cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of qualitative research in consumer behavior

Abstract This article is my response to an invitation to prepare a “heritage assessment” for presentation to the International Research Seminar at La Londe les Maures in June 1999. Such an assessment is, according to Alain Strazzieri, an authorized view of what is worth remembering from the literature about topics in consumer behavior research. This charge is an open one and I will execute it freely. My presentation of this view has been authorized by the seminar's Scientific Committee. Otherwise, you will have to judge my authority on its merits. It does have the weight of my advanced years, giving me the advantage of having started formal study of consumers when research into their behavior was still young. My main themes are the intellectual battling and intellectual cycling that have gone on in our field, especially with reference to the role of qualitative research.
The insulin resistance syndrome

Insulin-mediated glucose disposal varies widely in apparently healthy human beings. When insulin-resistant individuals cannot secrete enough insulin to overcome this defect, type 2 diabetes occurs. However, the ability of hyperinsulinemia to prevent gross decompensation of glucose tolerance is a mixed blessing, and insulin-resistant/hyperinsulinemic individuals are more likely to be somewhat glucose intolerant, hypertensive, and have a high plasma triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. These changes increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and in 1988 these relationships were explicitly addressed and designated as comprising a Syndrome X. The fact that insulin resistance and its consequences are important cardiovascular risk factors has become widely recognized, and the importance of this syndrome was acknowledged in the report of the Adult Treatment Panel III. There has been a rapid increase in the abnormalities associated with insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia in the 15 years since the notion of Syndrome X was introduced, and there are now almost as many components as there are names that have been given to this cluster of abnormalities. Because there is a large body of evidence that the basic abnormality leading to all of these changes is resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, it seems reasonable to suggest that the cluster of abnormalities related to the defect in insulin action be designated as the Insulin Resistance Syndrome.
When it's okay to say you're sorry.

Abstract Traditionally, physicians have been warned not to express sympathy to a patient whose treatment has not been successful, lest such a statement could be construed as an admission of liability in a court of law. It is now realized that a patient whose physician expresses sympathy is less likely to bring suit than a patient who feels angry and alone in his or her disappointment. Fortunately, legislation is being passed in some states which disallows the admissibility of a physician's “benevolent gesture” in court.
Automated anomaly detection for Orbiter High Temperature Reusable Surface Insulation

The description, analysis, and experimental results of a method for identifying possible defects on High Temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (HRSI) of the Orbiter Thermal Protection System (TPS) is presented. Currently, a visual postflight inspection of Orbiter TPS is conducted to detect and classify defects as part of the Orbiter maintenance flow. The objective of the method is to automate the detection of defects by identifying anomalies between preflight and postflight images of TPS components. The initial version is intended to detect and label gross (greater than 0.1 inches in the smallest dimension) anomalies on HRSI components for subsequent classification by a human inspector. The approach is a modified Golden Template technique where the preflight image of a tile serves as the template against which the postflight image of the tile is compared. Candidate anomalies are selected as a result of the comparison and processed to identify true anomalies. The processing methods are developed and discussed, and the results of testing on actual and simulated tile images are presented. Solutions to the problems of brightness and spatial normalization, timely execution, and minimization of false positives are also discussed.
Uncertainty quantification of a graphite nitridation experiment using a Bayesian approach

Abstract In this paper, a stochastic system based Bayesian approach is applied to estimate different model parameters and hence quantify the uncertainty of a graphite nitridation experiment. The Bayesian approach is robust due to its ability to characterize modeling uncertainties associated with the underlying system and is rigorous due to its exclusive foundation on the axioms of probability theory. We choose an experiment by Zhang et al. [1] whose main objective is to measure the reaction efficiency for the active nitridation of graphite by atomic nitrogen. To obtain the primary physical quantity of interest, we need to model and estimate the uncertainty of a number of other physical processes associated with the experimental setup. We use the Bayesian method to obtain posterior probability distributions of all the parameters relevant to the experiment while taking into account uncertainties in the inputs and the modeling errors. We use a recently developed stochastic simulation algorithm which allows for efficient sampling in the high-dimensional parameter space. We show that the predicted reaction efficiency of the graphite nitridation and its uncertainty is ∼3.1 ± 1.0 × 10−3 that is slightly larger than the ones deterministically obtained by Zhang et al. [1] .
Hydrolytic Synthesis of Lead Oxo Isopropoxides and Their Reaction with M(OiPr)4 (M = Ti, Zr): Comparisons and Contrasts

Hydrolysis of [Pb(OPr){sub 2}] using selected stoichiometries yields [Ph{sub 4}O(Pr){sub 6}] or [Pb{sub 6}O{sub 4}(POr){sub 4}], and stoichiometric [Pb(OPr){sub 2}] converts [Pb{sub 6}O{sub 4}(OPr){sub 4}] to [Pb{sub 4}O(OPr){sub 6}]. [Pb{sub 4}O(OPr){sub 6}] does not have the T{sub d} structure of its OBu analogue. Reaction of electrophilic M(OPr){sub 4} (M = Ti or Zr) with Pb{sub 4}O(OPr){sub 6} yields Pb{sub 3}MO(OPr){sub 8}, by displacement of [Pb(OPr){sub 2}]. However, reaction of the seemingly more accessible oxide in Pb{sub 6}O{sub 4}(OPr){sub 4} with M(OPr){sub 4} gives Pb{sub 3}MO(OPr){sub 8}, together with other metal oxo alkoxides.
Recent results on celestial gamma radiation from SMM

Observations made by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on board the SMM are described. Recent results reported include observations and analyses of gamma-ray lines from Co-56 produced in supernovae, observations of the temporal variation of the 511 keV line observed during Galactic center transits, and measurements of the diffuse Galactic spectrum from 0.3 to 8.5 MeV. The work in progress includes measurements of the distribution of Galactic Al-26, observations to place limits on Galactic Ti-44 and Fe-60 and on Be-7 produced in novae, and searches for a characteristic gamma-ray emission from pair plasmas, a 2.223 MeV line emission, limits on deexcitation lines from interstellar C and O, and gamma-ray bursts.
Can Shape Description Be Applied To Model Matching

One approach to object recognition is the -matching of two-dimensional contours, which are obtained from the projection of a three-dimensional model, with aggregates of lines extracted from an image. It is necessary to define geometric shape features which aid in the matching and can be used to compute a confidence measure for the match. Some of the standard features include curvature maxima and minima, points of inflection, trihedral vertices, and T-junctions. There has not been much evidence that global transforms such as Fourier series or symmetric axis transform make the solution any easier. What is needed is a hierarchical description which includes smooth curve segments and the types of junctions between them. A geometric grouping process is described which might be able to produce symbolic tokens in an image which could be matched hierarchically with a description from the model.
Characterization of cDNAs of spliced HPV-11 E2 mRNA and other HPV mRNAs recovered via retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.

Abstract Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with hyperproliferations of cutaneous or mucosal epithelium. These viruses cannot be propagated in any cell culture system. Because cloning cDNA copies of HPV mRNAs recovered from human lesions has met with only very limited success, the characterization of HPV mRNAs has been problematic. Using the Moloney murine leukemia virus vector system (C. L. Cepko, B. E. Roberts, and R. C. Mulligan, 1984, Cell 37, 1053–1062) , we have recovered cDNAs of spliced E2 mRNAs of human papillomavirus type 11 and additional mRNAs of type 11 and type 18 and determined the utilization of open reading frames (ORFs) in the DNA sequences. The recovery of cDNA copies of messages with splice sites identical to those previously described strongly suggests that the newly characterized splice donors and acceptors are also authentic. The HPV-11 E2 cDNA contains the intact E6 and E7 ORFs and the beginning of the El ORF in the first axon, which is then spliced from nt 847 to the second exon at nt 2622, 100 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon for the E2 ORF. The initiation codon in the El ORF is followed by four additional in-frame AUG triplets and an in-frame termination codon positioned 30 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon for the E2 protein. The authenticity of this putative E2 cDNA was shown by its ability to provide enhancer transactivating activity in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays in several cell lines. A mutation in the genomic DNA at this splice acceptor site eliminates its activity, demonstrating that the splice is essential for the expression of the E2 protein. We conclude that the translation of the HPV-11 E2 protein requires internal initiation.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induces monocyte recruitment that is associated with an increase in numbers of osteoblasts

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a member of the chemokine family of cytokines. The principal function of MCP-1 is thought to be the stimulation of monocyte recruitment. Monocyte products are potential regulators of bone cell activity. Growth factors produced by monocytes may stimulate bone formation, while cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 can induce bone resorption. To determine whether MCP-1 enhances recruitment of monocytes during bone healing, studies were carried out in which MCP-1 was applied to osseous sites in vivo. Changes in monocyte number were determined by immunohistochemistry using the antibody ED-1 specific for peripheral monocytic cells. The effect of MCP-1 on osteoblast number was determined by counting the number of alkaline phosphatase positive cells in close proximity to bone. For comparison, osteoblast number was also determined following stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB plus IGF-1 in vivo. Results indicate that MCP-1 stimulated a large increase in monocyte recruitment compared to vehicle alone. An increase in monocytes induced by MCP-1 was associated with an increase in the number of osteoblasts lining the bone surface, although not to the same magnitude as a positive control, PDGF-BB, and IGF-1. These results indicate that MCP-1 induces the recruitment of monocytes to bone and suggest that the recruitment is associated with an increase in osteoblast number. This is likely to occur via indirect mechanisms, because MCP-1 did not directly enhance DNA synthesis in osteoblastic cells in vitro. Thus, activated mononuclear phagocytes may play an important role in osseous wound healing by stimulating proliferation of osteoblastic cells, presumably through the elaboration of growth factors.
Vgl-4, a Novel Member of the Vestigial-like Family of Transcription Cofactors, Regulates α1-Adrenergic Activation of Gene Expression in Cardiac Myocytes

Cardiac and skeletal muscle genes are regulated by the transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF-1) family of transcription factors. In skeletal muscle, TEF-1 factors interact with a skeletal muscle-specific cofactor called Vestigial-like 2 (Vgl-2) that is related to the Drosophila protein Vestigial. Here, we characterize Vgl-4, the only member of the Vestigial-like family expressed in the heart. Unlike other members of the Vgl family that have a single TEF-1 interaction domain called the tondu (TDU) motif, Vgl-4 has two TDU motifs in its carboxyl-terminal domain. Like other Vgl factors, Vgl-4 physically interacts with TEF-1 in an immunoprecipitation assay. Vgl-4 functionally interacts with TEF-1 and also with myocyte enhancer factor 2 in a mammalian two-hybrid assay. Overexpression of Vgl-4 in cardiac myocytes interfered with the basal expression and α1-adrenergic receptor-dependent activation of a TEF-1-dependent skeletal α-actin promoter. In cardiac myocytes cultured in serum and in serum-free medium, a myc-tagged Vgl-4 protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm but was exported from the nucleus when cells were treated with α1-adrenergic receptor agonist. A chimeric nuclear-retained Vgl-4 protein inhibited α1-adrenergic receptor-dependent activation. In contrast, deletion of the TDU motifs of Vgl-4 prevented Vgl-4 nuclear localization, relieved Vgl-4 interference of basal activity, and enhanced α1-adrenergic up-regulation of the skeletal α-actin promoter. Nuclear export of Vgl-4 is dependent on the nuclear exportin CRM-1. These results suggest that Vgl-4 modulates the activity of TEF-1 factors and counteracts α1-adrenergic activation of gene expression in cardiac myocytes.
The blocking of the tetrachloroplatinate (II) inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by sulfur-containing amino acids.

Abstract The inhibition of malate dehydrogenase ( l -malate:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) by the tetrachloroplatinate (II) complex, PtCl42−, in the presence of various concentrations of the amino acids d l -methionine and l -cysteine was measured. The relative concentrations of PtCl42− to malate dehydrogenase was 100:1. From the data, the half-life and the relative rate of inhibition in the presence and absence of the amino acids were calculated. Using these values it was possible to calculate a stability constant for each system. The stability constants for the malate dehydrogenase-PtCl42−- l -cysteine ( K c ), malate dehydrogenase-PtCl42−- d l -methionine ( K m ) and, malate dehydrogenase-PtCl42−( K E ) were 56 M−1, 917 M−1 and 8·105 M−1, respectively. The reversibility of the malate dehydrogenase-PtCl42− complex was also demonstrated, by addition of d l -methionine to the completely inhibited enzyme. About 40% of the enzyme activity was regenerated. Using the stability constants it was calculated that 27% of the enzyme's activity should be regenerated. From the results it is suggested that the free platinum complexes may be maintained in solution for a longer period of time if some or all of the halide ligands were replaced by sulfur groups from molecules like cysteine or methionine.
The correct name of the neotropical soybean bug (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

A species of Neomegalotomus is an occasional pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in the neotropics, including in Brazil. It was known as Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood); but the discovery of the type specimen of a species described earlier requires that the name be changed to Neomegalotomus simplex (Westwood), which becomes the correct name for the soybean pest.
Neutron Activation Cross Sections at 25 kev

Neutron activation cross sections have been measured at 25 kev for 31 isotopes. An Sb-Be photoneutron source was used, and thermal activations served to calibrate the beta- and gamma-detector efficiencies. The cross sections were measnred relative to iodine. A comparison was made between measured cross sections and predictions based on known low-energy resonance parameters. (auth)
Direct and inverse approximation theorems for local trigonometric bases

We investigate the approximation of smooth functions by local trigonometric bases. In particular, we are interested in the local behavior of the approximation error in the L P -norm. We derive direct and inverse approximation theorems that describe the best approximation on an interval by a finite linear combination of basis functions with support in this interval. As a result, we characterize the Besov spaces on an interval as approximation spaces with respect to a local trigonometric basis. These local results are generalized to the approximation on the real line by linear combinations which are locally finite. The proofs are based on the classical inequalities of Jackson and Timan which are applied to local trigonometric bases by the means of folding and unfolding operators.
Investigations of heme distortion, low-frequency vibrational excitations, and electron transfer in cytochrome c

Cytochrome (cyt) c is an important electron transfer protein. The ruffling deformation of its heme cofactor has been suggested to relate to its electron transfer rate. However, there is no direct experimental evidence demonstrating this correlation. In this work, we studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c551 and its F7A mutant. These two proteins, although similar in their X-ray crystal structure, display a significant difference in their heme out-of-plane deformations, mainly along the ruffling coordinate. Resonance Raman and vibrational coherence measurements also indicate significant differences in ruffling-sensitive modes, particularly the low-frequency γa mode found between ∼50–60 cm−1. This supports previous assignments of γa as having a large ruffling content. Measurement of the photoreduction kinetics finds an order of magnitude decrease of the photoreduction cross-section in the F7A mutant, which has nearly twice the ruffling deformation as the WT. Additional measurements on cytochrome c demonstrate that heme ruffling is correlated exponentially with the electron transfer rates and suggest that ruffling could play an important role in redox control. A major relaxation of heme ruffling in cytochrome c, upon binding to the mitochondrial membrane, is discussed in this context.
Reactivity of aziridinomitosene derivatives related to FK317 in the presence of protic nucleophiles.

The syntheses and reactivity of N-TBDPS and N-trityl protected derivatives of an aziridinomitosene corresponding to FK317 are described. New reactivity patterns were observed for these highly sensi...
Direct interaction theory of inelastic scattering

Abstract In this paper the angular correlation function of the gamma rays, following inelastic scattering of protons via direct interaction, has been calculated. The effects of the distortions of the plane waves on the angular correlation have been discussed. It has been shown that the angular correlation function depends on the spin exchange process and thus on the nuclear wave function. Analyzing the experimental data on C 12 (p, p′) C 12∗ γ C 12 angular correlation, it was found that the wave functions describing the ground and the first excited state of C 12 must be very close to the extreme j - j coupling limit.
B-saturated Hull Classes in ℓ-groups and Covering Classes of Spaces

W denotes the category of archimedean l-groups with designated weak unit and l-homomorphisms that preserve the weak unit, and B is the bounded coreflection in W. Comp denotes the category of compact Hausdorff spaces with continuous maps, and Y : W → Comp is the familiar Yosida functor. The enormous collection hcW of hull classes in W and the somewhat less enormous collection ccComp of covering classes in Comp are clearly related “via” Y, but rather unclearly in the details. In an earlier paper we investigated the relationship between hcW and ccComp and continue to do so here, now focusing on the role of B. Among other things, (i) we define B-saturated hull classes and the sub-species Y-saturated and type μ, (ii) show that for a hull class H of the latter two types, but not always the first, Y[H] is a covering class, and (iii) describe the various ways the three types relate. This paper is the second installment in our ongoing investigation of the complex taxonomy of hull classes.
An empirical approach to predicting the key parameters for a sunspot number cycle

Abstract The common methodologies used to predict the smooth sunspot number (SSN) at peak (Rmax) and the rise time (Tr) for a cycle are noted. The estimates based on geomagnetic precursors give the best prediction of Rmax for five SSN cycles (20–24). In particular, an empirical technique invoking three-cycle quasi-periodicity (TCQP) in Ap index has made accurate predictions of Rmax and Tr for two consecutive SSN cycles (23 and 24). The dynamo theories are unable to account for TCQP. If it endures in the 21st century the Sun shall enter a Dalton-like grand minimum. It was a period of global cooling. The current status of the ascending phase of cycle 24 is described and the delayed reversal of the solar polar field reversal in the southern hemisphere in September 2013 is noted.
A relaying enticement mechanism for wireless CDMA mesh networks

In this letter, we propose an incentivized relaying scheme for CDMA-based wireless mesh networks for broadband Internet access. This scheme is applied to entice the users, i.e., mesh clients, in range of the mesh infrastructure (mesh routers) to relay traffic to those clients that are in range with them, but are out of communication range of the mesh routers. To apply this mechanism, in-range clients participate in a game through which they decide how to allocate their resources. The convergence and fixed point characteristics of this game are investigated in a numerical study
Evaluation of ventricular and arterial hemodynamics in anesthetized closed-chest mice

Transgenic and knock-out mice with cardiovascular phenotypes have created the need for methods to measure murine arterial and ventricular mechanics. The aims of this study were (1) to develop a method for the assessment of wall stress (σ es )-rate corrected velocity of fiber shortening (Vcf c ) relation and (2) to assess the feasibility of quantifying global arterial function in normal mice. This method can thus serve as a reference for future studies in genetically altered mice by establishing normal values for comparison. Ten anesthetized closed-chest mice were studied with targeted M-mode echocardiography of the left ventricle recorded simultaneously with high-fidelity aortic pressures. Data were acquired at baseline and during infusions of methoxamine and isoproterenol. Tracings were digitized to obtain end-systolic wall stress (σ es ) and rate-corrected velocity of fiber shortening (Vcf c ) relationships and plots of systolic meridional wall stress. Instantaneous aortic pressures and continuous wave aortic Doppler velocities were digitized to study arterial hemodynamics. The Vcf c -σ es relationship was inverse and linear in all mice studied with a median value of r 2 =0.94. Isoproterenol resulted in an upward shift from the baseline contractility line obtained with methoxamine (mean shift=2.0±0.3 circ/sec). Relative to baseline the integral of wall stress decreased with isoproterenol and increased with methoxamine. Methoxamine increased mean arterial pressure and total vascular resistance and decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial compliance. Isoproterenol decreased total vascular resistance and increased cardiac output. Stress-shortening relationships, systolic wall stress, and evaluation of vascular function can be obtained in a closed-chest mouse model.
Pool-boiling CHF enhancement by modulated porous-layer coating: theory and experiment

Abstract Modulated (periodically non-uniform thickness) porous-layer coatings, as an example of capillary artery-evaporator systems, are experimentally shown to enhance the pool-boiling critical heat flux nearly three times over that of a plain surface. The modulation separates the liquid and vapor phases, thus reducing the liquid–vapor counterflow resistance adjacent to the surface. Theories are suggested for two independent mechanisms capable of causing the liquid choking that leads to the critical heat flux. The Zuber hydrodynamic theory is modified to account for the effect of the coating modulation-wavelength on the development of the stable vapor layer above the coated surface, which effectively chokes the liquid down-flow towards the surface (above the coating). The second liquid-choking limit occurs within the porous-layer coating when the viscous drag surpasses the available capillary pumping. The lower of these liquid-choking limits, for a given set of geometrical and thermophysical parameters, is theorized to predict the observed critical heat flux. The predicted wetted-surface regime and the two limits are compared with the experimental results and good agreement is found. The theories are then used to discuss the optimization of the enhancement and suggest that completely separated liquid and vapor flow paths can result in substantial further enhancement.
Excited state intervalence transfer in a rigid polymeric film

The ligand-bridged complex cis,cis-[(bpy) 2 ClRu(pz)RuCl(bpy)2]2+ as the PF 6 - salt, (1)(PF 6 ) 2 , is stabilized toward photochemical ligand loss in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Stabilization allows measurement of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) photophysical properties-emission and transient absorption. This includes appearance of an intervalence transfer absorption band in the near IR spectrum of the photochemically prepared, mixed valence form, [(bpy) 2 ClRu III (pz -. )Ru II Cl(bpy) 2 ](PF 6 ) 2 * (1*(PF 6 ) 2 ). Comparison of its IT band properties with those of ground state cis,cis-(bpy) 2 ClRu III (pz)Ru II Cl(bpy)2]3+ in CD 3 CN allows a comparison to be made between pz and pz -. as bridging ligands. A model based on differences between rigid and fluid media provides an explanation for decreased IT band energies and widths in PMMA and provides important insight into electron transfer in rigid media.
Diuresis in hemodynamically compromised patients: Continuous furosemide infusion

Abstract We have used continuous infusion of furosemide to achieve diuresis in patients who are stable but hemodynamically compromised after heart operations. With a loading dose of 20 mg and a continuous infusion of 4 to 10 mg of furosemide per hour, mean 24-hour urine output was 5.7 L (238 ± 65 mL/h), Potassium replacement was 115 ± 20 mmol [115 ± 20 mEq/L]. Cardiac index, central venous pressure, and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure did not change significantly, even though hemodynamic support was decreased in each patient. Continuous furosemide infusion is a simple, effective, and reliable method to achieve diuresis in select patients.
The Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair in Xenon with 0.16A X-Rays

The average energy, $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, which is required to produce an ion pair in xenon by use of x-rays of wave-length between 0.12A and 0.26A as a source of energy, was determined. Two measurements of the power were made; one with a lead disk thermopile which absorbed 97 percent of the incident radiation and the other with a thin silver disk thermopile which absorbed 8.9 percent. The ionization measurements were made with a glass ionization chamber which was filled with xenon at a pressure of 2.22 atmospheres. This chamber absorbed 15.9 percent of the incident radiation. The value of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ was found to be 21.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 electron-volts.
Arylsulphatases in human brain: assay, some properties, and distribution.

— Arylsulphatases (aryl-sulphate sulphohydrolases; E.C. 3.1.6.1) in human brain were studied using a highly sensitive fluorometric technique based on the use of 4-methyl-umbelliferone sulphate (MUS) as substrate. In the dialysed homogenate of human brain at least two enzymes could be distinguished on the basis of pH optima and substrate concentration. One MUS-sulphatase, of the ‘insoluble’ type, exhibited a pH optimum of 6–9 and an apparent Km of 0.05 mM, whereas the second, belonging to the ‘soluble’ type, exhibited pH optimum of 6–0 and an apparent Km of 6.25 mM. Pronounced activities of the two arylsulphatases were observed in the 18,000 g sediment. About 25 per cent of the total tissue activity of the ‘soluble’-type MUS-sulphatase was found in the soluble subcellular fraction. However, this enzyme was completely solubilized by extraction of acetone-dried human brain with acetate buffer.
A neural network model of spiral-planar motion tuning in MSTd.

Abstract Neurophysiological studies in MSTd report the existence of motion pattern selective cells whose visual motion properties span a continuum of values, suggesting a role in estimates of self-motion from optic flow. Biologically motivated models of heading estimation support this view, having identified similar visual motion properties within their “neural” structures. While such models have addressed the computational sufficiency of their respective feed-forward designs they have not explicitly examined the underlying computational structures, particularly as they relate to the interaction between planar and spiral motion responses within MSTd. Here we use an expanded stimulus training set that includes planar motions to extend the range of neurophysiological properties identified within an existing network structure [Network: Comput. Neural Syst. 9 (1998) 467]. In doing so, we quantify the emergent planar motion properties within the network hidden layer and examine how they interact, functionally and computationally, with cardinal/spiral motion pattern responses. Throughout the hidden layer we demonstrate that the input activation associated with a unit’s preferred planar motion is consistent with an overlapping gradient hypothesis [J. Neurophysiol. 65(6) (1991) 1346]. Together with the change to a peripheral excitation profile in the presence of a unit’s preferred spiral motion these results suggest a more complex computational architecture in which the cell’s ‘classical’ receptive field properties are dependent on the type of stimulus used to map them. Based on the computational model we propose an experimental paradigm to investigate the existence of equivalent computational structures in MSTd.
TranGen: a SAT-based ATPG for path-oriented transition faults

This paper presents a SAT-based ATPG tool targeting on a path-oriented transition fault model. Under this fault model, a transition fault is detected through the longest sensitizable path. In the ATPG process, we utilize an efficient false-path pruning technique to identify the longest sensitizable path through each fault site. We demonstrate that our new SAT-based ATPG can be orders-of-magnitude faster than a commercial ATPG tool. To demonstrate the quality of the tests generated by our approach, we compare its resulting test set to three other test sets: a single-detection transition fault test set, a multiple-detection transition fault test set, and a traditional critical path test set added to the single-detection set. The superiority of our approach is demonstrated through various experiments based on statistical delay simulation and defect injection using benchmark circuits.
Deformation and fracture characterization of inelastic composite materials using potentials

An approach using strain energy-like potentials to characterize deformation and fracture of inelastic, nonlinear composite materials is described. The inelasticity may be due to various causes, including microcracking, microslipping, and rate processes responsible for fading memory (viscoelasticity). The concept of work potentials is introduced first, and then arguments are given for their existence for inelastic materials. Emphasis in the paper is on elastic composite materials with changing or constant states of distributed damage. Experimental results on polymeric composites are subsequently presented to illustrate this approach to deformation and fracture characterization. Finally, extension to viscoelastic behavior is discussed.
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.): extraction of shikimic acid coupled to dilute acid pretreatment.

Liquidambar styraciflua L., also known as sweetgum, is an understory hardwood species that has widespread distribution in the southeast USA, especially in pine plantations. In addition to being a possible biorefinery feedstock, sweetgum contains shikimic acid, which is a precursor for the drug Tamiflu®. Sweetgum bark was extracted with 65 °C water and yielded 1.7 mg/g of shikimic acid, while sweetgum de-barked wood yielded 0.2 mg/g of shikimic acid. Because shikimic acid can be extracted with water, the coupling of the phytochemical hot water extraction with dilute acid pretreatment was examined. The addition of a 65 °C shikimic acid extraction step coupled to pretreatment with 0.98% H2SO4 at 130 °C for 50 min resulted in 21% and 17% increases in xylose percent recovery from bark and de-barked wood, respectively. These results indicate that, in addition to recovering a high value product, the 65 °C wash step also increases xylose recovery.
An NMR investigation of the existence of halide and carboxylate co‐solute effects on the rotational barrier about the C ? N bonds in urea and thiourea

Rotational barriers of the NH_2 group in thiourea and benzylurea in solution become slightly larger in the presence of anionic hydrogen-bond acceptors. The interactions between the NH bond and different anions were investigated in acetonitrile solution using ^1H{^(14)N} variable-temperature NMR. Line-shape analyses of the spectra show a weakly anion-dependent increase in ΔG^‡ of rotation, with benzoate having the strongest effect and iodide the weakest. Hydrogen-bonding acidities of benzylurea and thiourea were also measured on the Abraham solute hydrogen-bond acidity scale by proton NMR.
Variation in cleft width and its effect on facial and dental relations

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to study the relation (if any) between the widths of the cleft (as measured before palatoplasty) and the facial and dental relations of a sample of female individuals with clefts of the palate only (CPO) all having the same palatoplasty and operated by the same surgeon. Lateral cephalograms were taken on a total of 85 patients with the head oriented to Frankfort horizontal plane and the teeth in occlusion. Two groups were compared: Group A ( n = 15) with clefts narrower than 5.25 mm (mean − 1 s.d.) and Group B ( n = 15) with clefts wider than 14.03 mm (mean +1 s.d.). The findings in this investigation led to the following conclusions; (1) In general, the shorter the anteroposterior extent of the palatal cleft, the narrower is the cleft width. (2) Difference in cleft width does not affect the skeletal anteroposterior and vertical relations of the craniofacial complex. (3) Dental examination of individuals in Group A (with narrow clefts) revealed that nine had normal occlusions, three had Class I and three had Class II malocclusions. On the other hand, in Group B (with wide clefts) only one case had normal occlusion, nine had Class I, three had Class II and one had Class III malocclusions. This presents almost a 200 % increase in the incidence of malocclusion in the group with wider clefts.
Factor Structure of the Obstacles to Engagement Scale: Problems, Solutions, and Hypotheses

Behavioral parent training is an efficacious treatment for children with externalizing behavior problems, but many parents refuse to attend treatment and/or terminate prematurely. The Obstacles to Engagement Scale (OES) assesses the impact of personal and intervention-based obstacles on attending parent training. The published factor structure of the OES has an unstable, two-item subscale and has not been confirmed. We ran exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and, consistent with literature, hypothesized that factors would differ across different demographic groups. An EFA was conducted on 192 parents of 2–8 year old children presenting to primary care pediatric clinics, with a CFA on a similar sample. CFA failed to support a stable factor structure for the full sample. An EFA on 129 parents with at least a college degree revealed a 3-factor solution: Health and legal barriers, Belief in utility and effectiveness, and Personal barriers. This structure was confirmed with a CFA on 53 parents. Consistent with our hypothesis, this model did not fit for parents with less than a college education. Findings of differences based on amount of education of parents supports the need for additional research on the factor structure and predictive validity of the OES for parents with more or less education. Research should continue to examine educational differences in willingness to attend and belief in efficacy of psychological treatments. Interventions to improve attendance at empirically supported treatments need to be customized based on education of parents. Larger samples will be needed to assess the factor structure for other relevant groups.
The distribution of electric multipole strength in 19F from inelastic scattering of 25 MeV α-particles

Abstract Differential cross sections were measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of 25.0 MeV α-particles from 19 F for the first 21 excited states. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of DWBA using the collective form factor description. Significant octupole strength was found for the 5.428 MeV (3.48 W.u.) and 5.630 MeV states (2.36 W.u.) in addition to that for the 1.35 MeV state (1.93 W.u.). The ground state rotational band was analyzed with the coupled channel Born approximation to extract quadrupole and hexadecapole deformation parameters ( β 2 = 0.35 and β 4 = 0.12). The 19 F(α, α′) results are compared to the results of other experimental and theoretical investigations. A major discrepancy still exists between nuclear inelastic and electromagnetic measurements of the octupole transition strength to the 1.35 MeV state.
Baryon magnetic moments in a QCD-based quark model with loop corrections

We study meson loop corrections to the baryon magnetic moments starting from a QCD-based quark model derived earlier in a quenched approximation to QCD. The model reproduces the standard quark model with extra corrections for the binding of the quarks. The loop corrections are necessary to remove the quenching. Our calculations use heavy baryon perturbation theory with chiral baryon-meson couplings, the quark model moment couplings, and a form factor characterizing the structure of baryons as composite particles. The form factor reflects soft wave function effects with characteristic momenta {approx}400thinspMeV, well below the usual chiral cutoff of {approx}1thinspGeV. The resulting model involves only three parameters, the quark moments {mu}{sub u} and {mu}{sub s}, and a parameter {lambda} that sets the momentum scale in the wave functions. We find that this approach substantially improves the agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the octet baryon magnetic moments, with an average difference between the theoretical and experimental moments of 0.05{mu}{sub N}. An extension to the decuplet states using the same input predicts a moment of 1.97thinsp{mu}{sub N} for the {Omega}{sup {minus}} hyperon, in excellent agreement with the measured moment of 2.02{plus_minus}0.05thinsp{mu}{sub N}. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
SOME ISSUES IN CONVERSATION COHERENCE

This study examined respondent proficiency at reconstructing a sequence of utterances (discourse). Theories of text hold that participants in a discourse must construct and arrange the sense of the text; that is, they must make decisions about discourse coherence. We had respondents reconstruct a conversation and we made predictions about discourse coherence, the nature of various two-turn constructional units, unit differences, and individual differences. We found that the entire discourse as a processing unit affects the likelihood of certain two-turn pairs being resequenced correctly. Except for the fact that complex subjects were better able to resequence the initial interaction, there were no other individual differences. The research has implications for principles of coherence, text comprehension, and interpersonal behavior.
Particle-bound phosphorus along an urbanized coastal plain estuary

The distribution of particle-bound phosphorus in the suspended sediment of the Delaware Estuary was examined with a sequential chemical leaching technique. The phosphorus content of particles was highest in the tidal river (140–250 μmol g−1) near major anthropogenic inputs. Despite this enrichment of river particles with phosphorus, suspended particles within the salinity gradient had a phosphorus content more similar to the world's average. Sequential chemical leaches revealed that particulate phosphorus was associated with organic matter, aluminum oxides, iron oxides, and apatite in all areas of the estuary. However, ‘excess’ particle-bound phosphorus in the tidal river was associated mainly with iron oxides (27%), aluminum oxides (23%), and organic matter (50%). Within the salinity gradient, particulate phosphorus associated with iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and apatite all decreased with increasing salinity. Estuarine mixing was simulated to determine whether the observed decreases in particle-bound phosphorus pools in field samples were due to release into solution. During simulated mixing, particulate phosphorus associated with iron and aluminum oxides decreased, but no change was observed in apatite-bound phosphorus. The results of the mixing study combined with the observed particle-bound phosphorus distributions suggest that phosphate concentrations along the Delaware Estuary may be partially ‘buffered’ by aluminum and iron oxide phases.
Thermotropic phase transition of adsorbed oleate species at a fluorite surface byin situ FT-IR/IRS spectroscopy

Abstract In situ FT-IR/IRS analysis of the fluorite/oleate system at pH 9.5 has provided spectral data which indicate that thermotropic phase transitions of chemisorbed calcium oleate occur at the fluorite surface. Specifically, at room temperature the chemisorbed oleate at submonolayer coverage transforms to the more rigid trans state. In situ surface measurements further show that with an increase in temperature the chemisorbed calcium oleate, in the trans state at 25°C, transforms, “melts,” to a gauche state with a transition temperature between 25 and 40°C corresponding to the coagel to micelle transition temperature for the bulk sodium oleate/water system as determined from transmission FT-IR experiments by previous investigators.
Abstract ED01-02: Untargeted plasma metabolite profiling: Strategies and approaches for comprehensive characterization of gene mutations and drug actions

The small molecule metabolome ( Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):ED01-02.
Relationship between the Glutamate Production and the Activity of 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase in Brevibacterium lactofermentum

Enzyme activities of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and glutamate dehydrogenase of wild type Brevibacterium lactofermentum, one of the typical glutamate-producing coryneform bacteria, were investigated by using cells cultured under glutamate-productive and glutamate-non-productive conditions. Significant reduction of the former enzyme activity was observed in the cells under the several glutamate-productive conditions, namely, in the cells cultured in media containing a) limited concentrations of biotin, b) sub-lethal amounts of penicillin, and c) sub-optimal amounts of a surface-active agent, as compared with those under the non-productive conditions. The activity of the latter enzyme was essentially unchanged in every condition. The relationship between glutamate production and the enzyme activities as well as permeability of glutamate through cell membrane was discussed from the results obtained.
Transport, resealing, and re-poration dynamics of two-pulse electroporation-mediated molecular delivery

Electroporation is of interest for many drug-delivery and gene-therapy applications. Prior studies have shown that a two-pulse-electroporation protocol consisting of a short-duration, high-voltage first pulse followed by a longer, low-voltage second pulse can increase delivery efficiency and preserve viability. In this work the effects of the field strength of the first and second pulses and the inter-pulse delay time on the delivery of two different-sized Fluorescein-Dextran (FD) conjugates are investigated. A series of two-pulse-electroporation experiments were performed on 3T3-mouse fibroblast cells, with an alternating-current first pulse to permeabilize the cell, followed by a direct-current second pulse. The protocols were rationally designed to best separate the mechanisms of permeabilization and electrophoretic transport. The results showed that the delivery of FD varied strongly with the strength of the first pulse and the size of the target molecule. The delivered FD concentration also decreased linearly with the logarithm of the inter-pulse delay. The data indicate that membrane resealing after electropermeabilization occurs rapidly, but that a non-negligible fraction of the pores can be reopened by the second pulse for delay times on the order of hundreds of seconds. The role of the second pulse is hypothesized to be more than just electrophoresis, with a minimum threshold field strength required to reopen nano-sized pores or defects remaining from the first pulse. These results suggest that membrane electroporation, sealing, and re-poration is a complex process that has both short-term and long-term components, which may in part explain the wide variation in membrane-resealing times reported in the literature.
Cost comparisons for out-of-phase inventory models

Inventory costs for a fixed time period have traditionally been determined by allocating total costs per cycle uniformly throughout that cycle as well as any partial cycles. This procedure for cost allocation has led to the solution of numerous inventory problems, most notable of which is the anticipated price-increase model. When comparing two out-of-phase inventory models, if costs are accounted for when they occur over a fixed planning horizon, inventory policies should be changed to reflect the impact of this different cost-allocation procedure. For the anticipated price-increase model, the 'optimal' order quantity as well as the implied savings in inventory costs will be different when cost models are developed based on these different cost-allocation methods. If the objective is to maximize over a fixed planning horizon the actual savings in inventory costs as they occur, the cost models presented here should be used.
Acute subjective effects of dynorphin A(1-13) infusion in normal healthy subjects.

Twelve healthy subjects with no history of substance abuse participated in a placebo-controlled single-blinded study of subjective response to acute i.v. administration of placebo and two doses of the natural shortened peptide sequence of the κ-opioid agonist, dynorphin A(1-13) (low dose 120 μg/kg, high dose 500 μg/kg). Visual analog scales showed small but significant negative mood and positive drug effect 10 min post infusion in the high dose dynorphin compared to placebo infusion. The differences were no longer apparent at 30 min. These results show that dynorphin A(1-13), shown previously to have both neuroendocrine and modest analgesic effects, was well tolerated and produced modest transient subjective responses.
Cyclopentadienyl titanium hydroxylaminato complexes as highly active catalysts for the polymerization of propylene

Half sandwich complexes of titanium bearing η1 or η2 bound nitroxide ligands are highly active catalysts for the polymerisation of propylene to high molecular weight atactic poly(propylene).