cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a mental illness in which depression and mania typically alternate, and both phases can present with psychotic features. The symptomatology of BPD, therefore, resembles major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCHZ), posing diagnostic dilemmas. Distinct alterations in cellular architecture of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex distinguish SCHZ and MDD, whereas the cellular neuropathology of BPD has not been studied. Methods: Dorsolateral prefrontal area 9 was analyzed using a three-dimensional morphometric method in postmortem brains from 10 BPD patients and 11 matched nonpsychiatric control subjects. Results: Area 9 in BPD was characterized by reduced neuronal density in layer III (16%–22%) and reduced pyramidal cell density in layers III and V (17%–30%). A 19% reduction in glial density was found in sublayer IIIc coupled with enlargement and changes in shape of glial nuclei spanning multiple layers. Conclusions: The morphologic signature of BPD, i.e., decreased neuronal and glial density in association with glial hypertrophy, is distinct from previously described elevations in neuronal density in SCHZ, instead resembling the reductions in cell density found in MDD. Thus, the neuropathologic distinctions between BPD and SCHZ are indicative of separate mental illnesses, each with a unique morphologic disturbance of specific neural circuits.
A comparison of newborn infants with erythroblastosis fetalis with those born to diabetic mothers

T HE purpose of the present investigation is to point out that the syndrome seen in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis is similar in many of its features to that observed in some infants whose mothers either have diabetes mellitus or develop diabetes later in life. Normoblasts have been found in large numbers in the peripheral blood and in the liver of infants born to diabetic mothersY, 2 Cardiac hypertrophy has also been described in infants bot'n to diabetic mothers and in those with erythroblastosis fetalis. 27 Liebegott ~ found abnormally high levels of glycogen in the myocardimn of infants with hydrops fetalis and this was confirmed by Benecl~e 4 in an infant with icterus gravis. Excess glycogen in the heart of an infant born to a diabetic mother has been recorded by Hurwitz and Irving. s Besides the hepatic and cardiac changes there also sometimes occurs a hyperplasia of the islands of Langerhans, first described in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis by Liebegott s and later confirmed by the careful studies of Potter, Seekel, and Stryker2 The hyperplasia of the islet tissue of the panereas in infants born to diabetic mothers has been known since the report by Dubreuil and Anderodias ~~ in 1.920 and has been confirmed by nlany others. The presence of excessive hepatic erythropoiesis, cardiac hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the islands of Langerhans in a single individual, which Liebegott demonstrated in infants with hydrops fetalis, has been observed also by Miller and Wilson 2 in infants born to diabetic mothers. The latter investigators also found that the cardiac, panereatic, and hepatic changes occurred in infants born to mothers who developed diabetes later in ]ire.
Dimensions and histologic characteristics of the small intestine of dogs during postnatal development.

OBJECTIVE To quantify dimensions of the small intestine of dogs and describe changes in histologic characteristics of the mucosa during postnatal development. SAMPLE POPULATION Gastrointestinal tract tissues obtained from 110 Beagles (15 adult females and 95 puppies of both sexes). PROCEDURE Several variables (length, total weight, mucosal weight, and nominal surface area) of the small intestine were measured in puppies at birth but before suckling; 1 day after birth and subsequent suckling, 21, 42, and 63 days after birth, and in the adult dams of the puppies. Tissue structure was examined and quantified at each time point by use of routine histologic examination and ocular micrometry of formalin-fixed specimens stained with H&E. RESULTS Small intestinal dimensions increased throughout development with the greatest proportional changes during the first day after birth and onset of suckling. Villus height decreased during suckling but had consistent values from 42 days after birth to maturity, whereas crypt depth increased from birth to maturity. Vacuolated enterocytes were evident from birth to 21 days but not thereafter. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increases in intestinal dimensions provide growing dogs with a greater capacity for digestion and absorption. Changes in mucosal architecture and cell populations coincided with shifts in dietary inputs. These findings may assist in the diagnosis of small intestinal diseases and nutritional responses during growth and development of dogs.
RpoS Contributes to Phagocyte Oxidase-Mediated Stress Resistance during Urinary Tract Infection by Escherichia coli CFT073

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI). In order to cause UTI, UPEC must endure stresses ranging from nutrient limitation to host immune compo- nents. RpoS ( S ), the general stress response sigma factor, directs gene expression under a variety of inhibitory conditions. Our study ofrpoS in UPEC strain CFT073 began after we discovered an rpoS-frameshift mutation in one of our laboratory stocks of "wild-type" CFT073. We demonstrate that an rpoS-deletion mutation in CFT073 leads to a colonization defect during UTI of CBA/J mice at 48 hours postinfection (hpi). There is no difference between the growth rates of CFT073 and CFT073 rpoS in urine. This indicates that rpoS is needed for replication and survival in the host rather than being needed to address limitations imposed by urine nutrients. Consistent with previous observations in E. coli K-12, CFT073 rpoS is more sensitive to oxidative stress than the wild type. We demonstrate that peroxide levels are elevated in voided urine from CFT073-infected mice compared to urine from mock-infected mice, which supports the notion that oxidative stress is generated by the host in response to UPEC. In mice that lack phagocyte oxidase, the enzyme complex expressed by phagocytes that produces superoxide, the competitive defect of CFT073 rpoS in bladder colonization is lost. These results demonstrate that S is important for UPEC survival under conditions of phagocyte oxidase-generated stress during UTI. Though S affects the pathogenesis of other bacterial species, this is the first work that directly implicates S as important for UPEC pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE UPEC must cope with a variety of stressful conditions in the urinary tract during infection. RpoS ( S ), the general stress response sigma factor, is known to direct the expression of many genes under a variety of stressful conditions in laboratory-adapted E. coli K-12. Here, we show that S is needed by the model UPEC strain CFT073 to cope with oxidative stress provided by phagocytes during infection. These findings represent the first report that implicates S in the fitness of UPEC dur- ing infection and support the idea of the need for a better understanding of the effects of this global regulator of gene expression during UTI.
Active streaming in transport delay minimization

In this paper we present a technique for reducing response delay for Web systems, which is based on a proactive cache scheme. It combines predictive pre-fetching and streaming to overlap the read-time with loading time. This graph-based model analyzes the hyperlink structure to form the prediction. It also utilizes data streaming to further minimize the pre-load, without compromising the responsiveness. The analysis demonstrates that such new hyper-graph based pre-fetching can reduce the lag-time of a cache system by a factor ranging from 2-10. In this paper, we focus on pre-fetching and provide the technique, the optimization algorithms and the simulation results.
A cofactor, TIP30, specifically enhances HIV-1 Tat-activated transcription.

Replication of HIV-1 requires the viral Tat protein, which increases the extent of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II after activation at the single viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. This effect of Tat on transcription requires Tat interactions with a 5′ region (TAR) in nascent transcripts as well as Tat-specific cofactors. The present study identifies a cellular protein, TIP30, that interacts with Tat and with an SRB-containing RNA polymerase II complex both in vivo and in vitro. Coexpression of TIP30 specifically enhances transactivation by Tat in transfected cells, and immunodepletion of TIP30 from nuclear extracts abolishes Tat-activated transcription without affecting Tat-independent transcription. These results implicate TIP30 as a specific coactivator that may enhance formation of a Tat–RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex.
Genetic Investigations of Meniere‘s Disease

Meniere's disease remains a disorder of unknown origin despite the collective efforts to determine the pathogenesis, although experts have long recognized that disease development likely has some heritable component. Although genetic studies of Meniere's disease have been inconclusive, increasing knowledge of human genetic structure and mutation and investigative techniques have potential to further understanding of this disorder.
Civic Engagements: The Citizenship Practices of Indian and Vietnamese Immigrants. By Caroline B. Brettell and Deborah Reed‐Danahay. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012. CCLXXV, 275 pages. $24.95.

A review of the book "Civic Engagements: The Citizenship Practices of Indian and Vietnamese Immigrants" by Caroline B. Brettell and Deborah Reed-Danahay is presented.
Unity and Disunity in Biology

Biology is extremely diverse in its methodologies, concepts, theories, and goals. It is also developing rapidly and revealing deeper complexities at almost every level of organic organization. For these and other reasons, biology is becoming increasingly specialized and fragmented. Is there a remedy for this state of affairs? Are there historical or philosophical resources to help? Can biologists communicate more effectively and establish a new, truly all-inclusive modern synthesis? Toward answering these questions, we discuss the need for the specialist and the generalist in the biological sciences and argue that these two roles are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, although comparatively rare, the specialist—generalist is illustrated by the achievements of Charles Darwin and Louis Pasteur, among others. We also discuss the crosscutting science concepts identified by the National Academy of Sciences Board of Education, particularly in the context of teaching an integrated and specialized biology.
Compute and data management strategies for grid deployment of high throughput protein structure studies

The study of macromolecular protein structures at an atomic resolution is the source of many data and compute intensive challenges, from simulation, to image processing, to model building. We have developed a general platform for the secure deployment of structural biology computational tasks and workflows into a federated grid which maximizes robustness, ease of use, and performance, while minimizing data movement. This platform leverages several existing grid technologies for security and web-based data access, adding protocols for VO, user, task, workflow, and individual job data staging. We present the strategies used to deploy and maintain tens of GB of data and applications to a significant portion of the US Open Science Grid, and the workflow management mechanisms to optimize task execution, both for performance and correctness. Significant observations are made about real operating conditions in a grid environment from automated analysis of hundreds of thousands of jobs over extended periods. We specifically focus on one novel application which harnesses the capacity of national cyberinfrastructure to dramatically accelerate the process of protein structure determination. This workflow requires 20–50 thousand hours to compute with 1e5 tasks, requiring tens of GB of input data, and producing commensurate output. We demonstrate the success of our platform through the successful completion of this workflow in half a day using Open Science Grid.
Role of Potash Alum in Hepatitis C virus Transmission at Barber's Shop

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main cause of severe liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and end stage liver disease. In Pakistan most of HCV positive patients have history of facial/armpit shaving from barbers. 79% of barbers are rubbing Potash Alum stone on facial shaving cuts. Dark blood spots are analyzed on Potash Alum stones being used at different barber shops. The aim of the study was to check the viability of hepatitis C virus on potash alum stone being used at barber shops. Blood samples from HCV positive patients were taken and treated with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 molar concentrations of Potash Alum for different periods of time. Blood was centrifuged to isolate the serum; HCV RNA was extracted from serum and subjected to first strand synthesis and PCR. PCR fragments were confirmed by sequencing. PCR amplification was observed in all the samples, treated with different concentrations of Potash Alum, indicated that the virus remains alive on Potash Alum stone for a long period of time. Potash Alum being used by barbers on facial shaving cuts has definite role in HCV transmission in Pakistani population. Therefore use of Potash Alum stone should be banned on facial shaving cuts at barber shops.
Developing Legally Correct and Educationally Appropriate Programs for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in litigation regarding the education of students With autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Because of the complexity of ASD and the costs of li...
Computationally Efficient Identification of Global ARX Parameters With Guaranteed Stability

Identification of stable parametric models from input-output data of a process (stable) is an essential task in system identification. For a stable process, the identified parametric model may be unstable due to one or more of the following reasons: 1) presence of noise in the measurements, 2) plant disturbances, 3) finite sample effects 4) over/under modeling of the process and 5) nonlinear distortions. Therefore, it is essential to impose stability conditions on the parameters during model estimation. In this technical note, we develop a computationally efficient approach for the identification of global ARX parameters with guaranteed stability. The computational advantage of the proposed approach is derived from the fact that a series of computationally tractable quadratic programming (QP) problems are solved to identify the globally optimal parameters. The importance of identifying globally optimal stable model parameters is high lighted through illustrative examples; this does not seem to have been discussed much in the literature.
Piston theory applied to strong shocks and unsteady flow

The utility of piston theory as a means of solving insentropic two-dimensional aerodynamic problems has been aptly demonstrated by many writers in recent years. The present treatment removes the restriction of isentropic flows, extending the applicability of piston theory to flows with strong shocks. Sample calculations for a thin biconvex airfoil are carried out in which the local flow is assumed to be isentropic and non-isentropic. Comparison of the result is made with that of the shock expansion theory of Cole, Gazley & Williams (1956).
Species-Specific Identification of Leptospiraceae by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The genus Leptospira is classified into 13 named species and 4 genomospecies based upon DNA-DNA reassociation studies. Phenotypic tests are unable to distinguish between species of Leptospira, and there is a need for a simplified molecular approach to the identification of leptospires. 16S rRNA gene sequences are potentially useful for species identification of Leptospira, but there are a large number of sequences of various lengths and quality in the public databases. 16S rRNA gene sequences of near full length and bidirectional high redundancy were determined for all type strains of the species of the Leptospiraceae. Three clades were identified within the genus Leptospira, composed of pathogenic species, nonpathogenic species, and another clade of undetermined pathogenicity with intermediate 16S rRNA gene sequence relatedness. All type strains could be identified by 16S rRNA gene sequences, but within both pathogenic and nonpathogenic clades as few as two or three base pairs separated some species. Sequences within the nonpathogenic clade were more similar, and in most cases ≤10 bp distinguished these species. These sequences provide a reference standard for identification of Leptospira species and confirm previously established relationships within the genus. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is a powerful method for identification in the clinical laboratory and offers a simplified approach to the identification of Leptospira species.
On Enhanced Miller Capacitance Effect in Interband Tunnel Transistors

We compare the transient response of double-gate thin-body-silicon interband tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) with its metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor counterpart. Due to the presence of source side tunneling barrier, the silicon TFETs exhibit enhanced Miller capacitance, resulting in large voltage overshoot/undershoot in its large-signal switching characteristics. This adversely impacts the performance of Si TFETs for digital logic applications. It is shown that TFETs based on lower bandgap and lower density of states materials like indium arsenide show significant improvement in switching behavior due to its lower capacitance and higher ON current at reduced voltages.
Frost flower aerosol effects on Arctic wintertime longwave cloud radiative forcing

[1] Frost flowers are clusters of highly saline ice crystals growing on newly formed sea ice or frozen lakes. Based on observations of particles derived from frost flowers in the Arctic, we formulate an observation-based parameterization of salt aerosol source function from frost flowers. The particle flux from frost flowers in winter has the order of 106 m−2 s−1 at the wind speed of 10 m s−1, but the source flux is highly localized to new sea ice regions and strongly dependent on wind speed. We have implemented this parameterization into the regional Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry initialized for two wintertime scenarios. The addition of sea salt aerosol emissions from frost flowers increases averaged sea salt aerosol mass and number concentration and subsequent cloud droplet number. This change of cloud droplet number concentration increases downward longwave cloud radiative forcing through enhanced cloud optical depth and emissivity. The magnitude of this forcing of sea salt aerosols from frost flowers on clouds and radiation, however, contributes negligibly to surface warming in Barrow, Alaska, in the wintertime scenarios studied here.
Learning momentum: online performance enhancement for reactive systems

The authors describe a reactive robotic control system which incorporates aspects of machine learning to improve the system's ability to navigate successfully in unfamiliar environments. This system overcomes limitations of completely reactive systems by exercising online performance enhancement without the need for high-level planning. The goal of the learning system is to give the autonomous robot the ability to adjust the scheme control parameters in an unstructured dynamic environment. The results of a successful implementation that learns to navigate out of a box canyon are presented. This system never resorts to a high-level planner, but instead learns continuously by adjusting gains based on the progress made so far. The system is successful because it is able to improve its performance in reaching a goal in a previously unfamiliar and dynamic world. >
Inflammasomes in Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that mediate activation of caspase-1, which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and pyroptosis, a form of phagocyte cell death induced by bacterial pathogens. Members of the Nod-like receptor family (including Nlrp1, Nlrp3, and Nlrc4), the DNA sensor Aim2, the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and pro-caspase-1 are important components of inflammasomes. Stimulation with specific microbial and endogenous molecules leads to inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Inflammasomes are believed to mediate host defense against microbial pathogens and tissue homeostasis within the intestine, and their dysregulation might contribute to inflammatory diseases and intestinal cancer. Improving our understanding of inflammasome signaling pathways could provide insights into the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal disorders and the development of therapeutic targets and approaches to treat diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases and gastrointestinal cancers.
Social Protection for Temporary Migrant Workers: What Programs Serve Them Best?

Access to social protection benefits for temporary migrant workers and their families in the receiving and/or sending countries can help to lower the social and financial risks of migrating. This chapter reflects the growing preoccupation of the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) with social protection of temporary/circular labor migrants and their families (See Roundtable Session 2.1 on “Inclusion, protection and acceptance of migrants in society – linking human rights and migrant empowerment for development,” GFMD Athens, November 4–5, 2009, and Roundtable Session 2.1 on “Reducing the costs of migration and maximizing human development,” GFMD Puerto Vallarta, November 8–11, 2010). It showcases a conceptual framework for achieving such social protection and a review of country inventories of benefits available in nine OECD countries, Singapore, and six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It assesses these benefits against the conceptual framework and draws policy lessons from the case studies. The key conclusion is that most temporary migrants may be better served by higher or lower range social protection/social risk management programs tailored to their specific risk profile and needs. The option of funded defined contribution schemes is posed as an alternative to end-of-service pay, which in some countries of destination suffers from compliance and enforcement issues.
Gender and Depression

Hagnell et al. (25) indicated an increased incidence of depression in five succeeding five-year periods from 1947 to 1972. They followed the total population of approximately 2500 men and women who lived in Lundby, Sweden, over the 25 years. They interviewed them in 1947, 1957, and 1972, and each time collectd collateral data from other informants, hospital records, social insurance offices, etc. Over this time they found that 111 of 1312 men and 210 of 1238 women suffered from depression for the first time in their lives. Fifty-two of the men and 92 of the women received psychiatric care. Thus, almost twice as many women as men developed a depressive disorder and each sex had a similar percent who sought treatment. When the authors looked at trends over time by sex, they found that the probability of suffering from a mild to moderate depression (mild depression had led to reduced activity of at least 50%) increased during the 25-year period for both sexes. Severe depression decreased in both, but in men more than women. The most striking finding was that there was an increased probability of depression among young adult men aged 20 to 39. The authors urged further study of young adult men. Since they were studying first episodes of depression, these data did not include bipolar illness. They also excluded milder episodes of depression and did not distinguish between a depression occurring in the course of another illness such as alcoholism. It is possible that some of their increase in depression in young men occurs in those men who also have a diagnosis of alcoholism, as they have already shown that there is also an increased incidence of alcoholism in this population (32).
Impacts of Crop Rotation and Irrigation on Soilborne Diseases and Soil Microbial Communities

Crop rotation provides numerous benefits to crop production, and is essential to reduce the build-up of soilborne plant pathogens and diseases that can devastate potato crops grown in multiple consecutive years. Crop rotations can reduce soilborne diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including changes in soil microbial communities, but different types of rotation crops can have very different effects. Crop rotations may be implemented as full-season harvestable crops, cover crops, or as green manures, with each approach having different impacts on soilborne diseases. In recent research in Maine, full-season rotation crops, such as barley, ryegrass, canola, and rapeseed, in 2-year and 3-year rotations with potato substantially reduced (15–50% reduction) Rhizoctonia and other soilborne diseases. Addition of a fall cover crop of winter rye to existing rotations further reduced Rhizoctonia and common scab diseases by another 5–20%. Use of specific disease-suppressive rotation crops as green manures can provide even greater reductions in soilborne diseases. In an ongoing large-scale study examining the effects of several different cropping system strategies both with and without irrigation, a disease-suppressive approach (utilizing Brassica and sudangrass green manures, fall cover crops, and high crop diversity) reduced soilborne diseases better than any other cropping system (25–58% reduction), and both the disease-suppressive and a soil improving (with compost amendments) system substantially increased tuber yield (19–42%). Irrigation also increased yield (∼28%) in most systems. Combining the disease-suppressive rotation with irrigation increased yield by 53% relative to non-irrigated continuous potato. Combining effective crop rotations with other compatible components of integrated pest management can provide more effective and sustainable disease management and crop productivity.
The Hydrosphere and Lithosphere

Transfer of PCBs as well as other persistent hydrophobic chemicals among environmental compartments is a continuous process. Biotic transfers transcend all major media. Atmospheric transfers of PCBs among aquatic, terrestrial and biotic reservoirs were introduced in Chapter 4. Thus, atmospheric transport is also important for this chapter. Chapters 4 and 5 are presented separately for convenience, even though the dynamic nature of mobile environmental PCB reservoirs makes compartmentalizeddiscussions somewhat artificial. Hopefully, the information will be integrated adequately to reflect the actual continuum rather than the artificial segregation used for emphasis and clarity.
Dietary sodium in the development of renal hypertension.

SummaryThe evolution of experimental renal hypertension was studied in rats on a sodium deficient diet (50 mg/kg) as compared to those on the same diet with 0.6% sodium added and also with sham operated controls on the two diets. On the low sodium diet, hypertension emerged more gradually and at 8 weeks, the blood pressure was significantly lower than those with the normal intake. The mean difference, however, was only 18 mm Hg. The experimental animals on the sodium-deficient diet weighed less than those on the normal diet. In control animals without a clip on the renal artery, there was no difference, according to diet, in weight gain or indeed in blood pressure.
The Social Security Disability Program: Effects of the New Amendments

The 1965 amendments to the Social Security Disability Program have enabled persons under 65 years of age with nonpermanent disabilities to qualify for monthly benefits and to collect retroactive benefits. Thus, the physician can help his disabled patients by advising them about the program, reporting data needed for evaluating the patient's disability, and motivating rehabilitation under special provisions of the program. The amendments also extended benefits to the physician in private practice, thus providing a potential source of supplemental income should he become disabled.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Hydroxypyridonecarboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase Associated RNase H

Targeting the clinically unvalidated reverse transcriptase (RT) associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug discovery generally entails chemotypes capable of chelating two divalent metal ions in the RNase H active site. The hydroxypyridonecarboxylic acid scaffold has been implicated in inhibiting homologous HIV integrase (IN) and influenza endonuclease via metal chelation. We report herein the design, synthesis, and biological evaluations of a novel variant of the hydroxypyridonecarboxylic acid scaffold featuring a crucial N-1 benzyl or biarylmethyl moiety. Biochemical studies show that most analogues consistently inhibited HIV RT-associated RNase H in the low micromolar range in the absence of significant inhibition of RT polymerase or IN. One compound showed reasonable cell-based antiviral activity (EC50 = 10 μM). Docking and crystallographic studies corroborate favorable binding to the active site of HIV RNase H, providing a basis for the design of more potent analogues.
Molecular networks underlying myofibroblast fate and fibrosis

Fibrotic remodeling is a hallmark of most forms of cardiovascular disease and a strong prognostic indicator of the advancement towards heart failure. Myofibroblasts, which are a heterogeneous cell-type specialized for extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and tissue contraction, are the primary effectors of the heart's fibrotic response. This review is focused on defining myofibroblast physiology, its progenitor cell populations, and the core signaling network that orchestrates myofibroblast differentiation as a way of understanding the basic determinants of fibrotic disease in the heart and other tissues.
ANALYSIS OF STERILIZATION STATUS OF TABLEWARES IN RE STA URANTS IN DEYANG CITY

Objective:To analysis the problems in tableware s terilization of restaurants in Deyang City.Methods:Sterilization qua lity of tableware in restaurants in Deyang has been continously supervised every season during past 6 years.Results: There are various problems in sterilization,a nd the problems varied with the year,the season,restaurants' scale,grade and th e s taffs' quality In the past six years,39193 pieces of tableware were t ested,26937 of them were qualified,the quality rate is 68 73% The sterilizati on quality rate of the tablewate in the restaurants in Deyang is arising and factors such as natural environm ent,behaviours,sterilizing equipment,sterilizing methods,keeping equipment,sto ring time,climate of the operating room,the staffs'health knowledge and operatin g procedures affect the quality of sterilization Conclusion:Supervi sion of sterilization quality of tableware in restaurants should be reinforced i n this city.
Is Light Reading Enough to Fully Acquire Academic Language? the Bridge Hypothesis

The Bridge Hypothesis states that pleasure reading acts as a bridge between conversational and academic language, providing the competence that makes demanding texts more comprehensible. In two studies, D. Gardner argues that pleasure reading does not play a role in helping children understand academic texts, but a close look at the data shows that Gardner's evidence actually supports the Bridge Hypothesis. Keywords: Light reading, pleasure reading, academic language, vocabulary development.
Evidence for a Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Like Material in the Rabbit Blastocyst * †

Extracts from (1) 300 day 6 rabbit blastocysts, (2) 300 day 2 unfertilized ova, and (3) uteri from the nonpregnant does were analyzed in the following assays in order to determine the presence of a chorionic gonadotropin: (1) in vitro bioassay for testosterone production by decapsulated rat testes, (2) in vitro bioassay for progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells, (3) in vitro determination of adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity in rabbit Graafian follicles, (4) gel filtration in a Sephadex G-150 column and assay of the elutions in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), (5) parallelism with hCG standard preparations in β-hCG RIA, and (6) concanavalin A-column chromatography. The rabbit blastocyst extracts showed an hCG-like material in all of the systems tested. None of the other two extracts presented hCG-like activity in any of the assay. The immunoreactive material in the β-hCG RIA of the blastocyst extracts after gel filtration presented a profile different from that of pure hCG; this may represent heterogeneity due to a species difference or a slightly different molecular weight. These results confirmed previous findings of several investigators and those from our laboratory in that the preimplanted rabbit embryo contains a gonadotropin with characteristics similar to hCG.
Organizational Supports and Youth Life Skill Development: Adult Volunteers as Mentors, Managers and “Mediators”

A statewide community club evaluation (youth self-report), empirically testing a logic model of factors influencing youth life skill development is described. Results supported that the way adult volunteers manage and mentor youth and explained how 4-H program features (e.g., youth sense of belonging, safety, and support) influence life skill development. Youth engagement in activities was also linked with life skills and organizational supports were linked with youth engagement in the model. Future directions based on the findings to be discussed include: (1) examining volunteer competencies to build upon in training; (2) use of SEM to understand the larger picture of youth programs; and (3) what the results tell us about: (a) creating quality club environments for youth; (b) providing youth with caring adult support systems; and (c) developing life and career skills through subject-matter topics.
Formability of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B from Room Temperature to 125 °C Under Biaxial Tension

Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6 mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125 °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50 °C, while at 75 °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75 °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125 °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation.
Giant deviation of a relaxation time from generalized Newtonian theory in discontinuous shear thickening suspensions

Experimental study on discontinuous shear thickening fluids reveals that the relaxation times agree with a generalized Newtonian model for lower weight fractions. At high weight fractions, however, the relaxation times disagree by up to 4 orders of magnitude.
Investigating the impact of ethical leadership on aspects of burnout

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on the burnout process among resident physicians, and the mediating roles of general self-efficacy and perceived supervisor support (PSS) in the relationship between ethical leadership behavior and various aspects of burnout. Design/methodology/approach A total of 203 residents of three teaching hospitals in the South Atlantic Division of the USA completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Survey of Perceived Supervisor Support and rated the ethical leadership of their supervising attending physicians on the Ethical Leadership Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were conducted to test the measurement and hypothesized structural models. Findings The results showed that ethical leadership had a negative indirect effect on emotional exhaustion through PSS and a positive indirect effect on personal accomplishment through general self-efficacy. However, PSS and general self-efficacy did not mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and depersonalization. Originality/value This study adds to the body of knowledge on the impact of ethical leadership on three aspects of burnout syndrome, i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Moreover, this is the first study to consider PSS and general self-efficacy as intervening variables to the ethical leadership-burnout relationship.
Monitoring Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Therapeutic Implications

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, and is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Because vision loss in glaucoma is not reversible, therapeutic interventions early in disease are highly desirable. However, owing to the current limitations in evaluating glaucomatous neurodegeneration, it is challenging to monitor the disease severity and progression objectively, and to design rational therapeutic strategies accordingly. Therefore, there is a clear need to identify quantifiable molecular biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. As such, in our opinion, molecular biomarker(s) that specifically reflect stress or death of RGCs, and which correlate with disease severity, progression, and response to therapy, are highly desirable.
Posterior-Only Vertebral Column Resection for Fused Spondyloptosis

Abstract Study Design Retrospective review. Objectives To describe 3 cases of a posterior-only vertebral column resection (pVCR) for the treatment of spondyloptosis in the setting of prior spinal fusions. Summary of Background Data Lumbosacral spondyloptosis is a rare spinal deformity with a number of surgical options, none of which demonstrate clear superiority. The use of an L5 vertebral column resection, via combined anterior and posterior approaches, to restore lumbosacral alignment has been described though is accompanied by high rates of neurological deficit. Methods Review of 3 cases of spondyloptosis with prior spinal fusions in which a staged pVCR was used for deformity reconstruction. Results Three females, ages 39, 54, and 28, developed spondyloptosis with progressive lumbosacral kyphosis and sagittal malalignment after prior in-situ posterolateral spinal fusions. All were treated with staged pVCRs. At ultimate follow-up, imaging revealed improvement in sagittal balance of 6.1 cm (56%) in the 39-year-old and 12 cm (67%) in the 54-year-old, 21.1 cm (92%) in the 28-year-old. All patients had improvement in outcome scores with perfect satisfaction scores despite the 54-year-old having a persistent right foot drop. Conclusion Posterior-only VCR for spondyloptosis is a technically demanding surgical option offering significant radiographic and clinical improvement, but carries a risk for L5 nerve root deficit as in any spondyloptosis treatment.
Intentional longitudinal and side-cell stent fractures: Intermediate term follow up.

Background Use of small diameter stents in young children and jailing of side branches pose significant challenges to future re-interventions. We sought to assess the capacity to induce longitudinal fractures in undersized stents to increase vessel diameter, and side cell fractures to enlarge stenotic jailed branches. Methods Retrospective review of patients who underwent attempted intentional stent fractures (ISF) from 01/06-02/17. Results Twenty-two patients, median age 4.4 (1.1-47.8) years, weighing 14.3 (6.9-102) kg underwent attempted ISF in 32 vessels. Initial stent implant occurred at a median age of 1.0 (0.1-34.1) years, at the following sites: pulmonary arteries (11), pulmonary veins (14), systemic veins (6), and aorta (1). Initial diameters of the stents were 3.5-12 mm. Thirteen vessels had overlapping stents. Using high-pressure balloons, longitudinal ISF was achieved in 23 and side cell ISF in eight vessels. One longitudinal ISF attempt was unsuccessful. Three lesions were immediately re-stented after longitudinal ISF, and three lesions treated with angioplasty (1) or stenting (2) after side cell ISF. Only one complication occurred (pseudoaneurysm in a pulmonary artery after longitudinal ISF requiring placement of a covered stent). At a median follow up of 2.0 years (2 days - 10.8 years), eight patients had 16 additional interventions for restenosis at site of ISF. Conclusions ISF can be induced safely in a variety of vascular beds using high-pressure balloons both longitudinally or through side cells. Longitudinal ISF only rarely requires immediate placement of a new stent; however, late restenosis may occur, requiring re-stenting.
Neighborhood conditions and trajectories of alcohol use and misuse across the early life course

While neighborhood conditions have been linked to alcohol misuse, less is known about the long-term consequences of exposure to adverse neighborhood conditions early in the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health, we examined how trajectories of alcohol behaviors from ages 12 to 32 varied according to neighborhood disorder, disadvantage, and advantage. Early exposure to adverse neighborhood conditions placed individuals at greater risk of being a current drinker and alcohol misuse, though these individuals never reached the same levels as those in more stable, advantaged neighborhoods. Early exposure appears to place individuals at risk for alcohol misuse across the early life course.
Personalizing initial therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: incorporating novel agents into clinical practice:

While the past decade has seen a revolution in understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of the disease, in clinical practice, initial therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients has been a relatively straightforward choice between intensive combination cytotoxic induction therapy as used for decades or less-intensive hypomethylating therapy. The year 2017, however, witnessed US Food and Drug Administration approvals of midostaurin, enasidenib, gemtuzumab ozogamicin and CPX-351 for AML patients, with many other promising agents currently in clinical trials. This review discusses these options, highlights unanswered questions regarding optimal combinations and proposes some suggested approaches for the personalization of initial therapy for AML patients.
Systems Biology of Aging: Opportunities for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD), like many other dementias, is a disease of old age with neurological-pathological signs and underlying molecular mechanisms that precede cell death. Deciphering PD specifically from an aging perspective has many advantages. PD shares multiple mechanisms with aging, albeit in an accelerated fashion, including accumulation of damage and dysfunction, stress responses, and deficiencies in the maintenance of protein quality. Here, we review the foundations of a new hybrid, phenotypical model, which combines organelle phenotypes with molecular mechanisms associated with the long-term progression of normal aging. Subsequently, we adapt this model to PD and demonstrate the acceleration of dysfunction. On the level of molecular mechanisms, we specifically discuss two pathways that play a key role in the progression of both aging and PD: NF-κB and mTOR. The introduction of comprehensive modeling approaches is expected to make a significant contribution in deciphering the relationship between the different processes and risks factors. In particular, the tight relationship of aging and PD as discussed here sheds new light on future strategies for interventions.
Coping with Emerging Contaminants in Potable Water Sources

Humans use a large variety of chemicals in their everyday lives including over-the-counter medications, prescription drugs, and personal care products. The chemicals that comprise these items enter wastewater treatment systems when they are manufactured by companies and used by consumers. Wastewater treatment plants have various removal efficiencies, causing these chemicals, generally referred to as “emerging contaminants,” to enter surface water bodies. In addition to human sources of emerging contaminants, veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones are given to livestock raised in concentrated animal feeding operations. The land application of biosolids and animal waste to agricultural fields as a fertilizer source also introduces emerging contaminants into the environment. Recent advances in technology have allowed researchers to detect these compounds in water samples at significantly lower concentrations, thereby allowing researchers to assess the exposure of humans and aquatic species to concentrations at the parts-per-trillion level. This chapter provides an overview of the types of emerging contaminants found in potable water sources, their major sources, issues associated with their removal in treatment plants, and a social perspective of the public’s concerns regarding emerging contaminants in their potable water.
Scanning Soft X-ray Microscopy at the Brookhaven Lightsource

The project I am about to describe is the work of several people. My collaborators in the construction and operation of the instrument include Harvey Rarback and John Kenney from Stony Brook, Malcolm Howells from Brookhaven, Ralph Feder and David Sayre from IBM. The critical optical element, the Fresnel zoneplate, was fabricated for us at IBM under the direction of Dieter Kern and Philip Chang. We received invaluable help at various times from Roy Rosser, Michael Iarocci, Chris Jacobsen, Waiman Ng, Wen Bing Yun, and Bing Xin Yang. Several scientists came to join us with specimens of biological interest. I wish to mention particularly Francoise Cinotti, Jonathan Costa, James Hamos, Ed Lattman, and Jerry Pine, and express to them our gratitude for their interest, encouragement, and patience. This project would not have gotten off the ground without the generous support and encouragement from the management and the staff of the National Synchrotron Light Source.
Text Mining for Neuroscience: A Co-morbidity Case Study

The vast amount of information available to researchers has accelerated the pace of scientific discovery but also challenges researchers to find novel ways to manage and extract information from large databases to drive this process. A solution to this problem is found in text mining, which refers to the process of employing automated algorithms to identify the salient features of databases and predict novel associations based on user-defined keywords. Neuroscience has witnessed an explosion in published research and assimilating information from the > 180 neuroscience journals and mapping these discoveries on to a century of published research becomes a daunting and time-consuming task for the researcher. More importantly, given the vastness of this literature, it is likely that the researcher will not detect converging or related variables. However, text mining provides an automated way for the researcher to mine neuroscience databases and this paper proposes to use this process to identify points of contact between two parallel yet well-established disorder-related literatures - schizophrenia and alcoholism. We mine these databases to identify common pathologies between these disease states to understand why these diseases are commonly comorbid with an eventual aim to identify rational novel treatment strategies.