cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Categorizing Mobile Device Malware Based on System Side-Effects

Malware targeting mobile devices is an ever increasing threat. The most insidious type of malware resides entirely in volatile memory and does not leave a trail of persistent artifacts. Such malware requires novel detection and capture methods in order to be reliably identified, analyzed and mitigated. This chapter proposes malware categorization and detection techniques based on measurable system side-effects observed in an exploited mobile device. Using the Stagefright family of exploits as a case study, common system side-effects produced as a result of attempted exploitation are identified. These system side-effects are leveraged to trigger volatile memory (i.e., RAM) collection by memory acquisition tools (e.g., LiME) to enable analysis of the malware.
Real-World Freeway and Ramp Activity and Emissions for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

There are few data on differences in real-world emissions by in-use vehicles when they operate on freeway ramps compared with operations on the freeway itself. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in link-based emissions rates for on-ramps and off-ramps in comparison to rates on freeways. Real-world measurements were made with the use of a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) for selected vehicles, ramps, and freeway segments. The methodology included development of a study design for field data collection of vehicle activity and emissions, execution of the study design, quality assurance of the raw data, and analysis of the quality-assured data. Four light-duty gasoline vehicles were driven on two routes, each composed of on-ramp, freeway, and off-ramp links. Data were collected for morning peak, evening peak, and off-peak time periods. A PEMS test was used to measure exhaust emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). The emissions rat...
Deactivating the Mousetrap: Entrapment by Estoppel as a Defense to Federal Felon-in-Possession Charge

The federal felon-in-possession statute (FOPA) makes it unlawful for felons to possess firearms; however, it does not apply to felons whose rights have been restored, so long as the restoration does not expressly provide that the felon may not possess firearms. Many states send certificates of restoration to felons, and many of these certificates are silent on whether the felon can carry a firearm. The Fourth, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits look beyond these silent certificates and find an express provision against firearms in state statutes that makes firearm possession unlawful for felons. Thus, in these circuits, a felon who receives a restoration certificate that is silent on the issue of firearms will not fall within the FOPA restoration exception, and thus can be charged as a felon-in-possession. This Note argues that felons in these circuits should bring an entrapment by estoppel defense. Entrapment by estoppel is grounded in due process, and it applies where a government official makes an affirmative representation that conduct is legal, and the defendant reasonably relies on the representation. This Note argues that the silent certificate restoring rights is tantamount to an affirmative representation that firearm possession is lawful. The dominant view in entrapment by estoppel doctrine has been that only the government which made the representation can be estopped; thus, the traditional approach would hold that the federal government cannot be estopped from prosecuting under FOPA where the state makes the representation by sending the certificate. This Note argues that this approach is illogical in the context of FOPA.Recognizing that entrapment by estoppel should apply in problematic circuits that convict felons on the basis of state laws that contradict the certificates will vindicate the due process rights of felons. The overwhelming number of defendants in these circuits have not made the argument that the silent certificate on its own constitutes entrapment by estoppel, and this Note provides them with a crucial tool to effectuate their due process concerns in problematic circuits that look beyond the certificate.
From vision to action after the Second World Water Forum

The World Commission for Water in the 21st Century set out the vision of a ‘water secure world’ and suggested a comprehensive set of measures to achieve this aim. Criticism of the role of water pricing in these measures underestimates the strength of its case in environmental, financial, economic, social, political and ethical terms. The Framework For Action has been devised as a guide for local action, but the proposal for a Water Innovation Fund may have particular impact.
Managing Edema and Intracranial Pressure in the Intensive Care Unit

Despite several decades of intensive research efforts in the laboratory and the clinic, treatment for traumatic brain injury remains supportive and directed towards controlling intracranial pressure (ICP). First-line therapies for ICP control include positioning to promote jugular venous drainage, sedation and muscle relaxation, modest hyperventilation, and hyperosmolar therapy. Second-line therapies include barbiturate coma, systemic hypothermia, and decompressive craniectomy. Although all of these therapies can be used to treat intracranial hypertension, none have been shown to improve outcome in patients with TBI. This chapter reviews the current therapies used for ICP control with an emphasis on children with TBI.
Casting a Long Shadow? Cross-border Spillovers of Shadow Economy across American States:

This article examines the determinants of the shadow economy across American states, with emphasis on cross-border spillover effects. Results show positive spillovers of shadow activities across st...
Measles vaccination coverage, determinants of delayed vaccination and reasons for non-vaccination among children aged 24–35 months in Zhejiang province, China

This study was aimed to assess the coverage of two doses of measles vaccine and identify the determinants of the delayed vaccination. A cluster survey among 1386 children aged 24–35 months was conducted. Characteristics on demographic and socio-economic and vaccination records was collected. The overall coverage was defined as the proportion of children receiving the first dose of measles vaccination and the second dose of measles vaccination by 24 months of age. The age-appropriate coverage was defined as the proportion of children receiving the measles vaccine doses within one month after its relevant due date. Timeliness was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression was adopted to identify determinants of the delayed vaccination. The overall coverage was 96.9% for the first dose of measles vaccine and 93.9% for the second dose of measles vaccine. The age-appropriate coverage of the first and the second dose of measles vaccine was 76.6 and 68.2%, respectively. Household having more than one child, non-local children were associated with the delayed vaccination for the first and the second dose of measles vaccine. Children delivered at home, younger mothers, low maternal education background, mothers with a fixed job, and low household income were associated with the delayed vaccination for the second dose of measles vaccine. The coverage of measles vaccine had been improved for both the first and the second dose, while the timeliness still needed improvement. We suggested the policy-makers pay more attention to the reasons for non-vaccination and determinants of delayed vaccination when planning efforts to ensure the high age-appropriate coverage of measles vaccination.
Deep learning improves mobile-phone microscopy (Conference Presentation)

Mobile-phone based microscopy often uses 3D-printed opto-mechanical designs and inexpensive optical components that are not optimized for microscopic imaging of specimen. For example, the illumination source is often a battery-powered LED, which can create spectral distortions in the acquired image. Mechanical misalignments of the optical components and the sample holder as well as inexpensive lenses lead to spatial distortions at the microscale. Furthermore, mobile-phones are equipped with CMOS image sensors with a pixel size of ~1-2 µm, which results in an inferior signal-to-noise ratio compared to benchtop microscopes, which are typically equipped with much larger pixels, e.g., ~5-10 µm. Here, we demonstrate a supervised learning framework, based on a deep convolutional neural network for substantial enhancement of a smartphone microscope image, by eliminating spectral aberrations, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and improving the spatial resolution of the acquired images. Once trained, the deep neural network is fixed, and it rapidly outputs an image, matching the quality of a benchtop microscope image, in a feed-forward, non-iterative manner, without the need for any modeling of the aberrations in the mobile imaging system. This framework is demonstrated using pathology slides of thin tissues sections and blood smears, validating its superior performance even using highly-compressed images, suitable especially for telemedicine applications with restricted bandwidth and storage requirements. This deep learning-powered approach can be broadly applicable to various mobile microscopy systems that can be used for point-of-care medicine and global health related applications.
Correction: Seasonal variation in aerosol composition and concentration upon transport from the outdoor to indoor environment.

Correction for ‘Seasonal variation in aerosol composition and concentration upon transport from the outdoor to indoor environment’ by Anita M. Avery et al., Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2019, 21, 528–547.
Security Labs for Software Defined Networks in CloudLab

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been changing inflexible networks in software-based programmable networks for more flexibility, scalability, and visibility into networking. At the same time, it brings many new security challenges, but there are very few educational materials for students in learning about SDN security. In this workshop, we present our newly designed SDN security education materials, which can be used to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-quality cybersecurity professionals with expertise in SDN security. For effective hands-on learning, the security labs are designed in CloudLab, a free open cloud platform supported by NSF. Participants receive handouts describing security problems, lab instructions, techniques to use CloudLab, and worksheets for QA practice in simulating three networking attacks in SDN on CloudLab; and discussion and critique in small groups for new SDN security labs.
OpenMDAO: an open-source framework for multidisciplinary design, analysis, and optimization

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is concerned with solving design problems involving coupled numerical models of complex engineering systems. While various MDO software frameworks exist, none of them take full advantage of state-of-the-art algorithms to solve coupled models efficiently. Furthermore, there is a need to facilitate the computation of the derivatives of these coupled models for use with gradient-based optimization algorithms to enable design with respect to large numbers of variables. In this paper, we present the theory and architecture of OpenMDAO, an open-source MDO framework that uses Newton-type algorithms to solve coupled systems and exploits problem structure through new hierarchical strategies to achieve high computational efficiency. OpenMDAO also provides a framework for computing coupled derivatives efficiently and in a way that exploits problem sparsity. We demonstrate the framework’s efficiency by benchmarking scalable test problems. We also summarize a number of OpenMDAO applications previously reported in the literature, which include trajectory optimization, wing design, and structural topology optimization, demonstrating that the framework is effective in both coupling existing models and developing new multidisciplinary models from the ground up. Given the potential of the OpenMDAO framework, we expect the number of users and developers to continue growing, enabling even more diverse applications in engineering analysis and design.
Near-Relativistic Electron Beam Production Using a Pyroelectric Crystal Array

Laser-powered acceleration structures such as dielectric laser accelerators (DLAs) require injection of a sub-micron-scale electron bunch to achieve high-quality, monoenergetic output beams. Field emission from an array of nanotips, followed by further acceleration and focusing, is a promising approach to achieving the requisite small beam sizes and near-relativistic energies for successful injection; however, conventional high-voltage sources are not easily integrated into dielectric structures. We have demonstrated that the strong electrostatic fields produced by pyroelectric crystals during heating and cooling can be used for field emission and pre-acceleration. We present a design, and proof-of-principle experimental results, for a low-energy injection module based on emission from nanotips within a hollow channel along the axis of a lithium niobate crystal. This mechanism is stageable and is predicted to deliver energies of several hundred keV in a few centimeters, suitable e.g. for DLA injection as well as potentially useful for industrial or medical applications.
A Critical Review of the U.S. Literature on Race and Adult Education--Implications for Widening Access.

A commonly stated goal for adult education is its aspiration to create equality of opportunity but often the opposite occurs. The historical treatment of race within adult education in the U.S and ...
Traumatic right common femoral artery occlusion caused by blunt bicycle handlebar injury: a case report

Traumatic femoral artery occlusion caused by blunt impact to the groin is rare; this condition is called the “motor-scooter handlebar syndrome.” We herein report a case of traumatic femoral artery occlusion and performed a literature review on its diagnosis and treatment. An 18-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of pain and swelling in his right groin and numbness in his right leg after a bicycle collision accident. Contrast computed tomography revealed an occlusion extending from the right external iliac artery to the common femoral artery. The right ankle–brachial index (ABI) was 0.50. We performed thrombectomy and femoral artery repair with a saphenous vein patch. The postoperative course was good, and the right ABI improved to 1.05. Motor-scooter handlebar syndrome is a rare complication of traumatic injury. The presence of vascular injury should be considered in patients with groin or lower abdomen injuries following an impact with handlebars or similar hard objects. This injury often needs surgical treatment; therefore, prompt diagnosis is the key to successful treatment.
Change in Functional Status After Prostate Cancer Treatment Among Medicare Advantage Beneficiaries.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between treatment and subsequent functional status among prostate cancer patients. Methods Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey data, we identified men 65 years or older diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1998 and 2009 (follow-up through 2010) who were treated with conservative management, surgery, or radiation. Our primary outcome was functional status as measured by activities of daily living. Secondary outcomes included physical component summary and mental component summary scores, which are both calculated from the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Veterans RAND 12-item health survey (VR-12) questionnaires. We included patients who completed 2 surveys and performed propensity score analyses to match patients 1:5 with noncancer controls. We used generalized linear mixed effects models, accounting for clustering due to insurance plan. Results We identified 408 patients of whom 143 (35%) underwent conservative management, 59 (14%) underwent surgery, and 206 (51%) underwent radiation. Among conservative management and radiation patients, changes in functional status mirrored that of their noncancer controls (all P > .05). Among surgery patients, changes in activities of daily living scores were not significant, but physical component summary (mean difference = 4.5, P Conclusion Surgery patients had a slight decline in their general functional status whereas conservative management and radiation patients had no differences in functional status compared with their noncancer peers. Although the functional status of surgery patients declined more than that of their noncancer peers, this difference may not be clinically significant.
A comparison of postprocedural anticoagulation in high‐risk patients undergoing WATCHMAN device implantation

Background Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is an alternative to long-term anticoagulation for thromboembolic protection in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and high bleeding risk. Short-term Warfarin use following LAAC is well-studied, while data pertaining to novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) use in this setting is less robust. Specifically, data regarding the safety and efficacy of postprocedural NOAC use in high-risk patients is lacking. Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of Warfarin and NOAC use in a high-risk patient population undergoing LAAC with the WATCHMAN device. Methods From November 2015 to October 2017, 97 patients underwent LAAC with the WATCHMAN device. All patients were discussed at a multidisciplinary meeting prior to device implantation. Longitudinal data were collected and analyzed for a composite endpoint of stroke and death at 8 months, and major bleeding at 3 and 6 months. Results Among the 90 patients included in the safety and efficacy analysis, 43 were prescribed Warfarin and 47 were prescribed NOACs. Baseline characteristics were comparable between study groups. There were no procedural complications and no significant differences in the incidence of death and stroke at 8 months or major bleeding at 3 and 6 months. Conclusion For patients with AF at high risk of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events, NOACs as compared to Warfarin, seem to be safe and effective for short-term anticoagulation following LAAC with the WATCHMAN device. Further validation in large randomized controlled trials is required.
Removal of Stress Hillocks from Platinum-Alumina Electrodes Used in High-temperature SAW Devices

Microwave acoustic devices operating at elevated temperatures, such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexers or high-temperature sensors, require stable thin film electrodes capable of operating in such conditions. Stresses at the interface between the substrate and the thin film electrodes originated during electrode deposition and/or during device operation can foster film agglomeration, formation of whiskers, hillocks, electromigration, separation of the metal and oxide in composite electrodes, which degrade the electrode conductivity and the device’s long-term stability and performance. Thin film composite Pt-Al 2 O 3 has been successfully used as electrodes in langasite (LGS) SAW devices and sensors up to 900°C, but the formation of hillocks due to stress is seen as a limitation to the device long-term stability. In this work, a modified graded film deposition technique has been implemented targeting the release of film stress between the substrate and the thin film composite electrode due to fabrication and exposure to high-temperature. The technique successfully mitigated the formation of hillocks and material agglomeration as revealed by the SEM images obtained, and can be easily extended to other metallic or composite thin films.
Outpatient robot-assisted adrenalectomy: Is it safe?

Abstract The advent of minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery, has led to improvements postoperative recovery for many procedures. Adrenalectomy performed using MIS techniques has been shown to have decreased length of stay and fewer postoperative complications when compared to an open approach to adrenalectomy. In this case series we evaluated the safety of same-day robot-assisted adrenalectomy performed during this time. No patient had intraoperative complications, bleeding occurrences, reoperations, or deaths. We found that outpatient adrenalectomy can be performed safely as a same-day procedure in select patients.
The Nickel Boys’ Elwood through the Scope of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey

This paper examines The Nickel Boys’ main character Elwood, explaining that his story is an accurate representation of Joseph Campbell’s hero’s journey or “monomyth.” It explains the stages of the hero’s journey and compares them to moments in Elwood’s story.
Survey of the academic use of planetariums for undergraduate education

The primary population served by college and university planetariums is K-12 students, not their own college students.
Darier sign in a teenager with primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma.

Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma that arises in the skin. An adolescent male presented with dermal nodules on the arms, legs, and back with a positive Darier sign, ultimately diagnosed as PCMZL. The nodules demonstrated a partial response to doxycycline in the setting of prior Lyme disease followed by a complete response to rituximab.
Ecologically Unequal Exchange of Plastic Waste

Plastic production has been increasing since mass production of plastics started in the 1950s. As plastic production has continued to rise, so has plastic waste. Meanwhile, international trade in plastic waste has increased as well. The narrative about global trade in plastic waste oftentimes is that the Global North transfers waste to the Global South. However, little is known quantitatively about the extent to which the Global North shifts environmental harms of plastic waste to the Global South. We examine the extent to which global trade in plastic waste provides evidence for ecologically unequal exchange relationships from 2003 to 2013. We then explore whether plastic waste can be a resource for some countries. Specifically, we investigate how trade in plastic waste is associated with level of economic development in high-income countries and non-high-income countries. The findings provide nuanced evidence of ecologically unequal exchange relationships between high-income countries and non-high-income countries in plastic waste trade. The results also indicate that higher plastic waste import is associated with greater economic development in non-high-income countries. This research advances our understanding of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange in the context of international trade in plastic waste.
Synthetic Validation of Responses to the NASA Langley Challenge on Optimization under Uncertainty

Abstract This paper evaluates responses to the NASA Langley Challenge on Optimization under Uncertainty. The challenge respondents were tasked to quantify the aleatory and epistemic uncertainty impacting the predictions of a computational model calibrated according to a limited number of sub-system and full-system observations. In addition, they evaluated the global sensitivity of the model’s prediction with respect to the epistemic variables in order to choose a few of them for refinement. Ultimately, they had to find a reliability-based design that is robust to all/most epistemic realizations within their identified range of uncertainty. The assessments presented herein evaluate the proposed responses within a synthetic validation framework. This framework gauges the ability of the designs to satisfy the reliability requirements imposed upon them against additional data. These data correspond to additional realizations of the aleatory variables, and to the true but unknown value of the epistemic variables. Best practices and lessons learned are set forth based on the comparative analysis of the various responses.
Nullforming and Steering for Direction of Arrival using Two Orthogonal Concentric Circular Arrays

This paper introduces an efficient technique for achieving the direction of arrival (DoA) method using nullforming and steering with two concentric circular arrays that can effectively detect the direction of a signal of interest. This method is counteractive to the traditional beamforming method where the new method will scan for the nulls rather than the beams to determine the desired DoA and also leverage from orthogonal arrays to cancel the false nulls. Consequently, this method can be achieved with high resolution and a lesser number of antenna elements. The design equations and methodology have been presented as well as the relevant results have been introduced.
Lexical diversity in an L2 Spanish learner corpus: The effect of topic-related variables

Abstract This study examines the impact of two topic-related variables (i.e., valence polarity and everyday-life closeness) on the lexical diversity scores (i.e., MTLD) of learners of L2 Spanish at different proficiency levels. The analysis included 3,045 texts written in response to two pairs of prompts by 1,165 students enrolled in an L2 Spanish program. The first pair of prompts asked learners to narrate an event: prompt 1 focused on a perfect vacation (positive event), while prompt 2 asked participants to tell a terrible story (negative event). The second pair asked to describe a person: prompt 1 required that the subject be famous, thus not close to the writer, whereas prompt 2 required that the subject be special and close to the writer. Results indicate that lexical diversity scores were higher for the texts written about the positive event and the famous subject across all proficiency levels.
Plasmonic hot-carriers and their applications: opinion

The generation of nonequilibrium hot-carriers from the decay of surface plasmons has been attracting intense research attention in the last decade due to both the fundamental aspects of extreme light-matter interactions and potential practical applications. Here, we overview the physics associated with plasmon-assisted hot-carrier generation and outline the key applications of hot-carrier processes for photodetection, photovoltaics and photocatalysis. We also discuss the recent developments in employing molecular tunnel junctions as barriers for extracting hot-carriers and provide an outlook on the potential of this emerging field for sustainable energy.
Michigan's Education Achievement Authority and the Future of Public Education in Detroit: The Challenge of Aligning Policy Design and Policy Goals

As the City of Detroit emerges from municipal bankruptcy, the imperative for school improvement takes on an urgency rarely witnessed in a U.S. city. If the city is to experience the redevelopment boom that many now anticipate, its public schools must improve. While a variety of different reform strategies are possible, the establishment of a portfolio district in Detroit currently appears to have the greatest political salience.This paper is primarily devoted to a detailed analysis of Michigan’s Education Achievement Authority (EAA) which was established in 2011 to turn around the state’s lowest-performing schools, starting in Detroit. An understanding of the EAA is essential for informed discussion of a Detroit portfolio district for two key reasons. First, portions of a plan for a portfolio district were included in the EAA’s original design, but were not effectively implemented. Second, like the EAA, a new administrative authority for a Detroit portfolio district would face basic administrative challenges related to its financial and human resources, oversight of teaching and learning, and public accountability for its operations. The EAA failed to reach its objectives because the policy was hastily and poorly designed. Despite the committed efforts of educators in EAA schools, the state has not established a policy framework within which their efforts could enjoy broad success. Significant problems focus on the EAA’s legal authorization, unresolved tensions in its policy objectives, inadequate funding and poorly designed provisions for public accountability. The EAA’s turbulent and disappointing track record could have been avoided with more thoughtful and open planning at the front end. It would be unfortunate, if policy makers and planners of a Detroit portfolio district failed to take full measure of the lessons learned from the EAA’s experience.
Active site structure and antigen binding properties of idiotypically cross-reactive anti-fluorescein monoclonal antibodies

This report includes complete VH and V kappa nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of idiotypically cross-reactive monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibodies that differed greater than 10(5)-fold in affinity. High affinity monoclonal antibody 4-4-20 and intermediate affinity antibodies 10-25, 5-14, 9-40, 12-40, and 3-24 utilized greater than or equal to 90% homologous VHIIIC germ-line genes. Extensive D segment length and sequence variability were observed; however, compensatory germ-line JH4 (4-4-20 and 3-24) or JH3 (10-25, 5-14, 9-40, and 12-40) sequence lengths resulted in H chain CDR3 + FR4 to be a constant 18 amino acids. In addition, each antibody and low affinity 3-13 rearranged greater than or equal to 96% homologous V kappa II genes to J kappa 1, except for 10-25 (J kappa 5) and 3-13 (J kappa 4). Resolved crystal structure of complexed fluorescein and 4-4-20 Fab fragments revealed residues HisL27d, TyrL32, ArgL34, SerL91, TrpL96, and TrpH33 acted as hapten contact residues. Antibodies 5-14, 9-40, 12-40, and 3-24 primary structures possessed identical contact residues as 4-4-20 except for the substitution of HisL34 for ArgL34. Thus, ArgL34 was implicated in the increased affinity of monoclonal antibody 4-4-20. Finally, it was difficult to correlate extensive H chain CDR3 residue heterogeneity directly with fluorescein binding and idiotypy.
A new compact 90/spl deg/ IF combiner

A new compact 90/spl deg/ IF combiner has been developed for wireless communication applications. Using a simple R-C network, a differential amplifier, and IF amplifiers, an IF combiner has been designed and fabricated. Over 30 dB of gain with phase difference better than 10/spl deg/ from 90/spl deg/ and amplitude balance 2.5 dB from 50 MHz to 250 MHz has been realized in a chip area of 1/spl times/0.7 mm/sup 2/. >
Ensemble Forecasts and the Properties of Flow-Dependent Analysis-Error Covariance Singular Vectors

Abstract Approximations to flow-dependent analysis-error covariance singular vectors (AEC SVs) were calculated in a dry, T31 L15 primitive-equation global model. Sets of 400-member ensembles of analyses were generated by an ensemble-based data assimilation system. A sparse network of simulated rawinsonde observations were assimilated, and a perfect model was assumed. Ensembles of 48-h forecasts were also generated from these analyses. The structure of evolved singular vectors was determined by finding the linear combination of the forecast ensemble members that resulted in the largest forecast-error variance, here measured in a total-energy norm north of 20°N latitude. The same linear combination of analyses specifies the initial-time structure that should evolve to the forecast singular vector under assumptions of linearity of error growth. The structures of these AEC SVs are important because they represent the analysis-error structures associated with the largest forecast errors. If singular vectors us...
Immunology and immunopathogenesis of dengue disease.

The pathophysiological basis of severe dengue disease (i.e., dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF]), appears to be multifactorial, involving complex interactions among viral factors, host genetics, and the immunologic background of the host, principally prior exposure to dengue virus. Analysis of these processes has been limited to observational studies of naturally infected humans because there have not been useful animal models of dengue disease. Substantial evidence points to dengue virus-reactive T cells as a critical effector in the development of DHF. We are beginning to define the critical elements of T-cell epitope specificity and functional responses that contribute to DHF. Additional studies in well-characterized patient cohorts from different geographic regions will be needed to advance this research and guide new approaches to prevention and treatment of DHF.
Model-Based Investigation of Friction During Start-Up of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings

An analysis is developed for the time-variable friction during the start-up of rotor system. The analysis is based on a dynamic friction model that has been developed from the theory of unsteady lubrication and can describe the observed friction characteristics. The model reduces to the Stribeck curve of friction versus steady velocity, and shows hysteresis curves in oscillating velocity. The Dahl effect of a presliding displacement before the breakaway is also included. The results indicate that the friction characteristics and energy friction losses, during the start-up, depend on a set of dimensionless parameters that represent the bearing as well as the dynamic system. The study shows that appropriate design and operation can prevent stick-slip friction and minimize wear during start-up.
Three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease

✓ Computer-generated three-dimensional reconstruction of the intracranial vascular system obtained by contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) has been used in the diagnosis of 20 patients with known or suspected intracranial cerebrovascular disease. This technique allows visualization of the intracranial vasculature without exposing patients to the risks associated with intra-arterial angiography. The color prints and videotape images generated have been used to diagnose the presence of intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and venous angiomas. They have also been used to rule out structural abnormalities in patients with suspected intracranial vascular pathology and to screen patients with a strong family history of intracranial aneurysm. In 11 patients who underwent both three-dimensional CT angiography and intra-arterial angiography, the diagnostic correlation was 100%. No complications from the procedures or from incorrect diagnosis have been encountered. Although this technique ...
An economic and environmental assessment of alternative forage-resource production systems: A goal-programming approach

Abstract Decision making involves several criteria, something not always reflected in models. In this study, profitability, risk and environmental criteria are simultaneuosly used to rank alternative forage-resource production systems. Experimental data for West Virginia beef cow/calf production are used together with secondary price data within a binary goal-programming model. Utilizing the branch-and-bound algorithm, the optimal system under each of 21 goal and penalty weight scenarios is obtained. An interesting, although not unexpected, result is that while the optimal system is relatively ‘parameter-insensitive’ it is ‘criteria-sensitive’.
Benzodiazepines suppress the light response of retinal dopaminergic neurons in vivo.

Abstract Sedative dosages of the benzodiazepine, diazepam (76 μmol/kg, i.p.), reduce the light-evoked increase in retinal dopamine turnover, while intraocular applications of the water-soluble benzodiazepine, flurazepam (0.50 or 1.0 μmol/eyeball), produce a dose-dependent suppression of light-enhanced dopamine synthesis. These results provide the first evidence that the benzodiazepines alter a physiologically important retinal response in vivo. They also suggest that some of the visual effects produced by the benzodiazepines may have an intraretinal locus of action.
The Use of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry To Introduce General Chemistry Students to Percent Mass and Atomic Mass Calculations

A general chemistry laboratory experiment is described that introduces students to instrumental analysis using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS), while simultaneously reinforcing the concepts of mass percent and the calculation of atomic mass. Working in small groups, students use the GC to separate and quantify the percent composition in a mixture of dichloromethane and chloroform dissolved in toluene by the injection of known quantities of each pure substance dissolved in toluene and the determination of the individual instrumental response factor. The relative abundances of the chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes can also be determined from several different groupings on the mass spectra of the compounds, allowing for the calculation of the atomic mass of chlorine. This collaborative-learning experiment enhances student understanding through the hands-on use of chemical instrumentation and helps to develop their problem solving skills in the analysis of several different types of experimental data.
Partitioning of [14C]PCB between water and particulates with various organic contents

Abstract The use of [ 14 C]PCB was an effective technique for evaluating the partitioning of PCB between water and particulates. The sorption of [ 14 C]PCB to clay and/or organic particulates and its subsequent degree of retention on the particles in clean medium was directly related to the particle organic content. Concentration factors (PCB on particles/PCB in water) ranged from 1.1 × 10 4 for 100% inorganic illite clay to 4.9 × 10 4 for 100% organic matter.
Exciton-exciton correlation in the nonlinear optical regime.

We present a theory of the time development of the nonlinear optical excitations in a semiconductor in which the correlated part of the many-body problem is expressed in terms of the exact $N$-exciton eigenstates and is decoupled from the optical excitation process. A first-principles exact numerical solution for the four-wave mixing in a one-dimensional model demonstrates the role of two-exciton correlation in polarization mixing and, in particular, shows a ringing of the polarization with the frequency given by the binding energy of the biexciton.
Covert visual attention in schizophrenia spectrum personality disordered subjects: visuospatial cuing and alerting effects.

A recent study observed lateralized deficit in the disengagement of covert visual attention in schizophrenic patients. Subsequent attempts to replicate this finding have had mixed results. Differences in the neuroleptic treatment or other secondary factors associated with schizophrenia are some of the possible reasons for these inconsistent findings. In this study, we examined the ability to shift covert visual attention in neuroleptic-naive, schizophrenia spectrum personality disordered (SSPD; n = 35) subjects and normal controls (n = 34) under a variety of spatial cuing and alerting conditions. We hypothesized that SSPD subjects would have difficulty with disengagement of covert visual attention from an invalidly cued left visual field when the target appeared in the right visual field in comparison to the normal subjects. As predicted, schizophrenia spectrum personality disordered subjects had significantly longer latencies for the right visual field invalid targets than normals (p = .014). Under the remaining cue conditions, spectrum subjects performed normally. Consequently, the cost of left visual field invalid cueing for the right visual field target was significantly higher in spectrum personality subjects than in normals. The cost for the invalid right visual field cue and the benefits of valid cue in both fields were very similar in the two groups. The findings of an asymmetrical deficit in the disengagement and shift of covert visual attention in schizophrenia spectrum subjects are similar to the one's observed in patients with unilateral left hemisphere lesions.
Energy Conservation in University Buildings Encouraging and Evaluating Reductions in Occupants' Electricity Use

Electricity conservation programs were implemented in spring 1977 infourmatchedpairs of University of Colorado office-classroom-laboratory buildings and three pairs ofdormi tories. Reductions in el...
Studying hepatitis C virus: making the best of a bad virus.

An estimated 3% of the world population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) ([5][1], [232][2]). In most infected individuals, this remarkable RNA virus evades the immune system and establishes a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death. While advances have been made
Surface stress generation during formation of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM)

Abstract A high resolution curvature interferometer [Wang, J., Shrotriya, P., Kim, K.S., 2006. Surface residual stress measurement using curvature interferometry. Experimental Mechanics 46 (1), 39–46] is utilized to measure surface stress development associated with formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of octadecanethiols on macroscale domains (25 mm × 25 mm). Atomistic simulations are performed to investigate surface stress generation associated with SAM formation. The results of the molecular simulations are incorporated into the multiscale framework to understand the surface stress generation and curvature change observed during experiments at continuum scale.
Observations on the honey bee tracheal mite Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy.

Observations were made of cryo-preserved honey bee tracheal mites Acarapis woodi (Rennie) using scanning electron microscopy. We describe various new morphological attributes of A. woodi based on the ability of the cryo-technique to capture live mites in natural positions and observe the Low-Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy (LT-SEM) photographs under a 3-D viewer. Most striking was the observation that each leg has the ability to independently twist its segments with the ambulacrum rotating a minimum of 180° during locomotion; this is a more sophisticated form of locomotion than has been proposed for the Acari. Adult daughter mites are known to be the dispersal instar moving from the tracheal tube to the thoracic hairs of the bee and then transferring to a new bee. We hypothesize that adult tarsal claws and setae on the legs play a role in attachment to hairs during dispersal. However, our evidence is that none of the life stases use their tarsal claws within the tracheal tubes. Larvae were observed to be freely moving within the tracheal system, their tarsal claws rendered inoperative due to an enlarged swollen pulvillar pad. The solenidia of leg I are now known to have striations and the famulus is bifurcated. The bifurcated famulus, solenidial striations, and segmentation of leg IV of females may have taxonomic implications in the family Tarsonemidae. The body and leg setae of adults appear to be used as a tactile tool to sense the amount of space within the tracheal tubes; most of the setae are oriented distally and may help the mite to measure the space or radius of the tracheal tubes. The modified caudal region of the male revealed remnants of the h1 and h2 setae and a smooth clean surface, void of a film, supporting that pharate nymphs are not attached in this species.
Altered degradation of intracellular proteins in aging human fibroblasts

Confluent cultures of fibroblasts at different population doubling levels were incubated with [14C]leucine for 2 days and with [3H]leucine for 2 h to label long-lived and short-lived proteins, respectively. Proteolysis was then measured in the presence of excess unlabeled leucine to prevent reutilization of the isotope. Catabolism of long-lived proteins was reduced in senescent cells when measured in media without fetal bovine serum, insulin, fibroblast growth factor, or dexamethasone. In contrast, degradation of short-lived proteins was increased in senescent cells but only when measured in the presence of serum, hormones, and growth factors. Further experiments with cells of varying ages indicate that in unsupplemented medium half-lives of long-lived proteins lengthened by as much as 20 min per population doubling and in supplemented media half-lives of short-lived proteins decreased by 4 min per population doubling. The reduced catabolism of long-lived proteins in senescent cells cannot be explained by age-related changes in protein secretion or cell death during degradation measurements. These alterations in proteolysis may have major effects on protein content and composition in senescent cells.
Femininity, depression and stress in college women

This study evaluated the relationships among femininity, depression, and stress. One hundred eighty-six college females were given the Beck Depression Inventory, the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and the Psychological Distress Inventory. Positive correlations were found between femininity and depression. Lower femininity and lower depression scores tended to be associated with reports of high stress. Further work is needed to clarify the relationships among these important variables.
Social and economic characteristics as determinants of residential fire risk in urban neighborhoods: A review of the literature

Abstract The article reviews the literature on social, economic, and building stock characteristics as they relate to residential fire risk in urban neighborhoods. The article updates a previous review of the literature, and provides an overview of recent activity and emergent research directions. A multidisciplinary review of the literature includes sociology, geography, urban planning, and interdisciplinary studies. Whereas multiple regression modeling was the most prevalent technique, the adoption of geographic information systems and advancement of theories on fire risk have deepened and expanded the techniques used, particularly in the area of geography and spatial statistics. Despite recent progress, the state of research continues to be underfunded and isolated within disciplines, frustrating broader application of findings to actual preventive activity by governments. The article also offers suggestions for further research.
The Psychologist Manager: Uniquely Qualified to Address 21st-Century Leadership Challenges?

This article proposes that the potential contribution of psychologists to the management profession is significant, distinct, and valuable in light of their humanistic training, high ethical standards, and networked—instead of warrior—leadership style. The article maintains that with appropriate preparation, the psychologist manager can be uniquely poised to aid in the transformation of business and management practices in the 21st century. The authors consider the obstacles that limit psychologists' success as managers, including the traditional rigorous training of psychologists that emphasizes in-depth analysis and complete information that is often incompatible with the relentless pace of managerial decision making. The complexity, increasing diversity and plurality of the business environment calls for a skillful blending of the agentic and communal styles of leadership.