cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SURFACE BRIGHTNESS PROFILES OF DWARF GALAXIES. I. PROFILES AND STATISTICS

Radial surface brightness profiles of spiral galaxies are classified into three types: (I) single exponential, or the light falls off with one exponential to a break before falling off (II) more steeply, or (III) less steeply. Profile breaks are also found in dwarf disks, but some dwarf Type IIs are flat or increasing out to a break before falling off. Here we re-examine the stellar disk profiles of 141 dwarfs: 96 dwarf irregulars (dIms), 26 Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs), and 19 Magellanic-type spirals (Sms). We fit single, double, or even triple exponential profiles in up to 11 passbands: GALEX FUV and NUV, ground-based UBVJHK and Hα, and Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm. We find that more luminous galaxies have brighter centers, larger inner and outer scale lengths, and breaks at larger radii; dwarf trends with MB extend to spirals. However, the V-band break surface brightness is independent of break type, MB , and Hubble type. Dwarf Type II and III profiles fall off similarly beyond the breaks but have different interiors and IIs break ~twice as far as IIIs. Outer Type II and III scale lengths may have weak trends with wavelength, but pure Type II inner scale lengths clearly decrease from the FUV to visible bands whereas Type III inner scale lengths increase with redder bands. This suggests the influence of different star formation histories on profile type, but nonetheless the break location is approximately the same in all passbands. Dwarfs continue trends between profile and Hubble types such that later-type galaxies have more Type II but fewer Type I and III profiles than early-type spirals. BCDs and Sms are over-represented as Types III and II, respectively, compared to dIms.
F-injective singularities are Du Bois

In this paper, we prove that singularities of $F$-injective type are Du~Bois. This extends the correspondence between singularities associated to the minimal model program and singularities defined by the action of Frobenius in positive characteristic.
[3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Cyclopropyl Imines with Enones

A nickel-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropyl aldimines and enones has been developed. The process provides direct access to trisubstituted cyclopentanes, and the scope exceeds that of the corresponding reactions involving cyclopropyl ketones. A basis for the improved performance of cyclopropyl aldimines compared with cyclopropyl ketones is provided.
Equipment design for maintenance: Part II — The scientific basis for the guide

This chapter discusses several equipment designs used for maintenance. There are two types of maintenance—preventive maintenance and breakdown (corrective) maintenance. Preventive maintenance aims at maintaining equipment in good condition so as to obviate the need for breakdown maintenance. Breakdown (corrective) maintenance is performed after the equipment has malfunctioned. Maintenance of machines and systems involves a number of operations that can extend time and cost if not properly designed for the capacities and limitations of the maintenance personnel. The steps involved in a maintenance task include (1) detecting the fault(s), (2) isolating the fault(s), (3) accessing the part(s), (4) dissembling the machine, (5) removing and repairing the part(s), (6) replacing the part(s), (7) reassembling the machine, and (8) testing and checking to verify successful repair. The primary objective of all aspects of maintenance, including equipment design, is to ensure that the system performs its intended function, at any time.
Lattice regularization of massive and massless integrable field theories

Abstract We show that integrable vertex and RSOS models with trigonometric Boltzmann weights and appropriate inhomogeneities provide a convenient lattice regularization for massive field theories and for the recently studied massless field theories that interpolate between two nontrivial conformal field theories. Massive and massless S-matrices are computed from the lattice Bethe ansatz.
Subsampling at information theoretically optimal rates

We study the problem of sampling a random signal with sparse support in frequency domain. Shannon famously considered a scheme that instantaneously samples the signal at equispaced times. He proved that the signal can be reconstructed as long as the sampling rate exceeds twice the bandwidth (Nyquist rate). Candes, Romberg, Tao introduced a scheme that acquires instantaneous samples of the signal at random times. They proved that the signal can be uniquely and efficiently reconstructed, provided the sampling rate exceeds the frequency support of the signal, times logarithmic factors. In this paper we consider a probabilistic model for the signal, and a sampling scheme inspired by the idea of spatial coupling in coding theory. Namely, we propose to acquire non-instantaneous samples at random times. Mathematically, this is implemented by acquiring a small random subset of Gabor coefficients. We show empirically that this scheme achieves correct reconstruction as soon as the sampling rate exceeds the frequency support of the signal, thus reaching the information theoretic limit.
Order matters: transmission reordering in wireless networks

Modern wireless interfaces support a physical-layer capability called Message in Message (MIM). Briefly, MIM allows a receiver to disengage from an ongoing reception and engage onto a stronger incoming signal. Links that otherwise conflict with each other can be made concurrent with MIM. However, the concurrency is not immediate and can be achieved only if conflicting links begin transmission in a specific order. The importance of link order is new in wireless research, motivating MIM-aware revisions to link-scheduling protocols. This paper identifies the opportunity in MIM-aware reordering, characterizes the optimal improvement in throughput, and designs a link-layer protocol for enterprise wireless LANs to achieve it. Testbed and simulation results confirm the performance gains of the proposed system.
Evaluating default policy: The business cycle matters

More debt forgiveness directly benefits households but indirectly makes credit more expensive. How does aggregate risk affect this trade‐off? In a calibrated general equilibrium life‐cycle model, aggregate risk reduces the welfare benefit of making default very costly when the costs are borne by all households at all times. The result does not necessarily extend to state‐contingent policies. The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 in particular generates a small welfare loss with or without aggregate risk. Bankruptcy law consumer finance business cycles C68 D58 E21 E22 E32 E61 E65 K35
Ruthenium(II)/N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed [3+2] carbocyclization with aromatic N-H ketimines and internal alkynes.

A convenient and highly efficient synthesis of indenamines has been developed via ruthenium-catalyzed [3+2] carbocyclization under very mild conditions. A catalyst system of Ru(II) π-allyl precursor and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand promotes facile coupling between aromatic N–H ketimines with internal alkynes at mild temperatures, without added oxidants or other metal salts, and in non-polar solvents. A proposed mechanism involves imine-directed activation of aromatic C–H bond, alkyne insertion, and carbocyclization by intramolecular imine insertion into Ru–alkenyl linkages.
Stochastic Volatility in General Equilibrium

The connections between stock market volatility and returns are studied within the context of a general equilibrium framework. The framework rules out a priori any purely statistical relationship between volatility and returns by imposing uncorrelated innovations. The main model generates a two-factor structure for stock market volatility along with time-varying risk premiums on consumption and volatility risk. It also generates endogenously a dynamic leverage eect (volatility asymmetry), the sign of which depends upon the magnitudes of the risk aversion and the intertemporal elasticity of substitution parameters.
Sparse reconstruction by convex relaxation: Fourier and Gaussian measurements

This paper proves best known guarantees for exact reconstruction of a sparse signal f from few non-adaptive universal linear measurements. We consider Fourier measurements (random sample of frequencies of f) and random Gaussian measurements. The method for reconstruction that has recently gained momentum in the sparse approximation theory is to relax this highly non-convex problem to a convex problem, and then solve it as a linear program. What are best guarantees for the reconstruction problem to be equivalent to its convex relaxation is an open question. Recent work shows that the number of measurements k(r,n) needed to exactly reconstruct any r-sparse signal f of length n from its linear measurements with convex relaxation is usually O(r poly log (n)). However, known guarantees involve huge constants, in spite of very good performance of the algorithms in practice. In attempt to reconcile theory with practice, we prove the first guarantees for universal measurements (i.e. which work for all sparse functions) with reasonable constants. For Gaussian measurements, k(r,n) lsim 11.7 r [1.5 + log(n/r)], which is optimal up to constants. For Fourier measurements, we prove the best known bound k(r, n) = O(r log(n) middot log2(r) log(r log n)), which is optimal within the log log n and log3 r factors. Our arguments are based on the technique of geometric functional analysis and probability in Banach spaces.
A Brief History of the Art of Dictamen: Medieval Origins of Business Letter Writing

Dictamen, or the art of letter writing, became a distinct branch of study in medieval universities, particularly in Italy at the University of Bologna. The growing relations between the church and ...
Altering movement patterns in healthy and brain-injured subjects via custom designed robotic forces

We investigated robotic methods for teaching movements to hemiparetic subjects using novel techniques for neuro-adaptive control. Eight healthy subjects and twelve hemiparetic stroke subjects were exposed to novel viscous forces during planar movement of the hand towards a visual target. These forces were initially responsible for significant movement errors, but were followed by automatic adaptation. The forces were designed so that unexpected withdrawal would result in a pronounced after-effect, consisting of movement path errors that were opposite in sign to those induced by initial application of the force filed. For healthy subjects, the desired movement was a curved sinusoid. For the hemiparetics, we chose a replicated normal trajectory. After-effect trajectories in healthy subjects' were significantly shifted toward the desired trajectory. This after-effect fully-washed out following the removal of the forces in the final 50-75 movements, regardless of whether the subjects had visual feedback of their position. After-effects also generalized to movement directions that were not practiced. Hemiparetics showed different types of results. While several of them showed minimal improvement, the remaining hemiparetics showed adaptation with beneficial after-effects. Furthermore, several in this group retained diminished features of these aftereffects for the duration of the experiment. This approach may be an effective neurorehabilitation tool because it does not require explicit instructions about the desired movement.
DOES NATURE NEED TO BE REDEEMED

. In the light of evolutionary biology, the biblical idea that nature fell with the coming of human sin is incredible. Biblical writers, classical theologians, and contemporary biologists are ambivalent about nature, finding in natural history both a remarkable genesis of life and also much travail and suffering. Earth is a land of promise, and there is the conservation, or redemption, of life in the midst of its perpetual perishing. Life is perennially a struggling through to something higher. In that sense even natural history is cruciform, though human sinfulness introduces novel tragedy. Humans now threaten creation; nature is at more peril than ever before.
Mass spectrometry-based protein identification with accurate statistical significance assignment.

Motivation: Assigning statistical significance accurately has become increasingly important as metadata of many types, often assembled in hierarchies, are constructed and combined for further biological analyses. Statistical inaccuracy of metadata at any level may propagate to downstream analyses, undermining the validity of scientific conclusions thus drawn. From the perspective of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, even though accurate statistics for peptide identification can now be achieved, accurate protein level statistics remain challenging. Results: We have constructed a protein ID method that combines peptide evidences of a candidate protein based on a rigorous formula derived earlier; in this formula the database P-value of every peptide is weighted, prior to the final combination, according to the number of proteins it maps to. We have also shown that this protein ID method provides accurate protein level E-value, eliminating the need of using empirical post-processing methods for type-I error control. Using a known protein mixture, we find that this protein ID method, when combined with the Soric formula, yields accurate values for the proportion of false discoveries. In terms of retrieval efficacy, the results from our method are comparable with other methods tested. Availability and implementation: The source code, implemented in C++ on a linux system, is available for download at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/qmbp/qmbp_ms/RAId/RAId_Linux_64Bit. Contact: vog.hin.mln.ibcn@uyy Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Combining Zn ion catalysis with homogeneous gold catalysis: an efficient annulation approach to N-protected indoles

The Fischer indole synthesis is perhaps the most powerful method for indole preparation, but it often suffers from low regioselectivities with unsymmetrical aliphatic ketone substrates and strongly acidic conditions and is not suitable for α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this edge article, we disclose an efficient synthesis of N-protected indoles from N-arylhydroxamic acids/N-aryl-N-hydroxycarbamates and a variety of alkynes via cooperative gold and zinc catalysis. The zinc catalysis is similar to the related zinc ion catalysis in metalloenzymes such as human carbonic anhydrase II and substantially enhances the O-nucleophilicity of N-acylated hydroxylamine by forming the corresponding Zn chelates. The Zn chelates can attack gold-activated alkynes to form O-alkenyl-N-arylhydroxamates, which can undergo facile 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements and subsequent cyclodehydrations to yield N-protected indole products. This new chemistry offers several important improvements over the Fischer indole synthesis: (a) the reaction conditions are mildly acidic and can tolerate sensitive groups such as Boc; (b) broader substrate scopes including substrates with pendant carbonyl groups (reactive in the Fischer chemistry) and alkyl chlorides; (c) better regioselectivities for the formation of 2-substituted indoles under much milder conditions; (d) 2-alkenylindoles can be prepared readily in good to excellent yields, for which Fischer chemistry could not be used; (e) with internal alkynes both steric and electronic controls are available for achieving good regioselectivities, while Fischer chemistry is in general problematic.
Phase space distribution of particles near an isolated difference resonance

The phase space distribution of beam particles near an isolated difference resonance was studied. The numerical simulation has shown that the distribution can quickly settle down to a final state if its initial state is Gaussian. The final state can be treated as a stationary state as long as the high order fluctuation can be neglected. From the Liouville equation, the emittances of beam particles are calculated approximately. There is a good agreement between analytical and numerical results. >
Approaching the knee - balloon-borne observations of cosmic ray composition

Below the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum, balloon and spacecraft experiments offer the capability of direct composition and energy measurements on the primary particles. A major difficulty is obtaining enough exposure to extend the range of direct measurements sufficiently high in energy to permit overlap with ground-based observations. Presently, balloon and space measurements extend only up to ~100 TeV, well below the range of groundbased experiments. The prospect of Ultra-Long Duration Balloon missions offers the promise of multiple long flights that can build up exposure. The status of balloon measurements to measure the high energy proton and nuclear composition and spectrum is reviewed, and the statistical considerations involved in searching for a steepening in the spectrum are discussed. Given the very steeply falling spectrum, it appears unlikely that balloon experiments will be able to extend the range of direct measurements beyond 1000 TeV any time in the near future. Especially given the recent suggestions from KASCADE that the proton spectrum steepens only at 4000-5000 TeV, the chance of detecting the knee with direct measurements of protons to iron on balloons is not likely to occur without significant increases in the payload and flight duration capabilities of high altitude balloons.
Utility Maximization for Delay Constrained QoS in Wireless

This paper studies the problem of utility maximization for clients with delay based QoS requirements in wireless networks. We adopt a model used in a previous work that characterizes the QoS requirements of clients by their delay constraints, channel reliabilities, and timely throughput requirements. In this work, we assume that the utility of a client is a function of the timely throughput it obtains. We treat the timely throughput for a client as a tunable parameter by the access point (AP), instead of a given value as in the previous work. We then study how the AP should assign timely throughputs to clients so that the total utility of all clients is maximized. We apply the techniques introduced in two previous papers to decompose the utility maximization problem into two simpler problems, a $CLIENT$ problem and an $ACCESS$-$POINT$ problem. We show that this decomposition actually describes a bidding game, where clients bid for the service time from the AP. We prove that although all clients behave selfishly in this game, the resulting equilibrium point of the game maximizes the total utility. In addition, we also establish an efficient scheduling policy for the AP to reach the optimal point of the $ACCESS$-$POINT$ problem. We prove that the policy not only approaches the optimal point but also achieves some forms of fairness among clients. Finally, simulation results show that our proposed policy does achieve higher utility than all other compared policies.
Computer-Aided Design of High-Contact-Ratio Gears for Minimum Dynamic Load and Stress

This paper presents a numerical procedure for minimizing dynamic effects on high-contact-ratio gears by modification of the tooth profile. The paper examines and compares both linear and parabolic tooth profile modifications of high-contact-ratio gears under various loading conditions. The effects of the total amount of modification and the length of the modification zone were systematically studied at various loads and speeds to find the optimum profile design for minimizing the dynamic load and the tooth bending stress. Parabolic profile modification is preferred over linear profile modification for high-contact-ratio gears because of its lower sensitivity to manufacturing errors. For parabolic modification a greater amount of modification at the tooth tip and a longer modification zone are required. Design charts are presented for high-contact-ratio gears with various profile modifications operating under a range of loads. A procedure is illustrated for using the charts to find the optimum profile design.
What Do Consumers Believe About Future Gasoline Prices

A full understanding of how gasoline prices affect consumer behavior frequently requires information on how consumers forecast future gasoline prices. We provide the first evidence on the nature of these forecasts by analyzing two decades of data on gasoline price expectations from the Michigan Survey of Consumers. We find that average consumer beliefs are typically indistinguishable from a no-change forecast, justifying an assumption commonly made in the literature on consumer valuation of energy efficiency. We also provide evidence on circumstances in which consumer forecasts are likely to deviate from no-change and on significant cross-consumer forecast heterogeneity.
Alkane carbonylation photocatalyzed by aromatic ketones under high CO pressure

Abstract Aromatic ketones photocatalyze the carbonylation of alkanes to the corresponding aldehydes at room temperature under high CO pressures (20 – 80 atm). In the presence of CCl 4 , cyclohexanecarbonylchloride is formed from cyclohexane; this reaction was used to determine the rate of addition of cyclohexyl radical to CO.
A hypertext system to manage software life-cycle documents

The Documents Integration Facility, an environment based on objects and relationships between objects that was constructed for the development, use, and maintenance of large-scale systems and their life-cycle documents, is presented. DIF helps integrate and manage the documents produced and used throughout the life cycle: requirements specifications, functional specifications, architectural designs (structural specifications), detailed designs, source code, testing information, and user and maintenance manuals. DIF supports information management in large systems where there is much natural-language text. The documentation method used by DIF and DIF's structure are described. How DIF is used is discussed, and the DIF environment is examined. Issues that were encountered in the design of DIF are considered. >
Sailormoon: Manga(Comics) and Anime(Cartoon) Superheroine Meets Barbie: Global Entertainment Commodity Comes to the United States

Sailormoon est une bande-dessinee et une serie de dessins animes japonais dont l'heroine est une adolescente de 14 ans. Cet article examine ce qui peut expliquer la popularite de Sailormoon et aider a sa diffusion mondiale. L'A. montre en quoi cette serie reflete et resoud les tensions existant entre la culture traditionnelle idealisee et la culture occidentale ou moderne idealisee. Sailormoon apparait donc comme un produit idealement adapte a la mondialisation et l'A. en etudie les strategies de commercialisation notamment a travers les produits associes ou pirates. Enfin, le role des geants de l'industrie culturelle dans la reproduction culturelle est examine, notamment a travers la reproduction de stereotypes feminins : la femme y est largement infantilisee et erotisee
THE RARE EARTH PEAK: AN OVERLOOKED r-PROCESS DIAGNOSTIC

The astrophysical site or sites responsible for the r-process of nucleosynthesis still remains an enigma. Since the rare earth region is formed in the latter stages of the r-process, it provides a unique probe of the astrophysical conditions during which the r-process takes place. We use features of a successful rare earth region in the context of a high-entropy r-process (S 100kB ) and discuss the types of astrophysical conditions that produce abundance patterns that best match meteoritic and observational data. Despite uncertainties in nuclear physics input, this method effectively constrains astrophysical conditions.
Quantitative Mapping of Pore Fraction Variations in Silicon Nitride Using an Ultrasonic Contact Scan Technique

An ultrasonic scan procedure using the pulse-echo contact configuration was employed to obtain maps of pore fraction variations in sintered silicon nitride samples in terms of ultrasonic material properties. Ultrasonic velocity, attenuation coefficient, and reflection coefficient images were obtained simultaneously over a broad band of frequencies (e.g., 30 to 110 MHz) by using spectroscopic analysis. Liquid and membrane (dry) coupling techniques and longitudinal and shear-wave energies were used. The major results include the following: Ultrasonic velocity (longitudinal and shear wave) images revealed and correlated with the extent of average through-thickness pore fraction variations in the silicon nitride disks. Attenuation coefficient images revealed pore fraction nonuniformity due to the scattering that occurred at boundaries between regions of high and low pore fraction. Velocity and attenuation coefficient images were each nearly identical for machined and polished disks, making the method readily applicable to machined materials. Velocity images were similar for wet and membrane coupling. Maps of apparent Poisson's ratio constructed from longitudinal and shear-wave velocities quantified Poisson's ratio variations across a silicon nitride disk. Thermal wave images of a disk indicated transient thermal behavior variations that correlated with observed variations in pore fraction and velocity and attenuation coefficients.
Cessation of the 22-25 June 2006 Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal

Abstract Coastally trapped wind reversals (CTWRs) occur periodically in the marine boundary layer off the western coast of the United States and dramatically change the low-level wind regime and coastal weather. Southerly flow becomes established with the passage of a CTWR along with cooler temperatures and a low stratus deck in a narrow band along the coast. CTWRs can propagate northward along the coast for hundreds of kilometers. A strong CTWR commenced in southern California on 22 June 2006 and moved north along the California coastline before stalling at Cape Mendocino on 24 June 2006. A transcritical Froude number differentiates the CTWR layer from the climatologically favored northern wind regime to the north of Cape Mendocino and indicates a barrier to the movement of a density current. A well-defined cloud boundary is present as detected by radar and satellite imagery and sharp gradients exist in the basic-state parameters as measured by instrumented aircraft. As the Pacific high migrates back off...
Redox-reconfigurable tripodal coordination complexes: stereodynamic molecular switches

Ligand design principles based on acyclic conformational analysis, dynamic stereochemistry, and hard-soft ligand-metal coordination have led to the development of several redox-triggered chiroptical molecular switches. Factors controlling the helicity of copper(I) and copper(II) coordination complexes were explored and exploited to create a series of stereodynamic complexes that exhibit remarkable chiroptical properties. In some systems, strong circular dichroic signal could be modulated between on and off states, while in others, it was possible to invert the ellipticity by one-electron oxidation/reduction. These complexes are of inherent interest for their dynamic stereochemical properties, but may also find use in optical display technology, data storage, telecommunications, or electromechanical devices.
Reconstruction of potential energy profiles from multiple rupture time distributions

We explore the mathematical and numerical aspects of reconstructing a potential energy profile of a molecular bond from its rupture time distribution. While reliable reconstruction of gross attributes, such as the height and the width of an energy barrier, can be easily extracted from a single first passage time (FPT) distribution, the reconstruction of finer structure is ill-conditioned. More careful analysis shows the existence of optimal bond potential amplitudes (represented by an effective Peclet number) and initial bond configurations that yield the most efficient numerical reconstruction of simple potentials. Furthermore, we show that reconstruction of more complex potentials containing multiple minima can be achieved by simultaneously using two or more measured FPT distributions, obtained under different physical conditions. For example, by changing the effective potential energy surface by known amounts, additional measured FPT distributions improve the reconstruction. We demonstrate the possibility of reconstructing potentials with multiple minima, motivate heuristic rules-ofthumb for optimizing the reconstruction, and discuss further applications and extensions.
Minimax Bounds for Active Learning

This paper analyzes the potential advantages and theoretical challenges of "active learning" algorithms. Active learning involves sequential sampling procedures that use information gleaned from previous samples in order to focus the sampling and accelerate the learning process relative to "passive learning" algorithms, which are based on nonadaptive (usually random) samples. There are a number of empirical and theoretical results suggesting that in certain situations active learning can be significantly more effective than passive learning. However, the fact that active learning algorithms are feedback systems makes their theoretical analysis very challenging. This paper aims to shed light on achievable limits in active learning. Using minimax analysis techniques, we study the achievable rates of classification error convergence for broad classes of distributions characterized by decision boundary regularity and noise conditions. The results clearly indicate the conditions under which one can expect significant gains through active learning. Furthermore, we show that the learning rates derived are tight for "boundary fragment" classes in d-dimensional feature spaces when the feature marginal density is bounded from above and below.
Rotational structures of long-range diatomic molecules

We present a systematic understanding of the rotational structure of a long-range (vibrationally highly-excited) diatomic molecule. For example, we show that depending on a quantum defect, the least-bound vibrational state of a diatomic molecule with -C n /r n (n > 2) asymptotic interaction can have only 1, 2, and up to a maximum of n-2 rotational levels. A classification scheme of diatomic molecules is proposed, in which each class has a distinctive rotational structure and corresponds to different atom-atom scattering properties above the dissociation limit.
Role of Cells in Freezing-Induced Cell-Fluid-Matrix Interactions Within Engineered Tissues

During cryopreservation, ice forms in the extracellular space resulting in freezing-induced deformation of the tissue, which can be detrimental to the extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure. Meanwhile, cells dehydrate through an osmotically driven process as the intracellular water is transported to the extracellular space, increasing the volume of fluid for freezing. Therefore, this study examines the effects of cellular presence on tissue deformation and investigates the significance of intracellular water transport and cell-ECM interactions in freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix interactions. Freezing-induced deformation characteristics were examined through cell image deformetry (CID) measurements of collagenous engineered tissues embedded with different concentrations of MCF7 breast cancer cells versus microspheres as their osmotically inactive counterparts. Additionally, the development of a biophysical model relates the freezing-induced expansion of the tissue due to the cellular water transport and the extracellular freezing thermodynamics for further verification. The magnitude of the freezing-induced dilatation was found to be not affected by the cellular water transport for the cell concentrations considered; however, the deformation patterns for different cell concentrations were different suggesting that cell-matrix interactions may have an effect. It was, therefore, determined that intracellular water transport during freezing was insignificant at the current experimental cell concentrations; however, it may be significant at concentrations similar to native tissue. Finally, the cell-matrix interactions provided mechanical support on the ECM to minimize the expansion regions in the tissues during freezing.
The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists

The historical fertility transition is the process by which much of Europe and North America went from high to low fertility in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This transformation is central to recent accounts of long-run economic growth. Prior to the transition, women bore as many as eight children each, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes was positive. Today, many women have no children at all, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes is zero or even negative. This paper discusses the large literature on the historical fertility transition, focusing on what we do and do not know about the process. I stress some possible misunderstandings of the demographic literature, and discuss an agenda for future work. ( JEL I12, J13, N30)
Information-Theoretic Limits of Selecting Binary Graphical Models in High Dimensions

The problem of graphical model selection is to estimate the graph structure of a Markov random field given samples from it. We analyze the information-theoretic limitations of the problem of graph selection for binary Markov random fields under high-dimensional scaling, in which the graph size and the number of edges k, and/or the maximal node degree d, are allowed to increase to infinity as a function of the sample size n. For pair-wise binary Markov random fields, we derive both necessary and sufficient conditions for correct graph selection over the class Gp,k of graphs on vertices with at most k edges, and over the class Gp,d of graphs on p vertices with maximum degree at most d. For the class Gp,k, we establish the existence of constants c and c' such that if n ; c' k2 log p. Similarly, for the class Gp,d, we exhibit constants c and c' such that for n ; c' d3 log p.
Space and time optimal parallel sequence alignments

We present the first space and time optimal parallel algorithm for the pairwise sequence alignment problem, a fundamental problem in computational biology. This problem can be solved sequentially in O(mn) time and O(m+n) space, where m and n are the lengths of the sequences to be aligned. The fastest known parallel space-optimal algorithm for pairwise sequence alignment takes optimal O(m+n/p) space, but suboptimal O((m+n)/sup 2//p) time, where p is the number of processors. On the other hand, the most space economical time-optimal parallel algorithm takes O(mn/p) time, but O(m+n/p) space. We close this gap by presenting an algorithm that achieves both time and space optimality, i.e. requires only O((m+n)/p) space and O(mn/p) time. We also present an experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm on an IBM xSeries cluster. Although presented in the context of full sequence alignments, our algorithm is applicable to other alignment problems in computational biology including local alignments and syntenic alignments. It is also a useful addition to the range of techniques available for parallel dynamic programming.
On the role of software architectures in runtime system reconfiguration

Society's increasing dependence on software-intensive systems is driving the need for dependable, robust, continuously available systems. Runtime system reconfiguration is one aspect of achieving continuous availability. We present an architecture-based approach to runtime software reconfiguration, highlighting the role of architectural styles and software connectors in facilitating runtime change. Finally, we describe the implementation of our tool suite, called ArchStudio, that supports runtime reconfiguration using our architecture-based approach.
Atmospheric pressure femtosecond laser imaging mass spectrometry

We present a novel imaging mass spectrometry technique using femtosecond laser pulses to ionize the sample at atmospheric pressure and without the need of a laser-absorbing matrix. A 10µm-resolution image of biological tissue is demonstrated.
forqs: forward-in-time simulation of recombination, quantitative traits and selection.

Summary: forqs is a forward-in-time simulation of recombination, quantitative traits and selection. It was designed to investigate haplotype patterns resulting from scenarios where substantial evolutionary change has taken place in a small number of generations due to recombination and/or selection on polygenic quantitative traits. Availability and implementation: forqs is implemented as a command-line Cþþ program. Source code and binary executables for Linux, OSX and Windows are freely available under a permissive BSD license: https://bitbucket.org/dkessner/forqs. Contact: jnovembre@uchicago.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reasoning about anonymous resources and meta statements on the Semantic Web

Anonymous resources and meta statements are two of the more interesting features of RDF — an emerging standard for representing semantic information on the Web. Ironically, when RDF was standardized by W3C over three years ago [24], it came without a semantics. There is now growing understanding that a Semantic Web language without a semantics is an oxymoron, and a number of efforts are directed towards giving RDF a precise semantics [17,15,11]. In this paper we propose a simple semantics for anonymous resources and meta statements in F-logic [23] – a frame-based logic language, which is a popular formalism for representing and reasoning about semantic information on the Web [29,14,16,13,12].
Stereochemical studies on the preparation and subsequent reductive cleavage of 1,2-dioxolanes. Application to the synthesis of (±)-yashabushitriol

Abstract (E)-Selective oxygenation of 1,2-disubstituted alkenylcyclopropanes, and subsequent SmI2 mediated cleavage of the 1,2-dioxolane products with retention of stereochemistry, leads to a concise synthesis of the plant metabolite (±)-yashabushitriol.
Human motion synthesis by motion manifold learning and motion primitive segmentation

We propose motion manifold learning and motion primitive segmentation framework for human motion synthesis from motion-captured data. High dimensional motion capture date are represented using a low dimensional representation by topology preserving network, which maps similar motion instances to the neighborhood points on the low dimensional motion manifold. Nonlinear manifold learning between a low dimensional manifold representation and high dimensional motion data provides a generative model to synthesize new motion sequence by controlling trajectory on the low dimensional motion manifold. We segment motion primitives by analyzing low dimensional representation of body poses through motion from motion captured data. Clustering techniques like k-means algorithms are used to find motion primitives after dimensionality reduction. Motion dynamics in training sequences can be described by transition characteristics of motion primitives. The transition matrix represents the temporal dynamics of the motion with Markovian assumption. We can generate new motion sequences by perturbing the temporal dynamics
Unemployment and Clientelism: The Piqueteros of Argentina

This paper sheds light on possible explanations for the success and sustainability of the piqueteros social movement in Argentina, developed from a comparative perspective based on Latin America. I show which institutional arrangements, political actors, and configurations of power contributed to the success of the piqueteros. Applying the basic principles of the rational choice approach, I find that the success of the piqueteros movement was produced by the current political division in the ruling party (the Peronist party), by the over-regulated Argentine labor market, and by the impact of the Argentine economic crisis through the unemployment rates.
Partition decoupling for multi-gene analysis of gene expression profiling data

Background Multi-gene interactions likely play an important role in the development of complex phenotypes, and relationships between interacting genes pose a challenging statistical problem in microarray analysis, since the genes involved in these interactions may not exhibit marginal differential expression. As a result, it is necessary to develop tools that can identify sets of interacting genes that discriminate phenotypes without requiring that the classification boundary between phenotypes be convex.
A fast conditional sum adder using carry bypass logic

The higher speeds obtainable with present day logic circuits of various integrated circuit types increase the need for faster adders. The speed of addition can be increased primarily in two ways: (1) by more efficient logic organization, (2) by using faster logical elements.
Estrogen Receptors α and β Are Inhibitory Modifiers of Apc-Dependent Tumorigenesis in the Proximal Colon of Min/+ Mice

Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is associated with a reduction in colorectal cancer risk, potentially via interactions between 17β-estradiol (E2) and the estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. To study the role of E2 in intestinal tumor inhibition, we separately crossed C57BL/6J-Min/+ (Min/+) mice with Erα +/− and Erβ +/− mice to generate ER -deficient Min/+ progeny. We found an increased incidence of visible colon tumors and dysplastic microadenomas in ER -deficient Min/+ relative to Er +/+Min/+ controls. Small intestinal tumor numbers were unaffected. Invasive carcinomas were found only in Erα +/−Min/+ mice, suggesting that ERα plays additional non–cell autonomous roles that limit tumor progression. Histologic analyses of ER-deficient Min/+ colons, as well as colons from ovariectomized Min/+ mice (OvxMin/+) and E2-treated OvxMin/+ mice (OvxMin/+ +E2), revealed significant differences in crypt architecture, enterocyte proliferation, and goblet cell differentiation relative to Min/+ and Er +/+ Apc +/+ (wild-type) controls. The expression of ERα and ERβ was regionally compartmentalized along the colonic crypt axis, suggesting functional antagonism. Our results indicate that ERα and ERβ are inhibitory modifiers of Apc -dependent colon tumorigenesis. As a result, loss of E2 and ER signaling in postmenopausal women may contribute to colorectal cancer development. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2366–72]
All in the family or public? Law and appropriative costs as determinants of ownership structure

We examine how the legal protection of outside shareholders and the appropriative costs that they induce influence the incentives for private firms to go public. A higher degree of protection of shareholders can increase the appropriative costs associated with the conflict between managers and shareholders. To counteract this effect the managers/owners increase the share of the firm they retain so that, overall, higher protection of outsiders increases the likelihood of going public. In addition, we examine how the share of funds raised used to finance the firm affects both appropriative costs and the decision to sell.
Supporting users through integrated retrieval, processing, and distribution systems at the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center

The US Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC) hosts the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC). The LP DAAC supports NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), which is a series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. The EOS Data and Information Systems (EOSDIS) was designed to acquire, archive, manage and distribute Earth observation data to the broadest possible user community. The LP DAAC is one of four DAACs that utilize the EOSDIS Core System (ECS) to manage and archive their data. Since the ECS was originally designed, significant changes have taken place in technology, user expectations, and user requirements. Therefore the LP DAAC has implemented additional systems to meet the evolving needs of scientific users, tailored to an integrated working environment. These systems provide a wide variety of services to improve data access and to enhance data usability through subsampling, reformatting, and reprojection. These systems also support the wide breadth of products that are handled by the LP DAAC. The LP DAAC is the primary archive for the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data; it is the only facility in the United States that archives, processes, and distributes data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission/Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA's Terra spacecraft; and it is responsible for the archive and distribution of “land products” generated from data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites.
Brill–Noether general curves on Knutsen K3 surfaces

Abstract This article classifies Knutsen K3 surfaces all of whose hyperplane sections are irreducible and reduced. As an application, this gives infinite families of K3 surfaces of Picard number two whose general hyperplane sections are Brill–Noether general curves.
Low-temperature thermal transport at the interface of a topological insulator and a d -wave superconductor

We consider the low-temperature thermal transport properties of the two-dimensional (2D) proximity-induced superconducting state formed at the interface between a three-dimensional strong topological insulator (TI) and a $d$-wave superconductor (dSC). This system is a playground for studying massless Dirac fermions, because they enter both as quasiparticles of the dSC and as surface states of the TI. For TI surface states with a single Dirac point, the four nodes in the interface-state quasiparticle excitation spectrum coalesce into a single node as the chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is tuned from above the impurity scattering rate $(|\ensuremath{\mu}|\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{0})$ to below $(|\ensuremath{\mu}|\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{0})$. We calculate, via Kubo formula, the universal-limit $(T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$ thermal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}$ as a function of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ as it is tuned through this transition. In the large- and small-$|\ensuremath{\mu}|$ limits, we obtain disorder-independent, closed-form expressions for ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{0}/T$. The large-$|\ensuremath{\mu}|$ expression is exactly half the value expected for a $d$-wave superconductor, a demonstration of the sense in which the TI surface topological metal is half of an ordinary 2D electron gas. Our numerical results for intermediate $|\ensuremath{\mu}|$ illustrate the nature of the transition between these limits, which is shown to depend on disorder in a well-defined manner.
Tracking properties of adaptive signal processing algorithms

Adaptive signal processing algorithms are often used in order to "track" an unknown time-varying parameter vector. Such algorithms are typically some form of stochastic gradient-descent algorithm. The Widrow LMS algorithm is apparently the most frequently used. This work develops an upper bound on the norm-squared error between the parameter vector being tracked and the value obtained by the algorithm. The upper bound illustrates the relationship between the algorithm step-size and the maximum rate of variation in the parameter vector. Finally, some simple covariance decay-rate conditions are imposed to obtain a bound on the mean square error.
Effect of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Chlorine on the High Temperature Corrosion of In-100, U-700, IN-792, and MAR M-509

The effects of potential impurities, such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl, in coal-derived liquid fuels on accelerated corrosion of IN-100, U-700, IN-792, and Mar M-509 were investigated using a Mach 0.3 burner rig for times to 200 hr in 1 hr cycles. These impurities were injected in combination as aqueous solutions into the combustor. Other variables were time, temperature, and fuel-to-air ratio. The experimental matrix was a central composite fractional factorial design divided into blocks to allow modification of the design as data was gathered. The extent of corrosion was determined by metal consumption, τ.