cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partition function for an electron in a random potential

We compute the average partition function for an electron moving in a Gaussian random potential. A path integral formulation is used, with a trial action like that in Feynman's polaron theory. We compute the variational bound as well as the first correction in a systematic cumulant expansion. The results are checked against exact formulas for the onedimensional white noise problem. The density of states in the low-energy tail has the correct exponential energy dependence, and energy-dependent prefactor to within a few percent. In addition, the partition function goes over smoothly to the perturbation theory result at high temperatures.
Sediment desorption of PCB congeners and their bio-uptake by dipteran larvae

Abstract Sediment desorption of PCB congeners and their bio-uptake by Chironomus tentans Fabricus were investigated in a continuous flow system. The desorption of 71 congeners (in Aroclors 1221, 1016, 1254 and 1260) determined by glass capillary gas chromatography could be described by a first order function. The release rate of the individual congeners was inversely related to their octanol/water partition coefficients ( K ow ). The depth of mobilization generally decreased with the number of chlorine substitutions and was inversely related to K ow . Bio-uptake of the congeners by Chironomus tentans Fabricus was selective with the bio-uptake factor being highest for those with 2–4 chlorines. There was no correlation between the factor and either K ow or desorption rate from the sediments.
Location safety protection in ad hoc networks

Many routing protocols and applications developed for ad hoc networks rely on location information of participating nodes. The exposure of such information, however, presents significant safety threats to the networks. In this paper, we investigate the problem of preventing an adversary from locating (and thus destroying) nodes based on their location information they disclose in communications. Our idea is to reduce location resolution to achieve a desired level of safety protection. We define the safety level of a geographic region to be the ratio of its area and the number of nodes inside it. The higher safety level a region has, the less attractive for an adversary to search over it for the nodes. When a node has to disclose its location, it can compute a cloaking box that meets a desired level of safety requirement and report that as its current location information. To implement this simple idea, there are several challenges. First, each cloaking box must be as small as possible in order to minimize the impact of reduced location resolution on the efficiency of network operating and applications. Second, nodes must be able to compute their cloaking boxes without having to reveal their accurate position. Finally, given a sequence of cloaking boxes, they must not be correlated to refine an area whose safety level is less than the requirement. Our research addresses these challenges with cost-effective solutions in the context of both stationary and mobile ad hoc networks. We evaluate the performance of our techniques through both mathematical analysis and simulation. In addition, we present a new geographic routing protocol which can work with blurred location information and evaluate the impact of location resolution reduction on the performance of this technique.
Boostable Repeater Design for Variation Resilience in VLSI Interconnects

Process variations and circuit aging continue to be one of the main challenges to the power-efficiency of VLSI circuits, as a considerable power budget must be allocated to cushion timing variations. A design-time allocation implies uniform power consumption on all fabricated instances, even if many instances do not have strong variations. Adaptive design provides a power-efficient approach to variation tolerance, since it uses power only when the variations of a circuit instance are harmful. This paper is an effort toward supply voltage adaptation for variation resilience in VLSI interconnects. The main idea is a boostable repeater design that can transiently and autonomously raise its internal voltage rail to boost switching speed. The boosting can be turned on/off to compensate variations. The boostable repeater design achieves fine-grained voltage adaptation without stand-alone voltage regulators or an additional power grid. Since interconnect is a widely recognized cause of bottleneck in chip performance, and tremendous repeaters are employed on chip designs, boostable repeater has plenty of chances to improve system robustness. Experimental results indicate that our approach significantly outperforms existing techniques, including over-design, conventional adaptive supply voltage system, and online adjustable buffer.
Negotiating Fluid Identities Alliance-Building in Qualitative Interviews

This article emerges from struggles we, two American–Israeli women, have encountered while conducting research in Israel on issues related to Jewish-Arab dynamics. Since beginning our research we h...
In vivo Modulation of Human β-globin Gene Switching

Abstract Continuing accumulation of information from the genome projects requires parallel development of technologies to assess the in vivo functions of conserved sequences. We can now manipulate huge DNA molecules (such as yeast artificial chromosomes; YACs) in vivo, permitting the analysis of very large single genes or multigene loci as they exist in the chromosome. However, since transgenes integrate randomly into different chromatin environments, accurate evaluation of gene function in such transgenic mice is still fraught with pitfalls. We recently developed the use of cre-mediated homologous recombination to manipulate YAC transgenic mice in vivo, and successfully applied this strategy to the analysis of human β-globin locus regulation. Here we describe these results and discuss the application of this technology to the analysis of this and related problems.
History of Head and Neck Radiology: Past, Present, and Future

Head and neck radiology has evolved during the century since the discovery of the x ray in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. In the first few decades, conventional radiography was the diagnostic modality for evaluation of head and neck diseases. Special radiographic projections were designed to demonstrate abnormal processes in the paranasal sinuses, temporal bones, base of the skull, and neck. Barium examination with fluoroscopy was used for assessment of the pharynx and esophagus. Linear tomography, introduced in 1932, allowed the acquisition of sections that depicted abnormalities that were not clearly defined at conventional radiography. Linear tomography was further enhanced with the introduction of thin-section polytomography, especially of the temporal bone, in 1954. Computed tomography in 1972 and magnetic resonance imaging in 1982 improved our diagnostic capabilities by enabling location and characterization of tumors, cysts, and inflammatory processes in the head and neck and aiding in earlier diagnosis and treatment. Teaching of residents and fellows by an expanding staff of head and neck radiologists developed. The formation of the American Society of Head and Neck Radiology in 1977 provided a forum for postgraduate education and scientific exchange.
Relationship between WISC-R and WRAT in children referred for learning difficulties

Correlations between the WISC-R Full, Verbal, Performance, and Freedom from Distractibility Scale IQs, WISC-R subtest scaled scores, and Wide Range Achievement Test Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic standard scores were computed for a sample of 114 children (64 boys, 50 girls), aged 6 to 16 years, who were referred for psychological evaluation because of academic or learning difficulties. The Full Scale IQ, Verbal Scale IQ, and Freedom from Distractibility IQ correlated moderately with the three achievement area standard scores (rs of .48 to .59). However, the Performance Scale IQ correlated minimally with reading and spelling scores (rs of .26 and .27), but moderately with arithmetic scores (r = .40). The results support the concurrent validity of the WISC-R.
The re-forming state: Actions and repercussions in preparing for future biological events:

The article analyzes the heterogeneous forms of action within the state’s preparedness assemblage for biological threats in Israel. By examining preparedness practices in two biological preparednes...
Market Share is not Destiny

Inquiries into the relationship between market share and profitability have provided valuable generalizations and insights about business strategy. A case has been made for both high and low market share strategies in the pursuit of superior profitability. However, what these studies mean for business strategists in medium share companies looking to improve sub‐par profitability is not so clear. What strategy should they implement? Should they, for instance, chase additional share or selectively concede share and focus their efforts on profitable segments and niches? The answers formulated to this question will have long‐term strategic consequences. A number of studies have considered the statistical relationship between market share and profitability. The issue has also been looked at from the perspective of high share and low share firms. This article deals with market share/profitability in terms of strategic options for top management in medium share companies.
Thermal neutron detectors with discrete anode pad readout

A new two-dimensional thermal neutron detector concept that is capable of very high rates is being developed. It is based on neutron conversion in 3He in an ionization chamber (unity gas gain) that uses only a cathode and anode plane; there is no additional electrode such as a Frisch grid. The cathode is simply the entrance window, and the anode plane is composed of discrete pads, each with their own readout electronics implemented via application specific integrated circuits. The aim is to provide a new generation of detectors with key characteristics that are superior to existing techniques, such as higher count rate capability, better stability, lower sensitivity to background radiation, and more flexible geometries. Such capabilities will improve the performance of neutron scattering instruments at major neutron user facilities. In this paper, we report on progress with the development of a prototype device that has 48 × 48 anode pads and a sensitive area of 24cm × 24cm.
The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6-1·5 Million Years Ago

The systematic archaeological and geological survey and excavations at Gona between 1992–1994 led to the discovery of well-flaked stone artefacts which are currently the oldest known from anywhere in the world. More than 3000 surface and excavated artefacts were recovered at 15 localities documented east and west of the Kada Gona river. Based on radioisotopic dating ( 40 Ar/ 39 Ar) and magnetostratigraphy, the artefacts are dated between 2·6–2·5 million years ago (Ma). EG10 and EG12 from East Gona are the most informative with the highest density, providing the best opportunity for characterizing the oldest assemblages and for understanding the stone working capability of the earliest tool makers. Slightly younger artefact occurrences dated to 2·4–2·3 Ma are known from Hadar and Omo in Ethiopia, and from Lokalalei in Kenya. Cut-marked bones dated to 2·5 Ma from Bouri in Ethiopia are now providing important clues on the function of these artefacts. In addition, Australopithecus garhi known from contemporary deposits at Bouri may be the best candidate responsible for the oldest artefacts. Surprisingly, the makers of the Gona artefacts had a sophisticated understanding of stone fracture mechanics and control similar to what is observed for Oldowan assemblages dated between 2·0–1·5 Ma. This observation was corroborated by the recent archaeological discoveries made at Lokalalei. Because of the similarities seen in the techniques of artefact manufacture during the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, it is argued here that the stone assemblages dated between 2·6–1·5 Ma group into the Oldowan Industry. The similarity and simplicity of the artefacts from this time interval suggests a technological stasis in the Oldowan. 2000 Academic Press
Site-specific advantages in skeletal geometry and strength at the proximal femur and forearm in young female gymnasts

Abstract Purpose We evaluated site-specific skeletal adaptation to loading during growth, comparing radius (RAD) and femoral neck (FN) DXA scans in young female gymnasts (GYM) and non-gymnasts (NON). Methods Subjects from an ongoing longitudinal study (8–26 yr old) underwent annual DXA scans (proximal femur, forearm, total body) and anthropometry, completing maturity and physical activity questionnaires. This cross-sectional analysis used the most recent data meeting the following criteria: gynecological age ≤ 2.5 yr post-menarche; and GYM annual mean gymnastic exposure ≥ 5.0 h/wk in the prior year. Bone geometric and strength indices were derived from scans for 173 subjects (8–17 yr old) via hip structural analysis (femoral narrow neck, NN) and similar radius formulae (1/3 and Ultradistal (UD)). Maturity was coded as M1 (Tanner I breast), M2 (pre-menarche, ≥ Tanner II breast) or M3 (post-menarche). ANOVA and chi square compared descriptive data. Two factor ANCOVA adjusted for age, height, total body non-bone lean mass and percent body fat; significance was tested for main effects and interactions between gymnastic exposure and maturity. Results At the distal radius, GYM means were significantly greater than NON means for all variables (p Conclusions Maturity-specific comparisons suggested site-specific skeletal adaptation to loading during growth, with greater advantages at the radius versus the proximal femur. At the radius, GYM advantages included greater bone width, cortical cross-sectional area and cortical thickness; in contrast, at the femoral neck, GYM bone tissue cross-sectional area and cortical thickness were greater, but bone width was narrower than in NON. Future longitudinal analyses will evaluate putative maturity-specific differences.
Targeted drug delivery by high intensity focused ultrasound mediated hyperthermia combined with temperature-sensitive liposomes: Computational modelling and preliminary in vivovalidation

Purpose: To develop and validate a computational model that simulates 1) tissue heating with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and 2) resulting hyperthermia-mediated drug delivery from temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSL).Materials and methods: HIFU heating in tissue was simulated using a heat transfer model based on the bioheat equation, including heat-induced cessation of perfusion. A spatio-temporal multi-compartment pharmacokinetic model simulated intravascular release of doxorubicin from TSL, its transport into interstitium, and cell uptake. Two heating schedules were simulated, each lasting 30 min: 1) hyperthermia at 43°C (HT) and 2) hyperthermia followed by a high temperature (50°C for 20 s) pulse (HT+). As preliminary model validation, in vivo studies were performed in thigh muscle of a New Zealand White rabbit, where local hyperthermia with a clinical magnetic resonance-guided HIFU system was applied following TSL administration.Results: HT produced a defined region of high doxorubicin c...
Affine Automata: A Technique to Generate Complex Images

In this paper, we introduce probabilistic affine automata (PAA) which are probabilistic finite generators having transitions labeled with affine transformations. It is shown that PAA are capable of generating highly complex images. Barnsley's IFS method to generate fractals is a special case of PAA when the automaton happens to have only a single state.
Threonine-978 in the Transmembrane Segment of the Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrB of Escherichia coli Is Crucial for Drug Transport as a Probable Component of the Proton Relay Network

Escherichia coli AcrB is a multidrug efflux transporter that recognizes multiple toxic chemicals and expels them from cells. It is a proton antiporter belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily. Asp407, Asp408, Lys940, and Arg971 in transmembrane (TM) helices of this transporter have been identified as essential amino acid residues that probably function as components of the proton relay system. In this study, we identified a novel residue in TM helix 11, Thr978, as an essential residue by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Its location close to Asp407 suggests that it is also a component of the proton translocation pathway, a prediction confirmed by the similar conformations adopted by T978A, D407A, D408A, and K940A mutant proteins (see the accompanying paper). Sequence alignment of 566 RND transporters showed that this threonine residue is conserved in about 96% of cases. Our results suggest the hypotheses that Thr978 functions through hydrogen bonding with Asp407 and that protonation of the latter alters the salt bridging and hydrogen bonding pattern in the proton relay network, thus initiating a series of conformational changes that ultimately result in drug extrusion.
Trends in Earnings Management and Informativeness of Earnings Announcements in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes Oxley Periods

We document that firms' management of accounting earnings increased steadily from 1987 until the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX), with a significant increase during the period prior to SOX, followed by a significant decline after passage of SOX. However, the increase in earnings management preceding SOX was primarily in poorly performing industries. We also show that the informativeness of earnings increased steadily over time, and there was no significant change in earnings informativeness following the passage of SOX. Further, we find that earnings management increased the absolute informativeness of earnings, but reduced the informativeness for a given earnings surprise, as well as reduced the abnormal return for a given amount of earnings surprise. Finally, the evidence supports the hypothesis that the opportunistic behavior of managers, primarily related to the fraction of compensation derived from options, was significantly associated with earnings management in the period preceding SOX.
Transana Qualitative Video and Audio Analysis Software as a Tool for Teaching Intellectual Assessment Skills to Graduate Psychology Students

This article draws on the author’s experience using qualitative video and audio analysis, most notably through use of the Transana qualitative video and audio analysis software program, as an alternative method for teaching IQ administration skills to students in a graduate psychology program. Qualitative video and audio analysis may be useful for psychology programs to more effectively and efficiently train students on IQ administration. Through use of Transana, video and audio footage and corresponding verbal and nonverbal transcripts of student-conducted IQ administrations can be coded and organized and later retrieved by any combination of codes, file or clip identifiers, or collections of clips and presented as a simultaneous, running display of video, audio, and corresponding transcripts that facilitates rich analysis and feedback.
The IBM eServer z990 microprocessor

The IBM eServerTM z990 microprocessor implements many features designed to give excellent performance on both newer and traditional mainframe applications. These features include a new superscalar instruction execution pipeline, high-bandwidth caches, a huge secondary translation-lookaside buffer (TLB), and an onboard cryptographic coprocessor. The microprocessor maintains zSeries® leadership in RAS (reliability, availability, serviceability) capabilities that include state-of-the-art error detection and recovery.
The Impact of Accelerometer and Heart Rate Data on Hypoglycemia Mitigation in Type 1 Diabetes

Aerobic exercise can lower blood glucose levels and alter insulin sensitivity both during and several hours after exercise, creating challenges for a closed-loop artificial pancreas. Predictive low glucose suspend (PLGS) algorithms are a first step toward an artificial pancreas, but few of these have been successfully applied to exercise. This study incorporates physical activity measurements from a combined accelerometer/heart rate monitor (HRM) to improve the performance of an existing PLGS algorithm at mitigating exercise-associated hypoglycemia in participants with type 1 diabetes. In all, 22 subjects with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy were provided a combined accelerometer/HRM and (if not already using one) a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), then instructed to go about their everyday lives while wearing the devices. After the monitoring period, each subject’s insulin pump, CGM, and accelerometer/HRM were downloaded and the data were used to augment an existing PLGS algorithm to incorporate activity. Using a computer simulator, the accelerometer-augmented algorithm was compared to the HRM-augmented algorithm to determine which was most effective at mitigating hypoglycemia. Mean length of monitoring was 4.9 days. Across all subjects, 11 061 CGM readings were recorded during the monitoring period. In the simulator analysis, the PLGS algorithm reduced hypoglycemia by 62%, compared to 71% and 74% reductions for the HRM-augmented and accelerometer-augmented algorithms, respectively; combined accelerometer and HRM augmentation provided a 76% reduction. In a simulated setting, the accelerometer-augmented pump suspension algorithm decreases the incidence of exercise-related hypoglycemia by a meaningful amount compared to the PLGS algorithm alone. Results also failed to justify the additional user burden of a HRM.
A non-central feeding hydrostatic thrust bearing

In a conventional hydrostatic thrust bearing, the lubricant is supplied from the centre and flows radially outwards. It has been found that the load capacity of such a bearing decreases with increasing angular speed of the rotor. The bearing fails when a critical rotor speed is reached at which the load capacity becomes zero. In this paper a modified feeding system is suggested in which the lubricant is supplied from a ring-shaped groove situated between the exits at the centre and the edge of the bearing. Analysis shows that, by reversing the flow direction near the centre, the load capacity of a bearing of proper geometry can be made to decrease at a much slower rate than that of a conventional bearing as the rotor speed increases. The non-central feeding system might be considered for use in high-speed thrust bearings.
Molecular Pathways: New Signaling Considerations When Targeting Cytoskeletal Balance to Reduce Tumor Growth

The dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction regulates mammalian cell shape, division, and motility, which has made the cytoskeleton an attractive and very successful target for cancer drugs. Numerous compounds in clinical use to reduce tumor growth cause microtubule breakdown (vinca alkaloids, colchicine-site, and halichondrins) or hyperstabilization of microtubules (taxanes and epothilones). However, both of these strategies indiscriminately alter the assembly and dynamics of all microtubules, which causes significant dose-limiting toxicities on normal tissues. Emerging data are revealing that posttranslational modifications of tubulin (detyrosination, acetylation) or microtubule-associated proteins (Tau, Aurora kinase) may allow for more specific targeting of microtubule subsets, thereby avoiding the broad disruption of all microtubule polymerization. Developing approaches to reduce tumor cell migration and invasion focus on disrupting actin regulation by the kinases SRC and ROCK. Because the dynamic balance between microtubule extension and actin contraction also regulates cell fate decisions and stem cell characteristics, disrupting this cytoskeletal balance could yield unexpected effects beyond tumor growth. This review will examine recent data demonstrating that cytoskeletal cancer drugs affect wound-healing responses, microtentacle-dependent reattachment efficiency, and stem cell characteristics in ways that could affect the metastatic potential of tumor cells, both beneficially and detrimentally.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a continuing care intervention for cocaine-dependent adults.

Abstract Introduction The study conducts a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of a continuing care Telephone Monitoring and Counseling (TMC) intervention for adults diagnosed with cocaine dependence. Participants were randomly assigned to a control condition of intensive outpatient treatment only (treatment-as-usual, or TAU; N = 108), or to one of two treatment conditions featuring TMC (N = 106) and TMC plus incentives (TMC-plus; N = 107). Follow-up assessments were conducted over a 2-year period. Methods Intervention and client costs were collected with the program and client versions of the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program (DATCAP). Effectiveness was measured as the number of days abstinent during follow-up. Secondary analyses consider alternative measures of effectiveness and the reduced societal costs of physical and mental health problems and criminal justice involvement. Results From the societal perspective, TMC dominates both TAU and TMC-plus as a cost-effective and cost-saving intervention. Results varied by substance-using status, however, with the subgroup of participants in TMC-plus that were using drugs at intake and early in treatment having the greatest number of days of abstinence and generating similar savings during follow-up than the TMC subgroup using drugs at intake. Conclusions Telephone monitoring and counseling appears to be a cost-effective and potentially cost-saving strategy for reducing substance use among chronic substance users. Providing client incentives added to total intervention costs but did not improve overall effectiveness. Clinical trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Number: NCT00685659 .
Effects of α-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyryl ethyl ester (CPIB) with and without androsterone on cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver

SUMMARY a-p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) or a mixture of CPIBwith a small amount of androsterone (Atromid) fed to rats at a level of 0.3% of the diet was found to increase the liver weight by about 25%, and to decrease the cholesterol concentration in liver by about 10% and in plasma by about 30%. No change in rate of growth or of food consumption was observed. The rate of cholesterol biosynthesis per gram of liver, estimated from the incorporation of acetate-l-Cl4, was decreased by about 70% in liver slices from rats fed CPIB or Atromid. Conversion of mevalonate-2-Cl4 into cholesterol was decreased only slightly. No decrease in the formation of ketone bodies from acetate-l-C14 in liver slices was found to result from CPIB, nor in the synthesis of triglyceride from acetate-1 -C14, indicating that the site of the inhibitory action of the drug is between acetyl CoA and mevalonate. CPIB is similar to dietary cholesterol in that it is not inhibitory when added to liver homogenates at concentrations up to about lop3 M. In intact rats, both CPIB and Atromid significantly decreased the rate of cholesterol synthesis per gram of liver, as measured by the incorporation of acetate-l-C14 or of tritium water, but the effect was not as large as in liver slice studies. No decrease was noted in cholesterol synthesis in intestine. Cholesterol synthesis by the whole liver was decreased less by CPIB or Atromid than when expressed per gram of liver. The decrease in acetate-C14 incorporation in liver cholesterol per 100 g of rat body weight was estimated to be about 65% by the liver slice method and about 38% in intact animals; tritium water incorporation gave a mean decrease of 22%. The differences were significant for acetate incorporation but at the borderline for tritium water.
Senda: When Will a Transfer of Property to an FLP be Considered a Gift on Formation?

In Senda v. Commissioner, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that transfers of MCI WorldCom stock, worth approximately $3.5 million, to each of two family limited partnerships (FLPs) constituted indirect gifts of the stock to the other partners who were the transferors' three children. Thus, the taxpayers in Senda were treated as if they had transferred the stock to each of their three children and were subject to gift tax on the full fair market value of the portion of the stock transferred to each child. If the transaction had been treated as a transfer of the stock to the FLP, followed by a transfer of partnership interests to each of the children, the amount of the gift tax liability should have been significantly lower. In that case, the Sendas could have claimed discounts for lack-of-marketability and minority-status factors in determining the value of the partnership interests transferred to the children. This column discusses Senda and offers suggestions for avoiding the gift-on-formation problem.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan in Inflammation and Angiogenesis

Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide composed of glucosamine and uronic acid (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid) disaccharide repeats with various types of sulfation modifications. More than 26 enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate, which includes two major steps of chain polymerization and chain modification. The chain modification steps proceed sequentially but are incomplete, resulting in enormous structural diversity in mature heparan sulfate. In tissues, heparan sulfate covalently attaches to core proteins to form heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and are abundant at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate interacts with growth factors, growth factor binding proteins, extracellular proteases, protease inhibitors, chemokines, morphogens, and adhesive proteins to critically regulate cell functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this chapter, I will review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, and the structure–function relationship of heparan sulfate in the regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis, with particular focus on the regulatory roles of heparan sulfate on the key inflammatory molecules, selectin and chemokine, and on the vascular endothelial growth factor, the master proangiogenic factor of angiogenesis.
The effects of baseball bat mass properties on swing mechanics, ground reaction forces, and swing timing

Swing trajectory and ground reaction forces (GRF) of 30 collegiate baseball batters hitting a pitched ball were compared between a standard bat, a bat with extra weight about its barrel, and a bat with extra weight in its handle. It was hypothesised that when compared to a standard bat, only a handle-weighted bat would produce equivalent bat kinematics. It was also hypothesised that hitters would not produce equivalent GRFs for each weighted bat, but would maintain equivalent timing when compared to a standard bat. Data were collected utilising a 500 Hz motion capture system and 1,000 Hz force plate system. Data between bats were considered equivalent when the 95% confidence interval of the difference was contained entirely within ±5% of the standard bat mean value. The handle-weighted bat had equivalent kinematics, whereas the barrel-weighted bat did not. Both weighted bats had equivalent peak GRF variables. Neither weighted bat maintained equivalence in the timing of bat kinematics and some peak GRFs. The ability to maintain swing kinematics with a handle-weighted bat may have implications for swing training and warm-up. However, altered timings of kinematics and kinetics require further research to understand the implications on returning to a conventionally weighted bat.
A Task Decomposition Method for Function Allocation

to allocate functions and to evaluate that allocation based on current task decomposition methods. In this paper, a method for task decomposition for function allocation is introduced. The method in this paper, shows not only the hierarchical relationship between tasks, but also describes operating procedures, and conditions for the tasks within the method. Furthermore, it also provides a way to explicitly call out the induced tasks created by function allocation. To demonstrate the method, a case study of the Continuous Decent Arrival (CDA) procedure is analyzed.
Feeding Behavior of Gypsy Moth Larvae on Bacillus tburingiensis-treated Foliage

A feeding preference study was conducted in the laboratory with Porthetria dispar L. Larvae were allowed to select as a food source untreated or Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner-treated foliage. Food consumption of foliage treated with different bacterial concentrations and of untreated foliage was determined quantitatively by a leaf-disk feeding method. Larvae consumed a greater amount of the untreated leaf disks and those treated with Thuricide® at 4.23 IU/ml and Dipel® at 4.23×102 and 4.23×101 IU/ml than disks receiving the higher dosages of 4.23×103 or 4.23×102 IU/ml for Dipel and Thuricide, respectively. When given a choice, larvae consumed more of the untreated leaf disks or those sprayed with the lowest B. thuringiensis concentrations than those receiving the highest concentrations. However, with the addition of molasses to the commercial bacterial preparations, the consumption of the untreated leaves did not differ significantly from those treated with the highest B. thuringiensis concentrations. Larvae exhibited feeding discrimination between the highest and lowest B. thuringiensis concentrations even with the addition of molasses. When leaf disks were treated with different concentrations of only the bacterial crystals, the consumption did not differ markedly from those treated with distilled water. Larval ability to select and feed on untreated or reduced foliar deposits of commercial B. thuringiensis preparations could be of practical significance.
Effect of colestipol on gastrointestinal absorption of chlorothiazide in man

The effect of colestipol on gastrointestinal absorption of chlorothiazide was studied in 10 adult patients. A 58% decrease in 24 hour cumulative urinary excretion of chiorothiazide was observed when the drug was ingested simultaneously with colestipol. A decrease of 54% was observed when the two drugs were administered one hour apart. The in vitro binding of chlorothiazide to colestipol is pH-dependent, with 64% of the drug bound to the resin at pH 6.9 as opposed to 9% bound at pH 1.0. This implies that the in vivo binding of the drug takes place primarily in the small intestine.
Shell Measuring Machine. History and Status Report

Commercialization of the Ring Rotacon Shell Measuring Machine project is a CRADA (NO. LA98C10358) between The University of California (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and Moore Tool Company, Bridgeport, CT. The actual work started on this CRADA in December of 1998. Several meetings were held with the interested parties (Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Moore Tool, and the University of North Carolina). The results of these meetings were that the original Ring Rotacon did not measure up to the requirements of the Department of Energy and private industry, and a new configuration was investigated. This new configuration (Shell Measuring Machine [SMM]) much better fits the needs of all parties. The work accomplished on the Shell Measuring Machine in FY 99 includes the following; Specifications for size and weight were developed; Performance error budgets were established; Designs were developed; Analyses were performed (stiffness and natural frequency); Existing part designs were compared to the working SMM volume; Peer reviews were conducted; Controller requirements were studied; Fixture requirements were evaluated; and Machine motions were analyzed. The consensus of the Peer Review Committee was that the new configuration has the potential to satisfy the shell inspection needs of Department of Energy as well as several commercialmore » customers. They recommended that more analyses be performed on error budgets, structural stiffness, natural frequency, and thermal effects and that operational processes be developed. Several design issues need to be addressed. They are the type of bearings utilized to support the tables (air bearings or mechanical roller type bearings), the selection of the probes, the design of the probe sliding mechanisms, and the design of the upper table positioning mechanism. Each item has several possible solutions, and more work is required to obtain the best design. This report includes the background and technical objectives; minutes of the working meetings; peer review reports; and a summary of the work accomplished in FY99. Additional information on the machine specifications, error budgets, analysis results, and fixture requirements is available.« less
Land-Cover and Land-Use Transitions in Northern Vietnam From the Early 1990s to 2012

Abstract This chapter is an overview of the changes in both land use and land cover that have taken place in the lowlands, midlands, and uplands of northern Vietnam between the onset of doi moi and 2012. For the purposes of this review, northern Vietnam is considered inclusive of the area from southern Nghe An Province to the border with China. From a review of studies done and literature published during this period, it is concluded that in the lowlands, while urban areas have grown and the orientation of many villages have changed from an agricultural focus to a periurbanization focus, urban growth has mainly been through infilling of areas and the land use is still dominated by agriculture and the land cover has remained dominated by agricultural crops, particularly rice. Reasons for the paucity of extensive land-cover change are discussed. In the midlands and uplands five trajectories of land-use change are identified from the literature: (1) status quo, in other words continued swidden/fallow agricultural use; (2) swidden/fallow system to permanent tree crops; (3) swidden/fallow to permanent crop land; (4) swidden/fallow to timber plantation; and (5) swidden/fallow to increasing cattle raising and increasing pastureland use. The land cover that is associated with each of the land uses is discussed. The chapter ends by discussing implications for biodiversity and carbon sequestration of the land-use and land-cover changes.
Compartmentalization of the Coso East Flank geothermal field imaged by 3-D full-tensor MT inversion

Author(s): Lindsey, NJ; Kaven, JO; Davatzes, N; Newman, GA | Abstract: Previous magnetotelluric (MT) studies of the high-temperature Coso geothermal system in California identified a subvertical feature of lowresistivity (2-5Ohmm) and appreciable lateral extent (g1 km) in the producing zone of the East Flank field. However, these models could not reproduce gross 3-D effects in the recorded data. We perform 3-D full-tensor inversion and retrieve a resistivity model that out-performs previous 2-D and 3-D off-diagonal models in terms of its fit to the complete 3-D MT data set as well as the degree of modelling bias. Inclusion of secondary Zxx and Zyy data components leads to a robust east-dip (60°) to the previously identified conductive East Flank reservoir feature, which correlates strongly with recently mapped surface faults, downhole well temperatures, 3-D seismic reflection data, and local microseismicity. We perform synthetic forward modelling to test the best-fit dip of this conductor using the response at a nearby MT station. We interpret the dipping conductor as a fractured and fluidized compartment, which is structurally controlled by an unmapped blind East Flank fault zone.
5-HTTLPR polymorphism is linked to neural mechanisms of selective attention in preschoolers from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds

Abstract While a growing body of research has identified experiential factors associated with differences in selective attention, relatively little is known about the contribution of genetic factors to the skill of sustained selective attention, especially in early childhood. Here, we assessed the association between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotypes and the neural mechanisms of selective attention in young children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a dichotic listening task from 121 children (76 females, aged 40–67 months), who were also genotyped for the short and long allele of 5-HTTLPR. The effect of selective attention was measured as the difference in ERP mean amplitudes elicited by identical probe stimuli embedded in stories when they were attended versus unattended. Compared to children homozygous for the long allele, children who carried at least one copy of the short allele showed larger effects of selective attention on neural processing. These findings link the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR to enhanced neural mechanisms of selective attention and lay the groundwork for future studies of gene-by-environment interactions in the context of key cognitive skills.
Obesity and Physical Function in Rural Women who enroll in a Lifestyle Modification Intervention for Reducing Blood Pressure.

Purpose Rural women have high prevalence of obesity and prehypertension. Obesity, if associated with poor physical function, may have implications for applying activity guidelines for women volunteering for lifestyle modification. This study examined associations of body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat with measures of 1-mile walk time, post-walk perceived exertion, and 10-repetition chair stands in rural women ages 40-69. Methods Cross-sectional baseline data were collected using standardized methods from 289 rural women with prehypertension who volunteered for a lifestyle clinical trial for reducing blood pressure. ANOVAs and linear regression were used for analysis. Results With exception of the chair stands measure across categories of BMI, group differences were noted in all measures across categories of BMI and percent body fat, with women in the two highest categories demonstrating the poorest performance. These two body composition measures were significant predictors for 1-mile walk-time and 10-repetition chair stands, after controlling for confounding variables. Conclusions Poorer scores were observed in performance-based measures in women with higher BMI and percent body fat, though mean scores were above thresholds for functional limitation. Physical performance needs to be assessed and addressed by physical therapists when providing lifestyle interventions for overweight and obese women.
Nomenclatural Novelties in Rosa (Rosaceae) subgenus Rosa Recognized in North America

New taxa and nothotaxa are described within North American Rosa L. subg. Rosa. Rosa setigera Michx., formerly considered of Eurasian origin and placed in Rosa sect. Systylae DC., is segregated into the new Rosa sect. Americanae W. H. Lewis. Its origin is proposed to be in the Ozark Plateau of the south-central United States. One new species, R. memoryae W. H. Lewis, and one new subspecies, R. virginiana Mill. subsp. minidentata W. H. Lewis, are described. Twelve new Rosa nothospecies are described: Rosa ×atlantica W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×canadensis W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×churchillii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×fernaldiorum W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×gilmaniana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×hainesii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×harmsiana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×hodgdonii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×massiana W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×oldhamii W. H. Lewis, Rosa ×peraxeliana W. H. Lewis, and Rosa ×victoriana W. H. Lewis. All of these are naturally produced hybrids rather than cultivated plants. The existing nothospecies Rosa ×engelmannii S. Watson, of parentage R. acicularis Lindl. × R. nutkana C. Presl, is divided into three nothosubspecies: nothosubspecies engelmannii, nothosubspecies occidentalis W. H. Lewis, and nothosubspecies britannicae-columbiae W. H. Lewis, distinguished by parentage involving three different subspecies of R. nutkana. New hybrid introgressions identified in Canada and the United States are briefly discussed.
Salt Iodization into the Modern Era and Beyond

Following from the history described in Chap. 1, the present chapter describes the scientific basis for, and the worldwide acceleration of, national IDD prevention programs from the continuous expansion of salt iodization strategies in country upon country starting from the mid-twentieth century. The vision of global IDD prevention and control was first formulated in 1960 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Commitments made by the heads of state and government at the World Summit for Children in 1990 prompted a 10 year period of multisector collaborative actions especially in the developing world, which raised the coverage and access of adequately iodized consumer salt to 70 % worldwide by 2000. The period after the year 2000 witnessed a slower but continued increase in the worldwide iodized salt supplies, along with a steady reduction in the number of countries still considered deficient. The chapter outlines the up-to-date insights into the modern methods and approaches to establish true universal salt iodization (USI). Again in 2014 and based on a meta-analysis of research findings, WHO strongly recommended the mandatory iodization of all dietary salt to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Current program management concerns include an increase in the salt intake from processed foods that occurs with economic development and the challenges in aligning the two salt-based strategies of salt intake reduction and salt iodization. The chapter ends with a premonition that the sustained prevention of IDD requires assurance that USI has become established as a habitual norm in iodine nutrition policy and practice worldwide.
Nondirected, Cu-Catalyzed sp3 C–H Aminations with Hydroxylamine-Based Amination Reagents: Catalytic and Mechanistic Studies

This work demonstrates the use of hydroxylamine-based amination reagents RSO2NH-OAc for the nondirected, Cu-catalyzed amination of benzylic C–H bonds. The amination reagents can be prepared on a gram scale, are benchtop stable, and provide benzylic C–H amination products with up to 86% yield. Mechanistic studies of the established reactivity with toluene as substrate reveal a ligand-promoted, Cu-catalyzed mechanism proceeding through Ph-CH2(NTsOAc) as a major intermediate. Stoichiometric reactivity of Ph-CH2(NTsOAc) to produce Ph-CH2-NHTs suggests a two-cycle, radical pathway for C–H amination, in which the decomposition of the employed diimine ligands plays an important role.
Rapid macroscale shape morphing of 3D-printed polyrotaxane monoliths amplified from pH-controlled nanoscale ring motions

Polypseudorotaxane-based 3D-printing hydrogels consisting of dimethacrylamide-poly(ethylene-glycol) and α-CD have been developed. After post-printing crosslinking, the 3D-printed polyrotaxane monolith exhibits rapid and reversible shape morphing upon pH variation. Copolymerization of the polypseudorotaxane with acrylates affords hybrid 4D printing materials that are responsive to pH and ionic strength.