cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and precision of point-of-care testing for glucose and prothrombin time at the critical care units

The use of point-of-care testing (POCT) in critical care patient units has continued to increase since the 1980s. This increase is due to the need for prompt therapeutic interventions that may impact mortality and morbidity, and reduce the overall cost of healthcare for critically ill patients. The diagnostic manufacturing industry has risen to this challenge by introducing portable and/or handheld analyzers for use at the point-of-care. In order to ensure the public safety in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve the use of each POCT analyzer. The FDA approval is based on established performance criteria that includes relative accuracy and precision documentation. This study evaluated the precision and accuracy of the POCT prothrombin time and glucose analyzers relative to the manufacturers' specifications, to the internal QC in the main laboratory, and to the results of the external proficiency-testing program. The QC for the prothrombin time had a precision that ranged from 2.84% to 3.45% (POCT) and from 1.27-1.66% (main laboratory). The precision for the glucose QC ranged from 5% to 5.2% (POCT) and 0.9-2.7% (main laboratory). Using the results of the external proficiency testing, the inter-laboratory CV% for the POCT prothrombin time ranged from 3.5% to 5.0% and the main laboratory had a range of 2.5-2.9%. The inter-laboratory CV% ranges for glucose POCT and the main laboratory were 4.9-10.6% and 1.8-3.5%, respectively. The main laboratory analyzers proved to be more accurate than the POCT analyzers as indicated by comparison to the mean prothrombin time and glucose results of all participating laboratories in the proficiency testing program.
Transient exposure of root tips to primary and secondary metabolites: Impact on root growth and production of border cells

Here we describe the use of Pisum sativum L. as a model system to measure how short-term treatment of root tips with soluble metabolites can influence root growth and release of root exudates. The results revealed that even a 3-minute exposure of root tips to metabolites normally released from roots into the rhizosphere (e.g. rhamnose, ferulic acid, salicylic acid) can significantly influence root growth without affecting production of border cells and associated exudates. Conversely, products including caffeine, saccharide lactone, and pisatin alter production of border cells, without affecting root growth. Understanding how root-derived and exogenous metabolites can selectively impact root function may yield benefits in crop production, especially in greenhouse agriculture systems where growing roots can be exposed to a significant accumulation of plant exudates.
Scaling Properties in Inelastic Electron Scattering with a Fixed Final Multiplicity

Abstract The scaling property of inelastic electron scattering with a fixed final hadron multiplicity is analysed. The relation between the structure functions and the average multiplicity at infinite energy is discussed. A possibility exists that, if one excludes all soft mesons, the remaining hadron multiplicity at infinite energy may stay finite and not too high, in which case some insight may be gained as to why the observed structure functions appear to scale at a relatively low energy. By using the tree diagrams of the usual SU 2 phenomenological Lagrangian, explicit calculations of the structure functions W 1 and νW 2 are made for all two-body final channels, such as pπ 0 , np + , etc.; it is found that, in this simple model, the scaling property is satisfied for these particular channels. Possible experimental consequences are discussed.
The perennial organelle: assembly and disassembly of the primary cilium

Primary cilia contain signaling receptors of diverse classes, and ciliary dysfunction results in a variety of developmental defects. Thus, primary cilia are thought to have an important role in sensing and transducing cellular signals. Although there is clear evidence demonstrating that these organelles are assembled and disassembled dynamically as cells progress through the cell cycle, the mechanisms by which the cell cycle controls the assembly and disassembly of the primary cilium remain poorly understood. In this Commentary, we review the basic cellular mechanisms that underlie the early stages of cilium assembly and discuss how the cell cycle communicates with the ciliation program. A commonly held view is that ciliation occurs exclusively in cells that have exited the cell cycle and entered quiescence or differentiation. However, this concept is at odds with the finding that, during development, many actively proliferating cells require cilia-mediated signaling pathways to instruct their developmental fate. Here, we reassess the quiescence-centric view of ciliation by reviewing historic and current literature. We discuss ample evidence that cilia are in fact present on many proliferating cells, and that a transient peak of ciliation before the G1-S transition might be tightly coupled to entry into the DNA replication phase. Finally, we touch on the relationship between the ciliation and cell-division cycles and the tissue distribution of primary cilia in order to highlight potential roles for the primary cilium in restraining cells from the hyperproliferative state that contributes to cancer.
Possible 110 kDa receptor for interleukin 2 in the chicken.

Abstract Chicken lymphoblasts were generated from spleen cells which had been incubated with concanavalin A (Con A) for 48 h. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with 48-h Con A lymphoblasts. These antibodies were used to identify chicken lymphokine receptors on Con A-activated lymphocytes. The cellular enzyme immunoassay (EIA), with lymphoblasts and spleen cells as the target cells, was used to select for specific mAbs. One mAb was found by EIA to have a strong response against the lymphoblasts but weak against resting spleen cells. By immunofluorescence staining, it reacted strongly with lymphoblasts and weakly with resting spleen, erythrocytes, and bursal cells. This mAb was also shown to inhibit the lymphokine activity present in conditioned medium that was collected from 24-h cultures of Con A-activated spleen cells. By immunoprecipitation, this mAb precipitated a lymphoblast surface antigen with a molecular weight of about 110 kDa. This receptor may be analogous to the putative interleukin 2 γ subunit recently described in human and mouse cell lines.
Development of a biologically inspired hydrobot tail

It has been hypothesized that Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter, has a large ocean underneath a thick layer of ice. In order to determine whether life exists, it has been proposed that an underwater glider (hydrobot) capable of propulsion could be sent to explore the vast ocean. In this research, we considered various smart materials to create a propulsion device inspired by dolphin tails. Dolphins are highly efficient and excellent gliders, which makes them the ideal candidate for ocean exploration. In order to select the best dolphin species, we began by reviewing literature and then utilized the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to compare the different species. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific White-Sided Dolphin) was found to be the best choice for creating a bioinspired hydrobot. We then conducted literature review of various smart materials and using this knowledge constructed a hydrobot tail prototype. This prototype demonstrates that smart materials can be fashioned into suitable actuators to control a tail fashioned after a dolphin.
High-Temperature Fatigue of a Hybrid Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite

An aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC) brake drum was tested in fatigue at room temperature and extreme service temperatures. At room temperature, the hybrid composite did not fail and exceeded estimated vehicle service times. At higher temperatures (62 and 73 pct of the matrix eutectic), fatigue of a hybrid particle/fiber MMC exhibited failure consistent with matrix overloading. Overaging of the A356 matrix coupled with progressive fracture of the SiC particles combined to create the matrix overload condition. No evidence of macro-fatigue crack initiation or growth was observed, and the matrix–particle interface appeared strong with no debonding, visible matrix phases, or porosity. An effective medium model was constructed to test the hypothesis that matrix overloading was the probable failure mode. The measured particle fracture rate was fit using realistic values of the SiC Weibull strength and modulus, which in turn predicted cycles to failure within the range observed in fatigue testing.
Evidence that coal tar is a mixed inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes

Topical application of coal tar (U.S.P.) to neonatal rats resulted in the induction of hepatic cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities. Analogous to the effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254, treatment of neonatal rats with coal tar resulted in a one nm shift to the blue region in the wavelength maximum of the hepatic microsomal hemoprotein cytochrome P-450. These results demonstrate that therapeutic coal tar contains both type I and type II inducers of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes.
A study of brash ice in the proximal marine zone of a sub-polar tidewater glacier

Abstract Intermittent calving of tidewater Maar Glacier into Arthur Harbor (Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula) produces mainly brash ice (fragments 2 samples of dense brash are closely approximated by Rosin-probability distributions. For an average population of freshly calved brash subjected to mean open-water melt rates observed in Arthur Harbor, over 90% of the bergs will completely melt within 24 hours. Consequently, little brash escapes the proximal marine zone, and most debris rafted by such bergs is probably deposited within a few hundred meters of the glacier terminus.
Algal Organic Carbon Excretion in Lake Michigan

Abstract Algal external metabolites have been claimed to be an important carbon source for aquatic heterotrophic bacteria. We measured the release by algae of recently-fixed carbon by following the accumulation of 14 C-organics infiltrates of Lake Michigan samples incubated under natural light for 8 to 26 hours. Pretreatment of samples with an antibiotic and a suite of nonradioactive amino acids, to prevent microbial uptake of excreted products, did not affect the apparent release rates which ranged between 2% and 21% (X±SD = 11.34±9.32 mg-C m −3 day −1 ) of short-term autotrophic production. Comparison of our release rates of 0.42 to 1.54 mg-C m −3 d −1 (X±SD = 0.84±.40 mg-C m −3 day −1 ) to estimates of bacterial demand made during a simultaneous study suggests that organic carbon released from recently-fixed internal pools may not alone support bacterial production.
Managing Inventory with Multiple Products, Lags in Delivery, Resource Constraints, and Lost Sales: A Mathematical Programming Approach

This paper develops an order-up-toS inventory model that is designed to handle multiple items, resource constraints, lags in delivery, and lost sales without sacrificing computational simplicity. Mild conditions are shown to ensure that the expected average holding cost and the expected average shortage cost are separable convex functions of the order-up-to levels. We develop nonparametric estimates of these costs and use them in conjunction with linear programming to produce what is termed the "LP policy." The LP policy has two major advantages over traditional methods: first, it can be computed in complex environments such as the one described above; and second, it does not require an explicit functional form of demand, something that is difficult to specify accurately in practice. In two numerical experiments designed so that optimal policies could be computed, the LP policy fared well, differing from the optimal profit by an average of 2.20% and 1.84%, respectively. These results compare quite favorably with the errors incurred in traditional methods when a correctly specified distribution uses estimated parameters. Our findings support the effectiveness of this mathematical programming technique for approximating complex, real-world inventory control problems.
Evaluation of speech following prosthetic obturation of surgically acquired maxillary defects

Abstract The speech intelligibility of patients who have undergone partial surgical resection of the maxilla was investigated. The intelligibility characteristics of connected discourse in each patient were compared under three experimental conditions: presurgical, postsurgical with immediate prosthetic obturation, and postsurgical with definitive prosthetic obturation. The ability of untrained listeners to differentiate between presurgical speech and postsurgical speech following definitive prosthetic treatment was also studied. Each subject recorded a standard passage of connected discourse, the Rainbow Passage, under the three conditions stated above. Each of the 24 recordings was then segmented into 23 phrases and presented over earphones to listeners. A group of 10 listeners evaluated each recording, or a total of 240 listeners was used. The recordings were graded by the number of words correctly written. Analysis of variance showed no significant loss in intelligibility across the three conditions. A group of 50 listeners then evaluated sentence pairs containing samples of presurgical speech and speech produced following surgery and definitive prosthetic obturation. Their task was to judge whether there was a difference between the two speech samples. This was done in a classroom over loudspeakers. Sign-test procedures revealed that listeners could differentiate presurgical speech samples from postsurgical speech with definitive prosthetic obturation in four of the eight patients studied.
Age, Relationship, and Touch Initiation

Gender asymmetry in touch in U.S. populations is related to the age of the participants in some studies and to the relationships between the participants in others. In the present study, researchers observed dyads in public settings in the United States frequented by couples and recorded the occurrence of touch, the touch initiator, and the body areas touched. The researchers then approached the couples and asked them to complete questionnaires indicating their ages, their relationship, and their level of agreement on major issues. Age and relationship were predictive of the gender of touch initiators. Although levels of agreement were less predictive of touch initiation, the women indicated higher levels of agreement than the men did. The results were generally consistent with a model of sex differences in reproductive strategies.
Staphylococcal superantigens and toxins are detectable in the serum of adult burn patients

Bacterial infection in burn patients is still a devastating contributor to morbidity and mortality. Little is known regarding the presence of staphylococcal toxins in the burn-injured patient. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of several of these toxins and their relationship to clinical metrics and mortality in burn patients. Levels of exotoxins staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), staphylococcal enterotoxin B, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), and α-hemolysin were assayed from the serum of 207 adult burn patients aged 16-92 years. Clinical, demographic, and microbiological data from these patients were then compared to toxin levels. Staphylococcal exotoxins α-hemolysin and SEA were present in 45% and 25% of the population, respectively. Bacterial cultures concomitantly showed a high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in 48% of patients, of which 59% were methicillin resistant. Several metrics may be predictive of high toxin concentrations of α-hemolysin and TSST-1 and SEA including burn size, length of stay, and bacteremia. Mortality associations indicated that burn size, bacteremia, age, and the presence of α-hemolysin and SEA may be predictors of mortality. A high prevalence of staphylococcal toxin α-hemolysin and superantigens TSST-1 and SEA can be found in the circulation of the adult burn population. The presence of these toxins may contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the burn patient.
Current Applications for Prostate-Specific Antigen Doubling Time

Objective: To review the current status of prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) as it pertains to the evolution of prostate cancer (PCa), specifically assessing its role in the following four stages: before diagnosis, prior to definitive treatment, following treatment including salvage therapy after recurrence, and lastly, after onset of androgeninsensitive PCa. Methods: We searched PubMed literature for current articles on PSADT
3D modeling and segmentation of Diffusion weighted MRI data

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI) is a technique that measures the diffusion properties of water molecules to produce a tensor-valued volume dataset. Because water molecules can diffuse more easily along fiber tracts, for example in the brain, rather than across them, diffusion is anisotropic and can be used for segmentation. Segmentation requires the identification of regions with different diffusion properties. In this paper we propose a new set of rotationally invariant diffusion measures which may be used to map the tensor data into a scalar representation. Our invariants may be rapidly computed because they do not require the calculation of eigenvalues. We use these invariants to analyze a 3D DW MRI scan of a human head and build geometric models corresponding to isotropic and anisotropic regions. We then utilize the models to perform quantitative analysis of these regions, for example calculating their surface area and volume.
Fast algorithms for hierarchically semiseparable matrices

Semiseparable matrices and many other rank-structured matrices have been widely used in developing new fast matrix algorithms. In this paper, we generalize the hierarchically semiseparable (HSS) matrix representations and propose some fast algorithms for HSS matrices. We represent HSS matrices in terms of general binary HSS trees and use simplified postordering notation for HSS forms. Fast HSS algorithms including new HSS structure generation and HSS form Cholesky factorization are developed. Moreover, we provide a new linear complexity explicit ULV factorization algorithm for symmetric positive definite HSS matrices with a low-rank property. The corresponding factors can be used to solve the HSS systems also in linear complexity. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithms. All these algorithms have nice data locality. They are useful in developing fast-structured numerical methods for large discretized PDEs (such as elliptic equations), integral equations, eigenvalue problems, etc. Some applications are shown. Copyright q 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intergeneric homology of an atypical euchromosome in several closely related Acridinae (order orthoptera)

An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus—unequal because of a deficiency—usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals (demo)

This demo presents WiSee, a novel human-computer interaction system that leverages wireless networks (e.g., Wi-Fi), to enable sensing and recognition of human gestures and motion. Since wire- less signals do not require line-of-sight and can traverse through walls, WiSee enables novel human-computer interfaces for remote device control and building automation. Further, it achieves this goal without requiring instrumentation of the human body with sensing devices. We integrate WiSee with applications and demonstrate how WiSee enables users to use gestures and control applications including music players and gaming systems. Specifically, our demo will allow SIGCOMM attendees to control a music player and a lighting control device using gestures.
Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes.

Abstract The stability of biomass-derived black carbon (BC) or biochar as a slow cycling pool in the global C cycle is an important property and is likely governed by environmental conditions. This study investigated the effects of water regimes (saturated, unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions) and differences in BC materials, produced by carbonizing corn residues and oak wood at two temperatures (350 °C and 600 °C) on BC degradation at 30 °C over 1 year in a full factorial experiment. Effects of water regime on C loss and potential cation exchange capacity (CECp at pH 7) significantly depended on biomass type. Corn BC was both mineralized (16% C loss for the first year) and was oxidized [1000 mmole(+) kg −1 C] significantly faster under unsaturated conditions than under other water regimes, whereas oak BC mineralized most rapidly (12%) under alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions with similar oxidation, irrespective of water regime. Over 1 year of saturated incubation, the O/C ratio values did not significantly ( P > 0.05) increase even though BC was mineralized by 9% and CECp increased by 170 mmole(+) kg −1 C, in contrast to unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions. While mineralization and oxidation significantly decreased at higher charring temperature for corn, no difference was observed for oak ( P > 0.05). Unsaturated and alternating conditions increased carboxylic and OH functional groups, while they decreased aliphatic groups. The pH increased by about one unit for corn BC, but decreased by 0.2 units for oak BC, indicating strong mineral dissolution of corn BC. Carbon loss strongly correlated with changes in O/C values of both corn BC and oak BC, indicating that oxidation of BC was most likely the major mechanism controlling its stability. However, under saturated conditions, additional mechanisms may govern BC degradation and require further investigation.
Probing the weak-boson sector in Z gamma production at hadron colliders.

A detailed analysis of $Z\ensuremath{\gamma}$ production at hadron colliders is presented for general $\mathrm{ZZ}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $Z\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ couplings. Deviations from the standard model gauge theory structure can be parametrized in terms of four $\mathrm{ZZ}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and four $Z\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ form factors. The high-energy behavior of these form factors is severely restricted by unitarity. Prospects for testing the self-interactions of $Z$ bosons and photons at the Fermilab Tevatron, the CERN Large Hadron Collider and the Superconducting Super Collider are explored. Sensitivity limits for anomalous $\mathrm{ZZ}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $Z\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ couplings are derived and compared to bounds from low-energy data and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider experiments.
Quantitative Video-Oculography to Help Diagnose Stroke in Acute Vertigo and Dizziness Toward an ECG for the Eyes

Background and Purpose—Strokes can be distinguished from benign peripheral causes of acute vestibular syndrome using bedside oculomotor tests (head impulse test, nystagmus, test-of-skew). Using head impulse test, nystagmus, test-of-skew is more sensitive and less costly than early magnetic resonance imaging for stroke diagnosis in acute vestibular syndrome but requires expertise not routinely available in emergency departments. We sought to begin standardizing the head impulse test, nystagmus, test-of-skew diagnostic approach for eventual emergency department use through the novel application of a portable video-oculography device measuring vestibular physiology in real time. This approach is conceptually similar to ECG to diagnose acute cardiac ischemia. Methods—Proof-of-concept study (August 2011 to June 2012). We recruited adult emergency department patients with acute vestibular syndrome defined as new, persistent vertigo/dizziness, nystagmus, and (1) nausea/vomiting, (2) head motion intolerance, or (...
An approach to determine Distributed Generation (DG) benefits in power networks

In this paper, an approach to determine the value-added benefits of distributed generation (DGs) on the performance of power system is proposed. It utilizes a robust optimization technique to compute marginal price contributions of distributed generation (DGs) in a typical power system network. An approach that is based on optimal power flow has been shown. It also features incorporating DG as constraints in the general formulation. The value measures or benefits based on marginal pricing are computed for different loading as well as system contingencies that threatens grid security. The overall scheme provides improved quantitative benefits of DG dispatch at specific locations and offers a justification for applications in grid expansion plans. The Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) power system network model was adopted for this research and improved to include large-scale penetration of DG at the sub-transmission levels.
Measurement of picosecond transverse mode dynamics in data communication VCSELs beyond 10 Gbit/sec

We have measured the individual transverse mode dynamics of high speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). A newly developed experimental technique has enabled picosecond-resolved measurements under modulation conditions comparable to typical Gbit/sec optical communication applications.
Structural Versus Reduced-Form Estimation of Optimal Stopping Problems

In this paper I examine several statistical, interpretive, and policy implications of reduced-form (probit or logit) estimation of optimal stopping problems. The discussion proceeds in the context of an examination of the timber harvest decision of nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners. For a large class of optimal stopping problems a reduced-form model which closely approximates the statistical performance of its structural counterpart is readily found. Still, failure to properly interpret the relationship between the reduced-form model and the underlying optimal stopping problem invites flawed econometric analysis and inappropriate interpretation of reduced-form coefficients.
Sanitary sewer design using EPA storm water management model (SWMM)

Traditional sanitary sewer design uses detailed design tables that contain all the necessary information to complete the design. An alternative approach is to use modeling software, such as the EPA SWMM model. This paper details the application of the EPA SWMM model to design the sanitary sewer system of a proposed 62 lot development. Typically SWMM is thought of almost exclusively as a storm water system analysis tool, but this application shows how it can also be used for sanitary sewer analysis and design. The paper details how the SWMM model parameters were set to handle infiltration and inflow as well as base residential sanitary flows. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 203–212, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20124
Effect of Feeding Thyroxine on Secretion of I131 in Milk

Summary The metabolism of single doses of NaI 131 was studied in eight comparisons with lactating cows fed 80mg l-thyroxine daily, paired either with their identical twins or with their own performance in adjacent periods when no thyroxine was fed. Two additional cows fed thyroxine and their identical twin controls each received 1 mc I 131 -labelled l-thyroxine. Thyroxine feeding, which began 2 wk before dosing and continued through seven-day collection periods, increased milk production and excretion of I 131 from both the iodide and thyroxine doses in milk, urine, and feces. Orally administered thyroxine increased rate of deiodination and plasma clearance of the thyroxine dose. Although more I 131 from the iodide dose was secreted in milk of thyroxine-fed cows, the concentration of activity per milliliter of milk did not differ significantly from that of controls. Thus, most of the greater excretion of I 131 via the milk when thyroxine was fed was related to higher milk yield.
Degree of light damage to the retina varies with time of day of bright light exposure

Abstract After adaptation to cyclic illumination (14:10 light-dark cycle; intensity=1.4 log ftc) male albino rats were exposed to brighter light (2.15 log ftc) seven hours daily for 25 days. The extent of retinal damage was determined histologically. Daily exposure to bright light in the morning produced greater photoreceptor loss than daily afternoon exposure. Severe retinal damage was partially prevented by brief light adaptation (20 minutes duration, at 1.4 log ftc intensity) before the onset of morning exposure. However, light adaptation did not remove the differential effect of time of day. The authors conclude that increased light exposure during the period of rod outer segment phagocytosis enhances photoreceptor damage.
Laparoscopic Pneumodissection: A Unique Means of Tissue Dissection

AbstractPurpose: To study the acute and chronic tissue effects of using high pressure CO2 to dissect tissues during laparoscopic procedures.Materials and Methods: A 5-mm. laparoscopic pneumodissector, capable of delivering brief bursts of high pressure CO2 (20 to 100 psi), was discharged on a variety of porcine tissues including the renal hilum. Acute and chronic histological sections, intraoperative blood gases and perioperative renal scans were obtained.Results: The only tissue with significant acute damage was the spleen. Acute changes in other tissues were minimal; long-term studies revealed no discernible damage to these same tissues. Intraoperative blood gases revealed no significant changes in the serum pCO2 or pH. Likewise, there was no renal damage discernible by renal scans.Conclusions: Pneumodissection at 50 psi is a safe method for dissecting the porcine kidney and the vessels of the renal hilum. Clinical studies are pending.
Designing better phages

We propose a method to engineer the genome of bacteriophages to increase their effectiveness as antibacterial agents. Specifically, we exploit the redundancy of the triplet code to design genomes that avoid restriction sites while producing the same proteins as wild-type phages. We give an efficient algorithm to minimize the number of restriction sites against sets of cutter sequences, and demonstrate that that phage genomes can be significantly protected against surprisingly large sets of enzymes with no loss of function. Finally, we develop a model to explain why evolution has failed to eliminate many possible restriction sites despite selective pressure, thus motivating the need for genome-level sequence engineering.
Recovery of Campylobacter from Commercial Broiler Hatchery Trayliners

Previous research has identified Campylobacter as one of the leading causes of foodborne illness. Poultry and poultry products have been identified as a major source of Campylobacter in human infections. Although many risk factors that contribute to Campylobacter levels have been identified, precise identification of the most effective sites for intervention has not been established. Epidemiological studies have identified that Campylobacter in the broiler breeder's reproductive tract, fertile eggs, and 2- to 3-wk-old broilers has the potential to contaminate day-of-hatch chicks. Numerous studies have shown that day-of-hatch broilers are Campylobacter-negative using conventional culture methods. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the prevalence of Campylobacter found in day-of-hatch broilers using a peptone water preenrichment followed by conventional Campylobacter culture methods. Using conventional tray liner (hatcheries) culture methods, the isolation distribution of Campylobacter from 8 commercial broiler hatcheries (n = 2,000) was evaluated. A total of 15 tray liners were positive from 3 different hatcheries. Of the 2,000 chick paper pad tray liners sampled, 0.75% were positive for Campylobacter. These data support previous findings indicating the potential for Campylobacter to be spread by vertical transmission. This is the first time that Campylobacter has been recovered from tray liners collected at commercial broiler hatcheries.
Fast simulation and sensitivity analysis of lossy transmission lines by the method of characteristics

In this paper we use the method of characteristics to derive a new simulation model of lossy transmission lines, and we present the sensitivity analysis in the time domain. The simulation model is as fast as the recursive convolution model based on moment matching and Pade' approximation, but does not have the stability problem. The sensitivity analysis model is particularly useful for transmission line circuits containing nonlinear elements, and is believed to be the first time domain model. Both the simulation and sensitivity analysis models are applicable to uniform and nonuniform transmission lines with arbitrary nonzero initial states. Also we show that any nonlinear circuit element has a very simple linear model in sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for any circuits, the modified nodal admittance (MNA) matrices in simulation and in sensitivity analysis equations are the same, therefore no LU decomposition is needed in sensitivity analysis. The contributions in this paper have been implemented into a general-purpose program CSSC (Circuit Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis with Characteristics) which shows excellent accuracy and efficiency in both simulation and sensitivity analysis of transmission line circuits.
Peroxidase Isozymes of First Internodes of Sorghum Tissue and Intracellular Localization and Multiple Peaks of Activity Isolated by Gel Filtration Chromatography

Electrophoretic analyses using Sepraphore III strips indicate the presence of a minimum of five bands of peroxidase activity detectable with o-dianisidine and H2O2 in extracts from first internodes of Sorghum vulgare var. Wheatland milo. Three of these isozymes were anodic and two were cathodic forms at pH 8.3. The relative amounts of these forms are compared in zero time and incubated excised internodes, stelar and cortical tissues of internodes, and in other parts of the plant. Localization of these isozymes with respect to walls and cytoplasm was characterized by differential centrifugation after grinding of the internodes and by an in situ extraction of walls by centrifugation after vacuum infiltration. Using the latter in situ method, 32% of the total activity of the fast moving cathodic form was exchanged from the wall after infiltration with 50 mm CaCl2. Only trace amounts of the other isozymes were localized in the walls of the cortex. The isozymes were eluted as two peaks from columns of Sephadex G-100 and three peaks from Agarose A-15m. Although such groupings may be due to asymmetric molecules and ionic interactions as well as to molecular weight differences, they may indicate associations with complexes or membranes of different cytoplasmic constituents.
Comparison of Heterotypic Protection against Influenza A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) by Attenuated and Inactivated Vaccines to A/Chile/83-like Viruses

Children (n = 192) aged 3-19 years from 98 families completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy of a bivalent attenuated (CR) vaccine with trivalent inactivated (TI) vaccine. Both vaccines contained A/Chile/83 (H1N1)-like antigens. After vaccination the geometric mean titer to A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) was 1:36 in the CR group, 1:92 in the TI group, and 1:5 in the placebo group. During the influenza A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) epidemic, 21.4% of CR recipients, 16.7% of TI recipients, and 43.9% of placebo recipients were infected with influenza A/Taiwan. TI vaccine provided better heterotypic protection than did CR vaccine for children aged 10-18 years (infection rate, 0 vs. 24%, respectively; P less than .025); in contrast, in the younger children (3-9 years), CR vaccine tended to be more protective (19% vs. 26% for TI).
Chitosan Interferon-γ Nanogene Therapy for Lung Disease: Modulation of T-Cell and Dendritic Cell Immune Responses

The use of chitosan nanoparticles as carriers for expression plasmids represents a major improvement in gene expression technology. We demonstrated previously that treatment with chitosan interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanoparticles (chitosan interferon-γ nanogene [CIN]) led to in situ production of IFN-γ and a reduction in inflammation and airway reactivity in mice, but the mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effects of CIN remains unclear. In this report, the effect of CIN treatment on the immune responses of CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells was examined in a BALB/c mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. OT1 mice (OVA-T cell receptor [TCR] transgenic) were also used to test the effects of CIN on OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. CIN treatment caused a reduction in IFN-γ production in a subpopulation of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells cultured in vitro in the presence of OVA. CIN also reduced apoptosis of the CD8+ T cells. Examination of dendritic cells from lung and lymph nodes indicated that CIN treatment decreased their antigen-presenting activity, as evident from the reduction in CD80 and CD86 expression. Furthermore, CIN treatment significantly decreased the number of CD11c+b+ dendritic cells in lymph nodes, suggesting that endogenous IFN-γ expression may immunomodulate dendritic cell migration and activation. CIN therapy results in a reduction in proinflammatory CD8+ T cells and decreases the number and antigen-presenting activity of dendritic cells.
Incorporation of an Introduced Weed into the Diet of a Native Butterfly: Consequences for Preference, Performance and Chemical Defense

The introduction of exotic plants, animals, and pathogens into non-native ecosystems can have profound effects on native organisms. Plantago lanceolata, narrow-leaf or ribwort plantain (Plantaginaceae), is a weed that was introduced to North America from Eurasia approximately 200 years ago and that has been incorporated into the diet of a variety of native North American herbivores. Plantain contains two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, that can be toxic or deterrent to non-specialized herbivores or herbivores that have recently incorporated this species into their diet. Anartia jatrophae (Nymphalidae), the white peacock, feeds on plants in five families including the Plantaginaceae, and was recently observed feeding on plantain; however, the effects of feeding on this novel host plant are unknown. In this study, we performed a series of experiments to assess larval preference and performance on the introduced P. lanceolata and on a native host plant that does not contain iridoid glycosides, water hyssop, Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae). We also tested whether or not white peacocks were able to sequester iridoid glycosides and compared this ability with an iridoid specialist, the buckeye, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). White peacocks successfully developed to the adult stage on plantain; larvae grew more slowly but pupae were heavier when compared with larvae and pupae reared on the native host plant. Larvae showed induced feeding preferences for the host plant on which they were reared. Furthermore, larvae sequestered small amounts of iridoids that were also retained in pupae and adults. These results suggest that incorporation of the introduced weed, plantain, into the diet of the white peacock may have important consequences for larval performance and preference, as well as for interactions with natural enemies.
Advances in speech and audio processing and coding

This plenary session will cover speech processing research advances with the emphasis on speech and audio coding methods. In the session, we will discuss the fundamental principles, techniques, and algorithms used in current coding applications including a summary of codecs for telecommunication standards. The session will start with a discussion on: the basic speech representation methods, the performance measures used to evaluate coded speech, and the role of the standards. Brief algorithm descriptions include: ADPCM, sub-band coding, adaptive transform coding, sinusoidal transform coding (STC), linear predictive coding (LPC), and analysis-by-synthesis LPC (sparse excitation, code excited LPC, and ACELP). The presentation will feature audio, and computer demonstrations of recent speech coding standards including voice-over IP algorithms. The plenary session will also cover wideband audio standards such as MPEG audio and other layers (e.g., MP3, AAC). Recent algorithms will also be described including the following: Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB), Speex, G722.1, OGG Vorbis 2012, iLBC, SELT, SILK, Opus 2013, Qualcomm wideband 5G codecs. At the end of the session, we will cover briefly recent applications that use voice features for detecting speech pathologies, and also discuss how long-term speech parameters can be used as predictors of other diseases such as tremors, Alzheimer's etc.
Decay Scheme of Einsteinium-254

We have studied the alpha decay of \ensuremath{\sim}280-day ${\mathrm{Es}}^{254}$ to ${\mathrm{Bk}}^{250}$, and observed the following alpha groups: 6.486 MeV, 0.27%; 6.437, 93%; 6.424, 1.7%; 6.392, 0.13%; 6.367, 2.9%; 6.355, 0.74%; 6.331, 0.05%; 6.284, 0.16%; 6.276, 0.22%; 6.200, \ensuremath{\sim}0.05%; 6.193, \ensuremath{\sim}0.05%; 6.113, 0.33%; and 6.056, 0.16%. In addition, from conversion electron and gamma-ray (Ge and NaI) spectra, some 20 gamma-ray transitions were observed. Most of this information has been used in characterizing rather unambiguously four low-lying rotational bands in ${\mathrm{Bk}}^{250}$. The properties of these bands have been compared rather carefully with those predicted by considering the odd neutron and odd proton to move independently of each other. The predicted and observed properties are in surprisingly good agreement.
Pseudotumor Cerebri and Sickle Cell Disease

Three children, all girls, ages 9, 8, and 16 years, with sickle cell disease (SCD) presented with headache and were diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri (PC) at the Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
Establishment of the Theory of SocialistPreliminary Stage and its Practical Significance

Formation of the theory of socialist preliminary stage is a long and complicated process.The systematic theory was not established until after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.The theory is an important achievement made by the Chinese Communist Party by applying the basic principles of Marxism and taking the actual situation of china as a starting point.It is also a scientific generalization of the historical development stage of China as a socialist country.The establishment of the theory is of vital importance to our seeking truth from facts and constructing socialism with Chinese characteristics.It is an objective basis on which we lay down appropriate policies and guidelines.It is also a guiding principle with which we must comply in the new century.
Approaches to nutritional support for battle casualties and trauma: current military practice and lessons learned from the civilian sector

In conflict, military medicine differs greatly from its civilian counterpart. Treatment strategies are designed to manage a potentially large number of severely wounded and function in an often hostile and poorly equipped environment. The most severely injured are stabilized and prepared for transport away from the war zone to a larger, better-equipped facility. At present no formal military policy exists concerning nutrition support. Traditionally, it has not been employed until the wounded arrived at a major medical center. Factors including the limited capacity to transport formula, lack of sophistication of battle zone facilities, and the rapid movement of wounded have been major drawbacks to providing early nutrition. The care of the urban trauma patient is relevant for the battle wounded of the military. There is ample evidence in the literature to support the use of nutrition support soon after injury. This article briefly describes the limitations of the military medical system in reference to nutrition support and the role of nutrition support for the civilian trauma patient. The lessons learned from the civilian experience may help formulate a nutrition strategy for the battle wounded that may become included into the standardized care policy.
Survey of Smoking Patterns, Attitudes, and Interest in Quitting

We conducted a survey of 875 smokers in a Minnesota Heart Health Program community who were nonparticipants in screening and intervention. We found particular levels of interest in quitting and in formal cessation topics and programs among these smokers. Also, we collected information on smoking history, social environment, and anticipated barriers to quitting. Most noteworthy was the finding that more than half of the respondents indicated a desire to be contacted by telephone to receive information on materials on, classes on, and ways of quitting smoking. Topics of particular interest to smokers included physical addiction, stress reduction, and (for women) methods of avoiding weight gain after quitting. Only 7% of respondents reported that they definitely did not want to quit, and approximately one-third of those interested in quitting indicated that they would seek outside help in doing so. The findings support the viability of “reverse” helpline procedures in which smokers are contacted directly and offered assistance in quitting.
In-band autonomous maintenance of mobile Free-Space-Optical links: A prototype

Free-Space-Optical (FSO) communication has the potential to be a significant part of mobile wireless networks. It provides wireless communication at rates of tens of GHz, spatial reuse and enhanced signal security. Despite its various advantages, FSO communication requires strict maintenance of line-of-sight (LOS) and is prone to mobility. We consider two autonomous mobile nodes, each with one FSO transceiver mounted on a movable head capable of rotating 360o. We present a prototype implementation of such mobile node with FSO transceivers. The nodes use a simple LOS alignment protocol to maintain an FSO link between themselves. The effectiveness of the alignment protocol is evaluated by analyzing the results obtained from experiments conducted using the prototype. The results show that, by using such mechanically steerable transceivers and a simple auto-alignment mechanism, it is possible to maintain optical wireless links in a mobile setting with nominal disruption.