cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Initial Microstructural Characteristics on Abnormal Grain Growth in Single-Phase Materials: A Mesoscopic Simulation Study

A mesoscopic simulation methodology has been used to investigate the effect of the initial grain size distribution and grain boundary (GB) mobilities on the development of abnormal grain growth in a single-phase polycrystalline material. Our studies show that regardless of the initial grain size distribution, in the absence of variability in GB properties, the system evolves by normal grain growth characterized by a uniform self-similar grain-size distribution, i.e. the presence of a few large grains in the initial microstructure does not promote abnormal grain growth. On the contrary, the presence of a limited set of grains having GBs with higher mobilities may lead to abnormal grain growth provided the biased GB mobility values are larger than certain threshold values. Kinetic and topological aspects of normal to abnormal grain growth transition are investigated.
Unsupervised machine condition monitoring using segmental hidden Markov models

The task of machine condition monitoring is to detect machine failures at an early stage such that maintenance can be carried out in a timely manner. Most existing techniques are supervised approaches: they require user annotated training data to learn normal and faulty behaviors of a machine. However, such supervision can be difficult to acquire. In contrast, unsupervised methods don't need much human involvement, however, they face another challenge: how to model the generative (observation) process of sensor signals. We propose an unsupervised approach based on segmental hidden Markov models. Our method has a unifying observation model integrating three pieces of information that are complementary to each other. First, we model the signal as an explicit function over time, which describes its possible non-stationary trending patterns. Second, the stationary part of the signal is fit by an autoregressive model. Third, we introduce contextual information to break down the signal complexity such that the signal is modeled separately under different conditions. The advantages of the proposed model are demonstrated by tests on gas turbine, truck and honeybee datasets.
Three New Western Species of Erythroneura (Homoptera--Cicadellidae)

Resembling Erythroneura davisi Beamer but with much less brown markings throughout and with the aedeagus with processes half as long as shaft instead of slightly more than a third and with the apex of shaft in lateral view, not narrowed as in E. davisi .
Cooperative Control of the Desert Locust and Other Major Pests in the Middle East and South Asia

One of the many kinds of technical assistance provided in our foreign programs, plant pest control is an effective and economical means of helping people overcome fear and discontent in their struggle to build a better agriculture. While technical assistance programs have been greatly expanded in recent years, we have been brought face to face with insect problems entirely new or little known to us. Outstanding among these is the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskal. From Biblical times nations of the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa have suffered one locust plague after another. In our short experience in providing assistance to nations affected by the locust we have seen a change in their attitude and willingness to cooperate in programs of national and international significance. In the overall program of technical assistance, with the exception of locust control, plant pest control still plays a minor role.
Reinforcement for Reinforced Concrete Beam Lacking Bearing Capacity in the Old Buildings

The old building maintenance and reinforcement is an important aspect in the construction industry of sustainable development.For the problem of insufficient capacity of reinforced concrete beam in the old buildings,the article introduced six commonly used method of reinforcement.As follows,the larger cross-section beam reinforcement,outsourcing of steel reinforcement method,paste steel reinforcement method,paste carbon fiber sheet reinforced method,change the way of transmission power and vitro pre-stressed reinforcement and so on.
Oral contraceptives and breakthrough bleeding: what patients need to know.

I n 1982, more than 20% of women surveyed in a nationally representative sample had discontinued oral contraceptives (OCs) on their own or at the recommendation of their physician due to bleeding or spotting. Sadly, the percentage today has not decreased much. Understandable concern, embarrassment, and annoyance lead these women to abandon OCs. What they often don’t know, though, is that breakthrough bleeding generally is greatest in the first 3 to 4 months after starting OCs, and it steadily declines and stabilizes by the end of the fourth cycle. Timely counsel could enable many of these women to cope with the bleeding and stick with an effective contraceptive method. Additional incentives are noncontraceptive benefits of OCs: improved menstrual regularity and decreased menstrual blood loss, dysmenorrhea, and risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Women who discontinue OCs on their own switch to less effective methods of birth control or use no method. Consequences may be unexpected pregnancies and increased abortion rates. With patients who are using OCs, it would be appropriate to ask periodically whether they are satisfied with OC use. In this review we discuss the mechanisms and management of breakthrough bleeding in women taking OCs, and provide tips for counseling that may help decrease the risk of discontinuation due to menstrual abnormalities in the initial months of use. Breakthrough bleeding in this review refers to either unplanned spotting or Managing expectations is as important as adjusting formulations Oral contraceptives and breakthrough bleeding: What patients need to know
Primary Bone Tumors in Children

The combination of clinical information and the findings on conventional radiographs should lead the physician to a narrow differential diagnosis. Before biopsy, appropriate diagnostic and staging studies should be carried out. The biopsy reveals the pathologic diagnosis and a definitive treatment plan then can be instituted. An algorithm is provided for the evaluation and treatment of a child with a suspected bone tumor (Fig. 14).
ON THE DIRECTION OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS IN GLUCONEOGENSIS AND LIPOGENESIS+

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the direction taken by the malic dehydrogenase reaction of the cytosol as a matter of considerable importance in determining whether the liver cell synthesizes fat or carbohydrate. Liver mitochondria carboxylate pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA), but the latter does not diffuse through the membrane to the cytosol. Under conditions that predispose the liver to gluconeogenesis, malate must be oxidized by DPN in the cytosol, and the OAA is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by PEPbarboxykinase. In contrast, during lipogenesis, the OAA produced in the citrate-cleavage reaction in the cytosol is probably reduced to malate by DPNH and malic dehydrogenase. Fasting, which is a condition accompanied by enhanced gluconeogenesis, causes a striking increase in the reduced form of DEN. The effect of insulin seems to be mediated via decreased malate formation.
A Glimmer of Hope?: State Immunity and Customary International Law in the ECHR System

On February 14, 2002, the International Court of Justice issued a landmark decision in Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ruling that, under customary international law, incumbent Foreign Ministers are immune from the criminal jurisdiction of foreign domestic courts. In so holding, the ICJ missed an excellent opportunity to contribute to the development of modern international law. The ICJ opinion immediately received a deluge of criticism; however, months earlier, a considerably more disheartening set of decisions had been handed down in Strasbourg. These state immunity cases illustrate that the European Court of Human Rights, despite proclaiming status a a unique and independent international order, has ties to customary international law that are are, at times, so strong that the Court will depart from its standard jurisprudence to comport even with dying customs.
Abstract Taste and the Crisis of Value

With the emergence of the aesthetic economy in the background, this chapter positions Pierre Bourdieu’s critique of Kantian aesthetics in the context of a society reacting against the domination of mass consumer markets. By illustrating how Bourdieu’s understanding of taste as a social sense developed out of a historically situated struggle for differentiation, this chapter shows how taste became a social labor, which producers were compelled to exploit. By updating core Marxist categories, such as use-value and abstract labor, I explain how the aesthetic economy converts cultural capital into abstract taste and theorize the remains of this uneven conversion, including the development of a collective sensitivity to alienation in the aesthetic economy, and its potential as a progressive force for social change.
Iron, Cancer, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling

Cancer cells have a unique metabolism, which allows for efficient growth under energetically stressed environments. A highly conserved pathway by which cancer cells adapt to this environment is through activating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are heterodimeric transcription factors that are highly induced in cancers and regulate glycolytic metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, proliferation, and cell survival. Recent work demonstrates that HIFs are also essential for cellular iron handling, and consistent with these data, several cancers have an increased capacity for iron uptake. Several iron-related genes including transporters and exporters are under direct transcriptional control by HIFs. Increased cellular iron is essential for activation of reactive oxygen species, inhibiting tumor suppressors, and activating oncogenic signaling pathways. Targeting intratumoral hypoxia signaling and iron are novel cancer therapies that need further clinical validation.
Use of artificially-induced freezing temperatures to identify freeze tolerance in above-ground buds of Saccharum and Erianthus accessions

Sugarcane is a crop which is primarily grown between 30°N and 30°S latitude in tropical environments. Small areas of production in sub-tropical regions exist, and there is an increasing desire to produce the crop in colder environments. Cold-tolerant sugarcane is important both to the sub-tropical sugarcane industries and potential biofuels producers who seek to use sugarcane as a feedstock. Selection for this trait under natural conditions is difficult in sugarcane growing regions because damaging freezes are sporadic. The objective of this study was to identify sugarcane accessions for use in introgression breeding which have above-ground buds that are tolerant to freezing conditions. Above-ground (stalk) buds of 63 Saccharum, and 4 Erianthus accessions were frozen for 6 days at −7 °C, and germinated buds were counted three weeks post-treatment. Accessions which had more bud cold tolerance than the Louisiana commercial cultivar ‘L 97-128’ were MPTH97-213, SES114, Guangxi87-22 and SES234A. Heritability estimates for percent reduction in bud germination and height of the shoots following freeze treatment was 0.47 and 0.49, respectively. Identified clones will be used in future breeding efforts at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarcane Research Unit in Houma, LA, USA.
Magnetic Domain Walls as Hosts of Spin Superfluids and Generators of Skyrmions

A domain wall in a magnet with easy-axis anisotropy is shown to harbor spin superfluid associated with its spontaneous breaking of the U(1) spin-rotational symmetry. The spin superfluid is shown to have several topological properties, which are absent in conventional superfluids. First, the associated phase slips create and destroy Skyrmions to obey the conservation of the total Skyrmion charge, which allows us to use a domain wall as a generator and detector of Skyrmions. Second, the domain wall engenders the emergent magnetic flux for magnons along its length, which are proportional to the spin supercurrent flowing through it, and thereby provides a way to manipulate magnons. Third, the spin supercurrent can be driven by the magnon current traveling across it owing to the spin transfer between the domain wall and magnons, leading to the magnonic manipulation of the spin superfluid. The theory for superfluid spin transport within the domain wall is confirmed by numerical simulations.
SH pulse in an elastic wedge

abstract This paper gives an analysis of the response of an elastic wedge of arbitrary angle to an impulsive SH source applied on the wedge surface along a line parallel to the edge of the wedge. A two-dimensional time-dependent Green9s function for SH waves is constructed from an integral-transform approach. The result is given in a closed form for the incident and the reflected pulses and in an integral form for the diffracted pulse from the edge. For the special case that the wedge angle is an integral fraction of π, the result is interpretable in terms of a finite set of image sources with no diffraction effect. Numerical examples are given for illustration.
UGT1A1 genotype effects on PK, PD and toxicities of belinostat administered by 48 h continuous infusion.

e13581 Background: UGT1A1 plays a major role in the glucuronidation of the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat (BEL). Polymorphisms with reduced UGT1A1 function could result in increased BEL exposure, global protein lysine acetylation (AcK) and toxicities (tox). Methods: In a Phase I (BPE) and Phase I/II trial (BPAC), BEL (400-1000 mg/m2/24 h) was administered by 48 h continuous infusion in combination with either cisplatin (P) and etoposide (E), or P, doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C), respectively. Pts with small cell lung cancer and other cancers of neuroendocrine origin (n = 25 in BPE) or thymic epithelial tumors (n = 26 in BPAC) were genotyped for UGT1A1 variants associated with reduced function: UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*60. In both trials PK BEL parameters and clinical outcomes were monitored during cycle 1. Endpoints were associations between UGT1A1 genotype and BEL PK, AcK, and tox. Results: Carriers of UGT1A1*60 variants in BPE, had progressively higher BEL t1/2 than WTs: P= 0.0...
Ecological Importance of Cyanogenesis and Extrafloral Nectar in Invasive English Laurel, Prunus laurocerasus

Abstract English laurel (Rosaceae: Prunus laurocerasus L.) is an evergreen shrub to small tree that is native to Asia but widely used in landscaping in temperate zones. In the Pacific Northwest this plant has become an important invasive species. However, surprisingly little is known about its ecology—in particular, its chemical defenses and interaction with herbivores and organisms of higher trophic levels. In the present field study, we quantitatively measured cyanogenesis (a constitutive direct chemical defense) and secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN; an inducible indirect defense), and analyzed the effects of these defenses on insect herbivores (black vine weevil [Otiorhynchus sulcatus]) and predators (sugar ants [Tapinoma sessile]). To induce EFN production, English laurel leaves were mechanically damaged at different intensities and in a way to mimic feeding damage by the black vine weevil, which represents the only observed insect herbivore feeding on this plant at our study site near Portland, O...
Container-based Analysis Environments for Low-Barrier Access to Research Data

The growing size of high-value sensor-born or computationally derived scientific datasets are pushing the boundaries of traditional models of data access and discovery. Due to their size, these datasets are often accessible only through the systems on which they were created. Access for scientific exploration and reproducibility is limited to file transfer or by applying for access to the systems used to store or generate the original data, which is often infeasible. There is a growing trend toward providing access to large-scale research datasets in-place via container-based analysis environments. This paper describes the National Data Service (NDS) Labs Workbench platform and DataDNS initiative. The Labs Workbench platform is designed to provide scalable and low-barrier access to research data via container-based services. The DataDNS effort is a new initiative designed to enable discovery, access, and in-place analysis for large-scale data, providing a suite of interoperable services to enable researchers, as well as the tools they are most familiar with, to access and analyze these datasets where they reside.
Disparities in lymphoma on the basis of race, gender, HIV status, and sexual orientation

Lymphoid malignancies account for the sixth leading cause of death in the US, and, although survival is improving overall, this trend is not applicable to all patients. In this review, we describe disparities in the initial presentation, treatment, and outcomes across a diverse group of lymphoma patients on the basis of gender, race, HIV status, and sexual orientation. Identifying these disparities will hopefully lead to improved outcomes in these groups of lymphoma patients in the future.
The Influence of Hispanic Culture on Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a one-year intervention with a low-carb and low-fat diet on BMI, weight loss, and glycemic control in Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes. Low-fat participants were given the Mediterranean diet, while the low-carb participants were given the Atkin's diet. A total of 60 randomized participants were assigned to a low-carb or a low-fat diet where they had to monitor their sugar levels and carbohydrate or fat intake. Before the study took place, each participant received nutritional education and tools, such as glucose monitors and a journal, to help them monitor their progress throughout the year. Every three months, health professionals interviewed each participant in order to keep track of their progress. When acquiring the results, the glucose, BMI, and cholesterol levels were measured and compared. Glucose, BMI, cholesterol levels and weight loss significantly decreased. However, the Mediterranean diet had better results than the Atkin's diet. In conclusion, the low-fat Mediterranean diet had the most significant findings.
Social Media Marketing Management: A Conceptual Framework

Managers today face many challenges when using social media in their marketing strategies. Drawing from social media literature, this study introduces a new framework to assist managers in developi...
Herpes zoster duplex bilateralis

Disseminated herpes zoster has been defined by some authors as a generalized eruption of more than 20 lesions beyond the primary or adjacent dermatomes, usually within a week of clinical manifestation of the primary lesion. In the case described by Takaoka et al. the two lesions presented simultaneously with no evidence of widespread eruption. Perhaps the term, disseminated should not have been employed in this situation.
Fuzzy Min-Cost Capacitated Network

The min-cost capacitated flow network problem generalizes the transportation, transshipment and max-flow problems [4]. This chapter is based on ([1]and Section 6.5.2 of [2]). A recent reference in this area is [3]. In the next section we first discuss the crisp problem and then fuzzify it. We have previously found an approximate fuzzy solution to an example problem using an evolutionary algorithm. Then in Section 17.3 we plan to apply our fuzzy Monte Carlo method to obtain another approximate solution to this example problem and then compare both solutions.
Ultrastructure of the human toenail. Cell migration, keratinization and formation of the intercellular cement.

The nail cells produced in the ventral, apical and dorsal portions of the proximal matrix moved in axiodistal direction to meat together at theproximal point of keratinization. The proximal nail plate from this point on was added continuously by the cells from ventral matrix and nail bed. Dorsal matrix soon ceased to produce nail cells and further distally transformed into the posterior nail fold. With Zeiss-Nomarski differential interference contrast equipment, the proximal nail plate could be divided into the ventral and dorsal halves. Near the lunula the nail bed produced one more distinct layer beneath the proximal ventral layer. Electron miscroscopically all nail cells regardless of their origins were seen keratinizing by accretion of tonofibrils without formation of keratohyaline granules. Membrane-coating granules (MGG's) were produced in abundance. They were discharged and provided the intercellular cement. The discharged material widened some of the gap junctions while it tightened nonspeccific junctions to produce 150–180 A intercellular spaces, i.e. thenarrow junctions. The narrow junctions were the most common type of intercellular junction connecting the keratinized nail cells. The thick cellular envelope of the keratinized cells, i.e. themarginal band, was formed by a precipitation of dense material on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membranes and not by discharged MCG's.
Variability in Kawasaki Disease Practice Patterns: A Survey of Hospitalists at Pediatric Hospital Medicine 2017

OBJECTIVE: To explore practice variations in the care of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) among pediatric hospitalist physicians (PHPs). METHODS: A 13-item questionnaire was developed by a multi-institutional group of KD experts. The survey was administered via live-audience polling by using smartphone technology during a KD plenary session at the 2017 Pediatric Hospital Medicine National Meeting, and simple descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 297 session attendees, 90% responded to at least 1 survey question. Approximately three-quarters of respondents identified as PHPs practicing in the United States. The reported length of inpatient monitoring after initial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy demonstrated a wide time distribution (30% 24 hours, 36% 36 hours, and 31% 48 hours). Similarly, PHP identification of the treatment failure interval, indicated by recrudescent fever after IVIG, demonstrated a broad distribution (56% 24 hours, 27% 36 hours, and 16% 48 hours). Furthermore, there was variation in routine consultation with non-PHP subspecialists. In contrast, PHPs reported little variation in their choice of initial and refractory treatment of patients with KD. CONCLUSIONS: In a convenience sample at a national hospitalist meeting, there was variation in reported KD practice patterns, including observation time after initial treatment, time when the recurrence of fever after initial therapy was indicative of nonresponse to IVIG, and routine consultation of non-PHP subspecialists. These results may guide future study of KD practice patterns and inform efforts to improve evidence-based practices in the care of patients with KD.
Outcomes In the Pre-Rituximab and Post-Rituximab Eras In Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLD) In Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Abstract Abstract 2859 Background: PTLD is the most common malignancy, other than melanomatous skin cancer complicating solid organ transplantation and has been one of the most commonly observed fatal consequences. The histologies are diverse and include B-cell, T-cell and Hodgkin lymphomas. Rituximab has affected the outcome in CD20+ patients with PTLD. This single institution study sought to identity the outcomes in patients of all histologies and presentations managed in the post-rituximab era. Methods: Patients with solid organ transplantation who were diagnosed with PTLD at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) between December 1970 and October 2009 were identified through the Mayo Clinic Lymphoma Data Base. The rituximab era was defined as patients diagnosed after December 26, 2000, the date of diagnosis for the first patient treated with rituximab in our series. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of clinical factors and overall survival (OS). Results: 143 patients diagnosed with PTLD between December 1970 and October 2009 were identified. The median age at the time of diagnosis of PTLD was 50 years (range 15–84) with 41 patients (29%) over the age of 60. 93 were male (65%). At a median follow-up of 84 months (range 1–295), 95 patients (65%) have died. The types of organ transplant included renal (39%), liver (31%), cardiac (11%), lung (6%), renal/pancreas (6%), pancreas (4%), and multiorgan (4%). 83% of patients presented with extranodal disease. 28% had involvement of the engrafted organ. 76% of the patients developed PTLD that was EBV+ by in situ hybridization. 62% were stage 3–4. The IPI was intermediate-high in 39% of patients. Initial approaches to management included reduction in immunosuppression (45%), chemotherapy (12%), reduction in immunosuppression with rituximab (12%), rituximab (8%), and radiation therapy (6%). The overall response to therapeutic approaches was 46% in the pre-rituximab era and 56% in the post-rituximab era (chi-squared p=0.25). Patients treated with rituximab had an improved overall survival (HR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.99–2.79). Patients treated in the rituximab era had improved 1 year survival (76%) compared to patients in the pre-rituximab era (59%) (chi-squared p=0.03). However, the survival advantage in the rituximab era was not maintained in longer follow-up. The median overall survival in the pre-rituximab era was 31 months compared to 56 months in the post-rituximab era (logrank p=0.63). Conclusion: The overall response rates and overall survival are improved with rituximab treatment in CD20+ PTLD, however, the natural history of all PTLD has not improved significantly in the post-rituximab era. New approaches are needed for the prevention and management of all the histologies of PTLD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
GP44 Erythropoietin as a treatment modality in hyperhaemolysis complicating sickle cell anaemia

Introduction Hyperhaemolysis Syndrome (HS), a severe haemolytic transfusion reaction, is a rare complication in children with Sickle Cells anaemia (SCA) who require transfusion. Donor and autologous red cells are obliterated leading to a worsening of anaemia after transfusion. Erythropoietin has been reported as a treatment modality. This case series examines the experience in our tertiary Paediatric Haematology centre, of treating this haemolytic anaemia with Erythropoietin. Design and Methods Patients were identified from the SCA patient database at Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin in 2018. Patient charts were reviewed Details of transfusions, presenting symptoms, examination findings, lab results and treatment modalities were recorded. Results Three children being treated with erythropoietin following HS were identified. Patient 1: Diagnosed with SCA at birth. Transfusion programme started aged 3 years 6 months due to silent infarct on MRI brain. Transfusion programme stopped aged 3 years 10 months as hyperhaemolysis suspected. Haemoglobin (Hob) fell post transfusion and HbA rose to 20% not 60–70% as would be expected. Autoantibodies were detected. This was soon complicated by Acute Splenic sequestration with associated high fever. Hob at it’s nadir 5.7 g/L. Erythropoetin commenced with good effect to date. Patient 2: SCA diagnosed aged 2 years. First transfusion aged 15 years due to crisis with Hob 6. 5 g/L. 5 weeks later admitted with abdominal pain and splenomegaly. Hob 7.45 g/L and then fell to 5.7 g/L. Treated with Immunoglobulin(IVIG) as diagnosis of HS was suspected. Hob A-13.1%. Commenced on erythropoietin and IV Iron. 2 alloantibodies detected. Hob maintained > 6 g/L since then with Erythropoetin 3 times a week and oral iron replacement. Patient 3: SCA diagnosed aged 1 year. At age 4 years, 3 admissions with chest crises and associated anaemia. Hob fell to a nadir of 4.9 g/L post transfusion and episodes were treated with IVIG and IV methylprednisolone. Another chest crisis at 4 years 7 months precipitated trial of erythropoietin for 3 months with good effect. No further transfusions required. Erythropoetin restarted aged 6 years 6 months due to Hob of 5.7 g/L in association with infection. Hob improved and patient’s Hob now maintained >6 g/L on erythropoietin three times a week. Conclusion HS is a rare complication of SCA which can cause significant worsening of anaemia that is difficult to treat. Erythropoetin can be used to maintain acceptable levels of haemoglobin to avoid transfusion.
Polarimetric Radar Observations of Simultaneous Tornadoes on 10 May 2010 near Norman, Oklahoma

AbstractThis study utilizes data collected by the University of Oklahoma Advanced Radar Research Center’s Polarimetric Radar for Innovations in Meteorology and Engineering (OU-PRIME) C-band radar a...
Qing travelers to the Far West: diplomacy and the information order in late imperial China: by Jenny Huangfu DAY, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, 282 pp., ISBN: 978-1-108-47132-9

Since the days of the so-called Fairbank school of “Western impact, Chinese response” and the classic intellectual histories of Benjamin Schwartz and Joseph Levenson, the late Qing encounter with t...
Genetic capitalism and stabilizing selection of antimicrobial resistance genotypes in Escherichia coli.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic strains of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), adversely impacts personal and public health. In this study, we examine competing hypotheses for the evolution of AMR including (i) 'genetic capitalism' in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and not often lost in lineages, and (ii) 'stabilizing selection' in which genotypes that confer antibiotic resistance are gained and lost often. To test these hypotheses, we assembled a dataset that includes annotations for 409 AMR genotypes and a phylogenetic tree based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from 29 255 isolates of E. coli collected over the past 134 years. We used phylogenetic methods to count the times each AMR genotype was gained and lost across the tree and used model-based clustering of the genotypes with respect to their gain and loss rates. We demonstrate that many genotypes cluster to support the hypothesis for genetic capitalism while a few genotypes cluster to support the hypothesis for stabilizing selection. Comparing the sets of genotypes that fall under each of the hypotheses, we found a statistically significant difference in the breakdown of resistance mechanisms through which the AMR genotypes function. The result that many AMR genotypes cluster under genetic capitalism reflects that strong positive selective forces, primarily induced by human industrialization of antibiotics, outweigh the potential fitness costs to the bacterial lineages for carrying the AMR genotypes. We expect genetic capitalism to further drive bacterial lineages to resist antibiotics. We find that antibiotics that function via replacement and efflux tend to behave under stabilizing selection and thus may be valuable in an antibiotic cycling strategy.
Epidemiology of Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a 10-Year Medicaid Cohort

The epidemiologic data for pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) needs to be periodically updated as diagnostic techniques and management strategies improve. Herein, the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of pediatric HCM in a population-based treatment system are described. Patients aged ≤ 17 years and diagnosed with HCM on service visits over a 10-year period in one state Medicaid database (2007–2016) were analyzed. The cohort included 137 unique patients; 64.2% were male; 40.9% were African American; 42.3% were first diagnosed ≤ 24 months. The accrued 10-year prevalence rate for pediatric HCM was 1.2/1,000,000 and the annual incidence rate (CY 2010) was 1.3/100,000. Cardiac-related mortality was 2.9% in those who died cohort (N = 10); 70.0% of those who died were ≤ 13 months of age. Arrhythmia was diagnosed in 30.7% of the cohort, heart failure in 12.4%, and low birth weight in 8.8%. Inborn errors of metabolism were diagnosed in 8.0% of the cohort; malformation syndromes in 13.1%, and neuromuscular disorders in 2.9%; therefore, 75.9% were classified as idiopathic HCM. Our findings are somewhat higher than extant study estimates but update and augment them in representing a Southeast US statewide service system.
Sampling Method for Fast Training of Support Vector Data Description

Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) is a popular outlier detection technique, which constructs a flexible description of the input data. SVDD computation time is high for large training datasets, which limits its use in big-data process monitoring applications. We propose a new iterative, sampling-based method for SVDD training. The method incrementally learns the training data description at each iteration by computing SVDD on an independent random sample selected with replacement from the training data set. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is extremely fast and provides a good quality data description.
Clinical Efficacy of Cefixime for the Treatment of Early Syphilis

Safe and efficient alternative treatment options for syphilis are necessary. This randomized, two-arm, non-comparative pilot study evaluated the efficacy of oral cefixime 400 mg in achieving a four-fold or higher RPR titer decrease by 3 or 6-months after treatment. Cure proportion among cefixime arm participants was 87% (95% CI 69%-100%, 13/15).
Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease: Graves Eye Disease

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by the breakdown of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens against the TSH receptor. In approximately 25% of patients, an inflammatory condition, Graves eye disease (GED), affects the orbital soft tissues. About 60% of patients develop mild symptoms including fat expansion and inflammation of the levator muscle complex with resultant proptosis, eyelid retraction, and exposure of the globe. The remaining patients experience enlargement of one or more of the extraocular muscles, leading to conjunctival and eyelid edema and congestion, restricted ocular movement with resultant diplopia, and optic nerve compression leading to compressive optic neuropathy.
A Survey of the Status of Microprogramming

Microprogramming is one of the most influential concepts in shaping the development of modern digital computer systems. With the implementation of microprogrammed stored logic as the control logic for computers, the system designers’ restrictions have been replaced with fantastic possibilities. Microprogramming has provided the major motivation into the research for computer compatability, design flexibility, automated diagnostics, and, more recently, microprogramming of the “writable” control logic by the users. It should also receive credit for the successful design of general purpose and multiple purpose computers. The many possible uses of microprogramming are the subjects of research for system programmers and designers. The growing popularity of the art is stimulated by the research and development of fast, compact, nondestructive read-only memory (ROM) and writable (read/write) memory. For the reader who is not familiar with the term “microprogramming” and the concepts behind it, the appropriate question is: What is microprogramming? To answer this question, we will introduce the basic concepts of microprogramming in this section and then compare conventional implementations with microprogrammed implementations.
Hepatitis E virus genome: Molecular features, expression of immunoreactive proteins and sequence divergence

The strategy for molecular cloning of hepatitis E virus (HEV), the major etiologic agent of enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, is briefly described. The organization of the HEV genome is discussed and compared to those of two other vertebrate viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated RNA genomes with three overlapping ORFs. Serologic cross-reactivity of expressed proteins and genetic divergence of HEV isolates are also described within the context of sequence variation, type-common epitopes, and type-specific epitopes.
Identification of proteins involved in intracellular copper metabolism. Low levels of a approximately 48-kDa copper-binding protein in the brindled mouse model of Menkes disease.

Abstract Little is known about copper metabolism at the cellular level. The brindled mouse is an animal model of Menkes disease which is an inborn error of copper metabolism. Control and brindled mice were used to identify copper-binding proteins with possible roles in normal copper metabolism that are affected by the defect in the brindled mice. When 64Cu-labeled hepatic or renal cytosols from control mice were applied to Mono Q or Superose columns, a approximately 48-kDa protein coeluted with the protein fractions which contained the radiolabeled copper. Large decreases in copper binding were detected in these fractions from the brindled mice. The same column fractions which showed decreased copper binding showed large decreases in the levels of the approximately 48-kDa protein. Decreased copper binding and approximately 48-kDa protein were not simply secondary to the abnormal hepatic and renal copper levels that are found in the brindled mice since although their liver copper levels are low, their kidney copper levels are high. Elevated levels of an approximately 80-kDa heat shock protein were also detected in the hepatic and renal cytosols from the brindled mice. Consistent with expression of the primary defect in both the liver and kidney, the levels of the approximately 48- and approximately 80-kDa proteins were affected similarly in both organs. Irrespective of how the low levels of the approximately 48-kDa protein may be related to the basic defect in the brindled mice, the data are consistent with an important role for the approximately 48-kDa protein in intracellular copper metabolism.
Choices involving uncertain probabilities

Abstract This paper contains an analytic and empirical component. The analytic one examines how people should value information on probabilities versus payoffs according to expected utility theory. It also examines under what conditions various generalized utility models (such as subjective expected utility theory, prospect theory, and rank-dependent utility) entail testable predictions for preference for information. The empirical component examines people's actual information preferences and to what extent they fit the various models. After describing two experiments and their findings, it is concluded that generalized utility models are unlikely to offer much insight into risky decision making.
Performance Comparison of Input-Shaped Model Reference Control on an Uncertain Flexible System

Abstract This paper investigates input-shaped model reference control (IS-MRC) applied to an uncertain nonlinear double-pendulum crane. In order to investigate practical implementation issues, a simple single-pendulum is used as the reference model. The proposed controller enhances the robustness to the uncertain difference between the reference model and the plant. Single-and double-pendulum crane dynamics are presented. The natural frequencies of the double-pendulum crane are calculated and utilized to design input shapers. A Lyapunov control law with guaranteed asymptotic stability is derived using only the first mode states of the plant. The state tracking, control effort reduction, and oscillation suppression performances of various IS-MRC designs are tested via numerical simulations and experiments. By analyzing the results, the IS-MRC design that has the largest robustness to the plant uncertainties is demonstrated to provide the best overall performance.
SPN1, a Conserved Gene Identified by Suppression of a Postrecruitment-Defective Yeast TATA-Binding Protein Mutant

Little is known about TATA-binding protein (TBP) functions after recruitment to the TATA element, although several TBP mutants display postrecruitment defects. Here we describe a genetic screen for suppressors of a postrecruitment-defective TBP allele. Suppression was achieved by a single point mutation in a previously uncharacterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, SPN1 (suppresses postrecruitment functions gene number 1). SPN1 is an essential yeast gene that is highly conserved throughout evolution. The suppressing mutation in SPN1 substitutes an asparagine for an invariant lysine at position 192 (spn1(K192N)). The spn1(K192N) strain is able to suppress additional alleles of TBP that possess postrecruitment defects, but not a TBP allele that is postrecruitment competent. In addition, Spn1p does not stably associate with TFIID in vivo. Cells containing the spn1(K192N) allele exhibit a temperature-sensitive phenotype and some defects in activated transcription, whereas constitutive transcription appears relatively robust in the mutant background. Consistent with an important role in postrecruitment functions, transcription from the CYC1 promoter, which has been shown to be regulated by postrecruitment mechanisms, is enhanced in spn1(K192N) cells. Moreover, we find that SPN1 is a member of the SPT gene family, further supporting a functional requirement for the SPN1 gene product in transcriptional processes.
Collections 2021: the future of the library collection is not a collection

Research libraries are now operating in an environment that provides less funding, more competition and greatly expanded options for brokering access to high-quality resources. All of these realities suggest a need to rethink, radically, not just the ways libraries build collections, but the very nature of the library collection itself. If online resources can be purchased at point of use, does it still make sense to purchase them before need is demonstrated? If books can now be printed on demand, does it still make sense to buy them on the basis of speculation about future need? What might the practices of collection building and access brokering look like ten years from now?
New screening methodology to select low outgassing materials for cold, spaceborne optical instruments

Standardized techniques for outgassing tests are developed and set forth for use in the screening of materials for aerospace instruments with cooled sensors, optics, and/or detectors. Materials for optical instruments are discussed in terms of molecular outgassing, and material-outgassing test results are presented which relate to several test conditions. The existing outgassing standard is found to be inadequate, and revised outgassing standards related to four application levels are given. The test protocols are designed for the development of materials for optical instruments that operate in environments with temperatures below 20 C. Consideration is also given to potential molecular contamination in the space environment and to outgas screening of instruments with a variety of sensor/optics/detector temperatures. The standards are designed for use with existing outgassing-test data as well as contamination analyses relating to the instrument being tested.
Towards Practical Flow Sensing and Control via POD and LSE Based Low-Dimensional Tools (Keynote Paper)

We present the application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Linear Stochastic Estimation (LSE) based low-dimensional methods to the flow over a backward facing ramp with an adjustable flap above the ramp which allows for dynamic variation of the adverse pressure gradient. There is a range of flap angles where the flow is incipiently separated so that this relatively simple experiment can be used to flush out ideas for active feedback separation control strategies. The study utilized a combination of PIV and multi-point wall pressure measurements to estimate the full velocity field (mean plus fluctuating) from a modified complementary technique. Specifically we want to identify a low-dimensional mean flow to observe when the profiles are inflectionary, i.e., the incipient condition, just from wall pressure. We demonstrate via this method, that a reasonable estimate of the low dimensional full velocity field can be obtained. This is important for practical active feedback flow control strategies since from wall pressure we can estimate the state of the flow without resorting to probes in the flow.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Variation–Perturbation Treatment of Electron Correlation in Molecules. I. Bare Nucleus Model for H2

A variation–perturbation (VP) calculation of the electronic energy of H2 is carried out using r12− 1 as the perturbation. The first‐order wavefunction gives a total energy through third order which is only 0.4 kcal/mole greater than the exact value. It is seen that the VP energies are relatively insensitive to errors in the unperturbed wavefunction and that accurate results can be obtained with limited variational basis sets of only two or three functions. Application of either the bare nucleus or a similar model to more complicated molecules is discussed.
Boundary-fitted grid in landscape modeling

Landscape modeling requires the delineation of system boundaries and interior features. Quite often, these components are complex and difficult to accurately represent. A rectangular grid is used to represent the study and adjacent non-study areas in most cases. When the non-study area occupies a large portion of the grid, computer memory is wasted, and computational time increases. An elliptical grid generator for non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is used to generate a boundary-fitted grid for a landscape model. In a boundary-fitted grid coordinate system, one coordinate axis follows the landscape domain boundary and is non-orthogonal to the second axis. The boundary-fitted grid uses elliptic partial differential equations to distribute grid points inside the landscape domain. Although the boundary-fitted grid follows the domain boundary, the grid pattern and point allocation remain structured. Thus, a landscape model can use a boundary-fitted grid without changing the model’s data structure or the computational scheme. In this study, a boundary-fitted grid and a raster-based grid were applied to the Everglades Landscape Fire Model. Use of the boundary-fitted grid decreased model simulation time by about one fifth and computer storage by 58% relative to the raster-based grid. Also, the linear characteristics of interior geographical features such as rivers and airboat trails were preserved by the boundary-fitted grid, but not by the raster-based grid. This preservation provided a more reasonable base map for simulating ecological processes, such as fire across heterogenous landscapes.
Protective Paint from Rubber

Abstract A protective paint has been prepared from rubber which can be used commercially. The chief features of the new paint are: (1) good adhesion to metals; (2) resistance to acids, alkalies, corrosive gases, and corrosive chemicals in general; (3) low permeability to moisture, salt solutions, salt spray, etc.; (4) the film is tough and can be bent without injury at sub-zero temperatures; (5) the film does not flake when cut, and rust spreads very slowly from an exposed area. On account of its unusual set of properties, this paint should have a wide range of usefulness, particularly in chemical and other plants where metal parts are subjected to excessive corrosive conditions.