cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Adolescent Health Risk Assessment: A Multi-method Pilot Study

Objectives Given poor compliance by providers with adolescent health risk assessment (HRA) in primary care, we describe the development and feasibility of using a health information technology (HIT)-enhanced HRA to improve the frequency of HRAs in diverse clinical settings, asking adolescents' recall of quality of care as a primary outcome. Methods We conducted focus groups and surveys with key stakeholders (Phase I) , including adolescents, clinic staff and providers to design and implement an intervention in a practice-based research network delivering private, comprehensive HRAs via tablet (Phase II). Providers and adolescents received geo-coded community resources according to individualized risks. Following the point-of-care implementation , we collected patient-reported outcomes using post-visit quality surveys (Phase III). Patient-reported outcomes from intervention and comparison clinics were analyzed using a mixed-model, fitted separately for each survey domain. Results Stakeholders agreed upon an HIT-enhanced HRA (Phase I). Twenty-two academic and community practices in north-central Florida then recruited 609 diverse adolescents (14-18 years) during primary care visits over 6 months; (mean patients enrolled = 28; median = 20; range 1-116; Phase II). Adolescents receiving the intervention later reported higher receipt of confidential/private care and counseling related to emotions and relationships (adjusted scores 0.42 vs 0.08 out of 1.0, p < .01; 0.85 vs 0.57, p < .001, respectively, Phase III) than those receiving usual care. Both are important quality indicators for adolescent well-child visits. Conclusions Stakeholder input was critical to the acceptability of the HIT-enhanced HRA. Patient recruitment data indicate that the intervention was feasible in a variety of clinical settings and the pilot evaluation data indicate that the intervention may improve adolescents' perceptions of high quality care.
Collaborative learning: A next step in the training of peer support providers.

BACKGROUND This column explores how peer support provider training is enhanced through collaborative learning. PURPOSE Collaborative learning is an approach that draws upon the "real life" experiences of individual learners and encompasses opportunities to explore varying perspectives and collectively construct solutions that enrich the practice of all participants. SOURCES USED This description draws upon published articles and examples of collaborative learning in training and communities of practice of peer support providers. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Similar to person-centered practices that enhance the recovery experience of individuals receiving services, collaborative learning enhances the experience of peer support providers as they explore relevant "real world" issues, offer unique contributions, and work together toward improving practice. Three examples of collaborative learning approaches are provided that have resulted in successful collaborative learning opportunities for peer support providers. (PsycINFO Database Record
Adaptive review for mobile MOOC learning via implicit physiological signal sensing

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have the potential to enable high quality knowledge dissemination in large scale at low cost. However, today's MOOCs also suffer from low engagement, uni-directional information flow, and lack of personalization. In this paper, we propose AttentiveReview, an effective intervention technology for mobile MOOC learning. AttentiveReview infers a learner's perceived difficulty levels of the corresponding learning materials via implicit photoplethysmography (PPG) sensing on unmodified smartphones. AttentiveReview also recommends personalized review sessions through a user-independent model. In a 32-participant user study, we found that: 1) AttentiveReview significantly improved information recall (+14.6%) and learning gain (+17.4%) when compared with the no review condition; 2) AttentiveReview also achieved comparable performances at significantly less time when compared with the full review condition; 3) As an end-to-end mobile tutoring system, the benefits of AttentiveReview outweigh side-effects from false positives and false negatives. Overall, we show that it is feasible to improve mobile MOOC learning by recommending review materials adaptively from rich but noisy physiological signals.
"Are You Having Thoughts of Suicide?" Examining Experiences With Disclosing and Denying Suicidal Ideation.

Objective To characterize individuals’ prior experiences with being asked whether they are having thoughts of suicide and to understand factors that affected their response accuracy. Method Undergraduates (N = 306) reporting a lifetime history of suicidal ideation completed a web-based survey about their experiences being probed about suicidal thoughts. Results Nearly two-thirds of participants (63.1%) reported having been previously asked whether they were having thoughts of suicide, with health care providers comprising the plurality of probers. Individuals reported the greatest accuracy of ideation disclosure to mental health professionals. Stigma-related concerns were the most common barriers to accurate disclosure of ideation, whereas wanting emotional support and the prober to understand them were cited as facilitators for accurately responding. Conclusion A number of factors influence the accurate and inaccurate disclosure of suicidal ideation. Further research is needed to understand how to facilitate accurate disclosure of suicidal ideation across settings and populations.
Problems of 4D GUTs

There are two aesthetic (perhaps more fundamental) problems concerning 4D GUTs. They have to do with the complicated sectors necessary for GUT symmetry breaking and Higgs doublet-triplet splitting. These sectors are sufficiently complicated that it is difficult to imagine that they may be derived from a more fundamental theory, such as string theory. In fact, in the heterotic string it is well-known that the largest chiral matter representation in either SU(5) or SO(10), which is massless in 4D, is the adjoint representation. Moreover for SO(10) there are no examples of semi-realistic models with a massless adjoint. Why should you care about string theory? Because it is the only known possible extension of the Standard Model which includes quantum gravity. In order to resolve these difficulties, it becomes natural to discuss grand unified theories in higher spatial dimensions. These are the so-called orbifold GUT theories discussed in the next section. They have their own problems, i.e. they are non-renormalizable theories requiring an infinite number of higher dimensional counter terms. In later chapters we shall discuss ways of embedding orbifold GUTs into the Heterotic string.
Why Is Inequality Increasing in a Digital World

This chapter reviews arguments about the relationship between technology and inequality, the evidence for rising inequality in the most technologically advanced economies, and why rising inequality in a digital world is surprising. It presents two main schools of thought about the relationship—the ‘technological’ school, and the ‘institutional context’ school. Finally, it proposes identifying new mechanisms for restoring technology as an engine of opportunity .
Ecological resilience to coffee rust: Varietal adaptations of coffee farmers in Copán, Honduras

Coffee leaf rust (CLR) attacked Central American coffee farms during the post-2011 epidemic, driving production loss across the region. In response, smallholders are adapting agroecological and conventional practices. We compare varietal adaptations of small conventional and organic farmers in Copan, Honduras. We show farmers are growing a greater diversity of varieties after the outbreak. Both groups increased acreage of CLR-resistant varieties; however, our data suggests organic farmers maintained greater acreage of CLR-susceptible varieties than conventional farmers. These results have important consequences for the specialty market, fungicide use, and management. Understanding farmers’ adaptive logic will be critical for aid and policy.
Prospective observational study to assess the need for postoperative antibiotics following surgical incision and drainage of skin and soft tissue abscess in pediatric patients.

Abstract Background Post-operative antibiotics are often utilized for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) requiring surgical incision and drainage (I&D). We propose that antibiotics are unnecessary following I&D. Methods Patients aged 3months to 6years with SSTI of the buttocks, groin, thigh, and/or labia requiring I&D were prospectively enrolled. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients requiring re-drainage and/or antibiotics for SSTI recurrence, within 30days. Follow-up consisted of a 30-day phone call, with optional 2-week office visit, combined with chart review for patients lost to follow-up. A one-sample binomial proportion with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to examine non-inferiority for rate of treatment success, using previously published success rates for patients receiving antibiotics post-operatively (95.9%, with a 7% margin of equivalence). Results A total of 92 patients were enrolled. All patients received pre-operative antibiotics. There was one treatment failure (success rate 0.989, CI 0.941–0.999). The recurrence rate was noninferior to previously-published data for patients receiving postoperative antibiotics ( p p =0.04). Conclusions Post-operative management excluding antibiotics should be considered for patients who undergo I&D for SSTI. Level of evidence Level II (prospective cohort study with
Bariatric patients’ reported motivations for surgery and their relationship to weight status and health

Abstract Background Literature on patient motivation for bariatric surgery remains limited. A few studies have examined relation to outcomes and found no established connection between motivation and weight loss. Setting A retrospective convenience sample of 345 participants was recruited from an obesity support website to complete an online survey. Methods Content analysis was used to describe motivations for surgery, and analysis of variance and covariance were completed to compare groups of participants created from the qualitative analysis on pre- and postsurgical factors like body mass index, number of co-morbidities, and percentage of excess weight loss. Results A primary perceived affective response category for motivation was created that included 3 levels: desperate, tired, and pragmatic. Within these levels participants reported motivations related to quality of life, prevent death, last option, and trigger. Participants in the desperate level exhibited higher presurgical body mass index, greater number of presurgical co-morbidities, more attempted methods for weight loss, and more negative perceptions of health before surgery. Participants in the tired group experienced the greatest percentage of excess weight loss and participants in desperate and tired showed greater weight loss, percentage of weight lost, and percentage of excess weight lost compared with the pragmatic group when controlling for presurgical weight. Conclusions Most participants reported a physical health-related motivation, but participants with greater perceived affective motivational responses cited prevention of death and viewing surgery as their last option to a higher extent. Participants with greater perceived affective response exhibited significantly better weight loss outcomes, indicating that some emotional component to motivation may improve long-term success. Presurgical consultation might incorporate principles from the Transtheoretical Model and Motivational Interviewing to connect the emotional impacts of obesity on patients' health and well being to health behaviors promoting weight maintenance.
Data and Safety Monitoring

Safety and data monitoring is an essential part of clinical trial implementation, and a data and safety monitoring plan is a key component of clinical trial design. This chapter addresses the importance of monitoring during trial conduct and lists some of the key components of the monitoring plan, including what, when and how often to monitor. It discusses the composition, role and responsibilities of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. It briefly describes the statistical concepts behind sample size recalculation and interim analyses for efficacy and futility, with a brief discussion on when to stop a trial. Additional references that include more in-depth coverage of this topic are provided.
Marrow Adiposity and Hematopoiesis in Aging and Obesity: Exercise as an Intervention

Changes in the bone marrow microenvironment, which accompany aging and obesity, including increased marrow adiposity, can compromise hematopoiesis. Here, we review deleterious shifts in molecular, cellular, and tissue activity and consider the potential of exercise to slow degenerative changes associated with aging and obesity. While bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are increased in frequency and myeloid-biased with age, the effect of obesity on HSC proliferation and differentiation remains controversial. HSC from both aged and obese environment have reduced hematopoietic reconstitution capacity following bone marrow transplant. Increased marrow adiposity affects HSC function, causing upregulation of myelopoiesis and downregulation of lymphopoiesis. Exercise, in contrast, can reduce marrow adiposity and restore hematopoiesis. The impact of marrow adiposity on hematopoiesis is determined mainly through correlations. Mechanistic studies are needed to determine a causative relationship between marrow adiposity and declines in hematopoiesis, which could aid in developing treatments for conditions that arise from disruptions in the marrow microenvironment.
Odontogenic sinusitis: A review of the current literature

Objectives To present current literature on the topic of odontogenic sinusitis. Data source PubMed literature search for odontogenic sinusitis. Results Odontogenic sinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses that is the result of dental pathology, most often resulting from prior dentoalveolar procedures, infections of maxillary dentition, or maxillary dental trauma. Infections are often polymicrobial with an anaerobe-predominant microbiome requiring special considerations for antimicrobial therapy. Medical management and treatment of the underlying dental pathology remains a critical initial step in the treatment of odontogenic sinusitis, however recent literature suggests that a significant portion of patients may require endoscopic sinus surgery for successful disease resolution. Conclusions This review describes the essential epidemiological and etiological factors, relevant clinical findings and diagnostic modalities, microbiologic and antimicrobial considerations, as well as the medical and surgical treatment approaches commonly utilized for the management of odontogenic sinusitis. Level of evidence NA.
Oral Health Practices, Beliefs and Dental Service Utilization of Albanian Immigrants in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: A Pilot Study

There is limited information on the oral health of Albanian immigrant population residing in the U.S. This creates a hinderance to developing and implementing appropriate dental care programs for the population. This study investigated oral health practices, beliefs, dental visits and associated factors of Albanian adults living in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were employed. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on oral health practices, beliefs, dental visits and socio-demographic information. Descriptive and multivariable logistics regression were conducted. Overall, 266 adults were recruited, 54% male, 56% have lived 10 or more years in the U.S., 95% rated their oral health as excellent/good and 87% reported having a dental visit in the last year. Age, ability to speak English, having a usual source of dental care, and reporting excellent/good oral health were associated with having a dental visit in the last year. A substantial number of Albanians adult reported a dental visit in the last year and those that did not write or read in English had lower odds of reporting a dental visit.
Two Dimensional Fourier Analysis

The basic definitions for two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transforms were introduced in Chapter 2 as Fourier transforms of signals with two arguments. As in the one-dimensional case, a variety of two-dimensional signal types are possible. In this chapter we focus on a particular signal type, and demonstrate the natural extensions of many of the one-dimensional results to two-dimensional Fourier transforms. We here consider briefly several extensions of previously described results to the two-dimensional case. More extensive treatments of two-dimensional Fourier analysis to images may be found in Goodman [18] and Bracewell [8].
Nonlinear Time Series Models and Model Selection

This chapter examines the consequences of model misspecification of nonlinear time series models in being able to appropriately characterize the data generating process of a particular economic time series. We conduct two sets of Monte Carlo experiments in order to examine how two classes of nonlinear models - Markov switching (MS) and smooth transition/nonlinear autoregressive models (NAR) - can be distinguished from one another within data. The first set assumes that nonlinearity in the data generating process results from an observable threshold arising from the class of NAR models, and we examine the extent to which MS models can capture these types of nonlinearities. The second set of Monte Carlo experiments assume that nonlinearity in the data generating process arises from a latent variable, and we examine the extent to which NAR models can capture this type of Markov switching process. Results from the first case indicate that the MS models do fairly well in capturing logistic smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) type of nonlinearity, although biases emerge for exponential STAR (ESTAR) and the multiple regime LSTAR (MRLSTAR) processes. We document the magnitude of these biases. For the second case, no consistent pattern emerges, which we attribute to a lack of power in the linearity test. However, for both cases that we examine, the power of identifying differences in persistence between regimes increases, the greater this difference in between the regimes.
PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACRYLATES AND METHACRYLATES

The recently described photocalorimetric technique has been extended to investigate isothermal photopolymerizations of a number of acrylate and methacrylate monomers in the differential scanning calorimeter. Relationships between monomer structure and extents and rates of polymerization have been examined.
Therapist-Related Factors in Correctional Treatment

This chapter will review what is known about therapist-related factors, how these factors impact the outcome in the general psychotherapy literature, and what is known about the characteristics of effective therapists who work with criminal justice-involved clients. We will present research examining therapist training and how it affects treatment outcomes, what role countertransference plays in general and offender treatment, and how those who work with offending populations may be at particularly high risk for burnout and vicarious traumatization. The chapter will conclude with recommendations for supervision and training to ensure program integrity and therapist well-being.
Identification of Aggregation-Sex Pheromone Components for a "Living Fossil", the False Click Beetle, Palaeoxenus dohrni Horn (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae).

Insect pheromones have rarely been exploited in surveys or studies of rare and endangered species, despite their potential as effective and highly selective attractants for target species. Here, we report the identification, synthesis, and field bioassays of a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone blend of a rare false click beetle species endemic to southern California, Dohrn’s elegant eucnemid beetle, Palaeoxenus dohrni Horn (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae). This species is the only extant species in its genus and subfamily. Analyses of extracts of headspace volatiles collected from adult beetles revealed several male-specific compounds. Two of these compounds, identified as (E)-2-nonen-4-one and (R)-2-nonanol, elicited electroantennographic responses from antennae of beetles of both sexes. In field bioassays, a blend of the two compounds attracted both sexes, whereas the individual compounds were not attractive. The identification of an attractant pheromone should provide a useful tool for bioconservation and ecological studies of this iconic species.
Assessment of coal mine methane (CMM) and abandoned mine methane (AMM) resource potential of longwall mine panels: example from Northern Appalachian Basin, USA

Abstract Coal mine methane (CMM) and abandoned mine methane (AMM) are by-products of underground mining of gassy coal beds. The quantity and the emission rate of CMM and AMM may vary depending on the type of mine, gas content of the mined coal bed, and gas sourced from strata and coal beds in overlying and underlying formations affected by mining. Therefore, if a mine has the potential of accumulating gas after being abandoned and sealed properly, that methane may be produced and used as an energy source to serve local communities in the area. Producing AMM also prevents methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas, from leaking to the atmosphere through seals, shaft plugs or surface cracks. A technical barrier to economical utilization of CMM and AMM is the uncertainty about how much methane may be available in the gas emission zone (GEZ) as a resource during mining, as well as after the panels are sealed and the mine is abandoned. Another difficulty is estimating how much of the potential methane resource can be produced from gob gas ventholes (GGV) converted to capture AMM. In this study, a comparative assessment is presented to address the issues stated above. The assessment was conducted on two adjacent panels of a longwall mine that operated in Pennsylvania until 2016 in the Northern Appalachian Basin. The study is based on two approaches that might be used depending on the availability of data. The first approach uses an extensive geological data set, geostatistics, and measured shaft gas emission and GGV production values that were collected while the panel (s) were active to assess the AMM resource. The second approach uses a minimal amount of geologic data, uncertainty of the data as probabilistic distributions, and the use of publicly available software to predict during-mining emissions. Results showed that both approaches provide relatively comparable estimates of AMM resources and AMM recovery potential using wellbores. The differences in assessed quantities are mostly due to the characteristics of the two methods. In that regard, this paper can be considered as guidance to choose the assessment approach based on data availability.
The Philosophy that Guides our Science

I come before you in this forum as the Jester in the Court of the Philosopher Kings.Keeping in mind the medieval commensuration of the term ?fool" with ?jester" and you will have a closer appreciation of the self-deprecating point I seek to make in this sense. I am but a lay reader of the literature of philosophy. However much I appreciate it, enthuse over it, or embrace it as the principle upon which my science is grounded, all the same, I am a simple journeyman, to borrow from Eric Clapton's similar self-deprecation, when it comes to the field of philosophy.
miRNA contributions to pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis inferred from GWAS.

Author(s): Rhead, Brooke; Shao, Xiaorong; Graves, Jennifer S; Chitnis, Tanuja; Waldman, Amy T; Lotze, Timothy; Schreiner, Teri; Belman, Anita; Krupp, Lauren; Greenberg, Benjamin M; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca; Aaen, Gregory; Tillema, Jan M; Rodriguez, Moses; Hart, Janace; Caillier, Stacy; Ness, Jayne; Harris, Yolanda; Rubin, Jennifer; Candee, Meghan S; Gorman, Mark; Benson, Leslie; Mar, Soe; Kahn, Ilana; Rose, John; Casper, T Charles; Quach, Hong; Quach, Diana; Schaefer, Catherine; Waubant, Emmanuelle; Barcellos, Lisa F; US Network of Pediatric MS Centers | Abstract: ObjectiveOnset of multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs in childhood for approximately 5% of cases (pediatric MS, or ped-MS). Epigenetic influences are strongly implicated in MS pathogenesis in adults, including the contribution from microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that affect gene expression by binding target gene mRNAs. Few studies have specifically examined miRNAs in ped-MS, but individuals developing MS at an early age may carry a relatively high burden of genetic risk factors, and miRNA dysregulation may therefore play a larger role in the development of ped-MS than in adult-onset MS. This study aimed to look for evidence of miRNA involvement in ped-MS pathogenesis.MethodsGWAS results from 486 ped-MS cases and 1362 controls from the U.S. Pediatric MS Network and Kaiser Permanente Northern California membership were investigated for miRNA-specific signals. First, enrichment of miRNA-target gene network signals was evaluated using MIGWAS software. Second, SNPs in miRNA genes and in target gene binding sites (miR-SNPs) were tested for association with ped-MS, and pathway analysis was performed on associated target genes.ResultsMIGWAS analysis showed that miRNA-target gene signals were enriched in GWAS (P = 0.038) and identified 39 candidate biomarker miRNA-target gene pairs, including immune and neuronal signaling genes. The miR-SNP analysis implicated dysregulation of miRNA binding to target genes in five pathways, mainly involved in immune signaling.InterpretationEvidence from GWAS suggests that miRNAs play a role in ped-MS pathogenesis by affecting immune signaling and other pathways. Candidate biomarker miRNA-target gene pairs should be further studied for diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic utility.
Finite Metal Wall Effects of W-Band Circular Polarized Horn Antenna with Inbuilt Polarizer

The performance of finite metal wall thickness of a novel W-band left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) cylindrical waveguide feed horn antenna is investigated. Two different modified designs of the horn antenna with the additional metal thickness are studied. The modified design with a circular skirt at the aperture helps to reduce the undesired diffraction current and ripples in the radiation pattern. The final modified design has a superior axial ratio performance over a wide angle and also shows symmetric radiation pattern over different planes. The measurement of the prototyped feed horn antenna validates the analysis and simulation results.
Readability of pelvic floor dysfunction questionnaires.

Background The National Institutes of Health and Center for Disease Control recommend the readability of self-administered patient questionnaires to be written at or below a sixth to eight grade reading level. The aim of this study is to evaluate the readability of commonly used urinary incontinence (UI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), overactive bladder (OAB), and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) questionnaires. Methods Eighteen validated urologic questionnaires were analyzed using four readability assessment tools. A mean grade-level needed to comprehend each questionnaire was calculated. Results For UI questionnaires, three out of five questionnaires required a reading level of 10th grade or higher, two grade levels above recommendations. Only one POP questionnaire met recommendations with a mean readability score of 5.9, whereas the other questionnaires required a ninth-grade reading level or higher. For the OAB questionnaires, three out of five questionnaires met reading recommendations. Readability scores for BPH questionnaires ranged from 6.4 to 11.2, with only the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire in compliance with recommendations. Conclusions The majority of currently available pelvic floor dysfunction questionnaires do not comply with recommended reading levels, suggesting that these questionnaires are written at a level too advanced for a large proportion of the population. This limits their effectiveness in accurately assessing symptom severity and impact on quality of life.
Light and latex: advances in the photochemistry of polymer colloids

Unparalleled temporal and spatial control of colloidal chemical processes introduces immense potential for the manufacturing, modification, and manipulation of latex particles. This review highlights major advances in photochemistry, both as stimulus and response, to generate unprecedented functionality in polymer colloids. Light-based chemical modification generates polymer particles with unique structural complexity, and the incorporation of photoactive functionalities transforms inert particles into photoactive nanodevices. Latex photo-functionality, which is reflected in both the colloidal and coalesced states, enables photochromism, photoswitchable aggregation, tunable fluorescence, photoactivated crosslinking and solidification, and photomechanical actuation. Previous literature explores the capacity of photochemistry, which complements the rheological and processing advantages of latex, to expand beyond traditional coatings applications and enable disruptive technologies in critical areas including nanomedicine, data security, and additive manufacturing.
A myelin basic protein fragment induces sexually dimorphic transcriptome signatures of neuropathic pain in mice

In the peripheral nerve, mechanosensitive axons are insulated by myelin, a multilamellar membrane formed by Schwann cells. Here, we offer first evidence that a myelin degradation product induces mechanical hypersensitivity and global transcriptomics changes in a sex-specific manner. Focusing on downstream signaling events of the functionally active 84-104 myelin basic protein (MBP(84-104)) fragment released after nerve injury, we demonstrate that exposing the sciatic nerve to MBP(84-104) via endoneurial injection produces robust mechanical hypersensitivity in female, but not in male, mice. RNA-seq and systems biology analysis revealed a striking sexual dimorphism in molecular signatures of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord response, not observed at the nerve injection site. Mechanistically, intra-sciatic MBP(84-104) induced phospholipase C (PLC)-driven (females) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-driven (males) phospholipid metabolism (tier 1). PLC/inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and estrogen receptor co-regulation in spinal cord yielded Ca2+-dependent nociceptive signaling induction in females that was suppressed in males (tier 2). IP3R inactivation by intrathecal xestospongin C attenuated the female-specific hypersensitivity induced by MBP(84-104). According to sustained sensitization in tiers 1 and 2, T cell–related signaling spreads to the DRG and spinal cord in females, but remains localized to the sciatic nerve in males (tier 3). These results are consistent with our previous finding that MBP(84-104)–induced pain is T cell–dependent. In summary, an autoantigenic peptide endogenously released in nerve injury triggers multisite, sex-specific transcriptome changes, leading to neuropathic pain only in female mice. MBP(84-104) acts through sustained co-activation of metabolic, estrogen receptor–mediated nociceptive, and autoimmune signaling programs.
Characterization of cyanobacterial allophycocyanins absorbing far-red light

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are pigment proteins that comprise phycobilisomes (PBS), major light-harvesting antenna complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae. PBS core substructures are made up of allophycocyanins (APs), a subfamily of PBPs. Five paralogous AP subunits are encoded by the Far-Red Light Photoacclimation (FaRLiP) gene cluster, which is transcriptionally activated in cells grown in far-red light (FRL; λ = 700 to 800 nm). FaRLiP gene expression enables some terrestrial cyanobacteria to remodel their PBS and photosystems and perform oxygenic photosynthesis in far-red light (FRL). Paralogous AP genes encoding a putative, FRL-absorbing AP (FRL-AP) are also found in an operon associated with improved low-light growth (LL; < 50 μmol photons m–2 s–1) in some thermophilic Synechococcus spp., a phenomenon termed low-light photoacclimation (LoLiP). In this study, apc genes from FaRLiP and LoLiP gene clusters were heterologously expressed individually and in combinations in Escherichia coli. The resulting novel FRL-APs were characterized and identified as major contributors to the FRL absorbance observed in whole cells after FaRLiP and potentially LoLiP. Post-translational modifications of native FRL-APs from FaRLiP cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya sp. strain JSC-1, were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The PBP complexes made in two FaRLiP organisms were compared, revealing strain-specific diversity in the FaRLiP responses of cyanobacteria. Through analyses of native and recombinant proteins, we improved our understanding of how different cyanobacterial strains utilize specialized APs to acclimate to FRL and LL. We discuss some insights into structural changes that may allow these APs to absorb longer light wavelengths than their visible-light-absorbing paralogs.
The Universal Fraternity

This chapter discusses two American adaptations of Erich Maria Remarque novels set in Germany—James Whale’s The Road Back (1937), a sequel to Lewis Milestone’s All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), and Frank Borzage’s Three Comrades (1938). I argue these films can be contextualized as examples of “The Universal Brotherhood”—a concept often seen in popular culture of this period that depicts socio-political issues as secondary to spirituality and interpersonal relationships, occurring across cultures. This movement contrasts against the background of political unrest leading to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe at the end of the decade. Production histories and audience responses in the United States and United Kingdom are discussed.
The Ethics of Regenerative Medicine: Beyond Humanism and Posthumanism

Every decade or so proponents of a new technology promise that it will radically alter the practice of medicine. Thirty years ago, it was organ transplantation. Fifteen years ago, it was gene therapy. Today it is regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine refers to procedures designed to restore degenerated tissue or cellular functioning. It includes, but not necessarily limited to, transplantation of cells to form new tissue (e.g., bone, muscle, liver, and neural tissue); implantation of bioartificial tissues constructed ex vivo using a biodegradable scaffold (e.g., bladders); drugs composed of genes, proteins, or antibodies (e.g., on the model of insulin); and stimulation of cells in vivo (e.g., by gene insertion).
Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis Role of Granule Mediators

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells represent the two main effector lymphocyte populations thought to be involved in killing virus-infected and transformed cells (reviewed in Berke, 1983; Herberman et al., 1986; Trinchieri and Perussia, 1984; Goldfarb, 1986). Killing by lymphocytes is known to require a contact-dependent mechanism. Although the precise mechanisms by which lymphocytes kill their targets are still unclear, a large body of information has recently accumulated on various mediators that may play a direct role in lymphocyte-mediated killing. This information will be reviewed briefly here.
Prevalence of advanced histological features and synchronous neoplasia in patients with flat adenomas.

Background and Aims The prevalence of advanced histology in flat adenomas is uncertain. There are limited data on the prevalence of synchronous adenomas in patients with flat adenomas. The aims of this study were to determine whether the flat adenomas harbor advanced histology more than the polypoid adenomas and whether the presence of flat adenomas is an independent predictor of synchronous adenomas. Methods A retrospective analysis of data from 3 prospective clinical trials conducted at 2 tertiary care referral centers that included patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy was performed. The location, size, and morphology of each polyp resected was documented and sent for histopathological examination in a unique specimen jar. Results A total of 2931 polyps were removed in 1340 patients. Of the 1911 adenomas (65.2%), 293 (15.3%) were flat and 1618 (84.7%) were polypoid. The prevalence of advanced histology did not differ between flat and polypoid adenomas (1.4% vs 3.1%; P = .13). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the presence of at least 1 flat adenoma was a predictor of the presence of a large adenoma ( P P P Conclusion Although the prevalence of advanced histology in flat adenomas is similar to that of polypoid adenomas, flat adenomas are associated with increased prevalence of synchronous large and advanced adenomas. Whether these results imply shorter surveillance intervals in patients with flat adenomas needs to be explored in future studies.
Designing graphics to support physical tasks

Graphics for physical tasks need to take into account the needs of users who will carry out actions in a physical environment. Research suggests that graphics need to show tasks from the users' viewpoint, and need to make clear how tools are to be used and the direction in which actions are to be exerted. The paper provides some sample graphic design guidelines. >
Across time and space: effects of urbanization on corticosterone and body condition vary over multiple years in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia).

Animals inhabiting urban areas must simultaneously cope with the unique challenges presented by this novel habitat type while exploiting the distinctive opportunities it offers. The costs and benefits of urban living are often assumed to be consistent across time, but may in fact vary depending on the habitat features influencing them. Here we examine the glucocorticoid levels and body condition of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) resident at urban and rural sites over four consecutive years to determine whether these traits, which may be linked to the relative costs and benefits of these respective habitats, are consistent over time. Glucocorticoid levels and body condition varied by year in both habitat types. While habitat alone did not influence glucocorticoid levels, there was a significant interaction between year and habitat, indicating that glucocorticoids differ between habitats in some years but not others. There was no discernable effect of habitat alone on body condition. Overall, these data suggest that the costs and benefits of inhabiting urban versus rural habitats differ substantially from year to year. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 109–120, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From Melos to Baghdad: Explaining Resistance to Militarized Challenges from More Powerful States

Most bargaining models of war suggest that the absence of ex-ante uncertainty about the outcome of fighting should lead to negotiated outcomes rather than military conflict. Nevertheless, relatively weak states still refuse demands from dominant powers in many cases. This paper tests several explanations for this phenomenon. James Fearon's account of rationalist explanations for war suggests two reasons states might resist militarized demands even if there is little or no chance of military victory. First, the weaker state might not concede if the stronger state's threat is not credible. Second, guerrilla resistance to enemy occupation might create a commitment problem for the stronger state if it could impose costs that exceed the value of the stronger state's objectives. Alternative explanations that do not assume the state behaves as a unitary rational actor focus on special features of state preferences, such as the importance attached to political sovereignty and territorial integrity, or on the difficulties state institutions might pose for making the policy changes necessary to concede the more powerful state's demands. Empirical analyses of MID and ICB data point to the importance of both rationalist claims about threat credibility and alternative arguments about state preferences.
Experimental determination of the unoccupied bands of W(110).

Inverse photoemission from W(110) has been used to determine the dispersion of the unoccupied energy bands along the tungsten [Gamma][Sigma][ital N] line. The critical points are determined to be [Gamma][sub 12] at 2.6 eV, [ital N][sub 1] at 2.2 eV, and the lower limit of [ital N][sub 4] at 3.2 eV. The upper bound of the lifetime broadening is estimated as 0.3[minus]0.4 eV at 2[minus]3 eV above [ital E][sub [ital F]]. The image state is observed at 4.5 eV above [ital E][sub [ital F]], or 0.7 eV in binding energy, relative to the vacuum level.
Heart and lung transplantation in children

During the past two decades, several advances have resulted in marked improvement in medium-term survival for infants and children undergoing heart transplantation. Unfortunately, progress has been less dramatic in the field of lung and heart-lung transplantation, where there is little evidence of improved outcomes. The procedures remain palliative and all transplant recipients are at risk for the adverse effects of non-specific immunosuppression, including infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, and non-lymphoid malignancies. In addition, current immunosuppressive agents have narrow therapeutic windows and exhibit a wide array of organ toxicities, posing special challenges for the young patient who must endure life-long immunosuppression. New immunosuppressive regimens have lowered the rates of acute rejection but appear to have had relatively little impact on the incidence of chronic rejection, the principal cause of late graft loss. The ultimate goal is to induce a state of donor-specific tolerance, wherein the recipient will accept the allograft indefinitely without the need for long-term immunosuppression. This quest is currently being realised in animal models of solid organ transplantation, and offers great hope for children undergoing heart and lung transplantation in the future.
Laparoscopic surgery and Kupffer cell activation.

Background: Evidence tends to support a relative preservation of the systemic immune response with laparoscopy as compared with laparotomy. However, the role of hepatic macrophages, or Kupffer cells, in modulating this immune advantage is unknown. This study investigated the functions of Kupffer cells after either laparoscopy or laparotomy in a rat model.
Adiponectin Induces Pro-inflammatory Programs in Human Macrophages and CD4+ T Cells

Abundant experimental and clinical data support a modulatory role for adiponectin in inflammation, dysmetabolism, and disease. Because the activation of cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis and obesity, this study investigated the role of adiponectin in human macrophage polarization and T cell differentiation. Examination of the adiponectin-induced transcriptome in primary human macrophages revealed that adiponectin promotes neither classical (M1) nor alternative (M2) macrophage activation but elicits a pro-inflammatory response that resembles M1 more closely than M2. Addition of adiponectin to polyclonally activated CD4+ T lymphocytes did not affect cell proliferation but induced mRNA expression and protein secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6. Adiponectin treatment of CD4+ T cells increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) 4 and augmented T-bet expression. Inhibition of p38 with SB203580 abrogated adiponectin-induced IFN-γ production, indicating that adiponectin enhances TH1 differentiation through the activation of the p38-STAT4-T-bet axis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that adiponectin can induce pro-inflammatory functions in isolated macrophages and T cells, concurring with previous observations that adiponectin induces a limited program of inflammatory activation that likely desensitizes these cells to further pro-inflammatory stimuli.
Perceptions of vessel safety regulations: a southern New England fishery

Abstract This study analyses an oceanic fishery in southern New England as a subculture whose features are adaptive to the total environment in which it operates. It is possible to explain how fishers' perceptions of safety regulations stem largely from pervasive cultural themes. It is suggested that voluntary compliance with safety regulations can be enhanced if policy makers utilize knowledge of the subculture and involve fishers in the policy-making process.
Age differences in attitude change toward premarital coitus.

Research on changes in attitudes toward premarital sexual behavior examine either (1) changes in attitudes of college students over a relatively short period of time or (2) changes in attitudes of adult nonstudent populations over long periods of time using noncomparable data sources. The present research examines changes in attitudes toward premarital coitus over a relatively short period of time utilizing national probability samples of the U.S. population. Rather than treating age as a dichotomous variable of the young and the old, age is considered in 10-year age groups, and changes by age group and sex are examined. The results indicate obvious dangers in employing gross breakdowns of the age variable in that considerable differences within young and old age groups are observed. Further, these differences interact with sex, producing sex- and age-specific change patterns. The exact nature of these patterns strongly suggests that the most rapid change is taking place among females in the 30–39 age group and that this change is such to produce intersex convergence in this age group. Rates of change by age and sex are discussed in terms of the possible differential influences of changes in women's roles.
Body-cathexis and self-esteem: a reanalysis of the differential contribution of specific body aspects.

Summary In attempting to specify precisely the relationship between body-cathexis and self-esteem, research has frequently been directed toward the question of the differential contribution of cathexis for specific body aspects. Current conclusions in this area are based upon erroneous data analysis procedures and are thus suspect. A sample of 98 males and 129 females enrolled in sociology courses responded to a standard self-esteem instrument in addition to a body-cathexis questionnaire. The differential contribution of cathexis for specific body aspects to self-esteem was examined with the use of a stepwise regression procedure. The results indicate that body aspects previously considered most important to self-esteem are largely a function of the failure of previous studies to examine the role of suppressor variables. Further, body aspects stereotypically considered important contribute minimally to self-esteem level, and the total proportion of variance in self-esteem accounted for by body-cathexis is...
Switchable holograms for displays and other applications

Switchable holograms exhibit an electrically controllable diffraction efficiency. Such devices form the building blocks for several applications under active consideration, including optical image and information displays. Several demanding requirements are placed on switchable holograms for these applications, such as high diffraction efficiency, wide on/off dynamic range, low optical scatter, low switching voltage and power consumption, high speed, uniformity and repeatability, low cost, and manufacturability. We describe the challenges and progress in meeting these goals in a single-step photopolymer/liquid crystal composite system. We also discuss the multiple uses of this material and potential applications.
Transluminal balloon angioplasty of infrahepatic caval anastomotic stenosis following liver transplantation: Case report

Treatment of an infrahepatic caval anastomotic stenosis with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty is described in a patient 5 weeks after liver transplantation. Pressure measurements confirmed the significance of the obstruction and the success of the dilatation procedure.