cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature VLE for the Ethylbenzene + Quinoline System

In previous works, we constructed a continuous-flow apparatus designed for vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data measurements at high temperatures up to 400 °C and used it to measure VLE data for the tetralin + quinoline and benzene + ethylbenzene systems. In this work, the apparatus was further modified and used for VLE measurements for the ethylbenzene + quinoline system along several isotherms (498.15, 523.15, 553.15, 583.15, 613.15, 638.15, 653.15) K. The data were successfully tested for thermodynamic consistency by using the area test.
A sensitive assay for infectivity of mengovirus RNA in L cells.

SummaryA sensitive method of assay for Mengovirus RNA has been investigated using an agar-L cells suspension plaque technique as previously described for poliovirus RNA-HeLa cells system. The activity of polybasic substances (DEAE-dextran and Poly-L-Ornithine) at different concentrations also has been studied. Both compounds cause an increase of infectious titer of Mengovirus RNA at a rate depending on their respective concentrations. When used at the optimal concentrations, DEAE-D shows enhancing activity of about one thousand times and PO of one hundred times with respect to the control conditions. When the drugs were used in combination, no synergistic effect was evident. The highest infectious titer (107.2 PFU per ml) was obtained using DEAE-D at a concentration of 800-1600 μg per ml as diluent fluid for the infectious RNA preparations.The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable suggestions and help by Dr. Gebhard Koch and Dr. Hilton B. Levy.
Vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy.

Objective Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in reproductive-aged women in the United States. The effect of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is unknown, but has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester and subsequent clinical outcomes. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study. Plasma was collected in the first trimester from 310 nulliparous women with singleton gestations without significant medical problems. Competitive enzymatic vitamin D assays were performed on banked plasma specimens and pregnancy outcomes were collected after delivery. Logistic regression was performed on patients stratified by plasma vitamin D concentration and the following combined clinical outcomes: preeclampsia, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, gestational diabetes, and spontaneous abortion. Results Vitamin D concentrations were obtained from 235 patients (mean age 24.3 years, range 18-40 years). Seventy percent of our study population was vitamin D insufficient with a serum concentration less than 30 ng/mL (mean serum concentration 27.6 ng/mL, range 13-71.6 ng/mL). Logistic regression was performed adjusting for age, race, body mass index, tobacco use, and time of year. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included preeclampsia, growth restriction, preterm delivery, gestational diabetes, and spontaneous abortion. There was no association between vitamin D deficiency and composite adverse pregnancy outcomes with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.01 (p value 0.738, 95% confidence intervals 0.961-1.057). Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency did not associate with adverse pregnancy outcomes in this study population. However, the high percentage of affected individuals highlights the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in young, reproductive-aged women.
A novel 3D video transcoding scheme for adaptive 3D video transmission to heterogeneous terminals

Three-dimensional video (3DV) is attracting many interests with its enhanced viewing experience and more user driven features. 3DV has several unique characteristics different from 2D video: (1) It has a much larger amount of data captured and compressed, and corresponding video compression techniques can be much more complicated in order to explore data redundancy. This will lead to more constraints on users' network access and computational capability, (2) Most users only need part of the 3DV data at any given time, while the users' requirements exhibit large diversity, (3) Only a limited number of views are captured and transmitted for 3DV. View rendering is thus necessary to generate virtual views based on the received 3DV data. However, many terminal devices do not have the functionality to generate virtual views. To enable 3DV experience for the majority of users with limited capabilities, adaptive 3DV transmission is necessary to extract/generate the required data content and represent it with supported formats and bitrates for heterogeneous terminal devices. 3DV transcoding is an emerging and effective technique to achieve desired adaptive 3DV transmission. In this article, we propose the first efficient 3DV transcoding scheme that can obtain any desired view, either an encoded one or a virtual one, and compress it with more universal H.264/AVC. The key idea of the proposed scheme is to appropriately utilize motion information contained in the bitstream to generate candidate motion information. Original information of both the desired view and reference views are used to obtain this candidate information and a proper motion refinement process is carried out for certain blocks. Simulation results show that, compared to the straightforward cascade algorithm, the proposed scheme is able to output compressed bitstream of the required view with significantly reduced complexity while incurring negligible performance loss. Such a 3DV transcoding can be applied to most gateways that usually have constraints on computational complexity and time delay.
Equivalent target probability of failure to convert high-reliability model to low-reliability model for efficiency of sampling-based RBDO

This study presents a methodology to convert an RBDO problem requiring very high reliability to an RBDO problem requiring relatively low reliability by appropriately increasing the input standard deviations for efficient computation in sampling-based RBDO. First, for linear performance functions with independent normal random inputs, an exact probability of failure is derived in terms of the ratio of the input standard deviation, which is denoted by $\boldsymbol {\delta } $ . Then, the probability of failure estimation is generalized for other types of random inputs and performance functions. For the generalization of the probability of failure estimation, two types of coefficients need to be determined by equating the probability of failure and its sensitivities with respect to the input standard deviation at the given design point. The sensitivities of the probability of failure with respect to the standard deviation are obtained using the first-order score function for the standard deviation. To apply the proposed method to an RBDO problem, a concept of an equivalent target probability of failure, which is an increased target probability of failure corresponding to the increased input standard deviations, is also introduced. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method can estimate the probability of failure accurately as a function of the input standard deviation compared to the Monte Carlo simulation results. As anticipated, the sampling-based RBDO using equivalent target probability of failure helps find the optimum design very efficiently while yielding reasonably accurate optimum design, which is close to the one obtained using the original target probability of failure.
Mechanisms of Load-Deformation Behavior of Molecular Collagen in Hydroxyapatite-Tropocollagen Molecular System: Steered Molecular Dynamics Study

Bone is a widely studied structure due to its important function in the human body and also for its unique mechanical properties, which depend upon several factors, such as, its hierarchal structure, its constituents, degree of interactions between different constituents, etc. The major constituents of bone are collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAP). In this work, the load-carrying behavior of collagen is evaluated using steered molecular dynamics simulations. It is observed that the mineral HAP influences the load-deformation behavior of collagen. The collagen molecule (tropocollagen) requires more energy to deform when it is in close proximity of HAP. The reasons for a typical load-deformation behavior are also analyzed. It is observed that with stretching of the tropocollagen, first hydrogen bonds between the tropocollagen chains break, as a result of which more water molecules start interacting with chains. HAP significantly alters the interaction between tropocollagen and water. The load-carrying behavior of tropocollagen at different loading rates is also analyzed by pulling collagen at different velocities. These simulations give important information about the molecular mechanics of collagen and are also useful for the development of novel biomimetic artificial implant materials.
Indications for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with significant daytime sleepiness, reduced quality of life, insulin resistance, motor vehicle crashes, vascular morbidity and mortality. Current evidence supports the belief that all these parameters can be impacted favorably by treatment. Medical therapy with positive pressure eliminates snoring and favorably affects daytime sleepiness, driving risk, vascular function, vascular risk, and quality of life. Treatment may be difficult to accept or adhere to, and some treatment options are not uniformly effective. The long-term impact of treatment is uncertain.
Exciton diamagnetic shift in semiconductor nanostructures

A method is presented for calculating the diamagnetic coefficient of an exciton in a semiconductor nanostructure. The diamagnetic coefficient characterizes the response of a confined exciton to a weak magnetic field, and gives information about the roles of confinement and of the Coulomb interaction in determining the optical properties. A general formulation is presented for nanostructures of arbitrary size, shape, and dimensionality. We introduce a generalized gauge transformation that allows us to express the diamagnetic coefficient in terms of two characterizations of the size of an exciton, one involving confinement and the other involving the Coulomb interaction. Calculations of the diamagnetic coefficient are given for quantum well, wire, and dot geometries.
Characterization of a Superantigen Produced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Abstract Yersinia species are Gram-negative coccobacilli consisting of three pathogenic species, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica, and five nonpathogenic species, Y. kristensenii, Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. rohdei, and Y. aldovae. The former three species are primary pathogens of wild and domestic animals and birds. In the human, Y. pestis causes plague, or black death, while Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica produce milder forms of disease varying from diarrhea and abdominal pain to more systemic symptoms such as fever, scarlatiniform skin rash, conjunctivitis, erythema nodosum, and lymphadenopathy (1–3). Complications of reactive arthritis, acute uveitis, coronary aneurysms, and acute renal failure are not infrequently reported after the latter two Yersinia infections (4–8). The mechanisms by which these organisms mediate these complicated symptoms are poorly understood. However, the preferential avidity for lymphoid tissues seen in these species and the characteris...
Density measurements of potassium phosphate buffer from 4 to 45°C

Abstract Potassium phosphate buffer is often used in methods such as equilibrium dialysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) for characterizing the binding of drugs and hormones with proteins or other ligands within the body. In these experiments, the buffer density is often approximated to be that of water and the concentrations of all reagents are assumed to be constant with temperature. However, some difference in density between phosphate buffer and water would be expected, and variations in this density could lead to significant changes in the concentrations of dissolved solutes with temperature. This, in turn, could affect the binding observed for a solute–ligand system in such a buffer. In this study, the densities of potassium phosphate buffers with concentrations up to 0.10 M were measured at or near physiological pH for temperatures ranging from 4–45 °C. The general change in density versus temperature followed a quadratic equation, while the changes in density with concentration and pH followed a linear response. The results were used to formulate a general equation that could be used to calculate the density of potassium phosphate buffer at any pH, temperature, and concentration within the tested range. This equation and more specialized relationships developed in the temperature, concentration, and pH studies were found to give much greater accuracy in describing the density of these buffers versus a previous relationship developed for solutions containing only potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
Study of interference in a double-slit without walls by plasmon tomography techniques

Abstract We investigate the free propagation of two parallel surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) beams using plasmon tomography. In the Fourier-plane images, we observed interference features that are not in correspondence with the images of SPPs on the sample's surface. We clearly observed that the interference maxima and minima are distributed over an arc of a circle. We explain the characteristics of the observed interference patterns assuming that each SPP beam can be considered as a “slit without walls”. We discuss important implications of this work for SPP tomography and interferometric plasmonic sensors.
Phenotypic analysis of the early events during repopulation of the thymus by the bone marrow prothymocyte.

Abstract The phenotype of the donor thymocytes present in the thymus of irradiated mice injected intravenously with CD3-depleted total bone marrow cells has been studied by three-color flow cytometry during the time period 6–16 days postinjection. Donor cells could first be reliably detected at Day 6 after reconstitution. Donor and host cells maintain their relative proportions over the first few days, after which time the proportion of donor cells derived from the bone marrow increases. At Days 6 and 7 after reconstitution, Pgp-1 + , IL-2R − cells predominate, although a minority of Pgp-1 + , IL-2R + cells is also seen. Few cells are Pgp-1 − , IL-2R + . Over the next 3 days, the relative proportion of Pgp-1 + , IL-2R − cells declines rapidly and the relative proportion of Pgp-1 + , IL-2R + cells and then of Pgp-1 − , IL-2R + cells peaks and declines. The absolute number of all three populations, however, increases exponentially until Day 14. Most donor cells present at Days 6–7 after reconstitution are L3T4 − , Lyt-2 − . Over the next 2 days, the majority of donor-derived cells express low, but significant, levels of both L3T4 and Lyt-2. L3T4 + , Lyt-2 + cells expressing levels of cell surface antigen characteristic of the cognate population found in the adult first appear at Day 10 after reconstitution. These L3T4 + , Lyt-2 + donor cells increase in proportion to reach 70–80% of donor-derived cells after Day 14 of reconstitution. The host thymocyte population, on the other hand, contains few Pgp-1 + or IL-2R + cells even at 7 days after irradiation and is predominantly L3T4 + , Lyt-2 + by Day 8. This observation suggests that the host cells are derived from a more mature precursor than the bone marrow prothymocyte or the earliest intrathymic progenitors.
Nanostructured Co3O4 electrodes for supercapacitor applications from plasma spray technique

Abstract Among different transition metal oxides cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) has attracted considerable attention for supercapacitor applications because of its superior electrochemical characteristics at relatively low cost. Nanostructured Co 3 O 4 electrodes are usually prepared from powders using sol–gel and hydrothermal techniques, which require multi-step procedures and longer processing times. Here, we report synthesis and characterization of Co 3 O 4 supercapacitor electrode films deposited directly on current collectors via a single step solution precursor plasma spray route. In this approach, an aqueous solution containing cobalt acetate is axially fed into plasma plume to produce nanoparticulates of Co 3 O 4 via accelerated thermo-chemical conversion process, which are eventually deposited on a current collector substrate. Thus, developed Co 3 O 4 electrodes showed nano particulate structure with porosity. The phase structure and crystallinity of Co 3 O 4 electrode films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry (DSC–TGA) studies. Electrochemical performance of these coatings showed a specific capacitance of ∼162 F g −1 with a retention capacity of 72.2% after 1000 cycles for a specific current rate of 2.75 A g −1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte.
Regeneration in the spinal cord

Important advances have been made in our understanding of conditions that influence the intrinsic capacity of mature CNS neurons to initiate and maintain a regrowth response. The combination of exogenous neurotrophic support with strategies to alter the terrain at the injury site itself suggests that there are important interactions between them that lead to increased axonal regeneration. The ability of chronically injured neurons to initiate a regeneration response is unexpected. Our view of the role that inhibitors play in restricting axonal growth has also expanded. The findings indicate that the windows of opportunity for enhancing growth after spinal cord injury may be more numerous than previously thought.
Adsorption of phosphate at the hydrous γ-Al2O3-electrolyte interface

Abstract The adsorption characteristics of ortho-phosphate on hydrous γ-Al 2 0 3 from dilute aqueous solution (10 −4 to 10 −3 M ) at constant ionic strength (10 −1 M NaCl) is reported. The extent of adsorption is affected by pH and concentration of phosphate or the relative concentration of phosphate and oxide surface. For a reaction period of 24 hr, adsorption is the major interfacial reaction and follows the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity is of the same order of magnitude as other oxides, e.g., α-Al 2 0 3 and gibbsite. The energetic constant K L is, however, about 100 times that of the other oxides, such as Al 2 O 3 and gibbsite. The specific chemical energy was estimated by the Grahame equation and the James-Healy approach. A value of -16 kJ mole −1 or -3.8 kcal mole −1 was obtained from best fit of adsorption data.
Effects of aging on perception of motion

Driving requires two basic visual components: 'visual sensory function' and 'higher order skills.' Among the elderly, it has been observed that when attention must be divided in the presence of multiple objects, their attentional skills and relational processes, along with impairment of basic visual sensory function, are markedly impaired. A high frame rate imaging system was developed to assess the elderly driver's ability to locate and distinguish computer generated images of vehicles and to determine their direction of motion in a simulated intersection. Preliminary experiments were performed at varying target speeds and angular displacements to study the effect of these parameters on motion perception. Results for subjects in four different age groups, ranging from mid- twenties to mid-sixties, show significantly better performance for the younger subjects as compared to the older ones.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unexpected chelation interaction for 2-hydroxy-2-(1-oxy-pyridin-2-yl)- N,N -diphenyl acetamide with La(III)

Abstract The lanthanide coordination chemistry of the new ligand 2-hydroxy-2-(1-oxy-pyridin-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl acetamide (5) has been examined. X-ray crystal structure determinations for the free ligand 5 and for one complex, [La(5)6] (NO3)3·7H2O, have been completed and the latter reveals an unexpected bidentate chelation mode for 5 that involves the amide carbonyl oxygen atom and the 2-hydroxy oxygen atom of each ligand. The six bidentate ligands generate an icosohedral inner coordination sphere. The N-oxide oxygen atom of each ligand also hydrogen bonds with a 2-hydroxyl hydrogen atom in a neighboring ligand molecule in the same molecular unit.
Using "High Performance Two-Component Waterborne Polyurethane" Wood Coatings

Recent developments in coatings technology have resulted in two-component waterborne polyurethane wood coating formulations which offer the benefits of traditional solvent-borne systems; however, these 2K WB/PUR systems offer significant reductions over solvent-borne systems in VOCs and HAPs, meeting stringent environmental regulations. In addition, 2K WB/PUR systems meet specifications for finishes for kitchen cabinets, office, laboratory, and household furniture. This paper looks at the differences between solvent-borne polyurethane systems (2K SOV/PUR) and 2K WB/PUR systems. Also discussed are physical properties, formulation parameters, application techniques, and industrial hygiene issues.
TU-A-108-03: Validation and End-To-End Testing of a New Proton Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To perform validation of a novel Spread‐Out‐Bragg‐Peak (SOBP) modulation table method and to perform commissioning and end‐to‐end testing of the Pinnacle proton treatment planning system (TPS) for dose algorithm accuracy and clinical functionality. Methods: Beam model parameter values were determined using measurements in air and water. The effective‐SAD, virtual‐SAD, effective‐source‐size, and Bragg Peaks (BP) were calculated for each nozzle option for double‐scattering delivery in an IBA system. We then generated SOBPs for specific modulation values using a subset of BPs which produce a full plateau SOBP. Tables of modulation and BP cumulative weights were used to produce the SOBP functions for each option. Patient treatment plans for brain and prostate sites and corresponding apertures and range compensators were generated. The patient plans were copied onto a water phantom using built‐in TPS tools. Central axis depth dose profiles were measured using 1D scanning inside a water tank. Planar doses were obtained using a MatriXX 2D ion‐chamber array located at isocenter, and 2 cm upstream and downstream from isocenter. Corresponding planes and profiles were calculated and compared with measurements. Results: Comparisons between measured SOBPs for various sub‐options confirmed the novel beam model approach was clinically acceptable to within 1–3% error at the SOBP entrance region. The measured ranges and modulations were within 1 mm of calculated ones. The agreement between measured and calculated 2D planar dose data is 98% at the three different depths using 3 % and 3 mm gamma criteria. Conclusion: A novel modulation table method was validated through end‐to‐end testing of a commissioned Pinnacle proton TPS for an IBA delivery system. This approach covers all sub‐options for a given option. Analysis of agreement between calculated and measured profiles indicates that the Pinnacle proton dosimetric accuracy is comparable to our currently used commercial proton TPS. Philips Medical Systems
Noradrenergic regulation of cytosol estrogen receptors in female rat hypothalamus: possible role ofga2-noradrenergic receptors

Because of the previous work demonstrating that the alpha 1-noradrenergic receptor antagonist, prazosin, decreases the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in rat mediobasal hypothalamus, a series of experiments was performed to determine the specificity of this effect to the alpha 1-noradrenergic system. Injection of the alpha 2-noradrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, caused a decrease in the concentration of estrogen receptors in mediobasal hypothalamus. In addition, the down-regulation of cytosol estrogen receptors by either the alpha 1-noradrenergic antagonist, prazosin, or the alpha 2-noradrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, could be blocked by pretreatment with the alpha 2-noradrenergic agonist, clonidine. The alpha 1-noradrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, was ineffective in blocking the effects of the alpha 1-noradrenergic antagonist, prazosin. These results add further support to the hypothesis that the alpha-noradrenergic system modulates the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in the rat hypothalamus. They suggest that the modulation may occur by way of alpha 2-noradrenergic receptors in addition to, or instead of, alpha 1-noradrenergic receptors.
NORMAL GROWTH, REGENERATION, AND ADVENTITIOUS OUTGROWTH FORMATION IN FERN PROTHALLIA

THE SYMMETRICAL heart-shaped fern prothallium provides an excellent subject for studies on growth. It has a simple form and a relatively small number of cells; it thrives under conditions which are easy to maintain; it can be cut very easily in order to study growth changes. Since the middle of the last century an extenlsive literature dealing with the growth and development of the fern prothallium has been published (see Dopp, 1927; Orth, 1936). Few of these accounts, however, present material which can be used in making quantitative analyses of the growth process. Most of the previous work has been concerned with a purely descriptive analysis of the early growth of various prothallia. Dopp (1927) traced the " cell lineage " of a single prothallium of Onoclea struthopteris which he was able to follow over a period of 47 days. From his data significant quantitative relations of the normal growth process may be worked out. Of further interest is the phenomenon described by Heim (1896), Goebel (1905), and Linsbauer (1926). When cells of the prothallium which come from the apical region or close to it are isolated by cutting, they continue to grow. Here again no data are available which permit a correlation of this type of growth with the growth of the whole prothallium from the point of view of mass and form relations. Prothallia which lack an apical region develop adventitious sprouts (Heim, 1896; Goebel, 1905; Linsbauer, 1926). These are derivatives of single inner or marginal cells which grow out in a manner analogous to the outg,rowth of a prothallial filament from its spore. In many cases such sprouts produce an apical region and eventually may give rise to a complete prothallium with sex organs capable of functioning in fertilization. Adventitious sprouts rarely appear on young, actively growing, uninjured prothallia under optimal conditions of light, temperature, and huimidity. They were first observed by Hofmeister (1851) on abortive prothallia of Notochlaena, Allosorus, and Gymnogramme where they arose from border cells. Since then they have been seen in many fern genera. They have appeared on prothallia subjected to a variety of abnormal conditions: (1) grown close together; (2) isolated from old cultures; (3) placed under lights of different wave length; (4)
Teachers' Expectations for the Younger Siblings of Learning Disabled Students:

Recent research has suggested that special education labels influence teachers' expectations not only for students but also for their younger siblings. Two investigations were conducted to ascertain teachers' expectations for the performance of the younger siblings of LD students. In the first study teachers were asked to make predictions about the performance of students they were currently teaching; these students had older siblings (either learning disabled or normal) whom the teacher had previously taught. In the second study teachers rated the expected performance of hypothetical younger siblings of LD students they were currently teaching.Results of both investigations indicated that teachers held lower expectations for younger siblings of LD than of non-LD students. Specific content areas in which lower performance was expected are delineated. The results suggest not only that educators must be wary of the deleterious effects of the label learning disabled on the student but also that they must be ...
Figures of Merit Comparison of Reflectance and Transmittance Near-Infrared Methods for the Prediction of Constituent Concentrations in Pharmaceutical Compacts

The purpose of this work was to demonstrate how multivariate figures of merit, in conjunction with accuracy and precision statistics, can be used to evaluate the performance of near-infrared reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy for the nondestructive chemical quantification of intact pharmaceutical compacts. A total of 174 four-component compacts were produced at five compaction pressures following a fully balanced quaternary design. Near-infrared spectra were measured in both reflectance and transmittance modes. Partial least-squares regression was used to model spectroscopic response, and net analyte signal theory was used to generate the figures of merit. It was discovered that sample positioning variation more negatively impacted the performance (analytical sensitivity, S/N ratio, limit of detection) of the transmittance method. Process analytical technology implementation teams should consider these aspects during technology selection, method development, and validation.
Development of a transmission model for dengue virus

Dengue virus (DENV) research has historically been hampered by the lack of a susceptible vertebrate transmission model. Recently, there has been progress towards such models using several varieties of knockout mice, particularly those deficient in type I and II interferon receptors. Based on the critical nature of the type I interferon response in limiting DENV infection establishment, we assessed the permissiveness of a mouse strain with a blunted type I interferon response via gene deficiencies in interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3/7 −/− −/−) with regards to DENV transmission success. We investigated the possibility of transmission to the mouse by needle and infectious mosquito, and subsequent transmission back to mosquito from an infected animal during its viremic period. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with non-mouse adapted DENV-2 strain 1232 and serum was tested for viral load and cytokine production each day. Additionally, mosquitoes were orally challenged with the same DENV-2 strain via artificial membrane feeder, and then allowed to forage or naive mice. Subsequently, we determined acquisition potential by allowing naive mosquitoes on forage on exposed mice during their viremic period. Both needle inoculation and infectious mosquito bite(s) resulted in 100% infection. Significant differences between these groups in viremia on the two days leading to peak viremia were observed, though no significant difference in cytokine production was seen. Through our determination of transmission and acquisition potentials, the transmission cycle (mouse-to mosquito-to mouse) was completed. We confirmed that the IRF3/7 −/− −/− mouse supports DENV replication and is competent for transmission experiments, with the ability to use a non-mouse adapted DENV-2 strain. A significant finding of this study was that this IRF3/7 −/− −/− mouse strain was able to be infected by and transmit virus to mosquitoes, thus providing means to replicate the natural transmission cycle of DENV. As there is currently no approved vaccine for DENV, public health monitoring and a greater understanding of transmission dynamics leading to outbreak events are critical. The further characterization of DENV using this model will expand knowledge of key entomological, virological and immunological components of infection establishment and transmission events.
The role of black Barbudans in the establishment of open-range cattle herding in the colonial Caribbean and South Carolina

Abstract Some significant problems remain in understanding the establishment of open-range cattle herding in the Caribbean and North America, especially regarding the role of blacks in that process. Research to date has identified the Greater Antilles, especially Spanish Cuba and British Jamaica, as the sole Caribbean sources of settlers who established the herding systems of, respectively, Mexico and South Carolina. Yet an open-range cattle herding system also occurred in the British Lesser Antilles, which provided many of the settlers for the South Carolina colony. Archival and field research in Antigua and Barbuda provide the basis for comprehensive reconstruction of that system's material culture and herding ecology, demonstration of the role of blacks in its operation, and comparison with other relevant systems to consider whether the British Lesser Antilles might also have been involved in the process through which open-range cattle herders established themselves in South Carolina during the late seventeenth century.
Vascular and extravascular immunoreactivity for Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 in the orbitofrontal cortex of subjects with major depression: age-dependent changes

Background Vascular and immune alterations in the prefrontal cortex may contribute to major depression in elderly subjects. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), major inflammatory mediator in vessels and astrocytes, could be altered in geriatric depression, but little is known about its age-dependent expression in subjects with depression and its relationship to astrocytes identified by the marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), found to be reduced in depression.
Health Promotion for the Rural Elderly

: There has been increased interest in developing health promotion programs for the rural elderly as a means to foster successful aging. The present study describes one such program and identifies rural and urban differences in health promotion activities. Data corne from the California Preventive Health Cane for the Aging Program (PHCAP) which is one of the oldest and largest such programs in the United States. A sample of over 5,000 PHCAP clients was draum from rural, semi-rural and urban projects. Though the rural and urban clients differed significantly with respect to demographic characteristics, differences in health promotion practices were relatively minor. However, the health promotion practices of semi-rural residents differed considerably from that in rural projects. Though less disabled, semi-rural clients received a greater scope of health promotion activities than rural clients. The authors discuss possible site, practitioner and client factors which may bave accounted for rural health promotion activities being more restricted. Regardless of Project site, the California PHCAP detected many health problems and a majority of clients were referred to other health professionals for treatment.
To disclose or not to disclose, that is the question: A structural equation modeling approach to communication privacy management in e-health

Driven by communication privacy management (CPM) theory and regulatory focus theory (RFT), this study examined important antecedents of information withholding and truthful disclosure in the novel context of e-health communication. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that health consumers' behavioral activation system (BAS) and favorable evaluation of an e-health website are positive predictors of truthful disclosure and that health consumers' prevention regulatory focus and self-concealment tendency are positive predictors of information sensitivity. Theoretical contributions regarding the relevance of CPM and RFT to computer-mediated communication (CMC) and practical implications for the design of persuasive e-health websites are discussed.
Physlets: delivering media-focused problems anytime anywhere

Physlets are small scriptable Java applets capable of displaying physics content. Because Physlets are embedded into HTML and because they are scriptable, they can easily be modified for use in concept tests, homework, class-demonstration, and Just-In-Time Teaching. Physlets are easy to use since they are based on standard non-proprietary Internet technologies. In this article we discuss the use and effectiveness of Physlets. Physlets are free for non-commercial use at educational institutions. They may be downloaded from the Davidson College WebPhysics site, http://webphysics.davidson.edu.
Trk activation in the secretory pathway promotes Golgi fragmentation

Activation of nascent receptor tyrosine kinases within the secretory pathway has been reported, yet the consequences of intracellular activation are largely unexplored. We report that overexpression of the Trk neurotrophin receptors causes accumulation of autoactivated receptors in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Autoactivated receptors exhibit inhibited Golgi-mediated processing and they inhibit Golgi-mediated processing of other co-expressed transmembrane proteins, apparently by inducing fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Signaling from G protein-coupled receptors is known to induce Trk transactivation. Transactivation of nascent TrkB in hippocampal neurons resulting from exposure to the neuropeptide PACAP caused Golgi fragmentation, whereas BDNF-dependent activation of TrkB did not. TrkB-mediated Golgi fragmentation employs a MEK-dependent signaling pathway resembling that implicated in regulation of Golgi fragmentation in mitotic cells. Neuronal Golgi fragments, in the form of dendritically localized Golgi outposts, are important determinants of dendritic growth and branching. The capacity of transactivated TrkB to enhance neuronal Golgi fragmentation may represent a novel mechanism regulating neural plasticity.
Modulation of Elicited Behavior by a Fixed-Interval Schedule of Electric Shock Presentation

Responding elicited in the squirrel monkey by electric shocks presented every 60 seconds was gradually altered in temporal patterning, especially when the shock was also produced by responses under a 30-second fixed-interval schedule. The initially elicited pattern of maximal responding just after each shock was altered by the recurrent shock and by the added fixed-interval schedule to a pattern of maximal responding just before each shock. Most shocks were produced by responses and the response pattern was maintained for several months, but little responding occurred when shocks were omitted.
Blood flow and functional responses correlate in the ovine neural lobe

Abstract Regional neurohypophyseal and cerebral blood flow were measured in 5 awake unstressed female sheep with radiolabelled micrispheres before and after the intracarotid infusion of a 3% NaCl solution. Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were concurrently measured by radioimmunoassay. Following intracarotid sodium chloride infusion, neural lobe (but not median eminence) blood flow significantly increased, as did plasma AVP levels. Directed thirst and water-seeking behavior was observed, accompanied by a global increase in cortical blood flow. We conclude that the neuroendocrine response and the behavioral display induced by intracarotid sodium chloride infusion are accompanied by increases in blood flow in selected brain regions.
The C-terminus of Utp4, mutated in childhood cirrhosis, is essential for ribosome biogenesis

The small subunit (SSU) processome is a large ribonucleoprotein that is required for maturation of the 18S rRNA of the ribosome. Recently, a missense mutation in the C-terminus of an SSU processome protein, Utp4/Cirhin, was reported to cause North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC). In this study, we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to investigate the role of the NAIC mutation in ribosome biogenesis. While we find that the homologous NAIC mutation does not cause growth defects or aberrant ribosome biogenesis in yeast, we show that an intact C-terminus of Utp4 is required for cell growth and maturation of the 18S and 25S rRNAs. A protein-protein interaction map of the seven-protein t-Utp subcomplex of which Utp4 is a member shows that Utp8 interacts with the C-terminus of Utp4 and that this interaction is essential for assembly of the SSU processome and for the function of Utp4 in ribosome biogenesis. Furthermore, these results allow us to propose that NAIC may be caused by dysfunctional pre-ribosome assembly due to the loss of an interaction between the C-terminus of Utp4/Cirhin and another SSU processome protein.
Increased Intraocular Pressure After Third Ventricle Injections of Prostaglandin E1 and Arachidonic Acid

Prostaglandin E1 administered into the third ventricle of rabbits produced increased intraocular pressure and body temperature. Similar responses were observed after third ventricle instillation of arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandin E2. Increase of body temperature occurred with lower doses of prostaglandin E1 and arachidonic acid while the intraocular pressure response required larger amounts of these drugs. Pretreatment with aspirin rectal suppositories had no effect on the third ventricle responses induced by prostaglandin E1. Aspirin pretreatment before third ventricle instillation of arachidonic acid blocked the increases of intraocular pressure and temperature.
Prevention of infectious bursal disease (IBD) by feeding IBD virus-immune bovine colostrum

Addition of 5% freeze-dried IBD virus (IBDV)-immune bovine colostrum to the diet of chickens prevented infection when housed in an IBDV-contaminated environment. Four of five chickens receiving 2.5%, and all chickens receiving 0.5% or no IBDV-immune colostrum were infected. No interference with development of an active immunity was found in chickens receiving 5% IBDV-immune colostrum in their diet and vaccinated intramuscularly with modified IBDV.
Acute-phase insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in young and aged normal men and diabetic patients.

A defect in the early phase of insulin secretion has been proposed as a major determinant of the impaired glucose homeostasis of adult onset diabetes. Since the process of aging is also associated with a deterioration of glucose tolerance, we have measured the acute phase of insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate (Kg) after a 20 g glucose pulse in 11 normal, healthy men greater than 65 yr and compared it with the response in 11 nondiabetic men 20–31 yr. The mean fasting plasma sugar levels of the aged subjects (107 mg/dl), tended to be higher than that of the young (94 mg/dl). Comparison of Kg provided clear separation (P < 0.01) of the old (mean Kg = 0.93) from the young population (mean kg = 1.95). The acute insulin response to the glucose pulse when expressed either as the area above basal for the 10 min post stimulation or as the mean incremental increase above basalat 3, 4 and 5 min (Δ3–5 IRI) was the same in both timing and magnitude for the old and young subjects. Although our aged subjects ha...
Evidence for reactive synaptogenesis in the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus of the rat: changes in high affinity glutamate uptake and numbers of corticofugal fiber terminals.

High affinity glutamate uptake into corticofugal fiber terminals was measured in the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus at varying time intervals after lesions were made by kainic acid in the contralateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum in rats. Under similar conditions the density of cortical fiber terminals was estimated using the Fink-Heimer impregnation technique. 1. Glutamate uptake steadily increased in the ventrolateral thalamus up to 60 days after lesions in the contralateral cerebellum. 2. Similar changes were noted in the red nucleus. 3. The changes were dependent on the integrity of corticofugal fibers to the thalamus and red nucleus. 4. No changes in uptake of gammaaminobutyric acid were noted. 5. Saturation curves for glutamate uptake suggested a change in the maximal number of transport sites. 6. Fink-Heimer degeneration studies showed an increase in cortical terminals in the ipsilateral ventrolateral thalamus and in both rostral and caudal regions of the red nucleus following lesions in the contralateral interpositus nucleus. The data are consistent with an increase in the number of cortical fiber terminals in reaction to loss of cerebellar input to the ventrolateral thalamus and red nucleus. This study correlates anatomical and biochemical evidence for collateral sprouting in a model based on electrophysiologic data in the red nucleus and extends the model to include the thalamus.
Zur Behandlung elliptischer partieller Differentialgleichungen mit funktionentheoretischen Methoden

Die Losungen elliptischer partieller Differentialgleichungen lassen sich auf funktionentheoretischer Grundlage untersuchen. Als wichtiges Hilfsmittel dienen hierbei Bergman-Integraloperatoren, die analytische Funktionen in Losungen solcher Gleichungen transformieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zunachst auf die Anwendung funktionentheoretischer Methoden bei stationaren zweidimensionalen Stromungen kompressibler Flussigkeiten hingewiesen. Der zweite Abschnitt betrifft eine allgemeine Methode zur Einfuhrung von Integraloperatoren. Schlieslich werden einige grundlegende Eigenschaften harmonischer Funktionen dreier Veranderlicher unter Verwendung von Integraloperatoren untersucht. The solutions of elliptic partial differential equations may be investigated by using the theory of functions. An important tool is Bergman integral operators which transform analytic functions into solutions of such equations. The first part of the present paper describes the use of function-theoretical methods in dealing with stationary two-dimensional flows of incompressible fluids. The second part concerns a general method of introducing integral operators. Finally, some fundamental properties of harmonic functions of three variables are investigated by using integral operators.
Synthesis of 5‐Oxo and 7‐Oxopyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines

Synthese de l'amino-4 methylthio-2 dihydro-5,8 pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidinone-5 a partir du derive ethoxycarbonyl-6; synthese de l'amino-4 methylthio-2 dihydro-7,8 pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidinone-7 par reaction de la diamino-4,6 methylthio-2 pyrimidine avec l'ethoxy-3 acrylate d'ethyle ou avec son derive ethoxycarbonyl-2; regiochimie de cette derniere reaction
Impedance Based Rapid Method for Detection of Spoilage Organisms in UHT Low-Acid Foods

An impedance procedure was developed for rapid screening of low acid foods. Impedance Medium was used during the pre-enrichment step and the capacitance monitoring stage using the Bactometer®. Thermophiles and mesophiles were detected by incubating at 55°C and 35°C. Anaerobes were detected by either placing the Bactometer® in an anaerobic chamber or adding an oxygen reducing membrane fraction directly to the medium. Naturally contaminated foods containing approximately 104 CFU/g resulted in detections within 8 hr. Artificially contaminated products with 104 CFU/g resulted in detections within 24 hr (6 hr pre-enrichment inclusive). This procedure screened low-acid foods within 24 hr, faster than the conventional methodology.
Observation of a UV absorption band in Ar3+ near 300 nm

The characteristic 2Σg+ ← 2Σu+ absorption band of Ar2+ near 300 nm is found to remain essentially intact in Ar3+ as well as the larger argon clusters. This absorption is slightly blue-shifted and of about half the intensity of the Ar2+ absorption. We account for these observations with a model invoking an Ar2+·Ar double minimum ground state for Ar3+ and suggest that the visible spectrum of this species arises from an intracluster electron transfer excitation.
Non-Hajj Pilgrimage in Islam: A Neglected Dimension of Religious Circulation

Emphasis by geographers on the study of the hajj to Mecca has resulted in the neglect of ziarat, or non-hajj pilgrimages to other Islamic holy places. Associated with saints, many of the Sufi order, and martyrs, these holy places attract a vast number of pilgrims. Non-hajj pilgrimages may also be considered symbolic of the regional cultural expressions of Islam, especially in the non-Arab countries. This preliminary study situates ziarat within a typology of Islamic religious circulation. It shows that ziarat is part of the dynamic tradition of religious circulation in Islam in various regions: North Africa, Shia areas of Southwestern Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.