cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Processing and Information Transmission for Space

This paper reviews and predicts the roles that data processing and information transmission have played, and will play, in space. The trend toward digital transmission is shown to be a result of increasing requirements for precision, reliability, high information rates, and long paths. Thus, data processing and transmission techniques appear to be converging rapidly, both because of the advantages of digital communication systems and because of the predicted weight and volume reductions for computer equipment. Many improvements in transmission efficiency will result from this merging of techniques, notably in the areas of data compaction and computer-controlled adaptive communications. The problem of maintaining a satisfactory SNR in spite of the signal loss from space attenuation is reviewed. General trends in the techniques designed to improve this ratio are reported and several promising developments are emphasized. Among these are the use of signals with large bandwidth-time products, maser amplifiers, and a novel telemetry system which provides high antenna gain with a greatly reduced orientation problem and eliminates spacecraft transmitting equipment by transferring it to earth.
Catalysis of Electrochemical Reduction of Weak Acids to Produce H2: Role of O‒H…S Hydrogen Bonding

Abstract The role of intramolecular OH…S hydrogen bonding in the electrochemical reduction of protons from acetic acid using biomimetically inspired catalysts has been studied. The catalysts, hydroquinone moieties annulated to an Fe2S2(CO)6 core, were synthesized by piperidine-mediated conjugate addition of the dithiol Fe2(SH)2(CO)6 to quinones in 26–76% yields. These complexes catalyze electrochemical H2 production from acetic acid. Evidence for weak intramolecular OH…S hydrogen bonding in the neutral complexes is presented. Such hydrogen bonding becomes stronger as the charge increases on the sulfur in the electrochemically produced dianions due to “charge assistance,” and this has chemical consequences.
Creating a Democratic Public Sphere Through Political Discussion A Case Study of Abortion Conversation on the Internet

Computer-mediated discussion is an increasingly popular method of engaging in political talk with other citizens. This article presents a case study of a Usenet newsgroup focused on abortion, and d...
Issues in toilet training normal children

The toilet training method described by Azrin and Foxx in Toilet Training in Less Than a Day was employed with five children whose mothers were supervised and five children whose mothers were not supervised. All children were between 20 and 26 months of age. Supervised mothers received pretreatment training as well as assistance during training, while nonsupervised mothers trained their children on the basis of their reading of the book. Training was more effective and the number of emotional side effects was less for both mothers and children in the supervised condition.
Toward an Understanding of the Relationships Among Deceptive Affection, Deceptive Beliefs, and Relational Qualities

Feeling affection is a key component of romantic relationships, and affectionate communication is associated with a myriad of positive relational benefits. Yet, not all expressions of affection are authentic, and little is known about what factors help explain frequency of partners' deceptive affectionate messages (DAMs). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the relationships among frequency of DAMs and individuals’ beliefs about deception, relational qualities, and general partner deception. Results indicated no relationship exists between the frequency of DAMs and sources’ beliefs about deception; further, no significant relationships were obtained among commitment, satisfaction, and DAM frequency. However, negative relationships were found between general partner deception and all 4 of the beliefs about deception. Likewise, general deception was negatively related to commitment and satisfaction. Implications for sources’ potential differing views regarding deception and deceptive affect...
Evaluation of a sulphate lake strain of Artemia as a food for larvae of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

Abstract Artemia nauplii of a Canadian sulphate-tolerant strain from a newly available commercial source were compared with Artemia salina from two other sources for effectiveness in supporting larval development of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Nauplii were fed to isolated zoea larvae reared in artificial sea water of 17‰ salinity at 25°C. Sulphate-strain Artemia gave survival at least as good as that provided by nauplii from San Francisco, and superior to that provided by nauplii from Great Salt Lake. Source of Artemia used as food had no effect on total duration of larval development nor on mean number of stages. Hatching success of the Canadian cysts was inferior to that of the other strains when 48h were allowed for hatching, and dilute sea water was the hatching medium. The medium recommended by the supplier was not superior to diluted sea water, but the longer hatching time recommended may increase total hatch. If improved hatching procedures can be developed, Artemia from this source may be very satisfactory for culture work.
COERCION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND CRIME: AN EMERGING THEORETICAL CONSENSUS*

Two themes, coercion and social support, have emerged over the past two decades in criminology that can be used to build a new integrated theory of crime. The authors provide a review of recent theoretical developments in criminology to demonstrate that two interconnected themes provide the basis for a new consensus in theory and crime policy. With some important exceptions, coercion causes crime and social support prevents crime. The authors develop a theory of differential social support and coercion that integrates concepts from a broad range of criminological theories. Implications of this integrated theory for public policy are explored.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-mediated cytotoxicity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is often complicated with neurologic disorders, but the pathogenesis of HIV-1 encephalopathy is incompletely understood. Tat (HIV-1 transactivator protein) is released from HIV-1—infected cells and has been detected in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1—infected patients. Tat, along with increased inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1—associated blood-brain barrier dysfunction. The present study examined the effects of Tat and IFN-γ on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HB-MECs), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. Tat produced cytotoxicity of HBMECs, but required IFN-γ. IFN-γ treatment of HBMECs up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2/KDR), which is known to be the receptor for Tat. Tat activated KDR in the presence of IFN-γ, and Tat-mediated cytopathic changes involve its interaction with KDR and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Further understanding and characterization of Tat-HBMEC interactions should help us understand HIV-1 neuropathogenesis and develop strategies to prevent HIV-1 encephalopathy.
An efficient method to evaluate the time-domain scattering from arbitrarily shaped conducting bodies

In this work, we present a new and efficient numerical method to calculate the electromagnetic scattering from arbitrarily shaped conducting bodies directly in the time domain. The solution method is based on the method of moments, and involves the triangular patch modeling of the arbitrary body in conjunction with the patch basis functions. Detailed mathematical steps along with several numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficacy of this approach. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 17: 321–325, 1998.
School Counselor Consultation: Teachers’ Experiences with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Professional development in schools is often conducted to assist teachers in curriculum, instruction, and general pedagogy. Little emphasis is placed on social-emotional issues experienced by teachers, although high levels of stress and burnout are common. School counselors are in an ideal position to support teachers by providing consultation focused on social-emotional health. This qualitative investigation explored teachers’ experiences with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Teachers participated in Rational Emotive Behavior-Group Consultation conducted by a school counselor for six sessions across 7 weeks. Data were collected with questionnaires administered at the conclusion of the group consultation. Consensual Qualitative Research was utilized to analyze the data and identify categories, domains, and core ideas. Emergent themes included increased well-being and improved relationships. Implications for teachers, students, and school counselors along with recommendations for future research are discussed.
Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia: A Study of One Hundred and Seven Cases

A review is presented of 107 cases of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. In the majority it was associated with acute coronary thrombosis or coronary sclerosis, in some with rheumatic valvular disease, and in others with no organic heart disease. It is generally critical and demands careful attention. Occasional cases are overlooked because only one heart sound is present for each cardiac cycle and the heart rate is misjudged to be one-half the actual rate. The outlook often is serious if the condition is not effectively treated. Therapy generally is successful in controlling the arrhythmia. The most valuable drug is quinidine. Other medications are magnesium sulfate, atropine, potassium salts, and possibly morphine.
Gendered Perceptions of Family Businesses’ Marketing Stimuli

Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare (by gender) the perceptions by consumers of the marketing activities of family owned businesses (FOBs) in the United States. A mail survey of US consumers was used. The statistically significant results indicate that both males and females are generally receptive to most of the creation, communication, delivery, and exchange of product and service offerings of FOBs. However, the price of FOB offerings is not perceived as reasonable. In addition, customer perceptions did not vary by gender for most items. One activity where differential views resulted pertained to sales promotion. Specifically, “coupon redemption” is significantly perceived more favorably by females than males. The results suggest that while managers of FOBs should emphasis their “family business” status in their marketing presentations, they should not expect different responses to their activities based on gender. Keywords: marketing stimuli, gender, family businesses, consumer perceptions
Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

Despite advances in our understanding of risk, development, immunologic control, and treatment options for lung cancer, it remains the leading cause of cancer death. Tobacco smoking remains the predominant risk factor for lung cancer development. Nontobacco risk factors include environmental and occupational exposures, chronic lung disease, lung infections, and lifestyle factors. Because tobacco remains the leading risk factor for lung cancer, disease prevention is focused on smoking avoidance and cessation. Other prevention measures include healthy diet choices and maintaining a physically active lifestyle. Future work should focus on smoking cessation campaigns and better understanding disease development and treatment strategies in nonsmokers.
Derandomization through approximation: an NC algorithm for minimum cuts

Derandomization through Approximation: An NC Algorithm for Minimum Cuts David R. Karger* Rajeev Motwanit Department of Computer Science
Larval Transport on the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North America: a Review

This review considers transport of larval fish and crustaceans on the continental shelf. Previous reviews have contained only limited treatments of the physical processes involved. The present paper provides a physical background that is considerably more comprehensive. It includes a discussion of three principal forcing agents: (1) wind stress; (2) tides propagating from the deep ocean; and (3) differences in density associated with the buoyant outflow of estuaries, surface heat flux, or the interaction of coastal and oceanic water masses at the seaward margin of the shelf. The authors discuss the effects of these forcing agents on transport of larvae in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic Bights along the east coast of North America. The discussion concentrates on three species (blue crab, menhaden, bluefish) that have been the subject of a very recent multi-disciplinary study. Taken as a whole, the reproductive activities of these three species span the entire year and utilize the entire shelf, from the most seaward margin to the estuarine nursery. The blue crab is representative of species affected by physical processes occurring during summer and early autumn on the inner and mid-shelf. Menhaden are impacted by processes occurring in winter on the outer and mid-shelf. Bluefish are influenced primarily by processes occurring during early spring at the outer shelf margin near the western boundary current. The authors conclude that alongshore wind stress and density differences, i.e. buoyancy-driven flow, are the primary agents of larval transport in the region. Circulation associated with the western boundary current is only important at the shelf margin and tidally driven processes are generally inconsequential.
The synthesis and conformation of dihydroxy-cyclo(d-Pro-l-Pro-d-Pro-l-Pro)

Abstract The first synthesis of a derivative of cyclo( d -Pro- l -Pro- d -Pro- l -Pro) is reported. The convergent route to the molecule is amenable to the synthesis of gram quantities of the desired compound. The cyclization of the linear tetramer was found to give specifically one conformation of the 12 member macrocycle. The structural assignment, by 2D NMR, of the favored conformation is also reported.
Lineal-path function for random heterogeneous materials. II. Effect of polydispersivity.

The lineal-path function L(z) for two-phase heterogeneous media gives the probability of finding a line segment of length z wholly in one of the phases, say phase 1, when randomly thrown into the sample. The function L(z) is equivalent to the area fraction of phase 1 measured from the projected image of a slab of the material of thickness z onto a plane. The lineal-path function is of interest in stereology and is an important morphological descriptor in determining the transport properties of heterogeneous media. We develop a means to represent and compute L(z) for distributions of D-dimensional spheres with a polydispersivity in size, thereby extending an earlier analysis by us for monodispersed-sphere systems. Exact analytical expressions for L(z) in the case of fully penetrable polydispersed spheres for arbitrary dimensionality are obtained. In the instance of totally impenetrable polydispersed spheres, we develop accurate approximations for the lineal-path function that apply over a wide range of volume fractions. The lineal-path function was found to be quite sensitive to polydispersivity for D\ensuremath{\ge}2. We demonstrate how the measurement of the lineal-path function can yield the particle-size distribution of the particulate system, thus establishing a method to obtain the latter quantity.
Method for rapid isolation and analysis of algal virus DNA

Abstract A quick method has been developed for isolating viral DNA from small cultures of eukaryotic algae infected with PBCV-1 or similar viruses. The DNA preparations are virtually free of contaminating host DNA and are suitable substrates for restriction enzymes. 5 ml cultures yield 8–25 μg of viral DNA. Many plaque-purified isolates from environmental water samples can be analyzed in a day.
Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation of ultrafast solar cell electron transfer

A non-adiabatic (NA) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the photoinduced electron transfer (ET) from a molecular electron donor to the TiO2 acceptor is carried out. The system under study is typical of the dye sensitized semiconductor nanomaterials used in solar cells, photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis. The electronic structure of the dye-semiconductor system and the adiabatic dynamics are simulated by ab initio density functional theory MD, while the NA effects are incorporated by the quantum-classical mean-field approach. A novel procedure separating the NA and adiabatic ET pathways is developed. The simulation provides a detailed picture of the ET process. For the specific system under study, ET occurs on a 30 fs time scale, in agreement with the ultrafast experimental data. Both adiabatic and NA pathways for the ET are observed. The NA transfer entirely dominates at short times and can occur due to strong localized avoided crossing as well as extended regions of weaker NA coupling. Although the adiabatic ET contribution accumulates more slowly, it approaches that of the NA ET pathway asymptotically. The electron acceptor states are formed by the d-orbital of Ti atoms of the semiconductor and are localized within the first 3 ‐ 4 layers of the surface. About 20% of the acceptor state density is localized on a single Ti atom of the first surface layer. The simulation predicts a complex non-single-exponential time dependence of the ET process. q 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A unified approach to interconnection networks: Models, algorithms and analysis

Abstract This paper presents a modeling technique for interconnection networks based on a combination of finite automata and graphs. The finite automata part of the proposed model is used to: (a) provide a mechanism useful in describing the essential characteristics of a wide variety of interconnection networks such as the class of hypercubes—complete and incomplete types—and star-graphs; (b) define the control structure of interconnection networks and investigates their properties; (c) model the dynamic behavior (routing and containment properties) and (d) develop a systematic approach for enhancing interconnection networks—to improve their reliability and performance. Graphs are used to model the structure or topology of networks. The primary advantage of modeling a network as a finite automaton is its application in developing node-independent algorithms for mapping various topologies into the network. These algorithms are rule-based, i.e. they generate a set of control sequences (rather than node labels) which can be used at any node to produce the desire topology. To illustrate the use of the proposed technique in developing new topologies, an interconnection topology called N -prime graph ( N -PG) is introduced and analyzed.
Multi-nuclear NMR studies of the system: Hg(CN)2Hg(II) ion-D2O in perchlorate media

Abstract Multi-nuclear NMR studies ( 199 Hg, 13 C and 15 N) of the system: Hg(II)Hg(CN) 2 D 2 O in perchlorate media reveal that only one chemical species, Hg 2 (CN) 2 2+ , predominates in dilute and concentrated solutions at Hg/CN ratios from 1 : 1 to 9 : 1. Relative chemical shifts and T 1 values are reported for each of the nuclei studied.
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: the benefits and problems of shunting.

Many issues surround the treatment of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus by use of shunting. In this Viewpoint, Sachin Batra and Daniele Rigamonti advise on how to achieve the best results with this procedure—including use of appropriate patient selection methods, and accurate monitoring after surgery. They believe that many patients can have good outcomes from shunting but urge physicians to actively work to maintain high standards.
Dust deposition near an eroding source field

Deposition of suspended dust near eroding source fields can have detrimental effects on vegetation, as well as on soil and water quality. This study was undertaken to quantify dust deposition within 200 m of a source field during wind erosion events. Erosion was measured with BSNE samplers on a small field of Amarillo fine sandy loam at field at Big Spring, TX. Suspension-sized dust discharge averaged 33 ± 5 per cent of the total sediment discharge and ranged from 18·0 to 147·4 kg m−1 during eight selected storm events. Within 200 m of the source field boundary, dust collected in deposition samplers placed above a vegetated surface averaged 34 per cent of initial dust discharge. Predicted deposition, according to a line source model, was 43 per cent. Actual deposition was likely near that predicted, because of lateral diffusion of the dust and some under-sampling by the disk samplers. Thus, the line source model seems useful in estimating both the pattern and quantity of deposition. About 30 per cent of the suspended dust was deposited within the initial 50 m of vegetated surface, but only about 12–15 per cent was deposited in the initial 10 m. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of bioavailable hydrocarbon sources and their induction potential in Prince William Sound, Alaska

To realistically evaluate the consequences of exposure to a complex mixture, we modified a passive sampler technology, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), which absorbs the bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds present in an environment. These samplers were deployed in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, at locations selected as potential sites of hydrocarbon deposition, as well as in random sites for regional assessment. Some of these sites were affected by previous human activity, such as canneries and salmon hatcheries, while others were sites of oil discharge as a consequence of the 1964 earthquake or the oil spill of T/V Exxon Valdez in 1989. The SPMDs were deployed for 27-28 d, processed, and then split, with one aliquot dedicated to chemical analysis and the other injected into juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), along with the proper controls including a solvent control, field blank, and positive control. Trout fry were sacrificed after 2 or 7d, and their livers assayed for CYP1A induction by the standard bioassay for hydrocarbon exposure, the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay. The results of this study were consistent and reproducible and showed that oil, whether deposited in 1964 or 1989, is still bioavailable as it can elicit as sustained response. Also, the same oil deposited in different sites of the same region has degraded differently, which is demonstrated by this method. Other putative sources of hydrocarbons, such as oil seeps, were dismissed as regional sources of induction agents as the responses following injection of modified SPMD extract from those sites did not differ significantly from the solvent control. This is a flexible, sensitive method that assesses the response to site-specific bioavailable contaminants and does so within the normal physiological response range of the target.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCE ON GROWTH AND EXOPROTEASE PRODUCTION BY Clostridium perfringens

16 strains of Clostridium perfringens were screened for their growth and exoprotease activity in a synthetic amino acid medium (R + S) and in media containing either vitamin-free casein, spray-dried whole egg or ground frankfurter as the protein source. Growth, measured by gas production, was determined manometrically under standard conditions. Quantitative enzymatic assay of sterile culture filtrates was carried out at pH 7.0 using Azocoll general proteolytic substrate. Strains grown in protein-containing media usually produced more exoprotease per unit of growth than strains grown in synthetic amino acid medium. Strains which constitutively produce high levels of exoprotease were identified.
A Small-Sample Comparison of Estimators in the EU-MGF Approach to Decision Making

Estimation of the moment-generating function lies at the core of the exponential utility-moment-generating function approach to decision making. The small sample performances of the nonparametric empirical moment-generating function and a parametric competitor have been examined under a variety of situations defined by the sample size, the level of risk aversion, and the degree to which the assumed parametric model approximates reality. Conditions under which each estimator would be preferred are obtained. Neither approach can be recommended unequivocally in all situations. A series of recent articles in this journal (Yassour, Zilberman, and Rausser; Collender and Zilberman; Collender and Chalfant) have developed the exponential utility-moment-generating function (EU-MGF) approach to decision making under uncertainty.1 The approach assumes a negative exponential utility function which implies constant absolute risk aversion. It is applicable for any underlying probability distribution for which the moment-generating function (mgf) exists in the interval of interest. Hence, if the assumption of constant absolute risk aversion is acceptable, the method can be applied to a large class of probability distributions. An integral part of applying the EU-MGF approach to a particular problem is the estimation of the mgf of the underlying distribution.
Motion correction and lipid suppression for 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Spectral/spatial spin-echo pulses with asymmetric excitation profiles were incorporated into a PRESS-based localization sequence to provide lipid suppression while retaining a sufficient amount of water to allow for correction of motion-induced shot-to-shot phase variations. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired at 1.5 Tesla from a motion phantom and in vivo from the human liver, kidney, and breast. The results demonstrated that lipids in the chemical shift stopband were completely suppressed and that full metabolite signal intensity was maintained after implementation of a regularization algorithm based on phasing the residual water signal. Liver and kidney spectra contained a large resonance at 3.2 ppm that was ascribed to trimethylammonium moieties (betaine plus choline) and a weaker signal at 3.7 ppm that may result from glycogen. A breast spectrum from a histologically proven invasive ductal carcinoma displayed a highly elevated choline signal (3.2 ppm) relative to that from a normal volunteer. Magn Reson Med 43:325–330, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HeartCare housecalls: delivering web-based health informatics without desktops

In this paper, we describe issues regarding the design of non-desktop interfaces for health informatics information exchange. These issues can be described as "at the screen" CHI issues, and the potentially more critical "beyond the screen" issues of the social context of technology development.
Identification of Functionally Important Domains in the N-Terminal Region of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase responsible for the maintenance of one strand of telomere terminal repeats. The key protein subunit of the telomerase complex, known as TERT, possesses reverse transcriptase-like motifs that presumably mediate catalysis. These motifs are located in the C-terminal region of the polypeptide. Hidden Markov model-based sequence analysis revealed in the N-terminal region of all TERTs the presence of four conserved motifs, named GQ, CP, QFP, and T. Point mutation analysis of conserved residues confirmed the functional importance of the GQ motif. In addition, the distinct phenotypes of the GQ mutants suggest that this motif may play at least two distinct functions in telomere maintenance. Deletion analysis indicates that even the most N-terminal nonconserved region of yeast TERT (N region) is required for telomerase function. This N region exhibits a nonspecific nucleic acid binding activity that probably reflects an important physiologic function. Expression studies of various portions of the yeast TERT in Escherichia coli suggest that the N region and the GQ motif together may constitute a stable domain. We propose that all TERTs may have a bipartite organization, with an N-GQ domain connected to the other motifs through a flexible linker.
CURRENT ESTIMATES OF THE ECONOMIC COST OF OBESITY IN THE UNITED STATES

This study was undertaken to update and revise the estimate of the economic impact of obesity in the United States. A prevalence-based approach to the cost of illness was used to estimate the economic costs in 1995 dollars attributable to obesity for type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, gallbladder disease, breast, endometrial and colon cancer, and osteoarthritis. Additionally and independently, excess physician visits, work-lost days, restricted activity, and bed-days attributable to obesity were analyzed cross-sectionally using the 1988 and 1994 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Direct (personal health care, hospital care, physician services, allied health services, and medications) and indirect costs (lost output as a result of a reduction or cessation of productivity due to morbidity or mortality) are from published reports and inflated to 1995 dollars using the medical component of the consumer price index (CPI) for direct cost and the all-items CPI for indirect cost. Population-attributable risk percents (PAR%) are estimated from large prospective studies. Excess work-lost days, restricted activity, bed-days, and physician visits are estimated from 88,262 U.S. citizens who participated in the 1988 NHIS and 80,261 who participated in the 1994 NHIS. Sample weights have been incorporated into the NHIS analyses, making these data generalizable to the U.S. population. The total cost attributable to obesity amounted to $99.2 billion dollars in 1995. Approximately $51.64 billion of those dollars were direct medical costs. Using the 1994 NHIS data, cost of lost productivity attributed to obesity (BMI> or =30) was $3.9 billion and reflected 39.2 million days of lost work. In addition, 239 million restricted-activity days, 89.5 million bed-days, and 62.6 million physician visits were attributable to obesity in 1994. Compared with 1988 NHIS data, in 1994 the number of restricted-activity days (36%), bed-days (28%), and work-lost days (50%) increased substantially. The number of physician visits attributed to obesity increased 88% from 1988 to 1994. The economic and personal health costs of overweight and obesity are enormous and compromise the health of the United States. The direct costs associated with obesity represent 5.7% of our National Health Expenditure in the United States.
Black Male College Students’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help:

This study examined the relationships between age, socioeconomic status (SES), cultural mistrust, African self-consciousness, and attitude about seeking psychological help in 131 Black male undergr...
Gust Front Characteristics and the Kinematics Associated with Interacting Thunderstorm Outflows

Abstract The morphology, kinematic and thermodynamic characteristics of 30 gust fronts were examined with single and dual-Doppler radar and surface mesonet data collected in eastern Colorado during the summers of 1982 and 1984. The majority of gust fronts examined exhibited the general shape of laboratory-produced gravity currents, including the elevated head, body and turbulent wake region. The average head depth was 1.3 km, only 0.1 km above the average body depth. Small-scale features in the vertical and horizontal vorticity fields were also observed. The passage of the fronts was marked, in order of event, by a pressure rise, wind direction and velocity change, and temperature drop at the surface. The average propagation speed and maximum surface wind within the outflows were 8.6 and 14.5 m s−1, respectively. The average maximum temperature drop at the surface was 3.5°C and the average hydrostatic pressure rise was 0.06 kPa. Dual-Doppler analyses of colliding gust fronts revealed strong circulations a...
A1-L12 interfacial free energies from data on coarsening in five binary Ni alloys, informed by thermodynamic phase diagram assessments

The data on coarsening of γ′-type precipitates (Ni3X, with the L12 crystal structure) in Ni–Al, Ni–Ga, Ni–Ge, Ni–Si, and Ni–Ti alloys are re-evaluated in the context of recent (TIDC) and classical (LSW) theories of coarsening, with the objective of ascertaining the best values possible of interfacial free energies, σ, of the γ/γ′ interfaces in these five alloy systems. The re-evaluations include fitting of the particle size distributions, reanalyzing all the available data on the kinetics of particle growth and kinetics of solute depletion, and using thermodynamic assessments of the binary alloy phase diagrams to calculate curvatures of the Gibbs free energies of mixing. The product of the work is two sets of interfacial free energies, one set for the analysis using the recent TIDC theory and the other for the analysis using the classical LSW theory. The TIDC-based analysis yields lower values of σ by about a factor of 2/3. All the interfacial energies are considerably larger, by factors ranging from ~4 to 10, than those previously reported, which were for the most part calculated from data on coarsening assuming ideal-solution thermodynamics. In the TIDC theory the width of the interface, δ, is allowed to increase with particle size, r. A simple equation relating σ to the ratio of the gradient energy and δ is used to show that σ can remain constant even though δ increases with r. Published work supporting this contention is presented and discussed.
Calculation of Supersaturation Profiles in Thermal Diffusion Cloud Chambers.

Abstract The maximum supersaturation in a diffusion cloud chamber as a function of the temperature difference between the two plates has been calculated under various conditions. It is shown that the assumption of linear profiles for the temperature and vapor pressure is a very good one, and that the effect of thermal diffusion is negligible for a water-air mixture.
Adsorption on porous thorium oxide modified by water

Abstract A sample of thorium oxide containing pores in the micro and transitional size range has been subjected, in a vacuum microbalance system, to various outgassing temperatures and water vapor treatments. The adsorptions of nitrogen and argon were used to investigate the pore structure. Changes in the pore structure of the solid and the nature of the bound water were observed to alter significantly the energetics and extent of nitrogen and argon adsorption. These properties emphasize the difficulties involved in characterizing an active solid of this type. An outgassing temperature as high as 400°C was required to eject water blocking entry to the micropores. As expected, nitrogen is able to penetrate the partially hydrated fine pore structure better than argon. Comparison (by means of t -plots) of nitrogen adsorptions showed the importance of carefully selecting the temperature of outgassing and the standard reference isotherm. This becomes especially true for measurement of the micropore volume; recommendations are included.
Performance of a Multiple Stage EHD Gas Pump in a Square Channel

Earlier studies have shown that an electric field in the form of corona discharge can effectively produce air flow. Using this technique, it has been demonstrated that an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump can produce gas flows with a maximum velocity of 5 m/s. Its maximum performance of 34 L/s/W is better than that of conventional cooling fans used in personal computers. In this study, an EHD pump with two stages, each stage with 28 emitting electrodes, is tested for a wide range of operating voltages starting from the corona threshold voltage up to 28 kV for further improvement in its performance. To seek the relation between the pump performance and number of stages, the EHD gas pump is critically evaluated by experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The maximum performance of 34 L/s/W is achieved by using a total of 56 electrodes with 0.5 inch wide grounded plate in each stage.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Model of Integrative Care for Low-Back Pain

Abstract Objectives: While previous studies focused on the effectiveness of individual complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, the value of providing patients access to an integrated program involving multiple CAM and conventional therapies remains unknown. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility and effects of a model of multidisciplinary integrative care for subacute low-back pain (LBP) in an academic teaching hospital. Design: This was a pilot randomized trial comparing an individualized program of integrative care (IC) plus usual care to usual care (UC) alone for adults with LBP. Subjects: Twenty (20) individuals with LPB of 3–12 weeks' duration were recruited from an occupational health clinic and community health center. Interventions: Participants were randomized to 12 weeks of individualized IC plus usual care versus UC alone. IC was provided by a trained multidisciplinary team offering CAM therapies and conventional medical care. Outcome measures: The outcome meas...
Leadership in Hard-to-Staff Schools: Novice Teachers as Mentors

In our study, we chronicle the development of two novice urban teachers who developed in to mentors in the third year of their teaching. The two novice teachers were hired to serve as mentors to new teachers in or near their school. Interviews with the teachers about their experiences identified three areas of discussion as a result of their mentoring role that included reflection on the impact to their own practice, identification of the need for time management skills, and realization of the reasons for mentoring. The results of the novice teachers serving as mentors were positive for the mentors and helped to set the stage to sustain the mentoring program.
Stories of Co‐Op: Reflections in a Professional Practice Course

Teaching professional practice courses can be successful when students have co-ops, internships, or professional work experiences on which to reflect. The unique co-op system at the University of Cincinnati means students bring one and a half years of work experience in professional offices to the course for reflection and analysis through the co-op story and analysis assignment. The goal of the assignment, and the course in general, is to look at key business issues through the students' experiences and to share those experiences with the class. The class covers a range of business topics. During each class meeting students are encouraged to share their co-op experiences and the assignment requires that they focus on one particular situation to cover more deeply through narrative methods. Using the co-op experience for reflection in the academic setting affords students the opportunity to fully explore those ill-structured situations in which they find themselves. Educators employing narrative assignments can help students process and learn from their experiences. As a result, students are better equipped to analyze and respond to the workplace as they move from academia to the interior design profession.
Factors influencing frequency of flatus emission by healthy subjects.

The purpose of the present study was to measure the frequency of flatus emission by 25 healthy subjects and to determine if factors commonly thought to influence flatulence actually correlate with the frequency of gas passage. Over a one-week period on their usual diet, subjects passed gas 10±1 times/day [upper limit of normal (mean+2sd): 20 times/day]. The addition of the nonabsorbable disaccharide lactulose (10 g/day) to the diet significantly (P<0.01) increased flatus frequency to 19±2.4 times per day. Gender, age, and the ability of an individual's colonic flora to produce methane had no significant influence on flatus frequency either on the basal or lactulose-supplemented diets. Some subjects consistently passed gas more often than did others. These individual differences appeared to result, in part, from differences in the ability of the flora to produce gas from a given quantity of fermentable material.
Institutions and Social Conflict

Many of the fundamental questions in social science entail an examination of the role played by social institutions. Why do we have so many social institutions? Why do they take one form in one society and quite different ones in others? In what ways do these institutions develop? When and why do they change? Institutions and Social Conflict addresses these questions in two ways. First it offers a thorough critique of a wide range of theories of institutional change, from the classical accounts of Smith, Hume, Marx and Weber to the contemporary approaches of evolutionary theory, the theory of social conventions and the new institutionalism. Secondly, it develops a new theory of institutional change that emphasises the distributional consequences of social institutions. The emergence of institutions is explained as a by-product of distributional conflict in which asymmetries of power in a society generate institutional solutions to conflicts.
Iron ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management.

In 2003, US poison centers were contacted regarding ingestion of b-blockers by 15,350 patients including 3766 (25%) under 6 years of age; 7415 (48%) were evaluated in healthcare facilities and 33 died. An evidence-based expert consensus process was used to create this guideline. Relevant articles were abstracted by a trained physician researcher. The first draft of the guideline was created by the primary author. The entire panel discussed and refined the guideline before its distribution to secondary reviewers for comment. The panel then made changes in response to comments received. The objective of this guideline is to assist US poison center personnel in the appropriate out-of-hospital triage and management of patients with suspected ingestions of b-blockers by describing the process by which a b-blocker ingestion might be managed, identifying the key decision elements in managing cases of b-blocker ingestion, providing clear and practical recommendations that reflect the current state of knowledge, and identifying needs for research. This guideline applies to ingestion of b-blockers alone and is based on an assessment of current scientific and clinical information. The panel recognizes that specific patient care decisions may be at variance with this guideline and are the prerogative of the patient and health professionals providing care, considering all of the circumstances involved. Recommendations are in chronological order of likely clinical
Additional Antianginal and Anti-Ischemic Efficacy of Mibefradil in Patients Pretreated With a Beta Blocker for Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris

Abstract This study assessed the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of mibefradil when added to β -blocker monotherapy in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Two hundred five patients were randomized to receive double-blind treatment with either placebo (n = 70), mibefradil 25 mg (n = 67), or mibefradil 50 mg (n = 68) for 2 weeks. Exercise tolerance tests (ETTs) were performed at the end of the run-in (baseline) and double-blind treatment periods, and patients maintained an anginal diary. Compared with placebo, treatment with mibefradil 50 mg resulted in significant increases in exercise duration (36 ± 51 seconds; p = 0.036), time to onset of angina (48 ± 65 seconds; p = 0.002), and time to persistent 1-mm ST-segment depression (47 ± 77 seconds; p = 0.004). Greater reductions in heart rate, blood pressure, and the rate-pressure product were more apparent at each stage of the ETT in the 50-mg mibefradil group than in the placebo group. Daily treatment with mibefradil 50 mg was associated with a significant decrease in the number of weekly anginal attacks (−2.1 ± 4.0, p = 0.020) compared with placebo. The addition of mibefradil to existing β -blocker therapy was well tolerated. Dizziness was the most frequently reported adverse event in the mibefradil 50-mg dose, and occurred with an incidence of 4.4%. The addition of mibefradil 50 mg, administered once daily, to patients on stable β -blocker therapy produced additive antianginal and anti-ischemic effects and was well tolerated. The purpose of this study was to assess efficacy, safety, and tolerability of mibefradil, a novel calcium antagonist, when added to β -blocker monotherapy in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. The addition of mibefradil 50 mg administered once daily produced additive antianginal and anti-ischemic effects and was well tolerated.
Community-associated MRSA: a dangerous epidemic

‘ … the lesson from the CA-MRSA epidemic is that of an increased urge to put more resources into drug and vaccine development.’ Although a relatively unspectacular, nonmotile coccus, Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen and a major public health concern. In addition to being a common food-poisoning agent, it can cause serious skin and soft tissue infections and life-threatening diseases. Furthermore, resistance to multiple antibiotics, most notably to penicillin and methicillin, is common in S. aureus and makes treatment especially difficult. However, the biggest current threat from this human pathogen is the pandemic spread of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), a crisis affecting many aspects of our social life and second only to HIV/AIDS in scope and importance. Infections with MRSA have traditionally been limited to healthcare settings and individuals with risk factors for infection. Therefore, it came as quite a shock when MRSA infections unrelated to hospitals were reported in healthy individuals beginning in the late 1990s: first in children, later in professional football players and other sports teams, prisoners and men who have sex with men (MSM). The strains that cause these infections are remarkable because they combine antibiotic resistance with exceptional virulence and transmissibility, a phenomenon unprecedented with S. aureus. Moreover, while most S. aureus infections were previously thought to originate from nasal colonization, transmission of CA-MRSA includes body-tobody and sexual contacts. Within a very short period of time, CA-MRSA have become not only the most frequent causes of soft- and skintissue infections in the community, but are also replacing traditional MRSA strains in hospitals on a large scale.
Lighting quality recommendations for VDT offices: a new method of derivation

An experiment in a mock-up office space gave occupants control over dimmable lighting circuits after a day working under pseudo-random lighting conditions. Data analysis indicated that the lighting...
Genetic polymorphisms influence mycophenolate mofetil-related adverse events in pediatric heart transplant patients.

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an effective and commonly used immunosuppressant but has frequent adverse events. Genetic polymorphisms may contribute to variability in MMF efficacy and related complications. In this study we explore the distribution frequencies of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IMPDH1, IMPDH2 and ABCC2 and investigate whether these SNPs influence MMF adverse events in 59 pediatric heart recipients. Methods Genotypes were assessed by TaqMan analysis of: ABCC2 rs717620; IMPDH2 rs11706052; and IMPDH1 rs2288553, rs2288549, rs2278293, rs2278294 and rs2228075. Gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance was defined as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea or abdominal pain requiring dose-holding for >48 hours or MMF discontinuation. Bone marrow toxicity was evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3 (CTCAE). Results GI intolerance occurred in 21 patients, and 21 had bone marrow toxicity. The ABCC2 rs717620 A variant was significantly associated with GI intolerance leading to drug discontinuation ( p IMPDH1 rs2278294 A variant and rs2228075 A variant were also associated with greater GI intolerance ( p = 0.029 and p = 0.002, respectively). The IMPDH2 rs11706052 G variant was associated with more frequent neutropenia requiring dose-holding ( p = 0.046). Conclusions In this small sample of pediatric heart transplant patients receiving MMF, ABCC2 , IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 SNPs were associated with MMF GI intolerance and bone marrow toxicity. Thus, genetic polymorphisms may directly influence MMF adverse events.