cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To composite or replicate: how sampling method and protocol differences alter collected stream invertebrates and associated bioassessment metrics

Aquatic invertebrates are excellent indicators of ecosystem quality; however, choosing a sampling method can be difficult. Each method and associated protocol has advantages and disadvantages, and finding the approach that minimizes biases yet fulfills management objectives is crucial. To test the effects of both sampling methods and sample handling-i.e., to composite samples or leave them as replicates-we collected aquatic invertebrates from the Niobrara River at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska, using three methods and two sample handling protocols. We compared aquatic invertebrate assemblages collected with a Hester-Dendy multi-plate sampler, Hess sampler, and a D-frame dipnet. We calculated six common bioassessment metrics from composite (combined) and replicate (separate) samples. Hess samples contained the highest taxonomic richness (capturing 77% of all taxa observed) and dipnet samples the least (47%). Hester-Dendy samples had the greatest proportion of Ephemeroptera, and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT). Dipnet samples had the lowest evenness values. In terms of sample handling, composite samples had inflated richness, diversity, and evenness compared with replicate samples, but bioassessment metrics calculated from proportions or averages (i.e., Hilsenhoff's Biotic Index and the proportion of EPT taxa) did not differ between them. The proportion of invertebrate groups from composite samples were not statistically different among sampling methods, but several groups differed between replicate samples collected by different methods. Ultimately, we recommend collecting replicate samples with a Hess sampler when the goal of the study is to detect ecosystem change, among locations or differences in variables of interest.
A Design optimization Approach for Dual Active Bridge Converter for Multiple Vehicle Classes with Disparate Input DC Voltages

The commercial vehicle industry is going through a phase of rapid electrification due to radical shift in cost-benefit ratios from previous decades. As the industry aims to increase electrification in their product lines, manufacturers prefer disparate DC voltage levels for different vehicle classes of up to 18 tonnes (400-800V). To achieve economies of scale in this low-volume industry, it is useful to have a single converter design that is used across vehicle platforms for non-propulsion loads. A single-phase dual active bridge DC-DC converter, with its varied modulation strategies, is ideal for such application. In this paper, an optimal design approach for the converter is proposed, that is specified to be compatible with different classes of vehicle systems. The process encompasses all modulation schemes and operating modes in the design phase. Three design approaches are proposed: minimum Euclidean norm of RMS current, Euclidean norm of peak current and combined VA rating of the transformer-inductor arrangement. The proposed design approach is also compared with conventional optimization approaches, illustrating its superior ‘optimization objective’. Simulation results across the operating voltage range are also presented to compare the proposed designs with the conventional designs to validate the presented approach.
Trump and America’s Foreign Policy Traditions

How does President Trump see the world and seek to change it? The chapter examines this question in the context of America’s foreign policy traditions—nationalism, realism, conservative internationalism, and liberal internationalism. Trump is more nationalist than recent presidents, believing like George Washington and Andrew Jackson that America should stay out of the affairs of other nations unless there is an imminent threat. On the other hand, he is also a realist like Teddy Roosevelt and Richard Nixon committed to maintain the status quo and compete in the great power struggle with Russia and China. What he is not is an internationalist, either conservative who hopes to change the world through the spread of democracy like Ronald Reagan or liberal who seeks to strengthen international institutions and trade like Bill Clinton. Nevertheless, he is not unraveling the postwar internationalist order but taking a pause to put it on a more sustainable basis for the future.
Evolution of the genetic code; Evidence from serine codon use disparity in Escherichia coli.

Among the 20 amino acids, three of them—leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), and serine (Ser)—are encoded by six different codons. In comparison, all of the other 17 amino acids are encoded by either 4, 3, 2, or 1 codon. Peculiarly, Ser is separated into two disparate Ser codon boxes, differing by at least two-base substitutions, in contrast to Leu and Arg, of which codons are mutually exchangeable by a single-base substitution. We propose that these two different Ser codons independently emerged during evolution. In this hypothesis, at the time of the origin of life there were only seven primordial amino acids: Valine (coded by GUX [X = U, C, A or G]), alanine (coded by GCX), aspartic acid (coded by GAY [Y = U or C]), glutamic acid (coded by GAZ [Z = A or G]), glycine (coded by GGX), Ser (coded by AGY), and Arg (coded by CGX and AGZ). All of these were derived from GGX for glycine by single-base substitutions. Later in evolution, another class of Ser codons, UCX, were derived from alanine codons, GCX, distinctly different from the other primordial Ser codon, AGY. From the analysis of the Escherichia coli genome, we find extensive disparities in the usage of these two Ser codons, as some genes use only AGY for Ser in their genes. In contrast, others use only UCX, pointing to distinct differences in their origins, consistent with our hypothesis.
Abstract 13722: There Will be Blood: A Cautionary Tale of Triple Therapy

A 54-year-old man with coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, atrial flutter, and chronic right internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion was transferred to our institution for management o...
A model of foot-and-mouth disease transmission and detection within a U.S. beef feedlot

Mathematical modeling is a tool to project the impact of a potential epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in disease-free countries. Most published models of FMD spread in the U.S. focus on farm to farm transmission and represent the farm as a homogenous unit. We developed a model of FMD transmission dynamics and clinical manifestation within a U.S. beef feedlot, incorporating typical feedlot layout, production management, and animal demographics. We used the model to assess the time to detection on the feedlot based on varying clinical FMD prevalence detection thresholds. We also estimated the impact of stopping movement of cattle to hospital pens following detection on the within-feedlot FMD outbreak.
OR3. Practitioners' Inaccuracy in Decision-Making with Assessing NYHA Functional Class of Patients with Heart Failure

Background Timely evidence-based guideline directed treatment is essential to ensure optimal outcomes when managing patients with heart failure (HF). Identifying HF patient's New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class is a clinically important as it relates to treatment recommendations. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine HF providers' decision making and ability to correctly assign NYHA functional class. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, correlational study using survey methods with 244 providers practicing in the United States in acute and ambulatory care settings that treat adult patients with HF. Providers completed 8 validated clinical vignettes focused on decision making related NYHA functional classes I-IV. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression were used to analyze the data. Results Participants were on average 51 years of age (SD=11), predominately female (83%) and Caucasian (87%). Sixty-five percent were nurse practitioners and 18% physicians, most were certified in HF (59%) and on average worked with HF patients for 15.1 years (SD=9.6). Providers reported assigning NYHA class to 83% of their patients, with 39% reporting it was useful. Accurate identification of NYHA Class I was 78.7%, for Class II 57.4%, for Class III 59.8% and for Class IV 36.9%. Correct NYHA class scores were associated with providers who typically reported assigning HF stage (p Conclusions When patients are incorrectly classed, then they may not be recommended for evidence-based therapies at the optimal time, thus decreasing patient outcomes. Future research should focus on ways to improve accuracy in assigning NYHA Functional Class I-IV to ensure appropriate treatment at the right time in the patient's trajectory of HF to improve patient outcomes.
Evaluation of Weight-Based Dose During Transition From Immediate-Release to Extended-Release Tacrolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background:Manufacturer recommendations for conversion from immediate-release to extended-release tacrolimus, Envarsus XR®, suggests 80% of the total daily dose of the immediate-release formulation...
Disruption of left-right axis specification in Ciona induces molecular, cellular, and functional defects in asymmetric brain structures

Left-right asymmetries are a common feature of metazoans and can be found in a number of organs including the nervous system. These asymmetries are particularly pronounced in the simple central nervous system (CNS) of the swimming tadpole larva of the tunicate Ciona, which displays a chordate ground plan. While common pathway elements for specifying the left/right axis are found among chordates, particularly a requirement for Nodal signaling, Ciona differs temporally from its vertebrate cousins by specifying its axis at the neurula stage, rather than at gastrula. Additionally, Ciona and other ascidians require an intact chorionic membrane for proper left-right specification. Whether such differences underlie distinct specification mechanisms between tunicates and vertebrates will require broad understanding of their influence on CNS formation. Here, we explore the consequences of disrupting left-right axis specification on Ciona larval CNS cellular anatomy, gene expression, synaptic connectivity, and behavior. We show that left-right asymmetry disruptions caused by removal of the chorion (dechorionation) are highly variable and present throughout the Ciona larval nervous system. While previous studies have documented disruptions to the conspicuously asymmetric sensory systems in the anterior brain vesicle, we document asymmetries in seemingly symmetric structures such as the posterior brain vesicle and motor ganglion. Moreover, defects caused by dechorionation include misplaced or absent neuron classes, loss of asymmetric gene expression, aberrant synaptic projections, and abnormal behaviors. In the motor ganglion, a brain structure that has been equated with the vertebrate hindbrain, we find that despite the apparent left-right symmetric distribution of interneurons and motor neurons, AMPA receptors are expressed exclusively on the left side, which equates with asymmetric swimming behaviors. We also find that within a population of dechorionated larvae, there is a small percentage with apparently normal left-right specification and approximately equal population with inverted (mirror-image) asymmetry. We present a method based on a behavioral assay for isolating these larvae. When these two classes of larvae (normal and inverted) are assessed in a light dimming assay, they display mirror-image behaviors, with normal larvae responding with counterclockwise swims, while inverted larvae respond with clockwise swims. Our findings highlight the importance of left-right specification pathways not only for proper CNS anatomy, but also for correct synaptic connectivity and behavior.
A naturalistic investigation of former Olympic cyclists' cognitive strategies for coping with exertion pain during performance

In endurance sports, there is one element that all athletes who wish to excel must confront...exertion pain. The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the nature and effects of the cognitive strategies former Olympic cyclists used to cope with exertion pain during performance. Nine participants were asked to describe exertion pain and how they managed it. Two hundred twenty-two quotes formed the basis for the analysis. The quotes were coalesced to six higher-order themes. The following conclusions were extracted from the themes: (I) the degree of pain was purely a perception, (2) pain varied depending upon the satisfaction the athlete received from the experience when ail physiological variables were held constant, (3) cognitive skills such as goal setting, imagery, and positive self-talk were routinely used, (4) the mind and body were viewed as a dualism when performing, (5) pain was a positive experience and part of sport and an individual's identity, and (6) riding in a position of control tended to lessen the perception of pain. The results revealed that former Olympic cyclists used a myriad of cognitive strategies to cope with endurance pain while training and competing and that all of them attended to the pain rather than attempting to ignore it.
Samuel Johnson, the Ossian Fraud, and the Celtic Revival in Great Britain and Ireland: Johnson and the Irish: more opposition to Ossian

The Irish people are alike strangers to the glory that is reflected from the ancient celebrity of their country, and to all the generous sympathies that flow from such a revelation. How powerfully Doctor Johnson felt the importance of this too long neglected inquiry is evidenced by his correspondence with Charles O'Conor. “I have long wished,” writes this profound thinker, “that the Irish literature were cultivated.” John Dalton, “The Social and Political State of the People of Ireland” (1830) Ireland can take justifiable pride in being first and foremost among nations to recognize Johnson's literary genius through the granting of its highest academic degree. The now-cliched title of “Doctor” Johnson did not exist until Trinity College bestowed on him its doctorate in canon and civil law on 8 July 1765 in honor of the matchless elegance and usefulness of his writings (“ob egregiam scriptorum elegantiam et utilitatem”). That Ireland should have bestowed the first of his two honorary doctorates was singularly appropriate, not only because of his fame as a moralist-lexicographer praised in the document, but also in light of his less celebrated advocacy of Irish studies. Of the seven signatories listed on the totally unexpected diploma, only Dr. Francis Andrews and Rev. Thomas Leland seem to have had any claim to Johnson's notice. As the kindly provost of Trinity College, Andrews could count on solid Irish parliamentary support for funding professorships in Greek and mathematics, underwriting the addition of fellows and a chair of modern history, and beautifying the grounds with a building program resulting in the university's imposing west front facing College Green today.
Distinguishing Between Models of Perceptual Decision Making

Mathematical models are a useful tool for gaining insight into mechanisms of decision making. However, like other scientific methods, its application is not without pitfalls. This chapter demonstrates that it can be difficult to distinguish between alternative models and it illustrates that a model-based approach benefits from the availability of a rich dataset that provides sufficient constraints. Ideally, the dataset is not only comprised of behavioral data, but also contains neural data that provide information about the internal processing. The chapter focuses on two examples taken from perceptual decision making. In one case, information about response time distributions is used to reject a model that is otherwise consistent with accuracy data and mean response times. In the other case, only the availability of neural data allows a distinction between two alternative models that are both consistent with the behavioral data.
Calibrating Software Cost Models to Department of Defense Databases—A Review of ten Studies

Abstract There are many sophisticated parametric models for estimating the size, cost, and schedule of software projects. In general, the predictive accuracy of these models is no better than within 25 percent of actual cost or schedule, about one half of the time (Thibodeau, 1981; IIT Research Institute, 1988). Several authors assert that a model's predictive accuracy can be improved by calibrating (adjusting) its default parameters to a specific environment (Kemerer, 1987; Van Genuchten and Koolen, 1991; Andolfi et al. 1996). This paper reports the results of a long-term project that tests this assertion.
‘How Much Correction of Syntactic Errors Are There, Anyway?’1: Syntactic Speech Errors

Speech errors are a traditional source of evidence about what speakers have to do, and what they occasionally fail to do, when they talk. In particular, the linguistic patterns in errors are theoretically informative for what they disclose about the language production process. Among the most notable regularities in errors is a strong tendency for the structures of sentences to remain stable when words move around. These stable structural properties provide the backdrop against which slips in speaking have been used to explain how sentences develop before they are produced. This article traces the outlines of speech-error analysis and then turns the focus around to look explicitly at how impervious to error the syntactic properties of language are. The aim is to assess the value of systematic studies of syntactic error for tracing the unfolding of spoken language when people try to say what they mean.
Treatment of Turner's Syndrome With Estrogen

In 1938, Turner1 described the syndrome of short stature and sexual infantilism. Since that report, the association of streak gonads and a variety of other developmental defects has become well recognized.2(p286) Psychosexually, girls with Turner9s syndrome are said to be "the epitome of femininity and markedly maternal in their play and child care interests."3 Administration of hormones to induce breast development and menstrual cycles maintains and promotes their feminine identity4 and is recommended for the psychological well-being of the girl with Turner9s syndrome.5 Continuous estrogen therapy to induce breast development has been recommended for initial treatment, followed by cyclical estrogen administration to permit periodic shedding of the endometrium and bleeding.5-7 The addition of a progestational drug has been recommended if the response to estrogen alone was unsatisfactory.5,7 More recently, however, the use of cyclic estrogen-progesterone regimens has been considered safer.8-10 Although there have been a number of reports on the effects of estrogens on bone age and growth,11-14 there have been few systematic studies of the hormonal effects of replacement therapy in Turner9s syndrome.15-18 Rosenfield et al.17 measured the changes in circulating levels of estradiol, estrone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone-binding globulin capacity, thyroxine-binding globulin capacity, and vaginal cytological pattern in five girls with Turner9s syndrome and one girl with multiple endocrine deficiency syndrome following a single intramuscular injection of estradiol cypionate, 1.5 to 2.0 mg (Fig. 1). Plasma estradiol levels reached a peak three to seven days after the injection and fell steadily thereafter, reaching control levels at 18 to 20 days.
Trends in software design for distributed computing systems

The methods currently used to develop the software for distributed computing systems are classified into three categories: data flow oriented, communication oriented and object oriented. Their applicabilities are compared, and future trends in software design approaches are discussed. The problems and issues to be addressed by the software design methodologies for distributed computing systems are pointed out. The authors discuss the trends in software design methods and identify object-oriented software design methodology as a promising approach. >
Teleseismic inversion for rupture process of the 27 February 2010 Chile (Mw 8.8) earthquake

The 27 February 2010 Chile (M_w 8.8) earthquake is the fifth largest earthquake to strike during the age of seismological instrumentation. The faulting geometry, slip distribution, seismic moment, and moment-rate function are estimated from broadband teleseismic P, SH, and Rayleigh wave signals. We explore some of the trade-offs in the rupture-process estimation due to model parameterizations, limited teleseismic sampling of seismic phase velocities, and uncertainty in fault geometry. The average slip over the ~81,500 km^2 rupture area is about 5 m, with slip concentrations down-dip, up-dip and southwest, and up-dip and north of the hypocenter. Relatively little slip occurred up-dip/offshore of the hypocenter. The average rupture velocity is ~2.0–2.5 km/s.
Ordinary and radiative muon capture in liquid hydrogen reexamined

A simultaneous analysis is made of the measured rates of ordinary muon capture (OMC) and radiative muon capture (RMC) in liquid hydrogen, using theoretical estimates for the relevant atomic capture rates that have been obtained in chiral perturbation theory with the use of the most recent values of the coupling constants. We reexamine the basic formulas for relating the atomic OMC and RMC rates to the liquid-hydrogen OMC and RMC rates, respectively. Although the analysis is significantly influenced by ambiguity in the molecular state population, we can demonstrate that, while the OMC data can be reproduced, the RMC data can be explained only with unrealistic values of the coupling constants; the degree of difficulty becomes even more severe when we try to explain the OMC and RMC data simultaneously.
Relationship of Cell Transmembrane Electropotential to Potassium and Sodium Accumulation Ratios in Oat and Pea Seedlings.

Many higher plants contain more potassium than sodium in their cells even though the surrounding medium usually contains more sodium than potassium (2). This situation is found also in the bacterium Escherichia coli (10), in a variety of animal cells (6, 11), and in the cells of several lower plants (1, 8, 9). In the squid axon (6), the low internal sodium and the high internal potassium concentrations appear to be maintained by a sodium pump which transports sodium out of the cell against an electrochemical potential gradient. There is also an inwardly directed potassium pump, but because of the relatively high permeability of the cell membrane to potassium, the distribution of potassium is close to that predicted by passive movement under the action of the concentration gradient and electrical forces only. Investigations have shown that the low internal concentrations of sodium and the high internal concentrations of potassium in other animal cells and in the cells of certain bacteria and lower plants appear also to be the result of an active efflux mechanism for sodium and either an active influx mechanism for passive distribution of potassium. In view of these apparently general phenomena, I was interested in seeing whether some higher plant cells maintained low internal sodium and high internal potassium concentrations in the same way as these other cells. Electrochemical theory provides the best criteria for active transport. If an ion is in passive flux equilibrium on the 2 sides of a membrane, then the concentration and electrical potentials must be related by the equation:
Reversible blockade of electron transport during ischemia protects mitochondria and decreases myocardial injury following reperfusion.

Cardiac mitochondria sustain damage during ischemia and reperfusion, contributing to cell death. The reversible blockade of electron transport during ischemia with amobarbital, an inhibitor at the rotenone site of complex I, protects mitochondria against ischemic damage. Amobarbital treatment immediately before ischemia was used to test the hypothesis that damage to mitochondrial respiration occurs mainly during ischemia and that protection of mitochondria during ischemia leads to decreased cardiac injury with reperfusion. Langendorff-perfused Fischer-344 rat hearts were treated with amobarbital (2.5 mM) or vehicle for 1 min immediately before 25 min of global ischemia. Both groups were reperfused for 30 min without additional treatment. Subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) populations of mitochondria were isolated after reperfusion. Ischemia and reperfusion decreased state 3 and increased state 4 respiration rate in both SSM and IFM. Amobarbital treatment protected oxidative phosphorylation measured following reperfusion and improved the coupling of respiration. Cytochrome c content measured in SSM and IFM following reperfusion decreased in untreated, but not in amobarbital-treated, hearts. H2O2 release from SSM and IFM isolated from amobarbital-treated hearts during reperfusion was markedly decreased. Amobarbital treatment before ischemia improved recovery of contractile function (percentage of preischemic developed pressure: untreated 51 ± 4%, n = 12; amobarbital 70 ± 4%, n = 11, p < 0.01) and substantially reduced infarct size (untreated 32 ± 2%, n = 7; amobarbital 13 ± 2%, n = 7, p < 0.01). Thus, mitochondrial damage occurs mainly during ischemia rather than during reperfusion. Reperfusion in the setting of preserved mitochondrial respiratory function attenuates the mitochondrial release of reactive oxygen species, enhances contractile recovery, and decreases myocardial infarct size.
Silicon spintronics: Spin injection, manipulation and electrical detection

We have demonstrated the injection, modulation and detection of pure spin diffusion current in silicon in a lateral transport geometry compatible with existing device design, fabrication and scaling. This approach injects spin-polarized electrons near the silicon conduction band edge with near unity conversion efficiency and low bias voltages (∼ 2 eV) compatible with CMOS technology.
Cultivating food as a right to the city

This paper argues that there is much to be gained when we view struggles to cultivate food in the city through the lens of Henri Lefebvre's concept of the right to the city. Lefebvre's idea helps us better perceive the radical political and ecological potential of those struggles. And in the empirical details of the struggles we can see concretely the key action in Lefebvre's concept, an action that is only abstract in his work: urban inhabitants becoming active and producing and managing space for themselves.
Differential reward conditioning in the pigeon

Pigeons trained in discrete trials to peck a red or a green key for I or S food pellets show stable negative contrast when the two colors are differentially rewarded. The contrast effect disappears when differential reward is discontinued and reappears when differential reward is resumed. Daily doses of pentobarbital sodium (5 mg/kg) do not prevent contrast. The magnitude of the effect increases within sessions and decreases between sessions, even in highly trained animals.
On the Fermi Theory of β -Radioactivity

A comparison of Fermi's formula for the distribution in energy of the electrons and positrons emitted by radioactive bodies with the observed spectra seems to show that a basic factor in it, the statistical factor, is not asymmetric enough. Since about the same degree of asymmetry is common to the spectra of light and heavy nuclei and of positron and electron emitters, it cannot be ascribed to another factor in the Fermi formula, depending on the nuclear field. A weight factor is introduced to provide the required asymmetry by changing the form of the Fermi interaction energy. It is shown that two almost equivalent points of view can be employed in attacking this problem and that a certain uniqueness in the form of the interaction law can be obtained within the requirements laid down by Fermi. The modified distribution formula, which holds strictly only for light nuclei, is then shown to give a much more satisfactory agreement with the data than the original formula.
Induction, pure and simple

Induction is the process by which we reason from the particular to the general. In this paper we use ideas from the theory of abstract machines and recursion theory to study this process. We focus on pure induction in which the conclusions “go beyond the information given” in the premises from which they are derived and on simple induction, which is rather a stark kind of induction that deals with computable predicates on the integers in rather straightforward ways. Our basic question is “What are the relationships between the kinds of abstract machinery we bring to bear on the job of doing induction and our ability to do that job well?” Our conclusions are as follows: (1) If we use only the abstract machinery of the digital computer in a computing center (which we assume to be capable of only evaluating totally computable functionals or functionals in Σ0 of the Arithmetic Hierarchy) then a single inductive procedure can only develop finitely many sound theories. (2) If we use only the abstract machinery of the mathematician (which we assume to be the machinery required to evaluate a functional in Σ2 of the Arithmetic Hierarchy) then we can develop inductive procedures that generate infinitely many sound theories but no procedure that is analytic in the sense that the theories it puts forth as sound will be sound in “all possible worlds”. (3) If we use the machinery of the trial and error machine (or the machinery required to evaluate functionals in Σ2 of the Arithmetic Hierarchy) then we can develop consistent procedures for induction but none that are complete in the sense that they generate all useful theories in a fairly natural sense of “useful”. (4) Finally, if we use the machinery of the hyper-trial-anderror machine (or the machinery required to evaluate functionals in Σ3 of the Arithmetic Hierarchy) then we can develop procedures that are both consistent and complete.
Some additional features of one-wavelength anomalous dispersion.

By use of appropriate algebraic formulas, illustrations are given of several characteristics of one-wavelength anomalous-dispersion data, for the case that one predominant type of anomalous-scattering atom is present. It is shown that, when the structure of the anomalous scatterer is known, some simple algebraic formulas may be used to generate initial values of many phases associated with a macromolecular structure. In some cases, there may be enough phases determined to permit further refinement and extension by use of current techniques for doing so. Another calculation shows the virtue of including isomorphous-replacement data and how readily that is done in an algebraic system. It is also shown that there is an advantage in accuracy through the use of a particular statistical calculation of the magnitude of the structure factors for the anomalous scatterers, even when the magnitudes are known accurately because the structure of the anomalous scatterers is known. This occurs because the statistical values are scaled to adjust to errors in the data and thus avoids a disparity in scale that would occur otherwise in the algebraic system. With highly accurate data, the advantage would disappear. It is also shown, however, that, even with accurate one-wavelength anomalous-dispersion data, the coupling of isomorphous-replacement data leads to greater accuracy in evaluating phase differences than coupling with known magnitudes for the structure factors associated with the anomalous scatterers. Finally, there is a discussion of the use of known and statistically estimated values of the structure-factor magnitudes that correspond to the total structure in which all atoms (including the anomalous scatterers) scatter as if they were all scattering normally.
In vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress.

Abstract Hsp70 molecular chaperones have been shown to play an important role in helping cells to cope with adverse environments, especially in response to high temperatures. The molecular chaperone function of Hsc70 at low temperature was investigated. A cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Recombinant Hsc70 bound a permanently unfolded substrate: α-carboxymethylated lactalbumin (CMLA) in the presence of 3 mM ATP and MgCl 2 at low temperature (4 and –4 °C). Radiolabeling with 35 S-Met and 35 S-Cys and immunoprecipitation with cytosolic Hsc70 monoclonal antibodies showed that there were several proteins co-immunoprecipitated at low temperature (4 and –4 °C) but not at room temperature. Enhanced co-purification of sHsp17.7 with Hsc70 at low temperature was observed and suggests that co-chaperone interactions can contribute to molecular chaperone function during cold stress. These results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress.
Effects of bupropion on cognitive performance during initial tobacco abstinence

Background Bupropion may aid tobacco abstinence by quickly relieving symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, perhaps including impaired cognitive performance. We examined whether bupropion would attenuate abstinence-induced cognitive deficits on the first day of a brief quit attempt, when smokers are most likely to relapse.
On the Formation of Hot Spots in Wet Clutch Systems

A comprehensive model is developed for analyzing the onset of thermoelastic instability in a wet clutch. For this purpose, appropriate governing equations are derived that take into account the porosity and deformability of the friction material. The effect of the thickness of the separator disk and that of the friction material are also included. The model is general and can be used to describe TEI in a variety of other systems such as in a mechanical seal, as a special case. A series of simulations are presented that predict the thermoelastic behavior of a wet clutch from an instability viewpoint.
An immunologic evaluation of ragweed-sensitive patients by newer techniques

Abstract Several currently available methods for quantitation of reaginic antibody are compared. Twenty-three ragweed-sensitive patients were evaluated with the use of the following measurements: serum IgE concentration, P-K titer in man, RAST antibody level, and leukocyte histamine release. Hemagglutinating antibody titers were also determined. Significant correlations were found between P-K titers, RAST test results, and IgE concentrations. The cellular responses of histamine release to challenge by antigen and anti-IgE antibody were parallel. The RAST test, P-K titers, and IgE concentrations did not parallel the values of maximal leukocyte histamine release with challenge by antigen or anti-IgE antibody. There was a correlation between P-K titer and leukocyte sensitivity to antigen. The hemagglutinating antibody titers did not parallel any of the other measurements. It is hoped that continued application of these newer techniques will offer a better understanding of the clinical responses in ragweed-sensitive patients.
Approximately one-third of medically indicated late preterm births are complicated by fetal growth restriction

Objective The purpose of this study was to report the frequency of fetal growth restriction (FGR) based on indication for late preterm birth (LPTB). Study Design Singleton live born pregnancies that were delivered from 34-36 weeks 6 days of gestation over a 1-year period at a tertiary care medical center were studied. Indications for delivery were categorized as spontaneous (spontaneous preterm birth or premature rupture of membranes), medically indicated, or elective. A customized birthweight percentile was calculated for each pregnancy; the rate of FGR was compared based on indication for LPTB. Results There were 482 LPTBs that met all criteria. Customized birthweight percentiles (median; interquartile range) were different among groups (spontaneous, 45.5%; 20.8–73.5%; medically indicated, 26.9%; 4.1–63.6%; elective, 45.9%; 22.2–78.3%; P = .001). The rate of FGR was also different among groups (spontaneous, 13%; medically indicated, 32%; elective, 21%; P = .001). Conclusion With the use of customized birthweight standards, we found that FGR complicated approximately one-third of all cases of medically indicated LPTB.
The Imagination Library Program: Increasing Parental Reading Through Book Distribution

Research has established a connection between print exposure and reading skills. The authors examined the impact of book access on print exposure via a monthly book distribution program. At 10 months of implementation, 170 families enrolled in the Imagination Library Program in Syracuse, New York responded to a survey. Results indicated that length of enrollment was associated with frequency of child-directed reading and story discussion, even when controlling for child age, gender, income, parental education, race, parental nation of birth, and primary language spoken at home. Consequently, the authors conceptualize such programs as catalysts for developing early literacy skills by increasing child-directed reading.
The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: further development and applications

Abstract This paper presents further generalizations of the advection algorithm described in J. Comput. Phys. (54 (1984), 325). Time-dependent velocity fields and a generalized form of the continuity equation are considered. Applicability of the algorithm to the diffusion equation and to the transport of nonpositive scalars is also discussed. Theoretical considerations are illustrated through numerical tests and applications to some particular geophysical fluid dynamics problems.
Graph wavelet transform: Application to image segmentation

Recently, there has been a lot of work on extending traditional signal processing methods to irregular domains such as graphs. Graph wavelet transform offers a multiscale analysis of graphs similar to traditional wavelets. Similar to wavelets which are effective at detecting transients in a signal, graph wavelets can be used to detect discontinuities of functions defined on graphs. In this paper, we use this realization to propose a graph wavelet based approach to image segmentation. The images are first transformed to the graph domain and the graph wavelet transform is used to detect the discontinuities in the pixel domain.
Translating primary care practice climate into patient activation: the role of patient trust in physician.

Background:Little is known about processes by which proactive primary care teams might activate their patients. We examine the role of trust in patient-physician relationships for translating practice teamwork into patient activation.Methods:Data were collected by surveys of adult enrollees and prim
Proteolytic and Milk Clotting Fractions in Milk Clotting Preparations

Abstract Five different milk clotting preparations were fractionated on Sephadex G-100 and then tested for milk clotting activity and for proteolysis of denatured hemoglobin. Two preparations were also tested for proteolytic activity on casein. Proteolytic activities on hemoglobin were correlated with clotting ability of bovine rennet, calf rennet, and rennin-pepsin mixture at pH 1.6 and with Mucor miehei protease at pH 5.2. Modified Mucor miehei protease activities on hemoglobin correlated equally well at pH 1.6 and 5.2. Gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 and elimination of nonclotting fractions reduced the proteolytic activities on hemoglobin at pH 5.2 of calf rennet, bovine rennet, Mucor miehei protease, modified Mucor miehei protease, and rennin-pepsin mixture by 68.6, 88.5, 3.7, 53.7, and 91.2%, respectively. At pH 1.6, proteolysis was reduced by 54.2, 41.2, 51.8, 59.5, and 60.8%. Proteolytic activities of bovine rennet and renninpepsin mixture on casein were reduced by 59.8 and 72%, respectively.
Influence of K + Ions on the Interaction of Water with Silicon Dioxide at Low Temperature Relevant to CMP

Internal reflection infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of potassium ions on the interaction of water with silicon dioxide at low temperature, relevant to chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of silicon dioxide. Silanol (SiOH) formation was enhanced in silicon dioxide samples exposed to aqueous solutions of potassium chloride and potassium nitrate as compared to those exposed to water, due to a reduction in the thermodynamic activity of the water in potassium salt solutions. However, molecular water was the predominant hydrous species observed in the silicon dioxide. The presence of potassium ions had no significant effect on the effective diffusion coefficient of water in silicon dioxide. Results presented here indicate that the potassium ion concentration, and more specifically the water activity, is a critical factor in the chemical component of the silicon dioxide CMP mechanism.
Optimum Maintenance with Incomplete Information

The maintenance of a system characterized by a discrete-parameter, non-stationary, finite-state Markov process is considered. Prior to each transition the decision maker selects one of a finite number of available actions replacements, repairs, inspections, etc. on the basis of a time sequence of noisy state measurements. The action selected and the system's age determine the subsequent one-step transition probabilities and the conditional on the system states distributions of the next measurement. Costs dependent on the action selected, the system's state, and age are assigned to each possible transition. It is shown that the action that minimizes the discounted value of expected immediate and future costs assuming optimum future actions is determined by the system's age and the posterior distribution over the states. With this result a dynamic-programming method is presented for the calculation of optimum maintenance policies.
Absorption of Manganese and Iron in a Mouse Model of Hemochromatosis

Hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease associated with excessive intestinal iron absorption, is commonly caused by loss of HFE gene function. Both iron and manganese absorption are regulated by iron status, but the relationships between the transport pathways of these metals and how they are affected by HFE-associated hemochromatosis remain poorly understood. Loss of HFE function is known to alter the intestinal expression of DMT1 (divalent metal transporter-1) and Fpn (ferroportin), transporters that have been implicated in absorption of both iron and manganese. Although the influence of HFE deficiency on dietary iron absorption has been characterized, potential effects on manganese metabolism have yet to be explored. To investigate the role of HFE in manganese absorption, we characterized the uptake and distribution of the metal in Hfe−/− knockout mice after intravenous, intragastric, and intranasal administration of 54Mn. These values were compared to intravenous and intragastric administration of 59Fe. Intestinal absorption of 59Fe was increased and clearance of injected 59Fe was also increased in Hfe−/− mice compared to controls. Hfe−/− mice displayed greater intestinal absorption of 54Mn compared to wild-type Hfe+/+ control mice. After intravenous injection, the distribution of 59Fe to heart and liver was greater in Hfe−/− mice but no remarkable differences were observed for 54Mn. Although olfactory absorption of 54Mn into blood was unchanged in Hfe−/− mice, higher levels of intranasally-instilled 54Mn were associated with Hfe−/− brain compared to controls. These results show that manganese transport and metabolism can be modified by HFE deficiency.
Analysis of Vertical Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer from the Surface of a Small-Diameter Sphere

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements have been used to analyze fluorophore separations in a number of varying geometries, including small particles and extended surfaces. This study focuses on the geometry created by a donor extended above the surface of a small sphere (radius < R0), where the acceptors are integrated into the sphere surface. The model of this geometry was based on an amphipathic molecule with its lipophilic region integrated into a detergent micelle and its hydrophilic region extending outward from the micelle surface, where the donor fluorophore is attached to the hydrophilic region of the molecule. Based on random acceptor incorporation into the micelle, a Poisson distribution was used to calculate the distribution of acceptor probes across the micelle population. The model converges to RET on a flat surface when the radius of the micelle exceeds 0.8 R0. The model was also used to simulate FRET data showing that the positions of donors above the micelle surface could be uniquely resolved. Experimental verification of the model was achieved in a sulfobetaine palmitate micelle with fluorescein isothiocyanate donors attached to detergent-solubilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipophilic Fast-DiI acceptors. The use of steady-state analysis allowed resolution of cases in which donors were located at different distances from the surface. Combining steady-state with excited-state lifetime analysis allowed resolution of cases where there was a combination of distances. Given the large number of biomolecules that interact with lipids, this approach may prove generally useful for defining molecular conformation.
Some Biochemical Characteristics of the Microsomal Cyclodiene Epoxidase System and Its Inheritance in the House Fly

Musca domestica L. microsomal NADP.H oxidizing system can epoxidise aldrin, isodrin, and heptachlor at identical rates. When any 2 or all 3 of these substrates are incubated with microsomes, there is competitive inhibition of epoxidation of one by the other, showing that they all compete for the same binding site on the enzyme. There is competitive inhibition of aldrin epoxidation by naphthalene hydroxylation and vice versa, showing that both of these microsomal oxidations are carried out by the same enzyme system. Polar organic solvents stimulated the microsomal epoxidation of aldrin. Methoxyethanol and isopropanol gave the highest activity even at low solvent concentrations. Ethanol and methanol, showing very low activity at their lower concentrations, gave maximum activity at highest concentrations, while acetone could increase it to only half the maximum. The gene for miuosomal epoxidase ( Ox ) is situated on chromosome II, at about 32 units from the gene for DDT-dchy-drochlorinase ( Deh ), which is about 8 units from the marker stubby wing ( stw ).
New generation transistor technologies enabled by 2D crystals

The discovery of graphene opened the door to 2D crystal materials. The lack of a bandgap in 2D graphene makes it unsuitable for electronic switching transistors in the conventional field-effect sense, though possible techniques exploiting the unique bandstructure and nanostructures are being explored. The transition metal dichalcogenides have 2D crystal semiconductors, which are well-suited for electronic switching. We experimentally demonstrate field effect transistors with current saturation and carrier inversion made from layered 2D crystal semiconductors such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , and the related family. We also evaluate the feasibility of such semiconducting 2D crystals for tunneling field effect transistors for low-power digital logic. The article summarizes the current state of new generation transistor technologies either proposed, or demonstrated, with a commentary on the challenges and prospects moving forward.