cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity of multilinear problems in the average case setting

Abstract This is the second part of studies on multilinear problems devoted to the average case setting. The first part deals with the worst case setting and appeared as a separate paper. Assuming that the space of a multilinear problem is a Hilbert space, we show that the spline algorithms are optimal. We also prove that adaption does not help. For the Banach case, we show how to reduce the analysis of multilinear problems to linear subproblems. In particular, we prove that adaption can help by the factor of at most k for k-linear problems. Optimality properties of spline algorithms are established. We illustrate our analysis by an example of the bilinear integration problem.
AIDS Risk Reduction: A Community Health Education Intervention for Minority High Risk Group Members

During the past year, members of the Detroit Health Department health education staff have developed an Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) community education intervention. The intervention was designed in response to the growing public health problem of AIDS and the need to provide the community with accurate information regarding the transmission and prevention of the disease. The gap in AIDS education and information was particularly evident in the black community. In attempting to develop a comprehensive health education program, the staff encountered a number of barriers. Traditional antagonisms between the high-risk groups, homosexual and bisexual males and intravenous drug abusers, and the health department hampered the ability of the intervention team to design a clinic centered program. Concurrently, lack of access to the high-risk population and reactionary public sentiment toward the disease posed serious problems for developing community support for the implementation of an effective community-based program. The intervention team also found that traditional methodologies of health education program planning were inadequate. The staff lacked sufficient data on the beliefs and attitudes of the high-risk populations necessary to design relevant risk reduction activities. Recognizing our limited awareness and accessibility to the high risk groups, a strategy was developed to encourage members of the high-risk population to assume a leadership role in the development and implementation of the community-based program. The success of the Community Health Awareness Group (C-HAG) is, in part, a result of the willingness of high risk individuals to assume some responsibility in educating themselves and others. It also speaks to the efficacy of collaborative relationships between health workers and target populations when designing public health interventions.
Special Feature Learning with Computer Simulations

For successful classroom use, simulations must be integrated with other educational materials. The examples and methods described here have all been used in large introductory courses.
Sintering of lanthanum chromite using strontium vanadate

Abstract Small proportions (5 and 10 wt.%) of strontium vanadate (Sr 3 (VO 4 ) 2 ) were added to strontium-doped lanthanum chromite (La 0.85 Sr 0.15 CrO 3 ) to produce high density fuel cell interconnect materials in air at 1550°C without adversely affecting the desirable properties of the material. Compositions investigated were shown to have good electrical conductivity at SOFC operating temperatures in air and reducing environments, phase stability from room temperature to 1000°C, negligible thermal expansion mismatch with yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolytes and relatively low dilation at p O 2 10 −16 atm.
Leptin inhibits insulin secretion by activation of phosphodiesterase 3B.

The molecular signaling events by which leptin exerts its functions in vivo are not well delineated. Here, we show a novel leptin signaling mechanism that requires phospho- inositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent activation of cy- clic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) and subse- quent suppression of cAMP levels. In pancreatic b cells, leptin causes the activation of PDE3B, which leads to marked inhibition of glucagon-like peptide-1-stimulated in- sulin secretion. The effect of leptin is abolished when insulin secretion is induced with cAMP analogues that cannot be hydrolyzed by PDE3B. Selective inhibitors of PDE3B and PI 3-kinase completely prevent the leptin effect on insulin secretion and cAMP accumulation. The results demonstrate that one of the physiological effects of leptin, suppression of insulin secretion, is mediated through activation of PDE3B and suggest PDE3B as a mediator of leptin action in other tissues. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1998. 102:869-873.) Key words: cAMPdiabetesphosphoinositide 3-kinaseb cellgluca- gon-like peptide-1
Fortran 8X discussion

ED NOTE: This item has a rather unusual format for Fortran Forum. It is an outgrowth of an E-mail discussion between Kent Paul Dolan of ODU and Presley Smith of Convex Computer Corp. Kent sent a note, and Presley sent a rather negative reply. What we now see is Presley's reply, somewhat edited by Kent and interspersed with Kent's counter-reply. After sending this message to Presley, Kent decided to post it on the USENET notes system. Carl Burch of Hewlett Packard picked it up and distributed it at the X3J3 meeting in February 1988. I saw a copy in the X3J3 distribution mailing, and asked Carl for a cleaner copy to publish in Fortran Forum.
Adaptive hierarchical visibility in a tiled architecture

This paper describes a method for occlusion culling in a tiled 3D graphics hardware architecture. Adaptive hierarchical visibility (AHV) is a simplified method for occlusion culling that is integrated into a tiled architecture for hardware rendering. AI-IV constructs a list of polygon bins for each tile where the bins are bucket sorted in order of increasing depth or Z. Polygon bins are rendered starting with the bin closest to the viewer. After some number of bins are rendered, a one layer, hierarchical Zbuffer (HZ) is constructed from the Z-buffer thus far accumulated for the rendered bins. Subsequent bins are rendered by first testing their polygons against the HZ to see if they are hidden. AHV is far simpler to implement in hardware and gives performance that matches or surpasses progressive hierarchical visibility (PHV) methods which update the HZ for each rendered pixel. Results show that AI-IV is superior on scenes with high depth complexity and small polygons. For tiles of widely ranging statistics, AHV competes surprisingly well with PHV. It offers dramatic performance improvement on low cost hardware for scenes of high depth complexity.
Proteolysis in phosphate-purified thyroglobulin.

Phosphate-purified thyroglobulin retained a small but consistent proteolytic activity when incubated at 37° C by itself or with hemoglobin. The proteolysis was maximal in the range of pH 3–4 and was readily abolished by heat. Divalent metals, cysteine, and TSH failed to affect the hydrolysis. The proteolytic component was separable from thyroglobulin. Purification produced a greater yield of the proteinase activity against hemoglobin, but not against thyroglobulin. The results suggest an enzyme-substrate linkage necessarjr for proteinase action which is irreversibly ruptured during the separation of the enzyme from thyroglobulin. Because of the demonstration of large peptide fragments when thyroglobulin is incubated at 37° C, it is also suggested that the primary action of proteinase is to hydrotyze thyroglobulin into smaller molecules which are subsequently acted on by the thyroid peptidases to eventually liberate thyroid hormones.
Case Report: A Nursing Challenge, The Unstable Pelvic Fracture ☆

Abstract A case report is presented that describes the initial care of a severely injured patient who was hemodynamically unstable. The discussion highlights the process used to recognize life-threatening injuries, to differentiate internal sources of hemorrhage, to provide damage-control surgery, and to stop further bleeding with an interventional radiologic examination. The emergency nursing care of a patient with unstable pelvic trauma is included. (Int J Trauma Nurs 2000;6:8–15)
High saturated fat and low starch and fibre are associated with hyperinsulinaemia in a non-diabetic population: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study

A geographically based sample of 1069 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons aged 20–74 years, living in southern Colorado and who tested normal on an oral glucose tolerance test (World Health Organization criteria) were evaluated to determine associations of dietary factors with fasting serum insulin concentrations. Subjects were seen for up to three visits from 1984 to 1992. A 24-h diet recall and fasting insulin concentrations were collected at all visits. In longitudinal data analysis, lower age, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, higher body mass index, higher waist circumference, and no vigorous activity were significantly related to higher fasting insulin concentrations. High total and saturated fat intake were associated with higher fasting insulin concentrations after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, waist circumference, total energy intake and physical activity. Dietary fibre and starch intake were inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations. No associations with fasting insulin concentrations were observed for monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, sucrose, glucose and fructose intake. Associations were similar in men and women and for active and inactive subjects, though associations of fibre and starch intake with insulin concentrations were strongest in lean subjects. These findings support animal studies and a limited number of human population studies which have suggested that increased saturated and total fat intake and decreased fibre and starch intake increase fasting insulin concentrations and may also increase insulin resistance. These findings, which relate habitual macronutrient consumption to hyperinsulinaemia in a large population, may have implications for studies attempting primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 430–438]
Lean red meat consumption and lipid profiles in adolescent girls.

Background Epidemiological studies of red meat consumption often fail to distinguish between leaner and fattier or processed cuts of meat. Red meat has also been frequently linked with less healthy diet patterns. Data exploring the health effects of lean red meat in younger individuals are scarce, particularly in the context of a healthy diet. The present study examined the effects of lean red meat in combination with higher intakes of fruit/nonstarchy vegetables on lipid profiles in older adolescent girls. Methods Data from 1461 girls who were followed for 10 years, starting at 9–10 years of age, in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study were used. Diet was assessed using multiple sets of 3-day records collected over eight examination cycles. Outcome measures included fasting levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C and triglycerides at age 18–20 years. Results After adjusting for age, race, socioeconomic status, height, activity level, hours of television per day, and intakes of whole grains and dairy foods using multivariable modelling, girls consuming ≥6 oz lean red meat per week combined with two or more servings of fruit/nonstarchy vegetables per day had LDL-C levels approximately 6–7 mg dL−1 lower (P < 0.05) than girls with lower intakes of lean red meat and fruit/nonstarchy vegetables. In addition, girls with higher intakes of both were 33% less likely (odds ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.48–0.94) to have an LDL-C ≥110 mg dL−1 and 41% less likely (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval = 0.42–0.83) to have an elevated LDL : HDL ratio (≥2.2) at the end of adolescence. Conclusions These analyses suggest that lean red meat may be included in a healthy adolescent diet without unfavourable effects on lipid values.
Hierarchical star: a new two level interconnection network

We propose a new two level interconnection network topology, hierarchical star networks, HSn, that uses the star graphs as building blocks. Two level networks have been previously proposed that use hypercube and its variants as building blocks; it has been shown that these two level networks are superior to the networks, that are used as bnilding blocks, in terms of various performance metrics including diameter, cost, fault tolerance, fault diameter etc. Our results show that the proposed family of hierarchical star networks perform very competitively in comparison to star graphs; in addition, the proposed network outperforms all of the two level hierarchical networks proposed earlier that uses hypercubes (or its variations) as building blocks. Thus, our results further reinforce the notion that the star graphs are strong competitors of hypercubes for large multiprocessor design. We also investigate various topological properties of the network including embedding, mapping of parallel algorithms, fault tolerance and broadcasting algorithms.
The cockpit control language: a pilot-centered avionics interface

Abstract As automation becomes more sophisticated and complex, there is increasing concern about the time and cost of training pilots to use it, and the possibility of pilot errors. In this sense, the evolution of avionics systems is emulating the evolution of personal computers in the 1980s. In the early days of personal computing, users had to learn some basic computer science concepts and an obscure command language with only passing resemblance to natural language. Because the command language was highly codified and condensed, the user had to commit apparently arbitrary syntax rules to memory, and if the user made an error, such as reversing the source and destination drives in the “copy” command, the results could be catastrophic (in this case, erasing the file that was intended to be saved and saving the one that was intended to be erased). The personal computer industry responded to the widespread perception that computers were difficult to use by developing graphic user interfaces. Today, most users can perform rudimentary operations on a personal computer with little or no training or reference to the manual. It is possible that the same type of advance could be achieved with avionics systems, so that almost any trained pilot could operate a new piece of avionics with little or no training in its specific operation.
Frequency response of charge transfer in MOS inversion layers

The dynamics of charge transfer from a reservoir into an MOS inversion layer, which limits the frequency response of an MOS transistor or a charge-coupled device, is investigated. Using Berman and Kerr's model of space-charge capacitance in the semiconductor, a small-signal distributed model is developed for an MOS structure which transfers charge in an inversion channel due to a variation in the gate voltage. The dynamics of the charge transfer is characterized by a time constant which is determined by the length of the inversion channel and its mobility. Experimental data of gate capacitance vs frequency, taken from a test structure with a diffused source/drain well, are satisfactorily fitted by theoretical curves derived from the model. The channel mobility is precisely determined from the adjusted time constant. The influence of interface states on the capacitance-frequency relationship is also briefly discussed.
Age-related changes in monoamines within the olfactory bulbs of the Fischer 344 male rat.

Abstract In this report the olfactory bulbs (OB) were removed from 5–6 month, 15–16 month and 25–26 month male Fischer 344 rats and assayed for concentrations of monoamines and their metabolite, using HPLC-EC. Concentrations of norepinephrine were significantly greater in 25–26 and 15–16 compared to the 5–6 month old rats. By contrast, the norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG), was significantly lower in the 25–26 vs. the 15–16 and 5–6 month old animals. While OB concentrations of dopamine and serotonin did not differ among the three age groups, their respective metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), were significantly reduced in the 15–16 and 25–26 month old animals compared to the 5–6 month old animals. These data show some of the age related changes which occur in the monoamines of the OB of the Fischer 344 rat. The salient bi-directional changes which are observed between norepinephrine and its metabolite, MHPG, are particularly intriguing since they reveal some of the mechanistic alterations that occur in the OB noradrenergic system, which may underlie the age related changes in olfactory related memory/recognition processes.
The Problem of Integrating Ground-Water and Surface Water Usea

The problem of integrating or coordinating surface water and ground-water use is becoming serious in many areas where the two supplies are hydraulically connected. Because surface waters were generally developed first in the West, later development of connected ground-water supplies has tended to devaluate the prior appropriations on the streams. Legally, those withdrawing such ground water may be in jeopardy. However, the highest beneficial use of the total water resources can only be obtained through a combined or integrated use of both surface and ground water. A simple hypothetical stream-aquifer situation is used to illustrate the influence of ground-water pumping upon surface flows and water available for diversion. One example of a possible solution is presented. Legal and economic factors must also be considered in designing the best physical situation.
Towards a therapeutic use of selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligands for atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis remains the primary cause of heart disease and stroke, causing approximately 50% of all deaths in Western countries. The identification of promising novel anti-atherosclerotic therapies is therefore of great interest and represents a continued challenge to the medical community. Cannabinoids, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the major psychoactive compound of marijuana, modulate immune functions and might therefore be of therapeutic use for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The authors have demonstrated recently that oral treatment with low dose THC inhibits atherosclerosis progression in mice through pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory cells. All these effects were mediated via the cannabinoid receptor CB2, the main cannabinoid receptor expressed on immune cells. However, these promising results are in conflict with the known health risks of smoking marijuana, as THC binds to and activates both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The identification an...
Instrumented Sensor System Architecture

Sensor systems are becoming ubiquitous throughout society, yet their design, construction, and operation are still more of an art than a science. In this paper, we define, develop, and apply a formal se mantics for sensor systems that provides a theoretical framework for an integrated software architecture for modeling sensor-based con trol systems. Our goal is to develop a design framework that allows the user to model, analyze, and experiment with different versions of a sensor system. This includes the ability to build and modify multisensor systems and to monitor and debug both the output of the system and the effect of any modification in terms of robustness, efficiency, and error measures. The notion of Instrumented Logi cal Sensor Systems (ILSS) that are derived from this modeling and design methodology is introduced. The instrumented sensor ap proach is based on a sensori-computational model that defines the components of the sensor system in terms of theirfunctionality, accu racy, robustness, and...
Effects of phencyclidine, N-allyl-N-normetazocine (SKF-10,047), and verapamil on performance in a radial maze

Two groups of eight rats were trained to obtain food pellets in an 8-arm radial maze. Stable performance was assumed to be present when a criterion of 89% efficiency, i.e., all arms entered within 9 arm entries, was reached in 5 consecutive sessions. The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and N-allyl-N-normetazocine (SKF-10,047) were then evaluated in Group 1. The interaction between verapamil and PCP was examined in Group II. Both PCP (6 mg/kg, IP, 15 min before testing) and SKF-10,047 (30 mg/kg, IP, 30 min) decreased efficiency but only PCP caused a concurrent increase in rate of arm entry. Significant effects of PCP on rate and efficiency lasted for greater than 6 hours and less than 40 minutes, respectively. Verapamil (20 mg/kg, IP, 30 minutes) was found to selectively potentiate the effect of PCP on efficiency. This finding does not support the suggestion that verapamil may be useful in the treatment of PCP intoxication. It is concluded that the radial maze may provide an interesting method for the study of PCP and other psychoactive drugs.
A comparison of predictability of exchange rates between G7 and Asian developing countries: potential impact of government intervention

The issue of predictability of exchange rate is reexamined by comparing the performance of five forecasting models across six G7 and six Asian developing countries. Our result shows that in terms of prediction accuracy, the random walk model performs poorly for three Asian developing countries, namely, Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia, but it fares well for the G7 countries for the total out–sample period. However, once the period, in which the Asian currency crisis prevailed, is purged from the total out–sample period, none of the models examined here outperform the random walk model consistently or have any market timing ability.
Calibration of a distributed snow model using MODIS snow covered area data

Summary Spatial ground-based observations of snow are often limited at the watershed-scale, therefore the snow modeling component of a hydrologic modeling system is often calibrated along with the rainfall–runoff model using watershed discharge observations. This practice works relatively well for lumped modeling applications when the accuracy of sub-watershed processes is generally not of concern. However, with the increasing use of distributed models, realistic representation of processes, such as snow areal depletion, become more important. In this study, we test the use of snow covered area (SCA) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra satellite for calibration of four key parameters in the distributed US National Weather Service (NWS) SNOW17 model in the North Fork of the American River basin in California, USA. Three tests are conducted; two rely solely on MODIS SCA data and one includes discharge in the calibration procedure. The three calibrations are compared to the use of parameters obtained from the NWS California Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC). The calibration approach that utilizes both MODIS SCA and discharge data produces the most accurate spatial (gridded) SCA and basin discharge simulations but not the best SCA summary statistics. In general it was found that improvement in simulated SCA when averaged and evaluated by elevation zone using standard summary statistics, does not necessarily coincide with more accurate discharge simulations.
Dynamic programming generation of boundaries of local coordinatized submanifolds in the neocortex: application to the planum temporale

Dynamic programming is used to define boundaries of cortical submanifolds with focus on the planum temporale (PT) of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), which has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. To this end, automated methods are used to generate the PT manifold from 10 high-resolution MRI subvolumes ROI masks encompassing the STG. A procedure to define the subvolume ROI masks from original MRI brain scans is developed. Bayesian segmentation is then used to segment the subvolumes into cerebrospinal fluid, gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM). 3D isocontouring using the intensity value at which there is equal probability of GM and WM is used to reconstruct the triangulated graph representing the STG cortical surface, enabling principal curvature at each point on the graph to be computed. Dynamic programming is used to delineate the PT manifold by tracking principal curves from the retro-insular end of the Heschl's gyrus (HG) to the STG, along the posterior STG up to the start of the ramus and back to the retro-insular end of the HG. A coordinate system is then defined on the PT manifold. The origin is defined by the retro-insular end of the HG and the y-axis passes through the point on the posterior STG where the ramus begins. Automated labeling of GM in the STG is robust with L(1) distances between Bayesian and manual segmentation in the range 0.001-0.12 (n = 20). PT reconstruction is also robust with 90% of the vertices of the reconstructed PT within about 1 voxel (n = 20) from semiautomated contours. Finally, the reliability index (based on interrater intraclass correlation) for the surface area derived from repeated reconstructions is 0.96 for the left PT and 0.94 for the right PT, thus demonstrating the robustness of dynamic programming in defining a coordinate system on the PT. It provides a method with potential significance in the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.
The effects of urbanization on small high salinity estuaries of the southeastern United States

Future development in coastal areas of the southeastern United States (US) will likely result from urbanization (housing and tourist/service related activities) rather than industrialization. In an effort to identify potential impacts associated with urbanization, field studies were conducted in two small, high salinity estuaries of coastal South Carolina. The sites selected for study were Murrells Inlet, an estuary with a history of significant urbanization and North Inlet, a relatively pristine, undisturbed estuary. During field studies conducted in the fall of 1990, a series of 96-h in situ bioassays were undertaken at each of the sites. The species used were the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, and the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Water samples were collected at the site during these bioassays and analyzed for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) residues. Adult oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were also deployed at each of the sites during the in situ bioassays and analyzed for tissue PAH residues. Physicochemical water quality and rainfall were also monitored. Mean waterborne PAH levels were significantly higher at the urbanized Murrells Inlet site than at the more pristine North Inlet. Additionally, oysters deployed at the Murrells Inlet site showed increased PAH levels in comparison to baseline values while those deployed at the North Inlet had PAH levels well below baseline concentrations. No siterelated mortality was observed in the two species used in the bioassays. Fluctuations in salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were much less extreme at the urbanized Murrells Inlet site than at North Inlet. The less dynamic physicochemical environment at the Murrells Inlet site may be due in part to urban influences (i.e., jetty construction and bulkheading). Additional work is needed to better define the significance of these observations.
Determination of the Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameter for PEG Hydrogels in Water: Application of a Self Learning Algorithm

Concentrating on the case of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, this paper introduces a methodology that enables a natural integration between the development of a so-called mechanistic model and experimental data relating material's processing to response. In a nutshell, we develop a data-driven modeling component that is able to learn and indirectly infer its own parameters and structure by observing experimental data. Using this method, we investigate the relationship between processing conditions, microstructure and chemistry (cross-link density and polymer-solvent interactions) and response (swelling and elasticity) of non-degradable and degradable PEG hydrogels. We show that the method not only enables the determination of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter, but also it predicts that this parameter, among others, varies with processing conditions and degradation. The proposed methodology therefore offers a new approach that accounts for subtle changes in the hydrogel processing.
Organic and inorganic iodine levels in serum of sheep receiving daily oral doses of I131.

THE use of I131 for research purposes has contributed greatly to modern concepts of thyroid physiology. The ionizing radiations produced by this isotope are being utilized therapeutically in attempts to control the hormone-producing ability of the thyroid gland. However, little conclusive information is available concerning harmful effects on the thyroid resulting from chronic administration of pharmacological amounts of I131. Further information is essential to establish maximum permissible concentrations of I131 for persons and animals exposed over long periods of time and for determination of dosages which may be considered safe for therapeutic purposes. To determine the pathological effects of chronic oral admnistration of I131, 480 μc. of carrier-free I131 were fed daily to nine Suffolk ram lambs. In addition to histopathological examination of the thyroid glands at necropsy (to be reported later4), the organic and inorganic iodine levels in the serum of these animals were determined at intervals dur...
On a completeness property of series expansions of bivariate densities

Abstract Random processes passed through zero memory nonlinearities are considered in terms of the preservation of mean square continuity. Then, series expansions of bivariate densities in orthonormal functions are treated, under the assumption that the bivariate density is associated with a first order stationary random process. It is shown that, if the random process is mean square continuous, then the orthonormal functions in the series expansion must be complete.
On the number of faces of centrally-symmetric simplicial polytopes

I. Barany and L. Lovasz [Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hung.40, 323---329 (1982)] showed that ad-dimensional centrally-symmetric simplicial polytopeP has at least 2 d facets, and conjectured a lower bound for the numberf i ofi-dimensional faces ofP in terms ofd and the numberf 0 =2n of vertices. Define integers $$h_0 ,...,h_d {\mathbf{ }}by{\mathbf{ }}\sum\limits_{i = 0}^d {f_{i - 1} } (x - 1)^{d - i} = \sum\limits_{i = 0}^d {h_i x^{d - i} } $$ A. Bjorner conjectured (unpublished) that $$h_i \geqslant \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} d \\ i \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ (which generalizes the result of Barany-Lovasz sincef d?1 =? h i ), and more strongly that $$h_i - h_{i - 1} \geqslant \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} d \\ i \\ \end{array} } \right) - \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} d \\ {i - 1} \\ \end{array} } \right),1 \leqslant i \leqslant \left\lfloor {{d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \right\rfloor $$ , which is easily seen to imply the conjecture of Barany-Lovasz. In this paper the conjectures of Bjorner are proved.
Computational modelling of optic flow selectivity in MSTd neurons.

In neurophysiological experiments examining the selectivity of MSTd neurons to visual motion components of optic flow stimuli in monkeys, Duffy and Wurtz (1991) reported cells with double-component (plano-radial and plano-circular) and triple-component (plano-radial-circular) selectivities, while Graziano et al (1994) reported neurons selective to a continuum of optic flow stimuli including spiral motion. Here, we address these reported findings under simulated experimental conditions by examining the development of optic flow selectivity in the hidden units of a two-layer back-propagation network. We also examine network motion sensitivity during simulated psychophysical tests via the addition of a competitive decision layer. Network analysis with neurophysiological stimuli identified a majority of hidden units whose position invariance and motion selectivity were consistent with MSTd responses to the visual motion components of optic flow stimuli reported by Duffy and Wurtz and Graziano et al. Furthermo...
Sums of Squares of Polynomials

(2000). Sums of Squares of Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 813-821.
Effects of 5-HT(6) receptor blockade on the neurochemical outcome of antidepressant treatment in the frontal cortex of the rat.

Using in vivo microdialysis in the freely moving rat we have examined the effects of 5-HT6 receptor antagonism on the neurochemical outcome of antidepressant treatment. Acute administration of both desipramine (10 mg/kg s.c.) and venlafaxine (10 mg/kg s.c.) produced a 2 fold increase in extracellular noradrenaline (NA) but no change in frontal cortex dopamine (DaA), 5-HT or glutamate. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg s.c.) produced no change in extracellular levels of any of the neurotransmitters examined. SB-271046 produced a 3 fold increase in extracellular glutamate. Combination treatment of SB-271046 with each antidepressant produced no change in the antidepressant-induced changes in NA, DA or 5-HT. In contrast, both fluoxetine and venlafaxine attenuated the SB-271046-induced increase in extracellular glutamate, suggesting that 5-HT and possibly NA may be having an inhibitory action on the excitatory pathways enhanced by 5-HT6 receptor blockade. Furthermore, these data indicate that the neurochemical effects induced by NA and/or 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are not enhanced by 5-HT6 receptor blockade indicating that 5-HT6 receptor antagonists are unlikely to augment the therapeutic efficacy of these types of antidepressants.
Effect of cage density and rank in peck order on brain regional monoamines in adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica.

Abstract 1. 1. In adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica neither norepinephrine (NE) nor serotonin (5HT) in various brain regions were affected by caging density (174 cm 2 -8/cage; 348 cm 2 -4/cage; 696 cm 2 -2/cage). Dopamine (DA) in diencephalon was elevated in high density cages. 2. 2. Peck order rank was assigned on the basis of feather distribution on head, neck and back and lesions on head and back. 3. 3. Upper strata peck order rank was associated with significantly lower levels of brain regional NE and DA compared to lower strata peck order rank. 4. 4. Peck order rank did not affect brain regional 5HT. 5. 5. The results indicate significant individual behavioral-neuroendocrine interaction leading to reproductive dysfunction.
Teaching K-12 teachers and students about nanoscale science through microscopy

The National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) is an integrated partnership of 14 universities across the US funded by NSF to support nanoscale researchers. NNIN’s education and outreach programs are large and varied and includes outreach to the K-12 community in the form of professional development workshops and school programs. Two important components of nanoscale science education are understanding size and scale and the tools used in nanoscale science and engineering (NSE). As part of our K-12 endeavors, we educate K-12 students and teachers about the tools of nanoscience by providing experiences with the Hitachi TM 3000 tabletop Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). There are three of these across the network that are used in education and outreach. This paper will discuss approaches we use to engage the K-12 community at NNIN’s site at Georgia Institute of Technology to understand size and scale and the applications of a variety of microscopes to demonstrate the imaging capabilities of these to see both the micro and nano scales. We not only use the tabletop SEM but also include USB digital microscopes, a Keyence VHX- 600 Digital Microscope, and even a small lens used with smart phones. The goal of this outreach is to educate students as well as teachers about the capabilities of the various instruments and their importance at different size scales.
An Examination of Perceived Corporate Citizenship, Job Applicant Attraction, and CSR Work Role Definition

Recent perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) have called for increased research on how CSR affects individuals. Research is needed to examine whether individual differences affect t...
Enhancing ties between academia and industry to improve health

Concerns about conflicts of interest have driven a wedge between academia and the pharmaceutical and devices industries. Although elevated concern for bias is justified, particularly when academics may affect drug sales, partnerships between industry and academia are essential to achieve the full promise of health improvement from the public investment in biomedical research. New models for such partnerships are developing and should be encouraged.
Phospholipid and cholesterol differences amongst leukemic cell types with special reference to hairy cell leukemia: A preliminary report

Abstract Whole cell cholesterol and phospholipid content was determined for ten patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and 15 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Malignant cells from HCL patients contained 0.412 μmol/10 8 whole cells as compared to 0.177 μmol/10 8 whole cells for CLL cells; the total phospholipid concentrations were 0.746 and 0.469 μmol/10 8 whole cells respectively ( p p
Post-Release Survival and Behavior of Adult Shoal Bass in the Flint River, Georgia

Abstract We conducted a telemetry study of Shoal Bass Micropterus cataractae in the lower Flint River, Georgia, during 2010. Our objectives were to (1) characterize Shoal Bass migration from communal spawning habitats and (2) evaluate the effects of translocation on survival of adult Shoal Bass and determine its value as a viable restoration and management tool. Twenty-seven adult Shoal Bass (TL ≥305 mm) were fitted with hydroacoustic tags. Thirteen fish (control group) were released at the site of capture, and the remaining 14 individuals were transported 75 river kilometers (rkm) downstream prior to release (translocated group). Telemetry data suggested that spawning congregations are composed of fish from local ( 3 rkm) home ranges. Initially, within 14 d, translocated fish remained near their release site significantly longer than control fish remained at the original capture site. After 90 d at large, the distance that control Shoal Bass dispersed from the release site was simila...
Beyond black lung: Scientific evidence of health effects from coal use in electricity generation

While access to electricity affects health positively, combustion of coal in power plants causes well-documented adverse health effects. We review respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive, and neurologic health outcomes associated with exposure to coal-fired power plant emissions. We also discuss population-level health effects of coal combustion and its role in climate change. Our review of scientific studies suggests that those we present here can be used to inform energy policy.
Inference of two-dimensional wiener spectra from one-dimensional measurements

Abstract It is proposed to summarize present measurements and understanding about infrared background variance density spectra in one spectrum referred to the center of the earth. An important part of the non-stationarity of the apparent background process is accounted for by this transformation. An example is given of the use of this concept to extrapolate one-dimensional background measurements for calculation of discrimination for a scanning system.
Residual stress produced by ventricular volume reduction surgery has little effect on ventricular function and mechanics: a finite element model study.

Objectives: Residual stress is the stress (force per unit area) that remains when all external loads (eg, left ventricular chamber and pericardial pressures) are removed. It has been suggested that ventricular volume reduction surgery can reconstitute the residual stress-strain state of the left ventricle. To determine the extent to which residual stress is involved, we used a mathematical (finite element) model to simulate the effect of volume reduction operations on left ventricular stroke volume/end-diastolic pressure (Starling) relationships, as well as on regional distributions of stress in the local muscle fiber direction (fiber stress). Methods: The nonlinear stress-strain relationship for the diastolic myocardium was anisotropic with respect to the local muscle fiber direction. An elastance model for active fiber stress was incorporated in an axisymmetric geometric model of the dilated, poorly contractile left ventricular wall. Results: When residual stress is implemented in the model simulation of volume reduction operations, the additional decrease in stroke volume at fixed left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is small (10% volume reduction: 2.0% at 1 mm Hg and 2.0% at 20 mm Hg; 20% volume reduction: 2.2% at 1 mm Hg and 3.1% at 20 mm Hg). Furthermore, there is little change in the mean fiber stress throughout the left ventricular wall (10% volume reduction: +1.0% at end-diastole and –0.3% at end-systole; 20% volume reduction: +2.1% at end-diastole and –1.0% at end-systole). Conclusions: These results suggest that residual stress produced by volume reduction operations has little effect on left ventricular function and the mean fiber stresses at end-diastole and end-systole.
Effect of nonparabolicity on the energy levels of hydrogenic donors in G a A s − Ga 1 − x Al x As quantum-well structures

Binding energies of the ground state and of a few low-lying excited states of a hydrogenic donor in a quantum-well structure consisting of a single layer of GaAs sandwiched between two-semi-infinite layers of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ are calculated, including the effect of nonparabolicity of the conduction band and following a variational approach. The effect of nonparabolicity of the conduction band is included by using an expression for the energy-dependent effective mass based on the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ approximation. The variations of the binding energies of these states as a function of the size of the GaAs quantum well for different values of the potential barrier (or equivalently for different values of Al concentration $x$) are calculated. These results are compared with those obtained with the use of a parabolic conduction band.
Performance measurement is only one way of managing performance

Purpose – Aims to introduce to a symposium, a set of linked papers, which illustrate the reality that, when it comes to boosting productivity, performance management is a broader and more meaningful concept than simple performance measurement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a brief review of the issues involved in using performance measurement in general and balanced scorecard (BS) in particular. Findings – Performance management can take many forms from dealing with issues internal to the organization to catering to stakeholders or handling issues in its environment. Performance management involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques and paying due attention to the human (behavioral) side of the enterprise. Originality/value – The article identifies performance measurement as a possible sub‐system of performance management. The article suggests that resorting to performance management is in fact a return to the basic concept of management, which assumes that there is a need to do something in order to assure that the use of resources results in the attainment of desired goals.
Martian Water: Are There Extant Halobacteria on Mars?

On Earth, life exists in all niches where water exists in liquid form for at least a portion of the year. On Mars, any liquid water would have to be a highly concentrated brine solution. It is likely, therefore, that any present-day Martian microorganisms would be similar to terrestrial halophiles. Even if present-day life does not exist on Mars, it is an interesting speculation that ancient bacteria preserved in salt deposits could be retrieved from an era when the climate of Mars was more conducive to life.
MODIFICATION OF THE Zn++ BINDING SITE OF THE NMDA RECEPTOR DURING HYPOXIA IN FETAL GUINEA PIG BRAINS AT TERM. |[dagger]| 425

Previous studies have shown that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel, including the glutamate and glycine sites, is modified during hypoxia. Zn++ blocks the NMDA receptor ion channel in a voltage independent manner and attenuates excitotoxicity. The present study tests the hypothesis that the Zn++ site of the NMDA receptor is modified during hypoxia. Ten term pregnant guinca pigs were divided into two groups, 5 normoxic as control (C) and 5 hypoxic (H). Hypoxia was induced by decreasing the FiO2 to 0.07 for 60 min. Brain tissue concentrations of ATP and phosphocreatinine were determined biochemically to confirm hypoxia. P2 brain cell membranes were prepared and washed. 3[H]MK-801 binding was performed in the presence of 100 μM glutamate, 10 μM glycine, and 12.5 nM 3[H]MK-801. ZnSO4 concentration was varied from 2.5 μM to 5 mM. Non-specific binding was performed in the presence of 10 μM unlabelled MK-801. Specific MK-801 binding in the absence of Zn++ was 0.90±0.23 pmoles/mg protein in normoxic group, while 0.62±0.15 pmoles/mg protein was in the hypoxic group. IC 50 value of Zn++ in the two groups were not significantly different (C=1.50±0.13 μM, H=1.45±0.12 uM). Zn++ caused more than 90% inhibition in MK-801 binding of 2.5 mM in both the C and H groups. The results show that hypoxia did not alter the sensitivity of the receptor to Zn++, indicating that the Zn++ site was not modified by hypoxia. These data suggest that hypoxia-induced modification of NMDA receptor modulatory sites is selective. We speculate that the Zn++ site is not susceptible to hypoxia-induced NMDA receptor modification due to either its electronic structure or location within the channel. (Funded by NIH-HD-20337, MOD #6-FY94-0135, UCPR06-93).
Untranslatable transcripts of the tobacco etch virus coat protein gene sequence can interfere with tobacco etch virus replication in transgenic plants and protoplasts.

Transgenic tobacco plants which express untranslatable sense or antisense forms of the tobacco etch virus potyvirus (TEV) coat protein (CP) gene sequence have been generated. One of seven transgenic plant lines expressing a CP gene antisense transcript showed an attenuation of symptoms when inoculated with TEV. Three of ten transgenic plant lines expressing untranslatable sense transcripts did not develop symptoms when inoculated with TEV. These lines were resistant to either aphid or mechanically transmitted TEV. In contrast to CP-mediated resistance reported for other viruses, resistance was (1) mediated by an RNA molecule; (2) TEV-specific (i.e., "broad-spectrum resistance" was not observed); (3) independent of inoculum levels; (4) not dependent on plant size and; (5) due to decreased levels of virus replication. Protoplast experiments were used to demonstrate that resistant plant lines did not support the production of virus protein and progeny virus at wild-type levels.