cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weak-Beam Dark-Field Microscopy

The term ‘weak-beam microscopy’ refers to the formation of a diffraction-contrast image in either BF or DF where the useful information is transferred by weakly excited beams. The DF approach has been more widely used, in part because it can be understood using quite simple physical models. It also gives stronger contrast; we see white lines on a dark gray background. This chapter will be concerned only with the DF approach. Historically, the weak-beam dark-field (WBDF often abbreviated to WB) method became important because under certain special diffraction conditions, dislocations can be imaged as narrow lines which are approximately 1.5nm wide. Equally important is the fact that the positions of these lines are well defined with respect to the dislocation cores; they are also relatively insensitive to both the foil thickness and the position of the dislocations in the specimen. The technique is particularly useful if you are studying dissociated dislocations where pairs of partial dislocations may only be ~4 nm apart and yet this separation greatly affects the properties of the material.
Endoscopic Findings of Primary Follicular Lymphoma

A 79-year-old female with benign past medical history presented to the gastroenterology clinic complaining of long-standing symptoms of dyspepsia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed nodular smooth mucosa in the second part of the duodenum. The morphologic and immunophenotypic findings were consistent with low-grade follicular lymphoma. The purpose of this manuscript is to educate the reader on this unusual finding that is pathognomonic for gastrointestinal lymphoma.
Phylogenetic analysis of a highly specific association between ectosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and a marine nematode

The phylogenetic relationship of chemoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing, ectosymbiotic bacteria growing on a marine nematode, a Laxus sp. (formerly a Catanema sp.), to known endosymbionts and free-living bacteria was determined. Comparative 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the unculturable nematode epibionts, and rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide hybridization probes were used to identify the ectosymbionts in situ. Both analyses revealed a remarkably specific and stable symbiosis. Unique hybridization of a specific probe to the ectosymbionts indicated that only one species of bacteria was present and growing on the cuticle of the nematode. Distance and parsimony methods used to infer phylogenetic trees both placed the nematode ectosymbionts at the base of a branch containing chemoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts of three bivalve families and of the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. The most closely related free-living bacteria were chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers belonging to the genus Thiomicrospira. Furthermore, our results suggested that a second, only distantly related group of thioautotrophic endosymbionts has as its deepest branch surface-colonizing bacteria belonging to the genus Thiothrix, some of which are capable of sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic growth.
Nanosized Au2Pd41(CO)27(PEt3)15 containing two geometrically unprecedented 13-coordinated Au-centered (μ13-Au)Pd13 polyhedra connected by triangular face-sharing and three interpenetrating 12-coordinated Pd-centered (μ12-Pd)Au2Pd10 icosahedra: geometrical change in centered polyhedra induced by Au/Pd electronegativity-mismatch

The synthesis, isolation, and stereochemical characterization of Au2Pd41(CO)27(PEt3)15 (1) are described. This nanosized Au2Pd41 cluster (maximum metal-core diameter, 1.04 nm) was originally obtained with Au2Pd21(CO)20(PEt3)10 as low-yield by-products together with Pd145(CO)x(PEt3)30 (x ∼ 60) from the reaction of Pd(PEt3)2Cl2 and Au(PPh3)Cl in DMF with NaOH under CO atmosphere. The subsequent preparation of Au2Pd21(CO)20(PEt3)10 in greatly improved yields (preceding article) thereby provided the starting material that led to the isolation of 1 in reasonable yields (54%) from an overnight refluxing of the preformed Au2Pd21 cluster in THF under N2. Both the composition (subsequently ascertained from elemental analysis) and molecular geometry of 1 were unequivocally established from a low-temperature CCD X-ray diffraction study, which revealed a cubic unit cell of P213 symmetry with four molecules of 1 and four co-crystallized triphenylphosphine oxide molecules each lying on a crystallographic three-fold axis. The entire Au2Pd41 core of pseudo-C3h symmetry may be viewed as a central Au2Pd29 fragment of pseudo-D3h symmetry composed of two heretofore geometrically unknown 13-coordinated Au-centered (μ13-Au)Pd13 polyhedra that share a common internal Pd(i)3 triangular face perpendicular to the C3 principal axis and of three three-fold-related interpenetrating 12-coordinated Pd-centered (μ12-Pd)Au2Pd10 icosahedra. A comparative analysis of this central Au2Pd29 fragment in 1 with an internal Au(i)2Pd(i)3 trigonal bipyramid vs. the corresponding central Pd29 fragment in the known homopalladium Pd35(CO)23(PMe3)15 (2) with an internal Pd(i)5 trigonal bipyramid resulting from five interpenetrating 12-coordinated Pd-centered [(μ12-Pd)Pd12] icosahedra is particularly illuminating; it provides a striking illustration of the remarkable observed difference between Pd- vs. Au-centered polyhedra which is attributed to a large electronegativity-mismatch in radial bonding interactions that occurs upon replacement of the Pd-centered atom with a highly electronegative Au-centered atom. The entire Au2Pd41 core-geometry is obtained by additional face-condensations of 12 tetracapping Pd(cap) atoms. This cluster is stabilized by 15 PEt3 ligands and 27 doubly- and triply-bridging CO ligands. A close geometrical resemblance between the three three-fold-related Au2Pd14 moities within the Au2Pd41 core in 1 and the entire Au2Pd14 core in the known [Au2Pd14(CO)9(PMe3)11]2+ dication (3) is observed; resulting stereochemical implications are given.
Measurement and development of schedule-induced drinking in pigeons

Abstract Three food-deprived pigeons were exposed to fixed-interval (FI) schedules of grain presentation ranging in value from 15-sec to 4-min. A photocell arrangement located above the water cup recorded frequency, duration, conditional probability, and temporal location of drinking. Drinking developed at inter-food intervals of 2-min or 4-min, gradually increased in magnitude, and stabilized after a large number of experimental sessions. Two of the three pigeons showed substantial levels of water intake, and all birds developed typical patterns of adjunctive drinking in which bouts occurred either shortly after reinforcement, or within the first half of the inter-food interval. These data suggest that previous difficulties in extending the generality of schedule-induced drinking to pigeons may reflect failures to properly arrange an effective combination of procedural variables.
Catalytic autoxidations using tris-diimine iron(II) coordination complexes

Abstract The hydrocarbon-soluble coordination complex [Fe(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) 3 ](SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) is an active catalyst for the autoxidation of cumene and cyclohexane. The activity of 1 in the autoxidation of cumene at 60 °C is comparable to that of tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin iron(III) chloride ( 2 ), a halogenated iron porphyrin with high autoxidation activity. The kinetic data have been fit by a mechanism in which the iron catalyst is activated by reaction with peroxide and the resulting active complex acts as a peroxide decomposition catalyst producing chain-carrying radicals. The activity of 1 is also comparable to that of 2 in the autoxidation of cyclohexane at 135 °C. The utility of catalyst 1 is enhanced by its solubility in pure hydrocarbon substrates.
The Colonization of Madame Bovary: Hindi Cinema's Maya Memsaab

This is the first in-depth analysis of Maya Memsaab (1992), Ketan Mehta's Hindi film adaptation of Flaubert's 1857 classic novel, Madame Bovary. Using the taxonomy established by Thomas Leitch in his recently published Film Adaptation and Its Discontents, the essay argues that in addition to updating its novelistic source and adapting it to the screen and to Indian culture, Mehta's film effectively colonizes it, imposing new meanings on the original text. If, like her fictional elder, Mehta's heroine is a victim of illusion (a concept inscribed moreover in the name ‘Maya’), she also falls prey to the nefarious influence of the West on the culture of the subcontinent. Mehta's coup is to have created an ostensibly respectful adaptation while infusing it with a distinctly Indian ideology. Designed to satisfy its British and French co-producers and its disparate audiences (indigenous and diasporic Indians accustomed to Bollywood song-and-dance numbers as well as the international public familiar with the novel), Maya Memsaab reincarnates Emma Bovary in order to comment on the plight of the Westernized Indian woman.
A new CEM algorithm for solving real-world antenna and scattering problems

In this paper, we introduce a new generalpurpose Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) algorithm, called RUFD (Recursive Algorithm Frequency Domain), for solving electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems in the frequency domain. Although RUFD shares many desirable features of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), algorithm-such as no matrix generation, or iterative solution of a matrix system-it differs from the FDTD in its solution strategy because it generates the solution of Maxwell's equations in the frequency rather than in the time domain. The method is therefore well suited for dealing with dispersive media, and for deriving solutions for problems that involve high-Q structures. Another advantage of solving the problem in the frequency domain is that it is considerably more efficient for constructing low frequency solutions, in comparison to time domain algorithms, which require long run times when an accurate solution is desired at low frequencies.
Effects of lordosis-relevant neuropeptides on midbrain periaqueductal gray neuronal activity in vitro.

Abstract Certain neuropeptides can facilitate lordosis by acting on midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in estrogen-primed female rats. Here, we investigated responses of individual PAG neurons in vitro, to five neuropeptides: substance P (SP), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), prolactin (PRL), oxytocin (OT), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Substance P, OT, and TRH excited spontaneous activity of PAG neurons through neurotransmitter-like actions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas LHRH and PRL virtually never affected PAG neurons this way. Oxytocin acted through oxytocin receptors located on the recorded PAG neurons, since excitatory actions of OT were 1) not abolished by synaptic blockade, 2) mimicked by the OT-specific agonist [Thr 4 ,Gly 7 ]OT but not by arginine vasopressin, and 3) blocked by the OT-specific antagonist [d(CH 2 ) 5 ,Tyr(Me) 2 ,Orn 8 ]vasotocin. Although LHRH had no neurotransmitter-like action on spontaneous activity of PAG neurons, it, as well as SP, could modulate responses of some dorsal PAG neurons to GABA A and GABA B agonists or norepinephrine. Neuromodulatory actions of LHRH and SP could help facilitate lordosis through PAG neurons.
High-Order Mismatch-Shaped Segmented Multibit $\Delta \Sigma$ DACs With Arbitrary Unit Weights

This paper reports a new segment-mismatch-shaping technique for multi-bit ΔΣ DACs. Our technique allows an arbitrary weight of unit elements in each segment and a high (>; 2) segment mismatch shaping order. In addition, our required number of unit elements does not increase as the segment-mismatch-shaping order increases. Simulations under various conditions prove the validity of our technique.
BF3-H2O catalyzed Fries rearrangement of phenolic esters

BF3-H2O catalyzed Fries rearrangement is reported. Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acid esters of phenols react smoothly under mild conditions to provide the corresponding hydroxyketones in high yield, selectivity and purity.
The risk of asthma exacerbation after reducing inhaled corticosteroids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background Asthma guidelines suggest reducing controller medications when asthma is stable. Methods The purpose of the study is to estimate the risk of asthma exacerbation in stable asthmatics who reduce inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) compared to those who maintain a stable ICS dose. We identified articles from a systematic review of English and non-English articles using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL (inception to May 25, 2013). We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a stable asthma run-in period of 4 weeks or more, an intervention to reduce ICS, and a follow-up period of at least 3 months. Results The search strategy identified 2253 potential articles, of which 206 were reviewed at the full-text level and 6 met criteria for inclusion. The relative risk of an asthma exacerbation in individuals who reduced ICS compared to those who maintained the same ICS dose was 1.25 (95% CI 0.96, 1.62; P = 0.10; I2 = 0%) in studies with a mean follow-up of 22 weeks. Individuals who reduced ICS had a decreased% predicted FEV1 of 0.87% (95% CI −1.58%,3.33%; P = 0.49, I2 = 58%) and a decreased mean morning peak expiratory flow of 9.57 l/min (95% CI 1.25, 17.90; P = 0.02; I2 = 74%) compared to those individuals who maintained a stable ICS dose. Conclusions Asthma exacerbations were statistically no more likely among individuals who reduced ICS compared to those who maintained their ICS dose, supporting current guidelines which recommend decreasing ICS by 50% after a period of asthma stability.
Regulation of α1-acid glycoprotein externalization and intracellular accumulation in glucocorticoid-induced rat hepatoma cells☆

Abstract α1-Acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP) is a glucocorticoid inducible gene product that is synthesized and secreted by certain rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell lines such as M1.54. Exposure to monensin, a Na+-K+ ionophore, causes a significant redistribution of α1-AGP into two distinct fractions; immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins revealed that a 27% decrease in secretion accounts for a sixfold increase in accumulation of a stable intracellular species. The new intracellular α1-AGP is more heterogeneous than normal while the extra-cellular form is 6000 Da smaller than normal. These effects are due to selective alterations in carbohydrate maturation; endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo H) digestion demonstrated that both α1-AGP species contain variable numbers of endo H-resistant oligosaccharide side chains ranging between zero and five. Ricin affinity chromatography revealed that the attachment of galactose residues is strikingly correlated with α1-AGP externalization while neuraminidase digestions demonstrated that sialic acid attachment appears unessential for its secretion. Taken together, our results suggest that in the presence of monensin the cellular transport of intracellular destined and externalized α1-AGP proceeds in common through the early segments of the Golgi and at a point prior to or at the compartment containing galactosyl transferase, α1-AGP becomes committed for secretion.
Polymer nanocomposites: polymer and particle dynamics

Polymer nanocomposites containing nanoparticles smaller than the random coil size of their host polymer chains are known to exhibit unique properties, such as lower viscosity and glass transition temperature relative to the neat polymer melt. It has been hypothesized that these unusual properties result from fast diffusion of the nanostructures in the host polymer, which facilitates polymer chain relaxation by constraint release and other processes. In this study, the effects of addition of sterically stabilized inorganic nanoparticles to entangled cis-1,4-polyisoprene and polydimethylsiloxane on the overall rheology of nanocomposites are discussed. In addition, insights about the relaxation of the host polymer chains and transport properties of nanoparticles in entangled polymer nanocomposites are presented. The nanoparticles are found to act as effective plasticizers for their entangled linear hosts, and below a critical, chemistry and molecular-weight dependent particle volume fraction, lead to reduced viscosity, glass transition temperature, number of entanglements, and polymer relaxation time. We also find that the particle motions in the polymer host are hyperdiffusive and at the nanoparticle length scale, the polymer host acts like a simple, ideal fluid and the composites' viscosity rises with increasing particle concentration.
Reaction kinetics and mechanical properties in the reactive brazing of copper to aluminum nitride

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an attractive substrate material for electronic packaging applications because of its high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. However, improved metallization of aluminum nitride is required for reliable conductivity and good adhesion to the ceramic substrate. In this study, the kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical strength of Ag–Cu–Ti/AlN reaction couples have been studied in the temperature range of 900–1,050 °C and hold time range of 0–1.44 × 104 s using a eutectic silver–copper filler alloy containing titanium within the range of 2–8 wt%. The product layer thickening kinetics has been observed to change from a linear to non-linear thickening mechanism with the increase in holding time and temperature. At shorter hold times at a fixed temperature, the interfacial product layer followed a linear thickening kinetics. With the increase in the hold time, the thickening kinetics of the interface followed a non-linear thickening behavior. The non-linear thickening mechanism has been approximated as a parabolic thickening mechanism. The interface has been found to be rich in the reactive metal (Ti) content. The mechanical strength of the brazed joints has been analyzed using four-point bend tests. The strength of the brazed joints initially increased and then decreased with an increase in the hold time at a fixed temperature. A maximum strength of 196 MPa has been obtained for a brazed joint heated at 1,000 °C for 2,700 s containing 2 wt% Ti in the filler alloy. It was observed that the sample with the maximum strength had a discontinuous interface.
Hydrogeomorphic methods for the regional evaluation of flood hazards

The “upstream” approach to flood hazard evaluation involves the estimation of hydrologic response in small drainage basins. This study demonstrates the application of geomorphology to such studies in a region of unusually intense flooding in central Texas. One approach to flood hazard evaluation in this area is a parametric model relating flood hydrograph characteristics to quantitative geomorphic properties of the drainage basins. A preliminary model uses multiple regression techniques to predict potential peak flood discharge from basin magnitude, drainage density, and ruggedness number. After mapping small catchment networks (4 to 20 km2) from remote sensing imagery, input data for the model are generated by network digitization and analysis by a computer-assisted routine of watershed analysis. The study evaluated the network resolution capabilities of the following data formats: (1) large-scale (1:24,000) topographic maps, employing Strahler's “method of v's”, (2) low altitude black-and-white aerial photography (1:13,000 and 1:20,000 scales), (3) NASA-generated aerial infrared photography at scales ranging from 1:48,000 to 1:123,000, and (4) Skylab Earth Resources Experiment Package S-190A and S-190B sensors (1:750,000 and 1:500,000 respectively). Measured as the number of first order streams or as the total channel length identified in small drainage areas, resolution is strongly dependent on basin relief. High-density basins on the Edwards Plateau were poorly depicted on orbital imagery. However, the orbital network definition of low-relief basins on the inner Texas Coastal Plain is nearly as accurate as results from large-scale topographic maps. Geomorphic methods are also useful for flood hazard zonation in “downstream” flood plain areas. Studies of the Colorado River valley near Austin, Texas, easily distinguished infrequent (100- to 500-year recurrence interval), intermediate (10- to 30-year), and frequent (1- to 4-year) hazard zones. These mapping techniques are especially applicable to the rapid regional evaluation of flood hazards in areas for which there is a lack of time and money to generate more accurate engineering-hydraulic flood hazard maps.
First Records of Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Outer Mongolia, with Notes on Ecology and Biogeographic Distribution

Paraboreochlus minutissimus (Strobl 1894) and Trichotanypus posticalis (Lund- beck 1898) have been collected from Gorkhi Terelj, Outer Mongolia resulting in the first record for these species and for the subfamily Podonominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in this country. Both species were collected in habitats similar to their described habitats from Europe and North America. A review of their biogeography indicates that Trichotanypus are restricted to the more northern part of the Holarctic region and will likely be restricted to northern Mongolia; whereas Paraboroechlus has a more southern Holarctic distribution and future surveys may result in finding it in southern Mongolia, just north of the Gobi Desert.
Schneider's first rank symptoms and the tabulators

Abstract A critical review is presented of the published investigations into the role of Schneider's first rank symptoms (FRSs) in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The findings show wide discrepancies, and Schneider's opinion that FRSs do not occur outside schizophrenia has been challenged. A brief presentation of Schneider's diagnostics hopes to put the diverse and contradictory findings into a contextual perspective.
Long-Term Biliary Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Restenosis: Incidence, Endoscopic Management, and Complications of Retreatment

Background Ampullary restenosis is a late complication of biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy. Long-term data are limited regarding both the rate of restenosis and complications resulting from repeat therapy.
Amino acid profile and nitric oxide pathway in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: L-arginine depletion in acute peritonitis

To gain insights into the amino acid metabolism and L-arginine-nitric oxide system, we studied 21 control continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients and 13 patients with 15 episodes of acute peritonitis. The concentrations of amino acids, including L-arginine, were measured in the peritoneal dialysate and in the serum. The data demonstrate that patients with end-stage renal disease on CPD who have acute peritonitis develop L-arginine deficiency. The majority of patients with acute bacterial peritonitis have increased nitric oxide production as judged by the level of nitrites in the dialysate. The recovery from peritonitis is associated with a decline in nitric oxide generation. Paradoxically, there is a smaller subgroup of these patients that shows low nitrite levels during acute peritonitis. The nitrite to L-arginine ratio in the peritoneal dialysate is increased in patients with peritonitis, further suggesting the development of substrate deficiency. These findings implicate L-arginine as a conditionally essential amino acid in CPD patients with acute peritonitis and raise questions concerning the necessity of L-arginine supplementation.
2'-hydroxyl proton positions in helical RNA from simultaneously measured heteronuclear scalar couplings and NOEs.

The 2‘-hydroxyl group in RNA plays an important structural role; it defines hydration in the minor groove, impacts thermodynamic stability of RNA, and often participates in RNA catalysis. To better study this important functional group in RNA, we describe a constant-time HMQC−IPAP−NOESY 3D NMR experiment. It simultaneously yields highly resolved 13C-separated NOEs from ribose protons to the 2‘OH proton, as well as E.COSY-type measurement of JC-OH couplings, thereby permitting a quantitative study of the orientation of the 2‘OH proton in RNA. The observed NOE patterns indicate that the 2‘OH bonds in A-form helical RNA are primarily oriented toward the base domain, as further supported by small (1.3 ± 0.7 Hz) 3JC1‘-2‘OH and relatively large (4.2 ± 0.7 Hz) 3JC3‘-2‘OH couplings. The constant-time HMQC−IPAP−NOESY is suitable for measurement of interactions of rapidly exchanging protons in proteins and nucleic acids.
Tournament games and condorcet voting

Abstract A Condorcet voting procedure asks each voter to rank candidates in order of preference. Then for each pair of candidates, a tally determines which candidate is preferred by a majority. The results can be modeled by a tournament where nodes represent the candidates and arcs point toward the loser of each two way race. If one candidate beats every other candidate, he/she is the winner. If there is no such winner, Felsenthal and Machover proposed that the “winner” be a probabilistic combination of candidates that win at least as often as they lose against every candidate. A winner is then picked according to the probabilities. This is the unique optimal strategy to a generalized “scissors, paper, and stone” game played on the tournament. What is the maximum number of lottery balls (the least common denominator of the probabilities) needed to pick a winner from n candidates?
Role of Blowing Agents in Expansion of High‐Amylose Starch Acetate During Extrusion

ABSTRACT High-amylose starch acetate (DS 2) was processed in a Brabender twin-screw extruder with ethanol and isopropanol as blowing agents at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25%. A constant temperature of 150°C, a constant screw speed of 140 rpm, and a die nozzle with diameter of 4.0 mm and length of 16.2 mm were used to study the role of blowing agents on the expansion of the extrudates. Extrudates without blowing agent shrunk considerably after exiting the die as the cells collapsed drastically after expansion. Stable radial expansion of the extrudates increased with increase in the ethanol concentration to an optimum value of 18.0 at 5% (db) ethanol concentration and decreased with further increase in the ethanol concentration. Stable radial expansion increased to a maximum of 17.0 as the concentration of isopropanol was increased to 25% (db), though the rate of increase in expansion decreased with the increase in isopropanol concentration >10%. Flashing off of blowing agents aided in removing ...
Validation of clear-sky radiances over oceans simulated with MODTRAN4.2 and global NCEP GDAS fields against nighttime NOAA15-18 and MetOp-A AVHRR data

Abstract An accurate and globally representative forward radiative transfer model (RTM) is needed to explore improvements in sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals from spaceborne infrared observations. This study evaluates the biases in top-of-atmosphere (TOA) brightness temperatures (BT) modeled with the moderate resolution transmission (MODTRAN4.2) band RTM, bounded by a Fresnel's reflective flat sea surface. This model is used to simulate global clear-sky Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) nighttime BTs from NOAA-15 through 18 and MetOp-A platforms for one full day of 18 February 2007. Inputs to RTM (SST fields and vertical profiles of atmospheric relative humidity, temperature, pressure, and geopotential height) are specified from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. Model BTs in AVHRR channels 3B (3.7 μm), 4 (11 μm), and 5 (12 μm) are then compared with their respective measured counterparts, available in the NESDIS operational SST files. Ideally, the RTM should match the observations, but in fact, the modeled BTs are biased high with respect to the AVHRR BTs. The “Model minus Observation” (M − O) bias ranges from about 0 to 2 K, depending upon spectral band, view zenith angle, and sea and atmosphere state at the retrieval point. The bias asymptotically decreases towards confidently clear-sky conditions, but it never vanishes and invariably shows channel-specific dependencies on view zenith angle and geophysical conditions (e.g., column water vapor and sea–air temperature difference). Fuller exploration of the potential of the current RTM (e.g., adding global vertical aerosol profiles) or improvements to its input (NCEP SST and atmospheric profiles) may reduce this bias, but they cannot fully reconcile its spectral and angular structure. The fact that the M − O biases are closely reproducible for five AVHRR sensors flown onboard different platforms adds confidence in the validation approach employed in this study. We emphasize the need for establishing a globally adequate forward RTM for the use in SST modeling and retrievals. A first test of the RTM adequacy is its ability, when used in conjunction with the global fields from the numerical weather prediction models, to reproduce the TOA clear-sky radiances measured by satellite sensors.
Effects of transforming growth factor α and interleukin‐1 on DNA synthesis, collagen synthesis, procollagen mRNA levels, and prostaglandin E2 production in cultured fetal rat calvaria

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been shown to affect bone metabolism in vitro by prostaglandin-dependent and PG-independent mechanisms. We assessed the effects of the combination of these two agents on [3H]thymidine (TdR) incorporation into DNA, DNA content, [3H]proline incorporation into collagenase-digestible (CDP), noncollagen protein (NCP), and PGE2 production in 21 day fetal rat calvaria cultured for 24-96 h. We also determined whether TGF-alpha plus IL-1 altered procollagen mRNA levels at 96 h. TGF-alpha, 1-30 ng/ml, produced a 41-59% increase in TdR incorporation into DNA, but the effect was partially blocked by human recombinant IL-1. At 96 h TGF-alpha alone or in combination with IL-1 significantly increased the DNA content of calvaria. At 96 h, TGF-alpha inhibited CDP labeling and the addition of IL-1 further enhanced this inhibitory effect. The enhanced inhibitory effect of TGF-alpha plus IL-1 on collagen synthesis was associated with a synergistic increase in prostaglandin accumulation in the medium. Addition of indomethacin blocked PGE2 accumulation and partially reversed the inhibitory effect of TGF-alpha alone or in combination with IL-1 on collagen synthesis. TGF-alpha decreased procollagen mRNA levels by 55%, but the combination of TGF-alpha plus IL-1 decreased procollagen mRNA levels by 82%. Our results show that TGF-alpha and IL-1, which are both produced by certain tumors as well as activated macrophages, appear to act synergistically to increase prostaglandin synthesis and inhibit collagen synthesis in vitro. Thus these agents may have a regulatory role on bone formation in vivo.
The role of vaporization studies and mass spectrometry in the thermodynamics and phase relations of nuclear materials

Abstract The thermodynamics and phase relations of nuclear materials can be conveniently and powerfully studied by high-temperature vaporization investigations, especially if mass spectrometric techniques are incorporated. This paper discusses the physical principles of importance in high-temperature vaporization experiments and the use and limitations of conventional and mass spectrometric techniques. A vaporization study gives thermodynamic information about condensed materials and gases if equilibrium exists during the measurements. The course of a vaporization study leading to equilibrium values is described. The mass spectrometer has not been excelled for the identification of species, for rapid measurements of abundances, and for measurements of the temperature coefficients of the intensities of all the species. The instrument may be used for the investigation of vaporization reactions, for the study of reactions involving only gases in equilibrium with one another, and for the measurement of the chemical potentials of the individual components in a chemical system throughout wide composition ranges.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Is 15q26.1‐26.2 a candidate locus?

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a developmental abnormality due to failure of the normal formation of the diaphragm. While the majority of cases are idiopathic, chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in approximately 15% of cases. Several recent series have suggested that 15q24-26 is critical in normal development of the diaphragm. We present a patient with a karyotype of 46, XX, del (15)(q26.1) born with a diaphragmatic hernia, coarctation of the aorta, and dysmorphic features. This patient represents the smallest isolated chromosomal aberration on distal 15q reported to date. The DNA regulatory proteins, myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 proteins (MEF2), play a critical role in the control of muscle differentiation and development. One member of this gene family, MEF2A, maps to 15q26. We propose that this region is a candidate locus for diaphragmatic hernia and future investigations should examine the role of MEF2A in diaphragm formation.
Pirro Ligorio and Decoration of the Late Sixteenth Century at Ferrara

IN July 1577 the Ferrarese painter Bartolomeo Faccini was killed by falling from a temporary scaffolding set up in the court of the Este Castle at Ferrara.1 Faccini and his brother Girolamo had just completed decorating the four walls of the courtyard with frescoes depicting two hundred of the most notable members of the Este family which then ruled Ferrara. According to Cesare Cittadella, the Faccini had included a portrait of the contemporary duke, Alfonso II, with those of his ancestors. Since Alfonso II objected to the inclusion of his portrait, the artist had to erase it. It was only after all the scaffolding was removed that Bartolomeo Faccini discovered that he had forgotten to destroy the name and arms of the Duke which had been below this portrait. It was this which caused the erection of a temporary scaffolding from which Faccini plunged to his death.
Viscosity of hard sphere suspensions.

Abstract A simple functional representation of the concentration dependence of the low-shear viscosity η of hard sphere suspensions is proposed. The representation, which agrees with published literature at all volume fractions φ, has a hitherto-unremarked transition in its functional form at φ≈0.42≡φt. φt is definitely less than the volume fraction 0.49 of the hard sphere melting transition.
A Large Drift Chamber System for Use in an Iron Spectrometer

A 3500 wire drift chamber system has been built for a very large iron toroidal spectrometer which will be used at Fermilab. The chambers are trapezoidal, with each covering one-eighth of the face of an eight-foot-diameter toroid. The readout system was designed to give moderate resolution but provide excellent multi-hit capability.
Effect of propranolol on regional myocardial blood flow in acute ischaemia.

In the anaesthetized dog propranolol alters the distribution of intramyocardial blood flow, in that flow is selectively decreased to non-ischaemic areas. The failure of propranolol to reduce flow to ischaemic areas of myocardium may have several explanations which are discussed.
Fenestrated Aneurysm of the Mitral Valve

Aneurysms of the cardiac valves remain rare. In this report, we describe the first case of a left ventricular to mitral valve aneurysm to left atrial shunt through a fenestrated aneurysm of the mitral valve diagnosed and successfully repaired under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography. The transesophageal echocardiography provided substantial additional data to the transthoracic echocardiography, and was valuable in planning the surgical approach. Transesophageal echocardiography should be considered when clear-cut transthoracic echocardiographic interpretation cannot be made in patients with mitral regurgitation. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, September 1991)
Abstract 926: Experimental therapy of pancreatic cancer with KCN1, a novel anticancer agent targeting HIF-1α pathway

Hypoxia is a major driving force in a majority of human cancers and correlates with a poor outcome of cancer treatment. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF1) has been identified as the key orchestrator of hypoxic response due to its transactivation of genes that are involved in many aspects of malignant tumor growth from cell survival and metabolism to angiogenesis and invasion. Thus, pharmacological targeting of HIF-1 represents a promising strategy to inhibit tumor growth and progression. The purpose of the present study was to determine anti-cancer activity and pharmacological properties of KCN1, a novel small molecule HIF-1α pathway inhibitor. We investigated the in vitro activity of KCN1 on the survival of several human pancreatic cancer cell lines, including HPAC, Panc-1 and BxPC3 cells. KCN1 exerted potent effects against the various cell lines, leading to a significant decrease in cell viability, and inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, leading to an arrest in the G1 phase. We also found that the expression of numerous proliferation-associated and cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected by KCN1. It reduced the expression of E2F1, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, Cdc25c and CDK 2, 4, and 6 and, conversely, increased p21 expression. Moreover, KCN1 inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer xenograft tumors in nude mice. There were no significant host toxicity and no gross organ abnormalities upon necropsy. We also developed an HPLC method for KCN1 quantitation and accomplished experiments to derive preclinical information for its further development. The HPLC method provided a linear detection of KCN1 in biological matrices in the range from 0.1 to 100 μM, and had a limit of quantitation of 0.085 μM in mouse plasma. KCN1 was relatively stable in plasma, being largely intact after an 8-hr incubation in mouse plasma at 37°C. The compound was extensively plasma bound, and was metabolized by S9 microsomal enzymes. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that KCN1 could be detected in tumors and all of the normal tissues examined. In conclusion, our preclinical data indicate that KCN1 is a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. The initial pharmacological data provide a basis for its future development as a preclinical and clinical lead HIF1 inhibitor. (This work was supported by NIH/NCI grant R01 CA116804.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 926. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-926
Comparison of direct and indirect embryogenesis protocols, biolistic gene transfer and selection parameters for efficient genetic transformation of sugarcane

The comparison of direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis (DSE and ISE) for biolistic transformation of sugarcane by minimal expression cassettes indicated the highest transformation efficiency with ISE (2.2 independent transgenic plants per shot) and the most rapid production of transgenic plants with DSE (12 weeks from explant to plants in soil). Microprojectiles of 0.3 μm diameter produced 5 times more transgenic lines than 1 μm microprojectiles when used at the same weight basis per shot. A significant reduction of the number of hybridization signals in the Southern blot was also observed with 0.3 μm microprojectiles when compared to 1.0 μm microprojectiles. This suggests that the lower DNA carrying capacity and greater number of the smaller microprojectiles contributes to more transgenic lines with less complex transgene integration. When geneticin sulfate, was used for selection following DSE, significantly more (4.8 times) transgenic plants were produced than with paromomycin sulfate and an equal number of non-expressing plants were produced with both selection agents. In conclusion, optimization of two alternative morphogenic routes for regeneration (DSE and ISE), biolistic and selection parameters generated rooted, transgenic plants of a commercially important sugarcane cultivar with simple transgene integration and within 12 or 19 weeks of culture initiation, respectively. Reducing the complexity of the transgene integration and minimizing the time in tissue culture will likely enhance the performance of the transgenic events.
What is materialism’s material? Thoughts toward (actually against) a materialism for “world literature”

Materialists in postcolonial literary studies can often tend to look past the literary material before them to the “material conditions” that seem the more urgent object of attention. This article argues that the materialist’s gaze should be fixed on the literary surface, not as a kind of code for an external material world, but as itself the material profile of the lived experience of need. To this end, the article introduces the concept of “the material” as it appears in the aesthetics of Theodor Adorno. It then considers the literary critical essays of Kamau Brathwaite as exemplary of a decolonizing materialist criticism. The argument is framed by the consideration of the re-emergence of “world literature” as a disciplinary framework.
Trisomy X in three children.

Three children with trisomy X are presented, bringing the total number of reported patients with trisomy X to 65, of whom 44 are adults, 9 are children, and 12 are newborn infants. The clinical variability of the 3 children presented here suggests that, as in adults, trisomy X is not associated with a characteristic syndrome.
Metal—lingad and metal—metal coupling elements

Abstract The electronic matrix element coupling a ground and charge-transfer excited state can be calculated from the energy intensity of the appropriate charge-transfer transition. An expression for the electronic coupling element widely used for this purpose is based on equations derived by Mulliken and Hush for an effective two-state model and is frequently assumed to be valid only in the perturbation limit. This expression is shown to be exact within a two-state model. Provided that overlap can be neglected and that the spectroscopic transition is polarized along the donor—acceptor axis, it can be applied to system ranging from those which are very weakly coupled to those which are very strongly coupled. Application of the Mulliken—Hush expression to (NH3)5RuL2+ complexes, for which metal—lingand backbonding is important, yields metal—lingand coupling elements of 5000–6000 cm−1 with pyridyl lingands (donor—acceptor separation 3.5 A), in very good agreement with estimates obtained from a molecular orbital analysis of the band energies. With use of the superexchange formalism, the metal—lingand coupling elements were used to calculate metal—metal coupling elements for binuclear mixed-valence complexes. Comparison of these values with those obtained from the Mulliken—Hush expression applied directly to the metal-to-metal charge-transfer transition yields agreement within a factor of two or better.
906 IMMATURE PHENOTYPE OF IGA B CELLS FROM IGA DEFICIENT PATIENTS

IgA B cells have been detected in the peripheral circulation of most patients with IgA deficiency. It has recently been shown that the surface isotypes expressed by human IgA B cells vary as a function of their stage of maturation. To determine the stage at which IgA B cell differentiation is blocked in patients with IgA deficiency, peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 patients with serum levels of IgA ≤ 2 mg/dl were stained for surface immunoglobulins by immunofluorescent techniques. Cells expressing surface IgA were detected in all patient samples but occurred at a significantly lower frequency than in samples from normal controls (0.09% vs. 1.4% of the total lymphocytes). In 10 of the 11 patients 87% of the IgA B cells co-expressed IgM (range 70-100) and 81% expressed IgD (range 65-94). This staining pattern was similar to that seen in the normal newborn in which 95% of the IgA B cells expressed IgM and IgD. In contrast only 5% of the IgA B cells from normal adults co-expressed IgM and IgD. The remaining IgA deficient patient had only 0.05% IgA B cells but these cells demonstrated a typical adult phenotype. 3% of the IgA B cells bore IgM and none bore IgD. These results indicate that in most patients with IgA deficiency IgA B cells differentiation is blocked at an early stage. (Supported by NIH Grants CA16673 and 5MOR32 and National Foundation Grant 1-608),
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prognostic indices in the fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion era.

Abstract Introduction Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the UK now includes the possibility of fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) for poor prognosis fetuses. The objective of this study was to investigate the value of variables previously thought prognostic in the FETO era. Methods A retrospective single-centre study was performed of all infants with CDH born between January 1994 and December 2007. Fetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion was available and had been used with parental consent for fetuses with lung-to-head ratio (LHR) of 1.0 or less and a liver-up position from 2002. Univariate analysis was used to predict survival (to leave hospital) using both prenatal (eg, polyhydramnios) and perinatal variables [eg, best oxygenation index on day 1, or BOI (d1)] and their dependence tested in a logistic regression model. Data were quoted as medians (range). P Results Eighty-six infants with CDH (1994-2002, n=35 and 2002-2007, n=51 "FETO era") were studied. Successful FETO intervention was performed in 31 infants. Univariate analysis showed liver position, birth weight, LHR, and BOI (d1) were significant prognostic predictors (all P P r s = −0.5; P P = .3]. Conclusion Best oxygenation index on day 1 is the best early postnatal predictor of survival. The more recently evaluated prenatal index, LHR, has an observable relationship with BOI (d1) when it is used as a surrogate marker of outcome.
SPACES FOR WHICH THE FIRST UNCOUNTABLE ORDINAL SPACE IS A REMAINDER

A remainder of a locally compact, non-compact Hausdorff spaceX is anyαX − X whereαX is a Hausdorff compactification ofX. LetK(X) be the lattice of compactifications ofX. Conditions onK(X) and an internal condition are obtained which characterize when the first uncountable ordinal space is a remainder ofX.
Responses of spinothalamic tract cells in the thoracic spinal cord of the monkey to cutaneous and visceral inputs.

Abstract Somatovisceral convergence was demonstrated in recordings from 15 of 16 spinothalamic tract cells in the lower thoracic spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys. Inputs were produced by mechanical (or sometimes electrical) stimulation of the skin over the lower trunk and by electrical stimulation of the greater splanchnic nerve through a buried electrode. The volley in the greater splanchnic nerve was monitored using a buried electrode on the sympathetic chain. Spinothalamic tract cells could be excited by activity in Aδ and C fibers, but noteffects produced by Aβ fibers were noted. In some cases inhibitory effects were observed due to movement of hair on the trunk, and inhibitory interactions could be demonstrated between cutaneous and visceral afferent volleys.
A microsatellite-based MHC genotyping system for house mice (Mus domesticus)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the most polymorphic loci known for vertebrates. Although this has been known for over two decades, the selective forces maintaining this genetic diversity are unclear. Efforts to study selection on these loci in nature have been hampered because no simple MHC typing systems are available. Here, we describe and evaluate a microsatellite-based MHC genotyping system for house mice (Mus domesticus). Thirty-five MHC-linked microsatellhe loci were tested for amplification and scoring reliability, and 21 were deemed useful. These 21 loci were efficient at discriminating among nine serologically distinct MHC haplotypes, with 52 %> of microsatellite pairs providing 100% resolution. Since these microsatellite loci are scattered across the entire MHC region, they will be effective at detecting recombinant haplotypes. The number of alleles is higher for microsatellites inside the MHC than outside it, which presumably reflects genetic hitchhiking with MHC alleles undei- balancing selection. This microsatellite typing system now allows testing hypotheses about the nature populations of M. domesticus and other murid rodent species.