cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 5 – Calculations on Strings

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calculations on Strings. To extend computability theory to strings on an alphabet A, numbers are associated with elements of A* in a one-one manner. The method of representing strings by numbers is clearly related to the usual base notation for numbers by associating with the elements of A* the corresponding numbers, one can peak of a language on A as being recursive or primitive recursive. Numbers occur in the theory as purely abstract entities, just as they do in ordinary mathematics. However, when one wishes to refer to particular numbers, one can do so by writing their decimal representations. These representations are strings on the alphabet which consists of the decimal digits.
Clinical entities, phenotypes, causation, and endotypes based on selected asthma publications

Patients with complex chronic disorders, such as asthma, present clinicians with important management problems. The identification of a clinical syndrome usually leads to the diagnosis of the disease entity. The next concern involves classification and a choice as to whether to use a few inclusive categories or multiple exclusive categories. Patients with asthma have multiple clinical syndromes, and these can be described as phenotypes. The use of cluster analysis allows investigators to identify phenotypes with less clinical bias. However, the identification of a particular phenotype does not necessarily provide much insight into the underlying pathogenesis. In asthma, the pathogenetic events are complex and multiple and require a classification based on endotypes. This difficulty introduces the idea of causation and models for causation. Asthma probably does not have a single universal necessary cause. However, it does have multiple sufficient component causes. Understanding these components and their interactions potentially leads to better treatment trials and more focused drug therapy. Clinicians need to identify asthmatic patients and classify them into particular phenotypes; they should also wonder about causation. Clinical investigators need to use these phenotypes to identify more homogenous groups of patients to study the underlying pathogenesis and establish endotypes. Focusing on causation can improve our understanding of disease entities, disease classification, and disease causation. This review outlines ideas relevant to causation in nearly all diseases.
Enhancement of Linear Sampling Method imaging of conducting targets using a boundary condition constraint

We present a new formulation of the Linear Sampling Method (LSM) for imaging conducting targets from spatially sparse data acquisitions. The technique mitigates the lack of spatial channels by introducing a priori information into the problem formulation related to the electric field boundary conditions on the unknown target boundary. We apply the proposed technique to simulated data and demonstrate improved image fidelity relative to the standard LSM.
“By the Knife and Fire”: Conceptions of Surgery and Disability in Early Modern Medical Treatises

This chapter examines early modern medical treatises on surgery, amputation, and the treatment of combat-related wounds through the lens of disability studies. Although many such texts were intended primarily as reference guides for surgeons, they also provide insight into early modern conceptions of surgery—including amputation—as processes of performative craft. Texts considered include works by Ambrose Pare, Paul Barbette, and John Woodall, paying attention to the ways in which their illustrations often reflected as much fascination with medical “tools of the trade” as the bodies upon which they operated. Medical treatises that dealt with amputation and prosthesis in particular reveal a striking concern for patient welfare and quality of life, contrary to existing narratives surrounding the perceived barbarity of early modern surgery. I also argue, however, that such texts betray problematic tendencies on the part of their authors to fashion themselves as arbiters of cosmetic and disabled difference based on fantasies of bodily restoration. Ultimately, this chapter makes the case for reconsidering these medical texts alongside those in the literary tradition as a means of shedding light on seventeenth-century European conceptions of disability and prosthesis and their implications for veterans in the early modern period.
Obesity and Serial NT-proBNP Levels in Guided Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From the GUIDE-IT Trial.

Background Obese patients have lower NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) levels. The prognostic implications of achieving NT‐proBNP levels ≤1000 pg/mL in obese patients with heart...
A rapid preparation method for in situ nanomechanical TEM tensile specimens

Specimen preparation is a critical aspect in electron microscopy and is particularly challenging for in situ investigations that require specimens to fit onto specific testing devices. We report a modification of a substrate lift-off technique for thin films that enables users to produce specimens for in situ nanomechanical tensile testing. By depositing an electron transparent film, removing it from its substrate, and mounting it to a Cu grid (which serves for preparatory staging), rectangular specimens are focus ion beam (FIB) milled and mounted to push-to-pull or similar MEMS-like devices for nanomechanical testing. Using the FIB, the gauge length is milled into a reduced cross-section yielding the ‘dog-bone’ geometry. This use of this Cu grid-staging significantly reduces mounting and thinning steps for the direct film-to-device preparation as well as allows the testing device to be used multiple times for new specimens. Finally, we reveal ion-induced grain growth with improper milling and solute induced grain boundary embrittlement in the nanocrystalline alloy studied.
Decomposing the Gains From Trade Through the Standard Gravity Variables

Using the implications of a trade model, this paper measures the gains from trade through the standard gravity variables. Theoretically, it is shown that such gains can be calculated by using the e...
Applying the Noninferiority Paradigm to Assess Exposure-Response Similarity and Dose Between Pediatric and Adult Patients

The use of extrapolation of efficacy in pediatric drug development programs is possible when disease progression and treatment response are similar in adult and pediatric populations. Historically, the exposure-response (E-R) similarity was assessed by visual inspection of 2 E-R curves to support pediatric extrapolation. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative framework to describe the E-R relationship and the difference in E-R between pediatric and adult patients based on accumulated experience in pediatric drug development programs. Using clinical data for 8 drugs with either a linear or nonlinear E-R relationship, we adapted the methodology used in noninferiority testing to assess the E-R similarity between adult and pediatric patients at the targeted drug exposure. We implemented bootstrap-based and Bayesian-based methodologies to estimate the probability of concluding noninferiority of the E-R relationship. This approach provides objective criteria that can be applied to an assessment of E-R noninferiority in 2 populations to support extrapolation of efficacy in drug development programs from adults to pediatric populations.
The Neuroscience of Freedom and Creativity: Our Predictive Brain

1. Introduction 2. Evolutionary roots of freedom 3. Anatomy of cognition 4. The perception/action cycle 5. Memory of the future 6. Freedom in speech 7. Liberty, responsibility, and social order.
Interconnectedness in the CDS Market

Concentrated risks in markets for credit default swaps (CDS) are widely considered to have significantly contributed to the recent financial crisis. In this paper we study the structure of the CDS market using explicit connections based on the total number of CDS transactions, notional value of CDS transactions, net outstanding positions, and network diagrams. The main objective is to provide statistics that characterize the CDS market, the degree of counterparty concentration, the size of different contracts as well as underlying contractual features, and a preliminary analysis of interconnectivity. Our new approach informs the discussion of the structure and resulting fragility or stability of the CDS market and studies potential contagion among its participants. Our findings are of practical importance because, even after central clearing becomes mandatory, counterparty risk will remain a relevant systemic consideration due to the long-term nature of CDS contracts.
Effect of tolbutamide on the intracellular flow of acetyl coenzyme A in Tetrahymena.

Abstract Experiments were done in which control cells and cells exposed to tolbutamide for 17 hours were incubated for 1 hour with labeled pyruvate, acetate, and octanoate, and the amount of label appearing in CO2, glycogen, lipids, and glutamate was measured. In separate experiments ATP and ADP levels were also measured in control and tolbutamide-treated cells. The results of the multiple label experiments were interpreted in accordance with a previously developed model of the metabolism of Tetrahymena which has three pools of acetyl-CoA. It was found that in log phase cells there were significant increases in octanoate oxidation in the peroxisomal and inner mitochondrial pools of acetyl-CoA, and a shift of acetate utilization away from the peroxisome and into the inner mitochondrial compartment. Incorporation of label from [1-14C]acetate into glutamate was reduced by tolbutamide. Carbon flow from the peroxisomes for glyconeogenesis was markedly reduced, but carbon flow for glyconeogenesis from the outer mitochondrial pool was increased. In transition phase cells, however, carbon flow toward glyconeogenesis was reduced from both the peroxisomes and the mitochondria. The cell content of ATP was increased by exposure of the cells to tolbutamide; the increase was more pronounced in log phase cells. It is suggested that tolbutamide does not uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in Tetrahymena but instead alters the intracellular pattern of carbon flow because of an effect on the rate of flow of substrates across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Inhibition of the bradykinin B1 receptor attenuates blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice (856.12)

DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system. We sought to explore whether bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R)-mediated inflammation contribute to DOCA-salt hypertension. While baseline blood pressure (BP; telemetry) was not different, DOCA-salt treatment (1 mg/g body weight DOCA, 1% NaCl for 28 d) resulted in significantly lower BP in B1R knockout mice (121 ±2 mmHg, n=5) compared to non-transgenic (NT) mice (138 ±3 mmHg, n=8). In DOCA-treated NT mice, B1R expression (Western blot) in the brain was increased by 2 fold (n=4, p<0.01). To dismiss potential developmental alterations in knockout mice, we complemented our study using a pharmacological approach with inhibition of B1R in the brain of NT mice. ICV infusion of R715, a specific B1R antagonist, attenuated the DOCA-salt-induced increase in BP in NT mice (125 ±3 mmHg, n=3, p<0.01). Cardiac hypertrophy was also attenuated in NT+R715 mice (HW/BW: 4.1 ±0.1 vs. 5.6 ±0.2; HW/tibia length: 7.9 ±0.3 vs. 9.2 ±0.7; p<0.01...
Choroidal thickness changes during altered eye growth and refractive state in a primate.

PURPOSE In the chick, compensation for experimentally induced defocus involves changes in the thickness of the choroid. The choroid thickens in response to imposed myopic defocus and thins in response to imposed hyperopic defocus. This study was undertaken to determine whether similar choroidal changes occur in the primate eye with induced refractive errors. METHODS Thirty-three common marmosets were used. Eyes in 26 monkeys served as untreated control eyes, and eyes in 7 received 3 weeks of monocular lid suture to induce changes in eye growth and refractive state. Refractive errors were measured using refractometry and retinoscopy, and axial ocular dimensions, including choroidal thickness, were measured using high-frequency A-scan ultrasonography. Eyes were measured before the lids were sutured and at frequent intervals after lid opening. RESULTS In the marmoset, choroidal thickness ranges from 88 to 150 microm and increases significantly during the first year of life. Monocular lid suture initially results in short, hyperopic eyes that then become elongated and myopic. In these animals the choroids of both the experimental and the fellow control eyes also increase in thickness with age but additionally show interocular differences that vary significantly with the relative changes in vitreous chamber depth and refraction. In eyes that are shorter and more hyperopic than control eyes the choroids are thicker, and in eyes that are longer and more myopic than control eyes the choroids are thinner. CONCLUSIONS In marmosets, the thickness of the choroid increases during postnatal eye growth. Superimposed on this developmental increase in choroidal thickness there are changes in thickness that are correlated with the induced changes in eye size. These changes are small (<50 microm) in comparison with those observed in the chick, contributing to less than a diopter change in refractive error.
Perceptions of Mentoring of Full‐Time Occupational Therapy Faculty in the United States

The purpose of this study was to describe the occurrence, nature and perception of the influence of mentoring for full-time occupational therapy faculty members who are on the tenure track or eligible for re-appointment in the United States. An online survey was sent during 2010 September, the beginning of the academic year, to all 818 potential participants in the United States entry-level and doctoral programmes. Fifty six of 107 participants who met the criteria reported being in a mentoring relationship and positively rated their perception of the influence of mentoring on academic success and academic socialization. The response of all participants to open-ended questions describes preferred mentoring characteristics (providing information, support), benefits (having someone to go to, easing the stress) and challenges (not enough time, mentoring not valued). Findings inform current and potential faculty of the current state of mentoring. Administrators can use this information when designing mentoring opportunities, educating mentors and mentees about the mentoring process, arranging mentors/mentees release time for engaging in the mentoring process and finally, managing the mentor/mentee needs. The cross-sectional survey of the United States occupational therapy faculty limits generalizability yet paves the way for future studies to explore retention and recruitment of mentored faculty across countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite contact on an inflated ring

References Hamilton, D.C. and Morgan, W.R., "Radiant-Interchange Configuration Factors," NACA TN 2836, 1952, pp. 37, 42. Sparrow, E.M., "A New and Simpler Formulation for Radiative Angle Factors," Transactions of the ASME, Series C: Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 85,1963, pp. 81-88. Gradshteyn, I.S. andRyzhik, I.M., Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, 4th ed, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 68, 148.
Surface wave tomography from microseisms in Southern California

Received 5 April 2005; revised 23 May 2005; accepted 9 June 2005; published 26 July 2005. [1] Since it has already been demonstrated that point-topoint seismic propagation Green Functions can be extracted from seismic noise, it should be possible to image Earth structure using the ambient noise field. Seismic noise data from 148 broadband seismic stations in Southern California were used to extract the surface wave arrival-times between all station pairs in the network. The seismic data were then used in a simple, but densely sampled tomographic procedure to estimate the surface wave velocity structure within the frequency range of 0.1–0.2 Hz for a region in Southern California. The result compares favorably with previous estimates obtained using more conventional and elaborate inversion procedures. This demonstrates that coherent noise field between station pairs can be used for seismic imaging purposes. Citation: Sabra, K. G., P. Gerstoft, P. Roux, W. A. Kuperman, and M. C. Fehler (2005), Surface wave tomography from microseisms in Southern California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14311, doi:10.1029/2005GL023155.
Three-terminal heat engine and refrigerator based on superlattices

Abstract We propose a three-terminal heat engine based on semiconductor superlattices for energy harvesting. The periodicity of the superlattice structure creates an energy miniband, giving an energy window for allowed electron transport. We find that this device delivers a large power, nearly twice than the heat engine based on quantum wells, with a small reduction of efficiency. This engine also works as a refrigerator in a different regime of the system's parameters. The thermoelectric performance of the refrigerator is analyzed, including the cooling power and coefficient of performance in the optimized condition. We also calculate phonon heat current through the system and explore the reduction of phonon heat current compared to the bulk material. The direct phonon heat current is negligible at low temperatures, but dominates over the electronic at room temperature and we discuss ways to reduce it.
MEDS: The Memory Error Detection System

Memory errors continue to be a major source of software failure. To address this issue, we present MEDS (Memory Error Detection System), a system for detecting memory errors within binary executables. The system can detect buffer overflow, uninitialized data reads, double-free, and deallocated memory access errors and vulnerabilities. It works by using static analysis to prove memory accesses safe. If a memory access cannot be proven safe, MEDS falls back to run-time analysis. The system exceeds previous work with dramatic reductions in false positives, as well as covering all memory segments (stack, static, heap).
A cost analysis of operating a large integrated circuit laboratory at Rochester Institute of Technology

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) has been operating a large integrated circuit laboratory for over four years. Approximately $750000 per year is donated equipment and supplies from industry, leaving a cost of $315000 per year for operating this facility. Approximately $100000 per year is available from RIT funds the remaining $215000 is raised by an industrial associates program. Twenty one companies each donate $10000 per year for these operating expenses. These companies include some of the affiliate companies who are beyond the first three-year commitment as well as other companies interested in supporting the microelectronic engineering program at RIT. >
An observational study comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and insulin glargine in children with type 1 diabetes

Objective The advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or insulin glargine have been demonstrated both in adult and paediatric diabetic patients; however, as no data comparing these two approaches during childhood are available, we have examined the efficacy of these two intensive approaches. Research Design and Methods We retrospectively evaluated data from 36 diabetic children, who had changed their previous insulin regimen [with isophane insulin (NPH) at bedtime] because of HbA1c levels >8.0%. Twenty patients underwent CSII, while the other 16 (significantly younger for age) started insulin glargine at bedtime. Results At 6 and 12 months, CSII-treated patients showed a significant reduction in HbA1c values from 8.5 ± 1.8 to 7.4 ± 1.1% and to 7.6 ± 1.2%, respectively. The insulin requirement significantly decreased from 0.93 ± 0.2 IU/kg to 0.73 ± 0.2 IU/kg of body weight and to 0.74 ± 0.15 IU/kg of body weight, respectively, while no significant differences were observed for BMI SDS, fructosamine and severe hypoglycaemic events. The patients treated with glargine showed a small decline in HbA1c values from 8.9 ± 1.7 to 8.3 ± 0.9% (not significant) in the first 6 months of treatment and to 8.2 ± 0.9% after 12 months. Conclusion The basal insulin supplementation can be supplied effectively in children with type 1 diabetes by either CSII or insulin glargine. As previously reported for adults, it is confirmed that CSII is the best current intensive approach aimed to the improvement of glycaemic control. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyber-infrastructure design and implementation for structural health monitoring

Structural Health Monitoring of large-scale bridges requires collection, storage and processing of large amounts of data, and must provide distributed concurrent access. In this paper we report on the progress of the design and implementation of a cyber-infrastructure system that is currently being field-tested on a long-span bridge in California and a short-span bridge in Michigan. This system provides remote access for sensor data acquisition systems, data analysis modules, and human operators. The implementation is based on an object-oriented data model description and makes extensive use of code generation to allow for the rapid development and continued improvement of the system. Currently the system provides storage of raw and processed sensor data, finite element models, traffic data, links to PONTIS data, reliability modeling data, and model-based analysis results. Apart from the ubiquitous read/write access, the system also includes an event system that allows data consumers to be triggered by the arrival of new data. In addition to essential backup/restore facilities, the system also includes import/export tools that can migrate data between versions, which is very useful in keeping pace with the continuous improvements that are being made in the design and implementation of the cyber-infrastructure system. The system also provides introspection, as the data model is made available by means of an inspector client interface, which allows the development of generic client tools that can dynamically discover the data model, and present a corresponding interface to the user. Currently available user-interfaces include an editor GUI application, and a read-only web application.
Cross Relaxation Studies in Diamond

A microwave double resonance experiment performed on the paramagnetic nitrogen centers in diamond shows that in this system cross relaxation occurs via a four spin flip mechanism which exactly conserves Zeeman energy. In this process, which was first postulated by Bloembergen and co-workers in their paper on cross relaxation, two spins of the center line make a downward transition while a spin belonging to each satellite makes an upward transition. Simple rate considerations for this process indicate that if a saturating microwave field is suddenly applied to one of the three lines of the nitrogen spectrum, a weak probing microwave signal at either of the two other lines should register a definite change in absorption in a time ${T}_{21}$. Specifically, if ${T}_{21}$ is much less than other relaxation times of the system, then setting the pump upon the center line should force the absorption at either satellite to drop to zero. Setting the pump at the position of one of the satellites, on the other hand, should reduce the center line absorption to $\frac{3}{5}$ its thermal equilibrium value but should increase the absorption measured at the other satellite by the factor $\frac{6}{5}$. This behavior was precisely observed at 1.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using a bi-modal cavity.By resolving the rate at which a satellite decays to zero when the pump is set on the center line, ${T}_{21}$ is measured for all five satellites in the three principal orientations: ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}[100]$, ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}[110]$, and ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}[111]$. The measured anisotropy is discussed.It is shown that the four spin flip transition may be used in special cases to establish continuous wave maser operation by inverting the population of one of the satellite lines. Steady state inversion of one of the nitrogen satellites is incidentally observed in a number of diamonds.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of SO2 Adsorption over the 1,3-Phenylenediamine/SiO2 System

The reversible adsorption of SO2 on 1,3-phenylenediamine was investigated using the step transient response technique coupled with operando infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, UV–vis spectrometry, and density functional theory (DFT). At 50 °C, the reaction of SO2 at the amine site resulted in fixation of sulfur as hydrogen-bonded SO32– (sulfite) and SO42– (sulfate) species. Simulated infrared and UV–vis spectra at the DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level were compared to the experimental results to help characterize the infrared spectra, molecular interactions, and bonding of the adsorbing species. The theoretically calculated binding energies revealed the sulfite and sulfate species bind stronger at the ammonium sites as compared to the amine site, which agrees with the infrared spectroscopic observations. Temperature-programmed desorption showed a capacity of 1.39 mol SO2/mol sorbent for pure 1,3-phenylenediamine and 2.8 mol SO2/mol sorbent for the SiO2 supported sorbent. The presence of sulfite and sulfate...
Ferrohydrodynamic thrust bearings

Abstract This paper treats thrust bearings in which the lubricant is a ferroliquid confined by an applied magnetic field to the gap between two plates, one fixed and one mounted on a rotating shaft carrying an axial load. For plates with plane, parallel surfaces, the lubricant extends beyond the edges of the plates and axially along their sides. Since this is undesirable, other plate geometries are considered, for which the ferroliquid is confined to the gap between the plates. Plate surfaces which are considered are cones, paraboloids and frustrums, i.e. plane, parallel surfaces out to some radius and conical, diverging surfaces beyond. Results indicate that paraboloids and frustrums are suitable, but cones are not. FHD thrust bearings with magnetic plates are stiff, i.e. large changes in axial load produce relatively small changes in gap width. With currently available ferroliquids, FHD thrust bearings are limited to relatively small axial loads.
Species-Specific Bacteria Identification Using Differential Mobility Spectrometry and Bioinformatics Pattern Recognition

As bacteria grow and proliferate, they release a variety of volatile compounds that can be profiled and used for speciation, providing an approach amenable to disease diagnosis through quick analysis of clinical cultures as well as patient breath analysis. As a practical alternative to mass spectrometry detection and whole cell pyrolysis approaches, we have developed methodology that involves detection via a sensitive, micromachined differential mobility spectrometer (microDMx), for sampling headspace gases produced by bacteria growing in liquid culture. We have applied pattern discovery/recognition algorithms (ProteomeQuest) to analyze headspace gas spectra generated by microDMx to reliably discern multiple species of bacteria in vitro: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The overall accuracy for identifying volatile profiles of a species within the 95% confidence interval for the two highest accuracy models evolved was between 70.4 and 89.3% based upon the coordinated expression of between 5 and 11 features. These encouraging in vitro results suggest that the microDMx technology, coupled with bioinformatics data analysis, has potential for diagnosis of bacterial infections.
Head and neck cancer in nonsmokers: a distinct clinical and molecular entity.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Clinical and molecular patterns of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in nonsmokers and smokers may be different. Analysis of these patterns may improve understanding and management of this disease. Study Design : three hundred five subjects were included (46 nonsmokers, 29 former smokers, and 230 smokers). Subsets were analyzed for p53 mutation, human papillomavirus (HPV), and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 10 chromosomal loci. Methods: Clinical information was analyzed for common patterns of disease among the groups. The p53 gene was sequenced, and polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HPV DNA and LOH at two microsatellite markers for each loci. The X 2 test was used to assess differences in genetic alterations between groups, logistic regression to examine the independence of association of tobacco exposure with each alteration, and Kaplan Meier estimates and the log-rank statistic to assess differences in survival. Results: Nonsmokers included a disproportionate number of women, oral cavity (especially tongue) tumors, and very young or old individuals. Smokers had more tumors of the larynx, hypopharynx, and floor of mouth. The rate of p53 mutation was much greater in smokers; the percentage with HPV was marginally lower. The percentage of LOH at 3p, 4q, and 11q13, and the overall average number of chromosomal losses, was significantly lower in non-smokers' tumors. Survival did not vary with smoking or age. Conclusions: The clinical and genetic features of HNSCC are distinct between groups defined by tobacco use. Tumors of nonsmokers contain a lower frequency of common genetic alterations, suggesting that the underlying changes in these tumors may remain undiscovered.
Eigen space based method for detecting faulty nodes in large scale enterprise systems

In modern enterprise system environment when systemspsila performance degrades, detecting the anomaly is a hard problem. In this replicated environment, there can be hundreds or even thousands of server nodes for a single application. These nodes have implicit as well as explicit interdependencies with each other. Further due to heterogeneous capacities of nodes in the cluster, same fault may produce vastly different effect on the monitored metrics of different nodes. In case of performance problem, finding faulty node(s) in this environment is tedious and time consuming exercise with constantly changing workload, topology and SLA requirements. In this paper we present a novel eigen space based technique to detect anomaly in enterprise environment without any extra monitoring overhead. We monitor certain metrics on each of the node in cluster which are available in enterprise environment. We need a small number of most recent samples of each of these monitored metrics as our only historical information. Our technique adapts well in dynamic conditions, simple to operate and in case of an anomaly, automatically produces a list of faulty node(s). We have implemented this method in a 3-tier cluster environment with total 13 nodes. We have tested our algorithm by introducing faults in front tier, middle tier and backend tier. Our method is always able to separate out faulty nodes with high accuracy and precision.
Edge effects in finite elongated graphene nanoribbons

We analyze the relevance of finite-size effects to the electronic structure of long graphene nanoribbons using a divide and conquer density functional approach. We find that for hydrogen terminated graphene nanoribbons, most of the physical features appearing in the density of states of an infinite graphene nanoribbon are recovered at a length of $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. Nevertheless, even for the longest systems considered ($72\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ long) pronounced edge effects appear in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. The weight of these edge states scales inversely with the length of the ribbon, and they are expected to become negligible only at ribbon lengths of the order of micrometers. Our results indicate that careful consideration of finite-size and edge effects should be applied when designing new nanoelectronic devices based on graphene nanoribbons. These conclusions are expected to hold for other one-dimensional systems such as carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, and DNA molecules.
A scavenging model for trace elements in the deep sea

Abstract A vertical diffusion-advection model with a scavenging removal rate which is first-order in concentration is applied to the deep-water Geosecs-I profiles of four trace metals. The actual model scavenging rates are obtained by calibration of the vertical advection velocity with the radiocarbon profile from the same station — the14C data givew = 3.7m/yr. “Scavenging residence times”, τψ, of 1400 years for Cu, 3200 years for Sb, and 2500 years for Sc are obtained. For these three elements the fit of the data to the scavenging-model equation is better than the fit to a conservative mixing model with no in-situ removal. TheFχ comparison test is used to assess the probability that the improved fit given by the scavenging model is due merely to a random selection of data from an infinite set of values with a distribution governed by the stable-conservative model. This probability is found to be only 0.6% for Cu and only 3% for Sb. For Sc, however, the probability is 19% so that the two models cannot be distinguished for this element. The Ni profile shows no effect of scavenging; a lower limit of 3000 years is estimated for τψ but the value is probably much greater. The association of Cu and Pb as two elements with definite indication of scavenging in deep water is consistent with experimental adsorption studies; the lack of indication of scavenging of Ni is consistent with the hypothesis that clay minerals are the scavenging agent for Pb and Cu. The method of comparing scavenging and conservative mixing-model fits to the profiles provides a mechanism for defining a set of trace elements which show consistent scavenging effects over large ocean areas, so that the reality of the deep-sea scavenging process for non-radioactive elements can be tested.
Advancements with carbon nanotube digital systems

Carbon Nanotube FETs (CNFETs) are excellent candidates for the next generation of high-performance and energy-efficient electronics, as CNFET-based digital circuits are projected to potentially achieve an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product at highly scaled technology nodes. This paper presents an overview of the first demonstration of a computer implemented entirely using CNFETs. The CNT computer is capable of performing multitasking: as a demonstration, we perform counting and integer-sorting simultaneously. In addition, we emulate 20 different instructions from the commercial MIPS instruction set to demonstrate the generality of our CNT computer. This is the most complex carbon-based electronic system yet demonstrated. It is a considerable advance because CNTs are prominent among a variety of emerging technologies that are being considered for the next generation of highly energy-efficient electronic systems. In addition to performance and energy benefits, CNFETs also provide a unique opportunity to achieve monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration through low-temperature CNFET processing. Monolithic 3D integration is an attractive technological option because it enables a very high density of Inter-Layer Vias compared to Through-Silicon Vias. A summary of monolithic 3D CNFET integrated circuit demonstrations will also be given.
Soil C and N changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture

Soils in semi-arid regions are highly susceptible to soil organic matter (SOM) loss when cultivated because of erratic yield, removal of crop residue for feed or fuel, uncontrolled soil erosion, and frequent fallowing to increase water storage. It is important to quantify the effect of each factor to be able to identify agoecosystems that are sustainable and recognize the management practices that best sequester C in soil. We identified changes in SOM in long-term experiments, some dating from the early 1900s, by evaluating tillage and crop rotation effects at several locations in semi-arid regions of the US Pacific Northwest. The major factors influencing changes in organic C and N were the frequency of summer-fallow and the amount of C input by crop residue. Soil erosion was low in long-term studies, but even limited soil loss can have a substantial impact on C and N levels if allowed over many years. Yearly crop production is recommended because any cropping system that included summer-fallow lost SOM over time without large applications of manure. We conclude that most of the SOM loss was due to high biological oxidation and absence of C input during the fallow year rather than resulting from erosion. Decreasing tillage intensity reduced SOM loss, but the effect was not as dramatic as eliminating summer-fallow. Crop management practices such as N fertilization increased residue production and improved C and N levels in soil. SOM can be maintained or increased in most semi-arid soils if they are cropped every year, crop residues are returned to soil, and erosion is kept to a minimum. SOM loss may be more intense in the Pacific Northwest because fallowing keeps the soil moist during the summer months when it would normally be dry. Our experiments identify two primary deficiencies of long-term studies to measure C sequestering capability: (1) soil C loss can be partitioned between erosion and biological oxidation only by estimation, and (2) C changes occurring below 30 cm in grassland soils cannot be quantified in many instances because samples were not collected.
Improvement in thermal conductivity of paraffin by adding high aspect-ratio carbon-based nano-fillers

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been utilized to study thermal conductivity of liquid and solid mixtures of paraffin and carbon-based high aspect-ratio nano-additives, i.e. carbon nanotubes and graphene. In agreement with existing experimental data, we observe high enhancement in thermal conductivity through adding these graphitic nano-additives into paraffin, particularly in the solid phase. We demonstrate that this significant improvement is mainly achieved by the enhancement in thermal conductivity of the matrix itself. This is caused by carbon nanotubes and graphene promoting ordering of the matrix molecules which consequently leads to improvement of its thermal conductivity.
Multi-stream combination for LVCSR and keyword search on GPU-accelerated platforms

In this paper, we explore methods for system combination of acoustic models having different features, modeling approaches and phonetic decision trees for speech recognition and keyword search. We introduce a Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated lattice generation method and show that this architecture is efficient and well suited for multi-stream acoustic model combination. Additionally, we introduce a novel method to combine acoustic models with different phonetic trees into a single fully composed HMM state level (H-level) WFST network allowing lattice generation to be performed using diverse acoustic models. We evaluate the performance of our multi-stream approach to three standard techniques and observe that multi-stream combination obtains higher speech recognition accuracy than Lattice Combination or ROVER (up to 5.5% relative improvement in speech recognition accuracy compared to the single best model). Additionally, at an equivalent runtime, multi-stream combination obtained a 15% higher Average Term Weighted Value (ATWV) compared to CombMNZ for the keyword search task. By combining phonetic decision tree, we obtained gain (WER reduction) from the diversity of phonetic decision tree by using more efficient tree for each acoustic model.
Bentonite aids virus transmission.

Abstract The addition of 0.1–1% bentonite to crude sap of Erigeron glaucus containing tomato ringspot virus increased transmission of the virus to bean, but similar amounts of bentonite to the same inoculum decreased transmission to cucumber and cowpea. Addition of bentonite to crude inoculum of this virus in cucumber, bean, and cowpea reduced transmission to cucumber, bean, and cowpea. Bentonite decreased transmission to cowpea of cucumber mosaic virus from young cucumber but increased transmission from old cucumber and from sugar beet. Bentonite decreased transmission of ordinary tobacco necrosis virus from cowpea, bean, or cucumber, to cowpea, bean, or cucumber, but increased transmission of the same virus from sugar beet to cowpea, bean, or cucumber. Addition of bentonite to the inoculum was almost necessary for the transmission of a bentonite-selected mutant of tobacco necrosis from one host to another.
Resistance of Wild Birds to Infection by Chlamydia psittaci of Mammalian Origin

Numerous species of birds are natural hosts of C. psittaci and have been implicated as sources of certain strains that cause disease in other vertebrate species, notably those producing psittacosis or ornithosis in humans [1]. Although direct evidence of their involvement in the transmission of chlamydiae to other mammals, especially domesticated ruminants, has not been reported, a careful examination of this possibility is justified [1]. When inoculated parenterally, polyarthritis-producing chlamydiae of ovine origin affected leg joints of turkeys, and abortion-producing chlamydiae of ovine origin was infectious for pigeons and fatal for sparrows [2]. However, several species of small wild birds (three of which were used in the experiments reported here), when inoculated perorally with C. psittaci of turkey origin, seroconverted (36%) and shed the organism (79%) [3]. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether strains of C. psittaci from domesticated ruminants would infect, multiply in, or be shed by these wild birds. The results indicate that these species of birds are not natural hosts or biologic vectors of these strains. However, considering the heterogeneity of Chlamydia species, certain birds may harbor strains that are associated with naturally occurring infections in some animals. The results also are additional evidence of the more restricted host range of mammalian Chlamydia species as compared to that of avian isolates.
Turner's syndrome in the male

Summary 1. Five patients with the symptom complex described as Turner's syndrome in the male are presented. Sixteen additional cases have been collected from the literature. The associated anomalies are summarized. 2. Chromosomal counts in 2 of our patients showed the diploid number of 46 without recognizable abnormalities. This is in accord with other reports. 3. It is suggested that the so-called Turner's syndrome in the male is not a well-defined entity supported by objective chromosomal aberrations. Rather, it may represent several loosely related clinical conditions of unknown etiology. The marked clinical similarity, in some instances, to gonadal dysgenesis may signify that the somatic anomalies in the latter are not clearly attributable to the observed chromosomal defect.
FROM CRITICAL REALISM TO A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: RESPONSE TO ROBBINS, VAN HUYSSTEEN, AND HEFNER

. Critical realism is a problematic philosophical doctrine that unnecessarily complicates attempts to relate theology and science. A more satisfactory approach employs the scientific methodology of Imre Lakatos for the reconstruction of theology along scientific lines. Theological research programs would automatically include auxiliary hypotheses of both theological and scientific origin.
The effects of recency and repetition on recall latencies

Abstract The time that it takes an individual to remember a specific item of verbal information was measured. The data indicate that recall latencies vary both with the interval since the item was initially stored in memory and with the number of times it has been retrieved therefrom, being shortest for items that are very recent of very familiar. The significance of these results for a general description of short-term memory is discussed.
Microgrid provision of blackstart in disaster recovery for power system restoration

Prior system restoration studies have focused on contingency response more than disaster recovery. We develop a stochastic mixed integer linear program to assess the impact of coordinating microgrids (μGs) as a blackstart resource after a natural disaster. Existing research has demonstrated the blackstart capabilities of microgrids operated in islanded mode. We focus on the potential for microgrids to provide blackstart services to the regional grid or RTO. We differentiate micro-grids from traditional blackstart through modeling uncertainties, decoupled real and reactive DC power flows, and generator ramping and capability curves. We use parameters based on actual system operation studies for blackstart capability and optimal scheduling. We conclude that operable microgrids can provide sustainable benefits regardless of the natural disaster occurrence realized.
Electromagnetic field fluctuations and optical nonlinearities in metal-dielectric composites

Abstract A scaling theory of local field fluctuations and optical nonlinearities is developed for random metal-dielectric composites near a percolation threshold. The theory predicts that in the optical and infrared spectral ranges the local fields are very inhomogeneous and consist of sharp peaks representing localized surface plasmons (s.p.). The localization maps the Anderson localization problem described by the random Hamiltonian with both on- and off-diagonal disorder. The local fields exceed the applied field by several orders of magnitudes resulting in giant enhancements of various optical phenomena. A new numerical method based on the developed theory is suggested. This method is employed to calculate the giant field fluctuations and enhancement of various optical processes in 2D metal-dielectric composites – semicontinuous metal films. The local field fluctuations appear to be highly correlated in space. These fluctuations result in dramatically enhanced Rayleigh and Raman light scattering. The scaling analysis is performed to describe the giant light scattering in a vicinity of the percolation threshold. The developed theory describes quantitatively enhancement of various nonlinear optical processes in percolation composites. It is shown that enhancement depends strongly on whether nonlinear multiphoton scattering includes an act of photon subtraction (annihilation). The magnitudes and spectral dependencies of enhancements in optical processes with photon subtraction, such as Raman and hyper-Raman scattering, Kerr refraction and four-wave mixing, are dramatically different from those processes without photon subtraction, such as sum-frequency and high-harmonic generation. Electromagnetic properties of metal-dielectric crystals and composites beyond the quasistatic approximation are also studied. Equations of macroscopic electromagnetism are presented for these systems. Both linear and nonlinear optical responses are considered in the case of a strong skin effect in metal grains. It is shown that the magnetic field undergoes giant spatial fluctuations. Scaling properties of the local magnetic field and its high-order moments are analyzed.
Models and Evidence for Feeding Control of Energy

The value of optimization theory is to provide falsifiable hypotheses and, when appropriate, alternative models of resource regulation. A consideration of alternatives suggests optimal energy regulation through feeding depends on time scale and supplies of energy relativeto demands. Maximization (on-off) control of energy reserves occurs over short intervals involved in consumption, while proportional control occurs over longer intervals (between meals) or as a consequence of trade-offs between energy regulation and nutrient or predation constraints. Maximization of rate of net energy gain occurs most frequently when energy supplies are low relative to demands and when energy and nutrients are not associated. This may be typical for small endothermic nectar feeders, while proportional controls are characteristic of feeding behaviors for many other animals. Controls for regulating energy content must also be affected by external environmental variation which may require use of “rules of thumb” that approximate the maximum rate of return.