cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flap Viability after Direct Immediate Application of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Free Flaps: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Reported Outcomes

Background The use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) devices has gained wide acceptance in the management of wounds. There have been a few reported cases of its use immediately after free tissue transfer. This is the first systematic review and pooled analysis on the immediate use of NPWT for free flaps with emphasis on the rate of free flap loss. Methods The authors performed a systematic review that focused on the rate of total free flap loss after immediate application of NPWT. EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Ovid Medicine, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases were searched from 1997 to April of 2019. Peer-reviewed articles published in the English language were included. Results Ten articles were included in the review, yielding 211 free flap procedures. All studies were retrospective cohort studies except for two that were prospective studies and one that was a case series. The overall complete flap failure rate was n = 7 (3.3%). The most commonly reconstructed area was the lower extremity (n = 158 [74.9%]) followed by head and neck (n = 42 [19.9%]) and upper extremity (n = 11 [5.2%]). The vacuum pressure ranged from 75 to 125 mm/Hg. The time of application of the NPWT ranged from 5 to 7 days. The etiologies of wound defects were from trauma (n = 82 [63.6%]), tumor extirpation (n = 43 [33.3%]), and infection and burn (n = 4 [3.1%]). Conclusion The immediate application of NPWT on free flaps does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of flap failure.
Systemic Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Therapy Prevents the Multiorgan Disorders Associated with Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Deficiency and Chronic Ethanol Ingestion

Aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2), a key enzyme in ethanol metabolism, processes toxic acetaldehyde to nontoxic acetate. ALDH2 deficiency affects 8% of the world population and 35–45% of East A...
Calcium Signaling in Schwann cells

In addition to providing structural, metabolic and trophic support to neurons, glial cells of the central, peripheral and enteric nervous systems (CNS, PNS, ENS) respond to and regulate neural activity. One of the most well characterized features of this response is an increase of intracellular calcium. Astrocytes at synapses of the CNS, oligodendrocytes along axons of the CNS, enteric glia associated with the cell bodies and axonal varicosities of the ENS, and Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and along peripheral nerves of the PNS, all exhibit this response. Recent technical advances have facilitated the imaging of neural activity-dependent calcium responses in large populations of glial cells and thus provided a new tool to evaluate the physiological significance of these responses. This mini-review summarizes the mechanisms and functional role of activity-induced calcium signaling within Schwann cells, including terminal/perisynaptic Schwann cells (TPSCs) at the NMJ and axonal Schwann cells (ASCs) within peripheral nerves.
Coupling gravitons to matter.

Using relationships between open and closed strings, we present a construction of tree-level scattering amplitudes for gravitons minimally coupled to matter in terms of gauge theory partial amplitudes. In particular, we present examples of amplitudes with gravitons coupled to vectors or to a single fermion pair. We also present two examples with massive graviton exchange, as would arise in the presence of large compact dimensions. The gauge charges are represented by flavors of dynamical scalars or fermions. This also leads to an unconventional decomposition of color and kinematics in gauge theories. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Global Perspectives on Assessing and Improving the Health and Nutritional Status of Mothers and Children

Ecology of Food and Nutrition (EFN) promotes scholarly discussion and engagement on the holistic and cross-cultural dimensions of the study of food and nutrition. Articles published in this journal...
The X-Factor in Academic Libraries: The Demand for Soft Skills in Library Employees

As the need for employees with technology skills and other expertise has increased within the contemporary academic library environment, so too has the need for employees with “soft skills.” Soft s...
Structural biology of human GPCR drugs and endogenous ligands - insights from NMR spectroscopy

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of "druggable" proteins in the human genome. For more than a decade, crystal structures and, more recently, cryoEM structures of GPCR complexes have provided unprecedented insight into GPCR drug binding and cell signaling. Nevertheless, structure determination of receptors in complexes with weakly binding molecules or complex polypeptides remains especially challenging, including for hormones, many of which have so far eluded researchers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has emerged as a promising approach to determine structures of ligands bound to their receptors and to provide insights into the dynamics of GPCR-bound drugs. The capability to investigate compounds with weak binding affinities has also been leveraged in NMR applications to identify novel lead compounds in drug screening campaigns. We review recent structural biology studies of GPCR ligands by NMR, highlighting new methodologies enabling studies of GPCRs with native sequences and in native-like membrane environments that provide insights into important drugs and endogenous ligands.
Old (Chicago) School, New Century: The Link between Simons' Chicago Plan to Buchanan's Constitutional Money

James Buchanan had long been a champion of the early Chicago school’s emphasis on the essential role institutions play in framing the market process. In his post-2009 analysis, Buchanan used this “Old Chicago School” approach to argue that the Great Recession fundamentally represented not a market failure, per say, but a “constitutional failure.” In particular, he echoed his Old Chicago mentors like Frank Knight and Henry Simons in arguing that it, like all previous financial crises, was primarily a failure of the rules governing our existing monetary-financial institutions. In this paper, I connect the dots in Buchanan’s post-2009 analysis of the Great Recession and his reaffirmation of the need for “constitutional money” to his Old Chicago mentor’s strikingly similar calls for a radical restructuring of the monetary-financial system in the Chicago Plan of the 1930s. Though Buchanan’s 21st century resurrection of these ideas has yet to conjure up the academic support of his predecessors, their core proposal calling for an end to fractional reserve banking has experienced a strong revival since 2009.
Increased individual glucose tolerance test values in women with gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND Individual oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values may be of interest to clinicians. We evaluate factors associated with these values. METHODS This retrospective study included 225 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes by abnormal 100-gram oral GTT. Predictor variables were maternal age, race/ethnicity, gravida, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain in current pregnancy, family history of diabetes, personal history of gestational diabetes, and neonate gender. Outcome variables were continuous OGTT and categorical elevated OGTT for fasting, 1-hour postprandial, 2-hour postprandial, and 3-hour postprandial. RESULTS Obese BMI was associated with increased odds for higher fasting level in the continuous OGTT and elevated categorical OGTT; for 1-hour postprandial this significant obese association only occurred for the continuous OGTT. Higher weight gain in pregnancy was associated with a higher fasting level continuous OGTT and elevated categorical OGTT. Higher maternal age at time of delivery was associated with higher 2-hour continuous OGTT and an elevated 1-hour categorical OGTT. Female neonate gender was associated with decreased odds for elevated 2-hour categorical OGTT. Hispanic and Black race/ethnicities were each associated with higher 3-hour continuous OGTT. CONCLUSIONS These findings can help clinicians identify the women potentially at risk for having abnormal GTT values diagnostic of GDM to provide preemptive early intervention. Clinicians have the goals to identify these women early so that women can be properly educated and counseled in terms of their nutrition status and as to what negative clinical outcomes may occur should their glucose levels remain poorly controlled in the pregnancy.
Some Theoretical Aspects of Applicative Multiprocessing

We have described several aspects of languages and systems for “applicative” multiprocessing, including some solved and some unsolved problems. From a theoretical point of view, the combination of distributed processing and applicative languages seems to provided an extremely interesting and varied array of topics for future investigation. There seems to be little doubt that this combination will have a significant impact on future uses of computers, as well as theories relating to these uses.
Lanthanides: Electronic Structure

The electronic structure of the lanthanides is discussed here. The configurations of the elements as well as of the ions in the oxidation states +II, +III, and +IV are presented. The lifting of the degeneracy of the electronic levels of the +III ions due to electron-electron interactions, spin–orbit coupling, and crystal field effects is discussed. Keywords: spin–orbit coupling; crystal field; term symbols; lanthanides; electronic configuration; valence configuration; f electrons; electron–electron interactions
Single-sensor multispeaker listening with acoustic metamaterials.

Designing a “cocktail party listener” that functionally mimics the selective perception of a human auditory system has been pursued over the past decades. By exploiting acoustic metamaterials and compressive sensing, we present here a single-sensor listening device that separates simultaneous overlapping sounds from different sources. The device with a compact array of resonant metamaterials is demonstrated to distinguish three overlapping and independent sources with 96.67% correct audio recognition. Segregation of the audio signals is achieved using physical layer encoding without relying on source characteristics. This hardware approach to multichannel source separation can be applied to robust speech recognition and hearing aids and may be extended to other acoustic imaging and sensing applications.
A Comparison of Open and Endoscopic Repair of Full-Thickness Tears of the Gluteus Medius Tendon at a Minimum of 2 Years Follow-up

Objectives:Historically, tears of the gluteus medius tendon were repaired via an open approach yielding excellent outcomes. With the advent of hip arthroscopy, endoscopic techniques have been developed to repair abductor tears which have shown favorable early outcomes. The open technique may still be preferred for large tears with retraction (>4cm), but there is a paucity of data comparing open and endoscopic approaches. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of open and endoscopic repair of full-thickness tears of the gluteus medius tendon. We hypothesized that the outcomes of the two approaches would be similar but that the open technique would have shorter surgical times.Methods:Between March 2010 and June 2012, 1267 patients (1518 hips) undergoing a hip preservation procedure were prospectively entered into a registry. From this cohort, we identified 27 patients (30 hips) that had undergone repair of the gluteus medius tendon with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Nine patients (9 hips) h...
Improved device structure of quantum dot gate FET to obtain more stable intermediate state

Quantum dot gate field effect transistors (QDGFETs) produce three states in their transfer characteristics, which make them suitable for ternary logic circuit implementation. The basic problem of a QDGFET is the dissociation of quantum dots in the gate region. An improved device structure of a QDGFET is introduced which can solve this problem. The three-state behaviour of the QDGFET can be observed even after ten months. The experimental results are compared and show the improved nature of the device.
Estimation of fracture energy from the work of fracture and fracture surface area: I. Stable crack growth

Past attempts to determine fracture energy by the work of fracture (γ WOF) technique, in most cases, have resulted in greater estimates due to the use of the cross-sectional area rather than the actual area of the fracture surface in calculations. The actual fracture surface area A F of soda-lime-silica glass chevron-notch flexure specimens was estimated using atomic force microscopy. An equation for A F was developed using the data from these tests. The use of A F in the equation for γ WOF resulted in γ WOF values less than values reported from traditional fracture mechanics tests and from those obtained using the cross-sectional area. The implication is that the tortuosity of the fracture surface contributes to the energy expended during fracture and should be accounted for in the calculation of the fracture energy. These calculations provide an estimate for the minimum energy required to break bonds in the fracture process.
Intensivist Use of Hand-Carried Ultrasonography to Measure IVC Collapsibility in Estimating Intravascular Volume Status: Correlations with CVP

Background Volume status assessment is an important aspect of patient management in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Echocardiologist-performed measurement of IVC collapsibility index (IVC-CI) provides useful information about filling pressures, but is limited by its portability, cost, and availability. Intensivist-performed bedside ultrasonography (INBU) examinations have the potential to overcome these impediments. We used INBU to evaluate hemodynamic status of SICU patients, focusing on correlations between IVC-CI and CVP. Study Design Prospective evaluation of hemodynamic status was conducted on a convenience sample of SICU patients with a brief (3 to 10 minutes) INBU examination. INBU examinations were performed by noncardiologists after 3 hours of didactics in interpreting and acquiring two-dimensional and M-mode images, and ≥25 proctored examinations. IVC-CI measurements were compared with invasive CVP values. Results Of 124 enrolled patients, 101 had CVP catheters (55 men, mean age 58.3 years, 44.6% intubated). Of these, 18 patients had uninterpretable INBU examinations, leaving 83 patients with both CVP monitoring devices and INBU IVC evaluations. Patients in three IVC-CI ranges ( 0.60) demonstrated significant decrease in mean CVP as IVC-CI increased (p = 0.023). Although 40% of this group had a CVP >12 mmHg. Conversely, >60% of patients with IVC-CI >0.6 had CVP Conclusions Measurements of IVC-CI by INBU can provide a useful guide to noninvasive volume status assessment in SICU patients. IVC-CI appears to correlate best with CVP in the setting of low ( 0.60) collapsibility ranges. Additional studies are needed to confirm and expand on findings of this study.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of liriodenine and related oxoaporphine alkaloids.

Liriodenine was evaluated for its antibacterial and antifungal activity against several microorganisms. Other related oxoaporphine alkaloids also were evaluated. Attempts to prepare oxoaporphine alkaloids from N-acetylnoraporphines were unsuccessful, but an unexpected phenanthrene alkaloid was obtained. A novel N-demethylation reaction was noted when oxoglaucine methiodide and liriodenine methiodide were treated with alumina.
Male-Female and Aggressor-Victim Differences in the Factor Structure of the Modified Conflict Tactics Scale

Factor analytic procedures were used to examine the internal structure of a modified version of Straus's Conflict Tactics Scale, an instrument given routinely to measure marital aggression. A large sample of military personnel (7,504 men and 896 women) reported on the tactics they employed against their spouses during conflict in the past year. These subjects (6,917 men and 779 women) also reported on what their spouses did against them. The data provide new empirical evidence that physical aggression should be conceptualized separately as mild and severe when appraising self-reports of physical aggression by both men and women and when assessing reports of victimization by men. For both men and women, psychological aggression was moderately correlated with mild physical aggression, which was moderately correlated with severe physical aggression. However, for women reporting on their husbands' behavior, all physically aggressive acts clustered as one factor except for the two items involving the use of we...
Limitations on adaptation to foreign accents

Although foreign accents can be highly dissimilar to native speech, existing research suggests that listeners readily adapt to foreign accents after minimal exposure. However, listeners often report difficulty understanding non-native accents, and the time-course and specificity of adaptation remain unclear. Across five experiments, we examined whether listeners could use a newly learned feature of a foreign accent to eliminate lexical competitors during online speech perception. Participants heard the speech of a native English speaker and a native speaker of Quebec French who, in English, pronounces /i/ as [i] (e.g., weak as wick) before all consonants except voiced fricatives. We examined whether listeners could learn to eliminate a shifted /i/-competitor (e.g., weak) when interpreting the accented talker produce an unshifted word (e.g., wheeze). In four experiments, adaptation was strikingly limited, though improvement across the course of the experiment and with stimulus variations indicates learning was possible. In a fifth experiment, adaptation was not improved when a native English talker produced the critical vowel shift, demonstrating that the limitation is not simply due to the fact the accented talker was non-native. These findings suggest that although listeners can arrive at the correct interpretation of a foreign accent, this process can pose significant difficulty.
How to Follow Patients with Mitral and Aortic Valve Disease

Valvular heart diseases (VHDs) place a hemodynamic load on the left and/or right ventricle that, if severe, prolonged, and untreated, damages the myocardium, leading to heart failure and death. Because all VHDs are mechanical problems, definitive therapy usually requires valve repair or replacement. In most valve disease the onset of symptoms marks a change in disease prognosis and is usually an indication for prompt surgical correction. Echocardiography is an indispensable modality for assessing lesion severity, its effect on cardiac function, and the proper timing for lesion correction. Intervention enhanced with percutaneous options now allows patients to benefit from mechanical correction.
Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing in the Preoperative Evaluation of Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancers arising in the context of germline BRCA gene mutation have unique biological features that must be considered during treatment planning. Breast conserving surgery is an acceptable option in highly motivated women who are fully informed about the risks of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and contralateral breast cancer. Partial breast irradiation is not recommended for these women. Concurrent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy should be considered. BRCA1-associated breast cancer may be resistant to taxanes, but appears highly sensitive to platinum agents and to PARP inhibitors. Preoperative genetic testing can be accomplished with short turn around times and does not increase patient anxiety. Inclusion of a professional genetic counselor in the management team is essential. BRCA gene mutation status is emerging as an important prognostic and predictive factor for breast cancer patients. Preoperative genetic counseling and testing is recommended for women likely to carry a BRCA gene mutation.
New Roads for Patron-Driven E-Books: Collection Development and Technical Services Implications of a Patron-Driven Acquisitions Pilot at Rutgers

Collection development librarians have long struggled to meet user demands for new titles. Too often, required resources are not purchased, whereas some purchased resources do not circulate. E-books selected through patron-driven plans are a solution but present new challenges for both selectors and catalogers. Radical changes to traditional technical services workflows are required, and selectors must modify the selection process to give more choice to the user. Rutgers University librarians have adopted an innovative new technical services workflow and collection-development model to manage a successful, patron-driven acquisitions project for e-books in the fields of math and computer science.
Inflammatory Process and Molecular Targets for Antiinflammatory Nutraceuticals.

Intense interest in nutraceuticals and their potential benefits has created the need to review the existing scientific information on their effect in preventing and managing inflammation that accompanies most chronic diseases. This article reviews the basic mechanisms of inflammation and the potential of 9 nutraceuticals to be effective as chronic disease preventive agents. Furthermore, the article emphasizes studies in which nutraceuticals are shown to be effective in preventing inflammation and mentions other molecular targets that can be of use in the future. The effects of the following nutraceuticals: α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, curcumin, resveratrol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, theaflavin, genistein, omega-3 fatty acids, and lycopene on reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, as well as proinflammatory targets, such as tumor necrosis factor α interleukin-1, interleukin-1β, nuclear factor kappa B, cellular and adhesion molecules, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), phospholipase A2, reactive oxygen species generating enzymes are discussed.
Finite volume scheme for the lattice Boltzmann method on unstructured meshes

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403~Received 9 September 1998!A ﬁnite volume scheme for the lattice Boltzmann method is developed for unstructured triangular meshes intwo dimensions. The accuracy of this new scheme is demonstrated by comparing the numerical results with theexact solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations for Taylor vortex ﬂow, shear ﬂow between two parallel plates,shear ﬂow between two rotating cylinders, and Poiseuille ﬂow. The agreement between the numerical andanalytical results is very good for each of these tests. @S1063-651X~99!07804-6#PACS number~s!: 47.10.1g, 47.11.1j, 05.20.DdI. INTRODUCTION
Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease is a serious constraint to tomato production in various regions of the world. The effect of TSW on tomato yield is largely influenced by time of infection. Early infection usually results in severe stunting of the seedling and even death of the plant. Plastic film mulches affect both the incidence of TSW, and plant growth and yield of tomato. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of root zone temperature (RZT) as affected by plastic film mulch on the manifestation of symptoms of TSW, and growth and yield of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or under natural TSW infection. In artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, vegetative top fresh weight (FW) and fruit FW both increased with the length of time after transplanting that the plants remained free from TSW symptoms. The root zone temperature was highest under black mulch (seasonal mean = 27.5 °C), followed by gray (27.0 °C), silver (25.8 °C), and white (24.8 °C) mulches. The plants grown on black mulch showed the earliest appearance of TSW symptoms, and had significantly reduced vegetative growth and fruit yields compared to plants on the other mulches. In conclusion, utilization of plastic mulches that created conditions of high RZT stress resulted in reduced plant growth and yield and predisposed the plants to earlier expression of TSW symptoms compared to plants grown at RZTs more favorable to tomato plant growth (optimal RZT = 26.1 °C [Diaz-Perez, J.C., Batal, K.D., Granberry, D., Bertrand, D., Giddings, D., Pappu, H., 2003. Vegetative top growth and yield of tomato grown on plastic film mulches as affected by the appearance of symptoms of Tomato spotted wilt virus. HortScience 38, 395–399]). Since these plant responses to TSW under heat stress occurred in artificially inoculated plants as well as in plants under natural TSW infection, high RZTs probably affected the plants directly, independently of any possible effects on the thrips vectors.
Progress in understanding the inner magnetosphere

Inner Magnetosphere Coupling 2; Los Angeles, California, 19–22 March 2012 Solar activity can energize Earth's magnetosphere. Coupled plasma interactions—involving multiscale electromagnetic fields, currents, and waves—either dissipate this energy into the ionosphere (to influence upper atmospheric chemistry and possibly climate) or store it in belts of highly energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere. Decades of effort have advanced knowledge of this system, but understanding of the coupling processes is still very incomplete.
3D symmetry-curvature duality theorems

Abstract We prove theorems showing a duality between the surface curvatures of three-dimensional objects and the existence of symmetry axes. More precisely, we prove that, given a surface, for each maximum or minimum of the principle curvature along a line of curvature, there is a symmetry axis terminating at this point. Moreover, such points are generically the only points at which these axes can terminate. These theorems generalize results obtained by Leyton for two-dimensional objects.
Speculations on micromolecular evolution

The Genetic Mechanism and the Origin of Life. By L. S. Dillon. Pp. 563. (Plenum: New York and London, 1978.)
Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches.

Abstract Recent studies showing an association between fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in sand and gastrointestinal (GI) illness among beachgoers with sand contact have important public health implications because of the large numbers of people who recreate at beaches and engage in sand contact activities. Yet, factors that influence fecal pollution in beach sand remain unclear. During the 2007 National Epidemiological and Environmental Assessment of Recreational (NEEAR) Water Study, sand samples were collected at three locations (60 m apart) on weekend days (Sat, Sun) and holidays between June and September at two marine beaches — Fairhope Beach, AL and Goddard Beach, RI — with nearby publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) outfalls. F + coliphage, enterococci, Bacteroidales , fecal Bacteroides spp., and Clostridium spp. were measured in sand using culture and qPCR-based calibrator-cell equivalent methods. Water samples were also collected on the same days, times and transects as the 144 sand samples and were assayed using the same FIO measurements. Weather and environmental data were collected at the time of sample collection. Mean FIO concentrations in sand varied over time, but not space. Enterococci CFU and CCE densities in sand were not correlated, although other FIOs in sand were. The strongest correlation between FIO density in sand and water was fecal Bacteroides CCE, followed by enterococci CFU, Clostridium spp. CCE, and Bacteroidales CCE. Overall, the factors associated with FIO concentrations in sand were related to the sand–water interface (i.e., sand-wetting) and included daily average densities of FIOs in water, rainfall, and wave height. Targeted monitoring that focuses on daily trends of sand FIO variability, combined with information about specific water quality, weather, and environmental factors may inform beach monitoring and management decisions to reduce microbial burdens in beach sand. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Networking requirements and the role of multimedia systems in telemedicine

Programmable multimedia imaging workstations over a high bandwidth network (ATM) were used to explore the role of multimedia workstations in the telemedicine application. The multimedia workstation is based on the MediaStation 5000 which uses a TMS320C80 Multimedia Video Processor to handle the multimedia bitstreams and image display/processing functions. Although the telemedicine workstation exhibited its high performance and programmability, we found from the experiment that a tighter integration of the multimedia capability with the networking component should be one of the most desired improvements for the telemedicine system to become applicable in routine clinical environments.
Review of the 3rd Biennial Conference on Real-Time Computer Applications in Nuclear and Particle Physics

The community of engineers, programmers, and physicists who support data-acquisition, control, and post processing activities in nuclear and particle physics had an opportunity to meet in Berkeley on May 16-20, 1983 for the "Conference on Real-Time Computer Applications...". It was the third such conference, held every other year. In May, 1979 Dennis Perry of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory hosted the "Topical Conference on Computerized Data-Acquisition Systems in Particle and Nuclear Physics" in Santa Fe. David Hensley brought the conference to Oak Ridge in May, 1981. And this year's conference underwent a name change by it's host, Creve Maples of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, but remained very much the same in spirit and direction.
WE‐G‐500‐04: A Novel Technique for In‐Vivo and Real‐Time Range Verification Based On the Characteristic Prompt Gamma Time‐Structure of Passively Modulated Proton Beams

Purpose: We propose a novel technique for in‐vivo and real‐time range verification based on the unique temporal dependence of prompt‐gamma produced by passively modulated proton beams Methods: For passively modulated proton beams, the dose delivered to a medium is periodic with the period of the Range Modulator Wheel (RMW) rotation. It has been confirmed experimentally that such periodic dose‐rate functions, measured inside a medium, have a unique correlation with their point of measurement along a Spread‐Out Bragg Peak (SOBP). Therefore, also the time‐structure of prompt‐gammas, generated by proton induced nuclear interactions in the target and detected outside the medium, is expected to be periodic and correlated with their source‐location along the SOBP. To verify such correlation, we employed the Monte Carlo method using TOol for PArticle Simulation (TOPAS). The simulated detection system is constituted by a single‐slit collimated detector placed at 90° from the beam direction. Discrimination of prompt‐γ from background radiation is done trough energy and time‐of‐flight (TOF) selectionResults: We verified that the time‐pattern of prompt‐gamma rate functions (i.e. gamma‐counts vs. RMW rotation‐time) is periodic and correlated with the detection depth along the SOBP. Utilizing this feature it is feasible to predict the range of a SOBP within few millimeters with a single point of prompt‐gamma measurement. The influence of the prescribed dose and collimation setup over the detection statistics is discussed in order to assess the potential clinical application of the technique. TOF selection and background subtraction can significantly increase the signal to noise ratio Conclusion: Our results show that the range of a SOBP can be determined, with a single point of measurement, by analyzing the time‐pattern of prompt‐gamma detected with a single‐slit detection system. This novel technique potentially represents a powerful tool for real‐time range verification for passively modulated proton therapy systems
HEPARIN INHIBITS THE PROLIFERATION OF DIVIDING AORTIC AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO

HEPARIN INHIBITS THE PROLIFERATION OF DIVIDING AORTIC AND PULMONARY ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO
Role of Allergy in Eustachian Tube Blockage and Otitis Media with Effusion: A Review

Recent studies continue to support a role for allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. Although a variety of mechanisms have been proposed to relate these two disease conditions causally, none has been completely validated by experimental or clinical studies. This review suggests that the observed relationship between allergy and otitis media with effusion is caused by mediators of inflammation and cytokines and colony-stimulating factors released by mucosal mast cells and other inflammatory and epithelial cells in the nose and nasopharynx. These mediators produce blockage of the eustachian tube through a number of mechanisms, which may include local injury or vascular- or neural-mediated changes in the eustachian tube opening pressure and in middle ear perfusion. It is likely that the nasal allergic response in patients predisposes to eustachian tube blockage and, if prolonged, causes changes in gas absorption in the middle ear space. This gas exchange primarily involves nitrogen absorption, which may take several days to develop. This persistent underpressure will then lead to middle ear effusion. Irrespective of the theoretical mechanism, the relationship between allergy and otitis media with effusion will remain controversial until well-controlled clinical studies are conducted documenting that in select populations antiallergy therapy is efficacious in preventing or limiting the duration of otitis media with effusion.
Corporate Coups d'Etat: What Happens and Why

The corporate coup d'etat is conceptualised as an unexpected leadership change process, initiated, planned and conducted by the target's colleagues, subordinates and/or superiors. Antecedent conditions, such as interpersonal hostilities, poor financial performance and perceived indiscreet behaviour, serve as frequent justifications for the removal. The analysis also examines the sequence of phases typically employed.
Relationship between tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response in patients treated with desipramine or doxepin

– A study examining the relationship between plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), clinical response, and side effects was performed in patients with major affective disorder. Patients received either desmethylimipramine (DMI) (150–200 mg/day) or doxepin (200 mg/day) for 4 weeks. No significant correlations were found between plasma levels and either clinical response or side effects when males and females were analyzed together. A significant correlation between plasma levels and response was found in females taking desmethylimipramine. Support for the finding that females may show a stronger relationship than males between clinical response and plasma TCA levels is provided from analysis of previous studies in the literature.
The effects of cued orienting tasks on the free recall of words

Amount and organization of recall of word lists was shown to depend on the nature of the orienting tasks performed by subjects even when the task varied from word to word within a single list. Subjects heard a cue letter after each word designating the appropriate task to be performed. Experiment I used a list of unrelated words. Words to which subjects applied a semantic task (pleasantness rating) were more often recalled than words to which nonsemantic tasks were applied (estimation of number of letters or occurrences of the letter “e”). No significant difference in recall was observed between groups prewarned about the recall test and those groups not warned. Recalled words did not cluster significantly with respect to task. Experiment II presented a randomized list of high-strength associative pairs. One group of subjects performed the same task for both members of an associative pair; the other group used pair members in different tasks. The semantic task again led to greater recall than nonsemantic tasks. Associative clustering in the same-task condition was greater than in the different-tasks condition. Both meaningfulness of task and task similarity contribute to clustering.
Spatio-temporal mapping of rat whisker barrels with fast scattered light signals

Optical techniques offer a number of potential advantages for imaging dynamic spatio-temporal patterns of activity in neural tissue. The methods provide the wide field of view required to image population activation across networks, while allowing resolution of the detailed structure of individual cells. Optical probes can provide high temporal resolution without penetrating the tissue surface. However, functional optical imaging has been constrained by the small size of the signals and the sluggish nature of the metabolic and hemodynamic responses that are the basis of most existing methods. Here, we employ both high-speed CCD cameras and high-sensitivity photodiodes to optimize resolution in both space and time, together with dark-field illumination in the near-infrared, to record fast intrinsic scattering signals from rat somatosensory cortex in vivo. Optical responses tracked the physiological activation of cortical columns elicited by single whisker twitches. High-speed imaging produced maps that were initially restricted in space to individual barrels, and then spread over time. Photodiode recordings disclosed 400-600 Hz oscillatory responses, tightly correlated in frequency and phase to those seen in simultaneous electrical recordings. Imaging based on fast intrinsic light scattering signals eventually could provide high resolution dynamic movies of neural networks in action.
Armed, and Dangerous (?): Motivating Rule Adherence Among Agents of Social Control.

A key concern within democracies is effectively regulating the behavior of societies' agents of social control, who have coercive power and considerable discretion over their use of that power. This can result in failures to adhere to the rules, policies, and laws dictating appropriate and lawful behavior. This article explores the effectiveness of motivating rule adherence among law enforcement officers and soldiers by focusing upon whether they believe that organizational authorities are legitimate or that rules and policies are morally right or wrong. The results suggest that both values have an important influence upon rule adherence. Further, aspects of organizational culture that encourage such values are identified and shown to be influential in this setting. Results show that the procedural justice of the organization is central to rule adherence. These findings support the argument that encouraging self-regulation via appeals to the values of law enforcement officers and soldiers is a viable strategy for minimizing misconduct, and they suggest how to effectively implement such approaches.
Fulfilling the Web services promise

The creation and support of standards for Web services is a critical component to their effective functionality and ultimate success.
The fractional excretion of urea: a new diagnostic test for acute renal allograft rejection

Fractional excretion of fsodium (FENa) has been used in the diagnosis of acute renal allograft failure on the assumption that poor allograft perfusion should result in a low FENa. However, many patient receive medications which affect the active transport of Na+ and thus FENa. In contrast, the fractional excretion of urea (FEurea) is mostly dependent on passive forces and is therefore less influenced by drug therapy. To test the hypothesis that FEurea might be more useful than FENa in evaluating graft failure, we compared FEurea with FENa during 79 episodes of acute renal allograft dysfunction due to acute rejection (AR), cyclosporine nephrotoxicity (CsA-Nx), viral infection, or bacterial infection in 32 children and young adults with renal transplants. There was no significant difference between groups in FENa. However, FEurea was significantly lower (P<0.05) in patients with CsA-Nx (32.6±1.9%) and viral infection (32.9±3.2%) than those with AR (45.1±1.7%) or bacterial infection (38.9±2.5%). FEurea was < 35% in 20 of 28 (71.4%) episodes of CsA-Nx and 8 of 11 (72.2%) of viral infection, but only 5 of 36 (13.9%) of AR (P<0.05). FEurea was also measured during stable graft function, 7–14 days prior to allograft dysfunction. CsA-Nx was associated with a 30.5±8.3% decrease in FEurea. FEurea did not change in patients with AR. Based on these findings, we present an algorithm to aid in the differential diagnosis of acute renal allograft failure.
The spindle pole body of yeast

Microtubule organizing centers play an essential cellular role in nucleating microtubule assembly and establishing the microtubule array. The microtubule organizing center of yeast, the spindle pole body (SPB), shares many functions and properties with those other organisms. In recent years considerable new information has been generated concerning components associated with the SPB, and the mechanism by which it duplicates. This article reviews our current view of the cytology and molecular composition of the SPB of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetic studies in these organisms has revealed information about how the SPB duplicates and separates, and its roles during vegetative growth, mating and meiosis.
Fixed target B physics at Fermilab and the SSC

Abstract A program of B physics studies in the fixed target hadronic production is presented. Fermilab E-771 took data at the end of 1991 with an 800 GeV/ c
On calculating connected dominating set for efficient routing in ad hoc wireless networks

Efficient routing among a set of mobile hosts (also called nodes) is one of the most important functions in ad-hoc wireless networks. Routing based on a connected dominating set is a frequently used approach, where the searching space for a route is reduced to nodes in the set. A set is dominating if all the nodes in the system are either in the set or neighbors of nodes in the set. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating connected dominating set in ad-hoc wireless networks, where connections of nodes are determined by their geographical distances. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms a classical algorithm. Our approach can be potentially used in designing efficient routing algorithms based on a connected dominating set.
Differences in expectations and perceptions among criminal justice officials concerning boot camps

In order to determine the expectations and perceptions of criminal justice officials concerning boot camps, a 56‐item survey questionnaire was developed. Results were obtained from 92 judges, 19 legislators, 44 prison staff, 53 probation and parole staff, 41 prosecuting attorneys, 33 public defenders, and 49 sheriffs. This represented an overall 49% return rate. The results indicated that there is a general degree of consensus among criminal justice officials concerning boot camp programs. The differences that did emerge between the occupational groups could largely be attributed to the different perspectives that these groups have towards offenders and the criminal justice system.
Using the Socioscientific Context of Climate Change to Teach Chemical Content and the Nature of Science.

A thematic course called “Climate Change: Chemistry and Controversy” was developed for upper-level non-STEM students. This course used the socioscientific context of climate change to teach chemical principles and the nature of science. Students used principles of agnotology (direct study of misinformation) to debunk climate change misconceptions commonly encountered in the media and politics. The culmination of the course was a service-learning project to create training documents for staff at a local science center that explained common climate misconceptions. In the process of completing this project, students gained a greater appreciation for the nature of science and learned chemical principles of electromagnetic radiation, atomic structure (isotopes), molecular structure (Lewis structures, VESPR, and polarity) spectroscopy, and stoichiometry. This paper summarizes the outcomes of the course, teaching strategies used to reach the outcomes, and strategies for incorporating agnotology and socioscientif...
Bioresponsive Hydrogel Microlenses

We report investigations of bioresponsive hydrogel microlenses as a new protein detection technology. Stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc) microgels have been synthesized via free-radical precipitation polymerization. These hydrogel microparticles were then functionalized with biotin via EDC coupling. Hydrogel microlenses were prepared from the particles via Coulombic assembly onto a silane-modified glass substrate. Arrays containing both pNIPAm-co-AAc microgels (as an internal control) and biotinylated pNIPAm-co-AAc microgels were then used to detect multivalent binding of both avidin and polyclonal anti-biotin. Protein binding was determined by monitoring the optical properties of the microlenses using a brightfield optical microscopy technique. The microlens method is shown to be very specific for the target protein, with no detectable interference from nonspecific protein binding. Finally, the reversibility of the hydrogel microlens assay has been studied in t...
1-Methyladenine can consistently induce a fura-detectable transient calcium increase which is neither necessary nor sufficient for maturation in oocytes of the Starfish Asterina miniata

In starfish oocytes a calcium transient can consistently be detected with the dye fura-2 in response to perfusion of threshold levels of 1-methyladenine, the hormone responsible for induction of meiotic maturation. The calcium transient cannot be detected when the hormone is allowed to slowly diffuse to the oocyte, and the hormone-induced calcium transient can be inhibited by preperfusion of the oocyte with subthreshold levels of hormone. The calcium transient is shown to be unnecessary for maturation by eliciting maturation in situations that are not associated with a calcium transient, and the calcium transient is shown to be insufficient for maturation by eliciting a calcium transient and washing the hormone off the oocytes before the end of the hormone-dependent period. A mechanism is suggested to explain why some investigators have detected transient calcium rises during induction of oocyte maturation while others have not.
Autoimmune Hepatitis–PBC Overlap Syndrome: A Simplified Scoring System May Assist in the Diagnosis

Autoimmune Hepatitis–PBC Overlap Syndrome: A Simplified Scoring System May Assist in the Diagnosis
Field Instructors' Perceptions of Evidence-Based Practice in BSW Field Placement Sites

This exploratory study surveyed 17 BSW-level field instructors on their experience, beliefs, and perceived self-efficacy regarding evidence-based practice (EBP). The authors conducted focus groups ...