cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enthalpies of formation of dimethyldiazene (azomethane), diethyldiazene (azoethane), and methylethyldiazene (methyl-azoethane); standard Gibbs energy of formation of dimethyldiazene (azomethane)

Abstract Previous estimates of the enthalpy of formation of dimethyldiazene (azomethane) involved the assumption that the group, NN, can be replaced by a CC double bond, or a CC single bond, without affecting significantly the energy of attaching alkyl radicals to the given group. New experimental results, fortified by many existing data on hydrocarbons, show that this assumption is not valid within the precision of modern thermochemical measurements. The following new values are calculated for the standard enthalpy of formation of the trans form for the gaseous state at 298.15 K: dimethyldiazene (azomethane), (35.54 ± 1.23); diethyldiazene (azoethane), (21.89 ± 0.92); methylethyldiazene (methyl-azoethane), (28.71 ± 0.54) kcalth mol−1. From the foregoing and other data, the standard Gibbs energy of formation of gaseous dimethyldiazene (azomethane) has been calculated to be (56.54 ± 1.25) kcalth mol−1 at 298.15 K.
Concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, estradiol-17β and progesterone during the peripubertal period in heifers

Twenty prepubertal Holstein heifers were utilized to assess plasma 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM), serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2) concentrations as well as the E2:P4 ratio during the onset of puberty in cattle. All animals were maintained as a group along with a sterile marker bull to assist in the detection of estrus. Upon detection of the first estrus (Day=O), daily blood samples were collected from a jugular vein until the heifers had completed 3 estrous cycles. The average body weight and age at first estrus were 247.6±4.8 kg and 304.0±7.5 days, respectively. Frequency of abnormal length estrous cycles was greater (P<0.02) during the first (40%) and second (35%) cycles than during the third estrous cycle (0%). All heifers had normal cycle lengths (18 to 24 days) by the third estrous cycle. Serum P4 was greater during the third cycle (P<0.05) from Day 10 to Day 4 before the next estrus compared with the same period of the first estrous cycle. Serum E2 did not peak until the day of estrus in the first cycle, whereas E2 reached a maximal level 2 days before estrus in the third estrous cycle. Serum E2 was higher (P<0.0001) 2 days before estrus in the third cycle than in the first estrous cycle. Plasma PGFM reached maximum concentrations 3 days before estrus in the third cycle compared with 1 day before estrus at the end of first estrous cycle. As estrus approached during the third cycle, PGFM rose 1 day before E2 rose and P4 declined, while the rise in PGFM and E2 occurred simultaneously, with P4 declining at the end of the first estrous cycle. During diestrus, the E2:P4 ratio was lower (P<0.07) in the third cycle than in the first, but it was higher (P<0.04) at estrus and 1 day before in the third estrous cycle. These data reveal a high incidence of abnormal length estrous cycles during the first two estrous cycles of the peripubertal period, and demonstrate anomalies in uterine and ovarian endocrine activity during the peripubertal period in cattle.
Technical considerations in laparoscopic resection of gastric neoplasms

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the use of different laparoscopic approaches in the management of gastric neoplasms based on tumor type and location. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of seven patients (3 men and 4 women) with 11 gastric lesions who were referred to our facility between March 2000 and October 2001 for laparoscopic excision of gastric neoplasms. Results: Two patients had gastrointestinal stromal lesions (3 lesions); two patients had hyperplastic polyps (3 lesions); one patient had carcinoid tumor (2 lesions); one patient had a carcinoma in situ and an adenoma; and one patient had an ectopic pancreas. Extraluminal laparoscopic wedge resection was used in four patients with lesions at the anterior gastric wall or along the lesser or greater curvature. Intragastric excision was used in two patients with small posterior wall lesions, and a transgastrotomy approach was used in one patient with a posterior wall lesion that could not be removed by the intragastric approach. All the lesions were completely excised with clear margins. The median hospital stay was 3 days. Complications developed in two patients. One patient presented with a perforated ulcer 2 weeks after surgery, and a second patient had postoperative pyloric edema that resolved with conservative treatment. Conclusions: The use of different laparoscopic approaches based on gastric neoplasm type and location facilitates tumor access and resection.
Modeling and Mitigation of Extra-SoC Thermal Coupling Effects and Heat Transfer Variations in Mobile Devices

In smartphones and tablets, a number of components, such as display and communication subsystem, dissipate a significant amount of heat. This influences the SoC thermal envelope, because of the absence of a fan. Thus the thermal conditions of the SoC cannot simply be modeled as only a function of the SoC component power. In addition, contact surfaces and phone orientation variations (e.g., phone inside a pocket, phone held in a hand, and phone laying on a desk) change the heat transfer coefficients of the device over time and influence the SoC temperature. In this work, we analyze the thermal behavior of a commercial mobile device in varying user interaction profiles and under different environmental conditions. Next, we propose a system-variation aware thermal modeling strategy that only uses available power and thermal sensors. Lastly, we devise a novel ambient-aware proactive thermal management algorithm. Our approach is able to meet the given thermal constraints while providing stable performance and comparable power consumption with respect to existing techniques. In contrast, the state-of-the-art approaches, which do not consider ambient condition variations, violate the thermal constraints and lead up to 2.6× higher performance variations.
Effect of cardiac output on gas exchange in one-lung atelectasis.

To evaluate the effect of administration of dobutamine on gas exchange in patients with one-lung atelectasis during pneumonectomy, ten patients with normal pulmonary function and localized carcinoma of the lung were studied during pulmonary resection. With each patient in the lateral decubitus position, hemodynamic profiles and oxygen transport data were recorded before and after administration of dobutamine at 5 μg/kg/min. Patients were ventilated with one-lung anesthesia and administration of 100 percent oxygen. With infusion of dobutamine, the heart rate, cardiac index, and LVSWI significantly increased. Mean arterial pressure increased while PAP fell. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance also declined. Arterial oxygenization and delivery improved, while oxygen uptake was unchanged. Pulmonary shunt fraction was significantly reduced. While the mechanism for shunt reduction in our patients is unclear, operative factors may include pulmonary vasodilation with dobutamine inhibition of HPV. The negative impact of reduced HPV may have been lessened by gravitational distribution of blood flow and dobutamine-mediated reduction in PAP in our patients.
Plasmodium falciparumGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-induced TNF-α Secretion by Macrophages Is Mediated without Membrane Insertion or Endocytosis

The glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) ofPlasmodium falciparum are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria by inducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Previous studies have shown that P. falciparum GPIs elicit toxic immune responses by protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)- and protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated cell signaling pathways, which are activated by the carbohydrate and acyl moieties of the intact GPIs, respectively. In this study, we show that induction of TNF-α by P. falciparum GPIs in macrophages is mediated by the recognition of the distal fourth mannose residue. This event is critical but not sufficient for the productive cell signaling; interaction by the acylglycerol moiety of GPIs is also required. These novel interactions are coupled to previously demonstrated PTK and PKC pathways, since the specific inhibitors of these kinases effectively blocked the GPI-induced TNF-α production. Surprisingly, sn-2 lyso-GPIs were also able to elicit TNF-α secretion. Contrary to the prevailing notion, GPIs are neither inserted to the plasma membranes nor endocytosized. Thus, this study defines the GPI structural requirements and reveals a novel mechanism for the outside-in activation of cell signaling byP. falciparum GPIs in inducing proinflammatory responses.
Conditions under which all preradical classes are perfect hereditary torsion classes

(1974). Conditions under which all preradical classes are perfect hereditary torsion classes. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 365-376.
The Assassination of Rafik Hariri: Foreign Policy Perspectives

The assassination of foreign leaders is rarely considered by scholars of international affairs. This article examines the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and the debate...
Physics strategies for sparing neural stem cells during whole-brain radiation treatments

Purpose: Currently, there are no successful long-term treatments or preventive strategies for radiation-induced cognitive impairments, and only a few possibilities have been suggested. One such approach involves reducing the dose to neural stem cell compartments (within and outside of the hippocampus) during whole-brain radiation treatments for brain metastases. This study investigates the fundamental physics issues associated with the sparing of neural stem cells during photonradiotherapy for brain metastases.Methods: Several factors influence the stem cell dose: intracranial scattering, collimator leakage, beam energy, and total number of beams. The relative importance of these factors is investigated through a set of radiation therapy plans, which are all variations of an initial 6 MV intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) plan designed to simultaneously deliver a whole-brain dose of 30 Gy and maximally reduce stem cell compartment dose. Additionally, an in-house leaf segmentation algorithm was developed that utilizes jaw motion to minimize the collimator leakage.Results: The plans are all normalized such that 50% of the PTV receives 30 Gy. For the initial 6 MV IMRT plan, 50% of the stem cells receive a dose greater than 6.3 Gy. Calculations indicate that 3.6 Gy of this dose originates from intracranial scattering. The jaw-tracking segmentation algorithm, used in conjunction with direct machine parameter optimization, reduces the 50% stem cell dose to 4.3 and 3.7 Gy for 6 and 10 MV treatment beams, respectively.Conclusions: Intracranial scattering alone is responsible for a large dose contribution to the stem cell compartment. It is, therefore, important to minimize other contributing factors, particularly the collimator leakage, to maximally reduce dose to these critical structures. The use of collimator jaw tracking in conjunction with modern collimators can minimize this leakage.
Plane wave pulse backscattering from a low-density dielectric sphere

The solution to the scattering problem of a pulse incident on a low-density dielectric sphere is presented. Pulse modulated harmonic carriers and dc pulses are considered.
Activity, structure, and stratification of membrane-attached methanotrophic biofilms cometabolically degrading trichloroethylene

A membrane-attached methanotrophic biofilm reactor was developed for the cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE). In this reactor, CH4 and O2 are supplied to the interior of the biofilm through the membrane, while TCE-contaminated water is supplied to the exterior, creating a “counter-diffusional” effect that minimizes competitive inhibition between TCE and CH4. In addition, this novel design provides 100% CH4 and O2 transfer efficiencies, promotes the development of a thick biofilm, and minimizes the negative effects of TCE byproduct toxicity. The reactor sustained 80-90% TCE removals at TCE loading rates ranging from 100-320 μmol/m2/d. Chloride mass balances demonstrated that 60-80% of the TCE removed was mineralized. The maximum TCE transformation yield was 1.8 mmol of TCE removed per mole of CH4 utilized, although higher transformation yields are expected at higher TCE loading rates. The CH4 utilization rate was 0.20 mol/m2/d. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a dense biofilm with a thickness of at least 400 μm. SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that the “holdfast” material associated with rosette formation in planktonic Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b ( M.t. OB3b) cells might also contribute to pure-culture biofilm development. In addition, fimbriae-like structures not commonly associated with methanotrophic bacteria were observed in pure-culture M.t. OB3b biofilms. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses showed the presence of discrete microcolonies of serine-pathway methanotrophs within mixed-culture biofilms.
Evolutionary Relatedness of Plasmodium Species as Determined by the Structure of DNA

Malaria parasites can be grouped evolutionarily by analysis of DNA composition and genome arrangement. Those that vary widely with regard to host range, morphology, and biological characteristics fit into only a small number of distinctive groups. The DNA of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum fits into a group that includes rodent and avian malarias and is unlike the DNA of other primate malaria parasites. The DNA of Plasmodium vivax, which is also a human parasite, fits into a distinctly different group that includes Plasmodium cynomolgi, a parasite of monkeys. The evolutionary lines suggested here appear to be consistent with similarities seen among malaria parasites with regard to gene sequence.
Influencing the political process for cardiothoracic surgeons.

Abstract Medicare was established by congressional legislation to provide excellent health care for all older US citizens. The economic viability of Medicare is in question, however, and the possibility of reduced services or program curtailments has been raised. To ensure appropriate support for our professional goals, as thoracic surgeons we must articulate our professional needs and expectations for continued medical progress. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:S32-4)
I’m Not Really a Doctor, but I Play One on TV: Glibness in America

Athletics can be a window to broader cultural issues, but so can the way in which athletic events are transmitted to fans. In this article, the author detects a rising arrogance among sports announcers that relate to American culture in general. Announcers no longer privilege the games they broadcast. Instead, they claim a status equal to the participant, and in doing so, they pollute the purity of the games they observe. The epitome of this practice occurs on ESPN, where glibness—the main symptom of the new arrogance—is overwhelming. This is the last straw. The glibness has been creeping into academics for a long time, and now, it seems to have tainted baseball, the last bastion of purity.
The Relationship of Hypomania, Creativity, and Suicidal Ideation in Undergraduates

Elevations in hypomanic symptoms have been linked to high levels of creativity, and clinicians assess hypomania as one means of identifying individuals most at risk for attempting suicide among individuals diagnosed with depression. However, potential relationships between hypomania, creativity (i.e., divergent thinking and creative achievement), and suicidal ideation in college students are seldom investigated. Participants (N = 94) completed the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, Hypomania Checklist-32, Creative Achievement Questionnaire, Guilford's Alternative Uses Task, and a demographic questionnaire. Suicidal ideation was significantly correlated with divergent thinking and creative achievement; but neither the active/elated dimension nor the irritable/risk-taking dimension of hypomania was significantly correlated with suicidal ideation, divergent thinking, or creative achievement. Results suggest that those with high creative achievement in architectural design may experience the highest risk ...
Radiative heat transfer in finite cylindrical enclosures with nonhomogeneous participating media

Results of a numerical solution for radiative heat transfer in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous participating media are presented. The geometry of interest is a finite axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure. The integral formulation for radiative transport is solved by the YIX method. A three-dimensional solution scheme is applied to two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry to simplify kernel calculations and to avoid difficulties associated with treating boundary conditions. As part of the effort to improve modeling capabilities for turbulent jet diffusion flames, predicted distributions for flame temperature and soot volume fraction are used to calculate radiative heat transfer from soot particles in such flames. It is shown that the nonhomogeneity of radiative property has very significant effects. The peak value of the divergence of radiative heat flux could be underestimated by 2 factor of 7 if a mean homogeneous radiative property is used. Since recent studies have shown that scattering by soot agglomerates is significant in flames, the effect of magnitude of scattering is also investigated and found to be nonnegligible.
Local capital tax competition and coordinated tax reform in an overlapping generations economy

Abstract We extend the classic capital tax competition model to an overlapping generations economy and study the effects of a coordinated reform where capital tax rates across all locations are increased to alleviate the policy externality. Welfare across generations is examined and several new effects are derived. Simulations calibrated to US data indicate these effects may be as large as the spending effect of the classic model. The initial old generation, however, may not be better off, and an additional transfer from the initial young to the initial old may be required for the reform to be a Pareto improvement.
Joza: Hybrid Taint Inference for Defeating Web Application SQL Injection Attacks

Despite years of research on taint-tracking techniques to detect SQL injection attacks, taint tracking is rarely used in practice because it suffers from high performance overhead, intrusive instrumentation, and other deployment issues. Taint inference techniques address these shortcomings by obviating the need to track the flow of data during program execution by inferring markings based on either the program's input (negative taint inference), or the program itself (positive taint inference). We show that existing taint inference techniques are insecure by developing new attacks that exploit inherent weaknesses of the inferencing process. To address these exposed weaknesses, we developed Joza, a novel hybrid taint inference approach that exploits the complementary nature of negative and positive taint inference to mitigate their respective weaknesses. Our evaluation shows that Joza prevents real-world SQL injection attacks, exhibits no false positives, incurs low performance overhead (4%), and is easy to deploy.
Expanding Planning's Public Sphere STREET Magazine, Activist Planning, and Community Development in Brooklyn, New York, 1971—1975

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a paradigm of activist planning became a new “tributary” feeding the stream of the planning profession. STREET magazine, published from 1971 to 1975 by the Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development in Brooklyn, NY, offers a lens through which to examine the expansion of the profession to encompass a range of ideas associated with this paradigm. This article, drawing on an extensive review of STREET magazine’s content within the historical context in which it was produced, as well as interviews with people involved with the publication, argues that STREET reflected the introduction of new modes of practice into the city planning profession, as well as influencing those modes in a particular place, New York City.
Enhanced tunneling current in 1d-1d Edge overlapped TFET's

In order to reduce the power consumption of modern electronics, the operating voltage needs to be significantly reduced. Tunneling field effect transistors (TFET's) have the potential to do this. As shown in Fig 1, current can flow as soon as the conduction band and valence band overlap. However, the shape of the turn on is dependent on the density of states (DOS) of each band. The DOS can be controlled by changing the dimensionality of the device [1, 2].
Resolving the structure of inner ear ribbon synapses with STED microscopy

Synapses are diverse in form and function; however, the mechanisms underlying this diversity are poorly understood. To illuminate structure/function relationships, robust analysis of molecular composition and morphology is needed. The molecular-anatomical components of synapses-vesicles, clusters of voltage-gated ion channels in presynaptic densities, arrays of transmitter receptors in postsynaptic densities-are only tens to hundreds of nanometers in size. Measuring the topographies of synaptic proteins requires nanoscale resolution of their molecularly specific labels. Super-resolution light microscopy has emerged to meet this need. Achieving 50 nm resolution in thick tissue, we employed stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to image the functionally and molecularly unique ribbon-type synapses in the inner ear that connect mechano-sensory inner hair cells to cochlear nerve fibers. Synaptic ribbons, bassoon protein, voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, and glutamate receptors are inhomogeneous in their spatial distributions within synapses; the protein clusters assume variations of shapes typical for each protein specifically at cochlear afferent synapses. Heterogeneity of substructure among these synapses may contribute to functional differences among auditory nerve fibers. The morphology of synaptic voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels matures over development in a way that depends upon bassoon protein, which aggregates in similar form. Functional properties of synaptic transmission appear to depend on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel cluster morphology and position relative to synaptic vesicles. Super-resolution light microscopy is a group of techniques that complement electron microscopy and conventional light microscopy. Although technical hurdles remain, we are beginning to resolve the details of molecular nanoanatomy that relate mechanistically to synaptic function.
Allocating space in a forward pick area of a distribution center for small parts

The forward pick area of a distribution center is a cache of conveniently located products from which order pickers can quickly draw, but which must be replenished from bulk or reserve storage. The quantities stored forward determine the amount of work required to sustain the forward pick area. Two stocking strategies that are commonly used in industry are analyzed and compared with the optimal stocking strategy for small parts.
Self-Help for a Negative Body Image: A Comparison of Components of a Cognitive-Behavioral Program

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment of body-image dissatisfaction and dysphoria, even when largely self-administered with only modest therapist contact. The present investigation compared the relative effectiveness of selected components of Cash's (1997) body-image CBT program administered in self-help modality. Participants were 89 body-dissatisfied persons who enrolled in the program and were randomly assigned to one of two 6-week, self-help conditions: (a) psychoeducation plus self-monitoring, or (b) this intervention combined with procedures to identify and alter dysfunctional body-image cognitions. All assessments and materials were distributed and returned by postal mail. Among program completers, both conditions produced statistically and clinically significant improvements in multiple facets of body image and psychosocial functioning. Despite high levels of program attrition (53%), results were confirmed by the more conservative intent-to-treat analyses. Predictors of attrition were identified. Further analyses ruled out several variables as moderators of program effectiveness. The unexpected lack of differential effectiveness between the two self-help conditions was possibly the result of low compliance with the added cognitive-change components. We discussed the limitations and implications of our findings vis-a-vis the clinical use and scientific study of components of body-image CBT in various modalities of program delivery.
Is There a Free‐Market Economist in the House? The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members

People often suppose or imply that free-market economists constitute a significant portion of all economists. We surveyed American Economic Association members and asked their views on 18 specific forms of government activism. We find that about 8 percent of AEA members can be considered supporters of free-market principles, and that less than 3 percent may be called strong supporters. The data are broken down by voting behavior (Democratic or Republican). Even the average Republican AEA member is "middle-of-the-road," not free-market. We offer several possible explanations of the apparent difference between actual and attributed views.
Clocks and Accelerometers for Space Tests of Fundamental Physics

In this chapter we discuss a technology development program at JPL to address the diminished opportunities for experimental tests of fundamental physics in space. By developing instruments that can serve multiple functions, we hope to gain flight opportunities that would otherwise be unavailable, due to recent refocusing of the space science mission in support of manned flights. We discuss the development of a liter-sized clock based on trapped mercury ions that can serve one-way navigation functions, as well as provide high stability for sensitive tests of general relativity, and possible variation of fine structure constant. We also describe progress in the development of an atom interferometer-based gravity gradiometer. This instrument is aimed at providing detailed subsurface mapping of earth and planetary bodies. It can also be used, with minor modifications, to serve as an instrument to test the equivalence principle. Finally, we report on recent progress for the development of a dual-beam atom laser based on spinor condensates, for future advanced instrumentation supporting fundamental physics studies in space.
Ribosomal protein L4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : the gene and its protein

The sequence of a gene for ribosomal protein L4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined. Unlike most ribosomal protein genes of S. cerevisiae this gene has no intron. The single open reading frame predicts that L4 is highly homologous to mammalian ribosomal protein L7a. There appear to be two genes for L4, both of which are active.
Theoretical models of health behavior and workplace self-protective behavior

This paper provides a critical review of the applicability of theoretical models of health behavior to workplace self-protective behavior. Value-expectancy, environmental/contextual, and behavior change models are reviewed. On this basis, an integrative framework is proposed that conceptualizes self-protective behavior as consisting of four stages or phases: hazard appraisal, decision making, initiation, and adherence. In addition, five general constructs are identified as being of either primary or secondary importance at each stage: threat-related beliefs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, facilitating conditions, and safety climate. The proposed framework highlights the need to target interventions to each of the four stages. Particular emphasis is also assigned to environmental or situational factors in enabling and reinforcing self-protective behavior in the workplace.
Manganese-histidine cluster as the functional center of the water oxidation complex in photosynthesis.

The recent model of Kambara and Govindjee for water oxidation [Kambara T. and Govindjee (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82:6119–6123] has been extended in this paper by examining all the data in order to identify the most likely candidate for the ‘redox-active ligand’ (RAL), suggested to operate between the water oxidizing complex (WOC) and Z, the electron donor to the reaction center P680. We have concluded that a very suitable candidate for RAL is the imidazole moiety of a histidine residue. The electrochemical data available on imidazole derivatives play heavily in this identification of RAL. Thus, we suggest that histidine might play the role of an electron mediator between the WOC and Z. A model of S-states in terms of their plausible chemical identity is presented here.
Internationalizing the curriculum: Developing travel courses for global awareness

In most colleges and universities, study abroad focuses on students and curriculum in business, foreign language studies and the natural sciences. In todaypsilas global economy, it is necessary for engineering and technology students to also have significant international experiences. In addition to exposing students to the broad issues of globalization, study abroad is both a career hedge against outsourcing and a response to internationalization requirements of accrediting bodies such as ABET. This paper will discuss the issues involved in developing and offering international experience courses; determining curricula and content; developing the computing and technology components of the courses; and developing the field experience including the logistics of travel. The paper will describe two courses: an undergraduate course on computer and network security with travel to London and Paris and a graduate course on offshore outsourcing with travel to India.
Mining Cyclically Repeated Patterns

In sequential pattern mining, the support of the sequential pattern for the transaction database is defined only by the fraction of the customers supporting this sequence, which is known as the customer support. In this paper, a new parameter is introduced for each customer, called as repetition support, as an additional constraint to specify the minimum number of repetitions of the patterns by each customer. We call the patterns discovered using this technique as cyclically repeated patterns. The additional parameter makes the new mining technique more efficient and also helps discovering more useful patterns by reducing the number of patterns searched. Also, ordinary sequential pattern mining can be represented as a special case of the cyclically repeated pattern mining. In this paper, we introduce the concept of mining cyclically repeated patterns, we describe the related algorithms, and at the end of the paper we give some performance results.
Investigations of closure processes: What source-monitoring judgments suggest about what is “closing”

On many occasions, the perception of an object is based on incomplete information because portions of the object are occluded from view. Nevertheless, people are able to identify an occluded object, suggesting that the identification is mediated by the activation of completion processes which “fill in” the missing information. Although these completion processes are invoked as causal mechanisms for many phenomena, the processes mediating the “completion” have not been specified. The present experiments tested two potential explanations for closure processes. In each experiment, participants were presented with pictures, complete or incomplete in form, and, on a surprise source-monitoring task, they were then asked to remember whether pictures had been presented complete or incomplete in form. Whether viewing pictures of objects, faces, or camouflaged objects, participants showed a pronounced tendency to claim that incomplete pictures were actually presented complete in form. This bias was evident after the participants described functions for objects (Experiments 1, 1A, and 2), after they evaluated properties of faces (Experiment 4), and after they searched for objects hidden in a complex scene (Experiment 5). However, this bias was not evident after they simply named objects portrayed in pictures (Experiment 3). This bias is interpreted as evidence for the activation of implicit imaginal processing. The results of these experiments are informative in their contribution to our understanding of the bases of closure, an intuitively appealing notion frequently invoked to account for object identification, but, as yet, not fully understood.
Electrodeposited CuInSe2 Thin Film Junctions

We have investigated thin films and junctions based on copper indium diselenide (CIS) which have been grown by electrochemical deposition. CIS is a leading candidate for use in polycrystalline thin film photovoltaic solar cells. Electrodeposition is a cost-effective method for producing thin-film CIS. We have produced both p and n type CIS thin films from the same aqueous solution by simply varying the deposition potential. A CIS pn junction was deposited using a step-function potential. Stoichiometry of the single layer films was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Carrier densities of these films increased with deviation from stoichiometry, as determined by the capacitance versus voltage dependence of Schottky contacts. Optical bandgaps for the single layer films as determined by transmission spectrocopy were also found to increase with deviation from stoichiometry. Rectifying current versus voltage characteristics were demonstrated for the Schottky barriers and for the pn junction.
Electronic image management in radiology

During the past two decades, new imaging modalities have significantly changed the practice of diagnostic radiology. Although new imaging modalities will probably continue to be introduced the major change in diagnostic radiology in the next decade is likely to involve changes in service delivery by electronic image management systems. This paper reviews some of the factors favoring the expansion of electronic image management systems, the capabilities of such systems, and some of the issues that must be resolved before these systems can reach their full potential. >
Space Logistics Modeling and Simulation Analysis using SpaceNet: Four Application Cases

The future of space exploration will not be limited to sortie-style missions to single destinations. Even in present exploration taking place at the International Space Station in low-Earth orbit, logistics is complicated by flights arriving from five launch sites on Earth. The future challenges of space logistics given complex campaigns of interconnected missions in deep space will require innovative tools to aid planning and conceptual design. This paper presents a modeling framework to evaluate the propulsive and logistics feasibility of space exploration from the macro-logistics perspective, which covers the delivery of elements and resources to support demands generated during exploration. The modeling framework is implemented in a versatile and unifying software tool, SpaceNet, for general space exploration scenario analysis. Four space exploration scenarios are presented as application cases to highlight the applicability of the framework across vastly different scenarios. The first case investigates the resupply of the International Space Station between 2010 and 2015 using 77 missions combining NASA, European Space Agency, Japanese Space Agency, Russian Space Agency, and commercial space transportation. The second case models a lunar outpost build-up consisting of 17 flights to achieve continuous human presence over eight years. The third case models and evaluates a conceptual sortie-style mission to a nearEarth object, 1999 AO10. Finally, the fourth case models a flexible path type human exploration in the vicinity of Mars using a combination of human and tele-operated exploration. Taken together these cases demonstrate the challenges and logistical requirements of future human space exploration campaigns during the period from 20102050 and illustrate the ability of SpaceNet to model and simulate the feasibility of meeting these requirements.
Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting stress over time

Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem behaviours in 205 pre-school children with and without developmental delays. Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36-48 months. Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their non-delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group. Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour problems rather than to the child's developmental delay. Conclusion Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.
Intravitreal ganciclovir concentration after intravenous administration in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: implications for therapy

To determine whether therapeutic intravitreal concentrations of ganciclovir are achieved after intravenous administration, vitreous samples were obtained intraoperatively from 23 eyes of 22 AIDS patients with retinal detachments associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. The mean intravitreal ganciclovir concentration of all samples was 0.93 +/- 0.39 microgram/mL (3.6 +/- 1.5 microM). This level is near the published trough serum concentrations obtained with every-12-h intravenous dosing and well below the peak. It is significantly below the concentration of ganciclovir required to achieve 50% of viral plaque formation for many human CMV strains. Only a small decrease in vitreous drug levels was observed as a function of time after last dose. Intravenous administration of ganciclovir results in near-steady-state subtherapeutic intravitreal ganciclovir concentrations for many CMV isolates. This may explain the difficulty of long-term complete suppression of CMV retinitis.
Bureaucratic corruption in africa: causes, consequences and remedies

One of the critical policy issues in African management today is bureaucratic corruption. This problem has in some countries reached such proportions as to frustrate good policy intentions and to parayze management operations. The study examines the extent of bureaucratic corruption in selected African countries, analyzes their potential causes. Critically asesses their consequences on the pattern of political. socio-economic and administrative development, and reviews the effectivenes of remedies proposed or actually tried.
Persistence in memory of the surface organization of simple maps as performance aids

The surface organization of performance aids such as maps or diagrams can affect decisions even when the relevant information has been mastered and decisions are made from memory. We tested this conjecture by providing three different types of maps as performance aids for routing decisions. The maps were realistic, straightened, or diagrammatic. Through extensive practice, very accurate performance was achieved even when the performance aid was no longer available. After 200 decisions made from memory, decision time was nearly stable (asymptotic), but diagrammatic map subjects were still about 500 msecs faster than those who used more realistic maps. The observed aftereffects of the structure of performance aids are congruent with the usual conceptions of mental models in that they reflect productive memorial structures. Our findings suggest that inappropriately organized informative materials may exact a toll even after their content is mastered.
Pathogenesis of bacteriuria in elderly women: the role of Escherichia coli adherence to vaginal epithelial cells.

In vitro Escherichia coli adherence to exfoliated epithelial cells obtained from a group of elderly women was compared with adherence values in young healthy women in an attempt to define the role of adherence as an independent host risk factor for the acquisition of bacteriuria. Utilizing four uropathogenic strains of E. coli possessing differing fimbrial adherence mechanisms, no evidence was found of increased adherence receptivity of vaginal epithelial cells for bacteria in elderly women. In contrast, there was evidence of significantly reduced attachment of two of four strains in the elderly women (p less than .02). Based upon preliminary studies using four E. coli strains, susceptibility to bacterial adherence does not appear to be a mechanism responsible for the increased frequency of E. coli bacteriuria in elderly women.
Statistical Findings in International PoliticsA Data-Based Assessment

This paper reviews all the correlational-explanatory quantitative research on international politics published in articles prior to 1970. Using content analysis and a Predictive Power Index it assesses 7,678 findings. The relative potency of different types of independent variables is delineated, the success of research in explaining different topics is examined, and an inventory of scientific findings is presented in propositional format.
Understanding the mobility of nonspherical particles in the free molecular regime.

An approach to obtain the mobility of nonspherical particles is proposed by averaging the drag force orientationally, and two other widely used approaches in the literature, the averaged-collision-integral and averaged-drift-velocity methods, are summarized and extended. The concept of orientationally averaged collision integrals based on Chapman-Enskog theory for small gas-phase ions is re-examined for macromolecular ions whose surface cannot be treated as specular, but with inelastic interactions. A well accepted collision model considering inelastic collisions is Epstein's theory, which has been extended to include long-range potential forces by Li and Wang [Phys. Rev. E 68, 061206 (2003)] for spherical particles. This work extends Li and Wang's spherical particle theory to convex nonspherical particles considering long-range potential, and simplifies this collision integral to a product of the averaged projection area and an enhancement factor for short-range interactions (hard collisions), which is independent of convex particle shape and is identical to the value for a sphere that people are using. We also show that the averaged projection area of a convex particle in free molecular regime for hard collisions is equal to its mobility diameter. The second approach is the averaged-drift-velocity approach using the friction coefficient in a tensor form, which is often employed in aerosol science. We extend this approach in our previous work for axisymmetric particles to develop an expression for the mobility of nonspherical particles in a general form. Furthermore, it is pointed out that this approach is only valid when the particle Brownian rotation is slow compared with the particle translational relaxation time. If the particle Brownian rotation is fast, usually so in the case of very small ions and particles, we propose an ``averaged-drag-force'' approach. The three approaches are then compared for a randomly oriented rod and the protein GroEL. We show that for a cylinder rod in the free molecular regime at random orientation, the averaged-drag-force approach is identical to the averaged-collision-integral approach for short-range interactions (hard collisions). We then summarize the relationship between collision-integral based approach and tensor based approaches. For readers only interested in implementation of the theory, we provide useful expressions in Tables I and II.
Numerical simulation, parametric study and optimization of thermoelectric generators for self-cooling of devices

Thermoelectric generation is a promising technology which converts waste heat into electricity in an efficient and clean way. Thermoelectric application could utilize the heat from a device to power a thermoelectric generator (TEG) which in turn produces power that could run a cooling system. Such systems would be critical in transportation, remote area or other applications where system reliability is of a paramount importance. Thus, in this paper a detailed parametrical analysis and optimization of the geometrical and system parameters are made so as to provide guidelines for the design of self-cooling devices. A simple and accurate 2D numerical model is developed which facilitates a quick analysis of design variables. Numerical data is within a good agreement (within 6%) with existing experimental data. The effect of extender height (Hext), fin base height (Hfbase), number of fins (Nfin) ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm, 2 mm to 12 mm, 24 to 64 respectively has been studied. In addition, the feasibility of using double and triple cascaded TEG system is investigated. An optimization algorithm to optimize system paramaters is implemented. Nomenclature h = convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 .K) Tg = temperature inside the device H = height(mm) Th = temperature at hot side of TEG I = electric current (A) Ts = temperature at cold side of TEG = current density (A/m 2 ) Tamb = ambient temperature k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K) v = velocity of air in fan (m/s) l = length (mm) w = width (mm) n = n-type semiconductor elements x,y = Cartesian coordinates Nfin = number of fins p = p-type semiconductor elements P = electric power (W) g Q  = heat generation rate (W) R = thermal resistance (K/W) Rel = electric resistance of the thermoelectric module (Ω) Rld = electric load resistance connected to the module (Ω) Rth = thermal resistance of the thermoelectric module (K/W) T = temperature (°C) t = time (s) Greek Symbols  = seebeck coefficient (V/K) ρ = electrical resistivity (Ωm) ΔT = temperature difference 1 PhD Student, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Miami, Florida. AIAA student member. 2 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Miami, Florida. AIAA member. 3 Visiting PhD Researcher, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Miami, Florida.