cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N-methyl-d-aspartate R1 messenger RNA and [125I]MK-801 binding decrease in rat spinal cord after unilateral hind paw inflammation

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of chronic nociception. Previous studies have demonstrated that tissue injury or stimulation of nociceptive afferent projections results in the expansion of receptive fields, hyperalgesia and C-fiber-induced wind-up, events that can be inhibited by N -methyl- d -aspartate antagonists. This study examines the effect of unilateral hind paw inflammation on N -methyl- d -aspartate R1 messenger RNA and [ 125 I]dizocilpine maleate binding in the L4–L5 segments of the lumbar spinal cord of rats. Spinal cords were examined at 7.5 h, three, seven and 20 days after injection of the left hind paw with 120 μl of complete Freund's adjuvant. N -Methyl- d -aspartate R1 messenger RNA, as measured with in situ hybridization, was observed to decrease bilaterally in laminae I, II and X of the lumbar spinal cord. This decrease was evident in laminae I and II at 7.5 h and three days after hind paw injection. In lamina X, a postinjection decrease in hybridization signal was observed at 7.5 h and seven days. A bilateral decrease in [ 125 I]dizocilpine maleate binding was observed in laminae I and II at three, seven and 20 days after paw injection. This observed decrease in binding at the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor suggests a compensatory mechanism by which N -methyl- d -aspartate-mediated nociceptive events may be modulated.
Formation and control of box-shaped ultra-shallow junction using laser annealing and pre-amorphization implantation

A box-shaped doping profile is successfully formed by combining laser annealing (LA) process with pre-amorphization implantation (PAI) technique. The junction depths of box-shaped profiles are precisely controlled by changing PAI energy which in turn changes the melting thickness of silicon layer regardless of arsenic and boron dopant species. The material properties which are related to ultra-shallow junction for sub-100 nm CMOS device application, such as transient enhanced diffusion (TED) and end-of-range defect density are investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. TED phenomena of furnace annealed, rapid thermal annealed (RTA), and LA samples are also compared. Impurity doping profiles annealed by laser do not show significant TED even after taking additional specific RTA step. Sheet resistance characteristics with various implantation conditions and annealing conditions are examined. Large process window margin is achieved by the proposed PAI combined with subsequent multi-shot LA process.
TU-G-134-09: Human Brain GABA J-Difference Editing Spectral Quantification with the Fast Pade Transform

Purpose: To quantify in vivo GABA concentration levels using a novel parametric proton magnetic resonance signal quantification algorithm called the Fast Pade Transform. Methods: Single voxel MEGA‐PRESS data were collected on a Siemens 3T Tim Trio system using 12‐channel phased‐array head coil (TE=68 ms, TR=2000 ms, Voxel size=30×30×30 mm3, Vector size=1024, NEX=64). Both water reference and water suppressed spectra were obtained. A total of three phantoms (containing NAA, Cr, Cho, GABA, and Lac) were created with different GABA concentration levels of 1 mMol, 2 mMol and 3 mMol. In vivo data were collected from the anterior cingulate cortex region in 5 human volunteers. The fast Pade transform algorithm was implemented in MATLAB. Spectral data were processed with this FPT program to obtain parametric information such as frequency, line‐width, phase and amplitude. GABA concentration levels were calculated using the ratio of metabolite and water amplitude information, since signal amplitudes are directly proportional to the amount of protons present in the acquisition volume. Results: The results suggest that the Fast Pade Transform algorithm measured GABA concentrations in phantoms are very close to the actual known values. And this method is capable of quantifying in vivo MEGA‐PRESS proton spectra in 5 human brain data with a mean measurement of 2.01 mMol, which agrees with literature reported human brain in vivo GABA concentration level. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the potential of the fast Pade transform technique to quantify the GABA C‐4 doublet resonance signals with the MEGA‐PRESS acquisition. We plan to test this method with more in vivo data as well as with other MRS acquisition techniques in the future. NIH funding – R01MH092301
Potential difficulties in obtaining reliable rate constants for thermodynamically unfavorable electron transfer crossreactions between reactants within polymer coatings on rotating disk electrodes and co-reactants in solution

The utilization of rotating disk voltammetry to evaluate the rates of electron transfer reactions between redox reagents immobilized in coatings on electrodes and co-reactants in solution has become commonplace [1,2]. The theoretical analyses provided by Andrieux and Saveant [3] have proven to be particularly useful in diagnosing reaction schemes from the dependences of measured plateau currents on the rates of rotation of the coated disk electrodes. Kinetic analyses are simplest when experimental conditions can be selected so that the measured currents are controlled only by the rate of the electron cross-reaction of interest. However, not infrequently, the rate of permeation of the electrode coating by the co-reactant and/or the rate of electron propagation within the coating can affect the measured currents. Andrieux and Saveant have provided instruction on how to treat the experimental data in such cases in order to extract the rate constants for electron cross-reactions [31 and numerous successful studies have been carried out [2,3]. However, considerable care needs to be taken in evaluating the experimental data to avoid serious errors in the rate constants obtained for thermodynamically unfavorable electron transfer cross-reactions. In the present paper, the sources of the potential problems are described and examples are provided to demonstrate the magnitude of the errors that can result.
Health behavior may influence associations between oral health indicators and coronary heart disease (CHD)

Original Article Tuominen R, Reunanen A, Paunio M, Paunio I, Aromaa A. Oral health indicators poorly predict coronary heart disease deaths. J Dent Res 2003;82(9):713-8. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose To investigate the association between oral health indicators and coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths Source of Funding Academy of Finland and Social Insurance Institution of Finland Type of Study/Design 12-year follow-up study
Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy and vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrial cancer: morbidity and survival.

Abstract Objectives: Our goal was to evaluate the morbidity, recurrence, and survival of patients with clinical stage I endometrial cancer treated by laparoscopic lymphadenectomy with vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Study Design: This article is a retrospective review of records for 56 patients. The mean follow-up among those alive at last contact was 2.4 years (range, 32 days–5.2 years). Staging according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (1988) was as follows: I, 45 (80.4%); II, 3 (5.4%); III, 6 (10.7%); and IV, 2 (3.6%). Results: Intraoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (7.1%). Transformation to laparotomy was necessary in 7 patients. Postoperative complications were observed in 9 patients (16.1%). Pelvic irradiation was administered postoperatively to 11 patients (19.6%). Among the 45 patients with surgical stage I disease, the 3-year recurrence rate was 2.5% and the 3-year cause-specific survival was 96.0%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy and vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy provided 3-year survival and recurrence rates similar to those of the traditional abdominal approach. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:376-81.)
Suspension laryngoscopy-assisted percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in high-risk patients†

Objectives/Hypothesis: To describe the outcomes of bedside percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) extended to the care of high-risk patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) by the use of suspension laryngoscopy (SL) to secure the airway. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: The records of 117 consecutive patients who underwent suspension laryngoscopy-assisted percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (SL-PDT) between April 2006 and May 2009 at our institution were reviewed. Data gathered included patient demographics, anatomical conditions, ventilator settings, intraoperative findings, presence of coagulopathy or anti-coagulation, and outcomes. Results: One hundred seventeen patients underwent SL-PDT. Eighty (68%) were considered high risk by virtue of one or more of the following: morbid obesity, coagulopathy, prior neck surgery or head and neck trauma, laryngotracheal stenosis or tracheomalacia, a high-riding innominate artery, or high ventilator demands. Thirty-five patients (30%) had two or more of these risk factors. A total of 11 (13.7 %) complications occurred in the high-risk group. Two major and nine minor complications occurred during the study. There were no adverse sequelae. Conclusions: SL-PDT is a safe and effective means of bedside airway management in critically ill patients. This new technique offers several advantages over traditional percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (T-PDT) and can be safely employed by otolaryngologists, especially in high-risk patients. This is most useful when T-PDT is considered untenable or when transport to the operating room for a standard open tracheostomy is considered too cumbersome or potentially dangerous. Laryngoscope, 2010
Shape matters: corolla curvature improves nectar discovery in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta

Summary We measured the effects of variation in corolla curvature and nectary aperture radius on pollinator foraging ability using the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and 3D-printed artificial flowers whose shapes were mathematically specified. In dimorphic arrays containing trumpet-shaped flowers and flat-disc flowers, hawkmoths were able to empty the nectaries of significantly more trumpet-shaped flowers regardless of nectary aperture size. Interestingly, trumpet-shaped flowers needed to deviate only slightly from the flat-disc morphotype in order to significantly increase hawkmoth foraging ability. Whole-flower three-dimensional shape, particularly corolla curvature, has the potential to act as a mechanical guide for M. sexta, further implicating direct flower-proboscis contact as an important contributor to foraging success during flower handling in hawkmoths.
The HearSay non-visual web browser

This paper describes HearSay, a non-visual Web browser, featuring context-directed browsing, a unique and innovative Web accessibility feature, and an extensible VoiceXML dialog interface. The browser provides most of the standard browsing functionalities, including flexible navigation and form-filling. The paper also outlines future work aiming to make the Web more accessible for individuals with visual impairments.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase by Methionine Sulphoximine

Glutamine synthetase catalyses the coupled energy-requiring synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia and the energy-providing cleavage of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in accordance with the reaction shown in Fig. 1 (for reviews, Meister, 1962, 1968). During the past few years a number of studies have been carried out in this laboratory on the properties of the glutamine synthetase of sheep brain and on the mechanism of the reaction catalysed by this enzyme. To provide a background for the subject of the present report, we may briefly summarize some of the significant earlier findings and conclusions. Glutamine synthetase of sheep brain has a molecular weight of about 500,000; hydrodynamic studies and electron microscopy indicate that the enzyme is composed of eight apparently identical subunits which are arranged in a manner analogous to the corners of a cube (Ronzio et al., 1969b; Haschemeyer, 1968). The native octameric enzyme can be reversibly dissociated to a tetrameric form and irreversibly dissociated to the monomer (Wilk et al., 1969, 1970). The available evidence indicates that each of the eight subunits has an active site capable of combining with the substrates.
Neuroprotective effects of leptin in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders

As the population of the world ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disease continues to rise, accompanied by increases in disease burden related to obesity and metabolic disorders. Thus, it will be essential to develop tools for preventing and slowing the progression of these major disease entities. Epidemiologic studies have shown strong associations between obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, while animal models have provided insights into the complex relationships between these conditions. Experimentally, the fat-derived hormone leptin has been shown to act as a neuroprotective agent in various animal models of dementia, toxic insults, ischemia/reperfusion, and other neurodegenerative processes. Specifically, leptin minimizes neuronal damage induced by neurotoxins and pro-apoptotic conditions. Leptin has also demonstrated considerable promise in animal models of obesity and metabolic disorders via modulation of glucose homeostasis and energy intake. However, since obesity is known to induce leptin resistance, we hypothesize that resistance to the neuroprotective effects of leptin contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to explore the literature pertinent to the role of leptin in the protection of neurons from the toxic effects of aging, obesity and metabolic disorders, to investigate the physiological state of leptin resistance and its causes, and to consider how leptin might be employed therapeutically in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
Human prolactin responses to neuroleptic drugs correlate with antischizophrenic potency.

THE secretion of prolactin, a pituitary hormone, is regulated by inhibitory and stimulatory influences from the hypothalamus. The primary influence is tonic inhibitory1. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, has a major direct and/or indirect role in mediating this inhibition upon the prolactin cells in the pituitary gland. This is documented by studies in vitro1, in vivo2 and in man3. All known neuroleptic, antischizophrenic drugs share one characteristic—they block dopaminergic transmission4–7. This action is hypothesised to be associated with their antischizophrenic effects (dopamine hypothesis)3,9. Dopaminergic blockade is, very likely, also the primary mechanism of neuroleptics when inducing prolactin release via disinhibition1,10. There is no evidence that neuroleptics release prolactin via stimulatory influences. We believe the prolactin response to neuroleptic drugs to be a valid and reliable model of dopaminergic blockade in man (Langer et al., unpublished). Intesting the dopamine hypothesis of antischizophrenic drug action in man we postulated that comparing drug effects after acute intramuscular administration, a high correlation between prolactin releasing and antischizophrenic potencies of neuroleptics would be found.
Corn starch embolization in renal transplants

The use of cadaver kidneys in human renal transplantation has been greatly facilitated by the refinement of organ retrieval and preservation techniques [1, 2]. Although careful attention to technical details of organ harvesting and post-mortem perfusion should avoid the development of damage to the organ, we have seen a complication recently which, despite its potential hazard, appears to be entirely preventable. In kidney biopsies obtained immediately after transplantation from each of four cadaver kidneys, particles having the characteristics of corn starch granules were discovered in the glomeruli.
Abstract B41: Molecular linkages between metabolic imbalance, genome stability, and triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer remains a worldwide threat to public health with over one million new cases, and nearly half a million deaths each year. Defining the mechanisms underlying the causes and risks of breast cancer remains a major challenge to global health. Though numerous population-based studies have demonstrated a indisputable link between obesity and breast cancer, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their association with elevated circulating hormones and inflammatory cytokines remain poorly defined. Similarly, the reasons why young women of African descent show a nearly two fold higher frequency of the more aggressive forms of breast cancer including the Triple Negative and basal-like phenotypes, are not understood. Recently we have defined a role for the transcriptional repressor protein CtBP in the control of proteins important for DNA repair including the early onset breast cancer gene BRCA1. In response to elevated levels of the high energy metabolic intermediate, NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), nuclear levels of CtBP are stabilized and target a transcriptional program that impairs DNA repair in breast cancer cells. Loss of CtBP or growth under calorie restricted conditions increases the ability of breast cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Genome-wide location analysis by chromatin immuno-precipitation combined with deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq) reveals that CtBP targets gene classes that play a significant role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, genome stability and stem cell transcriptional programs. Moreover, by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of several published gene expression studies, CtBP targeted gene lists distinguish breast cancer patients with worst outcome/survival. Finally, profiling of CtBP protein expression in tissue micro-array studies of breast cancer in African American and Nigerian populations demonstrates elevated levels of CtBP expression in patients with more aggressive disease phenotypes. We explore the role of CtBP and its gene regulatory network (the “CtBP Web”) in the population-based association of breast cancer with obesity and racial/ethnic groups at higher risk for triple negative breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B41.
Simulations of melting of polyatomic solids and nanoparticles

Molecular dynamics (MD) methods for calculating the melting point of complex molecular and ionic solids and nanoparticles are described. Various approaches for simulating melting and computing the thermodynamic melting point are discussed along with some force fields that have been used in simulations of the melting of molecular and ionic solids. The different structural, energetic and dynamical quantities used to characterize the melting transition are described. The article ends with a discussion of selected examples of melting point calculations of bulk solids and nanoparticles. Pointers on how each method can be implemented in DL_POLY are given.
Characteristic Times of Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Events and Their Dependence on Associated Coronal Mass Ejection Properties

Abstract : We use 20 MeV proton intensities from the EPACT instrument on Wind and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the LASCO coronagraph on SOHO observed during 1998-2002 to statistically determine three characteristic times of gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events as functions of solar source longitude: (1) T(sub 0), the time from associated CME launch to SEP onset at 1 AU, (2) T(sub R), the rise time from SEP onset to the time when the SEP intensity is a factor of 2 below peak intensity, and (3) T(sub D), the duration over which the SEP intensity is within a factor of 2 of the peak intensity. Those SEP event times are compared with associated CME speeds, accelerations, and widths to determine whether and how the SEP event times may depend on the formation and dynamics of coronal/interplanetary shocks driven by the CMEs. Solar source longitudinal variations are clearly present in the SEP times, but T(sub R)and T(sub D) are significantly correlated with CME speeds only for SEP events in the best-connected longitude range. No significant correlations between the SEP times and CME accelerations are found except for T(sub D) in one longitude range, but there is a weak correlation of T(sub R) and T(sub D) with CME widths. We also find no correlation of any SEP times with the solar wind O(exp +6)/O(exp +7) values, suggesting no dependence on solar wind stream type. The SEP times of the small subset of events occurring in interplanetary CMEs may be slightly shorter than those of all events.
Nitric Oxide: Nature's Naturally Occurring Leukocyte Inhibitor

The vascular endothelium produces NO, which is basally released at concentrations of about 2 to 20 nmol/L.1 2 This NO diffuses to the subjacent vascular smooth muscle, where it regulates vascular tone.3 4 However, the endothelially derived NO also diffuses to the luminal surface of the endothelium, where it exerts a number of important physiological effects, including (1) scavenging of superoxide radicals,5 6 (2) inhibition of platelet adherence and aggregation,7 8 (3) modulation of endothelial layer permeability,9 and (4) attenuation of leukocyte function.10 11 This antileukocyte effect of NO has several components. First, NO markedly attenuates leukocyte rolling along the endothelium by inhibiting the expression of P-selectin on the vascular endothelium.11 12 Second, NO inhibits the firm adherence of leukocytes to the endothelium,11 12 13 partially by inhibition of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression.14 Downregulation of these cell adhesion molecules by NO occurs through inhibition of protein kinase C activation15 and via prevention of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, which usually induces expression of the mRNA for these adhesion molecules.14 Third, NO inhibits leukocyte action by inhibiting the cytoassembly of NADPH oxidase,16 thereby attenuating the release of superoxide radicals by activated leukocytes, particularly granulocytes.17 These effects of NO pertain to …
Some metabolic effects of poliomyelitis virus on tissue culture.

A DESIRABLE experimental condition for the study of metabolic effects of viruses on living organisms is that all or nearly all the cells be infected and that they be infected approximately simultaneously so that any metabolic changes can reasonably be expected to take place at about the same time throughout the cell population. This condition can readily be achieved with bacteriophages and their hosts, and a great deal of valuable work has been done with this system1,2. It has been virtually impossible to approximate to the necessary conditions with animal viruses and their intact hosts. The closest approximation has been achieved in the work with eggs; but complications introduced by host influences must be considered. As a result, our knowledge of metabolic changes induced in animal cells by animal viruses is limited. With the present emergence of tissue-culture techniques as an almost standardized procedure and the availability of animal virus suspensions of high titre, it has become feasible to undertake quantitative metabolic studies with animal viruses, and to relate any observed effects with virus growth. The present preliminary report is a summary of work on the effect of Type III poliomyelitis virus (Saukett strain) on some aspects of the metabolism of monkey kidney tissue culture; specifically, the effects of the virus on glycolysis and on the uptake by the tissue of glycine-2-carbon-14.
An Acute Care Surgery Service Generates a Positive Contribution Margin in an Appropriately Staffed Hospital

Background Acute care surgery (ACS) includes trauma, surgical critical care, and emergent general surgery. There is a national shortage of institutions that can provide for patients needing access to emergency surgical care. Inability to fund ACS surgeons can be a barrier. We hypothesize that an ACS service, in an appropriately staffed hospital, generates a positive contribution margin (CM). Study Design Fiscal data for 2009 were retrospectively reviewed at the University of Kentucky, a Level I trauma center with an ACS service. Contribution margin (ie, net revenue minus direct costs) and mean length of stay were calculated for all patients admitted to the ACS service. Inpatient data were stratified by trauma vs general surgery, emergent vs elective, and by payor mix. Results Annual CM associated with the 5 ACS faculty was $21,799,000. Trauma generated higher CM than general surgery. General surgery had a greater CM, more if emergent than if elective ($9,500 vs $5,500; p Conclusions Acute care surgery generates a positive CM. Emergent general surgery generates a greater CM than elective general surgery because of increased case mix index. These data suggest that hospital subsidization of acute care surgeons is financially feasible and might address the surgical workforce shortage and the critical problem of access to emergency surgical services.
Enlarging congenital haemangioma in an adult – a new entity?

We report the case of a 39-year-old woman with a persistent congenital vascular lesion, which unusually is continuing to enlarge. Histologically, the lesion is a thin-walled haemangioma with numerous mast cells. Currently, the precise mechanism of vessel proliferation in such lesions is unknown, but it is important in the pathogenesis of both haemangiomas and other dermatological conditions, as well as in wound healing and the formation of tumour metastases. We discuss various angiogenic factors with particular reference to the putative role of the mast cell in the pathogenesis of haemangiomas.
One- and Two-Photon Transitions of Atoms in Solids

The theory of one- and two-photon transitions between a given pair of impurity levels of the same parity is developed. As is well known, lattice vibrations assist the otherwise forbidden one-photon transition, increasing its intensity with temperature. The two-photon transition rate is shown to have a complementary decrease with increasing temperature. A measurement of both temperature dependences determines the effective frequency and coupling constant for the interaction. The formalism is applied to predicting the two-photon transition rate for the $4{d}^{10}\ensuremath{-}4{d}^{9}5s$ transition of the silver ion in NaCl:Ag. For an experiment using a ruby laser and an ultraviolet beam the maximum absorption coefficient predicted for the ultraviolet beam is $3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}48}\mathrm{FN}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at low temperatures, where $F$ is the flux (photons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ sec) of the laser and $N$ is the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ concentration. This should be within reach of present experimental techniques.
Nationalism, Loss-Gain Framing and the Confederate States of America

Abstract. In recent years, numerous states have become racked with internal secessionist strife. Why have calls for independence by regional subgroupings been heeded even after long periods of inter-ethnic peace or in regions without any previous history of secessionist activity? I contend that this question can be answered by examining the phenomenon of loss-gain framing, in which people are motivated to adopt risky stratagems, like secession, due to fears of unacceptable losses. This article examines the enigma of why most white American Southerners in 1861 willingly fought for the establishment of the Confederacy, a nation based upon slavery, despite the fact that most Southerners did not own slaves and had continuously rejected secessionist appeals for years. Confederate President Jefferson Davis overcame this reluctance by emphasising what all Southerners – slaveholder and non-slaveholder alike – would lose by remaining in the United States rather than accentuating what would be gained by secession.
Natural killer-cell immunodeficiency in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. I. Analysis of the defect using the monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 (LEU-7) and B73.1.

Quantitative evaluation of natural killer (NK) cells using the HNK-I (Leu-7) and B73.1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was correlated with NK activity in 13 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and compared to normal donor controls. A consistent observation was the presence of normal absolute numbers of B73.1 + lymphocytes as well as normal to increased absolute numbers of HNK-I + lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood of chronic-phase CML patients. Despite normal to increased numbers of B73.1 + and HNK-I + lymphoid cells, these patients consistently demonstrated a significant impairment of lymphocyte-mediated NK activity in their peripheral blood. Further experiments demonstrated that chronic-phase CML patients, in contrast to normal controls, had significantly increased percentages of HNK-I +, E+ and B73.1 +, E+ lymphoid cells and significantly decreased percentages of HNK-I +, E− and B73.1, E− lymphoid cells, which resulted in significant reversals of the HNK-I +, E+ to HNK-I+, E− and B73.1+, E+ to B73.1 +, E− lymphoid cell ratios. (HNK-I + [E+/E−] > B73.1+ E + [E+ /E−]). Furthermore, as compared to normals, both FACS-sorted HNK-I+ and B73.1 + lymphoid cells from the E+ fraction of CML patients were consistently defective in NK activity, and could not be substantially augmented with α-interferon preparations. Although markedly defective in their ability to lyse K-562, HNK-I + lymphoid cells from the E+ fraction of CML patients were not defective in their ability to bind to the NK-sensitive target, K-562. In contrast, NK-defective B73.1 + lymphoid cells were partially defective in their ability to bind to K-562.
An overview of the K semantic framework

K is an executable semantic framework in which programming languages, calculi, as well as type systems or formal analysis tools can be defined making use of configurations, computations and rules. Configurations organize the system/program state in units called cells, which are labeled and can be nested. Computations carry “computational meaning” as special nested list structures sequentializing computational tasks, such as fragments of program; in particular, computations extend the original language or calculus syntax. K (rewrite) rules generalize conventional rewrite rules by making it explicit which parts of the term they read-only, write-only, or do not care about. This distinction makes K a suitable framework for defining truly concurrent languages or calculi even in the presence of sharing. Since computations can be handled like any other terms in a rewriting environment, that is, they can be matched, moved from one place to another in the original term, modified, or even deleted, K is particularly suitable for defining control-intensive language features such as abrupt termination, exceptions or call/cc. This paper gives an overview of the K framework: what it is, how it can be used, and where it has been used so far. It also proposes and discusses the K definition of Challenge, a programming language that aims at challenging and exposing the limitations of the various existing semantic frameworks.
Quipazine-induced behavior in neonatal rat pups.

Three day old Sprague-Dawley ratp ups were place in an incubator at room temperature (22±1°C) or nest temperature (35±1.5°C) and observed using a behavioral-tme sampling procedure following injection of saline or quipazine (1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). Quipazine administration induced a marked behavioral activation that was characterized by increases in forward locomotion, wall climbing, forelimb paddling and hindlimb treading, the magnitudes of which were not dependent upon ambient temperature. In a second experiment, quipazine was also observed to induce mouthing behavior that was dependent upon the length of the mother-pup separation interval. These results suggests that administration of a serotonergic agonist can have marked behavioral effects in the neonatal rat pup, which reinforces previous neurochemical observations that have indicated the presence of ample postsynaptic serotonin substrates in neonatal rats. Possible implications of these results are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF RADIAL MODELS FOR FORMATION DAMAGE IN POROUS MEDIA

The continuously changing velocities in radial geometry have a significant effect on process characteristics, making it an intellectually challenging problem. In practical operations, fluid is generally pumped down injection wells from where it flows radially outward. Simulating this radial system with linear models is definitely restrictive. Consequently, the need for developing radial models for flow and particle entrapment in porous media is both fundamental and applied. A radial network model, covering a 120° angle, has been developed to simulate formation damage due to deep bed filtration (DBF) of injected suspensions. The models draws upon our previously developed concepts of “wave-front movement” and “flow-biased probability” for linear systems. Systematic studies have been performed on formation damage using monodispersed and polydispersed suspensions. Case studies have been presented for constant flow rate and constant pressure injections, and comparisons are made between linear and radial system...
Plasma Electron Fluid Motion and Wave Breaking Near a Density Transition

Recently, Suk, Barov, and Rosenzweig [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1011 (2001)] proposed a scheme for trapping background electrons in a plasma wake field using a sudden downward transition in the background ion density, where the density transition length is small compared to the plasma skin depth. In the present paper we present a fluid dynamical description of this mechanism that is self-consistent up to the point of wave breaking. A one-dimensional nonlinear relativistic second-order differential equation is derived for the electron fluid velocity in Lagrangian coordinates. Numerical integrations of this equation are used to map out the regions of parameter space in which wave breaking occurs and to determine the extent of the downstream region of plasma involved in wave breaking. Comparisons with one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations show that the onset of trapping occurs at the parameter values where wave breaking begins in the fluid analysis, but that the downstream extent of plasma involved in wave breaking is not a reliable predictor of the number of trapped particles. The PIC simulations also reveal that particles initially located on the upstream side of the density transition may become trapped, although these particles do not participate in wave breaking in the fluid description.
Rotamers of phenyl substituted 1,3-dioxanes and tetrahydropyrans: importance of CH⋯O Coulombic interactions

Abstract The conformations of phenyl substituted 1,3-dioxanes and tetrahydropyrans are compared with those of phenylcyclohexanes at the MP2/6-311+G * level. The compounds with an axial phenyl commonly adopt a ‘perpendicular’ conformation, but with 5-phenyldioxane ( 6 ) it adopts a conformation that allows an ortho hydrogen to be near the two ring oxygens, leading to CH⋯O attractive interactions. This type of stabilizing interaction is found with many of these compounds.
The Relationship between El Niño and the Duration and Frequency of the Santa Ana Winds of Southern California

Abstract This study examines the variability of the duration and frequency of Santa Ana winds due to El Nino over a thirty-three-year period. Daily Weather Maps and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis were used to study large-scale upper-level and surface circulation patterns during wind events. A Student's t-test was used to determine statistically significant changes in the winds during March of El Nino winters. A significant decrease in the duration and frequency of wind events was found in March during El Nino. This can be attributed to the decrease in strength and frequency of the Great Basin high pressure and the increase in wintertime cyclones in southern California.
A knock-in mouse model reveals roles for nuclear Apc in cell proliferation, Wnt signal inhibition and tumor suppression

Mutation of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is considered an initiating step in the genesis of the vast majority of colorectal cancers. APC inhibits the Wnt-signaling pathway by targeting the proto-oncogene β-catenin for destruction by cytoplasmic proteasomes. In the presence of a Wnt signal, or in the absence of functional APC, β-catenin can serve as a transcription cofactor for genes required for cell proliferation such as cyclin-D1 and c-Myc. In cultured cells, APC shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, with nuclear APC implicated in the inhibition of Wnt target gene expression. Adopting a genetic approach to evaluate the functions of nuclear APC in the context of a whole organism, we generated a mouse model with mutations that inactivate the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of Apc (Apc(mNLS)). Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice are viable and fractionation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from these mice revealed a significant reduction in nuclear Apc as compared with Apc(+/+) MEFs. The levels of Apc and β-catenin protein were not significantly altered in small intestinal epithelia from Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice. Compared with Apc(+/+) mice, Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice showed increased proliferation in epithelial cells from the jejunum, ileum and colon. These same tissues from Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice showed more mRNA from three genes upregulated in response to canonical Wnt signal, c-Myc, axin-2 and cyclin-D1, and less mRNA from Hath-1, which is downregulated in response to Wnt. These observations suggest a role for nuclear Apc in the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling and the control of epithelial proliferation in intestinal tissue. Furthermore, we found Apc(Min/+) mice, which harbor a mutation that truncates Apc, to have an increased polyp size and multiplicity if they also carry the Apc(mNLS) allele. Taken together, this analysis of the novel Apc(mNLS) mouse model supports a role for nuclear Apc in the control of Wnt target genes, intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and polyp formation.
Numerical analysis of time integration errors for nonequilibrium radiation diffusion

Numerical analysis of time integration errors for nonequilibrium radiation diffusion is considered. Two first-order implicit time integration methods are studied. Asymptotic analysis and modified equation analysis are applied to both time integration methods. Numerical experiments are used to highlight the results of the analysis. Asymptotic analysis is used to highlight the source of temperature spiking when a hot radiation wave propagates into a cold material. Modified equation analysis is used to provide insight into the thermal wave speed coming from the two different first-order methods.
Mathematics Pre-Colloquium.

(1977). Mathematics Pre-Colloquium. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 10, pp. 817-819.
Cannabinoid receptor activation modifies NMDA receptor mediated release of intracellular calcium: Implications for endocannabinoid control of hippocampal neural plasticity

Chronic activation or inhibition of cannabinoid receptors (CB1) leads to continuous suppression of neuronal plasticity in hippocampus and other brain regions, suggesting that endocannabinoids may have a functional role in synaptic processes that produce state-dependent transient modulation of hippocampal cell activity. In support of this, it has previously been shown in vitro that cannabinoid CB1 receptors modulate second messenger systems in hippocampal neurons that can regulate operation of intracellular processes including receptors which release calcium from intracellular stores. Here we demonstrate in hippocampal slices a similar endocannabinoid action on excitatory glutamatergic synapses via modulation of NMDA-receptor mediated intracellular calcium levels in confocal imaged neurons. Calcium entry through glutamatergic NMDA-mediated ion channels increases intracellular calcium concentrations by modifying release from ryanodine-sensitive channels in endoplasmic reticulum. The studies reported here show that NMDA-elicited increases in Calcium Green fluorescence are enhanced by CB1 receptor antagonists (i.e., Rimonabant), and inhibited by CB1 agonists (i.e., WIN 55,212-2). Suppression of endocannabinoid breakdown by either reuptake inhibition (AM404) or fatty-acid amide hydrolase inhibition (URB597) produced suppression of NMDA-elicited calcium increases comparable to WIN 55,212-2, while enhancement of calcium release provoked by endocannabinoid receptor antagonists (Rimonabant) was shown to depend on the blockade of CB1receptor mediated de-phosphorylation of Ryanodine receptors. Such CB1 receptor modulation of NMDA elicited increases in intracellular calcium may account for the respective disruption and enhancement by CB1 agents of trial-specific hippocampal neuron ensemble firing patterns during performance of a short-term memory task, reported previously from this laboratory.
Safety and stability of retrovirally transduced chimeric antigen receptor T cells

Evaluation of: Scholler J, Brady TL, Binder-Scholl G et al. Decade-long safety and function of retroviral-modified chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Sci. Transl Med. 4(132), 132–153 (2012). Adoptive cellular therapy with genetically engineered T cells is predicated on generating effective and persisting T-cell-mediated immunity. Gammaretroviral vector-mediated gene transfer in T cells is the technological basis for promising therapy in both HIV and cancer. Because of concerns over delayed adverse events caused by persisting retroviral vector-engineered cells, the US FDA mandates long-term follow-up of clinical trials. Scholler et al. report FDA-mandated safety data and demonstrate that retrovirally transduced T cells persist in the blood of patients for more than a decade after treatment. These persisting T cells proliferated ex vivo in the presence of antigens and showed no evidence of either insertional oncogenesis or clonal expansion in 11 subjects followed for up to 11 years, supporting the long-term...
Heterosexual experiences and partnerships of urban low-income African-American and Hispanic youth.

Data from a probability sample survey of 1435 low-income Black and Hispanic youth living in households in Detroit Michigan revealed the importance of type of sexual partner to condom use. 81.9% of respondents were sexually active. Hispanic men and women were more likely to report oral intercourse than Black men and women; Hispanic men were most likely to have practiced anal sex. Black men reported the highest number of lifetime sexual partners. Oral and anal intercourse occurred more often with a married/live-in partner than a well-known or casual partner. Use of the Generalized Estimating Equation method indicated that Black men showed the most consistency in their sexual and contraceptive behaviors across categories of sexual partners. The proportion of young adults using condoms consistently ranged from 20% with a married/live-in partner to 45% with a well-known partner. Use of other birth control methods was most likely with a married/live-in partner while non-use of any method was most common with casual partners. Blacks were more likely than Hispanics to report condom ever-use but less likely to have used other methods or have had unprotected sex. When pairwise comparisons for gender-ethnic subgroups were conducted the likelihood of condom ever-use and unprotected sex did not vary among Black men with type of partner. Overall these findings raise concerns that the behaviors of urban low-income Black and Hispanic youth are placing them at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Management History: Issues and Ideas for Teaching and Research

This review examines the study of management history and discusses its role in management education. Management history provides a theoretical baseline, a historical perspective, and aframework for building and integrating knowledge. After examining issues in teaching and research, future needs and directions for management history are indicated.
The two ANSI standards for serial holdings statements: A comparison

The ANSI Standard on Serial Holdings Statements at the Summary Level is being withdrawn and a new holdings standard developed by NISO, entitled Serial Holdings Statements, is being approved in its place. This article compares the two standards, and describes the changes users will need to make when adopting the new standard.
Distributed Friction Damping of Traveling Wave Vibration in Rods

A ring damper can be affixed to a rotating base structure such as a gear, an automotive brake rotor or a gas turbine’s labyrinth air seal. Depending on the frequency range, wavenumber and level of preload, vibration of the base structure can be effectively and passively attenuated by friction that develops along the interface between it and the damper. The assembly is modelled as two rods that couple in longitudinal vibration through spatially distributed hysteretic friction, with each rod having periodic boundary conditions in a manner analogous to an unwrapped ring and disc. As is representative of rotating machinery applications, the system is driven by a travelling wave disturbance, and for that form of excitation, the base structure’s and the damper’s responses are determined without the need for computationally intensive simulation. The damper’s performance can be optimized with respect to normal preload, and its effectiveness is insensitive to variations in preload or the excitation’s magnitude when its natural frequency is substantially lower than the base structure’s in the absence of contact.
Structural mechanism of C-type inactivation in K + channels

Interconversion between conductive and non-conductive forms of the K(+) channel selectivity filter underlies a variety of gating events, from flicker transitions (at the microsecond timescale) to C-type inactivation (millisecond to second timescale). Here we report the crystal structure of the Streptomyces lividans K(+) channel KcsA in its open-inactivated conformation and investigate the mechanism of C-type inactivation gating at the selectivity filter from channels 'trapped' in a series of partially open conformations. Five conformer classes were identified with openings ranging from 12 A in closed KcsA (Calpha-Calpha distances at Thr 112) to 32 A when fully open. They revealed a remarkable correlation between the degree of gate opening and the conformation and ion occupancy of the selectivity filter. We show that a gradual filter backbone reorientation leads first to a loss of the S2 ion binding site and a subsequent loss of the S3 binding site, presumably abrogating ion conduction. These structures indicate a molecular basis for C-type inactivation in K(+) channels.
Protein side-chain rotamers from dipolar couplings in a liquid crystalline phase.

James J. Chou and Ad Bax*Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDKNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland 20892-0520ReceiVed February 12, 2001ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed March 15, 2001One-bond backbone dipolar couplings can readily be measuredfor proteins dissolved in a dilute liquid crystalline phase.