cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All Mammalian Hedgehog Proteins Interact with Cell Adhesion Molecule, Down-regulated by Oncogenes (CDO) and Brother of CDO (BOC) in a Conserved Manner

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling proteins stimulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue patterning at multiple points in animal development. A single Hh homolog is present in Drosophila, but three Hh homologs, Sonic Hh, Indian Hh, and Desert Hh, are present in mammals. Distribution, movement, and reception of Hh signals are tightly regulated, and abnormal Hh signaling is associated with developmental defects and cancer. In addition to the integral membrane proteins Patched and Smoothened, members of the Drosophila Ihog family of adhesion-like molecules have recently been shown to bind Hh proteins with micromolar affinity and positively regulate Hh signaling. Cell adhesion molecule-related, down-regulated by oncogenes (CDO) and Brother of CDO (BOC) are the closest mammalian relatives of Drosophila Ihog, and CDO binds Sonic Hh with micromolar affinity and positively regulates Hh signaling. Despite these similarities, structural and biochemical studies have shown that Ihog and CDO utilize nonorthologous domains and completely different binding modes to interact with cognate Hh proteins. We report here biochemical and x-ray structural studies of Sonic, Indian, and Desert Hh proteins both alone and complexed with active domains of CDO and BOC. These results show that all mammalian Hh proteins bind CDO and BOC in the same manner. We also show that interactions between Hh proteins and CDO are weakened at low pH. Formation of Hh-mediated Hh oligomers is thought to be an important feature of normal Hh signaling, but no conserved self-interaction between Hh proteins is apparent from inspection of 14 independent Hh-containing crystal lattices.
The Removal of a Synthetic Sebum from Durable-Press Fabrics:

The effect of a durable-press finish and fiber content on the removal of a synthetic sebum during repeated soiling and laundering cycles was investigated, using glyceryl tristearate 14carbon to det...
Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis

High blood lactate concentration (hyperlactacidaemia) in trauma or sepsis is thought to indicate tissue hypoxia and anaerobic glycolysis even when blood pressure, cardiac output, and urine output are within clinically acceptable ranges. However, mechanisms of lactate generation by well-oxygenated tissues have received little attention. Within cells, oxidative and glycolytic energy production can proceed in separate, independent compartments. In skeletal muscle and other tissues, aerobic glycolysis is linked to ATP provision for the Na+-K+ pump, the activity of which is stimulated by epinephrine. In injured patients, hypokalaemia may reflect increased Na+,K+-ATPase activity. We propose that increased blood lactate often reflects increased aerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle secondary to epinephrine-stimulated Na+,K+-ATPase activity and not anaerobic glycolysis due to hypoperfusion. The hypothesis explains why hyperlactacidaemia often neither correlates with traditional indicators of perfusion nor diminishes with increased oxygen delivery. When other variables have returned to normal, continued attempts at resuscitation based on elevated blood lactate may lead to unnecessary use of blood transfusion and inotropic agents in an effort to increase oxygen delivery and lactate clearance.
Warum sind Proteine geladen? Netzwerke aus Ladungs‐Ladungs‐Wechselwirkungen in Proteinen, analysiert über Ladungsleitern und Kapillarelektrophorese

Fast alle Proteine enthalten geladene Aminosauren. Wahrend fur einzelne Ladungen im aktiven Zentrum die Funktion bei der Katalyse oder der Bindung haufig aufgeklart werden kann, ist es weniger ersichtlich, welche Funktion den Ladungen auserhalb dieser Region zuzuordnen ist. Sind sie fur die Loslichkeit notwendig? Oder haben sie andere Aufgaben? Lassen sich durch Verandern dieser Ladungen die Proteineigenschaften variieren? Eine Kombination aus Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) und “Proteinladungsleitern” ermoglicht es, die Funktionen geladener Reste auf der Proteinoberflache auserhalb des aktiven Zentrums zu studieren. Dazu werden diese Reste durch Reaktionen modifiziert, die eine grose Zahl unterschiedlich geladener Derivate des Proteins liefern. CE trennt diese Derivate in Fraktionen mit der gleichen Zahl modifizierter geladener Gruppen. Die Untersuchung des Ladungseinflusses auf die Proteineigenschaften unter Verwendung von Ladungsleitern ermoglicht es, die Nettoladung und den hydrodynamischen Radius der Proteine zu bestimmen und auf die Rolle geladener Reste bei Ligandbindung und Proteinfaltung zu schliesen.
Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung

Abstract Background . Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung are rare and often present a dilemma for the surgeon at time of operation. We reviewed our experience with patients who have this unusual pathology. Methods . Between February 1946 and September 1993, 56,400 general thoracic surgical procedures were performed at the Mayo Clinic. Twenty-three patients (0.04%) had resection of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung. There were 12 women and 11 men. Median age was 47 years (range, 5 to 77 years). Six patients (26%) were less than 18 years old. All pathologic specimens were re-reviewed, and the diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor was confirmed. Eighteen patients (78%) were symptomatic which included cough in 12, weight loss in 4, fever in 4, and fatigue in 4. Four patients had prior incomplete resections performed elsewhere and underwent re-resection because of growth of residual pseudotumor. Wedge excision was performed in 7 patients, lobectomy in 6, pneumonectomy in 6, chest wall resection in 2, segmentectomy in 1, and bilobectomy in 1. Complete resection was accomplished in 18 patients (78%). Median tumor size was 4.0 cm (range, 1 to 15 cm). There were no operative deaths. Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged from 3 to 27 years (median, 9 years). Results . Overall 5-year survival was 91%. Nineteen patients are currently alive. Cause of death in the remaining 4 patients was unrelated to pseudotumor. The pseudotumor recurred in 3 of the 5 patients who had incomplete resection; 2 have had subsequent complete excision with no evidence of recurrence 8 and 9 years later. Conclusions . We conclude that inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung are rare. They often occur in children, can grow to a large size, and are often locally invasive, requiring significant pulmonary resection. Complete resection, when possible, is safe and leads to excellent survival. Pseudotumors, which recur, should be re-resected.
Learning to Lead: Best Practices for Getting Started

Abstract This chapter takes a step forward from the last and explores how to acquire leadership training and how to implement a personal leadership plan. It explores the way or ways that you can cover the material that we discussed within the educational foundation. I also cover some additional tasks and efforts that you should make in order to enhance your leadership development, such as mentorship.
Being proactive pays off

The key to this enterprise-level strategic positioning is understanding the scope of the product line. A product line's scope states what systems an organization would be willing to build as part of its product line and what systems it would not. In other words, it defines what's in and what's out. Explicitly scoping the product line lets us examine regions in the neighborhood that are underrepresented by actual products in the marketplace, make small extensions to the product line, and move quickly to fill the gap. In short, a consciously preplanned, proactive product line scope helps organizations take charge of their own fate. The scope feeds other product line artifacts; the requirements, architecture, and components all take their cues for the variabilities they need to provide from the scope statement.
The narrative reconstruction of psychotherapy and psychological health

Abstract When people complete psychotherapy, they carry the story of the experience with them. This retrospective reconstruction serves several psychological purposes, including contributing to narrative identity and influencing the maintenance of therapeutic gains after termination. Based on a prior qualitative investigation of therapy narratives (Adler & McAdams, 2007a), a new sample of 104 former clients wrote about their psychotherapy after treatment end. Quantitative analyses indicated that the retrospective narratives of participants high in subjective well-being focused on the protagonist's agency in struggling with a discrete problem. In addition, the narratives of participants high in ego development described a coherent story of growth. These findings suggest that the stories clients construct about psychotherapy reliably vary depending on their psychological health.
Evaluating cognitive outcome measures for MS clinical trials: what is a clinically meaningful change?

Brief cognitive assessments are increasingly emphasized in MS treatment studies and clinical care. While much is known about the reliability of several widely-used neuropsychological tests, interpretation of the changes in individual patients is inadequate. The FDA offers guidance on the issue, as related to patient-reported outcomes. Unfortunately, cognitive ability is only weakly correlated with the frequency and severity of self-reported cognitive problems. In this review, we critically examined the psychometrics of neuropsychological testing in MS, emphasizing statistical and anchor-based approaches to interpreting clinically meaningful change. We suggest that there are two paths forward that should be currently pursued. First, to employ co-primary outcomes, including a brief cognitive test and a clinician or observer’s impression on a scale of change, where successful treatment would require showing significant improvement in both measures. Secondly, to work toward showing that when reliable brief cognitive tests are employed, increments of statistically-relevant change would correlate with changes in clinicallyrelevant anchors (such as vocational disability or clinical relapses with cognitive impairment). The latter goal will allow a more parsimonious and scientifically efficient approach of utilizing only the brief cognitive test as a primary outcome. While some progress has been made in this direction, more research is needed. We are of the opinion that data from both the statistical and clinically meaningful approaches will be necessary to develop valid definitions of meaningful change on cognitive outcome measures, and that it would be best to pursue research using tests that already have well-established reliability and validity.
Recognition of Users' Activities Using Constraint Satisfaction

Ideally designed software allow users to explore and pursue interleaving plans, making it challenging to automatically recognize user interactions. The recognition algorithms presented use constraint satisfaction techniques to compare user interaction histories to a set of ideal solutions. We evaluate these algorithms on data obtained from user interactions with a commercially available pedagogical software, and find that these algorithms identified users' activities with 93% accuracy.
HER-2/neu targeting for recurrent vulvar Paget's disease: A case report and literature review

Abstract Background The treatment of Paget's disease of the vulva particularly for recurrences can be challenging. Overexpression of the HER-2/neu protein has been found in about 30% of vulvar Paget's cases therefore presenting a potential therapeutic target. Case We report the case of a 52-year-old patient with persistent Paget's disease of the vulva despite eight surgical excisions over a 15-year period. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated overexpression of the HER-2/neu protein in the vulva resection specimen. Treatment with Trastuzumab resulted in a significant regression of her disease and resolution of symptoms. Conclusion Based on our case report, therapeutic targeting of HER-2/neu for patients with Paget's disease of the vulva using for example Trastuzumab is a potentially effective, alternative approach, and warrants further investigation.
THE EFFICACY OF A SYSTEMATIC PROCESS FOR DESIGNING FUNCTION - BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR ADULTS IN A COMMUNITY SETTING

University of Arizona Abstract: This study examined the efficacy of a systematic process for matching behavioral interventions to assessed function(s) of problem behavior with adults with developmental disabilities in a community-based day program. Previous applications of the technique were found to be effective with school-age students in classroom settings. Participants were three adults (ages 48-63) with developmental disabilities who displayed long- standing inappropriate social interactions. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, descriptive FBAs were conducted. Each FBA included structured interviews and direct observations that were used to identify the functions of target behaviors. In Phase 2, function-based interventions were systematically constructed for each participant, and then implemented for an extended period (8 weeks) within ongoing activities at their day program. The mean response rates of appropriate social interaction increased immediately when intervention was introduced, whereas the mean response rates of inappropriate social interaction decreased. Data on treatment integrity (level of implementation) were collected for every session and documented that the interventions were implemented with high levels of fidelity. In addition, staff gave the function-based interventions high acceptability ratings, indicating they viewed the interventions as socially valid and preferable to the procedures they used before intervention.
Mechanism of the nongenomic effects of estrogen on intestinal myeloperoxidase activity following trauma-hemorrhage: up-regulation of the PI-3K/Akt pathway

As studies indicate that genomic and nongenomic pathways are involved in mediating the salutary effects of 17-estradiol (E2) following trauma-hemorrhage, we examined if the non- genomic effects of E2 on attenuation of intestinal injury after trauma-hemorrhage involve the PI-3K/ Akt pathway. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g body weight) underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure 40 mmHg for 90 min), followed by resuscitation. E2 conjugated to BSA (E2-BSA; 1 mg/Kg E2), with or without an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780), a PI-3K inhibitor (Wort- mannin), or vehicle, was injected i.v. during resus- citation. At 2 h after trauma-hemorrhage or sham operation, intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO) ac- tivity, ICAM-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil che- moattractant (CINC)-1, CINC-3, and IL-6 levels were measured (n6 rats/group). Intestinal PI-3K, phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt), and Akt protein expressions were also determined. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that trauma-hemor- rhage increased intestinal MPO activity and ICAM-1, CINC-1, CINC-3, and IL-6 levels. These parameters were improved significantly in the E2- or E2-BSA-treated rats subjected to trauma-hem- orrhage. Although trauma-hemorrhage decreased intestinal PI-3K and p-Akt protein expressions, E2 or E2-BSA treatment following trauma-hemor- rhage prevented such decreases in intestinal PI-3K and p-Akt protein expressions. Coadministration of ICI 182,780 or Wortmannin abolished the benefi- cial effects of E2-BSA on attenuation of intestinal injury following trauma-hemorrhage. Thus, the PI- 3K/Akt pathway plays a critical role in mediating the nongenomic, salutary effects of E2 on attenu- ation of shock-induced intestinal tissue damage. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82: 774-780; 2007.
An energy-efficient approach for information transfer from distributed wireless sensor systems

We present a method for reconfiguring the communication and computational burden between a system consisting of two subsystems: a wireless ground-based sensor network, and an overhead unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A small subset of sensor nodes receives and aggregates information gathered by the network, and forms a distributed antenna array, concentrating the radiated transmission into a narrow beam aimed towards the UAV. We describe and analyze two alternative strategies to bring the UAV and the sensor network's beam into alignment, while minimizing the energy expended by the sensor network. The performance of the two strategies is compared in terms of probability of beam-UAV alignment as a function of time, and the expected time to alignment. We examine the performance tradeoff between the choice of strategy and parameters of the sensor network that affect power conservation.
Multilevel Modeling: Presenting and Publishing the Results for Internal and External Constituents.

Multilevel modeling provides several advantages over traditional ordinary least squares regression analysis; however, reporting results to stakeholders can be challenging. This chapter identifies some useful principles for reporting results.
Neuronal control of leech swimming

Leech swimming is produced by the antiphasic contractions of dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles that travel rearward along the animal and propel it forward. Research over the past three decades has focused on identifying the underlying neuronal circuit and mechanisms that produce and control this coordinated movement pattern. Investigations have also tested whether leech swimming is modifiable, both by experience and by neuromodulators. One outcome has been the identification of several functional classes of neurons associated with swimming. Systematic analysis of the interactions between these neurons had led to the elucidation of a neuronal circuit that adequately accounts for the generation of the swim motor program cord. The swim motor program appears to be produced by a chain of coupled segmental oscillators whose intrinsic properties and intersegmental connections ensure the coordinated expression of swimming along the nerve cord. In addition, neurons identified in the head ganglion comprise two parallel, but opposite-acting, systems that control the initiation of swimming in response to sensory input. Also, the pathway by which body wall stimulation initiates swimming shows a simple form of learning, that is habituation. Repeatedly stroking the leech body wall decreases both the probability of initiating swimming and the length of elicited swim episodes. Finally, the biogenic amine serotonin, which is found in the nerve cord, affects leech swimming in a number of ways. Serotonin's modulation of swimming is due, in part, to its effect of the membrane properties of swim-initiating interneurons and several swim motor neurons.
marelle Acts Downstream of the Drosophila HOP/JAK Kinase and Encodes a Protein Similar to the Mammalian STATs

We have identified a putative Drosophila STAT protein named Marelle that exhibits mutant phenotypes identical to mutations in the Hopscotch/JAK kinase. We show that a reduction in the amount of marelle gene activity suppresses the phenotype associated with a gain-of-function mutation in hopscotch and enhances the phenotype associated with a weak hopscotch mutation. We propose that Hopscotch activates Marelle to regulate transcription of target genes such as the pair rule gene even-skipped. Our results demonstrate the existence of an invertebrate JAK/STAT system.
Extensive stretching of intracranial aneurysm coil causing TIAs

A 58-year-old man with a history of ruptured posterior cerebral artery aneurysm, repaired with coil embolization 5 years previously, presented with right hemi-numbness lasting 30 minutes. Cerebral MRI did not reveal acute stroke. CT angiogram showed a stretched wire complex extending through the posterior communicating artery, down the carotid artery, and into the most inferior visualized portion of descending aorta, terminating in a loosely coiled wire (figure, A and B). A transesophageal echocardiogram showed evidence of a possible thrombus on the coil in the aortic arch (figure, C and D; video on the Neurology ® Web site at [Neurology.org][1]). Coil stretching and migration is a rare complication of endovascular coil repair1,2 and can predispose to embolic events. [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002089
An Integrated Framework for the Assessment of the Impacts of Uncertainty in Construction Projects Using Dynamic Network Simulation

This paper presents a framework for analysis of the impacts of uncertainty on the performance of construction projects using a multi-node, multi-link and dynamic network analysis framework. In the proposed framework, the network representations of construction project organizations are created using a meta-network consisting of different types of node entities (e.g., agents, information, resources, and tasks) and different relationships between these entities. Accordingly, the impacts of uncertain events are captured based on perturbations in the node entities and the subsequent changes in the topological structure of project network. The application of the proposed framework is demonstrated using a case study related to a tunneling project. The results of the analysis are twofold. First, the results identify the node entities that are critical for the success of a project. Second, the results capture the impacts of uncertain events on the performance of the project organization based on simulation of different scenarios. The results highlight the capability of the proposed framework in capturing the complex interactions in project organizations and enabling an integrated analysis of organization vulnerability under uncertain scenarios.
The Economic Benefits of Mountain Running The Pike's Peak Marathon

This paper reports willingness to pay for a trip to participate in the Pikes Peak Marathon as estimated by travel cost analysis of published 1981 to 1984 race results. Stratification of the demand ...
Neuroanatomical Evidence in Support of the Bilingual Advantage Theory

The "bilingual advantage" theory stipulates that constant selection and suppression between 2 languages results in enhanced executive control (EC). Behavioral studies of EC in bilinguals have employed wide-ranging tasks and report some conflicting results. To avoid concerns about tasks, we employed a different approach, measuring gray matter volume (GMV) in adult bilinguals, reasoning that any EC-associated benefits should manifest as relatively greater frontal GMV. Indeed, Spanish-English-speaking bilinguals exhibited greater bilateral frontal GMV compared with English-speaking monolinguals. Was this observation attributable to the constant selection and inhibition of 2 spoken languages? To answer this question, we drew on bimodal bilinguals of American Sign Language (ASL) and English who, unlike unimodal bilinguals, can simultaneously use both languages and have been shown not to possess the EC advantage. In this group, there was no greater GMV when compared with monolinguals. Together these results provide neuroanatomical evidence in support of the bilingual advantage theory.
Investigation of cubic PbS/AgSbS2 system for thermoelectric applications

Investigation of a family of bulk cubic compounds with general formula AgPbmMS2+m (M = Sb, Bi) is reported. These PbS-based cubic structured quaternary systems combine a set of desirable features for efficient ZT thermoelectric materials for solar thermal power generation. AgPbmMS2+m (M = Sb, Bi) possess an average NaCl structure (Fm-3m symmetry), high melting point (991 - 1095 °C for M = Sb; 865 - 1091 °C for M = Bi), relatively wide energy gap (0.7 > Eg (eV) > 0.39 for both Sb and Bi). The systematic variation of lattice parameters, energy gap and melting point is reported. Preliminary charge transport properties are reported along with variable temperature thermal conductivity data of selected members.
What Happens in Your Brain During Mental Dissociation? A Quest Towards Neural Markers of a Unified Sense of Self

Whether you feel dissociated from the rest of the world or from yourself, you feel some kind of mental dissociations. Each form of mental dissociations varies in symptomatology and associated deficits. Nevertheless, psychiatrists, neurologists, and neuroscientists have discussed, for decades, the possibility of a holistic neural mechanism underlying the core feature of mental dissociations, i.e., disruption of a unified sense of self and a failure to accurately integrate multisensory information between self and social environment. Recently, functional and electrical neuroimaging studies shed light on this question by pointing to a correlation between the core symptomatology of mental dissociations and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)—an area involved in sense of self, agency, perspective taking, and multimodal integration of somatosensory information. Interestingly, results also suggest that each specific aspect of each form of mental dissociation is associated with brain areas that are specific to that domain.
Use of Flexible Materials with a Novel Pressure Driven Equibiaxial Cell Stretching Device for Mechanical Stimulation of Single Mammalian Cells

Mechanical stimulation of single cells has been shown to affect cellular behavior from the molecular scale to ultimate cell fate including apoptosis and proliferation. In this, the ability to control the spatiotemporal application of force on cells through their extracellular matrix connections is critical to understand the cellular response of mechanotransduction. Here, we develop and utilize a novel pressure-driven equibiaxial cell stretching device (PECS) combined with an elastomeric material to control specifically the mechanical stimulation on single cells. Cells were cultured on silicone membranes coated with molecular matrices and then a uniform pressure was introduced to the opposite surface of the membrane to stretch single cells equibiaxially. This allowed us to apply mechanical deformation to investigate the complex nature of cell shape and structure. These results will enhance our knowledge of cellular and molecular function as well as provide insights into fields including biomechanics, tissue engineering, and drug discovery.
The Pricing of Warrants

This technical note covers the pricing of warrants. The note derives the basic formula for the pricing of warrants and offers a simple example to demonstrate the underlying concepts.
Discussion on the application of the wireless network on agriculture

The advantages,transmission methods,composition,topologic structures,standards,prospects and existing problems of wireless network are discussed,it also puts forward that wireless network is the developmental trend of agricultural information technology.
Evaluation of a first seizure. Is it epilepsy

PREVIEWAs a primary care physician, you may encounter patients seeking medical attention for a presumed seizure sometime after the event. How do you approach differential diagnosis and testing to ensure accurate recognition? For patients who have had a first seizure, how do you determine whether treatment is necessary or even desirable? In this article, Drs Prego-Lopez and Devinsky outline a diagnostic approach for differentiating seizure from other conditions that can mimic it and offer strategies for deciding whether and when to prescribe antiepileptic drug therapy.
Classification of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Subsets

The term chronic rhinosinusitis represents a family of disease processes all characterized by persistent sinonasal inflammation. Many risk factors contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis, including allergy, asthma, and anatomic abnormalities. The pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis is specific to the type of disease perpetuating the inflammation and is often characterized by a unique cytokine profile. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis is specific to the disease process but often involves control of risk factors.
Changes in the Sexual Relationship and Relationship Adjustment Precede Extradyadic Sexual Involvement.

Extradyadic sexual involvement (ESI) is associated with negative consequences for individuals and threatens couple stability. Research on ESI in unmarried samples has been marked by methodological limitations, such as examining only mean levels of sexual satisfaction or frequency to predict later ESI as opposed to changes in various aspects of the sexual relationship over time. The current study compared linear trajectories of four aspects of the sexual relationship—sexual satisfaction, frequency of sex, comfort communicating about sex, and sexual closeness—between individuals in opposite-sex, unmarried relationships who subsequently engaged in ESI (ESI group; n = 183) compared to individuals who did not engage in ESI (non-ESI group; n = 603). Trajectories of relationship adjustment were also evaluated leading up to ESI as well as controlled for in models evaluating the sexual relationship. Results indicated that relationship adjustment declined for individuals preceding ESI, but did not change for the non-ESI group. When controlling for relationship adjustment, comfort communicating about sex decreased for ESI women but increased for ESI men. Some results became nonsignificant after controlling for relationship adjustment, including that sexual satisfaction declined more steeply in the ESI group compared to the non-ESI group, and ESI women significantly decreased in sexual closeness while ESI men demonstrated no significant change. Some mean level differences were also discovered directly before ESI. Conclusions include that changes in a couple’s sexual relationship and relationship adjustment are associated with ESI behaviors, providing novel information regarding normative and risk trajectories.
FREE PRODUCT IN GENERAL ALGEBRAS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on free product in general algebras. There are two important notions in modern algebra which have the label “free” attached to them. These are free algebra and free product. The “logical” definition of free algebra uses the notion of satisfiability of equations by the elements of an algebra. Both definitions of free algebra are equivalent but the latter one, as is known, has some important direct consequences. The aim of this paper is to give a “logical” definition for the concept office product. The main idea lies in the intuitive meaning of an algebraic connection.
MalloryWorker: Stealthy Computation and Covert Channels Using Web Workers

JavaScript execution and UI rendering are typically single-threaded; thus, the execution of some scripts can block the display of requested content to the browser screen. Web Workers is an API that enables web applications to spawn background workers in parallel to the main page. Despite the usefulness of concurrency, users are unaware of worker execution, intent, and impact on system resources. We show that workers can be used to abuse system resources by implementing a unique denial-of-service attack and resource depletion attack. We also show that workers can be used to perform stealthy computation and create covert channels. We discuss potential mitigations and implement a preliminary solution to increase user awareness of worker execution.
Abstract C14: Foxf1 transcription factor reprograms pulmonary endothelial cells to promote metastasis

The ability to form a metastatic niche is a unique feature of tumor cells. The niche provides signals for tumor cells extravasation, survival, dormancy or proliferation, ultimately leading to the formation of metastasis. Endothelial cells of metastatic niche become activated and play a key role in tumor cells extravasation and establishing inflammatory microenvironment that supports metastatic outgrowth. Although multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in formation of metastatic niche, the transcriptional network which controls reprogramming of normal endothelial cells (EC) into activated endothelial cells of the metastatic niche (aEC) are poorly understood. Screening for multiple regulators of the endothelial reprogramming, we identified Forkhead Box F1 (Foxf1) transcription factor, which is highly expressed in normal pulmonary ECs and is down-regulated in aECs within mouse and human lung metastases. Tamoxifen-regulated inactivation of both Foxf1 alleles in EC of adult Pdgfb-CreER/Foxf1fl/fl mice caused lung inflammation and edema, leading to respiratory insufficiency and uniform mortality. Deletion of a single Foxf1 allele from mouse ECs was sufficient to increase the number and size of pulmonary metastases in the spontaneous orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. Increased lung metastasis in Foxf1-deficient mice was associated with increased recruitment of macrophages to the metastatic niche. The genomic signature of Foxf1 deletion from purified lung ECs indicated increased expression of cell adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory chemokines, as well as reduced expression of genes critical for maintenance of adherence junctions in ECs. Foxf1 knockdown in vitro and in vivo disrupted adherence junctions, increased endothelial permeability and decreased mRNA and protein levels of VE-cadherin, a key regulator of endothelial barrier function. Foxf1 directly bound to and induced transcriptional activity of the VE-cadherin (Cdh5) promoter through -788/-775 bp Cdh5 promoter region. Altogether, Foxf1 transcription factor controls reprogramming of normal pulmonary ECs into aECs of the metastatic niche by regulating expression of endothelial genes critical for recruitment of macrophages and extravasation of tumor cells through endothelial barrier. Citation Format: Yuqi Cai, Tien Le, David Malewski, Craig Bolte, Chinmayee Goda, Tanya V. Kalin. Foxf1 transcription factor reprograms pulmonary endothelial cells to promote metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr C14.
Using Landsat Surface Reflectance Data as a Reference Target for Multiswath Hyperspectral Data Collected Over Mixed Agricultural Rangeland Areas

Low-cost flight-based hyperspectral imaging systems have the potential to provide important information for ecosystem and environmental studies as well as aide in land management. To realize this potential, methods must be developed to provide large-area surface reflectance data allowing for temporal data sets at the mesoscale. This paper describes a bootstrap method of producing a large-area, radiometrically referenced hyperspectral data set using the Landsat surface reflectance (LaSRC) data product as a reference target. The bootstrap method uses standard hyperspectral processing techniques that are extended to remove uneven illumination conditions between flight passes, allowing for radiometrically self-consistent data after mosaicking. Through selective spectral and spatial resampling, LaSRC data are used as a radiometric reference target. Advantages of the bootstrap method include the need for minimal site access, no ancillary instrumentation, and automated data processing. Data from two hyperspectral flights over the same managed agricultural and unmanaged range land covering approximately 5.8 km2 acquired on June 21, 2014 and June 24, 2015 are presented. Data from a flight over agricultural land collected on June 6, 2016 are compared with concurrently collected ground-based reflectance spectra as a means of validation.
Affirmative Action in College Admissions: A Compelling Need and a Compelling Warning

Higher education has been historically recognized as the very door to opportunity and success for our nation9s youths and future leaders. Following the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the cry and pressure for access to America9s college campuses have intensified, especially along the lines of racial and gender discrimination. The long record of oppression has translated into an intense debate over the feasibility of affirmative action as a viable policy to rectify the past and the present This article will afford a brief overview of the necessity of affirmative action in college admissions as well as an analysis and assessment of this policy from the perspective of Critical Race Theory.
Intrinsic nonlinearity and method of disturbed observations in inverse problems of celestial mechanics

Orbit determination from a small sample of observations over a very short observed orbital arc is a strongly nonlinear inverse problem. In such problems an evaluation of orbital uncertainty due to random observation errors is greatly complicated, since linear estimations conventionally used are no longer acceptable for describing the uncertainty even as a rough approximation. Nevertheless, if an inverse problem is weakly intrinsically nonlinear, then one can resort to the so-called method of disturbed observations (aka observational Monte Carlo). Previously, we showed that the weaker the intrinsic nonlinearity, the more efficient the method, i.e. the more accurate it enables one to simulate stochastically the orbital uncertainty, while it is strictly exact only when the problem is intrinsically linear. However, as we ascertained experimentally, its efficiency was found to be higher than that of other stochastic methods widely applied in practice. In the present paper we investigate the intrinsic nonlinearity in complicated inverse problems of Celestial Mechanics when orbits are determined from little informative samples of observations, which typically occurs for recently discovered asteroids. To inquire into the question, we introduce an index of intrinsic nonlinearity. In asteroid problems it evinces that the intrinsic nonlinearity can be strong enough to affect appreciably probabilistic estimates, especially at the very short observed orbital arcs that the asteroids travel on for about a hundredth of their orbital periods and less. As it is known from regression analysis, the source of intrinsic nonlinearity is the nonflatness of the estimation subspace specified by a dynamical model in the observation space. Our numerical results indicate that when determining asteroid orbits it is actually very slight. However, in the parametric space the effect of intrinsic nonlinearity is exaggerated mainly by the ill-conditioning of the inverse problem. Even so, as for the method of disturbed observations, we conclude that it practically should be still entirely acceptable to adequately describe the orbital uncertainty since, from a geometrical point of view, the efficiency of the method directly depends only on the nonflatness of the estimation subspace and it gets higher as the nonflatness decreases.
Blazing new trails or opportunity lost? Evaluating research at the intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship

Abstract More than a decade ago, scholars formally conceptualized the potential synergy between leadership and entrepreneurship scholarship. Our work highlights research accomplishments occurring at the interface of these two intellectual areas as well as identifying untapped possibilities for continued research. We highlight how recent efforts have witnessed a mutual exchange of ideas that present opportunities benefiting both fields. Drawing from four key domains of entrepreneurship previously proposed to mutually inform future leadership research efforts, we make suggestions for integrating entrepreneurial opportunities, the roles of individual and entrepreneurial teams, the modes of organizing entrepreneurial ventures, and differing entrepreneurial environments with key trends important to leadership research, such as servant leadership and leader-member exchange theory. Overall, our work provides an assessment of the state of the art surrounding the coalescence of leadership and entrepreneurship research and sets an agenda for the next decade of research at this intersection.
Active Current Harmonic Suppression for Torque Ripple Minimization at Open-Phase Faults in a Five-Phase PMa-SynRM

This paper presents an active phase current harmonic suppression method to smartly and adaptively perform torque ripple minimization (TRM) under open-phase fault conditions in a five-phase permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM). The five-phase machine is gaining increasing attention due to its promising fault-tolerant and wide-speed operation capabilities. However, during the fault-tolerant operation, the torque ripple is substantially increased with dangerous vibrations. Until now, most TRMs have been primarily performed to maintain the constant magnetomotive force while only analyzing its fundamental harmonic. However, large torque variations are also caused by unexpectedly modulated high-order harmonic fluctuations that are challenging to predict. This fluctuation in current harmonics is highly destructive to reluctance machines due to its higher nonlinearity. To address this critical challenge, a real-time active TRM technique has been proposed that will be smartly adaptive to identified harmonic fluctuations. To achieve this, the proposed TRM solution systematically consists of three major steps: first, active harmonic identification; second, harmonic injection; and third, vector rotation of phases. To precisely identify fluctuating harmonics in a real time, a high precision but compact correlation-based monitoring algorithm has been proposed. A detailed theoretical analysis has been carried out through a finite-element analysis. The experimental tests are conducted to validate the proposed theory through a five-phase PMa-SynRM drive controlled by Texas Instruments DSP F28335.
Update on retinal prosthetic research: the Boston Retinal Implant Project.

Abstract: The field of retinal prosthetic research, now more than 20 years old, has produced many high-quality technical options that have the potential to restore vision to patients with acquired disease of the outer retina. Five companies have performed Phase I clinical trials demonstrating that blind patients can reliably report basic elements of visual percepts induced by electrical stimulation. However, at present patients and observers generally do not consider the results to be useful enough in the performance of tasks of daily living to justify the risks of surgery and chronic implantation or the costs. Having developed a wireless device implanted in the subretinal space, the Boston Retinal Implant Project has focused its efforts on developing scalable technologies to create a hermetic device that can deliver individually controlled pulses of electrical stimulation to each of hundreds of electrodes. An advanced device with such attributes will be needed to justify the risks of implantation. An assessment of long-term biocompatibility for all devices remains to be done.
Cranial surgery and navigation with a compact intraoperative MRI system.

Experience with a compact unit for intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) and integrated surgical navigation is presented. The system, commercially known as the PoleStar N-10 (Odin Medical Technologies, Yokne’am, Israel) includes a 0.12 Tesla permanent magnet that docks under a regular OR table. A passive infrared-based optical navigation system is included and the device can be controlled by the operating neurosurgeon and staff.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma

Definition. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphomas comprise a group of malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphoid precursors.
Fluid rock interactions on residual mantle peridotites overlain by shallow oceanic limestones: Insights from Wadi Fins, Sultanate of Oman

Abstract In the southeastern Oman Mountains the mantle section of the Samail ophiolite is unconformably capped by large units of Maastrichtian to Eocene limestones deposited in a shallow marine environment after ophiolite emplacement. In the vicinity of the town of Fins, a deep canyon carved by a stream has exposed mantle sections of the ophiolite. This section is composed of altered peridotites with high concentrations of calcium and small enrichments of silica compared to the Samail mantle protolith suggesting that the peridotites reacted with a hydrous fluid derived from interaction of seawater with the overlying sediments composed of limestones with minor amounts of chert. This is further affirmed by average δ13C (−0.25‰VPDB) δ18O (−5.53‰VPDB) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.70788) in the carbonate veins, consistent with values in the sediments. Clumped isotope thermometry on calcite veins in peridotite establish that they formed at 25–60 °C. Reaction path modeling of carbonate-quartz derived fluids with peridotite reproduces the observed mineral assemblage composed of carbonate and serpentine with similar Mg# and MgO/SiO2 at high water to rock ratios, with carbon, H2O and silica added to the rock by the reacting fluid.
Result oriented time correlation between security and risk assessments, and individual environment compliance framework

Security professionals and attackers have common approach on their daily work. Hackers are following the same rule set as the data protectors while seeking for potential vulnerabilities to be exploited. Security assessments are usually deployed on year or mid-year basis. A prepared attacker would need 2 days to take down the environment once it is breached, or to remain unnoticed for more than 6 months. The discrepancies in those two timelines of activities performed on both sides could bring significant implications for any organization. The aim of this article is to suggest an approach for creation of an automated daily security assessment.
Intellectual Property, Independent Creation, and the Lockean Commons

Copyrights and patents are differently-structured intellectual property rights in different kinds of entities. Nonetheless, they are widely regarded by U.S. scholars as having the same theoretical underpinnings. Though scholars have sought to connect philosophical theories of property to intellectual property, with a particular interest in the labor theory of John Locke, these explorations have not sufficiently probed copyrights’ and patents’ doctrinal differences or their philosophical implications for the theories explored. This Article argues that a defining difference between copyrights and patents has normative significance for the framework of Lockean property theory: namely, that copyright law treats independent creation as a complete defense to claims of infringement while patent law does not. This distinction entails that the two legal systems differ in their effects on the “intellectual commons”, or what exactly they give to rights-holders and take away from the rest of the world. It also entails that Seana Shiffrin’s seminal challenge to Lockean theories of intellectual property—arguably the most significant philosophical exploration of intellectual property so far, but which fails to distinguish between these two areas of law—is a success as to patents but not as to copyrights. Disentangling this and other distinctions in copyrights and patents within the Lockean framework, as well as between tangible and intellectual property generally, this Article outlines a number of possible implications for intellectual property doctrine. Specifically, it identifies revisionary implications for copyright required by the Lockean framework in order to better protect the intellectual commons, as well as for the copyright/patent division of labor if the two legal systems have distinct theoretical grounds. The Article thereby uses the Lockean framework to call attention to intellectual property’s underexplored philosophical complexity, as well as its doctrinal stakes, so that we begin considering it more carefully than it has yet been.