cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison Of A Mosaic-Crystal Spectrometer To Ahigh-Performance Solid-State Detector For X-Ray Microfluorescence Analysis

The minimum-detectable-limit of a compact double-focusing graphite mosaic-crystal spectrometer is compared to the minimum-detectable-limit from a high-performance Ge solid-state detector. The solid angle and efficiency of the solid-state detector is much greater than for the crystal spectrometer. However, the better signal-to-noise of the spectrometer and its insensitivity to matrix fluorescence and scattering can give it a better minimum-detectable-limit for trace element analysis. The relative advantages of the two detectors are illustrated for some simple test samples. The performance of the crystal spectrometer compared to the solid-state detector increases as the flux in the x-ray probe increases. This makes crystal spectrometers especially interesting for use with new high intensity 3rd generation synchrotron microprobes. An estimate is made of the source and sample conditions favored for each detector.
Treatment of asthma by a controlled-release theophylline tablet formulation: a review of the North American experience with nocturnal dosing.

As many as 80 percent of asthmatics experience nighttime or early-morning episodes, which are difficult to treat and potentially fatal. The greater-than-normal amplitude of circadian airflow variation in many asthmatics contributes heavily to the genesis of the early ‘morning dip’. Beta-agonists and corticosteroids are of limited usefulness in nocturnal asthma, and slow-release theophylline drugs, while potentially effective, vary in 24-hr blood profile and hence their influence on nocturnal episodes. Traditional 12-hr ‘symmetric’ theophylline regimens, instead of meeting increased nocturnal demands, may actually produce lower night- than daytime blood levels. On the other hand, appropriately timed administration of a once-daily theophylline drug might provide maximum blood levels when needed and help stabilize 24-hr airflow.Accumulated data, summarized in this review, demonstrate the chronotherapeutic potential of single-daily evening doses of a controlled-release theophylline preparation (Uniphyl® 400-m...
NMR Line Narrowing by Means of Rotary Spin Echoes

The dipolar broadened F19 resonance line in Teflon has been narrowed by irradiating the solid with strong continuous rf magnetic fields under magic-angle conditions. The transverse magnetization in the rotating frame lost under the action of rf and dc magnetic field inhomogeneities has been recovered by means of rotary spin echoes produced by dc magnetic field pulses. The variation of the longitudinal relaxation with direction and strength of the effective magnetic field in this compound has also been measured.
Self perceived weakness in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Background Parkinson's disease (PD) has been known as “The Shaking Palsy” as well as “Paralysis Agitans”, yet clinically apparent weakness is not a feature of the disorder. Relative weakness, and early muscle fatigue may be demonstrated on testing but frank weakness should not be apparent on routine clinical examination. Aim To determine the prevalence of self perceived weakness (SPW) and whether this feeling was associated with the sense of fatigue. Methods We asked 113 consecutive PD patients, who had no demonstrable weakness on routine neurological exam and were able to provide reliable answers, whether they perceived themselves to be weak, and whether they felt fatigued. We did not use a fatigue questionnaire or measure strength. The motor scale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was also used to evaluate every subject. Results Self perceived weakness was reported by 43.8%. Self perceived weakness was associated with fatigue but not with bradykinesia, tremor or total motor score (motor severity). SPW is common in PD but affects less than half the studied population. SPW appears to be related to fatigue, a major determinant of quality of life in PD, and therefore is an important symptom to understand.
Codes For Optical Data Storage

Information that is stored in a digital memory can broadly be regarded astemporary or permanent. Temporary data is to be retained by the memory for some finitelength of time after which it will be updated or forgotten. From a coding point of view,an optical disk can be described as follows. Binary data can be stored on the disk byassociating the letter 0 with a blank and the letter 1 with a mark. Initially, a virgindisc consists of n blanks (n can be quite large, on the order of 1011). Marks arepermanently written on the disk by the use of a laser. Once data is written on the disk,the ability to write future data is hampered by the existence of previously written l's.The following simple and illuminating example will demonstrate the advantages of thealgebraic codes that we consider in this paper. Suppose we would like to store 2 bits ofdata wl on an optical disk and at some time in the future we would like to reuse thedisk to store 2 new bits of data w2. It is obvious that 4 cells of the disk aresufficient to achieve this, however, the interesting fact is that only 3 cells areneeded. Consider the following coding scheme. For the first message wl the encodershall use the following tableN1 y1
Does the child welfare system serve the neediest kinship care families

Abstract Little is known about how kinship care arrangements within the child welfare system compare to kinship placements outside the child welfare system. The purpose of this study is to better understand the characteristics that influence whether a child is placed in public or private kinship care. Using national level data, we employ bivariate analysis and logistic regression to evaluate how child, caregiver and state characteristics are related to the placement of children in public versus private kinship care. Our findings suggest that the child welfare system indeed serves the most vulnerable children. Children with disabilities, children with behavioral problems, and infants are all more likely in public kinship care compared to their counterparts. However, evidence on whether the most disadvantaged kinship caregivers are in public arrangements is mixed. On the one hand, kinship caregivers in public care are older, less educated, less likely employed, and more likely to have ever been on welfare. On the other hand, public kinship caregivers are less likely than private caregivers to live below the federal poverty line or experience food insecurities.
A probabilistic assessment of the primary coolant loop pipe fracture due to fatigue crack growth for a PWR plant

Abstract The work reported herein assesses the probability of a double-ended quillotine break of the hot leg, cold leg and cross-over line (for the purpose of this paper we defined it as a large LOCA) of a PWR plant subjected to the loads caused by plant transients and earthquakes. The work employs a fracture mechanics bases fatigue model to propagate cracks from an initial flaw distribution. Flaw size and aspect ratio, material properties, operating transient and seismic stress histories, pre-service and in-service inspections as well as leak detections are considered random variables to be input into the fatigue crack growth fracture mechanics model. A brief description of the model and interrelationship between various steps are also given.
Abiotic factors influencing abundance and microhabitat use of stream salamanders in southern Appalachian forests

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of habitat loss and degradation on amphibian populations it is necessary to determine species-specific habitat use and how this influences abundance. While a number of studies have examined the influence of competition and predation in stream salamander assemblages in the southern Appalachian Mountains, there remains a relative lack of knowledge on the microhabitat use of these species. Using area-constrained daytime searches, we investigated microhabitat use and abundance for stream-breeding salamanders in mature forests in southern Appalachian streams from May to August 2004. We found that leaf litter depth, soil moisture, and canopy cover were all higher and soil temperature was lower in plots where stream salamanders were encountered compared to plots where salamanders were not encountered. A regression analysis using the information-theoretic approach (AIC) revealed that the model that included distance from stream, leaf litter depth, soil moisture, and soil temperature had the strongest support for predicting stream salamander abundance at the landscape level ( ω i = 0.99). Microhabitat use in many species of stream salamanders is mediated by a number of complex factors including environmental variables, competition, and predation. Alteration of habitats likely results in increased competition and predation rates and subsequent local population declines, so it is imperative to mitigate the effects of practices such as even-aged timber harvesting in order to conserve amphibian biodiversity.
Practical and theoretical aspects of adjoint parameter estimation and identifiability in meteorology and oceanography

The present paper has two aims. One is to survey briefly the state of the art of parameter estimation in meteorology and oceanography in view of applications of 4-D variational data assimilation techniques to inverse parameter estimation problems, which bear promise of serious positive impact on improving model prediction. The other aim is to present crucial aspects of identifiability and stability essential for validating results of optimal parameter estimation and which have not been addressed so far in either the meteorological or the oceanographic literature. As noted by Yeh (1986, Water Resour. Res. 22, 95–108) in the context of ground water flow parameter estimation the inverse or parameter estimation problem is often ill-posed and beset by instability and nonuniqueness, particularly if one seeks parameters distributed in space-time domain. This approach will allow one to assess and rigorously validate results of parameter estimation, i.e. do they indeed represent a real identification of physical model parameters or just compensate model errors? A brief survey of other approaches for solving the problem of optimal parameter estimation in meteorology and oceanography is finally presented.
Interplay between site-specific mutations and cyclic nucleotides in modulating DNA recognition by Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein.

Mutagenesis of various amino acids in Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) has been shown to modulate protein compressibility and dynamics [Gekko et al. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 3844−3852]. Cooperativity of cAMP binding to CRP and the apparent DNA binding affinity are perturbed [Lin and Lee (2002) Biochemistry 41, 11857−11867]. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of mutation on the surface chemistry of CRP and to define the consequences of these changes in affecting specific DNA sequence recognition by CRP. Furthermore, the role of the interplay between mutation and specific identity of the bound cyclic nucleotide in this DNA recognition was explored. In the current study, effects of eight site-specific mutations (K52N, D53H, S62F, T127L, G141Q, L148R, H159L, and K52N/H159L) on DNA recognition of four sequences (Class I (site PI of lac), Class II (site PI of gal), and synthetic sequences that are hybrids of Classes I and II sites) modulated by three different cyclic nucleotides (c...
Clinical spectrum of secondary parkinsonism in childhood: a reversible disorder

Parkinsonism is an uncommon movement disorder in childhood. Six unusual cases of acquired parkinsonism in hospitalized children are described. Clinical manifestations included an akinetic-rigid syndrome with and without tremor, the combination of parkinsonism and dystonia, and a parkinsonism-plus syndrome. Altered mental status, mutism, dysphagia, and sialorrhea were frequent associations. Etiologies included hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; haloperidol treatment with and without neuroleptic malignant syndrome; toxicity of cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, and methotrexate; St. Louis encephalitis and other encephalitides; and a pineal tumor with hydrocephalus. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging results ranged from normal to profound cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with chemotherapeutic toxicity. The illnesses usually were severe enough to require pharmacotherapy. Incorrect diagnoses of depression or catatonia delayed treatment or aggravated the problem. Acute treatment included amantadine, levodopa/carbidopa with or without selegiline, diphenhydramine, or benztropine. The concentration of CSF homovanillic acid was normal in a neuroleptic-associated patient, but the level was low in an encephalitic patient. All patients demonstrated dramatic improvement, including two who were not treated; some had complete resolution of symptoms and none required continued antiparkinsonian drugs despite poor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Modified Hoehn and Yahr Rating Scales. The causes of parkinsonism described are more common in a general pediatric hospital than the parkinsonism associated with the popularized Segawa syndrome.
The recognition of geometrically transformed text

In two experiments it was found that the difficulty of recognizing geometrically transformed text varied with the transformation imposed upon it. In one experiment the text was in English and the Ss were native speakers of English; in the second, the text was in Hebrew and the Ss were native speakers of Hebrew. The two languages are read in opposite directions. Nevertheless, the order of difficulty of the trans-formations was similar with the two texts. The results are interpreted to show that the visual systems contains “trans-formation operators” as well as the more widely publicized “detectors.”
Spatio-temporal dynamics of parasites infecting Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) in southern Lake Michigan (USA)

Since the 1990s, populations of the benthic amphipod Diporeia spp. (Diporeia) have sharply declined across much of the Laurentian Great Lakes. This study was undertaken to identify contemporary and historical community composition, structure, and dynamics of parasites infecting Diporeia collected from nine sites in the southern basin of Lake Michigan, where declines of the amphipod have been well documented over the past 20 years. An additional aim of this study was to assess whether infection dynamics and dreissenid densities could explain the declines in Diporeia densities that have occurred. We found that Diporeia were host to eight groups of uni- and multicellular pathogens. Of the 3082 amphipods analyzed, 1624 individuals (52.7%) were infected with at least one type of parasite. Ciliophora was the most prevalent parasite (50.08% prevalence of infection), followed by Gregarinasina (2.79%), Microsporidia (0.68%), Cestoda (0.45%), Acanthocephala (0.36%), Haplosporidia (0.23%), Yeast (0.32%), and filamentous Fungi (0.10%). Considerable spatial and temporal variability were observed in parasite prevalences, with prevalences frequently appearing to cycle between low and high values. Parasite species belonging to Microsporidia and Haplosporidia were associated with tissue alteration and host inflammatory response; however, parasite prevalences explained very little in terms of Diporeia density declines at assessed sites. Despite these findings, we do not discount the possibility that parasitic infections may have played a role in declining Diporeia densities in the Great Lakes, as the cyclical prevalences that were observed are possibly suggestive of parasitic outbreaks that are followed by die-offs at affected sites. This study suggests that if parasites have affected Diporeia densities in the Laurentian Great Lakes, then the relationship may be a complicated one.
Ring Laser Gyro Data Analysis With Cluster Sampling Technique

Cluster Sampling Technique (CST) is a powerful method for measuring the output stability of the ring laser gyro or any other oscillator in the time domain. The relationship between the cluster variance and the power spectral density of noise contained in the data is derived. The former, being a directly measurable quantity, can provide information on the types and magnitudes of various noise terms. Analytical expressions for the cluster variance are derived for a number of prominent noise terms that are known to affect the gyro performance. The technique is applied to a long-term drift run of a Honeywell gyro and various noise terms are determined.
Genetic psychophysiology: Advances, problems, and future directions

This paper presents an overview of historical advances and the current state of genetic psychophysiology, a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research linking genetics, brain, and human behavior, discusses methodological problems, and outlines future directions of research. The main goals of genetic psychophysiology are to elucidate the neural pathways and mechanisms mediating genetic influences on cognition and emotion, identify intermediate brain-based phenotypes for psychopathology, and provide a functional characterization of genes being discovered by large association studies of behavioral phenotypes. Since the initiation of this neurogenetic approach to human individual differences in the 1970s, numerous twin and family studies have provided strong evidence for heritability of diverse aspects of brain function including resting-state brain oscillations, functional connectivity, and event-related neural activity in a variety of cognitive and emotion processing tasks, as well as peripheral psychophysiological responses. These data indicate large differences in the presence and strength of genetic influences across measures and domains, permitting the selection of heritable characteristics for gene finding studies. More recently, candidate gene association studies began to implicate specific genetic variants in different aspects of neurocognition. However, great caution is needed in pursuing this line of research due to its demonstrated proneness to generate false-positive findings. Recent developments in methods for physiological signal analysis, hemodynamic imaging, and genomic technologies offer new exciting opportunities for the investigation of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development of individual differences in behavior, both normal and abnormal.
Differential secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from ovine pituitary cells following activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, or increased intracellular calcium.

A higher dose of GnRH is required to stimulate release of FSH than of LH, both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that secretion of FSH may be mediated via a second messenger pathway different from the one that modulates secretion of LH. Pituitary cells from intact ewes were cultured in suspension in DMEM plus 10% wether serum. After 18 h, cell were washed and challenged for 2 h with agents capable of activating protein kinase A (dibutyryl cAMP), protein kinase C (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PMA), or increasing intracellular calcium (the calcium ionophore A23187). GnRH (0.01-10 nM) and PMA (0.2-20 nM) stimulated dose-dependent increases in secretion of LH. FSH secretion also was stimulated by GnRH and PMA; however, the percentage of total cellular FSH released was lower (p < 0.05) than the percentage of total cellular LH released. Dibutyryl cAMP (10 mM) induced a modest release (p < 0.05) of both LH and FSH. A23187 (1-10 ,IM) stimulated secretion of LH in a dose-dependent manner but did not influence secretion of FSH; however, GnRH- and PMA-induced secretion of FSH required the presence of intracellular calcium. On the basis of the results of this study, we suggest that secretion of FSH is less than secretion of LH following direct activation of these second messenger systems. Furthermore, we suggest that in contrast to the situation for LH, increased intracellular calcium is not the primary stimulus for inducing secretion of FSH.
Enhanced Response of Human Head and Neck Cancer Xenograft Tumors to Cisplatin Combined With 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Correlates With Increased 18F-FDG Uptake as Determined by PET Imaging

Purpose To determine whether the response of human head and neck cancer xenografts to cisplatin (CIS) could be enhanced with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG); whether 2-[ 18 F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake correlated with responses to this drug combination; and whether 2DG would enhance CIS-induced radiosensitization. Methods and Materials Clonogenic survival responses to CIS + 2DG were determined in FaDu and Cal-27 cells and reduced/oxidized glutathione levels were monitored as parameters indicative of oxidative stress. The efficacy of CIS + 2DG was determined in FaDu and Cal-27 xenografts, and FDG uptake was determined by using positron emission tomography. Results Use of CIS + 2DG enhanced cell killing of FaDu and Cal-27 cells compared with either drug alone while increasing the percentage of oxidized glutathione in vitro. Use of CIS + 2DG inhibited FaDu and Cal-27 tumor growth and increased disease-free survival compared with either drug alone. The Cal-27 tumors showed greater pretreatment FDG uptake and increased disease-free survival when treated with 2DG + CIS relative to FaDu tumors. Treatment with 2DG enhanced CIS-induced radiosensitization in FaDu tumor cells grown in vitro and in vivo and resulted in apparent cures in 50% of tumors. Conclusions These results show the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of CIS + 2DG in human head and neck cancer cells in vitro and in vivo compared with either drug alone, as well as the potential for FDG uptake to predict tumor sensitivity to 2DG + CIS. These findings provide a strong rationale for evaluating 2DG + CIS in combined-modality head and neck cancer therapy with radiation in a clinical setting.
Degeneracy of the n-Dimensional, Isotropic, Harmonic Oscillator

We show that what has previously been considered the "accidental" degeneracy in the energy levels of the $n$-dimensional, isotropic, harmonic oscillator is actually a consequence of its symmetry group. The additional symmetry, beyond the $n$-dimensional rotation group, arises from the symmetry between the coordinates and momenta.
The influence of laparoscopy on lymphocyte subpopulations in the surgical patient.

Background: Surgical stress is known to disturb the immune system so that the overall picture is one of generalized immunosuppression proportional to the degree of stress. It has been suggested that minimally invasive procedures, i.e., laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be accompanied by decreased surgical stress.
Memory training in normal and demented elderly populations: the E-I-E-I-O model

An heuristic classification scheme for memory interventions is described as a 2 x 2 matrix. One dimension of the matrix addresses the use of internal versus external mnemonics, and the other dimension addresses the use of explicit (effortful/conscious) versus implicit (automatic/unconscious) learning. Most attempts at memory interventions in normal older populations, such as the use of mental imagery, fall within the explicit-internal cell of the matrix and require expenditure of large amounts of cognitive effort. As a result, memory interventions in normal older populations, even when "successful," usually produce results that are limited in their generalization and are usually not maintained over time. Such interventions are rarely attempted in demented populations. Interventions are described that require less effort and are representative of other cells in the classification matrix. These may be more effective for demented and normal elders. Information acquired through these alternative means may eventually be stored internally and become consciously available, often producing an "O!" or "aha" experience when the individual realizes a shift to internal, consciously available storage has taken place.
Medical returns: seeking health care in Mexico.

Despite the growing prevalence of transnational medical travel among immigrant groups in industrialized nations, relatively little scholarship has explored the diverse reasons immigrants return home for care. To date, most research suggests that cost, lack of insurance and convenience propel US Latinos to seek health care along the Mexican border. Yet medical returns are common even among Latinos who do have health insurance and even among those not residing close to the border. This suggests that the distinct culture of medicine as practiced in the border clinics Latinos visit may be as important a factor in influencing medical returns as convenience and cost. Drawing upon qualitative interviews, this article presents an emic account of Latinos' perceptions of the features of medical practice in Mexico that make medical returns attractive. Between November 15, 2009 and January 15, 2010, we conducted qualitative interviews with 15 Mexican immigrants and nine Mexican Americans who sought care at Border Hospital, a private clinic in Tijuana. Sixteen were uninsured and eight had insurance. Yet of the 16 uninsured, six had purposefully dropped their insurance to make this clinic their permanent "medical home." Moreover, those who substituted receiving care at Border Hospital for their US health insurance plan did so not only because of cost, but also because of what they perceived as the distinctive style of medical practice at Border Hospital. Interviewees mentioned the rapidity of services, personal attention, effective medications, and emphasis on clinical discretion as features distinguishing "Mexican medical practice," opposing these features to the frequent referrals and tests, impersonal doctor-patient relationships, uniform treatment protocols and reliance on surgeries they experienced in the US health care system. While interviewees portrayed these features as characterizing a uniform "Mexican medical culture," we suggest that they are best described as unique to the private clinics and hospitals returning migrants visit. In short, we suggest that the perceived contrast in cultures of medicine derives from the difference in organization of health care services on each side of the border.
Likelihood Ratio-Based Confidence Bands for Survival Functions

Abstract Thomas and Grunkemeier introduced a nonparametric likelihood ratio approach to confidence interval estimation of survival probabilities based on right-censored data. We construct simultaneous confidence bands using this approach. The boundaries of the bands are contained within [0, 1]. A procedure essentially equivalent to a bias correction is developed. The resulting increase in coverage accuracy is illustrated by an example and a simulation study. We look at various versions of log-likelihood ratio-based confidence bands and compare them to the Hall-Wellner band and Nair's equal precision band. We also construct likelihood ratio-based bands for cumulative hazard functions.
A Male Adolescent With Fever, Headaches, and Body Aches ☆

A 17-year-old African-American male adolescent had recurrent emergency department visits for hypertension resistant to initial treatment, which resulted in multiple hospital admissions. Hypertension was associated with significant weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, and night sweats. An extensive laboratory and imaging workup ruled out renal, cardiac, rheumatologic, and endocrine causes for his symptoms. Ultimately, a more detailed history and toxicology consultation led to the cause of his persistent symptoms: mercury poisoning.
Poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) microspheres as oral drug delivery systems

The current study focuses on the development of bioadhesive oral delivery systems based on bioerodible polyanhydrides. The polymers were studied and characterized using a novel tensiometer based on a very sensitive electrobalance. The system was designed to mimic in vivo interactions, thus all experiments were conducted with freshly excised tissue immersed in physiological saline at 37 degrees C. Poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) [P(FA:SA)] was found to be the most bioadhesive polymer from a series of different thermoplastic materials evaluated. Correlation with in vivo performance was investigated by determining gastrointestinal (GI) residence time of barium-loaded microspheres. Residence times of 24 to 36 h provided a strong indication that these microspheres were good candidates for bioadhesive drug delivery systems. To evaluate the effect of these materials on bioavailability, the anticoagulant drug, dicumarol, was encapsulated. Systemic blood levels demonstrated increased bioavailability for the encapsulated dicumarol formulation as compared with unencapsulated drug. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Strategies for implementing emergency department pharmacy services: Results from the 2007 ASHP Patient Care Impact Program

Purpose Strategies proposed during a patient care impact program for implementing emergency department (ED) pharmacy services are described. Summary In June 2007, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists developed a patient care impact program entitled “Introducing an Emergency Department Pharmacist into Your Institution” to provide experiential training to practicing pharmacists seeking to establish ED services in their institutions. Under the guidance of four mentors, 19 pharmacists from a variety of practice settings, including community-based hospitals and academic and tertiary-care-based institutions, were selected for participation the six-month program. Participants were divided into two groups, and each group was assigned two mentors. During their initial meeting, participants identified anticipated challenges to implementation of pharmacy services in the ED and began to define strategies with their mentors for effectively managing the anticipated challenges. Each group participated in one-hour monthly teleconferences with their mentors. In addition to monthly teleconferences, participants regularly contacted their mentors for additional assistance and several visited their mentors’ institutions. Participants developed job descriptions for an ED pharmacist, developed a rationale and justification for implementing pharmacy services in the ED, obtained approval and support from appropriate parties for the ED pharmacist’s role, developed plans for introducing a pharmacist to the ED, and developed quality-assurance methods to monitor the effectiveness of the pharmacist’s role. Conclusion Despite the diversity in practice settings, participants of the program faced similar challenges in implementing ED pharmacy services at their institutions. Various strategies toward solutions to these challenges were shared among participants and mentors.
Syntax, discourse analysis, and translation studies

AbstractThe linguistics of the 60s and 70s did not prove to be of much help to translation and translation theory, due to the emphasis placed on languages as formal systems. However, newer directions of linguistics research which focus on the communicative function of language, such as text linguistics, discourse analysis, pragmatics, have much to offer to translation studies. This paper shows how discourse analysis can be applied to translation and highlights some of the benefits of knowledge of linguistics and discourse analysis for the translation teacher, the student and the professional translator. In addition, it joins recent literature on translation studies and linguistics (House and Blum-Kulka 1986; Hatim and Mason 1990; Neubert and Shreve 1992; Baker 1992) in calling for a more influential role of linguistics in translation studies and translation theory.Working within discourse analysis and, in particular, syntax in discourse, i.e. discourse functions of syntactic constructions, the present study examines the discourse functions of the passive in Spanish and in English. The paper first presents a contrastive description of the textual functions of the passive in English and in Spanish based on a corpus of original texts in both languages. Then a discourse-based explanation for the differences is provided. Finally, the author examines the solutions found in translation as well as the analysis' efficiency in predicting and/or explaining such solutions.ResumeLa linguistique des annees 60 et 70, periode pendant laquelle la langue etait concue comme un systeme formel, ne se pretait pas bien a la traduction et a sa theorie. La recherche portant sur la linguistique a depuis change d'orientation; on reconnait maintenant l'aspect communicatif de la langue. On accorde donc une importance particuliere a la linguistique, a l'analyse du discours et a la pragmatique, entre autres, ce qui se prete beaucoup mieux au concept de la traduction. La presente etude demontre comment on peut appliquer l'analyse de la redaction a la traduction et souligne quelques-uns des avantages qu'offre la connaissance de cette analyse et de la linguistique pour l'enseignant, l'etudiant et le traducteur professionnel. De plus, l'auteur se joint aux auteurs d'etudes recentes portant sur la traduction et la linguistique (House et Blum-Kulka, 1986; Hatim et Mason, 1990; Neubert et Shreve, 1992; Baker, 1992) en recommandant un role plus important pour la linguistique dans l'etude et la theorie de la traduction.A l'aide d'une analyse du discours, et plus particulierement de la syntaxe, c'est-a-dire de la fonction de la syntaxe dans la redaction, le rapport examine l'emploi du passif dans les langues espagnole et anglaise. On etablit d'abord le contraste entre la fonction textuelle du passif dans la langue anglaise et celle dans la langue espagnole en etudiant un corpus de textes dans les deux langues. On explique ensuite la difference du point de vue de la redaction. Enfin, l'auteur examine les solutions qu'apporte la traduction et l'efficacite de l'analyse pour prevoir et pour expliquer ces solutions.
Vertical variations in O3 concentrations before and after a gust front passage

[1] Two consecutive increases in surface ozone, occurring after the cessation of photochemical ozone production, are investigated. A unique suite of instruments, including an ozone profiling lidar, a Doppler lidar, surface chemistry sensors, surface meteorological sensors, and a radar wind profiler, was deployed during the Southern Oxidants Study of 1999 in Nashville, Tennesee. Time series of ozone at 10, 405, and 1035 m above ground level (AGL) on 22 June 1999 showed variations in the vertical gradient of ozone over the course of the afternoon and evening. Analysis of time series of vertical velocity at 8 m AGL and its standard deviation, the variance in Doppler lidar calculated horizontal wind speed from near the surface to 500 m AGL, wind profiles, and meteorological surface station data, revealed mechanisms responsible for these changes in ozone. An early evening rise in surface ozone occurred with the passage of a thunderstorm gust front. Analysis showed that downward mixing of ozone-rich air from a residual layer (RL) of ozone above 400 m caused a sharp rise in ozone at the surface and a decrease of ozone in the RL. Doppler lidar measurements showed details of the postgust front wind flow, such as the depth of the air mass behind the front, the turbulent wake region, and inferred vertical velocities throughout a layer several hundred meters deep. The second rise in surface ozone was caused by turbulent mixing due to elevated directional wind shear, which mixed ozone-rich air down to the surface.
Analytic description of critical point nuclei in a spherical-axially deformed shape phase transition.

An approximate solution at the critical point of the spherical to axially deformed shape phase transition in nuclei is presented. The eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian are expressed in terms of zeros of Bessel functions of irrational order.
Simulation of Elevated T-Waves of an ECG Inside a Static Magnetic Field (MRI)

In MRI, the flow of blood in the patient is subjected to a strong static magnetic field (B0). The movement of charge carriers in a magnetic field causes a magnetofluid dynamic (MFD) effect that induces a voltage across the artery. This induced voltage distorts the ECG signal of the patient and appears as an elevation of the T-wave of the ECG signal. Flow of blood through the aortic arch is perpendicular to the magnetic field and coincides with the occurrence of the T-wave of the ECG. Based on these facts, it is proposed that the elevation in the T-wave occurs because of the voltage induced across the aortic arch. In this paper, the elevation is computed mathematically using the equations of MFD. A method is developed to measure this induced voltage based on discretization of the aortic arch and measuring the blood flow profile in the aorta. The results are compared to the ECG signals measured in humans in the bore of 1.5 T imaging magnet. The computed ECG signals at the 12 leads are very similar to the measured values.
Optimal replacement is NP-hard for nonstandard caches

When examining a new cache structure or replacement policy, the optimal policy is a useful baseline. We prove that finding the optimal schedule is NP-hard for any but the simplest of caches, and that no polynomial-time approximation scheme exists for this problem unless P=NP.
Coreference Resolution with World Knowledge

While world knowledge has been shown to improve learning-based coreference resolvers, the improvements were typically obtained by incorporating world knowledge into a fairly weak baseline resolver. Hence, it is not clear whether these benefits can carry over to a stronger baseline. Moreover, since there has been no attempt to apply different sources of world knowledge in combination to coreference resolution, it is not clear whether they offer complementary benefits to a resolver. We systematically compare commonly-used and under-investigated sources of world knowledge for coreference resolution by applying them to two learning-based coreference models and evaluating them on documents annotated with two different annotation schemes.
Accumulation of 99mTc-Glucoheptonate in Acutely Infarcted Myocardium

The distribution of /sup 99m/Tc-glucoheptonate in normal mice and its accumulation in acutely infarcted myocardium were studied in animals. Rapid blood clearance and low concentration of the tracer in normal myocardium were found in tissue distribution studies performed in mice. Experimental myocardial infarction was performed in nine dogs. Four hours after the intravenous injection of /sup 99m/Tc-glucoheptonate the uptake ratio of the myocardial infarcted area to normal myocardium was 20:1; to blood, 9:1; and to lung, 6:1. The greatest concentration of radiopharmaceutical in the infarcted tissue was noted in areas that had 20 to 10 percent of normal perfusion. Regions of infarction were clearly defined by external gamma scintigraphy. Clinical investigation of this tracer in humans appears warranted. (auth)
Race, socioeconomic status and creativity.

Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A was administered to 52 black and 59 white eighth grade children of lower and middle socioeconomic status respectively. Black lower-class childre...
In-Situ Resistance Measurements During Rapid Thermal Annealing for Process Characterization

Measurement of resistance in-situ during rapid thermal annealing is a powerful technique for process characterization and optimization. A major advantage of in-situ resistance measurements is the very rapid process learning. With silicides, in-situ resistance measurements can quickly determine an appropriate thermal process in which a low resistance silicide phase is formed without the agglomeration or inversion of silicide/polycrystalline silicon structures. One example is an optimized two step anneal for CoSi2 formation which was developed in less than one clay. Examples of process characterization include determining the phase formation kinetics of TiSi2 (C49 and C54), Co2Si, and CoSi2 using in-situ ramped resistance measurements. The stability of TiSi2 or CoSi2/poly-Si structures has also been characterized by isothermal measurements. Resistance measurements have been made at heating rates from 1 to 100°C/s and temperatures up to 1000°C. The sample temperature was calibrated by melting Ag, Al, or Au/Si eutectics.
Using GIS to Assess the Environmental Justice Consequences of Transportation System Changes

Although environmental justice research has typically focused on locations of industrial toxic releases or waste sites, recent developments in GIS and environmental modeling provide a foundation for developing measures designed to evaluate the consequences of transportation system changes. In this paper, we develop and demonstrate a workable GIS-based approach that can be used to assess the impacts of a transportation system change on minorites and low-income residents. We focus specifically on two adverse affects: vehicle-generated air pollution and noise. The buffer analysis capabilities of GIS provide a preliminary assessment of environmental justice. We integrate existing environmental pollution models with GIS software to identify the specific locations where noise and air pollution standards could be violated because of the proposed system change. A comparison of the geographic boundaries of these areas with the racial and economic characteristics of the underlying population obtained from block level census data provides a basis for evaluating disproportionate impacts. An existing urban arterial in Waterloo, Iowa, is used to illustrate the methods developed in this research.
Impact of Androgynous and Traditional Sex-Role Orientations on Evaluations of Successful Performance

This study examined the impact of subjects'sex-role orientation (either traditional or androgynous) on their evaluations of successful women or men in sex-linked occupations. The hypothesis that sex-typed subjects would respond less negatively to success when the successful person was in an occupation consistent with sex stereotypes, while androgynous subjects would be more concerned with success, was not supported by the results. Significant effects of subject sex as well as sex-role orientation, and of cue character and occupation, were found tor various measures. The differences between these findings and those of earlier studies are discussed.
Hawaiian spiders of the genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae): V. elongate web-builders from Oahu

This study continues documentation of the adaptive radiation of species in the genus Tetragnatha in the Hawaiian archipelago. The four new species described here are similar in gross ap- pearance, all being brown and elongate. They all build orb webs low down in shrubby vegetation, and have disjunct or abutting ranges. The new species are T. limu, T. lena, T. palikea, and T. uluhe. Different species occur in middle and high elevations, and in wet and dry habitats. Similar to other representatives of Hawaiian Tetragnatha, they are strictly nocturnal web-builders.
The history of the capillary wall: doctors, discoveries, and debates

In 1628, William Harvey provided definitive evidence that blood circulates. The notion that blood travels around the body in a circle raised the important question of how nutrients pass between blood and underlying tissue. Perhaps, Harvey posited, arterial blood pours into the flesh as into a sponge, only then to find its way into the veins. Far from solving this problem, Marcello Malpighi's discovery of the capillaries in 1661 only added to the dilemma: surely, some argued, these entities are little more than channels drilled into tissues around them. As we discuss in this review, it would take over 200 years to arrive at a consensus on the basic structure and function of the capillary wall. A consideration of the history of this period provides interesting insights into not only the central importance of the capillary as a focus of investigation, but also the enormous challenges associated with studying these elusive structures.
Gene Therapy for the Retinal Degeneration of Usher Syndrome Caused by Mutations in MYO7A

Usher syndrome is a deaf-blindness disorder. One of the subtypes, Usher 1B, is caused by loss of function of the gene encoding the unconventional myosin, MYO7A. A variety of different viral-based delivery approaches have been tested for retinal gene therapy to prevent the blindness of Usher 1B, and a clinical trial based on one of these approaches has begun. This review evaluates the different approaches.
High-frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a lead-salt diode laser

High frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy, (1,2,3) is a promising tool for high speed and ultrasensitive atmospheric trace gas monitoring. Based on a measured wideband noise characteristics (4) of a lead-salt diode-laser emitting in the mid IR a sensitivity improvement of 2 orders of magnitude in comparison to conventional derivative (2f) spectroscopy is expected. This improvement can be achieved by moving in modulation and detection frequency space from the 1/f noise dominated region (10 kHz) into a shot noise limited frequency domain above 100 MHz. Optical densities of 10−4 were measured on a µsec timescale with a 200 kHz detection bandwidth. Using digital averaging techniques (5) a detection limit of 2.5.10−6 has been demonstrated with the actual measurement bandwidth of 1.5 kHz. Up to this sensitivity no limitations due to etalons or laser intrinsic parameters could be observed. Further bandwidth reduction is currently being investigated and requires digital background subtraction techniques as well as etalon suppression schemes.
Reliability analysis of redundant-path interconnection networks

The reliability of some redundant-path multistage interconnection networks is characterized. The classes of networks are the generalized indra networks, merged delta networks, and augmented C-networks. The reliability measures are terminal reliability and broadcast reliability. Symbolic expressions are derived for these reliability measures in terms of component reliabilities. The results are useful in comparing network designs for a given reliability requirement. >
Tetralogy of Fallot with rheumatic stenosis of the aortic valve

Abstract A patient is described in whom a severe form of the tetralogy of Fallot was complicated by rheumatic stenosis of the aortic valve. These diagnoses were established by the clinical findings and the results of right and left heart catheterization and selective angiocardiography. An aortic valvulotomy and subclavian-pulmonary anastomosis were carried out, but the patient died in the immediate postoperative period. The pathologic findings are described and a discussion of the hemodynamic alterations which accompanied this unusual combination of defects is presented.
Enhancing Physician-Patient Communication

Physician-patient communication encompasses the verbal and nonverbal interactions that form the basis for the doctor-patient relationship. A growing body of research and guidelines development acknowledges that physicians do not have to be born with excellent communication skills, but rather can learn them as they practice the other aspects of medicine. Improvement in physician-patient communication can result in better patient care and help patients adapt to illness and treatment. In addition, knowledge of communication strategies may decrease stress on physicians because delivering bad news, dealing with patients' emotions, and sharing decision making, particularly around issues of informed consent or when medical information is extremely complex, have been recognized by physicians as communication challenges. This paper will provide an overview of research aimed at improving patient outcome through better physician-patient communication and discuss guidelines and practical suggestions immediately applicable to clinical practice.