cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary management of children with craniofacial syndromes with particular reference to the airway.

This paper concerns the affect that craniofacial syndromes can have on the upper airways. A brief definition and classification of craniofacial anomalies is presented and the management of airway problems that they can cause is discussed. Pathology or dysplasia (abnormal development), which effects the brain, cranium and facial skeleton results in craniofacial deformities. Van der Meulen has classified craniofacial anomalies. The most important groups are the craniofacial dysplasias and craniofacial dysplasias of other origin. These dysplasias comprise conditions such as clefts, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial growth plates), dysostoses (abnormal facial bone development) or combinations of these conditions. Craniofacial syndromes such as Apert, Crouzon and Pfeifers come into this category. Vascular anomalies and neurofibromatosis affecting the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues can also have profound affect upon the airways. The otolaryngologist’s perspective (Pearman, FRCS): Children with craniofacial syndromes present numerous problems requiring input from many disciplines. The principal role of the ENT surgeon is in airway management although otological care must not be overlooked. An analysis was
Negative conductivity effects and related phenomena in germanium. part II

This paper is the second part of a two-part review of recent work on current instabilities and related properties of germanium in high electric fields. In this part the transferred carrier mechanism for producing bulk negative differential conductivity (BNDC) in a semiconductor is discussed. Experimental work on instabilities related to three realizations of this effect, in uniaxially compressed n and p-type Ge, and in n-type Ge at low temperatures with field and current in a 〈111〉 direction, is reviewed. Theoretical understanding of these effects, which is largely qualitative at this time, is discussed. In an appendix a list of materials in which BNDC effects have been observed is presented, with some of the relevant properties of these materials.
GABA-transaminases of human brain and peripheral tissues--kinetic and molecular properties.

Abstract— Kinetic experiments with 4-aminobutyrate-2-ketoglutarate transaminase (GABA-T), partially purified from human brain tissue, supported a Bi Bi Ping-Pong type of enzyme mechanism in which the enzyme oscillates between forms bound to pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate. Extrapolated Km values were 0.31 mm for γ-aminobutyrate, 0.16 mm for α-ketoglutarate, and 3.8 μm for pyridoxal phosphate. Very similar kinetic parameters were observed with rat brain enzyme. Apparent molecular weight of human GABA-T by gel filtration was 70,000 ± 3000. Electrofucusing experiments indicated a single ionic form with isoelectric pH = 5.7. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Tris, halides, cadmium and cupric ions, and known GABA-T inhibitors. GABA-transaminating enzymes isolated from human kidney and liver were found to be similar to the brain enzyme with respect to substrate affinities, cofactor requirements, isoelectric pH values, molecular weights, and response to inhibitors.
The first nucleotide sequence of an organelle transfer RNA: Chloroplastic tRNAPhe

The primary sequence of phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAphe) from the chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis has been determined: pG-C-U-G-G-G-A-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-D-U-G-Gm-U(U)-A-G-A-G-C-G-G-A-G-G-A-C-U-G-A-A-A-A-PSI-C-C-U-U-G-U-m7G-Py-C-A-C-C-A-G-T-psi-C-A-A-A-U-C-U-G-G-U-U-C-C-U-A-G-C-A-C-C-A. This represents the first nucleotide sequence determined for an organelle tRNA. As do all other tRNAPhes thus far sequenced, chloroplastic tRNAPhe contains 76 nucleotides. Both in the nature of its modified nucleotides and in its sequence (although the sequence of all known tRNAPhes is quite similar), chloroplastic tRNAPhe more closely resembles procaryotic tRNAPhes than it resembles those from the cytoplasm of eucaryotes. There are eight positions in the tRNAPhe molecule where nucleotides are invariant in procaryotes but differ from invariant nucleotides in eucaryotes; at five of these positions, chloroplastic tRNAPhe is similar to procaryotes. The possible evolutionary significance of this intermediate type of structure is discussed.
β-Endorphin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus and medulla of the rat brain: Effect of prenatal ethanol

Abstract The number and distribution of β-endorphin neurons in the hypothalamus and medulla of rats is compared among three experimental treatment groups: prenatally ethanol-exposed rats, pair-fed control rats, and normally fed control rats. Quantitative analysis of β-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons in 12 sections through the rostral-caudal extent of the mediobasal hypothalamus revealed no significant difference in the total number or distribution of β-endorphin neurons among any of the three treatment groups. The mean number of β-endorphin neurons was consistently less in each of the 12 sections of pair-fed rats compared to normally fed rats, but there was no consistent difference between the mean number of neurons/section in prenatally ethanol-exposed rats compared to the normally fed controls. The distribution and time of appearance of a second population of β-en-dorphin neurons was analyzed in the caudal medulla. β-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons were easily visualized in the caudal medulla of rats from each treatment group on Postnatal Days 9–11. However, this population could not be identified with antisera against β-endorphin on Postnatal Days 19–21 in any treatment group, even though neurons in the hypothalamus of the same rats were easily visualized histochemically at this age. These data suggest that the well-characterized prenatally ethanol-induced alterations in central opioid systems cannot be attributed to changes in the number, distribution, or time of appearance of β-endorphin neurons in the brain.
Where Are We Now?: Concept Analysis as Foundational to Nursing Diagnosis Research Georgia Griffith Whitley, EdD, RN

“Where Are We Now” is a regular feature of Nursing Diagnosis. The column focuses on current issues and trends related to nursing diagnosis development, implementation, and evaluation. The writing in this issue focuses on the critical nature of concept analysis as it relates to clinical validation of nursing diagnosis. Dr. Georgia Whitley addresses the importance of concept analysis as a foundation for validation research on a specific diagnosis, particularly as it can be used in identifying defining characteristics und developing their operational definitions.
Nutrient distributions and transport in Long Island Sound

Abstract Inorganic nitrogenous nutrient (NH 3 , NO 2 , NO 3 ) distributions and transport in Long Island Sound are investigated for both winter and summer conditions with a steady state, one dimensional mass balance model. Nutrient budgets based on horizontal exchange, lateral input from sewage and agricultural sources, and first order biochemical uptake (utilization minus regeneration) are computed for each of 13 regions in the Sound. All nutrient concentrations, principally ammonia, peak sharply in the upper East River where a strong point source exists. Concentration distributions and uptake rates are consistent with previous studies of the nitrogen cycle and productivity of the Sound. However, this paper stresses horizontal exchange and sewage as important and hitherto neglected components of the nutrient budgets in various regions. Estimates of the loss of nitrogen to the sediment are presented for the western, central and eastern regions, from the Sound to the ocean at the eastern end, and into New York Harbor from the upper East River. Sewage effluents are shown to be the prime external source of nutrients for the Sound.
Contributions to Doeblin's theory of Markov processes

a-finite measure for Marker processes which satisfy a certain recurrence condition. In [18] Om~Y obtained various limit theorems under the same recurrence condition. Additional limit theorems have been obtained by JAIN [13] and by OldEr and JA~IIso~ [14]. In [13] a limit theorem from the profound 1940 paper of DOEBLIN [7] was used to verify a conjecture of OREY ([18], page 816). One is led to suspect the existence of deeper connections between DOE]~LIN'S general theory of Marker processes (see [7] and [3]) and the theory of Marker processes satisfying tIAI~I~IS' recurrence condition. Our main purpose in this paper is to exhibit the full extent of this connection. The first section is devoted to notation, definitions and results of a preliminary nature, the most important of which, lemma 2, is a rederivation under weaker conditions of a lemma from DOEBLIN'S 1937 paper [6]. (This last paper is almost unobtainable. That portion of it dealing with processes satisfying what is called "Doeblin's condition" is generalized and presented in chapter V of DooB [8]. The lemma in question corresponds to lemma 5.3 in DOOB'S treatment. OREu was the first to realize that the conclusion of the lemma holds under conditions weaker than DOEBLIN'S: see Theorem 2.1 of [18].) The main results are in the second section. Sharpened forms of the limit theorems of DOWBLIN for the absolutely essential and indecomposable case (section III of [7]) are shown to follow from known results for processes satisfying ttAI~I~IS' recurrence condition. It is shown that what DOEBLIN calls the "anormal" case can arise only when the a-field of measurable sets of the state space is not countably generated. It is also shown that there exists a a-finite invaliant measure which is unique up to a constant multiple. In the third section we deal with the case where there is a afinite measure assigning positive measure to all stochastically closed sets of the state space. Under certain additional conditions invariant measures are shown to exist. In some cases, it is possible to describe completely the class of invariant measures. In the fourth section, it is shown that in the case where the state space is improperly essential an infinite but a-finite subinvariant measure exists. In the fifth section, we study the case where there is a a-finite measure which assigns positive measure to each perpetuable set of the state space. Our results here sharpen the results obtained by DOEBLIN under the same hypothesis. We close by discussing the connection of the results of this last section with some of the current literature.
Aesthetic scrotal reconstruction following extensive Fournier's gangrene using bilateral island pedicled sensate anterolateral thigh flaps: A case report.

Achieving an aesthetic appearance of the scrotum after extensive Fournier’s gangrene is a reconstructive challenge. Testicular coverage is often prioritized over scrotal cosmesis due to the comorbidities typically seen in this patient population. We describe our treatment of a young, healthy male with extensive Fournier’s gangrene, with loss of the scrotum. Bilateral neurotized anterolateral thigh flaps were used to achieve a sensate and aesthetically acceptable result.
Comparisons of simulated with measured transport and transformation of methyl bromide gas in soils

A simulation model is described for the transport of the fumigant, methyl bromide gas, away from injection chisels within the field. The injected methyl bromide is assumed to form cylindrical, parallel sources at the depth of injection. Transport of the methyl bromide is described by radial diffusion from the injection cylinders. The dissolution-distillation of methyl bromide gas in the soil water and on soil particles is accounted for by a first-order reversible kinetic equation or by an equilibrium relationship. The hydrolysis of methyl bromide gas to bromide anion is considered to occur according to a first-order irreversible equation. The model considers cases where the soil surface is and is not covered with an impermeable barrier to the diffusion of the gas. Simulated methyl bromide concentrations in the soil air, and bromide concentrations in the soil, compared reasonably well with measured values from several field sites. Comparison of the results of calculations, with and without plastic barriers at the soil surface, with experimental data, indicate that plastic barriers are ineffective in preventing diffusion of gas from the soil to the atmosphere. Calculations of mass balances show that as much as 70% of the applied methyl bromide had escaped to the atmosphere by 14 days after fumigation.
Urinary excretion of a ninhydrinpositive compound, probably a peptide, after administration of beta-aminoisobutyric acid to the mouse.

INTRAPERITONEAL administration to mice of aqueous solutions of substantial amounts of certain amino-acids, including dl-β-aminoisobutyric acid, was found to cause a marked increase in the taurine concentration of the urine and also an increased total excretion of this compound1.
Superstrings at high temperature.

The behavior of ten-dimensional superstrings at high temperatures is studied by use of the microcanonical ensemble. We focus on closed superstring theories. The massive string excitations alone have negative specific heat. Such a system can reach equilibrium with the zero modes of the string if the energy carried by zero modes is less than a given fraction of the total energy. The temperature can then exceed the Hagedorn temperature. Some consequences for the evolution of the universe are discussed.
Wave attenuation in periodic structures

Abstract A periodic structure acts as a filter for traveling waves of any kind whether they be electromagnetic, acoustic, bending or anything else. This principle has been used to reduce the vibration level in one part of a structure when it is excited at another. For example, certain frequencies from engine excitation can be attenuated in the cabin of an aircraft. In this paper we report analytical methods for predicting the attenuation of bending waves in a dissipationless beam with flexible ribs attached to it. The insertion loss (attenuation) spectra for a wide frequency range are then compared with measured results for test structures with 1 to 15 ribs attached. Some preliminary work was also done on the effect of rib spacing. The width of the attenuation band increased with increasing number of ribs with seven ribs giving almost as wide a band as it had for the infinitely long periodic beam. Since the structure has no dissipation, the attenuation is due solely to interference effects of multiple reflections.
Self-mutilative behavior in adolescents who attempt suicide by overdose.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the cognitive/affective and behavioral symptoms of adolescent suicide attempters with self-mutilative behavior (SMB). Method Adolescents evaluated after a suicide attempt that occurred between 1996 and 2000 were divided into two groups: suicide attempters with a history of SMB ( n = 52) and suicide attempters without SMB ( n = 43). The groups were then compared on psychiatric diagnosis, suicide intent, depression, hopelessness, loneliness, anger, reckless behavior, substance use, and family functioning. Results Carving on the skin and picking at a wound were the most commonly reported SMBs, occurring in about one third of the sample. The SMB group was significantly more likely to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, major depression, and dysthymia and had higher scores on measures of hopelessness, loneliness, anger, risk taking, reckless behavior, and alcohol use than did the non-SMB group. Loneliness increased the odds of SMB almost 6-fold. Conclusions Adolescent suicide attempts with SMB are associated with greater cognitive/affective and behavioral symptoms. Adolescent suicide attempters should be routinely screened for SMB.
Randomized Controlled Trial of CARE: An Intervention to Improve Outcomes of Hospitalized Elders and Family Caregivers

In this randomized controlled trial we tested the efficacy of an intervention program (CARE: Creating Avenues for Relative Empowerment) for improving outcomes of hospitalized older adults and their family caregivers (FCGs). FCG�patient dyads (n ¼ 407) were randomized into two groups. The CARE group received a two-session empowerment-educational program 1�2 days post-admission and 1�3 days pre-discharge. The attention control group received a generic information program during the same timeframe. Follow-up was at 2 weeks and 2 months post-discharge. There were no statistically significant differences in patient or FCG outcomes. However, inconsistent evidence of role outcome differences suggests that CARE may benefit certain FCG subgroups instead of being a one-size-fits-all intervention strategy. Closer examination of CARE�s mechanisms and effects is needed.
Darstellung und elektrochemische Eigenschaften von N,N-disubstitutierten 1-Amino-3-(9-anthryl)-propan-Derivaten

Die Darstellung von 13 N,N-disubstituierten 1-Amino-3-(9-anthryl)-propan-Derivaten 1 a — j und 2 a — c, deren elektrochemisches Verhalten sowie die Spektren der Radikalkationen von 1 a — j werden beschrieben. Wahrend bei der anodischen Oxydation in Acetonitril die Radikalkationen 8 bzw. 9 des Aminteils des Molekuls entstehen, fuhrt die kathodische Reduktion in Dimethylformamid zu den Radikalanionen 11 des Anthracenteils. Eine Wechselwirkung zwischen der Amin- und der Anthracenkomponente konnte bei diesen zur intramolekularen Exciplexbildung befahigten Verbindungen weder fur das Radikalkation noch fur das Radikalanion nachgewiesen werden. Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of N, N-Disubstituted 1-Amino-3-(9-anthryl)-propane Derivatives The preparation and the electrochemical behaviour of 13 N, N-disubstituted 1-amino-3-(9-anthryl)-propane derivatives 1 a — j and 2 a — c is described. By anodic oxidation in acetonitrile the cation radicals 8 or 9 of the amine part of the molecules are formed. The absorption spectra of 8 were measured. The cathodic reduction yields the anion radicals 11 of the anthracene part. Any interaction between the two parts of the molecules, as it was found in the intramolecular exciplex formation of these compounds, could not be detected in the case of the radical ions.
Decreased Sensitivity to the Hypnotic Effects of Ethanol Early in Ontogeny

Sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol was examined in Sprague-Dawley male and female rats at 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, or 96 days postnatally. Following administration of 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 g/kg of a 17% v/v ethanol solution, sleep times were recorded and blood alcohol levels (BALs) and brain alcohol levels (BrALs) were measured upon awakening. In addition to examining ethanol sleep time during ontogeny, data were used to estimate acute tolerance (indexed by the slope of the linear regressions of waking BALs and BrALs as a function of dose) and initial brain sensitivity to ethanol (indexed by calculating the y-intercept from the linear regression of BrALs as a function of sleep time). The results showed a marked increase in sensitivity to ethanol hypnosis during ontogeny, with young animals exhibiting shorter ethanol-induced sleep times and high waking BALs and BrALs. This ontogenetic increase in ethanol sensitivity was associated with a developmental decline in acute tolerance, with acute tolerance being most pronounced at postnatal day (P) 16 and evident only up to P36. Initial sensitivity conversely increased with age, with P16 pups showing lower initial brain sensitivity to ethanol than at all other ages. Gender differences emerged in adulthood, with males sleeping significantly longer than females at P56 and P96. These findings suggest that the marked insensitivity of young animals to the hypnotic effects of ethanol is related to both pronounced acute tolerance, as well as reduced initial brain sensitivity to ethanol early in life.
Avian feather development: Relationships between morphogenesis and keratinization

Morphogenesis and expression of the alpha and beta keratin polypeptides are controlled by epidermal-dermal interactions during development of avian skin derivatives. We have examined the relationship between morphogenesis of the embryonic feather and expression of the feather alpha and beta keratins by routine histology, indirect-immunofluorescence, and SDS-PAGE. Initially beta keratins are expressed only in the feather sheath. Following barb ridge morphogenesis beta keratins can be detected in the barb ridge, coincident with the differentiation of barb ridge cells into eight distinct morphological types. Beta keratinization occurs in gradients; from feather apex to base, and from periphery of the barb ridge to the interior. The onset of beta keratinization in the barb ridges is paralleled by an increase in the major feather beta keratin polypeptides, as detected by SDS-PAGE. The alpha keratins are present in both the periderm and feather sheath at early stages of feather development, but become greatly reduced after hatching, when the down feather emerges from the sheath.
Modification of fatty acid and sterol composition of caprine milk for use as infant formula

Abstract Caprine milk was modified with vegetable oils to simulate the lipid content of human milk (HM) for infant feeding. Five different blends of vegetable oils were prepared and added separately to skimmed caprine milk (SCM) at a rate of 4.4 g oil per 100 mL milk. The unmodified caprine milk (CM), SCM, and the five formulated milks were analyzed for fatty acid profiles and sterol contents by gas chromatography (GC). The formula modified with 2.5/1.1/0.8 (v/v/v) coconut, safflower, and soybean oils had the closest similarity in fatty acid profile to that of HM. The total sterol contents of CM, SCM, HM and the five formulated milk groups were 11.6, 10.4, 19.1, 21.6, 26.6, 26.9, 21.2, and 21.3 mg 100 mL −1 , respectively. The phytosterol contents of the formulated milks were closer to that of HM than the CM. The formulated milks also contained appreciable quantities of stigmasterol, campesterol and beta-sitosterol, as in HM.
A phase I trial of intraperitoneal carboplatin and etoposide with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor support in patients with intraabdominal malignancies.

Background. Although somewhat controversial, there are data to suggest that patients with ovarian cancer may experience a survival advantage if the dose intensity of platinum-containing regimens can be maximized. Administration of chemotherapeutic agents via the intraperitoneal route offers the opportunity to increase dose intensity of several chemotherapeutic agents. Methods. The authors conducted a Phase I trial of intraperitoneal carboplatin and etoposide in combination with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in an attempt to determine the maximum tolerated dose of carboplatin. The starting dose for carboplatin was 300 mg/m2 and for etoposide 400 mg/m2. The dose of carboplatin was escalated while the etoposide was maintained at the initial dose. The total dose of each agent was calculated and given daily over 3 days in amounts equal to one-third of the total dose. On day 1 of therapy, onethird of the dose was mixed in 2 liters of dextrose (D5 W) and administered intraperitoneally (IP) as rapidly as possible. On Days 2 and 3, one-third of the dose was mixed in 1 liter of D5 W and administered similarly. GM-CSF was begun on Day 4 as a subcutaneous injection at a dose of 500 mg/m2/d. Results Unacceptable hematologic toxicity was encountered at a carboplatin dose of 800 mg/m2; therefore, a carboplatin dose of 600 mg/m2 is recommended for Phase II studies. An overall response rate of 54% with a complete response rate of 17% was observed in patients with ovarian cancer. The overall response rate for all patients was 45%. Conclusion. Because of the significant toxicity encountered in this study, it is recommended that this regimen be used only in the context of a clinical study. The recommended Phase II study dose for this combination is carboplatin 600 mg/M2 and a total dose of etoposide 400 mg/M2 total dose given as three equal parts IP over 3 days. GM-CSF should begin on Day 4 at a dose of 500 mg/m2/day subcutaneously and should continue until the absolute neutrophil count is greater than 1000 granulocytes on 3 successive days. Cancer 1994; 74: 664-9
Delayed alternation in monkeys after removal of the hippocampus.

Abstract Sixteen monkeys were tested on spatial delayed alternation following complete removal of the hippocampus. Eight were trained preoperatively while eight received training only postoperatively. The results indicate that the effects of hippocampectomy on delayed alternation are extremely variable. In some instances there is relatively little impairment; in others there is severe impairment. Individual differences appear to be an important factor in determining the severity of the impairment. Some of the possible sources of these individual differences are discussed.
Laser Navigation for Radiofrequency Ablation

A 45-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma secondary to von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) disease presented for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of kidney tumors. Due to his prior history of several partial nephrectomies and limited renal reserve, RFA was chosen because of its relatively nephron-sparing nature. A laser guidance device was used to help guide probe placement in an attempt to reduce procedure time and improve targeting accuracy. The device was successful at guiding needle placement, as both tumors were located with a single pass. Follow-up CT scan confirmed accurate needle placement, showing an area of coagulation necrosis covering the previously seen tumor.
Testing Transferability of a Self-Developed Teaching Effectiveness Measure across Colleges of Business.

(1987). Testing Transferability of a Self-Developed Teaching Effectiveness Measure across Colleges of Business. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 85-100.
Panic disorder in hospitalized cancer patients

Cancer is commonly complicated by psychiatric comorbidity, particularly depression. However, the effects of panic on cancer treatment and cancer patients' quality of life are not well understood. To examine more closely the occurrence of panic attacks and panic disorder in cancer patients, we retrospectively reviewed charts of 106 consecutive psychosomatic consultations of inpatients with cancer at a regional cancer center. Approximately one-fifth of the patient sample presented with panic attacks or panic disorder at the time of the consultation. We present four case examples to demonstrate the potential effect of panic on cancer patients, including requests for cancer treatment discontinuation. We report resolution of panic with benzodiazepine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Frequent face lift sequelae: hollow eyes and the lateral sweep: cause and repair.

Traditional face lift and blepharoplasty techniques are based on two consistent principles. Conventional face lift techniques have always incorporated unopposed lateral vector tissue advancement, which is typical of subcutaneous lifts or rhytidectomies that include the platysma muscle (SMAS) or cheek fat (malar fat). When they are not adequately repositioned, the tissues of the lower eyelid and upper cheek continue to age, which may create a “lateral sweep” of the lower face as those malar soft tissues descend at a more rapid rate than the repositioned SMAS. Removal of the lower eyelid fat in conventional blepharoplasties may also lead to a more hollow-appearing lower eyelid. Hollow eyes and the lateral sweep could be prevented with a rhytidectomy technique that includes orbicularis repositioning and preservation of the lower eyelid fat with an arcus marginalis release. All patients who have been operated on who exhibit these unfavorable signs can have an impressive correction by utilizing the principles of superomedial vector orbicularis repositioning to counter the “lateral sweep” and arcus marginalis release to recreate a youthful shallow and narrow lower eyelid contour. This technique is invaluable to patients seeking secondary surgery to regain harmony of the rejuvenated face. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 102: 1658, 1998.)
Mechanics of stretchable inorganic electronic materials

Electronic systems that offer elastic mechanical responses to high strain deformation are of growing interest due to their ability to enable new applications whose requirements are impossible to satisfy with conventional wafer-based technologies. This article reviews the mechanics of stretchable inorganic materials on compliant substrates. Specifically, three forms of stretchable structures are reviewed. The first one is stretchable ribbon, which provides one-dimensional stretchability. The second is stretchable nanomembranes, which can be stretched in all directions. The last is a noncoplanar mesh design, which has the advantage of providing large stretchability up to and exceeding 100%. Mechanics models and their comparison to experiment are reviewed for these three cases. Such models provide design guidelines for stretchable electronics.
Oxidation Kinetics of Some Nickel-Based Superalloy Foils in Humidified Hydrogen and Electronic Resistance of the Oxide Scale Formed Part II

Foil specimens of Haynes 230, Hastelloy X, Inconel 718, and Inconel 625 of 4.5 mil (∼113 μm) thickness were oxidized in wet hydrogen for several hundred hours at temperatures between 700 and 1100°C. Chromia was determined to be the predominant oxide phase in the scales of these alloys, consistent with the results of a previous study 1 of these alloys in air, as shown using X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. The oxidation kinetics of all the alloys, investigated by thermogravimetry, in a wet hydrogen atmosphere exhibited parabolic behavior. Haynes 230 and Hastelloy X exhibited the slowest oxidation kinetics of all the alloys studied. Further, the oxidation kinetics of all the alloys were faster at 800°C in a wet hydrogen atmosphere compared to oxidation in air at 800°C. However, the oxidation kinetics of these alloys in a wet hydrogen atmosphere were slower than those in air at 1100°C. The oxide scale formed in wet hydrogen exhibited a higher resistance than that formed in air. This result is attributed to the expected p-type conductivity of the oxide scales formed in both air and wet hydrogen.
INTRINSIC STRESS EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH OF PLANAR SIO2 FILMS

We report here on the results of a numerical study on the effects of intrinsic stress on the growth of SiO2 thin films. In accordance with a widely accepted model of stress effects upon silicon oxidation, we assume that the intrinsic stress affects only the oxidant diffusion rate. We examine several different models of stress-assisted diffusion. In the first of these models, the diffusivity is taken to be an exponential function of the stress, whereas in the second, the stress gradient appears as an additional term in the standard diffusion equation. Intrinsic stress effects result in deviations of up to 18% in expected layer thickness, depending upon the mode of oxidation and the diffusion model adopted. The implications of these results for the measurement of diffusion coefficients in SiO2 films are discussed.
High-Speed Arithmetic Arrays

High-speed multifunction arithmetic arrays for multiplication, division, square and square-root operations are presented in this paper. These arrays seem attractive due to their versatility and speed. A recently described quotient-bit evaluation technique that uses the carry-save method in a nonuniform division array is extended here for the restoring-division process. This array includes the multiplication process as well, and the division time approaches that of multiplication. The design objective of multifunctional arithmetic arrays precludes consideration of other high-speed division techniques. A further extension of the restoring division process is shown to make the design of an array for square/square-root operation straightforward. The two underlying arrays can be coalesced to perform any one of the four operations. Possible methods of merging the arrays, with their relative merits, are also discussed. For illustration purposes, complete internal details of such a generalized pipelined array for 4-bit operation is included in this paper. Due consideration is also given to the possibility of large-scale integration of the different arrays illustrated in this paper.
Scaling and Systems Considerations in Pulsed Inductive Plasma Thrusters

Performance scaling in pulsed inductive thrusters is discussed in the context of previous experimental studies and modeling results. Two processes, propellant ionization and acceleration, are interconnected, where overall thruster performance and operation are concerned, but they are separated here to gain physical insight into each process and arrive at quantitative criteria that should be met to address or mitigate inherent inductive thruster difficulties. The use of preionization to lower the discharge energy relative to the case where no preionization is employed, and to influence the location of the initial current sheet, is described. The relevant performance scaling parameters for the acceleration stage are reviewed, emphasizing their physical importance and the numerical values required for efficient acceleration. The scaling parameters are then related to the design of the acceleration coil and the pulsed power train that provides current to the acceleration stage. An accurate numerical technique that allows computation of the inductance of a planar acceleration coil using an axisymmetric magnetostatic solver is described and validated against measured coil inductance values. Requirements for the pulsed power train are reviewed. Several power train and circuit topologies are described, highlighting the impact that each can have on inductive thruster performance and on systems issues associated with high-current switching, lifetime, and power consumption.
Psychophysiology of self-regulated phobic thoughts

The responses of 12 phobic subjects to both phobic and nonphobic thoughts were compared with responses of 12 nonphobic subjects to the same conditions. The stimulus for both groups of subjects was a self-generated subvocal statement. This was followed by an interval in which the subject formed an image of the stimulus. The only external cue during the time-locked procedure was a tone which signaled the subject when to produce the statement and the image. The results suggest that internally elicited cognitive activity and physiological responses are major components in the expression of fear. The results provide substantive evidence that self-regulated thoughts have pronounced effects on an individual's physiological and psychological functioning and have implications for the self-regulation therapies.
Effect of processing on the content of condensed tannins in rapeseed meals.

The condensed tannins of rapeseed meals produced by a two-phase solvent extraction system were determined and compared with those of hexane-extracted meals. Ground seeds were extracted with absolute methanol, 95% methanol, 10% (w/w) ammonia in methanol or 10% (w/w) ammonia in 95% methanol and hexane as a second phase. Tannins were extracted with 70% (v/v) aqueous acetone and assayed by the 0.5% vanillin methodology. Methanol alone extracted only 16% of the tannins; addition of 5% (v/v) water to methanol increased the efficiency of tannin extraction to 36%. The methanol-ammonia-water/hexane, however, was the most effective solvent system for the removal of tannins. The resultant meals contained from 4% to 33% of the condensed tannins which were originally present in rapeseed meals.
Countercurrent gradient chromatography: A continuous focusing technique.

The continuous separation of proteins was performed in a countercurrent gradient chromatography (CGC) system. A magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) was used to establish true countercurrent contact of a solid resin with a liquid buffer. Stable pH gradients were formed in the system in less than 10 min and remained stable throughout the course of the separation experiment (>2 h). The shape of the pH gradient, which ultimately controls the resolution and purity of the separation, can be controlled by making simple adjustments in the interstitial velocities of the liquid and solid phases. We have performed the separation of myoglobin and human serum albumin (HSA) using this device and achieved concentration factors of 1.75 for myoglobin and 1.2 for HSA. A mathematical model that has no adjustable parameters has been developed that predicts the focusing behavior and capabilities of the CGC system. Using the model, we have estimated the optimum phase velocities, particle diameters, and equilibrium parameters necessary for achieving high purity and high concentrations.
Using program theory to replicate successful programs

Program theory evaluation can provide the kind of detailed information about what aspects of a program lead to success that is needed to replicate programs in new and varied settings.
Passions in girls and women: toward a bridge between critical relational theory of gender and modern conflict theory.

This paper considers (1) some aspects of the lack of dialogue among psychoanalytic schools; (2) Brenner's (1982) conception of drives and drive derivatives as inextricably linked to relationships, ...
Structuring cooperative relationships between organizations

Alliances and similar cooperative efforts are receiving increased attention in the strategic management literature. These relationships differ in significant ways from those governed by markets or hierarchies, and pose very different issues for researchers and managers. In this paper we address alternative forms of governance in cases where multiple organizations repeatedly cooperate. We explore their characteristics and follow this with a discussion of criteria which we believe bear on the choice of governance: risk and reliance on trust. We offer propositions on relationships between these criteria and the choice of governance mechanisms. In the concluding section of the paper we explore the implications of our analysis for managers and scholars.
Progressive Decrease of Left Superior Temporal Gyrus Gray Matter Volume in Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia

Objective: Smaller temporal lobe cortical gray matter volumes, including the left superior temporal gyrus, have been reported in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of patients with chronic schizophrenia and, more recently, in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. However, it remains unknown whether there are progressive decreases in temporal lobe cortical gray matter volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and whether similarly progressive volume decreases are present in patients with affective psychosis. Method: High-spatial-resolution MRI scans at initial hospitalization and 1.5 years later were obtained from 13 patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 15 patients with first-episode affective psychosis (mainly manic), and 14 healthy comparison subjects. MRI volumes were calculated for gray matter of superior temporal gyrus and for the amygdala-hippocampal complex. Results: Patients with first-episode schizophrenia showed significant decreases in gray matter volume over time in the left superior temporal gyrus compared with patients with first-episode affective psychosis or healthy comparison subjects. This progressive decrease was more pronounced in the posterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus (mean=9.6%) than in the anterior portions (mean= 8.4%). No group differences in the rate of change over time were present in other regions. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a progressive volume reduction of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus gray matter in patients with first-episode schizophrenia but not in patients with first-episode affective psychosis.
Social Networks and Employment: Mechanisms (Part 1)

While substantial progress has recently been made in the literature on social networks and employment, this research has not been accompanied by a larger organizing framework. In this article, we attempt to provide such framework while reviewing the literature that addresses the context of work and employment from a social network perspective – that is, research based on the assumption that actors are embedded in networks of social relations and interactions. In particular, our review focuses on the primary mechanisms that help explain how networks may shape employment outcomes and processes, namely, by conveying resources and providing signals to others. Ties among social actors may transfer better or unique resources such as information, learning, influence, and support, which consequently may affect key employment outcomes. Ties may also provide signals concerning ability, legitimacy/trust, status, and relationship meaning. We conclude by presenting a number of alternative arguments in the literature and discussing future directions for the research on social networks and employment.
NKT cell-derived RANTES recruits APCs and CD8+ T cells to the spleen during the generation of regulatory T cells in tolerance

The induction of peripheral tolerance via immune privileged sites such as the eye requires splenic colocalization of NKT cells and CD1d(+) tolerogenic F4/80(+) APCs, both of which are needed for the generation of CD8(+)-regulatory T (Tr) cells. Whereas tolerogenic APCs secrete the chemokine macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 for the purpose of recruiting NKT cells, the signals responsible for recruiting potential Tr cells and additional APCs to the spleen are not known. Here we examined the ability of CD1d-stimulated NKT cells to produce chemokines that can recruit other cells needed for tolerance. Our results show that NKT cells stimulated by either CD1d-transfected fibroblasts in vitro or CD1d(+) tolerogenic APCs both in vivo and ex vivo produced RANTES in a CD1d-dependent manner. The requirement for RANTES in tolerance was demonstrated by studies in which RANTES blockade in vivo prevented not only APC accumulation in the spleen but also the generation of CD8(+) Tr cells that suppress Th1 immunity. Thus, CD1d-restricted NKT cells provide critical signals for orchestrating the accumulation of cells needed for tolerance induction. These data expand our current knowledge of RANTES beyond its role in Th1 immune responses to show its importance in tolerance induction and add a novel aspect to our understanding of the role of NKT cells in tolerance. Understanding the precise mechanisms involved in tolerance induction may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies for autoimmunity and graft rejection.
Prevention in the Decline of Membrane-Associated Functions in Immune Cells During Aging by Food Restriction

In the past two decades, there has been considerable interest in the role of food restriction (FR) in delaying the progression of immune deficiency and in preventing rise in chronic diseases with aging (Walford et al. 1973; Fernandes et al. 1976, 1990b; Yu et al. 1985; Good and Gazzar 1986; Weindruch and Walford 1988; Masoro 1988). Though FR has been well accepted as an approach for prolonging life span and delaying the aging process in rodents, the precise mechanisms through which FR delays aging and, particularly, the loss of immune function, are still not clearly understood.
Human-agent teaming for robot management in multitasking environments

In the current experiment, we simulated a multitasking environment and evaluated the effects of an intelligent agent, RoboLeader, on the performance of human operators who had the responsibility of managing the plans/routes for three vehicles (their own manned ground vehicle, an aerial robotic vehicle, and a ground robotic vehicle) while maintaining proper awareness of their immediate environment (i.e., threat detection). Results showed that RoboLeader's level of autonomy had a significant impact on participants' concurrent target detection task. Participants detected more targets in the Semi-Auto and Full-Auto conditions than in the Manual condition. Participants reported significantly higher workload in the Manual condition than in the two RoboLeader conditions (Semi-Auto and Full-Auto). Operator spatial ability also had a significant impact on target detection and situation awareness performance measures.
Brain Drain, Invader, Virus, Traveler: On the Evolution of Industrial–Organizational Psychology

Aguinis, Bradley, and Brodersen (2014) write of the apparent migration of industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists to business schools and raise questions about the value and consequences of such migration. As a scholar in a school of business I found this article to be provocative, stimulating, and even surprising (my own eye opener). For example, it caused me to consider the important, and often underevaluated, distinctions between disciplines and departmental loci, fundamental differences (and similarities) between psychology and business, and the growth, decline, and general evolution of disciplines. Although I have spent more than 40 years as a faculty member in the Wisconsin School of Business, I see myself as similar in many ways to scholars in I–O psychology departments. I have published in psychology journals such as Psychological Bulletin, Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, and Industrial and Organizational Psychology; have served for many years on the editorial review board of the Journal of Applied Psychology; and have presented at Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) and Association for Psychological Science (APS) meetings. I have regularly taught courses and seminars on I–O psychology and related organizational behavior (OB) topics for decades.
Proof and Policy from Medical Research Evidence

When judging the benefits and harms of health care and predicting patient prognosis, clinicians, researchers, and others must consider many types of evidence. Medical research evidence is part of the required knowledge base, and practitioners of evidence-based medicine must attempt to integrate the best available clinical evidence from systematic research with health professionals' expertise and patients' rights to be informed about diagnostic and therapeutic options available to them. Judging what constitutes sound evidence can be difficult because of, among other things, the sheer quantity, diversity, and complexity of medical evidence available today; the various scientific methods that have been advanced for assembling, evaluating, and interpreting such information; and the guides for applying medical research evidence to individual patients' situations. Recommendations based on sound research can then be brought forward as either guidelines or standards, and criteria exist by which valid guidelines and standards can be developed and promulgated. Nonetheless, gaps and deficiencies exist in current guidelines and in the methods for finding and synthesizing evidence. Interpreting and judging medical research involves subjective, not solely explicit, processes. Thus, developments in evidence-based medicine are an aid, but not a panacea, for definitively establishing benefits and harms of medical care, and the contributions that medical research evidence can make in any clinical or legal situation must be understood in a context in which judgment and values, understanding of probability, and tolerance for uncertainty all play a role.