cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Underground Houses on the British Columbian Coast

Semi-Subterranean houses with an entrance through the roof are a well known feature of the interior of British Columbia, having been described for the Thompson, the Chilcotin, the Shuswap and others of the upper Fraser River valley. They have, in fact, an even wider distribution east of the Coast and Cascade Ranges, extending south over the Plateau and into northern California. Although this type of dwelling existed among the Aleuts, it appears that the coastal people to the south of them, even in Alaska, were either unfamiliar with the pattern or rejected it in favor of others. Sporadically, along the Pacific Coast all the way from California to Bering Sea, house floors were excavated to varying depths, sometimes even to two levels; but, everywhere, the houses characteristically lack the roof entrance and, except for sweathouses in the south and Bering Sea Eskimo dwellings in the north, even the idea of an earth covering is absent. In view of this fundamental divergence, it is interesting that subterranean structures do appear in several places on the coast of British Columbia.
Research on the infection status and subtype distribution of cervical human papilloma virus among female in Tiantai county

Objective To investigate the status of human papilloma virus(HPV) infection and subtype distribution of HPV among women in Tiantai county.Methods The samples of cervical exfoliated cells were detected by human papilloma virus-polymerase chain reaction(HPV-PCR) reverse dot blot hybridization genotyping.Results In 3 253 cases,781 cases were HPV positive,the total positive rate was 24.01%,among which 22 kinds of sbutype were detected,which accounted for high-risk HPV 539 patients(69.01%),low-risk HPV 129 patients(16.52%),mixed HPV were 113 patients(14.47%).546 cases were the infection of single HPV subtype(69.91%),235 cases were the multiple infection of HPV subtypes(30.09%).The peak of HPV infection was at the ages less than 20,51 ~ 60 and more than 60 in the different age groups,infection rates were respectively 37.50%,31.39% and 26.84%.The main infection subtypes were HPV16,HPV52,HPV58,HPV81,HPV33,HPV18.Conclusion The infection of HPV type turns to be universal.Differences of positive rates among different ages were statistically significant(P 0.05).More attention should be paid to women less than 20 years old and more than 60 years old and the regular random visit to the positive patientsshould be strengthened.The detection of HPV subtypes for fertile women helps the early warning and early treatment of cervical cancer.
The Design of Mammals: A Scaling Approach

Despite an astonishing 100 million-fold range in adult body mass from bumblebee bat to blue whale, all mammals are formed of the same kinds of molecules, cells, tissues and organs and to the same overall body plan. A scaling approach investigates the principles of mammal design by examining the ways in which mammals of diverse size and taxonomy are quantitatively comparable. This book presents an extensive reanalysis of scaling data collected over a quarter of a century, including many rarely or never-cited sources. The result is an unparalleled contribution to understanding scaling in mammals, addressing a uniquely extensive range of mammal attributes and using substantially larger and more rigorously screened samples than in any prior works. An invaluable resource for all those interested in the 'design' of mammals, this is an ideal resource for postgraduates and researchers in a range of fields from comparative physiology to ecology.
Approaches for the estimation of timescales in nonlinear dynamical systems: Timescale separation in enzyme kinetics as a case study

The derivation of timescales is frequently introduced as an art form in papers and textbooks. The best scaling techniques require the application of physical intuition to identify dimensionless variables that are one unit order of magnitude and small parameters, which can simplify nonlinear differential equations. However, physical intuition requires prior knowledge of the solution to the dynamical systems under investigation. There are problems where the application of physical intuition is not straightforward. Therefore, it is necessary to apply mathematical techniques to estimate scales for the separation of timescales and simplification. In this review, we present three mathematical techniques - determination of pairwise balances, principle of minimum simplification and scaling by inverse rates - to scale dynamical systems with limited prior knowledge of model behavior. We illustrate the application of these techniques with the Michaelis-Menten reaction, which is widely studied to introduce scaling and simplification techniques in textbooks. We show that the pairwise balance approach, though commonly introduced as a method for nondimensionalization, can fail to derive a separation between timescales. The other techniques we review here can be applied to a number of dynamical systems, where the separation of timescales can lead to the simplification of a complex nonlinear problem.
Analytical Derivation of the Sauer-Freise Flux Equation for Multicomponent Multiphase Diffusion Couples with Variable Partial Molar Volumes

The well-known Sauer-Freise flux equation is derived analytically for the general case of a multiphase, multicomponent diffusion couple with variable molar volume. Discontinuities in concentration versus distance data are specifically treated. Fluxes with respect to the local center of volume are employed if the partial molar volumes are constants. Fluxes with respect to the local center of moles are employed for the more general case of variable partial molar volumes.
Intensity of Binge Drinking a Decade After the September 11th Terror Attacks Among Exposed Individuals.

Introduction The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center resulted in elevated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use among exposed individuals. The relationship among traumatic exposure, PTSD, and excessive drinking is well documented; however, little is known about these relationships in the long term. This study examines factors increasing binge drinking risk among exposed individuals a decade post-9/11. Methods In 2015–2016, data were analyzed from 28,592 World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees aged ≥18 years who completed the Wave 3 (2011–2012) survey. Women comprised 38.9% of participants. Binge drinking in the last 30 days was categorized as low (men, five to seven drinks; women, four to six drinks) or high intensity (men, eight or more drinks; women, seven or more drinks). Probable 9/11-related PTSD was defined as scoring ≥44 on the PTSD Checklist. Exposures to 9/11 (e.g., witnessing horror, sustaining an injury) were categorized as none/low (zero to two) or high (three or more). Results Binge drinking was reported by 24.7% of participants, of whom 36.9% reported high-intensity binge drinking. Compared with non-binge drinkers, the odds of low- and high-intensity binge drinking were greater among enrollees who were male, aged 18–34 years, non-Hispanic white, had income >$75,000, were rescue/recovery workers, had high 9/11 exposure, or 9/11-related PTSD. Conclusions The observed associations among traumatic exposure, PTSD, and excessive drinking underscore the need for improved therapies addressing excessive drinking and PTSD concurrently, inclusion of repeated post-event screening for excessive drinking, and evidence-based population-level interventions to reduce alcohol consumption.
Assessment of Paravalvular Leak After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Transesophageal Echocardiography Compared With Transthoracic Echocardiography

Objectives Determine whether moderate or greater paravalvular leak (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement quantified using intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is associated with mortality and investigate the correlation between PVL grading using intraoperative TEE and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Design Retrospective, observational study. Setting Single academic institution. Participants The study comprised adult patients undergoing elective transcatheter aortic valve replacement between April 2011 and February 2014. Interventions Patients were grouped by amount of PVL on intraoperative TEE into “significant” (moderate or greater) and “nonsignificant” (no, trivial, or mild) PVL groups. Demographics and patient characteristics were compared. Continuous variables were assessed with t -tests or Wilcoxon rank sum tests and categorical variables with the chi-square or Fisher exact test. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for EuroSCORE was used to test the independent association of PVL with late mortality, and covariate-adjusted survival curves were constructed. A Fleiss-Cohen–weighted kappa value was used to assess agreement between PVL grading using intraoperative TEE and postoperative TTE. Measurements and Main Results One hundred ninety-six patients were grouped into the “significant” (n = 22) or “nonsignificant” (n = 174) PVL group. Twenty patients (10%) died during the follow-up period. Significant PVL on either TTE (p = 0.62, hazard ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-12.85) or TEE (p = 0.49, hazard ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.06-3.68) was not associated with a survival difference. Modest agreement was found between PVL on intraoperative TEE and postoperative TTE (kappa = 0.47, CI 0.37-0.57, p Conclusions Larger studies are needed to evaluate the association of PVL graded on intraoperative TEE with survival. There is modest agreement between the degree of PVL found on TEE and TTE.
Preventing Alcohol and Tobacco Exposed Pregnancies: CHOICES Plus in Primary Care

Introduction Alcohol and tobacco use are common among U.S. women, yet if used during pregnancy these substances present significant preventable risks to prenatal and perinatal health. Because use of alcohol and tobacco often continue into the first trimester and beyond, especially among women with unintended pregnancies, effective evidence-based approaches are needed to decrease these risk behaviors. This study was designed to test the efficacy of CHOICES Plus, a preconception intervention for reducing the risk of alcohol- and tobacco-exposed pregnancies (AEPs and TEPs). Study design RCT with two intervention groups: CHOICES Plus (n=131) versus Brief Advice (n=130). Data collected April 2011 to October 2013. Data analysis finalized February 2016. Setting/participants Settings were 12 primary care clinics in a large Texas public healthcare system. Participants were women who were non-sterile, non-pregnant, aged 18–44 years, drinking more than three drinks per day or more than seven drinks per week, sexually active, and not using effective contraception (N=261). Forty-five percent were smokers. Intervention Interventions were two CHOICES Plus sessions and a contraceptive visit or Brief Advice and referral to community resources. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were reduced risk of AEP and TEP through 9-month follow-up. Results In intention-to-treat analyses across 9 months, the CHOICES Plus group was more likely than the Brief Advice group to reduce risk of AEP with an incidence rate ratio of 0.620 (95% CI=0.511, 0.757) and absolute risk reduction of –0.233 (95% CI=–0.239, –0.226). CHOICES Plus group members at risk for both exposures were more likely to reduce TEP risk (incidence rate ratio, 0.597; 95% CI=0.424, 0.840 and absolute risk reduction, –0.233; 95% CI=–0.019, –0.521). Conclusions CHOICES Plus significantly reduced AEP and TEP risk. Addressing these commonly co-occurring risk factors in a single preconception program proved both feasible and efficacious in a low-income primary care population. Intervening with women before they become pregnant could shift the focus in clinical practice from treatment of substance-exposed pregnancies to prevention of a costly public health concern. Trial registration This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT01032772.
OS04.1 Survival benefit associated with Gross Total Resection (GTR) in oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) based analysis

AbstractThe available evidence suggests that the clinical benefits of extended surgical resection are limited for chemo-sensitive tumors, such as primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Oligodendroglioma is generally thought to be more sensitive to chemotherapy than astrocytoma of ­comparable grades. Here, we compare the survival benefit of gross total resection (GTR) in oligodendroglioma patients relative to astrocytoma patients. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database, we identified 2,378 WHO grade II oligodendroglioma patients (O2) and 1,028 WHO grade III oligodendroglioma patients (O3). Surgical resection was defined as GTR, subtotal resection (STR), biopsy only, or no resection. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression survival analysis were used to assess survival with respect to extent of resection (EOR). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that the hazard of dying from O2 and O3 was comparable between patients who underwent biopsy only (or STR) and GTR (O2: HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.73–1.53; O3: HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.80–1.72). A comprehensive search of the published literature identified eight articles without compelling evidence that GTR is associated with improved overall survival in oligodendroglioma patients. In contrast, we found that patients afflicted with WHO grade II astrocytoma (A2) benefited significantly from GTR. We identified 4,113 A2 patients in the SEER. A multivariate Cox survival analysis indicated that relative to A2 patients who underwent STR, A2 patients who underwent a GTR showed a 28.3% reduction in the hazard of death. Similar risk reductions were observed in both A2 patients age 4 years, a finding reminiscent of anaplastic astrocytoma patients. In contrast, for A2 patients age ≥ 50, the GTR associated survival benefit was approximately 6 months, resembling that observed in glioblastoma patients. Relative to A2 patients, patients afflicted with WHO grade III astrocytoma (anaplastic astrocytoma or A3) derived greater survival benefit from GTR. We identified 2,755 A3 patients in SEER. The hazard of dying from the A3 was reduced in GTR patients by 40% relative to STR patients. For comparison, the hazard of dying from the glioblastoma was reduced in GTR patients by 24% relative to STR patients. We observed that age <50 and post-TMZ (2005–2010) independently associated with an improved survival benefit for A3 who underwent GTR. The median survival of AA patients age<50 who underwent GTR and STR in the post-TMZ era was not reached for the GTR population and 52 months for the STR population, respectively. For glioblastoma patients, the corresponding numbers for median survival were 21 and 18 months.
Novel WSN Hardware for Long Range Low Power Monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications often require 24/7 operation in harsh, low resource (e.g. power and communication) environments over a large scale area with ad-hoc deployment of sensors. Data processing at the sensor is required to minimize communication overhead. Such an application scenario presents opportunities for research in wireless sensor networks (WSN)s that are distinct from existing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions. We present a novel modular, highly flexible, hardware solution with a core feature of a System on a Chip (SoC) with add-ons such as memories, interfaces, and different transmission input/output I/O modalities. The system can manage, process, and transmit data directly within an ad-hoc self healing, self forming, mesh network over long distance (19 km between nodes in the current implementation) or as a stand-alone system. Hardware has been produced and the system has been validated in real-world deployments.
WellWatch: reflections on designing digital media for multisited para-ethnography

WellWatch was a webtool designed to create a collaborative space for communities and academics to monitor, study, and respond more effectively to the emerging shale gas industry. This article reflects on the successes and failures of the first iteration of WellWatch for academic research and its community of nonacademic participants. For academics, this tool succeeded in gathering rich narratives of the personal experiences of people living amidst natural gas development. These narratives, from multiple locations, provide insight into structural patterns associated with this industry. They gave a lens into social processes emerging from and responding to these structures. Taken together, these narratives help define next steps for research. WellWatch also proved useful for non-academics, primarily impacted landowners from Colorado and Pennsylvania. It helped landowners manage problems of individual isolation by networking them with other landowners and providing useful information about how to manage and resolve problems. It also furnished data to the people affected that they could use in their own advocacy, with potentially important effects. The tool also helped non-profit advocacy groups in assisting with networking and with sharing best practices. Based on this review of WellWatch, the article proposes a method for further developing collaborative ethnographic and community-based research through networked digital media. Key words: citizen science, community based participatory research, digital ethnography, hydraulic fracturing para-ethnography, multi-sited ethnography
Infections in Children on Biologics

Biologics target various pathways to modify immunologic activity. Biologic use to treat pediatric patients continues to expand; but limited data exist regarding infectious complications of these agents, especially for newer agents. Infectious events reported in the literature for pediatric patients indicate that a variety of bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and fungal infections can occur. Further pediatric-specific reports are needed to fill knowledge gaps in the complications related to these agents.
Reduction of subgrade fines migration into subbase of flexible pavement using geotextile

Abstract Pumping in pavement is defined as traffic-induced migration of saturated subgrade fines into overlying granular layers or onto the surface of the pavement, negatively impacting the performance and service life of the pavement. The objective of this study was to assess the capability of geotextile as a separation and filtration layer in reducing subgrade fines migration. A one-third scale Model Mobile Load Simulator, an accelerated pavement testing device, was used to simulate the cyclic traffic loading on a scaled model of a flexible pavement. The results from three scaled pavement tests were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of geotextile separation and filtration in reducing subgrade fines migration. The three tests had identical configurations, except that a geotextile layer was placed at the interface of subgrade and subbase in one of the tests. The lab testing revealed that, under cyclic traffic conditions, the migration of subgrade fines into subbase was significant. However, using a geotextile at the subgrade-subbase interface significantly reduced the subgrade pumping. At the end of the test, the fines that migrated to the subbase, based on % mass of subbase, were 6.39% in the tests without geotextile and 1.81% in the test with geotextile. An approximately 30% reduction was observed in the amount of pavement rutting when using geotextile at the top of the subgrade. The subgrade soil migration in mass percentage increased with the traffic loading cycles, and more migration occurred in the bottom half than in the top half of the subbase. The study concludes that geotextile can be used as an effective means to reduce pumping of subgrade fines in pavement by providing both separation and filtration.
The Schröder-Bernstein Theorem

The purpose of counting is to compare the size of one set with that of another; the most familiar method of counting the elements of a set is to arrange them in some appropriate order. The theory of ordinal numbers is an ingenious abstraction of the method, but it falls somewhat short of achieving the purpose. This is not to say that ordinal numbers are useless; it just turns out that their main use is elsewhere, in topology, for instance, as a source of illuminating examples and counterexamples. In what follows we shall continue to pay some attention to ordinal numbers, but they will cease to occupy the center of the stage. (It is of some importance to know that we could in fact dispense with them altogether. The theory of cardinal numbers can be constructed with the aid of ordinal numbers, or without it; both kinds of constructions have advantages.) With these prefatory remarks out of the way, we turn to the problem of comparing the sizes of sets.
Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation

While controlled ovarian hyperstimulation followed by IVF and cryopreservation of embryos is the most common and successful approach to fertility preservation for reproductive-age females diagnosed with cancer, there are many cases in which this approach may not be appropriate or possible. For some patients, a delay in cancer treatment for hormone treatment and egg retrieval is not acceptable, for others, hormone treatment may be contraindicated (e.g., for prepubertal patients and those with hormone-sensitive cancers), or they may not have a partner or willing sperm donor. Still other patients may have religious or moral objections to creating embryos. For these patients, ovarian tissue cryopreservation is an alternative option that does not require ovarian hyperstimulation or sperm. Cryopreserved tissue may be retransplanted into the patient at a later date to recover endocrine function and/or restore fertility. This chapter discusses the techniques required for ovarian tissue removal, cryopreservation, and transplantation and reviews current literature on outcomes of these procedures. While ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation are considered experimental approaches, they are the only option for certain patients and need to be included in discussions about fertility preservation.
Connexins and Conduction

The heart is not a true electrical syncytium. Rather, cardiac muscle is composed of individual cells each invested with an insulating lipid bilayer that would effectively prevent intercellular current flux were there not specialized cell-cell junctions to serve this purpose. In the heart, ions flow from one cell to another via gap junctions, specialized regions of the sarcolemma containing transmembrane channels that adjoin in the extracellular space to create aqueous pores that directly link the cytoplasmic compartments of neighboring cells. A gap junction consists of an array of tens to thousands of closely packed channels that permit intercellular passage of ions and small molecules up to ~1 kDa in molecular weight. Ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, gap junctions facilitate intercellular exchange of molecular information in virtually all multicellular tissues. They form during the earliest stages of embryonic development and are thought to play important roles in the spread of morphogens, signaling molecules and ions.
Interaction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with the Plant Cell Surface

Infection of a wound site on a dicotyledonous plant by Agrobacterium tumefaciens results in the formation of crown gall tumors. These tumor cells contain bacterial plasmid DNA sequences integrated in the plant chromosomal DNA. The transfer of plasmid DNA from the bacterium to the plant host cell is presumed to require intimate contact between the cells involved; however, there is little information available on the mechanism of this DNA transfer. The earlier steps in the interaction of Agrobacterium with the plant host cell prior to DNA transfer have received considerable attention. While not all of the details of this interaction are clear, it is still one of the best understood examples of the surface interaction and recognition between a phytopathogenic bacterium and a plant cell. This is due to the large amount of effort currently expended on research with Agrobacterium,to the availability of tissue culture model systems, and to the availability of some genetic information about the bacterium.
Complications of Fast Neutron Therapy

The purpose of the study was to identify the tissues and organs at risk following high-energy neutron-beam therapy for selected radioresistant tumors, estimating the separate probabilities of both normal tissue injury and of tumor recurrence, each in relation to the absorbed dose.
Primary effects of changes in meteorology vs. anthropogenic emissions on mercury wet deposition: A modeling study

Abstract In this study we investigated the respective contributions of changing meteorology and anthropogenic emissions to Hg wet deposition in New York State (NYS), which illustrated quantitatively how the variations in meteorological conditions modified the response of Hg wet deposition to anthropogenic emission reductions in NYS. A regional chemical transport model, CMAQ-newHg-Br (Ye et al., 2018), was employed driven by four sets of meteorological fields (2004, 2005, 2007, and 2010) and two anthropogenic emission inventories (NEI, 2005 and 2011). Four major findings emerged from this study. First, simulated Hg wet deposition flux in NYS was greatly affected by variation in meteorological conditions, ranging from a 91% decrease to a factor of 5 increase in monthly Hg wet deposition, whereas it hardly responded (2%) to a near doubling of emissions in the northeastern U.S. Second, the precipitation amount dominated interannual and seasonal variations of Hg wet deposition over all other meteorological variables, with total (= convective + non-convective) precipitation explained 60% of Hg wet deposition variance in an urban environment compared to convective precipitation alone explaining 65% in a rural area. Third, large-scale atmospheric circulation influenced regional transport greatly leading to out-of-state anthropogenic emissions explaining at least 80% of Hg wet deposition changes in a NYS urban environment. Fourth, higher Hg concentrations in precipitation and higher atmospheric reactive mercury concentrations in urban areas were related to calm conditions due likely to regional build-up of emissions, whereas in rural areas photochemical oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury was a more important source of reactive mercury. Solar radiation variance was found to explain 41–55% of the variance in simulated reactive mercury concentrations. Given that more than 95% of the US is rural lands and the majority of water bodies occur in rural areas, a realistic chemical mechanism for photochemical gaseous elemental mercury oxidation is paramount to accurate simulation of reactive mercury formation and Hg wet deposition in the US.
The Power of a Mission: Transformations of a Department Culture through Social Constructionist Principles.

This study analyzed the transformation of a departmental culture through a process of implementing a new mission statement. The revised departmental mission promoted positive practices and rituals that transformed faculty relationships and student learning. These positive and ethical practices were derived from social constructionist principles, which guided collaborative organizational communication behaviors consistent with the new departmental mission. The organizational culture that developed was intentionally tied to program planning and assessment. In this article we provide innovative practical and theoretically-driven implications for developing a transformative departmental culture, with relevance for high impact teaching and administrative practices, in the context of restructuring and institutional changes.
Introduction: Kristeva and Race

The Kristeva Circle Conference of 2017 in Pittsburgh confirmed that writers throughout the world have been engaging with Julia Kristeva’s thought in large numbers and in ways relevant to “an ethics of inclusion,” the topic of the Conference. The question of race arguably came to a head at the conference when one of the founders of the Kristeva Circle, Fanny Soderback, commented on the paper just delivered by Kristeva via Skype, “The Psychic Life--A Life in Time: Psychoanalysis and Culture.” According to Soderback, we run the risk of reinforcing Islamophobic views that equate terrorism with Islam if we focus on young women intent on jihad without simultaneously addressing the behavior of white men bent on white supremacist violence and terrorism. Kristeva did not directly address the issue of her lecture’s reinforcement of Islamophobic views in her response. Instead, she spoke at some length about a patient whose confrontation with Arabic poetry led to improvement in her psychic health. I introduce the following papers in part as a dialogue with Kristeva on race and as a response to Soderback’s comments. The essays all make reference to questions of race and ethnicity in Kristeva’s work. They do so in ways that provoke thought on the contributions of psychoanalytic writing, appreciated and also criticized for its universalizing tendencies, which may in part explain its vulnerability to charges of racism.
Representing faces in 3D

How do we recognize the individual faces of our family members, friends and acquaintances across the variation that is common in daily life? Zhan and colleagues demonstrate the importance of three-dimensional structure in the representations of known individuals and argue that texture—the surface properties of faces—plays little role in representation.
In Bed with the Infidel: Fathers, Slaves, and Children

The last chapter contributes to the growing field in the international history of slavery. The presence of women labeled as non-Christians, and often used as sex slaves, in the homes and beds of Italian patriarchs challenged the religious, ethnic, and even gender boundaries of late medieval and early modern culture in communal Italy in a concrete, quotidian fashion; poets responded to these transgressions in different ways that varied from theological justifications to condemnation of male hypocrisy and even idealized epic relationships between non-Christian women and Italian lords.
What Small Businesses Identify as their Marketing Challenges: A Narrow or Broad View of Marketing?

Over the past decade and a half, the industrialized nations have undergone major restructuring; large companies have eliminated thousands if not millions of jobs. Whatever growth in employment that has occurred has come in small, entrepreneurial businesses. Yet, small businesses continue to face changing customer expectations and competitive threats. Owners/managers increasingly report that marketing difficulties are their largest problem area. This study investigated small business operators’ understanding and use of marketing, focusing on major decision challenges. Marketing is still considered mostly as promotion, and small business owners report most problems with promotion decisions. Pricing is still competitor-based, but product assortment is becoming more consumer driven.
The impact of functional medicine on patient-reported outcomes in inflammatory arthritis: A retrospective study

Background Despite treatment advances for inflammatory arthritis, a significant amount of patients fail to achieve remission. Other modifiable factors such as diet, physical activity and environmental exposures may be an important area of focus to help patients achieve disease remission and greater overall health. Functional medicine focuses on these lifestyle factors and may be an important adjunctive therapy. In this study, we examined the impact of functional medicine on patient-reported outcomes in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Materials and methods In this 12-week, retrospective study, patients with confirmed diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were treated according to guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology for RA or PSA respectively. Those in the functional medicine group underwent a functional medicine program adjunctive to the standard of care. Patient reported outcomes, such as PROMIS (Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) global physical health, mental health and pain scores were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Multivariable statistical modeling was used to identify the impact of functional medicine on patient-reported outcomes. Results 318 patients were screened and 54 patients (mean age 52.9±11.3 years, females 74(67.9%)), were included. Baseline characteristics were similar in both patient groups with the exception of PROMIS global physical health and pain (PROMIS global physical health score 43·2 ± 6·6 and 39·7 ± 8·7 and pain scores of 3·5 ± 1·9 and 5·2 ± 2·7 in the functional medicine group vs. standard of care group respectively). Using multivariable model to account for these differences, patients in the functional medicine group had a statistically significant reduction in pain (0.92, p-value = 0.007) and change in PROMIS physical health score (2·84, p-value = 0.001) as compared to the standard of care. Changes in PROMIS global mental health scores were also significant and were dependent on age and were greatest in those older than 55. Limitations Retrospective design, baseline difference in patient reported outcomes. Conclusions Functional medicine may have an important role as adjunctive therapy to improve patients’ pain, physical and mental health in those who do not see improvement with conventional therapy alone.
Optimising sleep and performance during night float: A systematic review of evidence and implications for graduate medical education trainees.

Graduate medical education (GME) training commonly requires residents and fellows to engage in night float shift work. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of interventions for trainees when preparing for, completing, and recovering from working night float shifts. We reviewed all available studies published prior to September 2019 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We included all original, primary research articles assessing either non-pharmacological or pharmacological interventions on the chronobiological and physiological effects of night float shift work among GME trainees. Five studies (n = 179 patients) met inclusion criteria. Interventions included melatonin in the morning before sleep after night float shifts, napping during night float shifts, modafinil after a night of sleep deprivation, and caffeinated energy drinks after 6 consecutive night float shifts. Melatonin improved one measure of attention. A 2-hr nap was associated with improved speed related to task switching. Modafinil improved performance in tests of cognition. Caffeinated energy drinks led to improvement in select driving performance variables and reaction time. Effect sizes for outcome variables were calculated. Heterogeneity among the studies precluded combining the data in a meta-analysis. According to GRADE criteria, the quality of the evidence in these studies was low or very low. Our findings suggest GME trainees may benefit from utilising a limited number of interventions when preparing for or recovering from night float shift work. More investigation is needed to identify interventions that could help GME trainees adapt to and recover from working night float shifts.
The South Korea-Japan Trade Dispute in Context: Semiconductor Manufacturing, Chemicals, and Concentrated Supply Chains

The semiconductor production supply chain is among the most globally integrated. Japan’s recently announced export control actions have introduced supply chain risks for semiconductor and electronics manufacturers, particularly in Japan and Korea. This paper provides context and examines the potential implications of such risks. We identify the factors behind Japan’s competitiveness in the semiconductor materials and equipment industries, focusing on specialized chemicals, and South Korea’s competitiveness in semiconductor manufacturing. We explore the short and long-term implications of sustained supply chain risks for this particular supply chain and find that there are strong supplier-customer relationships between materials and equipment suppliers and semiconductor manufacturers, due to specialization and high fixed costs throughout the supply chain. In the short-term, Japanese chemical providers and Korean semiconductor producers face potential disruptions in their production and exports, though the magnitude of potential losses for Korean chipmakers are likely much larger than Japanese chemicals suppliers. In the long-term, these actions create incentives for Korean chipmakers to significantly lessen their sourcing from Japanese suppliers, not only in specialized chemicals, but throughout the entire semiconductor supply chain.
Electronic versus Face‐to‐Face Review: The Effects of Alternative Forms of Review on Auditors' Performance

Due to recent technological advancements such as online workpapers and email, audit firms have alternative methods of workpaper review that they did not have in the past. While audit workpaper preparers typically know they will be reviewed, and know the form their review will take, prior research has focused on comparing the judgments of auditors who expect to be reviewed with auditors who expect to remain anonymous. This study examines the effects on preparers of using two different methods of review: face‐to‐face and electronic review. The study also compares both review groups to a no‐review control group. Consistent with the Heuristic‐Systematic Model, we find that the method of review affects preparer effectiveness and efficiency. Specifically, preparers anticipating a face‐to‐face review are more concerned with audit effectiveness, produce higher quality judgments, are less efficient at their task, are less likely to be influenced by prior year workpapers, and feel more accountable than preparers in...
Cyber Security’s Significance in Health Information Technology (HIT)

This paper explores the growing cyber security issues in the healthcare industry in USA. The consequences of cyber attacks are also explored. Finally the paper explains the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to discuss the federal privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information.
Snell’s Law Applied to Tsunamis: Simulations and Observations

At the edge of a continental shelf, where the depth of the ocean column can vary rapidly by a factor of $$\sim $$ 20, tsunamis are expected to be severely refracted in application of Snell’s Law. We use beaming techniques applied to numerical simulations under the shallow-water approximation, in the geometry of two real-life provinces of the Pacific Basin featuring sharp bathymetric discontinuities and extended shelves (Southeastern Alaska and Nicaragua). We conclude that tsunamis do indeed undergo refraction under Snell’s Law with equivalent refraction indices as high as 5. We apply the same technique to actual records of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami by an array of seafloor pressure sensors off the coast of Southern California, and similarly observe Snell refraction despite a smaller velocity contrast and the presence of a shelf with extremely irregular bathymetry. Finally, we show numerically that for a source and a linear array of receivers both deployed on a well developed continental shelf bordering a deep basin, the tsunami will develop a head wave in all ways similar to the familiar case of refraction seismology.
How demanding is human dignity? Remarks on Pablo Gilabert’s dignitarian approach to human rights

Pablo Gilabert's book Human Dignity and Human Rights offers a bold and fascinating account of the claim that human rights are grounded in human dignity. I am quite sympathetic to the dignitarian ap...
SMALL SCREEN, BIG FEELS: TELEVISION AND CULTURAL ANXIETY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY By Melissa Ames. U of Kentucky P, 2020. 300 pp. $50 hardcover.

In the newly published book Small Screen, Big Feels: Television and Cultural Anxiety in the Twenty-First Century, Melissa Ames argues that, although television has long occupied an important role i...
Identification of a motif in Trm732 required for 2’-O-methylation of the tRNA anticodon loop by Trm7

Abstract Posttranscriptional tRNA modifications are essential for proper gene expression, and defects in the enzymes that perform tRNA modifications are associated with numerous human disorders. Throughout eukaryotes, 2’-O-methylation of residues 32 and 34 of the anticodon loop of tRNA is important for proper translation, and in humans, lack of these modifications results in non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. In yeast, the methyltransferase Trm7 forms a complex with Trm732 to 2’-O-methylate tRNA residue 32 and with Trm734 to 2’-O-methylate tRNA residue 34. Trm732 and Trm734 are required for the methylation activity of Trm7, but the role of these auxiliary proteins is not clear. Additionally, Trm732 and Trm734 homologs are implicated in biological processes not directly related to translation, suggesting that these proteins may have additional cellular functions. To identify critical amino acids in Trm732, we generated variants and tested their ability to function in yeast cells. We identified a conserved RRSAGLP motif in the conserved DUF2428 domain of Trm732 that is required for tRNA modification activity by both yeast Trm732 and its human homolog THADA. The identification of Trm732 variants that lack tRNA modification activity will help to determine if other biological functions ascribed to Trm732 and THADA are directly due to tRNA modification, or to secondary effects due to other functions of these proteins.
WOx promoted nickel catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation of m-cresol

Abstract The effect of decorating the surface of a Ni catalyst with WOx on its activity and selectivity for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of m-cresol was investigated. The reaction of m-cresol in the presence of H2 over an unmodified Ni/C catalyst produced both toluene and methylcyclohexane as well as a range of non-HDO products in which the ring had been hydrogenated. This catalyst was also active for C-C bond hydrogenolysis at temperatures above 600 K. In contrast, modifying the Ni with a sub-monolayer amount of WOx deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) enhanced the m-cresol HDO selectivity with toluene and methylcyclohexane being the only products produced indicating that the reaction proceeds via direct HDO pathway on this catalyst. XPS in this and previous studies indicate that synergistic interactions between the WOx and the Ni help maintain a high concentration of oxygen vacancies in the monolayer WOx species which are the active sites for the HDO reaction.
Does the market discipline banks? New evidence from regulatory capital mix

Abstract While bank capital requirements permit a bank to freely substitute between equity and subordinated debt, lenders and investors view debt and equity as imperfect substitutes. It follows that, after controlling for the level of regulatory capital, the mix of debt in capital isolates the role that the market plays in disciplining banks. I document that the mix of debt in capital affects bank behavior, but only when investors can impose real constraints. In particular, the mix of debt reduces the probability of failure and future distress for BHC-affiliated institutions (where the investor has control rights through an equity position) and for stand-alone banks before the Basel Accord (when debt issues included restrictive covenants). However, substituting equity for subordinated debt at the bank holding company level or in stand-alone banks since the Basel Accord (where the investor has few protections) only increases the probability of distress and failure.
Ultraviolet Light in Food Technology: Principles and Applications

Principles and Applications of UV Technology Basic Principles of UV Light Technology Propagation of UV Light Application Guidance in Food Processing Current Status of US and International Regulations Sources of UV Light Introduction Mercury-Emission Lamps Amalgam UV Lamps Special Lamp Technologies Guidelines for Choice of Lamp Technology Characterization of Foods in Relation to UV Treatment Terms and Definitions Analytical Measurements Absorptive and Physicochemical Properties of Liquid Foods Food Solids and Surfaces Conclusions Microbial Inactivation by UV Light Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation by UV Light UV Sensitivity of Pathogenic and Spoilage Food-Borne Microorganisms UV Sensitivity of Waterborne Pathogens UV Sensitivity of Food-Borne Pathogens UV Inactivation Kinetics and Competitive Effects in Foods: Absorbance, pH, Solids, and Other Components Methods to Measure, Quantify, and Mathematically Model UV Inactivation Efficacy of Low-Pressure, High-Intensity Lamp for Inactivation of Food Pathogen Conclusions UV Processing Effects on Quality of Foods Basic Considerations Chemistry of the Photodegradation of Organic Compounds Shelf Life and Quality Changes in Fresh Juices Effects of UV Light on Degradation of Essential Vitamins Effect of UV Processing on Milk Quality Shelf Life and Quality Changes in Fresh Produce Degradation and Formation of Chemical Compounds in Foods Conclusions Transport Phenomena in UV Processing UV Irradiance in Liquid Foods General Hydraulic Condition UV Process Calculations for Food Applications Establishment of Specifications for Preservation Delivery of the Scheduled Process Measurement of UV Dose Delivery Conclusions Reactor Designs for the UV Treatment of Liquid Foods Laminar Flow in Concentric Cylinders Turbulent Flow in Concentric Cylinders Taylor-Couette Flow in Concentric Cylinders Comparison of Disinfection in Concentric Cylinders Turbulent Channel Flow Dean Flow Reactor Evaluation of UV Reactor Design UDF Source C Codes Principles of Validation of UV Light Pasteurization Validation Concept Validation at Different Phases of Process Development-Scale-Up Process Key Components of Validation Procedures Conclusions Pulsed-Light Treatment: Principles and Applications Description of Pulsed-Light Treatment Inactivation of Microorganisms by Pulsed-Light Treatment Applications of Pulsed-Light Treatment Future Prospects of Pulsed-Light Treatment in the Food Industry References appear at the end of each chapter.
Affective Interference: An Explanation for Negative Attention Biases in Dysphoria?

Research suggests that individuals with features of depression pay excessive attention to negative information. Yet, it is unclear what aspects of negative information are attended to by these individuals. Different answers to this question suggest different roles for attention in the onset and maintenance of depressive states. This study investigated aspects of emotional information to which college students with and without features of depression attend. Research participants completed an affective lexical decision task and an affective valence identification task. Dysphoric individuals were slow to identify the emotional valence of positive information and nonemotional aspects of negative information (the lexicality of negative words), but were not slow to identify the emotional valence of negative words. An “affective-interference” hypothesis is advanced to explain these results. Dysphoric individuals are proposed to attend to the emotional content of negative information at the expense of attending to other aspects of the information. Results are related to theories of ruminative coping with depression.