cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
METAMORPHIC REMODELING OF THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY PROJECTION IN XENOPUS : DEVELOPMENTAL INDEPENDENCE OF PROJECTIONS FROM OLFACTORY NEURON SUBCLASSES

In adult Xenopus, the nasal cavity is divided into separate middle (MC) and principal (PC) cavities; the former is used to smell water-borne odorants, the latter air-borne odorants. Recent work has shown that olfactory neurons of each cavity express a distinct subclass of odorant receptors. Moreover, MC and PC axons project to distinct regions of the olfactory bulb. To examine the developmental basis for this specificity in the olfactory projection, we extirpated the developing MC from early metamorphic (stage 54–57) tadpoles and raised the animals through metamorphosis. In most lesioned animals, the MC partly regenerated. Compared with the unlesioned side, reduction of the region of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb receiving MC afferents ranged from 70% to 95%. PC afferents did not occupy regions of the olfactory bulb deprived of MC afferents. These results support a model in which intrinsic cues in the olfactory bulb control the projection pattern attained by ingrowing olfactory axons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 213–222, 1997.
Statistical mechanics of kinks for quasi-exactly-solvable potentials

We study the thermodynamics of kinks in the presence of quasi-exactly-solvable (QES) potentials using a Langevin code implemented on a massively parallel computer. Specifically, we study the potential V(φ) = φ2 + (λν)(1 + νφ2) for which certain exact solutions of the Schrodinger equation are known provided the parameters (λ and ν) satisfy certain constraints. For λ > 1 this potential has two degenerate minima, otherwise it has only one minimum. Thus, a system with this potential is capable of describing a second-order phase transition (a la the φ4 model; however, no exact solutions of the Schrodinger equation for this potential exist). We have obtained an exact solution for the kink in this model. In addition, we have calculated (in a 1D model) such quantities as the probability density function (PDF), field configuration and field-field correlation functions both above and below the transition temperature (Tc) for several temperatures. These quantities help us understand the contribution to the specific heat from coherent structures such as domain walls (kinks) as opposed to the contribution from lattice vibrations. We have calibrated our results against known exact solutions for limiting cases with very high accuracy.
Internet uses in accounting education: survey results

Abstract The authors conducted a survey to determine how, where in the curriculum, and for what purposes accounting educators were using the Internet. The results indicate that pioneering accounting educators generally include Internet-based applications in their courses in order to familiarize students with the Internet, locate current materials to promote in-class discussion, and help with the completion of research projects. The authors report how accounting educators are using the Internet in specific courses and which resources and Web sites are found to be the most useful. The results also indicate that accounting educators experimenting with Internet-based applications in their courses are doing so with very little department or college support and little or no merit or official recognition for their efforts. The paper should be interesting to anyone currently using or contemplating using the Internet in accounting education.
Assessment of Lung Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Smoke Inhalation and Burn Injury: Strain-Specific Differences

ABSTRACTTo test concepts developed in our ovine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome, specifically the roles of neuropeptides and other peptide mediators, a recently developed murine model of combined smoke inhalation and burn (SB) injury was extended by applying methods for quantitative assessment of acute inflammation in the lung. Mice received SB injury per protocol, n = 5 to 7 per group. Mice were anesthetized with i.p. ketamine/xylazine, endotracheally intubated, and exposed to cooled cotton smoke (4 × 30 sec for Balb/C, 2 × 30 sec for C57BL/6). After s.c. injection of 1 mL 0.9% saline, each received a 40% total body surface area (TBSA) flame burn. Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) was given i.p. for postoperative analgesia; 0.9% saline was given i.p. at 4 mL/kg per %TBSA burn. Evans Blue dye (EB) was injected i.v. 15 min before sacrifice. Lung wet/dry weight ratio was measured. In other animals, after vascular perfusion with buffered saline, lungs were sampled and analyzed for myeloperoxidase (MPO),...
Neurospora discreta, a new heterothallic species defined by its crossing behavior

Abstract The species is described and named Neurospora discreta sp. nov. because of its stringent reproductive isolation. Isolates collected from burned vegetation at a single site near Kirbyville, Texas, include both mating types (Aanda). Experimental criteria based on cross-fertility were used for assigning species status. Crosses between isolates of opposite mating type are highly fertile, producing abundant eightspored asci. In contrast, when the Kirbyville strains are crossed to sexually compatible speciestester strains representing N. crassa, N. intermedia, N. sitophila , and N. tetrasperma , perithecia are rudimentary and no ascospores are produced. The haploid chromosome number is 7. Chromosomes at pachytene resemble those of other Neurospora species. Biotin is required. Linear growth is slower than for other heterothallic species. When A and a strains from Kirbyville grow toward one another and intersect on crossing medium, there is no barrage. A single homogeneous band of perithecia is formed where they meet, indicating that opposite mating types are vegetatively compatible. The Kirbyville population differs from other heterothallic Neurospora species in ascospore morphology and vegetative traits. Ascospores from Kirbyville parents are larger, and the ribs between confluent parallel grooves are ornamented with dot-like pits. Vegetative cultures from Kirbyville are yellowish rather than orange, and large empty barren protoperithecia or false perithecia are produced abundantly in unfertilized haploid cultures. Isolates from two other N. discreta populations resemble other Neurospora species more closely with respect to these morphological traits but are clearly conspecific with the Kirbyville strains on the basis of fertility in crosses.
Is non-audit services a suitable proxy for auditor independence in the post-SOX period?

Abstract Before implementation of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) in 2002, researchers frequently used fees from non-audit services (NAS) as a surrogate for auditor independence. NAS is still used in this way, even though SOX has restricted the types of NAS that auditors may provide to their clients. Therefore, we pose the following question: What does the literature say about the continuing adequacy of NAS as a surrogate for auditor independence in the post-SOX era? This question is relevant to research in accounting regulation because, if NAS is no longer an adequate surrogate, then research on auditor independence may provide biased results. Overall, we find that many post-SOX studies using NAS have insignificant or counterintuitive results, whereas pre-SOX studies using NAS predominantly have significant results suggesting that NAS impairs auditor independence. Is this shift in findings because NAS is no longer an adequate proxy for independence? We discuss this issue and provide our conclusions, citing relevant research where applicable.
Bladder Endometriosis: Ultrasound and MRI Findings

Bladder endometriosis is a rare cause of a localized bladder mass, potentially mimicking a neoplasm at cross-sectional imaging. We present the case of a patient with cyclic pelvic pain and urinary symptoms secondary to bladder endometriosis, with characteristic pelvic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Potential pathological mechanisms are discussed.
Abstract 1469: Radiosensitization of hepatocellular carcinoma using rationally combined molecular-targeted agents

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5 th most common cancer and 3 rd -leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and is generally recognized to be chemo- and radio-resistant. Aberrant RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways have been reported in HCC, producing dysregulation of cell survival, growth, and proliferation that likely contributes to this resistant phenotype. Recently, several small-molecule inhibitors targeting these pathways have emerged, including sorafenib (S; a multi-kinase inhibitor with specific activity against the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway). S has shown a survival benefit in global phase III randomized trials and has become standard 1st-line therapy for patients with advanced and metastatic HCC. However, disease stabilization with S lasts only a few months, possibly due to the development of resistance, and consequently the survival advantage has been modest ( 0.05), suggesting that no synergistic or additive effects are achieved through these 2-drug combinations compared to treatment with B alone. Conclusions: B alone achieves a substantially greater degree of radiosensitization than S or N alone, suggesting that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and perhaps of mTORC1/2 in particular, is important to effectively radiosensitize HCC. Synergistic radiosensitization was not observed for any 2-drug combination. Further confirmation of these results in additional HCC cell lines and elucidation of possible molecular mechanisms are necessary future steps that are currently underway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1469. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1469
Hepatic disposition of the cytochrome P450 2E1 marker chlorzoxazone and its hydroxylated metabolite in isolated perfused rat livers.

ABSTRACT: The steady-state disposition of chlorzoxazone (CZX) and its hydroxylated metabolite 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZX) was determined in a single-pass isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model using constant CZX concentrations of 10–200 µM. The concentrations of CZX, HCZX, and/or HCZX glucuronide in the perfusate, bile, and liver tissues were measured and kinetic parameters calculated. Upon an increase in CZX inlet concentrations from 10 to 200 µM, its extraction ratio sharply declined from 0.681 to 0.087. This was associated with a saturable formation of HCZX, which was rapidly and completely metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate. Whereas the biliary excretion of CZX was negligible, that of HCZX was substantial (up to 40% of the generated metabolite). Overall, 79–93% of the CZX dose (10–200 µM) was recovered in our model as CZX and HCZX. Additionally, HCZX accounted for 56% (200 µM) to 71% (10 µM) of the extracted CZX dose. Further, a preliminary study using the preformed HCZX showed a complete (100%) recovery of the metabolite as its conjugate. Therefore, the unrecovered portion of CZX dose in our study (7–21% of the administered dose or 29–44% of the extracted dose at inlet CZX concentrations of 10–200 µM) is most likely due to parallel metabolism of CZX to other metabolites. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Importance of Crayfish Prey to Nesting White Ibis (Eudocimus albus)

Abstract. Wading bird prey populations, prey availability and wading bird nesting success are all thought to be associated with hydrologic conditions in wetlands, but the relationship between successful nesting and essential prey types fed to chicks is poorly understood in many cases. Prey fed to White Ibis (Eudocimus albus) chicks were quantified and compared for three colonies in the northern Everglades within and between the 2008 and 2009 nesting seasons. Crayfish were the dominant prey type in both years, being present in 58–88% of chick boluses across all collections. Prey composition was not temporally variable within 2008, but chick diet shifted slightly toward more fish at the end of 2009 when the wetland wras at its driest. Crayfish were the dominant (55–65%) energetic component of White Ibis chick diets in the northern Everglades during both a good nesting year (6,000 nests) with higher water levels (2008) and during an excellent nesting year (9,300 nests) when water levels were lower (2009). Th...
Backscattering from a finite cone

Backscattering is calculated for an acoustic wave incident on a hard or soft finite cone, and for an electromagnetic wave incident on a perfectly-conducting finite cone. Two shapes of cone are treated, one with a flat base and the other with a rounded base. The calculation is based on the geometrical theory of diffraction. It is probably valid for wavelengths as large as the cone dimensions or smaller. Graphs of the backscattering cross section vs cone angle and vs wavelength are given for axial incidence on the flat-based cone. Suggestions for shaping an object to minimize its backscattering are also included.
Information Technology Competencies, Organizational Agility, and Firm Performance: Enabling and Facilitating Roles

The hypercompetitive aspects of modern business environments have drawn organizational attention toward agility as a strategic capability. Information technologies are expected to be an important competency in the development of organizational agility. This research proposes two distinct roles to understand how information technology competencies shape organizational agility and firm performance. In their enabling role, IT competencies are expected to directly enhance entrepreneurial and adaptive organizational agility. In their facilitating role, IT competencies should enhance firm performance by helping the implementation of requisite entrepreneurial and adaptive actions. Furthermore, we argue that the effects of the dual roles of IT competencies are moderated by multiple contingencies arising from environmental dynamism and other sources. We test our model and hypotheses through a latent class regression analysis on data from a sample of 109 business-to-business electronic marketplaces. The results provide support for the enabling and facilitating roles of IT competencies. Moreover, we find that these dual effects vary according to environmental dynamism. The results suggest that managers should account for multiple contingencies observed and unobserved while assessing the effects of IT competencies on organizational agility and firm performance.
Formaldehyde in residences: long-term indoor concentrations and influencing factors.

UNLABELLED Chronic human exposure to formaldehyde is significantly increased by indoor sources. However, information is lacking on why these exposures appear to persist in older homes with aging sources. We use data from the Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air study to evaluate 179 residences, most of which were older than 5 years. We assess the dependence of indoor formaldehyde concentrations (C(in)) on building type and age, whole-house air exchange rate, indoor temperature, and seasonal changes. Indoor formaldehyde had mean and median concentrations of 17 ppb, and primarily originated from indoor sources. The factors we analyzed did not explain much of the variance in C(in), probably because of their limited influence on mechanisms that control the long-term release of formaldehyde from aging pressed-wood products bound with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. We confirmed that the mitigating effects of ventilation on C(in) decrease with time through the analysis of data for new homes available in the literature, and through models. We also explored source control strategies and conclude that source removal is the most effective way to decrease chronic exposures to formaldehyde in existing homes. For new homes, reducing indoor sources and using pressed-wood with lower UF content are likely the best solutions. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Formaldehyde concentrations in homes due to indoor sources appear to persist throughout the lifetime of residences. Increases in ventilation rates are most effective in decreasing indoor concentrations in new homes where formaldehyde levels are high or when homes are tight. Consequently, other alternatives need to be promoted such as decreasing the amount of pressed-wood products with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins in homes or reducing the UF content in these materials.
Acoustic model adaptation via Linear Spline Interpolation for robust speech recognition

We recently proposed a new algorithm to perform acoustic model adaptation to noisy environments called Linear Spline Interpolation (LSI). In this method, the nonlinear relationship between clean and noisy speech features is modeled using linear spline regression. Linear spline parameters that minimize the error the between the predicted noisy features and the actual noisy features are learned from training data. A variance associated with each spline segment captures the uncertainty in the assumed model. In this work, we extend the LSI algorithm in two ways. First, the adaptation scheme is extended to compensate for the presence of linear channel distortion. Second, we show how the noise and channel parameters can be updated during decoding in an unsupervised manner within the LSI framework. Using LSI, we obtain an average relative improvement in word error rate of 10.8% over VTS adaptation on the Aurora 2 task with improvements of 15–18% at SNRs between 10 and 15 dB.
Abdominal wall repair using human acellular dermis

Abstract Background The surgical repair of abdominal wall defects that cannot be closed primarily in contaminated fields is a difficult problem. The use of nonabsorbable synthetic materials usually is contraindicated in this setting because of the risk for colonization and chronic infection of the mesh. In this study we sought to determine the safety and efficacy of implanted human acellular dermal graft for abdominal wall reconstruction. Methods The records of all patients (n = 20) who underwent a repair of an abdominal wall defect with human acellular dermal graft at a Veteran Affairs hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, complications, and hernia recurrence were recorded. Results There were 15 perioperative complications in 11 patients: 6 graft dehiscences, 1 evisceration, 2 postoperative intra-abdominal bleeds, 5 bacterial graft infections, and 1 death. Patients with heart disease, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of 4, and/or dirty wounds were more likely to have perioperative complications. The median follow-up period was 9.4 months (range, 2–16 mo), during which 6 hernia recurrences were noted. Conclusions Human acellular dermis use is safe in abdominal wall reconstructions in contaminated surgical wounds.
Work in progress - creating cross-generational co-learning opportunities through inquiry-based curricula

As engineers and scientists enter the social situation of the P-16 classroom to promote and demonstrate STEM curricula, we need to understand more about the mutual impact this experience has on the visitors as well as on the learning environments they encounter. In a pioneering exploratory study, PhD engineering students entered an innovative, inquiry-based high school math/science setting as “visiting experts.” Without formal training as teachers, nor expectations of student interaction, the participants embarked on creating social opportunities for inquiry. Using a mixed methods case-study model, researchers documented the interaction of participants through video-media as well as surveys and interviews of participants on their experiences. By documenting the intricate levels of social context in the learning environment between “novice” learners and visiting “experts,” this study hopes to advance our understanding of the inquiry role that both of these groups share and to document the co-learning opportunities that arise in the context of the STEM classroom community. This study focuses on developing a deeper understanding of the reciprocal impact of inquiry-based STEM curricula as entered into by visiting engineers/scientists.
Non-classical light 20 years later: an assessment of the voyage into Hilbert space

Although diverse manifestations of the quantum or non–classical character of the electromagnetic field have arisen over the past two decades in quantum optics, almost without exception these observations have been made in a domain of weak coupling for which dissipation is dominant over the coherent dynamical processes associated with single quanta. By contrast, research in the area of cavity quantum electrodynamics has achieved the exceptional circumstance of strong coupling for the interaction of individual atoms with the quantized field of a high–quality resonator. The research programs in the Quantum Optics Group at Caltech attempt to explore quantum dynamical processes in this domain of strong coupling, and include investigations of photon antibunching due to quantum–state reduction, of the implementation of quantum logic with single photons, of new avenues for quantum–state synthesis and of atomic centre–of–mass motion for single atoms falling one–by–one through the field of a high–finesse optical cavity.
Estimation Bias in Spatial Models with Strongly Connected Weight Matrices

This article shows that, for both spatial lag and spatial error models with strongly connected weight matrices, maximum likelihood estimates of the spatial dependence parameter are necessarily biased downward. In addition, this bias is shown to be present in general Moran tests of spatial dependency. Thus, positive dependencies may often fail to be detected when weight matrices are strongly connected. The analysis begins with a detailed examination of downward bias for the extreme case of maximally connected weight matrices. Results for this case are then extended by continuity to a broader range of (appropriately defined) strongly connected matrices. Finally, a simulated numerical example is presented to illustrate some of the practical consequences of these biases. El siguiente estudio demuestra que en los casos en los cuales las matrices de pesos (o conectividad) poseen alta conectividad, la estimacion de maxima verosimilitud (‘maximum likelihood’) del parametro de dependencia espacial en los modelos de autorregresion presenta necesariamente un sesgo estadistico negativo (ya sean modelos de retardo espacial ‘spatial lag’ o de error espacial ‘spatial error’). Adicionalmente, se demuestra que este sesgo esta presente en el test de Moran de dependencia (autocorrelacion) espacial, y por lo tanto es posible que las dependencias positivas no sean detectadas cuando la conectividad de la matriz de pesos es muy alta. El analisis que se presenta en este articulo comienza con un detallado examen del sesgo negativo para el caso extremo de una matriz con conectividad maxima. Los resultados para este caso son luego aplicados para un rango mas amplio de matrices con conectividad alta. Finalmente, se presenta una simulacion numerica como ejemplo para ilustrar las consecuencias practicas de los sesgos negativos mencionados. 本文研究表明，对于具有强连接权重矩阵的空间滞后和空间误差模型，空间相关性参数的最大似然估计必然存在偏差。这种偏差同样也存在于常用的空间相关性Moran检测中。因此，当权重矩阵处于强连接状态下，可能无法检测到其正相关性。本文详细分析了极端情况下最大连接权重矩阵存在的向下偏差，并不断地向更多类型的（恰当界定的）强连接权重矩阵延拓。最后借助于数值模拟，进一步分析了这些偏差的实际影响效果。
Clinically significant but unsuspected restless legs syndrome in patients with sleep apnea.

In this prospective study, the prevalence of clinically significant restless legs syndrome (RLS) with symptoms at least 2 to 3 days per week was 8.3% in 60 sequentially polysomnographically studied patients with clinically significant sleep apnea (Apnea Index score > 5 or Respiratory Disturbance Index score > 10). Age-matched spouses were used as a control group and showed a comparable prevalence of RLS at 2.5% (not significant). Although RLS appears to be only slightly more common in sleep apnea patients than in controls, the importance of this study lies in the fact that clinically significant RLS occurred in 1 of every 12 patients with sleep apnea and, in every case, the RLS was unsuspected before polysomnography. We recommend that all patients undergoing polysomnography to rule out sleep apnea be screened for the symptoms of RLS. We have found the MEMO–NIH consensus conference questionnaire administered at the time of polysomnography to be useful in this regard. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Students' mental models of the environment†

What are students' mental models of the environment? In what ways, if any, do students' mental models vary by grade level or community setting? These two questions guided the research reported in this article. The Environments Task was administered to students from 25 different teacher-classrooms. The student responses were first inductively analyzed in order to identify students' mental models of the environment. The second phase of analysis involved the statistical testing of the identified mental models. From this analysis four mental models emerged: Model 1, the environment as a place where animals/plants live—a natural place; Model 2, the environment as a place that supports life; Model 3, the environment as a place impacted or modified by human activity; and Model 4, the environment as a place where animals, plants, and humans live. The dominant mental model was Mental Model 1. Yet, a greater frequency of urban students than suburban and rural students held Mental Model 3. The implications to environmental science education are explored. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 327-348, 2007
A single-chip CMOS visual orientation sensor

We present a single-chip, low-power vision sensor capable of measuring local edge orientation across a wide field of view. The sensor was fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process. Quadratic spatial filters were implemented using differential pairs and an "antibump" circuit to give a current-mode output signal. Small spatial filters requiring only nearest-neighbor connectivity were used for edge detection. The sensor is able to detect its orientation relative to the dominant horizontal and vertical edges in indoor, man-made environments. This sensor consumes only 120 /spl mu/W of power and could be used to control the attitude of an autonomous agent in an indoor environment.
Self-capacitance of inductors

A new method for predicting the stray capacitance of inductors is presented. The method is based on an analytical approach and the physical structure of inductors. The inductor winding is partitioned into basic cells-many of which are identical. An expression for the equivalent capacitance of the basic cell is derived. Using this expression, the stray capacitance is found for both single- and multiple-layer coils, including the presence of the core. The method was tested with experimental measurements. The accuracy of the results is good. The derived expressions are useful for designing inductors and can be used for simulation purposes.
SONG LEARNING BY CHIPPING SPARROWS: WHEN, WHERE, AND FROM WHOM

Abstract Given the difficulty of following free-living, dispersing juvenile songbirds, relatively little is known about when, where, how, and from whom these young birds learn their songs. To explore these issues, we studied the Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina), males of which have a single, simple song, but populations of which may contain 20–30 different songs. In our western Massachusetts study sites, we color-banded 324 nestling and 32 fledgling sparrows. Twelve of these banded males returned to our study areas, dispersing a few hundred meters to 1.8 km away from their natal territories. The song of each yearling closely matched only one of his immediate neighbors on the breeding territory, revealing that a yearling sparrow precisely imitates one of his close neighbors after dispersal. Evidence from this field study and a previous laboratory study show that a young male is able to learn songs either during his hatching year or the following spring, perhaps depending on his chances of song exposur...
Improving occupational standardized proportionate mortality ratio analysis by social class stratification.

The standardized proportionate mortality ratio (SPMR) method uses all deaths in all occupations and, therefore, all social classes to compute expected deaths in a single occupational group. By performing SPMR analysis within groups of occupations which are stratified by social class, the occupational contribution to the SPMR can be better identified. Mortality data from Washington state were used as illustrations. Language: en
DGAs and Rational Homotopy Theory

This chapter connects the two themes of the book—rational homotopy theory and differential forms. There is an equivalence between Hirsch extensions of the algebra of p.l. forms on a simplicial complex and principal fibrations over the space with fiber an Eilenberg–MacLane space. This equivalence is seen by identifying the cohomology groups that classify each. The basic theorem is that under this correspondence, the Hirsch extension maps to the p.l. forms on the total space of the principal fibration, extending the map on the base and inducing an isomorphism on cohomology. Once this result is established, inductively one shows that the rational Postnikov tower of a space is read off from the minimal model of the p.l. forms on the space. The proof of the main inductive result, the Hirsch lemma, is postponed until Chap. 16.
Objectification in Popular Music Lyrics: An Examination of Gender and Genre Differences

Our study investigates the presence of verbal objectification in Rap, Country, Adult Contemporary, Rock, Rhythm & Blues (R&B)/Hip-Hop, and Pop music lyrics through a content analysis of the top 20 U.S. Billboard songs in each category from 2009 to 2013. Using objectification theory, we assessed the inclusion of body objectification, gaze, and attractiveness themes in music lyrics, genre and gender differences in the prevalence of objectification, and self-objectification. In support of previous research on objectification, our findings document clear genre and gender differences. Rap and R&B/Hip-Hop featured significantly more objectification than other genres. Women are the most frequent targets of objectification within music lyrics, and female artists are more likely than male artists are to objectify themselves. However, the greater frequency of top 20 songs by male artists indicates consumers are exposed to more messages about men objectifying their own bodies. Future research areas are proposed with an emphasis on the continued investigation of verbal objectification in music lyrics. Practical implications are discussed based on the findings, and the potential impact of objectification in music on audiences. The authors highlight strategies, such as media literacy training, to address this topic in young audiences that may be useful to many types of professionals, including therapists/counselors, activists/social policy makers, instructors, and organizational administrators.
Survival and behavioural responses of cool and warm water fish sedated with AQUI‐S®20E (10% eugenol) at high loading densities

This study evaluated the effects of AQUI-S®20E (10% eugenol) sedation on the survival and behaviour of yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. held in high loading densities. Fish were held in 0–300 mg L−1 AQUI-S®20E (0–30 mg L−1 eugenol) for up to 10 h in static tanks. At 17°C, yellow perch held in 200 and 300 mg L−1 AQUI-S®20E were lightly sedated for up to 7 h. Yellow perch at 200 and 300 mg L−1 AQUI-S®20E also had >95% mean survival 7-days post exposure using loading densities up to 360 g L−1. Nile tilapia were only sedated for ≤3 h in concentrations up to 300 mg L−1 at 22°C and had >90% mean survival at loading densities ≤480 g L−1. Ammonia in tanks increased significantly as loading density increased, but treatment with AQUI–S®20E did not reduce ammonia accumulation. Results suggest that AQUI–S®20E was effective to sedate yellow perch and Nile tilapia at high loading densities, but sedation varied with loading density and species.
Discovery and development of synthetic tricyclic pyrroloquinone (TPQ) alkaloid analogs for human cancer therapy

Natural products and their derivatives represent a rich source for the discovery and development of new cancer therapeutic drugs. Bioactive components derived from natural sources including marine compounds have been shown to be effective agents in the clinic or in preclinical settings. In the present review, we present a story of discovery, synthesis and evaluation of three synthetic tricyclic pyrroloquinone (TPQ) alkaloid analogs as cancer therapeutic agents. Chemical synthesis of these compounds (BA-TPQ, TBA-TPQ, and TCBA-TPQ) has been accomplished and the mechanisms of action (MOA) and structure-activity relationships (SAR) have been investigated. In the past, the complexity of chemical synthesis and the lack of well-defined MOA have dampened the enthusiasm for the development of some makaluvamines. Recent discovery of novel molecular targets for these alkaloids (unrelated to inhibition of Topoisomerase II) warrant further consideration as clinical candidates in the future. In addition to the establishment of novel synthetic approaches and demonstration of in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities, we have successfully demonstrated that these makaluvamines attack several key molecular targets, including the MDM2-p53 pathway, providing ample opportunities of modulating the compound structure based on SAR and the use of such compounds in combination therapy in the future.
Hybrid MacCormack-type Schemes for Computational Aeroacoustics

A new hybrid MacCormack-type scheme is presented, using a modified Low Dissipation and Dispersion Runge-Kutta time marching scheme. This new hybrid scheme has two stages in every step which use biased differencing stencils of the standard MacCormack-type scheme and for the remaining stages using the central differencing stencils. The resulting scheme has the inherent artificial dissipation of a MacCormack-type scheme while retaining the relative ease of boundary condition specification of a two-stage MacCormack scheme.
‘Love ye therefore the strangers’: immigration and the criminal law in early modern England

This article offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between foreign residents and the criminal law in early modern England, as well as an investigation of trials ‘de medietate lingue’, trials with half-English and half-foreign juries, in theory and practice. Because England witnessed both a series of foreign migrations and a series of geo-political crises in the years between 1674 and 1750, the article charts patterns of foreign prosecutions across the period in order to place them in their proper historical context. The article concludes that the protections offered by English law to foreign residents were real and significant and that these protections were especially important at points of geo-political stress.
Some factors involved in the fibrogenesis of collagen in vitro.

Summary1. A variety of organic substances derived from animal and plant sources can induce the precipitation of collagen- and long-spacing-type fibrils from acid extracts of ichthyocol in a manner similar to that of serum glycoprotein. These fibril-precipitating agents appear to be thermostable and are not altered by subsequent exposure to 20% trichloracetic acid. 2. Hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate and heparin produce fibrous precipitates directly on addition to ichthyocol filtrates. At low ionic strength these fibrils are unstriated. At ionic strengths of 0.1 to 0.2 (NaCl) some long-spacing-type fibrils are formed but collagen-type fibrils have not been observed. 3. The components necessary for the formation of cross-striated fibrils appear to be contained in the fibrous material extracted from the connective tissue; the action of the precipitating substances seems to be relatively non-specific under the conditions of these experiments.
Evaluating forest subcanopy response to moderate severity disturbance and contribution to ecosystem-level productivity and resilience

Abstract North American temperate forests have functioned as a terrestrial carbon (C) sink for more than a century, but the future of this sink is highly uncertain as disturbance frequency increases and regrown forests approach maturity. The subcanopy is integral to the functional recovery of forests, supporting short-term resilience of primary production and longer-term shifts in tree species composition and diversity. However, the factors that contribute to variation in forest subcanopy response to disturbance are not well understood. In this study, we investigated subcanopy shifts in aboveground wood net primary productivity (ANPPw) and composition following experimental moderate severity disturbance emulating natural canopy mortality from age-related senescence. We assessed the importance of variation in disturbance severity, site fertility, and community composition on subcanopy disturbance response and contribution to total (canopy and subcanopy) ANPPw response. We also assessed the effect of the moderate severity disturbance on species composition and diversity, and competitive patterns within the subcanopy layer. Subcanopy aboveground biomass and ANPPw increased substantially relative to pre-disturbance levels by a factor of 1.4 and 22.7, respectively. The subcanopy (stems
Documents of indiscipline and indifference: The violence of bureaucracy in a Brazilian juvenile prison

Beatings and torture are common elements of prison discipline in Brazil. Yet the nation's juvenile inmates also suffer violence at the hands of prison staff and administrators in less obvious ways—through the production and circulation of institutional paperwork. Every relationship an inmate has with a professional who works in the juvenile-justice system is mediated by documents in which the discursive and the material interact to construct subjectivities, define relationships, and establish values. Ethnographically attending to the production and circulation of such documents reveals the ways that paperwork participates in structural violence: it circumscribes the identities and the futures of institutional subjects and limits the professional trajectories of lower-level bureaucrats. Moreover, official paperwork may in some cases contribute to the institutional violence that it purports to only record. [bureaucracy, disciplinary institutions, structural violence, youth crime, prison, courts, Brazil] Tortura e espancamento sao estrategias disciplinares frequentemente utilizadas nas prisoes brasileiras. Alem disso, adolescentes infratores detidos em unidades de internacao permanente tambem sofrem nas maos de funcionarios e administradores de modo menos aparente—por meio da producao e da circulacao de documentacao institucional. Cada relacao que um adolescente infrator tem com os profissionais da justica e mediada por documentos nos quais o discursivo e o material interagem na construcao de sujeitos, na definicao de relacoes e no estabelecimento de valores. Estudar a producao e circulacao desses documentos com um olhar etnografico revela o modo pelo qual a documentacao integra a estrutura da violencia: circunscreve as identidades e os futuros dos sujeitos institucionalizados, bem como limita a trajetoria profissional de burocratas dos niveis mais baixos. Alem disso, os documentos oficiais podem em alguns casos contribuir para a violencia institucional que pretendem apenas registrar. [burocracia, instituicoes disciplinares, violencia estrutural, adolescentes infratores, prisao, tribunais, Brasil]
Ethnicity, Inequality, and Space: Comparing Socioeconomic Wel-Being Across Black Ethnic Groups and Location

While the Black population, generally speaking, has neither grown nor shrunk over the past several decades (in stark contrast to Latino and White populations), the ethnic diversity of those identified as Black has grown. Today, there are over three million foreign-born Black immigrants — immigrants from the Caribbean, Latin and South America, and Africa who are ascribed a black racial identity — in the United States (Anderson 2015). While this is only about nine percent of the Black population, there are several states and even more cities in which foreign-born Blacks make over a quarter of the Black population (Anderson 2015). To add, each city has its own special makeup of Black ethnic groups. For example, almost 40 percent of the Jamaican foreign-born US population is concentrated in the New York City metro area, while thirty six percent of the US’s Haitian immigrant population is concentrated in Miami. Washington, DC is home to the largest black Ethiopian immigrant community, and nearly 25,000 Black-Somalian immigrants live in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington metro area (Anderson 2015). Despite the fact that Black immigrants are the most highly educated group of newcomers to the United States, research shows that (a) in some contexts, employers prefer Black immigrants over native-born Black Americans but also (b) they are just as likely, if not more likely, to be discriminated against in the labor force as African Americans. Though we have a clear understanding of the role racial discrimination plays in wage disparities, it is unclear whether Black immigrants’ high levels of education result in better economic and social well-being, or levels of need to rely on state-supported social services. Further, while we suspect that differences may exist across geographical contexts, there is a dearth of knowledge about Black immigrants outside of New York City. We seek to fill this void. Here, we analyze data from the American Community Survey in efforts to examine interstate and inter-city differences in the well-being of Black immigrants and their native born counterparts. We begin to build a foundation for a multi-city comparative project of the economic well-being and social mobility of Black people with a special emphasis on the extent to which Black people across ethnic groups are willing, able, and have a need to access social services to improve their socioeconomic well-being. We hope to provide more insight on the heterogeneity within the Black community, as well as the manner in which Blacks of various backgrounds relate to public institutions. This research will work well on panels that focus on identity politics, minority interactions with the state and political institutions, or public policy.
Atomic Resolution Electron Imaging

This chapter introduces the principles of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These are the two major techniques for atomic resolution imaging of nanostructures, certain types of crystal defects and interfaces, as well as metrology in electronic and magnetic devices when atomic resolution is needed. In STEM, atomic resolution imaging using an annular dark-field detector can be combined with analytical techniques, such as energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS, which gives similar information to soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nanodiffraction, for composition and crystallographic analysis.
Positive Fluid Balance and Patients’ Outcomes

A large percentage of hospitalized patients are readmitted within 90 days of discharge with heart failure. Emerging observational data suggest that positive fluid balance that occurs during the hospitalization, particularly among patients at risk for fluid retention, is associated with poor outcomes. Consequently, careful and judicious attention to both fluid administration and to overall fluid balance during the hospital stay is important. To this end, understanding the physiology of the distribution of body fluid compartments, and that both the arterial and the venous aspects of the vascular space are independently important, is critical to patient care. In this chapter, we will review the clinical data outlining the potential risk of positive fluid balance and the physiological mechanisms that might influence the physician’s decision whether to administer intravenous fluid or diuretics. Ultimately, despite a large amount of data highlighting the potential risks of excess fluid during a hospital stay, well-designed trials that use diuretics to reestablish euvolemia upon discharge are needed to further guide management.
Comparison of Patient Outcomes and Cost of Overlapping Versus Nonoverlapping Spine Surgery

Background Overlapping surgery recently has gained significant media attention, but there are limited data on its safety and efficacy. To date, there has been no analysis of overlapping surgery in the field of spine. Our goal was to compare overlapping versus nonoverlapping spine surgery patient outcomes and cost. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of 2319 spine surgeries ( n = 848 overlapping; 1471 nonoverlapping) performed by 3 neurosurgery attendings from 2012 to 2015 at the University of California San Francisco. Collected variables included patient age, sex, insurance, American Society of Anesthesiology score, severity of illness, risk of mortality, procedure type, surgeon, day of surgery, source of transfer, admission type, overlapping versus nonoverlapping surgery (≥1 minute of overlapping procedure time), Medicare-Severity Diagnosis-Related Group, osteotomy, and presence of another attending/fellow/resident. Univariate, then multivariate mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effect of the collected variables on the following outcomes: procedure time, estimated blood loss, length of stay, discharge status, 30-day mortality, 30-day unplanned readmission, unplanned return to OR, and total hospital cost. Results Urgent spine cases were more likely to be done in an overlapping fashion (all P P P P = ns). Conclusions Overlapping spine surgery may be performed safely at our institution, although continued monitoring of patient outcomes is necessary. Overlapping surgery does not lead to greater hospital costs.