cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation for hospital attending physicians.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals now recommends that all medical staff members participate in basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training and be so qualified. At the University of Nebraska Medical Center, a program was established utilizing a modification of the American Heart Association (AHA) basic cardiac life support training course. Only 30 of 144 full-time attending physicians (21%) had been trained in CPR according to AHA standards prior to inception of the program. Eleven of 12 attendings "trained in CPR" previously but not according to AHA standards were unable to pass the written or practical examinations and required additional formal training. During a 12-month period, 144 full-time attending physicians were trained with an average time investment of four hours per physician. Economic cost to the institution in faculty time was estimated at $12,000.
Leader Election Algorithms for Multi-channel Wireless Networks

We study the leader election problem in single-hop multi-channel wireless networks with single-antenna radio nodes. The objective is to elect leaders for all channels on which one or more nodes in the network can operate. We assume that nodes do not have collision detection capability. In this paper, we propose three algorithms for leader election: one deterministic and two randomized. The deterministic algorithm executes for at most 2N+ M?logM? time slots and guarantees leader election for all the channels, where Mis the size of the universal channel set available to the nodes and Nis the size of the label space used to assign unique labels to the nodes. The randomized algorithms guarantee that a leader is elected for all the channels with probability at least 1 ? 1/fwithin $O ( M \log^{2}(n_{\max}) + M\log^{2} (Mf) )$ and O(Mlog(n max ) log(Mf)) time slots, respectively, where n max is the maximum number of nodes operating on any channel in the network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on leader election in single-antenna multi-channel radio networks.
An Arabidopsis Mutant Tolerant to Lethal Ultraviolet-B Levels Shows Constitutively Elevated Accumulation of Flavonoids and Other Phenolics

The isolation and characterization of mutants hypersensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been a powerful tool to learn about the mechanisms that protect plants against UV-induced damage. To increase our understanding of the various mechanisms of defense against UVB radiation, we searched for mutations that would increase the level of tolerance of Arabidopsis plants to UV radiation. We describe a single gene dominant mutation (uvt1) that leads to a remarkable tolerance to UVB radiation conditions that would kill wild-type plants. Pigment analyses show a constitutive increase in accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds in uvt1 that increases the capacity of the leaves to block UVB radiation and therefore is likely to be responsible for the elevated resistance of this mutant to UVB radiation. These increases in absorption in the UV region are due, at least in part, to increases in flavonoid and sinapate accumulation. Expression of chalcone synthase (CHS) mRNA was shown to be constitutively elevated in uvt1 plants, suggesting that the increases in absorption may be a consequence of changes in gene expression. Expression of CHS in uvt1 was shown to be still inducible by UV, indicating that the uvt1 lesion may not affect the UV-mediated regulation of CHS gene expression. Our data support an important role for UV screens in the overall protection of plants to UVB radiation. The uvt1 mutant could prove to be an important tool to elucidate further the exact role of UV-absorbing pigments in UV protection as well as the relative contribution of other mechanisms to the overall tolerance of plants to UV radiation.
Grain Size Effect on Deformation Mechanisms of Nanocrystalline bcc Metals

Nanocrystalline (NC) body-centered cubic (bcc) metals behave very differently from how NC metals with other crystal structures behave. Their strain rate sensitivity decreases with decreasing grain size, which is an observation that has not been well understood. Here, we report a significant effect of grain size on the deformation mechanism of NC bcc Mo. With decreasing grain size, the density of mixed and edge dislocations increases, while the density of screw dislocations decreases. When the grains become very small, the overall dislocation density decreases with decreasing grain size. These observations provide a logical explanation for the observed effect of grain size on strain rate sensitivity.
The Intergenerational Effects of Grief and Trauma

This article discusses the multigenerational effects of grief and trauma. When grief and trauma are not attended to with awareness and compassion in one generation, the deleterious effects of that trauma and grief cascade through the family tree, creating a domino effect of dysfunction. How this cascade manifests within individuals and families is explored.
Semilinear fourth order boundary value problems

We study a certain linear fourth order differential operator and show the existence of solutions to corresponding nonlinear problems. It will be shown that a maximum principle holds and that under certain conditions the linear operator has a positive principal eigenvalue with corresponding positive eigenfunction.
Daily Emotional and Physical Reactivity to Stressors Among Widowed and Married Older Adults

Widowhood may result in declines in health and potentially stressful changes to daily routines. However, little research has examined how daily stressors contribute to physical and emotional well-being in widowhood. The objectives of the current study were to examine daily stressor exposure and reactivity in widowed versus married older adults.
Pediatric HIV Costs Across Three Treatment Eras From 1986 to 2007

OBJECTIVE Life has changed dramatically for infants exposed perinatally to HIV to HIV primarily because of a successful translational research program that has also affected treatment costs. We compared treatment costs among HIV+ patients in an HIV/AIDS specialty clinic across 3 treatment eras: monotherapy (pre-1990), combination therapy (1990-1996), and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (1997-2007). We also estimated cumulative health care costs among pediatric HIV/AIDS patients born in each era. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data on health care use were collected from medical records of 126 infants born to HIV+ mothers during a 21-year period (1986-2007) (728 person-years). The Drug Topics Red Book 1999 was used for drug costs, the Current Procedural Terminology Medicare Fee Schedule codes for outpatient costs, and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for inpatient costs. Generalized estimating equations and bootstrapped ordinary least-squares models were used to determine 2007 costs, cumulative costs, and cost savings. RESULTS Lifetime cost savings with HAART were $6.7 to $23.3 million, depending on incidence. Average total costs per HIV+ person per month were $1306 ($318 for drugs, $896 for total medical) in the monotherapy era, $2289 ($891 for drugs, $1180 for total medical) in the combination-therapy era, and $1814 ($1241 for drugs, $320 for total medical) in the HAART era. Total costs during the HAART era were 25.2% lower than costs during the combination-therapy era, because the 34% higher HAART drug costs were compensated for by total medical costs (inpatient+outpatient) that were 57% lower, which was a significant change (P<.001). The cumulative costs for treatment of an HIV+ patient were highest during the monotherapy era ($196,860) and lowest during the HAART era ($181,436). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the cost burden for the treatment of HIV+ pediatric patients has decreased over time. This historical examination of treatment-era costs demonstrates the value of technologic advances in treatment.
Reelin Promotes Neuronal Orientation and Dendritogenesis during Preplate Splitting

The secreted ligand Reelin is thought to regulate the translocation and positioning of prospective layer 6 (L6) neurons into the preplate, a plexus of neurons overlying the ventricular zone. We examined wild type and Reelin-deficient cortices and found that L6 neurons were equivalently positioned beneath the pia during the period of preplate splitting and initial cortical plate (CP) formation. The absence of detectable L6 ectopia in “reeler” cortices at this developmental time point indicates that Reelin-signaling might not regulate L6 neuron migration or gross positioning during preplate splitting. To explore the acute response of L6 neurons to Reelin, subpial injections of Reelin were made into Reelin-deficient explants. Reelin injection caused L6 neurons to orient their nuclei and polarize their Golgi toward the pia while initiating exuberant dendritic (MAP2+) outgrowth within 4 h. This rapid Reelin-dependent neuronal orientation and alignment created CP-like histology without any significant change in the mean position of the population of L6 neurons. Conversely, subplate cells and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan immunoreactivity were found at significantly deeper positions from the pial surface after injection, suggesting that Reelin partially rescues preplate splitting within 4 h. Thus, Reelin has a direct role in promoting rapid morphological differentation and orientation of L6 neurons during preplate splitting.
The Sight of Loss

: The narrative of the “fall”—an account by urban residents about a decline in the morality and aesthetics of their surroundings—is common in US urban studies. Researchers typically explain the “fall” as an outcome of post-Fordist changes in urban resources, neglecting to explore the social construction of this sense of things. Analyzing the oral histories of people who were born in Detroit from the 1920s to the 1970s, the author considers three explanations for the persistence of this narrative: constant urban decline, a moralizing hegemony or doxa, and a clash between objective structures and embodied histories over the life course. This line of inquiry is relevant to concerns about the impact of structural crises on social consciousness, and it is of particular significance to the theorization of the politics of place in post-Fordist cities.
Broadly Neutralizing Immune Responses against Hepatitis C Virus Induced by Vectored Measles Viruses and a Recombinant Envelope Protein Booster

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a serious public health problem worldwide. Treatments are limited, and no preventive vaccine is available. Toward developing an HCV vaccine, we engineered two recombinant measles viruses (MVs) expressing structural proteins from the prototypic HCV subtype 1a strain H77. One virus directs the synthesis of the HCV capsid (C) protein and envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2), which fold properly and form a heterodimer. The other virus expresses the E1 and E2 glycoproteins separately, with each one fused to the cytoplasmic tail of the MV fusion protein. Although these hybrid glycoproteins were transported to the plasma membrane, they were not incorporated into MV particles. Immunization of MV-susceptible, genetically modified mice with either vector induced neutralizing antibodies to MV and HCV. A boost with soluble E2 protein enhanced titers of neutralizing antibody against the homologous HCV envelope. In animals primed with MV expressing properly folded HCV C-E1-E2, boosting also induced cross-neutralizating antibodies against two heterologous HCV strains. These results show that recombinant MVs retain the ability to induce MV-specific humoral immunity while also eliciting HCV neutralizing antibodies, and that anti-HCV immunity can be boosted with a single dose of purified E2 protein. The use of MV vectors could have advantages for pediatric HCV vaccination.
An SH3 domain is required for the mitogenic activity of microinjected phospholipase C‐γ1

Phospholipase activity is elevated in dividing cells. In response to growth factor stimulation, phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) binds to activated tyrosine kinase receptors via SH2 binding domains, resulting in phosphorylation of PLC-γ and activation of its enzyme activity. These observations suggest that PLC-γ participates in the signal transduction pathway employed by growth factors to promote mitogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, microinjection of purified bovine PLC-γ into quiescent fibroblasts has been previously reported to initiate a mitogenic response [Smith et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86, 3659]. We have reproduced this result using recombinant rat PLC-γ protein. Surprisingly, however, a catalytically inactive mutant of PLC-γ, H335Q, also elicited a full mitogenic response. The capacity to induce mitogenesis by microinjection of PLC-γ was mapped to the ‘Z’ domain of the protein, which contains PLC-γ's SH2 and SH3 motifs. Inactivation of the phosphorylated tyrosine binding properties of both SH2 domains had no effect on the mitogenic activity of the Z-domain peptide. However, deletion of the SH3 domain resulted in a complete loss of activity. These results suggest that PLC-γ's mitogenic properties do not require the enzyme's phospholipase activity, but are instead mediated by a novel pathway for mitogenic stimulation which is dependent upon an intact SH3 domain.
Green Tape and Public Employee Rule Abidance: Why Organizational Rule Attributes Matter

Ever since Max Weber identified formal rules as one attribute of bureaucratic organizations, scholars have uncovered a range of cooperative and uncooperative behavioral responses to organizational rules. The question for public management theory and practice is how to design and execute organizational rules in ways that elicit cooperation rather than resistance. Green tape, a theory of effective rules, provides one answer to this question. Green tape theory argues that the cooperation of stakeholders—individuals who comply with, explain, or enforce rules—depends on the presence of five rule attributes. This article tests the relationship between these attributes and stakeholder rule abidance using mail survey data obtained from the employees of four cities in a Midwestern state. The results indicate that employee perceptions of four of the five theoretical green tape attributes are correlated with higher rule abidance. Thus, stakeholder perceptions of organizational rules appear to matter because they alter the extent of cooperation in rule implementation.
A neglected story: German prisoners of war in Italy (1945-1947)

The story of the detention of German prisoners in Italy transcends the experience just of the German army; it represents also an important moment for the story of many Italians. In Italian contemporary historiography what has been called the “saga of the vanquished” is gathering momentum. After a long period characterized by the ideological prohibition of studying the ‘wicked’, in the last two decades historians and writers of history are paying increasing attention to the people and groups that decided to remained loyal to Fascism. In this perspective a comprehensive assessment of the structures and rules that characterized the Allied camps in Italy can also contribute to a better understanding of the story of Fascist prisoners in the hands of the Anglo-Americans, and on the impact of Allied policies on an Italy which was both ally and ex-enemy; liberated and conquered. The experience of the internment of German prisoners after liberation represents, paradoxically, a significant moment both for the process of epuration from Fascism and the building of neo-fascist identity.
Impaired Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Effect on Colonization in an Infant Mouse Model

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and invasive disease peak around the third and first birthdays, respectively, and decline thereafter. While these declines are attributable in part to immunity acquired via natural exposure, maturation of innate immune responses may also be involved. A mucosally administered candidate whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine (WCV) containing killed pneumococcal antigen (WCA) plus a cholera toxin adjuvant protects against intranasal carriage of pneumococci by a mechanism that is antibody independent and CD4+ TH17 cell dependent. Because infants and children are a key target population for this vaccine, we sought to evaluate the immune responses of neonatal and infant mice to S. pneumoniae and to assess whether the WCV would be effective in these mice. Like human infants, infant mice showed impaired clearance of nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae. Macrophages from neonatal and infant mice stimulated with killed pneumococci in vitro showed significantly reduced cytokine production, including that of KC, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon, whereas IL-10 expression was significantly increased compared to that in macrophages from adult mice. IL-17A production from adult immune CD4+ T cells was significantly delayed when neonatal macrophages instead of adult macrophages were used as antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, whole blood from mice immunized as neonates with WCV produced significantly less IL-17A after stimulation with WCA than did blood from mice immunized as adults. Nonetheless, a single immunization of neonatal mice with WCV significantly reduced colonization density. Overall, our data suggest an impairment of both innate and acquired cellular immune responses in neonatal and infant mice. However, WCV confers a significant reduction in colonization following pneumococcal challenge, suggesting that it may still be effective in the setting of immature immune responses.
First-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and subsequent abnormalities of fetal growth.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between first-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and birthweight along its continuum and at its extremes. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of 1371 women who underwent first-trimester screening for fetal aneuploidy and who delivered at our hospital. Results First-trimester PAPP-A has a positive relationship with birthweight. As PAPP-A decreases, the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants increases. PAPP-A of P = .012]; 2.4 [95% CI, 1.2-4.7; P = .015]; 9.3 [95% CI, 3.4-25.5; P = .001], respectively). PAPP-A levels of >90% were associated with an adjusted odds ratio for birthweight of >4500 g of 2.9 (95% CI, 1.02-8.17; P = 0.046). Conclusion First-trimester PAPP-A is a marker of placental function that correlates with birthweight along its continuum and at its extremes. The strong association between low PAPP-A and SGA warrants further investigation of its usefulness as a screening tool.
Application of factor method for minimum reflux: Multiple feed distillation columns

Analytical equations for determining the minimum reflux ratio of multiple feed distillation columns are presented by using a factor method. For the method, a factor which converts feed flow to minimum reflux ratio is used. The factor is a function of the feed concentration and thermal condition. The calculation steps for determining minimum reflux ratio of multiple feed columns are summarized. A computer program is available (microcomputer or mainframe). Application of the factor method for minimum reflux ratio is illustrated by several examples.
Maturational and Adaptive Modulation of Left Ventricular Torsional Biomechanics. Doppler Tissue Imaging Observation From Infancy to Adulthood

Background— Left ventricular (LV) torsional deformation, based in part on the helical myocardial fiber architecture, is an important component of LV systolic and diastolic performance. However, there is no comprehensive study describing its normal development during childhood and adult life. Methods and Results— Forty-five normal subjects (25 children and 20 adults; aged 9 days to 49 years; divided into 5 groups: infants, children, adolescents, and young and middle-age adults) underwent assessment of LV torsion and untwisting rate by Doppler tissue imaging. LV torsion increased with age, primarily owing to augmentation in basal clockwise rotation during childhood and apical counterclockwise rotation during adulthood. Although LV torsion and untwisting overall showed age-related increases, when normalized by LV length, they showed higher values in infancy and middle age. The proportion of untwisting during isovolumic relaxation was lowest in infancy, increased during childhood, and leveled off thereafter, ...
Estimation of corneal endothelial pump function in long-term contact lens wearers.

PURPOSE. TO study the effects of long-term contact lens wear on morphologic and physiologic properties of corneal endothelial cells. METHODS. The endothelial permeability to fluorescein and the rate of corneal deswelling from hypoxia-induced edema were measured in 20 long-term (mean, 17 ± 9 years; range, 5-33 years) contact lens wearers and 20 age-matched control subjects. From these data, the relative endothelial pump rate in each subject was estimated, based on the pump-leak hypothesis of corneal hydration control. Corneal autofluorescence and the aqueous humor flow rate were determined by fluorescein fluorophotometry. Images of corneal endothelial cells were recorded by using specular microscopy, and morphologic indices (cell density, coefficient of variation of cell area, percentage of hexagonal cells, and skewness) were determined. RESULTS. NO statistically significant differences were found between the contact lens and control groups in endothelial permeability, corneal deswelling, relative endothelial pump rate ([mean ± SD] 1.07 ± 0.33 relative pump units versus 1.01 ± 0.25 relative pump units; contact lens versus control; P = 0.57), and endothelial cell density. Contact lens wearers had a significantly higher aqueous humor flow rate (3.57 ± 1.03 juJ/min versus 2.77 ± 0.51 jitl/min; P = 0.005), coefficient of variation of cell area (0.35 ± 0.09 versus 0.28 ± 0.04; P = 0.006), and corneal autofluorescence (3.1 ± 0.6 ng/ml versus 2.3 ± 0.3 ng/ml fluorescein equivalents; P < 0.001) than did non-contact lens wearers. CONCLUSIONS. Despite the known effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal endothelial morphometry, no effect on endothelial function was found. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Set. 1999;40: 603-611)
Towards adaptive networking

For both network providers and their users, it is important to assure a certain service quality using the finite network resources in terms of providing good services at low cost. We have been developing several essential technologies for adaptive networking. The adaptive network offers multiple network service classes with different quality levels and a programmable network environment within which we can realize new network services. Users can get network information such as traffic loads and prices fees from the network. On the other hand, a network management system drives the network to get the maximum profit. Furthermore, the multi-service network infrastructure is so flexible that new network services can quickly be realized. In this paper after presenting the concept of the adaptive network, the above technologies are introduced as building blocks to construct the adaptive network.
Vilya, a component of the recombination nodule, is required for meiotic double-strand break formation in Drosophila

Meiotic recombination begins with the induction of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs). In most organisms only a fraction of DSBs become crossovers. Here we report a novel meiotic gene, vilya, which encodes a protein with homology to Zip3-like proteins shown to determine DSB fate in other organisms. Vilya is required for meiotic DSB formation, perhaps as a consequence of its interaction with the DSB accessory protein Mei-P22, and localizes to those DSB sites that will mature into crossovers. In early pachytene Vilya localizes along the central region of the synaptonemal complex and to discrete foci. The accumulation of Vilya at foci is dependent on DSB formation. Immuno-electron microscopy demonstrates that Vilya is a component of recombination nodules, which mark the sites of crossover formation. Thus Vilya links the mechanism of DSB formation to either the selection of those DSBs that will become crossovers or to the actual process of crossing over.
Ageing: A stretch in time

Plots of survival against time for nematode worms in different conditions can be superimposed by rescaling the time axis. This observation has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the nature of ageing. See Letter p.103 This study in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, well established as a model organism in ageing research, shows that a range of different interventions — mutations in the insulin/IGF-1 signalling pathway, changes in ambient temperature, and chemically induced oxidative stress — all yield lifespan distributions that can be collapsed into a universal curve simply by rescaling the time axis. This phenomenon of 'temporal scaling' identifies a novel state variable, r(t), that governs the risk of death and whose average decay dynamics involves a single effective rate constant of aging, kr. Interventions that produce temporal scaling influence lifespan exclusively by altering kr.
The effects of a "low-estrogen" oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism during six months of treatment: a preliminary report of blood glucose and plasma insulin values.

A prospective study of carbohydrate metabolism was carried out on seven women by using an oral glucose tolerance stimulation test and measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin values over a 3-hour time period. The test was performed before and after 6 months of treatment with a "low-estrogen" oral contraceptive containing 0.4 mg of norethindrone and 35 μg of ethinylestradiol. There was no change in the weight or diastolic blood pressure of the women, but there was a slight elevation of the systolic blood pressure with treatment. There was no significant change in the plasma insulin values or in four of five blood glucose values. The 1-hour blood glucose value was significantly lower after 6 months of treatment. These results suggest that the "low-estrogen" oral contraceptives may reduce the secondary effects on carbohydrate metabolism seen with regular oral contraceptives.
Bollywood dance as political participation? On flash mobs, new media, and political potential

On November 27, 2011, a flash mob took place in the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) train station in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, as a group of mostly young people performed a dance set to a Bollywood song. Soon, videos of the event appeared online sparking lively debates and media coverage. Here, I engage the ‘CST flash mob’ and its use of Bollywood dance to grapple with the democratic potential that lies at the intersection of live performance, popular culture, and new media. Situating the flash mob within Bollywood dance scholarship, I explore the global proliferation and online circulation of Bollywood flash mobs as fandom in performance. I am particularly interested in the implicit political dimensions of these performances and how these play out in local and new media contexts.
Products From Pyrolysis of Gas-Phase Propionaldehyde

A hyperthermal nozzle was utilized to study the thermal decomposition of propionaldehyde, CH3CH2CHO, over a temperature range of 1073–1600 K. Products were identified with two detection methods: matrix-isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and photoionization mass spectrometry. Evidence was observed for four reactions during the breakdown of propionaldehyde: α–C-C bond scission yielding CH3CH2, CO, and H, an elimination reaction forming methylketene and H2, an isomerization pathway leading to propyne via the elimination of H2O, and a β–C-C bond scission channel forming methyl radical and •CH2CHO. The products identified during this experiment were CO, HCO, CH3CH2, CH3CH═C═O, H2O, CH3C≡CH, CH3, H2C═C═O, CH2CH2, CH3CH═CH2, HC≡CH, CH2CCH, H2CO, C4H2, C4H4, and CH3CHO. The first eight products result from primary or bimolecular reactions involving propionaldehyde while the remaining products occur from reactions including the initial pyrolysis products. While the pyrolysis of propionaldehyde invol...
Reproducing the British Caribbean: sex, gender, and population politics after slavery

This book reveals that the transition from slavery to a precarious freedom in the Anglophone Caribbean cannot be understood without close attention to the history of public health and its gendered ...
An Overview of Ethical Considerations in Industrial Marketing

Although the first duty of marketing executives is to provide products and services in response to customers’ needs and wants, they must also be aware of the ethical impact of their decisions. This paper attempts to define the proper role of ethics in marketing practice. The purpose of the manuscript is two-fold: to explore ethical considerations within strategic industrial marketing environments, and to propose a way to deal with anticipated ethical problems within the marketing discipline.
Sustainable design and synthesis of algal biorefinery for biofuel production

Abstract We develop a new process superstructure of algal biorefinery for biological carbon sequestration and hydrocarbon biofuel production that encompasses off-gas purification, algae cultivation, harvesting and dewatering, lipid extraction, remnant treatment, biogas utilization and algal oil upgrading stages. Multiple technology alternatives are considered in the process superstructure, including direct off-gas and purified carbon dioxide by monoethanolamine process; open pond and three types of photobioreactors for algae culture; flotation thickening, filtration and centrifugation to dehydrate algal slurry; hexane and n-butane as lipid extractant; anaerobic digestion and catalytic gasification to exploit algal remnant; two catalysts, Co-Mo and Ni-Mo in the hydroprocessing reactor. This process reuses all the produced CO2 from the processing units that leads to zero direct greenhouse gas emission of the entire process. Based on the superstructure, we propose a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to minimize the unit carbon sequestration and utilization cost. We further apply a tailored branch-and-refine algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximation to globally optimize problem efficiently. The optimization results indicate clear economic and environmental advantage when the feed gas is limited only during the day.
Substrate quality influences organic matter accumulation in the soil silt and clay fraction

Abstract Substrate quality impacts the rate of microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (OM), with higher quality substrates leading to faster rates of decomposition. Since OM decomposition is the opposite of OM stabilization, one might presume higher quality substrates would lead to less OM stabilization. Yet, there is growing evidence that C stabilized in the soil silt and clay fractions is preferentially derived from microbial metabolites. We hypothesized that the decomposition of higher quality substrates would increase silt and clay-sized (S)OM pools despite higher initial mineralization rates. Soils low in initial organic carbon were incubated for 139 d with substrates spanning a range of quality/lability including: (a) bermudagrass forage cut after 14d, 21d, 28d, 35d, and 42d of re-growth, and (b) ruminal digesta produced from these forages. We then monitored the production of CO 2 as well as the carbon abundance and isotopic composition in the bulk, silt, and clay fractions. Undigested forage was respired at higher initial rates than ruminal digesta and resulted in more carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the clay fraction. Overall, substrate quality—assessed as the ratio of neutral detergent fiber (NDF-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) to crude protein (CP)—was directly related to decomposition kinetics with higher substrate quality resulting in more silt and clay C. These findings provide evidence that substrate quality, as a driver of microbial response, can control the flow of C and N to silt and clay fractions where there is the potential for interactions with mineral surfaces to greatly increase C and N residence times. Incorporating this concept into numerical models of SOM generation and turnover will likely improve projections of carbon dynamics in global change models.
Heuristics on the Data-Collecting Robot Problem with Immediate Rewards

We propose the Data-collecting Robot Problem, where robots collect data as they visit nodes in a graph, and algorithms to solve it. There are two variations of the problem: the delayed-reward problem, in which robots must travel back to the base station to deliver the data collected and to receive rewards; and the immediate-reward problem, in which the reward is immediately given to the robots as they visit each node. The delayed-reward problem is discussed in one of the authors’ work. This paper focuses on the immediate-reward problem. The solution structure has a clustering step and a tour-building step. We propose Progressive Gain-aware Clustering that finds good quality solutions with efficient time complexity. Among the six proposed tour-building heuristics, Greedy Insertion and Total-Loss algorithms perform best when data rewards are different.
Tayloring cell populations for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurological disorders are increasing in prevalence worldwide, and interest in stem cell therapies for these afflictions has increased over the past two decades. While many neurological injuries are too devastating for the repair capabilities of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) an alternative is to harvest stem cells from a donor and grow them in vitro, to be used later as a donor source for transplantation. Many research groups have already done this, first using animal models and now using clinical trial participants. Despite the regular flow of publications about cell replacement therapies for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, there is still a scarcity of clinically-relevant reports of efficacy. The capability of donor cells to undergo ample site-directed differentiation and functional integration seems to be lacking (Andressen, 2013). So, while stem cells do have properties that are suited for repair of the injured CNS, a primary remaining question is how these cells can best be grafted to produce long-term functional benefit to the host environment. Moreover, among the challenges in neural cell transplantation is controlling the ultimate characteristics of grafted cells, pertaining to their survival, phenotypes and performance.
Patient and Family Experience in the Healthcare Value Equation

As outlined in the 2001 Institute of Medicine landmark paper “Crossing the Quality Chasm,” the overarching goal of healthcare is to provide safe, efficient, effective, equitable, timely, and patient-centered care (Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, 2001). In addition to these six aims, the cost of care must also be considered and VALUE, our ability to achieve these aims at an affordable cost, is at the forefront of discussions across the nation. VALUE is often defined in terms of the equation: VALUE = QUALITY/COST. This definition prompts important questions about the meaning of quality and cost in healthcare. Traditionally, VALUE in medicine highlights quantitative metrics of quality such as access to services, patient safety measures, preventable conditions, peri-operative complications, re-admissions, resource utilization, and mortality. Metrics such as these are OUTCOMES that define the QUALITY of the care provided. When QUALITY is assessed, patient and family experience measures are often viewed as secondary to clinical outcome measures and relegated to a minor role or excluded all together from the value equation. We assert that in the current medical landscape, the role of patient and family experience should be considered paramount in delivering the best quality, outcomes, and safety at the lowest cost and, therefore, providing the greatest VALUE for the consumer. As such, any discussion of VALUE should include patient and family experience in the equation: $$ \mathrm{VALUE} = \mathrm{QUALITY}\ \left(\mathrm{Experience} + \mathrm{Clinical}\ \mathrm{Outcomes} + \mathrm{Safety}\right)/\mathrm{COST} $$
Children and Religious Expression in School: A Comparative Treatment of the Veil and Other Religious Symbols in Western Democracies

Whether and how to accommodate students' personal religious symbols worn in public schools are part of a mounting global debate. The competing claims of the body politic and the religious or cultural identity of minority groups came to a head in what the French called the "affair of the veil." This chapter examines the problem of the veil from a cross-cultural perspective, comparing the United States to several other western democracies. The comparison involves both legal and cultural premises. In each instance, the analysis must consider the fundamental values of the body politic, the laws and covenants that govern decision-making, and the society's basic premises about the relation between religion and the state. The inquiry is further complicated by broader claims of the sub-groups with which parents and children identify. Part one of this chapter discusses the cultural significance of dress, and briefly summarizes the apparel associated with certain religions and its significance. Part two considers the legal regimes and models that govern student religious garb in the United States, France, Great Britain and Canada. Part three examines the extent to which those four models succeed in balancing all of the potential individual rights claims that arise when students wear symbols to school and in balancing those claims with those of minority groups and the broader collectivity.
Establishing a neoadjuvant platform for developing targeted agents: Degarelix prior to prostatectomy for patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer.

TPS5105 Background: We hypothesize that the unmet drug development needs in prostate cancer can be addressed using a standardized short exposure neoadjuvant clinical trial framework that ensures tu...
Single session psychotherapy for humanitarian missions

ABSTRACTThe course is designed to train Humanitarian field staff in providing single-session psychotherapy in context of humanitarian situations. The participants of the course are expected to have basic background knowledge in mental health and psychotherapy. The course is typically focused on training of healthcare professionals providing counseling services in the field during humanitarian missions. Participants may include psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and clinical social workers. The course includes presentations of didactic material, clinical simulations and discussion based workshop. The course participants will acquire skills necessary to be able to do as follows: Identify individuals that are eligible for single session therapy; provide single-session psychotherapy in humanitarian situations; refer Individuals for additional help with appropriate tool kit. The theoretical part of the course (didactic presentation) requires around 45 min presentation followed by 30 min of question time. Cl...
Real-time Bayesian non-parametric prediction of solvency risk

Insurance regulation often dictates that insurers monitor their solvency risk in real time and take appropriate actions whenever the risk exceeds their tolerance level. Bayesian methods are appealing for prediction problems thanks to their ability to naturally incorporate both sample variability and parameter uncertainty into a predictive distribution. However, handling data arriving in real time requires a flexible non-parametric model, and the Monte Carlo methods necessary to evaluate the predictive distribution in such cases are not recursive and can be too expensive to rerun each time new data arrives. In this paper, we apply a recently developed alternative perspective on Bayesian prediction based on copulas. This approach facilitates recursive Bayesian prediction without computing a posterior, allowing insurers to perform real-time updating of risk measures to assess solvency risk, and providing them with a tool for carrying out dynamic risk management strategies in today’s “big data” era.
The Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and Related Materials: Reliability and Validity of Syndromal Assessment.

The advances in syndromal assessment described by McConaughy (this issue) are analyzed with respect to two related themes: (a) what can be said with confidence and (b) what can be said that might b...
Introduction to Accelerator Dynamics

How does a particle accelerator work? The most direct and intuitive answer focuses on the dynamics of single particles as they travel through an accelerator. Particle accelerators are becoming ever more sophisticated and diverse, from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN to multi-MW linear accelerators and small medical synchrotrons. This self-contained book presents a pedagogical account of the important field of accelerator physics, which has grown rapidly since its inception in the latter half of the last century. Key topics covered include the physics of particle acceleration, collision and beam dynamics, and the engineering considerations intrinsic to the effective construction and operation of particle accelerators. By drawing direct connections between accelerator technology and the parallel development of computational capability, this book offers an accessible introduction to this exciting field at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, accelerator scientists, and engineers.
Meteoroid Impact Detection for Exploration of Asteroids: Small Satellites for Asteroid Characterization

The Meteoroid Impact Detection for Exploration of Asteroids concept addresses the challenge of characterizing an asteroid surface using a small satellite with a constellation of free-flying plasma ...
Constitutive redox and phosphoproteome changes in multiple herbicide resistant Avena fatua L. are similar to those of systemic acquired resistance and systemic acquired acclimation

Plants are routinely confronted with numerous biotic and abiotic stressors, and in response have evolved highly effective strategies of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), respectively. A much more evolutionarily recent abiotic stress is the application of herbicides to control weedy plants, and their intensive use has selected for resistant weed populations that cause substantial crop yield losses and increase production costs. Non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides is rapidly increasing worldwide and is associated with alterations in generalized stress defense networks. This work investigated protein post-translational modifications associated with NTSR in multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) Avena fatua, and their commonalities with those of SAR and SAA. We used proteomic, biochemical, and immunological approaches to compare constitutive protein profiles in MHR and herbicide susceptible (HS) A. fatua populations. Phosphoproteome and redox proteome surveys showed that post-translational modifications of proteins with functions in core cellular processes were reduced in MHR plants, while those involved in xenobiotic and stress response, reactive oxygen species detoxification and redox maintenance, heat shock response, and intracellular signaling were elevated in MHR as compared to HS plants. More specifically, MHR plants contained constitutively elevated levels of three protein kinases including the lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase LecRK2, a well-characterized component of SAR. Analyses of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and protein levels did not reveal constitutive differences between MHR and HS plants. The overall results support the idea that herbicide stress is perceived similarly to other abiotic stresses, and that A. fatua NTSR shares analogous features with SAR and SAA. We speculate that MHR A. fatua's previous exposure to sublethal herbicide doses, as well as earlier evolution under a diversity of abiotic and biotic stressors, has led to a heightened state of stress preparedness that includes NTSR to a number of unrelated herbicides.
Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of Mn(III)-Alkylperoxo Complexes Supported by Pentadentate Amide-Containing Ligands

Manganese-alkylperoxo species have been proposed as important intermediates in certain enzymatic pathways and are presumed to play a key role in catalytic substrate oxidation cycles involving manganese catalysts and peroxide oxidants. However, structural and spectroscopic understanding of these intermediates is very limited, with only one series of synthetic MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes having been reported. In the present study, we describe the formation and properties of two new MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes, namely, [MnIII(OO tBu)(dpaq)]+ and [MnIII(OO tBu)(dpaq2Me)]+, which utilize the anionic, amide-containing pentadentate dpaq ligand platform. These complexes were generated by reacting the corresponding MnII precursors with a large excess of tBuOOH at -15 °C in MeCN. In both cases, the corresponding mononuclear MnIII-hydroxo complexes [MnIII(OH)(dpaq)]+ and [MnIII(OH)(dpaq2Me)]+ are observed as intermediates en route to the MnIII-alkylperoxo adducts. These new MnIII-alkylperoxo complexes were characterized by electronic absorption, infrared, and Mn K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Complementary density functional theory calculations were also performed to gain insight into their bonding and structural properties. Compared to previously reported MnIII-alkylperoxo adducts, the MnIII centers in these complexes exhibit significantly altered primary coordination spheres, with a strongly donating anionic amide nitrogen located trans to the alkylperoxo moiety. This results in MnIII-alkylperoxo bonding that is dominated by σ-interactions between the alkylperoxo πip*(O-O) orbital and the Mn d z2 orbital.
A Technology for Computer-Assisted Stroke Rehabilitation

Improving functional ability after a stroke requires task-oriented physical rehabilitation with the supervision of a therapist. However, with increasing medical costs and a shortage of rehabilitation specialists, post-stroke survivors sometimes receive a limited amount of individual treatment.\\ This paper proposes a low-cost computer-assisted rehabilitation system, called Virtual Coach that evaluates and guides a post-stroke survivor to engage in rehabilitation correctly at home with minimal supervision of a therapist. This system includes two major components: 1) motion analysis modules that evaluate exercise performance and guide a desirable joint trajectory and 2) a dialogue interface to provide feedback. The evaluation function of motion analysis modules computed exercise performance scores of 15 post-stroke survivors and achieved a 78% agreement with a practicing clinician. After developing a guidance function, the usability of the system will be evaluated with post-stroke survivors and therapists and iteratively improved.
Simulation of High-Power Microwave Air Breakdown Modeled by a Coupled Maxwell–Euler System With a Non-Maxwellian EEDF

In this paper, a discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method is developed to simulate high-power microwave air breakdown phenomena, which is modeled by a coupled electromagnetic–plasma system. In the coupled system, the electromagnetic fields are governed by Maxwell’s equations and the plasma is modeled by the five-moment fluid equations (Euler’s equations). The non-Maxwellian electron energy distribution function is used to calculate electron transport coefficients and describe the nonequilibrium collision reactions between electrons and neutral air particles. The coupled Maxwell–Euler equations are solved by the DGTD method with high-order spatial and temporal discretization, which are able to provide a sufficient resolution for the physical quantities in both space and time. Several numerical examples are presented to investigate the physical process and demonstrate the capability of the numerical method.