cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why use a nitrate in 1990

Nitrates are beneficial because they combine coronary and noncoronary effects. They have proven clinical efficacy, relieving symptoms and documented evidence of ischaemia. They can be given to patients by multiple routes and can be easily combined with other anti-ischaemic drugs including aspirin, heparin, calcium antagonists and beta-blockers.
Method for Resolution and Western Blotting of Very Large Proteins Using Agarose Electrophoresis

Proteins larger than 200 kDa are difficult to separate electrophoretically using polyacrylamide gels, and their transfer during western blotting is typically incomplete. A vertical SDS agarose gel system was developed that has vastly improved resolving power for very large proteins. Complete transfer of proteins as large as titin (Mr 3,000-3,700 kDa) onto blots can be achieved. The addition of a sulfhydryl reducing agent in the upper reservoir buffer and transfer buffer markedly improves the blotting of large proteins.
PARTIAL TRISOMIES IN TWO SPONTANEOUSLY ARISING LONG-LIVED HUMAN KERATINOCYTE LINES

During experiments concerning the introduction of oncogenes into normal human keratinocytes, we observed long-lived colonies arising spontaneously at the same low frequency in control cultures as in those transfected with Ha-rasEJ or activated c-myc or both. Two of these were karyotyped early in their life span and showed additional chromosomal material on the short arm of chromosome 9 in one case and of chromosome 18 in the other, whereas the parental cells had a normal karyotype. This indicates the presence of a partial trisomy in each line, although the origin of the extra chromosomal material is not known. A similarly long-lived human keratinocyte line containing an isochromosome of the long arm of chromosome 8 has been described elsewhere. Together these results suggest that the spontaneous occurrence of long-lived lines is more common in human keratinocytes than in fibroblasts and that a triple dose of one or more genes may be the initial event in this process.
On confidence interval of a common autocorrelation coefficient of two populations in multivariate data when the errors are autocorrelated

We derive a confidence interval for the common autocorrelation coefficient r using two independent samples that are multivariate normal. The interval between the two roots of a quadratic equation i...
Finding the right boundaries

To truly immerse oneself in Roger Penrose's Fashion, Faith and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe is to fully experience the agony and joy of the theoretical physicist's quest to reckon with the problem of quantum gravity.
Global Indicators: What the People Expect

It is my pleasure to be a part of this important conference and to speak at your luncheon meeting. It is an honor for me once again to be in the presence of Russell Peterson, with whom I have shared a variety of adventures, beginning with birdwatching on the Delaware coast many years ago. Our times together since then usually have been a little less relaxing, but pleasant nonetheless.
Relationship between obesity and anti-Müllerian hormone in reproductive-aged African American women.

Objective To determine whether there is an association between obesity and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) among reproductive-aged African American women (AAW). Methods From the women participating in an ongoing National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences study, 1,654 AAW aged 23 to 35 were included in this study. Anthropometric measurements, personal health information, and serum AMH and adipokine levels were analyzed. Results The median body mass index (BMI) was 32.4 kg/m2, and the median AMH was 3.18 ng/mL. Participants with obesity had AMH concentrations that were 23.7% lower than those with a BMI ≤25 kg/m2 (2.9 ng/mL vs. 3.8 ng/mL). In multivariable linear regression models, current BMI (β = −0.015; 95% CI −0.021 to −0.009), BMI at age 18 (β = −0.016; 95% CI −0.024 to −0.008), heaviest reported lifetime weight (β = −0.002; 95% CI −0.003 to −0.001), and leptin (β = −0.016; 95% CI −0.025 to −0.007) were inversely associated with AMH. There was no significant association between adiponectin and AMH. AMH was significantly lower (mean log = 0.91, SE = 0.11) in participants with obesity at age 18 and at enrollment when compared with those who were underweight or normal weight at age 18 but had obesity at enrollment (mean log = 1.16, SE = 0.12). Conclusions In reproductive-aged AAW there is a significant association between obesity and AMH, suggesting that excess adiposity may compromise ovarian reserve. Effects of obesity on AMH may be cumulative.
Membrane Cholesterol and the Adenosine A2a Receptor

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of receptor proteins in the living world, having approximately 800 human genes predicted; however the high-resolution crystal structures of only 26 GPCRs have been reported (Ghosh et al., 2015). The first human GPCR to be crystallized was the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in 2007 (Cherezov et al., 2007; Rasmussen et al., 2007; Rosenbaum et al., 2007). Shortly thereafter an alternate crystal form of the β2AR revealed a specific cholesterol binding site between helices I, II, III and IV. From this work a cholesterol consensus motif (CCM) was established, which defined specific interactions between cholesterol and the receptor. Utilization of this CCM predicted that as many as 25% of all class A GPCRs could have a specific interaction with cholesterol (Hanson et al., 2008).Our focus is the effects of cholesterol on the activity of the Adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), a class A GPCR. Membrane cholesterol concentrations were varied in Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells by the use of methyl- β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), which is capable of capturing cholesterol in its inner cavity (Pucadyil et al., 2006). We tested the role that bulk cholesterol depletion played in expression, ligand binding and downstream synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in HEK-293 cells.Continuing work from our lab will study the specific interaction between cholesterol and A2aR by making point mutations in the residues of the CCM. In A2aR those residues include Tyr43(2.41), Ser47(2.45), Lys122(4.43), Ile125(4.46) and Trp129(4.50) (Lee et al., 2013). Our lab will investigate whether these point mutations effect the interaction between cholesterol and purified receptor, as well as the receptors activity in both yeast and mammalian cell model systems.
A new ammonoid fauna from the Northern Calcareous Alps (upper Hauterivian–lower Barremian, Austria)

Abstract A new ammonoid fauna is presented for a Lower Cretaceous pelagic to hemipelagic succession from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Bajuvaric Langbath Zone, Upper Austria). Although no bed-by-bed tracking was possible, abundant ammonoid specimens enable recognising the standard Mediterranean ammonoid zones, from the upper Hauterivian Balearites balearis Zone (Balearites balearis Subzone) up to the lower Barremian Kotetishvilia nicklesi Zone, and maybe to the lower upper Barremian. Numerous ammonoid species are documented for the first time from the Northern Calcareous Alps. Ammonoids represent almost the totality of the macrofauna (98%). The ammonoid assemblage consists of 13 families including 28 different late Hauterivian to early Barremian genera. Desmoceratidae (51%, dominant element Plesiospitidiscus with 85%) and Crioceratitidae (27%, dominant element Pseudothurmannia with 72%) dominate over Phylloceratidae (4%), Lytoceratidae (5%), Pulchelliidae (1%), Haploceratidae (1%), Emericiceratidae (1%) with Acrioceratidae (1%), Ancyloceratidae (0.25%), Leptoceratoididae (2%), Hamulinidae (4%), Megacrioceratidae (2%), and Macroscaphitidae (0.1%). The ammonoid composition of the Schrambach Formation sheds light on the Early Cretaceous palaeobiogeography of the northernmost parts of the Northern Calcareous Alps, the Bajuvaric Units. The new ammonoid fauna also provides insights into the faunal composition and distribution within the investigated interval, linked to other assemblages of the Mediterranean area.
Voting Preferences and Perceived Juvenile Crime Trends: Examining Racial and Political Differences:

This article seeks to contribute to theory and research on factors that shape public preferences for juvenile justice policy. To this end, it tests the argument that perceptions about juvenile crim...
The Halstead—Reitan and Luria—Nebraska Neuropsychological Batteries

North American neuropsychology is largely based on the psychometric tradition of measurement. Many neuropsychologists practicing in North America were trained in the context of graduate psychology departments. Because they received their training from psychologists, rather than from neurologists who may have provided ancillary training experiences, clinical neuropsychologists largely have chosen assessment instruments that involve standardized assessment. Many clinical neuropsychologists utilized a fixed battery approach in the past. In the early 1980s, the Battle of the Batteries consisted of adherents of either the Halstead—Reitan (HRNB) or of the Luria—Nebraska (LNNB) conducting studies, publishing results, and trading comments. It seemed as if neither battery would achieve hegemony. Surveys such as that described by Guilmette and Faust (1991) indicated that although the HRNB had greater frequency of usage, both batteries were commonly used. Since that time, changes in some of the influences on clinical neuropsychology have resulted in a lesser emphasis on comprehensive evaluations using instruments that have been normed and standardized on a single sample. Whether this is a positive trend is subj ect to review.
Identification of complex systems

In this paper, we discuss the problem of identifying a complex system with a limited-complexity model using finite corrupted data. Complex systems are ones that cannot be uniformly approximated by a finite dimensional space. Nevertheless, our prejudice is represented by selecting a finitely parameterized set of models from which an estimate of the original system will ultimately be drawn. We will give an account of a new formulation that shows how such a model should be selected from data. We will demonstrate this paradigm on the class of linear time-invariant stable systems and give an overview of the available results concerning input design, consistency, error bounds, and sample complexity.
Electrochromic Polymers Processed from Environmentally Benign Solvents

The ability to process conjugated polymers from environmentally benign solvents is essential for making organic electronics commercially viable by reducing costs and enhancing safety in the printing and processing environment. To enhance the solubility of typically alkyl-functionalized redox-active and electrochromic polymers, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophenes) with ester-functionalized side chains were synthesized via direct arylation polymerization, resulting in polymers that are processable from 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, and propyl acetate. Optical and atomic force microscopy results of spray-processed films indicate that topological features, such as film roughness, can be manipulated via the vapor pressure of the processing solvent. The solvent choice affects the resulting onset of absorbance and relative intensities of vibronic features, which translates into distinctly observable and quantifiable color differences. While the color is sensitive to the casting solvent, the redox prope...
In-hospital Pediatric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Is Associated With Shorter Hospitalization for Children With Choledocholithiasis

OBJECTIVES Children with choledocholithiasis are frequently managed at tertiary children's hospitals that do not have available endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) proceduralists. We hypothesized that patients treated at hospitals without ERCP proceduralists would have a longer hospital length of stay (LOS) than those with ERCP proceduralists. METHODS Charts were reviewed for patients who underwent cholecystectomy and ERCP at 3 tertiary children's hospitals over 10 years. Trauma and complicated pancreatitis patients were excluded. Comparisons between patients requiring and not requiring transfer for ERCP were made using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-four children underwent ERCP for suspected choledocholithiasis: 79 (48%) in the transfer group and 85 (52%) in the no transfer group.Median LOS was longer for patients requiring transfer (7 vs 5 days, P < 0.0001). One-third (34%) of the transfer patients had magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography compared to only 7% that did not require transfer (P < 0.0001). Among the 123 patients who underwent ERCP before cholecystectomy, 53% required (66/123) transfer and 47% (57/123) did not. Transfer group patients had longer median hospital LOS (P < 0.0001), more days between admission and ERCP (P < 0.0001), and more days between ERCP and surgery (P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Overall median LOS was significantly shorter for patients who underwent ERCP at the admitting facility. Patients who underwent ERCP before cholecystectomy at hospitals without available ERCP proceduralists incurred longer LOS. There is a need for more pediatric proceduralists appropriately trained to perform ERCP in children.
Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia in a Postoperative Bariatric Patient following Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Methemoglobinemia is a rare complication in clinical practice. It is most commonly seen in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures, including EGDs, laryngoscopies, bronchoscopies, and nasogastric tube insertions. This is thought to be a disease seen almost exclusively in patients with genetic predispositions to develop it; the increasing use of topical anesthetics during procedures has made methemoglobinemia a disease entity that every clinical provider should be able to recognize and treat. Clinically, patients become cyanotic with mild oxygen derangements on pulse oximetry, in the range of 84 to 90%. Paradoxically, these patients demonstrate normal to supranormal oxygen levels in the blood on blood gas analysis. We report a case of 34-year-old female postoperative Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patient who developed hypoxia and cyanosis after a routine EGD procedure to relieve a food impaction. Differentials of aspiration and pulmonary embolism were plausible; stat blood gas analysis clinched the diagnosis and managed with intravenous methylene blue.
Liposome Targeting to Tumor Cells in Vivo

Considerable effort has been mounted both in our own and other laboratories in order to enhance the ability of liposomes to deliver drugs to specific cells. This effort resulted in the development of methods for conjugation of antibodies on the liposome surface (Heath et al, 1980; Leserman et al, 1980; Huang et al, 1980), temperature-sensitive liposomes (Papahadjopoulos et al, 1973; Yatvin et al, 1978) which can be used in conjunction with hyperthermia (Weinstein et al, 1979) and pH-sensitive liposomes, either for localization of drugs in low pH areas (Yatvin et al, 1980) or for release of the liposome-encapsulated drugs following endocytosis (Dusgunes et al, 1985; Ellens et al, 1984; Connor et al, 1984).
Support Recovery for Sparse Recovery and Non-stationary Blind Demodulation

The problem of estimating a sparse signal from its modulated low-dimensional observations appears naturally in many applications like signal deconvolution and self-calibration. In the presence of noise, however, the sparse signal and modulation parameters cannot be exactly recovered. Therefore, in this paper, we study the support recovery problem for the sparse recovery and non-stationary blind demodulation model, in which each dictionary atom composing the low-dimension observations undergoes a distinct modulation process. Using the lifting technique and with the assumption that the modulating signals live in a common subspace, we reformulate this problem as one of recovering a column-wise sparse matrix from structured linear observations. We propose to solve the reformulated problem via block l 1 norm regularized quadratic minimization. We derive sufficient conditions on the sample complexity and regularization parameter such that the support of the ground truth sparse signal can be exactly recovered with overwhelming probability, and we bound the recovery error of the sparse signal and modulation process on the support. Simulations illustrate and support our theoretical results.
Entry threats from municipal broadband Internet and impacts on private provider quality

Abstract Deploying municipally-run broadband Internet to deliver high-speed access is an increasingly popular idea among local communities. These public networks often operate alongside private incumbent networks and may have substantial effects on the competitive landscape. This research design exploits variation in cities that have a municipal electric utility (MEU), which reduces barriers to entry for municipal providers, and state-level regulation, which restricts public entry into broadband markets. Using these market differences, I investigate whether incumbents offer higher speeds to deter public entry or underinvest in speed due to crowding out. Estimates indicate that the presence of an MEU is associated with lower maximum upload and download speeds offered by private cable and DSL providers. In states where municipal entry is made more difficult by regulation, these effects disappear. Therefore, restrictive regulation of municipal broadband has a non-trivial effect on competition. Negative effects are reduced in communities with lower or less dense populations.
Common Carotid-to-Internal Jugular Arteriovenous Loop for Single-Stage Microsurgical Reconstruction in the Radiated Vessel-Depleted Neck.

ABSTRACT Management of head and neck defects in a radiated field can be quite challenging owing to the dearth of vasculature and significant degree of post-radiation fibrosis. In this setting, arteriovenous (AV) loop vascular grafts can bypass nonviable local vessels to provide viable and reliable inflow and outflow vessels for free tissue transfer in an otherwise hostile environment. Prior reports of the Corlett loop utilizing a cephalic vein transposition has been described however a common carotid-to-internal jugular AV loop has not been recently reported. Three patients underwent carotid artery to internal jugular vein AV loop creation to facilitate free-flap reconstruction secondary to radiation-induced vessel depletion. The specific technique described utilizes the saphenous vein as a donor and spares the cephalic vein for the possibility of flap complication. All three cases resulted in successful reconstruction, maintaining healthy tissue, vascular flow, and flap viability at all follow-up intervals. In our experience, vascular augmentation via AV loop formation provides reliable vascular inflow and outflow in the vessel-depleted neck to facilitate microvascular reconstruction. Sparing the cephalic vein yields an additional salvage mechanism in the event of venous congestion.
Abstract 2731: Receptor for Hyaluronan Mediated Motility (RHAMM) promotes breast cancer progression

Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women in the U.S. with over 40,000 deaths annually. Understanding mechanisms of breast cancer progression holds great clinical utility to individualize patient therapy and to increase our portfolio of effective treatments for the different subtypes of breast cancer. We performed a focused gene expression analysis of 120 patients across all relevant hormone receptor (HR) subtypes at our institution. Increased expression of hyaluronan mediated motility receptor (HMMR, aka RHAMM) was associated with higher Nottingham grade, lymph node metastasis, and higher stage (all p Citation Format: Claire Elizabeth Daughters, Todd P. Knutson, Colleen Forster, James McCarthy, Kaylee Schwertfeger, Andrew Nelson. Receptor for Hyaluronan Mediated Motility (RHAMM) promotes breast cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2731.
Intersection of smoking, e-cigarette use, obesity, and metabolic and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of the current state of evidence

Millions of Americans qualify for metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) based on the proportion of the population with severe obesity. Simultaneously, the use of electronic nicotine/non-nicotine de...
Fluid pumping of peristaltic vessel fitted with elastic valves

Using numerical simulations, we probe the fluid flow in an axisymmetric peristaltic vessel fitted with elastic bi-leaflet valves. In this biomimetic system that mimics the flow generated in lymphatic vessels, we investigate the effects of the valve and vessel properties on pumping performance of the valved peristaltic vessel. The results indicate that valves significantly increase pumping by reducing backflow. The presence of valves, however, increases the viscous resistance, therefore requiring greater work compared to valveless vessels. The benefit of the valves is the most significant when the fluid is pumped against an adverse pressure gradient and for low vessel contraction wave speeds. We identify the optimum vessel and valve parameters leading to the maximum pumping efficiency. We show that the optimum valve elasticity maximizes the pumping flow rate by allowing the valve to block the backflow more effectively while maintaining low resistance during the forward flow. We also examine the pumping in vessels where the vessel contraction amplitude is a function of the adverse pressure gradient, as found in lymphatic vessels. We find that, in this case, the flow is limited by the work generated by the contracting vessel, suggesting that the pumping in lymphatic vessels is constrained by the performance of the lymphatic muscle. Given the regional heterogeneity of valve morphology observed throughout the lymphatic vasculature, these results provide insight into how these variations might facilitate efficient lymphatic transport in the vessel's local physiologic context.
Global activism in food politics: power shift: (International Relations and Development Series), by Alana Mann, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan UK 2014, xviii + 205 pp., index. $107.99 (hardback), ISBN: 9781137341396, $79.99 (paperback), ISBN: 9781349465095

Global Activism in Food Politics explores the resistance to transnational agro-industrial corporate dominance over food supply chains. While the book is based in a media and communications studies ...
A Sensitivity Analysis of Satellite Navigation Using Landmarks

This work evaluates the sensitivity of satellite orbit determination using known landmarks to orbital altitude and imaging geometry. Known landmark-based orbit determination is an autonomous navigation technique that uses a satellite's optical observatory to image known landmarks. Measurements for orbit determination are generated by using image processing algorithms to find the location of known landmarks in each image. Previous work stretching back to the Apollo Program has shown landmark navigation to be feasible and evaluated its sensitivity to lighting, inclination, pointing accuracy, image resolution, and number of images collected. Evaluating sensitivity to altitude and imaging geometry is useful for selecting an orbit for the satellite and for tasking the satellite in order to maximize the information gained from each collected image. First, a kinematic solution is studied to understand sensitivity when only a minimum amount of data are available, for example in an initial orbit determination. Separate solutions are found for small and large Field of View (FoV) observatories. For the small FoV case results show images near nadir are ideal. For the large FoV case results show that geometrical diversity is important when data are limited. Specifically there is a trade-off between minimizing the ground resolved distance and maximizing the angle between images from the satellite's perspective. Second, a batch weighted least squares covariance analysis is performed over a day with hundreds of measurements. Results show that when data are abundant imaging landmarks closer to nadir and from lower altitude produces more accurate orbit solutions for a given observatory. These conditions minimize the ground resolved distance and provide the most information about the in-track position of the satellite, typically the most uncertain coordinate. This work is a step towards fully autonomous satellite navigation and provides useful information for those designing image processing algorithms as well as satellite missions.
Records, Responsibility, and Power: An Overview of Cataloging Ethics

Ethics are principles which provide a framework for making decisions that best reflect a set of values. Cataloging carries power, so ethical decision-making is crucial. Because cataloging requires ...
The Structural Basis of Salmonella A 2 B 5 Neutralization by Antibodies Targeting the Glycan-Receptor Binding Subunits

Many bacterial pathogens secrete A(2)B5 toxins comprising two functionally distinct yet complementary ‘A’ and ‘B’ subunits to benefit the pathogens during infection. The lectin-like pentameric ‘B’ subunits recognize specific sets of host glycans to deliver the toxin into target host cells. Here, we offer the molecular mechanism by which neutralizing antibodies with the potential to bind to all the glycan receptor-binding sites and thus completely inhibit the toxin binding to host cells were unable to do so. Cryo-EM-based analyses indicate that the skewed positioning of the toxin ‘A’ subunit(s) toward one side of the toxin ‘B’ pentamer inhibited neutralizing antibody-binding to the laterally-located epitopes, rendering some glycan receptor-binding sites remained available for the toxin binding and endocytosis process, which is strikingly different from the counterpart antibodies recognizing the far-side-located epitopes. These results highlight new features in the toxin-antibody interactions and offer important insights into anti-toxin strategies.
Real-Time Magnification in Augmented Reality

With recent advances in augmented reality (AR) and computer vision it has become possible to magnify objects in real time in a user’s field of view. AR object magnification can have different purposes, such as enhancing human visual capabilities with the BigHead technique, which works by up-scaling human heads to communicate important facial cues over longer distances. For this purpose, we created a prototype with a 4K camera mounted on a HoloLens 2. In this demo, we present the BigHead technique and proof of concept AR testbed to magnify heads in real-time. Further, we describe how hand gestures are detected to control the scale and position of the magnified head. We discuss the technique and implementation, and propose future research directions.
The Steward and the Economist

From within the magnificently woven and intricate fabric that envelops Earth calls a human and humane voice, “Mind Earth’s economy.” Another voice—a still small voice, everywhere present but unheard in the hustle and bustle of traffic in sea, land and air, announces in a clear, penetrating, and convicting voice, “This Earth and its economy is all mine. The first is the voice of the Steward, the second the proclamation of the Economist.
American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution

This Article uses insights from international relations theory to challenge the received wisdom that U.S. courts are incompetent to decide foreign affairs issues. Since September 11 in particular, proponents of broad executive power have argued that the Judiciary lacks the Executive's expertise, speed, flexibility, uniformity, and political savvy necessary in foreign affairs. For these reasons, legal doctrine has long called for especially strong foreign affairs deference to the Executive. This Article argues that special deference is grounded in an outmoded version of the popular theory of international relations known as realism. Realism views the world as anarchic, nations as opaque to the outside world, and geopolitics as though a few great powers manage the international system through realpolitik and the balance of power. When incorporated into constitutional foreign affairs law, these realist tenets lead to a model that prioritizes executive branch competences over judicial ones, but offers little guidance on how to weigh foreign affairs effectiveness against other constitutional values such as liberty and accountability. The author proposes a new, "hegemonic" model of desired institutional competences in foreign affairs law that takes account of the transformed post-Cold War world. America dominates the globe militarily, has a political system accessible to outsiders, provides public goods for the world, and plays a dominant role in defining enforceable international law. This American hegemonic order will persist for some time despite threats posed by terrorism and the rise of powers such as China and Russia. Under the hegemonic model, courts serve America's foreign affairs interests by maintaining stable interpretation of the law and bestowing legitimacy on acts of the political branches. Special deference is now unwarranted. This Article concludes by explaining why Boumediene v. Bush and other recent enemy combatant cases are consistent with the hegemonic model.
Data Space Oriented Tiling

An optimizing compiler can play an important role in enhancing data locality in array-intensive applications with regular data access patterns. This paper presents a compiler-based data space oriented tiling approach (DST). In this strategy, the data space (i.e., the array index space) is logically divided into chunks (called data tiles) and each data tile is processed in turn. In processing a data tile, our approach traverses the entire iteration space of all nests in the code and executes all iterations (potentially coming from different nests) that access the data tile being processed. In doing so, it also takes data dependences into account. Since a data space is common across all nests that access it, DST can potentially achieve better results than traditional tiling by exploiting inter-nest data locality. This paper also shows how data space oriented tiling can be used for improving the performance of software-managed scratch pad memories.
Anisotropy in Photofragmentation

The past decade has seen intensive study of photoionization and photodissociation processes in atoms and molecules. The degree of experimental difficulty and the degree of theoretical sophistication needed to characterize a photofragmentation process both increase rapidly with the total number of correlated directions observed simultaneously. From this point of view the simplest processes involve only one direction, the incident photon polarization axis eˆ. For this class of processes the quantity of interest is the total cross section σ (or perhaps the isotropic partial cross sections σi. in alternative fragmentation channels i). The next step up in complexity involves two directions, the incident polarization axis and one other direction. For photofragment angular distributions the second axis is of course Kˆ, the escape axis of the separating fragments. Another class of experiments in which just two directions are relevant is the class of alignment and orientation experiments. In these a photon, emitted after the photoeffect has produced an excited fragment state, is observed along some axis Kˆʹ, thereby providing the second direction.
A data version of the Gauss-Markov theorem and its application to adaptive subspace splitting

How does one adaptively split a measurement subspace into signal and orthogonal subspaces of reduced rank so that detectors, estimators, and quantizers may be adaptively designed from experimental data? The authors provide some answers to this question by decomposing experimental correlations into their Wishart distributed Schur complements and showing how these distributions may be used to identify subspaces.
DNA ligase III and DNA ligase IV carry out genetically distinct forms of end joining in human somatic cells

Ku-dependent C-NHEJ (classic non-homologous end joining) is the primary DNA EJing (end joining) repair pathway in mammals. Recently, an additional EJing repair pathway (A-NHEJ; alternative-NHEJ) has been described. Currently, the mechanism of A-NHEJ is obscure although a dependency on LIGIII (DNA ligase III) is often implicated. To test the requirement for LIGIII in A-NHEJ we constructed a LIGIII conditionally-null human cell line using gene targeting. Nuclear EJing activity appeared unaffected by a deficiency in LIGIII as, surprisingly, so were random gene targeting integration events. In contrast, LIGIII was required for mitochondrial function and this defined the gene's essential activity. Human Ku:LIGIII and Ku:LIGIV (DNA ligase IV) double knockout cell lines, however, demonstrated that LIGIII is required for the enhanced A-NHEJ activity that is observed in Ku-deficient cells. Most unexpectedly, however, the majority of EJing events remained LIGIV-dependent. In conclusion, although human LIGIII has an essential function in mitochondrial maintenance, it is dispensable for most types of nuclear DSB repair, except for the A-NHEJ events that are normally suppressed by Ku. Moreover, we describe that a robust Ku-independent, LIGIV-dependent repair pathway exists in human somatic cells.
Telerobotic technology for nuclear and space applications

Developments in telerobotics applicable to nuclear and space environments are discussed. The advanced servomanipulator (ASM) slave arm force-reflected servomanipulators designed for modular remote maintainability of the Advanced Integrated Maintenance System is examined. Consideration is given to the master controller, transporter, interface package, operator control station, and the control system for the ASM arm. A prototype of a telerobot capable of performing the activity of an astronaut during EVA is developed. The mechanical and control system features of the telerobot are described.
Organization and content of graduate programs in school psychology

Abstract All 241 members of the Council of Graduate Schools were sent a questionnaire regarding training programs in school psychology. A total of 87 programs were located. Approximately 2000 students were enrolled, with the majority being trained at the subdoctoral level. Less than half of all the students were classified as full time. The course and internship requirements of the existing programs were in accord with guidelines prepared by Division 16 of the American Psychological Association. Financial support of students came from a variety of sources but tended to be limited.
Probability density function of the sum of N partially correlated speckle patterns

Abstract A method is developed which allows exact calculation of the probability density function of the sum of N correlated speckle patterns. To find the density function, it is only necessary to first find the eigenvalues of an N × N coherence matrix. When the eigenvalues are distinct, the density function can be expressed as a simple sum of N exponential terms.
Middleware clocks for sensing the physical world

An important task in sensor networks is to sense locally to detect global properties that hold at some instant in physical time. We propose software logical clocks, called strobe clocks, that can be implemented by the middleware when synchronized physical clocks are not available or are too expensive in resource-constrained environments. Strobe clocks come in two flavors -- scalar and vector. Let n be the number of sensors and p be the upper bound on the number of relevant events sensed at a sensor. We propose an algorithm using vector strobes that can detect all occurrences of a conjunctive predicate in time O(n3p). The algorithm has some false negatives but this is the best achievable accuracy in the face of race conditions. We also present a variant algorithm using scalar strobes; it needs time O(n2p) but may also suffer from some false positives. We provide a characterization of the errors. Both algorithms can also detect relational predicates but with a greater chance of error. The message complexity of strobe clocks (scalar and vector) and both algorithms is O(np), which is the same as that of reporting each sensed event for detection of the predicate even with synchronized physical clocks.
Providing definition and temporal structure for multimedia data

Currently, multimedia (MM) applications are prepared in an ad hoc fashion. Images or video are usually produced by the MM author. The MM application itself is composed with a specific combination of a hardware platform and authoring software, and it typically contains its own specific data. Today, MM data are usually associated with a particular platform or application, but future MM developers will use repositories of reusable data shared among various applications and across various platforms. The layered multimedia data model (LMDM) emphasisizes the sharing of data and components by dividing the process of MM application development into smaller, more manageable pieces. In particular, the LMDM emphasizes the conceptual separation, manipulation, and presentation of data. When combined with a collection of MM data, the LMDM enables description of a wide variety of MM compositions. This paper describes the first two layers of the LMDM, those concerned with data definition and with the specification of temporal structures that can be reused by various MM presentations. Several examples demonstrate the advantages of the layered paradigm: modular, reusable components and isolation of platform dependencies.
Changes in the cervical foraminal area after anterior discectomy with and without a graft

A controversial point in the management of patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy is whether an interbody bone graft should be used. Proponents of interbody grafting claim that without a graft, the disc height and the area of the foramina at that level will decrease postoperatively with the potential for persistent symptoms and/or the development of a radiculopathy. Using a two-dimensional digital planimeter, we measured the cross-sectional area (cm2) of cervical foramina on preoperative and postoperative oblique films in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy. Group A patients underwent the insertion of an interbody graft after the discectomy; Group B patients did not. Our results indicate that in all the patients in Group A, there was a statistically significant increase in the area of the foramina (P 0.8). There was no statistically significant difference (P = 1.000) in the outcome between the two groups. From an anatomical standpoint, our data support the insertion of an interbody graft if the surgeon wishes to increase the area of the foramen. However, the overall magnitude of change is not significant, which may be a factor in why the clinical outcome is similar in both groups.
Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out: Radio Listening, Ownership Policy, and Technology

Radio listening in the United States fell by more than 10% between 1998 and 2003. During this time, broadcast radio faced new competition from satellite radio and the Internet while the industry was also undergoing significant changes due to increased radio ownership caps. This article quantifies the effects of these factors on audience sizes and explores the implications for audience composition and programming content. The results show that industry consolidation played a larger role in decreasing overall listening than new technology. New technology did have a role in altering the distribution of listeners among programming formats.
EGF AND IGF-I INTERACTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF SUCKLING RATS. • 747

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) belong to the group of biologically active peptides that influence proliferation, differentiation and migration of intestinal epithelial cells. In the suckling rat, intestinal content of these growth factors (GFs) includes peptides produced within the intestine itself, those delivered through the systemic circulation and those derived from mother's milk. Recently, in vitro studies with IEC-6 cells have suggested an interaction between EGF and IGF-I in regulation of growth of these cells.
The Communication Patterns Questionnaire-Short Form: A Review and Assessment

The Communication Patterns Questionnaire—Short Form (CPQ-SF) is an 11-item self-assessment of spouses’ perceptions of marital interactions. A cited reference review of the CPQ-SF literature revealed no formal assessment of its psychometric properties and that researchers are imprecise in their use, reporting, and referencing of the measure. Toward improving the use of the CPQ-SF in research and practice, the factor structure and psychometric properties of this scale were examined with data collected from a diverse sample of 477 married individuals. Three latent constructs were identified: criticize/defend, discuss/avoid, and positive interaction patterns. Suggestions for a more precise use of the CPQ-SF in research and practice conclude the article.
Oxidative Stress Activates Metal-responsive Transcription Factor-1 Binding Activity OCCUPANCY IN VIVO OF METAL RESPONSE ELEMENTS IN THE METALLOTHIONEIN-I GENE PROMOTER

Oxidative stress (tert-butylhydroquinone) rapidly induced metallothionein-I gene expression in mouse Hepa cells, and this effect was mediated predominantly through metal response promoter elements in transient transfection assays. In vivo genomic footprinting of the mouse metallothionein-I promoter after treatment of Hepa cells with hydrogen peroxide, tert-butylhydroquinone, or zinc suggested a rapid increase in occupancy of the metal response elements. More subtle changes also occurred in the constitutive genomic footprint at the composite major late transcription factor/antioxidant response element. This element may, in part, mediate induction by hydrogen peroxide. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated a rapid (30 min) increase in the DNA binding activity of metal-responsive transcription factor-1 in Hepa cells treated with any of these inducers. In control cells, upstream stimulatory factor binding with the major late transcription factor site, and a nuclear protein complex distinct from AP-1, but specific for the antioxidant response element, were detected. The amounts of these complexes were not altered after these treatments. These studies indicate that metal-responsive transcription factor-1 plays a role in activating mouse metallothionein-I gene transcription in response to reactive oxygen species.
Regeneration of virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) following southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) outbreak in the Sipsey Wilderness, Alabama

We examined regeneration patterns of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) following a severe southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) epidemic in the Sipsey Wilderness of the Bankhead National Forest, Alabama. Our findings illustrate how a passive approach to forest management, as mandated for such wilderness areas, can lead to considerable changes in the structure and species composition of protected ecosystems. P. virginiana is an early-successional species and large mature stands are found within the wilderness. P. virginiana reportedly needs direct sunlight and exposed soil to establish. Succession in surviving stands is leading to the establishment of hardwood forest. Because management to slow the beetle epidemic is prohibited in the wilderness, many stands of P. virginiana were killed. The resulting gaps may provide habitat for new P. virginiana recruitment, thus prolonging the existence of these stands in the forest. To determine how the epidemic has affected recruitment patterns of P. virginiana, we surveyed existing or recently beetle-killed stands, designating four habitat types corresponding to the presence and absence of direct sunlight and exposed soil. Densities of small saplings were low within gaps, where sunlight is plentiful but exposed soil is uncommon. Small saplings were most dense where hiking trails crossed through gaps; such areas are small, but provide direct sunlight and exposed soil. No small saplings were found in the shade of surviving P. virginiana stands, even near trails. In another survey, we found that small sapling densities were positively correlated with gap size. Recruitment density in some of the gaps was sufficient to replace beetle-killed stands. Greenhouse experiments conducted to examine the importance of sunlight and exposed soil for germination and seedling survival unexpectedly revealed that P. virginiana can germinate and survive in shade, below leaf litter, or in the presence of both. Inadvertently, the experiment suggested moderate amounts of shade and litter can facilitate germination when water availability is low. Altogether, our results suggest that P. virginiana is recruiting in gaps created by the epidemic, but this is confined to larger gaps. Over time, the distribution of P. virginiana in the wilderness will likely be no different than had the epidemic not occurred, as succession in the gaps and in mature unaffected P. virginiana stands should lead to the same type of mature forest.
Effect of high-energy X-ray doses on bone elastic properties and residual strains

Abstract Bone X-ray irradiation occurs during medical treatments, sterilization of allografts, space travel and in vitro studies. High doses are known to affect the post-yield properties of bone, but their effect on the bone elastic properties is unclear. The effect of such doses on the mineral–organic interface has also not been adequately addressed. Here, the evolution of elastic properties and residual strains with increasing synchrotron X-ray dose (5–3880 kGy) is examined on bovine cortical bone. It is found that these doses affect neither the degree of nanometer-level load transfer between the hydroxyapatite (HAP) platelets and the collagen up to stresses of −60 MPa nor the microscopic modulus of collagen fibrils (both measured by synchrotron X-ray scattering during repeated in situ loading and unloading). However, the residual elastic strains in the HAP phase decrease markedly with increased irradiation, indicating damage at the HAP–collagen interface. The HAP residual strain also decreases after repeated loading/unloading cycles. These observations can be explained by temporary de-bonding at the HAP/collagen interface (thus reducing the residual strain), followed by rapid re-bonding (so that load transfer capability is not affected).
EBEM's Enhanced Capabilities Facilitate the Navy's Emerging Operational Requirements and Enable Bandwidth Efficient Communications over IP

The MD-1366 Enhanced Bandwidth Efficient Modem (EBEM) with Ethernet Service Expansion Module (ESEM) is the STANAG 4486 ed. 3 compliant FDMA modem used by the Department of Defense (DoD) for Satellite Communications (SATCOM). Recently, features of the EBEM such as embedded Transmission Security (TRANSEC) and Antenna Handover (AH) have been enhanced to meet the US Navy's emerging operational requirements. EBEM's FIPS 140-2 level 2 certified TRANSEC capabilities have been enhanced to support simplex link establishment, allowing the Navy to support split IP operations, combining transponded SATCOM paths (WGS) with partially processed SATCOM paths (AEHF) to effectively produce a duplex path for user terminal sessions. EBEM's Antenna Handover capabilities have been extended to provide low processing delay while maintaining Bit Count Integrity (BCI) through handover events. These upgrades, along with existing features, to be deployed in conjunction with Advanced Digital Network System (ADNS) Increment IV will allow the Navy to smoothly transition to bandwidth efficient IP-based data. Most notably, the Navy will be able to leverage Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) in conjunction with EBEM's flow control capabilities to feed information back to the router as the data rate adapts to the dynamic satellite channel conditions. This paper discusses the new capabilities in detail as well as recent results related to the Navy's effort to integrate the new features into ADNS.