cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Our New Handshake with the Robot

Very few topics in today’s digital conversations are more en vogue than Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. However, all too often, debate is centred on the machine and not the human side of this rapidly evolving handshake. This paper introduces a framework that structures the relationship from demystifying through to designing and adopting the handshake, and explores impact on enterprises and provides a future outlook.
Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study

Abstract Despite potential advantages in spatial/temporal coverage compared to measurement studies, few modeling studies have been conducted of non-methane air pollutants associated with natural gas. The objective of this study was to model volatile organic compound (VOC) and criteria pollutants from natural gas production, considering multiple well pads under different terrain conditions, using the Texas Barnett Shale as a case study. Primary criteria pollutants from compressor engines (carbon monoxide, CO; nitrogen oxides, NOx; particulate matter, PM10; sulfur dioxide, SO2) were modeled using AERMOD, along with benzene as a VOC with potential worst health impacts, from condensate tanks, fugitive sources, and compressor engines. Modeling was conducted for level, moderate, and strong sloping terrain, with well pad densities of 1.4–1.9 well pads/km2, exemplifying common maximum densities in the Barnett Shale. In most cases, well pads were far enough away from each other that maxima at individual well pads were not influenced by other pads. When the same well pad arrangement and emission rates were modeled in different terrain types, strong sloping terrain gave the highest maximum concentrations. For the well pad arrangements and emission scenarios modeled, CO, NOx, PM10, and SO2 maximum concentrations were less than the 1-h National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Benzene concentrations, however, exceeded the 1-h effect screening level (ESL) for level and strong sloped terrain, and the annual ESL for all terrain types. The maximum benzene emissions modeled likely represent a reasonable worst-case for the Barnett Shale but underestimate emissions for areas with wetter gas.
On the Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans.

ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation.
Using the Integrated Behavioral Model to Determine Sport-Related Concussion Reporting Intentions Among Collegiate Athletes

Purpose: A significant proportion of sport-related concussions goes unreported among adolescents, which can result in irreversible brain damage. It is critical to identify and intervene on factors that significantly impact concussion reporting. Methods: This study tests factors associated with collegiate athletes' intentions to (1) self-report concussion symptoms; (2) report another athlete's concussion symptoms; and (3) encourage others to report. Drawing on the Integrated Behavioral Model, predictors at the athlete level included perceived norms (bystander descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and subjective norms), attitudes (positive and negative expectancies about reporting and playing through a concussion and concussion reporting attitudes), personal agency (self-efficacy to recognize symptoms and communicate), and perceived coach communication. At the team level, coaches' self-reported communication was also included. Athletes (N = 1,858) and coaches (N = 254) at 16 colleges and universities completed Web-based surveys in 2016. Multilevel modeling accounted for the nesting of athletes within athletic team. Results: Bystander descriptive norms, positive reporting expectancies, concussion reporting attitudes, self-efficacy to communicate about a concussion, and athletes' perceptions of their coach's communication were positively associated with all three outcomes. By contrast, subjective norms were only positively associated with intentions to self-report and bystander reporting intentions, negative reporting expectancies were only associated with intentions to self-report, and positive and negative expectancies for playing through a concussion were only associated with intentions to self-report and bystander encouragement. Conclusions: In sum, multiple factors within the Integrated Behavioral Model predict reporting intentions and underscore the complexity of athletes' concussion reporting behaviors and offer guidance for the development of prevention strategies.
ProbingThermal Stability of Li-Ion Battery Ni-RichLayered Oxide Cathodes by means of Operando Gas Analysis and NeutronDiffraction

Thermal stability is a crucial parameter that must be considered within the overall performance metrics of Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes. While the intrinsic structural stability of the cathode ma...
Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Clinical Electrophysiology: The Next Phase of the Voyage.

![Figure][1] The first issue of this journal appeared in March 2015 as the fifth member of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology family of journals. In a short span of 5 years, the JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology has seen remarkable growth and is now an established journal in
Statistical Analysis of fNIRS Data: Consideration of Spatial Varying Coefficient Model of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Changes During Speech Motor Learning in Apraxia of Speech

One of the key cognitive functions for new learning is cognitive flexibility. In a healthy system, the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during speech is of growing interest. For individuals who have an impairment in the programing and planning of speech (apraxia of speech) secondary to a stroke or traumatic brain injury, the once hardwired activity is now a goal directed rule-based act. The literature falls short in PFC involvement for rehabilitation of speech following a brain injury. This repeated measures single case-design study involves two individuals with chronic acquired apraxia of speech. Hemodynamic changes in PFC activity during speech motor learning are measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Two models - a generalized linear model (GLM) and a spatial varying coefficient model - are used to distinguish PFC activity differences corresponding the task, stage, and time of intervention. The significant differences in the pattern of activity for the regions of interest in the PFC are associated with structure of practice, feedback schedule, and the time of intervention. This pilot study provides evidence for the PFC role in speech motor learning and that neural reorganization can continue several years post-stroke. The implications include considerations for statistical methods used for fNIRS analysis with the potential to build tailored interventions to facilitate neural network reorganization for speech motor learning following an acquired brain injury.
ROBOT-ASSISTED NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR CT-GUIDED INTERVENTION PROCEDURES FOR PERCUTANEOUS LESIONS: OUR EXPERIENCE AT BIR, CHENNAI.

Objective of this study is to evaluate the Robot-assisted Navigation System for CT-guided Intervention procedures with the assessment of the accuracy of needle placement, radiation dose and performance level. All the procedures were done using MAXIO (Perfint healthcare Pvt Ltd.) machine using 16 slice CT scanners, under local anesthesia and aseptic precautions, under the supervision of trained radiologists. After marking the point of entry and target lesion, path of the needle is confirmed on the planning software and the system calculates, coordinates angle & depth and positions the biopsy arm. All procedures were successfully performed. Procedure duration, radiation dose precision of needle Diagnostic performance of the biopsy and rate of complications were evaluated. .This method is more patient friendly and ensures maximum safety. The average procedure time and radiation exposure is reduced by 70% as compared to the routine manual method. This clinical trial depicts the advantages of the automated CT guided planner in reducing the procedure time and radiation dose and ensuring patient safety with high diagnostic accuracy, thus making it acceptable for the routine clinical practice.
Identification of Rab25 interacting molecules by a novel proteomic approach.

3521 We have recently demonstrated that RAB25 gene is overexpressed in the breast cancer and increased RAB25 gene expression correlated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. In addition, enforced expression of Rab25 protein in breast cancer cells increases proliferation and decreases apoptosis. Together, these data suggest a pathological role of Rab25 proteins in the development and progression of breast tumors. Nevertheless, the relationship between Rab25 protein and breast cancer development and progression remain unknown. As the function of Rab GTPase can be controlled through recruiting specific interacting protein and activating downstream signaling molecules, it is of interest to identify associated partners mediating Rab25 function in breast cancer. We proposed to identify Rab25 interacting proteins in breast cancer cells utilizing a novel proteomic approach, retrovirus-based molecular two hybrid screen (ReMTH). ReMTH utilizes the technical advantages of two emerging technologies, the enhanced retroviral mutagen exon trap (ERM) and protein-fragment complementation assays (PCAs). ERM efficiently traps and tags endogenous genes by integration into the host genome occur upstream or inside of a host gene. This provides a facile approach to trap host proteins without the need to develop cDNA libraries providing a more readily applicable, sensitive, and unbiased screening for protein-protein interactions. In PCA, a green fluorescent protein homolog, improved fluorescent protein (IFP), was split into 2 halves N-terminal half of IFP (IFPN) and C-terminal half of IFP (IFPC). The two separated halves will not reconstitute or fluoresce spontaneously. When each half of GFP is fused to one of a pair of interacting protein partners, the subsequent protein interaction can bring the halves into proximity creating a stable complex and restoring fluorescence. In an attempt to isolate Rab25 interacting molecular in breast cancer cells, a MCF-7 Tet-off IFPN-Rab25 cell was established, infected with ReMTH-IFPC1 virus and selected with puromycin. Multiple fluorescence cells were selected through Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting flow cytometry core facility of the MD Anderson Cancer Center. The identity of the target genes interact with IFPN-Rab25 was determined using PCR followed by directly sequencing. Up to date, we have identified 5 putative Rab25-interacting molecules from the screening. This study was supported by Department of Defense Breast Cancer Idea Award W81XWH-06-1-0488.
Natural language processing (NLP) tools in extracting biomedical concepts from research articles: a case study on autism spectrum disorder

Natural language processing (NLP) tools can facilitate the extraction of biomedical concepts from unstructured free texts, such as research articles or clinical notes. The NLP software tools CLAMP, cTAKES, and MetaMap are among the most widely used tools to extract biomedical concept entities. However, their performance in extracting disease-specific terminology from literature has not been compared extensively, especially for complex neuropsychiatric disorders with a diverse set of phenotypic and clinical manifestations. We comparatively evaluated these NLP tools using autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a case study. We collected 827 ASD-related terms based on previous literature as the benchmark list for performance evaluation. Then, we applied CLAMP, cTAKES, and MetaMap on 544 full-text articles and 20,408 abstracts from PubMed to extract ASD-related terms. We evaluated the predictive performance using precision, recall, and F1 score. We found that CLAMP has the best performance in terms of F1 score followed by cTAKES and then MetaMap. Our results show that CLAMP has much higher precision than cTAKES and MetaMap, while cTAKES and MetaMap have higher recall than CLAMP. The analysis protocols used in this study can be applied to other neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders that lack well-defined terminology sets to describe their phenotypic presentations.
Family Law's Challenge to Religious Liberty

This Article argues that challenges made to family law structures have provoked a significant reaction from persons and religious organizations advocating a distinctive worldview based on religious and historical values. Additionally, as family law changes from being a product of a religious historical worldview to being a product of private-ordering, the religious liberty of worldview adherents has been challenged. The struggle is apparent in the debates during the 2012 presidential election and is evidenced in government mandates that include, among other requirements, that employers, including religious organizations-provide insurance coverage for employees that include contraception. Although many aspects of family law have been challenged by private-ordering, this Article will focus on four developments: divorce, marriage, adoption, and parentage. When addressing each of these, this Article will analyze the progression from what had been the standard for centuries, and then the challenges made by private-ordering. Then this Article will analyze the reaction to this challenge by worldview adherents.
On the effect of fine-scale radial void distributions on assembly criticality and pin power distribution

The assumption that void fraction, and by extension coolant density, is uniform in the radial direction is a common approximation used in lattice physics simulations. In this study, models without uniform radial void fraction are used and lattice criticality and pin powers are investigated in two ways. One way uses hypothetical models that reflect extreme radial void distributions; modifications such as uniform radial pin enrichment and the removal of gadolinium rods are included in these models as well. Experimentally-determined boiling water reactor radial void distributions are also replicated in neutronics models using Serpent 2. It is found in the hypothetical models that the presence of gadolinium rods has a large effect on the interaction between lattice criticality and radial void distribution. It was also found that considering experimental radial void fraction distributions had the largest effect on the pin power of the rods containing gadolinium. Furthermore, it is observed that considering realistic radial void distributions, in general, decreased lattice criticality. The reason can be attributed that to the passive negative-feedback design of light water reactors. These are useful findings because calculation of more accurate peaking factors can lead to efficient and yet safer reactor operation.
Cancer-specific and overall survival in African American women with endometrial cancer: a SEER-Medicare study

Objectives: To compare the overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) by race for women with stage I-III endometrial cancer (EC) by histologic subtype. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of women with stage I-III endometrioid, serous, clear cell, and carcinosarcoma who underwent hysterectomy as primary surgical staging as identified within the SEER-Medicare database. Endometrial cancer cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2015 with Medicare enrollment data from 1999-2016 were included. Demographics, cancer data, and survival outcomes were collected. Demographic and treatment factors by race were compared using descriptive analyses. OS and CSS outcomes were stratified by race, stage and histology, then analyzed using log rank tests and multivariate cox modeling (adjusting for age, geographic region, Charlson comorbidity index, post-operative treatment sequencing, FIGO stage, and grade). Results: 24,142 total patients were included in this dataset. 85.5% were White, and 8.5% were BlackBlack. 19,351 stage I, 1,484 stage II, and 3,307 stage III cases were identified. Black women were diagnosed at a younger age bracket (40-69yo) than White patients for endometrioid stage I (40% vs 35%), II (37% vs 31%), and III (31% vs 28%); serous stage I (45% vs 31%) and III (42% vs 28%), and carcinosarcoma stage I (39% vs 27%), p Download : Download high-res image (212KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Prior studies have reported that BlackBlack women with endometrial cancer have worse survival consistently across stage and histology. However, we did not find this effect when evaluating by CSS and OS. For stage I, BlackBlack women had consistently worse CSS likely related to the disease itself and worse OS in adjusted analyses likely related to poorer overall health outcomes across all histologic subtypes except for clear cell. For stage II and III, racial disparities were seen only for CSS in endometrioid patients in the adjusted analyses, but not OS; and this may have been related to BlackBlack women with stage III cancer receiving less adjuvant therapy. When stratified by stage and histology, BlackBlack women with EC were diagnosed at younger age and with more comorbidities. Overall these findings emphasize the need to intervene in the early stage population, where a disparity exists and the largest population of women is affected.
Routine Chest X-ray After Chest Tube Removal Is Not Indicated for Minimally Invasive Lung Resection.

Abstract Background Chest x-rays after chest tube removal are common practice in post-operative thoracic surgery patients. Whether these x-rays change clinical management is debatable. We investigated prevalence and management of post-pull pneumothoraces following lung resection. Methods Retrospective review of minimally-invasive wedge-resections, segmentectomies, and lobectomies between March 2018 and September 2018. Baseline factors, operative technique, chest tube management, and outcomes following post-pull chest x-ray and factors associated with post-pull pneumothoraces were analyzed. Results 200 consecutive patients were analyzed: 117 wedge-resections (59%), 24 segmentectomies (12%), and 59 lobectomies (30%). Wedge-resections compared to segmentectomy or lobectomy had lower rates of chest tube usage, drain duration, air-leaks, and need for clamp-trial, with Blake drains most often removed last compared to segmentectomy or lobectomy (all Conclusions While routine use of post-pull chest x-ray identified a high prevalence of pneumothorax, no intervention was required. Our study demonstrates post-pull imaging may not be indicated in asymptomatic patients without prior air leak or clamp trial.
Disparities exist in the emergency department evaluation of pediatric chest pain.

Objectives. To identify and describe disparities in the provision of Emergency Department (ED) care in pediatric patients presenting with chest pain (CP). Patients and Methods. Nationally representative data were drawn from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). All ED visits with a chief complaint of CP and age <19 years from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed. The primary outcome variable was “Anytest” performed (defined as any combination of complete blood count, electrocardiogram, and/or chest x-ray). Univariable analyses were performed with “Anytest” as the dependent variable and patient characteristics as independent variables. Multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression with the same independent patient characteristics. Results. Eight hundred eighteen pediatric CP visits representing 2 552 193 such visits nationwide were analyzed. Gender and metro/non-metro location were not associated with “Anytest.” However, Caucasian patients (p = 0.01) and those with private insurance (p < 0.01) were significantly more likely to receive testing despite otherwise similar demographics and severity of illness. Multivariate analysis revealed race (p = 0.03), expected payer (p = 0.003), and triage level (p = 0.009) were significantly and independently associated with the frequency of testing performed. Conclusion. Disparities exist in the ED care of pediatric patients with CP. Identification of such variations is important and provides an opportunity for targeted interventions that ensure delivery of high-quality, cost-effective health care for children.
When I wear my alligator boots: narco-culture in the US–Mexico borderlands

When I Wear My Alligator Boots is a vivid and perceptive ethnography of people at the bottom of the illegalized drug business in Mexico, near the US border. The crucial point is that a great deal o...
Kernel-Based Transductive Learning with Nearest Neighbors

In the k -nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, nearest neighbors involve only labeled data. That makes it inappropriate for the data set that includes very few labeled data. In this paper, we aim to solve the classification problem by applying transduction to the KNN algorithm. We consider two groups of nearest neighbors for each data point -- one from labeled data, and the other from unlabeled data. A kernel function is used to assign weights to neighbors. We derive the recurrence relation of neighboring data points, and then present two solutions to the classification problem. One solution is to solve it by matrix computation for small or medium-size data sets. The other is an iterative algorithm for large data sets, and in the iterative process an energy function is minimized. Experiments show that our solutions achieve high performance and our iterative algorithm converges quickly.
Dermatitis herpetiformis: Part II. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis

The prompt recognition of the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is important, but securing a definitive diagnosis requires further work-up. Recent advances in understanding of the immunologic basis for DH have led to the development and wider availability of serologic testing, which is rapidly becoming an essential part of the diagnosis and management of DH. Part II of this series will detail the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up for patients with DH, and will particularly focus on recent advances in the field.
Decision theoretic perspective on optimizing intelligent help

With the increasing complexity of systems and information overload, agent technology has become widely used to provide personalized advice (help message) to users with their computer-based tasks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the way to optimize advice provided by the intelligent agent from a decision theoretic perspective. The study utilizes the time associated with processing a help message as the trade-off criterion of whether to present a help message or not. The proposed approach is expected to provide guidance as to where, when and why help messages are likely to be effective or ineffective by providing quantitative predictions of value of help messages in time.
Pincézés: A Drinking-Related Male Social Institution in Rural Hungary

© 2003 Eva Huseby-Darvas All Rights Reserved The copyright for individual articles in both the print and online version of the Anthropology of East Europe Review is retained by the individual authors. They reserve all rights other than those stated here. Please contact the managing editor for details on contacting these authors. Permission is granted for reproducing these articles for scholarly and classroom use as long as only the cost of reproduction is charged to the students. Commercial reproduction of these articles requires the permission of the authors.
The Evolution and Maintenance of the Multiple Myeloma Cell Clone within the Liquid Bone Marrow Compartment: Therapeutic Implications

Publisher Summary Advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and cytogenetics have markedly enhanced the knowledge of multiple myeloma (MM) cell biology within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in general, and the liquid BM microenvironment in particular. MM is characterized by the clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells that infiltrate the bone marrow. Specifically, delineation of several signaling pathways that mediate tumor cell development, growth, survival, migration, and drug resistance triggered by the liquid BM milieu has identified new therapeutic targets. Signaling pathways initiated by both constitutively active signaling molecules in MM cells, as well as signals activated in the BM microenvironment, represent attractive targets for intervention. The identification of these targets has already led to the approval of several new compounds for the treatment of MM. MM still remains incurable, and the next generation of more potent and selective drugs targeting tumor cells within the BM microenvironment is urgently needed both to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcome.
Avoiding the Undefined by Underspecification

We use the appeal of simplicity and an aversion to complexity in selecting a method for handling partial functions in logic. We conclude that avoiding the undefined by using underspecification is the preferred choice.
Perceptualization of particle swarm optimization

Through visualization humans are able to perceive the efficiency of particle swarms with respect to several levels of applied inertia as well as the inclusion or exclusion of dampening. We also are able to find relationships between these levels, the diversity of a swarm, and the swarm�s efficiency in finding the minimum for five typical particle swarm optimization functions. This makes it possible to look at new areas of investigation to understand the connection between individual actions and emergent behavior. This paper demonstrates how to blend human intelligence, by using both their visual systems and their deductive reasoning with a swarm�s computational intelligence to produce results better than each could achieve independently.
Robotics and Automation for “Icebreaker”

The proposed “Icebreaker” mission is a return to the Mars polar latitudes first visited by the Phoenix mission in 2007–2008. Exploring and interrogating the shallow subsurface of Mars from the surface will require some form of excavation and penetration, with drilling being the most mature approach. A series of 0.5–5 m automated rotary and rotary-percussive drills developed over the past decade by NASA Ames and Honeybee Robotics provide the capability to fly on a Mars surface mission within the next decade. Surface robotics have been integrated for sample transfer to deck instruments, and the Icebreaker sample acquisition system has been tested successfully in Mars chambers and analog field sites to depths between 1 and 3 m, most recently in the Antarctic Dry Valleys in January of 2013. This paper provides a hardware and software systems overview of the Icebreaker sample acquisition system, and discusses test results of this robotic system in relevant environments. Test results from recent Arctic and Antarctic field campaigns demonstrate a hands-off “dust to data” capability.
A hominoid proximal humerus from the Early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Kenya

Abstract Recently, an isolated proximal humerus of an early Miocene hominoid was discovered at Rusinga Island, Kenya. The precise taxonomic allocation of this specimen is currently problematic, but the fossil almost certainly belongs to either Dendropithecus macinnesi or Proconsul africanus . The humeral head is expanded above the greater tuberosity in the new fossil suggesting that this early Miocene hominoid possessed a relatively mobile shoulder joint for climbing as well as for postural and feeding activities, and that rapid protraction at the shoulder joint was not important. This proximal humeral morphology contrasts with that of Aegyptopithecus , but is quite similar to that of Pliopithecus . Among extant primates, a similar proximal humeral morphology occurs in several platyrrhines such as Alouatta , but living apes share several apparently derived features of the proximal humerus which are lacking in the Rusinga Island specimen.
Unintended consequences: the impact of protocol change on critical care nurses' perceptions of stress.

Context—The Family Communication Coordinator protocol was implemented to facilitate effective communications during potential organ donation cases. Previous research records its effectiveness relative to donor outcome measures. By redefining and clarifying role responsibilities, the protocol may be associated with reduced job stress for those caring for potential donors.Objectives—To determine the relationship of the Family Communication Coordinator protocol on the role stress of critical care nurses. To examine role stress in terms of role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload within the context of potential organ donation cases.Design—Retrospective nonexperimental descriptive design.Setting—Critical care units of an academic teaching hospital.Participants—Nineteen critical care nurses with experience before and after implementation of the Family Communication Coordinator protocol.Main Outcome Measures—Job dimensions, role stress, job satisfaction, and commitment, measured using surveys. These data...
Invasive tumor cells and prognosis in a selected population of patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

BACKGROUND. After surgical resection, the residual, invasive glioblastoma (GBM) cells give rise to a recurrent tumor, which, in 96% of patients, arises adjacent to the resection margin. METHODS. In this study, the authors prospectively enrolled 25 patients with GBM who underwent gross total resection followed by adjuvant radiochemotherapy (with temozolomide). Tumor removal was achieved with resection margins that included the neighboring, apparently normal tissue (between 1 cm and 2 cm from the tumor border [B area]) and the tumor. RESULTS. Patients who had an absence of tumor cells in the neighboring, apparently normal white matter (B area) had better survival than patients who had the presence of tumor cells in the B area (21 months vs 12 months). This difference was statistically significant in univariate analysis (P = .005) and in multivariate analysis (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS. Aggressive tumor removal may improve survival, but the current results indicated that biologic commitment of ‘penumbra’ cells appear to be the most relevant factor for tumor recurrence and accounts for the fatal outcome of the disease. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
The information system of plans approach: Using and making plans for landscape protection

This paper outlines a framework for accessing multiple plans in an information system of plans (ISoP) for use in land use planning and deliberation. Using such a system can help planners analyze potential changes to urban and rural landscapes and make decisions through access to information about the intentions and related actions of others. It can also be used to focus attention on gaps in current plans and regulations. In the pilot project reported here, an ISoP was used to facilitate a planning process for resource protection in a rapidly urbanizing county in the Chicago, Illinois (USA) region. In addition to cataloging and displaying plans, we illustrate how an ISoP can be used to develop understanding of the goals and intents of multiple government agencies and interest groups, identify congruence and conflict among plans and facilitate discussion. Successes and challenges in developing a robust and usable ISoP are reported, including gathering information about plans, encoding the content of plans, accessing information in useful form and recognizing alternatives and conflicts among plans.
Accessory nipple reconstruction following a central quadrantectomy: a case report

nipple dichotomy (or intra-areolar polythelia) is a rare congenital malformation in which one or more supernumerary nipples are located within the same areola. A case of a woman undergoing a central quadrantectomy with a contralateral supernumerary nipple used for reconstruction is reported. No other report in the Literature, according to our search, has focused on reconstructive use of an accessory nipple after breast conserving surgery. the patient is a 73 year-old Caucasian woman, who two years earlier underwent a lower-outer left Quadrantectomy plus axillary sampling and radiation therapy for a 2,2 cm lobular carcinoma with no lymph node involvement. A routine follow-up assessment showed an important fibrotic change on the operated breast, just across the infra-mammary fold; at a breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a 1,5 cm area in retroareolar position, suspicious for local recurrence, was evident. An open biopsy was therefore performed, under local anaesthesia, including the nipple-areolar complex to realize a central Quadrantectomy with a Grisotti procedure; a congenital dichotomic nipple in the contralateral breast was then used to repair the defect through a "nipple-sharing" technique. The final histological examination reported a fibrotic mastopathy without atypias. in this case, the "nipple-sharing" technique has allowed in the same time the correction of a rare congenital defect and provided the surgeon with a supernumerary nipple to be used in the immediate reconstruction after breast conserving surgery.
The 2000 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective

Reviews the 2000 presidential campaign from a communication perspective. Denton and his colleagues analyze the 2000 American presidential campaign from a communication perspective, focusing on key topics and elements of political communication. The analyses go beyond the quantitative facts, electoral counts, and poll results of the election. Each chapter focuses on a specific area of political campaign communication: the early campaign period, the nomination process and conventions, candidate strategies, presidential debates, political advertising, the use of the Internet, news coverage, and political cartoons of the campaign. A major resource for scholars, students, the general public, and other researchers interested in political communication, American elections, presidential studies, political sociology, and journalism.
ESTIMATING RELATEDNESS USING GENETIC MARKERS.

A new method is described for estimating genetic relatedness from genetic markers such as protein polymorphisms. It is based on Grafen's (1985) relatedness coefficient and is most easily interpreted in terms of identity by descent rather than as a genetic regression. It has several advantages over methods currently in use: it eliminates a downward bias for small sample sizes; it improves estimation of relatedness for subsets of population samples; and it allows estimation of relatedness for a single group or for a single pair of individuals. Individual estimates of relatedness tend to be highly variable but, in aggregate, can still be very useful as data for nonparametric tests. Such tests allow testing for differences in relatedness between two samples or for correlating individual relatedness values with another variable.
Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lack- ing. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sam- pling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants signif- icantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAICc < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30-40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.
Microprogramming at Vanderbilt University

The Computer Science Department of Vanderbilt University is actively pursuing a research program in microprogramming and related engineering. Projects at this time are being directed by Dr. Robert I. Winner with the participation of several graduate students, E. Michael Carter (Ph.D candidate), J. Eric Roskos (Ph.D student), Leonard B. Reed (Ph.D student), Thomas M. Wood (M.S. student), and Richard L. Booth (M.E. student).
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: A study of 59 cases

Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary accounts for 2 to 3% of all epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Patient profiles, pathological characteristics, and results of treatment are reviewed for 59 patients. The median age was 51. Disease extent at diagnosis was as follows: stage I, 18 patients (31%); stage II, 20 patients (34%); stage III, 15 patients (25%); stage IV, 3 patients (5%); and unknown stage, 3 patients (5%). Endometriosis was identified in 13 patients (22%). Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed in 47 patients (80%), unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 8 patients (14%), and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in 4 patients (7%). Radiotherapy was given to 15 patients (25%), and chemotherapy was given to 42 patients (71%). The overall 2- and 5-year survival rates were 49 and 43%. The median survival was 26 months. Patients with tumors with fewer than 10 mitoses per 10 high-power fields and less than 50% solid areas had significantly longer disease-free intervals. Clear cell tumors are usually diagnosed at an earlier disease stage than the other epithelial ovarian cancers; stage for stage, however, the prognoses are similar.
Effect of Scattering on the Attenuation of X Rays

The contribution of scattering to the total attenuation coefficient for x rays is considered in crystalline materials. Calculated values of the coherent-scattering coefficient for four commonly used wavelengths and for a number of cubic elements from $Z=6$ to $Z=42$ are presented. Measured attenuation of $\mathrm{Mo}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation by single-crystal and polycrystalline forms of Mg and Al are reported; the difference in attenuation between the two forms is in agreement with that calculated for Bragg scattering only. The effects of the thermal diffuse scattering on the two forms are comparable. The coherent-scattering contribution is several percent for short wave-lengths and light elements, but it is also appreciable for longer wavelengths and for elements immediately after an absorption edge.
Unifying ecology to include all creatures great and small.

Despite these challenges, the separation between microbial and general ecology has narrowed in recent years. This is especially true for the study of microbial biodiversity, where recent advances provide a unique opportunity to unify the science of ecology by identifying ecological patterns and processes common to all forms of life. This themed issue of TREE highlights three of these new advances. Green and Bohannan [1xSpatial scaling of microbial biodiversity. Green, J. and Bohannan, B.J.M. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006; 21: 501–507Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (256)See all References][1] discuss spatial patterns of biodiversity, a central issue in ecology, and highlight spatial scaling rules that might be common to all forms of life. Although human health and disease have been at the forefront of microbiology research since early in its history, the application of concepts from general ecology is now opening new avenues for research in human health. Dethlefsen et al. [2xAssembly of the human intestinal microbiota. Dethlefsen, L. et al. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006; 21: 517–523Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (219)See all References][2] review the current state of knowledge regarding the microbial diversity of the human body and show that, by combining approaches from community ecology with tools from molecular microbial ecology, our understanding of human health and disease can be greatly improved. Finally, Whitaker and Banfield [3xPopulation genomics in natural microbial communities. Whitaker, R.J. and Banfield, J.F. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006; 21: 508–516Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (54)See all References][3] describe the use of new genomic approaches to explore microbial populations and to identify general processes that generate, structure and maintain genetic diversity. Together, these three articles describe a promising approach to the study of ecology, one that seeks to include all creatures great and small.
A t(14q22q) CHROMOSOME IN A LARGE KINDRED SPANNING FOUR GENERATIONS

Translocations between D and G group chromosomes are not rare events, and usually involve chromosome numbers 14 and 21. The case presented here is that of a family with a t(14q22q) chromosome. The complete pedigree consists of 41 family members, 21 of whom are balanced t(14q22q) carriers. There have been no cases of Down's syndrome in the family. The index case was a 33 month old female who was seen because of physical and mental retardation. The proband was the product of a full term pregnancy and had an uncomplicated neonatal period; the mother was 34 and the father 35 years of age at her birth. The proband had a 45, XX, -D, -G, +t(DqGq) chromosome complement. The chromosomes involved in the translocation were numbers 14 and 22, which were identified by autoradiographic and G-banding techniques. All of the other balanced translocation carriers are phenotypically normal and in good health. There have been numerous miscarriages in the family, and 3 of the carrier males have had childless marriages. All 8 children of the first complete generation karyotyped carried the translocation which had been inherited from the father. Eleven of the next generation out of a total of 24 carried the translocation chromosome. There was no indication in this generation that the sperm carrying the translocation had a selective advantage; the carrier males produced 15 children, 6 of whom were carriers.
Vibrio vulnificus—A New Monster of the Deep?

Excerpt Vibrio vulnificusis a relatively new addition to the list of bacteria known to cause serious disease in humans. When the clinical syndrome associated withV. vulnificuswas first described in...
Global burden of HIV among men who engage in transactional sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Men who engage in transactional sex, the exchange of sex for money, goods, or other items of value, are thought to be at increased risk of HIV, but there have been no systematic attempts to characterize HIV burden in this population. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the burden in this population compared with that of men in the general population to better inform future HIV prevention efforts. Methods We searched seven electronic databases, national surveillance reports, and conference abstracts for studies of men who engage in transactional sex published between 2004–2013. Random effects meta-analysis was used to determine pooled HIV prevalence and prevalence ratios (PR) for the difference in HIV prevalence among men who engage in transactional sex as compared to general population men. Findings Of 66 studies included representing 31,924 men who had engaged in transactional sex in 28 countries, pooled biological assay-confirmed HIV prevalence was 10.5% (95% CI = 9.4 to 11.5%). The highest pooled HIV prevalence was in Sub-Saharan Africa (31.5%, 95% CI = 21.6 to 41.5%), followed by Latin America (19.3%, 95% CI = 15.5 to 23.1%), North America (16.6%, 95% CI = 3.7 to 29.5%), and Europe (12.2%, 95% CI = 6.0 to 17.2%). Men who engaged in transactional sex had an elevated burden of HIV compared to the general male population (PR = 20.7, 95% CI = 16.8 to 25.5). Conclusions The global burden of HIV is disproportionately high among men who engage in transactional sex compared with the general male population. There is an urgent need to include this population in systematic surveillance as well as to scale-up access to quality HIV prevention programs.
Young Hispanic Children in the 21st Century

This article presents a demographic portrait of young Hispanic children compared to young non-Hispanic Whites. New results from Census 2000 describe family and economic circumstances of children aged 08, as well as pre-K/nursery school and kindergarten enrollment for the United States, and for the 9 states with the largest number of young Hispanic children (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Texas). Most results in this article are presented in Tables 1 and 2, and these results along with many additional topics are available at, the website of the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, University at Albany, State University of New York: www.albany.edu/CSDA/children. We are indebted to Jessica Singer for research assistance and Hui-Shien Tsao for computer assistance. We also wish to thank the National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for supporting research that provided a basis for t...
Biological rhythm mutations affect an experience-dependent modification of male courtship behavior inDrosophila melanogaster

Male courtship behavior in the fruitflyDrosophila melanogaster can be altered by experience and the normal experience-dependent behavioral modification does not occur in flies carrying mutations known to affect conditioned responses (Siegel and Hall 1979; Gailey et al. 1982). The conditioned modification of male courtship is also disrupted by any of 5 independently isolated mutations (perl,perl2,Andante, psi-2 and psi-3) that bring about longer period biological rhythms (Table 1). However, males carrying eitherpers orpero, which have shortened periods and arrhythmic behavior, respectively, are normally conditioned. The failure ofperlmales to respond normally to conditioning cues cannot easily be accounted for by a second mutation outside the clock locus or by multigenic factors. Indeed, the genetic lesion which is responsible for the defective behavioral modification ofperlmutants maps to the chromosomal interval in which theper locus itself resides (Table 3). The aberrant behavior ofperlmutants might be a result of their abnormal daily periodicity, but it cannot be explained by a change in the time of day for optimal conditioning (Table 4). Alternatively, the poor conditioning performance of longperiod clock mutants may indicate that short-cycle endogenous timing mechanisms play an integral role in conditioning behavior.