cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The link between callosal thickness and intelligence in healthy children and adolescents

The link between brain structure and intelligence is a well-investigated topic, but existing analyses have mainly focused on adult samples. Studies in healthy children and adolescents are rare, and normative data specifically addressing the association between corpus callosum morphology and intellectual abilities are quite limited. To advance this field of research, we mapped the correlations between standardized intelligence measures and callosal thickness based on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Our large and well-matched sample included 200 normally developing subjects (100 males, 100 females) ranging from 6 to 17 years of age. Although the strongest correlations were negative and confined to the splenium, the strength and the direction of intelligence-callosal thickness associations varied considerably. While significant correlations in females were mainly positive, significant correlations in males were exclusively negative. However, only the negative correlations in the overall sample (i.e., males and females combined) remained significant when controlling for multiple comparisons. The observed negative correlations between callosal thickness and intelligence in children and adolescents contrast with the positive correlations typically reported in adult samples. However, negative correlations are in line with reports from other pediatric studies relating cognitive measures to other brain attributes such as cortical thickness, gray matter volume, and gray matter density. Altogether, these findings suggest that relationships between callosal morphology and cognition are highly dynamic during brain maturation. Sex effects on links between callosal thickness and intelligence during childhood and adolescence are present but appear rather weak in general.
Exo70p mediates the secretion of specific exocytic vesicles at early stages of the cell cycle for polarized cell growth.

In budding yeast, two classes of post-Golgi secretory vesicles carrying different sets of cargoes typified by Bgl2p and invertase are delivered to the plasma membrane for secretion. The exocyst is implicated in tethering these vesicles to the daughter cell membrane for exocytosis. In this study, we report that mutations in the exocyst component Exo70p predominantly block secretion of the Bgl2p vesicles. Furthermore, a defect in invertase vesicle trafficking caused by vps1Δ or pep12Δ in the exo70 mutant background is detrimental to the cell. The secretion defect in exo70 mutants was most pronounced during the early budding stage, which affected daughter cell growth. The selective secretion block does not occur at the vesicle formation or sorting stage because the exocytic vesicles are properly generated and protein processing is normal in the exo70 mutants. Our study suggests that Exo70p functions primarily at early stages of the cell cycle in Bgl2p vesicle secretion, which is critical for polarized cell growth.
ACANTHOMATOUS AMELOBLASTOMA OF THE MAXILLA OF AN ADULT ALPACA

An adult alpaca presented with a large maxillary swelling. Facial trauma or a tooth root abscess was suspected. Radiographically there was a large expansile lesion displacing the right maxillary teeth. An ameloblastoma was diagnosed histologically and palliative radiation therapy was attempted. Because of poor response to therapy and anorexia the animal was euthanized. Necropsy findings confirmed an ameloblastoma of acanthomatous type.
Asymmetric Tidal Mixing due to the Horizontal Density Gradient

Abstract Stratification and turbulent mixing exhibit a flood–ebb tidal asymmetry in estuaries and continental shelf regions affected by horizontal density gradients. The authors use a large-eddy simulation (LES) model to investigate the penetration of a tidally driven bottom boundary layer into stratified water in the presence of a horizontal density gradient. Turbulence in the bottom boundary layer is driven by bottom stress during flood tides, with low-gradient (Ri) and flux (Rf) Richardson numbers, but by localized shear during ebb tides, with Ri = ¼ and Rf = 0.2 in the upper half of the boundary layer. If the water column is unstratified initially, the LES model reproduces periodic stratification associated with tidal straining. The model results show that the energetics criterion based on the competition between tidal straining and tidal stirring provides a good prediction for the onset of periodic stratification, but the tidally averaged horizontal Richardson number Rix has a threshold value of abou...
N-[2-(Pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-derivatives of methane-, benzene- and toluenesulfonamide: prospective ligands for metal coordination.

The mol­ecular and supra­molecular structures are reported of N-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]methane­sulfonamide, C8H12N2O2S, (I), N-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]benzene­sulfonamide, C13H14N2O2S, (II), and N-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]toluene­sulfonamide, C14H16N2O2S, (III). Although (II) and (III) are almost structurally identical, the N(amide)—C(ethyl)—C(ethyl)—C(pyridinyl) torsion angles for (I) and (II) are more closely comparable, with magnitudes of 175.37 (15)° for (I) and 169.04 (19)° for (II). This angle decreases dramatically with an additional methyl group in the para position of the sulfonamide substituent, resulting in a value of 62.9 (2)° for (III). In each of the three compounds there is an N—H⋯N hydrogen bond between the sulfon­amide of one mol­ecule and the pyridine N atom of a neighbor. Compound (I) forms hydrogen-bonded dimers, (II) uses its hydrogen bonding to connect supra­molecular layers, and the hydrogen bonding of (III) connects linear chains to form layers. For arene-substituted (II) and (III), the different conformations afforded by the variable dihedral angles promote inter­molecular π–π stacking in the benzene-substituted structure (II), but distorted intra­molecular T-shaped π-stacking in the toluene-substituted structure (III), with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 4.9296 (10) A.
A crossover study with single & divided-dose oral naloxone (NX), oral pentazocine/NX, & intravenous NX in healthy subjects

Background/Aims To study the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous NX. Methods 18 subjects, ages 18 to 45y, were randomized in a 4-way crossover study to receive pentazocine/NX (PNX) (Talwin® Nx containing ~0.55 mg NX); 1.5 mg single-dose oral NX; 1.5 mg oral NX as 0.75, ~0.25, ~0.25, and ~0.25 mg at 0, 3, 6, and 9h respectively; and 0.5 mg of 0.4 mg/mL IV NX at 7-day intervals in 1 of 4 sequences. Subjects were in-house before dosing and for 6–12 h afterwards. Plasma concentrations of NX were analyzed to determine AUCt, Cmax, t½, and tmax. Cl and Vdss were determined for the IV dose. Results NX was well tolerated, 17 subjects completed the study. The t½ of NX following IV dosing was 0.92h (could not be estimated for the 3 oral treatments). The AUCt of NX for the 0.5 mg IV dose, PNX, and single and divided oral doses was 3199, 5.9, 47.4, & 64.9 pg· h/mL, respectively. The Cl and Vdss for IV were 2854 mL/min & 217 L. Following all oral doses, an average of ~1% of NX was systemically bioavailable (significant first-pass), with intersubject CV ranging from 59%- to 129%. Peak and total exposures of oral NX were also highly variable. Conclusions ≤1% of oral NX is bioavailable. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P85–P85; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.216
Submicroradian pointing system design for deep-space optical communications

This paper summarizes NASA/JPL progress on sub-microradian pointing system design. Sub-microradian pointing has been found to be critical for the deep space optical communications from earlier studies. The objective of current effort is to develop the needed technologies and demonstrate a sub-microradian pointing capability under simulated spacecraft vibrations. This is expected to establish the foundation for future deep space optical communication missions. The point system, once built, should be able to support optical communications anywhere within solar system for non-orbiting spacecraft. The proposed pointing system is based on high precision inertial sensors and large format focal plane arrays, which can operate under low intensity beacon sources such as stars. This design concept drastically deviates from the conventional design limited for short range, which assumes high signal level and quadrant detectors or small format focal plane arrays. We will present the architecture of the pointing system, pointing error analysis, and the progresses on the laboratory validations.
A Monte-Carlo Study of Type I Error Rates and Power for Tukey's Pocket Test

Abstract Tukey's pocket test (1959) is a two-group test of mean differences for which the calculations do not require a calculator or a book of tables. The critical values for the test were derived mathematically by Tukey, and the Type I errors and power of the test when n = 20 and n = 40 for normal and bimodal distributions were studied by Neave and Granger (1968). As an extension of the findings of Neave and Granger, a Monte-Carlo simulation to study Type I errors and power for Tukey's pocket test, with sample sizes ranging from 5 to 100 for both normal and skewed distribution shapes, was conducted. The critical values derived by Tukey worked well, even if the data were heavily skewed. With normal data, the test was reasonably powerful for smaller sample sizes but lost relative power for larger sample sizes, compared with the t test. With skewed data, Tukey's pocket test was often more powerful than the t test.
A method for simulating non-normal distributions.

A method of introducing a controlled degree of skew and kurtosis for Monte Carlo studies was derived. The form of such a transformation on normal deviates [X ≈N(0, 1)] isY =a +bX +cX 2 +dX 3. Analytic and empirical validation of the method is demonstrated.
Three-dimensional single-particle imaging using angular correlations from X-ray laser data

Femtosecond X-ray pulses from X-ray free-electron laser sources make it feasible to conduct room-temperature solution scattering experiments far below molecular rotational diffusion timescales. Owing to the ultra-short duration of each snapshot in these fluctuation scattering experiments, the particles are effectively frozen in space during the X-ray exposure. In contrast to standard small-angle scattering experiments, the resulting scattering patterns are anisotropic. The intensity fluctuations observed in the diffraction images can be used to obtain structural information embedded in the average angular correlation of the Fourier transform of the scattering species, of which standard small-angle scattering data are a subset. The additional information contained in the data of these fluctuation scattering experiments can be used to determine the structure of macromolecules in solution without imposing symmetry or spatial restraints during model reconstruction, reducing ambiguities normally observed in solution scattering studies. In this communication, a method that utilizes fluctuation X-ray scattering data to determine low-resolution solution structures is presented. The method is validated with theoretical data calculated from several representative molecules and applied to the reconstruction of nanoparticles from experimental data collected at the Linac Coherent Light Source.
Trends in Use of Ancillary Glaucoma Tests for Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma from 2001 to 2009

Purpose To assess trends in the use of ancillary diagnostic tests in the evaluation of patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and glaucoma suspects over the past decade. Design Retrospective, longitudinal cohort analysis. Participants A total of 169 917 individuals with OAG and 395 721 individuals with suspected glaucoma aged ≥40 years enrolled in a national United States managed care network between 2001 and 2009. Methods Claims data were analyzed to assess trends in visual field (VF) testing, fundus photography (FP), and other ocular imaging (OOI) testing for patients with OAG or suspected glaucoma between 2001 and 2009. Repeated-measures logistic regression was performed to identify differences in the odds of undergoing these procedures in 2001, 2005, and 2009 and whether differences exist for patients under the exclusive care of optometrists versus ophthalmologists. Main Outcome Measures Odds and annual probabilities of undergoing VF testing, FP, and OOI for OAG from 2001 to 2009. Results For patients with OAG, the odds of undergoing VF testing decreased by 36% from 2001 to 2005, by 12% from 2005 to 2009, and by 44% from 2001 to 2009. By comparison, the odds of having OOI increased by 100% from 2001 to 2005, by 24% from 2005 to 2009, and by 147% from 2001 to 2009. Probabilities of undergoing FP were relatively low (13%–25%) for both provider types and remained fairly steady over the decade. For patients cared for exclusively by optometrists, the probability of VF testing decreased from 66% in 2001 to 44% in 2009. Among those seen exclusively by ophthalmologists, the probability of VF testing decreased from 65% in 2001 to 51% in 2009. The probability of undergoing OOI increased from 26% in 2001 to 47% in 2009 for patients of optometrists and from 30% in 2001 to 46% in 2009 for patients of ophthalmologists. By 2008, patients with OAG receiving care exclusively by optometrists had a higher probability of undergoing OOI than VF testing. Conclusions From 2001 to 2009, OOI increased dramatically whereas VF testing declined considerably. Because OOI has not been shown to be as effective at detecting OAG or disease progression compared with VF testing, increased reliance on OOI technology, in lieu of VF testing, may be detrimental to patient care. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Potassium-Argon Ages Bearing on the Igneous and Tectonic History of the Elk Mountains and Vicinity, Colorado: A Preliminary Report

K-Ar ages for epizonal plutonic rocks together with field studies indicate that uplift of the Sawatch Range began at least 72 m.y. ago. Vertical uplift of the Sawatch Range was followed or accompanied by gravity sliding of sedimentary rocks along the Elk Range thrust fault. The greatest volume of exposed intrusive rocks in the Elk Mountains, Ruby Range, and West Elk Mountains consists of granodioritic rocks of Oligocene age which are younger than the Elk Range thrust. Miocene and Pliocene(?) mafic dikes were emplaced after most of the structural features in the area had developed. The Treasure Mountain dome near Marble was formed by emplacement of a unique soda granite pluton about 12.5 m.y. ago. Discordant K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages for biotite from the Twin Lakes stock in the Sawatch Range suggest that this large pluton is of Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary age and lost argon during Oligocene plutonism, or is of Eocene age and represents a separate event not yet supported by other radiometric dates from the area.
MRI findings of bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in postcardiac transplant patient.

INTRODUCTION Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a rare complication of prolonged surgical hypotension. It can occur in patients who have undergone nonocular surgery, particularly associated with significant blood loss, prolonged anesthesia time, and hypotension. CASE REPORT We report a 48-year-old female patient who developed postoperative visual loss after cardiac transplantation. Her operative course was marked by prolonged hypotension. The patient's symptoms did not manifest until she was off sedatives. The initial ophthalmoscopic examination performed was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of restricted diffusion in both optic nerves consistent with bilateral PION. CONCLUSIONS PION remains a difficult clinical diagnosis to prove. We report a magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed case of bilateral PION. Radiologic findings, especially diffusion-weighted images, can assist in the early identification of diffusion changes in ischemic optic nerves.
Factors Associated with Health Promotion in Megachurches: Implications for Prevention

Objective Megachurches (churches with 2,000 + attendance) represent a community institution with extensive reach within the United States population, although little is known about their health and wellness programming (HWP). The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with HWP in megachurches. Design and Sample Staff at megachurches were recruited to take an online survey. Measures Questions addressed HWP, church demographics, health promotion-related beliefs, barriers, existing resources, and leader involvement (response rate 15.4%). Univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to examine influences on HWP. Results: Respondents (n = 110 churches) indicated that churches were primarily Baptist (23.6%) or Nondenominational (21.1%), had 2,500–4,999 congregation members (44.5%), primarily White congregation members (83.5%), and 31–60 employees (45.4%). More positive leader, advisory board, and church member perceptions of health and wellness, a supportive church doctrine for health, leader involvement in HWP, and the number of health-related and physical activity resources were positively associated with HWP (p < .05). Reporting fewer barriers was positively associated with HWP. The full regression model explained 56% of the variance in HWP, with number of health resources and church size as positive influences. Conclusions Targeting the social environment for health, implementing health-related policies and environmental changes could result in successful interventions for preventing chronic disease.
Comment on ``Roles of donor and acceptor nanodomains in 6% efficient thermally annealed polymer photovoltaics'' [Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 163511 (2007)]

In a recent letter, Kim et al. reported on a 6.1% efficient polymer photovoltaic cell. The reported 6.1% efficiency under standard reference conditions 25 °C, 1000 W m−2 total irradiance, IEC 60904 global reference spectrum is not consistent with the device’s reported quantum efficiency QE . The 6.1% claim comes from Fig. 3 for cell D2. The shortcircuit current density Jsc for this cell is not reported. However, digitizing the data in Fig. 3 yields a Jsc of 15.42±0.05 mA /cm2. Assuming the QE in Fig. 2 C at 297 K corresponds to the QE of cell D2, then this QE integrates to 8.40 mA /cm2 with a maximum QE of 61.8%. To make the QE in Fig. 2 C agree with the reported Jsc corresponding to the claimed 6.1% efficient cell, the maximum QE has to be 113%. This is not physically possible. Or conversely, the efficiency would have to be 3.3%. Claims that this is not the QE of cell D2 will have a relatively small effect, provided the wavelength range of the photoresponse is comparable. Since a well-calibrated reference cell was used and an attempt was made to estimate the spectral error, the mistake is probably in the device area—which is not unexpected for a device with an area less than 10 mm2. This implies substantial current or light collection outside the reported area.
A random effects epidemic-type aftershock sequence model

We consider an extension of the temporal epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model with random effects as a special case of a well-known doubly stochastic self-exciting point process. The new model arises from a deterministic function that is randomly scaled by a nonnegative random variable, which is unobservable but assumed to follow either positive stable or one-parameter gamma distribution with unit mean. Both random effects models are of interest although the one-parameter gamma random effects model is more popular when modeling associated survival times. Our estimation is based on the maximum likelihood approach with marginalized intensity. The methods are shown to perform well in simulation experiments. When applied to an earthquake sequence on the east coast of Taiwan, the extended model with positive stable random effects provides a better model fit, compared to the original ETAS model and the extended model with one-parameter gamma random effects.
1s2 1S-1s np 1P transitions of the helium isoelectronic sequence members up to Z = 30

Radial integrals have been calculated under the one-electron hydrogenic model. Two different values of the effective charge parameter, one for the initial state and the other for the final state, are retained in these formulae. The model is able to reasonably reproduce the existing dipole oscillator strength values with little effort. The dipole oscillator strength values are given for many ions for the first time.
Investigation of photocatalytically-active hydrated forms of amorphous titania, TiO2·nH2O

Abstract Low temperature preparations of hydrated forms of amorphous titania, TiO2·nH2O, have been obtained starting from Ti(n-butoxide)4 in ethanol, acetone, hexane or tetrahydrofuran solutions by either slow evaporation (TiO2–A1) or from rapid precipitation in an aqueous HCl solution using ammonia (TiO2–A2). The washed products lost/reabsorbed water up to a maximum of 19 wt.% for samples of TiO2–A1 (n ∼ 1.0) and 9.9% for TiO2–A2 (n ∼ 0.5), determined from TGA, and exhibited an optical band gap of ∼3.5 eV. Under full spectrum irradiation in aqueous methanol solutions the photocatalytic rates for H2 production reached a maximum of 314 and 1158 μmol h−1 g−1 for bare and platinized (0.5 wt.%) samples of TiO2–A1, respectively, and 210 and 170 μmol h−1 g−1 for TiO2–A2. The photocatalytic rates measured at a slightly elevated temperature of 58 °C were up to 2× greater than those measured nearer room temperature, while these rates were independent of the amount or type of solvent used in their preparation. The UV–vis diffuse reflectances, post irradiation, indicate a higher concentration of Ti3+ sites in TiO2–A1 compared to TiO2–A2, and thus a higher density of active sites and reduced electron–hole recombination.
Functional test content optimization for peak-power validation — An experimental study

One of the challenges of functional test content optimization, in the context of performance validation, is to predict from a high level model an event of interest observed in either a detailed simulation or in silicon testing. This work uses peak power validation as an example to study the potential of using learning algorithms to uncover the correlations between the different levels of abstraction. Using the OpenSPARC T2 microprocessor as the driving example, we have studied the use of three learning algorithms for building models to explain the events of interest in the output of a power simulation. These models are built based on features extracted from a high-level view of the design. We show that the learned models can be used to select assembly programs that are likely to produce similar interesting events, and also can be used to produce constrained random assembly programs capable of exposing the events of our interest.
Endogenous cis,trans-Abscisic Acid and Pea Seed Development: Evidence for a Role in Seed Growth from Changes Induced by Temperature

Measurements were made using GC/MS SIM1 of the effects of temperature on cis,trans-ABA levels in developing ovules and embryos of two pea genotypes contrasted in seed size. These effects were then related to differences in the growth of the pods, seeds, embryos, and testae. In both genotypes high temperatures hastened the onset and rate of logarithmic and then linear growth, greatly shortening the duration of pod and seed development but without greatly altering seed size. Cis,trans-ABA was most concentrated in the ovules immediately after fertilization. It also accumulated in the embryo, more rapidly in the larger-seeded line, during seed maturation. The stage when accumulation in the embryo began was the same irrespective of temperature. Accumulation ceased when the pods started to desiccate. The effects of different constant temperatures on the maximum levels of embryo cis,trans-ABA were relatively small and confounded in one genotype by variation in ovule abortion and in the other by differences in the stage when cis,trans-ABA accumulation ceased. However, when plants were transferred from 13 °C to 29 °C at two different stages during seed maturation, further seed growth was greatly inhibited coincident with a substantial increase in embryo cis-trans-ABA. The results suggested a role for cis,trans-ABA in the control of cotyledon enlargement during the linear phase of seed growth.
Responses of antioxidant system to acute and trained exercise in rat heart subcellular fractions.

Abstract The effects of acute and trained exercise on antioxidant enzymes (AOE), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared in rat heart subcellular fractions and red blood cells. Fischer-344 rats were exercised acutely to 100% VO 2 max and another group of Fischer-344 rats were given trained exercise for 10 weeks. The AOE and MDA were measured by spectrophotometry and GSH and oxidized GSH (GSSG) by high pressure liquid chromatography. Trained exercise significantly increased cytosol GSH to 131% of sedentary control (SC). Acute exercise significantly increased mitochondrial Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase by 167%, 358%, and 129% of SC, respectively, whereas enzyme activities following trained exercise were increased by 133%, 166%, and 128% of SC. The mitochondria/cytosolic ratio for Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase after acute exercise increased to 1.9, 2.7, and 1.7, respectively, whereas the respective ratios of these enzymes after trained exercise were 1.3, 1.6, and 1.3. Acute exercise contributed to oxidative stress more than trained exercise. Acute exercise resulted in a larger increase in enzyme activities than trained exercise, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to cope with the enhanced production of Superoxides and oxyradicals during exhaustive exercise.
Illusions of compliance and governance

Purpose – This article aims to place recent corporate governance reforms in the historical context of the good corporate citizenship movement that began in the US in the mid‐1990s and came to an abrupt end in 2002 when the most recent spate of corporate scandals emerged. It explores what the apparent failure of this movement portends for the recently‐enacted governance reforms.Design/methodology/approach – The paper engages in a policy analysis of regulatory reform.Findings – After offering the tale of corporate governance, a critical take on current reforms, the paper finds the skeptic's and pessimist's account of corporate good citizenship movement to be most helpful in explaining the illusory nature of corporate reforms and the resilience of the regulatory status quo.Originality/value – The paper is a critical analysis of corporate governance reforms.
On the state of sublithospheric upper mantle beneath a supercontinent

SUMMARY An assumption of isothermal and static asthenosphere as the normal state of sublithospheric mantle, as commonly employed in studies of terrestrial magmatism, may be physically implausible for a system cooled from above. The growth of an unstable thermal boundary layer at the base of the lithosphere can lead to small-scale convection, so asthenosphere is expected to be usually convecting. A first-order estimate based on the energetics of convection suggests that mantle upwelling rate associated with such small-scale convection is on the order of 10 cm yr −1 for asthenospheric viscosity of 10 18 ‐10 19 Pa s. To investigate the potential role of such sublithospheric convection in anomalous magmatism associated with rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea, a simple upper-mantle convection problem with thick cratonic lithosphere is considered through finite element modelling. Strong three dimensionality is exhibited in our solutions, and the planform of convection is largely affected by the bottom topography of continental lithosphere. Our model also suggests that differential cooling, imposed by a variation in lithospheric lid thickness, may lead to large-scale convection, which brings uncooled, ‘hot’ material from the base of thick lithosphere to shallow asthenosphere. The potential importance of such sublithospheric convection in magmatism during continental rifting is discussed.
Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

While the biomechanical properties of bone are reasonably well understood at many levels of structural hierarchy, surprisingly little is known about the response of bone to loading at the ultrastructural and crystal lattice levels. In this study, our aim was to examine the response (i.e., rate of change of the vibrational frequency of mineral and matrix bands as a function of applied pressure) of murine cortical bone subjected to hydrostatic compression. We determined the relative response during loading and unloading of mineral vs. matrix, and within the mineral, phosphate vs. carbonate, as well as proteinated vs. deproteinated bone. For all mineral species, shifts to higher wave numbers were observed as pressure increased. However, the change in vibrational frequency with pressure for the more rigid carbonate was less than for phosphate, and caused primarily by movement of ions within the unit cell. Deformation of phosphate on the other hand, results from both ionic movement as well as distortion. Changes in vibrational frequencies of organic species with pressure are greater than for mineral species, and are consistent with changes in protein secondary structures such as alterations in interfibril cross-links and helix pitch. Changes in vibrational frequency with pressure are similar between loading and unloading, implying reversibility, as a result of the inability to permanently move water out of the lattice. The use of high pressure Raman microspectroscopy enables a deeper understanding of the response of tissue to mechanical stress and demonstrates that individual mineral and matrix constituents respond differently to pressure.
The spatial density of foreshocks

[1] Aftershocks follow a well-defined spatial decay pattern in the intermediate field. Here I investigate the same pattern for foreshocks. Foreshock linear density decays as r−1.5±0.1 over distances r of 0.1–30 km for 15 minutes before magnitude 3–4 mainshocks. This trend is the same as that of the aftershocks within the error of the measurement. This consistency of spatial decay can be explained by the clustering inherent in earthquake interactions. No additional preparatory process beyond earthquake triggering is necessary to explain the spatial decay.
Review of Nicholas C. Demetry & Edwin L. Clonts' Book: Awakening Love: The Universal Mission: Spiritual Healing in Psychology and Medicine

Demetry and Clonts were inspired by the late Stylianos Atteshlis (Dakalos), and they wrote a wonderful book on spiritual healing from a Christian perspective yet there is overlap with other spiritual traditions, including Isalm, Taoism and Buddhism to name a few." You can find this book at Amazon: Awakening Love: The Universal Mission: Spiritual Healing in Psychology and Medicine .
Novel Foraging in the Swash Zone on Pacific Sand Crabs (Emerita analoga, Hippidae) by Mallards

Abstract Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been observed foraging on intertidal Pacific sand crabs (Hippidae, Emerita analoga) in the swash zone of sandy beaches around Coal Oil Point Reserve, California, and several other beaches on the west coast since at least November 2010. Unlike foraging shorebirds, Mallards do not avoid incoming swashes. Instead, the incoming swash lifts and deposits them down the beach. Shorebirds and diving ducks commonly feed on sand crabs, but sand crabs appear to be a novel behavior and food source for Mallards. Previous surveys of beaches did not report foraging Mallards on regional beaches, whereas foraging Mallards were common in contemporary (recent) surveys and anecdotal reports. Observations of this potentially new behavior were separated by as much as 1,300 km, indicating that this was not a local phenomenon. Mallards foraged singly, in pairs, and in flocks. An expansion of diet to sand crabs carries risks of exposure to surf, human disturbance, high salt intake, and t...
Escape and Compensation from Early HLA-B57-Mediated Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Pressure on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Alter Capsid Interactions with Cyclophilin A

Certain histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are associated with improved clinical outcomes for individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but the mechanisms for their effects remain undefined. An early CD8(+) T-cell escape mutation in the dominant HLA-B57-restricted Gag epitope TW10 (TSTLQEQIGW) has been shown to impair HIV-1 replication capacity in vitro. We demonstrate here that this T(242)N substitution in the capsid protein is associated with upstream mutations at residues H(219), I(223), and M(228) in the cyclophilin A (CypA)-binding loop in B57(+) individuals with progressive disease. In an independent cohort of epidemiologically linked transmission pairs, the presence of these substitutions in viruses encoding T(242)N was associated with significantly higher plasma viremia in donors, further suggesting that these secondary mutations compensated for the replication defect of T(242)N. Using NL4-3 constructs, we illustrate the ability of these CypA loop changes to partially restore replication of the T(242)N variant in vitro. Notably, these mutations also enhanced viral resistance to the drug cyclosporine A, indicating a reduced dependence of the compensated virus on CypA that is normally essential for optimal infectivity. Therefore, mutations in TW10 allow HIV-1 to evade a dominant early CD8(+) T-cell response, but the benefits of escape are offset by a defect in capsid function. These data suggest that TW10 escape variants undergo a postentry block that is partially overcome by changes in the CypA-binding loop and identify a mechanism for an HIV-1 fitness defect that may contribute to the slower disease progression associated with HLA-B57.
George D. Herron and the Kingdom Movement

The story of the Kingdom movement of the 1890's is one of the most important chapters in the history of American social Christianity. In the middle years of the 1890's the Christian social movement really began to exert significant influence upon the American Protestant churches and to modify the character of certain denominations. The Kingdom movement played an important role in the events of these crucial years.
Combining metamodel techniques and Bayesian selection procedures to derive computationally efficient simulation-based optimization algorithms

This paper presents a simulation-based optimization (SO) algorithm for nonlinear problems with general constraints and computationally expensive evaluation of objective functions. It focuses on metamodel techniques. This paper proposes an SO technique that also uses metamodel information when testing the improvement of the proposed points. We use a Bayesian framework, where the parameters of the prior distributions are estimated based on probabilistic metamodel information. In order to derive an SO algorithm that achieves a good trade-off between detail, realism and computational efficiency, the metamodel combines information from a high-resolution simulator with information from a lower-resolution yet computationally efficient analytical differentiable network model. In this paper, we use the probabilistic information from the queueing model to estimate the parameters of the prior distributions. We evaluate the performance of this SO algorithm by addressing an urban traffic management problem using a detailed microscopic traffic simulator of the Swiss city of Lausanne.
Abortion Policy and Vulnerable Women in the United States: A Call for Social Work Policy Practice

Repressive abortion policy in the United States creates undue burdens for groups of vulnerable women, including adolescents, women of color, women living in rural areas, and women with economic disadvantages. Repressive abortion policy creates a two-tiered system of access to reproductive health care that is a particular disadvantage to vulnerable women. In this study, current policy is discussed with examples of such policies outlined in three areas: insurance coverage and Medicaid restrictions, mandatory waiting periods, and mandated state counseling. Social workers' role in policy practice is emphasized in regard to advocacy and abortion policy.
In situ with bystanders of augmented reality glasses: perspectives on recording and privacy-mediating technologies

Augmented reality (AR) devices are poised to enter the market. It is unclear how the properties of these devices will affect individuals' privacy. In this study, we investigate the privacy perspectives of individuals when they are bystanders around AR devices. We conducted 12 field sessions in cafes and interviewed 31 bystanders regarding their reactions to a co-located AR device. Participants were predominantly split between having indifferent and negative reactions to the device. Participants who expressed that AR devices change the bystander experience attributed this difference to subtleness, ease of recording, and the technology's lack of prevalence. Additionally, participants surfaced a variety of factors that make recording more or less acceptable, including what they are doing when the recording is being taken. Participants expressed interest in being asked permission before being recorded and in recording-blocking devices. We use the interview results to guide an exploration of design directions for privacy-mediating technologies.
Nonshared experiences within the family: Correlates of behavioral problems in middle childhood

One of the most dramatic findings from quantitative genetic research is that environmental influences shared by siblings in a family do not make the siblings similar in terms of psychopathology. Sibling resemblance for psychopathology appears to be genetic rather than environmental in origin; environmental influences that affect the development of psychopathology must be nonshared and make children in the same family different rather than similar. This study sets out to identify environmental factors that differ for young siblings and to assess associations between such nonshared factors and differences in the older siblings' outcome in two domains: internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Maternal interview and observations of differential maternal and sibling behavior were compared within 67 sibling dyads (younger and older siblings aged 4 and 7 years, respectively, on average), and differential experiences were related to the adjustment of the older sibling, as assessed by mother and teacher. Differential maternal behavior appeared to be particularly important as a predictor of adjustment problems. Older siblings showed internalizing problems in families in which mothers were less affectionate to the older than to the younger sibling. Greater maternal control toward the older than the younger sibling predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems. Differential maternal behavior explained 34% of the variance of internalizing behavior and 27% of the variance of externalizing behavior problems, independent of variance explained by family structure variables. Although the sample was unselected for psychopathology and was too small to permit analyses of the diagnosable extremes of internalizing and externalizing dimensions, these results are encouraging in relation to the goal of identifying systematic sources of nonshared environment that affect the development of psychopathology.
Binge Eating Proneness Emerges during Puberty in Female Rats: A Longitudinal Study

Puberty is a critical risk period for binge eating and eating disorders characterized by binge eating. Previous research focused almost entirely on psychosocial risk factors during puberty to the relative exclusion of biological influences. The current study addressed this gap by examining the emergence of binge eating during puberty in a rat model. We predicted that there would be minimal differences in binge eating proneness during pre-early puberty, but significant differences would emerge during puberty. Two independent samples of female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30 and n = 36) were followed longitudinally across pre-early puberty, mid-late puberty, and adulthood. Binge eating proneness was defined using the binge eating resistant (BER)/binge eating prone (BEP) model of binge eating that identifies BER and BEP rats in adulthood. Across two samples of rats, binge eating proneness emerged during puberty. Mixed linear models showed little difference in palatable food intake between BER and BEP rats during pre-early puberty, but significant group differences emerged during mid-late puberty and adulthood. Group differences could not be accounted for by changes in nonpalatable food intake or body weight. Similar to patterns in humans, individual differences in binge eating emerge during puberty in female rats. These findings provide strong confirming evidence for the importance of biological risk factors in developmental trajectories of binge eating risk across adolescence.
DMAPS: a database of multiple alignments for protein structures

The database of multiple alignments for protein structures (DMAPS) provides instant access to pre-computed multiple structure alignments for all protein structure families in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Protein structure families have been obtained from four distinct classification methods including SCOP, CATH, ENZYME and CE, and multiple structure alignments have been built for all families containing at least three members, using CE-MC software. Currently, multiple structure alignments are available for 3050 SCOP-, 3087 CATH-, 664 ENZYME- and 1707 CE-based families. A web-based query system has been developed to retrieve multiple alignments for these families using the PDB chain ID of any member of a family. Multiple alignments can be viewed or downloaded in six different formats, including JOY/html, TEXT, FASTA, PDB (superimposed coordinates), JOY/postscript and JOY/rtf. DMAPS is accessible online at http://bioinformatics.albany.edu/~dmaps.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes IL-10 Production by NK Cells

The cytokine IL-10 has an important role in limiting inflammation in many settings, including toxoplasmosis. In the present studies, an IL-10 reporter mouse was used to identify the sources of this cytokine following challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. During infection, multiple cell types expressed the IL-10 reporter but NK cells were a major early source of this cytokine. These IL-10 reporter(+) NK cells expressed high levels of the IL-12 target genes T-bet, KLRG1, and IFN-γ, and IL-12 depletion abrogated reporter expression. However, IL-12 signaling alone was not sufficient to promote NK cell IL-10, and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was also required for maximal IL-10 production. NK cells basally expressed the AHR, relevant chaperone proteins, and the AHR nuclear translocator, which heterodimerizes with the AHR to form a competent transcription factor. In vitro studies revealed that IL-12 stimulation increased NK cell AHR levels, and the AHR and AHR nuclear translocator were required for optimal production of IL-10. Additionally, NK cells isolated from T. gondii-infected Ahr(-/-) mice had impaired expression of IL-10, which was associated with increased resistance to this infection. Taken together, these data identify the AHR as a critical cofactor involved in NK cell production of IL-10.
Reduction of perchlorate and nitrate by salt tolerant bacteria

Spent regenerant brine from ion-exchange technology for the removal of perchlorate and nitrate produces a high salt waste stream, which requires remediation before disposal. Bioremediation is an attractive treatment option. In this study, we enriched for salt tolerant bacteria from sediments from Cargill salt evaporation facility (California, USA), the Salton Sea (California, USA), and a high density hydrocarbon oxidizing bacterial cocktail. The bacterial cocktail enrichment culture reduced ClO4 from 500 to 260 mg/l in 4 weeks. Salt tolerant bacterial isolates from the enrichment cultures and two denitrifying salt tolerant bacteria, Haloferax denitrificans and Paracoccus halodenitrficans, substantially reduced perchlorate. The highest rate of perchlorate removal was recorded with the isolate, Citrobacter sp.: 32% reduction in 1 week. This bacterium substantially reduced perchlorate in 0-5% NaCl solutions and maximally at 30 � C and at an initial pH 7.5. In simulated brines containing 7.5% total solids, the Citrobacter sp. significantly reduced both perchlorate and nitrate with 34.9 and 15.6% reduction, respectively, in 1 week. Coculture of a potent perchlorate reducing, non-salt tolerant (non-saline) bacterium, perc1ace and the Citrobacter sp. proved most effective for perchlo­ rate removal in the brine (46.4% in 1 week). This study demonstrates that both anions can be reduced in treatment of brines from ion exchange systems. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Zone fractionation of cyclohexane‐rich polystyrene–cyclohexane solid solutions

Experimental results on the application of zone melting techniques to dilute solutions of polystyrene in cyclohexane under various operating conditions are reported together with observations on static solidification tests on the solutions. The variables investigated were: polymer concentration, number of zones passed, zone length, and zone travel rate. The results showed that at slow zone travel rates (ca. 4.01 cm./hr.) redistribution of solute species occurs in conformity with thermodynamic predictions. In this case, a cyclohexane-rich liquid and a polymer-rich liquid, which coexist at temperatures just above the solidification range, react to form a cyclohexane-rich solid solution upon solidification. The solid solution contained a higher concentration of all polymer species than the cyclohexane-rich liquid, with the ratio of the concentration in the solid to the concentration in the liquid increasing exponentially with molecular weight of the solute. The net result was the accumulation of all solute species toward the head (i.e., first melted and first frozen) end of the zone melted ingot, with the higher molecular weight species enjoying the greatest redistribution in this respect. At moderately faster speeds of zone travel (ca. 4.83 cm./hr.), a reversal in the accumulation trend with molecular weight was found; the higher molecular weight species were carried increasingly to the tail (i.e., the last frozen) end of the sample. Increases in total polymer concentration enhanced this effect. These facts have been interpreted as suggesting that resorption of some of the higher molecular weight species from the polymer-rich phase was not sufficiently fast compared to the rate of freezing, and part of the polymer-rich phase was carried in the moving liquid zone. At significantly faster speeds of zone travel (ca. 9.66 cm./hr.) a decreased redistribution of solute species was found. Increased total polymer concentration reduced the selectivity of fractionation. This effect was interpreted as being the result of the lesser extent to which the resorption reaction in these experiments occurred in relation to the rate of movement of the interphase. Qualitative considerations on the thermodynamic characteristics of the polymer–solvent system most suitable for effective zone fractionation are discussed. The effect of zone fractionation upon the distribution of molecular weight for some of the samples is reported.
E-Crime Investigative Technologies

This paper describes three projects that are part of a research agenda in support of digital forensic investigations. The RD the UnMask project, which addresses the issue of automated support for investigation of phishing attacks; and the PAPA project, which was designed to capture interactions with cyberstalkers and perform sting operations. The DNA and UnMask tools are operational and undergoing testing. The testing of the PAPA tool suggested several alternate uses of the system.