cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephron sparing surgery in incidental versus suspected renal cell carcinoma.

AbstractFrom 1956 to 1992 nephron sparing surgery was performed in 216 patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma was suspected in 121 patients and was an incidental finding in 95. Compared to suspected renal cell carcinoma, incidental tumors were smaller (p = 6.0004), more often unilateral (p = 0.001) and of lower pathological stage (p = 0.001). Incidental tumors were also associated with improved 5-year cancer-specific survival (p = 0.003) and a lower rate of postoperative tumor recurrence (p = 0.001).The overall 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was improved in patients with stage I versus higher stage renal cell carcinoma (p = 0.0002), unilateral versus bilateral disease (p = 0.0001), a single versus multiple tumors in the operated kidney (p = 0.01) and tumors smaller than 4cm. versus larger tumors (p = 0.03). There were no postoperative tumor recurrences and the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 100% in patients with unilateral, stage I tumors smaller than 4cm. These ...
Incompressible Multipolar Fluid Dynamics

The study of the motions of an incompressible viscous fluid by mathematicians, physicists, and engineers, has been an ongoing enterprise since the publication by G.G. Stokes [Sto] of his classical memoir on the internal friction of fluids in motion in 1849.
Large-scale Machine Learning over Graphs

Graphs provide powerful representations for statistical modeling of interrelated variables (observed or latent) in a broad range of machine learning applications. Examples include learning and inference based on the dependency structures among words, documents, topics, users, items, web sites, and more. How to best leverage such dependency structures from multiple graphs with massive and heterogeneous types of nodes and relations has posed grand challenges to machine learning theory and algorithms. This talk presents our recent work in this direction focusing on three significant tasks, including 1) a novel framework for fusing multiple heterogeneous graphs into a unified product graph to enable semi-supervised multi-relational learning, 2) the first algorithmic solution for imposing analogical structures in graph-based entity/relation embedding, and 3) a new formulation of neural architecture search as a graph topology optimization problem, with simple yet powerful algorithms that automatically discover high-performing convolutional neural architectures on image recognition benchmarks, and reduce the computational cost over state-of-the-art non-differentiable techniques by several orders of magnitude.
Accidental Infant Suffocation and Strangulation in Bed: Disparities and Opportunities

Objectives (a) Update previous descriptions of trends in ASSB; (b) determine if factors previously associated with ASSB are replicated by updated data; and (c) generate new hypotheses about the occurrence of ASSB and racial inequalities in ASSB mortality. Methods National Center for Health Statistics files (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition) Code W75 to describe race-ethnicity-specific ASSB occurrence. Results (a) ASSB mortality continues to increase significantly; for 1999-2016, 4.4-fold for NHB girls (45.8 per 100,000 in 2016), 3.5-fold for NHB boys (53.8), 2.7-fold for NHW girls (15.8) and 4.0-fold for NHW boys (25.9); (b) F actors previously associated with ASSB (unmarried mothers and mothers with low educational attainment, low infant birth weight, low gestational age, lack of prenatal care, male infant, multiple birth, high birth order) continue to be associated with both overall ASSB and inequalities adversely affecting NHB; (c) (1) geographic differences and similarities in ASSB occurrence support hypotheses related to positive deviance; (2) lower ASSB mortality for births attended by midwives as contrasted to physicians generate hypotheses related to both medical infrastructure and maternal engagement; (3) high rates of ASSB among infants born to teenage mothers generate hypotheses related to the possibility that poor maternal health may be a barrier to ASSB prevention based on education, culture and tradition. Conclusions for Practice These descriptive data may generate new hypotheses and targets for interventions for reducing both ASSB mortality and racial inequalities. Analytic epidemiologic studies designed a priori to do so are required to address these hypotheses.
Epidemiology of severe buprenorphine exposures reported to the U.S. Poison Centers

Abstract Objective This study aims to evaluate the trends and risk factors of severe buprenorphine outcomes (SBO) reported to the U.S. Poison Centers (PCs). Methods We queried the National Poison Data System for exposures to buprenorphine from 2011 to 2016. SBO cases were defined as exposures that resulted in either a death or major clinical outcomes. Trends were tested using Poisson regression. Characteristics of the exposures were descriptively assessed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors of SBO. Results SBO cases (967) reported to the PCs increased by 66.6% during this period (114–190, p Conclusions This study reflected an increase in the cases of SBO paralleling the rise in the buprenorphine prescriptions. Age, reasons for exposure and multi-substance exposures significantly increased the risk of SBO.
Weighted SGD for ep regression with randomized preconditioning

In recent years, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) methods and randomized linear algebra (RLA) algorithms have been applied to many large-scale problems in machine learning and data analysis. SGD methods are easy to implement and applicable to a wide range of convex optimization problems. In contrast, RLA algorithms provide much stronger worst-case performance guarantees but are applicable to a narrower class of problems. We aim to bridge the gap between these two classes of methods in solving constrained overdetermined linear regression problems---e.g., e2 and e1 regression problems.• We propose a hybrid algorithm named pwSGD that uses RLA techniques for preconditioning and constructing an importance sampling distribution, and then performs an SGD-like iterative process with weighted sampling on the preconditioned system.• By rewriting the ep regression problem into a stochastic optimization problem, we connect pwSGD to several existing ep solvers including RLA methods with algorithmic leveraging (RLA for short).• We prove that pwSGD inherits faster convergence rates that only depend on the lower dimension of the linear system, while maintaining low computation complexity. Such SGD convergence rate is superior to other related SGD algorithms such as the weighted randomized Kaczmarz algorithm.• Particularly, when solving e1 regression with size n by d, PWSGD returns an approximate solution with e relative error on the objective value in O(log n · nnz(A) + poly(d)/e2) time. This complexity is uniformly better than that of RLA methods in terms of both e and d when the problem is unconstrained. In the presence of constraints, pwSGD only has to solve a sequence of much simpler and smaller optimization problem over the same constraints. In general this is more efficient than solving the constrained subproblem required in RLA.• For e2 regression, pwSGD returns an approximate solution with e relative error on the objective value and solution vector in prediction norm in O(log n · nnz(A) + poly(d) log(1/e)/e) time. We show that when solving unconstrained e2 regression, this complexity is comparable to that of RLA and is asymptotically better over several state-of-the-art solvers in the regime where the desired accuracy e, high dimension n and low dimension d satisfy d ≥ 1/e and n ≥d2/e.Finally, the effectiveness of such algorithms is illustrated numerically on both synthetic and real datasets, and the results are consistent with our theoretical findings and demonstrate that pwSGD converges to a medium-precision solution, e.g., e = 10--3, more quickly than other methods.
Psychological resilience is linked to motor strength and gait endurance in early multiple sclerosis.

Background:Psychologically resilient persons persist despite obstacles and bounce back after adversity, leading to better outcomes in non-neurologic populations. It is unknown whether psychological...
Computing and Network Resource Minimization Problem for Service Function Chaining against Multiple VNF Failures

A Service Function Chaining (SFC) has been an essential element in the development of Network Function Virtualization(NFV). The SFC is utilized mainly for network operators to set up a form of plural connected services with different characteristics in an appropriate order. The SFC has two critical issues which are to optimize a computing and a network resource usage and to consider simultaneous multiple VNF failures. Therefore, this paper describes a computing and network resource minimization problem for Service Function Chaining against multiple VNF failures. The problem is solved by routing the SFC on a physical network and placing a VNF on a service node. Furthermore, this paper proposes the algorithm for solving the problem and proves to be NP-complete.
Human lung tumors, patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes propagated in scid mice.

Studies of the pathogenesis of human tumors and the evaluation of new therapeutic modalities have been limited by the lack of a suitable experimental animal model. Currently very little is known regarding patients’ immune response to their tumors and the consequences of this response to tumor growth. Further, the evaluation of novel tumor therapies has been largely restricted to animal tumor models which may not accurately reflect the efficacy of such therapies for human tumors (Bankert et al. 1989). While athymic homozygous nu/nu mice have been used extensively for the heterotransplantation of human tumors (Fogh and Trempe 1975), their use in evaluating therapies for human cancer is limited by their ability to respond to thymic independent antigens, by the presence of immunoglobulin in their circulation and tissues and by phenotypic and karyotypic changes in the tumor that have been observed during tumor growth in nude mice. We have previously reported (Reddy et al. 1987) that xenografts of human lung tumors can be successfully propagated in the B cell and T cell deficient mouse mutant strain, CB-17 scid (described by Bosma et al. 1983). Several characteristics of the scid mouse make it particularly attractive as a potential model to evaluate new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of human cancers. In this report we summarize our findings that scid mice support the growth of human tumors and we establish here that this mouse is a viable model with which to evaluate the antibody directed delivery of cytotoxic agents to human lung tumors.
Outcomes of lenalidomide‐ or bortezomib‐based regimens in older patients with plasma cell myeloma

The "triplet" regimen of lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD) showed survival advantage over lenalidomide-dexamethasone (RD) in clinical trials, but older patients with myeloma often receive doublet regimens (RD or bortezomib-dexamethasone, VD), or VD plus cyclophosphamide (VCD). We compared these first-line regimens using real-world data from Medicare beneficiaries receiving therapy between 2007 and 2015. In each comparative analysis, we balanced confounding characteristics using a propensity score. Outcomes included overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS, reporting hazard ratios [HR] with 95% confidence intervals [CI]), adverse events, and costs. We identified 6076 patients with median age 76 and median OS of 2.6 years. In the comparison of RVD vs RD/VD doublets, RVD showed significantly better OS (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.95) and EFS (HR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.61-0.76). So, RVD was associated with more frequent hospitalizations, anemia, and neuropathy, but no increase in thromboembolism or secondary cancers. Costs were higher with RVD. In the comparison of RD vs VD, RD demonstrated better EFS (HR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.81) and marginally better OS (HR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.99). And, RD resulted in significantly more thromboembolic events, less neuropathy, and no significant difference in hospitalizations, transfusions, or secondary cancers. In the comparison of VCD vs VD, we observed no significant difference in any outcome. Superior survival favors RVD over doublet regimens, but even in 2015 RVD was applied for only about 25% of Medicare beneficiaries with myeloma. For patients not eligible for RVD due to toxicity, VCD offers no survival benefit over VD. Lenalidomide-dexamethasone may be the preferred line doublet considering its advantage over VD.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Pharmacist-Led Medication Therapy Management Program: Hypertension Management.

Abstract Objectives Uncontrolled hypertension is a common cause of cardiovascular disease, which is the deadliest and costliest chronic disease in the United States. Pharmacists are an accessible community healthcare resource and are equipped with clinical skills to improve the management of hypertension through medication therapy management (MTM). Nevertheless, current reimbursement models do not incentivize pharmacists to provide clinical services. We aim to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a pharmacist-led comprehensive MTM clinic compared with no clinic for 10-year primary prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease events in patients with hypertension. Methods We built a semi-Markov model to evaluate the clinical and economic consequences of an MTM clinic compared with no MTM clinic, from the payer perspective. The model was populated with data from a recently published controlled observational study investigating the effectiveness of an MTM clinic. Methodology was guided using recommendations from the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, including appropriate sensitivity analyses. Results Compared with no MTM clinic, the MTM clinic was cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $38 798 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. The incremental net monetary benefit was $993 294 considering a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100 000 per QALY. Health-benefit benchmarks at $100 000 per QALY and $150 000 per QALY translate to a 95% and 170% increase from current reimbursement rates for MTM services. Conclusions Our model shows current reimbursement rates for pharmacist-led MTM services may undervalue the benefit realized by US payers. New reimbursement models are needed to allow pharmacists to offer cost-effective clinical services.
Supporting Diverse Learners in K-8 Computational Thinking with TIPP&SEE

With the growth of Computer Science (CS) and Computational Thinking (CT) instruction in the primary/elementary domain, it is important that such instruction supports diverse learners. Four categories of students -- students in poverty, multi-lingual students, students with disabilities, and students who have below-grade-level proficiency in reading and math, may face academic challenges that can hinder their learning in CS/CT curricula. However, little is known about how to support these students in CS/CT instruction, especially at this young age. TIPP&SEE, a meta-cognitive strategy that scaffolds learning by proceduralizing engagement through example code, may offer some support. A quasi-experimental study revealed that the gaps between students with and without academic challenges narrowed when using the TIPP&SEE strategy, indicating its promise in providing equitable learning opportunities in CS/CT.
A Geriatrician's Guide to Hearing Loss.

The high prevalence of hearing loss among older adults creates a perception that it is simply a benign consequence of aging, which leads to unaddressed communication needs. Strategies to address hearing loss as part of routine clinical care are pertinent to the geriatric care setting where hearing loss is prevalent in two out of every three patients 70 years and older. Our objectives are to briefly discuss the pathophysiology of hearing loss, describe the epidemiologic prevalence and impact, identify statutory barriers facing older adults in accessing hearing care, discuss current progress on legislation to address accessibility issues, and provide actionable strategies for addressing hearing loss as a barrier to effective communication. Simple steps can be taken to improve hearing care accessibility for older adults with hearing loss and can optimize understanding in daily communication, re-engage patients in being actively involved in their care, and promote patient autonomy in informed decision- making.
Partitioning tree diversity patterns to prioritize conservation investments

The available tools and approaches to inform conservation decisions commonly assume detailed distribution data. We examine how well-established ecological concepts about patterns in local richness and community turnover can help overcome data limitations when planning future protected areas. To inform our analyses, we surveyed tree species in protected areas in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the eastern USA. We used the survey data to construct predictive models for alpha and beta diversity based on readily observed biophysical variables and combined them to create a heuristic that could predict among-site richness in trees (gamma diversity). The predictive models suggest that site elevation and latitude in this montane system explain much of the variation in alpha and beta diversity in tree species. We tested how well resulting protected areas would represent species if a conservation planner lacking detailed species inventories for candidate sites were to rely only on our alpha, beta and gamma diversity predictions. Our approach selected sites that, when aggregated, covered a large proportion of the overall species pool. The combined gamma diversity models performed even better when we also accounted for the cost of protecting sites. Our results demonstrate that classic community biogeography concepts remain highly relevant to conservation practice today.
Key Recommendations on Managing Dyslipidemia for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Stopping Where the Evidence Does.

In June 2020, the third iteration of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense guidelines on managing dyslipidemia was published. These recommendations create a simple, pragmatic, evidence-based approach that can be valuable to family physicians.
Life & Limb: New Estimates of Casualty Aversion in the US

Dramatic improvements in US military medicine have produced an equally dramatic shift in the kinds of battle casualties the US military has sustained in its most recent wars. Specifically, there has been a notable increase in the ratio of nonfatal to fatal casualties. Most studies of casualty aversion in the US, however, have focused on fatal casualties. Using a series of survey experiments, I investigate whether respondents are equally sensitive to fatal and nonfatal casualties, differences between populations with and without close military ties, and whether views on casualties are conditioned by respondents’ level of knowledge about casualties or the individual costs of war they expect to incur. I find that, while the general public is generally insensitive to different types of casualties, respondents with close ties to the military are better able to distinguish amongst kinds of casualties. This advantage, however, is not due to respondents with close military ties being better informed about war casualties. Instead, those who bear the costs of war directly appear better able to distinguish among those costs.
Behavioral and Slice Electrophysiological Assessment of DREADD Ligand, Deschloroclozapine (DCZ) in Rats

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) have become a premier neuroscience research tool in the past decade for their utility in providing reversible manipulations of cellular activity following experimenter-controlled delivery of a DREADD-specific ligand. However, the commonly used DREADD ligand, clozapine-N- oxide (CNO), has metabolic and off-target effects that may confound experimental results and interpretations. Moreover, CNO has relatively poor affinity for DREADD receptors, which necessitates high doses for systemic administration applications. New DREADD ligands aim to reduce metabolic and potential off-target effects while maintaining strong efficacy for the designer receptors. Recently a novel DREADD ligand, deschloroclozapine (DCZ), was shown to induce chemogenetic-mediated cellular and behavioral effects in mice and monkeys without detectable side effects. While promising, further testing of DCZ across species and experimental paradigms is warranted. The goal of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of systemic DCZ for DREADD-based chemogenetic manipulations in behavioral and slice electrophysiological applications in rats. We demonstrate that a relatively low dose of DCZ (0.1 mg/kg) supports excitatory DREADD- mediated cFos induction, DREADD-mediated inhibition of a central amygdala-dependent behavior, and DREADD-mediated inhibition of neuronal activity in a slice electrophysiology preparation. In addition, we show that this dose of DCZ does not alter gross locomotor activity or induce a place preference/aversion in control rats without DREADD expression. Together, our findings support the use of systemic DCZ for DREADD-based manipulations in rats, and provide evidence that DCZ is a superior alternative to CNO.
Chronic SIV and morphine treatment increases heat shock protein 5 expression at the synapse

The abuse of opiates such as morphine in synergy with HIV infection accelerates neurocognitive impairments and neuropathology in the CNS of HIV-infected subjects, collectively referred to as HAND. To identify potential pathogenic markers associated with HIV and morphine in perturbing the synaptic architecture, we performed quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics on purified synaptosomes isolated from the caudate of two groups of rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIV differing by one regimen—morphine treatment. The upregulation of heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 in the SIV + morphine group points to increased cellular stress during SIV/morphine interaction thus leading to CNS dysfunction.
A Mirror, a Window: Assisting Teachers in Selecting Appropriate Multicultural Young Adult Literature

The purpose of this article is to describe a rubric created to assist teachers in selecting multicultural, young adult literature for use in their classrooms. Too often, teachers use the same texts year after year and are afraid of delving into the rich cannon of multicultural literature offered because they are not sure how or what to select. This rubric assists teachers and students in choosing texts that respect the authority of the author and the culture they are depicting.
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index

The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is a measure of industry concentration that frequently appears in empirical studies of industries. Keywords: horizontal merger guidelines; antitrust policy; market power
Education, Cognitive Test Scores, and Black-White Differences in Dementia Risk

OBJECTIVES: To compare dementia risks of elderly black and white subjects and to determine whether differences in education and cognitive test scores contribute to the inconsistency in reported differences between these groups. DESIGN: Longitudinal, 6-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand seven hundred eighty-six older black and white subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study. MEASUREMENTS: Age, education (>10 years vs ≤10 years), Modified Mini-Mental State Examination score (3MS, ≤85 vs >85). Potential confounders were sex, depression, apolipoprotein E4 genotype, vascular disease, and baseline magnetic resonance imaging changes. RESULTS: White subjects with low education and black subjects with high education had twice the risk of dementia of white subjects with high education (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.5–2.4 and 95% CI=1.4–2.7); black subjects with low education had five times the risk of dementia (95% CI=3.4–7.7). Likewise, for subjects with low 3MSE scores, black subjects had 6.7 times the risk of dementia (95% CI=4.7–9.7) and white subjects had 2.7 times the risk of dementia (95% CI=2.2–3.5) as white subjects with high 3MSE scores. Finally, in Cox models, there was no significant black-white difference in dementia risk after adjustment for all confounders and baseline 3MSE. CONCLUSION: Black race was associated with greater dementia risk even after adjustment for education and other potential confounders. This black-white difference in dementia risk was markedly attenuated after adjustment for baseline cognitive screening scores. The apparent race effect may reflect gaps in the quality of education or differences in the trajectory of impaired cognitive function experienced by the two groups. Future investigations might take these findings into consideration for the design of studies evaluating black-white differences in dementia risk.
Occupational burns treated in emergency departments

BACKGROUND: Despite reported declines, occupational burn injuries remain a workplace safety concern. More severe burns may result in costly medical treatment and long-term physical and psychological consequences. METHODS: We used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Occupational Supplement to produce national estimates of burns treated in emergency departments (EDs). We analyzed data trends from 1999 to 2008 and provided detailed descriptions of 2008 data. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2008 there were 1,132,000 (95% CI: ±192,300) nonfatal occupational burns treated in EDs. Burn numbers and rates declined approximately 40% over the 10 years. In 2008, men and younger workers 15-24 years old had the highest rates. Scalds and thermal burns accounted for more than 60% of burns. Accommodation and food service, manufacturing, and construction industries had the largest number of burns. CONCLUSIONS: Despite declining burn rates, emphasis is needed on reducing burn hazards to young food service workers and using job specific hazard analyses to prevent burns. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:290-298, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Quantum computing in a piece of glass

Quantum gates and simple quantum algorithms can be designed utilizing the diffraction phenomena of a photon within a multiplexed holographic element. The quantum eigenstates we use are the photon’s linear momentum (LM) as measured by the number of waves of tilt across the aperture. Two properties of quantum computing within the circuit model make this approach attractive. First, any conditional measurement can be commuted in time with any unitary quantum gate - the timeless nature of quantum computing. Second, photon entanglement can be encoded as a superposition state of a single photon in a higher-dimensional state space afforded by LM. Our theoretical and numerical results indicate that OptiGrate’s photo-thermal refractive (PTR) glass is an enabling technology. We will review our previous design of a quantum projection operator and give credence to this approach on a representative quantum gate grounded on coupled-mode theory and numerical simulations, all with parameters consistent with PTR glass. We discuss the strengths (high efficiencies, robustness to environment) and limitations (scalability, crosstalk) of this technology. While not scalable, the utility and robustness of such optical elements for broader quantum information processing applications can be substantial.
A simulation course for computer science students

A suggested topical coverage for an upper division and graduate course for computer science students in discrete simulation is presented. The components and order of coverage within each topical area are delineated. Several alternative approaches are suggested and compared based upon student reaction and feedback. Conclusions are drawn.
The use of red blood cell stroma as an immunoabsorbent and analytical tool-I: Studies with immuen sera

Abstract Both 19S and 7S antibodies can be recovered from a 5-day primary mouse antiserum by absorption to sheep red blood cell stroma and subsequent elution at pH2·5. In a secondary response the principal antibody recovered is 7S with maximum synthesis at about 5 days. The amount and type of antibody recovered depends upon how thoroughly the antibody-stroma complex is washed. With a minimum amount of washing, and α 2 -globulin with sedimentation coefficient of 4·0S and molecular weight of 50,000 is detected. This protein does not hemagglutinate and appears to consist of a single chain, similar in size to the immunoglobulin H chain.
Influence of Sensor Position in Measuring Lateral Vibration Due to Vehicle Groove Wander

The objective of the study presented in this paper was to determine the optimal sensor location to assess human discomfort during vehicle groove wander, a phenomenon whereby vehicle occupants experience uncomfortable lateral vibrations when driving over longitudinally grooved (or tined) Portland cement concrete pavement. Field testing was performed over a 4.8km stretch of interstate highway using a vehicle known to experience vehicle groove wander. Lateral accelerations were measured during wander and nonwander driving at several sensor positions including the seat frame, seat cushion, seat back, and the passenger’s head. The most effective sensor location to capture vibrations due to vehicle wander proved to be the passenger’s head. The standard methods for evaluating human exposure to vehicle vibrations did not yield a reliable indication of the occurrence of wander or the discomfort it causes. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007563]
Popular mobilization and disaster management in Cuba

Cuba has effectively implemented a system of popular mobilization and education to prepare people for such natural disasters as hurricanes. Compliance with evacuation orders is impressive. Top priority is attached to saving lives. The country's acclaimed programme accounts for the limited toll of Hurricane Michelle in November 2001, which was the most powerful storm since 1944. Five Cubans died in the storm, which wreaked havoc in Jamaica, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This article reviews recent Cuban experience in disaster preparedness, which was achieved despite material scarcity. Since the prestigious Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns of increased susceptibility to disasters in future, Cuba's record deserves wide attention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining nanophotonics for integrated hybrid systems: a review of plasmonic interconnects and modulators using traditional and alternative materials [Invited]

The scaling that has governed the continual increase in density, performance, and efficiency of electronic devices is rapidly reaching its inevitable limitations. In order to sustain the trend of ever-increasing bandwidth and performance, new technologies are being considered. Among the many competitors, nanophotonic technologies are especially poised to have an impact on the field of integrated devices. Here, we examine the available technologies, both traditional photonics and plasmonics, with emphasis on the latter. A summary of the previous advances in the field of nanophotonics (interconnects and modulators), along with more recent works investigating novel and CMOS-compatible materials, are presented with a graphical comparison of their performance. We suggest that nanophotonic technologies offer key advantages for future hybrid electrophotonic devices, where the movement toward new material platforms is a precursor to high-performance, industry-ready devices.
81 DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROLOGIC OUTCOME OF INFANTS AFTER MECHANICAL VENTILATION

44 infants born between Jan. 73-Dec. 74, on assisted ventilation were evaluated by the Bayley Scale and neurologic examination. 39 controls matched for Weight (WT.), gestational age (GA.) in wks. and Corrected Age at Time of Testing (CATT) in mos. were also evaluated. Conventional criteria for respiratory failure were utilized for placing infants on mechanical ventilation. No statistically significant difference in outcome was found between ventilated and non ventilated infants. Thus ventilatory assistance per se does not place infants at higher risk for developmental outcome.
Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Epigenetic and genetic alterations have long been thought of as two separate mechanisms participating in carcinogenesis. A recent outcome of whole exome sequencing of thousands of human cancers has been the unexpected discovery of many inactivating mutations in genes that control the epigenome. These mutations have the potential to disrupt DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, and nucleosome positioning and hence, gene expression. Genetic alteration of the epigenome therefore contributes to cancer just as epigenetic process can cause point mutations and disable DNA repair functions. This crosstalk between the genome and the epigenome offers new possibilities for therapy.
In situ analysis of optimum surface atom coordination for Pt nanoparticle oxygen reduction electrocatalysts

Abstract Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles have been extensively studied for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Pt bulk and supported-nanoparticle electrodes have exhibited varying degrees of surface structure sensitivity toward the ORR for two main reasons: first, preferential adsorption of supporting electrolyte or water; and second, intrinsic variation of reaction kinetics on different Pt( h k l ) surfaces or atomic scale imperfections on the Pt surface (e.g. steps, kinks, edges, and corners). The impact of surface atom coordination on ORR activity is seldom reported because there are few techniques that lend themselves to detailed, in situ assessment of catalyst surface site distribution. Surface active sites on ORR electrocatalysts have been inferred from application of bulk crystal structure data to specific nanoparticle geometries that account for electrocatalytically active surface area, ECA (cm 2 /g Pt ). This approach fails to capture the wide variety of active sites present on electrocatalyst surfaces under operating conditions, particularly at nanoparticle sizes that span the atomic cluster to nanocrystal transition. In this paper, we apply the techniques developed by Feliu et al. to determine surface site distribution in situ and, for the first time in the field, correlate these observations with ORR mass activity, MA (A/g Pt ), and surface activity, SA (μA/cm 2 Pt ) on Pt nanoparticle catalysts. This approach indicates that the predominant active site available for ORR on nanoparticles in the size range of 1.8–6.9 nm is (1 1 0) or (3 1 1). This observation is confirmed by using perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, and potassium hydroxide to demonstrate that the supporting electrolyte has little influence on ORR kinetics for these nanoparticles. Such behavior suggests that the Pt nanoparticle surfaces investigated consist of stepped adlayers on (1 1 1) or (1 0 0) facets that eliminate the (1 1 1) terraces historically associated with ORR activity. The predominance of such a stepped surface on Pt ORR electrocatalysts is unexpected and demonstrates the need for in situ characterization of active site distribution.
Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing

Abstract The advancement of empirical research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate measure of CSR perceptions among sport consumers. Consequently, researchers have yet to fully explore the ways in which consumer's attitudes impact their responses to CSR. This article first describes (in Study 1) the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure consumer attitudes toward CSR in sport. Two data collections were conducted to test the seven-item, Likert-type Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES) scale with two dimensions (i.e., cognition and affect). Evidence is presented confirming the scale's internal consistency, validity, and dimensionality. In the second phase, Study 2 examined the influence of the scale dimensions on actual consumer purchasing using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggest that the attitude scale for CSR can be a useful tool for sport academicians to gauge the effects of social efforts and social policy formation.
Competition in Multiple Geographic Markets: The Impact on Growth and Market Entry:

We investigate the impact of contact between organizations in multiple geographic markets, focusing on two competitive behaviors: growth in current markets and entry into new markets. Drawing on so...
Making an implant-level impression using solid plastic, press-fit, closed-tray impression copings: A clinical report

An implant-level impression is often desired for designing and fabricating an implant-supported fixed restoration, especially when 2 or more implants have been placed. However, convergent implants placed too close in proximity pose several problems, starting with the impression. In situations of extreme convergence or close proximity, modification of conventional metal copings may be impossible. This clinical report describes the use and associated advantages and disadvantages of solid plastic, press-fit, closed-tray impression copings as a mechanism suitable to create an implant-level cast. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:158-159)
Evaluation of the hybrid-L24® electrode using microcomputed tomography†‡§

Objectives/Hypothesis: To compare electrode array position, and depth of insertion of the Cochlear Hybrid-L24® electrode array following traditional cochleostomy and round window (RW) insertion. Study Design: Prospective cadaveric temporal bone study. Methods: Ten cadaveric temporal bones were implanted with the Hybrid-L24® electrode array; half were introduced through a RW approach, whereas the other half were inserted through a traditional scala tympani cochleostomy. A micro-CT scanner was then used to evaluate electrode position, intracochlear trauma, and depth of insertion. Results: All electrodes were inserted into the scala tympani without significant resistance. No electrodes demonstrated tip fold-over or through-fracturing of the osseous spiral lamina, basilar membrane, or spiral ligament. The average angular depth of insertion for all 10 electrodes was 252.4°. Compared to cochleostomy insertions, electrodes inserted through the RW more commonly acquired a proximal perimodiolar orientation, followed a more predictable course, and less commonly contacted critical soft tissue structures. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that the Hybrid-L24® electrode can be successfully inserted using a RW or traditional cochleostomy technique with minimal intracochlear trauma. Our data also suggests that with this model, RW insertions may provide particular advantages with respect to hearing preservation over the traditional cochleostomy approach. Laryngoscope, 2011
Target assembly for low yield neutron and gamma-ray experiments☆

Abstract A simply designed target assembly for low yield neutron and gamma-ray experiments which require close target to detector geometries is described. The assembly allows one to measure a full angular distribution to back angles of approximately 170° with a minimum of wall material between the target and the detector at all angles. The beam spot at the target position can be readily monitored with a closed circuit TV for accurate remote focusing and positioning.
An HPLC-based fluorometric assay for serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Abstract We have developed a novel HPLC-based fluorometric assay for serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity. In this assay, the 5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu formed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity is reduced to 5-CH3-H4PteGlu using NaBH4. Then the fluorescent assay components are separated by reversed-phase chromatography under isocratic conditions and 5-CH3-H4PteGlu is quantified by comparison with standards. We show that this assay can be used to measure serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity at 10−8 to 10−3 M (6R,S)-H4PteGlu.
The Association of Occupational Stressors with Different Forms of Organizational Commitment Among Correctional Staff

Committed staff are arguably an absolute necessity for the success of correctional facilities. A growing body of literature has examined how different aspects of the work environment relate to organizational commitment; however, organizational commitment can be operationalized as continuance, moral, or affective. Work environment variables may impact the various forms of commitment differently. Using survey data from 272 staff who worked at a Midwestern maximum-security state prison, this study examined the association between the occupational stressors of perceived dangerousness of the job, role conflict, role ambiguity, repetitiveness, and work-on-family conflict with the three forms of organizational commitment. The effects of the occupational stressors varied for each form of organizational commitment. Specifically, work-on-family conflict had a significant positive association with continuance commitment. Role conflict and repetitiveness had negative associations with moral commitment. Finally, all five stressors had significant negative associations with affective commitment.
Next Ion Thruster Thermal Model

As the NEXT ion thruster progresses towards higher technology readiness, it is necessary to develop the tools that will support its implementation into flight programs. An ion thruster thermal model has been developed for the latest prototype model design to aid in predicting thruster temperatures for various missions. This model is comprised of two parts. The first part predicts the heating from the discharge plasma for various throttling points based on a discharge chamber plasma model. This model shows, as expected, that the internal heating is strongly correlated with the discharge power. Typically, the internal plasma heating increases with beam current and decreases slightly with beam voltage. The second is a model based on a finite difference thermal code used to predict the thruster temperatures. Both parts of the model will be described in this paper. This model has been correlated with a thermal development test on the NEXT Prototype Model 1 thruster with most predicted component temperatures within 5 to 10 C of test temperatures. The model indicates that heating, and hence current collection, is not based purely on the footprint of the magnet rings, but follows a 0.1:1:2:1 ratio for the cathode-to-conical-to-cylindrical-to-front magnet rings. This thermal model has also been used to predict the temperatures during the worst case mission profile that is anticipated for the thruster. The model predicts ample thermal margin for all of its components except the external cable harness under the hottest anticipated mission scenario. The external cable harness will be re-rated or replaced to meet the predicted environment.
Mössbauer studies of DNF in a cold smetic B (40.8) liquid crystalline material

Mossbauer studies were performed on a 1% by wt. solution of DNF in the liquid crystalline material 40.8, which is a smetic B liquid crystalline material. This sample produced a four-line spectrum. Two peaks showed a larger intensity than the other two. However, the quadrupole splitting between the high-intensity peaks was the same as for the two low-intensity peaks. Other probe molecules in 40.8 have led to a two-line spectrum. Therefore, this leads to the conclusion that the DNF is located at two different sites within the liquid crystal. This four-line spectrum was observed for both the crystal phase and the smetic B glass phase of 40.8. Also, the Debye temperature was measured, together with the order parameter. These results will be discussed.
TOY-PLAY BEHAVIOR AND USE OF BODY BY AUTISTIC AND NORMAL CHILDREN AS REPORTED BY MOTHERS

A comparison of the toy play behavior and use of body of 30 autistic and 30 normal children between the ages of 2 and 7 was made by use of a maternal questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to yield a descriptive profile of age-appropriate play behavior and ritualistic behavior generally found to be characteristic of the autistic child. Exact probability tests on each of the 47 items of the questionnaire indicated significant differences (p < .05) between groups, the normal Ss demonstrating more age-appropriate play behavior and the autistic more ritualistic behavior. Validity of the questionnaire was examined by comparing items from the questionnaire to similarly defined items in a structured observation study of autistic, normal, and retarded children. 14 autistic Ss were available for both studies. Consistency in toy-play behavior of autistic children was indicated as measured by the two techniques. Differences in toy-play behavior of normal and autistic samples were definitely indicated; a quest...
Autonomous collection of river parameters using drifting buoys

QinetiQ North America Technology Solutions Group's (QNA) has developed a Lagrangian Riverine Drifter for remote, autonomous collection and transmission of real-time surface velocities and water depth. A discussion of the design and results achieved during deployment of the QNA Riverine Drifter in are provided. Testing was conducted by QNA, the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and the University of Southern Mississippi in the West Pearl river in Louisiana, Kootenai River in Idaho and Klamath river in California, Black and Okatoma creeks in Mississippi.
The role of magma vapors in volcanic tremors and rapid eruptions

A fracture dynamics model in which an igneous intrusion of magma within a crack occurs is used to describe the psysical processes of magma transport. A symbiotic relationship exists between the crack and the fluid. The crack tip cannot accelerate faster than the fluid within it can flow in the channel provided by the crack, and the speed of the fluid is limited by its own viscosity. A volatile phase at the tip of the crack at lithostatic pressures will allow the crack to accelerate to high speeds, since the viscosity of a volatile is small. It is proposed that periods of quiescence in volcanic activities may not in fact be quiet, but only periods where the crack velocity (and therefore the magma transport rate) is slow. At rapid crack velocities, where there is sufficient kinetic energy for the generation of abundant acoustic radiation, the crack generates a detectable seismic signal. From this point of view, seismic methods always underestimate the size of cracks. The analyses here apply fracture dynamics to the Kilauea cruption of 1963.
Nonprofessional human-service personnel in consulting roles.

Four nonprofessionals (housewives), each with 6 years of prior experience as a child aide in a school mental health program for early detection and prevention of school maladaptation, assumed consultative responsibilities in an expanded project involving 12 schools and 60 child aides. The nonprofessional consultants engaged in a variety of functions including aide serving, child serving, professional team serving, administrative, and research activities. Consultants were most effective, most satisfied, and contributed most to programs in roles that directly tapped their own prior school experiences, rather than simply as an “extra pair of hands”.
Mammalian cell culture: engineering principles and scale-up

Abstract If biological products such as monoclonal antibodies, interferons, vaccines, plasminogen activators and many others are to be obtained at an economic cost from mammalian cells, a number of engineering problems must be solved (Tables 1 and 2). The two most imposing barriers to the scale-up of this technology from those listed are the inability to provide sufficient oxygen to high density cultures of mammalian cells grown in large volumes, and the high cost of serum usage. This review focuses on: (i) techniques used to cultivate mammalian cells; (ii) technical barriers to scale-up; and (iii) comparing methods of producing cells with regards to their ability to overcome these barriers.
Annoyed Librarian: The Juvenal of Librarianship

Before you start reading the essays that follow, you might want to know more about the Annoyed Librarian. The Annoyed Librarian is a popular and controversial blog devoted to library issues, specif...