cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligning and Inventing Practices to Achieve Inclusive Assessment Policies: A decade of work toward optimal access for US students with disabilities 2001–2011

The decade following the publication of the No Child Left Behind Act 2001 was an innovative period with respect to inclusive assessment practices for students with disabilities (SWDs). As the United States educational policies under the Obama Administration’s Race to the Top initiative re-conceive the inclusion of SWDs in state assessment-based accountability systems, there is hope that the next generation of general assessments will better serve the principle of promoting access to the general education curriculum for SWDs, and will move beyond access to foster their inclusion in post-school college and career options to the maximum extent possible. The present paper traces some important “lessons learned” in the development of inclusive assessments over the past decade for students with disabilities, and makes recommendations for the direction of future assessment research for the incorporation and extension of these innovations.
Ecology: Fungal feedbacks to climate change

Climate change is known to affect the carbon balance of Arctic tundra ecosystems by influencing plant growth and decomposition. Less predictable climate-driven biotic events, such as disease outbreaks, are now shown to potentially shift these ecosystems from net carbon sinks to sources.
CP violation in a multi-Higgs-doublet model with flavor-changing neutral currents.

We study $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in a multi-Higgs-doublet model based on a ${S}_{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{3}$ horizontal symmetry where the CKM phase is not the principal source of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation. We consider two mechanisms for $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in this model: (a) $\mathrm{CP}$ violation due to complex Yukawa couplings, and (b) $\mathrm{CP}$ violation due to scalar-pseudoscalar Higgs boson mixings. Both mechanisms can explain the observed $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the neutral kaon system. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ due to neutral Higgs boson exchange is small in both mechanisms, but charged Higgs boson contributions can be as large as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for (a), and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for (b). $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the neutral $B$ system is, however, quite different from the minimal standard model. The neutron electric dipole moment can be as large as the present experimental bound, and can be used to constrain charged Higgs boson masses. The electron EDM is one order of magnitude below the experimental bound in case (b) and smaller in case (a).
Dependence of the nth Sturm–Liouville Eigenvalue on the Problem

Abstract We consider the nth eigenvalue as a function on the space of self-adjoint regular Sturm–Liouville problems with positive leading coefficient and weight functions. The discontinuity of the nth eigenvalue is completely characterized.
Oceanic plastic particle pollution: Suspected effect on fat deposition in red phalaropes

In a sample of seven red phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius: Aves) collected from a flock of 6000 late spring migrants, six stomachs contained plastic particles. A negative correlation between amount of plastic and fat condition suggests a detrimental effect of a widespread oceanic pollutant on a marine bird.
Decline in Creatinine Clearance in a Patient With Glomerulomegaly Associated With a Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease

Glomerulomegaly is associated with congenital cyanotic heart disease and has heretofore been considered a benign condition. We describe a patient with congenital cyanotic heart disease and glomerulomegaly. Deterioration of renal function was demonstrated by comparison of creatinine clearances measured at the time of kidney biopsy and 4 years later. No alteration in kidney histology other than glomerulomegaly and focal glomerulosclerosis at autopsy could account for this deterioration. This is the first description of deterioration of renal function in a patient with glomerulomegaly and congenital cyanotic heart disease. This observation may influence the management of patients with glomerulomegaly and congenital cyanotic heart disease who are potential recipients of heart or heart-lung allografts.
Foliage litter quality and annual net N mineralization: comparison across North American forest sites.

The feedback between plant litterfall and nutrient cycling processes plays a major role in the regulation of nutrient availability and net primary production in terrestrial ecosystems. While several studies have examined site-specific feedbacks between litter chemistry and nitrogen (N) availability, little is known about the interaction between climate, litter chemistry, and N availability across different ecosystems. We assembled data from several studies spanning a wide range of vegetation, soils, and climatic regimes to examine the relationship between aboveground litter chemistry and annual net N mineralization. Net N mineralization declined strongly and non-linearly as the litter lignin:N ratio increased in forest ecosystems (r 2 = 0.74, P < 0.01). Net N mineralization decreased linearly as litter lignin concentration increased, but the relationship was significant (r 2 = 0.63, P < 0.01) only for tree species. Litterfall quantity, N concentration, and N content correlated poorly with net N mineralization across this range of sites (r 2 < 0.03, P = 0.17–0.26). The relationship between the litter lignin:N ratio and net N mineralization from forest floor and mineral soil was similar. The litter lignin:N ratio explained more of the variation in net N mineralization than climatic factors over a wide range of forest age classes, suggesting that litter quality (lignin:N ratio) may exert more than a proximal control over net N mineralization by influencing soil organic matter quality throughout the soil profile independent of climate.
Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive in the Drosophila quinaria Group

In several species of Drosophila, some males carry particular X-linked alleles (referred to as sex-ratio or SR males) that cause them to sire all-female progeny. In the absence of counterbalancing selection, alleles causing such sex-ratio distortion will sweep to fixation and cause the extinction of populations or species. I report here the discovery of sex-ratio polymorphisms in two species of the Drosophila quinaria group, Drosophila recens and D. quinaria. Sex-ratio polymorphisms are now known in five of the nine species of Drosophila I have studied in the northeastern United States, which suggests that this condition may be taxonomically more prevalent than generally believed. Experiments on D. recens and D. quinaria showed that the fertilities of virgin SR and standard (ST) males were similar. However, when males were allowed to mate repeatedly, the fertility of SR males was significantly lower than that of ST males in both species. Because the ratio of females to males is expected to increase with t...
Haptoglobin Expression in Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus

Objective: Elevated serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations have been reported in patients with malignant diseases. We have shown that Hp is produced by and localizes only in the stroma and not the e...
Properties of the gonads as controllers of somatic and psychical characteristics. VIII. Heat application and testicular degeneration; the function of the scrotum

It is known that the function of the scrotum of mammals is to regulate the environmental temperature of the testes; it is a local thermoregulator of the male mammal and controls the activity of the testes by providing an optimum environment for spermatogenesis. Guinea pig testes were used in experiments where slightly higher than normal body temperatures of varying degrees and length of application were appl ied. The experiments were divided into 2 classes: 1) that in which higher than normal body temperatures were applied to the external surface of the scrotum without any operation; and 2) that in which the testes were bathed directly in graded temperature baths of normal saline solution. The experiments performed point out that: 1) application of slightly higher than normal body temperatures to the external surface of the scrotum will cause degeneration of the generative portion of the testes; 2) a single 10-minute application of water of 47 degrees C to the scrotal surface will be followed in the course of 2 weeks by marked degeneration of seminiferous tubules along 1 side of the testes; deeper than the more severe area of degeneration tubules are less affected and show but mild signs of degeneration whereas tubules on the opposite side from the point of application may be practically normal and contain spermatozoa; 3) by graded application of heat single scrotal applications are followed by complete loss of germinal epithelium; 4) continuous applications are more effective in producing degeneration than intermittent applications; 5) by submerging the testes direct in a controlled saline bath of 47 degrees C for 5 minutes the testes will be found to be degenerate; 6) the demonstration that testes degenerate if their environmental temperature is slightly elevated and previous demonstrations that the scrotum controls the temperature environment for the testes provide final proof that the scrotum is an indispensable (for germ-cell differentiation) local thermoregulator.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Hydrogen-Water Vapor Mixtures: Control of Hydrothermal Atmospheres by Hydrogen Osmosis.

Experiments at 700°C and 800 bars total pressure demonstrate positive deviations from ideality for mixtures of hydrogen and H 2 O gases. The deviations are greater than predicted with Stockmayer's method. The composition of the mixture and the fugacity of hydrogen are controlled by diffusing hydrogen through metallic membranes. The results give the fugacities of both H 2 O and oxygen.
Examination of (crystallized a-Ge:H)/a-SiNx:H multilayers which display photoluminescence

A study has been conducted of (crystallized a-Ge :H)/a-SiN x :H multilayers which display room temperature photoluminescence in the visible range. The a-Ge :H/a-SiN x :H multilayers were prepared by glow discharge chemical vapor deposition by changing gas flows in a continuous deposition using a computer. Crystallization of the a-Ge :H layers was achieved by either thermal annealing in vacuum or exposure to a scanning laser light. The multilayer structure was confirmed by glancing angle X-ray diffraction. Crystallization was confirmed by Raman scattering. When crystallization of the a-Ge :H is achieved using the laser-scanning technique, strong visible photoluminescence with a peak centered around 625 nm, independent of the a-Ge :H layer thickness, is observed. The crystallization is accompanied by severe cracking and pitting of the film. A study of several a-Ge :H/a-SiN x :H layered structures reveals that this laser-induced crystallization only occurs when the a-Ge :H is in a state of high stress. Further study reveals that a-SiN x :H also photoluminesces with a similarly broad peak in the same wavelength range as observed from the crystallized multilayers. Using slow thermal annealing, it was possible to crystallize the a-Ge :H with minimal physical damage to the film. Photoluminescence measurements of these quantum-well structures yield a low intensity broad peak in the visible range before crystallization which does not change after crystallization. One is led to conclude that the photoluminescence observed in the laser-crystallized a-Ge :H/a-SiN x :H is from the a-SiN x :H and cannot be attributed to effects of quantum confinement.
A comparison of oxygen administration practices of EMTs and emergency physicians

This study examined whether emergency medical technicians (EMTs) withhold oxygen from hypothetical patients whom emergency physicians would treat with high-flow oxygen, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. A survey describing 12 hypothetical patients was distributed to 33 emergency physicians, 30 newly trained EMTs, and 27 experienced EMTs. For each patient, the respondents were asked to identify the most appropriate prehospital oxygen administration rate as "low flow" or "high flow". Using an alpha value of .05, chi 2 analysis was used to compare the frequency of high-flow oxygen administration for the three groups. Newly trained EMTs were significantly more likely than physicians to administer high-flow oxygen to patients with COPD who were not receiving home oxygen. Otherwise, the oxygen administration practices of EMTs were not inconsistent with those of emergency physicians.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF COALITIONS

Organizational buying decisions are characterized by conflict which can be studied through the use of coalition theory. It appears, however, that conceptual and methodological problems with coalition theory based on game theory and social psychology have limited its usefulness in helping us understand how such conflict can be managed. This paper proposes the group influence approach to conflict management in organizational buying. The main contribution of this approach is that by treating individuals as representatives of coalitions, sellers and buyers can focus on coalition leaders rather than focus on individuals who, in any case, have to conform to group expectations. Theoretically, the group influence approach recognizes that power and politics are basic forces that affect most spheres of organizational activity. Within such a framework purchase decisions are shown to be politically negotiated settlements between those coalitions involved in making the buying decision.
Automatic guidance of attention during real-world visual search

Looking for objects in cluttered natural environments is a frequent task in everyday life. This process can be difficult, because the features, locations, and times of appearance of relevant objects often are not known in advance. Thus, a mechanism by which attention is automatically biased toward information that is potentially relevant may be helpful. We tested for such a mechanism across five experiments by engaging participants in real-world visual search and then assessing attentional capture for information that was related to the search set but was otherwise irrelevant. Isolated objects captured attention while preparing to search for objects from the same category embedded in a scene, as revealed by lower detection performance (Experiment 1A). This capture effect was driven by a central processing bottleneck rather than the withdrawal of spatial attention (Experiment 1B), occurred automatically even in a secondary task (Experiment 2A), and reflected enhancement of matching information rather than suppression of nonmatching information (Experiment 2B). Finally, attentional capture extended to objects that were semantically associated with the target category (Experiment 3). We conclude that attention is efficiently drawn towards a wide range of information that may be relevant for an upcoming real-world visual search. This mechanism may be adaptive, allowing us to find information useful for our behavioral goals in the face of uncertainty.
A Hypothesis for Urban Rainfall Anomalies

Abstract METROMEX was the first major field program aimed at studying the reality and causes of urban rainfall anomalies suggested in several climatological studies. The results from the 1971–74 METROMEX data portray statistically significant increases in summer rainfall, heavy (>2.5 cm) rainstorms, thunderstorms and hail in and just east (downstorm) of St. Louis. Examination of the rainfall yield of individual showers (cells), the spatial distribution of echo (rain) developments, and areal distribution of afternoon rain clearly point to the urban-industrial complex as the site for the favored initiation of the rain process under certain conditions. The greater frequency of rain initiations over the urban and industrial areas appear to be tied to three urban-related factors including thermodynamic effects leading to more clouds and greater incloud instability, mechanical and thermodynamic effects that produce confluence zones where clouds initiate, and enhancement of the coalescence process due to giant n...
Post-Acceptance Intentions and Behaviors: An Empirical Investigation of Information Technology Use and Innovation

Due to its extensive use for the study of information technology adoption and use, the Technology Acceptance Model TAM serves as an ideal base model for the study of post-acceptance IT diffusion outcomes. The research presented in this paper incrementally builds on TAM-based research to gain meaningful insights into the potential differences individuals' exhibit in three types of diffusion outcomes in a post-acceptance context. The authors model and test the effects of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on intentions to use, intentions to explore, and trying to innovate-IT diffusion outcomes proposed as vital in a post-acceptance context. In addition to TAM predictive variables, the authors investigate how autonomy, a personal control factor, and subjective norms, a social factor, influence individuals' intentions toward and behaviors associated with technology use. The findings suggest cognitive intention outcomes are more likely to be influenced by technology-related factors, while behavioral outcomes are more likely to be influenced by social and personal control factors in post-acceptance contexts. Implications of the study for practice and future research are also discussed.
Effect of Pressure on the Interstitial Diffusion of Nickel in Lead to 50 kbar

The diffusion of nickel in lead has been investigated using radioactive-tracer and sectioning techniques for pressures of up to 50 kbar and for temperatures in the range 208-591 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The data were analyzed assuming a single effective mechanism of diffusion with a temperature- and pressure-dependent activation energy and preexponential factor. The activation energy and volume at the melting temperature and atmospheric pressure are, respectively, $\ensuremath{\Delta}H=10.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$ kcal/mole and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}V}{{V}_{0}}=0.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the activation volume, although quite uncertain, were also determined. The small activation energy and volume indicate that nickel diffuses in lead primarily by the interstitial mechanism.
Enzymatic Release of Peptides, Methionine and Cystine from Dry Beans Following Various Heat Treatments

Ground Great Northern and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) samples were processed under varying conditions of time, temperature and pressure and then hydrolyzed in vitro using a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and amino peptidase. The hydrolyzed samples were ultrafiltrated and the peptides (< 10,000 daltons) were collected and analyzed for their sulfur amino acid content (methionine, cysteine, and cystine). From 48% to 100% of the cysteine/cystine residues in the protein were released after 6 hr of enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas only 10% to 40.2% of the methionine residues were released during the same time period. The maximum rate of peptide release occurred at 3 hr of proteolysis, while the maximum rate of methionine and cysteine release occurred at 2 hr of proteolysis.
Vesicular carcinoma erysipelatodes.

Abstract Carcinoma erysipelatodes, also known as inflammatory metastatic carcinoma, is a type of cutaneous metastatic disease. We describe a 64-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma who presented with a blistering erythematous eruption resembling erysipelas with formation of vesicles and bullae. She was found to have carcinoma erysipelatodes with a formation of vesicles and bullae. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:805-7.)
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in hypothyroidism.

Abstract purpose: To determine the risks of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in hypothyroid individuals. patients and methods: In a retrospective cohort study, 13 patients with primary hypothyroidism were identified among 382 consecutive PTCA cases in 1987. Twenty-two euthyroid PTCA control subjects and 13 hypothyroid patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CAB) were identified for comparison. results: Hypothyroid and euthyroid PTCA patients had similar mean ages, numbers of prior and recent acute myocardial infarctions, diseased coronary arteries, coronary arteries dilated, and serum cholesterol levels. There were no significant differences in procedure-related mortality (0% versus 0%); coronary artery dissection (23% versus 23%); reocclusion (8% versus 5%); bradycardia (0% versus 0%); heart failure (0% versus 5%); hypotension (31% versus 27%); myocardial infarction (8% versus 0%); gastrointestinal dysfunction (0% versus 0%); neuropsychiatric disturbance (15% versus 9%); hyponatremia (23% versus 23%); hypothermia (0% versus 0%); or fever (15% versus 5%). Hematoma formation tended to be more frequent in the hypothyroid group (38% versus 18%, p=0.18). Similar results were obtained when the subgroup of more severely hypothyroid patients (thyrotropin level more than 20 mU/L, n=7) was examined. Compared to hypothyroid CAB patients, hypothyroid PTCA patients had less incidence of heart failure (0% versus 31%, p conclusion: PTCA can be performed in hypothyroid patients without increased mortality or major morbidity, and when appropriate, may be preferred to bypass surgery for coronary revascularization in patients intolerant of full thyroid hormone replacement.
Management in the febrile, neutropenic patient with cancer: therapeutic considerations.

Infection is the principal cause of death in neutropenic children and adults with neoplastic diseases. Various antibiotic regimens have been studied in clinical trials in an attempt to reduce this mortality. Recent trials have compared newer combinations of antibacterial agents (double β-lactams) or monotherapy with the standard aminoglycoside-β-lactam combinations. No significant differences are demonstrated in these trials with regard to efficacy. Emphasis has been on the reduction of toxicity. Although nephrotoxicity, otoxoxicity, and hypokalemia have been of concern in the past and continue to be important, newer problems have emerged that involve disorders of coagulation, for example, prolongation of prothrombin time, disorders of platelet function, and clinical bleeding. Superinfection and the emergence of resistance during therapy have also been problematic. Cost must be considered an important factor in determining the selection of an antibacterial regimen. The combination of an aminoglycoside and a β-lactam antibiotic remains the standard against which future combinations or monotherapy must be judged in clinical trials involving the febrile, neutropenic patient with cancer.
Improving gas turbine power plant safety: the application of computational fluid dynamics to gas leaks

AbstractGas-fired power stations have recently come under the scrutiny of the UK Health and Safety Executive who have raised concerns over potential explosion risks. The gas turbines are usually housed within acoustic enclosures to protect the turbine and to reduce environmental noise. However, in the event of a gas leak, such enclosures may promote a build-up of gas and thus give rise to an explosion risk. This paper describes how General Electric, working with W. S. Atkins, have responded to these concerns. Examples are given of how computational fluid dynamics simulations and field measurements have been used to study the effectiveness of gas turbine compartment ventilation and gas detection systems. Developments of the modelling techniques to allow additional safety and operational efficiency issues to be considered are also described.
Students' Perceptions of Rewards for Academic Performance by Parents and Teachers: Relations with Achievement and Motivation in College.

In the present study, the authors examined college students' (N = 136) perceptions of the provision of extrinsic rewards given by parents and teachers for academic performance from elementary school through high school. They also examined the relations between reward history and present student motivational orientation. External rewards for students' grades were common at all levels of schooling. Reward history related significantly to students' motivational orientation and performance in college, and these relations were generally stronger for boys than for girls. The authors discuss implications of these findings.
Modal Analysis of Interior Acoustic Pressure Distribution of Bus Bodywork

The characteristic of vibration and noise of an automobile has become an important guide line to evaluate an automobile during the development of manufacturing and comfort of automobiles. In this study, finite element modal analysis was used to extract the acoustic resonant frequency and acoustic modal modes. The results show that the influence of vehicle seats on the acoustic modality should be considered in the acoustic design of vehicle interior cavum. Higher acoustic pressure areas for lower acoustic modalities mainly lie at the anterior/posterior ends or middle of the vehicle interior cavum.
Effects of Phospholipases on the Kinetic Properties of Rat Striatal Membrane-Bound Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Rat striatal tyrosine hydroxylase can be isolated in both a soluble and a synaptic membrane-bound form. The membrane-bound enzyme, which exhibits lower Kms for both tyrosine (7 microM) and reduced pterin cofactor (110 microM) relative to the soluble enzyme (47 microM and 940 microM, respectively), can be released from the membrane fraction with mild detergent, and concomitantly its kinetic properties revert to those of the soluble enzyme. Treatment of membrane-bound tyrosine hydroxylase with C. perfringens phospholipase C increased the Km of the enzyme for tyrosine to 27 microM and the Vmax by 60% without changing the Km for cofactor. In contrast, treatment of membrane-bound tyrosine hydroxylase with V. russelli phospholipase A2 increased the Km for tyrosine to 48 microM, increased the Vmax, and increased the Km for cofactor to 560 microM. The enzyme remained bound to the membrane fraction following both phospholipase treatments. Addition of phospholipids to treated enzyme could partially reverse the effects of phospholipase A2 treatment, but not the effects of phospholipase C treatment. The kinetic properties of phospholipase-treated, detergent-solubilized tyrosine hydroxylase were identical to those of the control solubilized enzyme. Tyrosine hydroxylase appears to interact with synaptic membrane components to produce at least two separately determined consequences for the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
DNA sequence analysis of a PR-1a gene from tobacco: Molecular relationship of heat shock and pathogen responses in plants

Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins) are a heterogeneous group of host encoded, low molecular weight proteins, which are induced in plants by different external stimuli such as pathogen attack or exposure of the plants to certain chemicals. Three independent bacteriophage λ clones hybridizing to PR-1 cDNA probes were isolated from a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) genomic library. All three clones are derived from different genomic locations and contain single gene copies. DNA sequence analysis revealed that one of the genomic clones is essentially identical to the PR-1a cDNA clones described previously from tobacco mosaic virus infected tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN). This clone contains 335 bp of the 5′ upstream and the entire transcribed regions. The PR-1a gene is not interrupted by intervening sequences. In the 5′ upstream region, characteristic eukaryotic transcription signals as well as putative regulatory sequences were identified. A consensus TATA box is found at position-34 and an-11 pb long imperfect direct repeat is present at position-116 and-135 with respect to the transcription initiation site. Furthermore, the sequence C-GAA-TTC-G, which differs from the consensus heat shock regulatory element only by the insertion of one extra nucleotide, is located at position-57. The presence of this element suggests a molecular relationship of heat shock and pathogen responses in plants.
Current problems in the clinical physiology of the parathyroid and thyroid glands.

Abstract Contemporary advances continue to develop in our understanding of the fundamental physiology of the control of secretion by the parathyroid and thyroid glands. The discovery of thyrocalcitonin and the early research on its mechanisms of action gives promise of defining many aspects of parathyroid control which have been obscure until now. Appreciation of central nervous system mechanisms influencing thyroid secretion and sensitive techniques for thyrotropin measurement give promise of continued development in understanding thyroid secretion control and the secretion disorders that commonly occur clinically. Direct, obvious and valuable therapeutic advances have resulted from the fundamental approaches used in the study of these endocrine glands. Such practical applications can be expected to continue to occur in the future.
Barkas effect in a dense medium: Stopping power and wake field☆

Abstract A general expression has been derived for the polarization field set up by a heavy charged particle penetrating through a random medium. This expression includes contributions of first and second order in the projectile charge, and it determines the stopping power up to the third order. For a dilute gas, the stopping-power formula reduces to the one that can be derived directly from perturbation theory, applied to an isolated atom or molecule. The interaction between a charged particle and the medium is shown to be characterized by two functions, the well-known dielectric function e(k, ω) and a function Y(k, ω; k′, ω′) depending on two sets of wave number and frequency variables. Explicit expressions for Y have been derived, (i) for a random medium of harmonic oscillators from the classical equation of motion, (ii) for a classical electron gas from Boltzmann's transport equation, (iii) for a system of Hartree atoms from quantal perturbation theory, and (iv) for the Fermi gas. Considerable care has been taken to ensure that different approaches yield identical results in those limits where such is to be expected. The Barkas (or Z13) effect on the stopping power has been evaluated for a medium of classical oscillators with a resonance frequency ω0 at an arbitrary density, characterized by a plasma frequency ωP. The isolated classical oscillator and the classical electron gas emerge from this as simple limiting cases. The results can be described well by one effective resonance frequency α 0 = (ω 0 2 + ω P 2 ) 1 2 , as is suggested by classical dispersion theory. The classical description applies to distant collisions only. Quantitative results have been derived for a quantal electron gas with the zero-point motion disregarded (static electron gas). The results compare well with recent experimental data on silicon. The Barkas correction to the spectrum of momentum transfer is positive for positively charged projectiles up to fairly large momenta, but it becomes negative near the edge. The Barkas correction to the stopping power is also mainly positive for positively charged projectiles, but it turns negative at low speed, in agreement with existing results for the harmonic osicllator. The second-order contribution to the induced field (or wake field) contains a higher harmonic, i.e., a field oscillating at twice the standard wave number. This alters the wake potential dramatically behind the penetrating particle at low velocities. This effect is possibly an explanation for observed anomalies in molecular-ion energy-loss spectra. The relative significance of the Barkas term in the stopping power and the wake field increases with increasing electron density in the medium.
Growth, morphology and gas exchange of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Panicum coloratum L., a C4 grass species, under different clipping and fertilization regimes.

Root samples collected in grasslands of the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, were found to be mycorrhizal and infection frequency was positively correlated with grazing intensity across sites. To examine the role of mycorrhizae in a grazing ecosystem, I analyzed the growth, morphology and gas exchange of mycorrhizal and nomycorrhizal plants of Panicum coloratum L. under different fertilization and clipping regimes. Both severe clipping and high nitrogen promoted more prostrate shoot growth but inhibited root growth. However, mycorrhizal infection promoted a prostrate shoot morphology and enhanced root growth. Photosynthesis was inhibited by clipping, however; at the most severe clipping and nitrogen regime, photosynthesis of the mycorrhizal plants was not affected whereas the largest inhibition of photosynthesis occurred in similarly treated nonmycorrhizal plants. Discussion of the putative roles of mycorrhizae in intensely grazed ecosystems is presented.
Variability of the iron K emission line in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3516

We present strong evidence for variability of the flux of the iron K$\alpha$ emission line in the Seyfert 1 galaxy, NGC 3516. Two ASCA observations, separated by $\sim 1$~yr, showed a marked decrease in continuum flux by $\sim 60$~per cent. The flux in the broad, iron K$\alpha$ line decreased by the same factor in this time period, with no evidence for changes in the line profile. The line variability is significant at $>99$~per cent confidence and rules out models in which the line is produced in a molecular torus located at $>1$~pc from the nucleus. An accretion disk is considerably more likely.
Mutation of leucine-92 selectively reduces the apparent affinity of inosine, guanosine, NBMPR [S6-(4-nitrobenzyl)-mercaptopurine riboside] and dilazep for the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, hENT1

We developed a yeast-based assay for selection of hENT1 (human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1) mutants that have altered affinity for hENT1 inhibitors and substrates. In this assay, expression of hENT1 in a yeast strain deficient in adenine biosynthesis (ade2) permits yeast growth on a plate lacking adenine but containing adenosine, a hENT1 substrate. This growth was prevented when inhibitors of hENT1 [e.g. NBMPR [S6-(4-nitrobenzyl)-mercaptopurine riboside], dilazep or dipyridamole] were included in the media. To identify hENT1 mutants resistant to inhibition by these compounds, hENT1 was randomly mutagenized and introduced into this strain. Mutation(s) that allowed growth of yeast cells in the presence of these inhibitors were then identified and characterized. Mutants harbouring amino acid changes at Leu92 exhibited resistance to NBMPR and dilazep but not dipyridamole. The IC50 values of NBMPR and dilazep for [3H]adenosine transport by one of these mutants L92Q (Leu92-->Gln) were approx. 200- and 4-fold greater when compared with the value for the wild-type hENT1, whereas that for dipyridamole remained unchanged. Additionally, when compared with the wild-type transporter, [3H]adenosine transport by L92Q transporter was significantly resistant to inhibition by inosine and guanosine but not by adenosine or pyrimidines. The Km value for inosine transport was approx. 4-fold greater for the L92Q mutant (260+/-16 mM) when compared with the wild-type transporter (65+/-7.8 mM). We have identified for the first time an amino acid residue (Leu92) of hENT1 that, when mutated, selectively alters the affinity of hENT1 to transport the nucleosides inosine and guanosine and its sensitivity to the inhibitors NBMPR and dilazep.
A new method of methyl methacrylate fixation in skull reconstruction.

Abstract Fifty-two methyl methacrylate cranioplasties were performed in 47 patients over a 5-year period. The indications for the original craniectomy fell into four categories. Nine patients had a craniectomy for tumor, 32 for trauma, 5 for infection, and 1 for aneurysm. A new approach, which eliminates the need for suture or wire fixation and which facilitates intraoperative calvarial contouring, is presented. An excellent cosmetic result is the norm with this technique.
Human fetal pituitary expresses functional growth hormone-releasing peptide receptors.

The synthetic hexapeptide GH-releasing peptide (GHRP) stimulates a dose-dependent release of GH in humans in vivo and in animals both in vitro and in vivo via a specific receptor in the hypothalamus and pituitary. To determine the action of GHRP in the human fetal pituitary, reverse transcription-PCR was performed, and GHRP receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression was detected in fetal pituitaries of 18- and 31-week gestation. Therefore, primary human fetal pituitary cultures (second and third trimesters) were treated with GHRP-6. GHRP-6 dose-dependently increased GH secretion from human fetal pituitary cultures by up to 80% (P < 0.001; maximal effect achieved with 100 nmol/L), whereas GHRH (10 nmol/L) stimulated GH by up to 120% (P < 0.001). However, GHRP together with GHRH was additive (up to 2.8-fold GH induction) with no evidence of further positive synergy. In contrast to GHRH, GHRP-6 did not alter human ACTH and PRL levels. A treatment time of 2 h was required for maximal GH stimulation. GHRP-...
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Fluorinated Polymer with the Benzoxazine Moiety in the Main Chain

Novel highly fluorinated polymers with the benzoxazine moiety in the main chain have been synthesized by incorporating a highly fluorinated diamine with polyfluorinated bisphenol A. The value of the dielectric constant of the step cured polymer film is 2.20. An analogous hydrogenated version, whose dielectric constant value of 2.8 is also synthesized. The molecular structure of the polymers is characterized by NMR and FT-IR and thermal stability by TGA. The dynamic mechanical properties of the polymer step cured under air and under nitrogen are analyzed.
A wavefunction approach to equations of motion—Green's function methods

Abstract A derivation is presented of the equations of motion—Green's function method which is formulated entirely within a wavefunction representation. Such a pedagogical approach simplifies, clarifies, and organizes many aspects of the theory introduced by propagator techniques, diagram summations, hierarchy truncations, equations of motion methods, etc. The theory indicates relationships with standard configuration interaction approaches and generalized Koopmans' methods. The derivation emphasizes the purely linear matrix eigenvalue nature of the problem and the possibility for wholly nonperturbative approaches involving “configurational selection” methods analogous to those employed in configuration interaction computations. The theory is analyzed for the two limiting cases where the exact ground state wavefunction is known and where the exact excitation operator is known. In the latter case the exact excitation energy is obtained, while the former may generate only an approximation. For finite space calculations, we show that both the complete configuration interaction calculation and the complete equations of motion results within the space are the same. The theory illuminates various features of previous calculations, and it is applied in separate papers to calculations of excitation energies and ionization potentials in the nitrogen molecule.
Bile Acids: Chemistry, Pathochemistry, Biology, Pathobiology, and Therapeutics

Bile acids and bile alcohols in the form of their conjugates are amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism with multiple physiological functions. The great variety of bile acids and bile alcohols that are present in vertebrates are tabulated. Bile salts have an enterohepatic circulation resulting from efficient vectorial transport of bile salts through the hepatocyte and the ileal enterocyte; such transport leads to the accumulation of a pool of bile salts that cycles between the liver and intestine. Bile salt anions promote lipid absorption, enhance tryptic cleavage of dietary proteins, and have antimicrobial effects. Bile salts are signaling molecules, activating nuclear receptors in the hepatocyte and ileal enterocyte, as well as an increasing number of G-protein coupled receptors. Bile acids are used therapeutically to correct deficiency states, to decrease the cholesterol saturation of bile, or to decrease the cytotoxicity of retained bile acids in cholestatic liver disease.
Small angle neutron scattering studies of structural characteristics of agarose gels

The 30 m small angle neutron scattering facility at the National Institutes of Standards and Technology has been used to examine neutron scattering from agarose gels formed in D2O. Differential scattering cross sections have been acquired over a continuous range of Q between 0.005 and 0.3 A−1. Subtle changes in gel structure are observed when pre-gelation agarose concentration is varied. Similarly, except when the gelling solution is rapidly cooled to a low temperature, the rate at which the gels are formed does not seem to have much effect. Clearer evidence of structural rearrangement is observed when the solvent quality is changed by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide, or when the temperature of the gel is elevated above 70°C. These data are consistent with a description of a randomly structured polymer network containing discrete self-similar, hydrogen-bonded, junctions normally of minimal thickness ≈ 35–40 A.
Clinical Evaluation of Complete Dentures Constructed from Pour Resins

The dimensional history of five upper and three lower clinical complete dentures processed from a pour resin was observed during a two-year period. The negligible linear dimensional shrinkage recorded is clinically insignificant. Dentures processed from pour resins compare favorably with those produced by other techniques.
Accommodating Twitter: Communication Accommodation Theory and Classroom Interactions

Courses: Basic Course, Introduction to Communication, Gender Communication, Interpersonal Communication, Intercultural Communication, or any other foundational course that wishes to include more interaction between students.Objective: In this unit activity, students will accommodate their communication in such a manner that encourages student–student interaction inside and outside of the classroom.
A simplified Mach number scaling law for helicopter rotor noise

Mach number scaling laws are derived for the rotational and the high-frequency broadband noise from helicopter rotors. The rotational scaling law is obtained directly from the theory of Lowson and Ollerhead (1969) by exploiting the properties of the dominant terms in the expression for the complex Fourier coefficients of sound radiation from a point source. The scaling law for the high-frequency broadband noise is obtained by assuming that the noise sources are acoustically compact and computing the instantaneous pressure due to an element on an airfoil where vortices are shed. Experimental results on the correlation lengths for stationary airfoils are extended to rotating airfoils. On the assumption that the correlation length varies as the boundary layer displacement thickness, it is found that the Mach number scaling law contains a factor of Mach number raised to the exponent 5.8. Both scaling laws were verified by model tests.
Postoperative Infliximab Is Not Associated with An Increase in Adverse Events in Crohn’s Disease

Infliximab is effective treatment for Crohn’s disease and has been associated with rare, but serious infectious complications. Emerging data suggest a benefit of infliximab in preventing postoperative Crohn’s disease recurrence. It is not known whether administration of infliximab shortly after resective surgery for Crohn’s disease increases postoperative complications. To evaluate the risk of developing postoperative complications among Crohn’s disease patients receiving infliximab within 4 weeks of intestinal resection. As part of a randomized placebo-controlled infliximab postoperative prevention study, adverse events were prospectively monitored. Crohn’s disease patients undergoing intestinal resection were randomized to placebo or infliximab 2–4 weeks after surgery. Study infusions were administered at 0, 2, and 6 weeks then every 8 weeks for 1 year. To evaluate whether infliximab increased postoperative complications, we analyzed all adverse events for 1 year after surgery. Twenty-four patients were randomized to infliximab or placebo after intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease. Mean time to first postoperative infusion was 20 days (range 14–25 days). Over the course of 1 year, there were 22 total adverse events, but no difference between infliximab and placebo patients (12 versus 10, respectively, P = 1.0). In the immediate postoperative period, within 8 weeks of surgery, the number of adverse events was also similar between the two groups (3 infliximab and 5 placebo patients, P = 0.68). There were no serious adverse events and no complications related to wound healing or infection. Initiation of infliximab within 4 weeks of intestinal resection was not associated with postoperative complications.
A Review of the Factors Affecting Emulsifying Characteristics of Hens' Egg Yolk

This paper reviews factors known to influence the emulsifying characteristics of hens' egg yolk. Processing variables such as homogenization, pasteurization, freezing and dehydration are important ...
Process Safety Management: What Is Your Goal?

In this article, the basic elements of process safety management (PSM) and how they are supposed to work together to support the underlying principles of PSM and achieve the goal of zero process-related incidents are discussed. In doing this, the reader will see how easy it can be to lose sight of this overall objective by focusing only on compliance with the regulations. It is possible to be in 100% compliance with the rules and regulations yet still have a poor quality program, as demonstrated by a failure to achieve the overall objective of PSM. In demonstrating this, the author discusses the basic elements of PSM and how they are intended to work together to support the underlying principles of PSM. This article shows the inter-relationships and importance of PSM program elements. In doing this, the author will show how it can be easy to lose sight of the overall objective (i.e., zero process-related incidents) by focusing on compliance with the regulations. The use of leading and lagging metrics to measure and improve the PSM program is introduced and discussed. The importance of creating and using leading metrics that measure both the quantity and quality of each PSM program element is explained. The creation and use of the leading metrics that evaluate performance in a nonsubjective manner can provide uniformity across the organization or an industry. Use of the right leading metrics can drive performance towards the overall objective of zero process-related incidents. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010