cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Hepatocyte Gene Expression by the Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract In the present study, the time- and concentration-dependent effects of the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on c-fos, c-jun, c-myc and c-Ha-ras expression were evaluated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. These genes exhibited differential patterns of expression with peak mRNA levels at different times following incubation in the presence of serum mitogens. The expression of c-fos and c-jun was markedly inhibited by BaP (3 μ m ), with pronounced effects observed during the early part of the induction response. In contrast, the kinetics of c-myc and c-Ha-ras inducibility were enhanced by BaP (3 μ m ) leading to significant enhancement of mRNA levels. The gene modulatory effects of BaP were concentration dependent in the range of 0.3-30 μ m . Challenge with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (1 n m ), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, elicited responses comparable to BaP for c-jun and c-Ha-ras, but not for c-fos or c-myc. α-naphthoflavone (10 n m ), an antagonist/agonist of the AhR and inhibitor of cytochrome P450, elicited c-jun and c-Ha-ras responses comparable to BaP. Pretreatment of the cells with this agent nullified the modulatory effects of BaP on c-fos and c-myc. These results suggest that deregulation of growth-related gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes by BaP is mediated by complex mechanisms that may involve AhR signalling and oxidative metabolism of the parent compound.
SOCIAL COMPETENCE AND COPING AMONG CHILDREN OF DIVORCE

Relationships between teacher-rated social competence and teacher and self-reports of children's coping behavior were examined in 177 school-age children of divorce. Social competence was positively associated with teacher reports of active coping, and with self-reported avoidance coping. Children showing a positive competence-avoidance relationship reported high levels of depressive symptoms. Implications for school-based interventions and for future research are discussed.
Assessing the relationship between parents' object relations and their daughters' eating disturbances

Abstract Several predicted relationships between parents' object relations and eating behaviors and their daughters' levels of eating disturbance were tested. Eating behaviors and attitudes and degree of psychological separation from parents were assessed among 123 college women. Subsequently, their mothers' and fathers' object relations, attitudes toward women and attractiveness, and own eating attitudes and behaviors were examined. Multiple regression analyses indicated that disturbances in mothers' object relations, specifically exhibiting more insecurity in attachment to others, were related to bulimic tendencies in their daughters. Also, daughters' difficulties separating psychologically from mothers were related to a range of daughers' eating disturbances. However, analyses found no support for specific characteristics of fathers, such as emotional alienation, being related to eating disturbances in their daughters. The findings partially support theory with regard to the mother-daughter relationshi...
Rare-earth size-effect on Tc in R2−zCezCuO4 homologues

Abstract Because the defect responsible for doping R 2− z Ce z CuO 4 is not isolated rare-earth-site Ce but a (Ce, interstitial-oxygen) pair, the onset of superconductivity in R 2− z Ce z CuO 4 , as a function of increasing size of the trivalent rare-earth ion R, occurs when the lattice constants a and c become large enough to satisfy the approximate condition that ( c 2 + 16 a 2 ) = 64[ A (O −1 ) + A (O −2 )] 2 , where A (O − z ) is the ionic radius of O −z .
Skykomish River, Washington: Impact of ongoing glacier retreat on streamflow

Glacier retreat and changes in summer runoff have been pronounced in the Skykomish River Basin, North Cascades, Washington from 1950 to 2009. An analysis comparing USGS streamflow records for the 1950–1985 to the 1985–2009 period indicates that during the recent period the Skykomish River summer streamflow (July–September) has declined 26% in the watershed, spring runoff (April–June) has declined 6%, while winter runoff (November–March) has increased 10%. The minimum mean monthly August discharge from 1928 to 2010 occurred in 2003 and 2005 when streamflow was 15·1 and 15·2 m3s−1, respectively. From 1929 to 1985, streamflow was less than 14 m3s−1 during the glacier melt season on a single day in 1951. From 1986 to 2007 there were 217 days with discharge below 14 m3s−1 with 9 periods lasting for 10 consecutive days. In the Skykomish River watershed from 1958 to 2009, glacier area declined from 3·8 to 2·1 km2. Columbia, Foss, Hinman and Lynch Glacier, the primary glaciers in the basin, declined in area by 10, 60, 90 and 35%, respectively, since 1958. Annual mass balance measurements completed from 1984 to 2009 on Columbia, Foss and Lynch Glacier indicate a mass loss of 13·1 m w.e. Despite 15% higher ablation rates during the 1985–2009 period, the 45% reduction in glacier area led to a 38% reduction in glacier runoff between 1958 and 2009. The 38% reduction in glacier runoff did not lead to a significant decline in the percentage summer runoff contributed by glaciers under average conditions; the contribution has remained in the range of 1–3% from July to September. The glacier runoff decline impacted river discharge only during low flow periods in August and September. In August 2003 and 2005, glacier ablation contributed 1·5–1·6 m3s−1 to total discharge, or 10–11% of August discharge. While declining glacier area in the region has and will lead to reduced glacier runoff and reduced late summer streamflow, it has limited impact on the Skykomish River except during periods of critically low flow, below 14 m3s−1 when glaciers currently contribute more than 10% of the streamflow. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short term memory systems in human information processing.

Abstract In this paper, three aspects of the role of memory in information processing have been considered. Retention of images, preservation of verbal information over brief periods, and reactivation of material from long term store represent different senses in which the term STM has been used. The assumption that all of these involve a single system may be fruitful for some purposes, but may also lead to inappropriate generalizations. For example, it does not appear that imagery need be short term or that reactivated information is especially susceptible to interference. Nevertheless, a considerable amount is now known about each of these systems and both comparisons and contrasts may prove useful.
Public Involvement in Nevada: The Role of the University

The controversy over siting a high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has engaged the southern Nevada community in recent years. This high-profile project has brought a critical eye on other environmental management activities, especially in the neighboring Nevada Test Site. Although radioactive waste management activities have been ongoing at the Nevada Test Site for over 40 years, there is renewed scrutiny on these activities and there is a growing community interest in pursuing alternative waste management strategies. This paper reviews the active role that the University of Nevada, Las Vegas has played in promoting public awareness, understanding, and participation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Hamiltonian operator of gauge-invariant gluons

Abstract In the unconstrained temporal gauge formalism the hamiltonian of the Yang-Mills system is written in terms of pure gauge variables and manifestly gauge-invariant operators of gluons. In contrast to Schwinger's Coulomb gauge treatment, the operator-ordering terms in the temporal gauge hamiltonian are unambiguous and their presence is proven to be vital in restoring the gauge invariance of the total hamiltonian operator. For physical states satisfying the non-abelian Gauss' laws, the Schrodinger equation is proven to be separable, and a physical hamiltonian containing only gauge-invariant gluons is obtained by separating apart all pure gauge variables.
Diffraction patterns of nonoverlapping circular grains

Experimentally, it is observed that the diffraction pattern of nonoverlapping grains contains a light-depletion region near the origin. This region, which shows up as a black ring, occurs because of the enforced quasiperiodicity that results when many grains in a confined space are prohibited to overlap. A simple quantitative model that describes this observation is presented. The model, based on the pulse-jitter phenomenon in communication theory, avoids the usual complications inherent in mathematically describing nonoverlapping grains.
The effects of DDT and malathion upon forest soil microarthropods.

Throughout a one-year period a study was conducted to determine the effects of plot treatments of DDT and malathion on beneficial forest soil mites and Collembola. Twenty-four plots were established in each of two habitats, a red pine plantation and a mixed hardwood stand. Six different treatments were replicated four times in each habitat. Two collections before treatment and seven collections after treatment in each habitat over a one-year period resulted in data to which all analysis of variance could he applied. The application of DDT at concentrations used 10 times in excess of that used in current forest past control programs and malathion used at the rate of 2 pounds per acre are without harm to the organisms studied.
Wall heat/mass transfer in pulsatile flow

Abstract Heat/mass transfer is considered from a solid surface to a fluid undergoing pulsatile flow, consisting of sinusoidal pulsations superimposed on a mean flow. Mass transfer was measured from small strips using the diffusion-controlled electrode method for both non-reversing and reversing flows, corresponding to small and large pulsation amplitudes, respectively. Heat/mass transfer rates from the surface consist of a mean component, with a superimposed oscillatory component that is dependent on the amplitude, α, of the fluctuating wall shear rate, and the dimensionless frequency parameter, Fp. For small α, the amplitude and phase of the first harmonic of the measured transfer rates agree well with the theory of Mizush for all values of Fp. The same is true for larger α ( 1, flow reversal occurs, and the theory again does not apply. For α 1, f takes place, and as α increases to about 1.5–2, the average transfer rates increase and become equal to those in steady flow. For α > 2 the tra become greater than the steady flow values and the second harmonic of the fluctuating transfer rate is as significant as the first harmonic. The change of the transfer rate vs time curves is quite significant, with two maxima and minima appearing in a period compared to the single maximum and minimum w characteristic of small α. These changes in average transfer rates and in the shapes of the transfer rate vs time curves are substantial for small va frequency parameter, Fp. As Fp is increased, the changes become less pronounced, and the trend of the data indicates that for Fp large enough, there is no increase in the transfer rate in pulsatile flow, and this appears to be independent of the value of α.
Determining Statistical Significance (Alpha) and Reporting Statistical Trends: Controversies, Issues, and Facts1:

Some scholars have argued for fixed standards for null hypothesis significance testing, using only .05 as the criterion for assessing or reporting statistical significance. One might get an impress...
Pattern and course of single-system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis data from the DAL-HX 83- and 90-study

Background Single-system (SS) disease is the most common presentation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with a heterogenous clinical picture and course. Mostly bone and rarely skin or lymph nodes are involved. Procedure One hundred and seventy patients with SS-LCH were registered in the DAL-HX 83/90 studies. They were diagnosed according to uniform diagnostic criteria and followed by a standardised schedule. Results Single bone lesions were most common (68%), followed by multiple bone lesions (19%), isolated skin disease (11%), and isolated lymph node involvement (4 patients). In the detection of bone lesions radiographic skeletal survey proved to be superior to bone scan (97% vs. 82%). Treatment comprised surgery, irradiation and local instillation of steroids, and standardised chemotherapy for multifocal bone disease. After initial therapy 81% of the patients remained disease free. Reactivations restricted to the skeleton occurred in 18% of both unifocal and multifocal bone disease. Two skin patients had a chronic course. Fatality occured only in one infant with skin disease who progressed to multi-system disease. Twenty-five percent of all patients developed permanent consequences, which were already present at diagnosis in about half of these patients and comprised mainly orthopedic problems related to lesional sites. Diabetes insipidus occurred in 3% and anterior pituitary dysfunction in 2% of the patients. Conclusions The course in SS%LCH was benign. In bone disease reactivations remained restricted to the skeleton and did not influence survival. However, reactivations had an impact on morbidity, as permanent consequences were mostly related to the site of disease activity. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:108–114. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND ADENOSINE ON THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION OF THE ADULT AND NEONATAL RABBIT ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE

We used an isolated perfused heart model to test the effects of acute hypoxia and adenosine (ADO) on the adult (A) and neonatal (N) (1-5 days) rabbit atrioventricular node (AVN). The AVN function was assessed by the AH interval at a constant atrial pacing cycle length (CL) just shorter than the intrinsic CL and by the longest pacing CL resulting in Wenckebach periodicity (WP), when the hearts were sequentially exposed to 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM ADO, in both groups ADO caused a similar degree of dose-dependent increase in AH (93±53% in A, n=8; 58±24% in N, n=7, after 1 mM ADO) and WP (43±12% in A; 36±18% in N). When the hearts were exposed to 5 min of hypoxia (02 replaced with N2) there was a significant difference in the increase of WP between these 2 groups (128±44% in A; 34±13% in N, p <0.01). The change in WP in A caused by hypoxia was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that caused by 1 mM ADO, a dose that has been previously shown to cause complete AVN block in guinea pigs. In A when 1 mM aminophylline (AMO), a competitive antagonist to ADO, was added, it could attenuate the WP increment caused by 1mM ADO (32±13% by ADO; 19±8% by ADO+AMO, n=8, p <0.01), but it could not attenuate those caused by hypoxia (100±25% by hypoxia; 87±32% by hypoxia+AMO, p=0.38). We conclude that in the rabbit AVN: 1) The response to ADO is similar in A and N. 2) N is relatively resistant to acute hypoxia as compared to A. 3) The response to acute hypoxia in A could not be totally explained by the ADO release theory.
Bounded Arithmetic, Proof Complexity and Two Papers of Parikh

Abstract This article surveys R. Parikh's work on feasibility, bounded arithmetic and the complexity of proofs. We discuss in depth two of Parikh's papers on these subjects and some of the subsequent progress in the areas of feasible arithmetic and lengths of proofs.
Interleukin-1β enhances nucleotide-induced and α-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing in rat primary cortical neurons via up-regulation of the P2Y2 receptor

The heterologous expression and activation of the human P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells stimulates α-secretase-dependent cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), causing extracellular release of the non-amyloidogenic protein secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα). To determine whether a similar response occurs in a neuronal cell, we analyzed whether P2Y2R-mediated production of sAPPα occurs in rat primary cortical neurons (rPCNs). In rPCNs, P2Y2R mRNA and receptor activity were virtually absent in quiescent cells, whereas overnight treatment with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) up-regulated both P2Y2R mRNA expression and receptor activity by four-fold. The up-regulation of the P2Y2R was abrogated by pre-incubation with Bay 11-7085, an IκB-α phosphorylation inhibitor, which suggests that P2Y2R mRNA transcript levels are regulated through nuclear factor-κ-B (NFκB) signaling. Furthermore, the P2Y2R agonist Uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) enhanced the release of sAPPα in rPCNs treated with IL-1β or transfected with P2Y2R cDNA. UTP-induced release of sAPPα from rPCNs was completely inhibited by pre-treatment of the cells with the metalloproteinase inhibitor TACE inhibitor (TAPI-2) or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, and was partially inhibited by the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor U0126 and the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203. These data suggest that P2Y2R-mediated release of sAPPα from cortical neurons is directly dependent on a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10/17 and PI3K activity, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and PI3K activity may indirectly regulate APP processing. These results demonstrate that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as IL-1β, can enhance non-amyloidogenic APP processing through up-regulation of the P2Y2R in neurons.
An examination of academic and occupational stress in the USA

Attempts to identify some important variables that contribute to occupational and academic stress and to estimate their direct and indirect effects on various outcome measures (such as mental health, physical health, job satisfaction and scholastic grade point average). Based on previous research, proposes and tests a model of academic and occupational stress, using data collected from 247 individuals employed in diverse organizations in the Orange County and Los Angeles areas, who were enrolled in either undergraduate or graduate courses at a major university in the southern California region. Claims that the results of the analysis support the proposed model of stress. Outlines the implications of the findings for research and practice in education and management.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS INDUCES MYOSTATIN PRECURSOR PROTEIN AND NF-κB IN CULTURED HUMAN MUSCLE FIBERS: RELEVANCE TO INCLUSION-BODY MYOSITIS.

Sporadic-inclusion body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common progressive muscle disease of older persons. It leads to pronounced muscle fiber atrophy and weakness, and there is no successful treatment. We have previously shown that myostatin precursor protein (MstnPP) and myostatin (Mstn) dimer are increased in biopsied s-IBM muscle fibers, and proposed that MstnPP/Mstn increase may contribute to muscle fiber atrophy and weakness in s-IBM patients. Mstn is known to be a negative regulator of muscle fiber mass. It is synthesized as MstnPP, which undergoes posttranslational processing in the muscle fiber to produce mature, active Mstn. To explore possible mechanisms involved in Mstn abnormalities in s-IBM, in the present study we utilized primary cultures of normal human muscle fibers and experimentally modified the intracellular micro-environment to induce endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-stress, thereby mimicking an important aspect of the s-IBM muscle fiber milieu. ER stress was induced by treating well-differentiated cultured muscle fibers with either tunicamycin or thapsigargin, both well-established ER stress inducers. Our results indicate for the first time that the ER stress significantly increased MstnPP mRNA and protein. The results also suggest that in our system ER stress activates NF-kappaB, and we suggest that MstnPP increase occurred through the ER-stress-activated NF-kappaB. We therefore propose a novel mechanism leading to the Mstn increase in s-IBM. Accordingly, interfering with pathways inducing ER stress, NF-kappaB activation or its action on the MstnPP gene promoter might prevent Mstn increase and provide a new therapeutic approach for s-IBM and, possibly, for muscle atrophy in other neuromuscular diseases.
Physiological Roles for mafr-1 in Reproduction and Lipid Homeostasis

Summary Maf1 is a conserved repressor of RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcription; however, its physiological role in the context of a multicellular organism is not well understood. Here, we show that C. elegans MAFR-1 is functionally orthologous to human Maf1, represses the expression of both RNA Pol III and Pol II transcripts, and mediates organismal fecundity and lipid homeostasis. MAFR-1 impacts lipid transport by modulating intestinal expression of the vitellogenin family of proteins, resulting in cell-nonautonomous defects in the developing reproductive system. MAFR-1 levels inversely correlate with stored intestinal lipids, in part by influencing the expression of the lipogenesis enzymes fasn-1 /FASN and pod-2 /ACC1. Animals fed a high carbohydrate diet exhibit reduced mafr-1 expression and mutations in the insulin signaling pathway genes daf-18 /PTEN and daf-16/ FoxO abrogate the lipid storage defects associated with deregulated mafr-1 expression. Our results reveal physiological roles for mafr-1 in regulating organismal lipid homeostasis, which ensure reproductive success.
Binding and dissociation kinetics using fractals: an analysis of electrostatic effects and randomly coupled and oriented coupled receptors on biosensor surfaces.

Abstract A fractal analysis is used to analyze the influence of: (a) electrostatic interactions on binding and dissociation rate coefficients for antibodies HH8, HH10, and HH26 in solution to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) immobilized on a sensor chip surface [Biophys. J. 83 (2002) 2946]; and (b) the binding and dissociation of recombinant Fab in solution to random NHS-coupled Cys-HEL and oriented thiol-coupled Cys-HEL immobilized on a sensor chip surface [Methods 20 (2000) 310]. Single- and dual-fractal models were employed to fit the data. Values of the binding and the dissociation rate coefficient(s) and the fractal dimensions were obtained from a regression analysis provided by Corel Quattro Pro 8.0 (Corel Corporation Limited, Ottawa, Canada, 1997). The binding rate coefficients are quite sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity on the sensor chip surface. It is of interest to compare the results obtained by the fractal analysis with that of the original analysis [Biophys. J. 83 (2002) 2946]. For example, as one goes from the binding of 21 nM HH10/HEL to the binding of 640 nM HH10/HEL(K97A), Sinha et al. [Biophys. J. 83 (2002) 2946] indicate that the enhancement of diffusional encounter rates may be due to ‘electrostatic steering’ (a long-range interaction). Our analysis indicates that there is an increase in the value of the fractal dimension, D f1 by a factor of 1.12 from a value of 2.133–2.385. This increase in the degree of heterogeneity on the surface leads to an increase in the binding rate coefficient, k 1 by a factor of 1.59 from 12.92 to 20.57. The fractal analysis of binding and dissociation of recombinant Fab in solution to random NHS-coupled Cys-HEL and oriented thiol-coupled Cys-HEL immobilized on a sensor chip [Methods 20 (2000) 310] surface are consistent with the degree of heterogeneity present on the sensor chip surface for the random and the oriented case. As expected, the random case will exhibit a higher degree of heterogeneity than the oriented case, leading to subsequently a higher binding rate coefficient.
Reverberant Speech Segregation Based on Multipitch Tracking and Classification

Room reverberation creates a major challenge to speech segregation. We propose a computational auditory scene analysis approach to monaural segregation of reverberant voiced speech, which performs multipitch tracking of reverberant mixtures and supervised classification. Speech and nonspeech models are separately trained, and each learns to map from a set of pitch-based features to a grouping cue which encodes the posterior probability of a time-frequency (T-F) unit being dominated by the source with the given pitch estimate. Because interference may be either speech or nonspeech, a likelihood ratio test selects the correct model for labeling corresponding T-F units. Experimental results show that the proposed system performs robustly in different types of interference and various reverberant conditions, and has a significant advantage over existing systems.
Vegetative Mutants and Clonal Senility in Tetrahymena

SYNOPSIS. Eight strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis were examined in multiple daily isolation series over ∼ 800 generations. Dead and defective lineages appeared in all clones. In 7, the defective sub-lines appeared at a constant characteristic rate; the 8th showed an increasing rate of production of two defects. A breeding analysis of certain persistent morphological and growth rate variants suggests that the variations derive from macronuclear alterations. The relationship between these cellular changes and “senility” in metazoa and other protozoa is discussed.
Drug-Related Evictions in Public Housing: Congress' Addiction to a Quick Fix

Nowhere are the human and economic costs of drug use, abuse, and trafficking more evident than in public housing projects throughout the nation. From housing developments in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, New Haven, Washington, D.C., and even Omaha, Nebraska, come tragic stories of violence, death, and fear, told by residents terrified of the open drug trade that has ravaged their neighborhoods.2 While the urgent need for action to restore safe and decent public housing is universally acknowledged, there is no accord on how that goal can best be accomplished. Some argue that the safety and quality of public housing cannot be restored unless the federal government confronts the underlying causes of the public housing drug crisis: poverty, unemployment, and hopelessness. Toward that goal, they emphasize increased spending for social programs, as well as for maintaining and improving public housing complexes. Others focus instead on the responsibility of individual tenants, insisting that public housing can be freed of drug traffic and abuse only through the eviction of traffickers and abusers. In 1988, a time of high budget deficits and low tolerance for drugs, Congress embraced the latter approach: evicting tenants. In the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Congress enacted a provision (the "drug-related eviction provision") requiring Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) to include in their leases a condition that explicitly makes any drug-related activityuse, possession, or traffickinggrounds for eviction.3 The provision allows PHAs to
The Effect of Internally Generated Inner-Core Asymmetries on Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity*

Abstract In a quiescent environment on an f plane, the internal dynamic processes of a tropical cyclone (TC) can generate axially asymmetric circulations (asymmetries) in its inner-core region. The present study investigates how these inner-core asymmetries affect TC intensity. For this purpose, a three-dimensional (3D) TC model and its axisymmetric (2D) version were used. Both have identical model vertical structure and use the same set of parameters and the same initial conditions. The differences between the two model runs are considered to be due to mainly the effects of the TC asymmetries. The results show that the presence of asymmetries in the 3D run reduces the TC final intensity by about 15% compared with the 2D run, suggesting that the TC asymmetry is a limiting factor to the potential intensity (PI). In the 2D run without asymmetries, the convective heating in the eyewall generates an annular tower of high potential vorticity (PV) with relatively low PV in the eye. The eyewall tilts outward wit...
The Mismatched Worker: When People Don't Fit Their Jobs

Executive Overview1 When people's jobs match their needs, preferences, and abilities, they are likely to be relatively happy and satisfied with their work and lives, and workplaces are apt to function fairly smoothly and effectively. On the other hand, when there is a mismatch, or lack of fit, a variety of difficulties are likely to result for workers and their families as well as for employers and society. Mismatches have become more common in the United States in the past several decades, due in large part to the pressures on companies to be more competitive, increased skill requirements, and the growing diversity of the labor force. Here we look at some of the major changes in labor markets that have led to seven types of mismatches between workers and jobs in the U.S. and discuss their implications.
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Protein Alters Endosomal pH but Not trans-Golgi pH

The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E5 protein is a small, hydrophobic polypeptide that is expressed in virus-infected keratinocytes and alters receptor signaling pathways, apoptotic responses, and endosomal pH. Despite its ability to inhibit endosomal acidification, the HPV-16 E5 protein is found predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that its effect may be indirect and perhaps global. To determine whether E5 alters the pHs of additional intracellular compartments, we transduced human keratinocytes with a codon-optimized E5 vector and then quantified endosomal and trans-Golgi pHs using sensitive, compartment-specific, ratiometric pHluorin constructs. E5 protein increased endosomal pH from 5.9 to 6.9 but did not affect the normal trans-Golgi pH of 6.3. Confirming the lack of alteration in trans-Golgi pH, we observed no alterations in the acidification-dependent processing of the proH3 protein. C-terminal deletions of E5, which retained normal expression and localization in the ER, were defective for endosomal alkalization. Thus, E5 does not uniformly alkalinize intracellular compartments, and its C-terminal 10 amino acids appear to mediate interactions with critical ER targets that modulate proton pump function and/or localization.
Mechanisms of Cell Therapy for Clinical Investigations An Urgent Need for Large-Animal Models

Evidence from experiments performed in animal models and from early-stage clinical trials demonstrates that the contractile performance of hearts with severe ischemic injury can be improved by transplanting a variety of cell types into the injured heart1–5 As a result of these investigations, progenitor cells have emerged as a promising therapeutic agent not only for limiting postinfarction left ventricular (LV) remodeling, but also for improving cardiac performance in hearts with severe LV dysfunction secondary to other diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and concentric LV hypertrophy.6,7 Some of the most encouraging clinical results were obtained in the Cardiac Stem Cells in Patients With Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO) trial,4 which investigated the use of autologous cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in patients with severe LV dysfunction undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Although the small patient population and open-label design preclude definitive mechanistic conclusions, CPC infusion was associated with significant improvements in LV ejection fraction from before treatment to 4 months afterward, and even greater improvement was observed at 12 months. These and other promising results could soon lead to the initiation of more definitive, large-scale, phase 2 clinical trials. Article see p 122 Novel therapies have often been adopted into clinical practice before their mechanisms of action have been completely deciphered, provided that their safety and beneficial effects are reproducible. For the emerging cellular therapy, however, the optimal cell type, dose, timing, and route of administration need to be identified to ensure that cell therapies produce the best possible benefit for each patient while avoiding overtreatment. Many of these variables are likely to depend both on the specific disease state and on complex interactions among numerous mechanisms that function seamlessly in an in vivo system. The availability of clinically relevant large-animal models of LV dysfunction is …
The X-Ray Large Array

There is a conspicuous gap in plans for X-ray timing after the X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE). Timing science has played a critical role in the development of X-ray astronomy. The need now is to move into a new domain of shorter timescales and weaker modulation, one that can be reached only with very large aperture instruments. XLA is an X-ray facility with an aperture substantially greater than 1 m2, nominally 100 m2. Most of this area is devoted to a large array of collimated proportional counters. There is also a ~ 1 m2 coded aperture. It extends observational parameter space by several orders of magnitude in timing resolution, sensitivity to variability, and angular resolution. This will lead to a qualitatively new kind of X-ray astrophysics that can be applied to the study of a broad range of astrophysical objects. XLA is thus both an advanced timing mission and a general purpose facility whose principal uses are in areas that are not well covered in other aspects of the planned High Energy Astrophysics program.
A multi-agent approach for peer-to-peer-based information retrieval systems

This paper develops and analyzes distributed search techniques for use in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network-based Information Retrieval (IR) system. In the absence of a centralized mediator with global knowledge that directs requests to appropriate agents, agents must cooperate to forward the queries among themselves so as to find appropriate agents, and return and merge the results in order to fulfill the information retrieval task in a distributed environment. In our approach, the agent society is connected through an agent-view structure maintained by each agent. Initially, the agent-view structures are formed by agents connecting to each other randomly. However, we show that such an approach can be significantly enhanced by dynamically reorganizing the underlying agent-view topology and deploying contextsensitive distributed search algorithms. Experimental results indicate that appropriate organizational structures and distributed search mechanisms can have a positive influence on system performance.
Cross-Reactivity of Sperm-Binding Proteins from Chicken, Turkey, and Duck Oocytes

Binding and penetration of spermatozoa through the perivitelline layer (PL) overlying the hen's ovum have been studied more frequently in the chicken than in other domesticated avian species. Species-specific action of the binding process was tested using an in vitro competition assay in which spermatozoa from the cock, tom, and drake were pretreated with solubilized PL protein (PL-P) from the chicken, turkey, and duck ovum. Spermatozoa were pretreated with PL-P for 20 min at 39 C and co-incubated in vitro with a .5 cm2 section of intact PL from the homologous sperm donor species for an additional 10 min at 39 C. Effectiveness of PL-P pretreatment was assessed quantitatively by the number of spermatozoa bound to the PL, and was expressed as a percentage of the control [minimum essential medium (MEM) pretreated sperm = 100%] binding. Pretreatment of cock spermatozoa with chicken, turkey, or duck PL-P resulted in 21, 40, and 48% binding, respectively. Similarly, pretreatment of tom spermatozoa with PL-P from chicken, turkey, or duck resulted in 45, 51, and 39% binding, and that of drake spermatozoa resulted in 38, 32, and 21% binding, respectively. Incubation of spermatozoa with PL-P from chicken, turkey, and duck ova indicated cross-reactivity and suppression of binding between avian spermatozoa and PL that was not species-specific.
Driven to extremes: Fear of crime and the rise of the sport utility vehicle in the United States

During the mid-1980s, the sport utility vehicle (SUV) emerged as one of the most popular automobiles in the United States, a trend that continued throughout the 1990s. The SUV boom has attracted widespread coverage in the mainstream media but little scholarly attention. The following article examines the historical and social context of the SUV through analysis of popular press accounts, automotive reviews and trade news, and SUV print advertisements. Situating the SUV in the context of fear of crime and risk management during the 1980s and 1990s, it is suggested that the SUV's popularity reflects American attitudes toward crime, random violence, and the importance of defended personal space. While consumer attraction to the SUV is typically attributed to two key features - safety and interior space - these pragmatic justifications may be viewed as euphemistic. Safety is not road safety but personal safety. Space is not interior cargo space but social space, including the privileged ability to traverse inhospitable terrain to remove oneself from society.
Dietary Calcium and Dairy Products Modulate Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress in Mice and Humans

We have recently shown 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increased oxidative stress and inflammatory stress in vitro, whereas suppression of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol with dietary calcium (Ca) decreased oxidative and inflammatory stress in vivo. However, dairy products contains additional factors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, which may further suppress oxidative and inflammatory stress. Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effects of the short-term (3 wk) basal suboptimal Ca (0.4%), high-Ca (1.2% from CaCO(3)), and high-dairy (1.2% Ca from milk) obesigenic diets on oxidative and inflammatory stress in adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein-agouti transgenic mice. Adipose tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NADPH oxidase mRNA and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by the high-Ca diet (P < 0.001) compared with the basal diet and ROS and MDA were further decreased by the high-dairy diet (P < 0.001). The high-Ca and -dairy diets also resulted in suppression of adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA (P = 0.001) compared with the basal diet, whereas an inverse pattern was noted for adiponectin and IL-15 mRNA (P = 0.002). Consequently, we conducted a follow-up evaluation of adiponectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in archival samples from 2 previous clinical trials conducted in obese men and women. Twenty-four weeks of feeding a high-dairy eucaloric diet and hypocaloric diet resulted in an 11 (P < 0.03) and 29% (P < 0.01) decrease in CRP, respectively (post-test vs. pre-test), whereas there was no significant change in the low-dairy groups. Adiponectin decreased by 8% in subjects fed the eucaloric high-dairy diet (P = 0.003) and 18% in those fed the hypocaloric high-dairy diet (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that dietary Ca suppresses adipose tissue oxidative and inflammatory stress.
A fast recursive algorithm for computing CR-type bounds for image reconstruction problems

The authors describe a method for computing matrix CR bounds for image reconstruction problems using an iterative algorithm that avoids the intractable inversion of the Fisher matrix required by direct methods. The algorithm produces a close approximation to the CR bound, requiring only O(n/sup 2/) floating point operations per pixel of interest, an order of magnitude savings relative to the O(n/sup 3/) flops required by noniterative methods. To illustrate the utility of the iterative algorithm, a prototypical application is studied: the dependence of achievable reconstruction accuracy on angular and radial sampling. >
Greedy online algorithms for routing permanent virtual circuits

We analyze the competitive ratio of two greedy online algorithms for routing permanent virtual circuits in a network with arbitrary topology and uniform capacity links. We show that the competitive ratio of the first algorithm, with respect to network congestion, is in and where m is the number of links in the network, is the maximum ratio, over all requests, of the length of the longest path for the request to the length of the shortest path for the request, and ℒ is the ratio of the maximum-to-minimum bandwidth requirement. We show that the competitive ratio of the second greedy algorithm is in Ω(d + log(n −d)) and min{O(d log n), when the optimal route assignment is pairwise edge disjoint, where n is the number of network nodes and d is the length of the longest path that can be assigned to a request. It is known that the optimal competitive ratio for this problem is Θ(log n). Aspnes et al. designed a Θ(log n) competitive online algorithm that computes an exponential function of current congestion to make each decision. The greedy online algorithms, although not optimal, make each decision more quickly and still have good competitive ratios in many nontrivial situations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Networks 34: 136–153, 1999
A qualitative inquiry of the roles, responsibilities, and relationships within work-based learning supervision

Although meaningful work experience and the support of caring adults are recognized as factors that promote positive youth development, research has given minimal attention to the role of the work-...
Reaction of Oxygen with the Respiratory Chain in Cells and Tissues

This paper considers the way in which the oxygen reaction described by Dr. Nicholls and the ADP control reactions described by Dr. Racker could cooperate to establish a purposeful metabolic control phenomenon in vivo. This has required an examination of the kinetic properties of the respiratory chain with particular reference to methods for determinations of oxygen affinity (Km). The constant parameter for tissue respiration is k1, the velocity constant for the reaction of oxygen with cytochrome oxidase. Not only is this quantity a constant for a particular tissue or mitochondria; it appears to vary little over a wide range of biological material, and for practical purposes a value of 5 x 107 at 25° close to our original value (20) is found to apply with adequate accuracy for calculation of Km for mammalia. The quantity which will depend upon the tissue and its metabolic state is the value of Km itself, and Km may be as large as 0.5 µM and may fall to 0.05 µM or less in resting, controlled, or inhibited states. The control characteristic for ADP may depend upon the electron flux due to the cytochrome chain (40); less ADP is required to activate the slower electron transport at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. The affinity constants for ADP control appear to be less dependent upon substrate supplied to the system. The balance of ADP and oxygen control in vivo is amply demonstrated experimentally and is dependent on the oxygen concentration as follows. In the presence of excess oxygen, control may be due to the ADP or phosphate (or substrate), and the kinetics of oxygen utilization will be independent of the oxygen concentration. As the oxygen concentration is diminished, hemoglobin becomes disoxygenated, deep gradients of oxygen concentration develop in the tissue, and eventually cytochrome oxidase becomes partially and then completely reduced. DPN at this point will become reduced and the electron flow diminished. The rate of ATP production falls and energy conservation previously under the control of the ADP concentration will now be controlled by the diffusion of oxygen to the respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria. Under these conditions the rate of reaction of cytochrome oxidase with oxygen and the reaction of cytochromes with one another become of key importance. The rise of ADP and the depletion of energy reserves evoke glycolytic activity, and failure of biological function may result.
Language Interpretation, Parent Participation, and Young Children With Disabilities

Spoken parent—educator interactions through language interpreters for parents who do not speak English can challenge early intervention/early childhood special education professionals. Research suggests that language interpretation is often inadequate to ensure that the parental participation, informed parental consent, and interpretation mandates of IDEA (P.L. 108-446) Parts B and C are met. Examples from several contexts are presented to illustrate communication disconnects between early educators and parents. Subsequently, a discussion of quality language interpretation in early intervention/ early childhood special education is presented followed by program and policy recommendations.
The Clinical Diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW SOURCE This is a rational clinical examination abstract, a regular feature of the Annals’ Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine series. Each features an abstract of a Rational Clinical Examination review from the Journal of the American Medical Association and a commentary by an emergency physician knowledgeable in the subject area. The source for this rational clinical examination review abstract is: Ebell MH et al. The rational clinical examination: does this patient have strep throat? JAMA. 2000; 284:2912-2918. The Annals’ Evidence-Based Emergency Medicine editors assisted in the preparation of the abstract of this rational clinical examination review, as well as selection of the Evidence-Based Medicine Teaching Points.
How a Cell Crawls and the Role of Cortical Myosin II

The movements of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae translocating on a glass surface in the absence of chemoattractant have been reconstructed at 5-second intervals and motion analyzed by employing 3D-DIAS software. A morphometric analysis of pseudopods, the main cell body, and the uropod provides a comprehensive description of the basic motile behavior of a cell in four dimensions (4D), resulting in a list of 18 characteristics. A similar analysis of the myosin II phosphorylation mutant 3XASP reveals a role for the cortical localization of myosin II in the suppression of lateral pseudopods, formation of the uropod, cytoplasmic distribution of cytoplasm in the main cell body, and efficient motility. The results of the morphometric analysis suggest that pseudopods, the main cell body, and the uropod represent three motility compartments that are coordinated for efficient translocation. It provides a contextual framework for interpreting the effects of mutations, inhibitors, and chemoattractants on the basic motile behavior of D. discoideum. The generality of the characteristics of the basic motile behavior of D. discoideum must now be tested by similar 4D analyses of the motility of amoeboid cells of higher eukaryotic cells, in particular human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Tensor products of modules with restricted highest weight

The summand containing the highest weight space of a tensor product of G-modules with restricted highest weights is studied.It is shown that for certain tensor products these summands are partial tilting modules for the algebraic group.
Escalation of commitment in United States collegiate athletic departments: an investigation of social and structural determinants of commitment.

Amid evidence of limited financial benefit, universities in the United States continue increasing their commitment to the NCAA’s highest level of competition. Consequently, it is believed that such behavior is the result of more intangible motivations by university decision makers. Using escalation of commitment theory as a framework, the authors explored social and structural determinants of increasing commitment, specifically examining the role of organizational status, former performance, and side-bets in commitment escalation. Applying a collective case study approach, the authors examined institutions (N = 10) having increased their commitment to Division I athletics within the last 10 years. Serving as the primary data source, participants (n = 35) included decision makers involved in the implementation of escalation initiatives. QSR International’s NVivo 10 software was employed for data analysis in the application of a three-step coding process. Findings revealed unique theoretical advancement in ...