cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of incident dementia codes during the COVID-19 pandemic at an integrated healthcare system.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic delayed diagnosis and care for some acute conditions and reduced monitoring for some chronic conditions. It is unclear whether new diagnoses of chronic conditions such as dementia were also affected. We compared the pattern of incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) diagnosis codes from 2017 to 2019 through 2020, the first pandemic year. Methods Retrospective cohort design, leveraging 2015-2020 data on all members 65 years and older with no prior ADRD diagnosis, enrolled in a large integrated healthcare system for at least 2 years. Incident ADRD was defined as the first ICD-10 code at any encounter, including outpatient (face-to-face, video, or phone), hospital (emergency department, observation, or inpatient), or continuing care (home, skilled nursing facility, and long-term care). We also examined incident ADRD codes and use of telehealth by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and spoken language. Results Compared to overall annual incidence rates for ADRD codes in 2017-2019, 2020 incidence was slightly lower (1.30% vs. 1.40%), partially compensating later in the year for reduced rates during the early months of the pandemic. No racial or ethnic group differences were identified. Telehealth ADRD codes increased fourfold, making up for a 39% drop from face-to-face outpatient encounters. Older age (85+) was associated with higher odds of receiving telecare versus face-to-face care in 2020 (OR:1.50, 95%CI: 1.25-1.80) and a slightly lower incidence of new codes; no racial/ethnic, sex, or language differences were identified in the mode of care. Conclusions Rates of incident ADRD codes dropped early in the first pandemic year but rose again to near pre-pandemic rates for the year as a whole, as clinicians rapidly pivoted to telehealth. With refinement of protocols for remote dementia detection and diagnosis, health systems could improve access to equitable detection and diagnosis of ADRD going forward.
Rheology of polymer-free foam fracturing fluids

Abstract Aqueous polymeric solutions are commonly used for fracturing in conventional petroleum reservoirs for their ability to transport proppants deep into fractures, but such fluids are not used for shale reservoirs because of the plugging of nano-pores of shales by large polymer molecules. Polymer-free aqueous foams can be used in shale fracturing because of their capacity to suspend proppants and lower water consumption than commonly used water-based fracturing fluids. In this work, the rheology of three kinds of polymer-free foams (A: 0.5 wt% regular anionic surfactant, B: Fluid A+2 wt% glycerol, C: 0.5 wt% viscoelastic surfactant or VES) are studied in a recirculating pipe rheometer up to 155 °F and 2000 psi. These temperature and pressure conditions are lower than those for typical shales of current interest. All three foams exhibit power-law rheological behavior. The regular surfactant foams (A and B) show shear thinning behavior at qualities above 60%, non-shear dependent behavior from 50% to 60% and shear thickening below 50% (due to turbulence). The VES foams show shear thinning at qualities less than 60%. Temperature lowers the viscosity of foams by decreasing the liquid phase viscosity and the stability of the bubbles, but the temperature effect is small for foams A and B. Pressure increases foam viscosity; the increase is higher for higher quality foams. As the pressure increases, the rate of viscosity increase decreases. The aqueous foams A and B are both less viscous than typical guar foams (0.24 wt% polymer), while the VES foam C has a similar viscosity. The model proposed by Brouwers (2010) for suspensions agrees the best with the measured data for quality under 60%; the model proposed by Princen and Kiss (1989) for high quality does not match the experimental data. New correlations have been developed to describe the aqueous foam rheology as a function of shear rate, quality, and pressure at the parameter range typical of hydraulic fracturing. The correlations can be incorporated in a fracture propagation simulator to evaluate the foam fracturing efficiency.
A simple acquisition strategy to avoid off-resonance blurring in spiral imaging with redundant spiral-in/out k-space trajectories.

Purpose The major hurdle to widespread adoption of spiral trajectories has been their poor off-resonance performance. Here we present a self-correcting spiral k-space trajectory that avoids much of the well-known spiral blurring during data acquisition.
Neural Networks for Optimal Feedback Control

This article describes the use of principles of neural networks and learning mechanism therein to design optimal feedback controllers. Both discrete-time and continuous-time dynamical systems, with and without a communication network, that combine features of standard adaptive and optimal control techniques are presented. In addition, advanced neural network controllers and their algorithms are also briefly discussed. Keywords: neural network; optimal feedback control; nonlinear system
Determination of lung as the primary site of cerebral metastatic adenocarcinomas using monoclonal antibody to thyroid transcription factor-1

Determining the primary site of a cerebral metastatic adenocarcinoma is complicated by the histologic similarity of most adenocarcinomas. Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) is a highly specific marker of peripheral airway cell neoplasms. Formalin fixed tissue from 30 patients with brain metastasis whose primary sources were clinically and histologically known with certainty were analyzed for immunoreactivity to TTF-1. There were 18 cases of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Other metastases were from breast (6), colon (1), prostate (1), kidney (1), paranasal sinus (1), melanoma (1), and intestinal carcinoid (1). No patients with carcinoma of the thyroid were found. Positivity was regarded as intense nuclear reactivity. Twelve (67%) metastatic lung adenocarcinomas stained for TTF-1. None of the cerebral metastases from other body sites showed positivity. In addition, normal brain tissue and astrocytic tumors did not stain for TTF-1. These data show that TTF-1 is a highly specific and reasonably sensitive marker for peripheral airway cell metastasis to the brain.
Observations during clinical 2:1 and 3:1 A-V block below the A-V node. Evidence of partial penetration of atrial impulses into the His bundle.

Abstract A clinical His bundle recording during 2:1 A-V block below the A-V node displayed RBBB, a prolonged H-V interval, and alternating amplitude and duration of the His potentials. The reduced amplitude of the non-conducted His potential suggests a lesser depth of penetration into the His tissue with subsequent block. The reduced His potential amplitude may be due to decremental conduction within the His bundle and/or prolonged refractoriness of the His tissue following atrioventricular conduction of the preceding atrial impulse. During 3:1 A-V block progressively deeper penetration of the atrial impulses into the His-Purkinje system occurred. Progressive penetration into the more proximal His-Purkinje system may have permitted recovery of a more distal area of refractoriness with subsequent atrioventricular conduction. This mechanisms appears similar to one of the mechanisms of 3:1 A-V block demonstrated experimentally, except that in this clinical record the major site of impaired conduction and progressive penetration is within the His-Purkinje system rather than within the A-V node.
Trauma and Schizophrenia

SUMMARY Schizophrenia is a chronic terror syndrome. In World War II there were battlefield traumas that always produced classic schizophrenic symptoms. However, if the patients were healthy before the trauma, they spontaneously recovered. The myth of the incurability of schizophrenia led to the belief that these individuals could not be schizophrenic if they recovered. But all schizophrenics are the victims of lives filled with trauma, sometimes subtle but usually obvious. Examples are described. Professionals have tried not to listen. But if one investigates, most of the bad things patients talk about or symbolize in their symptoms are not delusional, but real traumas. It helps to face the truth.
Characterization of translation systems in vitro from three developmental stages of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

We have developed and characterized cell-free systems active in translation from unfertilized eggs, 30-min zygotes and hatched blastulae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The ion concentrations selected for preparation of the lysates were 150 mM-K+, 40 mM-Na+, 40 mM-Cl-, 5 x 10(-7) M free Ca2+ and 1 mM free Mg2+. It was necessary to include the ribonuclease inhibitor RNas in the preparations to obtain full activity consistently. The pH optimum was 7.2 and was extremely sharp for the three S. purpuratus lysates. The temperature optima of the three lysates were remarkably similar to those of the intact unfertilized egg and embryos. Lysates from unfertilized egg and 30-min zygotes showed a temperature optimum at 15 degrees C. The hatched blastula lysate showed a broader temperature optimum with a shift to about 20 degrees C. The optimized lysates incorporated radiolabelled amino acids into polypeptides for up to 90 min. The polypeptides synthesized ranged in Mr from 200,000 to 20,000, suggesting that the mRNA in the lysates was intact and capable of directing the synthesis of complete polypeptides. Furthermore, the three lysates were capable of initiation, as demonstrated by inhibition of initiation using the inhibitors edeine and 7-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate (m7GTP). At 15 degrees C, the transit times for the three lysates were: unfertilized egg, 40 min; 30-min zygotes and hatched blastula lysates, 20 min. These transit times are similar to those of intact eggs and embryos, and significantly, reflect the two-fold increase in elongation rate seen following fertilization in intact embryos. Thus, these lysates display many features and characteristic responses typical of intact eggs and embryos, indicating that the lysates should be useful tools for the analysis of translation control in early embryogenesis.
Is There a Role for Bisphosphonates in Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) including those on dialysis can and do develop osteoporosis. They also develop a wide range of other metabolic bone diseases that may look like osteoporosis when it is defined by either the World Health Organization bone mineral density (BMD) criteria or by the development of fragility fractures. Those dialysis patients with osteoporosis that is due to gonadal hormone deficiency such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, or male osteoporosis may benefit from the administration of bisphosphonates (BPs). The challenges lie in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in this population where adynamic, osteomalacic, hyperparathyroid, or aluminum bone disease are also prevalent, with concommitant low BMD and low trauma fractures, but where BPs may be contraindicated. The only secure means to diagnose osteoporosis in this patient population is by quantitative bone histomorphometry demonstrating low trabecular bone volume and disrupted microarchitecture. Once the diagnosis of osteoporosis is established, BPs should be considered for a well-defined brief period of time (e.g., 2-3 years), even though there is no evidence for a fracture reduction benefit in this population. If a BP is chosen there may be a need for dose adjustment or slower infusion rates (for the intravenous formulations), as a greater bone retention may occur for these renally cleared agents. While it is unknown what consequences could develop from increased bone retention in patients with little renal function, data are needed if more bone retention of BP might lead to a greater risk of the development of adynamic bone disease and lower bone strength. More data are needed to define the risks and benefits of BPs in patients with stage 5 CKD.
Analysis of driveline loads in an automotive powertrain with multiple Cardan joints

AbstractA general equilibrium analysis of automotive drivelines with multiple universal joints and numerous supporting conditions is presented. For the analysis, components of the driveline in terms of their angular rotation, angular velocity and acceleration are defined. Using kinematic conditions and a known torque and speed, the angular speed of the axle output shaft and all intermediate shafts and forces at contact points are computed using software developed to perform the analysis. To perform a time domain analysis, the quasi-static equilibrium conditions are imposed on the system at an instant. The instantaneous behaviour of the system is determined as a function of the transmission output shaft rotation. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the analysis. The results of the numerical example are plotted with respect to time. The general behaviour of the forces is found to be oscillatory and harmonic in nature.
Functional determinants on Riemann surfaces

Abstract We compute the functional determinant of the laplacian acting on n-differentials (n is a half-integer) on an arbitrary Riemann surface of genus g > 1. We first compute the propagator of the corresponding fermionic field theory and obtain the energy-momentum tensor. Then we integrate the energy-momentum tensor to obtain the functional determinant.
Method of Multiple Reference Frames Applied to the Analysis of a Rectifier - Inverter Induction Motor Drive

The method of multiple reference frames and the equations of transformation of the inverter are employed to establish a method of calculating the inverter current in a rectifier - inverter drive system. Since the method of multiple reference frames does not use phasors or complex impedances, the calculation of the inverter current is simple and direct. Also presented is a method of approximating the 6th harmonic variation in the capacitor voltage of the filter, connected between the rectifier and the inverter. This method permits a simplified means of rapidly obtaining a first- order approximation of the variation in the capacitor voltage. The analysis establishes a straightforward method of calculating variables in a rectifier - inverter drive system, which are difficult to determine by conventional methods of analysis.
Evidence for a composite anterior determinant in the hover fly Episyrphus balteatus (Syrphidae), a cyclorrhaphan fly with an anterodorsal serosa anlage.

There was an error published in Development 136 , [117-127][1]. In the legend to Fig. 6 on [p. 123][1], the scale bar for M is 222 μm, not 22 μm. We apologise to authors and readers for this mistake. [1]: /lookup/volpage/136/117
The African Orthodox Church: An Analysis of Its First Decade

The African Orthodox church, an expression of religious autonomy among black Americans, had its genesis in the work and thought of George Alexander McGuire, a native of Antigua, whose religious journey and changing ecclesiastical affiliation paralleled his deepening interest in and commitment to the cause of Afro-American nationalism and racial consciousness. Born in 1866 to an Anglican father and a Moravian mother, George Alexander McGuire was educated at Mico College for Teachers in Antigua and the Nisky Theological Seminary, a Moravian institution in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (then the Danish West Indies). In 1893 McGuire, having served a pastorate at a Moravian church in the Virgin Islands, migrated to the United States, where he became an Episcopalian. In 1897 he was ordained a priest in that church and, in the succeeding decade, served several parishes, including St. Thomas Church in Philadelphia, which was founded by Absalom Jones. His abilities and skills were recognized, and in 1905 he became the archdeacon for Colored Work in the Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas. Here he became involved with various plans—none of which bore fruit—which would have provided for the introduction of black bishops in the Episcopal church to assist in that church's work of evangelization among black Americans. It is believed, however, that McGuire was influenced by the different schemes which were advanced, and that he “almost certainly carried away from Arkansas the notion of a separate, autonomous black church, and one that was episcopal in character and structure, as one option for black religious self-determination and one avenue for achieving black independence.”
Neuroprotection against excitotoxic brain injury in mice after ovarian steroid depletion

Ovarian steroid hormones influence not only seizure phenomena, but also the neuronal cell death that follows. In the present study, we applied two models of ovarian steroid loss, ovariectomy and chemically-induced ovarian failure, to evaluate kainate-induced seizure activity and the susceptibility of hippocampal neurons to seizure-induced neurodegeneration. Young adult female FVB/NJ mice were ovariectomized with (OVX+E, n=6) or without (OVX, n=8) estrogen replacement. A separate group of females received the ovotoxin, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD, n=8) to deplete ovarian follicles. Mice underwent kainate-induced status epilepticus and were evaluated for seizure activity (3 h) and delayed hippocampal neuronal injury (7 days). While there were no differences in latency or duration of severe seizures among control, OVX and VCD-treated mice, OVX+E mice exhibited seizures of a significantly longer duration. However, both VCD-induced ovarian failure and OVX led to a dramatic reduction in the extent of excitotoxic cell death, with slightly greater effects observed in VCD-treated mice. Estradiol administration to OVX mice also exerted a significant neuroprotective effect against kainate-induced cell death. These results support and extend earlier findings suggesting that the hormonal milieu may have differential effects on seizure susceptibility that are separate and distinct from those influencing hippocampal neuronal vulnerability. Collectively, these findings highlight the complex interactions among the loss of ovarian steroid hormones, estrogen replacement, seizures, and seizure-induced cell death.
Mars Observer Project: An Introduction

M Observer, the first of the observer series of planetary exploration missions recommended by the Solar System Exploration Committee, is planned for a September 1992 launch. Its principal objective is to study the geoscience and climate of Mars. A series of articles in this issue of the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets describes elements of the Mars Observer project. This introduction provides a brief historical perspective for the project and describes the storyboard for the articles that follow.
Functional complementation of yeast vma1Δ cells by a plant subunit a homolog rescues the mutant phenotype and partially restores vacuolar H+-ATPase activity.

The ability of a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) subunit homolog (subunit A) from plants to rescue the vma mutant phenotype of yeast was investigated as a first step towards investigating the structure and function of plant subunits in molecular detail. Heterologous expression of cotton cDNAs encoding near-identical isoforms of subunit A in mutant vma1 delta yeast cells successfully rescued the mutant vma phenotype, indicating that subunit A of plants and yeast have retained elements essential to V-ATPases during the course of evolution. Although vacuoles become acidified, the plant-yeast hybrid holoenzyme only partially restored V-ATPase activity (approximately 60%) in mutant yeast cells. Domain substitution of divergent N- or C-termini only slightly enhanced V-ATPase activity, whereas swapping both domains acted synergistically, increasing coupled ATP hydrolysis and proton translocation by approximately 22% relative to the native plant subunit. Immunoblot analysis indicated that similar amounts of yeast, plant or plant-yeast chimeric subunits are membrane-bound. These results suggest that subunit A terminal domains contain structural information that impact V-ATPase structure and function.
Estimates of air emissions from asphalt storage tanks and truck loading

Title V of the 1990 Clean Air Act requires the accurate estimation of emissions from all U.S. manufacturing processes, and places the burden of proof for that estimate on the process owner. This paper is published as a tool to assist in the estimation of air emissions from hot asphalt storage tanks and asphalt truck loading operations. Data are presented on asphalt vapor pressure, vapor molecular weight, and the emission split between volatile organic compounds and particulate emissions that can be used with AP-42 calculation techniques to estimate air emissions from asphalt storage tanks and truck loading operations. Since current AP-42 techniques are not valid in asphalt tanks with active fume removal, a different technique for estimation of air emissions in those tanks, based on direct measurement of vapor space combustible gas content, is proposed. Likewise, since AP-42 does not address carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide emissions that are known to be present in asphalt operations, this paper proposes techniques for estimation of those emissions. Finally, data are presented on the effectiveness of fiber bed filters in reducing air emissions in asphalt operations.
Limit theorems and a general framework for risk analysis in clonal forestry

Use of clonally propagated plantings in reforestation offers management advantages of phenotypic uniformity and high yields. Disadvantages include low genetic diversity and the possibility that the clone or clones chosen are particularly susceptible to attack by an insect or pathogen unforeseen as a problem at the time of clonal selection. In this paper, we continue consideration of the problem of choosing an optimal number of clones to minimize the risk of plantation failure. We present an analysis in which risk of failure for a plantation is represented by the probability that the proportion, S, of ramets that survive until harvest is less than or equal to a prescribed value. Our approach includes most earlier treatments as special cases. We show that the proportion S converges in distribution and, furthermore, that, under general conditions, a moderate number of clones, usually no more than 20 to 40 and often fewer, provides equivalent or better protection against catastrophic loss than does a large number of clones.
Excitatory and inhibitory effects of free reinforcers

Rats’ responding was maintained on a random-interval 1-min food schedule. In addition, non-contingent pellets were delivered, independently of the animals’ behavior, at either fixed intervals (Experiment 1) or at random intervals (Experiment 2). As the rate of delivery of the periodic and aperiodic free reinforcers increased, the rate of responding decreased. But these free reinforcers, in addition to having this inhibitory effect, had also a local excitatory effect upon responding: lever-pressing increased to a level above its mean rate following the delivery of a free food pellet. The time course of this behavioral aftereffect of free reinforcers, for both fixed and random intervals, was dependent upon the proportion of the interval between successive free food deliveries. The relation of these results to those obtained with response-contingent reinforcement, free punishment, and in schedule-induced phenomena is discussed.
Quantitative analysis of electron-energy-loss spectra

Abstract Numerical procedures are described for removing plural scattering from a transmitted electron-energy-loss spectrum, for calculation of the energy-dependent dielectric function, for the measurement of specimen thickness and for elemental microanalysis. A formula is proposed for rapidly calculating inner-shell ionization cross-sections, making use of X-ray absorption data, energy-loss measurements and atomic scattering theory.
Synthesis of a peptidocalix[4]arene library and identification of compounds with hydrolytic activity.

Abstract A 120 member library of peptidocalix[4]arenes was synthesized and screened for catalysis of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate. His-Ser-His-calix[4]arene was found to catalyze this reaction with v0 = 3.24 × 10−8 M/s, an increase of 1520% above background and 30% above the tripeptide (His-Ser-His) alone.
Surgical advancement of the larynx (laryngeal tie-forward) as a treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses: a prospective study 2001-2004.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Correct placement of sutures (‘laryngeal tie-forward’) in experimentally created dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) has been observed to replace the function of the thyrohyoideus muscles and prevent DDSP. Hypothesis: The ‘laryngeal tie-forward’ procedure would prevent or delay the occurrence of DDSP during exercise in horses with naturally occurring DDSP and therefore improve performance. Methods: A clinical population (n = 116), mainly of racehorses was presented for treatment of naturally occurring exercise-induced DDSP. All horses underwent the ‘laryngeal tie-forward’ procedure. The relative position of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage in relation to the caudal aspect of the basihyoid bone was recorded; follow-up was obtained by telephone communication with trainers, owners and/or referring veterinarians. In addition, a performance index and earnings were determined using race records. Results: Preoperatively, the median distance between the caudal aspect of the basihyoid bone and rostral aspect of the thyroid cartilage was 3.5 cm. Post operatively, the thyroid cartilage was moved a median distance of 4 cm rostrally and the larynx was shown to be in a position more rostral and dorsal than in preoperative radiographs. Of 98 horses for which follow-up was available, the performance of 87% was classified as improved, 12% as unchanged and 2% as worse. In 20 horses in which the diagnosis had been confirmed by treadmill videoendoscopy, 80% had a significantly increased performance index and earnings (P = 0.007). For the entire population, there was a significant improvement in performance index and earnings after surgery (82%) (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: Placing the larynx in a more rostral and dorsal position may have improved the performance in 80–82% of the horses affected with naturally-occurring DDSP. Potential relevance: ‘Laryngeal tie-forward’ is a surgical technique that has a measurable effect on the position of the larynx and offers an alternative therapy for treating horses affected with DDSP. More experience may be needed with this technique prior to its widespread use in horses with a clinical diagnosis of DDSP.
Application of unified fatigue damage approach to compression–tension region

Abstract A Unified Approach to fatigue crack growth developed earlier is extended to include the fatigue behavior over the entire load ratio (R) regime, from compression–tension to tension–tension. This approach provides a self consistent description of cyclic damage using the two loading parameters, ΔK and Kmax, applicable over the entire crack growth regime. Crack growth behavior in the R>0 regime has been classified into five distinct classes. This classification is extended here to include the negative R-ratio region. When compression loads are included with the tension cycle, each classification is further divided into three additional subsets, reflecting a characteristic change in crack growth mechanisms. The current overall classification provides a methodology for understanding the combined effects of tension and compression loads on crack tip forces and their effect on material crack growth resistance. Like wise the role of environmental effect will also be altered in the presence of compressive forces.
Alignment of a grazing incidence x-ray interferometer

Our group at the University of Colorado has built a prototype interferometer that demonstrates x-ray fringes. We briefly describe how the instrument works and its geometry, and then present a detailed optical tolerance analysis. Careful analysis shows a grazing incidence design provides enough tolerance relaxation for our x-ray interferometer to work. The challenging nature of x-ray alignment has led us to a methodology that employs a succession of decreasing wavelengths. We also present fringe optimization methods and address environmental conditions that affect stability.
Linking the Internet to the National Standards for Foreign Language Learning

During the past few years, teachers and researchers have given notable attention to two pivotal forces in language learning and teaching: the Internet and the National Standards for Foreign Language Learning. Yet research explicitly connecting the Internet with the Standards is surprisingly sparse, and no systematic explication of the ways Internet tools can help L2 learners achieve each Standard exists. This paper fills that gap in the literature by providing a thorough examination of the five Standards categories (Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities) in light of the specific Internet resources that can help to advance language learners' attainment of the Standards.
Leak tightness of O-rings for transport of radioactive material

A recurrent concern in the design and safety analysis of packaging for the transport of radioactive material is to characterise the leak tightness of elastomeric O-rings at low and high temperatures. Indeed, the literature and most O-ring suppliers specify data but these ones are imprecise and are not sufficient to address all safety issues for nuclear applications. Thus, this is the reason why TN International (subsidiary of AREVA Group) has launched a programme of qualification including many tests on the different rubber grades used in its casks and has developed a method for the assessment of the seal efficiency.
Science Education in Review: Response to the Secretary’s Summit of 2004

in all subjects many others are being left behind." A critical shortage in the future number of available scientists and engineers is a pressing issue. According to Altschuld (2003), a leading medical scientist, "science and mathematics education in the US is failing to produce an adequate number of American scientists. Foreign postdoctoral fellows and students who typically remain in the US and become permanent residents and citizens increasingly populate US research laboratories. Were these foreign scientists to return home upon completion of their training, we would be facing a severe shortage of well-trained research personnel in US laboratories" (2003, p. 635). Addressing this shortfall is a national priority. National science education standards describe
A Redescription of Uronema nigricans

SYNOPSIS. Uronema nigricans, a hymenostome ciliate, is redescribed by modern technics. Anatomic studies were made on 4 strains treated primarily with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
Transcription factor networks in invasion-promoting breast carcinoma-associated fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to both tumor growth and cancer progression. In this report, we applied an emerging transcription factor (TF) activity array to fibroblasts to capture the activity of the intracellular signaling network and to define a signature that distinguishes mammary CAFs from normal mammary fibroblasts. Normal fibroblasts that restrained cancer cell invasion developed into an invasion-promoting CAF phenotype through exposure to conditioned medium from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. A myofibroblast-like CAF cell line expressing high levels of smooth muscle actin was compared to normal mammary fibroblasts before and after induction. Comparison of TF activity profiles for all three fibroblast types identified a TF activity signature common to CAFs which included activation of reporters for TFs ELK1, GATA1, retinoic acid receptor (RAR), serum response factor (SRF), and vitamin D receptor (VDR). Additionally, CAFs resembling myofibroblasts, relative to normal fibroblasts, had elevated activation corresponding to NF-kappaB, RUNX2, and YY1, and distinct activity patterns for several differentiation-related TF reporters. Induction of CAFs by exposure of normal fibroblasts to conditioned medium from MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in increased activation of reporters for HIF1, several STAT TFs, and proliferation-related TFs such as AP1. Myofibroblast-like CAFs and induced normal mammary fibroblasts promoted invasion of breast cancer cells by distinct mechanisms, consistent with their distinct patterns of TF activation. The TF activity profiles of CAF subtypes provide an overview of intracellular signaling associated with the induction of a pro-invasive stroma, and provide a mechanistic link between the microenvironmental stimuli and phenotypic response.
Structural shape sensing for morphing aircraft

This paper represents a "work-in-progress" status report on shape determination and sensing methods for deforming structures utilizing embedded sensors. This work is part of a larger effort in morphing aircraft structures at the Air Force Research Laboratory. The two critical issues involved in the present work are the determination of the number and placement of embedded sensors, and algorithms for transforming the sensor data into displacements to define the shape of the structure. These issues are addressed in the context of a laboratory experiment, which demonstrate many of the challenges inherent in the problem.
Benzophenone−Phenylthioacetic Acid Tetraalkylammonium Salts as Effective Initiators of Free-Radical Photopolymerization of Vinyl Monomers, Mechanistic Studies

The mechanism of the photooxidation of tetraalkylammonium salts of phenylthioacetic acid, C6H5−S−CH2−COO-N+R4, was investigated in detail in order to understand why they turned out to be efficient co-initiators of free-radical polymerizations. The photosensitizer was benzophenone (BP), and the alkyl substituents (R) were n-butyl, n-propyl, or ethyl. The techniques used were steady-state and nanosecond flash photolysis. It was shown that electron transfer from the sulfur atom to the benzophenone triplet state was the primary photochemical step followed by a decarboxylation reaction leading to CO2, the C6H5−S−CH2• radical, and a [BP•-···N+R4] ion pair. The latter underwent a Hofmann elimination (unexpected in these mild experimental conditions) leading to alkene-1 and trialkyl amine. The quantum yields of all the observed transients and the stable products were determined. The mechanism of primary and secondary photochemical reactions was quantitatively described, and it was shown to be similar for all of t...
Comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses for prepubertal children: changes in prevalence and validity.

ABSTRACT A structured and reliable diagnostic procedure based on a revised version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children for children, parents, and teachers was used to assign both DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses to 177 outpatient boys aged 7 to 12 years. Compared to their DSM-IH counterparts, DSM-III-R oppositional defiant disorder was 25.5% less prevalent, DSM-III-R dysthymia was 37.8% less prevalent, and DSM-III-R conduct disorder (CD) was 44.3% less prevalent. However, DSM-III-R attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was 14.4% more prevalent than DSM-III attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. The two definitions of CD were compared to exemplify an empirical approach to diagnostic validation. The DSM-HI-R diagnosis of CD appears to be more valid as it is more strongly associated with police contacts, school suspensions, and history of antisocial personality disorder in the biological father, but both CD diagnoses are associated with family histories of criminal convictions.
Hydromechanical properties of water hyacinth mats

Abstract Water hyacinth mats of various sizes and consisting of plants of various sizes and densities were towed to determine their hydrodynamic drag characteristics. The drag coefficient was found to vary with the width and length of the mat, and drag varied with plant size, population density and the square of towing velocity. Mats towed at velocities exceeding 0·4 m/s became unstable. Formulae developed are applicable to the design of in-water conveying systems and large raking systems.
The Impact of Stigma on the Child with Obesity: Implications for Social Work Practice and Research

Childhood obesity has greatly increased in the past 20 years and is highly stigmatized in today’s society. The effectiveness of obesity prevention efforts is threatened by the systemic impact of stigma that surrounds obesity. As childhood obesity increases so to does the responsibility of social workers to implement multi level interventions that not only assist children who are experiencing stigmatization, but are aimed at reducing stigmatization. This article reviews the origins of overweight stigmatization and the psychosocial influences of such stigmatization. The implications for social work practice and research from a systemic approach are addressed.
Brachial plexopathies: Classification, causes, and consequences

The brachial plexus, which is the most complex structure of the peripheral nervous system, supplies most of the upper extremity and shoulder. The high incidence of brachial plexopathies reflects its vulnerability to trauma and the tendency of disorders involving adjacent structures to affect it secondarily. The combination of anatomic, pathophysiologic, and neuromuscular knowledge with detailed clinical and ancillary study evaluations provides diagnostic and prognostic information that is important to clinical management. Since most brachial plexus disorders do not involve the entire brachial plexus but, rather, show a regional predilection, a regional approach to assessment of plexopathies is necessary.
Quantitative evaluation of serotonin release and clearance in Drosophila

Serotonin signaling plays a key role in the regulation of development, mood and behavior. Drosophila is well suited for the study of the basic mechanisms of serotonergic signaling, but the small size of its nervous system has previously precluded the direct measurements of neurotransmitters. This study demonstrates the first real-time measurements of changes in extracellular monoamine concentrations in a single larval Drosophila ventral nerve cord. Channelrhodopsin-2-mediated, neuronal type-specific stimulation is used to elicit endogenous serotonin release, which is detected using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at an implanted microelectrode. Release is decreased when serotonin synthesis or packaging are pharmacologically inhibited, confirming that the detected substance is serotonin. Similar to tetanus-evoked serotonin release in mammals, evoked serotonin concentrations are 280-640nM in the fly, depending on the stimulation length. Extracellular serotonin signaling is prolonged after administering cocaine or fluoxetine, showing that transport regulates the clearance of serotonin from the extracellular space. When ChR2 is targeted to dopaminergic neurons, dopamine release is measured demonstrating that this method is broadly applicable to other neurotransmitter systems. This study shows that the dynamics of serotonin release and reuptake in Drosophila are analogous to those in mammals, making this simple organism more useful for the study of the basic physiological mechanisms of serotonergic signaling.
Are we assessing the linguistic factors critical in early reading

The early detection of reading and other learning problems is of paramount importance if we are to develop appropriate educational programs before the child has experienced years of failure. Despite the proliferation of kindergarten prediction studies (Book, 1974; Eaves, Ken dall, and Crichton, 1974; Feshbach, Adelman, and Fuller, 1977; Glazzard, 1982; Jansky and deHirsch, 1972; Perry, Guidubaldi, and Kehle, 1979; Satz, Taylor, Friel, and Fletcher, 1978; Taylor and Ivimey, 1980; Telegdy, 1975), there is a continuing concern that our interest in early prediction exceeds our capacity to identify children at risk for future failure (Lindsay and Wedell, 1982; Rubin, Balow, Dorle, and Rosen, 1978). It is possible that in our investigation of children's performance, we are not asking the right questions. The present study was based on the premise that linguis tic factors shown to be critical in the reading process are generally overlooked in kindergarten and first-grade screening instruments. Until recently, the most popular explanation of reading problems focused on purported deficits in visual perception and perceptual-motor skills. Major screening batteries reflected this research emphasis by including a wide range of perceptual-motor tasks (e.g., blocks, puzzles, drawing, sorting). It was not surprising, therefore, to find that training programs based on these batteries emphasized perceptual-motor train ing, almost to the exclusion of other aspects of functioning. Most re searchers now question the visual-perceptual deficit explanation of read ing disability and provide data that directly contradict it (Benton, 1975; Vellutino, 1977, 1979). There is now extensive documentation in the literature of the impor tance of language-based skills in reading achievement (Gleitman and Rozin, 1977; Liberman, 1982; Liberman and Shankweiler, 1979; Liber man, Shankweiler, Liberman, Fowler, and Fischer, 1977; Perfetti and Lesgold, 1977, 1979; Vellutino, 1977, 1979). Several reading-related lan guage measures provide direct evidence of the many facets of linguistic processing, as opposed to visual processing, that are significantly related to reading. Two such tasks—the Liberman-Shankweiler Segmentation
Math and science education comparisons between the United States and the rest of the world

At the end of secondary education, the students of the United States are behind most advanced countries in science and mathematics. The main problem lies in the fact that the United States education system does not have a clear focus in their teaching of math and science through primary and secondary schools. According to the United States Department of Education, only 22 of the 50 states in the U.S. require that three years of math and science be taught in order to graduate from high school. This puts students of the United States at a disadvantage against the rest of the competitors on the global marketplace. This lack of uniformity in the United States is the reason that high school graduates are behind other developed countries in their math and science scores and subsequently less Americans are graduating from universities in the sciences. These facts could contribute detrimentally to the economic progress in the United States. To remedy this lack of American scientists and engineers, the United States needs to have a comprehensive system to encourage the study of math and science from primary school all the way to implementation in the economic marketplace.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
“You have to work at work: the economic strategies of black workers in Philadelphia”

Using in‐depth life history interviews, this paper examines how workingclass black workers get jobs. It also offers an analysis of the ways networks generate resource information which then passes through a series of connections that in form those connected about available jobs, the application process, what personal information is required to get the job, employer expectations, the application process, wage rates and who will make the hiring decision. Black city residents have repeatedly had to reorganize their strategies for economic survival simultaneously evaluating what sort of information is passing through their net works about available jobs and what is re quired to get the job.
Methods for measuring work surface illuminance in adaptive solid state lighting networks

The inherent control flexibility implied by solid-state lighting - united with the rich details offered by sensor networks - prompts us to rethink lighting control. In this research, we propose several techniques for measuring work surface illuminance and ambient light using a sensor network. The primary goal of this research is to measure work surface illuminance without distraction to the user. We discuss these techniques, including the lessons learned from our prior research. We present a new method for measuring the illuminance contribution of an arbitrary luminaire at the work surface by decomposing the modulated light into its fundamental and harmonic components.
SU‐FF‐T‐304: Is 0.5 Cm Leaf Width of MLC Beneficial in IMRT?

Purpose: Evaluate treatment plan quality and quantify dosimetric accuracy of IMRT for different disease sites with MLC of 0.5 and 1.0 cm leaf width. Method and Materials: We tested a hypothesis, quality of IMRT treatment plans with smaller MLC leaf width is better, by developing treatment plans on Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS) for multiple patients (total 60) with tumor sites located in Head and Neck (HN the other with 1.0 cm leaf width. The TPS beam modeling of the two virtual machines was exactly the same except for the MLC leaf width. The dose volume histogram (DVH) is used in the evaluations of plan quality. All target coverage is normalized to the criteria of 95% of the target volume receiving prescribed dose. A diode array (Mapcheck) was used to quantify the dosimetric accuracy of all plans created with two MLC leaf width resolutions. Results: DVHs of all the patient plans reveal very minor dosimetric differences between the IMRT plans of the two MLC systems for the same patient. There are almost identical target coverage and similar dose distributions among the critical structures in H&N patients and vertebra body patients. For prostate, plan of 1 cm MLC leaf width has slightly more hot spots in the target with the same dose coverage criteria. Planar doses comparisons with Mapcheck measurements indicate slightly larger uncertainty in 0.5 cm leaf plans. Conclusion: There are negligible dosimetric differences in IMRT plans created with 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm leaf width resolution. However, the dosimetric accuracy of plans generated with 1.0 cm leaf width is better than the plans generated with 0.5 cm leaf width.
Immunosuppression without liver induction by subchronic exposure to 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in adult female B6C3F1 mice.

Abstract The overall objective of this investigation was to begin to characterize the structure-activity relationship associated with dioxin-induced suppression of humoral immunity. Subchronic exposure (14 days) to 2,3,8,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the prototype of the class, produced a suppression of the antibody responses to both sheep erythrocytes, a T-dependent antigen, and dinitrophenyl-Ficoll, a T-independent antigen. Surprisingly, similar results were observed with 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD), a dioxin congener lacking affinity for the Ah receptor. In contrast, subchronic exposure to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), another dioxin congener without affinity for the Ah receptor, was devoid of activity. Subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, but not 2,7-DCDD, produced an induction of several liver parameters including: liver weight, amount of microsomal protein, amount of cytochrome P-450, activity of aminopyrine-N-demethylase and activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD or 2,7-DCDD produced no marked changes in thymus weight. Acute exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD also produced suppression of the antibody response in the absence of effects on the thymus.
Metal insertion in a microporous metal-organic framework lined with 2,2'-bipyridine.

Reaction of AlCl3·6H2O with 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpydc) affords Al(OH)(bpydc) (1, MOF-253), the first metal−organic framework with open 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) coordination sites. The material displays a BET surface area of 2160 m2/g and readily complexes metals to afford, for example, 1·xPdCl2 (x = 0.08, 0.83) and 1·0.97Cu(BF4)2. EXAFS spectroscopy performed on 1·0.83PdCl2 reveals the expected square planar coordination geometry, matching the structure of the model complex (bpy)PdCl2. Significantly, the selectivity factor for binding CO2 over N2 under typical flue gas conditions is observed to increase from 2.8 in 1 to 12 in 1·0.97Cu(BF4)2.