cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Disparities Among Older Adults: Life Course Influences and Policy Solutions

Publisher Summary Attention to health disparities in the US has focused primarily on racial and ethnic differences in health, highlighting the disadvantaged health status of most racial/ethnic minorities, and the unequal access to and quality of care received by many racial/ ethnic minorities. This chapter focuses on SEP: health disparities by education, income, and occupation, and their importance over the life course. It highlights how disadvantages across multiple social statuses, particularly by SEP, race, and gender, combine to produce large health disparities among older adults. It explores what has been learned about how to address health disparities at older ages by focusing on social and economic policies for older adults. The importance of focusing on “upstream” factors, such as SEP, as opposed to “downstream” solutions, such as access to medical care or behavioral interventions is analyzed. Although there has been growing attention to the existence and persistence of health disparities in the US, much remains unknown about what generates these disparities and how policies can intervene to reduce them. Further research on the effects of social welfare supports on the health of elderly Americans could advance both the public policy agenda and basic scientific understanding of the relationship between SEP and health.
Dutch Protocols for Deliberately Ending the Life of Newborns: A Defence

The Groningen Protocol, introduced in the Netherlands in 2005 and accompanied by revised guidelines published in a report commissioned by the Royal Dutch Medical Association in 2014, specifies conditions under which the lives of severely ill newborns may be deliberately ended. Its publication came four years after the Netherlands became the first nation to legalize the voluntary active euthanasia of adults, and the Netherlands remains the only country to offer a pathway to protecting physicians who might engage in deliberately ending the life of a newborn (DELN). In this paper, I offer two lines of argument. The first is a positive argument for the Protocol, grounded in the good of the newborn as unanimously determined by those in a position to determine it. The second addresses the widely shared belief that the killing of newborns is morally prohibited, where I offer two arguments—one grounded in the fact that the kinds of cases the Protocol is meant to govern are very rare and highly unusual, and the other focused more broadly on the role of pre-theoretical beliefs in moral reasoning—meant to undermine the strong role that the critic of the Protocol affords this belief. I argue that, given this second line of argument, the beliefs underlying my positive argument for the Protocol are in fact more secure than the widely shared belief underlying the critic’s position.
BiOnIC: A Catalog of User Interactions with Biomedical Ontologies

BiOnIC is a catalog of aggregated statistics of user clicks, queries, and reuse counts for access to over 200 biomedical ontologies. BiOnIC also provides anonymized sequences of classes accessed by users over a period of four years. To generate the statistics, we processed the access logs of BioPortal, a large open biomedical ontology repository. We publish the BiOnIC data using DCAT and SKOS metadata standards. The BiOnIC catalog has a wide range of applicability, which we demonstrate through its use in three different types of applications. To our knowledge, this type of interaction data stemming from a real-world, large-scale application has not been published before. We expect that the catalog will become an important resource for researchers and developers in the Semantic Web community by providing novel insights into how ontologies are explored, queried and reused. The BiOnIC catalog may ultimately assist in the more informed development of intelligent user interfaces for semantic resources through interface customization, prediction of user browsing and querying behavior, and ontology summarization. The BiOnIC catalog is available at: http://onto-apps.stanford.edu/bionic.
Provider views on the management of Ewing sarcoma of the spine and pelvis

Background Curative therapy for ES requires both chemotherapy and local control of primary tumor. There is no universally accepted standard approach to local control modalities. This survey was conducted to determine practice patterns and factors influencing the choice to offer various local control modalities to patients with ES of the spine and pelvis. Methods The survey consisted of four scenarios involving a 15-year-old girl who presented with Ewing sarcoma of thoracic vertebra, sacrum, iliac wing, and acetabulum with or without neurologic compromise. The questionnaire was sent to oncologists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiation oncologists, asking their recommendations for local control modality. Results Among 94 respondents, radiotherapy was most frequently chosen for sacral tumors (68.1%) and T10 vertebral tumors (46.2%) whereas surgery was preferred for iliac wing pelvic tumors (45.7%) and acetabular tumors (43.6%). Orthopedic surgeons were significantly more likely to offer surgery than radiation oncologists (OR 3.07, 95%CI 1.37-6.88, P = 0.007). Providers outside North America were more likely to offer combined surgery plus radiotherapy (OR 10.58, 95%CI 5.41-20.70, P < 0.001). Conclusion Considerable heterogeneity exists in local control modalities for Ewing sarcoma of the spine and pelvis. Specialty and location of practice may influence treatment recommendations.
Four Key Steps Control Glycolytic Flux in Mammalian Cells.

Summary Altered glycolysis is a hallmark of diseases including diabetes and cancer. Despite intensive study of the contributions of individual glycolytic enzymes, systems-level analyses of flux control through glycolysis remain limited. Here, we overexpress in two mammalian cell lines the individual enzymes catalyzing each of the 12 steps linking extracellular glucose to excreted lactate, and find substantial flux control at four steps: glucose import, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate export (and not at any steps of lower glycolysis). The four flux-controlling steps are specifically upregulated by the Ras oncogene: optogenetic Ras activation rapidly induces the transcription of isozymes catalyzing these four steps and enhances glycolysis. At least one isozyme catalyzing each of these four steps is consistently elevated in human tumors. Thus, in the studied contexts, flux control in glycolysis is concentrated in four key enzymatic steps. Upregulation of these steps in tumors likely underlies the Warburg effect.
Procedures and methods of cotton breeding with special reference to American cultivated species.

Publisher Summary All the cottons of the world, whether cultivated or wild, belong to the genus Gossgpium. For convenience, they may be divided into three main groups: Old World or Asiatic cultivated (n=13), New World or American cultivated (n=26), and Wild (n=13, with one anomalous exception). This chapter discusses the procedures and methods of breeding American cultivated cottons, more particularly to work with the American Upland types. The cultivated varieties of cotton in the United States fall into the New World group that is characterized by 26 pairs of chromosomes. The cultivated American cottons are of two species: (1) G. hirsutum, commonly called Upland cotton, and characterized as an annual subshrub with few or no vegetative branches with short to medium long and coarse to medium fine fibers borne on seeds within relatively large, rounded, usually 4 to 5 loculed capsules (bolls), (2) G. barbadense, commonly referred to as American-Egyptian and Sea Island cotton. Agricultural varieties of this species are inherently perennial shrubs, but they usually behave as annuals under American Cotton Belt conditions. Relatively long, fine fibers are borne on seeds within small to medium, tapering usually 3 to 4 loculed capsules.
Sugar daddy u: human capital investment and the university-based supply of ‘romantic arrangements’

To deal with the financial hardships associated with rising college tuition, many female college students in the U.S. are turning to risque forms of financing human capital investments, such as agr...
A Case for Sustainable Affordable Housing in the United States

This chapter provides an overview of current challenges and opportunities in the U.S. housing market to advocate for sustainable affordable housing in America. It begins by describing the failure of sprawled residential developments and consumption patterns to provide adequate and affordable housing to many Americans. It transitions to discuss how sustainability and affordable housing frameworks share compatible and overlapping goals. Finally, this paper surveys the existing policies and organizations working to promote development in this field, and asks what might happen to them in the future.
Network flow based multi-way partitioning with area and pin constraints

Network flow is an excellent approach to finding min-cuts because of the celebrated max-flow min-cut theorem. For a long time, however, it was perceived as computationally expensive and deemed impractical for circuit partitioning. Re- cently, the algorithm FBB (1), (2) successfully applied network flow to two-way balanced partitioning. It for the first time demonstrated that network flow was a viable approach to circuit partitioning. In this paper, we present FBB-MW, which is an extension of FBB, to solve the problem of multiway partitioning with area and pin constraints. Experimental results show that FBB-MW outperforms previous approaches for multiple field programmable gate array partitioning. In particular, although FBB-MW does not employ logic replication and logic resynthesis, it still outperforms (5) and (6), which allow replication and resynthesis for optimization.
Polyp segmentation and classification using predicted depth from monocular endoscopy

Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, the standard for detection and prevention is the identification and removal of premalignant lesions through optical colonoscopy. More than 60% of colorectal cancer cases are attributed to missed polyps. Current procedures for automated polyp detection are limited by the amount of data available for training, underrepresentation of non-polypoid lesions and lesions which are inherently difficult to label and do not incorporate information about the topography of the surface of the lumen. It has been shown that information related to depth and topography of the surface of the lumen can boost subjective lesion detection. In this work, we add predicted depth information as an additional mode of data when training deep networks for polyp detection, segmentation and classification. We use conditional GANs to predict depth from monocular endoscopy images and fuse these predicted depth maps with RGB white light images in feature space. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that we achieve state-of-the-art results with RGB-D polyp segmentation with a 98% accuracy on four different publically available datasets. Moreover, we demonstrate a 87.24% accuracy on lesion classification. We also show that our networks can domain adapt to a variety of different kinds of data from different sources.
National Pediatric Bed Occupancy

Background: We previously reported an estimate of the national pediatric (ped) bed census that demonstrated a 4% loss of total med/surg/PICU beds from 2002 to 2011. A deeper look revealed -7% med/surg beds, +12% PICU beds, a loss in beds at small (sm) and medium (med) sized hospitals as well as non-freestanding children's (nonCH) hospitals and gains in beds in large (lg) hospitals and free standing children's hospitals (FSCH). This data mirrored the shift in hospitalization demographics over the same time frame toward …
Light and plant development: the discovery of phototropins by Winslow R. Briggs (1928–2019)

The American biologist Winslow Russel Briggs (1928-2019) was a global leader in plant physiology, genetics and photobiology. In this contribution, we try to share our knowledge of the remarkable career of this outstanding scientist. After earning his PhD at Harvard (Cambridge, Massachusetts), he started his independent research program at Stanford University (California). Among many major contributions was his elegant experiment that conclusively demonstrated the role of auxin transport in the phototropic bending response of grass coleoptiles. During subsequent years as Professor of biology at Harvard University, Briggs focused on phytochrome and photomorphogenesis. In 1973, he re-located to Stanford to become Director of the Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, and faculty member in the Biology Department at Stanford University. After his retirement (1993), he continued his research on "light and plant development" as an emeritus at Carnegie until the day of his death on February 11, 2019. Through his long research career, Briggs stayed at the cutting edge by re-inventing himself from a plant physiologist, to biochemist, geneticist, and molecular biologist. He made numerous discoveries, including the LOV-domain photoreceptor phototropin. Winslow Briggs, who was also a naturalist and gifted pianist, inspired and promoted the work of generations of young scientists - as mentor, colleague and friend.
National Referral and Treatment Patterns Among Mental Health Pediatric Primary Care Visits

The current study explored factors that predict referral from pediatric primary care to mental health specialty care among a nationally representative sample of visits (N = 2056). Results of a logistic regression indicated that patient visits that included rarer/serious diagnoses (e.g., bipolar disorder) were more likely to receive a referral in comparison to those with ADHD (OR = 4.75, SE = 1.37). Other characteristics associated with increased likelihood of referral were those with comorbid mental health conditions (OR = 2.20, SE = 0.84) and those from a metropolitan area (OR = 2.23, SE = 0.75). Implications are discussed.
Vision Zero: Speed Limit Reduction and Traffic Injury Prevention in New York City

We examine the effect on the incidence of casualties and crashes of a city-wide vehicle speed limit reduction in New York City (NYC) streets. The law change, part of Mayor Bill de Blasio’s Vision Zero Action Plan to improve traffic safety, cuts the default speed limit for streets with no speed limit signs from 30 to 25 mph beginning November 7, 2014. We use a monthly panel dataset with crash statistics for the entire population of NYC streets, from July 2012 through March 2019. Several difference-in-differences regressions show a statistically significant and meaningful decline in injuries and crashes.
Design and Analysis of NSTX-U Inner Poloidal Field Coils

NSTX-U is an innovative magnetic fusion device constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and is an upgrade of the original NSTX device that operated successfully for more than ten years. During the initial operation of NSTX-U in 2016, one of the inner poloidal field (PF) coils experienced a turn fault that necessitated a complete shutdown. A precise cause could not be identified but several contributing factors became apparent. It has since been decided to replace all three inner PF upper and lower coil pairs. Prototype and replacement inner PF coils with an improved design and construction have developed that factor in findings from the root cause analysis of the failed coil. Detailed electromagnetic (EM) and transient thermal analyses were performed for both the energized state and the cool down cycle. This article summarizes the effort taken to replace inner PF coils including improvements in design, results of analysis, experience with prototype coils, and progress with the fabrication of replacement coils.
Super-resolution imaging enabled by metamaterial-assisted speckle illumination nanoscopy

Structured illumination microscope (SIM) enables high temporal resolution wide field-of-view super-resolution imaging but typically provides only two-fold resolution improvement over the diffraction limit. We report speckle metamaterial-assisted illumination nanoscopy (Speckle-MAIN) which brings the resolution down to 40nm and beyond. A hyperbolic metamaterial structure is implemented as substrate to generate deep sub-wavelength speckle-like illumination pattern at the near field of the metamaterial. Fluorescent objects are illuminated by such high spatial-frequency near field illuminations and are reconstructed by a Blind-SIM algorithm. Speckle-MAIN provides a new route for low-cost easy-implemented super-resolution imaging with ultra-high resolution and biocompatibility.
Assessing the Art + feminism Edit-a-thon for Wikipedia literacy, learning outcomes, and critical thinking

This article argues for Art + Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thons as feminist interventions and pedagogical events that facilitate participants’ Wikipedia literacy and acquisition of learning outcomes,...
Breaking free from thermodynamic constraints: thermal acclimation and metabolic compensation in a freshwater zooplankton species.

Ectothermic organisms’ respiration rates are affected by environmental temperatures, and sustainable metabolism at high temperatures sometimes limits heat tolerance. Organisms are hypothesized to exhibit acclimatory metabolic compensation effects, decelerating their metabolic processes below Arrhenius expectations based on temperature alone. We tested the hypothesis that either heritable or plastic heat tolerance differences can be explained by metabolic compensation in the eurythermal freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna. We measured respiration rates in a ramp-up experiment over a range of assay temperatures (5 °C - 37 °C) in 8 genotypes of Daphnia representing a range of previously reported acute heat tolerances and, in a narrower range of temperatures (10 °C - 35 °C), in Daphnia with different acclimation history (either 10°C or 25°C). We discovered no difference in temperature-specific respiration rates between heat tolerant and heat-sensitive genotypes. In contrast, we observed acclimation-specific compensatory differences in respiration rates at both extremes of the temperature range studied. Notably, there was a deceleration of oxygen consumption at higher temperature in the 25°C-acclimated Daphnia relative to their 10°C-acclimated counterparts, observed in active animals, a pattern corroborated by similar changes in filtering rate and, partly, by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. A recovery experiment indicated that the reduction of respiration was not caused by irreversible damage during exposure to a sublethal temperature. Response time necessary to acquire the respiratory adjustment to high temperature was lower than to low temperature, indicating that metabolic compensation at the lower temperatures require slower, possibly structural changes.
A Machine Learning Approach to Hand-Arm Motion Prediction for Active Upper Extremity Occupational Exoskeleton Devices:

Exoskeleton devices are currently being utilized in a variety of occupational settings to reduce musculoskeletal efforts to lower fatigue, improve performance, and minimize work-related injuries as...
Development of ultrahigh-entropy ceramics with tailored oxidation behavior

Abstract In the last decade, single-phase high-entropy materials have attracted considerable research interest owing to their unexpected existence and unique combinations of properties. Recent development of 5-cation high-entropy carbides (HECs) has demonstrated alluring properties compared to the rule of mixtures and binary carbides. Proposed here is the development of ultrahigh-entropy carbides (UHECs) containing 6+ principal elements with greater combinatorial possibilities. The use of 6+ multi-cation compositions allows for the design of ceramics with further tunable properties, while likely possessing higher orders of entropic stabilization. There are 133 possible carbide compositions containing 6, 7, 8, or 9 refractory metal cations in equiatomic ratios. Candidate selection for fabrication and material testing was accelerated using a machine learning model that was originally trained to predict the synthesizability of five cation disordered metal carbides. Two compositions from each category of six through eight cations, one containing Cr and one without, plus the one possible nine cation carbide were fabricated and characterized. The potential for these 6+ cation UHECs as improved materials for oxidative environments is demonstrated by comparing the oxidation performance of a 5- and 7-cation system after 10 min at 1973 K in air. The oxidation behavior is correlated with Ellingham diagrams, and it is demonstrated that the 7-cation carbide has the ability to form a transitional stable 5+ cation HEC layer as elements preferentially form oxides, which results in significantly improved oxidation resistance.
Re-tubularization of highly-ischemic anti-mesenteric border (ReHAB)

Abstract Complex gastroschisis and other etiologies of intestinal compromise present a difficult medical and surgical challenge in the neonatal and pediatric population. Aggressive resection of intestinal length in these cases can lead to significant short bowel syndrome and prolonged or lifelong dependence on parenteral nutrition. This method of bowel preservation previously described has led to additional patients achieving enteral autonomy and we present their cases and most recent outcomes.
Migrant or Gauntlet Survivor: Novels Tackle the Plight of the Undocumented and Push the Boundaries of Policy Analysis About Migration and Immigration Reform in a Beneficial Direction

Policy analysis on a wide variety of issues can benefit from integrating novels that bring issues to life. In this essay migration and immigration reform are examined as somewhat interrelated, but not necessarily interrelated issues. The traditional assumption about immigration reform is that by addressing a path to citizenship for illegal/undocumented immigrants within the United States, or providing a temporary reprieve from deportation, or modifying asylum standards, all aimed at benefitting migrants already in the United States, it will lead to a reduction in migrants at the U.S.-Mexico border—it will not: Migration is not a dependent variable based on immigration reform. The four novels addressed here that can aid in policy analysis about immigration reform and migration are; Valeria Luiselli, Lost Children Archive; Kate Fox, The Migrant: A Novel; Graciela Limon, The River Flows North; and, Jenny Torres Sanchez, We Are Not From Here. Collectively, these four novels enhance policy analysis by adding a more human understanding of the perils that migrants go through and why American politicians uttering statements about where the United States stands on admitting them, matter little to migrants who make the journey to our border. What American politicians say, or which policies are proposed or implemented are often no more than “noise” to migrants. How American policies can affect the flow of migrants or encourage potential migrants to not start their journey in the first place, is not clear at all.
What Could Possibly Go Wrong

The name of Altamont, California, was stained with infamy when in 1969 Hell’s Angels stabbed and killed a gun-bearing concert-goer at a free show put on by the Rolling Stones at the Altamont Speedway.
A cognitive-behavioral treatment program for overcoming alcohol problems : therapist guide

It is well-known that alcohol abuse can have a devastating effect on a person's entire life, from work to social life to family relationships. However, men and women experience substance abuse problems in different ways. Most of the literature currently on the market does not make this distinction, and treats men's and women's problems as identical. This treatment program acknowledges the differences between the two, and presents gender-specific options for each step of the treatment. Publication of this manual represents an important new step in understanding and treating alcohol abuse. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has been proven to be an extremely effective method of treatment for alcohol abuse. This treatment program uses new research by the authors that include a female-specific study as well as generalised treatment for individuals. Gender-specific topics addressed include assertiveness training, coping with other drinkers in one's social network, recognising anxiety or depression as triggers for alcohol abuse, and anger management. Like all Treatments That Work books, this treatment is completely evidence-based. The 12-week program is outlined session by session in this easy-to-follow Therapist Guide.
Hormones and Avoidance Behavior: A Different Approach Points to a Role for Mineralocorticoids

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the avoidance behavior of hormones by injecting hormones or by surgically removing glands to alter hormone secretion. The investigation was divided into three parts. First, normal animals were exposed to a stressful event that would presumably cause the endogenous secretion of various stress-induced hormones, thereby insuring that the hormonal secretion would occur through normal pathways in physiological amounts. In the second phase, a series of experiments were carried out to describe the nature of this effect. The third phase was perhaps the most important from the point of view of hormonal study, for the experiments undertaken in it were designed to determine whether the behavioral change after pre-stress did, in fact, depend upon hormones secreted in response to the pre-stress, and to determine precisely which hormones were responsible. Recent experiments have shown that the enhanced passive avoidance behavior of adrenalectomized rats is returned to a normal level if adrenalectomized rats are given a single injection of a long-acting mineralocorticoid.
Evaluating Web-Based E-Government Services with a Citizen-Centric Approach

One of the challenges in delivering e-government services is to design the Web sites to make it easier for citizens to find desired information. However, little work is found to evaluate e-government services in this sense. In addition, current efforts on government Web site design mainly concentrate on Web site features that would enhance its usability, but few of them answers why some Web design is better than others to facilitate citizens' information seeking. This paper aims to contribute to both aspects: it equips government agencies with a model that can not only evaluate their Web-based e-government services, but also helps them understand why their Web sites succeed or fail to help citizens find needed information. In addition to the model itself, instruments for applying this model are also developed.
Autonomy, Education, and Politics

INTRODUCTION This essay is intended to make it plausible to believe three connected propositions. The essay is about the variety of social institutions that educate persons (for good or ill) about normative issues. It is about some connections between this institutional variety and an improved model of the central ethical notion of individual freedom as autonomy. Along the way, it is argued that the revision in the concept of autonomy also requires a revision in the concept of the legitimate authority to educate (if any such authority applies) of various institutions and society as a whole. The three propositions, and a brief explication of each one, are as follows.
REUNITE: a recursive unicast approach to multicast

We propose a new multicast protocol called REUNITE. The key idea of REUNITE is to use recursive unicast trees to implement multicast service. REUNITE does not use class D IP addresses. Instead, both group identification and data forwarding are based on unicast IP addresses. Compared with existing IP multicast protocols, REUNITE has several unique properties. First, only routers that are acting as multicast tree branching points for a group need to keep the multicast forwarding state of the group. All other non-branching-point routers simply forward data packets by unicast routing. In addition, REUNITE can be incrementally deployed in the sense that it works even if only a subset of the routers implement the protocol. Furthermore, REUNITE supports load balancing and graceful degradation such that when a router does not have resources (forwarding table entry, buffer space, processing power) to support additional multicast groups, the branching can be automatically migrated to other less-loaded routers. Finally, sender access control can be easily supported in REUNITE.
Linear correlation of the fraction of oral dose absorbed of 64 drugs between humans and rats.

The preliminary work was presented at the meeting of the Expert Panel on Biopharmaceutics Drug Classification System of the Food and Drug Administration on October 21, 1997 at Food and Drug Administration in Rockville, Maryland. The content of this paper was also presented under the title, Drug absorption studies in vivo in rats for predicting fraction of drug absorbed in humans at the AAPS Workshop on Permeability Definitions and Regulatory Standards for Bioequivalance, August 17-19, 1998, Arlington. Virginia.
Dynamic Modeling of Yield and Particle Size Distribution in Continuous Bayer Precipitation

Process engineers at Alcoa’s Point Comfort refinery are using a dynamic model of the Bayer precipitation area to evaluate options in operating strategies. The dynamic model, a joint development effort between Point Comfort and the Alcoa Technical Center, predicts process yields, particle size distributions and occluded soda levels for various flowsheet configurations of the precipitation and classification circuit. In addition to rigorous heat, material and particle population balances, the model includes mechanistic kinetic expressions for particle growth and agglomeration and semi-empirical kinetics for nucleation and attrition. The kinetic parameters have been tuned to Point Comfort’s operating data, with excellent matches between the model results and plant data. The model is written for the ACSL dynamic simulation program with specifically developed input/output graphical user interfaces to provide a user-friendly tool. Features such as a seed charge controller enhance the model’s usefulness for evaluating operating conditions and process control approaches.
Big data: Scale down, scale up, scale out

Summary form only given, as follows. The Big Data performance challenge arises whenever the volume or velocity of data overwhelms current processing systems and techniques, resulting in performance that falls far short of desired. Three approaches to improving the performance by orders of magnitude are: 1) Scale down the amount of data processed or the resources needed to perform the processing; 2) Scale up the computing resources on a node, via parallel processing and faster memory/storage technologies; and 3) Scale out the computing to distributed nodes in a cluster/cloud or at the edge where the data resides. This talk will highlight our research tackling all three of these approaches, discussing the key challenges, our solutions, and promising future directions.
Physicochemical Characterization of Adeno-associated Satellite Virus Type 4 and Its Nucleic Acid

Based on protein, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and phosphorus analyses, adeno-associated satellite virus type 4 has a DNA content of 26.5%, significantly larger than type 1 which contains 18.9% DNA. Type 4 DNA contains 58 to 62% guanine + cytosine, as calculated from thermal denaturation temperature and buoyant density measurements. Simian adenovirus SV15, which serves as a helper virus for type 4 satellite, contains 13.7% DNA with a guanine + cytosine content of 55 to 57%. The DNA extracted from type 4 satellite virus is a linear, double-stranded molecule, as shown by thermal denaturation temperature profile measurements and by electron microscopy. The contour length and sedimentation coefficient of type 4 DNA indicate a molecular weight of 3.0 x 10(6) daltons.
Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping

While sleep disturbance is widespread in schizophrenia it is less clear whether sleep disturbance is uniquely related to impaired coping and perceived quality of life. We simultaneously assessed sleep quality, symptoms, and coping in 29 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in a post acute phase of illness. Assessment instruments included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; the Heinrichs Quality of Life Scale; and the Ways of Coping Scale. Multiple regressions were performed predicting quality of life and coping from sleep quality controlling for age and symptom severity. On a subset of seven subjects non-dominant wrist actigraphy was used as an objective check of their self-reported poor sleep. Analyses revealed that poor sleep quality predicted low quality of life (r = -0.493; p = .022) and reduced preference for employing positive reappraisal when facing a stressor (r = -0.0594; p = 0.0012). Actigraphy confirmed poor sleep quality in a subset of subjects. They had shorter sleep duration (p < .0005), shorter average sleep episodes (p < .005) and more episodes of long awakening (p < 0.05) than community norms. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that poor sleep may play a unique role in sustaining poor quality of life and impaired coping in patients with schizophrenia. These associations may hold for community controls as well.
Metabolic Uncoupling Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the natural history of metabolic uncoupling (type B hyperlactemia and hyperglycemia) following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and to determine the impact of insulin therapy on time to lactate normalization in patients without low cardiac output. Design The design used was a retrospective cohort study. Setting The study was set in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit in a tertiary-care urban children's hospital. Patients All patients were aged ≤21 years admitted between 2007 and 2013 following cardiac surgery involving CPB with empiric intraoperative corticosteroids. Eligibility criteria: simultaneous hyperlactemia (≥3.5 mEq/L) and hyperglycemia (≥200 mg/dL) within 48 hours after bypass. Exclusion criteria Exclusion criteria were evidence of low cardiac output state, diabetes or postoperative steroid administration. Interventions Characteristics were compared between those treated with insulin and those who were not (controls). Outcome Measures Outcome measures used were time from admission to onset of hyperglycemia and hyperlactemia and time to resolution. Clinical outcomes included duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, unplanned readmission/reoperation, hypoglycemia and death. Results Of the 1345 patients receiving CPB, 132 (9.8%) met inclusion criteria. Seventy-eight (59%) were treated with insulin, leaving 54 controls. Patient characteristics, surgical complexity and time to onset of hyperglycemia and hyperlactemia were similar between groups. The insulin group had a shorter duration of hyperglycemia. There was no significant difference between groups in time to lactate normalization, ventilator days, length of stay, readmission and reoperation rates. Hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL) occurred in three patients. Conclusions In children with metabolic uncoupling after CPB, insulin use did not shorten the time to lactate normalization or alter clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that type B hyperlactemia with hyperglycemia after CPB will resolve spontaneously and does not warrant specific treatment.
Context Variation and Definitions in Learning the Meanings of Words: An Instance-Based Learning Approach.

This article proposes an instance-based theoretical framework to account for the influence of both contexts and definitions on learning new word meanings and reports 2 studies that examine hypotheses about learning from context. One is that variation in contexts is important for allowing core meaning features of a word to emerge. The second is that definitions are effective because they can interact with contexts to communicate core meanings. Both experiments tested the effects of context variation by presenting adult learners with context sentences that either varied or repeated with each training trial. Experiment 1 varied whether definitions were also provided, whereas Experiment 2 varied context variability without definitions and examined the role of reading comprehension skill and pre-training word familiarity. Results across several different measures were that exposure to variable contexts led to better learning of abstract meanings than did equivalent exposure to a single context. In addition, de...
Effect of lithium carbonate on mouse and rat embryos in vitro.

Lithium is effective in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis but is suspected to be a developmental toxicant in humans. It is a developmental toxicant in mice and rats in vivo, but at human therapeutic serum levels of 0.6–1.6 meq/L, rats appear to be more sensitive to the effects of the drug than do mice. The species susceptibility to lithium-induced defects was evaluated by using a rodent whole embryo culture system employing mouse and rat embryos treated at comparable developmental stages. Mouse embryos were cultured on gestational days 8–10, and rat embryos were cultured on gestational days 10–12. Care was taken to insure that all embryos had 10 ± 2 somite pairs at the beginning of the culture period. Embryos were cultured for 44 hours in rat serum to which lithium was added to attain final drug concentrations of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, or 5.0 meq/L. Control embryos were treated with distilled water, which served as the vehicle. In rats, lithium induced significant decreases in various parameters at 1.8, 2.4, and 5.0 meq/L; no malformations were observed in rats of this stage. In mice, significant decreases occurred at 2.4 and 5.0 meq/L, and embryos treated at the highest concentration had a significantly increased frequency of open neural tubes. Rat embryos were also cultured with lithium on gestational days 9–11. The lowest dose producing developmental toxicity at this stage was 0.6 meq/L. Open neural tubes were present among younger rat embryos; however, this defect occurred in all groups, including the control group. These results suggest that there are differences in the susceptibility of mouse and rat embryos at the same developmental stage to the embryotoxic effects of lithium and that there are differences in susceptibility in rats of various developmental stages.
A Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Quadratically-Constrained Sparse Filter Design

This paper presents an exact algorithm for sparse filter design under a quadratic constraint on filter performance. The algorithm is based on branch-and-bound, a combinatorial optimization procedure that can either guarantee an optimal solution or produce a sparse solution with a bound on its deviation from optimality. To reduce the complexity of branch-and-bound, several methods are developed for bounding the optimal filter cost. Bounds based on infeasibility yield incrementally accumulating improvements with minimal computation, while two convex relaxations, referred to as linear and diagonal relaxations, are derived to provide stronger bounds. The approximation properties of the two relaxations are characterized analytically as well as numerically. Design examples involving wireless channel equalization and minimum-variance distortionless-response beamforming show that the complexity of obtaining certifiably optimal solutions can often be significantly reduced by incorporating diagonal relaxations, especially in more difficult instances. In the case of early termination due to computational constraints, diagonal relaxations strengthen the bound on the proximity of the final solution to the optimum.
Childhood Traumatic Stress and the Emergency Department Visit

In 2008, 45.4 million injured youth were treated in an emergency department (ED) in the United States, most (87.4%) released after treatment. Many of these youth present with significant emotional distress with approximately 20% at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and other posttrauma-related psychiatric issues. While performing their primary medical functions, ED personnel can also provide psychological support and stabilization that can promote psychological recovery and prevent the onset of posttraumatic difficulties. In addition, the provision of psychoeducation to caregivers and youth about typical posttraumatic reactions both in the ED and upon discharge provides families with information that allows them to recognize that their reactions are not abnormal and also when it is necessary to seek addition psychological help. Increasingly, there are early interventions that appear to prevent the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder as well as effective treatments that ED personnel can both describe and refer to.
Homo Sapiens and the Longue Durée

This essay connects anthropology with the spirit and substance of Andre Gunder Frank's world history project, emphasizing the need to integrate efforts to understand global colonization by homo sapiens with the expansion of powerful complex societies, sometimes called empires. It also pursues Frank's ‘hegemonic truncation in the world system’ by comparing structural similarities of the Mongols and the Europeans. Backwards history, as Frank and others call it, moves from the present to the past as a method for understanding continuing Euro-American expansions.
Hydrolytic Stability of Polyphenylene Sulfide/Polyarylate Blends

Abstract In the immiscible blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and polyarylate (PAR), absorbed moisture partitioned into each phase according to the equilibrium value of the homopolymers. The water diffusivity was observed to decrease with increasing PPS concentration and at >45%, when PPS became the major component in the skin region, the diffusivity was equal to that of neat PPS. The molecular weight of the PAR fraction was found to degrade linearly with time due to hydrolysis.
Interaction of Commercial Dairy Proteins and Chicken Breast Myosin in an Emulsion System

The compatibility of commercial dairy proteins with chicken breast myosin in an emulsion system was examined. SDS-PAGE of the solution remaining after emulsion formation indicated that myosin incorporation into the cream layer was much more limited with the flexible additives such as sodium-caseinate and milk protein isolate resulting in decreased emulsion stability. However, myosin incorporation and emulsion stability were maintained with whey protein concentrate or whey protein isolate at all additive levels. No hydrophobicity changes were found in myosin with additive mixtures except for heated myosin and WPC (P=0.04). The stability of an emulsion was primarily determined by the amount of myosin incorporated.
In vivo effects of transforming growth factor-β2 in ovariectomized rats

Summary In vitro studies indicate that transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) has a role in the regulation of bone cell activities. However, little is known about the effects of TGF- β on bone when it is administered systemically. This study was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo effects of TGF- β 2 on bone and marrow cells in the ovariectomized rat bone loss model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 95 days, were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was sham operated; groups 2–4 were ovariectomized. Groups 3 and 4 received daily injections of 10 μ g and 50 μ g of TGF- β 2 /kg body weight, respectively. Groups 1 and 2 received the solvent vehicle. All animals were sacrificed after 35 days. Ovariectomy caused a significant increase in, total mononuclear marrow cells, the number of TRAP positive multinucleated cells formed in culture of marrow cells, and the number of trabecular osteoclasts and osteoblasts. These increases were associated with loss of cancellous bone in the proximal tibia. TGF- β 2 completely prevented the increase in the number of TRAP positive multinucleated cells, and caused a small but not statistically significant decrease in the number of trabecular osteoclasts. However, TGF- β 2 had no significant effect on the number of total mononuclear marrow cells and on the loss of cancellous bone due to ovariectomy. We conclude that TGF- β 2 probably plays a role in the regulation of the proliferation of osteoclast progenitors in bone marrow in vivo. Studies carried out over a longer period are required to determine whether it will modulate the increase in osteoclast and osteoblast numbers that occur in cancellous bone following ovariectomy.
Grant Writing 101

Writing a grant is a hefty undertaking. Start by surrounding yourself with a successful mentor and accompanying team with a good track record. Get organized, select clear goals and objectives to your project. Once the foundation for the grant is set, begin by generating a robust hypothesis. Once your hypothesis is clearly defined, you should contact the project officer of the specific grant for which you are applying; they can help identify if the proposal meets an area of need. The basic components of a grant include the following: the face page, which highlights the key contributors; followed by table of contents; abstract; biographical sketches, which are minicurriculum vitae; budget; research plan, which is composed mostly of background, significance, and specific aims; and lastly, references cited. Be sure to follow specific formatting. Use resources including the internet to find an appropriate grant. Finally, given the confines of a busy surgical practice and the significant amount of work necessary to complete a grant, it is essential that the work begins early and well in advance of the proposed deadline.
A reassignment of the vibrational fundamentals of sulfuryl chloride fluoride

Abstract Low temperature Raman spectroscopy has led to a significant revision in the assignment of the vibrational fundamentals of sulfuryl chloride fluoride (SO2FCl). The fundamentals in cm−1 are: (a′) 1230, 826, 632, 503, 422, 295; (a″) 1469, 476, 303. All are from gas-phase i.r. spectra except 295 cm−1, which is from the liquid-phase Raman spectrum. The revised assignments are consistent with the predictions of Pfeiffer's normal coordinate calculations [Z. phys. chem., Leipzig 240, 380 (1969)].
Managing Land Use and Land-Cover Change: The New Jersey Pinelands Biosphere Reserve

The biosphere reserve is an explicitly spatial approach to ecosystem management. Based on the theory of island biogeography, a biosphere reserve consists of acore area of high ecological value protected by buffers of increasing land-use intensity that provide a gradual transition to surrounding, human-dominated landscapes. This paper addresses implementation of the biosphere reserve associated with the New JerseyPinelands Comprehensive Management Plan (PCMP). We present results of a statistical analysis assessing claims that the plan has managed to direct growth and land-cover change in a manner consistent with environmental objectives. We show that it has had a strong effect in reducing conversion of natural areas in the Pinelands reserve, and that the effect observed is consistent with biosphere theory. In particular, conversion is lowest in the protection core, and increasing in the protective buffers. Evidently, multiple jurisdictions can unite to reduce the pace of regional ecosystem degradation. We ...