cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Lottery Gambling Among American College Students

In this study lottery gambling behavior of 288 American college students was examined. Although most students were infrequent gamblers, we found that student lottery gambling was related to having parents and friends who were lottery gamblers. Students who were frequent lottery gamblers were more likely to participate in other forms of gambling and to have begun gambling at younger ages than less frequent gamblers. Locus of control was related to more frequent gambling among parents and only marginally related to more frequent lottery play among students. Discriminant analysis using parental gambling, peer gambling, games played, sex, and locus of control could predict frequency of lottery playing for 72% of gamblers and nongamblers.
Pitch Change Recognition as a Function of Duration in Successive Dichotic Stimuli

The interactive effects of time and frequency on recognition of pitch change in three element sequences were assessed by dichotic listening tests. Musicians demonstrated greater accuracy of pitch change recognition than did non-musicians. Both musicians and nonmusicians showed greater recognition of pitch change in the left ear than in the right ear. However, pitch processing did occur in the right ear for all subjects. The difference in performance between ears was greatest for musicians. As time (duration/rhythm) became more complex, pitch change recognition was reduced in all listeners. Musicians were better able to use the temporal cues to support good pitch change recognition than non-musicians. The data were interpreted to suggest that the right hemisphere was generally more efficient in recognition of pitch change than the left hemisphere.
Effect of microbial transglutaminase treatment on thermal stability and pH-solubility of heat-shocked whey protein isolate

Abstract Whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersions (5% protein, pH 7.0) were subjected to heat-shock at 70 °C for 1, 5 and 10 min. The heat-shocked WPI dispersions were treated with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) enzyme, and thermal properties and pH-solubility of the treated proteins were investigated. Heat-shocking of WPI for 10 min at 70 °C increased the thermal denaturation temperature ( T d ) of β-lactoglobulin in WPI by about 1.5 °C. MTGase treatment (30 h, 37 °C) of the heat-shocked WPI significantly increased the T d of β-lactoglobulin by about 6.3–7.3 °C when compared with heat-shocked only WPI at pH 7.0. The T d increased by about 13–15 °C following pH adjustment to 2.5; however, the T d of heat-shocked WPI was not substantially different from heat-shocked and MTGase-treated WPI at pH 2.5. Both the heat-shocked and the heat-shocked-MTGase-treated WPI exhibited U-shaped pH-solubility profiles with minimum solubility at pH 4.0–5.0. However, the extent of precipitation of MTGase-treated WPI samples at pH 4.0–5.0 was much greater than all heat-shocked and native WPI samples. The study revealed that while MTGase cross-linking significantly enhanced the thermal stability of β-lactoglobulin in heat-shocked WPI, it caused pronounced precipitation at pH 4.0–5.0 via decreasing the hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio of the water-accessible protein surface.
Imaging of a phase object using a differentiation filter

This paper reports on the imaging of a phase object using a differentiation filter. The differentiation filter consists of a photographic recording on a film where the amplitude transmittance changes gradually in a continuous manner. The filter is placed in the Fourier plane of a lens, and the differentiation image is taken by a CCD camera. This technique is applicable for objects with wide range of phase variations. A computer was used for image integration and to construct the 3D image. We have presented experimental results for a wedged phase object.
Corrosion prediction in complex environments using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Rapid corrosion estimation in poorly defined, complex environments is required for making appropriate materials related decisions in the process industries. One problem is that the chemistry of these systems is often impossible to characterize. Using corrosion screening in process waste as an example, this paper examines how electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can contribute to screening metal corrosion in these types of environments. Lack of characterization forces the careful use of circuit analogues to model the results. Good agreement between corrosion rates estimated by EIS, dc polarization and short term mass loss is used to provide confidence that the circuit models invoked to classify the spectra are reasonable.
An Analysis of Institutional and Political Factors Affecting State Capital Expenditure

Abstract This article examines state government spending patterns for capital projects during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a function of some of the institutional arrangements and procedural characteristics of state legislatures. The analysis is informed by the literature on distributive policymaking, which argues that lawmakers seek to send targetable benefits, such as capital projects, to their constituencies in pursuit of personal electoral benefits. Using a pooled, cross‐sectional time‐series approach, the authors find that states with a large number of seats in the lower chambers of their legislatures devoted a somewhat smaller portion of their state budgets to capital projects than did states with smaller lower chambers, ceteris paribus. Contrary to some log‐rolling models, the number of appropriations bills employed by a legislature seems to discourage capital spending, as does membership turnover in the upper chamber. This indicates that the capital budgeting process is not nearly as dominate...
HYPERCALCITONEMIA AND NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA

Serum immunoreactive caldtonin (iCT) was measured in 160 full-term and premature normocalcemic and hypocalcemic infants during the first 96 hours of life. The mean ± S.E. of serum iCT in cord blood of normal full-term infants was 150 ± 26 (normal in older subjects <150 pg/ml). After birth the mean serum iCT increased sharply and reached a peak of over 600 pg/ml between 13 and 24 hours of age during the period of decline of serum Ca from relatively high cord values. After 36 hours of age there was a progressive decrease in mean serum iCT to 178 pg/ml at 73-96 hours of age. Though somewhat higher in premature infants, the serum iCT was, in general, inversely related to serum Ca in infants of all gestational ages. The mean serum iCT during the first 96 hours of life (excluding cord blood) in hypocalcemic infants of all gestational ages was approximately twice the mean value of normocalcemic infants (1055 pg/ml vs. 510 pg/ml, p<.01). The incidence of serum iCT greater than 800 pg/ml was 19% in serum samples from normocalcemic infants, as compared to 74% in hypocalcemic infants. On the other hand, serum iCT less than 300 pg/ml were found in 43% of samples from normocalcemic infants, as compared to less than 6% in hypocalcemic infants. The elevated iCT found in the newborn is consistent with the report of increased C-cells and calcitonin concentration in the human neonatal thyroid. The accumulated evidence indicates that hypercalcitonemia warrants serious consideration as a factor in the pathogenesis of neanatal hypocalcemia.
A finite element immersed boundary method for fluid flow around rigid objects

This paper proposes a new immersed boundary (IB) method for solving fluid flow problems in the presence of rigid objects which are not represented by the mesh. Solving the flow around objects with complex shapes may involve extensive meshing work that has to be repeated each time a change in the geometry is needed. Important benefit would be reached if we are able to solve the flow without the need of generating a mesh that fits the shape of the immersed objects. This work presents a finite element IB method using a discretization covering the entire domain of interest, including the volume occupied by immersed objects, and which produces solutions of the flow satisfying accurately the boundary conditions at the surface of immersed bodies. In other words the finite element solution represents accurately the presence of immersed bodies while the mesh does not. This is done by including additional degrees of freedom on interface cut elements which are then eliminated at element level. The boundary of immersed objects is defined using a level set function. Solutions are shown for various flow problems and the accuracy of the present approach is measured with respect to solutions obtained on body-fitted meshes. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada.
The Mechanism of Latent Image Formation in a Photographic Emulsion by Mechanical Pressure

A latent image may be produced in a photographic emulsion by applying mechanical pressure to the emulsion. The mechanism of this latent image formation has been obscure. An investigation of the effect has been carried out with Ilford Nuclear Research Emulsions which were observed to be especially sensitive to pressure.The experiments described below were of two kinds: (1) Photographic plates were placed between smooth steel surfaces in an hydraulic press and pressures in the range 70 to 7000-kg cm−2 applied. (2) A scriber was drawn across the surfaces of emulsions under varying conditions of pressure, speed, etc. The results of these experiments suggested that the pressure effect might be explained as a temperature effect, the temperature resulting from heat generated by friction.Such estimates as could be made of the temperature to be expected in individual silver bromide grains at the surface of the emulsion under the conditions of experiment indicated temperatures of the order of 100 to 1000°C. This is in general agreement with such other estimates and measurements of surface temperatures involved in solid friction that have been attempted.The effect of temperature on a silver bromide grain has been considered in terms of the Gurney and Mott theory of the latent image. While gross uncertainties exist in the values of the activation energies involved in such a calculation, it at least seems plausible that temperatures of the order of magnitude expected could produce a permanent latent image.
Evaluation of a multifaceted vaginal health program in gynecologic cancer patients experiencing sexual dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial

Objectives: To characterize those seeking treatment at a female sexual medicine (FSM) program and examine their sexual/vaginal health issues. The program was established to address the consequences of cancer treatment on vaginal health and sexuality. Methods: A limitedwaiver of authorizationwas obtained to evaluate the FSM Program. Demographic and medical information and FSM clinical assessment forms from 509 new visits were analyzed. The FSM clinical assessment form consists of a clinician evaluation form with the Vaginal Assessment Scale (VAS); patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including the Sexual ActivityQuestionnaire (SAQ), Sexual Self-SchemaScale (SSSS), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI); and exploratory items. Results: Of the 509 patients, 493 (97%) completed PROs. Due to staff changes, 253 of these women also received pelvic examinations. Most of the women seeking treatment had histories of breast (260 [51%]) or gynecologic (190 [37%]) cancer. Other cancers included colorectal/anal (35 [7%]), skin (20 [4%]), gastric/genitourinary (17 [3%]), andhematologic (17 [3%]). Eighty-one percent of patients weremarried or partnered. The median age was 51.6 years (mean, 51 years). On pelvic examination, approximately two-thirds of patients had elevated vaginal pH scores (5– 6.5 [35%] or 6.5+ [33%]) andminimal (62%) or no (5%) vaginal moisture. Eighty-seven patients (44%) experienced pain during their examinations (25%mild, 12%moderate, 2% severe). Fifty-three percent of patientswere sexually active, but only 43% felt confident about sexual activity. The degree of concern about sexual function/vaginal health was significant, with a mean of 7.9 on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 10 (very much). Approximately half had moderate/severe dryness (133 [51%]) and dyspareunia (120 [46%]) per the VAS. The mean SSSS score was 60.7, indicating a slightly positive sexual self-view. However, 93% (429) had an FSFI score below 26, suggesting sexual dysfunction. Conclusions: At initial consultation, women reported symptoms of vaginal dryness, pain, and sexual dysfunction. Pelvic examinations for many women revealed elevated vaginal pH, lack of moisture, and discomfort with the examination itself. Future analyses will examine changes over time. Our goal is to provide information, strategies, and support to improve symptomswhile promoting confidence about sexual/ vaginal health.
Effect of Pravastatin on intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein CIII in patients with diabetes mellitus

The apolipoprotein (apo) B lipoproteins, intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) that contain apo-CIII are associated with coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Apo-CIII is prominent in diabetic dyslipidemia. We studied whether these apo-B lipoprotein types containing apo-CIII in diabetics are reduced by 1 year of pravastatin treatment. We randomly selected 45 age- and gender-matched placebo/pravastatin pairs from diabetic patients in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial, a randomized, double-blinded trial of pravastatin 40 mg monotherapy. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and IDL + LDL particles were subdivided based on the presence of apo-E and apo-CIII to yield 3 particle types: E+CIII+, E-CIII+, and E-CIII-. Compared with placebo, pravastatin reduced IDL + LDL apo-B concentrations for E+CIII+, E-CIII+, and E-CIII- by 42% (p = 0.02), 17% (p = 0.7), and 29% (p = 0.002), respectively, commensurate with IDL + LDL cholesterol concentration reductions in the particle types of 29% (p = 0.002), 25% (p = 0.2), and 36% (p <0.0001), respectively. These IDL + LDL CIII+ particles are rich in triglycerides and cholesterol and are likely to be remnant particles of VLDL. Thus, pravastatin reduced potentially atherogenic remnant particles, a prominent component of diabetic dyslipidemia associated with coronary events; these results may contribute to its demonstrated effectiveness in reducing coronary heart disease in diabetics.
Muscular dystrophy versus mitochondrial myopathy: the dilemma of the undiagnosed hypotonic child.

As pediatric anesthesiologists, it is unusual in these days of complex technology and advances in genetic research to find ourselves presented with conflicting information and continued controversy regarding anesthesia plans for a particular group of children. This still occurs, however, when presented with the task of determining the best management for the child with an undiagnosed myopathy (1‐6). Drs Flick et al. (1) in this issue of Pediatric Anesthesia have taken their 13 years of experience to help guide the thought processes for this population of children. The authors reviewed the charts of all children who had undergone muscle biopsies to rule out suspected neuromuscular disorders (NMD). All of the children received volatile anesthetic agents with or without succinylcholine and no child in the review of 274 charts developed malignant hyperthermia (MH) or rhabdomyolysis from the delivered anesthetic. Seven of the patients had biopsies consistent with muscular dystrophy and three consistent with mitochondrial disorder. Although the results of this review should be comforting, no child in their population was subsequently diagnosed with Evans myopathy, King syndrome or central core disease, the only known disorders that are truly associated with malignant hyperthermia (7). Any of these diagnoses would have certainly changed the results, but not the conclusion. Appropriately, Flick et al., rather than assigning a risk of zero based on their findings, have estimated the risk of a patient with NMD to have MH or rhabdomyolysis from exposure to a volatile anesthetic at less than or equal to 1.09%. This is in comparison with the 0.46% risk in an MH-susceptible child of developing an episode of malignant hyperthermia after nontriggering anesthesia (6).
P‐37: Room Temperature Top‐Gate Self‐Aligned Amorphous InGaZnO TFTs Fabricated on Colorless Polyimide Substrate

Room temperature top-gate self-aligned amorphous InGaZnO TFTs were successfully fabricated on colorless polyimide plastic substrates for the first time. All these thin films were deposited by sputtering system at room temperature. The maximum field-effect mobility is 48.5 cm2/V-s, the subthreshold swing is 0.1 V/decade, and the threshold voltage is −1V.
The Influence of Political Conditions on Foreign Firm Location Decisions in the American States (1974-1989):

Over time, the changing nature of federal and state relations has resulted in much of the responsibility for economic development to be centered at the state level. In attempts to foster potential ...
Growth inhibition of human melanoma‐derived cells by 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol 13‐acetate

In vitro growth of 6 human melanoma-derived cell lines was inhibited markedly by the phorbol-ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a potent activator of several isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). Utilizing PKC isoform-specific antibodies in immunoblotting experiments, we found that the PKC alpha and PKC epsilon isoforms were expressed in all of the 6 melanoma cell lines tested, whereas the PKC beta isoform was expressed at detectable levels in only 2 of the 6 cell lines. The SK-Mel-173 melanoma cell line, which had relatively high levels of PKC beta mRNA and protein expression, and which was also the most sensitive to cell growth inhibition by TPA, was used to isolate clones whose growth was less inhibited by TPA. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that in parental SK-Mel 173 cells PKC beta was rapidly down-regulated to below detectable levels after treatment for 48 hr with TPA, but that in TPA-resistant variant clones there was negligible down-regulation of PKC beta by TPA. On the other hand, treatment of parental and TPA-resistant SK-Mel 173 cells with TPA led to partial down-regulation of PKC alpha in both cell lines. Total PKC enzyme activity was also greater in TPA-resistant cells than in parental SK-Mel 173 cells. Our results show that TPA might inhibit the growth of melanoma cells by causing down-regulation of specific isoforms of PKC that are required to maintain the growth of these cells.
Experimental Fusion Curves of Indium and Tin to 105,000 Atmospheres.

The experimental fusion curves of indium and tin have been determined to a pressure of 105 000 atmospheres. The melting point was detected at various pressures by means of a sharp increase in the electrical resistance of the sample, which gave rise to a sudden increase in the sample temperature. The melting temperature of indium was found to rise smoothly from a normal value of 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to a value of 417\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at 105 000 atm. The experimental data are fitted very well by the Simon equation $\frac{P}{a}={(\frac{T}{{T}_{0}})}^{c}\ensuremath{-}1$, with $a=15000$ atm, $c=4.34$, and ${T}_{0}=429\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. No evidence of polymorphism is observed. A phase transition is found for tin, with a triple point on the fusion curve at 38 000 atm, 318\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The melting temperature for the first phase rises smoothly from its normal value of 232\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to the triple point, and the data are fitted very well by the Simon equation with $a=7400$ atm, $c=11.3$, ${T}_{0}=505\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The melting temperature for the second phase rises smoothly from the triple point to a value of 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at 105 000 atm, and the data are fitted very well by the Simon-type equation $\frac{(P\ensuremath{-}38000)}{21800}={(\frac{T}{591})}^{5.25}\ensuremath{-}1$. The uncertainty is estimated to be approximately \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5% in the measured melting temperature, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5% in the pressure calibration, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% in the Simon coefficient $a$, and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2% in the Simon exponent $c$.
Fuzzy sets and the modelling of physician decision processes, part I: The initial interview-information gathering session

Abstract Most mathematical models of physician decision processes offered to date, especially those relative to diagnosis and patient treatment, suffer from the inability to incorporate all useful data on the patient. Pertinent information so neglected or poorly modelled relate to variables that are intrinsically fuzzy but which describe the patient's health status. We present mathematical models based on fuzzy set theory for physician aided evaluation of a complete representation of information emanating from the initial interview including patient past history, present symptoms, signs observed upon physical examination, and results of clinical and diagnostic tests.
Penium margaritaceum: A Unicellular Model Organism for Studying Plant Cell Wall Architecture and Dynamics

Penium margaritaceum is a new and valuable unicellular model organism for studying plant cell wall structure and developmental dynamics. This charophyte has a cell wall composition remarkably similar to the primary cell wall of many higher plants and clearly-defined inclusive zones containing specific polymers. Penium has a simple cylindrical phenotype with a distinct region of focused wall synthesis. Specific polymers, particularly pectins, can be identified using monoclonal antibodies raised against polymers of higher plant cell walls. Immunofluorescence-based labeling is easily performed using live cells that subsequently can be returned to culture and monitored. This feature allows for rapid assessment of wall expansion rates and identification of multiple polymer types in the wall microarchitecture during the cell cycle. Cryofixation by means of spray freezing provides excellent transmission electron microscopy imaging of the cell, including its elaborate endomembrane and cytoskeletal systems, both integral to cell wall development. Penium’s fast growth rate allows for convenient microarray screening of various agents that alter wall biosynthesis and metabolism. Finally, recent successful development of transformed cell lines has allowed for non-invasive imaging of proteins in cells and for RNAi reverse genetics that can be used for cell wall biosynthesis studies.
Capnography: A Valuable Tool for Airway Management

Capnography provides continuous, dynamic assessment of the ventilatory status of patients. Carbon dioxide physiology and the technology utilized in end-tidal carbon dioxide monitor devices are reviewed. Clinical applications with regard to ventilation and airway management are discussed, including: verification of endotracheal tube placement, continuous monitoring of tube position, monitoring during procedural sedation and in the obtunded patient, and assessment of patients with respiratory illnesses. Current guidelines for use of capnography within emergency medicine are included. Potential future applications are also presented.
Class of Unambiguous State Discrimination Problems Achievable by Separable Measurements but Impossible by Local Operations and Classical Communication

We consider an infinite class of unambiguous quantum state discrimination problems on multipartite systems, described by Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, of any number of parties. Restricting consideration to measurements that act only on $\mathcal{H}$, we find the optimal global measurement for each element of this class, achieving the maximum possible success probability of $1/2$ in all cases. This measurement turns out to be both separable and unique, and by our recently discovered necessary condition for local quantum operations and classical communication (LOCC) it is easily shown to be impossible by any finite-round LOCC protocol. We also show that, quite generally, if the input state is restricted to lie in $\mathcal{H}$, then any LOCC measurement on an enlarged Hilbert space is effectively identical to an LOCC measurement on $\mathcal{H}$. Therefore, our necessary condition for LOCC demonstrates directly that a higher success probability is attainable for each of these problems using general separable measurements as compared to that which is possible with any finite-round LOCC protocol.
MONONUCLEAR MOLYBDENUM(IV) COMPLEXES WITH TWO MULTIPLY BONDED CHALCOGEN LIGANDS IN TRANS CONFIGURATION AND CHELATING BIPHOSPHINE LIGANDS

A series of molybdenum(IV) complexes of the type trans-Mo(Q)(Q‘)(P⌒P)2 has been prepared where Q and Q‘ are chalcogen ligands (O, S, Se, Te) and P⌒P is either cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (dppee) or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe). X-ray crystallographic studies were carried out to investigate how the Mo−Q distance is influenced by the mutually competitive dπ−pπ interactions between the px and py orbitals of the chalcogen ligands and the dxz and dyz orbitals of the molybdenum center. trans-Mo(O)2(dppee)2 (1) has been prepared by the hydrolysis and deprotonation reaction of [Mo(O)(Cl)(dppee)2]Cl with NaOH in methanol. The compounds where Q represents the heavier chalcogens (S, Se, Te) have been prepared by the reaction between trans-Mo(N2)2(P⌒P)2 and a chalcogen source: trans-Mo(S)2(dppee)2 (2), BzS3Bz (dibenzyl trisulfide); trans-Mo(Se)2(dppee)2 (3), elemental Se; trans-Mo(Te)2(dppee)2 (4), TePEt3 (Et = ethyl); trans-Mo(S)2(dppe)2 (5), BzS3Bz; trans-Mo(Se)2(dppe)2 (6), Se. trans-Mo(O)(S...
Characterization of improved Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTS) using ALD high-Κ dielectric isolation

Use of high-κ dielectric, atomic layer deposition (ALD) hafnium oxide (HfO2) as an isolation layer material is demonstrated as an improvement over traditional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride (Si3N4) for Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) fabricated by a low temperature, CMOS compatible, sacrificial release method. ALD HfO2 dielectric properties are characterized to optimize CMUT design. Performance improvements are evaluated through parallel plate modeling which showed high gains especially for vacuum gaps of 50 nm and below. Experiments are performed on parallel fabricated test CMUTs with 50 nm gap and 16.5 MHz center frequency to measure and compare pressure output and receive sensitivity for both materials. Results show 6 dB improvement in receive sensitivity (Pa/V) with the collapse voltage reduced by one half, while in transmit mode, half the input voltage is needed to achieve the same maximum output pressure, both as predicted by the models.
Porothermoelastic Analysis of the Response of a Stationary Crack Using the Displacement Discontinuity Method

Thermally induced volumetric changes in rock result in pore pressure variations, and lead to a coupling between the thermal and poromechanical processes. This paper examines the response of a fracture in porothermoelastic rock when subjected to stress, pore pressure, and temperature perturbations. The contribution of each mechanism to the temporal variation of fracture opening is studied to elucidate its effect. This is achieved by development and use of a transient displacement discontinuity (DD) boundary element method for porothermoelasticity. While the full range of the crack opening due to the applied loads is investigated with the porothermoelastic DD, the asymptotic crack opening is ascertained analytically. Good agreement is observed between the numerical and analytical calculations. The results of the study show that, as expected, an applied stress causes the fracture to open while a pore pressure loading reduces the fracture width (aperture). In contrast to the pore pressure effect, cooling of the crack surfaces increases the fracture aperture. It is found that the impact of cooling can be more significant when compared to that of hydraulic loading (i.e., an applied stress and pore pressure) and can cause significant permeability enhancement, particularly for injection/extraction operations that are carried out over a long period of time in geothermal reservoirs.
Dysplasia of a single tooth as a result of electric burn damage. Alexander

Dysplastic defects of dental structures are not uncommon conditions. It has been estimated, however, that the cause of these defects is unknown in about 50 per cent of the cases.1 The causes of dental dysplasia are many and varied. They are generally grouped under systemic, local and heredi­ tary classifications and run the gamut from infectious diseases and endocrine dysfunctions to chemical ingestion and lo­ cal trauma. Many of the causes listed, such as enamel fluorosis resulting from excessive ingestion of fluorides, are well documented and proved. Others are theo­ retical and, to some extent, open to ques­ tion. For example, the exanthematous diseases have probably been overempha­ sized as causes of dental dysplasia2 be­ cause many of these diseases occur in an age range when the enamel on the most frequently involved teeth already has been formed.1,3,4 Nevertheless, that there is confusion surrounding the causes of dental dysplasia is not so remarkable if one considers that the cause-and-effect relationship almost always must be viewed subjectively. The causative factor produces changes in the dental-forming mechanisms a number of years before the fully formed tooth is found to be defective. Therefore, when a patient has dental dysplasia, and apparently there is a causeand-effect relationship, it must be viewed with some interest. This is particularly true when the probable cause is an un­ usual one, unreported in dental literature.
How to make a meandering river.

Despite the ubiquity of meandering rivers in nature, only recently have appropriate experimental conditions been produced to replicate a stably meandering stream in the laboratory, as described in a recent issue of PNAS (1). Meandering channels occur in a wide variety of sedimentary environments, including on deep sea fans formed by turbidity currents (2), as relict meanders on Mars (3) (Fig. 1), and as channels formed by flowing alkenes on Titan.
Bovine tyrosine hydroxylase gene-promoter regions involved in basal and angiotensin II-stimulated expression in nontransformed adrenal medullary cells

The tyrosine hydroxylase gene is expressed specifically in catecholaminergic cells, and its activity is regulated by afferent stimuli. To characterize molecular mechanisms underlying those regulations, we have constructed chimeric genes consisting of bovine tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoters (wild-type or deletion mutants) and a luciferase reporter gene. The basal expression of these genes and their regulation by angiotensin II were examined in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Luciferase activity was normalized to the amount of transfected plasmid DNA. A pTHgoodLUC plasmid containing the -428/+21-bp fragment of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter expressed luciferase activity at severalfold higher levels than the promoterless pOLUC plasmid. Deletion of the -194/-54-bp promoter fragment containing POU/Oct, SP1, and other putative regulatory elements increased luciferase expression fivefold. An additional deletion further upstream (-269/-194 bp), including a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-responsive element (TRE)-like site, reduced promoter activity. These results indicate the presence of negatively and positively acting regions in the bovine tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter controlling basal promoter activity in adrenal medullary cells. Angiotensin II stimulated the expression of endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase gene and pTHgood-LUC approximately threefold without affecting the expression of pOLUC. A comparable threefold stimulation was observed following the deletion of the -194/-54-bp promoter region, despite the increase in basal promoter activity. Additional deletion of the -269/-194-bp promoter fragment reduced stimulation by angiotensin II to 1.5-fold. These results indicate that the angiotensin II receptor-responsive element is located in the -269/-194-bp promoter region containing the TRE-like site. Additional angiotensin II-responsive site(s) may be present outside this region. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated constitutive and angiotensin II-induced protein binding to the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter. Some DNA-protein complexes were displaced with c-Fos antibodies. The results suggest that c-Fos-related antigens support basal promoter activity and mediate activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by angiotensin II receptor.
Ocular Concentration of Gentamicin After Penetrating Keratoplasty

To determine if the storage of corneal tissue in a preserving medium containing gentamicin results in therapeutically effective concentrations of antibiotics in the ocular tissues after penetrating keratoplasty, we stored rabbit donor corneas in McCarey-Kaufman medium containing 100 μg of gentamicin per milliliter for three days before surgery. Gentamicin concentrations were determined by agar-diffusion bioassay in ocular tissues one, two, three, four, and six hours after surgery. On the average, the concentration of antibiotic one hour after surgery was 8.8 μg of gentamicin per gram of donor cornea, 6.25 μg of gentamicin per milliliter of iris, and 2.8 μg of gentamicin per milliliter of aqueous humor. The minimal inhibitory concentration for sensitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 1.6 μg of gentamicin per milliliter of medium. Thus, gentamicin levels sufficient to inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria were still present in the donor cornea three hours and in the iris two hours after penetrating keratoplasty. By six hours, only trace amounts of gentamicin were found in the donor cornea and aqueous humor. The presence of gentamicin in ocular tissues after penetrating keratoplasty appears to prolong the antibacterial effect of the preserving medium, and to provide tissue concentrations of antibiotic effective against intraoperative contamination.
A dynamic analysis of the determinates of the US current account deficit

This article examines the determinates of the US current account deficit. We decompose the trade balance into its import and export components. This allows us to model responses of imports and exports separately. The analysis is conducted with a semi-structural Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Our results show that a US stock market improvement, a depreciation of the US dollar, an increase in US interest rate and economic growth of the Japanese economy all will help reduce the US trade deficit.
A Method for Determination of Lactose in Milk by Paper Chromatography

Summary A quantitative method for lactose determination in milk by chromatographic analysis is described. Direct application of milk to the strip and subsequent determination of lactose on the chromatostrip after partitioning are desirable features of the procedure. The reproducibility of the method was determined for lactose in pure solution and in milk. At a mean value of 4.516% lactose, anhydrous, in milk the optimum standard deviation was 0.16%. The recovery from milk of added lactose, anhydrous, varied between 92 and 97% and averaged 95%.
Identification of a receptor for human müllerian inhibiting substance

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a Sertoli cell-derived glycoprotein and member of the transforming growth factor-beta supergene family, plays a key down-stream role in mammalian sex determination. Identification of a receptor for MIS has now been achieved in a MIS-responsive human vulvar carcinoma cell line, A431, using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling of recombinant human MIS (FITC-rhMIS) and RRAs with iodinated carboxy-terminal rhMIS. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of A431 cells incubated on ice with 30-nM concentrations of covalently bound FITC-rhMIS reveals specific punctate cell surface fluorescent signal. Cytosolic fluorescent signal is seen after incubation at 37 C for 1 h as well as occasional apparent perinuclear accumulation. FITC-rhMIS coincubated with molar excesses of unlabeled rhMIS in A431 cells eliminates cell surface and cytosolic fluorescent uptake. Double label experiments with FITC-rhMIS and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate epidermal growth factor establish separate bind...
Prognostic Indices in Hydrocephalus

No statistically significant correlation between severity of hydrocephalus and long term prognosis has been established. Hydrocephalic children with large heads or large ventricles do not necessarily suffer more than those with smaller heads and ventricles1.
Anisotropic potentials and the damping of rainbow and diffraction oscillations in differential cross sections

Abstract Total differential cross sections are calculated using the IOSA and a new anisotropic 12-6 potential. Rainbows are damped solely by the well depth anisotropy; diffraction oscillations are damped by the well position anisotropy. This separation should aid in the empirical determination of anisotropic potentials.
The effect of inosine on the redistribution of CO between human erythrocytes.

Based on cytologic observations, redistribution of carbon monoxide (CO) between fresh or stored human erythrocytes has been shown not to occur presumably due to the high affinity of CO to hemoglobin. In contrast, pretreatment of fresh (but not stored) red cells with inosine resulted in rapid redistribution of CO between these cells. These experiments suggest, that inosine is capable of reducing the affinity of hemoglobin to CO in intact human erythrocytes, the extent of which possibly depends on the intraerythrocytic concentration of 2-3DPG.
Topiramate Blocks Kainate-Evoked Cobalt Influx into Cultured Neurons

Purpose This study evaluated topiramate (TPM) antagonism of glutamate receptors activated by kainate. Methods The ability of TPM (3-30 microM) to attenuate kainate (300 microM)-activated cobalt (Co2+) flux through nonselective cation channels permeable to Co2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ into cultured cerebellar granule neurons [9-14 days in vitro (div)] was investigated. Results were compared with those obtained with the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxalone-2,3-dione (DNQX) (10 microM). Results Topiramate produced a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of Co2+ uptake into cerebellar granule cells cultured 9-11 div. Inhibition was evident at 10 microM, and complete inhibition was observed at 30 microM. Maximal inhibition of Co2+ uptake required pretreatment with TPM for > or =30 minutes before stimulation by kainate. The effect of 30 microM TPM on Co2+ uptake was similar to that of 10 microM DNQX. However, TPM, unlike DNQX, did not affect kainate-evoked Co2+ uptake into older neurons (i.e., 13-14 div). Conclusions These results provide additional support for an antagonistic effect of TPM on some types of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA) and/or kainate receptors, and specifically suggest that TPM interacts with a Ca2+-permeable non-NMDA receptor that is developmentally regulated. This observation may provide insight into the molecular biology underlying the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and antiepileptic drug resistance.
Should Strategic Market Management Replace Strategic Management as the Planning Model for Restaurant Decision-Making?

ABSTRACT In his book, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, Henry Mintzberg proposed that planning and implementation must not be two separate functions, but a continuous managerial decision-making process. One that is based first, on an astute analysis of volatile environmental market conditions, and second, on management's ability to effectively transform its offering to satisfy this moving target. This article questions the use of the concept and term strategic management in restaurants to describe what may be best termed strategic market management. Additionally, a framework within which modern restaurant planning takes place is presented.
Who is driving the changing landscape in student affairs

Technology increasingly has become a driving force in the evolution of the student affairs profession. Student affairs professionals must have a baseline of technology skills to advance the student affairs profession.
Variability in the diagnostic labeling of nonbacterial lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter study of children who presented to the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE. The diagnostic labeling of presumed nonbacterial lower respiratory tract infection is unclear. Our objective was to identify patterns of specific diagnoses and treatments that were given to children who presented with lower respiratory tract infection to US academic emergency departments. METHODS. Data were collected on all children who were aged RESULTS. Among the 928 children who presented with lower respiratory tract infection symptoms, 676 (73%) were younger than 12 months and 624 (67%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis. When comparing the assigned diagnoses between emergency department pairs, bronchiolitis was the more common diagnosis at certain hospitals, whereas asthma, cough, and wheeze were more frequent at others. Independent predictors of corticosteroid treatment were visiting specific emergency departments, older age, an asthma diagnosis (compared with bronchiolitis), documented history of wheezing, observed wheezing during the index visit, eosinophil values >4%, previous use of corticosteroids, and parental history of asthma. CONCLUSIONS. For children who are age
Cutaneous responses to topical methyl nicotinate in black, oriental, and caucasian subjects.

The response of human skin to topical methyl nicotinate (MN) has been monitored in black, oriental, and caucasian subjects. The study aimed to address the question: “Do racial differences in percutaneous absorption and microcirculatory sensitivity exist?” MN-induced vasodilation was assessed visually and by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). At three dose levels, in the three subject populations, four parameters were compared: (a) the diameter of the maximum visually perceptible erythematous area (Emx); (b) the area under the erythematous diameter versus time curve (AUE); (c) the maximum LDV response (Lmx); and (d) the area under the LDV response versus time curve (AUL). At p AUL (caucasian) for all MN concentrations; AUL (oriental)>AUL (caucasian) for the higher dose levels. Emx, AUE and Lmx showed no significant differences between races within concentrations. For all subjects, Emx AUE, and AUL were significantly dependent on MN dose whereas Lmx was not. The results suggest that some racial differences in response to topical MN exist and that perception of these distinctions may depend upon the method of measurement.
Waveguide Raman scattering for recovery of arbitrary thin-film concentration distributions

Quantitative Raman scattering measurements excited by the various eigenmodes of an optical waveguide were used to obtain depth profiles of poly(styrene-d8) (DPS) dispersed in poly(styrene) (PS) thin films without making any assumptions about the functional form of the spatial distribution of the deuterated material. The signal equations, which are ill-conditioned, were inverted to obtain the DPS distribution using a LaGrangian multiplier technique. Model calculations indicate that any arbitrary distribution can be profiled as long as the material can be prepared as an overlayer on an inert waveguiding substrate.
Dynamics and Configuration Control of Two-Body Satellite Systems

Theme A analytical method for devising computer algorithms for the onboard automatic control of relative motion of twobody satellite systems in circular orbit is presented. The method is based on the use of modified Hamiltonians of the relative motion as Liapunov functions for the desired terminal state of the controlled dynamical system. Implicit expressions for the required control forces and corresponding motion trajectories are obtained directly from this formulation. Explicit forms of the corresponding dimensionless control force functions and phasespace trajectories of relative motion can be obtained by numerical integration. Results are presented for the special case of deployment of two-body systems in planar motion from an arbitrary initial condition at satellite separation to terminal system alignment with the local vertical.
Amplifier for Linear Recording of Oxygen Saturation and Dye Dilution Curves

An amplifier system has been designed for use with commercially available oximeter earpiece or cuvette and a direct recording oscillograph. Linear response to changes in oxygen saturation and in vivo dye concentrations are obtained with a rise time less than 0.5 sec., noise level and drift less than 2.5 per cent and accuracy comparable to Van Slyke-Neill method. Standard error of estimate between Van Slyke-Neill manometric and cuvette oximeter amplifier-recorder systems is ±2 per cent.
Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the frontal cortex in rats: Persisting effects on locomotor activity, learning and nicotine self-administration

Dopaminergic innervation of the frontal cortex in adults is important for a variety of cognitive functions and behavioral control. However, the role of frontal cortical dopaminergic innervation for neurobehavioral development has received little attention. In the current study, rats were given dopaminergic lesions in the frontal cortex with local micro-infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at 1 week of age. The long-term behavioral effects of neonatal frontal cortical 6-OHDA lesions were assessed in a series of tests of locomotor activity, spatial learning and memory, and i.v. nicotine self-administration. In addition, neurochemical indices were assessed with tissue homogenization and HPLC in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens of neonatal and adult rats after neonatal 6-OHDA lesions. In neonatal rats, frontal 6-OHDA lesions as intended caused a significant reduction in frontal cortical dopamine without effects on frontal cortical 5-HT and norepinephrine. The frontal cortical dopamine depletion increased 5-HT and norepinephrine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Locomotor activity assessment during adulthood in the figure-8 maze showed that lesioned male rats were hyperactive relative to sham-lesioned males. Locomotor activity of female rats was not significantly affected by the neonatal frontal 6-OHDA lesion. Learning and memory in the radial-arm maze was also affected by neonatal frontal 6-OHDA lesions. There was a general trend toward impaired performance in early maze acquisition and a paradoxical improvement at the end of cognitive testing. Nicotine self-administration showed significant lesion x sex interactions. The sex difference in nicotine self-administration with females self-administering significantly more nicotine than males was reversed by neonatal 6-OHDA frontal cortical lesions. Neurochemical studies in adult rats showed that frontal cortical dopamine and DOPAC levels significantly correlated with nicotine self-administration in the 6-OHDA-lesioned animals but not in the controls. Frontal cortical 5-HT and 5HIAA showed inverse correlations with nicotine self-administration in the 6-OHDA-lesioned animals but not in the controls. These results show that interfering with normal dopamine innervation of the frontal cortex during early postnatal development has persisting behavioral effects, which are sex-specific.
Considerations for applying solid state sensors to high density magnetic disc recording

To compete with optical recording densities of 107or greater bits per square centimeter, equal magnetic disc areal densities must be achieved. Based on signal to noise considerations, inductive sensing of magnetic transitions written on magnetic media must give way to solid state magnetic sensors. There are fundamental considerations involved with implementing solid state sensors as read heads. These considerations embrace the basic sensor characteristics of size, resolution, sensitivity, signal to noise ratio and frequency response. Other equally important considerations involve packaging and head-wear resulting from head-media proximity demanded by the nature of the field to be sensed from the media. Finally, the solutions to these considerations must be simple and inexpensive.