cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Now or Never: How Media Coverage of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C Shaped Climate-Action Deadlines

Media coverage of climate change has increased since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on 1.5°C, and numerous articles cite 2030 "deadlines" for action. Such messaging can galvanize public engagement, but it might also prompt complex negative responses. As 2030 targets approach, more innovative, co-produced communication will be critical to engaging inclusive audiences.
Role of Adaptive Regulatory T Cells in the Induction of Tolerance to FVIII

Individuals who lack a given protein may never properly develop self tolerance. Thus, the administration of protein therapeutics can lead to undesirable immune responses. A classic example is that patients with Hemophilia A can develop an inhibitory immune response to therapeutic treatments with coagulation factor VIII (fVIII). Several years ago, we developed a B-cell delivered gene therapy based approach to prevent this response and a mouse model to study the mechanisms of the induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance to fVIII inhibitors. This model takes advantage of a knock-in mouse with the transcription factor, FoxP3, in frame with green fluorescent protein (GFP). FoxP3 is considered to be a marker for regulatory T cells (Tregs). The FoxP3-GFP knock-in allows us to follow existing (natural) Tregs and the induction of adaptive Tregs. We have backcrossed this mouse, which expresses GFP in all FoxP3+ Tregs, with the hemophilic mouse, which has an existing deletion in fVIII (E16), for 10 generations. Establishing a mouse that is transgenic for both the FoxP3-GFP fusion and a deletion in fVIII will enhance future clinically oriented experiments to understand how tolerogenic B cells interact with Tregs in a hemophilia system. Lymphocytes from these mice have now been characterized using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and analyzed during treatment with tolerogenic B cells. These cells express Treg markers that include, CD25, CTLA-4, GITR and reduced amounts of CD127. However, the population of fVIII antigen-specific cells is small in this mouse model. Thus, it is difficult to detect changes over the natural variation found between mice in a colony, although small changes have been detected. To explore the underlying role of Tregs in tolerance induction, we have bred an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific, T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse that contains the FoxP3-GFP fusion (FoxP3GFP/DO11.10 and FoxP3GFP/DO11.10/Rag2 −/− ). Using our B-cell delivered tolerance protocol, we can prevent immunization when an immunologically competent mouse is immunized with OVA in adjuvant. When FoxP3GFP/DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice are treated with OVA-Ig transduced B cells, we found a significant increase in antigen-specific Tregs (p −/− , which completely lack natural regulatory cells, we found that FoxP3 was expressed in 4% (p
Redescription and phylogenetic assessment of ‘Prognathodon’ stadtmani: implications for Globidensini monophyly and character homology in Mosasaurinae

Prognathodon stadtmani was discovered in the Campanian portion of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale in western Colorado in 1975. Following its original description almost two decades ago, more mate...
A Case Series of the Use of Piezosurgery Instrument for Minimally Invasive Metopic Suturectomy

Background Minimal invasive suturectomy is one of the many surgical approaches to treat isolated single suture craniosynostosis. This approach can be technically challenging in metopic craniosynostosis given the narrow corridor and steep angle of the forehead. New instruments such as the Piezosurgery device (Mectron) have the potential to improve the ability to safely perform minimal invasive surgery in metopic craniosynostosis. Objective To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of Piezosurgery technology in minimal invasive suturectomy for nonsyndromic metopic suture craniosynostosis and to describe our technique. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of all the single metopic suturectomies performed at our single institution from March 2018 to November 2019. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were collected to assess the safety of Piezosurgery. Results The cohort consisted of 12 patients with an average of 95.25 d old and an average weight of 6.2 kg. A total of 91.7% were male, and 91.7% were Caucasian. There were no intraoperative or postoperative Piezosurgery device-related complications in the entire cohort. Conclusion The use of the Piezosurgery instrument was safe in this cohort of minimal invasive metopic suturectomy. This device has greatly increased the ease of this procedure in our hands.
Effect of Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir and Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir on Serum Creatinine

Background & objectives There are reports of worsening renal functions with sofosbuvir, but there are no comparative data of different direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on serum creatinine. In this retrospective cohort analysis, we examined the treatment effect of two commonly used regimens, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB), on serum creatinine. Methods We included all patients treated with SOF/LDV (n = 825) and GLE/PIB (n = 116) between December 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018. An increase of serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL was considered clinically significant. The change of creatinine values from pretreatment to posttreatment between two treatment groups was tested in unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear model, and risk factors associated with creatinine change were assessed. In addition, GLE/PIB-treated patients were matched 1:2 to SOF/LDV-treated patients using propensity scores, and then serum creatinine changes were compared. Results The mean baseline creatinine was higher in the GLE/PIB group vs. SOF/LDV group (1.39 ± 1.86 vs. 0.91 ± 0.24, P = 0.007). When compared to baseline, serum creatinine at posttreatment week 4 was significantly higher in SOF/LDV group (0.97 ± 0.4 vs.0.91 ± 0.24, P Conclusion Treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection with both SOF/LDV and GLE/PIB regimens may result in an increase of creatinine, and 6–7% will have an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL. The increase in creatinine, however, is unrelated to the type of DAA combination.
Sensitivity analysis of unmeasured confounding in causal inference based on exponential tilting and super learner

Causal inference under the potential outcome framework relies on the strongly ignorable treatment assumption. This assumption is usually questionable in observational studies, and the unmeasured co...
Novel environmental conditions due to climate change in the world's largest marine protected areas

Summary Climate change is altering the biogeochemical conditions of the ocean, leading to the emergence of novel environmental conditions that may drastically affect the performance of very large marine protected areas (VLMPAs) (area > 100,000 km2). Given the prominent role that VLMPAs play in ocean conservation, determining when and where novel conditions will emerge within VLMPAs is vital for ensuring a healthy ocean in the future. Here, using a non-parametric approach to detect novelty, we show that 60%–87% of the ocean and 76%–97% of VLMPAs are expected to contain novel conditions across multiple biogeochemical variables by 2100, with novel conditions in pH emerging by 2030. With most VLMPAs expected to contain environmental conditions unlike those currently within their boundaries, and given the likelihood of any of these climate futures unfolding, present-day management will need to consider alterations to current and future VLMPA design and use.
Advances in the Static-Argon, Dc-Arc Spectrochemical Source

The advanced dc-arc spectrochemical source discussed here was developed by William A. Gordon at N.A.S.A., Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. It consists of a dc current arc in a static-argon gas chamber. Figure 1 is a photograph of a typical spectrochemical analysis system. This unit is in operation at the University of Colorado Medical Center in Denver, Colorado, under the direction of Michael Hambidge, M.D. It employs a standard Jarrell-Ash 1.5 meter Paschen-Runge mount direct reading spectrometer. The spectrometer offers a reciprocal linear dispersion of 5.5 A/millimeter along the focal curve yielding a spectral band pass of 0.4 A for typical exit slit widths. Photomultipliers are arranged behind the exit slits along the focal curve located in the rear of the spectrograph and each of the currents from these photomultiplier tubes is integrated by storing a charge on separate capacitors. After analysis each capacitor is discharged through an electronic measuring circuit and the signal is recorded. This is the same model spectrometer which is employed at N.A.S.A., Lewis Research Center with the static-argon arc at that location. The inert gas chamber itself is located in front of the entrance slit on the optical bar of the spectrometer. Some of the auxiliary equipment necessary to operate the system is visible on the right side of the photograph. A standard spectrochemical dc-arc supply source is located below the arc chamber. A manifold system containing gas flow valves and a pressure gauge is visible. The gas flow system which controls the argon pressure that is backfilled into the arc chamber is also connected to a vacuum pump located on the floor.
Heating of the Interstellar Medium by Supernova Remnants

We observe the heating of interstellar material in young supernova remnants (SNR). In addition, when analyzing the soft X-ray background we find evidence for large isolated regions of apparently hot, low density material. These, we infer, may have been heated by supernovae. One such region seems to surround the Sun. This has been modeled as a supernova remnant viewed from within. The most reasonable parameters are ambient density no ~ 0.004 cm-3, radius of about 100 pc, age just over 105 years (Cox and Anderson 1982).
Detection of buried land mines by Compton backscatter imaging

In this paper the application of Compton backscatter imaging to the detection of buried nonmetallic land mines is examined. A combination of measurements and calculations is used to address the problem. Measurements are made using an X-ray source, positioning system, and various detectors. A Monte Carlo photon transport code is the primary method used in calculations. An imaging system, based on detector collimation to emphasize differences in the interactions of multiply scattered photons in soil and explosive, is capable of mine detection to depths of at least 7.5 cm.
The effects of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate on the reproductive system of male rats

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (TRIS) administered intraperitoneally to adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks at concentrations of 85.1 to 340.5 mg/week caused significant, dose-related declines in the weights of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles. Sperm production by the testes and sperm storage in the epididymides were also reduced. Although prostate weight declined, the effect was not correlated with the dose of TRIS. Neither serum concentrations of testosterone nor the testicular capacity to produce testosterone in vitro were affected by any dose of TRIS.
Acute Heart Failure due to Fulminant and Giant Cell Myocarditis

Acute or fulminant nonischemic, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an uncommon cause for heart failure with a highly variable prognosis that is in part dependent on histopathology and in part on clinical presentation. Once common causes of acute DCM are excluded using standard clinical tests, the specific inflammatory and infectious causes of DCM should be systematically evaluated and treated. Specific histopathologic forms include fulminant lymphocytic myocarditis, which has an excellent prognosis with standard heart failure care. By contrast, giant cell myocarditis, which may be fulminant or acute, has a poor prognosis and frequently requires heart transplantation or immunosuppression for long-term survival. Noninvasive tests that may support the diagnosis of fulminant or acute myocarditis include cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and biomarkers of cardiac injury. Certain clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic variables predict risk of death or transplant in acute myocarditis. This article will compare the presentation, prognosis, and treatment options for several uncommon causes for acute heart failure and suggest certain clinical scenarios in which the likelihood of specific histopathologic disorders is high enough to warrant endomyocardial biopsy if noninvasive tests are inconclusive.
Colorectal Cancer: Surveillance

The majority of patients with colon and rectal cancer undergo curative resection and become candidates for continuing surveillance. It is well understood that the risk of colorectal cancer recurrence is largely dependent on the stage of disease at initial presentation and the appropriate level of postoperative surveillance should reflect this degree of risk stratification. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the follow-up and surveillance of patients who have undergone curative-intent surgery. Continued surveillance is imperative to detect both metachronous neoplasms and prevent the development of subsequent cancers. In theory, proper surveillance allows subsequent polyps to be removed before malignant transformation occurs and improve survival by early identification of treatable recurrent cancer. Furthermore, surveillance directs family members of patients with hereditary cancers to receive proper screening and genetic counseling.
Proton transport in ice at 30–140 K: Effects of porosity

We examined the role of porosity, a crucial characteristic of amorphous solid water (ASW), on electrostatic charging and discharging of ASW films with 500 eV He+ and Xe+ ions, by measuring the surface potentials with a Kelvin probe. When a charged ASW film is heated, its surface potential decreases sharply, at temperatures that depend on the maximum temperature the film was once subject to. This sharp decrease of the surface potential is not due to a large thermally induced increase of the dielectric constant e as proposed in other studies, since measurements of e yielded a value of ∼3 below ∼100 K. Rather, the potential drop can be explained by the transport of the surface charge to the substrate, which depends on film porosity. We propose that the charge migrates along the walls of the pores within the ASW film, facilitated by the thermally induced reorientation of the incompletely coordinated molecules on the pore walls.
Motion characteristics of spermatozoa from men with cytotoxic sperm antibodies.

: Semen samples from 55 fertile nonautoimmune and 44 infertile sperm autoimmune men were evaluated by computerized sperm cell motion analysis. Sperm counts (mean ± SEM, 59.6 ± 10.3 ± 106 per ml), motility (39.0 + 4.6%), mean swimming speed (μm/sec, 26.5 ± 0.9), mean linearity (straight line distance of the cell track divided by the actual track length and multiplied by 10, 6.5 + 0.2), and motility index (% motility ± mean speed, 10.7 ± 1.4) in 23 men with significant titers of cytotoxic sperm antibodies in their serum and seminal plasma were less (p<0.0001) than those in the fertile controls. However, these parameters were comparable in 18 men with sperm antibodies in their seminal plasma but not in their serum, and the control group. Infertile men with serum cytotoxic sperm antibodies had more sperm cells swimming at 11–30 μm/sec, and fewer moving at 31 μm or higher; this was in contrast to results obtained from fertile men (p < 0.05). The percentages of sperm cells moving at 21–30 μm/sec were increased, while those moving at 51–60 μm/sec were decreased in men with seminal plasma sperm antibodies, versus controls. Spermatozoa with low linearities (≤6) were higher (p<0.05) in men with serum and seminal plasma cytotoxic sperm antibodies than in the fertile group. The numbers of sperm cells moving at a linearity of ten, on the other hand, were lower in the infertile men with sperm antibodies in the serum and seminal plasma (21.8 ± 2.7 versus 36.4 ± 1.3; p< 0.00001) or seminal plasma only (28.0 ± 1.5; p< 0.0001). We suggest that the spermatozoa of men with cytotoxic sperm antibodies in their serum and seminal plasma have poorer sperm motion characteristics than those of fertile men.
Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease?

Cigarette smoking is known to contribute to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract by promoting recruitment of inflammatory-immune cells such as neutrophils and perhaps by altering neutroph...
Arthroscopic Repair of Meniscal Tears Extending into the Avascular Zone in Patients Younger Than Twenty Years of Age

BackgroundLimited data are available regarding repair results of meniscal tears extending into the central avascular region.HypothesisMeniscal tears extending into the avascular region can be succe...
PMA activation of macrophages alters macrophage metabolism of aggregated LDL

Aggregation of LDL may contribute to its retention in atherosclerotic lesions. Previously, we showed that aggregated LDL induces and enters surface-connected compartments (SCCs) in human monocyte-derived macrophages by a process we have named patocytosis. Aggregated LDL was disaggregated and released from SCCs of macrophages when exposed to human lipoprotein-deficient serum. The serum factor that mediated aggregated LDL release and disaggregation was plasmin generated from plasminogen by macrophage urokinase plasminogen activator. We now show that activation of macrophages with PMA inhibits plasmin-mediated release of aggregated LDL from macrophages. With macrophage activation, plasminogen released about 60% less cholesterol and 63% less TCA-insoluble 125I-aggregated LDL than when macrophages were not activated. Electron microscopy showed that PMA did not cause SCCs to close, which could have trapped aggregated LDL within the SCCs and limited protease access to aggregated LDL. Rather, PMA decreased macrophage generation of plasmin by 61%, and stimulated lysosomal degradation of aggregated LDL by more than 2-fold. Degradation was mediated by protein kinase C, shown by the finding that degradation was inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor Go6976. PMA-stimulated degradation of aggregated LDL was associated with a 3-fold increase in cholesterol esterification, consistent with hydrolysis and re-esterification of aggregated LDL-derived cholesteryl ester. In conclusion, macrophage activation with PMA causes more of the aggregated LDL that enters macrophage SCCs to be metabolized by lysosomes. This results in more cholesterol to be stored in macrophages and less aggregated LDL to be available for plasmin-mediated release from macrophage SCCs.
Reflection and moral maturity in a nurse's caring practice: a critical perspective

The likelihood of nurse reflection is examined from the theoretical perspectives of Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action and Moral Action and Sumner's Moral Construct of Caring in Nursing as Communicative Action, through a critical social theory lens. The argument is made that until the nurse reaches the developmental level of post-conventional moral maturity and/or Benner's Stage 5: expert, he or she is not capable of being inwardly directed reflective on self. The three developmental levels of moral maturity and Benner's stages are presented with discussion on whether or not there can be self-reflection because of an innate vulnerability that leads to self-protective behaviours. It is only when the confidence from mastery of practice has been achieved can the nurse be comfortable with reflection that enables him or her to become enlightened, emancipated, and empowered. The influences and constraints of the knowledge power between nurse and patient are acknowledged. The power hierarchy of the institution is recognized as constraining.
Terahertz studies of collective excitations in a semiconductor magneto-plasma

Using coherent THz time-domain spectroscopy, we observe and successfully model a rich variety of interference phenomena related to long-lived magneto-plasmon excitations in InSb magneto-plasmas. New effects of tunable thermally and magnetically induced transparency are observed.
Breeding performance and shooting bags of Red Grouse in relation to public access in the Peak District National Park, England

Abstract A three-years' study was begun in 1967 to investigate complaints from moor owners in the Peak District National Park that recent agreements, which allow people to walk over moorland areas away from public rights-of-way, had resulted in a decline in the numbers of Red Grouse shot each year. Broods of Red Grouse were counted on study areas on three moors where people had unrestricted access and on three moors where access was limited to rights-of-way. Past bags of the Grouse shot on 15 moors were also examined. Grouse bred no worse on study areas on moors where people had unrestricted access, and Grouse bags showed no evidence of a decline associated with public access agreements. Counts on two busy Sundays in July and August showed that only 5 per cent of visitors strayed from the main paths, despite access agreements. Heather management for Red Grouse was poor on three of the study areas.
Mechanism of loss of Kv11.1 K+ current in mutant T421M-Kv11.1-expressing rat ventricular myocytes: interaction of trafficking and gating.

Background—Type 2 long QT syndrome involves mutations in the human ether a-go-go–related gene (hERG or KCNH2). T421M, an S1 domain mutation in the Kv11.1 channel protein, was identified in a resuscitated patient. We assessed its biophysical, protein trafficking, and pharmacological mechanisms in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Methods and Results—Isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were infected with wild-type (WT)–Kv11.1– and T421M-Kv11.1–expressing adenovirus and analyzed with the use of patch clamp, Western blot, and confocal imaging techniques. Expression of WT-Kv11.1 or T421M-Kv11.1 produced peak tail current (IKv11.1) of 8.78±1.18 and 1.91±0.22 pA/pF, respectively. Loss of mutant IKv11.1 resulted from (1) a partially trafficking-deficient channel protein with reduced cell surface expression and (2) altered channel gating with a positive shift in the voltage dependence of activation and altered kinetics of activation and deactivation. Coexpression of WT+T421M-Kv11.1 resulted in heterotetrameric c...
The Social Construction of a Gentrifying Neighborhood Reifying and Redefining Identity and Boundaries in Inequality

This study draws upon cognitive maps and interviews with 56 residents living in a gentrifying area to examine how residents socially construct neighborhoods. Most minority respondents, regardless o...
Reconstruction of textureless regions using structure from motion and image-based interpolation

Techniques based on the well-studied approaches of structure from motion and bundle adjustment are very robust for scenes with texture. In scenes with little texture information these approaches can fail. Shape from shading determines the shape of an object up to a scale from a single image, and performs better than structure from motion methods in textureless regions. We propose using Gradient Constrained Interpolation to estimate a dense point cloud where holes are caused by regions of low texture during structure from motion reconstruction. Our technique is demonstrated to show good results in both synthetic and real data and outperforms methods which do not use image information.
Word recognition during reading: The interaction between lexical repetition and frequency

Memory studies utilizing long-term repetition priming have generally demonstrated that priming is greater for low-frequency than for high-frequency words and that this effect persists if words intervene between the prime and the target. In contrast, word-recognition studies utilizing masked short-term repetition priming have typically shown that the magnitude of repetition priming does not differ as a function of word frequency and does not persist across intervening words. We conducted an eyetracking-while-reading experiment to determine which of these patterns more closely resembles the relationship between frequency and repetition during the natural reading of a text. Frequency was manipulated using proper names that were either high-frequency (e.g., Stephen) or low-frequency (e.g., Dominic). The critical name was later repeated in the sentence, or a new name was introduced. First-pass reading times and skipping rates on the critical name revealed robust repetition-by-frequency interactions, such that the magnitude of the repetition-priming effect was greater for low-frequency than for high-frequency names. In contrast, measures of later processing showed effects of repetition that did not depend on lexical frequency. These results are interpreted within a framework that conceptualizes eye-movement control as being influenced in different ways by lexical- and discourse-level factors.
A parallel Householder tridiagonalization stratagem using scattered square decomposition

The parallel stratagem in this paper uses scattered square decomposition, introduced by Fox (1985), for its data assignment and then exploits parallelism in the solution steps of the sequential Householder tridiagonalization algorithm. One may condense a real symmetric full matrix A of order n into a tridiagonal form by the stratagem in concurrent machines where N(=D-squared) processors are used. Expressions for efficiency and speedup are given for the evaluation of the stratagem. An alternative stratagem which requires less data transmission but more computations is also discussed. The results shown that the Householder method of tridiagonalization may be implemented on a concurrent machine efficiently by scattered square decomposition provided that the number of matrix elements contained in each processor is much larger than the number of processors of the concurrent machine, and the ratio of the time to transmit one data item from one processor to any other processor to the time to perform a floating-point arithmetic operation is small enough.
Membrane phase transitions and the transport of chlortetracycline.

Abstract When chlortetracycline is added to a suspension of respiring Staphylococcus aureus cells, the active transport of the antibiotic may be monitored by its fluorescence enhancement as it moves from a polar aqueous environment into the apolar regions of the membrane. The initial rates of transport are temperature dependent with a maximal rate between 35 and 45 °C. Arrhenius plots of the initial rates are biphasic with a transition temperature of 27 °C for control cells. This transition temperature is sensitive to the fatty acid composition of the S. aureus cells. By culturing the cells in the presence of oleic acid or at 10 °C, the S. aureus cells incorporate a larger percentage of unsaturated and branched chain fatty acids into their membranes, resulting in transition temperatures 8–9 °C lower than the control cells. Studies of depolarization of fluorescence also indicate that the mobility of the bound chlortetracycline is temperature-dependent. Temperature transitions occur at the same temperatures as those measured by Arrhenius plots. The transition temperatures indicated by the Arrhenius plots and the polarization studies are believed to reflect order-disorder phase transitions associated with the melting of the phospholipids in the cell envelope.
Effective Teacher Evaluation—Process Must Be Personalized, Individualized:

Charging that supervision and evaluation historically have not been effective, the authors present their plan for individualizing and personalizing the process. Essential to the process is com mitment to developing a collegial relationship.
Spectral Transform Methods for Solving the Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere

Abstract The accuracy of computed solutions to several formulations of the shallow-water equations is compared. The shallow-water equations can be written in a number of different forms that are obtained by (a) combining terms into differential expressions; (b) raising the order of the differential equations, for example, the vorticity–divergence formulation, and (c) transforming both independent and dependent variables. Although the exact solutions to the formulations are identical, the properties of the computed solutions vary depending on the formulation and the method of solution. Nine methods are examined, all of which provide satisfactory accuracy for a steady-state test case. The exact solution corresponds to a steady zonal wind that is tilted relative to the computational spherical coordinate system. The resulting wind passes over the North Pole, providing a test of the “pole problem.” Computational details are presented as well as the accuracy of a 5-day computation in both 32- and 64-bit arithme...
Stereocontrolled acylation of (η4-cycloheptatriene)iron tricarbonyl

Abstract The anion derived by deprotonating (cycloheptatriene)Fe(CO) 3 reacts with acid chlorides to give exo C-7 substitution. The acyl group is readily isomerized to C-5 on treatment with base. The C-7 acylated products can be deprotonated; the resulting anions react at oxygen with acyl chlorides and Me 3 SiCl, and at carbon with MeI.
Electrochemical biosensing based on noble metal nanoparticles

The interest in the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors with high sensitivity, selectivity and efficiency is rapidly growing. In recent years, noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs), with extraordinary conductivity, large surface-to-volume ratio and biocompatibility, have been extensively employed for developing novel electrochemical sensing platforms and improving their performances. Through distinct surface modification strategies (e.g. self-assembly, layer-by-layer, hybridization and sol-gel technology), NMNPs provide well control over the microenvironment of biological molecules retaining their activity, and facilitate the electron transfer between the redox center of biomolecules and electrode surface. Moreover, NMNPs have been involved into biorecognition events (e.g. immunoreactions, DNA hybridization and ligand-receptor interactions) by conjugating with various biomolecules, chemical labels and other nanomaterials, achieving the signal transduction and amplification. The aim of this review is to summarize different strategies for NMNP-based signal amplification, as well as to provide a snapshot of recent advances in the design of electrochemical biosensing platforms, including enzyme/protein sensors focused on their direct electrochemistry on NMNP-modified electrode surface; immunosensors and gene sensors in which NMNPs not only participate into biorecognition, but also act as electroactive tags to enhance the signal output. In addition, NMNP alloy-based multifunctional electrochemical biosensors are briefly introduced in terms of their unique heterostructures and properties.
Complexation Properties of the Chelating Resin Functionalized with Iminodiacetic Acid. Application to Column Separation of Molybdenum and Tungsten.

A chelating polymer resin having iminodiacetic acid (IDA) as the functional group has been prepared for the selective adsorption of oxo-molybdenum(VI) or oxo-tungsten(VI). The13C- and1H-NMR spectra of these IDA complexes have been studied in the pH range of 4-7 to elucidate the complexation properties of the functional group. The NMR study in the homogeneous system suggests that the IDA forms a 1:1 complex with MoVIand WVIin the pH region 4-7. The peak integration of coordinated acetate signals indicates that the complex formation of IDA is much favorable with MoVI than with WVI. A selective adsorption of MoVIover WVIhas been realized by the chelating resin having an IDA group. A mutual separation of MoVIand WVIhas been demonstrated by the IDA resin in a column system.
Capacitor placement and scheduling using interactive bi-objective programming with valuable trade off approach

Abstract The interactive bi-objective programming with valuable trade off (IBVT) approach to general capacitor placement and scheduling problems is proposed. A novel simulated annealing-like, modified particle swarm optimization (SA–PSO) is also presented and applied for better solution quality. Two main contradictory concerns, which including cost and quality properties, are considered for optimization. For practical needs, the operating and expansion constraints of distribution feeders are formulated. Also, both fixed and switched types of capacitors are included. To demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, comparative studies were conducted on an actual feeder systematically. The experiment showed encouraging results, suggesting that the proposed approach was capable of efficiently determining higher quality solutions.
News of X-ray reaches America days after announcement of Roentgen's discovery.

Word of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of a new ray in 1895 spread throughout the advanced nations in only days after he published his first paper. American scientists, like other Americans, learned of it first through their daily newspaper. Shortly later, in the pages of Science, Scientific American, and publications devoted to electrical engineering, the scientists had access to more complete articles about Roentgen’s discovery and the efforts of others to duplicate it. Roentgen recorded his first observation on the afternoon of November 8, 1895. In the following weeks, he tested his new rays to define their properties and made 1 7 observations before writing a paper that was submitted for publication on December 28, 1895, to a local scientific publication [1]. Roentgen’s prestige in the community was such that his paper was accepted without review and published immediately. On New Year’s Day, Roentgen mailed some 50 copies of reprints along with copies of his X-ray images to scientific colleagues in Bavaria and Austria [2]. Roentgen’s work had been intended as a follow-up on the cathode ray studies of his colleagues Lenard, Hertz, Crookes, and others. Publications of their work were generally known to physicists of the era. Likewise, the work of Tesla, Edison, and other electrical engineers could be found in the pages of scientific and engineering publications. Spectacular as it was, Roentgen’s paper fitted into a continuum of the research that had occupied physicists for nearly two decades. His colleagues had no difficulty understanding his
Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm

deficient core knowledge, I propose that we turn an osten- sible weakness into a strength. We should identify our mission as bring- ing together insights and theories that would otherwise remain scattered in other disciplines. Because of the lack of interchange among the disci- plines, hypotheses thoroughly discredited in one field may receive wide acceptance in another. Potential research paradigms remain fractured, with pieces here and there but no comprehensive statement to guide re- search. By bringing ideas together in one location, communication can aspire to become a master discipline that synthesizes related theories and concepts and exposes them to the most rigorous, comprehensive state- ment and exploration. Reaching this goal would require a more self-con- scious determination by communication scholars to plumb other fields and feed back their studies to outside researchers. At the same time, such an enterprise would enhance the theoretical rigor of communication scholarship proper. The idea
Theory of Magnetodynamics Induced by Spin Torque in Perpendicularly Magnetized Thin Films

A nonlinear model of spin-wave excitation using a point contact in a thin ferromagnetic film is introduced. Large-amplitude magnetic solitary waves are computed, which help explain recent spin-torque experiments. Numerical simulations of the fully nonlinear model predict excitation frequencies in excess of 0.2 THz for contact diameters smaller than 6 nm. Simulations also predict a saturation and redshift of the frequency at currents large enough to invert the magnetization under the point contact. The theory is approximated by a cubic complex Ginzburg-Landau type equation. The mode's nonlinear frequency shift is found by use of perturbation techniques, whose results agree with those of direct numerical simulations.
Infection of the bovine udder with coagulase-negative staphylococci

Abstract A commercial dairy herd with a history of chronic staphylococcal mastitis was sampled ten times during a one-year period to determine the pattern of infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci as compared to infection with Staphylococcus aureus . The attack rate (AR) for new infections with S. aureus peaked in March, dropped to a low point in June, and rose again in the autumn. There was no discernible seasonal variation in the AR with the coagulase-negative staphylococci. The prevalence and AR for S. aureus infection increased with advancing age. The AR for new infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci decreased with advancing age. There was no obvious pattern of infection related to stage of lactation with any of the staphylococci isolated. Average duration of infection was longer for S. aureus than for the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Dry period therapy appeared to be more effective in eliminating existing infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci than with S. aureus , but the udder seemed to be equally susceptible to new dry period infections with either category of organism.
Accurate hartree-fock wavefunctions without exponent optimization. Limits to accuracy with constraints on orbitals near nuclei

Abstract Combinations of Slater functions having the correct behavior near each nucleus are shown to make poor basis functions for the hydrogen molecule. We conclude from this and some related studies that there are practical limitations to the accuracy obtainable in calculations relying on basis sets.
Infrared characterization of localized corrosion products

Abstract Anodic oxidation and open circuit corrosion of iron was studied in a CO 2 saturated, carbonate buffer system. Cyclic voltammograms were obtained and used as a guide for obtaining corrosion product at constant potentials on the surface of iron. Synchrotron radiation was used to obtain infrared spectra of the corrosion scales. Spectra were obtained ex situ and in situ for areas of general oxidation and for regions of localized oxidation.
Diet and cancer any progress in the interim

It has been 5 years since the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer published "Interim Dietary Guidelines" for the nutritional prevention of cancer. The term "interim" implies that these recommendations should be regarded as temporary, pending more definitive findings from additional scientific research. This article reviews findings relevant to the connections between diet and cancer that have emerged from nutritional epidemiology subsequent to the 1982 the NRC report. Some recent research has supported the earlier work which served as a basis for the interim recommendations, some has not, and additional hypotheses have emerged. There continues to be evidence, although it is inconsistent, that dietary fat may be an important factor in colon cancer, and that something related to fruits and vegetables, perhaps carotene, may lower the risk of lung cancer. However, the hypothesized relationships between dietary fat and breast cancer and between dietary fiber and colon cancer have been less consistently supported by new findings. Meanwhile, a new hypothesis has emerged relating alcohol intake to breast cancer risk, although many important questions remain regarding the age at which alcohol use may affect risk, and the dose above which risk is increased. The last 5 years seem to have been characterized by only slow progress in our understanding of the relationship between diet and cancer. It is clear that in 1988 we are still very much in the interim. Critical methodologic assessments of the reasons for the discrepancies in findings among the various studies, and meta analytic approaches may be helpful in increasing our understanding of the set of epidemiologic research conducted to date. More important, however, are the many types of studies now underway, including more rigorously designed observational studies and chemo-preventive and dietary-preventive trials. These studies will likely provide more definitive future answers to the questions we still face in the interim.
An application of hash codes for disk file access, using multiple buckets

Hash code methods are widely used for retrieval of information from tables in memory and from direct access storage devices. A key is input to an algorithm which calculates the memory location or the disk address wanted. This paper explains hash code methods for direct disk access by way of a particular application example.The application includes the use of multiple buckets, where each bucket is a separate disk file. Synonym overflow is handled by trying to place a record only once in each bucket (file), and finally placing the record in an overflow bucket (file) if no place could be found in the primary files.The main goal of this design was to utilize 90-95% of the allocated disk space before the average access time became significantly degraded. This is in contrast with the usual requirement for hash code disk access in a single large file that there be about 20% excess space over the amount actually needed.The application was first implemented on an IBM 1130 and was originally conceived to overcome limitations on the size of a single physical file on that machine. It is now running on a Hewlett Packard 3000. The file capacity is 18,000 optometric clinic patient records.
Towards a model of female occupational behavior: a human development approach.

Substantial evidence suggests that women have added the role of worker to their characteristic adult roles of wife and mother. The inclusion of a work cycle in the female life course is a significant alteration of traditional roles, and is likely to have a major impact on both individual lives and the social structure. However, little has been done to incorporate these changes into theoretical perspectives on occupational development. This paper examines the literature on women and work by reviewing, at the societal level, the trends in female labor force activity since 1900 and, at the individual level, theories of the development of occupational behavior. An integration of these two areas is then suggested through an evaluation of their relevance to the human development paradigm.
Excimer laser-induced sputtering of YBa2Cu3O7−x

Excimer laser-induced sputtering of YBa2Cu3O7−x targets has been investigated. Two aspects of this process are reported here: the spectral content of the emission and sputtering of the target. Postsputtering analysis of the sputtered area of the target shows a nonstoichiometric composition: rich in Cu but depleted of Ba and Y.
A dynamical system model for interference effects and the two-slit experiment of quantum physics

Abstract Given two probability density functions ƒ 1 and ƒ 2 , a method is described for combining the densities in a physically meaningful way. The method involves the construction of underlying transformations τ 1 and τ 2 , and then forming a dynamical system from these two transformations referred to as a random transformation. The invariant (stationary) probability density function for the random transformation is the “combined” density of ƒ 1 and ƒ 2 . This method of combining probability density functions is used to model interference effects in physical systems. In particular, the dynamics of the two-slit experiment of quantum physics is modelled by an appropriate random transformation. Computer results are presented which qualitatively appear like experimental results. The notion of wave is not needed in the model.
State adoption of Medicaid 1915(c) waivers for children and youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Background The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically, with one in every 68 children in the U.S. currently diagnosed with ASD. Medicaid is the primary public funder of health care services for individuals with ASD. One mechanism state Medicaid agencies can use to craft ASD-specific services is a 1915(c) waiver. Objective This study investigated what state policy makers perceived to be primary success factors and barriers to adopting an ASD specific 1915(c) waiver, as well as what services and supports are available in each state for children and transition-age youth with ASD. Methods Data were collected by contacting state Medicaid directors via email with an electronic survey, with an 84% response rate. Results Support from state legislators and parents and family members were the primary success factors in adopting an ASD specific waiver. The primary barrier was insufficient funding. States not adopting an ASD specific waiver also perceived that children and youth with ASD were served sufficiently well through other Medicaid benefits. Analysis of specific services indicated that the majority of states provide their services to children and transition age youth with ASD through a 1915(c) waiver for individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities, often coupled with an ASD specific waiver for children, another 1915(c) waiver for children, and/or a another 1915(c) waiver, most often for children with serious emotional disturbance. Conclusion Further research is needed to determine which approach(es) is most effective in enhancing access and improving outcomes for children and youth with ASD.
Ethanol and tobacco smoke increase hepatic steatosis and hypoxia in the hypercholesterolemic apoE−/− mouse: Implications for a “multihit” hypothesis of fatty liver disease

Abstract Although epidemiologic studies indicate that combined exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol increase the risk and severity of liver diseases, the molecular mechanisms responsible for hepatotoxicity are unknown. Similarly, emerging evidence indicates a linkage among hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular disease. Herein, we hypothesize that combined exposure to alcohol and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on a hypercholesterolemic background increases liver injury through oxidative/nitrative stress, hypoxia, and mitochondrial damage. To test this, male apoE−/− mice were exposed to an ethanol-containing diet, ETS alone, or a combination of the two, and histology and functional endpoints were compared to filtered-air-exposed, ethanol-naive controls. Whereas ethanol consumption induced a mild steatosis, combined exposure to ethanol + ETS resulted in increased hepatic steatosis, inflammation, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen. Exposure to ethanol + ETS induced the largest increase in CYP2E1 and iNOS protein, as well as increased 3-nitrotyrosine, mtDNA damage, and decreased cytochrome c oxidase protein, compared to all other groups. Similarly, the largest increase in HIF1α expression was observed in the ethanol + ETS group, indicating enhanced hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that ETS increases alcohol-dependent steatosis and hypoxic stress. Therefore, ETS may be a key environmental “hit” that accelerates and exacerbates alcoholic liver disease in hypercholesterolemic apoE−/− mice.