cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating ephemeral gullies with a process-based topographic index model

A B S T R A C T Soil conservation practices have been implemented to control soil degradation from sheet and rill erosion, but excessive sediment runoff remains among the most prevalent water quality problems in the world. Ephemeral gully (EG) erosion has been recognized as a major source of sediment in agricultural watersheds; thus, predicting location and length of EGs is important to assess sediment contribution from EG erosion. Geomorphological models are based on topographic information and ignore other important factors such as precipitation, soil, topography, and land use/land management practices, whereas physically based models are complex, require detailed input information, and are difficult to apply to larger areas. In this study, an approach was developed to incorporate a process-based Overland FlowTurbulent (OFT) EG model that contained factors accounting for drainage area, surface roughness, slope, soil critical shear stress, and surface runoff in the ArcGIS environment. Two hydrologic models, Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and ArcCN-Runoff (ACR), were adopted to simulate precipitation excess in Goose Creek watershed in central Kansas, USA. These two realizations of the OFT model were compared with the Slope-Area (SA) topographic index model for accuracy of EG location identification and length calculation. The critical threshold index in the SA model was calibrated in a single field in the watershed prior to EG identification whereas the OFT models were uncalibrated. Results demonstrated overall similar performance between calibrated SA model and uncalibrated OFT-SWAT model, and both outperformed the uncalibrated OFT-ACR model. In simulation of EG location, the OFT-SWAT model resulted in 12% fewer false negatives but 8% more false positives than the SA model, compared with 19% fewer false positive and 6% more false negatives than the OFT-ACR model. Greater errors in runoff estimation by ACR translated directly into errors in EG simulation. All models over-predicted EG lengths compared with observed data, though OFT-SWAT and SA models did so with better fit exceedance probability curves, about zero Nash-Sutcliff model efficiency and ≤40% bias compared to -3 model efficiency and >100% bias for OFT-ACR. Success of the uncalibrated OFT-SWAT model in producing satisfactory predictions of EG location and EG length shows promise for process-based EG simulation. The OFT-SWAT model used data and parameters also commonly used for SWAT model development, which should simplify its adoption to other watersheds and regions. Further testing is needed to determine the robustness of the OFT-SWAT model to dissimilar field and hydrologic conditions. It is expected that inclusion of more site-specific physical properties in OFT-SWAT would improve model performance in predicting location and length of EGs, which is essential for accurate estimation of EG sediment erosion rates.
Research Implications of a Theoretical Analysis of John Dewey's How We Think

Abstract John Dewey's theory of reflective thought as presented in How We Think (1933) was analyzed. Forty-seven variables were identified and categorized as: (1) behaviors which facilitate reflective thought; (2) outcomes of reflective thought; (3) perceptions of problems/subject matter; (4) attitudes toward reflective thought; (5) teacher characteristics and behaviors which may facilitate reflective thought; (6) problem/subject matter characteristics; and (7) setting characteristics. Research implications were identified in relation to: (1) each category of variables; (2) cognitive and social psychological issues not addressed by Dewey; and (3) theoretical development. This research is part of a fundamental reconsideration of the profession's views of inquiry teaching and learning.
Implementing Evidence-Based Programs: Lessons Learned From the Field

Evidence-based programs (EBPs) are used in many health promotion efforts to ensure that the intended positive behavioral and health outcomes will be achieved. However, because EBPs are developed and tested in research settings, the contextual elements of real world implementation play an important role in their successful delivery in communities. As an intermediary charged with supporting the translation of research to practice for a statewide teen pregnancy prevention initiative, the ACT for Youth Center of Excellence conducted a mid-course evaluation to identify factors that contribute to the successful implementation of EBPs. The findings indicate that successful implementation involves systematic planning that addresses three critical contextual factors: community readiness, organizational capacity, and setting characteristics. By attending both to factors identified from local practice, and to theory and evidence identified through implementation science, practitioners can strengthen programming and ...
Inequality and rising profitability in the United States, 1947–2012

The last 40 years has seen slow growing earnings and income for the middle class, as well as rising overall inequality. In contrast, the early postwar period witnessed rapid gains in wages and family income for the middle class and a moderate fall in inequality. The ‘booming’ 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s did not bring much relief to the middle class, with median income growing by only 2% (in total) between 1989 and 2012. The stagnation of middle class living standards since 1973 or so is attributable to the slow growth in earnings. While average earnings almost doubled between 1947 and 1973, it advanced by only 22% from 1973 to 2012. The main reason for the stagnation of labor earnings derives from a clear shift in national income away from labor towards capital, with overall profitability rising either back to previous postwar highs or to new highs by 2012. Based on regression analysis, a positive and significant connection is found between top income shares and the profit share. The unionizat...
Daily spectral energy conversions of the global circulation during 10-27 January 1979

The energetics of the daily wave activity over tropical and middle latitudes are examined for part of the first special observing period of FGGE using a modified version of ECMWF Level III-b analyses. Overall, the results are in good agreement with prior investigations. It is found that the eddy available potential (AE) is increased by sensible heat transport down the temperature gradient (CA) at all wavenumbers and that it is immediately converted to eddy kinetic energy (KE) through warmer air rising and/or colder air sinking (CE). Moreover, it is seen that this energy cycle takes place at each individual wavenumber, n , with the major contributions being due to n = 2–4 and n = 6–7. It is also seen that the wave-to-wave interactions are generally much less important than the remaining terms in the eddy energy budgets. Special attention in this study is devoted to the southern hemisphere energetics. In the southern tropics, it is found that CE dominates over other conversion processes. The contribution from n = 4 accounts for the major portion of this conversion. It appears that latent heating in the south Pacific may be the main cause for the significance of this wavenumber 4 domination. In southern mid-latitudes, all conversion terms are equally important and the major contributions occur at intermediate wavelengths, n = 6–8. The energy cycle consists of a conversion of zonal available potential energy (AZ) to AE to KE to zonal kinetic energy (KZ). DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1988.tb00329.x
Adrenocortical responsiveness to the ACTH stimulation test in depressed patients and healthy volunteers

Abstract Adrenocortical activation in depression has been postulated to result from overactivity of limbic system-hypothalamic function. However, some studies suggest the possibility that excessive secretion of cortisol might result, in part, from a heightened adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH. To further examine this possibility, we utilized both the ACTH stimulation test and the overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in 72 patients with major depression and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. The melancholic/DST-nonsuppressor group had larger mean peak cortisol and cumulative cortisol responses (CCR) than any of the other patient groups or healthy controls. However, the differences failed to reach statistical significance as a result of a relatively large cortisol response variability. Nevertheless, the present findings are in general agreement with previous reports suggesting the possibility of an enhanced adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH.
Predictive Occurrence Models for Bat Species in California

Abstract The ability to accurately predict the potential occurrence of species of management concern is useful for wildlife managers, particularly for those whose management activities involve large areas where sampling is difficult due to logistical or financial constraints. During the summers of 2002 and 2003, we used mist nets to capture bats (Myotis yumanensis, M. californicus, M. evotis, M. thysanodes, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Tadarida brasiliensis, Antrozous pallidus, Lasiurus borealis, and Lasiurus cinereus) in Whiskeytown National Recreation Area in north-central California, USA. We used landscape-scale variables, logistic regression, and Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) to model species distributions and produce spatially discerning predictive occurrence maps. We developed a priori models that we used to determine which landscape-scale variables best discriminated between capture sites and non-capture sites. The odds of capturing a bat were 3.3 greater when total edge inc...
Selected determinants of ambulatory capacity in patients with hemiplegia

This study was performed to investigate, in 33 stroke patients, the relationships between gait speed, cadence, distance, and independence, and to determine whether five nonstrength and selected lower extremity strength variables, were indicative of present and/or future gait performance measured by the four gait variables. The gait variables were all correlated significantly with one another (p<.001). Balance was correlated significantly with all present and future gait measures (p<.01). All muscle group strength measures on the paretic side were related significantly to gait performance at the time of assessment and across assessment times (p<.01). Most of the nonparetic muscle group strength measures were correlated significantly with gait performance. Balance and lower extremity muscle group strength measures therefore appear to be indicative of gait performance and appropriate targets for therapeutic interventions and more specific investigations.
Optical Band Gap Measurements of InN Films in the Strong Degeneracy Limit

The optical properties of InN thin films (0.5 μm thick) grown on sapphire substrates by plasma source molecular beam epitaxy deposition have been measured in order to study the effect of electron degeneracy on the band gap measurement. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the films are wurtzite polycrystalline at a growth temperature of 325 °C, whereas a completely c-axis textured growth at a temperature of 475°C. The Raman bands A1 (LO) and E2 are rather broad indicating the presence of a large number of structural defects. Hall effect measurements show that both the films are n-type with carrier concentrations of (8.0 ± 1.6) × 1020 cm−3 and (3 ± 0.6) × 1020cm−3, respectively. The optical absorption data on these samples show n dependent band gap edge and a peak corresponding to plasmon due to strong electron degeneracy. The band gap absorption data were analyzed assuming a direct band gap and incorporating the Moss-Burstein shift effect. By taking into account the non-parabolic dispersion and the band-renormalization effects for the conduction band of InN, the calculated true band gap (0.7 eV) agrees with other recent measurements on high quality InN films.
Cocaine-Induced Myocardial Ultrastructural Alterations and Cardiac Output Responses in Rats

Abstract Cocaine use has been associated with profound functional and pathological myocardial responses in otherwise asymptomatic humans, yet a number of individuals appear to tolerate large doses of the drug. This study was designed to determine whether there is a relationship between the differential effects of cocaine administration on cardiovascular responses and on the development of cardiomyopathies in rats. After instrumentation for determination of cardiac output, conscious, freely moving rats were treated with cocaine (5 mg/kg) or saline intravenously twice daily for 14 days before removing the myocardium for analysis. Although most cardiovascular responses were similar, cocaine administration elicited consistent decreases in cardiac output in some rats, whereas others showed little change or an increase. While little change was evident at low magnification, electron microscopy revealed diffusely distributed myocardial lesions including locally dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar derangement, early signs of mitochondrial alterations, and foci of myocardial fibrosis. The incidence of these alterations was greater in rats with a decrease in cardiac output. We also observed these lesions in a subset of rats treated with cocaine without cardiac output instrumentation. These data represent the first evidence that there is a relationship between cocaine-induced functional and pathological alterations and that rats, like humans, may be differentially sensitive to these effects.
Meromorphic representations of products of complex arithmetic progressions

Given a complex arithmetic sequence, a + nd, where \({a,d \in \mathbb{C}}\), d ≠ 0, and \({n \in \mathbb{Z}^+}\), define \({\Pi^a_d(a+nd):= a(a+d)\cdots (a+nd)}\). At first \({\Pi_d^a}\) is only defined on the terms of the arithmetic sequence. In this article, \({\Pi_d^a}\) is extended to a meromorphic function on \({\mathbb{C} \setminus\{-d,-2d,\dots\}}\) which satisfies the functional equation, \({\Pi_d^a(z+d)=(z+d)\Pi_d^a(z)}\). This extension is represented in three ways: in terms of the classical \({\Pi}\) function; as a limit involving a Pochhammer-type symbol; as an infinite product involving a generalized Euler constant. The infinite product representation leads to a natural Multiplication Formula for the functions \({\Pi_d^a}\), which, in turn, provides an easy way to prove Gauss’s Multiplication Formula for the Γ function.
Charge density distribution and optical response of the LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 interface

We present calculations of the charge density profile, subband occupancy, and ellipsometry spectra of the electron gas at the LaAlO${}_{3}$/SrTiO${}_{3}$ interface. The calculations employ self-consistent Hartree and random phase approximations, a tight-binding parametrization of the band structure, and a model for the optical phonon of SrTiO${}_{3}$. The dependence of the spatial structure and occupancy of subbands on the magnitude of the polarization charge at the interface and the dielectric function is determined. The interface-confined subbands may be labeled by the symmetry ($xy$, $xz$, or $yz$) of the Ti $d$ orbitals from which they mainly derive. The $xy$-derived band nearest the interface contains the major proportion of the electronic charge, but a large number of more distant, slightly occupied $xy$-derived bands are also found. Depending on the magnitude of the polarization charge, zero, one, or two $xz/yz$-derived subbands are found. When present, these $xz/yz$ bands give the dominant contribution to the long-distance tail of the interface charge. The response to applied ac electric fields polarized parallel and perpendicular to the interface is calculated and the results are presented in terms of ellipsometry angles. Two features are found: a dip in the spectrum near the longitudinal optic (LO) feature of the SrTiO${}_{3}$ phonon and a peak at the higher energy. We show that the form and magnitude of the dip are related to the Drude response of carriers moving in the plane of the interface, while the peak arises from the plasmon excitation of the $xz$ and $yz$ electrons. The relation of the features of the subband occupancies and the in-plane conductivities is given.
Montmorillonite-Polyalcohol Complexes1

Some montmorillonites may be differentiated by complexing them with polyalcohols having a CH2 group that is not connected to an oxygen atom. Montmorillonites with a low layer charge and high valence interlayer cations have larger basal spacings for their complexes than do those with a high layer charge and low valence interlayer cations. The basal spacings of these complexes are relatively larger if the clay has a large initial water content. The spacings for some complexes which are initially equilibrated at very low humidities are small, indicative of little penetration by polyalcohol molecules. Polyalcohol molecules may have difficulty replacing water molecules that are associated with the interlayer cations. The spacings of complexes with ethylene glycol and glycerol do not depend upon the initial interlayer water content. Water molecules may be an essential component of mont-morillonite-polyalcohol complexes.
Validity of the sopkovich approximation

Abstract Distorted-wave Born approximation calculations for high energy peripheral collisions are frequently circumvented by a simple prescription, emerging from the high energy WKB approximation, in which the plane-wave Born approximation amplitudes are multiplied by the factor exp( i [ δ l + δ l ′ ]), where δ l and δ l ′ are phase shifts characteristic of elastic scattering in the incident and final channels, respectively. The validity of this recipe for medium-energy nuclear reactions is tested through numerical calculations with a simple nonrelativistic potential model. For sufficiently weak potentials, the recipe appears quantitatively reliable but, in realistic situations of moderate or strong absorption, although it frequently well approximates the exact angular distribution, this prescription can give quantitatively unreliable values for the important partial-wave amplitudes as well as it can miss important features of the cross section. The implications of the numerical results for several related approximations are also discussed.
Emerging markets' financial crisis and their contagion effect

collectivism is a construct designed to measure an individual's cultural orientation to group interests versus individual pursuits, while the VCM studies an individual's behavior in a public goods environment in which individual and collective goals are at odds with one another. The combination of these two methodologies affords us an opportunity to analyze the efficacy of both the survey and experiment. This paper analyzes the results of 20 four-person groups in this environment. We compare survey responses from subjects, as well as group composites, to VCM behavior at both the individual and group levels. We fred that individual survey scores and composite group scores are good predictors of behavior, although which portions of the survey are significant differs between the individual level and group level. In general, groups comprised of subjects with low collectivism scores realize lower contribution levels than those comprised of subjects with higher collectivism scores. (JEL D00)
Ben Shahn: New Deal Artist in a Cold War Climate, 1947-1954

In the first, most intense years of the Cold War (1947-1954), New Deal liberals often found themselves in great disfavor. Ben Shahn's experience presents something of a paradox, however, since his paintings appealed in different ways to both liberals and conservatives. Blacklisted by CBS during the McCarthy era and yet, ironically, incorporated into presidential "campaigns of truth" aimed at improving the U.S. image abroad, Ben Shahn is a pivotal figure, revealing the complexities and contradictions inherent in this highly polarized moment in American history. In this pathbreaking study, Frances Pohl traces the political and artistic struggles Ben Shahn became embroiled in as he tried to remain a socially concerned artist during the early Cold War period. She shows how he rejected the argument, voiced by many Abstract Expressionists, that art and politics should not mix, yet at the same time searched for a way to depict, in universal and allegorical terms, the broad human condition rather than simply specific instances of injustice. Perhaps most important, she makes critical connections between U.S. social and political history and the art it provoked, thus illuminating both the later career of Ben Shahn and the Cold War era in American cultural history.
The good, the bad and the effective: a meta-analytic examination of selling orientation and customer orientation on sales performance

The concept of customer orientation (CO) is a focal construct in marketing and sales literature. Saxe and Weitz introduced CO to contrast the traditional high-pressure approach to sales (selling orientation). This study synthesizes empirical evidence from 1982 to 2013 to provide insight into the antecedents and consequences of both CO and selling orientation (SO). A conceptual meta-analytic model based on research into interpersonal motive models is proposed and tested using effect sizes from 126,790 salesperson survey responses to advance theory development on our understanding of how SO and CO behaviours affect organizations. Findings show that adaptive selling mediates the impact of both SO and CO which has important practical implications for hiring and training salespeople. Furthermore, this study shows that goal orientations are antecedents of SO and CO and that the impact of SO on job performance varies by customer type.
On the Interaction Between Kelvin Waves and the Mean Zonal Flow

Abstract The descent of westerly wind regimes of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere is marked by two regions of strong zonal wind fluctuations in the 8–20 day period range: one in the easterly regime below the westerly shear zone and another in the upper level westerlies. There is a distinct minimum wave activity within the shear zone. The lower waves are identified as Kelvin waves, while the upper waves are shown to require the existence of a meridional wind component. The vertical transport of zonal momentum by the waves is computed and compared to the balance requirements. It is shown that the distribution of momentum flux divergence due to Kelvin waves is in good agreement with the observed zonal accelerations during the descent of westerly regimes of the quasi-biennial oscillation. The Kelvin waves give up much of their momentum to the zonal flow in the shear zone which marks the leading edge of the descending westerly regime, even though they apparently do not encounter a ...
Applications of Ozone, Bacteriocins and Irradiation in Food Processing: A Review

An article is presented describing the background information on the use of ozone, bacteriocins and irradiation for destroying pathogens in food products. Their effectiveness on some pathogens of importance in food processing systems and issues of concern are highlighted. It could be concluded that although each one has the potential for use as an alternative preservation technology in specific food processing applications, no single method, except irradiation, is likely to be effective against all food spoilage and food poisoning microorganisms in all food matrices. However, the synergistic effect of one of these methods and other 'hurdles' or modes of food preservations could be used to ensure the microbial safety and prevention of the development of undesirable sensory and chemical changes in some food products. Bacteriocins may contribute an additional barrier in the 'hurdle concept' of food safety.
Penetration of ascorbic acid from cerebrospinal fluid into brain

Abstract The penetration of [ 14 C]ascorbic acid from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into brain was studied. Under pentothal anesthesia, New Zealand white rabbits were injected intraventricularly with 0.9 μCi [ 14 C]ascorbic acid, [ 14 C]inulin, or [ 14 C]sucrose and 2.3 μCi [ 3 H]mannitol. After 2 or 4 h, the rabbits were killed and the distribution of the isotopes in cerebrospinal fluid, whole brain, and 14 0.9-mm midbrain slices was measured. At 2 h, [ 14 C]ascorbic acid penetrated the surfaces of the midbrain adjacent to the CSF to concentrations approximately two or three times more than [ 3 H]mannitol. At 4 h, the concentration of [ 14 C]ascorbic acid in the midbrain farthest from the CSF was also two or three times more than [ 3 H]mannitol. These results were even more striking in view of the significantly greater decline of [ 14 C]ascorbic acid than [ 3 H]mannitol in the CSF with time. The direct demonstration that [ 14 C]ascorbic acid can penetrate from the CSF into the depths of the brain substance is consistent with the view that ascorbic acid enters brain from blood primarily via the CSF.
On reinforcement and interference between stimuli

It is shown that the current “two-factor” theory of nerve excitation can account for sustained inhibition or enhancement by a sequence of stimulus pulses, and for the decrease in the reinforcement period with each successive pulse of the train.
Angular differential cross sections for excitation of atomic hydrogen to the n=2 level by proton impact

Differential cross sections for 15-145-keV proton impact excitation of atomic hydrogen to the n = 2 level have been determined for center-of-mass scattering angles 0 to 1.2 mrad. The cross sections were obtained from an analysis of the angular distribution of protons which had lost an energy corresponding to the excitation of atomic hydrogen to its n = 2 level. The differential cross sections obtained are in rather good agreement with available coupled-state calculations as well as the simpler Glauber-approximation calculations. However, at the larger scattering angles the cross sections obtained from the theoretical treatments appear to decrease more rapidly than the experimental data.
Continuous Approximation Model for the Vehicle Routing Problem for Emissions Minimization at the Strategic Level

AbstractThis paper presents a continuous approximation model for the vehicle routing problem for emissions minimization (EVRP) and demonstrates the model’s applicability and usefulness with numerical studies based on implementations of the Solomon test instances. The EVRP is a variant of the time-dependent vehicle routing problem (TDVRP) in which minimizing emissions is an additional objective of the model. The continuous approximation model presented in this paper will facilitate strategic planning of one-to-many distribution systems and evaluate the effects of emissions costs. Furthermore, results from the continuous model can provide guidelines for constructing solutions for the discrete EVRP. Results from a sensitivity analysis indicated that the optimal number of dispatches during the peak period is smaller than the optimal number of dispatches during the off-peak period when considering the temporal effects of congestion. Results revealed that the potential cost savings attributable to incorporating...
On the antenna pattern of an orbiting interferometer

We consider the response of an interferometer moving with respect to a fixed reference frame, and derive a simple expression for the beam-pattern factors and the polarization-averaged antenna power pattern...Then, we consider a class of motions where the detector's plane is constrained to move on the surface of a cone of constant aperture; at the same time, the two arms are rotating around a vertical axis...In addition, we consider the case of an Earth-based interferometer...Finally, we discuss LISA's response to circularly polarized sinusoidal waves, coming from a few known binary systems in our Galaxy.
Limiting Amino Acids in Low-Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Fed to Growing Chicks

Abstract Four trials were conducted with 8-day-old crossbred chicks to determine the limiting amino acids (AA) in a low-protein corn-soybean meal diet. Trials were conducted for either 8 or 14 days. In Trial 1, chicks were fed a 16% crude protein (CP) diet with individual or combined additions of DL-methionine (Met), L-arginine (Arg), L-lysine (Lys), L-threonine (Thr) and L-tryptophan (Trp). Methionine and Arg increased gain considerably, with only a small added response occurring from Lys supplementation. A subsequent addition trial with a 16% CP diet fortified with 3% glutamic acid (Glu) revealed Met to be first limiting, Arg and Lys to be equally second limiting, and valine (Val) and Thr to be equally third limiting. Trial 2 was a deletion study in which eight essential AA were added to the 16% CP diet to provide levels of these AA equal to those present in a 24% CP corn-soybean meal diet. Deletions of Arg, Met, Lys, or Val from the AA-supplemented diet reduced gain 28, 19, 13, and 7%, respectively. In Trial 3, rate and efficiency of gain were increased by addition of 3% Glu to the 16% CP diet containing the full complement of essential AA. Gain of chicks fed this diet, however, still fell somewhat short of that occurring with the 24% CP diet. A second deletion study was employed in the final trial, wherein individual AA deletions were made from the 16% CP diet that had been supplemented with eight essential AA and Glu. Deletions of Met and Lys produced growth depressions of approximately 18%, and deletions of Arg, Val and Thr produced depressions of about 8%. The fully fortified 16% CP diet in Trial 4 produced gain:feed ratios but not gain values similar to those achieved with the 24% CP diet. In chicks fed the unsupplemented 16% CP diet, body fat deposition was increased markedly, relative to that observed with either the 24% CP or the AA-supplemented 16% CP diet. The data of these trials reveal that Met, Arg, Lys, Thr, and Val are the critical limiting AA in a low-protein corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chicks.
Mining a Cathepsin Inhibitor Library for New Antiparasitic Drug Leads

The targeting of parasite cysteine proteases with small molecules is emerging as a possible approach to treat tropical parasitic diseases such as sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and malaria. The homology of parasite cysteine proteases to the human cathepsins suggests that inhibitors originally developed for the latter may be a source of promising lead compounds for the former. We describe here the screening of a unique ∼2,100-member cathepsin inhibitor library against five parasite cysteine proteases thought to be relevant in tropical parasitic diseases. Compounds active against parasite enzymes were subsequently screened against cultured Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and/or Trypanosoma cruzi parasites and evaluated for cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. The end products of this effort include the identification of sub-micromolar cell-active leads as well as the elucidation of structure-activity trends that can guide further optimization efforts.
KNOWLEDGE OF SEX STEREOTYPES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Summary.-The Sex Stereotype Measure 11. a children's picture-story technique, was administered to 24 female and 24 male preschool children (mean age = 47 mo.). The preschoolers displayed minimal knowledge of adult sex stereotypes and less than that shown previously by kindergartners. In line with findings for kindergarten.children (a) girls and boys did not differ in total sexstereotype score and (b) boys' knowledge of the male stereotype was greater than that of the female stereotype. whereas girls displayed more even knowledge of the two. Preschool children demonstrate awareness of at least some aspects of sexrole stereotypes by three years of age (e.g., Flerx, Fidler, & Rogers, 1976; Thompson, 1975). However, little is known about the preschool child's knowledge of those sex-typed traits commonly believed to characterize either males or females. Williams, Bennett, and Best ( 1975 ) examined 5-yr.-old children's knowledge of such sex-trait stereotypes using a technique known as the Sexstereotype Measure. This procedure employed brief stories designed to represent traits which adults define as descriptive of male and female stereotypes. Each story was accompanied by two figures, one female and one male, and the child indicated which figure was described by the story. Williams, et al. found that: (a) kindergarten children (mean age = 65 mo.) exhibited an appreciable degree of knowledge of sex stereotypes; (b) knowledge of sex stereotypes appeared to develop in a similar manner among both boys and girls; and (c) more was known about male-stereotypic traits than female-stereotypic traits. A subsequent study (Best, Williams, Cloud, Davis, Robertson, Edwards, Giles, & Fowles, 1977) using a revised version (11) similarly found that kindergartners showed some knowledge of sex stereocypes and that girls and boys did not differ in over-all knowledge. Boys knew more about the male stereotype than the female stereotype, however, whereas girls displayed more even knowledge of the two stereotypes. Since little is known about the acquisition of sex-trait stereocypes before . . the age of 5 yr., the purpose of the present study was to examine the knowledge of such stereotypes in 3- and 4-yr.-old children.
THE MGLU2 RECEPTOR AS A NOVEL DRUG TARGET FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

glutamate for the orthosteric site in the mGlu5 receptor subtype and are active in animal models of positive and negative symptoms. Moreover these molecules increase the cortical and hippocampal expression of proteins related to synaptic plasticity and reverse cognitive deficits induced by NMDA receptor antagonists. The final talk will have Nick Brandon discuss new data with the striatal enriched phosphodiesterase PDE10A. PDE10A is a dual cAMP and cGMP PDE Theoretically inhibition of PDE10A has the potential to treat all symptoms of schizophrenia and he will provide data backing up these claims from a range of preclinical models utilizing the compounds MP-10, which has entered clinical development, papaverine and a novel compound known as WEB-3. Furthermore he will discuss how PDE10A regulates AMPAR and other synaptic proteins and how its own regulation by post-translational mechanisms could be important for drug effects. Discussion: the session will be concluded with an open discussion led by Tony Grace on the four talks with the hope of rationalizing the different approaches in the context of circuitry and etiology of the disease process.
Overactive bladder in the male patient: Bladder, outlet, or both?

Generations of urologists have presumed that the cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men is infravesical (prostatic) obstruction. When symptoms such as urinary urgency and frequency can’t easily be explained directly by obstruction, secondary effects of obstruction on the bladder are identified as causative factors. Although to some extent this explanation may still be accurate, emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of LUTS in men may be at odds with these traditional explanations. The idea that primary bladder pathology may explain the symptom complex in at least one subset of men with LUTS has both experimental and clinical support. This review discusses the physiologic and clinical observations used to explain the mechanisms underlying LUTS. Specifically, this review focuses on two data sets: one supporting infravesical obstruction as the causative factor for LUTS, and another positing that a primary bladder abnormality is responsible.
Case series: PTSD symptoms in adolescent survivors of 'ethnic cleansing.' Results from a 1-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Objective The authors describe the psychiatric sequelae of “ethnic cleansing” in adolescent Bosnian refugees, via a 1-year follow-up study. Method Ten Bosnian adolescent refugees from the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina received a baseline assessment within the first year after their resettlement and a follow-up assessment 1 year later. Evaluations included an assessment scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Results At baseline, 3 subjects met criteria for PTSD. At follow-up, this diagnosis persisted in none of these subjects, though 1 subject met criteria at follow-up only. For the group, mean PTSD severity scores at baseline and at follow-up were 8.9 and 4.0, respectively. At baseline, reexperiencing symptoms were present 43% of the time, avoidance symptoms were present 33% of the time, and hyperarousal symptoms were present 33% of the time; at follow-up, these proportions were 35%, 16%, and 18%, respectively. Conclusions Overall, rates of PTSD symptoms diminished during the 1-year follow-up interval, suggesting that they may be transient and not representative of enduring psychopathology. This finding may reflect the relative resiliency of adolescents, as well as a variety of factors that facilitated adaptation in our particular group of adolescent refugees.
Measurements of charge and light in pure high pressure Xe towards the study of Xe+TMA mixtures with dark matter directionality sensitivity and supra-intrinsic energy resolution for 0νββ decay searches

Trimethylamine (TMA) may improve the energy resolution of gaseous xenon based detectors for 0νββ decay searches through the reduction of the Fano factor by the Penning effect. This molecule may also be the key for sensing directionality of nuclear recoils induced by Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) in monolithic massive (ton-scale) detectors, without the need of track imaging, by making use of columnar recombination. Nuclear recoil directionality may be the path for a definite discovery of the WIMP nature of Dark Matter. An ionization chamber has been constructed and operated to explore the properties of high pressure gaseous Xe + TMA mixtures for particle detection in rare-event experiments. The ionization, scintillation and electroluminescence (EL) signals are measured as function of pressure and electric field. We present results for pure xenon at pressures up to 8 bar. This work has been carried out within the context of the NEXT collaboration.
Optical properties of chromophore‐macromolecule complexes: Absorption and fluorescence of acridine dyes bound to polyphosphates and DNA

Dye-macromolecule complexes provide good models for the study of the effects of coupling between chromophores. In addition to modifications of the visible and UV absorption spectra of the dyes at small interchromophore distances, very efficient energy transfer has been demonstrated at longer distances. The probability of nonradiative transition increases with the number of excitation transfers so that an array of oscillators close to one another becomes nonfluorescent. The insertion of a dye molecule, acting as a trap for the excitation energy, in the highly ordered system of chromophores constituted by the purine and pyrimidine bases of native DNA has given results supporting the intercalation model of Lerman and providing an experimental approach to the problem of the path length of energy migration in the DNA molecule. The average excitation path length seems to be of the order of only ten base pairs, a result which can explain the lack of fluorescence of the DNA.
Effects of prostaglandin A1 on cardiovascular dynamics and myocardial metabolism

Abstract The effect of PGA1, (1, 2, and 5 μg./kg.) and papaverine (0.2 mg./kg.) on coronary flow, coronary vascular resistance, arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, dp/dt, and myocardial metabolism (oxygen, lactate, and pyruvate) was studied in nine normal dogs on right-heart bypass in which heart rate and cardiac output were constant. After PGA1 systemic vascular resistance fell more than coronary vascular resistance so that coronary flow declined as well as pulmonary artery pressure and dp/dt. Papaverine lowered systemic vascular resistance more than PGA1 but coronary vascular resistance fell to a greater degree so that coronary flow increased. Pulmonary artery pressure and dp/dt also declined. Myocardial uptake of each substrate was depressed by PGA1 and enhanced by papaverine. A late increase of dp/dt above control occurred after papaverine but not after PGA1.
Stereopsis, spatial frequency and retinal eccentricity

Stereoscopic depth discrimination thresholds increase with retinal eccentricity and distance from the horopter. However, in contrast to spatial resolution, the effects of spatial frequency on stereo-thresholds in the periphery are unknown. For spatial vision, it is generally assumed that the retina is comprised of a series of overlapping spatial filter mechanisms and that there is a commensurate increase in spatial scale as a function of retinal eccentricity. If the same holds true for mechanisms sensitive to stereoscopic depth, then stereo-thresholds for low spatial frequency stereoscopic stimuli may remain relatively invariant across the visual field, while thresholds for relatively high spatial frequency stimuli would increase. To further understand the role of the disparity sensitive mechanisms involved in depth discrimination, increment depth discrimination thresholds for both crossed and uncrossed disparities were measured as a function of eccentricity for retinal locations up to 10.0 deg along the horizontal meridian. We found that stereoscopic depth discrimination thresholds, as a function of distance from the horopter, increased in an exponential manner irrespective of spatial frequency. Stereo-thresholds also increased as a function of retinal eccentricity, however, the rate of increase depended on the spatial frequency composition of the stimuli. Best stereo-thresholds for stimuli composed of low spatial frequencies remained relatively invariant for retinal eccentricities up to 10.0 deg, while thresholds for the high spatial frequency stimuli increased with eccentricity.
Using Interdependent Group Contingencies with Randomly Selected Criteria and Paired Reading to Enhance Class-Wide Reading Performance.

ABSTRACT An intact second-grade class of 13 African-American students had completed few chapter-book reading assignments. A consultant worked with their teacher to develop an intervention that consisted of paired readings and two interdependent group contingencies. Following the implementation of the program, all students began reading chapter-books and the number of chapter-book quizzes passed increased from an average of less than 0.70 per week during baseline to 7.5 per week during the intervention phase. Discussion focuses on using interdependent group contingencies when targeting academic performance.
β1 integrin antagonism on adherent, differentiated human neuroblastoma cells triggers an apoptotic signaling pathway

Abstract Integrin receptors mediate several functions including prevention of matrix detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis) of several adherent cell types. We report here that antagonists of β1 integrins trigger an apoptotic signaling pathway in adherent differentiated LAN-5 human neuroblastoma cells, a cell line which represents a model system for the study of human neurons. The pathway is characterized by cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, 4–6 h after treatment; cleavage products of caspase-8 and caspase-2 were not detectable in the cells. Coordinate inactivation of cell survival pathways, including cleavage of focal adhesion kinase, decreased expression of protein kinase B, and reduced phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bad, also characterized the signaling pathway. These events occurred in adherent cells; DNA fragmentation and detachment followed as late events 18–24 h after addition of β1 integrin antagonists. zDEVD-fmk, an irreversible inhibitor of caspase-3-like enzymes, and cytochalasin D, an actin depolymerizing agent, blocked caspase-3 cleavage and delayed cell death. In contrast to these results, undifferentiated, adherent and dividing LAN-5 cells did not die in response to β1 integrin antagonists. These studies identify a distinct apoptotic pathway which is triggered by antagonists of β1 integrins on differentiated adherent neuronal cells.
Joint degeneration following closed intraarticular fracture in the mouse knee: A model of posttraumatic arthritis

Posttraumatic arthritis is one of the most frequent causes of disability following joint trauma. The objective of this study was to develop a model of a closed articular fracture in the mouse knee joint to quantify the temporal sequence of joint degeneration in a model of posttraumatic arthritis. Closed intraarticular fractures were created in the tibial plateau of adult mice (C57BL/6) using a computer-controlled materials testing system and a custom-built indenter tip. Tibial plateau fractures were classified and imaged over time using high-resolution digital radiography. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, and 50 weeks following fracture, and the experimental and contralateral control limbs were harvested for histology and micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis. By radiographic analysis, tibial plateau fractures closely resembled clinical fractures. More complex and comminuted fractures correlated to significantly higher fracture energies. Histologic analysis demonstrated progressive joint degeneration as measured by a modified Mankin scale, with fibrillation and loss of proteoglycan in the articular cartilage. Subchondral bone thickening was also observed in experimental joints. The induction of a closed intraarticular fracture of the mouse tibial plateau generated a reproducible and clinically relevant joint injury that progressed to osteoarthritis-like changes by histologic and microCT evaluations. The ability to induce joint degeneration without an osteotomy or open arthrotomy provides a valuable new model for studying the natural sequelae of posttraumatic arthritis. Notably, the use of a murine model will facilitate the use of genetically modified animals for the investigation of specific genes implicated in the pathology of posttraumatic arthritis.
Atomic Layer Epitaxy AlN for Enhanced AlGaN/GaN HEMT Passivation

Enhancements in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) performance have been realized through ultrathin (4 nm) AlN passivation layers, formed by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). A combination of ex situ and in situ surface cleans prepare the surface for deposition of ALE AlN. HEMTs passivated by high crystallinity AlN, grown at 500 °C, show improvements in 2-D electron gas sheet carrier density, gate leakage current, off-state drain leakage current, subthreshold slope, and breakdown voltage. In addition, degradation of dynamic on resistance during pulsed off-state voltage switching stress is suppressed by ~50% compared with HEMTs passivated by conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiNx.
Accumulation of the primitive: the limits of liberalism and the politics of occupy Wall Street

This article examines the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement and its basic elision of Indigenous peoples as the first and already “occupied” peoples of this land; illuminating the so-called 99% as not simply united in their collective indignation, but also their settler status. Thus, by deploying the discursive trope and strategy of “occupation” as its central organizing principle, OWS reconstitutes (territorial) appropriation as the democratic manifest and fails to propose something distinct from or counter to the settler state. In so doing, the movement dissolves colonialism into capitalism by courting a limited and precarious equality predicated on (or more pointedly in exchange for) the “elimination of the Native”. In contradistinction, critical Indigenous theories disrupt the colonial architecture that frames Indigenous/state relations in ways that not only mark the (Foucauldian) shift from sovereign to discursive forms of power, but also insist upon the conciliatory and accommodationist discourses of...