cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of cooperative repair capabilities in a team of robots

To date, very little work has investigated the benefits of repairable robots. Robots that can repair themselves and other robots in their team are intuitively a superior design. Intuition, however, is not an acceptable basis for spending millions of dollars in development. In this work, we quantify the gain in productivity of a team of repairable robots compared to a team without repair capabilities. We create a model using an extension of standard reliability theory. It allows the definition of a metric which is used to compare the two teams. The analysis yields insight into the design of repairable robot teams under a certain set of assumptions. The model also demonstrates scenarios where repair capabilities are not likely to be beneficial.
Mechanistic Prediction of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer-Achievable or a Hopeless Task?

Over the last half of the twentieth century, a number of purely empirical and mechanism-based correlations have been developed for pool nucleate boiling. Empirical correlations differ from each other substantially with respect to the functional dependence of heat flux on fluid and surface properties, including gravity. The mechanism-based correlations require knowledge of the number density of active sites, bubble diameter at departure, and bubble-release frequency. However, because of the complex nature of the subprocesses involved, it has not been possible to develop comprehensive models or correlations for these parameters. This, in turn, has led to the pessimistic view that mechanistic prediction of nucleate boiling is a hopeless task. However, there is an alternative to the past approaches¯complete numerical simulation of the boiling process. Value of this approach for bubble dynamics and associated heat transfer is shown through excellent agreement of predictions with data obtained on microfabricated surfaces on which active nucleation sites can be controlled.
Audit fees, non-audit fees, and auditor reporting on UK stressed companies

The SEC and legislators have expressed concerns that independence may be negatively impacted if auditors perform significant nonaudit services for their audit clients, and that providing lucrative nonaudit services to clients may make it more likely that auditors will “see things the client's way.” Such concerns are particularly salient in the context of issues that involve significant auditor judgment, as in the case of reporting decisions related to going‐concern uncertainties for financially stressed clients. In this study we examine the association between the magnitude of audit and nonaudit fees and auditor report modification decisions for financially stressed manufacturing companies. In our analysis we control for financial stress, company size, reporting lag, default status, audit committee effectiveness, and management plans. The results indicate a significant positive association between the magnitude of audit fees and the likelihood of receiving a going‐concern modified audit opinion, but we fi...
A laboratory comparison of two methods used to estimate the isotopic composition of soil δ13CO2 efflux at steady state

The stable isotopic composition of soil 13 CO2 flux is important for monitoring soil biological and physical processes. While several methods exist to measure the isotopic composition of soil flux, we do not know how effective each method is at achieving this goal. To provide clear evidence of the accuracy of current measurement techniques we created a column filled with quartz sand through which a gas of known isotopic composition (S34.2%) and concentration (3000ppm) diffused for 7h. We used a static chamber at equilibrium and a soil probe technique to test whether they could identify the isotopic signature of the known gas source. The static chamber is designed toidentify the source gas isotopic composition when in equilibrium with the soil gas, and the soil probe method relies on a mixing model of samples withdrawn from three gas wells at different depths to identify the gas source. We sampled from ports installed along the side of the sand column to describe the isotopic and concentration gradient as well as to serve as a control for the soil probe. The soil probe produced similar isotopic and concentration values as the control ports, as well as Keeling intercepts. The static chamber at equilibrium did not identify the source gas but, when applied in a two endmember mixing model, did produce a similar Keeling intercept produced from the control ports. Neither of the methods was able to identify the source gas via the Keeling plot method probably because CO2 profiles did not reach isotopic steady state. Our results showed that the static chamber at equilibrium should be used only with a Keeling plot approach and that the soil probe is able to provide estimates of uncertainty for the isotopic composition of soil gas as well as information pertinent to the soil profile. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward an evolutionary theory of dreaming.

The basic mystery of the biological condition associated with human dreaming, the REM State, is how the purposes of survival are served by such intervals of remarkable nervous excitation which punctuate the sleep of all mammals. The author postulates that while extended sleep achieves conservation of energy, the REM State serves a "sentinel" function, bringing about brief but periodic awakenings after preparing the organism for immediate fight or flight. Such a built-in physiological mechanism presumably would provide maximal security from external danger compatible with minimal disturbance to the continuity of sleep. These may have been unique and critical survival advantages in the early mammalian predicament.
Approaches To Electronic Health Record Implementation

During last few years, healthcare organizations have been increasingly focused on implementation and use of electronic health records. This article identifies the benefits and challenges in implementing electronic health records utilizing service-oriented architecture. The paper also explores the potential of service-oriented architecture in the development of interoperable electronic health records.
Topical antiseptic mouthwash in oncological surgery of the oral cavity and oropharynx

A multivariant analysis of the value of the use of a pre-operative topical antiseptic mouthwash to reduce the incidence of post-operative wound complications in 106 consecutive patients undergoing head and neck surgery involving the oral cavity or oropharynx was carried out at the University of Iowa, Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. An oral presentation employing povidone-iodine solution was used for 43 patients. The remaining 63 patients studied received no oral presentation. Unfavourable wound outcome was not associated with age, sex, presence and condition of teeth, or serious pre-existing medical illnesses. A significant correlation was found between post-operative wound breakdown and type of closure, stage of disease, and previous operation or radiotherapy. The use of an oral preparation correlated significantly with favourable wound outcome independent of all other variables (p < 0.01). Our data support the use of a topical antiseptic mouthwash to reduce the incidence of post-operative wound complications in surgery of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
Regulation of the ORF61 Promoter and ORF61 Functions in Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication and Pathogenesis

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 61 (ORF61) encodes a protein that transactivates viral and cellular promoters in transient-transfection assays and is the ortholog of herpes simplex virus ICP0. In this report, we mapped the ORF61 promoter and investigated its regulation by viral and cellular proteins in transient-expression experiments and by mutagenesis of the VZV genome (parent Oka strain). The 5′ boundary of the minimal ORF61 promoter required for IE62 transactivation was mapped to position −95 relative to the mRNA start site, and three noncanonical GT-rich Sp1-binding sites were documented to occur within the region comprising positions −95 to −45. Contributions of the three Sp1-binding-site motifs, designated Sp1a, Sp1b, and Sp1c, to ORF61 expression and viral replication were varied despite their similar sequences. Two sites, Sp1a and Sp1c, functioned synergistically. When both sites were mutated in the pOka genome to produce pOka-61proΔSp1ac, the mutant virus expressed significantly less ORF61 protein. Using this mutant to investigate ORF61 functions resulted in reductions in the expression levels of IE proteins, viral kinases ORF47 and ORF66, and the major glycoprotein gE, with the most impact on gE. Virion morphogenesis appeared to be intact despite minimal ORF61 expression. Pretreating melanoma cells with sodium butyrate enhanced titers of pOka-61proΔSp1ac but not pOka, suggesting that ORF61 has a role in histone deacetylase inhibition. Growth of pOka-61proΔSp1ac was impaired in SCIDhu skin xenografts, indicating that the regulation of the ORF61 promoter by Sp1 family proteins is important for ORF61 expression in vivo and that ORF61 contributes to VZV virulence at skin sites of replication.
Inkjet printing of a wideband, high gain mm-Wave Vivaldi antenna on a flexible organic substrate

A wideband, high gain mm-Wave Vivaldi antenna on a flexible substrate operating above 40 GHz with a realized gain greater than 9 dBi is demonstrated in this paper. This work presents both the highest frequency and highest gain antenna fabricated through inkjet printing to date. Inkjet printing allows for a rapid, low-cost, and environmentally advantageous fabrication of electronic components compared to traditional techniques and is currently advancing into mm-Wave operation for applications in high data-rate wireless communications.
Tetraspanin KAI1/CD82 suppresses invasion by inhibiting integrin-dependent crosstalk with c-Met receptor and Src kinases

KAI1/CD82, a tetraspanin protein, was first identified as a metastasis suppressor in prostate cancer. How loss of CD82 expression promotes cancer metastasis is unknown. Restoration of CD82 expression to physiological levels in the metastatic prostate cell line PC3 inhibits integrin-mediated cell migration and invasion, but does not affect integrin expression. Integrin-dependent activation of the receptor kinase c-Met is dramatically reduced in CD82-expressing cells, as is c-Met activation by its ligand HGF/SF. CD82 expression also reduced integrin-induced activation and phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src, and its downstream substrates p130Cas and FAK Y861. Inhibition of c-Met expression or Src kinase function reduced matrigel invasion of PC3 cells to the same extent as CD82 expression. These data indicate that CD82 functions to suppress integrin-induced invasion by regulating signaling to c-Met and Src kinases, and suggests that CD82 loss may promote metastasis by removing a negative regulator of c-Met and Src signaling.
Comparison of pull-out frequencies of 2 nd -order Type II PLLs

The pull-out frequency of a 2nd-order Type II Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is a very important parameter in many applications. It quantifies the ability of a phased-locked PLL to track an abrupt jump at the input reference frequency. This parameter also gives a qualitative idea about the convergence region of the PLL without a cycle-slip. This paper compares the pull-out frequency of two different kinds of 2nd-order Type II PLLs, one employing a sinusoidal phase detector (PD) and the other a triangular PD.
Six and Seven Transistor Leakage Suppressed SRAM Cells with Improved Read Stability

Static random access memories with six and seven transistor cells that maintain full static noise margin during read operation and reside in low leakage voltage collapsed state when unselected are presented. The memory test circuits are fabricated on a 0.13 mum CMOS process technology. The cells are 11% larger than a conventional SRAM cell drawn to the same design rules. Measured test results verify the power, speed, and usable range of power supply voltages for the designs.
Mental Mechanisms in Performing Elementary Numerical Operations.

21 college students served as Ss in an experiment concerned with speed of adding simple numbers. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis of Groen (1967) and Restle (1970) of a mental analog mechanism in which speed of adding two numbers is a linear function of the smaller number but independent of the larger number. However, in contrast to that hypothesis, the results indicate that speed of addition is a linear function of both the larger and smaller numbers in a problem. Finally, significant departures from this general finding were also noted, indicating that on certain well-learned problems the answer may be obtained by simple memory search or associations rather than by an analog computational process.
Bandwidth-tunable optical spatial filters with nanoparticle arrays

Modeling a nanoparticle array (NPA) inside a thin glass slab as a lumped optical resonator, we propose a systematic approach to design for an efficient optical filter with bandwidth tunability. The quality factor and bandwidth of the resonator are related to the physical, geometrical, and electrical parameters of an NPA and its surrounding medium, whose permittivity is varied to change the bandwidth. We propose a structure amenable to our design approach consisting of an NPA slab surrounded by liquid crystal whose permittivity can be altered. We validate the design procedure with examples of tunable-bandwidth filters at different frequency regimes from NIR to blue.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 Signaling Promotes Mucosal Repair Responses after Colitis

The corticotropin-releasing hormone family mediates functional responses in many organs, including the intestine. Activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) in the colonic mucosa promotes inflammation during acute colitis but inhibits inflammation during chronic colitis. We hypothesized that specific modulation of CRHR2 signaling in the colonic mucosa can promote restoration of the epithelium through stimulation of cell proliferative, migratory, and wound healing responses. Mucosal repair was assessed after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice receiving intracolonic injections of a CRHR2 antagonist or vehicle and in Crhr2(-/-) mice. Histologic damage, cytokine expression, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, and Ki-67 immunoreactivity were evaluated. Cell viability, proliferation, and migration were compared between parental and CRHR2-overexpressing colonic epithelial cells. Protein lysates were processed for phosphoprotein assays and a wound healing assay performed in vitro. Administration of a CRHR2 antagonist after DSS-induced colitis increased disease activity, delayed healing, and decreased epithelial cell proliferation in vivo. Colons from these mice also showed increased apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Compared with controls, Crhr2(-/-) mice showed increased mortality in the DSS healing protocol. CRHR2-overexpressing cells had increased proliferation and migration compared with parental cells. Wound healing and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity were elevated in CRHR2-overexpressing cells after urocortin 2 and IL-6 treatment, suggesting advanced healing progression. Our results suggest that selective CRHR2 activation may provide a targeted approach to enhance mucosal repair pathways after colitis.
Personality Theory and Psychopathology

The connection between personality and psychopathology has been studied for centuries. In the current article, we provide an overview of contemporary research in the field. We begin with a review of trait models of personality and the current psychopathology classification system in use. We discuss the link between normal personality traits and personality disorders and other types of psychopathology and conclude with a discussion of different theoretical perspectives explaining the personality–psychopathology connection.
Fragmentation, Morality, and the Law of Global Warming

Two narratives have dominated the discussion of global warming in the United States. The first is the narrative of undue uncertainty, which has exaggerated the kinds and extent of uncertainty about whether humans are causing global warming. The second is the rational choice narrative, which has emphasized the difficult collective action features of global warming at the expense of the many stories about how local governments and individuals are nonetheless getting on with the business of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The rational choice narrative is often buttressed by the undue uncertainty narrative, and the result has been that many important decision-makers, including federal courts, have engaged in various strategies of moral corruption to avoid doing anything to act on the most significant environmental challenge humans have ever faced. The temporal and spatial lags in global warming's causes and effects heighten its perceived collective action features, and also render it difficult for many to perceive as a moral issue. A reframing is required. Global warming, as philosophers, academics, and activists have argued, poses important moral questions about obligations to people of other nations, different species, and future generations. Our inaction on global warming will leave these disparate and distant groups with problems that they cannot have prevented and that will be far worse due to our neglect. What is required is a vision of the self that is equal to the challenge of global warming. That vision is all around us, in that we, as a descriptive matter, live lives that are highly fragmented. We have commitments and obligations that are far flung and dispersed in time and space. Emphasizing a morality of fragmentation, which exists in many quarters, will clarify the moral corruptions and cognitive distortions that have prevented both courts and policy makers from moving forward with national policies to address global warming. If, on the other hand, the rational choice narrative (with its rational shopper vision of the self,) emerges triumphant, future generations may well look back on us and wonder how such a technologically brilliant society could have been so morally bereft.
Natural environmental impacts on teleost immune function

The environment in which teleosts exist can experience considerable change. Short-term changes can occur in relation to tidal movements or adverse weather events. Long-term changes can be caused by anthropogenic impacts such as climate change, which can result in changes to temperature, acidity, salinity and oxygen capacity of aquatic environments. These changes can have important impacts on the physiology of an animal, including its immune system. This can have consequences on the well-being of the animal and its ability to protect against pathogens. This review will look at recent investigations of these types of environmental change on the immune response in teleosts.
Religious and Spiritual Struggles as Concerns for Health and Well-Being

People struggle with religion and spirituality in several ways, including challenges in trusting God, confronting supernatural evil, tolerating other perspectives on religion, maintaining moral propriety, finding existential meaning, and managing religious doubt. These religious and spiritual (R/S) struggles relate to both physical and mental health independently of other religious and distress factors. Causality in this connection needs further study, but evidence supports many potential causes and moderators of the link between R/S struggle and health. These include personality, social, and environmental influences, including traumatic experiences and subcultural differences. Many theoretical questions remain unresolved, including how change in R/S struggle can predict or be predicted by change in health and other connected constructs, and how one might intervene to aid those who struggle with religious or spiritual challenges. Nonetheless, research momentum has grown, having already produced a wealth of information that underscores the need for greater attention to this domain. R/S struggle poses an important exception to generally positive overall associations between religion and well-being, though even R/S struggle may promote growth. This review offers a brief introduction to emerging psychological theory and research on R/S struggle with an emphasis on its relevance to wellness and illness.
Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disorders using endoscopy. RECENT FINDINGS: The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic disorders continues to increase in importance. The use of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) provides therapy for many pancreatic disorders, including in the treatment of pancreatitis, its complications and pancreatic neoplasia. In recent years, there has been a focus on improving its safety in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pancreatic endotherapy by ERCP for the treatment of biliary strictures and chronic pain in chronic pancreatitis will also be reviewed. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has a vital diagnostic role in pancreatic disorders; however, much of the recent focus has been on its therapeutic role for simple and complex pancreatic fluid collections. As for the role of EUS in pancreatic cancer, recent technical advances in conjunction with on-site cytopathology service continue to improve pancreatic cancer diagnosis. EUS has an increasing role in treatment with fiducial placement for stereotactic body radiation therapy. SUMMARY: In this review, I will examine the literature over the last year in ERCP and EUS as they apply to specific pancreatic disorders.
Statistical methods in detecting differential expressed genes, analyzing insertion tolerance for genes and group selection for survival data

The thesis is composed of three independent projects: (i) analyzing transposon-sequencing data to infer functions of genes on bacteria growth (chapter 2), (ii) developing semi-parametric Bayesian method method for differential gene expression analysis with RNA-sequencing data (chapter 3), (iii) solving group selection problem for survival data (chapter 4). All projects are motivated by statistical challenges raised in biological research. The first project is motivated by the need to develop statistical models to accommodate the transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-Seq) data, Tn-Seq data consist of sequence reads around each transposon insertion site. The detection of transposon insertion at a given site indicates that the disruption of genomic sequence at this site does not cause essential function loss and the bacteria can still grow. Hence, such measurements have been used to infer the functions of each gene on bacteria growth. We propose a zero-inflated Poisson regression method for analyzing the Tn-Seq count data, and derive an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to obtain parameter estimates. We also propose a multiple testing procedure that categorizes genes into each of the three states, hypo-tolerant, tolerant, and hyper-tolerant, while controlling false discovery rate. Simulation studies show our method provides good estimation of model parameters and inference on gene functions. In the second project, we model the count data from RNA-sequencing experiment for each gene using a Poisson-Gamma hierarchical model, or equivalently, a negative binomial (NB) model. We derive a full semi-parametric Bayesian approach with Dirichlet process as the prior for the fold changes between two treatment means. An inference strategy using Gibbs algorithm is developed for differential expression analysis. We evaluate our method with several simulation studies, and the results demonstrate that our method outperforms other methods including the popularly applied ones such as edgeR and DESeq. In the third project, we develop a new semi-parametric Bayesian method to address the
Counterpoint: Proximal Biliary Strictures Mimicking Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

The management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains challenging. Its incidence is increasing, diagnostic methods have limited accuracy, and surgical approaches are evolving continually. Diseases that masquerade as hilar cholangiocarcinoma confound the surgical management of this already complex clinical problem. Nahum, Smith, and Jarnagin importantly outline the benign diseases that masquerade as hilar cholangiocarcinoma and attempt to highlight their clinical and imaging features to provide clinical clues for others to avoid overtreatment of benign diseases. There are valuable lessons worth learning from their work.
Comparative efficacy of stellate ganglion block with bupivacaine vs pulsed radiofrequency in a patient with refractory ventricular arrhythmias

There is increasing interest in interventional therapies targeting the cardiac sympathetic nervous system to suppress ventricular arrhythmias. In this case report, we describe an 80-year-old patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and multiple implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks due to refractory ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation who was unable to continue biweekly stellate ganglion block procedures using bupivacaine 0.25% for suppression of his arrhythmias. He had previously failed antiarrhythmic drug therapy with amiodarone, catheter ablation, and attempted surgical autonomic denervation. He underwent pulsed radiofrequency treatment (3 lesions, 2 minutes each, temperature 42°C, 2-Hz frequency, 20-millisecond pulse width) of the left stellate ganglion resulting in persistent arrhythmia suppression for more than 12 months duration. This represents the first report of a pulsed radiofrequency stellate ganglion lesion providing long-term suppression of ventricular arrhythmias. Further study of this technique in patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation is warranted.
The Behavior-before-Coding Principle in morphosyntactic change: evidence from verbal rather.

Haspelmath (2010), extending a proposal by Cole et al. (1980), suggested as a principle of morphosyntactic change that behavioral properties (those ‘reflected in (inflectional) morphological distinctions’) change before coding properties (‘syntactic properties without morphological reflexes’). Evidence from Google Books shows reanalysis of the adverb 'rather' as a verb in phrases like 'I would rather VERB'. In the late 1500s, 'rather' shows behavioral properties of verbhood, appearing in contexts that require a verb; however, it does not show coding properties of verbhood in the form of verbal morphology until the late 1800s. This development pattern supports the behavior-before-coding principle.
Genocide, the Bible and Biblical Scholarship

This essay makes the case that the ongoing scholarly conversation around divinely sanctioned violence can be enriched by engaging with the emerging field of comparative genocide studies. The argument proceeds in four parts. Part 1 introduces the term genocide and the scholarly debates that have emerged around it. I posit the existence of two generations of genocide scholarship, with the first focusing on definitional issues and appropriate terminology and the second on the historical-structural conditions that make genocide possible. Regarding the latter, particular attention shall be devoted to the emerging consensus that, far from being an atavistic irruption outside the world of civilized modernity, genocide is made possible by the very structure of modernity itself. Parts 2 and 3 look closely at genocide in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament era, respectively. These parts will examine the extermination campaigns of ancient empires (Assyria, Babylon, Rome) that brought destruction upon the biblical Israelites and will compare these imperial actions with modern settler and colonial genocides. This is one area where biblical scholars could fill in a lacuna in comparative genocide studies, since the topic has received modest attention in that particular field. I pay attention to the ways that the Bible appears complicit in genocide, whether through the command to exterminate the Canaanites or through the Gospels’ tendency to cast blame upon the Jews for the death of Jesus. I also analyze a variety of hermeneutical approaches developed to respond to these thorny issues, paying particular attention to the presumed views of genocide in each hermeneutical position. The final part of the essay explores the issue of genocidal ideology itself, emphasizing that the content of genocidal ideology is much broader than usually assumed by scholarly critiques of anti-Judaism and that genocidal ideology maintains a complex relationship to the actual practice of genocide. This part encourages scholars to reexamine the widely held beliefs on the ways that biblical ideology led to horrific events like the Holocaust and to take seriously the widely held conclusion that ideology alone is an inadequate explanation for genocide. The essay will conclude by suggesting possible future directions that could be taken by scholars who wish to confront the legacy of genocide in the Bible and its interpretation.
Central Government Transfer Under a Soft Budget Constraint

As discussed in Chapter 1, the Chinese central government has experienced increasing difficulties in balancing its budget over the past decade. Two obvious factors are responsible for this problem. First, the current central-local revenue-sharing methods provide the localities with adverse incentives for revenue collection (see Chapter 2). Second, the central fiscal authority has found it very difficult to control the expenditure expansion. The excessive expenditure expansion has to do with two institutional features of the central government’s budget formation process: first, the decision making of most investment projects financed by the budget is strongly influenced by lobbying of the local governments and, second, the budget constraint is soft (that is, the budget approved by the Congress is not strictly adhered to); additional expenditures (exceeding the officially approved budget) that accommodate regions’ lobbying are common.1
SiC layer microstructure in AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO fuel particles and the influence of its variation on the effective diffusion of key fission products

Abstract Tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel is a promising fuel form for advanced reactor concepts such as high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) and is being developed domestically under the US Department of Energy's Nuclear Reactor Technologies Initiative in support of Advanced Reactor Technologies. The fuel development and qualification plan includes a series of fuel irradiations to demonstrate fuel performance from the laboratory to commercial scale. The first irradiation campaign, AGR-1, included four separate TRISO fuel variants composed of multiple, laboratory-scale coater batches. The second irradiation campaign, AGR-2, included TRISO fuel particles fabricated by BWX Technologies with a larger coater representative of an industrial-scale system. The SiC layers of as-fabricated particles from the AGR-1 and AGR-2 irradiation campaigns have been investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to provide key information about the microstructural features relevant to fuel performance. The results of a comprehensive study of multiple particles from all constituent batches are reported. The observations indicate that there were microstructural differences between variants and among constituent batches in a single variant. Insights on the influence of microstructure on the effective diffusivity of key fission products in the SiC layer are also discussed.
Kinetochore Regulation of Anaphase and Cytokinesis

Since the initial discovery of kinetochore antigens, a plethora of kinetochore-associated proteins have been identified. Their roles in connecting chromosomes to the mitotic spindle have been the subject of intense investigation. However, a surprising number of kinetochore proteins perform non-centromeric functions during mitosis. This class of kinetochore proteins has been best characterized through studies of the so-called “chromosomal passengers,” proteins that associate with kinetochores at the start of mitosis and then redistribute to the anaphase spindle. The conserved behavior of chromosomal passengers suggests that redistribution of kinetochore-associated proteins is a commonly used strategy for cells to temporally and spatially orchestrate mitotic events. The activities of chromosomal passengers are closely linked to cell cycle regulation, placing them in a position to transmit regulatory changes to the cell division machinery. As cells enter mitosis, chromosomal passengers alter chromatin organization. At kinetochores, they ensure that sister chromatids form proper attachments with the mitotic spindle. During anaphase, they organize spindle structures to direct the cytokinetic machinery. In this chapter, we will discuss the expanding role for chromosomal passengers in regulating anaphase events and how the redistribution of other kinetochore-associated proteins might contribute to the orderly progression of mitosis.
Best Trigonometric and Bilinear Approximations for the Classes of (ψ, β)-Differentiable Periodic Functions

We establish exact-order estimates for the best m-term trigonometric approximations of the classes L ,1 in the space L q , 2 < q < ∞. We also determine the exact orders of the best bilinear approximations for the classes of functions of two variables generated by functions of a single variable from the class L , by shifts of the argument in the space L q1 , q2 , 1 ≤ q 1 , q 2 ≤ ∞.
Pulmonary artery sarcoma mimicking pulmonary embolism: a case series.

Background : Pulmonary artery sarcoma (PAS) is a rare malignant neoplasm with an aggressive behavior and often difficult to distinguish from pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Aim : To assess the demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics of PAS and clinical course. Design and Methods : We retrospectively identified and analyzed all patients with PAS seen at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, between January 1, 1996 and July 31, 2015. Results : Of nine patients (5 women and 4 men; median age 55 years [range, 24-74 years]), eight were diagnosed while alive with surgical (n = 6) or catheter-based endovascular biopsy (n = 2); the remaining patient was diagnosed at postmortem examination. All tumors manifested on CT as filling defect in the main, right or left pulmonary artery and were not associated with peripheral filling defects in seven patients. Seven patients were initially treated with anticoagulant therapy for presumed PE; two patients were suspected to have tumor based on constrictive or expanding effect seen on CT. Five patients died after a mean duration of 2.1 years (10 months – 4.25 years) after diagnosis. Two patients are alive with recurrence and metastases of the disease 23 and 27 months after diagnosis, respectively; one remaining patient is alive and disease-free 116 months after diagnosis. Conclusions : Although pulmonary artery sarcoma is associated with a poor prognosis, long-term survival is possible and can be improved by early diagnosis and prompt surgical resection. Atypical appearance on CT including central mass-like lesion without peripheral emboli and constrictive or expanding effect should raise suspicion of PAS.
The green vessel scheduling problem with transit time requirements in a liner shipping route with Emission Control Areas

Abstract Increasing volumes of the international seaborne trade and new regulations on vessel emissions require liner shipping companies to enhance efficiency of their operations to remain competitive and in the meantime comply with the established restrictions on emissions that are produced by vessels. This paper presents a novel mixed integer nonlinear mathematical programming model for the green vessel scheduling problem with transit time requirements in a liner shipping route with “Emission Control Areas”, which not only enforces constraints on the quantity of emissions that are produced by vessels within “Emission Control Areas”, but also captures the cargo transit time requirements. The model’s objective aims to minimize the overall route service cost. A number of linearization techniques are proposed for linearizing the original nonlinear problem. The dynamic secant approximation procedure is used to solve the linearized problem. A set of numerical experiments are performed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed solution approach and assess the effect of introducing both emission constraints and cargo transit time requirements on design of vessel schedules.
Abstract P2-07-07: Comparison of survival and clinicopathological features between patients with breast cancer and HIV infection versus breast cancer without HIV infection

Background: Breast cancer (BCA) is the most common malignancy and the most common cause of death among females worldwide. The use of antiretroviral therapy prolonged life expectancy and increased the incidence of age-related malignancies in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Data regarding the protective versus deleterious effect of HIV in the presentation, clinical course and mortality of patients with BCA is limited. Objective: To compare the median overall survival between patients with and without HIV diagnosed with breast cancer between 2000 and 2014 at Montefiore Medical Center. Methods: Patients with HIV infection and breast cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 were identified. Controls were randomly selected from a pool of 5552 patients with BCA without HIV using stratified sampling by year of breast cancer diagnosis with a ratio of 3 controls per case. Patients were followed up for a median of 52 months. Median overall survival and clinicopathological characteristics were compared among groups. Results: A total of 42 cases of BCS with HIV infection were identified. Of 126 selected controls; 15 were excluded after chart review. Patients with HIV were diagnosed with breast cancer at significantly younger ages compared to non-HIV patient (50.6 vs 64.8, P Conclusion: Patients with HIV are diagnosed with breast cancer at younger ages than the general population. Closer monitoring in this population was suggested by other authors; however the rate of stage I disease is similar between both groups. Despite similar rates of surgery and chemotherapy, higher rates of NHB and less hormonal therapy, mortality rates were similar in both groups and median overall survival was higher in patient with HIV. Citation Format: Gligich O, Acuna A, Khan H, Kim R, Wang D, Sparano J, Anampa J. Comparison of survival and clinicopathological features between patients with breast cancer and HIV infection versus breast cancer without HIV infection [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-07-07.
Book Review: 'Atmospheric GravityWaves and Soaring Flight: Physical principles and practical applications' by D. Etling

The book should satisfy readers from those who want to thoroughly understand atmospheric gravity waves associated with soaring flight to the pilot who just wants to determine the next day they can fly in a mountain wave.
Markov Chains with Two States

A stochastic process is a collection of random variables, usually considered to be indexed by time. In this book we consider sequences of random variables X 1,X 2…, viewing the subscripts 1,2,… as successive steps in time. The values assumed by the random variables X n are called states of the process, and the set of all its states is called the state space. Sometimes it is convenient to think of the process as describing the movement of a particle over time. If X 1 = i and X2 = j, then we say that the process (or particle) has made a transition from state i at step 1 to state j at step 2. Often we are interested in the behavior of the process over the long run—after many transitions.
Swell, or Not Too Swell: Cytokines Regulate Arterial Aneurysm Formation.

Arterial remodeling participates pivotally in many diseases including arterial aneurysms. In this issue of Immunity, Da Ros et al. (2017) report that, in experimental aortic aneurysm formation, neutralization of interleukin-1β reduced arterial wall stiffness and hampered aneurysm development.
Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain.

Abstract Neurological diseases are becoming increasingly prominent worldwide due to rapidly aging populations, which greatly contributes to increasing healthcare costs. The development of neuroprotective drugs has so far proven exceptionally difficult due to the blood-brain barrier. One novel approach to address this challenge is to administer drugs intranasally to noninvasively bypass the blood-brain barrier. The intranasal route can thus transport drugs directly to the brain from the nasal cavity along the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. The purpose of this review is to describe the details of this mechanism to better direct future research. The intranasal route is composed of two pathways, one being intracellular while the other being extracellular. The intracellular pathway begins with endocytosis by olfactory sensory cells, followed by axonal transport to their synaptic clefts in the olfactory bulb where the drug is exocytosed. This transynaptic process is repeated by olfactory neurons, thereby distributing the drug to other brain regions. In the extracellular mechanism, drugs are transported directly into the cerebral spinal fluid by first passing through the paracellular space across the nasal epithelium, then through the perineural space to the subarachnoid space of the brain. With a growing body of evidence and trials in both rodent and human models, this is an exciting area for research as therapeutics come to market.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Organic Bromine and Iodine Compounds

In this chapter, the atmospheric sources, sinks, distributions, trends, and impacts of organic bromine and iodine compounds are reviewed. Most studies of bromine in the atmosphere have been driven by its well-characterized contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Most organic bromine can be grouped into three classes-methyl bromide, the man-made Halons, and a group of shorter-lived, naturally occurring species (e.g., CH2Br2, CHBr3, etc.). Methyl bromide, which originates from an array of natural and anthropogenic sources, constitutes the major source of bromine to the stratosphere, contributing about half of the 20 ppt Br believed to be present there. The Halons, a group of long-lived compounds of strictly anthropogenic origin, are believed to contribute currently about 35% to this present-day stratospheric bromine burden, while the shorter-lived species (which emanate primarily from the oceans) contribute about 15%. Due to their link to ozone depletion, regulations are now in place (in the case of the Halons) or are soon to be in place (in the case of methyl bromide) to eliminate the production and sales of these species. Thus, the ensuing decades should see a reduction in the stratospheric burden of organic bromine. Most organic iodine in the atmosphere appears to originate from the ocean, though anthropogenic sources (rice paddies, biomass burning) also appear to contribute. Methyl iodide appears to be the largest contributor to the overall budget, though other iodinated methanes and higher alkanes (e.g., CH2I2, CH2ICl, CH2IBr, CH3CH2I, CH3CHICH3, CH3CH2CH2I) also play a role. The lifetimes of iodinated species are short (of the order of a few days or less) due to their rapid photolysis in the troposphere. Thus, the impact of these species is largely restricted to the boundary layer, though a contribution to ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere cannot be entirely ruled out.
Mechanisms of Epitaxial Growth of Polar Semiconductors on (001) Silicon

During the last few years, the use of a two-step process in the growth of compound semiconductors on (001) silicon substrates, by chemical vapor deposition or molecular beam epitaxy, has been found to produce films which are uniformly single crystalline with good epitaxial relationship to the substrate. In the first step, a so-called buffer layer is grown at a relatively low temperature to form a continuous film on the substrate and, subsequently, the substrate temperature is increased and growth continued at a higher deposition rate. This is in contrast to the one-step process where the substrate is heated to the growth temperature and deposition carried out in one go. Using the latter technique of growth, the morphology of the resulting film is often poor and it is sometimes a polycrystalline aggregate. The epilayers grown on an (001) Si substrate contain a variety of lattice defects. The formation of these defects is often attributed to stresses resulting from mismatch in lattice parameters (“coherency strains”), or mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion giving rise to thermal stresses in the cooling stage following the growth. However, the literature shows a number of unexpected similarities in the defect configurations and densities of most epitaxial systems with varying degrees of lattice or thermal mismatch. In this paper, the one-step and two-step growth techniques are discussed in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous surface nucleation. The reason for the different microstructures obtained by the two techniques are attributed to these two types of nucleation. Subsequently, the formation of various line defects is briefly reviewed. The characteristics of planar faults are then summarized, and a recently proposed mechanism for their formation which is based on deposition errors in the early stages of heteroepitaxial growth is described.
Early Head Start dosage: The role of parent-caregiver relationships and family involvement

Abstract The present study examined predictors and pathways relevant to children's dosage in Early Head Start (EHS) using the dataset from the Early Head Start Family and Child Experiences Study (Baby FACES; Vogel & Boller, 2009–2012). Dosage was defined in two ways: (a) leaving EHS early, before age eligibility ended, and (b) the total length of EHS enrollment. This study first examined factors predicting children's dosage of EHS with a particular focus on parent-caregiver relationships captured when children were age 1. Second, this study examined a potential mediational role of family involvement on the association between parent-caregiver relationships and EHS dosage, controlling for child and family characteristics. Findings showed that children from families with higher risks were more likely to leave EHS early and were enrolled in EHS for less time. Children were less likely to leave EHS early when their caregivers reported positive relationships with parents when children were age 1. However, the length of EHS enrollment was not predicted by parent-caregiver relationships as reported either by parents or caregivers. Findings from mediation models showed that caregiver-reported positive parent-caregiver relationships were associated with the higher level of family involvement during EHS which, in turn, predicted both lower rates of early leaving and longer length of EHS enrollment. These results indicate that promoting initial positive parent-caregiver relationships and encouraging family involvement in EHS may be important for maximizing children's EHS dosage, which has been shown to be beneficial for the development of children in EHS.