cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Collective Accelerators

The paper is based on the 3rd International Conference on Collective Methods of Acceleration held at Laguna Beach in May 1978. Current status is considered for the Electron Ring Accelerator (ERA) Auto Resonant Accelerator (ARA), Ionization Front Accelerator (IFA), magnetically insulated ion diodes, Luce Diodes, and some more recent ideas, such as the Collective Focusing Ion Accelerator and Pulselac, where magnetic fields control the electron dynamics and electron space charge controls the ions.
Deletion of Pim kinases elevates the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species and sensitizes to K-Ras-induced cell killing

The Pim protein kinases contribute to transformation by enhancing the activity of oncogenic Myc and Ras, which drives significant metabolic changes during tumorigenesis. In this report, we demonstrate that mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking all three isoforms of Pim protein kinases, triple knockout (TKO), cannot tolerate the expression of activated K-Ras (K-Ras(G12V)) and undergo cell death. Transduction of K-Ras(G12V) into these cells markedly increased the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of N-acetyl cysteine attenuated ROS production and reversed the cytotoxic effects of K-Ras(G12V) in the TKO MEFs. The altered cellular redox state caused by the loss of Pim occurred as a result of lower levels of metabolic intermediates in the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways as well as abnormal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. TKO MEFs exhibit reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (Sod), glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3) that render them susceptible to killing by K-Ras(G12V)-mediated ROS production. In contrast, the transduction of c-Myc into TKO cells can overcome the lack of Pim protein kinases by regulating cellular metabolism and Sod2. In the absence of the Pim kinases, c-Myc transduction permitted K-Ras(G12V)-induced cell growth by decreasing Ras-induced cellular ROS levels. These results demonstrate that the Pim protein kinases have an important role in regulating cellular redox, metabolism and K-Ras-stimulated cell growth.
The association between variants on chromosome 9p21 and inflammatory biomarkers in ethnically diverse women with coronary heart disease: a pilot study.

Background: The most consistently replicated genetic variants associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in populations of European descent have been found on chromosome 9p21. Yet there is little known about these associations in ethnic groups of African ancestry. These disease-associated variants are located in a genomic region of unknown function. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the allelic frequencies and haplotype structure of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for Black and White women with CHD. The authors also sought to explore the relationship between these genetic variants and biomarkers of inflammation. Methods: Using polymerase chain reaction amplification, the authors genotyped 8 SNPs in a 58-kilobase region of chromosome 9p21 in a cohort of women with CHD (n = 91). The authors examined the interethnic relationship between the SNPs and four inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) ...
Occurrence and stability of ferromagnetism in chemically synthesized cobalt doped TiO2

We report the development of ferromagnetism in ∼30 nm sized well-characterized Ti1−x Co x O2 powders with x = 0.00015–0.006 and its absence for x > 0.006. In addition, these studies show the effect of Co doping on the structural stability and anatase to rutile phase transformation. X-ray diffraction data of samples synthesized by a wet chemical method and annealed at 450 °C indicate a limited solubility of ∼1.2% for Co in the anatase TiO2 matrix, and with further increase, the CoTiO3 phase is formed along with increased presence of rutile TiO2. The bandgap (∼3.23 eV) of the anatase TiO2 remained almost unchanged for x < 0.006, but decreased rapidly for x ≥ 0.006 approaching 2.8 eV for x = 0.03. The magnetic data from Ti1−x Co x O2 samples with x = 0.006 showed a coercivity H c ∼ 150 Oe and a weak magnetic moment of 0.2 μB/ion at 300 K. The ferromagnetism of Ti0.994Co0.006O2 with open hysteresis loops continue up to a high superparamagnetic blocking temperature T B ∼ 675 K, above which a superparamagnetic behavior was observed. Systematic changes in the structural, magnetic and optical properties suggest that Co doping is an excellent method to tailor the physical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles.
Atrial Ultrastructure in Patients with Fixed Intra-atrial Block

This study describes ultrastructural changes seen in the right atria of ten patients with fixed intra-atrial block (FIAB) (P wave duration of 120 msec or more during sinus rhythm). The tissue, which was obtained by biopsy at the time of open heart surgery, is compared to that of three patients with normal right atrial morphology. One sample of left atrial tissue from a rheumatic subject is also described. The ultrastructural changes observed in the right atria of patients with P wave durations of 140 msec or more were much more extensive than in the patients with FIAB and P wave durations of 120–130 msec. These longer delays in intra-atrial conduction may be due to extensive disturbances at the level of the ordinary working atrial myocardium, while the lesser degrees of block may simply be due to sluggish conduction through the anterior internodal tract, as is suggested by the data on intermittent intra-atrial block.
Pressure and temperature distribution in biological tissues by focused ultrasound

The interaction between ultrasound and biological tissues has been the subject of a number of investigators for nearly half a century and the number of applications of high intensity, focused ultrasound for therapeutic purposes continues to grow. This paper is motivated by possible medical applications of focused ultrasound in minimally invasive treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal disorders that are responsive to thermal treatment. The mechanical and thermal effects in a subject’s body induced by high-frequency ultrasound are simulated using PZFlex, a finite element based program. The FEM model described in this report is of a transverse section of the body at the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) extracted from a CT image. In order to protect the nerves inside the spinal canal as well as to obtain an effective heating result at the focal region within the intervertebral disk, a suitable orientation of axis of the focused ultrasound lens have to be determined in advance. The pressure, energy loss distribution and temperature distribution are investigated in this paper with the different orientations of the axis and different transverse diameter of the spherical ultrasound lens. Since nonlinear effects are expected to be important in the therapeutic application in some literatures, this paper also demonstrates the effects of nonlinearities on the pressure and temperature distribution induced by focused ultrasound in a two dimensional model. Finally, a comparison of the results between linear and nonlinear cases is reported.
B70-2 Transmission of Information by Orthogonal Functions

The book provides a new and interesting approach to the field of information and communication theory and is a welcome and thought- provoking exposition on a subject too often reviewed by conventional Fourier methods. Dr. Harmuth develops a generalized theory of signal transmission based on the concepts of orthogonal functions, the subject of his first chapter. His presentation is soon directed to the particular class of orthogonal functions known as the system of Walsh functions which have the convenient property of taking on only plus and minus unity values. Thus his subject becomes particularly relevant to the transistor and integrated circuit technology of today. The mathematical theories expounded in the text are unique in that experimental implementation is not far away. The first chapter develops the analytic tools necessary for applying the generalized orthogonal function theory to Walsh function applications in various phases of the communication process. The chapter is exemplary of Dr. Harmuth's historical accuracy and scholarly style in his exacting references of authors of both published and unpublished works contributing to this area. The fifteen pages of references at the end of the text attest to this fact.
Fine tone control in hardware hatching

Recent advances in NPR have enabled real-time rendering of 3D models shaded with hatching strokes for use in interactive applications. The key challenges in real-time hatching are to convey tone by dynamically adjusting stroke density, while controlling stroke size and maintaining frame-to-frame coherence. In this paper, we introduce two new real-time hatching schemes that leverage recent advances in texture mapping hardware. Both schemes provide enhanced control of tone, thereby avoiding blending or aliasing artifacts present in previous systems. The first scheme, which relies on volume rendering hardware, admits the use of color. The second scheme, which uses pixel shaders, allows per-pixel lighting operations such as texture modulation. Both schemes run at interactive rates on inexpensive PC graphics cards.
Two-step transurethral surgery of the prostate and permanent implant brachytherapy for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose Prostate brachytherapy is an increasingly used treatment option for low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients with preexisting lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and PCa, who would otherwise be good brachytherapy candidates, are often contraindicated because of the risk of postoperative urinary morbidity. We report our clinical experience with limited transurethral resection of the prostate (LTURP) and/or transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) months before brachytherapy to treat patients with LUTS and low- to intermediate-risk PCa. Methods and Materials Of 258 men undergoing prostate brachytherapy at our institution between 1998 and 2011, 42 were treated with planned LTURP and/or TUIP well before (mean, 5.7 months) seed implantation. Transurethral surgery was considered before brachytherapy for patients who at presentation required α-blocker therapy for LUTS, had an International Prostate Symptom Score greater than 14 off α-blockers, or had an elevated postvoid residual (>100 mL). Patients only proceeded to brachytherapy once LUTS resolved. Results All 42 patients in our series underwent TUIP (25), LTURP (7), or TUIP/LTURP (10) with mean 5.7 months before prostate brachytherapy for low- or intermediate-risk PCa. Mean International Prostate Symptom Score, peak flow rate, and postvoid residual significantly improved after transurethral surgery, and improvement persisted at the latest followup. No patient developed retention, urethral necrosis, or urinary incontinence after transurethral surgery or brachytherapy (median followup, 39 months and range, 1–121). Conclusions Planned LTURP and/or TUIP more than 4 months before brachytherapy is a safe and effective treatment strategy for men with LUTS and low- to intermediate-risk PCa.
Hermeneutics and Truth: From Alētheia to Attestation

This essay aims to correct a prevalent misconception about Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics, which understands it to support a conception of human understanding as finite as Heidegger did, but in a more “conceptually conservative” way. The result is that Ricoeur’s work is viewed as incapable of addressing the most pressing problems in contemporary Continental metaphysics. In response, it is argued that Ricoeur is in fact the first to develop an infinite hermeneutics, which develops Heidegger’s sense of hermeneutics significantly. This position is demonstrated by tracing the itinerary from Heidegger’s account of aletheia to Ricoeur’s account of attestation. The conclusion, then, not only clears Ricoeur of the stated charges, but also presents a more viable path for the future of hermeneutics.
Portable Plasma Medical Device for Infection Treatment and Wound Healing

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plasma treatment on bacteria in liquid phases. We predict that the plasma gas can penetrate the liquid culture media and plasma treatment will efficiently kill the bacteria at unique time and distance parameters. It is also hypothesized that less stringent plasma treatment will negatively affect the growth rate of some species of bacteria and possibly their pathogenicity. The bacteria were exposed to hot and cold plasma at various time lengths and distance parameters. Our results indicated that 2 minutes of hot plasma treatment with the plasma torch 5 cm away from the liquid culture is effective in killing/sterilizing cultures of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Salmonella spp, N. meningitidis, and E. coli. Five minutes of cold plasma with the probe immersed 1–2 cm inside the liquid culture were needed to kill the bacteria. The portable nonthermal plasma system can be used for infection treatment and wound healing applications affected by the microbes studied in this research [1–4].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Identification of the mutagenic quinoxaline isomers from fried ground beef

Abstract Two mutagens isolated from fried-beef patties were compared to a series of synthetic structural isomers of 2-aminodimethylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-aminotrimethylimidao[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx). Comparison by NMR spectrometry and HPLC coelution showed that one beef mutagen (molecular weight of 213) was identical to the 8-MeIQx isomer not the 7-Me isomer. Another quinoxaline beef mutagen, having 3 methyl groups (molecular weight of 227), had an NMR spectrum different from the 5,8- or 7,8-DiMeIQx isomers, but not clearly distinguishable from the 4,8- or 4,7-DiMeIQz isomers. The HPLC separation of the DiMeIQx isomers and subsequent addition of the beef mutagen showed the beef-derived compound to coelute with the 4,8-DiMeIQx and not with the 4,7-DiMeIQx. The number and positron of methyl groups was responsible for a 7-fold range of mutagenic response in the Ames/Salmonella assay. In conclusion, the major quinoxaline mutagens isolated from fried beef were identified as -MeIQx and 4,8-DiMeIQx isomers.
CHECKS AND BALANCES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: City Charter Amendments and Revisions in Michigan 1960–1985

City charter amendments and revisions in Michigan cities during the last 25 years reflect the shift in local governmental structures away from classical models that posit a separation of profession...
Influence of retinoids and EGF on growth of embryonic mouse palatal epithelia in culture

Retinoids and growth factors seem to be important for normal mammalian reproduction and development. High levels of retinoic acid are teratogenic and induce cleft palate in the mouse. Little is known concerning the mechanisms through which retinoids induce cleft palate. Palatal epithelia from CD-1 embryonic mice on Day 12 of gestation were isolated from the mesenchyme and cultured in serum-free media, with all-trans retinoic acid or 13-cis retinoic acid, with or without epidermal growth factor (EGF). The epithelia attached and grew, and the cells differentiated over a 72-h culture period. Binding of [125I]EGF was observed in all cultures in a pattern that correlated with thymidine (TdR) uptake by the epithelia. EGF enhanced growth and [3H]TdR incorporation of the oral cells, but nasal cells generally did not proliferate. In this culture system, both retinoids suppressed [3H]TdR incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner for epithelia cultured with or without EGF. Medial cells are important to normal palatogenesis as they play a role in fusion of opposing shelves and subsequently many of these cells undergo programmed cell death. Death of medial cells in vitro is prevented by EGF and by the retinoids, either with or without EGF. This response occurs in the absence of a mesenchymal interaction, suggesting that the medial cell response to EGF and retinoids is not mediated by or dependent on the mesenchymal tissues. The survival of medial cells may be responsible for the failure of opposing shelves to fuse.
Energy of activation and temperature for the hydrolysis of sucrose

We have reinvestigated temperature effects on the rates of hydrolysis of 0.0585M sucrose in 0.57M HCl solutions over the range of 10–40°C using polarimetry as a physical method to follow the reaction while simultaneously analyzing the solutions by HPLC for the disappearance of sucrose and by GLC for the appearance of glucose. When the polarimetric data are corrected for the mutarotation lag, the energy of activation values are the same by all three analytical methods and are temperature-independent.
The prevalence and risk factors for percutaneous injuries in registered nurses in the home health care sector

Background Patients continue to enter home health care (HHC) “sicker and quicker,” often with complex health problems that require extensive intervention. This higher level of acuity may increase the risk of percutaneous injury (PI), yet information on the risk and risk factors for PI and other types of exposures in this setting is exceptionally sparse. To address this gap, a large cross-sectional study of self-reported exposures in HHC registered nurses (RNs) was conducted. Methods A convenience sample of HHC RNs (N = 738) completed a survey addressing 5 major constructs: (1) worker-centered characteristics, (2) patient-related characteristics, (3) household characteristics, (4) organizational factors, and (5) prevalence of PIs and other blood and body fluid exposures. Analyses were directed at determining significant risk factors for exposure. Results Fourteen percent of RNs reported one or more PIs in the past 3 years (7.6 per 100 person-years). Nearly half (45.8%) of all PIs were not formally reported. PIs were significantly correlated with a number of factors, including lack of compliance with Standard Precautions (odds ratio [OR], 1.72; P = .019; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-2.71); recapping of needles (OR, 1.78; P = .016; 95% CI: 1.11-2.86); exposure to household stressors (OR, 1.99; P = .005; 95% CI: 1.22-3.25); exposure to violence (OR, 3.47; P = .001; 95% CI: 1.67-7.20); mandatory overtime (OR, 2.44; P = .006; 95% CI: 1.27-4.67); and safety climate (OR, 1.88; P = .004; 95% CI: 1.21-2.91) among others. Conclusion The prevalence of PI was substantial. Underreporting rates and risk factors for exposure were similar to those identified in other RN work populations, although factors uniquely associated with home care were also identified. Risk mitigation strategies tailored to home care are needed to reduce risk of exposure in this setting.
TH17 cells and regulatory T cells in primary immunodeficiency diseases

After activation by unique cytokines, CD4+ naive T cells differentiate into lineages of helper/effector (TH) and regulatory T (Treg) cells that are characterized by distinct developmental pathways and unique biologic functions. The trusted binary system of TH1 and TH2 has been expanded to include the IL-17–producing TH17 cell lineage, which plays a role in immune responses to infectious agents and maintenance of autoimmune diseases. Acting as counterbalance, Treg cells maintain peripheral tolerance and protect the host from autoaggressive lymphocytes. TH1 cells produce IFN-γ and are involved in cell-mediated immunity, TH2 cells produce IL-4 and contribute to humoral immunity, TH17 cells generate IL-17 and play an important role in immune responses to fungi and extracellular pathogens, and forkhead box protein 3–positive (FOXP3+) Treg cells secrete TGF-β and IL-10 and downregulate effector T cells. Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome, a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder, is caused by hypomorphic heterozygous mutations of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), preventing TH17 lineage differentiation and increasing susceptibility to Staphylococcus and Candida species infections. Mutations in the FOXP3 gene interfere with Treg cell development and cause immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. Other single-gene defects resulting in reduced Treg cell function include CD25, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b, autoimmune regulator, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. These observations emphasize the importance of functionally distinct T-cell lineages in maintaining a balanced innate and cognate immune system.
Hall's Theorem for Moufang loops

Abstract A loop K is solvable if there exists a normal series 1 = K 0 ⊴ K 1 ⊴ K 2 ⊴ ⋯ ⊴ K n = K of subloops K i such that each factor K i / K i − 1 is an abelian group. Back in 1966, G. Glauberman proved [G. Glauberman, On loops of odd order II, J. Algebra 8 (1968) 393–414] that every Moufang loop of odd order is solvable. He also showed that if π is any set of primes then every Moufang loop of odd order contains a Hall π-subloop. Since then it has been an open question whether or not P. Hall's Theorem holds for all finite Moufang loops. Here we affirmatively answer this question by showing that a finite Moufang loop is solvable if and only if it contains a Hall π-subloop for any set of primes π.
Enriched autonomously replicating sequences in a nuclear matrix-DNA complex isolated from synchronized HeLa cells

Nucleoids isolated from either synchronized or exponentially growing HeLa cells were digested with restriction enzymes to separate a nuclear matrix-bound DNA component from the rest. Partial libraries were constructed by inserting DNA fragments from both components into a yeast-bacteria plasmid vector. A random sample from these librarie was tested for ARS activity by a standard yeast transformation assay. We found that synchronization for DNA replication results in an enrichment for autonomously replicating sequences in the library constructed with the DNA component bound to the nuclear matrix.
15.3: Invited Paper: Volume Holographic Components for Display Applications

Volume holographic components are being used to enhance the performance of a variety of liquid crystal and projection display systems. Holographic components address the ever-present need within display systems for more efficient light management. With proper design, holographic components address this need with higher light throughput, reduced thickness and weight, reduced energy consumption, and additional opportunities for unique system functions. This paper describes design parameters and examples of improved devices by introducing the unique features of diffractive holographic components. These features include angular and spectral selectivity, high efficiency, and multiple optical functions designed into single components. Holographic reflectors, front diffusers, and compensations films have been developed and used in direct view liquid crystal displays. Holographic color filters and projection screens have also been developed based on this technology. For these applications the holographic component and system will be discussed. Finally, design considerations will be discussed that relate to the development of new display systems and components.
Non-invasive screening for cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Go small or go home?

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is common after cardiac transplantation and remains a leading cause of death. The etiology of CAV is multifactorial and includes traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and the metabolic syndrome; however, donor factors, such as age and ischemic time, as well as cytomegalovirus infections, are also risk factors. Furthermore, the immune system contributes to the development of CAV with persistent immune activation and subsequent injury to the vascular endothelium during the life of the graft. 1 Unlike coronary artery disease, CAV tends to develop quickly, sometimes as soon as months after transplant, is typically diffuse, and is the result of fibroproliferative changes rather than lipid deposition. Given the denervation of the allograft, patients with CAV have few, if any, symptoms and thus periodic surveillance of the coronary vasculature is required, but even mild persistent lesions by angiography are predictors for worse long-term survival. 2 The cardiac transplant community defines CAV mostly through its angiographic appearance, although the diffuse, concentric nature of CAV can limit the utility of angiography. 3 Other limitations of angiography include vascular complications, exposure to radiation, cost, resource utilization and the need for nephrotoxic contrast. Many of the non-invasive techniques for the development of CAV pursue a strategy of “going big,” which involves using findings on non-invasive testing that are correlated with the angiographic presence of CAV. The most widespread non-invasive technique has been dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). When compared with coronary angiography, DSE has a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 88%. 1 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has also been studied in the transplant population and has a sensitivity of 21% to 92% and specificity of 55% to 100% for the detection of CAV. 4 Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was initially limited to the assessment of stenosis of large proximal vessels, but can now detect angiographic stenosis of Z50% with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 92%, but these examinations still require exposure to
India and the Superpowers: 1966-1984

While Indira Gandhi had no clear world vision based upon the study of history, she had, nevertheless, a clear perception of India's strategic and national interests. In contrast to her father, Indira Gandhi knew that in international relations power counted more than personal influence and that the strategic interests of a nation-state were far more important than moral principles. She followed pragmatic policies and her relations with the leaders of the superpowers were based upon cold calculations. She was successful in protecting India's vital interests without succumbing to the pressure of the superpowers. An increase in India's economic and military strength during her regime made India an important and independent regional power which none of the superpowers could afford to ignore.
Does Doing Good Pay-off for Firms?Using Bayesian Analysis for Insight on a Timeworn Question

A persistent question over multiple decades of management scholarship is whether the firms that engage in corporate social responsibility outperform other firms. This question has yielded hundreds of studies and a handful of meta-analyses, which have yielded inconsistent findings. This paper brings a fresh perspective to this scholarship by using a Bayesian perspective — and Bayesian hierarchical modeling in particular—to examine relationships between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. The paper contributes to the corporate social responsibility literature by redirecting attention away from the average effect size for a sample and drawing attention to within-sample patterns of relationships that yield important scholarly and managerial insight. Importantly, the approach used in this paper can be used to make progress on persistent questions in other mature literatures, which like the corporate social responsibility literature are, perhaps unwittingly, constrained by the f...
Flushing characteristics of oceanographic sampling bottles

Abstract The flushing characteristics of several types of oceanographic sampling bottles have been measured in a series of shipboard experiments using fluorescein dye. The results are consistent with a first-order model which may be used to calculate the flushing rate of a sampling bottle directly from its dimensions.
Cerebroglycan: an integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is unique to the developing nervous system and expressed specifically during neuronal differentiation

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are found on the surface of all adherent cells and participate in the binding of growth factors, extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell adhesion molecules, and proteases and antiproteases. We report here the cloning and pattern of expression of cerebroglycan, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HSPG that is found in the developing rat brain (previously referred to as HSPG M13; Herndon, M. E., and A. D. Lander. 1990. Neuron. 4:949-961). The cerebroglycan core protein has a predicted molecular mass of 58.6 kD and five potential heparan sulfate attachment sites. Together with glypican (David, G., V. Lories, B. Decock, P. Marynen, J.-J. Cassiman, and H. Van den Berghe. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 111:3165-3176), it defines a family of integral membrane HSPGs characterized by GPI linkage and conserved structural motifs, including a pattern of 14 cysteine residues that is absolutely conserved. Unlike other known integral membrane HSPGs, including glypican and members of the syndecan family of transmembrane proteoglycans, cerebroglycan is expressed in only one tissue: the nervous system. In situ hybridization experiments at several developmental stages strongly suggest that cerebroglycan message is widely and transiently expressed by immature neurons, appearing around the time of final mitosis and disappearing after cell migration and axon outgrowth have been completed. These results suggest that cerebroglycan may fulfill a function related to the motile behaviors of developing neurons.
Asymmetrical integration of sensory information during mating decisions in grasshoppers

Decision-making processes, like all traits of an organism, are shaped by evolution; they thus carry a signature of the selection pressures associated with choice behaviors. The way sexual communication signals are integrated during courtship likely reflects the costs and benefits associated with mate choice. Here, we study the evaluation of male song by females during acoustic courtship in grasshoppers. Using playback experiments and computational modeling we find that information of different valence (attractive vs. nonattractive) is weighted asymmetrically: while information associated with nonattractive features has large weight, attractive features add little to the decision to mate. Accordingly, nonattractive features effectively veto female responses. Because attractive features have so little weight, the model suggests that female responses are frequently driven by integration noise. Asymmetrical weighting of negative and positive information may reflect the fitness costs associated with mating with a nonattractive over an attractive singer, which are also highly asymmetrical. In addition, nonattractive cues tend to be more salient and therefore more reliable. Hence, information provided by them should be weighted more heavily. Our findings suggest that characterizing the integration of sensory information during a natural behavior has the potential to provide valuable insights into the selective pressures shaping decision-making during evolution.
17β-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity in human maternal and umbilical cord sera

The specific activity of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (17 beta-HSOR) in human umbilical cord arterial serum has been reported to be similar to that of maternal serum and 5- to 15-times higher than that of cord venous serum. Based on these findings, it was proposed that 17 beta-HSOR in cord arterial serum arises from fetal tissue sources other than placenta. In the course of studies of the role of 17 beta-HSOR in the modulation of bioactive estrogen levels in the human fetus, we determined that: (i) the specific activity of 17 beta-HSOR in maternal serum is 2.1- to 55-times higher than that in either umbilical cord venous serum or cord arterial serum; (ii) the specific activity of 17 beta-HSOR in umbilical cord venous and cord arterial sera are similar; (iii) anti-human placental cytosolic 17 beta-HSOR antibody inactivates the 17 beta-HSOR in maternal, umbilical cord arterial, and cord venous sera but not in maternal or fetal erythrocytes; (iv) the specific activity of 17 beta-HSOR in maternal serum (expressed per mg protein) is higher than that in umbilical cord serum and maternal and fetal erythrocytes, and is approximately 700-times lower than that of the placental microsomal enzyme; (v) the preferred cofactor for maternal serum 17 beta-HSOR is NADP+; (vi) 17 beta-HSOR is associated with the high speed supernatant fraction of maternal serum rather than with the particulate fraction; and, (vii) the patterns of binding of [3H]estradiol-17 beta to proteins in maternal and umbilical cord arterial sera and those of 17 beta-HSOR activity, determined in corresponding fractions obtained after sucrose density gradient centrifugation, are approximately coincidental at S20, omega 4.6-5. The findings of higher 17 beta-HSOR levels in maternal serum compared with umbilical cord arterial serum and the inactivation of the cord arterial serum enzyme by an antibody that recognizes human placental cytosolic 17 beta-HSOR is suggestive that 17 beta-HSOR in cord arterial serum is of placental origin.
Conceptual problems and scale limitations of defining ecological communities: a critique of the CI concept (Community of Individuals)

Abstract Recently, Looijen & van Andel (1999) proposed a new definition of an ecological community by using two criteria: (1) restricting membership by taxonomic relatedness, and (2) defining boundaries by the intersection of the area of population range boundaries. I analyze the implications of their definition and explore the limitations of the approach. Overall, I show this definition to be highly scale-limited, to not encompass many ecological concepts developed for the community level, and to have hidden assumptions that are not met in natural systems. An alternative model of the ecological community is proposed as a contrast, a model based on the community of an individual, in which individuals and interactions are used to develop the larger entity of an ecological community. This alternative model illustrates that the principal problems Looijen & van Andel (1999) discussed about previous community concepts with respect to application to vegetation classification are not ‘problems’ but are characteristics of ecological communities. Any definition of an ecological community must be able to incorporate these characteristics as well as current ecological concepts used at the community level.
SU‐FF‐I‐34: How Well Do Ctdi Data Obtained in a Body Phantom Predict Patient and Embryo Doses in Abdominal Ct?

Purpose: In this work, we compare central dose measurements in anthropomorphic phantoms with corresponding Computed Tomography Dose Index(CTDI) values obtained at the center of the body CTDI phantom. Method and Materials: An adult Rando phantom was used to determine patient/fetal dose during an abdominal/pelvic CT examination acquired with clinically relevant techniques. TLD's were placed in multiple locations in the phantom to measure the dose in the abdomen/pelvis region. The corresponding CTDIFDA and CTDI100 values were determined using an ionization chamber placed at the center of a 32 cm diameter acrylic dosimetry phantom. Results: A pregnant patient, whose size is comparable to the Rando phantom, undergoing a CT examination on a commercial scanner receives an embryo dose of 16 mGy/100mAs, whereas published CTDI values for this scanner are lower by factor of 2.9 to 4.0. This large discrepancy can be accounted for by the following three factors: (a) specification of a tissue dose, as opposed to an air or acrylic dose; (b) use of a realistic phantom size; (c) inclusion of the total x‐ray scatter in the tails of CT dose profiles. Conclusion: To obtain accurate body patient doses from any specified body CTDI data, it is essential that soft tissue doses be obtained rather than air/acrylic doses, and with appropriate correction factors that account for the scan length and for the size of the patient.
Increase in Milk Yield of Commercial Dairy Herds Fed a Microbial and Enzyme Supplement

A microbial and enzyme supplement fed at 21.2 g/d per cow to 46 Virginia dairy herds increased the milk yield of 31 herds (17 significantly) and decreased the milk yield of 15 herds (7 significantly). Effects of season were important but consistent with overall results. Herds began receiving the supplement, which contained dried fermentation products of Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and yeast culture, midway between the first and second monthly Dairy Herd Improvement tests and continued on the supplement through the 3rd mo. Entry of herds was staggered over 8 mo to reduce the influence of season. The trial involved 3417 cows with 5 test mo between 60 and 365 d in milk. Milk yield during mo 3 averaged 0.64 kg/d per cow more (+0.73 kg/d for first lactation cows and +0.56 kg/d for later lactation cows) than the mean milk yield during mo 1 and 5. Herds completing the study before summer responded similarly to all other herds, which included herds that were fed the product during summer and those that finished the study during summer. Fat and protein yields and protein percentage differed little with or without the supplement. Fat percentage decreased (0.10%). Twenty-one herds that were fed a yeast product prior to and during the study responded similarly to the 17 herds that were not fed a yeast product.
Adding a point mass to a spherical stellar system

On montre que la lente accumulation de la masse au centre d'un systeme stellaire sans collisions renforce les composantes tangentielles de la dispersion des vitesses plus que la composante radiale
Market-Area Analysis with a Rectangular Grid Network

In this paper, the case of diamond (hexagon) shaped market areas based on a rectangular (triangular) transportation network has been analyzed, and it has been shown that consideration either of free entry or of no entry cases will result in the diamond (hexagonal) shaped market area being the most profitable shape for such an area. Therefore, this shape of market area will always emerge and in the case of free entry will exhaust the region. Of particular merit is the fact that these market areas are closer to reality. Further, weaknesses in the analyses of Mills-Lav and Greenhut-Ohta were exposed and some corrections made.
Ten years in the life of an expert witness.

American Courts are experiencing increased use of expert testimony based upon psychological research. Ten years ago, I began testifying about my own research on human perception, recollection, and eyewitness accounts. The growing acceptance of this testimony percipitated a backlash from some psychologists. This essay describes the chronology of these events, and their relevance for the more general use of psychological research as evidence in court.
Verbal stress and heart-rate in humans exposed in groups

Twenty-eight human Ss were exposed to a line judging problem individually and in groups of twos and threes. E applied verbal harassment in all tests at the same intervals. Heartrate was monitored throughout testing. It was found that the heartrate of Ss exposed individually was significantly higher than that of Ss exposed in groups of threes during the 10-sec intervals following verbal harassment. This socially mediated reduction of an ANS response to stress confirms the findings of studies in which animals were tested in a similar experimental format.
Reply to "comment on 'Equation of state of a dense and magnetized fermion system'"

We reply to the Comment by Potekhin and Yakovlev concerning the maximum inner magnetic field estimate in compact stars and the anisotropic nature of the equation of state of a magnetized medium reported in our paper Phys. Rev. C 82, 065802 (2010). We call attention to the relation between the state of matter in the star core and the maximum value of the inner field for hybrid neutron stars. We point out that the maximum field can reach much larger values if the core is made of quark matter rather than of nuclear matter. We also discuss why the anisotropy in the equation of state of a magnetized medium is unavoidable for static media in a uniform magnetic field.
String Tensions and Three Dimensional Confining Gauge Theories

In the context of gauge/gravity duality, we try to understand better the proposed duality between the fractional D2-brane supergravity solutions of (Nucl. Phys. B 606 (2001) 18, hep-th/0101096) and a confining 2+1 dimensional gauge theory. Based on the similarities between this fractional D2-brane solution and D3-brane supergravity solutions with more firmly established gauge theory duals, we conjecture that a confining q-string in the 2 + 1 dimensional gauge theory is dual to a wrapped D4-brane. In particular, the D4-brane looks like a string in the gauge theory directions but wraps a S 3 ⊂ S 4 in the transverse geometry. For one of the supergravity solutions, we find a near quadratic scaling law for the tension: T ∼ q (N − q). Based on the tension, we conjecture that the gauge theory dual is SU(N) far in the infrared. We also conjecture that a quadratic or near quadratic scaling is a generic feature of confining 2 + 1 dimensional SU(N) gauge theories.
Nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel

The concern of adverse health impacts from exposure to vehicle-emitted nanoparticles has been escalating over the past few years. In order to meet more stringent EPA emission standards for particle mass emissions, advanced exhaust after-treatment systems such as continuously regenerating diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have to be employed on vehicles and fuel with ultra-low sulfur is to be used. Although CRDPFs were found to be effective in reducing particle mass emissions, they were revealed to increase the potential of volatile nanoparticle formation. Significant nanoparticle concentrations have also been detected for vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs. The main focus of this paper is the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in exhaust plume under ultra-low sulfur condition. Such study is necessary to project future nanoparticle emissions as fuel compositions and after-treatment systems change. We have carried out a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effects of enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores on nanoparticle formation using a detailed composition resolved aerosol microphysical model with a recently improved H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) module. Two well-controlled case studies show good agreement between model predictions and measurements in terms of particle size distribution and temperature dependence of particle formation rate, which leads us to conclude that BHN is the main source of nanoparticles for vehicles equipped with CRDPFs. We found that the employment of CRDPFs may lead to the higher number concentration of nanoparticles (but smaller size) in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel compared to those emitted from vehicles running on high sulfur fuel. We have also shown that the sulfate storage and release effect can lead to significant enhancement in nanoparticle production under favorable conditions. For vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs, the BHN is negligible; however, the condensation of low volatile organic compounds on nanometer-sized non-volatile cores may explain the observed nucleation mode particles.
Expression of keratins K12, K4 and K14 during development of ocular surface epithelium

The 55 kDa keratin K12 and the 59 kDa keratin K4 were used as biochemical markers of differentiated corneal and conjunctival epithelium, respectively, to follow the temporal and spatial appearance of these cell types during embryonic development of the mouse eye. K12 was first detected in corneal epithelial cells of day 15 mouse embryos in a small subpopulation of superficial cells. At later developmental stages only suprabasal corneal epithelium expressed K12, however, in post-natal and adult cornea all cell layers were K12-positive. K4 was first observed, in 14 and 15 day embryos, in a subpopulation of epithelial cells which had invaginated from surface ectoderm to form the lid buds. From embryonic day 16 on K4 was detected in all areas of developing conjunctival epithelium. Some superficial corneal epithelial cells also expressed K4 during embryonic development, but by immunofluorescence microscopic criteria, this keratin was localized exclusively to the conjunctiva in post-natal and adult eye. Express...
β-Hydroxyhomomethionine and β-Hydroxymethoxinine: Preparation and Separation of Diastereomers

β-Hydroxyhomomethionine and β-hydroxymethoxinine were prepared by a one-step condensation of the corresponding aldehydes with cupric glycinate in an alkaline medium. The diastereoisomers of each compound were separated by means of partition column chromatography with cellulose as the immobile phase and methyl ethyl ketone-n-butanol-ammonia-water as the eluant. The compounds were characterized by paper chromatography in five solvent systems, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, Van Slyke ninhydrin determination of α-carbonyl carbon, Van Slyke nitrous acid determination of primary amino nitrogen, IR absorption, and NMR spectra.
UCLA’s portable millimeter-wave bipolar planar near-field antenna measurement system

In this paper, we introduce such a design: a novel portable and inexpensive millimeter-wave measurement system. The complete system development, from the positional scanner design and implementation, the custom measurement system software, the post-processing options including phase-less measurements, and the first standard gain horn measurement, will be presented in this paper. The main goals of this millimeter-wave antenna measurement system was to make the design portable, affordable, and practical. The bipolar scanning technique, previously developed at UCLA, offers advantages that address these concerns. In particular, the technique offers space-saving features that help reduce the footprint of the system and also eliminates linear motion, simplifying the mechanical complexity and design implementation. These advantages made this technique preferable over other planar techniques such as plane-rectangular or plane-polar scanning. Using this technique, a completely new and custom measurement system was developed for measuring millimeter-wave antennas.
RF gain stabilization of a directly modulated optical link using detector current normalization

We report the theoretical basis for, and experimental demonstration of, a technique which uses the average photodetector current to stabilize the RF gain of a directly modulated optical link. The initial results show that a 9 dB change in link gain can be reduced to less than 0.4 dB. The possibility of extending the technique to stabilizing the noise figure is also briefly discussed. >
Pyctis inamatus, gen. et sp. nov., a New Mustelid from the Hsanda Gol Formation, Oligocene, Mongolia

(1999). Pyctis inamatus, gen. et sp. nov., a new mustelid from the Hsanda Gol Formation, Oligocene, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 791-792.
Classsroom Applications of High Resolution Digital Imagery

Abstract This article deals with some instructional applications of high resolution, multispectral digital imagery in the authors' respective undergraduate, introductory remote sensing courses. Both authors participated in the U.S. National Council for Geographic Education's Remote Sensing Task Force's high resolution image evaluation program. This paper represents a continuation of the work conducted under this evaluation program.