cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal skin factors influencing the development of melanoblasts in piebald mice.

The mechanism involved in the development of the pigmentary pattern in piebald (s/s) mouse embryos was investigated through the use of a combination grafting method. Skin from a potentially white spotted area of piebald embryos ranging in age from 11 days to birth was combined with 9-day neural tubes. Following grafting of the tissues to chick host embryos, melanoblasts migrated from the nerual tube into the developing skin, and the appearance of pigment in the hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis of the grafted skin was determined. Eleven-day s/s skin produced pigmented hair in only 16% of the cases, and no melanocytes were found in the interfollicular epidermis. By 13 days 79% of the grafts formed pigmented hair while the epidermis remained pigment-free. Combination grafts recovered from implanting embryonic skin 16 days and older produced pigment regularly both in the hair follicles and the interfollicular epidermis. Contrl grafts of skin only were devoid of pigment in all ages tested. These results indicate that an inhibitor of melanoblast differentiation or survival is present in piebald skin at 11 days of embryonic age. Conditions favorable for melanoblast differentiation appear in s/s skin by 13 days and, by 16 days, melanoblasts undergo differentiation in both the hair follicle and the epidermis. A mechanism of action of piebald during development is proposed.
Subduction beneath western South America: evidence from converted phases

Summary. There are two conflicting models for the dip of the subduction zone beneath central Peru and beneath central Chile. One model, based primarily on the distribution of hypocentres thought to be most reliably located, postulates a shallow (- 10") dip for the downgoing plate. The second model, re-examined in this paper and based chiefly on an analysis of ScSp converted phases, postulates a normal (- 30") dip for the subduction. A detailed examination of ScSp data for central Peru and central Chile shows that ScSp arrivals can be identified on all seismograms on which the predicted signal/noise ratio is greater than 1, and the measured amplitude ratios of ScSp to ScS imply a normal dip for the conversion interfaces. The characteristics of the ScSp arrivals in these regions are virtually identical to those for ScSp arrivals in southern Peru, where a well-defined Benioff zone and the calculated ScSp-conversion region both imply a normal dip for the subduction. Hence ScSp observations in South America support the model of an approximately constant dip of subduction from central Peru to central Chile to a depth of at least 120 km, and impose a constraint that must be satisfied by any satisfactory tectonic model for these regions.
The influence of fluid properties on the morphology of core turbulence and the geomagnetic field

Here we investigate the effects of fluid properties on the morphology and dynamics of convection in the Earth's outer core. The results of two quasi-geostrophic convection simulations are carried out at comparable convective velocities for fluids in which the ratio between the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity (the Prandtl number, Pr) is 0.1 and 10. The Pr=0.1 case is representative of thermal convection in a liquid metal, whereas the Pr=10 case is representative of chemical convection. We find the influence of the Prandtl number to be significant; low Prandtl number fluids have a propensity for large-scale coherent vortex formation and slowly varying dynamics. Conversely, the high Prandtl case is dominated by significantly smaller length scales and more rapidly varying dynamics. However, both cases have zonal flows with similar strength, demonstrating that Reynolds stresses in high Prandtl number convection can be large when the buoyancy forcing is strong. By using a simple kinematic magnetic induction model we show that the structure of the magnetic field is not a direct indication of the underlying convective morphology when the magnetic diffusivity is large, as in Earth's core. Thus, our simulation results imply that the convective turbulence differs between thermally and chemically dominated convection, but that it may be difficult to determine the dominant forcing from geomagnetic field structure alone.
Moose Foraging in the Temperate Forests of Southern New England

Moose have recently re-colonized the temperate forests of southern New England, raising questions about this herbivore's effect on forest dynamics in the region. We quantifi ed Moose foraging selectivity and intensity on tree species in rela- tion to habitat features in central Massachusetts. Acer rubrum (Red Maple) and Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) were disproportionately browsed; Pinus strobus (White Pine) was avoided. Foraging intensity correlated positively with elevation, distance to development, and watershed type and negatively with time since forest harvest, explaining 26% of the variation. Moose may interact with forest harvest- ing to contribute to a decline in Red Maple and Eastern Hemlock and an increase in White Pine in intensively browsed patches. Nonetheless, foraging impacts may diminish over time, as increasing temperatures and sprawling development increas- ingly restrict suitable Moose habitat.
Effect of l‐Carnitine Pretreatment on 3‐Nitropropionic Acid‐Induced Inhibition of Rat Brain Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity

: l-Carnitine (LC) plays an important regulatory role in the mitochondrial transport of long chain free fatty acids (FFA). 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is known to induce cellular energy deficit and oxidative stress-related neurotoxicity via an irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). In the present study, activity of SDH was measured in order to evaluate neuroprotective effects of LC against the 3-NPA-induced neurotoxicity. Male, CD Sprague-Dawley rats, three months old, were injected with either 50 or 100 mg/kg of LC, i.p., 30 min prior to 3-NPA (30 mg/kg, s.c.) or with 3-NPA alone. The activity of brain SDH was quantified spectrophotometrically in caudate nucleus (CN), frontal cortex (FC), and hippocampus (HIP) 60 min after the 3-NPA injection. The SDH activity in the animals treated with 3-NPA alone was 38% (CN), 50% (FC), and 36% (HIP) that of saline controls. Pretreatment with LC prior to 3-NPA injection attenuated decreases of SDH activity by approximately 15 and 29% (LC low and high dose, respectively). Despite the attenuation of SDH inhibition, the activity of SDH in these regions remained significantly lower in treated than in control rats (p < 0.05). It appears that the protective effect of LC against 3-NPA-induced oxidative stress cannot be explained by the direct action of LC to interfere with the SDH inhibition but are rather achieved by LC actions downstream of the SDH inhibition.
Lifestyle behaviors of obese children following parental weight loss surgery.

Background Following weight loss surgery (WLS), patients are expected to make diet and lifestyle changes which may lead to children mimicking the changing behaviors of their parents. The purpose of the study was to identify the differences in diet and lifestyle behaviors between obese children with and without a parent who received WLS.
Parametric stability in a cellular oscillator

A comprehensive neuromime realized in CMOS VLSI circuitry was used to reconstruct and parametrically test the cellular oscillator that gives rise to swimming motion in hirudo, the medicinal leech. Each subunit of the leech swim network consists of a number of embedded cyclic and reciprocal sub-oscillators. Tests on the two sub-oscillator types indicate that the cellular and environmental parameters to which they are most immune complement one another. Tests on an entire subunit of the leech network show that the overall stability of the network is attributable to the product of the stability of its sub-oscillators.
A pharmacokinetic rationale for three times daily administration of ethotoin (Peganone)

Ethotoine est un anti-epileptique. Sa demi-vie, calculee sur la base d'une administration unique est de 5 heures. Mais la cinetique de ce produit s'est revelee non dose-dependante et sa demi-vie d'elimination, a la concentration sanguine therapeutique, c'est-a-dire apres quelques jours de traitement, est estimee a 8 heures; ce qui autorise a ramener la posologie a 3 administrations par jour
Phase Equilibria of Nuclear Waste Ceramics: The Effect of Oxygen Fugacity

Wasteform phase assemblages and radionuclide immobilization are described for a Synroc-D bulk composition processed at 1200/sup 0/C under oxygen fugacities (fO/sub 2/) ranging from air to those approximating graphite-CO-CO/sub 2/ buffer. All processing conditions produce assemblages of titanate and aluminate crystalline phases plus alkali aluminosilicate glass. In all cases the important radionuclides are immobilized in crystalline phases which have been shown to be highly leach-resistant.
A Review of: “Forbidden Fruit: Sex & Religion in the Lives of American Teenagers By Mark Regnerus.”

Not since the release of Jeffrey Moran's Teaching Sex (Moran, 2000), and Janice Irvine's Talk about Sex (Irvine, 2002), has such a comprehensive treatment of adolescent sexuality—as we see in Forbi...
The Mechanistic Underpinnings of an ago1-Mediated, Environmentally Dependent, and Stochastic Phenotype

The crucial role of microRNAs in plant development is exceedingly well supported; their importance in environmental robustness is studied in less detail. Here, we describe a novel, environmentally dependent phenotype in hypomorphic argonaute1 (ago1) mutants and uncover its mechanistic underpinnings in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AGO1 is a key player in microRNA-mediated gene regulation. We observed transparent lesions on embryonic leaves of ago1 mutant seedlings. These lesions increased in frequency in full-spectrum light. Notably, the lesion phenotype was most environmentally responsive in ago1-27 mutants. This allele is thought to primarily affect translational repression, which has been linked with the response to environmental perturbation. Using several lines of evidence, we found that these lesions represent dead and dying tissues due to an aberrant hypersensitive response. Although all three canonical defense hormone pathways (salicylic acid, jasmonate, and jasmonate/ethylene pathways) were up-regulated in ago1 mutants, we demonstrate that jasmonate perception drives the lesion phenotype. Double mutants of ago1 and coronatine insensitive1, the jasmonate receptor, showed greatly decreased frequency of affected seedlings. The chaperone HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90), which maintains phenotypic robustness in the face of environmental perturbations, is known to facilitate AGO1 function. HSP90 perturbation has been shown previously to up-regulate jasmonate signaling and to increase plant resistance to herbivory. Although single HSP90 mutants showed subtly elevated levels of lesions, double mutant analysis disagreed with a simple epistatic model for HSP90 and AGO1 interaction; rather, both appeared to act nonadditively in producing lesions. In summary, our study identifies AGO1 as a major, largely HSP90-independent, factor in providing environmental robustness to plants.
Joining and bonding technologies

This chapter presents the working principles of both surface and wire bonding techniques that are essential to MEMS and microsystems packaging. Special attention will be given to surface bonding techniques such as eutectic and anodic bonding, and silicon fusion bonding, for their unique applications in MEMS packaging. A special section is devoted to issues associated with bonding of microsystems with proposed troubleshooting strategies and resolution. Two case studies are included to underline the importance of proper design of the bonding processes and the control of parameters that affect the quality and reliability of the products.
Failure and Fatness: Could Surgical Management of Obesity Reduce Heart Failure Hospitalizations?∗

Obesity is an independent risk factor for heart failure (HF) development [(1,2)][1], particularly HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) [(3)][2]. Bariatric surgery can achieve marked weight loss and a reduction in cardiovascular events after bariatric surgery [(4–6)][3], but the role of
Examining the effects of emotion regulation on the ERP response to highly negative social stigmas

In order to determine if highly negative stigma is a more salient cue than other negative emotional, non-stigmatized cues, participants underwent electroencephalography while passively viewing or actively regulating their emotional response to images of highly negative stigmatized (e.g., homeless individuals, substance abusers) or highly negative non-stigmatized (e.g., a man holding a gun, an injured person) individuals. Event-related potential (ERP) analyses focused on the N2 (associated with detecting novelty), the early positive potential (associated with processing emotion), and a sustained late positive potential (associated with modulating regulatory goals). A salience effect for highly negative stigma was revealed in the early positive potential, with higher magnitude ERP responses to images of highly negative stigmatized as compared to highly negative non-stigmatized individuals 355 ms poststimulus onset. Moreover, the amplitude of this effect was predicted by individual differences in implicit bias. Our results also demonstrated that the late positivity response was not modulated by regulatory goals (passively view versus to reappraise) for images of highly negative stigmatized individuals, but was for images of highly negative, non-stigmatized individuals (replicating previous findings). Our findings suggest that the neural response to highly negative stigma is salient and rigid.
Non-neoplastic pulmonary lymphoid proliferations

Non-neoplastic pulmonary lymphoid proliferations encompass a spectrum of disease from small airway bronchiolar disease to diffuse interstitial disease. They include follicular bronchiolitis (FB), nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH), and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). FB is characterized by the presence of hyperplastic lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, exquisitely bronchiolocentric. Patients with FB not uncommonly suffer from connective tissue disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or immunodeficiency. The differential diagnosis of FB includes other small airway diseases such as chronic bronchiolitis or constrictive bronchiolitis. In contrast, LIP is an interstitial lung disease with diffuse marked septal thickening by small lymphocytes, with admixed plasma cells and histiocytes. Patients with LIP often present with autoimmune disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonia enter the differential diagnosis of LIP. Patients with NLH are typically asymptomatic and present with solitary or multiple nodular infiltrates. The lung parenchyma is focally obliterated by a mass comprised of fibrosis admixed with a dense polymorphous lymphoid infiltrate, often with numerous germinal centers. By immunohistochemistry, the lymphoid infiltrate is predominantly CD3 + T-cells with CD20 + B-cells forming the germinal centers. The plasma cells and lymphocytes are polyclonal. NLH needs to be distinguished from low-grade lymphoma, mainly MALT lymphoma.
Vitamin A metabolism: A switch between obesity and thermogenesis

O research is aimed at addressing the needs of 90 million obese American and 150 million obese patients worldwide. Visceral fat (VF), even in lean patients, poses risks for degenerative and inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. We elucidated the role of retinoic acid (RA) production by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1, a2, a3), the major RA-producing enzyme, on sex-specific fat depot formation. Female Aldh1a1-/(A1KO) mice but not males, were resistant to high-fat (HF) diet-induced visceral adipose formation due to the increased thermogenesis in their tissue. We translate our findings for the antiobesity therapy. We engineered A1KO-green fluorescent fibroblasts (A1KOG) maintaining thermogenic characteristics in vitro and in vivo. For transplantation, cells were encapsulated in the nano porous polymer. Encapsulation protects the cells from immune rejection and ensures their long-term survival in the treated fat tissue. Injected encapsulated thermogenic cells in white fat depots mimic brown fat. Encapsulated A1KOG fibroblasts were injected into VF of obese wild-type (WT) mice fed a HF diet for 80 days. This treatment reduced lipids stored in VF by 23% in treated vs. non-treated mice on the same HF diet, while non-injected subcutaneous fat was not influenced. The reduction of VF in WT mice treated with encapsulated A1KOG cells was due to thermogenesis in encapsulated A1KOG cells and also dramatic thermogenic remodelling of WT VF. This treatment strategy opens an opportunity for fat depot-specific obesity treatment. Ouliana Ziouzenkova, Biochem Anal Biochem 2013, 2:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.S1.002
Studying Mechanical Properties Of Thin Films Under High Pressures

Work-hardening curves of aluminum foils and of stacks of O.1pm thick 22 ct. gold foils, deformed between rotating Bridgman anvils, have been obtained for pressures up to 1533 MPa and shear strains to 400,000%. No sample thickness effect has been found between 5Oµm and 3µm, nor any significant difference between homogeneous foils and multi-layer foils, but heat-treatments do affect the results, as apparently does the introduction of 50nm thick sputtered copper layers between stacks of gold foils. Increases of strength with pressure appear to be due to corresponding increases of the Peierls-Nabarro stress. X-ray evidence indicates the reorientation of the foils from an initial (001) recrystallization texture after rolling to the (111) texture that was to be expected. Ordinary deformation behavior is indicated throughout, except for a tendency for slight negative work-hardening in the lower pressure range. At the extreme, assuming homogeneous deformation, the foils thinned to 60nm.
The ability of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging to predict actual pathologic tumor size in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer.

Abstract #4018 Background: Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to identify occult breast disease in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. We sought to determine the accuracy of MRI in predicting the actual pathologic tumor size in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Methods: Preoperative breast MRI was reviewed in 460 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. The size in terms of maximum tumor dimension, of 476 incident breast cancers on MRI were recorded and correlated with the actual pathologic size upon surgical resection. The correlation of size from MRI to pathology was determined. The size discrepancy was analyzed in relation to tumor size and histology. Results: MRI demonstrated 476 breast cancers (460 in the ipsilateral breast and 16 with concurrent contralateral breast cancer). Median age was 62 with a range of 25 to 91. The T stages of the population included T0 in 19% of the women, 60% had T1 lesions, 18% had T2 lesions and 3% were T3 or T4. The histology consisted of DCIS alone in 20%, infiltrating ductal in 74% and infiltrating lobular in 6%. Pre-operative MRI was unable to define an enhancing lesion usually due to hematoma following core needle biopsy in 9.8% (47/476). MRI described the size of the incident lesion in 90% (429/476). The mean difference in size between the preoperative MRI and the actual pathologic size for the entire group was 2.4 mm. MRI underestimated tumor size in only 3% of cases. The mean difference according to T stage and histology between MRI and actual pathologic size is listed in Table 1. The percentage of difference between MRI size and pathologic size for the entire group is presented in Table 2. Discussion: The mean difference in tumor size estimated by preoperative MRI in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer was within 5 mm of the actual pathologic size in 68% of patients. MRI was accurate in predicting T stage with no significant difference in relation to histology or T stage. This analysis further clarifies the role of preoperative MRI in surgical and treatment planning. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4018.
A Method of Obtaining Blood Samples Directly from the Hepatic Vein in Man

SummaryA method is described for obtaining samples of blood from the hepatic vein in man by means of a catheter in the venous system. Only a moderate amount of skill is required, and if carried out with care, samples can be obtained with minimal discomfort and danger to the subject.
Using isothermal titration calorimetry to determine thermodynamic parameters of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions.

It has now become increasingly clear that a complete atomic description of how biomacromolecules recognize each other requires knowledge not only of the structures of the complexes but also of how kinetics and thermodynamics drive the binding process. In particular, such knowledge is lacking for protein–glycosaminoglycan (GAG) complexes. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is the only technique that can provide various thermodynamic parameters—enthalpy, entropy, free energy (binding constant), and stoichiometry—from a single experiment. Here we describe different factors that must be taken into consideration in carrying out ITC titrations to obtain meaningful thermodynamic data of protein–GAG interactions.
Results From A Single Kidney Procurement Center

AbstractDuring a 16-month interval 235 kidneys were recovered from 120 consecutive donors, 15 of which were not transplanted for a variety of reasons. The factors believed to be important in producing a low wastage rate of procured kidneys included careful management of the donor during the brain death period, en bloc resection to avoid damage to vascular structures and the ureter, and avoidance of cold ischemia.
SU-D-201-03: During-Treatment Delivery Monitoring System for TomoTherapy

Purpose: Multiple error pathways can lead to delivery errors during the treatment course that cannot be caught with pre-treatment QA. While in vivo solutions are being developed for linacs, no such solution exists for tomotherapy. The purpose of this study is to develop a near real-time system for tomotherapy that can monitor the delivery and dose accumulation process during the treatment-delivery, which enable the user to assess the impact of delivery variations and/or errors and to interrupt the treatment if necessary. Methods: A program running on a tomotherapy planning station fetches the raw DAS data during treatment. Exit detector data is extracted as well as output, gantry angle, and other machine parameters. For each sample, the MLC open-close state is determined. The delivered plan is compared with the original plan via a Monte Carlo dose engine which transports fluence deviations from a pre-treatment Monte Carlo run. A report containing the difference in fluence, dose and DVH statistics is created in html format. This process is repeated until the treatment is completed. Results: Since we only need to compute the dose for the difference in fluence for a few projections each time, dose with 2% statistical uncertainty can be computed in less than 1 second on a 4-core cpu. However, the current bottleneck in this near real-time system is the repeated fetching and processing the growing DAS data file throughout the delivery. The frame rate drops from 10Hz at the beginning of treatment to 5Hz after 3 minutes and to 2Hz after 10 minutes. Conclusion: A during-treatment delivery monitor system has been built to monitor tomotherapy treatments. The system improves patient safety by allowing operators to assess the delivery variations and errors during treatment delivery and adopt appropriate actions.
Threnody Unthreaded: Iraq and its Aftermath in Richard House’s The Kills

Richard House’s epic novel in four parts, The Kills (2013), is a sprawling digital narrative whose intricate threads girdle the globe, yet lead us back to one particularly ugly tangle: a sum of $53 million embezzled by an American contractor in the desert in Iraq. I read House’s novel as a counter-narrative to what Judith Butler has called the ‘frames of war’, a dominant media narrative of Iraq which renders certain deaths ‘ungrievable’. Though a threnody of sorts, House’s dismembered narrative—full of chronological recursions, unsettling internal echoes and inexplicable disappearances—works against any sense that to progress through the novel is to complete the work of mourning. Irresolution does not, however, breed passivity in the reader. Instead through its form, its digital content and its manipulation of the generic conventions of the thriller, The Kills makes the reader work to piece together information and resist false connections, a masterclass in networked reading and the skill of resisting manipulation in the information age. The trailing threads of House’s unthreaded threnody are ultimately a provocation to the reader to continue the work of mourning, not by forgetting, but by remaining indignant, inquisitive and engaged in events which exist outside the personal sphere.
Electromagnetic Dissociation and Spacecraft Electronics Damage

When protons or heavy ions from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) or solar particle events (SPE) interact with target nuclei in spacecraft, there can be two different types of interactions. The more familiar strong nuclear interaction often dominates and is responsible for nuclear fragmentation in either the GCR or SPE projectile nucleus or the spacecraft target nucleus. (Of course, the proton does not break up, except possibly to produce pions or other hadrons.) The less familiar, second type of interaction is due to the very strong electromagnetic fields that exist when two charged nuclei pass very close to each other. This process is called electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) and primarily results in the emission of neutrons, protons and light ions (isotopes of hydrogen and helium). The cross section for particle production is approximately defined as the number of particles produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions or other types of reactions. (There are various kinematic and other factors which multiply the particle number to arrive at the cross section.) Strong, nuclear interactions usually dominate the nuclear reactions of most interest that occur between GCR and target nuclei. However, for heavy nuclei (near Fe and beyond) at high energy the EMD cross section can be much larger than the strong nuclear interaction cross section. This paper poses a question: Are there projectile or target nuclei combinations in the interaction of GCR or SPE where the EMD reaction cross section plays a dominant role? If the answer is affirmative, then EMD mechanisms should be an integral part of codes that are used to predict damage to spacecraft electronics. The question can become more fine-tuned and one can ask about total reaction cross sections as compared to double differential cross sections. These issues will be addressed in the present paper.
A model for managing edge effects in harvest scheduling using spatial optimization

ABSTRACTActively managed forest stands can create new forest edges. If left unchecked over time and across space, forest operations such as clear-cuts can create complex networks of forest edges. Newly created edges alter the landscape and can affect many environmental factors. These altered environmental factors have a variety of impacts on forest growth and structure and can alter harvest yields and habitat for wildlife. For example, chances of windthrow and regeneration shading can increase, which in turn can reduce the expected yield of merchantable timber. Additionally, forest edges can compromise interior forest habitat for wildlife and expose sensitive species to harmful processes such as nest predation or parasitism. We introduce a harvest-scheduling model that can keep track of and control the spatiotemporal development of forest edges. This allows the forest resource analyst to put constraints on edge production in an attempt to meet a variety of production and sustainability objectives. To demo...
Task switching is associated with temporal delays in Temnothorax rugatulus ants

The major evolutionary transitions often result in reorganization of biological systems, and a component of such reorganization is that individuals within the system specialize on performing certain tasks, resulting in a division of labor. Although the traditional benefit of division of labor is thought to be a gain in work efficiency, one alternative benefit of specialization is avoiding temporal delays associated with switching tasks. While models have demonstrated that costs of task switching can drive the evolution of division of labor, little empirical support exists for this hypothesis. We tested whether there were task-switching costs in Temnothorax rugatulus. We recorded the behavior of every individual in 44 colonies and used this dataset to identify each instance where an individual performed a task, spent time in the interval (i.e., inactive, wandering inside, and self-grooming), and then performed a task again. We compared the interval time where an individual switched task type between that first and second bout of work to instances where an individual performed the same type of work in both bouts. In certain cases, we find that the interval time was significantly shorter if individuals repeated the same task. We find this time cost for switching to a new behavior in all active worker groups, that is, independently of worker specialization. These results suggest that task-switching costs may select for behavioral specialization.
Chapter 3 - Dispersive Methods

This chapter discusses dispersive means of obtaining spectral resolution in spectrophotometry. These methods are used to spatially disperse or separate the various wavelengths of optical electromagnetic radiation to enable analysis of material properties in wavelength bandwidths that are appropriate to the material, the material property, and the material application under consideration. The two predominant spectrometer types are based upon gratings or prisms to physically separate the different wavelengths of the radiation. We discuss characteristics of each spectrometer type that result in their particular advantages and disadvantages. Important characteristics include the spectral range, spectral bandpass, spectral resolution, system aperture, and system throughput. The effects of imperfections in ideal spectrometers, such as wavelength error, stray light, and polarization effects, will be considered. Issues important to the choice of radiation sources will be discussed. Some characteristics of radiation detectors, such as linearity and noise, will be discussed. The techniques that are used to identify the presence and effects of these spectrometer properties will be discussed, as well as methods that are used to mitigate and/or quantify their effect upon the validity and accuracy of our measured results.
Staff assignment policies for a mass casualty event queuing network

We study parallel queuing systems in which heterogeneous teams collaborate to serve queues with three different prioritization levels in the context of a mass casualty event. We assume that the health condition of casualties deteriorate as time passes and aim to minimize total deprivation cost in the system. Servers (i.e. doctors and nurses) have random arrival rates and they are assigned to a queue as soon as they arrive. While nurses and doctors serve their dedicated queues, collaborative teams of doctors and nurses serve a third type of customer, the patients in critical condition. We model this queueing network with flexible resources as a discrete-time finite horizon stochastic dynamic programming problem and develop heuristic policies for it. Our results indicate that the standard $$c \mu $$ rule is not an optimal policy, and that the most effective heuristic policy found in our simulation study is intuitive and has a simple structure: assign doctor/nurse teams to clear the critical patient queue with a buffer of extra teams to anticipate future critical patients, and allocate the remaining servers among the other two queues.
Accuracy of S2 Alar-Iliac Screw Placement Under Robotic Guidance.

Abstract Study Design Case series. Objectives To determine the safety and feasibility of S2 alar-iliac (S2AI) screw placement under robotic guidance. Summary of Background Data Similar to standard iliac fixation, S2AI screws aid in achieving fixation across the sacropelvic junction and decreasing S1 screw strain. Fortunately, the S2AI technique minimizes prominent instrumentation and the need for offset connectors to the fusion construct. Herein, we present an analysis of the largest series of robotic-guided S2AI screws in the literature without any significant author conflicts of interest with the robotics industry. Methods Twenty-three consecutive patients who underwent spinopelvic fixation with 46 S2AI screws under robotic guidance were analyzed from 2015 to 2016. Screws were placed by two senior spine surgeons, along with various fellow or resident surgical assistants, using a proprietary robotic guidance system (Renaissance; Mazor Robotics Ltd., Caesara, Israel). Screw position and accuracy was assessed on intraoperative CT O-arm scans and analyzed using three-dimensional interactive viewing and manipulation of the images. Results The average caudal angle in the sagittal plane was 31.0° ± 10.0°. The average horizontal angle in the axial plane using the posterior superior iliac spine as a reference was 42.8° ± 6.6°. The average S1 screw to S2AI screw angle was 11.3° ± 9.9°. Two violations of the iliac cortex were noted, with an average breach distance of 7.9 ± 4.8 mm. One breach was posterior (2.2%) and one was anterior (2.2%). The overall robotic S2AI screw accuracy rate was 95.7%. There were no intraoperative neurologic, vascular, or visceral complications related to the placement of the S2AI screws. Conclusions Spinopelvic fixation achieved using a bone-mounted miniature robotic-guided S2AI screw insertion technique is safe and reliable. Despite two breaches, no complications related to the placement of the S2AI screws occurred in this series. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic.
Topological Integrals of Motion

Consider a one-dimensional particle moving in a field with potential V (x), and suppose that the potential has an infinite spike at a point x = a, as in Figure 11. The particle cannot penetrate an infinitely high potential barrier: if it starts to the left of point a, for example, it remains to the left of that point for all time. This is true for both classical and quantum particles.
Cat-Scratch Disease:

Cat-scratch disease has been reported with increasing frequency since its initial description in 1931. It is now recognized as being so prevalent that it probably represents the most common cause of unilateral lymphadenopathy in children, once nonspecific viral diseases and cutaneous infections have been excluded. The cardinal feature of the disease is a subacute regional granulomatous lymphadenitis. Because of its relatively mild natural course, most cases are treated on an outpatient basis. Forty-four children, representing the more seriously ill portion of the disease spectrum, were treated at Texas Children's Hospital from 1972 to 1984 and constitute the data base for this article. Most patients were symptomatic for nearly 1 month prior to admission, typically complaining of low-grade fever and regional lymphadenopathy. The two most common sites of lymph node involvement were the axilla (54%) and the neck (46%). Although there is, at this time, no specifically recommended treatment, 80% of patients received antibiotics and 70% underwent a surgical procedure--usually total nodal excision. Nodal excision was followed by rapid resolution of symptoms. Because cat-scratch disease is benign, surgery should be reserved for severe cases with signs of significant suppuration. Generally, symptomatic relief can be afforded by warm soaks and analgesics and recovery over the course of several weeks is uneventful.
Design hotspots for care of discordant chronic comorbidities: patients' perspectives

Patients with discordant chronic comorbidities (DCCs) have multiple, often unrelated, chronic illnesses with opposing treatment instructions that need to be addressed concurrently. While many tools are available for a single chronic condition or a set of well-defined health behaviors, there is a lack of tools designed to support patients in managing multiple conditions whose suggested treatments may be in opposition to each other. This paper reports on a 2-week photo elicitation interview study of 15 patients with type-2 diabetes and either depression, arthritis, or end-stage renal disease. Participants discussed the barriers they encountered in managing their health and strategies they used to overcome those barriers. Our findings highlight the difficulties faced by patients with type-2 diabetes and DCCs, including adjusting to having multiple health problems, maintenance of their support networks, and financial concerns. Here, we present design implications grounded in the current literature as well as the results of our study. Our work points to a new, novel strategies for care and treatment not only of DCCs but also of other complex conditions.
Bimodal Directional Laser via Dynamically Encircling an Exceptional Point

We demonstrate dynamical encirclement of an exceptional point in a laser cavity. By continuously varying the detuning and coupling between a pair of PT-symmetric waveguides, the laser simultaneously emits two eigenmodes, one from each facet. © 2019 The Author(s)
Sex Moderates the Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Some Aspects of Cognition in Cognitively Intact Younger and Middle-Age Adults

We recently reported the results of a randomized, parallel-group, observer-masked, community-based clinical trial of 132 cognitively normal individuals aged 20-67 with below median aerobic capacity who were randomly assigned to one of two 6-month, four-times-weekly conditions: aerobic exercise and stretching/toning. We now assessed potential sex moderation on exercise-related changes in aerobic capacity, BMI and cognitive function. There was no sex moderation of the effect of aerobic exercise on aerobic capacity or BMI. We had previously reported an effect of aerobic exercise on executive function that was moderated by age. We found additional moderation by sex, such that in any age range men improved more than women. Processing speed showed significant sex moderation but not significant age moderation. In men, processing speed significantly improved by week 12 (b = 0.35, p = 0.0051), but the effect was diminished relative to week 12 at week 24 (b = 0.24, p = 0.0578). In women, there was no exercise effect at either time point (week 12: b = -0.06, p = 0.4156; week 24: b = -0.11, p = 0.1841). Men benefited cognitively more than women from aerobic exercise. This study highlights the importance of using sex-disaggregated analyses when assessing the impact of physical exercise intervention, and the need to ascertain the underlying mechanisms for differential cognitive benefit by sex.
Defining, measuring, and enhancing resilience for small groups

Abstract Resilience is increasingly recognized as a factor that improves the functioning and performance of individuals and communities; however, it is underexamined in smaller groups or teams. We performed a comprehensive literature review to examine how resilience is defined, measured and used in small teams. Additionally, we evaluated the effectiveness of trainings or interventions on teams towards increasing unit resilience and performance. Following a literature review, 74 measures across 37 articles were assessed. Study eligibility criteria include English-language publications between 1980 and 2017 that included output from a research trial or survey on military or civilian groups pertaining to their resiliency to adverse events. Resilience of units/teams was assessed across the four phases of resilience defined by NAS: prepare, absorb, recover, adapt. Our review found that while the concept of resilience is not often studied in small groups empirically, the focus of available studies is on recovery with limited attention given to absorption and adaptation. This work reveals a potential mechanism to improve team/unit performance via unit resilience training and improved unit cohesion. Training had small but significant effects on the preparation (r = 0.03, k = 5) and recover (r = 0.05, k = 6) phases of unit resilience. In order to improve resilience in small groups, training programs and other interventions must be appropriately focused on the essential phases of resilience associated with mission execution.
The Collaboration Stepladder: How One Organization Built a Solid Foundation for a Community-Focused Cross-newsroom Collaboration

Newsroom collaborations are growing increasingly common as news organizations struggle in tough economic times. This project explores one newsroom collaboration in Philadelphia, notable for its siz...
Surgical strategy for the children with double-outlet right ventricle: our experience in 118 cases

Objective To summarize our experience of surgical treatment for double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) in children. Methods From August 1984 to June 2010, 118 patients with DORV underwent surgical repair at this center. Among the 118 patients, 62 were males and 56 were females.Their ages ranged from 10 days to 12 years old (mean age, 3. 2 ± 2. 6). Their weight ranged from 3. 0to 22. 5 kg (mean weight, 9. 6 ± 3. 7 kg). According to the STS-EACTS international nomenclature,86 patients were DORV associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 22 were DORV with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 3 were DORV with transposition of the greater arteries (TGA), and 7 were DORV with remote VSD. Corrective surgeries included 22 interventricular repairs, 84 interventricular repairs plus right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (pericardium was used for the reconstruction in 82 cases, and valved extracardiac conduits was used in 2 cases), 4 switch procedures, 6 bidirectional Glenn procedures, 1 Fontan procedure, 1 Pulmonary artery banding procedure, and 1 Blalock-Taussig Shunt procedure. The surgical safety and efficacy were studied by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data of the 118 cases. Results Nine patients died after surgery (7. 6%). The leading cause of death was low cardiac output syndrome. Of the 51 patients underwent corrective surgery before 2004,7 died after surgery (13. 7%). However, only 2 died in the 67 patients who had surgery after 2005(2. 9%). The patients were followed up for 2 months to 10 years. Cardiac ultrasonography didn't show any obstruction of left ventricular outflow tract, but 1 patient developed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction 2 years after surgery and received corrective surgery. No long-term death and other complications were noted. Conclusions Surgical strategy for the children with double-outlet right ventricle should be made based on patients individual anatomic anomalies. Key words: Double outlet right ventricle; Heart disease, congenital; Cardiac surgical procedures
Beware of Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis in the Setting of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thrombosis affect a small minority of patients exposed to heparin. However, given the high proportion of patients who receive heparin during hospitalization, clinicians should be mindful to keep it on their differential. This case involves a 56-year-old woman who developed HIT during a prolonged hospitalization. She was started on a direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, until her platelets recovered, was bridged to warfarin, and later developed warfarin-induced skin necrosis (WISN). Patients with prolonged hospitalizations may have an inherent vitamin K deficiency, leading to erratic changes in international normalized ratio (INR). Currently, there are no guidelines to address very high supratherapeutic INR levels in this setting. Prompt diagnosis and close monitoring during treatment are essential to minimize the risk of morbidity and mortality.
Toward Exhilarating Classrooms: Representation vs. Inclusion in Japanese Language Education

This article responds to the important effort, regarding diversity and inclusion, to draw attention to the imbalance in identity representation amongst the ranks of Japanese language teachers and to interrogate whether this is a symptom of native speaker supremacy bias. While recognizing the presence of this bias, I argue that addressing it through frameworks of representation (e.g. increasing the number of non-L1 female-identifying teachers) could inadvertently serve to support larger frameworks of oppression. Promoting, instead, a method of inclusive teaching that prompts us to look inward and actually transform the way we teach by having the courage to draw attention to our gendered, racial, national, and class identities within the classroom and connecting them to the content we teach, I offer a tactic for more directly addressing native speaker bias, as well as other structures of exclusion, that can be practiced by any instructor, no matter what their identities.
A Tunable, Simplified Model for Biological Latch Mediated Spring Actuated Systems

We develop a model of latch-mediated spring actuated (LaMSA) systems relevant to comparative biomechanics. The model contains five components: two motors (muscles), a spring, a latch, and a load mass. One motor loads the spring to store elastic energy, and the second motor subsequently removes the latch, which releases the spring and causes movement of the load mass. We develop open-source software to accompany the model, which provides an extensible framework for simulating biological LaMSA systems. Output from the simulation includes information from the loading and release phases of motion, which can be used to calculate kinematic performance metrics that are important for biological function. By rapidly iterating through biologically relevant input parameters to the model, simulated changes in kinematic performance can be used to explore the evolutionary dynamics of biological LaMSA systems.