cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Money Illusion and the Effect of Reporting Components of Accounting Estimates on Financial Statement Users’ Investment Decisions

We hypothesize current financial reporting standards contribute to “money illusion,” in which investors overemphasize nominal cash flows and underemphasize effects of discount rates on valuation. We test our predictions in two experiments using a pool of professional and nonprofessional investors. In the first experiment we vary whether a change in the fair value of debt securities is reported in Net Income or Other Comprehensive Income. We find participants knowledgeable about U.S. GAAP are more (less) likely to attribute fair value changes presented in Net Income (Other Comprehensive Income) to changes in expected nominal cash flows. The perception that such changes are attributable to changes in expected nominal cash flows increases investors’ risk assessments, resulting in lower assessments of value. In a second experiment, we confirm money illusion as the mechanism behind our findings in Experiment 1. We find investor valuations are lower when a negative change in fair value is caused by a decrease in expected nominal cash flows relative to an increase in the discount rate, and that this effect is partially mediated through risk perceptions. Overall, our results provide evidence of a structural mechanism in accounting standards that contributes to money illusion, potentially leading financial statement users to lower-quality investment decisions. Our results have implications for accounting standard setters as well as financial statement users.
Archaeology, Heritage, and Public Participation: Fulfilling the Promise of Authentic Collaboration

Various descendant and community groups have long been involved in aspects of the discovery, investigation, preservation, and interpretation of archaeological remains and associated heritage. No longer content with merely being bystanders and even consultants, many have insisted on fully collaborating, co-creating, and controlling the archaeological and heritage management process. Despite the potential shared interests among archaeologists, local residents, and descendant communities, differences in ontologies, epistemologies, and deep-seated ethical values often pose challenges for an authentic collaborative archaeology that serves the needs and interests of multiple groups. In this article, I examine public participation in archaeology and heritage management, identify some of the gaps between prescription and practice, and suggest that we must adopt transformative values if we are to fulfill the promise of authentic collaboration.
A Look at the Label: Exploring Consumer Perspectives on Communicating Sustainability Information

Although existing research indicates that many consumers are interested in knowing how their clothing is made, there is a lack of knowledge about what aspects of sustainability resonate with consumers and why. Moreover, studies have not fully examined the methods of communication preferred by consumers, and how such communication might impact their apparel consumption decision-making. Thus, the purpose of this study was to address these gaps by exploring such issues from the perspective of the consumer. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty participants focusing on the dimensions of sustainability and how these dimensions would be best communicated to consumers. Three emergent themes were used to structure the interpretation: Its Importance is Relative, Communication Mode vs. Message, and Increasing the Interest Level. Results offer insight into the aspects of sustainability that resonate with consumers, the ways by which consumers prefer to receive apparel-related sustainability information, and the potential role of sustainability labels in consumer decision making. Further research is needed that examines the effectiveness of communication strategies for encouraging socially responsible consumption, and particularly strategies that involve messages that are meaningful to consumers.
Collision of craniopharyngioma and pituitary adenoma: comprehensive review of an extremely rare sellar condition.

Objective The collision of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma is extremely rare and thus there remains a paucity of data. Methods We described a patient from our institution. We also performed a systematic review and subsequent quantitative synthesis of the literature (n = 21) and our institutional case to yield an integrated cohort, and a descriptive analysis was carried out. Results Twenty-two patients (15 males and 7 females) were included in the integrated cohort. The median age was 47.0 years (range, 8–75 years). The tumor subtypes were 5 somatotropic, 5 lactotropic, 4 nonfunctioning, 3 gonadotropic, 2 corticotropic, 1 plurihormonal, and 1 silent subtype 3 for pituitary adenomas, and 19 adamantinomatous, 2 papillary, and 1 unknown subtype for craniopharyngiomas. Three different radiographic patterns were observed: solid mass with cystic component (n = 5), coexistence of two distinct solid components (n = 3), and a mixed-intensity solid mass (n = 5). The first 2 were consistent with histologically separate collision, whereas the third was consistent with histologically admixed collision. Among 19 patients in whom the postoperative course was recorded, a secondary intervention was required in 14 (73.7%) because of tumor progression or residual. The recurrence rate after gross total resection was 33.3%. Postoperative hormone replacement was required in 33.3%. The 10-year cumulative overall survival was 73.1%. Conclusions Most craniopharyngiomas were adamantinomatous. There are 2 types of collisions: separated and admixed. Tumor control, overall survival, and endocrinologic remission are more challenging to achieve than for solitary tumors, but gross total resection of both tumors is important for satisfactory tumor control.
An Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Study of the Properties of Human iPSC-Derived Neurons for Drug Discovery

Human stem cell-derived neurons are increasingly considered powerful models in drug discovery and disease modeling, despite limited characterization of their molecular properties. Here, we have conducted a detailed study of the properties of a commercial human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived neuron line, iCell [GABA] neurons, maintained for up to 3 months in vitro. We confirmed that iCell neurons display neurite outgrowth within 24 h of plating and label for the pan-neuronal marker, βIII tubulin within the first week. Our multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings clearly showed neurons generated spontaneous, spike-like activity within 2 days of plating, which peaked at one week, and rapidly decreased over the second week to remain at low levels up to one month. Extracellularly recorded spikes were reversibly inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Patch-clamp experiments showed that iCell neurons generated spontaneous action potentials and expressed voltage-gated Na and K channels with membrane capacitances, resistances and membrane potentials that are consistent with native neurons. Our single neuron recordings revealed that reduced spiking observed in the MEA after the first week results from development of a dominant inhibitory tone from GABAergic neuron circuit maturation. GABA evoked concentration-dependent currents that were inhibited by the convulsants, bicuculline and picrotoxin, and potentiated by the positive allosteric modulators, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, allopregnanolone and mefenamic acid, consistent with native neuronal GABAA receptors. We also show that glycine evoked robust concentration-dependent currents that were inhibited by the neurotoxin, strychnine. Glutamate, AMPA, Kainate and NMDA each evoked concentration-dependent currents in iCell neurons that were blocked by their selective antagonists, consistent with the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The NMDA currents required the presence of the co-agonist glycine and were blocked in a highly voltage-dependent manner by Mg2+ consistent with the properties of native neuronal NMDA receptors. Together, our data suggest that such human iPSC-derived neurons may have significant value in drug discovery and development and may eventually largely replace the need for animal tissues in human biomedical research.
Visceral mesoderm signaling regulates assembly position and function of the Drosophila testis niche

Summary Tissue homeostasis often requires a properly placed niche to support stem cells. The morphogenetic processes that position a niche are just being described. We recently showed that Drosophila testis pro niche cells, specified at disparate positions during early gonadogenesis, must assemble in one collective at the gonad anterior. Here, we identify Slit and FGF signals emanating from adjacent visceral mesoderm (Vm) that regulate assembly. In response to signaling, niche cells express islet, which we find is also required for positioning the niche. Without signaling, niche cells specified furthest from the anterior are unable to migrate, remaining dispersed. Function of the dispersed niche is severely disrupted, with pro-niche cells evading cell cycle quiescence, compromised in their ability to signal the incipient stem cell pool, and failing to orient stem cell divisions properly. Our work identifies both extrinsic signaling and intrinsic responses required for proper assembly and placement of the testis niche.
Gender and scholarly productivity: The case of criminal justice

Abstract Research on scholarly productivity in science has consistently found that women scientists publish only 50–60 percent as many scholarly papers as men. Common limitations of this work include a focus on the hard sciences to the neglect of other fields and lack of controls for type of location or employment. This study contributed to the literature by investigating a soft science (criminal justice) and focusing on a particular location: scientists in tenure track, academic positions. Further, it was contended that females were more integrated into the male research networks in criminal justice than in the hard sciences. This greater integration should narrow the gap between male and female productivity. Data were based on eighty-nine faculty in Master's-level criminal justice departments. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that gender was not significantly associated with either the number of articles or the impact (citations) of scholarly work. The leading predictors of scholarly productivity included faculty rank and year of PhD. The full model explained 37 percent of the variance in article production and 44 percent of the variance in scholarly impact.
Impact of Joule heating on scaling of deep sub-micron Cu/low-k interconnects

This paper investigates the impact of Joule heating on the scaling trends of advanced VLSI interconnects. It shows that the interconnect Joule heating can strongly affect the maximum operating temperature of the global wires which, in turn, will constrain the scaling of current density to mitigate electromigration and, thus greatly degrade the expected speed improvement from the use of low-k dielectrics. Through a combination of extensive electrothermal simulation and 2D field solver for capacitance calculation, the thermal characteristics of various Cu/low-k schemes are quantified and their effects on electromigration reliability and interconnect delay are determined. The effect of vias, as efficient heat conduction paths, is included for realistic evaluation. Our analysis suggests that Joule heating will be a bottleneck in scaling interconnects and projections of International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS'01) will not be met.
Biorefineries for Solvents: the MixAlco Process

From ethanol to vegetable oils, solvents have always been extremely important to the chemical industry from its inception. Until the advent of the petrochemical industry, solvents were biologically derived. With the petrochemical revolution, more extensive production, more variety, and more efficient solvents became economically feasible. ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum, for instance, allows for mainly four solvents, namely, ethanol, acetone, butanol, and acetic acid (other minor products being acetoin and butyric acid). An alternative for the production of alcohol solvents is the thermochemical platform, which converts syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) produced from the gasification of biomass, into Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) fuels and mixed alcohols through catalysis. Methanogenesis can be inhibited by maintaining a low pH; however, low pH also inhibits the production of the desired carboxylic acids. For the fermentation in the MixAlco process, methane analogs, such as bromoform or iodoform, are preferred as methane inhibitors. The ketones obtained from dry distillation of the calcium carboxylate salts may be sold as such, or they may be further converted by hydrogenation into secondary alcohols. The wide diversity of products that the MixAlco process allows meeting the diverse solvent demand that the petrochemical industry has created. When technology is fully established and large plants are built, it will be possible to pay more for the biomass and grow crops specifically for energy and chemical production, which will be mostly processed into alcohols for the fuel market.
Kernel-based Methods for Stochastic Partial Differential Equations

This article gives a new insight of kernel-based (approximation) methods to solve the high-dimensional stochastic partial di erential equations. We will combine the techniques of meshfree approximation and kriging interpolation to extend the kernel-based methods for the deterministic data to the stochastic data. The main idea is to endow the Sobolev spaces with the probability measures induced by the positive definite kernels such that the Gaussian random variables can be welldefined on the Sobolev spaces. The constructions of these Gaussian random variables provide the kernel-based approximate solutions of the stochastic models. In the numerical examples of the stochastic Poisson and heat equations, we show that the approximate probability distributions are well-posed for various kinds of kernels such as the compactly supported kernels (Wendland functions) and the Sobolev-spline kernels (Mat´ ern functions).
The Impact of Bicultural Stress on Mexican American Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation: Gender Matters

Research has found that Mexican American adolescents report higher levels of depressive symptoms than Whites and African Americans. For these youth, bicultural stress from navigating between their ...
Metastability with probabilistic cellular automata in an HIV infection

Assuming a small failure probability for the interleukin production, a discrete model of HIV infection leads to transitions between fixed points. Eventually all initial configurations for the cellular automata lead to the destruction of the immune system, i.e., to AIDS.
Imaging nicotine in rat brain tissue by use of nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Imaging mass spectrometry offers simultaneous spatially resolved detection of drugs, drug metabolites, and endogenous substances in a single experiment. This is important when evaluating effects of a drug on a complex organ system such as the brain, where there is a need to understand how regional drug distribution impacts function. Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization, nano-DESI, is a new ambient technique that enables spatially resolved analysis of a variety of samples without special sample pretreatment. This study introduces an experimental approach for accurate spatial mapping of drugs and metabolites in tissue sections by nano-DESI imaging. In this approach, an isotopically labeled standard is added to the nano-DESI solvent to compensate for matrix effects and ion suppression. The analyte image is obtained by normalizing the analyte signal to the signal of the standard in each pixel. We demonstrate that the presence of internal standard enables online quantification of analyte molecules extracted from tissue sections. Ion images are subsequently mapped to the anatomical brain regions in the analyzed section by use of an atlas mesh deformed to match the optical image of the section. Atlas-based registration accounts for the physical variability between animals, which is important for data interpretation. The new approach was used for mapping the distribution of nicotine in rat brain tissue sections following in vivo drug administration. We demonstrate the utility of nano-DESI imaging for sensitive detection of the drug in tissue sections with subfemtomole sensitivity in each pixel of a 27 μm × 150 μm area. Such sensitivity is necessary for spatially resolved detection of low-abundance molecules in complex matrices.
Epigenetic regulation of genes in learning and memory

Rapid advances in the field of epigenetics are revealing a new way to understand how we can form and store strong memories of significant events in our lives. Epigenetic modifications of chromatin, namely the post-translational modifications of nuclear proteins and covalent modification of DNA that regulate gene activity in the CNS (central nervous system), continue to be recognized for their pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. At the same time, studies are correlating aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene activity with cognitive dysfunction prevalent in CNS disorders and disease. Epigenetic research, then, offers not only a novel approach to understanding the molecular transcriptional mechanisms underlying experience-induced changes in neural function and behaviour, but potential therapeutic treatments aimed at alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In this chapter, we discuss data regarding epigenetic marking of genes in adult learning and memory formation and impairment thereof, as well as data showcasing the promise for manipulating the epigenome in restoring memory capacity.
Effect of wound moisture on the biocontrol by Candida oleophila of gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) of apple

Abstract The effect of moisture on the growth and performance of Candida oleophila, an antagonistic yeast considered for the biocontrol of storage diseases of fruits, was studied with various indirect methods on wounds of mature apples stored at 18 °C. Typically, introduced populations of C. oleophila increased about 32 times during the initial 24 h following their introduction to fresh wounds, and remained stable afterwards. Air-drying the wound surface for 24 h before application of C. oleophila significantly reduced growth of the yeast. Conversely, fresh wounds wetted with water four times daily had higher populations on days 2 and 4, but not on day 1. The incubation of fresh wounds at two different relative humidity levels (58 and 95%) had no effect on yeast growth. Candida oleophila effectively reduced the development of gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea when applied to wounds two hours before the pathogen. The biocontrol of gray mold rot was more effective when C. oleophila was applied to fresh wounds rather than one-day-old wounds. However, one-day-old wounds were less susceptible to infection by B. cinerea than were fresh wounds. It is concluded that moisture becomes rapidly limiting for yeast growth as the wound surface dries, and possibly causes population levels to stabilize after the initial increase 24 h following yeast introduction to fresh wounds. For this reason, the application of C. oleophila should follow the occurrence of wounding as soon as possible in order to obtain optimal disease control during storage.
Effect of two dopamine receptor blockers on a serotonin-mediated behavioral syndrome in rats

Abstract Apomorphine (5 mg/kg) produces a behavioral syndrome in the rat, consisting of sniffing, chewing and locomotion. Dopamine receptor blockers spiroperidol and pimozide effectively block this syndrome (ED 50 for spiroperidol between 0.125 and 0.250 mg/kg and for pimozide 0.5 mg/kg). L-tryptophan (150 mg/kg) given to a pargyline (50 mg/kg) pretreated rat produces a syndrome consisting of tremor, rigidity, forepaw treading and head weaving. This ‘serotonergic’ syndrome can be blocked by spiroperidol (ED 50 0.75 mg/kg ), but pimozide in doses as high as 10 mg/kg is ineffective. These data indicate that some dopamine receptor blockers also affect serotonin receptors, whereas others do not.
Overview of RFID Technology and Its Applications in the Food Industry

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an alternative technology with a potential to replace traditional universal product code (UPC) barcodes. RFID enables identification of an object from a distance without requiring a line of sight. RFID tags can also incorporate additional data such as details of product and manufacturer and can transmit measured environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity. This article presents key concepts and terminology related to RFID technology and its applications in the food industry. Components and working principles of an RFID system are described. Numerous applications of RFID technology in the food industry (supply chain management, temperature monitoring of foods, and ensuring food safety) are discussed. Challenges in implementation of RFID technology are also discussed in terms of read range, read accuracy, nonuniform standards, cost, recycling issues, privacy, and security concerns.
Microwave power tubes for space applications

Feasibility evaluations of klystron amplifiers for conversion of solar power in synchronous orbit into microwave power at 2.4 GHz and transmission to earth were carried out. It was found that amplitrons and klystrons, using a depressed collector augmentation, can achieve efficiencies in excess of 80% if the power output is kept higher than 50 kW. Body wound selenoid provides the needed beam-focusing field. Narrow bandwidth requirements permit a low cathode loading density of 0.5 A/sq cm produced at approximately 850 centigrades. Emission tests indicate a potential life expectancy of 20 to 40 years.
Treponematoses — Origins and 1.5 million years of transition

Treponemal disease appears to have had its origins with the first hominids to walk out of Africa. The character of treponemal disease appears little changed in that journey, until perhaps 2000–600 years ago, when a regionally-varied transition to syphilis apparently occurred. Its presence in Florida and South America appear to have at least provided the opportunity for exposure of Columbus’ crew and suggests the source for the subsequent epidemic of syphilis in Europe.
HIV, exclusive breastfeeding and weaning in sub-Saharan Africa: can flash-heating breastmilk help bridge the gap?

In wealthy countries, postnatal HIV transmission has been virtually eliminated by replacing breastfeeding with formula. But in sub-Saharan Africa, and in other resource-poor nations, where formula is exorbitantly expensive and sanitation is poor, breastfeeding causes 40% of all infant HIV infections [1]. Mothers in developing countries face a desperate dilemma: prolonged breastfeeding may transmit HIV, yet replacement feeding exposes the baby to malnutrition and infectious diseases that are often fatal. As a recent study in Botswana illustrates, even provision of replacement feeding at no cost can go wrong: after a flood contaminated water supplies used to prepare formula, nonbreastfed infants were 50-times more likely than breastfed babies to die of diarrheal disease [2]. Carefully designed trials of replacement feeding from birth (under best-case research scenarios that provided free formula and healthcare) reported that use of formula did reduce HIV transmission, but, because of the increased risk of infectious diseases in the group fed formula, longterm infant HIV-free survival was no different from infants who had been breastfed for 3–6 months [3,4]. The most encouraging news is that shortterm exclusive breastfeeding is associated with reduced HIV transmission when compared with the more common practice of mixed feeding (breastfeeding plus animal milk, other liquids or foods) [5–7]. It is hypothesized that exclusive breastfeeding defends the integrity of infant gut mucosa, making it less permeable to the HIV virus, and that women who breastfeed intensively are less likely to develop breast health problems, a known risk factor for HIV transmission [6]. However, the longer a mother breastfeeds, the higher the cumulative risk of HIV transmission [1]. A recent study estimated that more than twothirds of postnatal HIV infections transmitted through breastfeeding occurred after 6 months [5]. Hopes that rapid and early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding could reduce this risk were shattered when the problem of replacement feeding again reared its ugly head: recent studies in several different countries report dramatic increases in diarrhea, gastroenteritis, malnutrition and mortality with early weaning [8–13]. In a randomized Zambian trial, there was no difference in HIV-free survival at 24 months in the early weaning group when compared with long-term breastfeeding. Investigators noted higher viral loads in breastmilk after abrupt weaning, which could translate into higher HIV transmission if a mother decided to reinitiate lactation [14,15]. Thus, the newest recommendation from the WHO endorses the avoidance of breastfeeding only if replacement feeding is deemed acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe. If not, they recommend exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by breastfeeding plus complementary foods to support infant growth until nutritionally adequate alternatives are available [16].
Ganodermanontriol (GDNT) exerts its effect on growth and invasiveness of breast cancer cells through the down-regulation of CDC20 and uPA

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Although some of the direct anticancer activities are attributed to the presence of triterpenes-ganoderic and lucidenic acids-the activity of other compounds remains elusive. Here we show that ganodermanontriol (GDNT), a Ganoderma alcohol, specifically suppressed proliferation (anchorage-dependent growth) and colony formation (anchorage-independent growth) of highly invasive human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. GDNT suppressed expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein CDC20, which is over-expressed in precancerous and breast cancer cells compared to normal mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, we found that CDC20 is over-expressed in tumors when compared to the tissue surrounding the tumor in specimens from breast cancer patients. GDNT also inhibited invasive behavior (cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell invasion) through the suppression of secretion of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) and inhibited expression of uPA receptor. In conclusion, mushroom GDNT is a natural agent that has potential as a therapy for invasive breast cancers.
De Rham diagram for hp finite element spaces

Abstract We prove that the hp finite elements for H (curl) spaces, introduced in [1], fit into a general de Rham diagram involving hp approximations. The corresponding interpolation operators generalize the notion of hp interpolation introduced in [2] and are different from the classical operators of Nedelec and Raviart-Thomas.
Sensory responses of descending brain neurons in the walking cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Sensory responses of various descending brain neurons, their modulation during standing or walking, and the correlation of such modulations with stimulus category were investigated. Stimuli involving (1) static or moving grating, artificial calling songs with (2) the conspecific and (3) an ultrasound frequency, or (4) air puffs to the cerci were presented to crickets walking in an open loop paradigm. The morphology of different descending interneurons in the brain and thoracic ganglia is described, together with their respective response properties. Some cells were excited, others inhibited by, and only some were directionally sensitive to the optomotor stimulus. Responses to artificial calling songs with conspecific and ultrasound frequency differed in the way the syllables of the sounds were coded and in the representation of ipsi- and contralateral stimuli. The majority of cells tested responded to air puffs. Stimulus representation differed among individuals of morphological types, but was very similar among individual interneurons of the morphologically homogenous i5 group. Stimuli approximating predators (air puffs, ultrasound) were usually represented during walking and standing; however, most neurons only responded to the other stimuli only during walking. These results indicate that the same neurons show different responses, and may have different functions, under different behavioral conditions.
Chronic haloperidol treatment results in a decrease in the expression of myelin/oligodendrocyte‐related genes in the mouse brain

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric illness that manifests as a combination of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits. Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol, attenuate dopamine receptor signaling in neurons and constitute the frontline treatment for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, haloperidol treatment has also been reported to exacerbate preexisting negative symptoms/cognitive deficits and the severity of these deficits has been correlated with white matter pathology in schizophrenia. Indeed, several studies implicate oligodendrocyte function in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but it is unknown whether these effects are related to drug treatment. It is well established that haloperidol alters gene expression in neurons. However, its effect on oligodendrocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigate the effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on the expression of eight genes known to play critical roles in myelin/oligodendrocyte function. We treated male mice with haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and measured gene expression changes by using in situ hybridization analysis and quantitative densitometry. Haloperidol caused a decrease in the expression of these genes in several white matter regions of the mouse CNS. In contrast, clozapine (10 mg/kg/day) had no effect on the expression of a subset of these genes. This has important implications for both disease pathology and the consideration of treatment options for patients.
Acute and chronic toxicity of some chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated ethanes, and tetrachloroethylene to Daphnia magna.

Chronic effect and no effect concentrations (28 day) and acute toxicity (48 hr, LC50 and EC50) values were determined forDaphnia magna with some chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated ethanes, and tetrachloroethylene. Acute and chronic toxicity generally increased with the degree of chlorine substitution with these chemicals. The 48 hr LC50 values for hexachloroethane, pentachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and tetrachloroethylene were 2.9, 7.3, 62, 190, 270, 2.1, 7.4, and 18 mg/L, respectively. The lowest observable effect concentrations (LOEC) based on either reproductive impairment or growth for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and tetrachloroethylene were 14, 26, 20, 0.69, 1.5, and 1.1 mg/L, respectively. Length of animals at the end of chronic exposure was at least as sensitive a measure of toxic effect as reproduction with every chemical tested except 1,2-dichloroethane. The acute-chronic ratio ranged from 3 to 16 with these chemicals.
Item Overlap Correlations: Definitions, Interpretations, and Implications

Four item overlap coefficient (IOC) formulae have been proposed in the literature to measure the effects of overlapping items on the relation of scales which share these items. 10C derivations of this article lead to (a) six caveats concerning the calculation and interpretation of IOCs, and (b) six possible explanations of why the factor structures of MMPI and MCMI scales appear to be strongly influenced by item overlap.
Digital Ischemia during Sclerotherapy of an Arteriovenous Malformation

Vascular malformations (VMs) are usually treated conservatively until patients become symptomatic (i.e., pain, complications secondary to venous hypertension, neuropathy, and high-output cardiac failure). They are classified by either low-flow or high-flow characteristics (Table 1). Minimally invasive treatment methods are utilized to manage these lesions. The authors share a case utilizing a referenced method and noting an incidental risk/complication of a high-flow VM. Table 1 Vascular malformation classification
Electrical alternans of components of action potential

Abstract Separation of the cardiac action potential into a fast (spike) and a slow component (plateau) in both the Purkinje and ventricular fibers of dog heart was observed after the administration of propranolol in concentrations of 1.5 × 10 −5 M or greater. In addition, propranolol produced electrical alternation of both components, a finding which has not been reported previously. Other toxic effects were a slowing in rate of depolarization, a decrease in overshoot, an increase in latency, and a depression of excitability in both fibers. Although the appearance of spike-plateau separation was associated with latency shifts the latter does not adequately explain the separation nor the electrical alternans of the two components.
On the dynamics of the eye: geodesics on a configuration manifold, motions of the gaze direction and Helmholtz’s theorem

The simplest model with which to examine the dynamics of the human eye consists of a rigid body which is free to rotate about a fixed point. Two classical laws governing monocular vision, which are known as Listing’s law and Donders’ law, can be enforced in this model using a single holonomic constraint. While there has been considerable attention paid to the kinematics of the eye, the dynamics of the eye predicted by rigid body models has not received the same level of attention. In the present paper, the unforced dynamics of the resulting rigid body model are examined with particular emphasis placed on the geodesics of the configuration manifold. A comprehensive portrait of these motions is presented, and the insight gained is related to the dynamics of the gaze direction and saccadic motions of the eye. Among our results, we find that modeling the eye as an asymmetric rigid body produces a non-integrable system of governing equations and that the geodesics on the configuration manifold provide a wealth of potential motions for the gaze direction.
Considerations for the control of equine cyathostomes in arid areas

Abstract Internal parasites of horses are ubiquitous but that does not suppose that the level of infection does not vary with climatic conditions. Climate determines the limits of where a parasite species can survive the external environment and weather determines the transmission pattern within the climatic bounds [Levine, N.D., 1963. Adv. Vet. Sci. 8, 215–261]. Arid areas have a more limited exposure potential to important parasites but the level of exposure can nonetheless lead to disease. It must be remembered that, even in arid areas, it does rain and irrigation, overflow from water troughs, dew dripping off buildings and on the vegetation can also provide the medium to allow escape of larval cyathostomes from feces to forage. How horses earn their living is most important in determining the level of exposure to cyathostomes. Recreational grazing, which surely does more for the soul of the owner than for the nutrition of the horse, almost absolutely insures that horses will encounter larvae. To be certain, in arid areas there may be an opportunity for horses to spatially separate grazing and dunging areas but not all horses are so disposed, and even if they are they may not be able to do so.
Characterization of a novel light‐cured star‐shape poly(acrylic acid)‐composed glass‐ionomer cement: fluoride release, water sorption, shrinkage, and hygroscopic expansion

This study evaluated the fluoride release, water sorption, curing shrinkage, and hygroscopic expansion of a novel experimental light-cured glass-ionomer cement. The effects of glycidyl methacrylate (GM) grafting, polymer : water (P : W) and powder : liquid (P : L) ratios were investigated. Commercial Fuji II and Fuji II LC cements were used as controls for comparison. All the specimens were conditioned in deionized water at 37 degrees C before testing. The results demonstrated that the experimental cement showed lower burst and slower bulk fluoride release than Fuji II and Fuji II LC. The experimental cement absorbed more water than Fuji II and Fuji II LC as a result of its hydroxyl and carboxyl functional group content. The lower water-diffusion rate and reduced hygroscopic expansion of the experimental cement suggest that it had a highly crosslinked network. Both Fuji II and Fuji II LC exhibited much higher shrinkage values (2.8% and 4.7%) than the experimental cement (0.8%). It appears that this novel cement will be a clinically attractive dental restorative because not only has it shown superior mechanical strength, it has also demonstrated satisfactory physical properties.
Carbohydrate Supply as a Regulator of Rat Liver Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Activity

Administration of glucose, fructose, and glycerol to fasted rats produced a significant depression of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity within 4 to 8 hours; galactose and ribose were much less effective. All the compounds yielded appreciable quantities of liver glycogen. The depression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity by glucose and glycerol was diminished by the concomitant administration of 2-deoxyglucose. The latter depressed glycogen formation from administered carbohydrate in muscle but not in liver. In rats made diabetic by alloxan, depression of elevated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity by insulin was dependent upon a dietary source of carbohydrate. These results were interpreted to indicate that depression of certain gluconeogenic enzymes after carbohydrate ingestion is initiated by the metabolism of carbohydrate in some extrahepatic site.
Structure, Culture, and Community: The Search for Belonging in 50 Urban Communes:

Driven by the popularity of social capital theories, the concept of community is enjoying a renaissance in sociology. Yet much research in this area relies on exclusively “structural” thinking, att...
Further studies in aesthetic field theory V; higher dimensions

We consider higher dimensional universes in which the universe is constructed from four-dimensional subuniverses. Independent parameters are introduced for the subuniverses. We then consider a small coupling between the subuniverses. Emphasis is placed on the eight-dimensional case. We find that the trends from the computer are in line with the natural boundary conditionsΓ jk i →0 being satisfied. We do not find any significant improvement resulting as a consequence of the higher dimensions over and beyond the four-dimensional work we have done in previous papers.
Hedge Fund and Managed Futures Information on the Web

As the web increases as a primary source information, a number of new sources of information on hedge funds and managed futures have come on line. This review offers a quick source of some of that variety.
Reclaiming the Rhetoric of Reies López Tijerina: Border Identity and Agency in “The Land Grant Question”

Chicano activist Reies Tijerina's speech known as “The Land Grant Question” provides a point of analysis in this article for assessing contradictory understandings of Tijerina and his movement, La Alianza Federal de Mercedes. The author explores how in both its rhetorical content and form, Tijerina's speech navigated and negotiated identity and agency for the Alianza and Mexican Americans. The speech represents border rhetoric, a type of vernacular discourse that migrates across borders, sustains contradictions, and crafts a middle space. Reclaiming Tijerina's rhetoric extends Chicano movement studies, illuminates notions of rhetorical agency, and highlights a rhetorically-inflected notion of the border.
Neuropsychological Evaluation of Decision-Making Capacity in Older Adults

The purpose of this article is to examine the neuropsychology of decision making in the elderly. Topics covered include diagnostic considerations, basic issues (e.g., terminology), ethical and legal issues, and guidelines for competency/capacity evaluations. The intended audience is those with some familiarity with clinical psychology and neuropsychological assessment. As our society is aging, psychologists are likely to increasingly evaluate elderly clients, and capacity issues are likely to be salient in many of these cases.
Uncertainty and the joint extraction of helium and natural gas

Abstract In this paper a model of joint natural resources is developed in order to examine particular aspects of the helium industry. The importance of helium demand for the equilibria in the markets for natural gas and helium, the joint resources, is analyzed. This analysis is pursued under both conditions of certainty and helium demand uncertainty. A modified Hotelling rule is derived under conditions of uncertainty in the timing of demand for the residual resource.
Solubility of carbon dioxide, methane, and propane in silicone polymers. Effect of polymer backbone chains

The solubility of carbon dioxide, methane, and propane in poly(dimethyl silmethylene) [(CH3)2SiCH2]x and poly(tetramethyl silhexylene siloxane) [(CH3)2Si (CH2)6Si (CH3)2O]x was measured in the temperature range from 10.0 to 55.0°C and at elevated pressures. The present results are compared with similar measurements made with other silicone polymers. At a given temperature and pressure, the solubility of the above three gases is highest in poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Me2SiO)x. The gas solubility is decreased by either backbone-chain or side-chain substitutions of functional groups in (Me2SiO)x which increase the stiffness of the polymer chains and decrease the specific or fractional free volume of the polymers. It is conjectured that a decrease in the free volume of silicone polymers has a greater effect in decreasing the gas solubility than differences in gas/polymer interactions [with the exception of specific interactions (e.g., between CO2 and polar groups in the polymer)]. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient Reduction of Target RNAs by Small Interfering RNA and RNase H-dependent Antisense Agents: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS *

RNA interference can be considered as an antisense mechanism of action that utilizes a double-stranded RNase to promote hydrolysis of the target RNA. We have performed a comparative study of optimized antisense oligonucleotides designed to work by an RNA interference mechanism to oligonucleotides designed to work by an RNase H-dependent mechanism in human cells. The potency, maximal effectiveness, duration of action, and sequence specificity of optimized RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotide duplexes were evaluated and found to be comparable. Effects of base mismatches on activity were determined to be position-dependent for both siRNA oligonucleotides and RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides. In addition, we determined that the activity of both siRNA oligonucleotides and RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides is affected by the secondary structure of the target mRNA. To determine whether positions on target RNA identified as being susceptible for RNase H-mediated degradation would be coincident with siRNA target sites, we evaluated the effectiveness of siRNAs designed to bind the same position on the target mRNA as RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides. Examination of 80 siRNA oligonucleotide duplexes designed to bind to RNA from four distinct human genes revealed that, in general, activity correlated with the activity to RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides designed to the same site, although some exceptions were noted. The one major difference between the two strategies is that RNase H-dependent oligonucleotides were determined to be active when directed against targets in the pre-mRNA, whereas siRNAs were not. These results demonstrate that siRNA oligonucleotide- and RNase H-dependent antisense strategies are both valid strategies for evaluating function of genes in cell-based assays.
A H2O2 fuel cell using acid doped polybenzimidazole as polymer electrolyte

Abstract Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI-poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole]) has been investigated for use in a H 2 O 2 fuel cell. The prototype fuel cell test results show that the PBI fuel cell worked quite well at 150 °C with atmospheric pressure hydrogen and oxygen which were humidified at room temperature. No membrane dehydration was observed over 200 h operating. The maximum power density of this prototype fuel cell was 0.25 W cm−2 at current density of 700 mA cm2. Further improvement of the cell performance is to be anticipated by properly impregnating the electrode structure with the polymer electrolyte. The advantage of the H 2 O 2 fuel cell using PBI as polymer electrolyte is that the cell design and the routine maintenance can be significantly simplified because of the low electro-osmotic drag number and good proton conductivity of the PBI membrane at elevated temperature.
Interactions of forebrain cholinergic and somatostinergic systems in the rat

The neurochemical, behavioral and pharmacological effects of forebrain cholinergic and somatostatinergic deficits were assessed in adult rats. Brain somatostatinergic activity was manipulated by the systemic administration of different doses of cysteamine. Forebrain cholinergic systems were lesioned by the infusion of ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM). Forebrain cholinergic lesions did not affect forebrain somatostatin-like-immunoreactivity (SLI). Depletion of forebrain SLI by cysteamine did not significantly affect forebrain cholinergic marker activity. The combination of forebrain cholinergic deficits with forebrain somatostatinergic deficits did not lead to any greater impairment of mnemonic function than that produced by lesions alone, nor did SLI deficits hamper the efficacy of physostigmine to enhance memory in sham operated or nbM-lesioned rats. These results suggest that although forebrain cholinergic and somatostatinergic systems do interact at some levels, this interaction is a minor one with respect to neurochemical, behavioral or pharmacological variables.
Input needed for Workshop on Mineral and Rock Physics

A workshop is being organized to summarize progress and opportunities in mineral and rock physics, and the scientific community is being asked for input. The workshop itself will be limited to 20 invited participants but will generate a report identifying recent major accomplishments in the field, major opportunities and challenges for research in the next decade, and facility instrumentation, human resources, and education needs. Comments from all mineral and rock physicists and Earth scientists in general are welcome. The rapidly evolving field has emerged over the last 20 years as an exciting interdisciplinary area of Earth science. Sometimes also called physics and chemistry of Earth materials, this general area encompasses the application of the molecular-level concepts and experimental and theoretical techniques of chemistry and physics to materials and problems relevant to geology. Its unifying viewpoint is the question, “Why and how, at the level of atoms and their interactions, do geologic processes occur?” Though mineral physics arose largely through interest about and application to the Earth's mantle and core, its fundamental approach is much broader and has relevance to the Earth from surface to core, to current environmental problems as well as to planetary evolution, and to other planetary bodies.