cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light source effects on aerosol photoacoustic spectroscopy measurements

Abstract Photoacoustic spectroscopy measurements of flame-generated soot aerosol coated with small amounts of water yielded absorption enhancements that were dependent on the laser used: quasi-continuous wave (Q-CW, ≈650 ps pulse duration and 78 MHz repetition rate) versus continuous wave (CW). Water coating thickness was controlled by exposing the aerosol to a set relative humidity (RH). At ≈85% RH, the mass of the soot particles increased by an amount comparable to a monolayer of water being deposited and enhanced the measured absorption by 36% and 15% for the Q-CW and CW lasers, respectively. Extinction measurements were also performed using a cavity ring-down spectrometer (extinction equals the sum of absorption and scattering) with a CW laser and negligible enhancement was observed at all RH. These findings demonstrate that source choice can impact measurements of aerosols with volatile coatings and that the absorption enhancements at high RH previously measured by Radney and Zangmeister [1] are the result of laser source used (Q-CW) and not from an increase in the particle absorption cross section.
Investigation of effectiveness of prediction of fatigue life for hot mix asphalt blended with recycled concrete aggregate using monotonic fracture testing

Abstract The fatigue property of asphalt mixtures is important for the purpose of pavement engineering design; however, assessing fatigue life using cyclic tests in the laboratory is time-consuming and tedious. This study investigates the potential of using monotonic fracture testing to predict the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures. Both monotonic tests and cyclic tests were conducted using hot mix asphalt (HMA) blended with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) at different ratios (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). The predicted fatigue life obtained from monotonic testing are found to be much lower than the fatigue life obtained from cyclic testing, which could be due to the hysteresis loss and healing effect in the cyclic testing. It is also found that the fatigue resistance of HMA is adversely affected by the use of RCA.
Ultramicroelectrode Studies of Self-Terminated Nickel Electrodeposition and Nickel Hydroxide Formation upon Water Reduction.

The interaction between electrodeposition of Ni and electrolyte breakdown, namely, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via H3O+ and H2O reduction, was investigated under well-defined mass transport conditions using ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) coupled with optical imaging, generation/collection scanning electrochemical microscopy, and preliminary microscale pH measurements. For 5 mmol/L NiCl2 + 0.1 mol/L NaCl, pH 3.0, electrolytes, the voltammetric current at modest overpotentials, i.e., between −0.6 and −1.4 V vs Ag/AgCl, was distributed between metal deposition and H3O+ reduction, with both reactions reaching mass transport-limited current values. At more negative potentials, an unusual sharp current spike appeared upon the onset of H2O reduction that was accompanied by a transient increase in H2 production. The peak potential of the current spike was a function of both [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) concentration and pH. The sharp rise in current was ascribed to the onset of autocatalytic H2O reduction, where elect...
The problems with current readability methods and formulas: Missing that usability design

Understanding how people read technical, business, and medical documents can help businesses and doctors better communicate with employees, patients, and consumers. This paper seeks to build on the research of Shieh, C., and Hosei, B., as well as Pichert, J. W., & Elam, P., into usability testing of language in technical, business, and medical documents. This paper also seeks to add to the discussion of language use in reader-oriented writing in technical, business, and medical documents by relating the findings of the research and discussing how font size, font color, font shape, paragraph alignment, and page crud affect businesses and hospitals' ability to communicate effectively with their employees, consumers, and patients. By relating the results and data from usability testing, this paper will correlate the concepts of reader-oriented writing and technical communication, effectively demonstrating how these design concepts affect document readability.
Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma

Thoracolumbar spine trauma—including compression, burst, and Chance fractures—necessitates a comprehensive neurologic exam, evaluation of the thoracolumbar junction, associated injuries, displacement/listhesis, and history of previous spinal fusions.
THE ALZHEIMER'S PLAQUES, TANGLES AND MEMORY DEFICITS MAY HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN - PART II: THERAPEUTIC RATIONALE

In the previous papers, we hypothesized that there could be an intracellular calcium deficit in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we consider, from this point of view, several long-lasting questions about AD, which include: why plaques and tangles are only found in the brain; why aging is the primary risk factor; why presenilins are so vulnerable in the disease; and why AD only affects the most delicate function of the brain. Although discrepancies and alternative views exist in many aspects of AD, it came to our attention that our hypothesis perhaps could offer a reasonable and coherent explanation, at least in part, to several such questions by the known biochemical principles. Based on the analyses, we discuss some controversies in therapeutic strategies.
Against Climate Stoicism: Learning to Fight in the Anthropocene

Humanity has entered a period in which extreme skepticism about climate change—usually termed climate denialism—has been increasingly been replaced by what we could call climate stoicism, namely, the attitude that dangerous climate change must be accepted as an external force beyond human control. In this chapter I criticize the philosophical basis for climate stoicism, especially the variant espoused by Roy Scranton, who has solemnly declared that humanity must henceforth “learn to die in the Anthropocene.” By contrast, I defend a conception of the militant philosopher and propose an alternative strategic path for “learning to fight in the Anthropocene.”
The Effect of Corticosteroids on the Resorption of Partial Hyphema in Rabbit Eyes

Partial hyphemas were created in corticosteroid-treated and untreated rabbit eyes. The disappearance of hyphema ivas complete within 48 hours in control animals. Resorption was delayed for 2 to 5 days in treated eyes. Pretreatment with corticosteroids was necessary for the altered resorption rate. Tonograms demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups. Systemic chloroquine was found to have a similar effect to steroids. Possible mechanisms for the above findings are discussed.
On the relationship of phenological strategy to ecological success: the case of broomsedge in Hawaii

Andropogon virginicus L. (broomsedge) is a perennial bunchgrass of temperate origin which was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands early in the 20th Century. Since its introduction broomsedge has become the dominant species of savanna vegetation on the windward sides of Oahu and Hawaii (the Big Island). Despite its ecological success, the phenology of broomsedge-especially the timing of its periods of active growth in the summer and dormancy (or semi-rest) in the winter-is not synchronized with the summer-dry, winter-wet moisture seasonality of its range in Hawaii. Rather, this species responds to a shortening-daylength cue by flowering in late autumn, and the onset of dormancy and the progression of subsequent phenophases seems to be mostly under endogenous control following the flowering response. The lack of synchronization between the onset of active growth by broomsedge and the onset of the rainy season does not conform to the specific assumption that the ecological dominance of the perennial bunchgrass life-form in savanna vegetation results from a coupling of phenological strategy to moisture seasonality. It also brings into question the more general assumption that a perfect coupling of phenology to the prevailing climatic conditions is a prerequisite for ecological success.
Multiple indurated papules on penis and scrotum.

Antecedents : La sarcoidose est une maladie chronique touchant de multiples organes. Les lesions cutanees peuvent en etre l'unique manifestation ou peuvent accompagner une maladie systemique. Objectifs : Prouver que la sarcoidose genitale est une entite rare a considerer dans le diagnostic differentiel des papules et des nodules genitaux. Methodes et resultats : Un Afro-Americain de 31 ans a ete affecte de lesions cutanees au penis et au scrotum pendant deux ans. Les lesions genitales etaient assez importantes pour nuire a sa vie sexuelle. Une biopsie a revele une sarcoidose. Conclusions : Les lesions sarcoides peuvent toucher toutes les regions de la peau, mais elles sont rarement rapportees aux organes genitaux. Les dermatologues doivent savoir que la sarcoidose genitale est une entite peu commune a considerer dans le diagnostic differentiel des papules et nodules genitaux. Par ailleurs, la sarcoidose genitale peut entrainer des problemes urinaires et se montrer difficile a traiter.
Absence of the t(2;5) in Hodgkin's disease.

The cytogenetics of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is poorly understood. However, a t(2;5) is a common finding in CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a neoplasm thought by some to be closely related to HD. Recently, the t(2;5) has been cloned and found to represent fusion of the NPM gene with the ALK gene. Using Southern blot hybridization, one group has reported finding rearrangements of NPM in a proportion of cases of both ALCL and HD. In the current study, we used a highly sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction methodology to analyze 34 cases of HD for the t(2;5). We were unable to find polymerase chain reaction evidence for the t(2;5) in any of the cases of HD, a result significantly different from our previous study of CD30+ non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (P < .02) including ALCL (P < .04), using identical methods. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the t(2;5) represents a common chromosomal abnormality for both HD and ALCL.
Multi-Level structured image coding on high-dimensional image representation

Robust image representations such as classemes [1], Object Bank (OB) [2], spatial pyramid representation(SPM) [3] have been proposed, showing superior performance in various high level visual recognition tasks. Our work is motivated by the need of exploring rich structural information encoded by these image representations. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-Level Structured Image Coding approach to uncover the structure embedded in representations with rich regular structural information by learning a structured dictionary from it. Specifically, we choose Object Bank [2] to demonstrate our algorithm since it encodes both semantics and spatial location as structural information. By using the learned structured dictionary from Object Bank, we can compute a lower-dimensional and more compact encoding of the image features while preserving and accentuating the rich semantic and spatial information of OB. Our framework is an unsupervised method based on minimizing the reconstruction error of the image and object codes, with an innovative multi-level structural regularization scheme. The object dictionary and the image code obtained by our model offer intriguing intuition of real-world image structures while preserving informative structure of the original OB. We show that our more compact representation outperforms several state-of-the-art representations (including the original OB) on a wide range of high-level visual tasks such as scene classification, image retrieval and annotation.
Experimental Results in Ultrasonic Diffraction Tomography

This paper presents the measurement system and experimental results in ultrasonic diffraction tomography. The tomographic reconstruction is based on the measurements of profiles of the complex amplitude of the waves scattered from the object. The results are tomograms of various phantoms in water and show a resolution of a few wavelengths. Signal processing issues such as errors due to the measurement and quantization noises are discussed. Simulation of these effects are given and related to the scattered characteristics, number of profiles, and frequency domain resolution.
Suture anastomosis of the internal mammary artery to the anterior descending coronary artery.

Pathologic studies have indicated that coronary arteries of 1.0 mm diameter are rarely affected by arteriosclerotic disease (1,5). This fact prompted us to evaluate the feasibility of performing bypass grafts to segments of the coronary arteries 1.0 mm in diameter. Extensive experimentation in the dog laboratory established that the end of the internal mammary artery could be sutured to the side of 1.0 mm segments of the coronary arteries with consistent success (4). In these animals, after the anterior descending coronary artery was ligated at its origin, flow through the mammary graft was usually in the range of 50 ml/min.
LEPTON NUCLEON SCATTERING

In our attempt to understand the strong interactions between hadrons, we have inferred a complicated substructure within the particles that we actually observe in our laboratories. Over the years, the understanding of this physics evolved into a constituent model of hadrons. We have not yet been able to detect the constituents by themselves, but most of the observed phenomena involving hadrons can be explained by their presence. The constituents I am referring to are, of course, quarks. The quark model has had particles added to it whose properties would determine how quarks interact with each other. These exchanged particles are called gluons. These ideas (and more) have now been formalized into the theory called Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).
Run-to-Run Control of Film Thickness in PECVD: Application to a Multiscale CFD Model of Amorphous Silicon Deposition

Abstract In this work, we focus on the development of a multiscale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) systems, and a corresponding run-to-run control framework with the purpose of improving product quality in the deposition of amorphous silicon thin film layers. A reactor scale model is linked with a microscopic, thin film growth model based on a hybrid kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm. Initially, open-loop operation suggests a product offset of greater than 8$\%$ from the set-point of 300 nm thickness. Application of the run-to-run control system, built around an exponentially-weighted moving average (EWMA) algorithm, is shown to reduce the thin film thickness non-uniformity to within 1$\%$ of the product set-point in less than 10 batches of operation.
Optimal stochastic dynamic scheduling for managing community recovery from natural hazards

Abstract Following the occurrence of an extreme natural or man-made event, community recovery management should aim at providing optimal restoration policies for a community over a planning horizon. Calculating such optimal restoration policies in the presence of uncertainty poses significant challenges for community leaders. Stochastic scheduling for several interdependent infrastructure systems is a difficult control problem with huge decision spaces. The Markov decision process (MDP)-based optimization approach proposed in this study incorporates different sources of uncertainties to compute the restoration policies. The computation of optimal scheduling presented herein employs the rollout algorithm, which provides an effective computational tool for optimization problems dealing with real-world large-scale networks and communities. The proposed methodology is applied to a realistic community recovery problem, where different decision-making objectives are considered. The approach accommodates current restoration strategies employed in recovery management; computational results indicate that the restoration policies identified herein significantly outperform the current recovery strategies. Finally, the applicability of the method to address different risk attitudes of policymakers, which include risk-neutral and risk-averse attitudes in the community recovery management, is examined.
The Perceptions of Community-College Faculty Teaching in Learning Communities

The objective of this study was to describe community-college faculty’s experiences teaching in learning communities. Quantitative survey data were collected from 34 faculty who had taught in at le...
Stress Resistance Screen in a Human Primary Cell Line Identifies Small Molecules that Affect Aging Pathways and Extend C. elegans’ Lifespan

Increased resistance to environmental stress at the cellular level is correlated with the longevity of long-lived mutants and wild-animal species. Moreover, in experimental organisms, screens for increased stress resistance have yielded mutants that are long-lived. To find entry points for small molecules that might extend healthy longevity in humans, we screened ~100,000 small molecules in a human primary-fibroblast cell line and identified a set that increased oxidative-stress resistance. Some of the hits fell into structurally-related chemical groups, suggesting that they may act on common targets. Two small molecules increased C. elegans’ stress resistance, and at least 9 extended their lifespan by ~10-50%. Thus, screening for increased stress resistance in human cells can enrich for compounds with promising pro-longevity effects. Further characterization of these compounds, including a chalcone that promoted stress resistance independently of NRF2, may elucidate new ways to extend healthy human lifespan.
Advances in thermodynamic modelling of nanoparticles

Among all the computational techniques (Density Functional Theory, Molecular Dynamics, Monte-Carlo Simulations, Nanothermodynamics) used to investigate the properties of nanoparticles, nanothermody...
Beat-to-Beat Patterning of Sinus Rhythm Reveals Non-linear Rhythm in the Dog Compared to the Human.

The human and dog have sinus arrhythmia; however, the beat-to-beat interval changes were hypothesized to be different. Geometric analyses (R-R interval tachograms, dynamic Poincare plots) to examine rate changes on a beat-to-beat basis were analyzed along with time and frequency domain heart rate variability from 40 human and 130 canine 24-h electrocardiographic recordings. Humans had bell-shaped beat-interval distributions, narrow interval bands across time with continuous interval change and linear changes in rate. In contrast, dogs had skewed non-singular beat distributions, wide interval bands {despite faster average heart rate of dogs [mean (range); 81 (64-119)] bpm compared to humans [74.5 (59-103) p = 0.005]} with regions displaying a paucity of intervals (zone of avoidance) and linear plus non-linear rate changes. In the dog, dynamic Poincare plots showed linear rate changes as intervals prolonged until a point of divergence from the line of identity at a mean interval of 598.5 (95% CI: 583.5-613.5) ms (bifurcation interval). The dog had bimodal beat distribution during sleep with slower rates and greater variability than during active hours that showed singular interval distributions, higher rates and less variability. During sleep, Poincare plots of the dog had clustered or branched patterns of intervals. A slower rate supported greater parasympathetic modulation with a branched compared to the clustered distribution. Treatment with atropine eliminated the non-linear patterns, while hydromorphone shifted the bifurcated branching and beat clustering to longer intervals. These results demonstrate the unique non-linear nature of beat-to-beat variability in the dog compared to humans with increases in interval duration (decrease heart rate). These results provoke the possibility that changes are linear with a dominant sympathetic modulation and non-linear with a dominant parasympathetic modulation. The abrupt bifurcation, zone of avoidance and beat-to-beat patterning are concordant with other studies demonstrating the development of exit block from the sinus node with parasympathetic modulation influencing not only the oscillation of the pacing cells, but conduction to the atria. Studies are required to associate the in vivo sinus node beat patterns identified in this study to the mapping of sinus impulse origin and exit from the sinus node.
Chapter 38 – Order Trichoptera

Trichoptera, or caddisflies, are an order of aquatic insects occurring around the world in rivers, streams, and lakes. About 15,000 species are known. The aquatic larvae use silk to construct cases in which they reside or to spin silken nets to capture food suspended in the water column. The adults, with the body and wings covered with fine hairs, are crepuscular and resemble small moths. Larvae are important components of aquatic food webs. Most are intolerant of pollution and serve as biological indicators of water quality. This chapter provides an overview of the geographical, morphological, and ecological diversity of caddisflies. Aquatic respiration, osmoregulation, diapause, and other physiological adaptations are reviewed. The literature on general aspects of life history, ecology and behavior, such as adult emergence, mating behavior, egg laying, predation, construction behavior, food and feeding, drift, and production is reviewed. The effect of climate change and other human impacts on the diversity and distribution of caddisflies is discussed. Finally, methods for collecting, preparing, and observing immature stages and adults for scientific study are presented.
The Spiritual Lives of Young African Americans

One cannot deny the powerful global resonance of young voices that righteously demand a seat at the table to facilitate effective change that translates into clean water, safe schools, and environm...
Rare Case of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Following MitraClip Placement

A 92-year-old patient with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction (EF) of 65% underwent successful valvular repair utilizing a MitraClip. Echocardiogram at post-o...
Mesoscopic protein-rich clusters host the nucleation of mutant p53 amyloid fibrils

The protein p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor, often called "the guardian of the genome"; however, mutations transform p53 into a powerful cancer promoter. The oncogenic capacity of mutant p53 has been ascribed to enhanced propensity to fibrillize and recruit other cancer fighting proteins in the fibrils, yet the pathways of fibril nucleation and growth remain obscure. Here, we combine immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy of human breast cancer cells with light scattering and transmission electron microscopy of solutions of the purified protein and molecular simulations to illuminate the mechanisms of phase transformations across multiple length scales, from cellular to molecular. We report that the p53 mutant R248Q (R, arginine; Q, glutamine) forms, both in cancer cells and in solutions, a condensate with unique properties, mesoscopic protein-rich clusters. The clusters dramatically diverge from other protein condensates. The cluster sizes are decoupled from the total cluster population volume and independent of the p53 concentration and the solution concentration at equilibrium with the clusters varies. We demonstrate that the clusters carry out a crucial biological function: they host and facilitate the nucleation of amyloid fibrils. We demonstrate that the p53 clusters are driven by structural destabilization of the core domain and not by interactions of its extensive unstructured region, in contradistinction to the dense liquids typical of disordered and partially disordered proteins. Two-step nucleation of mutant p53 amyloids suggests means to control fibrillization and the associated pathologies through modifying the cluster characteristics. Our findings exemplify interactions between distinct protein phases that activate complex physicochemical mechanisms operating in biological systems.
Journal of Agromedicine "Leader in the Field" 2021: Jess McCluer.

Jess McCluer, MA, who instills agricultural safety and health across the industry by leveraging his unique blend of analytical skills, creativity, and relationship management, is the Journal of Agr...
Diagnostic Accuracy of the AzBio Speech Recognition in Noise Test.

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine the ability of the AzBio speech recognition in noise (SRN) test to distinguish between groups of participants with and without a self-reported SRN di...
Adaptation to the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Older Adults in the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic is a constraint to leisure behaviour of historic proportions. Paradoxically, it might also be a catalyst for a reconsideration of the importance of leisure to well-being in la...
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Creating the Foundation for Collaboration Amongst the Arts Disciplines, Powered by Tectonic Theatre Project’s Moment Work

CROSS-­‐DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION: CREATING THE FOUNDATION FOR COLLABORATION AMONGST THE ARTS. POWERED BY TECTONIC THEATRE PROJECT’S MOMENT WORK By Tara Beth Weintraub, M.F.A A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015 Major Director: Dr. Noreen Barnes Director of Graduate Studies, Theatre During this course, upper-level VCUArts students are invited to join forces to become a part of a cross-disciplinary, ensemble-based exploration. Powered by Tectonic Theatre Project’s Moment Work, students will create new works and gain insight into the philosophies, purposes, and processes of Moment Work and other devised theatre techniques. The class will culminate in short, devised pieces, created and performed by the students. The focus of the class is on the creation of a harmonious ensemble amongst a varied group of young artists. I believe that in order to create a generation of innovative and forward-thinking artists, the segregation of the arts disciplines within academia must halt. Cross-disciplinary collaboration will invite varying perspectives to exist in a single setting, and hopefully lead to new forms of art.
A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D replacement strategies in pediatric CF patients.

Abstract Background Vitamin D insufficiency is common in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet data are sparse regarding the most effective form of vitamin D supplementation. The aim of this study was to compare two different vitamin D replacement regimens. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing 50,000IU of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) twice weekly for 8weeks versus 50,000IU of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) weekly in patients with CF, pancreatic insufficiency, age 6–21years and a 25(OH)D Results A total of 47 patients completed the trial. The mean pre-treatment 25(OH)D concentration was 23.1 (SD 4.7) ng/mL. The overall mean increase in 25(OH)D was 11.1 (11.9) ng/mL and 31/47 (66%) achieved a 25(OH)D concentration≥30ng/mL; of the 26 participants who received D2, 18 (69%) achieved sufficiency while 13/21 (62%) participants treated with D3 achieved sufficiency. There was no difference between groups in change of 25(OH)D (p=0.65). Similarly, there was no difference in the number of patients to achieve vitamin D sufficiency between treatments (p=0.6). Conclusions Ergocalciferol administered as 50,000IU twice weekly is as effective as cholecalciferol 50,000IU weekly for 8weeks in pediatric patients with CF and vitamin D insufficiency. Only 66% of the patients studied achieved the desired 25(OH)D concentration.
Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction

The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally and is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. The coexistence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance or impaired glucose metabolism has been termed the metabolic syndrome. Many studies have shown that people with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes are more likely to experience cardiovascular events even in the absence of baseline evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This increased risk of CVD is owing to a complex interplay of many risk factors, one of which is endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction is an early event in atherogenesis and has been shown to precede by several years the development of clinically detectable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Recent evidence points to adipose tissue as a complex and active endocrine tissue whose secretory products, including free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, and other cytokines, play a major role in the regulation of human metabolic and vascular biology. As a result, adipocytes are now claimed to be the missing link between insulin resistance and CVD. Lifestyle modification in the form of caloric restriction and increased physical activity is the most common approach used for improving endothelial and/or adipose-tissue functions with the expectation that this may reduce cardiovascular events in obese individuals with either the metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.
Drug Discovery as an Example of Literature-Based Discovery

Since Swanson's introduction of literature-based discovery in 1986, new hypotheses have been generated by connecting disconnected scientific literatures. In this paper, we present the general discovery model and show how it can be used for drug discovery research. We have developed a discovery support tool that employs Natural Language Processing techniques to extract biomedical concepts from Medline titles and abstracts. Using semantic knowledge, the user, typically a biomedical scientist, can efficiently filter out irrelevant information. This chapter provides an algorithmic description of the system and presents a potential drug discovery. We conclude by discussing the current and future status of literature-based discovery in the biomedical research domain.
Mass spectrometric quantification of prostaglandin D2 levels in choroid plexus, cerebrospinal fluid and rostral ventrolateral medulla link PGD2 signaling to the development of neurogenic hypertension (1140.10)

Roles of Prostaglandin (PG) D2 signaling in blood pressure (BP) control are obscure. PGD2 is synthesized from precursor arachidonic acid and PGH2 by the action of enzyme lipocalin-prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS). Choroid plexus lining the third ventricle (3VCP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AngII-salt hypertensive (AngII-HS-HTN) rats express high mRNA and protein levels of L-PGDS. Blocking the L-PGDS enzyme centrally with its antagonist AT56 attenuates AngII-salt-HTN development. So we hypothesized that increased PGD2 synthesis in the brain is central to AngII-salt mediated increase in BP. Method: Two sets of experiments were performed. In one set of high salt (HS, 2%) fed rats, vehicle or AngII (150 ng/kg/min, sc) was infused. In another set of HS fed rats, L-PGDS was first blocked chronically with different doses (nmol-h-1, sc) of AT56 (0.6,6,23) and then AngII was infused. From both studies, brain tissue and CSF were collected on day 4 of AngII infusion for ultra performance liquid chromatograph...
From the Associate Editor, MLJ Reviews: Presenting the Special Issue Reviews

This article presents information on review essays in the special issue Methodology, Epistemology and Ethics in Instructed Second Language Acquisition Research of The Modern Language Journal. The review essays represent an innovative and stimulating approach to the discussion of recent publications that come under the rubric of Theory and Practice. By considering together a set of publications on a particular research paradigm, the essays provide readers with a thoughtful picture of recent books on action research, qualitative research, and quantitative research, respectively, that would not be possible in the traditional way the Reviews section has been structured .The books treated in the review essays were selected for their timeliness and for their significance to researchers in language learning and teaching. Several contributions to this special issue remind us that the idea that research should inform action is both common sense and ethically supported.
Technology and the single electron

Since their invention, announced in 1948, transistors have become an irreplaceable part of modern life. How can they be made ever tinier? A marriage of lithography and colloidal chemistry is a promising approach.
Using systematically observed clinical encounters (SOCEs) to assess medical students' skills in clinical settings.

INTRODUCTION The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is widely used to assess the clinical performance of medical students. However, concerns related to cost, availability, and validity, have led educators to investigate alternatives to the OSCE. Some alternatives involve assessing students while they provide care to patients - the mini-CEX (mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise) and the Long Case are examples. We investigated the psychometrics of systematically observed clinical encounters (SOCEs), in which physicians are supplemented by lay trained observers, as a means of assessing the clinical performances of medical students. METHODS During the pediatrics clerkship at the University of Iowa, trained lay observers assessed the communication skills of third-year medical students using a communication checklist while the students interviewed and examined pediatric patients. Students then verbally presented their findings to faculty, who assessed students' clinical skills using a standardized form. The reliability of the combined communication and clinical skills scores was calculated using generalizability theory. RESULTS Fifty-one medical students completed 199 observed patient encounters. The mean combined clinical and communication skills score (out of a maximum 45 points) was 40.8 (standard deviation 3.3). The calculated reliability of the SOCE scores, using generalizability theory, from 10 observed patient encounters was 0.81. Students reported receiving helpful feedback from faculty after 97% of their observed clinical encounters. CONCLUSION The SOCE can reliably assess the clinical performances of third-year medical students on their pediatrics clerkship. The SOCE is an attractive addition to the other methods utilizing real patient encounters for assessing the skills of learners.
Monitoring the True Harmonic Current of a Variable Speed Drive Under Nonsinusoidal Supply Conditions

The increased use of nonlinear devices in industry has resulted in direct increase of harmonic distortion in the industrial power system. Variable speed drives are an example. With the widespread proliferation of nonlinear loads in a power distribution network, the voltage at the point of common coupling is rarely a pure sinusoid. It has become necessary to identify accurately which load(s) is injecting the excessively high harmonic currents. Simply measuring the harmonic currents at each individual load is not sufficiently accurate since these harmonic currents may be caused by not only the nonlinear load, but also by a non-sinusoidal PCC voltage. This paper proposes a neural network solution methodology for the problem of measuring the actual amount of harmonic current injected into a power network by a three phase variable speed drive, and this technique can be extended to any nonlinear load in general. The proposed method has been experimentally verified by applying the scheme to a commercially available variable speed drive. The scheme has been applied to each phase individually as well as to all three phases together. The goal of this paper is to quantify the difference in current distortion of a load when supplied from a distorted source as compared to a clean sine wave. A Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network is used to estimate the true harmonic current distortion of a load. Theory and practical results are presented. This technology could be integrated into any commercially available power quality instrument or be fabricated as a standalone instrument.
A new method for isolation of human lymphocyte subsets reveals differential regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by terbutaline treatment.

We adapted a technique for isolation of mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) subsets with immunomagnetic beads to the study of beta-adrenergic receptors. Mixed MNL cells were sequentially incubated with monoclonal antibodies specific for certain MNL subsets. Sheep antimouse antibodies coupled to magnetic beads were then added, and the desired MNL subset was pulled out with a magnet. This method yielded subsets with high purity and did not alter beta-receptor density or function. Healthy volunteers were treated for 7 days with the beta 2-selective agonist terbutaline (5 mg t.i.d.). Terbutaline treatment decreased beta-receptor number and isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation in natural killer cells, helper T cells, and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells but not in B cells. The decrease was greatest in suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and least in helper T cells. Thus beta-adrenergic receptor regulation by agonists appears to differ among MNL subsets.
Philo-Semitism in Serbia 1940 and after

This paper analyses Serbian philo-Semitism, or friendship toward and appreciation of the Jews. Its primary focus is on Nasi Jevreji, an anthology of statements supporting the Jews that appeared in 1940. It also examines the recurrence of philo-Semitic themes in post World War Two writings. The main arguments is that philo-Semitism played (and plays) an instrumental role in the formation of modern Serbian identity. In particular, expressions of warmth and friendship toward Serbian Jews served to vindicate a conviction that Serbia was a virtuous and generous nation. At the same time, philo-Semitic discourse carried its own ambiguities with it, both in regard to Serbian attitudes toward Jews in general, as well as conflicting Jewish responses to the friendship offered. This paper also studies these ambiguities, and concludes with an evaluation of the meaning of Serbian philo-Semitism in general.
Glide-plane symmetry and superconducting gap structure of iron-based superconductors

We consider the effect of glide-plane symmetry of the Fe-pnictogen/chalcogen layer in Fe-based superconductors on pairing in spin fluctuation models. Recent theories have proposed that so-called $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing states with nonzero total momentum can be realized and possess exotic properties such as odd parity spin singlet symmetry and time-reversal symmetry breaking. Here we show that $\ensuremath{\eta}$ pairing is inevitable when there is orbital weight at the Fermi level from orbitals with even and odd mirror reflection symmetry in $z$; however, by explicit calculation, we conclude that the gap function that appears in observable quantities is identical to that found in earlier, 1 Fe per unit cell pseudocrystal momentum calculations.
Carry-Select Adder

A large, extremely fast digital adder with sum selection and multiple-radix carry is described. Boolean expressions for the operation are included. The amount of hardware and the logical delay for a 100-bit ripple-carry adder and a carry-select adder are compared. The adder system described increases the speed of the addition process by reducing the carry-propagation time to the minimum commensurate with economical circuit design. The problem of carry-propagation delay is overcome by independently generating multiple-radix carries and using these carries to select between simultaneously generated sums. In this adder system, the addend and augend are divided into subaddend and subaugend sections that are added twice to produce two subsums. One addition is done with a carry digit forced into each section, and the other addition combines the operands without the forced carry digit. The selection of the correct, or true, subsum from each of the adder sections depends upon whether or not there actually is a carry into that adder section.
Anti-Vaccination Movement and Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children in USA

Abstract Despite an enormous success of the vaccination programs in the USA and an all time low incidence rate of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) pediatricians and family doctors are seeing increasing numbers of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. Vaccine coverage decreases causing outbreaks of VPDs in the USA. Fear of potentially deadly diseases has been replaced by the fear of real and, more often, imaginary side effects of vaccination. This fear fuels an anti-vaccination movement with the help of media (especially Internet), celebrities, and politicians. Parents are being misled and are not trusting their doctors. After all attempts to persuade parents to vaccinate their children have failed, some doctors are refusing to see those patients. There is no easy solution to the problem, however, most important is to continue public education and persuasion and addressing vaccine refusal by respectfully listening to parental concerns and discussing the risks of nonvaccination.
Effect of ozone on platelet activating factor metabolism in phorbol-differentiated HL60 cells

Abstract The mechanisms of ozone (O 3 ) toxicity in the lung may involve the formation of lipid inflammatory mediators. We have previously demonstrated that exposure to O 3 in vitro results in increased accumulation and release of platelet activating factor (PAF) in the macrophage-like cell line HL60 differentiated with phorbol ester (dHL60). In the present study we have examined possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the O 3 -induced increase in PAF levels in dHL60 cells. Specifically, we studied the effect of O 3 on phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), acetyltransferase, acetylhydrolase, and reacylation activities. dHL60 cells were exposed to 1.0 ppm O 3 or air alone. O 3 exposure was found to significantly decrease dHL60 cell acetylhydrolase activity by 36%. Additional experiments demonstrated that extracellular acetylhydrolase activity, but not intracellular acetylhydrolase activity, was inhibited by O 3 exposure of dHL60 cells. O 3 exposure resulted in a small (13%) but statistically significant reduction in reacylation activity in dHL60 cells. In addition, a significant (22%) contribution of PLA 2 activation to the O 3 -induced increase in PAF levels was also found. Basal and calcium lonophore-induced acetyltransferase activity was found to be unaffected by exposure of dHL60 cells to O 3 . These data suggest that in vitro exposure to O 3 affects both synthetic and degradative pathways of PAF metabolism in dHL60 cells.
Reactivation of neural ensembles during the retrieval of recent and remote memory.

Summary Background: Episodic memories are encoded within hippocampal and neocortical circuits. Retrieving these memories is assumed to involve reactivation of neural ensembles that were established during learning. Although it has been possible to follow the activity of individual neurons shortly after learning, it has not been possible to examine their activity weeks later during retrieval. We addressed this issue by using a stable form of GFP (H2B-GFP) to permanently tag neurons that are active during contextual fear conditioning. Results: H2B-GFP expression in transgenic mice was increased by learning and could be regulated by doxycycline (DOX). Using this system, we found a large network of neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex that were active during context fear conditioning and subsequent memory retrieval 2 days later. Reactivation was contingent on memory retrieval and was not observed when animals were trained and tested in different environments. When memory was retrieved several weeks after learning, reactivation was altered in the hippocampus and amygdala but remained unchanged in the cortex. Conclusions: Retrieving a recently formed context fear memory reactivates neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. Several weeks after learning, the degree of reactivation is altered in hippocampal and amygdala networks but remains stable in the cortex.
Rivaroxaban: an oral factor Xa inhibitor.

Abstract Background Currently available anticoagulants utilized for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment and prevention and stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have proven effectiveness but are not optimally utilized because of barriers such as the need for subcutaneous administration and requisite routine laboratory monitoring. Rivaroxaban, a novel oral Xa inhibitor, is an alternative to standard therapies utilized for VTE prevention after elective orthopedic surgery, primary and secondary stroke prevention in nonvalvular AF, VTE treatment after an acute VTE event, and secondary prevention after the acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Objective This article reviews the pharmacology, efficacy, and tolerability of rivaroxaban for VTE prophylaxis in post–orthopedic surgery and medically ill patients, stroke prevention in nonvalvular AF, adjunctive therapy in patients with ACS, and VTE treatment. Methods International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and EMBASE were searched for English-only clinical trials and reviews published between 1970 and March 15, 2012. PubMed was searched for articles published between 1970 and June 30, 2012. Additional trials and reviews were identified from the citations of published articles. Results Eighty-nine publications were identified: 10 clinical trials and 1 meta-analysis were used to obtain efficacy and tolerability data, and 1 analysis of pooled data from the clinical trials was included; 17 pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and drug–drug interaction studies were included; and 5 cost-analyses were reviewed. These data showed rivaroxaban to be noninferior to enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis of VTE after total knee and total hip replacement surgery. It was also shown to be noninferior to vitamin K antagonist therapy for primary and recurrent stroke prevention in nonvalvular AF as well as for the treatment of VTE after an acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. It also showed benefit in lowering the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events after ACS. Differences in major bleeding rates were not statistically significant between rivaroxaban and comparators across the various studies, with the exception of ACS, in which there were higher rates of non–coronary artery bypass graft surgery related bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusions Based on the findings of the studies reported in this review, rivaroxaban is an effective option for the prevention of VTE after orthopedic surgery, stroke prevention for nonvalvular AF, and treatment of VTE. At this time, rivaroxaban cannot be recommended for secondary risk reduction after ACS because of the increased bleeding risk.