cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Time-Domain On-Surface Radiation Boundary Condition for Scattering Applications

An on-surface radiation boundary condition (OSRBC) procedure in the time domain is presented. The method extends well-known OSRBCs originally developed for high frequencies (short-time transients) to low frequencies or long-time transients in the time-domain. Starting with asymptotic approximations, we use an operator that is uniformly valid in time. Thus, the OSRBC developed here is valid at low and high frequencies. Its numerical implementation and its performance in low-frequency problems are demonstrated through examples of scattering from conducting cylinders. The advantage of the new OSRBC is that it is applicable to a wide range of frequencies, hence it can be applied to short- and long-time transients.
Afterburner (network-independent card for protocols)

Many current implementations of protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are inefficient because data are often accessed more frequently than necessary. Three techniques that reduce the need for memory bandwidth are proposed. The techniques are copy-on-write, page remapping, and single-copy. Afterburner, a network-independent card that provides the services that are necessary for a single-copy protocol stack, is described. The card has 1 MByte of local buffers and provides a simple interface to a variety of network link adapters, including HIPPI and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). Afterburner can support transfers to and from the link adapter card at rates up to 1 Gbit/s. An implementation of TCP/IP that uses the features provided by Afterburner to reduce the movement of data to a single copy is discussed. Measurements of the end-to-end performance of Afterburner and the single-copy implementation of TCP/IP are presented. >
Psychoeducation to prevent PTSD: a paucity of evidence.

How should one define psychoeducation with regard to exposure to traumatic stress? Wessely, Bryant, Greenberg, Earnshaw, Sharpley, and Hughes (2008) note that “the term covers the provision of information about the nature of stress, posttraumatic and other symptoms, and what to do about them.” They note that the provision of this type of information can occur either prior to or following trauma exposure. Further, the aim of providing psychoeducation is to “ameliorate or mitigate the effects of exposure to extreme situations.” We are in complete agreement with this straight-forward description of what we understand to be meant by the term psychoeducation, that is, explaining to individuals or groups what common reactions have been found among those who have been exposed to traumatic stress. This includes a delineation of the symptoms of PTSD and perhaps a description as well of depression, since this disorder is so frequently comorbid with PTSD. Psychoeducation may also include a description of common reactions that occur in addition to symptoms, such as feelings of anger, shame, guilt, and so forth. It might include indications of when to seek professional help, as well as information about the types of clinicians who might provide assistance and the settings in which they may be found. Bisson, McFarlane, and Rose (2000) describe psychoeducation as a way of providing traumatized individuals with “a psychological map to understand their reactions.” The provision of psychoeducation does not appear to be limited to a particular modality, and the examples given in the review range from provision of brochures/selfhelp materials to group and individual faceto-face sessions. These may be adjuncts to other interventions, are rarely standalones, and may be offered/delivered to everyone, or only those who are interested. In some instances, individuals may be required to attend psychoeducation sessions against their will. Comparing these approaches, then, may be comparing “apples to oranges.” Another complicating factor is that psychoeducation is provided to individuals before and after exposure to extreme stress and often to those Commentary on “Psychoeducation” Krupnick and Green
A numerical study of wind flow around the TTU building and the roof corner vortex

Comprehensive studies on wind flow around the TTU (Texas Tech University) building were conducted in both field test and wind-tunnel modeling. The results are very useful benchmark database for computational wind engineering studies. Therefore, a number of numerical studies have been carried out since then to explore a deeper insight into the physical nature of the flow characteristics. However, the previous numerical studies have not reported much about the results on the roof corner vortex, which is believed to be very important in engineering applications. This paper presents a recent numerical study of wind flow around the TTU building using an advanced CFD method with large eddy simulation approach. The main focus of this paper is the roof corner vortex. Two approaching wind directions (215° and 225°) to the building were investigated with three mesh systems. The three-dimensional roof corner vortex pattern is successfully simulated. The mean values are generally in good agreement with the wind tunnel modeling and field test, but the rms values are not comparable since the numerical results only include the resolvable part due to the large-scale eddies while the small-scale eddies are modeled by SGS model and not included in the comparison. However, as the mesh system is made finer, the rms values are closer to the measured data since more smaller scale eddies are directly resolved.
Splitting the Phosphorus Bridge of 7‐Phosphanorbornadiene Complexes by Fluoride Ion

The reaction of fluoride ion with 7-phosphanorbornadiene P–W(CO)5 complexes yields fluorophosphido complexes which, in turn, can attack a second molecule of 7-phosphanorbornadiene to give a fluorobiphosphine complex. The corresponding anion displays a huge P–P coupling. The structure of the anionic chromium analogue has been investigated by DFT calculations. The P–P bond is relatively short at 2.20 A and displays a huge polarity suggesting an interesting chemistry. When the 7-phosphanorbornadiene P-substituent is 2-chloroethyl, the attack of the fluoride ion is followed by a cyclization and a reductive dimerization leading to the first known biphosphirane complex.
Isolation and Characterization of Membrane- associated Proteoglycans from Normal and Malignant Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

The plasma membrane-associated proteoglycans of a malignant human breast cell line (MDA-MB-231) were compared with the corresponding proteoglycans from a normal cell line (HBL-100). The labeled proteoglycans were isolated from the plasma membranes of cells grown in the presence of [3H]glucosamine and [35S]Na2SO4 by extraction with guanidine hydrochloride and subsequently purified by DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. Their structural properties were established by treatment with nitrous acid, heparitinase and chondroitinase ABC, and by gel filtration before and after alkaline β-elimination. About 18% of the proteoglycans synthesized by these cell lines were associated with the plasma membranes. The HBL plasma membranes contained 80% heparan sulfate and 20% chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans whereas MDA plasma membranes had 50% heparan sulfate and 50% chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. The MDA plasma membrane contained two heparan sulfate proteoglycans, both having nearly the same molecular size as the two species secreted into the medium by these cells. The HBL plasma membrane also contained two hydrodynamic size heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The larger hydrodynamic size species has a slightly lower molecular size than that secreted into the medium, and the smaller hydrodynamic size species was not detectable in the medium. Even though the major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans from MDA plasma membranes were smaller in size than those from HBL plasma membrane, a larger proportion of the glycosaminoglycan chains of the former were bigger than those from the latter.
Genetic manipulation of genomes with rare-cutting endonucleases

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a threat to the genomic integrity of a cell. The failure to heal a break or the inappropriate repair of a break can result in the loss of genetic information and other potentially deleterious consequences, such as chromosomal translocations. Recent developments using rare-cutting endonucleases have allowed investigators to introduce one or a few DSBs into complex genomes. Such studies have begun to elucidate the complex mechanisms of nonhomologous and homologous repair used by mammalian cells to repair these lesions. A key finding is that gene targeting is stimulated two to three orders of magnitude by a DSB at the target locus. Thus, the use of rare-cutting endonucleases and the co-opting of cellular repair mechanisms might provide scientists with another tool for engineering changes into genomes.
Circular dichroism and absorption study of the structure of methionine-enkephalin in solution

Abstract The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of methionine-enkephalin have been measured in aqueous solution, as functions of temperature and pH, and in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Ranges covered were: 190–330 nm; 5–50°C; pH = 1–12. Absorption data provide no evidence for a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond involving the hydroxyl proton of the tyrosine residue. All data can be interpreted without assuming methionine-enkephalin preferentially occupies a single conformation when in dilute solution. The biologically important conformation is presumably one of many which are present to significant extent.
Hepatitis C : Controversies, strategies and challenges

Risk factors for hepatitis C infection include I.V. drug use (42%); history of blood transfusion (6%); exposure to multiple heterosexual partners (6%); exposure to a household contact (3%); health care employment (2%); or hemodialysis (1%). Forty percent of patients have no identifiable risk factors. The HCV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. Six major genotypes have been identified; each contains a series of subtypes. In the U.S., prevalences are type 1 (74%); type 2 (15%); type 3 (6%); and type 4 (1%). Within an infected individual, HCV also exists as a spectrum of closely related genotypes referred to as a quasispecies, and more complex quasispecies correlate with longer duration of disease, higher levels of viremia, genotype 1 infection, and poorer response to interferon therapy. Diagnosis is made by measuring anti-HCV by EIA, with confirmation by RIBA or HCV RNA. Patients with chronic HCV infection, with or without aminotransferase elevation, have detectable serum RNA by PCR. Standard therapy is interferon alfa 2b (Intron A) at a dosage of 3 million units 3 times a week for 6 months. This results in a 40%-50% complete response at the end of treatment (normal aminotransferases and undetectable HCV RNA), but relapse occurs in 60%-80% of cases over the next six months. Longer (12 month to 18 month) courses are now widely advocated. Better patient selection, e.g., those with low serum HCV RNA levels and absence of cirrhosis, and increased duration of therapy may lead to better response rates. Combination therapy with other antiviral agents, such as ribavirin, has dramatically reduced relapse rates.
Joseph Cottle and Reminiscence: The Picturesque Gone Awry

On a fine Saturday morning in April 1795 Joseph Cottle departed early from Bristol for what seemed likely to be an ideal picturesque tour: Bristol to Chepstow, a light pub lunch at the Beaufort Arms, a glorious afternoon walk through the famous beauty spots of the Piercefield estate, and on to Tintern for the Abbey, followed by supper and lodgings in the village. What made the prospect so promising was his choice of walking companions: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and Sara and Edith Fricker. However, the tour was beset by problems: a late start, quarrelsome companions, Cottle’s lameness and need for a horse, culminating in the party becoming completely lost in the woods between Piercefield and Tintern – a tour gone awry. This essay recounts the problems of the tour, and Cottle’s heroic efforts to rescue it both in personal and aesthetic terms. As a piece of autobiographical writing, his reminiscence shows the syncretic nature of memory as he recollects profuse charged moments. Out of this series of transitory interactions with the landscape, culminating in the near panic of losing one’s way in the dark, Cottle nonetheless records a brief account of the interpersonal impossibility of the Pantisocracy scheme, and creates a portrait of Coleridge that functions as a miniature, capturing ‘essential’ aspects of his character. Such revealed patterns constitute Cottle’s biographical method as he offers us individuals in extremis, and invites us to witness their subjectivity as a series of fluid responses to circumstance. ‘Character’, for Cottle consists in the patterns of such responses over time. Emerging out of a deep conviction in the purposefulness of sensibility, Cottle provides detailed accounts allowing us to take the emotional temperature of the scenes, so to speak. When first published, his selection of specific anecdotes generated suspicion amongst the Coleridge family and executors who read for allegorical content (a paranoid hermeneutics). Their position – that the biographer was betraying his subject by revealing too much, or was score-settling – reveals their deep attachment to this reading strategy. Coleridge, the sage of Highgate, was already an allegorical personage of their making, and they resisted any effort to destabilise their favoured tableau. I hope to show that despite the inevitability of such allegorical readings, Cottle’s portrait trades primarily in inchoate moments of becoming, outside the rigidity of any stable tableau, and I want to suggest that it deserves our attention as an account of the shape and shaping of subjectivity. To return to the walk: the party had arrived in good time to Chepstow and dinner at the
Epistemic and Ontic Theories of Explanation and Confirmation

This paper reviews some recent work on issues connecting the theories of scientific explanation and confirmation. Beginning with Harman and Hempel and continuing with Salmon, Miller, Pennock and Ruben, I consider different explications of the explanatory relation that could be used in an Inference to the Best Explanation (I.B.E.) confirmation theory. Causal theories of explanation are currently the most promising and I discuss the strengths of an I.B.E. theory based upon an objective "ontic" view of explanation like Salmon's over an "epistemic" causal view such as Miller's. Finally I show how a causal theorist can address two purported weaknesses of the causal approaches that arise from Humean and Sellarsian arguments.
The end of drugging children: Toward the genealogy of the ADHD subject

This genealogy of the ADHD subject will demonstrate that over the course of the twentieth century a new relation between power, knowledge, the body, and ethical practices of self-formation emerged around the ADHD-type in ways that are not captured by the received critical perspective. By examining the history of knowledge and practices surrounding the ADHD-type, this work will argue that the deviant subject that was located relative to external institutional moral/juridical values or standards is replaced over the course of the century by a new intelligibility of rational self-management. A further analysis of this emergent intelligibility attempts to advance the critical understanding of the increasingly prevalent ADHD phenomenon by showing how novel drug and brain imaging technologies work to link behaviors to identity, establishing new relations of power to the subject not captured by the received medicalization perspective. This work will be of interest to anybody interested in the relations among knowledge, drugs, power, and the ADHD subject. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tobin's Q, intangible capital, and financial policy

Abstract Research by Chirinko (1987) based on aggregate macroeconomic data suggests that Tobin's Q theory is unlikely to provide a satisfactory model of firms' capital investment behavior. Klock et al. (1991), making use of firm-level time series data, have shown that Q is commonly mismeasured. Other researchers have stressed the importance of intangible capital. We tested Chirinko's model, with and without proxies for intangible capital. Our results show that the inclusion of intangible capital strengthens the model, and that financial policy plays an important role in the capital investment decision. It appears that rejection of the Q model is premature.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Automated Work Zone Information Systems

With the advancement of the intelligent transportation system technologies, some automated work zone information systems (AWISs) have been developed and deployed in the field. Their purpose is to provide useful real-time traffic information to motorists as they approach or pass through a work zone. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate AWIS, and most of those studies paid attention to the evaluation of system functionality and reliability. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the effectiveness of the computerized highway information processing system deployed in Southern California, pertaining to the aspects of safety and diversion effects, as well as travelers' acceptance. Evaluation results showed most driver survey respondents liked the system, which was found to be effective in diverting traffic and promoting smoother traffic flow during congested periods.
[Ce(PSe4)4]9−: a highly anionic Ce3+ selenophosphate coordination complex

Abstract The reaction of Ce with the basic polychalcophosphate flux Rb10P4Se25 yielded the quaternary selenophosphate compound Rb9Ce(PSe4)4. The discrete [Ce(PSe4)4]9− anion possesses the highest charge observed in a monometallic complex. The Ce3+ center is chelated by four bidentate [PSe4]3− ligands so it achieves a dodecahedral coordination geometry, and the complex belongs to the dodecahedral sub-class Id (D2d- 4 2m ), according to the Hoard and Silverton notation. The UV–Vis, optical, IR spectroscopic and magnetism data for the compound are reported.
Transition from pediatric to adult care for sickle cell disease: Results of a survey of pediatric providers†

As recently as the 1970s, children born with sickle cell disease (SCD) were unlikely to survive into adulthood. With advances in medical care, most patients now survive childhood and live into their forties or beyond [1,2]. A better transition from pediatric- to adult-focused care is therefore increasingly important [3]. Despite recent awareness of the importance of transition by the SCD community, little is known about existing transition programs. We conducted a survey of pediatric sickle cell clinics to describe current transition practices and identify areas for improvement. Survey topics included program demographics, transition logistics, assessment of patient transition readiness and independence, transition preparation, and program evaluation. Twenty-three clinics (77%) report having a transition program, although half have been in place for under 2 years. There is wide variation in specific transition practices. Most centers (97%) have an identified accepting adult provider, however, only 60% routinely transfer their patients to an adult hematologist specializing in SCD. Although there has been a recent effort to establish transition programs in pediatric sickle cell clinics, specific practices vary widely. As anticipated, lack of an accepting adult hematologist with an interest in SCD emerged as a common barrier to transition.
Atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants to the chesapeake bay

Abstract To estimate loadings of contaminants from the atmosphere to the Chesapeake Bay, ambient atmospheric concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at a shore-based station between June 1990 and December 1991. Geometric mean concentrations of individual PAHs in air ranged from 0.003 (dibenz[ah]anthracene) to 1.4 ng m−3 (phenanthrene) and the observed temporal variability in PAH levels in the air ranged from 0.1 to 41 % about the respective geometric mean concentrations. The mean ambient atmospheric PCB concentration over the Chesapeake Bay during the study period was 0.21 ng m−3, with a relative standard deviation of 56%. PCB concentrations in the air were slightly correlated with air temperature. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of individual PAHs in precipitation ranged from 1.1 (dibenz[ah]anthracene) to 17 ng l−1 (pyrene). The VWM t-PCB concentration was 1.6 ng l−1. The temporal variability of HOC concentrations in rainfall was as large as one order of magnitude, with no apparent seasonal trend, suggesting highly variable HOC scavenging processes. Assuming a dry deposition velocity of 0.49±0.23 cm s−1 dry particle fluxes of PAHs ranged from 1±0.4 (anthracene) to 16±7 (fluoranthene) μg m−2 yr−1. The dry deposition velocity was derived using monthly average wind speeds and temperature differentials derived for the Chesapeake Bay area from climatological compilations [Quinn T. L., Ondov J. M. and Holland J. Z. (1992) Dependence of deposition velocity on the frequency of meteorological observations for the Chesapeake Bay. J. Aerosol Sci. 23, S973–S976; Wu Z. Y., Ondov J. M., Holland J. Z. and Lin Z. C. (1992) Dry deposition fluxes of elements in Chesapeake Bay aerosol. J. Aerosol Sci. 23, 5969–5972]. Wet fluxes of PAHS ranged from 1 (anthracene) to 20 (pyrene) μg m−2 yr−1. Total (wet + dry) fluxes ranged from 2±0.4 (anthracene) to 35±7 (pyrene) μg m−2 yr−1. The t-PCB wet flux was 1.9 μg m−2 yr−1, with the estimated dry particle flux accounting for 75% of the total flux (3.3 ± 0.6 μg m−2 yr−1). The t-PCB wet flux in Chesapeake Bay is similar to that of rural Minnesota [2 μg m−2 yr−1. Franz T. P., Eisenreich S. J. and Swanson M. B. (1991) Evaluation of precipitation samplers for assessing atmospheric fluxes of trace organic contaminants. Chemo 23, 343–361]. Annual atmospheric loadings of individual PAHs to the surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay were calculated by extrapolating the total flux to the surface area of the Chesapeake Bay. Individual PAH loadings range from 23±5 (anthracene) to 403±81 (pyrene) kg yr−1. and the t-PCB annual atmospheric loading is 38±7 kg yr−1.
Fermions and bosons in a unified framework. I. Physical foundations

We begin with a general introduction to the theory of moving frames. A moving frame is a tangent vector basis equipped with a connection (gauge field). We then construct extended moving frames by adding extra, normal basis vectors to a basis for the tangents. The coefficients of transformation of the basis under infinitesimal displacement are the components of the connection (on tangents) and gauge field (on normals). The action is constructed from a generalized Hilbert product of the curvatures, the coefficients of the bases' transformation for a closed, infinitesimal (second-order) loop. We give the Einstein-Yang-Mills action as an example. Bose matter fields are included by first adding on at least one more basis element. Then one can either introduce an auxiliary coordinate differential, dtheta, which may be Bose or Fermi, with which the field is associated. Or, more can extend the concept of a connection to one which takes values which are functions (as well as coefficients of differentials). This technique is actually related to the use of graded Lie algebras. A description of the simple superalgebras which we will use is included in the Introduction. From the generalized curvature the action for a scalar matter field coupled to itsmore » gauge bosons is formed. Fermi fields are introduced by establishing spinor bases which transform as the spin-1/2 Lorentz representation of the local orthonormal vector bases. The Dirac-Einstein action is given as an example. The connection acts as the gauge field for the fermions. Interestingly, they are coupled to the connection via an axial-vector term. This leads to a problem with anomalies. When spinor bases were introduced, the vector bases appeared as composites (currents). We discuss the idea that vector coordinates may be composites of underlying spinor coordinates.« less
Fluorescence-detected magnetic circular dichroism of fluorescent and nonfluorescent molecules.

Abstract We have modified a spectrometer for the measurement of fluorescence-detected magnetic (and natural) circular dichroism (FDMCD). The instrument can be operated either in a direct mode in which the average and polarization-induced differential fluorescent intensities are recorded separately or in a mode which records their ratio. We have measured the FDMCD of tryptophan, which is itself fluorescent. With the aid of an added fluorescent molecule we also measured the FDMCD of Fe(III) cytochrome c, which is nonfluorescent. In both cases, the FDMCD agreed with the conventional transmission-detected magnetic circular dichroism within experimental uncertainty. The FDMCD of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent molecules is potentially a useful technique for investigating optically dense materials and biological molecules in their native environments and systems in which there is inter- or intramolecular energy transfer.
Active Region Cascading for Improved Performance in InAs–GaSb Superlattice LEDs

Cascading of active regions in InAs-GaSb superlattice light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy is demonstrated as an effective means of increasing optical emission. Devices were fabricated into 120 x 120 mum2 mesas to demonstrate suitability for high resolution projection systems. Devices with 1, 4, 8, and 16 stages were designed for midwave infrared emission at 3.8 mum operating at 77 K, and quasi-continuous-wave output powers in excess of 900 muW from a 16-stage LED have been demonstrated. External quantum efficiency is shown to improve substantially with cascading, approaching 10% for a 16-stage device.
Memory Performance of Prolog Architectures

1. Introduction.- 1.1. What is Prolog?.- 1.2. Why Prolog?.- 1.2.1. Reduced Instruction Set Architectures.- 1.2.2. Parallel Logic Programming Languages.- 1.2.3. Lisp.- 1.3. Previous Work.- 1.3.1. Architectures.- 1.3.2. Benchmarking.- 1.3.3. Memory Organization.- 1.4. Book Outline.- 2. Prolog Architectures.- 2.1. Canonical Prolog Architectures.- 2.1.1. CIF Data Encoding.- 2.1.2. Naive and Traditional Prolog CIFs.- 2.1.3. Register-Based CIF.- 2.1.4. Other CIF Metrics: Stability.- 2.1.5. Summary.- 2.2. Environment Stacking Architectures.- 2.2.1. DEC-10 Prolog Abstract Machine.- 2.2.2. Warren Abstract Machine.- 2.2.3. Comparison Between Prolog-10 and WAM.- 2.2.4. Lcode Architecture.- 2.3. Restricted AND-Parallel Prolog Architecture.- 2.4. Summary.- 3. Prolog Architecture Measurements.- 3.1. Methodology.- 3.1.1. Compiler.- 3.1.2. Assembler.- 3.1.3. Emulator.- 3.1.4. Simulators.- 3.2. Benchmarks.- 3.3. WAM Referencing Characteristics.- 3.3.1. Data Referencing.- 3.3.2. Instruction Referencing.- 3.4. CIF Referencing Characteristics.- 3.5. PWAM Referencing Characteristics.- 3.6. Summary.- 4. Uniprocessor Memory Organizations.- 4.1. Memory Model.- 4.2. Data Referencing.- 4.2.1. Choice Point Buffer.- 4.2.2. Stack Buffer.- 4.2.3. Environment Stack Buffer.- 4.2.4. Copyback Cache.- 4.2.5. Smart Cache.- 4.2.6. Comparison of Data Memories.- 4.3. Instruction Referencing.- 4.3.1. Instruction Buffer.- 4.3.2. Instruction Caches.- 4.4. Local Memory Configurations.- 4.5. Main Memory Design.- 4.5.1. General Queueing Model.- 4.5.2. Memory Bus Model.- 4.5.3. Copyback I/D Cache System.- 4.5.4. Stack and Instruction Buffer System.- 4.6. Summary.- 5. Multiprocessor Memory Organizations.- 5.1. Memory Model.- 5.2. The Consistency Problem.- 5.2.1. Broadcast Cache Coherency.- 5.2.2. Locking in Broadcast Caches.- 5.2.3. Hybrid Cache Coherency.- 5.3. Coherent Cache Measurements.- 5.4. Shared Memory Design.- 5.4.1. Shared Memory and Bus Queueing Models.- 5.4.2. Measurements.- 5.5. Summary.- 6. Conclusions and Future Research.- 6.1. Conclusions.- 6.2. Future Research.- Appendix A. Glossary of Notation.- Appendix B. Lcode Instruction Set Summary.- Appendix C Local Memory Management Algorithms.- References.
Interaction between the gunniting particles and the surface of a lining

Developpement d'un modele mathematique du processus de collision entre une particule et la surface du revetement lors du gunitage a la flamme
Overcoming IGF1R/IR Resistance Through Inhibition of MEK Signaling in Colorectal Cancer Models

Purpose: Results from clinical trials involving resistance to molecularly targeted therapies have revealed the importance of rational single-agent and combination treatment strategies. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R)/insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, OSI-906, in combination with a mitogen–activated protein (MAP)–ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor based on evidence that the MAP kinase pathway was upregulated in colorectal cancer cell lines that were resistant to OSI-906. Experimental Design: The antiproliferative effects of OSI-906 and the MEK 1/2 inhibitor U0126 were analyzed both as single agents and in combination in 13 colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro . Apoptosis, downstream effector proteins, and cell cycle were also assessed. In addition, the efficacy of OSI-906 combined with the MEK 1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) was evaluated in vivo using human colorectal cancer xenograft models. Results: The combination of OSI-906 and U0126 resulted in synergistic effects in 11 of 13 colorectal cancer cell lines tested. This synergy was variably associated with apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest in addition to molecular effects on prosurvival pathways. The synergy was also reflected in the in vivo xenograft studies following treatment with the combination of OSI-906 and selumetinib. Conclusions: Results from this study demonstrate synergistic antiproliferative effects in response to the combination of OSI-906 with an MEK 1/2 inhibitor in colorectal cancer cell line models both in vitro and in vivo , which supports the rational combination of OSI-906 with an MEK inhibitor in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6219–29. ©2013 AACR .
The flower flavonols of Nicotiana species

Abstract Flowers of Nicotiana species were analysed for their flavonol content. Flavonol glycoside distributions were determined for 63 of the 66 recognized species, two accessions of tentative species rank, and 14 interspecific crosses (allotetraploids). Only quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were found in any appreciable quantity. Quercetin and kaempferol 3-(2 G -rhamnosylrutinoside), kaempferol 3-rhamnosylgalactoside, kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl-galactoside-7-glucoside, kaempferol 3-(2-glucosylgalactoside)-7-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-sophoroside-7-glucoside were identified in several species. The percentage distribution of these compounds and quercetin and kaempferol 3-rutinosides, 3-sophorosides, and 3-rutinoside-7-glucosides showed that the flavonols of the flowers varied much more than leaf flavonols. The data have allowed a chemotaxonomic evaluation of the genus classification.
Pressure measurements in perfused segments of small blood vessels.

SummaryA method is described for recording in vitro pressure responses from perfused segments of small blood vessels. The method permits accurate evaluation of the relationships between dose and response. For arterial biopsy specimens from the dog's mesentery, maximal pressure responses of 200 to 300 mm Hg are obtained with test doses of epinephrine at an intravascular concentration of about 1.0 γ/ml. The threshold for response is about 0.04 γ/ml. The latent period for chemical stimulation of these specimens is approximately 3 to 4 seconds.
Cytokines in the Microenvironment of Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized by the overproduction of a monoclonal IgM protein that accumulates in the serum. Although the pathologic findings in this disease entity are reasonably well defined, the mechanisms that regulate malignant B-cell growth and monoclonal protein synthesis are less well understood. Cytokines are known to regulate many biologic processes in normal lymphocyte development including immunoglobulin production, and the presence of cytokines within the tumor microenvironment of WM is likely to contribute to malignant cell growth and survival as well as immunoglobulin production. Several studies have suggested that cytokines are potentially dysregulated in WM, however the precise role played by cytokines in WM biology is not clearly defined. This report therefore highlights our current understanding of the role of cytokines in the microenvironment of WM and how they affect malignant cell persistence and function in the bone marrow of patients.
An algorithm for fitting MMPP to IP traffic traces

A method for fitting very long IP traffic traces to a Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP) model is proposed in this paper. We compare our method to a previously published technique using several 24 hour traces. Our method is useful when the traces are very long and exhibit diurnal traffic changes
An experimental investigation of single-phase forced convection in microchannels

Turbulent, single-phase forced convection of water in circular microchannels with diameters of 0.76 and 1.09 mm has been investigated. The data show that the Nusselt numbers for the microchannels are higher than those predicted by traditional large channel correlations. Based on the data obtained in this investigation, along with earlier data for smaller diameter channels, a generalized correlation for the Nusselt number for turbulent, single-phase, forced convection in circular microchannels has been developed. The diameter, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number ranges are 0.102–1.09 mm, 2.6 × 103−2.3 × 104, and 1.53–6.43, respectively. With a confidence level of greater than 95%, differences between experimental and predicted Nusselt number values are less than ± 18.6%.
Real-time, resource-constrained object classification on a micro-air vehicle

A real-time embedded object classification algorithm is developed through the novel combination of binary feature descriptors, a bag-of-visual-words object model and the cortico-striatal loop (CSL) learning algorithm. The BRIEF, ORB and FREAK binary descriptors are tested and compared to SIFT descriptors with regard to their respective classification accuracies, execution times, and memory requirements when used with CSL on a 12.6 g ARM Cortex embedded processor running at 800 MHz. Additionally, the effect of x2 feature mapping and opponent-color representations used with these descriptors is examined. These tests are performed on four data sets of varying sizes and difficulty, and the BRIEF descriptor is found to yield the best combination of speed and classification accuracy. Its use with CSL achieves accuracies between 67% and 95% of those achieved with SIFT descriptors and allows for the embedded classification of a 128x192 pixel image in 0.15 seconds, 60 times faster than classification with SIFT. X2 mapping is found to provide substantial improvements in classification accuracy for all of the descriptors at little cost, while opponent-color descriptors are offer accuracy improvements only on colorful datasets.
Induction of molting in horseshoe crab larvae by polyhydroxy steroids.

Abstract Molting in stage 1 horseshoe crab larvae, Limulus polyphemus, can be induced by polyhydroxy steroids that stimulate molting in insects. The effect of the injected steroids in shortening the intermolt period is dependent on dose and time of injection after hatching, until about 6 days before a natural molt. A scheme for the time course of the molting control system in stage 1 larvae is presented.
Ion beam mixing in amorphous silicon II. Theoretical interpretation

Abstract The ion irradiation-induced intermixing of thin elemental marker layers buried in vapor-deposited amorphous silicon is interpreted by an analytical model based on the theory of random flights and elementary range theory. The general features of ion beam mixing are faithfully described and quantitative predictions of the magnitude of the observed effects are in good agreement with experimental data. The model predicts that the mixing is analogous to thermal diffusion with an effective diffusion coefficient that is proportional to the ion flux and the linear energy deposition density ( F D ). The diffusion coefficient is shown to depend on the marker and matrix materials through their atomic masses, atomic numbers and the effective displacement energy of the marker atoms. The model is derived for dilute impurities in a host matrix, but an approximate method for extension to higher concentrations is suggested. The model is shown to be applicable in situations in which the energy deposited per atom is not a large fraction of the heat of fusion of the solid.
Formulating figurate numbers

The multiplication formula for figurate numbers (or binomial coefficients) we use today appeared in western Europe in verbal form in the late 1500s and in symbolic form in the early 1600s. In this paper, we first recount the early history of figurate numbers and especially of multiplicative means for computing them. We then focus on the development of multiplication formulas for figurate numbers in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by Cardano, Faulhaber, Briggs, and Harriot. Throughout the paper, we invite the reader to consider what it means to ‘have a formula for’ a mathematical relationship. Indeed, the story of figurate number formulas is interesting not only in its own right but because it provides rich fodder for a broader discussion of mathematical formulas. A preliminary version of this paper was presented during the July 2008 quadrennial meeting of the International Study Group on Relations Between History and Pedagogy of Mathematics, and appeared in the proceedings of that confe...
Near-identity diffeomorphisms and exponential /spl epsi/-tracking and /spl epsi/-stabilization of first-order nonholonomic SE(2) vehicles

In this paper, we address /spl epsi/-tracking and /spl epsi/-stabilization for a class of SE(2) autonomous vehicles with first-order nonholonomic constrains. We introduce a class of transformations called near-identity diffeomorphisms that allow dynamic partial feedback linearization of the translational dynamics of this planar vehicle. This allows us to achieve global exponential /spl epsi/-stabilization and /spl epsi/-tracking (in position) for the aforementioned class of planar vehicles using a coordinate-independent dynamic state feedback. This feedback law is only discontinuous w.r.t. the augmented state. We apply our results to /spl epsi/-stabilization/tracking of a nonholonomic mobile robot.
Publishing Qualitative Research in Sex Roles

We are receiving more and more submissions to Sex Roles that report on qualitative research. Such papers are sometimes difficult for our reviewers to assess. The guidelines for such papers are not as clear as those for more traditional quantitative papers. Because of these issues, I am outlining my requirements for qualitative research to be published in Sex Roles, as regular articles. [In some cases, different criteria are used in the papers for special issues]. Sex Roles publishes scientific research in psychology and in the social sciences more broadly. This means that basic guidelines of science need to be followed in all of our papers. One of these guidelines is that the work could potentially be replicated by another researcher. Sufficient information about methodology and interpretation of data is necessary for this to be possible. These assumptions lead to certain guidelines for qualitative research:
Cytokine effects and role of adhesive proteins and Fc receptors in human macrophage‐mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Mononuclear phagocytes participate in host immunological defense against tumors. We have investigated the role of selected recombinant cytokines on human macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in vitro utilizing a human colon cancer cell line target, SW1116, and murine monoclonal antibody 17-1A. Blood monocytes were kept in continuous culture to allow differentiation into macrophages. Maximum antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as measured in a 3H-thymidine release assay occurred after culturing the monocytes for 5–7 days. Human recombinant macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF) (1,000 U/ml) did not increase ADCC above control levels whereas recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin 4, and interleukin 3 were all capable of increasing ADCC. Antibodies to the CD11/CD18 integrin receptors did not significantly inhibit ADCC. When the ADCC incubation occurred in the presence of antibodies to the human Fc receptors, ADCC was inhibited significantly only by anti-FcRIII (3G8). A role for tumor necrosis factor alpha or other soluble mediators of cytotoxicity was not demonstrable in this system. These studies suggest avenues for manipulation and augmentation of macrophagemediated antitumor ADCC.
Studies of the effects of optical system errors on the HCIT contrast performance

The High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory employs a broadband wavefront correction algorithm called Electric Field Conjugation (EFC) to obtain the required 10 -10 contrast. This algorithm works with one deformable mirror (DM) to estimate the electric-field to be controlled, and with one or multiple DM's to create a "darkhole" in a predefined region of the image plane where terrestrial planets would be found. We have investigated the effects of DM actuator errors and the optic position errors on the efficiency of the EFC algorithm in a Lyot coronagraph configuration. The structural design of the optical system as well as the parameters of various optical elements used in the analysis are drawn from those of the HCIT system that have been implemented with one DM. The simulation takes into account the surface errors of various optical elements. Results of some of these studies have been verified by actual measurements.
Antibiotic activity of extract of Western Red Cedar heartwood.

SummaryWater extract of western red cedar heartwood inhibits growth of a wide variety of bacteria and fungi. Inhibition is due to stasis, not to death, of the organisms. Susceptibility of microorganisms is unrelated to Gram-staining reaction or to morphology.WRC extract does not lose its antibiotic activity when subjected to prolonged boiling, or considerable changes in pH. It is not inactivated by urine or gastric residue, but is inactivated by blood, serum, and cysteine.Large doses of the extract (4.3 g/K I.P. in mice, 3 g/K I.V. in a rabbit) did not cause death or illness.No in vivo activity against infection has vet been demonstrated.
Distribution of intravenously injected cationized ferritin within developing glomerular basement membranes of newborn rat kidneys

To label heparan sulfate proteoglycans and other strong anions within glomerular basement membranes (GBM) during assembly, cationized ferritin (CF), with a narrow isoelectric range of 7.7 to 8.2, was intravenously injected into newborn rats. Kidneys were then fixed and processed for electron microscopy at intervals ranging from 1 to 72 h after CF injection. One hour after injection, CF bound extensively to the lamina rara interna and externa of developing GBM and mesangial matrix and to tubular basement membranes (TBM). In double basement membranes of early stage glomeruli, large amounts of CF were also seen in central areas between the endothelial and epithelial basement membranes. In maturing-stage glomeruli, CF bound throughout interior regions of GBM outpockets projecting into the epithelial side of capillary walls as well as to the laminae rarae. Because in adult rats CF binds only to the laminae rarae, the abundant anionic sites seen here in newborns between double basement membranes and within GBM outpocket interiors may be subsequently neutralized or removed during the GBM assembly process. In addition to basement membranes, CF was also located intracellularly within endocytic vesicles and lysosomes of glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells 1 h postinjection. CF was also present in similar structures within the tubular epithelium. In contrast to these findings, CF was gradually lost from developing GBM 5, 15, and 24 h after injection and was essentially cleared from all GBM, mesangial matrices, and TBM after 48 h. Large CF aggregates were progressively accumulated within mesangial lysosomes, however. The transient binding of CF to GBM anionic sites seen here was most likely due to its endocytic removal by developing glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells. Anions in the circulation probably also competed effectively with the GBM and TBM for bound CF.
Prioritizing Mutation Operators Based on Importance Sampling

Mutation testing is a fault-based testing technique for measuring the adequacy of a test suite. Test suites are assigned scores based on their ability to expose synthetic faults (i.e., mutants) generated by a range of well-defined mathematical operators. The test suites can then be augmented to expose the mutants that remain undetected and are not semantically equivalent to the original code. However, the mutation score can be increased superfluously by mutants that are easy to expose. In addition, it is infeasible to examine all the mutants generated by a large set of mutation operators. Existing approaches have therefore focused on determining the sufficient set of mutation operators and the set of equivalent mutants. Instead, this paper proposes a novel Bayesian approach that prioritizes operators whose mutants are likely to remain unexposed by the existing test suites. Probabilistic sampling methods are adapted to iteratively examine a subset of the available mutants and direct focus towards the more informative operators. Experimental results show that the proposed approach identifies more than 90% of the important operators by examining ? 20% of the available mutants, and causes a 6% increase in the importance measure of the selected mutants.
Renormalization, Large Deviations and Phase Separation in Ising and Percolation Models*

Phase separation is a fairly common physical phenomenon with examples including the formation of water droplets from humid air (fog, rain), the separation of a crystalline structure from an isotropic material such as a liquid or even the formation of the sizzling gas bubbles when a soda can is opened. It was recognized long ago (at least on a phenomenological level) that sys­ tems exhibiting several phases in equilibrium can be described with an appro­ priate variational principle: the phases arrange themselves in such a way that the energy associated with the phase boundaries is minimal. Typically this leads to an almost deterministic behavior and the phase boundaries are fairly regular. However, when looked at from a microscopic point of view, the sys­ tem consists of a bunch of erratically moving molecules with relatively strong short-range interaction and the simplicity of the above macroscopic descrip­ tion looks more than miraculous. Indeed, when starting from the molecular level, there are many more questions to be asked and understood: which are the phases which we will see? why do only those occur? why are the phase boundaries sharp? how should we find (define) the energy associated with the interfaces? Only then can we ask the question: why does the system minimize this energy? It is only in the last decade that a mathematically satisfactory understand­ ing of this phenomenon has been achieved. The main goal of the talk is to present the current state of affairs focusing thereby on results obtained in joint works with Raphael Cerf. The connection to fields of mathematics other than probability theory or statistical mechanics will be highlighted; namely, to geometric measure theory and to the calculus of variations.