cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Roles of H3K4 Methylation States with Systematically Characterized Antibodies

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important genomic regulators often studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), whereby their locations and relative abundance are inferred by antibody capture of nucleosomes and associated DNA. However, the specificity of antibodies within these experiments has not been systematically studied. Here, we use histone peptide arrays and internally calibrated ChIP (ICeChIP) to characterize 52 commercial antibodies purported to distinguish the H3K4 methylforms (me1, me2, and me3, with each ascribed distinct biological functions). We find that many widely used antibodies poorly distinguish the methylforms and that high- and low-specificity reagents can yield dramatically different biological interpretations, resulting in substantial divergence from the literature for numerous H3K4 methylform paradigms. Using ICeChIP, we also discern quantitative relationships between enhancer H3K4 methylation and promoter transcriptional output and can measure global PTM abundance changes. Our results illustrate how poor antibody specificity contributes to the "reproducibility crisis," demonstrating the need for rigorous, platform-appropriate validation.
PW 2245 Play safe be safe: a sesame workshop intervention on hildhood injury prevention in bangladesh

With epidemiological transition over years, childhood injury appeared as a leading cause for both morbidity and mortality among Bangladeshi children. 125 kids died each day from injury in the country; drowning, road traffic injury, electrocution and falls are the leading causes (BHIS, 2016). With an objective to prevent childhood injury, Sesame Workshop Bangladesh which produces the local version of Sesame Street (Sisimpur) in Bangladesh is implementing a project titled ‘Play Safe with Sisimpur’ from 2016 to 2018. Based on a comprehensive injury prevention curriculum developed with extensive support from Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh, Sesame Workshop Bangladesh developed Sesame Street standard audio-visual and print content in the areas of Water Safety, Falls, Burn, Road Traffic Injury, Household Hazards, Animal Injuries, and Electrocution and Machine Injuries. This powerful audio-visual content was intergraded in popular Sisimpur show, which is watched by approximately 10 million children yearly. In addition, the outreach component integrated the content in co-curricular classes of primary schools; trained teachers on how to use those materials. It also employed a child-to-child and adult-to-adult mentorship model with 4500 trained mentors. Besides daily activities, a weekly edutainment session was organized at schools and communities. D3 System, Inc. a USA based research organization is conducting independent evaluation research to measure the impact of the project. Anecdotal change stories from the field showed that many kids have now clear understanding about critical injury prevention and pre-hospital care messages such as stop-drop-roll for flammable fire; pour tap water for burn; looking at right-left-right sides before crossing road; not to jump into water while seeing other kids falling into water. After receiving mentor training, a ten-year-old mentor saw a younger kid to fall in a pond and she called an adult instead of jumping in; eventually, the kid survived after taking him to hospital.
Fault Current Experimental Results of Photovoltaic Inverters Operating with Grid-Support Functionality

The proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) distributed energy resources (DER) on distribution systems have caused concerns about electric power system (EPS) protection schemes, protection configurations, and device coordination. With the EPS designed for power to flow in one direction, the high penetration of PV-based DER has created concerns of grid reliability and protection scheme efficacy. The short-circuit current characteristics of the classical synchronous generator has been well characterized for symmetrical or unsymmetrical short circuit faults, but inverter-based DER dynamic models are not as wellknown and are generally specific to a single inverter manufacturer. There is also uncertainty in how advanced inverter controls like volt-var and low-voltage ride-through capabilities can impact the inverter fault currents. This paper performs laboratory tests to quantify the fault currents of single-phase, three-phase, and grid-forming inverters under a range of gridsupport function operating modes. The results characterize the PV DER sub-transient, transient, and steady-state equivalents. It was found that grid-support functions affect the current contribution from PV inverters.
Managing triplet excitons to enhance performance of blue OLED materials (Conference Presentation)

Triplet-triplet annihilation provides a way to generate stable, high energy (blue) emission from organic light-emitting diodes via the fusion of low energy triplet excitons. Low energy sensitizers can be used to populate the triplet states of the emitter, which allows low voltages can be used. However, these same sensitizers can also quench the emission of the high energy singlet in the emitter layer. Managing the motion of triplet excitons by adding a triplet-diffusion-singlet-blocking layer allows us to decouple the sensitization and emission events, preventing singlet quenching and enhancing the blue emission by a factor of 10 or more.
Intersections of Language, Content, and Multimodalities: Instructional Conversations in Mrs. B’s Sheltered English Biology Classroom:

The challenges inherent in mastering academic content in a new language are many. When it comes to learning science in U.S. high schools, English learners (ELs) confront these on a daily basis. In ...
5-Aminolevulinate synthase catalysis: The catcher in heme biosynthesis

5-Aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase (ALAS), a homodimeric pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the first step of heme biosynthesis in metazoa, fungi and α-proteobacteria. In this review, we focus on the advances made in unraveling the mechanism of the ALAS-catalyzed reaction during the past decade. The interplay between the PLP cofactor and the protein moiety determines and modulates the multi-intermediate reaction cycle of ALAS, which involves the decarboxylative condensation of two substrates, glycine and succinyl-CoA. Substrate binding and catalysis are rapid, and product (ALA) release dominates the overall ALAS kinetic mechanism. Interconversion between a catalytically incompetent, open conformation and a catalytically competent, closed conformation is linked to ALAS catalysis. Reversion to the open conformation, coincident with ALA dissociation, defines the slowest step of the reaction cycle. These findings were further substantiated by introducing seven mutations in the16-amino acid loop that gates the active site, yielding an ALAS variant with a greatly increased rate of catalytic turnover and heightened specificity constants for both substrates. Recently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis of various dimeric ALAS forms revealed that the seven active site loop mutations caused the proteins to adopt different conformations. In particular, the emergence of a β-strand in the mutated loop, which interacted with two preexisting β-strands to form an anti-parallel three-stranded β-sheet, conferred the murine heptavariant with a more stable open conformation and prompted faster product release than wild-type mALAS2. Moreover, the dynamics of the mALAS2 active site loop anti-correlated with that of the 35 amino acid C-terminal sequence. This led us to propose that this C-terminal extension, which is absent in prokaryotic ALASs, finely tunes mammalian ALAS activity. Based on the above results, we extend our previous proposal to include that discovery of a ligand inducing the mammalian C-terminal extension to fold offers a good prospect for the development of a new drug for X-linked protoporphyria and/or other porphyrias associated with enhanced ALAS activity and/or porphyrin accumulation.
Standard Deviations: The Biological Bases of Transmission Ratio Distortion.

The rule of Mendelian inheritance is remarkably robust, but deviations from the equal transmission of alternative alleles at a locus [a.k.a. transmission ratio distortion (TRD)] are also commonly o...
SIMILARITY PARAMETERS IN RADIATION GAS-DYNAMICS

SUMMARY The similarity parameters due to the presence of radiation fluxes in gas dynamics are presented in two distinct groups. The « intrinsic » parameters include those which govern the expression of the radiation flux itself; these are the optical dimension τL and the various physico-chemical dimensionless numbers which govern the form of the source function. The « extrinsic » parameters are those which establish the importance of radiation transfer in relation with the other transfer effects; the BOLTZMANN Number is discussed in some detail. The one dimensional formulation of the flux is presented with an extension of KOURGANOFF'S A operator to finite configurations. Several pseudo one-dimensional flow models are briefly described.
Regimes, Competition, and Military Coups in Latin America

This paper advances the use of political variables in cross-national studies of political instability. It systematically assesses whether open political competition reduces the likelihood of a coup and moderates the legacy of political instability. We employ an original dataset of coup reports, electoral returns, and socio-economic data spanning the twentieth century in 18 Latin American countries. Our models generate support for two central claims: recent experience with military coups increases the risk of new coups, but not in fully democratic regimes and non-democratic political systems face a higher risk of being overthrown than democratic ones. Coups do not vary with levels of development or of inequality, economic growth rates, the legislative powers of the presidency, or the behavior of regional neighbors. This paper raises implications for central debates in democratization studies, comparative political economy, and executive-legislative relations.
Landslide detection and susceptibility mapping using LiDAR and an artificial neural network approach: a case study in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio

The purpose of this study was to detect shallow landslides using hillshade maps derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based digital elevation model (DEM) derivatives. The landslide susceptibility mapping used an artificial neural network (ANN) approach and backpropagation method that was tested in the northern portion of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CVNP) located in northeast Ohio. The relationship between landslides and predictor attributes, which describe landform classes using slope, profile and plan curvatures, upslope drainage area, annual solar radiation, and wetness index, was extracted from LiDAR-based DEM using geographic information system (GIS). The approach presented in this paper required a training study area for the development of the susceptibility model and a validation study area to test the model. The results from the validation showed that within the very high susceptibility class, a total of 42.6 % of known landslides that were associated with 1.56 % of total area were correctly predicted. In contrast, the very low susceptibility class that represented 82.68 % of the total area was associated with 1.20 % of known landslides. The results suggest that the majority of the known landslides occur within a small portion of the study area, consistent with field investigation and other studies. Sample probabilistic maps of landslide susceptibility potential and other products from this approach are summarized and presented for visualization to help park officials in effective management and planning.
Indoor Ultraviolet Tanning Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults: Results From a Prospective Study of Early Onset and Persistence.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to test whether those who initiate tanning during adolescence are more likely to continue tanning in young adulthood, potentially increasing their risk for melanoma. Methods The study included prospective data from the Growing Up Today Study, a cohort study started in 1996 (N = 5,882). Results Among men and women who ever indoor UV tanned, those who indoor UV tan by age 17 years consistently indoor tanned at least twice the prevalence as those who did not indoor UV tan by age 17 years. Indoor tanning prevalence at age 27 years was nearly 4 times as high (18.8% vs. 4.8%) among men who started indoor tanning by age 17 years than those who did not indoor tan by age 17 years. These differences persisted through age 27 years and are more pronounced in men (18.8% vs. 4.8%) than in women (30.5% vs. 13.0%). Conclusion Adolescents who indoor UV tan by age 17 years are more likely to continue to indoor tan through young adulthood than those who begin indoor UV tanning at age 18 years or older. Our findings suggest that interventions to prevent indoor UV tanning among minors may substantially reduce years of exposure to this carcinogenic behavior in young adults.
Validating the dance fundamental movement skills assessment for balance

The Dance Fundamental Movement Skills Assessment (DFMS-A) examines fundamental movement skills as described by Footprints Dance Project in their teaching resource: Footprints Movement Tool. It was ...
Tobacco Reconsidered: Ongoing Omissions, Original Outlooks in the Slipstreams of Experience, Global Health, and Critical Industry Studies

Nearly a decade ago, we published the first Annual Review of Anthropology article on tobacco (Kohrman & Benson 2011). Since then, much has happened, and much has persisted regarding human-tobacco r...
Hyperchloremia in critically ill patients: association with outcomes and prediction using electronic health record data.

Increased chloride in the context of intravenous fluid chloride load and serum chloride levels (hyperchloremia) have previously been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in select subpopulations of intensive care unit (ICU) patients (e.g patients with sepsis). Here, we study the general ICU population of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database to corroborate these associations, and propose a supervised learning model for the prediction of hyperchloremia in ICU patients. We assessed hyperchloremia and chloride load and their associations with several outcomes (ICU mortality, new acute kidney injury [AKI] by day 7, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [MODS] on day 7) using regression analysis. Four predictive supervised learning classifiers were trained to predict hyperchloremia using features representative of clinical records from the first 24h of adult ICU stays. Hyperchloremia was shown to have an independent association with increased odds of ICU mortality, new AKI by day 7, and MODS on day 7. High chloride load was also associated with increased odds of ICU mortality. Our best performing supervised learning model predicted second-day hyperchloremia with an AUC of 0.76 and a number needed to alert (NNA) of 7—a clinically-actionable rate. Our results support the use of predictive models to aid clinicians in monitoring for and preventing hyperchloremia in high-risk patients and offers an opportunity to improve patient outcomes.
A Multicountry, Multicommodity Stochastic Game Theory Network Model of Competition for Medical Supplies Inspired by the Covid-19 Pandemic

Abstract In this paper, we construct the first stochastic Generalized Nash Equilibrium model for the study of competition among countries for limited supplies of medical items (PPEs, ventilators, etc.) in the disaster preparedness and response phases in the Covid-19 pandemic. The government of each country is faced with a two-stage stochastic optimization problem in which the first stage is prior to the pandemic declaration and the second stage is post the pandemic declaration. We provide the theoretical constructs, a qualitative analysis, and an algorithm, accompanied by convergence results. Both illustrative examples are presented as well as algorithmically solved numerical examples, inspired by the need for N95 masks and ventilators. The results reveal that, in addition to the preparedness of countries before the pandemic declaration, their ability to adapt to the conditions in different scenarios has a significant impact on their overall success in the management of the pandemic crisis. The framework can capture competition for other medical supplies, including Covid-19 vaccines and possible treatments, with modifications to handle perishability.
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Collaborative Lung Cancer Screening Educational Intervention Tailored for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness.

Abstract Purpose Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) experience disparities in lung cancer mortality. Using a two-phase, mixed-methods approach, we developed a person-centered lung cancer screening (LCS) educational intervention (phase 1) for individuals with SMI (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) and evaluated acceptability, feasibility, and changes in attitudes toward LCS (phase 2). Methods Phase 1: We conducted three focus groups with mental health, primary care, and radiology clinicians and utilized rapid qualitative analysis to adapt the LCS intervention (LCS walk-through video and smoking cessation handouts) tailored for individuals with SMI. Phase 2: We enrolled LCS-eligible patients with SMI (n = 15) and assessed the feasibility (>50% enrollment; >75% completion) and acceptability (>75% overall satisfaction) of an LCS educational intervention delivered by a radiologist and a mental health clinician at a community mental health clinic. We explored changes in participant attitudes about lung cancer, LCS, and smoking before and after the intervention. Results Phase 1: Focus groups with primary care (n = 5), radiologists (n = 9), and mental health clinicians (n = 6) recommended person-centered language and adapting a video demonstrating the process of LCS to address concerns specific to SMI, including paranoia and concrete thinking. Phase 2: Fifty percent (15 of 30) of eligible patients enrolled in the LCS intervention, 100% (15 of 15) completed the intervention, and 93% (14 of 15) were satisfied with the intervention. Participants reported a significantly greater worry about developing lung cancer postintervention, but there were no other significant differences. Conclusions Radiologists can partner with primary care and community mental health clinics to lead equity efforts in LCS among individuals with SMI.
Using a mixed methods approach to identify public perception of vaping risks and overall health outcomes on Twitter during the 2019 EVALI outbreak.

Abstract Introduction Vaping product use (i.e., e-cigarettes) has been rising since 2000 in the United States. Negative health outcomes associated with vaping products have created public uncertainty and debates on social media platforms. This study explores the feasibility of using social media as a surveillance tool to identify relevant posts and at-risk vaping users. Methods: Using an interdisciplinary method that leverages natural language processing and manual content analysis, we extracted and analyzed 794,620 vaping-related tweets on Twitter. After observing significant increases in vaping-related tweets in July, August, and September 2019, additional human coding was completed on a subset of these tweets to better understand primary themes of vaping-related discussions on Twitter during this time frame. Results: We found significant increases in tweets related to negative health outcomes such as acute lung injury and respiratory issues during the outbreak of e-cigarette/vaping associated lung injury (EVALI) in the fall of 2019. Positive sentiment toward vaping remained high, even across the peak of this outbreak in July, August, and September. Tweets mentioning the public perceptions of youth risk were concerning, as were increases in marketing and marijuana-related tweets during this time. Discussion: The preliminary results of this study suggest the feasibility of using Twitter as a means of surveillance for public health crises, and themes found in this research could aid in specifying those groups or populations at risk on Twitter. As such, we plan to build automatic detection algorithms to identify these unique vaping users to connect them with a digital intervention in the future.
Multi-Source Domain Adaptation via Optimal Transport for Brain Dementia Identification

Multi-site MRI data have been increasingly employed for automated identification of brain dementia, but are susceptible to large domain shift between different imaging sites/centers. Previous studies usually simply ignore the domain shift caused for instance by different scanners/protocols. Even though several studies proposed to reduce inter-domain discrepancy, they generally require a part of labeled target data and cannot well handle problems with multi-source domains. To this end, we propose a multi-source optimal transport (MSOT) framework for cross-domain Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis with multi-site MRI data. Specifically, we first project data from multi-source domains to target domain through optimal transport in an unsupervised manner. Based on projected representation, we calculate the similarity between each source and target domains, and use this similarity as the source domain weight. We then train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier based on projected samples from each source domain. Finally, an ensemble learning strategy via weighted voting is used to predict labels of target samples. The proposed MSOT does not require labeled target data and can be efficiently optimized. Experiments were performed on three benchmark neuroimaging datasets for AD identification, with results suggesting the superiority of MSOT over several state-of-the-art methods.
What can clients tell us about whether to use motivational interviewing? An analysis of early-session ambivalent language

Abstract Background Although motivational interviewing (MI) is an effective method for promoting change in problematic alcohol and other drug use, it does not benefit all clients. Clinicians have little empirical guidance on who is likely to benefit from MI and who is not. We hypothesized that differences in clients' spontaneously offered language early in the session would predict their responsiveness to MI during the remainder of the session. Method The study obtained coding data from 125 counseling sessions from a large randomized controlled trial of clinician training. A cluster analysis created one group of clients whose language reflected ambivalence, and one group whose language reflected readiness to change. We conducted a univariate analysis of variance to compare the mean change in percent change talk across the session between groups. Results Clients whose language reflected ambivalence early in the session had a greater change in their percent change talk during the remainder of the session, compared to those whose language reflected greater readiness to change (F (1,90) = 63.02, t = 7.94, p Conclusion Clients' language early in the session may offer clinicians some guidance on whether MI is likely to be useful or counterproductive in the treatment of substance use disorder.
Mathematics in Image Processing

Table of Contents * Introduction u by H. Zhao * MRA-based wavelet frames and applications u by B. Dong and Z. Shen * Five lectures on sparse and redundant representations modelling of images u by M. Elad * Simulation of elasticity, biomechanics, and virtual surgery u by J. M. Teran, J. L. Hellrung, Jr., and J. Hegemann
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DYNAMIC ISO-SPHERE HOLOGRAPHIC RINGS WITH AN INVERSE ISO-DUALITY

In this preliminary work, we use a dynamic iso-unit function to iso-topically lift the "static" Inopin holographic ring (IHR) of the unit sphere to an interconnected pair of "dynamic iso-sphere IHRs" (iso-DIHR), where the IHR is simultaneously iso-dual to both a magnified "exterior iso-DIHR" and de-magnified ``interior iso-DIHR". For both the continuously-varying and discretely-varying cases, we define the dynamic iso-amplitude-radius of one iso-DIHR as being equivalent to the dynamic iso-amplitude-curvature of its counterpart, and conversely. These initial results support the hypothesis that a new IHR-based mode of iso-geometry and iso-topology may be in order, which is significant because the interior and exterior zones delineated by the IHR are fundamentally "iso-dual inverses" and may be inferred from one another.
EXPLORING THE TENSION BETWEEN STRATEGIC RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS: EVIDENCE FROM INDIAN SLUM HOUSEHOLDS

Resource-based theory has identified strategic resources based on the presence of characteristics which include value, rarity, inimitability, and non-substitutability. Each dimension has largely been treated as dichotomous and independent. As a result, Resource-based theory has failed to account for the continuous and interrelated nature of resource characteristics. We advance theory based on the degree of specific resource characteristics and reveal tensions between them. Specifically, we examine how the level of resource inimitability can negatively impact the value of strategic human capital. We test our findings in the under-researched impoverished firm context using a unique sample of Indian slum households and firms.
Health Care for Older Women

The issue of health care for older women as it relates to their financial resources and health care reimbursement is the focus of this paper. Federal regulations that affect older women and also the role of the medical establishment are examined. Suggestions are given for policy changes on the federal and local levels and for a redirection of the women's health movement. It is suggested that women tend to be seen as burdens to the health care system and face both age and sex discrimination from many health care providers. This is the disease that needs to be cured.
Day 6 Estradiol Level Predicts Cycle Cancellation Among Poor Responder Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization—Embryo Transfer Cycles Using a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Flare Regimen

Purpose : To compare two GnRHa flare protocols among poor responders undergoing IVF-ET and to evaluate if a Day 6 estradiol level can predict outcome. Methods : Retrospective analyses of GnRHa flare IVF cycles among poor responders. Group A (“miniflare,” N = 36) 40 μg GnRHa s.c. b.i.d. from Day 3; Group B (“standard flare,” N = 24) 1 mg GnRHa on Days 2–3; 0.5 mg GnRHa from Day 4. ROC analysis was performed to find a Day 6 estradiol value that is predictive of cycle outcome. Results : With the standard flare, patients required less gonadotropins and tended to have fewer cancellations and higher pregnancy rates. A Day 6 estradiol level ≤75 pg/mL was predictive of cycle cancellation, but not of pregnancy outcome. Conclusions : Standard GnRHa flare offers some advantages over the miniflare. Day 6 estradiol ≤75 pg/mL is predictive of cycle cancellation. When the estradiol level is low on Day 6 (no flare), early cancellation should be considered.
The Distribution of Run Lengths in Integer Compositions

We find explicitly the generating function for the number of compositions of $n$ that avoid all words on a given list of forbidden subwords, in the case where the forbidden words are pairwise letter-disjoint. From this we get the gf for compositions of $n$ with no $k$ consecutive parts equal, as well as the number with $m$ parts and no consecutive $k$ parts being equal, which generalizes corresponding results for Carlitz compositions.
Vapor Transport Characteristics of Mineral Fiber Insulation from Heat Flow Meter Measurements

Two empirical coefficients are identified to represent water vapor transport through fibrous insulation, in the presence of a thermal gradient. These coefficients are determined from heat flow meter measurements.
Writing: a unique strategy designed to bring current topics in science and engineering to non-majors

The paper reports on an ongoing research study designed to address the role of writing in terms of the assessment of student learning. The study to be described involves a new instructional technique for incorporating writing into the curriculum for non-majors. This technique was developed to bring science and engineering topics to the forefront in a new introductory physics course designed exclusively for non-majors at American University in Washington, DC. Participants in this study were enrolled in Physics for the New Millennium during the fall 1999 semester. Throughout the semester, students were exposed to all aspects of preparing a paper for publication including the submission of an abstract, the preparation of a draft of their their paper for a formal review, and finally, the preparation of a revised camera-ready copy for publication in the conference proceedings. Students were also required to present their final papers at the New Millennium Conference at the end of the fall 1999 semester. A summary of the curriculum devised for this writing technique is presented. In addition, links are made to the importance of making science and engineering topics accessible to non-majors through the active process of writing. Students' overall perceptions of this activity are also shared.
Phonon focusing of dispersive phonons in Ge

A recent phonon-imaging experiment measuring ballistic propagation of high-frequency acoustic phonons in Ge has shown a spatial shift, due to dispersion, in phonon-focusing singularity patterns. Existing phonon-focusing theory is based upon continuum elasticity and is unable to describe this shift. In this paper the concept of the phonon-focusing enhancement factor is extended from the two-dimensional continuum limit to the three-dimensional dispersive case. Singularity lines for a range of frequencies are shown to form a singularity surface. With the use of an extended Born---von K\'arm\'an model for the lattice dynamics of Ge, the lines of singular-phonon-flux enhancement are calculated for several frequencies between 0 and 1500 GHz. The results for 0 GHz and 700-1000 GHz compare favorably with the results in those experimental regimes.
Psychiatric elopement: using evidence to examine causative factors and preventative measures.

Background Elopement is a problem in the inpatient mental health community. Elopement can have serious and long term effects for the patients and staff. Objective The purposes of this paper are to present a review of the literature regarding elopement and to provide recommendation for practice. Design Using several databases, a search of the existing literature was conducted. Results Elopement occurs due to a number of factors, including: psychosocial issues, staff–patient interaction, the patient's attitude toward hospitalization, and their mental illness. Conclusion It is important to understand why patients seek to elope from treatment facilities to prevent further occurrences.
Molecular mimicry of the bond length-bond strength variations in oxide crystals

Minimum energy theoretical bond lengths R t obtained with robust split-basis molecular orbital calculations for 27 hydroxyacid molecules containing first- and second-row cations X n+ reproduce XO bond lengths in crystals. Plots of ln(R t ) vs. ln(s), where s is the Pauling bond strength, define two different but essentially parallel trends (for first- and second-row cations, respectively) as observed for crystals. A new bond strength parameter p=s/r is defined where r=1 for first- and r=2 for second-row main-group cations. When a ln(R t ) vs. ln(p) plot is prepared with these theoretical bond lengths, a single trend is obtained. A regression analysis of this data set shows that more than 99 percent of the variation of ln(R t can be explained in terms of a linear dependence on ln(p), yielding R=1.39 p −0.22 as an estimator of the bond lengths. A comparison of 153 mean XO bond lengths compiled by Shannon (1976) for main-group closed-shell X-cations from all 6 rows of the periodic table with those estimated with this formula for r=1, 2, ..., 6, respectively, shows that these bond lengths are estimated within 0.05 A on average with nearly 85 percent estimated within 0.10 A of the observed value. More than 97 percent of the variation of these observed bond lengths can be ranked in terms of a linear dependence on the estimated bond lengths. The success of these calculations is further evidence that the forces that govern bond length variations in oxide crystals behave as if they are short-ranged.
Cerebral lateralisation effects in visual half-field experiments

THE systematic study of behavioural differences related to differential functioning of the cerebral hemispheres has increased markedly in recent years. The studies of Sperry and his collaborators1 on cerebral commissurotomy patients have stimulated many investigations into the hemisphere specialisations of normally functioning subjects. There are now many reports2,3 of statistically significant differences in hemisphere performance. Although hemisphere differences are consistent across independent experiments, they are small, occasionally inconsistent, and found within a limited experimental context, and so the generality of hemisphere differences remains to be established. We present here brief accounts of six experiments on cerebral lateralisation, four of which failed to find any differences and two which produced highly significant hemisphere differences. On the basis of this and published work, we believe that we can offer both a possible explanation for both the presence and absence of cerebral lateralisation effects in visual half-field experiments and also procedural guidelines that will produce cerebral lateralisation effects.
Fabrication of CuSiC metal matrix composites

A CuSiC MMC heatspreader will offer high thermal conductivity between 250 and 325 W/mK and corresponding adjustable thermal expansion coefficient between 8.0 and 12.5 ppm/°C. The primary challenge of CuSiC manufacture was to prevent reaction between copper and silicon carbide during high temperature densification, which dramatically degraded the thermal conductivity. In this study, the key issue addressed was the Si attack of Cu at the temperatures necessary for CuSiC fabrication (850 to 1200°C). Decomposition of SiC in contact with copper will dissolve Si in Cu causing a dramatic decrease of Cu thermal conductivity. This diffusion of Si into Cu can be prevented by the application of reliable barrier layers to diminish mass transport through the diffusion path and thereby minimizing the chemical interaction. A reliable barrier coating was identified and used to fabricate the CuSiC composites. The CuSiC composites were then characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS. Chemical analysis and thermal conductivity by laser flash diffusivity measurement illustrated the effectiveness of the barriers. A CuSiC composite having thermal conductivity of 322.9 W/m-K was successfully fabricated.
Freight train graffiti: Subculture, crime, dislocation

In the widespread and growing hip hop graffiti underground, a new subcultural practice has recently become popular: the illegal painting of graffiti on outbound freight trains as a means of sending graffiti images out from their initial, circumscribed points of production into wider circulation. Using ethnographic methods appropriate to such a fluid, dislocated, and visually rich subject of study, I examine the proliferation of freight train graffiti, and the cultural and historical dynamics surrounding it. I also document the ways in which freight train graffiti both reproduces and expands long-standing orientations in the hip hop graffiti underground toward spatial mobility and symbolic expansion. Finally, I explore a variety of cultural and theoretical trajectories that freight train graffiti suggests: the development of criminal and deviant subcultures as dislocated symbolic communities; the interweaving of crime, cultural space, media, and audience; and the emergence of postmodern or anarchistic form...
The dependence of the dynamic material toughness on the velocity and on some loading parameters

A recently proposed finite difference code, the SMF2D code, is used to simulate fast crack propagation in double cantilever beams (DCB) and single edge notch (SEN) specimens. The crack length-time history, whether measured experimentally, as in the DCB case, or conjectured, as in the SEN case, serves as input data. Several trial functions were used to simulate the initial acceleration phase since this phase has little available experimental data. Their effect on the overall results are found to be negligible except in the deceleration stage of crack propagation. Results for the cases investigated indicate that the dynamic material toughness is not a single valued function of crack velocity only, but that it also depends on some loading parameters and the specimen geometry.
Representing and reasoning about mappings between domain models

Mappings between disparate models are fundamental to any application that requires interoperability between heterogeneous data and applications. Generating mappings is a labor-intensive and error prone task. To build a system that helps users generate mappings, we need an explicit representation of mappings. This representation needs to have well-defined semantics to enable reasoning and comparison between mappings. This paper first presents a powerful framework for defining languages for specifying mappings and their associated semantics. We examine the use of mappings and identify the key inference problems associated with mappings. These properties can be used to determine whether a mapping is adequate in a particular context. Finally, we consider an instance of our framework for a language representing mappings between relational data. We present sound and complete algorithms for the corresponding inference problems.
Irradiation creep by dislocation glide enabled by preferred absorption of point defects — theory and experiment☆

Abstract Creep by climb-enabled glide of dislocations may be calculated by mathematically specifying both the origin of the net point defect flux producing the climb and the mode of glide deformation. In general, the net flux contains components arising from (1) differences in point defect capture efficiencies among dislocations and other types of sinks such as cavities, and (2) from differences in capture efficiencies among dislocations whose Burgers vectors are at different orientations with respect to the stress direction. Proposed models based on the first component and employing several modes of glide deformation are reviewed. The characteristics of creep based on the second component, stress induced preferred absorption of point defects on dislocations and subsequent glide, PAG-creep, are described for one mode of glide deformation. Effects of point defect trapping at impurities on creep by this mechanism and on the corresponding climb component of creep are evaluated. Comparison is made with experimental data from light-ion irradiations. The sensitivity of predicted creep rates to the detailed microstructure is emphasized.
Analyzing bias in CQA-based expert finding test sets

Data retrieved from community question answering (CQA) sites, such as content and users' assessments of content, is commonly used for expertise estimation related tasks. One such task, in which the received votes are directly used as graded relevance assessment values, is ranking replies of a question. Even though these available assessments values are very practical for evaluation purposes, they may not always reflect the correct assessment value of the content, due to the possible temporal or presentation bias introduced by the CQA system during voting process. This paper analyzes a very commonly used CQA data collection in terms of these introduced biases and their effects on the experimental evaluation of approaches. A more bias free test set construction approach, which has correlated results with the manual assessments, is also proposed in this paper.
A study on parallelizing XML path filtering using accelerators

Publish-subscribe systems present the state of the art in information dissemination to multiple users. Such systems have evolved from simple topic-based to the current XML-based systems. XML-based pub-sub systems provide users with more flexibility by allowing the formulation of complex queries on the content as well as the structure of the streaming messages. Messages that match a given user query are forwarded to the user. This article examines how to exploit the parallelism found in XPath filtering. Using an incoming XML stream, parsing and matching thousands of user profiles are performed simultaneously by matching engines. We show the benefits and trade-offs of mapping the proposed filtering approach onto FPGAs, processing streams of XML at wire speed, and GPUs, providing the flexibility of software. This is in contrast to conventional approaches bound by the sequential aspect of software computing, associated with a large memory footprint. By converting XPath expressions into custom stacks, our solution is the first to provide support for complex XPath structural constructs, such as parent-child and ancestor descendant relations, whilst allowing wildcarding and recursion. The measured speedups resulting from the GPU and FPGA accelerations versus single-core CPUs are up to 6.6X and 2.5 orders of magnitude, respectively. The FPGA approaches are up to 31X faster than software running on 12 CPU cores.
THE INITIATION OF IMPULSES IN RECEPTORS

The three preparations which have taught us most about the generation of impulses by receptor cells come from crayfish, frog and cat. Obviously, sense organs are appropri? ate targets for the comparative approach; yet the very diversity of receptor systems makes difficult the task of reviewing them from this point of view. Comparative analy? sis yields, on the one hand, an emphasis on those common properties of biological sys? tems which we choose somewhat optimistically to call "basic." On the other hand, it also shows that though these properties may have fundamental similarities they are coupled and modified to serve an astonishing variety of adaptive ends.
Fatigue crack growth model and mechanism of a random fiber SMC composite

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the fatigue crack growth rate and mechanism in a random fiber sheet molding compound (SMC) composite. The fatigue crack growth rate in this study was measured using a compliance approach. The fatigue crack growth rate in the SMC studied here shows a good agreement with a new power law model proposed earlier. This new model takes into account not only the effect of the stress intensity factor range, but also the effect of crack growth at various stages of loading using a weight average stress intensity factor. It was observed that this new model can represent the fatigue crack growth rate of the SMC at three different load ratios in a single unifying curve.
Application of Monte Carlo simulations to identify an appropriate dosage strategy for patients receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of enoxaparin

Aim: To identify an appropriate dosage strategy for patients receiving enoxaparin by continuous intravenous infusion (CII). Methods: Monte Carlo simulations were performed in NONMEM, (200 replicates of 1000 patients) to predict steady state anti-Xa concentrations (Css) for patients receiving a CII of enoxaparin. The covariate distribution model was simulated based on covariate demographics in the CII study population. The impact of patient weight, renal function (creatinine clearance (CrCL)) and patient location (intensive care unit (ICU)) were evaluated. A population pharmacokinetic model was used as the input-output model (1-compartment first order output model with mixed residual error structure). Success of a dosing regimen was based on the percent of Css that is between the therapeutic range of 0.5 IU/ml to 1.2 IU/ml. Results: The best dose for patients in the ICU was 4.2IU/kg/h (success mean 64.8% and 90% prediction interval (PI): 60.1–69.8%) if CrCL 60ml/min, the best dose was 8.3IU/kg/h (success mean 65.4%, 90% PI: 58.5–73.2%). Simulations suggest that there was a 50% improvement in the success of the CII if the dose rate for ICU patients with CrCL<30ml/min was decreased from 8.3IU/kg/h to 4.2IU/kg/h. Conclusions: Infusion rates should be adjusted for a given patient to achieve target Css during treatment based on CrCL and weight.
Isolation and propagation of a human enteric coronavirus

Coronavirus-like particles were found by electron microscopy in stools from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Stool samples from these infants as well as control specimens were passaged in cultures of human fetal intestinal organs. Two samples yielded virus-like particles and these have now been passaged 14 times (HEC 14). Gradient-purified HEC 14 strains had typical coronavirus morphology on electron microscopy and contained five major proteins with molecular sizes ranging from 190 to 23 kilodaltons. Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis developed specific antibody to the viral antigens between the acute and convalescent stages of the disease, as shown by examining serum specimens by single radial hemolysis, immunoenzymatic assay, and Western immunoblotting. No cross-reactivity was shown with other coronavirus strains tested, or with the newly isolated viruses of the Breda-Berne group, responsible for calf or horse diarrhea.
Transformation of mesoporous benzene silica to nanoporous carbon

Abstract Mesoporous benzene silica (MBS) composites were synthesized and their physical properties were investigated. Three different MBS samples were prepared using octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, vitamin E TPGS, and Pluronic 123 block copolymer as structure directing agents, respectively. The template extracted MBS samples were heat treated to 1000 °C under argon to carbonize the benzene rings in the pore walls to form a graphitic structure. These carbon/SiO 2 composites were treated with HF to dissolve the SiO 2 . The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The MBS samples 1–3 had pore sizes of 2.73, 3.35, and 5.52 nm, respectively. The carbon materials CBS samples 1–3 prepared in this study were microporous ( 2 /g.
Capacity Expansion with Imports and Inventories

Models for planning capacity expansion typically have excluded the possibility of using inventories to delay expansion decisions. In this paper some properties are derived for an optimal expansion plan allowing inventories, and a dynamic programming model is formulated for determination of optimal expansion, inventory, and import decisions under an assumption of linearly growing demand. Some computational results for the capacity expansion of India's aluminum industry indicate the roles for inventory and import decisions in an expansion plan, and the sensitivity of these decisions to changes in relative costs.