cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF STORAGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF “D’ANJOU” PEARS BY INTEGRATED REDUCED DOSAGE OF ETHOXYQUIN AND LOW OXYGEN TREATMENTS1

A 1000-p.p.m. ethoxyquin drench containing 528 p.p.m. thiobendazol (TBZ) fungicide prior to controlled atmosphere (CA) storage effectively controlled the development of superficial scald (SS) for 1 month regular air (RA) storage following 5 months CA storage. The preharvest drench was not effective in controlling the development of SS in fruit returned to RA storage following 7 months CA storage. Application of a 1750-p.p.m. ethoxyquin line spray (without TBZ) following 5 months CA storage effectively extended the control of SS to 2 months under RA conditions. The 1750 p.p.m. ethoxyquin line spray was effective in controlling SS for 1 month RA storage following an additional 2 months CA storage period. This represents a 36% reduction in the amount of ethoxyquin currently used on fruit stored for short periods of time. Minor, noncommercial amounts of pithy brown core (PBC) developed during storage, demonstrating that 1% O 2 and 1% CO 2 in a flow-through system can be safely utilized for the storage of pears. Growing location (Oregon vs. Washington) made no difference in the sensitivity to CO 2 injury and packing and handling damage.
In the first place: community prevention's promise to advance health and equity

This paper highlights the role of community prevention in improving overall health and in supporting health equity. By addressing the underlying causes of illness and injury, community prevention efforts can prevent illness and injury before they occur. The paper presents three frameworks that support quality community prevention efforts. The first, Taking Two Steps to Prevention, analyzes the underlying causes of illness, injury and health inequities and helps identify key opportunities for intervention and prevention. The second framework, the Spectrum of Prevention, guides users in thinking through the elements of a comprehensive community prevention strategy: strengthening individual knowledge and skills; promoting community education; educating providers and leaders (in all sectors); fostering coalitions and networks; changing organizational practice (within government, health institutions and workplaces, among others); and influencing policy and legislation. Both Taking Two Steps and the Spectrum are explained through the demonstration of two successful and ongoing community prevention efforts: first, preventing smoking; and second, promoting breastfeeding. The third framework, Collaboration Multiplier, focuses on developing sustainable interdisciplinary partnerships capable of addressing a variety of health and social problems. Collaboration Multiplier provides a matrix that clarifies the contributions that different sectors bring to a particular health or social problem and helps develop a shared language and understanding for working together.
Performance of International Grain-Marketing Systems: Discussion

The organizers of this session, I assume, had in mind two objectives: first, to help us get an improved handle on how we as economists can better deal with policy issues relating to market performance; and second, to add to our store of knowledge about how international grain markets really work. With respect to the first objective, Martin's paper is a thoughtful beginning upon which I will comment in more detail later. Halow's paper offers little if any insight into how international intermediaries perform their vital role in international trade. The Bunker and Cook paper presents some descriptive material about the role of the cooperative. But somehow, I expected more from this session. Major policy issues are bubbling with respect to grain marketing. Included among those are questions of whether the U.S. farmer is disadvantaged or helped by a private exporting system in a world of state traders and pervasive governmental policy intervention. Would an exporter association (a cartel) be a better road to take? Is unlimited expansion of grain exports in our long-run national interest? What are the implications of the changing structure of world grain markets, for U.S. agriculture? Unfortunately, the papers presented this morning will not help policy makers much in wrestling with these and like issues. Nor do they help the profession much in improving our ability to do policy analysis. Having made these general comments let me comment briefly on each paper. Larry Martin's paper is a thoughtful piece. He makes the point that marketing systems exist in an environment of public policy. In particular, both the Canadian and U.S. marketing systems are to varying degrees shaped by public policy-a point Halow has yet to discover. Martin then proposes steps by which we could go about developing a set of performance indicators and measurable criteria. Most of his paper is devoted to this task and table 1 is a concise summary of these thoughts. His scheme involves nine objectives, sixteen indicators, and forty-two quantifiable measures. He recognizes some difficulties but does not really tell us how to solve them.
Distinct Thermodynamics for the Formation and Cleavage of N-H Bonds in Aniline and Ammonia. Directly-Observed Reductive Elimination of Ammonia from an Isolated Amido Hydride Complex

The reactions of aryl and alkylamines with the (PCP)Ir fragment (PCP = 1,3-di-tert-butylphosphinobenzene) were studied to determine the reactivities and stabilities of amine and amido hydride complexes relative to C−H activation products. Reaction of aniline with the (PCP)Ir unit generated from (PCP)IrH2 and norbornene resulted in the N−H oxidative addition product (PhNH)(H)Ir(PCP) (1a). In contrast, reaction of this fragment with ammonia gave the ammonia complex (NH3)Ir(PCP) (2). The amido hydride complex that would be formed by oxidative addition of ammonia, (PCP)Ir(NH2)(H) (1b), was generated independently by deprotonation of the ammonia complex (NH3)Ir(H)(Cl)(PCP) (3) with KN(SiMe3)2 at low temperature. This amido hydride complex underwent reductive elimination at room temperature to form the ammonia complex 2. Addition of CO to anilide complex 1a gave (PCP)Ir(PhNH)(H)(CO) (4a). Addition of CNtBu to terminal amido complex 1b formed (PCP)Ir(NH2)(H)(CNtBu) (4b), the first structurally characterized irid...
First validation of retrieved rain rates and snow cover mask of the 183-WSL retrieval method

Improvements of the 183-WSL retrieval method allow to better describe the precipitating clouds as to rain distribution, type and amount. The 183-WSL method is physically based on the water vapor absorption band at 18331 GHz and retrieves the rain rates upon discriminating the convective/stratiform characteristics of the observed precipitation. The current version of the retrieval scheme was upgraded with a dedicated module for the identification of the snow cover pixels, which are often responsible for false alarms because of the strong scattering from the frozen surfaces. The 183-WSL snow cover module, currently in the testing stage, produces a snow cover mask per each satellite overpass, distinguishing between regions of wet and dry snow. The validation of rain rates is carried out by using two years of data of the European Radar Network NIMROD while the snow cover product is compared with 6 months of maps from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) operational product over the Baltic Regions. Furthermore, the 183-WSL retrievals were compared with other satellite retrieval methods using the NORDRAD radar network measurements as ground truth over 2 months. The analysis reveals that the 183-WSL new computational scheme shows high match ups with radar data with high values of the statistical indices. Although the new version of the 183-WSL performs better than the previous with the integration of the snow cover mask module into the main retrieval scheme, it tends to overestimate the retrieved rain rates especially those with intensities lower than 1 mm h"1. This threshold is crucial especially during the winter season.
Experience and acceptability of medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol among U.S. women

This study examines the experience with and acceptance of medical (mifepristone/misoprostol) first-trimester abortion in a sample of U.S. women. The study participants included 262 women who were enrolled in the 1995 mifepristone/misoprostol clinical trial at three centers that participated in the Population Council protocol. Women completed an initial questionnaire at their first visit for the medical abortion and a follow-up questionnaire 2 weeks later. Participants reported that they chose medical abortion because they wanted to avoid surgery (63%), believed that the method was safer than surgical abortion (56%), believed that mifepristone was a more natural method (41%), wanted a method that had the least risk of infection (35%), and believed it could be used early in their pregnancy (27%). Nearly three fourths of the women (73%) stated they were very satisfied, and 16% reported that they were somewhat satisfied with their experience of medical abortion; 94% said they would recommend medical abortion to a friend, and 87% stated that they would choose medical abortion if they had to terminate another pregnancy. Level of satisfaction varied with experience with the abortion procedure but did not differ by demographic characteristics or prior abortion status. Findings suggest the need for development of appropriate educational materials to assist women in choosing between various abortion methods and for flexible arrangements while waiting for the abortion to occur. Currently, one half of the pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and 28% of all pregnancies end in abortion. r If current abortion rates continue, nearly half of all women of reproductive age will have had an abortion by the time
A reply to ‘The production of sexual mutilation among Muslim women in Cairo’, by Maria Frederika Malmström

This is a reply to:Malmstrom, Maria Frederika. 2013. “The production of sexual mutilation among Muslim women in Cairo.” Global Discourse. 3 (2): 306–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2013.804752
Does the Activity of the Combination of Imipenem and Colistin In Vitro Exceed the Problem of Resistance in Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates?

ABSTRACT Using time-kill methodology, we investigated the interactions of an imipenem-colistin combination against 42 genetically distinct Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates carrying a blaVIM-1-type gene. Irrespective of the imipenem MIC, the combination was synergistic (50%) or indifferent (50%) against colistin-susceptible strains, while it was antagonistic (55.6%) and rarely synergistic (11%) against non-colistin-susceptible strains (with synergy being observed only against strains with colistin MICs of 3 to 4 μg/ml). The combination showed improved bactericidal activity against isolates susceptible either to both agents or to colistin.
Ring strain energy in the cyclooctyl system. The effect of strain energy on [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with azides.

Ring strain energies (SEs) and enthalpies of hydrogenation (ΔHhyd) of a series of E- and Z-alkenes, cyclic alkynes and allenes (C5−C9) are computed at the G3 level of theory. The SE for cycloheptyne, cyclohexyne, and cyclopentyne are calculated to be 25.4, 40.1, and 48.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The SE for E-cycloheptene and E-cyclohexene are calculated to be 25.2 and 49.3 kcal/mol (G3). The SE of cyclooctyne is 2.0 kcal/mol greater than that of E-cyclooctene (17.9 kcal/mol) but only 7.7 kcal/mol greater than that of cyclooctane. The SE of 3,3-difluorocyclooctyne (DIFO) is predicted to be slightly reduced (ΔSE = 2.6 kcal/mol) relative to the parent cyclooctyne to 17.3 kcal/mol. The SE and ΔHhyd are correlated with activation barriers for the [3 + 2] cycloaddition of a series of azides to E- and Z-cycloalkenes and alkynes at the G3 level of theory. The energy barrier for the cycloaddition of methyl azide to cyclooctyne is 9.2 kcal/mol lower than addition to 4-octyne and 3.1 kcal/mol lower for reaction with ...
An object-oriented design system shell

We present a design system shell which can be used to experiment with principles of design and be used as a design tool where complex layers of information need to be specified about objects, such as in database design. The shell can be tailored to a variety of application areas. It is object-oriented in its implementation and structure. Objects and messages are used as the specification language. The basic ingredients of a rule-based production system are provided, with rules treated as objects and defined independently of the classes to which they are applied.
The liquid junction potential — the free diffusion junction

Abstract A rational basis for the use of the electroneutrality assumption in the calculation of the free diffusion liquid junction potential has been uncovered. By means of perturbation techniques this assumption is shown to be asymptotically valid for long times. The assumption of ionization equilibrium is also shown to be asymptotically valid. A rational basis for Henderson's method of evaluating the liquid junction potential is also established by perturbation techniques. Analytic formula for the liquid junction potential are deduced for the first correction to Henderson's formula, the multi- component diffusion case, concentration dependent diffusivities and activity coefficients, variable dielectric constants and incomplete ionization.
Trophoblast invasion and alteration of mesometrial arteries in the pregnant hamster: Light and electron microscopic observations

Summary During gestation in the Syrian golden hamster, an extensive migration of trophoblast into the maternal uteroplacental arterial system takes place. The present light and electron microscopic study has focused on one facet of this phenomenon, namely the trophoblastic invasion and alteration of the mesometrial ‘vascular knot’ (a complex of anastamosing, small arterial channels carrying blood to the chorio-allantoic placenta). Beginning at about the 8th day of gestation, motile trophoblastic giant cells (TGC), originating from the primitive trophospongium (Trager), invade and migrate as a wave up the central maternal arteries of the decidua basalis. During the 12th and 13th days of gestation, they reach the mesometrium and successively settle in the lumina of the vascular knot arterial channels. Between this time and parturition (day 16) the arrested TGC sequentially remove and replace the arterial endothelium, breach the elastic lamina, and apparently destroy (by lytic activity) nearly all of the mural smooth muscle. Near term, the vascular knot arterial channels are composed almost entirely of TGC. The functional significance of these events, and, more generally, the phenomenon of trophoblastic invasion of maternal uterine arteries in mamalian species having haemochorial-type placentae, are still uncertain. These invasions may be requisite to adapting, structurally and physiologically, the maternal uterine arteries to support of the fetoplacental unit and/or to maintaining the immunologically privileged status of the latter.
Compound heterozygosity of the novel c.292C>T (p.R98W) and the c.35delG GJB2 mutations in postlingual, non-syndromic, sensorineural deafness.

Abstract Objectives Connexins (Cxs) are membrane-spanning proteins that co-assemble into intercellular gap junction channels. Gap junction channels mediate electrical and biochemical communication between adjacent cells and play vital roles as mediators of intercellular molecular signaling. Cx-linked deafness highlights the key role of gap junctions in the physiological processes of hearing. Co-localization of Cxs with the gap junction system in the inner ear suggests a role in cochlear electrolyte homeostasis. During auditory transduction, they are proposed to maintain membrane potentials by regulating the flow of potassium ions between the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. Methods Clinical and molecular genetic methods were employed in a Greek proband presenting with bilateral, postlingual, non-syndromic, sensorineural deafness. Results We detected a novel c.292C > T (p.R98W) mutation in compound heterozygosity with the c.35delG mutation in the GJB2 gene. Conclusion Although mutations in the GJB2 gene usually cause prelingual, severe to profound deafness, compound heterozygosity of the novel c.292C > T (p.R98W) and the c.35delG GJB2 mutations appears to be the cause of postlingual, moderate, sensorineural deafness in our proband.
Endoscopic Issues in the Post–Gastric Bypass Patient

Obesity in the United States poses a tremendous health risk to approximately one third of the population. As this epidemic grows, the number of bariatric surgeries performed will also increase. Although obesity itself is not gender specific, 85% of bariatric surgeries are performed in women. This article reviews some of the commonly performed weight-reduction surgeries and their associated complications. Particular emphasis is placed on the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of endoscopy in this population.
Management of nonesthesioneuroblastoma sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation

Objectives/Hypothesis: Report the outcomes of patients with nonesthesioneuroblastoma (non-ENB) sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation. Study Design: Single Institution Retrospective Case Series. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 19 biopsy-proven non-ENB sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas diagnosed between 1997 and 2010 and treated with multimodality therapy. Kaplan-Meier estimates of local-regional control (LRC), distant metastases–free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Results: The 3-year LRC, FFDM, and OS rates were 63%, 50%, and 64%, respectively. All nine patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) had at least a pathologic partial response: three of seven sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas and two of two sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas had complete pathological responses. All five patients with pathologic complete responses were alive without disease at a median follow-up of 43 (29–67) months. Conclusions: Having a complete response pathologically to CRT was a favorable prognostic indicator. Neoadjuvant CRT followed by surgery seems to be an efficacious sequence of multimodality therapy.
Printed tunable miniaturized Frequency Selective Surface with BST/polymer composite filled interdigital capacitors

Summary form only given. We present an electrically tunable Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) at X-band utilizing a novel version of Interdigital Capacitors (IDCs), in which the space between fingers are filled with a ferroelectric composite of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) suspended in a polymer. We also introduce a low temperature, printed fabrication process on flexible films. The literature suggests the use of varactors based on ferroelectric ceramics as the electrically tunable element in FSSs. These varactors have low Q factor and are expensive to fabricate. The ceramics are brittle in nature and require very high processing temperature (~1100°C). On the other hand, tunable ferroelectric polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) are lossy and slow in switching at microwave frequencies. However, a BST-polymer composite promises both excellent ferroelectric characteristics of the BST in its paraelectric phase and flexible processing of the polymer. A composite by mixing micro and nano size particles of sintered Ba 0.55 Sr 0.45 TiO 3 with a thermoplastic polymer, that has very low loss tangent at high frequencies, was prepared. It was found that when the key parameters - particle size and volume fraction - are tailored, high dielectric tunability up to 30% and low loss tangent are obtained for the composite, but the dielectric constant can be as low as 30 at microwave frequencies. To get around the low permittivity limitation, we introduced the filled IDC configuration that requires a dielectric constant as low as 20 for a frequency sweep range from 5.6 GHz to 12.8 GHz including full X-band (based on full-wave electromagnetic simulations), instead of the conventional IDCs with fingers on top of a BST ceramic layer that would require epsilon of few hundreds. Both computational and experimental results of the tunable filled IDC as well as the tunable FSS structure will be presented. Although, we demonstrate the implementation of this tunable filled IDC on FSS structures, this printable varactor can be utilized in various applications.
Elastic Properties of Glasses

A theoretical study of the possible mechanisms involved in the elastic deformation of a silicate glass indicates that if the only work done when such a glass is deformed is in the stretching or compressing of the Si-O-Si links, Poisson's ratio should be 0.25. Values less than this can be explained when the energy of deformation of the SiO4 tetrahedra is considered and values greater than 0.25 if one takes into account the work done in deforming large modifying ions which fill the interstices in which they are located.
Implications of perennial saline springs for abnormally high fluid pressures and active thrusting in western California

Perennial saline springs in the Rumsey Hills area, southwestern Sacramento Valley, California, locally discharge at high elevations and near ridgetops. The springs are cold, are commonly associated with natural gas seeps, and typically emerge along west-vergent thrust faults. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the spring waters are similar to oil-field formation fluids and they have had a significant residence time in the subsurface at moderate temperatures. The nonmeteoric character of the springs demonstrates that they are not being fed by perched water tables. The authors propose that these subsurface formation waters are being forced to the surface by anomalously high porefluid pressures. The Rumsey Hills area is one of Quaternary uplift, thrusting, and crustal shortening, and prospect wells drilled there have encountered anomalously high fluid pressures at shallow depths. They attribute these high fluid pressures to active tectonic compression and shortening of Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks. The widespread occurrence of anomalously high pore-fluid pressures and perennial saline springs in the Coast Ranges and western Great Valley suggests that much of western California may be characterized as a seismically active, overpressured thrust belt. The emergence of formation waters along thrust faults further suggests that patterns of subsurface fluid flow in westernmore » California may be similar to those in overpressured accretionary prisms, and that excess fluid pressures may also play a role in the distribution of seismicity.« less
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Hypovitaminosis D in African-Americans with Decompensated Heart Failure

ABSTRACT Objective We previously noted secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in African-American patients hospitalized during February, 2005 with either untreated or treated congestive heart failure (CHF) due to ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Herein, we hypothesized that housebound African-American patients hospitalized during the period of June 1 through August 31, 2005, with CHF would have SHPT and hypovitaminosis D. Methods Twenty-five African-American patients with an ejection fraction (EF) less than 35% due to ischemic or dilated (idiopathic) cardiomyopathy were monitored: 20 were hospitalized with CHF, stratified on historical grounds as of 4 weeks’ or longer duration or of 1 to 2 weeks’ duration in 11 and 9 patients, respectively, despite medical care that included furosemide; serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25(OH)D at the time of admission in these patients were compared to five asymptomatic outpatients seen during the summer with stable, compensated failure. Results Serum PTH was elevated (127 ± 13; 82–243 pg/mL) in all patients with CHF of 4 weeks’ or longer duration (normal, 12–65 pg/mL) and was elevated in three of nine patients (59 ± 8; 18–99 pg/mL) with CHF of 1 to 2 weeks’ duration. Ionized hypocalcemia (1.09 ± 0.03 and 1.08 ± 0.02 mmol/L; normal, 1.12–1.30) and hypomagnesemia (0.47 ± 0.02 and 0.46 ± 0.03 mmol/L; normal, 0.53–0.67) were respectively found in long- or short-duration CHF. No compensated patient had elevated PTH (42 ± 5; 17–53). Hypovitaminosis D (≤30 ng/mL) was universally present in patients with CHF of 4 weeks’ or longer duration (15.1 ± 1.4; 7.0–23.8 ng/mL) and was also prevalent in the other groups (20.3 ± 5.1, 7.0–54.1 ng/mL in CHF of 1 to 2 weeks’ duration and 23.1 ± 4.9; 17.2–42.7 ng/mL in compensated failure). Conclusions In African-American patients with CHF, hypovitaminosis D, aldosteronism, and loop diuretic treatment each exaggerate Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ losses to stress a fragile Ca 2+ balance leading to ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia with SHPT.
Teen Sexual Activity and the Need for the Development of the Moral Imagination

I Iwish to offer an approach to human sexuality that emphasizes the development and functioning of the moral imagination. This article will consist of three parts: (1) a description and explication of the nature and functioning of the moral imagination; (2) an essay regarding sexuality written by a junior high student, followed by an analysis of the essay in light of the functioning of the moral imagination; and (3) a few suggestions regarding the development and use of the moral imagination in classroom settings, especially in relationship to sexual issues. I hope the insights offered here will be relevant to teachers who are faced with sexually active children and youth. I fully recognize that anything I have to say merely constitutes a process to help students develop and use their moral imaginations in light of their sexual activity. I have no empirical evidence that this process will reduce pre-teen and teenage pregnancy. I do have an intuition, though, that the following offers one useful approach to developing the moral sensitivity and sensibility necessary for either sexual abstinence or sexual prudence.
Equilibrium market power modeling for large scale power systems

A review of economic equilibrium models for simulating imperfect competition among electricity producers is presented in this paper. The presentation emphasizes the application of a model using a linearized DC grid is formulated using the concept of Cournot and supply-function games, and the resulting models are solved as a linear complementarity program (LCP). Both POOLCO and bilateral-type markets can be simulated. Properties of the solutions are to these models are analyzed. The paper includes applications to the Eastern Interconnection that explore how transmission limitations and possible mergers might affect the equilibrium prices and market shares calculated by the model.
Radiocarbon dating late Quaternary loess deposits using small terrestrial gastropod shells

Constraining the ages and mass accumulation rates of late Quaternary loess deposits is often difficult because of the paucity of organic material typically available for 14 C dating and the inherent limitations of luminescence techniques. Radiocarbon dating of small terrestrial gastropod shells may provide an alternative to these methods as fossil shells are common in loess and contain w12% carbon by weight. Terrestrial gastropod assemblages in loess have been used extensively to reconstruct past environmental conditions but have been largely ignored for dating purposes. Here, we present the results of a multifaceted approach to understanding the potential for using small terrestrial gastropod shells to date loess deposits in North America. First, we compare highly resolved 14 C ages of well-preserved wood and gastropod shells (Succineidae) recovered from a Holocene loess section in Alaska. Radiocarbon ages derived from the shells are nearly identical to wood and plant macrofossil ages throughout the section, which suggests that the shells behaved as closed systems with respect to carbon for at least the last 10 ka (thousands of calibrated 14 C years before present). Second, we apply 14 C dating of gastropod shells to late Pleistocene loess deposits in the Great Plains using stratigraphy and independent chronologies for comparison. The new shell ages require less interpretation than humic acid radiocarbon ages that are commonly used in loess studies, provide additional stratigraphic coverage to previous dating efforts, and are in correct stratigraphic order more often than their luminescence counterparts. Third, we show that Succineidae shells recovered from historic loess in the Matanuska River Valley, Alaska captured the 20th century 14 C bomb spike, which suggests that the shells can be used to date late Holocene and historicaged loess. Finally, results from Nebraska and western Iowa suggest that, similar to other materials, shell ages approaching w40 ka should be viewed with caution as they may reflect trace amounts of contamination. In sum, our results show that small terrestrial gastropod shells, especially from the Succineidae family, provide reliable ages for late Quaternary loess deposits in North America. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of surface texture on the flying characteristics of pico sliders

The effect of surface texture on the flying characteristics of proximity recording sliders is investigated numerically. The effect of texture on slider flying behavior is studied as a function of the characteristics of the texture and the contour design of the slider air bearing. The results show that texturing decreases the flying height. However, pitch and roll are generally increased. It is suggested that texturing can be used to reduce the effect of intermolecular forces by reducing the area over which intermolecular forces act.
Surface Antigens Produced by Herpesviruses: Varicella-Zoster Virus

Surface antigen(s) was demonstrated by the mixed agglutination technique on cell cultures infected with varicella-zoster virus (V-Z). The reactions appeared to be specific for V-Z, and no cross-reaction was obtained with herpes simplex virus (HSV). V-Z surface antigen had similar physicochemical properties to that of HSV. It was stable to heating at 56 C and treatment with 1% Formalin, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and periodate, whereas it was undetectable after exposure to acetone or ethanol. Antibodies detecting surface antigen were present in high titer in sera from varicella or herpes zoster patients and paralleled titers obtained by the complement fixation test.
Recursive speed and parameter estimation for induction machines

A hierarchical recursive algorithm is presented to estimate the rotor speed and parameters of the induction machine on the basis of measurements of the stator voltages and currents. Due to its recursive structure, this algorithm has the potential to be used for online estimation and adaptive control. The algorithm is designed using two linear regression models derived from the machine electrical equations. These models are valid when there is a time-scale separation between the electrical and mechanical subsystems of the machine. The resulting two-stage estimator has a fast stage which only estimates the rotor speed, and a slow stage in charge of parameter estimation. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by means of simulations. The results obtained show that this is a promising approach for online speed and parameter estimation. >
The RPN5 Subunit of the 26s Proteasome Is Essential for Gametogenesis, Sporophyte Development, and Complex Assembly in Arabidopsis

The 26S proteasome is an essential multicatalytic protease complex that degrades a wide range of intracellular proteins, especially those modified with ubiquitin. Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants use pairs of genes to encode most of the core subunits, with both of the isoforms often incorporated into the mature complex. Here, we show that the gene pair encoding the regulatory particle non-ATPase subunit (RPN5) has a unique role in proteasome function and Arabidopsis development. Homozygous rpn5a rpn5b mutants could not be generated due to a defect in male gametogenesis. While single rpn5b mutants appear wild-type, single rpn5a mutants display a host of morphogenic defects, including abnormal embryogenesis, partially deetiolated development in the dark, a severely dwarfed phenotype when grown in the light, and infertility. Proteasome complexes missing RPN5a are less stable in vitro, suggesting that some of the rpn5a defects are caused by altered complex integrity. The rpn5a phenotype could be rescued by expression of either RPN5a or RPN5b, indicating functional redundancy. However, abnormal phenotypes generated by overexpression implied that paralog-specific functions also exist. Collectively, the data point to a specific role for RPN5 in the plant 26S proteasome and suggest that its two paralogous genes in Arabidopsis have both redundant and unique roles in development.
Changes in song complexity correspond to periods of female fertility in blue grosbeaks (Guiraca caerulea)

Song complexity is thought to be a sexually selected trait in passerine birds; however, quantifying relevant parameters of song complexity is the first step in testing the theory that song complexity is a sexually selected trait. We show here that blue grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea) males sing a single song type but the properties of that song type vary between renditions. This pattern of song delivery potentially provides females with an opportunity to assess dimensions of song complexity other then repertoire size. Here we characterize song complexity using four measures: (i) element repertoire size, (ii) proportion of distinct song variant, (iii) song versatility, and (iv) syntax consistency. We studied the functional significance of song complexity by comparing measures of song complexity before and after periods of female fertility. We found that male blue grosbeaks sing more song variants, use more versatile arrangements of elements, and maintain more syntax consistency during the fertile period of their social mate than during their social mate's non-fertile period. These results point to a functional relationship between changes in song complexity and periods of female fertility in this species.
Emerging findings from research on adolescent development and juvenile justice.

Abstract Three fundamental questions have continued to challenge the juvenile justice system: (1) Should adolescents be held to adult standards of criminal culpability and, accordingly, be exposed to the same punishment as adults? (2) Do adolescents possess the necessary capabilities to function as competent defendants in an adversarial court proceeding? (3) How are juvenile offenders affected by the sorts of punitive sanctions that became increasingly popular during the last several decades? Over the past decade, there has been a remarkable expansion of scientific knowledge relevant to adolescent development and juvenile justice in general, and these specific questions in particular. As such, the goal of this article is to provide a summary of what is known in developmental research and how it has (or has not) influenced juvenile justice practice and policy—specifically in the realms of brain development, cognitive development, and psychosocial/socio-emotional development.
Flexural Vibrations and Resonance of Piezoelectric Cantilevers with a Nonpiezoelectric Extension

A piezoelectric cantilever (PEC) is a flexural transducer consisting of a piezoelectric layer [e.g., lead zirconate titanate (PZT)] bonded to a nonpiezoelectric layer (e.g., stainless steel). A PEC with a thin nonpiezoelectric extension has two distinctive sections, each with a different thickness, different axial density, and elastic-modulus profiles and has been increasingly used as an in-situ biosensor. It has the advantages of dipping only the nonpiezoelectric extension part in an aqueous solution without electrically insulating the piezoelectric section as well as serving as the bonding pad for receptor immobilization. In this study, we examined the effect of the thin nonpiezoelectric extension on the flexural resonance spectrum and resonance vibration waveforms of PEC; in particular, how the length ratio between the piezoelectric section and the nonpiezoelectric extension section affects the resonance frequencies and resonance peak intensities of PEC. Theoretical resonance frequencies and resonance vibration waveforms were obtained using an analytical transcendental equation we derived by solving the flexural wave equation. Both experimental and theoretical results showed that the two-section structure distorted the flexural vibration waveforms from those of PEC without an extension. As a result, the higher-mode resonance peaks of PEC with a nonpiezoelectric extension could be higher than the first resonance peak due to the two-section structure. With PEC that has a piezoelectric section of 0.25-mm thick PZT bonded to 0.07 mm thick stainless steel of various length l1 and a 0.07-mm thick nonpiezoelectric extension of length I2, we showed that the first-mode-to-second-mode resonance peak intensity ratio had a maximum of 5.6 at I1/I2 = 0.75 and the first-mode- to-second-mode resonance frequency ratio a minimum of 2.2 at I1/I2 = 1.8. These findings will undoubtedly help optimize the design and performance of PEC.
Domains of Gene Silencing Near the Left End of Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the HM loci and regions adjacent to the telomeres are transcriptionally silent. HML is situated 11 kb from the left telomere of chromosome III. I have systematically examined gene silencing along this 11-kb chromosomal region. I found that silencing extends at least 1.1 kb beyond HML, indicating that the HML E silencer acts on both sides. Moreover, I obtained evidence indicating that a 0.71-kb sequence near the E silencer acts as a barrier to the spread of silencing and coincides with the left boundary of the silent HML domain. I also showed that silencing at the telomere is limited to an approximately 2-kb domain. On the other hand, an approximately 7-kb region between HML and the telomere is not silenced by HML or the telomere. These results provide a clear example of organization of the eukaryotic genome into interspersed domains with distinct potentials for gene expression.
Rates and impact of human antibody glycation in vivo

Glycation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) can result from incubation with a reducing sugar in vitro or during circulation in vivo. Upon injection of a recombinantly produced human therapeutic IgG into humans, changes in the glycation levels could be observed as a function of circulation time. Mass changes on the individual IgG polypeptide chains as the results of glycation were determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Changes to the light and heavy chains were low but easily detectable at 0.00092 and 0.0021 glucose (Glc) additions per chain per day, respectively. Levels of glycation found on the Fc portion of IgG isolated from healthy subjects, using a similar analytical approach, were on average 0.045 Glc molecules per fragment. In vivo glycation rates could be approximated in vitro by modeling the physiological glycation reaction with a simplified incubation containing physiological Glc concentrations, pH and temperature but with a high concentration of a single purified IgG. To test the impact of glycation on IgG function, highly glycated IgG1 and IgG2 were prepared containing on average 42-49 Glc molecules per IgG. Binding to FcγIIIa receptors, neonatal Fc receptor or protein A was similar or identical to the non-glycated IgG controls. Although the modifications were well distributed throughout the protein sequence, and at high enough levels to affect the elution position by size-exclusion chromatography, no changes in the tested Fc functions were observed.
Effect of Matric-Priming Duration and Priming Water Potential on Germination of Four Grasses

In this study, a matric-potentiel control system was used to determine the effect of matric-priming duration and priming water potential on the germination response of Bouteloua curtipendula, Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis lehmanniana, and Panicum coloratum
Observation of a Strongly Interacting Degenerate Fermi Gas of Atoms

We report on the observation of a highly degenerate, strongly interacting Fermi gas of atoms. Fermionic lithium-6 atoms in an optical trap are evaporatively cooled to degeneracy using a magnetic field to induce strong, resonant interactions. Upon abruptly releasing the cloud from the trap, the gas is observed to expand rapidly in the transverse direction while remaining nearly stationary in the axial direction. We interpret the expansion dynamics in terms of collisionless superfluid and collisional hydrodynamics. For the data taken at the longest evaporation times, we find that collisional hydrodynamics does not provide a satisfactory explanation, whereas superfluidity is plausible.
Locally weighted total variation denoising for ringing artifact suppression in pet reconstruction using PSF modeling

Iterative reconstruction with point spread function (PSF) modeling improves contrast recovery in positron emission tomography (PET) images, but also introduces ringing artifacts and over enhancement that is contrast and object size dependent. Mitigation of these artifacts is crucial for clinical and research purposes. In this work we introduce a new iterative regularized reconstruction method that incorporates locally-weighted total variation denoising designed to suppress artifacts induced by PSF modeling. The reconstruction method is evaluated on a simulated cylindrical phantom and preliminary results show that ringing artifacts are suppressed while contrast recovery is maintained.
Kinematic optimization of a spherical mechanism for a minimally invasive surgical robot

Advances in surgical technology allow physicians to more effectively provide care to their patients. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized the way a significant number of procedures are performed. Advances in technology have led to the fusion of MIS techniques and robotic devices; however, such systems are currently large and cumbersome. By optimizing a spherical mechanism based on in-vivo data collected during MIS procedures, this paper focuses on a bottom-up approach in developing a new class of surgical robot arms. The spherical mechanism is a rotational manipulator with all axes intersecting at the center of the sphere. Locating the rotational center of the mechanism at the MIS port makes this class of mechanism a suitable candidate for the first two links of a surgical robot for both minimally invasive and open surgery. For optimizing the mechanism structure, the forward and inverse kinematics, as well as the Jacobian matrix, were derived. Using the Jacobian, mechanism isotropy was considered as the performance metric. The dexterous workspace (DWS) is defined as a high dexterity region defined by a right circular cone with a vertex angel of 60/spl deg/ in which 95% of the tool motions are contained based on in-vivo measurements. The extended dexterous workspace (EDWS) is defined as the workspace required to reach the entire abdominal cavity with MIS instruments and defined by a cone with an elliptical cross section created by two orthogonal vertex angels of 60/spl deg/ and 90/spl deg/. Optimization across both the DWS and a superset of the EDWS led to a mechanism configuration with link length angles of 74/spl deg/ and 60/spl deg/ that maximizes kinematic performance and compactness. The workspace of this design covers the entire EDWS and is the optimal design for the next generation of surgical manipulator. By directly applying in-vivo experimental data from MIS in order to optimize the spherical manipulator a design that maximizes performance and minimizes size has been developed. A pair of prototype manipulators is developed based on these results.
Extent of fragmentation of coarse-scale habitats in and around U.S. National Parks

U.S. National Park Service land managers face a variety of challenges to preserving the biodiversity in their parks. A principle challenge is to minimize the impacts of surrounding land use on park condition and biodiversity. In the absence of ideal sets of data and models, the present study develops methods and results that demonstrate a coarse-filter approach to understanding the effects of land use change on habitat types for four pilot study-areas. The area of analysis for each park is defined by a protected-area-centered-ecosystem. Habitat types were defined by biophysical factors assumed to represent the distribution of vegetation communities as they may have existed prior to European settlement. Present-day land use was overlaid on historical habitat and change in area and pattern was quantified for private and public lands separately. Results suggest that patterns of development are affecting study-areas differently. Therefore, the conservation challenges faced by each study-area are distinct to their landscape contexts. For some parks, the primary challenge is to work towards maintaining ecosystem condition in its present or near-present state while paying particular attention to habitats that are underrepresented on public lands. For other parks, the challenge is to address spatially aggregated land use that is affecting only a few habitat types. For still other parks, the challenge is to maintain connectivity with a regional network of protected lands and to undertake restoration projects where feasible. The present methods and results help to focus conservation attention on habitats that have been most impacted by land use change.
A Family Therapist’s Reaction to “the Influences of the Family of Origin on Career Development: A Review and Analysis”:

This reaction to Whiston and Keller is that of a family therapist with great respect for the amount of work the article represents. Two theories of family therapy, structural and Bowenian, are discussed with particular attention to the contributions each can make in understanding the influences of families on career choices. The functional and dysfunctional family processes and dynamics of each theory are considered. Examples of how either family structure might influence career choices are included. The need for cooperative research between family therapists and counselors is stressed.
Incidental Appendectomy During Urological Surgery

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the issue of incidental appendectomy during urological surgery we retrospectively studied its consequences in 2 groups of urological patients.Materials and Methods: We studied 147 patients undergoing cystectomy and urinary diversion (group 1) and 200 undergoing primary retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (group 2). Incidental appendectomy was performed in 122 (83 percent) and 114 (57 percent) patients, respectively.Results: The incidence of infectious complications in group 2 was significantly higher among patients who underwent incidental appendectomy compared to those without appendectomy (9.6 percent and 2.3 percent, respectively, p = 0.032). No difference was noted among the patients in group 1 (10.6 percent and 12.0 percent, respectively, p = 0.51).Conclusions: When evaluating the prophylactic merits, incidental appendectomy can be performed safely during radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. It is probably contraindicated in patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymphad...