cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Network Clustering and the Spread of HIV/AIDS Among Persons Who Inject Drugs in 2 Cities in the Philippines.

INTRODUCTION The Philippines has seen rapid increases in HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs. We study 2 neighboring cities where a linked HIV epidemic differed in timing of onset and levels of prevalence. In Cebu, prevalence rose rapidly from below 1% to 54% between 2009 and 2011 and remained high through 2013. In nearby Mandaue, HIV remained below 4% through 2011 then rose rapidly to 38% by 2013. OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that infection prevalence differences in these cities may owe to aspects of social network structure, specifically levels of network clustering. Building on previous research, we hypothesize that higher levels of network clustering are associated with greater epidemic potential. METHODS Data were collected with respondent-driven sampling among men who inject drugs in Cebu and Mandaue in 2013. We first examine sample composition using estimators for population means. We then apply new estimators of network clustering in respondent-driven sampling data to examine associations with HIV prevalence. RESULTS Samples in both cities were comparable in composition by age, education, and injection locations. Dyadic needle-sharing levels were also similar between the 2 cities, but network clustering in the needle-sharing network differed dramatically. We found higher clustering in Cebu than Mandaue, consistent with expectations that higher clustering is associated with faster epidemic spread. CONCLUSIONS This article is the first to apply estimators of network clustering to empirical respondent-driven samples, and it offers suggestive evidence that researchers should pay greater attention to network structure's role in HIV transmission dynamics.
Environmental Screening Effects in 2D Materials: Renormalization of the Bandgap, Electronic Structure, and Optical Spectra of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus

Few-layer black phosphorus has recently emerged as a promising 2D semiconductor, notable for its widely tunable bandgap, highly anisotropic properties, and theoretically predicted large exciton binding energies. To avoid degradation, it has become common practice to encapsulate black phosphorus devices. It is generally assumed that this encapsulation does not qualitatively affect their optical properties. Here, we show that the contrary is true. We have performed ab initio GW and GW plus Bethe–Salpeter equation (GW-BSE) calculations to determine the quasiparticle (QP) band structure and optical spectrum of one-layer (1L) through four-layer (4L) black phosphorus, with and without encapsulation between hexagonal boron nitride and sapphire. We show that black phosphorus is exceptionally sensitive to environmental screening. Encapsulation reduces the exciton binding energy in 1L by as much as 70% and completely eliminates the presence of a bound exciton in the 4L structure. The reduction in the exciton bindin...
Optimized b -value selection for the discrimination of prostate cancer grades, including the cribriform pattern, using diffusion weighted imaging.

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI), including diffusion-weighted imaging, is commonly used to diagnose prostate cancer. This radiology–pathology study correlates prostate cancer grade and morphology with common b-value combinations for calculating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Thirty-nine patients undergoing radical prostatectomy were recruited for MP-MRI prior to surgery. Diffusion imaging was collected with seven b-values, and ADC was calculated. Excised prostates were sliced in the same orientation as the MRI using 3-D printed slicing jigs. Whole-mount slides were digitized and annotated by a pathologist. Annotated samples were aligned to the MRI, and ADC values were extracted from annotated peripheral zone (PZ) regions. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine accuracy of tissue type discrimination and optimal ADC b-value combination. ADC significantly discriminates Gleason (G) G4-5 cancer from G3 and other prostate tissue types. The optimal b-values for discriminating high from low-grade and noncancerous tissue in the PZ are 50 and 2000, followed closely by 100 to 2000 and 0 to 2000. Optimal ADC cut-offs are presented for dichotomized discrimination of tissue types according to each b-value combination. Selection of b-values affects the sensitivity and specificity of ADC for discrimination of prostate cancer.
Comprehensive studies of ultrashort laser pulse ablation of tin target at terawatt power

Abstract The fundamental properties of ultrashort laser interactions with metals using up to terawatt power were comprehensively studied, i.e., specifically mass ablation, nanoparticle formation, and ion dynamics using multitude of diagnostic techniques. Results of this study can be useful in many fields of research including spectroscopy, micromachining, thin film fabrication, particle acceleration, physics of warm dense matter, and equation-of-state determination. A Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser system (110 mJ maximum energy, 40 fs, 800 nm, P-polarized, single pulse mode) was used, which delivered up to 3 terawatt laser power to ablate 1 mm tin film in vacuum. The experimental analysis includes the effect of the incident laser fluence on the ablated mass, size of the ablated area, and depth of ablation using white light profilometer. Atomic force microscope was used to measure the emitted particles size distribution at different laser fluence. Faraday cup (FC) detector was used to analyze the emitted ions flux by measuring the velocity, and the total charge of the emitted ions. The study shows that the size of emitted particles follows log-normal distribution with peak shifts depending on incident laser fluence. The size of the ablated particles ranges from 20 to 80 nm. The nanoparticles deposited on the wafer tend to aggregate and to be denser as the incident laser fluence increases as shown by AFM images. Laser ablation depth was found to increase logarithmically with laser fluence then leveling off at laser fluence > 400 J/cm2. The total ablated mass tends to increase logarithmically with laser fluence up to 60 J/cm2 while, increases gradually at higher fluence due to the increase in the ablated area. The measured ion emitted flux shows a linear dependence on laser fluence with two distinct regimes. Strong dependence on laser fluence was observed at fluences
NIF frequently asked questions

The Stockpile Stewardship Program is an initiative to maintain the nuclear deterrent of the United States in the post-Cold War era. It is based on the maintenance of our stockpile through an ongoing process of surveillance, assessment, refurbishment, and recertification, without nuclear testing. At the heart of the SSP is an attempt to bring advanced experimental and computational tools to bear on the evaluation and certification of the stockpile itself; these advanced scientific capabilities are necessary because of the cessation of nuclear testing. This science-based approach requires new tools: advanced computers for more detailed 3-D simulations, multi-axis hydrodynamic facilities and plutonium research facilities for physics measurements of primaries, and the National Ignition Facility for fusion burn and high-energy-density science. The science basis requires summing up the pieces we can measure and simulate, which cannot be done without a complete set of tools. Refurbishing weapons with confidence, without testing, is a difficult challenge. Only with high-quality scientists and a complete set of tools, can the US accomplish this program. NIF is a unique element of the Stockpile Stewardship Program because it is the only facility that will allow the experimental study of thermonuclear burn and important regimes of high-energy-density science. Understandingmore » these phenomena is critical to understanding how modern nuclear weapons work. NIF supports the Stockpile Stewardship Program in three essential ways: (1)It permits the study of issues that can affect an aging or refurbished stockpile. (2) It permits advancement of the critical elements of the underlying science of nuclear weapons. (3) It will attract and help train the exceptional scientific and technical talent required to sustain Stockpile Stewardship over the long term.« less
Fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists in the United States with high blood alcohol concentrations.

Abstract Introduction Little research has focused on the problem of alcohol impairment among pedestrians and bicyclists in the United States. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence, trends, and characteristics of alcohol-impaired fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists. Method Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) were analyzed for fatally injured passenger vehicle drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists 16 and older during 1982–2014. Logistic regression models examined whether personal, roadway, and crash characteristics were associated with high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) among fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists. Results From 1982 to 2014, the percentage of fatally injured pedestrians with high BACs (≥ 0.08 g/dL) declined from 45% to 35%, and the percentage of fatally injured bicyclists with high BACs declined from 28% to 21%. By comparison, the percentage of fatally injured passenger vehicle drivers with high BACs declined from 51% in 1982 to 32% in 2014. The largest reductions in alcohol impairment among fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists were found among ages 16–20. During 2010–2014, fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists ages 40–49 had the highest odds of having a high BAC, compared with other age groups. Conclusions A substantial proportion of fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists have high BACs, and this proportion has declined less dramatically than for fatally injured passenger vehicle drivers during the past three decades. Most countermeasures used to address alcohol-impaired driving may have only limited effectiveness in reducing fatalities among alcohol-impaired pedestrians and bicyclists. Practical applications Efforts should increase public awareness of the risk of walking or bicycling when impaired. Results suggest the primary target audience for educational campaigns directed at pedestrians and bicyclists is middle-age males. Further research should evaluate the effectiveness of potential countermeasures, such as lowering speeds or improving lighting in urban areas.
Essence and Reflection According to Hegel

What is the essence of a matter? Unreflective procedure assumes that essence is what remains when all contingencies or "appearance" is stripped away. But for Hegel, it's appearances all the way down. Everything is an onion, so that when appearances are stripped away, there's nothing at the center at all. From this Hegel surmises that the essence of a thing is that it must disappear. This theory of essence is developed in Hegel's monumental Science of Logic. "Essence and Reflection According to Hegel" is the fourth in a series of articles that, by means of a pictographic system, records every single step that Hegel makes in the Science of Logic. The article takes the reader through the three chapters of "Reflection" - illusory being, the essentialities (i.e., identity and difference), and ground. The article ends with "existence" - Hegel's word for the world of "things" which have "properties."
Visual cycle proteins: Structure, function, and roles in human retinal disease

Here, we seek to summarize the current understanding of the biochemical and molecular events mediated by visual cycle molecules in the eye. The structures and functions of selected visual cycle proteins and their roles in human retinal diseases are also highlighted. Genetic mutations and malfunctions of these proteins provide etiological evidence that many ocular diseases arise from anomalies of retinoid (vitamin A) metabolism and related visual processes. Genetic retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Leber's congenital amaurosis, and Stargardt's disease are linked to structural changes in visual cycle proteins. Moreover, recent reports suggest that visual cycle proteins may also play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Basic science has laid the groundwork for finding a cure for many of these blindness-causing afflictions, but much work remains. Some translational research projects have advanced to the clinical trial stage, while many others are still in progress, and more are at the ideas stage and remain yet to be tested. Some examples of these studies are discussed. Recent and future progress in our understanding of the visual cycle will inform intervention strategies to preserve human vision and prevent blindness.
Pediatric conditions requiring interfacility transport from emergency departments: A statewide study of regionalization

OBJECTIVES Pediatric care is increasingly regionalized, increasing rates of interfacility transport (IFT). However, it is unknown what conditions most frequently require IFT. This study's objective was to identify high-frequency pediatric conditions requiring IFT. METHODS This is a statewide retrospective observational study from 2010 to 2012 of pediatric patients (<18 years of age) who underwent IFT in Maryland. Patients were identified from the Health Care Utilization Project's database using probabilistic linkage. This study identified the 20 most common pediatric IFT conditions, and the conditions with the highest IFT rates. RESULTS Probabilistic linkage was successful for 2254 records. The largest age category was 0 to 4 years (43%). The top 3 IFT conditions were asthma (13.5%), epilepsy (8.5%), and diabetes mellitus (6.6%). Diabetes mellitus had the highest IFT rate (24%), followed by appendicitis (15.5%) and internal obstruction (14.4%). CONCLUSIONS Specific pediatric conditions commonly require IFT and had high IFT rates in this statewide study. In addition, the largest age group undergoing IFT was young children (0 to 4 years of age). This study provides specific detail regarding conditions and ages impacted by IFT, and emergency medical services should consider incorporating these findings into transport destination algorithms. In addition, public health stakeholders should address implications of the concentration of care for these common pediatric conditions and younger age groups.
A worldwide listing and biogeography of freshwater diatom genera: a phylogenetic perspective

A listing of the accepted freshwater diatom genera worldwide is presented, indicating the distribution of the genera by continent. Out of a total of 249 genera, 63 (25%) of those genera are endemic...
Why Police Should Protect Complainant Autonomy

This Essay is one in a series of papers that sets the record straight about the type, quality and quantity of information that U.S. administrative agencies may employ to make more informed policy decisions. The Essay does its work in, at least, three ways. First, it encourages better use of scarce public sector resources by calling for reform of the police complaint intake process. Next, this Essay identifies the causes of police complaint inefficiencies by critically-assessing how intake is done by the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Lastly, it provides guidance about how to achieve CPD intake reform by better protecting complainant autonomy. Complainant autonomy, at least in this Essay, is defined as a real party in interest’s (i.e. an injured citizen’s) right to control how its allegations are framed by a nominal plaintiff (i.e. the CPD) against a defendant (i.e. an officer) under the process that is used to resolve administrative complaints (i.e. police complaints).
Socioeconomic Position Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Before and After the Examination of Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Weight Compensation Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Purpose: We examined socioeconomic position (SEP) disparities in cardiovascular health before and after an exercise intervention. Methods: Data were from the Examination of Mechanisms of E...
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pain Treatment: Evidence From Oregon Emergency Medical Services Agencies

Background:Despite the critical role that Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provides in the health care system, racial/ethnic treatment disparities in EMS remain relatively unexamined.Objective:To investigate racial/ethnic treatment disparities in pain assessment and pain medication administration in
Temperature effects on the bond behavior between deformed steel reinforcing bars and hybrid fiber-reinforced strain-hardening cementitious composite

Abstract The authors have recently developed a hybrid fiber-reinforced strain-hardening cementitious composite (HFR-SHCC) using steel and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. When subjected to high temperatures (up to 800 °C), this HFR-SHCC retains a higher proportion of its tensile strength compared to SHCCs containing only PVA fibers. The objective of the current study is to experimentally investigate whether the improved material properties of HFR-SHCC at high temperatures lead to better bond with conventional deformed steel reinforcing bars (rebar) compared to other SHCCs and conventional concretes. Rebar pullout specimens with a deformed rebar centrally embedded inside a SHCC/concrete cylinder were used in this study to determine the rebar-matrix bond. The bond behavior of HFR-SHCC with deformed steel rebar was compared with two concretes of different compressive strengths, a commonly used PVA-SHCC containing only PVA fibers, and a PVA-SHCC with very high content of fly ash. The rebar pullout specimens were subjected to temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C and were tested after cooling down to room temperature to determine the residual bond strength. Results show that while the specimens made with the conventional concretes exhibit the largest bond strength at room temperature, the specimens made with HFR-SHCC retain the largest proportion of their room temperature bond strengths after exposure to high temperatures and show a more ductile pullout behavior instead of the abrupt splitting failure exhibited by the other materials.
Secondary Structural Model of Human MALAT1 Reveals Multiple Structure–Function Relationships

Human metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is an abundant nuclear-localized long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that has significant roles in cancer. While the interacting partners and evolutionary sequence conservation of MALAT1 have been examined, much of the structure of MALAT1 is unknown. Here, we propose a hypothetical secondary structural model for 8425 nucleotides of human MALAT1 using three experimental datasets that probed RNA structures in vitro and in various human cell lines. Our model indicates that approximately half of human MALAT1 is structured, forming 194 helices, 13 pseudoknots, five structured tetraloops, nine structured internal loops, and 13 intramolecular long-range interactions that give rise to several multiway junctions. Evolutionary conservation and covariation analyses support 153 of 194 helices in 51 mammalian MALAT1 homologs and 42 of 194 helices in 53 vertebrate MALAT1 homologs, thereby identifying an evolutionarily conserved core that likely has important functional roles in mammals and vertebrates. Data mining revealed that RNA modifications, somatic cancer-associated mutations, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms may induce structural rearrangements that sequester or expose binding sites for several cancer-associated microRNAs. Our findings reveal new mechanistic leads into the roles of MALAT1 by identifying several intriguing structure–function relationships in which the dynamic structure of MALAT1 underlies its biological functions.
The Hox Gene egl-5 Acts as a Terminal Selector for VD13 Development via Wnt Signaling

Nervous systems are comprised of diverse cell types that differ functionally and morphologically. During development, extrinsic signals, e.g., growth factors, can activate intrinsic programs, usually orchestrated by networks of transcription factors. Within that network, transcription factors that drive the specification of features specific to a limited number of cells are often referred to as terminal selectors. While we still have an incomplete view of how individual neurons within organisms become specified, reporters limited to a subset of neurons in a nervous system can facilitate the discovery of cell specification programs. We have identified a fluorescent reporter that labels VD13, the most posterior of the 19 inhibitory GABA (γ-amino butyric acid)-ergic motorneurons, and two additional neurons, LUAL and LUAR. Loss of function in multiple Wnt signaling genes resulted in an incompletely penetrant loss of the marker, selectively in VD13, but not the LUAs, even though other aspects of GABAergic specification in VD13 were normal. The posterior Hox gene, egl-5, was necessary for expression of our marker in VD13, and ectopic expression of egl-5 in more anterior GABAergic neurons induced expression of the marker. These results suggest egl-5 is a terminal selector of VD13, subsequent to GABAergic specification.
Hypothesis assignment and partial likelihood averaging for cooperative estimation

We propose a cooperative, decentralized inference algorithm allowing sensor networks to learn a joint parameter best explaining their combined observations. This joint parameter is represented via a probability density over a discrete set of hypotheses. We aim to answer two questions: (i) an agent-hypothesis assignment problem, balancing estimation quality, storage and communication constraints in the networks, and (ii) the design of a provably-correct distributed estimation algorithm on limited hypothesis sets for agents. We make the following contributions to the state of the art. First, our proposed algorithm allows each agent to perform updates on partial likelihoods and exchange local information on a limited hypothesis set, as opposed to the entire hypothesis space. For some of the agents, the limited hypothesis domains may even exclude the true hypothesis. Second, the presented algorithm is the first to not require step-wise renormalization at all hypotheses, while still guaranteeing consensus and convergence of sensor estimates. Third, we also address agent-hypothesis assignment by formulating it as a mixed integer programming problem, that matches agent sub-networks to hypotheses based on a diversity criterion for estimation quality. We provide numerical examples demonstrating the benefits of these algorithms.
Mathematical Models of Infectious Diseases in Multiple Populations

Some infectious diseases can exist in several populations or species and transmit from one to another. After a short review of several mathematical models for this phenomenon, it is pointed out that in the model of Holt and Pickering (1985), where the disease-caused mortality is taken into account, all equilibria can be unstable simultaneously and a periodic solution can appear through Hopf bifurcation.
Prevalence and extent of industry support for program directors of surgical fellowships in the United States.

Abstract Background Fellowship program directors have a considerable influence on the future practice patterns of their trainees. Multiple studies have demonstrated that industry can also exert substantial influence on the practice patterns of physicians as a whole. The purpose of this study is to quantify industry support of fellowship program directors across surgical subspecialties and to assess the prevalence of this support within specific subspecialties. Methods Fellowship program directors for acute care, breast, burn, cardio-thoracic, critical care, colon and rectal, endocrine, hepato-pancreato-biliary, minimally invasive, plastic, oncologic, pediatric, and vascular surgery for 2017 were identified using a previously described database. The Open Payments Database for 2017 was queried and data regarding general payments, research, associated research payments, and ownership were obtained. The national mean and median payouts to nonfellowship program director surgeons were used to determine subspecialties with substantial industry support. Results Five hundred and seventy-six fellowship program directors were identified. Of these, 77% of the fellowship program directors had a presence on the Open Payments Database. The subspecialties with the most fellowship program directors receiving any industry payment, regardless of amount, included vascular (93.5%), cardio-thoracic (92.8%), minimally invasive surgery (90.5%), plastics (85.3%), and colon and rectal (81.0%). The subspecialty with the greatest mean payment was minimally invasive surgery (21,175 US dollars); the greatest median payment was vascular (1,871 US dollars). The 3 most common types of payments were for general compensation (31.4%), consulting fees (28.7%), and travel and lodging (14.7%). Vascular surgery had the greatest percentage of fellowship program directors receiving research payments (48%). The greatest amount paid to any individual fellowship program director was 382,368 US dollars. Excluding outliers, fellowship program directors received substantially more payments than those received on average by general surgeons. Conclusion The majority of fellowship program directors receive some industry support. Most payments are for compensation for noncontinuing medical education related services and consulting fees. Certain specialties were more likely to have industry payments than others. Overall, only a minority of fellowship program directors received research support from industry. We advocate for transparent discussions between fellowship program directors and their trainees to help foster healthy academic-industry collaborations.
Microglial-associated responses to comorbid amyloid pathology and hyperhomocysteinemia in an aged knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Elevated blood homocysteine levels, termed hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a prevalent risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in elderly populations. While dietary supplementation of B-vitamins is a generally effective method to lower homocysteine levels, there is little if any benefit to cognition. In the context of amyloid pathology, dietary-induced HHcy is known to enhance amyloid deposition and certain inflammatory responses. Little is known, however, about whether there is a more specific effect on microglia resulting from combined amyloid and HHcy pathologies. The present study used a knock-in mouse model of amyloidosis, aged to 12 months, given 8 weeks of B-vitamin deficiency-induced HHcy to better understand how microglia are affected in this comorbidity context. We found that HHcy-inducing diet increased amyloid plaque burden, altered the neuroinflammatory milieu, and upregulated the expression of multiple damage-associated and “homeostatic” microglial genes. Taken together, these data indicate complex effects of comorbid pathologies on microglial function that are not driven solely by increased amyloid burden. Given the highly dynamic nature of microglia, their central role in AD pathology, and the frequent occurrence of various comorbidities in AD patients, it is increasingly important to understand how microglia respond to mixed pathological processes.
A Coupled Karhunen–Loève and anisotropic sparse grid interpolation method for the probabilistic load flow problem

Abstract In the traditional load flow analysis, a key assumption is that the input variables, i.e., generator output and customer demand, are fixed in time and the associated response has no variability. This assumption, however, is no longer valid as the adoption of renewable energy resources add more variability and uncertainty to the modern electrical system. Addressing these concerns is the definition of the Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) problem. The challenge of the PLF problem lies in handling high-dimensional input uncertainties and the non-linearity of the load flow equations. The most straightforward way to address these problems, but at the cost of computational time, is to perform a Monte Carlo method. This work, however, solves these problems—accuracy, high-dimensionality, and computational time—with a coupled Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion and Anisotropic Sparse Grid algorithm. The proposed method is implemented and tested on the IEEE 118-bus test system and a modernized version of the IEEE Reliability Test System–1996, the Reliability Test System–Grid Modernization Lab Consortium (RTS-GMLC). Results for the 194-dimensional case show a decrease in computational time when compared to the 10,000 sample Monte Carlo method given a bound on mean and standard deviation error.
Distributed Multi-Period DCOPF via an Auxiliary Principle Problem Algorithm

Distributed algorithms provide attractive features for solving Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problems in interconnected power systems compared to traditional centralized algorithms. Distributed algorithms help to maintain the control autonomy and data privacy of subsystems, which is particularly relevant in competitive markets and practical control system implementations. This paper analyzes a distributed optimization algorithm known as the “Auxiliary Principle Problem” to solve multiperiod distributed DCOPF problems with distributed energy resources including energy storage systems. The proposed approach enables multiple interconnected systems with their own sub-objectives to share their resources and to participate in an electricity market without implicitly sharing information about their local generators or internal network parameters. The paper also shows how the proposed approach can enable future microgrids to coordinate their operation, reduce the total operational cost, and avoid internal constraint violations caused by unscheduled flows (USF) while maintaining the subsystems' autonomy. We use an 11-bus test system consisting of two interconnected subsystems to evaluate the proposed approach and analyze the impact of USF.
Dislocated College Students and the Pandemic: Back Home Under Extraordinary Circumstances

Objective: This research examines college students' experiences of dislocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: Due to governmental stay-at-home orders during the pandemic, families with “dislocated” (compelled to return home) college students would likely encounter unique stressors while also being limited in their normal ways of coping. Methods: Using an online survey, the current study sought to discover how diverse individual characteristics and family living situations of 323 dislocated students associated with varying homelife experiences (e.g., intrusive parenting, students making an extra effort to spend time with family), and how such experiences associated with relationship changes during the quarantine. Results: Analyses detected some differences in the students' homelife experiences based on background and living situations, especially related to being a first-year student, having been excited about returning home, and feeling accepted by parents about being home. Negative family relationship quality during the quarantine was most predicted by negative attitudes from students and parents about students being home, the student feeling less adultlike (based on treatment and own identity conception), and having low autonomy. Conclusion: Returning home for quarantine was challenging for most students, and circumstances and attitudes appeared to contribute to how such challenges associated with family relationship changes. Implications: Implications for practitioners and universities are discussed in regard to preparing college students and their families for similar conditions. © 2021 National Council on Family Relations.
Motor Dysfunction in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Rehabilitation Framework for Prodromal Synucleinopathy:

Parkinson disease (PD) and other related diseases with α-synuclein pathology are associated with a long prodromal or preclinical stage of disease. Predictive models based on diagnosis of idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) make it possible to identify people in the prodromal stage of synucleinopathy who have a high probability of future disease and provide an opportunity to implement neuroprotective therapies. However, rehabilitation providers may be unaware of iRBD and the motor abnormalities that indicate early motor system dysfunction related to α-synuclein pathology. Furthermore, there is no existing rehabilitation framework to guide early interventions for people with iRBD. The purpose of this work is to (1) review extrapyramidal signs of motor system dysfunction in people with iRBD and (2) propose a framework for early protective or preventive therapies in prodromal synucleinopathy using iRBD as a predictive marker. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies indicate that the earliest emerging motor deficits in iRBD are bradykinesia, deficits performing activities of daily living, and abnormalities in speech, gait, and posture. These deficits may emerge up to 12 years before a diagnosis of synucleinopathy. The proposed rehabilitation framework for iRBD includes early exercise-based interventions of aerobic exercise, progressive resistance training, and multimodal exercise with rehabilitation consultations to address exercise prescription, progression, and monitoring. This rehabilitation framework may be used to implement neuroprotective, multidisciplinary, and proactive clinical care in people with a high likelihood of conversion to PD, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple systems atrophy.
Numerical modeling of localized fire exposures on structures using FDS-FEM and simple models

Abstract This paper investigates different numerical modeling strategies for evaluating temperatures in structures subjected to localized fires. Three simple fire models and two methods to interface computational fluid dynamics models with finite element thermal analyses are reviewed. Based on the field of application of each model, a decision flowchart is proposed to select the fire model and strategy suited to the problem. Validation is conducted against three experiments on steel members subjected to localized fires. Results show that the coupling between computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis through the adiabatic surface temperature is a versatile method able to capture the member temperature in the different experiments in this study. The use of an automatic transfer interface using a transfer file with gas temperatures and radiant intensities is an efficient alternative when the member is outside the fire area and far enough that it does not significantly influence the fire development. The member should not be present in the FDS model when using the interface method. The simple models tend to yield more conservative predictions compared with the experimental results.
IS-WARS: Intelligent and Stealthy Adversarial Attack to Wi-Fi-based Human Activity Recognition Systems

The non-intrusive human activity recognition has been envisioned as a key enabler for many emerging applications requiring interactions between humans and computing systems. To accurately recognize different human behaviors, ubiquitous wireless signals are widely adopted, e.g., Wi-Fi signals, whose Channel State Information can precisely reflect human movements. Unfortunately, nearly all Wi-Fi-based recognition systems assume a clean wireless environment, i.e., no interference will compromise the developed algorithms, which, apparently, is not feasible in practice. Even worse, for systems using Wi-Fi 2.4GHz signals, the widely existing interference from coexisting protocols, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, and LTE-Unlicensed, can easily compromise the recognition process, posing a hard limit on further enhancing the accuracy. Therefore, this work uncovers a new wireless adversarial attack against Wi-Fi-based human activity recognition systems, by intentionally injecting interference using coexisting protocol signals. The contaminated Wi-Fi signal will distort CSI estimation and finally output a false recognition result. Different from traditional jamming attacks, this new adversarial attack is intelligent and stealthy in terms of avoiding being detected from traffic analysis. Along with both theoretical analysis and extensive real-world experiments, we have shown this newly-identified attack can easily compromise many existing Wi-Fi-based human recognition systems while still bypassing malicious signal detection schemes.
Impediments and Requirements of Nutrition Evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to designate major impediments to effective nutrition program evaluation, and to suggest methods of overcoming these obstacles in order to satisfy the information requirements of evaluation users. We perceive five major impediments: user designation, technical and financial constraints, psychological resistance, political factors and the literacy barrier. Each of these will be described and means of removing or minimizing them will be presented. After this analysis of individual impediments and requirements, we will discuss one particular area of evaluation that we believe has been inadequately explored and yet holds considerable potential for enriching the utility and meaningfulness of evaluation. This area is community participation in evaluation.
State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation

List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 PART I: PATTERNS AND CAUSES Chapter 2: Definitions and Patterns 13 Chapter 3: Location, Location, and Timing 37 PART II: BUFFER STATE DEATH AND SURVIVAL Chapter 4: Quantitative Analysis of State Death 69 Chapter 5: Buffer State Death and Survival Prior to 1945 97 PART III: THE NORM AGAINST CONQUEST AND STATE DEATH AFTER 1945 Chapter 6: Resurrection153 Chapter 7: State Death and Intervention after 1945 169 Chapter 8: Conclusion 229 Appendix A. Revising the Correlates of War List of Members of the Interstate System 243 Appendix B. Variable Coding 259 Bibliography 273 Index 291
Natural enemies of Tomicus Piniperda and Ips acuminatus (Col, scolytidae) on Pinus sylvestris near orléans, france: Temporal occurrence and relative abundance, and notes on eight predatory species

Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhall) andTomicus piniperda (L.) were the main scolytid beetles in Scots pine,Pinus sylvestris L., outbreak areas near Orleans, France during 1978-1979.Ips acuminatus attacked thin-bark logs whileT. piniperda attacked thick-bark logs. More than 150 species of insects were associated with these scolytids. Forty-five species (31 predators and 14 parasitoids) were confirmed as natural enemies of bark beetles. Three predators were abundant:Thanasimus formicarius L. (Col.: Cleridae),Rhizophagus depressus (F.) (Col.: Rhizophagidae) andMedetera spp. (Dipt.: Dolichopodidae). The first two were especially frequent in galleries ofT. piniperda, whileMedetera spp. were more abundant in galleries ofI. acuminatus. The main parasitoids wereRhopalicus tutela (Walker) andR. brevicornis Thomson (Hym.: Pteromalidae),Coeloides abdominalis Zetterstedt andC. melanostigma Strand,Dendrosoter middendorfi Ratzeburg andD. hartigii Ratzeburg, andSpathius rubidus Rossi (Hym.: Braconidae). These parasitoids are polyphagous. However,C. abdominalis was obtained fromT. piniperda but not fromI. acuminatus, while 5.rubidus andD. hartigii were obtained fromI. acuminatus but not fromT. piniperda. Temporal and relative abundance of natural enemies ofT. piniperda andI. acuminatus were studied. The predatorsR. depressus andT. formicarius had complementary limiting effects on bark beetles as adults and larvae ofR. depressus fed mainly on scolytid eggs, whileT. formicarius adults attacked scolytid adults and the clerid larvae preyed upon scolytid larvae. The predatory pressure applied byT. formicarius andR. depressus toT. piniperda early during the spring was later complemented by a series of parasitoids and other predators. This sequential timing of the natural enemies ofT. piniperda suggests that the interactions among the guild are more complementary than adverse. Differential timing of the natural enemies in logs infested byI. acuminatus and some evidence of competition between the predatorsMedetera spp. and parasitoids suggested a less effective control of this scolytid.
Residential Light and Risk for Depression and Falls: Results from the LARES Study of Eight European Cities

OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between self-reported inadequate residential natural light and risk for depression or falls among adults aged 18 years or older. METHODS: Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate the odds of depression or falls in participants with self-reported inadequate natural residential light vs. those reporting adequate light (n = 6,017) using data from the World Health Organization's Large Analysis and Review of European Housing and Health Survey, a large cross-sectional study of housing and health in representative populations from eight European cities. RESULTS: Participants reporting inadequate natural light in their dwellings were 1.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2,1.7) as likely to report depression and 1.5 times (95% CI 1.2, 1.9) as likely to report a fall compared with those satisfied with their dwelling's light. After adjustment for major confounders, the likelihood of depression changed slightly, while the likelihood of a fall increased to 2.5 (95% CI 1.5, 4.2). CONCLUSION: Self-reported inadequate light in housing is independently associated with depression and falls. Increasing light in housing, a relatively inexpensive intervention, may improve two distinct health conditions. Language: en
Disparities in the Use of Breast-Conserving Therapy Among Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Importance Although breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is an accepted modality for treatment of early-stage breast cancer, many women continue to undergo mastectomy. Detailing the factors associated with choice of BCT may assist with overcoming barriers in the use of this treatment modality. Objective To conduct a population-based examination of the factors that influence the use of BCT. Design, Setting, and Participants Using the National Cancer Data Base, we examined the surgical choices of women with stage T1 or T2 breast cancer treated between 1998 and 2011. Logistic regression analysis conducted between September 19, 2013, and August 26, 2014, was used to assess the multivariate association between patient and facility variables and the probability of undergoing BCT. Main Outcomes and Measures Factors associated with the use of BCT. Results A cohort of 727 927 women was identified in the National Cancer Data Base. Use of BCT, determined using odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI, was greater in patients aged 52 to 61 years compared with younger patients (1.14; 1.12-1.15) and in those with the highest educational level (1.16; 1.14-1.19). Rates of BCT were lower in patients without insurance compared with those with private insurance (0.75; 0.72-0.78) and in those with the lowest median income (0.92; 0.90-0.94). Academic cancer programs, US Northeast location, and residence within 27.8 km of a treatment facility were associated with greater BCT rates than were community cancer programs (1.13; 1.11-1.15), Southern location (1.50; 1.48-1.52), and residence farther from a treatment facility (1.25; 1.23-1.27). When comparing BCT use in 1998 with use in 2011, increases were seen across age groups (from 48.2% to 59.7%), in community cancer programs (48.4% in 1998 vs 58.8% in 2011), and in facilities located in the South (45.1% in 1998 vs 55.3% in 2011). Conclusions and Relevance Although the use of BCT has increased during the past 14 years, nonclinical factors, including socioeconomic demographics, insurance, and travel distance to the treatment facility, persist as key barriers to receipt of BCT. Interventions that address these barriers may facilitate further uptake of BCT.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of bronchial low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Rapid on‐site evaluation of cytopathologic findings

Bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is rare, comprising about 0.2% of primary lung tumors. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an integral tool in the diagnosis and staging of malignant lung tumors. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) has been proven useful as a guide for assessing the adequacy and accuracy of the FNA samples. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of diagnostic cytomorphologic findings of MEC is critical for ROSE. We reported a 46-year-old woman with 6 weeks of cough productive of yellow sputum that did not improve on antibiotics. A chest CT demonstrated a well-circumscribed nodule in the right lower lobe bronchus that extended into the lung parenchyma. EBUS-guided FNA was performed to obtain diagnostic materials. The ROSE of cytology specimen revealed numerous tight clusters of cells with well-defined, but scant cytoplasm. These cells were relatively small and bland with high N/C ratio, resembling benign ductal cells. Neither cilia nor intranuclear inclusions were noted. Focal extracellular metachromatic mucinous materials were also noted. A preliminary diagnosis of "low-grade epithelial neoplasm, favor low grade MEC" was rendered. The definitive diagnosis was confirmed by both cytology and core biopsy. EBUS-guided FNA cytology can be a reliable method for the diagnosis of bronchial low grade MEC. The cyto-morphology of ROSE can indicate the diagnosis of low grade MEC and direct the appropriate follow-up triage of the specimen.
Biosynthesis of the Polysaccharide of Micrococcus lysodeikticus Cell Walls I. CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IN VITRO SYSTEM FOR POLYSACCHARIDE BIOSYNTHESIS

Abstract The particulate enzyme fraction obtained from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalyzed the incorporation of d-[14C]glucose from uridine diphospho-d-[14C]glucose into a polymer which resembled the d-glucose- and N-acetyl-d-mannosaminuronic acid-containing polysaccharide of the cell walls of this organism. In vitro biosynthesis of the polysaccharide depended upon the presence of the uridine diphospho-N-acetylhexosaminuronic acid fraction isolated from M. lysodeikticus and uridine diphospho-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and was stimulated by a heat-stable factor obtained from the soluble fraction of cell extracts. The reaction proceeded optimally at pH 8.2 and at 20 mm magnesium ion concentration. The incorporation of d-[14C]glucose proceeded after a lag period of 15 to 20 min. Preincubation of the reaction components with the particulate enzyme fraction before the addition of uridine diphospho-d-glucose eliminated the lag period. [14C]N-Acetylhexosaminuronic acid residues were incorporated into polysaccharide from [14C]uridine diphospho-N-acetylhexosaminuronic acid (labeled throughout the molecule) in an amount approximately equimolar to d-glucose in a reaction dependent upon uridine diphospho-d-glucose. However, when uridine diphospho-N-[14C]acetyl-d-glucosamine was the labeled substrate, N-[14C]acetyl-d-glucosamine was incorporated only to the extent of 1 residue or less for each 15 residues of d-glucose.
The effect of ions on water structure—II: A reinterpretation of experimental data

Abstract Spectra recorded for water aprotic solvent solutions in which the mole fraction of water is less than 1 per cent have enabled the resolution of the v 1 + v 2 + v 3 combination band of water into three Gaussian components. One band is due to the situation in which the two water protons are bonded to an acceptor with approximately equal hydrogen-bond energies. The other two bands are due to the situation in which the protons are bonded with unequal bond strengths. The positions of all three bands are dependent on the “basicity” of the hydrogen-bond acceptor. These data have led to a reinterpretation of spectral data for aqueous solutions. Pure water appears to exist as a liquid in which there are many distorted hydrogen-bonds of varying strengths but few broken bonds. The addition of an electrolyte appears to increase the number of symmetrically bonded water molecules possibly due to ion-dipole interactions.