cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-magnon Raman scattering in spin-ladder geometries and the ratio of rung and leg exchange constants

We discuss ways in which the ratio of exchange constants along the rungs and legs of a spin-ladder material influences the two-magnon Raman scattering spectra and hence can be determined from it. We show that within the Fleury-Loudon-Elliott approach, the Raman line shape does not change with polarization geometries. This line shape is well known to be difficult to calculate accurately from theory. However, the Raman scattering intensities do vary with polarization geometries, which are easy to calculate. With some assumptions about the Raman scattering Hamiltonian, the latter can be used to estimate the ratio of exchange constants. We apply these results to the recent measurements of Sugai et al. of Raman scattering from spin-ladder materials such as ${\mathrm{La}}_{6}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{24}{\mathrm{O}}_{41}$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{14}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{24}{\mathrm{O}}_{41}.$
The largest animal association centered on one species: the army ant Eciton burchellii and its more than 300 associates

As possibly two of the last true naturalists, Carl Rettenmeyer and his wife Marian dedicated their lives to the study of army ants and their associates. Over the course of 55 years, the Rettenmeyers went on numerous field trips mainly to the Central American tropics and analyzed hundreds of self-collected samples and those sent by a multitude of other scientists, who were inspired by Carl’s enthusiasm. It comes as no surprise that Carl Rettenmeyer became the world’s leading expert on army ant associates. This paper, which the Rettenmeyers nearly completed before Carl’s death in 2009, gives the first comprehensive list of animals known to be found in the company of a single army ant species: Eciton burchellii. The 557 recorded associates range from birds to insects and mites and comprise the largest described animal association centering around one particular species. Although some of these associates may be opportunistic encounters, we are confident that approximately 300 of the recorded species depend on the ants, at least in part, for their existence. The extinction of E. burchellii from any habitat over its vast area of distribution is likely to cause the extinction of numerous associated animals at that site. This overview will hopefully inspire researchers throughout the world to follow in the Rettenmeyers’ footsteps and continue the investigation of army ants and their associates.
Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Targeted Therapies

Expanding knowledge about basic biology and a detailed understanding of the signaling pathways that participate in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer have identified opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Endocrine therapy represents the first and most successful example of targeted therapy in breast cancer. Trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA) is now part of the management of metastatic disease and is under evaluation as adjuvant therapy. Other pathways have been targeted, and several candidate drugs are being developed. While these developments represent opportunities for better therapies, they have also identified limitations in identification of targets and development of targeted therapies. Validation of targets is critical, and it is also critical to determine whether the putative target can be identified in a consistent, practical, and inexpensive manner. Finally, it is imperative that targeted therapies are devoid of toxicities secondary to the ubiquitous nature of the target, and we must improve our understanding of interactions that provide specificity of signaling under physiologic conditions.
Overweight and obesity in hemophilia: a systematic review of the literature.

Context As life expectancy in individuals with congenital hemophilia approaches that of the general population, we hypothesize that public health risks, including overweight and obesity, also follow a similar trend. Evidence acquisition A search of the literature included terms relating to overweight, sequelae of being overweight, and hemophilia. Studies were included if they reported the frequency or clinical significance of known complications of overweight and obesity, including musculoskeletal disease, aerobic capacity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, decreased quality of life, and change in pharmacokinetics of infused clotting factor in hemophilia. Recommendations from medical organizations were searched for preventive and management strategies applicable to this population. Evidence synthesis Overweight and obesity are now more prevalent in the hemophilia population than previous generations, with rates similar to and, in certain subsets even higher, than that of the general population. Increased BMI leads to limitations in joint range of motion in the general population and even more so in persons with hemophilia. Conclusions Overweight and obesity in hemophilia are an increasing problem. Simple steps can be taken to encourage patients to decrease caloric intake and increase physical activity. Prevention and management of overweight, obesity, and their sequelae must be addressed in clinical practice in order to maximize the overall health of the hemophilia population.
R & B: A conversation between a researcher and a battered woman about domestic violence fatality review

The conversation that unfolds takes place at a restaurant between an imaginary researcher, R, and an imaginary battered woman, B. The researcher embodies some of the traits of researchers in general and particularly those who stray into the arena of domestic violence fatality review. The battered woman lives with her three teenage children, works as a secretary at a university, and has just completed her master’s degree in Women’s Studies. R and B met 13 years ago at a shelter, where R interviewed B about B’s life and the domestic violence she had endured. Now, 13 years later, the two meet on the street, lock eyes, and agree to talk over dinner. By way of background, fatality review refers to the deliberative process whereby communities and their various domestic violence agencies identify homicides and suicides traceable to domestic violence and suggest preventive interventions. The past decade has witnessed the phenomenal growth of domestic violence fatality review teams. 1 In 1990, only a handful of states evidenced such review activity. At the close of 2004, approximately 32 states have adopted fatality reviews. Of these, at least half have passed enabling legislation to guide the process and protect the confidentiality of the deliberations and findings. A number of issues permeate the debate about the desirability and worth of
Imagining community: Visibility, bonding, and L Word audiences

This essay examines the ways in which L Word audiences engaged with each other, and used the text as a way to build community and find acceptance in hetero-normative privileged society. This is particularly apparent among marginalized sexual minorities: bisexual, transgender, older lesbians, and lesbians of color. Viewers found connection through representations, shared narratives, and discourse. The resulting imagined communities provided cultural visibility and worked to make all sexual and gender identifications accepted, visible, and safe.
The connection between academic failure and adolescent drinking in secondary school

Academic failure and drinking are both problematic aspects of the adolescent stage of the life course, and the connection between these two behaviors can disrupt the basic functioning of individuals and schools. Drawing on theories of problem behavior from multiple disciplines, this study attempted to determine whether academic failure was a risk factor for adolescent drinking, and vice versa, and then to identify the mechanisms underlying these two longitudinal associations. Cross-lagged models of data from 11,927 middle school and high school students in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed that the number of classes failed in one year predicted alcohol use a year later more than early alcohol use predicted later class failures. Aspects of social bonding (e.g., attachments to adults) and symptoms of general maladjustment (e.g., delinquency) did more than opportunity structures (e.g., peer norms) to explain the connection between these two behaviors over one year of secondary school.
Stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography is clinically effective and cost effective in risk stratification of patients with a high likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) but no known CAD.

Abstract Objectives We sought to evaluate the prognostic and cost implications of stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or MPS, in patients with a high pretest likelihood (>0.85) of coronary artery disease (CAD) with no previous CAD. Background Sparse data are available regarding the prognostic performance characteristics of MPS in this patient group. Methods We followed up 1,270 consecutive patients with no previous revascularization or myocardial infarction (MI), with a pre–exercise tolerance test (ETT) likelihood of CAD ≥0.85, who underwent exercise or adenosine stress MPS (follow-up 94.4% complete; 2.2 ± 1.2 years; 60 hard events [5.9%, 2.6%/year]). Risk adjustment of survival data was done using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Costs per reclassification of risk were calculated using assumed costs and threshold analyses. Results In patients treated medically after MPS, normal MPS had a low risk of cardiac death and hard events (0.6% and 1.3% per year, respectively). With increasing extent and severity of MPS defects, the risk of both cardiac death and hard events increased significantly (p Conclusions In patients with a high likelihood of CAD but without known CAD, stress MPS yields incremental value and achieves risk stratification in a cost-effective manner. The current results support a strategy of initial stress imaging in this patient cohort, as a reasonable alternative to direct referral to catheterization or initial ETT.
Activity of β-D-Galactosidase from Saccharomyces lactis at Temperatures below 0 C1

Abstract Lactase ( β -D-galactosidase) from the yeast Saccharomyces lactis was tested for activity at −9C, −13C, −19C, −23C, and −30C. A 5.0% (weight/volume) lactose solution was prepared with .1% lactase added. Samples were incubated at 33C for 10, 30, and 50min after inoculation and then frozen in a dry ice-acetone solution. Controls, 5.0% lactose with no lactase added, also were frozen; all samples were stored for varying time. After 1, 4, 10, and 30 days storage at each temperature, the percent lactose remaining was determined. There was no lactase activity in samples frozen at −19C, −23C, and −30C; however, there was significant hydrolysis of lactose at −9C and −13C. Percent of lactose in controls remained at approximately 5.0% for all temperatures and times.
Mmm1p, a Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Protein, Is Connected to Mitochondrial DNA (Mtdna) Nucleoids and Required for Mtdna Stability

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitochondria form a branched, tubular reticulum in the periphery of the cell. Mmm1p is required to maintain normal mitochondrial shape and in mmm1 mutants mitochondria form large, spherical organelles. To further explore Mmm1p function, we examined the localization of a Mmm1p–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion in living cells. We found that Mmm1p-GFP is located in small, punctate structures on the mitochondrial outer membrane, adjacent to a subset of matrix-localized mitochondrial DNA nucleoids. We also found that the temperature-sensitive mmm1-1 mutant was defective in transmission of mitochondrial DNA to daughter cells immediately after the shift to restrictive temperature. Normal mitochondrial nucleoid structure also collapsed at the nonpermissive temperature with similar kinetics. Moreover, we found that mitochondrial inner membrane structure is dramatically disorganized in mmm1 disruption strains. We propose that Mmm1p is part of a connection between the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes, anchoring mitochondrial DNA nucleoids in the matrix.
A scalable logical coordinates framework for routing in wireless sensor networks

Routing is one of the key challenges in sensor networks that directly affects the information throughput and energy expenditure. Geographic routing is the most scalable routing scheme for statically placed nodes in that it uses only a constant amount of per-node state regardless of network size. The location information needed for this scheme, however, is not easy to compute accurately using current localization algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel logical coordinate framework that encodes connectivity information for routing purposes without the benefit of geographic knowledge, while retaining the constant-state advantage of geographic routing. In addition to efficiency in the absence of geographic knowledge, our scheme has two important advantages: (i) it improves robustness in the presence of voids compared to other logical coordinate frameworks, and (ii) it allows inferring bounds on route hop count from the logical coordinates of the source and destination nodes, which makes it a candidate for use in soft real-time systems. The scheme is evaluated in simulation demonstrating the advantages of the new protocol.
Photonic packet switches: architectures and experimental implementations

Photonic packet switches offer high speed, data rate and format transparency, and flexibility required by future computer communications and cell-based telecommunications networks. In this paper, we review experimental progress in state-of-the-art photonic packet switches with an emphasis on all-optical guided-wave systems. The term all-optical implies that the data portion of a packet remains in optical format from the source to the destination. While the data remain all-optical, both optical and optoelectronic techniques have been used to process packet routing functions based on extremely simple routing protocols. An overview of the design issues for all-optical photonic packet switching is given and contrasted with electronic packet switch implementations. Low-level functions that have been experimentally implemented include routing, contention resolution, synchronization, and header regeneration. System level demonstrations, including centralized photonic switching and distributed all-optical multihop networks, will be reviewed. >
Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of the OH radical with CF3CF2CHCl2 (HCFC‐225ca) and CF2ClCF2CHClF (HCFC‐225cb)

Rate constants have been measured for the gas phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CF{sub 3}Cf{sub 2}CHCl{sub 2} (HCFC-225ca) over the temperature range 270 to 400 K and CF{sub 2}ClCF{sub 2}CHClF (HCFC-225cb) over the temperature range 298 to 400 K. The Arrhenius expressions k(225ca) = (1.92 {plus minus} 0.52) {times} 10{sup {minus}12} exp({minus}1290 {plus minus} 90/T) cm{sup 3} molecule {sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1} and k (225cb) = (6.75 {plus minus} 3.70) {times} 10{sup {minus}13} exp({minus}1,300 {plus minus} 180/T) cm{sup 3} molecule{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1} were derived from the kinetic data.
Racial and ethnic disparities in coronary heart disease in women: prevention, treatment, and needed interventions

In the year 2002, the study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) provides some of the most exciting opportunities for prevention and treatment. The emergence of gene therapy, new markers to better identify risk, new pharmaceuticals, and the potential to develop “individualized” therapy provide the foundation for more effective cures and targeted prevention. The role of CVD as a major cause of mortality and as a significant cause of morbidity in the female population has become clearer and better understood among medical and lay populations. Yet, significant racial and ethnic disparities exist with regard to prevalence, mortality, and morbidity. This paper will discuss these disparities, the degree to which they can be explained, potential methods for decreasing them, and future recommendations. The goals set in Healthy People 2010 address the improvement of cardiovascular health and quality of life through the prevention, detection, and treatment of risk factors; early identification and treatment of heart attacks and strokes; and prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events. Different from Healthy People 2000, the goals set in Healthy People 2010 are the same for minorities and the white population, in spite of higher rates of most risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) among most minority groups. Inherent in this decision is the goal of decreasing health disparities. One goal of Healthy People 2010 is to reduce CHD deaths (target: 166 deaths per 100,000 population, baseline: 208 deaths per 100,000 in 1998). The total age-adjusted CHD mortality rates among U.S. women age 35 years are displayed in Figure 1*. .
Isolation of Lautropia mirabilis from Oral Cavities of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

Lautropia mirabilis, a pleomorphic, motile, gram-negative coccus, has been isolated from the oral cavities of 32 of 60 (53.3%) children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 3 of 25 (12.0%) HIV-uninfected controls; the association of L. mirabilis isolation with HIV infection is significant (P < 0.001). All children in the study, both HIV-infected children and controls, were born to HIV-infected mothers. The presence of this bacterium was not associated with clinical disease in these children. The HIV-infected children with L. mirabilis did not differ from the HIV-infected children without L. mirabilis in immunological status, clinical status, or systemic medications. The role of HIV infection itself or concomitant factors in the establishment of L. mirabilis in the oral cavity remains to be elucidated.
Modelling, Identification and Stable Adaptive Control of Continuous-Time Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Using Neural Networks

Several empirical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of employing neural networks as models of nonlinear dynamical systems. This paper develops the appropriate mathematical tools for synthesizing and analyzing stable neural network based identification and control schemes. Feedforward network architectures are combined with dynamical elements, in the form of stable filters, to construct a general recurrent network configuration which is shown to be capable of approximating a large class of dynamical systems. Adaptive identification and control schemes, based on neural network models, are developed using the Lyapunov synthesis approach with the projection modification method. These schemes are shown to guarantee stability of the overall system, even in the presence of modelling errors. A crucial characteristic of the methods and formulations developed in this paper is the generality of the results which allows their application to various neural network models as well as other approximators.
Incorporating Diverse Majors and Backgrounds in Materials Science Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Sites

A summer Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) site program has been operating at Washington State University for the past five summers. Over this time we have experimented with several modes of organized summer research methods, including students working in individual projects as well as students working in teams. We have balanced the academic standing of the students (freshmen to seniors), as well providing a diverse demographic background. The results of these past five summers will be presented, as well as recommendations for which methods have been the most successful in terms of generating publications and presentations from the students as well as the likelihood of students entering graduate school.
Efficient CAD development for emerging technologies using Objective-C and Cocoa

Future nanotechnologies will permit the manufacturing of computational systems of unprecedented complexity. It is not unreasonable to anticipate that, in order to analyze and design such systems, engineers will rely heavily on computer-aided design (CAD) software tools. As is the case with semiconductor CAD tools, the better one understands the underlying data structures and algorithms of a CAD tool, the more productive the user of the CAD tool is. The increasing challenges of future nanosystems will likely lead to blurring the division between system designers and the CAD designers and to merging of these two disciplines. Novel software development environments permitting powerful development of high-quality software will be required. This paper describes the experience of the authors with one such development framework based on the Objective-C programming language and the Cocoa application programming environment in a UNIX-based environment. These development choices were made because of the available programmer support, permitting development of complex applications in a straightforward way. A CAD application of moderate complexity for the simulation of asynchronous cellular arrays was developed with minimal effort. The authors believe that the ease of development using Cocoa is greater than in other similar development environments.
Analysis of QAM signals using higher-order spectra-based time-frequency distributions

Under certain assumptions, simple analytical expressions can be derived for the expected value of bilinear and multilinear time-frequency representations of any quadrature-amplitude modulated communication signal (QAM). The symbol sequence should be i.i.d. and the modulation constellation should have independent and identically distributed real and imaginary parts. Initially, a characterization of QAM modulation schemes using second-order and higher-order moments and spectra-based time-frequency distributions is given. Then this characterization is exploited to derive QAM signal detection schemes. These schemes are tested in low SNR and against narrowband interference. >
Humanistic Processes and Bureaucratic Structures— Are They Compatible?:

Humanistic processes and bureaucratic structures are poles apart, but they can exist in the same organization. The writers describe how humanistic processes can be implemented in even the most bure...
Herbaceous monocot plant form and function along a tropical rain-forest light gradient: a reversal of dicot strategy

Whole plant form and function vary spectacularly across the seed plants. In recent years, plant evolutionary ecologists have begun to document this diversity on large geographic scales by analysing 'functional traits' that are indicative of whole plant performance across environmental gradients (Swenson & Enquist 2007, Wright et al. 2004). Despite the high degree of functional diversity in tropical forests, convergence in function does occur locally along successional or light gradients (Bazzaz & Pickett 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988). The adaptive differentiation between light-demanding (LD) dicot tropical tree species versus shade-tolerant (ST) species has been well documented. For example, LD tree species generally have thin leaves that have higher rates of carbon assimilation per unit mass, short leaf life spans, low tissue water content, less dense stem tissue and higher mortality rates. Conversely, ST species tend to exhibit the exact opposite trait composition (reviewed in Bazzaz & Pickett 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988). The trait strategies of LD species are therefore considered to be adaptations for colonization and rapid growth and primary forest species are assumed to be adapted to delay their emergence, growth and mortality. In sum, there appear to be pervasive adaptive strategies in whole plant form and function across light gradients in diocotyledonous trees in tropical rain forests (Bazzaz & Pickett 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988). Tropical herbaceous monocot species spanning similar light gradients, have received considerably less attention (Rundel et al. 1998). To date interspecific comparative analyses of tropical monocots focusing on leaf traits suggest that herbaceous monocots may have a gradient in leaf form and function along light gradients that is
Layoffs and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Compensation: Does CEO Power Influence the Relationship?:

We examine the association between layoffs and chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. Because of the public scrutiny and political pressures associated with both CEO compensation and layoffs, ...
PERCUTANEOUS POTENCY OF ESTERIFIED AND NONESTERIFIED ESTRADIOL

THE PRESENT STUDY is concerned with the relative percutaneous effectiveness of αestradiol, α-estradiol benzoate, and α-estradiol dipropionate. The uterine weight of castrated rats after a constant period of treatment was used as the criterion for effectiveness of the estrogens, with the uterine weight of the untreated spayed rat as control. This type of test, measuring a ‘graded reaction’ was selected in preference to an ‘all or none’ response type of test, with which a ‘minimal effective dose’ is determined. Although the latter is the most commonly used method to assay estrogenic potencies (by determining the lowest dose which produces estrus in the vaginal smear of 50 per cent of the animals), we refrained from using it, because this type of test places a premium on rapid absorption. The esterified hormones are, there fore, penalized, because of their slower rate of absorption, and a true indication of their effectiveness relative to the nonesterified forms cannot be obtained.
Strongly nonlinear magnetoconvection in three dimensions

Fully nonlinear three-dimensional convection in a strong vertical magnetic field is studied. In this regime, the convective velocities are not strong enough to distort the magnetic field substantially and the field remains primarily vertical. Consequently, the leading order nonlinearity arises from the distortion of the horizontally averaged temperature profile only. As a result all steady spatially periodic patterns have the same Nusselt numbers and mean temperature profile. A similar degeneracy is present in overstable convection with all periodic patterns having identical time-averaged Nusselt numbers and oscillation frequencies. These results are obtained via an asymptotic expansion in inverse Chandrasekhar number that determines, for each Rayleigh number, the time-averaged Nusselt number and oscillation frequency from the solution of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem for the vertical temperature profile. In the presence of variable magnetic Prandtl number .z/ these profiles are asymmetric, but nonetheless develop isothermal cores in the highly supercritical regime. The interesting case in which >1 near the bottom (favoring steady convection) and <1 near the top (favoring overstable convection) is discussed in detail. ©1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Quantitative Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

This chapter introduces quantitative convergent-beam electron diffraction from quantitative electron diffraction intensity recording to quantitative structural retrieval by electron diffraction intensity refinement and pattern matching. It is shown that structure information, such as unit cell parameters and electron structure factors, can be obtained from experimental diffraction intensities by optimizing the fit between the experimental and theoretical intensities through the adjustment of structural parameters in a theoretical model. While the principle of refinement is similar to the Rietveld method in X-ray powder diffraction, its implementation in electron diffraction is powerful since it includes the full dynamic effect. The accuracy of this technique will be demonstrated through the accurate determination of lattice parameters for strain mapping and charge density for the study of crystal bonding.
How Liberal is Liberal Equality?: A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's Tanner Lecture

Liberalism is a wonderful theory, but its adherents have a difficult time explaining why. In his Tanner Lecture entitled Foundations of Liberal Equality, Ronald Dworkin proposes to defend liberalism in a new way. Dworkin is not content to view liberalism as a political compromise in which people set aside their personal convictions in the interest of social peace. Instead, he undertakes to make liberal political theory “continuous” with personal ethics, by describing an ethical position that endorses liberalism as a matter of conviction.
Acute changes in the response to peripheral leptin with alteration in the diet composition

Dietary induced obesity in rodents is associated with a resistance to leptin. We have investigated the hypothesis that dietary fat per se alters the feeding response to peripheral leptin in rats that were fed either their habitual high- or low-fat diet or were naively exposed to the alternative diet. Osborne-Mendel rats were adapted to either high- or low-fat diet. Food-deprived rats were given either leptin (0.5 mg/kg body wt ip) or saline, after which they were provided with either their familiar diet or the alternative diet. Food intake of rats adapted and tested with the low-fat diet was reduced 4 h after leptin injection, whereas rats adapted and tested with a high-fat diet did not respond to leptin. Leptin was injected again 1 and 5 days after the high-fat diet-adapted rats were switched to the low-fat diet. Leptin reduced the food intake on both days. In contrast, when low-fat diet-adapted rats were switched to a high-fat diet, the leptin inhibitory response was present on day 1 but not observed on day 5. Peripheral injection of leptin increased serum corticosterone level and decreased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in rats fed the low-fat but not the high-fat diet for 20 days. The data suggest that dietary fat itself, rather than obesity, may induce leptin resistance within a short time of exposure to a high-fat diet.
“Wishing Don’t Make it So”—Why We Need a Randomized Clinical Trial of High-Intensity Hemodialysis

Simply put, there is a stubborn problem in the modern practice of dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the US—mortality. Despite the availability of advanced technology, a well-trained workforce that includes thousands of physicians, and broad access to therapy because of Medicare and
Influence of exotic horses on the use of water by communities of native wildlife in a semi-arid environment

Abstract Introduced species can impact native communities by altering competition dynamics. Large exotic species, such as the horse ( Equus caballus ), may have a competitive advantage over smaller native species and could exclude them from access to limited resources. Our objective was to determine the influence of the exotic horse on the use of water by native species in a semi-arid environment where availability of water is limited. From July 2010 to August 2011, we used remote cameras to monitor water sources in the Great Basin Desert where horses had drinking access and where horses were excluded (with fencing) to compare 1) composition of native communities and 2) water usage by native species. We captured 96,601 images representing 40 species of birds (29,396 images) and 13 species of mammals (67,205 images). Of the 67,205 images of mammals, 79% contained horses. Horses were associated with decreased richness and diversity of native species at water sources. Furthermore, native species had fewer visits and spent less time at water sources frequented by horses. Our results indicated that horses displaced other species at water sources providing evidence of a negative influence on how communities of native wildlife access a limited resource in an arid environment.
“PD is where teachers are learning!” high school social studies teachers׳ formal and informal professional learning

Abstract The present study used social learning theory and situated learning theory as a way to examine secondary social studies teacher participants׳ formal and informal professional learning. Existing literature is just beginning to attend to the potential of informal professional learning and to distinguish between formal and informal professional learning, so this exploratory study used observations of scheduled and spontaneous professional learning experiences, semi-structured interviews with 12 secondary social studies teachers, and relevant documents to consider the following research question: In what ways do high school social studies teacher participants engage in formal and informal professional learning? Results indicate that while secondary social studies teachers engage in a variety of formal and informal professional learning experiences, their informal learning experiences are the most valuable and significant for their classroom practice. While informal professional learning is not a replacement for traditional formal professional learning, lessons learned here can inform ways to improve formal professional learning and to capitalize upon teachers’ existing informal professional learning experiences. This study provides insight into the ways in which social studies teachers support their growth outside of formal professional development.
The Stable Population

The stationary population of the life table, unchanging in both size and age composition, reflects the long-term implications of a constant set of mortality rates and a constant number of births each year. The stable population generalizes that model by explicitly including fertility behavior. A stable population reflects the long-term implications of fixed rates of birth and death, and can be shown to have an unchanging age composition and a constant “intrinsic” growth rate, r.
Effects of an Ultra-Capacitor and Battery Energy Storage System in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

This paper focuses on the effects of ultra-capacitors as a component of energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The main energy source in a hybrid vehicle is the battery. HEVs with battery sources are presently fairly effective; however, major drawbacks include the cost and size of such batteries. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the addition of ultra-capacitors as a component of the energy storage system can reduce these drawbacks significantly by reducing the size of batteries required to drive the vehicle. To integrate ultra-capacitors into hybrid vehicles, the ADvanced Vehicle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) was used. The vehicle used to conduct this study was the 2004 Jeep Liberty sport utility vehicle (SUV). To simplify the analysis process, the conventional Jeep Liberty was modeled in ADVISOR to resemble the actual performance specifications of the SUV currently in the market. This provided a platform to model the Jeep Liberty as a hybrid electric SUV and ultimately to include an energy storage model for the ultra-capacitors. The resulting data indicates that ultra-capacitors provide an effective means to reduce cost and weight of the HEV energy storage system while maintaining the same or improved performance of the conventional energy storage system.
Corporate Securities Innovation: An Update

This paper reviews innovative corporate securities through year-end 2000. We describe 80 distinct new securities, which we categorize as 1) debt, 2) preferred stock, 3) convertible securities, and 4) common equity. For each security, we analyze probable sources of value added and provide a brief description of its distinctive features, the date of first issue, and an estimate of the number of issues and total new issue volume through year-end 2000. The sources of value added help explain the relative "staying power" of the many innovative securities.
Carrying Off the Palaces: John Ruskin's Lost Daguerreotypes

This book, the first of its kind, is remarkable for many reasons. Above all, it provides an exhaustive (and beautifully illustrated) record of John Ruskin's immense collection of daguerreotypes, 18...
Infrared Dielectric Function of Gold Films in Relation to Their Morphology

Though data concerning gold’s optical properties differ substantially in the literature, the causes for these discrepancies are poorly understood. Surface quality affects the optical response considerably, not only through crystal defects but also through the existing morphology. If optical data analysis is done under the assumption of ideally flat surfaces, the obtained dielectric function or dynamic conductivity and any model parameters represent an effective description that may differ from bulk values according to various preparation conditions. To show this finding in detail, we performed spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of evaporated gold films in the mid-infrared range, below the onset of the interband transitions, and investigated the sample morphology by means of atomic force microscopy. This study yields effective Drude-model parameters that vary with film morphology over a range that includes most of the published values. Introducing a Bruggeman effective medium to model rough films as a...
Abstract 5280: Exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) accelerates melanoma cell migration through Ca2+-dependent actin assembly

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: We previously reported that Epac, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor directly activated by cAMP, increases melanoma cell migration through Ca2+ elevation. Both Epac-induced cell migration and Ca2+ elevation were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor. Accordingly, we studied the involvement of PLC/IP3 receptor in Epac-induced Ca2+ elevation by knockdown of these molecules. However, the mechanism how Epac-induced Ca2+ elevation mediates melanoma cell migration is unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of Epac induced-Ca2+ elevation on actin assembly, which plays a major role in cell migration. Methods: SK-Mel-2, a cell line from human metastatic melanoma, was used in this study. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured with Fura-2AM fluorescent dye. Cell migration was examined with the Boyden chambers. IP3 production was examined by IP3 radioimmunoassay. Actin assembly was examined by immunocytochemistry. In some experiments, ablation of a target protein with lentivirus-based shRNA induction system was performed. Results: 8-pMeOPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (8-pMeOPT), an Epac-specific agonist, increased Ca2+ and cell migration in SK-Mel-2. Such Ca2+ elevation and cell migration was negated by ablation of PLCe or IP3 receptor 1. In addition, Epac-induced IP3 production was inhibited by U73122, a PLC inhibitor, and ablation of PLCe. These data suggest that Epac increases Ca2+, and thus cell migration, via the PLCe/IP3 receptor 1 signaling pathway. Cytochalasin D, an actin assembly inhibitor, reduced 8-pMeOPT-induced cell migration. In addition, immunocytochemistry showed that 8-pMeOPT increases actin assembly. When U73122 or Xestopongin C, an IP3 receptor inhibitor, was used, Epac-induced actin assembly was decreased. These data suggest that Epac-induced Ca2+ elevation mediates actin assembly. Further, immunoprecipitation showed that 8-pMeOPT increased physical interaction of myosin heavy chain IIA (MHCIIA), which enhances actin assembly, with S100A4, a Ca2+-binding protein which activates MHCIIA. These data suggest that Epac-induced Ca2+ elevation mediates actin assembly via the S100A4/MHCIIA signaling pathway. Conclusion: Epac increases Ca2+ via the PLCe/IP3 receptor 1 pathway. Also, Epac-induced Ca2+ elevation mediates melanoma cell migration via actin assembly. These data suggested that Epac could be a target for treating patients with melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5280.
Detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia using immunoglobulin hypervariable region specific oligonucleotide probes

To develop a sensitive and specific assay for minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we exploited the enormous diversity of genomic sequences created by immune receptor gene rearrangements. To isolate clone-specific sequences, we first synthesized oligonucleotides that match conserved variable (VH) and joining (JH) sequences flanking the third hypervariable region (HVR3) in the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. In polymerase chain reactions (PCR), these primers were then used to amplify the intervening HVR3 segments from leukemic DNA samples. Of 12 B-lineage ALLs studied, ten generated one or more fragments of the size expected for HVR3 gene segments. Thus, this single pair of amplimers was sufficient to isolate HVR3 sequences from a majority of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. To verify that the amplified fragments originated from HVR3 alleles and to assess their diversity, we sequenced 7 PCR products derived from 6 leukemias. In addition to elements of recognized D segments, each of the 7 fragments contained novel VH-D and D-JH junctional sequences, including N nucleotides, not known to be present in the germline. Each sequence was unique, and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes hybridized only to HVR3 segments from which the probes were derived. Therefore, as anticipated, these HVR3 segments appeared to possess the diversity required to serve as clonal markers for leukemic populations. To demonstrate that these amplified HVR3 alleles could serve as the basis for a sensitive and specific assay to detect rare leukemic cells, we analyzed in detail one pre-B leukemia that had rearranged 2 IgH alleles. The HVR3 sequences were shown to be linked to rearranged JH-containing restriction fragments in digests of genomic DNA, establishing their origin in the leukemic cells. We synthesized oligonucleotides corresponding to the unique junctional sequences in the HVR3 segments. Using these novel amplimers in an allele-specific amplification and hybridization procedure, we showed that this assay can detect 10 leukemic cells in a background of 10(6) normal blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, the leukemic HVR3 sequences were not detected in extracts of normal or unrelated remission leukemic leukocytes. We conclude that the assay for specific IgH HVR3 sequences is a realistic strategy for detection of minimal residual disease in B-lineage ALL.
User Abilities in Detecting Vibrotactile Signals on the Feet Under Varying Attention Loads

The future of human space exploration will involve extra-vehicular activities EVA on foreign planetary surfaces i.e. Mars, an activity that will have significantly different characteristics than the common exploration scenarios on Earth. The required use of a bulky, pressurized EVA suit perceptually disconnects human explorers from the hostile foreign environment, increasing the navigation workload and risk of collision associated with traversing through unfamiliar, rocky terrain. To assist the explorer in such tasks, multi-modal information presentation devices are being designed and evaluated. One application is to assist astronauts in ground obstacle avoidance via tactile channels of the feet. Before utilizing these signals as a form of information presentation, it is necessary to first characterize the tactile perception capabilities of the feet for selected vibration location and signal types, in particular during distracted attention states. The perception of tactile signals must be robust under various cognitive loads as the user will be involved in multiple tasks. The current study consisted of participants completing a vibrotactile detection study, with independent variables of attention state, vibration location and vibration signal type. Tactile cues were provided using haptic motor vibrations at six different locations on each foot for four different vibration levels High, Low, Increasing and Decreasing, resulting in 24 unique vibrations per foot. Each treatment was repeated six times per attention state and vibrations were presented randomly within a time window of 2---7i¾?s. After each trial, participants indicated the location and level of the vibration perceived. Accuracy of response was analyzed across conditions and results provide implications for the presentation of tactile information on the feet under varying attentioni¾?states.
Survival following blunt traumatic right ventricular free wall rupture

We present a case of survival after ventricular wall rupture in a young man following a fall. The patient had a delayed presentation to the emergency department with normotension and a slight tachy...
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

A 73-year-old patient developed tetraplegia, cranial neuropathies and autonomic instability and died of clinical complications of Guillain-Barre syndrome. He was incidentally found to have subclinical Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The literature since 1966 is reviewed for the association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with throiditis, other endocrine abnormalities, and some diseases thought to be caused by autoimmune mechanisms.
A scalable, fully implicit algorithm for the reduced two-field low- extended MHD model

We demonstrate a scalable fully implicit algorithm for the two-field low- extended MHD model. This reduced model describes plasma behavior in the presence of strong guide fields, and is of significant practical impact both in nature and in laboratory plasmas. The model displays strong hyperbolic behavior, as manifested by the presence of fast dispersive waves, which make a fully implicit treatment very challenging. In this study, we employ a Jacobian-free NewtonKrylov nonlinear solver, for which we propose a physics-based preconditioner that renders the linearized set of equations suitable for inversion with multigrid methods. As a result, the algorithm is shown to scale both algorithmically (i.e., the iteration count is insensitive to grid refinement and timestep size) and in parallel in a weak-scaling sense, with the wall-clock time scaling weakly with the number of cores for up to 4096 cores. For a 40964096 mesh, we demonstrate a wall-clock-time speedup of 6700 with respect to explicit algorithms. The model is validated linearly (against linear theory predictions) and nonlinearly (against fully kinetic simulations), demonstrating excellent agreement.