cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of the rat ileum, uterus and vas deferens to carbachol and acetylcholine following repeated daily administration of a cholinesterase inhibitor

1. Daily i.p. administration, for eight days, of the cholinesterase inhibitor disulfoton to rats produced mild to moderate signs of intoxication (tremors, incontinence and diarrhoea) but no deaths.2. Segments of ileum taken from the treated rats were subsensitive to carbachol but the vas deferens and the uterus did not exhibit any change in sensitivity to carbachol.3. The sensitivity to acetylcholine was increased in the ileum and vas deferens but not in the uterus.4. Acetylcholinesterase activity was 60-70% inhibited in all three tissues.
Preschool Family and Child Characteristics Associated With Stable Behavior Problems in Children

This longitudinal study investigated child and family characteristics associated with stable behavior problems in children. Parents of 41 preschoolers with and without externalizing problems participated in a 5-year follow-forward assessment. Parents completed a behavioral checklist and children were placed into one of three behavior groups: stable problems, improved, and comparisons. Results indicated that, at preschool age, the group of children with stable behavior problems had mothers who used more controlling child-rearing practices, and had parents who used more aggressive tactics during conflict with each other than the parents of children in the other groups. Children with stable behavior problems were also more intense, active, and less easy to manage at preschool age than were the other two groups of children.
Dimensions of interparental conflict and adolescent functioning.

While research has repeatedly demonstrated that interparental conflict is related to poorer child/adolescent functioning in the areas of internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as prosocial and cognitive competence, the particular relevant dimensions of the conflict have yet to be studied. The present study examined the contributions of three different dimensions of conflict to these difficulties in adolescent functioning. Forty-eight mother-father-adolescent triads participated by completing questionnaires regarding the following dimensions of their interparental conflict: frequency, method of handling, and outcome. Assessment of adolescent functioning was obtained independently through teacher-completed measures of internalizing and externalizing problems and prosocial and cognitive functioning. The results of correlational analyses indicated that father-completed measures, particularly the use of verbal and physical aggression to handle conflict, were related to all four measures of adolescent functioning. In contrast, mother-completed measures were not related. Multiple regression analyses were also conducted. For all four measures, either father physical or father verbal aggression entered first and accounted for 17 to 48% of the variance across the four dependent measures. No other indices of conflict individually accounted for a significant portion of the variance beyond that accounted for by father's verbal or physical aggression. Possible explanations for the relationship between father's method of handling of conflict and adolescent functioning are discussed.
Processing complex mixtures of intact proteins for direct analysis by mass spectrometry.

For analysis of intact proteins by mass spectrometry (MS), a new twist to a two-dimensional approach to proteome fractionation employs an acid-labile detergent instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate during continuous-elution gel electrophoresis. Use of this acid-labile surfactant (ALS) facilitates subsequent reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for a net two-dimensional fractionation illustrated by transforming thousands of intact proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to mixtures of 5−20 components (all within ∼5 kDa of one another) for presentation via electrospray ionization (ESI) to a Fourier transform MS (FTMS). Between 3 and 13 proteins have been detected directly using ESI-FTMS (or MALDI-TOF), and the fractionation showed a peak capacity of ∼400 between 0 and 70 kDa. A probability-based identification was made automatically from raw MS/MS data (obtained using a quadrupole-FTMS hybrid instrument) for one protein that differed from that predicted in a yeast database of ∼19 000 protein forms. This A...
Unique factorization and small regular local noether lattices

Noether lattices were introduced by Dilworth [5]. Simply stated, a Noether lattice is a complete, modular, commutative multiplicative lattice satisfying the ascending chain condition in which every element is the join of principal elements. The resultant setting not only admits natural formulations of the fundamental definitions and results of classical ideal theory, but is simultaneously rich enough to yield, for example, the Noether decomposition theorems, the Intersection Theorem, and the Principal Ideal Theorem [Sj. The key to the richness of the setting lies, of course, in the definition of a principal element. An element E is said to be principal if it satisfies the two identities BE A A = (B A (A : E))E and (B v AE) : E = (B : E) v A, for all A and B. These identities are easily verified for the principal ideals of a commutative ring. In [4], Bogart obtained the surprising result that a regular local Noether lattice with exactly n < 3 rank 1 primes is isomorphic to RL, , the Noether sublattice of k[x, ,..., x,] (k a field) consisting of all ideals which are generated by monomials in x1 , xs ,..., x, . He conjectured the validity of the result for all n, but noted that, due to the heavy dependence of the case n = 3 on the observation that in a regular local Noether lattice of dimension 2, all rank 1 primes are principal, the general case might be closely tied to a generalization of the Auslander-Buchsbaum theorem that regular local rings are UFDs. In [2], Anderson conjectured that any local Noether lattice with exactly n rank 1 primes which is a n-domain (i.e., every principal element is a product of primes, or, equivalently in this case, every rank 1 prime is principal) is isomorphic to RL, , and therefore regular. In this paper we establish the validity of both conjectures. While our results do not yield a generalization of the Auslander-Buchsbaum theorem as hoped, they do at least show that any counterexample to the generalization will involve an infinite number of primes.
Music Therapy in the Age of Enlightenment

As music therapists continue to discover more about the therapeutic powers of music, it is interesting now and then to look to the past in order to seek the roots of our contemporary practices. In this regard, the writings of eighteenth-century physicians are pivotal in the development of music therapy, for it was these individuals who first began to depend greatly upon scientific experimentation and observation to formulate their procedures. Representative of this stage in the history of music therapy are the findings of the renowned London physician Richard Brocklesby, the only doctor to write a treatise on music therapy in eighteenth-century England. The subjects treated by Brocklesby in his Reflections on the Power of Music (1749) include his musical remedies for the excesses of various emotions-particularly fear, excessive joy, and excessive sadness. He also discusses his musical remedies for diseases of the mind recognized in the eighteenth century-delirium, frenzy, melancholia, and maniacal cases. He considers music as well an aid to the elderly and to pregnant women. In short, Brocklesby provides a lively account of the curative powers of music as viewed in the mid-eighteenth century by an excellent medical mind.
A technique to improve the performance of fixed-point TDMP decoding of QC-LDPC codes in the presence of SNR estimation error

Most high-throughput, fixed-point processors offer at least two options for arithmetic operations: 8-bit arithmetic, and 16-bit arithmetic. The lower resolution provides higher computational throughput at the cost of poorer performance in many applications. We investigate the effect of the resolution of saturating, fixed-point arithmetic on the performance of the turbo-decoding message-passing algorithm with quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes. We consider limits on the magnitude of extrinsic updates as a means to mitigate the effect of posterior-value saturation on the decoder's performance. We show that a fixed limit on updates only partially overcomes the greater effect of saturation in 8-bit operations, whereas a limit that depends on the degree of the variable node results in performance almost as good as what is possible with 16-bit operations.
Towards understanding how humans teach robots

Our goal is to develop methods for non-experts to teach complex behaviors to autonomous agents (such as robots) by accommodating "natural" forms of human teaching. We built a prototype interface allowing humans to teach a simulated robot a complex task using several techniques and report the results of 44 human participants using this interface. We found that teaching styles varied considerably but can be roughly categorized based on the types of interaction, patterns of testing, and general organization of the lessons given by the teacher. Our study contributes to a better understanding of human teaching patterns and makes specific recommendations for future human-robot interaction systems.
The pericellular boundary layer modulates acetylcholine receptor stability in cultured myotubes

Abstract Degradation of acetylcholine receptors in cultured chicken myotubes was measured by release into the medium of radioactivity from 125 I-labeled a -bungarotoxin. Disturbance of the pericellular boundary layer by stirring of the culture medium shortened the half-life of receptor in the membrane from 24 to 12 h. The effect could not be explained by dissociation of toxin-receptor complexes or by conditioning of the bulk phase of the medium. The rates of synthesis and degradation of total cell protein and the degradation of lactoperoxidase-iodinated surface protein were not affected by medium stirring. The loss of glucosamine-labeled material from the cells was enhanced by stirring, however, and this resulted entirely from the increased shedding of high molecular weight glycosubstances from the cells. Cells in stirred cultures contained lower levels of surface coat material stainable with colloidal thorium. These results indicate that glycosubstances of the pericellular matrix protect ACh receptors from degradation.
Occurrence of viruslike particles in isolates of Armillaria

Globose aggregates of mycelia from 16 isolates of Armillaria (9 haploid and 7 diploid) were individually examined for viruslike particles using transmission electron microscopy. Aggregates of elongated viruslike particles were observed within cells of haploid and diploid isolates. When globose aggregates of mycelia were treated with active pronase for 6 hr, the particle aggregates were completely degraded. Free elongated viruslike particles were observed in extracts from globose aggregate of mycelia from 2 haploid and 5 diploid isolates of Armillaria including several highly pathogenic isolates of A. ostoyae . These particles disappeared after a 24-hr exposure to RNase.
The perfluoro effect on the molecular Rydberg states of bromo- and iodoethylene

Abstract In comparing the vacuum ultraviolet spectra of bromo- and iodoethylene with the spectra of their perfluoro analogs, it is noted that many of the absorptions are shifted in energy. Fluorine substitution has been found to stabilize the σ systems and increase the term values of (π, ns ) Rydberg transitions, but to have little effect on π ionization potentials or p Rydberg term values. However, in these compounds, there are two (π, np ) Rydberg series assigned, and the term values of one series associated with in-plane p Rydberg orbitals, showed a marked increase with fluorination. Additional substituent effects on halogen-π system interaction parameters have also been observed and are discussed.
Recent advances in carbon dioxide capture with metal‐organic frameworks

Uncontrolled massive release of the primary greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) into atmosphere from anthropogenic activities poses a big threat and adversely affects our global climate and natural environment. One promising approach to mitigate CO2 emission is carbon capture and storage (CCS), in which ideal adsorbent materials with high storage capacity and excellent adsorption selectivity over other gases are urgently needed. For practical applications in CO2 capture from fl ue gas of power plants, the biggest single contributor of anthropogenic CO2 emission, the adsorbent materials must also be chemically stable, be easy to regenerate with minimal energy input, and be easily synthesized with low capital cost. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), highly crystalline porous materials constructed by metal ions and organic ligands, have emerged as a class of excellent adsor- bent materials for carbon capture. Great progress in MOF materials for CO2 capture has been made in the past and reviewed accordingly, but new discoveries are constantly being made as the fi eld quickly grows. In this paper, we provide a short review on the most recent advances in using MOFs for CO2 adsorption, storage, and separation that are directly related to CO2 capture. Some of the important properties of MOF adsorbents which are crucial for practical applications but are largely overlooked in research carried out so far are discussed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’close friendships and romantic relationships

Two hundred thirty-seven young adults from an American university completed a questionnaire designed to test several normative implications of attachment theory. As predicted, the majority of participants (60%) used their parents as primary attachment figures but were in the process of transferring attachment-related functions from parents to peers (best friends and romantic partners). The transfer of these functions the parents to peers was found to be a function of the duration of the peer relationship. Furthermore, factors that generally promote the development of attachment formation in infancy (such as caregiving, trust, and intimate contact) were found to be positively associated with the development of attachment in adult relationships. Additional variables were identified that may facilitate peer attachment formation: secure working models of attachment and the perceived security of the peer. It is argued that future investigations into the role of attachment formation and transfer are critical for a comprehensive description of attachment dynamics in adult relationships.
On-wafer continuous-wave operation of InGaN/GaN violet laser diodes

Continuous-wave operation of etched-facet InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well ridge-waveguide laser diodes grown by low pressure MOVPE on a sapphire substrate has been achieved on-wafer for >2 min at 15% above threshold. The threshold current density and voltage were 9.1 kA/cm/sup 2/ and 7.6 V, respectively, at 15/spl deg/C, and the lasing wavelength was 400.6 nm.
Clumpy accretion onto pre-main-sequence stars

Medium-resolution spectroscopic observations covering the range 5150-9100 A are made of five premain-sequence stars in the Corona Australis star-forming region. They are the known variable stars R CrA, S CrA, T CrA, TY CrA, and VV CrA. During the week of observation significant changes, sometimes occurring between successive nights, were observed in the spectra of R CrA and S CrA. They are interpreted as being due to variable accretion onto the star. Velocities are measured confirming that the photosphere of R CrA in this region of the spectrum is invisible. Photospheric absorption lines are observed in S CrA, T CrA, and TY CrA. In VV CrA only Li I lambda-6708 is detected. The velocity variation of TY CrA is demonstrated. An infrared image of VV CrA is reproduced which shows the infrared companion 1.9 arcsec NE of the primary star.
An integrated current sense technique for multiphase buck converters to improve accuracy and reduce solution footprint

Accurate and lossless current sensing is a must for high performance multiphase buck converters used in the latest voltage regulation modules (VRMs). This paper presents a sync FET on-state resistance based approach for reconstructing a highly accurate inductor current signal that is immune to changes in operating conditions and temperature. This technique replaces DCR based sensing and can be used with any controller which requires inductor current information. The sense circuitry is built into the MOSFET driver, which in turn is co-packaged with the MOSFETs for reduced total footprint and ease of design. In addition, the accuracy that can be achieved with this technique is significantly better than the typical accuracy achieved with DCR sensing.
Civic Engagement in the Era of Big Stories

The close of the 20 century and the opening of the 21 have seen the advent of a new kind of event-centered news story. New media have exploded, economic concentration in the media industry has intensified, the norms of mainstream journalism have shifted, and tabloid media increasingly influence the agenda and the content of the mainstream media. Simultaneously, new technologies like the Internet and greater cable television bandwidth now allow news consumers to witness events such as natural disasters or even mass murders in real time. We live today in the era of big stories, in which the media’s longstanding interest in turning dramatic news events into news serials (Cook 1996) has blossomed (or mutated, depending on one’s perspective) into a virtual "news saga" industry. Breaking news events that promise dramatic story developments are quickly translated into stories-of-the day, week, or month, often complete with their own logo and theme music. Media coverage of dramatic news events is high in volume and sustained in duration, and the public is exposed to big stories through both news and entertainment channels in both traditional and virtual formats.
PROPERTIES OF THE MAXIMAL OPERATORS ASSOCIATED WITH BASES OF RECTANGLES IN $\mathbb{R}^3$

This paper is an attempt to understand a phenomenon of maximal operators associated with bases of three-dimensional rectangles of dimensions $(t,1/t,s)$ within a framework of more general Soria bases. The Jessen–Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund Theorem implies that the maximal operator associated with a Soria basis continuously maps $L\log^2L$ into $L^{1,\infty}$. We give a simple geometric condition that guarantees that the $L\log^2L$ class cannot be enlarged. The proof develops the author's methods applied previously in the two-dimensional case and is related to theorems of Cordoba, Soria and Fefferman and Pipher.
Convergence of a decision-directed adaptive equalizer

An adaptive decision directed equalizer, wherein the estimates of the transmitted data are used for the adaptation of the equalizer parameters, is analyzed. In the paper the stability of the limit equation associated with the stochastic adaptation algorithm is proved. The convergence of the stochastic algorithm then follows by the application of the standard weak convergence theory. The approach of this paper is different from the earlier such analysis in the literature. Thus in the paper we work with the discrete probability distribution of the transmitted symbols, as is the case in practice, rather than assuming a continuous distribution of these for the sake of theoretical convenience.
Production and speciation of hydrogen sulfide in surface waters of the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean

During the August 1993 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission's Contaminant Baseline Survey cruise to the high latitude North Atlantic, determinations of total dissolved sulfide (TDS=free sulfide, H2S(g)+HS−+S2−, plus dissolved metal–sulfide complexes), free sulfide, and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) were made along a horizontal transect and at six vertical profile stations. Unlike data from lower latitudes, the distributions of OCS and TDS were remarkably uniform, with surface water OCS averaging 108 pmol/l and TDS averaging 58 pmol/l; free sulfide was below the detection limits of 5 pmol/l at all stations. The vertical profiles of both OCS and TDS show surface maxima and rapid decreases into the major thermocline. For OCS this is indicative of production via photolysis of dissolved organic sulfur compounds, while TDS may be produced from the hydrolysis of OCS. The concentrations of OCS are similar to those found in coastal waters, and suggests that these sub-polar regions may be large OCS sources to the troposphere during summer. However, it is unclear whether higher concentrations of OCS precursors, a long photo period during summer, or slow rates of removal by hydrolysis due to low temperatures are responsible for the elevated OCS levels. TDS concentrations are primarily controlled by the rate of OCS hydrolysis, production by phytoplankton, and oxidative loss by oxygen and iodate. Both of the losses are affected by trace metal complexation, and to examine this, freshly collected seawater was amended by hydrogen sulfide gas and trace metal additions, and the concentration of free sulfide monitored as a function of metal concentration. This allowed the determinations of conditional stability constants for metal sulfides, with the log Kcond of Cd(HS)+ being 8.0±0.5, 7.0±0.6 for Ni(HS)+, and 7.4±0.7 for Zn(HS)+; attempts at measuring the Kcond of Cu(HS)+ were thwarted by the apparent reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by sulfide. Using these constants in an equilibrium speciation model indicates that on average about 75% of the measured TDS was free, with the remaining fraction complexed with Ni, Cd, and Zn (in order of decreasing percentages). While closer to the field observations than would be found with stability constants reported by other workers, these values are still at variance with the actual speciation (i.e., <30% free). This suggests that the stability constants for Cd, Ni, and Zn are somewhat higher than found, thus reducing the concentration of free sulfide. Nevertheless, these speciation data are important for balancing the TDS budget since the loss by iodate oxidation of free sulfide exceeds all production estimates.
Radiation Therapy Does Not Impact Local Complication Rates After Free Flap Reconstruction for Head and Neck Cancer

Objective To determine whether external beam radiation therapy (XRT), administered either before or after surgery, increases the rate and/or severity of local postoperative complications in patients with head and neck cancer who undergo microvascular free flap reconstruction. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, a tertiary care hospital. Patients A total of 100 consecutive patients underwent fibular free flap reconstruction of the mandible. The study cohort was divided according to radiation treatment status: (1) no XRT (28 patients), (2) preoperative XRT (37 patients), and (3) postoperative XRT (35 patients). The median follow-up after surgery was 11 months (range, 1-89 months). Main Outcome Measures Rate and severity of local postoperative complications. Results Fifty-four patients (54%) had at least 1 postoperative complication. There were no differences among the 3 XRT subgroups in the overall proportion of patients with complications of any severity (15 [54%] of 28 patients in the no XRT group, 24 [65%] of 37 patients in the preoperative XRT group, and 16 [46%] of 35 patients in the postoperative XRT group; P = .26, χ 2 analysis). There were also no differences seen when mild and severe complication rates were specifically examined ( P = .58 and P = .10, respectively). No case of complete flap loss was observed. We noted no significant correlations between the rate of postoperative complications and the following covariates: total radiation dose, size of radiation field, disease stage, exposure to chemotherapy, presence of serious medical comorbidities, patient age, or history of tobacco use. Conclusions Our experience suggests that XRT can be safely administered before or after surgery to patients undergoing head and neck free flap reconstruction at an experienced surgical referral center. Postoperative complication rates were not significantly affected by administration, timing, dose, or extent of XRT.
Imaging optics setup and optimization on scanner for SMO generation process

Source & Mask Optimization1 (SMO) is a promising candidate to realize further reduction of k1 factor to achieve 22nm feature lithography and beyond. To make the SMO solutions feasible all imaging-related parameters should be closer to the designed parameters used in SMO process. In this paper, we discuss how we realize this in the imaging system setup on the scanner. The setup process includes freeform pupilgram generation, pupilgram adjustment and thermal aberration control. For each step the important factors are speed and accuracy.
Systematic Engineering of Waveguide-Resonator Coupling for Silicon Microring/Microdisk/Racetrack Resonators: Theory and Experiment

A systematic engineering of waveguide-resonator coupling for optimum phase matching and field-overlap is proposed to achieve critical coupling and strong over-critical coupling for microring, micro racetrack and microdisk resonators on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The impact of the waveguide-resonator dimensions, their spacing and interaction length on the strength of the coupling are investigated. We show that by optimization of the dimension of the waveguide-resonator structure, the coupling strength can be engineered to be insensitive to fabrication errors. Based on our optimization techniques, critical coupling to low Q resonators (Q ~ 104) as well as ultra-high Q resonators (Q ~ 3.1 x 106) is experimentally demonstrated.
The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

Forty years after the advent of quantum mechanics the problem of hidden variables, that is, the possibility of imbedding quantum theory into a classical theory, remains a controversial and obscure subject. Whereas to most physicists the possibility of a classical reinterpretation of quantum mechanics remains remote and perhaps irrelevant to current problems, a minority have kept the issue alive throughout this period. (See Freistadt [5] for a review of the problem and a comprehensive bibliography up to 1957.) As far as results are concerned there are on the one hand purported proofs of the non-existence of hidden variables, most notably von Neumann’s proof, and on the other, various attempts to introduce hidden variables such as de Broglie [4] and Bohm [1] and [2]. One of the difficulties in evaluating these contradictory results is that no exact mathematical criterion is given to enable one to judge the degree of success of these proposals.
Temporal characteristics of slot machine play in recreational gamblers.

The present study examined the temporal characteristics of play exhibited by recreational slot machine players. 12 women (M = 24 yr., range 22–28) played a computerized version of a slot machine wi...
Factorial Invariance of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales Child Self-Report Across Gender: A Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis with 11,356 Children Ages 5 to 18

The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric medicine and health services research has grown significantly over the past decade. The paradigm shift toward patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in clinical trials and population studies has provided the opportunity to emphasize the value and critical need for pediatric patient self-report. In order for HRQOL/PRO outcome comparisons to be meaningful for gender group analyses, it is essential to demonstrate the factorial invariance of an instrument. This study examined factorial invariance of the 23-item PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales across gender groups for child self-report ages 5–18. Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) was performed specifying a five-factor model across gender groups. The analyses were based on 11,356 children recruited from clinic, school, and community populations. Strict factorial invariance across gender groups was demonstrated based on stability of the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) between the models, and indices of practical fit including the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI), and the Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI). The findings support an equivalent five-factor structure on the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales across gender groups. Based on these data, it can be concluded that boys and girls studied interpreted items on the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in a similar manner. These findings have implications for studies of gender differences in health outcomes.
Role of the catalytic metal during polymerization by DNA polymerase lambda

The incorporation of dNMPs into DNA by polymerases involves a phosphoryl transfer reaction hypothesized to require two divalent metal ions. Here we investigate this hypothesis using as a model human DNA polymerase lambda (Pol lambda), an enzyme suggested to be activated in vivo by manganese. We report the crystal structures of four complexes of human Pol lambda. In a 1.9 A structure of Pol lambda containing a 3'-OH and the non-hydrolyzable analog dUpnpp, a non-catalytic Na+ ion occupies the site for metal A and the ribose of the primer-terminal nucleotide is found in a conformation that positions the acceptor 3'-OH out of line with the alpha-phosphate and the bridging oxygen of the pyrophosphate leaving group. Soaking this crystal in MnCl2 yielded a 2.0 A structure with Mn2+ occupying the site for metal A. In the presence of Mn2+, the conformation of the ribose is C3'-endo and the 3'-oxygen is in line with the leaving oxygen, at a distance from the phosphorus atom of the alpha-phosphate (3.69 A) consistent with and supporting a catalytic mechanism involving two divalent metal ions. Finally, soaking with MnCl2 converted a pre-catalytic Pol lambda/Na+ complex with unreacted dCTP in the active site into a product complex via catalysis in the crystal. These data provide pre- and post-transition state information and outline in a single crystal the pathway for the phosphoryl transfer reaction carried out by DNA polymerases.
Depth versus subdural electrode studies for unlocalized epilepsy

It is accepted that precise localization of the epileptic focus or zone is imperative for planning surgical treatment in uncontrolled epilepsy (1). It is equally and widely held that the place from which spontaneous electrical seizures arise is the area being sought (2). Localization of abnormal cerebral function is helpful but not definitive in this regard. The accuracy and the manner of electrically recording seizures has therefore been a field of continuing investigation. Surface EEG provides sampling of many cerebral areas, which is important, but it attenuates cortical signals by factors of up to 58 to 1 (3). Besides, artifact limits its utility for accurate localization of the area of seizure onset (4). Accordingly, various progressively more invasive means of recording and localizing spontaneous seizure onset have been developed. These include nasopharyngeal electrodes, sphenoidal electrodes, electrocorticography, depth electrodes, and subdural or epidural electrodes. Because of their suitability for bilateral chronic recording of multiple cerebral areas, depth and subdural electrodes are most commonly employed to localize the focus in difficult diagnostic problems considered for resective surgery. The preference for depth electrodes or subdural electrodes should be based on available data that responds to the following questions: (a) What is the yield of localization by depth or subdural electrodes in difficult localizing problems? (b) What is the accuracy of localization by either technique? (c) Is one technique particularly suited to investigation in temporal lobe epilepsy? Extratemporal epilepsy? Neocortical epilepsy? Lesional patients? (d) Are morbidity and mortality comparable?
Hole-coupled resonators for broadly tunable infrared free electron lasers

We review the study of hole-coupled resonators for broadly tunable free electron laser (FEL) applications. The mode profiles inside and outside the cavity, the diffraction losses at the mirror edges and intracavity apertures, the amount of useful power coupled through the holes, and the FEL gain are calculated for several dominant azimuthal and radial modes. The FEL interaction is taken into account by constructing a propagator similar to the Fresnel integral for free space propagation. It is found that non-confocal resonators can provide efficient hole coupling over a broad wavelength range, as long as the mode beating caused by a degeneracy in the round trip loss can be avoided. The degeneracy between the azimuthally symmetric class of modes is removed by FEL interaction, and the azimuthally asymmetric modes can be suppressed by means of intracavity apertures. Therefore, in a non-confocal configuration, a hole-coupled resonator can be designed that is tunable over a broad range of wavelength by employing an adjustable intracavity aperture. On the other hand, confocal resonators are not suitable for hole coupling; although mode beating does not occur in a confocal resonator, the hole coupling is difficult because the modes tend to avoid the hole. We provide a simple physical understanding of the difference in the performance of the confocal and non-confocal resonators. We also calculate and analyze the mode content of an empty resonator under continuous external mode injection. Such calculation is useful in interpreting experiments testing the hole coupling performance using CW lasers.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physical and Interpersonal Attractiveness of the Model and Imitation in Adults

The influence of physical attractiveness and warmth of a model on imitation and social perception in adults was assessed in this study with the use of 108 male and female college students. The Ss were randomly paired with a model who, depending on experimental conditions, was either a male or female, of high or low facial attractiveness, and who interacted with the S in a warm or cold manner. The Ss were then placed in a task situation which provided an opportunity to imitate the model, after which the Ss were asked to rate their experience and the model's personality. Warmth of the model was a more influential determinant of imitation, personality rating, and experience than physical attractiveness. However, the warmth affect was influenced by sex of the model and sex of the S. Possible explanations for the warmth effect were explored.
Gene expression in rat skin induced by irritating chemicals.

Occupational skin disease is the second most significant cause of occupational disease, after accidents. Irritation from occupational chemicals such as solvents, hydrocarbons, and surfactants are one cause of this disease. Gene expression studies provide useful information about normal processes in the skin and responses of the skin to exogenous chemicals. We exposed rats, cutaneously, to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, 1% and 10% aqueous solution), m-xylene (pure liquid), and d-limonene (pure liquid) for 1 h and measured transcriptional responses at the end of the exposure and 3 h later for comparison with untreated skin samples. Total skin RNA was isolated and analyzed using the Affymetrix RatTox U34 array. Using the Affymetrix software, we found that 234 of approximately 850 genes were detected as present in at least 80% of the normal skin samples. The largest number of these genes was related to metabolism, oxidative/cellular stress, and signal transduction. Limonene caused the largest change in mRNA levels with a total of 34 increased transcripts and 4 decreased transcripts. Xylene treatment resulted in 6 increased transcripts and 14 decreased transcripts, while 10% SLS caused 5 transcripts to increase and 17 to decrease. Only two transcripts were observed to change in skin following a 1% SLS exposure. Sodium lauryl sulfate transcript changes increased with dose and were maximum at 4 h. Limonene transcript changes were more numerous at 1 h than at 4 h. The observed differences may reflect different mechanisms of irritation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:123–137, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10079
Postbifurcation behavior of wrinkles in square metal sheets under Yoshida Test

The stretching of a square sheet along one of its diagonals, called “Yoshida Test”, has been developed to simulate the wrinkling behavior in press forming of steel sheets into autobody panels. The finite deformation, onset of wrinkling and growth of wrinkles in such a specimen are investigated. Hill’s yield criterion for sheet materials have the normal anisotropy and Hill’s quasi-static bifurcation criterion are employed. The growth of wrinkles in the finite deformation process is incrementally and numerically determined by a thin shell finite element in a convected coordinate system. The Lagrangian formulation of the thin shell finite element is based on Hill’s variational principle for elastic-plastic solids, a modification of Love-Kirchhoff postulates and a quasi-conforming element technique. The shell element fulfills the inter-element C1 continuity condition in a variational sense. Reasonable agreements between the present numerical results and available analytical and experimental results are shown.
Psychometric analysis and validation of the scale of attitudes toward persons with epilepsy

Abstract The Scale of Attitudes Toward Persons with Epilepsy (ATPE) is a contemporary, brief, easily administered and scored psychometrically sound instrument to measure knowledge about and attitudes toward epilepsy and persons with epilepsy. The scale (Form S) consists of 28 statements, of which 17 are scored as attitude items, 7 are scored as knowledge items, and 4 are scored as both knowledge and attitude items. Data were collected and analyzed that indicate satisfactory item characteristics and scale reliability, and adequate construct and criterionrelated validity. The scale should be useful for the investigation of questions concerning the formation, structure, and correlates of knowledge and attitudes regarding epilepsy and persons with epilepsy.
The Role of Cutter Eccentricity on Surface Finish and Milling Forces

In this paper, the role of milling cutter eccentricity, commonly referred to as runout, is explored to determine its effects on surface topography and milling forces. This work is motivated by the observation that commercially-available cutter bodies often exhibit variation in the teeth/insert radial locations as a result of manufacturing issues. Consequently, the chip load on individual cutting teeth varies periodically, which can lead to premature failure of the cutting edges. Additionally, this chip load variation increases the roughness of machined surfaces. This research isolates the effect of runout on cutting forces and the machined surface finish in a series of experiments completed on a precision milling machine with 0.1 μm positioning repeatability and 0.02 μm spindle error motion. The runout is varied in a controlled fashion and results compared between experiment and a comprehensive time-domain simulation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Influence of temperature on the magnetic properties of electroplated L10 CoPt thick films

This paper reports the magnetic properties of 2 μm thick electroplated isotropic L10 CoPt films on silicon at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 790 K, as well as the room-temperature properties of the films after various thermal cycles. Electroplated equiatomic CoPt layers require a post-deposition annealing typically at ∼973 K to induce L10 ordering so that they exhibit hard magnetic properties at room temperature. However, the influence of temperature on these post-deposition annealed films is an important consideration for their utility in end applications. Here, a reversible temperature coefficient of remanence of −0.11% K−1 is measured along with a maximum operating temperature of 400 K (recovery to 95% of the initial remanence). The maximal energy density of the films is reduced by 50% at a temperature of 550 K. However, the original room-temperature magnetic properties are shown to be fully recoverable by remagnetization after various thermal cycles—800 K for 15 min in Ar, 373 K for 168 h in air, and 358 K for 168 h in air at 85% relative humidity. These investigations indicate that the electroplated L10 CoPt layers, like bulk, exhibit good thermal robustness, satisfying a key requirement for their use in end applications, such as magnetic microsystems.
On the Maximum Degree of an LCP Map

The Linear Complementarity Problem can be shown to be equivalent to inverting a certain piecewise linear mapping. We give bounds on the degree of this mapping and present a class of matrices that generates maps of high degree.
Factors Affecting Obedience in Preschool Children.

This study investigated the effects of four factors (threat, surveillance, sex of child and time) on obedience of children to adult requests. An adult told the subjects (48 4-year-old boys and girls) to carry marbles from one box to another. The adult either made no threat or threatened the child for possible disobedience, and either stayed in the room or left the room during the session. Four measures of obedience were recorded for five consecutive 2-minute periods. Results showed in general that: (1) the children were very obedient; (2) threat increased obedience in girls, but not in boys; (3) surveillance increased the amount of time the children worked at the task; (4) obedience decreased with the passage of time; and (5) 94% of the children indicated that the experiment was fun, but 33% indicated that they would not like to do it again. , These findings are compared with previous research findings on obedience, resistance to temptation and social reinforcement. (Author/MS) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) . EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** I I IN Iry NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION tH1S DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REM'. DUCED EXACTLY AS RECENED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STA TED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE. SENT OFF IC1AL NATIONAL INSTITUFF OF EDuCAT,ON POSITION OR POLICy Factors Affecting Obedience in Preschool Children
Subgingival microbiota of indigenous Indians of Central America.

But: Le but de cette etude a ete de definir les profiles microbiens sous-gingivaux d'adultes d'une communaute rurale d'indiens du Guatemala. Materiaux et methodes: Un bilan parodontal a ete effectue chez 114 adultes de 45 familles. Des echantillons de plaque dentaire ont ete preveles des poches parodontales profondes et peu profondes et une hybridisation ADN-ADN en damier a ete utilisee pour identifier 17 especes associees precedemment a la sante ou la parodontite. Resultats: Des depots de plaque dentaire et de la gingivite se rencontraient partout et les poches parodontales ≥5 mm avaient une frequence globale atteignant 84% des sujets. Le Streptococcus sanguis, l'Actinomyces naeslundii genotypes 2 et le Fusobacterium nucleatum etaient significativement plus presents dans les sites de faible profondeur. Au niveau individuel, l'Actinomyces naeslundii et le Peptostreptococcus micros etaient significativement plus presents chez les sujets sains du point de vue parodontal. L'Actinobaccillus actinomycetemcomitans n'a ete decouvert dans aucun echantillon. Conclusions: Il n'y avait aucune association entre l'etat de la maladie parodontale et la presence de pathogenes parodontaux suspects. Ces derniers resultats sont quelque peu en conflit avec ceux des populations traitees. Cependant, dans cette population ou d'enormes depots de plaque dentaire et de gingivite sont omnipresents, la presence de pathogenes putatifs peut etre davantage un reflet de l'environnement local.
Shock wave lithotripters with broad focus result in greater stress in human kidney stones: Numerical simulation

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) has been used to treat kidney stones for decades. However, there is growing recognition that shock waves induces trauma to kidney tissue [1, 2]. The poor understanding of stone comminution mechanisms means that the design of new lithotripters is principally a practice of empiricism [3]. A mechanistic understanding of stone comminution would provide a criterion to develop new lithotripsy systems. In this work, a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solution to the linear elastic equations was employed [4] to investigate the stress and displacement fields of kidney stones subject to lithotripsy shock waves. The kidney stone models were obtained from micro-computed tomography images (resolution of 20 μm) and have diameters from 2 mm to 5 mm.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Adherence and pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis in mice.

Adherence of many pathogenic organisms to the host cells has been associated with the presence of fimbriae. The exact role of these organelles in the adherence and pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis is not well established. Utilizing hemagglutination tests, S. enteritidis was shown to possess type 1 and type 3 fimbriae. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isolated fimbriae showed that type 1 and 3 fimbriae of S. enteritidis had subunit M.r of 17 and 22 kDa, respectively. In vitro adherence assays suggested that S. enteritidis utilized type 1 fimbriae to adhere to human buccal and mouse small intestine epithelial cells. In addition, antibody produced against type 1 and type 3 fimbriae protected the mice from infection with a lethal dose of S. enteritidis. These results suggest that type 1 and possibly type 3 fimbriae are involved in the adherence and pathogenesis of S. enteritidis. The data further suggest that they may have a role in the adherence and pathogenesis of the other enteric organisms.
From Zomo to Yak: Change in a Sherpa Village

Transhumant herding of cow-yak hybrids is a specialization of Helambu Sherpa villagers living at altitudes between 7,000– 11,000 feet on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Hybrids are ideally suited for the climate at this altitude, producing large quantities of rich milk for butter production. Focused on a village in east- central Nepal, this paper documents a shift by some families between 1971– 1989 from the longstanding pattern of herding hybrids to an alternative pattern of producing them. This involves learning to manage yak, establishing new transhumance routes, a switch from dairying to livestock production, and a variety of economic, environmental, and social repercussions. The two types of herding systems are described, and possible causes for the shift are discussed within the context of the economic options available to people in this environment. A special emphasis is placed on the flexibility of options that is both necessary and possible with transhumant agropastoralism as practiced by middle and high-altitude Himalayan peoples.