cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cloud computing approach to on-demand and scalable cybergis analytics

Spatial data analysis has become ubiquitous as geographic information systems (GIS) are widely used to support scientific investigations and decision making in many fields of science, engineering, and humanities (e.g., ecology, emergency management, environmental engineering and sciences, geosciences, and social sciences). Tremendous data and computational capabilities are needed to handle and analyze massive quantities of spatial data that are collected across multiple spatiotemporal scales and used for diverse purposes. CyberGIS has emerged as a new-generation GIS based on advanced cyberinfrastructure to seamlessly integrate such capabilities into scalable geospatial analytics and modeling tools. One of the key challenges and opportunities of CyberGIS research is to build an on-demand service framework that can manage underlying cyberinfrastructure resources dynamically, in order to provide responsive support for interactive online CyberGIS analytics for which users can generate massive service requests in a short amount of time. This paper presents a cloud computing approach to implementing CyberGIS analytics using cloud computing services in the CyberGIS Gateway, a multiuser and collaborative online problem-solving environment. The primary purpose of this research is to address the question of how to achieve on-demand and scalable CyberGIS analytics that provide a stable response time to the user. We do that through integration with the Nimbus Phantom cloud platform. We then investigate how the cloud platform is able to adaptively handle fluctuating requests for analytics while providing a stable response time.
Using a Tunable Knob for Reducing Makespan of MapReduce Jobs in a Hadoop Cluster

The MapReduce framework and its open source implementation Hadoop have become the defacto platform for scalable analysis on large data sets in recent years. One of the primary concerns in Hadoop is how to minimize the completion length (i.e., makespan) of a set of MapReduce jobs. The current Hadoop only allows static slot configuration, i.e., fixed numbers of map slots and reduce slots throughout the lifetime of a cluster. However, we found that such a static configuration may lead to low system resource utilizations as well as long completion length. Motivated by this, we propose a simple yet effective scheme which uses slot ratio between map and reduce tasks as a tunable knob for reducing the makespan of a given set. By leveraging the workload information of recently completed jobs, our scheme dynamically allocates resources (or slots) to map and reduce tasks. We implemented the presented scheme in Hadoop V0.20.2 and evaluated it with representative MapReduce benchmarks at Amazon EC2. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our scheme under both simple workloads and more complex mixed workloads.
Theory and Experiments Relating to the Striated Glow Discharge in Mercury Vapor

Theory of the glow discharge in a monatomic gas.---For the case of parallel plane electrodes with a hot cathode as source of electrons, the potential distribution and ion concentration in the Crookes dark space, negative glow, Faraday dark space and positive column are shown to be predictable from considerations of space charge and of ionization and excitation of the gas. While with weak currents there is a negative space charge throughout, sufficiently intense ionization is shown to lead to a cathode drop, followed by a region of reversed electric field in which positive ions and electrons both move toward the anode by diffusion, owing to their large concentration gradient. Still farther from the cathode the field changes to its normal direction and increases up to the positive column. In the positive column the field and concentration are uniform unless atoms excited by electron impacts in certain layers are prevented from diffusing between the layers, when striations may be obtained with periodic changes of field and of concentration. The cathode edge of each striation has a positive space charge. The theory of the arc discharge is essentially the same, the arc being simply the negative glow of the longer glow discharge.Glow discharge in mercury vapor.---Various predictions of the above theory were verified by experiments with Hg vapor in vacuum tubes provided with hot cathodes. (1) Potential distribution and ion concentration were investigated by Langmuir's modified probe method and found to agree with the theoretical deductions, except that the concentration of positive ions in the positive column comes out too large. This result indicates the presence of negative mercury ions. (2) The distribution of velocities of electrons is Maxwellian except between striations. (3) The emission of light seems associated more with excitation by electron collision than with ionization and recombination. (4) Conditions for existence of striations. Striations are not found in pure Hg vapor unless the current is small or some substance like ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is introduced to remove excited atoms. (5) The presence of atomic hydrogen which should be produced in the process of removing excited Hg atoms was proved by use of tungsten oxide. (6) Introduction of He, which cannot remove excited atoms, does not tend to produce striations. (7) The relative concentrations of excited atoms was determined from the optical absorption of subordinate series Hg lines. It was found that excited atoms exist in striations but not in the regions between, and are more numerous if the amount of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ impurity is reduced.Band spectrum of HgH seems associated with the action of excited Hg atoms on hydrogen, and is emitted as a result of inelastic collisions in striations.
Huygens Wavefront Tracing: A Robust Alternative to Ray Tracing

Traveltime computation is widely used in seismic modeling, imaging and velocity analysis. The two most commonly used methods are ray tracing and numerical solutions to the eikonal equation. Eikonal solvers are fast and robust, but are limited to computing only the first arrival traveltimes. Ray tracing can compute multiple arrivals, but lacks the robustness of eikonal solvers. Here, we propose a robust and complete method of traveltime computation. It is based on a system of partial differential equations equivalent to the eikonal equation, but formulated in the ray coordinate system. We use a first-order discretization scheme that is interpreted very simply in terms of Huygens’ principle. The method has proved to be a robust alternative to conventional ray tracing, while being faster and having a better ability to penetrate shadow zones.
Boundedly Compatible Webs and Strict Mackey Convergence

We look for characterizations of those locally convex spaces that satisfy the strict Mackey convergence condition within the context of spaces with webs. We will say that a locally convex space has a boundedly compatible web if it has a web of absolutely convex sets whose members behave like zero neighborhoods in a metrizable locally convex space. It will be shown that these locally convex spaces satisfy the strict Mackey convergence condition. One consequence of this result will be a characterization of boundedly retractive inductive limits. We will also prove that if E is locally complete and webbed, then the strict Mackey convergence condition is equivalent to E having a boundedly compatible web.
Structure of Ag ON Rh and its effect on the adsorption of D2 and CO

Ag vapor deposited on Rh(100) is investigated as a possible model for the corresponding bimetallic cluster catalyst. Ag overlayer growth follows the Frank-Van der Merwe mechanism at 300 K and the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism at 640 K. The first Ag overlayer grows epitaxially with the Rh(100) surface and forms two-dimensional islands. The second layer reconstructs forming a pseudohexagonal lattice structure with a 19% greater Ag atom density than the first layer. Neither alloy formation nor dissolution of Ag into the Rh crystal lattice is observed. The presence of Ag decreases the capacity of the Rh(100) surface for both D2 and CO chemisorption. In both cases, loss of adsorption sites on the Rh surface is attributed to physical site blocking by islands of Ag. Very weakly bound CO adsorption sites are observed which are attributed to CO bonding to Ag atoms in the first Ag overlayer. The Ag/Rh(100) system is found to be very similar to the analogous SiO2 supported catalyst.
Manipulation of the Wettability of Surfaces on the 0.1 to 1-Micrometer Scale Through Micromachining and Molecular Self-Assembly

Micromachining allows the formation of micrometer-sized regions of bare gold on the surface of a gold film supporting a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkanethiolate. A second SAM forms on the micromachined surfaces when the entire system-the remaining undisturbed gold-supported SAM and the micromachined features of bare gold-is exposed to a solution of dialkyl disulfide. By preparing an initial hydrophilic SAM from HS(CH(2))(15)COOH, micromachining features into this SAM, and covering these features with a hydrophobic SAM formed from [CH(3)(CH(2))(11)S](2), it is possible to construct micrometer-scale hydrophobic lines in a hydrophilic surface. These lines provide new structures with which to manipulate the shapes of liquid drops.
Sharing the catch or catching the shares: Catch shares for the western Pacific region?

Abstract The applicability of catch shares programs is evaluated for the various fisheries of the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council region in each of the archipelagoes. Implementation of Catch Shares programs in the region is problematic, but would require better data to be done fairly and equitably. Catch shares are currently under initial consideration for the Hawaii and American Samoa longline fisheries and the Hawaii Deep 7 bottomfish fishery. It is argued that current conditions in all the other small boat fisheries in the region make them inappropriate for catch shares management. Overfishing and the “race for fish” are not yet an issue for these fisheries and some are underdeveloped. Catch share programs can cause significant negative social consequences for Western Pacific communities because data on fishermen's participation, catch histories, and motivations to fish for cultural needs is not adequate for any initial allocation scheme to be developed equitably. The prevailing Western Pacific cultural value of sharing the fish by gifting portions, sharing the catch widely and sharing fishing opportunities widely is in clear conflict with the individualized commercial profit motive philosophy of fisheries that are appropriate for catch shares. The small boat fisheries lack adequate monitoring and enforcement, and do not have a total allowable catch or quota. Nor do they usually have a demonstrated need for one. Preliminary community outreach by Council staff and community discussion of catch shares shows a general lack of information yet a potential for strong resistance to the imposition of catch shares.
Ceramide and the regulation of apoptosis and the stress response.

The process of apoptosis or programmed cell death has been the subject of intense study due to the realization of its importance in a wide variety of biological and pathological conditions, including development, ischemia, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although a vast number of inducers of this process and several critical components have been identified, the signal transduction pathways regulating apoptosis are poorly understood. Recently, a pathway involving sphingolipid turnover and the production of the lipid mediator, ceramide, has emerged as a candidate regulator of apoptosis. This review provides a summary of the evidence implicating ceramide as a mediator of apoptosis and the stress response. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1996;6:158-162).
Motion Performance Analysis of Double-Slider Two-DOF Parallel Manipulators

Double-slider parallel manipulators are closed-loop two-degree-of-freedom linkages. They are preferred to use because of their simplicity plus the common advantages of parallel manipulators such as high stiffness, load-bearing, operation speed and precision positioning. Like other parallel manipulators, the output motion of double-slider parallel manipulators is not as flexible as two-degree-of-freedom serial manipulators. The motion performance analysis plays a crucial role for this type of parallel manipulator to be applied successfully. In this paper, the linkage feasibility conditions are established based on the transmission angle. When feasibility conditions are satisfied, there is no dead position during operation. The workspace is generated by using curve-enveloping theory. The singularity characteristics are analyzed within the workspace. The motion performance index contours within the workspace are produced using the condition number of the manipulator Jacobian matrix. The results of this paper provide guidelines to design this type of parallel manipulator.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Autonomy, self-consciousness and national moral responsibility

L'A. s'interesse a la responsabilite morale de l'Etat ou de la nation en discutant de la relation analogue entre les concepts de « personne » et de « nation » developpes par J. Feinberg. Il considere la notion d'autonomie et son rapport a la responsabilite morale nationale.
A comparison of coal-water slurry pipeline systems

Abstract Coal-water slurry pipeline systems are in various stages of development and exhibit many similarities, but they also have several unique characteristics. Existing and proposed systems range from conventional coarse- and fine-coal slurry pipeline media to the stabilized flow and coal-water mixture slurries that are under development. The roles planned for the coal being burned and the coal slurry pipeline, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative systems, tend to determine which system is most applicable for a particular use. Principal selection criteria include transport distance, water requirements, cost, and end use. Conventional coarse-coal slurries are best suited to very short-distance applications, where low water use is possible through closed-loop operation. Conventional fine-coal slurries generally require greater preparation and dewatering costs but can be transported great distances. These two systems offer excellent opportunities for rapid implementation because they have been tested on a full-scale basis. Use of the stabilized-flow system offers opportunities for domestic combustion and export because it is cheaper than coal-water mixtures. Coal-water mixtures provide the unique capability to displace oil use in oil-fired boilers. The coal-water pipeline systems for stabilized-flow and coal-water mixtures have not yet been tested on a large-scale basis.
The effect of typicality on online category verification of inanimate category exemplars in aphasia

Background: A previous study (Kiran & Thompson, 2003a) investigated the effect of typicality on online category verification of animate categories in patients with fluent or nonfluent aphasia and their normal controls. Results revealed a robust effect of typicality: typical examples were faster and more accurate than atypical examples of animate categories. Patients with fluent aphasia did not demonstrate the expected effects of typicality. Aims: The aim of the present study was to extend this work to examine the effect of typicality on inanimate categories such as furniture, clothing, and weapons. Methods & Procedures: Normal young, older, and aphasic individuals participated in an online category verification task where primes were superordinate category labels whereas targets were either typical or atypical examples of inanimate categories (e.g., clothing, furniture, weapons) or nonmembers belonging to animate categories. Aphasic participants were divided into two groups, semantic impairment group (SI)...
A new class of microstructures which lead to transformation-induced faulting in magnesium germanate

[1] Transformation-induced faulting has been studied extensively in natural olivine, ice, and a variety of other olivine analog systems over the last 15 years and remains a likely candidate mechanism for initiating deep focus earthquakes. The mechanism involves the formation of microscopic packets of fine-grained denser materials from a metastable host, which then behave as mode I features that coalesce to allow bulk mode II shear failure. We present evidence for a new class of transformation microstructures that also allows shear failure at high pressures but which does not require the formation of widely distributed mode I features prior to shear failure. We have observed thin planar zones of transformation in coarse-grained (∼150 μm) Mg2GeO4 olivine that form along crystallographic planes in deformed grains at temperatures cooler than those that allow significant development of anticracks. The development of these zones is rapid and only occurs after ∼25% bulk strain. Increasing strain leads to progressive development of these zones, in turn leading to bulk shear failure once a continuous pathway of fine-grained spinel is formed that traverses the specimen. Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that slip bands in olivine along (011) and (010) formed from dislocation pileups on these slip planes transform preferentially to a nanocrystalline aggregate of the denser spinel phase, aided by the high strain energy of these bands. This new, partially strain-driven mechanism compliments shear failure by anticracks as described in previous studies and adds new possibilities for the triggering of bulk shear failure by rapid mineralogical transformations.
What about your friends? exploring asthma-related peer interactions

Purpose. School-based asthma interventions have been shown to be effective, but many may not be sensitive to the influence of peer interactions in shaping asthma-related emotional experiences. This exploratory study describes associations between peer interactions and asthma-related emotional experiences, asthma control, and outcomes among elementary-aged children with asthma. Methods. Data come from the baseline assessment of a randomized trial evaluating the effect of a school-based asthma intervention. Univariate and multivariate statistics were completed to examine associations between peer interactions and asthma-related variables of interest. Results. Eight hundred and thirty-five caregiver and child interviews were used in the analysis. Both males and females were enrolled in this study, 31% had not well controlled or poorly controlled asthma and 44% reported taking asthma medications. Overall, 26% of children talked to friends about asthma. Females were significantly more likely to talk to friends...
Novel functions for Period 3 and Exo-rhodopsin in rhythmic transcription and melatonin biosynthesis within the zebrafish pineal organ

Entrainment of circadian clocks to environmental cues such as photoperiod ensures that daily biological rhythms stay in synchronization with the Earth's rotation. The vertebrate pineal organ has a conserved role in circadian regulation as the primary source of the nocturnal hormone melatonin. In lower vertebrates, the pineal has an endogenous circadian clock as well as photoreceptive cells that regulate this clock. The zebrafish opsin protein Exo-rhodopsin (Exorh) is expressed in pineal photoreceptors and is a candidate to mediate the effects of environmental light on pineal rhythms and melatonin synthesis. We demonstrate that Exorh has an important role in regulating gene transcription within the pineal. In developing embryos that lack Exorh, expression of the exorh gene itself and of the melatonin synthesis gene serotonin N-acetyl transferase 2 (aanat2) are significantly reduced. This suggests that the Exorh protein at the cell membrane is part of a signaling pathway that positively regulates transcription of these genes, and ultimately melatonin production, in the pineal. Like many other opsin genes, exorh is expressed with a daily rhythm: mRNA levels are higher at night than during the day. We found that the transcription factor Orthodenticle homeobox 5 (Otx5) activates exorh transcription, while the putative circadian clock component Period 3 (Per3) represses expression during the day, thereby contributing to the rhythm of transcription. This work identifies novel roles for Exorh and Per3, and gives insight into potential interactions between the sensory and circadian systems within the pineal.
Providing mental health services under managed care arrangements: the challenges.

(2000). Providing Mental Health Services under Managed Care Arrangements: The Challenges. Hospital Topics: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 23-27.
Second Language Use, Socialization, and Learning in Internet Interest Communities and Online Gaming

In recent years, there has been a great deal of research and pedagogical experimentation relating to the uses of technology in second (L2) and foreign language education. The majority of this research has usefully described and examined the efficacy of in-class and directly classroom-related uses of technology. This article broadens the scope of inquiry to include L2 and foreign language-related uses of technology that extend into the interstitial spaces between instructed L2 contexts and entirely out-of-school noninstitutional realms of freely chosen digital engagement. Two demographically and sociologically significant phenomena are examined in detail; the first focuses on participation in Internet interest communities such as fan fiction and virtual diaspora community spaces and the second describes a continuum of three-dimensional graphically rendered virtual environments and online games. A review of research in each of these areas reveals extended periods of language socialization into sophisticated communicative practices and demonstrates the salience of creative expression and language use as tools for identity development and management. In the final section of the article, we suggest a number of possibilities for synergistically uniting the analytic rigor of instructed L2 education with the immediacy and vibrancy of language use in digital vernacular contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Assessing the role of the self-concept on the destructive impact of obsessive–compulsive disorder in managers

Managers can have personal afflictions that may interfere with their role as managers in an organization. One of these maladies is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a condition frequently identified with excessive patterns of seemingly unnecessary behavior. OCD compels individuals to seek "perfection" in the accomplishment of primarily routine tasks. This overt routine of behaviors distracts individuals from accomplishing their goals and those they manage. This paper examines the role of self-concept as being central in identifying and understanding the characteristics of the behavioral disorder OCD and how to modify the self-concept to prevent disruption in the workplace. In addition, the paper explores how to measure OCD and the impact of maladies on peers, subordinates, and superiors in the organization. I've learned...that we should be glad God doesn't give us everything we pray for-My father.
Eye movements in patients with Wallenberg's syndrome

We studied electro-oculographic and videotape recordings of eye movements in six patients with Wallenberg's syndrome. With fixation, all patients had a spontaneous rotatory nystagmus with the fast phase directed toward the intact side. With loss of fixation, the patients' eyes deviated tonically toward the side of the lesion. Voluntary and involuntary saccades had larger amplitude when directed toward the side of the lesion than away from it. The spontaneous nystagmus predictably interacted with all slow eye movements, producing asymmetric smooth-pursuit, optokinetic, and vestibular responses. In addition, smooth-pursuit and optokinetic responses were decreased significantly in both directions compared to normal subjects. Fixation suppression of vestibular nystagmus also was impaired in both directions. We concluded that two different types of oculomotor bias were present in these patients--a velocity bias and a position bias. The former resulted from damage to the caudal lateral vestibular nuclei, and the latter from interruption of cerebellopontine pathways.
DNA array analysis of interleukin-2-regulated immediate/early genes.

Lymphocyte activation culminates in blastogenesis, cell cycle progression, DNA replication and mitosis. These complex cellular changes are programmed almost simultaneously by multiple ligands and receptors that trigger specific signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. Until now, the discovery of the genes regulated by each ligand/receptor pair has been hampered by the technologies available. To identify interleukin-2 (IL-2)-responsive genes, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were pre-activated with anti-CD3, rested, and restimulated with IL-2 for 4 hr. Gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix U95Av2 oligonucleotide arrays. To determine the most stringent parameters to score a gene as a bona fide IL-2 target, the expression of 19 known IL-2-regulated genes was examined first. All were induced at least 2-fold, with a difference in fluorescent intensity of ≥ 100 at p < 0.05. An additional 53 unique genes met these criteria. To determine which of these were immediate/early IL-2 targets in T cells, purified T cells were stimulated with IL-2 for 4 hr in the presence of cycloheximide to prevent secondary gene expression. Of the 72 genes identified in PBMCs, 20 were detected as immediate/early IL-2-regulated genes in purified T cells. In addition, 27 unique genes were IL-2-regulated in T cells but not in PBMCs. For a successful reductionist approach to the analysis of gene expression in lymphocyte activation, it is necessary to examine purified cell populations and immediate/early gene expression regulated by each ligand/receptor pair involved. This approach should allow the discovery of genes regulated by all of the ligand/receptor pairs involved in lymphocyte activation.
On allocations with negative externalities

We consider the problem of a monopolist seller who wants to sell some items to a set of buyers. The buyers are strategic, unit-demand, and connected by a social network. Furthermore, the utility of a buyer is a decreasing function of the number of neighbors who do not own the item. In other words, they exhibit negative externalities, deriving utility from being unique in their purchases. In this model, any fixed setting of the price induces a sub-game on the buyers. We show that it is an exact potential game which admits multiple pure Nash Equilibria. A natural problem is to compute those pure Nash equilibria that raise the most and least revenue for the seller. These correspond respectively to the most optimistic and most pessimistic revenues that can be raised. We show that the revenues of both the best and worst equilibria are hard to approximate within sub-polynomial factors. Given this hardness, we consider a relaxed notion of pricing, where the price for the same item can vary within a constant factor for different buyers. We show a 4-approximation to the pessimistic revenue when the prices are relaxed by a factor of 4. The interesting aspect of this algorithm is that it uses a linear programming relaxation that only encodes part of the strategic behavior of the buyers in its constraints, and rounds this relaxation to obtain a starting configuration for performing relaxed Nash dynamics. Finally, for the maximum revenue Nash equilibrium, we show a 2-approximation for bipartite graphs (without price relaxation), and complement this result by showing that the problem is NP-Hard even on trees.
Relationship Between Criminal Arrest and Community Treatment History Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between criminal arrest and gender, substance use disorder, and use of community mental health services among patients with bipolar I disorder. METHODS: Los Angeles County's computerized management information system was used to retrospectively identify all inmates with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder who were evaluated over a seven-month period in the psychiatric division of Los Angeles County Jail and had a history of psychiatric hospitalization in the community. Patients without a history of arrest who were involuntarily hospitalized in the community and treated for bipolar I disorder over the same seven-month period served as a comparison group. The use of community mental health services that inmates received before their arrest was quantified and compared with the services that patients in the comparison group received before their involuntary hospitalization. RESULTS: Patients who had been arrested (N=66) were more likely than patients in the...
The Glucocorticoid Receptor

Glucocorticoids are essential for life and play critical roles in many diverse physiological processes including metabolism, development, growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. Drugs that mimic the actions of glucocorticoids are widely used to treat diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. The effects of glucocorticoids and their synthetic derivatives are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, NR3C1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Upon binding hormone, the GR translocates into the nucleus where it regulates gene expression by direct binding to DNA and/or through interactions with other transcription factors. The GR is derived from a single gene, yet recent work has demonstrated that alternative processing of this gene generates an astonishing array of GR isoforms with unique expression, functional, and gene regulatory profiles. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GR signaling, and the potential role for GR isoforms in regulating the specificity and sensitivity of glucocorticoid responsiveness in healthy and diseased tissues.
Optimization technique for frequency estimation: Avoiding local minima

A common practical problem when implementing signal model-fitting procedures is that of the frequency local minima. Unfortunately, conventional optimization methods, like Steepest Descent, Newton's Method and Conjugate Gradients (CG) are subject to this problem. What is worse, if the estimated frequency is not correct, the estimated signal amplitude and decay rate will be incorrect. In this paper, we propose a new optimization technique to find the global optimum in frequency estimation. Our method takes advantage of the attenuation characteristics of the signal and is incorporated into the CG algorithm. Various simulation examples illustrate the validity of the proposed approach: it can achieve the global optimal solution of frequency efficiently.
The role of CT screening for lung cancer.

A person at high-risk for lung cancer and who is asymptomatic and interested in potentially being screened should be fully apprized of the implications of screening and of the treatment that may result. It is reasonable for the individual to choose to be screened by a multidisciplinary medical team with experience in performing such screenings, using a well-defined CT regimen of screening, and having appropriate quality assurance procedures in place.
Operating system support for flexible coherence in distributed object systems

COMMOS is an operating system architecture developed to support shared persistent objects in distributed systems. This paper describes its support for flexible coherence. The approach is based on a microkernel, typed memory objects and integrated coherence control. A microkernel architecture is used to make it easier to support multiple coherence protocols and to add new protocols. Memory objects are typed and applications can choose the most suitable protocols for different types of object to avoid protocol mismatch. Low-level coherence control is integrated with high-level concurrency control so that system-wide object coherence and synchronisation are realised without severely impacting the system performance. >
Anisomycin protects cortical neurons from prolonged hypoxia with differential regulation of p38 and ERK

MAP kinase is associated with delta-opioid receptor (DOR) signaling and plays a role in cell survival/death. Since anisomycin may alter MAP kinase activity and affect neuronal survival, we investigated whether anisomycin alters neuronal response to hypoxic stress and DOR inhibition. The experiments were performed in cultured cortical neurons. MAP kinase activities were determined by immunoblotting and neuronal viability was assessed by LDH leakage and live/dead morphological study. DOR inhibition with naltrindole (10 microM) led to significant injury in normoxic neurons after 24 h of treatment and exacerbated hypoxia-induced injury. Along with the injury, either by hypoxia or naltrindole, phosphorylated p38 increased in a major way, while phosphorylated ERK and JNK had no significant change or slightly decreased. Anisomycin (50 ng/ml) prevented the increase in phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity induced by naltrindole and reduced the neuronal injury. The results suggest that (1) MAP kinases are differentially involved in neuronal response to hypoxia and DOR inhibition in cortical neurons with phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity being upregulated and (2) anisomycin attenuates the increase in phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity and reduces neuronal injury induced by hypoxia and DOR inhibition.
The Need to Integrate Neuropsychological and Experimental Schizophrenia Research

Although the experimental and the neuropsychological approaches to the study of schizophrenic cognition have coexisted for many years, they remain detached, with virtually independent methods and literatures. The result has been a needless duplication of work and effort. In this article we review the emergence and representative research of each approach, examine model integrative studies, and suggest ways in which the two approaches can be better integrated to generate comprehensive cognitive schizophrenia theories and research.
Factors that persuade continued use of Facebook among new members

This research examines whether there are any behavioral determinants of new members' continued participation in Facebook. The behaviors observed were use of the Facebook interaction points: posting a profile picture, posting to the wall, status posting, joining a group, using applications, posting additional photos, and receiving communication from others. In addition, the factor of gender was examined, as was the question of whether relationships existed between a new member's continued Facebook participation and the use of specific interaction points. From the results, it is clear there are a number of significant relationships, and it is these relationships that are reported in this paper. Finally, the question of what useful investigations might follow this study is discussed.
Isolation of Predation-deficient Mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus by using Transposon Mutagenesis

The availability of the complete genome sequence of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus provides an opportunity for investigating genes that play a significant role in predation. Using two independently derived facultatively predatory Bdellovibrio strains, we have designed a method to cultivate and screen transposon insertion mutants in 96-well microtiter dishes. Transposon insertion mutants were produced by introducing the plasposon pRL27, which carries a mini-Tn5. Mutants have been screened for predatory activity using 96-well plates. Seventeen independent nonpredatory mutants have been isolated, and DNA flanking the insertion has been sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed that most of these interrupted DNA sequences do not code for known proteins or functions. Two of the inactivated genes were analyzed further: one was found to code for a putative serine protease and the other a probable protein involved in secretion through the outer membrane. The methods described here are the first for the generation and isolation of predation-deficient mutants using random-transposon-insertion mutagenesis. As more mutants are isolated and their gene products analyzed, more light will be shed on how this predator carries out its exclusive life processes and perhaps how these products, or the organism itself, can be used for therapeutic, agricultural, and/or other purposes.
Designing beneath the surface of the web

At its most basic, the web allows for two modes of access: visual and non-visual. For the most part, our design attention is focused on making decisions that affect the visual, or surface, layer --- colors and type, screen dimensions, fixed or flexible layouts. However, much of the power of the technology lies beneath the surface, in the underlying code of the page. There, in the unseen depths of the page code, we make decisions that influence how well, or poorly, our pages are read and interpreted by software. In this paper, we shift our attention beneath the surface of the web and focus on design decisions that affect nonvisual access to web pages.
Reactions of phenylacetymanganesepentacarbonyl with phosphine and phosphite ligands

Abstract The reaction of PhCH2C(O)Mn(CO)5 with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)- ethane has resulted in the formation of PhCH2C(O)Mn(CO)3(disphos) which did not undergo decarbonylation. On the other hand PhCH2C(O)Mn(CO)5 was observed to react with (PhO)3P to give initially PhCH2Mn(CO)4P(OPh)3 which further reacted with (PhO)3P to eliminate toluene and give the ortho-metalated product, (PhO)3PMn[(PhO)2P-μ-OC6H4](CO)3.
Profiles in Patient Safety: Organizational Barriers to Patient Safety

A 46-year-old woman presented to the trauma unit with a history of being trapped in a house fire. The trauma team, composed of a trauma surgery (TS) attending, an emergency medicine (EM) attending, four EM and surgery residents, and two trauma nurses, met the patient at arrival. The patient had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 and complained of shortness of breath, severe eye pain, and hoarseness. There were no burns to her skin. Past medical history was significant for coronary artery disease with multivessel bypass six years prior. Physical examination supported the history of heavy smoke and thermal inhalation. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols were instituted. An arterial blood gas (ABG) upon arrival demonstrated a carbon monoxide (CO) level of 28%. Both attendings agreed that urgent intubation was indicated. The procedure changed from an urgent to an emergent procedure when the nurse administered the paralytic agent first and prior to the setup of intubation materials. Although finally successful, the procedure was further complicated by gross edema of the epiglottis from thermal injury causing obstruction of the airway and a disagreement between the EM and trauma attendings about whether to perform a
Colorimetric Plasmon Resonance Imaging Using Nano Lycurgus Cup Arrays

Lycurgus cup [ 1 ] created by ancient Romans 2000 years ago can appear different colors depending on the direction of light illumination in which it is viewed due to metal nanoparticle optical scattering. It has inspired nanoplasmonics research over the past decade. [ 2–5 ] Here we present a nanoscale Lycurgus cup arrays (nanoLCA) device that has the property of appearing green when light is shone on to it and changing the color to red without direct light illumination (see Supporting movie). The above colorimetric device fabricated on transparent plastic substrate consists of about one billion nano Lycurgus cups in an array with subwavelength opening and decorated with metal nanoparticles on side walls. Strikingly different from metallic nanohole arrays [ 6 ] or quasi-3D plasmonic crystals [ 7 ] with extraordinary optical transmission which usually give rise to multiple transmission spectral features, nanoLCA exhibits metal nanoparticle-like single transmission wavelength peak in the whole visible ranges. Electromagnetic simulation revealed the plasmon resonance scattering modes of the metal nanoparticles on the cup side walls and the corresponding single peak wavelength scattering light selectively transmitted by the nanoLCA. The huge transmission and refl ection wavelength shifts upon binding of molecules on our fl exible, high-throughput, large area nanoLCA device are up to 200 nm (with maximum sensitivity of 46000 nm per refractive-index unit (RIU) and fi gure of merit (FOM) of 1022), much greater than the typical nano particle plasmon resonance wavelength shift and large enough to detect the color differences directly by naked eyes and conventional bright fi eld microscopes. This enables to eliminate the need for precision spectrometer or fl uorescence labeling. We demonstrated the
Soil-Test Phosphorus and Crop Grain Yield Responses to Long-Term Phosphorus Fertilization for Corn-Soybean Rotations

Farmers and nutrient management regulatory agencies are requesting better knowledge of P fertilization impacts on soil-test P (STP) and crop yield. This study evaluated STP and grain yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as affected by long' term P fertilization in three trials evaluated from the 1970s until 2002 near Boone, Kanawha, and Nashua in central, northern, and northeast Iowa. Soils were Aquic Hapludolls and Typic Endoaquolls at Boone, Typic Endoaquolls at Kanawha, and Typic Hapludolls at Nashua. At Boone and Kanawha, treatments were the combinations of three initial STP levels (17-96 mg P kg -1 , Bray-P 1 ) and four annual rates (0-33 kg P ha -1 ). At Nashua, initial STP was 28 mg P kg -1 and treatments were 0, 22, and 44 kg P ha -1 '. Ten to twenty years of cropping were needed on soils testing 43 to 96 mg P kg -1 to observe yield response to P. Annual P rates that maintained iear optimum STP (16-20 mg P kg -1 ) were 17,14, and 13 kg P ha -1 yr -1 at Boone, Kanawha, and Nashua, respectively. Phosphorus require to increase STP 1 mg P kg -1 yr -1 were 23, 28, and 17 kg P ha -1 yr -1 at Boone, Kanawha, and Nashua, respectively. Critical STP concentrations (CC) identified across sites and years were 15 to 21 mg P kg -1 for corn and 12 to 18 mg P kg -1 for soybean. Observed grain yield and STP responses are useful to develop effective P management plans for corn-soybean rotations under approximately similar conditions to those in this study.
Communicating information to families of polytrauma patients: a narrative literature review.

Family caregivers of U.S. servicemembers with polytraumatic injuries (injuries to multiple body systems) need support and information to care for their family members. Providing information to patients' families may reduce stress and increase coping abilities. Because the field of polytrauma research is new and evidence is lacking, providers rely on traumatic brain injury (TBI) research to guide their practice. This article presents a narrative literature review on the information needs of families of patients with TBI. It summarizes the types of needed information, the most appropriate time to provide information, and the best approaches for providing information. Future research on information needs is critical if polytrauma rehabilitation providers are to effectively support families in their caregiving roles. Such research likely will benefit caregivers of patients with polytrauma who acquire their injuries as civilians, as well. Research gaps are identified with regard to the information needs of families of patients with TBI; these gaps also are applicable to polytrauma caregivers. Additional research areas are highlighted in light of the new polytrauma population.
Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood

Results: More than two thirds of children reported at least 1 traumatic event by 16 years of age, with 13.4% of thosechildrendevelopingsomePTSsymptoms.FewPTS symptoms or psychiatric disorders were observed for individuals experiencing their first event, and any effects were short-lived. Less than 0.5% of children met the criteria for full-blown DSM-IV PTSD. Violent or sexual trauma were associated with the highest rates of symptoms.ThePTSsymptomswerepredictedbypreviousexposure to multiple traumas, anxiety disorders, and familyadversity.Lifetimeco-occurrenceofotherpsychiatric disorders with traumatic events and PTS symptoms was high, with the highest rates for anxiety and depressive disorders. Conclusions:In the general population of children, potentially traumatic events are fairly common and do not oftenresultinPTSsymptoms,exceptaftermultipletraumas or a history of anxiety. The prognosis after the first lifetime trauma exposure was generally favorable. Apart from PTSD, traumatic events are related to many forms of psychopathology, with the strongest links being with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:577-584
Why French Law Rejects a Right to Gay Marriage: An Analysis of Authorities

The debate over the definition of marriage has proceeded in strikingly different ways in the United States and Europe. While the debate in the U.S. has largely taken place in the judicial realm, the debate in Europe has largely been confined to legislative bodies. This procedural difference, however, is much less important than the differences in the substance of the discussion. This article examines French legislative and judicial authorities to highlight these differences. Thus, while the debate in the United States has generally focused on claims of equality and rights with an emphasis on treatment of adults seeking to marry. In France, by contrast, though equality claims are addressed, they have typically been analyzed with attention to the interests of children in marriage as a social institution rather than an association of adults. The article examines key cases from the Court of Cassation and Constitutional Court as well as a detailed report of a Parliamentary committee in France to flesh out the reasons these authorities for their decision to retain the legal definition of marriage as the union of a husband and wife.
Ecosphere Principles for Medical Application Platforms

A Medical Application Platform (MAP) enables multi-vendor heterogeneous medical devices to be integrated via network infrastructure and provides an application hosting facility that supports a wide range of clinical applications for data fusion, decision support, multi-device safety interlocks, workflow automations, and closed-loop control of actuating medical devices. The assurance of MAP components and systems is distributed across a broad group of stakeholders including medical device manufacturers, platform infrastructure providers, application vendors, third-party certification organizations, and regulatory agencies. Realization of the MAP vision requires that all stakeholders involved in developing, testing, certifying, regulating, purchasing, and using medical devices and applications operate and cooperate within a well-defined ecosphere. This paper presents a high-level overview of the organization of such an ecosphere. We focus on identifying stakeholder roles, responsibilities, artifacts, and interactions, we also indicate the contributions of each of these to the development and safety/security assurance of MAP-based systems.