cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Task Subjectivity and Risk of Material Misstatement on Auditors’ Configural Processing in Internal Audit Reliance Judgments

Using a field-based questionnaire administered to practicing auditors, we examine how auditors simultaneously combine the key planning variables, client-level misstatement risk (comprised of inherent risk and control risk) with account-level subjectivity, when utilizing internal audit as a cost management tool. We contend that auditor use of internal audit will reflect a balance between the potential for efficiency gains and the implications regarding audit effectiveness. Prior internal audit research has primarily focused on lower and higher risk conditions with relatively few studies examining the implications of moderate risk scenarios on internal audit use. Data on actual audits from an instrument administered to external auditors reveal significant differences in reliance decisions across lower, moderate, and higher misstatement risk levels. Our results reveal that increases in account-level subjectivity have no effect on auditors’ internal audit reliance judgments when risk of material misstatement is at lower levels. However, auditors increase their internal audit reliance when account-level subjectivity increases across moderate misstatement risk. Finally, our results suggest that auditors decrease their internal audit reliance when account subjectivity increases across higher misstatement risk. By examining these risk variables in combination, we provide insight into the complexities associated with external auditors’ internal audit usage decisions in the post-SOX era. This research should be of interest to practitioners given PCAOB’s limited guidance on how multiple risk factors should be combined when utilizing internal audit.
THE CANTERBURY ELECTION OF 1626 AND PARLIAMENTARY SELECTION REVISITED

In 1626, after losing a bitterly fought parliamentary election in Canterbury, Thomas Scott wrote Canterburie cittizens. Initially, he planned to present it to the House of Commons, but the text quickly became too lengthy and, most importantly, too controversial in its assessments. Scholars can only be glad that he produced such an extensive account of the contest. His book allows us to see how the ‘Rule-alls’ on the corporation, dominated by brewers and innkeepers, struggled against Scott's humbler supporters. As Scott makes abundantly clear, this contest was not a result of any chance misunderstanding; rather it stemmed from long-standing divisions within the city which emerged at the 1621 elections and continued well into the Civil War. For days before the election, a group of godly ministers sought to rally votes for Scott, while the ‘Rule-alls’ systematically bullied voters into line. Consequently, although Scott had the largest numbers of supporters at the election, some were too frightened to voice their support loudly. After discussing this episode in detail, the article will reassess the literature on early Stuart elections and particularly, Mark Kishlansky's 1986 book, Parliamentary selections.
Ion current and carbon monoxide release from an impinging methane/air coflow flame in an electric field

Abstract This research examines changes in the ion current and the release of carbon monoxide (CO) from surface-impinging coflow diffusion flames when subjecting those flames to high DC electric fields. Carbon monoxide results from the incomplete oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels and, while CO can be desirable in some syngas processes, it is usually a dangerous emission from forest fires, gas heaters, stoves, or furnaces where the core reaction insufficiently oxidizes the fuel to carbon dioxide and water. Electrical aspects of flames, specifically, the production of chemi-ions in hydrocarbon flames and the convective flows driven by these ions, have been investigated in ranges of application, and this research examines the use of electric fields as one mechanism for governing combustion as flames are partially extinguished when impinging on nearby surfaces. We evaluate the ion current and study the flame behavior at saturation current in response to the impinging plate location. We also measure the changes in CO emission, as correlated with variations in flame structure observed using OH chemiluminescence and OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF), as a function of burner-to-plate distance and electrical potential applied to the flame. Three major saturation current impact regions in plate distance is observed, and it uses chemiluminescence with PLIF to illuminate the relative locations of the peak heat release zone and the extended oxidative zone changing by external electric fields. The results show that CO release correlates strongly with changes in location and extent of high concentration regions of OH in the surface-impinging diffusion flames. The results also show that electric fields affect the CO emission but that the burner-to-plate distance has the dominant influence. The detailed findings indicate that a continuous monitor of ion current from the flame to the impinging surface can be an effective sensing index of flame behavior and CO emission.
Large variation in periphyton δ13C and δ15N values in the upper Great Lakes: Correlates and implications

Abstract Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) are frequently used to examine food web structure. Despite periphyton's importance to lake food webs, little is known about spatial variation of periphyton δ13C and δ15N values in the Great Lakes. We present periphyton δ13C and δ15N values from 28 sites the upper Great Lakes, including Lake Superior, the north shore of Lake Michigan, and Green Bay. We also examined variation in periphyton isotope values relative to several water quality parameters (TP, TN, TKN, NO3−, Kd) as well as periphyton C:N. There was a large range in both periphyton δ13C (range = 13.5‰) and δ15N (range = 10.2‰) among sites. Periphyton in more eutrophic sites had more depleted δ13C and more enriched δ15N compared to more oligotrophic sites. Our finding of high variability in periphyton isotope values in the Upper Great Lakes has implications for stable isotope-based reconstructions of food web structure.
Fast Determination of Phase Stability of Hydrates Using Intrinsic Dissolution Rate Measurements

The critical water activity (aw,c) at a fixed temperature and transition temperature (Tt) in water between an anhydrate and its corresponding hydrate determine their physical stability. Hence, thei...
Research Note: Evaluation of boric acid as a chemoprophylaxis candidate to prevent histomoniasis

Abstract Histomoniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis, is a disease to which turkeys are especially susceptible. Currently, no chemoprophylaxis compounds are available to mitigate this disease. Boric acid (BA) exhibits antifungal, antiseptic, and antiviral properties and has been used in the treatment of yeast infections. Based on these characteristics, an experiment was conducted to evaluate whether BA might be an efficacious prophylaxis against challenge with wild-type H. meleagridis (WTH). On day-of-hatch, poults were randomly assigned to either a basal control diet or a BA diet (basal diet + 0.2% BA). Groups consisted of a nonchallenged control (NC; basal diet), 0.2% BA + challenge (BA; 0.2% BA diet), and a positive-challenged control (PC; basal diet). On day 21, challenged groups were intracloacally inoculated with 2 × 105 WTH cells/turkey, and lesions were evaluated on day 14 postchallenge. Individual body weights were recorded on day 0, 21, and 35 to calculate the prechallenge and postchallenge body weight gain (BWG). The BA group resulted in lower prechallenge day 0 to day 21 BWG (P = 0.0001) than the NC group. Postchallenge day 21 to day 35, BWG was also lower (P = 0.0503) in the BA group than the PC group. No differences between the BA and PC groups were detected for mortalities associated with histomoniasis. Moreover, liver and cecal lesions were not statistically different between the BA and PC groups. Taken together, these data suggest that BA was not efficacious in the prevention or reduction of histomoniasis disease severity when provided at 0.2% dietary concentration under these experimental conditions.
Damage sensing using a mechanophore crosslinked epoxy resin in single-fiber composites

Abstract Fiber fracture is a major contributor for the initiation of failure in fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The purpose of this study was to identify where damage occurs when a fiber fractures in a composite. Because this dynamic event occurs in less than 100 1ns, obtaining experimental evidence has been prohibitively difficult. Here, we report a novel method using a model composite, comprised of a spirolactam-based mechanophore-functionalized epoxy resin with a single embedded glass fiber. The ductile epoxy matrix is loaded under tension, which transfers load through interfacial shearing to the embedded brittle fiber, causing the fiber to break into segments. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is used to visualize regions of mechanophore activation and quantify changes in the dye's local environment such as relaxations on the nanosecond timescale. FLIM of these single fiber fragmentation test (SFFT) samples reveals localized damage zones in the epoxy matrix, not only at the point of fiber fragmentation, but also at distances remote from the fracture site that extend radially into the matrix up to two fiber diameters. The average mechanophore lifetime in the bulk epoxy is (1.5 ± 0.5) ns and in the damage regions is (0.75 ± 0.15) ns. This new data reveals the existence of polymer matrix yielding, which occurs during the fiber fracture event, and agrees with a dynamic model that predicts yielding behavior in the matrix during fracture. These results suggest that the damage from fiber fracture is more extensive than previously recognized. This new approach can be used to elucidate damage in other mechanical tests. The subsequent insights into composite damage mechanisms promises to dramatically accelerate the development of tough, durable, and damage tolerant composites.
Risk assessment of Salmonella in broiler chicken

OBJECTIVE To assess the risk of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella in broiler chickens from retail to table, and to find effective preventive measures according to the risk assessment results. METHODS Using dose-response model and Combase database, to evaluate the chicken-Salmonella poisoning risk through the crosscontamination in the kitchen with @ RISK by combining monitoring data of broiler chickens in Heilongjiang Province and related data. RESULTS According to the results of the quantitative risk assessment, there was a high risk of chicken-Salmonella poisoning because of cross-contamination in the kitchen. Scenario analysis suggested that, if the raw chicken was frozen or refrigerated storage in retail, the average risk of chicken-Salmonella poisoning can be reduced 1/5. CONCLUSION The risk of Chinese residents suffering from chicken-Salmonella poisoning will be reduced effectively by using cold chain management of raw chicken in retail.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Over-the-Scope Clip as Initial Treatment of Severe Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Background and Aims No prior randomized controlled trial (RCT) has reported patient outcomes of large over-the-scope clip (OTSC) compared to standard hemostasis as initial endoscopic treatment of severe NVUGIB. This was our study aim. Methods Patients with bleeding ulcers or Dieulafoy’s lesions and major stigmata of hemorrhage - SRH (active spurting bleeding, visible vessel, or clot) - or lesser SRH (oozing bleeding or flat spots – with arterial blood flow by Doppler probe) were randomized to OTSC or standard endoscopic hemostasis (with hemoclips or multipolar electrocoagulation – MPEC). Patients and their healthcare providers were blinded to treatments and made all post-randomization management decisions. Ulcer patients received high dose intravenous infusions of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for 3 days, then 27 days of oral PPI. 30 day outcomes were prospectively recorded; data management was with SAS; and data analysis was by a statistician. Results 53 patients (25 OTSC, 28 Standard) were randomized, with similar baseline risk factors. However, there were significant differences in OTSC vs. Standard groups in rates of rebleeding (4% vs. 28.6%; p = .017; relative risk 0.10, 95% confidence intervals 0.01, 0.91; number needed to treat 4); severe complications (0 % vs. 14.3%); and post-randomization units of red cell transfusions (0.04 vs. 0.68). All rebleeds occurred in patients with major SRH and none with lesser SRH. Conclusion 1. OTSC significantly reduced rates of rebleeding, severe complications, and post-randomization red cell transfusions. 2. Patients with major stigmata benefited significantly from hemostasis with OTSC, but those with lesser stigmata did not. ( ClinicalTrials.gov , Number: NCT03065465 ).
The Impact of Nursing Staff on Satisfaction Scores for U.S. Hospitals: A Production Function Approach:

Hospitals have increasingly relied on nurse assistants to support nurses in the provision of patient care, yet knowledge about their contributions to the patient experience in U.S. hospitals is limited. We address this issue by exploring the impact of nurse assistants and registered nurses on an array of patient satisfaction measures from the Medicare Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems. Using linked data for 2,807 hospitals from 2008 to 2016, we employ a production function approach to estimate and plot marginal impact curves for both nurse assistants and registered nurses. We find that although registered nurses are more impactful, nurse assistants are the more underdeployed staffing category. We also find that after meeting certain thresholds for minimal hours, nurse assistants have a comparative advantage in improving patient satisfaction scores in the housekeeping and patient support domain. Given their lower labor costs, further employment of nurse assistants may be warranted.
Communication-Optimal Parallel Standard and Karatsuba Integer Multiplication in the Distributed Memory Model.

We present COPSIM a parallel implementation of standard integer multiplication for the distributed memory setting, and COPK a parallel implementation of Karatsuba's fast integer multiplication algorithm for a distributed memory setting. When using $\mathcal{P}$ processors, each equipped with a local non-shared memory, to compute the product of tho $n$-digits integer numbers, under mild conditions, our algorithms achieve optimal speedup of the computational time. That is, $\mathcal{O}\left(n^2/\mathcal{P}\right)$ for COPSIM, and $\mathcal{O}\left(n^{\log_2 3}/\mathcal{P}\right)$ for COPK. The total amount of memory required across the processors is $\mathcal{O}\left(n\right)$, that is, within a constant factor of the minimum space required to store the input values. We rigorously analyze the Input/Output (I/O) cost of the proposed algorithms. We show that their bandwidth cost (i.e., the number of memory words sent or received by at least one processors) matches asymptotically corresponding known I/O lower bounds, and their latency (i.e., the number of messages sent or received in the algorithm's critical execution path) is asymptotically within a multiplicative factor $\mathcal{O}\left(\log^2_2 \mathcal{P}\right)$ of the corresponding known I/O lower bounds. Hence, our algorithms are asymptotically optimal with respect to the bandwidth cost and almost asymptotically optimal with respect to the latency cost.
Predicting the development of adverse cardiac events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using machine learning.

Abstract Background: Only a subset of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) develop adverse cardiac events – e.g., end-stage heart failure, cardiovascular death. Current risk stratification methods are imperfect, limiting identification of high-risk patients with HCM. Our aim was to improve the prediction of adverse cardiac events in patients with HCM using machine learning methods. Methods: We applied modern machine learning methods to a prospective cohort of adults with HCM. The outcome was a composite of death due to heart failure, heart transplant, and sudden death. As the reference model, we constructed logistic regression model using known predictors. We determined 20 predictive characteristics based on random forest classification and a priori knowledge, and developed 4 machine learning models. Results Of 183 patients in the cohort, the mean age was 53 (SD = 17) years and 45% were female. During the median follow-up of 2.2 years (interquartile range, 0.6–3.8), 33 subjects (18%) developed an outcome event, the majority of which (85%) was heart transplant. The predictive accuracy of the reference model was 73% (sensitivity 76%, specificity 72%) while that of the machine learning model was 85% (e.g., sensitivity 88%, specificity 84% with elastic net regression). All 4 machine learning models significantly outperformed the reference model – e.g., area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve 0.79 with the reference model vs. 0.93 with elastic net regression (p Conclusions: Compared with conventional risk stratification, the machine learning models demonstrated a superior ability to predict adverse cardiac events. These modern machine learning methods may enhance identification of high-risk HCM subpopulations.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used as the last resort for primary graft dysfunction (PGD). The aim of this study is to explore the predictors and outcomes for early mortality in postlung transplant patients who required ECMO for PGD. Between January 2006 and December 2015, 1,049 cases of lung transplantation were performed at our center. Ninety-six patients required ECMO support after lung transplantation, 52 patients (54%) had PGD. Seven patients (13.5%) required venoarterial ECMO due to concomitant hemodynamical instability, and the others required venovenous ECMO. The patients were on ECMO for 5.00 ± 10.6 days. Forty-four patients (84.6%) were successfully decannulated. The 90 day, 1 year, and 5 year survival of patients who required ECMO for PGD after lung transplantation were 67.3%, 50.0%, and 31.5%, respectively. Cox regression indicated that when the patient was placed on ECMO later than 48 hours after transplantation, the patient could have higher in-house mortality (hazard ratio, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.21-6.43) and also higher 3 year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.13-4.68) regardless of the patients' preoperative conditions or complexity of lung transplantation. Earlier recognition of PGD and initiation of ECMO may be beneficial in this population.
The Place of Competition in American Election Law, in the Marketplace of Democracy

This forthcoming book chapter defines the problem of diminished political competition, describes the relevant legal analogies concerning regulation of economic competition, and explains how the law shapes the competitive environment for elections. It also details how Supreme Court justices have sometimes tried to incorporate competitiveness concerns into their election law decisions in cases concerning ballot access, redistricting, campaign finance, party reform, and term limits. For the most part, constitutional law proves to be both a blunt and a coarse instrument for addressing excesses of partisan greed or self-interest, but justices of varying ideological leanings have invoked such concerns (usually in dissent) to highlight why one or another election law violates the Constitution.
Health as Normal Function: a Weak Link in Daniels's Theory of Just Health Distribution

Drawing on Christopher Boorse's Biostatistical Theory (BST), Norman Daniels contends that a genuine health need is one which is necessary to restore normal functioning - a supposedly objective notion which he believes can be read from the natural world without reference to potentially controversial normative categories. But despite his claims to the contrary, this conception of health harbors arbitrary evaluative judgments which make room for intractable disagreement as to which conditions should count as genuine health needs and therefore which needs should be met. I begin by offering a brief summary of Boorse's BST, the theory to which Daniels appeals for providing the conception of health as normal functioning upon which his overall distributive scheme rests. Next, I consider what I call practical objections to Daniels's use of Boorse's theory. Finally I recount Elseljin Kingma's theoretical objection to Boorse's BST and discuss its impact on Daniels's overall theory. Though I conclude that Boorse's view, so weakened, will no longer be able to sustain the judgments which Daniels's theory uses it to reach, in the end, I offer Daniels an olive branch by briefly sketching an alternative strategy for reaching suitably objective conclusions regarding the health and/or disease status of various conditions.
The adult eosinophilic oesophagitis quality of life questionnaire: a new measure of health-related quality of life.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 790–798 Summary Background Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoO) is a chronic disease characterised by significant symptoms and challenging treatment regimens. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful way to direct patient care. EoO symptoms and treatment may impact patient HRQOL. Currently, there is no reliable and valid measure of adult EoO patient HRQOL. Aim To validate the Adult Eosinophilic Oesophagitis Quality of Life (EoO-QOL-A) questionnaire as a measure of HRQOL in this population. Methods The EoO patients aged 18–70 recruited via an out-patient GI clinic and two EoO advocacy groups completed the preliminary EoO-QOL-A, demographic and clinical information, and measures of general HRQOL, psychological distress and EoO symptom severity. A subset of patients completed test–retest assessments. Scale reliability, internal consistency, factor structure, concurrent and convergent validity were evaluated. Results A total of 201 patients have participated. The study sample was primarily Caucasian, college-educated, and evenly split by gender. The average duration of disease was 7 years with duration of symptoms of 26 months prior to diagnosis. Patients reported were using both pharmacological and dietary treatments. Factor analysis yielded a 37-item, 5-factor structure: Eating/Diet Impact, Social Impact, Emotional Impact, Disease Anxiety and Choking Anxiety. The EoO-QOL-A demonstrated excellent internal consistency, split-half and test–retest reliability. Concurrent and convergent validity were supported by moderate correlations with established HRQOL measures, psychological distress and oesophageal symptoms. Conclusions The EoO-QOL-A is a valid and reliable disease-specific HRQOL measure for adult EoO patients. Developing the Adult Eosinophilic Oesophagitis Quality of Life is an important step in guiding treatment practices, improving disease education and standardising research protocols.
Brain Gαi2-subunit proteins and the prevention of salt sensitive hypertension

To counter the development of salt-sensitive hypertension multiple brain G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) systems are activated to facilitate sympathoinhibition, sodium homeostasis and normotension. Currently there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the role of down-stream GPCR-activated Gα-subunit proteins in these critically important physiological regulatory responses required for long-term blood pressure regulation. We have determined that brain Gαi2-proteins mediate natriuretic and sympathoinhibitory responses produced by acute pharmacological (exogenous central nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor and α2-adrenoceptor activation) and physiological challenges to sodium homeostasis (intravenous volume expansion and 1M sodium load) in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. We have demonstrated in salt-resistant rat phenotypes, high dietary salt intake evokes site-specific up-regulation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) Gαi2–proteins. Further, we established that PVN Gαi2 protein up-regulation prevents the development of, renal nerve-dependent sympathetically mediated salt-sensitive hypertension in Sprague-Dawley and Dahl salt-resistant rats. Additionally, failure to up-regulate PVN Gαi2 proteins during high salt-intake contributes to the pathophysiology of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. Collectively, our data demonstrate that brain, likely PVN specific, Gαi2 protein pathways represent a central molecular pathway mediating sympathoinhibitory renal-nerve dependent responses evoked to maintain sodium homeostasis and a salt-resistant phenotype. Further, impairment of this endogenous “anti-hypertensive” mechanism contributes to the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Anatomic correlates of supra-normal ankle brachial indices.

Background Supra-normal ankle brachial index (ABI) (>1.40), poses diagnostic challenges to determine the presence, location, and severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The anatomic distribution of PAD in patients with elevated ABI has not been previously described. Methods A retrospective review of all patients referred to the Massachusetts General Hospital vascular diagnostic laboratory from 5 January 2006 to 12 January 2011 who had both a supra-normal ABI and contrast arteriography (CA) within 3 months of each other is reported. Angiographic patterns were described using the Trans Atlantic Inter Society Consensus II (TASC II) classification. Results One-hundred sixteen limbs were analyzed in 92 patients. Mean age was 71.6 years (±11.2); 81.5% (75/92) were male; 85.9% Caucasian (79/92); 67.4% diabetics (62/92); 78.3% hypertensive (72/92); 67.4% hypercholesterolemic (62/92); and 64.1% were current or former tobacco users (59/92). Chronic hemodialysis was present in 18.5% (17/92) and 15.2% (14/92) received chronic corticosteroids. Intermittent claudication was present in 46.7% (43/92) and critical limb ischemia in 52.2% (48/92). Aortoiliac, femoral and infra-popliteal involvement per angiography occurred in 14.9% (15/101), 56.1% (60/107), and 84.0% (84/100), respectively. Multilevel disease was present in 48.8% (42/86) of patients. PAD was absent in 4.7% (4/86) of patients. Toe brachial index <0.7 was found in 92% (92/100) of patients with angiographically confirmed PAD. Conclusion In symptomatic patients referred to a vascular laboratory who were found to have supra-normal ABI, nearly one half exhibited multilevel PAD, and over 80% had infrapopliteal involvement. A supra-normal ABI in such patients mandates evaluation for the presence and extent of PAD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology

One of the things that distinguishes science from nonscientific discourse is the incorporation of its hypotheses into theoretical structures. Like parapsychology, the study of human evolution lacks theoretical content and connections. This lack is due, in part, to the collapse of the classical primatological synthesis in the 1970s. It is due in larger measure to a persistent anthropological focus on human uniqueness as the phenomenon to be explained. Such supposedly unique human features as large brains, language, conceptual thinking, and upright bipedalism are uniquely human by definition rather than as a matter of empirical fact. Much scientific effort and ingenuity has gone into redefining such characteristics whenever discoveries about other animals have posed a threat to human uniqueness. But since by definition qualitatively unique phenomena do not conform to overarching laws that apply to similar cases, they must remain theoretically inexplicable. Paleoanthropology should aim at increasing its theoretical content by reducing the list of qualitative human uniquenesses-and eliminating it altogether if possible.
Low-Temperature Resonance Raman Scattering from Iodide Adsorbed on Nanostructured Silver Surfaces

An overtone progression was observed in Raman scattering spectra from iodide-modified, electrochemically roughened silver surfaces at low temperatures. Spectral intensities of the bands were found to vary with the degree of surface roughening, whereas vibrational frequencies remained highly conserved. Both surface-enhanced and resonance scattering phenomena contribute to observed band intensities when excited in the spectral region between 406 and 415 nm. It is suggested that the progression originates from I2-like species that are formed on small silver clusters at low temperatures under irradiation. This complex can be viewed as a supermolecule in which the electronic resonance is determined by the size of the cluster and I−I stretch represents a normal mode of the molecule.
Always dying : Living between da and fort

This is a performative writing essay that reflects on Peggy Phelan’s thesis from Mourning Sex that theatre is a rehearsal for death. Using the Freudian frame of da (there) and fort (gone), the essay moves between presence and absence, between aesthetic performances and everyday performances, and between life and death.
Taylor rules and technology shocks

Abstract In New Keynesian models, Taylor rules move real rates in the same direction as the natural rate, but less than one-for-one. Permanent, positive technology shocks raise the natural rate—policy is expansionary and hours rise relative to the flexible price case.
The incidence of mast cells in selected oral lesions.

Abstract Biopsy specimens of human mucosa from normal tissue, benign hyperkeratosis, dyskeratosis, low-grade epidermoid carcinoma, and medium-high-grade carcinoma were sectioned and stained selectively for mast cells with toluidine blue. No significant difference in mast cell number was observed between normal tissue and benign hyperkeratotic and dyskeratotic tissues. An increase in number of mast cells was observed in low-grade carcinoma. The possibility of an immunologic cause for this increase is suggested. The medium-high-grade carcinomas showed a decrease in mast cell number. This is consistent with earlier observations and is attributed to an unfavorable cellular environment.
A simple in vitro technique to measure the release of endogenous dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid from striatal tissue using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

An easily constructed, inexpensive and simple system is described for the superfusion of neural tissue. To characterize the system, the dynamics of endogenous dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid release from striatal tissue were studied before and after exposure to potassium, amphetamine or cocaine.
Practicing Partnered Research

Health care research would be more relevant and have more impact if key stakeholders were invited to participate in the research process.1–3 Similarly, the concept and practice of the learning health care system calls for close participation in the research and development process by researchers with organizational leadership and on-the-ground clinicians, as well as patients and caregivers, to enhance the adoption of innovative discoveries .4,5 Research that is embedded and integrated within a working health care system can provide both generalizable knowledge and immediate value for the system and its participants by stimulating innovation and improving health outcomes, quality of care, and participant satisfaction.
Theory of magnetoplasmon resonance lineshape in the silicon inversion layer

Abstract The lineshape of the plasma-shifted cyclotron resonance is calculated in the two-dimensional system. The nonlocal effect is taken into account to the lowest order and is shown to be extremely small in the usual experimental conditions. When the peak position is close to the subharmonic structure of the usual cyclotron resonance, a coupling splits the peak into two, explaining recent experiments of Theis et al. The agreement with the experiments is satisfactory.
It pays to be different: Endogenous heterogeneity of firms in an oligopoly

Abstract Heterogeneous firms can be supported by familiar conditions of technology and demand in a two-stage duopoly game. Firms choose technologies simultaneously in stage I from a continuous technology set. In stage II, once technological commitments have been made, firms choose quantities and the equilibrium price is determined. If the technology set is insufficiently convex, firms choose only the extreme production technologies. In some cases they choose the same technology; in others they choose different technologies. When compared to socially-optimal industry structures, equilibria tend to have too little heterogeneity. Uncertainty about demand or costs favors the emergence of heterogeneous firms.
Batteryless, Wireless Sensor Powered by a Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are considered to be an alternative renewable power source for remote monitoring. There are two main challenges to using SMFCs as power sources: 1) a SMFC produces a low potential at which most sensor electronics do not operate, and 2) a SMFC cannot provide continuous power, so energy from the SMFC must be stored and then used to repower sensor electronics intermittently. In this study, we developed a SMFC and a power management system (PMS) to power a batteryless, wireless sensor. A SMFC operating with a microbial anode and cathode, located in the Palouse River, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A., was used to demonstrate the utility of the developed system. The designed PMS stored microbial energy and then started powering the wireless sensor when the SMFC potential reached 320 mV. It continued powering until the SMFC potential dropped below 52 mV. The system was repowered when the SMFC potential increased to 320 mV, and this repowering continued as long as microbial reactions continued. We demonstrated that a microbial fuel cell with a microbial anode and cathode can be used as an effective renewable power source for remote monitoring using custom-designed electronics.
Proton-Induced Genetic Damage in lacZ Transgenic Mice

Abstract Chang, P. Y., Bakke, J., Orduna, J., Lin, S. and Rupa, D. Proton-Induced Genetic Damage in lacZ Transgenic Mice. Radiat. Res. 164, 481–486 (2005). The plasmid-based lacZ transgenic mouse model system was used to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of 250 MeV/nucleon proton radiation by evaluating the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic reticulocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow and the mutant frequencies of the lacZ reporter transgene in spleen and brain, respectively. Doses of 0.1–2 Gy produced dose- and time-dependent changes in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic reticulocytes within 48 h, with peak induction up to sixfold above control levels. The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic reticulocytes returned to control levels within 1 week after exposure. With doses of 4 Gy, the elevation in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic reticulocytes was delayed up to 1 week after exposure, but complete recovery to control levels was observed at 16 weeks p...
Panic attack syndrome

Panic attack syndrome in four generations of a family and in six additional pediatric patients is reported. The syndrome appears to have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Diagnosis of panic attack syndrome in children has not been reported previously, but the existence of this disorder has been noted for at least 100 years under various synonyms. There is substantial evidence that the syndrome has an endogenous origin and is therefore a biochemical illness. The triggering effect of sodium lactate infusion and the alleviation of symptoms by use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or β-blocking agents support this view. Imipramine hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, phenelzine sulfate, and alprazolam are often useful in the treatment of panic attacks, and except for propranolol, any of them may be effective against depression also.
Detection of impurities on silicon surfaces

Impurities initially present on a Si surface can be detected using the photo I‐V technique. An Al impurity deposited to a thickness less than 8 A on a silicon substrate which was subsequently oxidized, capped by a chemically vapor deposited (CVD) SiO2 layer, and incorporated into a capacitor structure with an Al gate electrode was found mostly near the interface between the thermal and CVD oxides using the photo I‐V technique. This impurity layer which was probably converted to Al2O3 showed greatly enhanced electron trapping compared to either oxide layer.
Systematic Design Approach for Radial Blade Regenerative Turbomachines

The fundamentals, geometry, hypothesis of operation, applications, design procedure, current performance, and future trends of regenerative flow compressors (RFCs) and pumps are discussed. It has been suggested that regenerative turbomachines overcome various shortcomings of positive displacement and centrifugal turbomachines and are very good choices under certain operating conditions. Application of regenerative pumps in automotive fuel pumping and application of regenerative compressors in microturbines is discussed. A mathematical model to analyze the complex fluid motion inside regenerative turbomachines is presented. Various sources of losses are identified and quantified. Governing equations and loss models are utilized to develop a performance prediction code fo rr egenerative turbomachines. Performance of a multistage RFC is predicted theoretically and compared with experimental data to validate the proposed model. The important geometric parameters affecting performance of regenerative turbomachines are listed. A design procedure for single- and multistage regenerative turbomachines with radial blades is proposed based on findings from theoretical analysis, experimental data available in literature, and analysis of existing regenerative turbomachine geometries. Several design criteria are established for the first time. The design procedure enables engineers working in regenerative turbomachinery to size various important dimensions of regenerative compressors and pumps. Finally, an overview of ongoing research and future direction is laid down.
Simulium: field evaluation of Abate larvacide for control in an area endemic for Leucocytozoon smithi of turkeys.

The 43% emulsifiable concentrate (EC), 50% wettable powder (WP), and 2% celatom granular (G) formulations of Abate® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4′-thiodiphenol) larvicide were evaluated in field tests to determine suitability for use in a control program for the larval stages of Simulium slossonae (Dyar & Knab) and S. congareenarum (Dyar & Shannon), the black fly vectors of Leucocylozoon smithi (Laveran & Lucet 1905) Sambon 1908 of turkeys. The EC and WP tests were conducted on a 470-yard section of infested stream. Both EC and WP formulations gave good control at 0.3 ppm. The most promising treatment was the application of 2 G Abate by helicopter. Applied at 10 lb/acre (0.2 lb AI) over a 2-mile section of stream the granular formulation gave 100% control for several days. The most obvious advantages of this formulation when applied by helicopter were the excellent coverage and the ability of the fine particles to penetrate the forest canopy. Observation of nontarget stream biota did not reveal any unusual disturbance as a result of the treatments.
Amphetamine anorexia and hypothalamic catecholamines in genetically obese mice obob

Genetically obese mice (obob) and their lean littermates were acclimated to a restricted food-access schedule of six hours and then treated with various doses of amphetamine (0, 3, 5 or 10 mg/kg). Saline-treated obob mice maintained on this schedule retained the primary characteristics of obob mice fed ad lib, i.e., hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) levels. Both lean and obese mice treated with amphetamine showed a dose-dependent decrease in food intake and hypothalamic NE levels. In obob mice amphetamine treatment reduced food intake and hypothalamic NE levels to values which were not significantly different from those of similarly treated lean mice. When the drug dose was administered on a body weight basis, however, brain amphetamine levels were twice as high in obob as in lean mice. When the amphetamine dose was adjusted to produce approximately equivalent brain levels of amphetamine in obob and lean mice, the obob mice ate significantly more than lean mice. The results indicate that amphetamine is an effective anorectic agent capable of reducing food intake, body weight, and hypothalamic NE levels in obob mice.
An experimentally convenient configuration for electron channeling contrast imaging

Electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) has historically employed a highly tilted sample with a forward-scattered electron detector for viewing near-surface crystal defects in thick (electron opaque) samples. This paper demonstrates that ECCI may be performed successfully using more conventional backscattered electron detectors and a sample surface oriented near normal to the electron beam. The dislocation contrast characteristics seen using this low-tilt configuration are found to be comparable to the dislocation contrast characteristics using the high-tilt configuration. Additionally, dislocation contrast characteristics as a function of deviation from the exact Bragg channeling condition are presented.
Episodic fluctuations of serum gonadotropins in pre- and post-pubertal girls and boys.

The concentrations of LH and FSH were determined in serum samples obtained at 15 minintervals during a 4 h period from seven normal girls, 9.5–16.5 years of age, and eight normal boys, 9.0–16.8 years of age. An episodic pattern of LH secretion was found in all subjects. There wasno significant (P>0.1) difference between girls and boys as to number of episodes (3.0 ± 0.6 us. 3.0 ± 0.0 per 4 h), absolute LH increase (2.6 ± 1.1 vs. 2.4 ± 1.0 mlU per ml) or “apparent LH half-life” (64.3 ± 20.8 us. 76.1 ± 23.4min). Mean absolute increase during secretory episodes correlated (R = 0.89, P <0.005) with the mean LH concentration per 4 h, and a significant (P < 0.025) inverse correlation (R = –0.52) was found between the mean per cent incremen of the LHsecretory episode and themean “apparent LH halflife.” Minor fluctuations of FSH were alsoobserved. In girls and boys, the mean concentration of both gonadotropins increased with advancing puberty. The increase in LH concentration was due to anincrease in the amplitud...
A volcanic interpretation of Gusev Crater surface materials from thermophysical, spectral, and morphological evidence

[1] Gusev Crater, the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit landing site (160 km diameter; 14.5°S, 184.5°W), has been identified in previous studies as a prime site of geological and exobiological interest on the basis of its potential for having hosted a fluviolacustrine environment; such environment may have been favorable for the development of biological activity. The origin and nature of the materials present at the surface of Gusev Crater are still being debated. In previous studies based on geomorphological and thermophysical data, surface materials in the crater have been interpreted as originating from fluviolacustrine, volcanic, or aeolian processes, or combinations thereof. We present results from the analysis of newly compiled thermophysical (Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)), spectroscopic (TES), and visible (THEMIS and Mars Observer Camera) data for the Gusev region. These data were analyzed using a new mosaicking technique developed to match the values of contiguous scenes and to produce seamless mosaics apt for geological interpretation. Thermophysical, spectroscopic, and morphological evidence point to the presence of local outcrops of lava flows of basaltic composition, materials consistent with a regolith developed from basaltic materials, fine-grained deposits of basaltic composition strongly modified by wind erosion, and wind deposits. According to these findings, we conclude that most of the materials occupying the present surface of Gusev have characteristics consistent with those of volcanic and aeolian deposits. Fluviolacustrine deposits proposed by other authors may exist under the volcanic materials and may be exposed in impact craters.
Hematology of Chicks Experiencing Marginal Vitamin B6 Deficiency

An economical vitamin B6-deficient ration, which was palatable to broiler chickens, was prepared and fed to 1-day-old broiler chicks. The experimental ration was a glucose-soybean meal diet. Vitamin B6 was removed by washing the soybean meal with water. Microbiological analysis revealed that the washed ration contained .45 mg vitamin B6 activity/kg. Experimental rations were formulated to contain .5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg added pyridoxine HCl/kg of ration. These supplemental levels produced total pyridoxine concentrations, as assayed, of .95, 1.48, and 3.18 mg pyridoxine HCl activity/kg of diet. Chicks were grown to 7 weeks of age and characteristic B6 deficiency traits, including increased mortality, decreased body weight gain, and increased incidence of abnormal leg conformation, were quantitated or observed. An extensive hematological evaluation at 4 weeks of age indicated that this marginal B6 deficiency resulted in increased erythrocyte numbers, decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels, and increased erythrocyte fragility. No changes in hematocrits, total hemoglobin level, intracellular hemoglobin concentration, or reticulocyte number were found. These results indicate that anemia did not occur in broilers experiencing a moderate vitamin B6 deficiency. The hematological condition is described as microcytic, normochromic polycythemia.
In vitro Potency Results from a Collaborative Study of Rh0(D) Immune Globulin Reference Preparation

. A number of investigators using various modifications of automated, radio-immune, and anti-γ globulin methods assayed the anti-Rh0(D) content of a preparation of Rh0(D) immune globulin. A correlation of the results from the various assays could not be established. The results of this collaborative study demonstrated that it is not possible at this time to assign a unit value (antibody concentration) to a preparation of Rh0(D) immune globulin.
Visuospatial and mathematical dysfunction in major depressive disorder and/or panic disorder: A study of parietal functioning.

The parietal cortex is critical for several different cognitive functions, including visuospatial processing and mathematical abilities. There is strong evidence indicating parietal dysfunction in depression. However, it is less clear whether anxiety is associated with parietal dysfunction and whether comorbid depression and anxiety are associated with greater impairment. The present study compared participants with major depression (MDD), panic disorder (PD), comorbid MDD/PD and controls on neuropsychological measures of visuospatial processing, Judgement of Line Orientation (JLO), and mathematical abilities, Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Arithmetic. Only comorbid MDD/PD was associated with decreased performance on JLO, whereas all psychopathological groups exhibited comparably decreased performance on WRAT Arithmetic. Furthermore, the results were not accounted for by other comorbid disorders, medication use or psychopathology severity. The present study suggests comorbid depression and anxious aro...
Continuous-state simulated annealing algorithms: theory and application

Simulated annealing algorithms for optimization over continuous spaces come in two varieties: Markov chain algorithms and modified gradient algorithms. Unfortunately, there is a gap between the theory and the application of these algorithms: the convergence conditions cannot be practically implemented. In this paper we suggest a practical methodology for implementing the modified gradient annealing algorithms based on their relationship to the Markov chain algorithms.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.