cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solute Clearances and Fluid Removal in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trials

Background The Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) is conducting 2 randomized clinical trials, a daytime in-center trial ("daily") comparing 6 versus 3 treatments/wk, and a home nocturnal trial comparing 6 nocturnal treatments versus 3 conventional treatments/wk. The goal of this study was to project separation between the treatment and control arms of these studies for measures of dialysis dose by using simulations based on 2-compartment variable-volume models. Setting & Participants Data from the most recent hemodialysis treatment in 100 patients dialyzed 3 times/wk at facilities of the Renal Research Institute in New York and from 2 data sets (n = 154 and 115 patients) from the Hemodialysis (HEMO) trial. Design Observational study. Predictor Dialysis prescriptions for the treatment and control arms in the FHN trials. Dialysis Regimen Outcomes Treatment time, ultrafiltration rate, standard Kt/V/wk for urea (stdKt/V urea ), and continuous clearance estimates based on ratios of urea, creatinine, and normalized β 2 -microglobulin generation rates (denoted by Gn) to time-averaged concentrations (TACs) of these solutes during 1 treatment week. Results The expected differences between median values in the experimental and control groups were weekly treatment time: daily trial, 29%; nocturnal trial, 234%; ultrafiltration rate: daily, −20%; nocturnal, −69%; stdKt/V urea : daily, 52%; nocturnal, 133%; Gn urea /TAC urea : daily, 34%; nocturnal, 130%; Gn cr /TAC cr : daily, 31%; nocturnal, 135%; and Gn β2 /TAC β2 : daily, 8%; nocturnal, 67%. Limitations Use of simulated data and assumption of equivalent volumes and ultrafiltration rates between treatment arms. Conclusions The nocturnal 6-times-weekly regimen produces substantially greater separation between the treatment and control arms than the daytime 6-times-weekly regimen for a wide range of treatment parameters. However, the 6-times-weekly interventions in both FHN trials will produce substantially greater separation than in the HEMO trial, where separations in median weekly treatment time and stdKt/V urea between the 3-times-weekly high- and standard-dose groups were 18% and 17%, respectively. The FHN trials will test whether substantial increases in solute clearance and other effects of frequent hemodialysis materially influence selected intermediate outcome measures.
Monolayer characteristics of 1,2-dimyristin, 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-cephalin and 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-lecithin at the air-water interface

Surface pressures and surface potentials have been obtained as a function of surface area/molecule for monomolecular films of 1,2-dimyristin, 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-cephalin (L-configuration_ at the air-water interface. The studies were carried out in the temperature range +1° to +37°C. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of electrostatic repulsions between the polar groups increasing in the order dimyristin < cephalin < lecithin.
Multiple-objective analysis of integrated relief supply and network restoration in humanitarian logistics operations

While logistics research recently has placed increased focus on disruption management, few studies have examined the response and recovery phases in post-disaster operations. We present a multiple objective, integrated network optimisation model for making strategic decisions in the supply distribution and network restoration phases of humanitarian logistics operations. Our model provides an equity-based solution for constrained capacity, budget and resource problems in post-disaster logistics management. We conduct designed experiments for this NP-hard problem to analyse important aspects of the integrated problem for both small- and large-sized networks: full vs. partial restoration and pooled vs. separate budgeting approach. Finally, we apply the model to a Hazus-generated regional case study based on an earthquake scenario and generate efficient Pareto frontiers to understand the trade-off between the objectives of interest.
The nature and distribution of carbon in submarine basalts and peridotite nodules

Primary carbonaceous material has been identified in submarine basaltic glasses and mantle-derived peridotite nodules from alkali basalts using electron microprobe techniques. In the submarine rocks carbon occurs (1) in quench-produced microcracks in glasses and phenocrysts, (2) in vesicles, where it is preferentially concentrated on the sulfide spherules attached to vesicle walls, and (3) in microcracks and CO2-rich bubbles in inclusions of glass completely enclosed by phenocrysts. In peridotite nodules carbon exists in intergrain cracks, along grain boundaries, and on the walls of fluid inclusions disposed in two dimensional arrays. The carbonaceous material is believed to consist of a mixture of graphite, other forms of elemental carbon, and possibly small amounts of organic matter. It is suggested that carbon precipitates by disproportionation of CO according to the reaction 2 CO→C+CO2 and that this reaction is catalyzed by sulfide-oxide surfaces in vesicles. Once deposition has begun, the reaction continues on carbon surfaces as well. Based on the large amounts of condensed carbon observed in some vapor inclusions and the apparent lack of oxidation features associated with them, it is proposed that carbon condensed from a magmatic vapor in which CO was a significant constituent. This implies that oxygen fugacities of undegassed basaltic melts under confining pressures of the shallow crust are typically lower than those of the QFM buffer at equivalent temperatures. This is in agreement with some intrinsic oxygen fugacity measurements on similar undegassed materials. Regardless of the mechanism of its formation, the presence of carbon in CO2-rich vesicles and inclusions in basaltic glasses and mantle nodules adds uncertainty to estimates of minimum pressures of entrapment based on measurements of fluid densities. Condensed carbon also accounts for some of the carbon isotopic characteristics of these rocks.
A System Approach to Deterring and Influencing Terrorists

Counterterrorism efforts in the United States focus largely on a combination of offensive actions against terrorists abroad and defense of the U.S. homeland and U.S. and allied interests worldwide. This paper provides a framework for conceiving another necessary component of the struggle, the influence component. Classic deterrence is but one influence among many. This paper recommends approaching the issue as a “system problem” in which the many different components of terrorist organizations are considered and appropriate influences applied accordingly. The influences discussed range from various forms of coercion to the competition of ideas.
Yeast Ty1 Retrotransposition Is Stimulated by a Synergistic Interaction between Mutations in Chromatin Assembly Factor I and Histone Regulatory Proteins

A screen for host mutations which increase the rate of transposition of Ty1 and Ty2 into a chromosomal target was used to identify factors influencing retroelement transposition. The fortuitous presence of a mutation in the CAC3 gene in the strain in which this screen was undertaken enabled us to discover that double mutaions of cac3 and hir3, but neither of the two single mutations, caused a dramatic increase in the rate of retrotransposition. We further showed that this effect was not due to an increase in the overall level of Ty1 mRNA. Two subtle cac3 phenotypes, slight methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) sensitivity and reduction of telomeric silencing, were significantly enhanced in the cac3 hir3 double mutant. In addition, the growth rate of the double mutant was reduced. HIR3 belongs to a class of HIR genes that regulate the transcription of histones, while Cac3p, together with Cac1p and Cac2p, forms chromatin assembly factor I. Other combinations of mutations in cac and hir genes (cac3 hir1, cac3 hir2, and cac2 hir3) also increase Ty transposition and MMS sensitivity and reduce the growth rate. A model explaining the synergistic interaction between cac and hir mutations in terms of alterations in chromatin structure is proposed.
Impact of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of ventricular function and clinical management in a large prospective cohort.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of echocardiographic contrast utilization on patient diagnosis and management. Background Contrast echocardiography (CE) has improved visualization of endocardial borders. However, its impact on patient management has not been evaluated previously. Methods We prospectively enrolled 632 consecutive patients with technically difficult echocardiographic studies who received intravenous contrast (Definity, Lantheus Medical Imaging, Billerica, Massachusetts). Quality of studies, number of left ventricular (LV) segments visualized, estimated ejection fraction, presence of apical thrombus, and management decisions were compared before and after contrast. Results After CE, the percent of uninterpretable studies decreased from 11.7% to 0.3% and technically difficult studies decreased from 86.7% to 9.8% (p Conclusions The utilization of CE in technically difficult cases improves endocardial visualization and impacts cardiac diagnosis, resource utilization, and patient management.
The virtues of self-binding: high sequence specificity for RNA cleavage by self-processed hammerhead ribozymes

Naturally occurring hammerhead ribozymes are produced by rolling circle replication followed by self-cleavage. This results in monomer-length catalytic RNAs which have self-complementary sequences that can occupy their trans -binding domains and potentially block their ability to cleave other RNA strands. Here we show, using small self-processed ribozymes, that this self-binding does not necessarily inhibit trans -cleavage and can result in greatly elevated discrimination against mismatches. We utilized a designed 63 nt circular DNA to encode the synthesis of a self-processed ribozyme, MDR63. Rolling circle transcription followed by self-processing produced the desired 63 nt ribozyme, which potentially can bind mdr-1 RNA with 9+9 nt of complementarity or bind itself with 4+5 nt of self-complementarity by folding back its ends to form hairpins. Kinetics of trans -cleavage of short complementary and mismatched RNAs were measured under multiple turnover conditions, in comparison to a standard 40 nt ribozyme (MDR40) that lacks the self-complementary ends. The results show that MDR63 cleaves an mdr-1 RNA target with a k (cat)/ K (m)almost the same as MDR40, but with discrimination against mismatches up to 20 times greater. Based on folding predictions, a second self-processed ribozyme (UG63) having a single point mutation was synthesized; this displays even higher specificity (up to 100-fold) against mismatches. The results suggest that self-binding ends may be generally useful for increasing sequence specificity of ribozymes.
The fabrication of conformal ultrasound phased arrays for thermal therapy

A method for fabricating two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound phased arrays for thermal therapy is described. A 96 element conformal prototype is constructed, and focusing results are also presented. Measured focal patterns indicate that these conformal arrays require some calibration before focusing. Results show that offsets in the element coordinates with respect to the expected positions are the primary source of focal degradation. Measured focal patterns improve dramatically after compensating for element offsets and variations in electronic component values.
Is recreational drug use normal

The purpose of this paper is to define drug use and differentiate this behaviour from drug abuse. We argue that one fundamental principle of the War on Drugs, namely that all use of illicit drugs is harmful and must be prohibited, is invalid. Statistically, clinically, and socio-culturally, drug use is normal behaviour. Current drug policy is based on the flawed premise that any use of illicit drugs is unhealthy. A public health model emphasizing demand reduction (as opposed to supply reduction), individual freedom, reason, and tolerance is recommended.
Model-based segmentation of medical imagery by matching distributions

The segmentation of deformable objects from three-dimensional (3-D) images is an important and challenging problem, especially in the context of medical imagery. We present a new segmentation algorithm based on matching probability distributions of photometric variables that incorporates learned shape and appearance models for the objects of interest. The main innovation over similar approaches is that there is no need to compute a pixelwise correspondence between the model and the image. This allows for a fast, principled algorithm. We present promising results on difficult imagery for 3-D computed tomography images of the male pelvis for the purpose of image-guided radiotherapy of the prostate.
Further Evidence of an Increase in Narcissism Among College Students

ABSTRACT Our meta-analysis also finds no change over time in Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) scores among California college students, most likely due to the cultural and ethnic shifts at the University of California campuses over this time (especially the large increase in Asian-American student enrollment). Students in the rest of the country, from 27 campuses, show an increase of d=0.41 in narcissism over 24 years. The finding that high school students' self-esteem does not change replicates our previous cross-temporal meta-analysis. The self-enhancement measure used by the authors is flawed, as it uses self-reported grades rather than an objective measure. Sampling issues are minor, as the meta-analysis was a representative sampling of college students. Finally, problems with a simplistic “good” and “bad” labeling of NPI factors are discussed.
Dynamic static VAr compensation and stability of HVAC-An outlook and trend

Static VAr compensators are reviewed for their application in transmission line compensation and load compensation. Emphasis is given to the application of thyristor controlled reactors and thyristor switched capacitors. After a quick review of the application of static VAr compensators, a detailed theoretical analysis of the reactive power requirement is made. A mathematical model of the compensator is established for the possible controllable parameters. In the theoretical analysis, both symmetrical line and radial line systems are considered. Stability of a transmission line is analyzed for reactive power compensation. Present trends are discussed for finer continuous reactive power control. Solid state reactive power compensation without the need for large capacitors and reactors is seen to be the most probable candidate. Solid state devices for high power capability and transient response along with other reactive power requirements are also discussed. >
Projection Factors for Goat Lactation Records

Abstract Projection factors based on production on the last day of sampling were developed for dairy goat milk and fat records. The 305-day lactation was divided into 13 stages varying from 10 to 40 days. The shortest stages were in early lactation. Sets of factors were developed for four ages at freshening, two seasons, two levels of herd production, and two breed groups. These classifications were necessary to avoid bias and improve accuracy. Cumulative yield factors also were developed with the same grouping of records. These factors are used when production for the last sample day is not available
Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat

Wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, frequently hunt and share meat. Despite widespread interest and considerable study, continued controversy exists regarding the factors that influence chimpanzee hunting decisions and meat sharing. Three hypotheses invoke the importance of ecological, reproductive and social factors. A nutritional shortfall hypothesis suggests that chimpanzees hunt to compensate for seasonal shortages in food availability. A second hypothesis argues that male chimpanzees hunt to obtain meat that they swap for matings. A third hypothesis proposes that males use meat as a social tool to develop and maintain alliances with other males. We tested these hypotheses using observations of an unusually large community of chimpanzees at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Results did not support the nutritional shortfall or meat-for-sex hypotheses. The Ngogo chimpanzees hunted primarily during times of food abundance rather than scarcity. The presence of oestrous females did not predict the tendency of chimpanzees to hunt. Furthermore, meat-for-sex exchanges occurred infrequently, and males did not gain a mating advantage through sharing meat. Additional observations were consistent with the male social bonding hypothesis. At Ngogo, male chimpanzees were likely to hunt when accompanied by other males. Males shared meat nonrandomly and reciprocally among themselves, and males exchanged meat for agonistic support. Although several factors are likely to affect chimpanzee hunting decisions and meat sharing, these results indicate that primary causes will not be found through invoking simple energetic or reproductive considerations.
IS PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION THE COMMON DENOMINATOR FOR THE MULTIPLE EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

It is suggested that pulmonary dysfunction underlies the many diverse and apparently non-specific effects of cigarette smoking. The differences in degree as well as type of clinical expression probably derive not only from the multiplicity of constituents of the tobacco itself but also from the variation in vulnerability of different individuals and different target organs, which is attributable to other environmental exposures, previous history, and intrinsic susceptibility.
Preventing transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease: state of the art

The transfer of pathogens and the induction of immune responses are deleterious consequences that can result from the transfusion of blood products. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD), the most severe immune consequence, occurs when recipient immune responses are incapable of effectively eliminating donor leukocytes, permit- ting unabated responses of the donor T lymphocytes. Currently, prevention of TA-GVHD is routinely accomplished by exposing blood products to γ-irradiation in order to prevent donor T cell proliferation. Alternative protocols are being developed to meet the challenges associated with the use of γ-irradiation. Use of pathogen reduction protocols, which interfere with nucleic acid replication by modifying nucleic acids, are increasing. Comparison of pathogen reduction protocols with γ-irradiation have found that both protocols are equally effective in preventing T lymphocyte proliferation and GVHD responses when testing in both in vitro and in vivo models. The potential use of pathogen reduction protocols to treat whole blood prior to separation into its components could provide a cost-effective method for preventing TA-GVHD in the future.
Global comparisons of organic matter in sediments across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

A~tract--The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary is marked by extensive changes in the sedimentary fossil record of continental and marine life. Organic matter in sediments from above and below the K/T boundary has been studied to identify consequences of the biotic extinctions and of the changes in biological productivity which occurred at this time. Data from locations encompassing a variety of marine paleoenvironments were examined to assess the global extent and local expressions of these biological changes. Characterizations of organic matter included Rock-Eval pyrolysis, stable carbon isotope ratios, and distributions of extractable biomarkers. In general, organic carbon concentrations are a few tenths of a percent in the chalks and marls above and below the K/T boundary; in some boundary clay samples concentrations up to 5% are found. The elevated amounts near the boundary result from oxidation of marine organic matter, consequent dissolution of carbonates, and concentration of the surviving organic matter. At all locations, the organic matter has been microbially reworked and evidently was deposited in oxidizing environments. Carbon isotope shifts in open marine sediments suggest biological productivity was depressed following the K/T boundary. Repetition of these changes at different locations verifies the global extent of the boundary event, yet local variations in its expression are evident.
Nonlinear Behavior in Sealed Bid First Price Auctions

The extent to which the behavior of people is consistent with game theoretic principles is investigated in a first price sealed bid auction environment Three linear rules of thumb with increasing complexity are used as benchmarks to gauge the accuracy of the Constant Relative Risk Aversion Model (CRRAM). In addition, the CRRAM is tested against the relaxation of the rational expectation hypothesis. Existing competitive bidding experiments cannot clearly distinguish between game theoretic models and linear markdown rules on an individual level. Within the parametric environments studied and reported in the experimental literature, game theoretic solutions are linear over the range of private values in which bid functions are estimated. In this study, agents drew values from non-uniform distributions. As a result, the game theoretic bidding behavior is nonlinear. Due to the nonlinearity, special econometric and numerical techniques are applied to solve the model and obtain the estimates. The CRRAM exhibits good fit of the data. The pseudo R2 is greater than 0.8 in 90 percent of the subjects. The CRRAM is more accurate than the Markdown Model (MM) and the Simple Ad hoc Model (SIMAM) but not as accurate as the Sophisticated Ad hoc Model (SOP AM). The data also supports the relaxation of the rational expectation hypothesis and suggests that substantial increases in the predictive power of game theoretic models can be gained from improvements in the theory of belief formation.
Statistical classification of the toxicity and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon contamination of sediments from a highly industrialized seaport

Data from a comprehensive series of toxicity bioassays and chemical surveys were analyzed by discriminant analysis to statistically classify sediment quality in the Port of Hampton Roads, Virginia. A consensus “map” indicating sediment quality was developed to classify stations into “clean” vs. “contaminated” groups. The “clean” group, which produced few biological effects, included stations with low levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while significant biological effects were associated with “contaminated” sediments containing high levels of PAHs. The statistical analysis clearly indicated different characteristic patterns of PAHs in the various geographic regions. Both the toxicological and PAH data indicated a change in the sediment quality between dredging operations. The multivariate statistical approach to the classification of sediment quality has been shown to provide an effective, objective means of evaluating dredged materials being considered for ocean disposal.
A 28nm ROM with Two-Step Decoding scheme and OD-space-effect minimization to achieve 30% speed and 190mV Vmin improvement

An OSE-less [Oxide-definition Space Effect less] twin bits ROM cell is proposed. A reduced layout proximity dependence effect in ROM array is proposed using an OSE-less twin bits ROM cell. A Two-Step Decoding circuitry scheme suitable for either single-end or differential sensing is invented to read out twin bits ROM data. This work improves access time by 30% and reduces Vccmin by 190mV with TSMC 28nm Low Power process.
The renaissance of Peiresc: Aubin-Louis Millin and the postrevolutionary republic of letters.

ABSTRACT This essay argues for the emergence of a cultural and epistemological divide between amateur savants and members of the Royal Academy of the Sciences in late Old Regime and revolutionary France and suggests that the amateur ideal rose in significance even as intellectual activity came to be increasingly centralized in the postrevolutionary era. At the crux of the tensions between the amateur ideal and the professionalizing reality in the immediate postrevolutionary period stood Aubin-Louis Millin and his journal, the Magasin Encyclopedique. The essay examines, in particular, the revival in the pages of the Magasin Encyclopedique of interest in Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, the seventeenth-century icon of an amateur ideal in which investigations in the natural sciences and scholarship were private, decentralized, often provincial activities. Although the sciences in the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras were often perceived as forward looking and dismissive of the past, this essay finds that a ...
Comparison of vessel dilator and long-acting natriuretic peptide in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Background Long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP; proANF 1-30) and vessel dilator (proANF 31-67) enhance sodium and water excretion in healthy human beings. The current investigation was designed to compare the beneficial effects of LANP and vessel dilator in persons with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods and Results LANP and vessel dilator (100 ng/kg body weight/min, respectively) were given intravenously for 60 minutes to subjects with New York Heart Association class III CHF (n = 17) while their urine volume and sodium and potassium excretion were monitored. Vessel dilator increased urine flow more than 5-fold, which was still increased (P < .001) 3 hours after stopping its infusion. Vessel dilator enhanced sodium excretion 3-fold in subjects with CHF (P < .01), which was still significantly (P < .01) elevated 3 hours after infusion. The effects of LANP were diminished, with urine flow only increasing 2-fold (P < .05). The fractional excretion of sodium increased maximally 6-fold secondary to vessel dilator and 3-fold with LANP. The CHF control patients had no changes in the above parameters. Part of the diminished response to LANP was found to be caused by its rapid decrease in the circulation of individuals with CHF. Conclusions These results indicate that vessel dilator has significant beneficial diuretic and natriuretic properties, which are not diminished, whereas the effects of LANP are diminished in human beings with CHF compared with healthy individuals. (Am Heart J 1999;138:625-32.)
Physiological Ecology of Stenoxybacter acetivorans, an Obligate Microaerophile in Termite Guts

Stenoxybacter acetivorans is a newly described, obligately microaerophilic β-proteobacterium that is abundant in the acetate-rich hindgut of Reticulitermes. Here we tested the hypotheses that cells are located in the hypoxic, peripheral region of Reticulitermes flavipes hindguts and use acetate to fuel their O2-consuming respiratory activity in situ. Physical fractionation of R. flavipes guts, followed by limited-cycle PCR with S. acetivorans-specific 16S rRNA gene primers, indicated that cells of this organism were indeed located primarily among the microbiota colonizing the hindgut wall. Likewise, reverse transcriptase PCR of hindgut RNA revealed S. acetivorans-specific transcripts for acetate-activating enzymes that were also found in cell extracts (acetate kinase and phosphotransacetylase), as well as transcripts of ccoN, which encodes the O2-reducing subunit of high-affinity cbb3-type cytochrome oxidases. However, S. acetivorans strains did not possess typical enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase A), suggesting that they may use an alternate pathway to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates or they obtain such compounds (or their precursors) in situ. Respirometric measurements indicated that much of the O2 consumption by R. flavipes worker larvae was attributable to their guts, and the potential contribution of S. acetivorans to O2 consumption by extracted guts was about 0.2%, a value similar to that obtained for other hindgut bacteria examined. Similar measurements obtained with guts of larvae prefed diets to disrupt major members of the hindgut microbiota implied that most of the O2 consumption observed with extracted guts was attributable to protozoans, a group of microbes long thought to be “strict anaerobes.”
Chippe: a system for constraint driven behavioral synthesis

The Chippe system for constrained behavioural architecture synthesis uses a novel closed-loop design iteration technique in which the present state of the design is analyzed with respect to the goals and then modified for the next iteration. In this way the design state is iteratively driven towards meeting the global constraints imposed by the designer. The design synthesis is performed by a set of algorithmic tools specially constructed to permit the imposition of a wide variety of local constraints, and by a rule-based system which makes design analysis and modification decisions to set these local constraints. Key to these decisions is a design evaluator which examines the present state of the design and interactively reports its findings to the rule-based system. The closed-loop iteration strategy, the interaction between the rule base and the tools, and the evaluation performed to support the design decisions are detailed. Also presented are results from sample designs, including designs for the TMS320 digital signal processor chip. >
Western municipal water conservation policy: The case of disaggregated demand

[1] We investigate aspects of the felicity of both incentive-based and command and control policies in effecting municipal water conservation goals. When demand can be disaggregated according to uses or users, our results suggest that policy efforts be focused on the submarket wherein demand is more elastic. Under plausible consumer parameters, a household production function approach to water utilization prescribes the nature of demand elasticities in alternative uses and squares nicely with empirical results from the literature. An empirical example illustrates. Overall, given data and other informational limitations, extant institutional structures, and in situ technology, our analysis suggests a predisposition for command and control policies over incentive-based tools.
Triple patterning lithography layout decomposition using end-cutting

Triple patterning lithography (TPL) is one of the most promising techniques in the 14nm logic node and beyond. However, traditional LELELE type TPL technology suers from native conict and overlapping problems. Recently LELEEC process was proposed to overcome the limitations, where the third mask is used to generate the end-cuts. In this paper we propose the rst study for LELEEC layout decomposition. Conict graphs and endcut graphs are constructed to extract all the geometrical relationships of input layout and end-cut candidates. Based on these graphs, integer linear programming (ILP) is formulated to minimize the conict number and the stitch number.
Garden Path and the Comprehension of Head-Final Relative Clauses

This chapter explores the issue of garden-path in the comprehension of head-final relative clauses (particularly in Chinese and Japanese). Experimental data from two self-paced reading studies in Chinese are compared, showing the existence of a main-clause garden-path effect on the object-extracted relative clause modifying the object of the matrix clause. Different approaches adopted to indicate an upcoming relative clause (and thus to avoid a potential garden-path effect) are evaluated, including using internal relative-clause markers, classifier-noun mismatches, relativization-inducing contexts and providing specific instructions on the existence and position of relative clauses in the matrix clauses. The garden-path effect associated with a relative clause can be avoided by using a classifier-noun mismatch along with a carefully constructed referential context. Experiments giving specific instructions on the existence of relative clauses can also diminish the garden-path effect.
Process Capability of Wire-EDM of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy at Main Cut and Trim Cut Modes

Abstract Nitinol is widely used shape memory alloy (SMA) in manufacturing medical devices, actuators, mechanical couplings, etc. However, mechanical cutting of Nitinol is exceedingly difficult to machine. Machining induced surface integrity of SMA has significant impacts on device performance. In this study, Nitinol was machined by wire electric discharge machining (Wire-EDM) in both CH-oil and deionized water (DI-water). Surface characteristic evolution was examined from main cut (MC), first trim cut (TC), to finish trim cut (FC) and compared with the traditional mechanical cutting.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Nondopaminergic Treatment Approaches

The continuing concern about tardive dyskinesia (TD) has stimulated a broad search for therapies for this disorder. Since neuroleptic drugs are thought to be the etiological agents, acting presumably through dopamine receptor blockade, nondopaminergic drugs have been the focus of recent study. However, no uniformly safe and effective drug treatment has been identified. Augmentation of cholinergic function is theoretically attractive, but further research is needed to develop practical and effective compounds. GABA drugs do not consistently suppress TD. The effect of benzodiazepines in TD is unclear, but these agents may be of some temporary benefit in patients with distressing symptoms. Lithium, serotonergic compounds, and numerous neuropeptides all fail to have any consistent effect in TD. Early reports of benefit with α- and β-noradrenergic agents are interesting but require further study. Many other drug types have been tried without benefit. For the majority of patients, it may be best to give no drug treatment. Any drug that is capable of suppressing TD may aggravate the disorder in the long term. The potential for a spontaneous gradual remission of TD is an argument in favor of a patient, nonaggressive, and cautiously optimistic approach to this disorder.
State-of-the-Art Imaging and Staging of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) is a clinically asymptomatic premalignant clonal plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorder. Smoldering multiple myeloma, also called asymptomatic multiple myeloma, is an intermediate stage between MGUS and symptomatic multiple myeloma. As the name implies, extraosseous or extramedullary myeloma refers to the presence of myeloma deposits outside the skeletal system. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a distinct subtype of plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in the bone marrow with an associated IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Amyloidosis is a condition characterized by extracellular deposition of fibrils composed of a variety of normal serum proteins.
Influence of Commercial's Length and Position

A laboratory experiment to measure the effect of varying the length of a TV commercial and its position within a program indicates both length and position influence effectiveness. However, differe...
Phase II study of a high-dose ifosfamide-based chemotherapy regimen with growth factor rescue in recurrent aggressive NHL. High response rates and limited toxicity, but limited impact on long-term survival

The purpose of the study was to evaluate in patients with recurrent intermediate-grade NHL, the tolerance to and efficacy of an intensive salvage regimen consisting of high doses of ifosfamide, etoposide and mitoxantrone with G-CSF support, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation and to identify prognostic factors for survival in patients with recurrent aggressive lymphoma. Patients with recurrent intermediate-grade NHL under the age of 60 years were eligible. Induction consisted of ifosfamide 10 g/m2 and etoposide 900 mg/m2 with G-CSF 5 μg/kg twice a day. Upon recovery, patients underwent stem cell apheresis. Patients achieving complete remission (CR) underwent autologous stem cell transplantation using BEAM conditioning. Those with partial remission (PR) received treatment with ifosfamide 10 g/m2, mitoxantrone 20 mg/m2 and G-CSF 5 μg/kg. Those with CR received BEAM, those with PR received cyclophosphamide 4.5 g/m2, etoposide 1200 mg/m2 and cisplatin 135 mg/m2 with stem cell rescue followed by BEAM. Antibiotic prophylaxis was given with all treatment cycles. The results were compared with those obtained in a prior study that used MINE-ESHAP salvage. Forty-four patients with recurrent intermediate-grade NHL were enrolled between March 1994 and September 1996. Median age was 50 years (24–61). Eleven patients had transformed lymphoma and seven had a T cell phenotype. Response rate to the high-dose ifosfamide regimen was 77% ± 12% after two cycles and the complete response rate was 41% ± 14%. Myelosuppression was profound but short. Median nadir ANC was 0 and the median duration of ANC <0.5 × 109/l was 6 days (range 3–12). No severe infections occurred; 55% of the patients required blood transfusion and 42% required platelet transfusions. Myelosuppression and transfusion requirements were similar after the first and second cycles. Thirty-five of the 44 patients proceeded to autologous stem cell transplantation and one transplant-related death occurred. With a median follow-up of 52 months, progression-free survival at 2 years is 38% ± 14% and survival is 52% ± 15%. Data from these 44 patients were pooled with data on 53 patients who had received salvage treatment with MINE-ESHAP, for a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, serum LDH was strongly associated with survival. The use of a more intensive salvage regimen, did not result in a significant increase in long-term outcome, despite a high response rate. In conclusion, duration of treatment, response rates, treatment-related mortality and survival compare favorably with previous salvage regimens, but recurrence remains a major problem. Long-term survival in recurrent large cell lymphoma is influenced more by disease characteristics than by the type of salvage regimen used. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2001) 27, 397–404.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHENOTYPIC COVARIANCE STRUCTURE. I. CONTRASTING RESULTS FROM MATRIX CORRELATION AND COMMON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSES.

Applications of quantitative techniques to understanding macroevolutionary patterns typically assume that genetic variances and covariances remain constant. That assumption is tested among 28 populations of the Phyllotis darwini species group (leaf-eared mice). Phenotypic covariances are used as a surrogate for genetic covariances to allow much greater phylogenetic sampling. Two new approaches are applied that extend the comparative method to multivariate data. The efficacy of these techniques are compared, and their sensitivity to sampling error examined. Pairwise matrix correlations of correlation matrices are consistently very high (> 0.90) and show no significant association between matrix similarity and phylogenetic relatedness. Hierarchical decomposition of common principal component (CPC) analyses applied to each clade in the phylogeny rejects the hypothesis that common principal component structure is shared in clades more inclusive than subspecies. Most subspecies also lack a common covariance structure as described by the CPC model. The hypothesis of constant covariances must be rejected, but the magnitudes of divergence in covariance structure appear to be small. Matrix correlations are very sensitive to sampling error, while CPC is not. CPC is a powerful statistical tool that allows detailed testing of underlying patterns of covariation.
Bad Apples: The Influence of Politics on Scholarship

Some exceptional and surprising mistakes of scholarship made in the writings of a number of well-known and respected academics – Ruth Bleier, Ruth Hubbard, Susan Bordo, Sandra Harding, and Rae Langton – are examined in detail. This essay offers the psychological (or sociopolitical?) hypothesis that these mistakes were the result of political passion. The essay concludes with some remarks about the ability of the social sciences to study the effect of the politics of the researcher on the quality of his or her research.
522 BIOMECHANICAL COMPARISON OF AN INTERNAL SPANNING WRIST PLATE AND AN EXTERNAL FIXATOR IN A HUMAN CADAVERIC MODEL OF DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES.

Background External fixation is a well-accepted surgical means of restoring hand and wrist function, but complications arise involving the percutaneous pins used to mount the external bar. An internal fixator placed across the fracture and secured by locked cortical screws to the radius and second metacarpal eliminates the need for pins. This study compares the biomechanical stability of distal radius fracture fixation with a new internal radiocarpal spanning locking plate, which acts as an internal distal radius fixator, versus a standard distal radius external fixator. The amount of locking screws necessary for optimal fixation of the plate was also assessed. Study Design and Methods A 1 cm osteotomy was created in 10 cadaveric specimens to simulate an unstable distal radius fracture. An internal radiocarpal spanning 2.4 mm locked plate was fixed to the radius with four locking screws proximally and four distally. Sensors were attached across the fracture and the specimen was mounted into a loading device with cables attached to the two flexor and three extensor tendons. The tendons were incrementally loaded and fracture motion was measured. Proximal and distal screws were sequentially removed and the loads were repeated. The fixation was then changed to an external fixator and the loading tests were repeated. Results Fracture fixation with the radiocarpal spanning 2.4 mm locking plate was significantly more stable with 4 screws proximally and 4 screws distally (4 × 4) and with the 3 × 3 configuration than with the external fixator in both flexion and extension (p values .05). The 4 × 4 screw configuration was significantly more stable than the 2 × 2 and 1 × 1 screw configurations in both flexion and extension (p value Conclusions Fracture fixation with the new internal radiocarpal spanning 2.4 mm locking plate is more stable than with a standard distal radius external fixator. Only three locking screws proximally and three distally are required for optimal fixation of the locking spanning plate.
CRANIOFACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES THAT MIMIC TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS

Undiagnosed pain in the face, head and neck is very frustrating to all parties involved: the patient, the family of the patient, and the clinician. Simple pains may be treated with ease; however, chronic pain is a different matter. Often, patients consult numerous doctors, clinics, and hospitals in their search of pain relief. The patient may then undergo extensive and at times, unnecessary invasive treatment with the hope that the relentless agony of their suffering will be relieved. The purpose of this article is primarily one of education. Physicians and dentists alike encounter these unfortunate sufferers and yet, are confounded by the multitude of symptoms and complaints. Therefore, it was felt that an article such as this was needed. Many concepts presented within are either new or revised. It will be interesting to the reader just how similar many of these pain syndromes appear. Yet, when a systematic diagnostic approach is attempted, it will become clear just how different these syndromes are as well.
Long-Term Evaluation of the Inflatable Penile Prosthesis

AbstractAn in-depth evaluation of 88 patients who received inflatable penile prostheses generated survival plots for the prosthesis as a total unit and for each of the component parts. A plot of the prosthesis survival for first implantation revealed that 50 per cent survived 2.5 years without failure. Cylinder malfunction was responsible for the greatest decrease in prosthesis life expectancy.
Discovery of a widespread low‐latitude diurnal CO2 frost cycle on Mars

While the detection of CO2 ice has only been reported outside the Martian polar regions at very high elevation (i.e., Elysium, Olympus Mons, and the Tharsis Montes), nighttime surface observations by the Mars Climate Sounder on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter document the widespread occurrence of atmospherically corrected ground temperatures consistent with the presence of extensive carbon dioxide frost deposits in the dusty low thermal inertia units at middle/low latitudes. Thermal infrared emissivities, interpreted in conjunction with mass balance modeling, suggest micrometer size CO2 ice crystals forming optically thin layers never exceeding a few hundreds of microns in thickness (i.e., 10−2 kg m−2) locally, which is insufficient to generate a measurable diurnal pressure cycle (<<0.1% of the Martian atmosphere). Atmospheric temperatures at middle/low latitudes are not consistent with precipitation of CO2 ice, suggesting that condensation occurs on the surface. The recurring growth and sublimation of CO2 ice on Martian dusty terrains may be an important process preventing soil induration and promoting dynamic phenomena (soil avalanching and fluidization and regolith gardening), maintaining a reservoir of micrometer size dust particles that are mobile and available for lifting. The discovery of this diurnal CO2 cycle represents an important step forward in our understanding of the way the Martian atmosphere interacts with the surface.
The Anatomy of Music Perception

The cerebral functional anatomy of music appreciation in six young healthy, musically naive, right handed French subjects was determined, using a high resolution PET scanner and oxygen-15 labelled water, at the University of Caen, France, and the Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
Colorectal Cancer and Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Disease Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management

Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characterized by recurrent episodes of mucosal inflammation. This chronic mucosal inflammation has several potential consequences, one of which is the occurrence of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Over the past decade, our understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and overall approach to diagnosing and managing colitis-associated colorectal cancer has grown considerably. In the current review article, we outline these advancements and highlight areas in need of further research. Cancer Prev Res; 9(12); 887-94. ©2016 AACR.
Structural fire forensics: using optically active nanoparticles to determine a fire’s thermal impulse

One difficulty in structural fire forensics is accurately determining a fire’s thermal impulse. To address this difficulty we develop optically active nanoparticles whose spectral properties irreversibly change when heated.
Progression of Polysomnographic Abnormalities in Mucolipidosis II (I-Cell Disease).

Mucolipidosis II (Inclusion cell or I-cell disease) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder clinically comparable to the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), characterized by progressive respi...