several studies, with explanations of successful performance ranging from "what's skill for the male is luck for the female" (Deaux & Emswiller, 1974) to "those who are number two try harder" ( Feldman-Summers & Kiesler, 1974). Terborg ( 1977) suggested that unexpected superior performance may yield a more positive evaluation than expected superior performance, resulting in the same performance being evaluated more favorably for women than for men; however, this effect could be offset if behaviors discrepant from an individual's sex role were evaluated negatively. The attributional research on reactions to individuals in authority positions
Stability of the Dose-Response Relationship for the Assay of Luteinizing Hormone Activity

The stability of the log doseresponse relationship for luteinizing hormone activity (LH) was examined by 3 different bioassay methods using a variety of standard test substances. Stability of slope and level (intercept) was determined by the conventional F tests after the exclusion of excessively large error variances. Both the ventral prostate repair method (HRP) and the ovarian ascorbic acid-depletion method (OAAD-Munson modification) yielded stable slopes with all standards on repetitive testing. A stable intercept was also obtained by the HRP method for ovine luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S1). The OAAD method is recommended where greater sensitivity is required.