cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligning experimental and theoretical anisotropic B-factors: water models, normal-mode analysis methods, and metrics.

The strength of X-ray crystallography in providing the information for protein dynamics has been under appreciated. The anisotropic B-factors (ADPs) from high-resolution structures are invaluable in studying the relationship among structure, dynamics, and function. Here, starting from an in-depth evaluation of the metrics used for comparing the overlap between two ellipsoids, we applied normal-mode analysis (NMA) to predict the theoretical ADPs and then align them with experimental results. Adding an extra layer of explicitly treated water on protein surface significantly improved the energy minimization results and better reproduced the anisotropy of experimental ADPs. In comparing experimental and theoretical ADPs, we focused on the overlap in shape, the alignment of dominant directions, and the similarity in magnitude. The choices of water molecules, NMA methods, and the metrics for evaluating the overlap of ADPs determined final results. This study provides useful information for exploring the physica...
Excitons bound to surface defects in GaN

Sharp intense peaks are sometimes detected in the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of undoped GaN samples in the photon energy range of 3.0 – 3.46 eV. Some of these peaks can be attributed to excitons bound to dislocations and inversion domains, whereas some others originate from the GaN surface because they can be affected essentially by surface treatment. In our samples, grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrate, the 3.42 eV peak always disappeared after removing the surface layer by etching for a few seconds in hot phosphoric acid. Atomic force microscopy images confirmed that such light etching modifies the surface morphology, although the etched depth is negligibly small. Moreover, intensities of two other peaks (at 3.32 and 3.35 eV) were observed to depend on sample etching, as well as on the length of subsequent exposure to air. The 3.32 and 3.35 eV peaks evolved with time of UV illumination, increasing by several times and demonstrating memory effect at low temperature. We attribute the 3.42 and 3.35 eV peaks to bound excitons, whereas the 3.32 eV peak is tentatively attributed to a surface donor-acceptor pair transition.
Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect

The number of left atrial transcatheter procedures performed via a transseptal (TS) approach has grown exponentially over the last 2 decades.1 Persistent iatrogenic atrial septal defects (iASD) after structural TS interventions are not uncommon especially when larger TS sheaths are used (25%–50% with 22 Fr sheaths).2–5 The optimal management strategy of postprocedural iASD is currently unknown. In the absence of societal recommendations with regards to iASD, the decision to close iASD and the timing of the closure pose a clinical dilemma to the interventionalist caring for these patients. We present 2 cases of iASD after TS transcatheter mitral valve repair/implantation and discuss the challenges in the management of such patients. Two patients were seen in consultation by the Mayo Clinic structural heart service: Ms K: An 81-year-old female admitted with decompensated biventricular heart failure. She had hypertension, atrial fibrillation, systolic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction=42%), a permanent pacemaker, and a history of mitral valve replacement with a 33 mm St Jude EPIC prosthesis and tricuspid valve repair. On examination, she was a slender woman (5′0″, 49 kg). Heart rate was 72 bpm, blood pressure was 129/83 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation was 92% on room air. Auscultation revealed a prominent thrill at the apex radiating across her chest and a loud 6/6 apical holosystolic murmur. Jugular veins were distended, and rales were heard at both lung bases. Moderate peripheral pitting edema was also noted. Echocardiography showed a degenerative mitral prosthesis with a flail leaflet and severe mitral regurgitation (MR). It also showed severe right ventricular enlargement with moderately depressed right ventricular function. No thrombus or evidence of endocarditis was present. The heart team evaluation concluded that the patient was at high risk for redo mitral valve replacement (Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] score=10%). She then underwent …
Intravenous Anesthetic Agents

Intravenous (IV) anesthetics are used in the operating room setting for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. These agents are used in combination with many other therapeutic agents including inhalational anesthetics, anticholinergics, neuromuscular blockers, local anesthetics, and antihistamines. Currently available intravenous anesthetics include barbiturates (eg, thiopental and methohexital), benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam and midazolam), etomidate, ketamine, propofol, and opioids (eg, morphine, meperidine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil). The barbiturates are the most frequently used agents for induction today. The benzodiazepines are used primarily for preoperative sedation intraoperatively; however, they may also be used for induction in certain clinical situations. Etomidate offers the advantage of minimal cardiovascular side effects, while ketamine is distinguished by stimulant cardiovascular effects. Propofol has a short recovery time and a low incidence of nausea and vomiting...
Deletion of novel protein TMEM35 alters stress-related functions and impairs long-term memory in mice

The mounting of appropriate emotional and neuroendocrine responses to environmental stressors critically depends on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and associated limbic circuitry. Al...
An analysis of the reasons for exclusion from thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Objective: This study sought to determine why those eligible patients who arrive within 6 h after acute ischemic stroke did not receive thrombolysis.Methods: During the first year after implementing emergency medical service for stroke thrombolysis, we prospectively evaluated all patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to our center within 6h from onset. The reasons for exclusion from thrombolysis were analyzed.Results: Of 166 patients admitted by emergency medical service within 6h of symptoms onset, 81 patients were eligible for thrombolysis, 47 of them (representing 28.31% of all patients) received thrombolysis with interval times from stroke to emergency department arrival of (211.70±86.10)min and Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 10 points on admission (range 5~22), a door to needle interval of IV thrombolysis (55.48±26.01min)was shorter than those of intra-arterial thrombolysis(86.59±40.40min, P=0.003).One hundred and nineteen patients were excluded from thrombolytic medications, 85 patients were ineligible for the therapy including 34 of them(20.48%)were eligible for thrombolysis. The major reasons that accounted for therapy exclusions were too mild or improving deficit, CT indicated infarct and intracranial hemorrhage, refusing consent by patients or next of kin. Conclusions: The main modifiable reasons for not applying thrombolysis to patients who arrive early enough is refused consent by patients or next of kin. Minimizing the door-to needle time by improvements of intra-hospital coordination and increasing awareness about stroke would increase the number of patients who might receive thrombolysis.
Colonialism, contract and community in Américo Paredes's George Washington Gómez and … And the Earth Did Not Devour Him by Tomás Rivera

This article highlights the dialog between law and literature in George Washington Gomez by Americo Paredes and in … y no se lo trago la tierra by Tomas Rivera. Although racial prejudice cements together a colonial social system constructed on inequality in each narrative, place dissolves under the pressure of assimilation in Paredes' novel. In contrast, Rivera's text demonstrates the creation of a collective migrant community consciousness through communication of common goals, values, and social ties centered on place. Each novel shows how the contractual ideal of fairness creates a foundational dependency that renders Texas Mexicans vulnerable to exploitation and injustice from capitalist entrepreneurs.
Ex Vivo Methods for Informing Computational Models of the Mitral Valve

Computational modeling of the mitral valve (MV) has potential applications for determining optimal MV repair techniques and risk of recurrent mitral regurgitation. Two key concerns for informing these models are (1) sensitivity of model performance to the accuracy of the input geometry, and, (2) acquisition of comprehensive data sets against which the simulation can be validated across clinically relevant geometries. Addressing the first concern, ex vivo micro-computed tomography (microCT) was used to image MVs at high resolution (~40 micron voxel size). Because MVs distorted substantially during static imaging, glutaraldehyde fixation was used prior to microCT. After fixation, MV leaflet distortions were significantly smaller (p < 0.005), and detail of the chordal tree was appreciably greater. Addressing the second concern, a left heart simulator was designed to reproduce MV geometric perturbations seen in vivo in functional mitral regurgitation and after subsequent repair, and maintain compatibility with microCT. By permuting individual excised ovine MVs (n = 5) through each state (healthy, diseased and repaired), and imaging with microCT in each state, a comprehensive data set was produced. Using this data set, work is ongoing to construct and validate high-fidelity MV biomechanical models. These models will seek to link MV function across clinically relevant states.
The morphological stability and fuel production of commercial fibrous ceria particles for solar thermochemical redox cycling

Abstract Implementation of the solar thermochemical ceria redox cycle to split water and carbon dioxide depends in part on the morphological stability of a porous ceria substrate and the ability to acquire porous substrate in high volume. Here we evaluate the evolution of morphology and fuel production of ceria particles formed of fibers in a commercially relevant manufacturing process. The particles are evaluated over 1000 CO2-splitting cycles (56 h) at 1773 K followed by sixteen temperature-swing cycles (5.7 h) with oxidation at 1073 K. New particles are 78% porous with a specific surface area of 0.14 m2 g−1 and a grain size of 3.7 μm. During isothermal cycling, the morphology stabilized after 500 cycles (28 h) to 73% porosity, a surface face 0.08 m2 g−1 and a grain size of 8 μm. The stabilized particles retained 89% of the peak cycle average rate of CO production. During temperature-swing cycling, the specific surface area decreased to 0.06 m2 g−1. The mass-produced fibrous structures have adequately stable morphologies to produce fuel production performance similar to less scalable (lab-scale) ceria structures of similar pre-cycling surface area.
Biomechanical, metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses of masters recreational runners during running at different speeds.

This study tested interactions between age and running speed on biomechanics, metabolic responses and cardiopulmonary responses. Three-hundred participants ran at preferred and standardized speeds. Age group (younger, masters [≥40 years]) by speed (self-selected 8.8 km/h, 11.2 km/h and 13.6 km/h) interactions were tested on main outcomes of sagittal kinematic, temporal spatial, metabolic and cardiopulmonary parameters. At all speeds, angular displacements of the ankle, pelvis and knee were less in masters than younger runners (Hedges g effect size range = 0.30-1.04; all p < 0.05). A significant age group by speed interaction existed for hip angular displacement (Wald χ2 = 10.753; p = 0.013). Masters runners ran at higher relative heart rates (p < 0.05) but at similar rates of oxygen use and energy expenditure. Masters runners used hip-dominant motion and step lengthening as running speed increased, but did not change centre of mass vertical displacement. This may increase mechanical stresses on tissues of the lower extremity in masters runners, especially hamstrings, hip joint and Achilles.
Effects of an additional conduction band on the singlet-antiferromagnet competition in the periodic Anderson model

The competition between antiferromagnetic (AF) order and singlet formation is a central phenomenon of the Kondo and periodic Anderson Hamiltonians and of the heavy fermion materials they describe. In this paper, we explore the effects of an additional conduction band on magnetism in these models, and, specifically, on changes in the AF-singlet quantum critical point (QCP) and the one particle and spin spectral functions. To understand the magnetic phase transition qualitatively, we first carry out a self-consistent mean field theory (MFT). The basic conclusion is that, at half filling, the coupling to the additional band stabilizes the AF phase to larger $f\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}d$ hybridization $V$ in the PAM. We also explore the possibility of competing ferromagnetic phases when this conduction band is doped away from half filling. We next employ quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) which, in combination with finite size scaling, allows us to evaluate the position of the QCP using an exact treatment of the interactions. This approach confirms the stabilization of AF order, which occurs through an enhancement of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction. QMC results for the spectral function $A(\mathbf{q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ and dynamic spin structure factor $\ensuremath{\chi}(\mathbf{q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ yield additional insight into the AF-singlet competition and the low temperature phases.
Social Problem Solving Moderates Emotion Reactivity in Predicting Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Veterans

Suicide is a significant public health problem among U.S. veterans. A recent Department of Veterans Affairs report, for example, indicates that 20 veterans commit suicide each day. Among the genera...
In God’s Hands: How Reminders of God Dampen the Effectiveness of Fear Appeals

AbstractTo begin building an understanding of how thoughts about God influence consumer persuasion processes and outcomes, the current research explores how reminders of God affect consumer compliance with fear-based advertising. Results across seven studies demonstrate that when the concept of God is salient, consumer compliance and persuasion in response to fear appeals is dampened. Importantly, the results suggest that one reason for this persuasion-dampening effect of God salience is the fact that consumers associate the concept of God with the idea of unlimited support. Consistent with this, the results reveal that when God is not associated with the idea of support, the dampening effect of God salience on fear appeal compliance is eliminated.
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp: An Unusual Cause of Ileoileal Intussusception.

Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP), or Vanek’s tumor, is a rare benign lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical manifestations of IFP vary based on size and location within the GI tract. This case describes a patient who presented with hematochezia and abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed ileoileal intussusception without a clear lead point. The patient underwent resection of the intussuscepted small bowel with primary anastomosis. A large polypoid mass was identified as the pathological lead point. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed an IFP. Review of the literature indicates that early surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for intussusception caused by IFP. Lesions are typically reported as solitary, and resection is curative.
Source sector and region contributions to black carbon and PM 2.5 in the Arctic

Abstract. The impacts of black carbon (BC) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 µ m (PM 2.5 ) emissions from different source sectors (e.g., transportation, power, industry, residential, and biomass burning) and geographic source regions (e.g., Europe, North America, China, Russia, central Asia, south Asia, and the Middle East) to Arctic BC and PM 2.5 concentrations are investigated through a series of annual sensitivity simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting – sulfur transport and deposition model (WRF-STEM) modeling framework. The simulations are validated using observations at two Arctic sites (Alert and Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory), the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) surface sites over the US, and aircraft observations over the Arctic during spring and summer 2008. Emissions from power, industrial, and biomass burning sectors are found to be the main contributors to the Arctic PM 2.5 surface concentration, with contributions of ∼ 30 %, ∼ 25 %, and ∼ 20 %, respectively. In contrast, the residential and transportation sectors are identified as the major contributors to Arctic BC, with contributions of ∼ 38 % and ∼ 30 %. Anthropogenic emissions are the most dominant contributors ( ∼ 88 %) to the BC surface concentration over the Arctic annually; however, the contribution from biomass burning is significant over the summer (up to ∼ 50 %). Among all geographical regions, Europe and China have the highest contributions to the BC surface concentrations, with contributions of ∼ 46 % and ∼ 25 %, respectively. Industrial and power emissions had the highest contributions to the Arctic sulfate ( SO4 ) surface concentration, with annual contributions of ∼ 43 % and ∼ 41 %, respectively. Further sensitivity runs show that, among various economic sectors of all geographic regions, European and Chinese residential sectors contribute to ∼ 25 % and ∼ 14 % of the Arctic average surface BC concentration. Emissions from the Chinese industry sector and European power sector contribute ∼ 12 % and ∼ 18 % of the Arctic surface sulfate concentration. For Arctic PM 2.5 , the anthropogenic emissions contribute > ∼ 75 % at the surface annually, with contributions of ∼ 25 % from Europe and ∼ 20 % from China; however, the contributions of biomass burning emissions are significant in particular during spring and summer. The contributions of each geographical region to the Arctic PM 2.5 and BC vary significantly with altitude. The simulations show that the BC from China is transported to the Arctic in the midtroposphere, while BC from European emission sources are transported near the surface under 5 km, especially during winter.
MODELING UNSATURATED-ZONE FLOW AT RAINIER MESA AS A POSSIBLE ANALOG FOR A FUTURE YUCCA MOUNTAIN

Rainier Mesa is structurally similar to Yucca Mountain, and receives precipitation similar to the estimated long-term average for Yucca Mountain. Tunnels through the unsaturated zone at Rainier Mesa have encountered perched water and, after the perched water was drained, flow in fractures and faults. Although flow observations have been primarily qualitative, Rainier Mesa hydrology is a potential analog for Yucca Mountain hydrology in a wetter climate. In this paper, a groundwater flow model that has been used in the performance assessment of Yucca Mountain--the weeps model--is applied to Rainier Mesa. The intent is to gain insight in both Rainier Mesa and the weeps flow model.
Unfoldings of Mappings

In the opening paragraph of Chapter 1, we mentioned three basic ideas in singularity theory. So far we have discussed (1) stability and (2) genericity. In this chapter, we will concentrate on the third basic idea in this theory, namely the unfolding of singularities. We would like to indicate why it is one of the basic ideas in singularity theory before we go into a detailed discussion of precisely what the unfolding is.
Hyperinsulinemia and ovarian hyperandrogenism. Cause and effect.

In women of reproductive age, hyperinsulinemia and ovarian hyperandrogenism are highly correlated. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence suggest that hyperinsulinemia causes ovarian hyperandrogenism by stimulating ovarian stromal and thecal androstenedione and testosterone synthesis. These observations may help explain the strong association between various forms of insulin resistance (including obesity) and the polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Evaluation of Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, and Rabeprazole in the Treatment of Acid-Related Diseases

Abstract Objective To review the comparative efficacy and safety of the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)—omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole—in the management of acid-related diseases. Data Sources English-language journal articles retrieved from a MEDLINE search from 1990 to the present using these index terms: proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and each of the acid-related diseases. Study Selection Clinical trials and pertinent review articles that discussed the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of PPIs in the management of acid-related disease. Data Extraction By the authors. Data Synthesis PPIs are substituted benzimidazoles that inhibit gastric acid secretion by covalently binding to the proton pump (H + /K + ATPase). All undergo extensive hepatic metabolism and conjugation. The four agents differ in their metabolism by and effects on specific hepatic enzymes and thus in their ability to interact with other medications. PPIs are important agents used for eradicating Helicobacter pylori , in treating peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and for preventing acid aspiration. Short-term side effects of the four agents are similar. The long-term safety of pantoprazole and rabeprazole appears similar to that of omeprazole and lansoprazole. Pantoprazole, which is in the final stages of approval for marketing in the United States, will be available in both an oral and injectable formulation. Conclusion Based on superior efficacy profiles, PPIs are the drugs of choice in managing patients with peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The decision to select one PPI versus another is most likely to be based on the agents' acquisition costs, formulations, FDA-labeled indications, and overall safety profiles. Intravenous or parenteral pantoprazole may become the preferred antisecretory agent for patients unable to take oral medications (e.g., critically ill patients and those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome).
Standoff Characterization of Highly Enriched Uranium using a Dual Particle Imaging System

Timely detection of HEU is one of the greatest challenges in homeland security applications, especially if any amount of shielding material is present. The specific activity of spontaneous 35U neutron emission is two orders of magnitude lower than that or 238U and six orders of magnitude lower than that of 240Pu. However, 235U has a sizable cross-section for the (n,f) reaction that can be exploited through interrogation with neutrons. In this work, AmLi sources were used to interrogate kilogram-scale masses of HEU at the Device Assembly Facility on the Nevada National Security Site. The response was recorded using the dual particle imaging system (DPI) developed at the University of Michigan, which is a combined Compton and neutron-scatter camera capable of spatial and spectral characterization of nuclear material. The response time of the liquid scintillators used in the DPI is on the order of nanoseconds, which is on the same time-scale of the fission chains induced in the HEU. This capability presents the possibility to directly analyze the fission chain dynamics to characterize the multiplication of the HEU samples. Results will show the discrimination of different quantities of HEU using the DPI.
Holistic view of intestinal health in poultry.

Abstract The intestinal health of poultry has broad implications for the systemic health of birds, animal welfare, the production efficiency of flocks, food safety, and environmental impact. The importance of this topic has grown over the past two decades and this was the focus of this workshop arranged to provide a forum for discussion and mutual learning by sharing experiences, scientific information and demonstrations of comparative effects of multiple factors that affect intestinal health under controlled conditions. This special issue is the product of that workshop. This first paper reviews the multiple aspects that can affect the intestinal health of poultry, and individual factors are then addressed in more detail in subsequent papers. However, some factors, like breeder intestinal health, incubation conditions, early feeding, water quality, housing conditions, feedstuff quality, mycotoxin and rancidity, and grain drying will be discussed herein since will not be covered in detail elsewhere in the issue. The objective of this paper is to offer a great overview of intestinal health in poultry production and emphasize that a holistic approach is necessary when trying to minimize these dysbiosis and enteric diseases.
Edison: Event-driven Distributed System of Network Measurement

Network measurement is critical in network management such as performance monitoring, diagnosis, and traffic engineering. However, conventional network measurement software tools are inadequate in high-speed network at scale. They also lack an event-driven mechanism to automate complex network measurement process. In this paper, we present Edi-son which contains an high performance measurement backend (Ares) to collect flow metrics, driven with an expressive frontend (Equery) to enable the composition of complex measurement tasks. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of our Edison framework on a distributed measurement platform deployed for 100Gbps international research networks.
Financial Technology and Hedge Funds

Since their inception in the 1940s, hedge funds have been on the leading edge of technology in finance. Examples include big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and blockchain technology. This book chapter examines how and why private fund advisers utilize emerging technology. Some indicia suggest that emerging technology plays a primary role in front office and investment functions, in the securing of crypto assets, but also in private investment fund managers’ attempts to satisfy the growth expectations of clients. The use of emerging technology in trade execution and other back-office functions goes hand-in-hand with an ever-increasing interest in the private investment fund industry in investing in digital assets.
Unnecessary Requests: Examining Patrons’ Reliance on Interlibrary Loan for Electronically Owned Items at an Academic Library

University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Library analyzed 4,567 interlibrary loan borrowing requests for articles and other non-returnables. From 2017–2018, nearly 44% of requests were for items that ...
Post-tonsillectomy dysphagia secondary to glossopharyngeal nerve injury

The glossopharyngeal nerve lies in close proximity to the tonsillar fossa making it susceptible to injury during tonsillectomy, though it is uncommonly injured in practice. We present a case of severe dysphagia due to glossopharyngeal nerve injury following tonsillectomy and demonstrate the efficacy of the McNeill Dysphagia Therapy Program (MDTP), a novel stepwise exercise-based rehabilitation program, in improving clinical outcomes. In patients with persistent, severe dysphagia following tonsillectomy, glossopharyngeal nerve injury should be on the differential diagnosis. The MDTP is one method by which clinicians may be able to treat this complex condition.
4.03 – Environmental Chemometrics

Environmental systems are complex with a web of chemical, physical, and biological interactions driving its measurable chemical characteristics. Thus, to characterize the properties of an airshed, watershed, or other definable ecosystem, large multivariate data sets are needed to provide the basis for identifying the sources of material and understanding their transport, transformation, and fate. Such large data sets then lend themselves to appropriate mathematical and statistical analysis to transform the data into more compact and interpretable results that can serve as the basis for systematic descriptions of the system and to assist in developing the deterministic mathematical models that are needed to estimate the likely effects of future activities or control strategies. This chapter provides illustrative examples of applications of a variety of chemometric methods to environmental problems.
Covered Stent Placement for Flush Occlusion of Common Iliac Artery: A 12-Year Follow-Up

Covered stent (Fluency®, Bard, Tempe, AZ) was deployed for flush chronic calcified occlusion of the right common iliac artery in January 2008. In 2014 patient required thrombectomy and endarterectomy of the right common femoral and deep femoral artery for progression of the disease associated with right superficial femoral artery occlusion. Common iliac stent has remained patent for the past 12 years.
Power without Victory: Woodrow Wilson and the American Internationalist Experiment

Power Without Victory proposes a reinvention of the wheel on the scholarship of Woodrow Wilson. This is no small task. Arthur S. Link’s painstaking archival work on Woodrow Wilson’s life and presid...
Characterizing and predicting cortical evoked responses to direct electrical stimulation of the human brain.

Abstract Background Direct electrical stimulation of the human brain has been used to successfully treat several neurological disorders, but the precise effects of stimulation on neural activity are poorly understood. Characterizing the neural response to stimulation, however, could allow clinicians and researchers to more accurately predict neural responses, which could in turn lead to more effective stimulation for treatment and to fundamental knowledge regarding neural function. Objective Here we use a linear systems approach in order to characterize the response to electrical stimulation across cortical locations and then to predict the responses to novel inputs. Methods We use intracranial electrodes to directly stimulate the human brain with single pulses of stimulation using amplitudes drawn from a random distribution. Based on the evoked responses, we generate a simple model capturing the characteristic response to stimulation at each cortical site. Results We find that the variable dynamics of the evoked response across cortical locations can be captured using the same simple architecture, a linear time-invariant system that operates separately on positive and negative input pulses of stimulation. We demonstrate that characterizing the response to stimulation using this simple and tractable model of evoked responses enables us to predict the responses to subsequent stimulation with single pulses with novel amplitudes, and the compound response to stimulation with multiple pulses. Conclusion Our data suggest that characterizing the response to stimulation in an approximately linear manner can provide a powerful and principled approach for predicting the response to direct electrical stimulation.
A New Hope: Shifting the Gendered Discourse around Community College Presidential Leadership.

The definition of leadership changes over time, and the language used to describe leaders is key to understanding what is acceptable and desired in those who lead community colleges at the highest ...
Regionalism and Multilateralism: How Are They Compatible?

Chapter I studies trade and welfare effects from regional integration. World trade is increasingly conducted between three trading blocks, but world welfare has not declined, as predicted by Krugman. His symmetrical trading block model is extended into a two-sector-model, where trade is beneficial through increased varieties and comparative advantage. Simulations confirm that: (i) regionalism and multilateralism can be compatible and welfare enhancing; (ii) sequential integration can monotonously increase world welfare; (iii) more dissimilar countries have higher potential benefits from integration; (iv) about one third of potential gains from free-trade under average tariffs are already realized in a system of three trading blocks.
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a brief summary of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, with an emphasis on recent advances. Signaling through PI3K is an evolutionarily conserved process that enables reversible membrane localization of cytoplasmic proteins. Modular domains (including PH, PX, and FYVE) that interact with 3PIs are broadly distributed among proteins of different function. The recruitment and activation of distinct subsets of PI3K isoforms and effectors in a receptor-specific and cell type-specific manner allows PI3K activation to be linked to different functional responses. Altered activity of the PI3K signaling pathway is characteristic of many human disease states. The ability to generate isoform-selective inhibitors of PI3Ks or 3-phosphatases might lead to development of novel therapies for cancer, diabetes, and immune dysfunction.
Pharmacotherapies for Post-Bariatric Weight Regain: Real-World Comparative Outcomes.

Objective This study aimed to compare outcomes of treatment strategies for weight regain after bariatric surgery. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 207 individuals treated for post-bariatric weight regain at an academic center from January 1, 2014, through November 25, 2019. Percentage body weight loss was compared after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of treatment among an intensive lifestyle modification (ILM) group, a non-glucagon-like-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA)-based weight-loss pharmacotherapy (WLP) group, and a GLP-1-RA-based WLP group (the latter two groups in conjunction with ILM). Results The percentage body weight loss was significantly different between groups after 3 months (1.4% vs. 2.2% vs. 4.5% [P Conclusions GLP-1-RA-based WLP therapies were found to be more effective for treating post-bariatric weight regain than non-GLP-1-RA-based WLP or ILM, regardless of surgery type.
Introduction: imagination in Kierkegaard and beyond

Imagination is a key notion in Soren Kierkegaard’s complex and multilayered thought. Kierkegaard considers the subject of imagination [Indbildining or Phantasie] in the overwhelming majority of his...
School Leadership in the United States: Evolving Responsibilities in Times of Change

This chapter examines school leadership in the United States as it relates to the changing context for public education. In the midst of demographic shifts that have led to growing diversity across the country, public schools serve as key points of contact for immigrant youth and their families. At the same time, an expanding accountability system has put pressure on administrators to demonstrate academic achievement. Balancing the values of embracing diversity on the one hand and accountability pressure on the other challenges leaders to take responsibility for building school cultures that promote learning for all students. School leaders, empowered to shape school culture, curriculum, and teacher practice, rely on more than technical expertise as school leadership includes social and moral dimensions. As school leaders work to adapt and build capacity, they take on new roles as community advocates, innovators, and policy brokers. Helping educators to adapt instruction to incorporate language, identity and socioemotional learning, leaders are responsible for supporting professional learning within schools. Grounding their work in the needs of their communities and working toward the common good, they also serve as bridges to external resources and support. The chapter ends with implications for leadership training and support.
Optimal Control of Discounted-Reward Markov Decision Processes Under Linear Temporal Logic Specifications

We present a method to find an optimal policy with respect to a reward function for a discounted Markov decision process under general linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. Previous work has either focused on maximizing a cumulative reward objective under finite-duration tasks or maximizing an average reward for persistent (e.g., surveillance) tasks. This paper extends and generalizes these results by introducing a pair of occupancy measures to express the LTL satisfaction objective and the expected discounted reward objective, respectively. These occupancy measures are then connected to a single policy via a novel reduction resulting in a mixed integer linear program whose solution provides an optimal policy. Our formulation can also be extended to include additional constraints with respect to secondary reward functions. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach in the context of robotic motion planning for complex missions under uncertainty and performance objectives.
Biological Impact of Type I Interferon Induction Pathways beyond Their Antivirus Activity

This chapter explores three categories in which antiviral signaling, either activated by virus or active within a noninfectious context, can significantly modulate pathology. After briefly reviewing antiviral signaling, the chapter summarizes recent findings that investigate the connection between the host antiviral and antibacterial responses. It explains long-known clinical observations that viral infections can affect a patient’s susceptibility to bacteria. The chapter discusses how antiviral signaling can modulate the adaptive immune system and thereby result in enhanced or reduced, autoimmunity and inflammation. It also explores the profound metabolic consequences of the host response to viral infection and specifically elaborates how such signaling can cross talk with nuclear receptor (NR) pathways critical for metabolism of lipids and xenobiotics, leading to atherosclerosis and hepatic pathology, respectively. The interaction of the immune complexes with toll-like receptors 9 (TLR9) has been shown to promote systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The chapter focuses on the role of type I interferon (IFN) in promoting and inhibiting autoimmunity. Results from one study suggested the possibility of IFN-mediated immune therapy for glomerulonephritis. It has long been known that several pathogens known as the toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (TORCH) organisms can cause severe developmental defects during gestation. Importantly, in the cases of autoimmune disease it appears that the IFN system can affect the development and progress of pathology in the absence of any viral infection.
Expungement of Customer Complaint CRD Information Following Settlement of a FINRA Arbitration

The Financial Industry Regulatory Association (“FINRA”) maintains a database of customer complaints about individuals licensed by FINRA as registered representatives. The data can be accessed and used by both securities regulators and the investing public to find out about past complaints made by customers of the registered representatives. But records of customer complaints can be expunged from the database through an arbitration process created by FINRA. This Article traces the history of that arbitration process, focusing on how it is employed in cases where the investor was paid money to settle a claim. The Article studies FINRA arbitrations in such cases, and reveals that, post-settlement, customer complaints are being expunged at the rate of 93.7%, often in perfunctory ex-parte proceedings where the complainant has agreed not to oppose the application. The Article concludes with proposals for major changes to the process of expungement that are necessary if the FINRA database is to maintain its integrity.
Is Design Relative or Real? Dennett on Intentional Relativism and Physical Realism

Dennett's intended rapprochement between physical realism and intentional relativism fails because it is premised upon conflicting arguments governing the status of design. Indeed, Dennett's remarks on design serve to highlight tensions buried deep within his theory. For inasmuch as Dennett succeeds in objectifying attributions of design, attributions of intentionality readily follow suit, leading to a form of intentional realism. But inasmuch as Dennett is successful in relativizing attributions of design, scientific realism at large is subject to renewed anti-realistic criticism. Dennettian-inspired considerations of adaptationism substantiate the former move towards intentional realism, while considerations of the relativity of artifactual design encourage the latter move towards physical relativism. The ambivalence intrinsic to Dennett's ``mild realism'' can be viewed as a function of these two conflicting positions on design, for Dennett can no more avoid objectifying intentionality when he is realistic about design than he can avoid relativizing physical causality when relativistic about design.
The Flower Constellations

This paper introduces a methodology to design a set of satellite constellations, called the Flower Constellations, which is generally characterized by repeatable ground tracks and a suitable phasing mechanism. A Flower Constellation, which can be complete or restricted, is identified by a number of parameters. Three are integer parameters: the number of petals (Np), the number of sidereal days to repeat the ground track (Nd), and the number of satellites (Ns). The others include the phasing parameters and three orbit parameters equal for all satellites: the argument of perigee (ω), the orbit inclination (i), and the perigee altitude (hp). Flower Constellations present beautiful and interesting dynamical features that allow us to explore a wide range of potential applications that include: telecommunications, Earth and deep space observation, global positioning systems, distributed space systems, and new kind of formation flying schemes. A Flower Constellation can be reoriented arbitrarily; however, the repeating ground track property is lost. To demonstrate their potential, some specific Flower Constellations are briefly described and discussed.
Educating older African Americans about the preventive importance of routine comprehensive eye care.

Older African Americans have higher rates of vision impairment lower utilization rates of comprehensive eye care, compared to whites. InCHARGE© is an eye health education program for this population that promotes prevention through the annual, dilated comprehensive eye examination. This study, using a pre/post design, evaluated whether InCHARGE imparted knowledge about prevention and strategies for reducing barriers to care. The program was presented to 85 older African Americans in 5 senior centers in Montgomery, Alabama. Changes in attitudes about annual eye care were assessed by a questionnaire before and 3 months after InCHARGE. At baseline most (>85%) responded it would not be difficult for them to find an ophthalmologist or optometrist, and the exam cost was not a problem. 25% reported problems finding transportation to the doctor and covering the eyeglasses cost. 44% reported not having an eye exam in the past year; 13% reported not having one within 2 years. Three months after InCHARGE those who reported that they could find a way to get to the doctor increased. After InCHARGE, 72% said they either had received or scheduled an eye exam. Responses to a question about what was learned from InCHARGE indicated that the InCHARGE’s key messages about comprehensive eye care were successfully imparted to most. This study suggests that older African Americans in the urban South have positive attitudes about eye care, even before an eye health education presentation. Following InCHARGE, they identified transportation problems less frequently as a barrier, indicated that they learned InCHARGE’s key message, and had plans for seeking routine, preventive eye care. A next step is to verify through medical record review the extent to which the high rates of self-reported eye care utilization reflect behavior.
Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes

Introduction. Application of Chemical Kinetics to Soil Systems. Kinetic Methodologies and Data Interpretation for Diffusion-Controlled Reactions. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Rapid Reactions on Soil Constituents Using Relaxation Methods. Ion Exchange Kinetics on Soils and Soil Constituents. Kinetics of Pesticide and Organic Pollutant Reactions. Rates of Chemical Weathering. Redox Kinetics. Kinetic Modeling of Inorganic and Organic Reactions in Soils. Bibliography. Index.
Determinants of Child Labor in the Export and Non-Export Sectors of Bangladesh

Trade sanctions imposed by industrialized countries on products made bychildren in developing countries are motivated by the assumptions that children work inexport industries and that such work harms them. We use binary logistic regressiontechniques to analyze the determinants of children’s work in the export and non-exportsectors of Bangladesh. Looking at all children, we find that the factors determiningwhether a child works in the export sector are being older, being a girl, living in an urbanarea, and having a less educated father. (F16, J13, J80, O10, O24)
Lipid abnormalities in hereditary neuropathy: Part 3. Plasma and erythrocyte lipids of HMSN-III (Dejerine-Sottas disease)

Plasma glucosylceramide levels of 5 patients with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type III (Dejerine-Sottas disease) were approximately 50% higher than in controls. Erythrocyte glucosylceramides, however, were within the range of normal values. Elevated plasma glucosylceramide levels provide further evidence that an abnormality of lipid metabolism may underlie this recessively inherited hypertrophic neuropathy. No abnormality was observed among other glycosphingolipid fractions. An altered sphingomyelin fatty acid composition and reduced phosphatidylcholine level was also found, but this may not be disease-specific.
Chloroiodomethane–Zinc/Copper Couple

(ClCH2I) [593-71-5] CH2ClI (MW 176.38) InChI = 1S/CH2ClI/c2-1-3/h1H2 InChIKey = PJGJQVRXEUVAFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Zn(Cu)) [12019-27-1] Zn (MW 65.39) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used in the preparation of cyclopropanes1, and alkenes from aldehydes2) Physical Data: ClCH2I: bp 108–109 °C; d 2.422 g cm−3. Zn(Cu): mp >400 °C; d ca. 7.14 g cm−3. Solubility: ClCH2I: sol organic solvents; insol H2O. Zn(Cu): insol organic solvents and H2O. Form Supplied in: ClCH2I: colorless to brown liquid. Zn(Cu): reddish-brown or dark gray powder; often prepared directly before use. Preparative Method: see Zinc/Copper Couple. Purification: chloroiodomethane can be purified by distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: chloroiodomethane is light sensitive and should be stored in the dark. It can be stabilized with copper wire. Zinc–copper couple deteriorates in moist air and should be stored under nitrogen. Very active zinc–copper couple is oxygen sensitive. It evolves hydrogen on contact with strong aqueous acids.
Feminism, Nationalism, and the 1960s' Slender Spies: A Look at Get Smart and The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.

Abstract:This article explores Get Smart and The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. within the context of 1960s political and television culture, especially as they relate to the loosening of gender roles during the Cold War, the rise in consumer culture, and the anxiety surrounding sexual liberation.
Blood Grouping with a Miniature Centrifugal Fast Analyzer

The Centrifugal Fast Analyzer was used to develop a semiautomated, computerized blood-grouping system. A miniaturized version of the Analyzer was used for the development because, essentially, it enables one to automate "test-tube" grouping procedures. The blood-grouping system is discussed in terms of adaptation of blood-grouping procedures; types of instrumentation used for grouping, cell washing, and Coombs testing; parametric optimization of hemagglutination reactions; subgrouping of A and AB; reverse typing; small-scale blood-grouping evaluation of our approach; and computerization of blood grouping. The data reported here indicate that the system reliably provides accurate results.