cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of murine splenic cell type metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and functionality in vitro following repeated in vivo exposure to benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that macrophages are the cell types capable of metabolizing benzo[ a ]pyrene (B(a)P) within the spleens of untreated mice. Since repeated exposure to B(a)P results in immunosuppression and B(a)P is known to induce cytochrome P450 levels, the first objective of this study was to investigate whether exposure of mice to B(a)P could increase the amounts of immunosuppressive B(a)P metabolites generated and/or alter the pattern of B(a)P metabolites formed by several different splenic cell types. Mice were dosed with a daily sc dose of 200 mg/kg B(a)P or vehicle for 4 days. Separation of splenocytes based on density by centrifugation through discontinuous Percoll gradients along with immunomagnetic negative selection or antibody-mediated complement lysis was used to obtain different splenic cell populations. Cells were incubated with [ 3 H]B(a)P for 24 hr. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to separate and quantitate B(a)P metabolites. Results indicate that splenic macrophages of B(a)P-treated mice produced significantly greater amounts of some metabolites compared to those of vehicle-treated mice. The three major metabolites produced were an unidentified peak of polar metabolites containing polyhydroxylated metabolites, B(a)P-9,10- and B(a)P-7,8-dihydrodiols. Other splenic cell types examined did not produce metabolite amounts significantly above (T-cells, PMNs, or the capsule) or just above (B-cells) background. The second objective was to investigate the splenic cell type(s) targeted by B(a)P resulting in suppression of humoral immunity. Separation-reconstitution studies along with in vitro sensitization techniques with several different antigens (sheep red blood cells (SRBC), dinitrophenyl-Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) were used to identify splenic target cells following exposure of mice to B(a)P (200 mg/kg/day, sc for 4 days). Findings indicate that in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) suppression was due to alterations in the adherent (macrophage) cell population. Exposure also suppressed the PFC response to the T-dependent antigen SRBC and the T-independent antigen DNP-Focoll, but did not suppress the PFC response to the polyclonal antigen, LPS. These data suggest that B(a)P is targeting macrophages.
DEVELOPING A CONSTITUTION FOR A LIBERAL EUROPEAN UNION

In many ways the EU Reform Treaty represents an advance over the status quo: it streamlines decision-making and makes institutions more accountable. However, the Treaty ignores opportunities for important institutional reforms and is unlikely to provide strong constraints on institutional power or halt centralisation.
The Male Physique and Behavioral Expectancies

(1979). The Male Physique and Behavioral Expectancies. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 97-102.
Oligodendrocytes in female carriers of the jimpy gene make more myelin than normal oligodendrocytes.

The female carrier of the jimpy (jp) gene is a model system to study the plasticity of neuroglial cells and the mechanisms they use to compensate for a temporary deficit in myelin. Myelin in the female carriers is reduced 30-40% during the first postnatal month but is normal in adults. We hypothesized that the number of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the female carriers is increased, based upon previous data showing OL proliferation is increased but the number of dying OLs is only slightly elevated in development. To test this hypothesis, antibodies to carbonic anhydrase (CA)II, an OL-specific marker, were used to quantify the number of OLs in the spinal cords of 1-month-old and adult female carriers. Contrary to expectations, the number of OLs is significantly reduced in the dorsal funiculus and grey matter by 21% in adult female carriers compared to controls. A reduction of lesser magnitude is present in the 1-month-old animals. Electron microscopic montages prepared from normal and carrier dorsal funiculus we used to count total numbers of glia. Ultrastructural quantification shows a similar reduction in the number of OLs and confirms the validity of the CAII immunostaining as a means to quantify OLs. These data show that there are 21% fewer OLs in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult female carriers but normal amounts of myelin. Presumably, some OLs in the carrier CNS are maintaining more myelin than their counterparts in normal CNS would. These findings demonstrate that (1) a reduction in number of OLs does not necessarily involve a reduction in the amount of myelin, and (2) OLs have considerable flexibility in the amount of myelin they can make.
Cell surface changes in the proteins of rabbit spermatozoa during epididymal passage

Differences in the exposure of spermatozoa surface components during epididymal passage have been examined using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-iodination or labeling with 125I-diazodiiodosulfanilic acid. Labeled surface proteins obtained from caput and cauda epididymides were solubilized in detergent, separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis, and identified by radiography. Densitometer scans of autoradiograms revealed increased amounts or exposures of surface proteins of ∼35,000, ∼39,000, ∼50,000, and ∼78,000 molecular weight on the cauda epididymal spermatozoa.
High resolution imaging through turbulent media

Abstract Following Labeyrie's method for measuring star diameters with high resolution in spite of the turbulent atmosphere, it is proposed that in addition to Labeyrie's method, using hard clipping, masking, controlled random medium, and high-pass filtering, high-resolution non-centro-symmetric images can be obtained through turbulent media.
The inadequacy of standard treatment of dysplasias in a woman with acquired immune deficiency syndrome

The current state of knowledge regarding the gynecologic care of HIV-infected women is in its infancy. Standard algorithms are not valid. We present an example of the inadequacy of routine surveillance and treatment methods in these patients. Practitioners should maintain a high index of suspicion for multifocal genital dysplasias and individualize patient follow-up and therapy.
Ischial Spine Sign Reveals Acetabular Retroversion in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Acetabular retroversion has been identified in mature patients with sequelae of Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease. Whether this is a contributing etiologic factor that leads to the disease process or result of the head deformity is not known. The prominence of the ischial spine (PRIS) sign, which reflects retroversion, can be observed before ossification of the anterior and posterior walls in a skeletally immature patient and could help determine whether the retroverted acetabulum is present before or after head involvement in patients with LCP disease. We therefore determined (1) the prevalence of the PRIS sign in patients with LCP disease compared with healthy control subjects, (2) whether the PRIS sign is seen at the time of head involvement in patients with LCP disease, and (3) the prevalence of bilaterality of the PRIS sign in patients with LCP disease and control subjects. Of 295 patients with LCP disease, 47 (49 hips) met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 39 (41 hips) had open triradiate cartilage and comprised the study group. Twenty-five pediatric patients with polytrauma (50 hips) with standardized radiographs comprised the control group. A positive PRIS sign was noted in 37 of the 41 skeletally immature hips compared with only 16 of the 50 control hips. We observed a positive PRIS sign early in the LCP disease process with eight of nine patients in the fragmentation phase having a positive PRIS sign. The PRIS sign was seen bilaterally in 25 of 39 patients with unilateral LCP disease and in only five of 25 control patients. Acetabular retroversion, as evidenced by a positive PRIS, was present in nine of 10 children with LCP disease. It is uncertain if retroversion is a cause or a sequela of the disease, but it was seen early in the disease process at the time of head involvement in the majority of patients. Level III, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Fetishism—Etiology and treatment: A review from multiple perspectives

Abstract Fetishism, defined as the obligate need for inanimate or part objects for sexual arousal, may be viewed from multiple perspectives. Sociocultural, biological, psychodynamic, and behavioral issues may all contribute to its etiology. Although psychoanalytic investigations offer much data to explain fetishism, behavioral treatments have been primarily reported as a treatment approach. Problems remain, however, in understanding the natural clinical course, etiology, and best treatment for this paraphilia.
Evolution of fuzzy logic: from intelligent systems and computation to human mind

Inspired by human's remarkable capability to perform a wide variety of physical and mental tasks without any measurements and computations and dissatisfied with classical logic as a tool for modeling human reasoning in an imprecise environment, Lotfi A. Zadeh developed the theory and foundation of fuzzy logic with his 1965 paper "Fuzzy sets" (Zadeh in Inf Control 8:378---53, 1965) and extended his work with his 2005 paper "Toward a generalized theory of uncertainty (GTU)--an outline" (Zadeh in Inf Control, 2005). Fuzzy logic has at least two main sources over the past century. The first of these sources was initiated by Peirce in the form what he called a logic of vagueness in 1900s, and the second source is Lotfi's A. Zadeh work, fuzzy sets and fuzzy Logic in the 1960s and 1970s.
Bioselective membrane electrode probes

The use of intact bacterial cells or tissue slices of plant and animal origin as immobilized biocatalysts has extended the possible range of potentiometric bioselective membrane electrodes beyond that of conventional enzyme electrodes. The use of such materials as biocatalysts offers advantages in situations where isolated enzymes are not available or where multistep reaction paths are required. The resulting bioselective electrodes also offer exceptional ease of preparation, time stability, and low cost.
Formation and Reactivity of a Persistent Radical in a Dinuclear Molybdenum Complex

The reactivity of the S−H bond in Cp*Mo(μ-S)2(μ-SMe)(μ-SH)MoCp* (S4MeH) has been explored by determination of kinetics of hydrogen atom abstraction to form the radical Cp*Mo(μ-S)3(μ-SMe)MoCp* (S4Me•), as well as reaction of hydrogen with the radical-dimer equilibrium to reform the S−H complex. From the temperature dependent rate data for the abstraction of hydrogen atom by benzyl radical, ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ were determined to be 1.54 ± 0.25 kcal/mol and −25.5 ± 0.8 cal/mol K, respectively, giving kabs = 1.3 × 106 M−1 s−1 at 25 °C. In steady state abstraction kinetic experiments, the exclusive radical termination product of the Mo2S4 core was found to be the benzyl cross-termination product, Cp*Mo(μ-S)2(μ-SMe)(μ-SBz)MoCp* (S4MeBz), consistent with the Fischer−Ingold persistent radical effect. S4Me• was found to reversibly dimerize by formation of a weak bridging disulfide bond to form the tetranuclear complex (Cp*Mo(μ-S)2(μ-SMe)MoCp*)2(μ-S2) ((S4Me)2). The radical-dimer equilibrium constant has been determined to...
A longitudinal investigation to test the validity of the American customer satisfaction model in the U.S. hotel industry

Abstract This study was designed to test the validity of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) model specifically for the hotel industry. The main objective of this study was to determine consistency of the ACSI hotel model over three periods: 1994, 2001, and 2009. The model was tested using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique using a two stage data analysis procedure. The findings from multi-group structural equation modeling showed that the model fit of ACSI lodging is consistent, regardless of economic conditions, demonstrating the validity of that model. Several plausible interpretations are presented in explaining meaningful patterns of path coefficients, for each of the study test periods. Furthermore, as the model tests validate the model fit of the hotel ACSI, academicians studying customer satisfaction may use the theoretical underpinnings and conceptual foundation of the model as a basis for their research.
On developing a prospecting tool for wind industry and policy decision support

This paper presents the rudiments of a Wind Prospecting Tool designed to inform private and public decision makers involved in wind industry development in reducing transaction costs associated with identifying areas of mutual focus within a state. The multiple layer decision support framework has proven to be valuable to industry, state government and local decision makers. Information on wind resources, land availability, potential land costs, potential NIMBYism concerns and economic development potential were integrated to develop a framework for decision support. The paper also highlights implications for decision support research and the role of higher education in providing anticipatory science to enhance private and public choices in economic development.
Cultivar and Winter Cover Effects on Bermudagrass Cold Acclimation and Crown Moisture Content

A prime concern for turfgrass manangers using bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] in temperate regions is its winter survival. Because bermudagrasses do not reach maximum hardiness until midwinter, they are susceptible to cold temperatures that may occur during early winter. Management strategies to reduce winter injury and hasten post-dormancy growth include the use of protective winter covers. A 3-year field study was initiated to test the effect of spun-bonded winter covers applied in early December and removed in late May on bermudagrass cold acclimation and crown moisture content, and to assess the variation in the cold acclimation of eight selected cultivars (.)
Takings of development rights with asymmetric information and an endogenous probability of an externality

A game-theoretic model is used to analyze the interaction between the landowner and the government. In the benchmark model, efficiency can be reached when compensation is tied to the private value of developed land, which is contrary to much of the takings literature. Further, the level of compensation needed to create an efficient outcome with no over-development is derived. Next, two cases are considered: asymmetric information and an endogenous probability of an externality. First, the presence of the positive externality is revealed only to the landowner before the decision to develop early. In this case, if the landowner does not receive the full market compensation, then he or she has an incentive to eliminate the externality. In the second case, the model includes an endogenous probability of a positive externality occurring that depends on investment in conservation. For an efficient outcome to occur, the landowner should be compensated by the full amount of the positive externality. This compensation scheme aligns the incentives of the owner with society.
Development of glutathione peroxidase activity during dietary and genetic copper deficiency.

Copper deficiency was produced in developing rodents to study a possible interaction between copper and the selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Dietary copper deficiency was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats and in three mouse strains (C57BL, C3H/HeJ, C58); genetic copper deficiency was studied in two of the mouse strains, C57BL and C3H/HeJ, using brindled mice. In certain cases it appeared that copper deficiency was associated with depressed liver GSH-Px activity; values from copper-deficient livers were 40–70% of control values. However, the decrease in liver GSH-Px in both rats and mice was only observed when body weight was also depressed and did not necessarily correlate with copper deficiency signs, such as lower serum ceruloplasmin or liver cytochrome oxidase activities. In weanling rats, serum GSH-Px activity was normal despite a 60% reduction in liver activity. Mouse liver GSH-Px activity rose fourfold during the first 3 weeks of life to 75% of the adult level. Rat liver GSH-Px also increased during the suckling period. When perinatal copper deficiency, nutritional or genetic, was severe enough to retard growth, liver GSH-Px activity was depressed. Unlike rats, adult murine liver GSH-Px was equivalent in males and females.
Spatial d/h heterogeneity of leaf water.

The mean δD value of petiole water of Pterocarpus indicus Willd (δD = −9.0 ± 2.5‰, n = 3) was not significantly different from the mean value of stem water (−8.3 ± 2.8‰, n = 3). δD values of main vein water ranged from −11.1 to + 12.0‰ (n = 14) and increased along the main vein from petiole to the tip of leaves. Mesophyll water was highly enriched in deuterium (mean δD = +32.0 ± 2.0‰, n = 19) when compared with stem, petiole, and vein water. δD values of mesophyll water for different areas of the lamina, however, were not homogenous and could differ by as much as 20‰.
Struggles for Authority in the NEP Village: The Early Rural Correspondents Movement, 1923-1927

UPON THE CONCLUSION OF THE CIVIL WAR, one of the most pressing political problems facing the victorious Bolsheviks consisted in establishing their authority as a government in the conditions of relative economic freedom granted by their New Economic Policy. The countryside in particular stretched away from the Bolsheviks' immediate control into a distance that was as much conceptual as it was geographical. 'The village'-derevnya-contained over 80% of the country's population; at the same time the party had practically no presence there, little influence, and virtually no social or political support.1 To help fill this vacuum, to encourage support for the party (and thus promote its authority) and perhaps even create it, to find and organise the regime's supporters in the countryside, the party-state initiated an experimental, quasi-civic phenomenon eventually called the 'rural correspondents movement' (sel'korovskoe dvizhenie). Workers had been organised into the worker correspondents movement in 1921-1922,2 and a similar, parallel but much larger movement for peasants and other rural dwellers emerged in 1923 and 1924. (Subsequently, the two groups were conflated into the rabsel'kor movement.) This 'movement', initiated and 'guided' by the party but made up of only loosely controlled volunteer writers, was one of several attempts by the party to establish itself in the 1920s as the guiding and organising force of the revolution in the countryside, as the head of the selfproclaimed 'workers' and peasants' state'.3 The party initiated the movement in order to satisfy different and sometimes contradictory requirements. Rural correspondents were expected first of all to support the party's general goals of revolutionary transformation and help carry out these
Some Analyses of Soil Montmorin, Vermiculite, Mica, Chlorite, and Interstratified Layer Silicates1

Analyses were made of 12 clay fractions and one silt fraction taken from 10 different soil horizons and clay deposits. The analyses presented were selected to represent a wide variety of analytical problems with materials containing 2:1 layer silicates, 2:2 (chlorite) layer silicates, varying amounts of 1:1 layer silicates, and in some cases with appreciable amounts of quartz, feldspars, gibbsite, hematite, magnetite, and (or) anatase. The analyses were performed by x-ray diffraction, specific surface, integral heating weight loss, and elemental analyses. The x-ray diffraction analyses included both wedge-powder (film recorded) and oriented (Geiger counter recorded) techniques. Vermiculites of soils were found to vary in the degree to which K-saturation would close the interlayer space, but vermiculite is established by: (a) a 14 A spacing when solvated (even with glycerol); (b) closure of the interlayer spacing on heating to 500° C; and (c) an interlayer surface of about 800 m2 per gm. In the absence of adequate criteria, vermiculites can be mistakenly identified as chlorites. The data obtained from the various techniques were combined by a system of allocation so that the minerals reported represented a unique fit of all the data. The specific surface measurement, including the measurement of interlayer surface, is a key criterion in the allocation. Interstratified (“mixed layer”) layer silicates are determined as the individual component minerals. The beidellite of Iron River and Putnam soil clay finer than 0.08 microns is extensively interstratified with chlorite, mica, and vermiculite. No discrete x-ray crystalline zones of any of the latter three minerals were observed, but a 19.6 to 19.2 A spacing may be indicative of a superlattice of these materials and beidellite with mica and chlorite at the electron density nodes. A titaniferous ceramic clay contains 43 percent mica (as determined by allocating the 5.03 percent K2O to muscovite), 20 percent kaolinite (water loss in 300–525°C range), 21 percent TiO2 and 17 percent of other constituents (by elemental and surface analysis). This occurrence of the full complement of K2O in clay micas (both biotite and muscovite type) is general for the various clays examined, when the interlayer surface is calculated to halloysite, vermiculite, and montmorin. A general occurrence of inter-stratification of layer silicates is proposed.
p21-activated Kinase 1 Is Activated through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin/p70 S6 Kinase Pathway and Regulates the Replication of Hepatitis C Virus in Human Hepatoma Cells

Cellular mechanisms that regulate the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA are poorly understood. p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been suggested to participate in antiviral signaling. We studied its role in the cellular control of HCV replication. Transfection of PAK1-specific small interfering RNA enhanced viral RNA and protein abundance in established replicon cell lines as well as cells infected with chimeric genotype 1a/2a HCV, despite reducing cellular proliferation, suggesting specific regulation of HCV replication. PAK1 knockdown did not reduce interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression, indicating that this regulation is independent of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I/interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway. On the other hand, LY294002 and rapamycin abolished PAK1 phosphorylation and enhanced HCV abundance, suggesting that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in PAK1 regulation of HCV. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the mTOR substrate p70 S6 kinase abrogated PAK1 phosphorylation and enhanced HCV RNA abundance, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active alternate substrate, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, increased cap-independent viral translation and viral RNA abundance without influencing PAK1 phosphorylation. Similar data indicated that mTOR is regulated by both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ERK. Taken together, the data indicate that p70 S6 kinase activates PAK1 and contributes to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and ERK-mediated regulation of HCV RNA replication.
The link between energy and GDP in developing countries

Abstract Historical studies of the energy-demand patterns of the industrial countries show increasing energy intensity followed by decreasing intensity. To explore the energy intensity patterns of developing countries, a data base was assembled for 38 developing countries. The data base contains estimates of per capita energy demand and GDP for 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980. If the GDP is measured using the purchasing power parity method, analysis of the data base demonstrates an increase in energy intensity as countries develop.
SU-E-I-14: Comparison of Iodine-Labeled and Indium-Labeled Antibody Biodistributions

Purpose: It is often assumed that animal biodistributions of novel proteins are not dependent upon the radiolabel used in their determination. In units of percent injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g), organ uptake results (u) may be obtained using either iodine or metal as radioactive labels. Iodination is preferred as it is a one-step process whereas metal labeling requires two chemical procedures and therefore more protein material. It is important to test whether the radioactive tag leads to variation in the uptake value. Methods: Uptakes of 3antibodies to Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) were evaluated in a nude mouse model bearing 150 to 300 mg LS174T human colon cancer xenografts. Antibodies included diabody (56 kDa), minibody (80kDa) and intact M5A (150 kDa) anti-CEA cognates. Both radioiodine and indium-111 labels were used with uptakes evaluated at 7 time(t) points out to 96 h. Ratios (R) of u(iodine-label)/u(indium-label) were determined for liver, spleen, kidneys, lung and tumor. Results: Hepatic loss was rapid for diabody and minibody; by 24 h their R values were only 2%; i.e., uptake of iodine was 2% of that of indium for these 2 antibodies. By contrast, R for the intact cognate was 50% at that time point. Splenic results were similar. Tumor uptake ratios did not depend upon the antibody type and were 50% at 24 h. Conclusions: Relatively rapid loss of iodine relative to indium in liver and spleen was observed in lower mass antibodies. Tumor ratios were larger and independent of antibody type. Aside from tumor, the R ratio of uptakes depended on the antibody type. R values decreased monotonically with time in all tissues and for all cognates. Using this ratio, one can possibly correct iodine-based u (t) results so that they resemble radiometal-derived biodistributions.
THE PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION OF TYROSINE REACTION UNDER HOMOGENEOUS CONDITIONS DERIVATIVES IN THE PRESENCE OF ALGINATE‐I

—The rates of dye-sensitized photooxidation of tyrosine and tyramine to brown products were compared in the presence and the absence of the anionic polysaccharide, alginate. The polyelectrolyte did not affect the reaction when it was sensitized by monochromatic light absorbed mainly by the monomeric form of the dye. In white light, the rate of oxidation sensitized by thionine or phenosafranine was increased in the presence of alginate for tyramine, but not for tyrosine. In the thionine sensitized reaction, the ratio of brown product formation to tyramine consumption increased with decreasing wavelength of monochromatic excitation. These and other phenomena are believed related to the formation of complexes between the dyes and some of the oxidation products, and to association between some of the oxidation products and alginate. A mechanism for oxidation of phenols is proposed, based on the addition of O2 (1Δ9) across a double bond ortho to the phenolate oxygen. Dyes bind to alginate in monomeric and in aggregated forms; only the monomeric forms of thiazine dyes are photochemically active, but both the monomeric and the aggregated forms of crystal violet are active.
Genetic and Environmental Components of Semen Production Traits of Artificial Insemination Holstein Bulls

Abstract A multiple trait procedure allowed joint estimation of model effects and variance and covariance components of semen production of Holstein bulls in artificial insemination. Procedural advantages included rapid iteration and positive definite estimates of covariance matrix. Data consisted of 149,339 semen production records for total sperm, volume, and concentration of ejaculate on 2,351 bulls collected in three bull studs from July 1969 through November 1982. Models defined to describe the biology of semen production included effects for ejaculates, age of bull, ambient temperature, week day by bull barn, scheduling, month by year, colorimeter by calibration period, and bulls. Environmental trends but no genetic trends in semen production were detected. Repeatabilities of measures of total sperm, volume, and concentration of all ejaculates were .26, .23, and .37 and for first ejaculates were .31, .23, and .42 over all studs. Heritabilities were .03, .18, and .10 for all ejaculates and .05, .16, and .16 for first ejaculates. Repeatabilities of first ejaculate measures for bulls collected up to 15 mo and again from 60 mo of age were .21, .27, and .19. Genetic correlations between first ejaculate measures on young bulls and milk and milk fat production in daughters ranged from −.06 to .05.
Characterization of BF+2 implanted monitor for rapid thermal processor temperature calibration

Abstract The sheet resistance of BF 2 + implanted diffused layers in (1 1 1) silicon wafers is very sensitive to temperature and relatively insensitive to implant dose variation. These properties have been exploited to develop a temperature calibration technique that is well suited for use with rapid thermal processor and single wafer epitaxial reactors. Characterization results of BF 2 + implanted layers can be used to create a temperature monitor optimized for specific applications. This simple technique can be established in most fabrication facilities with minimal capital expense and low variable costs. Application examples are also discussed.
Cancer cells, chemotherapy and gene clusters.

The combination of large-scale microarray-based gene expression analyses and response to chemotherapeutic agents in a panel of cancer lines yields correlation, but corroboration is still to come.
A Compliant Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFO) Based on Multi-Axial Loading of Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys

This paper presents a novel actuation solution to address the drop foot disorder. The proposed actuator consists of a superelastic Nitinol rod with a variable torsional stiffness that is adjusted by the controlled application of an axial load. The superelastic SMA element enables the AFO to provide sufficient torque during dorsiflexion to raise the foot. The provided torque at the ankle joint assists the patient in walking more naturally and subsequently prevents further issues such as muscle atrophy.By appraising experimental data of the human gait, ankle stiffness is assessed in order to compare ankle behavior for various walking speeds during the swing phase. The adjustable compliance concept for the AFO is then explained, followed by a description of the actuation mechanism and complex loading configuration. Numerical modeling is also presented for the superelastic element of the AFO under specified multiaxial torsion-tension loading. Simulations are performed in MATLAB and variable stiffness results are compared with experimental data for verification.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ethics and the social sciences.

The demand has been often reiterated that the sciences of man should overtake or at least reach equivalent development to the physical sciences. Two broad sources of resistance are: (1) internal methodological difficulties, and (2) resistance of those professions or studies already performing in some manner the tasks which social science shall ultimately take over. The view that social science cannot be unbiased can be fought only by social scientists themselves in adopting a definite and high standard of what is acceptable. The basic fact that needs emphasis is that discussions and conclusions involve two distinct sets of principles: (1) those concerned with moral values or ultimate social goals, and (2) those concerned with the actual prediction of how individuals and groups act. The social scientist may campaign freely for whatever he wants as a citizen but not as a scientist. The historical situation is that social sciences "are called to the bar of public reckoning." There is need for men having greater rather than less integrity in comparison with that demanded in research in the physical sciences. Social scientists should present the facts. The religious, political, or moral goals or values of which the social scientist has availed himself in arriving at a recommendation should be indicated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Viral vectors for gene therapy

Gene therapy is now being applied to the treatment of a wide variety of acquired and inherited diseases. One of the rate-limiting steps for successful gene therapy is the efficiency of gene transfer. A number of different viral systems are being developed for use as vectors for ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer, including retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes-simplex viruses and adeno-associated viruses. These viral vectors have a number of specific advantages and disadvantages that make them suited to particular gene-therapeutic applications. This review will summarize the current status of the development of viral vectors for gene therapy.
BARRIERS TO PROGRESS IN URINARY INCONTINENCE : ACHIEVING QUALITY ASSESSMENTS

Urinary incontinence is a major care problem in nursing homes. Despite legislation aimed at decreasing its incidence, minimal progress has been made to achieve this goal. Obtaining an accurate assessment about the level and pattern of incontinence will assist caregivers in developing plans to reduce it. This article identifies barriers the authors have encountered in obtaining accurate records in a research project and strategies implemented to overcome these barriers.
TH-C-230A-02: A Carbon Nanotube Based Low LET Multi-Microbeam Array Singel Cell Iradiation System

Purpose: Our long‐term objective is to develop innovative carbon nanotube(CNT) based multi‐pixel microbeam array system for single cell irradiation at small temporal scales and under direct microscope observation. The electron microbeam has an adjustable energy (20–60 keV) and dose rate. The microbeam l array can simultaneously irradiate a large number of individually selected cells in vitro, instead of sequentially irradiating cells one at a time using a single radiation source. From its 2,500 or more individually controllable microbeam pixels, the device offers flexibility in irradiation pattern that can be spatially discrete or uniform and temporally continuous or pulsed. Together with new advances in biosensors and cellular imaging, the proposed device can play an important role in understanding critical signaling events for both short and long term radiation effects occurring in cellular level immediately after irradiation. Method and Materials: The CNT single cell irradiation systems utilizes the unique field emissionproperty of CNT, a quantum process that electrons escape from the metal surface under an external field. Each microbeam is generated by an individually controllable CNT pixel. The microbeam size is controlled by the Si3Ni4 electron/vacuum window and the dose rate is controlled by the external field.Results: We have fabricated the CNTfield emission electron pixels, Si3Ni4 electron/vacuum windows, and a prototype single pixel CNT microbeam device. We have performed Monte Carlo(MC) simulation on the microbeam dosimetry and the effect of the Si3Ni4 window on the electron microbeam. Initial dosimetry measurement of the CNT microbeam irradiation using GARCHROMIC film and compared with the MC result. The prototype CNT system delivered a microbeam size of 20 micron and dose rate of ∼5Gy/sec. Conclusion: Our preliminary data demonstrated that the CNT‐based low LET microbeam system is feasible to deliver large dose rate and single cell (10–20 micron) microbeam irradiation.
Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa

The lineaments on Europa are discussed in terms of the orientation of the lineaments relative to the tensile stress trajectories due to tidal distortions and to nonsynchronous rotation. The cracks are noticeable by their darker albedo compared to the presumed water ice surrounding them. The stress trajectories for tidal distortion of a thin elastic shell are superimposed on Mercator projection maps of the lineaments. It is shown that the lineaments are mainly oriented at high angles to the tensile stress trajectories that would be expected for regularly occurring nonsynchronous rotation, i.e., extensional fractures would appear. The reorientation motions which would cause the fractures are estimated. It is suggested that the fractures occur episodically to release stresses built up on the tensile surface of the crust during the continuous nonsynchronous rotation of Europa.
Friendship cliques: a comparison of the motivational traits of lower/upper track algebra students

This project examined the relationships among the motivation and cognitive profiles of adolescent friendship cliques and peripheral (outside the clique group) students in lower and upper track algebra classes. Two hundred and thirty students from two high schools completed a motivation and cognitive engagement instrument as well as a peer group nomination survey form. Twelve teachers were also asked to complete peer group nomination survey forms. This project used socio-metric and correlational techniques based on previous research traditions in exploring friendship and peer group research to examine these relationships. The results were consistent with theoretically driven predictions and extend previous findings of the impact of friendship cliques in lower grade levels to those of adolescents in the high school setting. Future research in adolescent friendship/clique group research is also discussed.
Partial least squares based identification of Duchenne muscular dystrophy specific genes

Large-scale parallel gene expression analysis has provided a greater ease for investigating the underlying mechanisms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Previous studies typically implemented variance/regression analysis, which would be fundamentally flawed when unaccounted sources of variability in the arrays existed. Here we aim to identify genes that contribute to the pathology of DMD using partial least squares (PLS) based analysis. We carried out PLS-based analysis with two datasets downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify genes contributing to the pathology of DMD. Except for the genes related to inflammation, muscle regeneration and extracellular matrix (ECM) modeling, we found some genes with high fold change, which have not been identified by previous studies, such as SRPX, GPNMB, SAT1, and LYZ. In addition, downregulation of the fatty acid metabolism pathway was found, which may be related to the progressive muscle wasting process. Our results provide a better understanding for the downstream mechanisms of DMD.
Nitrate use by tobacco cells in response to N-stress and ammonium nutrition

Characterization of NO3−use by suspension cultured tobacco cells during a culture cycle is needed to take advantage of cell cultures for further study of the biochemical regulation of NO3−uptake induction and decay processes. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Ky14) cells were cultured with media containing different N sources. Cells cultured with a mixture of NO3−and NH4+(40 mM NO3−plus 20 mM NH4+, in Murashige and Skoog media) initially grew slightly faster but attained the same maximum cell culture density as those cultured with 40 mM NO3−only. Cells subcultured with N-free media grew at a similar rate for the first 3 d as those cells grown with N, then ceased further growth. The cessation of growth of cells subcultured with N-free media coincided with depletion of cell NO3−. The NO3−influx of cells subcultured with N-free media increased eleven-fold and those grown with N increased four- to five-fold before declining. Maximal NO3−influx rates occurred at the onset of the stationary growth phase for N-stressed cells, while cells grown with N reached maximums prior to the stationary phase of cell growth. Cells grown with a mixture of NO3−and NH4+had lower NO3−reductase (NR) activity and higher cell NO3−levels than those of cells grown with NO3−only. The NR activity of cells subcultured with N-free media peaked within 1 d after subculture before declining to a constitutive level when cell NO3−was depleted. The level of cell NO3−plays a critical role in the expression of the NO3−uptake and reduction processes. The transitions in the expression of NO3−uptake and reduction activities of tobacco cell suspension cultures should prove valuable for further study of the biochemical and molecular basis for the regulation of these processes.
Advertising on traditional media sites: Can the traditional business model be translated to the Web?

Abstract A content analysis of advertising present on 228 traditional newspaper and television Web sites revealed that 88.6% contained advertising, with an average of 5.03 ads found on the typical news homepage. Newspaper sites had more ads present that were costly to place than did television sites. Still, most major online advertisers were not present on the news sites, suggesting that traditional media outlets may be losing out on major advertiser spending that could help to bring them elusive online profits.
A systematic examination of the effect of tissue glues on rhytidectomy complications.

Background Fibrin glue has widespread use in multiple fields of surgery. There have been numerous studies on the use of fibrin glue in facelifts, with no consensus regarding differences in outcomes. Objectives This study compared the risk of hematoma, seroma, and the 24-hour drainage volume in all published prospective controlled trials. Methods A MEDLINE search of English-language articles on fibrin glue and rhytidectomy published up to July 2013 yielded 49 citations. After screening, we examined 7 relevant controlled trials. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to perform the meta-analysis. Results Seven controlled trials measuring the outcomes of fibrin glue in facelifts were used to estimate the pooled relative risk of complications and confidence intervals. Hematoma formation was four times less likely with the use of fibrin glue (relative risk 0.25, P = .002). There was no significant reduction in seroma formation (relative risk 0.56, P = .19). There was not enough data to properly measure 24-hour drainage and ecchymoses. Conclusions This analysis suggests that fibrin glue reduces the rates of hematoma formation, but does not significantly reduce the rates of seroma development. Level of Evidence 3![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
A factor analysis of socio-economic determinants of property crimes in cities

In the past a number of studies on the economics of crime have emphasized the importance of deterrence in crime prevention while assigning lesser importance to socio-economic determinants. Others have concentrated on the role of the socio-economic variables in crime production and have utilized the multiple regression analysis which has produced ambiguous results due to the presence of strong multicollinearity among independent variables. This paper is concerned with socio-economic determinants of urban property crimes, and utilizes factor analysis to overcome the problems associated with multicollinearity. Three factors are extracted out of twelve variables with data from the 47 of the largest cities in Ohio in 1970. The three factors are used as independent variables in the linear regression analysis for different types of property crimes. The highlights of the findings are that economic forces play an important role in the determination of property crimes but in addition other sociological variables which represent attitudes, tradition, mores and values are also important. “Ethnicity” or variables associated with community stability seem to discourage deviant behavior and thus crime. Economists may, therefore, need to give greater attention to these variables.
High-Velocity Turbidity Currents, a Discussion

The possibility of the transport of coarse material by turbidity currents is discussed. The difficulties in regarding such currents as responsible for the cable breaks following the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake are pointed out.
Elevated endothelial microparticles in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: findings from brain and renal microvascular cell culture and patients with active disease

Endothelial injury is believed to be a key initiating event in the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), leading to platelet activation and formation of platelet-rich thrombi in microvasculature. However, the nature of endothelial injury in TTP is poorly defined and clinical assays to rapidly and reliably monitor endothelial damage are not readily available. Using flow cytometry, we measured endothelial microparticles (EMPs) generated from cultured renal and brain microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) during activation and apoptosis, and evaluated the effect of TTP plasma on them. EMPs were measured using positivity for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CD31 and CD51, and their procoagulant activity was assessed using a Russell viper venom assay. Both cell lines generated procoagulant EMPs when cultured with inducers of activation (tumour necrosis factor alpha; TNF-alpha) or apoptosis (mitomycin C). TTP plasma induced a five- to sixfold increase of EMP generation and a two- to threefold increase of procoagulant activity in cultured brain and renal MVECs. TTP plasma induced a threefold and 13-fold increase of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, respectively, on renal MVECs. Procoagulant activity tended to parallel EMP numbers. The effect of TTP plasma on cell viability was similar to that of TNF-alpha, implying that it induced activation rather than apoptosis. Control plasma and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) plasma had little effect. In the clinical study, EMP assay of blood from acute TTP patients showed levels markedly elevated compared with normal controls, but values returned to normal in remission. In conclusion, TTP plasma activated and induced injury to MVECs in culture, judged by production of EMP and expression of activation markers. Released procoagulant EMP may play a role in the pathogenesis of TTP. Assay of EMP may be a useful marker of disease activity and endothelial injury in TTP and possibly other thrombotic disorders.
A renormalization group approach to image processing problems

A method for studying problems in digital image processing, based on a combination of renormalization group ideas, the Markov random-field modeling of images, and metropolis-type Monte Carlo algorithms, is presented. The method is efficiently implementable on parallel architectures, and provides a unifying procedure for performing a hierarchical, multiscale, coarse-to-fine analysis of image-processing tasks such as restoration, texture analysis, coding, motion analysis, etc. The method is formulated and applied to the restoration of degraded images. The restoration algorithm is a global-optimization algorithm applicable to other optimization problems. It generates iteratively a multilevel cascode of restored images corresponding to different levels of resolution, or scale. In the lower levels of the cascade appear the large-scale features of the image, and in the higher levels, the microscopic features of the image. >