cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Examination of the Cohesion-Performance Relationship in an Interactive Team Sport

Abstract This study experimentally examined the cohesion-performance relationship. Undergraduate male volunteers were randomly assigned to 3-man basketball teams and teams were randomly assigned to receive either a cohesion-producing or a cohesion-reducing manipulation before competing. Level of cohesion and individual as well as team performance variables were assessed prior to and after each game. The manipulation successfully created teams higher and lower in cohesion. The results indicate that cohesion had a negligible impact on team performance. A stronger effect was found for the impact of performance on cohesion with winning teams having higher levels of cohesion than losing teams. These findings are consistent with previous literature and lend experimental support to the conclusion that performance has more impact on cohesion than cohesion has on performance.
The nature and frequency of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE. This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and nature of neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) utilizing the combination of digital imaging techniques, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS. A complete clinical examination was performed on 100 eyes of 93 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with neovascular ARMD. Digital fluorescein angiography, ICG angiography, and OCT were also used in evaluating those patients. Comparison of the imaging techniques to determine their value in studying the nature of the lesions. RESULTS. On the basis of existing fluorescein standards, 15 eyes were diagnosed with classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV), 15 with minimally classic CNV, and 70 with occult CNV. ICG angiography was superior for detecting the active vascular component in polypoidal CNV (16 eyes) and retinal angiomatous proliferation (14 eyes). OCT was more sensitive than FA for determining the presence of cystoid macular edema evident in the vast majority of eyes with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that FA, ICG angiography, and OCT, when used in combination, will assist clinicians in best determining the precise nature of the neovascular process in ARMD. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2007; 17: 75-83)
Response to lithium of a cell surface ECTO-NOX protein with time-keeping characteristics.

Abstract Lithium has been used widely both as a clinical agent to treat manic depressive disorders and as a substance targeted to the regulation of the circadian cycle. In this study, we show that lithium at physiological concentrations of less than 1 μM uniquely induces an ECTO-NOX activity previously inactive from plant (soybean), murine (3T3 cells) and human (HUVEC and HeLa cells) sources and resets the period of the constitutive CNOX. The average period length of the new oscillation set induced by the presence of lithium of 23.5 min was slightly less than the period length in the absence of lithium (24 min). The constitutive period was retained in the presence of lithium but the period length was increased on an average by 4% to about 25 min. Targeting circadian rhythm abnormalities may be a particularly useful strategy in management of bipolar disorder and related illnesses since circadian cycles appear to be an inherent function conserved through evolution in all organisms and consistently implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
MEASUREMENTS FOR MOUTH TO NOSE-AND-MOUTH INFANT CPR † 1149

Introduction: American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for infants <1 year recommend mouth to nose-and-mouth rescue breathing. A recent study measuring faces of 2-4 mo old infants and mothers predicted none of the 24 mothers would be able to do rescue breathing as per AHA guidelines. We assessed a diverse population for estimated maternal ability to seal their infant's nose and mouth.
Herpes simplex virus type-1 can reactivate transcription of latent human immunodeficiency virus.

The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV (formerly T-cell lym-photropic virus type III, HTLV-III or lymphadenopathy-associated virus, LAV) is the primary cause of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)'2. Patients with AIDS have profound immunosuppression as a result of almost complete absence of the OKT4+ cell population1,3 and are predisposed to a number of opportunistic infections as well as to certain malignant diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma and B-cell tumours4,5. The majority of the opportunistic infections observed in AIDS patients are from the herpesvirus group6–8 and these are frequently the cause of death in AIDS patients. We have therefore investigated the effect of herpes virus infection on the expression of HIV and we provide evidence that herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-I) can reactivate transcription of latent HIV. In OKT4+ human T-cells HIV replicates to high virus titres, resulting in high level expression of viral RNA. This high level of expression has been attributed to virus-associated trans-acting factors that increase gene expression, directed by the HIV long terminal repeats (LTR)9, post-transcriptionally. In our studies we have tested whether transcription directed by the LTR of HIV is stimulated by HSV-I.
Sources of variation in measurements of carbon dioxide levels inside incubators.

We have been able to investigate five sources that contribute to variation in determining carbon dioxide measurements in incubators. A total of 18.5% of the variation is attributable to the investigator, time, and Fyrite analyzer. Incubator contributed 40.2% of the overall variation.
On the microeconomics of diversification under learning

This paper investigates the microeconomics of diversification, based on a two-period model of an owner-managed firm facing uncertainty. The analysis focuses on the role of learning. Economies of diversification are defined based on a certainty equivalent and its decomposition into three components: expected profit (capturing scope effects), the risk premium (measuring the cost of risk aversion), and the value of information associated with learning. For each component, the influence of scale effects, trans-ray concavity effects, and income effects on economies of diversification are examined. By integrating risk, scope and the role of information, the analysis provides new insights into the microeconomics of diversification. While scope economies and risk aversion can provide general incentives for diversification, we argue that information and learning can give incentives to specialize. Implications for economic analysis are discussed.
Approaches to estimate uncertainty in longitudinal channel water balances

Summary The effects of uncertainty in field measurements on estimated longitudinal channel water balances are a poorly understood aspect of hydrology. A mountain stream study reach in northern Utah with spatially variable groundwater exchange was used to explore a detailed uncertainty analysis approach to estimate the error in water balances. Net changes in stream flow were first estimated for both a 515 m and a 560 m reach using two discharge measurement methods: (1) rating curves and (2) dilution gauging with instantaneous tracer experiments. Errors in estimates were quantified using 95% joint confidence regions for rating curves and a first-order error analysis for dilution gauging. With the mean errors in rating curve predictions and dilution gauging estimated to be ±8.2% and ±8.4%, respectively, neither method was found to definitively detect net changes in stream flow at this scale. Using dilution gauging, net channel water balances were then estimated for a collection of 56–229 m sub-reaches within the two original study reaches. When considering the ±8.1% error (defined as 95% prediction intervals) in these estimates at this scale, significant net changes were observed in only half of the sub-reaches. Gross gains and losses that contribute to these net changes were estimated and a first-order error analysis was additionally performed. Half of the sub-reaches had significant gross gains and losses concurrently occurring that did not have significant net changes. The uncertainty analyses proved imperative to appropriately interpret results.
Approaching closed-shell accuracy for radicals using coupled cluster theory with perturbative triple substitutions

The erratic performance of CCSD(T) for radicals is analyzed using non-Hartree–Fock references as a starting point for correlations and by testing the (2) approach as an alternative to (T) for including higher-order correlation effects. Though CCSD(2) improves upon CCSD(T), correlating from a better-behaved reference makes both theories robust. Comparisons of calculated harmonic frequencies against experiment in a set of diatomic radicals from Brueckner-like orbitals demonstrate improvement approaching closed-shell accuracy. Additionally, we find that using BLYP Kohn–Sham orbitals yields similar improvements, and they are therefore a useful, inexpensive reference for high-level correlation methods in difficult systems. Root-mean-square errors of 1.0–1.2% are found in the cc-pVQZ basis for predicted harmonic frequencies in the test set using OD(T) and KS-CCSD(T), making these approaches quite competitive with CCSD(T) for closed-shell molecules. Finally, these improvements are correlated with spin contamination and the rate of change of the electron density with nuclear displacement.
Distribution and acute stressor-induced activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurones in the central nervous system of Xenopus laevis

In mammals, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and related peptides are known to play essential roles in the regulation of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioural responses to physical and emotional stress. In nonmammalian species, CRH-like peptides are hypothesized to play similar neuroendocrine and neurocrine roles. However, there is relatively little detailed information on the distribution of CRH neurones in the central nervous system (CNS) of nonmammalian vertebrates, and there are currently no comparative data on stress-induced changes in CRH neuronal physiology. We used a specific, affinitypurified antibody raised against synthetic Xenopus laevis CRH to map the distribution of CRH in the CNS of juvenile South African clawed frogs. We then analysed stress-induced changes in CRH immunoreactivity (CRH-ir) throughout the CNS. We found that CRH-positive cell bodies and fibres are widely distributed throughout the brain and rostral spinal cord of juvenile X. laevis. Strong CRH-immunoreactovity (ir) was found in cell bodies and fibres in the anterior preoptic area (POA, an area homologous to the mammalian paraventricular nucleus) and the external zone of the median eminence. Specific CRH-ir cell bodies and fibres were also identified in the septum, pallium and striatum in the telencephalon; the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and various hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei in the diencephalon; the tectum, torus semicircularis and tegmental nuclei of the mesencephalon; the cerebellum and locus coeruleus in the rhombencephalon; and the ventral horn of the rostral spinal cord. To determine if exposure to an acute physical stressor alters CRH neuronal physiology, we exposed juvenile frogs to shaking/handling and conducted morphometric analysis. Plasma corticosterone was significantly elevated by 30 min after exposure to the stressor and continued to increase up to 6 h. Morphometric analysis of CRH-ir after 4 h of stress showed a significant increase in CRH-ir in parvocellular neurones of the anterior preoptic area, the medial amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in other brain regions. The stressinduced increase in CRH-ir in the POA was associated with increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI), and confocal microscopy showed that CRH-ir colocalized with Fos-LI in a subset of Fos-LI-positive neurones. Our results support the view that the basic pattern of CNS CRH expression arose early in vertebrate evolution and lend further support to earlier studies suggesting that amphibians may be a transitional species for descending CRH-ergic pathways. Furthermore, CRH neurones in the frog brain exhibit changes in response to a physical stressor that parallel those seen in mammals, and thus are likely to play an active role in mediating neuroendocrine, behavioural and autonomic stress responses.
Si los administradores pensaran como diseñadores

El diseno es un concepto muy discutido ahora en el mundo de los negocios y es considerado por muchos como el “arma secreta” que apoyara a las empresas en la competencia para encontrar un lugar destacado en el ambito lleno de argucias, que seguramente se vivira en el siglo XXI. El articulo se pregunta “que significaria para la estrategia de negocios que los administradores tomaramos en serio la idea del diseno”. El analisis de diez interesantes procesos de diseno motivan respuestas inteligentes a este interrogante. El Teatro de la Opera de Sydney, creado por Jorn Utzon, Premio Pritzker en el 2003 y que es hoy un motivo de orgullo para la ciudad. El Museo Guggenheim en Bilbao, creado por Frank Gehry, con una gran intuicion sobre lo que atraeria a los vascos. El vestidito negro (little black dress), disenado por Coco Chanel en la decada de los 20, cuya sencillez constituyo un acontecimiento. El puente Golden Gate de San Francisco, que se ha transformado en simbolo de la ciudad. Una hermosa pintura realizada por Picasso a los 14 anos, la Primera Comunion, elaborada de manera convencional, comparada con la innovadora factura del Guernica, que conmemora el bombardeo nazi del pueblo vasco. La “visionaria” compania ideada por Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA, que transforma el negocio de los muebles. La innovacion en los disenos urbanos logrados gracias el proceso charrette de los proyectos del Nuevo Urbanismo de la Comunidad Seaside en Florida. La concepcion del Parque Central de Nueva York, asignada por concurso a Frederick Law Olmsted y Calvert Vaux y que dio esa “sensacion campestre” a la ciudad ombligo del mundo. La Universidad de Virginia, a la cual dedico Thomas Jefferson los ultimos anos de su vida, y que genero una “comunidad” donde “los estudiantes trabajan como socios” para establecer el dialogo que “requiere la democracia”. Y, finalmente, la inacabada catedral de La Sagrada Familia en Barcelona, ideada por Antoni Gaudi como una “Biblia de piedra”. La autora indica que “las diez historias de diseno relatadas aqui tratan de posibilidades hechas realidad” y que cada una de estas grandes creaciones encarna una virtud necesaria para que una estrategia inteligente y creadora de negocios sea capaz de innovar en este siglo.
Spontaneous rupture of the right coronary artery.

Abstract A case is reported of spontaneous rupture of the right coronary artery in a 75-year-old woman with hypertension and hypoplasia of the aorta and coronary vessels.
Amyloid Fibril Nucleation In Reverse Micelles

Aβ is 40-residue peptide, unstructured and present in all brain tissue. In Alzheimer's disease, Aβ peptides spontaneously aggregate and form fibrils. Fibril formation begins with a nucleation step that is poorly understood. Factors that cause nucleation are likely to be related with the cause of Alzheimer's disease. To understand the nucleation step, while preventing protein aggregation into fibrils, we have encapsulated Aβ peptides in reverse micelles (RMs) - nanometer-sized droplets of water, surrounded by a surfactant, immersed in an organic solvent. In addition to preventing aggregation, RMs may mimic aspects of the in vivo circumstances where Aβ peptides form fibrils, such as molecular crowding, confinement, and high ionic strength. MD simulations were performed to better understand RM properties, and the behavior of Aβ peptides in an RM. This computational study provides a detailed molecular model for an AOT RM. Our results show that 64 AOT molecules and a Wo = 7.5 yields an RM with dimensions that are consistent with experimental data. When Wo = 7.5 and the number of AOT molecules is greater than 64, the RM shape becomes markedly non-spherical and begins to split. When Wo = 7.5 and the number of AOT molecules is less than 64, the resulting RM has an insufficient number of AOT molecules to separate water from isooctane. Even with 64 AOT per RM, there is an overlap of water and isooctane phases that facilitates both the escape of waters from the RM core, and their re-entry. These processes - observable now in a detailed simulation - account for the narrow size distribution of RM at equilibrium. When incorporated in an RM, Aβ peptides may locate in the surfactant layer and increase RM surface area as well as volume.
Three-dimensional dosimetric analysis and quantitative bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging for treatment of nonresectable pancreatic cancer using colloidal phosphorus-32

A clinically applicable methodology was developed to: (1) co-register the reconstructed three-dimensional images from CT and SPECT, and (2) determine the 3-D absorbed dose distribution from bremsstrahlung SPECTimages for patients undergoing infusional brachytherapy using colloidal P-32. The image co-registration helps verify that the region of P-32 activity distribution corresponds to the anatomic site selected for injection. For outer surfaces, the body contours obtained from bremsstrahlung SPECT data were co-registered with corresponding contours from CT. For the administered activity, a 3-D surface was generated by mapping the iso-counts in the SPECTimage in real coordinates. The corresponding surface objects from the CT then were matched with the SPECT using an outer surface-fitting algorithm. The accuracy of the fit measured as the mean distance between the SPECT and CT surfaces was then calculated. Calibration curves were generated from phantom studies and activity per voxel from the attenuation corrected measured counts per voxel were determined. The cumulative activity at each voxel position was then converted to dose (Gy) using a Monte Carlo based P-32 point dose kernel in water. Two- and three-dimensional quantitative dose distributions were then generated and projected on the reconstructedSPECT or CT slices and dose-volume histograms were analyzed.
Cultural Imperatives in Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in Mathematics

DIF is said to occur if different subgroups, who have equal standing on the construct the test is designed to measure, display different probabilities of passing an item (in test of typical performance). DIF as a condition in which given examinees of equal ability in the trait being measured, the probability of answering an item correctly is related to group membership. There are evidences of DIF among testees from different subgroups (cultural group, gender and socioeconomic background). Therefore, any test used to measure students’ ability must be fair among different cultures. Because of the different cultural setting tests may not be functioning in the same way in all cultures, which is also called that test may be equivalent or tests may not be fair among different culture. This paper therefore discusses the concepts of DIF, culture and the theoretical perspective of cultural imperative in DIF. Furthermore, the paper examined the sources of DIF in multicultural assessment and how to deal with inequivalent items. Finally, it attempts the use of culturally responsive instructional technique to reduce students’ differential performance in mathematics. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n10p85
Participant characteristics as predictors of attrition in worksite weight loss

Attrition is a significant problem in worksite weight loss interventions, and differences in participants' motivational levels have been hypothesized to account for this high attrition rate. The present study examined characteristics of participants who completed a worksite weight loss program compared to those who dropped out, using a step-wise discriminant function analysis. The results indicate that a combination of motivational characteristics, expectations, and change in weight just prior to treatment significantly discriminated drop-outs from completers. The results of this investigation are discussed with respect to implications for developing cost-effective worksite treatment protocols and directions for future research.
“The Keepers of Stories” Personal Growth and Wisdom Among Oncology Nurses

This study examined whether oncology nurses experience personal growth and wisdom as a result of caring for patients. Using a grounded theory approach, 30 nurses were interviewed regarding their experiences caring for cancer patients. Every nurse in this sample cited at least one example of growth and wisdom. Subthemes of personal growth were largely consistent with the documented domains of posttraumatic growth and included appreciation of life, new perspective on life, relating to others, spiritual/religious growth, and personal strength. Subthemes of wisdom were more varied, reflecting the diversity of this construct in the context of nursing. Benevolence arose as a unifying theme between personal growth and wisdom, with subthemes centering on altruistic attitudes and behavior toward patients and the greater community. Findings suggest that nurses develop personal growth, wisdom, and benevolence as a result of the emotional connections formed with patients and the subsequent struggle to cope with their loss. This process accords well with findings in other populations experiencing trauma and adversity directly.
Mineral-solution equilibria—I. An experimental study of complexing and thermodynamic properties of aqueous MgCl2 in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O-HCl

Abstract Speciation of aqueous magnesium in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O-HCl in supercritical aqueous fluids has been investigated using standard rapid-quench hydrothermal techniques and a modification of the Ag + AgCl buffer method ( Frantz and Eugster , 1973. Am. J. Sci.267, 268–286). A concentric double-capsule charge was utilized. The outer gold capsule contained the assemblage talc + quartz + Ag + AgCl + H2O-MgCl2 fluid; the inner platinum capsule, Ag + AgCl + H2O-HCl fluid. During the experiments, ƒ H 2 and thus ƒ HCl equilibrated between the two capsules. After quenching, measurement of the chloride concentration in the fluid in the inner capsule and total magnesium in the fluid in the outer capsule defines the concentrations of HCl and Mg that coexist with talc + quartz in the outer capsule. Changes in the measured molality of HCl as a function of the total magnesium concentration at constant P and T were used to identify the predominant species of magnesium in the hydrothermal fluid. Experimental results showed that at 2000 bar, MgCl°2 is the predominant species above 550°C and Mg2+, below 400°C. Data at intermediate temperatures when combined with the dissociation constant for HCl were used to obtain the dissociation constant for MgCl°2. The results of these experiments were combined with results from experiments using Ag + AgCl in conjunction with the oxygen buffer, hematite-magnetite, to obtain the equilibrium constant for the reaction 1 3 Talc + 2HC1° H 2 O MgCl° 2 + 4 3 Quartz + 4 3 H 2 O from which the difference in Gibbs free energy of MgCl°2 and HC1° was obtained as a function of temperature at 1000, 1500 and 2000 bar pressure, Solubility constants for brucite. forsterite, chrysotile, and talc were calculated.
Wide Band Neutrino Beams with Quadrupole Focusing

For high energy neutrino beams the requirements of large solid angle acceptance and wide bandpass can be achieved with a focusing channel composed of quadrupole cells where each cell is sequentially scaled in aperture, length and field gradient. A formalism for the design of these quadrupole focused neutrino beams with wide bandpass has been developed. The theory will be presented and the results of calculations will be given for some quadrupole focused neutrino beams. Compared to more exotic focusing techniques quadrupoles offer inherent reliability and easy maintenance. The system, which can be used in either long or short spill operation, can also be used as the front end of a muon beam for a facility that would be shared between neutrino and muon experiments. The quadrupole focusing channel does not, however, distinguish between parent particle charge and, therefore, cannot produce a pure neutrino or antineutrino beam.
HSV-2-induced tumorigenicity in HPV16-immortalized human genital keratinocytes.

Abstract A subgenomic region of HSV-2, Bgl II N, is capable of converting immortal genital epithelial cells containing integrated HPV16 sequences into tumorigenic squamous cell carcinoma cells. Moreover, tumor-derived cultured cells and immortal cells that had been transfected with HSV-2/ Bgl II N and kept in continuous culture subsequently lost the HSV-2 sequences. The HSV-2/ Bg /II N sequence was ineffective on normal cells. Thus, HSV-2/ Bg /II N may act as a cofactor in the genesis of a carcinoma but is not required to maintain the transformed phenotype. Although pa pillornaviruses (HPVs) are currently receiving much attention because of their association with cervical squamous carcinomas, ample reasons exist to suggest a multifactorial etiology in which additional factors are necessary to convert dysplastic lesions to carcinomas. The hypothesis that specific HPV types may be necessary but not sufficient to cause cancer is reinforced. Thus, HSV-2-transforming sequences have a potential role in the etiology of human cervical cancer.
Assessment and Counseling for Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer: A Guide for Clinicians

More women in all risk categories are seeking information regarding their individual breast cancer risk, and there is a need for their primary care clinicians to be able to assess familial risk factors for breast cancer, provide individualized risk information, and offer surveillance recommendations. Estimates of the number of women with a family history of breast cancer range from approximately 5% to 20%, depending on the population surveyed. Many of these women will not have a family history that suggests the presence of a highly penetrant breast cancer susceptibility gene. However, a small subset of such women will come from families with a striking incidence of breast and other cancers often associated with inherited mutations. The development and refinement of risk prediction models provide an epidemiologic basis for counseling women with a family history that does not appear related to a dominant susceptibility gene. In contrast, the recent isolation ofBRCA1, the localization ofBRCA2, and the acknowledgment that additional breast cancer susceptibility genes must exist provide a molecular basis for counseling some high-risk women. We present a guide for primary care clinicians that may be helpful in defining families as moderate or high risk, in determining individual risk in women with a family history of breast cancer based on this distinction, and for counseling women in a setting where the data necessary to design surveillance and prevention strategies are lacking. We include criteria for selecting women who may be candidates for detection of inherited mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes. (JAMA. 1995;273:577-585)
Features of some discrete-time cyclic queueing networks

A class of discrete-time closed cyclic networks is analyzed, where queues at each node have ample waiting room and have independent geometric service times with possibly unequal means. If each node has a single server or if there are sufficiently many parallel servers at each node to accommodate all jobs, equilibrium vectors of product form are obtained. For some other cases, equilibrium vectors of product form need not exist. For the single-server model, a normalization constant is computed and used to determine the queue-length distribution at a node.
FAÇADE: a fast and effective approach to the discovery of dense clusters in noisy spatial data

FACADE (Fast and Automatic Clustering Approach to Data Engineering) is a spatial clustering tool that can discover clusters of different sizes, shapes, and densities in noisy spatial data. Compared with the existing clustering methods, FACADE has several advantages: first, it separates true data and noise more effectively. Second, most steps of FACADE are automatic. Third, it requires only O(nlogn) time. 2D and 3D visualizations are used in FACADE to assist parameter selection and result evaluation. More information on FACADE is available at: http://viscomp.utdallas.edu/FACADE.
The developmental appearance of a major basilar papilla-specific protein in the chick.

Abstract The sensory epithelium of the chick cochlea, the basilar papilla, contains a major protein of approximately 23000 daltons. This protein was as abundant as actin in the papilla, yet could not be found in significant quantities in any other cochlear tissue. The protein appeared at a time in development when other studies have shown that the chick embryo develops peripheral auditory competence. These observations suggest a role for this protein in cochlear function.
Differential Item Functioning in the Wisc-III: Item Parameters for Boys and Girls in the National Standardization Sample:

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III) is the most widely used test of intelligence in the world. However, the manual for the WISC-III provides insufficient detail regarding the detection of differential item functioning (DIF). The WISC-III national standardization sample (N = 2,200) was used to investigate DIF in six WISC-III subtests. After fitting two parameter logistic and graded response models to the data, items were tested for DIF using the item response theory likelihood ratio DIF detection method. Of the 151 items studied, 52 were found to function differently across groups. The magnitude of the DIF was also considered by examining (a) parameter differences between groups and (b) root mean squared probability differences. Because the scores of boys and girls may be composed of different items systematically scored as correct, their IQs cannot be assumed to have the same meaning. Further investigations of item content bias are recommended.
Nanostructure devices for logic and memory and beyond

After six decades of device size reduction and its efficient use through hierarchical design, the semiconductor area encounters two major conflicting currents: (a) quantum, stochastic (atomic and signal/noise) and other probabilistic effects with size reduction at the bottom and (b) thermodynamic consequences in the inefficiencies of the information engine as a large numbers of devices are assembled together hierarchically at the top. This is the central intellectual challenge when discussing the future of nanostructure devices and their use in information machines. We discuss the conceptual fundamentals of the small and the large that ties this scale change that exists in time, size, energy, and other dimensions of the machinery. From this, we derive ideas for devices, robustness, information efficiency, and performance under practical constraints so that the next six decades are just as fruitful and useful for the society.
Laboratory Induction and Clinical Occurrences of Combined Clindamycin and Erythromycin Resistance in Corynebacterium acnes

Corynebacterium acnes strains cross-resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin were observed following long-term selection or mutagenic treatment in the laboratory. Similar strains were found among clinical isolates from patients using clindamycin or erythromycin topically in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clindamycin resistance was never observed in the absence of resistance to macrolides or other lincosaminides. It is suggested that this resistance may result from an alteration of the 50S ribosomal subunit.
RuO(2) nanoparticles dispersed on carbon nanotubes with high electrochemical activity using N incorporation.

The N incorporation into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supporting ultrafine RuO2 nanoparticles (NPs) has been studied. With increasing N dopant, the Raman spectrum shifts to higher wavenumbers and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show the intensity ratio of graphene- to pyridine-like bonding is reduced. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscope images reveal that the uniform RuO2 NPs are dispersed on CNTs at the N2 flow rate of 20 sccm. Electrochemical (EC) measurements show N-doped CNTs covered with RuO2 NPs at an N2 flow rate of 20 sccm provide the optimal capacitive behavior with larger energy density and can be performed at the higher scan rate of 2000 mV s−1. The distribution of RuO2 NPs on CNT surfaces deduced from N-induced defect sites is the key point in controlling the capacitive characteristics of CNT–RuO2 nanocomposites (NCs). The high capacitance is due to the well-dispersed RuO2 particles on CNTs incorporated with N atoms. Such NCs are promising for energy storage devices with high EC efficiency.
Clotting and cancer progression: platelets count

In knockout mice models of metastasis, platelets, activation of platelet protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), and fibrinogen/fibrin formation play key roles in the blood-borne metastasis of tumor cells with procoagulant activity, whereas activation of endothelial cell PAR1 and PAR2 does not appear
Analytic aerotriangulation: Triplets and sub-blocks

Abstract The feasibility of using triplets and sub-blocks as opposed to the conventional stereopairs is investigated. A procedure for triplet aerotriangulation suitable for a medium capacity electronic computer using the coplanarity equation was developed and tested using both fictitious and real photographs. Triplets are proven to be stronger than conventional stereopairs for extending control. A procedure for nine-photograph sub-block aerotriangulation based on the colinearity equation has been developed, programmed and tested with fictitious photography on a 32K memory electronic computer. Side lap of 60% for adjacent strips is required. The computer program will also perform aerotriangulation of strips using triplets. Theoretical developments are presented which allow incorporation of auxiliary exposure station data in the sub-block relative orientation.
Candida Infections of Skin: Potentiation, Protection and Prevention

In recent years candida species have emerged as a major human fungal pathogen, causing both superficial mucocutaneous and life-threatening systemic disease in alarming proportions around the globe. Fungal infections of skin generally reflect some breakdown in the host's defense system, which, as we know, is quite complex. In the infectious process, however, both host and parasite factors must determine the outcome of any mutual encounter. This review highlights the multitude of host and fungal factors which potentiate skin infections with candida species (1). In addition, I will consider natural protective factors which might be amplified to treat or prevent such infections in susceptible individuals. The bibliography is limited to more inclusive reviews and specific points for emphasis.
Electrophysiological Studies in Xenopus Oocytes for the Opening of Escherichia coli SecA-Dependent Protein-Conducting Channels

Protein translocation in Escherichia coli requires protein-conducting channels in cytoplasmic membranes to allow precursor peptides to pass through with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Here, we report a novel, sensitive method that detects the opening of the SecA-dependent protein-conducting channels at the nanogram level. E. coli inverted membrane vesicles were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and ionic currents were recorded using the two-electrode voltage clamp. Currents were observed only in the presence of E. coli SecA in conjunction with E. coli membranes. Observed currents showed outward rectification in the presence of KCl as permeable ions and were significantly enhanced by coinjection with the precursor protein proOmpA or active LamB signal peptide. Channel activity was blockable with sodium azide or adenylyl 5′-(β,γ-methylene)-diphosphonate, a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, both of which are known to inhibit SecA protein activity. Endogenous oocyte precursor proteins also stimulated ion current activity and can be inhibited by puromycin. In the presence of puromycin, exogenous proOmpA or LamB signal peptides continued to enhance ionic currents. Thus, the requirement of signal peptides and ATP hydrolysis for the SecA-dependent currents resembles biochemical protein translocation assay with E. coli membrane vesicles, indicating that the Xenopus oocyte system provides a sensitive assay to study the role of Sec and precursor proteins in the formation of protein-conducting channels using electrophysiological methods.
Viral entry denied.

Until recently, antiviral drugs were both uncommon and not terribly potent. This has changed: during the past decade, more than 30 antiviral drugs have been licensed, and many of them are very effe...
Tau is actin up in Alzheimer's disease

The microtubule associated protein tau is involved in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease, however, the mechanistic basis for the involvement of tau is unclear. New evidence indicates that tau may mediate neurotoxicity by altering the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.
Dermal-epidermal interactions. Cultivation of embryonic rabbit gingiva and studies of heterotypic tissue recombinants on the chick chorio-allantoic membrane

Abstract Gingiva and dorsal skin from 25-day embryonic New Zealand white rabbits were excised and explanted as xenografts on the CAM for periods up to 10 days. Organ cultures retained their characteristic histodifferentiation and indicated continued growth and development. Recombinants of trypsin-dissociated palate and skin epithelium and adjacent dermis illustrated advances in development. In all cases homotypic tissue isolates of epithelium or dermis did not retain their phenotypes. Recombinants of heterotypic isolated tissues indicated aninstructuve influence by the specific dermis upon the epithelium.
Deterrents to Participation in Adult Education: Profiles of Potential Learners.

One of the most difficult tasks confronting program planners in adult education is helping adults overcome the forces that deter their participation. In an earlier investigation, six factors of det...
Optical chlorophyll sensing system for banana ripening

An optical chlorophyll sensing system was developed to detect the chlorophyll content of bananas as the fruit ripens. This system shows a high correlation to other peel colour analysis methods (spectral analysis, tristimulus colorimeter analysis, and visual colour matching). Regression equations were developed to predict the chlorophyll content of banana peels, which is primarily responsible for the change in the colour of the peel. This optical chlorophyll sensing system has the following characteristics: rapid response, simple operation, non-destructive measurement, and low cost. The potential application of this system in automatic monitoring of banana ripening is also discussed. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
A failure of left temporal cortex to specialize for language is an early emerging and fundamental property of autism

Failure to develop normal language comprehension is an early warning sign of autism, but the neural mechanisms underlying this signature deficit are unknown. This is because of an almost complete absence of functional studies of the autistic brain during early development. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we previously observed a trend for abnormally lateralized temporal responses to language (i.e. greater activation on the right, rather than the expected left) in a small sample ( n = 12) of sleeping 2–3 year olds with autism in contrast to typically developing children, a finding also reported in autistic adults and adolescents. It was unclear, however, if findings of atypical laterality would be observed in a larger sample, and at even earlier ages in autism, such as around the first birthday. Answers to these questions would provide the foundation for understanding how neurofunctional defects of autism unfold, and provide a foundation for studies using patterns of brain activation as a functional early biomarker of autism. To begin to examine these issues, a prospective, cross-sectional design was used in which brain activity was measured in a large sample of toddlers ( n = 80) during the presentation of a bedtime story during natural sleep. Forty toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and 40 typically developing toddlers ranging in age between 12–48 months participated. Any toddler with autism who participated in the imaging experiment prior to final diagnosis was tracked and diagnoses confirmed at a later age. Results indicated that at-risk toddlers later diagnosed as autistic display deficient left hemisphere response to speech sounds and have abnormally right-lateralized temporal cortex response to language; this defect worsens with age, becoming most severe in autistic 3- and 4-year-olds. Typically developing children show opposite developmental trends with a tendency towards greater temporal cortex response with increasing age and maintenance of left-lateralized activation with age. We have now demonstrated lateralized abnormalities of temporal cortex processing of language in autism across two separate samples, including a large sample of young infants who later are diagnosed with autism, suggesting that this pattern may reflect a fundamental early neural developmental pathology in autism. * Abbreviation : ADOS : autism diagnostic observation schedule ASD : austism spectrum disorder
Symbol shaping for Barker spread Wi-Fi communications

This paper details the progressive development of symbol shaping for Barker spread IEEE 802.11 modulation used in wireless fidelity communications. Symbol shaping is used to satisfy the spectral mask requirements of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with minimal output filtering and inter-symbol interference. Logarithmic, sinusoidal, and sine-function shaping is investigated using analytic, simulation, and experimental methods. Power spectral densities are compared to the FCC mask to determine the effectiveness of the symbol shaping. Bit error rate is evaluated to provide a performance metric for each symbol shape. A complete experimental system has been implemented as a test bed for this research.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Multiply Charged Anions

Multiply charged anions (MCAs) are common in condensed phases but are challenging to study in the gas phase. An experimental technique, coupling photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) with electrospray ionization (ESI), has been developed to investigate the properties of free MCAs in the gas phase. This article reviews the principles of this technique and some initial findings about the intrinsic properties of MCAs. Examples include the observation of the repulsive Coulomb barrier that exists universally in MCAs and its effects on the dynamic stability and PES of MCAs. The solvation and solvent stabilization of MCAs have been studied in the gas phase and are also discussed. A second-generation low-temperature ESI-PES apparatus has been developed, which allows ion temperatures to be controlled from 10 to 350 K. New results from this low-temperature ESI-PES instrument are also reviewed, including doubly charged fullerene anions, inorganic metal complexes, and temperature-induced conformation changes of complex anions.
Prospective Infectious Disease Outbreak Detection Using Markov Switching Models

Accurate and timely detection of infectious disease outbreaks provides valuable information which can enable public health officials to respond to major public health threats in a timely fashion. However, disease outbreaks are often not directly observable. For surveillance systems used to detect outbreaks, noises caused by routine behavioral patterns and by special events can further complicate the detection task. Most existing detection methods combine a time series filtering procedure followed by a statistical surveillance method. The performance of this "two-step? detection method is hampered by the unrealistic assumption that the training data are outbreak-free. Moreover, existing approaches are sensitive to extreme values, which are common in real-world data sets. We considered the problem of identifying outbreak patterns in a syndrome count time series using Markov switching models. The disease outbreak states are modeled as hidden state variables which control the observed time series. A jump component is introduced to absorb sporadic extreme values that may otherwise weaken the ability to detect slow-moving disease outbreaks. Our approach outperformed several state-of-the-art detection methods in terms of detection sensitivity using both simulated and real-world data.
Specific Inhibitors of p38 and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Block Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Tumor Necrosis Factor Accumulation in Murine Macrophages Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-γ

Whether p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are required for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) accumulation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) was investigated. By use of Western blotting for iNOS detection and ELISA for quantitation of TNF secretion, three selective inhibitors of these pathways were tested (the p38 inhibitors SB202190 and SB203580 and the MEK 1,2/ERK inhibitor PD98059). Dose-related inhibition of iNOS production was demonstrated when inhibitors were added 1 h before, simultaneously with, or 1 h after LPS plus rIFN-gamma stimulation. In contrast, inhibition of TNF secretion was observed only when cells were preincubated with these agents. Thus, both the p38 and ERK pathways are involved in the up-regulation of iNOS and TNF production by murine macrophages, and specific inhibitors of these pathways block macrophage iNOS production even when added 1 h after activation of these cells.
Ultra‐High Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Zirconium Diboride–Zirconium Carbide Ceramic

The mechanical properties of a ZrB2-10 vol% ZrC ceramic were measured up to 2300°C in an argon atmosphere. Dense billets of ZrB2-9.5 vol% ZrC-0.1 vol% C were produced by hot-pressing at 1900°C. The ZrB2 grain size was 4.9 μm and ZrC cluster size was 1.8 μm. Flexure strength was 695 MPa at ambient, decreasing to 300 MPa at 1600°C, increasing to 345 MPa at 1800°C and 2000°C, and then decreasing to 290 MPa at 2200°C and 2300°C. Fracture toughness was 4.8 MPa·m½ at room temperature, decreasing to 3.4 MPa·m½ at 1400°C, increasing to 4.5 MPa·m½ at 1800°C, and decreasing to 3.6 MPa·m½ at 2300°C. Elastic modulus calculated from the crosshead displacement was estimated to be 505 GPa at ambient, relatively unchanging to 1200°C, then decreasing linearly to 385 GPa at 1600°C, more slowly to 345 GPa at 2000°C, and then more rapidly to 260 GPa at 2300°C. Surface flaws resulting from machining damage were the critical flaw up to 1400°C. Above 1400°C, plasticity reduced the stress at the crack tip and the surface flaws experienced subcritical crack growth. Above 2000°C, microvoid coalescence ahead of the crack tip caused failure.