cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LA-Grammar and Automata

This chapter describes the relationship between LA-grammars and LA-parsers in comparison with other systems proposed in the literature. Section 8.1 characterizes the formal relationship between LA-grammar and associated LA-parsers and generators. Section 8.2 gives a formal account of the relation between LA-grammar and finite automata. Section 8.3 describes how LA-grammar differs from recursive-transition networks (RTNs) and augmented-transition networks (ATNs). Section 8.3 compares LA-grammars with Predictive Analyzers and Deterministic Parsers. Section 8.5 compares LA-grammars and Register Machines.
Ancestral Locomotor Modes, Placental Mammals, and the Origin of Euprimates: Lessons From History

The title of this chapter has a double entendre embedded in it. It is a truism that biological history, in addition to ongoing adaptive demands, is decisive in shaping properties of lineages. But it is also uncontestable that precedent notions, influential contributors, or specific papers, right or wrong, channel and continue to profoundly influence thinking on many issues in science. There is a difference, however, in these two processes of canalization. In the evolutionary dynamic, there is no right or wrong, and the inherited attributes are the initial and boundary conditions that define the avenues open for subsequent phylogenetic/adaptive change. These paths do not only constrain but facilitate as well. At any rate, whales are not fish, so history fundamentally
Educating and Training the U.S. Work Force for the Twenty-First Century

The main arguments of this paper can be summarized in the following propositions: 1 U.S. national competitiveness — and particularly its future competitiveness — will depend more on the technical literacy of its labor force than on the number of its scientists and engineers. 2 The average K-12 education is increasingly mismatched to the requirements of the future work force, even if there were no change in the demographic composition of that work force. 3 In the future new entrants to the labor force will be drawn increasingly from groups that have been poorly served by the public K-12 system and as a result are weak and uninterested in mathematics and science. 4 U.S. economic performance is deteriorating so rapidly that we cannot afford to simply wait for educational reform to take effect, important as that is. We must mount a major national effort to upgrade the skills of the currently employed work force — not so much specific work-related skills as the basic language and math skills necessary to learn the new skills required by technology and market structure change. 5 The technologies in the workplaces of the future will require managers to give low-level workers much greater discretion and responsibility. To continue improving quality and productivity will mean drawing on the talents and experience of workers at all levels, not just scientists and engineers. The most competitive organizations will be those that can foster continuous collective learning from the bottom to the top of the organization.
Restoring Confidence in the Financial Services Industry: Advocating for a Uniform, Rules-Based Fiduciary Standard

I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTEMPORARY AMERICANS AND THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY 1 II. AN IMPETUS FOR CHANGE 5 III. THE DODD-FRANK ACT 8 IV. ADVOCATING FOR A UNIFORM, RULES-BASED FIDUCIARY STANDARD 11
The effect of single atom replacement on organic thin film transistors: Case of thieno[3,2-b] pyrrole vs. furo[3,2-b] pyrrole

Despite polypyrrole having higher conductivities compared to polythiophenes, pyrrole based materials have garnered less attention in the organic electronics community due to their instability in air. Construction of stable pyrrolic units could be achieved by fusing relatively unstable pyrrole with stable aromatic rings. In this report, we discuss and compare the organic field-effect transistor performances of the smallest S,N-heteroacene and O,N-heteroacene, thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole and furo[3,2-b]pyrrole, respectively, in donor–acceptor–donor type organic semiconducting small molecules. Since both building blocks are highly electron-rich, thiophene flanked 5,6-difluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole is employed as a central electron-withdrawing unit. The small molecule containing thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole exhibit moderate hole mobilities (10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) irrespective of the annealing temperature. In contrast, the small molecule bearing furo[3,2-b]pyrrole is completely inactive in field-effect transistors. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report to compare the smallest units of S,N and O,N-heteroacenes for organic field-effect transistors.
Implications of Aging in Plastic Surgery

Given the rapidly aging population, investigating the effect of age on plastic surgery outcomes is imperative. Despite this, the topic has received relatively little attention. Furthermore, there appears to be little integration between the basic scientists investigating the mechanisms of aging and the plastic surgeons providing the majority of "antiaging" therapies. This review first provides a description of the effects and mechanisms of aging in 5 types of tissue: skin, adipose tissue, muscles, bones and tendons, and nervous tissue followed by an overview of the basic mechanisms underlying aging, presenting the currently proposed cellular and molecular theories. Finally, the impact of aging, as well as frailty, on plastic surgery outcomes is explored by focusing on 5 different topics: general wound healing and repair of cutaneous tissue, reconstruction of soft tissue, healing of bones and tendons, healing of peripheral nerves, and microsurgical reconstruction. We find mixed reports on the effect of aging or frailty on outcomes in plastic surgery, which we hypothesize to be due to exclusion of aged and frail patients from surgery as well as due to outcomes that reported no postsurgical issues with aged patients. As plastic surgeons continue to interact more with the growing elderly population, a better appreciation of the underlying mechanisms and outcomes related to aging and a clear distinction between chronological age and frailty can promote better selection of patients, offering appropriate patients surgery to improve an aged appearance, and declining interventions in inappropriate patients.
Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Automating service quality: Held at the International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)

Contemporary large-scale, distributed systems are composed from many interdependent artifacts, such as network/bus interconnects, many coordinated local and remote end systems, and multiple layers of software. The composition of these systems demand multiple, simultaneous, predictable performance characteristics, such as end-to-end latency and throughput along with other service concerns, such as reliability, fault tolerance and security. All of these issues become highly volatile in large-scale distributed systems due to the dynamic interplay of the many interconnected parts that are constructed from smaller parts. Automated or partially-automated approaches promise to improve the overall Quality of Service (QoS) provided by the components in these systems. The goal of this one day workshop is to provide a forum for practitioners and researchers to present and discuss emerging techniques and tools for automatically or semi-automatically modeling, specifying and delivering guarantees of service quality in distributed environments. To begin the workshop, a keynote talk will be offered by Dr. Calton Pu of the Georgia Institute of Technology. Presented papers include Position papers describing emerging research opportunities and Works in Progress papers presenting preliminary research and results. Paper topics included: • Model-driven approaches in service provisioning across all phases of the software lifecycle • Domain-specific modeling languages and model transformations for service provisioning • Modeling and analysis of tradeoffs along different service dimensions (i.e., security, reliability, quality, response guarantees) • Role of aspect-oriented program transformation techniques • Reflection and meta-programming as techniques for adaptive provisioning • Tools, models, techniques targeting service guarantees for specific middleware platforms • Frameworks and pattern languages for automating service quality • Certification issues in service quality automation
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infection of Commercial Aphelandra sp.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is becoming more prevalent in Texas crops. TSWV diseases are endemic in peanuts, tomatoes, peppers, and are becoming more of a problem in greenhouse crops. TSW of Aphelandra sp., is described as a new disease problem in commercial greenhouse production.
Anesthetic and Reconstructive Considerations in Major Head and Neck Trauma

This chapter focuses on anesthetic considerations specific to pediatric maxillofacial and laryngotracheal trauma. A thorough understanding of affected anatomy and the goals and challenges of surgical repair are reviewed and serve as framework for discussion. Additionally, unique airway challenges encountered during operative procedures for head and neck trauma in children are highlighted. Anticipating potential difficulties that may arise during induction, maintenance, and emergence from anesthesia is critical to the safe management of pediatric maxillofacial trauma patients. The authors contribute complimentary perspectives from their respective fields of pediatric anesthesiology and pediatric otolaryngology to outline a collaborative approach to the delivery of perioperative care for these complicated patients.
Infant with Nonbilious Emesis

A 6-week-old full-term male is brought into the emergency room with vomiting. The mother reports that he began regurgitating breast milk one week ago. Although intermittent at first, vomiting now occurs after every feeding and has become progressively more forceful with increased volume. His appetite remains vigorous, even immediately after vomiting. He is the mother’s first child and his delivery was uneventful. His blood pressure is normal and he is afebrile but tachycardic. On physical examination, he is irritable and has a sunken fontanelle. A small, firm mass is palpated in the right upper quadrant.
Current Stem-Cell Approaches for the Treatment of Inherited Retinal Degenerations

Stem cells provide a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of multiple acquired and inherited retinal conditions. While to date, there have been numerous clinical trials examining the ability of stem cells to treat the geographic atrophy found in advanced non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration, fewer clinical trials have specifically examined stem-cell therapy for inherited retinal disease. Moreover, it remains to be seen if human stem cells will be able to regenerate the lost retinal cell populations that represent a final common pathway for most of the inherited retinal diseases, or if stem cells will secrete a neuroprotective paracrine factor that will delay progression of these diseases. Here, we will review a number of the current clinical trials, either completed or in process, that have been designed to specifically treat inherited retinal conditions. There was considerable initial concern that using human stem cells as therapeutic agents might have the potential to form benign tumors or trigger an immune response that would have deleterious effects on the patient's retina. Currently, the majority of the clinical trials reviewed share the conclusion that intraocular stem-cell approach is generally well tolerated and safe for patients. While there are some efficacy data that have been published for a few of the reviewed trials, none of the completed studies have been empowered to demonstrate statistically significant efficacy in humans.
A New Look At Heuristic Teaching

NOT MUCH has been said or written lately about heuristic teaching in mathe matics. Perhaps this is because few people can agree on just what heuristic teaching encompasses. Or perhaps we have as sumed that heuristic teaching is synono mous with discovery teaching. Things are further complicated by the fact that the term heuristic has a specialized meaning and lengthy history in the field of mathe matics. To a mathematician the word
The Structure and Content of a Physical Theory

In analyzing a physical theory we may distinguish at least four aspects of it : the background, the form, the content, and the evidence — if any. By the background of a theory we mean the set of its presuppositions. By the form or structure, the logico-mathematical formalism quite apart from its reference to physical objects or its empirical support. By the content or meaning, that to which the theory is supposed to refer, quite apart from either its form or the way the theory is put to the test. And the evidence a theory enjoys is of course the set of its empirical and theoretical supporters. In this chapter an analysis of the internal structure and the external reference of a physical theory will be sketched.
A Magnetically Transduced Whisker for Angular Displacement and Moment Sensing

This work presents the design, modeling, and fabrication of a whisker-like sensor capable of measuring the whisker’s angular displacement as well as the applied moments at the base of the whisker. The sensor takes advantage of readily accessible and low-cost 3D magnetic sensors to transduce whisker deflections, and a planar serpentine spring structure at the whisker base is used to provide a mechanical suspension for the whisker to rotate. The sensor prototype was characterized, calibrated, and compared with analytical models of the spring system and the magnetic field. The prototype showed a moment sensing range of 1.1N·mm when deflected up to 19.7°. The sensitivity of the sensor was 0.38°/LSB for the angular displacement sensing, and 0.021 Nmm/LSB for the moment sensing. A fully integrated system is demonstrated to display real-time information from the whisker on a graphical interface.
Updates to the Current Understanding of the Relationship Between Allergy and Chronic Sinusitis

To examine the relationship of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and atopic disease. CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has been shown to be associated with high aeroallergen sensitivity and local allergic response, but with no difference in imaging, symptomatic severity, or disease recurrence rates in atopic vs. non-atopic individuals. There is conflicting evidence for CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) with regard to the relationship with atopic disease. There may, however, be differential molecular profiles between atopic and non-atopic patients with CRSsNP. There is no consensus as to whether atopic disease is related to CRS. Recent studies have shown that atopic disease may be implicated in pathogenesis, but may not contribute to clinical severity. It should, however, be noted CRS likely has multifactorial etiologies. Finally, specific subtypes of CRS, such as central compartment atopic disease (CCAD), are likely atopy driven and allergic management should play a key role in treatment of these patients.
Finding Common (Moral) Ground in Critical Service Learning: Promoting Balance and Civil Discourse through Moral Foundations Theory.

Critical approaches to service learning courses may not innately maximize student engagement, civil discourse, and the confrontation of stereotypes. The purpose of this article is to propose the utilization of Moral Foundations Theory as a theoretical framework for service learning courses seeking to critically analyze systems and structures through Moral Foundations Theory. Recommendations for practice and future research are included.
Nuclear deformation causes DNA damage by increasing replication stress

Abstract Cancer metastasis, i.e., the spreading of tumor cells from the primary tumor to distant organs, is responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths. In the process, cancer cells migrate through narrow interstitial spaces substantially smaller in cross-section than the cell. During such confined migration, cancer cells experience extensive nuclear deformation, nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the confined migration-induced DNA damage remain incompletely understood. While in some cell lines, DNA damage is closely associated with nuclear envelope rupture, we show that in others, mechanical deformation of the nucleus is sufficient to cause DNA damage, even in the absence of nuclear envelope rupture. This deformation-induced DNA damage, unlike nuclear envelope rupture-induced DNA damage, occurs primarily in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle and is associated with stalled replication forks. Nuclear deformation, resulting from either confined migration or external cell compression, increases replication fork stalling and replication stress, providing a molecular mechanism for the deformation-induced DNA damage. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for mechanically induced DNA damage, linking mechanical deformation of the nucleus to DNA replication stress. This mechanically induced DNA damage could not only increase genomic instability in metastasizing cancer cells, but could also cause DNA damage in non-migrating cells and tissues that experience mechanical compression during development, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis and DNA damage response activation.
Understanding First-Generation Undergraduate Engineering Students' Entry and Persistence through Social Capital Theory.

The higher education literature is replete with deficit-based studies of first-generation college students. By thinking of students’ social relationships as embedded assets, our research adds to an anti-deficit, or asset-based, framing of first-generation students majoring in engineering. Our multi-institution study qualitatively characterizes how the various people (alters) in students’ social networks provide expressive and instrumental social capital that helps students decide to enter and then to persist in undergraduate engineering majors. Our work compares and contrasts social capital assets described by first-generation college students and those described by continuing-generation college students. Both first-generation college students and continuing-generation college students described how they leveraged the social capital inherent in their social relationships. In our comparison of the two groups, we found far more similarities than differences in the way participants described their social capital. For example, the network compositions (the specific alters providing resources) were similar for both groups. Both groups reported how parents, family members, peers, middle and high school teachers, individuals associated with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs, university professors, academic advisors and other personnel, employers and coworkers, professional organization contacts, and graduate students provided social capital related to major choice and persistence. One difference between the two groups relates to the type of social capital provided by parents and intergenerational family members. First-generation college students described their familial relationships as assets that provided robust emotional support (expressive social capital) while the students decided upon a college major and vigorous encouragement to persist once the students enrolled in undergraduate studies. Continuing-generation college students described their families as providing engineering-specific instrumental actions and information during their selection of a college major, and then familial support changing to that of an expressive nature while the students were enrolled in engineering studies. Our findings illustrate that engineering undergraduates’ social relationships and networks are critical to their success in engineering. The relational assets first-generation college students possess support an anti-deficit framing of this group. Our work helps us understand specifically how students gain support from a variety of alters, and it provides implications for how to better support all students’ engineering educational pathways.
10.15 Developed Coasts

Humans play an increasingly important role in coastal evolution. Landforms are being directly eliminated, trampled, reshaped, mobilized, and stabilized, or affected indirectly by human actions. Buildings and support infrastructure can directly alter processes and patterns of deposition and can influence landforms indirectly as a result of human attempts to maintain use of or protect them. Not all human actions are destructive to landforms. Beaches can be restored through nourishment operations, and dunes can be rebuilt, aided by sand fences and vegetation plantings. Restrictions in space and ongoing human attempts to modify landforms will make them different from their natural counterparts, but many of their natural and human-use values can be retained by careful management. Compromise solutions will be required to accommodate nature while retaining recreational and protective values of landforms in restricted space. Many research opportunities are available for geomorphologists working on human altered coasts, but the temporal and spatial scales of their investigations may be more restricted, whereas the number of variables they address may be increased.
Parenteral Antiplatelet Agents in Three Patients Receiving VA-ECMO Support to Maintain Drug-Eluting Stent Patency

Introduction The following cases summarize three patients administered intravenous (IV) antiplatelet therapy during their venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support with successful maintenance of drug-eluting stent (DES) patency. Case Report A 36-year-old male was cannulated for VA-ECMO following a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, a DES to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was placed with Impella CP® support. The patient was started on bivalirudin and eptifibatide 1 mcg/kg/min while awaiting advanced therapy decisions. The following day he was emergently evaluated for in-stent thrombosis due to rising troponin levels. The eptifibatide was changed to cangrelor 4 mcg/kg/min; however the stent was patent. Six units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) were administered prior to discontinuation of cangrelor and successful decannulation from ECMO on day 3. A 62-year-old male presented with an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. An Impella CP® was placed in the setting of cardiogenic shock, followed by peripheral VA-ECMO. Three DES were placed and he was initiated on ticagrelor. With a decrease in platelet and hemoglobin levels, he was switched to cangrelor 0.75 mcg/kg/min due to potential procedural intervention. The Impella CP® device was removed as platelets continued to drop. A right lower extremity compartment fasciotomy was performed. ECMO weaning was not possible, and the patient expired on hospital day 5 secondary to multisystem organ failure. A 49-year-old male with ST-segment elevations underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with placement of two DES to the LAD. After a ventricular fibrillation event, the patient was taken back to the catheterization lab. During the procedure the patient suffered two cardiac arrests, intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) placement, and PCI to the RCA. The patient remained unstable and was subsequently cannulated for peripheral VA-ECMO. Bivalirudin and cangrelor 0.75 mcg/kg/min were initiated while oral antiplatelet therapy was held. The following day the patient received 2 units of PRBC and the IABP was removed. On hospital day 5, bivalirudin and cangrelor infusions were stopped and ECMO was weaned successfully. Summary Eptifibatide and cangrelor appear to prevent in-stent thrombosis but may increase bleeding in patients on ECMO.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound for Closed Factures of Upper Extremities in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Purpose Fractures of the upper extremities are common reasons for pediatric emergency department visits. X-ray currently serves as the gold standard to diagnose fractures. Ultrasound has excellent diagnostic accuracy for musculoskeletal pathology, and recent studies have shown ultrasound has a diagnostic accuracy for fractures comparable to X-ray. We aim to summarize the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for upper extremity fractures in children. Methods Databases were searched from inception through February 2019 using pre-defined index terms, including “ultrasound”, “fractures of …
Epidemiology of Pediatric Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic Shelter in Place

Abstract Introduction The first COVID-19 cases occurred in the US in January of 2020, leading to the implementation of shelter in place. This study seeks to define the impact of shelter in place on the epidemiology of pediatric trauma. Methods We examined pediatric trauma admissions at 5 Level 1 and 1 Level 2 US pediatric trauma centers between January 1 and June 30, 2017–2020. Demographic and injury data were compared between pre– and post–shelter in place patient cohorts. Results A total of 8772 pediatric trauma activations were reviewed. There was a 13% decrease in trauma volume in 2020, with a nadir at 16 days following implementation of shelter in place. Injury severity scores were higher in the post–shelter in place cohort. The incidence of nonmotorized vehicle accidents and gunshot wounds increased in the post–shelter in place cohort. Conclusion We found an overall decrease in pediatric trauma volume following shelter in place. However, injuries tended to be more severe. Our findings help inform targeted injury prevention campaigns during future pandemics.
Profiles and Predictors of Children’s Growth in Alphabet Knowledge

Despite being a critical emergent literacy skill and an indicator of risk for later reading difficulties, relatively little is known about how alphabet knowledge develops over time. This study util...
Evolutionary divergence of the Wsp signal transduction system in β- and γ-proteobacteria

Bacteria rapidly adapt to their environment by integrating external stimuli through diverse signal transduction systems. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, senses surface-contact through the Wsp signal transduction system to trigger the production of cyclic di-GMP. Diverse mutations in wsp genes that manifest enhanced biofilm formation are frequently reported in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, and in biofilm studies of Pseudomonas spp. and Burkholderia cenocepacia. In contrast to the convergent phenotypes associated with comparable wsp mutations, we demonstrate that the Wsp system in B. cenocepacia does not impact intracellular cyclic di-GMP levels unlike that in Pseudomonas spp. Our current mechanistic understanding of the Wsp system is entirely based on the study of four Pseudomonas spp. and its phylogenetic distribution remains unknown. Here, we present the first broad phylogenetic analysis to date to show that the Wsp system originated in the {beta}-proteobacteria then horizontally transferred to Pseudomonas spp., the sole member of the {gamma}-proteobacteria. Alignment of 794 independent Wsp systems with reported mutations from the literature identified key amino acid residues that fall within and outside annotated functional domains. Specific residues that are highly conserved but uniquely modified in B. cenocepacia likely define mechanistic differences among Wsp systems. We also find the greatest sequence variation in the extracellular sensory domain of WspA, indicating potential adaptations to diverse external stimuli beyond surface-contact sensing. This study emphasizes the need to better understand the breadth of functional diversity of the Wsp system as a major regulator of bacterial adaptation beyond B. cenocepacia and select Pseudomonas spp. ImportanceThe Wsp signal transduction system serves as an important model system for studying how bacteria adapt to living in densely structured communities known as biofilms. Biofilms frequently cause chronic infections and environmental fouling, and they are very difficult to eradicate. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Wsp system senses contact with a surface, which in turn activates specific genes that promote biofilm formation. We demonstrate that the Wsp system in Burkholderia cenocepacia regulates biofilm formation uniquely from that in Pseudomonas species. Furthermore, a broad phylogenetic analysis reveals the presence of the Wsp system in diverse bacterial species, and sequence analyses of 794 independent systems suggest that the core signaling components function similarly but with key differences that may alter what or how they sense. This study shows that Wsp systems are highly conserved and more broadly distributed than previously thought, and their unique differences likely reflect adaptations to distinct environments.
Neuronal Firing Patterns in the Subthalamic Nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) appears to play a critical role in mediating the hyper-and hypoactive behavioral states associated with basal ganglia pathophysiology8,11,15,17,37. Experiments designed to establish a more precise role for the STN have frequently been based on ‘dual-circuit’ models of basal ganglia motor circuitry7. These models predict that the neuronal firing rates of the STN will increase when dopamine cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) degenerate, as occurs in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This increase in firing rate has been demonstrated in animal models of PD in both the rat and monkey 8,17,23. These models have had a profound impact on the development of effective treatment strategies for PD patients, leading to surgical procedures designed to attenuate the increase in STN neuronal firing rates. These procedures, which include high frequency stimulation and thermolytic lesion of the STN, significantly reduce the motor disturbances observed in human PD patients and in primate animal models of PD5,15.
Cloning and expression of Cryptochrome proteins from Sunflower

Two cryptochrome proteins, CRY1 and CRY2, occur in plants and animals. CRY1 regulates the circadian clock in a light-dependent fashion in insects and plants. Also in plants, blue light photorecepti...
Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea: Dietary Relationships

Chronic nonspecific diarrhea (CNSD) is the most common cause of prolonged diarrhea without failure to thrive. Although it is most commonly seen from ages 6 to 36 months, CNSD may persist until 54 months of age. Forty-four patients with this syndrome had complete dietary histories, and were divided into four groups on the basis of their intakes and responses to its modification. Each of the four groups had significantly less fat in their diet at the time of presentation than did ten non-CNSD patients (P
Mapping the binding interface of ERK and transcriptional repressor Capicua using photocrosslinking.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) coordinates cellular responses to a range of stimuli by phosphorylating its numerous substrates. One of these substrates, Capicua (Cic), is a transcriptional repressor that was first identified in Drosophila and has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Here we use a chemical biology approach to map the binding interface of ERK and Cic. The noncanonical amino acid p-azidophenylalanine (AzF) was introduced into the ERK-binding region of Drosophila Cic, and photocrosslinking and tandem mass spectrometry were used to pinpoint its binding site on ERK. We also identified the ERK-binding region of human Cic and showed that it binds to the same site on ERK despite lacking conservation with the Drosophila Cic binding region. Finally, we mapped the amino acids involved in human Cic binding to ERK using AzF-labeled ERK. These results reveal the molecular details of the ERK–Cic interaction and demonstrate that the photocrosslinking approach is complementary to existing methods for mapping kinase–substrate binding interfaces.
Beryllepin, C6H6Be, and “Beryllium-Inserted Benzenes,” C6H6Ben, n = 2–6: A Density Functional Computational Investigation

The seven-membered beryllium-containing heterocycle beryllepin, C6H6Be, has been examined computationally at the B3LYP/6-311++G** density functional level of theory. Beryllepin is best described as a planar singlet heterocyclic conjugated triene with marginal aromatic character containing a C–Be–C moiety forced to be nonlinear (∠C-Be-C = 146.25°) by the cyclic constraints of the seven-membered ring. The molecule can be considered to be derived from a benzene-like system in which a neutral beryllium atom has been inserted between two adjacent carbon atoms. The 11 other possible “beryllium-inserted benzenes,” C6H6Ben, n = 2–6, have also been investigated. Only two of these heterocyclic systems, the eight-membered 1,4-diberyllocin and the nine-membered 1,4,7-triberyllonin, were found to be stable, singlet-ground-state systems, albeit with little aromatic character. Of the remaining nine beryllium-inserted benzenes, with the exception of the 11-membered ring containing five beryllium atoms and the 12-membered ring containing six beryllium atoms, which were calculated to exist as a ground state pentet and septet, respectively, all were calculated to be ground state triplet systems.
Decreased [3H]serotonin and [3H]spiperone binding consequent to lipid peroxidation in rat cortical membranes

Abstract The effect of lipid peroxidation on two types of serotonin binding sites was investigated. Incubation of rat cortical membranes with an ascobate-dependent peroxidizing system resulted in the formation of malonyldialdehyde and significant decreases in the specific binding of [3H]serotonin and [3H]spiperone to the treated membranes. When ascorbate concentrations were varied from 0.025 to 6.0 mM, malonyldialdehyde production increased to a maximum at 0.5 mM ascorbate and then declined. Conversely, the specific binding of [3H]serotonin and [3H]spiperone decreased to a minimum at 0.5 mM ascorbate and then increased. Regression analysis of the data revealed that the decrease in the two binding sites was linearly correlated to lipid peroxidation.
Correlation of metalloproteinase-2 and -9 with proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1b, interleukin-12 and the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with chronic uveitis.

Purpose. Matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to play a role in active uveitis. Transcription of MMPs is induced by a number of growth factors and cytokines. This study investigates the role of MMPs in chronic uveitis and correlates the amounts of MMP-2 and -9 in intraocular samples to the intraocular levels of proinflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1 [IL-1], Interleukin-12 [IL-12] and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra]). Methods. Aqueous humor of 16 patients was collected during surgical or diagnostic procedures (control group: cataract patients). MMP-2 and -9 were measured using zymography. IL-1s, IL-12 and IL-1ra were evaluated by ELISA. Results. We found MMP-2 and -9 in all of our uveitis patients. In the control group only MMP-2 was seen. Higher levels of MMP-2 and -9 were found in patients with higher activity of uveitis (p < 0.014 for MMP-2, p < 0.0054 for MMP-9). The amounts of IL-1s, IL-12 and IL-1ra detected in our uveitis patients correlated with levels of MMP-2 (p < 0.07,...
Inequalities for cohomology classes of Kaehler manifolds

A set of inequalities for deRham cohomology classes of Kaehler manifolds is proved. As an application, an inequality for Chern numbers of a Kaehler manifold is obtained.
N-Acetyldopamine Inhibits Rat Brain Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

: The effects of N-acetyldopamine, a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid peroxidation were examined in rat brain homogenates in vitro. Lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances. N-Acetyldopamine inhibited the formation of MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect was similar to that of N-acetylserotonin, but stronger than that of the endogenous antioxidant agent, melatonin. Possible clinical applications of N-acetyldopamine and its derivatives are discussed.
Accounting rates in the Caribbean: Finding a balance

Abstract This Comment examines the issue of telecommunications accounting rates in order to gain an understanding of the current relationship between the USA and the Caribbean nations. The initiative taken by the Federal Communications Commission on this issue will either increase the region's dependency status or protect US telecommunications carriers that handle Caribbean traffic. The present status of FCC accounting rate policy is restrained. This works in favor of Caribbean nations. If the USA and the nations of the Caribbean work together a more reasonable accounting rate will result for both.
Communications controller prototype

A United States military battle simulation center, consisting of a number of rooms containing computer equipment, functions as a training facility for force commanders. The computer equipment is used to conduct simulated air/land battle engagements, and each room is designed to simulate a representative Air Force or Army operations center. Because communication within the facility are current state of the art, they have been designed deliberately to be nearly error-free.The communications controller prototype simulates wartime communication failures by confronting the participants with an information exchange capability approximating that which would be experienced in wartime with regard to both the availability and the quality of the communications. The prototype intercepts a message about to be transmitted between two users over the LAN, loses, garbles, and/or delays the message, and then sends it to the receiver if it is not lost.This paper describes the following: a. Need for a communications controllerb. Prototype communications controller used for demonstration purposesc. Ideas for an upgraded communications controller
A Generalization of Waring's Formula

Waring's formula for expressing power sum symmetric functions in terms of elementary symmetric functions is generalized to monomial symmetric functions with equal exponents by applying the orthogonality property of Ramanujan sums together with the Mobius function over the set partition lattice.
Effect of mantle plumes on the growth of D” by reaction between the core and mantle

The core-mantle boundary is a fundamental compositional discontinuity in the Earth, where molten iron alloy from the core meets solid silicate minerals from the mantle. Heat flow from the core to the mantle creates a thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle. At the same time, chemical reactions may create a layer of different composition and density than the overlying mantle. Using a finite element model of convection in a spherical shell that includes formation of dense material at the base of the shell, we investigate how a layer forms at the base of the mantle. Development of a layer at the base of the mantle by this method depends both on the composition of the material forming at the core-mantle boundary and on the rate at which the material diffuses into the mantle. If the material is less than 3–6% denser than the overlying mantle, assuming reasonable choices of lower mantle thermodynamic parameters, the reactant material will be swept away by upwelling plumes. More dense material, on the other hand, forms an internally convecting layer that entrains material from above. The varying thickness and composition of the layer is consistent with geophysical observations of the characteristics of the deep mantle.
Structure of Membranes: Reaction of Red Blood Cell Membranes with Phospholipase C

Treatment of human red blood cell membranes with phospholipase C releases 68 to 74 percent of the total membrane phosphorus into solution, through hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to diglycerides and water-soluble phosphorylated amines. In spite of this drastic change, the membrane remains intact in phase microscopy, and the average protein conformation in the membranes, as determined by circular dichroism measurements in the ultraviolet, is unaffected. These results are readily explained by a model of membrane structure that is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and in which the polar and ionic heads of lipids are on the outer surfaces of the membrane, in contact with the bulk aqueous phase and accessible to the action of phospholipase C.
An explanation for strongly underwound magnetic field in co‐rotating rarefaction regions and its relationship to footpoint motion on the the sun

Received 2 March 2002; revised 28 March 2002; accepted 24 April 2002; publisehd 18 July 2002. [1] Strongly underwound magnetic field is observed to be correlated with the occurrence of co-rotating rarefaction regions (CRRs). We demonstrate that the phenomenon is likely caused by the combined action of (1) the motion of footpoints of open magnetic field lines on the Sun from within to outside coronal hole boundaries; and (2) the effect of solar wind shearing in rarefaction regions. We provide formulas that may be used to relate the observed underwinding of magnetic field lines in CRRs to infer the velocities of footpoints through coronal hole boundaries. The observations of strong field underwinding in CRRs generally confirms the hypothesis that the footpoints of open magnetic field lines move on the Sun through coronal holes, the sources of fast solar wind. INDEX TERMS: 2134 Interplanetary Physics: Interplanetary magnetic fields; 2102 Interplanetary Physics: Corotating streams; 2169 Interplanetary Physics: Sources of the solar wind; 7511 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Coronal holes; 7524 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Magnetic fields
General Fluid‐Displacement Equations for Acoustic‐Gravity Waves

General equations are derived for the dynamics of a fluid under initial stress in an arbitrary potential field and perturbed from equilibrium. The motion is described in terms of the displacements of the fluid particles from their equilibrium position. A class of equations is obtained which is applicable to large displacements. Complete linearization leads to two types of equations. One type called ``un‐modified'' corresponds to the viewpoint of the theory of elasticity. The ``modified'' equations representing the other type are expressed in terms of buoyancy forces. The modified equations lead to a conceptually useful analog model for internal gravity waves in a liquid. For a constant gravity field the linear equations are also applicable to large displacements. Classical examples for a constant gravity field are discussed as illustrations.
268: Perinatal and neonatal outcomes of triplet gestations based on method of conception

METHOD OF CONCEPTION JEFFREY SPENCER, CHARLES INGARDIA, JAMES EGAN, CHRISTOPHER NOLD, KATE SMITH, WINSTON CAMPBELL, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in perinatal and neonatal outcomes in triplet gestations based on method of conception: assisted reproductive technology (ART) vs. spontaneous (SPONT). STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed all triplet sets ( 20 weeks) delivering at our institutions from 1/95-4/07 (n 137). Data was obtained via perinatal and neonatal databases, chart review, and placental pathology. ART included in vitro fertilization, intrauterine insemination, and ovulation induction. We collected demographic data, gestational age of delivery (AOG), birthweight, APGARS, length of NICU stays, need for intubation (VENT), need for surfactant (SURF), rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and culture proven sepsis (SEPSIS). We excluded cases of known fetal reduction and sets with incomplete data. Data was analyzed via t test and Chi square. RESULTS: We had 130 triplet sets available for analysis. 111/130 (85.4%) sets were conceived via ART. There was no significant difference in AOG (31.6 wks for ART, 33.1 wks for SPONT, p NS). Please see table for individual triplet results. CONCLUSION: At our institutions, there were no overall differences in outcomes of triplet gestations based on method of conception.
Application of the projective renormalization group to a quantum spin model

Abstract The projective renormalization group is used to compute the critical exponents of a quantum spin model.
Experiments With the Powered Arm Cobot

The Arm cobot is a three degree-of-freedom manipulator intended for direct physical interaction with a human operator. The Arm cobot can operate as a passive device, such that the cobot sets the end-effector’s allowed direction of motion, while the human operator provides all motive forces. Previous work with the passive Arm cobot involved displaying free motion and virtual paths and surfaces. This paper presents experimental results with a powered Arm cobot. In one experiment, the Arm cobot is commanded to track a user-defined trajectory, while in another experiment, we show an improved free motion controller.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The new impetus towards economic integration between Europe and Asia

With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union the large economic space of the Eurasian super-continent has also become part of the world-wide globalization process. How this process of integration of Eurasia is proceeding in key areas of cross-continental linkages is of great importance for the future of the region and for the future of the World as a whole. One of the key questions will be whether the regional and global institutions can provide adequate support for this integration process.
Intensified blood glucose monitoring improves glycemic control in stable, insulin-treated veterans with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Outcomes in Veterans Study (DOVES).

OBJECTIVE —To examine the effect of intensified self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) testing on glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Subjects with stable, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes performed SMBG using an electronic blood glucose meter before all meals and at bedtime for 8 weeks. Baseline data were collected on demographics, clinical characteristics, diet, and exercise. HbA 1c was measured at baseline, at 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks. After the intensified monitoring period, subjects resumed their usual monitoring. HbA 1c was then measured at 24, 37, and 52 weeks. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the effect of monitoring on glycemic control. RESULTS —A total of 201 subjects completed the monitoring period. The baseline HbA 1c (8.10 ± 1.67%) decreased during the monitoring period by 0.30 ± 0.68% ( P P 1c and compliance independently predicted the week 8 HbA 1c ( r = 0.862, P 1c more than age, sex, BMI, exercise level, carbohydrate consumption, or treatment intensity at baseline. However, SMBG benefited only subjects whose testing compliance exceeded 75% or with an entry HbA 1c >8.0%. Decreases in HbA 1c (−0.31 ± 1.17%, P = 0.001) persisted in the 159 subjects followed for 52 weeks. CONCLUSIONS —Intensified blood glucose monitoring improved glycemic control in a large cohort of stable, insulin-treated veterans with type 2 diabetes. SMBG provided a strong stimulus for improved self-care resulting in clinically important and sustained reductions in HbA 1c .
System Dynamics Modeling of Individual Transferable Quota Fisheries and Suggestions for Rebuilding Stocks

This paper develops a system dynamics model of Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) systems in order to differentiate ITQ from total allowable catch (TAC) effects and to identify areas where policy changes and management improvement may be most effective. ITQ systems provide incentives for long-term stewardship but when fisheries are managed “at the edge,” the incentives are inadequate for stock rebuilding. The free-market design of ITQ systems means that fishermen may be in conflict with the long-run, public sustainability goals of fishery management. An adaptive control scheme with a contingent public/private transfer payment is proposed to improve long-term results for both the local community and the general public.