cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in the interpretation and prediction of CYP2E1 metabolism from a biochemical perspective.

Background: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays a central role in the metabolism and metabolic activation of a large number of small, mostly xenobiotic compounds. These qualities distinguish CYP2E1 from traditional enzymes and pose significant challenges to understanding the role and consequences of CYP2E1-mediated metabolism. Objective: This review discusses recent advances in kinetic profiling, quantitative structure–activity relationships and structural studies that have furthered the development of tools to interpret and predict CYP2E1 metabolism. Methods: Analysis of kinetic profiles by specific mechanisms produces important parameters describing specificity, stoichiometry and metabolism of molecules. Quantitative structure–activity relationships reveal a more specific basis for molecular recognition by CYP2E1. The corresponding protein structures imparting these interactions are the focus of chemical modifications, site-directed mutagenesis and homology modeling studies. Results: Compilation of kinet...
In-nest biologies and development of immature stages of three Osmia species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The in-nest biologies of Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, Osmia californica Cresson, and Osmia montana montana Cresson are, for the first time, described based on information obtained from within observation boxes placed in field and greenhouse environments. Cell construction, provisioning, and egg deposition are described in detail and in a comparative format. Embryogenesis, egg eclosion, molting, immature development, and cocoon construction also are described for each species based on concurrent laboratory studies. The function of head tubercles (malar, labroclypeal, genal) are, for the first time, associated with the nesting biology of Osmia . In addition, courtship and mating, methods of collecting nest materials, fecundity, and voltinism are described based primarily on field observations. Twenty-eight new biological characteristics are recognized as a result of these studies. These particular features distinguish the two subgenera ( Osmia, Cephalosomia ) and three species treated and should, therefore, be incorporated into future biosystematic studies.
Seeking Safety: A Treatment Manual for PTSD and Substance Abuse

This manual presents the first empirically studied, integrative treatment approach developed specifically for PTSD and substance abuse. For persons with this prevalent and difficult-to-treat dual diagnosis, the most urgent clinical need is to establish safety--to work toward discontinuing substance use, letting go of dangerous relationships, and gaining control over such extreme symptoms as dissociation and self-harm. The manual is divided into 25 specific units or topics, addressing a range of different cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal domains. Each topic provides highly practical tools and techniques to engage patients in treatment; teach "safe coping skills" that apply to both disorders; and restore ideals that have been lost, including respect, care, protection, and healing. Structured yet flexible, topics can be conducted in any order and in a range of different formats and settings.
Anterior mediastinal paraganglioma: A case for preoperative embolization

Paraganglioma is a rare but highly vascular tumor of the anterior mediastinum. Surgical resection is a challenge owing to the close proximity to vital structures including the heart, trachea and great vessels. Preoperative embolization has been reported once to facilitate surgical treatment. We report a case of anterior mediastinal paraganglioma that was embolized preoperatively, and was resected without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass and without major bleeding complications. We make a case to further the role of preoperative embolization in the treatment of mediastinal paragangliomas.
Changes in mRNA levels for heat-shock/stress proteins (Hsp) and a secretory vesicle associated cysteine-string protein (Csp1) after amphetamine (AMPH) exposure.

: Damage to nerve terminals, reactive gliosis and somatic degeneration can result when pronounced hyperthermia occurs during amphetamine (AMPH) exposure. The effects of AMPH-induced hyperthermia and damage on the relative mRNA levels for several heat shock/stress proteins (Hsp27, Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsc70), as well as secretory vesicle associated cysteine-string protein (Csp1) were determined in both the striatum and substantia nigra using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These changes were compared to changes in Hsp mRNA levels seen in primary rat cerebral astrocyte cultures after heat shock/stress. Striatal Hsp70 mRNA increased about 2-fold over control levels at 16 hr after AMPH-induced hyperthermia, and was the only Hsp species to significantly increase in response to AMPH. Hsp70 mRNA levels returned to control within 14 days after AMPH. Two-fold increases in Hsp70 mRNA were also seen in primary cultures of rat cerebrum 24 hr after heat shock. In primary cultures and brain tissue, the increased Hsp70 mRNA levels were still more than 500-fold less than constitutive Hsc70 mRNA and 50-fold less than Hsp60 levels. Hsp27 mRNA was not present in the striatum, nigra and primary cell cultures. Thus, the expression of Hsp species mRNA measured was very similar in brain tissue and primary cell cultures. Because only a modest induction of Hsp 70 mRNA occurred, the Hsp species evaluated may only play a minor role in AMPH neurotoxicity. However, further studies are necessary to determine whether large increases in Hsp 70 are occurring in selected neurons or glia in the striatum. RT-PCR products for Csp1 were produced in total RNA obtained from brain but not from cultured astrocytes, suggesting that the Csp1 mRNA measured by RT-PCR is of neuronal origin. Csp1 mRNA levels were acutely downregulated in neurons in the substantia nigra, possibly in response to damage, but not the striatum after AMPH exposure. A slight long-term upregulation at 4 months of Csp1 mRNA may occur in the striatum but not in nigra.
Men, masculinities, travel and tourism

The stated aim of this book is ‘to provide the first comprehensive exploration of the interdependencies of masculinities and tourism by bringing together a diverse range of empirical studies’ (p. 2...
Supplementary Report: Backward Learning and Stimulus Familiarization Inhibition in Children

The present experiment was concerned, in part, with assessing the generality of findings obtained by Simon and Wood (1964) concerning the relative facilitation and inhibitory effects of prior PA stimulus familiarization on subsequent PA learning. Ss were 52 6th and 7th grade children. Results essentially supported those previously obtained with college students. The large attrition rate of Ss failing to reach familiarization list criterion suggests the fairly selected nature of the population of children to which these results can be generalized.
Enabling homeland security missions with in-space 3D printing

This paper considers the utility of space-based 3D printing for homeland security applications, with needs ranging from the collection of data to facilitate the detection of occurrences ranging from prospective acts of terrorism, to invasion, to natural disasters. This paper presents and evaluates multiple prospective homeland security applications for an in-space 3D printing technology. The technology’s efficacy for the fabrication, refurbishment and repair of orbital craft on-demand as well as its utility as part of a mothership for a sensor net constellation are considered.
Can human rights standards help protect children and youth from the detrimental impact of alcohol beverage marketing and promotional activities

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The alcohol industry in the Latin American (LAC) region actively promotes demand for alcohol products through a number of channels including advertising and sponsorship of sports and other events. This paper evaluates whether human rights instruments that Latin American countries have ratified can be used to limit children's exposure to alcohol advertising and promotion. METHODS: A review was conducted of the text of, and interpretative documents related to, a series of international and regional human rights instruments ratified by most countries in the LAC region that enumerate the right to health. RESULTS: The Convention on the Rights of the Child has the most relevant provisions to protect children and youth from alcohol promotion and advertising. Related interpretive documents by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child affirm that corporations hold duties to respect and protect children's right to health. CONCLUSION: Human rights norms and law can be used to regulate or eliminate alcohol beverage marketing and promotional activities in the Latin American region. The paper recommends developing a human rights based Framework Convention on Alcohol Control to provide guidance..This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Language: en
The Mask of Aging and the Social Devaluation and Sexual Humiliation of the Aging and Old Woman

“The Mask of Aging and the Social Devaluation and Sexual Humiliation of the Aging and Old Woman” draws on the work of feminist gerontologists and on older women’s accounts of the “mask of aging” experience of the aging process to investigate the shame dynamics of a common crisis-of-identity and self-othering experience in which the older woman feels that her devalued aging appearance masks her valued inner “youthful” self. If older women are rendered hypervisible because they bear the physical signs of age—which publicly mark them as socially undesirable older women with spoiled identities—they also experience the social invisibility that is the consequence of social rejection. As this chapter investigates the shame dynamics of the social devaluation and the sexual humiliation of aging women, it covers representative fictional and nonfiction works by post-1960 women writers, including Barbara Macdonald, Baba Copper, A.S. Byatt, Doris Lessing, Marilyn French, Anita Brookner, P.K. Page, and Eva Figes.
Nurse staffing and patient outcomes: a longitudinal study on trend and seasonality

Time trends and seasonal patterns have been observed in nurse staffing and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes in recent years. It is unknown whether these changes were associated. Quarterly unit-level nursing data in 2004–2012 were extracted from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®). Units were divided into groups based on patterns of missing data. All variables were aggregated across units within these groups and analyses were conducted at the group level. Patient outcomes included rates of inpatient falls and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Staffing variables included total nursing hours per patient days (HPPD) and percent of nursing hours provided by registered nurses (RN skill-mix). Weighted linear mixed models were used to examine the associations between nurse staffing and patient outcomes at trend and seasonal levels. At trend level, both staffing variables were inversely associated with all outcomes (p < 0.001); at seasonal level, total HPPD was inversely associated (higher staffing related to lower event rate) with all outcomes (p < 0.001) while RN skill-mix was positively associated (higher staffing related to higher event rate) with fall rate (p < 0.001) and pressure ulcer rate (p = 0.03). It was found that total HPPD tended to be lower and RN skill-mix tended to be higher in Quarter 1 (January-March) when falls and pressure ulcers were more likely to happen. By aggregating data across units we were able to detect associations between nurse staffing and patient outcomes at both trend and seasonal levels. More rigorous research is needed to study the underlying mechanism of these associations.
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Deficiency Prevents Neointima Formation Through Chromatin Silencing of E2F1 Target Genes.

Objective—Aberrant proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to injury induces pathological vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis and neointima formation. Telomerase is rate limit...
The Challenges in Interpreting National-Level Strategic Indicators: A Drug Enforcement Administration Analyst’s Perspective

This paper examines the role an analyst faces when interpreting national-level indicators for new psychoactive substances (NPS). NPS are a relatively new phenomenon and quickly have become major players in mainstream illicit US drug markets. Long-standing, legacy indicators do not always scale well to new substances, like NPS. This paper explores the challenges an analyst faces when analyzing death, overdose, seizure, and identifier data for NPS. Such indicators must not be interpreted superficially but require an interdisciplinary approach.
Very long-term retention of the control of variables strategy following a brief intervention

Abstract Middle school students (n = 354) were tested for their understanding of the control of variables strategy (CVS) 2.5 years after participating in a study comparing three different interventions for teaching CVS. The key finding was that the pattern of effects observed in the 4th grade continued to be observed in the 6th grade. This was because (a) students who had mastered CVS in the 4th grade were likely to continue to perform at mastery levels in the 6th grade whereas (b) the learning of students who had not mastered CVS in 4th grade was independent of the teaching intervention they had received in the 4th-grade study. These findings demonstrate that a brief intervention of direct instruction in CVS can produce long-lasting learning of the principle of controlling variables.
Experiences Evaluating Functionality and Performance of IBM POWER8+ Systems

In preparation for Summit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s next generation supercomputer, two IBM Power-based systems were deployed in late 2016 at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). This paper presents a detailed description of the acceptance of the first IBM Power-based early access systems installed at the OLCF. The two systems, Summitdev and Tundra, contain IBM POWER8+ processors with NVIDIA Pascal GPUs and were acquired to provide researchers with a platform to optimize codes for the Power architecture. In addition, this paper presents early functional and performance results obtained on Summitdev with the latest software stack available.
Egalitarian Marriage: Implications for Practice and Policy:

Egalitarian marriages, which can have a major effect on family life, raise many new issues and demand unorthodox solutions to old problems. Social workers need to understand the values and practica...
Online continuous-time tensor factorization based on pairwise interactive point processes

A continuous-time tensor factorization method is developed for event sequences containing multiple "modalities." Each data element is a point in a tensor, whose dimensions are associated with the discrete alphabet of the modalities. Each tensor data element has an associated time of occurence and a feature vector. We model such data based on pairwise interactive point processes, and the proposed framework connects pairwise tensor factorization with a feature-embedded point process. The model accounts for interactions within each modality, interactions across different modalities, and continuous-time dynamics of the interactions. Model learning is formulated as a convex optimization problem, based on online alternating direction method of multipliers. Compared to existing stateof-the-art methods, our approach captures the latent structure of the tensor and its evolution over time, obtaining superior results on real-world datasets.
The Net Undercount of Children in the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census

Despite the fact that there has been a persistent and significant net undercount of children in the U.S. Decennial Census for many decades, this problem has received little systematic attention in the demographic literature. This study begins to fill that gap by providing detailed documentation of the net undercount of children in the 2010 Decennial Census based on demographic analysis.
Identification of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation subtypes in over 13,000 individuals

Background Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is broadly defined despite high variability in the occurrence and duration of PAF episodes. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify rhythm patterns in a large cohort of individuals with PAF who wore an ambulatory single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) patch sensor as part of standard clinical care. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of longitudinal rhythm data obtained from 13,293 individuals with PAF. Results In this study, 7934 men and 5359 women with PAF wore an ambulatory single-lead ECG patch sensor for 11.4 days on average, experiencing 1,041,504 PAF episodes. The median daily rate of PAF was 1.21 episodes per day (interquartile range [IQR] 0.31–4.99), and the median maximum duration per individual was 7.5 hours (IQR 2.4–18.6 hours). There was an inverse relationship between the duration of PAF episodes and the frequency in which they occurred, which became pronounced at moderate and high overall burdens of AF. This produced a spectrum of PAF flanked by 2 distinct subtypes of the disease: the staccato subtype, characterized by many, short AF episodes; and the legato subtype, characterized by fewer, longer episodes. Longer but less frequent episodes became more common with increasing age. Only 49.4% of individuals experienced an episode in the first 24 hours of monitoring, increasing to 89.7% after 1 week of monitoring. Conclusion We identified subtypes of the disease that we labeled staccato and legato. Although further study is required, these subtypes may result from differing elements of pathophysiology and disease progression, and may confer differing stroke risks.
Redox-Dependent Metastability of the Nitrogenase P-Cluster.

Molybdenum nitrogenase catalyzes the reduction of dinitrogen into ammonia, which requires the coordinated transfer of eight electrons to the active site cofactor (FeMoco) through the intermediacy o...
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of School-Based Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Prevention Programs for Adolescents

Given the recent rise in adolescent mental health issues, many researchers have turned to school-based mental health programs as a way to reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among large groups of adolescents. The purpose of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify and evaluate the efficacy of school-based programming aimed at reducing internalizing mental health problems of adolescents. A total of 42 articles, including a total of 7310 adolescents, ages 11-18, met inclusion for the meta-analyses. Meta-analyses were completed for each of the three mental health outcomes (stress, depression, and anxiety) and meta-regression was used to determine the influence of type of program, program dose, sex, race, and age on program effectiveness. Overall, stress interventions did not reduce stress symptoms, although targeted interventions showed greater reductions in stress than universal programs. Overall, anxiety interventions significantly reduced anxiety symptoms, however higher doses may be necessary for universal programs. Lastly, depression interventions significantly reduced depressive symptoms, but this reduction was moderated by a combination of program type, dose, race, and age group. Although, school-based programs aimed at decreasing anxiety and depression were effective, these effects are not long-lasting. Interventions aimed at reducing stress were not effective, however very few programs targeted or included stress as an outcome variable. Implications for practice, policy and research are discussed.
Linear superposition time for variable-rate, variable-pressure production from a fractured tight gas well

Abstract Hydraulically fractured, tight gas wells produce under large pressure drawdowns, which may cause three-to ten-fold variations in the gas viscosity-compressibility product, particularly in the vicinity of the fracture, over the life of the production. Under such a large variation, the pseudo-pressure transformation cannot remove nonlinearity of the gas diffusion equation. The remaining nonlinearity makes the application of superposition principal questionable; specifically the linear superposition time based on linear flow, a dominant flow regime for hydraulically fractured tight gas reservoirs. Not accounting for the effect of large gas viscosity-compressibility product variations in pressure and rate transient analysis of fractured, tight gas well performances leads to misinterpretation of reservoir characteristics. In this paper, a perturbation-Green's function solution is developed for the nonlinear gas diffusion equation. Because each term in the perturbation solution represents the solution for a linearized problem, term-by-term application of the superposition principal is permitted. The semi-analytical nature of the solution also enables us to derive approximations for practical use. This paper explains the solution procedure, compares and verifies the solution with existing simulators presents variable-rate approximations in terms of new superposition time and discusses the results to provide guidelines for the analysis of fractured, tight gas well performances under large variations of viscosity and compressibility.
Wide Dynamic Range, Angle-Sensing, Long-Wave Infrared Detector Using Nano-Antenna Arrays.

We present a new technique for designing angle-sensing, long-wave infrared (LWIR) detectors. Angle detection in the proposed detector is achieved by measuring the ratio of the absorbed power in two closely-spaced, directive infrared antennas. Each directive LWIR antenna is in the form of a three-element Yagi-Uda array sharing a common reflector element with its neighbor. The structure of each antenna is optimized to act both as the collector of the infrared energy from the desired direction and as a distributed bolometer that senses the received radiation. The resistivity of each bolometer-antenna changes as a function of the absorbed power by the antenna. This change of resistance is sensed by biasing each antenna with a constant DC voltage and measuring the change of current passing through the antenna. Following this approach, by measuring the ratio of the resistance change in the two antennas, the angle of arrival of the LWIR signal can be determined. We present the design, fabrication, and measurement results of an angle-sensing detector optimized to operate at the wavelength of λ = 10.6 μm. The proposed detector has subwavelength dimensions occupying an aperture having dimensions of approximately 0.6 λ0 × 0.4λ0. The response of the detector was measured and shows the angle sensing dynamic range of 22 dB within the field of view of ±60°.
Shared decision making in radiation oncology: Implications for patient satisfaction.

6610 Background: Shared decision making (SDM) has been linked to healthcare quality outcomes, including patient satisfaction. However, the importance of SDM has not been evaluated in radiation onco...
Embolic ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction from Candida Endocarditis.

Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users is uncommon in left-sided native valves. Adding to the rarity, in this case, is endocarditis from Candida species complicated by ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Embolic myocardial infarction has worse outcomes as compared to other etiologies, and the management of septic embolic myocardial infarction is rather challenging. The management of embolic myocardial infarction from Candida endocarditis vegetation includes antifungal therapy. The use of anti-thrombotic therapy and anticoagulation carries a significant risk of fatal neurologic complications and has been controversial, with limited observational data available. Among percutaneous coronary interventions, balloon angioplasty and stenting have been associated with multiple complications while aspiration embolectomy appears to be a safer option. Surgical management is considered if medical and interventional therapies fail or if there is an indication for valve replacement.
Don't Die! How Biosimilar Disparagement Violates Antitrust Law

Competition is the key to low prices in the pharmaceutical industry. For decades, Americans have benefited from affordable generic versions of brand-name drugs. But now, we stand poised on the wave of a revolution. Biologics, which include lifesaving cancer-treating drugs, can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars per year and are forecast to be the “fastest growing segment of drug spending” in coming years. The hope, then, is that just like generic drugs, competition from follow-on products known as biosimilars will lower prices. But the fear is that they will not. Why? One main reason is disparagement. Biosimilars are nearly the same as biologics. In fact, they are required to be “highly similar” to and have “no clinically meaningful differences” from biologics. Despite this, biologic companies have raised ominous warnings that biosimilars are not the same, with differences posing grave safety consequences. Doctors are getting the message loud and clear, refusing to prescribe appropriate — and more affordable — biosimilars. It thus comes as no surprise that the government agencies have serious concerns about the behavior. This Essay addresses biologics’ disparagement of biosimilars. It sketches the background of the industry and introduces the unique regulatory setting. It then sets forth the caselaw and explains how disparagement can violate antitrust law.
Ideal Vaccines: Balancing B Cell Recruitment and Differentiation.

Summary In this issue of Immunity, Kato et al. show that high-affinity vaccines targeting rare B cells capable of broadly protective antibody responses are not hindered by promotion of terminal plasmacytic differentiation. These findings provide new understanding into vaccine design and offer important insight into B cell fate decisions.
Deference to Paper: Textuality, Materiality, and Literary Digital Humanities in Africa

This article explores the relationship between the forms of representation and the modes of production of African online writing, rendering visible an appreciation of the digital contexts that have occasioned new experimentations with regard to genre, style and the formation of digital publics. But it’s the bibliographic form and materiality of African digital texts that interest me the most. The medium of African literature, profoundly transformed since the arrival of the Internet, conditions the transmission, reception of meaning and the constitution of reading publics and the identity of audiences. More so, the new textual environment of African writing and creatives expressions such as digital networks and literary blogs are terrains of discursive contestations that activate these digital fields of cultural production in Africa as materially connected to prior literary forms. Deploying several examples, including the recent ‘transition’ of Saraba Magazine to print and Mike Maphoto’s Diary of a Zulu Girl, I argue that, despite the widespread uses of digital media forms in new African narratives, there is a lingering print imaginary in the digital articulations of African literary texts. While this tension between print and digital forms shapes textual meanings, it signals new directions in African literary studies more broadly. ResumeCet article explore la relation entre les formes de representation et les modes de production de l’ecriture africaine en ligne, en rendant visible une appreciation des contextes numeriques qui facilitent de nouvelles experimentations en ce qui concerne le genre, le style et la formation des publics numeriques. C’est pourtant la forme bibliographique et la materialite des textes africains numeriques qui m’interessent le plus. Le media de litterature africaine, profondement transforme depuis l’arrivee de l’Internet, conditionne similairement la transmission, la reception de la signification ainsi que la composition de publics de lecteurs et l’identite d’audiences. En outre, le nouvel environnement textuel de l’ecriture africaine et les expressions creatives, tels que les reseaux numeriques et les blogs litteraires, sont des terrains de contestations discursives qui stimulent ces domaines numeriques de production culturelle en Afrique, lies materiellement a d’anciennes formes litteraires. En me servant des exemples de la « transition » recente vers la presse ecrite de la Saraba Magazine et le Journal d’une fille Zulu par Nkululeko Maphoto, j’argumente que, malgre les usages repandus des formes numeriques de media dans de nouvelles narrations africaines, il existe une anxiete persistante imaginaire ou archiviste dans les articulations numeriques de textes litteraires africains. Pendant que cette tension entre les formes imprimees et numeriques faconnent les sens textuels, cela indique plus generalement de nouvelles directions dans les etudes litteraires africaines. Mots-cles: Materialite; litterature africaine; medias numeriques; Textualite; ecriture imprimee
Multi-Level Governance Processes - Citizens & Local Budgeting: Comparing Brazil, China, & the United States

Modifications to policy-making processes and actors are crucial when transitioning to multi-level governance. Civic engagement in budgeting processes, where crucial policy decisions are determined, is an important component of shared governance. Understanding the new roles for citizens in the budget process, then, can extend our knowledge of multi-level governance. This research explores the ways in which the budget process incorporates citizen participation to foster an ideal of civil society in the United States, Brazil, and China. The comparative case analysis probes the extent to which institutional changes have occurred, why they have occurred, and the degree to which municipal budget processes are characterized by multi-level governance.
Examining homicides and suicides cross-nationally: Economic factors, guns and video games

Understanding why different nations have different homicide and suicide rates has been of interest to scholars, policy makers and the general public for years. Multiple theories have been offered, related to the economy, presence of guns and even exposure to violence in video games. In the current study, several factors were considered in combination across a sample of 92 countries. These included income inequality (Gini index), Human Capital Index (education and employment), per capita gun ownership and per capita expenditure on video games. Results suggest that economic factors primarily were related to homicide and suicide cross-nationally. Video game consumption was not a major indicative factor (other than a small negative relationship with homicides). More surprisingly, per capita gun ownership was not an indicator factor cross-nationally. The results suggest that a focus on economic factors and income inequality are most likely to bear fruit regarding reduction of violence and suicide.
Identifying Behavior Dispatchers for Malware Analysis

Malware is a major threat to modern computer systems. Malicious behaviors are hidden by a variety of techniques: code obfuscation, message encoding and encryption, etc. Countermeasures have been developed to thwart these techniques in order to expose malicious behaviors. However, these countermeasures rely heavily on identifying specific API calls, which has significant limitations as these calls can be misleading or hidden from the analyst. In this paper, we show that malicious programs share a key component which we call a behavior dispatcher, a code structure which is intercepted between various condition checks and malicious actions. By identifying these behavior dispatchers, a malware analysis can be guided into behavior dispatchers and activate hidden malicious actions more easily. We propose BDHunter, a system that automatically identifies behavior dispatchers to assist triggering malicious behaviors. BDHunter takes advantage of the observation that a dispatcher compares an input with a set of expected values to determine which malicious behaviors to execute next. We evaluate BDHunter on recent malware samples to identify behavior dispatchers and show that these dispatchers can help trigger more malicious behaviors (otherwise hidden). Our experimental results show that BDHunter identifies 77.4% of dispatchers within the top 20 candidates discovered. Furthermore, BDHunter-guided concolic execution successfully triggers 13.0x and 2.6x more malicious behaviors, compared to unguided symbolic and concolic execution, respectively. These demonstrate that BDHunter effectively identifies behavior dispatchers, which are useful for exposing malicious behaviors.
CROI 2021: Epidemiologic Trends in the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics and HIV Prevention Research

At the 2021 virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections ,several speakers described the disparities in both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 in-fections and outcomes in racial and ethnic minorities. A household survey suggested that there may have been more than 39 million SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States by October 30, 2020, with an estimated infection fatality ratio of 0.64%; this compares with an estimated 7.3 million confirmed cases at that time. Several presentations found severe disruptions in HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services during COVID-19-related lockdowns; models suggest that severe interruption of antiretroviral therapy services could lead to a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in mortality. HIV testing remains the gateway to both treatment and prevention, and innovative strategies to improve testing uptake were presented. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agents may delay detection of HIV infection using standard testing algorithms. Data were presented on promising investigational PrEP agents, including cabotegravir, islatravir, and the dapivirine vaginal ring. Progress is being made in point-of-care assays to measure PrEP adherence with tenofovir-based regimens. HIV incidence remains low in populations of PrEP users, with higher rates among persons who never refilled their prescription. More work remains to be done to increase PrEP uptake among populations most heavily impacted by HIV.
Technical Note: Effects of rotating gantry on magnetic field and eddy currents in 0.35 T MRI-guided radiotherapy (MR-IGRT) system.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the cause of severe image artifacts that occurred during gantry rotation in a 0.35 T MRI-Linac by comparing measurements of eddy currents, center frequency, and field inhomogeneities made with the gantry in motion and stationary. METHODS Gradient and B0 eddy currents were calculated from the free induction decays (FIDs) resulting from selective excitation at a temporal resolution of 200 ms/measurement. B0 eddy currents were also calculated from FIDs acquired with nonselective excitation at a temporal resolution of 100 ms/measurement. Center frequencies and B0 inhomogeneities were measured by acquiring FIDs with a repetition time (TR) of 290 ms. Cartesian and radial 2D true fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) pulse sequences used in real-time MRI-guided radiation therapy (MR-IGRT) were acquired. To assess artifact severity, the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) was calculated between a reference MRI (static gantry) and MRIs acquired during gantry rotation for each serial acquisition. Image artifacts were qualitatively graded as nominal, minor, or severe. Measurements were conducted while the gantry was rotated through its entire range for both clockwise and counterclockwise. Measurements during gantry rotation were compared to measurements with a stationary gantry (every 30°). RESULTS Severe image artifacts were observed 22-35% of the time while the gantry was rotating. Short time constant eddy currents were not affected by gantry rotation. The peak to peak center frequency and FWHM rose by factors of 13.2-14.5 and 1.1-1.6, respectively, for the rotating versus stationary gantry. The magnitude of the center frequency offset and field inhomogeneities depended on the direction of the gantry rotation. CONCLUSIONS Image artifacts during gantry rotation were primarily caused by center frequency variations and field inhomogeneities. Therefore, dynamic B0 compensation techniques should be able to reduce artifacts during gantry rotation.
What Newton Might Have Known: Experimental Mathematics in the Classroom

We will discuss introducing ideas from experimental mathematics into a Computing for Mathematicians class. We will focus on how the class can be led to rediscover some facts about the Newton–Raphso...
No Evidence of Antibodies against GAD65 and Other Specific Antigens in Children with Autism.

Background The presence of autoantibodies has been proposed as evidence for a role of autoimmunity in autism. This report investigates the prevalence of autoantibodies in children with autism using the luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) immunoassay technology. A panel of autoantibody targets against several known and candidate neurological autoantigens, autoimmune-associated autoantigens and viruses was employed.
Inauguration of John Fitzgibbons, S.J., as President of Regis University

Remarks from Fr. Stephen A. Privett, S.J., President of the University of San Francisco, on the inauguration of Fr. John Fitzgibbons, S.J., as the president of Regis University.
STUDIES ON PITUITARY LACTOGENIC HORMONE. XXVI. DIGESTION OF OVINE PROLACTIN WITH TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN.

Abstract Various fractions of lactogenic hormone with different mobilities in starch gel electrophoresis have been digested with chymotrypsin and trypsin. No differences in the digestion rates were found when the enzymic reaction was followed in the pH stat by recording the alkali uptake during digestion. No significant differences were encountered when the peptide maps of the digested samples were compared. The number of bonds hydrolyzed by the enzyme as calculated from the alkali uptake during digestion was in agreement with the rate of alkali uptake during dinitrophenylation of the digested samples. No significant differences in the amounts of ether-soluble NH 2 -terminal DNP-amino acids were found in the digested and dinitrophenylated fractions. These results indicate a very close structural resemblance between the various fractions.
Calcification by Escherichia coli.

Abstract Escherichia coli K-12, grown in a synthetic medium containing metastable calcium phosphate, formed intracellular biological apatite crystals.
Lessons from a Quechua strongwoman: Ideophony, dialogue, and perspective

The book by Janis Nuckolls, Lessons from a Quechua strongwoman: Ideophony, dialogue, and perspective , focuses on the communicative function of ideophones which animate the native universe by giving a voice for expression to both human and non-human life-forms in the Runa dialect of Ecuadorian Pastaza Quichua (a variety of Quechua).
Weekend Admission for Acute Cholangitis Does Not Adversely Impact Clinical or Endoscopic Outcomes

Acute cholangitis (AC) requires prompt diagnosis and treatment for optimal management. To examine whether a putative “weekend effect” impact outcomes of patients hospitalized for AC. We conducted a retrospective study of patients admitted with AC between 2009 and 2012. After excluding those not meeting Tokyo consensus criteria for AC, the cohort was categorized into weekend (Saturday–Sunday) and weekday (Monday–Friday) hospital admission and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) groups. Primary outcome was length of stay (LOS); secondary outcomes included ERC performance, organ failure, and mortality. Groups were compared with Chi-square and t tests; predictors of LOS were assessed with linear regression. The cohort consisted of 181 patients (mean age 63.1 years, 62.4 % male). Choledocholithiasis was the most common etiology of AC (29.4 %). Fifty-two patients (28.7 %) were admitted on a weekend and 129 (71.3 %) on a weekday. One hundred forty-one patients (78 %) underwent ERC, of which 120 (85 %) were on a weekday. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, LOS, proportion undergoing ERC, time to ERC, organ failure, or mortality between weekend and weekday admission groups. Similarly, there were no significant differences between weekend and weekday ERC groups. In multivariate analyses, international normalized ratio (p < 0.01) and intensive care unit triage (p < 0.01) were independent predictors of LOS, whereas weekend admission (p = 0.23) and weekend ERC (p = 0.74) were not. Weekend admission and weekend ERC do not negatively impact outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute cholangitis at a tertiary care center. Further studies, particularly in centers with less weekend resources or staffing, are indicated.
All is metaphor: Conventional metaphors in human thought and language

George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980. xiii + 242 pp. $13.95 cloth, $5.95 paper.
A Multi-Agent Framework for Thermal Aware Task Migration in Many-Core Systems

In deep submicrometer era, thermal hot spots, and large temperature gradients significantly impact system reliability, performance, cost, and leakage power. As the system complexity increases, it is more and more difficult to perform thermal management in a centralized manner because of state explosion and the overhead of monitoring the entire chip. In this paper, we propose a framework for distributed thermal management in many-core systems where balanced thermal profile can be achieved by proactive task migration among neighboring cores. The framework has a low cost agent residing in each core that observes the local workload and temperature and communicates with its nearest neighbor for task migration and exchange. By choosing only those migration requests that will result in balanced workload without generating thermal emergency, the proposed framework maintains workload balance across the system and avoids unnecessary migration. Experimental results show that, our distributed management policy achieves almost the same performance as a global management policy when the tasks are initially randomly distributed. Compared with existing proactive task migration technique, our approach generates less hotspot, less migration overhead with negligible performance overhead.
Interphylal Product Splicing: The First Total Syntheses of Cephalostatin 1, the North Hemisphere of Ritterazine G, and the Highly Active Hybrid Analogue, Ritterostatin GN1N1

Convergent total syntheses of the extremely potent cell growth inhibitor cephalostatin 1 and two hybrid analogues, ritterostatins GN1N and GN1S, have been achieved. Ritterostatin GN1N displays sub-nanomolar activity in the 60 cell line human tumor panel of the National Cancer Institute. The North hemisphere of ritterazine G was efficiently constructed from hecogenin acetate in 15% yield over 13 steps. Extension of a key photolysis/Prins sequence to intermediates 19 and 32 proceeded in excellent yield, leading to installation of the Δ14 moiety in the North G and South 1 steroidal subunits. Application of a method for directed unsymmetrical coupling furnished the natural and analogue pyrazines in good yield from the cephalostatin and ritterazine components.
The Social Context of Couple Conflict: Support and Criticism from Informal Third Parties

This study investigates how informal third parties, such as friends and family members, may play a role in couple conflict as perceived supporters or critics of partners' conflicting positions. We examine who partners perceive to be supporters and critics and how beliefs about supporters and critics are related to partners' views of the conflict. In a sample of 98 dating couples, parents and close friends were equally likely to be perceived as critics, but close friends were more likely than parents to be perceived as supporters. In general, partners saw their primary supporters among their same-sex friends in their own, rather than the couple's joint, network. Thinking of one's own position as legitimate was correlated, for women, with the presence of supporters, and for men, with the absence of critics. Finally, the extent to which partners had separate, as opposed to joint, networks of significant others was systematically related to their preferred conflict management strategies.
A Comparison of Estimated and Directly Measured Turbulent Heat Fluxes in the Lower Stratosphere

The contribution of small-scale motions to the vertical heat flux in the lower stratosphere is determined from wind and temperature fluctuation statistics obtained during the High Altitude Clear Air Turbulence investigation. Analysis of the cospectra suggests a horizontal wavelength of 3 km as the appropriate long-wave cutoff of small-scale motion. With this scale restriction, the measured vertical heat fluxes are in good agreement with the values of heat flux estimated by Lilly et al. (1974) from the kinetic energy dissipation rate. Hence, the hypothesis of Lilly et al. for estimating heat flux from the dissipation rate is considered to be reliable. It follows that, in the lower stratosphere, subsynoptic vertical transport is small compared to large-scale transport.
Convalescent serum in the prevention of mumps

Summary Forty-four boys ranging in age from ten to eighteen years, who according to their history had never had mumps, were injected with 5 c.c. of convalescent's serum seven days after exposure to the disease. None developed mumps. It would appear from the above report and from the data in the literature that convalescent's serum is of definite value in the prevention of mumps in exposed persons if employed early and in sufficient dosage.
The metallurgy of Ni-Cr alloys for fixed prosthodontics

Ni-Cr alloys continue to be an important part of dental restorative materials. It behooves those interested to study these alloys and develop an understanding of their chemical and physical characteristics. Introduction of new alloys almost monthly presents an educational challenge to the entire profession. Many dental schools do not use Ni-Cr alloys for fixed prosthodontics because questions exist about the efficacy and performance of such alloys. These doubts may be resolved by continued research. Concern about mechanical properties can be alleviated if an understanding of the requirements for successful use, for example, casting, burnishing, polishing, and stresses encountered in service, is achieved. Information on the nature of corrosion intraorally is needed, particularly with regard to correlating in vitro testing with in vivo performance. Further studies of porcelain-alloy compatibility are indicated to understand properties affecting compatibility. Performance of high-temperature porcelain-alloy systems could influence processing techniques so that specific materials could be used more appropriately. In addition, the nature of porcelain-to-alloy bonding may be revealed by use of advanced chemical analysis techniques to identify processes occurring at the atomic level, with identification of oxides and reacted zone produces may also provide data for design of new alloys for porcelain-metal systems. Finally, factors related to the clinical performance of nickel-based alloys, including their allergenic potential, have not been considered in this report.
The physics of amorphous silicon thin-film devices and their application to document processing

Abstract In this paper, the physics of amorphous silicon thin-film transistors and photodiode sensors and their application to document processing are discussed. This technology is presented within the context of the pioneering research by Professor Spear and his colleagues at the University of Dundee since the 1970s, particularly the field-effect measurements on amorphous silicon and the demonstration of substitutional doping. The unique properties of this material are discussed, and recent developments in the physics and modelling of the amorphous silicon thin-film transistor and the photodiode are presented. The document-processing applications reviewed include electrophotographic and electrographic printing, and document scanning.