cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ORTHOSTATIC RESPONSES OF REGIONAL AND CAPILLARY BLOOD FLOWS IN THE TOE CIRCULATION OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS OF MEN

This study investigated the effects of aging on regional and capillary blood flow responses to orthostasis in the cutaneous circulation of the toe. Three groups of male subjects: young (Y: 20–39 yr), middle-aged (M: 40–59 yr) end older (O: 60–79 yr) consented to have capillary blood cell flow (CBF) within single vessels of the nailfold portion of their large toe and total blood flow to the toe (TBF) measured first in a reclining posture with the toe at heart level (HL) then in an erect posture that placed the toe an average of 56.5 cm below the heart (BH). CBF was obtained by multiplying measurements of capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) by the cross sectional area of the vessel’s inside diameter as measured by the width of the red cell column (WRC). Measurements of TBF were obtained by strain gauge plethysmography. In the HL position there were aging differences in CBV and WRC but not in CBF. TBF also showed no aging differences in the HL position. Orthostasis elicited a net decrease in CBF and a net increase in TBF in all three subject groups. Thus, in all age groups gravity elicited a shift of flow away from the capillaries. However, in terms of magnitude the M group showed a greater percent increase in TBF and a smaller percent decrease in CBF in response to orthostasis with the latter being significantly different from both the Y and O subjects. The percent changes in CBF between the HL and BH positions for the Y, M and O groups were respectively −46%, −23% and −48%. This suggests that reductions in cutaneous capillary flow which protect the lower extremities against edema in the upright posture are attenuated in middle-aged but not older people.
Diffusion as Hydrodynamic Motion

A phenomenological definition of diffusion in a binary mixture suggests a description of the motion by a hydrodynamic equation which contains a frictional force proportional to the relative diffusion velocity. Plausible assumptions give a set of hydrodynamic equations for any gaseous mixture, which may include charged molecules in a magnetic field. The equations determine the diffusion velocities in terms of the applied forces, the pressure gradients, and the binary diffusion coefficients. The same equations are also derived from kinetic theory in the first diffusion approximation. In higher approximations where thermal diffusion first appears, the equations are no longer valid.
Synthesis and structural investigation of poly(L-alanyl-L-alanyl-glycine).

Abstract Poly( l -alanyl- l -alanyl-glycine) has been synthesized as a possible collagen model, and its conformation in solution and in the solid state has been studied. This polytripeptide was prepared by polymerizing the activated N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the tripeptide unit. Circular dichroism spectra of this polymer in different solvents indicated that (1) no ordered structure was present in an ethylene glycol-water mixture at +24 °C or at − 112 °C; (2) some β structure, together with some random form was apparent in an ethylene glycol-hexafluoroisopropanol mixture; (3) in hexafluoroisopropanol there is evidence for another periodic structure, as yet undefined. X-ray diffraction patterns of (Ala-Ala-Gly)n recovered from water show it to have an antiparallel pleated-sheet conformation, but photographs of the polymer recovered from hexafluoroisopropanol solution indicate the occurrence of another structure, possibly α-helical. Infrared spectra of solutions, powders, and films of the polytripeptide are consistent with the circular dichroism and X-ray results. The dimensions of the (Ala-Ala-Gly)n pleated-sheet structure are similar to those of various silk fibroins and fibroin-like synthetic polypeptides, suggesting a similar arrangement of the chains, described in detail in this paper. The lack of any evidence for a collagen-like structure, either in the solid state or in solution, underlines the importance of proline and hydroxyproline residues in forming a triple-helical conformation.
Alcohol consumption in domestic and wild rats

A group of domestic rats and a group of wild pack rats were exposed to food and a 20% alcohol solution continuously for 20 weeks. Subsequently, both groups were exposed to food, alcohol solution, and water for nine weeks. No major changes in alcohol consumption rates occurred in either group within either of the two periods. Alcohol consumption decreased for both groups when the choice situation (alcohol vs water) was instituted. This decrease was more pronounced for domestic rats than for wild rats. The results are discussed in terms of potential physiological or other pre-experimental factors affecting alcohol consumption rate.
Redox reactions of hydrogen selenide ion

Abstract Hydrogen selenide ion (HSe-) is an important product in the metabolism of the essential trace element selenium. Although its role in selenium metabolism is recognized, aspects of the basic chemistry of selenide have been ignored, particularly the tendency of selenide to undergo rapid redox reactions with biological oxidants. Using polarography, we have found that selenide reacts in vitro with a variety of compounds including dehydroascorbic acid, quinones like vitamin K1 and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and disulfides such as oxidized glutathione and lipoic acid. The fact selenide reacts readily in vitro suggests similar reactions may also occur in vivo with important biological consequences. Contrary to expectations, selenide was found not to reduce the disulfide bond of oxidized dithiothreitol (trans-4,5-dihydroxyl-1,2-dithiane), indicating the commonly published value for the standard electrode potential of the selenium/hydrogen selenide ion couple is in error. The electrode potential is an important parameter to aid in anticipating possible redox reactions of selenide in vivo.
CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS

Summary CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS This presentation has discussed a conceptualization and measurement of extent of diffusion that closely approximates the theoretical definition of diffusion as the spread of an innovation. Rather than equating extent of diffusion with the proportion of adoption units in the adoption stage it is equated with the proportion of adoption units in each stage of the adoption process. The discussion illustrates the application of this conceptualization to the analysis of empirical data and shows its utility in comparing changes in extent of diffusion over time as well as in comparing the extent of diffusion of two or more innovations at one point in time. Resume LA DIFFUSION DE l'INNOVATION-CONCEPTUALISATION ET MESURE Cet article expose une conceptualisation et une methode de mesure nouvelles du degre de diffusion de l'innovation. l' evaluation classique du degre de diffusion de l'innovation etait centree sur la proportion des unites d'adoption, utilisateurs de l'innovation. La methode presentee ici utilise une autre procedure dans laquelle l' evaluation de la diffusion est analysee en fonction de la proportion des unites d'adoption ayant franchi chaque etape du processus d'adoption. La determination de ces proportions permet la construction d'une droite et d'un indice de diffusion. Cet article illustre l'applicabilitye de cette methode par l'analyse de revolution du degre de diffusion dans le temps et la comparison du degre de diffusion de deux innovations a un moment donne. Zusammenfassung KONZEPTUALISIERUNG UND MESSUNG DER VERBREITUNG VON NEUERUNGEN Der Artikel diskutiert die Konzeptualisierung und Messung der Diffusion von Neuerungen und nahert sich dabei stark an die the-oretische Definition der Diffusion als der Verbreitung einer Neuerung an. Anstatt das Ausmas der Diffusion mit dem Verhaltnis der Adop-tionseinheiten im Adoptionsstadium gleichzusetzen, wird es mit der Proportion von Adoptionseinheiten in jeder Etappe des Adoptions-prozesses gleichgesetzt. Die Diskussion veranschaulicht, wie dieses Konzept bei der Analyse empirischer Daten anzuwenden ist. Sie zeigt ihre Nutzlichkeit beim Vergleich von Veranderungen im Ausmas der Diffusion uber die Zeit und bei zwei oder mehr Neuerungen zum gleichen Zeitpunkt.
Islamophobia in America? September 11 and Islamophobic hate crime

ABSTRACT This article examines the sharp rise in hate crime directed at Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim following the September 11 attacks on the United States. The intense phase of these attacks comprised approximately nine weeks, after which the number of hate crimes fell sharply. The article attributes the abrupt fall in hate crime to four variables: 1) Leadership in the form of effective intervention by the U.S. President; 2) Decisive law enforcement intervention on the federal and local levels; 3) Grassroots outreach to Muslims by religious, civic and educational groups; and much more tentatively; 4) Moral ambiguity in the rapid dissolution of American consensus over the War on Terror following the invasion of Iraq. To illustrate these points, the paper compares the current situation to the treatment of Japanese Americans following Pearl Harbor and to the Red Scare of the 1950s. The impact of technology, especially the internet and the rise of al-Jazeera as alternative sources of information ...
Characterization of recombinant human CXCR4 in insect cells: role of extracellular domains and N-glycosylation in ligand binding.

The cDNA of the human CXCR4/fusin was isolated from a human HeLa cell cDNA library by PCR and functionally expressed in Sf9 insect cells. The recombinant receptor was found to bind its natural ligand SDF-1α with an affinity comparable to that of the native receptor. Sequence-specific antibodies against each of the four extracellular domains were generated and used to investigate the interactions between the different domains of the receptor and the ligand. Each of the four antibodies was found to be able to inhibit ligand binding. CXCR4 was shown to be a glycoprotein. The role of N-glycosylation of CXCR4 in ligand binding was investigated in the insect cells overexpressed with recombinant CXCR4. Two potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-11 and Asn-176) were either singly or doubly mutated to a leucine residue. Both single mutant receptors exhibited a significant decrease in ligand binding activity and affinity. The double mutant receptor showed little binding activity. Our data suggest that all of the extracellular domains are involved in ligand–receptor interactions and that N-glycosylation is required to maintain high-affinity ligand binding.
On controller initialization in multivariable switching systems

We consider a class of switched systems which consists of a linear MIMO and possibly unstable process in feedback interconnection with a multicontroller whose dynamics switch. It is shown how one can achieve significantly better transient performance by selecting the initial condition for every controller when it is inserted into the feedback loop. This initialization is obtained by performing the minimization of a quadratic cost function of the tracking error, controlled output, and control signal. We guarantee input-to-state stability of the closed-loop system when the average number of switches per unit of time is smaller than a specific value. If this is not the case then stability can still be achieved by adding a mild constraint to the optimization. We illustrate the use of our results in the control of a flexible beam actuated in torque. This system is unstable with two poles at the origin and contains several lightly damped modes, which can be easily excited by controller switching.
Neuronal integrity and astrocytic reaction in cold injury: an immunohistochemical investigation

The relationship between extravasation of serum albumin and damage to the neuronal elements as well as the astrocytic reaction was investigated following cold injury, using immunohistochemistry for albumin, microtubule-associated protein I and II (MAPs) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After 30 min, spreading of albumin to the neuropil and uptake into nerve cell bodies and dendrites were clearly observed in the area surrounding the cold lesion. Extravasation of albumin was maximal at 24 h and extended to the ipsilateral hippocampus and thalamus as well as to the paramedian part of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Uptake of albumin was seen in neurons with and without loss or reduction of the reaction for MAPs, but the former was confined to the area surrounding the cold lesion. When extravasated albumin receded from the neuropil, the positive reaction for albumin also disappeared from the neuronal elements and those neurons recovered immunoreactivity for MAPs. Astrocytes immunopositive for albumin were observed at 24 h in the white matter, and reactive astrocytes became notable even in the gray matter surrounding the cold lesion. Although reactive astrocytes persisted even after resolution of cerebral edema, immunopositivity for albumin disappeared from astrocytes soon after the disappearance of the reaction from the neuropil. As to the mechanism, rapid endo-and exocytosis may take place in response to the amount of edema fluid in the surrounding extracellular space, where albumin may be eliminated through the transvascular route and/or via the cerebrospinal fluid space.
Behavioral processes leading to linear status hierarchies following group formation in rhesus monkeys

Agonistic interactions during the first 45 minutes following formation of three member groups of rhesus macaques were examined in order to determine whether behavioral processes exist which ensure the eventual formation of linear dominance hierarchies. The results indicate that resolution of status relationships between at least two of the possible three dyads are achieved rapidly. The temporal order in which the first two dyadic status resolutions are achieved proceed in a manner which guarantees a linear hierarchy regardless of the direction of dominance-subordinance in the third dyad. These data are at variance with notions that status hierarchies are formed through prolonged periods of dominance contests or aggressive struggles. Furthermore, the findings suggest that at least one aspect of social organization characteristic of this species plays a major role in determining the nature of dyadic relationships formed.
The evolution of health-related quality of life assessment in epilepsy

The purpose of this article is to review the ways in which quality of life has been assessed in patients with epilepsy. It is specifically proposed that there have been three phases or types of studies examining the effects of epilepsy on cognitive, behavioural, social and physical function. The first and oldest phase was characterized by the use of traditional forms of clinical evaluation and available generic measures of cognitive, behavioural and psychosocial function to study the general effects of epilepsy, effects of epilepsy-specific clinical variables (e.g. seizure type, age at onset), and the consequences of treatment with antiepileptic medications on patients' lives. The second phase of research was characterized by the development of epilepsyspecific measures of cognitive ability, psychological status and psychosocial status, which were designed to meet the special research and clinical needs not provided by previous generic measures (e.g. Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory, Fear of Seizures Scale). The third and most recent phase is characterized by the use of models, techniques, and measures developed from the health services research field to assess formally contemporary definitions of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (e.g. ESI-55, QOLIE-89, Seizure Severity Scale) and develop models of the effects of epilepsy on HRQOL. Thus, concern regarding the impact and consequences of epilepsy is not a new development, but has evolved over the years, resulting in new models and methods of assessment of disease impact on well-being and functional status.
Ethics, professionalism, and humanities at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine.

This article describes the variety of approaches used at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine for teaching ethics, professionalism, and humanities to undergraduate medical students: courses in ethics and health policy; mentoring programs; selectives in history, literature, and spiri
COMPUTER‐INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING: A TAXONOMY OF INTEGRATION AND RESEARCH ISSUES

The past decade has seen an upsurgence in the number of manufacturing companies that are attempting to transform into computer-integrated enterprises. However, much of the computer-based integration efforts in these manufacturing organizations have been limited in scope and localized within certain areas of the organization (particularly, technology-intensive areas such as the shop floor). Such compartmentalized and myopic approaches to the development of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems undermine the ability of these systems to reach their fullest potential. CIM is much larger in scope and can impact an organization along various dimensions and at various levels. The fact that no completely integrated manufacturing enterprise has been developed to date can be attributed, in part, to a lack of understanding of the scope and implications of CIM. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, twofold. First, the paper presents a meta-schema (called TRIAD) for multidimensional and multilevel integration of a manufacturing system. Second, on the basis of the proposed meta-schema, the paper develops a taxonomical framework for defining key integration issues in CIM system design and discusses critical research needs that exist in this area. It is hoped that this paper will serve as a road map for research efforts that will enable the emergence of comprehensive CIM systems.
Waved with open eyelids 2 (woe2) is a novel spontaneous mouse mutation in the protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 13 like (Ppp1r13l) gene

Waved with open eyelids 2 (woe2) is a novel autosomal recessive mouse mutation that arose spontaneously in our animal facility. Upon initial evaluation, mutant mice exhibited eyelids open at birth (EOB) and wavy fur phenotypes. The goals of this study were to phenotypically characterize the woe2 mice and to identify the gene harboring the mutation responsible for the woe2 phenotype. Histological analysis of woe2 embryos identified the failure of embryonic eyelid closure. Clinical and histological analysis of woe2 adult eyes identified severe corneal opacities, abnormalities of the anterior segment of the eye, and the absence of meibomian glands. Abnormalities in the fur texture and the absence of meibomian glands prompted us to evaluate other epidermal appendages: skin, teeth, and nails--as well as lacrimal, mammary, salivary, sebaceous and sweat glands. No obvious morphological differences between WT and woe2 mice were identified in these tissues. However, the analysis of woe2 identified cardiac abnormalities. Positional cloning of the woe2 locus identified a 1308 bp deletion in the Ppp1r13l gene. The deletion resulted in an aberrant Ppp1r13l Δexon9-11 transcript that lacks exons 9, 10 and 11 resulting in a premature stop and a loss of 223 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the putative mutant PPP1R13L protein. Immunohistological analysis during eye development identified expression of PPP1R13L in the palpebral epidermis, palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, corneal epithelium and meibomian glands. The woe2 mouse harbors a novel deletion within the Ppp1r13l gene, likely resulting in a complete loss of PPP1R13L function. Results from this study provide evidence that PPP1R13L has an essential role in embryonic eyelid closure as well in development of meibomian glands and the anterior segment of the eye. The woe2 mice are a useful model for investigation of the role of PPP1R13L, especially during ocular and eyelid development.
A local-global principle for the telescope conjecture

Abstract We prove an etale local-global principle for the telescope conjecture and use it to show that the telescope conjecture holds for derived categories of Azumaya algebras on noetherian schemes as well as for many classifying stacks and gerbes. This specializes to give another proof of the fact that the telescope conjecture holds for noetherian schemes.
The Restless Urban Landscape: Economic and Sociocultural Change and the Transformation of Metropolitan Washington, DC

Abstract This study addresses recent changes in the built environment of U.S. metropolitan areas. The confluence of recent economic and sociocultural change has led to the emergence of a number of distinctive new urban settings. This process is interpreted as part of a broader, epochal change in the dynamics of contemporary capitalism. The particular implications of this transformation for the supply and demand of elements of the built environment involve changes in the organization and product mix of developers and construction companies, in the roles and professional orientations of architects and planners, and in commodity aesthetics and patterns of consumption among a “new bourgeoisie.” The imprint of these changes on the built environment is illustrated with reference to the example of the Washington metropolitan area. Among the new settings and landscape elements identified here are private master-planned communities, high-tech corridors, mixed-use developments, “festival” settings, gentrified neigh...
A Dielectric Omnidirectional Reflector

A design criterion that permits truly omnidirectional reflectivity for all polarizations of incident light over a wide selectable range of frequencies was used in fabricating an all-dielectric omnidirectional reflector consisting of multilayer films. The reflector was simply constructed as a stack of nine alternating micrometer-thick layers of polystyrene and tellurium and demonstrates omnidirectional reflection over the wavelength range from 10 to 15 micrometers. Because the omnidirectionality criterion is general, it can be used to design omnidirectional reflectors in many frequency ranges of interest. Potential uses depend on the geometry of the system. For example, coating of an enclosure will result in an optical cavity. A hollow tube will produce a low-loss, broadband waveguide, whereas a planar film could be used as an efficient radiative heat barrier or collector in thermoelectric devices.
Randomized Efficacy Trial of Two Psychotherapies for Depression in Youth With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objective Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with high rates of depression. This study compared the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to supportive nondirective therapy (SNDT) in treating youth with comorbid IBD and depression. Method Youth (51% female and 49% male; age 9–17 years, mean age 14.3 years) with depression and Crohn's disease (n = 161) or ulcerative colitis (n = 56) were randomly assigned to a 3-month course of CBT or SNDT. The primary outcome was comparative reduction in depressive symptom severity; secondary outcomes were depression remission, increase in depression response, and improved health-related adjustment and IBD activity. Results A total of 178 participants (82%) completed the 3-month intervention. Both psychotherapies resulted in significant reductions in total Children's Depression Rating Scale Revised score (37.3% for CBT and 31.9% for SNDT), but the difference between the 2 treatments was not significant ( p = .16). There were large pre–post effect sizes for each treatment (d = 1.31 for CBT and d = 1.30 for SNDT). More than 65% of youth had a complete remission of depression at 3 months, with no difference between CBT and SNDT (67.8% and 63.2%, respectively). Compared to SNDT, CBT was associated with a greater reduction in IBD activity ( p = .04) but no greater improvement on the Clinical Global Assessment Scale ( p = .06) and health-related quality of life (IMPACT-III scale) ( p = .07). Conclusion This is the first randomized controlled study to suggest improvements in depression severity, global functioning, quality of life, and disease activity in a physically ill pediatric cohort treated with psychotherapy. Clinical trial registration information—Reducing Depressive Symptoms in Physically Ill Youth; http://clinical trials.gov; NCT00534911.
Sleep in a crocodilian, Caiman sclerops

Abstract 1. 1. The cerebral cortical EEG, quantified as an index, the percent-time delta, accurately indicated the behavioral state of young caimans with respect to the arousal-sleep continuum. 2. 2. Quiet sleep, accompanied by high voltage slow EEG, behavioral quiescence, characteristic posture. elevated arousal threshold, and rapid state reversibility with intense stimulation, occupied 12.7% of 24 hr periods of young caimans. 3. 3. Rapid transition between wakefulness and sleep and frequent locomotion and changes of posture were observed. 4. 4. Active sleep was not observed. 5. 5. Effective thermoregulation resulting in natural, preferred body temperature is concluded to be essential for full expression of sleep behavior. 6. 6. Behavioral sleep marked by slow wave activity in the cerebral EEG is suggested to be phylogenetically ancient, possibly having been present in the archosaurian ancestor of birds and crocodilians.
Inhomogeneous tachyon decay, light-cone structure, and D-brane network problem in tachyon cosmology

We investigate light-cone structure on the world volume of an unstable D-brane with a tachyon decaying inhomogeneously by using a field theoretical description. It is shown that (i) light cones governing open strings are narrower than those governing closed strings and will eventually collapse inward in all directions except at kinks, where the tachyon remains at the top of its potential, and that (ii) light cones governing open strings at a kink will be narrowed only in the direction perpendicular to the kink surface. It is also shown that (iii) future-directed light cones governing open strings near a kink are tilted towards the kink, compared with those governing closed strings. Result (i) implies that open strings except at kinks are redshifted, compared with closed strings, and will eventually cease to be dynamical. On the other hand, result (ii) shows that open strings on a kink surface can move freely along the kink surface and are dynamical but do not feel the existence of the spatial dimension perpendicular to the kink surface. Result (iii) indicates that open strings near a kink have a tendency to move towards the kink. Hence, the light-cone structure vividly illustrates how open strings behave during the dynamical formation of a kink. We also discuss about a possibility that the early universe has a network of various dimensional D-branes, black-branes, and tachyon matter. A problem associated with the network and a possible solution to the problem are discussed.
An Immersive Virtual Environment for Varying Risk and Immersion for Effective Training

We present an immersive virtual environment being developed to study questions of risk perception and their impacts on effective training. Immersion is known to effect the quality of training in virtual environments, and the successful transfer of skills to real world situations. However, the level of perceived immersiveness that an environment invokes is an ill defined concept, and effects of different types of immersion are known to have greater and lesser influences on training outcomes. We concentrate on how immersiveness effects perceived risk in virtual environments, and how risk impacts training effectiveness. Simulated risk can invoke an alief of danger in subjects using a virtual environment. Alief is a concept useful in virtual training that describes situations where the person experiencing a simulated scenario knows it is not real, but suspends disbelief (willingly or unwillingly). This suspension of belief (alief) can cause the person to experience the same sorts of autonomic reactions as if they were experiencing the situation in real life (for example, think of fear invoked on amusement park rides). Alief of risk or danger has been proposed as one phenomenon that can influence training outcomes, like the experience of immersion, when training in virtual environments. In this paper we present work on developing a low-cost virtual environment for the manipulation of immersion and risk for cognitive studies. In this environment we provide several alternative input modalities, from mouse to Wii remote interactivity, to control a virtual avatar’s hand and arm for performing risky every day tasks. Immersion can be manipulated in several ways, as well as the type and risk associated with tasks. Typical tasks include performing kitchen preparation work (using knives or hot items), or wood or metal working tasks (involving manipulation of dangerous tools). This paper describes the development and technologies used to create the virtual environment, and how we vary risk perception and immersion of users for various cognitive tasks. The capabilities and manipulations of immersiveness and risk are presented together with some findings on using Wii motes as input devices in several ways for virtual environments. The paper concludes with some preliminary results of varying perceived risk on cognitive task performance in the developed environment.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Chromatic induction: border contrast or adaptation to surrounding light?

Abstract Chromatic induction from a surrounding light is measured with an additional remote field outside the surround. Chromatic induction from the surround into a central test field is found to be attenuated by a remote inhomogeneous `checkerboard', composed of squares at two different chromaticities. A uniform remote field, on the other hand, either at the average or at the most extreme chromaticity of the `checkerboard', has a weaker effect on chromatic induction than the inhomogeneous field, implying that chromatic contrast within the remote region is a critical factor. The complete set of experiments is accounted for by chromatic contrast gain control: chromatic induction, mediated by a neural signal for contrast at the edge of the test, is attenuated by contrast within the remote region. A contrast gain control set by variation in chromaticity over a broad area can contribute to the stable color appearance of surfaces embedded within complex scenes by minimizing chromatic induction from locally adjacent regions.
Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on iceberg lettuce: I. Effects of temperature, time, and oxygen level on insect mortality and lettuce quality

Abstract Ultralow oxygen (ULO) treatments with different oxygen levels, treatment times, and temperatures were studied to determine effects on western flower thrips mortality and postharvest quality of iceberg lettuce. Thrips mortality increased with reduced oxygen level and increased treatment time and temperature. At 0.003% oxygen, over 99.6% mortality rates of thrips were achieved in three ULO treatments of 2, 3, and 4 d at 10, 5, and 1 °C, respectively. No treatments caused injury to lettuce surface leaves and there was no reduction in visual quality for treated lettuce. However, about 9–33% of lettuce heads sustained injury to heartleaves. The 2 d ULO treatment with 0.003% oxygen had the lowest injury rate to heartleaves and the injury increased with increased treatment duration. The amount of injured leaves was small (
Asymmetric spermatic cord vessel enhancement and enlargement on contrast-enhanced MDCT as indicators of ipsilateral scrotal pathology.

Abstract Purpose To determine the association of asymmetric spermatic cord vessel enhancement and enlargement on contrast-enhanced CT with ipsilateral scrotal pathology. Methods This case series included 30 men with contrast-enhanced CT: 10 cases had asymmetric enhancement and enlargement of spermatic cord vessels with confirmed ipsilateral scrotal pathology determined by additional imaging and/or clinical records; 20 negative reference cases had no such findings with normal corresponding scrotal ultrasound. Maximum spermatic vessel diameters and attenuation values were determined bilaterally. Two blinded radiologists independently assessed all exams for interobserver agreement. Results For cases, maximum spermatic cord vessel diameters were greater ipsilaterally (5.9±1.7mm) than contralaterally (4.0±1.1mm), p p p −8 and p −7 respectively). There was substantial interobserver agreement for asymmetric spermatic vessel enlargement ( κ =0.79) and enhancement ( κ =0.73). In 3 cases, the CT findings lead to a scrotal ultrasound that confirmed the diagnosis and altered patient management. Conclusion MDCT findings of asymmetric spermatic vessel enlargement and enhancement are indicators of ipsilateral scrotal pathology. The detection of such finings may have implications for patient care and should prompt further evaluation of the scrotum in the proper clinical setting.
The dynamics of disability and chronic conditions

The purpose of this paper is to provide a background to chronic conditions and disability and introduce manuscripts that were part of a recent forum examining this issue. The paper begins with an overview of definitions of disability and chronic conditions. It then presents several reasons why disentangling chronic conditions and disability is important. Finally, it briefly describes the forum manuscripts before making a call for understanding the dynamics of chronic condition and disability to promote the health of all.
Viable cell yield from active dry yeast products and effects of storage temperature and diluent on yeast cell viability1

Active dry yeast (ADY) products are commonly fed in the dairy industry, but research regarding quality control for such products is limited. The objectives of this study were to determine yeast viability in field samples relative to manufacturers' guarantees (experiment 1), measure the effects of high-temperature storage on yeast viability (experiment 1), and determine the effect of vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix on yeast viability (experiment 2). Commercially available ADY products were acquired in triplicate through normal distribution channels and stored at 4°C upon receipt. Initial samples were evaluated for colony-forming units and compared with product label guarantees. Only 1 of the 6 products sampled in experiment 1 met product guarantees for all 3 samples. To determine effects of storage temperature and duration on viability, ADY samples were stored in an incubator at 40°C with ambient humidity for 1, 2, and 3 mo. High-temperature storage significantly decreased viability over the 3-mo period; approximately 90% of viable cells were lost each month. Three of the 5 products sampled in experiment 2 met product guarantees. Fresh samples of 4 of these 5 ADY products were mixed in duplicate with ground corn (GC) or a VTM premix to achieve a target concentration of 2.2×10(8) cfu/g. For each product, GC and VTM samples were stored at ambient temperature (22°C) and at an elevated temperature (40°C) for 2 wk. No differences in viable yeast count were observed between GC and VTM samples immediately after mixing or after storage at ambient temperature. Yeast viability in GC and VTM samples decreased during storage at an elevated temperature. There also was a significant interaction of diluent and storage temperature; VTM samples had higher cell viability than GC samples when subjected to high-temperature storage. Results suggest that (1) ADY products failed to consistently meet product guarantees; (2) viability of ADY products was greatly diminished during storage at 40°C for 2 wk; and (3) the loss in viability at elevated temperatures may be attenuated when ADY products are diluted with a premix containing VTM.
Ultrastructural effects of N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea on the tracheobronchial epithelium of the Syrian Golden hamster

Ten intratracheal instillations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) caused squamous metaplastic and neoplastic changes in the tracheobronchial epithelium. Abnormal squamous metaplastic cells contained enlarged nuclei deeply indented by cytoplasmic invaginations, pleomorphic nucleoli, filamentous granules and many cytoplasmic fibrils. Prior to the appearance of tumors, autoradiograms revealed cells preparing for division, first in basal and then in all layers of the abnormal squamous metaplastic epithelium. Defects in the basement lamina were found in squamous metaplastic lesions. The ultrastructural changes in the tracheobronchial epithelium were similar to those described in hamsters exposed to benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide as well as to those described in smoking dogs and in human bronchogenic carcinoma. The squamous metaplastic changes induced by NMU were clearly distinguishable from squamous metaplasia found in vitamin-A deficiency.
Velopharyngeal anatomy in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a three-dimensional cephalometric analysis.

Abstract Objective: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common genetic cause of velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising method for noninvasive, three-dimensional (3D) assessment of velopharyngeal (VP) anatomy. The purpose of this study was to assess VP structure in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by using 3D MRI analysis. Design: This was a retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance images obtained in patients with VPD associated with a 22q11.2 deletion compared with a normal control group. Setting: This study was conducted at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, a pediatric tertiary care center. Patients, Participants: The study group consisted of 5 children between the ages of 2.9 and 7.9 years, with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. All had VPD confirmed by nasendoscopy or videofluoroscopy. The control population consisted of 123 unaffected patients who underwent MRI for reasons other than VP ass...
Influence of nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (G894T) on carotid artery intima-media thickness in adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Nitric oxide generated by the vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular structure/function and blood pressure. However, information is scant regarding the influence of G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene on arterial wall thickness in asymptomatic young adults. This aspect was examined for G894T polymorphism in 661 White and Black subjects, aged 25 to 43 years (73.2% White; 39.5% male). Arterial vascular changes were assessed by common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) using B-mode ultrasonography. The variant T allele frequency of G894T was significantly higher in Whites compared with Blacks (0.339 vs. 0.102; P < .0001). In bivariate analysis, adjusted for gender, age, mean arterial blood pressure, and/or race, carotid IMT was marginally lower in carriers vs. non-carriers of T allele in Whites (P = .07), but significantly lower for the total number of subjects (P = .04). In multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for gender, age, mean arterial pressure, body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, smoking, and race (in the total sample), the variant allele was independently associated with lower carotid IMT in both the White subjects (P = .04), and total sample (P = .03). These results suggest that the allelic variation of G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene beneficially influences vascular changes as measured by carotid IMT in asymptomatic young adults.
Optical Measurements of the Highly Damped Surface Plasmon of SnTe

The dielectric function of tin telluride is obtained by performing a least squares curve fit of the Drude intraband dielectric function to the attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) spectra of the surface plasmon resonance of holes. The surface plasmon is highly damped (ωτ < 1) and both, the complex frequency-real wavevector and the complex wavevector-real frequency dispersion curves exhibit back-bending. The complex frequency dependent dielectric function is calculated and compared to the real frequency dependent dielectric function and is also utilized to analyze the surface plasmon resonance condition. La fonction dielectrique du tin-tellurium a ete obtenue en utilisant la methode des moindres carres l'adjustement de la fonction dielectrique intrabande de Drude aux spectres de la reflection totale interne attenuee du plasmon de surface de resonance des trous. Le plasmon de surface tres amorti (ωτ < 1) et les deux courbes de dispersion de la frequence complexe-vectors d'onde reel et complexe-et celle de la frequence reelle, montrent une courbature arriere. La frequence complexe, qui depend de la fonction dielectrique, a ete calculee et comparee a la frequence reelle, et aussi utilisee pour l'analyse de la condition de resonance du plasmon de surface.
The influence of axial structures on chick somite formation.

Abstract The influence of the axial structures on somite formation was investigated by culturing, on a nutritive agar substrate, segmental plates from chick embryos having 8 to 20 pairs of somites. In the first set of experiments, segmental plate was explanted together with adjacent notochord and approximately the lateral halves of the neural tube and node region. These explants formed 18 to 20 somites within 30 hr. In a second series of experiments, the notochord and neural tube were included as before, but further regression movements in the explants were prevented by removing the node region. These explants formed only 11.9 ± 1.1 somites. Finally, explants of segmental plate that included no neural tube, notochord, or node region were made. These explants had formed 10.7 ± 1.1 somites 14 to 17 hr later. When such explants were cultured for periods longer than 17 hr, there was a marked tendency for the more posterior somites to disperse and for all of the somites to develop a peculiar “hollow” morphology. It was concluded from these results that during the period of development when chick embryos possess 8 to 20 pairs of somites, the segmental plate mesoderm (1) represents about 12 prospective somites, (2) may segment into its full complement of somites without further contact with the axial structures, but (3) requires continued intimate contact with the axial structures for normal somite morphologic differentiation and stability.
Continuous processing in word recognition at 24 months

Speech processing in adults is continuous: as acoustic-phonetic information is heard, listeners' interpretation of the speech is updated incrementally. The present studies used a visual fixation technique to examine whether young children also interpret speech continuously. In Experiments 1 and 2, 24-month-old children looked at visual displays while hearing sentences. Sentences each contained a target word labeling one of the two displayed pictures. Children's latency to fixate the labeled picture was measured. Children's responses were delayed when the competing distractor picture's label overlapped phonetically with the target at onset (dog-doll), but not when the pictures' labels rhymed (ball-doll), showing that children monitored the speech stream incrementally for acoustic-phonetic information specifying the correct picture. In Experiment 3, adults' responses in the same task were found to be very similar to those of the 24-month-olds. This research shows that by 24 months, children can interpret speech continuously.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FOREIGN ANTIGENS AND RNA FOLLOWING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INJECTIONS OF ANTIGENS

The following investigation was divided into two parts. The first was concerned with the rate and amount of excretion of soluble ^(35)S-labeled hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) following a single intravenous injection into normal rabbits and also with the properties of the excreted antigen material and its possible association with ribonucleic acid (RNA) or nucleotides. The second involved the release and excretion of ^(35)S-labeled material which remained in tissues, or extravascular spaces, at 7 days following the primary injection. This release was accomplished by injection of the unlabeled native protein antigen as described previously by Garvey and Campbell (1). In a recent report by Garvey and Campbell (2) the loss of antigen material from hepatic tissue following a secondary injection of the native protein carrier was clearly demonstrated by radioautography. Although much of the released material was taken up by spleen and lymph nodes, some of it escaped through the kidneys. It should be pointed out that the radioautographic studies did not bear out the speculation presented by Campbell and Garvey (3, 4) that release of primary antigen resulted in uptake by adjacent hepatic cells and thus production of a "clone." However it is possible that clones of cells might be formed in lymphoid tissues by such a mechanism of release and transfer of antigen. The level may be too low for detection but still significant with respect to antibody formation. It was expected that the present study of excreted material would give further information as to the nature of retained antigen and also provide material for future investigation of the biological properties of the released material.
Teaching beliefs of medical educators: perspectives on clinical teaching in pediatrics.

Background: Most who teach in clinical settings see themselves primarily as clinicians or physicians responsible for patient care and only secondarily as educators. The education literature suggests that teaching predominantly operates at a tacit level, where teachers rely on core beliefs to guide their practice, and actually spend little time in reflective practice. Given the lack of research on how medical educators in clinical settings view their teaching, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the teaching beliefs of faculty in a pediatrics department in a college of medicine.Methods: Using a Teaching Perspectives Inventory, observations and in-depth interviews, a complex picture was revealed about teaching beliefs of medical educators.Results: Due to contextual constraints of the clinical setting (e.g., time, competing stakeholders) that requires primary attention to patient care, they describe ‘teaching on the fly’. There is a strong emphasis on: delivering content; encouraging thinkin...
Numerical study of the time-dependent radiative-transfer inverse problem

A curve-fitting procedure is shown to reduce the effects of random errors in estimations of the albedo of single scattering and the moments of the angular-scattering function from the backscattered radiance after a collimated pulsed illumination of a slab target. Numerical results are presented for the effects of a simulated broadening of the incident pulse in time and of systematic experimental errors on the estimated coefficients.