cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Antiallergic Drugs

Atopic diseases have been increasing in prevalence over the last few years and are becoming common causes of chronic health problems for patients of all ages. Current pharmacological treatments are targeted for symptom relief (antihistamines, decongestants, β-adrenergic agents, etc.) or for reduction of allergic inflammation (corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, etc.). The development of new therapies to treat allergic disease is now progressing into new areas of immune modulation such as regulating the allergic inflammatory response at the level of IgE (anti-IgE and anti-CD23) and inducing immunologic tolerance by shifting from the T helper (Th)2 to Thl phenotype (DNA vaccines). IgE plays a central role in the allergic inflammatory process; therefore, blocking the effects of IgE should be beneficial in the treatment of allergic diseases. At this time, a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody has been synthesized that does not cause IgE receptor crosslinking on mast cells leading to de-granulation or immune complex deposition. Studies have been done to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-IgE in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. One of the most significant endpoints of benefit was the ability to reduce the corticosteroid dose for moderate-to-severe allergic asthmatics. Another possible approach to reduce the effect of IgE in the inflammatory process would be to block CD23 (low-affinity IgE receptor, FceRII), which plays a role in IgE synthesis and triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines. Little is known about the effectiveness of anti-CD23, but preliminary studies suggest it is safe. The use of immunostimulatory DNA to provoke a Thl phenotype has been an impetus for the development of DNA vaccines in the treatment of allergic disease. Various combinations of plasmid DNA, immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN), and proteins have been studied in murine models to evaluate the effectiveness of DNA vaccination. The success in skewing the immune response towards a Thl phenotype in mice still needs to be evaluated in humans. The use of DNA vaccination as a treatment for allergic disease remains a viable option for the future; however, at this time further evaluation is needed including concerns regarding the possible unmasking or development of Thl diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease).
Texture development in Si3N4/BN fibrous monolithic ceramics

Preferred orientation was measured in Si3N4/BN fibrous monolithic ceramics using x-ray diffraction. The materials were manufactured by co-extrusion of polymer binder/ceramic blends which were subsequently pyrolized and then hot-pressed to produced a fully dense ceramic composite. A very strong modified wire texture was present in the BN with the basal planes aligned parallel to the axis of extrusion due to shear-induced reorientation of the platelet-shaped BN particles during co-extrusion. Texture was also observed in the Si3N4 and was attributed to a combination of co-extrusion and hot-pressing. After hot pressing, the basal planes of the rod-shaped β-Si3N4 were observed to be preferentially aligned perpendicular to the extrusion direction. Measurements prior to hot-pressing revealed that a small amount (≈5%) of β-Si3N4 was present in the α-Si3N4 starting powder. Although texturing of the predominant α-Si3N4 did not occur during co-extrusion, significant texturing of the β-Si3N4 was observed. During subsequent hot-pressing, the pre-existing textured β-Si3N4 particles appeared to act as seeds for transformation and preferred growth of rod-shaped β grains parallel to the axis of extrusion.
Evaluating a Spoken Dialogue System that Detects and Adapts to User Affective States

We present an evaluation of a spoken dialogue system that detects and adapts to user disengagement and uncertainty in real-time. We compare this version of our system to a version that adapts to only user disengagement, and to a version that ignores user disengagement and uncertainty entirely. We find a significant increase in task success when comparing both affectadaptive versions of our system to our nonadaptive baseline, but only for male users.
Challenges of Existing in a Market as a Small, Low-quality Producer

This paper explores the strategy of a small firm entering a monopolist's market thereby creating a duopoly market. The small firm avoids competing with the larger, incumbent firm by producing a lower-quality product at a lower price. The model here establishes an equilibrium under a specific set of assumptions and examines how exogenous factors affect prices, qualities and profits. Although the strategy might allow the firm to enter and earn a profit, the market conditions may make this position much less desirable to that of the large firm for several reasons. In the case explored here where tastes for the product are uniformly distributed, the small firm's profit is about six percent of that of the larger firm. The smaller firm is more severely threatened by the entrance of a third firm. Furthermore, even if the smaller firm can cut costs, its position is not well suited for exploiting such increases in efficiencies.
Foundations and Methods

All the situations discussed in this paragraph will be concerned with a prescribed basic linear space E≠ 0 over an arbitrary (within the limits of this section) field K (or simultaneously with several such spaces). The elements of the space E, i.e. vectors or points, will usually be denoted by lower case Roman letters, while lower case Greek letters will be used for scalars, i.e., elements of the ground field. The identity of the field will be denoted by the figure 1.
Future Directions for Research and Development in Batch Process Systems Engineering

The global business and manufacturing environment, to which the specialized and consumer products segments of the CPI are subjected, inexorably drive batch processing into the high tech forefront. In this paper the features of the multipurpose batch plant of the year 2000 are reviewed and the implications on its design and operation summarized. Research directions for batch process systems engineering are proposed, spanning design applications, operations applications and tool developments. Required advances in computer aided design encompass task network definition, preliminary design of multipurpose plants, retrofit design, and plant layout. Needs in computer support for operations include integration of the application levels of the operational hierarchy as well as specific developments in scheduling, monitoring and diagnosis, and control. Advances in tools involve improved capabilities in developing and testing algorithms for solving structured 0–1 decision problems and interpreting their results, further enhancements in capabilities for handling large scale differential algebraic simulation models with implicit discontinuities, and creation of flexible data models for batch operations.
Unpacking conceptual elements of smart learning in the Korean scholarly discourse

This study is a descriptive content analysis of “smart learning” as defined and conceptualized by Korean educational researchers from 2010 to 2018. The purpose of research is to examine the smart learning literature for the core conceptual elements that ran through the scholarly discourse of “smart learning” in South Korea; to understand how the three elements of smart learning environment, pedagogy, and learner, are represented in those definitions and elucidate some notable trends in its conceptual development throughout the years. We utilized Google Scholar, Korean Citation Index, and RISS to collect relevant scholarly publications written in Korean and English text. We identified 37 publications that included either an explicitly stated definition of smart learning or included a quality statement that clearly describes what constitutes smart learning. We initially used an inductive coding technique and identified repeated keywords among the definitions of “smart learning.” Later we applied the three elements of smart learning to draw further interpretations. Our data analysis generated five major themes: (1) Smart learning environments is a dominating element in the discourse; (2) Enriched conceptual exploration of smart learning pedagogies; (3) Dwindling interest in smart learners; (4) Conceptual ambiguity lingers in the smart learning discourse; (5) Paths of discoursal development vary across the three domains of smart learning. We conclude that our findings offer an important insight to the Korean and international scholarly discourse on the current dynamics of three essential elements of smart learning.
Applying the Multiple Scattering (MS) Method to Evaluate the Current Response on a Cable Harness Due to an Incident Plane Wave

In this paper, the MS method is applied to solve an immunity problem of harness-body co-simulation. In this immunity problem, the structure under study consists of two parts: the cable harness part (harness) and the metal surface part (body). The harness is solved using the generalized multiconductor transmission-line (GMTL) solver and the body is solved using the mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE) solver. The interactions between the harness and the body are achieved through a series of iterations called MS. The calculation results show good correlation with the reference results, which validates the accuracy of the MS method.
Humanitarian Innovation + Medicine: Defining the Innovation Process

The term “innovation” is typically rooted in ambiguity, as it is often defined in an array of contexts, adaptations, and subject matters. Its definition ranges from the simple notion of being a new idea or method to the more robust application of enhanced solutions that meet unarticulated or existing market needs (Baregheh et al. 2009). The reality is that it is an umbrella term that describes the essence of human ingenuity and discovery, essentially an impetus for creating breakthroughs in problem-solving. This book is unique in that we garner a spectrum of distinct innovation processes and dissect them in order to divulge novel ways of improving humanitarian medicine and human health. Innovation gives way to an array of thought processes that all serve the same purpose—to enhance the way we solve problems. When it comes to the realm of human health, innovations have the capacity to enact change by quite literally having the capacity to save lives and improve quality of life. Innovation has no greater impact and application than in the scope of human health and medicine, as it has boundless potential to change the world around us. In delving deeper into the applications of innovation in human health, humanitarian medicine is perhaps one the most vital areas of application. What is unique about humanitarian aid, whether it be in the scope of disaster, relief, or general aid operations, is that it is comprehensive in relation to the human condition. These initiatives typically involve the delegation of clean water, surveillance, sanitation, emergency care, social services, preventative care, infectious disease mitigation, and clinical care. This means that the application of innovations must be targeted in scope and refined to be feasible and easily deployable in these environments. This is where bridging the gap between theory and application comes into play. While many times innovation is touted as the answer to solving humanity’s most pressing problems, how exactly do we turn unconventional “out-of-the-box” ideas into feasible, conventional solutions? We explore this next in defining the four types of innovation processes that can serve as an impetus for enhancing humanitarian medicine.
What Happens When You Click and Drag: Unpacking the Relationship between On-Screen Interaction and User Engagement with an Anti-Smoking Website.

ABSTRACTInteractive media provide a physically active experience for users to click, slide, mouseover, and zoom-in/out, but how this increased amount of on-screen interaction is associated with cog...
Long term risk of developing type 1 diabetes after HPV vaccination in males and females.

Abstract Introduction Despite minimal evidence, public concerns that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can cause autoimmune diseases (AD) persist. We evaluated whether HPV vaccine is associated with a long-term increased risk of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study in which we identified all potential DM1 cases from Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members who were between 11 and 26 years old any time after June 2006 through December 2015. We chart reviewed a random sample of 100 DM1 cases to confirm diagnosis and to develop a computer algorithm that reliably determined symptom onset date. Our DM1 Analysis Population comprised all individuals who met membership criteria and who were age and sex eligible to have received HPV vaccine. We adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicaid, and years of prior KPNC membership by stratification using a Cox multiplicative hazards model with a calendar timeline. Results Our DM1 analysis included 911,648 individuals. Of 2613 DM1 cases identified, 338 remained in the analysis after applying our algorithm, HPV vaccine eligibility and membership criteria. Over the 10 years of the study period, comparing vaccinated with unvaccinated persons, we did not find an increased risk of DM1 associated with HPV vaccine receipt (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% Confidence Interval 0.94, 1.57). Conclusions We found no increased risk for development of DM1 following HPV vaccination. Our study provides reassurance that during the 10-year time period after HPV vaccine was introduced, there was no substantial increased risk for DM1 following HPV vaccination.
Perception and Steering Control in Paired Bat Flight

Abstract Animals within groups need to coordinate their reactions to perceived environmental features and to each other in order to safely move from one point to another. This paper extends our previously published work on the flight patterns of Myotis velifer that have been observed in a habitat near Johnson City, Texas. Each evening, these bats emerge from a cave in sequences of small groups that typically contain no more than three or four individuals, and they thus provide ideal subjects for studying leader-follower behaviors. By analyzing the flight paths of a group of M. velifer , the data show that the flight behavior of a follower bat is influenced by the flight behavior of a leader bat in a way that is not well explained by existing pursuit laws, such as classical pursuit, constant bearing and motion camouflage. Thus we propose an alternative steering law based on virtual loom , a concept we introduce to capture the geometrical configuration of the leader-follower pair. It is shown that this law may be integrated with our previously proposed vision-enabled steering laws to synthesize trajectories, the statistics of which fit with those of the bats in our data set. The results suggest that bats use perceived information of both the environment and their neighbors for navigation.
Review of The Happy Professor: How to Teach Undergraduates and Feel Good About It

Young scholars often face a bunch of challenges, and the biggest one could come from their own students. As a junior faculty member with a heavy teaching load in humanities, social sciences, or pro...
Hyperion: Artificial gravity reusable crewed deep space transport

Abstract We present a design to actively simulate gravity for crew members traveling to and from Mars combining tested technology with leading research. The Hyperion mission and spacecraft architecture can be the start of the next generation of spacecraft for deep-space, but to truly be the springboard for future deep space transports, it was designed to require no assistance from resupply depots at destination, prioritize human comfort for long duration transits, and have multiple configurations to adjust for the mission. The design is focused around generating artificial gravity by rotating the fixed-distance habitat and variable-distance counterweight about the propellant system in the center (X axis), while each subsystem is individually developed to support this operation. Through various configurations, the Hyperion spacecraft contains the unique ability to adjust to the mission phase for aerobraking and transport needs, making the concept particularly adept at reducing propellant needs, maintaining artificial gravity with minimal power, and keeping the center of mass in line with the thrust vector. This is accomplished using de-spun solar panels, Ion engines for spin-up and orbital maneuvers, an extendable truss for mass balance, and a phased array communication system. Hyperion was designed to meet NASA 2017–18 Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts - Academic Linkage (RASC-AL) requirements of developing an Artificial Gravity Reusable Crewed Deep Space Transport and is expected to cost no more than $3.0B per year over 11 years. It is expected to be operational by 2032.
Learning Gains From the KinderTEK® iPad Math Program: Does Timing of a Preventative Intervention Matter?:

A quasi-experimental design in six kindergarten classrooms (n = 123 students) was used to study the effects of the KinderTEK iPad–based math program on the math achievement of students in general e...
Structural, electronic and optical properties of nano-structural BNC3 alloys

Abstract Fundamental properties of a hypothetical BNC3 nano-alloy comprised of covalently linked tetrahedral “B–N–C3″ units are studied using density functional theory. In analogy with the recently synthesized “silicon-like” AlPSi3 the BNC3 alloy adopts a near-cubic symmetry with lattice parameter slightly larger (∼1%) than that of diamond, and bulk modulus slightly larger than that of c-BN but smaller than that of diamond. The compound is predicted to be stable relative to its elemental constituents, but metastable relative to disproportionation into cubic BN and carbon (diamond). Orientationally disordering the “B–N–C3″ slightly increases the energy while the corresponding random alloy is found to be significantly less stable. The direct/indirect band gaps of ordered BNC3 are found to be 6.38 and 4.72 eV–5% and 8% smaller in diamond, respectively, leading to a moderate increase in the absorption coefficient over the 6–10 eV range, and a ∼0.4 eV red shift in the absorption edge compared with diamond. Infrared and Raman spectra calculated using density functional perturbation theory exhibit rich vibrational structure compared to diamond.
Examining Hispanic Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Scientists in a Science Methods Course

This article describes the intervention strategies implemented in an effort to affect a group of Hispanic pre-service elementary teachers’ images of scientists during a science methods course in a teacher preparation program in the U.S.-Mexico border region. Although there is an extensive volume of research reporting on the use of the DAST-C instrument to study K-16 students’ images of scientists, the number of studies on exploring and influencing preservice teachers’ views of science and scientists is rather scarce. Findings in this study indicate that a semester-long intervention strategy focused on (a) pre-service teachers’ generated inquiry project, (b) written reflections on inquiry learning, and (c) a pre and post-drawing tests, allowed participants to reflect on their views about scientists and science, and experience a gradual shift from views conforming to stereotypical views of scientists to portrayals of science practitioners as individuals, just like other people in our society pursuing real interests.
Teachers' perceptions of collaboration within an evolving teacher evaluation context

This qualitative study examined teachers' perceptions of collaboration in a northeastern US state within the context of high-stakes teacher evaluation. Teachers were asked about collaboration via an open-ended prompt (n = 1336). Data were evaluated through the professional capital framework. Themes included: pockets of collaboration, inclusion versus isolation, administrator relationships and supports, and time. Results suggested that teacher evaluation changes reduced social and decisional capital via lost autonomy; usurped collaboration time; diminished administrator instructional leadership; and increased teacher competition. However, the changes forced teachers to collaborate, though counter to their preferences, around student data and research-based practices.
Validation and performance of a machine-learning derived prediction guide for total knee arthroplasty component sizing.

Anticipation of patient-specific component sizes prior to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is essential to avoid excessive cost associated with additional surgical trays and morbidity associated with imperfect sizing. Current methods of size prediction, including templating, are inconsistent and time-consuming. Machine learning (ML) algorithms may allow for accurate TKA component size prediction with the ability to make predictions in real-time. Consecutive patients receiving primary TKA between 2012 and 2020 from two large tertiary academic and six community hospitals were identified. The primary outcomes were the final femoral and tibial component sizes extracted from automated inventory systems. Five ML algorithms were trained with routinely corrected demographic variables (age, height, weight, body mass index, and sex) using 80% of the study population and internally validated on an independent set of the remaining 20% of patients. Algorithm performance was evaluated through accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean-squared error (RMSE). A total of 17,283 patients that received one of 9 TKA implants from independent manufacturers were included. The SGB model accuracy for predicting ± 4-mm of the true femoral anteroposterior diameter was 83.6% and for ± 1 size of the true femoral component size was 95.0%. The SGB model accuracy for predicting ± 4-mm of the true tibial medial/lateral diameter was 83.0% and for ± 1 size of the true tibial component size was 97.8%. Patient sex was the most influential feature in terms of informing the SGB model predictions for both femoral and tibial component sizing. A TKA implant sizing application was subsequently created. Novel machine learning algorithms demonstrated good to excellent performance for predicting TKA component size. Patient sex appears to contribute an important role in predicting TKA size. A web-based real-time prediction application was created capable of integrating patient specific data to predict TKA size, which will require external validation prior to clinical use.
Detection of Lung Nodules in Micro-CT Imaging Using Deep Learning

We are developing imaging methods for a co-clinical trial investigating synergy between immunotherapy and radiotherapy. We perform longitudinal micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of mice to detect lung metastasis after treatment. This work explores deep learning (DL) as a fast approach for automated lung nodule detection. We used data from control mice both with and without primary lung tumors. To augment the number of training sets, we have simulated data using real augmented tumors inserted into micro-CT scans. We employed a convolutional neural network (CNN), trained with four competing types of training data: (1) simulated only, (2) real only, (3) simulated and real, and (4) pretraining on simulated followed with real data. We evaluated our model performance using precision and recall curves, as well as receiver operating curves (ROC) and their area under the curve (AUC). The AUC appears to be almost identical (0.76-0.77) for all four cases. However, the combination of real and synthetic data was shown to improve precision by 8%. Smaller tumors have lower rates of detection than larger ones, with networks trained on real data showing better performance. Our work suggests that DL is a promising approach for fast and relatively accurate detection of lung tumors in mice.
A 'Swiss army knife' probe for metastatic cancers.

A nanosensor probe that combines a tumour-targeting peptide, a diagnostic reporter and an imaging contrast agent enables early diagnosis, precision imaging, disease stratification and downstream therapeutic response monitoring of metastatic cancer.
Evolving cancer–niche interactions and therapeutic targets during bone metastasis

Many cancer types metastasize to bone. This propensity may be a product of genetic traits of the primary tumour in some cancers. Upon arrival, cancer cells establish interactions with various bone-resident cells during the process of colonization. These interactions, to a large degree, dictate cancer cell fates at multiple steps of the metastatic cascade, from single cells to overt metastases. The bone microenvironment may even influence cancer cells to subsequently spread to multiple other organs. Therefore, it is imperative to spatiotemporally delineate the evolving cancer-bone crosstalk during bone colonization. In this Review, we provide a summary of the bone microenvironment and its impact on bone metastasis. On the basis of the microscopic anatomy, we tentatively define a roadmap of the journey of cancer cells through bone relative to various microenvironment components, including the potential of bone to function as a launch pad for secondary metastasis. Finally, we examine common and distinct features of bone metastasis from various cancer types. Our goal is to stimulate future studies leading to the development of a broader scope of potent therapies.
Multidisciplinary approach for repair of a large ventral thoracic meningocele in neurofibromatosis-1; a systematic review of the literature and case report.

Abstract Thoracic meningoceles and dural ectasia are less commonly recognized manifestations of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). Rarely, large thoracic meningoceles may become compressive and lead to respiratory compromise secondary to lung compression. Surgical goals aim to increase lung aeration through decreasing the size of the meningocele through shunting, excision or repair of the meningocele, and varying degrees of dural tube reconstruction. There is no agreement on the best approach for large, symptomatic meningoceles. Here, we discuss the case of a 41-year-old woman with NF1 who presented with dyspnea and enlargement of a large, 19 cm thoracic meningocele. A multidisciplinary team of thoracic, plastic, and neurological surgery participated in the operation to excise the meningocele and reconstruct the dural tube without the need for subsequent shunting of spinal fluid. We also systematically review the literature on thoracic meningoceles in NF1 to understand the optimal treatment of this pathology.
Numerical Simulation of a Cylinder in Uniform Flow

In this study, a virtual boundary technique is applied to the numerical simulation of stationary and moving cylinders in uniform flow. This approach readily allows the imposition of a no-slip boundary within the flow field by a feedback forcing term added to the momentum equations. In the present work, this technique is used with a high-order finite difference method, effectively eliminating spurious oscillations caused by the feedback forcing when used with spectrally discretized flow solvers. Very good agreement is found between the present calculations and previous computational and experimental results for steady and time-dependent flow at low Reynolds numbers.
Evolution of metal ratios and δ34S composition of sulfide mineralization during anhydrite cap rock formation, Hockley Dome, Texas, U.S.A.

Metal zonation and sulfur isotope patterns of cap rock-hosted sulfides reveal a complex evolution of the sulfide-depositing system at the Hockley salt dome. The general metal trend observed is an overall increase of Zn relative to Pb downward in the anhydrite cap rock. In the upper cap rock section, the Pb(Pb+Zn) ratios commonly range from 0.25 to 0.40. Ratios of <0.20 and commonly <0.10 are typical of the lower cap rock section. The concentration of Ag also appears to increase in the lower part of the anhydrite cap rock. Textural evidence indicates that some of the metal concentrations represent stratiform sulfides that were precipitated at the salt-cap rock contact as the anhydrite zone accumulated by sequential underplating. The metal ratio data suggest that the sulfide-precipitating fluid became more Zn-, and possibly Ag-rich, during anhydrite cap rock accumulation. δ34S-values of sulfide minerals within the Hockley Dome cap rock range from −30 to +4‰ (CDT) (59 analyses). A profile of δ34S-values from a single drill hole indicates that sulfide minerals become progressively heavier with depth to the approximate middle of the cap rock where the isotopic trend reverses. The inflection point corresponds with a local highly mineralized biogenic calcite zone. A mixing model involving variable contributions of isotopically heavy-and light-sulfur end-members appears to best account for the observed isotopic trends. Fault-leaked H2S from mature oil and gas reservoirs is a possible extrinsic source of heavy sulfur, but local thermochemical sulfate reduction of cap rock sulfate cannot be eliminated by existing data. Bacterial reduction of cap rock sulfate is believed to be the source of light H2S. The relative abundance of deep-sourced metalliferous brines appears to have increased with time during the accretion of the upper part of the anhydrite cap rock. Biogenic H2S subsequently began to dominate the mixed sulfur reservoir resulting in a −15‰ shift and relatively light δ34S-values of pyrite to the present cap rock-salt contact.
Crystallization studies of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cocrystals of the catalytic subunit with a 20 amino acid residue peptide inhibitor and MgATP diffract to 3.0 A resolution.

Abstract Crystallographic studies of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase demonstrate that the presence of a 20 amino acid residue peptide inhibitor and MgATP during crystallization yields crystals with a different space group and, more significantly, makes an important difference in the quality of the resulting crystals. Under identical experimental conditions, the kinase crystallizes in a cubic space group P4 1 32 (a = b = c = 169.24 A ), when no substrates or inhibitors are present, and in the hexagonal space group P6 1 22 ( or P6 5 22) (a = b = 80.16 A , c = 288.07 A , α = β = 90 °, γ = 120 °) when a 20-amino acid residue peptide inhibitor and MgATP are present. Moreover, the hexagonal crystal diffracts to a resolution of 3.0 A, while the cubic crystals diffract to a resolution of 4.0 A.
M1, E2, and M3 hyperfine structure and nuclear moment ratios for 151,153Eu.

The atomic-beam laser-rf double-resonance technique has been used to obtain precise values for the hyperfine structure (hfs) splittings in ten 4${\mathit{f}}^{7}$5d6s $^{10}$${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{J}}$ and $^{8}$${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{J}}$ levels of $^{151,153}\mathrm{i}$. Detailed studies of the second-order hfs lead to the isotopic ratios of the hfs constants, and reveal surprisingly strong hfs interactions between the two multiplets. The dipole ratios, when compared with the known ratio of the nuclear dipole moments, reveal striking J- and term-dependent hyperfine anomalies. The quadrupole ratios (after corrections for the second-order hfs) are consistent with the atomic ground-state value and self-consistent among the ten levels studied. The precision of the measurements allows evaluation of the ratio of the magnetic octupole hfs interaction constants between the two isotopes. The result, which is taken to be the ratio of the nuclear ground-state magnetic octupole moments \ensuremath{\Omega}, is found to be \ensuremath{\Omega}${(}^{151}$Eu)/\ensuremath{\Omega}${(}^{153}$Eu)=0.87(6).
Surface refractive index field estimation from multiple radars

[1] Retrieval of surface layer refractivity via the method of Fabry et al. (1997) is considered. A mathematical framework is constructed, and signal processing algorithms are derived that facilitate refractivity retrieval from the returns from multiple radars viewing a common geographical area. In particular, an approximate discrete model is derived to relate the measured phases to the surface layer refractivity fields, and a modified least squares estimation algorithm is then proposed for the resulting, often ill-conditioned, inversion problem. Because the measurement technique is subject to modulo 2π uncertainties which impact retrievals, a novel algorithm which jointly estimates the unwrapped phases and refractive index (RI) field is also provided. Numerical results indicate the effectiveness of the derived algorithms in both the single- and multiple-radar cases, as well as clearly establishing that having multiple views of the same geographical area from separate radars provides for significant improvement of the RI field estimates.
Student and Staff Training

Abstract One of the current dominant paradigms in social work practice is the concept of empowerment as applied to working with client systems. The theoretical framework of empowerment, as an underpinning philosophy, is also applicable to student education in the area of field instruction, specifically in supervisory practice (Saleeby, 1992). This paper identifies seven principles from the empowerment model which can enrich the supervisory process. Five potential obstacles to the employment of this model are identified. These potential pitfalls call for heightened awareness and sensitivity.
Statutory Domain and the Commercial Law of Intellectual Property

For more than a century, the commercial law of intellectual property has generated intense controversy with ever-growing stakes. The central fulcrum in the area -- the “first-sale” or “exhaustion” doctrine -- has produced four recent Supreme Court cases, a host of lower court decisions, and a mountain of scholarly criticism. Scholars who otherwise agree on little unite in excoriating the doctrine as a “per se,” “ham-handed,” “sterile” rule that is “frustratingly under-theorized” and grounded in “a set of arid technicalities of no particular value.” Champions of intellectual property dislike the doctrine because they want infringement suits to enforce contractual restrictions on goods embodying intellectual property. Skeptics of intellectual property want a stronger doctrine that would sweep away all contractual restrictions and encumbrances on such goods. We argue that both camps wrongly assume that the doctrine was created through common-law reasoning in pursuit of substantive policies such as fostering an unencumbered flow of goods in commerce. This Article demonstrates that, in both its historical origins and its current application, the law in this area is based on statutory interpretation and is directed toward the more nuanced goal of limiting the domain of intellectual property statutes to avoid displacing other areas of law. This thesis explains why the foundational cases reject intellectual property infringement claims but are agnostic as to whether the unsuccessful plaintiffs could achieve their goals under contract or property law theories. The century-long development of law in this area also provides useful insights for statutory interpretation theory by illustrating precisely how courts limit a statute’s domain so that one area of law appropriately yields to another.
State Prices and Gibbs States

The foundation for the theory of asset prices in the absence of riskless arbitrage opportunities is the existence and use of normalized Arrow-Debreu state prices, also called a risk neutral probability distribution. Under this distribution, an asset's price is predicted to be the risklessly discounted, present value of its future payoff. The Bayesian, information theoretic view of inference directs us to use a generalized exponential distribution solving a constrained entropy problem (i.e. a Gibbs state), as an estimator of these risk-neutral probabilities. Use of the Gibbs state provides simple derivation of powerful asset pricing predictions, and also uncovers an isomorphism between statistical mechanics and asset pricing, paving the way for future development of new asset pricing predictions which exploit the isomorphism. The paper uses only simple mathematics to make these points, and is self-contained, in the hope that it will stimulate additional interdisciplinary interest in financial economics.
Alfred Owre: revisiting the thought of a distinguished, though controversial, early twentieth-century dental educator.

Many in dental education are unfamiliar with the professional life and thought of Dr. Alfred Owre, a distinguished though controversial dental educator in the early twentieth century. Owre served as dean of dentistry at both the University of Minnesota, 1905–27, and Columbia University, 1927–33. He was also a member of the Carnegie Foundation’s commission that developed the report Dental Education in the United States and Canada, written by Dr. William J. Gies. Owre was a controversial leader due to his creative and original ideas that challenged dental education and the profession. His assessment and critique of the problems of dental education in his era can readily be applied to contemporary dental education and the profession, just as his vision for transformative change resonates with ideas that continue to be advocated by some individuals today. This article also documents his tumultuous relationship with Gies.
Highly Athletic Terrestrial Mammals: Horses and Dogs

Evolutionary forces drive beneficial adaptations in response to a complex array of environmental conditions. In contrast, over several millennia, humans have been so enamored by the running/athletic prowess of horses and dogs that they have sculpted their anatomy and physiology based solely upon running speed. Thus, through hundreds of generations, those structural and functional traits crucial for running fast have been optimized. Central among these traits is the capacity to uptake, transport and utilize oxygen at spectacular rates. Moreover, the coupling of the key systems--pulmonary-cardiovascular-muscular is so exquisitely tuned in horses and dogs that oxygen uptake response kinetics evidence little inertia as the animal transitions from rest to exercise. These fast oxygen uptake kinetics minimize Intramyocyte perturbations that can limit exercise tolerance. For the physiologist, study of horses and dogs allows investigation not only of a broader range of oxidative function than available in humans, but explores the very limits of mammalian biological adaptability. Specifically, the unparalleled equine cardiovascular and muscular systems can transport and utilize more oxygen than the lungs can supply. Two consequences of this situation, particularly in the horse, are profound exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia as well as structural failure of the delicate blood-gas barrier causing pulmonary hemorrhage and, in the extreme, overt epistaxis. This chapter compares and contrasts horses and dogs with humans with respect to the structural and functional features that enable these extraordinary mammals to support their prodigious oxidative and therefore athletic capabilities.
Real-time imaging detectors for portal imaging

This paper reviews the status of real-time imaging systems which are used in radiation-therapy for radiotherapy localization and verification. Imaging systems under review include (1) metal- fluorescent screens, optically coupled to video cameras; (2) metal-phosphor screen in direct contact with two-dimensional photo-diode array (flat panel detector); (3) two-dimensional liquid ionization chamber; and (4) linear diode arrays. These systems permit frequent verification during the treatment and have been shown to be very useful. Unfortunately the image quality achieved, while impressive considering the short time the devices have been on the market, is significantly inferior to that which is available from the metal/film combination (port film).
Genetically encoded molecular biosensors to image histone methylation in living animals.

Post-translational addition of methyl groups to the amino terminal tails of histone proteins regulates cellular gene expression at various stages of development and the pathogenesis of cellular diseases, including cancer. Several enzymes that modulate these post-translational modifications of histones are promising targets for development of small molecule drugs. However, there is no promising real-time histone methylation detection tool currently available to screen and validate potential small molecule histone methylation modulators in small animal models. With this in mind, we developed genetically encoded molecular biosensors based on the split-enzyme complementation approach for in vitro and in vivo imaging of lysine 9 (H3–K9 sensor) and lysine 27 (H3–K27 sensor) methylation marks of histone 3. These methylation sensors were validated in vitro in HEK293T, HepG2, and HeLa cells. The efficiency of the histone methylation sensor was assessed by employing methyltransferase inhibitors (Bix01294 and UNC063...
Antigenic Heterogeneity of Human Immunoglobulin A Proteins

Two types of human IgA myeloma proteins were distinguished by immunochemical tests. Seven of 51 IgA-myeloma proteins contained an an tigenic determinant that was not de tected in the other 44 proteins. The distinctive antigenic site was not dem onstrated on either the heavy or light polypeptide chains.
Sum rule for conductor-backed thin-wire dipole antennas

A sum rule for horizontal thin-wire dipole antennas backed by a perfectly conducting ground plane is presented. It is an integral identity for the extinction cross section of a conducting dipole multiplied by a weight function under a linearly polarized plane wave illumination. The weighted integral is found to be proportional to the static polarizability of the original and image dipoles in free space.
Correction for non-spectroscopic matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry by common analyte internal standardization

Abstract The Common Analyte Internal Standardization (CAIS) chemometric technique is extended to correct for non-spectroscopic matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The approach is based on using an internal reference element to correct for the matrix effect. Unlike the conventional internal reference method, the CAIS technique allows for the analyte to behave differently from the internal reference under the influence of the matrix. With the CAIS technique a single internal reference element is sufficient to correct for all the analytes. Experimental tests with 13 analytes in four different matrices using different ICP-MS instruments demonstrate that the CAIS is efficient and general for matrix effect correction. Not only is the corrected concentration more accurate, but the precision is significantly better. The capability of CAIS to correct for the effect of a mixture of two matrices was also established experimentally, and 20–30% matrix suppression was eliminated. Furthermore, the developed technique was used as a simple diagnostic quality assurance procedure to evaluate the performance of the mass spectrometer.
The effect of heat, buffer salt and H-ion concentration, and ultraviolet light on the infectivity of Heliothis and Trichoplusia nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses

Abstract The thermal inactivation point of Heliothis nuclear-polyhedrosis virus (HPV) was determined to be between 75° and 80°C for 10 min; that of the Trichoplusia nuclear-polyhedrosis virus (TPV) was between 82° and 88°C. Infectivity of HPV was reduced when the virus was buffered at pH 2 or 12 for 30 min to 24 hr but was unaffected at pH 5, 7, or 9. The concentration of phosphate buffer used appeared to have little effect. TPV polyhedra dissolved after 30 min in 0.1 m phosphate at pH 11, but infectivity was not lost until a pH of 12 was reached. HPV was inactivated by ultraviolet light after 5 min at 2 inches from the light source. Infectivity of TPV was greatly reduced by exposures of 4–10 min to ultraviolet at 2 inches; total inactivation did not occur after 60 min, but did after 120 min. Effect of ultraviolet on both viruses was progressively lessened as distance from light source to virus increased. No reduction in infectivity of either virus occurred at an exposure distance of 32 inches.
The multichannel eikonal theory program for electron-atom scattering

Abstract The operation of the code MET_cross for the solution of the semiclassical multichannel eikonal theory for electron-atom scattering is described. Also described is a second code, MET_states, which utilizes the results produced by MET_cross to generate a complete set of state multipoles and coherence and alignment parameters needed to characterize the polarization properties of the radiation emitted in the decay of the metastable atomic states excited in the collision. Included also is a discussion of the relationship between the present codes used to solve the semiclassical multichannel eikonal theory and codes used to implement other semiclassical and quantal scattering theories of electron-atom scattering.
Expanded Hepatitis C Virus Screening Recommendations Promote Opportunities for Care and Cure

This issue includes the USPSTF recommendation on screening for HCV infection, which recommends screening all asymptomatic persons at high risk and offering 1-time screening for adults born between ...
Central cardiovascular effects of angiotensin

Abstract There has been increasing interest in the variety of effects induced by angiotensin and renin mediated via the central nervous system. This review is restricted to the effects of the renin-angiotensin system on central nervous system sites influencing cardiovascular activity. The first reports suggesting that angiotensin II influenced central cardiovascular control appeared in 1961 (1). These initial studies utilized the dog cross-circulation preparation in which the recipient's head was neurally intact, but vascularly isolated from the trunk. The data suggested that angiotensin II, in sufficient dosage (greater than 0.2 μg/kg) administered via the carotid inflow to the recipient's head was capable of stimulating structures within the central nervous system resulting in an increase in peripheral blood pressure.
Axonal regeneration and neuronal function are preserved in motor neurons lacking ß-actin in vivo.

The proper localization of s-actin mRNA and protein is essential for growth cone guidance and axon elongation in cultured neurons. In addition, decreased levels of s-actin mRNA and protein have been identified in the growth cones of motor neurons cultured from a mouse model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), suggesting that s-actin loss-of-function at growth cones or pre-synaptic nerve terminals could contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. However, the role of s-actin in motor neurons in vivo and its potential relevance to disease has yet to be examined. We therefore generated motor neuron specific s-actin knock-out mice (Actb-MNsKO) to investigate the function of s-actin in motor neurons in vivo. Surprisingly, s-actin was not required for motor neuron viability or neuromuscular junction maintenance. Skeletal muscle from Actb-MNsKO mice showed no histological indication of denervation and did not significantly differ from controls in several measurements of physiologic function. Finally, motor axon regeneration was unimpaired in Actb-MNsKO mice, suggesting that s-actin is not required for motor neuron function or regeneration in vivo.