cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Chemopreventive Agents Based on the Structure of the Lead Compound 2-Bromo-1-hydroxyphenazine, Isolated from Streptomyces Species, Strain CNS284

The isolation of 2-bromo-1-hydroxyphenazine from a marine Streptomyces species, strain CNS284, and its activity against NF-κB, suggested that a short and flexible route for the synthesis of this metabolite and a variety of phenazine analogues should be developed. Numerous phenazines were subsequently prepared and evaluated as inducers of quinone reductase 1 (QR1) and inhibitors of quinone reductase 2 (QR2), NF-κB, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Several of the active phenazine derivatives displayed IC₅₀ values vs QR1 induction and QR2 inhibition in the nanomolar range, suggesting that they may find utility as cancer chemopreventive agents.
Development of a device for measuring adherence of skin grafts to the wound surface

Adherence of a biological graft to the wound surface is the most important factor influencing the ultimate success of graft viability. A machine has been developed to test the adherence of biological graft materials to a substrate such as a wound surface. The peeling mode, which yields reproducible quantitative measurements of adherence, is a standard method for testing adhesives. The device is designed to continuously measure the force required to peel the graft from the substrate at a constant rate. This force is a function of the energy of adhesion per unit area of adhered surface. This device has been used to measure the peeling force of (2×2 cm) skin grafts which are applied to full-thickness wounds on mice. Results of tests on adherence of autografts on mice show that the peeling force increases significantly with time over the first 9 days of healing. Thus, this device is useful in quantitative comparison of various skin grafting techniques and artificial grafts.
Erythrocyte polyamines of normal individuals and patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

Aging of human red cells (RBC) appears to occur as a function of the age of the subject and time which is spent by the erythrocyte in the circulation. In SCA, there is a decrease in the time RBCs circulate. The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine can alter the electrokinetic properties of red cells. As red cells age, there is a decrease in the surface charge and altered deformability. To assess the effect of time in the circulation on RBC polyamine content of control subjects, we analyzed levels of density fractionated cells of ten healthy donors (HbAA) and compared to levels of four SCA patients (HbSS), ages 26 to 38. Perchloric acid extracts of erythrocyte stroma were analyzed by amino acid analysis using O-phthaldehyde fluorescent detection. At age 50–60 in normal subjects there is an accelerated loss of both spermidine and spermine in the dense cells relative to reticulocytes. This may be related to loss of surface area of the erythrocyte. In the four SCA patients, the spermidine and spermine ratios were similar to that of young normals of the same age group. It is considered that a large fraction of the total polyamines is firmly bound to spectrin. Polyamines may exert a regulatory role in the RBC stroma.
Classical tests for statistical evaporation at 680 MeV 40Ar+natAg.

Measurements of the partial linear momentum transfer and production cross sections for light charged particles are reported for the reaction 680 MeV {sup 40}Ar+{sup nat}Ag. From examination of light charged particle invariant cross section maps and comparison of experimental angular distributions and energy spectra to a reaction kinematics simulation, an average value of 85{percent} linear momentum transfer is deduced, with a spin range of (0{endash}75){h_bar}. Integration over energy and angle yields single and coincident light charged particle production cross sections. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Neutron states in /sup 195/Pt populated by the (d, p) and (d, t) reactions

The neutron states in /sup 195/Pt have been studied using the /sup 194/Pt(d, p)/sup 195/Pt and /sup 196/Pt(d, t)/sup 195/Pt reactions and 12 and 13.5 MeV deuterons. Transfer l values have been determined from angular distributions, and spectroscopic factors obtained by comparison with distorted wave Born approximation calculations. Many lower energy states are well explained by the Nilsson model assuming an oblate nuclear shape. These include the 1/2/sup -/(530), 3/2/sup -/(532), 5/2/sup -/(532), and decoupled 1/2/sup +/(600) bands, and more tentatively the 3/2/sup -/(541) and 9/2/sup +/(615) bands. Other low-lying states are well described by the Faessler-Greiner model using parameters consistent with the /sup 194/Pt data. The Coriolis force is important in reproducing the large spectroscopic factors experimentally observed. The success of the Faessler-Greiner and Davydov models in explaining the experimental /sup 195/Pt spectra is also compared. (AIP)
Video Self-Modeling Applications With Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Small Private School Setting:

Videotaped self-modeling (VSM) Was developed as a means to alloW participants to vieW themselves in situations Where they are performing at a more advanced level than they typically function. VSM has been used effectively to train positive behaviors and reduce unWanted behaviors across a range of ages and behaviors; hoWever, feW studies of VSM have been conducted With students With autism. The present study Was designed to analyze the effects that VSM had on children With autism spectrum disorders across a variety of behaviors, including language, social initiations, tantrums, and aggression. Multiple-baseline designs across students and behaviors Were used to evaluate performance in several substudies. The results indicated that all of the 5 participants exhibited immediate and significant gains and that those gains Were maintained after cessation of treatment. The findings suggest that VSM may constitute a positive behavior change intervention Worthy of consideration for persons With autism.
Leaving everything as it is: Political inquiry after Wittgenstein

The assumed difference and continuing estrangement between political philosophy and political science is a relatively recent development. Both fields sprang from closely entwined concerns about democracy and matters of social and political justice, and today both must still confront their practical as well as cognitive relationship to their subject matter. This issue, however, has receded into the background of these discourses. Ludwig Wittgenstein's vision of philosophy is in effect a vision of social inquiry. His work, when viewed from this perspective, prompts us to reconsider the logical status of various modes of political inquiry: how can these practices, descriptively and normatively, do justice to their subject matter? How can they deal with such foundational issues as the nature of social phenomena, the concepts of representation and interpretation, the problem of knowledge of other minds and what is involved in making explanatory and evaluative judgments about the objects of inquiry?
The Local ISM and Its Interaction with the Winds of Nearby Late-Type Stars*

We present new Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) observations of the Ly-alpha and Mg II absorption lines seen toward the nearby stars 61 Cyg A and 40 Eri A. We use these data to measure interstellar properties along these lines of sight and to search for evidence of circumstellar hydrogen walls, which are produced by collisions between the stellar winds and the Local InterStellar Medium (LISM). We were able to model the Ly-alpha lines of both stars without hydrogen-wall absorption components, but for 61 Cyg A the fit required a stellar Ly-alpha, line profile with an improbably deep self-reversal, and for 40 Eri A the fit required a very low deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio that is inconsistent with previous GHRS measurements. Since these problems could be rectified simply by including stellar hydrogen-wall components with reasonable attributes, our preferred fits to the data include these components. We have explored several ways in which the hydrogen-wall properties measured here and in previous work can be used to study stellar winds and the LISM. We argue that the existence of a hydrogen wall around 40 Eri A and a low H I column density along that line of sight imply that either the interstellar density must decrease toward 40 Eri A or the hydrogen ionization fraction (chi) must increase. We find that hydrogen-wall temperatures are larger for stars with faster velocities through the LISM. The observed temperature-velocity relation is consistent with the predictions of hydromagnetic shock jump conditions. More precise comparison of the data and the jump conditions suggests crude upper limits for both chi and the ratio of magnetic to thermal pressure in the LISM (alpha): chi less than 0.6 and alpha less than 2. The latter upper limit corresponds to a limit on the LISM magnetic field of B less than 5 micro G. These results imply that the plasma Mach number of the interstellar wind flowing into the heliosphere is M(sub A) greater than 1.3, which indicates that the collision is supersonic and that there should therefore be a bow shock outside the heliopause in the upwind direction. Finally, we estimate stellar wind pressures (P sub wind) from the measured hydrogen-wall column densities. These estimates represent the first empirical measurements of wind properties for late-type main-sequence stars. The wind pressures appear to be correlated with stellar X-ray surface fluxes, F(x), in a manner consistent with the relation P(wind) varies as F(x)(exp -1/2), a relation that is also consistent with the variations of P(sub wind) and F(sub x) observed during the solar activity cycle. If this relation can in fact be generalized to solar-like stars, as is suggested by our data, then it is possible to estimate stellar wind properties simply by measuring stellar X-rays. One implication of this is that stellar wind pressures and mass-loss rates are then predicted to increase with time, since F(sub x) is known to decrease with stellar age.
A microcracked solid reinforced by rigid-line fibers

Abstract The effective elastic properties of a solid containing two extreme types of line inclusions—cracks and rigid-line fibers—are investigated in this paper. This is done using a two-dimensional, self-consistent method combined with crack and rigid-line energy-release concepts. It is established that the fiber density has to be approximately five times the crack density in order to offset the effect of microcracks on the tensile modulus of a solid containing randomly distributed microcracks and fibers. For parallel and perpendicular cracks and fibers, it is found that fibers have almost no effect on the tensile modulus normal to the fiber direction and neither do microcracks in the crack direction. However, microcracks reduce the composite modulus normal to the crack direction, and fibers enhance the modulus in the fiber direction. A two-dimensional differential method is also used for a material containing randomly distributed rigid-line fibers or cracks. The difference between the composite elastic moduli obtained by the differential and self-consistent methods is very small for the rigid-line-fiber reinforcements, but is pronounced for the microcracks.
Isolation and purification of kinesin from Drosophila embryos.

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.
Ethics: the why and wherefore of veterinary law.

It is impossible to understand one's legal obligations without appreciating the ethical values these obligations are intended to promote. This article presents an overview of the sources of ethical values in veterinary practice. The author explains how legal requirements embody basic moral standards that veterinarians themselves regard as central to their professional role. It is argued that the most effective way of predicting many legal obligations and of motivating oneself to fulfill them is to accept and live by fundamental moral values. The article concludes that the underlying ethical motivation of the law underscores the importance ofmaking attention to ethics an essential part of one's practice of veterinary medicine.
Pleural fluid volume estimation: A chest radiograph prediction rule

Rationale and Objectives. We devised a prediction rule for estimating pleural effusion volume on the basis of posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs. Methods. A prediction rule was devised for estimating pleural effusion volume on the basis of the presence or absence of a meniscus on chest radiographs. The rule was tested and validated using separate data sets obtained from a retrospective review of patients having both a chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan (the gold standard) within 24 hr of each other. The accuracy of the prediction rule and the degree of interobserver agreement between the two independent readers were determined. Results. For the test and validation sets, the weighted accuracies of the prediction rule were 86% and 85%, respectively. The respective weighted interobserver agreements were 97% and 88%. Pleural effusions became visible as a meniscus on the lateral chest radiograph at a volume of approximately 50 ml; at a volume of 200 ml, the meniscus could be identified on the posteroanterior radiograph. At a volume of about 500 ml, the meniscus obscured the hemidiaphragm. Conclusion. The volume of a pleural effusion can be estimated from the chest radiograph appearance with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Improving drug delivery to primary and metastatic brain tumors: strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier

Abstract Brain tumor diagnosis has an extremely poor prognosis, due in part to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that prevents both early diagnosis and effective drug delivery. The infiltrative nature of primary brain tumors and the presence of micro-metastases lead to tumor cells that reside behind an intact BBB. Recent genomic technologies have identified many genetic mutations present in glioma and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and this information has been instrumental in guiding the development of molecularly targeted therapies. However, the majority of these agents are unable to penetrate an intact BBB, leading to one mechanism by which the invasive brain tumor cells effectively escape treatment. The diagnosis and treatment of a brain tumor remains a serious challenge and new therapeutic agents that either penetrate the BBB or disrupt mechanisms that limit brain penetration, such as endothelial efflux transporters or tight junctions, are required in order to improve patient outcomes in this devastating disease.
Central regulation of gastric acid secretion: The role of neuropeptides

A variety of stimuli can act through the central nervous system to alter gastric acid secretion. Lesioning and stimulation experiments have established roles for the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus and the limbic system in the central regulation of gastric acid secretion. Recently a number of neuropeptides have been demonstrated to alter gastric acid secretion after central administration. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and gastrin both increase gastric acid secretion, whereas bombesin, calcitonin, the endogenous opioid peptides and neurotensin decrease gastric acid secretion. With the exception of bombesin, all the other neuropeptides appear to produce their effects through a vagally mediated mechanism. In addition, a number of these neuropeptides, when centrally administered, have been demonstrated to exert a potent cytoprotective effect against stress ulcer development. This review develops a peptidergic hypothesis of gastric acid secretion, suggesting that the final integration of the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion is brought about by maintaining a delicate balance in the concentration of a number of interacting peptides and monoamines.
Some Physical Factors Related to Egg Spoilage

Abstract INTRODUCTION MANY of the factors which contribute to the entrance of organisms into an egg are known. It was first reported by Haines and Moran (1940) that the immersion of a warm egg in a cool bacterial suspension accelerated spoilage. This technique of enhancing infection has been employed regularly by numerous investigators to study methods of controlling egg spoilage, e.g. thermostabilization (Funk, 1950), pasteurization with and without bactericidal compounds (Lorenz et al., 1952), fumigation, (Lorenz et al., 1950), controlled atmosphere in cold rooms (Moran, 1935) and short term immersion in boiling water (Feeney et al., 1954). There appears to have been no work reported on efforts to induce the introduced spoilage organisms to egress. Subsequently isolated eggs laid by healthy hens are usually bacteriologically sterile (literature reviewed by Wolk et al., 1950). Therefore any bacteria are introduced by the environment. The microbial populations that develop on the shell surface do …
Transfusion immunomodulation - the case for leukoreduced and (perhaps) washed transfusions

During the last three decades, a growing body of clinical, basic science and animal model data has demonstrated that blood transfusions have important effects on the immune system. These effects include: dysregulation of inflammation and innate immunity leading to susceptibility to microbial infection, down-regulation of cellular (T and NK cell) host defenses against tumors, and enhanced B cell function that leads to alloimmunization to blood group, histocompatibility and other transfused antigens. Furthermore, transfusions alter the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis through inflammation, nitric oxide scavenging, altered rheologic properties of the blood, immune complex formation and, no doubt, several mechanisms not yet elucidated. The net effects are rarely beneficial to patients, unless they are in imminent danger of death due to exsanguination or life threatening anemia. These findings have led to appeals for more conservative transfusion practice, buttressed by randomized trials showing that patients do not benefit from aggressive transfusion practices. At the risk of hyperbole, one might suggest that if the 18th and 19th centuries were characterized by physicians unwittingly harming patients through venesection and bleeding, the 20th century was characterized by physicians unwittingly harming patients through current transfusion practices. In addition to the movement to more parsimonious use of blood transfusions, an effort has been made to reduce the toxic effects of blood transfusions through modifications such as leukoreduction and saline washing. More recently, there is early evidence that reducing the storage period of red cells transfused might be a strategy for minimizing adverse outcomes such as infection, thrombosis, organ failure and mortality in critically ill patients particularly at risk for these hypothesized effects. The present review will focus on two approaches, leukoreduction and saline washing, as means to reduce adverse transfusion outcomes.
The electromagnetic string with spin

Abstract The relations betweeb a field F μν M satisfying the usual Maxwell equations and a field F μν D satisfying the symmetric Maxwell-Dirac equations, and the singular potential solving both of these is given. The action principle is formulated in both forms and the reality of the string is shown. A string with spin is constructed by placing electric charges at its end-points. The motion and interactions of the string, the relation between flux and angular momentum quantization and the passage to two-body Hamiltonians are examined.
Andesites in island arcs and continental margins: relationship to crustal evolution

Andesites of both island arc and continental margin environments contain petrologic evidence of mixing of mantle and crustal melts. Andesitic volcanism appears to involve addition of mantle-derived basaltic magma to the crust and fractionation of preexisting crustal material. Changes in andesitic volcanism with increasingly continental character of the crust reflect changes in a rhyolitic component derived from increasingly aged and fractionated crust. The initial stage in development of continental crust is partial melting of oceanic crust.
Choosing the right EM simulation technology for antenna design and analysis

Antenna designers have come to rely on Electromagnetic (EM) simulators for accurate prediction of antenna performance prior to building and testing prototypes. Over time, several different EM simulation technologies have been developed and commercialized, each with relative strengths for certain types of antennas. This paper provides an overview of three common EM technologies: Method of Moments (MoM), Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). Included are examples of how these EM technologies are applied to various antenna topologies.
Peer relationships in physical activity contexts: a road less traveled in youth sport and exercise psychology research.

Background and Purpose. While it is well established that social agents contribute to the quality of youth physical activity experiences, relatively little research has specifically explored peer relationships in physical activity settings. Rather, the bulk of research on social agents has focused on teachers, coaches, and parents. The purpose of this paper is to provide justification for pursuing youth peer relationships research and present conceptual and methodological issues of relevance to such efforts. Methods. The existing literature base on peer relationships in physical activity contexts is overviewed, emphasizing the contribution of peers to self-perceptions, moral attitudes and behaviors, affect, and motivation. Results and Conclusions.Promising future research directions are forwarded, focusing on (a) the possible contribution of peer relationships research to understanding self-presentational processes and developmental transitions, (b) the importance of examining the interaction of peer relationships and other social relationships in the physical activity context, and (c) the value of using the physical activity setting to promote quality peer relationships.  2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Dehydroepiandrosterone for the treatment of hot flashes: a pilot study.

Abstract Background Published data regarding the negative risk-benefit ratio of traditional estrogen/progesterone hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms have indicated the need for alternative treatments. Dietary supplements and herbal products are popularly used for menopausal control without a large evidence base. Therefore, a prospective pilot trial using 50 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) once daily for 4 weeks following a baseline week was developed to explore whether DHEA has any efficacy in reducing hot flashes. Safety issues were also evaluated. Patients and Methods Twenty-eight women were enrolled in this study, 22 of whom are evaluable. The primary outcome was the reduction in hot flash score (frequency multiplied by average severity) from baseline as measured by validated self-report daily hot flash diaries. Results The mean hot flash score decreased 50% from baseline, and there were no side effects that were significantly worse compared with baseline. Quality of life related to hot flashes showed statistically significant improvement after 4 weeks of DHEA therapy. Conclusion This pilot study provides data supporting the hypothesis that DHEA is well tolerated and can reduce hot flashes. Dehydroepiandrosterone should be studied further in a larger, placebo-controlled trial.
Review of Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy: Livelihoods in Pastoralist Communities by John G McPeak, Peter D Little and Cheryl R Doss

McPeak, JG; Little, PD; and Doss, CR Risk and Social Change in an African Rural Economy: Livelihoods in Pastoralist Communities. London: Routledge; 2011. 224 pages, ISBN-10 0415615984, ISBN-13 978–0415615983
Unexplained blindness after a major burn

A 43-year-old woman experienced the sudden onset of unexplained bilateral blindness 42 days after a 55 per cent total body surface area burn. Possible causes are examined, and a comparison with cases previously reported in the literature is made.
The Amity Prison TC Evaluation: Reincarceration Outcomes

This article is drawn from an ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of the Amity prison therapeutic community (TC) and aftercare program for substance abusers located in San Diego, California. Da...
Fuzzy topology with respect to continuous lattices

Abstract Fuzzy topology with respect to a continuous lattice generalises the classical theory. Continuous functions from a topological space to a lattice with the Scott topology constitute a fuzzy topology corresponding to that of lower semi-continuous functions with respect to the closed unit interval. Fuzzy set membership is conveniently represented by the way-below relation.
Raman/Rayleigh/LIF measurements of nitric oxide formation in turbulent hydrogen jet flames

Abstract Simultaneous, time-resolved measurements of NO, major species, mixture fraction, temperature, and OH are obtained in nonpremixed turbulent hydrogen jet flames, using the combination of spontaneous Raman scattering, Rayleigh scattering, and laser-induced fluorescence. Results are presented for an undiluted hydrogen flame at Reynolds number 10,000 and for flames with 20 percent and 40 percent helium dilution. Scatter plots and conditional averages of NO mole fraction show gradual increases with streamwise distance. The width in mixture fraction coordinates of the zone of high NO mole fractions decreases with increasing streamwise distance. At a given mixture fraction, the fluctuation in NO mole fraction relative to the mean is greatest near the nozzle and decreases toward the flame tip. These effects are related to the streamwise evolution of turbulent flame structure from thin reaction layers near the nozzle to broad, near-equilibrium zones at the flame tip. Dilution with helium significantly reduces the measured NO levels and causes a slight shift of the curves of conditional average NO mole fraction toward the fuel-lean side of the stoichiometric mixture fraction. Favre averages and ensemble averages show significant bias, relative to conditional averages, in the relationship between NO mole fraction and mixture fraction. This suggests that the “rich shift” observed in some sampling-probe studies may results from the averaging process itself.
Positive is usually good, negative is not always bad: The effects of group affect on social integration and task performance.

Grounded in a social functional perspective, this article examines the conditions under which group affect influences group functioning. Using meta-analysis, the authors leverage heterogeneity across 39 independent studies of 2,799 groups to understand how contextual factors—group affect source (exogenous or endogenous to the group) and group life span (one-shot or ongoing)—moderate the influence of shared feelings on social integration and task performance. As predicted, results indicate that group positive affect has consistent positive effects on social integration and task performance regardless of contextual idiosyncrasies. The effects of group negative affect, on the other hand, are context-dependent. Shared negative feelings promote social integration and task performance when stemming from an exogenous source or experienced in a 1-shot group, but undermine social integration and task performance when stemming from an endogenous source or experienced in an ongoing group. The authors discuss implications of their findings and highlight directions for future theory and research on group affect.
Management of Urinary Retention: Rapid Versus Gradual Decompression and Risk of Complications

The literature was reviewed to quantify the risk of complications related to the relief of obstruction in urinary retention. We also sought to determine whether the risk of complications is higher with rapid or gradual decompression (or "clamping") of the obstructed urinary bladder. The medical literature was identified by a search of the MEDLINE database and a manual review of the bibliographies of the identified articles. Studies show that, after quick, complete relief of obstruction, hematuria occurs in 2 to 16% of patients; however, clinically significant hematuria is rare. After relief of obstruction, blood pressure often decreases, but it usually normalizes and does not progress to clinically significant hypotension. Postobstructive diuresis occurs after relief of obstruction in 0.5 to 52% of patients; however, it is easily managed and rarely of clinical significance. We were unable to identify any randomized controlled studies that directly compared quick, complete emptying with gradual emptying of the obstructed bladder. Moreover, we identified no studies supporting the practice of gradual emptying of the obstructed bladder. The available published studies support quick, complete emptying for relief of the obstructed urinary bladder. We conclude that hematuria, hypotension, and postobstructive diuresis may occur after decompression of the obstructed urinary bladder, but these complications are rarely clinically significant. Quick, complete emptying of the obstructed bladder is safe, simple, and effective and is recommended as the optimal method for decompressing the obstructed urinary bladder. Prudent, supportive care is needed for all patients, with special attention to elderly patients and those with hypovolemia.
Gender comparisons in psychological characteristics of obese, binge eaters.

Objective: To investigate differences between male and female, obese binge eaters in levels of depression, anxiety and self-esteem. In addition, to make comparisons in these psychological characteristics, for both genders, between obese, binge eaters and obese nonbingers. Method: Participants consisted of 48 female (26 binge eaters and 22 nonbingers) and 13 male (4 binge eaters and 9 nonbingers) outpatients in a hospital weight-loss program. Participants completed the following: Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns — Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Results: Females had a significantly higher level of depression (p<0.003) than males. No other significant gender differences were found. However significant differences between binge eaters and nonbingers were found, for both genders, in depression (p<0.0001) and anxiety (p<0.008) with the binge eaters having higher scores than the nonbingers, and in self-esteem (p<0.0001) with the binge eaters having lower scores than the nonbingers. Conclusion: Females have higher levels of depression compared to males, but no gender differences were found in anxiety or self-esteem. In both genders, binge eaters have higher levels of depression and anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem compared to nonbingers.
Device characterization of (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 solar cells

Ag-alloying of Cu(InGa)Se 2 thin films presents the possibility to increase the bandgap with improved structural properties as a result of a lower melting temperature. (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 films were deposited by elemental co-evaporation and the resulting solar cell behavior was characterized. While the bandgap in the highest efficiency Cu(InGa)Se 2 cells is ∼1.15 eV, Ag alloying allows the bandgap to be increased to 1.3 eV with an increase in V OC , no loss in device efficiency, and fill factors up to 80%. With high Ga content to increase bandgap > 1.5 eV, Ag alloying improves solar cell efficiency. Analysis of the device behavior shows that the basic mechanisms controlling (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 solar cells and limiting performance with wide bandgap are comparable to those with Cu(InGa)Se 2 . Finally the effect of Na in (AgCu)(InGa)Se 2 devices is shown to be comparable to that with Cu(InGa)Se 2 including a decrease in V OC attributed to interface recombination with insufficient Na.
New Findings on Strategic IRA Investing

This article explores the issue of strategic IRA investing, but does so from an unusual premise. Comparing the traditional IRA with the Roth IRA, the authors confirm the well-known conclusion that the Roth alternative is preferable if the income tax rate during the distribution period is greater than the tax rate during the accumulation period and vice versa. However, they take the analysis a step further, demonstrating that this conventional wisdom only holds, however, if the individual is investing only in an IRA. If an individual is making unsheltered investments and IRA contributions, the Roth IRA is preferable to the regular IRA when the two tax rates are equal. They conclude with a review of the implications of converting from a traditional to a Roth IRA.
The effect of measurement error on the estimated shape of the world distribution of income

Abstract This note examines the robustness that two modes exist in the world's density of per capita income. Our results suggest that this bimodal feature is robust and are arrived at using recently developed nonparametric deconvolution techniques.
Newer Indications for ICD and CRT

The first implantable pacemaker was developed about 50 years ago. Since that time, cardiac implantable electronic device therapy (CIED) has undergone dramatic changes. Two of the most significant advances are the development of implantable defibrillators (ICDs) to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias and prevent sudden death and left ventricular-based pacing to achieve cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). In this article, the authors review the current indications for ICD and CRT, with particular emphasis on recent updates in guidelines. Many countries and regions of the world now have guidelines for CIED use. In this article, the authors only focus on US guidelines.
Prevalence and significance of human papillomavirus in oral tongue cancer: the Mayo Clinic experience.

Purpose Cigarette smoking and alcohol use have markedly decreased in the past 40 years. However, there has been an increasing trend in the incidence of tongue cancer, particularly in young patients without traditional risk factors. This study sought to examine the prevalence and significance of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its clinical significance in patients with oral tongue cancer. Patients and Methods Fresh-frozen tissues from 51 patients with oral tongue cancer, treated with primary surgery from January 2004 to December 2006, were included in the study. The presence of HPV infection in tumor specimens was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction with HPV L1 consensus primers (GP 5+/GP 6+) and HPV-16-specific E6 primer pairs. Demographic and clinical data were collected to analyze patient outcomes. Results The overall frequency of HPV in oral tongue cancer in our study was 1.96% (1/51). Young patients below the age of 45 years accounted for 15.7% (8/51) of the total number of patients. Eighty-seven percent of the younger age group, including a single patient with an HPV-16-positive tumor, were alive and free from disease during the follow-up period. The overall survival of the study group was 81.4%. Conclusions Our data suggest that the incidence of HPV in oral tongue cancer is low and is unlikely to play a significant role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes of oral tongue cancer. In addition, HPV is unlikely to constitute a significant factor in the rising trend of oral tongue cancer in the young population.
Li Hung-chang and Shen Pao-chen: The Politics of Modernization

Politics is about power, the exercise of power over human and material resources, and the priority with which these resources are to be acquired, developed, or deployed. In the context of Ch'ing China in the second half of the nineteenth century, politics entails, at least in part, choosing an appropriate solution for preserving the dynasty in the face of internal disorder and Western as well as Japanese imperialism. Questions concerning the necessity of change, the direction of change, and the control and deployment of resources to bring about that change were the central issues of the day.
Can students truly benefit from state lotteries: a look at lottery expenditures towards education in the American states

Abstract State operated lotteries are popular revenue generating devices used by many state governments to supplement per pupil education expenditures with “voluntary” tax dollars. States without lotteries are stipulating that gaming revenues offer a windfall of hope for per pupil funding disparities across the American states. This research suggests that most state operated lotteries are failing to meet policymaker’s expectations as an alternative supplemental source of revenue for education.
Four Abstract Reference Frames of an Electric Network

Electrical engineers often treat their stationary networks, rotating machines, and microwave electronic devices as a collection of impedance elements Z without decomposing Z into its RLC components. It is shown here that a lumped or distributed impedance network, surrounded by its own electromagnetic field, is actually the sum of four different types of multidimensional networks: 1) the well-studied 1-network of branches in which the currents flow, 2) a 0-network forned by all the point generators, 3) a 2-network of equipotential surfaces that pass through the generators perpendicularly to the branches, and 4) a 3-network composed of three-dimensional impedance blocks surrounding the branches. Thus the topological structure of a stationary or rotating, electric or electronic network is neither a graph nor a polyhedron, but a so- called fiber bundle over a non-Riemannian manifold.
Anisole nitration during gamma-irradiation of aqueous nitrite and nitrate solutions: free radical versus ionic mechanisms

Environmental context. The nitration of aromatic compounds is an important source of toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic species in the atmosphere. Gas phase nitration typically occurs by free radical reactions. Condensed-phase free radical reactions may also be relevant in fog and cloud water in polluted areas, in urban aerosols with low pH, in water treatment using advanced oxidation processes such as e-beam irradiation, and in nuclear waste treatment applications. This paper discusses research towards an improved understanding of nitration of aromatic compounds in the condensed phase under conditions conducive to free radical formation. Abstract. In the irradiated, acidic condensed phase, radiation-enhanced nitrous acid-catalysed, nitrosonium ion, electrophilic aromatic substitution followed by oxidation reactions dominated over radical addition reactions for anisole. This ionic mechanism would predominate in urban atmospheric aerosols and nuclear fuel dissolutions. Irradiated neutral nitrate anisole solutions were dominated by mixed nitrosonium/nitronium ion electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, but with lower product yields. Solutions such as these might be encountered in water treatment by e-beam irradiation. Irradiation of neutral nitrite anisole solutions resulted in a statistical substitution pattern for nitroanisole products, suggesting non-electrophilic free radical reactions involving the •NO2 radical. Although often proposed as an atmospheric nitrating agent, NO2 radical is unlikely to have an important effect in the acidic condensed phase in the presence of more reactive, competing species such as nitrous acid.
The probabilities of extinction for birth-and-death processes that are age-dependent or phase-dependent

SUMMARY In this paper we determine, for an individual of age x existing at some specified point in time, the probability p(x) that his line of descendants will eventually become extinct, for the age-dependent birth-and-death process studied by D. G. Kendall (1949) and Bartlett (1955) in which the time-scale and age-scale are continuous, and also for the analogous agedependent birth-and-death process earlier studied by Bartlett and by Pollard (1966) in which the time-scale and age-scale are discrete. The extinction probabilities are also determined for generalizations of these processes in which, in a unit time-interval in the discretetime, discrete-age process (or in a small time-interval in the continuous-time, continuous-age process), a given individual may produce more than one new individual (multiple births), and his chances of producing new individuals may depend, in ways other than those specified for the original processes, on whether he does or does not live through the time-interval. In addition, the extinction probabilities p(x) are determined for a multiphase birth-and-death process, which is a generalization of the multiphase birth process studied by Kendall (1948 a), in which an individual may move through a number of different phases during his lifetime, and the phase in which he is at a specified point in time may affect his chances of producing new individuals and his chances of dying at that time. For each of these processes, and for any value of x > 0, we present an explicit expression for the extinction probability p(x) in terms of p(O), and we determine p(O) from a single equation.
BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI : I. TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF PATIENTS CONVALESCING FROM GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS.

1. Type-specific antibodies were demonstrated by the indirect bacteriostatic test in sera from human adults convalescing from group A streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract. The time of appearance of the antibodies varied from 3 to 5 weeks; and they persisted in 2 patients for at least 37 weeks after the onset of the infection. 2. The specificity of the antibody response in one serum was tested with strains of 7 heterologous types; in another, with 6; and in the third, with 2; but in no instance were cross-reactions observed. Moreover, each convalescent serum showed approximately equal bacteriostasis for 7 different strains of the same type as that which caused the infection. 3. The antibodies were specifically absorbed from the serum by homologous heat-killed streptococci, but not significantly by strains of heterologous types. 4. The specific M antigen of the streptococcal cell with its respective antibody, and not the T substance, appeared to be concerned in the reaction. 5. In spite of numerous technical difficulties inherent in the method, this bacteriostatic test provides a useful procedure for studying type-specific immunity in streptococcal infections.
Au0.80Cu0.10Y0.10, A Gold-Rich Ternary Alloy Glass with Tc > 400°C and its Crystallization Kinetics

There are no reported gold-rich alloys that are both readily glass forming (RGF) upon rapid solidification processing (RSP) and, in the glassy state, have crystallization temperatures Tc sufficiently high to insure long metastable life times at room temperature. A representative of a new family of ternary gold-based glasses is described that contain Cu and a rare earth (RE) Metal (or Y), with total addition element concentrations as low as 15 at. pet., and its crystallization characteristics are reported. Under RSP processing by arc furnace hammer-and-anvil quenching, the alloy Au0.80Cu0.10Y0.10 readily forms a ductile glass, with Tc = 685 K, ΔHc = 1.25 kJ/g-Mole and an activation energy of crystallization ΔE3 (cryst.) = 190 kJ/g-Mole.
Delayed lysis with salmonella bacteriophage p22: induction of lysis by addition of cysteine or histidine to the growth medium.

Abstract A mutant (Lys−) of Salmonella bacteriophage P22 showed a delay in lysis of more than 3 hr in infections in unsupplemented M9 medium. The infected cells were induced to lyse during that interval by addition of histidine or sulfhydryl compounds cysteine, mercaptoethanol, glutathione, or ergothioneine. Urocanic acid, the first intermediate in the catabolic histidine pathway, did not induce lysis, nor did histamine, imidazolelactate, or carnosine. None of the other amino acids common to protein had any inductive effect. Both the d and l forms of histidine were effective in inducing lysis, suggesting that the incorporation of the histidine into protein is not involved. Chloramphenicol inhibited lysis when added at 60 min with or without histidine, but did not inhibit the induction of lysis when added with cysteine. Bacterial cells infected with Lys+ phage were induced to lyse prematurely when cysteine was added at 30 min but not at 20 min of infection. Iodoacetate inhibited lysis of Lys+-infected cells when added at 20 min but not at 30 min.
Gestural coordination at prosodic boundaries and its role for prosodic structure and speech planning processes

Prosodic structure is a grammatical component that serves multiple functions in the production, comprehension and acquisition of language. Prosodic boundaries are critical for the understanding of the nature of the prosodic structure of language, and important progress has been made in the past decades in illuminating their properties. We first review recent prosodic boundary research from the point of view of gestural coordination. We then go on to tie in this work to questions of speech planning and manual and head movement. We conclude with an outline of a new direction of research which is needed for a full understanding of prosodic boundaries and their role in the speech production process.