cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Color of Work: The Struggle for Civil Rights in the Southern Paper Industry, 1945–1980 . By Timothy J. Minchin. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. x, 277. $24.95, paper.

This book documents efforts to integrate the southern paper industry during the postâ€“World War II period. It makes an important contribution not only to the vast and growing literature on the civil-rights movement but also to economic and legal history. In contrast to the traditional focus of civil-rights historians on voting rights, school desegregation, and public accommodations, Timothy Minchin takes up the issue of fair employment and access to jobs as components of the broader civil-rights struggle. Building on his earlier research on the textile industry (Hiring the Black Worker: The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry, 1960â€“1980. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), Minchin focuses specifically on the role of black activists and civil-rights advocates in utilizing the legal machinery put in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (specifically, Title VII) as a vehicle for litigation against companies and unions seeking to deny black workers equal employment opportunities. Drawing on the vast record generated by Title VII litigation and oral interviews with key actors, Minchin provides considerable insight into the lived experiences and strategic thinking of those struggling to integrate the industry. The overall story provides powerful support for the efficacy of federal civil-rights legislation in opening up new opportunities for black workers.
Real-space mapping of magnetically quantized graphene states

Real-space mapping of the quantum Hall state at the Dirac point in epitaxial graphene reveals unexpected localized lifting of the degeneracy of this level. This could be the result of moire interference caused by the twisting of the top layer with respect to underlying layers, suggesting possible new ways to understand and control the unusual properties of graphene.
Queen aggression, pleometrotic advantage and brood raiding in the ant Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Co-founding Veromessor pergandei queens tended brood equally throughout colony foundation. With the appearance of foragers, however, queens began to fight, resulting in an increase in queen death rate. Worker aggression towards queens occurred only after queen fighting began and was directed only to queens damaged during fights. Starting V. pergandei colonies raided brood from nearby nests; workers exhibited nest fidelity during such raids. Colonies started by multiple queens opened 9 days earlier than those started by single queens and were more successful at brood raiding. Queens and workers of defeated, brood-raided colonies abandoned their nests and joined/invaded victor nests. Brood raiding in this and similar species may be a consequence of territoriality and the clumped distribution of starting nests. Colony foundation by multiple queens, pleometrosis, may be an evolutionary response to brood raiding.
Vaccinia keratouveitis manifesting as a masquerade syndrome.

A patient who used contact lenses and had a history of blunt trauma developed vaccinia keratouveitis after accidental ocular autoinoculation from a recent vaccination site. Corneal and conjunctival cultures were taken for bacteria, fungi, Acanthamoeba , and viruses. Viral-like cytopathic effects became evident in tissue culture within three days. Immunofluorescence studies were negative for varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, measles, mumps, parainfluenza, and influenza. Pox viral particles were identified in the infected tissue cultures by electron microscopy. The Hind HI restriction endonuclease profile of the viral DNA isolate was similar to the Lister strain of vaccinia virus. Ocular vaccinia may manifest as a masquerade syndrome and may mimic signs of herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Acanthamoeba infection. Although vaccination with vaccinia is currently limited to a few populations throughout the world, vaccinia must still be considered in the differential diagnosis of infectious keratouveitis.
Modal Statistics in Mode-Division-Multiplexed Systems

The performance and complexity of mode-division-multiplexing systems depend on the statistics of modal gains/losses and group delays. Under strong mode coupling, these statistics may be derived from the eigenvalue distributions of random matrices. Strong coupling optimizes performance and minimizes complexity.
Experimental Demonstration of Negative Index of Refraction in Magnetic Semiconductors

Homogeneous negative index materials have been introduced as an alternative to conventional metamaterials designs. Based on direct experimental evidence, we demonstrate that the magnetic semiconductor, Cr-doped indium oxide, possesses a negative refractive index near 28.0 μm. This effect is based on the coexistence of the magnon mode with the plasmonic mode, with simultaneous negative permeability and permittivity responses. Thin films of In2-xCrxO3 are fabricated, and the magnetic measurements clearly demonstrate ferromagnetism with a high saturation magnetization and a Curie temperature which is much higher than room temperature. The refractive index is extracted from combined transmittance and reflectance data and is compared with the theoretical prediction. Moreover, a direct experimental method is used to demonstrate negative refraction in this material.
Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese, “breakfast-skipping,” late-adolescent girls

Background: Breakfast skipping is a common dietary habit practiced among adolescents and is strongly associated with obesity. Objective: The objective was to examine whether a high-protein (HP) compared with a normal-protein (NP) breakfast leads to daily improvements in appetite, satiety, food motivation and reward, and evening snacking in overweight or obese breakfast-skipping girls. Design: A randomized crossover design was incorporated in which 20 girls [mean 6 SEM age: 19 6 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m 2 ): 28.6 6 0.7] consumed 350-kcal NP (13 g protein) cereal-based breakfasts,consumed350-kcalHPegg-andbeef-rich(35gprotein)breakfasts, orcontinuedbreakfastskipping(BS)for6d.Onday7,a10-htestingday was completed that included appetite and satiety questionnaires, blood sampling,predinnerfoodcue–stimulatedfunctionalmagneticresonance imaging brain scans, ad libitum dinner, and evening snacking. Results: The consumption of breakfast reduced daily hunger compared with BS with no differences between meals. Breakfast increased daily fullness compared with BS, with the HP breakfast eliciting greater increases than did the NP breakfast. HP, but not NP, reduced daily ghrelin and increased daily peptide YY concentrations compared with BS. Both meals reduced predinner amygdala, hippocampal, and midfrontal corticolimbic activation compared with BS. HP led to additional reductions in hippocampal and parahippocampal activation compared with NP. HP, but not NP, reduced evening snacking of highfat foods compared with BS. Conclusions: Breakfast led to beneficial alterations in the appetitive, hormonal, and neural signals that control food intake regulation. Only the HP breakfast led to further alterations in these signals and reduced evening snacking compared with BS, although no differences in daily energy intake were observed. These data suggest that the addition of breakfast, particularly one rich in protein, might be a useful strategy to improve satiety, reduce food motivation and reward, and improve diet quality in overweight or obese teenage girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01192100. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:677–88.
Secondary Production as the Origin of the Cosmic-ray Positron Excess

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer has released high-precision data for cosmic rays, and has verified an excess of positrons relative to expectations from cosmic-ray interactions in the interstellar medium. An exciting and well-known possibility for the excess is production of electron–positron pairs by annihilating dark matter particles in the halo of the Galaxy. We have constructed a new scenario for the propagation of cosmic rays, based on the 2000 SMILI results and various other astrophysical observations and measurements in which the positron excess is due to secondary production. The scenario is studied from a simple heuristic perspective, and also within the constraints of a diffusion-reacceleration model using GALPROP. The conclusions of each approach agree with one another, showing that the scenario agrees well with the observed positron flux, without any need for dark matter or other exotic production mechanisms.
Non-Kirchhoff surface using media with directionally varying absorption efficiency

A unique radiation trapping surface is proposed in which the effective monochromatic absorptivity-to-emissivity ratio is much greater than one (a non-Kirchhoff surface). The surface is comprised of a plane-parallel layer of a disperse suspension of compound particles. Each particle has a small absorber sphere embedded eccentricly in a larger lens sphere, resulting in an absorption coefficient for the medium that is highly dependent on direction. In combination with an opaque, specularly reflecting boundary opposite the incident flux side of the medium, such a device acts as a planar radiation trap. Computational results show that an effective monochromatic absorptivity-to-emissivity ratio of up to 70 can be achieved, along with a through-flux that is superior to that of an opaque surface that obeys Kirchhoff's law. The effects of optical thickness, incidence angle, particle orientation error, and suspending substrate conductivity are investigated. dp = / = //, = Ir = J = / = k = M = m = N = Nf, = Ns = n — Q(l = Qc =
Text-Independent Speaker Recognition

In this chapter, we focus on the area of text-independent speaker verification, with an emphasis on unconstrained telephone conversational speech. We begin by providing a general likelihood ratio detection task framework to describe the various components in modern text-independent speaker verification systems. We next describe the general hierarchy of speaker information conveyed in the speech signal and the issues involved in reliably exploiting these levels of information for practical speaker verification systems. We then describe specific implementations of state-of-the-art text-independent speaker verification systems utilizing low-level spectral information and high-level token sequence information with generative and discriminative modeling techniques. Finally, we provide a performance assessment of these systems using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) speaker recognition evaluation telephone corpora.
Additional Determinants within Escherichia coli FNR Activating Region 1 and RNA Polymerase α Subunit Required for Transcription Activation

The global anaerobic regulator FNR is a DNA binding protein that activates transcription of genes required for anaerobic metabolism in Escherichia coli through interactions with RNA polymerase (RNAP). Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of FNR amino acid residues 181 to 193 of FNR was utilized to determine which amino acid side chains are required for transcription of both class II and class I promoters. In vivo assays of FNR function demonstrated that a core of residues (F181, R184, S187, and R189) was required for efficient activation of class II promoters, while at a class I promoter, FF(-61.5), only S187 and R189 were critical for FNR activation. Site-directed mutagenesis of positions 184, 187, and 189 revealed that the positive charge contributes to the function of the side chain at positions 184 and 189 while the serine hydroxyl is critical for the function of position 187. Subsequent analysis of the carboxy-terminal domain of the alpha subunit (alphaCTD) of RNAP, using an alanine library in single copy, revealed that in addition to previously characterized side chains (D305, R317, and L318), E286 and E288 contributed to FNR activation of both class II and class I promoters, suggesting that alphaCTD region 285 to 288 also participates in activation by FNR. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that multiple side chains within region 181 to 192 are required for FNR activation and the surface of alphaCTD required for FNR activation is more extensive than previously observed.
A New Crocodyliform from Zos Canyon, Mongolia

Abstract Here we report on a new fossil crocodyliform from Cretaceous Redbeds in the Zos Canyon, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. This new taxon, Zosuchus davidsoni, is described based on the information provided by five specimens collected during expeditions of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences–American Museum of Natural History. Zosuchus davidsoni is identifiable by numerous characters, including a posteriorly extensive secondary palate that opens through a secondary choana bordered by the palatines and pterygoids near the posterior edge of the skull, and a lacrimal–premaxillary contact on the dorsal surface of the snout. The phylogenetic relationships of Zosuchus davidsoni are shown through a parsimony analysis in the context of Crocodyliformes. This new form is found to be a late-appearing basal crocodyliform, forming a monophyletic group with two other taxa from the Early Cretaceous of China. Because of the basal position of Zosuchus within Crocodyliformes, the marked posterior extension of the secondary palat...
Biomolecular interactions at phospholipid-decorated surfaces of liquid crystals

The spontaneous assembly of phospholipids at planar interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals and aqueous phases gives rise to patterned orientations of the liquid crystals that reflect the spatial and temporal organization of the phospholipids. Strong and weak specific-binding events involving proteins at these interfaces drive the reorganization of the phospholipids and trigger orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Because these interfaces are fluid, processes involving the lateral organization of proteins (such as the formation of protein- and phospholipid-rich domains) are also readily imaged by the orientational response of the liquid crystal, as are stereospecific enzymatic events. These results provide principles for label-free monitoring of aqueous streams for molecular and biomolecular species without the need for complex instrumentation.
The acknowledgement of transcendence: Anti-theodicy in Adorno and Levinas:

It is generally recognized that Adorno and Levinas should both be read as urging a rethinking of ethics in light of Auschwitz. This demand should be understood in terms of the acknowledgement of transcendence. A phenomenological account of the event of Auschwitz developed by Todes motivates my use of Cavell’s distinction between acknowledgement and knowledge. Both Levinas and Adorno argue that an ethically adequate acknowledgement of transcendence requires that the traditional concept of transcendence as represented in theodicy must be rejected. This rejection takes the form of a rejection of theodicy (Levinas) and a negative theodicy (Adorno). I argue that Adorno’s response is superior because it is a response to the specificity and particularity of the event of Auschwitz as the destruction of, rather than merely the denial of, the humanity of both perpetrators and victims.
Processed Data Collection using Opportunistic Routing in Location Aware Wireless Sensor Networks

A major concern in sensor networks is to reduce the data traffic and the energy consumption to extend the lifetime of the network. In this regard, radio transmission is the dominant factor in energy consumption. Therefore, the routing policy has a significant impact on the overall lifespan of the sensor network. For instance, pure multi-hop routing, e.g., tree-based routing, has the drawback that nodes closest to the data collection point (sink node) consume their energy and die first. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic routing mechanism that aims to extend network lifespan by balancing energy consumption. Our approach distributes the power consumption in the network by altering the communication range when applicable. Our experiment results suggest significant improvements when compared to tree-based routing pure multihoping and LEACH based routing.
The Hadley Circulation and the Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation

The weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation is applied to simple shallow-water models of the Hadley circulation. While it is difficult to formally justify the use of the WTG approximation for this problem, the derived WTG solutions are shown to agree well with numerical solutions of the full equations and to converge to the traditional angular momentum conserving (AMC) solutions in the inviscid limit. Heuristic arguments are given to explain this. The WTG method also provides semianalytical solutions in the case of nonvanishing viscosity, in contrast to the AMC solutions, which are strictly inviscid.
Developing Teachers' Classroom Interactions: A Description of a Video Review Process for Early Childhood Education Students

This article describes a video review process for providing feedback to students and documents students' teaching practices using the CLASS in a practicum course and student teaching. Students videotaped themselves in their field-based settings and then met with the course instructors and classmates in small groups to review strengths and challenges of their teaching using the CLASS framework of teacher–child interactions. These videos were also coded by trained CLASS observers across 10 dimensions in the areas of emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support. Results from preservice teachers' CLASS ratings indicate a pattern similar to national data sets using the CLASS, higher scores in the emotional support and classroom organization domains than in the domain of instructional support. Also, findings from the current study revealed that CLASS scores declined from students' practicum placement to the end of student teaching in the domain of emotional support and specifically in th...
Surface plasma treatment effects on the molecular structure at polyimide/air and buried polyimide/epoxy interfaces

Abstract Polyimides are widely used as chip passivation layers and organic substrates in microelectronic packaging. Plasma treatment has been used to enhance the interfacial properties of polyimides, but its molecular mechanism is not clear. In this research, the effects of polyimide surface plasma treatment on the molecular structures at corresponding polyimide/air and buried polyimide/epoxy interfaces were investigated in situ using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. SFG results show that the polyimide backbone molecular structure was different at polyimide/air and polyimide/epoxy interfaces before and after plasma treatment. The different molecular structures at each interface indicate that structural reordering of the polyimide backbone occurred as a result of plasma treatment and contact with the epoxy adhesive. Furthermore, quantitative orientation analysis indicated that plasma treatment of polyimide surfaces altered the twist angle of the polyimide backbone at corresponding buried polyimide/epoxy interfaces. These SFG results indicate that plasma treatment of polymer surfaces can alter the molecular structure at corresponding polymer/air and buried polymer interfaces.
Alcohol relaxes the stiff heart

Dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) has been related to symptoms of dyspnoea, angina, and syncope in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In 1995, Sigwart1 introduced an ingenious catheter-based technique for septal reduction by infusing a small amount of absolute ethanol into the first or second septal arteries supplying the obstructing septal bulge. Alcohol induces a well-demarcated septal base scar corresponding to, on average, 9% of the left ventricle (LV), which can be seen by SPECT imaging.2 This new technique, known as alcohol septal ablation (ASA), has gained popularity by interventional cardiologists in the USA and Europe. Multiple reports from different parts of the world have consistently showed that, in expert hands, this technique results in significant immediate relief of LVOT obstruction, septal thinning, and regression of LV hypertrophy.2,3 These results are associated with sustained improvement in exercise tolerance (with decreased need for medications), peak oxygen consumption, cardiac … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 713 873 2083; fax: +1 713 873 4903. E-mail address : nlakkis{at}bcm.tmc.edu
Deliberate induction of alcohol tolerance: empirical introduction to a novel health risk

Aims Alcohol tolerance is a hallmark indicator of alcohol dependence. Even so, the allure of peers' admiration for having the ability to drink heavily may lead some adolescents and young adults to practice, or 'train', to increase their tolerance (particularly at US colleges, where heavy drinking is highly prevalent and central to the social culture). This is a potential health hazard that has not been documented empirically. Thus, we initiated a study of tolerance 'training' and its association to risky and heavy drinking. Design, setting and participants A cross-sectional online survey of 990 college student life-time drinkers at a large Midwestern US university. Findings Of the sample, 9.9% (n = 97) reported deliberately 'training' to increase tolerance. On average, they reported increasing from approximately seven to 10 US standard drinks in a night prior to 'training' to 12-15 drinks at the end of 'training,' over approximately 2-3 weeks' duration. Although the proportion of frequent binge drinking among 'non-trainers' (34.4%) was similar to national rates, 'trainers' were much more likely to be frequent bingers (76.3%; OR = 6.15). Conclusions A number of students report deliberately inducing alcohol tolerance, probably directly increasing the risk for alcohol poisoning and other acute harms and/or dependence. This phenomenon might additionally be applicable to other populations, and deserves further study and attention as a potential personal and public health risk. Prevention efforts might aim to reduce the perceived importance of heavy-drinking abilities. Language: en
Exploiting agent oriented software engineering in cooperative robotics search and rescue

This paper reports our progress in applying multiagent systems analysis and design in the area of cooperative robotics. In this paper, we apply the Multiagent Systems Engineering (MaSE) methodology to design a team of autonomous, heterogeneous search and rescue robots. MaSE provides a top-down approach to building cooperative robotic systems instead of the bottom-up approach employed in most robotic implementations. We follow the MaSE steps and discuss various approaches and their impact on the final system design.
Upstream and Downstream Benefits of Innovation

The backward and forward impact of an innovation is traced under different assumptions about pricing. Incentives to various sectors and other aggregate benefits of innovation are discussed and cooperative behaviors explained.
Communication, Love and Relationship Satisfaction:

The present research explored the importance of several communication-related variables, including perspective-taking, self-disclosure, conflict tactics and relational competence, as well as love attitudes, in the prediction of relationship satisfaction. Some 140 dating couples completed several measures, including assessments of self as well as the romantic partner. Findings revealed that self and partner communication variables, and love orientations were significant predictors of relationship satisfaction. Implications for the importance of communication in relationships are discussed.
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Orofacial Pain

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect 5% to 12% of the United States population. This article discusses common conditions related to temporomandibular joints, including disc displacements, inflammatory disturbances, loose joint bodies, traumatic disturbances, and developmental conditions. Also addressed are the appropriate imaging modalities and diagnostic criteria for TMD.
Molecular Dynamics of Membrane-Spanning DNA Channels: Conductance Mechanism, Electro-Osmotic Transport, and Mechanical Gating

DNA self-assembly has emerged as a new paradigm for design of biomimetic membrane channels. Several experimental groups have already demonstrated assembly and insertion of DNA channels into lipid bilayer membranes; however, the structure of the channels and their conductance mechanism have remained undetermined. Here, we report the results of molecular dynamics simulations that characterized the biophysical properties of the DNA membrane channels with atomic precision. We show that, while overall remaining stable, the local structure of the channels undergoes considerable fluctuations, departing from the idealized design. The transmembrane ionic current flows both through the central pore of the channel as well as along the DNA walls and through the gaps in the DNA structure. Surprisingly, we find that the conductance of DNA channels depend on the membrane tension, making them potentially suitable for force-sensing applications. Finally, we show that electro-osmosis governs the transport of druglike molecules through the DNA channels.
Feltner's Pyrrhic Victory

Congress intended juries to have no role in awarding copyright statutory damages. John, G. Roberts, Jr., however, prevailed in arguing on certiorari that a $8.8 million non-jury award ran afoul of the Seventh Amendment. Some, including the defendant, might expect such a ruling, absent amendment, to spell the end of the provision in question. Yet, as recounted in this brief comment, the provision in issue was nevertheless found to support a subsequent jury award of $31.68 million.
Cesium laser-excited optical filter: laser pump power requirements

Narrow-bandwidth optical sources are readily available. However, tunable narrow-bandwidth wide field-of-view optical filters are not available. The laser-excited optical filters (LEOFs) presented here are in principle tunable narrow-bandwidth wide field-of-view optical filters.
21.4 A >78%-efficient light harvester over 100-to-100klux with reconfigurable PV-cell network and MPPT circuit

Energy harvesting is an attractive solution to extend system lifetime for internet of everything (IoE) nodes. Ambient light is a common energy source that can be harvested by photovoltaic (PV) cells. However, light intensity varies widely depending on location, ranging from ∼10s of lux in dim indoor conditions to ∼100klux under direct sunlight. Designing a fully integrated light harvester that spans such a wide range of light intensity with high efficiency is challenging, especially since typically low PV cell voltage requires a high upconversion ratio and PV-cell voltage/current characteristics change significantly with light intensity. Boost DC-DC converters are a typical energy-harvesting solution with high conversion efficiency, but they require a large off-chip inductor and hence cannot be fully integrated, increasing system size [1–3]. Recently, switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters have been actively researched to enable fully-integrated energy harvesting using on-chip capacitors [4–6]. However, their efficiency has typically been limited to the 40-to-55% range at low input power levels (≤1µW) due to conduction/switching losses.
Comparing library wayfinding among novices and experts

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate similar and different wayfinding strategies used by novice and expert patrons at an academic library. Design/methodology/approach – The study employed a usability study approach. In total, 12 people, places, or things were identified as important for students to be able to locate within an academic library. Students from one of three groups (high school, freshmen, and seniors) were randomly assigned a scenario requiring them to find the indicated person, place, or thing. Student researchers video recorded participants and took field notes during the wayfinding activity and conducted an interview about participant’s experience following the exercise. Findings – Total and average time needed to locate the person, place, or thing indicated in the scenario were determined for each group. In addition, wayfinding tools (signs, maps, help desks, technology, and experience) used by participants were identified. Originality/value – The research compares novice ...
Pumas, and Cougars, and MILFs, Oh My!: Popular Portrayals of Romance and Sexual Encounters Between ‘The Older Woman’ and Younger Man

When Jennifer Lopez was cast as the lead in Rob Cohen’s 2015 erotic thriller, The Boy Next Door — a film about a middle-aged high school English teacher who sleeps with a student from her school — the irony was not lost on media critics. Lopez’s name — along with that of Madonna, Mariah Carey, Sharon Stone, Sandra Bullock, Julianne Moore, Demi Moore, Susan Sarandon, Robin Wright, Katie Couric, Kathy Griffin, and Ivana Trump — often lands on lists ranking the ‘most notorious’, ‘sexiest’, or ‘hottest’ female celebrities involved with younger men.1 Although The Boy Next Door received little praise from critics, it grossed $35.4 million in the domestic market alone.2 Nearly two decades after the real-life scandal of Mary Kay Letourneau — the teacher who not only slept with her 12-year-old student, but also gave birth to his child while out on bail and married him once he became of legal age following her imprisonment — it might seem as if the teacher/student sexual liaison storyline has become almost banal. And with so many lists dedicated to detailing the romantic exploits of older women and younger men, one would think such relationships are no longer looked upon as deviant, right? Wrong.
Simulating Strongly Connected Components

In this chapter we discuss the use of a special windowing technique to simulate the blocks within a strongly connected component (SCC). The algorithm presented splits the entire time-interval of interest into various time-slots or windows such that all pairs of signal-transitions take place entirely within one of these windows. This is achieved by maintaining a sequential-list of intervals of transitions which is updated dynamically as the algorithm progresses. The algorithm is, in a sense, event-driven, since only those circuit-blocks that are active within a window are processed and the fanouts of the output nodes of these blocks are scheduled for processing in the future. We begin by reviewing two well-known and classical techniques, namely, the waveform relaxation method and the time-point relaxation method, that could be used to simulate the blocks within an SCC in the network. We will show that neither of these schemes is entirely suitable in our type of simulation; hence, there is a need for the event-driven windowing technique that we will present.
Triggering on 7 TeV collisions with the ATLAS high level trigger

In 2010 ATLAS has seen the first proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV. This year a collision rate of nearly 10 MHz has been achieved. Events of potential interest for physics analysis are selected by a three-level trigger system, with a final recording rate of about 200 Hz. The first level (LI) is implemented in customized hardware, the two levels of the high level trigger (HLT) are software triggers. The selection is described by the Trigger Configuration in the form of menus, each of which contains about 400 signatures. Each signature corresponds to a chain of algorithms which reconstruct and refine specific event features. The HLT Steering receives information from the Configuration system, dynamically creates chains and controls the execution of algorithms and flow of information during event processing. The Steering tests each signature on LI-accepted events, and those satisfying one or more test are recorded for later analysis. To save execution time, the Steering has a facility to cache results, avoiding later recalculation. To control rate, prescale factors can be applied to LI or HLT signatures. Where needed for later analysis, the Steering has a test-after-accept functionality to provide the results of the tests for prescaled signatures. In order to maintain a high selection efficiency it is essential that the trigger can be dynamically re-configured in response to changes in the detector or machine conditions, such as the status of detector readout elements, instantaneous LHC luminosity and beam-spot position. This relies on techniques that allow configuration changes, such as LI and HLT prescale updates, to be made during a run without disrupting data taking, while ensuring a consistent and reproducible configuration across the entire HLT farm. We present the performance of the trigger system during collisions, showing the evolution with LHC luminosity and briefly describe the expectations for the next phase of LHC exploitation.
The Abiotic Oxidation of Organic Acids to Malonate

The nucleophilicity of the α-carbon of malonate, coupled with its potential for subsequent decarboxylation, makes it an intriguing building block in prebiotic chemical scenarios. In this work, a variety of citric acid cycle (TCA) intermediates is shown to unexpectedly generate malonate in an oxidizing environment. The reactions are facile in aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide, a prevalent abiotic oxidant. In modern metabolism, malonate is a carbon source for acetyl-CoA. Additionally, its thioester is the substrate for the biosynthesis of both fatty acids and polyketides. The data presented herein may hint at how an early link was formed between polyketide, fatty acid, and TCA pathways.
The Token Economy

The essential parts of a token economy include only a few basic components (Kazdin, 1977) that are found in most behavioral interventions in the schools. Token systems include (a) tokens themselves, (b) determination of target behaviors, (c) specification of rules for how tokens are earned or lost, (d) specification of back-up consequences and their cost, and (e) method for exchanging tokens for back-up consequences (Kazdin, 1977; McLaughlin, 1975; K. D. O’Leary & Drabman, 1971).
Image-Guided Percutaneous Spine and Rib Biopsy: Tools and Techniques

1. To introduce tools that can be used for image-guided percutaneous spine and rib biopsy procedures 2. To learn when and how to use these instruments 3. To learn techniques that can be applied with these tools to improve their diagnostic utility 4. To learn the basic technical aspects of CT guidance in order to perform these procedures
The limits of cosmopolitanism: exchanges of knowledge in a Guatemalan volunteer programme

ABSTRACTDrawing from 20 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the voluntourism programme of a women’s weaving cooperative in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, this article argues that cooperative leaders fa...
Haploinsufficiency for DNA methyltransferase 3A predisposes hematopoietic cells to myeloid malignancies

The gene that encodes de novo DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is frequently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia genomes. Point mutations at position R882 have been shown to cause a dominant negative loss of DNMT3A methylation activity, but 15% of DNMT3A mutations are predicted to produce truncated proteins that could either have dominant negative activities or cause loss of function and haploinsufficiency. Here, we demonstrate that 3 of these mutants produce truncated, inactive proteins that do not dimerize with WT DNMT3A, strongly supporting the haploinsufficiency hypothesis. We therefore evaluated hematopoiesis in mice heterozygous for a constitutive null Dnmt3a mutation. With no other manipulations, Dnmt3a+/- mice developed myeloid skewing over time, and their hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells exhibited a long-term competitive transplantation advantage. Dnmt3a+/- mice also spontaneously developed transplantable myeloid malignancies after a long latent period, and 3 of 12 tumors tested had cooperating mutations in the Ras/MAPK pathway. The residual Dnmt3a allele was neither mutated nor downregulated in these tumors. The bone marrow cells of Dnmt3a+/- mice had a subtle but statistically significant DNA hypomethylation phenotype that was not associated with gene dysregulation. These data demonstrate that haploinsufficiency for Dnmt3a alters hematopoiesis and predisposes mice (and probably humans) to myeloid malignancies by a mechanism that is not yet clear.
Refining the Conceptualization and Measurement of Women’s Empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa Using Data from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey

The measurement of women’s empowerment has long eluded academics and practitioners alike. A key challenge relates to the way researchers construct measures of empowerment, pairing indicators together in either composite indices, or multiple dimensions. This study tests three commonly found measurement models of women’s empowerment using data from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Model fit statistics indicate that a seven factor first order Functional Scales of Empowerment model best fits the data. Implications following from this study’s findings include that simplification into composite indices, a commonly used method to aggregate indicators of empowerment may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the effect of empowerment on development and health outcomes and hamper comparative research. The results from this study contribute to the highly important and often ignored discussion regarding measurement of women’s empowerment.
CADET: Investigating a Collaborative and Distributed Entropy Transfer Protocol

The generation of random numbers has traditionally been a task confined to the bounds of a single piece of hardware. However, with the rapid growth and proliferation of resource-constrained devices in the Internet of Things (IoT), standard methods of generating randomness encounter barriers that can limit their effectiveness. In this work, we explore the design, implementation, and efficacy of a Collaborative and Distributed Entropy Transfer protocol (CADET), which aims to move random number generation from an individual task to a collaborative one. Through the sharing of excess random data, devices that are unable to meet their own needs can be aided by contributions from other devices. We implement and test a proof-of-concept version of CADET on a testbed of 49 Raspberry Pi 3B single-board computers, which have been underclocked to emulate the resource constraints of IoT devices. Through this, we evaluate and demonstrate the efficacy and baseline performance of remote entropy protocols of this type, as well as highlight remaining research questions and challenges in this area.
Scaling of Damping Rings for Colliding Linac Beam Systems

The scaling of damping rings for colliding linear accelerator beams is discussed. It was found that low repetition rates should be used to achieve the highest luminosity. Only for very high values of the repetition rate above 104 sec−1 we find the luminosity to increase again with pulse repetition rate. In this regime, however, damping rings are not useful anymore and the operating cost for the facility is very high without gain in luminosity as compared to low repetition rates. Therefore for reasons of economics as well as performance low pulse repetition rates should be chosen and research and development should be devoted to solve tolerance problems encountered at these low pulse rates.
Miconia clasei, a New Species of Miconia sect. Calycodomatia (Miconieae: Melastomataceae) from the Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic and a Closer Look at Species Relationships in the Sandpaper Clade

Recent collections in the Sierra de Bahoruco represent a previously undescribed species of Miconia sect. Calycodomatia from the Greater Antillean Sandpaper clade. We herein describe the new species as Miconia clasei, provide a phylogenetic analysis to determine close relatives, and compare it morphologically with its closest relatives and phenetically similar taxa. We also expand on previous analyses of the Sandpaper clade, including more individuals per species than previously analyzed, and two taxa never before analyzed phylogenetically. We show that several species within the Sandpaper clade are indeed cladospecies, while others appear to be non-monophyletic.
Feeding the Patient

Starvation was the accepted practice for centuries in patients with fever, and this treatment frequently included water deprivation. Graves suggested that the deleterious effects of starvation compounded the consequences of disease, and recommended a diet for patients with hypermetabolism secondary to infection and thyrotoxicosis that was considered revolutionary for the times.1 Although the nutritional intake consisted of only sugar water, meat broths, toast crumbs, and jellies, and probably provided no more than 300 kcal/day, this meager oral diet therapy became the accepted means of nutritional support of the day. Graves was convinced of the value of nutrition for critically ill patients, and late in life, suggested that his own epitaph read “He Feeds Fever.” In the late 1800s, a milk diet for typhoid fever was proposed, and later, Peabody advocated the more liberal use of standard oral feedings. However, it was not until the classic studies of Coleman and DuBois in the early 1900s, that nutritional management of the critically ill patient was based on a firm foundation of scientific fact.2
Restoring and Protecting the African Great Lake Basin Ecosystems-Lessons from the North American Great Lakes and the GEF

Continued degradation of Lakes Malawi/Nyasa, Tanganyika, and Victoria has major implications not only for their globally significant biological diversity but also for tens of millions of people depending on them for survival. Governments responsible for the lakes understood this in the early 1990s and approached the GEF for funding to begin addressing the threats. Some early lessons from implementation of GEF projects for the lakes are presented. Different approaches for each lake provided different experiences, including how to cope with war. Different institutional approaches that were chosen have broad implications for how to address complex, transboundary water problems in Africa. The role of science in addressing barriers provided by complexity are discussed, and the importance of harnessing the local scientific community is underscored. However, lack of attention to management institutions, regulatory reform, and joint management in some projects can render even the best studies politically irrelevant.
Applications of molecular genetics to crop improvement

Molecular genetics and recombinant DNA techniques have created new opportunities for crop improvement. This new technology will increase our understanding of genes that control plant productivity and response to stress. Manipulation of plant genomes by gene transfer, and mapping by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, will also provide knowledge applicable to crop improvement. This paper briefly reviews the current state of single gene transfer technology and experiences with restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses.
Was ist angemessene Personalführung

Zahlreiche Systeme der Personalfuhrung scheinen bei einer allgemeinen Betrachtung brauchbar zu sein; trotzdem versagen sie im konkreten Einzelfalle. Sie gehen von sehr allgemeinen Vorstellungen uber die Natur des Menschen aus und berucksichtigen nicht, das man es immer nur mit konkreten Einzelpersonen zu tun hat. Meine Absicht geht deshalb dahin, ein Programm der Personalfuhrung zu entwickeln, das auf konkrete menschliche Situationen in einem ganz bestimmten Unternehmen abgestellt ist.
Development of the Craniofacial Complex

The craniofacial complex comprises the head, face, and oral cavity and is the most distinguishing of all the structures in the human body, imparting unique identities to individuals. Structures of the craniofacial complex, such as the mandible, palate, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and dentition, each offer valuable paradigms for studying development, structure, and functions. This chapter will provide a background for the succeeding chapter that will compare, in detail, the differences in bone and tooth development. The chapter’s goals are to review the classical and current knowledge of branchial arch development, mandibular and temporo- mandibular joint (TMJ) formation, palatogenesis, and tooth development. Information on defects or disorders that arise from perturbat­ions in genes, their protein products, and relevant signaling pathways is integrated into each section. The overarching goal is to emphasize how the knowledge of fundamental developmental processes can be translated to regenerative approaches targeted at restoring the integrity and function of craniofacial tissues.
MRI-Guided Thermal Therapy for Brain Tumors

Although the thermal therapy methods (interstitial laser therapy, radiofrequency therapy, and focused ultrasound therapy) are still in the experimental stage, mainly because of difficulties in accurately monitoring tissue temperature changes, they may develop into a minimally invasive alternative to open skull surgery for some brain tumors in the foreseeable future (1,2).
Treatment Decisions for Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in Older Patients: The Role of TKIs and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Given the underrepresentation of older patients in registration trials for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), data to support the use of any particular systemic therapy over others, based on age, is limited. This is further complicated by clinical trials not commonly reporting adverse events by age. Thus, recommendations on treatment of older patients with mRCC are generally extrapolated from data on younger patients enrolled in these trials, which may not be ideal as many older patients are frail, have age-related organ dysfunction, or have multiple medical co-morbidities. In the last decade, the treatment landscape for mRCC has drastically changed with the approval of more than ten targeted therapies, as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, treatment selection and sequencing of treatments can be especially challenging for clinicians. We begin this review by analyzing the available efficacy and toxicity data of these treatments in younger and older patients. We also discuss a network meta-analysis that compares the efficacy of these agents in older patients with mRCC. Utilizing this data, we suggest that nivolumab plus ipilimumab and cabozantinib may be favored for first-line treatment of specific populations of older patients. For salvage treatment, we suggest that cabozantinib may be the preferred agent for older patients.