cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Zika Prevention Techniques Discussed on Twitter: An Exploratory Study

Social media platforms are widely seen as a valuable medium to spread a wide range of information including charitable causes and health awareness. But given the flexibility provided by the social media platforms, it is important to ensure that the right kind of information is delivered to the right audience when needed. The pilot study presented in this paper considered a sample of Zika related tweets that were classified into different prevention techniques. The classification categories were drawn from the guidelines by CDC. Training a logistic regression model on the annotated data we found the accuracy to be 72%. The findings are significant in studying the effectiveness of social media platforms in spreading the right kind of information in time. This in turn can be useful in informing health care officials to take necessary steps with the help of real-time communication for such unfortunate events in future.
Early Cannabis Use and Neurocognitive Risk: A Prospective Functional Neuroimaging Study

Abstract Background Retrospective neuroimaging studies have suggested an association between early cannabis onset and later neurocognitive impairment. However, these studies have been limited in their ability to distinguish substance use risk factors from cannabis-induced effects on neurocognition. We used a prospective cohort design to test whether neurocognitive differences preceded cannabis onset (substance use risk model) and if early cannabis use was associated with poorer neurocognitive development (cannabis exposure model). Methods Participants (N = 85) completed a visuospatial working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and multiple cognitive assessments (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) at 12 years of age, before any reported cannabis use (baseline), and at 15 years of age (follow-up: N = 85 cognitive assessments, n = 67 neuroimaging). By follow-up, 22 participants reported using cannabis and/or failed a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol urine screen (users). Results At baseline, group differences supported a risk model. Those who would initiate cannabis use by 15 years of age had activation differences in frontoparietal (increased) and visual association (decreased) regions and poorer executive planning scores (Stockings of Cambridge) compared with noninitiators. Limited support was found for a cannabis exposure model. At follow-up, activation in the cuneus displayed a significant cannabis dose-response relationship, although neither cannabis dose nor cuneus activation was associated with cognitive performance. Conclusions The purported neurocognitive effects of early cannabis onset may not be due to cannabis initiation alone but also driven by limitations or late development of neurocognitive systems predictive of substance use. In addition, more prolonged cannabis exposure may be required to observe the cognitive effects of early cannabis onset.
Dark Web Forum Portal

In recent years, there have been numerous studies from a variety of perspectives analyzing the Internet presence of hate and extremist groups. Yet the web sites and forums of extremist and terrorist groups have long remained an underutilized resource for terrorism researchers due to their ephemeral nature and persistent access and analysis problems. The purpose of the Dark Web archive, therefore, is to provide a research infrastructure for use by social scientists, computer and information scientists, policy and security analysts, and others studying a wide range of social and organizational phenomena and computational problems. The Dark Web Forum Portal provides web-enabled access to critical international jihadist web forums. The focus of this chapter is on the significant extensions to previous work including: increasing the scope of our data collection; adding an incremental spidering component for regular data updates; enhancing the searching and browsing functions; enhancing multilingual machine translation for Arabic, French, German, and Russian; and adding advanced social network analysis. A case study on identifying active participants is described at the end.
Prosodic Boundary Detection

Prosodic constituent structure, or the perceived grouping of words in speech, plays a role in human speech communication in virtually every language. Speakers use prosodic phrasing to contribute meaning to and sometimes disambiguate the sequence of words that comprise an utterance by highlighting its information structure. From a speech analysis perspective, prosodic phrase structure provides the link that seems to most effectively explain continuously varying acoustic correlates (pauses, FO patterns, duration lengthening, etc.) in terms of the word sequence of an utterance (syntactic, semantic and discourse structure). Just as both speakers and listeners use prosodic phrases in human speech communication, so computational models of prosodic phrase structure can be useful both for communicating meaning in synthesized speech and for extracting meaning in automatic speech understanding. In fact, prosodic phrase structure is probably even more important for computer speech processing than for humans, because computers have a much less detailed semantic representation and less extensive knowledge of the world than humans and thus word sequences tend to be more often ambiguous in computer language processing than for human listeners.
4 The Stereochemistry of the Hydrogenation of the Isomers of Dimethylcyclohexene and Xylene

The hydrogenation of eight isomers of dimethylcyclohexene over Adams' platinum oxide in glacial acetic acid at two atmospheres of hydrogen gives mainly the cis-dimethylcyclohexane regardless of the positions of the methyl groups. Since 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene yields only 77% of the cis isomer, in this reaction there is a nonstereospecific process. It is neither the isomerization of the olefin to another which returns to the bulk phase or an isomerization of the product, the dimethylcyclohexane. The amount of cis isomer is increased to 86% when the pressure of hydrogen is raised to 150 atm. The ratio of isomers from the hydrogenation of 4-methylmethylenecyclohexane depends upon the catalyst, the percentage of the cis isomer is PtO2 54, Ni 46, and Pd 30. The xylenes also yield mixtures when reduced over PtO2 in acetic acid; the per cent of cis isomer is o 96, m 86, and p 74. The possibility that the trans isomer is formed by the isomerization of the cis isomer is excluded because only 5% of the trans isomer is contained in the equilibrium mixture of the 1,3-dimethylcyclohexanes. Apparently, the reduction of the aromatic compounds proceeds through a number of stages, the later ones in the sequence coinciding with stages in the reduction of the related olefins.
Biographical Sketches of John G. Parke, Jr. and the Engineers Behind the ASCE Investigation

The life of John G. Parke, Jr. is discussed, before and after he witnessed the breach of the South Fork dam. Most of his career and married life was spent in Monessen, PA. Biographical sketches are presented for the ASCE investigators, engineers James B. Francis, William Worthen, Alphonse Fteley, and Max Becker, outlining their professional and personal lives.
Photochemical degradation of oil products in seawater monitored by 3D excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy: implications for coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) studies

Fluorescence 3D excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectra of oil products in artificial seawater were monitored as a function of irradiation time in a solar simulator. EEMs were obtained for an excitation range of 240–400 nm and an emission range of 248–830 nm; this is the wavelength range typically used in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) EEM studies in natural waters. This allows for comparison to prior work on CDOM in an oil-contaminated salt marsh that attributed a fluorescent component in the tryptophan/tyrosine protein-region to oil. For comparison, EEMs were also measured for a broader excitation range of 220–400 nm typically used in oil related studies to capture the primary oil peak at lower excitation wavelengths. Fluorescence intensities in both excitation wavelength ranges decayed exponentially with irradiation time consistent with first-order kinetics. There was little change in wavelength for primary oil peaks. However, in the CDOM, wavelength range peaks typically shifted to longer excitation and shorter emission wavelengths, moving into the protein peak region of the CDOM EEM spectrum. This is consistent with a decrease in the complexity of the structure of the organic material. Half-lives for photodegradation ranged from 0.36 to 7.2 days for the oil wavelength range and 0.14 to 28 days for the CDOM wavelength range. Higher density oils typically had higher degradation rate constants. Peak locations and peak behaviour are consistent with the primary fluorophore in the oil products being PAH-related.
MEAT RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

This article includes a compilation of all known research organizations, institutes, industrial units, and university programs in which meat science and muscle biology research are currently or have been in effect. It contains institutions throughout the world and provides contact information if available. It is more likely that some research organizations have been omitted because they were unknown and could not be located by the author. The listings do not include a ranking or an evaluation of the quality of research conducted. The author apologizes for errors of omission and would welcome information for inclusion in the next edition of the encyclopedia.
Decay of Co 58 m

We have studied some of the nuclear decay properties of $^{58}\mathrm{Co}^{m}$. The half-life is found to be ($8.853\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023$) hours, which is significantly different from the evaluations found in the literature. The absolute intensity of the 24.9-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray emitted in the internal transition decay is ($0.0387\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0016$)%, in agreement with the calculated yield of a transition of $M3$ multipolarity. We observe $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray photons from a previously unreported branch for electron capture decay, with an intensity of ($0.00120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00005$)%, consistent with expectations from the calculation of log $ft$.
Hiring as cultural gatekeeping into occupational communities: implications for higher education and student employability

With the rising price of college and anxiety about graduates’ job prospects, the employability of graduates is a dominant narrative shaping postsecondary policy and practice around the world. Yet, completion and the acquisition of a credential alone do not guarantee employment, and research on hiring reveals its subjective aspects, particularly when cultural signals of applicants are matched to those of organizations. In this qualitative study of 42 manufacturing firms in the US state of Wisconsin, cultural capital theory is used to investigate the prevalence of hiring as “cultural matching” using thematic and social network methods to analyze interview data. Results indicate that 74% of employers hire for cultural fit, but, contrary to prior research, this matching process is not simply a matter of fitting applicant personalities to monolithic “organizational cultures” or interviewer preferences. Instead, employers match diverse applicant dispositions (e.g., personality, attitude) and competencies (e.g., cognitive, inter-personal, intra-personal) to the personalities of existing staff as well as to industry-specific norms that are dominant within specific departments. The paper explores implications of these findings for college students, faculty, and career advisors, especially in light of the potential for discriminatory practices during the job search and hiring process.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein ɛ Is Critical for Effective Neutrophil-Mediated Response to Inflammatory Challenge

Targeted mutation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) epsilon in mice results in early death, primarily due to spontaneous infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Functional analysis of C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils, in an in vivo model of peritoneal inflammation, shows multiple defects. Reduction of phagocytotic killing by C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils is a result of decreased uptake of opsonized bacteria as well as little to no expression of secondary granule proteins. Abnormalities in neutrophil migration detected in a chemical peritonitis model are likely secondary to abnormal CD11b integrin and L-selectin expression on C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils. Alterations in neutrophil cytokine expression in response to inflammation show decreased levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression by C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils. Additionally, TNF-alpha expression is increased in nonactivated, circulating C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils. Overall, C/EBPepsilon-deficient neutrophils are severely functionally impaired, evoking an abnormal microenvironment, which may contribute to the loss of normal responses to inflammatory stimuli. Similarities between the C/EBPepsilon-deficient mouse model and the human disease, specific granule deficiency, will be discussed.
Sickle Cell Anemia with Two Adult Hemoglobins—Hb S and Hb GPhiladelphia/S

Hemoglobin studies have been presented on a patient with clinically typical sickle cell anemia who was found to possess two major adult hemoglobins, Hb S and hybrid Hb GPhil./S. Four hemoglobins were demonstrated in his mother, Hb A, GPhil., S and GPhil./S, in somewhat unexpected and as yet unexplained proportions. To our knowledge the propositus represents the first description of an individual with a homozygous β chain defect accompanied by a heterozygous α chain abnormality.
Modeling I/O performance variability in high-performance computing systems using mixture distributions

Abstract Performance variability is an important factor of high-performance computing (HPC) systems. HPC performance variability is often complex because its sources interact and are distributed throughout the system stack. For example, the performance variability of I/O throughput can be affected by factors such as CPU frequency, the number of I/O threads, file size, and record size. In this paper, we focus on the I/O throughput variability across multiple executions of a benchmark program. For a given system configuration, the distribution of throughputs from run to run is of interest. We conduct large-scale experiments and collect a massive amount of data to study the distribution of I/O throughput under tens of thousands of system configurations. Despite normality often being assumed in the literature, our statistical analysis reveals that the performance variability is not normally distributed under most system configurations. Instead, multimodal distributions are common for many system configurations. We propose the use of mixture distributions to describe the multimodal behavior. Various underlying parametric distributions such as normal, gamma, and the Weibull are considered. We apply an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm for parameter estimation and use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for parametric model selections. We also illustrate how to use the estimated mixture distribution to calculate the number of runs needed for future experiments on variability analysis. The paper provides a useful tool set in studying the behavior of performance variability.
IoT Device Type Identification Using Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Increased IoT Security

IoT networks can be viewed as collections of Internet-enabled physical devices and objects, embedded with sensor, actuator, computation, storage and communication components, that are capable of connecting and exchanging data to one another. In recent years, organizations have allowed more and more IoT devices to be connected to their networks, thereby increasing their risks of and exposure to security vulnerabilities and threats. Therefore, it is important for such organizations to be able to identify which devices are connected to their network and which ones are legitimate and pose no risk. Leveraging network traffic to identify devices through supervised learning has recently been gaining popularity, where feature information is first extracted by intercepting device traffic and then exploited to provide device classification. The main limitation of prior works is that they can only identify previously seen types of devices, and any newly added device types are treated as abnormal types. In the real world, hundreds of millions of new IoT devices are produced each year, and the lack of a large amount of training data makes a system based solely on supervised learning unrealistic. In this paper, we propose a hybrid supervised and unsupervised learning method that enables secondary classification of unseen device types. Our technique combines deep neural networks with clustering to enable both seen and unseen device classification, and employs autoencoder technique to reduce dimensionality of datasets, thereby providing a good balance between classification accuracy and overhead.
From Geneticist to the Garden to Senior Botanist: Edgar Anderson and the Study of Plants in the 20th Century

This examination of Edgar Anderson’s career from his undergraduate studies at Michigan Agricultural College beginning in 1914 to his death at the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1969 is an opportunity to trace the study of plants in the middle half of the 20th century. He came to the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1922 as geneticist, but he took Senior Botanist as his last title. His perspective was always generalist and synthetic, applying insights from specialization for their broadest implications. This approach led to his recognition of the role of repeated backcrosses, introgressive hybridization, as a major evolutionary mechanism, a view being tested and explored increasingly by today’s workers. Analogously, his disciplinary approach similarly reflected introgression as he helped incorporate genetics, cytology, ecology, and developmental biology—in a word, biosystematics—into the botany that he studied as a young man. Read this article at BioOne.
Negative Fusional Vergence Is Abnormal in Children with Symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency.

Significance Deficits of disparity divergence found with objective eye movement recordings may not be apparent with standard clinical measures of negative fusional vergence (NFV) in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency. Purpose This study aimed to determine whether NFV is normal in untreated children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and whether NFV improves after vergence/accommodative therapy. Methods This secondary analysis of NFV measures before and after office-based vergence/accommodative therapy reports changes in (1) objective eye movement recording responses to 4° disparity divergence step stimuli from 12 children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency compared with 10 children with normal binocular vision (NBV) and (2) clinical NFV measures in 580 children successfully treated in three Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial studies. Results At baseline, the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial cohort's mean NFV break (14.6 ± 4.8Δ) and recovery (10.6 ± 4.2Δ) values were significantly greater (P .05). Conclusions Despite clinical NFV measurements that seem greater than normal, children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency may have deficient NFV when measured with objective eye movement recordings. Both objective and clinical measures of NFV can be improved with vergence/accommodative therapy.
Constructing the face of network data

Network datasets are an essential part of understanding, managing, and operating modern wide-area, data-center, and cellular networks. They are involved throughout the various stages of network development, from simulations, stress testing, to machine-learning training (for anomaly-based intrusion detection systems) and more. Despite the need, network datasets are rare due to concerns related to information privacy and sensitivity. In this paper, we aim to tackle this challenge and put forth a method, based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), for generating new (and timely) datasets, automatically, that are provisioned as complete raw packets traces of a network and not just feature values.
Absent Referents: Bristly Brushes

This chapter heightens the construct of nothing/something into a binary of visible/invisible by examining the swine and the squirrel, in absentia—in the crafting of brushes in the works of Frans Snyders and Hans Holbein. As invisible incidentals these animals’ lives became a “necessary loss” in the realm of art making. Literally present as brushes and pencils, the coats of their bodies were corporeal sacrifices to the art of painting. Inter-speciest considerations are engaged with in the appropriation and construction of artist’s brushes from hairs, fur, and tails which evoke thoughtful responses toward the same animals being portrayed in art. Pigs as opposed to boars, and squirrels to ermine generate the oppositional language of domestic/wild, alive/dead, and value/insignificance. A brief examination of various bird quills will round out this section.
Rare events in the Arctic

Twenty years ago, the Arctic was more resilient than now as sea ice was three times thicker than today. Heavier and more persistent sea ice provided a buffer against the influence of short-term climate fluctuations. Sea ice/atmospheric interactions now point to revisiting the concept of abrupt change. The recent decade has seen Arctic extreme events in climate and ecosystems including some events beyond previous records that imply increased future uncertaintly. While their numbers may increase, the distribution of the type, location, and timing of extreme events are less predictable. Recent processes include albedo shifts and increased sensitivity of sea ice to storms in marginal seas. Such new extremes include Greenland ice mass loss, sea ice as thin and mobile, coastal erosion, springtime snow loss, permafrost thaw, wildfires, and bottom to top ecosystem reorganizations, a consilience of impacts. One cause for such events is due to natural variability in a wavy tropospheric jet stream and polar vortex displacements, interacting with ongoing Arctic Amplification: temperature increases, sea ice loss, and permafrost thaw. This connecting hypothesis is validated by the variability of rare events matching interannual and spatial variability of weather. A proposed way forward for adaptation planning is through narrative/scenario approaches. Unless CO2 emissions are reduced, further multiple types of Arctic extremes are expected in the next decades with environmental and societal impacts spreading through the Arctic and beyond.
Evaluation of particle size distributions produced during ultra-violet nanosecond laser ablation and their relative contributions to ion densities in the inductively coupled plasma

Abstract Relative contributions to ion densities in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) of particles of various sizes produced by laser ablation (LA) were investigated. Particles generated by 266 nm, ns LA of BaF2, CaF2, and a scandium aluminum alloy, characterized using SEM, consisted of hard and soft agglomerates, spherical particles, and irregularly-shaped particles. Although soft agglomerates and spherical particles were common to aerosols generated by LA in all cases, hard agglomerates appeared to be unique to the scandium aluminum alloy, while irregularly-shaped exfoliated particles were unique to the calcium and barium fluoride windows. The spatial distributions of Ca, Ba, and Sc ions in the ICP were determined from laser-induced fluorescence images taken with filters of pore sizes from 1–8 μm added in-line to the transport tube upstream from the ICP. In all cases, a significant fraction of the ions formed in the ICP originated from micron-sized particles. Differences in the penetration depths of nanometer-sized agglomerates and micron-sized particles were about 2 mm for Ca and 1 mm for Ba. Differences in the penetration depths of nanometer and micron-sized agglomerates observed in the case of aluminum scandium were much less significant. This suggests that micron-sized hard-agglomerates and nanometer-sized soft-agglomerates experience very similar vaporization patterns. Additionally, there was evidence that flow patterns in the transport tube affect the trajectories of particles entering the plasma.
Abstract 20451: Hedgehog Signaling and Cardiomyocyte Proliferation

Background: In contrast to adult mammalian heart, lower vertebrates such as newt exhibit a dramatic capacity for regeneration in response to injury. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways in newt could form the basis for regenerative therapies in mammals. In the present study, we explored the role of hedgehog (HH) signaling during cardiac regeneration. Methods and Results: To investigate cardiac regeneration (CR) in vivo, we performed ventricular resection studies in adult newt heart. Whole mount and histochemical studies revealed CR within 30 d of resection injury. Functional assessment by echocardiographic analysis showed improved ejection fraction from 22 ± 5% at 4 d to 42 ± 3% at 30 d of regeneration relative to control (60 ± 3%). Gene clustering and qRT-PCR analysis at 7d post injury indicated enrichment of hedgehog (HH) signaling factors including Shh and ptch1 by 3- and 2-fold respectively, suggesting a critical requirement of HH signaling at early stages of CR. We determined HH signaling is essential as pharmacological inhibition of the HH pathway resulted in complete ablation of CR. Using EdU-labeling and immunohistochemical analyses, we showed that HH signaling regulates proliferation of both epicardial and myocardial cells, as inhibition of the HH pathway reduced EdU-positive nuclei from 15 ± 2% to 5 ± 3%. In contrast, qRT-PCR analysis from murine hearts postnatal day (P) 2 to P14, showed reduced levels of HH signaling factors and cell-cycle associated mRNAs by 3.5-fold with concomitant increase of p21 by 2-fold. This implies HH signals are required for the proliferative process. Consistent with the newt studies, activation of HH in murine neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NVCM) promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation, increasing positive nuclei from 10 ± 2% to 25 ± 3%, while inhibition of HH signaling reduced positivity to 6 ± 3%. qRT-PCR analysis established that activation of HH signaling in NVCM resulted in up regulation of transcripts associated with cardiomyocyte proliferation. Conclusion: These data indicated that HH signaling pathways modulate cardiomyocyte proliferation providing potential therapeutic targets for achieving mammalian cardiac regeneration.
Research supporting principles for design for additive manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies enable the fabrication of parts and devices that are geometrically complex, have graded material compositions, and can be customised. To take advantage of these capabilities, it is important to guide engineering designers through the various issues that are unique to AM. We explore the range of principles that are relevant to Design For Additive Manufacturing (DFAM) in this paper. These include ideas about generating designs that cannot be fabricated using conventional methods to understanding the realities of existing machines and materials to micro-scale issues related to material microstructures and resulting process variations. Comments about standardisation efforts in the ASTM and ISO organisations are also included.
Exposing tumor cells to killer cell attack.

Natural killer (NK) cells attack tumor and virally infected cells in the absence of antigen presentation, utilizing a combination of signals from activation and inhibitory receptors. Recent reports have identified the NK and T-cell surface protein NKG2D as a receptor for tumor cell ligands that activates killing of tumor targets.
Speculative Accumulation: Property‐Making in the Brazilian Amazon

Resumo Este artigo explora como os assentados nao-indigenas na Amazonia brasileira adotam estrategias territoriais com o intento de tornar legiveis e legitimas suas propriedades de acordo aos parâmetros das novas reformas governamentais. Na Amazonia, representacoes oficiais para o desenvolvimento da regiao sao inumeras ao longo das ultimas cinco decadas, estabelecendo uma serie de procedimentos contraditorios para reivindicar, manter e dispor da propriedade. Etnografia revela que os colonos tratam como recursos estrategicos a historia ambigua da posse e tambem a sua familiaridade com a terra. Querendo parecer acatar uma possivel reforma da situacao fundiaria, os colonos se envolvem em uma forma de acumulacao especulativa: nao se trata de uma acumulacao de territorios como tal, porem dos meios para defender ou ampliar uma futura reivindicacao de terras. Permanecer via velem um sistema emergente de governanca faz com que os colonos busquem uma variedade de praticas discursivas e materiais surpreendentes.
High‐throughput X‐ray crystallography

Structural-genomics projects have contributed to major developments in high-throughput (HT) X-ray crystallography. Various steps involved in determining an X-ray crystal structure can be automated and miniaturized, including cloning, protein expression and purification, crystallization, and X-ray data collection. Many of the protocols developed in HT structural genomics for the generation of multiple protein targets can also be adapted for crystallization of challenging proteins. In particular, multiple constructs of a single protein target can be produced in parallel to find a construct that is amenable to crystallization. This chapter summarizes recent developments in HT X-ray crystallography, and describes how these approaches can be adapted in individual research laboratories to obtain suitable protein constructs for subsequent X-ray structure determination. Keywords: high-throughput crystallography; automation; protein engineering; fusion proteins; promotion of crystallization; ligation-independent cloning; recombination cloning; autoinduction; high-throughput cloning; high-throughput protein expression; high-throughput crystallization; crystallization robots; automated crystal mounting
Accidents Happen: An Art Autopathography on Mental Disability

This essay uses Couser’s presentation of autopathography as a frame for disseminating creative autoethnographic research practices. The preface outlines the conceptual framework for the research, which critically explores personal, cultural, and institutional contexts of mental disability discourses in response to Foucault’s thesis that the arts dismantle normalizing myths about mental disability. Following Foucault’s treatment of visual, performing, and literary arts as a homogeneous entity, the ensuing story demonstrates how traditional and emerging art practices and creative writing can be hybridized to create complex representations of disability that challenge ableist, normalizing discourses. keywords: art, autopathography, hybridity, mental illness, mental disability
Testing protein functionality

This chapter provides a brief overview of standardized testing methods for protein functionality. Protein structure and function in food technology, methods for structure determination for commercial food proteins, and the requirements for model food tests (Type I tests) versus laboratory (Type III) testing are discussed. Model foods currently used for assessing protein foaming, emulsification and gelation are described. These include whipped topping, ice cream, bread, angel cake, coffee whitener (analogue for milk cream), meat emulsions, and filled emulsions or emulsion gels
Effects of electrolyte on the structure of pyrolytic graphite surfaces in anodic oxidation

Anodic oxidation effects on the structure of the basal and edge surfaces of pyrolytic graphite in alkaline electrolytes have been studied. Laser Raman spectroscopy, a gas-phase chemical modification method, coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion-mass spectroscopy techniques, were used. Anodic oxidation of the surfaces of pyrolytic graphite in alkaline electrolytes does not cause destruction of their surface structure, even at a higher level of treatment, unlike oxidation of acid electrolytes. In alkaline electrolytes, the number of hydroxyl groups added on the edge surface gradually increases with the increase in treatment level, whereas the number of carboxyl groups does not increase. It was found that anodic oxidation in alkaline electrolytes has a wider permitted range of treatment, in which hydroxyl groups can be added without destroying the edge surface structure, than that found in acid electrolytes. On the other hand, the number of hydroxyl groups added by treating with alkaline electrolytes is smaller than that with acid electrolytes. At a higher treatment level with acid electrolytes, oxidation occurs, even to a depth of 40 nm from the edge surface, whereas with alkaline electrolytes, oxidation occurs only at the surface. On the basis of these results, the effects of electrolytes on the adhesion between carbon fibres and epoxy resin matrix are discussed.
Hypnosis in a case of long-standing psoriasis in a person with character problems

Abstract A 37-year-old schoolteacher, socially withdrawn and pathologically sensitive to public opinion, in psychotherapy for 3 years, inquired about hypnosis as a treatment for his stubborn, widespread psoriasis. Under hypnosis induced by a therapist other than his, sensory imagery was used to replicate the feelings in his skin that he experienced when sunbathing—an activity which had always been somewhat beneficial in the past. Taught to induce the hypnotic state in himself, the patient exercised 5 or 6 times a day for a few minutes. The psoriatic lesions improved markedly, as did his ability to work in psychotherapy, and he lost 20 pounds in weight. He experienced and discussed feelings and future plans in a manner which he had never been able to achieve previously.
Global Warming: Energy, Environmental Pollution, and the Impact of Power Electronics

Global energy consumption is dramatically increasing due to our quest for a higher standard of living and the increasing world population. Most of our energy comes from fossil fuels, and burning these fuels causes environmental problems, and in particular, the global warming problem. Global warming raises the sea level; brings drought in tropical regions near the equator; increases hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods; and causes the spread of diseases. The consequences are serious and have the potential to bring tremendous unrest in the world. Various measures to solve or mitigate the global warming problem have been outlined in this article. This article particularly highlights the impact of power electronics in solving this problem. Power electronics will play a very important role in clean energy generation, bulk storage of electricity, and efficient energy utilization, and eventually, it will be a key element in the energy policies of nations. It has been estimated that the widespread energy efficiency improvement by power electronics and other methods with the existing technologies can save 20% of the global energy demand, and another 20% can be saved by preventing waste, i.e., by various conservation methods. Finally, the global warming problem is solvable by the united effort of humanity.
Near-Field Nano-Patterning of 3D Structures

A comprehensive three-dimensional model was developed to simulate fabrication of structures formed by near-field nano-patterning. Simulations were compared to laboratory results for photonic crystals formed in a standard contact mask aligner under partially coherent light.
Factors Determining Recurrence following Surgery for Crohn’s Disease

Many factors have been examined in an attempt to define groups at higher risk for recurrence or recrudescence of Crohn's disease. Among these factors are age and onset of disease, gender, site of disease, number of resections, symptomatic status at the time of surgery, length of small bowel resection, fistulizing versus obstructive forms of disease, proximal margin length, microscopic margin histology, strictureplasty, and number of sites of disease, as well as the presence of colonic only disease, the presence of granulomas, blood transfusions, family history, and prophylactic treatment. To date, only proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy versus other procedures for colonic only disease, and prophylactic treatment have been shown with some degree of confidence to lead to a lower recurrence rate after surgery for Crohn's disease.
Effect of whole-body hyperthermia on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of lonidamine in dogs.

The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravenous lonidamine were investigated in dogs receiving four cycles of lonidamine (400 or 800 mg/m2) ± whole-body hyperthermia (WBH). Clearance and volume of distribution in dogs receiving lonidamine during WBH increased 1·6–2·3 and 1·9–3·5-fold respectively, relative to dogs receiving lonidamine under euthermic conditions (p < 0·02). In dogs receiving lonidamine under euthermic conditions or 400 mg/m2 + WBH, the area under the lonidamine concentration versus time curve (AUC) measured during the fourth treatment was 21–58% lower than the first treatment AUC. However, in dogs receiving 800 mg/m2 + WBH, the fourth treatment AUC was four-fold higher than the first treatment AUC (p < 0·02). This suggests repeated exposure to 800 mg/m2 lonidamine and WBH impairs lonidamine metabolism. Weakness, hypoglycaemia, and elevations in amylase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin were more severe or occurred exclusively in dogs receiving 800 mg/m2 + WBH. ...
Clinical evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner insufficiency

Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and more commonly to the posterolateral corner (PLC), often gounrecognized. If present, posterolateral instability left untreated can compromise the results of anterior cruciate ligament or PCL reconstruction. Disruption of the PCL does not significantly increase internal or external tibial rotation. If increased external tibial rotation is present, there has been an injury to the PLC structures and the correction of the problem cannot be accomplished by cruciate ligament reconstruction alone. Appropriate recognition and treatment of posterolateal instability can restore normal rotatory motion patterns and can also reduce the stresses on cruciate ligament grafts, improving chances for successful results. The detection of posterolateral instability is best accomplished with the Dial test. PCL laxity is best detected by the posterior drawer test at 90° of knee flexion. Magnetic resonance imaging can be useful in delineating injuries to the PCL and PLC and is helpful in surgical planning. To document PCL and PLC laxity and to report the results of treatment, it is important to obtain stress radiography preoperatively for assessing posterior and varus instability and to record a Dial test to document posterolateral laxity.
A design guide for calculating liquid-metal turbulent forced convection heat transfer with non-uniform heat fluxes and transients

Abstract Calculation of turbulent forced convection heat transfer in ducts during non-uniform wall heat fluxes and transients is of interest to the national liquid-metal fast breeder nuclear reactor program. This paper presents an improved method whereby such heat transfer can be determined during analysis and design. Since the method involves the use of fully developed, steady-state heat transfer coefficients, several dimensionless coefficients and selected physical properties, tables, graphs, or equations are included for the convenience of the designer. Application of the improved method is specialized to four geometries of interest: circular tube, parallel-plate channel, annular space, and approximation of pin or rod bundle.
Evaluation of a “mental effort” hypothesis for correlations between cortical metabolism and intelligence

Abstract Previous research indicates that low scores on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) test are associated with increased cortical glucose utilization during problem solving. We hypothesized that previous results may reflect the neurophysiological consequences of patterns of effort requirements; that is, high-effort expenditure from lower aptitude participants (for whom the problems are hard) and low-effort expenditure from higher aptitude participants (for whom the problems are easy). In this experiment, positron emission tomography (PET) data were gathered on participants (N = 28) who solved easy and hard problems that were tailored to the participants' own ability levels, thereby eliminating aptitude group differences in effort requirements. Contrary to previous results, high aptitude was associated with high cortical glucose use. Average aptitude participants showed diminished glucose use in the hard condition. A significant Group X Condition X Hemisphere Effect was also noted, with greater right hemisphere activation in the hard condition for the high-aptitude group. These results demonstrate that the relation of cerebral glucose use and cognitive ability is sensitive to participant and task selection.
Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the gulf of California

Sediment cores were taken from the Gulf of California, and pore waters recovered by mechanical squeezing. The chemistry and isotopic abundance of sulfur in these pore fluids were compared with coexisting solid phases to deduce the mechanisms involved in pyrite formation. The results suggest that burrowing activities of benthonic organisms supply sulfate sulfur to sediments to depths of approximately 0.5 m from the surface. This is inferred from essentially constant pore water concentration profiles of dissolved ions in horizons where sulfate reduction is demonstrated by the presence of iron sulfides. For a core from Pescadero Basin, it is estimated that beneath the mixed zone, diffusion adds 0.4% sulfur by dry weight of sediment, whereas burial of sulfate adds less than 0.1% sulfur. It is shown that diffusion can add isotopically light sulfur to sediments, due to more rapid relative addition of 32SO42− compared to 34SO42− down a concentration gradient maintained by bacterial processes. The overall net isotopic value of the sulfate so added is δ34S = −4.5‰. The depth distribution of S-isotope in sulfur is controlled by the balance between a bacterial kinetic isotope effect preferentially removing 32S relative to 34S, and the supply of sulfate by diffusion. The isotopic fractionation factor, α, calculated by a mathematical formulation which takes diffusion into account, is larger (1.060±0.010) than when sulfate reduction is assumed to occur in a closed system (1.035). The larger value is supported by the sulfur isotope distribution in metastable iron sulfide. Essentially, the same open-system α was calculated for a core from Carmen Basin.
No donor? Then create one!

In this issue of Blood, Grewal and colleagues from the University of Minnesota (page [1147][1]) report on the first successful matched sibling donor transplantation in which the sibling donor was created by preimplantation genetic diagnosis and in vitro fertilization (PGD/IVF). A 3-year-old child
Recent advances in the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetics of substance use disorders

This article reviews current advances in the genetics of substance use disorders (SUDs). Both genetic and environmental sources of risk are required to develop a complete picture of SUD etiology. Genetic sources of risk for SUDs are not highly substance specific in their effects. Genetic and environmental risks for SUDs typically do not only add together but also interact with each other over development. Risk gene identification for SUDs has been difficult, with one recent success in identifying nicotinic receptor variants that affect risk for nicotine dependence. The impact of genetic variants on SUD risk will individually be small. Although genetic epidemiologic methods are giving us an increasingly accurate map of broad causal pathways to SUDs, gene discovery will be needed to identify the specific biological systems. Identifying these risk genes and understanding their action will require large clinical samples, and interaction between these studies and work in model organisms.
Recognition of SUMO-modified PCNA requires tandem receptor motifs in Srs2

Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers such as SUMO (also known as Smt3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mediate signal transduction through post-translational modification of substrate proteins in pathways that control differentiation, apoptosis and the cell cycle, and responses to stress such as the DNA damage response. In yeast, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA (also known as Pol30) is modified by ubiquitin in response to DNA damage and by SUMO during S phase. Whereas Ub-PCNA can signal for recruitment of translesion DNA polymerases, SUMO-PCNA signals for recruitment of the anti-recombinogenic DNA helicase Srs2. It remains unclear how receptors such as Srs2 specifically recognize substrates after conjugation to Ub and Ubls. Here we show, through structural, biochemical and functional studies, that the Srs2 carboxy-terminal domain harbours tandem receptor motifs that interact independently with PCNA and SUMO and that both motifs are required to recognize SUMO-PCNA specifically. The mechanism presented is pertinent to understanding how other receptors specifically recognize Ub- and Ubl-modified substrates to facilitate signal transduction.
Modeling, Analysis, and Control of a Four Wheel Steer-by-Wire System for Semi-Autonomous Ground Vehicles

Hybrid ground vehicles have motivated electric and steer-by-wire steering system technology due to restrictions on power source availability. Although these two steering systems are efficient, flexible, and environment friendly, the steer-by-wire system provides the opportunity for semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicle operation, as well as compliments a drive-by-wire architecture. For greater lateral vehicle performance, reduced maneuver transient time, and avoidance of undesirable vehicle motions through combined traction and steering control, a four wheel steering assembly with front and rear steering mechanism can uniformly control the wheels’ steering angle. In this paper, mathematical models will be developed for a front and rear rack and pinion steer-by-wire system. Accompanying linear and nonlinear controllers will be designed for operator commanded tracking by adjusting the three servo-motor assemblies. Representative numerical results are presented and discussed to support the evaluation of the four-wheel steering systems for sinusoidal and impulse-like steering maneuvers. The simulated vehicle four wheel steer-by-wire system results demonstrated better performance compared to the front steer-by-wire system.© 2004 ASME
Engineering microbial systems to explore ecological and evolutionary dynamics

A major goal of biological research is to provide a mechanistic understanding of diverse biological processes. To this end, synthetic biology offers a powerful approach, whereby biological questions can be addressed in a well-defined framework. By constructing simple gene circuits, such studies have generated new insights into the design principles of gene regulatory networks. Recently, this strategy has been applied to analyze ecological and evolutionary questions, where population-level interactions are critical. Here, we highlight recent development of such systems and discuss how they were used to address problems in ecology and evolutionary biology. As illustrated by these examples, synthetic ecosystems provide a unique platform to study ecological and evolutionary phenomena that are challenging to study in their natural contexts.