cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Platform Capitalism Meets Petty Capitalism in China: Alibaba and an Integrated Approach to Platformization

Combining platform studies with insights from research on petty capitalism and the political economy of the Chinese Internet, this article takes an integrated approach to analyze key moments in the historical evolution of the Chinese e-commerce monopoly Alibaba since 1999. It argues for a dynamic model of technological and cultural transformations that treats platformization as a set of historically and culturally specific processes and relations constituted by constantly shifting and interacting forces. It finds that in the early days, Alibaba deployed platform mechanisms of participation and commodification to position itself as a democratic and participatory platform contra the deficient infrastructure of the state, while relying on foreign venture capital to keep the tensions of commodification at bay to prioritize market expansion. After Alibaba had achieved monopoly after the 2008 global crisis, it has formed more symbiotic relations with the state, ramping up mechanisms of datafication, selection, and commodification to more effectively extract the surplus value generated through the labor of platform-based petty capitalists. Platform-labor tensions intensified as Alibaba’s profit imperatives began to override its earlier promises of universal access and democratic participation.
Regulation of long non-coding RNAs and genome dynamics by the RNA surveillance machinery

Much of the mammalian genome is transcribed, generating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that can undergo post-transcriptional surveillance whereby only a subset of the non-coding transcripts is allowed to attain sufficient stability to persist in the cellular milieu and control various cellular functions. Paralleling protein turnover by the proteasome complex, lncRNAs are also likely to exist in a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained through constant monitoring by the RNA surveillance machinery. In this Review, we describe the RNA surveillance factors and discuss the vital role of lncRNA surveillance in orchestrating various biological processes, including the protection of genome integrity, maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, antibody–gene diversification, coordination of immune cell activation and regulation of heterochromatin formation. We also discuss examples of human diseases and developmental defects associated with the failure of RNA surveillance mechanisms, further highlighting the importance of lncRNA surveillance in maintaining cell and organism functions and health. Mammalian genomes generate long non-coding RNAs, which are degraded by the RNA surveillance machinery. This regulated degradation is vital for various processes, including for genome integrity, stem cell pluripotency and immune cell activation. Consequently, defects in RNA surveillance cause human diseases and developmental disorders.
Principles of Research in Behavioral Science: Third Edition

Intended for beginning graduate or advanced undergraduate students, this book provides a comprehensive review of research methods used in psychology and related disciplines. It covers topics that are often omitted in other texts including correlational and qualitative research and integrative literature reviews. Basic principles are reviewed for those who need a refresher. The focus is on conceptual issues – statistics are kept to a minimum. Featuring examples from all fields of psychology, the book addresses laboratory and field research. Chapters are written to be used independently, so instructors can pick and choose those that fit their course needs. Reorganized to parallel the steps of the research process, tips on writing reports are also provided. Each chapter features an outline, key terms, a summary, and questions and exercises that integrate chapter topics and put theory into practice. A glossary and an annotated list of readings are now included. Extensively updated throughout, the new edition features a new co-author, Mary Kite, and:• New chapters on qualitative research and content analysis and another on integrative literature reviews including meta-analysis, critical techniques for today’s research environment. • A new chapter on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis that addresses the use of path analysis and structural equation modeling. • A new chapter on how to write a research report using APA style.• Examples from cross-cultural and multi-cultural research, neuroscience, cognitive, and developmental psychology along with ones from social, industrial, and clinical psychology. • More on Internet research and studies.• Greatly expanded Part 3 on research designs with chapters on true experiments, field research, correlational and single-case designs, content analysis, and survey and qualitative research.• A website with PowerPoint slides for each chapter, a test bank with short answer and multiple choice questions, additional teaching resources, and the tables and figures from the book for Instructor’s and chapter outlines, suggested readings, and links to related web sites for students. Intended as a text for beginning graduate and/or advanced undergraduate courses in research methods or experimental methods or design taught in psychology, human development, family studies, education, or other social and behavioral sciences, a prerequisite of undergraduate statistics and a beginning research methods course is assumed.
A Fall from Grace: Women, Scandals, and Perceptions of Politicians

While political scientists have researched explanations for the dearth of women in elected office for decades, no consistent account has emerged. We enter the discussion using an original experimen...
Turning a Community into a Market: A Practice Perspective on IT Use in Boundary-Spanning

This paper examines how Information Technology (IT) transforms relations across fields of practice within organizations. Drawing on Bourdieu’s practice theory, we argue that the production of any practice involves varying degrees of embodiment (i.e., relying on personal relationships) and objectification (i.e., relying on the exchange of objects). We subsequently characterize boundary-spanning practices according to their relative degrees of embodiment and objectification. We distinguish between "market-like" boundary-spanning practices which rely primarily on an objectified mode of practice production from “community-like” practices which involve mostly the embodied mode of practice production. IT is then conceptualized as a medium for sharing objects in the production of practices. As such, IT use allows, but does not necessitate, the sharing of objects without relying on embodied relationships. We use data from an in-depth ethnographic case study to investigate how IT was used in such a way as to transform community-like boundary-spanning practices within an organization into market-like ones. Moreover, we demonstrate how, as IT became used to support the exchange and combination of de-personalized objects, other aspects of the practice (such as the roles of intermediaries and the nature of meetings) also changed. The related changes in these diverse aspects of a boundary-spanning practice supported the trend towards greater objectification. IT use also made the terms of exchange vis-a-vis the objects in a market-like practice more visible to relevant stakeholders. This increased visibility exposed the inequity of the exchange and encouraged the disadvantaged party to renegotiate the relationship.
Patterns of Substance Use and Associations with Mental, Physical, and Social Functioning: A Latent Class Analysis of a National Sample of U.S. Adults Ages 30–80

Trends show increased substance use among adults, yet little research on general population samples has examined differential patterns of licit and illicit substance use that can inform prevention ...
Work visas and return migration: how migration policy shapes global talent

The recruitment and retention of foreign talent are crucial dimensions of the global education and labour markets. This paper examines how entwined migration policies and corporate practices shape ...
Social performance measurement adoption in nascent social enterprises: Refining the institutional model

Abstract Based on institutional theory, Lall (2017) established a social performance measurement (SPM) adoption model for nascent social enterprises and found that internal factors (measuring to improve) are influential, while external factors (measuring to prove) have limited or no effects on the probability of adopting SPM. This finding contradicts the predictions of institutional theory; external factors, such as legitimacy and isomorphism, should exert strong influences on nascent social enterprises’ behavior. Using the same dataset as that used in Lall’s (2017) study, we find the missing influence of external factors, i.e., equity and grant funding-related behavior. This study contributes to entrepreneurship research by 1) refining the institutional SPM adoption model, 2) demonstrating the need for a theoretical SPM adoption model, and 3) highlighting the importance of replication studies.
Bacteria Associated with Healthcare-Associated Infections on Environmental Samples Obtained from Two Fire Departments.

(1) Background: Firefighters spend about 64% of their time responding to medical emergencies and providing medical care without a patient history, which can render them vulnerable to healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Infection prevention, control, and surveillance systems have been instituted at hospitals. However, the prevalence of firefighters’ exposure to HAI is unknown. The objective of this study was to document evidence of HAI on surfaces in fire stations and engines to inform disinfection procedures and identify which pathogens might contribute to occupational exposures. (2) Methods: High-touch or high-use surfaces of two fire departments were sampled during five separate occasions. One fire station from one fire department was sampled over a 4-week period, whereas four fire stations were sampled from a different fire department only once. Sampled surfaces included: entryway floor, washing machine, medical bag, back seat of engine, keyboard of reporting computer, engine console, and uniform pants. (3) Results: Multiple statistical models determined that bacterial contamination was similar between the two fire departments and their stations. Keyboards were the most contaminated surface for all fire stations and departments, E. coli was the most common bacteria detected, and C. difficile was the least detected bacteria. Adjustments for rates of contamination found that contamination rates varied between fire stations. (4) Conclusions: Comprehensive environmental sampling and clinical studies are needed to better understand occupational exposures of firefighters to HAI.
Focal therapy in the management of localized prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES • To assess the rationale, efficacy, and morbidity of various methods of achieving focal prostatic ablation. • To determine the current role of focal therapy in the management of localized prostate cancer. METHODS • We performed a literature review of focal therapy in prostate cancer, with an emphasis on more established methods such as cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS • Focal ablative methods allow targeted destruction of prostatic tissue while limiting the morbidity associated with whole-gland therapy. • Local cancer control after focal therapy appears promising but does not approach that of established whole-gland therapies. • Until we have the ability to identify patients reliably with truly focal disease and predict their natural history, focal therapy cannot be considered to be the definitive therapy for localized prostate cancer.
The technological debacle

Abstract In 1999 the European Community is back at the technological forefront even vis-a-vis the USA or Japan. The European administration in Brussels is very satisfied with the results of the technology programmes launched since the early 1980s. Also the big European companies, particularly those related to the IT industry, are content with the political and above all the financial support for big technological projects. However, the deep-rooted faith in technology is no longer as fervent as in the 1980s. The legitimation of the enormous subsidies to a handful of European champions is increasingly questioned. The market has become reluctant to accept every new technological gadget. The uneven distribution of wealth in the Community has led to regional feelings of rage. Small and medium-sized companies have been squeezed out of the subsidy race by the large enterprises, and unemployment is stubborn. But the European administration and the majority of politicians are unable to stop or adjust the uncontrollable stream of technology subsidies. If they had initiated a serious debate on the spending of these subsidies and the contents of the technology programmes earlier on in the 1990s, then we would not in 1999 be saddled with the equivalent of the earlier agricultural policy debâcle.
Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanently Unconscious Patient: The Catholic Debate

For some decades now, our society has debated the moral and legal issues that concern the use of—and withholding of or withdrawal from—various forms of life-sustaining treatment or care, especially for patients in a so-called persistent vegetative state (PVS). For instance, the Karen Ann Quinlan case played itself out in the courts in 1975–1976, though after her 1976 removal from mechanical ventilation, she lived for another nine years with the help of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). ANH itself was the issue in the Terri Schiavo case, beginning in the 1990s and continuing until her death on March 31, 2005—two days before the death of Pope (now Saint) John Paul II. During this time period, Catholic theologians, and sometimes bishops, were debating the underlying issue of the provision of ANH to those in a PVS. While the Schiavo case was receiving considerable attention, on March 20, 2004, Pope John Paul gave an address “to the participants in the international congress on ‘Life-Sustaining Treatments and Vegetative State: Scientific Advances and Ethical Dilemmas,’ ” in which he taught that ANH for PVS patients is “in principle ordinary and proportionate, and hence obligatory.” Subsequently (on August 1, 2007), in a response (with accompanying commentary)1 to questions submitted by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) underscored this teaching (with some further clarification).
Measurement of Magnetic Fields in Stellar Jets

This article reviews magnetic field measurements in jets from young stars, focusing on the physics and application of the three main techniques, Zeeman splitting and polarization, gyrosynchrotron radiation, and the analysis of shocked cooling zones. Estimates of field strengths in stellar jets are rare, and do not refer to the axis of the beam close to the source, where knowledge of the field and its geometry is most critical for constraining launching mechanisms of jets. Nevertheless, the existing measurements demonstrate that magnetic fields in YSO jets are strong enough to be important in the dynamics of the cooling zones behind internal shock waves, even though the ram pressure in the bulk flow dominates the magnetic pressure at large distances from the source. Models of pulsed magnetic flow show that velocity perturbations sweep up the field into dense working surfaces within the jet, increasing the relative importance of magnetic pressure to the dynamics in these regions and reducing its importance in the rarefaction regions that lie between the dense knots.
Exclusive Foreign Distributor Agreements--Are They Illegal

A DISTRIBUTOR'S agreement, like any other contract between two or more parties, is of primary importance to the contracting parties only and rarely concerns third parties. The "exclusive" clause of a distributor agreement, however, can be of great interest to a competitor in the territory as well as to the Department of Justice or to the Federal Trade Commission. There is a dichotomy in the antitrust statutes which is only rarely pointed out in the vast literature concerning them: certain of them are applicable to foreign trade agreements made between American exporters or manufacturers for export and foreign distributors; others are inapplicable to such agreements but apply to identical agreements made between American manufacturers and domestic distributors. The frequent use of exclusive distributor agreements in the domestic trade is demonstrated by the litigation involving Section 3 of the Clayton Act, which specifically proscribes such clauses where their effect "may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce." Since the Clayton Act is inapplicable to contracts between American manufacturers and foreign distributors, only the general provisions of the Sherman Act are applicable to determine the legality of a foreign distributor's agreement. To date no attempt has been made to test the legality of such an agreement in the field of foreign trade. However, many exporters and manufacturers for export believe that the domestic doctrine may soon be transposed into the foreign field where exclusivity clauses are almost universally used. This article attempts a "first reflection" on the possibility of such a transposition. Most manufacturers for export have one or perhaps two distributors in each country where their products are exported, and the territory covered by the agreement is often the entire country in which the distributor is located. The agreement with each distributor is substantially identical. The purpose of the exclusivity clause in the distribution agreement is not primarily to suppress competition but rather to insure to the American manufacturer, who may be thousands of miles distant, that the distributor will promote his interests in the assigned territory, and to protect the distributor by preventing the manufacturer from putting another distributor into the
Field performance of parallel barriers

The behaviour of single highway noise barriers is fairly well understood, but little attention has been given to possible interactions when two barriers are built parallel to each other. A series of measurements on two barriers along Highway 417 suggest that the effects of any interactions are small if they exist at all.
Slapping the grasping hand: Correlates of political corruption in emerging markets

The international community is redoubling efforts to curb political corruption in the developing and transitional economies. The consensus now is that the abuse of public office stunts economic growth, replacing a formerly dominant view that the effect is neutral or positive. Corruption's political correlates, however, are seldom studied empirically. Using Transparency International's recently developed index of perceived corruption, the issue is explored by regression analysis in a sample of less-developed countries. Economic liberalization, political democratization, and administrative centralization are associated with lower degrees of political corruption.
Implementation and performance of fast parallel multi-baseline stereo vision

A fast implementation multi-baseline stereo vision on a parallel computer is described. For three 240 /spl times/ 256 images, the algorithm runs in 64 ms on 64 iWarp processors, exceeding 15 Hz frame rate. This is a speedup of 51 over an implementation on a SPARC II and represents the fastest correlation-based stereo vision system reported. Implementing this algorithm this efficiently required careful tradeoffs in algorithm design, and particularly, in the implementation of the basic communication operations. A building block approach is described for achieving best efficiency in communication; the basic operations that the parallel computer can do maximum speed are identified, and then these primitives are used to construct the communications functions needed by the algorithm.
Optical fiber ammonia sensing probes using reagent immobilized porous silica coating as transducers

Abstract Optical fiber probes for sensing ammonia vapor in gas samples and trace ammonia dissolved in water were developed. An organic dye was immobilized in a porous silica membrane with a sol–gel process as an ammonia indicator. The organic dye immobilized porous silica membrane was coated on the surface of a bent optical fiber core. The coated optical fiber probe was tested for sensing ammonia vapor in gas samples using fiber optic UV–vis absorption spectrometry. An optical fiber ammonia vapor probe with a PDMS protection coating was tested for sensing trace ammonia in water samples. The characteristics of the bent optical fiber probes for sensing ammonia vapor in gas samples and trace ammonia in water samples were studied. Test results indicate that the optical fiber ammonia vapor probe can detect ammonia vapor in a gas sample down to 13 ppb, and the PDMS protection coated optical fiber ammonia probe can detect ammonia in a water sample down to 5 ppb. Low cost, simple structured fiber optic sensors for detecting ammonia vapor in gas samples and trace ammonia dissolved in water can be developed based on the result reported in this paper.
Hedgehog Coordination of Postnatal Osteoclast and Osteoblast Activities

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is important for skeletal patterning and morphogenesis during embryonic development. Papers by Ohba et al. and Mak et al. in this edition of Developmental Cell suggest that Hh signaling may exert delicate control over the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the cell types primarily responsible for bone resorption and formation.
Synthesis of Early Transition Metal Bisphenolate Complexes and Their Use as Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

Bisphenolate ligands with pyridine- and benzene-diyl linkers have been synthesized and metalated with group 4 and 5 transition metals. The solid-state structures of some of the group 4 complexes have been solved. The titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and vanadium complexes were tested for propylene polymerization and ethylene/1-octene copolymerization activities with methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. The vanadium(III) precatalyst is the most active for propylene polymerization and shows the highest 1-octene incorporation for ethylene/1-octene copolymerization. The zirconium(IV) precatalyst was the most active for propylene polymerization of the group 4 precatalysts. Titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) precatalysts with pyridine-diyl linkers provided mixtures of isotactic and atactic polypropylene while titanium(IV) precatalysts with benzene-diyl linkers gave atactic polypropylene only. The hafnium(IV) precatalyst with a pyridine-diyl linker generated moderately isotactic polypropylene.
Including Minority Rights in Peace Agreements: A Benefit or Obstacle to Peace Processes after Ethnic Conflicts?

Dealing effectively and efficiently with minorities and minority problems in the aftermath of ethnic conflict is central to durable and stable peace. The inclusion of minority rights in peace agreements is seen as a mandatory step in the resolution of the conflict and political stability. While references to human rights and minority rights are common, it is the implementation process that often lacks clarity and thoroughness. On the basis of three case studies, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Kosovo, this study examines how human rights and minority rights provisions are put into practice and how they impact the peace process. Findings suggest that the inclusion of minority rights is only beneficial in cases in which relevant institutions and adequate political and civil society support were established to implement the provisions. Formal reference to ethnic problems or minority rights is not sufficient.
Dynamics of Chlorine Atom Reactions with Hydrocarbons: Insights from Imaging the Radical Product in Crossed Beams

We present a comprehensive overview of our ongoing studies applying dc slice imaging in crossed molecular beams to probe the dynamics of chlorine atom reactions with polyatomic hydrocarbons. Our approach consists in measuring the full velocity-flux contour maps of the radical products using vacuum ultraviolet "soft" photoionization at 157 nm. Our overall goal is to extend the range of chemical dynamics investigations from simple triatomic or tetraatomic molecules to systematic investigations of a sequence of isomers or a homologous series of reactants of intermediate size. These experimental investigations are augmented by high-level ab initio calculations which, taken together, reveal trends in product energy and angular momentum partitioning and offer deep insight into the reaction mechanisms as a function of structure, bonding patterns, and kinematics. We explore these issues in alkanes, for which only direct reactive encounters are found, and in unsaturated hydrocarbons, for which an addition−elimination mechanism competes with direct abstraction. The results for alkene addition−elimination in particular suggest a new view of these reactions: The only pathway to HCl elimination is accessed by means of roaming excursions of the Cl atom from the strongly bound adduct.
Real-Time Prediction of Incipient Lean Blowout in a Partially Premixed, Liquid-Fueled Gas Turbine Combustor

The present paper addresses real-time prediction of incipient lean blowout (LBO) in partially premixed, liquid-fueled gas turbine combustors. Near-LBO combustion is characterized by the “intensified” low-frequency combustion oscillations, typically below 30 Hz. Two indices, namely the normalized chemiluminescence RMS and the normalized cumulative duration of LBO precursor events, are recommended for LBO prediction. Both indices are associated with the statistical characteristics of the flame structure, which changes from the normal distribution to the Rayleigh distribution at the approach of LBO. Both indices change little within a large range of equivalence ratios and start to shoot up only when LBO is approached. To use the two indices for LBO prediction, one needs to perform a detailed a priori LBO mapping under simulated engine operating conditions. However, the mapping can be done without running the engines very close to LBO.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On the toughness of photopolymerizable (meth)acrylate networks for biomedical applications

Photopolymerizable networks are being explored for a variety of biomedical applications because they can be formed in situ, rendering them useful in minimally invasive procedures. The purpose of this study was to establish fundamental relationships between toughness, network chemical structure, and testing temperature of photopolymerizable (meth)acrylate networks deformed in air and under hydrated conditions. Networks were formed by combining at least one monofunctional (meth)acrylate with a difunctional methacrylate, and weight ratios were adjusted to vary the degree of crosslinking, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperature (T g ). Stress-strain behavior and toughness were determined by performing tensile strain to failure tests at temperatures spanning the glassy and rubbery regimes of each network both in air and phosphate-buffered saline. In air, all of the networks demonstrated a peak in toughness below the network's T g . At an "equivalent" test temperature relative to T g , crosslinking concentration and monomer chemistry influenced the toughness of each network. Apparent toughness is significantly altered in an aqueous environment, an effect driven by water absorption into the network causing the T g to decrease. The results from this study provide the fundamental knowledge required to guide the development of tougher photopolymerizable networks for mechanically strenuous biomedical applications.
The Financial Information Content of Perceived Quality

The authors investigate whether movement in a firm's stock price, that is, a measure of firm value, is associated with information contained in perceived quality measures. In a model that also allo...
The distribution of clusters in random graphs

Given a random graph, we investigate the occurrence of subgraphs especially rich in edges. Specifically, given a @e [0,1], a set of k points in a graph G is defined to be an a-cluster of cardinality k if the induced subgraph contains at least a^k"2 edges, so that in the extreme case a = 1, an a-cluster is the same as a clique. We let G = G(n, p) be a random graph on n vertices with edges chosen independently with probability p. Let W denote the number of a-clusters of cardinality k in G, where k and n tend to infinity so that the expected number @l of a-clusters of cardinality k does not grow or decay too rapidly. We prove that W is asymptotically distributed as Z"@l, whose distribution is Poisson with mean @l, which is the same result that Bollobas and Erdos have proved for cliques. In contrast to the situation for cliques (a = 1) however, for all a < 1 the second moment of W blows up, i.e., the expected number of neighbors of a given cluster tends to infinity. Nevertheless, the probability that there exists at least one pair of neighboring clusters tends to zero, and a Poisson approximation for W is valid.
Clinical experience with Affinity Pixie oxygenation system in paediatric and infant patients.

Introduction:Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital undertakes over 500 open heart cardiothoracic procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass per year. Data from our centre show that many of our neonatal/paediatric patients require higher cardiac indexes than previously thought. We evaluated the new Pixie™ oxygenation system, rated from 0.1 L/min to 2 L/min, to determine if it could be used for these patients.Methods:Between 2010 and 2012, 250 Pixie™ oxygenators were used on consecutive patients requiring correction of congenital cardiac defects. Data were collected on FiO2 requirements, oxygenator pressure drop and gaseous microemboli handling. Retrospective analysis was also undertaken on the procedures and demographics of all patients during 2011-2012 to determine the percentage of patients on whom the Pixie™ could be used.Results:Analysis of the procedures undertaken at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) showed that 89% were in patients under 20 kg, requiring a flow rate of <2 L/min (at a base cardi...
Liquid crystal alignment on a chiral surface: interfacial interaction with sheared DNA films.

We explore the alignment of various achiral liquid crystals on films of aligned double-stranded helical DNA. In all cases and both for the nematic and smectic A phases, we find a distinctly chiral interfacial structure, with the mean orientation of the liquid crystal in contact with the DNA-treated surfaces chirally rotated through a substantial angle with respect to the mean DNA orientation. This rotation originates in the chirality of double-stranded DNA and depends on the liquid crystal molecular structure. We dicuss the role of dipolar and hydrophobic coupling in determining the observed orientation.
Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders among young adults in Finland.

AbstractBackground: This study investigated the epidemiology of eating disorders in a population-based sample of young adults. Method: A mental health questionnaire was sent to a nationally representative two-stage cluster sample of 1863 Finns aged 20–35 years. All screen-positives and a random sample of screen-negatives were invited to participate in a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) interview. Case records from all lifetime mental health treatments were also obtained and were used to complement the diagnostic assessment. Results: The lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified and any eating disorder among women were 2.1%, 2.3%, 2.0% and 6.0%, respectively, while there was only one man with an eating disorder. Unlike other mental disorders, they are associated with high education. Of women diagnosed with lifetime eating disorder, 67.9% had at least one comorbid Axis I psychiatric disorder, most commonly depressive d...
An investigation of the vanadium-technetium alloy system

Abstract A phase diagram has been determined for the vanadium-technetium alloy system using the following techniques: metallography, X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity measurements, electron-probe microanalysis of a diffusion couple, microhardness measurements, and solidus point determinations. In addition to the terminal phases, three intermediate phases are observed in this alloy system. There is a phase centered about 50% Tc having the ordered b.c.c. (CsCl-type) structure and two phases of higher technetium content, (δ and γ), which exist above 1150 °C. The structures of these phases were not determined, but it is proposed that they are also related to a b.c.c. lattice. Precise lattice parameter, electrical resistivity, and microhardness data are presented. Eutectoid decomposition of the δ phase was examined by metallography and microhardness measurements. Implications of metallurgical variations on the superconducting properties of these alloys are discussed.
Adaptive Behavior and the Psychologically Disturbed Child

In this report, we discuss recent research and clinical issues relevant to the adaptive functioning of psychologically disturbed children. We focus upon the overall and specific adaptive behavior patterns of several types of emotional disorders, some diagnosed before, others after, the advent of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). Disorders include Atypical Mild and Reactive conditions (pre-dating DSM-III) as well as the following DSM-III diagnostic categories: Anxiety Disorder, Atypical Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and Infantile Autism. In general, results indicate that (1) the severity of adaptive behavior deficits tends to increase with the severity of the psychological disturbance; (2) the usual pattern for disturbed children relative to appropriate controls is highest deficits in both socialization and maladaptive areas of assessment; and (3) patterns of deficit in other major areas (i.e., Communication, Daily Liv...
Computational analysis of techniques to determine extensional viscosity from entrance flows

Recent computational analysis of entrance flows (Mitsoulis et al. 1998) suggests that the entrance pressure drop is insensitive to large changes in steady extensional viscosity-a result that directly contradicts a large body of experimental work in this area. A re-examination of entrance flows using numerical simulations is presented in this work which shows that entrance pressure drops do depend on the steady extensional viscosity, provided the extension rate in the entrance flow is large enough. Numerical simulations are presented using both the strain thinning and thickening versions of the Phan-Thien–Tanner (PTT) constitutive model. Several techniques for extracting extensional viscosity from entrance pressure are applied to the results of these simulations. The resulting predictions of extensional viscosity are compared to the steady extensional viscosity curves predicted by the PTT constitutive model used to generate the simulated pressure drop curves. The analytical techniques examined here are shown to provide reasonably accurate estimates of the steady extensional viscosity. This work also clearly demonstrates the advantage of using variable power-law coefficients for the rheological properties, used as inputs to the analyses, to capture the extensional behavior at deformation rates below the power law region more accurately.
Snowmobile Injuries in Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE To characterize the risk factors and patterns of injury for children involved in snowmobile incidents. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of patients younger than 18 years who required hospital admission for snowmobile-related incidents from 1992 to 2001. Information obtained from these records and from the trauma database included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, injury patterns, medical care, and outcomes. RESULTS Forty-three patients were admitted to our hospital for snowmobile-related incidents. Snowmobile incidents occurred most commonly in male adolescents. The 2 most common mechanisms of injury were ejection and striking a stationary object. Twenty-seven (63%) of the patients drove the snowmobile. Only 23 patients (53%) wore a helmet. At presentation, the mean ± SEM Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 12.1±1.4. Orthopedic injuries predominated (n=42); however, abdominal (n=12) and head (n=8) injuries were also common. Four patients were intubated, and 15 required intensive care unit admission. Twenty-nine patients (67%) required surgical intervention. The mean ± SEM length of hospitalization was 6.7±1.4 days. No deaths occurred; however, 7 patients (16%) had long-term disabilities. A significant improvement occurred in both Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and ISS for patients using a helmet. In addition, helmet use increased with age ( P =.01). Days in the intensive care unit were proportional to both GCS score ( r s =-0.47; P =.002) and ISS ( r s =0.6; P r s =-0.03; P =.008) and ISS ( r s =0.54; P =.02). CONCLUSION Snowmobiles are a significant source of multitrauma for children. Orthopedic injuries predominate, especially in older children, and can lead to long-term disabilities. Helmet use significantly reduces injuries; however, vulnerable younger patients do not frequently wear helmets.
Anomalous elimination of HCl from 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. Likely involvement of a 1,2-FCl interchange mechanism

A novel 1,2-FCl interchange mechanism is proposed to be involved in the unexpected thermal conversion of CH2ClCHF2 to 1,2-difluoroethylene.
Temperature and species-specific effects on ß3-adrenergic receptor cardiac regulation in two freshwater teleosts: Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

β₃-adrenergic receptors (AR) are important in teleost cardiovascular regulation. To date, it is unknown whether temperature acclimation changes s₃-AR functionality and consequently the involvement of this AR subtype in teleost cardiac regulation. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were acclimated at 12 °C or 23 °C (minimum 3 weeks) after which cardiovascular variables (cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (Sv) and heart rate (fH)) were measured upon injection of the s₃-AR agonist, BRL(37344), and antagonist, SR(59230A). In both 12 °C and 23 °C acclimated carp, BRL(37344) induced significant increases in fH and Q whereas Sv was significantly decreased. While temperature did not affect the change (increase vs. decrease) in cardiac variables, the magnitude and on-set of responses differed. For instance, fH, Sv and Q responded significantly faster to s₃-AR stimulation in 23 °C carp. In contrast, maximum responses of fH and Q were significantly higher in 23 °C carp whereas the maximum response of Sv was significantly greater in 12 °C carp. These findings suggest that temperature acclimation induced changes in β₃-AR receptor functionality (e.g. density and/or affinity). Stimulation of β₃-ARs in 23 °C acclimated channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) caused significant increases in fH, Sv and Q. The increase in Sv was opposite to the decrease observed in 23 °C acclimated common carp. SR(59230A) induced significant decreases in Sv and Q but had no effect in carp (23 °C). Results suggest species diversity in the density and affinity or structure of s₃-ARs which may explain the different cardiac responses to s₃-AR ligands.
Glutamate Stimulation of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Normal and S334ter-4 Rat Retinas: A Candidate for a Neurotransmitter-Based Retinal Prosthesis

PURPOSE. To investigate the suitability of glutamate as a potential agent for a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis. METHODS. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from P35-70 albino Sprague-Dawley (normal) and P60-254 S334ter-4 (photoreceptor degeneration) rats were recorded extracellularly in flattened eye cup preparations, to assess their responses to glutamate, applied locally via micropipettes. RESULTS. Brief local application of glutamate effectively excited RGCs in both normal and degenerated retinas. Epiretinal surface application of glutamate was less likely to excite RGCs than was subsurface application (20 microm below the epiretinal surface). Glutamate evoked RGC firing rates, and the response patterns were similar for epiretinal surface and subsurface applications. Subsurface application of 2 mM glutamate effectively excited cells within 130 microm of the ejection sites. Response latencies averaged 281 ms and were significantly longer for OFF RGCs than for ON RGCs in normal retinas (P = 0.025). Suppression of activity was observed at shorter latencies ( approximately 100 ms) after glutamate application in most of the spontaneously active RGCs. Responses to each glutamate application were similar, and the duration of activity was directly dependent on the duration of application. RGC responses varied from recurrent high-frequency bursts to sustained firing at rates above 40 spikes/s, in normal and degenerated retinas. Paired, sequential applications of glutamate evoked two distinguishable responses, with interstimulus intervals as low as 200 ms. Overall, RGC response sensitivity to glutamate was similar in normal and degenerated retinas. CONCLUSIONS. Glutamate is an excellent candidate for a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis, as its local application effectively stimulates RGCs with high spatial and temporal resolution.
A sex-steroid-binding protein in the plasma of the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta.

Abstract A sex-steroid-binding protein has been described in the plasma of the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta . Binding data for estradiol-17β obtained using a charcoal adsorption assay were analyzed according to Scatchard and by direct linear plot, and indicated a single class of binding sites, an apparent K a of 2.42 ± 0.27 × 10 8 M −1 , and a mean binding capacity of 6.01 ± 0.30 × 10 −12 mol/mg. Binding specificity was determined by competitive binding experiments in which turtle plasma was incubated with 1 × 10 −8 M [ 3 H]estradiol-17β plus unlabeled competitor steroid. Both testosterone and progesterone displace estradiol-17β, but estrone, estriol, and diethylstilbestrol competed poorly.
In Support of Disciplined Passion

Manuel Eisner (2009) has posed the cynic’s hypothesis to help explain the slippage found between developer-led investigations of preventive interventions and those led by independent evaluators, and he has called for more research on developer self-interest as a possible explanation for this pattern of results. The issue Eisner raises has important implications for the integrity of science and for policy making, but he gives insufficient attention to the challenges of intervention development and effective replication across populations, communities, organizations, and service providers. The challenge he poses needs to be addressed by higher standards for reporting trials, better peer review, improved investigator training, and rigorous, collegial support of those who choose to enter this challenging field, lest we dissuade young investigators from seeking careers that combine their commitment to solve social problems with their commitment to rigorously evaluate their efforts.
Practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: a criterion-based rehabilitation progression

Abstract Knowledge related to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its role in the stabilization of the knee has increased exponentially since the 1980 s. More precise and more anatomic surgical techniques have developed based on a growing body of literature on the anatomy and biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament. The rehabilitation arena has also risen to the challenge to provide state-of-the-art rehabilitation to complement advances in surgical stabilization. The understanding and integration of the abundance of literature on surgical reconstruction, graft biology, and behavior guides the design and progress of the rehabilitation program. Effective rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction must balance the loading of tissues necessary to stimulate the recovery of the knee while at the same time avoiding stresses that compromise graft integrity. Historically, rehabilitation programs have been temporally based. A performance-based decision-making approach may prove to be more universally applicable and less confining. Achieving the critical clinical milestones, the basis for rehabilitation progression, ensures that all patients are adequately challenged while at the same time assuring that none are progressed too quickly. Combining contemporary surgical and rehabilitation techniques will maximize the patient's potential and ensure optimal patient function and satisfaction.
Computer Design of UHF Power Amplifier Tubes

Improved computational methods have been developed which can reduce the trial and error process in the development of certain microwave power tubes that employ cavities with cylindrical symmetry. It has been found, for example, that the application of these computer codes to klystron cavities and internal cavity triodes reveal ways in which their performance can be improved and results in better understanding of experimental results. The computed results agree quite closely with measurements made of such quantities as frequency and operating efficiency.
Long-term benefits and risks of alternative methods of fertility control in the United States

Abstract A risk-benefit analysis of five alternative approaches to fertility control among US women over the age of 30 was performed: tubal ligation, vasectomy, intrauterine device, barrier method (condom), and combined oral contraceptives. Taken into account were age-specific probabilities of contraceptive failure, fecundability, spontaneous abortion, reproductive mortality (ectopic pregnancy, delivery, or induced abortion), life table mortality, and mortality from specific cancer sites (ovarian, endometrial, breast, and prostate) and cardiovascular disease. Relative to women using no contraceptive precautions, the use of any method of contraception between the ages of 30 and 50 was associated with net benefit in terms of averted deaths. However, when duration of observation was extended up to age 80, we predicted an excess of about 880 deaths from prostate cancer per 100,000users of vasectomy. Other methods continued to be associated with net benefit, ranging from 130 to 360 deaths averted per 100,000 users. It was concluded that the non-reproductive risks and benefits of contraceptive methods continue to be relevant long after the reproductive years. The balance of risks and benefits may differ in other countries with different cause-specific and life table mortality rates.
Tratamiento endovascular de la rotura aguda de la aorta abdominal secundaria a la invasión tumoral por un leiomiosarcoma retroperitoneal no resecable

Los leiomiosarcomas retroperitoneales representan< 1% de los tumores diagnosticados en Estados Unidos. En el momento del diagn ostico no suelen ser resecables debido a la presentaci on cl inica inespec ifica. La rotura a ortica secundaria a la invasi on tumoral por leiosarcomas retroperitoneales es muy poco frecuente y s olo se ha descrito en un caso cl inico publicado. Describimos un caso de leiomiosarcoma retroperitoneal no resecable que erosionaba la aorta abdominal infrarrenal, lo que dio lugar a una hemorragia intratumoral aguda contenida, tratada satisfactoriamente mediante la implantaci on percut anea de una endopr otesis a ortica abdominal. En el presente art iculo se describe el tratamiento endovascular de esta infrecuente urgencia m edica, que realizamos de forma r apida y eficaz en nuestra sala endovascular. Los especialistas en tratamiento endovascular deben familiarizarse con esta opci on endovascular que puede resultar resolutiva en el contexto de una rotura a ortica aguda.