cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical matter : crystallization and binding in intense optical fields

Properly fashioned electromagnetic fields coupled to microscopic dielectric objects can be used to create arrays of extended crystalline and noncrystalline structures. Organization can be achieved in two ways: In the first, dielectric matter is transported in direct response to the externally applied standing wave optical fields. In the second, the external optical fields induce interactions between dielectric objects that can also result in the creation of complex structures. In either case, these new ordered structures, whose existence depends on the presence of both light and polarizable matter, are referred to as optical matter.
Seven sins of humanitarian medicine.

The need for humanitarian assistance throughout the world is almost unlimited. Surgeons who go on humanitarian missions are definitely engaged in a noble cause. However, not infrequently, despite the best of intentions, errors are made in attempting to help others. The following are seven areas of concern: 1. Leaving a mess behind. 2. Failing to match technology to local needs and abilities. 3. Failing of non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) to cooperate and help each other, and and accept help from military organizations. 4. Failing to have a follow-up plan. 5. Allowing politics, training, or other distracting goals to trump service, while representing the mission as “service”. 6. Going where we are not wanted, or needed and/or being poor guests. 7. Doing the right thing for the wrong reason. The goal of this report is to discuss these potential problems, with ideas presented about how we might do humanitarian missions more effectively.
Density effects on jet characteristics in confined swirling flow

Density effects on isothermal jet mixing in confined swirling flow are investigated. The experiment is carried out with helium/air as the jet fluid in the same facility as that used by So et al. (1984a, b) and the test conditions are chosen to be the same as before. Contrary to the homogeneous mixing results, the helium jet is preserved up to 40 jet diameters downstream. The behavior of the mean and turbulence field depends highly on the initial jet velocity. Since the jets are fully turbulent and the jet momentum fluxes for inhomogeneous mixing are less than those for homogeneous mixing, the cause of this difference in behavior is directly attributed to the combined action of density difference and swirl. In spite of this, near isotropy of the turbulence field is again observed at ∼ 40 jet diameters downstream.
Epigenetic Regulation of miRNAs and Breast Cancer Stem Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important targets of chemopreventive strategies in breast cancer. We have found that miRNAs are dysregulated at an early stage in breast cancer, in non-malignant ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Many dietary chemoprevention agents can act by epigenetically activating miRNA-signaling pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation and invasive progression. In addition, many miRNAs activated via chemopreventive strategies target cancer stem cell signaling and prevent tumor progression or relapse. Specifically, we have found that miRNAs regulate DCIS stem cells, which may play important roles in breast cancer progression to invasive disease. We have shown that chemopreventive agents can directly inhibit DCIS stem cells and block tumor formation in vivo, via activation of tumor suppressor miRNAs.
Coordination compounds of the nitrate salts of oxycation uranyl (UO22+) and praseodymium(III), neodymium(III) and erbium(III) with 2,2′-bipyridine-1,1′-dioxide

Abstract Coordination compounds with 2,2′-bipyridine-1,1′-dioxide (bipyO2) having the composition [UO2(bipyO2)2(NO3)2]·4H2O, [Pr(bipyO2)4(NO3)2]NO3·2H2O, [Dy(bipyO2)4(NO3)2]NO3·4H2O and [Er(bipyO2)4(NO3)2]NO3·4H2O have been synthesized. These new complexes have been characterized by electrical conductance, X-ray powder patterns and IR spectral measurements. IR spectra indicate that M ← bipyO2 (M = oxycation or metal ion) in these complexes appears in the region of 350–373 cm−1.
Scenario for ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. III. Gluons in the expanding geometry

We derive expressions for various correlators of the gauge field and find the propagators in Hamiltonian dynamics which employs a new gauge A{sup {tau}}=0. This gauge is a part of the wedge form of relativistic dynamics suggested earlier as a tool for the study of quantum dynamics in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. We prove that the gauge is completely fixed. The gauge field is quantized and the field of radiation and the longitudinal fields are unambiguously separated. The new gauge puts the quark and gluon fields of the colliding hadrons in one Hilbert space and thus allows one to avoid factorization.
Parent–Child Visits in Foster Care: Reaching Shared Goals and Expectations to Better Prepare Children and Parents for Visits

This study presents descriptive findings from a project designed to understand different perspectives about family visits, to pilot a guidebook tool to help participants reach shared goals, and implement best practices. A sample of 133 parents, children, foster parents, and social workers reported their reactions to the tool. Findings revealed that, depending on the role played in visits, there was variation in perceived goals of visits and ideas about handling difficult visits. After using the tool, parents reported feeling better able to manage their emotions during visits, children reported believing their feelings about visits were more normal, and foster parents were more open to discussing parent no-shows with children. Implications for practice are discussed.
THE MEANINGFUL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION ASSESSMENT: A MEASURE OF ENGAGEMENT IN PERSONALLY VALUED ACTIVITIES

The Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment (MAPA), a recently developed 28-item tool designed to measure the meaningfulness of activity, was tested in a sample of 154 older adults. The MAPA evidenced a sufficient level of internal consistency and test-retest reliability and correlated as theoretically predicted with the Life Satisfaction Index-Z, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey, the Purpose in Life Test, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Inventory and the Rand SF-36v2 Health Survey subscales. Zero-order correlations consistently demonstrated meaningful relationships between the MAPA and scales of psychosocial well-being and health-related quality of life. Results from multiple regression analyses further substantiated these findings, as greater meaningful activity participation was associated with better psychological well-being and health-related quality of life. The MAPA appears to be a reliable and valid measure of meaningful activity, incorporating both subjective and objective indicators of activity engagement.
Probabilistic forecasting of earthquakes

We present long‐term and short‐term forecasts for magnitude 5.8 and larger earthquakes. We discuss a method for optimizing both procedures and testing their forecasting effectiveness using the likelihood function. Our forecasts are expressed as the rate density (that is, the probability per unit area and time) anywhere on the Earth. Our forecasts are for scientific testing only; they are not to be construed as earthquake predictions or warnings, and they carry no official endorsement. For our long‐term forecast we assume that the rate density is proportional to a smoothed version of past seismicity (using the Harvard CMT catalogue). This is in some ways antithetical to the seismic gap model, which assumes that recent earthquakes deter future ones. The estimated rate density depends linearly on the magnitude of past earthquakes and approximately on a negative power of the epicentral distance out to a few hundred kilometres. We assume no explicit time dependence, although the estimated rate density will vary slightly from day to day as earthquakes enter the catalogue. The forecast applies to the ensemble of earthquakes during the test period. It is not meant to predict any single earthquake, and no single earthquake or lack of one is adequate to evaluate such a hypothesis. We assume that 1 per cent of all earthquakes are surprises, assumed uniformly likely to occur in those areas with no earthquakes since 1977. We have made specific forecasts for the calendar year 1999 for the Northwest Pacific and Southwest Pacific regions, and we plan to expand the forecast to the whole Earth. We test the forecast against the earthquake catalogue using a likelihood test and present the results. Our short‐term forecast, updated daily, makes explicit use of statistical models describing earthquake clustering. Like the long‐term forecast, the short‐term version is expressed as a rate density in location, magnitude and time. However, the short‐term forecasts will change significantly from day to day in response to recent earthquakes. The forecast applies to main shocks, aftershocks, aftershocks of aftershocks, and main shocks preceded by foreshocks. However, there is no need to label each event, and the method is completely automatic. According to the model, nearly 10 per cent of moderately sized earthquakes will be followed by larger ones within a few weeks.
Error Performance of Chaotic Digital Code-Divison Multiple Access (CDMA) Systems

Chaotic digital code-division multiple access ((CD)2MA) systems are new types of communication systems using chaotic carriers. (CD)2MA had found applications in both wireless and other communication systems. In this paper we study the error performance of chaotic digical code-division multiple access ((CD)2MA) systems used in both wireless environment and cable networks. We present first the details of the interleave mode of the (CD)2MA. When a (CD)2MA system works in the interleave mode, each of its transmitters only transmits signals during a portion of the bit duration of the message signal. The total interference level is thus reduced which in turn increases the channel capacity. The relationship between the bit error rate (BER) and the interleave rate is studied in both the synchronous (CD)2MA system used in cable systems, and the asynchronous (CD)2MA system used in wireless environments. Our simulation results show that in a cable system the synchronous (CD)2MA system can support 1.5 times more channel capacity than synchronous CDMA systems, and double the channel capacity of CDMA systems in wireless environments.
Optimization of pulse shaping using nonlinear polarization rotation

Pulse shaping using nonlinear polarization rotation has been analyzed in detail. It is found that there is an optimal, power-dependent polarization ellipticity for the maximum nonlinear transmission. It is also found that the polarization ellipticity should be kept smaller than 0.414 so that higher nonlinear transmission can be obtained. Compared to the well-known scheme of Stolen et al., the peak transmission can be increased more than three times, from 7% to 24%, for an incident power that generates self-phase modulation (φspm) of π.
Humane endpoints in shock research.

ABSTRACTIn biomedical research using animal models, the phrase “humane endpoints” refers to predetermined criteria used to judge when the research animals should be humanely euthanized. The intended goal of humane endpoints is to minimize the distress or suffering of research animals; however, if ap
A transient increase in c‐myc precedes the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblast‐like cells

AIMS/BACKGROUND Liver stellate cells are transdifferentiated to collagen-producing myofibroblast-like cells in vivo during liver injury or when placed in culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of retinoids and the expression of the immediate early genes as they relate to the transdifferentiation of liver stellate cells in culture. METHODS Rat liver stellate cells were studied immediately after isolation or sequentially after culture for varying periods of time. RNA was isolated and specific messages were determined by RT-PCR. Cells were also isolated for determination of retinoid autofluorescence and immunofluorescent staining with specific antibodies by laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS c-fos message and immunoprotein were high in the freshly isolated cells prior to culture, while c-myc expression increased markedly after one day of culture. Both c-fos and c-myc gene expression decreased prior to the transdifferentiation of the cells to myofibroblast-like cells and to the increase in alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) collagen messages and collagen production. The presence of retinoid autofluorescence and retinoic acid receptor (RAR-alpha and RAR-beta) messages and RAR-beta immunoprotein persisted during initial transdifferentiation of the stellate cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a high initial level of c-fos expression and a transient increase in c-myc expression followed by a decrease to lower levels prior to transdifferentiation and collagen production by stellate cells. A total loss of retinoid autofluorescence or a decrease in RAR-alpha or RAR-beta are not required for initial transdifferentiation of stellate cells or collagen production.
Foreword to the Special Issue on the Yangtze River

The Yangtze River is one of the world’s truly great rivers with a length of 6300 km third longest in the world and a drainage area of 1.80 106 km2, housing nearly 400 million people. The annual average flow and sediment transport of the Yangtze River at Datong the downstream least-tide-affected measurement station are 29,500 m3 /s and 327 106 t /year post-Three Gorges Dam . It is interesting to note that the average annual flow of the Yangtze River exceeds the peak flow of the 1993 flood on the Upper Mississippi River at St. Louis, with approximately the same drainage area. Further, while the Yellow River is considered the cradle of Chinese civilization, historians trace the origin of civilization in Yangtze River basin to roughly the same time as the Yellow River basin. Finally, the Yangtze River is home to some of the rarest aquatic species on earth, like the finless porpoise, Chinese alligator, Chinese sturgeon, and paddlefish. It is impossible for six papers to encompass the depth and breadth of the water resources problems, and issues in the Yangtze River basin. However, these papers include a range of interesting contributions on water problems throughout the basin from the headwaters to the estuary. Wang et al. evaluate the geomorphologic and ecologic benefits of step-pools in the debris flow ravines in the headwaters of Yangtze River tributaries in Yunnan Province. They found that step-pools maximize stream stability and greatly increase biodiversity. These findings hold promise for control of debris flows and improvement of the aquatic environment that may extend far beyond the boundaries of the Yangtze River basin. Xie et al. describe the development of shoals in the
Microstegium vimineum, a shade adapted C4 grass

Abstract Microstegium vimineum, a C4 plant of the family Poaceae, is shown to be extremely adaptable to growing under shade conditions. The capacity for dry matter production of the species was similar from 18% to 100% full sunlight. Even at 5% full sunlight substantial growth occurred (17% of that at full sunlight). In comparison, growth of the C4 species Digitaria sanguinalis and Sporobolus airoides declined rapidly below full sunlight with no growth occurring at 5% full sunlight. A number of measurements on leaves of M. vimineum grown under 5% of full sunlight versus full sunlight reflects the ability of this species to adapt to low light. Under low light there was a 2-fold increase in leaf area per leaf with an approx. 2-fold decrease in leaf thickness. The soluble protein/ chlorophyll ratio increased about 3.5-fold in the low light-grown plants due to an increase in chlorophyll/leaf area and a decrease in soluble protein/leaf area. Under both light regimes the plants had Kranz anatomy and high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase which are known features of C4 plants. The results indicate that there are no inherent limitations in the C4 mechanism or in the efficiency of energy utilization for carbon assimilation which prevents C4 plants from adapting to low light conditions.
β2-Adrenergic receptor signaling complexes in cardiomyocyte caveolae/lipid rafts

The traditional notion that catecholamine actions are mediated by the predominant beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-AR) subtype linked to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and the accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in cardiomyocytes has been challenged by recent studies showing that cardiomyocytes co-express pharmacologically distinct beta(2)-AR subtypes that activate a more broad range of downstream effectors. While beta(1)- and beta(2)-ARs exert largely functionally equivalent cellular actions in heterologous expression systems, signaling by endogenous beta-AR subtypes in highly differentiated cells such as cardiomyocytes can be strikingly different. There is growing evidence that certain features of the signaling phenotypes for beta-AR subtypes in cardiomyocytes are inconsistent with traditional models that attribute signaling specificity to high-affinity protein-protein interactions between receptors, G-proteins, and effectors freely mobile on surface membranes. This chapter summarizes recent studies that focus on membrane microdomains (such as caveolae or lipid rafts) as sites that differentially localizing individual beta-AR subtypes as well as the downstream signaling machinery that generates, propagates, and downregulates the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway. To the extent that this mechanism calibrates beta-AR responses in cardiomyocytes, it would be expected to be pertinent to the pathogenesis of heart failure, where chronic/persistent beta-AR signaling contributes to ventricular remodeling and impacts on long-term survival.
Pressure Recovery and Cascade Utilization of Energy in the Process of Natural Gas Transportation

Natural gas is generally transported with high pressure, and most of the gas pressure is above 10MPa, which will be 0.4MPa after the vacuum treatment at pressure regulating station. So there is huge pressure energy that can be recovered. The research uses turbo expander instead of throttle valve in the natural gas transport process, which will avoid the threat and damage to the equipment and lower network by the low temperature natural gas. The huge demand for natural gas pipeline in China makes the research of “pressure recovery and cascade utilization of energy in the process of natural gas transportation” to be true. The research can not only avoid the huge waste of pressure in the network, but it can also improve the comprehensive utilization rate of energy, which is of vital importance to our conservation-oriented society today.
Genomic Analysis of Aminotransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana

Aminotransferases are an important and diverse group of proteins. Of the approximately 25,000 predicted proteins in the Arabidopsis proteome, it is estimated that 4,000 are involved in cellular metabolism. Sequence analyses predict that roughly one percent of the “metabolism” sequences of Arabidopsis encode aminotransferases. Many plant aminotransferase genes have been identified, and their corresponding gene products have been localized and characterized. These studies have implicated aminotransferase reactions in a diverse variety of pathways in plants, including such primary metabolic pathways as amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism, photorespiration, and vitamin biosynthesis, as well as carbon and nitrogen shuttles, and plant stress responses. Thus, these enzymes may be reasonable targets for metabolic engineering to produce crop varieties with enhanced stress resistance and nutrient content. In addition, several aminotransferases that are absent from animals may be excellent targets for herbicides....
Kinetics of graphitization in glassy carbon

The kinetics of graphitization has been studied using structure parameters d002, Lc and La derived from wide angle X-ray diffraction measurements. For Glassy Carbon (GX) isochronally (2 hr each) heat treated in the temperature range 1000–2800°C, the behavior of these parameters can be studied in three separate regions: 1. (1) For heat treatment temperature (HTT) < 1500°C GC undergoes dehydrogenation 2. (2) For 1500° < HTT < 2300°C the main process is stress relief 3. (3) For HIT > 2300°C graphitization takes place. The activation energy for graphitization in the third region has been determined to be 215 ∓ kcal/mole using the “superposition technique”.
Sulfite oxidase deficiency: Studies of a patient with mental retardation, dislocated ocular lenses, and abnormal urinary excretion of S-sulfo-l-cysteine, sulfite, and thiosulfate

Abstract This paper constitutes the first description of a previously unreported disorder of metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds. The patient was born with neurological abnormalities and deteriorated to a virtually decorticate state by nine months. Bilateral ectopia lentis was discovered at 1 year. We studied him at age 30 months and found his urine to contain abnormally increased amounts of S-sulfo- l -cysteine, sulfite, and thiosulfate. His urinary excretion of inorganic sulfate was markedly reduced and, in contrast to normal controls, it did not increase after administration of l -cysteine. These chemical abnormalities are best explained by the presence of a block in the conversion of sulfite to sulfate secondary to a deficiency of sulfite oxidase activity. Studies from tissues obtained from the patient postmortem reveal such a defect (5). The pathology could have been caused by toxic effects of accumulation of sulfite or perhaps other metabolites. Possibly, deficiency of inorganic sulfate could also have caused pathological changes. Although three of the patient's seven siblings died in infancy with neurological disease, the remaining siblings and the parents do not bear clinical stigmata suggestive of the patient's disease, and as yet we have detected no chemical abnormalities to suggest they are carriers of a trait. Thus, we suspect, but have no definite evidence, that the disease is an hereditary disorder of metabolism. We have named it sulfite oxidase deficiency.
Early (M170) activation of face-specific cortex by face-like objects

The tendency to perceive faces in random patterns exhibiting configural properties of faces is an example of pareidolia. Perception of ‘real’ faces has been associated with a cortical response signal arising at about 170ms after stimulus onset; but what happens when non-face objects are perceived as faces? Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we found that objects incidentally perceived as faces evoked an early (165ms) activation in the ventral fusiform cortex, at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas common objects did not evoke such activation. An earlier peak at 130 ms was also seen for images of real faces only. Our findings suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late re-interpretation cognitive phenomenon.
A microwave and ab initio structure determination of methyl chloroformate

Abstract The microwave spectra of two isotopic species of methyl chloroformate, CH318OC35ClO and CH318OC37ClO, have been recorded from 18.0 to 39.5 GHz. The rotational constants derived from the spectra were used together with those previously reported for six other isotopic species to determine r0 structural parameters for the s-trans conformer (CH3 trans to Cl). The following heavy atom parameters were obtained: r(CCl) = 1.735(14) A, r(CO) = 1.341(16) A, r(OCH3) = 1.448(5) A, ∠ ClC=O = 125(2)°, ∠OCCl = 108.9(5)° and ∠ COC= 114.4(6)°. The carbon-hydrogen distances were determined from their vibrational frequencies in the infrared spectrum. Optimized structures were calculated for both the s-trans and s-cis conformers by ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations employing the 3-21G* and 6-31G* basis sets. With the 6-31G* basis set, the barrier to interconversion of the s-trans form to the s-cis conformer was calculated to be 3670 cm−1 (10.49 kcal/mol) with the s-trans conformer being more stable by 2220 cm−1 (6.35 kcal/mol). The barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group was calculated to be 492 cm−1 (1407 cal/mol) at the 6-31G* basis set level compared to 428(1) cm−1 (1244(3) cal/mol) obtained from the observed microwave splittings for CH318OC35ClO. These results are compared to similar quantities for some related molecules.
Insect Wing Membrane Topography Is Determined by the Dorsal Wing Epithelium

The Drosophila wing consists of a transparent wing membrane supported by a network of wing veins. Previously, we have shown that the wing membrane cuticle is not flat but is organized into ridges that are the equivalent of one wing epithelial cell in width and multiple cells in length. These cuticle ridges have an anteroposterior orientation in the anterior wing and a proximodistal orientation in the posterior wing. The precise topography of the wing membrane is remarkable because it is a fusion of two independent cuticle contributions from the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia. Here, through morphological and genetic studies, we show that it is the dorsal wing epithelium that determines wing membrane topography. Specifically, we find that wing hair location and membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, surface of the wing. In addition, we find that altering Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity (i.e., Fz PCP) signaling in the dorsal wing epithelium alone changes the membrane topography of both dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. We also examined the wing morphology of two model Hymenopterans, the honeybee Apis mellifera and the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. In both cases, wing hair location and wing membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, wing surface, suggesting that the dorsal wing epithelium also controls wing topography in these species. Because phylogenomic studies have identified the Hymenotera as basal within the Endopterygota family tree, these findings suggest that this is a primitive insect character.
Flutter Analysis of the X-33

Flutter analysis performed in support of the X33 Advanced Technology Demonstrator is described. Analysis was conducted over a range of flow regimes using several different analysis codes. The finite element and aerodynamic models used in the analysis have undergone several years of development and refinement resulting in a high degree of model detail. The flutter analysis focuses on the area of three critical points within the vehicle's design trajectory at which full sets of external loads have previously been developed. A comparison between several different aerodynamic models is also made for the selected trajectory points.
The calcium and chloride requirements of the O2 evolving complex

Abstract Manganese oxidation, catalyzed by chlorophyll photochemistry in photosystem II, is the key step in the pathway of redox reactions leading formation of O2 from H2O. A unique feature of Mn redox chemistry is its dependence on the presence of both Ca2+ and Cl−; the active site of H2O oxidation consists of four Mn atoms, and one atom each of Ca2+ and Cl−. The best current structural model of the inorganic ion cluster, based on polarized EXAFS experiments on crystals of the photosystem, shows Ca2+ ligated by carboxyl groups from amino acid residues (alanine, glutamate) that bridge to Mn atoms. Chloride is not resolved in the current structures. Calcium is an essential structural element of the cluster during its assembly, and is required for efficient Mn oxidation. There is also compelling evidence that Ca2+ is involved in catalysis of H2O oxidation. Chloride is also required for Mn oxidation by photosystem II, and it has been demonstrated that the anion is required for the Mn redox reactions immediately preceding oxidation of H2O to O2. Although there are no structural data on the site of Cl− binding in photosystem II, spectroscopic probing and ligand competition experiments position it in the vicinity of the Mn cluster.
Attenuation Model of Wireless Sensor Network for Large-Scale Farmland Environment

The transmission characteristics of wireless sensor network nodes for large-scale farmland are influenced by factors such as farmland terrain environment, planting density and height. The vegetation canopy can absorb, scatter, and block RF signals, leading to large attenuation of signal strength and significant differences in link quality on the receiving end, which in turn affects the monitoring quality. The dynamic relationships between radio signal transmission, plant height, group range, and crop growth stages are identified through the analysis of summer corn perceptual information path loss at different growth stages. The gradual RSSI attenuation model of wireless sensor network for large-scale farmland environment is established. Research shows that during the corn tassel and seed-filling periods, the RSSI attenuation is most serious and the perception range reaches the minimum value when antenna height falls in the range of 0.5 meter to 1.7 meters. Through the model we can predict the intensity and perception range of the received wireless signals of summer corn on various perception levels at different growth stages. This model serves as the theoretical basis for the deployment of wireless sensor network nodes for large-scale farmland, aiming to achieve maximum monitoring range at minimum equipment cost. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i2.1981
A Lax representation for massless QCD2

Abstract The field equations for quantum chromodynamics in 1 + 1 dimensions with massless fermions are shown to admit representation as a Lax pair.
Inherited retinal degeneration and ocular amelanosis in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).

A new mutant line (delayed amelanotic-DAM) of domestic chicken shows an early progressive loss of choroidal and pigment epithelial melanin which leads to visual impairment, blindness and severe retinal dystrophy. Ocular amelanosis begins with an initial destruction of choroidal melanocytes, usually accompanied by choroidal inflammation. Following complete loss of chor oidal melanocytes, RPE shows a variety of pathological changes which appear to represent successive stages and include thinning, retraction, clumping, and destruction of apical processes and RPE cells. Retinal detachment, loss of cells and retinal laminar organization occur in the inner retinal layers in advanced cases of ocular amelanosis.
Frequency dependence of capacitance at the desorption potentials of organic molecules

Abstract A theory on kinetics of adsorption is presented which assumes that diffusion is the sole rate determining step in adsorption. The impedance of the electrical double layer is modelled as a capacitor and resistor in series and equations have been derived relating capacity to frequency. The theory has been tested using capacity data obtained at anodic desorption peak maxima of two neutral organic adsorbates, and found to agree reasonably with experimental results.
A Threshold for Charge Transfer in Aromatic Interactions? A Quantitative Study of π-Stacking Interactions

Attractive interactions between substituted arenes in the parallel displaced configuration have been quantitatively studied using triptycene-derived molecular conformational reporters. Charge-transfer bands are observed for models where the interactions are between strong donor and acceptors. Substituent effects on the strength of the aromatic interaction follow opposite trends for strongly electron-deficient arenes and mildly perturbed arenes. The free energy of interactions for models with strong electron donors and acceptors does not follow a linear correlation in the Hammett plot. Electrostatic models alone do not account for the nonlinearity of the free energy−substituents plot.
Crystal and molecular structure of tin(IV) dithiocarbamates: III. Tris(N,N-diethyl-dithiocarbamato)n-butyltin(IV)

The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined from 1623 independent reflections measured by scintillation methods. The compound cyrstallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c witha = 10.60(2),b = 18.40(5),c = 17.05(3) A, β = 116.7(2) °, andZ = 4. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier techniques and was refined by full-matrix least-squares methods toR = 0.066. As in tris(N, N-diethyldithiocarbamato)-methyltin(IV) the crystal structure consists of discrete, neutral, sevencoordinated tin complexes. The distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry of the tin atom is almost identical to that in the methyl complex, being formed by two sulfur atoms from each dithiocarbamate and a carbon atom of the butyl group which occupies one of the axial positions. Each dithiocarbamate ligand again has one Sn-S distance significantly shorter than the other. For the equatorial ligands the average difference is 0.18 A with the minimum Sn-S distance 2.619(7) A and the maximum 2.860(6) A. For the ligand which bridges axial-equatorial, the Sn-S axial distance is 2.491(6) A, while the Sn-S equatorial distance is 2.763(8) A. The axial S-Sn-C angle is 166.3(5) °. The results are compared with those for other seven-coordinated tin(IV) structures and seven coordinated dithiocarbamate complexes of other metals.
Observations of continental biogenic impacts on marine aerosol and clouds off the coast of California

During the 2011 Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) and 2013 Nucleation in California Experiment (NiCE) field campaigns, a predominantly organic aerosol (> 85% by mass) was observed in the free troposphere over marine stratocumulus off the coast of California. These particles originated from a densely forested region in the Northwestern United States. The organic mass spectrum resolved by positive matrix factorization is consistent with the mass spectra of previously measured biogenic organic aerosol. Particulate organic mass exhibits a latitudinal gradient that corresponds to the geographical distribution of vegetation density and composition, with the highest concentration over regions impacted by densely populated monoterpene sources. Due to meteorological conditions during summer months, cloud-clearing events transport aerosol from the Northwestern United States into the free troposphere above marine stratocumulus. Based on the variation of meteorological variables with altitude, dry air containing enhanced biogenic organic aerosol is shown to entrain into the marine boundary layer. Fresh impacts on cloud water composition are observed north of San Francisco, CA which is consistent with fresh continental impacts on the marine atmosphere at higher latitudes. Continental aerosol size distributions are bimodal. Particles in the 100 nm mode are impacted by biogenic sources, while particles in the ∼ 30 nm mode may originate from fresh biogenic emissions. Continental aerosol in the 100 nm mode is cloud condensation nuclei active and may play a role in modulating marine stratocumulus microphysics.
Fabrication of novel plasmonics-active substrates

This paper describes methodologies for fabricating of highly efficient plasmonics-active SERS substrates - having metallic nanowire structures with pointed geometries and sub-5 nm gap between the metallic nanowires enabling concentration of high EM fields in these regions - on a wafer-scale by a reproducible process that is compatible with large-scale development of these substrates. Excitation of surface plasmons in these nanowire structures leads to substantial enhancement in the Raman scattering signal obtained from molecules lying in the vicinity of the nanostructure surface. The methodologies employed included metallic coating of silicon nanowires fabricated by employing deep UV lithography as well as controlled growth of silicon germanium on silicon nanostructures to form diamond-shaped nanowire structures followed by metallic coating. These SERS substrates were employed for detecting chemical and biological molecules of interest. In order to characterize the SERS substrates developed in this work, we obtained SERS signals from molecules such as p-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) and cresyl fast violet (CFV) attached to or adsorbed on the metal-coated SERS substrates. It was observed that both gold-coated triangular shaped nanowire substrates as well as gold-coated diamond shaped nanowire substrates provided very high SERS signals for the nanowires having sub-15 nm gaps and that the SERS signal depends on the closest spacing between the metal-coated silicon and silicon germanium nanowires. SERS substrates developed by the different processes were also employed for detection of biological molecules such as DPA (Dipicolinic Acid), an excellent marker for spores of bacteria such as Anthrax.
The expression of influenza virus hemagglutinin in the pancreatic β cells of transgenic mice results in autoimmune diabetes

Abstract Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreatic islets. The target antigen(s) involved in this immunopathological process has not been identified. Our strategy was to determine whether expression of a novel surface antigen by murine pancreatic β cells would result in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We have generated lines of transgenic mice (RIP-HA) that express the hemagglutinin of the A/Japan/305/57 strain of influenza virus on their insulin-producing β cells. Hyperglycemia developed in mice derived from all three founders at a frequency varying from 13% to 27%, and was associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the islets and a humoral response against β cell antigens, including hemagglutinin. These results suggest that the RIP-HA mice should provide a useful system in which to study the cellular interactions involved in the induction of self-tolerance and autoimmunity.
Some comments on the Freudian unconscious

Freud's insight that mental processes are fundamentally unconscious is now an unquestioned assumption of neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Psychoanalysts are now faced with the question, What differentiated the psychoanalytic unconscious from that of other disciplines? Behind this question lies a more profound issue, the mind-body or mind-brain problem. It appears to be an insoluble paradox. Freud's concept of repression as a defense "mechanism" illustrates this paradox. To describe repression as a "mechanism" is to claim that it is analogous to a physiological process. Yet we know that repression is highly individualistic and subject to cultural values. In examining the Freudian concept of the primary process, the Noble prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman has shown that the primary process is not wish fulfilling, as Freud claimed, but adaptive. The waking primary process is in the service of the reality principle. The growth of contemporary neuroscience has created challenging problems for psychoanalysis that did not exist in Freud's lifetime.
Quantitative vapor-phase IR intensities and DFT computations to predict absolute IR spectra based on molecular structure: I. Alkanes

Abstract Recently recorded quantitative IR spectra of a variety of gas-phase alkanes are shown to have integrated intensities in both the C3H stretching and C3H bending regions that depend linearly on the molecular size, i.e. the number of C3H bonds. This result is well predicted from CH4 to C15H32 by density functional theory (DFT) computations of IR spectra using Becke's three parameter functional (B3LYP/6–31+G(d,p)). Using the experimental data, a simple model predicting the absolute IR band intensities of alkanes based only on structural formula is proposed: For the C3H stretching band envelope centered near 2930 cm−1 this is given by (km/mol) CH_str=(34±1)×CH−(41±23) where CH is number of C3H bonds in the alkane. The linearity is explained in terms of coordinated motion of methylene groups rather than the summed intensities of autonomous –CH2-units. The effect of alkyl chain length on the intensity of a C3H bending mode is explored and interpreted in terms of conformer distribution. The relative intensity contribution of a methyl mode compared to the total C3H stretch intensity is shown to be linear in the number of methyl groups in the alkane, and can be used to predict quantitative spectra a priori based on structure alone.
Proline inhibition of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase: differences in enzymes obtained from animal and tissue culture sources.

Abstract Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase obtained from several cell lines in culture has been shown to be approximately 50X more sensitive to proline inhibition than enzyme obtained from animal tissue sources. The description of this inhibition and possible causes for the difference between animal and tissue culture pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase are presented.
Human papillomavirus-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma variants

During the last few decades, a phenotypically distinct type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is etiologically related to human papillomavirus (HPV), has emerged, and its prevalence continues to increase. The tumors are site-specific with special predilection for the oropharynx. They are morphologically and molecularly distinct and are responsive to different types of treatment modalities, with excellent clinical outcome, in spite of early lymph node metastasis. Microscopically, the carcinomas are nonkeratinizing SCCs. More recently, other variants that are believed to be etiologically related to HPV are reported. As a result, several clinical and pathologic questions have emerged. Importantly, whether the virus is biologically active in these tumors and involved in their pathogenesis, and second, what are the clinical implications with regard to patient management and outcome in these HPV-related variants. This review is an attempt to answer some of these questions based on information derived from available yet limited number of publications. The variants to be discussed include nonkeratinizing SCC (NKSCC), NKSCC with maturation (hybrid type), keratinizing SCC (KSSC), basaloid squamous carcinoma (BSCC), undifferentiated carcinoma (UC), papillary SCC (PSCC), small cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma (AdSCC), and spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinoma.
Synthesis of Biethylenedithiolylene-Tetrathiafulvalene Donors (BEDT-TTF) and Electrochemical Preparation of their Charge Transfer Complexes

Abstract Various synthetic procedures for preparing BEDT-TTF are critically examined. Starting from readily available thiapendione, BEDT-TTF can be made in a high yield, simple, two-step synthesis. Electrochemical crystal growth of charge transfer complexes of BEDT-TTF typically involves the formation of multiple phases and stoichiometries. In the case of perrhenate (ReO- 4) at least five different complexes have been identified. Controlled preparation of the superconducting phase (BEDT-TTF2ReO4) remains an elusive goal.
Drug-Coupled Poly(Amino Acids) as Polymeric Prodrugs:

Biodegradable poly(α-amino acids) can serve as chemical carriers of active agents. The narcotic antagonist naltrexone and the anti-hypertensive minox idil were covalently coupled to polymer backbones based upon L-glutamic acid to give polymeric prodrugs. The synthesis and release characteristics of these two systems are reviewed. The rate of hydrolytic cleavage of the polymer-drug linkage should be much slower than the rate of diffusion through the polymer matrix; thus release rates approaching zero order can be achieved. In vitro and in vivo release studies demonstrate the potential for these types of polymeric delivery systems.
Nucleotide variation, haplotype structure, and association with end-stage renal disease of the human interleukin-1 gene cluster

A dense gene-based SNP map was constructed across a 360-kb region containing the interleukin-1 gene cluster (IL1A, IL1B, and IL1RN), focusing on IL1RN. In total, 95 polymorphisms were confirmed or identified primarily by direct sequencing. Polymorphisms were precisely mapped to completed BAC and genomic sequences spanning this region. The polymorphisms were typed in 443 case-control subjects from Caucasian and African American groups. Consecutive pair-wise marker linkage disequilibrium was not strictly correlated with distance and ranged from D'=0.0079 to 1.000 and D'=0.0521 to 1.0000 in Caucasians and African Americans, respectively. Single markers and haplotypes in IL1 cluster genes were evaluated for association with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Eleven SNPs show some evidence of association with ESRD, with the strongest associations in two IL1A variants, one SNP, rs1516792-3, in intron 5 (p=0.0015) and a 4-bp insertion/deletion within the 3'UTR, rs16347-2 (p=0.0024), among African Americans with non-T2DM-associated ESRD.
Valuing Mortality Risk: Theory and Practice†

Environmental economists measure the monetary value of reduced mortality risk using the “value of a statistical life” (VSL) defined by individuals' preferences for small changes in risk and income. The theoretical foundation and empirical methods for estimating VSL and its dependence on age, income, baseline mortality risk, and latency of the risk to be altered are reviewed.
PLANNING FOR THE HPV VACCINE AND ITS IMPACT ON CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION

Genital human papilloma virus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States, is associated with cervical cancer in women, and penile cancers in men. The infection is asymptomatic until a malignancy develops. Of the more than 90 subtypes, only a small number are associated with malignancies. Vaccines made with recombinant HPV proteins have been shown effective in preventing infection with the more virulent strains of the virus.
Rewards, Costs, and Sex Differences in Helping Behavior:

20 males and 20 females were given the opportunity to volunteer their time to help a graduate student in a research project entailing either high or low rewards and high or low costs. Rewards and costs significantly affected females' helping as predicted by exchange theory but had no effect on males' helping. Whether males or females are more helpful depended on the sex-characteristics of the task and can be understood in terms of differential perception of rewards and costs by males and females.
The Role of Surface Water and Light on Differentiation in the Cellular Slime Molds

A key environmental factor in inducing final fruiting body differentiation in the migrating slugs of cellular slime molds is loss of contact with a surface film of water. If the slug tip reaches above the water film, fruiting tends to occur, but if it stays in contact with the surface water, continued migration is favored. Light is effective in promoting fruiting only if the phototactic slugs orient away from surface (as with overhead light) and therefore, only indirectly affects differentiation.
4.2BSD and 4.3BSD as examples of the UNIX system

This paper presents an in-depth examination of the 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution, Virtual VAX-11 Version (4.2BSD), which is a version of the UNIX Time-Sharing System. There are notes throughout on 4.3BSD, the forthcoming system from the University of California at Berkeley. We trace the historical development of the UNIX system from its conception in 1969 until today, and describe the design principles that have guided this development. We then present the internal data structures and algorithms used by the kernel to support the user interface. In particular, we describe process management, memory management, the file system, the I/O system, and communications. These are treated in as much detail as the UNIX licenses will allow. We conclude with a brief description of the user interface and a set of bibliographic notes.