cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualities of sequential chromospheric brightenings observed in Hα and UV images

Chromospheric flare ribbons observed in Hα appear well-organized when first examined: ribbons impulsively brighten, morphologically evolve, and exponentially decay back to pre-flare levels. Upon closer inspection of the Hα flares, there is often a significant number of compact areas brightening in concert with the flare eruption but are spatially separated from the evolving flare ribbon. One class of these brightenings is known as sequential chromospheric brightenings (SCBs). SCBs are often observed in the immediate vicinity of erupting flares and are associated with coronal mass ejections. In the past decade there have been several previous investigations of SCBs. These studies have exclusively relied upon Hα images to discover and analyze these ephemeral brightenings. This work employs the automated detection algorithm of Kirk et al. to extract the physical qualities of SCBs in observations of ground-based Hα images and complementary Atmospheric Imaging Assembly images in He II, C IV, and 1700 A. The metadata produced in this tracking process are then culled using complementary Doppler velocities to isolate three distinguishable types of SCBs. From a statistical analysis, we find that the SCBs at the chromospheric Hα layer appear earlier and last longer than their corresponding signatures measured in AIA. From this multi-layermore » analysis, we infer that SCBs are spatially constrained to the mid-chromosphere. We also derive an energy budget to explain SCBs which have a postulated energy of not more than 0.01% of the total flare energy.« less
The effects of necrostatin-1 on the in vitro development and function of young porcine islets over 14-day prolonged tissue culture.

Background Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) supplementation to tissue culture media on day 3 has recently been shown to augment the insulin content, endocrine cellular composition, and insulin release of pre-weaned porcine islets (PPIs); however, its effects were only examined for the first 7 days of tissue culture. The present study examined whether the addition of Nec-1 on day 3 could further enhance the in vitro development and function of PPIs after 14 days of tissue culture. Methods PPIs were isolated from 8- to 15-day-old, pre-weaned Yorkshire piglets and cultured in an islet maturation media supplemented with Nec-1 on day 3. The recovery, viability, insulin content, endocrine cellular composition, GLUT2 expression in beta cells, differentiation and proliferation potential, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of PPIs were assessed on days 3, 7, and 14 of tissue culture (n = 5 on each day). Results Compared with day 7 of tissue culture, islets on day 14 had a lower recovery, GLUT2 expression in beta cells, proliferation capacity of endocrine cells, and glucose-induced insulin stimulation index. Prolonging the culture time to 14 days did not affect islet viability, insulin content, proportion of endocrine cells, and differentiation potential. Conclusion The growth-inducing effects of Nec-1 on PPIs were most effective on day 7 of tissue culture when added on day 3. Our findings support existing evidence that the in vitro activities of Nec-1 are short-lived and encourage future studies to explore the use of other novel growth factors during prolonged islet tissue culture.
Categorical Confusion in Asylum Law

As the Trump Administration placed ever new categorical limits on asylum, its opponents countered that asylum decisions have to be made on an individualized basis. The government, they claimed, cannot categorically exclude groups like former gang members or victims of gender-based violence from protection against persecution. Successful as this insistence on case-by-case adjudication has recently been, it stands in tension with past cases in which groups like nuclear families or gay men were categorically deemed eligible for asylum. The litigation and rulemaking currently reshaping asylum law suggest that neither side in the debate has fully understood whether, when, and why case-by-case rather than categorical decision-making is required. It turns out that what at first seems like confusion over procedure actually stems from unclarity about the substantive tests being adjudicated: the “social distinction” and, especially, the “particularity” requirements that are currently (mis)used as the primary reason for denying asylum claims, especially those brought by the tens of thousands of refugees fleeing gang and gendered violence. Properly understanding these tests allows us to understand whether they can be categorically applied—either to bar asylum claims or, perhaps in the Biden Administration, to make them possible.
Racquet Sports: Tennis, Badminton, Racquetball, Squash

Racquet sports are enjoyed throughout the world and are increasing in their popularity. This chapter is written to provide the reader with an overview of the most common orthopedic injuries in racquet sports.
Lessons learned pivoting to a virtual OSCE: Pharmacy faculty and student perspectives

Abstract Background and purpose In-person Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are used as assessments in most pharmacy programs, however, reports of virtual OSCEs and skills assessments are limited. With a pivot to virtual OSCEs necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to consider core competencies assessed as well as logistics, technology, and other factors. Educational activity and setting The virtual redesign of a Capstone OSCE for third professional year pharmacy students at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings Core components of pivoting an in-person Capstone OSCE to virtual included an initial assessment of what was planned, what competencies were being assessed, and how this could be accomplished in the virtual realm. Key stakeholders such as students, testing and evaluation services, and faculty were included in the planning process. In addition to changes in OSCE delivery, grading processes and remediation were also modified. Summary This Capstone OSCE merged virtual education and skills-based assessments together out of necessity and provides an example of flexibility and nimbleness in times of great change. Although further assessment is needed, processes used and lessons learned are helpful for future, intentional planning of virtual or partially virtual skills assessments.
Context-Aware Fine-Grained Task Scheduling at Vehicular Edges: An Extreme Reinforcement Learning based Dynamic Approach

Vehicular edge computing (VEC), being a novel computing paradigm, promises to provide divergent vehicular edge services, both functional (e.g., charging route prediction, emergency messages, etc.) and infotainment (e.g. video gaming applications, featured movie series, etc.), at the network edge while satisfying application-specific QoS requirements. Vehicles usually send these service requests to nearest roadside units (RSUs), which contain mobile edge servers, according to the functional requirements or the vehicle owner preferences. However, the VEC server’s virtual resources may fall short compared to the unbounded amount of real-time service requests (infotainment/functional) during rush hours. This limitation entails VEC servers to fail to meet the stringent latency requirements which may create unwanted malfunction event during driving in the requested vehicles (if functional/critical service requests are delayed in processing). Moreover, the VEC environment’s intrinsic properties, i.e. mobility, application-specific distinct latency requirements, traffic congestion, and uncertain task arrival rate, make the VEC task scheduling problem a non-trivial one. In this paper, we propose an extreme reinforcement learning (ERL) based context-aware VEC task scheduler that can make online adaptive scheduling decisions to meet the application-specific latency requirements for both types of tasks (i.e. functional and infotainment). The scheduler can make scheduling decisions directly from its experience without prior knowledge or the VEC environment model. Finally, we present extensive simulation results to confirm the efficacy of the proposed scheduler. Results show that the VEC server can achieve successful (by meeting QoS requirements) task completion rate of above 96% for different task arrival rates (ranging from 10 to 50 arrival/s) using the proposed scheduler. In the simulation, we also analyze the scheduling algorithm’s scalability in response to the vertical expansion of the VEC server. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our proposed method with two baseline methods.
Minimal quadrature formulae for the spaces H2R and L2R. A unified interpolatory approach

We consider minimal quadrature formulae for the Hilbert spacesH2R andL2R consisting of functions which are analytical on the open disc with radiusR and centre at the origin; the inner products are the boundary contour integral forH2R and the area integral over the disc forL2R.
Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Stainless Steel Weld Deposits After Elevated Temperature Irradiation

The fatigue crack growth and fracture resistance of Type 308-16 austenitic stainless steel weld deposits were investigated for 427 and 649°C neutron irradiation conditions. The welds (63.5 mm thick) were made by the shielded metal arc process and depicted variations in delta ferrite content from ferrite number 5.2 to 19.0. Specimen irradiations were conducted in the EBR-11 reactor in flowing sodium and static sodium environments.
Crosstalk-insensitive layout generation using artificial neural networks

Crosstalk minimization is carried out on equivalent circuit models of interconnect layout using gradient-based optimization. Optimized SPICE parameters are then used to generate crosstalk-insensitive layouts by use of neural networks. Results obtained - verified by MOSIS fabrication - indicate that crosstalk noise reduction of up to 60% can be achieved with relatively small adjustments to interconnect layout geometry.
Studies of the human testis. IV. Testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase.

Abstract Homogenates of frozen human testicular tissues were fractionated into soluble (105000 × g supernatant) and microsomal fractions 10000 × g-105000 × g precipitate). Soluble fraction contained NADPH-dependent 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzed reduction of the 20-ketone group of progesterone and 17α-hydroxy progesterone as well as pregnenolone. The Michaelis constants (Km) were 2.0 · 10−6 M for progesterone 5.0 · 10−5 M for 17α-hydroxy progesterone and 7.0 · 10−6 M for pregnenolone. Microsomal fraction contained NADPH-dependent steroid 17α-hydroxylase (steroid, NADPH: oxygen oxidoreductase, 17α-hydroxylating, EC 1.14.99.9) which catalyzed 17α-hydroxylation of progesterone and pregnenolone. Km values were 2.3 · 10−6 M for progesterone and 2.5 · 10−6 M for pregnenolone. Both progesterone and pregnenolone served as competitive substrates for the enzyme. The inhibitor constants (Ki) were 8.0 · 10−7 M for pregnenolone and 3.2 · 10−6 M for progesterone. 20α-Dihydropregnenolone as well as 20α-dihydroprogesterone inhibited activity of human testicular steroid 17α-hydroxylase. 17α,20α-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one at the same concentration, however, showed no effect. 20α-Dihydropregnenolone functioned as a competitive inhibitor of steroid 17α-hydroxylase for either pregnenolone or progesterone. Ki values were 1.0 · 10−6 M for 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone and 1.5 · 10−6 M for progesterone. Since formation of these 20-ketone reduced steroids was mediated by 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, it is postulated that the role of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in regulating androgen formation in the human testis is by competing with steroid 17α-hydroxylase to utilize pregnenolone and progesterone and by inhibiting steroid 17α-hydroxylase by its reaction products, 20α-dihydropregnenolone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone.
Design considerations and experimental evaluation of a syllabic companding audio frequency filter

This paper presents an experimental discrete-component implementation of a syllabic companding audio-frequency continuous-time filter. Design considerations are provided for the effective implementation of such systems. Experimental results are given to support the proposed techniques.
A simple proof of the elliptical range theorem

A short proof is given of the elliptical range theorem concerning the numerical range of a 2× 2 complex matrix. Let A be a bounded linear operator acting on a Hilbert space. The numerical range (also known as the field of values) of A is the collection of complex numbers of the form (Ax, x) with x ranging through the unit vectors in the Hilbert space. As pointed out by many authors, the numerical range is very useful in studying operators and has applications to many subjects (e.g., see [AL], [H], [HJ], [I]). One of the basic properties, which is important in developing the theory, of numerical range is that the numerical range of an operator is always convex. There are many proofs of this interesting result, and many of them are done by reducing the problem to considering the numerical range of a 2×2 complex matrix, viewed as an operator acting on C. In this particular case, we have the following result, known as the Elliptical Range Theorem. Theorem. Let A be a 2×2 matrix with eigenvalues λ1 and λ2. The numerical range of A is an elliptical disk with λ1 and λ2 as foci, and {tr (A∗A) − |λ1| − |λ2|} as minor axis. Most proofs of this theorem are computational and are quite involved (e.g., see [D], [M], and [HJ, §1.3]). The purpose of this note is to present a simple proof of it. Proof of Theorem. Let W (A) be the numerical range of A. It is easy to verify that W (U∗AU) = W (A) for any unitary matrix U , and W (μA − ηI) = μW (A) − η for any μ, η ∈ C. These types of transformations will not change the conclusion of the theorem, and will be used in our proof. If A is normal, then A is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix D = diag (λ1, λ2). One readily checks that W (A) = W (D) = {λ1|x1| + λ2|x2| : x1, x2 ∈ C, |x1| + |x2| = 1} is a line segment, which can be viewed as a degenerate ellipse with λ1 and λ2 as foci, and 0 as the length of the minor axis. Received by the editors January 17, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 15A60.
Ziprasidone therapy in elderly patients with psychotic mood disorders and Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE To illustrate and discuss issues relevant to treatment of four elderly psychotic patients with multiple comorbidities, including a history of mood disorder and some level of movement disorder. PARTICIPANTS Four patients diagnosed with a major mood disorder and comorbid Parkinson's disease were treated successfully with adjunctive ziprasidone at doses of 80 to 160mg/d. Two of the patients had major depressive disorder, recurrent, with psychotic features (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV] DSM-IV 296.34) and two had bipolar disorder, not otherwise specified (DSM-IV 296.8) and presented with psychotic and manic features. In three of the four patients, prior treatment with olanzapine or risperidone or both had failed to adequately control psychotic or manic symptoms; in some cases, the treatment worsened the Parkinson's symptoms. RESULTS In all four patients, ziprasidone greatly improved psychosis and mood disturbances within days. All of the patients were also treated with other medications for comorbidities; these included one or more antiparkinsonian drugs, antidepressants, and, in one case, quetiapine for insomnia. There were no observed serious adverse events, extrapyramidal side effects, or worsening of movement disorder symptoms with the administration of ziprasidone in these patients. All patients remained stable on ziprasidone combination therapy for as long as they were followed, which ranged from several months to three years. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ziprasidone may be an efficacious and well tolerated therapy in patients with comorbid Parkinson's disease and psychiatric illness.
Universal dynamics on complex networks

We uncover a class of universal dynamics on weighted complex networks. In particular, we find that by incorporating a universal weighting scheme into real-world networks, the topological details of various real-world networks, whether biological, physical, technological, or social, have little influence on typical dynamical processes such as synchronization, epidemic spreading, and percolation. This striking finding is demonstrated using a large number of real-world networks and substantiated by analytic considerations. These findings make possible generic and robust control strategies for a variety of dynamical processes on complex networks.
Surgical Management of Petroclival Meningiomas: Defining Resection Goals Based on Risk of Neurological Morbidity and Tumor Recurrence Rates in 137 Patients

OBJECTIVE: Meningiomas arising from the petroclival region remain a challenging surgical problem. Because of the substantial risk of neurological morbidity, uniformly pursuing a gross total resection (GTR) to minimize tumor recurrence rates may not be justified. We sought to define optimal resection goals based on risk factors for postoperative neurological morbidity and tumor recurrence rates. METHODS: This series represents our experience with 137 meningiomas arising from the petroclival region resected between June 1993 and October 2002. There were 38 male and 99 female patients with a mean age of 53 years. RESULTS: GTR was achieved in 40% of patients, and near total resection (NTR) was achieved in 40% of patients. One operative death occurred. Twenty-six percent of patients experienced new postoperative cranial nerve deficits, paresis, or ataxia when assessed at a mean follow-up of 8.3 months. The risk of cranial nerve deficits increased with prior resection (P < 0.001), preoperative cranial nerve deficit (P = 0.005), tumor adherence to neurovascular structures (P = 0.046), and fibrous tumor consistency (P = 0.005). The risk of paresis or ataxia increased with prior resection (P = 0.001) and tumor adherence (P = 0.045). Selective NTR rather than GTR in patients with adherent or fibrous tumors significantly reduced the rate of neurological deficits. Radiographic recurrence or progression occurred in 17.6% of patients at a mean follow-up of 29.8 months. Tumor recurrence rates after GTR and NTR did not differ significantly (P = 0.111). CONCLUSION: Intraoperatively defined tumor characteristics played a critical role in identifying the subset of patients with an increased risk of postoperative deficits. By selectively pursuing an NTR rather than a GTR, neurological morbidity was reduced significantly without significantly increasing the rate of tumor recurrence.
Production planning and control in a JIT environment

Abstract In addressing planning, design, and control issues of a production system, the solution of a normative model provides answers to planning issues at the aggregate level but fails to capture the time-dependent behavior of the system. This paper illustrates the usefulness of using both mathematical programming and simulation modelling to investigate the material flow characteristics of a “Just in time” system with part quality requirements.
Interethnic conflict: Attribution and cultural ignorance

This paper analyzes an interethnic conflict according to (a) literature on conflict and interethnic interactions; (b) the context in which the conflict occurred; and (c) interpretations of particip...
Population structure of the Jirels: Patterns of mate choice

The influence of mating practices on genetic structure has been an area of great interest for anthropologists. In this paper the techniques of potential mates analysis are employed to explore the mating patterns observed among the Jirels a tribal population of eastern Nepal. Genealogical anthropometric dermatoglyphic and demographic data for members of Jirel villages are used. Potential mate pools for a sample of 268 females are enumerated by village. Age structure and the Jirel restriction against clan endogamy are found to severely limit the number of males who are potential mates for a given female. The mating structure of the population is illuminated by statistical analysis of characteristics of 160 actual mate pairs and all corresponding potential mate pairs. Using this approach several general mate choice practices were verified: 1) biological kin tend to be avoided as mates 2) members of the same clan are excluded as potential mates 3) mate exchange between clans is nonrandom 4) individuals similar in age tend to be selected as mates and 5) mates are drawn from the natal village more often than random expectation. A multivariate phenotypic distance measure between individuals did not reveal any evidence for assortative mating for either anthropometric or dermatoglyphic characters. (authors)
On the High Temperature Behavior of Niobium Aluminide Intermetallics

A basic characterization of the mechanical and physical properties of a Niobium Aluminide intermetallic, NbAl3, was undertaken. Four ingots of material were vacuum arc-melted, yielding a two phase microstructure in each case. Physical testing including coefficient of thermal expansion measurement was performed on the most promising ingot. Elastic modulus of this compound was measured in compression. Elevated temperature microindentation measurements have been performed to gain insight into the deformation behavior as a function of temperature. Microindentation measurements have also been used to study the time-dependent deformation of NbAl3.
Product Innovation in the Disrupted Technology:Evidence from the Industrial Robotics Industry

We study an emerging industry that faces a disruptive technological change and extend Christensen’s theory of disruption by investigating product innovation with the technology that is being disrup...
Thermoregulatory rhythm in juvenile muskellunge (Esox masquinongy): Evidence of a diel shift in the lower set-point

Abstract 1. 1. Twelve juvenile muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) tested individually in electronic shuttleboxes exhibited a diel rhythm of preferred temperature, of 27.3°C in late afternoon. 2. 2. The diel pattern of locomotor activity exhibited maxima early and late in the day, when preferred temperatures were beginning to increase and to decrease, respectively; 94% of the 24-hr total activity occurred during the day. 3. 3. Comparison of nocturnal and diurnal preferred-temperature frequency distributions suggests that at night the lower thermoregulatory set-point decreases, while the upper set-point does not change; the lower set-point is higher during the day.
Numerical investigation of the breakage of bonded agglomerates during impact

Abstract Breakage of granular materials is an extremely common and important phenomenon encountered in industries ranging from mining to pharmaceutical production. Despite the prevalence of breakage, the general mechanisms of converting an applied force into particle fracture is still largely unexplained, as experimental analysis is hindered by the small length and time scales typical of breakage events. Recently, numerical modeling has emerged as a viable approach to studying breakage behavior and is not susceptible to the shortcomings encountered with experimental studies of breakage. Here, bonded agglomerates constructed with the Bonded Particle Model (BPM) are impacted against a contact plate to develop an understanding of how microscopic simulation parameters affect macroscopic breakage. A range of bond and simulation parameters, as well as impact velocities, are tested and the resultant breakage demonstrates that a range of breakage behavior is realized, from a completely broken to completely unbroken agglomerate. Specifically, the bond parameters and impact velocity dominate the breakage behavior, while relatively minor effects are observed with other variations in simulation parameters.
The Perception of Beauty in Hutcheson's First Inquiry: A Response To James Shelley

James Shelley argues that the perception of beauty, as Hutcheson characterizes it, in the first of the two treatises that comprise the Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, that is, the Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design, is not what I called in The Seventh Sense, ‘non-epistemic’ perception but, rather, ‘epistemic’ perception through and through. Having studied Shelley's arguments with care, and consulted the relevant primary sources yet again, I am still convinced that the best reading of Hutcheson's second Inquiry, in the first edition of 1725, has Hutcheson espousing a non-epistemic account of our perception of what he calls ‘absolute beauty’. And so I argue in the present paper.
Kinetics of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction by the Black Sea strain of Shewanella putrefaciens using in situ solid state voltammetric Au/Hg electrodes

Abstract Solid state gold-amalgam (Au/Hg) microelectrodes were used in situ to analyze dissolved Fe2+ and Mn2+ release from Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxides and MnO2 during reduction by strains of Shewanella putrefaciens, in particular the Black Sea strain, MR-4. Different strains (common to freshwater or seawater environments) showed a lag time in the release of Mn2+ but a similar first-order rate constant for Mn2+ production. These data suggest that all strains use a common enzyme system. An increase in the initial amount of cells added to the solid phase showed an increase that was not linear with initial cell concentration, indicating surface limitation effects. Fe(III) citrate was reduced faster than Fe(OH)3 than α-FeOOH. Addition of nitrate to the cultures inhibited both Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction. These data indicate that metal oxide reduction should be an important process when nitrate and oxygen concentrations are low. Calculations were performed using both first-order kinetic plots for data after the lag phase and a two-parameter exponential growth equation ([Mn]=AeBt). The slope B gives similar information to kobs found from first-order log [Mn] vs. time plots whereas A, the pre-exponential factor, gives information on the lag phase commonly observed in culture experiments. A is shown to be a function of several variables depending on the experiment performed.
Plague in Camels and Goats: Their Role in Human Epidemics

In 1976, in a small, remote Libyan village, one apparently sick camel was slaughtered and skinned, and the camel meat was distributed for human comsumption. A few days later, 15 villagers suffered a severe febrile illness. Of the five individuals who had participated in the killing and dispensation of the camel, all were dead within four days. When samples of serum from nine of the remaining patients were examined, seven were found to be positive for plague as determined by the passive hemagglutination test. Another six persons became ill after killing two goats, and the serum of one goat contained antibodies to Yersinia pestis. Because all of the remaining patients except one were treated early enough, they recovered. These incidents confirm previous reports that the camel and the goat are susceptible to naturally occurring plague infection and have a significant role in the dissemination of human plague.
Solubility of benzil in (binary alcohol+1-octanol) solvents

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for benzil (1,2-diphenylethanedione) dissolved in eight binary mixtures containing (1-octanol and 1-propanol, or 2-propanol, or 1-butanol, or 2-butanol, or 2-methyl-1-propanol, or 1-pentanol, or 3-methyl-1-butanol, or 4-methyl-2-propanol) atT=298.15 K. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS)/Redlich–Kister equation and Modified Wilson model. For the eight systems studied, both equations were found to provide an accurate mathematical representation of the experimental results, with an overall absolute deviation between measured and calculated values being on the order of 0.5 per cent or less.
Devonian spore ultrastructure: Rhabdosporites

The fine structure of in situ Rhabdosporites langii miospores is described. The trilete spores are characterized by an irregular pseudosaccus that is conspicuous on the distal surface of the grain; ornamentation consists of narrow coni. The central body of the spore is constructed of superimposed lamellae, each up to 50 nm thick. Pseudosaccus formation occurs as a result of a separation of the outer one third of the sporoderm of the central body. As development continues small perforations are formed in the pseudosaccus wall where lamellae separate. The development of the saccus, protosaccus and pseudosaccus is compared, and the biological significance of camerate grains discussed.
Lower hybrid heating in ELMO Bumpy Torus

Absorption of lower hybrid wave energy by the electron and ion plasma components in the ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) is examined. The wave and plasma parameters used are those appropriate for the EBT-Scale (EBT-S) and EBT Proof-of-Principle (EBT-P) devices. The computations are carried out using a ray-tracing code that was developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the study of electron cyclotron heating in EBT. Along the ray trajectory, electrons absorb the lower hybrid wave energy by electron Landau damping. The lower hybrid rays are followed until they reach the location where the condition for mode conversion to an ion Bernstein mode is satisfied. The remaining lower hybrid energy is then assumed to be deposited in the ion component. We find that, with careful matching of wave and plasma parameters, lower hybrid power could be used to heat the ions near the centre of the plasma in both EBT-S and EBT-P. The parameter ranges for lower hybrid heating of the ions are more limited for EBT-P than for EBT-S.
Electrostatic Interactions Control the Permeability of Mucin Hydrogels

Biological functional entities surround themselves with selective barriers which control the passage of certain classes of macromolecules while rejecting others. A prominent example of such a selective permeability barrier is given by mucus. Mucus is a biopolymer based hydrogel which lines all wet epithelial surfaces of the human body. It regulates the uptake of nutrients from our gastrointestinal system, adjusts itself with the menstrual cycle to control the passage of sperm, and shields the underlying cells from pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. In the case of drug delivery, the mucus barrier needs to be overcome for successful medical treatment. Despite its importance for both physiology and medical applications, the underlying principles which regulate the permeability of mucus remain enigmatic. Here, we analyze the mobility of microscopic particles in reconstituted mucus hydrogels. We show that electrostatic interactions between diffusing particles and mucin polymers set the permeability of reconstituted mucin hydrogels. As a consequence, various parameters such as particle surface charge, mucin density and buffer conditions such as pH and ionic strength can sensitively modulate the microscopic barrier function of the mucin hydrogel. Our findings demonstrate the wide range of permeability that operates in different compartments of our bodies, employing the very same biopolymer based hydrogel.
Anomaly clustering in hyperspectral images

The topological anomaly detection algorithm (TAD) differs from other anomaly detection algorithms in that it uses a topological/graph-theoretic model for the image background instead of modeling the image with a Gaussian normal distribution. In the construction of the model, TAD produces a hard threshold separating anomalous pixels from background in the image. We build on this feature of TAD by extending the algorithm so that it gives a measure of the number of anomalous objects, rather than the number of anomalous pixels, in a hyperspectral image. This is done by identifying, and integrating, clusters of anomalous pixels via a graph theoretical method combining spatial and spectral information. The method is applied to a cluttered HyMap image and combines small groups of pixels containing like materials, such as those corresponding to rooftops and cars, into individual clusters. This improves visualization and interpretation of objects.
Party Factions in Congress

This essay considers the role of intraparty factions in the twentieth-century American Congress. Factions are integral players in Congress that shape members’ preferences, develop policy agendas, and push those agendas on Capitol Hill. In pursuing their objectives, factions will often strive to redistribute power in Congress—sometimes going so far as to change congressional rules to enhance their position. Factions are thus key actors in the creation and destruction of congressional “regimes”—the various structures and practices by which power is concentrated or dispersed in both chambers. The analysis of factions and their strategies takes us beyond the debate about whether parties matter. What happens within the parties at important moments can be as consequential as what the parties themselves do. The activity of factions has profound implications not only for the larger parties in which they reside, but also for the way Congress functions as a whole.
DEVELOPMENT ‐ Principles for integral human development in Sollicitudo Rei Socialis

John Paul II’s encyclical, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, written 20 years after Paul VI’s encyclical Populorum Progressio on development, reiterates principles of that letter and addresses the need to go beyond a purely economic concept of development to promote authentic human development for persons and society. Continuing problems on the world scene have led to questions about the adequacy of traditional economic development theories/strategies and policies of international organizations, if the goal is to improve the condition of humanity and not only achieve certain macroeconomic standards of growth. The peoples of developing countries experience obstacles to human progress because of the structures and policies of their governments, and because of their dependence on decisions made by industrialized nations. John Paul II’s systemic approach to social concerns is effective in questioning the values underlying current policies and operations, and in presenting an alternative, more complete concept of development for the world to consider.
Opinion #3: Timothy F. Murphy, PhD

The relationship between physicians and industry raises a number of ethical concerns. One way to sort through these concerns is to ask whether a gift or financial relationship has the potential to distort clinical judgment. In other words, do clinical decisions serve objectives other than the health and well-being of the patient? If so, it is ethically inadvisable for physicians to receive those …
Thermodynamic analysis of adsorption enhanced reforming of ethanol

Abstract Adsorption enhanced reforming (AER) is a novel hydrogen generation method. To study hydrogen yield and graphite formation in the AER process, a recently developed thermodynamic code for reaction–adsorption systems is extended to account for the formation of condensed species. Parametric analysis of the steam reforming of ethanol is performed to study the effect of adsorption and other parameters (temperature, pressure, steam/carbon ratio and O 2 /ethanol ratio in the feed) on the yield of hydrogen and the formation of graphite. It is shown that with CO 2 adsorption, the hydrogen yield is enhanced while the graphite formation is suppressed. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, AER is a potential low-temperature method for hydrogen generation.
A co-worker approach to working with families

The co-worker approach offers workers additional armamentarium in working with families. Such advantages may never become manifest unless the workers both recognize possible limitations inherent in team endeavor and develop and even maximize the use of the co-worker relationship.
Directional rectification of gap junctional voltage gating between dieters cells in the inner ear of guinea pig.

Deiters cells (DCs) are the cochlear supporting cells in inner ear and contain multiple gap junction connexin genes, which when mutated can induce hearing loss. In the present study, the gap junctions between DCs were investigated by a double voltage clamp technique. Besides asymmetric responses to the polarities of transjunctional voltage (Vj) and transmembrane potential (Vm), the channels were also sensitive to which cell side was stimulated in a cell pair, i.e. voltage gating had directional dependence. The direction-dependent voltage gating could result in asymmetric current flow between the cells and influenced K+ passage. Multiple connexins may constitute non-homotypic channels with directional dependence of voltage gating to mediate functional gap junction pathways in the cochlea. This may explain how a single connexin mutation can produce hearing loss.
Vibrational spectra of fluorohafnate glass

Abstract We report the first detailed measurements of fundamental vibrational spectra in fluorohafnate glass. The Raman spectrum is dominated by a single relatively broad peak in the vicinity of 570–590 cm −1 attributed to Hf-F stretching modes, while the infrared spectrum displays two prominent broad peaks. The location of the high frequency peaks is shown to be consistent with the observed position of the infrared absorption edge.
Post-crosslinking of water-borne urethanes

Abstract Water-borne polyurethanes are used as coatings because of their high performance. Polyurethanes deliver excellent abrasion resistance, tensile strength, impact strength and good low temperature flexibility. Due to process considerations, most water-borne urethane dispersions are linear thermoplastic polymers which can only contain low levels of pre-crosslinking. To improve chemical resistance, urethane dispersions can be post-crosslinked during or after film formation by a variety of crosslinkers. This paper will review the effects on coating properties after crosslinking with melamine, aziridine, epoxy silane, carbodiimide or water-dispersed isocyanate.
Scaling respiratory pattern and respiratory ‘drive’

Abstract We tested three predictions regarding the relationship between body size and respiratory ‘drive’ and timing in mammals. Mechanical considerations had led to the prediction that Te / Ttot and probably Ti / Ttot would be interspecific constants. In eleven species of mammals, ranging in size from 0.033 kg to 520 kg, Te / Ttot during awake quiet breathing was an interspecific constant with a value of 0.65 (±0.004); Ti / Ttot was 0.345 (±0.004). Given that Te ∝ BW1.0 (Stahl, 1967), if Te and Ti are ∝ BW0.28 (Bennett and Tenney, 1982), and if Vt / Ti is an index of respiratory ‘drive’ should be ∝ BW0.72, following the same proportionality with body size as does basal metabolic rate (VO2). Data for the same eleven species gave the relationship Vt / Ti ∝ BW0.74. Testing further the notion that ‘drive’, on a weight specific basis, is proportional to BW−0.26, we studied the response, %ΔV i , in eleven species to approximately 12% inspired O2. This ‘output’ of the system in response to a hypoxic stimulus was found to scale with BW−0.27. The question whether this reflects a higher set ‘gain’ of the respiratory controller of smaller animals and/or some feature of the innervation, or intrinsic properties of the respiratory muscles that varies with body size is discussed.
Discussion of exports and antitrust: Complements or substitutes?

The increasing international openness of the U.S. economy should provide a strong impetus for industrial organization economists to turn their attentions to international trade and investment. The study by Clark, et al. is a bold attempt to address the positive economics of a vexing policy issue that lies in the nexus of domestic competition and foreign trade. Their results do not yet provide a confident basis for policy-setting, but the paper is a promising start for the search for empirical regularities.
Quantitative Photothermal NDE of Composites: Numerical Analysis

Photothermal non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of solids is a powerful method to detect subsurface cracks, inclusions and delaminations. To fully explore the use of this method, and to expand its capabilities a quantitative measurement model is required. Such a model provides the link between the actual damage processes in the material or structure under investigation and the measurement system response. In the proposed paper a numerical simulations of the photothermal non-destructive evaluation of unidirectionally reinforced composite materials. In the investigation, special focus is placed on the description of the interaction of the thermal field with the delamination to be detected. The model consists of two main parts: (1) a probabilistic crack advance and crack bridging model embedded in a full field solution of the actual loaded structure, and (2) a model describing the thermal characteristics of the bridged delamination in dependence of the loading state and the probabilistic fiber failure model. The paper will describe results on computationally predicted thermal response data in dependence of the type and magnitude of the applied loading for the case of ceramic matrix composite materials.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Liar Parody

The Liar Paradox is a philosophical bogyman. It refuses to die, despite everything that philosophers have done to kill it. Sometimes the attacks on it seem little more than expressions of positivist petulance, as when the Liar sentence is said to be nonsense or meaningless. Sometimes the attacks are based on administering to the Liar sentence arbitrary if not unfair tests for admitting of truth or falsity that seem designed expressly to keep it from qualifying. Some philosophers have despaired of ever beating the Liar; so concerned have they been about the threat posed by the Liar that they have introduced legislation to exclude the Liar sentence and anything like it.
Cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome is associated with reduced limbic activity, GI symptoms, and anxiety

This study sought to identify brain regions that underlie symptom changes in severely affected IBS patients undergoing cognitive therapy (CT). Five healthy controls and 6 Rome II diagnosed IBS patients underwent psychological testing followed by rectal balloon distention while brain neural activity was measured with O-15 water positron emission tomography (PET) before and after a brief regimen of CT. Pre-treatment resting state scans, without distention, were compared to post-treatment scans using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Neural activity in the parahippocampal gyrus and inferior portion of the right cortex cingulate were reduced in the post-treatment scan, compared to pre-treatment (x, y, z coordinates in MNI standard space were -30, -12, -30, P=0.017; 6, 34, -8, P=0.023, respectively). Blood flow values at these two sites in the controls were intermediate between those in the pre- and post-treatment IBS patients. Limbic activity changes were accompanied by significant improvements in GI symptoms (e.g., pain, bowel dysfunction) and psychological functioning (e.g., anxiety, worry). The left pons (-2, -26, -28, P=0.04) showed decreased neural activity which was correlated with post-treatment anxiety scores. Changes in neural activity of cortical-limbic regions that subserve hypervigilance and emotion regulation may represent biologically oriented change mechanisms that mediate symptom improvement of CT for IBS.
ISDN as an Information Resource for Strategic Management of Multinational Firms

The global connectivity promised by the development of the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN will have a major impact on the management of multinational firms in the 21st century. This paper explores this impact from two perspectives: using ISDN capabilities as an information resource to support strategic planning processes in multinational firms, and planning for the use of ISDN as the technological infrastructure for international joint ventures and strategic networks. The information systems IS profession can play a key role in achieving the promise of this emerging information resource technology by 1 actively supporting the link between the organization's business strategy and its information resource strategy, and 2 anticipating how the integration of voice, data, text and video provided by ISDN can best be utilized to deliver improved information to managers.
Psychoanalytic principles in sex therapy.

We are concerned here with how psychoanalytic principles can be used in the treatment of sexual problems and dysfunctions. Three areas will be covered: (I) the meaning of the term psychoanalytic principles, (2) some of what goes on in sex therapy, and (3) how some psychoanalytic principles are used. The better we understand sex therapy, the more we will see how applicable psychoanalytic principles are in this form of treatment. Psychoanalytic principles are applied in the procedure of investigating and treating specific conscious and unconscious processes of human behavior and functioning. This procedure ultimately leads to self-realization and fulfillment. In the application of psychoanalytic principles, various techniques are used: free association, dream interpretation, analysis of doctor-patient transference and countertransference relationships, and the analysis of resistances, blockages, and resolution of intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts. These techniques make it possible to explore unconscious processes and motivations. They also enable us to define the characterological and personality traits that lead to the specific compulsive personalities of compliance, withdrawal, or expansiveness. Each of these types adopts various neurotic strategies in an attempt at finding a solution, and these strategies influence the individual's sexual life and behavior. For example, certain affective processes appear to have specific autonomous actions when they relate to sexual functioning. Thus intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts will affect sexual functioning, whether through the self-idealization process, self-despising, or any other compulsive attempts at solution. Psychosexual trends start from birth and are culturally influenced from then on. Generally, symptoms of neurotic conflict and anxiety and the specific type of character and personality structure (self-effacing, detached, expansive, arrogant, and so on) result in specific forms of sexual dysfunction, (impotence, premature ejaculation, preorgasmic problems, and the like). Guilt feelings and subsequent conflicts play a tremendous role in sexual dysfunctions and are of basic importance in sex therapy. By bringing into conscious awareness unconscious feelings and associ-
Achievement Goals and Achievement during Early Adolescence: Examining Time-Varying Predictor and Outcome Variables in Growth-Curve Analysis.

The present study advances understanding of (a) the development of achievement goals, (b) the changing association of achievement goals and achievement over time, and (c) the implications of changes in achievement goals for changes in achievement over time. African American and European American adolescents' (N=588) achievement goals and subsequent achievement were assessed at 4 time points (fall and spring of 6th and 7th grades) and modeled using growth-curve analytic techniques. There was an overall decline in all 3 types of achievement goals (mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals), because of within-year rather than between-year decreases. The association between mastery goals and achievement was null at Time 1 and then positive at the following 3 time points. The association between performance-approach goals and achievement went from negative to null across time. Changes in students' goals, as well as their initial levels of goals, were particularly important in understanding how mastery goals foreshadow achievement. The implications of the findings for both theory and practice are discussed.