cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging brain-body scaling relationships for comparative studies.

In Horschler et al. (Anim Cognit 22(2):187–198, 2019), we found that two components of executive function (short-term memory and self-control) were strongly associated with estimated absolute brain weight across dog breeds, and argued that dogs present a powerful model for studying evolutionary links between cognition and neuroanatomy due to their extraordinary degree of intraspecific morphological variation. In a commentary on this work, Montgomery (Anim Cognit, 2019) raises concerns about the practice of estimating brain weights from brain–body scaling relationships. Montgomery explores the practical significance of this approach, ultimately concluding that such estimations should be avoided. In this response, we point out some limitations of the analyses presented by Montgomery and consider his conclusions in light of these issues. We then explore the extent to which body weight serves as a valid proxy for brain weight under varying conditions. Through simulations, we show that the consequences of using body weight as a proxy for brain weight depend on parameters including effect size, the correlation between brain and body weight, and the variance in brain and body weight within a sample. Under conditions approximating those in Horschler et al. (Anim Cognit 22(2):187–198, 2019), we find that body weight is a reliable proxy for brain weight, and that statistical results from models using either brain weight or body weight as predictor variables are highly convergent. Nonetheless, we wholeheartedly agree with Montgomery that empirical data on brain weight, structure, and cellular composition will be critical for creating new opportunities to investigate the relationships between neuroanatomy and cognition in dogs.
A Constructive Framework for Teaching Discrete Mathematics

The currently orthodox foundation of mathematics is a first order theory known as Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory with Choice (ZFC), which is based on the informal set theory of Cantor. Here, the axioms of ZFC are explained and illustrated for a general math and computer science audience. Consequences of, and historical objections to the axioms are also discussed. It is argued that the currently orthodox framework has some substantial drawbacks for the purpose of mathematical pedagogy. An alternative framework, language P is defined and its properties discussed. Though P contains terms denoting infinite sets, constructive semantics are given for P, in terms of a direct definition of its truth predicate by transfinite induction.
Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by overexpression of ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Schizochytrium sp.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a variety of physiological functions for infant development and human health. Although metabolic engineering was previously demonstrated to be a highly efficient way to rapidly increase lipid production, metabolic engineering has seldom been previously used to increase DHA accumulation in Schizochytrium spp. Here, a sensitive β-galactosidase reporter system was established to screen for strong promoters in Schizochytrium sp. Four constitutive promoters (EF-1αp, TEF-1p, ccg1p, and ubiquitinp) and one methanol-induced AOX1 promoter were characterized by the reporter system with the promoter activity ccg1p> TEF-1p > AOX1p (induced) > EF-1αp > ubiquitinp. With the strong constitutive promoter ccg1p, Schizochytrium ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888. The cells were cultivated at 28 °C and 250 rpm for 120 h with glucose as the carbon source. Shake-flask fermentation results showed that the overexpression strains exhibited growth curves and biomass similar to those of the wild-type strain. The lipid contents of the wild-type strain and of the OACL, OACC, and OACL-ACC strains were 53.8, 68.8, 69.8, and 73.0%, respectively, and the lipid yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 21.9, 30.5, and 38.3%, respectively. DHA yields of the wild-type strain and of the corresponding overexpression strains were 4.3, 5.3, 6.1, and 6.4 g/L, i.e., DHA yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 23.3, 41.9, and 48.8%, respectively. Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are precursors for fatty acid synthesis. ACL catalyzes the conversion of citrate in the cytoplasm into acetyl-CoA, and ACC catalyzes the synthesis of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. The results demonstrate that overexpression of ACL and ACC enhances lipid accumulation and DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
Gonadotroph tumours with a low SF-1 labelling index are more likely to recur and are associated with enrichment of the PI3K-AKT pathway.

AIMS The gonadotroph tumour (GT) is the most frequently resected pituitary neuroendocrine tumour. Although many symptomatic GT are successfully resected, some recur. We sought to identify histological biomarkers that may predict recurrence and explore biological mechanisms that explain this difference in behaviour. METHODS SF-1 immunohistochemistry of 51 GT, a subset belonging to a longitudinal prospective cohort study (n = 25), was reviewed. Four groups were defined: Group 1-recently diagnosed GT (n = 20), Group 2-non-recurrent GT with long-term follow up (n = 11), Group 3-initial resections of GT that recur (n = 7) and Group 4-recurrent GT (n = 13). The percentage of SF-1 immunolabelling in the lowest staining fields (SF-1 labelling index (SLI)) was assessed and RNA sequencing was performed on 5 GT with SLI 80%. RESULTS Diffuse, strong SF-1 immunolabelling was the most frequent pattern in Groups 1/2, whereas patchy SF-1 staining predominated in Groups 3/4. There was a lower median SLI in Groups 3/4 than 1/2. Overall, GT with SLI 80%. Differential expression analysis identified 89 statistically significant differentially expressed genes (FDR <0.05) including over-expression of pituitary stem cell genes (SOX2, GFRA3) and various oncogenes (e.g. BCL2, ERRB4) in patchy SF-1 GT. Gene set enrichment analysis identified significant enrichment of genes involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that patchy SF-1 labelling in GT reflects intratumoural heterogeneity and are less differentiated tumours than diffusely staining GT. SF-1 immunolabelling patterns may have prognostic significance in GT, but confirmatory studies are needed for further validation.
The impact of baryons on cosmological inference from weak lensing statistics

As weak lensing surveys are becoming deeper and cover larger areas, information will be available on small angular scales down to the arcmin level. To extract this extra information, accurate modelling of baryonic effects is necessary. In this work, we adopt a baryonic correction model, which includes gas both bound inside and ejected from dark matter (DM) haloes, a central galaxy, and changes in the DM profile induced by baryons. We use this model to incorporate baryons into a large suite of DM-only $N$-body simulations, covering a grid of 75 cosmologies in the $\Omega_\mathrm{m}-\sigma_8$ parameter space. We investigate how baryons affect Gaussian and non-Gaussian weak lensing statistics and the cosmological parameter inferences from these statistics. Our results show that marginalizing over baryonic parameters degrades the constraints in $\Omega_\mathrm{m}-\sigma_8$ space by a factor of $2-4$ compared to those with baryonic parameters fixed. We investigate the contribution of each baryonic component to this degradation, and find that the distance to which gas is ejected (from AGN feedback) has the largest impact due to its degeneracy with cosmological parameters. External constraints on this parameter, either from other datasets or from a better theoretical understanding of AGN feedback, can significantly mitigate the impact of baryons in an HSC-like survey.
Fertility intentions and outcomes in Indonesia: Evolutionary perspectives on sexual conflict

Differential fertility preferences for men and women may provide insights into human sexual conflict. We explore whether pairbonded couples have different preferences for future offspring, which socioecological factors are associated with these preferences, and who achieves their desired fertility over time. We utilise the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), a longitudinal survey which collected data from 1993 to 2015, to compare desired future fertility for 9655 couples and follow couples who had divergent preferences. The majority of couples (64.8%) want the same number of future offspring. In 20.7% of couples, husbands want more future offspring than their wives, while the reverse occurs in 14.5% of couples. Living in villages with the husband's or the wife's parent(s) is associated with having divergent preferences for future offspring, where there is a higher likelihood that women prefer more offspring than their husbands. When examining fertility outcomes, women, particularly those who marry at older ages, are more likely to achieve their desired preference. Contrary to previous research, we do not find that living near one's natal kin or having increased autonomy increases an individual's likelihood of achieving desired fertility outcomes.
Arrow-Debreu Meets Kyle

We consider an extension of the Kyle (1985) setting where Arrow-Debreu securities are traded and the informed trader has private information regarding arbitrary higher moments of the asset payoff distribution.In this setting we analyze price discovery and informed demand of Arrow-Debreu securities---equivalently, options. Our model admits a simple equilibrium solution. The informed trader strategy in our model is consistent with options trading strategies used to trade on higher moments in practice. We find that information efficiency of Arrow-Debreu prices decreases with respect to the dispersion of the informed trader's private signals.
A Comparison of Perceived Trust in the Buyer-Seller Dyad for Goods and Services

The question of how salesperson attributes affect selling success is an important issue in sales management research. The research described here investigates a model of salesperson attributes and their relationship to buyer perceptions of salesperson trustworthiness. Further, this model is compared across two different sales contexts, that of consumer goods and consumer services.
Digital gallium arsenide upgrades for military systems

Digital gallium arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuits (ICs) are manufacturable with sufficiently high integration level, yield, and performance to be of great value to a variety of electronic systems. But, as with every new technology, there are substantial barriers to getting systems designers to use digital GaAs. To address this problem, DARPA has begun a program to demonstrate digital-GaAs-based subsystems that meet the needs of specific fielded military systems. Background information is presented on DARPA's efforts in digital GaAs, the insertion demonstration projects are described, and trends and conclusions from these projects are summarized. >
pANCA Antibodies in Patients with Anterior Uveitis: Identification of a Marker Antibody Usually Associated with Ulcerative Colitis

A pANCA autoantibody (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, perinuclear pattern) has been described in uveitis patients, but its correlation with systemic illnesses and the specific type of pANCA has not been defined. The goals of this study were to determine the (1) frequency of pANCA autoantibodies in uveitis, (2) systemic associations in the pANCA+ uveitis patients, and (3) type of pANCA antigen recognized by the uveitis-associated autoantibody. Serum was obtained from 59 patients with anterior uveitis or panuveitis and from nonuveitis controls. A detailed medical and family history was obtained from each subject at the time of phlebotomy. Sera were screened by neutrophil ELISA to determine the frequency of ANCA positivity. Immunofluorescence assays were then used to differentiate cANCA from pANCA. The specificity of the pANCA+ antibodies was further characterized by DNase 1 sensitivity and granule antigen ELISAs. ANCA antibodies were detected in 29% of all patients with panuveitis or anterior uveitis. In 41% of these ANCA+ patients, serum antibody detected a perinuclear antigen that was sensitive in all cases to DNase 1. The majority of pANCA+ uveitis patients were either HLA-B27 positive or had systemic evidence of immune-mediated diseases. Two pANCA+ patients had no medical or family history of other immune-mediated diseases. This study identifies a subset of uveitis patients distinguished by expression of a specific pANCA marker antibody, The characteristics of this antibody are similar to the pANCA antibody present in most patients with ulcerative colitis. Expression of the pANCA autoantibody in uveitis patients is a susceptibility marker for other immune-mediated diseases.
Thermodynamics of Fe3O4–Co3O4 and Fe3O4–Mn3O4 spinel solid solutions at the bulk and nanoscale

High temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry has been performed to investigate the enthalpies of mixing (ΔmixH) of bulk and nanophase (1 − x)Fe3O4–xM3O4 (M = Co, Mn) spinel solid solutions. The entropies of mixing (ΔmixS) were calculated from the configurational entropies based on cation distributions, and the Gibbs free energies of mixing (ΔmixG) were obtained. The ΔmixH and ΔmixG for the (1 − x)Fe3O4–xCo3O4 system are negative over the complete solid solution range, for both macroscopic and nanoparticulate materials. In (1 − x)Fe3O4–xMn3O4, the formation enthalpies of cubic Fe3O4 (magnetite) and tetragonal Mn3O4 (hausmannite) are negative for Mn3O4 mole fractions less than 0.67 and slightly positive for higher manganese content. Relative to cubic Fe3O4 and cubic Mn3O4 (stable at high temperature), the enthalpies and Gibbs energies of mixing are negative over the entire composition range. A combination of measured mixing enthalpies and reported Gibbs energies in the literature provides experimental entropies of mixing. The experimental entropies of mixing are consistent with those calculated from cation distributions for x > 0.3 but are smaller than those predicted for x < 0.3. This discrepancy may be related to the calculations, having treated Fe2+ and Fe3+ as distinguishable species. The measured surface energies of the (1 − x)Fe3O4–xM3O4 solid solutions are in the range of 0.6–0.9 J m−2, similar to those of many other spinels. Because the surface energies are relatively constant, the thermodynamics of mixing at a given particle size throughout the solid solution can be considered independent of the particular particle size, thus confirming and extending the conclusions of a recent study on iron spinels.
Longevity: Mapping the path to a longer life.

Inhibiting the PI3K branch of the cell signalling induced by insulin and insulin-like growth factor can extend lifespan. The finding that inhibiting the RAS branch also extends lifespan in flies suggests a new target for anti-ageing drugs.
Effect of age on phagocytosis of carbon in the rat.

Abstract The half-life of intravenously injected colloidal carbon increases with age of the rat if the dose of carbon is in proportion to body weight. An equation was found for the change in half-life as a function of body weight. By the use of the equation of Gompertz we have derived a curve relating half-life of colloidal carbon to age of the rat. A large part of the variation of phagocytic activity with age can be removed by allowing for the change in relative spleen weight that occurs with age, or by the use of a constant dose of carbon instead of a dose proportionate to body weight.
Location, Location, Location: Gender and the Archaeology of Urban Settlement

Abstract The word community describes both organizations of individuals with a shared identity and discrete spaces shared by these individuals. The elision of the two definitions—one social, the other spatial— contains a contested condition. Typically conceived as separate and gendered spheres, domesticity and urbanity have been crucial to the changing physical definition of modern space. The destruction of the Hull House Social Settlement and the building of an urban campus, the University of Illinois at Chicago, is a case study in the nature of the often gendered and continuing contest over the public space of the city.
Influence of trenching, soil amendments, and mulching on the mineral content, growth, yield, and quality of “Italian” prunes 1

Abstract Yields were evaluated three years after applied treatments to determine if responses that were not evident during earlier years eventually occurred. Potassium sulfate was applied to established, non‐irrigated, K deficient trees on fine textured soil by banding, placing in augered holes, adding to the backfilled trenches, and by injecting into the soil. Trenches were dug in the fall beside trees to break roots and ammended during backfilling with K2SO4, dolomite lime or combinations of the two. Additional trees received a heavy compost mulch in the early fall. Trenching treatments were generally detrimental. Trenching alone reduced yield and leaf Ca but increased fruit soluble solids content. Trenching plus K2SO4, trenching and lime, all soil amendments, and mushroom compost elevated leaf K from deficient or below normal to the normal range, but decreased leaf Mg. Most K application techniques eventually increased yield, but simple surface applications of K2SO4 in a narrow band were as effective a...
Characterization of Radiation Hardened Bipolar Linear Devices for High Total Dose Missions

Radiation hardened linear devices were characterized for performance in combined total dose and displacement damage environments for a mission scenario with a high radiation level. Performance at low and high dose rate for both biased and unbiased conditions are compared and the impact to hardness assurance methodology is discussed.
An autoradiographic investigation of 3H-uridine utilization by aging mouse cartilage cells.

Abstract The uptake, turnover and utilization of H 3 -uridine were assessed at the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage of the femur. A total of 144 mice, 5–78 weeks of age were subcutaneously injected with 5 μCi of H 3 -uridine per gram of body weight. Animals were killed from 15 min to 30 days later. Autoradiographs were prepared from 5 μm sagittal sections of femora using NTB-3 emulsion and an exposure of 36 days. Grain counts were made over the nucleus and cytoplasm of 1200 labeled articular and epiphyseal cells per time period. Nuclear uptake was initially rapid attaining peak levels 1 to 8 hours after injection depending upon the cell type and age. Cytoplasmic peak activity occurred at 1–2 days. Epiphyseal cells displayed almost twice the activity of articular cartilage cells, especially between 1 hr and 2 days when age changes were most evident. With increasing age, peak values were significantly reduced and flattened, indicating a decline in the rate and magnitude of radiotracer incorporation. Relative to maintenance values of uridine utilization, epiphyseal labeling was remarkably higher at younger ages and once linear growth had subsided, suffered a far greater decline than articular cartilage cells.
Histological findings in congenital deafness.

Histological findings in congenital deafness fall into two groups. The first group is characterized by changes resembling those observed in healed mild serous or viral labyrinthitis (maternal rubella) or in a mild “posthydropic neuroepithelial degeneration”. The other group presents purely degenerative atrophic changes resembling to a certain degree those of a mild “genuine neuroepithelial degeneration”. The hypothesis is considered that the changes found in both groups could be the result of certain types of malfunction of the stria vascularis which interfere with the ability of the stria to maintain the normal chemical constitution of the endolymph. This possible explanation is put forth in view of the similarities between the changes produced by genetic and the changes produced by extrinsic factors.
Elliptic Equations and Systems with Subcritical and Critical Exponential Growth Without the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz Condition

In this paper, we prove the existence of nontrivial nonnegative solutions to a class of elliptic equations and systems which do not satisfy the Ambrosetti- Rabinowitz (AR) condition where the nonlinear terms are superlinear at 0 and of subcritical or critical exponential growth at ∞. The known results without the AR condition in the literature only involve nonlinear terms of polynomial growth. We will use suitable versions of the Mountain Pass Theorem and Linking Theorem in- troduced by Cerami (Istit. Lombardo Accad. Sci. Lett. Rend. A, 112(2):332-336, 1978 Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 124:161-179, 1980). The Moser-Trudinger inequality plays an important role in establishing our results. Our theorems extend the results of de Figueiredo, Miyagaki, and Ruf (Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ., 3(2):139-153, 1995) and of de Figueiredo, do O, and Ruf (Indiana Univ. Math. J., 53(4):1037-1054, 2004) to the case where the nonlinear term does not satisfy the AR condition. Exam- ples of such nonlinear terms are given in Appendix A. Thus, we have established the existence of nontrivial nonnegative solutions for a wider class of nonlinear terms.
African Americans in the US Women’s National Basketball Association, 2006: From the NCAA to the WNBA

This research study presents a social science examination of the U.S. Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) players for the 2006 season. This study does not examine on-court performance data. Instead, it focuses on the profile of the players as human beings, by looking at their race, average age, height and weight, colleges or universities attended in the United States and which regions these institutions are located in, demographics of international players, graduation rates, etcetera. The paper also examines the issue of gender bias when it comes to salaries and advertisement or endorsement opportunities.
Misdirected opposition: Evidence opposing "not in my back yard" arguments against syringe exchange programmes.

Abstract Background Despite overwhelming evidence of their effectiveness, the establishment and maintenance of syringe exchange programmes (SEPs) in the US continue to draw opposition from community members, religious and political leaders, and law enforcement officials. One argument against SEPs is that they draw drug activity into the communities where they operate. Methods We use 8 years of survey data from participants attending an SEP in Chicago to explore this argument by reviewing responses ( N =4827) to a question asking participants the main reason they spend time in the area. Results Findings show far more participants come to the area to buy drugs (60%) than to exchange needles (3.8%), and differences exist by ethnicity. More whites than blacks or Latinos reported being in the area primarily to buy drugs and use the SEP. Conclusion Re-directing opposition from SEPs to constructive ways of addressing fundamental causes of drug markets is recommended.
Effects of Molecular Variables and Architecture on the Rheological Behavior of Dendritic Polymers

Comparisons of simple shear, oscillatory, and creep flow rheological behaviors are presented for several poly(propylenimine) dendrimers (DAB), hyperbranched (HBP) polyesters, and poly(ether−imide) (PEI) HBPs. Variables examined include molecular weight, degree of branching, nature of peripheral groups, and molecular architecture. In simple shear, DAB dendrimers and HBP polyesters exhibited a Newtonian behavior, and both showed a similar relationship between zero shear rate viscosity, η0, and molecular weight, Mw. In oscillatory experiments, amine end-capped DAB dendrimers and HBP polyesters exhibited Newtonian behavior, while the nitrile end-capped DAB dendrimers showed a Rouse-like frequency dependence of both moduli. A fit of Fox and Flory theory to the fractional free volume data obtained by WLF analysis of DAB dendrimers suggests that the volume free fraction of end groups is independent of generation number. The data on PEI HBPs suggest that at the lowest molecular weight (Mn ∼ 4300) the rheological ...
Further evidence for unidimensionality of measures of counseling performance.

33 first-year graduate students drawn from 2 sections of a prepracticum course on counseling methods made up the sample for this investigation of the relationships among 12 commonly used measures of counseling performance. The 12 instruments were identified by reviewing all volumes of the "Journal of Counseling Psychology" and "Counseling Education and Supervision" and were selected on the basis of their frequency of use. Participants were assigned to small laboratory training groups of 3-5 students on the basis of their scheduling compatibility and availability of laboratory facilities and supervisors. Scale scores for each subject were calculated for all 5 subscales from the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory both scales from the Counselor Effectiveness Scale and single from the remaining 10 instruments yielding a total of 17 scale scores for each subject. Pearson product-moment correlations were computed among all scores. The results agree with the general conclusion that ratings of counseling performance tap a unidimensional factor. One can speculate broadly about why this unidimensional factor emerges. It might be related to the actual nature of effective counseling performance to the use of subjective ratings to the nature of the stimuli employed or to several other methodological factors. It is likely that all these issues contribute in varying degrees to the unidimensional outcome. All these measures represent perceived counseling performance.
On numerical differentiation

In a recent paper Strom analyzed a simple extrapolation algorithm for numerical differentiation and derived certain properties about the kernel function of the integral representation of the remainder term. These properties are useful for placing bounds on the error in cases when specified higher order derivatives are known not to change sign. The algorithm involves a separate Romberg table for each derivative and is rather inconvenient from the point of view of economizing the number of function values required. In this paper we generalize Strom's results in two stages. First we show that they are valid for a very wide choice of definitions of the initial column of each Romberg table. Then we show that one such choice, making full use of the computed function values, gives results identical to those that can be obtained using an algorithm suggested by Lyness and Moler with a particular choice of sequence of function evaluations. There is no detailed discussion of the effect of round-off error.
Partially Overlapping Tones for Uncoordinated Networks

In an uncoordinated network, the link-level performance of a wireless receiver might degrade significantly due to the interference from other transmitters that share the same spectrum. As a solution, in this study, the concept of partially overlapping tones (POT) is introduced. In POT, interference energy observed at a victim receiver is mitigated by partially overlapping the individual subcarriers via an intentional carrier frequency offset between the links. It is argued that the self-interference arising due to the use of POT can be more easily addressed than the dominant other-user interference, potentially yielding higher spectral efficiencies with POT. Using a spatial Poisson point process based framework, a tractable bit error rate analysis is provided to demonstrate potential benefits emerging from POT in system-level scenarios.
The varicocele: Concepts of pathophysiology — present and future

The varicocele remains the leading correctable cause of male infertility. This paper reviews the various pathophysiologic mechanisms which have been investigated in an attempt to explain the detrimental effect of the varicocele on spermatogenesis. While endocrinologic and toxic metabolic theories have not been well substantiated, the association of abnormal scrotal temperatures and abnormal spermatogenesis in some men with varicoceles has been reported by various investigators. New avenues of research which investigate the hemodynamic and thermal alterations associated with this gross vascular abnormality are presented. This research may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of the varicocele.
Raman Spectral Studies of Aqueous Zinc Nitrate Solution at High Temperatures and at a High Pressure of 30 MPa

We present the first direct measurement of dynamic behavior of ions in an aqueous solution at high temperatures and pressure using Raman spectroscopy. We have studied the N−O symmetric stretching mode at high temperatures up to 340 °C and at a high pressure of 30 MPa. The Raman spectra of 1.3 M aqueous zinc nitrate solution have been analyzed by curve fitting. The zinc ion forms two species. In one species Zn2+ is bound more strongly to the NO3-, and in the other Zn2+ is bound more strongly to H2O. The ratio of the former to the latter remains unaltered with temperatures below 300 °C, but above 300 °C the ratio increases significantly. The average number of water molecules bound to Zn2+ (nH2O) is estimated using the intensity of peak frequency of the symmetric stretching mode of the haxaaquazinc(II) cation. As the temperature increases, the nH2O gradually decreases, but above 300 °C it shows a large decrease, suggesting the displacement of water molecules from the first solvation shell around Zn2+ and the...
Dynamics of a thermo-responsive microgel colloid near to the glass transition.

In a previous study, we used diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) to investigate the aging signatures of a thermo-sensitive colloidal glass and compared them with those of molecular glasses from the perspective of the Kovacs temperature-jump, volume recovery experiments [X. Di, K. Z. Win, G. B. McKenna, T. Narita, F. Lequeux, S. R. Pullela, and Z. Cheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 095701 (2011)]. In order to further look into the glassy behavior of colloidal systems, we have synthesized a new core/shell particle with lower temperature sensitivity and studied the aging signatures of concentrated systems, again following Kovacs’ protocol. Similar signatures of aging to those observed previously were seen in this new system. Moreover, a systematic study of the temperature dependence of the dynamics of the new system for different weight concentrations was performed and the dynamic fragility index m was determined. We have also explored the use of the properties determined from the DWS measurements to obtain macrosco...
Trauma Characteristics and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

This study examined the relationship between the characteristics of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and the severity of consequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, suicidal ideation, and substance use in a sample of 83 female adolescents aged 13–18 years seeking treatment for PTSD. Nearly two-thirds of the sample (60.7 %, n = 51) reported the perpetrator of the CSA was a relative. A large portion (40.5 %, n = 34) of the sample reported being victimized once, while almost a quarter of the sample reported chronic victimization (23.8 %, n = 20). PTSD and depression scores were in the clinical range, whereas reported levels of suicidal ideation and substance use were low. The frequency of victimizations was associated with suicidal ideation. Contrary to expectation, CSA characteristics including trauma type, perpetrator relationship, and duration of abuse were unrelated to PTSD severity, depressive symptoms, or substance abuse.
Pro-Life, Pro-Woman? Frame Extension in the American Antiabortion Movement

This article argues that some leaders within the US antiabortion movement are pursuing a frame extension in order to attract new adherents to their cause. While the dominant rhetoric of the movement today focuses on the fetus and the immorality of abortion, pro-woman rhetoric has reemerged that leverages both the language of women's rights as well as science in order to propose that abortion is bad for women. The frame extension is evident outside even the social movement organizations, and if the pro-woman rhetoric resonates with traditional opponents of the antiabortion movement, it could allow the movement to construct a majority for further restrictions on abortion access and rights.
Mask registration impact on intrafield on-wafer overlay performance

Improved overlay performance is one of the critical elements in enabling the continuing advancement of the semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry. With each advancing process node, additional sources of overlay error and new methods of reducing those errors need to be taken into account. We consider the impact of mask registration or pattern placement errors on intra-field on-wafer overlay performance. Mask registration data is typically minimally sampled and not well incorporated into the wafer fab overlay systems. In this work we consider mask-to-mask overlay and point out the importance of high density sampling as well as the potential for improved mask qualification and disposition.
The hidden gender effect in online collaboration

Controlled experiment of gender composition on team performance under anonymity.Female-dominated teams are more productive than male-dominated teams.Female students are no more productive than male students.Female students act more collaboratively. It has been argued that the generally positive effect that female participation exerts on team performance ceases to exist under conditions of anonymity. We evaluate this thesis in the context of an online learning environment in which the gender of fellow student team members was not disclosed to subjects. To circumvent selection effects in the composition of teams we employed an experimental design in which female and male students were randomly assigned to teams of varying gender composition. Against expectations, we find that under anonymity gender composition continues to impact team performance, with all-female teams being most productive. Counter-intuitively, this team effect occurred in our study without female students individually being more productive than their male counterparts. These findings indicate that the presence of females on anonymous teams can have a hidden effect on the productivity of other team members. Our results underscore that despite face-to-face interaction in higher education increasingly being substituted by Internet-enabled communication, a student's social environment continues to impact academic learning in important ways.
Market power and trade promotions in US supermarkets

Purpose – Trade promotions are manufacturer incentives directed to retailers rather than to consumers, aiming at influencing retailer's sales, prices and merchandising practices. Although they are a growing element in the promotional mix of food manufacturers worldwide, trade promotions often raise concerns about their impacts on performance and coordination in the food supply chain, which in turn affect retail food prices. This paper aims to measure the influence of market power on the outcomes of trade promotions negotiated between food manufacturers and supermarkets.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs Rangan's conceptual model to develop hypotheses about the links between three dimensions of market power (size, brand and institutional power) and trade promotion budgets and their allocation between discount‐ and performance‐based types. The paper employs trade promotion data collected from 36 supermarkets in the USA to statistically test these links.Findings – The results suggest that brand,...
Inhibition of Sphingolipid Synthesis Down-Modulates CD4 Expression by Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes and T Lymphoma Cells

Recent studies have demonstrated that L-cycloserine, an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis, interferes with the life cycle of HIV. Experiments with human T cells and CD4+ T lymphoma cells were performed to examine possible mechanisms. L-CS selectively down-modulated CD4 expression without affecting the expression of CD3 and CD8. L-cycloserine also inhibited T cell mitogen responses without affecting IL-2 production. Membranes prepared from L-CS-treated T lymphoma cells showed changes in lipid composition that correlated with changes in membrane microviscosity. These results suggest that normal expression of CD4 may depend upon sphingolipid biosynthesis in contrast with the other CD determinants measured. Selective inhibition of CD4 by L-cycloserine together with its antiviral effects may offer a novel approach for interfering with HIV cell binding and infectivity.
Visualization and Image Enhancement for Multistatic Underwater Laser Line Scan System Using Image-Based Rendering

Over the last several decades, developments in underwater laser line scan (LLS) serial imaging sensors have resulted in significant improvements in turbid water imaging performance. In the last few years, there has been renewed interest in distributed, truly multistatic time-varying intensity (TVI) (i.e., multiple transmitter nonsynchronous LLS) sensor configurations. In addition to being capable of high-quality image acquisition through tens of beam attenuation lengths, while simultaneously establishing a non-line-of-sight free-space communications link, these system architectures also have the potential to provide a more synoptic image coverage of larger regions of seabed and the flexibility to simultaneously examine a target from different perspectives. A related issue worth investigation is how to utilize these capabilities to improve rendering of the underwater scenes. In this regard, light field rendering (LFR)-a type of image-based rendering (IBR) technique-offers several advantages. Compared to other IBR techniques, LFR can provide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvements and the ability to image through obscuring objects in front of the target. On the other hand, multistatic nonsynchronous LLS can be readily configured to acquire image sequences needed to generate LFR. This paper investigates the application of LFR to images taken from a distributed bistatic nonsynchronous LLS imager using both line-ofsight and non-line-of-sight imaging geometries to create multiperspective rendering of an unknown underwater scene. The issues related to effectively applying this technique to underwater LLS imagery are analyzed and an image postprocessing flow to address these issues is proposed. The results from a series of experiments at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at the Florida Atlantic University (HBOI-FAU, Fort Pierce, FL, USA) optical imaging test tank demonstrated the capability of using bistatic/multistatic nonsynchronous LLS system to generated LFR and, therefore, verify the proposed image processing flow. The benefits of LFR to underwater imaging in challenging environments were further demonstrated via imaging against a variety of obstacles such as mesh screens, bubbles, and water at different turbidity. Image quality metrics based on mutual information and texture features were used in the analysis of the experimental results.
Proteins in Mixed Solvents: A Molecular-level Perspective

We present a statistical mechanical approach for quantifying thermodynamic properties of proteins in mixed solvents. This approach, based on molecular dynamics simulations which incorporate all ato...
Beta blockers in hypertension

Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are effective in the management of patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Noncardioselective agents, cardioselective agents and beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) are equally effective, provided they are used in equipotent doses. Beta blockers can be used as first-line therapy in the management of hypertension and can be safely combined with diuretics, vasodilators, or both, for a better control of blood pressure. The exact mechanism by which beta blockers decrease blood pressure remains speculative, but they all reduce cardiac output during long-term therapy; drugs with ISA lower cardiac output and heart rate less than do drugs without ISA. Pharmacokinetic properties of beta blockers differ widely; drugs metabolized by the liver have shorter plasma half-lives than drugs primarily excreted by the kidneys. Although many of the side effects of various beta blockers are similar, differences in water and lipid solubility account for a higher incidence of central nervous system side effects with lipid-soluble drugs (such as propranolol and metoprolol) than with hydrophilic drugs (such as atenolol and timolol). The incidence of cold extremities has been reported to be less with drugs with ISA, and the incidence of bronchospasm less with cardioselective drugs. In the management of uncomplicated mild-to-moderate hypertension, all beta blockers are equally effective and produce less troublesome side effects than alternative antihypertensive agents. For effective therapy beta blockers can be used in 2 divided daily doses or even once daily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Irradiation behavior of the interaction product of U-Mo fuel particle dispersion in an Al matrix

Irradiation performance of U-Mo fuel particles dispersed in Al matrix is stable in terms of fuel swelling and is suitable for the conversion of research and test reactors from highly enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU). However, tests of the fuel at high temperatures and high burnups revealed obstacles caused by the interaction layers forming between the fuel particle and matrix. In some cases, fission gas filled pores grow and interconnect in the interdiffusion layer resulting in fuel plate failure. Postirradiation observations are made to examine the behavior of the interdiffusion layers. The interdiffusion layers show a fluid-like behavior characteristic of amorphous materials. In the amorphous interdiffusion layers, fission gas diffusivity is high and the material viscosity is low so that the fission gas pores readily form and grow. Based on the observations, a pore formation mechanism is proposed and potential remedies to suppress the pore growth are also introduced.
In vivo PET imaging and postmortem studies suggest potentially reversible and irreversible stages of brain metabolic failure in Alzheimer's disease.

In vivo brain imaging of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrates progressive reductions in resting-state brain glucose metabolism and blood flow (markers of synaptic activity) in relation to dementia severity, more so in association than primary cortical regions. During cognitive or psychophysical stimulation, however, blood flow and metabolism in the affected brain regions can increase to the same extent in mildly demented AD patients as in age-matched controls, despite reduced resting state values. The extent of activation declines with dementia severity and is markedly reduced in severely demented patients. Thus, there appears to be an initial functionally-responsive stage in AD, which direct brain analysis suggests is accompanied by reversible down-regulation because of reduced synaptic energy demand of enzymes mediating mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation. A later irreversible stage of AD is accompanied by marked synaptic loss, accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, reduced general transcriptional capacity, and death of neurons.
Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability

Abstract. Large-scale studies of ocean biogeochemistry and carbon cycling have often partitioned the ocean into regions along lines of latitude and longitude despite the fact that spatially more complex boundaries would be closer to the true biogeography of the ocean. Herein, we define 17 open-ocean biomes classified from four observational data sets: sea surface temperature (SST), spring/summer chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a), ice fraction, and maximum mixed layer depth (maxMLD) on a 1° × 1° grid (available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.828650 ). By considering interannual variability for each input, we create dynamic ocean biome boundaries that shift annually between 1998 and 2010. Additionally we create a core biome map, which includes only the grid cells that do not change biome assignment across the 13 years of the time-varying biomes. These biomes can be used in future studies to distinguish large-scale ocean regions based on biogeochemical function.
Racial Inequities in Receipt of Influenza Vaccination Among Nursing Home Residents in the United States, 2008–2009: A Pattern of Low Overall Coverage in Facilities in Which Most Residents are Black

Objectives Nationwide among nursing home residents, receipt of the influenza vaccine is 8 to 9 percentage points lower among blacks than among whites. The objective of this study was to determine if the national inequity in vaccination is because of the characteristics of facilities and/or residents.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration across model intestinal epithelia enhances Salmonella typhimurium killing via the epithelial derived cytokine, IL-6.

Abstract The host response to Salmonella typhimurium involves movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) across the epithelium and into the intestinal lumen. Following their arrival in the lumen, the PMN attempt to combat bacterial infection by activating antimicrobial defenses such as granule release, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and cell signaling. We sought to examine PMN- S. typhimurium interaction following PMN arrival in the lumenal compartment. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that PMN that have transmigrated across model intestinal epithelia have an enhanced ability to kill S. typhimurium . Our data provide evidence to indicate that the extracellular release of the primary and secondary granules of PMN, myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin, respectively, is correlated with enhanced bacterial killing. Furthermore, epithelial cells, during PMN transmigration, release the cytokine IL-6. IL-6 is known to increase intracellular stores of Ca 2+ , and we have determined that this epithelial released cytokine is not only responsible for priming the PMN to release their granules, but also stimulating the PMN to kill S. typhimurium . These results substantiate the pathway in which PMN transmigration activates the epithelial release of IL-6, which in turn increases intracellular Ca 2+ storage. Our results, herein, extend this pathway to include an enhanced PMN granule release and an enhanced killing of S. typhimurium .
Pracniques: coordinated text and tranperiences

An economical method of producing both hard copy and projection forms of text, without duplication of effort.
Studies of an isomer of uridine isolated from ribonucleic acids

Abstract 1. 1. The nucleoside component of the new unknown nucleotide discovered by Davis and Allen has been isolated from yeast. A large scale preparation of this unknown nucleoside from commercial uridine purchased from the Schwarz Laboratories, Inc., has been described. 2. 2. The unknown nucleoside is found to have a composition identical to that of uridine. 3. 3. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the unknown nucleoside at several pH values are presented, and found to show close resemblance to that of the unknown nucleotide. 4. 4. The oxidation of uridine and of the unknown nucleoside has been found to require 0.98 and 0.99 mole of periodate respectively per mole of nucleoside which indicates that the carbohydrate component of the unknown nucleoside has a furanose structure. 5. 5. Periodate oxidation followed by treatment with bromine results in the formation of large quantities of uracil and 5-bromouracil from uridine and from the unknown nucleoside. These findings indicate that the pyrimidine component of the unknown nucleoside is uracil. Earlier work has shown the carbohydrate component of the unknown nucleoside to be ribose. Thus the unknown nucleoside is a uracil-ribofuranoside and is an isomer of uridine. 6. 6. The absorption spectra of the unknown nucleoside at pH 7 and 12 resembles those of 5-hydroxymethyl uracil, which may indicate that the carbohydrate component is attached to the pyrimidine component through the 5 position.