cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular orbital analysis of anomalous trans effect in cobalamins

Abstract Density functional theory has been applied to the analysis of NB–Co–CR interligand bonding in octahedral complexes of CoIII. Employing B-[CoIII(corrin)]-R+ models, it is shown that a change in the electron donating (or withdrawing) character of alkyl ligands (R) lengthens (or shortens) both interligand Co–CR and Co–NB bonds in accordance with the anomalous (or inverse) trans effect. Six molecular orbitals are required for the succinct description of this phenomenon, which lies in an unusual combination of a poor σ/π-donor of the base (B) and an unusually strong σ-donor of the alkyl group (R).
Emergency medicine residency boot Camp curriculum: a pilot study.

Introduction: Establishing a boot camp curriculum is pertinent for emergency medicine (EM) residents in order to develop proficiency in a large scope of procedures and leadership skills. In this article, we describe our program’s EM boot camp curriculum as well as measure the confidence levels of resident physicians through a pre- and post-boot camp survey. Methods: We designed a one-month boot camp curriculum with the intention of improving the confidence, procedural performance, leadership, communication and resource management of EM interns. Our curriculum consisted of 12 hours of initial training and culminated in a two-day boot camp. The initial day consisted of clinical skill training and the second day included code drill scenarios followed by interprofessional debriefing. Results: Twelve EM interns entered residency with an overall confidence score of 3.2 (1-5 scale) across all surveyed skills. Interns reported the highest pre-survey confidence scores in suturing (4.3) and genitourinary exams (3.9). The lowest pre-survey confidence score was in thoracostomy (2.4). Following the capstone experience, overall confidence scores increased to 4.0. Confidence increased the most in defibrillation and thoracostomy. Additionally, all interns reported post-survey confidence scores of at least 3.0 in all skills, representing an internal anchor of “moderately confident/need guidance at times to perform procedure.” Conclusion: At the completion of the boot camp curriculum, EM interns had improvement in self-reported confidence across all surveyed skills and procedures. The described EM boot camp curriculum was effective, feasible and provided a foundation to our trainees during their first month of residency. [West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):356–361.]
Catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene: I. Vapor-phase reaction on supported platinum

Abstract The reaction rates for the vapor-phase hydrogenation of cyclohexene over Pt SiO 2 between 273 and 313 K are reported. The reaction is zero order with respect to cyclohexene. The reaction order with respect to hydrogen is 0.8 at low hydrogen pressures and temperatures and close to 0.5 at higher hydrogen pressures and temperatures. The shift in kinetics is explained by a Horiuti-Polanyi (1934, Trans. Faraday Soc. 30, 1164) mechanism, in which adsorption of hydrogen is equilibrated at high temperatures and pressures but becomes essentially irreversible at low temperatures and pressures. The reaction is structure insensitive as its rate does not change when Pt dispersion changes from 14 to 100%.
EARLY ENTERAL FEEDING PROTOCOLS FOR PRETERM INFANTS. † 1908

We evaluated the use of early enteral feeding protocols (EEFP) for preterm infants with birth weights of 751 - 1200 g (Group I) and 1201 - 1500 g (Group II) during study (S) and retrospective periods (R). Infants were evaluated for growth and nutritional intake at birth and weekly intervals throughout the neonatal period. Hypothesis: EEFP will lead to earlier institution of enteral nutrition (EN), improved caloric intake and growth, and shorter duration of parenteral nutrition (PN). Results are summarized below(M±SD): Table The age at which EN was started was significantly less during the study period in each group; however, the age at which full EN (120 kcal/k/d) was reached was similar within groups. The ages when parenteral carbohydrate (CHO) and protein were added were similar within groups, whereas lipid was added significantly sooner during Group I S. At d7, PN kcal/k/d were significantly higher during the study period in each group, with significantly higher lipid kcal/k/d during the study period in Group II, d7 (19.1±6.4 vs. 12.8±5.0, p=.032) and Group I, d14(25.8±8.1 vs. 16.4±11.3, p=.011). This improved caloric intake did not persist on days 21 and 28. Weight, length, and head circumference were similar within groups at all time periods. The duration of PN nutrition was not significantly less during the study period. Conclusions: Routine utilization of EEFP contributed to more uniform, earlier onset of EN; however, caloric intake and growth were not significantly improved throughout the neonatal period, nor was the duration of PN significantly reduced at our institution.
Mineral Composition of Meconium: Effect of Prematurity

Objectives: We hypothesized that the concentration of major essential mineral elements in meconium correlate with gestational age (GA) or birth weight. To verify this premise we determined the concentration in meconium of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese.Methods: Thirty-four appropriate for age singleton infants without major congenital anomalies were divided into four GA groups (in weeks): 24 to 28; 29 to 33; 34 to 37; 38 to 42, or in birth weight groups (in g): <1500; 1500–1999; 2000–2499; ≥2500. Meconium was collected until the appearance of transitional stools and lyophilized for analysis.Results: When adjusted for birth weight, the concentrations of calcium, copper, iron and phosphorus were higher in the meconium of 24 to 28 week GA infants than in those of the 38 to 42 week GA newborns. Birth weight adjusted copper concentration was highest in the 29 to 33 week GA group, while the remaining elements did not change across the range of GA. Meconium copper concentration...
Signal transduction mechanisms in substance P–mediated ciliostimulation

Abstract Substance P is a neuropeptide released by afferent neurons in the respiratory tract during inflammatory reactions. It produces effects on blood vessels, bronchial smooth muscle, nasal glands, and respiratory cilia. We studied the in vitro effect of substance P on the ciliary beat frequency of human adenoid explants and its mechanism of action. Substance P was added to cultured adenoid at concentrations of 10 -10 , 10 -8 , 10 -6 , and 10 -4 mol/L. Ciliary beat frequency was determined with phase-contrast microscopy and microphotometry. Substance P increased ciliary beat frequency a maximum of 11.9%±3.8% ( p -6 mol/L) significantly blocked the ciliostimulatory effects of SP ( p L -arginine analogs, N G -nitro- L -arginine methyl ester and N G -monomethyl- L -arginine, inhibit nitric oxide synthesis from L -arginine. L -Arginine analogs (10 -4 to 10 -2 mol/L) inhibited the effect of substance P ( p L -arginine, demonstrating that nitric oxide production is a required step in substance P-induced ciliostimulation. Substance P stimulates ciliary activity in human nasal mucosa as a result of secondary production and release of endogenous prostaglandins and nitric oxide. It is likely that inflammatory disease processes that stimulate release of substance P and subsequent prostaglandin and nitric oxide production modify mucociliary transport. Pharmacologic modification of substance P and its second messengers may eventually permit regulation of this important defense mechanism and control of neurogenic inflammation.(OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1995;113:582-8.)
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE URETER AND BLADDER: ACQUISITION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

AbstractTo delineate the temporal and spatial acquisition of the smooth muscle of the ureter, Sprague-Dawley rat embryos and newborn pups were immunostained with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM actin) antibody. alpha-SM actin expression was first detected in the urinary tract at 16 days of gestation (E16) in a thin subserosal zone about the urogenital sinus. At this time, the E16 ureter is composed of a simple cuboidal epithelium which is surrounded by 1 to 2 layers of condensed alpha-SM actin negative spindle cells. No immunostaining was detected along the ureter or its intrarenal branches until the 20th day of gestation (E20). alpha-SM actin expression in the E20 ureter exhibited regional differences. The number of alpha-SM actin positive smooth muscle cells was greatest in the distal ureter, intermediate in the mid ureter, and least in the proximal ureter near the kidney. While smooth muscle formation in the bladder was subserosal, in the ureter it was subepithelial. During postnatal life, alpha-SM...
Cytochalasin B inhibits the maturation of measles virus

The release of measles virus was studied in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB), a drug that disrupts actin microfilaments. In the presence of CB, infected cells accumulated infectious virus while virus released from these cultures decreased drastically (up to 99% inhibition). Electron micrographs showed that viral buds were reduced and had an unusual distribution along the cell membrane in CB-treated cultures. CB inhibition of released virus occurred rapidly (within 30 min) and to a full extent even when the drug was added during the final 2 hr of a 48-hr replicative cycle. CB inhibition of cellular functions is reversible and, similarly, inhibition of virus release could be almost completely reversed within 30 min after the drug was removed. Since CB can also inhibit sugar transport and protein glycosylation, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG) was used to study the manifestations of glycosylation inhibition. DG inhibited virus production only when added during the first one-third of the replicative cycle and inhibited cell-associated and released virus to an equal extent. Cytochalasin D, which disrupts microfilaments without affecting protein glycosylation, caused an inhibition of virus release analogous to the inhibition caused by CB. Thus, alteration of microfilament structure alters the normal budding process of measles virions. This suggests that microfilaments may play a role in the release of budding virions.
Linking Social Environments With the Well-being of Adolescents in Dual-Earner and Single Working Parent Families

This investigation examined the relationships between middle school-aged children’s perceptions of their social environments (home, school, neighborhood, and parental work) with self-reports of wel...
Acid stream water remediation using limestone sand on Bear Run in Southwestern Pennsylvania

Instream limestone sand application is used at many sites in Pennsylvania to neutralize acidic stream water resulting from acid deposition. However, questions remain about the effectiveness of limestone sand in the treatment of acid waters, such as reduced contact time at high flow, remobilization of aluminum, and adverse effects on macroinvertebrates. A 1-year evaluation of limestone sand application to Bear Run, an acidic stream in southwestern Pennsylvania, was begun in 1999. Another nearby acid stream, Linn Run, served as a control. Water quality during baseflow and episodic acidification events, along with fish and macroinvertebrates, were monitored to evaluate impacts of the sand application. Hydrogen ion (H + ) concentration and total dissolved aluminum (TDA) were significantly reduced, and acid neutralizing capacity was significantly increased downstream of the limestone sand application compared with the upstream site on Bear Run. These parameters at the downstream sites were also different ( ≤ 0.10) from the comparable sites on the control stream. TDA and hydrogen ion concentrations were significantly decreased ( < 0.10) compared with concentrations before the sand application to Bear Run but not on the control stream. No fish were present upstream of the sand application site, and only a few fish were found downstream at the mouth of Bear Run. Standing crop, number of taxa, and Shannon-Weaver diversity index values indicated that macroinvertebrate populations were negatively impacted 300 m downstream from the sand application and improved at the site 1,600 m downstream. Although water quality was improved on Bear Run, benefits to macroinvertebrates depended on downstream location, and fish populations did not show improvement.
The Nutrition, Aging, and Memory in Elders (NAME) Study: Design and methods for a study of micronutrients and cognitive function in a homebound elderly population

Background Micronutrient status can affect cognitive function in the elderly; however, there is much to learn about the precise effects. Understanding mediating factors by which micronutrient status affects cognitive function would contribute to elders' quality of life and their ability to remain in the home. Objectives The Nutrition, Aging, and Memory in Elders (NAME) Study is designed to advance the current level of knowledge by investigating potential mediating factors by which micronutrient status contributes to cognitive impairment and central nervous system abnormalities in the elderly. NAME targets homebound elders because they are understudied and particularly at risk for poor nutritional status. Methods Subjects are community-based elders aged 60 and older, recruited through area Aging Services Access Points. The NAME core data include demographics; neuropsychological testing and activities of daily living measures; food frequency, health and behavioral questionnaires; anthropometrics; gene status; plasma micronutrients, homocysteine, and other blood determinants. A neurological examination, psychiatric examination, and brain MRI and volumetric measurements are obtained from a sub-sample. Results Preliminary data from first 300 subjects are reported. These data show that the NAME protocol is feasible and that the enrolled subjects are racially diverse, at-risk, and had similar basic demographics to the population from which they were drawn. Conclusion The goal of the NAME study is to evaluate novel relationships between nutritional factors and cognitive impairment. These data may provide important information on potential new therapeutic strategies and supplementation standards for the elderly to maintain cognitive function and potentially reduce the public health costs of dementia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formal operational reasoning modes: Predictors of critical thinking abilities and grades assigned by teachers in science and mathematics for students in grades nine through twelve

To test the hypothesis that formal operational reasoning modes are predictors of critical thinking abilities and grades assigned by teachers in science and mathematics, in September 1986 the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking (GALT) and in December 1986 the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA) were administered to 101 rural students in Grades 9 through 12. The grades assigned by teachers were collected in May 1987. Construct and criterion-related validities and internal-consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha method were established on the GALT. On the WGCTA, content and construct validities and internal consistency reliability using the split-half procedure, coefficient of stability, and coefficient of equivalence were established. The five formal operational reasoning modes in the GALT were found to be significant predictors of critical thinking abilities and grades assigned by teachers in science and mathematics. The variance in the five critical thinking abilities attributable to the five formal operational reasoning modes ranged between 28% and 70%. The five formal operational reasoning modes explained 29% of the variance in mathematics achievement and 62% of the variance in science achievement.
Cytologic features of tubular adenocarcinoma of the breast by aspiration biopsy

Tubular adenocarcinoma is an invasive mammary adenocarcinoma associated with an excellent prognosis and a low incidence of axillary metastases. However, identification of tubular adenocarcinoma by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy has proven difficult. One hundred five patients with documented "pure" tubular adenocarcinoma were diagnosed at Tisch Hospital from August of 1992 to December of 1998. Twenty-one of these patients had an FNA before excision. We reviewed the smears of these cases and compared them with cases of fibroadenoma and fibrocystic change to identify criteria for diagnosis. Moderately to highly cellular smears with angular cellular clusters with sharp borders and oval cells outlining these clusters, dispersed single cells with minimal atypia, and the absence or paucity of dispersed bare oval nuclei in the background were features that suggest a diagnosis of tubular adenocarcinoma in our study. Attention to these features in combination with appropriate mammographic findings should preclude a false-negative diagnosis in the majority of cases of tubular adenocarcinoma diagnosed by aspiration biopsy. We point to the presence of the peripheral perpendicular cells in the characteristic tubular arrays as an important clue to the diagnosis of tubular adenocarcinoma.
Tandem hetero diels-alder reaction: synthesis of oxygenated macrocycles.

C2-symmetric, oxygenated macrocycles have been synthesized from simple acyclic precursors in a single step by a tandem hetero Diels−Alder reaction. Thermolysis and Lewis acid catalysis can effect this novel transformation. The tandem reaction product is formed in preference to the intramolecular cycloaddition product, and an explanation for this result is proposed.
The M. D. Anderson symptom inventory-head and neck module, a patient-reported outcome instrument, accurately predicts the severity of radiation-induced mucositis.

Purpose To compare the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory–Head and Neck (MDASI-HN) module, a symptom burden instrument, with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Head and Neck (FACT-HN) module, a quality-of-life instrument, for the assessment of mucositis in patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and to identify the most distressing symptoms from the patient's perspective. Methods and Materials Consecutive patients with head-and-neck cancer ( n = 134) completed the MDASI-HN and FACT-HN before radiotherapy (time 1) and after 6 weeks of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (time 2). The mean global and subscale scores for each instrument were compared with the objective mucositis scores determined from the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Results The global and subscale scores for each instrument showed highly significant changes from time 1 to time 2 and a significant correlation with the objective mucositis scores at time 2. Only the MDASI scores, however, were significant predictors of objective Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events mucositis scores on multivariate regression analysis (standardized regression coefficient, 0.355 for the global score and 0.310 for the head-and-neck cancer-specific score). Most of the moderate and severe symptoms associated with mucositis as identified on the MDASI-HN are not present on the FACT-HN. Conclusion Both the MDASI-HN and FACT-HN modules can predict the mucositis scores. However, the MDASI-HN, a symptom burden instrument, was more closely associated with the severity of radiation-induced mucositis than the FACT-HN on multivariate regression analysis. This greater association was most likely related to the inclusion of a greater number of face-valid mucositis-related items in the MDASI-HN compared with the FACT-HN.
Diffusional losses of amended anaerobic electron acceptors in sediment field microcosms

Abstract Hudson River sediment microcosms from Piles Creek (PC), Piermont Marsh (PM), and Iona Island (II) were amended with ∼100 mM nitrate or sulfate to stimulate anaerobic bioremediation. Nitrate and sulfate decreased over two years of field incubation and the fraction of these losses due to diffusion to the water column was predicted using Fick’s law. Apparent diffusion ( D app ) values of 1–4 × 10 −10 m 2 s −1 predicted the majority of loss/gain from/to the sediments by 700 d, but not at all times. Effective diffusion ( D eff ) values predicted by the porosity function ( D eff = D mol e 4/3 ) were larger than those observed in the field, and field data indicates a cube power relationship: D eff = D mol e 3 . D app greatly increased in surficial layers at PM and PC in year two, suggesting that bioadvection caused by bioturbating organisms had occurred. The effects of bioturbation on transport to/from the sediments are modeled, and results can be applied to various sediment treatment scenarios such as capping.
Theory of precipitation of protein mixtures by nonionic polymer

A theory is developed to predict the solubility of protein mixtures in solutions containing nonionic polymer. Effective protein-protein interactions due to polymer are taken to be volume-exclusion potentials derived using statistical mechanics. Statistical-mechanical perturbation theory is used to calculate chemical potentials. The effects of protein size, mole fraction and polymer concentration on solubility are explored. The theory is extended to include electrostatic interactions. The excess chemical potential of the proteins due to the charges on all species is calculated using the mean spherical approximation for a mixture of charged hard spheres. The theory predicts: the larger protein is preferentially precipitated over the smaller one; the more concentrated protein is more likely to precipitate; and increasing the charge of a particular protein reduces its ability to precipitate.
STATs Find That Hanging Together Can be Stimulating

A report in this week's issue of Science by Xu et al . ([p. 794][1]) shows that homodimers of various kinds of STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) bind to regulatory regions of the gene for the interferon-γ gene, each with a slightly different binding site. In their Perspective, Leung, Li, and Stark explain how these cooperating STAT dimers, which interact via their NH2 terminals, can determine the specificity of the cytokine response. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5276.794
Spinal Cord Implant Studies

A loaded probe technique was used to measure the current density distribution resulting from application of electrical current to the spinal cords of live anesthetized stumptail macaque monkeys and fresh human cadaver spinal cords via the electrode arrays of four commercially available spinal implant systems used for management of intractable pain.
Trade Policy and Excess Capacity in Developing Countries

The presence of quotas on imported inputs that are based on installed capacity can lead to capacity underutilization in manufacturing industries of developing countries. A replacement of such quotas by tariffs leads to full-capacity utilization under both perfectly and imperfectly competitive markets. Furthermore, such a policy also eliminates strategic advantages for oligopolistic firms that arise in quota-based regimes.
Immunization against learned helplessness in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

Summary.-Cockroaches exposed to one day of escapable shock prior to three days of inescapable shock did not become helpless on a shuttlebox-escape task. Like dogs and rats, cockroaches are immunized against learned helplessness by prior experience with escapable shock. Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of subsequent escape behavior in a variety of species. This interference effect has been labeled learned helplessness (Maier, 1970; Overmier & Seligman, 1967; Seligman, 1975) and has been demonstrated in humans (Hiroto, 1974; Thornton & Jacobs, 1971), dogs (Overmier & Seligman, 1967), cats (Seward & Humphrey, 1967), mice (Braud, Wepman, & Russo, 1969) rats (Maier, Albin, & Testa, 1773; Seligman & Beagley, 1775; Seligman, Rosellini, & Kozak, 1975), gerbils (Brown & Dixon, 1783), goldfish (Padilla, Paditla, Ketterer, & Giacalone, 1970; Nash, Martinez, Dudeck, & Davis, 1783; see Brown, Smith, & Peters, 1785), and cockroaches (Brown & Stroup, 1988; Brown, Hughes, & Jones, 1988). In addition to the interference effect, there are other behavioral characteristics of the learned helplessness phenomenon which have been investigated. In an early study, Seligman and Maier (1967) found that dogs exposed to escapable shock prior to receiving inescapable shock did not become helpless. This immunization effect has also been found in rats (Seligman, Rosellini, & Kozak, 1775) and mice (Anisman, Irwin, Beauchamp, & Zacharko, 1783). A demonstration of this immunization effect in invertebrates could be beneficial in developing an understanding of the neurological mechanisms involved. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether exposure to escapable shock prior to inescapable shock immunizes the common American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) against the learned helpless effect. The cockroach was investigated because it has a relatively simple ganglionated nervous system and has been a popular subject in studies on the neural basis of learning and memory (see Brown & Stroup, 1988).
Helping successful leaders get even better

Purpose – This paper aims to describe the steps used to help any successful person change their interpersonal behavior at work and at home.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a review of “before‐and‐after” studies with tens of thousands of coaching participants from large corporations, each in a different sector with very different competitive pressures.Findings – There are four key beliefs that tend to differentiate more successful people from their peers, and some specific coaching approaches that are more effective in working with this population.Research limitations/implications – While much more research needs to be done on this topic, there is a clear body of knowledge that can help make the best performers even better.Practical implications – If successful people see the connection between their behavior change goals and their personal goals, they will be much more likely to change. Have the successful person receive input on one to two important, self‐selected behaviors as perceived by importan...
In vitro biosynthetic studies of the bryostatins, anti-cancer agents from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina

Abstract Acetate, S- adenosylmethionine and glycerol have been identified as key building blocks of the anticancer polyketide, bryostatin 1, through a series of in vitro biosynthetic experiments. The active enzyme preparation was fortified with ATP, Mg 2+ , NADH and NADPH.
Permanganate Fixation of Plant Cells

In an evaluation of procedures explored to circumvent some of the problems of osmium tetroxide-fixation and methacrylate embedding of plant materials, excised segments of root tips of Zea mays were fixed for electron microscopy in potassium permanganate in the following treatment variations: unbuffered and veronal-acetate buffered solutions of 0.6, 2.0, and 5.0 per cent KMnO4 at pH 5.0, 6.0, 6.7, and 7.5, and temperatures of 2–4°C. and 22°C. After fixation the segments were dehydrated, embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned, and observed or photographed. The cells of the central region of the rootcap are described. The fixation procedures employing unbuffered solutions containing 2.0 to 5.0 per cent KMnO4 at a temperature of 22°C. gave particularly good preservation of cell structure and all membrane systems. Similar results were obtained using a solution containing 2.0 per cent KMnO4, buffered with veronal-acetate to pH 6.0, and a fixation time of 2 hours at 22°C. The fixation procedure utilizing veronal-acetate buffered, 0.6 per cent KMnO4 at 2–4°C. and pH 6.7 also gave relatively good preservation of most cellular constituents. However, preservation of the plasma membrane was not so good, nor was the intensity of staining so great, as that with the group of fixatives containing greater concentrations of KMnO4. The other fixation procedures did not give satisfactory preservation of fine structure. A comparison is made of cell structures as fixed in KMnO4 or OsO4.
Analysis of steroid hormone effects on xenografted human NF1 tumor schwann cells

The neurofibroma, a common feature of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor that contains predominantly Schwann cells (SC). There are reports that neurofibroma growth may be affected by hormonal changes, particularly in puberty and pregnancy, suggesting an influence by steroid hormones. This study examined the effects of estrogen and progesterone on proliferation and apoptosis in a panel of NF1 tumor xenografts. SC-enriched cultures derived from three human NF1 tumor types (dermal neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)) were xenografted in sciatic nerves of ovariectomized scid /Nf1-/+ mice. At the same time, mice were implanted with time-release pellets for systemic delivery of progesterone, estrogen or placebo. Proliferation and apoptosis by the xenografted SC were examined two months after implantation, by Ki67 immunolabeling and TUNEL. Estrogen was found to increase the growth of all three MPNST xenografts. Progesterone was associated with increased growth in two of the three MPNSTs, yet decreased growth of the other. Of the four dermal neurofibroma xenografts tested, estrogen caused a statistically significant growth increase in one, and progesterone did in another. Of the four plexiform neurofibroma SC xenografts, estrogen and progesterone significantly decreased growth in one of the xenografts, but not the other three. No relationship of patient age or gender to steroid response was observed. These findings indicate that human NF1 Schwann cells derived from some tumors show increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis in response to particular steroid hormones in a mouse xenograft model. This suggests that anti-estrogen or anti-progesterone therapies may be worth considering for specific NF1 neurofibromas and MPNSTs.
Fibroblast heterogeneity in the healing wound

Although fibroblasts are traditionally described as static cells providing framework and support for tissues, there is an accumulating body of evidence showing that fibroblasts are a dynamic cell type which exist in functionally and morphologically heterogeneous subpopulations. Fibroblast subsets have been shown to play a critical role in the production and regulation of extracellular matrix components, in wound repair and regeneration, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic conditions. We have reviewed the evidence supporting heterogeneity of fibroblasts from pulmonary, periodontal, and dermal tissues. In addition, we will explore the role fibroblast subpopulations may play in the complex process of wound repair and regeneration.
The Economics of Regulating Cross-border Finance: Two New Views

AbstractFor much of the 20th century the dominant view in macroeconomics was that cross-border finance needed to be regulated in order to balance the ‘impossible trinity’ first sketched by John Maynard Keynes in his two books on monetary theory. The dominant view in development economics during the same period was that cross-border capital flows need to be regulated for similar reasons but also to mobilize domestic resources for economic development. The view that capital mobility was something to be constrained fell out of favor in mainstream economics by the 1980s and 1990s. The experience of numerous financial crises in the past 20 years has spawned new economic theories that reintroduce the notion that cross-border finance can cause financial instability. One strand of new theory in this realm picks up from Ragnar Nurkse, Hyman Minsky, and others, and has become popular in many emerging market capitals and in the United Nations system. Another strand of new theory comes from modern welfare economics a...
WebSphere as an e-business server

In this paper, we provide an overview of the technical functionality of WebSphereTM Application Servers and several related products in the WebSphere product family. The paper specifically addresses the product features that are essential to today's e-businesses. We discuss infrastructure services, business-to-consumer and business-to-business scenarios and detail the existing and future support that the WebSphere product family offers in these areas. We also include an extensive list of references for readers who wish to obtain more detailed information on specific aspects of the WebSphere product family that are beyond the scope of this paper.
The influence of thermal history on the small-angle X-ray scattering of sulphonated polystyrene ionomers

Abstract The influence of thermal history on the small-angle X-ray scattering of the sodium and zinc salts of lightly sulphonated polystyrene (SPS) ionomers is described. Increasing temperature above T g promotes phase mixing in ZnSPS and increased phase separation in NaSPS. The effect of annealing at elevated temperatures on the microstructure of ZnSPS is reversible, but dependent on the cooling rate. Changes in the microstructure of NaSPS on annealing are irreversible.
The Consistency of the Naive(?) Theory of Properties

If properties are to play a useful role in semantics, it is hard to avoid assuming the naive theory of properties: for any predicate Θ(x), there is a property such that an object o has it if and only if Θ(o). Yet this appears to lead to various paradoxes. I show that no paradoxes arise as long as the logic is weakened appropriately; the main difficulty is finding a semantics that can handle a conditional obeying reasonable laws without engendering paradox. I employ a semantics which is infinite-valued, with the values only partially ordered. Can the solution be adapted to naive set theory? Probably not, but limiting naive comprehension in set theory is perfectly satisfactory, whereas this is not so in a property theory used for semantics.
Poly-acetylated chromatin signatures are preferred epitopes for site-specific histone H4 acetyl antibodies

Antibodies specific for histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been central to our understanding of chromatin biology. Here, we describe an unexpected and novel property of histone H4 site-specific acetyl antibodies in that they prefer poly-acetylated histone substrates. By all current criteria, these antibodies have passed specificity standards. However, we find these site-specific histone antibodies preferentially recognize chromatin signatures containing two or more adjacent acetylated lysines. Significantly, we find that the poly-acetylated epitopes these antibodies prefer are evolutionarily conserved and are present at levels that compete for these antibodies over the intended individual acetylation sites. This alarming property of acetyl-specific antibodies has far-reaching implications for data interpretation and may present a challenge for the future study of acetylated histone and non-histone proteins.
Low-cost and flexible VEGF sensors based on microfluidic induced tunable graphene films

The monitoring and controlling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGC) are very important in the treatment of certain cancers and age-related macular degeneration. Herein, microfluidic based method was introduced to generate low-cost flexible VEGF graphene biosensors, demonstrating tunable thickness of graphene composites different from the conventional graphene composites in chemical detection. After alternating the surface wetting ability, a PDMS based microfluidic system duplicated from a silicon mold was used to introduce, confine and pattern the graphene films. This microfluidic induced graphene biosensor modified with the anti-VEGF antibody from Mayo Clinic is capable of detecting VEGF as low as 1 pg/mL. A promising technique be presented to develop the low-cost and high-performance biosensors for the VEGF detection.
Fuel Surface Cooling by Aqueous Foam: A Pool Fire Suppression Mechanism

Aqueous foams are generally thought to suppress pool fires by forming a transport barrier (either an aqueous film or the foam itself) that prevents fuel vapor transport from the hot pool surface into the fire above. The present work is aimed at evaluating a different potential suppression mechanism wherein the fuel vapor pressure is reduced due to pool surface cooling that occurs when a room-temperature foam is brought in direct contact with the hot pool surface. We present a model to predict the sudden decrease in pool surface temperature when aqueous foam is applied instantaneously and uniformly onto a shallow, burning, heptane fuel pool. Conduction is assumed to dominate heat transfer at short time scales (a few seconds) due to the steep temperature gradient at the interface. The model describes the time evolution of the temperature profile by numerically solving a transient, one-dimensional, heat-conduction equation in the liquid pool and in the foam layer. We also obtained an analytical solution that is valid immediately after contact between fuel and foam. Model predictions show a significant decrease in fuel surface temperature in less than a second after the foam layer is placed on top of a hot liquid pool surface, causing a decrease in the fuel vapor pressure of over 75%. The predictions indicate that surface cooling could be an important mechanism of fire suppression by aqueous foams.
Validating the Retinal Flip of Rhodopsin using Molecular Dynamics

Rhodopsin, the mammalian dim light photoreceptor, is the most well-characterized structural model of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Photoisomerization of its covalently bound chromophore, retinal, triggers rhodopsin activation. Spectroscopic studies of rhodopsin in the dark [1] and Meta I [2] states have definitively shown that the C9- and C13-methyl groups of retinal are oriented towards the extracellular side of the protein. However, the structures of the active Meta II state [3] and a constitutively active triple mutant [4] had a 180° rotation along the long-axis of the retinal polyene chain, leading to an orientation of the C9- and C13-methyl groups towards the cytoplasmic side of the protein. The biophysical significance of this potential flip and its role in the structural transition during activation is still unknown. We employed molecular dynamics simulations to determine the role of the retinal flip in rhodopsin activation. Rhodopsin was modeled starting with the Meta II crystal structure but in the Meta I protonation state, to favor a deactivation transition. Surprisingly, two of our four simulations produce a reverse flip of the polyene chain on the microsecond timescale. This flip is accompanied by the rotation of the Trp265 side chain, which is implicated in a “transmission switch” common to GPCR activation. A decrease of water within the retinal binding pocket is also observed, along with distinct protein hydration features concurrent with the flipping of retinal. These results provide a bridge between spectroscopic and crystallographic studies, showing that it is possible for a retinal flip to occur from Meta I to Meta II state. [1] Salgado (2004) Biochemistry 43:12819; [2] Salgado (2006) JACS 128:11067; [3] Choe (2011) Nature 471:651; [4] Deupi (2012) PNAS 109:119.
Risk score and metastasectomy independently impact prognosis of patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose: We evaluated the prognostic roles of metastasectomy and an established risk stratification system in patients with disease recurrence following nephrectomy for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 129 patients with localized renal cell carcinoma treated with partial or radical nephrectomy and subsequently diagnosed with disease recurrence. At recurrence a previously validated risk score based on Karnofsky performance status, interval from nephrectomy, and serum hemoglobin, calcium and lactate dehydrogenase was used to categorize patients as being at favorable, intermediate or poor risk. Survival from time of recurrence was assessed based on risk categorization and metastasectomy.Results: Median time from nephrectomy to recurrence was 16 months. The risk score was strongly associated with median survival and the 2-year survival rate, including 73 months and 81% for favorable risk, 28 months and 54% for intermediate risk, and 6 months a...
Comparison of nonlinear pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from the sinusoidal perfusion and venous equilibrium models.

It is shown that the intrinsic and steady-state clearances and the values of Vm, and Km, of the Michaelis—Menten equation estimated via the sinusoidal perfusion model are different from the corresponding values estimated via the venous equilibration model. The liver blood flow rates estimated by two theories (from plasma data) are identical. The comparison was made using the single dose oral and intravenous and steady-state oral plasma concentration—time data for verapamil in six subjects previously published.
RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS TO DECAY PROCESSES

Radiative corrections associated with the electromagnetic field have been determined for the decay of a fermion of arbitrary mass into a lighter one with the emission of a single boson or of two other fermions; no special assumptions have been made about the nature of the interaction responsible for the instability. The particular example of the muon-electron decay has been worked through in detail. Sufficiently accurate experimental determination of the muon spectrum would permit the observation of a Lamb term without vacuum polarization. Modified formulas for the Michel parameter $\ensuremath{\rho}$ are given.
Cardiac screening with electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or myocardial perfusion imaging: Advice for high-value care from the american college of physicians

In this article, the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians recommends against the use of resting or stress electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or stress myocard...
Hyperglycemia-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and elevated homocysteine levels are poorly attenuated by exogenous folate in embryonic chick brains.

Abstract Injection of l -glucose (9.29 μmol/kg egg) into the air sac of fertile chicken eggs during the first 3 days of embryonic development (E 0–2 ) has been reported to cause hyperglycemia and membrane lipid peroxidation in embryonic chick hepatic membranes. These observations have now been extended into embryonic chick brains at 11 days of development (theoretical stage 37). l -glucose caused a 1.7-fold increase in serum d -glucose levels ( p ≤ 0.05), a 1.4-fold decrease in the % living embryos ( p ≤ 0.05), a 1.1-fold decrease in embryonic masses ( p ≤ 0.05), and a 1.4-fold decrease in embryonic brain masses ( p ≤ 0.05) as compared to controls. l -glucose also caused a 3.8-fold increase in brain lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) levels ( p ≤ 0.05) and complex changes in the relative fatty acid composition of brain membranes. Consistent with the hypothesis of hyperglycemia-induced increases in lipid peroxidation were decreased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22: 6, n-3) levels as compared to controls ( p ≤ 0.05). However, hyperglycemia-induced increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA: 22:5, n-6) levels, decreased arachidonic acid (20; 4, n-6) levels, decreased linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) levels, and increased levels of several saturated short-chain membrane fatty acids were also observed as compared to controls ( p ≤ 0.05). l -glucose caused a 12-fold increase in brain homocysteine levels, a 2.5-fold decrease in S -adenosylmethionine levels, and a 2-fold increase in S -adenosylhomocysteine levels as compared to controls ( p ≤ 0.05). These hyperglycemia-induced alterations were poorly attenuated by exogenous folic acid (181.2 μmol/kg egg).
Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of inequality in income between communities independent of household income on individual all cause mortality in the United States. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Subjects: A nationally representative sample of 14 407 people aged 25-74 years in the United States from the first national health and nutrition examination survey. Setting: Subjects were followed from initial interview in 1971-5 until 1987. Complete follow up information was available for 92.2% of the sample. Main outcome measures: Relation between both household income and income inequality in community of residence and individual all cause mortality at follow up was examined with Cox proportional hazards survival analysis. Results: Community income inequality showed a significant association with subsequent community mortality, and with individual mortality after adjustment for age, sex, and mean income in the community of residence. After adjustment for individual household income, however, the association with mortality was lost. Conclusions: In this nationally representative American sample, family income, but not community income inequality, independently predicts mortality. Previously reported ecological associations between income inequality and mortality may reflect confounding between individual family income and mortality. Key messages Ecological studies have documented a powerful relation between national, state, or community indices of inequality and mortality at the population level These studies have not adequately controlled for confounding by family income measured at the individual level This study, using data from a nationally representative sample from the United States, showed no relation between community income inequality and mortality after adjustment for family income Poverty, not community income inequality, determines subsequent mortality; further study is needed to determine whether these findings apply to national or state-wide income inequality
Wound Healing of Grafts in Congenitally Opaque Infant Corneas

Wound healing, determined by uneventful suture removal, was evaluated in 28 corneal transplants (20 eyes) with congenital corneal opacities. Seven transplants in seven eyes with the typical central corneal opacities of Peters' anomaly had suture removal between 17 and 90 days postoperatively. All seven transplants remained transparent. Corneal grafts for sclerocornea or regrafts in sclerocornea healed much more quickly than those in eyes with Peters' anomaly (as early as four days postoperatively in the 13 most recent cases). In these corneas suture microabscesses and superficial neovascularization of the wound were signs indicating wound healing and also a host inflammatory response that led to graft rejection if the sutures were not removed.
k-Pseudosnakes in n-dimensional Hypercubes

Abstract A k-pseudosnake in a graph is an induced subgraph of maximum degree at most k. In this paper we show that k-pseudosnakes with more than 2 n − 1 vertices exist in the hypercubes Q n , provided n ⩽ 2 k . We also give upper bounds, and show that the generated k-pseudosnakes are maximum provided k is even and n = 3 k / 2 . The results also yield better constructions of k-pseudosnakes in large n-dimensional grids in certain cases.
Externalization and Victim-Blaming Among a Sample of Incarcerated Females

The present study utilizes a pre- and post-test design to examine the effectiveness of an Impact of Crime on Victims Class (ICVC) on decreasing an offender's propensity to externalize responsibilit...
Development of Chemical Bond based Elastic Network Model and its application in identifying functional motions in H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Here we proposed a Chemical Bond based Elastic Network Model (CB-ENM) method, which was demonstrated with a better performance in representing functional movements, especially the local motions, than the conventional normal mode analysis. CB-ENM was applied in characterising functional motions in surface glycoprotein Haemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Eleven local peaks were identified amongst HA fluctuation spectrum, and eight of these peaks were correlated with the reported five antigenic binding sites and Receptor Binding Sites (RBS) in influenza viruses. Our study showed that CB-ENM has a potential in identifying functional residues in protein structure.