cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of print layer height and printer type on the accuracy of 3-dimensional printed orthodontic models.

Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies enable production of orthodontic models from digital files; yet a range of variables associated with the process could impact the accuracy and clinical utility of the models. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of print layer height on the accuracy of orthodontic models printed 3 dimensionally using a stereolithography format printer and to compare the accuracy of orthodontic models fabricated with several commercially available 3D printers. Methods Thirty-six identical models were produced with a stereolithography-based 3D printer using 3 layer heights (n = 12 per group): 25, 50, and 100 μm. Forty-eight additional models were printed using 4 commercially available 3D printers (n = 12 per group). Each printed model was digitally scanned and compared with the input file via superimposition analysis using a best-fit algorithm to assess accuracy. Results Statistically significant differences were found in the average overall deviations of models printed at each layer height, with the 25-μm and 100-μm layer height groups having the greatest and least deviations, respectively. Statistically significant differences were also found in the average overall deviations of models produced using the various 3D printer models, but all values fell within clinically acceptable limits. Conclusions The print layer height and printer model can affect the accuracy of a 3D printed orthodontic model, but the impact should be considered with respect to the clinical tolerances associated with the envisioned application.
The landscape of refactoring research in the last decade (keynote)

In the last decade refactoring research has seen an exponential growth. I will attempt to map this vast landscape and the advances that the community has made by answering questions such as who does what, when, where, with who, why, and how. I will muse on some of the factors contributing to the growth of the field, the adoption of research into industry, and the lessons that we learned along this journey. This will inspire and equip you so that you can make a difference, with people who make a difference, at a time when it makes a difference.
Eddy dynamics over continental slopes under retrograde winds: Insights from a model inter-comparison

Abstract Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and play a key role in exchanges across continental slopes. In this study the properties of wind-driven baroclinic turbulence are investigated using eddy-resolving process simulations, focusing on the case of retrograde winds that arises around the margins of the subtropical gyres. In contrast to a flat-bottomed ocean, over steep slopes eddies develop from baroclinic instabilities are confined to the top few hundred meters. Deeper in the water column baroclinic instability and vertical momentum transfer are suppressed, so wind-input momentum is exported toward the open ocean by eddies before traversing down to the ocean bed. Close to the sloping topography, eddy energy sourced from the upper ocean is converted to potential energy, steepening isopycnals and driving bottom-trapped prograde flows. This process is associated with upgradient lateral buoyancy fluxes and downgradient isopycnal potential vorticity fluxes, and cannot be reproduced via linear stability calculations. These properties of wind-driven shelf/slope turbulence are contrasted against simulations with flat bathymetry. The key differences described above hinge on the flow close to the steep topographic slope, which may be sensitive to the model’s vertical coordinate system. The simulations are therefore replicated using models that employ geopotential coordinates, terrain-following coordinates, and isopycnal coordinates. Quantitative inter-model discrepancies in the momentum and energy budgets are much more pronounced in the presence of a steep bottom slope. However, the key findings of this study are consistent across the models, suggesting that they are robust and warrant incorporation into parameterizations of eddy transfer across continental slopes.
Novel electronic devices based on low-symmetry two-dimensional materials

Recently the new class of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with low-symmetry crystal structure has attracted much attention. Their unique electrical characteristics along different in-plane crystal directions provide novel prospects for developing electronic devices. In this paper, we will review the research from our group on studying basic properties of these low-symmetry 2D materials and their device applications.
MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS: EVOLUTION AND REGULATION

ABSTRACT The polypeptide gene products expressed in and by the mitochondria of respiration-competent eucaryotic cells appear to be few in number and conserved in kind: They consist of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase, of cytochrome b of the respiratory chain, and a more variable number (≥2) of subunits of the membrane-integrated (F.) portion of the ATP synthase (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase). In spite of this apparent invariance, the resident genophore and its means of expression appear to have been - and perhaps still are - subject to profound and relatively rapid evolutionary changes. A particularly instructive example is provided by various yeast strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and carlsbergensis in which the mtDNA, although topologically and functionally homologous, can vary in size by as much as 12 kbp (15% of the total). These insertions/deletions can be as large as 900-3000 bp and are located in specific gene regions. The organization and expression of the mitochondrial gene for apocytochrome b , investigated in several laboratories, is highly complex: four coding regions (exons) appear to be interspersed among at least three non-coding regions (introns). This sequence organization resembles that found in nuclear and viral eucaryotic genes, but in the mitochondrial case mutations in introns can readily be isolated. They have been shown to result in i) the appearance of novel polypeptides not present in the wild type and ii) regulation of the expression of a second, unlinked mt gene, i.e. the one responsible for the specification of the largest subunit of cytochrome oxidase. This gene probably also exhibits a complex sequence organization. However, other mt genes may not share this property. Thus the mt genophore in Saccharomyces is unusual in several respects, among them i) an unusually large proportion and length of AT-rich sequences, ii) non-contiguity of genes for rRNA precursors, and iii) the simultaneous presence of genes exhibiting both a pro- and a eucaryotic pattern of sequence organization.
SU(2) orientational ordering in restricted dimensions: evidence for a Berezinskiĭ-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition of topological point defects in four dimensions

We employ the theory of topological phase transitions, of the Berezinskiĭ-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) type, in order to investigate orientational ordering in four spatial dimensions that is characterized by a quaternion n−vector (i.e., n = 4) order parameter. Due to the dimensionality of the quaternion n−vector order parameter, the development of orientational order for systems that exist in four spatial dimensions must be viewed within the context of ordering in restricted dimensions. At finite temperatures, despite the development of a well-defined amplitude of the n−vector order parameter within separate regions, ordered systems that exist in restricted dimensions are prevented from developing global orientational phase-coherence as a consequence of misorientational fluctuations throughout the system. In four dimensions, this gas of misorientational fluctuations takes the form of spontaneously generated topological point defects that belong to the third homotopy group. These topological point defects must become topologically ordered in order to obtain a ground state of aligned order parameters at zero Kelvin; we argue that this topological transition belongs to the BKT universality class. We use standard 'Metropolis' Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the thermodynamic response functions, susceptibility and heat capacity, in the vicinity of the transition towards the ground state of perfectly aligned order parameters in our four-dimensional quaternion n−vector ordered model system. On lowering the temperature below a critical value, we identify a transition that results from the minimization of misorientations in the scalar phase angles throughout the system. The thermodynamic response functions obtained by Monte Carlo simulations show characteristic behavior of a topological ordering phase transition.
Incidence and prevalence of medical device-related pressure ulcers in children and adults.

Commentary on: Jackson D, Sarki AM, Betteridge R, Brooke J. Medical device-related pressure ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2019;92:109–120. Medical device-related pressure ulcers are areas of localised injury to the skin or underlying tissue as a result of sustained pressure from a device.1 Medical device-related pressure ulcers occur across hospital departments.2 Patients who use medical devices are twice more likely to develop pressure injuries than patients who do not use medical devices.3 Medical device-related pressure ulcers decrease patients’ …
The role of trauma type and age in the relation between trauma exposure and intelligence

Experiencing potentially traumatic events (PTEs) is associated with deficits in cognitive functioning for youth. Previous research has demonstrated that PTE type may influence the association between PTE experiences and intelligence, such that IQ scores may differ by the type of PTE experienced. Additionally, mixed findings in the literature suggest that these associations might differ by age. The current study examined the association between PTE type and IQ and how age may moderate this association. In a sample of youth in foster care (N = 328, Mage = 13.25), physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and family PTEs were directly associated with verbal and nonverbal IQ. Age significantly moderated the association between IQ and neglect and academic PTEs. Results suggest that broad PTE grouping methods or failing to account for both maltreatment and general PTEs in samples of youth in foster care may conceal differences in how PTEs relate to intellectual functioning.
Evidence-Inspired Choices for Teachers: Team-Based Learning and Interactive Lecture:

Research on team-based learning (TBL) generally supports its effectiveness over “traditional” lecture. In practice, however, lecturing rarely consists of teachers exclusively talking at their stude...
Fusion growth patterns in atomically precise metal nanoclusters

Atomically precise nanoclusters of coinage metals in the 1-3 nm size regime have been intensively pursued in recent years. Such nanoclusters are attractive as they fill the gap between small molecules ( 3 nm). This intermediate identity endows nanoclusters with unique physicochemical properties and provides nanochemists opportunities to understand the fundamental science of nanomaterials. Metal nanoparticles are well known to exhibit plasmon resonances upon interaction with light; however, when the particle size is downscaled to the nanocluster regime, the plasmons fade out and step-like absorption spectra characteristic of cluster sizes are manifested due to strong quantum confinement effects. Recent research has revealed that nanoclusters are commonly composed of a distinctive kernel and a surface-protecting shell (or staple-like metal-ligand motifs). Understanding the kernel configuration and evolution is one of the central topics in nanoscience research. This Review summarizes the recent progress in identifying the growth patterns of atomically precise coinage nanoclusters. Several basic kernel units have been observed, such as the M4, M13 and M14 polyhedrons (where, M = metal atom). Among them, the tetrahedral M4 and icosahedral M13 units are the most common ones, which are adopted as building blocks to construct larger kernel structures via various fusion or aggregation modes, including the vertex- and face-sharing mode, the double-strand and alternate single-strand growth, and cyclic fusion of units, as well as the fcc-based cubic growth pattern. The identification of the kernel growth pathways has led to deeper understanding of the evolution of electronic structure and optic properties.
Towards the Small Quasi-Kernel Conjecture

Let $D=(V,A)$ be a digraph. A vertex set $K\subseteq V$ is a quasi-kernel of $D$ if $K$ is an independent set in $D$ and for every vertex $v\in V\setminus K$, $v$ is at most distance 2 from $K$. In 1974, Chv\'atal and Lov\'asz proved that every digraph has a quasi-kernel. P. L. Erd\H{o}s and L. A. Sz\'ekely in 1976 conjectured that if every vertex of $D$ has a positive indegree, then $D$ has a quasi-kernel of size at most $|V|/2$. This conjecture is only confirmed for narrow classes of digraphs, such as semicomplete multipartite, quasi-transitive, or locally demicomplete digraphs. In this note, we state a similar conjecture for all digraphs, show that the two conjectures are equivalent, and prove that both conjectures hold for a class of digraphs containing all orientations of 4-colorable graphs (in particular, of all planar graphs).
Surgical complications in dentistry

Surgical complications during or after dentoalveolar surgery are prevalent. These unforeseen events can occur after and due to the surgical dental procedure. The surgical complications can be effectively managed using several preventive and treatment approaches following a thorough evaluation.
Personality and Cognitive Health in Aging

Because the risk for cognitive pathologies such as Alzheimer’s Disease increases with advancing age, there is a critical interest in understanding the pathways that promote healthy cognitive aging. In this chapter, we review an increasingly growing set of literatures highlighting the importance of personality traits in shaping trajectories of cognitive health over the adult lifespan. We consider the evidence for differential relationships between personality and a number of cognitive domains (e.g., episodic memory, executive function) and explore the role of specific personality traits as protective factors and risk factors for cognitive change in aging. We chart the pathways (e.g., activity engagement, health behaviors) through which personality impacts cognition and consider the evidence for personality as a critical factor in understanding risk for pathological cognitive impairment in older adulthood.
A Combined Thermochemical and Microbial Process for Recycling Polylactic Acid Polymer to Optically Pure l-Lactic Acid for Reuse

Polylactic acid polymer (PLA) produced from renewable resources can be recycled at the end of life to constituent monomer, optically pure lactic acid (LA), by a combination of chemical and biological processes. Efficient application of this closed loop of LA-PLA plastics-LA can minimize accumulation of plastics waste that pollute land and oceans. Temperature-dependent hydrolysis of PLA in water to LA follows apparent first order decay kinetics after a short lag. A modified Gompertz equation can explain the overall hydrolysis process. Alkali increased the rate of hydrolysis of PLA and reduced the length of lag period compared to water alone. The stoichiometry of base added to LA released was 1.0. The highest lactic acid yield was 0.95 g g−1 of PLA. d-LA in the syrup obtained after hydrolysis of PLA-plastics was removed using an engineered Escherichia coli to produce a l-LA syrup with an optical purity ≥ 99%. These results show that thermochemical hydrolysis of PLA-based plastics to LA with optimum amount of base followed by bio-based purification to l-LA is an effective method of recycling PLA-plastics for reuse.
Abstract D124: Racial differences in adverse pathology among men with prostate cancer at time of radical prostatectomy

Objective: For black men, the concern that they are at greater risk of worse oncologic outcomes for prostate cancer compared to white counterparts may drive the greater push to surgery although reasons are likely multifactorial. While adverse pathology is associated with worse survival, data surrounding race-based differences in rates of adverse pathology is limited. We aim to examine the association between race and adverse pathology on surgical pathology among black and white men with prostate cancer. Methods: Using our institutional prospective oncologic database, we identified 3,826 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer since 1990 and underwent primary RP. Adverse pathology was defined as GS>=4+3 or pT3/4 or pN1 on surgical pathology. Race was dichotomized as black or non-Hispanic white. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was utilized to examine the association between race and AP after adjusting for age, year of diagnosis, and clinical risk by UCSF-CAPRA category (low 0-2, intermediate 3-5, or high 6-10). PIRADS and GPS scores were not included in the regression models due to the limited sample size. There was no significant effect of interaction between race and CAPRA, therefore no interaction term was included in the regression analysis. Results: Of 3826 patients included, 3682 (96%) were white and 144 (4%) were black. At diagnosis, mean age was 60.4 years (SD 7.1), median PSA density was 0.19 (IQR 0.13-0.20), and most were intermediate- (44%) or high-risk (15%) by CAPRA. Mean GPS scores was 26.85 (SD 12). The majority of those who underwent prostate MRI had PIRADS 4-5 lesions (89% vs 7% PIRADS 3, 4% PIRADS 1-2). Most had a systematic ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy alone (98%, 1% TRUS targeted alone, 1% MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy). Compared to white counterparts, black men were younger (53% 0.05 for all). Nodal disease was more common in black men compared to white counterparts (8% vs 5%, p Citation Format: Sikai Song, Janet Cowan, Shoujun Zhao, Matthew R Cooperberg, Peter R Carroll, Samuel L Washington. Racial differences in adverse pathology among men with prostate cancer at time of radical prostatectomy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D124.
A qualitative analysis of vaccine decision makers' conceptualization and fostering of 'community engagement' in India.

Globally, and in India, research has highlighted the importance of community engagement in achieving national vaccination goals and in promoting health equity. However, community engagement is not well-defined and remains an underutilized approach. There is also paucity of literature on community engagement’s effectiveness in achieving vaccination outcomes. To address that gap, this study interviewed Indian vaccination decision makers to derive a shared understanding of the evolving conceptualization of community engagement, and how it has been fostered during India’s Decade of Vaccines (2010-2020). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 purposefully sampled national-level vaccine decision makers in India, including policymakers, immunization program heads, and vaccine technical committee leads. Participants were identified by their ‘elite’ status among decisionmakers in the Indian vaccination space. Schutz’ Social Phenomenological Theory guided development of an a priori framework derived from the Social Ecological Model. The framework helped organize participants’ conceptualizations of communities, community engagement, and related themes. Inter-rater reliability was computed for a subsample of coded interviews, and findings were validated in a one-day member check-in meeting with study participants and teams. The interviews successfully elucidated participants’ understanding of key terminology (“community”) and approaches to community engagement propagated by the vaccine decision makers. Participants conceptualized ‘communities’ as vaccine-eligible children, their parents, frontline healthcare workers, and vaccination influencers. Engagement with those communities was understood to mean vaccine outreach, capacity-building of healthcare workers, and information dissemination. However, participants indicated that there were neither explicit policy guidelines defining community engagement nor pertinent evaluation metrics, despite awareness that community engagement is complex and under-researched. Examples of different approaches to community engagement ranged from vaccine imposition to empowered community vaccination decision-making. Finally, participants proposed an operational definition of community engagement and discussed concerns related to implementing it. Although decision makers had different perceptions about what constitutes a community, and how community engagement should optimally function, the combined group articulated its importance to ensure vaccination equity and reiterated the need for concerted political will to build trust with communities. At the same time, work remains to be done both in terms of research on community engagement as well as development of appropriate implementation and outcome metrics.
Role of ultrasonic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and tribological behavior of 2D boron nitride reinforced aluminum composites

Abstract This paper presents the first report of ultrasonic treatment (UST) assisted casting of independent 2D layered hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) reinforced aluminum matrix composites. A linear enhancement of nucleation density is obtained with treatment time from 0 to 90 s from dispersion of hBN platelets by UST. Outstanding grain refinement of 72% from 375.3 to 103.6 μm is obtained from UST for 90 s. The corresponding nanohardness is 709.2 MPa, a hardening of 36% due to symbiotic refinement and dispersion contributions. Anchoring and orientation of hBN platelets dictate that the elastic modulus improved up to 150% by ultrasonication for 90 s. The exfoliated 2D reinforcement layers reduce the coefficient of friction during sliding wear by 15% and loss of worn material by 46% in these composites. The mechanism of dispersion, improvement of properties, and quantitative correlations constitute a step of advancement towards understanding the role of 2D particle morphology and dimensionality on the ultrasonic casting of metal matrix composites.
Doomed to Repeat it: The Long History of America's Protectionist Failures

The recent rise in American economic nationalism has accompanied the view that past restrictions on foreign competition were successful in achieving stated policy objectives: decreased imports, increased jobs, industrial revival, open foreign markets, and economic prosperity more broadly. Politicians and pundits use such assertions to justify new nationalist economic proposals, but they ignore a vast repository of academic analyses and contemporaneous reporting that show that American trade protectionism—even in the periods most often cited as “successes”—not only has imposed immense economic costs on American consumers and the broader economy, but also has failed to achieve its primary policy aims and fostered political dysfunction along the way. This paper surveys academic literature from three periods of American history: from the founding to the United States’ entry into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947; from the GATT’s early years to the creation of its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), in 1995; and the current WTO era. These surveys show that, contrary to the fashionable rhetoric, American protectionism has repeatedly failed as an economic strategy. A renewed focus on international trade’s disruptions to the U.S. economy, while worthwhile, has spawned troubling suggestions that the U.S. government should be more willing to experiment again with protectionism to help American workers and the economy. This paper should help to counter such ideas. History is replete with examples of the failure of American protectionism; unless our policymakers quickly relearn this history, we may be doomed to repeat it.
What Judges Cite: A Study of Three Appellate Courts

This study tallies more than 13,000 citations from three different appellate courts (the U.S. Supreme Court, the Virginia Court of Appeals, and the Wisconsin Court of Appeals) to transform our hunches about what authorities judges prefer into concrete data. Unlike previous studies that focused on one type of authority, this study considers it all. The results reveal courts’ citation preferences for binding precedent (including the age of cited cases), persuasive precedent (including unpublished cases), codified law, secondary sources (including a topical breakdown of law-review articles), legal and nonlegal dictionaries, legislative history, nontraditional sources such as websites, and more. The article concludes with a statistical snapshot of a typical U.S. Supreme Court opinion and a typical state appellate-court opinion.
A biopsychosocial perspective on maternal parenting in the first two years of infant life.

Abstract Guided by a biopsychosocial perspective of mothering, this study investigated the interplay among biological (maternal cortisol reactivity), psychological (maternal depressive symptoms), and social (infant emotion and regulation) factors in contributing to early changes in maternal parenting. Participants were 1292 low-income, mother-infant pairs, assessed when the infants were 6-months (T1), 15-months (T2), and 24-months old (T3). Maternal parenting was observed at all assessment points. At T1, infant emotion expression and orienting towards mothers were observed, when maternal cortisol reactivity was assessed. Mothers reported their depressive symptoms at T1. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two parenting factors across time points: positive engagement and negative intrusiveness. Second-order latent growth curve models revealed interactions among maternal cortisol reactivity, depressive symptoms, and child negative emotion/orienting at T1 in predicting intercepts and slopes of two parenting factors. T1 maternal cortisol reactivity was associated with a higher positive engagement intercept for infants having high negative emotion at T1, but a lower positive engagement intercept for infants with low negative emotion at T1, under low T1 maternal depressive symptoms. T1 maternal cortisol reactivity was also related to a lower negative intrusiveness intercept for infants showing high orienting at T1. Longitudinally, maternal cortisol reactivity at T1 predicted a faster decline in positive engagement when infants showed high negative emotion at T1, but a slower decline when infants were less negative at T1. This study reveals a bivalent adaptation process in maternal sensitivity and enhances the current understanding of how biopsychosocial factors contribute to maternal parenting in low-income families.
A Spatial Autocorrelation Approach for Examining the Effects of Urban Greenspace on Residential Property Values

This paper presents spatially explicit analyses of the greenspace contribution to residential property values in a hedonic model. The paper utilizes data from the housing market near downtown Los Angeles. We first used a standard hedonic model to estimate greenspace effects. Because the residuals were spatially autocorrelated, we implemented a spatial lag model as indicated by specification tests. Our results indicate that neighborhood greenspace at the immediate vicinity of houses has a significant impact on house prices even after controlling for spatial autocorrelation. The different estimation results from non-spatial and spatial models provide useful bounds for the greenspace effect. Greening of inner city areas may provide a valuable policy instrument for elevating depressed housing markers in inner-city areas.
Electrostatics cause the molecular chaperone BiP to preferentially bind oligomerized states of a client protein

Hsp70-family chaperones bind short monomeric peptides with a weak characteristic affinity in the low micromolar range, but can also bind some aggregates, fibrils, and amyloids, with low nanomolar affinity. While this differential affinity enables Hsp70 to preferentially target potentially toxic aggregates, it is unknown how Hsp70s differentiate between monomeric and oligomeric states of a target protein. Here we examine the interaction of BiP (the Hsp70 paralog in the endoplasmic reticulum) with proIGF2, the pro-protein form of IGF2 that includes a long and mostly disordered E-peptide region that promotes proIGF2 oligomerization. We discover that electrostatic attraction enables the negatively charged BiP to bind positively charged E-peptide oligomers with low nanomolar affinity. We identify the specific BiP binding sites on proIGF2, and although some are positively charged, as monomers they bind BiP with characteristically low affinity in the micromolar range. We conclude that electrostatics enable BiP to preferentially recognize oligomeric states of proIGF2. Electrostatic targeting of Hsp70 to aggregates may be broadly applicable, as all the currently-documented cases in which Hsp70 binds aggregates with high-affinity involve clients that are expected to be positively charged.
Auto Focus for Far Field Source Localization Using Emission Source Microscopy

Emission source microscopy (ESM) is a useful technique to locate emission sources contributing to far-field radiation. The focusing distance can affect image qualities and confuse the localization of radiation sources. This paper adopts the autofocus method in image processing to calculate the optimal focusing distance with the best image quality. The proposed methodology was verified using a numerical simulation as well as a measurement. Also, calculating the contrast of a local source region shows better noise immunity. This autofocus algorithm in ESM can easily obtain the exact distance between the radiation sources and the scanning plane and can be used to localize sources in 3D space.
ARFID Parent Training Protocol: A randomized pilot trial evaluating a brief, parent-training program for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Evidence-based treatment approaches for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remain limited and may be inaccessible to families due to geographic, financial, and/or time constraints. This study aims to establish the acceptability and feasibility of a brief ARFID Parent Training Program (ARFID-PTP), modified from other evidence-based approaches, using a randomized controlled trial design. Participants (n = 30) will be children aged 5-12 who meet diagnostic criteria for ARFID and their parents/guardians. Participants will be randomized to receive treatment immediately or following a 4-week wait (waitlist control). Treatment consists of two, 2-hr virtual treatment sessions with the family and a therapist plus an optional booster session. Primary aims include evaluating the (a) feasibility of ARFID-PTP as indicated by recruitment and retention rates, as well as treatment adherence at home and (b) acceptability as determined by ratings on the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire and satisfaction questions. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of ARFID-PTP via changes in scores on the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview. If results indicate appropriate feasibility and acceptability, the proposed protocol will form the basis for larger scale trials of treatment efficacy in efforts to increase accessibility of evidence-based treatment for ARFID.
AP-3-dependent trafficking and disease: the first decade.

The adaptor protein (AP)-3 complex defines a pathway for the intracellular trafficking of membrane-associated proteins in most eukaryotic cells. Ten years ago, genetic defects in AP-3 were linked to a human Mendelian disease, named Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, characterized by abnormal biogenesis and function of lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. During recent years, research on this trafficking pathway has significantly expanded its horizons to include evolutionarily divergent eukaryotic models and to embrace functional genomics and proteomics approaches. These studies have brought into focus ideas about the specific roles of this pathway in protein trafficking and organelle biogenesis within the endosomal–lysosomal system.
How many factors are required to remodel bone

Overexpression of two members of the AP-1 transcription factor family has dramatic effects on bone development, raising the question: why are there so many molecules that affect bone remodeling (pages 980–984 and 985–990)
Model-based design exploration of wireless sensor node lifetimes

This paper presents two lifetime models that describe two of the most common modes of operation of sensor nodes today, trigger-driven and duty-cycle driven. The models use a set of hardware parameters such as power consumption per task, state transition overheads, and communication cost to compute a node's average lifetime for a given event arrival rate. Through comparison of the two models and a case study from a real camera sensor node design we show how the models can be applied to drive architectural decisions, compute energy budgets and duty-cycles, and to preform side-by-side comparison of different platforms.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PLASMA LIPID FRACTIONS IN THE EARLY PUERPERIUM.

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acids in the cholesterol ester and triglyceride plasma fractions of nonpregnant and puerperal subjects on the day of delivery and the 5 succeeding days were converted to their methyl esters. The latter were separated by gas liquid chromatography and the proportions of plamitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids (16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2, respectively) in the fatty acids of the two fractions were determined. 2. 2. On the day of delivery the proportions of 16:0 and 18:1 in the cholesterol ester fraction were significantly higher, and that of 18:2 was significantly lower than in the nonpregnant subjects. At the same time in the triglyceride fraction the proportion of 16:0 was significantly greater, while those of 18:0 and 18:1 were lower than in nonpregnant patients. These differences resemble those reported between nonpregnant subjects and those with diabetes or arteriosclerosis who showed hyperlipidemia. 3. 3. During the early puerperium the patterns of fatty acids in the two fractions changed. Changes in proportion of 18:1 in the cholesterol fraction and of 16:0 in the triglyceride fraction were statistically significant. 4. 4. The previously reported increase from the day of delivery to the first postpartum day in plasma concentration of fatty acids in the triglyceride fraction was found to be largely due to 16:0 and 18:1. Each of the five fatty acids contributed to the decrease during the same time in level of fatty acids in the cholesterol ester fraction.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is associated with structural and vascular placental abnormalities and leptin dysregulation

Abstract Introduction Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe cardiovascular malformation (CVM) associated with fetal growth abnormalities. Genetic and environmental factors have been identified that contribute to pathogenesis, but the role of the placenta is unknown. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the placenta in HLHS with and without growth abnormalities. Methods HLHS term singleton births were identified from a larger cohort when placenta tissue was available. Clinical data were collected from maternal and neonatal medical records, including anthropometrics and placental pathology reports. Placental tissues from cases and controls were analyzed to assess parenchymal morphology, vascular architecture and leptin signaling. Results HLHS cases ( n = 16) and gestational age-matched controls ( n = 18) were analyzed. Among cases, the average birth weight was 2993 g, including 31% that were small for gestational age. When compared with controls, gross pathology of HLHS cases demonstrated significantly reduced placental weight and increased fibrin deposition, while micropathology showed increased syncytial nuclear aggregates, decreased terminal villi, reduced vasculature and increased leptin expression in syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells. Discussion Placentas from pregnancies complicated by fetal HLHS are characterized by abnormal parenchymal morphology, suggesting immature structure may be due to vascular abnormalities. Increased leptin expression may indicate an attempt to compensate for these vascular abnormalities. Further investigation into the regulation of angiogenesis in the fetus and placenta may elucidate the causes of HLHS and associated growth abnormalities in some cases.
DNA Methylation Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: The Immunity Dimension

DNA demethylating agents are approved for some blood malignancies and are under active investigation in solid tumors, but how these drugs work has remained unclear. In this issue of Cell, two groups show that these agents activate a toxic cellular antiviral program through transcriptional activation of endogenous retroviral sequences.
Predicting cassette exons using transductive learning approaches

Recent advances in biotechnology have resulted in large volumes of genomic and proteomic data leading to the emergence of numerous in silico methods for annotation, such as supervised machine learning approaches. Such algorithms, however, require large amounts of labeled data for training. In practice, labeled data is oftentimes limited because it is difficult to obtain. Therefore, semi-supervised machine learning is preferable, in which classifiers trained on limited amounts of labeled data can be improved by exploiting the large amounts of unlabeled data. In this work, we focus on transductive learning, a special case of semi-supervised learning. A semi-supervised algorithm builds an inductive model that generalizes well to new, unseen (test) instances. In contrast, during the training phase, a transductive algorithm has access to the (test) instances that need to be classified, allowing advantageous utilization of these points in order to reach the best separation function. Compared to learning a classifier for use with future data, cassette exon identification is a suitable application for transductive learning, since the goal is to annotate a sequenced genome for which a limited amount of labeled data is available. We study the applicability of three popular transductive techniques and their compatibility with various kernels to the binary DNA classification problem of cassette exon identification. The results of our experiments suggest that transductive learning is a useful approach for assisting genome annotation.
Spectral compatibility of vegetation indices across sensors: band decomposition analysis with Hyperion data

Vegetation indices (VIs) are widely used in long-term measurement studies of vegetation changes, including seasonal vegetation activity and interannual vegetation-climate interactions. There is much interest in developing cross-sensor/multi-mission vegetation products that can be extended to future sensors while maintaining continuity with present and past sensors. In this study we investigated multi-sensor spectral bandpass dependencies of the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), a 2-band EVI (EVI2), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using spectrally convolved Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion satellite images acquired over a range of vegetation conditions. Two types of analysis were carried out, including (1) empirical relationships among sensor reflectances and VIs and (2) decomposition of bandpass contributions to observed cross-sensor VI differences. VI differences were a function of cross-sensor bandpass disparities and the integrative manner in which bandpass differences in red, near-infrared (NIR), and blue reflectances combined to influence a VI. Disparities in blue bandpasses were the primary cause of EVI differences between the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and other course resolution sensors, including the upcoming Visible Infrared Imager / Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The highest compatibility was between VIIRS and MODIS EVI2 while AVHRR NDVI and EVI2 were the least compatible to MODIS.
Preparation of gradient copolymers via ATRP using a simultaneous reverse and normal initiation process. I. Spontaneous gradient

Spontaneous gradient copolymers were prepared in both bulk and miniemulsion systems via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) utilizing a Simultaneous Reverse and Normal Initiation (SR & NI) process. Both instantaneous and cumulative compositions were used to characterize the gradient copolymers. The gradient copolymers were obtained with an array of gradient compositions ranging from a subtle to strong variation in monomer distribution along the polymer backbones, depending on the ratio of comonomers initially added to the copolymerization system. The compositions of the gradient copolymer produced in miniemulsion systems were similar to those generated in bulk. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3616–3622, 2005
The prospects for psychological science in human-computer interaction

This paper discusses the prospects of psychology playing a significant role in the progress of human-computer interaction. In any field, hard science (science that is mathematical or otherwise technical) has a tendency to drive out softer sciences, even if the softer sciences have important contributions to make. It is possible that, as computer science and artificial intelligence contributions to human-computer interaction mature, this could happen to psychology. It is suggested that this trend might be prevented by hardening the applicable psychological science. This approach, however, has been critized on the grounds that the resulting body of knowledge would be too low level, too limited in scope, too late to affect computer technology, and too difficult to apply. The prospects for overcoming each of these obstacles are analyzed here.
Inputs and outputs for chromatin-targeted RNAi

Plant gene silencing is targeted to transposons and repeated sequences by small RNAs from the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Like classical RNAi, RNA-directed chromatin silencing involves the cleavage of double-stranded RNA by Dicer endonucleases to create small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which bind to the Argonaute protein. The production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) must be carefully controlled to prevent inappropriate silencing. A plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) initiates siRNA production at silent heterochromatin, but Pol IV-independent mechanisms for making dsRNA also exist. Downstream of siRNA biogenesis, multiple chromatin marks might be targeted by Argonaute–siRNA complexes, yet mechanisms of chromatin modification remain poorly understood. Genomic studies of siRNA target loci promise to reveal novel biological functions for chromatin-targeted RNAi.
Left Ventricular Volume in Left-Sided Outflow Tract Obstructive (LVOTO) Lesions: Role of Potential Volume and Underfilling

Left Ventricular Volume in Left-Sided Outflow Tract Obstructive (LVOTO) Lesions: Role of Potential Volume and Underfilling
ASPECTS OF ENTANGLED TRANSLUCENT EAVESDROPPING IN QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

We present a mathematical physics analysis of entangled translucent eavesdropping in quantum cryptography, based on the recent work of Ekert, Huttner, Palma, and Peres @Phys. Rev. A 50, 1047 ~1994!#. The key generation procedure involves the transmission, interception, and reception of two nonorthogonal photon polarization states. At the receiving end, a positive operator valued measure ~POVM! is employed in the measurement process. The eavesdropping involves an information-maximizing von Neumann‐type projective measurement. We propose a design for a receiver that is an all-optical realization of the POVM, using a Wollaston prism, a mirror, two beam splitters, a polarization rotator, and three photodetectors. We present a quantitative analysis of the receiver. We obtain closed-form algebraic expressions for the error rates and mutual information, expressed in terms of the POVM-receiver error rate and the angle between the carrier polarization states. We also prove a significant result, namely, that in the entangled translucent eavesdropping approach, the unsafe error rate based on standard mutual information comparisons is equivalent to the maximum allowable error rate based on perfect mutual information for the eavesdropper. In this case, the above unsafe error rate is in fact not overly conservative. @S1050-2947~97!01212-2#
Analysis of muonic X rays in terms of equivalent radius

Abstract The analysis of muonic 206 Pb atom transition energies in terms of the equivalent radius shows that it is impossible to obtain a precision fit starting from a two-parameter Fermi type nuclear charge distribution. The introduction of the corrections formally equivalent to the muon finite size improves the fit of the transition energies as well as the simultaneous fit of muonic X-ray and electron scattering data.
Relationship between Train Length and Accident Causes and Rates

Train accident rates are a critical metric of railroad transportation safety and risk performance. Understanding factors affecting accident rates is also important for evaluating the effectiveness of various accident prevention measures. Accident rates have been the subject of a number of analyses, but these analyses have generally not considered the effect of train length on accident rate. Accident causes can be classified into two groups: those dependent on train length and correlated with the number of cars in the train, and those independent of train length, corresponding to the number of train miles operated. These classifications have implications for the quantitative effect of various changes in railroad operating practices on railroad safety performance. Whether an accident cause is a function of car miles or train miles affects how safety measures that might reduce the likelihood of that cause will affect overall train accident rate. Accident causes have been classified as car mile or train mile ...
Fabrication of a waveguide for biomedical applications using novel micromachining techniques

The fabrication parameters necessary for the development of waveguides that transmit energy from deep ultraviolet to infrared range on wide band gap semiconductor thin film is discussed. Such waveguides in conjunction with microfluidic systems may be used for a spatial and temporal drug delivery in neural tissue. These waveguides may also be suitably modified and employed for novel applications like lab-on-a-chip technologies for Raman Spectroscopy and high speed telecommunication optical switches. Highly textured AlN thin films are grown on C-plane sapphire with high refractive index buffer layer by plasma source molecular beam epitaxy (PSMBE). Analytical measurements such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, were used to characterize surface morphology and crystalline structure of these films. The fabrication of waveguide structures was performed using laser micromachining with a KrF Excimer laser of wavelength 248 nm and pulse duration of 25ns. Waveguide etching rate for the AlN thin films is investigated as a function laser pulse energy and number of pulses. It is found that etching rate increases almost linearly with both--the pulse energy and number of pulses.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Excavating Gender in Women's Early Claims to Political Asylum in the United States

This essay examines how gender is figured as a discourse of U.S. political asylum through women's early gendered claims to political asylum. Using an archeology methodology, I explore how gender comes to matter discursively and materially in asylum courtrooms. Specifically, I find that sexual difference is used as an organizing schema for sexual violence, political access comes through assumed relationships to men with power, and women's subjectivities are figured as personal and private by court officials.