cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting data parallelism for efficient execution of logic programs with large knowledge bases

A model is presented which is designed to exploit the data parallelism present in associative computers for the efficient execution of logic programs with very large knowledge bases. A scheme is described for a logical data structure representation incorporating a direct interface between lists and vectors. This interface allows the partial integration of symbolic and numerical computation on existing associative supercomputers. A data parallel goal reduction algorithm which is almost independent of the number of clauses is discussed. This associative goal reduction scheme performs parallel clause pruning and binding of variables with a single occurrence. The associative property of the model effectively reduces the cost of shallow backtracking, deep backtracking, and garbage collection. >
Imaging of strongly scattering targets based on space-bandwidth product gating

The concept of linear diffraction tomography is reviewed. Using low coherence tomography as a model we illustrate the importance of gating mechanisms to expand the range of applications, for which linear inverse scattering methods can be used, into the multiple scattering regime. Based on heuristic arguments space-bandwidth product grating (SBPG) is introduced as a generalization of existing gating methods. For turbid media SBPG can be based on geometrical optics and the corresponding phase space representation. First implications to expand the phase space concept to diffractive structures with high permittivity contrast are discussed. Our theoretical investigation is complemented with imaging results originating form numerical simulations.
Cellular Compartmentalization of Herpesvirus Antigens During Viral Replication

HEp-2 cells infected with herpes simplex virus develop five distinct immunofluorescent elements. Three (small nuclear granules, large nuclear granules, and an amorphous mass filling the nucleus) contain antigens which react with a rabbit serum prepared against boiled infected cell debris. A labeled pool of human antibody revealed antigens making up cytoplasmic granules and those responsible for a diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence. All five immunofluorescent elements are demonstrable with a rabbit serum prepared against unheated infected cell debris. Viral antigens are segregated in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm; within the limits of detection, each antigen accumulates in one compartment only. The antigens responsible for the diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence and for the amorphous nuclear mass are synthesized early in infection; they are formed in arginine-deprived cells and exist in a form which does not sediment on centrifugation at 79,000 x g for 2 hr. The antigens comprising the nuclear and cytoplasmic granules arise relatively late in infection; they are not formed in arginine-deprived cells, and they are readily sedimented on centrifugation at 79,000 x g for 2 hr. Heating (60 C for 2 hr) confers on one or more cytoplasmic viral antigens a new specificity; the altered antigens are demonstrable with labeled rabbit anti-boiled infected cell serum which normally does not combine with cytoplasmic antigens.
Zeaxanthin Accumulation in the Absence of a Functional Xanthophyll Cycle Protects Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from Photooxidative Stress

Xanthophylls participate in light harvesting and are essential in protecting the chloroplast from photooxidative damage. To investigate the roles of xanthophylls in photoprotection, we isolated and characterized extragenic suppressors of the npq1 lor1 double mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which lacks zeaxanthin and lutein and undergoes irreversible photooxidative bleaching and cell death at moderate to high light intensities. Here, we describe three suppressor strains that carry point mutations in the coding sequence of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene, resulting in the constitutive accumulation of zeaxanthin in a range of concentrations. The presence of zeaxanthin in these strains was sufficient to prevent photooxidative damage in the npq1 lor1 background. The size of the light-harvesting antenna in the suppressors decreased in high light in a manner that was proportional to the relative content of zeaxanthin, with the strain having the most zeaxanthin showing a severe reduction in levels of the major light-harvesting complex II proteins in high light. We show that the effect of constitutive zeaxanthin on light harvesting is not the main cause of increased photoprotection, because in the absence of zeaxanthin, a strain with a smaller light-harvesting antenna showed only minor protection against photobleaching in high light. Furthermore, the zeaxanthin-accumulating suppressors were able to tolerate higher levels of exogenous reactive oxygen than their parental strain under conditions that did not affect light harvesting. Our results are consistent with an antioxidant role of zeaxanthin in the quenching of singlet oxygen and/or free radicals in the thylakoid membrane in vivo.
Improving Quality and Addressing the Rising Costs of Cancer Care: Two Birds, One Stone

The authors discuss the current state of Medicare reimbursement policy and outline their recently published model to link improvements in the quality of cancer care to reductions in overall cost.
Translation with Finite-State Devices

Statistical models have recently been applied to machine translation with interesting results. Algorithms for processing these models have not received wide circulation, however. By contrast, general finite-state transduction algorithms have been applied in a variety of tasks. This paper gives a finite-state reconstruction of statistical translation and demonstrates the use of standard tools to compute statistically likely translations. Ours is the first translation algorithm for "fertility/permutation" statistical models to be described in replicable detail.
Rapidly Progressive Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis occurred in a coronary artery saphenous vein bypass graft Serial angiograms are presented documenting subtotal occlusion of this graft which occurred over a nine-month period. Pathologic examination of graft material obtained at surgery demonstrated ulcerating atherosclerotic plaque. The occurrence of early saphenous vein graft atherosclerosis is discussed with particular reference to the possible effects of hyperlipidemia, which was present in this patient.
A meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans for hypertension: the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program.

Abstract Background Four multicenter Networks (GenNet, GENOA, HyperGEN, SAPPHIRe) form the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP), to search for hypertension/blood pressure (BP) genes. The networks used different family designs and targeted multiple ethnic groups, using standardized protocols and definitions. Linkage genome scans were done on samples within each network (N = 6245 relatives). Methods The evidence was synthesized using meta-analysis. Results Combining ethnic groups, no region reached LOD >2, but several small peaks were identified, including chromosome 2p where two other recent reports find hypertension linkage. Conclusions No regions show uniformly large effects on BP/hypertension in all populations.
Modeling Damage to Limestone Exposed to Atmospheric Pollutants

Preservation of building and monument stone exposed to acidic environments relies on the understanding of acidic precipitation deposition processes and damage mechanisms. Presented here is a model which predicts sulfur accumulation in porous limestone subjected to dry deposition of SO2. The model assumes deposition and reaction of SO2 to form a thin gypsum crust on the moist surface of the stone, and subsequent sulfur (as aqueous sulfate) transport and accumulation in the stone interior driven by diurnal wetting and drying of the stone surface. Characterization of the limestone pore structure contributes significantly to the evaluation and interpretation of modeled sulfate transport and accumulation in porous building materials. Predicted sulfur accumulation in the stone interior is dependent on the surface boundary conditions, the stone pore geometry and structure, and the rates and mechanisms of aqueous/solid sulfur partitioning (i.e. adsorption, precipitation and dissolution). Model results are compared to moisture content and sulfur accumulation measured in limestone briquettes exposed to a natural dry deposition environment. The model successfully predicts moisture transport in field-exposed limestone, but overestimates the rate of sulfur accumulation. The model may be improved by quantification of the time dependence of the surface sulfate concentration and better understanding of the sulfate partitioning mechanisms.
Who's your tiger? Using simulation to optimize the lineup of the Detroit Tigers offense

As part of an undergraduate engineering class project, a simulation of the Detroit Tigers offense was created to explore potential changes that would increase number of wins. More specifically, we seek to determine a lineup for an MLB team, the Detroit Tigers, that would maximize their potential runs. To answer our ultimate question of whether a manager actually maximizes runs scores, we compare our results to the Tigers' 2007 performance. We determine that though the Tigers did not use the ideal lineup as determined by our model, the lineup they did utilize was moderately robust, with ours winning 89.6 games versus the actual wins of 88 games. Additionally, we apply our model to a normative analysis of the Tigers ideal lineup for the 2008 season. This ideal lineup only changes the middle of the batting order (acceptable by management) and is predicted to win 99 games in the 2008 season.
Clinical Laboratory Tests: Which, Why, and What Do The Results Mean?

According to Dr. Michael Laposata, the medical specialty that nearly every practicing physician relies on every day, for which training in many medical schools is limited to no more than a scattered few lectures throughout the entire curriculum, is “laboratory medicine.” The importance of understanding the principles for selecting and ordering the most rational laboratory test(s) on a specific patient is heightened in the current age of managed care, medical necessity, and outcome-oriented medicine. The days of a “shotgun approach” to ordering laboratory tests has, of necessity, been replaced by a “rifle” (or targeted) approach based on an understanding of the test’s diagnostic performance and the major “legitimate” reasons for ordering a laboratory test. Such an understanding is critical to good laboratory practice and patient outcomes.
Postfabrication Electrical Trimming of Silicon Micromechanical Resonators via Joule Heating

This paper presents a method to electrically trim the resonance frequency of a silicon bulk acoustic resonator (SiBAR) after its fabrication is completed. The small volume of the microresonator can be Joule heated to a sufficiently high temperature to allow for diffusion of deposited metals from its surface onto its bulk. Such high temperatures also facilitate the formation of silicon-metal bonds which, depending on the metal, are either stronger or weaker compared to the existing silicon-silicon bonds. The former leads to an overall increased stiffness of the resonating element thereby trimming up its resonance frequency, while the latter does the opposite. Both trimming-up and trimming-down by ~400 kHz have been demonstrated at a resonance frequency of 100 MHz (i.e., trimming range of 4000 ppm) using gold and aluminum, respectively. The possibility of increasing the trimming range to ~4 MHz (i.e., 40 000 ppm) by engineering the resonator geometry is also discussed and demonstrated.
Adaptation, aging, and genomic information

Aging is not simply an accumulation of damage or inappropriate higher-order signaling, though it does secondarily involve both of these subsidiary mechanisms. Rather, aging occurs because of the extensive absence of adaptive genomic information required for survival to, and function at, later adult ages, due to the declining forces of natural selection during adult life. This absence of information then secondarily leads to misallocations and damage at every level of biological organization. But the primary problem is a failure of adaptation at later ages. Contemporary proposals concerning means by which human aging can be ended or cured which are based on simple signaling or damage theories will thus reliably fail. Strategies based on reverse-engineering age-extended adaptation using experimental evolution and genomics offer the prospect of systematically greater success.
Network design consideration for distributed control systems

This paper discusses the impact of network architecture on control performance in a class of distributed control systems called networked control systems (NCSs) and provides design considerations related to control quality of performance as well as network quality of service. The integrated network-control system changes the characteristics of time delays between application devices. This study first identifies several key components of the time delay through an analysis of network protocols and control dynamics. The analysis of network and control parameters is used to determine an acceptable working range of sampling periods in an NCS. A network-control simulator and an experimental networked a machine tool have been developed to help validate and demonstrate the performance analysis results and identify the special performance characteristics in an NCS. These performance characteristics are useful guidelines for choosing the network and control parameters when designing an NCS.
A case study on the long-term effects of software redocumentation

This work presents data from a long-term (four year) case study of the effects of incremental software redocumentation of data communications services software that is a part of a check processing system. It presents data on the relative cost and completeness of the incremental redocumentation and its impact on programmer productivity and cost of the software change. The break-even point occurred after 1.5 years of effort, which means that the extra investment in redocumentation started paying off after 1.5 years of redocumentation activity.
Trends in teaching lens design

Lens design is a widely spread field of optical engineering and virtually all optical-devices that are manufactured involve some lens design. Lens design is considered at the University of Arizona as an important discipline and courses are offered at the Master's and Ph.D. levels. Although lens design involves simple geometrical concepts, the grasp by students of this discipline is not easy. It takes time, repetition of concepts, and homework exercises for students to grasp and then master the subject. Therefore, we have carefully chosen our approach to teaching lens design so that students, after two courses are prepared to do useful work at the industry level. In this paper we present our approach to teaching lens design.
Appreciating the Narrative Basis of Workplace Hope Experience

In The Psychology of Hope, Snyder (1994) asked, " What is this thing called hope?" Unfortunately, despite its pervasive expression a simple response remains obscure. Only recently have scholars appreciated hope's potential workplace experience influence. This exploratory narrative inquiry highlights the lived hope experience in a workplace. Seven human resources managers in a retail organization narrated about a workplace experience they found hopeful, and which were particularly influential in their decisions to stay with the organization in the future. Four exemplar narratives are analyzed using hope theory (Snyder et al., 1991). A narrative inquiry approach offers a unique perspective toward making workplace hope visible to scholars and practitioners. The findings indicate workplace hope can be made visible through narrative. In making hope visible, leaders and human resources managers have a potent lever for encouraging workplace vitality and effectiveness.
Electrocatalytic Proton Reduction by a Dicobalt Tetrakis-Schiff Base Macrocycle in Nonaqueous Electrolyte

A series of dicobalt complexes, Co2L2+ and Co2LAc+, where L is a N6O2 coordinating bis(phenolate) tetrakis-Schiff base ligand, have been synthesized and characterized via electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. [Co2LAc](ClO4) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, and the structure reveals a highly distorted octahedral geometry for the CoII ions, which are bridged by an acetate with a Co–Co distance of 3.2 A. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of Co2L2+ and Co2LAc+ in anhydrous acetonitrile reveals large anodic/cathodic peak splitting for the CoII/III redox transitions and a multielectron wave for the CoII/I reductions. The CVs for Co2L2+ and Co2LAc+ were also compared to those of Zn2LAc+ and H4L2+ to identify the ligand-center oxidations and reductions. Addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or acetic acid (AcOH) to the electrolyte solutions of Co2L2+ results in an irreversible reduction wave that is consistent with electrocatalytic H+ reduction. The catalytic rate law shows a first order dependenc...
Ostrowski Type Inequalities for Semigroups

Here we present Ostrowski type inequalities on Semigroups for various norms. We apply our results to the classical diffusion equation and its solution, the Gauss-Weierstrass singular integral. It follows [3].
Why Low-Income Housing Tax Credits are Flowing to Gentrifying Neighborhoods

The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is the federal government’s primary means of encouraging private investment in rental housing that is affordable to low income households. This study uses Philadelphia as a case study to examine whether LIHTC-funded developments are more likely to be constructed in gentrifying neighborhoods. This study finds that LIHTC-funded developments are more likely to be built in gentrifying neighborhoods because developers have strong market incentives to, and may be more likely to receive LIHTCs if they, target gentrifying neighborhoods. While constructing LIHTC-funded developments in gentrifying neighborhoods may more meaningfully impact their tenants, building these developments in poor, non-gentrifying neighborhoods seems to be a more efficient use of government resources.
Strategies for Evaluating the Molecular Structure of Membrane Transport Systems

The strategies that have been successfully employed to identify and characterize the brush border Na+/glucose cotransporter are summarized. These include the use of photoaffinity and covalent reagents, expression cloning, polyclonal antibodies to defined domains of the predicted sequence, and cDNA probes. The successful application of these strategies to renal membrane proteins will significantly advance the study of transporters for organic molecules.
Self-Administered Mind-Body Practices for Reducing Health Disparities: An Interprofessional Opinion and Call to Action

Health disparities (HD) continue to persist in the United States which underscores the importance of using low-cost, accessible, evidence-based strategies that can improve health outcomes, especially for chronic conditions that are prevalent among underserved minority populations. Complementary/integrative health modalities, particularly self-administered mind-body practices (MBP), can be extremely useful in reducing HD because they are intrinsically patient-centered and they empower patients to actively engage in self-care of health and self-management of symptoms. Interprofessional healthcare providers and patients can engage in powerful partnerships that encompass self-administered MBP to improve health. This is a call to action for interprofessional researchers to engage in high-quality research regarding efficacy and cost-effectiveness of self-administered MBP, for practitioners to engage patients in self-administered MBP for health promotion, disease prevention, and symptom management, and for healthcare institutions to integrate self-administered MBP into conventional health practices to reduce HD in their communities.
A study on compression-based sequential prediction methods for occupancy prediction in smart homes

This paper studies the occupancy and movement prediction of residents in the smart home based on a compression-based sequential prediction approach and discusses home automation applications that can benefit from such predictions. The prediction approach studied here is based on the Active LeZi algorithm, which is a compression-based approach that uses an order-k Markov model. The effects of the order of the memory in the Markov model on the prediction accuracy have been investigated and it has been suggested that limiting the memory of the Markov chain model in the Active LeZi algorithm can improve the performance of the prediction. Moreover, the effects of the interrupted patterns and the temporal information of the patterns have been added to this prediction model. A small-scale smart home testbed using motion detector sensors and a central microcontroller based on Arduino technology along with synthesized data have been used to study the performance of the prediction models.
Vertical line array measurements of ambient noise in the North Pacific

Shipping noise and wind are the dominant sources of ocean noise in the frequency band between 20 and 500 Hz. This paper analyzes noise in that band using data from the SPICEX experiment, which took place in the North Pacific in 2004–2005, and compares the results with other North Pacific experiments. SPICEX included vertical arrays with sensors above and below the surface conjugate depth, facilitating an analysis of the depth dependence of ambient noise. The paper includes several key results. First, the 2004–05 noise levels at 50 Hz measured in SPICEX had not increased relative to levels measured by Morris [(1978). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 581–590] at a nearby North Pacific site three decades earlier, but rather were comparable to those levels. Second, at 50 Hz the noise below the conjugate depth decreases at a rate of −9.9 dB/km, which is similar to the rate measured by Morris and much less than the rate measured by Gaul, Knobles, Shooter, and Wittenborn [(2007). IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 32, 497–512] for the ...
Anesthesia Residents Preferentially Request Operating Room Case Assignments with Complex Cases

Self-directed learning is associated with knowledge and performance improvements, increased identification and amelioration of knowledge gaps, and heightened critical appraisal of available evidence. We developed and implemented a decision support system that could support self-directed learning for anesthesia residents by soliciting resident input in case selection. We hypothesized that residents would utilize this system to request complex cases, and that more advanced residents would request more complex cases. Prospective, observational study involving 101 anesthesiology residents. We used a web-based interface, RHINOS [Residents Helping in Navigating Operating Room (OR) Scheduling], which allowed residents to share their rank-ordered preferences for OR assignment. Number of cases per OR, anesthesia base units, time units, and proportion of inpatient cases were used as proxies for case complexity. Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model. Residents requested rooms with fewer cases [F(3,22,350) = 194.0; p < 0.001], more base units [F(3,19,158) = 291.4; p < 0.001], more time units [F(3,19,744) = 186.4; p < 0.001], and a greater proportion of cases requiring inpatient preoperative evaluation [F(3,51,929) = 11.3; p < 0.001]. In most cases, these differences were greater for more advanced residents. As hypothesized, residents requested ORs with higher case complexity, and these cases more often required inpatient preoperative evaluation. More advanced residents exhibited a stronger preference for more educational cases than junior residents.
Lifecycle modeling and assessment of unmanned aerial vehicles (Drones) CO2e emissions

Abstract There are no studies that model the potential effectiveness of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones to reduce CO 2 e lifecycle (including both utilization and vehicle phase) emissions when compared to conventional diesel vans, electric trucks, electric vans, and tricycles. This study presents a novel analysis of lifecycle UAV and ground commercial vehicles CO 2 e emissions. Different route and customer configurations are modeled analytically. Utilizing real-word data, tradeoffs and comparative advantages of UAVs are discussed. Breakeven points for operational emissions are obtained and the results clearly indicate that UAVs are more CO 2 e efficient, for small payloads, than conventional diesel vans in a per-distance basis. Drastically different results are obtained when customers can be grouped in a delivery route. UAV deliveries are not more CO 2 e efficient than tricycle or electric van delivery services if a few customers can be grouped in a route. Vehicle phase CO 2 e emissions for UAVs are significant and must be taken into account. Ground vehicles are more efficient when comparing vehicles production and disposal emissions per delivery.
Conversation with a pioneer: Leonard Kleinrock on the early days of networking, the ARPANET…and winning in Las Vegas

In December of 2010, I visited Professor Leonard Kleinrock in his office at UCLA. It was not the first time I had done so. I had already completed a round of interviews in 2004 with several ARPANET...
Health Assessment of Allen Cays Rock Iguana, Cyclura cychlura inornata

ABSTRACT The Allen Cays rock iguana, Cyclura cychlura inornata, though endangered, has stable and natural populations in the Allen Cays, in the Exuma Islands of the northern Bahamas. Thirty-seven animals (20 male and 17 female) were sampled during a long-term mark and recapture study in May 2004. Complete blood counts were performed on 18 animals and plasma biochemical analyses were performed on all 37 animals. Results of hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses for all animals showed that male Cyclura cychlura inornata had significantly lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase than female Cyclura cychlura inornata. Fecal parasite screens were completed on six animals and fecal cultures were performed on 17 animals. Oxyurid sp. were found in four of six fecal samples, and multiple bacteria, including Salmonella spp., were isolated from cloacal cultures.
Synchronous endometrial adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma in endometrial polyp.

Introduction Carcinosarcoma is a rare gynecological malignancy and it usually follows an aggressive clinical course. Rarely, it can be confined to an endometrial polyp or be synchronous with another gynecological malignancy. Herein, we report a rare case of synchronous carcinosarcoma confined to an endometrial polyp and endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma arising from a distinct uterine wall site. Case presentation A 57-year-old female patient presented with heavy vaginal bleeding. She underwent hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma that was diagnosed preoperatively through dilation and curettage. Full histopathological examination of the uterine specimen revealed carcinosarcoma confined to a 4 cm endometrial polyp in addition to a stage IA endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma which arose from a distinct uterine wall. Conclusion Having an endometrioid endometrial cancer diagnosis preoperatively through dilation and curettage and at examination of the frozen section specimen following surgical resection should not preclude the standard full histopathological examination of the uterine specimen, since this could reveal an additional uterine malignancy, such as carcinosarcoma. Such a finding would alter the post-operative management, prognosis, and outcome even if it is confined to an endometrial polyp.
Finding the time: Exploring a new perspective on students' perceptions of cosmological time and efforts to improve temporal frameworks in astronomy

Past research on students' understanding of cosmological time informs a proposed research and instructional agenda.
Introduction: Gay and Lesbian Elders: History, Law, and Identity Politics in the United States

The approximately two million gay and lesbian elders in the United States are an underserved and understudied population. At a time when gay men and lesbians enjoy an unprecedented degree of social acceptance and legal protection, many elders face the daily challenges of aging isolated from family, detached from the larger gay and lesbian community, and ignored by mainstream aging initiatives. Drawing on materials from law, history, and social theory, this book integrates practical proposals for reform with larger issues of sexuality and identity. Beginning with a summary of existing demographic data and offering a historical overview of pre-Stonewall views of homosexuality, author Nancy J. Knauer goes on to address the invisibility of this community. She examines the multiple double binds central to their identity formation, including ageism among gays and lesbians and homophobia among seniors. Further, the book focuses on specific legal concerns such as estate planning, housing, discrimination, and financial insecurity, and how they impact this community uniquely. Integrating theory with practical questions of policy, and advancing a new understanding of the construction of sexuality and identity, this book advocates meaningful new reforms designed to ensure equity and dignity in aging regardless of sexual orientation.
Your PET Studies Demonstrate Major Differences Between REM Sleep and Waking. How Do You Conceive of These Differences in Relation to Theories of Waking and Dreaming Consciousness

Allan Hobson presents a clear and compelling introduction to a new theory of protoconsciousness – a distillation and extension of his earlier, seminal body of work. He takes a tripartite Jamesian approach, considering dream consciousness from psychological, physiological and philosophical perspectives.
Cellular nitrogen oxide production: Its role in endogeneous mutation and carcinogenesis

Cancer incidence increases as a function of the fourth power of age in both animals and humans. Evidence for the involvement of endogenously generated free radicals in cancer etiology is reviewed with emphasis on the potential role of nitrogen oxides in the carcinogenic process. Nitric oxide is produced physiologically as a biological messenger, and often, in larger quantities as a result of inflammation and infection. Nitric oxide and/or its oxidation products have been shown to be potent cellular mutagens and cytotoxic agents which may over time cause accumulated damage to normal cells. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis prevent carcinogenesis as well as other aging-related diseases in different model systems. While other cellular oxidants, such as superoxide and hydroxyl radical, may also play a significant role in the pathology of aging, the study of nitric oxide provides a unique means of demonstrating the role of endogenous mutation in carcinogenesis because of its regulated biological synthesis.
High-order radiation boundary conditions for time-domain electromagnetics using an unstructured discontinuous Galerkin method

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results demonstrating the performance of a high-order radiation boundary condition for Maxwell's equations in the context of a high-order discontinuous Galerkin scheme on unstructured grids. It shows that the boundary condition is able to match the high accuracy of the volume scheme. A test case to determine the radiation boundary condition's accuracy as a function of element size (h), local polynomial order (p), and number of additional auxiliary terms (m) is considered. The sequence of boundary conditions are designed to allow the same type of discontinuous Galerkin schemes to be used to solve the volume and boundary equations.
Production of Ξ 0 and Ξ̄ 0 hyperons by 400-GeV protons

Inclusive production cross sections have been measured for the processes p-italic+A-italic..--> gamma../sup 0/+X (A-italic = Be, Cu, Pb) and for p-italic+Be..-->..Xi-bar/sup 0/+X. Data were taken at angles of 0, 2, 3.5, 7.3, and 9.8 mrad between the incident 400-GeV proton beam and the outgoing hyperon beam. Production cross sections for ..lambda.. and Lambda-bar production were measured at the same time. The A-italic dependence of the ..gamma../sup 0/ cross sections is discussed, along with interpretations in terms of various models.
Faster Computation of Genome Mappability with one Mismatch

The genome mappability problem refers to cataloging repetitive occurrences of every substring of length m in a genome, and its k-mappability variant extends this to approximate repeats by allowing up to k mismatches. This problem is formulated as follows: Given a sequence S[1, n] of length n over the constant DNA alphabet Σ = {A, C, G, T}, and two integers k and m ≤ n, output an integer array F k , such that: F k [i] = |{j ≠ i|d H (S[i, i + m − 1], S[j, j + m − 1]) ≤ k}| where d H (•,•) represents the hamming distance. Derrien et al. [PLoS one 2012] represented this problem within the framework of genome analysis. In this work we present a provably efficient algorithm for 1-mappability with O(n log n) worst case run time and O(n) spece. The fundamental technique is the heavy path decomposition on the suffix tree (ST) of S, and the entire work is based on the framework by Thankachan et al. [RECOMB 2018]. The previous best known run time is O(n log n log log n) [Alzamel et al., COCOA 2017].
Corrigendum: Elevated Gut Microbiome-Derived Propionate Levels Are Associated With Reduced Sterile Lung Inflammation and Bacterial Immunity in Mice.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are important dietary and microbiome metabolites that can have roles in gut immunity as well as further afield. We previously observed that gut microbiome alteration via antibiotics led to attenuated lung inflammatory responses. The rationale for this study was to identify gut microbiome factors that regulate lung immune homeostasis. We first investigated key factors within mouse colonic lumen filtrates (CLF) which could elicit direct inflammatory effects in vitro. We identified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SCFAs as key CLF ingredients whose levels and inflammatory capacity changed after antibiotic exposure in mice. Specifically, the SCFA propionate appeared to be a key regulator of LPS responses in vitro. Elevated propionate: acetate ratios, as seen in CLF after antibiotic exposure, strongly blunted inflammatory responses in vitro. In vivo, exposure of lungs to high dose propionate, to mimic how prior antibiotic exposure changed SCFA levels, resulted in diminished immune containment of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Finally, we discovered an enrichment of propionate-producing gut bacteria in mice with reduced lung inflammation following lung ischemia reperfusion injury in vivo. Overall, our data show that propionate levels can distinctly modulate lung immune responses in vitro and in vivo and that gut microbiome increased production of propionate is associated with reduced lung inflammation.
Functional Performance of Firefighters After Exposure to Environmental Conditions and Exercise.

Context Slips, trips, and falls are leading causes of musculoskeletal injuries in firefighters. Researchers have hypothesized that heat stress is the major contributing factor to these fireground i...
Plantation development and colonization of woody species in response to post-mining spoil preparation methods

Rising mineral and fossil fuel demand have accelerated the global prevalence of surface mining, resulting in adverse impacts to many forest ecosystems. Post-mining reclamation techniques, specifically spoil preparation methods, can influence reforestation success and the trajectory of future stand dynamics. Compaction is a common post-mining spoil stabilization technique but consequently creates high-density rooting media unconducive to forest succession. In the eastern USA, mine operators have traditionally attempted mine reforestation in compacted soils, achieving little success. In 1996–1997, a series of reforestation plots were created on a reclaimed surface mine in eastern Kentucky, USA, to evaluate the impacts of post-mining spoil preparation on plantation development of six native tree species. We conducted follow-up inventories 19 years after planting to elucidate the effect of three spoil preparation methods on tree growth, stand structure, and natural regeneration during the initial period of the stem exclusion stage of stand development. Low compaction reclamation techniques prior to tree planting generally resulted in higher survival and larger trees of all species nearly two decades after establishment when compared with compacted spoil. Natural recruitment and relative percentage of native colonizing species were also inversely correlated with level of grading treatment. Height and biomass growth of plantations in low-compaction treatments approximated those of naturally regenerating stands in unmined forests during similar periods. Study findings indicate that choice of spoil preparation technique during initial stages of reclamation guides forest dynamics up to two decades after planting and that loose-dump and strike-off treatments each promote favorable long-term growth trajectories.
Pathogenetic mechanisms in nephrotoxic acute renal failure

Despite marked variations in the chemical nature of nephrotoxic agents, most probably trigger lethal tubular injury via activation of a limited number of pathogenetic pathways. Elucidation of these pathways has been an area of intense investigation, with the hope that the knowledge obtained might lead to new interventions for preventing acute renal failure. The roles of altered cellular energetics, oxidant stress, cellular calcium overload, and deranged phospholipid homeostasis have undergone intense scrutiny. Recently, the participation of cytoskeletal rearrangements and apoptosis have been increasingly assessed. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of this broad and evolving area of investigation.
Intentionalism and bald-faced lies

In Lying and Insincerity, Andreas Stokke argues that bald-faced lies are genuine lies, and that lies are always assertions. Since bald-faced lies seem not to be aimed at convincing addressees of th...
Nerve Transfers to the Facial Nerve

Nerve transfers to the facial nerve are utilized in acute and subacute facial paralysis patients with intact facial mimetic musculature where the proximal facial nerve cannot be directly repaired. Denervation time of the facial mimetic musculature should generally not have exceeded 18 months. Several non-facial donor nerves can be used, but currently the masseteric nerve is the preferred donor nerve because rapid reinnervation from the masseteric to facial nerve transfer salvages the facial mimetic musculature and provides voluntary motions with negligible donor-site morbidity. However, nerve transfers using non-facial donor nerves cannot be relied upon to consistently reestablish tone, spontaneity, or synchrony. Therefore, cross-facial nerve grafts as an adjunct to masseteric to facial nerve transfer is often used to theoretically optimize the chance of improved tone, and perhaps even synchroneity, although no strong data currently exists to support this.
“We ‘said her name’ and got zucked”: Black Women Calling-out the Carceral Logics of Digital Platforms:

Scholars have grown concerned around the increasing carceral logics embedded in social media practices. In this essay, we explore the process of getting “zucked” as a trend within digital platforms...
Conceptualizing ethnicity, justice, and resistance during organizational change

This paper builds on work demonstrating that resistance to change is better conceptualized as resistance to loss and that change or loss has too many different manifestations to be addressed as a single phenomenon (Dent & Goldberg, 1999a; 1999b). Consequently, we explore the loss of justice, perceived through the lens of ethnicity, as a factor in organizational change. Key variables are analyzed within three workplace constructs: change, ethnic culture, and justice, to explore the many dimensions of organizational resistance. It is argued that organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) serves as a useful proxy for resistance - reduced levels of OCB equate to increased resistance. The dimensions of American minorities are conceptualized and explored to challenge theories of workplace resistance. Lastly, to explore the complexity of organizational injustice, interpretations of non-instrumental procedural justice is viewed separately from distributive and interactional (anticipatory) justice. By addressing organizational injustice as one factor in reduced acceptance of change, the study opens the door for a new line of research into the many psychosocial factors that account for performance differences during the organizational change process.
On the Specification of Propensity Scores: with an Application to the WTO-Environment Debate

The use of propensity score methods for program evaluation with non-experimental data typically requires the propensity score be estimated, often with a model whose specification is unknown. While theoretical results suggest that estimators utilizing more flexible propensity score specifications perform better, this has not filtered into applied research. Here, we provide Monte Carlo evidence indicating the benefits of over-specifying the propensity score when using weighting estimators, as well as using normalized weights. We illustrate these results with an application assessing the environmental effects of GATT/WTO membership. We find that membership has a mixed impact, and that under-fitting the propensity score yields misleading inference in several cases.
Três conceitos de história atlântica

The present essay is part of a collection of works which selected key themes related to the British Atlantic history and its development throughout three centuries. David Armitage defines a general framework for Atlantic history as a historical field, its possible temporal frames and the development of investigations using the Atlantic approach. Armitage pusher further and proposes three different spatial and temporal concepts: Cis-Atlantic history, Circum-Atlantic history and Trans-Atlantic history. It is, therefore, an essential work for the understanding of American colonial history, as it allows the investigator to broadly perceive the fluidity and movement of people, goods and ideas in the modern world. Keywords: Atlantic history, colonial history, investigation field.
Enzymatic Kinetic Rate and End-Point Analyses of Substrate, by Use of a GeMSAEC Fast Analyzer

Enzymatic substrate analysis is an attractive means of analysis in clinical chemistry because of its sensitivity and specificity. The GeMSAEC Fast Analyzer, in conjunction with a small computer, provides a means of performing routine enzymatic substrate analysis and offers the following advantages: ( a ) selectivity of approaches to enzymatic analysis, i.e., end-point or kinetic; ( b ) essentially parallel analyses of multiple samples, yielding a unique method for performing kinetic fixed-time analysis; ( c ) on-line data reduction, resulting in rapid calculation and output of results and the minimization of data handling errors; and ( d ) a small reagent volume per test (400 µl), which reduces the cost of analysis. The analysis of substrate with enzymatic end-point and kinetic procedures is examined by use of a computer-interfaced Fast Analyzer. Computer programs were written to facilitate this study. Glucose (hexokinase/GPD), urea (urease/GMD), and uric acid (uricase) have been used as examples in evaluating both end-point and kinetic analyses. The advantages and limitations of each type of analysis are presented, with the emphasis being placed on enzymatic substrate analysis and means by which the computer-interfaced Fast Analyzer can facilitate both end-point and kinetic analyses.
The interface resistance between a cadmium plated connector and an Alodined aluminum bracket

Many commercial applications require the bolting of a cadmium-plated connector to an Alodined aluminum bracket. The resistance of the interface between these two surfaces can become important because the shell of the connector and the Alodined aluminum bracket may be part of a ground path. In some cases, this interface resistance was low and stable. In other cases this interface was low, but almost immediately began to increase. The cause and extent of the increase in resistance is not well understood. The purpose of this research project was to understand why some interface resistance values were low and stable, while others were not stable. Material studies were conducted on the contact area. An automated contact resistance probe was used to determine the surface resistance of each surface. A statistical test of various connectors that were mounted to the aluminum bracket was conducted, The material studies revealed that the main area of contact, between the connector and bracket, was in a zone around the mounting holes. The conclusion from the contact resistance probe data was that the major cause of the interface resistance problem came from the Alodined surface. The statistical experimentation revealed that metallic particles could be added to the interface and could create a low and stable resistance through the connector and bracket interface.
Use of Dispersion Imaging for Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing of Multilayer Langmuir–Blodgett Films

We report grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance measurements involving the use of dispersion images to interpret the optical response of a metal-coated grating. Optical transmission through a grating coated with a thin, gold film exhibits features characteristic of the excitation of surface plasmon resonance due to coupling with the nanostructured grating surface. Evidence of numerous surface plasmon modes associated with coupling at both front (gold/air) and back (gold/substrate) grating interfaces is observed. The influence of wavelength and angle of incidence on plasmon coupling can be readily characterized via dispersion images, and the associated image features can be indexed to matching conditions associated with several diffracted orders at both the front and back of the grating. These features collapse onto a set of global dispersion curves when plotted as peak energy versus the grating wavevector, with feature locations clustered according to the refractive index values of the neighboring dielectric material, either air or polycarbonate. Coating of the grating with multilayer arachidic acid films via Langmuir-Blodgett deposition results in red-shifting of some, but not all, of the plasmon features. The magnitude of the shift is a function of the film thickness, wavelength, and angle of incidence. Dispersion images clearly depict the red-shifting and also broadening of the front side features with increasing film thickness. In contrast, little change is observed in features associated with the back-side of the grating. The nature and magnitude of the interaction between the plasmon modes appearing at the front and back sides of the grating are discussed and analyzed in terms of the predicted interactions determined via optical modeling calculations.