cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variations of mesospheric ozone using millimeter-wave measurements

In March 1979, millimeter-wave observations of the ozone emission line at 101737 MHz were made to measure the diurnal variations in mesospheric ozone. Changes in mesospheric ozone were measured diurnally for a 10-day period. The ozone column above approximately 76 km rapidly decreased after sunrise to half value within 1 hour and was then followed by a slower (approximately 8 hours) decrease to an absolute minimum at 1600 hours. At sunset, the ozone column above approximately 76 km increased rapidly to its maximum value within 2 hours. In the 48-68 km altitude range, the ozone changes were gradual with a minimum near local noon (1200 hours).
Multimedia abstractions and applications in embedded real-time systems

Summary form only given. Multimedia is being increasingly used in embedded real-time systems not just for supporting friendly user interfaces but also for vision processing. Real-time compression, decompression, logging and synchronization of several multimedia streams are increasingly common. This talk will present operating system abstractions and analytical models that provide sound foundations for manipulating multimedia streams. A compelling application will then be used to discuss how these abstractions could be applied in real-life situations.
The School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: summary and discussion

This paper summarizes the key findings of the School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study and discusses the implications for policy and practice in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP). Reducing total fat offered in NSLP lunches to the amount set in the Dietary Guidelines, as called for in the proposed regulations published by the US Department of Ag- riculture in June 1994, would be facilitated by changing the legislative requirement to serve whole milk. In addition, the following menu choices and meal preparation methods would reduce considerably the amounts of fat in NSLP lunches: reducing the average meat serving from 2 to 1.5 oz; eliminating high-fat meats, high-fat cheese, nuts, and nut butters; eliminat- ing high-fat desserts and milk-based desserts; and reducing sharply the use of added fats in food preparation. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(suppl):252S-7S
Indecainide compared with quinidine for chronic stable ventricular arrhythmias secondary to coronary artery disease or to cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Indecainide, a new type Ic antiarrhythmic agent, and quinidine sulfate were compared in a randomized double-blind parallel study. Cardiac patients with ≥30 ventricular premature complexes per hour hour received indecainide, 50 mg, or quinidine, 200 mg every 6 hours, and the doses were increased until more than 80% suppression was noted, adverse effects occurred or a maximal dose of 100 mg of indecainide or 400 mg of quinidine given every 6 hours. Efficacy was achieved in 8 of 10 taking indecainide (p
Inherent Potentialities of Actualization An Initial Exploration

Biological factors are strongly emphasized in the actualization theories of Maslow and Rogers. Despite this emphasis, functionally nothing is known about the composition of the inherent potentialit...
Bridges to Academic Writing

SECTION ONE: COMPOSING: THE BASICS Chapter 1: Writing about a Person Chapter 2: Narrating a Personal Experience Chapter 3: Providing Examples Chapter 4: Supplying Reasons Chapter 5: Explaining with Parallel Points SECTION TWO: COMPOSING: RESPONDING TO OUTSIDE SOURCES Chapter 6: Proverbs and Quotations Chapter 7: Writing a Summary Chapter 8: Articles from Magazines and Newspapers Chapter 9: Selections from Literature SECTION THREE: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR REFINING SKILLS Part 1: Distinguishing General and Specific Ideas Part 2: Narrowing a Topic Part 3: Writing Titles Part 4: Focusing on Main Ideas Part 5: Practicing Support Part 6: Practicing Conclusions Part 7: Deciding on Paragraph Size Appendix 1: The Product: Three Essentials Appendix 2: Process Writing Appendix 3: Your Personal Spelling List Appendix 4: Grammar Highlights
The effects of slotting, burstiness, and jamming in frequency-hopped random access systems

A model is defined for a frequency-hopped spread-spectrum system, and performance is derived for the aspects of system variables by both mathematical analysis and simulation. Interference is characterized at both the symbol level and the packet levels. Values for the jamming parameters a, rho /sub t/ and rho /sub f/ that cause maximum degradation in the users' throughput are determined. A number of specific examples are presented to illustrate the results. It is shown that, unlike the case of unspread systems, performance does not depend heavily on the burstiness of the user traffic or on whether slotted operation is used. As the number of frequency bins q increases, the difference in performance between slotted and unslotted operation becomes insignificant. For large q, only slightly less throughput is obtainable when the traffic is bursty as compared with continuous transmission by the users; this fact justifies the consideration of random-access techniques in a spread-spectrum environment. The effect of the jamming pulse length a is closely related to gamma , the amount of the interference that a symbol can tolerate. If the jamming pulse length is large, the effect of the jammer is similar to additional user traffic of an equal load. >
A Switched-Mode Breast Coil for 7 T MRI Using Forced-Current Excitation

In high-field magnetic resonance imaging, the radio frequency wavelength within the human body is comparable to anatomical dimensions, resulting in B1 inhomogeneity and nonuniform sensitivity patterns. Thus, this relatively short wavelength presents engineering challenges for RF coil design. In this study, a bilateral breast coil for 1H imaging at 7 T was designed and constructed using forced-current excitation. By forcing equal current through the coil elements, we reduce the effects of coupling between the elements to simplify tuning and to ensure a uniform field across both breasts. To combine the benefits of the higher power efficiency of a unilateral coil with the bilateral coverage of a bilateral coil, a switching circuit was implemented to allow the coil to be reconfigured for imaging the left, right, or both breasts.
Organochlorine exposure and bioaccumulation in the endangered northwest Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) population

Exposure to toxicants is one factor hypothesized to influence population growth of the northern right whale. Organo-chlorines in right whale skin, feces, and prey were measured and used to identify factors influencing exposure and bioaccumulation. Concentrations of 30 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (5.7 ± 8.9 μg/g lipid) and 20 pesticides (11.4 ± 15.4 μg/g lipid) in skin biopsies were consistent with other baleenopterids. Concentrations in feces and prey were two orders of magnitude less than in biopsies. In principal component analysis, organochlorines in biopsies matched those from Bay of Fundy, Canada, zooplankton, whereas feces were like Cape Cod, USA, copepods. Year of biopsy collection was the principal factor associated with differential accumulation of nonmetabolizable PCBs, 4,4′-DDE, and dieldrin. Biopsies collected during winter had lower concentrations of lipid and metabolizable compounds than biopsies collected during summer. Concentrations of metabolizable PCBs increased with age in males. The bioaccumulation patterns implied that blubber burdens change annually because of the ingestion of different prey or prey from distinct locations and the release of some organochlorines stored in blubber during lipid depletion in winter. Because biopsy concentrations were lower than those found in marine mammals affected by PCBs and DDTs, we do not have evidence that the endangered whales bioaccumulate hazardous concentrations of organochlorines.
Simulations of electron injection into plasma wake fields by colliding laser pulses using XOOPIC

First time, self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations of electron injection into a plasma wake field by colliding laser pulses are presented. This method for injecting electrons in a laser wake field has been proposed recently by Esarey et al. (1997). An intense pump pulse generates a fast wake field. Forward going and backward going injection pulses collide at some distance behind the pump pulse generating a slow ponderomotive beat wave which can be used to inject plasma electrons into the fast wake field for acceleration to high energies. We have modified XOOPIC to run numerical simulations of the colliding pulses scheme. We have analyzed the influence of plasma and pulse parameters, so that we are able to study electron injection as it varies with amplitude, wavelength, and phases of the pulses. We will present preliminary results.
Counter flow membraneless microfluidic fuel cell

A counter flow membraneless microfluidic fuel cell is presented, where a non-reacting electrolyte separates the reacting streams. In this fuel cell design, vanadium reactants flow through porous carbon electrocatalysts. A sulfuric acid stream is introduced in the gap between the electrodes and diverts the reactants to opposite and independent outlets. This fuel cell differs from other membraneless designs in its ability to maintain a constant separation between the reactants without diffusive mixing.
The US tobacco control community’s view of the future of tobacco harm reduction

Objective: Tobacco harm reduction (THR) has garnered recent attention due to the introduction of novel nicotine delivery products ostensibly intended to reduce risk for inveterate cigarette smokers. This study evaluates the grassroots tobacco control community's knowledge, opinions, and beliefs about THR. Design: A web/mail survey conducted in October and November 2002, with a telephone survey of a sample of non-respondents. Subjects: The 2833 US based registrants for the 2001 National Conference on Tobacco or Health. Main outcome measures: Respondents' awareness of THR, perception of its importance, support for regulation, and perception of which THR products should be recommended to inveterate cigarette smokers. Results: 70% of respondents were aware of THR but respondents had low recognition of specific products at the forefront of the debate, such as Swedish snuff. Half believe THR will reduce smoking cessation and cause nicotine experimentation by children; 63% anticipate unintended adverse side effects. More expect THR to have a negative than a positive impact on health. Large majorities support government regulation of THR and conventional tobacco products, but fewer than 30% expect legislation regulating either. Most would recommend nicotine patches (76%) and gum (70%) to inveterate smokers, but no other product was supported by a majority. Scientists are more supportive of THR than activists, while respondents focusing on national/international issues are more supportive than those concentrating on local/state issues. Conclusions: Many members of the US tobacco control community are unaware of the THR "movement", while others possess only rudimentary familiarity with it. If and as THR achieves an increasingly prominent role on the tobacco-or-health scene, this community will have to become educated about THR, and be prepared to advocate for regulatory policies that will maximise the potential for positive outcomes. The potential for negative outcomes remains significant.
Surgical considerations for breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy

SUMMARY In appropriately selected patients whose tumors respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, breast-conserving therapy can be performed with excellent rates of locoregional control. Not all patients become breast-conserving therapy candidates, and in those who require mastectomy, recommendations regarding reconstruction may be influenced by whether a patient will be advised to consider postmastectomy radiation therapy. For patients with clinically node-negative disease, sentinel lymph node dissection performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is technically feasible and accurate and results in fewer patients with a positive sentinel lymph node, and therefore fewer patients requiring axillary lymph node dissection. For patients presenting with node-positive disease, a significant percentage will become node-negative with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and recent trials have been designed to assess the use of sentinel lymph node dissection in select patients.
Is Year of Radical Prostatectomy a Predictor of Outcome in Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: We examined whether the year in which radical prostatectomy (RP) was performed is a predictor of treatment outcome after controlling for standard prognostic factors.Materials and Methods: We examined the association between RP year and outcome in 6,556 patients from 7 centers using preoperative and pathological features. Patients underwent surgery between 1985 and 2000. The variables analyzed were RP year, clinical stage, pretreatment prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason sum, RP Gleason sum, margin status, level of extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle status, lymph node status, neoadjuvant hormones and adjuvant therapy. Median followup was 23 months (maximum 166). Separate Cox multivariate regression analyses were performed to analyze preoperative and postoperative factors.Results: RP year was a predictor of outcome on preoperative analysis (p = 0.006) but not on postoperative analysis (p = 0.130). Patient outcome steadily improved with surgery through the mid 1990s and then it a...
Flip chip processing using wafer-applied underfills

Wafer-level underfill has the potential to substantially increase the implementation and usage of flip chip technology in the electronics industry. The development of wafer-level underfills can bring the financial benefits of wafer-level processing to flip chip assembly and packaging. In order to realize these benefits, the wafer-level flip chip process should be transparent to standard assembly lines. Experimental studies have identified a number of process-related defects, including underfill voids, underfill outgassing, and die misalignment resulting from the solid to liquid transition of the wafer applied underfills and their associated surface tension, in the current study, aspects of assembly processing that relate to wafer-level flip chip assembly quality are examined. A parametric study of the effect of underfill coating uniformity on assembly quality and underfill voiding is presented. To address the surface tension driven die misalignment, a method is explored for reducing die misalignment through the use of fillet-constraining solder mask patterns. In addition, a theoretical description of the forces acting on a wafer-level flip chip die is developed to better understand the influence of process and design parameters on assembly yield.
Subnational Determinants of National Multipartism in Latin America

Recent research points to the importance of subnational elections as variables shaping the national party system in federal states (Jones 1997b; Mainwaring and Shugart 1997; Samuels 2000). I propose that the effects of subnational elections are not limited to federal states but instead can be seen throughout the region. This paper examines the impacts of gubernatorial elections across eighteen Latin American countries during the most recent democratic period. The analysis suggests that intermediate subnational elections do exert an influence on national party systems, whether the state is federal or not, and particularly influence how many parties are elected to a legislature's lower house.
A.A. Referrals for Alcohol Related Crimes: The Advantages and Limitations

Alcohol abuse is tied to a variety of social problems, espe cially crime. In fact, alcohol related arrests outnumber arrests for any other type of crime, including property offenses. Unfortunately, such offenders are often treated in an assembly line manner with little regard for their rights or well-being. This is illustrated in cases where A.A. is prescribed without the offender's biological, psychological, and sociologi cal profile being taken into consideration.
Merkel cell carcinoma metastatic to the head of the pancreas.

Context Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cutaneous tumor without clearly defined treatment and high propensity for metastasis. Case report This case describes a sixty four year old presenting with obstructive jaundice approximately two years after having a Merkel cell carcinoma resected from his finger. He underwent a successful pancreaticoduodenectomy with pathology confirming metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. This report reviews the history, presentation, and current treatment recommendations for Merkel cell carcinoma. Conclusions We propose that resection of metastases from Merkel cell carcinoma may confer a survival advantage and should be strongly considered, particularly if isolated.
Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia of Contextual Fear after Hippocampal Damage in Rats: Within-Subjects Examination

We have shown previously that electrolytic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) produce a severe deficit in contextual fear if made 1 d, but not 28 d, after fear conditioning (Kim and Fanselow, 1992). As such, the hippocampus seems to play a time-limited role in the consolidation of contextual fear conditioning. Here, we examine retrograde amnesia of contextual fear produced by DH lesions in a within-subjects design. Unlike our previous reports, rats had both a remote and recent memory at the time of the lesion. Rats were given 10 tone–shock pairings in one context (remote memory) and 10 tone–shock pairings in a distinct context (with a different tone) 50 d later (recent memory), followed by DH or sham lesions 1 d later. Relative to controls, DH-lesioned rats exhibited no deficit in remote contextual fear, but recent contextual fear memory was severely impaired. They also did not exhibit deficits in tone freezing. This highly specific deficit in recent contextual memory demonstrated in a within-subjects design favors mnemonic over performance accounts of hippocampal involvement in fear. These findings also provide further support for a time-limited role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
PS1-63: PRISM Online Training: A Free, Customized, Effective Plain Language Tutorial for Researchers

Background/Aims Group Health Research Institute (GHRI) created the Program for Readability In Science & Medicine (PRISM) in 2005 to help overcome the well-documented problem of low readability among research consent forms and other print materials created for study participants. Since then, PRISM training and editing services have helped GHRI researchers consistently meet the 8th-grade reading level target recommended by most IRBs. Our newest public-domain resource, PRISM Online Training, was launched with grant funding in October 2010 to help other institutions do the same.
Factors influencing older adults to complete advance directives.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors which influence advance directive (AD) completion among older adults. Method: Direct interviews of hospitalized and community-dwelling cognitively intact patients .65 years of age were conducted in three tertiary teaching settings in New York. Analysis of AD completion focused on its correlation with demographics, personal beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, and exposure to educational media initiatives.We identifiedfive variables with loadings of at least 0.30 in absolute value, along with five demographic variables (significant in the univariate analyses) for multiple logistic regression. The backward elimination method was used to select the final set of jointly significant predictor variables. Results: Of the 200 subjects consenting to an interview, 125 subjects (63%) had completed ADs. In comparing groups with and without ADs, gender (p , 0.0002), age (p , 0.0161), race (p , 0.0001), education (p , 0.0039), and religion (p , 0.0104) were significantly associated with having an AD. Factors predicting AD completion are: thinking an AD will help in the relief of suffering at the end of life, (OR 76.3, p , 0.0001), being asked to complete ADs/ or receiving explanation about ADs (OR 55.2, p , 0.0001), having undergone major surgery (OR 6.3, p , 0.0017), female gender (OR 11.1, p , 0.0001) and increasing age (76‐85 vs. 59‐75: OR 3.4, p , 0.0543; ,85 vs. 59‐75: OR 6.3, p , 0.0263). Significance of results: This study suggests that among older adults, the probability of completing ADs is related to personal requests by health care providers, educational level, and exposure to advance care planning media campaigns.
Understanding home language use in Chinese families who are living in the United States

More than half the world’s population is bilingual (Faroqi-Shah et al, 2010), and more than 55 million people in the U.S. are bilingual (Grosjean, 2012). However, many U.S. immigrants will become monolingual in English instead of remaining monolingual in their home language or becoming bilingual (Grosjean, 2012). Several experts have mentioned that there are programs that can foster dual language learning and encourage children to maintain their home language (Tabors, 2008; Zelasko & Antunez, 2000; Cunningham-Andersson & Andersson, 2011), but little research about how to inform families of the benefits of these programs and support them in maintaining their home languages is available. There is a lack of research about how families from groups who speak a home language other than English maintain their home language in the U.S. More needs to be known in order to support families who speak nonEnglish languages. This study focuses on Chinese families, the largest Asian group living in U.S., to understand more about how families help their children maintain their home languages. This thesis study used an online survey to explore parents’ attitudes toward and strategies for maintaining children’s home language among Chinese who are living in the U.S. The study revealed that an overwhelming number of Chinese parents strongly agreed that it would be important to teach their children their home language. However, parents had differing opinions regarding whether maintaining their children’s home language was related to maintaining their home culture and the benefit to their children’s future careers. Parents reported experiences and strategies used in supporting their children’s home language development. Future research and implications for supporting families were also suggested.
Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Elbow

Master Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery: The Elbow - Libros de Medicina - Cirugia ortopedica - 200,00
A conceptual model for the examination of stress dynamics.

The stress concept has proved to be an effective stimulus to reconsideration and redefinition of styles and strategies of coping as well as of life itself. The history of the stress concept, some of which has been presented in Chapter 1, has been an interesting one, as various disciplines found a way to relate to others and make some contribution to its development. As noted earlier, there have been many efforts at sketching or making a model of the stress concept in the tradition of Selye, who had stated “You must first have a concept derived from observation and symbolized by a name before you can even try to delimit it more precisely by a definition” (Selye, 1956, p. 61).
Semiconductors as Laser Materials 2: Density of States, Quantum Wells, and Gain

In the previous chapter, we discussed the direct properties of semiconductors that are relevant to lasers, including bandgap, strain, and critical thickness. In this chapter, we talk about the ideal properties of semiconductors and semiconductor quantum wells, including density of states, population statistics, and optical gain, and we develop quantitative expressions for these that are based on ideal models. These will lead up to a qualitative and quantitative expression of optical gain.
Beyond Pathology: Pump-Probe Imaging of Skin Slices Provides Additional Indicators of Melanoma

Principal component analysis of images taken with a pump-probe scanning microscope resolves eumelanin and pheomelanin. Utilizing intrinsic melanin contrast in skin slices has revealed significant differences between melanoma and other lesions.
Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau Particles are Bosons

The parametrized Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau wave equation is formulated for many relativistic particles of spin-0 or spin-1. The first-quantized formulation lacks the fields of creation and annihilation operators which satisfy commutation relations subject to causality conditions, and which are essential to the Quantum Field Theoretic proof of the spin-statistics connection. It is instead proved that the wavefunctions for identical particles must be symmetric by extension of the nonrelativistic argument of Jabs (Found Phys 40:776–792, 2010). The causal commutators of Quantum Field Theory restrict entanglement to separations of the order of the Compton wavelength \(\hbar /mc\) . The entanglement manifest in the symmetric Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau wavefunctions is unrestricted.
Development of a survey instrument to measure patient experience of integrated care

Healthcare systems are working to move towards more integrated, patient-centered care. This study describes the development and testing of a multidimensional self-report measure of patients’ experiences of integrated care.
Potential use of Gabapentin and Lamotrigine

Based on the proposed neurotoxic etiology of ALS and possible actions of gabapentin and lamotrigine, there is some reason to hope for a beneficial response when using these agents in patients with ALS. However, because of the lack of evidence supporting this use, the cost of treatment, and the risk of adverse effects, there is no rationale for this use before larger, controlled clinical trials are completed.
Radical Publishing: The Organization and Distribution of Art, Literature and Information in the 21st Century

This panel will present research and engagement, from two academic institutions and a literary foundation, in the current fundamental technological transformation and redefinition of publishing. Citing developments over the past 50 years that have first gradually, then more suddenly led to this radical change, with informed speculation on implications for the future, panelists will discuss issues of archival preservation, ownership, changing modes of authorship, and the cognitive role of touch in the creative process.
Intrathecal Access and Devices in Patients on Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant Therapy

Our chapter concerns the safety of placing cerebrospinal fluid diversionary techniques, either temporary or permanent, while patients are taking antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation medications. We review the current literature, as well as provide the experience from our institution.
Characterization of Cry3Bb1 resistance in field-derived strains of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is a serious pest of corn. Populations of western corn rootworm have developed resistance to several management strategies, including transgenic corn producing the toxin Cry3Bb1 derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance monitoring programs that must include bioassay assessments of Bt resistance conducted by registrants as part of its insect resistant management program for Bt corn. Here we examine the discriminatory power of five bioassay methods for detecting statistically significant differences in the magnitude of resistance to Cry3Bb1 in two non-diapausing strains of western corn rootworm. The resistant strain (Hopkinton) was generated by introgressing alleles from a field population with Cry3Bb1 resistance into a non-diapusing susceptible strain (Standard). The Standard strain was never exposed to Bt corn and served as the susceptible control in the bioassays. The bioassay methods studied were: a single-plant assay for larval survival, seedlingmat assay for larval survival, small single-plant assay for survival to adulthood, large singleplant assay for survival to adulthood, and seedling-mat assay for survival to adulthood. In general, seedling-mat assays tended to distinguish between resistant and susceptible strains on Bt corn better than single-plant assays, and whole-plant assays conducted in the greenhouse showed the least discriminatory power. Future research will be needed to determine how these bioassay
Interaction of saponin 1688 with phase separated lipid bilayers

Saponins are a diverse family of naturally occurring plant triterpene or steroid glycosides that have a wide range of biological activities. They have been shown to permeabilize membranes and in some cases membrane disruption has been hypothesized to involve saponin/cholesterol complexes. We have examined the interaction of steroidal saponin 1688-1 with lipid membranes that contain cholesterol and have a mixture of liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases as a model for lipid rafts in cellular membranes. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence was used to probe the effect of saponin on the bilayer. The results demonstrate that saponin forms defects in the membrane and also leads to formation of small aggregates on the membrane surface. Although most of the membrane damage occurs in the liquid-disordered phase, fluorescence results demonstrate that saponin localizes in both ordered and disordered membrane phases, with a modest preference for the disordered regions. Similar effects are observed for both direct incorporation of saponin in the lipid mixture used to make vesicles/bilayers and for incubation of saponin with preformed bilayers. The results suggest that the initial sites of interaction are at the interface between the domains and surrounding disordered phase. The preference for saponin localization in the disordered phase may reflect the ease of penetration of saponin into a less ordered membrane, rather than the actual cholesterol concentration in the membrane. Dye leakage assays indicate that a high concentration of saponin is required for membrane permeabilization consistent with the supported lipid bilayer experiments.
Preparation of the Wound Bed of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Over the last few years, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of diabetic foot ulcers, the importance of thorough surgical debridement, and how this standard therapeutic modality impacts on wound bed preparation. Importantly, wound bed preparation is revolutionizing the way we approach nonhealing or difficult to heal wounds. Much of what we do clinically, from elimination of bacterial burden, to debridement, and to the use of new technologies to heal diabetic foot ulcers, can now be seen as helping wound bed preparation and facilitating the process of healing. From a therapeutic standpoint, at least in the United States, large multicenter clinical trials have led to the regulatory approval of topically applied platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB (Regranex, Ortho McNeill, NJ) and bioengineered skin (Apligraf, Organogenesis, Canton, MA; Dermagraft, Smith & Nephew, Largo, FL), and have dramatically increased the number of available therapeutic options. However, not to be forgotten are advances that these and other clinical trials have brought to the standard of care for treating neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Indeed, these improvements in standards of care for diabetic foot ulcers have raised the bar for proving the effectiveness of new treatments. Stated differently, it has become harder to prove the effectiveness of new therapeutic agents. Thus, from now on we may be looking for “quantum”; jumps in therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.
A Life-Changing Diagnosis: Mapping Common Ground Between Young and Old

This chapter is an autobiographical introduction to Early Childhood, Aging, and the Life Cycle. It recounts how I came to live in Toronto in my seventh decade, after a lifetime in New York, and describes how my work as an early childhood educator, and my life as a gay man and caregiver to two elderly parents, led me to write about the common themes that spiral through our lives regardless of age.
The case for an "abnormal" insulin in diabetes mellitus.

Understanding of diabetes in molecular terms has advanced very little. The possibility that a structural difference exists in the circulating and pancreatic insulin moiety of diabetics is supported by three lines of evidence obtained in the authors' laboratory. — Immunologically purified circulating insulin from diabetic subjects untreated with insulin was noted to be relatively resistant to degradation by a crude muscle insulinase preparation. The pancreatic insulin of five diabetic pancreases was found to have a decreased biological activity in its ability to enhance glycogen synthesisin vivo and in its capacity to stimulate RNA turnover in tissue culture. — The nature of this “abnormal insulin” and its hypothetical role in the physiopathology of diabetes are discussed in the light of the need for a specific definition of the precise molecular change.
Sieving of solid food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery.

Present concepts on the gastric emptying of solid materials derive from experiments with plastic spheres now known to be emptied differently than food. Accordingly, experiments were undertaken with radiolabeled chicken liver to assess (a) the size of meat particles passed by the normal canine stomach and (b) the effeds of ulcer surgery on the rate of emptying and the size of emptied meat particles. Control or ulcer-operated dogs were prepared with chronic duodenal fistulas from which chyme was collected after a standard meal of beefsteak + radioliver + water. Collected chyme was sieved over a stack of sieves of decreasing pore size, and the percent of radioactivity recovered on each sieve was determined each postcibal hour for 5 hr. Control dogs emptied the meal slowly, and virtually all recovered meat was emptied in particles ʩ 2.0 mm. Dogs with vagotomy (V), pyloroplasty (P), vagotomy + pyloroplasty (V + P), or antrectomy with end-toend (A-BI) or end-to-side (A-BII) gastroduodenostomy did not empty the meal faster than the control dogs. In all ulcer-operated dogs except those with P, there were significant upward shifts in the size of meat particles emptied from the stomach; but changes were marked only in dogs with V + P or ABII. Although the experiments verify the antral sieving mechanism noted in earlier work with plastic spheres, the trituration of solid food is probably more complex than previously envisioned.
Detrusor contractility--order out of chaos.

Objective: This paper comprises a critical assessment of the many competing ways of assessing detrusor contractility in the urodynamic clinic. It is based on measurements made in a group of elderly women, and the conclusions apply, strictly speaking, only to that population. Detrusor contractility has two aspects, which appear to be independent of each other: the strength of the detrusor contraction and whether the contraction is adequately sustained. The second of these can be assessed quite simply from postvoid residual urine. The main aim of the paper therefore is to identify and recommend one or two best methods of measuring detrusor contraction strength. Conclusions: For research, the isovolumetric detrusor pressure should be measured during a continuous occlusion test or a mechanical stop test, effected by blocking the outlet with a balloon catheter. For routine clinical use, where ease of performance and minimization of repeat catheterization are important considerations, the isovolumetric detrusor pressure may be estimated from a simple contractility index PIP 1 (= p d c t . q m a x + Q m a x , in the usual urodynamic units). The older indices detrusor coefficient, projected isovolumetric pressure and bladder contractility index, the detrusor power and the well-known contractility nomogram, are not recommended for use in older women. Except for specialized research purposes, the Watts factor does not offer enough advantages to offset the complex calculation required. These conclusions may require modification for male patients.
Differentiation of human medial prefrontal cortex activity underlies long-term resistance to forgetting in memory

It is well known that distributing study events over time leads to better memory over long time scales, compared with massing study events together. One explanation for such long-term resistance to forgetting is that distributed study leads to neural differentiation in memory, which supports retrieval of past experiences by disambiguating highly similar memory representations. Neuroanatomical models of episodic memory retrieval propose that the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) work together to enable retrieval of behaviorally appropriate memories. However, it is not known how representations in these regions jointly support resistance to forgetting long after initial learning. Using fMRI, we measured differentiation in retrieved memory representations following an extended delay in male and female human participants. After 1 week, word-object associations were better remembered if studied across 2 d (overnight), allowing associations to be learned in distinct temporal contexts, compared with learning within a single day (same day). MPFC retrieval patterns showed differentiation for overnight relative to same day memories, whereas hippocampal patterns reflected associative retrieval success. Overnight memory differentiation in MPFC was higher for associative than item memories and higher than differentiation assessed over a brain-wide set of retrieval-active voxels. The memory-related difference in MPFC pattern differentiation correlated with memory success for overnight learning and with hippocampal-MPFC functional connectivity. These results show that learning information across days leads to differentiated MPFC memory representations, reducing forgetting after 1 week, and suggest this arises from persistent interactions between MPFC and hippocampus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural activity in both the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has been linked to memory-related representations, but prior work has not examined how these representations support episodic memory retrieval over extended time scales that are characteristic of everyday retrieval. We show that differentiation in MPFC activity 1 week after encoding is higher for retrieved information learned across 2 d compared with within a single day. In hippocampus, differentiation was greater for detailed memory retrieval but was not influenced by whether information had been learned over 1 or 2 d. Differentiation in MPFC predicted behavioral robustness to forgetting and was correlated with hippocampal-MPFC connectivity. The results suggest that context-based differentiation supports robust long-term memory via persistent MPFC-hippocampal interactions.
Cardiotoxicity and Cardiac Monitoring Among Chemotherapy-Treated Breast Cancer Patients.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine the rate of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity and to estimate adherence to recommendations for cardiac monitoring among breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Background Heart failure (HF) is a known complication associated with cancer therapies. Little is known regarding the rate of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity and adherence to recommendations for cardiac monitoring among chemotherapy-treated breast cancer patients. Methods Patients >18 years of age with a diagnosis of nonmetastatic invasive breast cancer between 2009 and 2014, treated with chemotherapy within 6 months of their diagnosis, were identified in the Truven Health MarketScan (IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts) database. HF, comorbidities, and treatment details were identified using diagnosis and billing codes. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazard regression, and logistic regression. Results A total of 16,456 patients were included; the median age was 56 years old. Cardiotoxicity was identified in 4.2% of patients. Therapy with trastuzumab (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72 to 2.36) and anthracyclines (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.30 to 1.80), Deyo comorbidity scores (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.66; HR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.94 to 3.15 for scores of 1 and ≥2, respectively), hypertension (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.51), and valve disease (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.48 to 2.51) were associated with an increased risk of cardiotoxicity. Patients ≤35 years of age (HR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.72) and 36 to 49 years of age (HR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.62) were less likely to have cardiotoxicity than patients 65 years of age and older. Among 4,325 patients treated with trastuzumab, guideline-adherent cardiac monitoring was identified in 46.2% of patients. Therapies using anthracyclines (odds ratio [OR]: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.87), taxanes (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.08), and radiation (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.39) were associated with guideline-adherent monitoring. Conclusions HF is an uncommon complication of breast cancer therapies. The risk was higher among patients treated with trastuzumab or anthracyclines and lower in younger patients. Cardiac monitoring among trastuzumab-treated patients should be a priority among high-risk patients and in the presence of comorbidities or other chemotherapies such as those using anthracyclines.
Metaphyeal and Diaphyseal Dysplasia of the Third Cervical Vertebra Secondary to Physeal Necrosis in a Quarter Horse Foal.

Summary Ischaemia-induced physeal injury has not been described previously in the horse. A 1-month-old Quarter horse foal was submitted for necropsy examination due to an acute onset of ataxia followed by a 4-week history of progressive decline. Focal narrowing of the spinal canal due to ventral compression by the rotation of the cranial aspect of the third cervical vertebra (C3) was observed. The metaphysis and diaphysis of C3 were markedly shortened and white–tan in colour. Microscopically, there was complete loss of the dorsal compact bone of C3 and replacement of 80% of the physis that runs parallel to the vertebral canal with fibrous tissue and thickened viable trabecular bone. Both cranial and caudal physes of C3 showed widespread bands of coagulative necrosis of the hypertrophic and calcifying zones. Marked bone marrow hypoplasia with slight fibrosis was observed in the metaphyses and diaphysis. There was no evidence of fracture or inflammation. The epiphyses were microscopically unremarkable. It was hypothesized that a regional transient incomplete and possibly multiphasic ischaemia involving the nutrient artery caused necrosis of the physes, resulting in dysplasia of the bone. Ischaemic injury to the physis should be considered in the pathogenesis of focal bone dysplasia in horses.
Disclosure of stuttering and quality of life in people who stutter.

Abstract Purpose This study investigated the disclosure practices of people who stutter, and the relationship between disclosure of stuttering and quality of life. Method Participants were 322 adults who stutter recruited from speech-language pathologists and support group leaders. Participants completed a survey that contained items measuring level of disclosure of stuttering, as well as a global measure of self-rated quality of life. Participants were grouped into low, average, and high quality of life subgroups. Analysis of variance tests compared disclosure levels among these subgroups. Results The low quality of life subgroup reported significantly lower levels of disclosure compared to both the average and high quality of life subgroups. Participants with self-help/support group experience for stuttering demonstrated significantly higher levels of disclosure of stuttering compared to individuals without such experience. In addition, a substantial number of participants in the overall sample reported that they more than rarely feel the need to conceal stuttering from others (40%), and that no one knows that they stutter in many areas of life (37%). Conclusions Attempts to conceal stuttering in at least some life situations are not uncommon among adults who stutter. However, being involved in self-help support groups may be a helpful way of increasing disclosure of stuttering. Speech-language pathologists should become aware of the positive relationship between disclosure of stuttering and quality of life and its relevance in assessment and treatment when working with people who stutter.
Online Public Opinion and Refugee Allocation. Assessment of the Impact of Refugee Facilities on Individual Expression of Political Views on Twitter

How does the allocation of refugees in geographic proximity affect natives' engagement with the refugee topic? In this study I investigate this question, leveraging the recent increase in refugee numbers in Germany and the subsequent opening of large refugee facilities. Relying on a large random sample of German Twitter users and using their Twitter posts to measure engagement with the refugee topic, I investigate how individual users react to the opening of facilities in their geographic proximity. I find that users are more likely to talk about the topic shortly before the facility opens. I additionally present evidence that subjects speak more negatively about the topic before the opening as compared to after the opening of the facility. Besides these substantive contributions, this study offers a template on how to use social media data to study public attention and public opinion on localized events.
Exploring the Definition of Computational Thinking in Research and the Classroom

Our research group has studied how Kindergarteners through second graders can be introduced to the ideas of Computational Thinking (CT) through engineer design, unplugged, and programming activities. We often found it difficult to explain the boundaries and clear definitions for CT in research, to students and their teachers. Literature provides a variety of definitions from various perspectives, but these definitions often seem like capturing smoke. We see evidence CT, indicating fire, but how hot or lasting it burns cannot be measured by smoke alone. CT is typically defined by siloed concepts and skills. Some silos describe concrete ideas, which tend to be tied to programming principles. Many describe essential ideas, but over generalized becoming hard to teach and measure and distinguish from other types of problem solving. Is there a middle ground where we can clearly observe the presence and growing maturing of CT yet not limit the ways it can manifest, particularly without requiring coding? We hope this poster inspires conversation on 1.) the intersection of CT and programming skills, 2.) the priority and order for learning those skills, and 3.) how we can promote CT in disciplines who interact with and help define computational solutions yet are never expected to learn to program. We hope to share our perspective as well as garner feedback and possibly collaboration on better refining curriculum within Computer Science as well as promoting CT in other disciplines.
When the Dance World Is a Hostile Workplace: Problems and Solutions

For the 2018 National Dance Education Organization (NDEO) Conference Plenary Session and Town Hall, presenters and members came together to focus on issues of abuse, sexual harassment, and bullying...
Beyond gay liberation: France’s other sexual minorities

Almost 25 years ago, the two of us began doctoral dissertation research in what was at the time a fledgling field: the social history and anthropology of homosexuality in contemporary France. The c...