cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental hiogeography of near-surface phytoplankton in the southeast Pacific Ocean

Abstract Biogeographic interpretation of large-scale phytoplankton distribution patterns in relation to surface hydrography is essential to understanding pelagic food web dynamics and biogeochemical processes influencing global climate. We examined the abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in relation to physical and chemical parameters in the southeast Pacific Ocean. Samples were collected along longitude 110°W, between 10°N and 60°S during late austral summer. Patterns of taxa abundance and hydrographic variables were interpreted by principal components analysis. Five distinct phytohydrographic regions were identified: (i) a north equatorial region of moderate productivity dominated by small flagellates, low nitrate and low-to-moderate p CO 2 ; (ii) a south equatorial region characterized by high primary productivity dominated by diatoms, high nutrient levels, and relatively high p CO 2 ; (iii) a central gyre region characterized by low productivity dominated by small flagellates, low nitrate, and high p CO 2 ; (iv) a sub-Antarctic region with moderate productivity dominated by coccolithophores, moderate nitrate concentrations, and low p CO 2 ; and (v) an Antarctic region with high productivity dominated by diatoms, very high nitrate, and low p CO 2 . Productivity and average phytoplankton cell size were positively correlated with nitrate concentration. Total phytoplankton abundance was negatively correlated with p CO 2 , photosynthetically active radiation, and ultraviolet-B radiation. The interaction between phytoplankton carbon assimilation, atmospheric CO2, and the inhibitory effect of ultraviolet radiation could have implications for the global climate. These data suggest that the effects would be greatest at southern mid-latitudes (40–50°S) where present phytoplankton production and predicted future increases in UV-B are both relatively high.
Specular and diffuse reflection and refraction at surfaces

Abstract Reflection and refraction of waves at perfect and imperfect surfaces and interfaces is an old and vast topic with a wide range of applications ranging from geology to studies of the surface of distant planets and from sound waves to gamma-rays. Neutron and X-ray reflectometry constitute just one example. Information on the geometry, chemistry and magnetic field distribution at and near a surface is contained in the specularly reflected and transmitted beams as well as in the angular distribution of non-specular diffraction. We show that several methods of calculating these radiation fields provide equivalent results, and we extend the well-known methods applicable to beam incidence at large angles far exceeding the critical angle for total reflection, to the interesting regions of intermediary and subcritical angels.
Crossed beam study of the reaction of H+3 with D2☆

Abstract The kinematics of the reaction H + 2 (D 2 , H 2 )D 2 H + were studied over the initial relative energy range from 0.22 to 5.21 eV for ground state reactants. The reaction was found to proceed via a direct mechanism at all energies studied. Indirect evidence suggests, however, that substantial complex formation may occur at energies below about 0.2 eV.
Lift High the Cross? An American Perspective on Lautsi v Italy

The European Court of Human Rights has upheld Italy's policy of displaying crucifixes in its public school classrooms. In Lautsi v Italy , an atheist mother of two state school children challenged this policy, in place since 1924. After losing in the Italian courts, she appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that the presence of these crucifixes in schools violated her and her children's rights to religious freedom and to a secular education guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. On 3 November 2009, a unanimous seven-judge chamber of the European Court held for Ms Lautsi. On 18 March 2011, the Grand Chamber reversed this decision and held 15 to 2 in favour of the Government of Italy.
Reflections on the Strengths and Limitations to Cross-Cultural Evidence in the Study of Conflict and Its Mitigation

As Mel Ember showed over the years, the cross-cultural record provides a rich source of data to test hypotheses and build theories about conflict and warfare. His and Carol’s work in this area challenged some long-held theories, offered some new and surprising ideas, and provided researchers with an incredible, splendid data-set with which to test additional theories of conflict and warfare. This article describes how the questions he and Carol posed stimulated and honed my interest in the relationship between macro and micro level theories of conflict and led me to devote the past fifteen years to the dispute level dynamics of ethnic conflict and its mitigation. Connecting theory and data across these levels in the study of conflict, is worth attempting, but not easy. The cross-level tensions are very basic from the definition of the relevant units of analysis—is it the society (or culture) as in cross-cultural studies or is each specific conflict as contemporary constructivist notions of group identitie...
From Incubation to Insight: Working Memory and the Role of the Cerebellum

From the time I was honored with an invitation to write a commentary on the article How Working Memory and the Cerebellum Collaborate to Produce Creativity and Innovation, I have been wearing the a...
Some remarks about unquantized non-Abelian gauge fields

For unquantized non-Abelian gauge fields, remarks are made on the question of whether the field strengths determine the gauge field, on the dual transformations, and on complex gauge fields.
Placental expression of enzymes regulating prostaglandin synthesis and degradation.

Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize placental expression of the prostaglandin synthase enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) -1 and -2 and prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH, a degrading enzyme). Study design Forty-one women between 20 and 37 weeks' gestation and 39 matched term controls with either spontaneous labor or premature rupture of membranes were enrolled in a prospective case-control study. The relative amounts of placental RNAs at delivery were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Placental COX-1 RNA decreased with advancing gestational age at delivery ( R 2 =0.13, P =.001), and increased by 43% when chorioamnionitis was present ( P =.006). Among patients presenting at term, oxytocin use was associated with 30% lower expression of COX-1 ( P =.01). COX-2 and PGDH were not associated with these variables. Conclusion Placental COX-1 RNA at delivery decreases with advancing gestational age and with oxytocin use at term. Thus, expression of placental COX-1 is not constitutive. Placental expression of COX-2 and PGDH do not correlate with gestational age, chorioamnionitis, or oxytocin use.
Design and simulation of a smart optically controlled high-power switch based on a Si/SiC hybrid device structure

ABSTRACT In avionic systems, data integrity and high data rates are necessary for stable flight control. Unfortunately, conventional electronic control systems are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can reduce the clarity of flight control signals. Fly-by-Light systems that use optical signals to actuate the flight control surfaces of an aircraft have been suggested as a solution to the EMI problem in avionic systems. Fly-by-Light in avionic systems reduces electromagnetic interference hence improving the clarity of the control signals. A hybrid approach combining a silicon photoreceiver module with a SiC power transistor is proposed. The resulting device uses a 5mW optical control signal to produce a 150A current suitable for driving an electric motor . Keywords: Optically Controlled Switch, Silicon Carbide Devices, High Power Switching 1. INTRODUCTION Fiber optic component technology has been under development by the government and industry laboratories for over 20 years. The ever-increasing performance and economy of operation requirements placed on commercial and military transport aircraft are resulting in very complex systems. The often-cited benefits are high data throughput, immunity to EMI, reduced certification and maintenance costs and reduced weight features. These all motivate their application to flight control systems. Current Fly-by-Light systems are limited by the lack of optically activated high power switching devices. Due to there high breakdown voltages and ability to withstand high operating temperatures Silicon Carbide transistors have been suggested as ideal switching devices for high power applications. Unfortunately, SiC is not optically active at the near IR wavelengths where communications grade light sources are readily available. Thus, a hybrid approach is proposed that combines a silicon photoreceiver module with a SiC power transistor. The Silicon Chip consists of a photodetector, a receiver circuit and diagnostic circuits for real time evaluation of the control system operation. An analysis of the silicon chip design indicates that less than 5mW of optical signal is required to activate the silicon chip. When illuminated with the 5mW optical control signal the silicon chip produces a 15mA current that is used to drive a SiC Darlington pair. With a 15mA input current, the SiC chip will produce a 150 A current suitable for driving an electric motor with sufficient horsepower to actuate the control surfaces on an aircraft. In this paper we will report on our recent efforts towards demonstration of this hybrid Si-SiC module.
Elimination of baseline variations from a recorded spectrum by ultra-low frequency filtering

A technique for the elimination of baseline variation is discussed and illustrated. The method involves ultra-low frequency filtering in the frequency domain (transform space) and is illustrated by applying it to several diode laser spectra of C2H6 (ethane). In the examples presented, the technique eliminates the effects of diode laser output energy variations as a particular mode is scanned. This technique may be especially valuable for diode laser spectroscopy where a multipass cell is used and where the cell cannot readily be removed from the beam to obtain a background scan. The technique should be applicable to baseline variation problems in general.
Form versus substance: AAOIFI projects and Islamic fundamentals in the case of sukuk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of standard‐setting bodies and rating agencies which compete for authority in Islamic finance. It does so through a consideration of a recent debate over the permissibility of sukuk financing.Design/methodology/approach – The methods used are a combination of archival and bibliographic research, coupled with the author's previous research on Islamic banking and finance.Findings – While the debate over sukuk hinged on whether the structures are shari'a compliant in form only, not in substance, the role of sukuk in neoliberal reform and the privatization of state resources reveal a deeper potential conflict between Islamic standard‐setting bodies and global neoliberal projects more broadly.Research limitations/implications – The implications are significant for other Islamic finance contractual forms and modes of finance. They are also significant in light of the global financial crisis, and the recent debt crisis in Dubai. The research limitati...
Methods for Allocating Urban Emergency Units: A Survey

An urban emergency service system provides mobile units vehicles to respond to requests for service which can occur at any time and any place throughout a city. This paper describes the common characteristics and operational problems of these systems and surveys the various methods, both traditional and recently developed, which may be used for allocating their units. Aspects of allocation policy discussed include 1 determining the number of units to have on duty, 2 locating the units, 3 designing their response areas or patrol areas, 4 relocating units, and 5 planning preventive-patrol patterns for police cars. Typical policy changes which may be suggested by the use of quantitative allocation models include selective queuing of low priority calls, varying the number of units on duty and their locations by time of day, dispatching units other than the closest ones to certain incidents, relocating units as unavailabilities begin to develop, and assigning police cars to overlapping patrol sectors. As a result of making such changes, it is often possible to reduce queuing and travel time delays, improve the balance of workload among units, and enhance the amount of preventive patrol where needed.
Corticotropin releasing factor-induced amygdala gamma-aminobutyric Acid release plays a key role in alcohol dependence.

Background Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems in the central amygdala (CeA) are implicated in the high-anxiety, high-drinking profile associated with ethanol dependence. Ethanol augments CeA GABA release in ethanol-naive rats and mice. Methods Using naive and ethanol-dependent rats, we compared electrophysiologic effects and interactions of CRF and ethanol on CeA GABAergic transmission, and we measured GABA dialyzate in CeA after injection of CRF 1 antagonists and ethanol. We also compared mRNA expression in CeA for CRF and CRF 1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We assessed effects of chronic treatment with a CRF 1 antagonist on withdrawal-induced increases in alcohol consumption in dependent rats. Results CRF and ethanol augmented CeA GABAergic transmission in naive rats via increased GABA release. Three CRF1 receptor (CRF 1 ) antagonists decreased basal GABAergic responses and abolished ethanol effects. Ethanol-dependent rats exhibited heightened sensitivity to CRF and CRF 1 antagonists on CeA GABA release. Intra-CeA CRF 1 antagonist administration reversed dependence–related elevations in GABA dialysate and blocked ethanol-induced increases in GABA dialyzate in both dependent and naive rats. Polymerase chain reaction studies indicate increased expression of CRF and CRF 1 in CeA of dependent rats. Chronic CRF 1 antagonist treatment blocked withdrawal-induced increases in alcohol drinking by dependent rats and tempered moderate increases in alcohol consumption by nondependent rats in intermittent testing. Conclusions These combined findings suggest a key role for specific presynaptic CRF-GABA interactions in CeA in the development and maintenance of ethanol dependence.
SU‐E‐T‐790: The Effect of Pulmonary Emphysema on Lung SBRT Dosimetry

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the effect of pulmonary emphysema (PE) on the dosimetric results for intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT). Methods: One patient diagnosed with non‐small cell lungcancer was chosen as the model patient. Hypothetic tumors with volumes of 2cc, 48cc and 169cc were contoured in the right middle lung. GPU based helical tomotherapy IMRT planning system is used in the study. 50 Gy in 5 fractions were prescribed to planning target volume (PTV). The planning parameters include a jaw size of 2.5 cm and 1cm, a pitch of 0.287 and 0.1, and dosimetric constrains according to RTOG 0813. To simulate emphysema lung density was overwritten from 0.05 to 0.4 g/cc. The dosimetric results such as tumor coverage, R50, and lung V20 were analyzed. Results: All plans satisfy 95% of PTV receiving 50Gy prescription. Lung density has a significant effect on the dosimetric results for all tumor sizes studied. For plans with jaw size of 2.5 cm and pitch of 0.287, R50 increases by as much as 92%, 55% and 35% for PTV of 2cc, 48cc and 169cc, when the lung density was reduced from 0.3 to 0.05 g/cc. Similarly, lung V20 increases by 32%, 20% and 18% for PTV of 2cc, 48cc and 169cc, respectively. Interestingly, for plans with jaw size of 1cm and pitch of 0.1, although the R50 for different tumor sizes follows similar trend as 2.5cm plans, the effect of lung density on V20 is non‐linear. For PTV of 2cc and 48cc, V20 plot shows a peak with varying lung densities. Conclusions: Systematic planning studies show that lower lung densities generally result in poorer dosimetry due to the greater difficulty to achieve electron equilibrium. Therefore, the lung density should be taken into consideration in the lungSBRT protocol.
Hypertension and survival in chronic hemodialysis patients—Past lessons and future opportunities

Hypertension and survival in chronic hemodialysis patients—Past lessons and future opportunities. There is substantial controversy surrounding the benefits of control of hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Unlike the general population, some studies suggest that higher blood pressure in hemodialysis patients offers a survival advantage, what is termed as "reverse epidemiology." To critically analyze the relationship between total and cardiovascular mortality and blood pressure, peer-reviewed, published studies in hemodialysis patients were analyzed. Consideration of the world-wide experience suggests that analysis of incident cohorts reveal a clear link between elevated blood pressure and mortality. Increased pulse pressure, which is primarily due to increased systolic pressure, is also associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The counterintuitive relationship between blood pressure and mortality appears, in part, to be due to methods of data analysis. When data are analyzed with systolic or diastolic blood pressure as separate models, not conjointly, inverse relationship between blood pressure and total and cardiovascular mortality is generally seen. When both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are considered together, systolic blood pressure or increased pulse pressure assumes a major importance in predicting cardiovascular events whereas diastolic blood pressure retains the inverse relationship. Control of hypertension in hypertensive dialysis patients is associated with improved survival. Furthermore, the use of antihypertensive drug treatment is associated with improved survival regardless of blood pressure control. Low predialysis blood pressure is associated with increased cardiovascular deaths and deaths within 2 years from malignancy or withdrawal from dialysis. These data suggest that hypertension needs to be better controlled in hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Better methods of assessment of blood pressure control, consideration of cardiac structure and function, and performance of randomized controlled trials of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies are needed to establish benefits and determining goal blood pressure in hemodialysis patients.
Chiral topological insulators, superconductors, and other competing orders in three dimensions

We discuss the proximate phases of a three-dimensional system with Dirac-like dispersion. Using the cubic lattice with plaquette $\ensuremath{\pi}$-flux as a model, we find, among other phases, a chiral topological insulator and singlet topological superconductor. While the former requires a special ``chiral'' symmetry, the latter is stable as long as time reversal and SU(2) spin rotation symmetry are present. These phases are characterized by stable surface Dirac fermion modes, and by an integer topological invariant in the bulk. The key features of these phases are readily understood in a two dimensional limit with an appropriate pairing of Dirac nodes between layers. This Dirac node-pairing picture is also shown to apply to ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological insulators protected by time-reversal symmetry. The nature of pointlike topological defects in these phases is also investigated, revealing an interesting duality relation between these topological phases and the Neel phase.
Polynomial time algorithms for two special classes of the proportionate multiprocessor open shop

This paper describes a complex scheduling problem taken from a hospital diagnostic testing center that schedules hundreds of patients in an open shop environment consisting of multiple facilities and multiple processors. This scheduling problem, known as the multiprocessor open shop (MPOS) problem, is strongly NP-hard with few published results. Realizing that in many MPOS environments processing times are stage-dependent, not both job and stage-dependent, this paper examines a new class of problems for the MPOS—proportionate ones. This paper exploits the structural nature of the proportionate MPOS and defines new terms. Despite the enormous complexity of the MPOS problem, this work demonstrates that polynomial time algorithms exist for two special cases. Since other applications of this problem exist in service and manufacturing environments, solving the proportionate MPOS problem is not only significant in the theory of optimization, but also in many real-world applications.
The Guido Site: A Multi-Component Pre-Contact Site in Marbletown, Ulster County, NY:

The Guido site is a multi-component pre-Contact site in the Esopus drainage in New York's Mid-Hudson Valley. It was almost entirely excavated by avocational archaeologists from 1975 to 1981. Occupations found on the site range from the Late Archaic Vosburg phase to the Terminal Late Woodland Esopus Indians. Settlement pattern information includes a possible Orient phase house pattern, and subsistence data consist of Late Woodland storage pits which have produced dated evidence for the cultivation and storage of maize from the Oak Hill phase to pre-Contact. One human burial, that of an adult aged 30-40 years, of indeterminate sex, was also found.
Three-Body Correlations in Nuclear Matter

A momentum-space method is developed for the calculation of three-body terms in the Brueckner-Bethe method for nuclear matter. The method is similar to one used earlier for central $S$-wave potentials. Here we extend it to the full nuclear force, including tensor forces, spin-orbit forces, etc. Furthermore, we show how the method can be used to investigate the possibility of long-range correlations in nuclear matter by summing the generalized ring series. The numerical accuracy obtainable with various mesh parameters and cut-offs in momentum space, and with various truncations of partial-wave expansions, is thoroughly explored. Several angle-average approximations are used, and the estimated numerical accuracy in the three-body cluster energy is 10-15%. The method is applied to a central potential ${v}_{2}$, a semirealistic potential ${v}_{6}$ (Reid), which has a tensor force, and to the Reid potential, augmented by an interaction that is consistent with empirical scattering phase shifts in two-body partial waves with $j\ensuremath{\ge}3$. In all cases the three-body contribution to the energy is correctly given in order of magnitude by ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}{D}_{2}$, where ${D}_{2}$ is the two-body contribution and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$ is the usual convergence parameter of the Brueckner-Bethe method. The generalized ring series is found to converge rapidly, indicating that long-range correlations are not very important for the binding energy of nuclear matter. The Reid potential is found to saturate at the right energy but at too high a density.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Method for solving Brueckner-Bethe three-body equations in nuclear matter developed and applied to the Reid potential.
Herpesvirus neutralization: Induction of the persistent fraction by insufficient antibody☆

Abstract Previous work has shown that naturally aggregated herpesvirus particles are responsible for the nonneutralizable (persistent) virus fraction. A second cause of the persistent fraction has now been shown to result from “insufficient” antibody. When undiluted monodispersed herpesvirus was treated with antibody in amounts insufficient to completely neutralize the total virus population, infectious virus-antibody aggregates were produced. Subsequent treatment with excess antiserum did not abolish the persistent fraction formed by these immunoaggregates. However, if the incompletely neutralized mixture was first differentially filtered to remove the infectious aggregates but to permit monodispersed virus to pass into the filtrate, then the virus in the filtrate could be completely neutralized by additional antiserum. Essentially the same results were obtained with vaccinia virus.
Bythotrephes Cederstroemi (Schödler). (Cercopagidae: Cladocera): A New Record for Lake Ontario

Abstract Specimens of the cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Schodler), were identified from samples obtained from the New York State Electric and Gas Corporation-owned Somerset Coal Generating Station near Lake Ontario at Somerset. This organism, not previously reported in Lake Ontario, was present in samples from September through December 1985.
A chemical ionization source of molecular ions for matrix-isolation spectroscopy

A chemical ionization source from mass spectrometry was modified for matrix isolation spectroscopic studies. Argon positive ion chemical ionization of naphthalene produced naphthalene cation based on agreement of the matrix electronic spectrum with that obtained by vacuum ultraviolet radiation and electron impact techniques. Negative ion studies with chlorine gave the Cl2− and Cl3− anion absorptions at 340 and 253 nm, respectively, whose relative intensities depended on source pressure. Furthermore, Cl2/HCl/Ar chemical ionization produced mainly HCl2− anion absorbing at 287 nm due to secondary ion processes occurring inside the source block.
Redox Chemistry of Third Phases Formed in the Cerium/Nitric Acid/Malonamide‐n‐Dodecane Solvent Extraction System

Upon solvent extraction of the colorless solution 0.1 M Ce(NO3)3⋅6H2O in 3 M HNO3 with DMDBTDMA (N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dibutyltetradecyl malonamide) at a concentration of 0.5 M in n-dodecane (also a colorless solution), a yellow third phase is formed. In keeping with previous observations reported in the historical literature of solvent extraction, the yellow color was initially interpreted as an indication of the presence of tetravalent cerium, which is, coincidentally, yellow in aqueous HNO3. The valence quandary arising from the visual assessment led us to extract a freshly prepared solution of 0.1 M cerium(IV) nitrate, which was obtained by exhaustive bulk electrolysis of 0.1 M Ce(NO3)3⋅6H2O in 3 M HNO3. A red third phase was obtained. Under ambient light, the red third phase reverts to the yellow color of the third phase formed upon solvent extraction of CeIII. These observations, in combination with results obtained by UV/Visible and X-ray absorption spectroscopies as well as electrochemical studies of the yellow and red third phases, demonstrate that the colors are directly correlated with changes in Ce valence, where CeIII obtains in the yellow third phase and CeIV in the red one, and the formation of coordination complexes with DMDBTDMA. By use of three-phase electrode voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis techniques, the one-electron CeIII/CeIV redox chemistry in the third phases was examined in a manner not realized beforehand. These results, demonstrating reversible electrochromism, stand at the intersection of the fields of electroanalytical chemistry, on the one hand, and separations science, on the other, thus providing original insights into third phase phenomena and ion transfer across the aqueous–organic liquid interface in the extraction system.
The age pattern of first-birth rates among U.S. women: the bimodal 1990s.

Between 1990 and 2002, the age pattern of Type I first-birth rates (i.e., the hazard of a first birth) among U.S. women was bimodal. This pattern, driven by changing differential fertility patterns among racial and ethnic groups, reached its apex at the mid-1990s and had almost vanished by the decade’s end. Research on first-birth timing has tended to focus on Type II first-birth rates and therefore has failed to identify this larger, bimodal pattern. This article presents the benefits of using Type I rates, documents the emergence of the bimodal pattern via two new measures of bimodality, and uses a decomposition analysis to discuss the pattern’s causes.
Effect of Certain Discontinuities on the Pressure Distribution in a Loaded Soil

The pressure distribution due to a concentrated load on a semi‐infinite elastic body is given by the well‐known Boussinesq solution for either the two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional case. We here investigate the effect on such a pressure distribution, taken at the depth h, of the presence at that depth of a slippery rigid bed (case (b)); of a perfectly rough rigid bed (case (c)); and of a perfectly flexible but inextensible thin layer embedded in the material (case (d)). Both pressure distributions in the two and three‐dimensional problems are calculated for each case, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. Several authors have already investigated case (b) and case (c) in two dimensions (2), (3). Their results are in perfect accordance with ours. The author is indebted to Dr. A. Casagrande for suggesting this investigation as a contribution to the field of soil mechanics.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER I. THE EFFECT OF INJECTION OF EXTRACTS AND SUSPENSIONS OF UNINFECTED RABBIT TISSUES UPON THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF NORMAL RABBITS

Injection of extracts or suspensions of various rabbit tissues was found to be without effect upon the body temperature of normal rabbits. Occasionally, extracts of bone marrow produced transient fever, and saline extracts of acute inflammatory lesions of the Shwartzman and Arthus types were found to produce fever when injected intravenously. Suspensions or extracts of polymorphonuclear leukocytes collected from sterile peritoneal exudates contain a heat-labile substance which produced fever whereas those of erythrocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes failed to do so. The cell-free supernatant fluid of sterile peritoneal exudates obtained at the stage when polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate also proved capable of producing fever.
Environmental health and nursing practice: A survey of registered nurses

The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a survey for Registered Nurses (RNs) that explored beliefs regarding environmental health (EH) and nursing practice, perceived preparation related to EH, barriers to addressing EH in practice, and factors that may facilitate integrating EH into nursing practice. Five hundred surveys were mailed, with a 39% return rate. Results indicate that RNs believe the environment and human health are related, but feel poorly prepared to address EH in practice. Barriers and facilitators to integrating EH into practice were found. The need for programs and resources to ensure basic EH education for all nurses was substantiated.
THE US APPROACH TO VEHICLE SAFETY REGULATION

The procedures of the US system of motor vehicle safety regulation are reviewed. Their effectiveness is examined in the light of the success in introducing regulations ensuring that vehicles incorporate safety features already recognised by most vehicle manufacturers, and the difficulties encountered in attempting to advance and legislate for new safety technologies. New approaches, which might prove more effective in the future, are discussed.
Robust trading mechanisms

We consider the problem of designing a trading institution for a single buyer and seller when their valuation of the good is private information. It is shown that posted-price mechanisms are essentially the only mechanisms such that each trader has a dominant strategy. A posted-price mechanism is one where a price is posted in advance and trade occurs if and only if all traders agree to trade.
Amino acid and oligopeptide analysis using Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry with in-situ thermal hydrolysis and methylation: mechanistic considerations

Abstract In-situ thermal hydrolysis and methylation-mass spectrometry has been used to study amino acids and oligopeptides containing glycine and alanine. Using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) during Curie-point pyrolysis, methylation occurred on groups containing acidic hydrogen moeities (O–H and N–H groups). Multiple methylation reactions were found to occur on compounds containing more than one such functionality. Thermal dehydration reactions to form cyclic dipeptides were observed for oligopeptides as well as amino acids during pyrolysis with TMAH. The methylation and thermal dehydration mechanisms are discussed. In addition, the decomposition mechanisms of amino acids and oligopeptides are presented.
Triunfo, culpa y muerte reconsiderados: la interpretación de un sueño en "Fresas salvajes" de Ingmar Bergman

Antecedentes. De acuerdo a Heidegger, en una obra de arte la verdad se pone en movimiento, es decir, sucede o acaece la apertura, la revelacion de los entes. Objetivo. Su tarea es examinar lo que es triunfo, culpa y muerte de acuerdo a la descripcion que hace de ellos Ingmar Bergman. Metodo. Estudiar la pelicula clasica de Ingmar Bergman "Fresas salvajes". Al desarrollarse esta obra maestra, a traves del analisis de un sueno, llegamos a conocer y comprender el triunfo, la culpa y la muerte con una vision interior penetrante. Resultados. El metodo de decodificacion del gatillante nos permite descubrir los problemas y conflictos emocionales e interpersonales y como resolverlos. La pelicula supone una antropologia, pues explica la naturaleza ontologica del hombre como ser-para-la-muerte, finito. Conclusiones. El sueno no tiene un lugar completamente claro en la psiquiatria contemporanea. En "Fresas salvajes" se usaron las asociaciones libres a las imagenes oniricas como guias para descubrir que el triunfo, la culpa y la muerte juegan un papel central en nuestra existencia
Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Abstract A mutation within the obese gene was recently identified as the genetic basis for obesity in the ob/ob mouse. The obese gene product, leptin, is a 16-kDa protein expressed predominantly in adipose tissue. Consistent with leptin's postulated role as an extracellular signaling protein, human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with the obese gene secreted leptin with minimal intracellular accumulation. Upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes, the leptin mRNA was expressed concomitant with mRNAs encoding adipocyte marker proteins. A factor(s) present in calf serum markedly activated expression of leptin by fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A 16-hr fast decreased (by approximately 85%) the leptin mRNA level of adipose tissue of lean (ob/+ or +/+) mice but had no effect on the approximately 4-fold higher level in obese (ob/ob) littermates. Since the mutation at the ob locus fails to produce the functional protein, yet its cognate mRNA is overproduced, it appears that leptin is necessary for its own downregulation. Leptin mRNA was also suppressed in adipose tissue of rats during a 16-hr fast and was rapidly induced during a 4-hr refeeding period. Insulin deficiency provoked by streptozotocin also markedly down-regulated leptin mRNA and this suppression was rapidly reversed by insulin. These results suggest that insulin may regulate the expression of leptin.
Symbolic, identity, and probe delayed matching of sounds by the bottlenosed dolphin

The short-term memory for sounds of the bottlenosed dolphin was tested using symbolic, identity, and probe forms of the delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) task. The forms differed in the number (one or two) or nature (symbolic or identity matches of sample sounds) of postdelay test stimuli available as memory retrieval cues. Although symbolic DMS was difficult to learn, the final performance level was approximately equal to that for identity or probe DMS. On all tasks, the dolphin’s responses were above 80% correct through to delays of 90 sec and, in some cases, through to delays of 180 and 240 sec, the “limits” being governed mainly by the dolphin’s reluctance to continue being tested at long delays. Encoding of sample stimuli into their learned symbolic representation was hypothesized to have reduced symbolic DMS to a recognition memory task, resulting in the observed equivalence of performance with the other two recognition memory tasks. The probe DMS results, unlike those for identity or symbolic DMS, showed no significant proactive interference effects from samples of prior trials. Instead, proactive interference was traceable to the probe value of the prior trial. Overall, the auditory DMS data for the dolphin were functionally similar to results reported for monkeys tested on symbolic, identity, and probe visual DMS tasks.
Serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels show too much variability to be used effectively as a screening marker for insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and parameters of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls, and determine the feasibility of using SHBG levels to predict insulin resistance. Design Evaluation of a prospectively collected database. Setting University reproductive center. Patient(s) A total of 21 women with PCOS and 17 controls. Intervention(s) Oral glucose tolerance test. Main Outcome Measure(s) Correlations of serum SHBG and parameters of insulin sensitivity. Result(s) [1] Among all participants, SHBG levels indicated a correlation between the fasting glucose-to-insulin (GI) ratio and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Participants with PCOS demonstrated significant correlations of SHBG and fasting GI ratio, 1-hour postglucola insulin levels, and random 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17ohP4) levels. Among controls, SHBG and fasting serum glucose and 2-hour postglucola serum glucose levels were associated. [2] Particpants with PCOS and lean controls exhibited different glucose and insulin responses to 75 g of glucose at 1 and 2 hours postchallenge, resulting in paradoxically similar GI ratios. Conclusion(s) [1] Although certain parameters of insulin status and serum SHBG demonstrated statistically significant correlation coefficients, these relationships are weak and SHBG cannot be used as a predictor of insulin resistance. [2] The post–glucose load GI ratio cannot be used to determine the magnitude of insulin resistance.
Privatizing Climate Change Policy: is there a public benefit?

The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) are two private voluntary initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions and improving carbon management by firms. I sample power plants from firms participating in each of these programs, and match these to plants belonging to non-participating firms, to control for differences between participating and non-participating plants. Using a difference-in-differences model to control for unobservable differences between participants and non-participants, and to control for the trajectory of emissions prior to program participation, I find that the CCX is associated with a decrease in total carbon dioxide emissions for participating plants when non-publicly traded firms are included in the sample. Effects are produced largely by decreases in output. CCX participation is associated with increases in carbon dioxide intensity. The CDP is not associated with a decrease of carbon dioxide emissions or electricity generation, and program participation is associated with an increase in carbon dioxide intensity. I explore these results within the context of voluntary environmental programs to address carbon emissions.
First-Year Students' Perspectives on Reasons for and Prevention of Their Own Alcohol Overdose

Two hundred twenty-six first-year students enrolled at a large, public Midwest university and deemed to require an emergency transport for a potential alcohol overdose completed a brief questionnaire on the student's perceptions of why the event occurred, what might have happened to prevent the overdose situation, and personal assessment of experience with alcohol. The explanations for the event revolve around personal decision making (made decision to drink too much, absence of drinking control behaviors) as opposed to peer influence. Similarly, factors selected as preventing an alcohol overdose focused on knowing one's own tolerance, plus having a buddy system to slow down consumption. Other external interventions, whether in a drinking establishment or emanating from the university, were generally not subscribed to. Regardless of self-assessment as an experienced or inexperienced drinker, students felt they knew how to intervene, would intervene, and knew the signs of an alcohol overdose and personal risk.
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Presenting as an Adnexal Neoplasm

Abstract Cervical cytology in the form of a Papanicolaou test has been an invaluable tool in reducing the worldwide incidence of invasive cervical cancer. Human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 is the most common genotype detected in both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3/carcinoma in-situ and invasive cancer. This is a case of a 50-year-old nulligravid woman who developed HPV 16–positive squamous cell carcinoma of the left fallopian tube and ovary 15 years after undergoing a vaginal hysterectomy for recurrent high-grade dysplasia. A review of the literature demonstrated that the case most likely represents delayed metastatic spread rather than a primary HPV 16-associated lesion of the adnexa.
Investigation of nearfield postseismic slip following the Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake sequence of 28 June 1992, California

Repeated precise surveys of six nearfield trilateration arrays reveal that minor horizontal displacements occurred across the several fault ruptures in the five months following the Landers earthquake sequence. The displacements range from 0±2 mm on the Camp Rock and Emerson faults, to 3±2 mm on the Landers fault, to 9plusmn;2 mm on the Johnson Valley fault, to 40±5 mm on the Eureka Peak fault, consistent in magnitude and duration with GPS and creepmeter measurements by other investigators. The relative lack of afterslip at all sites except across the Eureka Peak fault is probably due to the lack of a thick alluvial cover. Concomitant precise resurveys of level lines across the San Andreas fault in Coachella Valley and of a trilateration array at Durmid Hill, south easternmost San Andreas fault, failed to reveal vertical or horizontal displacements greater than the allowable uncertainty (<1 mm for leveling; 2 mm±2 ppm for trilateration). Therefore the Landers earthquake sequence did not perturb the San Andreas in any way that was evident from our measurements of near-surface strain.
Effects of Raising the Drinking Age to 21 Years in New York State on Self‐Reported Consumption by College Students1

New York State raised its minimum drinking age from 19 to 21 years on December 1, 1985. To examine the effects of this change, data were collected from three college samples: 9.5 months before the law changed, 2.5 months postchange, and 14.5 months postchange. In each sample, students in three age groups were surveyed about their weekly consumption and the location of their drinking: illegal group (age lt 19 years), target group (19-20 year olds), and legals (age gt 20 years). It was hypothesized that postchange samples in the illegal and target groups would exhibit greater abstention rates, reduced drinks/week and drinking days/week, and a shift in drinking locations. It was found that target subjects exhibited decreased drinking days/week but there were no changes in abstention rates or drinks/week. Consistent with prediction, illegal and target samples evidenced a postchange shift in the drinking venue from licensed to unlicensed locations. Also, illegal subjects reported doing more drinking in automobiles after the law change than before. The findings suggest that the law change had a minimal impact on the quantity of alcohol consumed by underaged student drinkers but a dramatic effect on where they consume alcohol.
Insulin treatment and type 1 diabetes topics.

This is the fifth in a series of articles on presentations at the American Diabetes Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, 10–14 June 2005. ### Basal insulin. Malcolm Nattrass (Birmingham, U.K.) discussed basal insulin analogs, noting that the ideal approach will lead to “a flat profile that is reproducible.” The development of basal insulin began with protamine zinc insulin in 1936, followed by NPH insulin in 1946 and zinc insulins lente, semilente, and ultralente in 1951. All of these preparations have high variability, making them less than optimal for treatment. Natrass reviewed studies of persons given four injections of 0.4 units/kg NPH in the thigh, with measurement of the glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia. Great variability in biologic activity was shown. Early strategies pursued with insulin analogs included changes in the isoelectric point leading to precipitation at pH 7.4 with NovoSol Basal (1) and strengthening hexamer formation with Co(III)-hexamer insulin. Neither strategy led to successful development of a commercial product. Subsequent research led to insulin glargine, which is stable and soluble in acidic solution, precipitating following injection into subcutaneous tissues. Compared with NPH, there is major improvement in variability comparable to that with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and a considerably “flatter” action profile than seen with NPH. Another method involves acylation of the insulin molecule with hydrophobic residues. Insulin detemir has a myristic acid fatty acid side chain that strengthens self-association, leading to increased hexamer formation and to albumin binding at the injection site and in the circulation. The binding to albumin may buffer insulin action. Nattrass reviewed a number of studies of glargine and of detemir. In a study of 619 persons with type 1 diabetes, insulin glargine given at bedtime was associated with lower fasting glucose and with lower variability in fasting glucose level than NPH insulin given …
The Effect of Early Treatment on the Latent Reservoir of HIV-1

range of 200-350 cellsZ/xL [1]. However, when the infection is diagnosed during the acute phase, treatment is considered to be "optional." The initial impetus for early treatment came from predictions that the infection might be eradicated by prolonged treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [2]. Enthusiasm for the "hit early, hit hard" approach to treatment waned with the discovery that the virus could persist in a latent but replication-competent form in resting memory CD4+ T cells [3, 4]. These cells carry a stably integrated copy of the viral genome but do not produce virus unless they are activated in some way. Thus, latently infected cells allow viral persistence even in the presence of a vigorous immune response and potent antiretroviral drugs. This latent reservoir persists even
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of e-learning in Corporate Training Programs

Corporate managers are constantly looking for more cost-effective ways to deliver training to their employees. E-learning is less expensive than traditional classroom instruction. In addition, many expenses - booking training facilities, travel costs for employees or trainers, plus employee time away from the job - are greatly reduced. However, some firms that have spent large amounts of money on new e-learning efforts have not received the desired economic advantages.