cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR THE EVOLUTION OF A PULSAR WIND NEBULA INSIDE A NONRADIATIVE SUPERNOVA REMNANT

A pulsar wind nebula (PWN) inside a supernova remnant provides a unique insight into the properties of the central neutron star, the relativistic wind powered by its loss of rotational energy, its progenitor supernova, and the surrounding environment. In this paper, we present a new semianalytic model for the evolution of such a PWN throughout its lifetime. This model couples the dynamical and radiative evolution of the PWNe, and predicts both the dynamical (e.g., radius and expansion velocity) and radiative (radio to TeV γ-ray spectrum) properties of the PWN during this period. As a result, it is well suited for using the observed properties of a PWN to constrain the physical characteristics of the neutron star, pulsar wind, progenitor supernova, and surrounding environment. We also discuss the expected evolution for a particular set of these parameters, and show that it reproduces the large spectral break inferred from the radio and X-ray spectrum of many young PWNe, and the low break frequency, low radio luminosity, high TeV γ-ray luminosity, and high magnetization observed for several older PWNe. The predicted spectrum of this PWN also contains spectral features which appear during different evolutionary phases detectable with new radio and γ-ray observing facilities such as the Extended Very Large Array and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Finally, this model has implications for determining if PWNe can inject a sufficient number of energetic electrons and positrons into their surroundings to explain the recent measurements of the cosmic-ray positron fraction by PAMELA and the cosmic-ray lepton spectrum by ATIC and HESS.
The Management of Gout in Renal Disease

Gout, a debilitating inflammatory arthritis, currently affects more than 9 million Americans. Hyperuricemia, the laboratory abnormality associated with the development of gout, also occurs in a significant number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition that affects approximately 14% of the US population. Several recent studies have attempted to provide a definitive link between the presence of hyperuricemia and progression of CKD; however, the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in CKD is not supported by recent randomized controlled trials. The pharmacology of acute gout flares and urate lowering is complicated in patients who also have evidence of CKD, primarily because of an increased risk of medication toxicity. Recipients of kidney transplants are particularly at risk of debilitating gout and medication toxicity. We review the available data linking CKD, gout, and hyperuricemia, providing practice guidelines on managing gout in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. We advocate for much greater involvement of nephrologists in the management of gout in renal patients.
Role of Environmental Air Pollution in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent disease with large social and financial burdens. The pathophysiology is multifactorial. Environmental pollutants have been suggested to play a role in the inflammatory component of the disease process. Recent work has focused on exposure to various pollutants, primarily particulate matter (PM). Exposure to environmental pollutants leads to upregulation of inflammatory markers and ciliary dysfunction at the cellular level. Mouse models suggest a role for epithelial barrier dysfunction contributing to inflammatory changes after pollutant exposure. Clinical studies support the role of pollutants contributing to disease severity in certain populations, but the role in CRS incidence or prevalence is less clear. Research is limited by the retrospective nature of most studies. This review focuses on recent advancements in our understanding of the impact of environmental pollutants in CRS, limitations of the available data, and potential opportunities for future studies.
Heparin, But Not N-Desulfated Heparin, Enhances Cumulus Expansion of Mouse and Cow Oocytes in Serum-Free Medium

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are follicular constituents that have been implicated as regulators of several cellular processes in ovarian follicles. In a dose-dependent manner, commercially available GAGs inhibited cumulus mass expansion in the presence of FSH and serum (6) and inhibited gonadotropin binding to granulosa cells (1,2). In the same manner, follicular GAGs inhibited LDL degradation and progesterone production (3) and zona pellucida hardening in vitro (4). Heparin, one type of GAG, inhibits those cellular processes and is the most “potent” inhibitor of the chemical classes of GAGs tested (1–4). Heparin has O- and N-substituted sulfate groups and is the most highly sulfated of the GAGs (5). The ability of GAGs to affect FSH-induced expansion of cumulus cells is related to degree of GAG sulfation (6). GAGs containing less sulfate, such as the chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid, were less effective at inhibiting FSH-induced cumulus mass expansion (6). This suggested importance of sulfation in the ability of GAGs to inhibit FSH-induced cumulus cell expansion, but there are also other structural differences between those classes of GAGs (1). It is not known if GAGs affect cumulus mass expansion in cultures lacking FSH. Desulfation of heparin affects its interactions with many cells. For example, desulfation of heparin reduced its ability to inhibit LDL degradation and progesterone production by granulosa cells (3).
Recovery of function after brain damage: The benefits of diets supplemented with the calcium channel blocker nimodipine

The acute administration of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker nimodipine has been shown to have a number of benefits with regard to recovery of function following brain injury and the behavioral dysfunctions associated with aging. On the basis of these results, we tested whether the chronic administration of the drug as a dietary supplement might also facilitate the recovery of a learned behavior following neocortical brain injury. The results of an initial investigation using diets containing 300 ppm of nimodipine suggested that this strategy was ineffective in changing the progress of recovery of function. The present report describes a similar paradigm but with an increased concentration of nimodipine in the diet. The results indicated that diets high in nimodipine (1,000 ppm) throughout the experimental procedure, or simply after the neocortical injury, were associated with significant postoperative savings of a preoperatively learned visual discrimination.
Reading tutors using the iPod to enhance and motivate struggling literacy learners' reading ability

The rationale behind this thesis is to investigate the numerous influences of the iPod on the language skills of elementary students including oral fluency, reading comprehension and oral expressions. This research additionally aims to analyze the attitude of students along with in-service teachers towards the benefits of the iPod as a new tool of instruction. The results illustrated in the research will enable the readers to acquire a deeper understanding about the potential use of the iPod in elementary school Language Arts classes. This research could also possibly facilitate in-service teachers to discover how to incorporate new technology into the classroom environment by gaining valuable insight regarding students’ reactions toward this tool.
An Assessment of a Reaction Driven Stopped Rotor/Wing Using Circulation Control in Forward Flight

Presented at the 1st World Aviation Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, CA, October 21-24, 1996.
The chromatographic identification of some biologically important phosphate esters.

the objective of the present work was to provide a means for separating and indentifying phosphate esters involved in glycolysis in higher plants. Paper chromatography of phosphate esters has been employed by several workers, most notably Benson et al. (1) and Hanes and Isherwood (2). Benson's procedures were not primarily designed for identification of phosphate esters and gave low Rr values for the phosphate compounds of particular interest to us. The unidimensional methods of Hanes and Isherwood do not result in adequate resolution of the complex mixtures such as are obtained from our plant materials. The present procedure is based on two-dimensional chromatography with successive development in an acid and in a basic solvent. The solvents finally selected gave the best over-all resolution of the intermediates involved in plant glycolysis. Undoubtedly the resolution of certain pairs of compounds may be improved by suitable modifications. We have in addition made certain improvements in the procedure for locating the chromatographed materials.
Explanation and Teleology in Aristotle's Science of Nature

In Aristotle's teleological view of the world, natural things come to be and are present for the sake of some function or end (for example, wings are present in birds for the sake of flying). Whereas much of recent scholarship has focused on uncovering the (meta-)physical underpinnings of Aristotle's teleology and its contrasts with his notions of chance and necessity, this book examines Aristotle's use of the theory of natural teleology in producing explanations of natural phenomena. Close analyses of Aristotle's natural treatises and his Posterior Analytics show what methods are used for the discovery of functions or ends that figure in teleological explanations, how these explanations are structured, and how well they work in making sense of phenomena. The book will be valuable for all who are interested in Aristotle's natural science, his philosophy of science, and his biology.
Comparisons of characteristic timescales and approximate models for Brownian magnetic nanoparticle rotations

Magnetic nanoparticles are promising tools for a host of therapeutic and diagnostic medical applications. The dynamics of rotating magnetic nanoparticles in applied magnetic fields depend strongly on the type and strength of the field applied. There are two possible rotation mechanisms and the decision for the dominant mechanism is often made by comparing the equilibrium relaxation times. This is a problem when particles are driven with high-amplitude fields because they are not necessarily at equilibrium at all. Instead, it is more appropriate to consider the “characteristic timescales” that arise in various applied fields. Approximate forms for the characteristic time of Brownian particle rotations do exist and we show agreement between several analytical and phenomenological-fit models to simulated data from a stochastic Langevin equation approach. We also compare several approximate models with solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation to determine their range of validity for general fields and relaxation times. The effective field model is an excellent approximation, while the linear response solution is only useful for very low fields and frequencies for realistic Brownian particle rotations.
Activin receptor signaling regulates cocaine-primed behavioral and morphological plasticity

Activin receptor signaling, including the transcription factor Smad3, was upregulated in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell following withdrawal from cocaine. Direct genetic and pharmacological manipulations of this pathway bidirectionally altered cocaine seeking while governing morphological plasticity in NAc neurons. Thus, Activin/Smad3 signaling is induced following withdrawal from cocaine, and such regulation may be a key molecular mechanism underlying behavioral and cellular plasticity in the brain following cocaine self-administration.
A probabilistic approach to bulk power transmission systems analysis

The effect of steady and transient state responses of a power system on its performance evaluation has been investigated. Retention of all buses from the original power system has been noteworthy along with the modeling of frequency-dependent load buses. Inputs to the system are regarded as small perturbations in the operational characteristics of transmission lines and system loads. This type of perturbation is modeled by a Gaussian stationary process with constant spectral density. The mean first passage time of a dynamic system from its domain of attraction has been considered as the performance index. The sensitivity of this index to the variation of different system parameters has been investigated, and several design criteria have been examined to determine the effect of system configuration on the system performance evaluation. The proposed concept has been implemented on a 30-bus system consisting of six generating buses, 24 load buses, and 41 transmission lines. >
Long‐term variability of the East African ‘short rains’ and its links to large‐scale factors

This study utilizes a new 139-year rainfall record for East Africa to evaluate the relationship between the ‘short rains’ of October–November and four tropical indices. These indices include the zonal winds at the surface and 200 mb over the central equatorial Indian Ocean, Nino 3.4 and the Indian Ocean Zonal Mode (IOZM). The relationships with these indices are time dependent, as are the relationships among the indices. These change markedly on a decadal timescale, consistent with regime changes indicated by other authors, and the links to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the IOZM appear to be weaker than those suggested by previous studies. The zonal winds show the strongest and most consistent relationships with October–November rainfall. However, the relationships are very different for wet and dry years, and the zonal winds play a stronger role in producing wet conditions. Further, several factors appear to act in tandem to produce extremely wet years, but appear to act largely independently in producing drought. The links to drought have been markedly weaker since 1982. These links were also very weak roughly between 1920 and 1960, when apparently the Walker cell over the Indian Ocean was very weak and the Pacific Walker cell particularly strong. At that time, ENSO appeared to drive most of the variability of October–November rainfall, interannual variability was weak, and the rainfall was below average during most of that period. When the zonal circulation in the Indian Ocean sector became well-developed c. 1961 and the Pacific cell weakened, both the rainfall and its interannual variability markedly increased. Overall, this study stresses the time dependence of the various relationships with East African October–November rainfall. This has strong implications for seasonal forecasting.
Taking the Regulatory Nature of IP Seriously

Ted Sichelman’s paper in the Texas Law Review makes an important contribution by encouraging us to take the essentially regulatory character of IP seriously, arguing that public, not private, interest should determine remedies. In this comment, I both extend and critique his approach, suggesting that private law remedies may play an important role even in a patent system properly understood as public law rather than property law. Nonetheless, understanding the regulatory nature of patent remedies has some significant implications for setting those remedies, including the recognition that the optimal patent damages award will sometimes be $0.
Beyond Tragedy: Differential Commoning in a Manufactured Housing Cooperative

Caught between the dual crises of declining economic opportunity and diminishing public assistance, people on the economic margins resist threats to their livelihoods by opting to share resources. The processes involved in managing these “commons” are often messy and paradoxical amid differing livelihood concerns and subject positions. Unevenness tends to emerge along new and existing lines of power. Rather than reducing such tendencies to a “tragedy” to be eliminated, I argue that grappling with uneven relations offers a more dynamic account of commoning: “differential commoning”. This paper takes as its example the residents of a “manufactured housing” community who organized as a cooperative in response to the threat of eviction. Their struggle to collectivize, I suggest, illustrates the need for a more situated conceptualization of commoning, rather than a concept defined within the rigidity of economic rationality or the homogeneity of some imagined community.
Criconemoides Axeste N. Sp. Associated With Roses in Commercial Greenhouses in New York State

Eine grosse Anzahl von Criconemoides axeste n. sp. wurde in Rosenwurzeln und in der Erde kommerzieller Glashauser gefunden. Das Weibchen unterscheidet sich durch eine kleinere Anzahl von Ringeln (45 im Vergleich zu ungefahr 60 bei C. informe (Micoletzky, 1922) Taylor, 1936) sowie durch die vorstehenden 2ten und 3ten Ringel an der Ventralseite und durch ihren rauhen posterioren Rand. Larven zeichnen sich durch ein ovales, perlschnurformiges kutikulares Muster am posterioren Teil der Ringel aus. Es wurde gefunden, dass die Mannchen 1,5% der Nematodenbevolkerung ausmachen.
The Impact of Oil Prices on Income and Energy

The major determinant of real income growth in Korea is real oil prices, followed by money supply, exchange rates, energy consumption, and government spending. Over the longer horizon, the effects of exchange rates, oil prices, government spending, and money supply become more pronounced. For energy consumption, the most important factor is oil prices, followed by exchange rates, government spending, money supply, and income. For the association between energy consumption and real income, energy consumption influences real income growth only through energy consumption, while real income affects energy consumption only through the error correction term. The findings of the study thus suggest that the level of economic activity and energy consumption mutually influence each other.
Synthese und Strukturanalyse von [(Et3P)RhC2B9H10]2 – ein zweikerniges Rhodacarbaboran mit vier Bindungen zwischen zwei Ikosaedern

Das vollstandige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 929. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198309290
Argumentation-based dialogues for deliberation

This paper presents an argumentation-based approach to deliberation, the process by which two or more agents reach a consensus on a course of action. The kind of deliberation we are interested in combines both the selection of an overall goal, the reduction of this goal into sub-goals, and the formation of a plan to achieve the overall goal. We develop a mechanism for doing this and then proceed to describe how it can be integrated into a system of argumentation to provide a sound and complete deliberation system, before showing how the same process can be achieved through a multi-agent dialogue.
Power delivery modeling for full switching voltage regulator on high performance computing system

High performance computing (HPC) platform power delivery simulation is typically based on state average mode for simplicity. However, it is not able to capture the dynamic ripple noise and non-linear effect of output voltages, as well as the phase information. The correlation between state average model and lab measurement often lacks accuracy in low to middle frequency range. As a result, platform level power delivery performance assessment has to rely on hands-on measurements to fine-tune the board in order to meet platform specifications, which poses a stringent challenge to product readiness and development cost. To alleviate this problem, single shot design with accurate predictive switching VR modeling to achieve performance and cost balance has been identified as the goal. In this paper, we demonstrated a switching VR modeling methodology with accurate correlation and prediction results using On Semi voltage regulator (VR) model and Intel Romley platform customer reference board (CRB). This methodology applies to other platform simulation with different VRs and motherboards, and can be proliferated to external customers to improve their product design.
Wireless ambulatory ECG signal capture for HRV and cognitive load study using the NeuroMonitor platform

The heart rhythms, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, can fluctuate with varying cognitive loads that can be captured with electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV) metrics. In this paper, we report customization of a wireless, ambulatory NeuroMonitor device originally developed for collecting electroencephalogram (EEG) signals as a platform for ECG and HRV data collection. The overall gain is altered to 93.86, while the band pass filter was set to 0.5 Hz to 126 Hz. The four independent inputs were connected to left arm, right arm, left leg and right leg. ECG signal and HRV data was collected during relax state and elevated cognitive load conditions. The signals were digitized at 256 sps and wirelessly transmitted to a remote computer for analysis. These cardiac signals were filtered and plotted using MATLAB. We demonstrate successful data collection that enables multiple applications of NeuroMonitor platform as an ambulatory physiological parameter monitoring hardware for long duration study of patients in natural settings.
A Review of The Nutrition of Japanese Quail

A review of the literature on the nutrition of Japanese quail indicates that the information on the nutritional requirements is far from complete. The requirements suggested by different investigat...
Effect of zinc on acute and chronic isoproterenol induced heart injury

Abstract Hypertensive male rats were injected with single or multiple injections of isoproterenol. Some of the rats were administered zinc parenterally. A significant increase in serum zinc concentration occurred after administration of zinc but not in zinc content of the heart. Acute isoproterenol injection induced a 5-fold increase in calcium content of the heart. Zinc treatment significantly reduced calcium content and increased zinc content of the injured heart. When isoproterenol was injected in rats pretreated and simultaneously administered zinc for a period of 14 days, zinc significantly reduced calcium content, collagen content and size of the necrotic area in the heart. Histopathology of heart of rats treated with both zinc and isoproterenol showed only foci of necrosis replaced with less organized granulation tissue, while isoproterenol alone induced confluent circumferential subendocardial necrosis with mature granulation tissue. The weight of the heart (wet, dry, relative) was not affected by zinc treatment. The weight of the adrenal, significantly increased by isoproterenol, was significantly less in zinc-treated animals. It is concluded that parenteral administration of zinc partially protects the heart against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis. Although the mechanism of this effect is still not quite clear, we propose that zinc decreases the isoproterenol-induced influx of calcium into the myocardium, thus lowering the imbalance between heart work and O 2 -supply to the cardiac muscle.
Fractionation of trinucleotides from partial micrococcal nuclease digests of calf thymus DNA

Abstract The enzymic digest is first fractionated according to chain length by column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex in 7 M urea at neutral pH. The trimer fraction is further resolved according to Gp content on DEAE-Sephadex in 50% MeOH and NH 4 -formate buffers at pH 5.2. The three subgroups of trinucleotides containing 0, 1, and 2 Gp residues, respectively, are then separated according to Ap, Cp, and Tp content on DEAE-cellulose in 7 M urea and 0.1 M formic acid. Among the 23 trimers so obtained, sequence isomers such as TpGpAp and ApGpTp are resolved by partition chromatography on cellulose columns with 30% NH 4 -sulfate at neutral pH.
Electrocardiography and postextrasystolic potentiation : utilization of the two methods to predict postrevascularization segmental myocardial function

We previously reported that postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) is a useful predictor of changes in systolic wall function (SWF) following coronary revascularization. In the current study we analyzed ECG changes related to corresponding myocardial segments to determine their correlation with PESP and SWF. We found: (1) The PESP response in a jeopardized segment was a valid predictor of improved SWF even when Q waves, ST-segment changes, or T-wave changes were present. (2) However, when Q waves were present in two or more of the corresponding leads, positive PESP was less likely to be observed. (3) Thus Q waves in two leads predicted the least postrevascularization improvement. (4) Segments with no corresponding Q-wave postrevascularization usually improved SWF. (5) Furthermore, a continuum of responsiveness to PESP was found, ranging from T-wave changes, ST-segment changes to Q-wave changes, indicating dissociation between electrical and mechanical events. In conclusion, the ECG together with PESP provide good predictive information relative to the efficacy of revascularization. PESP is a more valuable predictive indicator. ECG alone may be of value in that the occurrence of Q waves in two or more corresponding leads predicts a low probability of improved SWF. Further studies are indicated to investigate the dissociation between electrical and mechanical events.
Purification and characterization of RNA polymerase I from a higher plant.

Abstract RNA polymerase I was purified from chromatin isolated from auxintreated soybean hypocotyl. Purification was achieved by using Agarose A-1.5m gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose, CM-sephadex, and phosphocellulose chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. With denatured calf thymus DNA as template, the enzyme has a high specific activity (200–300 nmol/mg/30 min at 28°C) which is comparable to other RNA polymerase I enzymes purified from animals and yeast. While the gel profiles indicate that purification to homogeneity (greater than 90%) may not have been achieved, the enzyme appears to be composed of possibly 7 subunits, several of which are similar to the subunits of yeast RNA polymerase I. The putative subunits and molar ratios are 183 000 (1), 136 000 (1), 50 000 (0.5), 46 000 (0.5), 40 000 (0.5), 33 000 (0.2), and 28 000 (2). The purified enzyme strongly prefers a completely denatured template such as poly(dC).
An Economic Analysis of Water Conservation Policy

Water conservation is a much emphasized policy of the Federal government. Discussion of water conservation proposals often involves confusion between a conservation “ethic,” which is an end in itself, and conservation as a means for attaining various economic objectives. Analysis indicates that outside of ground water “mining.” water is usually a renewable and reusable resource. During periods of normal precipitation, water conservation should be employed only when the value of the water saved exceeds the cost of effecting the savings. Water conservation is most valuable as a drought contingency tactic. Water conservation as a substitute for structural provision to meet normal water demand growth is apt to prove shortsighted.
Emission Exposure Model for the Transport of Toxic Mold

Biocontaminants such as mold spores are capable of being released into the indoor air from the site of growth and being transported in a viable or non-viable form. Exposure to toxic mold and the my...
Variable Temperature Raman Cell

A number of cryostats1–5 have been designed previously for use with the Cary 81 Raman spectrophotometer equipped with the Toronto arc source. The advent of laser Raman spectroscopy has necessitated the development of new sampling techniques and new cryogenic devices. Two cryostats which permit 90° viewing of the Raman scattering were developed for laser excitation by Gee and O’Shea6 and by Perry.7 Carlson8 has described a fixed-temperature Raman cell which is suitable for studying solids and condensed vapors with the laser source. We wish to describe a variable temperature cell which is also used in conjunction with the laser source. The versatility of this new Raman cell is exemplified by the fact that Raman spectra of liquids, solids, and condensed gases may be investigated over a wide temperature range.
Ts pol mutants of avian sarcoma viruses: mapping and demonstration of single cycle recombinants.

Abstract Twenty-seven early coordinate temperature-sensitive mutants of the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus were isolated. Physiological and biochemical characterizations have led to the conclusion that the defect in each mutant is a thermolabile-reverse transcriptase. Genetic mapping indicated that the new mutants are situated between the site of the pol lesion in LA337 and the env gene. Since the gene order of avian sarcoma viruses is 5′-gagpol-env-src-3′, the mapping data are in agreement with the suggestion that the mutants have a lesion in the pol gene. In the course of the mapping experiments, it was found that wild-type recombinants between temperature-sensitive mutants could be detected in the culture medium 24 hr after mixing infected cells. This observation suggests that neither infection with heterozygotes nor a second replicative cycle are required to generate recombinants.
Theories and applications of social justice leadership

Research and scholarship in the educational leadership field is becoming increasingly informed by social justice perspectives and approaches. However, collections by different authors are needed th...
Real-time road traffic prediction with spatio-temporal correlations

Real-time road traffic prediction is a fundamental capability needed to make use of advanced, smart transportation technologies. Both from the point of view of network operators as well as from the point of view of travelers wishing real-time route guidance, accurate short-term traffic prediction is a necessary first step. While techniques for short-term traffic prediction have existed for some time, emerging smart transportation technologies require the traffic prediction capability to be both fast and scalable to full urban networks. We present a method that has proven to be able to meet this challenge. The method presented provides predictions of speed and volume over 5-min intervals for up to 1 h in advance.
Dipole-exchange modes of a thin ferromagnetic film

Abstract The spin-wave modes of a thin ferromagnetic film magnetized parallel to the surface are obtained including both dipole and exchange interactions.
Pattern of SIVagm Infection in Patas Monkeys Suggests that Host Adaptation to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection May Result in Resistance to Infection and Virus Extinction

Patas were not reported to carry a species-specific SIV, but SIVagm cross-species transmission to patas occurred in the wild. We report that patas share immunophenotypic features with natural hosts of SIV, i.e., low levels of CD4+ T cells and low CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells. In one patas with undetectable levels of CD4+ T cells, experimental exposure to SIVagm did not result in infection. Remaining experimentally-infected patas showed an infection pattern similar to SIV infection in natural hosts. Thus, downregulation of CD4 and of CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells may effectively control HIV acquisition and result in SIV extinction.
Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010.

Abstract Swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been recognized as important pathogens for pigs and occasional human infections with swine origin influenza viruses (SOIV) have been reported. Between1990 and 2010, a total of twenty seven human cases of SOIV infections have been identified in the United States. Six viruses isolated from1990 to 1995 were recognized as classical SOIV (cSOIV) A(H1N1). After 1998, twenty-one SOIV recovered from human cases were characterized as triple reassortant (tr_SOIV) inheriting genes from classical swine, avian and human influenza viruses. Of those twenty-one tr_SOIV, thirteen were of A(H1N1), one of A(H1N2), and seven of A(H3N2) subtype. SOIV characterized were antigenically and genetically closely related to the subtypes of influenza viruses circulating in pigs but distinct from contemporary influenza viruses circulating in humans. The diversity of subtypes and genetic lineages in SOIV cases highlights the importance of continued surveillance at the animal–human interface.
PRISM/PASSPORT: “questioning authority (files)”

In Part 1 of my “Authors and Titles and MARC – Oh My!” (Fall 1993) I asked if you wanted me to do a similar article on the Authority File format. Well, there was a resounding reply to the affirmative. Well, maybe not resounding, but it was definitely a reply, more than one, even. Don′t laugh, I welcome all communication on this side of the column. It gets lonely facing these deadlines alone. You, the reader, have the luxury of reading this column whenever you want (well, within the parameters of routing it in a timely manner – I know). I, on the other hand, have to produce, on demand, an interesting, up‐to‐date, pithy expose on a PRISM/PASSPORT‐type topic that will grab your attention. Since I left AMIGOS and moved to this very quiet, private college, I′ve been wondering if anyone is out there...there...there... I′m feeling a little out of touch, so keep those electronic cards and letters coming in. That address: parkercc@class.org.
SHARED PATTERNS OF NONVERBAL NORMATIVE EXPECTATIONS IN AUTOMOBILE DRIVING.

(1964). Shared Patterns of Nonverbal Normative Expectations in Automobile Driving. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 155-163.
Role of Prostaglandins in the Response of the Cerebral Circulation to Carbon Dioxide in Conscious Rabbits

Summary: The role of prostaglandins in maintenance of resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and in cerebral vasodilatation during hypercapnia remains controversial. The effect of indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, on CBF and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) was examined in conscious animals. Regional and total CBF were measured with radioactive microspheres, and the efficacy of blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin was examined by the cranial window method. CBF was measured in conscious rabbits with 15-µm radioactive microspheres during normocapnia (Pco2 ≈ 30 mm Hg) and hypercapnia (Pco2 ≈ 60 mm Hg), before and after intravenous administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 6 for each). Thus, each animal served as its own control. CBF was 84 ± 6 and 190 ± 27 (mean ± SE) ml/min/100 g during normocapnia and hypercapnia, respectively, before indomethacin, and 78 ± 5 ml/min/100 g during normocapnia and 180 ± 16 ml/min/100 g during hypercapnia following indomethacin. Thus, indomethacin did not change normocapnic CBF. In addition, cerebrovascular responses during hypercapnia did not vary between the indomethacin and vehicle groups. Indomethacin did not attenuate increases in blood flow in any area of the brain, except slightly to cerebellum during hypercapnia. Indomethacin did not affect CVR during normocapnia or hypercapnia. The topical application of arachi-donic acid (75 and 150 µg/mg), dissolved in cerebrospinal fluid, dilated pial arteries in a dose-dependent fashion. Intravenous administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) blocked vasodilatation produced by arachidonic acid by 87% (p < 0.05). Thus, indomethacin, at a dose that effectively inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, did not change resting CBF or CVR or attenuate the increase in CBF or decrease in CVR during hypercapnia. These findings suggest that prostaglandins do not contribute significantly to regulation of the cerebral circulation during normocapnia and hypercapnia.
Porcine HveC, a member of the highly conserved HveC/nectin 1 family, is a functional alphaherpesvirus receptor.

Human herpesvirus entry mediator C (HveC) is an alphaherpesvirus receptor which binds to virion glycoprotein D (gD). We identified porcine HveC and studied its interaction with pseudorabies virus (PrV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gD. Porcine and human HveC have 96% amino acid identity and HveC from African green monkey, mouse, hamster, and cow are similarly conserved. Porcine HveC mediates entry of HSV-1, HSV-2, PrV, and bovine herpesvirus type 1. Truncated soluble forms of HSV-1 and PrV gD bind competitively to porcine HveC. Biosensor analysis shows that PrV gD binds with a 10-fold higher affinity than HSV-1 gD. Monoclonal antibodies against human HveC recognize the porcine homologue and can block gD binding and entry of HSV-1 and PrV. Porcine HveC is functionally indistinguishable from human HveC. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that HveC is a pan-alphaherpesvirus receptor that interacts with a conserved structural domain of gD.
Impairment of avoidance behavior following short-term ingestion of alcohol.

Acquisition and retention of a shock avoidance task were impaired in mice at 5h and 5 days but not at 14 days after withdrawal from 5 days of chronic alcohol consumption. Mice trained before ingestion of an alcohol-containing diet showed impairment in retention of the shock avoidance procedure 5 h after withdrawal from the diet but not during ingestion or 5 days after withdrawal. At 5 h after withdrawal from the alcohol-containing diet, motor activity and sensitivity to shock were not affected, but there was a decreased motor response to shock. There was no correlation between performance of the avoidance task and the severity of withdrawal signs, as measured by hypothermia or convulsions on handling. The hypothermia and other withdrawal signs were reversed. by acute injection of alcohol but the impairment in avoidance responding was not. These results demonstrate that consumption of an ethanol-containing diet for periods as short as 5 days results in relatively long-lasting alterations in avoidance behavior after withdrawal of the diet. This behavioral impairment appears to be distinct from other signs of alcohol withdrawal.
The Infra-Red Absorption of Brucite and Some Sulphates; Isotopic Effect

By means of an infra-red spectrometer the structure of the absorption band of brucite [Mg${(\mathrm{OH})}_{2}$] was studied. The region of greatest absorption was found to be at 2.48\ensuremath{\mu}. Besides this maximum there were small maxima of absorption located at 2.40\ensuremath{\mu}, 2.30\ensuremath{\mu}, 2.14\ensuremath{\mu}. The maxima at 2.48\ensuremath{\mu}, 240\ensuremath{\mu}, and 2.30\ensuremath{\mu} correspond approximately in position and absorption to the isotopes of ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$, and ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}$ as found by Aston. The small band at 2.14\ensuremath{\mu}, corresponds in position to ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{28}$. However, this isotope is not given. The work of Coblentz has been examined for the isotopic effect. In the reflection spectrum of nickel sulphate in solution there are two maxima located at 9.15\ensuremath{\mu} and 9.50\ensuremath{\mu}. The second is more intense. These maxima are probably due to ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$. In the spectrum of potassium sulphate there are two maxima, one at 9.00\ensuremath{\mu} and the other at 9.40\ensuremath{\mu}. The maxima at 9.40\ensuremath{\mu} is much more intense. These two maxima are probably due to ${\mathrm{K}}^{39+41}$ and K${\mathrm{R}}^{39}$ taken twice. Other sulphates in solution showed only one maximum. The sulphates of barium, strontium, and magnesium in the solid state also had complex maxima. As the light was unpolarized, these maxima might be due to pleochroism.
Structural correlates of rapid axonal transfort: Evidence that microtubules may not be directly involved

Abstract It has been shown that labeled protein moves down axons of vagus nerves at 15 mm/h; exposure of desheathed vagus nerves to 7.5 mM colchicine blocks some of this transport while allowing the rest to continue. Electron microscopic autoradiography has been used to compare axons containing blocked rapid transport with axons in which labeled protein continues to move during colchicine treatment. The results show that rapid transport can continue at the normal rate in spite of substantial loss of microtubules. The number of neurofilaments does not change significantly either during microtubule depolymerization or after blockage of rapid transport. Silver grains in EM-autoradiograms are located over the marginal axoplasm, close to the axolemma. At the distal end of the axons in these excised vagus nerves, profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and labeled protein accumulate even when microtubule number is greatly reduced. These results suggest that microtubules are not the primary site of rapid axonal transport; instead, the marginal axoplasm, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and possibly the axolemma may be more directly involved.
Catecholamine biosynthesis and vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: An in vitro study of localized brain regions

Abstract The in vitro synthesis of catecholamines and the secretion of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) was measured in localized regions of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The posterior pituitary (PP), median eminence (ME) and supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclear regions were incubated in vitro in media containing 3H-tyrosine. Media and tissue levels of AVP and OT were measured as well as norepinephrine and dopamine content and biosynthesis. There were no differences in peptide release in either the PP, ME or SON. However, there was a marked increase in peptide release from the PVN of the SHR. Media AVP levels were 0.3 pg/ml/μg protein in the WKY as compared to 2.1 pg/ml/μg protein in the SHR. OT release was increased 2 fold, from 0.85 to 1.7 pg/ml/μg protein. PVN content of both AVP and OT was significantly lower in the SHR. ME and SON peptide levels were not changed, while neurohypophyseal AVP levels were increased in the SHR. With regard to the catecholamines appreciable norepinephrine synthesis was measured in the PVN and SON while there was little 3H-norepinephrine in the ME or PP. In the hypertensive rat, there was an increase in norepinephrine synthesis in the PVN with no change in the SON. These results provide further support for fundamental changes in the catecholaminergic and peptidergic systems of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis of the SHR.
The magnetotelluric inverse problem

The magnetotelluric inverse problem is reviewed, addressing the following mathematical questions: (a)Existence of solutions: A satisfactory theory is now available to determine whether or not a given finite collection of response data is consistent with any one-dimensional conductivity profile. (b)Uniqueness: With practical data, consisting of a finite set of imprecise observations, infinitely many solutions exist if one does. (c)Construction: Several numerically stable procedures have been given which it can be proved will construct a conductivity profile in accord with incomplete data, whenever a solution exists. (d)Inference: No sound mathematical theory has yet been developed enabling us to draw firm, geophysically useful conclusions about the complete class of satisfactory models. Examples illustrating these ideas are given, based in the main on the COPROD data series.
Integrated Computational Life-Cycle Assessment of Buildings

A computational tool has been developed for the environmental evaluation of building designs. Construction and operation of buildings is a major cause of resource depletion and environmental pollution. Computational performance evaluation tools can support the decision making in the area of environmentally responsive building design and play an important role in environmental impact assessment, especially when a life-cycle assessment approach is used. For comprehensive environmental impact analysis to be realized in a computational support tool for the building design domain, such tools must have the following three characteristics: (1) An analysis method that considers the life cycle of building construction, operation, and decommissioning; (2) a representation that is able to accommodate the data and computability requirements of the analysis method and tool; and (3) be integrated within a multiaspect design analysis environment that can provide data on environmentally relevant building operation criteria. This paper describes a computational tool, ECOLOGUE, developed in response to these requirements. However, limitations remain in terms of data availability and the precision of the environmental impact assessment methods.
RELATIONSHIP OF FREEZING PRESERVATION PARAMETERS TO TEXTURE‐RELATED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TO THERMALLY PROCESSED CRUSTACEAN MUSCLE1

Selected freezing preservation parameters applied to thermally processed blue crabs and shrimp were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy to determine the relationship of the parameters to texture-related structural damage brought about by ice crystal formation and growth. Ice crystal growth and tissue disruption occurs largely during post-freezing frozen storage, the rate of freezing merely setting the pattern of subsequent crystal growth. Damage is more severe with slow (sharp) freezing due to growth of large extracellular ice crystals, causing tissue dehydration and shrinkage and compaction. This also leads to greater drip loss upon thawing. Rapid freezing in “Freon” food freezant or in liquid nitrogen (LN2) results in less disruptive intracellular crystal formation and growth, the water tending to remain in the tissue upon thawing. Immersion in LN2 caused noticeable stress-cracking of the tissue, but there was no evidence of significant ice crystal growth during subsequent warming to freezer storage temperatures. Ice crystal growth during — 29 °C storage was at least one-third slower than at — 10 °C, underscoring the overriding importance of good holding conditions following rapid freezing. It can be concluded that the various fast freezing methods are essentially equally suitable as long as the freezing rate is well within the limit for promoting formation of tiny intracellular ice crystals (i.e. on the order of a few to several minutes). Double freezing of shrimp, a common commercial practice, doesn't appear to result in significant damage to tissue over and above that which develops during post-thermal processing frozen storage. It is advisable to upgrade frozen storage systems in the distribution channels to the level of sophistication of modern freezing systems, and to hold product for as short a time at as low a subfreezing temperature as is practical.
Volumetric Effects in Cross-Polarized Airborne Radar Data

In recent years the detection of soil moisture using remote sensing technology has become of interest to investigators and a variety of state and federal government agencies. The parameter of interest is important in agricultural, meteorological, biological, and hydrological applications. The use of active microwave devices has shown to provide capability for remote measurement from space. Problems do exist however, in isolating moisture information from the effects of other parameters such as roughness and vegetation. Of special concern is the suppression of the roughness effects in the radar return. This paper presents an analysis of airborne cross-polarized radar measurements of agricultural scenes. The relative responses of the system to moisture and surface roughness are presented and compared to predicted responses using radar backscatter models. It is shown that the depolarized model predictions are sensitive to soil moisture, but are much less sensitive to surface roughness effects.