cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friends Along the Way

By his own account, sociology provided my father a good run. Looking back, it was possible for him to discern in his career the rising fortunes of the field itself over the second half of the 20th century, which lifted him during a bright period of ascendance in the 1950s and carried him through decades of professional satisfaction to the safe shore of a distinguished retirement and comfortable pension. That it had all worked out so well for him in the end was a genuine source of wonder and gratification to my father. His upbringing in a Japanese immigrant community in Los Angeles provided scant basis for envisioning a life of academic scholarship, yet he lacked in his adulthood the imaginative power to conjure even a single alternative path his life might have taken. Indeed, though his early scholarly work on educational opportunity among minority students spoke to a pre-occupation with the social pathways that led to success, my father preferred to view his own professional trajectory as the unanticipated product of chance and fortuitous friendships. Stuck in a dead-end job with a furniture distributor in Boston (to which my father had improbably migrated following detainment at a Japanese-American interment camp during the Second World War) and desperately wishing to return to his native California, he sought advice from his former instructor Edward Post. Post was an English professor and poet, who had become a de facto mentor to my father during his undergraduate years at Boston University. Whether through considered assessment of my father's interests and skills, or because it was one of his few connections in Los Angeles (likely the latter), Post made the fateful suggestion that my father look up Leonard Broome, a friend and sociologist at UCLA. Broome, having determined that my father would make a useful research assistant on a project about Japanese-American wartime internment, suggested it would be easier to hire him if he were a student. On an upswing in the flush times of the post-War era, the Sociology department soon
Studies in Duck Nutrition 1. Methods of Feeding

Abstract IN UNDERTAKING a program of duck nutrition one of the first problems encountered involved the method of feeding. Until relatively recently the usual method practiced in feeding ducklings was to feed moist mashes exclusively beginning commonly with four feedings daily and later reducing this number to three or two. In order to save labor the feeding of pellets exclusively has been introduced and is on the increase, particularly on the larger farms. However, moist mashes are still fed extensively. In a study of pellets versus mash feeding for table duck production Tallent (1932) fed a ration made up of the same ingredients in the form of pellets and in the form of wet mash. For the first five weeks of the test it was necessary to dampen the pellets before the ducklings would consume them. In this test the ducklings receiving the mash attained a slightly greater weight than the . . .
Theoretical Examination of Solvent and R Group Dependence in Gold Thiolate Nanoparticle Synthesis

The growth of gold thiolate nanoparticles can be affected by the solvent and the R group on the ligand. In this work, the difference between methanol and benzene solvents as well as the effect of alkyl (methyl) and aromatic (phenyl) thiols on the reaction energies and barrier heights is investigated theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the BP86 functional and a triple ζ polarized basis set show that the overall reaction favors methylthiol over phenylthiol with reaction energies of −0.54 and −0.39 eV in methanol, respectively. At the same level of theory, the methanol solvent is favored over the benzene solvent for reactions forming ions; in benzene, the overall reaction energies for methylthiol and phenylthiol reacting with AuCl4− to form Au(HSR)2+ are 0.37 eV and 0.44 eV, respectively. Methylthiol in methanol also has the lowest barrier heights at about 0.3 eV, whereas phenylthiol has barrier heights around 0.4 eV. Barrier heights in benzene are significantly larger than those in methanol.
Prostaglandin E2 in a diaphragm. A further note.

Abstract In a previous study we reported that the administration of Prostaglandin E2 suppositories in a vaginal contraceptive diaphragm enhanced the effectiveness of the drug and reduced the incidence of side effects by 50%.1 Since that study there have been two reports which could not verify our experiences. 2, 3 Therefore we attempted to look at the problem again.
Recovery of function after mesotelencephalic dopaminergic injury in senescence

Abstract After intracerebral 6-hydroxydopamine injections that extensively damage the ascending mesotelencephalic dopaminergic projection, young adult rats develop severe sensorimotor deficits, including an inability to orient toward somatosensory stimuli. Many rats with such damage recover their localization of touch, and this recovery depends on the survival of a small proportion of the neostriatal dopaminergic terminals. Behavioral recovery appears to be mediated by an increased dopamine synthesis and release within surviving terminals and an increased responsiveness to dopamine of neostriatal neurons. The ability of aged rodents to increase activity at neostriatal dopaminergic synapses following partial injury to these neurons is remarkably intact, despite the reduced basal level of transmission at these synapses in senescence. First, 27–28-month-old rats recovered somatosensory localization after injury as readily as did 4–5-month-old animals that had equivalent neostriatal dopamine depletions. Second, old and young rats developed a similar degree of behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injections, as measured by contralateral turning. Third, injury to these neurons produced an equivalent increase in [3H]spiroperidol binding in the neostriatum of old and young rats at 5–7 weeks. Old rats suffered more extensive neostriatal dopamine depletions after intracerebral 6-hydroxydopamine injections than did young adult animals, particularly when small quantities (2 μg) of the neurotoxin were injected. This enhanced susceptibility to 6-hydroxydopamine of dopaminergic neurons in old rats could not be attributed to age differences in the placement of the injection cannula or the extent of the non-specific damage at the injection site. The implications of this enhanced susceptibility to the neurotoxin are discussed.
CaxP and Ca/P in the parenteral feeding of preterm infants

Preterm infants requiring prolonged intravenous feeding frequently develop pathologic fractures and rickets. Infants who receive large amounts of calcium have fewer fractures. This observation led us to determine the maximal amounts of calcium and phosphate that can be added to parenteral nutrition solutions without the precipitation of calcium phosphate and to determine the optimal ratio of calcium to phosphate in these solutions. Clinical observations and in vitro experiments indicate that the product of calcium x phosphate (CaxP) in the dextrose-amino acid solution should not exceed 75 square millimolar (square millimole per square liter) to prevent calcium phosphate precipitation in barium-impregnated silicone rubber catheters and should not exceed 100 square millimolar in solutions administered through peripheral veins. Seven intake and output studies were performed in preterm infants to determine the ratio of calcium to phosphate (Ca/P) in the total parenteral nutrition solutions that minimized urinary losses. A Ca/P ratio of 5.0 minimized the sum of the calcium plus phosphate losses in the urine. However, experience with long-term total parenteral nutrition in preterm infants, awareness of the acute and life-threatening effects of body phosphate depletion, and an unmeasured endogenous enteric calcium secretion all suggest that a Ca/P ratio of approximately 3.0 provides a safer compromise between the acute and serious complications of phosphate deficiency and the chronic problems of fractures and rickets due to calcium deficiency.
The spatialities of contentious politics

The question of how space matters to the mobilisation, practices and trajectories of contentious politics has frequently been represented as a politics of scale. Others have focused on place and networks as key spatialities of contentious politics. Yet there are multiple spatialities – scale, place, networks, positionality and mobility – that are implicated in and shape contentious politics. No one of these should be privileged: in practice, participants in contentious politics frequently draw on several at once. It is thus important to consider all of them and the complex ways in which they are co-implicated with one another, with unexpected consequences for contentious politics. This co-implication in practice, and its impact on social movements, is illustrated with the Immigrant Workers’ Freedom Ride in the United States.
New algorithm to improve earthquake early warning systems

When a fault line ruptures, seismic waves race out from the earthquake epicenter. Compressional seismic waves, known as primary (P) waves, travel fastest. Shear waves—secondary (S) waves—travel more slowly but are the source of the bulk of earthquake-induced damage. Using the opportunity afforded by the difference in travel times between these two types of waves, researchers have begun to design and implement earthquake early warning systems.
Matrix pencil and matrix measure methods for robust stability in real parameter spaces

The authors report on a study of robust stability in a real parameter space for robot polynomial type spaces and matrix type spaces. Using the Sylvester resultant matrix or the Kronecker sum the robust stability question can be converted into a generalized eigenvalue problem of a matrix pencil. Some sufficient and necessary conditions are given. The admissible perturbation set is also defined. This set can be found via a generalized eigenvalue computation. A method is proposed to compute a polytope to approximate a maximal admissible perturbation set via a matrix measure. Some results can be extended to the discrete-time case. >
Nanorobotic assembly of two-dimensional structures

Precise control of the structure of matter at the nanometer scale will have revolutionary implications for science and technology. Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) will be extremely small and fast, and have applications that range from cell repair to ultrastrong materials. This paper describes the first steps towards the construction of NEMS by assembling nanometer-scale objects using a scanning probe microscope as a robot. Our research takes an interdisciplinary approach that combines knowledge of macrorobotics and computer science with the chemistry and physics of phenomena at the nanoscale. We present experimental results that show how to construct arbitrary patterns of gold nanoparticles on a mica or silicon substrate, and describe the underlying technology. We also discuss the next steps in our research, which are aimed at producing connected structures in the plane, and eventually three-dimensional nanostructures.
Mapping land cover and estimating forest structure using satellite imagery and coarse resolution lidar in the Virgin Islands

Current information on land cover, forest type and forest structure for the Virgin Islands is critical to land managers and researchers for accurate forest inventory and ecological monitoring. In this study, we use cloud free image mosaics of panchromatic sharpened Landsat ETM+ images and decision tree classification software to map land cover and forest type for the Virgin Islands, illustrating a low cost, repeatable mapping approach. Also, we test if coarse-resolution discrete lidar data that are often collected in conjunction with digital orthophotos are useful for mapping forest structural attributes. This approach addresses the factors that affect vegetation distribution and structure by testing if environmental variables can improve regression models of forest height and biomass derived from lidar data. The overall accuracy of the 29 forest and non-forest classes is 72%, while most the forest types are classified with greater than 70% accuracy. Due to the large point spacing of this lidar dataset, it is most appropriate for height measurements of dominant and co-dominant trees (R2 = 72%) due to its inability to accurately represent forest understory. Above ground biomass per hectare is estimated by its direct relationship with plot canopy height (R2 = 0.72%).
Assessing the Genotyping Quality of Different SNP-Chips and Imputed Data Using Family-Data

Genotyping quality is one of the key properties that defines the success chances of any genome-wide association studies. Data cleaning of the genotype data is therefore an important part of the statistical analysis. With family-data the genotype quality of each study subject can be assessed globally, using genome-wide family-based association test. We applied the approach to different, commonly used SNP-Chips and imputed data and assessed the genotype quality of all study subjects. Based on the two pairs of datasets available, we observed that the overall data quality varies greatly with the SNP-Chips used and the Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) is a more influential factor comparing to other Quality-Control (QC) filtering parameters, especially for certain SNP-Chips.
The Formal Structure of Ecological Contexts

This paper presents the outline of a formal ontology of contexts. More specifically, it deals with the ontology of ecological contexts (niches, habitats, environments, ambients) and of the relations between organisms, niches, and the spatial regions they occupy. The first part sets out the basic conceptual background. The second part outlines a semi-formal theory which builds upon notions and principles of mereology, topology, and the theory of spatial location.
Increased collagen cross-linkages in experimental diabetes: reversal by beta-aminopropionitrile and D-penicillamine.

The effects of diabetes on collagen cross-link formation and solubility were investigated in granulation tissue collagen induced by polyester fabric implanted subcutaneously in rats at the same time diabetes was produced by injection of streptozotocin. Thus, all the collagen analyzed was formed in a diabetic milieu. Ten days later the implants were removed and the total collagen content as well as the fraction soluble in 0.5 M acetic acid was determined. Predominantly type I collagen accumulated in the implants. Total collagen content was the same in diabetics and controls; however, the acid-soluble fraction in diabetic animals was only half that of controls (8.5% and 17.7%, respectively), and the ratio of β chains to a chains in the acid-soluble fraction was higher in diabetics (0.89) than in controls (0.69). In animals treated with β-aminopropionitrile or D-penicillamine the acid-soluble fraction of collagen from diabetics equaled that from controls. These observations indicate that both intramolecular and intermolecular cross-links are increased in type I collagen from diabetic animals. Since these cross-links interfere with degradation of collagen by collagenase, they may contribute to accelerated intimal sclerosis of arteries and to capillary basement membrane thickening in diabetes.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric Insomnia

Objective To evaluate and quantify the evidence for behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia. Methods Meta-analysis of 16 controlled trials and qualitative analysis of 12 within-subject studies were conducted (total n ¼ 2,560). Results Meta-analysis found significant effects for four specified sleep outcomes: sleep-onset latency, number of night wakings, and duration of night wakings, and sleep efficiency, with small to large effect sizes across the controlled clinical trials involving typical children. No significant effects were found for the two studies conducted with special needs populations. Finally, withinsubjects studies demonstrated significant effects for all sleep outcomes with large effect sizes. Risk of bias assessment and GRADE ratings of the quality of the evidence are described. Conclusion Moderate-level evidence supports behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia in young children. However, low evidence for children, adolescents, and those with special needs (due to a lack of studies that met inclusion criteria) highlights the need for future research.
Performance Evaluation of Two Methods Using Commercially Available Reagents for PCR-Based Detection of FMR1 Mutation

The current workflow for clinical Fragile X testing is time consuming and labor intensive. Recently developed PCR-based methods simplify workflow, amplify full mutation alleles, and improve sensitivity for detecting low-level mosaicism. We evaluated the performance characteristics and workflow of two methods using commercially available reagents for determining FMR1 mutation status. We also tested each method's ability to detect mosaicism (range, 100% to 1% for males; 50% to 1% for females). One method used reagents from Asuragen (AmplideX FMR1 PCR, research use only). The second method used analyte specific reagents from Abbott Molecular, including FMR1 Primer 1 (for repeat sizing) and FMR1 Primer 2 (for screening of expanded alleles). Each reaction was evaluated for accuracy, precision, correlation with previous results, and workflow. Both methods performed equally well in accuracy and precision studies using NIST standards and previously characterized Coriell samples. Both methods showed 100% concordance with results from a previous consensus study and for previously analyzed patient samples. The Asuragen reagents were able to detect full mutation mosaicism down to 5% and premutation mosaicism to 1%. The Abbott Molecular Primer 2 reagents were able to detect both full mutation and premutation mosaicism down to 25%. Both PCR-based methods for the determination of FMR1 mutation status performed well, with expected results in their final diagnoses, and differed significantly only in their workflow.
Recruitment of cdk9 to the Immediate-Early Viral Transcriptosomes during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Requires Efficient Binding to Cyclin T1, a Threshold Level of IE2 86, and Active Transcription

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection results in the formation of nuclear viral transcriptosomes, which are sites dedicated to viral immediate-early (IE) transcription. At IE times of the infection, viral and cellular factors, including several components of transcription such as cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (cdk9), localize at these sites. To determine the mechanism and requirements of specific recruitment of cdk9 to the viral transcriptosomes, infection in the presence of inhibitor drugs and infection of cell lines expressing exogenous mutant cdk9 were performed. We found that cdk9 localization to the viral transcriptosomes requires de novo protein synthesis. In addition, active transcription is required for recruitment and maintenance of cdk9 at the viral transcriptosomes. In cells infected with a recombinant IE2 HCMV (IE2 86 ΔSX virus) in which IE2 gene expression is greatly reduced, cdk9 localization at the transcriptosome is delayed and corresponds to the kinetics of accumulation of the IE2 protein at these sites. Infection in the presence of the cdk9 inhibitors Flavopiridol and DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) allowed cdk9 localization to the viral transcriptosomes. A kinase-inactive cdk9 (D167N) expressed during the infection also localizes to the viral transcriptosomes, indicating that kinase activity of cdk9 is not a requirement for its localization to the sites of IE transcription. Exogenous expression of additional cdk9 mutants indicates that binding of Brd4 to the cdk9 complex is not required but that efficient binding to cyclin T1 is essential.
Development of a Smooth Muscle–Targeted Cre Recombinase Mouse Reveals Novel Insights Regarding Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Promoter Regulation

The use of genetically modified mice has been an important model system to study gene function in cardiovascular development and under pathophysiological conditions. Although conventional gene knockout studies have provided important insights into gene function in the cardiovascular system, they may be limited by upregulation of compensatory pathways and the inability to differentiate direct versus indirect functions in vivo. As a first step in developing systems that can target gene activation or inactivation specifically to smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we coupled the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) promoter to the cre recombinase gene and generated transgenic mice that express cre in SMCs. In addition, we used these mice to address whether the heterogeneous staining observed in SMMHC-LacZ mice was due to subsets of SMCs that required different regulatory cassettes of the promoter or if it reflected episodic expression of the transgene. To address both the feasibility of SMC targeting and the apparent heterogeneous expression, we bred SMMHC-cre mice to indicator mice containing a cre-activated LacZ gene. Results showed high-level expression in SMCs at various embryonic time points and in adult tissues. Because breeding of SMMHC-cre mice to an indicator line provided an integration of cre activity over time, results of this study revealed that expression of the SMMHC promoter fragment more closely resembled the expression of the endogenous gene, both with respect to the onset of activation during development and uniformity of staining among individual cells within tissues. Overall, these mice will provide a powerful tool to researchers to study gene function in vascular development/disease by using cre/lox technology to direct smooth muscle-specific gene activation or inactivation in vivo.
Testing for independence in J×K contingency tables with complex sample survey data

Summary The test of independence of row and column variables in a contingency table is a widely used statistical test in many areas of application. For complex survey samples, use of the standard Pearson chi-squared test is inappropriate due to correlation among units within the same cluster. Rao and Scott (1981, Journal of the American Statistical Association 76, 221–230) proposed an approach in which the standard Pearson chi-squared statistic is multiplied by a design effect to adjust for the complex survey design. Unfortunately, this test fails to exist when one of the observed cell counts equals zero. Even with the large samples typical of many complex surveys, zero cell counts can occur for rare events, small domains, or contingency tables with a large number of cells. Here, we propose Wald and score test statistics for independence based on weighted least squares estimating equations. In contrast to the Rao–Scott test statistic, the proposed Wald and score test statistics always exist. In simulations, the score test is found to perform best with respect to type I error. The proposed method is motivated by, and applied to, post surgical complications data from the United States’ Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) complex survey of hospitals in 2008.
Extensive chromosomal repatterning and the evolution of sterility barriers in hybrid sunflower species.

New species may arise via hybridization and without a change in ploidy. This process, termed homoploid hybrid speciation, is theoretically difficult because it requires the development of reproductive barriers in sympatry or parapatry. Theory suggests that isolation may arise through rapid karyotypic evolution and/or ecological divergence of hybrid neospecies. Here, we investigate the role of karyotypic change in homoploid hybrid speciation by generating detailed genetic linkage maps for three hybrid sunflower species,Helianthus anomalus, H. deserticola, and H. paradoxus, and comparing these maps to those previously generated for the parental species, H. annuus and H. petiolaris. We also conduct a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of pollen fertility in a BC2 population between the parental species and assess levels of pollen and seed fertility in all cross-combinations of the hybrid and parental species. The three hybrid species are massively divergent from their parental species in karyotype; gene order differences were observed for between 9 and 11 linkage groups (of 17 total), depending on the comparison. About one-third of the karyoypic differences arose through the sorting of chromosomal rearrangements that differentiate the parental species, but the remainder appear to have arisen de novo (six breakages/six fusions in H. anomalus, four breakages/three fusions in H. deserticola, and five breakages/five fusions in H. paradoxus). QTL analyses indicate that the karyotypic differences contribute to reproductive isolation. Nine of 11 pollen viability QTL occur on rearranged chromosomes and all but one map close to a rearrangement breakpoint. Finally, pollen and seed fertility estimates for F1’s between the hybrid and parental species fall below 11%, which is sufficient for evolutionary independence of the hybrid neospecies.
Using neural networks to estimate wind turbine power generation

This paper uses data collected at Central and South West Services Fort Davis wind farm (USA) to develop a neural network based prediction of power produced by each turbine. The power generated by electric wind turbines changes rapidly because of the continuous fluctuation of wind speed and direction. It is important for the power industry to have the capability to perform this prediction for diagnostic purposes-lower-than-expected wind power may be an early indicator of a need for maintenance. In this paper, characteristics of wind power generation are first evaluated in order to establish the relative importance for the neural network. A four input neural network is developed and its performance is shown to be superior to the single parameter traditional model approach.
The pimFABCDE operon from Rhodopseudomonas palustris mediates dicarboxylic acid degradation and participates in anaerobic benzoate degradation

Bacteria in anoxic environments typically convert aromatic compounds derived from pollutants or green plants to benzoyl-CoA, and then to the C7 dicarboxylic acid derivative 3-hydroxypimelyl-CoA. Inspection of the recently completed genome sequence of the purple nonsulfur phototroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris revealed one predicted cluster of genes for the β-oxidation of dicarboxylic acids. These genes, annotated as pimFABCDE, are predicted to encode acyl-CoA ligase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA transferase enzymes, which should allow the conversion of odd-chain dicarboxylic acids to glutaryl-CoA, and even-chain dicarboxylic acids to succinyl-CoA. A mutant strain that was deleted in the pim gene cluster grew at about half the rate of the wild-type parent when benzoate or pimelate was supplied as the sole carbon source. The mutant grew five times more slowly than the wild-type on the C14 dicarboxylic acid tetradecanedioate. The mutant was unimpaired in growth on the C8-fatty acid caprylate. The acyl-CoA ligase predicted to be encoded by the pimA gene was purified, and found to be active with C7–C14 dicarboxylic and fatty acids. The expression of a pimA–lacZ chromosomal gene fusion increased twofold when cells were grown in the presence of straight-chain C7–C14 dicarboxylic and fatty acids. These results suggest that the β-oxidation enzymes encoded by the pim gene cluster are active with medium-chain-length dicarboxylic acids, including pimelate. However, the finding that the pim operon deletion mutant is still able to grow on dicarboxylic acids, albeit at a slower rate, indicates that R. palustris has additional genes that can also specify the degradation of these compounds.
The Law: The Clinton Theory of the War Power

President Bill Clinton frequently has engaged in unilateral acts of executive warmakingin de fiance of the war clause of the Constitution, which vests in Congress the exclusive authority to initiate hostilities on behalf of the American people. 'Recently\ Clinton ordered in concert with NATO allies a massive air and missile assault against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, an attack that ranks as the most intensive and sustained military campaign conducted by the United States since the Vietnam War. This article analyses the administrations legal and constitutional justifications, and concludes that Clinton s action violates the fundamental requirement of the war clause?authorisation of hos tilities by both houses of Congress. Clintons presidential war" against Yugoslavia marks the first time in our history that a president has waged war in the face of a direct congressional refusal to autho rise the war. The war clause, it appears, has become a dead letter. President Bill Clinton frequendy has engaged in unilateral acts of executive war making in defiance of the war clause of the Constitution, which vests in Congress the sole and exclusive authority to initiate hostilities on behalf of the American people. His use of U.S. military power has ranged from the infliction of air and missile strikes against taregets in Afghanistan and Sudan, to global hot spots in Iraq and Bosnia. Most recendy, in what amounts to one of the most flagrant acts of usurpation of the war power in the history of the republic, Clinton ordered in concert with NATO allies a massive air and missile assault against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in an effort to halt Slobodan Milosevic's slaughter of ethic Albanians. The attack, which ranks as the most intensive and sustained military campaign conducted by the United States since the Vietnam War,
T cell receptor antagonism interferes with MHC clustering and integrin patterning during immunological synapse formation.

T cell activation by nonself peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigenic complexes can be blocked by particular sequence variants in a process termed T cell receptor antagonism. The inhibition mechanism is not understood, although such variants are encountered in viral infections and may aid immune evasion. Here, we study the effect of antagonist peptides on immunological synapse formation by T cells. This cellular communication process features early integrin engagement and T cell motility arrest, referred to as the “stop signal.” We find that synapses formed on membranes presenting antagonist–agonist complexes display reduced MHC density, which leads to reduced T cell proliferation that is not overcome by the costimulatory ligands CD48 and B7-1. Most T cells fail to arrest and crawl slowly with a dense ICAM-1 crescent at the leading edge. Similar aberrant patterns of LFA-1/ICAM-1 engagement in live T–B couples correlate with reduced calcium flux and IL-2 secretion. Hence, antagonist peptides selectively disable MHC clustering and the stop signal, whereas LFA-1 valency up-regulation occurs normally.
Quantitative Comparison of Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Character Changes in the Synapsid Mandible and Auditory Region

The dual transformations of the post-dentary bones into sound conducting elements of the basicranium in synapsid evolutionary and developmental histories are quantitatively compared using a modified version of a previously published methodology. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the effects of using different phylogenies and statistics. The relative sequences of discrete osteological character transformations of the mandible and auditory region compared between the ontogeny of Monodelphis domestica. the gray short-tailed opossum, and two phylogenetic hypotheses for synapsids are statistically correlated using two different tests (Spearman's R correlation and Kendall's Tau). Presumably, the characters examined in this study form a functionally integrated morphological unit that is distinct throughout evolutionary and developmental history. Assuming a von Baerian developmental pattern, the methodology discussed here could potentially be used as a test of similarity between phylogenetic hypotheses; however, further work needs to be done to test this potential.
Modigliani E Keynes (Modigliani and Keynes)

Il primo articolo pubblicato di Franco Modigliani e divenuto uno dei testi base della moderna economia keynesiana. In esso ha formalizzato il modello (o almeno un modello) implicito nella Teoria Generale. Modigliani sosteneva che le caratteristiche conclusioni keynesiane poggiano fondamentalmente sulla (realistica) rigidita dei salari nominali. In particolare, ha mostrato che se i salari e i prezzi fossero flessibili, la teoria della preferenza di liquidita della moneta non potrebbe generare persistente disoccupazione involontaria, ma se i salari fossero rigidi, anche la teoria della quantita della moneta potrebbe farlo. Sessant’anni piu tardi Modigliani e tornato a esporre il “vangelo keynesiano” e ha proposto essenzialmente la medesima interpretazione. Questo articolo riconsidera e discute questo approccio alla macroeconomia, con alcuni riferimenti alle sue implicazioni per la politica economica.The first article published by Franco Modigliani has become one of the basic texts of the modern Keynesian economics. It formalized the model (or at least one model) implicit in the General Theory. Modigliani argued that the characteristics Keynesian conclusions are based primarily on the (realistic) rigidity of nominal wages. In particular, it showed that if wages and prices were flexible, the theory of liquidity preference of money could not generate persistent involuntary unemployment, but if wages were rigid, the theory of the amount of money could do it. Sixty years later Modigliani returned to expose the "Keynesian gospel" and proposed essentially the same interpretation. This article reconsiders and discusses this approach to macroeconomics, with some reference to its implications for economic policy.
Differential Effects of Oral and Intravenous Lipid Administration on Key Molecules Related to Energy Homeostasis.

Context: The spectrum of lipid-induced changes in the secretion of hormones important in energy homeostasis has not yet been fully elucidated. Objective: To identify potential incretin-like effects in response to lipid administration, we examined the short-term effect of iv vs oral lipids on key molecules regulating energy homeostasis. Design, Intervention, and Participants: After a 10-hour overnight fast, 26 subjects were randomized to receive an oral lipid load, a 10% iv lipid emulsion, a 20% iv lipid emulsion, or an iv saline infusion. We obtained blood samples at 30-minute intervals for the first 2 hours and hourly thereafter for a total of 6 hours. Main Outcome Measures: Circulating levels of insulin, glucose, c-peptide, free fatty acids, incretins (glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide), glucagon, peptide YY, ghrelin, fibroblast growth factor 21, fetuin A, irisin, omentin, and adiponectin were measured. Results: Oral lipid ingestion resulted in higher glucagon-like peptide-1, gastr...
Responses by Japanese and Oriental Beetle Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Bendiocarb, Chlorpyrifos, and Isofenphos

Responses of third stage grubs of Popillia japonica Newman and Anomala orientalis Waterhouse to selected topically applied chemicals were studied. At the LD50, Japanese beetle grubs differed very little in susceptibility to the organophosphates isofenphos or chlorpyrifos. Both materials were 3.6-fold more toxic than bendiocarb at both LD50 and LD90. Isofenphos was more toxic than chlorpyrifos to oriental beetle grubs collected from two locations on Long Island, N.Y. Of the three chemicals, bendiocarb was the most toxic to grubs from Fresh Meadows, Long Island. These results indicate that both species are susceptible to the selected materials, although field observations at Fresh Meadows suggest that other factors such as thatch, insecticide binding, or soil microorganisms may influence insecticidal performance in the field.
Distribution, Abundance, and Short-Term Persistence of Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) Populations in Two Regions of the Native Range

Studies of genetic structure in natural populations of herbivores are strengthened when detailed data are available on distribution and relative population size across space and host plants. No studies have documented in depth how grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, a major pest of cultivated grapes, is distributed among its host plants or among sites within regions of its native range. We surveyed the frequency of foliar grape phylloxera, and collected data that described the relative population sizes of grape phylloxera among host plant species, sites, and dates within 2 regions of the native range (Missouri/Arkansas and the southwest United States). Three of 5 grape species surveyed in Missouri/Arkansas had populations of phylloxera. We found that host species in this region were ranked in one year, but not another. We found weak evidence that populations on different host species are regulated independently. Most, but not all, sites with grape habitat in the fragmented topography of the southwest had populations of phylloxera. Their sizes varied widely among sites, but not across dates. We found an extinction rate of 0.23/yr of colonies on vines in the southwest United States The implications of the data for the genetic structure of grape phylloxera populations are discussed.
Effects of Norepinephrine and Phentolamine on Frog Gastric Mucosa in Chloride Solutions

SummaryThe α-adrenergic amines, norepinephrine and phentolamine, when added to the nutrient solution of frog gastric mucosa, produce a decrease of the H+ secretory rate of about 20 to 100% for concentrations increasing from 0.1 to about 2.3 mM of either amine in the nutrient solution. Combinations of these amines produced no antagonistic effects, thereby providing no evidence for the existence of α-adrenergic receptors in frog gastric mucosa.We wish to thank Ms. Linda Childers for technical assistance. We also thank Winthrop Laboratories for providing us with some of the Levophed used in the experiments.
Sigma receptors inhibit high-voltage-activated calcium channels in rat sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Studies on the expression and cellular function of sigma receptors in autonomic neurons were conducted in neonatal rat intracardiac and superior cervical (SCG) ganglia. Individual neurons from SCG ...
Preparation and Characterization of PtNi-supported Graphene DMFC Cathode Electrocatalyst

Graphene supported PtNi nanoparticles as DMFC cathode were fabricated by one-step approach with H_2PtCl_6 and NiCl_2 as precursors in a microfluidic system assisted with ultrasonic irradiation,and characterized.PtNi nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the graphene sheet while polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) was used as capping agent,and ultrasonic irradiation applied.The anchored PtNi nanoparticles had a narrow size distribution and an average size of 2.1 nm.The content of Pt was 25.5%(ω) which was measured by ICP-AES.The mass activity at 0.7 V(vs.,NHE) of the prepared PtNi/graphene electrocatalyst was-107.6 mA/mg which was 2.8 times higher than the commercial Pt/C(-37.9 mA/mg),which indicated good electrocatalytic activity of PtNi/graphene toward oxygen reduction reaction.
Study on decolorization of acid orangeII by Mg-Al-Fe hydrotalcite-like compounds and its calcined product

A series of CO2-3-type Mg-Al-Fe hydrotalcite-like compounds(HTLCs)with different Mg/Al/ Fe molar ratios were synthesized by co-precipitation,and parts of the synthesized clays were calcined under 500 ℃ to obtain the corresponding Mg-Al-Fe-O mixed oxides(HTLCs-500).The Mg-Al-Fe hydrotalcite-like compounds and Mg-Al-Fe-O mixed oxides were charaterized by XRD and FT-IR respectively.The effects of adsorption time,sorbent dosage,initial pH value on decoloration efficiency of simulated Acid OrangeⅡdye wastewater were investigated.The results show that the decolorization effect is the best when Mg/Al/ Fe molar ratio is 3/0.9/0.1;Under the best conditions,the decoloration efficiencies of simulated wastewater containing 70 mg·L-1 of Acid OrangeⅡwith Mg-Al-Fe hydrotalcite-like compounds and its calcined product reache 99.16% and 99.88% respectively;The latter possesses more advantages with less dosage,shorter reaction time and in wider range of pH;The decoloration efficiencies of HTLCs-500 four times recovered after adsorption of Acid Orange Ⅱcan still reach 90%.
Analysis of the Sentinel Surveillance of AIDS among Female Sex Workers in Chongming County of Shanghai in 2012

Objectives To understand the HIV-risk behaviors and the awareness of AIDS related knowledge among female sex workers(FSWs)in Chongming county,and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and intervention of AIDS.Methods According to the demand of'the manual of national AIDS sentinel surveillance protocol',the questionnaire survey and serological detection was conducted among the FSWs.Results 92.5% of the FSWs could answer six or more questions exactly among the eight questions of the basic knowledge of AIDS.The positive rate of syphilis antibody was 2.50%,and the positive rate of hepatitis c antibody was 2.50%.The HIV antibody was negative for all FSWs.The percentage who persisted with using condoms in every commercial sex was 60.25% during the latest month.Conclusions Carrying out AIDS prevention and control and intervention for the FSWs should bases on the characteristics.We should develop diverse forms and strengthen regional cooperation in order to improve the efficiency of AIDS systematic prevention.
Harriet Martineau, [‘A Personal Impression of Charlotte Brontë’] (1847–1849), in Biographical Sketches (New York: Hurst, [1869] ), pp. 48–50

‘Jane Eyre’ was naturally and universally supposed to be Charlotte herself; but she always denied it calmly, cheerfully, and with the obvious sincerity which characterised all she said. She declared that there was no more ground for the assertion than this: she once told her sisters that they were wrong — even morally wrong — in making their heroines beautiful, as a matter of course. They replied that it was impossible to make a heroine interesting on other terms. Her answer was: ‘I will prove to you that you are wrong. I will show to you a heroine as small and as plain as myself, who shall be as interesting as any of yours.’ ‘Hence “Jane Eyre”,’ said she, in telling the anecdote: ‘but she is not myself any further than that.’ As the work went on, the interest deepened to the writer. When she came to ‘Thornfield’, she could not stop. Being short-sighted to excess, she wrote in little square paper books, held close to her eyes, and (the first copy) in pencil. On she went, writing incessantly for three weeks; by which time she had carried her heroine away from Thornfield, and was herself in a fever, which compelled her to pause. The rest was written with less vehemence, and with more anxious care: the world adds, with less vigour and interest. She could gratify her singular reserve in regard to the publication of this remarkable book. We all remember how long it was before we could learn who wrote it, and any particulars of the writer, when the name was revealed. She was living among the wild Yorkshire hills, with a father who was too much absorbed in his studies to notice her occupations: in a place where newspapers were never seen (or where she never saw any), and in a house where the servants knew nothing about books, manuscripts, proofs, or the post. When she told her secret to her father, she carried her book in one hand and an adverse review in the other, to save his simple and unworldly mind from rash expectations of a fame and fortune which she was determined should never be the aims of her life. That we have had only two novels since, shows how deeply grounded was this resolve.
Development of bimetallic (Zn@Au) nanoparticles as potential PET-imageable radiosensitizers

Purpose: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are being investigated actively for various applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. As an effort to improve the imaging of GNPs in vivo, the authors developed bimetallic hybrid Zn@Au NPs with zinc cores and gold shells, aiming to render them in vivo visibility through positron emission tomography (PET) after the proton activation of the zinc core as well as capability to induce radiosensitization through the secondary electrons produced from the gold shell when irradiated by various radiation sources. Methods: Nearly spherical zinc NPs (∼5-nm diameter) were synthesized and then coated with a ∼4.25-nm gold layer to make Zn@Au NPs (∼13.5-nm total diameter). 28.6 mg of these Zn@Au NPs was deposited (∼100 μm thick) on a thin cellulose target and placed in an aluminum target holder and subsequently irradiated with 14.15-MeV protons from a GE PETtrace cyclotron with 5-μA current for 5 min. After irradiation, the cellulose matrix with the NPs was placed in a dose calibrator to assess the induced radioactivity. The same procedure was repeated with 8-MeV protons. Gamma ray spectroscopy using an high-purity germanium detector was conducted on a very small fraction (<1 mg) of the irradiated NPs for each proton energy. In addition to experimental measurements, Monte Carlo simulations were also performed with radioactive Zn@Au NPs and solid GNPs of the same size irradiated with 160-MeV protons and 250-kVp x-rays. Results: The authors measured 168 μCi of activity 32 min after the end of bombardment for the 14.15-MeV proton energy sample using the 66Ga setting on a dose calibrator; activity decreased to 2 μCi over a 24-h period. For the 8-MeV proton energy sample, PET imaging was additionally performed for 5 min after a 12-h delay. A 12-h gamma ray spectrum showed strong peaks at 511 keV (2.05 × 106 counts) with several other peaks of smaller magnitude for each proton energy sample. PET imaging showed strong PET signals from mostly decaying 66Ga. The Monte Carlo results showed that radioactive Zn@Au NPs and solid GNPs provided similar characteristics in terms of their secondary electron spectra when irradiated. Conclusions: The Zn@Au NPs developed in this investigation have the potential to be used as PET-imageable radiosensitizers for radiotherapy applications as well as PET tracers for molecular imaging applications.
Recordando a Alberto Ginastera en el centenario de su nacimiento en Buenos Aires, el 11 de abril de 1916

espanolEl compositor chileno Juan Orrego-Salas, Premio Nacional de Artes Musicales 1992, hace un re- cuerdo de su amistad con Alberto Ginastera desde 1945, cuando ambos residieron junto a sus familias en Nueva York como becarios de la Fundacion Guggenheim, ademas de sus encuentros ulteriores en festivales de musica, escuelas de verano, estrenos de obras de Ginastera y su participacion en proyectos institucionales afines. Incluye una consideracion de las tendencias estilisticas de la obra de Ginastera, segun se refleja en algunas obras representativas, y el valor estetico de su musica. EnglishThe Chilean composer Juan Orrego-Salas, recipient of the National Arts Prize in Music 1992, recollects his friendship with Alberto Ginastera since 1945, when both and their families resided in New York as recipients of awards of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Besides Orrego-Salas gives an account of subsequent occasions when both were in direct or indirect contact-music festivals, summer schools, first performances of Ginastera’s works and institutional projects. Orrego-Salas also discusses the stylistic tendencies in Ginastera’s oeuvre, as they appear in some representative works, along with the aesthetic value of his music.
SMSpress: An SMS research management system

Text messaging is a functionality that has been widely adopted in user studies due to its presence in smart phones and feature phones alike. However the ability to use cell phones for data collection has been limited to researchers that have programming abilities. We present SMSpress, a web-based SMS management system that allows non-technical users to configure SMS studies. Researchers can schedule text messages for delivery to participants via a web-interface. We establish the requirements for such a system, and present the results from two case studies. One is a four month mhealth deployment with cardiac patients; the other is a usability evaluation of a study to help parents keep track of their child's development.