cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of filipin and derivatives with erythrocyte membranes and lipid dispersions: Electron microscopic observations

The effect of the polyene antibiotic, filipin, on the morphology of erythrocyte membranes and lipid dispersions has been investigated with the electron microscope using negative staining (phosphotungstate). Filipin induces pit formation in rat and human erythrocytes; similar pits are also produced by the antibiotic in lecithin cholesterol dispersions. Pit formation requires the presence of cholesterol. Evidence is presented which suggests that the light ring surrounding each pit may consist predominately, if not exclusively, of sterol which had interacted with the antibiotic. Pits are not produced in lecithin-cholesterol dispersions by derivatives of the antibiotic which have little (perhydrofilipin) or no (irradiated filipin) hemolytic activity. Thus, the characteristic lamellar pattern of the dispersions is retained in the presence of the irradiated derivative, whereas perhydrofilipin has an effect which is apparently similar to that produced by lysolecithin. The pits produced by filipin resemble those produced in human erythrocyte membranes by immune lysis in the presence of complement but are quite different from those produced by saponin. The relevance of these observations to current concepts regarding the mode of filipin action is discussed. It is suggested that filipin may interfere with the ability of cholesterol to stabilize the bilayer configuration of phospholipids. Experiments which suggest that the sterol can function as a stabilizer are described.
Stress Test on J2ME Compatible Mobile Device

In software engineering, software testing phase has its own role in reducing bugs and ensuring software does what it is supposed to do. In order to maintain software quality, a few approaches of testing have been widely used in Motorola. One of the effective approaches is stress test. It has been practiced in system level testing on mobile device products. Stress test has helped a lot in identifying bugs and errors during testing phase especially under stressful conditions. Stress test on Java component for J2ME compatible mobile device is a phase of validation and verification of the operations of mobile devices under stressful situations. The stress test is based on requirements and test procedures that have been determined during test development phase. In this paper, we have documented our experiences and some recommendations to improve the current practice in stress test development for Java component in J2ME compatible mobile devices.
Action propre and action commune: the localization of cerebral function.

Throughout the nineteenth century, and into the twentieth, advancing knowledge about the brain's functions kept in perpetual motion a pendulum which swung between two polar beliefs. Especially as concerns the "psychic" functions of the cerebrum, upholders of "action propre" asserted that specific functions have specific loci within a major subdivision of the brain while supporters of "action commune," or field theory, maintained that a structure such as the cerebrum exerts a unitary or equipotential action. The effective impetus to a detailed scientific study of the brain as the "organ of mind" came in the nineteenth century, in part through the impact upon scientific thought of the physiologic doctrine of phrenology.' Phrenology's founder, Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), and its chief popularizer, G. Spurzheim (17761832) sought to establish empirically the postulates that brain is the organ of mind and that, in producing mental phenomena, brain has a highly specific action propre. In emphasizing the significance of Gall's and Spurzheim's work, however, one must realize that both of their postulates were well established, at least speculatively, before the nineteenth century.
Effect of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on NSAID-induced intestinal injury in rats.

Combination therapy with difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) has been proposed for the chemoprevention of colonic neoplasia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether DFMO would affect NSAID-mediated intestinal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with 20 mg/kg of indomethacin, after seven days of exposure to drinking water with or without 2% DFMO. The rats were killed 24 or 48 hr later, and the small intestine removed for macroscopic and microscopic quantitation of intestinal injury by computerized image analysis. Seven days of DFMO alone had no effect on overall mucosal thickness, but did increase the depth of proximal intestinal crypts. Forty-eight hours after indomethacin, DFMO treatment decreased the number of indomethacin-induced ulcers and percent of the surface area ulcerated. However, DFMO also decreased the mucosal thickness, villus height, and crypt depth in indomethacin-treated rats. Thus although DFMO decreases macroscopic intestinal ulceration by indomethacin, the reduction in villus and crypt height suggests that it also impairs the mucosa's ability to recover from microscopic indomethacin-induced damage. This study shows DFMO does impact NSAID-mediated intestinal injury and therefore human trials with combinations of DFMO and NSAIDs should include monitoring for small intestinal injury.
Novel polymeric solid acid catalysts for cellulose hydrolysis

Novel solid polymeric catalysts consisting of polymer chains have been synthesized to facilitate cellulose dissolution and catalyze its hydrolysis. Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) polymer chains have been grown from the substrate surface and used to catalyze biomass hydrolysis. Neighboring poly(vinyl imidazolium chloride) ionic liquid (PIL) polymer chains, also grown from the substrate surface, help solubilize lignocellulosic biomass and enhance the catalytic activity of the PSSA chains. The PSSA chains were synthesized via surface initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) whereas the adjacent PIL chains were synthesized via UV-initiated free radical polymerization. These novel polymeric solid acid catalysts demonstrate over 97% and 32% total reducing sugar (TRS) yields from cellulose hydrolysis in [EMIM]Cl and aqueous solutions respectively. The dual ATRP and UV-initiated polymerization schemes allow independent variation of the relative ratio of the two nanostructures as well as the chain length and density. This permits optimization of the catalytic activity for cellulose hydrolysis reaction. These catalysts are stable and maintain high catalytic activity after repeated runs.
Low Power Sparse Approximation on Reconfigurable Analog Hardware

Compressed sensing is an important application in signal and image processing which requires solving nonlinear optimization problems. A Hopfield-Network-like analog system is proposed as a solution, using the locally competitive algorithm (LCA) to solve an overcomplete l1 sparse approximation problem. A scalable system architecture using sub-threshold currents is described, including vector matrix multipliers (VMMs) and a nonlinear thresholder. A 4 × 6 nonlinear system is implemented on the RASP 2.9v chip, a field programmable analog array with directly programmable floating gate elements, allowing highly accurate VMMs. The circuit successfully reproduced the outputs of a digital optimization program, converging to within 4.8% rms, and an objective value only 1.3% higher on average. The active circuit consumed 29 μA of current at 2.4 V, and converges on solutions in 240 μs. A smaller 2 × 3 system is also implemented. Extrapolating the scaling trends to a N=1000 node system, the analog LCA compares favorably with state-of-the-art digital solutions, using a small fraction of the power to arrive at solutions ten times faster. Finally, we provide simulations of large scale systems to show the behavior of the system scaled to nontrivial problem sizes.
Second-trimester cystic hygroma: prognosis of septated and nonseptated lesions

Objective To compare karyotypic, ultrasonographic, and prognostic features of septated cystic hygromas and nonseptated cystic hygromas in second-trimester fetuses. Methods A computerized ultrasound data base was used to identify fetuses diagnosed with cystic hygromas at 14–22 weeks' gestation. Photographs from the initial ultrasound were reviewed retrospectively for hygroma type (septated or nonseptated) and any abnormal structural findings. Fetal karyotypes were obtained from amniotic fluid, aspiration of hygroma pouches, or fetal tissue culture. Pregnancy outcome information was obtained from hospital charts and physician office records. Ultrasound findings were then compared with fetal karyotype results and pregnancy outcome data. Results From 1990 to 1995, 61 fetuses with cystic hygromas were identified. Karyotypes were obtained in 55 fetuses, and pregnancy outcome was available for 59. Abnormal karyotype was present in 42 of 55 fetuses (76%). The most common chromosomal abnormality in septated hygromas was the 45,X karyotype. Trisomy 21 was the most common chromosomal abnormality in nonseptated hygromas. Compared with fetuses with nonseptated cystic hygromas, those with septated cystic hygromas were more likely to be aneuploid (33 of 39 [85%] versus nine of 16 [56%]; P = .03), more likely to develop hydrops (27 of 45 [60%] versus three of 16 [19%]; P = .005), and less likely to be live-born (one of 44 [2%] versus four of 15 [27%]; P = .01). Conclusions Fetuses with septated cystic hygromas are more likely to be aneuploid and to develop hydrops, and thus are less likely to survive than fetuses with nonseptated hygromas.
A Performance Model for Computer Data-Base Reorganization Performed Concurrently with Usage

Characteristics of data bases, reorganization, concurrent reorganization, and data-storage devices are described briefly. We present a two-priority queuing model for concurrent reorganization and usage and derive and solve equations for steady-state expectations of user response time and the time required to perform reorganization. Numerical results are obtained, and performance characteristics of such a system are predicted quantitatively. We discuss the effect of parameter values on performance and predict that for typical values of the model's parameters, system performance will be at an acceptable level.
THE SIZE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL GOVERNMENTS: THE CASE OF LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS

Deterioration of the supply of public infrastructure throughout the U.S. has been found to be increasing. The reason most often cited for the accelerating rates of deterioration is the lack of available funding, or fiscal stress, present in many local governments. A popular short-term solution to fiscal stress is to defer infrastructure repairs and/or replacement programs. This is particularly true in rural areas where a declining agricultural base and redirected federal policy have placed significant downward pressure on revenues. The search for a long-term solution has renewed the debate about the optimal size of local governments. The research reported here examines the issue of size efficiency in the production of low-volume rural roads in the Midwest. At issue is the ability of Midwest towns to realize size economies. Overall, size inefficiencies were identified suggesting that cost savings may be realized from the reorganization of the production of low-volume road services.
The chemistry of calcification and its roentgenographic appearance.

The physical properties of a cell modify its chemical processes and thus become the most important factor in the chemistry of many abnormal and pathologic lesions. Pathologic calcification occurs either as (1) a precipitation of calcium in secretions and excretions of the body, or as (2) the deposition of calcium salts in the tissues. An understanding of calcification permits one to interpret and explain the osseous changes revealed in roentgenograms.
Dynamic stress-induced high-frequency noise degradations in nMOSFETs

Device parameter shifts in nMOSFETs subject to inverter-like dynamic voltage stress are examined experimentally. Model equations to relate high-frequency noise to device parameters are given. Dynamic stress-induced degradations in high-frequency noise performance of 0.16 μm nMOSFETs are investigated. Good agreement between the analytical predictions and experimental data is obtained. Noise performance of a Gilbert mixer is evaluated using Cadence SpectreRF simulation with the measured device model parameters.
In search of Louisiana's past

Neuman, Robert W. An Introduction to Louisiana Archaeology. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. xvi + 366 pp. including plates, references, and index. $27.50 cloth.
Indoor/outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia.

The Kanawha Valley region of West Virginia which is comprised of Charleston and surrounding communities Is the center of a heavily industrialized area known for its chemical manufacturing. As part of a larger study designed to investigate the Impact of the chemical industry on human exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOC), a study of the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations was conducted. Thirty-five homes were selected for monitoring from among volunteers; approximately ten in each of three distinct population-industry centers and four outside the Valley to act as controls. Monitoring was performed using passive, badge samplers with a three-week monitoring period. Two separate questionnaires were administered: one for characterization of the residence; and one to characterize source use during monitoring. Participants were also asked to keep a record of their activities with respect to in-home, outdoors and other Indoor environments. Analysis of the samplers was performed by solve...
The spectrum of radiation from a moving source

Abstract The relativistic transformation of the spectrum of the radiation field produced by a uniformly moving source of any state of coherence is derived. It applies to thermal as well as non-thermal sources, for example to those which display a spectral shift due to the Wolf effect.
Cytologic findings in tenosynovial giant cell tumors investigated by fine-needle aspiration cytology

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor is a relatively common benign proliferation affecting the articular and periarticular soft tissues. Cytologic findings on smears obtained by fine-needle aspiration are rather characteristic and include a mixture of oval or polygonal mononuclear cells showing vacuolation and/or pigment deposition along with a population of multinucleated giant cells. Separation from other giant cell lesions including true giant cell tumor of bone, chondroblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and granulomatous inflammation must be made. Careful attention to the cytologic findings and correlation with clinical and radiographic data should result in the appropriate diagnosis of tenosynovial giant cell tumor in most cases.
Electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal complex-spike cells and theta cells

Stimulating electrodes were chronically implanted in the ventral hippocampal commissure and the entorhinal cortex or angular bundle of rats. Moveable metal microelectrodes which could be passed through the hippocampus were implanted. All hippocampal units were classified s complex-spike cells or theta cells on the basis of the form of their action potentials and their rates of firing in various behaviors. Field potentials and unit firing evoked from the stimulating electrodes were recorded during slow wave sleep. Complex-spike cells (1) could often be antidromically activated in CA3 (it was not attempted in CA1); (2) could only be induced to fire one or two action potentials in response to a single stimulus; (3) had action potentials at the same time as the local population-spike and, in condition-test studies, were depressed when the population-spike was depressed. (The population-spike is presumably the summed synchronous action potentials of pyramidal cells.) Theta cells: (1) were antidromically activated in only one out of 25 cases; (2) usually could fire long bursts of action potentials in response to a sufficiently intense single stimulus; (3) this firing occurred before, during, and after the local orthodromic population-spike. Most complex-spike cells in Ammon's horn must be pyramidal cells (projection cells), and vice versa. The case for theta cells is more difficult. Some are non-pyramidal cells with locally ramifying axons, but at least some are projection cells. The data is consistent with most of them being inhibitory interneurons, but this is not established.
High extinction ratio of injection-locked 1.55-/spl mu/m VCSELs

We report injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers simultaneously achieving high extinction ratios of 20 dB, enhanced resonance frequency >30 GHz, and radio-frequency signal amplification of >10 dB, for the first time.
Long-term outcome in patients with benign biliary strictures treated endoscopically with multiple stents.

Abstract Background: The long-term efficacy of sequential insertion of multiple plastic stents for benign biliary strictures is poorly defined. The aims of this study were to evaluate the long-term outcome (bile duct patency, complications) of this therapy and to identify predictors of a good outcome. Methods: Retrospective review of 29 cases of benign biliary strictures treated with sequential plastic stent insertion in progressively increasing numbers and/or of increasing diameter. Results: Stricture etiology was as follows: postoperative 19 (66%), chronic pancreatitis 9 (31%), and idiopathic 1 (3%). Therapy succeeded in 18 patients (62%) (mean follow-up 48.0 [11.56] months after stent removal). Therapy failed in 11 patients (38%) (mean interval to failure 11.59 [9.79] months after stent removal). The 2 groups of patients in which therapy failed had either a hilar stricture (n = 4, 25% success) or distal common bile duct stricture caused by chronic pancreatitis (n = 9, 44% success). In the remaining cases, therapy succeeded in 13 of 16 (81% success). The observed differences in success rate among subgroups were not statistically significant. There were no ERCP-related deaths. One episode of mild pancreatitis and 2 episodes of cholangitis developed during 126 ERCPs over a period of stent insertion of 36 patient years. Conclusions: In selected patients with benign biliary strictures, sequential endoscopic insertion of multiple biliary stents may lead to long-term success that could be equal to or superior to surgery with minimal morbidity. Hilar strictures and those caused by chronic pancreatitis appear to respond poorly to this therapy. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:680-6.)
Plastic buckling of eccentrically stiffened multilayered circular cylindrical shells

A transcendental stability criterion is derived for plastic buckling of eccentrically stiffened circular cylindrical sbells with multiple isotropic layers under combinations of axial and lateral pressure (including one component of pressure which causes tension). The deformation theory of plasticity is utilized in conjunction with classical stability theory, which implies a membrane prebuckled shape, for a set of simply supported edge boundary conditions. The uniaxial character of the stiffeners and their eccentricity (asymmetry about the reference surface) are accounted for as are variable Poisson's ratios above the yield stress (proportional limit). Coupling between bending and extension of the shell layers is included. The technique of applying this type of stability criterion is discussed for the first time and includes new procedures required for multilayered shells. Numerical examples are given to illustrate application of the theory.
Increased mortality associated with diabetic foot ulcer

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between foot ulceration and short-term mortality in veterans of the American military services with diabetes mellitus. A total of 725 diabetic subjects participated in a prospective study of risk factors for lower extremity complications between 1990 and 1994. Mean follow-up was 691.8 days (+/-SD 339.9, range 28-1436 days). Subjects who died during follow-up (n = 72) had a similar mean duration of diabetes to those who survived (12.6 years vs 11.2), but their mean age was greater (65.9 years vs 63.2, p = 0.026). The relative risk (RR) of death was 2.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 4.58) in the subjects who developed foot ulcer (n = 88) compared to those who did not. The risk of death for those with foot ulcer was 12.1 per 100 person-years of follow-up compared to 5.1 in those without foot ulcer. Cox regression analysis demonstrated a greater than two-fold increased risk of death in ulcerated subjects after adjustment for age; diabetes type, duration, and treatment; glycosylated hemoglobin level; history of lower extremity amputation; and cumulative pack years smoked. Higher ankle-arm index was significantly related to lower mortality risk, independent of foot ulcer occurrence. We conclude that foot ulcer and lower extremity vascular disease are related to a higher risk of death in diabetic subjects. The reasons for this excess mortality require further investigation.
Failed newborn hearing screens as presentation for otitis media with effusion in the newborn population.

Summary Objectives: Evaluate the prevalence of middle ear disease in infants failing a newborn hearing screening program. Review the outcomes of those infants diagnosed with or without middle ear disease after failed hearing screen. Design: Retrospective chart review of 76 patients referred to a tertiary care institution for evaluation of a failed newborn hearing screening test. Setting: Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas. Results: Seventy-six patients were referred for failed OAEs and complete otolaryngology evaluation. Mean age at the time of referral was 3 months (0.25 years) old. OME was identified in 64.5% of the patients. ABR confirmed a suspected hearing loss in 15 patients (78.9%) without middle ear disease. Effusion resolved without surgical intervention in 65.3% of infants, while 17 (34.7%) of the infants required tubes. SNHL was subsequently identified in 11% of infants after resolution of the effusion. Conclusions: OME is a common cause of failed infant hearing screens, and should be looked for prior to definitive diagnostic hearing testing. OME resolves in the majority of infants, but tube insertion is necessary to allow for diagnostic testing in nearly one third of infants. The majority of infants without OME had SNHL confirmed. SNHL was also identified in 11% of infants with OME after resolution of the effusion.
On the Definition of Microhardness

Microhardness testing can be a very useful tool for studying modern materials, but is plagued by well-known experimental difficulties. Reasons for the unusual behavior of hardness data at very low loads are explored by Monte Carlo simulation. These simulations bear remarkable resemblance to the results of actual hardness experiments. The limit of hardness as load or indentation depth tends to zero is shown to depend on experimental error rather than upon intrinsic material properties. The large scatter of hardness data at very low loads is insured by the accepted definition of hardness. A new definition of hardness is suggested which eliminates much of this scatter and possesses a limit as indentation depth approaches zero. Some simple calculations are used to show the utility of this new approach to hardness testing.
Energy-aware on-demand scatternet formation and routing for Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks

Bluetooth is a promising short-range wireless communication technology with the characteristics of interference resilience and power efficiency, both desirable for wireless sensor networks. The new Intel Mote sensor devices have Bluetooth technology incorporated as the standard wireless communications interface. When using Bluetooth in applications where multihop routing is required, groups of Bluetooth piconets combine together to form a scatternet. However, most of the existing scatternet formation protocols are designed to facilitate communications between any two pairs of devices, regardless of the actual traffic demand pattern. For wireless sensor network applications with low-duty-cycle traffic patterns, an on-demand scatternet formation protocol can achieve significant power saving by avoiding unnecessary network connectivity. To that end, we introduce an on-demand scatternet and route formation protocol designed specifically for Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks. Our protocol builds a scatternet on demand, and is able to cope with multiple sources initiating traffic simultaneously. In addition, our energy-aware forwarding nodes selection scheme is based on local information only, and results in more uniform network resource utilization and improved network lifetime. Simulation results show that our protocol can provide scatternet formation with reasonable delay and good load balance, which results in prolonged network lifetime for Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks.
Focusing-defocusing effects for diffusion-dominated bistable optical arrays

Bistable responses of Fabry–Perot cavities and optical arrays in the presence of diffraction and diffusion are studied both analytically and numerically. The model is a pair of nonlinear Schrodinger equations coupled through a diffusion equation. The numerical computations are based on a split-step method, with three distinct characteristics. In these diffusion-dominated arrays with weak diffraction, this study demonstrates that focusing nonlinearity can improve the response characteristics significantly. The primary results of the study are that (1) for diffusion-dominated media a small amount of diffraction is sufficient to alter optical bistability significantly; (2) focusing nonlinearities enhance optical bistability in comparison with defocusing nonlinearities; (3) in diffusion-dominated media these focusing–defocusing effects are quite distinct from self-focusing behavior in Kerr media; (4) in the presence of diffraction the response of the array can be described analytically by a reduced map, whose derivation can be viewed as an extension of Firth’s diffusive model to include weak diffraction; (5) this map is used to explain analytically certain qualitative features of bistability, as observed in the numerical experiments; and (6) optimal spacing predictions are made with a reduced map and verified with numerical simulations of small all-optical arrays.
Tailored interventions for screening mammography among a sample of initially non-adherent women: When is a booster dose important?

Abstract Objective To assess added value of a booster dose of a tailored mammography intervention. Methods Participants, non-adherent at baseline, were randomly assigned to usual care or one of three tailored interventions. Intervention group members ( n = 657) were further randomly assigned to receive/not receive a booster intervention dose. Electronic record mammography data were collected following initial intervention and at 6 and 15 months post-booster. Results Booster had no effect among women not screened after first intervention dose ( n = 337). Among women screened after initial dose ( n = 320), booster predicted re-screening at 6 but not 15 months. A booster × race interaction showed a booster effect at 6 months for African Americans (OR = 4.66, p = .0005) but not Caucasians (OR = 0.74, p = .44). Conclusions Findings suggest if a first-dose intervention does not facilitate screening, neither will a booster dose. However, among women for whom a first dose is effective, boosters can facilitate timely repeat adherence, especially among African Americans. At 6 months booster recipients were less likely to be off-schedule but, by 15 months, the groups were similar. Practice implications Boosters may effect when , but not whether , women continue screening.
Parallelizing two classes of neuromorphic models on the Cell multicore architecture

There is a significant interest in the research community to develop large scale, high performance implementations of cortical models. These have the potential to provide significantly stronger information processing capabilities than current computing algorithms. At present we are investigating the implementation of six neuromorphic computational models on a large Sony PlayStation 3 cluster at the Air Force research lab. These six models span two classes of neuromorphic algorithms: hierarchical Bayesian and spiking neural networks. In this paper we have presented the performance gain of these six neuromorphic computational models for implementations on the Cell multicore processor on the PlayStation 3. We show that the Cell multicore architecture can provide significant performance gains for these models. We compare the performance gains of the two classes and see that the hierarchical Bayesian class provides higher speedups than the spiking network class in general. This is primarily due to the higher computational load per node in the former class. Our results indicate that the Cell processor based PlayStation 3 would provide a good platform for the large scale implementation of the classes of neuromorphic models examined.
Bounding and Estimating Association Rule Support from Clusters on Binary Data

The theoretical relationship between association rules and machine learning techniques needs to be studied in more depth. This article studies the use of clustering as a model for association rule mining. The clustering model is exploited to bound and estimate association rule support and confidence. We first study the efficient computation of the clustering model with K-means; we show the sufficient statistics for clustering on binary data sets is the linear sum of points. We then prove item set support can be bounded and estimated from the model. Finally, we show support bounds fulfill the set downward closure property. Experiments study model accuracy and algorithm speed, paying particular attention to error behavior in support estimation. Given a sufficiently large number of clusters, the model becomes fairly accurate to approximate support. However, as the minimum support threshold decreases accuracy also decreases. The model is fairly accurate to discover a large fraction of frequent itemsets at different support levels. The model is compared against a traditional association rule algorithm to mine frequent itemsets, exhibiting better performance at low support levels. Time complexity to compute the binary cluster model is linear on data set size, whereas the dimensionality of transaction data sets has marginal impact on time.
Effects of replacing soybean meal with pea chips and distillers dried grains with solubles in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass quality, and pork palatability 1

Twenty-four growing pigs, 12 barrows and 12 gilts (initial BW of 23.18 ± 0.38 kg), were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments. The control treatment group received corn–soybean meal diets during the growing, early finishing, and late finishing periods. The second treatment group received diets in which 50% of the soybean meal (SBM) was replaced with pea chips and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and the third treatment group received diets in which 100% of the SBM was replaced with pea chips and DDGS. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment; standard carcass measurements were collected for longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and serratus ventralis muscles. Pork chops were evaluated for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. In the overall performance, ADFI was reduced (linear, P = 0.02) with pea chips and DDGS inclusion. End live weight (P = 0.04), HCW (P = 0.02), and belly firmness (P = 0.04) were also linearly reduced as field peas and DDGS replaced SBM in the diets. In the gluteus medius, 24-h pH was increased (quadratic, P = 0.05) when pigs were fed the 50% pea chips and DDGS inclusion diet. Percent cook loss, shear force, tenderness, and juiciness of the pork chops were not altered (P > 0.24); however, flavor decreased (linear, P = 0.05) as pea chips and DDGS replaced SBM in the diets. Diets containing the combination of pea chips and DDGS need to be less expensive than corn-SBM diets to be economical to feed to growing and finishing pigs.
A new species of chigger (Acari: Trombiculidae) from the moss-forest rat in Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT Guntheria serrata is described from Moss-forest Rats, Rattus niobe, taken in Papua New Guinea.
APL thinking: examples

In an effort to understand “APL thinking”, we examine a few selected examples of using APL to solve specific problems, namely: compute the median of a numerical vector; simulate the Replicate function; string search; carry forward work-to-be-done in excess of capacity; rotate concentric rectangular rings in a matrix; find column indices of pivots in an echelon matrix.These examples are drawn from our teaching experience as well as from APL literature. We are particularly interested in studying thinking processes underlying alternative solutions to such problems — i.e., our goal is to “get inside the head” of the APL programmer. Analyses include reconstructing thoughts, comparing alternative approaches, and, in general, scrutinizing supposed characteristics of APL thinking.
Computer aided simulation and verification of forward error-correcting biosensors

Factors that affect the accuracy of the biosensor systems range from errors in device fabrication to stochastic interaction between biomolecules. In this paper we present a framework for designing and evaluating biosensor encoding and decoding algorithms based on forward error-correcting (FEC) principles, which can improve the accuracy of pathogen detection. The model biosensor used in this paper is an immunosensor that uses computational primitives inherent in antigen-antibody interaction to achieve a transistor like operation. Fundamental logic gates have been embedded into an equivalent low-density parity check (LDPC) biosensor encoder and a corresponding sum- product decoding algorithm is presented for error correction. The performance of the encoding-decoding algorithm has been verified using behavioral simulations demonstrating its utility for designing reliable biosensors. The simulation study also reveals a novel co-detection principle that can be a promising method for significantly enhancing the pathogen detection limit.
The Development of Numerical Estimation Evidence for Multiple Representations of Numerical Quantity

We examined children's and adults' numerical estimation and the representations that gave rise to their estimates. The results were inconsistent with two prominent models of numerical representation: the logarithmic-ruler model, which proposes that people of all ages possess a single, logarithmically spaced representation of numbers, and the accumulator model, which proposes that people of all ages represent numbers as linearly increasing magnitudes with scalar variability. Instead, the data indicated that individual children possess multiple numerical representations; that with increasing age and numerical experience, they rely on appropriate representations increasingly often; and that the numerical context influences their choice of representation. The results, obtained with second graders, fourth graders, sixth graders, and adults who performed two estimation tasks in two numerical contexts, strongly suggest that one cause of children's difficulties with estimation is reliance on logarithmic representations of numerical magnitudes in situations in which accurate estimation requires reliance on linear representations.
Neural Dynamics in Parkinsonian Brain: The Boundary Between Synchronized and Nonsynchronized Dynamics

Synchronous oscillatory dynamics is frequently observed in the human brain. We analyze the fine temporal structure of phase-locking in a realistic network model and match it with the experimental data from Parkinsonian patients. We show that the experimentally observed intermittent synchrony can be generated just by moderately increased coupling strength in the basal ganglia circuits due to the lack of dopamine. Comparison of the experimental and modeling data suggest that brain activity in Parkinson's disease resides in the large boundary region between synchronized and nonsynchronized dynamics. Being on the edge of synchrony may allow for easy formation of transient neuronal assemblies.
Transpiration Rate. An Important Factor Controlling the Sucrose Content of the Guard Cell Apoplast of Broad Bean

Evaporation of water from the guard cell wall concentrates apoplastic solutes. We hypothesize that this phenomenon provides two mechanisms for responding to high transpiration rates. First, apoplastic abscisic acid is concentrated in the guard cell wall. Second, by accumulating in the guard cell wall, apoplastic sucrose (Suc) provides a direct osmotic feedback to guard cells. As a means of testing this second hypothesized mechanism, the guard cell Suc contents at a higher transpiration rate (60% relative humidity [RH]) were compared with those at a lower transpiration rate (90% RH) in broad bean (Vicia faba), an apoplastic phloem loader. In control plants (constant 60% RH), the guard cell apoplast Suc content increased from 97 ± 81 femtomol (fmol) guard cell pair−1 to 701 ± 142 fmol guard cell pair−1 between daybreak and midday. This increase is equivalent to approximately 150 mm external, which is sufficient to decrease stomatal aperture size. In plants that were shifted to 90% RH before daybreak, the guard cell apoplast Suc content did not increase during the day. In accordance, in plants that were shifted to 90% RH at midday, the guard cell apoplast Suc content declined to the daybreak value. Under all conditions, the guard cell symplast Suc content increased during the photoperiod, but the guard cell symplast Suc content was higher (836 ± 33 fmol guard cell pair−1) in plants that were shifted to 90% RH. These results indicate that a high transpiration rate may result in a high guard cell apoplast Suc concentration, which diminishes stomatal aperture size.
Spin equilibrium and O2-binding kinetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP51 with mutations in the histidine–threonine dyad

Abstract The acidic residues of the “acid–alcohol pair” in CYP51 enzymes are uniformly replaced with histidine. Herein, we adopt the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mt) enzyme as a model system to investigate these residues' roles in finely tuning the heme conformation, iron spin state, and formation and decay of the oxyferrous enzyme. Properties of the mtCYP51 and the T260A, T260V, and H259A mutants were interrogated using UV–Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Evidence supports that these mutations induce comprehensive changes in the heme environment. The heme iron spin states are differentially sensitive to the binding of the substrate, dihydrolanosterol (DHL). DHL and clotrimazole perturb the local environments of the heme vinyl and propionate substituents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the DHL–enzyme complexes support that the observed perturbations are attributable to changes in the DHL binding mode. Furthermore, the rates of the oxyferrous formation were measured using stopped-flow methods. These studies demonstrate that both HT mutations and DHL modulate the rates of oxyferrous formation. Paradoxically, the binding rate to the H259A mutant–DHL complex was approximately four-fold that of mtCYP51, a phenomenon that is predicted to result from the creation of an additional diffusion channel from loss of the H259–E173 ion pair in the mutant. Oxyferrous enzyme auto-oxidation rates were relatively constant, with the exception of the T260V-DHL complex. MD simulations lead us to speculate that this behavior may be attributed to the distortion of the heme macrocycle by the substrate.
Newspaper Coverage of Corporate Price‐Fixing

Among the reasons common corporate crimes such as price-fixing lack the “brimstone smell” of common street crimes such as burglary is that newspapers fail to provide frequent, prominent, or criminally oriented coverage of corporate crime. This certainly was true of newspaper coverage of the heavy electrical equipment antitrust cases of 1961. Replicative analysis reveals that this also was true of newspaper coverage of the folding-carton industry antitrust cases of 1976. Reasons for this continued lack of coverage are discussed, including the diffuse harm characteristic of price-fixing, the general lack of recognition that corporations are juristic persons capable of criminal deviance, and the disinclination of large organizations to link other large organizations with criminality.
Synchronizing Oral History Text and Speech: A Tools Overview

This article explores three tools that synchronize sound and text for online oral history collections: the Oral History Metadata Synchronizer (OHMS), the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), and YouTube. A detailed description and examples are given for each. Integrating audio/video recordings and transcripts enables searching and browsing, making oral histories more accessible and approachable.
Heterotopia: A tool for understanding therapeutic space

ABSTRACTWithin therapy sessions utilizing the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM), client and therapist enter dynamic and creative spaces wholly different from the external world. GIM is a music-centred approach to exploring consciousness in a therapeutic setting in which the client engages with spontaneously generated imagery while listening to specially selected programs of music from the Western classical genre. The resultant imagery provides the basis for therapeutic experiences. Foucault’s concept of heterotopias provides a useful frame for understanding the spaces experienced in a GIM session. A heterotopia is a place that is also placeless and a time that is also timeless. Principles of heterotopias are discussed and illustrated with case examples from a client’s work in GIM over a period of 15 months. Used in this way, heterotopia is a way of understanding and describing the connectedness of spaces in GIM in a nuanced way that is reflective of the client’s experiences of the images. It ...
Reform in the Use of Phase-Outs and Floors in the Individual Income Tax System

In this article, Professor Peroni analyzes the tax policy implications of using in the individual income tax system phase-out provisions and deduction floors of the type contained in section 67. He concludes that such provisions increase the complexity of the tax system, violate horizontal and vertical equity principles, and represent an inappropriate, indirect way of increasing the effective marginal tax rates in the code. He concludes that the phase-out provisions in sections 68 and 151(d)(3) and the 2 percent floor in section 67 should be repealed.
All-Aqueous Directed Assembly Strategy for Forming High-Capacity, Stable Silicon/Carbon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Silicon (Si) particles have emerged as a promising active material for next-generation lithium-ion battery anodes. However, the large volume changes during lithiation/delithiation cycles result in fracture and pulverization of Si, leading to rapid fading of performance. Here, we report a simple, all-aqueous, directed assembly-based strategy to fabricate Si-based anodes that show capacity and capacity retention that are comparable or better than other more complex methods for forming anodes. We use a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to stabilize Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) in water. This suspension is added to an aqueous suspension of para-amino benzoic acid-terminated carbon black (CB), pH 7. Charge interactions cause the well-dispersed SiNP to bind to the CB, allowing most of the SiNP to be available for lithiation and charge transfer. The CB forms a conducting network when the suspension pH is lowered. The dried SiNP/CTAB/CB anode exhibits a capacity of 1580 mAh g–1 and efficienc...
In Situ TEM Observations of Sn-Containing Silicon Nanowires Undergoing Reversible Pore Formation Due to Fast Lithiation/Delithiation Kinetics

In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were carried out to observe directly in real time the lithiation and delithiation of silicon (Si) nanowires with significant amounts of tin (Sn). The incorporation of Sn significantly enhances the lithiation rate compared to typical Si nanowires: surface diffusion is enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude and the bulk lithiation rate by 1 order of magnitude, resulting in a sequential surface-then-core lithiation mechanism. Pore formation was observed in the nanowires during delithiation as a result of the fast lithiation/delithiation kinetics of the nanowires. Pore formation was found to be associated with nonlithiated crystalline domains in the nanowire, which prevent uniform structural changes of the nanowire, and the resulting pores increase in size after each cycle. When an amorphous Si shell was applied to the nanowires, pore formation was not observed during the in situ TEM experiments. Ex situ TEM analysis of Sn-containing Si nanowires cycled in coi...
Exploring the Impact of Elevated Turbine Blade Cooling Effectiveness and Turbine Material Temperatures on Gas Turbine Engine Performance and Cost

Since the 1950’s, the turbine inlet temperatures of gas turbine engines have been steadily increasing as engine designers have sought to increase engine thrust-to-weight and reduce fuel consumption. In turbojets and low-bypass turbofan engines, increasing the turbine inlet temperature boosts specific thrust, which in some cases can support supersonic flight without the use of an afterburner. In high-bypass gas turbine engines, increasing the turbine inlet temperature makes possible higher bypass ratios and overall pressure ratios, both of which reduce specific fuel consumption. Increased turbine inlet temperatures, without sacrificing blade life, have been made possible through advances in blade cooling effectiveness and high-temperature turbine blade materials. Investigating the impact of higher turbine inlet temperatures and the corresponding cooling air flow rates on specific thrust, specific fuel consumption, and engine development cost is the subject of this paper. A physics-based cooling effectiveness correlation is presented for linking turbine inlet temperature to cooling flow fraction. Two cases are considered: 1) a low-bypass, mixed-exhaust, non-afterburning turbofan engine intended to support supercruising at Mach 1.5 and 2) a high-bypass, unmixed-exhaust turbofan engine intended to support highly efficient, long range flight at Mach 0.8. For each of these two cases, both baseline and enhanced cooling effectiveness values as well as both baseline and elevated turbine blade material temperatures are considered. Comparing these cases will ensure that students taking courses in preliminary engine design understand why huge research investments continue to be made in turbine blade cooling and advanced, high-temperature turbine blade material development.© 2015 ASME